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Hemorheology

Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (haemo from Greek ‘αἷμα, haima 'blood'; and rheology, from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia 'study of'), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells. Proper tissue perfusion can occur only when blood's rheological properties are within certain levels. Alterations of these properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical properties of red blood cells. Red blood cells have unique mechanical behavior, which can be discussed under the terms erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation. Because of that, blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid. As such, the viscosity of blood varies with shear rate. Blood becomes less viscous at high shear rates like those experienced with increased flow such as during exercise or in peak-systole. Therefore, blood is a shear-thinning fluid. Contrarily, blood viscosity increases when shear rate goes down with increased vessel diameters or with low flow, such as downstream from an obstruction or in diastole. Blood viscosity also increases with increases in red cell aggregability.

Blood viscosity
Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood to flow. It can also be described as the thickness and stickiness of blood. This biophysical property makes it a critical determinant of friction against the vessel walls, the rate of venous return, the work required for the heart to pump blood, and how much oxygen is transported to tissues and organs. These functions of the cardiovascular system are directly related to vascular resistance, preload, afterload, and perfusion, respectively.

The primary determinants of blood viscosity are hematocrit, red blood cell deformability, red blood cell aggregation, and plasma viscosity. Plasma's viscosity is determined by water-content and macromolecular components, so these factors that affect blood viscosity are the plasma protein concentration and types of proteins in the plasma. Nevertheless, hematocrit has the strongest impact on whole blood viscosity. One unit increase in hematocrit can cause up to a 4% increase in blood viscosity. This relationship becomes increasingly sensitive as hematocrit increases. When the hematocrit rises to 60 or 70%, which it often does in polycythemia, the blood viscosity can become as great as 10 times that of water, and its flow through blood vessels is greatly retarded because of increased resistance to flow. This will lead to decreased oxygen delivery. Other factors influencing blood viscosity include temperature, where an increase in temperature results in a decrease in viscosity. This is particularly important in hypothermia, where an increase in blood viscosity will cause problems with blood circulation.

Clinical significance
Many conventional cardiovascular risk factors have been independently linked to whole blood viscosity. Anemia can reduce blood viscosity, which may lead to heart failure. Furthermore, elevation of plasma viscosity correlates to the progression of coronary and peripheral artery diseases.

Normal level
In pascal-seconds (Pa·s), the viscosity $$\mu$$ of blood at 37 °C is normally 3 × 10−3 to 4 × 10−3, respectively 3 - 4 centipoise (cP) in the centimetre gram second system of units.

$$\mu = (3 \sim 4) \cdot 10^{-3} \, Pa \cdot s$$

$$\nu = \frac{\mu}{\rho} = \frac{(3 \sim 4) \cdot 10^{-3} Pa\cdot s}{1.06\cdot 10^{3} \frac{kg}{m^3}} = (2.8 \sim 3.8) \cdot 10^{-6} \, \frac{m^2}{s}$$,

where $$\rho$$ is the density. Blood viscosity can be measured by viscometers capable of measurements at various shear rates, such as a rotational viscometer.

Blood viscoelasticity
Blood is a viscoelastic fluid, meaning that it possesses both viscous and fluid characteristics. The viscous component arises primarily through the viscosity of blood plasma, while the elastic component arises from deformation of the red blood cells. As the heart contracts, mechanical energy is transferred from the heart to the blood; a small part of the energy is dissipated by the viscosity of the suspension, another part is stored as elastic energy in the red blood cells, and the remaining energy is used to drive blood circulation and is thus converted to kinetic energy. Viscoelastic fluids make up a larger class of fluids called non-Newtonian fluids.

The red blood cells occupy about half of the volume of blood and possess elastic properties. This elastic property is the largest contributing factor to the viscoelastic behavior of blood. The large volume percentage of red blood cells at a normal hematocrit level leaves little room for cell motion and deformation without interacting with a neighboring cell. Calculations have shown that the maximum volume percentage of red blood cells without deformation is 58% which is in the range of normally occurring levels. Due to the limited space between red blood cells, it is obvious that in order for blood to flow, significant cell to cell interaction will play a key role. This interaction and tendency for cells to aggregate is a major contributor to the viscoelastic behavior of blood. Red blood cell deformation and aggregation is also coupled with flow-induced changes in the arrangement and orientation as a third major factor in its viscoelastic behavior. Other factors contributing to the viscoelastic properties of blood is the plasma viscosity, plasma composition, temperature, and the rate of flow or shear rate. Together, these factors make human blood viscoelastic, non-Newtonian, and thixotropic.

When the red cells are at rest or at very small shear rates, they tend to aggregate and stack together in an energetically favorable manner. The attraction is attributed to charged groups on the surface of cells and to the presence of fibrinogen and globulins. This aggregated configuration is an arrangement of cells with the least amount of deformation. With very low shear rates, the viscoelastic property of blood is dominated by the aggregation and cell deformability is relatively insignificant. As the shear rate increases the size of the aggregates begins to decrease. With a further increase in shear rate, the cells will rearrange and orient to provide channels for the plasma to pass through and for the cells to slide. In this low to medium shear rate range, the cells wiggle with respect to the neighboring cells allowing flow. The influence of aggregation properties on the viscoelasticity diminish and the influence of red cell deformability begins to increase. As shear rates become large, red blood cells will stretch or deform and align with the flow. Cell layers are formed, separated by plasma, and flow is now attributed to layers of cells sliding on layers of plasma. The cell layer allows for easier flow of blood and as such there is a reduced viscosity and reduced elasticity. The viscoelasticity of the blood is dominated by the deformability of the red blood cells.

Maxwell model
Maxwell Model concerns Maxwell fluids or Maxwell material. The material in Maxwell Model is a fluid which means it respects continuity properties for conservative equations : Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. Maxwell model is made to estimate local conservative values of viscoelasticity by a global measure in the integral volume of the model to be transposed to different flow situations. Blood is a complex material where different cells like red blood cells are discontinuous in plasma. Their size and shape are irregular too because they are not perfect spheres. Complicating moreover blood volume shape, red cells are not identically distributed in a blood sample volume because they migrate with velocity gradients in direction to the highest speed areas calling the famous representation of the Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect, aggregate or separate in sheath or plug flows described by Thurston. Typically, the Maxwell Model described below is uniformly considering the material (uniform blue color) as a perfect distributed particles fluid everywhere in the volume (in blue) but Thurston reveals that packs of red cells, plugs, are more present in the high speed region, if y is the height direction in the Maxwell model figure, (y~H) and there is a free cells layer in the lower speed area (y~0) what means the plasma fluid phase that deforms under Maxwell Model is strained following inner linings that completely escape from the analytical model by Maxwell.

In theory, a fluid in a Maxwell Model behaves exactly similarly in any other flow geometry like pipes, rotating cells or in rest state. But in practice, blood properties vary with the geometry and blood has shown being an inadequate material to be studied as a fluid in common sense. So Maxwell Model gives trends that have to be completed in real situation followed by Thurston model in a vessel regarding distribution of cells in sheath and plug flows.

If a small cubical volume of blood is considered, with forces being acted upon it by the heart pumping and shear forces from boundaries. The change in shape of the cube will have 2 components: When the force is removed, the cube would recover partially. The elastic deformation is reversed but the slippage is not. This explains why the elastic portion is only noticeable in unsteady flow. In steady flow, the slippage will continue to increase and the measurements of non time varying force will neglect the contributions of the elasticity.
 * Elastic deformation which is recoverable and is stored in the structure of the blood.
 * Slippage which is associated with a continuous input of viscous energy.

Figure 1 can be used to calculate the following parameters necessary for the evaluation of blood when a force is exerted.
 * Shear Stress: $$\tau = \frac{F}{A}$$

 * Shear Strain: $$\gamma = \frac{D}{H}$$

 * Shear Rate: $$\dot \gamma = \frac{V}{H}$$

A sinusoidal time varying flow is used to simulate the pulsation of a heart. A viscoelastic material subjected to a time varying flow will result in a phase variation between $$\tau $$ and $$\gamma$$ represented by $$\phi$$. If $$\phi = 0$$, the material is a purely elastic because the stress and strain are in phase, so that the response of one caused by the other is immediate. If $$\phi$$ = 90°, the material is a purely viscous because strain lags behind stress by 90 degrees. A viscoelastic material will be somewhere in between 0 and 90 degrees.

The sinusoidal time variation is proportional to $$ e^{i \omega t}$$. Therefore, the size and phase relation between the stress, strain, and shear rate are described using this relationship and a radian frequency, $$\omega = 2 \pi f$$ were $$f$$ is the frequency in Hertz.

 * Shear Stress: $$\tau^* = \tau e ^{-i \phi}$$

 * Shear Strain: $$\gamma^* = \gamma e^{-i \frac {\pi} {2}}$$

 * Shear Rate: $$\dot \gamma^* = \dot \gamma e^{-i0}$$

The components of the complex shear stress can be written as:
 * $$\tau^* = \tau'-i \tau''$$

Where $$\tau'$$ is the viscous stress and $$\tau''$$ is the elastic stress. The complex coefficient of viscosity $$\eta^*$$ can be found by taking the ratio of the complex shear stress and the complex shear rate:

 * $$ \eta^*= \frac {\tau^*} {\dot \gamma^*} = ( \frac {\tau'}{\dot \gamma}+i \frac{\tau}{\dot \gamma})=\eta'+i\eta $$

Similarly, the complex dynamic modulus G can be obtained by taking the ratio of the complex shear stress to the complex shear strain.

