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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 22

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 * 69 – Roman emperor Vitellius was captured by soldiers loyal to Vespasian and executed at the Gemonian stairs in Rome.
 * 401 – Pope Innocent I began his papacy, succeeding Anastasius I.
 * 1769 – Defeated by the Burmese Konbaung dynasty, Qing China agreed to a peace treaty to end the Sino-Burmese War.
 * 1807 – In an effort to avoid engaging in the Napoleonic Wars, the United States Congress passed the Embargo Act, forbidding American ships from engaging in trade with foreign nations.
 * 1920 – The Congress of Soviets approved the GOELRO plan, the first Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development.
 * 1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel, connecting New York City to Weehawken, New Jersey, opened.
 * 1939 – Members of the All-India Muslim League observed a "Day of Deliverance" to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over the decision to enter the Second World War at the request of the United Kingdom.
 * 1964 – The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, the United States Air Force's long-range, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft and the world's fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, made its first flight.
 * 1968 – Cultural Revolution: The People's Daily published a piece by Chinese leader Mao Zedong directing that "the intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty".
 * 1984 – While riding a New York City Subway train, Bernhard Goetz shot four African-American youths who had attempted to rob him, sparking a nationwide debate on vigilantism, racism, and the legal limits of self-defense.
 * 1997 – Hussein Farrah Aidid relinquished the disputed title of President of Somalia.
 * 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani of the Northern Alliance handed over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by Hamid Karzai.

 * 2001 – Richard Reid unsuccessfully attempted to detonate a bomb in his shoe on a transatlantic flight from Paris to Miami.
 * 2010 – The United States repealed its controversial "don't ask, don't tell" policy on gay, lesbian and bisexual people in the military.
 * Born/died: | Cynesige |d|1060| Étienne Martellange |b|1569| John Newbery |d|1767| Teresa Carreño |b|1853| Frank B. Kellogg |b|1856| Jean-Victor Poncelet |d|1867| Alan Bush |b|1900| Tommy Flowers |b|1905| Peggy Ashcroft |b|1907| Rose Talbot Bullard |d|1915| Basshunter |b|1984


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 23

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 * 583 – Yohl Ikʼnal acceded to the throne of the Maya city-state of Palenque.
 * 1783 – George Washington resigned as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army at the Maryland State House in Annapolis (painting shown).

 * 1815 – Jane Austen's novel Emma was first published.
 * 1919 – The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act was enacted, lifting most of the existing common-law restrictions on women in the United Kingdom.
 * 1958 – Tokyo Tower, then the world's tallest freestanding tower, opened.
 * 1984 – An engine fire caused Aeroflot Flight 3519 to crash shortly after takeoff from Krasnoyarsk, USSR, killing all but one of the 111 people on board.
 * 1990 – About 88 percent of eligible voters in Slovenia voted to secede from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
 * 1997 – The Pioneer Helmet, one of only six Anglo-Saxon helmets to be discovered, was first placed on public display.
 * Born/died: | Francis Tresham |d|1605| Gharib Nawaz |b|1690| Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol |d|1779| Joseph Smith |b|1805| Edward Blyth |b|1810| Madam C. J. Walker |b|1867| Arthur Gilligan |b|1894| Anna J. Harrison |b|1912| Quentin Bryce |b|1942|  Joan Lindsay |d|1984|  P. V. Narasimha Rao |d|2004|

December 23: Night of the Radishes in Oaxaca City, Mexico; Festivus

 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: American troops, overwhelmed by British reinforcements, retreated from the Battle of Iron Works Hill.
 * 1888 – During a bout of mental illness, Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh (pictured) severed part of his left ear and gave it to a woman in a brothel in Arles, France.
 * 1916 – First World War: Allied forces gained a strategic victory at the Battle of Magdhaba on the Sinai Peninsula.
 * 1957 – Leading the Australia national cricket team, Ian Craig became the youngest-ever Test cricket captain at the time.
 * 2008 – The Guinean military engineered a coup d'état, announcing that it planned to rule the country for two years prior to a new presidential election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 31

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 * 1759 – Arthur Guinness signed a 9,000-year lease at £45 per annum to the St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin and began brewing Guinness.
 * 1775 – American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Quebec, British forces repulsed an attack by the Continental Army to capture Quebec City and enlist French Canadian support.
 * 1862 – The Battle of Stones River in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, began with an engagement in which both sides would suffer their highest casualty rates in the American Civil War.
 * 1907 – New York City held its first annual ball drop event in Times Square as part of New Year's Eve celebrations.
 * 1909 – The Manhattan Bridge, connecting Lower Manhattan to Downtown Brooklyn and considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, opened to traffic.
 * 1961 - RTÉ, Ireland's first television network, began broadcasting.
 * 1965 – Central African military officers led by Jean-Bédel Bokassa began a coup d'état against the government of President David Dacko.
 * 1972 – Puerto Rican baseball player Roberto Clemente died in a plane crash en route to deliver aid to victims of that year's Nicaragua earthquake.
 * 1983 – Two Australian biologists initiated the Wells and Wellington affair by publishing an article titled "A Synopsis of the Class Reptilia in Australia".
 * 1986 – Three disgruntled employees set fire to the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, killing more than 90 people and injuring 140 others, making it the second-deadliest hotel fire in United States history.
 * 1999 – Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin became acting president upon President Boris Yeltsin's unexpected resignation.
 * 2010 – 28 tornadoes (one depicted) touched down in midwestern and southern United States, part of an outbreak that led to the deaths of nine people and large property damage.
 * Born/died: | Ibn Hawshab |d|914| Carlo Gimach |d|1730| Richard Montgomery |d|1775| Kapiʻolani |b|1834| Cornelius Gallagher |b|1854| Henri Matisse |b|1869|  Ion Creangă |d|1889| Samuel Ajayi Crowther |d|1891| Mary Logan Reddick |b|1914| Cornelia Clapp |d|1934| Henry Gerber |d|1972 | Amy Cure |b|1992


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 24

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 * 759 – The Tang-dynasty poet Du Fu departed for Chengdu, where he lived for the next five years and composed poems about life in his thatched cottage.
 * 1814 – The United Kingdom and the United States signed a peace treaty in Ghent, present-day Belgium, ending the War of 1812.
 * 1818 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (audio featured) by Joseph Mohr and Franz Gruber was first performed in a church in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.
 * 1846 – The Sultanate of Brunei ceded the island of Labuan to the British Empire.
 * 1865 – Six Confederate veterans of the American Civil War founded a social club they named the Ku Klux Klan, which later became a white supremacist group.
 * 1914 – World War I: British and German soldiers interrupted fighting to celebrate Christmas, beginning the Christmas truce.
 * 1955 – According to legend, the NORAD Tracks Santa program began after children began calling the Continental Air Defense Command Center to inquire about Santa Claus's whereabouts due to a misprinted phone number in an advertisement.
 * 1964 – The Viet Cong bombed the Brinks Hotel in Saigon, killing two U.S. Army officers and raising fears of an escalation of the Vietnam War.
 * 1968 – Piloted by Jim Lovell, Apollo 8 became the first human spaceflight to reach and orbit the Moon (Earthrise pictured).
 * 1973 – The U.S. Congress granted home rule to Washington, D.C., allowing the residents to elect their own mayor and a city council.
 * 1979 – The Soviet government deployed troops in Afghanistan, starting the Soviet–Afghan War.
 * 1983 – Aeroflot Flight 601 crashed on approach to Leshukonskoye in the Russian SSR, killing 44 out of 49 people on board.
 * 1987 – About 20,000 protestors marched in a civil rights demonstration in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States.
 * 1999 – Jihadists linked to al-Qaeda hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814 to force the release of Islamist figures held in prison in India.
 * 2021 – Burmese military forces killed at least 40 civilians during the Mo So massacre in Kayah State, Myanmar.
 * Born/died: | Gongsun Shu |d|36| Yang Bin |d|950| Walter Bower |d|1449| Leonaert Bramer |b|1596|  William Warburton |b|1698|   Johnny Gruelle |b|1880|  Adam Exner |b|1928|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 25

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 * 1046 – Henry III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement II.
 * 1066 – Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey, but continued to face rebellions over the following years and was not secure on the throne until after 1072.
 * 1100 – Baldwin I was crowned the first king of Jerusalem (depicted) in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
 * 1809 – American physician Ephraim McDowell performed the world's first removal of an ovarian tumor.
 * 1831 – A Baptist preacher named Samuel Sharpe began an unsuccessful eleven-day slave revolt in Jamaica.
 * 1941 – Second World War: The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when Mark Aitchison Young, the Governor of Hong Kong, surrendered the territory to Japan after 18 days of fierce fighting.
 * 1950 – Four Scottish university students removed the Stone of Scone, used in the coronations of Scottish and British monarchs, from Westminster Abbey in London.

