text:
Index of articles related to African Americans

An African American is a citizen or resident of the United States who has origins in any of the black populations of Africa. African American-related topics include:

1

 * 1st Rhode Island Regiment
 * 10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
 * 12 Years a Slave (film)
 * 1968 Miami riot

2

 * 2nd Cavalry Division (United States)
 * 27th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
 * 28th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
 * 24th Infantry Regiment (United States)
 * 25th Infantry Regiment (United States)

3

 * 3 Strikes (film)
 * 30 Years to Life
 * 35 and Ticking
 * 333rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)
 * 366th Infantry Regiment (United States)
 * 369th Infantry Regiment (United States)
 * 371st Infantry Regiment (United States)
 * 372nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

4

 * 4 Little Girls
 * 4CHOSEN: The Documentary
 * 40 acres and a mule
 * 41st Infantry Regiment (United States)

5

 * 5th Tank Group (United States)
 * 5th United States Colored Cavalry
 * 5th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
 * 500 Years Later
 * 551st Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)
 * 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)

7

 * 758th Tank Battalion (United States)
 * 761st Tank Battalion (United States)

8

 * 805th Pioneer Infantry

9

 * 9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
 * 92nd Infantry Division (United States)
 * 93rd Infantry Division (United States)

A

 * AALBC.com
 * Abolitionism in the United States
 * Above the Rim
 * ACAE
 * Acid jazz
 * Acting white
 * Address to the Negroes of the State of New York
 * The Advocate (Portland, Oregon)
 * Affirmative action
 * African American
 * (List of) African-American abolitionists
 * (List of) African-American astronauts
 * African-American book publishers in the United States, 1960–80
 * African-American church
 * African American cinema
 * African-American culture
 * African-American culture and sexual orientation
 * African-American dance
 * (List of) African-American documentary films
 * African-American English
 * African-American family structure
 * African-American Film Critics Association
 * (List of) African-American firsts
 * African-American hair
 * African-American Heritage Sites (U.S. National Park Service)
 * African-American history
 * African-American Institute (Northeastern University)
 * African-American inventors and scientists
 * (List of) African-American jurists
 * African-American literature
 * (List of) African-American mathematicians
 * (List of) African-American Medal of Honor recipients
 * African-American middle class
 * African American Military History Museum
 * African American Museum in Philadelphia
 * African American Museum of Iowa
 * African American Museum of the Arts
 * African-American music
 * African-American musical theater
 * African-American names
 * African American National Biography Project
 * African-American neighborhood
 * African-American newspapers
 * (List of) African-American officeholders during the Reconstruction
 * African-American organized crime
 * African American Policy Forum
 * African-American Research Library and Cultural Center
 * African American Review
 * African-American studies
 * (List of) African-American United States senators
 * African-American Vernacular English
 * African-American Woman Suffrage Movement
 * African-American women in politics
 * African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom
 * (List of) African-American visual artists
 * (Lists of) African Americans
 * African Americans and the G.I. Bill
 * African American Civil War Memorial
 * African Americans at the Siege of Petersburg
 * African Americans in Alabama
 * African Americans in Atlanta
 * African Americans in Baltimore
 * African Americans in California
 * African Americans in Chicago
 * African Americans in Davenport, Iowa
 * African Americans in France
 * African Americans in Florida
 * African Americans in France
 * African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)
 * African Americans in Ghana
 * African Americans in Kansas
 * African Americans in Louisiana
 * African Americans in Maryland
 * African Americans in Mississippi
 * African Americans in New York City
 * African Americans in North Carolina
 * African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska
 * African Americans in San Francisco
 * African Americans in South Carolina
 * African Americans in Texas
 * African Americans in Tennessee
 * African Americans in Utah
 * African Americans in the United States Congress
 * African American National Biography Project
 * (List of) African-American Republicans
 * African Blood Brotherhood
 * African Burial Ground National Monument
 * African Cemetery at Higgs Beach
 * African Christian Union
 * African diaspora
 * African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
 * African Methodist Episcopal Church
 * Africana philosophy
 * Africana womanism
 * Africans in Hawaii
 * Africatown
 * AfriCOBRA
 * Afro
 * Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale
 * Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics
 * Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society
 * Afro-American Museum of Pompano Beach
 * Afro-American settlement in Africa
 * Afrocentrism
 * Afro-Cuban jazz
 * Afrodite Superstar
 * Afrofuturism
 * Afro Psalms
 * Afro-punk
 * Afro-Punk (film)
 * Agana race riot
 * Ain't I a Woman? (book)
 * Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death
 * Akeelah and the Bee
 * Alabama A&M University
 * Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
 * Alabama Democratic Conference
 * Alabama State University
 * Albany State University
 * Alcorn State University
 * Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
 * Alexandria Black History Museum
 * All About You (film)
 * All God's Children (film)
 * All Power to the People
 * All the Young Men
 * Allen University
 * Alliance of Black Jews
 * Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority
 * Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
 * American Black Film Festival
 * American Black Upper Class
 * American Civil War
 * American Descendants of Slavery
 * American Gangster (film)
 * American Negro Academy
 * American Negro Ballet Company
 * American Negro Labor Congress
 * American Negro Theater
 * American Slavery As It Is
 * American Society of African Culture
 * American Society of Muslims
 * American Tennis Association
 * La Amistad
 * Amos 'n' Andy
 * An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
 * And you are lynching Negroes
 * Angola, Florida
 * Ann Arbor Decision
 * Another Country (novel)
 * Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States
 * Anti-Tom literature
 * Antwone Fisher (film)
 * A. Philip Randolph Institute
 * Apollo Theater
 * April Fools (2007 film)
 * Are We Done Yet?
 * Are We There Yet? (film)
 * Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God
 * University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
 * Arkansas Baptist College
 * The Art Movements
 * Artworks commemorating African-Americans in Washington, D.C.
 * Aruba (film)
 * Ashton Villa
 * Jabari Asim
 * Association of Black Photographers
 * Association of Black Psychologists
 * Association of Black Women Historians
 * Association for the Study of African American Life and History
 * At the Beach LA
 * ATL (film)
 * Atlanta Compromise
 * Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
 * Atlanta Exposition Speech
 * The Atlanta Way (film)
 * A.U.M.P. Church
 * Aunt Phillis's Cabin
 * Ausar Auset Society
 * Ax Handle Saturday

B

 * BAADASSSSS!
 * Baby Boy (film)
 * Baby mama
 * Backstreet Cultural Museum
 * Back-to-Africa movement
 * Bad Boys
 * Bait (2000 film)
 * Ball culture
 * Bamboozled
 * Band of Angels
 * Banished (film)
 * Banjee
 * Banjo
 * Barber-Scotia College
 * Barbershop (film)
 * Barbershop 2: Back in Business
 * Baseball color line
 * Baton Rouge bus boycott
 * Battle of Ambos Nogales
 * Battle of Baxter Springs
 * Battle of Bear Valley
 * Battle of Beecher Island
 * Battle of Black Jack
 * Battle of Olustee
 * Battle of Fort Pillow
 * Battle of Poison Spring
 * Battle of Saltville I
 * Battle of Saltville II
 * Battle of Fort Tularosa
 * Battle of Fort Walker
 * Battle of Negro Fort
 * Battle of Osawatomie
 * Battle of the Saline River
 * Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco
 * Beah: A Black Woman Speaks
 * Beale Street Mama
 * Bean pie
 * Beatboxing
 * A Beautiful Soul (film)
 * Bebe's Kids
 * Bebop
 * Beecher's Bible
 * Bell v. Maryland
 * Belly (film)
 * Beloved (1998 film)
 * Benedict College
 * Bennett College
 * The Best Man (1999 film)
 * BET Awards
 * BET Her
 * Bethel Literary and Historical Society
 * Bethune–Cookman University
 * The Betrayal (1948 film)
 * Beyond the Down Low
 * Big Ain't Bad
 * Big band
 * Big River (musical)
 * Big Momma's House
 * Biker Boyz
 * Biloxi wade-ins
 * The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings
 * Bird (1988 film)
 * Bishop State Community College
 * Bishop College (historical)
 * Black Americana
 * Black American Princess
 * Black American Racers Association
 * Black American Sign Language
 * List of black animated characters
 * Black-appeal stations
 * Black Arts Movement
 * Black August (film)
 * Black Autonomy Network Community Organization
 * Black Betty
 * Black billionaires
 * Blackbirds of 1928
 * Black and Blue (musical)
 * Black Bottom
 * Black Boy
 * The Black Candle
 * Black capitalism
 * Black Catholicism
 * Black church
 * Black Coaches & Administrators
 * (List of) Black college football classics
 * Black Consciousness Movement
 * Black conservatism
 * Black conservatism in the United States
 * Black Cultural Association
 * Black Data Processing Associates
 * Black Dispatches
 * Black doll
 * Black elite
 * Black Enterprise
 * Black Enterprise Business Report
 * Black Entertainment and Sports Lawyers Association
 * Black Entertainment Television
 * Black existentialism
 * Blackface
 * Black Family Channel
 * Black feminism
 * Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame
 * Black flight
 * Black gay pride
 * Black Hebrew Israelites
 * Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
 * Black History Month
 * Black Inches
 * Black Indians in the United States
 * Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity
 * Black is Beautiful
 * Black is... Black Ain't
 * Black leftism
 * Black Liberators
 * Black Like Me
 * Black Like Me (film)
 * The Black List (film series)
 * Black Lives Matter
 * Black Loyalist
 * Black Mafia
 * Black Mafia Family
 * The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius and His Achievements
 * Black matriarchy
 * Black mecca
 * Black middle class
 * Black Movie Awards
 * Black Music Month
 * Black nationalism
 * Black orientalism
 * Black Panther Party
 * Black participation in college basketball
 * BlackPast.org
 * Black Patriot (American Revolution)
 * Black Patti Records
 * Black people
 * Black people in Ireland
 * Black Pioneers
 * BlackPlanet
 * Black players in American professional football
 * Black populism
 * Black Power
 * Black Power and the American Myth
 * Black Power movement
 * Black pride
 * Black psychology
 * Black Radical Congress
 * Black Reconstruction in America
 * Black Reel Awards
 * Black refugee (War of 1812)
 * Black Rock Coalition
 * The Black Scholar
 * Black school
 * Black science fiction
 * Black Seminoles
 * Black Seminole Scouts
 * Black separatism
 * Black sermonic tradition
 * Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism
 * Black sitcom
 * Black Star Line
 * Black supremacy
 * Black Swan Records
 * Black Theater of Ardmore
 * Black theology
 * Black Women Organized for Political Action
 * The Black World Today
 * Blacks and Jews (film)
 * Blankman
 * Blaxploitation
 * Bleeding Kansas
 * Bling-bling
 * BLK (magazine)
 * Blockbusting
 * Block party
 * The Blood of Jesus
 * Bleeding Kansas
 * Bloods
 * Bluefield State University
 * Blue Front Cafe
 * Blue Hill Avenue (film)
 * Blue note
 * Blues
 * Blues in the Night (musical)
 * The Bluest Eye
 * Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
 * Body and Soul (1925 film)
 * Bones (2001 film)
 * Bolling v. Sharpe
 * Boogie-woogie
 * Booker T. Washington Junior College
 * Booker T. Washington National Monument
 * Book of Love (2002 film)
 * Book of Negroes
 * Boomerang (1992 film)
 * The Boondocks (comic strip)
 * Booty Call
 * Bop (disambiguation)
 * Bossip
 * Bouie v. City of Columbia
 * Bounce TV
 * Bowie State University
 * Boynton v. Virginia
 * Boy! What a Girl!
 * Boyz n the Hood
 * Brass Ankles
 * Tawana Brawley rape allegations
 * Bread and Roses (disambiguation)
 * Break (music)
 * Breakin' All the Rules
 * B-boying or breakdancing
 * Br'er Rabbit
 * Br'er Rabbit Earns a Dollar a Minute
 * Briggs v. Elliott
 * Bright Road
 * Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk
 * The Brute (1920 film)
 * Bronner Bros.
 * Brother John (film)
 * Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus
 * The Brothers (2001 film)
 * Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
 * Browder v. Gayle
 * Brown Paper Bag Test
 * Brown v. Board of Education
 * Brownsville affair
 * Bubbling Brown Sugar
 * Buchanan v. Warley
 * Buck and the Preacher
 * Bud Billiken Club
 * Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic
 * The Buffalo Saga
 * Buffalo Soldier
 * Bureau of Colored Troops
 * Burlesque in Harlem
 * Bush Mama
 * Bushwhacker
 * Bustin' Loose (film)
 * Butler Medal

