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Battle of the Washita River

The Battle of the Washita River (also called Battle of the Washita or the Washita Massacre ) occurred on November 27, 1868, when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked Black Kettle's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River (the present-day Washita Battlefield National Historic Site near Cheyenne, Oklahoma).

The Cheyenne camp was the most isolated band of a major winter encampment along the river of numerous Native American tribal bands, totaling thousands of people. Custer's forces attacked the village because scouts had found it by tracking the trail of an Indian party that had raided white settlers. Black Kettle and his people had been at peace and were seeking peace. Custer's soldiers killed women and children in addition to warriors, although they also took many captive to serve as hostages and human shields. The number of Cheyenne killed in the attack has been disputed since the first reports.

Background
After the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty, they were – according to the final treaty text as affirmed by Congress – required to move south from present-day Kansas and Colorado to a new reservation in Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma). The actual oral accord of the treaty negotiations, however, had guaranteed the Cheyennes their traditional hunting lands as long as there was sufficient buffalo to justify the chase, a crucial treaty stipulation which was tacitly dropped in the subsequent ratification process. This forced them to give up their traditional territory for one with little arable land and away from buffalo, their main source of meat and a center of their culture. Months of fragile peace survived raids between warring Kaw Indians and Southern Cheyennes.

But in summer 1868, war parties of Southern Cheyenne and allied Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche, Northern Cheyenne, Brulé, Oglala, and Pawnee warriors attacked white settlements in western Kansas, southeast Colorado, and northwest Texas. Among these raids were those along the Solomon and Saline rivers in Kansas, which began August 10, 1868. The warriors killed at least 15 white settlers, wounded others, and were reported to have raped some women, as well as taking others captive to be adopted into their tribes.

In 1897, Kansas Rep. Horace L. Moore remarked at a meeting of the Kansas State Historical Society that "The total of losses from September 12, 1868, to February 9, 1869, exclusive of casualties incident to military operations, was 158 men murdered, sixteen wounded and forty-one scalped. Three scouts were killed, fourteen women outraged, one man was captured, four women and twenty-four children were carried off. Nearly all of these losses occurred in what we then called western Kansas, although the Saline, Solomon and Republican do not seem so very far west now".

On August 19, 1868, Colonel Edward W. Wynkoop, Indian Agent for the Cheyenne and Arapaho at Fort Larned, Kansas, interviewed Little Rock, a chief in Black Kettle's Cheyenne village. Little Rock told what he had learned about the raids along the Saline and Solomon rivers. According to Little Rock's account, a war party of about 200 Cheyenne from a camp above the forks of Walnut Creek departed camp intending to go out against the Pawnee. Instead, they raided white settlements along the Saline and Solomon rivers. Some of the warriors returned to Black Kettle's camp. Little Rock learned from them what took place. Little Rock identified the warriors most responsible for the raids and agreed to try to have them delivered to white authorities.

Winter camps on the Washita River

By early November 1868, Black Kettle's camp joined other Southern Cheyenne and other tribal bands at the Washita River, which they called Lodgepole River, after local pine trees. Black Kettle's village was the westernmost of a series of winter camps, of Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache bands, that ran ten to 15 miles along the Washita River.

Black Kettle's village was several miles west of the rest of the camps and consisted of around 50 Cheyenne lodges, plus one or two lodges of visiting Arapaho and two of visiting Lakota, for a total of about 250 inhabitants. Little Rock, the only council chief who had remained with Black Kettle since the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864, lived with his family in the village. It also included the families of Big Man, Wolf Looking Back, Clown, Cranky Man, Scabby Man, Half Leg, Bear Tongue, and Roll Down.

Downriver from Black Kettle's camp, the Washita River looped northward in a large oxbow. At its northern portion was the Arapaho camp of Little Raven, Big Mouth, Yellow Bear, and Spotted Wolf, a total of about 180 lodges. At the bottom of the loop was a large Southern Cheyenne camp under Medicine Arrows. Followers of Little Robe, Sand Hill, Stone Calf, Old Little Wolf (Big Jake), and Black White Man made up one large village, and nearby was a smaller Cheyenne village consisting of the followers of Old Whirlwind. These two Cheyenne villages, together comprising about 129 lodges, were situated along the oxbow southeast of Little Raven's Arapaho camp and west of a small Kiowa camp headed by Kicking Bird.

The Kiowa leaders Satanta, Lone Wolf, and Black Eagle had moved their villages to the Fort Cobb area. Downriver were other camps of Comanche and Kiowa-Apache. Overall, a total of about 6,000 Native Americans were in winter camp along the upper Washita River.

November 20 meeting at Fort Cobb
In mid-November, a party headed by Black Kettle and Little Robe of the Cheyenne, and Big Mouth and Spotted Wolf of the Arapaho, arrived at Fort Cobb to visit the post trader, William "Dutch Bill" Griffenstein. Griffenstein's wife Cheyenne Jennie, a Cheyenne originally of Black Kettle's camp, had died around October 10. Griffenstein had sent runners to inform her parents of her death, perhaps also sending a message to urge Black Kettle to come to talk with Colonel (Brevet Major General) William B. Hazen about making peace. The four chiefs met with Hazen on November 20, with Captain Henry Alvord of the Tenth Cavalry documenting the conversations.

Black Kettle began by saying to Hazen, "The Cheyennes, when south of the Arkansas, do not wish to return to the north side because they feared trouble there, but were continually told that they had better go there, as they would be rewarded for so doing." Hardoff notes that by the terms of the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation had the Arkansas River as its northern boundary. In April 1868, the U.S. Army distributed food provisions due the Cheyenne and Arapaho at Fort Larned and Fort Dodge, both north of the Arkansas. On August 9, 1868, they had distributed treaty annuities in the form of arms and ammunition at Fort Larned rather than south of the Arkansas.

Black Kettle continued, asking if he might move his people south to Fort Cobb:

"The Cheyennes do not fight at all this side of the Arkansas; they do not trouble Texas, but north of the Arkansas they are almost always at war. When lately north of the Arkansas, some young Cheyennes were fired upon and then the fight began. I have always done my best to keep my young men quiet, but some will not listen, and since the fighting began I have not been able to keep them all at home. But we all want peace, and I would be glad to move all my people down this way; I could then keep them all quietly near camp. My camp is now on the Washita, 40 miles east of the Antelope Hills, and I have there about 180 lodges. I speak only for my own people; I cannot speak nor control the Cheyenne north of the Arkansas."

Big Mouth of the Arapaho spoke next, saying in part:

"I never would have gone north of the Arkansas again, but my father there [the agent] sent for me time after time, saying it was the place for my people, and finally I went. No sooner had we got there than there was trouble. I do not want war, and my people do not, but although we have come back south of the Arkansas, the soldiers follow us and continue fighting, and we want you to send out and stop these soldiers from coming against us."

Hazen's October 13 orders from General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Military Division of the Missouri, had charged Hazen with making provision for Native Americans who wanted to stay out of the war. The orders stated if General Philip Sheridan had to invade the reservation to pursue hostile Native Americans, he needed to spare the "well-disposed". Sherman recommended that non-belligerent Native Americans camp near Fort Cobb. Hazen knew that Sheridan had already declared the Cheyenne and Arapaho to be "hostile", meaning they were subject to attack by the U.S. Army. Hazen told the four chiefs he could not make peace with them. He recommended against their coming to Fort Cobb, as their presence would jeopardize the peace of the Kiowa and Comanche already camped there. He told them,

"I am sent here as a peace chief; all here is to be peace, but north of the Arkansas is General Sheridan, the great war chief, and I do not control him; and he has all the soldiers who are fighting the Arapahoes and Cheyennes. Therefore, you must go back to your country, and if the soldiers come to fight, you must remember they are not from me, but from that great war chief, and with him you must make peace."

Reporting to Sherman on November 22, Hazen said, "[T]o have made peace with them would have brought to my camp most of those now on the war path south of the Arkansas; and as General Sheridan is to punish those at war and might follow them in afterwards, a second Chivington affair might occur, which I could not prevent." Hazen reported that while the chiefs seemed sincere, the Kiowa and Comanche at Fort Cobb said the young warriors who accompanied the chiefs were pleased that peace had not been made. They boasted that the Lakota and other northern bands would come down the following spring to "clean out the entire country." Hazen took the young warriors' boasts so seriously that he requested two more companies of the 10th Cavalry from Fort Arbuckle and two howitzers to remain for a week or two at Fort Cobb.

Black Kettle's return to the Washita

Black Kettle and the other chiefs departed Fort Cobb on about November 21 with food supplied by Griffenstein, traveling through storm conditions. They reached their villages on the Washita on the evening of November 26.

The evening before, on November 25, a war party of as many as 150 warriors, which included young men of the camps of Black Kettle, Medicine Arrows, Little Robe, and Old Whirlwind, had returned to the Washita encampments. They had raided white settlements in the Smoky Hill River country with the Dog Soldiers.

