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Open University of Sri Lanka

The Open University of Sri Lanka (OUSL; ශ්‍රී ලංකා විවෘත විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, இலங்கை திறந்த பல்கலைக்கழகம்) is a national university in Sri Lanka. It is unique within the Sri Lankan national university system for being the only university to offer programs of study leading to certificate, diploma, degrees and postgraduate degrees up to PhD level through the Open and Distance Mode of Learning (ODL). The degrees awarded by the university are treated as equivalent to degrees awarded by any other Sri Lankan University under the preview of the University Grants Commission.

The OUSL Main Campus and Colombo regional centre (C010) is located in Colombo in Nawala, Nugegoda. There are 8 regional centers in addition to main campus at Nawala. They are:
 * Kandy Regional Center ( K030 ) – Polgolla, Kandy
 * Matara Regional Center ( M050 ) – Nupe, Matara
 * Jaffna Regional Center ( J060 ) – Kokuvil, Jaffna
 * Anuradhapura Regional Center ( K110 ) – Jayanthi Mawatha, Anuradhapura
 * Batticaloa Regional Center ( K070 ) – 23, New Road, Batticaloa
 * Badulla Regional Center – No 18/1, Bandaranayake Mw, Badulla
 * Kurunegala Regional Center ( K090 ) – Negombo Road, Malkaduwawa, Kurunegala
 * Ratnapura Regional Center ( C130 ) – Hidellana, Ratnapura

The Open University of Sri Lanka is currently ranked as No.9 among Sri Lankan Universities and No. 6353 among international Universities.

Establishment and history
The concept of establishing the Open University of Sri Lanka was by Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne the Cabinet Minister of Education & Higher Education at the time.

As Cabinet Minister of Education and Higher Education, Wijeyeratne introduced the Universities Act No 16 of 1978 to Parliament. The University of Ceylon was the only university in Ceylon from 1942 until 1978. As a result of this Act, it was separated into five independent universities: University of Colombo, University of Peradeniya, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, University of Kelaniya and University of Jaffna. He also proposed the establishment of the University of Ruhuna and the Open University of Sri Lanka.

The university was set up by the Government of Sri Lanka under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978, for the purpose of providing higher educational opportunities to working adults – providing them the road to success, surpassing age, vocation, gender, race, ethnicity and religion. The OUSL has the same legal and academic status as any other national university in Sri Lanka.

The university policy on admission would enable a person to register at the lowest 'Level' with mere basic literacy and then climb up to postgraduate level.

The concept of Distance Education at the OUSL functions through a dynamic network of regional and study centres, with knowledge imparted through multiple media. Therefore, students with work commitments are able to pursue studies since they interact with especially designed self-instructional materials where the materials function as a "Tutor in Print". This method provides the distance learner with the best possible learning opportunity to enable a balancing of personal, work related and academic obligations.

Admission
The open university of Sri Lanka has unique admission procedure and criteria for various study programmes.

Any Sri Lankan citizen above 18 years Of age can apply for the university and there are no upper age limit.

The university as " The peoples university" provide opportunity to climb up certificate level to PhD level and multiple entry and multiple outing options at various study levels.

 * Level 06 - Honours degree.
 * Level 05 - General degree.
 * Level 04 - Advanced diploma.
 * Level 03 - Diploma.
 * Level 02 - Advanced certificate.

For the degree progammes, the minimum requirement is three simple passes at G.C.E. advanced level examination. the university does not consider their Z scores or marks received at General common test. The open university of Sri Lanka accepts both Local and London AL results. In addition to ALs some professional degrees require recognized professional diploma for the admission. Several degree programmes started after a selection test while other programmes don't.

People who are not carrying Advanced level qualifications, can join with their G.C.E. Ordinary level qualifications to an Advanced certificate programme (degree foundation programmes) at Study Level 02 which is equivalent to G.C.E Advanced levels And SLQF level 02 .After successful completion of an advanced certificate programme, candidates can join with their desired degree or diploma programmes.

All students are Guided and supported by counselling sessions and orientation programmes before registration and throughout the programme. 70% -80% of course fee are sponsored by the government of Sri Lanka.

The university also offers certificate programmes at level 01 And Short courses at level 0 in various fields.

There are unique educational courses called "Continuous education courses (CE)" where an individual can continue his or her studies further without registering for a regular degree or diploma programmes.

All applications are should be submitted "Online " via OUSL web site and the university does not accept physical applications unless its a short course programme.

Administration

 * Chancellor – Prof. Dhammika Tantrigoda.
 * Vice-Chancellor – Prof. P.M.C.Thilakerathne.
 * Deputy Vice-chancellor – Dr. Ajith Madurapperuma.
 * Faculty Deans
 * Faculty of Education – Dr. (Mrs.) D.V.M. De Silva.
 * Faculty of Engineering Technology – Dr. L.S.K. Udugama.
 * Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences – Prof. Anton Piyarathne
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences – Prof. G.W.A. Rohan Fernando.
 * Faculty of Health Sciences- Dr. B. Sunil S. De Silva.
 * Faculty of Management Studies- Prof. Nalin Abeysekera.
 * Registrar – Ms. Vindya Jayasena.
 * Bursar – Dr. W.M.K.G.A. Wickramasinghe.
 * Librarian – Mr. Harsha Balasooriya(Act).

Chancellor
The Chancellor is the Head of the university and presides at the convocation of the university.

Professor Dhammika Tantrigoda is the present chancellor of the Open University of Sri Lanka. He was appointed the Chancellor of OUSL in September 2020.

Vice-Chancellor
The Vice-Chancellor is the head of administration of the university. Prof. P.M.C.Thilakerathne is the current Vice-Chancellor of The Open University of Sri Lanka. He was appointed on 25 June 2021. Current Deputy vice chancellor is Dr. Ajith Madurapperuma, appointed in December 2018.

Faculties
The university consists of six faculties and one postgraduate institute and several divisions. The six faculties are:
 * 1) Faculty of Education
 * 2) Faculty of Engineering Technology
 * 3) Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * 4) Faculty of Natural Sciences
 * 5) Faculty of Health Sciences
 * 6) Faculty of Management Studies
 * 7) Postgraduate Institute of English (PGIE)- This Post Graduate Institute offers two master's degree programs; Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) and Master of Arts in Teaching Literature in a Second Language context (TLSC)

Faculty of Education

 * Faculty Dean = Dr. (Mrs.) D.V.M. De Silva.

The Faculty of Education was established in 2003 and currently consists of three departments. These three departments are:

1. Department of Early Childhood and Primary Education 2. Department of Secondary & Tertiary Education 3. Department of Special Needs Education 4. C-DELTA Programme

Faculty of Engineering Technology

 * Faculty Dean, Dr. L.S.K. Udugama

The Faculty of Engineering Technology of OUSL offers Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering[BSc(Hons)Eng ], Bachelor of Industrial Studies (BIS), and Bachelor of Software Engineering Honours [BS.Eng(Hons)]. Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering degree offered by the Faculty of Engineering Technology is highly recognized by professional Engineering Institutions (IESL); both local and overseas to work as qualified Graduate Engineers. It is also the pioneer of introducing Mechatronics Engineering to Sri Lankan engineering education curricula and would be proud of producing the first graduate engineers in Mechatronics engineering in 2010 in Sri Lanka. The faculty consists of six departments. These six departments are:

1. Department of Agricultural and Plantation Engineering 2. Department of Civil Engineering 3. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 4. Department of Mechanical Engineering 5. Department of Mathematics and Philosophy of Engineering 6. Department of Textile and Apparel Technology

Faculty also offers two Master of Technology programs in Industrial Engineering and Construction Management; each conducted by Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering departments respectively.

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

 * Faculty Dean = Prof. Anton Piyarathne

The Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) is the largest faculty of the OUSL. The Faculty consists of the four following departments:

1. Department of English and Language Studies 2. Department of Law 3. Department of Social Studies 4. Department of English Language Teaching

Faculty of Natural Sciences

 * Faculty Dean = Professor G.W.A. Rohan Fernando.

The Faculty of Natural Sciences was established in 1987 and consists of the six following departments:

1. Department of Botany 2. Department of Chemistry 3. Department of Computer Science 4. Department of Mathematics 5. Department of Physics 6. Department of Zoology

Faculty of Health Sciences

 * Faculty Dean – Dr. B. Sunil S. De Silva.

The Faculty of health Sciences established in August 2015. It consists of six academic departments.

1. Department of Basic Sciences 2. Department of Health Education and Research 3. Department of Pharmacy 4. Department of Nursing 5. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences 6. Department of Psychology and Counselling

Faculty of Management Studies

 * Faculty Dean – Prof. Nalin Abeysekera.

The Faculty of Faculty of Management Studies established in May 2019 is the youngest faculty of the university. It consists of four academic departments.

1. Department of Organizational Studies 2. Department of Accounting and Finance 3. Department of Human Resource Management 4. Department of Marketing Management

Bachelors degree programmes
3 year General Degrees (level 05);

 * Bachelor of Science.
 * BA in Social sciences.
 * BA in youth and community development.
 * Bachelor of Science in Information Technology.

4 year Honours degrees (Level 06);

 * Bachelors of science Honours.
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Civil Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Mechanical Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Mechatronics Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Computer Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Agricultural Engineering
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Engineering specialization of Textile and Apparel Engineering
 * Bachelor of Software Engineering Honors.
 * Bachelor of Industrial Studies Honours specialization of Agriculture.
 * Bachelor of Industrial Studies Honours specialization of Fashion design and apparel production.
 * Bachelor of Industrial Studies Honours specialization of Textile manufacture.
 * Bachelor of Industrial Studies Honours specialization of Apparel production and management.
 * LLB Honours.
 * BMS Honours.
 * BLIS Honours.
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Nursing.
 * Bachelor of pharmacy Honours.
 * Bachelor of medical laboratory sciences Honours.
 * Bachelors of science Honours in psychology and counseling.
 * Bachelor of Science Honours in Information Technology.
 * BEdu.Honours Primary teaching.
 * BEdu .Honours Special needs education.
 * BEdu. Honours Natural sciences.
 * BEdu Honours drama and theatre.
 * BA Honours Tamil language and Tamil teaching.
 * BA Honours English language and English teaching.

