text:
User:Arvindn/Chess

 * The end of this discussion has been moved to Template talk:Chess position, and the discussion here seems to be dead

Proposal
This is my idea for chess diagrams on wikipedia -- have an image for each piece and assemble it using a table. Some nice things about this method:
 * 1) Standard images throughout wikipedia
 * 2) No need to upload an image/screenshot each time
 * 3) Easy to correct mistakes/make changes
 * 4) If better images become available, they can be uploaded to overwrite the old ones without changing the articles
 * 5) Html snippet can be generated from algebraic notation with a trivial perl/python script if need be

Advantages over wikitex:
 * 1) No additional syntax, wiki editing is already beginning to resemble programming
 * 2) Image size is very small; each piece needs to be downloaded only once regardless of how many chessboards it appears in
 * 3) Anyone can create images

Disadvantages compared to wikitex:
 * 1) Far more verbose (but a solution is on the way, see below)

Partial solution to verbosity problem: I have put the script online at http://theory.cs.iitm.ernet.in/~arvindn/chess/. If you type in the position it gives the wikipedia markup.
 * Good start. Some comment -- it would be more convenient to include the table commands, the text I got back didn't have any, so I would have had to add each of them in by hand, almost as much work. This is required, since for some Explorer browsers, the other way gives spaces between squares. Also, wouldn't it be possible to incorporate this program you have written to be wiki code, so that one could enter any possible board in terms of pnbqPNBQ..., etc. and have that be all you deal with in any edits? So much of wikipedia's article text are programmed anyway, now. Great job! Revolver 10:47, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I see you mention this very idea below. Revolver 10:49, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * The output does have the table markup, so I'm not sure what you mean. As for the other two points, yes I've mentioned them below. Arvindn 12:41, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, this is what I get when I cut and paste directly:

 * [deleted markup without table tags]

 * Ahh, I think I know what's happening. Its a horrible bug in MSIE, which of course Microsoft considers a feature. I've made the server send the response as text/plain, which means that the browser's job is to show it as such without trying to render it. But of course MSIE thinks it knows better and parses it as HTML. It works for me on Mozilla. For the moment you can copy-paste the source code of the page instead of what you see on the page, I'll see what I can do. Arvindn 02:13, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Understood. I always hate programs that think they "know better" what the user wants (without bothering to ask him/her)! And these usually seem to be MS programs -- it's fine if it's what you want, otherwise... Revolver 21:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

This is a great idea! Revolver 00:21, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I agree. Be bold! All old chess diagrams must be replaced and deleted! - Woodrow 02:33, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

In fact, I like this idea so much, I'm using it to start a correspondence chess game! - Woodrow 03:10, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is a very nice idea, and I hope it or something like it becomes standard eventually, but, as Arvindn says, the syntax should be less verbose. This will probably be fixed at some point, but until it is lets not delete any of the old diagrams, please (I've no problem with people making new diagrams in this way). --Camembert

Copied from my talk page Arvindn 03:31, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello Arvindn! Neat chess board! I just want to you look at Zwischenzug:

You see I converted the table syntax. What do you like it? The only current problem with putting together chess position from your pieces is that it clutters the wikitext. Do you think it's better with the new syntax? I think we should make all chess positions in this new syntax..

— Sverdrup 16:35, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi! Nice to know you like it. The wiki syntax for the table, unfortunately, doesn't work in the Microsoft browser: there are gaps between the squares.

 * As for the clutter, I'm really hoping that once the syntax for extensions is finalized, the little script I wrote to generate the table from a concise description will go into MediaWiki.

 * Arvindn 03:18, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Cool chess board, Arvindh! Can I borrow it? --Rj 21:17, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course. That's the point :)

 * I should have thought up a short, easy username like yours. I've seen half-a-dozen misspellings of mine so far :) Arvindn 03:23, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * sorry 'bout that :) ...sounds like a subpage User:Arvindn/Misspellings --Rj 08:14, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)

Travel size
Ey yo, I have a suggestion of a small addition (and a large one); look at Queen (chess). Could we have a set of darker squares (or crossed squares or whatever) to mark areas of the board?

 * Ah yes, that would be useful. Making the squares is easy, just one light and one dark square with crosses need to be uploaded.

The large addition would be a set of the same pieces but in 50% scale. This will be inconvenient until we have a simplified syntax, though. — Sverdrup 10:20, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Good idea! I can put an checkbox in my script that would generate code with "|20px". The server is down since yesterday, BTW. Anyone want to host the script? Arvindn 03:17, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Take a look. Arvindn 17:11, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC).

 * couldn't you use brower image resizing instead of having the server dynamically resize the images? I am almost positive cascading style sheets can resize images. -- WhiteDragon 05:24, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I made an experiment to shrink the board, and it works: (however, it causes the server to work alot, having to create lots of thumbnails. — Sverdrup 10:26, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm...why don't you just upload the thumbnails, with a different name, then it won't have to create thumbnails each time? Revolver 20:01, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the thumbnails are cached and so won't be recomputed each time. Arvindn 03:17, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The thumbnails definitely are cached, so no load problem with that. Nice job with these; the only objection I had was the large size, and it looks like that's been solved. - Hephaestos|§ 05:29, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Discussion on simplified syntax
I take it that there is consensus that a simplified syntax should be implemented in mediawiki. The question is, which one? I'm currently using a 8x8 matrix of letters to represent pieces. The other main option is the wikitex syntax. Then there is the syntax used for recording adjourned positions. Complementary to these is PGN -- if there were a way to display a position by inputting the moves leading to that position, that would surely be very useful: it would be possible to annotate a game without using a separate chess program. So there are two things to be discussed: whether we want more than one of these, and if so, which ones. (I am willing to write the code for whichever formats are chosen.) We also need to decide on the encapsulation syntax, but this is a minor issue. Which format to use for representing positions is the major decision at this point. Any thoughts? Arvindn 15:58, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not familiar with the wikitex syntax, but if it generates a new file for each distinct board, I don't think that's best. My own opinion is that both the 8x8 matrix and PGN would be useful. The 8x8 would be very helpful if in the middle of an article, you wanted to jump right to a position in the middle of a game, without giving the moves from the beginning, (or if the position didn't come from any actual game at all!). Then, you can just "set up" the pieces on the 8x8 board. If you are annotating a game from beginning, then it certainly makes sense to have PGN available, you could just use the PGN without moving pieces around. As for things like arrows, should we continue to use what's at chess strategy and tactics? Thanks again! Revolver 20:16, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me clarify. By "wikitex syntax" I mean using algebraic notation to represent the board. I don't mean that it would generate an image for the whole board. I shouldn't have called it wikitex syntax, it gives the wrong idea. Algebraic notation would be more compact than 8x8 notation when there aren't many pieces on the board. The syntax would be roughly like "White: Kc5, d5; Black: Ke4, d4". Arvindn 03:38, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there a way to superimpose two images using CSS? If so, arrows might be doable. Otherwise the old method is definitely the only way. Arvindn 03:38, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Note on scope: this discussion pertains only to the table based chessboard; we are not discussing whether or not wikitex should be implemented etc. (I don't see why it shouldn't be: the code its there, the more the merrier :-).