 * $$G = \frac {\tau^*} {\gamma^*}=( \frac {\tau''}{\gamma}+i \frac{\tau'}{\gamma})$$

Relating the equations to common viscoelastic terms we get the storage modulus, G', and the loss modulus, G".
 * $$G = G' + iG''$$

A viscoelastic Maxwell material model is commonly used to represent the viscoelastic properties of blood. It uses purely viscous damper and a purely elastic spring connected in series. Analysis of this model gives the complex viscosity in terms of the dashpot constant and the spring constant.

 * $$ \eta^*=\frac {\eta_{dash}} {1+i \omega(\frac{\eta_{dash}}{E_{spring}})} = \eta'-i\eta'' $$

Oldroyd-B model
One of the most frequently used constitutive models for the viscoelasticity of blood is the Oldroyd-B model. There are several variations of the Oldroyd-B non-Newtonian model characterizing shear thinning behavior due to red blood cell aggregation and dispersion at low shear rate. Here we consider a three-dimensional Oldroyd-B model coupled with the momentum equation and the total stress tensor. A non Newtonian flow is used which insures that the viscosity of blood $$\mu(h, d)$$ is a function of vessel diameter d and hematocrit h. In the Oldroyd-B model, the relation between the shear stress tensor B and the orientation stress tensor A is given by:

$$ S + \gamma \left[ \frac{DS}{Dt}- \Delta V \cdot S-S \cdot{(\Delta V)}^T \right]= \mu (h,d) \left[ B + \gamma \left( \frac{DB}{Dt}- \Delta V \cdot B - B \cdot {(\Delta V)}^T \right) \right] - gA + C_1\left(gA - \frac {C_2I}{\mu (h,d)^2} \right)$$

where D/Dt is the material derivative, V is the velocity of the fluid, C1, C2, g, $$\gamma$$ are constants. S and B are defined as follows:

 * $$ S = \mu B + gA$$

 * $$B = \Delta V + (\Delta V )^T$$

Viscoelasticity of red blood cells
Red blood cells are subjected to intense mechanical stimulation from both blood flow and vessel walls, and their rheological properties are important to their effectiveness in performing their biological functions in the microcirculation. Red blood cells by themselves have been shown to exhibit viscoelastic properties. There are several methods used to explore the mechanical properties of red blood cells such as:
 * micropipette aspiration
 * micro indentation
 * optical tweezers
 * high frequency electrical deformation tests

These methods worked to characterize the deformability of the red blood cell in terms of the shear, bending, area expansion moduli, and relaxation times. However, they were not able to explore the viscoelastic properties. Other techniques have been implemented such as photoacoustic measurements. This technique uses a single-pulse laser beam to generate a photoacoustic signal in tissues and the decay time for the signal is measured. According to the theory of linear viscoelasticity, the decay time is equal to the viscosity-elasticity ratio and therefore the viscoelasticity characteristics of the red blood cells could be obtained.

Another experimental technique used to evaluate viscoelasticity consisted of using Ferromagnetism beads bonded to a cells surface. Forces are then applied to the magnetic bead using optical magnetic twisting cytometry which allowed researchers to explore the time dependent responses of red blood cells.

$$T_s(t)$$ is the mechanical torque per unit bead volume (units of stress) and is given by:
 * $$ T_s(t)=c H \cos \theta $$

where H is the applied magnetic twisting field, $${\theta}$$ is the angle of the bead’s magnetic moment relative to the original magnetization direction, and c is the bead constant which is found by experiments conducted by placing the bead in a fluid of known viscosity and applying a twisting field.

Complex Dynamic modulus G can be used to represent the relations between the oscillating stress and strain:
 * $$G = G' + iG''$$

where $$G'$$ is the storage modulus and $$G$$ is the loss modulus'':
 * $$ G' = \frac {\sigma_0} {\varepsilon_0} \cos \phi $$

 * $$ G'' = \frac {\sigma_0} {\varepsilon_0} \sin \phi $$

where $$\sigma_0$$ and $$\varepsilon_0$$ are the amplitudes of stress and strain and $$\phi$$ is the phase shift between them.

From the above relations, the components of the complex modulus are determined from a loop that is created by comparing the change in torque with the change in time which forms a loop when represented graphically. The limits of $$T_s(t)$$ - d(t) loop and the area, A, bounded by the $$T_s(t)$$ - d(t) loop, which represents the energy dissipation per cycle, are used in the calculations. The phase angle $$\phi$$, storage modulus G', and loss modulus G'' then become:
 * $$ \phi = \sin^{-1} \frac {4A}{\pi \Delta T_s \Delta d}$$

 * $$ G' = \frac {\Delta T_s} {\Delta d} \cos \phi$$

 * $$ G'' = \frac {\Delta T_s} {\Delta d} \sin \phi = \frac {4A}{\pi \omega \Delta d^2}$$

where d is the displacement.

The hysteresis shown in figure 3 represents the viscoelasticity present in red blood cells. It is unclear if this is related to membrane molecular fluctuations or metabolic activity controlled by intracellular concentrations of ATP. Further research is needed to fully explore these interaction and to shed light on the underlying viscoelastic deformation characteristics of the red blood cells.

Effects of blood vessels
When looking at viscoelastic behavior of blood in vivo, it is necessary to also consider the effects of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The viscosity of blood has a primary influence on flow in the larger arteries, while the elasticity, which resides in the elastic deformability of red blood cells, has primary influence in the arterioles and the capillaries. Understanding wave propagation in arterial walls, local hemodynamics, and wall shear stress gradient is important in understanding the mechanisms of cardiovascular function. Arterial walls are anisotropic and heterogeneous, composed of layers with different bio-mechanical characteristics which makes understanding the mechanical influences that arteries contribute to blood flow very difficult.

Medical reasons for a better understanding
From a medical standpoint, the importance of studying the viscoelastic properties of blood becomes evident. With the development of cardiovascular prosthetic devices such as heart valves and blood pumps, the understanding of pulsating blood flow in complex geometries is required. A few specific examples are the effects of viscoelasticity of blood and its implications for the testing of a pulsatile Blood Pumps. Strong correlations between blood viscoelasticity and regional and global cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass have been documented.

This has also led the way for developing a blood analog in order to study and test prosthetic devices. The classic analog of glycerin and water provides a good representation of viscosity and inertial effects but lacks the elastic properties of real blood. One such blood analog is an aqueous solution of Xanthan gum and glycerin developed to match both the viscous and elastic components of the complex viscosity of blood.

Normal red blood cells are deformable but many conditions, such as sickle cell disease, reduce their elasticity which makes them less deformable. Red blood cells with reduced deformability have increasing impedance to flow, leading to an increase in red blood cell aggregation and reduction in oxygen saturation which can lead to further complications. The presence of cells with diminished deformability, as is the case in sickle cell disease, tends to inhibit the formation of plasma layers and by measuring the viscoelasticity, the degree of inhibition can be quantified.

History
In early theoretical work, blood was treated as a non-Newtonian viscous fluid. Initial studies had evaluated blood during steady flow and later, using oscillating flow. Professor George B. Thurston, of the University of Texas, first presented the idea of blood being viscoelastic in 1972. The previous studies that looked at blood in steady flow showed negligible elastic properties because the elastic regime is stored in the blood during flow initiation and so its presence is hidden when a flow reaches steady state. The early studies used the properties found in steady flow to derive properties for unsteady flow situations. Advancements in medical procedures and devices required a better understanding of the mechanical properties of blood.

Constitutive equations
The relationships between shear stress and shear rate for blood must be determined experimentally and expressed by constitutive equations. Given the complex macro-rheological behavior of blood, it is not surprising that a single equation fails to completely describe the effects of various rheological variables (e.g., hematocrit, shear rate). Thus, several approaches to defining these equations exist, with some the result of curve-fitting experimental data and others based on a particular rheological model.
 * Newtonian fluid model where has a constant viscosity at all shear rates. This approach is valid for high shear rates ($$\dot{\gamma} > 700\, s^{-1}$$) where the vessel diameter is much bigger than the blood cells.
 * Bingham fluid model takes into account the aggregation of red blood cells at low shear rates. Therefore, it acts as an elastic solid under threshold level of shear stress, known as yield stress.
 * Einstein model where η0 is the suspending fluid Newtonian viscosity, "k" is a constant dependent on particle shape, and H is the volume fraction of the suspension occupied by particles. This equation is applicable for suspensions having a low volume fraction of particles. Einstein showed k=2.5 for spherical particles.
 * $$ \mu_a = {{\mu_0} \times {(1+kH)}} $$

 * Casson model where "a" and "b" are constants; at very low shear rates, b is the yield shear stress. However, for blood, the experimental data can not be fit over all shear rates with only one set of constants "a" and "b", whereas fairly good fit is possible by applying the equation over several shear rate ranges and thereby obtaining several sets of constants.
 * $$ {\tau}^{0.5} = {{a}{|\gamma|}^{0.5} + b^ {0.5}} $$

 * Quemada model where k0, k∞ and γc are constants. This equation accurately fits blood data over a very wide range of shear rates.
 * $$ \mu_a = {{\mu_0} {{(1-0.5kH)}^{-2}}} $$
 * $$ k = {{k_0 + k_\inf {\gamma^{0.5}}_r } \over {1+{\gamma^{0.5}}_r}} $$
 * $$ \gamma_r = {{\gamma} \over {\gamma_c}} $$

The Fåhraeus effect
The finding that, for blood flowing steadily in tubes with diameters of less than 300 micrometres, the average hematocrit of the blood in the tube is less than the hematocrit of the blood in the reservoir feeding the tube is known as the Fåhræus effect. This effect is generated in the concentration entrance length of the tube, in which erythrocytes move towards the central region of the tube as they flow downstream. This entrance length is estimated to be about the distance that the blood travels in a quarter of a second for blood where red blood cell aggregation is negligible and the vessel diameter is greater than about 20 micrometres.

The Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect
As the characteristic dimension of a flow channel approaches the size of the particles in a suspension; one should expect that the simple continuum model of the suspension will fail to be applicable. Often, this limit of the applicability of the continuum model begins to manifest itself at characteristic channel dimensions that are about 30 times the particle diameter: in the case of blood with a characteristic RBC dimension of 8 μm, an apparent failure occurs at about 300 micrometres. This was demonstrated by Fåhraeus and Lindqvist, who found that the apparent viscosity of blood was a function of tube diameter for diameters of 300 micrometres and less when they flowed constant-hematocrit blood from a well-stirred reservoir through a tube. The finding that for small tubes with diameters below about 300 micrometres and for faster flow rates which do not allow appreciable erythrocyte aggregation, the effective viscosity of the blood depends on tube diameter is known as the Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect.

title: Hemorheology


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User talk:Chardon

Please can you add to the Ruttumroog page giving aditional info as to where the island actually is! i.e. in what sea, nr where, etc. A page on the island group as a whole would also be good. Thanks!--Tappyea 11:27, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Seconded :-) See my small addition to Rottumerplaat, that'd do to give context for any non-dutch reader. It's also a good idea to add to mark the article as being quite short and in need of expansion. And it's also a good idea to check the dutch wikipedia, they probably have articles about those islands already - at least to add the interwiki link, or maybe to find more information (provided you can read dutch of course).
 * But anyway - Welcome. andy 11:43, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Amsterdam
Hi, I have just substantially edited Amsterdam. If you agree with changes, I hope you will help me prevent it from reverting to its previous state. Wikipedia is not a dumpster. Dankjewel. -- Viajero 17:54, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Link spamming
Hi, I notice you are very dilligent about removing spam links from articles like Amsterdam and I have a suggestion for you. There are a series of messages templates  ,   ,   , which you can leave on the talk pages of people who do this. If after the third warning, they still do it, leave me a message on my talk page and I will block them. Of course, if they using dialup connections, the IP number may be different each time, so this won't work. But in the case of the guy adding the HotSpots site to Amsterdam, for example, he has a fixed IP (I left {spam1} on his talk page yesterday). For more about these template messages, see: Template messages/User talk namespace. doiei, -- Viajero 14:16, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

William of Orange
William of Orange (disabiguation) exists because William the Silent was judged to be by far the most common use of the title - that is, the largest number of links will be correct if you redirect William of Orange to William I of Orange-Nassau. What you have done is break a lot of links without fixing them to redirect them to the correct target. See "What links here" on William of Orange. If this is a change you think is necessary - which links to William of Orange do not refer to William I? - then you should fix all those links and it would be great if you could fix the new ones every few months. I change about 60 links to corn every year. Rmhermen 17:03, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Please follow the page. I believe it should be redirected to William of Orange (disambiguation) at least until a consensus is reached whether to move/change it. I could use help in watching it (and defending the mentioned principle). Arrigo 20:46, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Memor
Oops - sorry, removed categories by mistake! --Finbarr Saunders 07:51, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Amsterdam wealthiest city in the world
Hi, please review my edit to the Amsterdam article. I hope this reference is sufficient for you. Cheers, jaco ♫ plane  14:21, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Image removed from online banking article
Hi. I noticed you removed the image of an online banking screenshot from the online banking article with the mention "rm image: no advertizing" (sic). How is that image a form of advertising? Some articles display brands, such as the image of a cancelled cheque on the cheque article. -- AirOdyssey 02:43, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi AirOdessey. I removed the pic because the name of the bank was clearly visible. If you read the 'history page' of the online banking article you will see that I remove every mention of bank names and bank products. It is not necessary to be so specific and it relieves us from the hassle to explain why we show a picture from one bank and not from an other. Feel free though to edit out the name of the bank from the picture and add it again to the page. Chardon 06:08, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

You've been noticed!
 SilkTork  * SilkyTalk 21:04, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks! :) Chardon 07:10, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Modern Stadium
Hi Chardon, You deleted the adjective of "modern" for the Amsterdam ArenA. I believe however that it's notable to add that the stadium is newly build, or "modern". Maybe there's a better word for it, but I don't believe modern is suggesting anything else than it is. JacobH (talk) 12:08, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Jacob, The Arena was build 10 years ago so it's not new. In architecture the term modern refers to a particular style (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture). I didn't know a better word to describe the Arena so I just deleted 'modern' because it is not a modern building. Perhaps 'latest' (Ajax's latest stadium the A. Arena... ) is possible but it doesn't really add anything. Chardon (talk) 17:56, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Amsterdam Link zzzzZZZZ
Hi Chardon. Could you stop deleting the perfectly valid link to www.underwateramsterdam.com in the External Links section of the Amsterdam page. Your doing so is getting extremely boring. It is NOT spam. That is actually very obvious to anyone with a modicum of intelligence. Wikiamsterdam (talk) 14:31, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Don't be silly Chardon (talk) 17:41, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

File:800px-Internet Banking no name.JPG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:800px-Internet Banking no name.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 23:22, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Saturninus (253-268)

The article Saturninus (253-268) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Highly obscure fictional character.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. PatGallacher (talk) 18:14, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chardon


text:
Schottky barrier

A Schottky barrier, named after Walter H. Schottky, is a potential energy barrier for electrons formed at a metal–semiconductor junction. Schottky barriers have rectifying characteristics, suitable for use as a diode. One of the primary characteristics of a Schottky barrier is the Schottky barrier height, denoted by ΦB (see figure). The value of ΦB depends on the combination of metal and semiconductor.

Not all metal–semiconductor junctions form a rectifying Schottky barrier; a metal–semiconductor junction that conducts current in both directions without rectification, perhaps due to its Schottky barrier being too low, is called an ohmic contact.

Physics of formation
When a metal is put in direct contact with a semiconductor, a so called Schottky barrier can be formed, leading to a rectifying behavior of the electrical contact. This happens both when the semiconductor is n-type and its work function is smaller than the work function of the metal, and when the semiconductor is p-type and the opposite relation between work functions holds.

At the basis of the description of the Schottky barrier formation through the band diagram formalism, there are three main assumptions:

 * 1) The contact between the metal and the semiconductor must be intimate and without the presence of any other material layer (such as an oxide).
 * 2) No interdiffusion of the metal and the semiconductor is taken into account.
 * 3) There are no impurities at the interface between the two materials.

To a first approximation, the barrier between a metal and a semiconductor is predicted by the Schottky–Mott rule to be proportional to the difference of the metal-vacuum work function and the semiconductor-vacuum electron affinity. For an isolated metal, the work function $$\Phi_M$$ is defined as the difference between its vacuum energy $$E_0$$ (i.e. the minimum energy that an electron must possess to completely free itself from the material) and the Fermi energy $$E_F$$, and it is an invariant property of the specified metal:

$$\Phi_M=E_0-E_F$$

On the other hand, the work function of a semiconductor is defined as:

$$\Phi_S= \chi + (E_C-E_F)$$

Where $$\chi$$ is the electron affinity (i.e. the difference between the vacuum energy and the energy level of the conduction band). It is valuable to describe the work function of the semiconductor in terms of its electron affinity since this last one is an invariant fundamental property of the semiconductor, while the difference between the conduction band and the Fermi energy depends on the doping.

When the two isolated materials are put into intimate contact, the equalization of the Fermi levels brings to the movement of charge from one material to the other, depending on the values of the work functions. This leads to the creation of an energy barrier, since at the interface between the materials some charge get collected. For electrons, the barrier height $$\Phi_{B_{n}}$$can be easily calculated as the difference between the metal work function and the electron affinity of the semiconductor:

$$\Phi_{B_n}=\Phi_M-\chi$$

While the barrier height for holes is equal to the difference between the energy gap of the semiconductor and the energy barrier for electrons:

$$\Phi_{B_p}=E_\text{gap}-\Phi_{B_n}$$

In reality, what can happen is that charged interface states can pin the Fermi level at a certain energy value no matter the work function values, influencing the barrier height for both carriers. This is due to the fact that the chemical termination of the semiconductor crystal against a metal creates electron states within its band gap. The nature of these metal-induced gap states and their occupation by electrons tends to pin the center of the band gap to the Fermi level, an effect known as Fermi level pinning. Thus the heights of the Schottky barriers in metal–semiconductor contacts often show little dependence on the value of the semiconductor or metal work functions, in strong contrast to the Schottky–Mott rule. Different semiconductors exhibit this Fermi level pinning to different degrees, but a technological consequence is that ohmic contacts are usually difficult to form in important semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide. Non-ohmic contacts present a parasitic resistance to current flow that consumes energy and lowers device performance.

Rectifying properties
In a rectifying Schottky barrier, the barrier is high enough that there is a depletion region in the semiconductor, near the interface. This gives the barrier a high resistance when small voltage biases are applied to it. Under large voltage bias, the electric current flowing through the barrier is essentially governed by the laws of thermionic emission, combined with the fact that the Schottky barrier is fixed relative to the metal's Fermi level.

 * Under forward bias, there are many thermally excited electrons in the semiconductor that are able to pass over the barrier. The passage of these electrons over the barrier (without any electrons coming back) corresponds to a current in the opposite direction. The current rises very rapidly with bias, however at high biases the series resistance of the semiconductor can start to limit the current.
 * Under reverse bias, there is a small leakage current as some thermally excited electrons in the metal have enough energy to surmount the barrier. To first approximation this current should be constant (as in the Shockley diode equation); however, current rises gradually with reverse bias due to a weak barrier lowering (similar to the vacuum Schottky effect). At very high biases, the depletion region breaks down.

