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Wikipedia:Arbitration

The arbitration process exists to impose binding solutions to Wikipedia conduct disputes that neither community discussion nor administrators have successfully resolved. Arbitration on the English Wikipedia is conducted by a panel of experienced users named the Arbitration Committee (ArbCom), which is elected annually by the community and governed by the arbitration policy (ARBPOL). In addition to adjudicating serious disputes, this committee also resolves issues by private hearings if factors such as privacy may preclude public consideration. The Committee has significant autonomy to address unresolvable issues among the community, but at the same time does not exist to subvert community consensus, to adjudicate matters of article content (Wikipedia has no "content committee"), or to decide matters of editorial or site policy. This Arbitration Committee's jurisdiction extends only to the English Wikipedia, although some other Wikimedia projects have their own committees.

Selection and appointment
|Elections are conducted annually, in December. Nominations usually open about a month beforehand, in November. The successful candidates are typically long-term, experienced editors of Wikipedia. No candidate has ever been appointed who is not an administrator (usually with years of experience), although there is no prohibition against appointments of non-administrators.

Scope of arbitration
The Committee accepts cases related to editors' conduct (including improper editing) where all other routes to resolve the conduct issues have failed, and will make rulings to address problems in the editorial community. However, it will not make editorial statements or decisions about how articles should read ("content decisions"), so users should not ask the Committee to make these kinds of decisions.

Arbitration is the last step in the dispute resolution process; it is a last resort, only to be employed when all else has failed or there is very good cause to believe they will not help. Try other steps first, including discussion between disputants and, where appropriate, mediation. The Arbitration Committee only deals with the most serious, entrenched, or persistent disputes and cases of rule-breaking, where all other reasonable means have failed.

Requesting arbitration
To request that a dispute be arbitrated, see Arbitration/Requests, which contains all open requests for arbitration. But please read Arbitration/Guide to arbitration before doing so.

Requests for arbitration can also be used to present questions and requests related to previous closed cases. These include clarification of the intent and scope of a decision, appeals of past sanctions, and requests to amend remedies and enforcement measures. It can also be used to request enforcement of a previous case or motion.

Arbitration/Requests transcludes the following pages:

 * Arbitration/Requests/Case: Use this page to request a new arbitration case.
 * Arbitration/Requests/Clarification and Amendment: To request clarification or amendment of an existing closed case. This includes requests to lift sanctions previously imposed.
 * Arbitration/Requests/Motions: Arbitrator-initiated motions, not specific to a current open request. Only arbitrators may propose or vote on motions on this page. However, you may add your own statement to the motion, and threaded discussion is allowed in the section titled "Community comments".
 * Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement: Violations of existing arbitration decisions are referred to the Committee's enforcement process. Although enforcement is within the jurisdiction of ArbCom, the actual process is staffed by Wikipedia administrators. Further instructions on requesting enforcement of an arbitration decision are on that page.

Active sanctions
The Arbitration Committee may impose sanctions, either as a result of remedies accepted during cases, or during requests for clarification or amendment, or as a result of motions. These sanctions may be imposed on particular topic areas of Wikipedia, or they may be imposed on particular editors. Some sanctions may be indefinite, but these can be rescinded at a later date.

A list of active sanctions imposed by the Arbitration Committee is at Arbitration/Active sanctions. It partially transcludes from the following pages:

 * General sanctions: Lists general sanctions on all editors working in a particular topic area, imposed by the Arbitration Committee and the Wikipedia community. It also lists the various general sanctions available.
 * Editing restrictions: Lists particular editors subject to restrictions placed by the Arbitration Committee and the Wikipedia community. It also lists the various types of editor restrictions.

General sanctions to topic areas may include a contentious topic designation, which are listed at Contentious topics. Contentious topics are specially-designated topics that have attracted more persistent disruptive editing than the rest of the project. There is a log of enforcement at Arbitration enforcement log. Other general sanctions include article probation and revert restrictions.

Prior dispute resolution
The Committee will generally accept cases without any previous formal dispute resolution measures being followed if, and only if, the case would:
 * Review emergency actions to remove administrator privileges; or
 * Examine unusually divisive disputes among administrators or the community.

Otherwise, it is expected that other avenues of dispute resolution will have been exhausted before a case is filed.

Further information
For information about requesting Arbitration, and how cases are accepted and dealt with, please see Arbitration/Guide to arbitration, which contains important information. You may also wish to review the following:

 * Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard: Noticeboard of general announcements related to the Arbitration Committee's business.
 * Arbitration/Current: Open and recently closed proceedings of the Arbitration Committee.
 * Arbitration/Index: Archive of closed proceedings of the Arbitration Committee.

The current members of the Arbitration Committee, and more information on the Committee itself, is at Arbitration Committee. Contact details are at User:Arbitration Committee. Information on the panel of clerks appointed by the committee to administrate the arbitration process is at Arbitration Committee/Clerks. History of the Arbitration Committee is at Arbitration Committee/History.

The Arbitration Policy is at Arbitration/Policy. Procedures based on this policy are listed at Arbitration Committee/Procedures. The internal procedures of the Arbitration Clerks are at Arbitration Committee/Clerks/Procedures.

title: Wikipedia:Arbitration


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Brett Lindros

Brett Alexander Blake Lindros (born December 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and television personality. He is the younger brother of Eric Lindros.

Personal life
Lindros was born in London, Ontario and raised in Toronto, Ontario. The son of Carl Lindros and Bonnie Roszell-Lindros, Brett has Swedish heritage. The name "Lindros" means "Rose of the Linden tree". His great grandfather Axel immigrated to Canada from Bredaryd, Sweden, and Brett is the third generation of the Lindros family to be born in Canada. His father Carl Lindros received a B.A. from the University of Western Ontario (where he played football, well enough to be drafted 30th overall by the Edmonton Eskimos in the 1970 CFL College Draft), and became a Chartered Accountant. His mother Bonnie is a registered nurse. He has one brother Eric and one sister Robin.

Playing career
Lindros was drafted in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft, 1st round, 9th overall by the New York Islanders.

After suffering a series of concussions, he was forced to retire on May 1, 1996 due to post-concussion syndrome after playing only 51 NHL games. Lindros now works in Toronto for hedge fund HGC Investment Management.

Life after hockey
Lindros was badly injured in a 2001 snowmobile accident; police reported that alcohol was a factor in the accident. The snowmobile was being driven by Dan Cameron, 25, of Toronto. Lindros, who was the passenger on the snowmobile, was charged with operating a snowmachine without a licence or permit.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brett Lindros


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Anisy

Anisy is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Anisy is located some 8 km north by north-west of Caen and 4 km south of Douvres-la-Délivrande. It can be accessed by the D79 road from Caen passing through the west of the commune and continuing to Anguerny. The village can be accessed by the D220 road from Mathieu in the east passing through the village and the commune and continuing to Villons-les-Buissons in the south-west. The D220A branches off the D220 in the village and goes south to Cambes-en-Plaine. The D141 from Mathieu to Anguerny also passes through the north-eastern tip of the commune. Apart from the village the commune is entirely farmland.

History
The commune was founded in the 11th century by the Anisy family.

Anisy was liberated by The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada on the first evening of the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944. The Rifles were the only Regiment to reach its assigned objective that day.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Population
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Anisiens or Anisiennes in French.

Sites and monuments

 * Church of Saint Peter (12th and 13th centuries), registered as a historical monument in 1927.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Madeleine Barbulée, French actress, born on 2 September 1910 at Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle. She died on 1 January 2001 in Paris and was buried in the cemetery at Anisy.

title: Anisy


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Annebault

Annebault is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
Annebault is located in the pays d'Auge, 17 kilometers from Lisieux.

Toponymy
The village Annebault was first mentioned as Olnebac in the beginning of the 12th century, and as Ounebaus in 1195.

Several different theories have been proposed to explain the origins of this name. French linguist René Lepelley has proposed that the name comes from the Old Norrois "almr balkr", or "splitting of the elm". On the other hand, Ernest Nègre, toponymist and specialist in Occitan, has offered that it is derived from the Germanic personal name Allinus followed by the Old Norse bekkr. Yet another theory, courtesy of Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, holds that Annebault derives from the Germanic personal name Hanno followed by Germanic bald, or bold. Ultimately, despite this plethora of suggestions, the origins of "Annebault" remain obscure.

History
The vestiges of a feudal moat, possibly dating to the tenth century, can be found to the south of the town, in the nearby forest.

Personalities
Claude d'Annebault (circa 1495-1552) was a French military man who became an admiral and was named Admiral of France in 1544.

title: Annebault


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Arganchy

Arganchy is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of northwestern France.

Geography
Arganchy is located in the area of Bessin in the valley of the Gourguichon Stream some 6.5 km south-west of Bayeux and 7 km north-east of Castillon. Access to the commune is by the D192 road from Subles in the west passing through the commune north of the village and continuing east to join National Highway N13 east of Monceaux-en-Bessin. The village is reached by the country road L'Eglise running off the D192. The D572 highway runs through the north-western corner of the commune with an exit onto the D192 at Subles. Apart from the village there are also the hamlets of La Mauvielle, Saint-Amator, La Petite Flague, and Les Feffes in the commune. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Cayennes Stream flows from the south to join the Gourgichon Stream east of the village which flows west to join the Drôme at Aprigny (Agy).

