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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC/UNESCO) was established by resolution 2.31 adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It first met in Paris at UNESCO Headquarters from 19 to 27 October 1961. Initially, 40 States became members of the commission. The IOC assists governments to address their individual and collective ocean and coastal management needs, through the sharing of knowledge, information and technology as well as through the co-ordination of programs and building capacity in ocean and coastal research, observations and services.

The IOC is the only UN body specialized in ocean science and services. It provides a focus for other UN organizations and agencies with regard to ocean science, observations and data exchange, and services such as global tsunami warning systems. Established in 1960, the Commission celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010 and currently has 147 Member States. Since the IOC often has its own accreditation within meetings such as those of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), this gives UNESCO two seats and two voices at the table.

The IOC has been a key player in the recent international debate on sustainable development as it relates to the ocean. The Rio+20 outcome document affirmed the importance of "the ocean and coasts" to the sustainability debate, and is the basis for IOC's ongoing support to the creation of the Sustainable Development Goal 14 dedicated to the ocean. The IOC is closely involved in several international partnerships for ocean sustainability such as with the CBD, UN-Oceans and the World Ocean Assessment.

IOC High Level Objectives (2014-2021)
1. Healthy ocean ecosystems and sustained ecosystem services

The IOC is working to improve responses to unprecedented environmental changes and to promote ocean health via marine sciences. The IOC supports the UN World Ocean Assessment, the UNGA-led regular process for reviewing the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects. Integrating existing information from different disciplines on the state of the ocean will improve policy responses from national governments and the international community. The IOC-led Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Joint World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) are also successful examples of multilateral efforts for ocean monitoring, observation, and services. GOOS coordinates the deployment of observation technologies, rapid and universal dissemination of data flows, and delivery of marine information to managers, decision makers, and the general public. JCOMM is an intergovernmental body of technical experts drawn from the meteorological and oceanographic communities to provide observing capabilities, data management, and services.

2. Effective early warning systems and preparedness for tsunamis and other ocean-related hazards

The IOC aids and advises policy makers and managers in the reduction of risks from tsunamis, storm surges, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and other coastal hazards. After close to fifty years of experience coordinating the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS), IOC-UNESCO is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy. The IOC Tsunami Unit works with Member States, together with other UN agencies and NGOs, to build sustainable tsunami early warning systems. In this context, the IOC coordinates and fosters the establishment of regional intergovernmental tsunami warning and mitigation systems in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, in the Caribbean, and in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas. Through its Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algae (IPHAB), the IOC also works to establish systems that can predict the occurrences and mitigate the effects of HAB events.

3. Increased resiliency to climate change and variability and enhanced safety, efficiency and effectiveness of ocean-based activities through scientifically founded services, adaptation and mitigation strategies

The IOC works with developed and developing countries to monitor and document changes in order to aid in the design of adaptation and mitigation strategies. Through GOOS, the IOC monitors the physical, chemical and biological aspects and changes in the world's ocean. This unified network permits the design of adaptation and mitigation strategies and provides information and data for governments, industry, scientists and the general public. The IOC is also actively pushing to convince decision makers of the importance of sound scientific knowledge in designing policy on integrated coastal management, HABs, and ocean acidification (through blue carbon research and initiatives). Ocean acidification is of particular concern to the IOC, as increasing levels in the ocean are associated with coral bleaching, changes in marine biodiversity, and other related problems.

4. Enhanced knowledge of emerging ocean science issues

The IOC actively assists Member States in the design and implementation of new Marine Spatial Planning tools, both at the political and managerial levels, for ecosystem-based management of marine and coastal areas. Through its International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange programme (IODE), the IOC facilitates the exploitation, development, and exchange of oceanographic data and information among participating Member States. IODE seeks, in particular, to train marine information specialists from developing countries. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) manages the global marine biodiversity knowledge base, through which hundreds of institutions and scientists contribute information on the past and current diversity, abundance and distribution of marine life. OBIS data is used worldwide for planning ocean conservation policies, and identifying biodiversity hotspots and distribution trends. It allows the IOC to provide expertise, data and information for environmental, climate change, and marine biodiversity assessments.

IOC Contributions to UNESCO's Global Priorities

 * GENDER

The IOC is committed to promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in ocean science. Through the Network of Women in Ocean Science (NOW in Ocean Science), the IOC hopes to mobilize women marine scientists to work with IOC to create a space for exchange of experience and opportunities for young women willing to start a career in marine science.

 * AFRICA

The IOC has established a Sub-Commission for Africa and adjacent islands to reinforce the implementation of IOC programmes in Africa and mobilize extra-budgetary resources. The IOC Regional Office, established within the UNESCO Office in Nairobi, Kenya, became operational in 2012 and has formulated IOC's strategic plan for the region.

IOC & Capacity Development
The IOC seeks to empower developing countries through fund-raising, team building, and decision-making skills development to sustainably use their coastal and marine resources by encouraging 'self-driven' capacity-development. This approach aims to reduce dependence on aid while creating incentives for states to more fully integrate scientific know-how into policy design and implementation processes.

 * Transfer of Marine Technology

The IOC of UNESCO is recognized in the UN-wide system for its traditional competencies in the field of Transfer of Marine Technology (Part XIV) of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). On the occasion of its first session in 2001, the IOC's Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea (IOC/ABE-LOS), an IOC subsidiary body whose function is to provide advice on the IOC's role in relation to UNCLOS upon the request from the IOC governing bodies, accepted the challenge of drawing the Criteria and Guidelines on Transfer of Marine Technology (CGTMT), following the instructions set forth in Article 271 of UNCLOS: States, directly or through competent international organizations, shall promote the establishment of generally accepted guidelines, criteria and standards for the transfer of marine technology on a bilateral basis or within the framework of international organizations and other fore, taking into account, in particular, the interests and needs of developing States

In the CGTMT, marine technology refers to instruments, equipment, vessels, processes and methodologies required to produce and use knowledge to improve the study and understanding of the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal areas. In this sense, marine technology may include any of the following components:

a)Information and data, in a user-friendly format, on marine sciences and related marine operations and services

b)Manuals, guidelines, criteria, standards, reference materials

c)Sampling and methodology equipment (e.g., for water, geological, biological, chemical samples)

d)Observation facilities and equipment (e.g., remote sensing equipment, buoys, tide gauges, shipboard and other means of ocean observation)

e)Equipment for in situ and laboratory observations, analysis and experimentation

f)Computer and computer software, including models and modeling techniques

g)Expertise, knowledge, skills, technical/scientific/legal know-how and analytical methods related to marine scientific research and observation

Transfer of Marine Technology (TMT) should enable all parties concerned to benefit on an equitable basis from developments in marine science related activities, in particular, those aiming at stimulating the social and economic contexts in developing States.

 * Flagship initiative: OceanTeacher Global Academy

OceanTeacher (OT) has been developed as a training system for ocean data managers (working in ocean data centres), marine information managers (marine librarians) as well as for marine researchers who wish to acquire knowledge on data and/or information for planning and management. Since 2005, more than a thousand students from over a hundred countries attended courses at the IOC Project Office for IODE, based in Oostende, Belgium, and in the context of regional projects. The “Global Academy” component of OT (OTGA) is still being developed, but it seeks to expand the program into a worldwide training facility, with training courses related to multiple IOC fields (from ICAM to Tsunami Alert Systems) in various Regional Training Centers (RTCs), all of them connected in real time via the OceanTeacher Learning Management System, and using a multilingual approach to scientific training (English, Spanish, and other national languages, depending on the regional and national context). OTGA will change training from a “north to south” culture to a north–south, south-south, and south–north model by promoting the expertise available in developing countries. This new "OceanTeacher Global Academy" concept will be implemented during 2014. OTGA will be broadcasting from and to anywhere across the world.

Project Details:

Founding Members
The founding 40 member states were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ghana, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Viet-Nam.

