text:
Consett

Consett is a town in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England, about 14 mi south-west of Newcastle upon Tyne. It had a population of 27,394 in 2001 and an estimate of 25,812 in 2019.

History
Consett sits high on the edge of the Pennines. Its name originates in the Old English Cunecesheafod (heafod means headland, the meaning of cunec is less clear but is thought to derive from a Brittonic word for "hill"), first recorded in the 13th century. In 1841, it was a village community of only 145, but it was about to become a boom town: below the ground were coking coal and blackband iron ore, and nearby was limestone. These three ingredients were needed for blast furnaces to produce iron and steel.

The town is perched on the steep eastern bank of the River Derwent and owes its origins to industrial development arising from lead mining in the area, together with the development of the steel industry in the Derwent Valley, which is said to have been initiated by immigrant German cutlers and sword-makers from Solingen, who settled in the village of Shotley Bridge during the 17th century.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Derwent Valley was the cradle of the British steel industry, helped by the easy availability of coal in the area and the import of high quality iron ore from Sweden via the port of Newcastle upon Tyne. However, after the invention of the Bessemer process in the 19th century, steel could be made from British iron ore (hitherto too heavily contaminated by phosphorus) and the Derwent Valley's geographical advantage was lost, allowing Sheffield to become the leading centre of the British steel industry.

Consett railway station opened in 1896. It remained open for passengers until 1955 and mineral trains continued to pass through the site until 1980 on their way to the steelworks. In November 2020, the Department for Transport approved funding for an initial feasibility study into restoring a rail link to the town.

Governance
Consett is part of the North West Durham Parliamentary Constituency, currently represented by Richard Holden of the Conservative Party since the 2019 general election. Before 1983, the town gave its name to its parliamentary constituency: Consett (UK Parliament constituency).

Consett was part of Derwentside District Council, which merged into the Durham County Council unitary authority on 1 April 2009. The Consett area is currently divided into four electoral divisions (Benfieldside; Consett North; Delves Lane and Consett South; and Leadgate and Medomsley), each electing two county councillors.

The town unlike most other towns and villages in County Durham is unparished and has no town council.

Consett was part of the constituency of North East England in the European Parliament until 2020.

Geography
Consett sits above the rural Derwent valley near the boundary of County Durham and Northumberland. The Derwent Reservoir just west of the town makes a popular leisure attraction and beauty spot.

At about 900 ft (270 metres) above sea level, Consett is the third highest market town in England and one of the highest towns in the United Kingdom. This makes Consett typically at least 2 °C colder than nearby cities such as Durham and Newcastle, and more prone to frost, ice and snow in the winter months.

Consett has amenities such as shops, pubs and night clubs that also serve several villages in its immediate surroundings, some such as Shotley Bridge and Blackhill contiguous and some not, for example Moorside and Castleside.

Economy
The Consett Iron Company was established in 1864 as a successor to the original Derwent Iron Company of 1840, when the first blast furnaces were introduced. Over the next 100 years, Consett became one of the world's most prominent steel-making towns, manufacturing the steel for Blackpool Tower and some of the UK's nuclear submarines.

Steel dominated Consett's economy for 140 years, with the steelworks' tall cooling towers and other large plant looming over rows of terraced houses. During the iron and steel era a pall of red dust hung over the town, consisting of airborne iron oxide from the steel-making plant. At its peak in the 1960s, the Consett steel works employed 6,000 workers. It was nationalised to become part of the large British Steel Corporation. Although there was intense competition in the 1970s from British firms and from abroad, Consett steelworks remained relatively successful and still profitable even in the year it closed. As the rolling mills were closed in the 1970s, despite local opposition, there were discussions over the future of the plant as a whole.

Steelworks closure
Consett steelworks had always avoided closure, even in difficult economic times, but in 1980 it was closed with the loss of 3,700 jobs and many more from the knock-on effects in ancillary industries. The unemployment rate in Consett became double the national average. A major plan to restructure steel-making in the UK saw light in the mid-1970s, based on concentrating it in five UK coastal locations, to allow easy import of raw materials and export of finished goods. BSC Consett was not one of the locations, despite being serviced by a well-established rail network, producing high-quality boron steel and being in profit in 1980, the year it was closed.

A deputation of steelworkers lobbied the government in London. The social impact of the decision was often characterised by many of the local people at the time as "The Murder of a Town". After closure of the steel works the town became one of the worst unemployment black spots in Britain. In 1981, it peaked at 36 per cent – one of the worst unemployment rates of any town in the United Kingdom and around three times the national average at the time. The closure marked the end of the Derwent Valley steel heritage, and the decline of Consett as an industrial town. Along with the closure of coal mines, it was also a first step in the decline of all heavy industry in the Derwent Valley.

The last steel ingot from the Consett ironworks was made into a cross and is kept at St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Blackhill.

Regeneration
Regeneration in the 1990s, through Project Genesis, went only some way towards repairing the damage done to the local economy by these closures. Unemployment came down to the national average, but this was partly due to outward migration and economic inactivity due to long-term illness, neither of which were included in the government statistics. In 2011 Durham County Council, which provides a lot of employment for local people, commenced a three-year plan to reduce its workforce by 1600.

Alongside the public sector, small and medium-sized businesses now provide jobs in the area. The Phileas Fogg Company (County Durham), with its factory in Consett, were mildly famous for a few years from 1988 for their snack food "Made in Medomsley Road, Consett" television adverts. It is now owned by KP Snacks (originally part of United Biscuits). The Explorer Group, based in Consett, is the United Kingdom's second-largest manufacturer of caravans. Elddis Transport Limited is based in the town.

Since 2000, there have been several new housing developments on the former steelworks site and surrounding areas. Derwentside College, formerly sited at Park Road, moved to a new campus at Berry Edge in September 2002 and more recently, major retailers have moved in and the site which once made steel for Blackpool Tower and Britain's nuclear submarines is now home to rival Tesco and Morrisons stores, a string of high street outlets and fast food restaurants.