C

 * Cabin in the Sky (film)
 * Cadillac Records
 * Café Society
 * Cakewalk
 * California African American Museum
 * Call and response
 * Callaloo (journal)
 * Cambridge, Maryland
 * Camp Ashby
 * Camp Lejeune Incident
 * Camp Lockett
 * Camp Nelson National Cemetery
 * Canterbury Female Boarding School
 * Carmel Indians
 * Carmen: A Hip Hopera
 * Carmen Jones
 * Carmen Jones (film)
 * Caught Up (film)
 * Cave Canem Foundation
 * CB4
 * 4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
 * Central Brooklyn Jazz Consortium
 * Central State University
 * Char Room (film)
 * Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
 * Chesapeake pipes
 * Chestnut Ridge people
 * Chicago stepping
 * Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance
 * Children, Go Where I Send Thee
 * Children of the plantation
 * Chitlin circuit
 * Chowanoke
 * Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
 * The Church of Saint Coltrane
 * Civil Brand
 * City Mission Society
 * Civil Rights Act of 1866
 * Civil Rights Act of 1875
 * Civil Rights Act of 1957
 * Civil Rights Act of 1960
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964
 * Civil Rights Cases
 * Civil rights movement
 * Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
 * Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
 * Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
 * The Civil War (musical)
 * Claflin University
 * Clark Atlanta University
 * Class Act
 * Classical Theatre of Harlem
 * Claudine (film)
 * Clef Club
 * Clinton Junior College
 * Clockers (film)
 * Clotel
 * Clothing in the Ragtime Era
 * Coach Carter
 * Coahoma Community College
 * Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
 * Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899
 * Coffy
 * Coleman Manufacturing Company
 * Colfax massacre
 * The Collegiate 100
 * Colonial period of South Carolina
 * Colonization Societies
 * Color Adjustment
 * Color blindness (race)
 * The Color of Friendship (2000 film)
 * Color line (civil rights issue)
 * Colored
 * Colored Episcopal Mission
 * Colored Music Settlement School
 * Colored National Labor Union
 * Colored Soldiers Monument in Frankfort
 * Colorism
 * The Color Purple
 * The Color Purple (musical)
 * Colors Straight Up
 * Columbia Air Center
 * Combahee River Collective
 * Come Back, Charleston Blue
 * Coming to America
 * Commitments (film)
 * Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
 * The Communist Party and African-Americans
 * Community Reinvestment Act
 * Composers of African descent
 * Compromise of 1850
 * Concordia College, Selma (historical)
 * Congdon Street Baptist Church
 * Congo Square
 * Congressional Black Caucus
 * Congress of Racial Equality
 * The Conjure Woman
 * Conk
 * Connie's Inn
 * Consolidation Coal Company (Iowa)
 * Constellation (film)
 * Constitution of Virginia
 * Constitutional colorblindness
 * Contemporary R&B
 * The Cookout
 * Cool (American Negro aesthetic)
 * Cool jazz
 * Cooley High
 * Coon song
 * Cooper v. Aaron
 * Coppin State University
 * Copp's Hill Burying Ground
 * Coretta Scott King Award
 * Cornbread, Earl and Me
 * The Corner: A Year in the Life of an Inner-City Neighborhood
 * Cornerstone Speech
 * Cornrows
 * The Cosby Show
 * (List of) The Cosby Show characters
 * Cotton Club
 * Cotton Club (Portland)
 * Cotton Comes to Harlem
 * Cotton Comes to Harlem (novel)
 * The Council (drug syndicate)
 * Council of Federated Organizations
 * Coushatta massacre
 * Cover (film)
 * Crack epidemic
 * Creole Giselle
 * Creole music
 * Creoles of color
 * Criminal black man
 * Crips
 * The Crisis
 * Crooklyn
 * Crossover (2006 film)
 * Crossroads Theatre
 * Crunk
 * Cultural mulatto
 * Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
 * Cyrus Gates Farmstead

D

 * D Underbelly
 * Daddy's Little Girls
 * Dancing for eels
 * Dangerous Minds
 * Daniel Payne College (historical)
 * Dap greeting
 * Dark Girls
 * Darktown Revue
 * Darlings of Rhythm
 * A Daughter of the Congo
 * Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
 * Deacons for Defense and Justice
 * Death at an Early Age
 * Death at a Funeral (2010 film)
 * "Deep River" (song)
 * Deep River Boys
 * Def by Temptation
 * Def Jam's How to Be a Player
 * The Defiant Ones (film)
 * Delaware State University
 * Deliver Us from Eva
 * Delta blues
 * Delta Ministry
 * Denmark Technical College
 * Denmark Vesey House
 * Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University
 * DePorres Club
 * Desdemona (play)
 * Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again
 * Desegregation
 * Desegregation busing in the United States
 * Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps
 * Detroit Hair Wars
 * Detroit JazzStage
 * Diary of a Mad Black Woman (film)
 * Dillard University
 * Directive 5120.36
 * Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.
 * Dirty Laundry (2007 film)
 * Disappearing Acts
 * Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era
 * University of the District of Columbia
 * District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
 * Dixieland
 * Dobyville
 * Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement
 * Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood
 * Do-rag
 * Double consciousness
 * Double Dutch (jump rope)
 * Double-duty dollar
 * Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female
 * Douglass Place
 * Dozens (game)
 * Dreadlocks
 * Dreamgirls (film)
 * Dred Scott v. Sandford
 * Dr. Robert Walter Johnson House and Tennis Court
 * Drum (1976 film)
 * Drumline (film)
 * Drums and Shadows
 * The Duke Is Tops
 * The Dungeon (1922 film)
 * Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
 * Dysfunktional Family

E

 * East Coast hip hop
 * East Oakland, Oakland, California
 * Ebonics (word)
 * Ebony (magazine)
 * Edge of the City
 * Education in Harlem
 * Education outcomes in the United States by race and other classifications
 * Edward Waters University
 * Elaine Race Riot
 * Elizabeth City State University
 * Emancipation Oak
 * Emancipation Proclamation
 * Emmett Till
 * Emmett Till Antilynching Act
 * Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance
 * (List of) Enslaved people of Mount Vernon
 * Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn, New York)
 * The Ernest Green Story
 * Essence magazine
 * Ethiopian Regiment
 * "Every Time I Feel the Spirit" (song)
 * Eve's Bayou
 * Executive Order 8802
 * Executive Order 9981
 * Executive Order 11063
 * The Exile (1931 film)
 * Exodus of 1879
 * Exodusters
 * Expelled Because of Color
 * Ex-slave repatriation
 * Extra Mile Education Foundation
 * Eyes on the Prize

F

 * The Fab Five (film)
 * Fair Employment Practices Commission
 * Fair Game (2005 film)
 * Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids
 * Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans
 * Fayetteville State University
 * Federal Council of Negro Affairs
 * Federation of Black Cowboys
 * Fela!
 * Festival Sundiata
 * Field holler
 * Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 * The Fighting Temptations
 * Finding Me
 * Finding Me: Truth
 * The Fire Next Time
 * First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)
 * First African Baptist Church (Lexington, Kentucky)
 * First African Baptist Church (Richmond, Virginia)
 * Fisk University
 * The Five Heartbeats
 * Five on the Black Hand Side
 * Flight of the Red Tail
 * Florida A&M Hospital
 * Florida A&M University
 * Florida Black Heritage Trail
 * Florida Memorial University
 * Florida Slavery Memorial
 * Fodder on My Wings
 * Folklore
 * Foolish (film)
 * For Colored Girls
 * Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream
 * For Love of Ivy
 * For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story
 * Fort Gadsden
 * Fort Howell
 * Fort Pillow massacre
 * Fort Pocahontas
 * Fort Robert Smalls
 * Fort Valley State University
 * Forty acres and a mule
 * Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks
 * Fountain Hughes
 * Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 * Four Eleven Forty Four
 * Freaknik
 * Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
 * Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
 * Free African Society
 * Freedman
 * Freedman's Savings Bank
 * Freedmen (ethnic group)
 * Freedmen's Aid Society
 * Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island
 * Freedmen's Bureau
 * (List of) freedmen's towns
 * Freedom Riders
 * Freedom suits
 * Freedom Summer
 * Freedom Writers
 * Free jazz
 * Freeman (Colonial)
 * Free Negro
 * Free people of color
 * Freeport Doctrine
 * Free produce movement
 * Free Soil Party
 * Free-Stater (Kansas)
 * Friday (1995 film)
 * Friday After Next
 * From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism
 * From Swastika to Jim Crow
 * Fudge Farm
 * Fugitive slave
 * Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
 * Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
 * Funeral Procession (painting)
 * Funk
 * The Future of the American Negro
 * The Future of the Race