 * Just speaking for myself, I'd quite like to see Forsyth-Edwards notation as an option - not the stuff about who can castle and so on, that's not necessary of course, just the bit that describes the position: 3BNK2/8/8/7k/8/8/3p2P1/8 (white plays and draws, V. Kivi, 1934, by the way :). The problem, of course, is that while the simple 8x8 matrix or an algebraic notation is clear to everybody, FEN is probably incomprehensible if you don't know the format. Maybe implement it as an alternative option, though? It's quite concise for the opening, middlegame and endgame alike, and fairly widely used. --Camembert

 * Oh, its called that? I didn't know, and called it "the syntax used for recording adjourned positions" above :). Sure, why not? Let's have it as an option too. Shall we have all the four syntaxes listed below, then? (I'd better start coding :-) Arvindn 16:58, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, I wondered if that's what you meant with adjourned positions, wasn't sure. Yep, having all four sounds good to me (must admit, I'm not quite sure how the PGN thing is going to work, but I'm sure you are :) --Camembert

 * We definitely need a simple syntax, and it seems we get three! Very good work Arvindn, I like to be able to choose. Wikisyntax should be easy, so I'd be happy for both the matrix and algebraic syntax to be incorporated to the wikiparser. ✏ Sverdrup 19:37, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I like the 8x8 matrix best. What could be simpler? Of course, One could accidentally put a capital letter instead of a lowercase one (or vice versa), possibly turning the whole situation around (Two white kings?). Of course, this could be easily fixed. 2¢. - Woodrow, Emperor of the United States 20:18, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

8x8 matrix notation
Advantages
 * Easy to visualize the position
 * Easy to modify

Disadvantages
 * More verbose for endgame positions
 * Less robust (easy to put one more or one fewer dot in a line)

Algebraic notation
Advantages
 * Compatibility with wikitex (markup can be copied over)
 * Robust
 * Equally easy to modify

Disadvantages
 * More verbose for opening and middlegame positions
 * Not easy to visualizes

Forsyth-Edwards notation
Advantages
 * Optimally compact

Disadvantages
 * Hard to visualize/understand

Portable game notation
Advantages
 * Big help for annotating games
 * Lots of pgns available on the 'net

Disadvantages
 * Hard to code! (parser needs to know how the pieces move)

OK, the code is nearly done! The first 3 are working. Please everyone help test it and find bugs. Thanks. The last one (pgn) is not completely done yet. For example, if you give it "1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nd7 3. Bb5 Nf6" you get the position on the left because the code doesn't yet know about pins etc. This stuff is not easy, but I'll give it a try anyway. Even if I can get it working, its almost certain to have bugs, and so I don't think its a good idea to implement it in the server. So as a compromise, the first 3 can be implemented directly, and the PGN converter can stay on my web page. I'll make it output 8x8 matrix notation instead of the table code, so that one could feed it the PGN, get back the 8x8 and put that into wikipedia, having the best of both worlds. Arvindn 15:06, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Whatever the problems with the PGN, the other three seem to be working fine. Good job :) --Camembert

 * Thanks! Luckily, I found a pgn parser (GPL'd, no less) that has an option to output FEN. I've integrated it with my script. So pgn is taken care of. (although the external dependency means it can't be implemented in MediaWiki itself.) Arvindn 18:31, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Encapsulation syntax
What I currently have in mind is  ... where TYPE is one of matrix/algebraic/FEN (default: matrix), size is one of small/normal/large (default: normal) and style is any valid CSS style (default is "border:1px solid #8888aa; width:320px; height:320px; float:left; margin-right: 1em;" ). Sounds OK? Arvindn 15:50, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems as good as anything. The only thing is that that 'type="TYPE"' stuff is a bit close to html, and html can put people off. I'm don't think I can come up with anything better, though. It should be OK. --Camembert

 * Looks like a nice concept. In wiki context I'm a bit of an HTML-phobe, and I'd like it better if it was just any chess-transcribing syntax here, but that may not be possible. (Maybe chess tags for matrix and chess-algebra for algebraic notation?). Nice concept overall, though. ✏ Sverdrup 19:41, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't like the idea of putting meta-description inside the ... tags, because that way its easier to mess up the syntax. As a compromise, why not adopt a syntax similar to what's used for images:  position description goes here where the X's can be any of the keywords {large, normal, small, tiny, matrix, algebra, FEN, left, right} and Y is the description to be used at the bottom of the diagram. Sounds OK to you? Arvindn 18:31, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Also note that this discussion is in the wider context of the Extension Syntax decision, and ... is currently intended for wikitex. So that would have to be sorted out. Arvindn 18:31, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

this is crazy. see how it should be done. look at another game:

http://senseis.xmp.net/?AmateurFuseki6 go there, press edit to see the syntax. its clean and brainless

 * While I appreciate your clarity and brainlessness ;^), there's a difference: its simple and natural to use a $$ syntax for go boards in a go wiki, but not in a general encyclopedia.

 * That said, I'm starting to realize that HTML like syntax is probably not a good idea. Arvindn 07:11, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I was relatively dormant when this discussion was going on, but I see now it is fantastic stuff. Thanks, Arvindn! What more has to happen before I can type an 8x8 matrix of letters directly into a chess article? I want to replace all the images in the demonstration game; also I'm finding that editing pages (even only editing the text) with all the table syntax around is a bit of a nuisance. But merely to have editable diagrams in any form is fantastic! Thanks, --Fritzlein 19:04, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Parameterised Template
How about:

(or some variation thereof)

and let Template:chess board generate the image names and the table markup?

Haven't read everything in this page. Just a thought from the days when MediaWiki was introduced and implenting template parameters was being discussed. -- Paddu 21:44, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

On second thoughts, the colour of the square could be shifted to Template:chess board, so this gives simpler syntax -- Paddu 21:44, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I did a small test, and including images with parametes doesn't seem to work. The images are left as links to the image page rather than including the image itself. Seems like we have to wait for another sw upgrade. ✏ Sverdrup 13:43, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * From http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Images, it looked like the parameters are passed to a template after partial-HTMLification (or partial-dewikification, if you like), so I thought the trick in making this work would involve having two templates (one recursively calling the other), but all my trial & error involving User:Paddu/sandbox and User:Paddu/chess image (both acting as templates) was fruitless. -- Paddu 16:44, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I like this idea a lot. It would allow for future flexibility, including using SVG in the future (or in derivative works) simply by changing the template. David Remahl 14:08, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Parameterised Template (Now working)
Currently I am able to use templates to show the board:

Newlines in parameter values are not ignored, hence a comment has to be used to allow subsequent rows to be specified in subsequent lines (leading spaces and underscores are ignored, though). An empty square can be shown in any of the following ways:

|| |_| | | |____   ____  _ |

-- Paddu

The following syntax is possible:

if the template uses parameters 2..9, 11..18, 20..27, 29..36, 38..45, 47..54, 56..63, 65..72 for the pieces and ignores the other parameters.
 * (I have made these changes and introduced a size parameter, at User:Sverdrup/test3. ✏ Sverdrup 14:53, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC))

If the images being used are moved to have appropriate names, this is also possible:

-- Paddu

 * I think this solution is ready to publicise -- put it in a template and start using it in articles. Only thing we should discuss is whether we should move the images first or not. Also, there is a number of extra parameters that we perhaps should include. I've included size in mine, and we could possibly use an alignment parameter also. These should be easy to add though, with the parameters for pieces as numbers from {2} to {72}, and the extra parameters like {size} and other as text labels. ✏ Sverdrup 15:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow! This is great! That's all I wanted to say. I'll look closer at it later. — David Remahl 22:34, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We could cut the number of images required in half, and reduce loading time, by using PNGs with transparency or Unicode. However, alpha in PNGs and to some extent Unicode is poorly supported by some user agents (i.e. IE ;-), so the current solution is probably more appropriate for the time being. The fantastic thing about this solution, is that it makes migration trivial! — David Remahl 00:24, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sometimes the chess board needs to be annotated in one way or another. For simple cases, such as Image:Cb rook move.png, adding custom cells is sufficient (let xl40.png and xd40.png be light and dark squares with an x). Anyway, here are some suggestions of special cells that we could allow (I think we should specify exactly what parameters are allowed by the chess board template. One should not use the chess board template with parameters that are not specified in the template talk.):
 * An X, as in the examples above.
 * Arrow dingbats pointing in all directions.
 * White / black cells.
 * Hilighted empty and filled cells (hilighted by, for example, a coloured outline).
 * One thing that we may want to consider adding is an overlay. In more complex cases, an overlay may be required. An overlay is a partially transparent image (PNG) that is composited on top of something else (in this case the chess diagram). I don't know if it is possible to implement an overlay using the limited html allowed by mediawiki, nor do I know wether it can be made to work OK with 'all' browsers. We should 'KISS' for the time being.

— David Remahl 09:12, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Script for Parameterised Template
Ok, I've been playing today...I created a 100-line Python script for generating chess cells with various appearances. And another script for assembling syntax into a single image (for testing purposes). I put a subset of the images I generated on my laptop web server, so you can look at them: images (there are 90 of them). That URL is to a directory listing. To see the cells at full-size in a browser, use. The pieces were created by editing glyphs from Arial Unicode MS. I do not think that poses a copyright problem. In any case, it is very simple to generate a new set of cells if we want to use another set of pieces (re-uploading is a different thing entirely...perhaps pywikipediabot can help.).

I also assembled the following wiki syntax (to an image), using the images in the above directory:

It looks like this. The images in the directory adhere to a naming convention of: Chess_cell-[theme]-[dark or light cell]_[Piece, cap for white, lower for black, _ for empty][.effect, if any, otherwise nothing].png.