Post graduate programmes
Sciences. (PhD and MPhil opportunities available).
 * Faculty of natural sciences.
 * MSc in environmental science.
 * MSc in medical entomology and applied parasitology. ( MPhil & PhD opportunities also available.)
 * Faculty of engineering technology.
 * Master of Science in Energy for Circular Economy (Joint programme with University of Moratuwa, University of Ruhuna and University of Peradeniya) - Offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * MSc in structural engineering.
 * Master of Energy Management - Offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * Master of Science in Industrial Engineering - Offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * (MPhil & PhD opportunities also available )
 * Faculty of Health sciences.
 * Masters in nursing.
 * Faculty of Humanities and social
 * LLM in criminal justice.
 * MA development studies and public policy.

 * Faculty of Management studies.
 * MBA in Human resources management.
 * Commonwealth executive master's in Business / Public administration.
 * Faculty of education
 * Masters of education.
 * MA in education.
 * Masters in special needs education.
 * MPhil education.
 * PhD education.
 * PGD in education.
 * PGD in special needs education.

Post graduate institute of English - PGIE
Post graduate institute of English of the open university is a dedicated institute for postgraduate level studies in English language and progression of English education in Sri Lanka. The institute issues following postgraduate programmes to the nation.

* PhD in English.

* Mphil in English.

* MA in English teaching.

* MA in literature teaching in second language context.

* PGD in Bilingual education.

* PGD in Professional practice in English.

* PGD in teaching English as a second language.

* English for Masters in teacher education

Centre for Educational Technology and media -CETMe
CETMe of ousl ensures quality education for all faculties through media and education technology. It supports to students by designing and developing self -instructional Materials and educational media. The centre consists of two units :

1 .Academic and research unit.

2 .Production unit - (media house).

CETMe also offers short courses on Educational media and technology, Online course for medical practitioners on old age psychiatry.

CETMe won 09 international awards from Japan, Iran and UNDP.

Centre for Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development (CESSD)
CESSD  of open university is established in 2015 with a mission of contribution academically to build a sustainable university, country and a world. Msc in environmental sciences program offered by the Environmental studies unit (ESU) Of CESSD  is one of the best Msc Environmental porogrammes offered within the Sri Lankan university system.

According to Green policy adopted by the open University of Sri Lanka in 2018, CESSD  involving process of offering more study programmes, engage with environmental research and advocacy, designing few collaborating research projects with UK and Germany.

CESSD  has also created Green committee  and  Green Club  forums, provides spaces for teachers and students at open university to engage with  Green university concept  of the OUSL and its activities.

Foreign memberships and recognition
The open university of Sri Lanka is a member of Association of commonwealth universities (ACU) and Asian Association of open universities (AAOU)

Thus, qualifications offered by open university of Sri Lanka is recognized worldwide; the university also offers fellow ship programmes to officers from above mentioned international academic bodies and Open university of Sri Lanka (OUSL) accepts both national and international students. Currently, many graduates are engaged in their post graduate studies and also employments in international context.

Psychological Counselling Unit
The psychological counselling unit will be committed to meet the needs of students and staff members of OUSL Strive to create an environment where you can feel at home. The service is totally free and confidential.The unit provides following services ;

1. Individual counselling.

2. Group counselling.

3. Workshops and talks on relevant aspects.

4. Training and advocate on counselling skill to the staff.

Non-Academic/ Support Divisions

 * Library Services
 * Educational Technology
 * Regional Educational Services
 * Information Technology
 * Staff Development Centre

Administrative divisions
The administration is done by other Divisions.

Finance Division Information Technology Division Establishment Division General Administration Division Student Affairs Division Regional Educational Services Division Public Information office Maintenance Division Operations Division Internal and Government Audit Division Examination Division

Study Centers of OUSL
There are 18 study centers in OUSL distributed all over Sri Lanka.
 * 1) Ambalangoda ( M041 ) – 80/1.Polwatte Road, Halwatura, Ambalangoda
 * 2) Ambalantota ( M051 ) – Rajasaranagama Road, Lunama South, Ambalantota
 * 3) Ampara ( K080 ) – Inginiyagala Road, Samapura, Ampara
 * 4) Bandarawela ( K120 ) – St Thomas Road, Wewatenna, Bandarawela
 * 5) Galle ( M040 ) – Labuduwa, Galle
 * 6) Gampaha ( C200 ) – Gampaha Road, Miriswatte, Mudungoda
 * 7) Hatton ( K122 ) – Thomndaman Vocational Training Center, Hatton
 * 8) Kegalle ( K140 ) – Kumarathunga Munidasa Mawatha, Kegalle
 * 9) Kalutara ( C020 ) – 66/2, Nagoda Road, Kalutara
 * 10) Kilinochchi ( K032 ) – Lwa Resources Center, Kandy Rd, Kilinochchi
 * 11) Kuliyapitiya ( C100 ) – No.21 Lionel Jayathilaka Mw, Kuliyapitiya
 * 12) Mannar – ( NP44 ) No 363, Thalaimannar Road, Mannar
 * 13) Mullaithivu – ( NP43 ) Oddusuddan Road, Puthukkudiyiruppu, Mullaithivu
 * 14) Monaragala ( M180 ) – Technical College Junction, Sirigala, Potuvil Rd., Monaragala
 * 15) Polonnaruwa ( K150 ) – 24, Post Bediwewa, Jayanthipura, Polonnaruwa
 * 16) Puttalam ( C135 ) – 1/137, Colombo Rd., Puttalam
 * 17) Ratnapura ( C130 ) – Hiddellna, Ratnapura
 * 18) Vavuniya (NP41) – No. 366, Kandy Rd., Thekkawaththai, Vavuniya

Students Unions
"Open University Students Unity" to protect students rights.

Studying at OUSL
The distance learning methodology adopted by the OUSL may initially appear as a challenging task to students. In addition to gaining subject knowledge and skills, students develop many other life skills, including, self-organization, and time management. Regular lectures, a feature of face-to-face teaching at a conventional university, is minimal at the OUSL. Instead, students learn through with other forms of support that facilitate learning.

 * Study package

The OUSL adopts a multimedia system for teaching with a strong emphasis on distance learning. The study system supports the students through printed course material, audio visual aids, discussions, day schools, tutor clinics, lab and field works, industry visits, web-based learning, etc. Continuous assessments and final examinations are also integral parts of the study system.

Printed course material is the center element in the study package. Improving reading skills is therefore essential to be successful as an OUSL student. Where applicable, students will also be provided with other supportive material applicable to a course, such as study guides, practical guides, audio visual material, etc. Printed course materials are carefully prepared to suit self study and independent learning. The printed course materials provide the students the subject knowledge of the course. The clearly outline the objectives of the course and what the student will be able to achieve by studying the course. Self-assessment questions and activities included in the course material will enable the learners to continuously assess themselves as they proceed. Printed course materials are normally provided at the time of registration for a programme/course.

OUSL vocabulary
Once become a student of the OUSL, student need to be familiar with the OUSL terminology. It is important that student understand these terms clearly and be vigilant of these, since most are related to student's performance in studies.

A Programme of study consists of a combination of compulsory and optional courses, which leads to a certificates, certificate of advanced study, diploma, degree or a postgraduate degree.

A Stand Alone Course is a course which can be considered as a separate entity. These courses can be offered by any person who wishes to upgrade the knowledge in a particular subject area, without registering for a regular programme of study, such as a Degree/Certificate Programme. many courses of the Degree Programmes are offered as Stand Alone Courses.

Continuing education courses are offered for students registered for regular programmes of study who wish to widen their knowledge in areas of their choice These include support courses, such as Mathematics, English, Computer literacy, etc. A student can offer a limited number of continuing education courses, over and above the maximum workload allowed during an academic year.

Advanced certificate in Science (ACS) and Advanced certificate in Social sciences(ACSS) are courses offered for those who lack academic qualifications equivalent to that of G.C.E Advanced Level in Sri Lanka. Thus, these are particularly suited for students who lack direct entry requirements for the Degree Programme.it is two-year course equals to 12 & 13 grades of G.C.E Advanced level classes.

Credit Rating
Programmes as well as courses carry a credit rating. The 'Credit Rating' is the expression used in the OUSL to denote the "Academic value" of a course/programme. Please note that the word credit does not imply any measure of academic performance at an examination such as Credit Pass at G.C.E O/L or A/L Examination. The Credit rating gives a measure of the time expected to be spent on studying the course. At the OUSL, one credit is about 45 hours of study time. The time specified for a course involved, including reading and understanding course material, face-to-face sessions, continuous assessments, final examinations, consultation of reference materials, practical classes, etc. The credit rating of a programme increases progressively, with Certificates usually being 36 credits, a Diploma 90 credits and Undergraduate Degrees comprising 150 or 177 credits, depending on whether degree is a three or four-year programme.

The credit rating of courses also vary. The minimum credit rating of courses presently offered by the Faculty of Natural Sciences is 3. Average total time expected to be spent on a 3 credit course is around 135 hours. In actual study time, this would mean a student is expected to spend 5 hours per week on average, for a 3 credit course that is offered during one year (30 weeks ).