G

 * Gadsden State Community College
 * Gag rule
 * Gamble Plantation Historic State Park
 * Gang of Roses
 * Gang system
 * Gangsta rap
 * Garveyism
 * Gas (2004 film)
 * Gebhart v. Belton
 * Geer Cemetery
 * Genius of Universal Emancipation
 * George Washington and slavery
 * Georgia Alliance of African American Attorneys
 * Get down
 * Get on the Bus
 * A Get2Gether
 * Ghetto fabulous
 * Ghetto tourism
 * Gibbs Junior College
 * Gillfield Baptist Church (Petersburg, Virginia)
 * Giles v. Harris
 * The Girl from Chicago
 * The Girl in Room 20
 * Glory (1989 film)
 * Go Down, Death!
 * Goffe Street Special School for Colored Children
 * Go for Broke (2002 film)
 * God's Step Children
 * Golden age hip hop
 * Golden Circle (proposed country)
 * Golden Slippers
 * Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building
 * Golden Thirteen
 * Gold roll
 * Go Man Go (film)
 * A Good Day to Be Black and Sexy
 * Good Deeds
 * Good Fences
 * Good Hair
 * "Good Hair" and Other Dubious Distinctions
 * Good hair (phrase)
 * Good Times
 * Gospel music
 * Go Tell It on the Mountain (novel)
 * Graffiti in the United States
 * Grambling State University
 * Grand Contraband Camp
 * Greased Lightning
 * Great Migration (African American)
 * Great Plains Black History Museum
 * Greek Picnic
 * Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
 * The Green Pastures (film)
 * The Greensboro Four
 * Greensboro sit-ins
 * The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Folklore
 * Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
 * Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
 * Grind (musical)
 * Guadalupe College (historical)
 * Guess Who (film)
 * Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
 * A Guest of Honor (opera)
 * Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
 * Guinn v. United States
 * Gullah
 * Gullah language
 * The Gunsaulus Mystery

H

 * Hair
 * Hair Show
 * Haliwa-Saponi
 * Hallelujah! (film)
 * Hallelujah, Baby!
 * Hamitic League of the World
 * Hampton Negro Conference
 * Hampton University
 * Hard bop
 * Hardwood (film)
 * The Harimaya Bridge
 * Harlem Artists Guild
 * Harlem Globetrotters
 * The Harlem Globetrotters (film)
 * Harlem Renaissance
 * Harlem Riot of 1935
 * Harlem Riot of 1943
 * Harlem Riot of 1964
 * Harlem Writers Guild
 * Harriet Tubman
 * Harriet Tubman National Historical Park
 * Harris–Stowe State University
 * 1941 Harvard–Navy lacrosse game
 * Hate crime
 * Hate group
 * Hav Plenty
 * Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years
 * Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
 * Heat Wave (1990 film)
 * The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
 * Henderson v. United States (1950)
 * Henry Browne, Farmer
 * A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich (film)
 * Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert
 * Heyward Shepherd monument
 * High Freakquency
 * High yellow
 * The Highwaymen (landscape artists)
 * Hinds Community College at Utica
 * Hip hop
 * Hip-hop dance
 * Hip hop movies
 * Hip hop music
 * Hip hop production
 * (African-American ) Historic Places
 * Historically black colleges and universities
 * History of African Americans in Atlanta
 * History of African Americans in Boston
 * History of African Americans in Chicago
 * History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth
 * History of African Americans in Detroit
 * History of African Americans in Houston
 * History of African Americans in Kansas
 * History of African Americans in Los Angeles
 * History of African Americans in Philadelphia
 * History of African Americans in San Antonio
 * History of African Americans in Texas
 * History of African Americans in Utah
 * History of Blacks in ice hockey
 * History of the Jews in the African diaspora
 * History of slavery in Alabama
 * History of slavery in California
 * History of slavery in Connecticut
 * History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)
 * History of slavery in Illinois
 * History of slavery in Indiana
 * History of slavery in Kentucky
 * History of slavery in Louisiana
 * History of slavery in Maryland
 * History of slavery in Massachusetts
 * History of slavery in New Jersey
 * History of slavery in New York
 * History of slavery in North Carolina
 * History of slavery in Texas
 * History of slavery in Virginia
 * Hi-top fade
 * Hitsville U.S.A.
 * Hokum
 * Hollywood Black Film Festival
 * Hollywood Shuffle
 * Home Girls
 * The Homesteader
 * Homo hop
 * The Honeymooners (2005 film)
 * Hood films
 * Hoodoo (folk magic)
 * Hookers In Revolt
 * The House Behind the Cedars
 * House dance
 * House Negro
 * House Part (film)
 * House Party 2
 * House Party 3
 * House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute
 * Howard University
 * How I Spent My Summer Vacation (1997 film)
 * House slave
 * How Stella Got Her Groove Back
 * Huckleberry Finn
 * Hully Gully
 * Human Rights (journal)
 * Hunter v. Erickson
 * Hush harbor
 * Hustle & Flow
 * Huston–Tillotson University
 * Hurston-Wright Legacy Award

I

 * " I, Too, Sing America"
 * I Can Do Bad All By Myself (film)
 * Idlewild, Michigan
 * I Do... I Did!
 * I Got the Hook Up
 * Igbo American
 * Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade
 * Imaging Blackness
 * The Impending Crisis of the South
 * I'm Through with White Girls (The Inevitable Undoing of Jay Brooks)
 * Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
 * Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African-American communities
 * Indian cavalry
 * Indian Rocks Dining Hall
 * In the Heat of the Night (film)
 * In the Heights
 * The Inkwell
 * In Living Color
 * Institute Catholique
 * Institute of Responsible Citizenship
 * Institute of the Black World
 * Institute of the Black World 21st Century
 * Institutional racism
 * Interdenominational Theological Center
 * International Association of Black Actuaries
 * International Federation of Black Prides
 * Interregional slave trade
 * The Interruption of Everything
 * Introducing Dorothy Dandridge
 * Invisible churches (slavery)
 * Invisible Man
 * I Shall Not Be Moved
 * Isle of Canes
 * I Spy (1965 TV series)
 * Is That Black Enough for You?!?
 * It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues
 * I Will Follow (film)

J

 * Jack and Jill (organization)
 * Jackson State University
 * Jailhouse Blues
 * Jarvis Christian University
 * Jason's Lyric
 * Jayhawker
 * Jazz
 * Jazz (novel)
 * Jazz funeral
 * Jazz-funk
 * Jazz fusion
 * Jazz Profiles
 * Jefferson–Hemings controversy
 * The Jeffersons
 * Jelly's Last Jam
 * Jerkin'
 * Jews in the civil rights movement
 * J. F. Drake State Technical College
 * Jheri curl
 * J-Setting
 * Jet (magazine)
 * Jim Brown: All-American
 * Jim Crow (character)
 * Jim Crow economy
 * Jim Crow laws
 * (List of) Jim Crow law examples by State
 * Jivin' in Be-Bop
 * John Brown's last speech
 * John Brown's Provisional Conwtitution
 * John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
 * John Henry (folklore)
 * Johnny Bright incident
 * Johnson C. Smith University
 * Johnson Family Vacation
 * The Josephine Baker Story
 * Journal of African American History
 * Journal of Black Psychology
 * Journal of Black Studies
 * Journal of Negro Education
 * Journal of Negro History
 * Journal of Pan African Studies
 * Judicial aspects of race in the United States
 * Juice (1992 film)
 * Juke joint
 * Juke Joint (1947 film)
 * Julia (American TV series)
 * Julian Scott Department Store
 * Jump blues
 * Jump In!
 * Jumping the Broom
 * Jumping the broom
 * Jump Jim Crow
 * Juneteenth
 * Juneteenth in Oregon
 * The Jungle (1967 film)
 * Just Above Midtown
 * Just Wright
 * Justice for Victims of Lynching Act

K

 * Kalunga Line
 * Kansas–Nebraska Act
 * Karamu House
 * Katherine Dunham Company
 * Katzenbach v. McClung
 * Kelly Ingram Park
 * Kentucky in Africa
 * Kentucky State University
 * Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History
 * A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * The KIDflix Film Fest of Bed-Stuy
 * King (TV miniseries)
 * "Kingdom Coming"
 * King's Ransom (film)
 * Kissing Case
 * Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press
 * Kittrell College (historical)
 * Knights of the Clock
 * Knights of the Golden Circle
 * Know Your History: Jesus Is Black; So Was Cleopatra
 * Knoxville College
 * Krumping
 * Kufi
 * Ku Klux Klan
 * Kwanzaa

L

 * Lady Sings the Blues
 * Lady Sings the Blues (film)
 * Lakeview, Illinois
 * LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton
 * Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
 * Lane College
 * Langston Hughes Medal
 * Langston University
 * L.A. Rebellion
 * The Last Angel of History
 * Latin jazz
 * Lawn jockey
 * Lawrence, Kansas
 * Lawson State Community College
 * League of Revolutionary Black Workers
 * League of Struggle for Negro Rights
 * Lean on Me (film)
 * The Learning Tree
 * Leavenworth Constitution
 * Lecompton Constitution
 * Legacy (2000 film)
 * Leland College (historical)
 * Helen Lemme
 * LeMoyne–Owen College
 * LeRoy Battle
 * Let's Do It Again (1975 film)
 * Letters to a Young Brother
 * Lewis College of Business
 * Liberia
 * The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)
 * Liberty Party (United States, 1840)
 * Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
 * Life as a BlackMan
 * "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
 * Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address
 * Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech
 * Lincoln's Lost Speech
 * Lincoln–Douglas debates
 * Lincoln Motion Picture Company
 * Lincoln University of Missouri
 * Lincoln University of Pennsylvania
 * Linconia
 * Lindy Hop
 * Linewatch
 * The Links, Incorporated
 * Literacy tests
 * List of monuments to African Americans
 * Little Rock Nine
 * Livingstone College
 * Livin' Large
 * Logan family (historical)
 * Walter P. Lomax Jr.
 * Long Look Estate
 * 1992 Los Angeles riots
 * Losing the Race
 * The Lost Man
 * Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
 * Louisiana Creole French
 * Louisiana Voodoo
 * Louisiana v. United States (1965)
 * Love (Toni Morrison novel)
 * Love Chronicles (film)
 * Love Don't Cost a Thing (film)
 * Loving v. Virginia
 * A Low Down Dirty Shame
 * Lying Lips
 * Lynching
 * Lynching of John Henry James

