text:
Sydney Film Festival

The Sydney Film Festival is an annual competitive film festival held in Sydney, Australia, usually over 12 days in June. A number of awards are given, the top one being the Sydney Film Prize.

, the festival's director is Nashen Moodley.

History
Influenced by the experience of Australian film makers with the Edinburgh Film Festival since 1947 and the festival connected with the annual meeting of the Australian Council of Film Societies held at Olinda in the Dandenong Ranges, Victoria in 1952, later Melbourne International Film Festival, a committee sprang from the Film Users Association of New South Wales to establish a film festival in Sydney. The committee included Alan Stout, Professor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney, filmmakers John Heyer and John Kingsford Smith, and Federation of Film Societies secretary David Donaldson. Under the direction of Donaldson, the inaugural festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days, with screenings at Sydney University. Attendance was at full capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each.

By 1958, the festival attracted its first international sponsored guest, Paul Rotha, and advertising into the festival catalogue. The following year, the program expanded to seventeen days and by 1960 exceeded 2,000 subscribers with the introduction of the Opening Night feature film and party. Censorship difficulties arose in the mid-1960s and continued until such time as the festival was granted exemption from censorship in 1971.

From inception until 1967, the University remained the annual home of the festival. The following year, the festival moved to the Wintergarden in Rose Bay where it remained for the ensuing five years. The historic State Theatre became the home of the festival in 1974, and remains one of the festival venues to date. In 2007, the festival introduced a series of live gigs, shows and cabaret-style screening at the nearby Metro Theatre.

Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the 2020 festival staged a reduced, online-only version, and in 2021 was delayed to open on 3 November with the audience limited first to 75 per cent capacity, increasing to 100 per cent from 8–21 November. The films were also available online.

Description
The competitive film festival draws international and local attention, with films being showcased in several venues across the city centre, and includes features, documentaries, short films, retrospectives, films for families and animations. Films are shown at venues across the Sydney central business district, with films shown at the Dendy Opera Quays, Event Cinemas in George Street, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney Town Hall, the Museum of Contemporary Art as well as the State Theatre.

the festival's director is Nashen Moodley, who commenced in early 2012, replacing Clare Stewart.

Patrons of the festival include Gillian Armstrong, Cate Blanchett, Jane Campion, Nicole Kidman, Baz Luhrmann, George Miller, and Sam Neill among others.

Competition and film prizes
Although a small number of prizes existed from the mid–1980s, prior to 2007, the Sydney Film Festival was classified by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF) as a Non-Competitive Feature Film Festival. On 10 September 2007, the Festival announced it had received funding from the New South Wales Government to host an official international competition, which rewarded "new directions in film". The FIAFP has since classified the Sydney Film Festival as a Competitive Specialised Feature Film Festival. Members of the audience are able to vote for popular awards, as well as specific industry prizes awarded in the following categories :
 * Sydney Film Prize, worth A$60,000

 * Sydney UNESCO City of Film Award: A$10,000 cash prize

 * Documentary Australia Award for Australian documentary: A$10,000 cash prize

 * Deutsche Bank Fellowship for First Nations Film Creatives: A$20,000 grant
 * Sustainable Future Award: A$10,000 cash prize

 * Dendy Awards for Australian Short Films:
 * Dendy Live Action Short Award: A$7,000 cash prize
 * Rouben Mamoulian Award for Best Director (named after Armenian-American film and theatre director Rouben Mamoulian: A$7,000 cash prize
 * Yoram Gross Animation Award: A$5,000 cash prize
 * AFTRS Craft Award: A$7,000 cash prize

 * Audience awards (announced in the week after the festival):
 * Audience Award for Best Fiction Feature
 * Audience Award for Best Documentary

Past awards have included:
 * The CRC Award for Best Australian Feature-length Film with a Multicultural Perspective (presently sponsored by the Community Relations Commission For a Multicultural NSW) – established in 1992

 * Peter Rasmussen Innovation Award – established in 2009

Festival directors

 * David Donaldson (1954–1957)
 * Valwyn Edwards (1958)
 * Sylvia Lawson and Robert Connell (1959)
 * Lois Hunter (1960)
 * Patricia Moore (1961)
 * Ian Klava (1962–1965) – Inaugural full-time paid director
 * David Stratton (1966–1983)

 * Rod Webb (1984–1988)
 * Paul Byrnes (1989–1998)
 * Gayle Lake (1999–2004)
 * Lynden Barber (2005–2006)
 * Clare Stewart (2007–2011)
 * Nashen Moodley (2012–present)

title: Sydney Film Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Tutorial (historical)/Citing sources

 This is an encyclopedia, so remember that it's a necessity to include references listing websites, newspapers, articles, books and other sources you have used to write or expand articles. All additions and corrections should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. These sources should verify the information, but you must not copy and paste text you find anywhere, except for short quotations. New articles and statements added to existing articles may be deleted by others if unreferenced or referenced poorly or if they are copyright violations.

Wiki markup
The most usual way to create an inline citation is with a footnote. You can create a footnote with Wiki markup, by adding ref tags around your source, like this:

Once you have published your edit, the ref tags will convert your citation of a source into a footnote reference (like this one [1] ), with the text of the citation appearing in the References section at the bottom of the article.

If the citation you are placing between the ref tags as your source is a link to an external website, place the website address (URL) within single square brackets along with some text, which the reader will see as a link. For example:

Though it is not required, it is highly recommended to provide more information than that in a footnote. Here is a more complete footnote:

It is not recommended to use bare URLs for your external link references, because of link rot.

Although material that is from external websites is a common reference source, Wikipedia has no preference for online sources. If your source is a book, journal, magazine, newspaper article, documentary or another source, then you would place identification information about that source between the ref tags.

For more information, see Help:Introduction to referencing/1 and References dos and don'ts

RefToolbar

refToolbar, which appears above the edit box in browsers that support JavaScript, can be used to easily add properly formatted citations. Also, refToolbar has the ability to automatically fill in bibliographic data for many published books and academic journal articles, which can reduce error-prone and tedious cut-and-paste or retyping of such information.

If your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled, refToolbar will not work (see for what to type in manually).

Click on the play button on the image to the right to view a video tutorial on how to use refToolbar.

 * 1) If you don't see a drop-down menu labeled on the toolbar above the edit window, first click on "MediaWiki Vector skin right arrow.png Cite " at the top of the toolbar to activate refToolbar.
 * 2) Position the editing cursor in the text where you want the numbered link to your citation to appear. This should be at the end of the relevant phrase, sentence, or paragraph that the citation is verifying (after any punctuation, see MOS:REFPUNC for more information). Do not position the cursor at the very end of the article or in the  section — place it directly after the text the citation verifies.
 * 3) Click on the drop down menu labeled, and choose the citation type you would like to add ("cite web" for websites, "cite news" for newspaper articles, "cite book" for books, and "cite journal" for academic journals).
 * 4) Once you select a type of citation, a new window will appear with a number of blank fields to fill in. Fill in as many of the fields as you can. You may leave some fields blank, but make sure to at least provide a "Title".

For more information, see RefToolbar/2.0

VisualEditor
To insert a reference, first activate VisualEditor by clicking "edit" at the top of an article. Once the toolbar has appeared, click where you wish to insert the reference. Clicking the button will open up a dialog box that allows you to enter the details of your reference.

There are two simple ways to create a new reference: Fully automatic (by just inserting a web URL) or manually by filling in a template (where you add each piece of information separately).

The automatic option is the easiest. Wikipedia can often auto-format a reference citation if you just insert the website URL and click "Generate". Take a look at the citation that it then creates. To accept it, click "Insert". You can then modify the details, if VE has got something wrong, such as the publication date, by clicking "Edit".

To enter the information about a reference manually, click the "Manual" tab of the dialog box. Then you select which type of reference you want to add and fill in as many of the fields ("parameters") as possible (Note: dates should be YYYY-MM-DD).

Sometimes the reference you want to add doesn't fall into any of these categories (for example, perhaps you want to cite a speech). In this case, you can enter the information fully manually using the "Basic form". (These types of references are currently easier using Wiki markup citations).

For more information, see Help:Introduction to referencing (VE)/1

Note: ''To view this information in an article style format, see contributing to Wikipedia. Wikipedia also has "topic specific tutorials"; and The Wikipedia Adventure  a comprehensive and fun 7-mission interactive guided tour, which covers all the essentials about editing and the expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community.''