Major Joel Elliott of the Seventh Cavalry found the trail of the raiders on November 26, which drew Custer and his forces to the Washita. On November 26, the same day that Black Kettle returned to the Washita, a party of Kiowa returning from raiding the Utes passed through Black Kettle's camp on their way to their own village. They told the Cheyenne that as they had passed near the Antelope Hills on the Canadian River, they had seen a large trail leading southward toward the Washita camps. The Cheyenne discounted the information, as they did not believe U.S. soldiers would operate so far south in such wintry conditions. The Kiowa proceeded to their own village further east along the river, but Trails the Enemy decided to stay overnight with friends in Black Kettle's camp.

Also on November 26, Crow Neck, a returning warrior, told Bad Man (also known as Cranky Man) that he had left an exhausted horse along the trail to rest. When he went back to retrieve the horse that day, he saw moving figures to the north who looked like soldiers. Fearful, he turned back without getting his horse. Bad Man doubted Crow Neck had seen soldiers; he said perhaps he had a guilty conscience from having gone against the chiefs' wishes by joining the war party. Crow Neck told no one else what he had seen, fearing that he might be laughed at, or chastised by Black Kettle for having been part of the raid.

On the evening of November 26, Black Kettle held a council in his lodge with the principal men of his village to convey what he had learned at Fort Cobb about Sheridan's war plans. Discussion lasted into the early morning hours of November 27. The council decided that after the foot-deep snow cleared, they would send out runners to talk with the soldiers. They wanted to clear up misunderstandings and make it clear that Black Kettle's people wanted peace. Meanwhile, they decided to move camp the next day downriver to be closer to the other Indian camps.

According to Moving Behind Woman, who was about 14 at the time of the attack at the Washita camp, Black Kettle's wife Medicine Woman stood outside the lodge for a long time. She was angry that the camp was not moving that night, saying, "I don't like this delay, we could have moved long ago. The Agent sent word for us to leave at once. It seems we are crazy and deaf, and cannot hear." Black Hawk's brother White Shield (also known as Gentle Horse) had a vision of a wolf wounded on the right side of its head mourning its little ones, which had been scattered and killed by a powerful enemy. He tried to persuade Black Kettle to move camp immediately, but was unsuccessful. But five of Black Kettle's children (four daughters and a son) moved to the camp of Black Kettle's nephew Whirlwind, which was ten miles downriver (five miles straight-line distance).

Sheridan's offensive
General Philip Sheridan, in command of the U.S. Army's Department of the Missouri, decided upon a winter campaign against the Cheyenne. While difficult, a winter campaign offered chances for decisive results, since it was the only time of year the Plains Indians were immobilized. If their shelter, food, and livestock could be destroyed or captured, not only the warriors but their women and children would be at the mercy of both the Army and the elements. They would be forced to surrender. Sheridan planned to have three columns converge on the Indian wintering grounds just east of the Texas Panhandle: one from Fort Lyon in Colorado, one from Fort Bascom in New Mexico, and one from a supply camp to be established (Camp Supply). There, Lt. Col. George A. Custer commanded the 7th Cavalry's 800 soldiers against the various bands on the Washita River. They set out on November 23, 1868, in the midst of heavy snow, and headed south.

Custer's attack
On November 26, 1868, Custer's Osage scouts located the trail of an Indian war party. Custer's troops followed this trail all day without a break until nightfall, when they rested briefly until there was sufficient moonlight to continue. They followed the trail to Black Kettle's village, where Custer divided his force into four parts, moving each into position so that at first daylight they could simultaneously converge on the village. At daybreak, as the columns attacked, Double Wolf awoke and fired his gun to alert the village; he was among the first to die in the charge. The cavalry musicians played "Garryowen" to signal the attack. The Cheyenne warriors hurriedly left their lodges to take cover behind trees and in deep ravines. Custer soon controlled the village, but it took longer to quell all remaining resistance.

The Osage, enemies to the Cheyenne, were at war with most of the Plains tribes. The Osage scouts led Custer toward the village, hearing sounds and smelling smoke from the camp long before the soldiers. The Osage did not participate in the initial attack, fearing that the soldiers would mistake them for Cheyenne and shoot them. Instead, they waited behind the color-bearer of the 7th US Cavalry on the north side of the river until the village was taken. The Osage rode into the village, where they took scalps and helped the soldiers round up fleeing Cheyenne women and children.

Black Kettle and his wife, Medicine Woman, were shot in the back and killed while fleeing on a pony. Following the capture of Black Kettle's village, Custer was in a precarious position. As the fighting began to subside, he saw large groups of mounted Indians gathering on nearby hilltops and learned that Black Kettle's village was only one of many Indian encampments along the river, where thousands of Indians had gathered. Fearing an attack, he ordered some of his men to take defensive positions while the others seized the Indians' property and horses. They destroyed what they did not want or could not carry, slaughtering about 675 ponies and horses. They spared 200 horses to carry prisoners.

Near nightfall, fearing the outlying Indians would find and attack his supply train, Custer began marching his forces toward the other encampments. The surrounding Indians retreated, at which point Custer turned around and returned to his supply train.

In his first report of the battle to Gen. Sheridan on November 28, 1868, Custer reported that by "actual and careful examination after the battle", his men had found the bodies of 103 warriors – a figure repeated by Sheridan when he relayed news of the Washita fight to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.A. Nichols the following day. In fact, no count of the dead had been made. The reported number was based on Custer's reports from his officers the day after the attack, during their return to Camp Supply. Cheyenne and other Indian estimates of the Indian casualties at the Washita, as well as estimates by Custer's civilian scouts, are much lower.

According to a modern account by the U.S. Army Center of Military History, the 7th Cavalry had 21 officers and men killed and 13 wounded at the Washita. They estimated the Indians had perhaps 50 killed and as many wounded. Twenty of the soldiers killed were part of a small detachment led by Major Joel Elliott, who was among the dead. Elliott had separated from the three companies he led, apparently without Custer's approval. Yelling "Here's for a brevet or a coffin!", Elliott and his small band pursued a group of fleeing Cheyenne. Elliott's contingent ran into a mixed party of Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho warriors who were rushing from villages up the river to aid Black Kettle's encampment. The warriors overwhelmed the small troop in a single charge.

Custer's abrupt withdrawal without determining the fate of Elliott and the missing troopers darkened Custer's reputation among his peers. There was deep resentment within the 7th Cavalry that never healed. In particular, Frederick Benteen, Eliott's friend and H Company captain, never forgave Custer for "abandoning" Elliott and his troopers. Eight years later, when Benteen failed to race to Custer's aid at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, his actions were closely examined in light of his long-standing anger toward Custer for the events at the Washita River.

Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer's strategy

The Southern Cheyenne encampment on the Washita River comprised a key component in Custer's field strategy – Indian noncombatants included many women, children, and the elderly or disabled. Custer targeted them for capture to serve as hostages and human shields. Custer's battalions intended to "ride into the camp and secure noncombatant hostages" and "forc[e] the warriors to surrender". Custer demonstrated the value at the Battle of the Washita of a strategy that used "capture[d] women and children" to "neutralize" the Southern Cheyenne superiority in numbers over the US military.

Author James Donovan describes the 53 women and children seized at the Washita as "captives" or "prisoners." They were used by Custer to ensure the escape of his regiment as Cheyenne forces from nearby villages began "pressing his position". Historian Jerome Greene spelled out their function: "... fifty-three women and children taken captive at the Washita served as assurance against attack from the downriver [Indians] during Custer's extrication of his command from the scene late on November 27." As Custer advanced with his regiment in a mock assault – mounted women and children hostages riding among his troops – the warriors dispersed, "afraid that shots directed against the column might hit the prisoners".

Larry Sklenar, in his narrative of the Washita battle, also describes the role of "hostages" as human shields: "Custer probably could not have pulled off this tactical coup [at the Washita] had he not had in his possession the fifty-some women and children captives. Although not hostages in the narrowest meaning of the word, doubtlessly it occurred to Custer that the family-oriented [Cheyenne] warriors would not attack the Seventh [Cavalry] with the women and children marching in [the middle of his column]."

Custer provided the military logic for tactical use of human shields in his book My Life on the Plains, published two years before the Battle of the Little Big Horn: "Indians contemplating a battle, either offensive or defensive, are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger…For this reason I decided to locate our [military] camp as close as convenient to [Chief Black Kettle's Cheyenne] village, knowing that the close proximity of their women and children, and their necessary exposure in case of conflict, would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace, when the question of peace or war came to be discussed."

General Phil Sheridan, commander of the Department of the Missouri, issued orders for the Washita River expedition, including the following: "to destroy [Indian] villages and ponies, to kill or hang all warriors, and to bring back all woman and children [survivors]." The purpose of this "total war" strategy was to make "all segments of Indian society experience the horrors of war as fully as the warriors".

Benjamin "Ben" Clark, the highly regarded scout and guide attached to the Seventh Cavalry, recalled that women and children were not spared being killed at the Washita: "[T]he regiment galloped through the tepees ... firing indiscriminately and killing men and women alike." One cavalry unit was seen pursuing "a group of women and children," shooting at them and "killing them without mercy". Lieutenant Edward Godfrey observed that soldiers made no effort "to prevent hitting women" during the attack.

Ben Clark reported "the loss of seventy-five [Cheyenne] warriors dead, and fully as many women and children killed". Greene notes that "all warriors who lay wounded in the village – presumably no matter the extent of their injuries" were (according to Clark's testimony) "promptly shot to death". This was consistent with Sheridan's orders to kill or summarily hang all [captured] warriors. The Seventh Cavalry tactical engagement of noncombatants contributed to the effective "destruction" of Black Kettle's village – it "ceased to exist".