M

 * Maafa
 * Maafa 21
 * Madame Rentz's Female Minstrels
 * Madea's Big Happy Family (film)
 * Madea's Family Reunion
 * Magical Negro
 * Mahaffie House
 * Mahogany (film)
 * The Making of Robert E. Lee
 * Malcolm X (film)
 * Mama, I Want to Sing! (film)
 * Mammy archetype
 * Manumission Intelligencier
 * Marais des Cygnes massacre
 * The March (1964 film)
 * March on Washington Movement
 * Marching On!
 * Marci X
 * Marijuana
 * Marcus Garland
 * Marcus Garvey: Look for me in the Whirlwind
 * Margaret Garner (opera)
 * Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert
 * Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
 * Mary Ann Shadd Cary House
 * Maryland Constitution of 1864
 * Mary Don't You Weep
 * University of Maryland Eastern Shore
 * Mississippi-in-Africa
 * Maryland State Colonization Society
 * Mason County, Kentucky slave pen
 * Mason–Dixon Line
 * USS Mason (DE-529)
 * Massachusetts General Colored Association
 * Mass racial violence in the United States
 * M-Base
 * McComas Institute
 * McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
 * McDonogh Three
 * McGill family (Monrovia)
 * McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
 * M.Dia
 * Meat packing industry
 * Media Take Out
 * Meeting David Wilson
 * Meet the Browns (film)
 * Meharry Medical College
 * Melungeon
 * Memphis (musical)
 * Menace II Society
 * Mendez v. Westminster
 * A Mercy
 * Mestiza Double Consciousness
 * Memorials to Martin Luther King
 * The Meteor Man (film)
 * Middle Passage
 * Midnight Ramble (film)
 * Miles College
 * Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle
 * Military history of African Americans
 * Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
 * Militia Act of 1862
 * Milliken v. Bradley
 * Million Man March
 * Millions More Movement
 * Minstrel show
 * Miscegenation
 * Misogyny in hip hop culture
 * Miss Ann
 * Miss Black America
 * Missing white woman syndrome
 * Mississippi Blues Trail
 * Mississippi Burning
 * Mississippi Damned
 * Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
 * Mississippi Valley State University
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
 * Mister Charlie
 * Mitchelville
 * Mo' Better Blues
 * MoCADA
 * Modal jazz
 * Mojo (African-American culture)
 * Mo' Money
 * Monacan people
 * Montage of a Dream Deferred
 * Montgomery bus boycott
 * Montgomery Improvement Association
 * Moore v. Dempsey
 * Moorish Orthodox Church of America
 * Moorish Science Temple of America
 * Morehouse College
 * Morehouse School of Medicine
 * Morgan State University
 * Morris Brown College
 * Morris College
 * Mosaic Templars Cultural Center
 * Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
 * Motherland (2010 film)
 * Motown
 * Motown Productions
 * Motown Records
 * Moulin Rouge Hotel
 * Mount Auburn Cemetery (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * Mount Hermon Female Seminary (historical)
 * Mount Moor African-American Cemetery
 * Mount Oread
 * MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
 * MPG: Motion Picture Genocide
 * Mudsill theory
 * Le Mulâtre
 * Mulatto
 * Mumbo Jumbo (novel)
 * Muncy Abolition Riot of 1842
 * Murder in Harlem
 * The Murder of Fred Hampton
 * Murray v. Pearson
 * (List of) Museums focused on African Americans
 * Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy
 * Mutual Black Network
 * My Bondage and My Freedom
 * My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage
 * My Past Is My Own
 * Mytown (organization)

N

 * NAACP Image Awards
 * NAACP in Kentucky
 * NAACP Theatre Awards
 * Nadir of American race relations
 * Nansemond
 * Nashville Convention
 * Nashville sit-ins
 * Nassau Plantation (Texas)
 * Nasty C
 * Nasty C discography
 * Natchez Museum of African American History and Culture
 * Nation of Islam
 * National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum
 * National Action Network
 * National African American Archives and Museum
 * National African American Leadership Summit
 * National Afro-American Council
 * National Afro-American League
 * The National Alliance of Black School Educators
 * National Anti-Slavery Standard
 * National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
 * National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama
 * National Association of Black Accountants
 * The National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice
 * National Association of Black Journalists
 * National Association for Black Veterans
 * National Association of Colored Women
 * National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
 * National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union
 * National Black Caucus of State Legislators
 * National Black Chamber of Commerce
 * National Black Child Developmental Institute
 * National Black Family Reunion
 * National Black Farmers Association
 * National Black Feminist Organization
 * National Black Law Students Association
 * National Black MBA Association
 * National Black Network
 * National Black Nurses Association
 * National Black Police Association (United States)
 * National Black Republican Association
 * National Black United Front
 * National Black United Fund
 * National Brotherhood of Workers of America
 * National Center of Afro-American Artists
 * National Civil Rights Museum
 * National Coalition of 100 Black Women
 * National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays
 * National Colored Base Ball League
 * National Conference of Black Lawyers
 * National Council of Negro Women
 * National Equal Rights League
 * National Medical Association
 * The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
 * National Museum of African American History and Culture
 * National Museum of African American Music
 * National Negro Business League
 * National Negro Committee
 * National Negro Congress
 * National Negro Labor Council
 * National Organization of Black Women in Law Enforcement
 * National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers
 * National Pan-Hellenic Council
 * National Society of Black Engineers
 * National Urban League
 * National Youth Movement
 * National Welfare Rights Organization
 * Native Son
 * Nat Turner's slave rebellion
 * Negro
 * Negro American League
 * Negro Digest
 * Negro Factories Corporation
 * Negro Fort
 * Negro league baseball
 * The Negro Motorist Green Book
 * Negro Mountain
 * Negro National League (1920–1931)
 * Negro National League (1933–1948)
 * The Negro in the South
 * The Negro Speaks of Rivers
 * The Negro Star
 * Negro World
 * Neighborhoods
 * Neo-soul
 * The Network for Better Futures
 * New Communities
 * New England Anti-Slavery Society
 * New England Emigrant Aid Company
 * New Great Migration
 * New Jack City
 * New jack swing
 * New Jersey Drive
 * The Negro Soldier
 * The New Jim Crow
 * The New Negro
 * New Orleans African American Museum
 * New South
 * New-York Central College
 * New York Conspiracy of 1741
 * New York Manumission Society
 * Next Friday
 * Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
 * Niagara Movement
 * Nigga
 * Nigger
 * Niggertown Marsh
 * Night Catches Us
 * Nixon v. Condon
 * Nixon v. Herndon
 * Nkiru Center for Education and Culture
 * No Crossover: The Trial of Allen Iverson
 * No Way Out (1950 film)
 * Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom
 * Nora's Hair Salon
 * Nora's Hair Salon 2: A Cut Above
 * Norbit
 * Norfolk State University
 * North Carolina A&T State University
 * North Carolina Central University
 * Northern Student Movement
 * Norwood v. Harrison
 * Nothin' 2 Lose
 * Notorious (2009 film)
 * The Notorious Elinor Lee
 * Noyes Academy
 * The Nutty Professor (1996 film)
 * Nutty Professor II: The Klumps

O

 * Oakville, Alabama
 * Oakwood University
 * Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
 * Ocoee massacre
 * Of One Blood (film)
 * Olathe, Kansas
 * Old City Cemetery (Lynchburg, Virginia)
 * Old West Baltimore Historic District
 * Ol' Man River
 * Omaha Star
 * Omega Psi Phi
 * Once Upon a Time...When We Were Colored
 * One-drop rule
 * One More River to Cross (book)
 * One People's Project
 * Oneida Institute
 * Opportunity (journal)
 * Orangeburg massacre
 * The Organization (film)
 * Organization of Afro-American Unity
 * Original 33
 * Origins of the American Civil War
 * Origins of the blues
 * Origins of rock and roll
 * Ostend Manifesto
 * Othermother
 * Oui Be Negroes
 * Our Nig
 * Out-of-Sync
 * The Outsider (Wright novel)

P

 * Pacific Movement of the Eastern World
 * The Pact (2008 film)
 * Paine College
 * Pan-African colors
 * Pan-African flag
 * Pan-Africanism
 * Pan-African Film Festival
 * Paper bag party
 * Paradise (Morrison novel)
 * Paradise Park, Florida
 * Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
 * Paris Blues
 * Partus sequitur ventrem
 * Passing (racial identity)
 * Passing Strange (musical)
 * A Patch of Blue
 * Patting juba
 * Paul Mooney: Analyzing White America
 * Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist
 * Paul Quinn College
 * PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival
 * Pearl incident
 * Peculiar institution
 * Peg Leg Joe
 * Pennsylvania Abolition Society
 * Peoples Temple
 * The Perfect Holiday
 * Perry race riot
 * Personal liberty laws
 * Person of color
 * Peters-Graham House
 * Petition of Free Negroes
 * Phat Beach
 * Phemza The Kween
 * Philander Smith University
 * Philipsburg Proclamation
 * Philosophia Africana
 * Phylon
 * Pick Up the Mic
 * A Piece of the Action (film)
 * Piedmont Sanatorium
 * Pinkster
 * Pioneers of African-American Cinema
 * Pipe Dreams (1976 film)
 * Piscataway v. Taxman
 * Plantocracy
 * Playhouse Theatre (Seattle)
 * Political hip hop
 * Political views of Paul Robeson
 * Polly (1989 film)
 * Pomo Afro Homos
 * Porgy and Bess
 * Porgy and Bess (film)
 * The Portal (community center)
 * Port Chicago disaster
 * Portrayal of black people in comics
 * Port Royal Experiment
 * Post-blackness
 * Post-bop
 * Post–Civil Rights Era African-American history
 * Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing
 * Pottawatomie massacre
 * Pottawatomie Rifles
 * Pound Cake speech
 * Powell v. Alabama
 * Prairie Mission
 * Prairie View A&M University
 * Prayer kettle
 * Preacher's Kid (film)
 * The Preacher's Wife
 * Premium (film)
 * President's Committee on Civil Rights
 * Pressure Point (1982 film)
 * Pride (2007 film)
 * Princess Tam Tam
 * Progressive Black & Journalists (PB&J)
 * Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America
 * Project 21
 * Project Brotherhood
 * Proslavery
 * Provisional Constitution (John Brown)
 * Pullman Company
 * Punks (film)
 * Purlie
 * Purple drank

Q

 * Quantrill's Raiders
 * The Quiet One (film)
 * Quiet storm
 * Quindaro Townsite
 * The Quorum

R

 * Race & Class
 * Race and crime in the United States
 * Race and ethnicity in the NBA
 * Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
 * Race movie
 * Race record
 * Racial integration
 * Racial Integrity Act of 1924
 * Racial liberalism era
 * Racial segregation
 * Racial segregation in Atlanta
 * Racial segregation in the United States
 * Racial steering
 * Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans
 * Racism in the United States
 * Raid at Combahee Ferry
 * Racism in the United States
 * A Rage in Harlem (film)
 * Ragtime
 * Ragtime (musical)
 * Raid at Combahee Ferry
 * Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)
 * Rainbow/PUSH
 * The Rainbow Sign
 * Raisin (musical)
 * A Raisin in the Sun
 * A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)
 * A Raisin in the Sun (2008 film)
 * Rapping
 * Rawdon Street Methodist Church
 * Ray (film)
 * Rebecca's Revival
 * Recitatif
 * Red Ball Express
 * Redbone (ethnicity)
 * Red Summer of 1919
 * Red Tail Project
 * Red Tail Reborn
 * Regional Council of Negro Leadership
 * Religion of Black Americans
 * Rent party
 * Reparations for slavery
 * Representation of African Americans in media
 * Representations of African Americans in movies
 * Republic of Maryland
 * Republic of New Afrika
 * Research on the African-American Family
 * Resignation of Shirley Sherrod
 * Restrictive covenant
 * Reverse freedom rides
 * Reverse Underground Railroad
 * Revolution '67
 * Revolutionary integrationism
 * Rhythm and blues
 * Ride (1998 film)
 * Ride with the Devil (film)
 * The Rights of All
 * Right Place, Wrong Time (film)
 * Ring shout
 * River Road African American Museum
 * Rivers Wash Over Me
 * Riverside School (Elkins, West Virginia)
 * Rize (film)
 * Roanoke Island
 * Roger Williams College (historical)
 * Roll Bounce
 * Roots: The Saga of an American Family
 * Roots (1977 miniseries)
 * Roots: The Next Generations
 * Roots: The Gift
 * Rosenwald Schools
 * Rosewood massacre
 * Rough Crossings
 * Roxbury Film Festival
 * Rubyfruit Jungle
 * Rufus Jones for President
 * Runaway slave
 * Runyon v. McCrary
 * Rust College