Continue the tutorial with Talk pages →

cy:Wicipedia:Tiwtorial (Nodi ffynonellau) et:Juhend:Õppekäik (Viitamine) fa:ویکی‌پدیا:خودآموز (پیوندهای وبگاه‌های مربوطه) fr:Aide:Présentez vos sources hi:विकिपीडिया:स्वशिक्षा/सन्दर्भ pt:Wikipedia:Tutorial/Objectos relacionados hr:Wikipedija:Tečaj (Vanjske poveznice) lv:Vikipēdija:Pamācība (Saites uz saistītiem projektiem) zh:Wikipedia:使用指南 (谨记)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Yori Boy Campas

Luis Ramón "Yori Boy" Campas Medina (born August 6, 1971) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1987 to 2019. He held the IBF light middleweight title from 1997 to 1998.

Background
He is a native of Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico, where the word Yori means white. When he was young and he walked into a gym for the first time, the way he hit opponents that day impressed his trainers, Chava Mendoza and Gilbert Marquez. He began to be nicknamed Yori Boy, and few actually know his real name is Luis Ramon. He trained in Three Forks, Montana, with his manager and trainer, Joe Diaz.

Professional career
Campas, whose brother Armando was also a respected professional fighter, began his professional career on July 7, 1987 at the age of fifteen, by knocking out Gaby Vega in the first round at Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. His first thirteen fights were all won by knockout, and he built a record of 56-0 with 50 knockout wins by the time the IBF had him ranked as their number one world title challenger. Prior to that, he had won the Mexican and regional NABF welterweight titles. He won the NABF one on his first fight abroad, defeating Roger Turner by a twelve-round decision in Las Vegas, Nevada, on June 19, 1992.

Title: Fight against Trinidad
Campas also beat former world champion Jorge Vaca by a knockout in round two at Tijuana before receiving his first world title fight on September 17 of 1994 against Félix Trinidad for the IBF welterweight title as part of a Pay Per View undercard that featured Julio César Chávez's rematch against Meldrick Taylor for the WBC light welterweight title. Campas, who had been considered by many Mexicans to be the next Chávez, dropped Trinidad in round two, but he lost by a fourth-round technical knockout for his first professional defeat in 57 bouts.

Campas came back with seven straight wins, including one that gave him the WBO's regional NABO welterweight title, when he knocked out former world champion Genaro Leon in three rounds on August 7, 1995. On September 6, 1996, he was given a second world title try, against José Luis Lopez, for the WBO welterweight title, in Los Angeles, California. Campas lost by knockout in round six.

Capturing a World Title
Campas then decided to campaign in the light middleweight division, beating Fidel Avendano by a knockout in round two in his first fight there. Campas had four straight wins before challenging for a world title again, this time against IBF light middleweight champion Raul Marquez. On December 6, 1997, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Campas became the world champion by knocking out Marquez in round eight. He defended his title three times, beating Anthony Stephens by a knockout in three at Ledyard, Connecticut; Pedro Ortega by a technical knockout in eleven at Tijuana; and former Trinidad opponent Larry Barnes by a knockout in three in Las Vegas. On December 12, 1998, however, he lost the title after retiring in his corner in the seventh round against Fernando Vargas in Las Vegas.

After two wins in a row, he lost to Oba Carr. For his next fight, however, he became the first boxer to beat Tony Ayala when Ayala was knocked out in round eight by Campas in San Antonio, Texas. On March 16, 2002, he received his next world title shot, for the vacant WBO light middleweight title, against Puerto Rico's Daniel Santos, once again in Las Vegas. He lost by knockout in round eleven.

After one more knockout win, he tried to gain the WBC and WBA light middleweight titles against Oscar De La Hoya on May 3, 2003, again in Las Vegas. He lost that fight by knockout in round seven.

During a press conference held in Phoenix, Arizona, on March 24, 2004, Campas announced he had moved to that city. Two days later, he returned to the ring after a ten-month layoff, defeating Dumont Dewey Welliver by a ten-round split decision. He followed his win over Welliver with an eight-round decision win over Raul Munoz, also in Phoenix. Campas then suffered a mild upset when he was beaten by the relatively unknown Eric Regan by decision in twelve rounds at Oroville, California.

His 2006 fight against Ireland's John Duddy was a candidate for the 2006 Fight of the Year.

100th career victory
On 30 March 2012, Campas reached a significant milestone when he chalked up the 100th win of his career via a 2nd-round knockout of Mauro Lucero. The win gave Campas his 79th win inside the distance and improved his overall record to 100-16-1.

title: Yori Boy Campas


text:
Projection (linear algebra)

In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation $$P$$ from a vector space to itself (an endomorphism) such that $$P\circ P=P$$. That is, whenever $$P$$ is applied twice to any vector, it gives the same result as if it were applied once (i.e. $$P$$ is idempotent). It leaves its image unchanged. This definition of "projection" formalizes and generalizes the idea of graphical projection. One can also consider the effect of a projection on a geometrical object by examining the effect of the projection on points in the object.

Definitions
A projection on a vector space $$V$$ is a linear operator $$P\colon V \to V$$ such that $$P^2 = P$$.

When $$V$$ has an inner product and is complete, i.e. when $$V$$ is a Hilbert space, the concept of orthogonality can be used. A projection $$P$$ on a Hilbert space $$V$$ is called an orthogonal projection if it satisfies $$\langle P \mathbf x, \mathbf y \rangle = \langle \mathbf x, P \mathbf y \rangle$$ for all $$\mathbf x, \mathbf y \in V$$. A projection on a Hilbert space that is not orthogonal is called an oblique projection.

Projection matrix
The eigenvalues of a projection matrix must be 0 or 1.
 * A square matrix $$P$$ is called a projection matrix if it is equal to its square, i.e. if $$P^2 = P$$.
 * A square matrix $$P$$ is called an orthogonal projection matrix if $$P^2 = P = P^{\mathrm T}$$ for a real matrix, and respectively $$P^2 = P = P^{*}$$ for a complex matrix, where $$P^{\mathrm T}$$ denotes the transpose of $$P$$ and $$P^{*}$$ denotes the adjoint or Hermitian transpose of $$P$$.
 * A projection matrix that is not an orthogonal projection matrix is called an oblique projection matrix.

Orthogonal projection
For example, the function which maps the point $$(x,y,z)$$ in three-dimensional space $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ to the point $$(x,y,0)$$ is an orthogonal projection onto the xy-plane. This function is represented by the matrix $$P = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}.$$

The action of this matrix on an arbitrary vector is $$P \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}.$$

To see that $$P$$ is indeed a projection, i.e., $$P = P^2$$, we compute $$P^2 \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = P \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} = P\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}.$$

Observing that $$P^{\mathrm T} = P$$ shows that the projection is an orthogonal projection.

Oblique projection
A simple example of a non-orthogonal (oblique) projection is $$P = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ \alpha & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

Via matrix multiplication, one sees that $$P^2 = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ \alpha & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ \alpha & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ \alpha & 1 \end{bmatrix} = P.$$ showing that $$P$$ is indeed a projection.

The projection $$P$$ is orthogonal if and only if $$\alpha = 0$$ because only then $$P^{\mathrm T} = P.$$

Idempotence
By definition, a projection $$P$$ is idempotent (i.e. $$P^2 = P$$).

Open map
Every projection is an open map, meaning that it maps each open set in the domain to an open set in the subspace topology of the image. That is, for any vector $$\mathbf{x}$$ and any ball $$B_\mathbf{x}$$ (with positive radius) centered on $$\mathbf{x}$$, there exists a ball $$B_{P\mathbf{x}}$$ (with positive radius) centered on $$P\mathbf{x}$$ that is wholly contained in the image $$P(B_\mathbf{x})$$.

Complementarity of image and kernel
Let $$W$$ be a finite-dimensional vector space and $$P$$ be a projection on $$W$$. Suppose the subspaces $$U$$ and $$V$$ are the image and kernel of $$P$$ respectively. Then $$P$$ has the following properties:

 * 1) $$P$$ is the identity operator $$I$$ on $$U$$: $$\forall \mathbf x \in U: P \mathbf x = \mathbf x.$$
 * 2) We have a direct sum $$W = U \oplus V$$. Every vector $$\mathbf x \in W$$ may be decomposed uniquely as $$\mathbf x = \mathbf u + \mathbf v$$ with $$\mathbf u = P \mathbf x$$ and $$\mathbf v = \mathbf x - P \mathbf x = \left(I-P\right) \mathbf x$$, and where $$\mathbf u \in U, \mathbf v \in V.$$

The image and kernel of a projection are complementary, as are $$P$$ and $$Q = I - P$$. The operator $$Q$$ is also a projection as the image and kernel of $$P$$ become the kernel and image of $$Q$$ and vice versa. We say $$P$$ is a projection along $$V$$ onto $$U$$ (kernel/image) and $$Q$$ is a projection along $$U$$ onto $$V$$.