Toponymy
The name Arganchy appears as Archenceium in 1198.

The origin of the name is attributed to the anthroponym Argentius: Latin according to René Lepelley or Gaulish according to Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing.

History
In 1829 Arganchy (with 285 inhabitants in 1821) absorbed Saint-Amator (with 52 inhabitants) east of its territory.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

The council is composed of eleven members including the mayor and two deputy mayors.

Population
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arganchois or Arganchoises in French.

Economy
At a place called La Grande Abbaye there is a natural camping ground.

Sites and Monuments

 * The Parish church of Saint-Radegonde dates from the 17th century. It contains three items which are registered as historical objects:
 * A Tabernacle (18th century)
 * A Retable (1670-1680)
 * An Altar, Tabernacle, and Retable (18th century)
 * A Lavoir (Public laundry): a concert venue (for the choir).
 * La Forte Main, north of Saint-Amator, where counterfeit coins were once made.

title: Arganchy


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Argences

Argences is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. It is in the urban area of Caen, 15 kilometres from the city.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Argences is some 15 km south-east of Caen and 1 km north of Moult. Access to the commune is by the D37 road from Saint-Pair in the north passing through the commune and the town and continuing to Moult in the south. The D41 road goes east from the town to join the D613 to Caen at Vimont. The D80 road also goes north-east from the town to Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet. Apart from the town there are also the hamlets of Le Fresne to the north, Le Mesnil in the north-east, and Le Croix de Moult south of the town. The commune consists of a large residential area in the town with a large forest in the north-east (the Bois de Saint-Gilles) with small scattered forests but mostly farmland.

The Muane river flows through the town and the commune from south to north.

History
In 989, Richard I of Normandy donated land to the Abbey of Fécamp for the curates of Mondeville and Argences. From that date, the domain of Mondeville was managed as an ecclesiastical fief by the Barony of Argences. During the ducal era the wines of Argences were highly regarded.

In 1912, the large tile factory at Fresne built a railway line 4 km long connecting Argences to Moult-Argences Station in Moult on the Paris-Cherbourg line. The line from Argences was closed in 1931 and the nearest station is now Moult-Argences (TER Basse-Normandie).

On 16 April 1942, a group of resistance fighters derailed a Maastricht-Cherbourg train two kilometres from Moult-Argences station in Airan commune causing 28 dead and 19 wounded - all German soldiers. On 30 April of that year, in revenge for German retaliation, a new derailment of the same train killed 10 German soldiers and wounded 22 others.

Administration
List of Mayors

 * Mayors from 1929

Population
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Argençais or Argençaises in French.

Economy
The newspaper L'Echo de la Muance was published in Argences from 1896 to 1897.

Sites and monuments

 * The Chateau of Fresne (1651) is registered as an historical monument.
 * The Church of Saint-Jean was destroyed by bombing in 1944 and only the wall of the apse remains.
 * The Moulin de la Porte (Mill of the door) where the wheel is powered by the Muance.
 * The Lavoir (Public laundry) in the Rue de la Morte eau.
 * The old Tuileries de Beauvais tile factory.

Activities and events
The association of rural families organizes dance classes for children and adults (beginners, modern dance, Fit'n dance).

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Dominique Lemesle (1951-2007): Assistant Football Referee - 1st French Division (1979-1982)
 * François Fayt (1946-): composer.
 * Yohann Eudeline (1982-), French footballer who played at the local football club until 2000.

title: Argences


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Shohreh Aghdashloo

Shohreh Aghdashloo (, ; née Vaziri-Tabar (وزیری‌تبار); born May 11, 1952) is an Iranian actress. She has received various accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award and a Satellite Award, in addition to a nomination for an Academy Award.

Following numerous starring roles on the stage, she made her film debut in Chess of the Wind (1976). Her next two films The Report (1977) and Sooteh Delan (1977) garnered critical acclaim and established Aghdashloo as one of Iran's leading ladies, although the films were banned in Iran itself. Aghdashloo moved to England during the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and then to the United States, subsequently becoming a U.S. citizen. After several years playing small roles in television and film, her performance in House of Sand and Fog (2003) brought her several film critics' awards and a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other film appearances include The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005), X-Men: The Last Stand and The Nativity Story (both 2006), The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016).

In television, she is best known for her roles as Dina Araz in the fourth season of 24 and as Chrisjen Avasarala on The Expanse (2015–2022). For her role as Sajida Talfah in the HBO miniseries House of Saddam (2008), she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. In 2013, she released her autobiography titled The Alley of Love and Yellow Jasmines. In 2021, she voiced Grayson in Netflix's series Arcane. In 2024, Aghdashloo voiced the unnamed dragon in the 2024 Netflix film Damsel. She also voices Roshan in Assassin's Creed Mirage.

Early life
Aghdashloo was born Shohreh Vaziri-Tabar in Tehran, the daughter of Effie ( alSadat) and Anushiravan Vaziri-Tabar. She has three brothers: Shahram, Shahriar and Shahrokh. Her stage name is from the family name of her first husband, painter Aydin Aghdashloo. After their marriage in 1972 when she was 19 and he was 31, she began attending theatre workshops, against the wishes of her family. She had always wanted to be an actress, and soon began playing leading roles in Iranian theatre and film. They did not have children and were divorced in 1979, when she left Iran for England at the start of the Iranian Revolution.

Once Aghdashloo arrived in England, she earned a bachelor's degree in international relations at Brunel University because of her interest in politics after having to leave her home country. She was already familiar with England, as her parents had taken her to London as a child. She then continued to pursue her acting career, which brought her to Los Angeles. She has since performed in a number of Touzie's plays, successfully taking them to national and international stages, primarily in the Iranian diaspora. Though born to a Muslim family, she has stated that she is non-practicing.

Career

Aghdashloo first began working as a theatre actress at the age of 19, when she starred in a theatrical adaptation of the novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North (1973). Aghdashloo made her American film debut in 1989 in a starring role in Guests of Hotel Astoria. Her television debut came on September 25, 1990, in a guest role in the two-hour episode of the NBC television series Matlock, titled "Nowhere to Turn: A Matlock Mystery Movie". In the years that followed Aghdashloo appeared on screen sporadically, including in the widely panned Surviving Paradise (2000),  written and directed by Kamshad Kooshan.

In 2001 Aghdashloo was cast opposite Ben Kingsley and Jennifer Connelly in director Vadim Perelman's House of Sand and Fog (2003) for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Following this exposure Aghdashloo had a prominent recurring role in Season 4 of the Fox television series 24, playing Dina Araz, a terrorist undercover in Los Angeles as a well-to-do housewife and mother. In an interview with Time magazine, Aghdashloo stated that although she had previously resisted reinforcing the stereotype of Muslims as terrorists, the strength and complexity of the role convinced her to accept it. Iranian film scholar Hamid Naficy criticized Aghdashloo's acting in "the sensationalist film The Stoning of Soraya M. as "discredit[ing] her vow not to play in films that stereotype Middle Easterners, including Iranians." In the period that followed, Aghdashloo made guest appearances on several well-known television series, such as Will & Grace, ER and Grey's Anatomy. She also played supporting roles in films such as X-Men: The Last Stand as Dr. Kavita Rao, The Lake House, The Nativity Story as Elizabeth, and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2.

In 2008, Aghdashloo served as an official festival judge at the second annual Noor Iranian Film Festival in Los Angeles, while she also played the lead character of Zahra Khanum in the film The Stoning of Soraya M., marking her first leading role in a feature-length American film. In the same year, she also portrayed Sajida Talfah in the HBO original miniseries House of Saddam for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. Speaking to a crowd of over 1,400 people at George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium on September 12, 2009, Aghdashloo, author Dr. Azar Nafisi, and Dr. Dwight Bashir, Associate Director for Policy at the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, added their voices to those concerned about human rights in Iran and the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran. Aghdashloo's talk in particular was posted to YouTube. On October 9, 2010, the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans awarded Aghdashloo their Career Achievement Award during its first annual gala. Agdashloo continues to act in films, such as The Odd Life of Timothy Green, Septembers of Shiraz and Star Trek Beyond; and on television, guest starring on series such as House, M.D., The Simpsons, Grimm, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and NCIS. She also voiced characters for the video games Mass Effect 2, Mass Effect 3, Destiny Destiny 2, and Assassin's Creed Mirage; starred in the London revival of the play The House of Bernarda Alba at the Almeida Theatre as Bernarda Alba; and narrated the audiobook And the Mountains Echoed, by Khaled Hosseini.

Aghdashloo recently starred in Amazon Prime Video's acclaimed television series The Expanse, as UN Deputy Undersecretary of Executive Administration Chrisjen Avasarala, a "smart and passionate member of a political family legacy who has risen high in the ranks of Earth's governing body without once standing for election".