Current members
The IOC/UNESCO is composed of its Member States (147 in 2014), an Assembly, an Executive Council and a Secretariat. The Secretariat is based in Paris, France. Additionally the IOC has a number of Subsidiary Bodies: three regional sub-commissions (IOCARIBE, IOCAFRICA, and WESTPAC), and programme and project offices in Apia (Samoa), Bangkok (Thailand), Cartagena (Colombia), Copenhagen (Denmark), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kingston (Jamaica), Nairobi (Kenya), Muscat (Oman), Perth (Australia), and Port-au-Prince (Haiti). The JCOMM in situ Observations Programme Support Centre, currently hosted in Toulouse (France), is in the process of moving to Brest (France). Additionally, IOC has a strong presence in Oostende (Belgium), where the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) and the Secretariat for the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) are based. Under IOC mandate, the IODE coordinates since 1961 the exchange of information and data between the IOC Member States and its national oceanographic data centers. As for OBIS, it was established by the Census of Marine Life program (www.coml.org), and developed between 2000 and 2010 as an evolving strategic alliance of people and organizations sharing a vision to make marine biogeographic data, from all over the world, freely available over the World Wide Web. Any organization, consortium, project or individual may contribute data to OBIS.


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Royal Military College, Duntroon

The Royal Military College, Duntroon, also known simply as Duntroon, is the Australian Army's officer training establishment. It was founded at Duntroon, in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, in 1911 and is at the foot of Mount Pleasant near Lake Burley Griffin, close to the Department of Defence headquarters at Russell Hill. Duntroon is adjacent to the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA), which is Australian Defence Force's tri-service military academy that provides military and tertiary academic education for junior officers of the Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy.

History

The Royal Military College, Duntroon, was opened on 27 June 1911 by the Governor-General, Lord Dudley. Situated on the Campbell family homestead in Canberra, which had been named "Duntroon" (1833) after Duntrune Castle—their ancestral home on Loch Crinan in Argyll, Scotland —the college was one of the first Commonwealth facilities established in the newly created capital. The Australian Government first rented the Duntroon homestead for two years (November 1910 – July 1912) and finally acquired the freehold to the estate and 370 acre after the creation of the federal capital.

The first Commandant of the college was Brigadier General William Bridges, who later died on a hospital ship after being wounded by a sniper on the shores of Gallipoli. Under his recommendations the college was modelled on aspects from the Royal Military College of Canada and the military colleges of Britain, and the United States of America. Several British officers, including Lieutenant Colonel Charles Gwynn as Director of Military Art, were assigned as faculty to the newly established college. During Bridges' frequent absences, Gwynn served as acting Commandant.

The First World War provided the college with its first chance to demonstrate its worth. However, when the war broke out in August 1914, there had not been enough time for the first class to complete the full Duntroon course. Nevertheless, it was decided to graduate the class early so that they could be sent over to Gallipoli, where General Sir Ian Hamilton, commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, said that "...each Duntroon educated officer was...worth his weight in gold". During the war 158 Duntroon graduates had been sent overseas on active service, of whom 42 were killed or died of wounds and another 58 were wounded. In 1927 the King's Colour was presented to the Corps of Staff Cadets by His Royal Highness, The Duke of York.

In the beginning, the college offered a four-year course, during which the first two years focused upon civil subjects and the last two years focused upon military subjects. Over the entire course, however, there was military specific training, including physical training, drill, signalling and weapon handling. Over the years, however, with the impact of the two World Wars, the duration and focus of the course changed as the requirements of the Army dictated. The college was forced to relocate to the Victoria Barracks, Sydney between 1931 and 1936 due to the economic downturn caused by the Great Depression. The commandant at the time, Brigadier-General E.F. Harrison considered the move of the college, a severe blow to the 'Duntroon spirit', suggested to the Minister for Home Affairs, Arthur Blakely, that the name "Duntroon" move with the college to Sydney, and the local area in Canberra be changed to "Campbell". The proposal for the name moving to Sydney was, supported by Percy Deane, the head of the Department of Home Affairs (1929–32) in an official memorandum stating that the heritage of Duntroon had become so great that "As a matter of fact, "Duntroon" is as well known in military circles as "Sandhurst"", however he later stated it was proposed that the area in Canberra retain its name Duntroon. In letter to Blakeley, Albert Ernest Green the Minister for Defence stated that in relation to the College in Sydney being called Duntroon, the Military Board has, "recommended in view of the tradition established by the Royal Military College and its association with the name "Duntroon" that the name be retained for use on transfer of the Royal Military College to Paddington". The area would remain to be called Duntroon until 1956 when the suburb of Campbell was created named after Robert Campbell of the Campbell family, where ADFA and RMC-D reside.

During the Second World War short courses of between six months and a year were run, and ultimately 696 graduates of the College undertook active service overseas in either the Australian, British or New Zealand armed forces, while a further 122 former cadets who had not graduated served in varying capacities. Of these 122, three went on to have quite distinguished careers, with one rising to the rank of brigadier in the Australian Army, another to brigadier in the New Zealand Army and a third, R.C. McCay, reaching the rank of lieutenant general and serving in the British Indian Army and then becoming chief-of-staff of the newly formed Pakistan Army.

Following the war, the length of the course was set at four years again and efforts were made to increase the level of academic rigour in the college's programs. This culminated in 1967 when the college affiliated with the University of New South Wales (UNSW) to offer bachelor's courses in Arts, Science or Engineering, commencing in the 1968 academic year. Under this program, the first degrees from RMC were awarded in 1971. To graduate, cadets had to achieve passes in both military and academic studies and leadership. The link with UNSW was almost severed in 1969 when Duntroon was the centre of an inquiry after Gerry Walsh, a member of the academic staff, revealed details of bastardisation passed on to him by a student at the college. The inquiry resulted in at least one army career ending, while other personnel were severely punished. A further bastardisation scandal was exposed in 1983.

With the closure of the Officer Cadet School, Portsea, in December 1985, and the closure of the Women's Officer Training Wing at Georges Heights, Sydney, in December 1984, the Royal Military College, Duntroon became the sole General Service Officer training institute in the Australian Army, as all Regular Army officers serving in combat, combat support or service support Corps were required to attend Duntroon to be commissioned. Shortly after this, the role of the college changed again with the establishment of the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1986. As a result of this change, Duntroon ceased to offer university degrees as ADFA became responsible for the academic training of Army cadets, as well as those from the Air Force and Navy. The same year, the college celebrated its 75th anniversary (1911–1986). As an acknowledgement of this, 33-cent stamps featuring the head of a male officer cadet were printed; the first day of issue was 27 June 1986.

RMC's purview was expanded in 1995 as it "became responsible for the initial military training of all full-time, part-time and specialist service officers in the Australian Army". This resulted in the centralisation of all officer training courses under the college's auspices; this included short courses for specialist service officers such as doctors, nurses, lawyers and chaplains, under the auspices of Romani Company, as well as the delivery of the final module of the Reserve officer training continuum. For a brief period, under the Ready Reserve Scheme, Reserve officers attended the college for a cut-down six-month version of the full-time course. For full-time General Service Officer cadets though, the program remained essentially unchanged from that which had been established after the formation of ADFA, when the course had been reduced to 18 months, and broken up into three distinct classes—III (third), II (second) and I (first) Class. Under this program, which has been maintained since 1986, cadets who wish to pursue a degree attend ADFA for three years upon appointment, before going to Duntroon for 12 months, and starting the course in II Class. This is referred to as "going over the hill", as cadets are marched in formation over a spur of Mt. Pleasant that divides the ADFA and RMC campuses. For those cadets who pursue a four-year bachelors degree (such as Engineering or Hons), they come back to ADFA for their final year as a Lieutenant, graduating with their degree after five years after starting.

Anonymous reviews of officer training in 2007 brought to light racism and harassment of female recruits. In 2011, Andrew Wilkie admitted to being both a victim and perpetrator of bullying while at Duntroon.

In 2011, the college celebrated its centenary (1911–2011); as part of the celebrations, Queen Elizabeth II presented the college with new colours. A series of 1 oz silver dollar coins were also minted.

Organisation

The majority of the cadets at Duntroon are members of the Australian Army, although the college also trains some Royal Australian Air Force personnel who are training to become Ground Defence Officers. By tradition a small number of officer cadets from New Zealand also attend the college, while since 1967 there has been a steady number of foreign cadets attending the college from nations in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. While at the college, officer cadets are referred to by the honorary title of 'staff cadet', which is used as a substitute for the cadet's rank which is technically 'Officer Cadet'. This title came about due to the fact that originally graduates entered the Staff Officer Corps of the Australian Army. After the late 1940s, however, graduates were assigned different corps upon graduation and were no longer posted to the Staff Corps. The title was kept on as a tradition at Duntroon, however, although officer trainees at all other Australian Army officer training establishments are referred to as 'officer cadets'.