Spectrum
In infinite-dimensional vector spaces, the spectrum of a projection is contained in $$\{ 0, 1 \}$$ as $$(\lambda I - P)^{-1} = \frac 1 \lambda I + \frac 1 {\lambda(\lambda-1)} P.$$ Only 0 or 1 can be an eigenvalue of a projection. This implies that an orthogonal projection $$P$$ is always a positive semi-definite matrix. In general, the corresponding eigenspaces are (respectively) the kernel and range of the projection. Decomposition of a vector space into direct sums is not unique. Therefore, given a subspace $$V$$, there may be many projections whose range (or kernel) is $$V$$.

If a projection is nontrivial it has minimal polynomial $$x^2 - x = x (x-1)$$, which factors into distinct linear factors, and thus $$P$$ is diagonalizable.

Product of projections
The product of projections is not in general a projection, even if they are orthogonal. If two projections commute then their product is a projection, but the converse is false: the product of two non-commuting projections may be a projection.

If two orthogonal projections commute then their product is an orthogonal projection. If the product of two orthogonal projections is an orthogonal projection, then the two orthogonal projections commute (more generally: two self-adjoint endomorphisms commute if and only if their product is self-adjoint).

Orthogonal projections
When the vector space $$W$$ has an inner product and is complete (is a Hilbert space) the concept of orthogonality can be used. An orthogonal projection is a projection for which the range $$U$$ and the kernel $$V$$ are orthogonal subspaces. Thus, for every $$\mathbf x$$ and $$\mathbf y$$ in $$W$$, $$ \langle P \mathbf x, (\mathbf y - P \mathbf y) \rangle = \langle (\mathbf x - P \mathbf x), P \mathbf y \rangle = 0$$. Equivalently: $$ \langle \mathbf x, P \mathbf y \rangle = \langle P \mathbf x, P \mathbf y \rangle = \langle P \mathbf x, \mathbf y \rangle. $$

A projection is orthogonal if and only if it is self-adjoint. Using the self-adjoint and idempotent properties of $$P$$, for any $$\mathbf x$$ and $$\mathbf y$$ in $$W$$ we have $$P\mathbf{x} \in U$$, $$\mathbf{y} - P\mathbf{y} \in V$$, and $$ \langle P \mathbf x, \mathbf y - P \mathbf y \rangle = \langle \mathbf x, \left(P-P^2\right) \mathbf y \rangle = 0$$ where $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ is the inner product associated with $$W$$. Therefore, $$P $$ and $$I - P $$ are orthogonal projections. The other direction, namely that if $$P$$ is orthogonal then it is self-adjoint, follows from the implication from $$\langle (\mathbf x - P \mathbf x), P \mathbf y \rangle = \langle P \mathbf x, (\mathbf y - P \mathbf y) \rangle = 0$$ to $$ \langle \mathbf x, P \mathbf y \rangle = \langle P \mathbf x, P\mathbf y \rangle = \langle P \mathbf x, \mathbf y \rangle = \langle \mathbf x, P^* \mathbf y \rangle $$ for every $$x$$ and $$y$$ in $$W$$; thus $$P=P^*$$.

The existence of an orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace follows from the Hilbert projection theorem.

Properties and special cases
An orthogonal projection is a bounded operator. This is because for every $$\mathbf v$$ in the vector space we have, by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality: $$\left \| P \mathbf v\right\|^2 = \langle P \mathbf v, P \mathbf v \rangle = \langle P \mathbf v, \mathbf v \rangle \leq \left\|P \mathbf v\right\| \cdot \left\|\mathbf v\right\|$$ Thus $$\left\|P \mathbf v\right\| \leq \left\|\mathbf v\right\|$$.

For finite-dimensional complex or real vector spaces, the standard inner product can be substituted for $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$.

Formulas
A simple case occurs when the orthogonal projection is onto a line. If $$\mathbf u$$ is a unit vector on the line, then the projection is given by the outer product $$ P_\mathbf{u} = \mathbf u \mathbf u^\mathsf{T}.$$ (If $$\mathbf u$$ is complex-valued, the transpose in the above equation is replaced by a Hermitian transpose). This operator leaves u invariant, and it annihilates all vectors orthogonal to $$\mathbf u$$, proving that it is indeed the orthogonal projection onto the line containing u. A simple way to see this is to consider an arbitrary vector $$\mathbf x$$ as the sum of a component on the line (i.e. the projected vector we seek) and another perpendicular to it, $$\mathbf x = \mathbf x_\parallel + \mathbf x_\perp$$. Applying projection, we get $$ P_{\mathbf u} \mathbf x = \mathbf u \mathbf u^\mathsf{T} \mathbf x_\parallel + \mathbf u \mathbf u^\mathsf{T} \mathbf x_\perp = \mathbf u \left( \sgn\left(\mathbf u^\mathsf{T} \mathbf x_\parallel\right) \left \| \mathbf x_\parallel \right \| \right) + \mathbf u \cdot \mathbf 0 = \mathbf x_\parallel $$ by the properties of the dot product of parallel and perpendicular vectors.

This formula can be generalized to orthogonal projections on a subspace of arbitrary dimension. Let $$\mathbf u_1, \ldots, \mathbf u_k$$ be an orthonormal basis of the subspace $$U$$, with the assumption that the integer $$k \geq 1$$, and let $$A$$ denote the $$n \times k$$ matrix whose columns are $$\mathbf u_1, \ldots, \mathbf u_k$$, i.e., $$A = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf u_1 & \cdots & \mathbf u_k \end{bmatrix}$$. Then the projection is given by: $$P_A = A A^\mathsf{T}$$ which can be rewritten as $$P_A = \sum_i \langle \mathbf u_i, \cdot \rangle \mathbf u_i.$$

The matrix $$A^\mathsf{T}$$ is the partial isometry that vanishes on the orthogonal complement of $$U$$, and $$A$$ is the isometry that embeds $$U$$ into the underlying vector space. The range of $$P_A$$ is therefore the final space of $$A$$. It is also clear that $$A A^{\mathsf T}$$ is the identity operator on $$U$$.

The orthonormality condition can also be dropped. If $$\mathbf u_1, \ldots, \mathbf u_k$$ is a (not necessarily orthonormal) basis with $$k \geq 1$$, and $$A$$ is the matrix with these vectors as columns, then the projection is: $$P_A = A \left(A^\mathsf{T} A\right)^{-1} A^\mathsf{T}.$$

The matrix $$A$$ still embeds $$U$$ into the underlying vector space but is no longer an isometry in general. The matrix $$\left(A^\mathsf{T}A\right)^{-1}$$ is a "normalizing factor" that recovers the norm. For example, the rank-1 operator $$\mathbf u \mathbf u^\mathsf{T}$$ is not a projection if $$\left\|\mathbf u \right\| \neq 1.$$ After dividing by $$\mathbf u^\mathsf{T} \mathbf u = \left\| \mathbf u \right\|^2,$$ we obtain the projection $$\mathbf u \left(\mathbf u^\mathsf{T} \mathbf u \right)^{-1} \mathbf u^\mathsf{T}$$ onto the subspace spanned by $$u$$.

In the general case, we can have an arbitrary positive definite matrix $$D$$ defining an inner product $$\langle x, y \rangle_D = y^\dagger Dx$$, and the projection $$P_A$$ is given by $P_A x = \operatorname{argmin}_{y \in \operatorname{range}(A)} \left\|x - y\right\|^2_D$. Then $$P_A = A \left(A^\mathsf{T} D A\right)^{-1} A^\mathsf{T} D.$$

When the range space of the projection is generated by a frame (i.e. the number of generators is greater than its dimension), the formula for the projection takes the form: $$P_A = A A^+$$. Here $$A^+$$ stands for the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse. This is just one of many ways to construct the projection operator.