Colonel Ranald Mackenzie, with elements of the Fourth Cavalry, emulated the success – and methods – of the Battle of the Washita in the lead-up to the Red River War at the battle of North Fork, near McClellan Creek, Texas, in 1872. Applying similar tactics of taking captives, Mackenzie's command of 284 men attacked a Comanche village of 262 lodges and 500 warriors, capturing 130 women and children. The captives served both as human shields, as Mackenzie withdrew to his supply base, and as hostages, offered as a "bargaining tool to force the off-reservation Indians back to reservation, and to force them to free white captives".

Indian casualties at the Washita
The number of Indian casualties at the Washita reported by Custer has been controversial. In his first report of the battle to Gen. Sheridan on November 28, 1868, Custer reported that by "actual and careful examination after the battle," the bodies of 103 warriors were found  – a figure echoed by Sheridan when from Camp Supply he relayed news of the Washita fight to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.A. Nichols the following day. In fact, no battlefield count of the dead was made. According to Lt. Edward S. Godfrey, no estimate of Indian warrior fatalities was made until the evening of the day following the battle, after the soldiers made camp during their march back to Camp Supply. "On [the] second night [after the battle]," Godfrey told interviewer Walter M. Camp in 1917, "Custer interrogated the officers as to what Indians they had seen dead in the village, and it was from these reports that the official report of Indians killed was made up. The dead Indians on the field were not counted by the troops then, but guessed at later, as explained."

In his 1928 memoir, Godfrey related, "After supper in the evening, the officers were called together and each one questioned as to the casualties of enemy warriors, locations, etc. Every effort was made to avoid duplications. The total was found to be one hundred and three." Captain Benteen stated, in annotations to his personal copy of W.L. Holloway's Wild Life on the Plains and Horrors of Indian Warfare, that "Custer assembled the officers to inquire of each how many dead Indians each had seen; then what each had seen were added. They had all seen the same dead Indians." [emphasis in original].

John Poisal and Jack Fitzpatrick, mixed-blood scouts attached to the Seventh Cavalry, reported a different number of Indian casualties to scout J.S. Morrison when they arrived at Fort Dodge with the Cheyenne prisoners. In a letter to Indian Agent Col. Edward W. Wynkoop on December 14, 1868, Morrison wrote,

"John Smith, John Poysell [Poisal], and Jack Fitzpatrick have got in today. John S. was not in the [Washita] fight, but John P. and Jack were. They all agree in stating that the official reports of the fight were very much exaggerated; that there were not over twenty bucks killed; the rest, about 40, were women and children."The Cheyenne prisoners, interviewed by Gen. Sheridan at Camp Supply, reported 13 Cheyenne men, two Sioux, and one Arapaho killed at the Washita, a figure which Sheridan subsequently reported to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Nichols. The journalist DeB. Randolph Keim interviewed the women prisoners with the help of interpreter Richard Curtis. He obtained the names of those killed and arrived at the same figure of 13 Cheyenne, two Sioux, and one Arapaho killed. Later information from various Cheyenne sources, most of them independent of each other, tended to confirm the figures given by the Cheyenne women prisoners. Few of the military reports noted casualties among the women and children. Custer acknowledged in his report, "In the excitement of the fight, as well as in self-defence, it so happened that some of the squaws and a few of the children were killed and wounded...."

After Custer and Sheridan visited the battlefield in December, Custer revised his initial estimate of 103 warriors killed upward. He wrote from Fort Cobb, "The Indians admit a loss of 140 killed, besides a heavy loss of wounded. This, with the Indian prisoners we have in our possession, makes the entire loss of the Indian in killed, wounded, and missing not far from 300."

Hoig points out that if true, the number would mean that virtually everyone in Black Kettle's village was killed or captured. Greene states, "Custer's figures were inflated, and the specific sources of his information remain unknown."

Hardorff notes questions about this total. "This new number was based on information obtained from two imprisoned Kiowa chiefs at Fort Cobb who faced death by hanging. In view of their predicament, it seems likely that these men would have said anything to avoid the gallows. But such skepticism is not warranted in the case of the Washita prisoners. The Cheyenne women were allowed to mingle freely with the officers and knew many of them on an intimate basis. They were assured good treatment and had no apparent reason to distort their statements about dead kinsmen."

Greene finds the Cheyenne and other Indian estimates most reliable. He writes, "As might be expected, the best estimates must come from the people who suffered the losses," though noting, "even these do not agree." Utley, however, writes, "Indian calculations – a dozen warriors and twice as many women and children killed – are as improbably low as Custer's are high." Hoig writes, "Even though the number 103 was not arrived at by a precise battlefield count, it is a definite figure which has already been placed on historical markers of the battlefield. Since it will likely never be proved absolutely incorrect, the figure will undoubtedly remain accepted as the number of Indians killed by Custer at the Washita. History should make it clear, however, that the dead were by no means all warriors who were met in open battle and defeated."

Several of the Cheyenne accounts provide names of men killed at the Washita. In his book on the Washita, Greene provides an appendix of "Known Village Fatalities at the Washita." He compiled a list of all unique names, for a total of 40 men, 12 women (of whom 11 are unidentified), and six unidentified children. Greene notes that some individuals might have more than one name, so some entries might be duplicates. Using the same sources, Richard G. Hardorff has compiled a "Composite List of Names." It partially reconciles multiple names (or multiple translations of the same name) among the different sources; for example, the Mexican Pilan, with Indian names White Bear and Tall White Man; or Bitter Man/Cranky Man, also known as Bad Man. Writes Hardorff, "Some of the dead may have been identified by their birth name by one informant and by their nickname by another. Variations in the translation of personal names add to the confusion in the identification...."

Battle or massacre?

Following the event, a controversy arose as to whether the event was best described as a military victory or as a massacre. This discussion endures among historians to this day.

The Indian Bureau described the event as a "massacre of innocent Indians", and humanitarian groups denounced it as "cold-blooded butchery". The Cheyenne survivors considered it a horrifying event that gravely impacted their lives and community; the loss of many tribal elders, in particular, was profoundly damaging to Cheyenne families and society. Modern Cheyenne consider the event a massacre and are campaigning to change the name of the historical site to reflect that view.

Custer himself did not consider Washita a massacre, stating that he did not kill every Indian in the village, though he said his forces could not avoid killing a few women in the middle of the hard fight. He said that some women took up weapons and were subsequently killed and that he took women and children prisoners. In his book about the encounter, published in 2004 for the National Park Service, historian Jerome Greene concluded that "Soldiers evidently took measures to protect the women and children."

By early December 1868, the attack had provoked debate and criticism in the press. In the December 9 Leavenworth Evening Bulletin, an article noted: "Gen. S. Sandford and Tappan, and Col. Taylor of the Indian Peace Commission, unite in the opinion that the late battle with the Indians was simply an attack upon peaceful bands, which were on the march to their new reservations". The December 14 New York Tribune reported, "Col. Wynkoop, agent for the Cheyenne and Arapahos Indians, has published his letter of resignation. He regards Gen. Custer's late fight as simply a massacre, and says that Black Kettle and his band, friendly Indians, were, when attacked, on their way to their reservation." The scout James S. Morrison wrote Indian Agent Col. Wynkoop that twice as many women and children as warriors had been killed during the attack.

In Custer's direct frontal assault on an armed and ostensibly hostile encampment, the only fatality in the 7th Cavalry in the fighting in the village itself was squadron commander Captain Louis McLane Hamilton, a grandson of American founding father Alexander Hamilton. The rest of the dead were with the detached command of Maj. Joel Elliott, who (as noted above) were killed more than a mile from the fighting in the village. Companies A and D, composed of 120 officers and men, suffered only four wounded in the assault, and attacking Companies C and K, also totaling 120 officers and men, suffered no casualties.

Historian Paul Andrew Hutton wrote, "Although the fight on the Washita was most assuredly one-sided, it was not a massacre. Black Kettle's Cheyennes were not unarmed innocents living under the impression that they were not at war. Several of Black Kettle's warriors had recently fought the soldiers, and the chief had been informed by Hazen that there could be no peace until he surrendered to Sheridan. The soldiers were not under orders to kill everyone, for Custer personally stopped the slaying of noncombatants, and fifty-three prisoners were taken by the troops."

Historian Joseph B. Thoburn considers the destruction of Black Kettle's village too one-sided to be called a battle. He reasons that had a superior force of Indians attacked a white settlement containing no more people than were in Black Kettle's camp, with like results, the incident would doubtless have been heralded as "a massacre". Historian Stan Hoig argues that the conflict fit the definition of a massacre because a group of people, even one in possession of weapons as the Cheyenne were, were killed "indiscriminately, mercilessly and in large numbers".

In popular culture
During the late 20th century, a time of activism for Native American and minority civil rights, and protests about the Vietnam War, film and other media reflected changes in historians' perspective on the Battle of Washita River. They also used the event to reflect on contemporary issues. In the 1970 film Little Big Man, based on the 1964 novel by Thomas Berger, director Arthur Penn depicted the Seventh Cavalry's attack on Black Kettle's village on the Washita as a massacre resembling the 1968 My Lai massacre by U.S. troops in Vietnam.