 * 1989 – Romanian Revolution: Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena were condemned to death on a wide range of charges and executed.
 * 1990 – British computer programmer Tim Berners-Lee introduced WorldWideWeb, the world's first web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor.
 * 1991 – In a nationally televised speech, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as President of the Soviet Union.
 * 2007 – A tiger at the San Francisco Zoo escaped from its enclosure and attacked three patrons before it was shot and killed.
 * 2009 – Aboard Northwest Airlines Flight 253, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to detonate plastic explosives hidden in his underwear.
 * 2009 – A fire destroyed Longford's 19th-century St Mel's Cathedral, considered the "flagship cathedral" of the Irish midlands.
 * 2016 – A Tupolev Tu-154 of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, killing all 92 people on board.
 * Born/died: | Zhang Jingda |d|936| Peter the Venerable |d|1156| Sverker I of Sweden |d|1156| Lady Grizel Baillie |b|1665| Dorothy Wordsworth |b|1771|   Otto Frederick Hunziker |b|1873| Young Tom Morris |d|1875| Fatima Massaquoi |b|1912| George Koval |b|1913| Atal Bihari Vajpayee |b|1924| China Machado |b|1929|  Joan Miró |d|1983


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 26

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 * 1606 – The first known performance of King Lear, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare (pictured) and based on the legend of Leir of Britain, took place before King James I.
 * 1709 – The opera Agrippina by George Frideric Handel premiered in Venice.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington led a Continental Army column across the Delaware River to launch a surprise attack against Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton (painting shown).
 * 1811 – Seventy-two people died when a theater in Richmond, Virginia, was destroyed by fire, becoming the worst urban disaster in American history at the time.
 * 1825 – Imperial Russian Army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Konstantin removed himself from the line of succession.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chickasaw Bayou began with Confederate defenders engaging Union forces attempting to capture the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
 * 1871 – Thespis, the first comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan, premiered at the Gaiety Theatre in London.
 * 1898 – At the French Academy of Sciences, physicists Pierre and Marie Curie announced the discovery of a new element, naming it radium.
 * 1900 – A relief crew arrived at the Flannan Isles Lighthouse in Scotland and discovered that the previous crew had disappeared.
 * 1919 – American baseball player Babe Ruth was sold by the Boston Red Sox to their rivals, the New York Yankees, beginning the 84-year-long "Curse of the Bambino".
 * 1943 – Second World War: The German battleship Scharnhorst was sunk at the Battle of the North Cape during an attempt to attack Arctic convoys.
 * 1946 – American gangster Bugsy Siegel opened The Flamingo Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, the oldest casino still in operation on the Las Vegas Strip.
 * 1996 – Six-year-old American beauty queen JonBenét Ramsey was found beaten and strangled in the basement of her family's home in Boulder, Colorado.
 * Born/died this day: | Masrur al-Balkhi |d|893| Reginald Fitz Jocelin |d|1191| Rose Lok |b|1526| John Fothergill |d|1780| Seth Warner |d|1784|  Bazoline Estelle Usher |b|1885 Mary Jane Richardson Jones |d|1909| Raja Pervaiz Ashraf |b|1950|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 27

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 * 537 – The reconstructed Hagia Sophia (pictured) in Constantinople was inaugurated; built as a church, it later became a mosque and a museum.
 * 1831 – HMS Beagle departed Plymouth, England, on a voyage to South America that established Charles Darwin's standing as a naturalist.
 * 1904 – The stage play Peter Pan; or, The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, by Scottish author J. M. Barrie, premiered in London.
 * 1918 – A public speech by the Polish pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski in Poznań sparked the Greater Poland uprising against Germany.
 * 1929 – Joseph Stalin announced the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class", beginning a period of political repression against prosperous peasants.
 * 1932 – New York City's Radio City Music Hall opened with the world's largest auditorium at the time.
 * 1979 – Soviet–Afghan War: Soviet troops stormed Tajbeg Palace outside Kabul and killed Afghan president Hafizullah Amin and his 100–150 elite guards.
 * 1985 – The body of murdered American primatologist Dian Fossey was discovered inside her cabin in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda.
 * 1997 – Loyalist Volunteer Force leader Billy Wright was assassinated in HM Prison Maze by members of the Irish National Liberation Army.
 * 2007 – Former prime minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated while leaving a Pakistan Peoples Party political rally at Liaqat National Bagh in Rawalpindi.
 * 2007 – Riots erupted in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner of the presidential election—the first event in a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis.
 * 2008 – Citing rocket attacks from Palestinian armed groups, Israel launched a surprise attack against the Gaza Strip, opening the three-week Gaza War.
 * Born/died this day: | Sviatoslav II of Kiev |d|1076| Ghalib |b|1797| Agda Meyerson |d|1924|Chyna |b|1969 Amy Vanderbilt |d|1974|Carrie Fisher |d|2016 Kjell Eriksson (radio presenter) |b|1975


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 28

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 * 484 – Alaric II succeeded his father Euric as King of the Visigoths.
 * 1065 – Westminster Abbey, built by Edward the Confessor as the first Romanesque church in England, was first consecrated.
 * 1612 – Galileo Galilei became the first person to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.
 * 1767 – Taksin the Great was crowned king of the newly established Thonburi Kingdom at the new capital of Thonburi in present-day Thailand.
 * 1879 – The Tay Bridge, spanning the Firth of Tay in Scotland between Dundee and Wormit, collapsed during a violent storm while a train was passing over it, killing all on board.
 * 1907 – The last confirmed sighting of the now-extinct huia occurred in the Tararua Range on New Zealand's North Island.
 * 1908 – An earthquake registering 7.1 Mw struck near Messina, which, along with the subsequent tsunami, killed at least 75,000 people in southern Italy.
 * 1967 – American businesswoman Muriel Siebert became the first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.
 * 1989 – In one of Australia's worst natural disasters, an earthquake measuring 5.6 ML struck Newcastle, New South Wales, killing 13 people and injuring more than 160 others, and causing an estimated A$4 billion in damages.
 * 2006 – Somali Civil War: Troops of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government and their Ethiopian allies captured Mogadishu unopposed.
 * 2009 – A suicide bomber attacked a Shia procession commemorating the day of Ashura in Karachi, Pakistan, causing 43 deaths.
 * 2009 – Tibetan dissident filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen was imprisoned for subversion by Chinese authorities after a secret trial.
 * 2011 – Kurdish–Turkish conflict: Acting on information that Kurdish militants were crossing the border from Iraqi territory, two Turkish F-16 jets fired at a group of villagers, killing 34 people.
 * 2014 – The passenger ferry MS Norman Atlantic (pictured) caught fire in the Adriatic Sea.

 * Born/died: | Wang Zongbi |d|925| Antoine Furetière |b|1619| William Carstares |d|1715| Eliza Lucas |b|1722| Arthur Hunter Palmer |b|1819| Ratan Tata |b|1937| Maurice Ravel |d|1937| Barbara Judge |b|1946| Sharon Dyall |b|1962 | Susan Sontag |d|2004


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 29

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 * 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell led a contingent of British soldiers to capture the city of Savannah, Georgia.
 * 1812 – War of 1812: In a three-hour single-ship action, HMS Java (drawing shown) was captured by USS Constitution off the coast of Brazil.
 * 1876 – A railway bridge collapsed over the Ashtabula River in Ohio, killing 92 people and injuring 64 others on a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway train.
 * 1890 – Sioux Wars: The United States Army killed 250 to 300 Lakota men, women and children at the Wounded Knee Massacre, beginning the Ghost Dance War.
 * 1928 – The Northern Expedition, a military campaign by the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang, ended with the complete control of the Republic of China.
 * 1937 – The Constitution of Ireland, the founding legal document of the state known today as the Republic of Ireland, came into force.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The Luftwaffe began a major night bombing raid on the British capital as part of the Blitz, beginning what was later called the "Second Great Fire of London".
 * 1959 – American physicist Richard Feynman gave a speech entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at Caltech, anticipating the field of nanotechnology.

 * Born/died: | Maria Margaretha Kirch |d|1720| Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo |d|1807| William Ewart Gladstone |b|1809|  Ezra Meeker |b|1830 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee |b|1844| Christina Rossetti |d|1894|  Jürgen Ehlers |b|1929| Ann Demeulemeester |b|1959| Ashleigh Banfield |b|1967| Marie Menken |d|1970|  Jude Law |b|1972| Twinkle Khanna |b|1974|

December 29

 * 1845 – The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States, becoming the 28th state to be admitted to the Union.
 * 1860 – To counter the French Navy's Gloire, the world's first ironclad warship, the Royal Navy launched HMS Warrior, the world's first iron-hulled armoured warship.
 * 1913 – Cecil B. DeMille started filming Hollywood's first feature film, The Squaw Man (featured).
 * 1915 – First World War: The French parliament passed a law granting the land occupied by British war graves as "the free gift of the French people".
 * 1975 – Planted by unknown perpetrators, a bomb exploded at LaGuardia Airport in New York City, killing 11 people and seriously injuring 74 others.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 30

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 * 999 – In Ireland, the combined forces of Munster and Meath crushed a rebellion by Leinster and Dublin.
 * 1460 – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Wakefield, Lancastrian forces destroyed the Yorkist army and killed Richard of York (pictured) at Sandal Magna in West Yorkshire, England.

 * 1902 – The Discovery Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott attained a new Farthest South point in Antarctica.
 * 1903 – In one of the deadliest single-building fires in United States history, the Iroquois Theatre fire in Chicago killed more than 600 people.
 * 1906 – The All-India Muslim League, a political party in British India that developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent, was founded in Dhaka.
 * 1935 – Second Italo-Abyssinian War: The Italian Air Force destroyed a Swedish Red Cross field hospital in Dolo, Ethiopia, in retaliation for the earlier execution of an Italian prisoner of war.

 * 1954 – The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation was established to consolidate criminal investigation and intelligence into a single agency.
 * 1969 – Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos began his second term after being re-elected by a landslide, but economic unrest led him to declare martial law within a year.
 * 2000 – A series of bombings occurred around Metro Manila in the Philippines, killing 22 people and injuring around 100 others.
 * 2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta was declared a tropical depression, making it the record-breaking 28th tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, the most active in recorded history until 2020.
 * 2006 – The Indonesian ferry MV Senopati Nusantara sank in the Java Sea during a storm, killing at least 400 people.
 * 2006 – Basque nationalist group ETA detonated a van bomb at Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, ending a nine-month ceasefire.
 * 2006 – Saddam Hussein, the former President of Iraq, was executed after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal.
 * 2009 – Due to a rupture of the Lanzhou–Zhengzhou–Changsha pipeline in Shaanxi, China, caused approximately 150,000 l (40,000 US gal) of diesel oil flowed down the Wei River before finally reaching the Yellow River six days later.
 * 2009 – Pro-government counter-demonstrators held rallies in several Iranian cities in response to recent anti-government protests on the holy day of Ashura.
 * Born/died this day: | Bernard Gui |d|1331| Vincenzo da Filicaja |b|1642| Charles Yorke |b|1722| Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan |b|1757|  Osman Hamdi Bey |b|1842| André Messager |b|1853| Rudyard Kipling |b|1865| Josephine Butler |d|1906| Rosalinde Hurley |b|1929|  Elmira Minita Gordon |b|1930|  Fatima Jibrell |b|1947| Liam Norberg |b|1969| LeBron James |b|1984| Bianca Ingrosso |b|1994 | V |b|1995| Erica Garner |d|2017


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City of Melbourne

The City of Melbourne is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. In 2021, the city has an area of 37.7 km2 and had a population of 149,615. The city's motto is "vires acquirit eundo" which means "we gather strength as we go".