If $$\begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix}$$ is a non-singular matrix and $$A^\mathsf{T}B = 0$$ (i.e., $$B$$ is the null space matrix of $$A$$), the following holds: $$\begin{align} I &= \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix}^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} A^\mathsf{T} \\ B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} A^\mathsf{T} \\ B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix} \\ &= \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix} \left( \begin{bmatrix} A^\mathsf{T} \\ B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix} \right )^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} A^\mathsf{T} \\B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix} \\ &= \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}A^\mathsf{T}A&O\\O&B^\mathsf{T}B\end{bmatrix}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} A^\mathsf{T} \\ B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix}\\[4pt] &= A \left(A^\mathsf{T}A\right)^{-1} A^\mathsf{T} + B \left(B^\mathsf{T}B\right)^{-1} B^\mathsf{T} \end{align}$$

If the orthogonal condition is enhanced to $$A^\mathsf{T}W B = A^\mathsf{T}W^\mathsf{T}B = 0$$ with $$W$$ non-singular, the following holds: $$I = \begin{bmatrix}A & B\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}\left(A^\mathsf{T} W A\right)^{-1} A^\mathsf{T} \\ \left(B^\mathsf{T} W B\right)^{-1} B^\mathsf{T} \end{bmatrix} W.$$

All these formulas also hold for complex inner product spaces, provided that the conjugate transpose is used instead of the transpose. Further details on sums of projectors can be found in Banerjee and Roy (2014). Also see Banerjee (2004) for application of sums of projectors in basic spherical trigonometry.

Oblique projections
The term oblique projections is sometimes used to refer to non-orthogonal projections. These projections are also used to represent spatial figures in two-dimensional drawings (see oblique projection), though not as frequently as orthogonal projections. Whereas calculating the fitted value of an ordinary least squares regression requires an orthogonal projection, calculating the fitted value of an instrumental variables regression requires an oblique projection.

A projection is defined by its kernel and the basis vectors used to characterize its range (which is a complement of the kernel). When these basis vectors are orthogonal to the kernel, then the projection is an orthogonal projection. When these basis vectors are not orthogonal to the kernel, the projection is an oblique projection, or just a projection.

A matrix representation formula for a nonzero projection operator
Let $$P$$ be a linear operator, $$P : V \to V,$$ such that $$P^2 = P$$ and assume that  $$P : V \to V$$ is not the zero operator. Let the vectors $$\mathbf u_1, \ldots, \mathbf u_k$$ form a basis for the range of $$P$$, and assemble these vectors in the $$n \times k$$ matrix $$A$$. Therefore the integer $$k \geq 1$$, otherwise $$k = 0$$ and $$P$$ is the zero operator. The range and the kernel are complementary spaces, so the kernel has dimension $$n - k$$. It follows that the orthogonal complement of the kernel has dimension $$k$$. Let $$\mathbf v_1, \ldots, \mathbf v_k$$ form a basis for the orthogonal complement of the kernel of the projection, and assemble these vectors in the matrix $$B$$. Then the projection $$P$$ (with the condition $$k \geq 1$$) is given by $$ P = A \left(B^\mathsf{T} A\right)^{-1} B^\mathsf{T}. $$

This expression generalizes the formula for orthogonal projections given above. A standard proof of this expression is the following. For any vector $$\mathbf x$$ in the vector space $$V$$, we can decompose $$\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{x}_1 + \mathbf{x}_2$$, where vector $$\mathbf{x}_1 = P(\mathbf{x})$$ is in the image of $$P$$, and vector $$\mathbf{x}_2 = \mathbf{x} - P(\mathbf{x}).$$ So $$P(\mathbf{x}_2) = P(\mathbf{x}) - P^2(\mathbf{x})= \mathbf{0}$$, and then $$\mathbf{x}_2$$ is in the kernel of $$P$$, which is the null space of $$A.$$ In other words, the vector $$\mathbf{x}_1$$ is in the column space of $$A,$$ so $$\mathbf{x}_1 = A \mathbf{w}$$ for some $$k$$ dimension vector $$\mathbf{w}$$ and the vector $$\mathbf{x}_2$$ satisfies $$B^\mathsf{T} \mathbf{x}_2=\mathbf{0}$$ by the construction of $$B$$. Put these conditions together, and we find a vector $$\mathbf{w}$$ so that $$B^\mathsf{T} (\mathbf{x}-A\mathbf{w})=\mathbf{0}$$. Since matrices $$A$$ and $$B$$ are of full rank $$k$$ by their construction, the $$k\times k$$-matrix $$B^\mathsf{T} A$$ is invertible. So the equation $$B^\mathsf{T} (\mathbf{x}-A\mathbf{w})=\mathbf{0}$$ gives the vector $$\mathbf{w}= (B^{\mathsf{T}}A)^{-1} B^{\mathsf{T}} \mathbf{x}.$$ In this way, $$P\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{x}_1 = A\mathbf{w}= A(B^{\mathsf{T}}A)^{-1} B^{\mathsf{T}} \mathbf{x}$$ for any vector $$\mathbf{x} \in V$$ and hence $$P = A(B^{\mathsf{T}}A)^{-1} B^{\mathsf{T}}$$.

In the case that $$P$$ is an orthogonal projection, we can take $$A = B$$, and it follows that $$P=A \left(A^\mathsf{T} A\right)^{-1} A^\mathsf{T}$$. By using this formula, one can easily check that  $$P=P^\mathsf{T}$$. In general, if the vector space is over complex number field, one then uses the Hermitian transpose $$A^*$$ and has the formula $$P=A \left(A^* A\right)^{-1} A^*$$. Recall that one can define the Moore–Penrose inverse of the matrix $$A$$ by $$A^{+}= (A^*A)^{-1}A^*$$ since $$A$$ has full column rank, so  $$P=A A^{+}$$.

Singular values
Note that $$I-P$$ is also an oblique projection. The singular values of $$P$$ and $$I-P$$ can be computed by an orthonormal basis of $$A$$. Let $$Q_A$$ be an orthonormal basis of $$A$$ and let $$Q_A^{\perp}$$ be the orthogonal complement of $$Q_A$$. Denote the singular values of the matrix $$Q_A^T A (B^T A)^{-1} B^T Q_A^{\perp} $$ by the positive values $$\gamma_1 \ge \gamma_2 \ge \ldots \ge \gamma_k $$. With this, the singular values for $$P$$ are: $$\sigma_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{1+\gamma_i^2} & 1 \le i \le k \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ and the singular values for $$I-P$$ are $$\sigma_i = \begin{cases} \sqrt{1+\gamma_i^2} 	& 1 \le i \le k \\ 1 				& k+1 \le i \le n-k \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ This implies that the largest singular values of $$P$$ and $$I-P$$ are equal, and thus that the matrix norm of the oblique projections are the same. However, the condition number satisfies the relation $$\kappa(I-P) = \frac{\sigma_1}{1} \ge \frac{\sigma_1}{\sigma_k} = \kappa(P)$$, and is therefore not necessarily equal.

Finding projection with an inner product
Let $$V$$ be a vector space (in this case a plane) spanned by orthogonal vectors $$\mathbf u_1, \mathbf u_2, \dots, \mathbf u_p$$. Let $$y$$ be a vector. One can define a projection of $$\mathbf y$$ onto $$V$$ as $$ \operatorname{proj}_V \mathbf y = \frac{\mathbf y \cdot \mathbf u^i}{\mathbf u^i \cdot \mathbf u^i } \mathbf u^i $$ where repeated indices are summed over (Einstein sum notation). The vector $$\mathbf y$$ can be written as an orthogonal sum such that $$\mathbf y = \operatorname{proj}_V \mathbf y + \mathbf z$$. Note that $$\operatorname{proj}_V \mathbf y$$ is sometimes denoted as $$\hat{\mathbf y}$$. There is a theorem in linear algebra that states that this $$\mathbf z$$ is the smallest distance (the orthogonal distance) from $$\mathbf y$$ to $$V$$ and is commonly used in areas such as machine learning.

Canonical forms
Any projection $$P=P^2$$ on a vector space of dimension $$d$$ over a field is a diagonalizable matrix, since its minimal polynomial divides $$x^2-x$$, which splits into distinct linear factors. Thus there exists a basis in which $$P$$ has the form
 * $$P = I_r\oplus 0_{d-r}$$

where $$r$$ is the rank of $$P$$. Here $$I_r$$ is the identity matrix of size $$r$$, $$0_{d-r}$$ is the zero matrix of size $$d-r$$, and $$\oplus$$ is the direct sum operator. If the vector space is complex and equipped with an inner product, then there is an orthonormal basis in which the matrix of P is

 * $$P = \begin{bmatrix}1&\sigma_1 \\ 0&0\end{bmatrix} \oplus \cdots \oplus \begin{bmatrix}1&\sigma_k \\ 0&0\end{bmatrix} \oplus I_m \oplus 0_s.$$

where $$\sigma_1 \geq \sigma_2\geq \dots \geq \sigma_k > 0$$. The integers $$k,s,m$$ and the real numbers $$\sigma_i$$ are uniquely determined. Note that $$2k+s+m=d$$. The factor $$I_m \oplus 0_s$$ corresponds to the maximal invariant subspace on which $$P$$ acts as an orthogonal projection (so that P itself is orthogonal if and only if $$k=0$$) and the $$\sigma_i$$-blocks correspond to the oblique components.