John Jakes described the battle as a massacre in the final book of the North and South trilogy, Heaven and Hell, published in 1987.

The 1991 television film Son of the Morning Star, based on Evan S. Connell's non-fiction book of the same name, presented the battle from the points of view of Kate Bighead (Cheyenne) and Elizabeth Custer. It depicted Chief Black Kettle as being killed by Custer's troopers, and Custer's not waiting for word of Major Elliott. The fourth episode of the 2005 TV miniseries Into the West depicts Custer attacking and Black Kettle fleeing the village.

The television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman aired a special double-episode entitled "Washita" on April 29, 1995. The episode set the scene of the Washita attack in Colorado instead of Oklahoma, the site of the battle. It fictionalized Custer as deliberately misleading Colorado settlers about the difference between Black Kettle and his band, depicted as peaceful, and the Dog Soldiers, who were attacking farms and railroad crews. Lead character Dr. Michaela "Mike" Quinn made futile attempts to argue with Custer and to warn Black Kettle of impending massacre.

In the 2003 film The Last Samurai, Tom Cruise plays Captain Nathan Algren, a veteran of the 7th Cavalry of the 1860s. His participation in the Washita action, depicted as a massacre, leaves him haunted by nightmares.

In season 6, episode 2 of the television show Rawhide, "Incident of the Iron Bull", James Whitmore plays a mythical colonel who commanded the US troopers at Washita. His participation leaves him mentally unbalanced.

title: Battle of the Washita River


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Pitch (baseball)

In baseball, the pitch is the act of throwing the baseball toward home plate to start a play. The term comes from the Knickerbocker Rules. Originally, the ball had to be thrown underhand, much like "pitching in horseshoes". Overhand pitching was not allowed in baseball until 1884.

The biomechanics of pitching have been studied extensively. The phases of pitching include the windup, early cocking, late cocking, early acceleration, late acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through.

Pitchers throw a variety of pitches, each of which has a slightly different velocity, trajectory, movement, hand position, wrist position and/or arm angle. These variations are introduced to confuse the batter and ultimately aid the defensive team in getting the batter or baserunners out. To obtain variety, and therefore enhance defensive baseball strategy, the pitcher manipulates the grip on the ball at the point of release. Variations in the grip cause the seams to catch the air differently, thereby changing the trajectory of the ball, making it harder for the batter to hit.

The selection of which pitch to use can depend on the type of hitter who is being faced; whether there are any base runners; how many outs have been made in the inning; and the existing score. Pitchers may bounce their pitches in the dirt before they reach the batter, but these pitches are ruled balls even if they pass through the strike zone.

Signaling
The responsibility for selecting the type of pitch is traditionally made by the catcher, who gives hand signals to the pitcher with his fingers, usually one finger for fastball or the pitcher's best pitch, with the pitcher having the option to ask for another selection by shaking his head.

Alternatively, the manager or a coach relays the pitch selection to the catcher, via secret hand signals, to prevent the opposing team from having the advantage of knowing what the next pitch will be.

Fastballs
The fastball is the most common pitch in baseball, and most pitchers have some form of a fastball in their arsenal. Most pitchers throw four-seam fastballs. It is basically a pitch thrown very fast, generally as hard as a given pitcher can throw while maintaining control. Some variations involve movement or breaking action, some do not and are simply straight, high-speed pitches. While throwing the fastball it is very important to have proper mechanics, because this increases the chance of getting the ball to its highest velocity, making it difficult for the opposing player to hit the pitch. The cut fastball, split-finger fastball, and forkball are variations on the fastball with extra movement, and are sometimes called sinking-fastballs because of the trajectories. The most common fastball pitches are:

 * Cutter
 * Four-seam fastball
 * Sinker
 * Split-finger fastball
 * Two-seam fastball

Breaking balls

Well-thrown breaking balls have movement, usually sideways or downward. A ball moves due to the changes in the pressure of the air surrounding the ball as a result of the kind of pitch thrown. Therefore, the ball keeps moving in the path of least resistance, which constantly changes. For example, the spin from a properly thrown slider (thrown by a right-handed pitcher) results in lower air pressure on the pitcher's left side, resulting in the ball moving to the left (from the pitcher's perspective). The goal is usually to make the ball difficult to hit by confusing the batters. Most breaking balls are considered off-speed pitches. The most common breaking pitches are:

 * 12–6 curveball
 * Curveball
 * Knuckle curve
 * Screwball
 * Slider
 * Slurve

Changeups
The changeup is an off-speed pitch, usually thrown to look like a fastball but arriving much slower to the plate. Its reduced speed coupled with its deceptive delivery is meant to confuse the batter's timing. It is thrown the same as a fastball, but simply farther back in the hand, which makes it release from the hand slower but still retaining the look of a fastball. A changeup is generally thrown 8–15 miles per hour slower than a fastball. If thrown correctly, the changeup will confuse the batter because the human eye cannot discern that the ball is coming significantly slower until it is around 30 feet from the plate. For example, a batter swings at the ball as if it was a 90 mph fastball but it is coming at 75 mph which means he is swinging too early to hit the ball well, making the changeup very effective. The most common changeups are:

 * Circle changeup
 * Forkball
 * Fosh
 * Palmball
 * Straight changeup
 * Vulcan changeup

Other pitches
Other pitches which are or have been used in baseball are:

 * Gyroball
 * Junk pitches
 * Eephus pitch
 * Knuckleball
 * Shuuto
 * Illegal pitches
 * Beanball
 * Emery ball
 * Shine ball
 * Spitball
 * Purpose pitches
 * Brushback pitch
 * Pickoff
 * Pitchout

Pitching deliveries
The most common pitching delivery is the three-quarters delivery. Other deliveries include the submarine (underhand) and the sidearm deliveries. There is also the crossfire pitch, which only works for sidearm delivery.

A pickoff move is the motion the pitcher goes through in making pickoff.

Pitching positions
There are two legal pitching positions: Typically, pitchers from the set use a high leg kick, but may instead release the ball more quickly by using the slide step.
 * the windup
 * the set which is often referred to as the stretch.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pitch (baseball)


text:
User talk:Rgoer~enwiki

Do NOT delete Votes for Deletion headers from articles. RickK 05:03, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Sorry about this, but it appears that some people here don't think Q3Map2 is an encyclopedic topic. If you wish to disagree, you can join the discussion at Votes for deletion. However it turns out, don't let this discourage you. We would like you to keep contributing. Isomorphic 05:08, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Rgoer~enwiki


text:
1973 Quebec general election

The 1973 Quebec general election was held on October 29, 1973 to elect members to National Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Premier Robert Bourassa, won re-election, defeating the Parti Québécois, led by René Lévesque, and the Union Nationale (UN).

The Liberals won the largest majority government in the province's history, with 102 seats. In the process, they reduced the opposition to just eight seats (six PQ, two créditistes) in total. The Parti Québécois held its own, losing only one seat, and despite having fewer seats, became the official Opposition, although PQ leader René Lévesque failed to win a seat in the Assembly.

The Union Nationale, which had held power until the previous 1970 general election, was wiped off the electoral map, losing all 17 of its seats. It would be the first time since the UN's founding in 1935 that the party was without representation in the legislature. However, UN candidate Maurice Bellemare later won a seat in a 1974 by-election.

The popular vote was not as lopsided as the seat count would indicate, even though the Liberals won 54 percent of the popular vote. The Parti Québécois, for instance, won 30% of the popular vote, a significant improvement over their previous showing of 23% in the 1970 election. However, their support was spread out across the entire province, and was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into more seats. Quebec elections have historically produced significant disparities in seat counts.

Abolition of protected ridings
Upon Confederation in 1867, section 80 of the British North America Act, 1867 provided for the following ridings in the Legislative Assembly to be protected from having their boundaries altered without the consent of the majority of the members representing them:

 * Argenteuil
 * Brome
 * Compton
 * Huntingdon
 * Mégantic
 * Missisquoi
 * Ottawa
 * Labelle was carved out in 1912
 * Papineau was carved out from Labelle in 1922
 * Ottawa was divided into Hull and Papineau in 1919
 * Pontiac
 * Témiscaming was carved out in 1912
 * Abitibi was carved out from Témiscamingue in 1922
 * Richmond and Wolfe (divided into Richmond and Wolfe in 1890)
 * Shefford
 * Sherbrooke
 * Stanstead

Consent by a majority of the members of the 18 districts concerned was finally secured in December 1970, and the constitutional restrictions were accordingly revoked. Work would then proceed on a comprehensive redistribution for the next ensuing election.