The maximum workload a student may undertake in an academic year is 45 credits. A student may register for a maximum of 2 programmes in the OUSL. However, both programmes should be 45 credits, This corresponds approximately to the workload undertaken in an academic year by a full-time student in conventional university. Many students, who are either employed or with other commitments find it difficult to spend this much of time for their studies and handle this full workload. Students are therefore strongly advised not to register for more than 27 credits especially in their first year of study.

Course Code
Each course offered by the university is assigned a course code. This code includes certain components of identification that uniquely identifies the course. The particular subject area/discipline is one component of identification used when assigning course codes. The course code also informs the Program of Study for which the course is offered and the level of study at which it is offered. Courses for undergraduate degrees are offered at Levels 3,4,5, and 6, whilst Courses in Foundation are offered at Level 2. In assigning course codes, the program of study is identified by a letter and the level of study is by a digit.

Incorporating all of the above components, each course is assigned a course code consisting of 7 alphanumeric characters. The first three letters indicate the area of discipline and the program of study. The first digit reflects the level of study, the second digit multiplied by 3 will give the credit rating. the last two digits give a unique serial number for the course.

Support for Learning through Personal Tutors
Each student is assigned a personal tutor/counselor during the pre-registration orientation sessions of some programs. The Personal Tutor will guide the students and provide greater awareness about the university, the study system and other particulars regarding the program of study.

Students are also reminded that it is mandatory to get the registration forms certified by the Personal Tutor before coming for registration.

Day Schools
Day Schools are interactive sessions where the student will get the opportunity to meet the respective course teachers to clarify any difficulty they come across in their study material. Attendance at day schools is not compulsory. However, attending a day school well prepared will immensely help students perform well in the courses. Day schools are held almost at all Regional Centers and the students have the option of attending a Day school held at a center of their choice. Study centres situated all over the island are facilitated to self - study  and  evaluation of OUSL students.

Tutor clinics are normally held just before the end of semester final exams as an additional help for students preparing for final exams.

Online Support & MyOUSL
In order to give the students additional help and also to familiarize them with modern learning trends and tools, some courses are supplemented with an online component. The online activities could be accessed from home or from the National Online Distance Education Service Access Centers (NAC centers) located at centers specified in Regional centers. Once the student register for a course with an online component, student will be further advised on how to access and use it.

Through MyOUSL, the link, students may access online moodle courses, personal details, timetables, payment details, submit final exam applications, etc..

The university has the entire idea of Open and Distant Learning system. And surely Online Support and MyOUSL is very helpful for the students.

Centre for Gender Equity and Eaquality :

Library
The OUSL operates a network of libraries comprising the main library at Central Campus, Nawala and 5 other main regional centers. In addition, there are small libraries in each of the Study Centers. The Main library is open for students from 8.30 am to 6.30 pm on each day including week-ends except Full Moon Poya Days and University holidays. The regional center libraries are open during working hours each day, except on Sundays and Mondays.

The main library is well equipped with a substantial collection of books in a wide variety of subjects and many foreign and local journals. The main library is also operates a fully equipped Audio Visual Resource Center (AVRC) with a substantial collection of videos, audios, to supplement print material. The AVRC provides internet facilities for study purposes of students.

In-house photocopying facilities are also available at very nominal rates for the convenience of all library users. The facility of getting inter-library loan of books, journals, and video films is also available. The library has copies of past examination papers, which are also available on the university website. Students are advised to read the library information sheets available at all libraries for more details on the facilities provided and how to make use of them.

Financial Assistant through Scholarships and Bursaries
The Open University of Sri Lanka provides a limited number of bursaries administered by the university and Mahapola Scholarships administered under the Mahapola Trust. Both the Bursaries and Scholarships are offered under the two schemes – merit and need. The main criterion for a merit scholarship is the overall student performance at Final Exams. Guidelines for the Bursaries and Mahapola Scholarships and further information are available with the Assistant Registrar of the each Faculty.

title: Open University of Sri Lanka


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IBM 8100

The IBM 8100 Information System, announced Oct. 3, 1978, was at one time IBM’s principal distributed processing engine, providing local processing capability under two incompatible operating systems (DPPX and DPCX) and was a follow-on to the IBM 3790.

The 8100, when used with the Distributed Processing Programming Executive (DPPX), was intended to provide turnkey distributed processing capabilities in a centrally controlled and managed network.

It never saw much success—one anonymous source, according to PC Magazine, called it a "boat anchor" —and became moribund when host-based networks went out of fashion. This, coupled with IBM's recognition that they had too many hardware and software systems with similar processing power and function, led to announcement in March 1986 that the 8100 line would not be expanded and a new System/370 compatible processor line, ES/9370, would be provided to replace it. In March 1987, IBM announced that it intended to provide in 1989 a version of DPPX/SP that would run on the new ES/9370. A formal announcement followed in March 1988 of DPPX/370, a version of DPPX that executed on the ES/9370 family of processors. DPPX/370 was made available to customers in December 1988.

DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive) was mainly to support a word processing system, Distributed Office Support Facility (DOSF).

Architecture
The 8100 was a 32-bit processor, but its instruction set reveals its lineage as the culmination of a line of so-called Universal Controller processors internally designated UC0 (8-bit), UC.5 (16-bit) and UC1 (32-bit). Each processor carried along the instruction set and architecture of the smaller processors, allowing programs written for a smaller processor to run on a larger one without change.

The 8100 had another interesting distinction in being one of the first commercially available systems to have a network with characteristics of what we now call local area networks, in particular the mechanism of packet passing. It was called the "8100 Loop" or "R-Loop" and it supported various attached terminals (such as the 3104), printers (such as the free-standing 3268-1) and other devices. Topologically this arranged terminals in a ring, with redundant sets of wires which allowed for a break in the wire to be tolerated simply by "turning back" the data on each side of the break.

The 8100 also supported an "intelligent" terminal called the 8775 (which shared the same case as the 3279 colour display terminal for IBM's mainframes and, like the 3279 was designed at IBM's UK Development Lab at Hursley Park, England) which was the first to ship with the ability to download its functionality from the host computer to which it was attached.

Product range

 * 8130 (various models) - Processor unit
 * 8140 (various models) - Processor unit
 * 8150 (various models) - Processor unit
 * 8101 - External disk unit
 * 8809 - External tape unit

What was notable about the machines was that they were designed to be "office-friendly", not requiring special power supplies or cooling systems, and running quietly. Their size also made them attractive in this environment.

Post mortem
In 1983, Computer Automation, Inc. offered a trade-in program for IBM 8100 users, in exchange for a CA-Syfa system. The offer was to accommodate those who purchased "two or three" 8100s for program development, and encountered too many obstacles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IBM 8100


text:
Talk:Cinema of India

Content addition
Pyrrho the Skipper and Deepfriedokra, as both you have option add content on this article, I pinged both of you. Please add this line "and in 2021, Telugu cinema became the largest film industry of India in terms of box-office.  ", in the article. The content is sourced. At least try to check article's edit history. I tried to him/her not to remove the already existing, longstanding, sourced content. Even during the addition I clearly mentioned the reason for my edit, but the other user Fostera12 have always reverted it saying that the discussion is going on. I am exhausted and pissed off, as I too have patience, how can I state the reason on every single talk page. If I need to mention every reason, then definitely it would be lengthy. Please look into this issue. As I said earlier, the other user always exaggerate the things. Also, he/she have falsely blamed me for the edits which aren't done by me (for example, see here Talk:RRR (film)). [For more understanding look into these discussions--User talk:DaxServer and User talk:Ab207/Archives/2022/September). Also, don't forget that the user Fostera12 was already blocked once due to his/her edit nature on the article Pan-Indian film. Please resolve this issue or at least add the content, so that I can leave Wikipedia as soon as possible. Jayanthkumar123 (talk) 02:58, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually, I have not added content to this page. I have no interest in the content of this page. Behavioral issues should be discussed at ANI. Here they just look like ad hominem fallacy Best -- Deepfriedokra (talk) 03:05, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Deepfriedokra, you are not getting me. I am requesting you to add this line--"and in 2021, Telugu cinema became the largest film industry of India in terms of box-office." including the below mentioned sources. As I don't have edit option here, I am requesting you to add the content, for which I have also mentioned reason supporting my request Jayanthkumar123 (talk) 03:20, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'd actually say no to the "and in 2021, Telugu cinema became the largest film industry of India in terms of box-office" based on the three refs you've provided. The Hindu and the India Today analyse the on going pan-India strategies and doesn't verify the claim. Namasthe Telanagana, I'd say that article looks like a run-off-the-mill blog, not to the mention the clickbait title. Do you more reliable sources for the claim? — DaxServer (t · m · c) 10:59, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ormax media also reported that Telugu cinema was the biggest Indian film industry during the pandemic years 2020-21. The report is available here with all the data. Business Standard published an article about the same. Ab207 (talk) 12:04, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * In such case, we shall attribute explicitly to the report that "..." as the report wasn't published or discussed (CMIIAW) in other reliable sources thus we can't put it in wiki voice — DaxServer (t · m · c) 10:30, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It was discussed Business Standard article. Also there's no conflicting viewpoint here, IINW. In that case, putting fact as an opinion might be contrary to WP:WIKIVOICE (Uncontested and uncontroversial factual assertions made by reliable sources should normally be directly stated in Wikipedia's voice.) -- Ab207 (talk) 14:30, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * In such cases, should be fine. If there's a contradicting report, then we'll have to see. Until then, I don't see a problem adding it in the Jayanth's format — DaxServer (t · m · c) 16:02, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah. As long as it's clear that the data is valid for these particular years only, there's no issue. -- Ab207 (talk) 16:51, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid you're doing the same mistake again. The refs you're adding doesn't verify the claim. What Ab207 and I discussed is about adding the sentence and a ref that verifies. I wouldn't put the Ormax report directly as we have a secondary RS that is talking about - Business Standard — DaxServer (t · m · c) 19:02, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Hi, DaxServer I have rephrased it as per discussion above. "As of 2021, in terms of box-office, Telugu cinema registered the highest revenue". Also please note that Telugu cinema is not a human being to become something. Please make sure proper language is used in wikipedia. This is not a kindergarten english classroom. The language use should be neutral in tone, and not opinionated. Fostera12 (talk) 05:14, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: India in Global Studies
— Assignment last updated by Adirrao (talk) 22:05, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