Projections on normed vector spaces
When the underlying vector space $$X$$ is a (not necessarily finite-dimensional) normed vector space, analytic questions, irrelevant in the finite-dimensional case, need to be considered. Assume now $$X$$ is a Banach space.

Many of the algebraic results discussed above survive the passage to this context. A given direct sum decomposition of $$X$$ into complementary subspaces still specifies a projection, and vice versa. If $$X$$ is the direct sum $$X = U \oplus V$$, then the operator defined by $$P(u+v) = u$$ is still a projection with range $$U$$ and kernel $$V$$. It is also clear that $$P^2 = P$$. Conversely, if $$P$$ is projection on $$X$$, i.e. $$P^2 = P$$, then it is easily verified that $$(1-P)^2 = (1-P)$$. In other words, $$1 - P$$ is also a projection. The relation $$P^2 = P$$ implies $$1 = P + (1-P)$$ and $$X$$ is the direct sum $$\operatorname{rg}(P) \oplus \operatorname{rg}(1 - P)$$.

However, in contrast to the finite-dimensional case, projections need not be continuous in general. If a subspace $$U$$ of $$X$$ is not closed in the norm topology, then the projection onto $$U$$ is not continuous. In other words, the range of a continuous projection $$P$$ must be a closed subspace. Furthermore, the kernel of a continuous projection (in fact, a continuous linear operator in general) is closed. Thus a continuous projection $$P$$ gives a decomposition of $$X$$ into two complementary closed subspaces: $$X = \operatorname{rg}(P) \oplus \ker(P) = \ker(1-P) \oplus \ker(P)$$.

The converse holds also, with an additional assumption. Suppose $$U$$ is a closed subspace of $$X$$. If there exists a closed subspace $$V$$ such that X = U ⊕ V, then the projection $$P$$ with range $$U$$ and kernel $$V$$ is continuous. This follows from the closed graph theorem. Suppose xn → x and Pxn → y. One needs to show that $$Px=y$$. Since $$U$$ is closed and {Pxn} ⊂ U, y lies in $$U$$, i.e. Py = y. Also, xn − Pxn = (I − P)xn → x − y. Because $$V$$ is closed and {(I − P)xn} ⊂ V, we have $$x-y \in V$$, i.e. $$P(x-y)=Px-Py=Px-y=0$$, which proves the claim.

The above argument makes use of the assumption that both $$U$$ and $$V$$ are closed. In general, given a closed subspace $$U$$, there need not exist a complementary closed subspace $$V$$, although for Hilbert spaces this can always be done by taking the orthogonal complement. For Banach spaces, a one-dimensional subspace always has a closed complementary subspace. This is an immediate consequence of Hahn–Banach theorem. Let $$U$$ be the linear span of $$u$$. By Hahn–Banach, there exists a bounded linear functional $$\varphi$$ such that φ(u) = 1. The operator $$P(x)=\varphi(x)u$$ satisfies $$P^2=P$$, i.e. it is a projection. Boundedness of $$\varphi$$ implies continuity of $$P$$ and therefore $$\ker(P) = \operatorname{rg}(I-P)$$ is a closed complementary subspace of $$U$$.

Applications and further considerations
Projections (orthogonal and otherwise) play a major role in algorithms for certain linear algebra problems:
 * QR decomposition (see Householder transformation and Gram–Schmidt decomposition);
 * Singular value decomposition
 * Reduction to Hessenberg form (the first step in many eigenvalue algorithms)
 * Linear regression
 * Projective elements of matrix algebras are used in the construction of certain K-groups in Operator K-theory

As stated above, projections are a special case of idempotents. Analytically, orthogonal projections are non-commutative generalizations of characteristic functions. Idempotents are used in classifying, for instance, semisimple algebras, while measure theory begins with considering characteristic functions of measurable sets. Therefore, as one can imagine, projections are very often encountered in the context of operator algebras. In particular, a von Neumann algebra is generated by its complete lattice of projections.

Generalizations
More generally, given a map between normed vector spaces $$T\colon V \to W,$$ one can analogously ask for this map to be an isometry on the orthogonal complement of the kernel: that $$(\ker T)^\perp \to W$$ be an isometry (compare Partial isometry); in particular it must be onto. The case of an orthogonal projection is when W is a subspace of V. In Riemannian geometry, this is used in the definition of a Riemannian submersion.

title: Projection (linear algebra)


text:
Shebelle River

The Shebelle River (Webi Shabeelle, እደላ) begins in the highlands of Ethiopia, and then flows southeast into Somalia towards Mogadishu. Near Mogadishu, it turns sharply southwest, where it follows the coast. Below Mogadishu, the river becomes seasonal. During most years, the river dries up near the mouth of the Jubba River, while in seasons of heavy rainfall, the river actually reaches the Jubba and thus the ocean.

The Shebelle river's name is derived from the Somali term Webi Shabeelle, meaning "Leopard River". The Somali administrative regions consisting of Middle Shebelle and Lower Shabeelle are also named after the river.

During periods of heavy rainfall in Ethiopia, the Shebelle River and the Jubba River merge, and their combined waters ultimately reach the Indian Ocean. However, in drier years, the Shebelle River diminishes and transforms into a series of wetlands and sandy plains to the northeast of the confluence with the Jubba. The Shebelle River has a total length of 1,820 km. The area surrounding the Shebeli River is inhabited by Somali people in the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Somali people in Somalia. In the lower basin of the river, agriculture has largely replaced the traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, and the cultivation of bananas along the southern stretches of the Shebeli and Jubba rivers contributes significantly to Somalia's export industry.

Tributaries
The Shebelle has a number of tributaries, both seasonal and permanent rivers. They include:
 * Erer River
 * Galetti River
 * Wabe River

The Fafen only reaches the Shebelle in times of heavy rainfall; its stream usually ends before reaching the main river.

Ajuran Empire
During the middle ages, the Shebelle river was under the control of the Ajuran Empire and was largely utilized for its plantations. Coming into prominence during the 13th century AD, the Ajuran monopolized the water resources of the Jubba and Shebelle Rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, they also constructed many of the limestone wells and cisterns of the state many of which are still in use today. Its rulers developed new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa as late as the 19th century.

Through their control of the region's wells, the Garen rulers effectively held a monopoly over their nomadic subjects as they were the only hydraulic empire in Africa during their reign. Large wells made out of limestone were constructed throughout the state, which attracted Somali and Oromo nomads with their livestock. The centralized regulations of the wells made it easier for the nomads to settle disputes by taking their queries to government officials who would act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice in the Horn of Africa, continued unchanged in Ajuran times. Today, numerous ruined and abandoned towns throughout the interior of Somalia and the Horn of Africa are evidence of a once-booming inland trade network dating from the medieval period.

With the centralized supervision of the Ajuran, farms in Afgooye, Bardhere and other areas in the Jubba and Shabelle rivers increased their productivity. A system of irrigation ditches known locally as Kelliyo fed directly from the Shebelle River and Jubba rivers into the plantations where sorghum, maize, beans, grain and cotton were grown during the gu (Spring in Somali) and xagaa (Summer in Somali) seasons of the Somali calendar. This irrigation system was supported by numerous dikes and dams. To determine the average size of a farm, a land measurement system was also invented with moos, taraab and guldeed being the terms used.

The urban centers of Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Kismayo and Hobyo and other respective ports became profitable trade outlets for commodities originating from the interior of the state. The Somali farming communities of the hinterland from Jubba and Shebelle rivers brought their crops to the Somali coastal cities, where they were sold to local merchants who maintained a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and coming from Arabia, Persia, India, Venice, Egypt, Portugal, and as far away as Java and China.

Modern period
The source of the Shebelle River is cultivated by the Arsi Oromo, Sidamo and mostly Somalis, respectively. It is surrounded by a sacred enclosure wooded with juniper trees, which as of 1951 was under the protection of a Muslim member of the Arsi.