The current Lord Mayor is Nicholas Reece, who replaced Sally Capp on 2 July 2024. The Melbourne City Council (MCC) holds office in Melbourne Town Hall.

History
Melbourne was founded in 1835, during the reign of King William IV, following the arrival of the schooner Enterprize near the present site of the Queen's Wharf. Unlike other Australian capital cities, Melbourne did not originate under official auspices, instead owing its origins to non-indigenous settlers from Tasmania.

Having been a province of New South Wales from its establishment in 1835, affairs of the settlement had been administered by the Parliament of New South Wales. With the growth of the settlement there had been an increasing demand by the inhabitants for greater autonomy over their own affairs. On 12 August 1842, Melbourne was incorporated as a town by Act 6 Victoria No. 7 of the Governor and Legislative Council of New South Wales.

The town of Melbourne was raised to the status of a city by Letters Patent of Queen Victoria dated 25 June 1847, five years after its incorporation as a town. The Letters Patent also constituted the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and declared Melbourne a cathedral city. A motion was tabled at a meeting of the Town Council to alter the style and title of Melbourne from a town to a city, a draft Bill was approved and transmitted to the Government for introduction to the Legislature. On 3 August 1849, Act 13 Victoria No. 14 was finally assented to as "An Act to effect a change in the Style and Title of the Corporation of Melbourne rendered necessary by the erection of the Town of Melbourne to a City".

The city's initial boundaries, as set down in Act 8 Victoria No. 12 (19 December 1844) extended from Point Ormond in Elwood up Barkly Street and Punt Road to the Yarra River, along the river to Merri Creek at Abbotsford, then west along Brunswick Road to Moonee Ponds Creek, then south past Flemington Bridge to Princes Pier in Port Melbourne. The Act imposed on the Mayor a duty to set up "permanent and conspicuous boundary marks of iron, wood, stone or other durable material" along or near the line of the Town's boundaries—this was undertaken by Mayor James Frederick Palmer and Town Clerk John Charles King on 4 February 1846.

During the 1850s, Collingwood, Fitzroy and Richmond seceded from Melbourne (all are, since 1994, part of the City of Yarra), as did South Melbourne, whilst other parts became parts of the neighbouring districts of St Kilda and Port Melbourne, and the border between Brunswick and Melbourne moved south one block to Park Street.

On 18 December 1902, King Edward VII conferred the title "Lord Mayor" on the mayor of the City of Melbourne.

On 30 October 1905, Melbourne absorbed two neighbouring council areas. Now included in the City was the Borough of Flemington and Kensington, which had been formed in 1882 when it broke away from the City of Essendon. The second, the Town of North Melbourne, formerly known as Hotham, had been established on 30 September 1859 and been granted town status on 18 December 1874. Both town halls are still in use today as public buildings—the former in Kensington near the present-day Newmarket railway station; the latter in Errol Street, North Melbourne.

The Melbourne and Geelong Corporations Act 1938 allowed for three councillors for each of the eleven wards, with a general election held on 24 August 1939.

The first woman in 125 years to be elected to the council was local businessperson Clare J. Cascarret in 1967. The election was said to have cost her over half a million pounds.

Following a recommendation by the Local Government Advisory Board in 1978, an Order in Council (27 February 1979, effective from 19 May 1979) reduced the wards from eleven to eight. In December 1980, the Hamer Government dismissed the council, and appointed three Commissioners to determine how the boundaries could best be altered to produce more effective local government, with special regard to Melbourne's central business district and its importance to the state, as well as to advise changes needed to the constitution, structure, functions and administration. However, in 1982, with the election of a new Labor government under John Cain, the Act establishing the commission was repealed, and the Melbourne Corporation (Election of Council) Act 1982 established six wards, for which an election was held on 4 December 1982. Three years later, an additional ward was added.

Between 1993 and 1996 the City was again led by Commissioners, along with every local Council in Victoria, while all boundaries were comprehensively reviewed, more than halving the number of Councils.

In 1993, the City of Melbourne Act specified changes to the boundaries which saw Melbourne gain Southbank and the Victorian Arts Centre on 18 November 1993, and the city was resubdivided into four wards – Flagstaff, University, Hoddle and Domain. The wards were abolished in 2001, with the council having a directly elected Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor, and seven other councillors. In 2012, the number of Councillors was increased to nine, in addition to the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor.

Also in the 1990s, local government control of the docks area on the west side of the city was given to Victorian Government's Docklands Authority.

In 2005, the council announced the construction of a new 6-star environmental office building, Council House 2, in Little Collins Street.

On 2 July 2007, the City of Melbourne almost doubled in size when the suburb of Docklands was re-added to its jurisdiction.

On 1 July 2008, a section of Kensington and North Melbourne was transferred to the City of Melbourne from the City of Moonee Valley.

In July 2009, Lord Mayor Robert Doyle unveiled a new corporate identity for the City of Melbourne, costing $239,558.

Building on the council's longstanding interest in environmental issues, on 16 July 2019, the council voted to declare a climate and biodiversity emergency in line with similar declarations made elsewhere.

Following the death of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the City of Melbourne caused controversy and breached protocol, by failing to lower the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags to half mast, whilst the Australian flag was lowered in mourning.

Council
The City of Melbourne is an unsubdivided municipality, consisting of a directly elected Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor, and nine Councillors. Since 2008, all Victorian councillors serve a four-year term. The most recent general election was held on Saturday 24 October 2020. The next general election will be held in October 2024.

During a general election, the City of Melbourne holds two simultaneous elections – one to elect the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor (leadership team) and the other to elect the nine councillors. All residents are entitled to vote in the election, as well as up to two of each of the following: non-residential owners and occupiers of rateable property. If a corporation solely owns or occupies rateable property in the municipality, then the corporation must appoint two company officers (director and/or company secretary, or equivalent) to represent it and vote on its behalf.

Current composition
The current makeup of the Council is:

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the city had a population of 149,615 up from 135,959 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

Population of the urban area
* Estimates in 1958, 1983 and 1988 Victorian Year Books.

Public

 * University High School
 * Victorian College for the Deaf
 * Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School
 * Carlton Primary School
 * Carlton Gardens Primary School
 * Docklands Primary School
 * North Melbourne Primary School
 * South Yarra Primary School

Private

 * Christ Church Grammar School (Victoria, Primary)
 * Eltham College – Year 9 City Campus
 * Haileybury College - City Campus
 * Melbourne Girls' Grammar School
 * Melbourne Grammar School
 * Tintern Grammar
 * Wesley College – St Kilda Road Campuses

Catholic

 * St Aloysius' College
 * St Joseph's College
 * Simonds Catholic College
 * St Michaels Catholic Primary School

Sister cities

The City of Melbourne has five sister cities:
 * Osaka, Japan (established 1978)
 * Tianjin, China (established 1980)
 * Thessaloniki, Greece (established 1984)
 * Boston, Massachusetts, United States (established 1985)
 * Milan, Italy (established 2004)

Between 1989 and 2022, the City of Melbourne had a sister city relationship with Saint Petersburg, Russia; this sister city relationship was indefinitely suspended on 1 March 2022, then terminated on 30 May 2023, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In addition to the sister cities, the City of Melbourne also cooperates with:
 * New Delhi, India
 * Bandung, Indonesia
 * Chengdu, China
 * Guangzhou, China
 * Nanjing, China
 * Suzhou, China
 * Yokohama, Japan
 * Vancouver, Canada
 * Los Angeles, United States
 * San Francisco, United States
 * Auckland, New Zealand
 * Chicago, United States
 * Ottawa, Canada
 * Toronto, Canada
 * Liverpool, United Kingdom
 * Birmingham, United Kingdom
 * San Diego, United States
 * Shanghai, China
 * Nagoya, Japan
 * Kobe, Japan

title: City of Melbourne


text:
City of Melton

The City of Melton is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, on Melbourne's western rural–urban fringe.

It covers 528 km2, and as of the, Melton had a population of 178,960.

It is governed by the Melton City Council. The seat of local government and administrative offices are located at Council headquarters in Melton, the settlement after which the city takes its name which lies at the western end of the LGA and is currently its largest urban area with a population of over 54,000.

City of Melton has a rapid population growth rate, ranked 3rd fastest among LGAs in Victoria in 2010. It was granted city status in 2012.

History

Melton was first incorporated as a district on 16 September 1862, and became a shire on 24 May 1871. Parts of the north and south ridings of the Shire of Braybrook (later City of Sunshine) were annexed to Melton as the Rockbank Riding on 24 May 1916, and this was added to in 1951. Other minor boundary adjustments with Bulla and Keilor occurred in May 1959. The Shire had a total area of 450.4 km2.

In 1994, following large-scale statewide local government reform, Melton acquired the Exford district from the City of Werribee, growing to its present size.

Since the early 1970s the Shire had undergone tremendous population growth and, Melton was one of Victoria's fastest-growing local government areas along with neighbouring Wyndham.

After several years of community consultation to defer applying for city status until it had reached 150,000, the council nevertheless reversed the decision and city status was granted in September, 2012. The first elected Mayor under the 'City" status was Kathy Majdlik.

In the 2020 Local Government elections, Melton had its first Aboriginal Councillor elected, Cr Ashleigh Vandenberg. A proud Wiradjuri woman making history and becoming the first Aboriginal Councillor in Melbourne's Western Suburbs.

Art and culture
Bush ballad "Click Go the Shears" was first published in 1891 in a local newspaper by "C.C. of Eynesbury". Eynesbury was a homestead and grazing property owned by Samuel Staughton.

CS Gallery is a contemporary exhibition space located at Caroline Springs Library and Learning Hub. It provides opportunities for artists and groups to exhibit and does not charge fees or commission. Melton Library and Learning Hub provides a number of hanging walls for the presentation of visual art and community exhibitions.