Other awards

 * 2007: Arpa Career Achievement Award
 * 2013: Noor Iranian Film Festival Achievement Award

Personal life
In 1987, Aghdashloo married actor/playwright Houshang Touzie. They have a daughter, Tara Touzie, born in 1989.

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Asnelles

Asnelles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Asnelles is located at the seaside some 13 km north-east of Bayeux and 10 west of Courseulles-sur-Mer. Access to the commune is by the D514 road from Saint-Côme-de-Fresné in the west passing through the town and continuing to Ver-sur-Mer in the east. The D65 road from Arromanches to Meuvaines passes through the south of the commune. The D65A links the D514 to the D65. A large part of the commune is residential with the sea shore fully urban but some 50% of the commune is farmland.

The Gronde river passes through the heart of the commune from south to north emptying into the English Channel.

History
Tradition says that William the Conqueror, to escape his pursuers and after having taken refuge at the house of Baron Hubert de Ryes, regained his ducal castle by following small sunken pathways including one that now bears the name of Sente au Bâtard (Sente the Bastard). This footpath is difficult in places and it crosses the Gronde, bypassing part of the village, and leads to old farmhouses and old stone houses at Creully.

The name Asnelles (from the Latin asinellas meaning "little donkeys") appears for the first time in an official document at the end of the 12th century when work began on the early church dedicated to St. Martin. At that time a market for donkeys stood in the field opposite the church near the public square "planître". The coastline was then a large swamp which often caused fevers: people would implore the protection of Saint Honorine in a small chapel built on the ruins of a Gallo-Roman Villa which would be located near the modern cemetery.

Until the end of the 17th century there was a small harbour at the mouth of the Gronde called Port Heurtault which had nearly 2,000 boat movements per year of boats involved in coastal shipping or Cabotage. The port was silted up by a storm, so that the Amirauté Court or Maritime Court, which was created in 1554 at Asnelles, was transferred to Bayeux. During the 18th century, Asnelles was the seat of a Captainerie (Official residence of the officer of the port) and a coastal militia was responsible for monitoring the sea and reporting the approach of any English ship.

In the middle of the 19th century the village underwent major changes. Under the leadership of the Mayor, Dr. Théodore Labbey, significant work was undertaken including: the draining of marshes, the construction of a Levee, and many large houses - some of which remain today. Asnelles becomes Asnelles-la-Belle-Plage, a name given by many swimmers at the beach which took the appearance of a "small Trouville", according to the newspapers of the time, with its casino and its up-market hotels. The beach resort was served by the Chemins de fer du Calvados (Railways of Calvados) from 1899 to 1932. The construction of a Preventorium for children with tuberculosis who had a parent working at the SNCF was imposed on the commune in 1926. Until the eve of the Second World War it accommodated more than 1,500 boys and girls.

On D-Day 6 June 1944, British soldiers landed at Asnelles: the 231st Infantry Brigade was commanded by General Sir Alexander Stanier. The Dorset Regiment, which made landfall at 7:25am, was the first British regiment to set foot in Normandy. They were followed by the Devonshire and Hampshire regiments, as well as the 47th Commando of Royal Marines. The village was liberated in the afternoon with heavy losses mainly due to a 77 mm cannon which covered all the beach on the eastern side. On 10 June the Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) "ALG B-1" was operational at Asnelles-sur-Mer off Gold Beach, the first Allied airfield on the continent, operating Supermarine Spitfires.

Immediately after the landing the construction of the Mulberry harbour at Arromanches began of which the eastern part was at Asnelles consisting of the Phoenix caissons which enclosed the port on the eastern side starting from the commune beach.

The spokesman of General de Gaulle, who was one of the "Voices of France", Maurice Schumann also landed at Asnelles. He now is buried in the nearby cemetery of Calvary. The village recovered slowly from the D-Day operations: many large houses were severely damaged or destroyed: the Levee and the holds suffered greatly and many roads had to be rebuilt. There were however no civilian casualties reported.

Today, economic activity in Asnelles is mainly tourism with many second homes, camping, a leisure park, cottages, and family homes.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

The municipal council is composed of 15 members with 4 deputy mayors.

Twinning
Asnelles has twinning associations with:
 * Charmouth (United Kingdom) since 1985.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Asnellois or Asnelloises in French.

Economy
Asnelles is a beach resort located on the Côte de Nacre. It has a beautiful sandy beach which is adjacent to the Arromanches beach. It also has a land sailing club. Asnelle is located on the Circuit of the landing beaches in Normandy. The commune has created a hiking trail called La Sente au Bâtard in honour of William the Conqueror.

Civil heritage
Asnelles has many buildings and structures that are classified as historical monuments as well as other points of interest that are not registered. They are:
 * Farmhouse at 19 Rue de la Cavée (1782)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Lavoir (Public laundry) at Rue du Débarquement (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Chateau at 1 Rue du Débarquement (18th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Maison le Mesnil at 2 Rue du Débarquement (18th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * House at 12-14 Rue de l'Eglise (17th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Farmhouse at 36 Rue de l'Eglise (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Abri Sainte-Thérèse House at 8 Rue de l'Eglise (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * House at 12 Rue du Front de Mar (1945)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Villa Cosson (Les Tourelles) at 15 Route de la Libération (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Villa Neptune at 17 Route de la Libération (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Villa les Tamaris (Centre Fernand Leconte) at 21 Route de la Libération (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Villa Carrée at 23 Route de la Libération (1874)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Stone Bridge at Rue Paul Hélaine (1846)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * House at 2 Rue des Pérelles (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Fire Station at Rue de Southampton (1873)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Commerce House at 17 Rue de Southampton (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Château d'Asnelles at 42 Rue de Southampton (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * House at 53 Rue de Southampton (1958)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Beach defence battery (1942)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Tithe Barn (14th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Town Hall, Post Office, and Primary School (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Village (12th-19th centuries)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Houses and Hotels (16th - 20th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Phoenix Caissons (offshore), were used for building Levees and jetties for the Mulberry harbour after the landings and for Bunkers on the coast.
 * Sente au Bâtard (walking path) (William the Conqueror passed there according to legend).
 * The Biscuit Factory famous for their Shortbread of Asnelles
 * La Gronde river
 * Seaweed beach

Religious heritage
A number of religious buildings and structures have been registered as historical monuments. These are:
 * Presbytery (18th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Monumental Cross at Rue de Southampton (19th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg
 * Parish Church of Saint-Martin (12th century)Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg

The Church of Saint Martin contains many items which are registered as historical objects. These are:

 * A Chasuble (ornamented in gold) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 2 Copes (ornamented in rose) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Cope (ornamented in rose) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Cope (ornamented in violet) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 2 Candlesticks (torches) (18th & 19th centuries)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 2 Candelabra (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Candlestick (torch) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Ciborium for the sick (19th & 20th centuries)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 2 Ciboriums (19th & 20th centuries)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Ciborium (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Paten (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 4 Altar Candlesticks (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 3 Chalices with patens (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Chalice with paten (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Chalice with paten (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Chalice (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Statue: Saint Pierre (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Statue: Notre-Dame des flots (17th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 2 Altars, Retables, and Tabernacles (Secondary Altars) (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Painting: Annunciation (18th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Retable (18th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * The Main Altar with Retable (17th & 19th centuries)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Stained glass window (20th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Stained glass window: Notre-Dame des flots (1931)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Hagiographic Stained glass window: Charity of Saint Martin (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * A Figurative Stained glass window: Bon Pasteur (19th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * 7 Allegorical Stained glass windows (20th century)Logo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg
 * The Furniture in the Church of Saint-MartinLogo monument historique - noir sans texte.svg

Events
The Festival of the Sea takes place on 15 August every two years in odd years.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Maurice Schumann (1911–1998), Companion of the Liberation, politician and journalist, is buried in the new municipal cemetery of Asnelles.
 * Théodore Labbey (1804–1873), Mayor of Asnelles under the French Second Empire and author of the first book on the history of the commune: Asnelles, paintings and memories, 1865.
 * Chigouesnel, magistrate, author of the monumental New History of Bayeux, 1867.
 * Jean Elivaire (1824 at Courseulles to 1862 at Courseulles), architect of some resort villas in the Côte de Nacre, a hotel on the street on the waterfront

title: Asnelles


text:
Browser wars

A browser war is a competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers. The "first browser war" (1995–2001) consisted of Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, and the "second browser war" (2004-2017) between Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Google Chrome.

With the introduction of HTML5 and CSS 3, a new generation of browser wars began, this time adding extensive client-side scripting to the World Wide Web (WWW), and the more widespread use of smartphones and other mobile devices for browsing the web. These changes have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected.

Background
Tim Berners-Lee along with his colleagues at CERN started the development of the WWW, an Internet-based hypertext system, in 1989. Their studies led to the creation of the HyperText Transfer Protocol, which would set the protocols for client-server communication. In 1990, he created the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, subsequently known as Nexus, and made it available for the NeXTstep Operating System, by NeXT.