Please note that the web server is on my portable computer, so it will not be available 24/7. — David Remahl 22:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I forgot..The images aren't named completely right. Because my filesystem is case-insensitive, it is not possible to have k.png and K.png at the same time, so I had to name one of them k-.png, for now. — David Remahl 22:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Now I've done an interactive JavaScript application which one can use to create / modify templates like the one above. CCD. When the system is in use, I can arrange for a more permanent location for the page. I've tested it in OmniWeb and Mozilla, and it is XHTML 1 Strict compliant. Tell me if it doesn't work in your browser. — David Remahl 09:59, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought the idea was to not have to use a generator script :-) -- No, seriously, this is great work; you've put quite a lot of time into it. I have a couple of suggestions:

 * 1) To make the table look clean and simple at all time, why not use two-character strings to produce all pieces and highlights. A white rook would be r_ or r , while a highlighted rook would be rx, similar to a highlighted square which is _x. Seeing to that the columns are all aligned, the syntax will be much clearer.
 * 2) I actually was sincere -- I don't think we should need a script to generate this. Consistent syntax, with pieces r_ to p_ and R_ to P_ together with modifiers like _x is consistent to me. Also, we could introduce other modifiers than highlighting quite easily. (You mentioned arrows; these could also be coded into a letter each).
 * Your example would look like:

 * ✏ Sverdrup 15:58, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I very much agree that it should be very easy to edit the template inline with the source. However, people who want a graphical way of doing it and aren't comfortable with the type of "source code" this after all is, would probably appreciate an online generator. But I never intended for it to be anything but an alternative. Mandating (by use of complicated markup) the use of as script for generation – is unwiki.
 * Besides, I needed an excuse to polish my xhtml 1 strict and javascript skills ;-). — David Remahl 01:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I now see your intention with the two-characters-wide layout. I agree, that is a nice and consistent solution, one which I support. — David Remahl 01:33, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * As I'd said earlier, leading spaces & underscores are ignored, at least for the images that I used. Hence one need not be restricted to two character width. Assume we want two modifiers, "x" and "hi" (highlight). The following is possible:

 * One need not use diff. widths for the same board. What I want to say is that,  ,   all refer to the same image. Hence the image name is not restricted. e.g., if later we also want another modifier, we need not change the image names all over again. We could just append that modifier:   &   can live together. No need to change Image:foobarKbaz.png to foobarK________________baz.png or foobar________________Kbaz.png or anything. BTW David, I think I saw images named foo__bar.png in your site. They must be foo_bar.png.

 * BTW we could obviously use this for other board games (e.g. Go) as well, perhaps standardise on this notation by adding to the user guide. Just wanted to mention so this didn't get overlooked with chess-centric excitement. -- Paddu 17:41, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: Wow! Remembered to sign my comment this time ;^)
 * However, if you want to edit the board and for example highlight a piece in the a file, you'd either have to insert 14 other _'s or break the wikitext visually. ✏ Sverdrup 17:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that two characters is the cleanest and certainly enough. Considering we have the whole Unicode repertoire at our disposal for the second character, that should be plenty :-P. I didn't understand what you said about leading spaces being ignored...That would be a bug, then, wouldn't it? — David Remahl 18:00, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh! That 14-characters thingy was just an exaggerated example. I wanted to make the point that the no. of characters is not fixed but flexible. e.g. with the existing images, we use 2 characters (e.g.  instead of  ).  . produces Image:Chess_l40.pngImage:Chess_drd40.png (Note that it's Chess_l40 and not Chess__l40. That's what I mean by leading _'s ignored. Rather than a bug, I consider it a feature, see below). Now we want to add a modifier `x'. We say  . This produces Image:Chess_l40.pngImage:Chess_xd40.pngImage:Chess_drxl40.pngImage:Chess_drd40.png. Note that we need not move Image:Chess_rd40.png to Image:Chess__rd40.png. Now assume we want another modifier 'hi'. Not only can we say   (Image:Chess_l40.pngImage:Chess_xd40.pngImage:Chess_drhil40.pngImage:Chess_drd40.png), but we can also mix the 'x' and the 'hi'. e.g.   (Image:Chess_l40.pngImage:Chess_xd40.pngImage:Chess_drhixl40.png), without having to invent some unintuitive letter for 'x'+'hi'. That's why I say leading-underscores-ignored is a feature, it allows flexibility. This is not to say we should start with 14 characters. I'm just saying it can be seamlessly extended. Note that in a new page if someone wants to use N different modifiers and make the cell N+2 characters wide, the existing pages with N-wide templates need not be touched at all. -- Paddu 19:30, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What I'd said in the comment just above is for the current case 2 chars. per piece, but the "flexible-width" stuff holds for 1 char. per piece too, only N+2 has to be substituted with N+1.
 * Turns out the leading-underscores-ignored is because the current images have an underscore just before the piece-name, e.g. Chess_<2 char. for piece><1 char. for colour of square>40.png. If we were to use Chess_ _ 40.png, trailing underscores would also be ignored. As we can see from my comment above (look for the sentence with the word "move"), the software treats Image:Chess_rd40.png and Image:Chess__rd40.png (or for that matter Image:Chess_______________rd40.png) as pointing to the same image. Hence it would treat Image:Chess_r_d.png, Image:Chess__r_d.png and Image:Chess_r__d.png identically. And we can use the double-underscore version to align with Image:Chess_rx_d.png. Later in another page if we want Image:Chess_rxh_d.png, we could align that with a triple-underscore Image:Chess_r___d.png, without modifying the old pages which use the single- or double-underscore versions.
 * Hope I'm at least a wee little bit clearer this time. -- Paddu 19:42, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW one can use spaces instead of underscores, e.g. |    |    x|drhix| . -- Paddu 20:41, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest naming the images as follows:
 * Image:Chess_ 40.png (already exist)
 * Image:Chess_ _ 40.png (e.g. Image:Chess_r_d40.png, Image:Chess_P_l40.png, etc.)
 * Image:Chess_ _ 40.png (e.g. Image:Chess_Qx_d40.png, Image:Chess_bx_l40.png, etc.)
 * Image:Chess_ _ 40.png
 * Image:Chess_  _ 40.png
 * etc.
 * for max. flexibility with spaces around the piece+modifier-sequence in a cell. -- Paddu 21:35, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * (dropping indent). We should choose _one_ naming convention and stick with it. I don't think we should aim for maximum flexibility. It is better to be strict, since that makes it easier to migrate in the future, without having to take a lot of edge-cases into account.. — David Remahl 22:28, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Questions
There's a lot of information here, and I am confused. Is there some easy and confirmed way for me to put in some codes like |r|n|b|q|k|b|n|r| to draw a chess board in an article?--Sonjaaa 11:34, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. See Fork (chess) for an example.  dbenbenn | talk 15:15, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Is it possible to add numbers/letters to the rows columns so that articles that use algebraic notation will be easier to follow for viewers? --jacobolus (t) 18:37, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. I see it is, at Template_talk:Chess_position... this seems like the same discussion as there.  maybe there should be a link to that page at the top of this one? --jacobolus (t) 18:43, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

It appears that very few illustrated chess positions included in Wikipedia have a Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN) tag. Why? Am I missing something here? A FEN tag would be very handy for copy/paste-entry into user's own chess database.

title: User:Arvindn/Chess


text:
Matthew 10:34

Matthew 10:34 is the 34th verse in the tenth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is:
 * Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· οὐκ ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην, ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
 * Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.

The New International Version translates the passage as:
 * "Do not suppose that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I did not come to bring peace, but a sword.

Analysis
This wording seems to be at variance with Jesus' title of "Prince of Peace" (see Isaiah 9:6,7; 65:25). However, Lapide explains He comes to bring a spiritual peace of mind and a peace among the faithful, but not an earthly peace.

The Koine Greek word used for sword is makhaira.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Jerome: "He had before said, What I say to you in darkness, that speak ye in the light; He now tells them what will follow upon that preaching, saying, Think not that I am come to send peace upon earth; I am not come to send peace, but a sword."

Glossa Ordinaria: "Or connect it with what has gone before, As the fear of death ought not to draw you away, so neither ought carnal affection."