Council
The City's area is divided into three wards, two of which elects three Councillors, the other one electing two Councillors. The Councillors elect a mayor from among the council's members.

The current council, as of January 2023 is:

Townships and localities
The city had a population of 178,960 at the 2021 census, up from 135,443 recorded at the 2016 census.

^ - Territory divided with another LGA * - Not noted in 2016 Census # - Not noted in 2021 Census

Residential estates
Recent large housing projects include:
 * Atherstone, within the new suburbs of Cobblebank and Strathtulloh. ($1.2 billion).
 * Eynesbury Township.
 * Waterford Estate, in the suburb of Weir Views.
 * Woodlea, within the new suburb of Aintree.
 * Seventh Bend, within the new suburb of Weir Views.

title: City of Melton


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 2

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: French forces led by Napoleon decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army commanded by Tsar Alexander I at the Battle of Austerlitz (depicted).
 * 1852 – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte established the Second French Empire, declaring himself Emperor of the French as Napoleon III.
 * 1927 – The Ford Motor Company introduced the second version of the Model A, its first new model in 18 years.
 * 1942 – Manhattan Project scientists led by Enrico Fermi initiated the first self-sustaining chain reaction in the experimental nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1.
 * 1950 – Korean War: UN forces began a retreat from North Korea following defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River.
 * 1954 – The United States Senate voted of 67 to 22 to approve a resolution condemning Senator Joseph McCarthy who continued to serve in the Senate until his death two and a half years later.
 * 1962 – Returning from a fact-finding mission, U.S. senator Mike Mansfield became the first American official to comment adversely on the progress of the Vietnam War.
 * 1989 – The Malayan Communist Party and the Malaysian government signed a peace accord to end a 21-year communist insurgency.
 * 2015 – In San Bernardino, California, a married couple carried out a mass shooting at a Christmas party before fleeing and dying in a shootout with police.
 * 2016 – Thirty-six people died when a fire broke out at an illegally converted warehouse in Oakland, California, the deadliest U.S. building fire since 2003.
 * Born/died: | William Shirley |b|1694| António Luís de Seabra, 1st Viscount of Seabra |b|1798|  Marquis de Sade |d|1814|  Erima Northcroft |b|1884| Allen Wright |d|1885| Ivan Bagramyan |b|1897| John Barbirolli |b|1899| Ralph Richardson |b|1902|  Wynton Kelly |b|1931| Francis Spellman |d|1967| Britney Spears |b|1981 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali |d|1982


text:
1970 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1970.

March

 * 8 — Police, led by Seymour Pine of the Stonewall raid the year before, raid an illegal gay bar called the Snake Pit in Greenwich Village. 167 people are arrested.
 * 17 — The film The Boys in the Band premieres in New York City.

April

 * 7
 * Midnight Cowboy, the first major Hollywood film to feature a same-sex sexual encounter between two men, wins the Oscar for Best Picture.
 * John Schlesinger wins Best Director at the Academy Awards.
 * 13 — John Lindsay, the Mayor of New York City, was confronted by protestors from the Gay Activist Alliance at the Metropolitan Opera House.

May

 * 9 — A high school teacher named Ingrid Mykle Montano in Phoenix, Arizona, is forced to resign after parents complain about her inviting a gay man to speak in one of her sociology classes.
 * 21 — Bella Abzug speaks at a Gay Activist Alliance meeting, becoming the first politician to court the LGBT community's votes in the United States.

June

 * 12 — Lesbians Neva Joy Heckmann and Judith Ann Belew marry in Los Angeles.
 * 24 — The Rockefeller Five, five activists from the Gay Activists Alliance, are arrested during a sit-in at the Republican Senate Committee headquarters.
 * 27 — Chicago holds the first LGBT Pride parade in the USA.
 * 28 — On the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots, what started out as a march on Christopher Street in New York City of a few hundred people turned into thousands of people ending in Central Park. It brought gay and lesbian individuals together to demonstrate that they were a sizable minority population.

July

 * 1 — The Gay Liberation Task Force meets for the first time at the American Library Association Annual Conference in Detroit, Michigan.

September

 * 5 — Colombia changes "homosexual behavior" from a felony into a misdemeanor, and the maximum penalty is reduced to three years.

October

 * 13 — London gay activists hold the first meeting of the London incarnation of the Gay Liberation Front.

title: 1970 in LGBT rights


text:
Talk:Dreadnought hoax

Cambridge hoax
I think there was a very similar hoax at Cambridge a few years earlier, which worked equally well. Perhaps this should be mentioned or have its own page —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.141.206 (talk) 08:25, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/d/dreadnought-hoax.html says the hoax took place on February 10. So does http://www.uah.edu/woolf/dread.html. http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoaxorum/hoaxorum1869.html says February 7.

 * The first of those links is simply a Wiki mirror. Information in the second seems to be from a biography of Virginia Woolf, so would seem more credible than the third. Bastie 07:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ✅ I have added a section about the Cambridge hoax. Andrew Davidson (talk) 12:46, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Purpose of the hoax should be more clear
The purpose of the hoax should be made more clear. WinterSpw (talk) 04:15, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

✅ The hoax was a prank by the officers on one ship upon the other, as explained below. Andrew Davidson (talk) 12:44, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Was Cole a Navy official?
The article says the Navy sent officers to cane Cole - was he in the Navy or was this just an old Eton practice? It also says he suggested they be caned - so was he not? s-slaytor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.80.110 (talk) 14:18, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * And was roughing Cole up an "official" navy response, or did some individual officers just decide to teach him a lesson? I can't really see Jacky Fisher resorting to thuggery. Cranston Lamont (talk) 15:17, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

✅ there was some caning but this seems to have been mostly symbolic. Andrew Davidson (talk) 12:44, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Cost of hoax
£4000 sounds like an awful lot of money for a hoax of this kind. I've removed the figure until someone actually confirms it. Peter Isotalo 08:05, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

The cost was significant as the regalia included expensive jewellery. Cole was rich but ended his life destitute after speculating in Canadian land. Andrew Davidson (talk) 12:44, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

That big "proviso" note at the top
I notice that a section disproving some of the recieved information about this hoax has been added rather unceremoniously to the top of this article by User talk:Stanpat, who seems to have a history of slightly unconstructive editing, although it sounds feasible. Is there any way that this can be either integrated or cited in a more coherent way? Rob (talk) 11:49, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I shall make something of this helpful note. Andrew Davidson (talk) 12:44, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Note removed from the article
NOTE: The recovery of Virginia Woolf's complete 1940 talk on the Dreadnought Hoax has rendered obsolete previous accounts of the Hoax such as that given below. Her talk, only a few pages of which were previously known, was discovered recently by Georgia Johnston in the Women's Library of London Metropolitan University. A common-reader version of the talk together with a reinterpretation of the Hoax was published in the expanded edition of Virginia Woolf's The Platform of Time: Memoirs of Family and Friends, edited by S. P. Rosenbaum  (London, Hesperus Press 2008). A variorum transcription of Woolf's talk by Johnston appears in the 2009 volume of Woolf Studies Annual. Among the more significant changes in the story of the Hoax as revealed in Woolf's talk are that it was not really a Bloomsbury Group hoax at all - a number of the Group's members strongly disapproved of it - but one inspired by the officers of another Royal ship, H.M.S. Hawk.

Proposal of Changes to "Dreadnoughts and the Royal Navy"
1) The previous version ended with these passages:

"In February 1910 the captain of Dreadnought was Herbert Richmond; Admiral Sir William May was the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet; as such, Dreadnought was his flagship. Also present on Dreadnought was Commander Willie Fisher—the Stephens' cousin—who was on the staff of the Admiral.

''The C.F.Martin guitar company designed and built its biggest and finest acoustic steel string guitar for the Ditson company and later for its own line and quickly called it “dreadnought“. This design became the basis For practically every company’s most successful line of acoustic guitars and the term “dreadnought” has been used for this style of guitar ever since, regardless of brand or manufacturer."''

The second of these passages clearly was added as an afterthought by someone. I switched the two passages around, as the "guitar" passage contextually belongs to the cultural impact passages that precede all of this. While the passage about the staff should close the section, as it provides a segue to the next section.

2) I am not sure the "guitar" passage fits the scope of the other cultural impact passages, so I would (on balance) recommend that the "guitar" passage is removed entirely.

3) Which leads me to the general thought that the whole section ("Dreadnoughts and the Royal Navy") should be rewritten and shortened significantly. The useful and interesting information in this section should be included in either the Dreadnought class wikipedia entry or the HMS Dreadnought wikipedia entry, if such information does not exist there already. In one or both of these entries, this cultural impact information should be bundled and given its own section. This section we could then link to from within the newly re-written and shortened "Dreadnoughts and the Royal Navy" section in this present entry about the hoax.

--Otto von B. (talk) 15:27, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Minilik II never visited Britain
H.I.M. Minilik II never visited any part of the UK to the best of my knowledge. In fact I believe he never left Ethiopia. Ras Mekonnen visited in 1902, he had permanenet legates in London. He was critically ill by 1909, unable to reign at the time of the Hoax. marcoetio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.148.62.241 (talk) 23:28, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * This is true -- want a source? how about any biography of Emperor Menelik? -- although based on his well-documented interest in technology I expect the Emperor would have been overjoyed to have been allowed to examine a battleship. The first ruler of Ethiopia to make a foreign visit was Lij Iyasu, who visited French Somalia around the time of WWI. The sole source for this story is Virginia Woolf, who is not an expert on Ethiopia. I'm removing that paragraph. -- llywrch (talk) 00:40, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Bot messages
File:DreadnoughtHoaxAftermathSingfreepress19100512.jpg Nominated for speedy Deletion

File:DreadnoughtHoaxHobartMercury24March1910.jpg Nominated for speedy Deletion

title: Talk:Dreadnought hoax


text:
Cultural turn

The cultural turn is a movement beginning in the early 1970s among scholars in the humanities and social sciences to make culture the focus of contemporary debates; it also describes a shift in emphasis toward meaning and away from a positivist epistemology. The cultural turn is described in 2005 by Lynette Spillman and Mark D. Jacobs as "one of the most influential trends in the humanities and social sciences in the last generation." A prominent historiographer argues that the cultural turn involved a "wide array of new theoretical impulses coming from fields formerly peripheral to the social sciences," especially post-structuralism, cultural studies, literary criticism, and various forms of linguistic analysis, which emphasized "the causal and socially constitutive role of cultural processes and systems of signification."