Administratively, the cadets are organised into a nominal infantry battalion structure, which is known internally as the 11th Infantry Battalion, with companies, platoons and sections which form the Corps of Staff Cadets. Within each of these formations there are cadets from all three classes (levels of training), who are organised into an internal hierarchy that gives the cadets themselves responsibility for looking after their own administration while the Corps is in barracks, albeit with guidance and supervision from training staff. Field training, however, is delivered by the non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers of the training staff and during this phase the cadets are separated into their distinct class groups.

Since its inception, the size of the Corps of Staff Cadets has fluctuated. Initially the Corps was organised into a single company, however, in 1922 the decline in the number of cadets being admitted meant that in reality only two platoons existed. Nevertheless, since then the Corps has largely increased. In 1947, when the four-year course was re-established following its suspension during the Second World War, the Corps was organised into two companies that were designated alphabetically 'A' and 'B'. In 1950, however, as the size of the Corps rose to 190 cadets, a third company, designated 'C' Company was established. These companies were re-organised the following year, however, as the Corps was expanded to 210 cadets and a fourth company raised. At this time the alphabetical designations were replaced with geographical names that were chosen based upon places where Australians had fought: Gallipoli, Bardia, Alamein and Kokoda.

By 1954 the number of cadets had risen further to 260, necessitating the raising of a fifth company and at this stage it was decided to name the companies after famous Australian battles, these names being: Alamein, Gallipoli, Kokoda, Kapyong and Romani. Following this expansion, however, the size of the Corps dropped and in 1958 the number of cadets had fallen to 200 and as a result Romani Company was disbanded. In 1974 a fifth company was raised—Long Tan—while in 1976, a sixth company was raised and Romani Company was re-established. In 1986, as a result of the changing role of Duntroon, the Corps was reduced to four companies again, with Kokoda and Romani Companies being disbanded. Kokoda was reformed in 1987 as the size of the Corps reached 370 cadets, while Long Tan was disbanded in 1991 and reformed in 1995.

There are currently five full-time companies making up the Corps, these are: Long Tan, Alamein, Gallipoli, Kapyong and Kokoda. The sixth company, Romani, is used for Reserve officers who come to the College in January and July to complete the final module of their training. There is also a rehabilitation and administration company known as Bridges Company, established in October 1989. Over the course of the training semester the five full-time companies compete through sporting events and academic studies for the honour of carrying the Sovereign's Banner on parade, with the first placed company taking the title of 'Sovereign's Company' for the next semester and taking their place on the right flank when the Corps is on parade.

Programs

The charter of the Royal Military College, Duntroon is "to produce officers capable of commanding platoon-sized elements in the Hardened and Networked Army concept, and to prepare specialist candidates for commissioning. The College prepares cadets and other selected candidates for careers in the Army by promoting leadership and integrity; by promoting high ideals and the pursuit of excellence, and by inculcating a sense of duty, loyalty and service to the nation". The current full-time program is a course of 18 months in duration, broken into three distinct classes, numbered as III, II and I Class. Each class lasts six months in duration and cadets must successfully complete each component to graduate and receive their commission. Throughout the course, cadets receive training in leadership, tactics, weapons systems, military law, military accounting systems, corporate governance and military history. The course is designed to test the cadets physically and mentally and graduation is by no means guaranteed. Upon graduating, cadets are promoted to the rank of lieutenant and receive a Diploma in Military Leadership.

Within the full-time course, there are two streams of cadets, those that enter from the Australian Defence Force Academy and those that enter through the direct entry method. Direct Entry cadets complete the eighteen-month course, whilst cadets from ADFA join Duntroon in II Class, combining with the Direct Entry cadets and completing twelve months at the college. The leadership and military training provided at ADFA during the three years of training is considered the equivalent of III Class at RMC.

The college also oversees the program for training officers in the Australian Army Reserve. Upon appointment to the Reserves, members join a University Regiment within their location and then undertake their training over the course of five modules run by the various University Regiments around Australia. Additionally, they are required to parade at their unit one night a week and one weekend a month. The final six-and-a-half-week module of the Reserve officer course is conducted at Duntroon. In January 2008, the Part-time Officers course was shortened to a duration of 104 days, with further employment training, specific to Corps allocation, conducted thereafter.

In 2003, the Officer Tertiary Recruitment Scheme (OTRS) was introduced, which involves the recruitment of officers enrolled in tertiary study. Essentially, this program involves undergraduate sponsorship of university students, who are appointed as Officer Cadets in the Australian Regular Army, while they study. During their tertiary study, they train with the applicable University Regiment as reservists and conduct modules of training as they are able to fit in around their studies. At the conclusion of their study (provided they have completed the necessary modules) they enroll at Duntroon in II Class.

The Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon
The Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon has been in existence in some shape or form since 1916 when a part-time band was established from volunteers drawn from the riding staff. Nevertheless, it was not until 1954 that they were officially established, when a band formed from members of the Regular Army was established at the college. In 1968 it became part of the Australian Army Band Corps and since then it has become a regular feature of the ceremonies and parades conducted at the college, as well as at other events around Australia and overseas. Perhaps the most notable of these performances was in 2000, when the Band accompanied a detachment of the Australian Federation Guard to Great Britain where, as part of the celebrations of the centenary of Australia's federation, the AFG mounted the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace, while the RMC Band provided the Guards Band. Recently the band has also supported Australian troops serving overseas.

In the 1980s the band began performing shows for local charities, known as the "Strike up the Band" shows and this continues today, albeit under the guise of the "Music at Midday" shows which the band performs six times a year, with proceeds going to local charities.

Buildings and features

The College itself is situated at the foot of Mount Pleasant on the Duntroon estate. The base is one of the only military bases in Australia that is open to the general public, consisting of a large area of land incorporating a golf course, a library, a residential area for Defence members and their families, various area logistics and infrastructure units, a military hospital, a retail area, vast sporting facilities and the Australian Defence Force Academy.

The ship's bell from MV Duntroon (which served as a troopship from 1942 to 1949) was removed when the ship was sold by her Australian owners in 1960, and was presented to the College in 1978. It is now positioned at the base of the flag station near the parade ground and is used daily as part of the cadets' flag duties. Many of the original buildings from when the college was first opened in 1911 still stand and continue to be used today, having been heritage listed. An example of this is the officers' mess, known as 'Duntroon House', which is an imposing stone building, that was actually built as the Campbell family's house before the land was purchased by the Crown.

The Majura Training Area is located nearby and is currently where cadets from the College undertake the majority of their basic field training in III Class.

The Anzac Memorial Chapel of St Paul was opened on 30 April 1966. The chapel has a common foyer with two specific chapels: Anglican/Protestant Denominations and Catholic. Retired Colours are displayed in the foyer. Also in the foyer is a perpetual light that is lit while former cadets are on operations with the ADF. The chapel is also used for the Graduation Church Parade. Beside the main chapel is the Changi Chapel, which was reconstructed on the site and rededicated in August 1988.

Graduation awards
There are two main awards presented to cadets upon graduation: the King's Medal and the Sword of Honour. The King's Medal is awarded to the cadet graduating top of their class academically. It was originally instituted in 1919, and all cadets, including foreign cadets attending the college, are eligible. Indeed, Singaporean cadets established a long tradition of receiving this honour, doing so in 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1982 according to a 1986 source. The Sword of Honour is awarded to the cadet who displays "exemplary conduct and performance of duty" throughout their course.

Reserve Units of the Royal Military College – Australia
In 1997 the Royal Military College took responsibility for overseeing the training provided to Reserve officer cadets and as a result in 1998 the Royal Military College of Australia was established as a formation. As a part of this formation, the following University Regiments were placed under the college's command:

 * Melbourne University Regiment (MUR)
 * Monash University Regiment (MonUR)
 * Queensland University Regiment (QUR) (Including North Queensland Company)
 * University of New South Wales Regiment (UNSWR)
 * Sydney University Regiment (SUR) (Including Australian National University (ANU) Company)
 * Adelaide Universities Regiment (AUR) (Including Northern Australia Platoon)
 * Western Australia University Regiment (WAUR)
 * University of Tasmania Company (UTC).