Note: the discussion above is for a Schottky barrier to an n-type semiconductor; similar considerations apply for a p-type semiconductor.

The current-voltage relationship is qualitatively the same as with a p-n junction, however the physical process is somewhat different.

Conduction values
The thermionic emission can be formulated as following:

$$J_{th}= A^{**}T^2e^{-\frac{\Phi_{B_{n,p}}}{k_bT}}\biggl(e^{\frac{qV}{k_bT}}-1\biggr)$$

While the tunneling current density can be expressed, for a triangular shaped barrier (considering WKB approximation) as:

$$J_{T_{n,p}}= \frac{q^3E^2}{16\pi^2\hbar\Phi_{B_{n,p}}} e^{\frac{-4\Phi_{B_{n,p}}^{3/2}\sqrt{2m^*_{n,p}}}{3q\hbar E}} $$

From both formulae it is clear that the current contributions are related to the barrier height for both electrons and holes. If a symmetric current profile for both n and p carriers is then needed, the barrier height must be ideally identical for electrons and holes.

Minority carrier injection
For very high Schottky barriers where ΦB is a significant fraction of the band gap of the semiconductor, the forward bias current may instead be carried "underneath" the Schottky barrier, as minority carriers in the semiconductor.

An example of this is seen in the Point-contact transistor.

Devices
A Schottky diode is a single metal–semiconductor junction, used for its rectifying properties. Schottky diodes are often the most suitable kind of diode when a low forward voltage drop is desired, such as in a high efficiency DC power supply. Also, because of their majority-carrier conduction mechanism, Schottky diodes can achieve greater switching speeds than p–n junction diodes, making them appropriate to rectify high-frequency signals.

Introducing a second semiconductor/metal interface and a gate stack overlapping both junctions, one can obtain a Schottky barrier field effect transistor (SB-FET). The gate steers the carrier injection inside the channel modulating the band bending at the interface, and thus the resistance of the Schottky barriers. Generally the most significantly resistive path for the current is represented by the Schottky barriers, and so the channel itself does not contribute significantly to the conduction when the transistor is turned on. This kind of device has an ambipolar behavior since when a positive voltage is applied to both junctions, their band diagram is bent downwards enabling an electron current from source to drain (the presence of a $$V_{DS}$$ voltage is always implied) due to direct tunneling. In the opposite case of a negative voltage applied to both junctions the band diagram is bent upwards and holes can be injected and flow from the drain to the source. Setting the gate voltage to 0 V suppresses the tunneling current and enables only a lower current due to thermionic events. One of the main limitations of such a device is strongly related to the presence of this current that makes it difficult to properly switch it off. A clear advantage of such a device is that there is no need for channel doping and expensive technological steps like ion implantation and high temperature annealings can be avoided, keeping the thermal budget low. However the band bending due to the voltage difference between drain and gate often injects enough carriers to make impossible a proper switch off of the device. Also, low on-currents due to the intrinsic resistance of the Schottky contacts are typical of this kind of device just like a very hard and unreliable scalability due to the difficult control of the junction area.

A bipolar junction transistor with a Schottky barrier between the base and the collector is known as a Schottky transistor. Because the junction voltage of the Schottky barrier is small, the transistor is prevented from saturating, which improves the speed when used as a switch. This is the basis for the Schottky and Advanced Schottky TTL families, as well as their low power variants.

A MESFET or metal–semiconductor FET uses a reverse-biased Schottky barrier to provide a depletion region that pinches off a conducting channel buried inside the semiconductor (similar to the JFET where instead a p–n junction provides the depletion region). A variant of this device is the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), which also utilizes a heterojunction to provide a device with extremely high conductance.

A Schottky barrier carbon nanotube FET uses the non-ideal contact between a metal and a carbon nanotube to form a Schottky barrier that can be used to make extremely small Schottky diodes, transistors, and similar electronic devices with unique mechanical and electronic properties.

Schottky barriers can also be used to characterize a semiconductor. In the depletion region of the Schottky barrier, dopants remain ionized and give rise to a "space charge" which in turn give rise to a capacitance of the junction. The metal–semiconductor interface and the opposite boundary of the depleted area act like two capacitor plates, with the depletion region acting as a dielectric. By applying a voltage to the junction it is possible to vary the depletion width and vary the capacitance, used in capacitance voltage profiling. By analyzing the speed at which the capacitance responds to changes in voltage, it is possible to obtain information about dopants and other defects, a technique known as deep-level transient spectroscopy.

title: Schottky barrier


text:
St. Bartholomew's

St. Bartholomew’s or Barts may refer to:

 * St. Bartholomew's Church (disambiguation), the name of several churches

Hospitals

 * St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bristol, founded 1240
 * St Bartholomew's Hospital, City of London, founded 1123
 * St Bartholomew's Hospital, Rochester, founded 1078

Other uses

 * Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, a medical and dental school, part of Queen Mary University of London
 * St Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire, England

title: St. Bartholomew's


text:
Talk:International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations

I re-wrote the text, so it is now different from the one on the IFATCA website. It obviously based in the information from the website, otherwise I'd be making things up...


text:
Rottumerplaat

Rottumerplaat is one of the three islands that make up Rottum in the West Frisian Islands. The island is located in the North Sea off the Dutch coast. It is situated between the shoal Simonszand and the island Rottumeroog. Rottumerplaat started as a shoal in the 1830. It continued to grow into an island after 1950, when a stuifdijk, a wind-blown dike, was constructed by Rijkswaterstaat, because there were plans to use Rottumerplaat as a work island for the reclamation of the Wadden Sea.

In 1959, the Boschplaat merged with Rottumerplaat. Sediment deposition has caused the island to become significantly larger in recent years. Access to the island is prohibited since Rottumerplaat is a resting and forage area for numerous bird species. Rijkswaterstaat and Staatsbosbeheer are responsible for the administration of the island. Rottumerplaat is the northernmost point of the Netherlands.

Fauna
Rottumerplaat is a resting and forage area for sanderling, dunlin and Kentish plovers. Common eider, common shelduck, Arctic tern, common tern, little tern, Kentish plover, and ringed plover nest on the island. From 1996 the Sandwich tern nested on Rottumerplaat, but has since stopped doing so.

Godfried Bomans and Jan Wolkers
In 1971 writers Jan Wolkers and Godfried Bomans each spent a week on the island. Their only connection with the outside world was a short daily radio relay with VARA radio presenter Willem Ruis, who stayed at a hotel in nearby Warffum. The interviews were broadcast as a radio programme, Alone On An Island. For Godfried Bomans, the stay on the island was a disaster; he could not cope with the noise the many seagulls made and he was troubled by loneliness. Jan Wolkers however experienced his stay on the island as an adventure and kept himself alive by catching shrimps and eel, and boiling sea sandwort. He also rescued a young seal. Both authors published a book about their stay on the island.

title: Rottumerplaat


text:
Derby (horse race)

A derby is a type of horse race named after the Derby Stakes run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in England. That was in turn named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, who inaugurated the race in 1780. Perhaps the best-known example after the original is the Kentucky Derby in the United States.

Traditionally, the term "derby" is used strictly to refer to races restricted to three-year-olds, as the English and U.S. Triple Crown races all are. The most notable exceptions to this rule are the Hong Kong Derby and Singapore Derby, restricted to four-year-old Thoroughbreds, and the Canadian Pacing Derby, an annual harness race for "aged pacers" (Standardbreds) four years old and up.

In Scandinavian harness racing Derby is restricted to four-year-olds. Exception is the Finnhorse Derby, which is restricted to five-year-olds.

 * Other
 * American Classic Races
 * British Classic Races
 * French Classic Races
 * Thoroughbred horse racing
 * Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing

title: Derby (horse race)


text:
File talk:Gold Coast (from The Spit).jpg

I shouldn't have thought it was possible to take a beautiful picture of this, posssibly the unloveliest and saddest part of Australia. (I am sure that it was utterly beautiful in, say, 1910, or even 1950.) But you have managed to do wonders with it, Gaz. This is a clear candidate for BP. (Or whatever it's called now.) Tannin 11:35, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You are most kind! - Gaz 11:39, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The composition is really really good. A very fine pic, and I have approved it at featured pics candidates. I have one question though: I'd love to see the pic in a little better quality of compression (the resolution is fine). Have you got a better-quality version? Or are you saving those for selling? — Sverdrup 15:11, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I am conscious of the size of all images I upload. I usually try and compress them until they go under 100Kb. If you check, you will see that I gave up with Image:Glitz and Palm Trees.jpg as it made the sky look REALLY bad. As you have expressed an interest I will do a new version with less compression and upload it a little later. For the record, the originals of all my (recent) images are 2560x1920 lightly compressed JPEGs. - Gaz 04:09, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Just a touch more sharpening would be good. Not too much though! Tannin

OK, that is a bit too much, but for the purposes of illustration, try: .

No. That's too much. It's interesting to note how well the clouds resist artifact creation from the sharpening though. Let's trim it back a little. How about:

Better but still not quite right. That's plenty for the foreground, but the city needs a touch more - i.e., time to drag out Photoshop. If you can be bothered. I find it too difficult to learn and use. Not enough practice, I guess.