Other browsers had started to surface by the end of 1992, many of which were based on the Libwww library. These included MacWWW/Samba for the Mac and Unix browsers including Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW. These browsers were HTML viewers that needed third-party helpers to display multimedia content.

Mosaic wars
In 1993, more browsers became available, including Cello, Lynx, tkWWW, and Mosaic. The most influential of these was Mosaic, a multi-platform browser developed at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). By October 1994, Mosaic was "well on its way to becoming the world's standard interface", according to Gary Wolfe of Wired.

Several companies licensed Mosaic to create their commercial browsers, such as AirMosaic, Quarterdeck Mosaic, and Spyglass Mosaic. One of the Mosaic developers, Marc Andreessen, co-founded the Mosaic Communications Corporation and created a new web browser named Mosaic Netscape.

"There are two ages of the Internet—before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous."

To resolve legal issues with NCSA, the company was renamed Netscape Communications Corporation, and the browser Netscape Navigator. The Netscape browser improved Mosaic's usability and reliability and was able to display pages as they loaded. By 1995, helped by the fact that it was free for non-commercial use, the browser dominated the emerging World Wide Web.

Other browsers launched during 1994 included IBM Web Explorer, Navipress, SlipKnot, MacWeb, and Browse.

While Netscape faced new competition from OmniWeb, Eolas WebRouser, UdiWWW, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer 1.0, it continued to dominate the market for 1995.

First browser war (1995–2001)

By mid-1995, the World Wide Web had received a great deal of attention in popular culture and the mass media. Netscape Navigator was the most widely used web browser and Microsoft had licensed Mosaic to create Internet Explorer 1.0, which had released with Microsoft Windows 95 Plus! on August 24, 1995.

Unlike Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer 1.0 was available to all Windows users free of charge, including commercial companies. Other companies later followed suit and released their browsers free of charge. Netscape Navigator and competitor products like InternetWorks, Quarterdeck Browser, InterAp, and WinTapestry were bundled with other applications to full Internet suites.

New versions of Internet Explorer (IE) and Netscape (branded as Netscape Communicator) were released often over the following few years. New features were routinely added, including Netscape's JavaScript (subsequently replicated by Microsoft as JScript) and proprietary HTML tags such as  (Navigator) and   (Internet Explorer).

Internet Explorer 3 offered nearly identical services like its competitor, Netscape, offering scripting support and implemented the market's first commercial Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).

On September 22, 1997, Internet Explorer 4 was released. The release party in San Francisco featured a ten-foot-tall letter "e" logo. Netscape employees showing up to work the following morning found the logo on their front lawn, paired with greeting card signed "Best wishes, the IE team". The Netscape employees promptly knocked it over and set a giant figure of their Mozilla dinosaur mascot atop it, holding a sign reading "Netscape 72, Microsoft 18", referencing the companies' market share.

During these releases, it was common for web designers to display "best viewed in Netscape" or "best viewed in Internet Explorer" logos. These images often identified a specific browser and commonly linked to a source from which the stated browser could be downloaded. These logos generally recognized the divergence between the standards supported by the browsers and signified which browser was used for testing the pages. In response, supporters of the principle that websites should be compliant with World Wide Web Consortium standards and hence viewable with any browser started the "Viewable with Any Browser" campaign, which employed its logo similar to the partisan ones. Most mainstream websites, however, specified one of Netscape or Internet Explorer as their preferred browser while making some attempt to support minimal functionality on the other.

While Netscape had accrued about 75% of the market share within four months of its release, as a relatively small company deriving the great bulk of its income from what was essentially a single product (Navigator and its derivatives), it was financially vulnerable. Microsoft's resources allowed them to make Internet Explorer available without charge, as the revenues from Windows were used to fund its development and marketing. As a result, Internet Explorer was provided free for all Windows and Macintosh users, unlike Netscape, which was free for home and educational use but would require a paid license for business use.

Microsoft bundled Internet Explorer with every copy of Windows, which had over a 95% share of the desktop operating system market in June 2004, allowing the company to obtain market share more easily than Netscape as customers already had Internet Explorer installed as the default browser. At this time, many new computer purchasers had never extensively used a web browser before. Consequently, the buyer did not have anything else to compare with and little motivation to consider alternatives; any difference in browser features or ergonomics paled in comparison with the set of abilities they had gained with access to the Internet and the World Wide Web.

During the United States Microsoft antitrust case in 1998, Intel vice president Steven McGeady testified that a senior executive at Microsoft told him in 1995 of his company's intention to "cut off Netscape's air supply", although a Microsoft attorney rejected McGeady's testimony as not credible. That same year, Netscape was acquired by America Online for 4.2 billion dollars. Internet Explorer became the new dominant browser, attaining a peak of about 96% of the web browser usage share during 2001.

Decline of Netscape

At the start of Netscape Navigator's decline, Netscape open-sourced its browser code and later entrusted it to the newly formed non-profit Mozilla Foundation — a primarily community-driven project to create a successor to Netscape. Development continued for several years with little widespread adoption until a stripped-down browser-only version of the full suite, which included new features such as a separate search bar (which had previously only appeared in the Opera browser), was created. The browser-only version was initially named Phoenix, but because of trademark issues that name was changed, first to Firebird, then to Firefox. Phoenix was chosen because "Phoenix", implied that it would rise like a phoenix after Netscape Navigator was killed off by Microsoft. This browser became the focus of the Mozilla Foundation's development efforts. Mozilla's Firefox 1 was released on November 9, 2004, and it then continued to gain an increasing share of the browser market until a peak of around 24% in 2010.

In response, in April 2004, the Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software joined efforts to develop new open-technology standards which add more capability while remaining backward-compatible with existing technologies. The result of this collaboration was the WHATWG, a working group devoted to the fast creation of new standard definitions that would be submitted to the W3C for approval.

The growing number of device/browser combinations in use, legally-mandated web accessibility, as well as the expansion of expected web functionality to essentially require DOM and scripting abilities, including AJAX, made web standards of increasing importance during this era. Instead of advertising their proprietary extensions, browser developers began to market their software based on how closely it adhered to standards.

On December 28, 2007, Netscape announced that support for its Mozilla-derived Netscape Navigator would be discontinued on February 1, 2008, suggesting its users migrate to Mozilla Firefox. However, on January 28, 2008, Netscape announced that support would be extended to March 1, 2008, and mentioned Flock alongside Firefox as alternatives to its users.

Internet Explorer
In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 1 would be the last standalone version of its browser. Future enhancements would be dependent on Windows Vista, which would include new tools such as the WPF and XAML to enable developers to build web applications.

On February 15, 2005, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 7 would be available for Windows XP SP2 and later versions of Windows by mid-2005. The announcement introduced the new version of the browser as a major upgrade over Internet Explorer 6 SP1.

Microsoft released Internet Explorer 7 on October 18, 2006. It included tabbed browsing, a search bar, a phishing filter, and improved support for web standards (including full support for PNG) — all features already long familiar to Opera and Firefox users. Microsoft distributed Internet Explorer 7 to genuine Windows users (WGA) as a high-priority update through Windows Update. Typical market share analysis showed only a slow uptake of Internet Explorer 7 and Microsoft decided to drop the requirement for WGA and made Internet Explorer 7 available to all Windows users in October 2007. Throughout the two following years, Microsoft worked on Internet Explorer 8. On December 19, 2007, the company announced that an internal build of that version had passed the Acid2 CSS test in "IE8 standards mode" — the last of the major browsers to do so. Internet Explorer 8 was released on March 19, 2009. New features included accelerators, improved privacy protection, a compatibility mode for pages designed for older browsers, and improved support for various web standards. It was the last version of Internet Explorer to be released for Windows XP. Internet Explorer 8 scored 20/100 in the Acid3 test, which was much worse than all major competitors at the time.

In October 2010, StatCounter reported that Internet Explorer had for the first time dropped below 50% market share to 49.87% in their figures. Also, StatCounter reported Internet Explorer 8's first drop in usage share in the same month.

Microsoft released Internet Explorer 9 on March 14, 2011. It featured a revamped interface, support for the basic SVG feature set, and partial HTML video support, among other new features. It dropped support for Windows XP, and only ran on Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows Phone 7. The company later released Internet Explorer 10 along with Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 in 2012, and an update compatible with Windows 7 followed in 2013. This version dropped Vista and Phone 7 support. The release preview of Internet Explorer 11 was released on September 17, 2013. It supported the same desktops as its predecessor.

Starting in 2015 with the release of Windows 10, Microsoft shifted from Internet Explorer to Microsoft Edge (Commonly referred to as Edge). However, the new browser had failed to capture much popularity by 2018. Microsoft Edge switched from its own browser engine, EdgeHTML, to Chromium's Blink engine in 2020 for all platforms except for iOS, where it kept relying on WebKit due to platform restrictions.