Redistribution of ridings
A 1972 Act increased the number of MPPs from 108 to 110 through the following changes:

Campaign
The Liberals, Unionists and péquistes all fielded full slates, while the créditistes failed to nominate a candidate only in Saint-Laurent (because a traffic accident prevented that candidate from presenting his nomination papers before the deadline), so virtually all constituencies experienced at least four-way contests:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1970 !1973 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Robert Bourassa
 * 110 || 72  || 102  || 30  || 1,623,734  || 319,393  || 54.65% || 9.25

 * style="text-align:left;"|René Lévesque
 * 110 || 7  || 6  || 1 || 897,809  || 235,405  || 30.22% || 7.16
 * style="text-align:left;"|Yvon Dupuis
 * 109 || 12  || 2  || 10 || 294,706  || 26,664 || 9.92% || 1.27

 * style="text-align:left;"|Gabriel Loubier
 * 110 || 17  || – || 17 || 146,209  || 418,335 || 4.92% || 14.73

 * || 22 || – || – || – || 6,961  || 5,567 || 0.23% || 0.21

 * || 15 || – || – || – || 1,395  || 1,395  || 0.05% ||New

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|110 ! " colspan="2"|2,970,978 ! " colspan="2"| 100.00%
 * || 3 || – || – || – || 164  || 49 || 0.01% || –
 * 479||108
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 54,760
 * 2,269
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 3,025,738
 * 95,739
 * 80.38
 * 3.85
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 3,764,611
 * 286,033
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 286,033
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1973 Quebec general election


text:
Talk:Pitch (baseball)

Already covered
Isn't this already covered in Baseball? Could it just be redirected there? --Flockmeal 05:04, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Since there are 10-12 pitches, I personally prefer the independent list, rather than listing all of them within the body of the article, which should be more fluent. As it is, the article misses 6-8 pitches. I also think the pitches themselves are independently interesting enough to warrant being divorced somewhat from an vague overview on what pitching is. -- Matty j 05:21, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Why aren't C, C#, D, E, F, F#, etc. included? :) -- Nunh-huh 05:07, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

LOL. Yeah, if it's going to be kept, it should be at List of baseball pitches. RickK 05:08, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Touche. Thanks for the correction. (For the moment, I'll keep the See also: sections I added to the individual pitches as they are, as I think the context is obvious without the inclusion of "baseball".) -- Matty j 05:21, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was expecting famous football pitches when I first clicked the link -- Richard cocks 05:24, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

What was that really slow pitch that Whitey Ford used to throw that was kind of a lob? I tried to look it up on the Wikipedia, but no luck. I apologize if asking this question here is poor form of some sort, but it's really starting to bother me. Qdogg 00:21, May 4, 2005

 * Whitey Ford threw the scuffball, an illegal pitch that used sandpaper or some other foreign substance to alter the baseball itself. Whafro 02:10, Jul 14, 2005 (UTC)

Why is submarine included here? It's mentioned that it's not a pitch, but why is it here anyway? Whafro 02:10, Jul 14, 2005 (UTC)

Pictures of pitches
It strikes me that it would be useful to have pictures of how all these pitches are held. Is anyone able to take pictures of themselves doing this before I search for pictures of questionable copyright? (It might also be useful to diagram how these pitches move through the strike zone, but probably not.)   —  Adam Conover † 03:21, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * There are pictures of some of the pitches in the actual pitches lists. Not all of them have images, but some of them do.  They are images showing the grip, but these are very helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wellsjc (talk • contribs) 05:12, 26 August 2004

 * Diagrams showing the ball rotation from the pitcher's point of vue would be also very useful; most breaking balls use rotation to achieve their breakinness —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.92.156.185 (talk • contribs) 03:37, 8 September 2005

 * It's a good suggestion but different pitchers throw the same pitch using different grips. Depending on the size and shape of a pitcher's hand and his throwing motion, what works for one pitcher might not work for another, and what pitchers do is experiment with grips until they get the result they want. This is not to say that generalized diagrams or photos would not improve this article.  72.177.123.145 (talk) 17:11, 11 July 2013 (UTC) Eric

Consolidating Pages
I think we should combine each type of pitch with it's main aritcle, that way we don't have 20 2-3 paragragh articles, just 3 or 4 concise ones. --Jonathan 05:20, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Legality of pitches
This article could be improved by a discussion of what pitches are legal under the rules (the spitball is no longer legal, for instance; an intentional beanball will get a pitcher suspended from play by the league), the requirements for a legal pitch as stated in the rules, with references (one foot must be on the rubber, etc.), and a brief mention of what constitutes a balk and a link to the balk article. 72.177.123.145 (talk) 16:55, 11 July 2013 (UTC) Eric

Rising fastball
Which types of fastballs fall into this category? I know 4-seam does. 213.149.51.153 (talk) 14:15, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

finger dexterity
There are pitches that require a lot of finger dexterity (so I guess not everybody can properly learn them), that are distinguished by that. I think some of those are gyroball and curveball. My knowledge is quite limited so I could be wrong. But if this is true it would be good to expand the article with that. 213.149.61.120 (talk) 21:21, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Breaking the bat
Some pitches if thrown well are known to cause wooden bat to break; cutter, shuuto. Are there more? If this is a distinctive quality of SOME pitches it would be good to cover that.Setenzatsu (talk) 14:11, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

Lead image change?
Hi, I noticed that the collage used as the first picture is very low resolution and involves some photoshop trickery (see it's Commons description). I have a set of images at c:Category:Vaughn Mauterer that I think can be made into a good replacement for the current image, but is it a worthwhile effort? Also, if other editors like, I can go photograph on a different day (more notable pitcher, white jerseys, etc). Cheers, ConcreteOski (talk) 18:56, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pitch (baseball)


text: User talk:68.38.239.113

title: User talk:68.38.239.113


text:
Secondary mirror

A secondary mirror (or secondary) is the second deflecting or focusing mirror element in a reflecting telescope. Light gathered by the primary mirror is directed towards a focal point typically past the location of the secondary. Secondary mirrors in the form of an optically flat diagonal mirror are used to re-direct the light path in designs such as Newtonian reflectors. They are also used to re-direct and extend the light path and modify the final image in designs such as Cassegrain reflectors.

The secondary is typically suspended by X-shaped struts (sometimes called a "spider") in the path of light between the source and the primary, but can be mounted on other types of mounts or optical elements such as optical windows, or schmidt and meniscus corrector plates. Employing secondary mirrors in optical systems causes some image distortion due to the obstruction of the secondary itself, and distortion from the spider mounts, commonly seen as cross-shaped diffraction spikes radiating from bright stars seen in astronomical images.

title: Secondary mirror


text:
File:Arms-stoke-newington.jpg

Arms of Stoke Newington Metropolitan Borough Council. From civicheraldry.co.uk, with permission. Used in Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington to illustrate city identity.

About the civic heraldry images...

{{Non-free use rationale }}
 * Description      = Arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington
 * Source           = Civic Heraldy (see permission - below)
 * Article          = Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington
 * Portion          = Entire heraldic device (logo)
 * Low_resolution   = Yes
 * Purpose          = To illustrate the arms of an English Local Authority superseded in 1965
 * Replaceability   = No - Any image would be derivative of the original design
 * other_information = About the civic heraldry images... Technically, the logo is out of copyright ({{Tl|PD-Old}}}; but specific rules apply to heraldic images, so this is listed under a claim of 'fair use'.

title: File:Arms-stoke-newington.jpg


text:
1970 Quebec general election

The 1970 Quebec general election was held on April 29, 1970, to elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec. The former Legislative Assembly had been renamed the "National Assembly" in 1968. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by Robert Bourassa, defeated the incumbent Union Nationale, led by Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand.

This election marked the first appearance by a new party, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois, led by former Liberal cabinet minister René Lévesque. The PQ won a modest seven seats and came second in the popular vote, although Lévesque was defeated in his own riding.

Only a few months after the election, Quebec faced a severe test with the October Crisis, in which Liberal cabinet minister Pierre Laporte was kidnapped and assassinated by the Front de libération du Québec, a violent pro-independence group.

The Union Nationale, which had governed Quebec through most of the 1940s and 1950s, would never come close to winning power again. This was partly because a significant number of the Union Nationale's younger supporters had embraced sovereigntism and shifted their support to the PQ.

Campaign
The Liberals, Unionists and péquistes all fielded full slates, and the créditistes also nominated 99 candidates, so most constituencies experienced at least four-way contests:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1966 !1970 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Robert Bourassa
 * 108 || 50  || 72  || 22  || 1,304,341  || 204,906  || 45.40% || 1.89

 * style="text-align:left;"|Jean-Jacques Bertrand
 * 108 || 56  || 17  || 39 || 564,544  || 384,384 || 19.65% || 21.17

 * style="text-align:left;"|Camil Samson
 * 99 || – || 12  || 12  || 321,370  || 321,370  || 11.19% || New
 * style="text-align:left;"|René Lévesque
 * 108 ||  – || 7  || 7  || 662,404  || 458,689  || 23.06% || 14.30

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|108 ! " colspan="2"|2,872,970 ! " colspan="2"| 100.00%
 * || 26 || 2  ||  – || 2 || 12,528  || 51,906  || 0.44% || 2.33
 * rowspan="6" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|Roland Morin
 * 13 ||  – ||  – ||  – || 4,374  || 4,374  || 0.15% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 2,998  || 2,998  || 0.10% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 53  || 53  || – || New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|Sam Walsh
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 213  || 289 || 0.01% || 0.01
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 145  || 145  || 0.01% ||New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|Sam Walsh
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 213  || 289 || 0.01% || 0.01
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 145  || 145  || 0.01% ||New
 * 1 || – ||  – ||  – || 145  || 145  || 0.01% ||New
 * 466||108
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 57,029
 * 11,348
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 2,929,999
 * 559,489
 * 84.23
 * 10.66
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 3,478,578
 * 256,276
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 256,276
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1970 Quebec general election


text: Template:Footer Nine Muses

title: Template:Footer Nine Muses


text:
1966 Quebec general election

The 1966 Quebec general election was held on June 5, 1966, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The Union Nationale (UN), led by Daniel Johnson, Sr, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage.