In July 2008, however, responsibility for Reserve officer training was taken away from Duntroon, and these units were placed under the command of the 2nd Division, with each regiment reporting directly to its parent brigade unit. Nevertheless, they continue to follow the Duntroon curriculum in modularised format, and Reserve officer cadets attend the college for their final four-week training block prior to commissioning.

Commandants
The following officers served as commandants of the college:

Plaque
In 2010, a plaque dedicated to RMC graduates was placed on the ACT Honour Walk. It reads:

Situated at the former Campbell homestead at Duntroon, the RMC was opened on 27 June 1911 by the Governor-General, Lord Dudley. The first Commandant was Colonel (later Major-General) William Throsby Bridges, who was killed at Gallipoli. RMC was created to oversee the initial military training of all officers in the Australian Army. As one of the first institutions to be established in Canberra, RMC has been integral to the life of the ACT. The RMC Band regularly performs at ceremonial and community events. Since its establishment, RMC graduates have served in every military conflict in which Australia has been involved.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Royal Military College, Duntroon


text:
Thorney

Thorney and Thorny may refer to:

Places in the United Kingdom

 * Thorney, Cambridgeshire
 * Thorney, Buckinghamshire
 * Thorney, Nottinghamshire
 * Thorney, Somerset
 * Thorney Hill, Hampshire
 * Thorney Island (Westminster)
 * Thorney Island (West Sussex)
 * Thorney Toll, Cambridgeshire

Places in the United States

 * Thorny Creek, West Virginia
 * Thorny Flat

Other

 * ST Thorney, a tugboat
 * Thorny Hawkes (1852–1929), American baseball player
 * Thorny Lea Golf Club, a country club in Massachusetts, US
 * Tim Thorney (1955–2021), Canadian singer-songwriter

title: Thorney


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Baron Aylmer

Lord Aylmer, Baron of Balrath, in the County of Meath, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1718 for the naval commander Matthew Aylmer, the second son of Sir Christopher Aylmer, 1st Baronet, of Balrath (see below). Lord Aylmer's son, the second Baron, represented Rye in the House of Commons. The latter's grandson, the fourth Baron, succeeded his kinsman as seventh Baronet, of Balrath, in 1776. The titles remain united. He was succeeded in both titles by his son, the fifth Baron. He was a general in the Army and served as Governor General of Canada from 1830 to 1835. Lord Aylmer assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Whitworth in 1825 on the death of his uncle Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth. On his death, the titles passed to his younger brother, the sixth Baron. He was an admiral in the Royal Navy.

He was succeeded by his second cousin, Udolphus Aylmer, the seventh Baron, born on 10 June 1814 and living in Canada. He was the son of John Athalmer Aylmer, eldest son of Admiral John Aylmer, son of Reverend the Hon. John Aylmer, fourth son of the second Baron. His claim to the titles was not allowed until 1860, however. His son Matthew Aylmer, the eighth Baron, was a major-general in the Canadian Army. His third son, the eleventh Baron, was succeeded by his third cousin, the twelfth Baron. He was the great-grandson of Major-General Harry Aylmer, second son of the aforementioned Admiral John Aylmer. On his death in 1982, the title passed to his second cousin, the thirteenth Baron. He was the grandson of Frederick Arthur Aylmer, second son of Major-General Harry Aylmer. the titles are held by his son, the fourteenth Baron.

The Aylmer Baronetcy, of Balrath in the County of Meath, was created on 6 November 1662 in the Baronetage of Ireland for Christopher Aylmer. On the death of his great-grandson, the sixth Baronet, the title was inherited by the latter's kinsman, the fourth Baron Aylmer and became subsumed into that title.

The family seat was Donadea Castle, near Donadea, County Kildare.

Barons Aylmer (1718)

 * Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer (c. 1650–1720)
 * Henry Aylmer, 2nd Baron Aylmer (died 1754)
 * Henry Aylmer, 3rd Baron Aylmer (1718–1766)
 * Henry Aylmer, 4th Baron Aylmer (died 1785)
 * Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer (1775–1850)
 * Frederick Whitworth Aylmer, 6th Baron Aylmer (1777–1858)
 * Udolphus Aylmer, 7th Baron Aylmer (1814–1901)
 * Matthew Aylmer, 8th Baron Aylmer (1842–1923)
 * John Frederick Whitworth Aylmer, 9th Baron Aylmer (1880–1970)
 * Kenneth Athalmer Aylmer, 10th Baron Aylmer (1883–1974)
 * Basil Udolphus Aylmer, 11th Baron Aylmer (1886–1977)
 * Hugh Yates Aylmer, 12th Baron Aylmer (1907–1982)
 * Michael Anthony Aylmer, 13th Baron Aylmer (1923–2006)
 * (Anthony) Julian Aylmer, 14th Baron Aylmer (born 1951)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Michael Henry Aylmer (born 1991).

Aylmer baronets, of Balrath (1662)

 * Sir Christopher Aylmer, 1st Baronet (c. 1620–1671)
 * Sir Gerald Aylmer, 2nd Baronet (c. 1640–1702)
 * Sir John Aylmer, 3rd Baronet (died 1714)
 * Sir Andrew Aylmer, 4th Baronet (died 1740)
 * Sir Gerald Aylmer, 5th Baronet (died 1745)
 * Sir Matthew Aylmer, 6th Baronet (1724–1776)
 * Sir Henry Aylmer, 7th Baronet (died 1785) (had succeeded as Baron Aylmer in 1766)

title: Baron Aylmer


text:
Chuck

Chuck is a masculine given name or a nickname for Charles or Charlie. It may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Chuck Alaimo, American saxophonist, leader of the Chuck Alaimo Quartet
 * Chuck Barris (1929–2017), American TV producer
 * Chuck Berry (1926–2017), American rock and roll musician
 * Chuck Brown (1936–2012), American guitarist and singer
 * Chuck Close (1940–2021), American painter and photographer
 * Chuck Comeau (born 1979), Canadian drummer
 * Chuck Connors (1921–1992), American athlete and actor
 * Chuck D (born 1960), stage name of Carlton Douglas Ridenhour, American rapper
 * Chuck Garric, rock bassist of Alice Cooper
 * Charlton Heston, "Chuck", (1923–2008), American actor and political activist
 * Chuck Holmes (entrepreneur) (1945–2000), American entrepreneur and philanthropist, founded Falcon Studios
 * Chuck Jones (1912–2002), American animator, screenwriter, producer, and director of animated films
 * Chuck Leavell (born 1952), American pianist and keyboardist
 * Chuck Lorre (born 1952), American television writer, director, producer, composer, and production manager
 * Chuck Mangione (born 1940), American flugelhorn player and composer
 * Chuck Norris (born 1940), American martial artist, actor and media personality
 * Chuck Palahniuk (born 1962), American novelist and freelance journalist
 * Chuck Schuldiner (1967–2001), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist
 * Chuck Traynor (1937–2002), American pornographer
 * Charles F. Walker, American historian
 * Chuck Willis (1928–58), American blues singer and songwriter
 * Chuck Woolery (born 1941), American actor, singer and game show host

Sports

 * Chuck Bennett (1907–1973), American football player and coach
 * Chuck Carney (1900–1984), American football and basketball player
 * Chuck Clark (born 1995), American football player
 * Chuck Clements (born 1973), American football player
 * Chuck Cooper (basketball), (1926–1984), American basketball player
 * Chuck Detwiler (born 1947), American football player
 * Chuck Dressen (1898–1966), an American third baseman, manager and coach in professional baseball
 * Chuck Drulis (1918–1972), American football player and coach
 * Chuck Ealey (born 1950), American Canadian football player
 * Chuck Fusina (born 1957), American college and professional football player
 * Chuck Gelatka (1914–2001), American football player
 * Chuck Hulse (1927–2020), American racing driver
 * Chuck Hutchison (born 1948), American football player
 * Chuck Lanza (born 1964), American football player
 * Chuck Liddell (born 1969), American mixed martial artist and former UFC champion
 * Chuck Long (born 1963), American football coach
 * Chuck McKinley (1941–1986), American men's amateur tennis player
 * Chuck Noll (1932–2014), American football coach
 * Chuck Osborne (American football) (1973–2012), American football player
 * Chuck Taylor (American football), American football player and coach
 * Chuck Taylor (salesman) (1901–1969), American basketball player and shoe salesman/evangelist
 * Chuck Taylor (baseball) (1942–2018), American baseball pitcher and player
 * Chuck Wepner (born 1939), American heavyweight boxer
 * Chuck Weatherspoon (born 1968), American football player