New industrial units are also to be built on the former steel works site, after the Project Genesis Trust secured investment of £358,968 from the Rural Growth Network (RGN) to develop bespoke business premises and offices on part of the site. (The Project Genesis Trust is a body created to regenerate the former steelworks site).

The population soared to 39,000, higher than in the days of steel, and unemployment plummeted. In August 2015, only 420 people were receiving Jobseekers' Allowance, with an official unemployment rate of 1.7 per cent, markedly lower than the rest of County Durham. The wider claimant count of people on out-of-work benefits was 6.3 per cent, half the County Durham average, although it omits those receiving disability benefits, which will be a significant number, given the town's industrial legacy.

A large area formerly used by Shotley Bridge Hospital was sold to a property developer, which began to build a further 400 homes in 2013–2014. This development has now become the multi-award-winning Woodlands Estate. This has further aided Consett's recovery as a top commuter town due to its convenient location between Durham and Newcastle.

Along with the housing developments of the last few years (some still ongoing), there has also been major investment in local amenities, such as a £44-million sports complex in Medomsley Road, near the old sports facilities. This is shared with Consett Academy, which was given a brand new £5.7 million building.

In June 2020, the MP for North West Durham, Richard Holden, sponsored a bid to the Ideas Fund of the Department for Transport's Restoring Your Railway Fund, hoping to access up to £50,000 to cover the cost of an initial study into the feasibility of restoring a rail link between Consett and Blaydon. In November 2020 it was announced that the requested funds would be provided for such a study into reinstating a rail service between Consett and Newcastle, although it was unclear where the Consett terminus of such a rail link would be located and whether this study would focus on the former Derwent Valley Railway or also include the former route via Birtley.

Education
Consett's secondary school is Consett Academy. However, near to Consett in Lanchester is St Bede's Catholic School and Sixth Form College and in Stanley North Durham Academy, which along with Consett Academy is part of the New College Durham Academies Trust (NCDAT) managed by New College Durham.

Culture
Consett is home to the Empire Theatre, one of County Durham's oldest theatres. Recently refurbished, it stages variety acts, plays and a Christmas pantomime. It also screens films at times when there are no live performances.

Several pubs have taken names that reflect the town's steel-making past: The Works, The Company, and The Company Row. From Consett's bygone days as a steel town with a strong reliance on rail, next to where the main railway station used to be, is a club named the Station Club, now opposite a health centre. With views over the Derwent Valley, Consett is becoming a popular place to live for commuters from Durham and Tyne and Wear.

Salvation Army Band
Consett was the first in the world to have a Salvation Army Corps Band, formed in December 1879 to play on the streets at Christmas. The original four players were Edward Lennox and his bandsmen George Storey, James Simpson and Robert Greenwood.

Notable people
Alphabetical order within sections

Arts

 * Sheila Mackie (1928–2010), artist

Business

 * Rod Allen (1929–2007), advertising executive born in Consett
 * Deryck Maughan (born 1947), chairman of Salomon Brothers and vice-chairman of the New York Stock Exchange was born in Consett.
 * Bob Murray (born 1946), kitchen and bathroom magnate and former chairman of Sunderland AFC

Church

 * Christopher Lowson (born 1953), Anglican Bishop of Lincoln

Music

 * Ruth Copeland (born c. 1946), singer-songwriter, wrote songs for the soul star George Clinton.
 * Lorraine Crosby (born 1960), singer-songwriter, worked with Meat Loaf.
 * Graeme Danby (born 1962), opera singer born in the town,
 * Janet Graham (born 1948), composer and music therapist
 * Karen Harding (born 1991), singer born in Consett
 * Mitch Laddie (born 1990), blues guitarist, vocalist and songwriter
 * Freddie 'Fingers' Lee (1937–2014) singer, guitarist and pianist
 * Susan Maughan (born 1938), singer, who reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in 1962 with Bobby's Girl
 * Paddy McAloon (born 1957), founding member of the band Prefab Sprout.
 * Keith Strachan (born 1944 in Consett), composer and musical theatre director
 * Steve Thompson (born 1952), musician, songwriter and record producer born in Consett

Performance

 * Alun Armstrong (born 1946), actor, attended Consett Grammar School.
 * Rowan Atkinson, (born 1955), starred in the Blackadder and Mr. Bean comedy series. Atkinson was born to Eric Atkinson and Ella May, Anglican farmers in Consett.
 * Rebecca Calder (born 1981), actress
 * Lee Ridley (born 1980), comedian and winner of Britain's Got Talent 2018 as "Lost Voice Guy"
 * Denise Welch (born 1958), television star of Coronation Street, Soldier Soldier and Waterloo Road
 * Mak Wilson (born 1957), puppeteer

Politics

 * Alan Campbell (born 1957), Labour MP for Tynemouth and former Home Office Minister for Crime Reduction and Government Whip, was born in the town.
 * Darren Grimes (born 1993), political commentator
 * Mark Hewitson (1897–1973), trade union official and Labour MP
 * George John Smith (1862–1946), three times elected MP for Christchurch, New Zealand, was born in Consett.