"List of indian films" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_indian_films&redirect=no List of indian films] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. –CopperyMarrow15 (talk | edits) Feel free to ping me! 01:26, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

"List of Indian films" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_films&redirect=no List of Indian films] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. –CopperyMarrow15 (talk | edits) Feel free to ping me! 01:26, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

"Lists of Indian films" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_Indian_films&redirect=no Lists of Indian films] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. –CopperyMarrow15 (talk | edits) Feel free to ping me! 01:26, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi! I would try to limit the use of some in the beginning when describing the rumors around the first indian film. It brings more skepticism and seems like more rumor than factual information.--Marie Emerson (talk) 05:50, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cinema of India


text:
Talk:History of cinema in India

This article has been listed at Duplicate articles. Cinema of India can incorporate the History of cinema in India. The former has very less content and the latter doesn't talk anything about history. Jay 17:50, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of cinema in India


text:
Natchez Trace Parkway

The Natchez Trace Parkway is a limited-access national parkway in the Southeastern United States that commemorates the historic Natchez Trace and preserves sections of that original trail. Its central feature is a two-lane road that extends 444 miles (715 km) from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee. Access to the parkway is limited, with more than 50 access points in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. The southern end of the route is in Natchez at its intersection with Liberty Road, and the northern end is northeast of Fairview, Tennessee, in the suburban community of Pasquo, at an intersection with Tennessee State Route 100. In addition to Natchez and Nashville, larger cities along the route include Jackson and Tupelo, Mississippi, and Florence, Alabama.

Maintenance
The road is maintained by the National Park Service and has been designated an All-American Road. Commercial traffic is prohibited along the entire route, and the speed limit is 50 mph, except north of Leiper's Fork, Tennessee, and Ridgeland, Mississippi, where the speed limit is reduced to 40 mph. The total area of the parkway is 51,746.50 acres, of which 51,680.64 acres are federal and 65.86 acres are not.

Unlike the older Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia and North Carolina, the Natchez Trace Parkway does feature direct interchanges with Interstate Highways.

The parkway is headquartered in Tupelo and has nine district offices: Leipers Fork, Meriwether Lewis, Cherokee, Tupelo, Dancy, Kosciusko, Ridgeland, Port Gibson, and Natchez. The parkway also manages two battlefields: Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site and Tupelo National Battlefield.

Footpath
The gentle sloping and curving alignment of the current route closely follows the original foot passage. Its design harkens back to the way the original interweaving trails aligned as an ancient salt lick-to-grazing pasture migratory route of the American bison and other game that moved between grazing the pastures of central and western Mississippi and the salt and other mineral surface deposits of the Cumberland Plateau. The route generally traverses the tops of the low hills and ridges of the watershed divides from northeast to southwest.

Native Americans, following the "traces" of bison and other game, further improved this walking trail for foot-borne commerce between major villages located in central Mississippi and middle Tennessee. The route is locally circuitous, but by traversing this route, the bison, and later humans, avoided the endless, energy-taxing climbing and descending of the many hills along the way. Also avoided was the danger to a herd (or groups of human travelers) of being caught en masse at the bottom of a hollow or valley if attacked by predators. The nature of the route, to this day, affords good all-around visibility for those who travel it. At all times, the road is on the high ground of the ridge dividing the watersheds and provides a view to either see or catch the scent of danger, from a distance great enough to afford the time to flee to safety, if necessary.

By the time of European exploration and settlement, the route had become well known and established as the fastest means of communication between the Cumberland Plateau, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico settlements of Pensacola, Mobile, and New Orleans. In the early post-American Revolutionary War period of America's (south) westward expansion, the trace was the return route for American flat-boat commerce between the territories of the upper and lower Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland River valleys. The Americans constructed flat boats, loaded their commerce therein, and drifted upon those rivers, one-way south-southwestward to New Orleans, Louisiana. They would then sell their goods (including the salvageable logs of the flat boats and including enslaved people), and return home via the trace (for the middle section of their return trip), to as far away as Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Improved communications (steam boats, stagecoach lines, and railroads) and the development of ports along the rivers named above (e.g., Natchez; Memphis, Tennessee; Paducah, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; and Louisville, Kentucky) made the route obsolete as a means of passenger and freight commerce. As a result, no major population centers developed along the trace, because of its alignment, between its termini in Nashville and Natchez. The two cities of note, near or on the trace's alignment (Jackson and Tupelo, Mississippi), developed only as a result of their alignment along axes of communication different from the trace. Thus, the trace and its alignment are today almost entirely undeveloped and unspoiled along its whole route. Many sections of the original footpath are visible today for observing and hiking the parkway's right-of-way.

The Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail includes five sections of hiking and horse-riding trails.

Civilian Conservation Corps
Construction of the parkway was begun by the federal government in the 1930s, one of the many projects of the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression. The road was the proposal of U.S. Congressman T. Jeff Busby of Mississippi, who proposed it as a way to give tribute to the original Natchez Trace. Inspired by the proposal, the Daughters of the American Revolution began planting markers and monuments along the trace. In 1934, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration ordered a survey. President Roosevelt signed the legislation to create the parkway on May 18, 1938. Construction on the Parkway began in 1939, and the route was to be overseen by the National Park Service. Its length includes more than 45,000 acres (182 km2) and the towering Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge in Williamson County, Tennessee, completed in 1994 and one of only two post-tensioned, segmental concrete-arch bridges in the world.

The Emergency Appropriations Act of June 19, 1934, allocated initial construction funds and established it as a parkway under National Park Service by the act of May 18, 1938.

Gaps and completion
For many years in the later 20th century, most of the trace had been complete, but owing to a lack of funds, two gaps remained, both in Mississippi. One was a several-mile-long bypass of Jackson, between Interstate 55 at Ridgeland and Interstate 20 at Clinton. The other was between Liberty Road in the city of Natchez and U.S. Highway 61 near Washington. These final two segments were finally completed and opened on May 21, 2005.

In 2013, a new law required the National Park Service (NPS) to convey about 67 acres of property in the Natchez Trace Parkway to the State of Mississippi. It also adjusted the boundaries of the parkway to include 10 additional acres. The two pieces of land in question originally belonged to Mississippi and were donated to the NPS when it was trying to determine where to end the Natchez Trace Parkway.

Historical sites

Numerous historical sites on the Parkway include the Meriwether Lewis Museum, the refurbished Mount Locust stand, Historic French Camp, MS, and the Mississippi Craft Center in Ridgeland, Mississippi, which focuses on promoting Mississippi's native art. Between the Parkway and Old Port Gibson Road is the ghost town of Rocky Springs that thrived in the late 19th century. The old Rocky Springs Methodist Church, the cemetery, and several building sites still exist and are accessible from the parkway. Cypress Swamp is located at mile post 122. Also, several cascading waterfalls can be viewed; for access, some require a bit of hiking from the parkway. Besides, parts of the original trail are still accessible. The history of the Natchez Trace, including the parkway, is summarized at the Natchez Trace Visitor Center in Tupelo.

Emerald Mound, the second-largest Native American ceremonial mound in the United States, is located just west of the trace and north of Highway 61 near Natchez. It offers a unique look at the ingenuity and industry of native culture. Two smaller mounds rise from the top of the main mound and rise above treetops, offering a wide view. Travelers can reach Emerald Mound with a five-minute detour from the main trace highway. Emerald Mound measures 770 ft by 435 ft at the base and is 35 ft in height. The mound was built by depositing earth along the sides of a natural hill, thus reshaping it and creating an enormous artificial plateau.

The Ackia Battleground National Monument (established August 27, 1935, and now called Chickasaw Village) and Meriwether Lewis Park (proclaimed as Meriwether Lewis National Monument February 6, 1925, and transferred from the War Department August 10, 1933) were added to the parkway by the act of August 10, 1961.

Parkway highlights
Highlights include:

Natchez to Jackson

 * Milepost 10.3 Emerald Mound
 * 15.5 Mount Locust
 * 41.5 Sunken Trace
 * 54.8 Abandoned Town of Rocky Springs

Jackson to Tupelo

 * Milepost 105.6 Ross Barnett Reservoir Overlook
 * 107.9 West Florida Boundary
 * 122.0 Cypress Swamp
 * 203.5 Historic settlement of Pigeon Roost
 * 232.4 Bynum Mounds
 * 261.8 Chickasaw Village Site

Tupelo to Tennessee state line

 * Milepost 266 Natchez Trace Parkway Visitor Center
 * 269.4 Old Trace
 * 286.7 Pharr Mounds
 * 327.3 Colbert Ferry, also site #12 on the North Alabama Birding Trail
 * 330.2 Rock Spring Nature Trail, also site #10 on the North Alabama Birding Trail

Tennessee

 * Milepost 385.9 Meriwether Lewis Monument and Grave Site
 * 391.9 Fall Hallow Trail
 * 401.4 Tobacco Farm and Old Trace Drive
 * 404.7 Trail to Jackson Falls and Baker Bluff Overlook
 * 438 Bridge at Birdsong Hollow

Exit list
Mileage based on physical mileposts along the parkway.

title: Natchez Trace Parkway


text:
Welcome Interstate Managers

Welcome Interstate Managers is the third studio album by the American rock band Fountains of Wayne. It was released by S-Curve Records on June 10, 2003. The album contains the power pop single "Stacy's Mom," which reached number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's highest-charting hit in the United States.