S

 * Sacking of Lawrence
 * Sagging (fashion)
 * Saint Paul's College (historical)
 * The Salon (film)
 * Salsa Soul Sisters
 * Salute (2008 film)
 * Sambo (racial term)
 * Sampling (music)
 * Samuel Osgood House
 * Sanankuya
 * Sanford and Son
 * Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
 * Savannah State University
 * Scat singing
 * School Daze
 * Scottsboro Boys
 * The Scottsboro Boys (musical)
 * S-Curl
 * Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
 * Second Great Migration (African American)
 * Second line (parades)
 * The Secret of Selling the Negro Market
 * Secret Six
 * Seddity
 * Segregated prom
 * Selma University
 * Separate Car Act
 * Sepia Cinderella
 * Set de flo'
 * Seventeen Again
 * Sexual slavery
 * Shaw University
 * Shelton State Community College
 * Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
 * She's Gotta Have It
 * Shields Green
 * Shotgun house
 * Show Boat
 * Show Boat (1929 film)
 * Show Boat (1936 film)
 * Show Boat (1951 film)
 * Show Boat (novel)
 * Showtime at the Apollo
 * Showtime Steppers
 * Shuckin' and jivin'
 * Shuffle Along
 * Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham
 * Siege of Charleston Union order of battle
 * Sierra Leone Company
 * (List of) singers
 * Signifyin'
 * Signifying monkey
 * Silent Parade
 * Sit-in
 * Sister Wife
 * Skirmish at Island Mound
 * The Ski Trip
 * Slater Fund
 * 1733 slave insurrection on St. John
 * 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
 * Slave breeding in the United States
 * The Slave Community
 * Slave and free states
 * The Slave's Friend
 * Slave health on American plantations
 * Slave insurance in the United States
 * Slave name
 * Slave narrative
 * Slave patrol
 * Slave Power
 * Slave rebellion
 * Slave Trade Act of 1794
 * Slavery
 * Slavery and the Making of America
 * Slaveryinamerica
 * Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
 * Slavery during the American Civil War
 * Slavery in the colonial United States
 * Slavery in the United States
 * Slow drag (dance)
 * Slow jam
 * Smalls Paradise
 * Smith v. Allwright
 * Smith's Fly Boys
 * Smooth jazz
 * Snap music
 * Snow Hill Site
 * Snow on tha Bluff
 * Society for the Prevention of Calling Sleeping Car Porters "George"
 * "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child"
 * Songs of the Underground Railroad
 * Song of Solomon (novel)
 * Songs of My People
 * A Son of Satan
 * Sons of Haiti
 * Soul!
 * Soul food
 * Soul Food (film)
 * Soul jazz
 * Soul music
 * Soul of the Game
 * Soul Plane
 * Soul Train
 * Soundtrack for a Revolution
 * South Carolina State University
 * Southern Claims Commission
 * South Pacific (musical)
 * Southern University at New Orleans
 * Southern University at Shreveport
 * Southern University and A&M College
 * Southwestern Christian College
 * Space Jam
 * Sparkle (2012 film)
 * Speed-Dating
 * Spelman College
 * Spingarn Medal
 * The Spirit Moves
 * Spiritual (music)
 * Spoken word
 * The Spook Who Sat by the Door (film)
 * The Spook Who Sat by the Door (novel)
 * "Stagger Lee" (song)
 * The Star of Ethiopia
 * State of the Black Union
 * St. Augustine's University
 * Stepping (African-American)
 * Steppin: The Movie
 * Stereotypes of African Americans
 * Stick dance (African-American)
 * Still I Rise: A Cartoon History of African Americans
 * Stillman College
 * St. Mary's Beneficial Society Hall (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)
 * St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks
 * Stomp the Yard
 * Stomp the Yard 2: Homecoming
 * Stono Rebellion
 * Storer College (historical)
 * Storytelling
 * St. Philip's College (United States)
 * "Strange Fruit"
 * Strapped
 * Street Fight (film)
 * Stride piano
 * Strivers' Row
 * (List of black) superheroes
 * Student African American Brotherhood
 * Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
 * The Sugar Babies
 * Sugar Chile Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet
 * Sula (novel)
 * Sundown town
 * Superspade
 * Supreme Team (gang)
 * Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
 * Sweet Honey in the Rock: Raise Your Voice
 * Sweet sorghum
 * Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
 * Swing!
 * "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
 * Swing (jazz performance style)
 * Swing music

T

 * Take a Giant Step
 * Take This Hammer (film)
 * The talk (racism in the United States)
 * Talladega College
 * Tallahassee bus boycott
 * The Talented Tenth
 * Talkin' Dirty After Dark
 * Tantiusques
 * Tap dance
 * Tar baby
 * Tar Baby (novel)
 * Tennessee State University
 * Texas College
 * Texas Slavery Project
 * Texas Southern University
 * That's Black Entertainment
 * Their Eyes Were Watching God
 * Their Eyes Were Watching God (film)
 * They Call Me MISTER Tibbs!
 * Thicker than Water (1999 film)
 * A Thin Line Between Love and Hate
 * Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 * This Christmas (film)
 * This Bridge Called My Back
 * This Is the Life (2008 film)
 * Three Can Play That Game
 * Three-Fifths Compromise
 * Thurgood Marshall College Fund
 * Timeline of African-American history
 * Timeline of the civil rights movement
 * Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery
 * Tobacco marketing and African Americans
 * Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800
 * Tongues Untied
 * Topeka Constitution
 * To Sir, with Love
 * Tougaloo College
 * Traci Townsend
 * Tradition Is a Temple
 * Traditional black gospel
 * Transition Magazine
 * Trash talk
 * A Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society
 * Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
 * Treemonisha
 * Trenholm State Technical College
 * Tresillo (rhythm)
 * Triple oppression
 * Trippin' (film)
 * Trois
 * Trois 2: Pandora's Box
 * Trois 3: The Escort
 * Tulsa race riot
 * Tuskegee & Its People
 * Tuskegee Airmen
 * The Tuskegee Airmen
 * Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
 * Tuskegee University
 * Tutnese
 * Twelfth Street YMCA Building
 * Twelve Years a Slave
 * Tyson (1995 film)

U

 * Uncle Jasper's Will
 * Uncle Remus
 * Uncle Tom
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * Underground Railroad
 * United Negro College Fund
 * United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated
 * United States National Slavery Museum
 * United States v. The Amistad
 * United States v. Cruikshank
 * United States Colored Troops
 * (List of) United States Colored Troops Civil War units
 * (List of) U.S. communities with African-American majority populations
 * (List of) U.S. counties with African American majority populations
 * (List of) U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
 * United States v. Johnson (1968)
 * United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
 * Unity Day (Philadelphia)
 * Unity Fellowship Church Movement
 * Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
 * Up from Slavery
 * Uptown Saturday Night
 * Uptown Theater (Philadelphia)
 * Urban Bush Women
 * Urban contemporary music
 * Urban contemporary gospel
 * Urban fiction
 * The urbanization of blacks in America
 * US Organization
 * USS Kitty Hawk riot
 * USS PC-1264

V

 * Vanguard Justice Society
 * Veiled Aristocrats
 * (List of black) video game characters
 * The Virgin of the Seminole
 * University of the Virgin Islands
 * Virginia State University
 * Virginia Union University
 * Virginia University of Lynchburg
 * The Voice of the Negro
 * Voorhees University
 * Voter Education Project
 * Voting Rights Act
 * Voting rights in the United States
 * Vogue (dance)

W

 * Wages of Sin (1929 film)
 * Waist Deep
 * Waiting to Exhale
 * Walkaround
 * The Wanderer (slave ship)
 * A Warm December
 * Fenwick Henri Watkins
 * Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust
 * Watts Riots
 * "The Weary Blues"
 * Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins
 * We-Sorts
 * West Indian American
 * West Coast hip hop
 * West Oakland, Oakland, California
 * West Virginia State University
 * Western University (Kansas) (historical)
 * Weyanoke, Virginia
 * What's Love Got to Do with It (film)
 * When Men Betray (1929 film)
 * The White Negro
 * Whiteface (performance)
 * White guilt
 * Who's the Man?
 * Who's Your Caddy?
 * Why Did I Get Married Too?
 * Why Did I Get Married?
 * Why Do Fools Fall in Love (film)
 * Why I Hate Abercrombie and Fitch
 * Why We Bang
 * Wigger
 * Wilberforce University
 * Wiley University
 * Wilfandel
 * William Lynch speech
 * Williams v. Mississippi
 * William and Mary Hosmer House
 * William E. Harmon Foundation award for distinguished achievement among Negroes
 * Winks Panorama
 * Winston-Salem State University
 * With or Without You (2003 film)
 * The Wiz
 * The Wiz (film)
 * Wolf ticket (wikt:wolf ticket)
 * A Woman Called Moses
 * Womanist theology
 * Women of Color Policy Network
 * Women's Political Council
 * Woo (film)
 * The Wood
 * Working With the Hands
 * Work song
 * Wyandotte Constitution

X

 * Xavier University of Louisiana

Y

 * Henry Clay Yerger
 * Youngblood (1978 film)
 * Young Boys Inc.
 * Young, Gifted and Black
 * "You've Got to Be Carefully Taught"

Z

 * Zephaniah Kingsley
 * Zoodio
 * Zora Neale Hurston House
 * Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts
 * Zouzou (film)


text:
Illinois station (DART)

Illinois station or Illinois Avenue station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood on Denley Drive, north of Illinois Avenue. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the DART, serving nearby residences and businesses, featuring bus service to Mountain View College, Fair Park, the Dallas VA Medical Center, and Paul Quinn College. This was the initial southern terminus for the Blue Line until it was extended to Ledbetter in May 1997.

Outbound, this is the last stop for Blue Line trains on grade-separated tracks. South of this station, the tracks swing onto a viaduct and the line then runs in the middle of Lancaster Road for the journey to Ledbetter after Ledbetter trains run grade separated again to UNT Dallas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Illinois station (DART)


text:
Kiest station

Kiest station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It serves the Oak Cliff neighborhood on Kiest Boulevard and Lancaster Road (SH 342). It opened on May 31, 1997, and is a station on the, serving nearby residences and businesses.

title: Kiest station


text:
Nation-building

Nation-building is constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. According to Harris Mylonas, "Legitimate authority in modern national states is connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation-building is the process through which these majorities are constructed." In Harris Mylonas's framework, "state elites employ three nation-building policies: accommodation, assimilation, and exclusion."

Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programs, including military conscription and national content mass schooling. Nation-building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth. According to Columbia University sociologist Andreas Wimmer, three factors tend to determine the success of nation-building over the long-run: "the early development of civil-society organisations, the rise of a state capable of providing public goods evenly across a territory, and the emergence of a shared medium of communication."