In 1989, with the help of Soviet engineers, the Melka Wakena dam was built on the upper reaches of the Shebelle River in the Bale Mountains. Producing 153 megawatts, this dam is Ethiopia’s largest hydroelectric generator.

The recent history of the Shabelle is marked by frequent destructive flash floods. The Shabelle is said to have flooded every other year prior to the 1960s; that decade had only two devastating floods, the hidigsayley in 1965, and the soogudud in 1966. In the 1970s, the most devastating flood was the kabahay of 1978. In 1996, floods devastated three woredas in Ethiopia. On 23 October 1999, the river unexpectedly flooded in the middle of the night, destroying homes and crops in 14 out of the 117 kebeles in Kelafo woreda, as well as 29 of the 46 kebeles in neighboring Mustahil woreda. According to the local authorities, 34 people and an estimated 750 livestock died, with 70,000 affected by the floods and in need of assistance. Two more recent floods were the dawdle in 2003, when about 100 livestock and 119 people were washed away, and the flood of April 2005, when about 30,000 persons were surrounded by floodwaters and 2,000 camels and 4,000 shoats were washed away by the floods; some locals consider this the worst flood in 40 years.

title: Shebelle River


text:
Talk:Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels

TV
Wasn't it made into a TV series as well? Mark Richards 07:35, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * There was a brief series in 2000 although most of the characters were played by differnt actors. 152.163.100.135 06:12, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * And there's even a WikiPedia entry for it, here: Lock, Stock...The Series.--Peter Knutsen 15:59, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only were all the actors different, so were all the characters! The tenuous link between the two was that they both featured four young men as the "heroes", living on their wits and narrowly avoiding violence or death at the hands of a crime lord, and shared stylistic similarities (style of dress, general political incorrectness, relentless swearing, violence). In fact, the only real connection between the two was the involvement of Guy Ritchie as director of the film and co-executive producer of the TV series.—Martan 15:20, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Botanicals killed?
The main article says that during Dog's raid, one botanical has his foot shot off ("I'm in so much pain") and one is killed.

I don't remember one being killed. I recall Gloria shooting a robber with the Bren gun as he was about to knife the botanical who has previously attacked him.
 * The one with the machete is shot after he wounds one of the robbers. Night Gyr 17:29, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

2 more deaths
I guess there were 19 dead bodies, not 17: remember two people in lift, killed by the Big Chris. 89.110.6.238 14:03, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Chris & the guns
I have a question about this part of the synopsis: "Chris, who recognizes the guns that Dog is holding as those his boss wanted, surprises him and takes the guns and the money to Harry."

Perhaps I'm misremembering, but I don't think Chris knew about the guns. He grabbed them up along with the money and brought them to Harry because, as Chris puts it (more or less--I'm sure I'm misquoting), "I know you're interested in that sort of thing." Am I mistaken? --ShelfSkewed 05:06, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No, you are correct. The only people who knew about the guns value were Harry and Barry (and the original owners of course). --124.186.238.96 06:49, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Total Film comment
Is there a reference for this claim: "In 2004, the magazine Total Film named Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels the 38th greatest British film of all time." Morebooksthanshelves 05:50, 10 September 2007 (UTC)morebooksthanshelves

"not because of criminal activities, but because he threatens a child"
threatening to kill a child isn't a crime? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.90.23.206 (talk) 08:28, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed, that whole section doesn't quite make sense. I'll take a shot at rewording it.  Hoof Hearted (talk) 21:41, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Director's Cut
Is anyone aware of the Director's Cut version of this film? It has some significant scenes in it which don't appear in the cinema version. Primerily, you get to understand why Harry wants the bar. It's because JD, Eddie's dad (Sting) won a vast amount of money when playing Harry in a card game years back. From that point on, JD bought the bar with the money and never gambled again. JD knew that Harry wanted revenge which is the reason why he was so against his son, Eddie, getting involved. LewisR (talk) 22:56, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Is Rory Breaker killed?
I thought he left with Winston after everyone else was dead —Preceding unsigned comment added by Globsteruk (talk • contribs) 19:37, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

When Winston was getting the Marijuana into the van, Rory was checking who had been killed, one bloke was playing possum and had a loaded shotgun. There were two gunshots, both men had fired their weapons and mutually killed each other. Winston got into the van and drove off. 118.208.72.197 (talk) 02:30, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

You see his dead body in the background when tom is checking out the flat. 137.205.28.59 (talk) 19:20, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Budget
I believe the budget was around £1 million, roughly twice the budget given on the page. I can't find any reliable cites for that yet though.

http://www.alwayswatching.org/features/25-fantastic-indie-gems-made-less-1-million

http://www.mediacircus.net/lock.html OrangeDog (talk) 15:36, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I found a good cited source for the budget and revenue, however, it is in US dollars only. If someone could also list the British pounds with a 1998 inflation adjustment to the US figures that would be nice. DrNegative (talk) 22:33, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Synopsis Sourcing
The synopsis section seems to be taken word-for-word from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120735/synopsis. Is that a site that is okay to copy from, or is that a no-no? (Or did they take it from here?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.173.209.85 (talk) 04:50, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Cockney
Is it true that to the US edition of the DVD pack an explanation of Cockney rhyming slang is attached? Something should be listed about it because this slang makes it extraordinarily difficult to understand the movie for non-natives and even for Americans. Ferike333 (talk) 20:08, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Steve Sweeney
the article linked with "Steve Sweeney" on the cast list is not the wikipedia page of the actor. It is a different person —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.3.242.183 (talk) 18:54, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Title meaning
Is the title naturally self-explanatory for natives of all shades? If not, maybe there’s a note or section worth providing a clear explanation. Are the barrels referring to the two smoking guns? But what lock, or what to lock? And what’s in stock or stocked? -- WA1TF0R 14:34, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Bridge
Its New Battersea Bridge and not Southwark Bridge! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:9E8:45B3:1400:DD20:95C3:8F3F:D0F0 (talk) 13:40, 27 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
XX Corps (United Kingdom)

The XX Corps was an army corps of the British Army during World War I.

First World War
The Corps was formed in Palestine in June 1917 under Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode. Following the British failure in the Second Battle of Gaza, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force underwent a major rearrangement with the appointment of General Edmund Allenby as the new Commander-in-Chief. The infantry component of the force was divided into two corps; XX Corps and XXI Corps.

The corps initially comprised four infantry divisions:

 * 10th (Irish) Division
 * 53rd (Welsh) Division
 * 60th (2/2nd London) Division
 * 74th (Yeomanry) Division

The XX Corps first saw action in the Beersheba phase of the Third Battle of Gaza on 31 October 1917. The 60th and 74th Divisions captured Turkish outposts west of the town but were not involved in the final assault. Following Beersheba on 6 November, the corps made a frontal assault against the Turkish fortifications in the vicinity of Sheria where the 10th, 60th and 74th Divisions succeeded in breaking through. The 10th Division captured the Hareira Redoubt on 7 November and the 60th Division advanced on Huj in support of the Australian Mounted Division's effort to cut off the retreating Turkish army.

During the Battle of Megiddo the formation was:

 * Corps Troops
 * 10th (Irish) Division
 * 53rd (Welsh) Division

General officers commanding
Commanders included:
 * 2 August – 20 August 1917 Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode
 * 20 August – 31 August 1917 Major-General John Shea (acting)
 * 31 August 1917 – November 1918 Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode

title: XX Corps (United Kingdom)


text:
Gun Owners of America

Gun Owners of America (GOA) is a gun rights organization in the United States. It makes efforts to differentiate itself from the larger National Rifle Association (NRA) and has publicly criticized the NRA on multiple occasions for what it considers to be compromising on gun rights.

The GOA was outspoken in opposing John McCain's 2008 presidential bid, describing his gun-rights voting record as "abysmal, wretched, and pathetic" and giving him an F− grade on Second Amendment issues since 2004, while the NRA (through its political action committee, the NRA-PVF) gave him a C+.

The GOA has been described by Congressman Ron Paul as "The only no-compromise gun lobby in Washington." This quote from Paul is displayed on the home page of the Gun Owners of America website. Paul was the only 2008 presidential candidate to receive an A+ grade from Gun Owners of America.

History
Gun Owners of America (GOA) was founded in 1976 by California State Senator H. L. Richardson. The GOA lobbies both state and federal legislatures to promote Second Amendment rights. Richardson was chairman of Gun Owners of America until he retired in 2017. Tim Macy, who had been on the board since the organization’s founding, then became chairman.