PS. Please remind me to delete my altered and hacked version of your images in a day or two. No point in cluttering up the database with them. Or, better yet, someone might remember to vote on your admin application and you can do it yourself. Tannin

 * OK, the new version is in place. Something I never mentioned, the only alterations I ever do to my images are cropping, rotation and the (very) occasional cloning out of nasties caught in the image. I never sharpen or blur images. I never lighten or darken images. The buildings in this image REALLY were in a blur. Soon I will upload another image taken on that day that has absolutely no encyclopedic value, it just looks perrrty. I will add it to my image gallery. PS, Tannin, I'm not offended that you modded my images. It's interesting what can be changed. (and thanks for the plug) - Gaz 07:14, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it's a matter of personal taste, of course, and it's probably safer to offer advice about a photographer's marriage, religion or choice of underwear than it is to comment on his post-shot reprocessing ... but I feel brave today. ;) If you are presenting a resized image (which is pretty much what you have to do here on the 'pedia - there is not much call for 2560 x 1920 illustrations on your average web-based encyclopedia entry - then you need to sharpen the result a little in order to overcome the inevitable side-effects of the resize operation. The way I see it, sharpening isn't "tinkering" with a formerly honest image, it's simply restoring it (as close as possible) to its original state. (In the case of this image, of course, only you can judge the appropriate amount, as you were the only one who saw the scene in real life.)

 * As a matter of detail, I don't like editing out nasties either, but I will do it if I'm really pushed and have no better alternative image. (Typically, this is because the bird flew off after my first shot and I haven't seen the damn thing since.) The most common of the nasties is the humble blowfly. They love flying right in front of the lens at awkard moments.) But I rotate, crop, sharpen, and adjust gamma anytime it seems like a good idea. For the 'pedia, I sharpen more than I would for myself alone, or for another venue such as the Bird Forum. The way I look at it, 'pedia pictures are something that the reader tends to glance at quickly to gain a first impression of the creature (or whatever other object), and so I aim to make pictures that look their best at first glance. Well, I probably under-do it a bit, but that's the idea. This applies, of course, mainly to thumbnails and taxobox pics, which is mostly all I contribute here. Larger images that load in their own windows, those I assume are more likely to be studied longer and harder, and it's appropriate to ease off on the sharpening a bit. But not too much, as the aim (IMO) is to provide hte same level of clarity that was present in the 2000-and-something pixel original.

 * (Excuse me rabbiting on. I'm supposed to be coding a web page on this Sunday afternoon, I'm a bit stuck on a tricky layout issue, and this is my excuse for not getting back to it.) Tannin 08:19, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * PS. I can see why you like [[media:Huddled.jpg|huddled]]. Very atmospheric. Tannin

Sorry about that. Hit the wrong link on my navigation popup. Unreverted. Kdau 19:29, 19 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Zuiderduintjes

Zuiderduintjes (Little Southern Dunes) is an uninhabited island in the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands. It is situated south of Rottumeroog, east of Rottumerplaat, and west of Borkum. The island is one of the three West Frisian Islands in the municipality of Het Hogeland and in the province of Groningen.

Zuiderduintjes is part of the nature reserve Rottum and access to the island is prohibited.

Geography

Zuiderduintjes is one of the West Frisian Islands in the Wadden Sea. It is located at 53.52222°N, 6.58889°W in the municipality of Eemsmond in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. It is situated off the coast of Groningen's mainland, south of the island of Rottumeroog, east of the island of Rottumerplaat, and southwest of the East Frisian island of Borkum.

It had a surface area of 57 ha in 1995 and 74 ha in 2007.

History
Zuiderduintjes was part of the island of Rottumeroog, but has separated from it around 1930 and has since moved further southeast.

Natural reserve
Zuiderduintjes is part of the nature reserve Rottum. Access to the island is prohibited since it is a resting and foraging area for birds and seals.

The island has a dune and salt marsh vegetation, and its plants include ''Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica, Sonchus arvensis var. maritimus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium rubrum, Matricaria maritima, Atriplex littoralis, Descurainia sophia, Artemisia maritima, Festuca rubra, Elytrigia maritima, Salicornia procumbens, and Suaeda maritima''.

title: Zuiderduintjes


text:
IDL (programming language)

IDL, short for Interactive Data Language, is a programming language used for data analysis. It is popular in particular areas of science, such as astronomy, atmospheric physics and medical imaging. IDL shares a common syntax with PV-Wave and originated from the same codebase, though the languages have subsequently diverged in detail. There are also free or costless implementations, such as GNU Data Language (GDL) and Fawlty Language (FL).

Overview
IDL is vectorized, numerical, and interactive, and is commonly used for interactive processing of large amounts of data (including image processing). The syntax includes many constructs from Fortran and some from C.

IDL originated from early VMS Fortran, and its syntax still shows its heritage: The findgen function in the above example returns a one-dimensional array of floating point numbers, with values equal to a series of integers starting at 0.

Note that the operation in the second line applies in a vectorized manner to the whole 100-element array created in the first line, analogous to the way general-purpose array programming languages (such as APL, J or K) would do it. This example contains a division by zero; IDL will report an arithmetic overflow, and store a NaN value in the corresponding element of the y array (the first one), but the other array elements will be finite. The NaN is excluded from the visualization generated by the plot command.

As with most other array programming languages, IDL is very fast at doing vector operations (sometimes as fast as a well-coded custom loop in Fortran or C) but quite slow if elements need processing individually. Hence part of the art of using IDL (or any other array programming language, for that matter) for numerically heavy computations is to make use of the built-in vector operations.

History
The predecessor versions of IDL were developed in the 1970s at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado at Boulder. At LASP, David Stern was involved in efforts to allow scientists to test hypotheses without employing programmers to write or modify individual applications. The first program in the evolutionary chain to IDL that Stern developed was named Rufus; it was a simple vector-oriented calculator that ran on the PDP-12. It accepted two-letter codes that specified an arithmetic operation, the input registers to serve as operands, and the destination register. A version of Rufus developed on the PDP-8 was the Mars Mariner Spectrum Editor (MMED). MMED was used by LASP scientists to interpret data from Mariner 7 and Mariner 9. Later, Stern wrote a program named SOL, which also ran on the PDP-8. Unlike its predecessors, it was a true programming language with a FORTRAN-like syntax. SOL was an array-oriented language with some primitive graphics capabilities.

Stern left LASP to found Research Systems Inc. (RSI) in 1977. The first RSI product was IDL for the PDP-11. In this release, the graphics supported by IDL were primarily Tektronix terminals and raster graphics displays. RSI sold its first IDL licenses to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in 1979. Two years later RSI released an initial VAX/VMS version of IDL, which was written in VAX MACRO and FORTRAN. It took advantage of the VAX virtual memory and 32-bit address space. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the University of Michigan, the University of Colorado, and the Naval Research Laboratory started to use IDL with this version.

In 1987 RSI shifted development work of IDL to the Unix environment, which required a complete re-write of the code in C rather than a port of the existing version of VAX IDL. Stern and Ali Bahrami rewrote IDL for Unix on the Sun 3, taking advantage of the re-write to extend and improve the language. Subsequently, IDL was further expanded and ported to several variants of Unix, VMS, Linux, Microsoft Windows (1992), and Mac OS (1994).

Widgets were added to IDL in 1992, providing event-driven programming with graphical user interfaces. In 1997 ION (IDL On the Net), a web server-based system, was commercially released. The first version of ENVI, an application for remote sensing multispectral and hyperspectral image analysis written in IDL, was released in 1994. ENVI was created, developed and owned by Better Solutions Consulting, LLC, until it was purchased from BSC in October 2000 by Eastman Kodak coincident with their purchase of RSI. RSI sold, marketed and supported ENVI under the terms of a license agreement with BSC, LLC from 1994 through October 2000. New object and pointer types, and limited object-oriented programming capabilities, were added to IDL in 1997.

IDL has been applied widely in space science, for example in solar physics. The European Space Agency used IDL to process almost all of the pictures of Halley's Comet taken by the Giotto spacecraft. The team repairing the Hubble Space Telescope used IDL to help them diagnose anomalies in the main mirror. In 1995, astronauts on board a Space Shuttle used IDL loaded on a laptop to study ultraviolet radiation. Currently, amongst other applications, IDL is being used for most of the analysis of the SECCHI part of the STEREO mission at NRL, USA, and at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK.

RSI became a wholly owned subsidiary of ITT Industries in March 2004. As of 15 May 2006, RSI began doing business as ITT Visual Information Solutions. Effective 31 October 2011, as a result of restructuring, that company became Exelis Visual Information Solutions. In 2015, IDL was purchased by Harris Geospatial Solutions which later became L3Harris Geospatial Solutions. In April 2023, IDL was acquired by NV5 Geospatial.

Features
As a computer language, IDL:
 * is dynamically typed.
 * has separate namespaces for variables, functions and procedures, but no namespace hierarchy.
 * was originally single threaded but now has many multi-threaded functions and procedures.
 * has all function arguments passed by reference; but see "problems", below.
 * has named parameters called keywords which are passed by reference.
 * provides named parameter inheritance in nested routine calls, by reference or value.
 * does not require variables to be predeclared.
 * provides COMMON block declarations and system variables to share global values among routines.
 * provides a basic form of object-oriented programming, somewhat similar to Smalltalk, along with operator overloading.
 * implements a persistent, global heap of pointer and object variables, using reference counting for garbage collection.
 * compiles to an interpreted, stack-based intermediate p-code (à la Java virtual machine).
 * provides a simple and efficient index slice syntax to extract data from large arrays.
 * provides various integer sizes, as well as single and double precision floating point real and complex numbers.
 * provides composite data types such as character strings, homogeneous-type arrays, lists, hash tables, and simple (non-hierarchical) record structures of mixed data types.