Competing desktop and mobile browsers

Opera had been a long-time player in the browser wars, known for being lightweight and introducing innovative features such as tabbed browsing and mouse gestures. However, the software was commercial, which hampered its adoption compared to its free rivals until 2005, when the browser became freeware. On June 20, 2006, Opera Software released Opera 9 including an integrated source viewer, a BitTorrent client implementation, and widgets. It was the first Windows browser to pass the Acid2 test. Opera Mini, a mobile browser, has a significant mobile market share. Multiple ports, such as Opera 8.5 for the Nintendo DS and Opera 9 for the Wii, were also released.

On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 2. It included the ability to reopen recently closed tabs, a session restore feature to resume work where it had been left after a crash, a phishing filter, and a spell-checker for text fields. Mozilla released Firefox 3 on June 17, 2008, with performance improvements and other new features. Firefox 3.5 followed on June 30, 2009, with further performance improvements, native integration of audio and video, and more privacy features.

Apple created forks of the open-source KHTML and KJS layout and JavaScript engines from the KDE Konqueror browser in 2002. They explained that those provided a basis for easier development than other technologies by being small (fewer than 140,000 lines of code), cleanly designed, and standards-compliant. The resulting layout engine became known as WebKit and it was incorporated into the Safari browser that first shipped with Mac OS X v10.3. On June 13, 2003, Microsoft said it was discontinuing Internet Explorer on the Mac platform, and on June 6, 2007, Apple released a beta version of Safari for Microsoft Windows. On April 29, 2010, Steve Jobs wrote an open letter regarding his Thoughts on Flash, and the place it would hold on Apple's iOS devices and web browsers. Web developers were tasked with updating their web sites to be mobile-friendly, and while many disagreed with Steve Jobs's assessment on Adobe Flash, history would soon prove his point with the poor performance of Flash on Android devices. HTML4 and CSS2 were the standard in most browsers in 2006. However, new features being added to browsers from HTML5 and CSS3 specifications were quickly making their mark by 2010, especially in the emerging mobile browser market where new ways of animating and rendering for various screen sizes were to become the norm. Accessibility would also become a key player for the mobile web.

Google Chrome's entry
Google released the Chrome browser on September 1, 2008, using the same WebKit rendering engine as Safari and a faster JavaScript engine called V8. Shortly after, an open-sourced version for the Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux platforms was released under the name Chromium. According to Net Applications, Chrome had gained a 3.6% usage share by October 2009. After the release of the beta for Mac OS X and Linux, the market share had increased rapidly.

During December 2009 and January 2010, StatCounter reported that its statistics indicated that Firefox 3.5 was the most popular browser when counting individual browser versions, passing Internet Explorer 7 and 8 by a small margin. This was the first time a browser surpassed the Internet Explorer since the fall of Netscape Navigator. However, this feat, which GeekSmack called the "dethroning of Microsoft and its Internet Explorer 7 browser", could largely be attributed to the fact that it came at a time when version 8 was replacing version 7 as the dominant Internet Explorer version; no more than two months later Internet Explorer 8 had established itself as the most popular browser again. Other major statistics, such as Net Applications, never reported any other browser having a higher usage share than Internet Explorer if each version of each browser was looked at individually: for example, Firefox 3.5 was reported as the third most popular browser version from December 2009 to February 2010, succeeded by Firefox 3.6 since April 2010, each ahead of Internet Explorer 7 but behind Internet Explorer 6 and 8.

Google Chrome's dominance and evolving web standards
On January 21, 2010, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 3.6, which introduced a new type of theme display, 'Personas'. This allowed users to change Firefox's appearance with a single click. Version 3.6 also improved JavaScript performance, overall browser responsiveness, and startup times.

Google released Google Chrome 9 on February 3, 2011. New features introduced included support for WebGL, Chrome Instant, and the Chrome Web Store. The company created another seven versions of Chrome that year, finishing with Chrome 16 on December 15, 2011. Google Chrome 17 was released on February 15, 2012. In April 2012, Google browsers (Chrome and Android) became the most used browsers on Wikimedia Foundation sites. By May 21, 2012, StatCounter reported Chrome narrowly overtaking Internet Explorer as the most used browser in the world. However, the market share between Internet Explorer and Chrome meant that Internet Explorer was slightly ahead of Chrome on weekdays up until July 4. At the same time, Net Applications reported Internet Explorer firmly in first place, with Google Chrome almost overtaking Firefox as the second. In 2012, responding to Chrome's popularity, Apple discontinued Safari for Windows, making it exclusively available on OS X.

The concept of rapid releases established by Google Chrome prompted Mozilla to do the same for its Firefox browser. On June 21, 2011, Firefox 5.0 was the first rapid release for this browser, finished a mere six weeks after the previous edition. Mozilla created four more whole-number versions throughout the year, finishing with Firefox 9 on December 20, 2011. For those desiring long-term support, Mozilla made an Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox 10 on January 31, 2012. Contrary to the regular version, a Firefox ESR received regular security updates plus occasional new features and performance updates for approximately one year, after which a 12-week grace period was given before discontinuing that version number. Those who continued to use the rapid releases with an active Internet connection were automatically updated to Firefox 11 on March 15, 2012. By the end of 2011, however, Chrome overtook Firefox to become the world's most used browser, and the competition between Chrome and Firefox intensified.

During this era, all major web browsers implemented support for HTML video. Supported codecs, however, varied from browser to browser. Then versions of Android, Chrome, and Firefox supported Theora, H.264, and the VP8 version of WebM. Older versions of Firefox omitted H.264 due to it being a proprietary codec, but it was made available beginning in version 17 for Android and version 20 for Windows. Internet Explorer and Safari supported H.264 exclusively on March 14, 2011 with Internet Explorer 9, and on March 18, 2008 with Safari 3.1. However, Theora and VP8 codecs could be manually installed on the desktop versions. Given the popularity of WebKit for mobile browsers, Opera Software discontinued its Presto engine upon the release of Opera 15 on July 2, 2013. The Opera 12 series of browsers were the last to use Presto with its successors using WebKit instead. In 2015, Microsoft discontinued the production of newer versions of Internet Explorer. By this point, Chrome overtook all other browsers as the browser with the highest usage share. Chrome had supported Windows XP until the end of 2015.

By 2017 usage shares of Opera, Firefox and Internet Explorer fell well below 5% each, while Google Chrome had expanded to over 60% worldwide. On May 25, 2017, Andreas Gal, former Mozilla CTO, publicly announced that Google Chrome won the Second Browser War.

Beyond the browser wars
Due to Google Chrome's success, in December 2018, Microsoft announced that they would be building a new version of Edge based on Chromium and powered by Google's rendering engine, Blink, rather than their own rendering engine, EdgeHTML. The new Microsoft Edge browser was released on January 15, 2020. Though Firefox showed a slight increase in usage share as of February 2019, it continues to struggle with less than 10% usage share worldwide. By April 2019, worldwide Google Chrome usage share crossed 70% across personal computers and remained over 60% combining all devices. In June 2022, Microsoft permanently retired Internet Explorer in favor of Microsoft Edge as their sole browser. As of January 2023, Microsoft Edge was the 3rd most used web browser having 4.46% as market share. In 2023, Internet Explorer was permanently disabled by Microsoft on many versions of Windows 10.

As of 2023, Microsoft Edge has been noted to promote itself when visiting or searching for Google Chrome. Ignoring user settings, links from Windows integrated features, such as widgets, open in Edge.

In February 2024, Microsoft silently released the User Choice Protection Driver for Windows 10 and 11 that prevent software changes to the default Browser, requiring users make the changes only through Windows settings. In May 2024, a Chrome extension by Microsoft maintains Bing as the default search engine.

title: Browser wars


text:
Asnières-en-Bessin

Asnières-en-Bessin (literally "Asnières in Bessin") is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Asnières-en-Bessin is located some 17 km west by north-west of Bayeux, 3 km west of Vierville-sur-Mer, and 4 km north by north-east of Longueville. Access to the commune is by the D194 road from Louvières in the east passing through the north of the commune and the village and continuing west to Cricqueville-en-Bessin. The D198 road goes south from the village through the length of the commune and continues to Aignerville. There is the hamlet of Le Temple just south of the village and Montigny in the south of the commune. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Veret river flows through the centre of the commune from east to west and continues west then north-west to the sea at the Pont du Hable.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Asnièrois or Asnièroises in French.

Sites and monuments

 * Château of Asnières-en-Bessin, built in 1693, rebuilt in 1783.Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Arthur Le Duc (1848-1918), sculptor, was the Mayor of the commune from 1893 to his death in 1918.
 * Albert Anne (1908-1944), a member of the resistance in the Alliance network, (A resistance network in the interior of France during the Second World War) he was arrested by the Gestapo on 5 May 1944 at Asnières-en-Bessin, where he had used his skills as a forger, and he was executed at Caen jail on 6 June 1944.

title: Asnières-en-Bessin


text:
Auberville

Auberville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Auberville is located on the northern Normandy coast some 8 km east by north-east of Cabourg and 13 km south-west of Deauville. Access to the commune is by road D513 from Houlgate in the west which passes through the village and continues north-east to Villers-sur-Mer. The D163 branches off the D513 in the village and goes south to Branville. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Les Genets, Les Bruyeres, and Le Manoir. The north of the commune is forested along the coast with slopes down to the beach while the rest of the commune is farmland.