Politics

 * Chuck Fager (born 1942), American activist, author, editor, publisher, and prominent member of the Religious Society of Friends
 * Chuck Grassley (born 1933), senior United States senator from Iowa, serving since 1981
 * Chuck Hagel (born 1946), United States Secretary of Defense, February 27, 2013 to February 13, 2015
 * Chuck Schumer (born 1950), politician, and senior United States senator from New York, serving since 1999

Other

 * Chuck Hull (born 1939), inventor of 3D printing
 * Chuck Testa (born 1956), American taxidermist
 * Chuck Yeager (1923–2020), retired brigadier general in the United States Air Force and record-setting test pilot
 * Charles W. Mooney Jr., American, the Charles A. Heimbold, Jr. Professor of Law, and former interim Dean, at the University of Pennsylvania Law School

Fictional characters

 * Chuck, a character in the 1985 American adventure comedy film Pee-wee's Big Adventure
 * Chuck Anderson, a character in the 2023 British comic book limited series Nemesis Reloaded
 * Chuck Armstrong, a dark blue anthropomorphic car in the Pixar animated film Cars
 * Chuck Billy (Chuck Billy 'n' Folks), a character from Monica's Gang and Chuck Billy 'n' Folks
 * Chuck E. Cheese, Anthropomorphic restaurant mascot
 * Chuck Bartowski, main character of the American television show Chuck (TV series)
 * Chuck (Pokémon), a character in the Pokémon universe
 * Chuck, a character from Kodomo no Jikan, a Japanese manga series
 * Chuck, a character from Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt, a Japanese anime television series
 * Chuck, an anthropomorphic dump truck in the preschool TV series The Adventures of Chuck and Friends
 * Chuck Greene, protagonist of Dead Rising 2
 * Chuck (Stargate), a character from the Stargate television series
 * Charlotte "Chuck" Charles, a character from the television series Pushing Daisies
 * Chuck Bass, a character from the television series Gossip Girl
 * Chuck, a male, triangular-shaped yellow canary in the Angry Birds games
 * Chuck Cunningham, a character from the sitcom Happy Days
 * Chuck Chambers, a character from iCarly
 * Chuck McCoy, a character from Austin & Ally
 * Chuck McGill, a character from the American television series Better Call Saul
 * Chuck Miller, a character in the American teen romantic comedy 1987 movie Can't Buy Me Love
 * Chuck Pearson, a character in 1989 American independent coming of age comedy movie She's Out of Control
 * Chuck Rhoades, a character from the American television series Billions
 * Polly Chuck, a character in the anime television series Fables of the Green Forest
 * Not Chuck, a character referred to as 'Chuck' by Lightning McQueen in Cars

title: Chuck


text:
List of medieval musical instruments

This is a list of medieval musical instruments used in European music during the Medieval period.

Percussion

 * Adufe
 * Bumbulum (legendary)
 * Cymbals
 * Frame drum
 * Nakers
 * Pandeiro
 * Tabor
 * Tambourine
 * Timbrel

String instruments

 * Citole
 * Cretan lyra
 * Dulcimer
 * Fiddle
 * Gittern
 * Guitarra latina
 * Guitarra morisca
 * Medieval harp (Medieval form of the modern harp)
 * Hurdy-gurdy
 * Lute
 * Lyre
 * Organistrum (large form of medieval hurdy-gurdy)
 * Psaltery
 * Rebab
 * Rebec
 * Tromba marina
 * Vielle
 * Viol
 * Zither

Wind instruments

 * Bagpipes
 * Bellows pipe
 * Bladder pipe
 * Bombard
 * Buisine
 * Crumhorn
 * Flageolet
 * Flute
 * Gemshorn
 * Jew's harp
 * Organ
 * Portative Organ
 * Recorder
 * Sackbut
 * Shawm
 * Tabor Pipe
 * Zampogna

title: List of medieval musical instruments


text:
Hep Stars

The Hep Stars are a Swedish rock band formed in Stockholm in 1963. During 1965–1966 the band was the most successful of contemporary 1960s Swedish pop groups performing in the English language. Outside the Nordic countries the band is best known as a launching point for the keyboard player, lead guitar and composer Benny Andersson, who went on to enjoy worldwide success with ABBA.

The band was founded by the drummer Christer "Chrille" Pettersson (3 November 1942 – 27 August 2006) and the bass guitarist Lennart "Lelle" Hegland (9 January 1943 – 13 April 2022 ) with the keyboard player Hans Östlund and the lead/rhythm guitarist-singer Jan "Janne" Frisk (29 November 1943). At the height of their popularity, the line-up consisted of Hegland, Pettersson, Frisk, Sven Ove "Svenne" Hedlund on lead vocals (10 March 1945, Solna – 3 December 2022) and Benny Andersson on keyboards and lead guitarist.

Beginnings
Originally, the band called themselves Quartet Yep. Their repertoire included various styles of music from Latin dance to rock in order to get as many gigs as possible in varying venues. Influenced mainly by Frisk, their music started to veer towards rock'n'roll and pop. The band decided a more intriguing name was in order and on Frisk's suggestion Hep Stars was chosen. The idea came from a line in the Bill Haley song "Razzle Dazzle" – "It's the hipster's dance" – with a slight alteration in written form. They started to get support gigs also closing after the headline act. A typical gig had them playing for around four hours with one set of rock.

Hegland called Hedlund to fill the singer's slot for Frisk who had temporarily joined a tour backing band for some extra money for a new guitar amp. The band quickly noticed Hedlund's abilities as both a singer and a frontman. On Frisk's return, they shared lead vocals for a period of time with Frisk singing the more straightforward rockers and Hedlund handling the ballads.

By the summer of 1964, they were performing to audiences of 2000. The rock scene took note of them after one evening in Nalen, the most important rock club in Sweden during the 1960s. The main act failed to appear and the Hep Stars, the support act, filled in to great acclaim, especially among rockers (or raggare as they were known in Sweden). Their reputation started to spread through word-of-mouth.

At this point, Hegland managed to persuade the music businessman and Olga-record label owner Åke Gerhard to be their manager.

After the group's first single ("Kana Kapila", 1964) the original keyboard player, Hans Östlund, was asked to leave because of relations growing sour, especially with Hedlund and founder member Pettersson, who left the band fed up with squabbles. He was asked to rejoin and the band continued as a four piece for a short time in autumn 1964.

Hedlund owned a van and occasionally drove other bands to gigs. One of these bands was Elverkets Spelmanslag so Hedlund saw Benny Andersson performing, making an impression with his quick runs and fill-ins. On Hedlund's suggestion, Andersson was called for an audition. In turn, Andersson had earlier read a tabloid article about the camping car Hep Stars used when touring and which could hold both the band and the equipment. This assured him that Hep Stars had it going along with their assuring comments on the current scene.

The band had become what is considered to be the classic line-up: Sven Hedlund (vocals), Jan Frisk (guitar/vocals), Benny Andersson (keyboards), Lennart Hegland (bass guitar) and Christer Pettersson (drums). The fans were soon to absorb their nicknames Svenne, Janne, Benny, Lelle and Chrille.

Breakthrough
Hep Stars recorded their next three singles in one six-hour session without overdubs on three-track equipment. They performed in the TV program Drop In in March 1965. In April, they had three songs in the radio playlist top 4 at the same time: "Cadillac", "Farmer John" and "A Tribute To Buddy Holly". On the sales chart "Cadillac" and "Farmer" peaked at #1 for one week and four weeks respectively, while "Tribute" peaked at #5. Hedlund became the band's figurehead and the first true pop star in Sweden, the band itself being headline material in tabloids and various youth-oriented magazines.

Other Swedish bands such as Tages and Shanes who largely wrote their own songs made a remark on Hep Stars using cover versions. This motivated Andersson to try to write songs for the band. Also, it was a hard job to try to find fresh songs for the band's repertoire. The first song he introduced to the band was "No Response" which reached #3 in the charts. The band was at the height of popularity, especially among rock audiences, during 1965–1966 with both cover and original songs. In 1966, they performed 150 gigs in Sweden alone. The popularity grew rapidly and the band was highly successful also in Norway and Finland making several tours in both countries.