Overview
In the modern era, nation-building referred to the efforts of newly independent nations, to establish trusted institutions of national government, education, military defence, elections, land registry, import customs, foreign trade, foreign diplomacy, banking, finance, taxation, company registration, police, law, courts, healthcare, citizenship, citizen rights and liberties, marriage registry, birth registry, immigration, transport infrastructure and/or municipal governance charters. Nation-building can also include attempts to redefine the populace of territories that had been carved out by colonial powers or empires without regard to ethnic, religious, or other boundaries, as in Africa and the Balkans. These reformed states could then become viable and coherent national entities.

Nation-building also includes the creation of national paraphernalia such as national flags, national coats of arms, national anthems, national days, national stadiums, national airlines, national languages, and national myths. At a deeper level, national identity may be deliberately constructed by molding different ethnic groups into a nation, especially since in many newly established states colonial practices of divide and rule had resulted in ethnically heterogeneous populations.

In a functional understanding of nation-building, both economic and social factors are seen as influential. The development of nation-states in different times and places is influenced by differing conditions. It has been suggested that elites and masses in Great Britain, France, and the United States slowly grew to identify with each other as those states were established and that nationalism developed as more people were able to participate politically and to receive public goods in exchange for taxes. The more recent development of nation-states in geographically diverse, postcolonial areas may not be comparable due to differences in underlying conditions.

Many new states were plagued by cronyism (the exclusion of all but friends); corruption which erodes trust; and tribalism (rivalry between tribes within the nation). This sometimes resulted in their near-disintegration, such as the attempt by Biafra to secede from Nigeria in 1970, or the continuing demand of the Somali people in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia for complete independence. The Rwandan genocide, as well as the recurrent problems experienced by the Sudan, can also be related to a lack of ethnic, religious, or racial cohesion within the nation. It has often proved difficult to unite states with similar ethnic but different colonial backgrounds.

Differences in language may be particularly hard to overcome in the process of nation-building. Whereas some consider Cameroon to be an example of success, fractures are emerging in the form of the Anglophone problem. Failures like Senegambia Confederation demonstrate the problems of uniting Francophone and Anglophone territories.

Terminology: nation-building versus state-building
Traditionally, there has been some confusion between the use of the term nation-building and that of state-building (the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in North America). Both have fairly narrow and different definitions in political science, the former referring to national identity, the latter to infrastructure, and the institutions of the state. The debate has been clouded further by the existence of two very different schools of thought on state-building. The first (prevalent in the media) portrays state-building as an interventionist action by foreign countries. The second (more academic in origin and increasingly accepted by international institutions) sees state-building as an indigenous process. For a discussion of the definitional issues, see state-building, Carolyn Stephenson's essay, and the papers by Whaites, CPC/IPA or ODI cited below.

The confusion over terminology has meant that more recently, nation-building has come to be used in a completely different context, with reference to what has been succinctly described by its proponents as "the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy". In this sense nation-building, better referred to as state-building, describes deliberate efforts by a foreign power to construct or install the institutions of a national government, according to a model that may be more familiar to the foreign power but is often considered foreign and even destabilizing. In this sense, state-building is typically characterized by massive investment, military occupation, transitional government, and the use of propaganda to communicate governmental policy.

Role of education
The expansion of primary school provision is often believed to be a key driver in the process of nation-building. European rulers during the 19th century relied on state-controlled primary schooling to teach their subjects a common language, a shared identity, and a sense of duty and loyalty to the regime. In Prussia, mass primary education was introduced to foster "loyalty, obedience and devotion to the King". These beliefs about the power of education in forming loyalty to the sovereign were adopted by states in other parts of the world as well, in both non-democratic and democratic contexts. Reports on schools in the Soviet Union illustrate the fact that government-sponsored education programs emphasized not just academic content and skills but also taught "a love of country and mercilessness to the enemy, stubbornness in the overcoming of difficulties, an iron discipline, and love of oppressed peoples, the spirit of adventure and constant striving".

Germany and Japan after World War II
After World  War II, the Allied victors engaged in large-scale nation-building with considerable success in Germany. The United States, Britain, and France operated sectors that became West Germany. The Soviet Union operated a sector that became East Germany. In Japan, the victors were nominally in charge but in practice, the United States was in full control, again with considerable political, social, and economic impact.

NATO
After the collapse of communism in Yugoslavia in 1989, a series of civil wars broke out. Following the Dayton Agreement, also referred to as the Dayton Accords, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and also the European Union, engaged in stopping the civil wars, punishing more criminals, and operating nation-building programs especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in Kosovo.

Soviet efforts
Afghanistan was the target for Soviet-style nation-building during the Soviet–Afghan War. However, Soviet efforts bogged down due to Afghan resistance, in which foreign nations (primarily the United States) supported the mujahideen due to the geopolitics of the Cold War. The Soviet Union ultimately withdrew in 1988, ending the conflict.

NATO efforts
After the Soviets left, the Taliban established de facto control of much of Afghanistan. It tolerated the Al Qaeda forces that carried out the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. NATO responded under US leadership. In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. By 2001, after two decades of civil war and famine, it had the lowest life expectancy,and much of the population were hungry. Many foreign donors—51 in all—started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. For example, Norway's had charge of the province of Faryab. The Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team had the mission of effecting security, good governance, and economic development, 2005–2012.

The initial invasion of Afghanistan, intended to disrupt Al Qaeda's networks ballooned into a 20 year long nation building project. Frank McKenzie described it as "an attempt to impose a form of government, a state, that would be a state the way that we recognize a state." According to McKenzie, the US "lost track of why we were there". Afghanistan was not "ungovernable", according to the former Marine Corps general, but it was "ungovernable with the Western model that will be imposed on it". He says the gradual shift to nation building put the US "far beyond the scope" of their original mission to disrupt Al Qaeda.

title: Nation-building


text:
VA Medical Center station (DART)

VA Medical Center station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located at Lancaster Road (SH 342) and Mentor Avenue in the Oak Cliff neighborhood. It opened on May 31, 1997. It serves the, serving nearby residences and businesses, the Dallas VA Medical Center, and the Dallas Urban League.

title: VA Medical Center station (DART)


text:
Talk:Agora

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 September 2020 and 11 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Abhagat99. Peer reviewers: Jwing11, BDoe8.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:38, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Gender Roles in the Agora section
Much of this section is not entirely relevant to the agora itself, and touches on a competely sperate societal issue.

"Women in ancient Athens were not equivalent to men in any way. Women were considered homemakers. The Athenian agora was the arena of Athenian politics and business, of a civic order primarily dominated by male citizens. Spokesman of the Athenian patriarchy preached that no female should be in public places, including the Agora. Public places were considered the property of male citizens."

This is in the article without source or attribution. I removed it until it's better cited. There are many instances of women being involved and present in the agora's of most greek cities.

Images for future reference
Thanks to User:Adam Carr. --Maio 03:59, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Definition of agora
Shouldn't the article define what an agora actually is?
 * I agree. I'm trying to disambig the Israeli currency and can't figure out what to put in "this article is about...".  Valley 2 city  17:26, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Fact Label
And the fact next to it... I know that agora has an accent on the first A in greek, but I do not believe that is so in English. In English, I believe we say ag-O-ra. Do you agree? -Panther (talk) 10:47, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

No. Agora (Ἀγορά) has an accent on the last letter, arguably an alpha. I don't have an opinion on the English pronounciation. Groogle (talk) 07:23, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Verb forms
The verb forms for αγοράζω (agorázō) and αγορεύω (agoreýō) are clearly first person present. I've checked in Liddell and Scott, and for some reason they translate this form as the infinitive. I'm not 100% sure what the correct infinitive forms are, so I've change the English translations.

Liddell and Scott say nothing about the state of dress for αγορεύω, so presumably it's not part of the word. I've removed the word "naked". Groogle (talk) 07:23, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Forum of Thessaloniki, not Agora
The picture of the 'agora' of Thessaloniki you have there is actually the Roman Forum of Thessaloniki, it was built after the death of Alexander the Great by the Romans so therefore its not an Agora... =P 94.67.213.196 (talk) 16:07, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Capitalization?
Is "agora" capitalized? I know the article title is, but when its in the middle of sentence (e.g., "Later, the Agora...")? I would think not, but am not sure of the controlling rule. Herostratus (talk) 05:53, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think it is, and I just decapped that and some other random words in the article. If it were part of the name of a specific place, I guess it would become a proper noun, but I think as a standalone word - in English - it is not. And my Chambers agrees. Huw Powell (talk) 15:54, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Somewhat impenetrable introduction
The second sentence in this article says this of agora:

"It is the best representation of city form’s response to accommodate the social and political order of the polis."

Would most readers know that a polis is a city state in ancient Greece? Shouldn't polis at least be a link to the Wikipedia entry for the word? And what is "city form"? And response to what? Not "to" in the sense of objective (which we know to be accommodation), but "to" in the sense of agency, i.e. what evoked the response? And what does it mean to accommodate an order?

I *think* this is trying to say that as city states formed in ancient Greece, central open spaces known as agoras often served an important role by providing a meeting area for political and social discourse, or something of the sort. Is that close? Would it be worth the effort to try to make this sentence clearer? AmigoNico (talk) 01:17, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed split
Athenian Agora already redirects to the existing Ancient Agora of Athens. How would a new article at Athenian Agora not duplicate Ancient Agora of Athens? - Donald Albury 16:48, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

 * agreed that there's no need for a new article for what could be in Ancient Agora of Athens; that being said, it is true that four sections specifically on the Athenian agora in this article (out of six!) is probably excessive! Caeciliusinhorto-public (talk) 11:54, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Exequiel Zeballos
EL MEJOR JUGADOR DEL MUNDO SIN COMPARACION NO JODAN 190.172.88.1 (talk) 16:53, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agora


text:
Ledbetter station

Ledbetter station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is near the Intersection of Lancaster Road (SH 342) and Ledbetter Drive in the Oak Cliff neighborhood. It serves Paul Quinn College. It opened on May 31, 1997, and served as the southern terminus for the Blue Line until an extension to UNT Dallas station opened October 24, 2016.

title: Ledbetter station


text:
Armistead Thomson Mason

Armistead Thomson Mason (August 4, 1787 – February 6, 1819) was a U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1816 to 1817. Mason was also the second-youngest person to ever serve in the US Senate, at the age of 28 and 5 months, even though the age requirement for the US Senate in the constitution is 30 years old. He was the son of Stevens Thomson Mason.

Early life and education
He was born at Armisteads in Louisa County, Virginia, graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1807 and engaged in agricultural pursuits until he became colonel of Virginia Volunteers in the War of 1812 and subsequently brigadier general of Virginia Militia.

Political career
He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Branch Giles, despite being constitutionally underage for the office. Mason served from January 3, 1816, to March 4, 1817. He then moved to Loudoun County, Virginia where he was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Fifteenth Congress (1817). It was a bitter campaign that gave rise to several duels: Mason himself was later killed in a duel with his second cousin, John Mason McCarty, at Bladensburg Duelling Field, Maryland, as a result of this campaign. He is buried in the churchyard of the Episcopal Church at Leesburg, Virginia.