Background
Fountains of Wayne was at a low point following the under-performance of 1999's Utopia Parkway, which led to them getting dropped by their then-label, Atlantic Records. The period when they were without a label was particularly hard on lead singer and co-songwriter Chris Collingwood. According to bassist and co-songwriter Adam Schlesinger in 2005, "I think Chris felt especially bummed during that whole period. He just sort of felt that we worked for a really long time and it didn't really add up to anything. And it didn't seem like the future had much in the way of promise. Chris wasn't writing a lot. I don't know if it was the whole thing of being in between labels but more just the whole thing of putting all that time into it and feeling it tapering off."

Eventually Schlesinger convinced Collingwood to start writing and recording "because it was the only way that I could get Chris to want to be a part of it. I was just like, 'Hey look, let's just go in and do like we have always done when we were 18. If we have a song we like, we'll just record it and eventually we'll see if we have an album'." By mid-2001, Fountains of Wayne had discussed plans for a new album.

Meanwhile, the band got in touch with several prospective labels, but balked at their insistence that the band record demos for consideration to be signed. According to Schlesinger, "We talked to a bunch of record companies before we had anything recorded. And everybody was like, 'Well we really like your band but we need to hear what you're working on. Do you have any demos or anything?' And we didn't want to make demos. We just found that kind of demeaning. But we were sort of at the point where we could have gone and made demos. And it was like, you know, for God's sake we've been doing this so long, we're not going to make a demo tape. We're just gonna go make a record and that's what we did."

Recording
Fountains of Wayne commenced recording their new album without any label support. According to drummer Brian Young, "Adam put up the money to do the recording, we converged in a studio in upstate New York, and we didn’t know what to expect. We all showed up with basically nothing. I had a stick bag, and the engineer mentioned to me, 'You know, it would’ve been a lot cooler if you showed up with nothing at all.' We were kind of going through the studio basement, looking for gear and taping stands together. It was funny."

Once the album was finished, Fountains of Wayne signed to S-Curve Records, whose executive vice president, Steve Yegelwel, had first signed the band when he was working as an A&R at Atlantic Records. Prior to the album's release, the band went on tour in November 2002 to road test the new material and build up fan anticipation for the new record.

Release and reception
The album was met with commercial success and favorable reviews, citing the album's catchy song structures and well-crafted lyrics reflecting struggles of the middle class lifestyle in the American East Coast. The album is widely regarded as the band's best effort and a prime example of early 2000s power pop. Review aggregating website Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

The lead single "Stacy's Mom" was released on May 20, 2003 to popular and critical success.

"Valley Winter Song" was used in a 2008 L.L. Bean Commercial.

The album was first pressed to vinyl for Record Store Day Black Friday in a limited run in 2020.

Covers
In 2009, Katy Perry performed a cover of "Hackensack" on MTV Unplugged, which was later released digitally.

In 2011, the band The Wonder Years performed a cover of "Hey Julie" for the charity compilation album, Vs. the Earthquake.

Personnel
Fountains of Wayne
 * Chris Collingwood – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, production
 * Jody Porter – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Adam Schlesinger – bass, rhythm guitar, synthesizers, backing vocals, production, engineering, mixing on "Bright Future in Sales" and "No Better Place"
 * Brian Young – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 * Ronnie Buttacavoli – trumpet on "Mexican Wine", flugelhorn on "Fire Island"
 * James Iha - guitar on "All Kinds of Time"
 * Robert Randolph - pedal steel on "Hung Up on You"
 * Jen Trynin - backing vocals and guitar on "No Better Place"

Technical personnel
 * Matt Beaudoin – assistant engineering
 * Collection of The New-York Historical Society – photography
 * Rudyard Lee Cullers – assistant engineering
 * Mike Denneen – production, engineering
 * Richard Furch – engineering
 * John Holbrook – mixing on all tracks, except where noted
 * Tom Lord-Alge – mixing on "Mexican Wine" and "Stacy's Mom"
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Frank Olinsky – art direction and design
 * Rafi Sofer – assistant engineering

title: Welcome Interstate Managers


text:
Martin Marietta

The Martin Marietta Corporation was an American company founded in 1961 through the merger of Glenn L. Martin Company and American-Marietta Corporation. In 1995, it merged with Lockheed Corporation to form Lockheed Martin.

History
Martin Marietta formed in 1961 by the merger of the Glenn L. Martin Company and American-Marietta Corporation.

Martin, based in Baltimore, was primarily an aerospace concern with a recent focus on missiles, namely its Titan program. This program was established in 1955 when the company secured the U.S. Air Force contract to build the country's second intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). American-Marietta was headquartered in Chicago and produced paints, dyes, metallurgical products, construction materials, and other goods.

In 1982, Martin Marietta was subject to a hostile takeover bid by the Bendix Corporation, headed by William Agee. Bendix bought the majority of Martin Marietta shares and in effect owned the company. However, Martin Marietta's management used the short time separating ownership and control to sell non-core businesses and launch its own hostile takeover of Bendix (known as the Pac-Man defense). Thomas G. Pownall, CEO of Martin Marietta, was successful and the end of this extraordinarily bitter battle saw Martin Marietta survive; Bendix was bought by Allied Corporation.

Timeline

 * 1961: Martin Marietta formed by merger of the Glenn L. Martin Company and American-Marietta Corporation
 * 1963: Martin Marietta starts building floating nuclear power plant MH-1A as part of the Army Nuclear Power Program
 * 1969: Martin Marietta commissioned to build the Mark IV monorail used on the Walt Disney World Monorail System between 1971 and 1989
 * 1971: Martin Marietta loses landmark sex discrimination suit before the Supreme Court, in Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
 * 1975: Acquires Hoskyns Group (UK IT services company)
 * 1982: Bendix Corporation's attempted takeover ends in its own sale to Allied Corporation; Martin Marietta survives
 * 1986: Wins contract to convert Titan II ICBMs into space launch vehicles. The Martin Company built the original ICBMs
 * 1987: Electronics & Missiles Group formed, headquartered in Orlando
 * 1991: Electronics & Missiles Group reorganized into the Electronics, Information & Missiles Group
 * 1993: Acquires GE Aerospace for 3 billion USD, allowing combined marketing of complementary systems, e.g. Martin Marietta's Titan missiles launching GE Aerospace's satellites
 * 1993: Acquires management contract for Sandia National Laboratories
 * 1993: Acquires General Dynamics' Space Systems Division, maker of the Atlas family of launch vehicles
 * 1994: Martin Marietta completed its initial public offering of 19% of the common stock of Martin Marietta Materials, which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as MLM
 * 1995: Martin Marietta merged with Lockheed Corporation to form Lockheed Martin
 * 1996: Lockheed Martin splits off Martin Marietta Materials as a separate and independent entity

Aircraft

 * Martin X-23 PRIME
 * Martin Marietta X-24A
 * Martin Marietta X-24B

Missiles and rockets

 * AGM-12 Bullpup
 * AGM-62 Walleye
 * Titan (rocket family)
 * HGM-25A Titan I
 * LGM-25C Titan II
 * Titan IIIA
 * Titan IIIB
 * Titan IIIC
 * Commercial Titan III
 * Titan IIID
 * Titan IIIE
 * Titan IV
 * Titan 23G
 * Titan 34D
 * M712 Copperhead
 * MGM-31 Pershing
 * Pershing II
 * MGM-51 Shillelagh
 * MGM-118 Peacekeeper
 * MGM-134 Midgetman
 * FGM-148 Javelin
 * AGR-14 ZAP
 * ASALM
 * Sprint (missile)
 * Atlas (rocket family)
 * Atlas I
 * Atlas II

Spacecraft

 * Magellan (spacecraft)
 * Mars Polar Lander
 * Viking program
 * Viking 1
 * Viking 2
 * WIND (spacecraft)
 * Lacrosse (satellite)

Unmanned aerial vehicles

 * Martin Marietta Model 845
 * AQM-127 SLAT

Significant components of vehicles

 * Space Shuttle external tank

title: Martin Marietta


text:
Zucchetto

The zucchetto (, also, , ; meaning 'small gourd', from zucca 'pumpkin'; plural in English: zucchettos) or solideo, officially a pileolus, is a small, hemispherical, form-fitting ecclesiastical skullcap worn by clerics of various Catholic Churches, the Syriac Orthodox Church, and by senior clergy in Anglicanism.

It is also called a pilus, pilos, pileus, pileolo, subbiretum, submitrale, soli deo, berrettino, calotte or calotta.

History
The zucchetto originated as the Greek pilos and is related to the beret (which itself was originally a large zucchetto). Clerics adopted the style circa the Early Middle Ages or earlier, to keep their heads warm and to insulate the tonsure. The name "zucchetto" derives from its resemblance to half a pumpkin. It is almost identical to the Jewish kippah or yarmulke, but typically differs in construction, with the zucchetto made of separate joined sections and color-coordinated to clerical status. The resemblance between the two types of headgear is often seen as being deliberate (a reference to the Jewish roots of Christianity), but the zucchetto is distinct from and predates the skullcap style of kippah and yarmulke.

Construction and design
In Catholicism, the modern zucchetto is most commonly made of silk. The design utilises eight gores or triangular panels that are joined at the tips to form a hemispherical skullcap. Jutting from the central tip of the zucchetto is the "stem", known as stirpis or stirpes. It is made of a twisted loop of silk cord and is meant to make handling the zucchetto easier. The stirpes is the primary visual distinction between the zucchetto and the Jewish kippah.