Chrysostom: "How then did He enjoin them, that when they should enter any house they should say, Peace be to this house, as also the Angels sung, Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace to men. (Luke 2:14) That is the most perfect peace when that which is diseased is lopped off, when that which introduces strife is taken away, for so only is it possible that heaven should be joined to earth. For so does the physician save the rest of the body, namely by cutting off that which cannot be healed. So it came to pass at the tower of Babel; a happy discord broke up their bad union. So also Paul divided those who were conspired together against him. For concord is not in all cases good; for there is honour among thieves. And this combat is not of His setting before them, but of the plots of the world."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matthew 10:34


text:
Dial-on-demand routing

Dial on Demand Routing (DDR) is a routing technique where a network connection to a remote site is established only when needed. In other words, if the router tries to send out data and the connection is off, then the router will automatically establish a connection, send the information, and close the connection when no more data needs to be sent. DDR is advantageous for companies that must pay per minute for a WAN setup, where a connection is always established. Constant connections can become needlessly expensive if the company does not require a constant internet connection.

How it works
There are two parts to establishing a connection with DDR: the physical connection and the digital connection. The physical connection consists of the actual cable that connects computers on the network and the network interface card that allows for communication over these cables. DDR uses existing Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) lines – or the network of all public circuit-switched telephone networks - to form a connection between the sender and receiver.

The second part of establishing a DDR connection consists of establishing the digital signal. This requires one to determine the protocols to be used over the logical connection. DDR uses a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) link, which handles all networking functions such as sending, receiving and compressing the signals between two computers on the internet. In other words, the PPP link uses telephone lines to send signals between you and the computer containing your desired website when you wish to make a connection to the internet.

DDR can be used both as a primary and as a backup connection. Today, DDR is mainly used for backup connections which go live when the primary connection fails. DDR connections are inherently slow and service fees are charged like phone calls depending on the uptime. DDR can be used with modems or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) connections, which allow it to achieve a maximum connection speed of only 1.544 Mbit/s in the US and 2.048 Mbit/s in Europe and Australia.

Design considerations
One important factor to be minimized is the connection establishment delay. This is the time from when the user first attempts to make a connection to when the receiving computer begins to receive information. This delay can range from 3 to over 20 seconds depending on various factors. These include but are not limited to the type of physical cable used in the connection, the distance the data is being sent, and the protocols used to send the information. Knowing the extent of the delay is a very important part of designing an efficient DDR system. If the delay when attempting to establish a connection is too great, the application will abandon the connection attempt and try again.

Why DDR is still used today
Despite its drawbacks, there are two important reasons why Dial-on-Demand routing is used today: reliability and cost. These two factors become exceedingly important when a company has multiple locations that need to communicate with one another on a regular basis.

If a company or organization communicates between its different branches or firms regularly, it will most likely lease a dedicated cable line to connect each of the branches together. These lines are not always reliable meaning one branch may be cut off from the rest. In situations like this, having a backup connection ready is essential. Since DDR uses existing telephone lines, a DDR connection will almost always be available as a backup solution.

A second reason why DDR is still used is because it’s cheap. Leasing cable lines can be needlessly expensive if information isn’t constantly being sent back and forth between branches. This makes DDR very cost effective.

Defining connection access
DDR is commonly configured as a hub and spoke network, where remote sites dial a central site to exchange data. Depending on the needs, the central site can also be the one to contact the remote sites to retrieve data. Calls are initiated on a per need basis and are shut down once the transmission is terminated. Access Control Lists (ACLs) can be used to restrict which type of traffic is allowed to establish a connection. ACLs can be refined so that the interface is brought up only when the connection established matches a specific set of criteria. These specific criteria are essential to minimizing connections which would otherwise be initiated needlessly, thereby minimizing cost.

When using dynamic routing protocols to discover remote networks, it is crucial to configure interesting traffic accordingly; otherwise the connection will be initiated on every dynamic routing update. Depending on the protocol being used this could occur as often as once every 60 seconds. Additionally, it is equally crucial to filter out any native Ethernet traffic which would otherwise cause an unwanted connection to initialize.

ACLs can also restrict the establishment of a link depending on the destination host being contacted and the host trying to establish the connection. For example, if only certain users are to be allowed to establish connections, but all users should have intranet access, then ACLs can be configured so that only the computers of the select users are allowed access.

Furthermore, ACLs can be configured so that only connections to a specific destination will be initialized. For example, if a hypothetical user Alice wants to connect to a Destination X and a hypothetical User Bob wants to connect to Destination Y, but traffic to destination X is not considered interesting, then only Bob would be able to establish a WAN connection.

Interesting traffic can also be defined such that only SSH packets are allowed to establish the link. In that case, then all other packets trying to access valid destinations will be discarded. When configuring dynamic routing protocols to communicate over a DDR connection, their update packets must be classified as interesting traffic. Depending on the dynamic routing protocol being used, setting their updates as interesting traffic might cause the connection to be initialized often.

For example, RIP v1, which updates every 30 seconds, would cause the connection to be initialized on every update. It is common to see static routes defined for these connections in order to avoid extra service charges. Other routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) only send updates when a connection changes. These routing protocols are ideal for DDR and must be configured with "default-information originate" on a Cisco router.

Dialer maps and rotary groups
Dialer maps are configured on each interface to specify which numbers to dial and how long to stay on the line waiting for the receiving end to pick up. For example, if two dialer map commands on the Serial Interface 0/0/0 (Serial port 0 of module 0 of interface 0) have the same next hop address, or the IP address of the connection at the destination end, but with different phone numbers, then the first number is dialed and only once the wait-for-carrier timer expires will the next number be dialed. The wait-for-carrier timer can be specified when configuring the dialer map.

Backup interfaces can also be defined in the event that all of the numbers on a dialer map for that interface were unreachable. A single interface can be configured for multiple remote sites because no two connections to one interface can be on at the same time. The first step in specifying a DDR interface is defining a rotary group. Although the DDR interface is a virtual one, all of the configuration commands for physical interfaces are available. A dialer Rotary Group can be created so that either of the interfaces in it can be used to dial any of the destinations defined in it.

title: Dial-on-demand routing


text:
Bubble Act

The Bubble Act 1720 (also Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation Act 1719) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed on 11 June 1720 that incorporated the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation and London Assurance Corporation, but more significantly forbade the formation of any other joint-stock companies unless approved by royal charter.

Its provisions were extended later by the Bubble Schemes (Colonies) Act 1740 (14 Geo. 2. c. 37) to include its colonies, particularly Massachusetts.

The act gave the South Sea Company a monopoly over British trade with South America until the South Sea Bubble "popped" in Britain's first major stock market collapse.

Background
Various motivations have been suggested for the act. They include the desire to prevent the speculation that produced the contemporary South Sea Bubble, an attempt to prevent smaller non-charter companies from forming and so reduce the importance of Parliament in regulating businesses; or the South Sea Company itself wanting to prevent other bubbles from forming that might have decreased the intensity of its own.

Recent scholarship indicates that the last was the cause: it was passed to prevent other companies from competing with the South Sea Company for investors' capital.

In fact, the act was passed in June 1720, before the peak of the bubble. The act was partially repealed in 1825 by the Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 91). The residue of the Act was repealed in 1901.

Contents
The Act declared "illegal and void" all business that raised money or offered shares in the manner of a chartered company without a charter from the royal government. Under the terms of the act, the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation and the London Assurance Corporation were granted charters to write marine insurance. Until 1824, they remained the only joint-stock firms with such a charter.

title: Bubble Act


text:
Talk:Socialist Labour Party (UK)