Sports

 * Harry Ashby (1946–2010), professional golfer.
 * Arthur Bellamy (1942–2014), professional footballer with Burnley and Chesterfield
 * Mark Clattenburg (born 1975), professional football referee
 * Frank Clark (born 1943), footballer and football manager, played for Newcastle United in their Inter-Cities Fairs Cup-winning team in 1968–1969, then for Nottingham Forest under Brian Clough and Peter Taylor, winning a European Cup winner's medal in 1979. He is Vice Chair of the League Managers' Association.
 * Paul Collingwood (born 1976), England and Durham cricketer, born in Shotley Bridge
 * John Herdman (born 1975), head coach of the New Zealand women's national football team (2006–2011), Canada women's national soccer team (2011–2018), Canada men's national soccer team (2018 - 2023) and Toronto FC (since 2023)
 * Colin Hutchinson (1936–2017), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Russell Inglis (1936–1982), first-class cricketer for Durham County Cricket Club, born in Consett
 * Joe Joyce (born 1961), professional footballer, currently Academy Manager at Newcastle United
 * Michael Kay (born 1989), footballer for Tranmere Rovers
 * Joe Loughran (1915–1994), footballer for Birmingham City F.C., Luton Town F.C. etc., born in Consett
 * Bobby Lumley (1933–2017), footballer for Charlton Athletic F.C., Hartlepool United F.C. etc., born in Consett
 * Jackie Maltby (born 1939), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Kevin McCurley (1926–2000), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Paul McNally (born 1949), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Keith Morton (born 1934), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Bev Priestman (born 1986), coach of Canada women's national soccer team since 2020, led them to the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
 * John Robson (1950–2004), professional footballer for Derby County and Aston Villa
 * Jimmy Seed (born Blackhill, 1895–1966), professional footballer at Sunderland, Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield Wednesday, then manager of Charlton Athletic and Millwall
 * John Stirk (born 1955), professional footballer born in Consett
 * Mathew Tait (born 1986), England international and ex Newcastle Falcons Rugby Union player, born in Shotley Bridge and brought up in nearby Wolsingham
 * Barry Venison (born 1964), retired footballer and pundit

title: Consett


text:
Talk:Donald Foster

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Untitled
There needs to be a disambiguation page for Don Foster, but I don't know how to do it.

Most of the links refer to the British MP, but the link from William Shakespeare refers to a different person, an American writer and linguistic sleuth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JackofOz (talk • contribs) 01:37, 5 Mar 2004

 * That particular problem has now been fixed, but we probably ought to move both Don Foster and Donald Foster to different names, and put a disambig page at those names. Noel (talk) 07:38, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * They both redirect here now, and I've added an actor of the same name. Since both the politician and the professor are often known as Don, there's no reason to prefer one or the other at any form of the name, and professional disambiguation is more useful. --Michael Snow 23:22, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Donald Foster


text:
Metlink

Metlink was the marketing body and umbrella brand for public train, tram and bus transport operators in Melbourne, Australia. On 2 April 2012, the operations of Metlink were transferred to the newly created public transport planning and management authority, Public Transport Victoria.

History
In 1999, the public transport system in Melbourne was disaggregated and privatised. Immediately after privatisation, there was no active system-wide branding or marketing. As a result, branding, marketing and the provision of customer information became fragmented and disjointed.

In 2003, the Victorian Government and operators joined forces to create ‘Metlink’ which provided a single identity for Melbourne's public transport system. Metlink involved the provision of integrated signage, consumer information and advertising.

Responsibilities
Metlink was responsible for the promotion of travel by public transport. It published timetables, maps and guides, operated a multi-modal website, provided a journey planner, call centre, market research and data collection. Metlink also accepted and processed customer feedback, and tracked lost property.

As well as establishing a common brand for Melbourne's public transport network, the Metlink initiative was intended to better integrate information about train, tram and bus transport in Melbourne, and therefore provide passengers with better information about connecting services.

Following changes to the privatisation of Melbourne's public transport system in April 2004, the Metlink brand was transferred to a new company, Metlink Victoria Pty Ltd, the role of which was also to perform several minor functions previously performed by the State Government and the franchise operators. Metlink's ownership was then handed over to the two remaining major metropolitan operators - Yarra Trams and Connex Melbourne - the latter replaced by new train franchisee Metro Trains Melbourne in 2009. Representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line had input into Metlink, but they did not have a controlling interest.

Metlink also had responsibility for the Revenue Clearing House, the passenger information website (formerly Victrip), the 131 638 (131 MET) telephone information service, and the public transport information centre Met Shop on Swanston Street.

Branding
Metlink developed a master style guide for timetables, maps and other customer information, to complement the graphic design style of signage. The Metlink brand signage was implemented in 2003, with progressive replacement of the heterogeneous signage previously used by the various (some defunct) public transport operators at railway stations, tram and bus stops throughout Melbourne.

Under the Metlink branding system, railway station signage and timetables were colour-coded  Blue , tram stop signs and timetables were colour-coded  Green , and the bus network was colour-coded  Orange . Additionally, the regional train and coach network was colour-coded  Purple . This colour scheme has also been adopted by the successor public transport operator, Public Transport Victoria.

Marketing
Metlink also acted as a marketing entity for public transport, and released several television advertisements. However, this was not an exclusive arrangement, as a separate set of TV advertisements was produced by former train operator Connex (featuring Sheena Easton and a trainload of passengers singing her 1980 hit Morning Train (9 to 5)) during April and May 2004. In mid-2005 Connex launched another independent print and television advertising campaign, this time focusing on its safety initiatives, and featuring Humpty Dumpty. In 2006, Connex launched a TV campaign Don't Hold Others Back focusing on encouraging courtesy on the Melbourne Rail Network.

Metlink was also active in encouraging use of "value Metcards" (pre-purchased multi-trip and periodical tickets) and ran a humorous campaign promoting this called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring comedian Frank Woodley, to promote improvements in bus services and, following that, the "Take it Easy, Take the bus" campaign.

Viclink
Victoria's regional bus and rail services were brought under an associated brand to Metlink called Viclink. Related signage upgrades at regional railway stations began in October 2006, and were also rolled out for major regional city bus networks. The Viclink brand was subsumed by the new public transport umbrella organisation, Public Transport Victoria, on 2 April 2012.

Transport Integration Act
The prime transport-related statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010. The act established the Department of Transport as the integration agency for Victoria's transport system. The act also establishes and sets the charters of the State agencies charged with providing public transport rail services and managing network access for freight services, namely the former Director of Public Transport and V/Line. In addition, the act establishes VicTrack which owns the public rail network and associated infrastructure. Another important statute is the Rail Management Act 1996 which confers powers on rail operators and provides for an access scheme for the state's rail network.