In terms of the number of seats won, the election was one of the closest in recent history, with the UN winning 56 seats to the Liberals' 50. Generally, Quebec's first past the post electoral system tends to produce strong disparities in the number of seats won even if the popular vote is fairly close. In this case, the most popular party did not win the most seats in the chamber. The Liberals won 6.5% more votes, but were denied a third term because the rural part of the province, where the Union Nationale did well, were slightly over-represented in the legislature.

The victory of the UN over the popular Lesage government was a surprise to many observers. Johnson's campaign was likely helped by his position that Quebec should get a better deal within the Canadian confederation, or should separate if it is unable to do so. In this sense, the forces of Quebec nationalism unleashed by the Quiet Revolution begun by Lesage may have contributed to his defeat, as many rural voters felt chagrin at the rapid pace of reform under the Liberals.

The pro-independence Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale and Ralliement national (formed from splinter groups out of the RIN and the Ralliement des créditistes) obtained a combined total of just under 9% of the popular vote (but no seats).

This was the last election for the "Legislative Assembly of Quebec". Legislation was passed to replace the bicameral system of Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council of Quebec with a single National Assembly of Quebec, effective December 31, 1968.

Daniel Johnson died in office in 1968, and was succeeded by Jean-Jacques Bertrand. Johnson's sons, Pierre-Marc and Daniel Jr, each later served as Premier of Quebec.

Redistribution of ridings
A 1965 Act increased the number of MPPs from 95 to 108 through the following changes:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1962 !1966 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Daniel Johnson, Sr.
 * 108 || 31  || 56  || 25 || 948,928  || 48,111 || 40.82% || 1.33

 * style="text-align:left;"|Jean Lesage
 * 108 || 63  || 50  || 13 || 1,099,435  || 105,818 || 47.29% || 9.11

 * style="text-align:left;"|Pierre Bourgault
 * 73 || – || – || – || 129,045  || 129,045 || 5.55% || New

 * style="text-align:left;"|Gilles Grégoire
 * 90 || – || – || – || 74,670  || 74,670 || 3.21% || New

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|108 ! " colspan="2"|2,324,829 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * || 24 || 1  || 2  || 1 || 64,434  || 50,853 || 2.77% || 2.13
 * rowspan="6" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 4 || – || – || – || 6,183  || 1,927 || 0.27% || 0.07
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 5 || – || – || – || 1,090  || 1,090 || 0.05% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 4 || – || – || – || 502  || 431 || 0.02% || 0.02
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – || – || – || 417  || 417 || 0.02% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – || – || – || 125  || 125 || 0.01% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – || – || – || 417  || 417 || 0.02% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – || – || – || 125  || 125 || 0.01% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 || – || – || – || 125  || 125 || 0.01% || New
 * 418||95
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 45,681
 * 16,172
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 2,370,510
 * 204,034
 * 73.57
 * 6.02
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 3,222,302
 * 500,369
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 500,369
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1966 Quebec general election


text:
Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)

The Far East Fleet (also called the Far East Station) was a fleet of the Royal Navy which existed between 1952 and 1971.

During the Second World War, the Eastern Fleet included many ships and personnel from other navies, including those of the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, France and the United States. On 22 November 1944 the Eastern Fleet was re-designated East Indies fleet and continued to be based in Trincomalee. Following its re-designation its remaining ships formed the British Pacific Fleet. In December 1945 the British Pacific Fleet was disbanded and its forces were absorbed into the East Indies Fleet. In 1952 The East Indies Fleet was renamed the Far East Fleet. After the Second World War the East Indies Station continued as a separate command to the Far East until 1958. In 1971 the Far East Fleet was abolished and its remaining forces returned home, coming under the command of the new, unified, Commander-in-Chief Fleet.

Post-war
After the war, the East Indies Fleet was once again based at the Singapore Naval Base. The 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (HMS Glory and HMS Theseus) arrived from the British Pacific Fleet in October 1945, and operated from Trincomalee, then Singapore, from October 1945 to October 1947. In 1952, the East Indies Fleet was redesignated the Far East Fleet. The Fleet then took part in the Malayan Emergency and the Confrontation with Indonesia in the 1960s. By 1964, the fleet on station included HMS Victorious (R38), HMS Centaur (R06), HMS Bulwark (R08), HMS Kent (D12), HMS Hampshire (D06), 17 destroyers and frigates, about ten minesweepers and five submarines.

The Flag Officer Second-in-Command Far East Fleet, for most of the postwar period a rear admiral, was based afloat, and tasked with keeping the fleet "up to the mark operationally". Some also held the appointment of Flag Officer Commanding 5th Cruiser Squadron, probably including Rear Admiral E.G.A. Clifford CB, who was flying his flag in HMS Newcastle (C76) on 12 November 1953. Meanwhile, the fleet commander, a vice admiral, ran the fleet programme and major items of administration 'including all provision for docking and maintenance' from his base in Singapore.

In the last days of the East Indies Fleet North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, beginning the Korean War. William Andrewes was promoted to vice admiral on 1 December 1950, and on the 17th was made commander of the 5th Cruiser Squadron and Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet, flying his flag in the light cruiser HMS Belfast (C35). After the outbreak of the Korean War he commanded British and Commonwealth Naval Forces, with the carrier HMS Theseus (R64) as his flagship. He had two aircraft carriers available at any one time which he worked in eighteen-day cycles. At times he also led Task Force 91 (comprising all Blockade, Covering Force and Escort ships in Korean waters, affiliated with the United Nations Command) in 1951.

From February 1963 the remaining destroyer and frigate squadrons in the Far East Fleet were gradually amalgamated into Escort Squadrons. All were disbanded by the end of December 1966. Those in the Far East Fleet became the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Far East Destroyer Squadrons. HMS Loch Fada (K390) returned to service in June 1962 assigned to the 3rd Frigate Squadron of the Far East Fleet. She arrived at Colombo in October and was deployed in the Indian Ocean, calling at Diego Garcia and Malé, Maldives. She served with the Far East Fleet until mid-1967 before returning home to be paid off.

In November 1967 fleet senior officers supervised the final departure from Britain's beleaguered State of Aden. Rear Admiral Edward Ashmore, Flag Officer, Second-in-Command, Far East Fleet, serving as Commander Task Force 318, commanded the British warships assembled to cover the withdrawal from Aden and receive the final Royal Marine Commandos heli-evacuated from the RAF Khormaksar airfield.

The fleet was disbanded in 1971, and on 31 October 1971, the last day of the validity of the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement, the last Commander, Far East Fleet, Rear Admiral Anthony Troup, hauled down his flag.

Commander-in-Chief, Far East Fleet
Post holders included:

Flag Officer Second-in-Command Far East Fleet
Included:

Chief of Staff, Far East Fleet
Included:

Flag Officer, Malayan Area
As the Malayan Emergency developed, the Flag Officer, Malayan Area's title changed as his areas of responsibility increased.

Commodore, Amphibious Forces, Far East Fleet
Commodore, Amphibious Forces, Far East (COMAFFEF) was based at HMNB Singapore from May 1965 to March 1971.

The Amphibious Warfare Squadron was established in March 1961, which was responsible to the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf until August 1962. It then was reassigned to Flag Officer, Middle East, until April 1965. The squadron was then transferred to the Far East where it was renamed Amphibious Forces under the new Commodore, Amphibious Forces, Far East Fleet in May 1965. The post was discontinued in March 1971.

Incumbents included:

Commodore-in-Charge, Hong Kong
This officer was based at HMS Tamar. He was responsible for administrating all naval establishments in Hong Kong including HMNB Hong Kong and, at times, exercised operational control over Royal Navy ships in that area.

Subordinate naval formations
Units that served in the fleet included:

title: Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)


text:
James Kreuser

James E. "Jim" Kreuser (born May 20, 1961) is an American politician and former County Executive for Kenosha County, Wisconsin, serving from 2008 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented Kenosha in the Wisconsin State Assembly for 15 years (1993–2008) and was the Assembly Minority Leader from 2003 through 2008.

Early life
James Kreuser was born and raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He graduated from George Nelson Tremper High School in 1979 and earned his bachelor's degree in political science from Kenosha's University of Wisconsin–Parkside in 1983. He continued his education at Parkside and received his Master's in Public Administration in 1986.

State Assembly

During his time at Parkside, Kreuser interned with Kenosha County Executive, John Collins, and, after completing his M.P.A., was hired as a full-time administrative assistant in the county executive's office. Kreuser later credited the experience he received working in the county executive's office, getting to know the county and state government, with enabling his success as a legislator.