Toponymy
The name was attested in the form Osbertivilla in 1082. It came from the Germanic anthroponym Osbert or alternatively from the Scandinavian Osbern and the old French ville (from the Latin villa) in its original sense of "rural domain".

History
Archaeological excavations have found Merovingian tombs.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aubervillais or Aubervillaises in French.

Sites and monuments

 * The Church of Sainte-Barbe, from the 13th century with a bell-gable.
 * Falaises des Vaches Noires (the site of Chaos).
 * The War memorial at Auberville commemorates the victims of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the First World War, and the Second World War.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Paul Ernest Dupont (1816-1891), painter, he stayed at Villers and came to paint at Auberville
 * Pierre Ucciani (1851-1939), Corsican painter, he stayed at Cabourg and at Villers and came to paint at Auberville
 * Julien Turbiau (1876-1934), doctor and amateur painter, he stayed at Villers and came to paint at Auberville
 * Marie-Renée Ucciani, (1883-1963), painter and sculptor, she stayed at Villers and came to paint at Auberville
 * Claude Lelouch (born in 1937) director, producer, actor, screenwriter, he had a second home at Auberville

title: Auberville


text:
Aubigny

Aubigny may refer to:

Places in Australia

 * Aubigny, North Quay, a historic house in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Aubigny, Queensland, a town in Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia
 * County of Aubigny, a county in Queensland, Australia
 * Electoral district of Aubigny, an electoral district in Queensland, Australia

Places in Canada

 * Aubigny, Manitoba, a small community in the province of Manitoba

Places in France

 * Aubigny, Allier, a commune
 * Aubigny, Calvados, a commune
 * Aubigny, Deux-Sèvres, a commune
 * , a former seigneurie and commune
 * Aubigny, Somme, a commune
 * Aubigny, Vendée, a former commune
 * Aubigny, Vendée, a former commune

title: Aubigny


text:
Aubigny, Calvados

Aubigny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Aubigny is located some 26 km south by south-east of Caen, 27 km north by north-east of Argentan and 3 km north of Falaise. Access to the commune is by Route nationale N158 from Caen which becomes the A88 autoroute west of Falaise and has Exit 10 on the southern border of the commune. Access to the village is by the D658 from Soulangy in the north passing south through the commune and the village, connecting with the N158 south of the village, and continuing to Falaise in the south. The D6 comes from Villers-Canivet in the north-west and passes through the west of the commune before joining the N158 just south of the commune. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Le Chateau, Les Bruyeres, and Long Pre. There is some forest in the south near Long Pre and the rest of the commune is entirely farmland.

The Ruisseau du Cassis flows north through the commune forming a small section of the north-western border before continuing north to join the Laizon north of Soulangy. The Ruisseau du Chateau de Long Pre comes from the south and feeds the moat around the chateau.

History
Before the French Revolution the parish was part of the Diocese of Séez of the archdeaconry of Hiémois. It was the seat of a Deanery which grouped a number of parishes west of Falaise.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Twinning
Aubigny has twinning associations with:
 * 🇬🇧 Stoke Mandeville (United Kingdom) since 1952.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albinéains or Albinéaines in French.

Civil heritage

The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Chateau of Aubigny (16th century)
 * Houses and Farms (17th-19th centuries)
 * The Chateau of Long Pré (1752)
 * A Chateau at Le Chateau (17th century)
 * The Town Hall/School (1850)
 * A Well and Wayside Cross (19th century)

Religious heritage

Two buildings and structures are registered as historical monuments:
 * A Cemetery Cross (1804)
 * The Church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation (18th century)

The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Marc-Antoine of Morell (1724)
 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Raven of Morell (1625)
 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Jules Marc-Antoine of Morell (1786)
 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Jean Marc-Antoine of Morell (1777)
 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Brandelis of Morell (1662)
 * A Statue (kneeling):Prayer of Antoine of Morell (1673)
 * A Choir enclosure (Communion Table) (16th century)
 * 6 Kneeling statues of the Lords of Aubigny (17th-18th centuries)
 * A Painting: the Transfiguration (17th century)
 * A Painting: the Judgement of Solomon (17th century)
 * A Statue: Saint Guérin (17th century)
 * A Pulpit (18th century)
 * 2 Altars and Retables (1855)
 * Altar, Retable, and Tabernacle (19th century)
 * A Choir enclosure (Communion Table) (16th century)
 * A Reliquary (18th century)
 * A Chalice (1850)
 * A Chalice (1) (1819)
 * A Painting: The Baptism of Christ (1658)
 * 2 Statues: Virgin and Child, Saint Joseph (1700)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Jules Marc-Antoine of Morell (1786)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Jean Marc-Antoine of Morell (1777)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Marc-Antoine of Morell (1724)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Antoine of Morell (1673)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Brandelis of Morell (1662)
 * A Tomb Statue (kneeling): Prayer of Raven of Morell (1625)
 * 6 Tomb Statues (kneeling): Prayer of the Lords of Aubigny (1625-1786)
 * A Cabinet (1800)
 * A pair of Stalls (1800)
 * 2 Tombstones: Raven of Morell and Gabrielle of Riant (1587 & 1592)

Festival
A Garage sale is held at the beginning of September.

title: Aubigny, Calvados


text:
Audrieu

Audrieu is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Audrieu is located some 11 km south-east of Bayeux and 16 km west by north-west of Caen. Access to the commune is by the D 82 road from Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite in the north which passes south through the centre of the commune and the village and continues to Tilly-sur-Seulles in the south. The D 187 branches off the D 82 in the north of the commune and goes west to Chouain. The D 178 branches off the D82 south of the village and goes west to Juaye-Mondaye. The D158 branches off the D 82 in the north of the commune and goes north to Loucelles. The D 94 branches of the D 82 in the village and goes east to Brouay. The railway from Bayeux to Caen passes through the north of the commune with a station at Le Haut des Jardins. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Lieu Moussard, Hervieu, Le Haut des Jardins, Le Bas d'Audrieu, Le Calvaire, Ferme de la Motte, Hameau Pavie, and Le Pont Roch. The commune is farmland with residential areas mostly along the D 82.

The Seulles river forms the western border of the commune as it flows north to join the ocean at Courseulles-sur-Mer.

History
Audrieu village dates back to Classical Antiquity when it was called Alderium. There are traces of Gallo-Roman dwellings and a Motte-and-bailey castle. The first lord of the area was Percy, cook for William the Conqueror, who gave it to the descendants of the Duke of Northumberland. In 1593 Audrieu returned to Guillaume de Séran, who married Marguerite de Percy, and whose lordship became a barony in 1615.

After being sold in the French Revolution the château returned to the Séran family at the Restoration and is still in the hands of their descendants. During the Second World War Gerhard Bremer, commandant of the 12th Reconnaissance Battalion of the German army established his headquarters in the château. On 8 June 1944, in clearings, forests, and orchards surrounding the castle, 24 members of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division were executed: 22 from the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and two from the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada. Two British soldiers were killed at the same time. The castle now houses a luxury hotel and restaurant.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aldériens or Aldériennes in French.

Civil heritage

The commune has two buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Chateau of Audrieu (18th century). The Chateau is composed of a main building with two projecting pavilions and a centre topped by a triangular pediment. The Chateau of La Motte is older with the Saint-Louis chapel dating from the 13th century.
 * The Chateau grounds (18th century)

Other sites of interest are:
 * The Tailleboscq Mill on the Seulles river which was converted to a Dairy in 1926.
 * The Audrieu Railway Station or Le Haut des Jardins Station is far to the north of the village and is served by the Mantes-la-Jolie to Cherbourg line.
 * The remains of the Motte-and-bailey castle

Religious heritage

The commune has one religious building that is registered as a historical monument:
 * The Church of Notre-Dame d'Audrieu (12th century). The Church was founded by Trinity Abbey, Vendôme, who owned a nearby priory-priest. The church depended additionally on the Baron of Audrieu (possibly by retrocession of the priory of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Chesnaye to whom this right belonged in the 14th century).

The Church contains three items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Painting: The Rosary (17th century)
 * A Statue: Saint John the Baptist (14th century)
 * A Statue: Virgin and Child (16th century)

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Jacques Berthault, called Bertaux (1733-1799), General in the Army of the Republic, born in Audrieu.
 * Philippe Livry-Level, Grand-croix of the Legion of Honour, Companion of the Order of Liberation, Mayor of Audrieu (1945-1960).
 * Monique Livry-Level, daughter of Philippe Livry-Level, resistance fighter, Commandeur of the Legion of Honour, Médaille militaire, Croix de guerre 1939-1945, and the King's Medal for Courage in the Cause of Freedom.

title: Audrieu


text:
User:Pilaf~enwiki

I live in Buenos Aires, Argentina. I contribute mainly writing or translating articles on the Spanish Wikipedia, but I edit here from time to time as well.