Untitled
Since they are republicans and they favour a united Ireland, it seems highly inappropriate to name this page "Socialist Labour Party (UK)". I've re-named it "Socialist Labour Party (GB)". Incidentally, when I did this I got a message saying there was a "database error", but I ignored it because there didn't seem to be any problem. GrahamN 06:18, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The (UK) disambiguator is the standard for disambiguating by country.. and their political stance doesn't affect what country they are actually in.. I am not sure it is highly inappropiate... a parallel case is Charles Bronson and Charles Bronson (prisoner). The Welsh Bronson perhaps may not like being labelled "prisoner" but that doesn't stop us labelling him that way. I'd prefer to keep things uniform at (UK), but I don't suppose it is hugely important as long as we have redirects. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:38, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You could say the same about most left wing parties. But they operate in the UK, so thats the best disambiguation that there is. They probably wouldn't mind too much since they even have "uk" in their web adress (http://www.socialist-labour-party.org.uk/)
 * Other socialist parties with "UK" as a diambig in their Wiki articles:
 * Revolutionary Communist Party (UK)
 * Socialist Workers Party (UK)
 * You could argue that all parties which operate excluively in Great Britain as opposed to all over the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland should have "GB" instead of "UK" as its disambig (including pro-unionist monarchist parties like The Labour Party (UK), Liberal Democrats (UK)). Saul Taylor 14:18, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How about Scottish Nationalist Party (UK), Plaid Cymru (UK), or even Sinn Féin (UK)? In order to standardise, at some point you will have to subscribe to a POV. Consider Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (Israel), or, conversely, Likud (Palestine). Attempts at standardisation in a project of this nature are fraught with dangers, and ultimately futile. The world is too wonderfully complex for everything in it to be sorted into neat boxes. And why would we want to do that anyway? When writing an article, the authors should simply pick a unique title that seems to them to be concise, unambiguous and uncontroversial. GrahamN 04:14, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The examples you give don't actually need disambiguating :-)... but as long as there are appropiate redirects.. I don't care that much and the current location will work fine... course not everyone will agree with me or you! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:01, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If a country outside the UK ever has a poitical party called the "Plaid Cymru" then by all mean move the current article to Plaid Cymru (UK) and turn Plaid Cymru into a disambiguation page to distinguish Plaid Cymru (UK), Plaid Cymru (Australia) and Plaid Cymru (Bulgaria). And its not POV to say that the SLP are a party in the Unied Kingdom, the fact that they wish they weren't isn't really the point. UK is far more frequently used and I think standardisation is a good thing unless there are compelling reasons to differ from the norm. Saul Taylor 05:12, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't think it is POV to say the SLP are a party in the UK - of course they are - I just think that SLP (GB) is a better title for the article. I really don't understand why you think "standardisation is a good thing". Readers can only read one article at a time; that article should be made as good as it possibly can be, regardless of what any other articles are like. Standardisation for its own sake is an unnecessary self-imposed handicap. Attempts to standardise a recalcitrant world will inevitably cause problems of one kind or another, and I for one can't see any benefit in it at all. In fact, [coming over all soppy and philosophical suddenly] it strikes me that this irrational desire to compartmentalise and standardise everything and everyone has been a major cause of strife and human misery down the centuries. Why can't we simply be content to acknowledge and record the world's astonishing complexity, rather than fighting against it? Why can't we accept people and things for what they are rather than what we think they should be according to some pre-ordained scheme? I may have drifted from the point here somewhat! Peace and love : ) GrahamN 01:20, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've got no desire to standardise "everyone and everything", just Wikipedia articles, otherwise we'd end up with all sorts of perculiarities here. Another reason I'm against the name is that "GB" is not a much used name, while "UK" is. Oh, and love and peas to you too. Saul Taylor 02:18, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It makes no sense to have Socialist Labour Party (GB) but Liberal Democrats (UK). In fact, pretty much none of the UK big parties contest seats in Northern Ireland, although the Conservatives have.  The Labour Party have even tried to prohibit Northern Ireland people from joining -> so I'm moving this back.  Morwen 19:16, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

I don't understand why Graham feels it is odd to have Socialist Labour Party (UK) as the article title? I appreciate that they are republican and don't want the UK to remain a kingdom (and hence would have to change the state's name) - BUT, they do in fact operate in the UK at present, and as has been said by many folk already, it is the standard part of the title for parties needing disambiguation. I appreciate that they also support British withdrawal from Ireland, but they contest elections across the rest of the UK, so it seems nonsensical not to refer to them as the Socialist Labour Party (UK).

By the way, I say this as someone who wholeheartedly supports the withdrawal of Scotland from the UK! Problem is, the fact of the matter is that the UK is still in tact and is the name of the state (or a shortened form, accepted as the given version for Wikipedia currently), so we should use it as the standard.

Morwen said she was going to change it back, but it doesn't seem to have been done yet -> so I'm moving this back. Big Jim Fae Scotland 10:52, Apr 1, 2004

Surely the best way to solve the problem of how to designate the SLP is to look at the practice of other lefty groups in the same country? If you do that you will find that the usual term used is Britain. Thus we have the SWP (Britain) and various other groups describe themselves similarly. Less popular these days is the designation Great Britain due to it's imperialist echos.

 * That last bit sounds very fishy. The "Great" in Great Britain is a 16th century translation of the French name for the island (Grande Bretagne as distinct from Bretagne) adopted by James I of England/VI of Scotland. Those imperialist echos sound rather invented. I blame the internet for the rise of UK personally :). Pcb21| Pete 16:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Whether or not you like it the fact is that leftists find the term great britain to have imperialist echoes and that is the point surely? That the term is a trans;lation of a french term is rather besides the point really after all what is important here is how the various left groups see themselves. And the fact is that few use the term Great britain because they (we) do in fact find it stinks of imperialism. The only exceptions are the SOcialist party of Great britain who've had the name since the year dot and a couple of tiny groups which claim to be the CPGB, a claim no much accepts but them of course.

right-wing authoritarian?
I'd just like to say to whoever wrote this article, their description of the British Labour Party as "right-wing authoritarian" is unwarranted and hysterical, and that description should be removed. I'd like to challenge the neutrality of this article.

Ok Lsdkrgyeeufrgy (talk) 20:59, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Socialist Labour Party 3.gif
Image:Socialist Labour Party 3.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:02, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Reopening of the mines
I live in the United States and have all my life. I have no idea what "reopening of the mines" means. It must be an important point of political discussion in the United Kingdom, to be worth mentioning in this article. Given the context I would guess this is a fringe political position. Given the phrase I am guessing this means reopening the coal mines that closed in such large numbers during the second half of the twentieth century. Given the article I am guessing that this is a socialist-labor position not held by the mainstream political parties. Could someone please enlighten those of us who do not live in the United Kingdom? Thanks, Nick Beeson (talk) 13:47, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Communist
The Socialist Labour Party is a communist party in all but name. Why it is defined as "left wing"? Surely "far left" is more accurate.203.184.41.226 (talk) 21:53, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

 * You would need to present sources if you suggest such a change. Apart from that, none of the ideologies mentioned in the infobox - Socialism, Trade unionism, Euroscepticism, Economic protectionism, Irish unification, British republicanism - is sourced. Even if we leave the obvious ideology 'socialism' out, the others should be sourced or removed. Also, whilst checking Broadleft.org, I found out that the party is classified as 'Stalinist' there. Lokalkosmopolit (talk) 20:07, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Socialist Labour Party (UK)


text:
Adela of Normandy

Adela of Normandy, of Blois, or of England (c. 1067 – 8 March 1137), also known as Saint Adela in Roman Catholicism, was a daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. She later became the countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux by marriage to Stephen II of Blois. Her husband greatly benefited from the increased social status and prestige that came with a marriage into such a wealthy and powerful family. She was regent of Blois during the absence of her spouse in 1096–1100 and 1101–02, and during the minority of her son from 1102 until 1120. Her marriage also laid the groundwork for a period of extended strife in the Anglo Norman lands, Adela was the mother of King Stephen of England whose taking of the throne in preference to her niece Empress Matilda led to the civil war known as The Anarchy.

Early life
It is generally believed that Adela was born between 1066 and 1070 after her father's accession to the English throne. She was the youngest daughter of William the Conqueror. Her royal blood marked her as noble in the eyes of her peers. She was the favourite sister of King Henry I of England and they were probably the youngest children of the Conqueror. Adela was a high-spirited and educated woman with a knowledge of Latin. As Adela's parents both travelled around Normandy, she likely spent much time at and was educated at a monastery, probably the Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen. She had three older brothers and one younger, and thus she would not inherit her father's honors; however her bloodline would be a valuable asset in marriage.

Adela married Stephen Henry, son and heir to the count of Blois, between 1080 and 1083, around her fifteenth birthday. They were married at Chartres Cathedral. This marriage created a strong familial alliance, linking the two most powerful families in Northern France. Stephen was nearly twenty years her senior. During the fifteen years of their marriage, they had six or eight children who survived infancy.

Stephen inherited Blois, Chartres, and Meaux upon his father's death in 1089, as well as lands and right in parts of Berry and Burgundy. The Thibaudian dynasty had other possessions east of Paris, and by the end of Adela's life these were coalescing into the county of Champagne. While Theobald IV takes most of the credit for the emergence of that principality, Adela helped lay its foundations. Adela and her husband had a relationship based on trust and mutual respect, if not affection, and they made decisions together. She swore, for instance, to bind herself and her husband to protect the bishop of Chartres, then in a dispute with the king of France.