Marriage and children
Mason married on 1 May 1817 to Charlotte Eliza Taylor (died 1846) at Dr. Charles Cocke's in Albemarle County, Virginia. The couple had one son:

 * Stevens Thomson Mason (1819–14 June 1847)

Relations
Armistead Thomson Mason was the grandnephew of George Mason (1725–1792); grandson of Thomson Mason (1733–1785);  son of Mary Elizabeth "Polly" Armistead Mason (1760–1825) and Stevens Thomson Mason (1760–1803);  nephew of John Thomson Mason (1765–1824);  second cousin of Thomson Francis Mason (1785–1838) and James Murray Mason (1798–1871);  brother-in-law of William Taylor Barry (1784–1835); brother of John Thomson Mason (1787–1850);  uncle of Stevens Thomson Mason (1811–1843);  and first cousin of John Thomson Mason, Jr. (1815–1873).

title: Armistead Thomson Mason


text:
Botrychium

Botrychium is a genus of ferns, seedless vascular plants in the family Ophioglossaceae. Botrychium species are known as moonworts. They are small, with fleshy roots, and reproduce by spores shed into the air. One part of the leaf, the trophophore, is sterile and fernlike; the other, the sporophore, is fertile and carries the clusters of sporangia or spore cases. Some species only occasionally emerge above ground and gain most of their nourishment from an association with mycorrhizal fungi.

The circumscription of Botrychium is disputed between different authors; some botanists include the genera Botrypus and Sceptridium within Botrychium, while others treat them as distinct. The latter treatment is provisionally followed here.

Taxonomy

 * – pointed moonwort
 * – Alaska moonwort
 * – upswept moonwort, triangle-lobed moonwort, upward-lobed moonwort
 * – northern moonwort
 * – prairie moonwort, prairie dunewort, Iowa moonwort
 * – dainty moonwort, crenulate moonwort
 * – thin-leaved moonwort
 * Botrychium dusenii (Christ 1906) Alston 1960
 * – reflected grapfern
 * Botrychium furculatum Popovich & Farrar 2020
 * – Frenchman's Bluff moonwort
 * – western moonwort
 * – triangle moonwort, triangle grapefern, lance-leaved grapefern
 * Botrychium lineare – skinny moonwort, narrowleaf grapefern
 * Botrychium lunaria – common moonwort, grapefern moonwort
 * Botrychium matricariifolium – daisy-leaved moonwort, matricary grapefern, matricary moonwort, chamomile grapefern
 * Botrychium michiganense Wagner ex Gilman, Farrar & Zika 2015 (Michigan moonwort)
 * Botrychium minganense – Mingan's moonwort
 * Botrychium montanum – western goblin, mountain moonwort
 * Botrychium mormo – little goblin moonwort
 * Botrychium neolunaria – common moonwort
 * Botrychium onondagense
 * Botrychium pallidum – Pale moonwort
 * Botrychium paradoxum – paradox moonwort, peculiar moonwort
 * Botrychium pedunculosum – stalked moonwort
 * Botrychium pinnatum – northern moonwort
 * Botrychium pseudopinnatum – false northwestern moonwort, false daisy-leaved grapefern
 * Botrychium pumicola – pumice moonwort, pumice grape-fern
 * Botrychium simplex – least moonwort, little grapefern, least grapefern
 * Botrychium socorrense – Isla Socorro moonwort
 * Botrychium spathulatum – spatulate moonwort, spoon-leaved moonwort
 * Botrychium sutchuanense Chien & Chun 1959
 * Botrychium tolucaense Wagner & Mickel 2004
 * Botrychium tunux  – moosewort
 * Botrychium × watertonense – Waterton grapefern
 * Botrychium yaaxudakeit  – giant moonwort, Yakutat moonwort

Conservation
Moonworts can be found in many environments, including prairies, forests, and mountains. While some Botrychium species are quite rare, conservation efforts can be difficult. Determining the rarity of a species is complicated by the plants’ small leaves, which stand only 2-10 centimeters above the soil. Even more of a challenge in obtaining an accurate population count is the genus’s largely subterranean life cycle. The vast majority of any one population of moonworts actually exists below ground in banks consisting of several types of propagules. One type of propagule is the ungerminated spores, which must percolate through the soil beyond the reach of light in order to germinate. This presumably increases the probability that the spore will be in range of a mycorrhizal symbiont before it produces the tiny, roughly heart-shaped gametophyte, which also exists entirely below ground. Finally, some species produce gemmae, a form of asexual propagation achieved by budding of the root.

Juvenile and dormant sporophytes can also be hidden in the soil for long periods of time. Mature sporophytes do not necessarily produce a leaf annually; they can remain viable underground for up to 10 years without putting up a photosynthetic component. This feat is made possible by their dependence on symbiotic partnership with AM fungi of the genus Glomus, which supply most fixed carbon for growth and reproduction.

This mycorrhizal dependence has also made lab cultivation of moonworts difficult. Thus far, only germination of the gametophyte has been successful.

title: Botrychium


text:
Jefferson Park, Chicago

Jefferson Park is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, located on the northwest side of the city. The neighborhood of Jefferson Park occupies a larger swath of territory.

Jefferson Park is bordered by the community areas of Norwood Park to the northwest, Forest Glen to the northeast, Portage Park to the south, and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the west. The Guatemalan consulate is located in Jefferson Park at 5559 North Elston Avenue.

History
Settlement in the vicinity of Jefferson Park began in the 1830s with John Kinzie Clark and Elijah Wentworth, whose claim was near what is now the Jefferson Park Metra Station, where he operated a tavern and inn. The tiny settlement of traders, hunters, and farmers consisted of simple one and two room log cabins until Abram Gale, for whom Gale Street is named, built the first frame house in Jefferson. Jefferson Park became the hub of an independent township that was incorporated at the nearby Dickinson Tavern as Jefferson Township in 1850 until annexed by the city of Chicago in 1889. The area was once home to a significant population of Volga Germans, and one of the area's one time local landmarks was a local apartment building in the vicinity of the park along Higgins Avenue known by locals as "the Russian Hotel".

Jefferson Park is also home to the Northwest Chicago Historical Society which is dedicated to preserve the area's rich history as well as most historical events and lectures.

On January 21, 2021 a Boutique Air Pilatus PC-12 was landing at the Chicago O'Hare Airport when its left main tire separated from the aircraft and landed in Jefferson Park. Police reported the tire, along with several small parts were found on a sidewalk near Leland Avenue. The tire hit two houses before coming to a rest on the sidewalk.

Jefferson Park (Chicago Park District)
Jefferson Park is a 7 acre park operated by the Chicago Park District. The park, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places is located on the site of the Esdohr Farm.

Education
Jefferson Park residents are served by Chicago Public Schools, which includes neighborhood and citywide options for students. There are also a number of private parochial schools run by Roman Catholic and Lutheran congregations in the area. The Chicago Public Library operates the Jefferson Park branch for neighborhood residents.

Politics
The Jefferson Park community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Jefferson Park cast 6,693 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 3,490 votes for Donald Trump (62.65% to 32.67%). In the 2012 presidential election, Jefferson Park cast 6,019 votes for Barack Obama and cast 3,129 votes for Mitt Romney (64.42% to 33.49%).

Culture
Jefferson Park is the home of the historic former Gateway Theatre Movie Palace that is now only part of the Copernicus Center. The Copernicus Center and former Gateway Theatre (renamed the Mitchell P Kobelinski theater) still serve the community as a performing arts center, hosting numerous music concerts, theatrical performances, classes, seminars, community meetings, and cultural events throughout the year. The Copernicus Center is also a voting location for Jefferson Park residents. The Copernicus Center "Annex," which includes both an event space and offices, houses the Jefferson Park Chamber of Commerce office.

Jefferson Park is also home to the award-winning Gift Theatre Company, a professional theatre company located at 4802 N. Milwaukee co-founded by Jeff Park native Michael Patrick Thornton.

The neighborhood holds two large festivals annually: Jeff Fest in June, and Taste of Polonia over Labor Day weekend. Christina Madonna of "Chicago All Stars" fame is a native of Jefferson Park.

The Taste of Polonia has brought some of the nation's most prominent political figures to Jefferson Park to woo the support of Chicago's Polish community. President George H. W. Bush hosted the festival in 1992 and in 2000, future Vice-President Dick Cheney as well as Tipper Gore, and Hadassah Lieberman made an appearance. Vice-President Cheney's presence was particularly notorious with coverage in The New York Times of his lively antics which included dancing the polka, serving attendees kielbasa with stuffed cabbage and addressing a cheering crowd by shouting the Polish phrase Sto Lat.

Transportation
Jefferson Park has long been one of Chicago's transportation hubs, earning the neighborhood the nickname as "The Gateway to Chicago". The neighborhood is served by a Blue Line station in the median of the Kennedy Expressway at the intersection of Milwaukee and Gale Street, less than three blocks away from the Copernicus Center and the historic Jefferson Park Congregational Church. The Union Pacific / Northwest Line also provides service to Jefferson Park. In 2005, a monument to Thomas Jefferson was placed along the station's entrance along Milwaukee Avenue.

Jefferson Park
Jefferson Park is a predominantly middle-class neighborhood of people coming from a variety of diverse backgrounds. Like many neighborhoods on the Northwest Side of Chicago the neighborhood has a heavy Polish-American presence, and is home to the Copernicus Foundation, the Polish parish of St. Constance, as well as a host of other Polish-American organizations, institutions and businesses.

Jefferson Park is also known for having a very high number of resident city and county workers. The area is filled with the homes of Chicago Public School teachers and staff, Chicago Police Department, Chicago Fire Department as well as Cook County Sheriff officers and staff.

Boundaries are Austin Ave, Chicago River, Railway, Elston Ave, Foster Ave, Edens Expy, Cicero Ave, Montrose Ave, Narraganset Ave, Nagle Ave, Bryn Mawr Ave, Northwest Hwy, Milwaukee Ave.

Indian Woods Community
Boundaries are Indian Rd, Central Ave, Ardmore Ave. http://www.indianwoods.org/  Originally part of the Forest Glen Community. Also part of the South Edgebrook Neighborhood.

Gladstone Park
Gladstone Park is a neighborhood in the northern section of the Jefferson Park community area of Chicago. It is centered at the large and confusing intersection of Northwest Highway and Central, Milwaukee, and Foster Avenues. The Kennedy Expressway runs nearby as well and has an entrance from Foster Avenue. The park for which the neighborhood is named is located a few blocks to the northwest between Northwest Highway and Milwaukee, on Menard Avenue.

The numerous examples of homes in the Dutch Colonial style has led to the area's nickname as "Little Rotterdam", an allusion to the Dutch city of Rotterdam.