Background
The cultural turn in the late 20th century is interpreted as referring to either a substantive shift in society or an analytical shift in academia. The former argues that culture plays a more significant role in advanced societies, which fits with the notion of post-modernity as a historical era in which people "emphasizes the importance of art and culture for education, moral growth, and social criticism and change". The latter is movement within academia to place the concept of culture, and the related notions of meaning, cognition, affect, and symbols at the center of methodological and theoretical focus. Some argue that the analytical shift is endogenous to the substantive shift.

Culture can be defined as "the social process whereby people communicate meanings, make sense of their world, construct their identities, and define their beliefs and values". Or, for Georg Simmel, culture refers to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Thus culture can be interpreted on a spectrum from purely individualistic solipsism to objective forms of social organization and interaction.

Analytical shift
One of the earliest works in which the term "cultural turn" showed up was Jeffrey C. Alexander's chapter "The New Theoretical Movement" in Neil Smelser's Handbook of Sociology (1988). According to Alexander, the origins of the cultural turn should be traced to the nineteenth-century debate between idealism and materialism, i.e. Hegel and Marx, respectively. Prior to the labeling of the movement, in the 1970s, "foundational works underlying and facilitating the turn to cultural forms of analysis" emerged: Hayden White's Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1973), Clifford Geertz's The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (1973), Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1977), and Pierre Bourdieu's Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977).

While the earlier twentieth century experienced a linguistic turn, mostly brought about by the thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Ferdinand de Saussure, the cultural turn of the late twentieth century absorbed those criticisms and built on them.

The cultural turn has helped cultural studies to gain more respect as an academic discipline. With the shift away from high arts the discipline has increased its perceived importance and influence on other disciplines.

British historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography of the First World War has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation, radicalisation of politics, race, and the male body.

Substantive shift
The cultural turn as an historical era that breaks substantively with the past is only tangentially related to cultural turn as analytical shift. Proponents of the former argue that:

"“The very sphere of culture itself has expanded, becoming coterminous with market society in such a way that the cultural is no longer limited to its earlier, traditional or experimental forms, but it is consumed throughout daily life itself, in shopping, in professional activities, in the various often televisual forms of leisure, in production for the market and in the consumption of those market products, indeed in the most secret folds and corners of the quotidian. Social space is now completely saturated with the image of culture.”"

- Fredric Jameson

Advertising, amateur photography, yellow journalism and an assortment of other forms of media arose after the politically charged 1960s. Moreover, this media was multicultural, and attempted to target all races, ethnicities and age groups, as opposed to more exclusive media prior to the 1960s. This "new media" of a postmodern America brought about an expansion and differentiation of culture, which has only been rapidly expanded by the Internet and social media.

In rural studies
In recent years, there has been something of a resurgence in rural studies, which has become somewhat more mainstream than previously in the academic space of social science. Increasing numbers of people have taken on important dualistic questions of society/space, nature/culture structure/agency and self/other from the perspective of rural studies. However, it is the 'cultural turn' in wider social science which has lent both respectability and excitement to the nexus with rurality, particularly with new foci on landscape, otherness and the spatiality of nature. With a conceptual fascination with difference, and a methodological fascination with ethnography, cultural studies have provided a significant palimpsestuous overlay onto existing landscapes of knowledge.

title: Cultural turn


text:
Bucket hat

A bucket hat (variations of which include the fisherman's hat, Irish country hat and session hat) is a hat with a narrow, downward-sloping brim. Typically, the hat is made from heavy-duty cotton fabric such as denim or canvas, or heavy wool such as tweed, sometimes with metal eyelets placed on the crown of the hat for ventilation.

It was first adopted as a high fashion item in the 1960s, and with subsequent revivals in both street fashion and on the catwalk. It is popular festival gear in the present day, also known as a "session hat".

Origins

The bucket hat or fishing hat is said to have been introduced around 1900. Originally made from wool felt or tweed cloth, these hats were traditionally worn by Irish farmers and fishermen as protection from the rain, because the lanolin from the unwashed (raw) wool made these hats naturally waterproof. From the interwar years onwards, these "Irish walking hats" were quickly adopted internationally for country pursuits because, when folded, they could fit inside a coat pocket. If the hat fell in the mud, it could be easily cleaned with a damp sponge, and it could be reshaped using steam from a kettle. In the 1960s, it was often worn by members of the Mod subculture.

The modern bucket hat is derived from a tropical hat made from olive drab cotton that was issued to the US Army during the Vietnam War. These lightweight hats became popular among civilians for use in sports such as fishing, and as sun protection.

Fashion accessory

In the 1960s, the bucket hat was adapted as a ladies' fashion item, in common with the pillbox, bakerboy, and cloche styles, suiting the fashion for more bouffant hair. Milliners such as Lilly Daché created designs in felt or other stiffer fabrics to capture the "mod" look. The older tweed Irish walking hat remained popular among professional men until the 1970s, and was notably worn by Sean Connery's character in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

The hat became popular with rappers in the 1980s and remained part of street fashion into the 1990s. More recently, it has re-emerged as a fashion catwalk item after being sported by celebrities such as Rihanna.

Regional names and variations

 * In Bulgaria it is popular as "idiotka" (идиотка), which means "idiot hat".
 * In Australia the version worn by the Australian Defence Force is referred as a "Giggle Hat".
 * In Israel, it is known as a tembel hat or "Rafael hat", after Rafael Eitan, an Israeli general, politician, and former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, who used to wear one. A similar type of hat called a tembel hat is dubbed the national hat of Israel as it was worn by Israeli Halutzim to protect from sunburn.
 * In Sweden, it is known as a "Beppehatt" or "Beppemössa", since Beppe Wolgers, a Swedish author and artist, used to wear it and made it popular in the 1970s.
 * In Denmark, it is known as "bøllehat" (troublemaker hat) since the 1880s, when a group of young delinquents would gather every Sunday in Bøllemosen in Jægersborg Dyrehave, from where they made trips to a popular dance restaurant in Charlottenlund to steal the ladies' hats.
 * In Argentina, it is known as "sombrero Piluso" (Piluso hat), where its popularity rose after the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
 * In Russia, it is called "panama" (панама). The name came from misconception of panama hat, known as hat of Ecuadorian workers in Panama.
 * In South Africa, it is known as an "ispoti" and is very popular with urban black youth, representing being streetwise without copying foreign hip-hop trends.
 * In Tanzania, it is very popular among elders, especially among the Iraqw people.
 * In the US, a similar hat is used officially by the US Navy for enlisted service dress uniforms, commonly referred to as a Dixie Cup hat, as in the manufacturer brand of paper cups.
 * In France, it is called a "Bob (hat)".
 * In Germany, it is called "Anglerhut" (fisher's hat). It is popular as an accessoire in German hip hop. In 2018, a right-wing protester wearing a bucket hat in the colors of the Flag of Germany became notorious as a "Hutbürger" ("hat citizen"), a play on words of "Wutbürger" or "enraged citizen".
 * In the UK, it is sometimes called "Reni hat", after Stone Roses drummer Reni who frequently wore the hat.
 * In Italy, it's called a "fisherman's hat" (cappello da pescatore).
 * In Brazil and Mexico, it's widely known as "chapéu do Seu Madruga" (Don Ramón's hat) and respected due to being worn by the character. Cosplayers may be casually seen in some cities wearing the iconic hat.
 * In the Netherlands, it's referred to as a vissershoed.

In popular culture

 * Both fictional characters Inspector Clouseau from The Pink Panther film series and Detective Lieutenant Louie Provenza of the television series The Closer and Major Crimes frequently wear bucket hats: for Peter Sellers' portrayal of Clouseau, a grayish-shade Irish tweed fabric variety, with Provenza wearing a white bucket hat while at crime scenes.
 * The character Gilligan in the TV series Gilligan's Island ubiquitously wears a cream-colored bucket hat throughout its episodes.
 * During the 1990s Liam Gallagher, lead vocalist of the rock band Oasis, has been photographed multiple times wearing a bucket hat.

title: Bucket hat


text:
1987 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1987.

Events

 * Radical AIDS activist group, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), organizes in New York City.
 * Cathedral City, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.

May

 * 29 — Barney Frank, United States Congressman for Massachusetts's 4th congressional district since 1981, comes out as gay in an interview with The Boston Globe.

June

 * 25 — In San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee the United States Supreme Court rules that the Gay Games may not use the word "Olympic" in its name because of the trademark held by the USOC.

September

 * 5 — The Homomonument, a memorial to LGBT victims of the Nazis, is dedicated at Amsterdam, Netherlands.

October

 * Governor Neil Goldschmidt(D) of Oregon issues an executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in state employment.
 * 1 — The Minnesota Supreme Court refuses to rule on the constitutionality of the state's anti-sodomy law, allowing the law to remain on the books.
 * 11 — The Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights takes place with an estimated 200,000 participants. The march, demonstration, and rally also included the first public display of Cleve Jones's NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt and the first community wedding. The 200,000 person estimate, widely quoted from the New York Times, was made several hours before the march actually began; similarly, most of the pictures used by mainstream media were taken early in the morning, or of the AIDS Quilt viewing area rather than the march itself. Police on the scene estimated numbers during the actual march to be closer to half a million. This event and date would also be the starting point for what would become National Coming Out Day.

November

 * 3 — Boulder, Colorado, citizens pass the first referendum to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation.

December

 * 8 — David Wilshire, British Member of Parliament, introduces Section 28 as an amendment to the Local Government Bill.

Deaths

 * July 11 — Tom Waddell, physician, decathlete representing the United States at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games, founder of the Gay Games.
 * August 24 — Bayard Rustin, 75, U.S. civil rights activist, widely acknowledged as the person responsible for the 1963 March on Washington, and a gay rights activist in his later life.

title: 1987 in LGBT rights


text:
Tristania neriifolia

Tristania is a monotypic genus of flowering plants native to New South Wales, Australia, closely related to Thaleropia. The genus had a number of species, but some have been reclassified as Lophostemon and Tristaniopsis. The sole species currently in the genus is Tristania neriifolia. It is commonly known as the water gum.