First regency
Stephen-Henry joined the First Crusade in 1096, along with his brother-in-law Robert Curthose. Adela acted as regent for her husband during his extended absence as a leader of the First Crusade (1095–1098) as well as during his second expedition in 1101. Stephen's letters to Adela form a uniquely intimate insight into the experiences of the Crusade's leaders and show that he trusted Adela to rule as regent while he was on crusade.

Adela's regency included granting charters such as the right to build new churches to monks, as well as other charters. Adela also worked with Ivo of Chartres at various points, exchanging letters throughout her regency to discuss matters such as the control of misbehaving nuns and larger issues such as disputes about sworn oaths. While regent, Adela would continue to tour their lands, settling disputes, promoting economic growth, and even commanding knights to go to battle with the king. This role was not unique, however, as during the crusades it was common for noble women to take upon themselves the duties of their male counterparts.

The Count of Blois returned to France in 1100 bringing with him several cartloads of maps, jewels, and other treasures, which he deposited at Chartres. According to Orderic Vitalis, when Stephen-Henry abandoned the First Crusade returning to France in ignominy, "Adela constantly berated him, even during their love-making", urging him to return to the Holy Land. He was under an obligation to the pope for agreements made years earlier and returned to Antioch to participate in the crusade of 1101. Ultimately, he was killed in a last stand after the Battle of Ramla in 1102. The image of Adela persuading her ease-loving husband to redeem his reputation through action has proved popular with historians attempting to account for the crusader motivations.

Second regency
Adela continued to act as regent after her husband's death and through her son Thibaud's early rule until her retirement in 1120. Even after Thibaud came of age and no longer needed a regent, Adela continued to issue charters and act as co-ruler of many parts of their land. Adela did not secure a marriage alliance for Thibaud, who did not get married until after Adela's retirement, which helped to maintain her power and influence over both her son and her lands.

Adela, a devout Benedictine sympathizer, employed several high-ranking tutors to educate her children. Her youngest son, Henry, was conceived during the single year Stephen was in France between crusading duties. At two years of age Henry was pledged to the Church at Cluny Abbey, Saône-et-Loire, France, as an oblate child, that is, he was dedicated to the service of God, according to medieval practice. Henry went on to be appointed Abbot of Glastonbury and Bishop of Winchester. In that capacity, he sponsored hundreds of constructions including bridges, canals, palaces, forts, castles, and whole villages. In addition, Bishop Henry built dozens of abbeys and chapels and sponsored books including the treasured Winchester Bible.

In 1105, after St Anselm visited her during a sickness, she was responsible for communicating the archbishop's earnestness in threatening excommunication to her brother Henry I. Orderic Vitalis praises her as a "wise and spirited woman" who ably governed her husband's estates and her own. Adela's power and interests are reflected in letters collected, they demonstrate her religiosity and intellect. In one such letter to the public from 1104, Adela gifts a monastery a portion of land with all the wildlife inhabiting it, but she reserves the power to pass judgment upon crimes committed in the area. She also makes sure to mark her place as a woman, tying herself to not only her late husband but her sons.

Adela quarrelled with her eldest son William and despite his previously being named heir-designate, she appointed his younger brother Theobald to replace him as heir in 1107. Another son, Stephen of Blois, moved to London in 1111 to join the court of his uncle, King Henry I (Beauclerc), and became his favorite. Upon Beauclerc's death in Normandy (1135), Stephen seized the English throne from Holy Roman Empress Dowager Matilda, King Henry I's daughter, whom the monarch had named as his successor. This started a protracted civil war in England that lasted nearly twenty years.

Retirement
Adela retired to the monastery at Marcigny, in 1120, where she became a nun. Though she might have considered retiring to a monastery in Normandy where members of her family, including sisters and nieces, may have already been living, Adela was drawn to and chose the larger, more prestigious monastery at Marcigny near her son Henry at Cluny Abbey. Adela might have served as abbess of the community, though this is not certain. She continued to interact and communicate with her children and the ecclesiastical leaders of lands that she had once ruled, maintaining her influence over the region. In one instance, Adela sent letters to both her son Thibaud and Geoffrey, bishop of Chartres, reminding them of her settlement of a monastic case. In these letters she reminds her son how his father and she felt about alms gifting to monasteries.

Later that same year, her daughter Lucia-Mahaut drowned in the wreck of the White Ship alongside her husband. Adela lived long enough to see her son Stephen on the English throne, though any response she may have had to this development has been lost. She likely took pride in the ascension of her youngest child, Henry of Blois, to the bishopric of Winchester in 1129. After her death in 1137 at Marcigny, prayers were offered at a number of churches that she had endowed personally or had recognized at some point during her life. Her money, influence, and entry into the monastery resulted in her reputation for holiness. She was later to be canonized and declared a saint of the Catholic Church.

Issue
Adela and Stephen's children are listed here in probable birth order. Their birth order is uncertain. Some of the daughters may have been step-daughters of Adela, rather than biological children. It is known that Adela had five biological sons and may have had three or more daughters, though not all of the daughters were necessarily Adela's biological children. The daughters are not mentioned by name during their youth, only appearing when they reached marriageable age and played an important part in building alliances.
 * William, Count of Sully
 * Theobald II, Count of Champagne
 * Odo of Blois
 * Adela, married Milo II of Montlhéry
 * Stephen, King of England
 * Lucia-Mahaut, married Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. Both drowned on 25 November 1120 in the White Ship disaster.
 * Agnes, married Hugh III of Le Puiset and were parents to Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham
 * Alix, married Renaud III of Joigny
 * Henry, Bishop of Winchester (1096–1171), an oblate child raised at Cluny Abbey in Saône-et-Loire, France
 * Eleanor of Champagne

Legacy
Adela is a saint in the Roman Catholic church. Her feast day is 24 February. She was deeply religious and supported scholars and poets. Throughout her life she generously endowed various abbeys and churches, helping to expand and preserve the culture and art of her time.

title: Adela of Normandy


text:
Yuri Yankelevich

Yuri Yankelevich (Russian: Юрий Исаевич Янкелевич) (7 March 1909 – 22 September 1973) was a Soviet violin pedagogue who taught many internationally known virtuosos during his long tenure at the Moscow Conservatory.

Life and career
Yuri Yankelevich was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father, Isay Leontyevich Yankelevich, a prominent lawyer, was one of the founders of the Omsk Philharmonic Society. In Omsk, young Yuri studied with Leopold Auer's student, Anisim Berlin, a grandfather of Natalia Gutman. In 1923 he entered Leningrad Conservatory, the class of Hovhaness Nalbandian (also a student of Leopold Auer). On Yankelevich's graduation composer Alexander Glazunov commented: "a career of a virtuoso violinist would certainly be his calling". In 1932 he graduated from the Moscow Conservatory under professor Abram Yampolsky, and finished his doctorate degree in 1937. Between 1930 and 1937 he was an assistant concertmaster in the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra, and afterwards concentrated primarily on pedagogical activities. Since 1934 he taught at the Moscow Conservatory School, the Moscow Conservatory College, and at the Moscow Conservatory senior division (first as Yampolsky's assistant, and later leading his own studio, eventually becoming a head of the violin department). He was also devoted to the theory of violin playing, creating a series of methodological publications. Yankelevich died in Moscow.

Notable students

 * Ruben Aharonyan
 * Levon Ambartsumian
 * Felix Andrievsky
 * Boris Belkin
 * Mikhaïl Bezverkhny
 * Irina Bochkova
 * Alexandre Brussilovsky
 * Taras Gabora
 * Eva Graubin
 * Tatiana Grindenko
 * Ilya Grubert
 * Leonid Kogan
 * Mikhail Kopelman
 * Bohodar Kotorovych
 * Vladimir Landsman
 * Albert Markov
 * Dora Schwarzberg
 * Nelli Shkolnikova
 * Vladimir Spivakov
 * Vesna Stefanovich-Gruppman
 * Viktor Tretyakov
 * Grigori Zhislin

title: Yuri Yankelevich


text:
CVCC

CVCC, or Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion, is an internal combustion engine technology developed and trademarked by the Honda Motor Company.