Problems
Some of these features, which make IDL very simple to use interactively, also cause difficulties when building large programs. The single namespace is particularly problematic; for example, language updates that include new built-in functions have on occasion invalidated large scientific libraries.

Arrays are passed by reference, and this mechanism is an advertised feature of the language to pass data back out of a subroutine – in contrast, array slices are copied before being passed, so that data modifications do not flow back into array ranges (after the subroutine exits), violating the principle of least surprise.

Many historical irregularities survive from the early heritage of the language, requiring individual workarounds by the programmer. As an example:

 * Array indexing and subroutine entry can both be carried out with exactly the same syntax (parentheses); this ambiguity, coupled with the single namespace for all variables and subroutines, can cause code to stop working when newly defined subroutines or language extensions conflict with local variable names. IDL programmers can avoid many of these problems by using square brackets for array indexing, thereby avoiding conflicts with function names which use parentheses.

The preceding issue can be alleviated using this compiler option:

COMPILE_OPT STRICTARR

ITT Visual Information Solutions (ITT VIS), the developers of IDL, have taken explicit steps to prevent bytecode compatibility with other environments. Files containing compiled routines use a binary tagged-data-structure format that has not been officially published but has been investigated and documented by users but also contain the following notice as ASCII text embedded within each saved file:

"IDL Save/Restore files embody unpublished proprietary information about the IDL program. Reverse engineering of this file is therefore forbidden under the terms of the IDL End User License Agreement (IDL EULA). All IDL users are required to read and agree to the terms of the IDL EULA at the time that they install IDL. Software that reads or writes files in the IDL Save/Restore format must have a license from NV5 Geospatial Solutions, Inc. explicitly granting the right to do so. In this case, the license will be included with the software for your inspection. Please report software that does not have such a license to your account manager or sales representative."

, the statement has not been tested in a court of law. Also, that provision of the IDL EULA has no effect in Australia, as a result of sections 47D and 47H of that country's Copyright Act.

Examples
The following graphics were created with IDL (source code included):

 * Image of random data plus trend, with best-fit line and different smoothings
 * Plots of delta-o-18 against age and depth (from EPICA and Vostok)
 * coyote IDL gallery examples of IDL imaging

title: IDL (programming language)


text:
Rottum

Rottum may refer to any of the following places:

 * Rottum (island group), a small group of islands in the Netherlands, part of the West Frisian Islands
 * Rottumeroog, a West Frisian island formerly called Rottum
 * Rottum, Groningen, a village in province of Groningen, in the Netherlands
 * Rottum, Friesland, a village in the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands
 * Steinhausen an der Rottum, a village in Germany, in the district Biberach, part of the Steinhausen municipality
 * Rottum (river), a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, running through the city of Laupheim

title: Rottum


text:
User talk:Kzhiwei

Hello! =)

I'm a conscript in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) while studying part-time for a degree at the Open University. I study Computer Science with Psychology.

Wikipedia is a huge store of information. It's interesting to browse a random page until I come across something of interest. Then I start reading and clicking links and time flies. =)

Wikipedia has assisted in me completing many of my projects on time, if it weren't for someone that I didn't know (and probably will never know) who added content to a topic, who knows I might've not gotten the grades I got. :)

title: User talk:Kzhiwei


text:
Beautiful Circle

Beautiful Circle is the second studio album by Australian country music singer Sara Storer. It was released in November 2002.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2003, the album was nominated for Best Country Album, losing to Golden Road by Keith Urban.

At the Country Music Awards of Australia in 2004, Storer received eight nominations and won seven awards, including Album of the Year and Female Vocalist of the Year.

Making of the album
It was recorded in the second half of 2002 with Garth Porter at the controls. The first single "Raining on the Plains" was written by Storer's brother Doug Storer who lives near Gulargambone, New South Wales on a property facing the Warrumbungles. Sara Storer and Garth Porter also received songwriting credits for the track. It was sung as a duet with John Williamson.

In January 2004, she recorded a DVD called "Stories to Tell" on a family property near Dubbo where she tells the stories behind her songs. It was released as a bonus to the album in April 2004 and was also available separately.

Promotion
"Raining on the Plains" reached number one on the country singles charts. Leading Australian radio presenter John Laws helped promote sales of the song by playing it repeatedly and she appeared on his Australia wide radio program. "These Hands" was also a successful single off the album.

Storer promoted the album with extensive touring with Australian country singer Troy Cassar-Daley and British singer Charlie Landsborough. One of the highlights in her touring was playing at the Gympie Muster in Gympie, Queensland where she played to an audience over 40,000.

Critical success
The Age newspaper in Melbourne gave the album a five star rating describing her as "a rare commodity". The UK publication Country Music People also gave her a five star review saying "As we lament the death of Slim Dusty, here is evidence that authentic, yet contemporary Australian bush country has not died with his passing."

Track listing

 * 1) "Tell These Hands"
 * 2) "Back Out Back"
 * 3) "Drovers' Call"
 * 4) "Beautiful Circle"
 * 5) "Night after Night"
 * 6) "Old Piece of Tin"
 * 7) "Raining on the Plains" (Duet with John Williamson)
 * 8) "Back on the Grader"
 * 9) "Sweet Dreams"
 * 10) "Kiss A Cowboy"
 * 11) "Kurrajong Tree"
 * 12) "Better Next Year"
 * 13) "Boss Driver's Pride"
 * 14) "Tell These Hands" (Reprise)
 * 15) "I'll Be Home Soon" (Duet with Travis Sinclair)

Weekly charts
Beautiful Circle peaked at No.50 on the ARIA Album chart in March 2004.

title: Beautiful Circle


text:
Talk:Tanaka Memorial

Pathetic wiki propaganda
Blaming it on the USSR or China with no references. Sigh, wiki really is a joke.-G —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.24.151.22 (talk) 19:12, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for your help、everyone. It became much better. What wonderful system Wikipedia is!! Kadzuwo 11:53、8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I started copy editing to improve the idiomatic English; someone might want to review whether the sense has been changed too much in a couple of places. I don't claim any expertise on the subject matter.

But I made the unfortunate mistake of looking at the 5 Web pages referred to、and then looking a little further. On both sides、they tend to be the sort of propaganda you find on Web pages、depressingly full of invective and void of content. Can nothing better be found? (I suppose the document really is a fake、based on the quotes from Kawakami—but 1932? Are there no recent sources? What was really said at the Tokyo trials?—as distinct from partisan paraphrases of what was said)

It's particularly not-comforting to see Tanaka-denial、as we may call it、linked voluntarily by its own advocates with Nanking denial、which is about as credible as Holocaust denial. Those wanting to make a case that's convincing to the rest of the world will have to try harder. Dandrake 23:46、Apr 5、2004 (UTC)
 * Holocuast/Nanking deniers and Zion/Tanaka proponents all fall into the same category. The former suffer from willful ignorance of evidences.  The later suffer from willful ignorance of the lack of evidences. :-) FWBOarticle

A note on my latest revision: "some conspiracy theorist" isn't really encyclopedic language、it seems to me. As long as we don't have good citations、we're stuck with weasel wording and passive voices. Actually、I don't see what's offensive or conspiracy-theoretical about the statement that the document didn't have to exist for its policies to be carried out; with respect to East Asia policy、there seems to be agreement that it didn't exist、and its policies were carried out. I may be missing something here. Dandrake 18:27、Aug 5、2004 (UTC)

 * Well、(1) Tanaka Memorial is a forgery. (2) Japan's intent for global domination is a conspiracy theory.  If you want to assert Japan's ambition to Asia、you don't need TM. The vast quantity of historical archives support this.  Only use of TM is to extend that to Japan's ambition for "global" domination、something which is not supported by historians.  Therefore、anyone who try to add credence to Tanaka Memorial is a conspirarcy theorists、something which the above mentioned sentence is aiming at.  Trying doing the same in Zion Protocol as in line of you don't need Protocol to show that Jew's intent for global domination given that "some" policy listed there are carried out. You will be immediately blanded as Anti Semite.  If you want NPOV、delete the whole issue about credibility of TM's implication about Japan's intent. It is a theory derived from forgery.  Leave it at that.  FWBOarticle

I have deleted external links - "These sites deny the authenticity of the documents.". The sites content is very sectarian. The claim that TM is forgery can be attributed to much authentic and impartial accademic level. Listing of such low quality links is more likely to help perception that TM is authentic. What I'm saying that to accredit the forgery claim to such low level source would be against NPOV of the site. I would suggest that someone find bit better external links.