The zucchetto traditionally has a lining of thin white chamois as an insulator; this is also to help keep the shape of the zucchetto. Inside the trim, there is a strip of velvet to ensure a secure and comfortable fit. Most modern zucchetto designs include a cloth lining, and the contemporary trend is using ordinary synthetic cloth with a simple, natural cloth lining.

Colors
The color of the zucchetto in Catholicism denotes the office held by the wearer:

 * the pope's zucchetto is white;
 * members of religious orders with white habits (e.g., Norbertines) also may wear a white zucchetto made of wool.
 * those worn by cardinals are scarlet;
 * those of archbishops, bishops, territorial abbots and territorial prelates are amaranth;
 * non-territorial abbots, priests and deacons wear a black zucchetto.

Some Franciscans have adopted the practice of wearing a brown zucchetto to match their brown habit.

The most common Anglican design can be similar to the Catholic zucchetto or, far more often, similar to the Jewish kippah. A form of the zucchetto is worn by Anglican bishops and is used approximately like that of the Catholic Church. The Anglican "skullcap" differs from the zucchetto primarily in that it is made of six panels, bears a button at centre of the crown, and is of slightly larger dimensions. The other exception is that instead of the Catholic "church violet", Anglican churches usually (but not always) use purple caps on bishops.

In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, a seven-panel zucchetto called a  is worn by nearly all priests. It is always black and embroidered with black Orthodox crosses.

Usage
All ordained men in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church are entitled to wear the black zucchetto unless promoted to a higher office, and it is worn with either the cassock or liturgical vestments, never a suit. When a biretta or mitre is worn, a zucchetto is always worn underneath, hence its other names of subbirettum and submitrale.

The common tradition is for the cleric to obtain the zucchetto either from an ecclesiastical tailor or a retail church supply. There is also a tradition of friends buying a newly appointed bishop his first zucchetto.

A lower-ranking prelate must always doff his skullcap to a higher-ranking prelate; all prelates must remove their zucchetti in the presence of the pope, unless the pope prefers otherwise.

The zucchetto is worn throughout most of the Mass, is removed at the commencement of the Preface, and replaced at the conclusion of Communion, when the Blessed Sacrament is put away. The zucchetto is also not worn at any occasion where the Blessed Sacrament is exposed. A short zucchetto stand known as a funghellino (lit. "little mushroom", usually made of brass or wood) can be placed near the altar to provide a safe place for the zucchetto when it is not being worn.

Prelates often give away their skullcaps to the faithful. The practice, which was started in the modern era by Pope Pius XII, involves giving the zucchetto to the faithful, as a keepsake, if presented with a new one as a gift. Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis have continued the custom. The pope might choose not to give the visitor his own zucchetto, but rather place the gift zucchetto on his head for a moment as a blessing, then return it to the giver. Bishops, cardinals and archbishops such as Fulton J. Sheen frequently gave their old zucchetti in exchange for the newly offered one; Sheen also gave his zucchetto as a keepsake to laity who requested it.

title: Zucchetto


text:
Hormesis

Hormesis is a two-phased dose-response relationship to an environmental agent whereby low-dose amounts have a beneficial effect and high-dose amounts are either inhibitory to function or toxic. Within the hormetic zone, the biological response to low-dose amounts of some stressors is generally favorable. An example is the breathing of oxygen, which is required in low amounts (in air) via respiration in living animals, but can be toxic in high amounts, even in a managed clinical setting.

In toxicology, hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon to xenobiotics or other stressors. In physiology and nutrition, hormesis has regions extending from low-dose deficiencies to homeostasis, and potential toxicity at high levels. Physiological concentrations of an agent above or below homeostasis may adversely affect an organism, where the hormetic zone is a region of homeostasis of balanced nutrition. In pharmacology, the hormetic zone is similar to the therapeutic window.

In the context of toxicology, the hormesis model of dose response is vigorously debated. The biochemical mechanisms by which hormesis works (particularly in applied cases pertaining to behavior and toxins) remain under early laboratory research and are not well understood.

Etymology
The term "hormesis" derives from Greek hórmēsis for "rapid motion, eagerness", itself from ancient Greek to excite. The same Greek root provides the word hormone. The term "hormetics" is used for the study of hormesis. The word hormesis was first reported in English in 1943.

History
A form of hormesis famous in antiquity was Mithridatism, the practice whereby Mithridates VI of Pontus supposedly made himself immune to a variety of toxins by regular exposure to small doses. Mithridate and theriac, polypharmaceutical electuaries claiming descent from his formula and initially including flesh from poisonous animals, were consumed for centuries by emperors, kings, and queens as protection against poison and ill health. In the Renaissance, the Swiss doctor Paracelsus said, "All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison."

German pharmacologist Hugo Schulz first described such a phenomenon in 1888 following his own observations that the growth of yeast could be stimulated by small doses of poisons. This was coupled with the work of German physician Rudolph Arndt, who studied animals given low doses of drugs, eventually giving rise to the Arndt–Schulz rule. Arndt's advocacy of homeopathy contributed to the rule's diminished credibility in the 1920s and 1930s. The term "hormesis" was coined and used for the first time in a scientific paper by Chester M. Southam and J. Ehrlich in 1943 in the journal Phytopathology, volume 33, pp. 517–541.

In 2004, Edward Calabrese evaluated the concept of hormesis. Over 600 substances show a U-shaped dose–response relationship; Calabrese and Baldwin wrote: "One percent (195 out of 20,285) of the published articles contained 668 dose-response relationships that met the entry criteria [of a U-shaped response indicative of hormesis]"

Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is produced in small quantities across phylogenetic kingdoms, where it has essential roles as a neurotransmitter (subcategorized as a gasotransmitter). The majority of endogenous carbon monoxide is produced by heme oxygenase; the loss of heme oxygenase and subsequent loss of carbon monoxide signaling has catastrophic implications for an organism. In addition to physiological roles, small amounts of carbon monoxide can be inhaled or administered in the form of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules as a therapeutic agent.

Regarding the hormetic curve graph:

 * Deficiency zone: an absence of carbon monoxide signaling has toxic implications
 * Hormetic zone / region of homeostasis: small amount of carbon monoxide has a positive effect:
 * essential as a neurotransmitter
 * beneficial as a pharmaceutical
 * Toxicity zone: excessive exposure results in carbon monoxide poisoning

Oxygen
Many organisms maintain a hormesis relationship with oxygen, which follows a hormetic curve similar to carbon monoxide:

 * Deficiency zone: hypoxia / asphyxia
 * Hormetic zone / region of homeostasis
 * Toxicity zone: oxidative stress

Physical exercise
Physical exercise intensity may exhibit a hormetic curve. Individuals with low levels of physical activity are at risk for some diseases; however, individuals engaged in moderate, regular exercise may experience less disease risk.

Mitohormesis
The possible effect of small amounts of oxidative stress is under laboratory research. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a source of chemical energy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discarded as unwanted byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by the proponents of the free-radical theory of aging promoted by Denham Harman. The free-radical theory states that compounds inactivating ROS would lead to a reduction of oxidative stress and thereby produce an increase in lifespan, although this theory holds only in basic research. However, in over 19 clinical trials, "nutritional and genetic interventions to boost antioxidants have generally failed to increase life span."

Whether this concept applies to humans remains to be shown, although a 2007 epidemiological study supports the possibility of mitohormesis, indicating that supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A or vitamin E may increase disease prevalence in humans.

Alcohol
Alcohol is believed to be hormetic in preventing heart disease and stroke, although the benefits of light drinking may have been exaggerated. The gut microbiome of a typical healthy individual naturally ferments small amounts of ethanol, and in rare cases dysbiosis leads to auto-brewery syndrome, therefore whether benefits of alcohol are derived from the behavior of consuming alcoholic drinks or as a homeostasis factor in normal physiology via metabolites from commensal microbiota remains unclear.

In 2012, researchers at UCLA found that tiny amounts (1 mM, or 0.005%) of ethanol doubled the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm frequently used in biological studies, that were starved of other nutrients. Higher doses of 0.4% provided no longevity benefit. However, worms exposed to 0.005% did not develop normally (their development was arrested). The authors argue that the worms were using ethanol as an alternative energy source in the absence of other nutrition, or had initiated a stress response. They did not test the effect of ethanol on worms fed a normal diet.

Methylmercury
In 2010, a paper in the journal Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry showed that low doses of methylmercury, a potent neurotoxic pollutant, improved the hatching rate of mallard eggs. The author of the study, Gary Heinz, who led the study for the U.S. Geological Survey at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Beltsville, stated that other explanations are possible. For instance, the flock he studied might have harbored some low, subclinical infection and that mercury, well known to be antimicrobial, might have killed the infection that otherwise hurt reproduction in the untreated birds.

Ionizing radiation
Hormesis has been observed in a number of cases in humans and animals exposed to chronic low doses of ionizing radiation. A-bomb survivors who received high doses exhibited shortened lifespan and increased cancer mortality, but those who received low doses had lower cancer mortality than the Japanese average.

In Taiwan, recycled radiocontaminated steel was inadvertently used in the construction of over 100 apartment buildings, causing the long-term exposure of 10,000 people. The average dose rate was 50 mSv/year and a subset of the population (1,000 people) received a total dose over 4,000 mSv over ten years. In the widely used linear no-threshold model used by regulatory bodies, the expected cancer deaths in this population would have been 302 with 70 caused by the extra ionizing radiation, with the remainder caused by natural background radiation. The observed cancer rate, though, was quite low at 7 cancer deaths when 232 would be predicted by the LNT model had they not been exposed to the radiation from the building materials. Ionizing radiation hormesis appears to be at work.