Mainstream success, break up
"I Natt Jag Drömde" a Swedish version of "Last Night I Had A Strangest Dream" was a massive hit in Sweden but, being a folk-song, divided the band to a degree. It also caused confusion among rock-oriented fans. The band continued playing up to 200 gigs in 1967. However, problems arose when the backup organisation made a less than adequate job with the tax authorities and in the general running of the business. At the same time, the general economic situation in the country started to stagnate towards the end of the 1960s. Together, they forced the band to navigate towards a wider audience and the showband scene. The American singer Charlotte Walker joined in 1968.

This move contradicted especially with Frisk, who was eventually asked to leave early in 1969 due to diminishing interest. Björn Ulvaeus from the Hootenanny Singers stepped in. The original member leaving the band led to mixed feelings, and the decision was made to call it a day after fulfilling the tour contracts. The band played its last gig in August 1969 after which Andersson, Ulvaeus, Walker and Hedlund left the band. It went through several line-up changes before finally breaking up in the early 1970s with Hegland the only original member.

Afterwards
Andersson and Ulvaeus continued with Hedlund and Walker making a show-tour with the comedian Finn Alberth. After that, Hedlund and Walker formed the duo Svenne & Lotta, who recorded the Swedish original of the ABBA song "Bang A Boomerang". They established themselves and enjoyed considerable success especially in Denmark and in mid-Europe.

Having established their partnership in Hep Stars, Andersson and Ulvaeus continued both as a songwriting team for Polar Music as well as the duo Björn & Benny, which eventually led to ABBA.

After a break Frisk, Hegland and Pettersson formed Gummibandet and released three albums in the 1970s. In the 1980s, a wave of 1960s nostalgia swept Sweden and the members had a discussion about re-forming the Hep Stars. They made some successful tours with Benneth Fagerlund replacing Andersson on keyboards. In 1990, Hegland stepped down, with Fagerlund following suit a few years later.

For the 40th anniversary collection, Cadillac Madness (40 years 40 hits 1964–2004), they re-recorded some of their hits as well as some new songs. Jan Frisk, Charlotte Walker and Sven Hedlund occasionally play concerts together with guest musicians under the Hep Stars flag.

Notes on songwriting
All songs written by Benny Andersson, except where indicated:
 * 1. "No Response"
 * 2. "Sunny Girl"
 * 3. "Consolation"
 * 4. "Sound of Eve"
 * 5. "Isn't It Easy To Say (Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus)
 * 6. "Lady Lady
 * 7. "Wedding (Benny Andersson & Svenne Hedlund)
 * 8. "She Will Love You" (Benny Andersson & Svenne Hedlund)
 * 9. "Like You Used to Do" (Benny Andersson & Svenne Hedlund)
 * 10. "It's Nice To Be Back"
 * 11. "Sagan om lilla Sofi" (Benny Andersson & Lars Berghagen)
 * 12. "Flower in My Garden" (Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus)
 * 13. "Suddenly Tomorrow is Today" (Benny Andersson & Lars Berghagen)
 * 14. "Songs We Sang" (Benny Andersson & Lars Berghagen)
 * 15. "It's Been a Long Long Time" (Lars Berghagen & Benny Andersson)
 * 16. "Speleman" (Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus & Cornelis Vreeswijk)
 * 17. "Precis som alla andra" (Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus)

The album The Hep Stars (1966) is probably the most ABBA-related of the pre-ABBA period. It includes several songs written by Andersson and "Isn't It Easy To Say", the first joint composition by him and his new friend Ulvaeus, then a member of the acoustic group Hootenanny Singers, who mainly sang in the Swedish language. On the same album there was another song, "No Time", written by Ulvaeus alone. "No Time" was also recorded by the Hootenanny Singers in an acoustic version. Andersson and Ulvaeus also wrote two songs for the album Hep Stars På Svenska – "Speleman" and "Precis Som Alla Andra" – and "Flower in My Garden", which appeared on the album Songs We Sang 68.

Among the hits were "I natt jag drömde" (a Swedish version of "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream"), Mike Berry's "A Tribute to Buddy Holly" (#4, Sweden), "Malaika" (with lyrics in Swahili), "Wedding", "Consolation", "Cadillac" (#1, Sweden), "Farmer John" (#2, Sweden), "No Response" and "Sunny Girl". The group's last hit in 1969 was a cover of "Speedy Gonzales".

Members
Partial list based on information included in this Wikipedia page, the Hep Stars' official website, and Bruce Eder's biography of the band for AllMusic.

 * Christer "Chrille" Pettersson – drums (1963–1964, 1964–1971?, 1977–1978, 1989–present; died 2006)
 * Lennart “Lelle” Hegland – bass (1963–1971, 1977–1978, 1989–1990, 2004?; died 2022 )
 * Hans Östlund – organ (1963–1964)
 * Jan “Janne” Frisk – vocals, lead and rhythm guitars (1963–1969, 1977–1978, 1989–present)
 * Sven Ove “Svenne” Hedlund – lead vocals (1963–1969, 1989–2022?; died 2022)
 * Benny Andersson – vocals, keyboards, organ, electric harpsichord (1964–1969)
 * Charlotte “Lotta” Walker-Hedlund – vocals (1968–1969, 2004?–present)
 * Björn Ulvaeus – vocals, rhythm guitar (1969)
 * Benneth Fagerlund – keyboards (1989–mid 1990s)
 * Kookie Tian
 * Josephine Tian
 * Jan-Olof Enbom
 * Bengt Arenblad
 * Totte Päivärinta

Live albums

 * Compilations

Singles (1964–1969)
The book Cadillac Madness – den otroliga berättelsen om Hep Stars had a bonus CD with four unpublished songs from 1966–1967.

 * 1. 1966: Someday Someone (Andersson-Hedlund) – Band version
 * 2. 1966: Rag Doll (Bob Crewe-Bob Gaudio)
 * 3. 1966: Someday Someone – Spinett version
 * 4. 1967: Massa's Mess (Benny Andersson, Lennart Fernholm, Jan Frisk, Christer Pettersson)

A studio jam with the road manager Fernholm on bass guitar.

title: Hep Stars


text:
Baron Ashtown

Baron Ashtown, of Moate in the County of Galway, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1800 for Frederick Trench, with remainder to the heirs male of his father.

Trench had previously represented Portarlington from 1798 in the Irish House of Commons. He was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Baron (the son of Francis Trench) – see Frederick Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown. His grandson, the third Baron (son of Frederic Sydney Charles Trench, eldest son of the second Baron), sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1908 to 1915. On the death of his younger son, the fifth Baron, this line of the family failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the sixth Baron. He was the grandson of the Hon. William Cosby Trench, younger brother of the third Baron. However, he never married and on his death in 1990 this branch of the family also failed. The title was inherited by his second cousin once removed, the seventh Baron. He was the grandson of Hon. Cosby Godolphin Trench, second son of the second Baron and served as Ambassador to South Korea and to Portugal. , the title is held by the seventh Baron's son, the eighth Baron.

Another member of the Trench family was Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench, Governor of Hong Kong from 1964 to 1971. He was a descendant of John Trench, younger brother of the first Baron Ashtown.

The family seat was Woodlawn House, near Ballinasloe, County Galway. Woodlawn House was sold by the 4th Baron in 1947 and is still extant, although semi-derelict. It is currently in the process of being gradually restored.

Barons Ashtown (1800)

 * Frederick Trench, 1st Baron Ashtown (1755–1840)
 * Frederick Mason Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown (1804–1880)
 * Frederick Oliver Trench, 3rd Baron Ashtown (1868–1946)
 * Robert Power Trench, 4th Baron Ashtown (1897–1966)
 * Dudley Oliver Trench, 5th Baron Ashtown (1901–1979)
 * Christopher Oliver Trench, 6th Baron Ashtown (1931–1990)
 * Nigel Clive Cosby Trench, 7th Baron Ashtown (1916–2010)
 * Roderick Nigel Godolphin Trench, 8th Baron Ashtown (born 1944)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Hon. Timothy Roderick Hamilton Trench (born 1968), who is unmarried and without heirs. The next in line to the barony is the present peer's fifth cousin once removed, Jack Ferdinand Chenevix Trench (born 1978, see succession chart below).