 * This is very odd. Given that you've retained the pro-authenticity sites、are you telling us that these are not low quality?? In fact、encyclopedia.com、though its article is not very informative、is at least a respectable source、unlike any of the other ones that you've deleted or the ones that you've not deleted; it at least lets the reader confirm that dismissal of the document as a forgery is not an invention of some guy on Wikipedia but is actually a generally held position. I'm a bit mystified by all this. Dandrake 07:04、Aug 17、2004 (UTC)

 * Firstly、encyrcopedia.com is not an appropriate reference or external link. We might as well have encycropedia.com reference for every corresponding wikipedia article.
 * We might、but that would be pretty stupid when there are better references. In this case、however、it's the only one that anyone has found that isn't just junk. So my argument stands: it serves to show a new and entirely uninformed reader that the claim is not just somebody's imagination—claims too often are、on the Internet and even in Wikipedia. Your claim that it's pointless is useless. Dandrake 19:42、Aug 17、2004 (UTC)
 * It is totally pointless reference. Secondly、the dismissal argument can be、for example、refered to "International Military Tribunal for the Far East" where、for the fist time、the number of obvious factual contradiction in the TM has been pointed out.
 * Great! How soon can you put up a link to it? Dandrake 19:42、Aug 17、2004 (UTC) [More to follow; I need to check this in before doing a bit of research.]
 * Lastly、the other so called denial argument all appear to has Japanese nationalist propaganda. They all blame TM as Chinese propaganda which is not an established/definte historical fact.  One site has statement like "The conclusion (regard to Japanese Manchurian conquest) was peaceful and announced to the world.、Activity in Manchuria was opened to the all world peoples in this conclusion.".  Who ever put up these link appear to had intention of attributing the denial argument to Japanese historical revisionist which obviously help to descredit argument that TM is forgery. That、i do not think fit into NPOV policy of this site.
 * And your point is—? No one has questioned the removal of those junk referenceas from the article. I heartily disagree、however、with your idea that we should figure out the motives of the person who inserted the text、and decide that the motives must be bad、and decide that therefore we should delete the text. The fact that those references were junk is enough、without working out plots (almost conspiracy theories) of why they were put there. By the way、you can look at the History and find out who put those lines in、and when. You just might find out (I'll place a small bet) that they were inserted by someone who believed in them、a sort of Tanaka-denial、Nanking-denial nationalist.
 * As of the quality of people who assert that TM is not forgery、the main article already attribute such claim as consipiracy theory. So whether the site is high or low is pretty much irrelevant. FWBOarticle 12:20、17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * (As to the quality of thosae people、the article asserts that they're conspiracy theorists、which is quite unnecessary POV no matter what you say it is).
 * So anyway、why did you leave them in? Maybe to discredit the other side by showing that it publishes junk?
 * According to what you just said、people on the other side have put up bad arguments for your side in order to make your side look bad (to look like Japanese nationalists). Now you are leaving bad arguments for the other side instead of deleting them with the other junk. Is your idea that you'll make the other side look bad? In plain English、are you doing exactly the thing of which you accuse the other side?
 * When you get right down to it、what about the fact that nobody has yet produced a Web site that convincingly argues the case for forgery? That makes the case for forgery look bad! I don't say the document was real; just that the case looks bad to someone reading the article. You could fix that today: put up a good reference. Dandrake 20:14、Aug 17、2004 (UTC)
 * Let see. Firstly、the fact of TM's forgery is a well established fact.  So people who wish to claim some authenticity of TM fall into hisotrical revisionst、i.e. those who are willing to ignore or distort historical evidence for whatever political ideology they support.  Conecting the argument that TM is forgery to this type of group is wrong attribution.  Connectiong the argument that TM is authentic to this type of group is correct attribution.  However、if you don't like it、feel free to delet it.  I don't really care either way.  As of nobody produced a Web site that convincigly argue the case、that is because TM is quite minor forgery compared to the Protocol.  If you want to find convincing and offical proof for the forgery、feel free to go to library and find out the record of Tokyo War Crime Tribunal.  TM was submitted as an evidence for the charge that japan together with germany and italy conspired for the world conquest.  It was there that TM's credibility was blown. The case was well argued and presented.  I personally don't feel like wasting my precious time but you may need to do exactly that.   You may not be aware but information tend to be much more reliable and detalied outside the web.  Oh、and it appear that you somewhat appear to be hoping that TM is somewhat true or that there is some truth to TM's claim but being too smart to be ridiculued for being a historical revisionist、you aren't quite prepared to take such position.  Too bad.

Removed all the Web links except the one that is not simply partisan garbage. Removed harping on Protocols、which insults the intelligence of the reader by assuming that he doesn't know that old malicious nonsense tends to go on circulating forever; something on this point might be put back in、though. "Conspiracy theorists" is name-calling that (even if true) adds nothing whatever to the information value of the article. Dandrake 20:38、Aug 17、2004 (UTC)
 * Since you removed the counter argument、I will remove the original charge that TM is authentic which is also garbage. You can't have it either way. So Japan attempting global domination is no longer a consipraicy theory、is it?  Does this means it is a historical "theory" worthy of discussion by academic historian? Is Jew's attempt to global domination a consipraicy theory or a supposition in history?  I don't mind history.  I do mind if someone has some issue (hopefully not racial) which is thinly disguised as historical argument.  Attributing "TM=authentic" argument with anything other than consipracy theory or historical revisionist camp would be incorrect、IMO.  FWBOarticle 03:04、18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I beg your pardon? Exactly where did I remove the argument against the claims that the thing is authentic? I did remove pointers to the claims of authenticity; this is not exactly like removing an argument against them、is it? Or do you believe that calling it "conspiracy theory" is a counter argument? I have a different idea of what constitutes an argument—in the logical sense that is; if you prefer "argument" meaning "shouting match"、that would explain it. Dandrake 01:24、Aug 23、2004 (UTC)
 * Conspiracy argument: "Some conspiracy theorits state that、although the reality of the Tanaka Memorial is questionable、its stated policies were clearly carried out by the Japanese forces during the war one by one; it has even been said that the Tanaka Memorial didn't have to exist for its stated policies to have been carried out. "
 * Counter argument: "However、the same argument can be applied to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion."
 * You have sabotaged the counter argument on pretext of deleting mention of the Protocol. The counter argument clearly refer to the Protocol and the argument legitimating Jewish conspiracy based on the protocoal as false. You can restore it to the original or you can forget about the whole issue.  The current one only mention about the facts and it looks very neat.FWBOarticle 04:22、23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Chinese communist scholars in spring 2006 acknowledged Chinese propagandism to Japanese historians、which was widely broadcasted by media in Japan. If the "Tanaka Memorandum (Memorial)" did not exist as he said、"Japanese large-scale invasion plans"、is totally baseless、because it was the sole document that backed up the conspiracy theory. See below.

Director Jiang Li-feng、Institute of Japanese Studies、Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、speaking to Japanese historians visiting China in early 2006. "...I felt scolars in Japan must learn much more about Chinese history. For example、someone talked about Tanaka Memorandum earlier. But actually、it has increasingly become a mainstream opinion among Chinese historians to think that Tanaka Memorandum in fact did not exist. Do you have knowledge in Japan、about such achievement of ours in history research?"

POV
Stating that it is a forgery is too POV. There are still many people believing that it is NOT a forgery, even though evidence suggested that it is so. As two of the external links provided DID suggest that it is factual, the article should at least include such 'suggestions'. Also, some parts of the document is actually corresponding to true Japanese ideas, so the article is quite misleading. Herunar 10:08, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

In HK, many of us has brainwashed by Chinese History textbook in secondary school. At that age we do not know how to counter fight against forgery in the textbook. So many of us believing that it is NOT a forgery. That is true. However, It comes out the plenty of evidence that it is a forgery. Then it rightful and NPOV to claim it is a forgery whenever evidence is provided.

It does not matter whether Japan wish to invade China. It does not matter whether Japan did invaded China later. It does not matter even if Tanaka has this invasion in his mind. It is a forgery if the original text (should be Japanese) does not exist and has never been written. Any effort to prove that Tanaka has this invasion in his mind is completely misguided at best. --Kittyhawk2 (talk) 04:51, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Dissent
Cut from the page:

 * The Tanaka Memorial is now、according to excessively reliable documentors and historians、to be an authentic and sound political ambition.

 * And is testament of failed Japanese Imperialistic Expansionism.

Such comments need to include references、to those who hold the Memorial to be genuine. (Equally、it would be very good to have supporting references for the opinion that it is a forgery). Charles Matthews 08:52、16 January 2006 (UTC)

NOT forgery
The Tanaka Memorial is definitely NOT a forgery. Every Chinese History textbook mentions about the Tanaka Memorial in the second Sino-Japanese War section. Also、I've seen the Jap version of Tanaka Memorial in a video about the war. --- Mdwav 2:08、 12 Feb 2006 (UTC+8)

 * You need to find a very good、scholarly opinion on this. Then we can include that in the article. Charles Matthews 19:43、11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm、that say more about chinese history textbook than about japanese. :D FWBOarticle 20:09、11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've found the screenshot of Tenaka Memorial in the video produced by Taiwan、named 《一寸河山一寸血》. Screenshot

The video says: When the Tanaka Cabinet held the "Eastern Conference" in 1927、Tanaka confirmed the procedure of invading China. The highlighted words read "In order to take over the world、you need to take over China; In order to take over China、you need to take over Manchuria and Mongolia." I don't think the screenshot can be a forgery、since it was clearly printed material and Japan won't deliberately print it again after the war; China won't print it too because she has already reproduced the Chinese version to the Chinese people. The only explanation is Tanaka Memorial is indeed a real and genuine memorial. --- Mdwav 4:52、 12 Feb 2006 (UTC+8)

 * We need more than that、though. Charles Matthews 23:39、11 February 2006 (UTC)

To be more precise、it is true that many factions in japanese military especially within Kantougun did hold opinion that coquest of manchuria is a pretext of conquring China. And Quite few documents of this kind (i.e. let take over china) exists. Tanaka memorial is generally regarded as forgery of "addition" (of global conquest) and "misatribution" (to Tanaka). Given that it worked as propaganda、hat off to Chinese. ;P FWBOarticle 01:17、12 February 2006 (UTC)

OK、but should we add the screenshot to the article? --- Mdwav 19:41、 12 Feb 2006 (UTC+8)
 * I don't think it is a good idea. Wikipedia is not an archive.  Photo mostly serve decorative purpose to the main article.  What I can suggest is for you to create a separate artcile which is wikilinked to this page.  You can summarise or describe the screenshot in this separate article and add the link under "external link" section.  By the way、I read your profile. Interesting mix of Chinese nationalism and anti communism.  Do many people in HK think like that? FWBOarticle 12:27、12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope、not many people in HK are interested in politics. I desire my country to be reunified、but I'm also very frustrated with the nature of the chinese communists. I have always liked the Kuomintang more after studying Chinese History、lol. Mdwav 17:03、13 February 2006 (UTC+8)

Well if you think that it is a forgery、how do you explain this?
I was researching the life of the late Herbert W. Armstrong for a new media book when I came across your discussion here and a most interesting article published in February 1934 about the Tanaka Memorial: http://www.coghomeschool.org/site/cog_archives/plain_truth/1934/02%20February%201934.pdf.