Rail Safety Act
The safety of rail transport operations in Melbourne is regulated by the Rail Safety Act 2006 which applies to all commercial passenger operations. The Act establishes a framework containing safety duties for all rail industry participants and requires operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations. Accredited operators are also required to have a safety management system to guide their operations. Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the Rail Safety Act are contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983. The safety regulator for the rail system in Melbourne including trams is the Director, Transport Safety (trading as Transport Safety Victoria) whose office is established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

Ticketing and conduct
Ticketing requirements for trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are mainly contained in the Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006 and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual. Rules about safe and fair conduct on trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 and the Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.

title: Metlink


text:
User:Kpalion

About myself
I work as a business analyst, but privately I'm interested in so-called humanities, such as philosophy, history, linguistics, sociology, religion, politics, cuisine, etc., and this are the areas where I try to contribute to Wikipedia, mostly in Poland-related areas. I also maintain the Poland Portal and try to answer questions about Poland and Central Europe at the Humanities and Language reference desks. — Kpalion(talk)

Did you know...

 * ... that the painter Jan Matejko always depicted Stańczyk (pictured), Poland's most famous court jester, with a concerned and reflective look on his face?
 * ... that King Christian IV of Denmark was probably the most notable person in history to be afflicted with the hair disease known as Polish plait?
 * ... that girls in Poland wear red lingerie underneath their dresses during a studniówka (high school ball)?
 * ... that not all Polish names end in -ski?
 * ... that according to an old Polish legend, the sorcerer Pan Twardowski was the first man on the Moon?
 * ... that there are several theories about the origins of the name of Poland?
 * ... that the Polish cochineal (lifecycle pictured) gave its name to the color red and the month of June in most Slavic languages?
 * ... that the Banner of Poland, despite its 1000-year old history, is not officially considered a Polish national symbol?
 * ... that the Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland was originally intended only for usage on naval vessels in the presence of the commander-in-chief?
 * ... that the position of the President of the Republic is the only undisputed one in the Polish order of precedence?
 * ... that Józef Kowalczyk served longer in one country than any other apostolic nuncio?
 * ... that only one of the 114 registered museums in Poland is privately owned?
 * ... that popes awarded blessed swords and hats to defenders of Christendom, including at least 12 emperors, 10 kings of France, 7 kings of Poland, 6 kings of Spain, and the nation of Switzerland?
 * ... that the motto of a cookbook by Paul Tremo (pictured), a court chef to King Stanislaus Augustus of Poland, was, "Not everyone thinks, but everyone eats"?
 * ... that the Polish street food known as zapiekanka has been described both as "Polish pizza" and "a poor relative of its distant Italian cousin"?
 * ... that common hogweed was originally the main ingredient of borscht?
 * ... that Compendium ferculorum by Stanisław Czerniecki is the first cookbook written originally in Polish?
 * ... that in 2013, Poland became the world's largest producer of mead made according to traditional methods (example pictured)?
 * ... that Compendium ferculorum ("A Collection of Dishes"), the oldest cookbook in Polish, inspired the description of a traditional banquet in the Polish national epic?

pl:Wikipedysta:Kpalion

title: User:Kpalion


text:
DnaB

DnaB may refer to:
 * DNA helicase, an enzyme class
 * dnaB helicase, a bacterial enzyme

title: DnaB


text:
DnaC

dnaC is a loading factor that complexes with the C-terminus of helicase dnaB and inhibits it from unwinding the dsDNA at a replication fork. A dnaB and dnaC associate near the dnaA bound origin for each of the ssDNA. One dnaB-dnaC complex is oriented in the opposite direction to the other dnaB-dnaC complex due to the antiparallel nature of DNA. Because they are oriented in opposite directions, one dnaB-dnaC complex will complex with dnaA from the N-terminus of dnaB whereas the other dnaB-dnaC complex will complex with dnaA from the dnaC. After the assembly of dnaG onto the N-terminus of dnaB, dnaC is released and dnaB will be allowed to begin unwinding dsDNA to make room for DNA polymerase III to begin synthesizing the daughter strands.

This interaction of dnaC with dnaB requires the hydrolysis of ATP.

title: DnaC


text:
DnaG

DnaG is a bacterial DNA primase and is encoded by the dnaG gene. The enzyme DnaG, and any other DNA primase, synthesizes short strands of RNA known as oligonucleotides during DNA replication. These oligonucleotides are known as primers because they act as a starting point for DNA synthesis. DnaG catalyzes the synthesis of oligonucleotides that are 10 to 60 nucleotides (the fundamental unit of DNA and RNA) long, however most of the oligonucleotides synthesized are 11 nucleotides. These RNA oligonucleotides serve as primers, or starting points, for DNA synthesis by bacterial DNA polymerase III (Pol III). DnaG is important in bacterial DNA replication because DNA polymerase cannot initiate the synthesis of a DNA strand, but can only add nucleotides to a preexisting strand. DnaG synthesizes a single RNA primer at the origin of replication. This primer serves to prime leading strand DNA synthesis. For the other parental strand, the lagging strand, DnaG synthesizes an RNA primer every few kilobases (kb). These primers serve as substrates for the synthesis of Okazaki fragments.

In E. coli DnaG associates through noncovalent interactions with bacterial replicative helicase DnaB to perform its primase activity, with three DnaG primase proteins associating with each DnaB helicase to form the primosome. Primases tend to initiate synthesis at specific three nucleotide sequences on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates and for E. coli DnaG the sequence is 5'-CTG-3'.

DnaG contains three separate protein domains: a zinc binding domain, an RNA polymerase domain, and a DnaB helicase binding domain. There are several bacteria that use the DNA primase DnaG. A few organisms that have DnaG as their DNA primase are Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). E. coli DnaG has a molecular weight of 60 kilodaltons (kDa) and contains 581 amino acids.

Function

DnaG catalyzes the synthesis of oligonucleotides in five discrete steps: template binding, nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding, initiation, extension to form a primer, and primer transfer to DNA polymerase III. DnaG performs this catalysis near the replication fork that is formed by DnaB helicase during DNA replication. DnaG must be complexed with DnaB in order for it to catalyze the formation of the oligonucleotide primers.