It is a small tree, with dense branching. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, simple, lanceolate, 5–9 cm long and 1 cm broad. The flowers are produced in dense clusters of 3–15 together; each flower is 1–1.5 cm diameter, with five small yellow petals and numerous conspicuous stamens.

title: Tristania neriifolia


text:
Rural City of Ararat

The Rural City of Ararat is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 4211 km2 and in the 2021 had a population of 11,880.

It includes the towns of Ararat, Armstrong, Dunneworthy, Lake Bolac, Moyston, Pomonal, Streatham, Tatyoon, Wickliffe and Willaura. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Ararat, Shire of Ararat and parts of the Shire of Mortlake and Shire of Stawell.

The Rural City is governed and administered by the Ararat Rural City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Ararat. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement located in the north of the LGA, that is Ararat, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 8,076.

Traditional owners
The traditional owners of this are the Djab Wurrung.

Current composition
The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality. Composition as of September 2022:

Administration and governance
The Ararat Rural City Council meets on the third Tuesday of each month at 6pm in the Council Chamber at the Ararat Shire Hall, 239 Barkly Street, Ararat. The Ararat Municipal Offices, 59 Vincent Street, Ararat, is the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at this location and is open from 8.15am to 5.15pm on week days.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the rural city had a population of 11,880 up from 11,600 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

title: Rural City of Ararat


text:
City of Ballarat

The City of Ballarat is a local government area in the west of the state of Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of 739 km2 and, in June 2018, had a population of 107,325. It is primarily urban with the vast majority of its population living in the Greater Ballarat urban area, while other significant settlements within the LGA include Buninyong, Waubra, Learmonth and Addington. It was formed on 6 May 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Ballarat, Shire of Ballarat, Borough of Sebastopol and parts of the Shire of Bungaree, Shire of Buninyong, Shire of Grenville and Shire of Ripon.

The City is governed and administered by the Ballarat City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Ballarat, it also has a service centre located in Buninyong. The City is named after the main urban settlement lying in the centre-south of the LGA, Ballarat, which is also the LGA's most populous urban area with a population of 105,471.

Current composition
The council is composed of three wards and nine councillors, with three councillors per ward elected to represent each ward. The current Council, elected in 2020, in order of election by ward, is:

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Ballarat Town Hall Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Ballarat, and its service centre in Buninyong.

The council's main offices are in a modern extension behind the Town Hall called The Phoenix. In 2009 the council voted to move to a new headquarters at Civic Hall on Mair Street, which would turn the heritage listed Town Hall building into a public general purpose venue.

2023 Council Review
Prior to the 2024 Election, The Victorian Electoral Commission conducted a review into the electoral structure of multiple Victorian Councils including the City of Ballarat As part of this review it was deemed that from the 2024 Election, the council would take up nine single-councillor wards, namely:

 * Alfredton Ward
 * Brown Hill Ward
 * Buninyong Ward
 * Central Ward
 * Delacombe Ward
 * Golden Point Ward
 * North Ward
 * Sebastopol Ward
 * Wendouree Ward

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the city had a population of 113,763 up from 101,686 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA * - Not noted in 2016 Census

Sister cities
The City of Ballarat's sister cities are:

 * Inagawa, Hyōgo, Japan
 * Ainaro, East Timor

title: City of Ballarat


text:
1999 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1999.

Events

 * U.S. state of Nevada bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.
 * Ohio governor Bob Taft rescinds a 1984 executive order by then-governor Dick Celeste banning discrimination based on sexual orientation in the public sector.
 * San Jose, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.

February

 * 15 – Stephen Brady and his partner Peter Stephens became the world's first officially acknowledged gay ambassadorial couple, when Brady, accompanied by Stephens, presented his credentials as Australia's Ambassador to Denmark to Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.
 * 28 – In the United Kingdom, The Queer Youth Alliance is founded, the first such "youth-led" gay rights organisation.

March

 * 29 – In New Zealand, immigration law changes approved by the cabinet in 1998 allow gay and lesbian couples the same rights as straight de facto couples applying for permanent residency under the relationship category. Prior to the change, gay and lesbian couples spent twice as long waiting for residency than straight couples. Scott Fack and Noel Turner were the "poster boys" for this change through the gay media, including Express Newspaper and the Queer Nation television show.

July

 * 12 – In Chile, the National Congress decriminalized sodomy.

September

 * 14 – Iowa governor Tom Vilsack issues an executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in the public sector.
 * 27 – The European Court for Human Rights rules that the United Kingdom's ban on gay military personnel is a breach of human rights, although the court does not have the power to unilaterally lift the ban.

October

 * 2 – California governor Gray Davis signs three gay rights bills into law. The first outlaws harassment of homosexual students and teachers in the state's public schools. The second creates a new statewide domestic partnership registry. The third outlaws job and housing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
 * 13 – In France, the National Assembly grants unwed mixed- and same-sex couples the same rights as married couples.
 * 15 – The Washington Times reports claims George W. Bush ensured conservative supporters that he would not "knowingly" appoint any homosexuals as ambassadors or department heads in his administration if elected president.
 * 15–17, First International Drag King Extravaganza, Columbus, Ohio.
 * 22 – Boeing begins offering domestic partner health benefits.
 * 27
 * The government of the Canadian province of Ontario changes 67 laws to give same-sex couples the same rights as married couples.
 * The Fourth Court of Appeals in San Antonio, Texas, rules in Littleton v. Prange a post-operative transgender woman remains legally male and therefore her marriage to a man was invalid.

November

 * 1 – Nancy Katz becomes the first openly lesbian judge in the U.S. state of Illinois.
 * 3 – Aaron McKinney found guilty of murdering Matthew Shepard. He is sentenced to two consecutive life terms in prison.

December

 * 2 – In the case of National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs, the Constitutional Court of South Africa extends spousal immigration benefits to partners in permanent same-sex relationships.
 * 7 – The Orange County, California, school board votes unanimously to reject the formation of a gay–straight alliance at El Modena High School.
 * 9 – In light of the passage of Amendment 2, the Hawaii Supreme Court rules in Baehr v. Miike that it is no longer unconstitutional for the state not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
 * 20 – In Baker v. Vermont, the Vermont Supreme Court orders the state legislature to devise a law to give same-sex couples identical rights to married couples.

title: 1999 in LGBT rights


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/November

you've mentioned "1947 - The United Nations General Assembly voted to approve the Partition Plan for Palestine, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine" please note that there was no "Israel" at that time —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.35.78.106 (talk) 02:21, 24 November 2007 (UTC) Removed:
 * All Saint's Day a Christian holiday. Observance is on November 1, the day after Halloween. In Sweden the All Saints official holiday takes place on the first Saturday of November.
 * In Ireland November 1 is regarded as the first day of Winter.
 * November 1 is called November Day(Lá Samhna) in Celtic tradition and is thus named in the Irish Calendar, where the month is called Mí na Samhna
 * American Federal elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November in even-numbered years. They therefore fall between November 2 and November 8.
 * The Americans celebrate Thanksgiving holiday on the fourth Thursday of November.
 * In Britain and New Zealand Guy Fawkes night is celebrated on November 5, the anniversary of the failed Gunpowder Plot.
 * Around November 17 the Leonids reach their peak.

None of these are multiday holidays or observances, but should be useful in future year's updates to this page. I've already moved these entries to their specific days. --mav 12:31, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Fictionous: 1307 - William Tell, a legendary marksman in Switzerland, is said to have successfully shot an apple on the head of his son with a single bolt from his crossbow.
This has not realy happened it is a story from schiller. So I think it does not count. It is about the same as if one would celebrate the day of the first contact in the fictionous star trek universe.

عسل خان سلام علیکم
قهق 203.171.112.126 (talk) 12:43, 23 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
City of Greater Geelong

The City of Greater Geelong is a local government area in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 1248 km2 and, had a population of 271,057 as of the 2021 Australian census. It is primarily urban with the vast majority of its population living in the Greater Geelong urban area, while other significant settlements within the LGA include Anakie, Balliang, Barwon Heads, Batesford, Ceres, Clifton Springs, Drysdale, Lara, Ocean Grove, Portarlington and St Leonards. It was formed in 1993 from the amalgamation of the Rural City of Bellarine, Shire of Corio, City of Geelong, City of Geelong West, City of Newtown, City of South Barwon, and parts of Shire of Barrabool and Shire of Bannockburn.

The City is governed and administered by the Greater Geelong City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Geelong, it also has service centres located in Drysdale, Ocean Grove and several other locations within Geelong. The City is named after the main urban settlement located in the centre-west of the LGA, that is Geelong, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 211,986.

In 2019, City of Greater Geelong announced a new headquarters across the road from WorkSafe Victoria. The project will be part of the new "Civic Precinct" in the Geelong CBD.

History of former municipalities

 * 1838 – Geelong (from the Indigenous Wadawurrung word "djillong", meaning "tongue of land") declared a town
 * 1849 – Geelong incorporated as a Town
 * 1853 – Barrabool road district proclaimed
 * 1853 – Portarlington Road District proclaimed
 * 1856 – Connewarre Road District proclaimed
 * 1857 – South Barwon Municipal District proclaimed
 * 1857 – South Barwon Road District proclaimed
 * 1858 – Newtown and Chilwell borough proclaimed
 * 1860 – Portarlington Road District renamed as Indented Head Road District
 * 1861 – Corio Road District proclaimed
 * 1862 – Bannockburn Road District proclaimed
 * 1863 – Meredith Road District proclaimed
 * 1863 – Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale separated from Indented Head Road District to form Queenscliffe Municipal District. Redesignated as Queenscliffe Borough October 1963.
 * 1863 – South Barwon Borough created by amalgamating South Barwon Municipal District and South Barwon Road District
 * 1864 – Bannockburn Road District redesignated as Shire
 * 1864 – Corio Road District redesignated as Shire
 * 1865 – Indented Head Road District redesignated and renamed as Bellarine Shire
 * 1874 – South Barwon Shire created by amalgamating Connewarre Road District and South Barwon Borough
 * 1875 – Geelong West Borough proclaimed
 * 1910 – Geelong proclaimed a City
 * 1915 – Meredith Shire added to Bannockburn Shire
 * 1922 – Geelong West proclaimed a Town
 * 1924 – Newtown and Chilwell proclaimed a Town
 * 1929 – Geelong West proclaimed a City
 * 1959 – Newtown and Chilwell proclaimed a City
 * 1967 – Newtown and Chilwell City renamed as Newtown City
 * 1974 – South Barwon proclaimed a City
 * 1989 – Bellarine proclaimed a City
 * 1993 – City of Greater Geelong formed by amalgamating part of Bannockburn Shire, part of Barrabool Shire, Bellarine Rural City, Corio Shire, Geelong City, Newtown City & South Barwon City. The part that had been in South Barwon City was then transferred to Surf Coast Shire on its creation in March 1994.