I have also done a few "special" contributions to Wikipedia:

 * Goings-on - although I don't maintain it, this was originally my idea.
 * /Live Preview - a nifty utility for the edit page, give it a try. Now superseded by /InstaView.
 * /InstaView, the most recent version of the Live Preview utility

See also my image gallery and feel free to use any of the pictures on appropiate articles.

es:Usuario:Pilaf

title: User:Pilaf~enwiki


text:
Aunay-sur-Odon

Aunay-sur-Odon (, literally Aunay on Odon) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
The commune is located at the foot of the foothills of the Armorican Massif on the Odon river a few kilometres east from its source. It is at the heart of the Pre-Bocage country of transition between the Caen plain, the Bessin, and the Bocage virois with which it is also connected.

Located at the intersection of several county roads, the agglomeration is 8 km south of Villers-Bocage, 30 km south-west of Caen, and 31 km north-east of Vire. The D8 goes north-east to Bauquay and Caen. The D6 connects Aunay to Villers-Bocage in the north and Thury-Harcourt to the south-east. The D54 joins Cahagnes and Caumont-l'Éventé in the north-west through the village to Roucamps, Le Plessis-Grimoult, and Condé-sur-Noireau in the south. The D26 goes to Vire via Danvou-la-Ferrière and Estry in the south-west. The D213 goes to Courvaudon in the east with the D234 branching to serve Bonnemaison. The D214 goes north to Longvillers. The D291A goes west to La Bigne.

Aunay-sur-Odon is in the Drainage basin of the Orne by its tributary the Odon which crosses the commune from west to north and which has its source in the neighbouring commune of Ondefontaine. Several small tributaries feed it such as the Douvette which marks the boundary with Courvaudon in the east and the Ruisseau du Val Boquet on the north-west border.

The highest point of 307 to 310 m is located in the south on the border with Roucamps in a wood overlooking a place called Pied de la Bruyère. The lowest point is at 98 m corresponding to the exit of the Odon from the commune to the north. The commune is about one eighth urban, forested throughout the southern part, and Bocage on the rest.

As in all of western France, Aunay-sur-Odon has an oceanic climate. The nearest weather station is at Caen-Carpiquet 23 km north-west. Pré-Bocage country however differs in the annual rainfall which in Aunay-sur-Odon is around 950 mm.

Toponymy
The name was attested as castellum Alnei in 1142. It is derived from the Latin Alnus meaning "alder".

In 1895 the commune of Aunay became Aunay-sur-Odon. The Odon passes along the west of the town.

History
The town is located that had been already occupied in the Gallo-Roman era as it was at the crossroads of ancient routes from Vieux to Avranches and from Bayeux to Condé-sur-Noireau.

The Roman de Rou by Wace mentions a Lord of Alnei said to have participated in the conquest of England along with William the Conqueror. The remains of his castle from the 12th century, overlooking the present Petit Pied du Bois, are described in the third volume of the Monumental statistic of Calvados by Arcisse de Caumont (1857). The fortress was used until the Hundred Years War and was destroyed by Bertrand du Guesclin.

In 1131 the town had an abbey founded by Jordan and Luce of Say and Richard of Hommet, constable of Normandy. Originally dependent on Savigny Abbey, it became Cistercian at the end of the 12th century. It was heavily damaged in the wars of religion.

On 22 August 1886 the Caen-Aunay-Saint-Georges railway line was opened. It was then extended to Vire on 1 June 1891. Passenger service on the line was suspended on 1 March 1938. Freight service was limited to Jurques then permanently suspended. The line was then decommissioned. Today the Rue de la Gare is a reminder of the lost line.

In 1944 due to its position as a crossroads, this time between Caen and Vire and between Bayeux and Falaise, the city suffered two strategic bombardments by the Allies. On 12 June two waves of aircraft destroyed all of the town centre killing a hundred people. On the night of 14 to 15 June the town was totally destroyed by a new wave of bombing. The town was completely destroyed with the precarious bell tower the only remaining building. Over 25% of the inhabitants were killed.

Reconstruction was organized very quickly with the first stone of the new town being laid on 23 November 1947 by Mr. Kerisel, construction manager at the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism. It was completed in 1951 under the leadership of architect P. Dureuil.

Administration

The council was composed of 23 members including the mayor and six deputy mayors.

List of Successive Mayors

 * Mayors from 1924

Police
A squadron of Mobile Gendarmerie (EGM 24/3) is based in Aunay-sur-Odon.

Education
Aunay-sur-Odon has a nursery school and a public elementary school. Secondary education is provided by the Charles Lemaître College who also host a general and vocational education section.

Twinning
Aunay-sur-Odon has twinning associations with:
 * 🇬🇧 Holsworthy (United Kingdom) since 1976.
 * 🇩🇪 Mömbris (Germany) since 1989.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aunais or Aunaises in French.

Economy and tourism
Aunay-sur-Odon is part of the tourist destination of Bocage Normand. Guided tours of the city are available from the tourist office. There are hiking and biking trails at the entry point to Norman Switzerland.

Sites and Monuments

 * Aunay Abbey: the remains of the Cistercian Abbey from the 12th century.
 * Motte-and-bailey castle.
 * Church of Saint Samson, rebuilt in the 20th century. It replaces the old church which was also dedicated to Saint Samson but was almost entirely destroyed by Allied bombing in June 1944. Arcisse de Caumont dated the old church from the end of the 16th century. The church which was rebuilt in 1951-1952 contains a very coherent iconographic ensemble conducted by a team that combined four artists: Jacques Le Chevallier, the programme manager, Maurice Rocher, and Paul and Jacques Bony.

Activities and events

 * The commune is a flowery city having obtained two flowers in the Competition of cities and villages in bloom.
 * The AIPOS association organizes an annual cultural season in the communes of Aunay-sur-Odon and Villers-Bocage. Music, theatre, and dance. The opening show of the season is usually free. Others require a subscription or purchase of an entry ticket.
 * The Cinema Paradiso is a cooperative operation and offers the latest movies.

Sports

 * The Athletic Union of Aunay-sur-Odon fields a soccer team in the Lower Normandy league and was second in the district Division.
 * The Sports and Leisure Club of Aunay-sur-Odon since 2007 has been the sports club for the Mobile Gendarmerie Squadron.
 * The Athletics club, the secular friends of Aunay-Villers-Évrecy (ALAVE) has catered for young people for over 40 years. The club is best known for its hammer throwers who several times qualified for the championships of France.
 * Aunay VTT allows all-terrain bikes to practice this sport.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Xenophon Hellouin (1820-1895), painter, curator of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen.
 * Paul Jules Tillaux (1834-1904), surgeon and anatomist.
 * Charles Lelong (1891-1970), an athlete specialising in the 400 metres, silver medalist at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
 * Gordon Zola (born 1964), a parody writer.
 * Anais Bescond (born 1987), French biathlete.
 * François Richard called Richard-Lenoir (1765-1839) and Joseph Lenoir-Dufresne (1768-1806) who owned a spinning mill at Aunay Abbey.

title: Aunay-sur-Odon


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Auquainville

Auquainville is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Geography
Auquainville is located some 10 km south of Lisieux and 13 km west by north-west of Orbec. Access to the commune is by the D149 road which comes from Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc in the north-east and passes south through the commune and the village continuing to Livarot in the south-west. The D64 road comes from Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue in the north and passes south through the east of the commune to Fervaques. The D135B branches east off the D64 in the commune and joins the D135 just east of the commune. Apart from the village, there are the hamlets of La Blondeliere in the west with Le Mollants and Le Maubuisson in the east. The commune is mixed forest and farmland with a particularly large forest to the west of the village (the Bois des Grandes Ventes).

The Touques river passes through the commune from south to north just east of the village and continues north to join the ocean at Trouville-sur-Mer. The Ruisseau de la Marette rises in the commune and flows east into the Touques.

History
In 1831, Auquainville (456 inhabitants) merged with Saint-Aubin-sur-Aquainville (91 inhabitants). Saint-Aubin-sur-Auquainville was south of Auquainville.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Auquainvillais or Auquainvillaises in French.