The mechanism for primer synthesis by primases involves two NTP binding sites on the primase protein (DnaG). Prior to the binding of any NTPs to form the RNA primer, the ssDNA template sequence binds to DnaG. The ssDNA contains a three nucleotide recognition sequence that recruits NTPs based on Watson-Crick base pairing. After binding DNA, DnaG must bind two NTPs in order to generate an enzyme-DNA-NTP-NTP quaternary complex. The Michaelis constant's (km) for the NTPs vary depending on the primase and templates. The two NTP binding sites on DnaG are referred to as the initiation site and elongation site. The initiation site is the site at which the NTP to be incorporated at the 5' end of the primer binds. The elongation site binds the NTP that is added to the 3' end of the primer.

Once two nucleotides are bound to the primase, DnaG catalyzes the formation of a dinucleotide by forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis between the 3' hydroxyl of the nucleotide in the initiation site and the α-phosphate of the nucleotide in the elongation site. This reaction results in a dinucleotide and breaking of the bond between the α and β phosphorus, releasing pyrophosphate. This reaction is irreversible because the pyrophosphate that is formed is hydrolyzed into two inorganic phosphate molecules by the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase. This dinucleotide synthesis reaction is the same reaction as any other enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA or RNA (DNA Polymerase, RNA Polymerase), therefore DnaG must always synthesize oligonucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. In E. coli, primers begin with a triphosphate adenine-guanine (pppAG) dinucleotide at the 5' end.

In order for further elongation of the dinucleotide to occur, oligonucleotide must be moved so that the 3' NTP is transferred from the elongation site to the initiation site, allowing for another NTP to bind to the elongation site and attach to the 3' hydroxyl of the oligonucleotide. Once an oligonucleotide of appropriate length has been synthesized from the elongation step of primer synthesis, DnaG transfers the newly synthesized primer to DNA polymerase III for it to synthesize the DNA leading strand or Okazaki fragments for the lagging strand. The rate limiting step of the primer synthesis occurs after NTP binding but before or during dinucleotide synthesis.

Structure
The E. Coli DnaG primase is a 581 residue monomeric protein with three functional domains, according to proteolysis studies. There is an N-terminal Zinc-binding domain (residues 1–110) where a zinc ion is tetrahedrally coordinated between one histidine and three cysteine residues, which plays a role in recognizing sequence specific DNA binding sites. The central domain (residues 111–433) displays RNA polymerase activities, and is the site of RNA primer synthesis. The C-terminal domain (residues 434–581) is responsible for the noncovalent binding of DnaG to the DnaB helicase protein.

Zinc-Binding Domain

The zinc-binding domain, the domain responsible for recognizing sequence specific DNA binding sites, is conserved across all viral, bacteriophage, prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA primases. The primase zinc-binding domain is part of the subfamily of zinc-binding domains known as the zinc ribbon. Zinc ribbon domains are characterized by two β-hairpin loops which form the zinc-binding domain. Typically, zinc ribbon domains are thought to lack α-helices, distinguishing them from other zinc-binding domains. However, in 2000 DnaG's zinc-binding domain was crystallized from Bacillus stearothermophilus revealing that the domain consisted of a five stranded antiparallel β sheet adjacent to four α helices and a 310 helix on the c-terminal end of the domain.

The zinc-binding site of B. stearothermophilus consists of three cysteine residues, Cys40, Cys61, and Cys64, and one histidine residue, His43. Cys40 and His43 are located on the β-hairpin between the second and third β sheet. Cys61 is located on the fifth β sheet, and Cys64 is on the β-hairpin between the fourth and fifth β sheet. These four residues coordinate the zinc ion tetrahedrally. The zinc ion is thought to stabilize the loops between the second and third β sheet as well as the fourth and fifth β sheet. The domain is further stabilized by a number of hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic inner surface of the β sheet which is packed against the second and third α helices. The outer surface of the β sheet also has many conserved hydrophobic and basic residues. These residues are Lys30, Arg34, Lys46, Pro48, Lys56, Ile58, His60 and Phe62.

DNA Binding
It is thought that the function of the zinc binding domain is for sequence specific DNA recognition. DNA primases make RNA primers which are then used for DNA synthesis. The placement of the RNA primers is not random, suggesting that they are placed on specific DNA sequences. Indeed, other DNA primases have been shown to recognize triplet sequences; the specific sequence recognized by B. stearothermophilus has not yet been identified. It has been shown that if the cystine residues that coordinate the zinc ion are mutated, the DNA primase stops functioning. This indicates that the zinc-binding domain does play a role in sequence recognition. In addition, the hydrophobic surface of the β sheet, as well as the basic residues which are clustered primarily on one edge of the sheet, serve to attract single stranded DNA, further facilitating DNA binding.

Based on previous studies of DNA binding by DNA Primases, it is thought that DNA binds to the zinc-binding domain across the surface of the β sheet, with the three nucleotides binding across three strands of the β sheet. The positively charged residues in the sheet would be able to form contacts with the phosphates and the aromatic residues would form stacking interactions with the bases. This is the model of DNA binding by the ssDNA-binding domain of replication protein A (RPA). It is logical to assume that  B. stearothermophilus’  zinc-binding domain binds DNA in a similar manner, as the residues important for binding DNA in RPA occur in structurally equivalent positions in B. stearothermophilus.

RNA Polymerase Domain
As its name suggests, the RNA polymerase domain (RNAP) of DnaG is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primers on the single stranded DNA. In-vivo, DnaG is able to synthesis primer fragments of up to 60 nucleotides, but in-vivo primer fragments are limited to approximately 11 nucleotides. During the synthesis of the lagging strand DnaG synthesizes between 2000 and 3000 primers at a rate of one primer per-second.

RNAP domain of DnaG has three subdomains, the N-terminal domain, which has a mixed α and β fold, the central domain consisting of a 5 stranded β sheet and 6 α helices, and finally the C-terminal domain which is made up of a helical bundle consisting of 3 antiparallel α helices. The central domain is made up in part of the toprim fold, a fold that has been observed in many metal-binding phosphotransfer proteins. The central domain and the N-terminal domain form a shallow cleft, which makes up the active site of the RNA chain elongation in DnaG. The opening of the cleft is lined by several highly conserved basic residues: Arg146, Arg221, and Lys229. These residues are part of the electrostatically positive ridge of the N-terminal subdomain. It is this ridge that interacts with the ssDNA and helps guide it into the cleft, which consists of the metal binding center of the toprim motif on the central subdomain, and the conserved primase motifs of the N-terminal domain. The metal binding site of the toprim domain is where the primer is synthesized. The RNA:DNA duplex then exits through another basic depression.