Sourced from Appendix V, A Journey to Destiny 1890–1990 – 100 Years of Cement Manufacturing at Fyansford by Australian Cement Limited .

Council composition (as of 2023)
Due to conflicts in the previous council a new electoral structure was established for Geelong in 2017. The number of wards was reduced to 4 with 3 councillors for each (except Windermere having 2) elected by proportional representation. Residents were also no longer able to directly elect a mayor. The current councillors, in order of election at the 2020 election, are:

Administrators
In December 2015, the Minister for Local Government Natalie Hutchins appointed a Commission of Inquiry into the Greater Geelong City Council in response to concerns about the workplace culture and adequacy of governance structures.

The Inquiry found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying.

On the recommendation of the Commission, the Victorian Government dismissed the entire Greater Geelong City Council on 16 April 2016 and appointed Yehudi Blacher as interim administrator. On 25 May 2016, Dr Kathy Alexander (chairperson), Peter Dorling and Laurinda Gardner were sworn in as administrators, replacing Yehudi Blacher.

Under the Local Government (Greater Geelong City Council) Act 2016, the panel of administrators constitutes the Greater Geelong City Council, and has the same functions, powers and duties as the Greater Geelong City Council and its councillors. Likewise, the chairperson of the panel of administrators has the same functions, powers and duties as the mayor of the council.

The council was run by administrators until fresh council elections were held on 27 October 2017.

Former and current Mayors

 * Gerry Smith (1995–1998)
 * Ken Jarvis (1998–2000)
 * Michael Crutchfield (2000–2001)
 * Stretch Kontelj (2001–2002)
 * Barbara Abley (2002–2004)
 * Ed Coppe (2004)
 * Shane Dowling (2004–2005)
 * Peter McMullin (2005–2006)
 * Bruce Harwood (2006–2008)
 * John Mitchell (2008–2012)
 * Keith Fagg (2012–2013)
 * Darryn Lyons (2013–2016)
 * Bruce Harwood (2017–2019)
 * Stephanie Asher (2019–2022)
 * Peter Murrihy (2022–2022)
 * Trent Sullivan (2022–incumbent)

Former and current Deputy Mayors

 * Tony Ansett (2003–2004)
 * John Mitchell (2007–2008)
 * Rod Macdonald (2008–2009)
 * Bruce Harwood (2009–2010)
 * Cameron Granger (2010–2012)
 * Stretch Kontelj (2012–2013)
 * Bruce Harwood (2013–2014)
 * Michelle Heagney (2014–2016)
 * Peter Murrihy (2017–2019)
 * Kylie Grzybek (2019–2020)
 * Trent Sullivan (2020–2022)
 * Anthony Aitken (2022–incumbent)

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Geelong City Hall Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. Council customer service centres are located in Belmont, Corio, Drysdale, Geelong West, Ocean Grove, Waurn Ponds and at Brougham St in Geelong.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the city had a population of 271,057 up from 233,429 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

Sister cities
Geelong has sister city relations with the following cities:
 * 🇯🇵 Izumiōtsu, Japan (established 1992)
 * Lianyungang, China (established 1994)

title: City of Greater Geelong


text:
City of Greater Bendigo

The City of Greater Bendigo is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central part of the state. It covers an area of 3000 km2 and, in August 2021, had a population of 121,470. It includes the city of Bendigo and the towns of Axedale, Elmore, Heathcote, Marong, Raywood and Strathfieldsaye. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the former City of Bendigo with the Borough of Eaglehawk, Shire of Strathfieldsaye, Shire of Huntly and parts of the Rural City of Marong and Shire of McIvor. It is the state’s third largest economy base and is considered a service and infrastructure centre for north central Victoria. The city is surrounded by 40,000 hectares of regional, state and national parkland.

The city is governed and administered by the Greater Bendigo City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bendigo, it also has service centres located in Heathcote, Huntly, Marong and a couple of other locations within Bendigo. The city is named after the main urban settlement lying in the centre-west of the LGA, that is Bendigo, which is also the LGA's most populous urban area with a population of 99,122.

Current composition
The council is composed of three wards and nine councillors, with three councillors per ward elected to represent each ward. The most recent election was held in October 2020.

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Bendigo Town Hall offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at its administrative centre on Lyttleton Terrace in Bendigo and its service centres in Heathcote, Huntly and Marong and also on Hopetoun Street and St Andrews Avenue in Bendigo.

2023 Council Election Review
In the lead up to the 2024 Victorian local elections, The Victorian Electoral Commission conducted a review into the electoral structure of multiple Victorian councils, including the City of Greater Bendigo, The review found that the city should adopt nine single-councillor wards at the election, namely:

 * Axedale Ward
 * Eppalock Ward
 * Epsom Ward
 * Golden Square Ward
 * Kennington Ward
 * Lake Weeroona Ward
 * Lockwood Ward
 * Ravenswood Ward
 * Whipstick Ward

Townships and localities
At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 121,470 up from 110,477 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

title: City of Greater Bendigo


text:
City of Greater Shepparton

The City of Greater Shepparton is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of 2422 km2 and, in August 2021, had a population of 68,409. It includes the city of Shepparton and the towns of Arcadia, Ardmona, Congupna, Dookie, Grahamvale, Kialla, Lemnos, Merrigum, Mooroopna, Murchison, Tallygaroopna, Tatura, Toolamba and Undera. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Shepparton, Shire of Shepparton, and parts of the Shire of Rodney, Shire of Euroa, Shire of Goulburn, Shire of Tungamah, Shire of Violet Town and Shire of Waranga.

The City is governed and administered by the Greater Shepparton City Council. Its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Shepparton; it also has a service centre located in Tatura. The City is named after the main urban settlement located in the centre of the LGA, that is Shepparton, which together with adjoining Mooroopna form the LGA's most populous urban area with a population of 51,903.

Current composition
The council is composed of nine councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality. The last council election was in 2020. The elected councillors of Greater Shepparton in 2022 are:

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Shepparton Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Shepparton, and its service centre in Tatura.

Townships and localities
In the 2021 census, the city had a population of 68,409, up from 63,837 in the 2016 census.

^ - Territory divided with another LGA * - Not noted in 2016 Census # - Not noted in 2021 Census

title: City of Greater Shepparton


text:
Naomi Shihab Nye

Naomi Shihab Nye (نعومي شهاب ناي; born March 12, 1952) is an Arab American poet, editor, songwriter, and novelist. Born to a Palestinian father and an American mother, she began composing her first poetry at the age of six. In total, she has published or contributed to over 30 volumes of poetry. Her works include poetry, young-adult fiction, picture books, and novels. Nye received the 2013 NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature in honor of her entire body of work as a writer, and in 2019 the Poetry Foundation designated her the Young People's Poet Laureate for the 2019–21 term.

Early life
Naomi Shihab Nye is a poet and songwriter born in 1952 to a Palestinian father, Aziz Shihab, who worked as a journalist, editor and writer, and American mother, Miriam Allwardt Shihab, an artist who worked as a Montessori school teacher. Her father grew up in Palestine. He and his family became refugees in the 1948 Nakba, when the state of Israel was created. She has said her father "seemed a little shell-shocked when I was a child."

She grew up initially in Ferguson, St. Louis County, Missouri. Her mother studied under Philip Guston and Max Beckmann at Washington University in St. Louis. In 1966, when Nye was 14, the family moved to the West Bank, then part of Jordan, when her father's mother was sick. After less than a year, before the 1967 Six-Day War occurred, they moved to San Antonio, Texas.

Nye graduated from Robert E. Lee High School, where she was editor of the literary magazine. She earned a BA in English and world religions from Trinity University in 1974 and has lived in San Antonio since.

Teaching writing
After graduation, Nye worked as a writer-in-schools with the Texas Commission on the Arts. She has continued to teach writing workshops, mostly to kids. Currently, she teaches creative writing at Texas State University.

Writing
Nye characterizes herself as a "wandering poet," and says that much of her poetry is inspired by her childhood memories and her travels. She considers San Antonio her current home, "San Antonio feels most like home as I have lived here the longest. But everywhere can be home the moment you unpack, make a tiny space that feels agreeable". San Antonio is the inspiration behind many of her poems. Both roots and sense of place are major themes in her body of work. Her poems are frank and accessible, often making use of ordinary images in startling ways. Her ability to enter into foreign experiences and chronicle them from the inside is reminiscent of Elizabeth Bishop, while her simple and direct "voice" is akin to that of her mentor William Stafford.

Her first collection of poems, Different Ways to Pray, explored the theme of similarities and differences between cultures, which would become one of her lifelong areas of focus. Her other books include poetry collections 19 Varieties of Gazelle: Poems of the Middle East, Red Suitcase, and Fuel; a collection of essays entitled Never in a Hurry; a young-adult novel called Habibi (the autobiographical story of an Arab-American teenager who moves to Jerusalem in the 1970s) and picture book Lullaby Raft, which is also the title of one of her two albums of music. (The other is called Rutabaga-Roo; both were limited-edition.)