The simplified chart above lists those individuals in the line of succession who are nearest in consanguinity to the present peer; there are further heirs in descent from the fifth and sixth brothers of the first baron.
 * ''Frederick Trench (1724–1797)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|35px]] Frederick Trench, 1st Baron Ashtown (1755–1840)
 * Francis Trench (1757–1829)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|35px]] Frederick Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown (1804–1880)
 * Hon. Cosby Godolphin Trench (1844–1925)
 * Clive Newcombe Trench (1884–1964)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|35px]] Nigel Trench, 7th Baron Ashtown (1916–2010)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|35px]] Roderick Trench, 8th Baron Ashtown (born 1944)
 * (1). Hon. Timothy Roderick Hamilton Trench (born 1968)
 * Richard Trench (1774–1860)
 * Most Rev. Richard Chenevix Trench (1807–1886)
 * Charles Chenevix Trench (1839–1933)
 * Sir Richard Henry Chenevix Trench (1876–1954)
 * Charles Pocklington Chenevix Trench (1914–2003)
 * Richard Hugh Roger Chenevix Trench (1949–1997)
 * (2). Jack Ferdinand Chenevix Trench (born 1978)
 * (3). Alexander Ryland Chenevix Trench (born 1986)
 * John Trench (1776–1858)
 * male descendants in succession

title: Baron Ashtown


text:
Gramm (record label)

Gramm was an Icelandic record label created by Ásmundur Jónsson and Einar Örn Benediktsson in 1981.

Located in Reykjavík, Gramm’s first release was a 10-track 7" vinyl titled Tilf by Purrkur Pillnikk, a punk group led by Einar Örn.

Besides releasing all Purrkur Pillnikk's records, Gramm also issued works of artists like the English experimental group Psychic TV, Björk's first band Tappi Tíkarrass and Kukl (featuring Björk and Einar Örn). Rock band Þeyr and punk groups such as Vonbrigði were also associated with Gramm.

In 1987, Gramm went bankrupt. Ásmundur and some of the musicians who were playing in Kukl created Smekkleysa, which ultimately became Bad Taste, known worldwide by the Sugarcubes.

title: Gramm (record label)


text:
Talk:Transverse wave

Excess
Probably an excess of 'longitudinal' material here after the merge. Charles Matthews 21:28, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Simplicity
Some of us just need to know what a transverse wave is. Simple basic information needs to be kept for those of us without a physics degree! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.99.107.237 (talk) 16:41, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

'Re. Simplicity'

I agree with the the gist of the above. To that end, I suggest:
 * that a more clean presentation at the beginning would help the layman to understand the concept (e.g. clarifiacation of xyz-space, that the wave propogates in a two-dimensional way %^ds);
 * that further description be limited to the topic at hand, i.e. waves in general, and exemplary material be succinct, using offpage links for further explication.

It seems that many of the comments below would be obviated by doing so.

Jimmy Hers (talk) 00:24, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

image
the image looks awesome, somebody should never change it, its better than sliced bread —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.66.153.102 (talk • contribs) 11:55, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Error in the image File Light-wave.svg On the picture the phase of the Electric component E is the same as the phase of the Magnetic component B. They should differ by 90o in order to achieve rotation of the Pointing vector [E,B] around the direction of propagation. Regards, Boris Spasov, 8/26/2010. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.67.151.130 (talk) 21:51, 26 August 2010 (UTC) Hi — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.102.164.106 (talk) 23:19, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Looking back at this; there only needs to be a 90deg phase difference if the EM radiation has circular polarization; for linear polarization there is no phase difference, so the figure seems reasonable. Klbrain (talk) 11:37, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

Confusing
Confusing in second paragraph. Probably need to state that in seismology, have transverse and longitudinal waves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.225.203.96 (talk • contribs) 20:34, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Transverse waves travel slower than longitudinal waves ?
I'm not a physicist so I'm not going to edit the paragraph which states that "transverse waves travel slower than longitudinal waves". Maybe someone can expand on it though because I'm left confused by it: I thought light (an electromagnetic wave hence transverse) travels conciderably faster than sound (a longitudinal wave)!
 * Don't mix wave speeds for different media and different waves (electromagnetic and sound). Transverse waves travel slower than longitudinal waves in the same medium. --Berland 08:26, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Polarization
Since mentions polarity needs a reference to polarization and perhaps the three types thereof. -Wfaxon 13:44, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Transverse waves and polarization definitely relate. The key notion in understanding polarization is to realize that the EM transverse waves are two dimensional. The use of water waves as an example obscures this point. The string example needs to be elaborated, something like below, and needs to be referenced early in the polarization discussions.

.... By moving your hand up-and-down you can launch waves on the string. Notice though, that you can also launch waves by moving your hand side-to-side. This is an important point. There are two independent directions in which wave motion can occur. Further, if you carefully move your hand in a clockwise circle, you will launch waves that describe a left-handed helix as they propagate away. Similarly, if you move your hand in a counter-clockwise circle, a right-handed helix will form. These phenomena go beyond the kinds of waves you can create on the surface of water; in general a wave on a string can be two-dimensional. Two dimensional transverse waves exhibit a phenomenon called polarization. A wave produced by moving your hand in a line is a linearly polarized wave, a special case. A wave produced by moving your hand in a circle is a circularly polarized wave, another special case.

Electromagnetic waves behave in this same way, although it is harder to see. Electromagnetic waves are also two-dimensional transverse waves. This two-dimensional nature should not be confused with the two components of an electromagnetic wave, the electic and magnetic field components. Each of these fields, the electric and the magnetic, exhibits two-dimensional transverse wave behavior, just like the waves on a string. ....

AJim 04:16, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

I think this is an excellent page because it explains transverse waves on a string, where things are clear to visualize. With EM waves things are more complicated. EM waves are transverse in the sense that the polarization is limited to a 2D sub space of 3D space by Gauss's law for magnetism, but they are not necceseraly transverse to the direction of energy transfer (propagation), some EM waves have longitudinal components (electric field in TM guided modes and radial polarized beams near the focus), but even these have no more than two possible orthogonal polarizations.Eranus (talk) 07:38, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

I have been studying the origins of the concept of light as a transverse wave. It appears that both Fresnel and Young, separately, about the same time, while attempting to establish what they called the undulatory theory of light, arrived at the conclusion that plane polarized light could be best understood if the vibration was transverse instead of longitudinal. Their reasoning had earlier been dominated by analogies to sound, and they were concerned to explain the mechanical properties of the medium that they thought they needed to support these transverse undulations. The string analogy to a ray of light appears to have been a key part of at least Young's conceptual breakthrough. Also, I think Fresnel then first postulated and later demonstrated circular polarization (with a Fresnel rhomb) by inference from the properties of a 2-D transverse wave. --AJim (talk) 15:57, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Here it is 10 years later, and I have two comments. First, the article about Fresnel has been greatly improved. The article makes it clear that he made very important contributions during his brief, brilliant life. From that article I now think that Fresnel deserves the credit for the transverse wave idea. Second, some editors have, recently, attempted to simplify the string example (see above) to the extent that the main point is now lost. Unless someone can convince me otherwise, I plan to rectify this. It was 1961 when I learned about circular polarization from a lecture given by Edwin Land. I think he used the string example to explain it. Whether he did or not, about 20 years later I became professionally involved in using circular polarization and, over the next ten years or so, I was obliged to explain circular polarization literally hundreds of times and to all sorts of people. I strongly believe that the string example is the quickest and most effective way to explain circular polarization and how it is a consequence of the two dimensional transverse wave. AJim (talk) 03:49, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

I finally got around to trying to re-introduce the easy-to-understand thought experiment. Please try to improve it, but please don't try to remove it because it is obvious to the sophisticated and not fully abstract. AJim (talk) 20:11, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Speed of logitudinal disturbance in transverse waves
Im trying to get clear in my mind the reason for the fact that longitudinal distubances in transverse waves can actually travel faster (or slower) than transverse fluctuations. Its something to do with the derivative of a function I think but could someone point me in the right direction. Do I start with the wave equation?--Light current 16:22, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Answer for above question
You are on the right track with the wave equation. The easiest way to visualize this idea is to think about a a wave that travels on a streched string, like the pluck of a harp or the striking of a piano. The wave equation for a traveling transverse wave on a stretched string is

d²y/dx² = μ/T d²y/dt²

Where T = tension on the string and μ = mass per unit length and the wave velocity (longitudinally) = The square root of (T/μ) This equation comes from an analysis of the forces exerted on a very small length of the string as it is bent under tension.