C-Terminal Domain
Unlike both the zinc-binding domains, and the RNA polymerase domains, the C-terminal domains of DNA primases are not conserved. In prokaryotic primases, the only known function of this domain is to interact with the helicase, DnaB. Thus, this domain is called the helicase binding domain (HBD). The HBD of DnaG consists of two subdomains: a helical bundle, the C1 subdomain, and a helical hairpin, the C2 subdomain. For each of the two to three DnaG molecules that bind the DnaB hexamer, the C1 subdomains of the HBDs interact with DnaB at its N-terminal domains on the inner surface of the hexamer ring, while the C2 subdomains interact with the N-terminal domains on the outer surface of the hexamer.

Three residues in B. stearothermophilus DnaB have been identified as important for formation of the DnaB, DnaG interface. Those residues include Tyr88, Ile119, and Ile125. Tyr88 is close in proximity to, but does not make contact with, the HBD of DnaG. Mutation of Tyr88 inhibits the formation of the N-terminal domain helical bundle of DnaB, interrupting the contacts with the HBD of DnaG. The hexameric structure of DnaB is really a trimer of dimers. Both Ile119 and Ile125 are buried in the N-terminal domain dimer interface of DnaB and mutation of these residues inhibits formation of the hexameric structure and thus the interaction with DnaG. One other residue that has been identified as playing a crucial role in the interaction of DnaB and DnaG is Glu15. Mutation of Glu15 does not disrupt the formation of the DnaB, DnaG complex, but instead plays a role in modulating the length of primers synthesized by DnaG.

Inhibition of DnaG

Inhibitors of DNA primases are valuable compounds for the elucidation of biochemical pathways and key interactions, but they are also of interest as lead compounds to design drugs against bacterial diseases. Most of the compounds known to inhibit primases are nucleotide analogs such as AraATP (see Vidarabine) and 2-fluoro-AraATP. These compounds will often be used as substrates by the primase, but once incorporated synthesis or elongation can no longer occur. For example, E. coli DnaG will use 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (ddNTPs) as substrates, which act as chain terminators due to the lack of a 3' hydroxyl to form a phosphodiester bond with the next nucleotide.

The relatively small number of primase inhibitors likely reflects the inherent difficulty of primase assays rather than a lack of potential binding sites on the enzyme. The short length of products synthesized and the generally slow rate of the enzyme compared to other replication enzymes make developing high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches more difficult. Despite the difficulties, there are several known inhibitors of DnaG that are not NTP analogues. Doxorubicin and suramin are both DNA and NTP competitive inhibitors of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis DnaG. Suramin is also known to inhibit eukaryotic DNA primase by competing with GTP, so suramin is likely to inhibit DnaG via a similar mechanism.

title: DnaG


text:
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. It was discovered by Thomas Kornberg (son of Arthur Kornberg) and Malcolm Gefter in 1970. The complex has high processivity (i.e. the number of nucleotides added per binding event) and, specifically referring to the replication of the E.coli genome, works in conjunction with four other DNA polymerases (Pol I, Pol II, Pol IV, and Pol V). Being the primary holoenzyme involved in replication activity, the DNA Pol III holoenzyme also has proofreading capabilities that corrects replication mistakes by means of exonuclease activity reading 3'→5' and synthesizing 5'→3'. DNA Pol III is a component of the replisome, which is located at the replication fork.

Components
The replisome is composed of the following:
 * 2 DNA Pol III enzymes, each comprising α, ε and θ subunits. (It has been proven that there is a third copy of Pol III at the replisome. )
 * the α subunit (encoded by the dnaE gene) has the polymerase activity.
 * the ε subunit (dnaQ) has 3'→5' exonuclease activity.
 * the θ subunit (holE) stimulates the ε subunit's proofreading.
 * 2 β units (dnaN) which act as sliding DNA clamps, they keep the polymerase bound to the DNA.
 * 2 τ units (dnaX) which act to dimerize two of the core enzymes (α, ε, and θ subunits).
 * 1 γ unit (also dnaX) which acts as a clamp loader for the lagging strand Okazaki fragments, helping the two β subunits to form a unit and bind to DNA. The γ unit is made up of 5 γ subunits which include 3 γ subunits, 1 δ subunit (holA), and 1 δ' subunit (holB). The δ is involved in copying of the lagging strand.
 * Χ (holC) and Ψ (holD) which form a 1:1 complex and bind to γ or τ. X can also mediate the switch from RNA primer to DNA.

Activity
DNA polymerase III synthesizes base pairs at a rate of around 1000 nucleotides per second. DNA Pol III activity begins after strand separation at the origin of replication. Because DNA synthesis cannot start de novo, an RNA primer, complementary to part of the single-stranded DNA, is synthesized by primase (an RNA polymerase):

("!" for RNA, '"$" for DNA, "*" for polymerase)

>          * * * * ! ! ! !  _ _ _ _     _ _ _ _ | RNA   |   <--ribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone G U A U | Pol  |   <--RNA primer * * * * |_ _ _ _|  <--hydrogen bonding C A T A G C A T C C <--template ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ <--deoxyribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Addition onto 3'OH
As replication progresses and the replisome moves forward, DNA polymerase III arrives at the RNA primer and begins replicating the DNA, adding onto the 3'OH of the primer:

* * * * ! ! ! ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | DNA   |   <--deoxyribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone G U A U | Pol  |   <--RNA primer * * * * |_III_ _|  <--hydrogen bonding C A T A G C A T C C <--template ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ <--deoxyribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Synthesis of DNA
DNA polymerase III will then synthesize a continuous or discontinuous strand of DNA, depending if this is occurring on the leading or lagging strand (Okazaki fragment) of the DNA. DNA polymerase III has a high processivity and therefore, synthesizes DNA very quickly. This high processivity is due in part to the β-clamps that "hold" onto the DNA strands.