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * Lortier Manor (17th century)
 * Caudemone Manor (15th century)
 * A Mill for Fuller's Earth (19th century)

Religious heritage

The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Church of Saint Aubin (15th century). The church was decommissioned when Saint-Aubin-sur-Auquainville was incorporated into the commune of Auquainville in 1831 and was then used as a burial chapel by the Custine family. The choir with a flat apse indicates the building is from the late Middle Ages. It has a single nave and tower sitting on the western gable. The windows and door have without doubt been re-engineered in the 18th century. Inside, the building has retained all of its former layout. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
 * The Main Altar, seating, Tabernacle urn, Retable, an Altar Painting: the Agony of Christ in the garden of olives, and 2 Statues of St. Aubin and St. Sebastian (1787)
 * A Secondary Altar, seating, Retables, and 2 Statues of the Virgin and St. Quentin (18th century)
 * The Church of Notre-Dame (15th century). The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Retable (17th century)
 * A Group Sculpture: Education of the Virgin (17th century)
 * A Retable (17th century)
 * A Painting: The Annunciation (17th century)
 * A Retable (17th century)
 * A Tabernacle (17th century)
 * A fragment of Stained glass (16th century)
 * A Painting: The placing in the tomb (17th century)
 * A Painting: The martyrdom of Saint Ursula (17th century)
 * An Altar (17th century)
 * An Altar (17th century)
 * The Altar facing (17th century)
 * The Altar wood carving of the Annunciation (17th century)
 * The Church of Saint Pierre has a number of items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Stained glass window with a lady's head (16th century)
 * Decorative stained glass (19th century)
 * 2 Stained glass windows: St. John and St. Mark and St. Matthew and St. Luke (19th century)

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Astolphe Louis Léonor, Marquis de Custine (1790-1857), writer, is buried in the Chapel of Saint-Aubin-sur-Auquainville.

title: Auquainville


text:
User:Tempi~enwiki

Thomas Tempelmann

I have been programming for over 20 years, starting around 1980.

Wrote some quite successful software, such as F-Copy for the C-64, Megamax Modula-2 and MagiCMac for Atari ST, Joliet File System for Mac OS.

Note: I have created this login by mistake - please contact me under my "correct" name: Tempel

title: User:Tempi~enwiki


text:
Les Autels-Saint-Bazile

Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Geography
Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is located some 45 km south-east of Caen and 28 km south-west of Lisieux. The eastern and southern border of the commune is the departmental border between Calvados and Orne. Access to the commune is by the D38 road from Heurtevent in the north which forms part of the northern border before crossing the commune and passing through the village continuing to the south. The D155 comes from the north and passes down the north-eastern side of the commune before continuing south to Le Renouard. The D38A goes east from the village to connect with the D155. The D111 also passes south through the western extension of the commune. The commune is mixed forest and farmland.

The Monne river forms the eastern border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the Vie north of La Brévière. An unnamed stream rises in the centre of the commune and flows east to join the Monne. The Aubette forms the western border of the western extension of the commune. The Ruisseau de Clermont rises in the west of the commune and flows north to join the Aubette.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the delegated commune had 50 inhabitants.

Religious heritage
The Parish Church of Saint Basile contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Consecrated water bowl with water-sprinkler (17th century)
 * A Statue: Virgin and child (15th century)

title: Les Autels-Saint-Bazile


text:
Authie

Authie is the name of several places in France:

 * Authie, Calvados, commune of the Calvados département
 * Authie, Somme, commune of the Somme département
 * Authie (river), a river in northern France

title: Authie


text:
Authie, Calvados

Authie is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Authie is located some 6 km north-west of the centre of Caen. Access to the commune is by road D220 from Villons-les-Buissons in the north-east which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues to Carpiquet in the south. The D220C also goes south-east from the village to the urban area of Caen. There are also the hamlets of Hameau de Saint-Louet, Franqueville, Fermie du Calvaire, and Cussy in the commune. Apart from the large residential area the commune is entirely farmland.

Toponymy
The name of the town is attested in the forms Alteium in 1227 and Auteya in 1264.

Albert Dauzat matched Authie with Authie in Somme department (Altegiam 830) on the coastal river Authie (Alteia 723) and considers it primarily as a hydronym but does not provide any further explanation.

According to René Lepelley this toponym is based on the pre-Celtic element alt in an unknown sense and is close to Authou in Pont-Authou. François de Beaurepaire sees a Gallic (Celtic) element in the alt in Authou. The Gallic term Attegia was recognized by Xavier Delamarre in Atheist-type names - e.g. Athis in the sense of "cabin or hut".

This analyses to ad- (pre-verb) and tegia meaning "house" (cf. Old Irish teg, old Welsh tig, Welsh Ty, Old Breton tig, and Breton ti all meaning "house").

It is likely that Authie contains the same element tegia preceded by another prefix. From a phonetic point of view there is a palatalization of the intervocalic consonant where [g] becomes [j] and then an Amuïssement or attenuation of [j]>[∅], a recurrent phenomenon in phonetics. The same author explains that Arthies (Artegiae 680) may come from *Are-tegia which is a possible solution for Authie, knowing that [r] regularly becomes [l] before a consonant.

The name Altavilla is either a medieval romanization of a place named Hauteville as in Hauteville in Manche department and therefore does not relate to Authie. It may be a scribal error for *Alteia Villa or *Villa Alteia which mentions a villa, i.e. a rural area in medieval Latin, in a place called Alteia which is Authie.

History
In 1832 Authie (466 inhabitants in 1831) absorbed Saint-Louet-près-Authie (9 people) in the west of its territory.

The commune was liberated on 8 June 1944 but was largely destroyed in the bombing.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Twinning
Authie has twinning associations with:
 * North Baddesley (United Kingdom) since 1993.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Althavillais or Althavillaises in French.

Civil heritage
The commune has one site that is registered as an historical monument:
 * An Ornamental Garden in the Château of Authie (18th century)
 * The Monument to the Canadians dedicated to the victims of the taking of the village in 1944

Religious heritage
The commune has two religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Church of Saint Vigor (12th century)
 * A Cemetery Cross (18th century)

The Church contains one item that is registered as an historical object:
 * A Bronze Bell (1704)

title: Authie, Calvados


text:
Sambians

The Sambians were a Prussian tribe. They inhabited the Sambia Peninsula north of the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). Sambians were located in a coastal territory rich in amber and engaged in trade early on (see Amber Road). Therefore, they established contacts with foreign nations before any other Prussians. However, as with all other Prussians, they were conquered by the Teutonic Knights, and, exposed to assimilation and Germanization, became extinct sometime in the 17th century.

The Sambians bordered the Natangians in the south, and the Nadruvians in the east.

History
Engaged in the amber trade, Sambia was the richest and most densely populated region of Prussia. It provides a wealth of artifacts from the Bronze Age, including imported goods from the Roman Empire. Sambians, unlike other Prussians, did not cremate their dead. They built earth barrows above graves and surrounded them with stone circles. The name of the clan was first mentioned in 1073 by Adam of Bremen, who calls them "most humane people". Warfare with Danes continued from the mid-9th century to beginning of the 13th century. It is known that there was Wiskiauten, a Viking settlement in Sambia, that flourished for about 300 years. Swedes maintained more peaceful relations and fostered trade.

The 13th century saw the rise of another enemy, the Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order from the Holy Roman Empire. Its goal was to conquer all pagans and convert them to Roman Catholicism. The conquest of Sambia during the Prussian Crusade was delayed by the First Prussian Uprising that broke out in 1242. The uprising technically ended in 1249 by signing the Treaty of Christburg, but skirmishes lasted for four more years. Only in 1254–1255 could the Knights arrange a large campaign against the Sambians. King Ottokar II of Bohemia participated in the expedition and as a tribute the Knights named the newly founded Königsberg Castle in his honor. The Sambians rose against the Knights during the Great Prussian Uprising (1260–1274), but were the first ones to surrender. When other clans tried to resurrect the uprising in 1276 Theodoric, vogt of Sambia convinced the Sambians not to join the insurrection; Natangians and Warmians followed the Sambian lead and the uprising was crushed within a year. In 1243, the Bishopric of Samland (Sambia) was established as the church administration of the region, as arranged by the papal legate William of Modena. At the end of the 13th century, Sambians numbered only about 22,000. They gave in to Germanization later than western tribes that were conquered earlier. In 1454, the region was incorporated by King Casimir IV Jagiellon to the Kingdom of Poland. After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, the longest of all Polish–Teutonic wars, since 1466, Sambia formed part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order, and after 1525 held by secular Ducal Prussia.

According to Peter von Dusburg, Sambia was subdivided in 15 territorial units. Their German names (from east to west) are: Germau, Medenau, Rinau, Pobeten, Wargen, Rudau, Laptau, Quedenau, Schaaken, Waldau, Caimen, Tapiau, Labiau, Laukischken, and Wehlau.

title: Sambians


text:
Les Authieux-Papion

Les Authieux-Papion is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

Geography
Les Authieux-Papion is located some 14 km south-west of Lisieux and 11 km north-east of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives. The D47 road runs along the northern border of the commune from Mézidon-Canon in the west to join the D511 which runs down the eastern border of the commune from Saint-Julien-le-Faucon in the north-east to Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives in the south-west. Access to the village is by local roads off these two roads. There is a large forest towards the south (the Bois des Authieux) and another large forest in the north with the rest of the commune farmland.

The Viette river flows through the centre of the commune from east to west as it flows west then north to join the Vie at Le Mesnil-Mauger.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 63 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments
In the Parish Church of Saint-Philbert there is a Statue: Virgin and child (15th century) which is registered as an historical object.

title: Les Authieux-Papion