He was still working for the county executive when, in 1993, a chain of events—starting with the appointment of local-area congressman Les Aspin to join the cabinet of newly inaugurated President Bill Clinton—resulted in a vacancy in the Wisconsin State Assembly district in which Kreuser resided. A special election was called for August 1993, and Kreuser was elected. He topped his two Democratic opponents in the primary, carrying just over 50% of the vote, then defeated his Republican general election opponent, William F. Cantwell, by a wide margin.

Kreuser went on to win re-election seven times, receiving attention and praise from his colleagues as an up-and-coming leader in the party. Senate Majority Leader Charles Chvala was quoted as saying Kreuser was, "destined to be a leader." He made his first bid for leadership in the Assembly Democratic caucus in the summer of 1998, when long-time Democratic leader Walter Kunicki stepped down from the role. Despite strong support from a geographically diverse coalition of the assembly, Kreuser fell one or two votes short of Milwaukee representative Shirley Krug, who became the first female caucus leader in state history.

In 2001, amid discontent within the caucus over the results of the 2000 election, Kreuser made a successful bid with Assistant Minority Leader Spencer Black of Madison, to challenge Krug as floor leader. Black was elevated to Minority Leader and Kreuser was elected as Assistant Minority Leader, in what was seen as a repudiation of the Democratic Leadership Council in Wisconsin.

Black stood down as leader at the end of the 2001-2002 term, and Kreuser was elected just after the 2002 election as the next Minority Leader. Over his three terms as minority leader, Democrats increased from 41 seats in the Assembly to 47.

County Executive
In March 2008 another opportunity presented itself to Kreuser when Kenosha County Executive Allan Kehl announced his intention to resign his seat after being indicted for accepting illegal payments. Kreuser quickly jumped into the race, announcing his candidacy on March 25, 2008, and won the special election without opposition in June. At the time he announced his candidacy, he pledged not to run for re-election to the Assembly if he was chosen as County Executive.

Kreuser's move to vacate his Assembly leadership role was seen as a blow to Kenosha's influence in the state as Democrats were widely expected to win a majority in the upcoming 2008 election, where Kreuser would likely then become a candidate for Speaker or Majority Leader. Kreuser's successor as chairman of the Wisconsin Assembly Democratic Campaign Committee, Mark Pocan, went on to an influential career in the Assembly and has been a member of Congress since 2013.

Personal life and family
Kreuser has been a member of the Danish Brotherhood in America, the Polish Legion of American Veterans, the American Association of University Women, Ducks Unlimited, and the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1444. He has been involved with Kenosha organizations such as the Kenosha Sport Fishing and Conservation Association, the Urban League of Racine and Kenosha, the Kenosha Area Chamber of Commerce, the Boys and Girls Club of Kenosha, and the Friends of the Kenosha Public Museum.

He and his wife Jane have two adult sons.

title: James Kreuser


text:
DC10 (disambiguation)

A DC-10 is a three-engine wide-body jet airliner manufactured by McDonnell Douglas.

DC10 or DC-10 may also refer to:

 * DC-10 Air Tanker, a DC-10 modified for aerial firefighting
 * DC10 (nightclub), a nightclub on the island of Ibiza
 * "DC-10", a song by Audio Adrenaline from the album Audio Adrenaline, 1992

title: DC10 (disambiguation)


text:
OPC

OPC may refer to:

Architecture and engineering

 * Optical proximity correction
 * Ordinary Portland cement
 * Organic Photo Conductor, an element used for, among other applications, photocopier and laser printer drums.

Computing

 * Open Packaging Conventions, a container-file technology created by Microsoft to store a combination of XML and non-XML files
 * Open Platform Communications (formerly "OLE for Process Control")
 * OPC Foundation, a related consortium
 * Operations Planning and Control, from Tivoli Software, known as IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler
 * Optimized Power Control, a method to adjust laser power when writing optical media.
 * Other peoples' computers, reference to privacy issues of cloud computing data being on somebody else's computer rather than your own and potential security issues.

Medicine and natural sciences

 * Ocean Prediction Center
 * Oligodendrocyte precursor cell
 * Oligomeric proanthocyanidin
 * Oropharyngeal cancer

Social matters, politics and government

 * Obama Presidential Center
 * (Federal) Office for the Protection of the Constitution, a translation of the German name Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz
 * Office of Policy Coordination, a secret U.S. government unit, 1948–1952
 * Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)
 * Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada
 * Online Party of Canada
 * Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, Conservative political party in the province of Ontario
 * Oodua Peoples Congress, militant Yoruba nationalist organization situated in Nigeria
 * Organisation pour la prévention de la cécité (Organisation for the Prevention of Blindness), a French blindness charity working in Africa
 * Orthodox Presbyterian Church, a confessional Reformed Christian denomination
 * Ottawa People’s Commission on the Convoy Occupation, Ontario, Canada
 * Overseas Press Club, a journalists' organization in New York City
 * Overdose prevention centers, otherwise known as Supervised injection sites

Other

 * O-Pee-Chee, a Canadian sports card company
 * Ontario Pioneer Camp, in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada
 * Ontario Police College
 * Opel Performance Center, a division of car manufacturer Opel
 * Optional Payment Charge, a surcharge applied when paying by credit card for airline flights
 * Organic photoconductor drum, used in photocopiers and printers

title: OPC


text:
Talk:Personal identification number

PIN Hack
''In 2002 two PhD students at Cambridge University, Piotr Zielinski and Mike Bond, discovered a security flaw in the PIN generation system of the IBM 3624, which was duplicated in most later hardware. This has meant most ATM's are vulnerable to an attack known as the decimalization table attack which means that someone who can access ATM hardware can guess a PIN in an average of 15 guesses.''

I've removed the above from the article, because it is somewhat misleading. For one thing, the proportion of the article taken up with it lends it undue weight, when it is actually of very little interest to anyone other than a bank manager. The exploit described is not in fact in ATM hardware, but in internal bank computing systems - a bank employee would probably have to have passed security screenings before they could access the systems on which the attack is possible. Nonetheless, it may bear insertion somewhere, and for reference, here's the research paper as a PDF - IMSoP 05:27, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Rereading it, I agree that the location of the explot should be more clearly stated, but I think you're underestimating how important it is. See http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mkb23/media-coverage.html also Ross Anderson believes some of Bond's attacks have been used in practice.--Imran 14:03, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Pricks?2.97.117.189 (talk) 15:31, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Request: Pronunciation of PIN
It would be nice to add whether PIN should be pronounced P-I-N or PIN as in sPINning for foreign readers such as me :) Thanks, Swalot 11:19, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Criticism
How are PIN's better than passwords? they are only 4 numbers and have fewer combinations than alphanumeric passwords. This has been removed from the article. 165.230.46.153 20:05, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

hoax tag?
Is the hoax tag because the page mentions the PIN security hoax (the belief that if you enter your PIN wrongly you can send a request for help if you're mugged in the ATM cubicle)? The article does label that section 'hoax'. Perhaps a little explanation of why such a system would be impossible and a stronger denial of its existence would clarify the section? Rimi talk 06:01, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There's no reason for the hox tag that I can see. Talking about a hoax doesn't make the article a hoax. The existence of the software isn't a hoax - I've added an additional link to the article about it, just to clarify, although there were two already. CiaranG 08:27, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

PIN CODE
2019 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.207.88.169 (talk) 10:37, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Probability question
How do we get 0.06% chance of guessing a 4-digit random PIN after three attempts? I calculate the probabilty as 1 - ((9,999 / 10 000) * (9,998 / 9,999) * (9,997 / 9,998)) = 0.0003. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.155.25 (talk) 18:05, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The preceding sentence ("some banks do not give out numbers where all digits are identical ... or consecutive ... or numbers that start with one or more zeroes") implies that the calculations are based on less than 104 possible PINs. (Note: I haven't actually done the calculations.) However the next sentence says "if all PINs are equally likely", implying (to me at least) "all PINs including all digits identical etc". I suggest that the paragraph (especially "all PINs are equally likely") needs rewording to clarify. Mitch Ames (talk) 13:56, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The mathmatic formula is sound on the first comment, not to mention if you drop the possibility of all repeating digit PINs (i.e. 8888) there are 10 less numbers to choose from AND if you continue on to eliminate the possibility of PINs that start with 0 then you have reduced the TOTAL number of possible PINs by 1009, if you take away PINs that are consecutive in addition to the previous math it takes away another 6 potential PINs thus vastly increasing your chances of guessing correctly in 3 tries. I calculate the probabilty as 1 - ((8,984 / 8,985) * (8,983 / 8,984) * (8,982 / 8,983)) which, though I don't have a calculator in front of me, I can tell you is a heck of a lot different than the odds presented in the article. WesUGAdawg (talk) 03:44, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have put Citation needed tag on the 0.06% claim. This page http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Personal+Identification+Number quotes the same number but I suspect they got it from this article. FrankSier (talk) 15:33, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

1512034
hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.253.122.115 (talk) 04:42, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

PIN's are not necessarily numeric anymore
Many services and websites started off using PIN as "Personal Identification Number". However, over time they have evolved the usage to extend to non-numberic values as well. So PIN is not necessarily and anachronism anymore. One example that comes to mind that I use every day is my RSA token. I have a "PIN" assigned to that, but the "PIN" is not numeric. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Docbillnet (talk • contribs) 14:58, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you provide some references for this use of "PIN" for non-numeric password? If so, we can update the article to mention the semantic change of the "word". Mitch Ames (talk) 15:11, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

outdates info?
the article says the following: "Throughout Europe and Canada the traditional in-store credit card signing process is increasingly being replaced with a system in which the customer is asked to enter their PIN instead of signing" I've had a debet card since 1998 and have never not used my PIN. I do remember(as a child) my mother signing something in the 80's but here (Denmark) the replacement is long over, and i'm wondering if it's the same case anywhere else.94.145.236.194 (talk) 14:47, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

card-not-present
We now have several US suppliers demanding the "ATM PIN", ie the card PIN, for internet transactions. Presumably, this enables them to avoid the Card-Not-Present transaction fees. I haven't seen any documentation about this.