The technology's name refers to its primary features: Compound refers to the use of two combustion chambers; Vortex refers to the vortex generated in the main combustion chamber, increasing combustion speed, and Controlled Combustion refers to combustion occurring in a timely, controlled manner.

The engine innovatively used a secondary, smaller auxiliary inlet valve to feed a richer air-fuel mixture to the combustion chamber around the spark plug, while the standard inlet valve fed a leaner air-fuel mixture to the remainder of the chamber, creating a more efficient and complete combustion.

History
Following the establishment of an "Air Pollution Research Group" by Honda in 1965, its collection of emissions data from American automakers, and subsequent research into emissions control and prechambers, the first mention of CVCC technology was by Soichiro Honda on February 12, 1971, at the Federation of Economic Organizations Hall in Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo.

On the advice of University of Tokyo professor Tsuyoshi Asanuma, then-Honda R&D Director Tasuku Date, Engine-performance Research Block head Shizuo Yagi, and then-Engineering Design Chief Engineer Kazuo Nakagawa began research into lean combustion. After Date suggested the use of a prechamber, which some diesel engines utilized, the first engine to be installed with the CVCC approach for testing was a single-cylinder, 300 cc version of Honda's EA engine installed in a modified Honda N600 hatchback in January 1970. This technology allowed Honda's cars to meet Japanese and American emissions standards in the 1970s without the need for a catalytic converter.

A type of stratified charge technology, it was publicized on October 11, 1972 and licensed to Toyota (as TTC-V), Ford, Chrysler, and Isuzu before making its production debut in the 1975 ED1 engine. As emission laws advanced and required more stringent admissible levels, CVCC was abandoned in favour of PGM-FI (Programmed Fuel Injection) on all Honda vehicles. Some Honda vehicles in Japan used electronically controlled "PGM-Carb" carburetors on transitional Honda D, E and ZC engines.

In 2007, the Honda CVCC technology was added to Japan's Mechanical Engineering Heritage list.

Operation
Honda CVCC engines have normal inlet and exhaust valves, plus a small auxiliary inlet valve. On the intake stroke a large amount of a very lean mixture is drawn into the main combustion chamber; at the same time a very small amount of rich mixture is pulled into the pre-chamber near the spark plug. The pre-chamber near the spark plug is contained by a small perforated metal plate. At the end of the compression stroke, the pre-chamber is rich in fuel, there is a moderately rich mixture in the main chamber near the pre-chamber outlet and the rest of the main chamber is quite lean. On ignition, flame fronts emerge from the perforations and ignite the remainder of the air–fuel charge. When the sparkplug in the pre-chamber fires, the rich mixture ignites easily and the flame spreads from there into the main chamber, igniting a mixture so lean it wouldn't have fired satisfactorily with just a sparkplug. The remaining engine cycle is as per a standard four-stroke engine.

Formation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are minimized by the overall leanness of the mixture, and the stable and slow burning in the main combustion chamber keeps peak temperature low enough to suppress formation of oxides of nitrogen while keeping the mean temperature high enough long enough to give low hydrocarbon emissions. The design allowed the engine to burn less fuel more efficiently without the use of an exhaust gas recirculation valve or a catalytic converter, although those methods were installed subsequently to further improve emission reduction.

Advantages
The most significant advantage with CVCC was that it allowed for carbureted engines that did not rely on intake swirl. Previous stratified charge engines needed costly fuel injection systems. Additionally, previous engines tried to increase the velocity and swirl of the intake charge to keep rich and lean mixtures separated; Honda was able to maintain separation via the shape of the combustion chamber.

The design of CVCC also allowed it to be adapted to existing engines, since only the cylinder head needed to be modified.

Early design flaw
Some early CVCC engines had problems with the auxiliary valves' retaining collars vibrating loose. Once unscrewed, oil would leak from the valvetrain into the prechamber, causing a sudden loss of power and large amounts of smoke to flow from the exhaust pipe. These symptoms usually indicated the failure of critical oil seals in the motor that would result in costly repairs. However, the solution was quite simple; Honda corrected the problem with metal retaining rings that slipped over the valves' retaining collars and prevented them from backing out of their threads.

CVCC-II
The 1983 Honda Prelude (the first year of the second generation of Preludes) used CVCC in combination with a catalytic converter to reduce emissions, along with two separate side draft carburetors (instead of a single, progressive twin-choke carburetor). This new system was called CVCC-II. The following year, a standard cylinder head design was used, and the center carburetor (providing the rich mixture) was removed. The Honda City AA, introduced in November 1981, also used a CVCC-II engine called the ER. Its use of CVCC was also known as COMBAX (COMpact Blazing-combustion AXiom).

title: CVCC


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Welcome to Pia Carrot!!

Welcome to Pia Carrot!! (Pia♥キャロットへようこそ!!) is a Japanese visual novel series by Cocktail Soft (a part of F&C, later F&C FC02). Anime and manga have been based on the games.

The games are all set around restaurants in the fictional "Pia Carrot" chain, and most of the female characters are waitresses at these restaurants. The individual restaurants in the chain are called "1st", "2nd", etc. A maid café named "Pia Carrot" also opened in real life as a cosplay restaurant in Akihabara, Japan.

List of titles

 * Game titles
 * Animation titles
 * 1) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! (1997–1998; 3 episode hentai OVA)
 * 2) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 (1998–1999; 3 episode hentai OVA)
 * 3) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 DX (1999–2000; 6 episode OVA)
 * 4) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! -Sayaka no Koi-monogatari- (Sayaka's Love Story) (2002; movie)

Welcome to Pia Carrot
The first game in the series is called Welcome to Pia Carrot!! and was initially released in 1996 for MS-DOS on the NEC PC-9800 Series and for Windows 3.1. The game was later released for the PC-FX in 1997, and for the Sega Saturn in 1998 by KID.

There is also a hentai OVA with 3 episodes based on this title.

Characters
Yusuke Kinoshita
 * (Welcome to the Pia Carrot!!!), Masami Kikuchi (Welcome to the Pia Carrot 2)
 * Yusuke Kinoshita is the protagonist of the Welcome to Pia Carrot. In Welcome to the Pia Carrot 2, he is 2nd's chief, and 3rd's temporary chief in 2.2

Satomi Morihara

Shouko Inaba
 * Shouko Inaba is the childhood friend of Yusuke.
 * Shouko Inaba is the childhood friend of Yusuke.

Reika Kokubo

Yukiko Kawai

Shiho Kannaduki
 * 1st's manager in this title
 * 1st's manager in this title

Yukari Tachibana

Saori Imai

Kiyomi Kitagawa
 * Yusuke's cousin
 * Yusuke's cousin

Rumi Kinoshita
 * Yusuke's younger sister
 * Yusuke's younger sister

Yasuo Kinoshita
 * Yusuke's father and owner of the Pia Carrot restaurant chain

Kaori Tachibana
 * Yukari's mother

Saeko Imai
 * Saori's stepmother

Airi Kashikura
 * Additional character on Saturn version

Staff (Game)

 * Scenario: Jane Inamura (Ryuichi Inamura)
 * Original Picture: Tatsuki Amaduyu, CHARM, Nak-Mura (Takeshi Nakamura), Yukihiro Matsuo (additional character on Saturn version)
 * Music: Tomohiro Takatsuka (except Saturn), Juri Goto (Saturn only)
 * Opening for PC-FX Version: Ko Ku Ha Ku
 * :Lyrics: Yukie Sugawara
 * :Music: Yukie Sugawara
 * Insert on Saturn Version: Miracle Sunshine
 * :Lyrics: Juri Goto
 * :Music: Juri Goto
 * :Vocal: Megumi Miduki
 * :Voice Actors:Izumi Mito as Satomi Morihara, Minami Nagasaki as Shoko Inaba, Hina Hatono as Reika Kokubo/Yukari Tachibana, Hotaru Natsuno as Yukiko Kawai, Kaori as Shiho Kannazuki, Satomi Kodama as Saori Imai, Mebu as Kiyomi Kitagawa, Akane Yoshino as Airi Kashikura

Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2/2.2/2.5
Welcome to Pia Carrot 2 is the first true sequel to "Pia Carrot", set four years later than the first game. The original version (released in 1997) was for Windows 95 and was later released for Sega Saturn (1998 by NEC Interchannel), Windows 2000 (2001 by F&C FC02; this version also runs on Windows 95, 98, 98SE and Me) and the Dreamcast (2003 by NEC Interchannel). The Dreamcast release is the same as the first disc of the previously released "Pia Carrot 2.5". It is well known for its theme song "Go! Go! Waitress".