This reference is to the pdf copy of the February 1934 edition of 'The Plain Truth' magazine、volume one、number one and this is what it says on the front page: "The amazing Tanaka Memorial recently discovered ..." So now we can move the date back to 1934. Not only that、but Herbert W. Armstrong in later life became great friends with many in the Japanese Diet、including prime ministers and he also had a relationship with the brother of the late Hirohito.

I believe that this entry moves the goal posts back quite a long way towards 1927. = JLRI、February 11、2006

Easiest way to check the authencity of the memorial is to do "find" with "山縣有朋" in text format. A dead guy can't attend a treaty negotiation. I re-worded reference to Chinese textbook. It states that the memorial is mentioned without clarifying it as a forgery. As I said、it says more about the nature of the current Communist policy than about Japanese national policy during WWII. FWBOarticle 23:25、12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * your link is broken, BTW. If it's my PC, I apologise. Ecth (talk) 23:56, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Link works fine on my mac over a year later. It was your PC.--BruceGrubb (talk) 06:50, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Link works fine on my PC --Friend2008 (talk) 21:11, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Compromised article
The main section of this article has become a poorly written cauldron of back-and-forth arguing. One side of it cites the jp wikipedia and the other a bunch of dead links. It is made of fail and needs rewriting to include cited opinions on the Memorial's authenticity or lack thereof. 213.243.160.224 12:02, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * agreed. Let's get editing! :) Ecth (talk) 23:26, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

References!
If anyone is reading this and has supplies one of the FIVE statements in the article then please cite references

Or better yet, replace them with reliable, well referenced statements, as I intend to when I can find any on the net (surprisingly difficult) Ecth (talk) 23:31, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Note for Editors
On January 1, 2008, a Japanese newspaper Tokyo Shimbun reported that a Chinese historian group admitted that this "Tanaka Memorial" had been lower reliability and suggested that the most of the Chinese historians regard the document as a forgery, in a collaborative research meeting held in September 2007. I don't understand why some users insistently edit this article and make an erroneous assertion. 220.219.92.222 (talk) 04:30, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

In this article, it claims forgery twice, but without source. If no source, these two sentences should be removed: "Almost all academic historians now regard the Memorial as a forgery." "However, most Japanese and western historians, contend that the document is a forgery."

"Note 11" cites page 8 of "Schecter : How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History 2002". This is a book published in 2002. It is not known how much weight the allegation on page 8 carries. It is not shown that Leona Schecter has another role other than the book author. If it merely relied on the Soviet spymaster Pavel Sudoplatov (as he mentioned in the Preface), it should be stated as such.

What "Tokyo Shimbun reported"  links to "The page you're looking for was not found " page of "Tokyoweb" Friend2008 (talk) 21:01, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Scientology
I rather think that the mention of Scientology on this page is utterly irrelevant to the article.

 * It's an example of the influence of the idea of the Tanaka Memorial persisting for decades... AnonMoos (talk) 09:04, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

I fail to see any relationship between the Tanaka Memorial and the "Tenyaka Memorial" other than a superficial phoenitic similiarity. If there is a relationship, it should be elaborated upon in the article, if not, the Hubbel references should be deleted. --MChew (talk) 21:32, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The relationship was an association of ideas in Hubbard's brain only; however, the "Tenyaka Memorial" is a moderately significant concept in the history of Scientology, and Hubbard clearly derived it from his remembering (or misremembering) of the Tanaka Memorial. AnonMoos (talk) 00:05, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

I removed this section because Hubbel's fantasy had nothing to do with the 1930s' China, Japan and the coming WW2. A proper way to deal with this issue is to put it in Hubbel's own entry. "Ron Hubbel believed that Blah Blah (possibly based on the Tanaka Memorial) was a secret group Blah Blah ..." -- Toytoy (talk) 23:44, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Comparison to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
This sentence has a vague antecedent; the reference does not at all support the idea that most scholars "rank" the Tanaka Memorial (whatever that means) between the one hoax and the Protocols. It doesn't even explain what it means for it to be ranked like that, and frankly I believe does not add anything to the article, so I am removing it again. TallNapoleon (talk) 17:27, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

"Memorial"?
The name seems rather odd to me. Is it typical in Japan for a planning document to be called a "memorial"? 24.214.230.66 (talk) 21:05, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I wondered the same. From its description in the article, it sounds more like a memorandum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.156.255.22 (talk) 07:37, 27 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Any update on this? The name really seems wrong. --Khajidha (talk) 00:37, 27 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The purported document is a "memorial" in the sense of a memorial to the throne (上奏文), which was indeed quite common for military documents in Imperial-era Japan, see for instance 近衛上奏文 (1945). You'd be right to be skeptical about its content and style which is bizarre for a memorial - because, as historians now agree, it's a hoax document. In any case the translation "Tanaka Memorial" had been used by English translations of this fake document since 1934, so historical texts follow this translation. Ceconhistorian (talk) 04:20, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

What to call it
Is is

 * a) The Tanaka Memorial
 * b) The "Tanaka Memorial"
 * c) The Tanaka Memorial

I would say that its apparent length suggests option b, but all are used in the article interchangeably, which cannot be correct.

2600:1004:B12C:C5D7:78AC:D0B0:2F22:3ED4 (talk) 23:10, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

Lead and "most scholars"
I added Iris Chang's report that Chinese textbooks took the memorial to be authentic but that John Dower concluded that "most scholars" did not. In order to test Dower's reliability, I did a search of Google Books for "Tanaka Memorial" HERE, and could not find any scholarly books based on research in Japanese or use of Japanese sources that found the memorial to be authentic. I may have missed one, but it is clear that Dower is being conservative in saying "most" scholars.ch (talk) 05:09, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

I'm not following the reasoning here...
"In 1939, Peter Fleming claimed to have produced an ‘update’ to the Tanaka Memorial, by writing an imaginary report on a secret Allied strategy conference attended by Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek, and having it leaked to the Japanese. This indicates that the Tanaka Memorial was known to be a forgery by the British prior to World War II." Just because a British writer came up with the idea of a false follow up to this document doesn't necessarily mean that he (or the British in general) considered the Tanaka Memorial to be false itself. --Khajidha (talk) 00:36, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree; the update claim doesn't “indicate” any such thing. Does anyone know what the source actually says? Does it make this claim/connection, or is that just an interpretation that has been added here?
 * Also, in what way was Fleming's document an “update”? He was making a report on an Allied conference, not Tanaka's. Xyl 54 (talk) 13:38, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

Scope
One problem with this article is that it focuses on the Tanaka Memorial being a forgery, and rather skates over the point that it accurately reflected Japanese thinking as regards China and the rest of east Asia at the time. Also, how far away from that thinking was the world domination aspect, (which it's suggested somewhere) was just an embellishment by the forger? By 1940 (before the Pacific war had even started) they had their Hakko Ichiu policy (“the eight corners of the world under one roof”); a fair indication of the breadth of their ambition. If, as is probable, the Tanaka Memorial was a statement of Japanese ambition in an easily digestible form by someone's Intelligence agency, how much of the "world domination" bit was an embellishment, and how much was sober fact? Xyl 54 (talk) 13:44, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

This statement in the article is meaningless:
"When the Allies searched for incriminating documents to support war crime charges following the surrender of Japan, no drafts or copies of anything corresponding to the Tanaka Memorial appeared among them; a Japanese language "original" has never been produced despite extensive research efforts." This proves or disproves nothing. If such a statement is going to be made in this article, it needs to add the elaboration that it is well-known and well-documented that, during the period between the emporer's speech of August 15, 1945, and the actual landing of American troops in mainland Japan about 10 days later, the Japanese government was furiously destroying documents related to the war. Even Japanese authors who were eyewitnesses have written about the "huge bonfires" of military-related papers and orders. If the Tanaka Memorial did exist -- as it or something very similar likely did -- it would be no surprise at all that every trace of it would have been burned in August 1945. The absence of an extant copy is almost to be expected, not any kind of evidence that it never existed!Starhistory22 (talk) 00:23, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

Roosevelt
Is there any evidence that he read this document? I noticed on Veterans Today article https://www.veteranstoday.com/2018/06/16/nanking-massacre-interview-with-arimasa-kubo-and-moteki-hiromichi-part-ii/ purports that Shoichi Watanabe made this claim:
 * “Before the US-Japan war, a false document called ‘Tanaka Memorial’ was written in China. This was a purported Japanese strategic planning document, in which Prime Minister Giichi Tanaka laid out for Emperor Hirohito a strategy to take over the world.
 * “President Roosevelt, senators and congressmen read this forgery, and believed the lie that Japan had a malicious intention to take over Asia and the world. That became a cause for the US-Japan war. It is said that after reading it, Roosevelt decided to defeat Japan entirely. Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking, a best seller in the USA, is the same.”

If Watanabe did write that, does any evidence exist to support this claim? 70.51.193.44 (talk) 17:54, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tanaka Memorial