--->                    * * * * ! ! ! ! $ $ $ $ $ $ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _| DNA   |   <--deoxyribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone G U A U C G T A G G| Pol  |   <--RNA primer * * * * * * * * * *|_III_ _|  <--hydrogen bonding C A T A G C A T C C <--template ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ <--deoxyribose (sugar)-phosphate backbone $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Removal of primer
After replication of the desired region, the RNA primer is removed by DNA polymerase I via the process of nick translation. The removal of the RNA primer allows DNA ligase to ligate the DNA-DNA nick between the new fragment and the previous strand. DNA polymerase I & III, along with many other enzymes are all required for the high fidelity, high-processivity of DNA replication.

title: DNA polymerase III holoenzyme


text:
Talk:St. Johns River

Move to St. Johns River?
Both this article and the vast majority of the official Florida state web docs spell it "St. Johns River" -- "St." is not spelled out "Saint", and there is no possessive apostrophe. Can anyone who lives there verify? Catherine 01:46, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Very much agree with you. Change has been made. Official name is without apostrophe, and abbreviation St. is used by convention and is the standard Wikipedia usage too. -- Decumanus 22:25, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * For what it is worth, the USGS names the river "Saint Johns River" (see http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=162:3:2107129359454427199::NO::P3_FID:308105). A GNIS search for St. or St Johns River in Florida turns up no hits. Also, the USGS United States Board on Geographic Names "discourages" the use of periods, like St. Johns. Far be it from the feds to tell people how to spell placenames, I'm just pointing out the name as given on this page won't be found in a GNIS search. Perhaps a comment on the full spelling being "official" according to the USGS? Pfly 19:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, I'll just do it myself, this is a wiki after all! Pfly 19:47, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Your compromise wording, rather than an actual move, was well-thought-out.Unschool 19:52, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Only two major rivers flow north
Before it said only two rivers (period) flow north -- a very false statement.

http://www.ju.edu/tour/default.asp?page=17 mentions 'only two major'

http://www.geocities.com/loisnotlane/rivers.html -- look, a rivers that flow north website. Everything has a fandom.

Now myth is smashed with a reference but awkward wording. by jean-paul reid

DanielHolth 05:44, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've noticed lots of river pages with claims about north flowing rivers being rare, but this is the first one I've seen with a claim of being the longest north-flowing river in the US. I have to wonder where one finds such information, and how truly north-flowing a river must be to count (no river flows absolutely directly north).  Anyway, I began to compile a list of north-flowing rivers around the world to offer when I see claims of there being few such rivers.  There are lots.  And as for "longest north flowing river in the US" -- that URL mentioned above says there are only three, but I have found over 100 with pages on wikipedia in just an hour or two.  St. Johns River is 310 miles long?  The New River (West Virginia) is 320 miles long; the San Joaquin River is 330 miles; the Red River of the North is 545 miles (partially in Canada); the Powder River (Montana) is 375 miles; the Little Missouri River (North Dakota) is 560 miles; the Bighorn River is 461 miles; and there are others.. I've only compiled a partial list.

 * So I suggest changing the text to be "one of the longest north flowing rivers in the US", or providing a more rigorous definition. I'll make the change myself in a few days if no one complains.  It's all part of my Campaign to Address Questionable Superlatives on Wikipedia. :-)  Pfly 06:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Its been just about two years and the issue has not been resolved, i am changing it to pfly's suggestion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.104.32.27 (talk) 20:08, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Bridges in Jacksonville
Are the bridges that cross the river truly relevant to the article? If so, shouldn't all major bridges that cross the river be mentioned? Spahi 00:36, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

3rd Longest Navitable North-Flowing River in the World?
The article claims that the St Johns River is the third longest navitable north-flowing river in the world - after the Nile and the Amazon. Is 'navitable' a word? If 'navigable' is meant then is this so? The Amazon does not flow north. I suspect that Europe and Asia is full of north flowing rivers which would exceed the St Johns in terms of navigable length (the Lena, the Rhine, the Yensei for example).

Stubebart (talk) 08:54, 22 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I took it out, there are a dozen or so that are longer in Russia alone. Kmusser (talk) 15:45, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Saint John's River named after John the Baptist?
As a native Floridian, I have been taught that the river was named after John the Baptist, but I see no wikipedia reference to this, either in this article or in the article section about places named after John the Baptist.

Was I misinformed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.44.77.8 (talk) 13:34, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Article rewrite
So I rewrote the article, not sure if I will nominate it for FA, but I would like to get it a GA designation at least.

I am in contact with the St. Johns River Water Management District to get permissions to use some of their basin maps. I will also try to add a couple more pictures of the Lake George and Ocklawaha River.