Gladstone Park has its own stop on the Union Pacific / Northwest Line.

title: Jefferson Park, Chicago


text:
User talk:D00d~enwiki

Hi, welcome to the Wikipedia. Please do not vandalize George W. Bush. You're not funny. Repeated vandalism is a bannable offense. Meelar 04:05, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called D00d. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name D00d~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:D00d~enwiki


text:
Ford City

Ford City may refer to:

Canada

 * Ford City, Ontario

United States

 * Ford City, California
 * Ford City, Missouri
 * Ford City, Pennsylvania
 * West Lawn, Chicago
 * Ford City Mall

title: Ford City


text:
Medical/Market Center station

Medical/Market Center station is a Trinity Railway Express commuter rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located at Motor Street and Medical Center Drive along the Stemmons Corridor (Interstate 35E) in North Dallas. It opened on December 30, 1996, and serves Dallas Market Center and the nearby medical district which includes Parkland Memorial Hospital, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital and Zale Lipshy Pavilion – William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital.

title: Medical/Market Center station


text:
American Colonies

American Colonies: The Settling of North America is a book about early American history by Alan Taylor, first published on November 12, 2001, by Viking Press. It is the first volume of the Penguin History of the United States.

The book is divided into three major parts: "Encounters", "Colonies", and "Empires". These sections discuss, respectively, the colonial encounter between European settlers and the Indigenous peoples in North America, including through colonial projects such as New Spain; colonies such as the New England Colonies and the province of Carolina; and imperial domains including New France and British America. American Colonies rejects American exceptionalism, focusing on slavery and the displacement and depopulation of Indigenous peoples. It employs the methods of social history and environmental history, among other approaches.

Andrew Cayton describes the book as a "balanced synthesis" of a trend in historical scholarship emphasizing the pluralism and diversity of colonial-era North America, a place in which Indigenous people of the Americas and enslaved Africans, as well as Europeans, created novel social arrangements. A starred review in Publishers Weekly likewise noted that American Colonies "challenges traditional Anglocentric interpretations of colonial history by focusing more evenly on the myriad influences on North America's development". Osita Nwanevu, in a retrospective review of American Colonies along with Taylor's later works American Revolutions and American Republics, noted that American Colonies is organized in a more conventional, chronological manner than the other two, which focus on themes.

title: American Colonies


text:
Non-vascular plant

Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Instead, they may possess simpler tissues that have specialized functions for the internal transport of water.

Non-vascular plants include two distantly related groups:
 * Bryophytes, an informal group that taxonomists treat as three separate land-plant divisions, namely: Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). In all bryophytes, the primary plants are the haploid gametophytes, with the only diploid portion being the attached sporophyte, consisting of a stalk and sporangium. Because these plants lack lignified water-conducting tissues, they cannot become as tall as most vascular plants.
 * Algae, especially green algae. The algae consist of several unrelated groups. Only the groups included in the Viridiplantae are still considered relatives of land plants.

These groups are sometimes called "lower plants", referring to their status as the earliest plant groups to evolve, but the usage is imprecise since both groups are polyphyletic and may be used to include vascular cryptogams, such as the ferns and fern allies that reproduce using spores. Non-vascular plants are often among the first species to move into new and inhospitable territories, along with prokaryotes and protists, and thus function as pioneer species.

Non-vascular plants do not have a wide variety of specialized tissue types. Mosses and leafy liverworts have structures called phyllids that resemble leaves, but only consist of single sheets of cells with no internal air spaces, no cuticle or stomata, and no xylem or phloem. Consequently, phyllids are unable to control the rate of water loss from their tissues and are said to be poikilohydric. Some liverworts, such as Marchantia, have a cuticle, and the sporophytes of mosses have both cuticles and stomata, which were important in the evolution of land plants.

All land plants have a life cycle with an alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte, but in all non-vascular land plants, the gametophyte generation is dominant. In these plants, the sporophytes grow from and are dependent on gametophytes for supply of water and mineral nutrients and photosynthate, the products of photosynthesis.

Non-vascular plants play crucial roles in their environments. They often dominate certain biomes such as mires, bogs and lichen tundra where these plants perform primary ecosystem functions. Additionally, in bogs mosses host microbial communities which help support the functioning of peatlands. This provides essential goods and services to humans such as global carbon sinks, water purification systems, fresh water reserves as well as biodiversity and peat resources. This is achieved through nutrient acquisition from dominant plants under nutrient-stressed conditions.

Non-vascular plants can also play important roles in other biomes such as deserts, tundra and alpine regions. They have been shown to contribute to soil stabilization, nitrogen fixation, carbon assimilation etc. These are all crucial components in an ecosystem in which non-vascular plants play a pivotal role.

title: Non-vascular plant


text:
Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing station

Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing station (formerly South Irving Transit Center and later South Irving station) is a Trinity Railway Express commuter rail and bus station in Irving, Texas. It is located on Rock Island Road, east of O'Connor Road. It opened on December 30, 1996, and serves downtown Irving, including the Irving Heritage District and the Irving Civic Center (city offices), which is two blocks west of the station. This station is also served by Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART).

On July 30, 2012, South Irving station was renamed Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing station as part of the service changes effective for that date to better reflect new identities created by their evolving neighborhoods or surrounding developments.


text:
Kuka, Yamaguchi

Kuka (久賀町) was a town located in Ōshima District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,321 and a density of 186.89 persons per km2. The total area was 23.12 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kuka, along with the towns of Ōshima, Tachibana and Tōwa (all from Ōshima District), was merged to create the town of Suō-Ōshima.

title: Kuka, Yamaguchi


text:
West Irving station

West Irving station is a Trinity Railway Express commuter rail and bus station in Irving, Texas. It is located at Jackson Street near Esters Road and served Irving Mall with connecting bus service to Las Colinas and North Lake College. It opened on November 13, 2000. Unlike many rail stations, West Irving does not have an indoor heating/cooling facility, nor does it have a station attendant. However, it does have passenger shelters for bus and TRE riders.

After the DART bus network redesign effective January 24, 2022, the rail station no longer has any bus service. However, it is being served within the South Irving GoLink zone.

title: West Irving station


text:
Ōshima, Yamaguchi

Ōshima (大島町) was a town located in Ōshima District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,072 and a density of 149.55 persons per km2. The total area was 47.29 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Ōshima, along with the towns of Kuka, Tachibana and Tōwa (all from Ōshima District), was merged to create the town of Suō-Ōshima.

title: Ōshima, Yamaguchi


text:
Tōwa, Yamaguchi

Tōwa (東和町) was a town located in Ōshima District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,028 and a density of 129.59 persons per km2. The total area was 38.80 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Tōwa, along with the towns of Kuka, Ōshima and Tachibana (all from Ōshima District), was merged to create the town of Suō-Ōshima.

title: Tōwa, Yamaguchi


text:
Tachibana, Yamaguchi

Tachibana (橘町) was a town located in Ōshima District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,649 and a density of 195.81 persons per km2. The total area was 28.85 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Tachibana, along with the towns of Kuka, Ōshima and Tōwa (all from Ōshima District), was merged to create the town of Suō-Ōshima.

title: Tachibana, Yamaguchi


text:
Ōshima District, Yamaguchi

Ōshima (大島郡) is a district located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

Population
As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 22,070 and a density of 159.86 persons per km2. The total area is 138.06 km2.

Geography
The entire territory of the district is an island called Suō-Ōshima. The district is connected with Honshū by a bridge. The area is about 138 square kilometres. There are 22,000 people on the island. The whole island is set aside as a national park. The special product is a mandarin orange called "Ōshima mikan". There are 500 orange groves.

Katazoegahama beach is one of the more popular beaches in the west of Japan. This is also famous for camping. There is a tennis court and a roller skate rink, near the beach. Furthermore, there is a resort hotel.

Ōshima Bridge
The Ōshima Bridge was erected in 1976. It is the second longest span in Japan of this style of bridge. The span of the bridge is 1020m. Its color is pale green.

The tide in the strait under the bridge is known as one of the fastest in Japan.

Connection with Hawaii
Suō-Ōshima is the home of the emigrants from the beginning of the history of the island. The island people go everywhere around the western area of Japanese Archipelago. In late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of the islanders went to Hawaii and worked at sugar plantation. Suō-Ōshima is also the home of the seagoing people. In the ancient and Middle Ages, sea rovers called Ochi Suigun (Ochi fleet), Kōno Suigun (Kōno fleet), Murakami Suigun (Murakami fleet) inhabits in the western area of the Inland Sea. They had disbanded at 16th century but their descendants became the skilled fisherfolks. They had gone to Hawaii and became the foundation stone of the modern fishery of Hawaii.

The town of Suō-Ōshima is a sister city of Kauai, Hawaii. There is a Hawaii historical museum, which was built in 1999 in Ōshima. Office workers and bus drivers in town wear colorful aloha shirts as a uniform in summer.

In May 2007, Hawaii's replica ancient voyaging canoe Hōkūle'a visited this small island to honour the connection between Suō-Ōshima and Hawaii.

Tsuneichi Miyamoto
Tsuneichi Miyamoto, one of the greatest cultural anthropologist in Japan is the native of this island.

Towns and villages

 * Suō-Ōshima

Merger

 * On October 1, 2004, the towns of Kuka, Ōshima, Tachibana and Tōwa from Oshima District merged to form the new town of Suō-Ōshima. Since then Suō-Ōshima is the sole town in the district.

title: Ōshima District, Yamaguchi


text:
Waki, Yamaguchi

Waki (和木町) is a town in Kuga District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 5,927 in 2684 households and a population density of 560 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 10.58 sqkm.

Geography
Waki is located at the mouth of the right bank of the Oze River, which is also the prefectural border between Yamaguchi Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture. It is surrounded by Iwakuni city on the south side, and borders Ōtake city in Hiroshima Prefecture on the north side across the Oze River. In the eastern part of the town (Waki neighborhood), there are major public facilities, including the town hall, and lowlands that include reclaimed land, where most of the transportation and industrial facilities are located. Other areas (Seta neighborhood and Sekigahama neighborhood) are mostly mountainous areas, and old hamlets exist along the tributaries of the Oze River.

Neighbouring municipalities
Yamaguchi Prefecture Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Iwakuni
 * Ōtake

Climate
Waki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Waki is 15.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1658 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Waki has been steady for the past 50 years.

History
The area of Waki was part of an ancient Suō Province. During the Edo Period, the area was part of the holdings of Iwakuni Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into villages of Oze, Waki, Sekigahama, and Seta within Kuga District, Yamaguchi with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Waki as elevated to town status on April 1, 1973.

Government
Waki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Waki, together with the city of Iwakuni contributes five members to the Yamaguchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Yamaguchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Heavy industry, oil refineries and the chemical industry dominate the economy of the town, which occupies a corner of the Setouchi Industrial Area.

Education
Waki has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - San'yō Main Line
 * Waki

Sister cities
Waki has had a sister city relationship with the city of Eniwa, Hokkaido, since 1979, as a symbol of mass immigration of Waki residents to Eniwa in around 1886.

title: Waki, Yamaguchi


text:
Yū, Yamaguchi

Yū or Yuu (由宇町) was a town located in Kuga District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,519 and a density of 326.22 persons per km2. The total area was 29.18 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Yū, along with the towns of Kuga, Mikawa, Miwa, Nishiki and Shūtō, and the village of Hongō (all from Kuga District), was merged into the expanded city of Iwakuni.

Sports
The town is home to Hiroshima Toyo Carp's minor league team. The team's ball park, Yuu Baseball Ground, is located approximately 20 km southwest of Iwakuni.

title: Yū, Yamaguchi