Tim Macy is President and Chairman of the Board of Gun Owners of America. He has been on the Board of Directors for over 35 years since the inception of GOA. Macy is involved with GOA’s sister organization as well. Serving on the boards of Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of America’s Political Victory Fund and Gun Owners of California.

John Velleco serves as the Executive Vice President. He previously served as the Director of Federal Affairs for the organization.

Erich Pratt is the Senior Vice President for GOA, having worked in gun politics for over three decades. Erich served under several titles at GOA – from Federal and State Directors to Communications Director for the organization. He now serves as the chief national spokesman and focuses on policy for both the federal and state levels of government.

Sam Paredes is a board member of GOA and currently serves as the Executive Director for GOA’s sister organization, Gun Owners of California. Paredes is a certified firearms instructor.

Activities
Gun Owners of America is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization. According to Gun Owners of America's website, its board contends that Americans have lost some of their gun rights, and GOA strives to get them back.

By its own account, Gun Owners of America spent over $1.75 million lobbying Congress in 2004, and over $18 million between 1998 and 2004. Gun Owners of America's Federal Political Action Committee is "Gun Owners of America Inc. Political Victory Fund" (C00278101). It raises funds to support the election of pro-gun candidates at all levels of government.

Gun Owners Foundation is an educational nonprofit foundation. It acts as the research arm for GOA. Its main objective is to hold seminars around the country to inform the public, media outlets, and various government officials on Second Amendment issues. The Gun Owners Foundation around 2008 began a new campaign by creating Public Service Announcements to promote what it calls "PROPER Gun Safety". According to Gun Owners Foundation, its campaign objective is "to generate public awareness of the dangers of not having a gun ready for protection and to encourage gun owners not to lock up their best means of self-defense".

GOA victories
On July 13, 2006, Senator David Vitter saw an 84–16 vote for his amendment prohibiting the use of federal money for federal agents to confiscate weapons during a declared state of emergency.

On June 27, 2007, the Pence Amendment passed. The bill, named after then-Representative and future Vice President Mike Pence, was passed by a vote of 309–115. According to Gun Owners of America, the amendment blocked the Federal Communications Commission's ability to use the Fairness Doctrine to limit the free speech allowed by organizations like Gun Owners of America over the airwaves.

On August 9, 2007, Gun Owners of America supported Vitter's work in pushing through a bill stating that no U.S. funds can be used by the United Nations or any group affiliated with the United Nations to restrict or tax Second Amendment rights. If they attempt to do so, the U.S. can withdraw their funds from the organization. This bill, HR-2764, also known as the Consolidated Appropriations Act, passed by an 81–10 vote.

On February 25, 2008, Senator Jim DeMint amended bill S-1200, the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. The act stated that the funds were to be used for "violence prevention". Once the funds were attempted to be used for gun buybacks, DeMint pushed through an amendment to the act stating that the money cannot be used for any anti-gun programs. DeMint's amendment passed by a margin of 78–11.

2010, GOA campaigns for and helps pass the Firearms Freedom Act laws across the country including Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming.

title: Gun Owners of America


text:
XX Corps

20th Corps, Twentieth Corps, or XX Corps may refer to:

 * XX Corps (German Empire)
 * XX Corps (Ottoman Empire)
 * XX Corps (United Kingdom)
 * XX Corps (United States)
 * XX Corps (Union Army), a unit in the American Civil War
 * XX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
 * XX Motorised Corps (Italy)
 * 20th Army Corps (Russian Empire)

title: XX Corps


text:
List of birds of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The bird life of Sri Lanka is very rich for its size and 528 species have been recorded. In addition to the many resident birds, a considerable number of migratory species winter in the country to escape their northern breeding grounds.

34 species are confirmed as endemic. The other resident species are also found in the nearby Indian mainland, but over 80 have developed distinct Sri Lankan races. Some of these races are very different in their plumage characteristics from the related forms in India. 26 species are globally threatened.

Bird distribution in Sri Lanka is largely determined by its climatic zones. The dry zone is largest of the three, covering more than half of the island, with a prolonged dry and hot period and only one monsoon (the north east monsoon from October to January).

The wet zone, with two monsoons, is in the south western quarter of the island, where the few remaining rain forests are found and humidity is high.

The central hill zone rises to over 2450 m (8-10,000 ft) and has a cool temperate climate. Most of the 34 endemic species are confined to the wet and the hill zones, with only a few extending into the dry zone as well.

Recent updates and sighting information can be obtained through the Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka website. The following list is prepared according to An Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka on 2010 by Sarath Kotagama and Gamini Ratnavira. Supplemental updates and taxonomy follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition.

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.

 * (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Sri Lanka
 * (E) Endemic - a species native or restricted to Sri Lanka
 * (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Sri Lanka as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae

The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump and have broad, relatively short wings.

Flamingos
Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 ft tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-sized diving birds. They breed on fresh water, but often visit the sea whilst migrating and in winter. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers; however, their feet are placed far back on their bodies, making them quite ungainly on land.

Pigeons and doves
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are brood parasites.

Frogmouths
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Podargidae

The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.

Nightjars and allies
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

Swifts
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

Treeswifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae

The treeswifts, or crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.

Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Thick-knees
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae

Thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

Stilts and avocets
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

Oystercatchers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

Plovers and lapwings
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

Painted-snipes
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Rostratulidae

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.

Jacanas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Buttonquail
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Turnicidae

The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship.

Crab-plover
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Dromadidae

The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.

Pratincoles and coursers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.

Skuas and jaegers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and terns. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

 * Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A)
 * Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
 * Brown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
 * Sooty gull, Ichthyaetus hemprichii (A)
 * Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
 * Herring gull, Larus argentatus
 * Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
 * Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
 * Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
 * Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris
 * Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
 * Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
 * Little tern, Sternula albifrons
 * Saunders's tern, Sternula saundersi
 * Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
 * Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
 * Black tern, Chlidonias niger (A)
 * White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
 * Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
 * Roseate tern, Sterna dougalli
 * Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana (A)
 * Common tern, Sterna hirundo
 * White-cheeked tern, Sterna repressa (A)
 * Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
 * Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
 * Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis
 * White tern, Gygis alba (A)

Tropicbirds
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

Southern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae

Southern storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Northern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae

Northern storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Shearwaters and petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are virtually mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

Frigatebirds
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. None are resident.

Boobies and gannets
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae

The gannets and boobies in the family Sulidae are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae

Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because they have long thin necks, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape, and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage, especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

Cormorants and shags
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies; the majority of species have mainly dark plumage, but some are pied black and white, and a few are more colourful.

Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills, members of this family fly with their necks retracted.

Ibises and spoonbills
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which comprises the ibises and spoonbills. Its members have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary flight feathers. They are strong fliers and, despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

Osprey
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae

The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.

Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

Barn owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae

The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

Trogons
Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

Hoopoes
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae

Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.

Hornbills
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Bucerotidae

Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.

Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

Bee-eaters
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae

The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.

Rollers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae

Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

Asian barbets
Order: PiciformesFamily: Megalaimidae

The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.

Woodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

Falcons and caracaras
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

Old World parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.

Pittas
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pittidae

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

Cuckooshrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Campephagidae

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

Old World orioles
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae

The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.

Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Artamidae

The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.

Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vangidae

The Vangidae comprises a group of often shrike-like medium-sized birds distributed from Asia to Africa. Many species in this family were previously classified elsewhere in other families.

Ioras
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithinidae

The ioras are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.

Fantails
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Rhipiduridae

The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.

Drongos
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicruridae

The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.

Monarch flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Monarchidae

The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.

Shrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

Fairy flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Stenostiridae

Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".

Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Larks
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

Cisticolas and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae

The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.

Reed warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae

The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

Grassbirds and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

Swallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

Bulbuls
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pycnonotidae

Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.

Leaf warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

Bush warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Scotocercidae

The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.

Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae

The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Many species are difficult to identify by appearance, but many have distinctive songs.

White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Zosteropidae

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Timaliidae

The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.

Ground babblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pellorneidae

These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.

Laughingthrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Leiothrichidae

The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Argya tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

Nuthatches
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.

Starlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

Thrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

Old World flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae

Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.

Flowerpeckers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicaeidae

The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.

Sunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Nectariniidae

The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

Fairy-bluebirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Irenidae

The fairy-bluebirds are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.

Leafbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Chloropseidae

The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.

Weavers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae

The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.