Nye's first two chapter books, Tattooed Feet (1977) and Eye-to-Eye (1978), are written in free verse and possess themes of questing. Nye's first full-length collection, Different Ways to Pray (1980), explores the differences between and shared experiences of cultures from California to Texas and from South America to Mexico. Hugging the Jukebox (1982), a full-length collection that won the Voertman Poetry Prize, focuses on the connections between diverse peoples and on the perspectives of those in other lands. Yellow Glove (1986) presents poems with more tragic and sorrowful themes. According to the Poetry Foundation, Fuel (1998) may be Nye's most acclaimed volume and ranges over a variety of subjects, scenes and settings.

Nye's poem Famous was referenced and quoted in full by Judge Andre Davis in his concurring opinion on the case G. G. v. Gloucester County School Board.

Her poem So much happiness was included in the 'Happiness' edition of Parabola.

Editing anthologies
Nye has edited many anthologies of poems, for audiences both young and old. One of the best-known is This Same Sky: A Collection of Poems from around the World, which contains translated work by 129 poets from 68 different countries. Her most recent anthology is called Is This Forever, Or What?: Poems & Paintings from Texas.

Awards and recognition
Nye has won many awards and fellowships, among them four Pushcart Prizes, the Jane Addams Children's Book Award, the Paterson Poetry Prize, and many notable book and best book citations from the American Library Association, and a 2,000 Witter Bynner Fellowship. In 1997, Trinity University, her alma mater, honored her with the Distinguished Alumna Award.

In 1997, Nye became a Guggenheim Poetry Fellow. In 2000, Nye became a Witter Bynner Fellow, awarded by the Library of Congress. In 2002, she became a Lannan Literary Fellow. In June 2009, Nye was named as one of PeaceByPeace.com's first peace heroes. In 2013, Nye won the Robert Creeley Award.

In October 2012, she was named laureate of the 2013 NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature. The NSK Prize is a juried award sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and World Literature Today magazine. In her nominating statement, Ibtisam Barakat, the juror who championed Nye for the award wrote, "Naomi's incandescent humanity and voice can change the world, or someone's world, by taking a position not one word less beautiful than an exquisite poem." Barakat commended her work by saying, "Naomi's poetry masterfully blends music, images, colors, languages, and insights into poems that ache like a shore pacing in ebb and flow, expecting the arrival of meaning."

In 2019, the Poetry Foundation designated Nye their Young People's Poet Laureate for the 2019–21 term. The foundation's announcement characterized Nye's writing style as one that "moves seamlessly between ages in a way that is accessible, warm, and sophisticated even for the youngest of readers."

In 2023, she was awarded an honorary degree from Vermont College of Fine Arts.

Personal life
Although she calls herself a "wandering poet", Nye refers to San Antonio as her home and lives there with her family. She says a visit to her grandmother in the West Bank village of Sinjil was a life-changing experience. In 1978, she married Michael Nye, who worked initially as an attorney and later on photography and on writing on topics including hunger, teenage pregnancy and mental illness. They have one son.

Poetry

 * On the Edge of the Sky. Iguana Press. 1981.
 * Invisible: Poems. The Trilobite Press. 1987.
 * Mint. State Street Press Chapbooks. 1991.
 * Words Under the Words. The Eighth Mountain Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0933377295.
 * Mint Snowball. Anhinga Press. 2001. ISBN 9780938078685.
 * Baby Radar. lllustrated by Nancy Carpenter. Greenwillow Books, 2003.
 * A Maze Me: Poems for Girls. Greenwillow Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0060581893
 * Tender Spot: Selected Poems. Bloodaxe Books. 2008. ISBN 978-1-85224-791-1
 * Sometimes I Pretend: A Poem [artist's book]. Santa Cruz, California: Peter and Donna Thomas. 2014.
 * The Tiny Journalist: Poems. BOA Editions, Ltd. 2019. ISBN 9781942683728
 * "Kindness"
 * Baby Radar. lllustrated by Nancy Carpenter. Greenwillow Books, 2003.
 * A Maze Me: Poems for Girls. Greenwillow Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0060581893
 * Tender Spot: Selected Poems. Bloodaxe Books. 2008. ISBN 978-1-85224-791-1
 * Sometimes I Pretend: A Poem [artist's book]. Santa Cruz, California: Peter and Donna Thomas. 2014.
 * The Tiny Journalist: Poems. BOA Editions, Ltd. 2019. ISBN 9781942683728
 * "Kindness"
 * The Tiny Journalist: Poems. BOA Editions, Ltd. 2019. ISBN 9781942683728
 * "Kindness"

Children's poetry

 * What Have You Lost? (with Michael Nye). Greenwillow Books. 1999. ISBN 0688161847.
 * Come With Me: Poems for a Journey. Greenwillow Books. 2000. ISBN 9780688159467.
 * Is This Forever or What?: Poems and Paintings from Texas. Greenwillow Books. 2003. ISBN 0060511788.
 * 19 Varieties of Gazelle: Poems of the Middle East. Greenwillow Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0060504045.
 * Honeybee: poems & short prose. Greenwillow Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0060853907.
 * Voices in the Air: Poems for Listeners. Greenwillow Books. 2018. ISBN 9780062691842.
 * Everything Comes Next: Collected and New Poems. Greenwillow Books. 2020. ISBN 9780063013452

Poetry in anthologies

 * The Best American Poetry. Scribner Poetry. 2003. ISBN 0743203887

Other children's books

 * Sitti’s Secrets. Illustrated by Nancy Carpenter. Four Winds Press, 1994.

Essays

 * Never in a Hurry: Essays on People and Places. University of South Carolina Press. 1996. ISBN 9781570030826.

Novels

 * Habibi. Simon Pulse. 1999. ISBN 978-0689825231.
 * Going, Going. Greenwillow Books. 2005. ISBN 9780688161859
 * The Turtle of Oman. Greenwillow Books. 2014. ISBN 9780062019721.
 * The Turtle of Michigan. Greenwillow Books. 2022. ISBN 9780063014169.

Short stories

 * Hamadi
 * Tomorrow, Summer
 * Tomorrow, Summer

Discography

 * Rutabaga-Roo – I've Got a Song and It's for You (Flying Cat, 1979)

Editor

 * Naomi Shihab Nye, ed. (1995). The Tree Is Older Than You Are: A Bilingual Gathering of Poems & Stories from Mexico with Paintings by Mexican Artists. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN 9780689802973.
 * Naomi Shihab Nye, Paul B. Janeczko, eds. (1996). I Feel a Little Jumpy Around You: Paired Poems by Men & Women. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780689813412.
 * Naomi Shihab Nye, ed. (1998). The Space Between Our Footsteps. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN 978-0689812330.
 * Naomi Shihab Nye, ed. (2010). Time You Let Me In: 25 Poets Under 25. Greenwillow Books. ISBN 9780061896378.
 * Naomi Shihab Nye, ed. (2010). Time You Let Me In: 25 Poets Under 25. Greenwillow Books. ISBN 9780061896378.
 * Naomi Shihab Nye, ed. (2010). Time You Let Me In: 25 Poets Under 25. Greenwillow Books. ISBN 9780061896378.

Critical studies

 * Abouddahab, Rédouane.	"The Life of ‘Words under the Words.’ The Father Figure, Mourning, and the Music of Desire in Naomi Shihab Nye’s ‘Brushing Lives.’" Revue Française d’Études Américaines 170 (2022): 83-96.
 * Abouddahab, Rédouane. "The Father as a Figure of Exile: Desire and Sublimation in Naomi Shihab Nye’s ‘My Father and the Figtree’." In S. Brownlie and R. Abouddahab, eds., Figures of the Migrant: The Roles of Literature and the Arts in Representing Migration, New York and London, Routledge, 2022, 127-146.
 * Gómez-Vega, Ibis. "The Art of Telling Stornoyies in the Poetry of Naomi Shihab Nye." MELUS 26.4 (Winter 2001): 245-252.
 * Gómez-Vega, Ibis. "Extreme Realities: Naomi Shihab Nye's Essays and Poems." Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics 30 (2010): 109-133.
 * Mercer, Lorraine, and Linda Strom. "Counter Narratives: Cooking Up Stories of Love and Loss in Naomi Shihab Nye's Poetry and Diana Abu-Jaber's Crescent." MELUS 32.4 (Winter 2007):
 * Orfalea, Gregory. "Doomed by Our Blood to Care: The Poetry of Naomi Shihab Nye." Paintbrush 18.35 (Spring 1991): 56-66.

Forewords

 * Clack, Cary, (2009). Clowns and Rats Scare Me. Trinity University Press. ISBN 9781595340375
 * Stafford, William, (2014). The Osage Orange Tree. Trinity University Press. ISBN 9781595341846
 * Ornelas, Christopher, (2017). Name Them—They Fly Better: Pat Hammond’s Theory of Aerodynamics. Trinity University Press. ISBN 9781595348197

title: Naomi Shihab Nye


text:
Rural City of Horsham

The Rural City of Horsham is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 4267 km2 and in June 2018, had a population of 19,875. It includes the towns of Brimpaen, Dadswells Bridge, Dooen, Haven, Horsham, Laharum, Natimuk, Noradjuha and Pimpinio. It was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the City of Horsham, most of the Shire of Wimmera and Shire of Arapiles, and part of the Shire of Kowree.

The Rural City is governed and administered by the Horsham Rural City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Horsham. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement located in the north-east of the LGA, that is Horsham, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 16,514.

The city was winner of Australia's tidiest town in 2001. There is a shopping precinct that offers coffee shops and restaurants. Horsham is the capital of the region and hosts events from sport to cultural interests. The Horsham golf course is known as country Victoria's best, as awarded from the pro-am circuit. The region is the site of lakes and a Wimmera River system and in normal seasons is popular with fishing, boating, swimming and water enthusiasts.

Traditional owners
There are multiple traditional owners of this land, they are Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Jupagulk, Wergaia and Wotjobaluk people.

Current composition
The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality. The current councillors, in order of election at the 2020 election, are:

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Horsham Civic Centre, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at its administrative centre in Horsham.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the rural city had a population of 20,429 up from 19,642 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA * - Not noted in 2016 Census # - Not noted in 2021 Census

title: Rural City of Horsham