The Web is full of old documention saying that the PIN will not be required for Card-Not-Present transactions, and our (AUS) banks don't know anything about it either.

Any further information would be welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 03:22, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

"PIN number" erroneous?
At present the lead states that the usage "PIN number" is erroneous. The link given for 'erroneously' goes to the article RAS syndrome, and that article itself gives reasons, I think, for not considering the usage to be erroneous.

The usage is very common (examples: The most common pin numbers: is your bank account vulnerable?,Have only one PIN number? It's YOUR fault if your cash is stolen, ATM PIN Number Reversal hoax email) and could probably be counted as the standard usage, or at least a standard uasge. FrankSier (talk) 14:54, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Unlike others like "ATM machine" which are clearly redundant, "PIN number" is not completely redundant. There are other types of pins. 4.238.1.82 (talk) 22:47, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * There are many other types of ATM as well - not all of them machines. Mitch Ames (talk) 09:29, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Update to Intro
I just changed a sentence in the introduction because I thought it was possibly to misinterpret as suggesting that PINs have not been used in the UK or Ireland at all prior to the Chip and PIN campaign.

The previous text was "In the UK and Ireland this goes under the term 'Chip and PIN', since PINs were introduced at the same time as EMV chips on the cards."

I also added a reference. Stardarks (talk) 16:03, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

PINs that are not PINs
I've simplified the 3rd paragraph of the lead, which describes PINs in non-ATM/EFTPOS environments. If it's not described as a PIN, not subject to the formatting requirements of a PIN (4-12 numeric characters), is it really a PIN?

Note that this previous edit:

is not valid. A web site may limit PINs to those that meet ISO 9564. Eg, Qantas frequent flyer PINs are limited to four digits. Mitch Ames (talk) 03:51, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Support for and truncation of PINs longer than 4 digits
Personal identification number says that: I suspect that the use of the word "network" is misleading or incorrect. Typically if the PIN is being transmitted over a network (ie not verified locally by the ATM or EFTPOS terminal) the PIN entry device will encrypt the PIN then send the encrypted PIN block to the card issuer and/or bank, which will decrypt and verify it. It is not possible to truncate the PIN while it is encrypted, so it must either be truncated by the PIN entry device (before encryption) or by the bank verifying it (after encryption). I suspect that truncation would happen at the entry device, but don't have a reference to support that. (A few years ago an Australian bank, which supported PINs longer than 4 digits, advised me to change my 6-digit PIN to 4 digits before going overseas, because some overseas ATMs would not accept more than 4 digits.) If someone could dig up a reference for the truncation, we could fix that sentence in the article to be more accurate. Mitch Ames (talk) 12:05, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I have had a similar experience, but I also do not have a reference (it was a verbal advice), and I'm also not sure what the network mechanism is. Enthusiast (talk) 03:49, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * This updated version of the article said:
 * This wording has the same problem - the network typically transmits an encrypted PIN block, containing a PIN whose length is unknown to the network. The PIN entry device is what limits the "entry of PINs longer than six digits".
 * So I've updated the article accordingly - but we still need a reference. Mitch Ames (talk) 08:57, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I think this edit is too much irrelevant detail. While it is probably true that the limit is imposed by software rather than hardware, that distinction is not relevant in this context; most readers of the article and/or users of an ATM are not going to care about the difference. (The distinction might be relevant in the automated teller machine or PIN pad articles, but not here.) Also "most" (vs "not all") and "software" are more specific statements that we have no references for. (The earlier version is also unreferenced, but - being more general - ought to be easier to find a reference for.)
 * I propose reverting to the earlier, simpler description. If you really think it matters we could use the more verbose "Not all ATM and EFTPOS terminals support entry of PINs longer than six digits ...", but I really don't think we should make the distinction between hardware and software. Mitch Ames (talk) 03:45, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

Card not present, 2014-06
This edit says that PINs are used in card not present transactions, but that is definitely not the case in Australia, where there are as many as four independent authentication codes: The last two typically allow account enquiries and transfers between customer's own bank accounts and BPAY bill payment, possibly payments to other peoples' bank accounts, but not general purchases. The Australian banks make a point of using different terms for each, and not using "PIN" to refer to anything other than the ATM/EFTPOS PIN.
 * the ATM/EFTPOS PIN
 * the card security code, visibly printed on the card, used for telephone or internet credit card transactions
 * the telephone banking code, numeric-only for entry on a touch tone phone, typically quite short (eg 3 digits with Westpac)
 * the online banking password

Perhaps is other countries, the ATM/EFTPOS PIN is used for internet/phone transactions/banking, but if that is the case: (This matter was raised a couple of years ago in, but there was no follow-up.) Mitch Ames (talk) 02:53, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The article needs to explicitly mention that different countries have different rules
 * References should be provided.

Key-balls mapped St. Lucía?

 * 1) Peggy June 8, 1904 June 8, 2002
 * 2) Elspeth June 8, 1925 June 8, 1990
 * 3) Arma June 8, 1937 June 8, 1997
 * 4) Margaret June 8, 1932 June 8, 1997
 * 5) Joyce June 8, 1935 June 8, 1990
 * 6) June June 8, 1940 June 8, 2000
 * 7) Shirley June 8, 1941 June 8, 2002
 * 8) Isabelle June 8, 1942 June 8, 1997
 * 9) Yvonne June 8, 1947 June 8, 2018
 * 10) Phyllis June 8, 1945 June 8, 2007
 * 11) Cathy June 8, 1948 June 8, 1990
 * 12) Marion June 8, 1948 June 8, 2006
 * 13) Lynnette June 8, 1951 June 8, 2012
 * 14) Carol M D June 8, 1953 June 8, 2002
 * 15) Angie B H F June 8, 1954 June 8, 2016
 * 16) Carol M S June 8, 1955 June 8, 2007
 * 17) Angie W G June 8, 1957 June 8, 2018
 * 18) Fee June 8, 1959 June 8, 2007
 * 19) Susann June 8, 1960 June 8, 2021
 * 20) Nikki B H F June 8, 1964 June 8, 2016
 * 21) Veronica June 8, 1964 June 8, 2018
 * 22) Allison June 8, 1966 June 8, 2018
 * 23) Laura W G June 8, 1967 June 8, 2019
 * 24) Lynn June 8, 1967 June 8, 2019
 * 25) Liz B H F June 8, 1971 June 8, 2016
 * 26) Brenda June 8, 1971 June 8, 2002
 * 27) Dawn June 8, 1971 June 8, 2019
 * 28) Wanda June 8, 1977 June 8, 2002
 * 29) Julie W F June 8, 1977 June 8, 2001
 * 30) Laura B June 8, 1978 June 8, 1992
 * 31) Louise B H F June 8, 1979 June 8, 2014
 * 32) Kerrier June 8, 1979 June 8, 1997
 * 33) Marcia June 8, 1980 June 8, 1992
 * 34) Donna June 8, 1981 June 8, 2006
 * 35) Claire June 8, 1982 June 8, 2006
 * 36) Jo M S June 8, 1985 June 8, 2010
 * 37) Jo M D June 8, 1984 June 8, 2002
 * 38) Ruth B H F June 8, 1989 June 8, 2014
 * 39) Laura B H F June 8, 1991 June 8, 2016
 * 40) Paige B H F June 8, 1991 June 8, 2015
 * 41) Kirsty June 8, 1992 June 8, 2012
 * 42) Amey June 8, 1992 June 8, 2016
 * 43) Ella June 8, 1993 June 8, 2018
 * 44) Lois June 8, 1993 June 8, 2015
 * 45) Harriet June 8, 1997 June 8, 2016
 * 46) Ashleigh H F June 8, 1998 June 8, 2016
 * 47) Leighann June 8, 1999 June 8, 201679.77.211.67 (talk)

== My phone broke I don't have it anymore I don't have access to my Gmail phone number or my cash app I have locked my card cause I didn't want anything taking off it with out it being me that was doing it how do I get in to my card I. Have a new account card same name just new account and gmail ==

Plz help me revondaprice22@gmail.com 165.166.100.78 (talk) 19:00, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Facebook
Olvide mi contraseña 64.127.156.125 (talk) 11:14, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

Daniel zapata
Olvide mi contraseña 64.127.156.125 (talk) 11:15, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Olvide mi contraseña 64.127.156.125 (talk) 11:16, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Personal identification number


text:
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Hey, just wanted to let you know that you can use the   template on your user page to update your Creative Commons license to include version 2.0 as well as version 1.0. -- Ram-Man 03:02, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Adamfranco~enwiki