Waxbills and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae

The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

Old World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae

Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

Wagtails and pipits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

Old World buntings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae

The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.

title: List of birds of Sri Lanka


text:
Barranquitas, Puerto Rico

Barranquitas is a small mountain town and municipality located in the Cordillera Central region of Puerto Rico, south of Corozal and Naranjito; north of Coamo and Aibonito; west of Comerío and Cidra; and east of Orocovis. Barranquitas is spread over 6 barrios and Barranquitas Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Barranquitas is about one hour by winding roads from San Juan, the capital. It is nestled amid hills and mountains, and nearby, between Barranquitas and Aibonito, is the San Cristóbal Canyon; one of the deepest canyons in the West Indies. For years, the overlook was used as a municipal garbage; in the last decade, the refuse was removed and the site restored.

History
Barranquitas's local Taino Cacique was called Orocobix.

The town was founded in 1803 by Antonio Aponte Ramos. Early in the 20th century, Barranquitas residents, known as Barranquiteños, had a short but legendary territory war with residents of the city of Comerío.

In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Barranquitas was 8,103.

Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Barranquitas with its significant amount of rainfall and its nearly category 5 winds. Many residents did not receive help for weeks after the hurricane made landfall as entry into the municipality was hampered by downed trees and telephone poles, landslides, and highways that had split in two.

In Barranquitas, up to 1000 homes, and its highways were destroyed by landslides. Forty days after the hurricane, none of Barranquitas' 29,000 residents had their electrical power restored. Barranquitas' agriculture industry was decimated with one farmer saying he'd lost his five thousand plantain trees, apio, and other minor crops.

Scenes around Barranquitas after Hurricane María:

Geography
Barranquitas is a landlocked municipality in the middle of the Cordillera Central of Puerto Rico, the main mountain range that crosses the island from west to east. It is bordered by the municipalities of Corozal, Naranjito, Coamo, Aibonito, Orocovis, and Comerío. Barranquitas has a surface area of 34 square miles (88.4 km2).

The terrain is mostly mountainous. Some of the peaks found in the municipality are La Torrecilla and Farallón. Barranquitas is also the site of the San Cristóbal Canyon and Las Bocas Canyon.

Water features
Rivers of Barranquitas include the Río de Barranquitas, Río Grande de Manatí, Piñonas, Río Hondo, and Río Usabón.

There are 14 bridges in Barranquitas.

Barrios
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Barranquitas is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a small barrio referred to as "el pueblo", near the center of the municipality.

 * 1) Barrancas
 * 2) Barranquitas barrio-pueblo
 * 3) Cañabón
 * 4) Helechal
 * 5) Honduras
 * 6) Palo Hincado
 * 7) Quebrada Grande
 * 8) Quebradillas

Sectors
Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.

Special Communities
Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Barranquitas: El Amparo neighborhood, Cañabón barrio, La Vega neighborhood, Calle Abajo (Calle Melitón Pérez), La Loma, La Torre, Los Pinos, Quebrada Grande barrio, and Tres Caminos.

Energy consortium
An Energy Consortium was signed in late February 2019, by Villalba, Orocovis, Morovis, Ciales and Barranquitas municipalities. The consortium is the first of its kind on the commonwealth and intends to have these municipalities work together, to safeguard their communities, in the event of a catastrophe, by creating resilient, and efficient energy networks with backups.

Landmarks
Barranquitas is the burial place of two prominent Puerto Rican politicians; Luis Muñoz Rivera (who was born in the town) and his son, Governor Luis Muñoz Marín (who was born in San Juan). This has made Barranquitas a popular tourist attraction among Puerto Ricans. The birthplace of Muñoz Rivera has been converted into a museum. The mausoleum of the Muñoz Rivera family is a place of interest. Among those buried there are Muñoz Rivera and his son and daughter-in-law, Luis Muñoz Marín, and his second wife Inés Mendoza de Muñoz.

Other known places of interest in Barranquitas are the San Cristóbal Canyon, Las Bocas Canyon, and the ruins of Hacienda Margarita. El Cortijo Castle is an old, historical structure, which is currently a museum. Camp Morton (Campamento Morton) is a popular spot for activities and retreats.

To stimulate local tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo (I'm Touring) campaign in 2021. The campaign featured a passport book with a page for each municipality. The Voy Turisteando Barranquitas passport page lists Cañon de San Cristobal, Plaza Bicentenaria, Museo de la Familia Muñoz Rivera, and the Feria de Artesanías, as places of interest.

Festivals and events
Barranquitas celebrates its patron saint festival in June. The Fiestas Patronales de San Antonio de Padua is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.

Other festivals and events celebrated in Barranquitas include:
 * Apio Festival or Festival del Apio – April/May
 * National Crafts Fair of Barranquitas – July and has been celebrated for over 50 years
 * Viva Mi Calle Festival – November
 * Lighting of Christmas Tree – December

Sports
Barranquitas doesn't have professional sports teams, but there are some amateur sports teams based in the city. The most popular amateur sport is baseball. The team of Barranquitas is known as the "Proceres" (is an adjective for an important person in history) due to the fact that the town has been the birthplace for many historical figures. The other popular sport is volleyball.

Agriculture
Some of the crops grown in Barranquitas include plantain, coffee, lemon, ají dulce, yam, and other fruits and vegetables. The main crop in Barranquitas is the apio. The apio is a root vegetable (from the legume Apios tuberosa / Apios Americana), and it is eaten like potatoes (not to be confused with celeriac).

Industry
Footwear and clothing is manufactured in Barranquitas.

Demographics
In 2020, the population of Barranquitas was 28,983 with 99.9% self-identifying as Hispanic or Latino, the highest of all Puerto Rico's municipalities.

Many of the Puerto Ricans born in the town are known to have light-colored eyes and have strong European features. Some also have a mestizo look. The Taíno and European immigrants intermarried and created what is called mestizo. The reason for this was the migration of many Taíno Indians during the Spanish colonization. Taínos often fled to the mountainous region to escape slavery. Many Spanish and other European immigrants moved to this region and settled as coffee growers.

Government
All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor, elected every four years. The current mayor of Barranquitas is Elliot Colon Blanco, of the New Progressive Party (PNP). He was elected at the 2018 primaries and the re-elected on General Elections of 2020.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VI, which is represented by two senators.

Symbols
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.

Flag
The flag of the municipality consists of three horizontal stripes; white on the upper edge representing the silver enamel of the town's shield, green in the center representing the vegetation and yellow on the lower edge representing the gold enamel of the ravines of the San Cristóbal Canyon.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Barranquitas has silver, a canyon, two ravines, gold slopes, a tree, gold leaves, a bell and a crown. The ravines are reminders of the San Cristóbal Canyon, located in the territorial boundary of Barranquitas and Aibonito, a neighboring municipality. The yagrumo trees are characteristic of the high mountainous areas of Puerto Rico and symbolize the elevation of Barranquitas.

Education
The Interamerican University of Puerto Rico has a campus in Barranquitas.

All public schools in Puerto Rico are administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. The schools located in Barranquitas are the following: Many of the schools in Barranquitas educate children on agriculture and cultivating crops.

title: Barranquitas, Puerto Rico


text:
Passion (Jennifer Rush album)

Passion is the fourth studio album by American singer Jennifer Rush, released in November 1988.

Background
Following on from the success of her previous album Heart over Mind, Rush continued working with much of the same team of writers and producers. Passion, however, failed to find the same high level of success and didn't chart at all in the UK. Despite this, sales were satisfying in her most successful market, Germany, where the album reached No.3 and was certified platinum. The lead single "You're My One and Only" became a hit, but further releases "Keep All the Fires Burning Bright" and "Love Get Ready" did little to generate interest.

Single success did come a few months later in the UK, when a duet with Plácido Domingo, "Till I Loved You", became a hit in the summer of 1989. The record company however failed to capitalise on this by not repromoting the album.

Notable tracks on this album include "Same Heart" - a duet with Michael Bolton, although this came a year before his international breakthrough (another opportunity for repromotion), and "Remind My Heart" which is a collaboration with producer Jellybean Benitez who was then at the peak of his fame.

Track listing

 * Spanish LP copies of the album replace "You're My One and Only" and "Keep All the Fires Burning Bright" with Spanish re-recordings of both songs titled "Vida De Mi Vida" and "Solitaria Mujer". Spanish CD copies also include the original English versions as additional tracks at the end of the album.

title: Passion (Jennifer Rush album)


text:
Talk:Shareholder rights plan

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Poison pill (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:01, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shareholder rights plan