Chemical and ionizing radiation combined
No experiment can be performed in perfect isolation. Thick lead shielding around a chemical dose experiment to rule out the effects of ionizing radiation is built and rigorously controlled for in the laboratory, and certainly not the field. Likewise the same applies for ionizing radiation studies. Ionizing radiation is released when an unstable particle releases radiation, creating two new substances and energy in the form of an electromagnetic wave. The resulting materials are then free to interact with any environmental elements, and the energy released can also be used as a catalyst in further ionizing radiation interactions.

The resulting confusion in the low-dose exposure field (radiation and chemical) arise from lack of consideration of this concept as described by Mothersill and Seymory.

Nucleotide excision repair
Veterans of the Gulf War (1991) who suffered from the persistent symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI) were likely exposed to stresses from toxic chemicals and/or radiation. The DNA damaging (genotoxic) effects of such exposures can be, at least partially, overcome by the DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Lymphocytes from GWI veterans exhibited a significantly elevated level of NER repair. It was suggested that this increased NER capability in exposed veterans was likely a hormetic response, that is, an induced protective response resulting from battlefield exposure.

Effects in aging
One of the areas where the concept of hormesis has been explored extensively with respect to its applicability is aging. Since the basic survival capacity of any biological system depends on its homeostatic ability, biogerontologists proposed that exposing cells and organisms to mild stress should result in the adaptive or hormetic response with various biological benefits. This idea has preliminary evidence showing that repetitive mild stress exposure may have anti-aging effects in laboratory models. Some mild stresses used for such studies on the application of hormesis in aging research and interventions are heat shock, irradiation, prooxidants, hypergravity, and food restriction. Such compounds that may modulate stress responses in cells have been termed "hormetins".

Controversy
Hormesis suggests dangerous substances have benefits. Concerns exist that the concept has been leveraged by lobbyists to weaken environmental regulations of some well-known toxic substances in the US.

Radiation controversy
The hypothesis of hormesis has generated the most controversy when applied to ionizing radiation. This hypothesis is called radiation hormesis. For policy-making purposes, the commonly accepted model of dose response in radiobiology is the linear no-threshold model (LNT), which assumes a strictly linear dependence between the risk of radiation-induced adverse health effects and radiation dose, implying that there is no safe dose of radiation for humans.

Nonetheless, many countries including the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland, and the United States have radon therapy centers whose whole primary operating principle is the assumption of radiation hormesis, or beneficial impact of small doses of radiation on human health. Countries such as Germany and Austria at the same time have imposed very strict antinuclear regulations, which have been described as radiophobic inconsistency.

The United States National Research Council (part of the National Academy of Sciences), the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (a body commissioned by the United States Congress) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation all agree that radiation hormesis is not clearly shown, nor clearly the rule for radiation doses.

A United States-based National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements stated in 2001 that evidence for radiation hormesis is insufficient and radiation protection authorities should continue to apply the LNT model for purposes of risk estimation.

A 2005 report commissioned by the French National Academy concluded that evidence for hormesis occurring at low doses is sufficient and LNT should be reconsidered as the methodology used to estimate risks from low-level sources of radiation, such as deep geological repositories for nuclear waste.

Policy consequences
Hormesis remains largely unknown to the public, requiring a policy change for a possible toxin to consider exposure risk of small doses.

title: Hormesis


text:
Centered hexagonal number

In mathematics and combinatorics, a centered hexagonal number, or hex number, is a centered figurate number that represents a hexagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center dot in a hexagonal lattice. The following figures illustrate this arrangement for the first four centered hexagonal numbers:
 * {|style="min-width: 325px;"|

! 1 !! !! 7 !! !! 19 !! !! 37
 * - style="text-align:center; color:red; vertical-align:middle;"
 * +1 || || +6 || || +12 || || +18

 * - style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; line-height:1.1em;"
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * }
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * }
 * }

Centered hexagonal numbers should not be confused with cornered hexagonal numbers, which are figurate numbers in which the associated hexagons share a vertex.

The sequence of hexagonal numbers starts out as follows :

 * 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, 169, 217, 271, 331, 397, 469, 547, 631, 721, 817, 919.

Formula

The $n$th centered hexagonal number is given by the formula

 * $$H(n) = n^3 - (n-1)^3 = 3n(n-1)+1 = 3n^2 - 3n +1. \,$$

Expressing the formula as

 * $$H(n) = 1+6\left(\frac{n(n-1)}{2}\right)$$

shows that the centered hexagonal number for $n$ is 1 more than 6 times the $n(n−1)$th triangular number.

In the opposite direction, the index $n$ corresponding to the centered hexagonal number $$H = H(n)$$ can be calculated using the formula

 * $$n=\frac{3+\sqrt{12H-3}}{6}.$$

This can be used as a test for whether a number $H$ is centered hexagonal: it will be if and only if the above expression is an integer.

Recurrence and generating function
The centered hexagonal numbers $$H(n)$$ satisfy the recurrence relation

 * $$H(n+1) = H(n) + 6n.$$

From this we can calculate the generating function $$F(x) = \sum_{n \ge 0} H(x) x^n$$. The generating function satisfies

 * $$F(x) = x + xF(x) + \sum_{n \ge 2} 6n x^n.$$

The latter term is the Taylor series of $$\frac{6x}{(1-x)^2} - 6x$$, so we get

 * $$(1 - x) F(x) = x + \frac{6x}{(1-x)^2} - 6x = \frac{x + 4x^2 + x^3}{(1-x)^2}$$

and end up at

 * $$F(x) = \frac{x + 4x^2 + x^3}{(1-x)^3}.$$

Properties
In base 10 one can notice that the hexagonal numbers' rightmost (least significant) digits follow the pattern 1–7–9–7–1 (repeating with period 5). This follows from the last digit of the triangle numbers which repeat 0-1-3-1-0 when taken modulo 5. In base 6 the rightmost digit is always 1: 16, 116, 316, 1016, 1416, 2316, 3316, 4416... This follows from the fact that every centered hexagonal number modulo 6 (=106) equals 1.

The sum of the first $n$ centered hexagonal numbers is $(n − 1)$. That is, centered hexagonal pyramidal numbers and cubes are the same numbers, but they represent different shapes. Viewed from the opposite perspective, centered hexagonal numbers are differences of two consecutive cubes, so that the centered hexagonal numbers are the gnomon of the cubes. (This can be seen geometrically from the diagram.) In particular, prime centered hexagonal numbers are cuban primes.

The difference between $n^{3}$ and the $n$th centered hexagonal number is a number of the form $(2n)^{2}$, while the difference between $3n^{2} + 3n − 1$ and the $n$th centered hexagonal number is a pronic number.

Applications
Many segmented mirror reflecting telescopes have primary mirrors comprising a centered hexagonal number of segments (neglecting the central segment removed to allow passage of light) to simplify the control system. Some examples:

title: Centered hexagonal number


text:
Gams (disambiguation)

Gams may be:

Acronyms

 * General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), a mathematical optimization computer program
 * Guide to Available Mathematical Software (GAMS), a project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
 * Graduate of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (GAMS), a degree in Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery nowadays called BAMS (Bachelor's degree in Ayurvedic Medicine and surgery)

Places

 * Gams, a municipality of Switzerland
 * Bad Gams, a municipality of Austria
 * Gams bei Hieflau, a municipality of Austria
 * Gams, German name for Kamnica, Maribor, a village northwest of Maribor, Slovenia

People

 * Helmut Gams, known by the author abbreviation "Gams"
 * Pius Bonifacius Gams, ecclesiastical historian

Music

 * "Gams", a song by the Cincinnati blues-rock group The Bronx Kill

Other

 * plural of Gam (nautical term), a social meeting between ships at sea

title: Gams (disambiguation)


text:
Okanagan Lake

Okanagan Lake is a lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The lake is 135 km long, between 4 and 5 km wide, and has a surface area of 348 km2 (135 sq. mi.).

Hydrography
Okanagan Lake is called a fjord lake as it has been carved out by repeated glaciations. Although the lake contains numerous lacustrine terraces, it is not uncommon for the lake to be 100 m deep only 10 m offshore. Major inflows include Mission, Vernon, Trout, Penticton, Equesis, Kelowna, Peachland and Powers Creeks. The lake is drained by the Okanagan River, which exits the lake's south end via a canal through the city of Penticton to Skaha Lake, whence the river continues southwards into the rest of the South Okanagan and through Okanogan County, Washington to its confluence with the Columbia.

The lake's maximum depth is 232 m near Grant Island (Nahun Weenox). There are three other islands: one known as Rattlesnake Island, much farther south by Squally Point. The other two are near Grant Island. They are unnamed and are located just north of the north-point of Whisky Cove at Carrs Landing. Some areas of the lake have up to 750 m of glacial and post-glacial sediment fill which were deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch.

Notable features of the Okanagan Valley include terraces which were formed due to the periodic lowering of the lake's predecessor, glacial Lake Penticton. These terraces are now used extensively for agriculture such as fruit cultivation.

Geographical context
Cities bordering the lake include Vernon in the north, Penticton in the south, and Kelowna, as well as the municipalities of Lake Country (north of Kelowna), West Kelowna (west of Kelowna), Peachland (south of West Kelowna), and Summerland (north-west of Penticton). Unincorporated communities include Naramata (north-east of Penticton).

Various lake features include Rattlesnake Island (a small island east of Peachland), Squally Point (a popular cliff-diving area) & Fintry Delta on the west side.

The five-lane William R. Bennett Bridge, a floating bridge with a high boat passage arch connects Kelowna to the city of West Kelowna and the community of Westbank. This bridge replaced the three-lane floating Okanagan Lake Bridge on May 30, 2008, which had a lift span for passage of large boats.

Steamboats

During the early days of settlement and development of the Okanagan region, the lack of roads in the region made the lake a natural corridor for passenger travel and freight. The Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service was the main carrier on the lakes, providing freight and passenger connections between Penticton, on the Kettle Valley Railway (the Southern Mainline) and Okanagan Landing (Vernon) for connections to the CPR Mainline at Sicamous via the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway. Smaller vessels such as the SS Naramata provided passenger service to smaller settlements around the lake, as well as excursions for tourists.