A solution of the above differential equation gives the motion function

y(x,t) = A sin ((2π/λ) (x-vt))

where λ = wavelength of the transverse vibration and v = the longitudinal velocity This allows you to see the difference in the longitudinal velocity and the transverse velocity. The transverse speed of a propagating wave is not constant. In order to see what the maximum velocity of the transverse function is, you have to take a derivative irt time of the above function. that gives you

dy(x,t)= A (2πv/λ) cos ((2π/λ) (x-vt)

Where A2πv/λ will be your maximum velocity in the transverse direction.

The main idea is that the velocity in the transverse direction will change depending on the phase of the wave.The phase is what all the terms in the cos are equal to. When the Y = the maximum height, the velocity will = 0 because it cooresponds to a 90 degree phase. The cos of 90 degrees = 0 so velocity will equal zero. When the wave comes through the equilibrium point transversely, its at its maximum velocity on the Y axis which cooresponds to a phase of 0 degrees or 180 degrees.

The velocity on the X axis (longitudinally) will always be constant because it is determined by the qualities of the medium it is traveling. For a string, it happens to be The square root of (T/μ)

hope this helped.

 * Yeah its useful and a good start. THanks--Light current 12:44, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Why does this article need cleaned up?
This article looks fine to me, can someone suggest a reason why the cleanup tag should still be applied to this page? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.101.55.134 (talk) 06:19, 22 February 2007 (UTC).
 * various parts of the article have somewhat strange wording, repetitiveness(if that is even a word), and other small things, I edited some out, somebody else look around for similar stuff. --FranzSS 04:51, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

-->This sentence in the introduction was at best nonsensical, and at worst patently wrong: "A transverse wave has 3 nodes and 2 antinodes." Minor change, but gets my goat.--Jovial Air 21:27, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

"A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring" - see Article There is no Wikipedia article for "Transverse El;ectromagnetic Wave". This is the nearest you get. It excludes the TEM step, or pulse, travelling down a USB cable. - Ivor Catt http://www.electromagnetism.demon.co.uk/17136.htm

'Cleaned Up' tag removal
The first paragraph is perfectly clear now and, looking at the revised article, there is no reason for the clean up tag. I suggest it be removed.

Wikipedia really need an entry for the Transverse Electromagnetic Wave. Key information about it cannot be extracted from this entry. Also see electromagnetism.demon.co.uk/17136.htm. Ivor Catt 24 July 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ivor Catt (talk • contribs) 14:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Removed "No Reference Tag"
There is a reference at the bottom. Reference could have been added and tag not removed at some point... TravisMay6 (talk) 03:44, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Light wave chart is wrong.
The Electric and the Magnetic components of the wave should have phase difference of pi/2. Then the wave can carry energy in the direction of propagation, represented by the Poisson's vector, rotating in the plane, perpendicular to the direction of propagation. bspasov@yahoo.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.154.17.2 (talk) 03:54, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Disagree. A phase difference of pi/2 is only needed for circular polarization, not for linear polarization. The electric fields can be in phase, but with orthogonal axes, and then the Poynting vector (I think that this is what you mean) does indeed point along the axis of energy transfer. Klbrain (talk) 11:44, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

Ripples in a pond-transverse wave?
Shouldn't water surface waves also be thought of as longitudinal waves? Motion of individual molecules have both transverse and longitudinal components.174.253.198.233 (talk) 06:42, 8 November 2012 (UTC) Hey — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.46.250.87 (talk) 01:01, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Light Rays
Can someone explain why the section on Electromagnetic Waves consists largely of material concerning light rays? The single cited source is to a Zemax software user's guide chapter describing ray tracing. By contrast the corresponding section on the Electromagnetic Radiation page linking to this one is a clearly written description of electromagnetic wave model, being transverse waves, what that means etc.AveVeritas (talk) 12:41, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

Experiment's ambiguity
The 'Experiment' (I wouldn't use that term, personally; a more appropriate heading would be "In daily life" or "Examples") using the Slinky is ambiguously worded, and could produce transverse or longitudinal waves depending on whichever way the person moving the Slinky would choose to interpret the meaning of the experiment as.

YatharthROCK (talk) 11:54, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I completely agree. The Slinky is used - sensibly - in the longitudinal waves article to explain them! A better "experiment" for transverse waves is to waggle a rope or string, which is just what the next paragraph, Explanation, talks about. I have removed the Experiment section as "redundant example is redundant" and a confusing one is a disservice.
 * As an aside, it was also out of order. An Explanation should surely come before an Experiment so that you know what the experiment is about. 2.98.246.86 (talk) 10:10, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * For another example of the Slinky used to illustrate both longitudinal and transverse waves see the Wikibooks entry for Waves/Transverse, Longitudinal and Torsional waves. However they stop short of using the Slinky to illustrate the third type of wave motion they mention, and described as one of the three types in most academic sources I've seen, Torsional Waves. Compare to this use of the versatile Slinky: Understanding Physics: The Properties of Waves Torsional Waves are seen in the type of musical vibration Pythagoras pioneered, according to this paper: Torsional waves in a bowed string. Here's another clear description of these three wave motions and also elliptical waves, such as the clockwise movement of surface water: Online Physics Lab: Wave Fundamentals. Seeing as that last one is a high school physics reference, it's probably a good idea for someone with a proper physics background to begin pages for Torsional waves and Elliptical waves, or at the very least make redirects to appropriate sections elsewhere.

 * All that said, I see the sole source for this current article on an elementary physics subject is still the knowledge base of the 'Radiant Zemax' optical design software website, so I'm at a loss. AveVeritas (talk) 07:21, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

Misleading Example of Ripples in Intro
I'm a n00b, but AFAIK ripples on a pond are surface waves, which are definitely not a subset of transverse waves (or longitudinal ones, for that matter). (Although to be fair, they're mentioned as a way to help visualize the path of transverse waves, and not explicitly as examples of transverse waves.)

Someone should probably replace that with the Slinky mentioned in my previous section on this page, or add a disclaimer of sorts.

YatharthROCK (talk) 14:28, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transverse wave


text:
Minatitlán, Veracruz

Minatitlán is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the southeastern part of the state, in the Olmeca region, to the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, along the Coatzacoalcos River.

In 2010 the greater metropolitan area had a population of 356,020.

Minatitlán is home to the ''Refinería Gral. Lázaro Cárdenas del Río'' (now named for President Lázaro Cárdenas) a 1906 oil refinery that was the first such facility built in Latin America. The refinery underwent an expansion that started in 2003 to bring the capacity of the plant up to 240,000 barrels per day, up from its previous capacity of 185,000 barrels per day.

It is a sister city of Minatitlán, in the state of Colima, on the other side of the country. The local economy is largely dependent on the oil industry and trade.

The Feria del Café y Minería (Coffee and Mining Fair) is held each year in January.

Transportation
Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport, located in Cosoleacaque, serves Minatitlán. Mexican Federal Highways 145D, 150, 172, 185 pass through Minatitlán. A cable stayed bridge known as Puente Coatza II or Puente Antonio Dovalí Jaime was built to carry Highway 150 over the Coatzacoalcos River. It was constructed starting in 1979 and was opened by president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado on 17 October 1984. Coatza II has a center span of 288 m and an overall length of 698.25 m.

Sports
The Petroleros de Minatitlán (Minatitlán Oilers) play baseball in the Mexican League. The Gavilanes de Minatitlán (Minatitlán Hawks) play in the Veracruz Winter League. Both teams' homefield is the Parque 18 de marzo de 1938.

Notable people

 * Actress Blanca Estela Pavón was born in Minatitlán in 1926.
 * Artist Francisco Toledo attended school in Minatitlán in the 1940s.

Geography
The city is located in the Olmec region of the state and the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

The municipality covers an area of 4123.91 km2 and includes many small outlying communities.

Much of the city sits on reclaimed wetlands, and many new homes built on this reclaimed land have a tendency to sink up to several meters before settling. Much of the surrounding undeveloped land is marshy, especially towards the northeast direction of Coatzacoalcos.

title: Minatitlán, Veracruz