Two OVAs based on this title were released, the first being an adult title with 3 episodes, and the second ("Welcome to Pia Carrot 2 DX") was an all-age series with 6 episodes. "Welcome to Pia Carrot 2 DX" was licensed by Sentai Filmworks.

'Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2.2' is a branch of "Pia Carrot 2" and is set 4 months after that game. It was released for the Game Boy Color by NEC Interchannel in 2000. 'Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2.5' is a combination set of "Pia Carrot 2" and "Pia Carrot 2.2" for the Dreamcast. This pack title contains 2 GD-ROMs.

Characters
Kouji Maeda
 * (Welcome to the Pia Carrot 2), Akira Ishida (Welcome to the Pia Carrot 3)
 * Protagonist of "Pia Carrot 2" and "Pia Carrot 2.2"

Azusa Hinomori

Mina Hinomori
 * Azusa's younger sister
 * Azusa's younger sister

Tsukasa Enomoto
 * Completely transferred to 2nd in 2.2

Ryoko Futaba
 * 2nd's manager. Substitute chief because Yuusuke has gone to 3rd in 2.2
 * 2nd's manager. Substitute chief because Yuusuke has gone to 3rd in 2.2

Aoi Minase
 * Ryoko's friend. 3rd's chief waitress in 2.2
 * Ryoko's friend. 3rd's chief waitress in 2.2

Sanae Enishi

Mikiko Shinohara

Harue Yamana

Jun Kagurazaka

Kaoru Yamana
 * Harue's daughter

Shinji Yano
 * Kouji's friend and Ryoko's cousin

Tomomi Aizawa
 * Additional character on the "consumer version" in 2 (Saturn and Dreamcast)

Yuki Kamizuka
 * Additional character on the "consumer version" in 2

Noriko Shima
 * Additional character on the "consumer version" in 2

Staff

 * 2
 * Scenario: Ryuichi Inamura
 * Original Picture: Tatsuki Amaduyu, Misato Mitsumi, CHARM, Takashi Hashimoto (additional characters on consumer version)
 * Music: DOORS MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT
 * Opening: Go! Go! Waitress
 * Ending (consumer version): Iced Tea
 * :Lyrics: Hajime Kanasugi & Bun Yoshida
 * :Music: Bun Yoshida
 * :Vocal: Miyuki Kunitake

 * 2.2
 * Scenario: Hideki Shirane
 * Character Design: Tatsuki Amaduyu, Misato Mitsumi, CHARM, Takashi Hashimoto
 * Original Picture: Junji Goto
 * Music: DOORS MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT

Welcome to Pia Carrot 3/3.3
'Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 3' is the second true sequel to "Pia Carrot", set one year later than "Pia Carrot 2", and was released for the PC by F&C FC02 in 2001. Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 versions were released by NEC Interchannel in 2003.

In 2002, the anime movie "Welcome to Pia Carrot -Sayaka no Koi-monogatari-" ("Welcome to Pia Carrot - Sayaka's Love Story") was released, being the first movie based on an eroge.

Welcome to Pia Carrot 3.3 is a branch of "Pia Carrot 3" that is set one year after "Pia Carrot 3". It was released for the Game Boy Advance by NEC Interchannel in 2004.

Characters
Akihiko Kannazuki
 * 3
 * Protagonist of "Pia Carrot 3" and "Pia Carrot 3.3", and Shiho's younger brother
 * Protagonist of "Pia Carrot 3" and "Pia Carrot 3.3", and Shiho's younger brother

Sayaka Takai

Tomomi Aizawa

Akemi Hasegawa
 * 4th's temporary chief. 4th's chief in 3.3 (formally inaugurated after "Pia Carrot 3")
 * 4th's temporary chief. 4th's chief in 3.3 (formally inaugurated after "Pia Carrot 3")

Natsuki Iwakura
 * Akemi's friend and 4th's Manager
 * Akemi's friend and 4th's Manager

Miharu Fuyuki

Nana Kimishima

Takako Kinoshita

Orie Amano

Noboru Kinoshita
 * Takako's nephew

Seiji Motoki

Haruhiko Fuyuki
 * Miharu's younger brother

Shiho Kannazuki
 * Akihiko's sister, and now 3rd's chief

Satomi Kinoshita
 * 1st's Manager. She is already married to Yusuke

Yuki Kamizuka

Noriko Shima

Kouji Maeda

Azusa Hinomori

Mina Hinomori
 * 3.3

Tsukasa Enomoto

Chizuru Kinoshita

Shiori Kisaragi

Staff

 * 3
 * Scenario: Ryuichi Inamura
 * Original Picture: Takashi Hashimoto, Hiroya Fujimiya, Elan Hasumi, Hiro Suzuhira
 * Music: Kennichi Okuma (TWO-FIVE)
 * Opening: Eien no story (The eternal story)
 * :Lyrics: Don Mccow
 * :Music: Kennichi Okuma
 * :Vocal: Miu
 * Ending: Koibito tachi no densetsu (The legend of lovers)
 * :Lyrics: Don Mccow
 * :Music: Kennichi Okuma
 * :Vocal: Miu
 * Ending (additional on consumer version): Happy-End kara hajimeyou
 * :Lyrics: Don Mccow
 * :Music: Kennichi Okuma
 * :Vocal: Miu
 * 3.3
 * Scenario: Ryo Masaki
 * Character Design: Takashi Hashimoto, Elan Hasumi, Hiro Suzuhira, Kanata Minamino
 * Original Picture: Kanata Minamino, Elan Hasumi
 * Music: Kennichi Okuma (TWO-FIVE), DOORS MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT

Welcome to Pia Carrot 4
Welcome to Pia Carrot 4 is the third true sequel to "Pia Carrot", and was released for the PC by Cocktail Soft in 2009. An Xbox 360 port was released on February 24, 2011 and a PlayStation Portable version was released in 2012.

Characters

 * Alice Sakuraba
 * Ayaka Kamine
 * Misa Hasegawa
 * Sayuri Mashiba
 * Sora Kitagawa
 * Yoshimi Sakuraba
 * Yuna Takigawa

Reception
In a 2007 survey of Dengeki G's Magazine readers, Welcome to Pia Carrot G.O. ranked 38th in a list of "the most interesting bishōjo games"; a five-way tie with YU-NO: A girl who chants love at the bound of this world, Tsukihime, Tokimeki Memorial 2, and Happiness!

Games

 * Official F&C website

Anime

 * Official Sentai website

title: Welcome to Pia Carrot!!


text:
Maine (disambiguation)

Maine is a U.S. state.

Maine may also refer to:

Places

 * Gulf of Maine, a gulf off the coast of the U.S. state
 * Province of Maine, 17th-century English colonial entities on territory that eventually became the U.S. state

France

 * Maine (province)
 * Maine-et-Loire
 * Maine (river)

United States

 * Maine Township, Cook County, Illinois
 * Maine Township, Grundy County, Illinois
 * Maine River (Maine)
 * Maine Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
 * Maine, New York, a town
 * Maine, Marathon County, Wisconsin, a village
 * Maine, Outagamie County, Wisconsin, a town

Names

 * Maine (given name)
 * Maine (surname)
 * Maines (surname)

Ships

 * SS Maine, a British steam ship
 * USS Maine (ACR-1), a second-class pre-dreadnought battleship, launched in 1889, whose sinking contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish–American War
 * Maine-class battleship, a battleship class of the U.S. Navy
 * USS Maine (BB-10), the lead ship of the Maine-class battleship, launched in 1901
 * USS Maine (BB-69), a Montana-class battleship cancelled in 1943
 * USS Maine (SSBN-741), an Ohio-class nuclear ballistic missile submarine launched in 1994
 * TS State of Maine, a training ship of the Maine Maritime Academy

Other uses

 * Maine (film), a 2018 American drama film
 * Maine (Red vs. Blue), a character in Red vs. Blue
 * The Maine (Des Moines, Iowa), U.S., a historic apartment building
 * The Maine (band), an American pop punk band
 * Maine Soft Drinks Ltd, a Northern Irish soft drink manufacturer
 * Uí Maine, an ancient Irish kingdom
 * University of Maine, a university in the U.S. state
 * State of Maine Express, a 20th-century night train from New York City to Portland, Maine

title: Maine (disambiguation)