Vessels

 * SS York (freight)
 * SS Okanagan (luxury-class passenger service)
 * SS Aberdeen (luxury-class passenger service)
 * SS Sicamous (luxury-class passenger service)
 * SS Fairview (sternwheeler)
 * SS Naramata (excursion and water-taxi)
 * MV Lequime (Fintry Queen, excursion and water-taxi)
 * MV Lloyd-Jones - 1950-1960 (Bowen Queen 1960-1965, MV Vesuvius Queen 1965-1998)
 * MV Pendozi (steel ferry)
 * SS Kelowna (steam tug)
 * SS Castlegar (steam tug)
 * MV Aricia (ferry)
 * SS Clovelly (ferry) (ferry)
 * MV Grace Darling (1919) (1919 ferry)
 * MV Grace Darling (1923) (1923 ferry)
 * Canadian National Tug no. 6 (diesel tug)
 * Canadian National Tug no. 5 (tug)
 * MV Kelowna-Westbank (ferry)
 * MV Skookum (1912) (1912 ferry)
 * MV Skookum (1906) (1906 ferry)
 * MV Rattlesnake (ferry)
 * MV Trepanier (ferry)
 * Colleen (rowboat)
 * SS Maude-Moore (ferry)
 * MV Mallard (ferry)
 * MV Cygnet (ferry)
 * SS Red Star (tug)
 * SS Jubilee (early steamship)
 * Ruth Shorts (rowboat)
 * SS Mary Victoria Greenhow (early steamship)
 * SS Wanderer (early steamship)

Landings

 * Penticton
 * Naramata
 * Peachland
 * Summerland
 * Okanagan Mission
 * Kelowna
 * Okanagan Landing (Vernon)
 * Fintry
 * Carr's Landing
 * Ewing (Ewing's Landing)
 * Killiney Beach

Recreation
Many parks and beaches are found along the shores of the lake, which make boating and swimming very popular activities.

The lake is home to several species of fish, including rainbow trout and kokanee. It is said by some to be home to its own lake monster – a giant serpent-like creature named Ogopogo.

title: Okanagan Lake


text:
Anaglyph

Anaglyph (Greek ana+gluphein - "to carve") may refer to:
 * Anaglyph 3D, a method of encoding a three-dimensional image in a single picture by superimposing a pair of pictures
 * Ornament (art) carved in low relief

title: Anaglyph


text:
Talk:Bangalore

Requested move 21 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure) Natg 19 (talk) 16:57, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

Bangalore → Bengaluru – Bengaluru is a more commonly called name. It has been almost a decade since the official name change. Today, most of the media houses uses the name Bengaluru. Both state and central governments have completely changed the name of Bangalore to Bengaluru wherever necessary. Even most multi-national corporations and organizations refer to it as Bengaluru. So it is important that this page (Bangalore) be renamed or moved to Bengaluru, per WP:COMMONNAME. Jayanthkumar123 (talk) 16:43, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Right from government-purposes to several multi-national organizations situated in the city have been using the name Bengaluru. It has been a decade, since the name got changed. Sports franchises which are based in the city like Royal Challengers Bengaluru and Bengaluru FC, etc. are using the name Bengaluru. You can do a simple search on the internet, every news agency uses Bengaluru, from the national to the state media, everyone are using the word Bengaluru. Railway stations, airports, refer the city as Bengaluru . Culuturally, Bengaluru is familiar among the public. Jayanthkumar123 (talk) 16:20, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment: You haven't provided evidence for any of your statements. Please note that, without evidence, this move request is likely to be speedily closed. RegentsPark (comment) 17:55, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For context for RegentsPark's comment, I said in the June closure: "This is the thirteenth move request[ proposing this move....] While this has not been so frequent as to necessitate a WP:MORATORIUM, future move requests without substantial evidence should be speedily closed." Those previous requested moves are listed at the top of the page. SilverLocust 💬 18:14, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 12:27, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose for lack of any actual evidence. Wikipedia is a world-wide encyclopedia; people in India know about the changes, and may have changed their usage, but we need evidence that the majority of people over the whole world have changed their common usage to Bengaluru. - Arjayay (talk) 12:48, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Bangalore is still more common, and also more natural looking and sounding to English speakers. DieOuTransvaal (talk) 19:36, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The second part is completely irrelevant, particularly as English is widely spoken in India. AusLondonder (talk) 15:43, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment I would be inclined to support if sufficient evidence on usage is provided. Per WP:TIES we should use the name most common in Indian English usage. AusLondonder (talk) 20:08, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Procedural speedy close: The same proposed renaming has been rejected in 13 previous formal RMs. The last one was less than a year ago, and nothing dramatic has happened since then and the nominator has not put hardly any effort into providing more substantial evidence than was previously considered. Please give it a rest for a few years before trying this again. We shouldn't have to keep repeating this discussion this often. — BarrelProof (talk) 01:03, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No evidence this has become the common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:37, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No evidence for common name has been presented in the opening comment. Celia Homeford (talk) 12:56, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, no evidence provided for WP:COMMONNAME by WP:NAMECHANGES. Would possibly support if that is provided.  Dank Jae  21:52, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Why are we using an outdated colonial spelling of the name?
Should we rename the articles for Bombay and Calcutta as well? 192.34.130.239 (talk) 16:47, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 May 2024
{{subst:trim|1=

I want to edit climate of bengaluru.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 04:43, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 May 2024 (2)
Highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru is 41.8°c at Kengeri on April 30, 2024

Record high temperature in May is 41.1°c.

No source for Mega City
The population crossed 10 million in bangalore and hyderabad but there is no official census after 2011. Statista un reliable source for Bangalore and Hyderabad. There is no official data after 2011 census in Indian citites, so only 3 cities qualify as Mega cities Delhi, Mumbai & Kolkata as on today.Ustadeditor2011 (talk) 10:14, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bangalore


text:
User:Unconcerned/old5

Sum (Unix)
A template has been added to the article Sum (Unix), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Spazure 04:31, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As much as I despise impersonal template boxes and the like standardized language, I reshaped the article in question to make it less objectionable. As a side note, there are numerous UNIX utilities already described in Wikipedia and I feel one should not have to argue in defense of including yet another one.  While agreeing I have not done the greatest job at making the original Sum (Unix) appealing to the eye, the article was clearly marked as stub and thus inviting others to expand rather than mark for deletion and thus discourage contributions.  Please do not take this personally, but as an observation, template boxes on top of each other serve only as ballast and not as an open invitation to improve.  Thanks and regards. --Unconcerned 15:56, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I thought you should be informed that Sum (Unix) has been re-listed on AfD to "generate a more thorough discussion". I thought I should inform you in case you wanted to add any further comments. —gorgan_almighty 14:03, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There isn't much more I can do at this point.  A few more stubs I initiated got speedy deleted awhile ago from similar reasons.  Looks like Unix pages have to have a certain proportion of broken links to nonexistent util pages or else... --Unconcerned 05:00, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Unconcerned/old5


text:
Calcaneus

In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel; : calcanei or calcanea) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock.

Structure
In humans, the calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones and the largest bone of the foot. Its long axis is pointed forwards and laterally. The talus bone, calcaneus, and navicular bone are considered the proximal row of tarsal bones. In the calcaneus, several important structures can be distinguished:

There is a large calcaneal tuberosity located posteriorly on plantar surface with medial and lateral tubercles on its surface. Besides, there is another peroneal tubercle on its lateral surface. On its lower edge on either side are its lateral and medial processes (serving as the origins of the abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi). The Achilles tendon is inserted into a roughened area on its superior side and the cuboid bone articulates with its anterior side. On its superior side there are three articular surfaces for the articulation with the talus bone. Between these superior articulations and the equivalents on the talus is the tarsal sinus (a canal occupied by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament). At the upper and forepart of the medial surface of the calcaneus, below the middle talar facet, there is a horizontal eminence, the talar shelf (also sustentaculum tali). Sustentaculum tali gives attachment to the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, and medial talocalcaneal ligament. This eminence is concave above, and articulates with the middle calcaneal articular surface of the talus; below, it is grooved for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus; its anterior margin gives attachment to the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, and its medial margin to a part of the deltoid ligament of the ankle-joint.

On the lateral side is commonly a tubercle called the calcaneal tubercle (or trochlear process). This is a raised projection located between the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis. It separates the two oblique grooves of the lateral surface of the calcaneus (for the tendons of the peroneal muscles).

Its chief anatomical significance is as a point of divergence of the previously common pathway shared by the distal tendons of peroneus longus and peroneus brevis en route to their distinct respective attachment sites.

The calcaneus is part of two joints: the proximal intertarsal joint and the talocalcaneal joint. The point of the calcaneus is covered by the calcanean bursa.

Development
In the calcaneus, an ossification center develops during the 4th–7th week of fetal development.

Function
Three muscles insert on the calcaneus: the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. These muscles are part of the posterior compartment of the leg and aid in walking, running and jumping. Their specific functions include plantarflexion of the foot, flexion of the knee, and steadying the leg on the ankle during standing. The calcaneus also serves as origin for several short muscles that run along the sole of the foot and control the toes.

Clinical significance

Normally the tibia sits vertically above the calcaneus (pes rectus). If the calcaneal axis between these two bones is turned medially the foot is in an everted position (pes valgus), and if it is turned laterally the foot is in an inverted position (pes varus).
 * Calcaneal fracture, also known as lover's fracture and Don Juan fracture

Disease
The talar shelf is typically involved in subtalar or talocalcaneal tarsal coalition.

title: Calcaneus