I'll be listing this at WP:Peer review, but if anyone has any suggestions, please feel free to make them to improve the article. --Moni3 (talk) 16:20, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think the claim that the St. Johns River is one of the few North American rivers that flow north is accurate. For rivers in the US excluding Alaska, it seems accurate as you have rivers flowing west from the Rockies, east from the Appalachians, and south between the mountain systems, dominated by the Mississippi-Missouri system. In Canada, this isn't the case. While the rule in the west applies, in the east and in the centre, as a whole it doesn't. The East is dominated by the St. Lawrence River system; while the upper lakes go weast-east, the system definitely turns north. In the centre, many rivers flow east towards the Hudson Bay, but as you get closer to the Arctic Ocean, great rivers like the Yukon (located mostly in Alaska) and Mackenzie rivers flow north. Some rivers flow north to the Hudson Bay, too, such as the Red River of the North (partially in the US) and the Nelson River.  Maxim (talk)  16:24, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It is often cited to be so. I agree that it is not as unique perhaps as what has commonly been presented, but some very good sources have printed it. Thoughts? --Moni3 (talk) 16:38, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The idea that north flowing rivers are rare is a particularly persistent myth, you will find it printed in plenty of cases, but I wouldn't encourage it. Kmusser (talk) 16:49, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it's cited in Geology of Florida. Are you suggesting these writers are incorrect? Can you provide a source that refutes it? --Moni3 (talk) 16:51, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * (ec) Those are obviously wrong, then. In the contiguous US, this may be true, but in Canada, the two biggest rivers flow north. The sources seem to be somewhat US-centric to me. ;-)  Maxim (talk)  16:53, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * From the source: Most rivers and streams in the Northern Hemisphere tend to flow toward the equator; that is, level, homogeneous, structureless, massive sediments would not bias or force drainage away from that trend. The Earth's centrifugal force seems to account for this, and, indeed, north-flowing rivers are rare north of the equator, the most famous being the Nile in North Africa. (Randazzo and Jones, p. 12) I don't see what's obviously wrong. --Moni3 (talk) 16:58, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * That's weird... I believe that most important rule with bodies of water is that water flows down, so I doubt that it is rare. Outside the Nile and the bigger Canadian rivers, the Ob, Irtysh, Lena, Yenisei, (ie a very portion of Siberia -- the first Russian river that goes east that comes to my mind is the Amur, and that is relatively to the south, as it marks the border with China), and Amu and Syr Darya, all go north.  Maxim (talk)  17:07, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, they're wrong, I don't have a source saying they're wrong, but I can pull out an atlas and look at it and see that the idea that most North American rivers flow toward the equator is hogwash. Kmusser (talk) 17:20, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * If you have a source that refutes this one, then we should discuss how to incorporate information from both or multiple sources. An atlas perhaps will not answer the issues written by Randazzo and Jones, unless you scrutinize all north-flowing rivers to ascertain the surrounding topography to account for why they flow north, which would also need sources. Furthermore, Randazzo and Jones are saying rivers in the entire Northern Hemisphere tend to flow towards the equator, not just in North America. --Moni3 (talk) 17:25, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Temporarily leaving aside whether Randazzo and Jones are right or not, the claim in the article has been proven to be inaccurate as there many major river systems that flow north. This means that rivers joining the main river must flow north, too, and that means there are countless minor streams and rivulets that will flow north, too. For example, Lake Champlain drains into the St. Lawrence River, which means it goes north via the Richelieu River. In the case of Randazzo and Jones, they are making false assumptions by neglecting that water wants to go down, so the elevation -- and as a result, plate tectonics -- plays a larger role. If a mountain range goes east-west, the water flowing down on the north side must go somewhere, and if the gradient is bigger when going north, the water will choose the path of least resistance to go down, which is north.  Maxim (talk)  17:50, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * There are two instances this language appears in the article. The first is in the lead. Per a brief mention here North America can be changed to United States, which I don't mind doing. The other instance is in the 2nd paragraph of the Formation and hydrology section, cited to the above Randazzo and Jones. Common (yet inaccurate) knowledge when I was growing up was that the St. Johns was one of 3 rivers in the northern hemisphere that flowed north. I don't think Randazzo are neglecting topography. In fact, that's what they say: unless something stands in its way or redirects it, a river in the Northern Hemisphere will flow south. Because the source makes it quite clear, I will not change it until another source is provided that refutes it. I will look at some other books in my library over the next few days, but if you know a source that can be used, please provide it. --Moni3 (talk) 18:17, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The part - In fact, that's what they say: unless something stands in its way or redirects it, a river in the Northern Hemisphere will flow south. - might very well be true, but there is always the local topography in the way, I don't see where their assertion would have any real world application, or even any way to test it. What I'm saying is if you actually look at the number of rivers that flow north it becomes obvious that they aren't all that uncommon, unfortunately that's OR, so I can't exactly cite it. If you look at Europe or northern Asia the idea is even sillier as most of the major rivers flow north.Kmusser (talk) 18:43, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

I understand. I hope you do too that I'm going to stick with the only source I have, which is a pretty good one. To change it to what you like without sources would be original research. --Moni3 (talk) 18:46, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I suppose, I hate to leave things in that are demonstrably false with about 5 minutes of research. I went ahead and looked, grabbing the 100 longest rivers, deleting those in the southern hemisphere, I get 8 flowing west, 13 flowing east, 20 flowing south, and 20 flowing north. I know, Wikipedia is about verifiability, not truth.  Kmusser (talk) 19:26, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Give me a couple days to run this down. I have a very good library at my disposal and I'll see what other sources have to say. --Moni3 (talk) 19:37, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The only part that gets me is the line "The majority of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to flow south" which isn't right, and I'm not sure is really relevant to this article anyway. Kmusser (talk) 19:46, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Benke, Arthur C., ed., and Cushing, Colbert E., ed.; Carter, James L.; Resh, Vincent H. (2005). Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-088253-1 is a useful source for river information. The introduction to Chapter 18, "Mackenzie River Basin", mentions that the Mackenzie basin covers "an area larger than central Europe" and that the river "is the largest northerly flowing river in North America". It goes on to say that "the system includes a number of major rivers, including, from north to south, the Athabasca, Peace, Slave, Liard, Arctic Red, and Peel rivers, as well as the main-stem channel of the Mackenzie River." These quotes come from page 805. The book is 1144 pages long and might have other data that would be relevant here. It has a section, pp. 99–104, devoted to the St. Johns River. Finetooth (talk) 20:49, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * How did you know? I'm about to go look at that book in 2 minutes. --Moni3 (talk) 21:02, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I've added a crystal ball to my desktop. Finetooth (talk) 22:38, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The north-south coastal axis of the basin gives the St. Johns the distinction of being one of the few rivers on the North American continent that flows in a northerly direction. (Benke and Cushing, p. 100) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moni3 (talk • contribs)

I've noticed that this river is one of the most well-known and cited for being north-flowing and that such a thing is unusual for a river. I see I was arguing against it on this talk page four years ago! It seems so easy to disprove just by looking at an atlas. Further, the phrase "north flowing" is never defined in any of the sources I've seen which make the claim, making it impossible to even figure out which other rivers might be among the "few" others. The St. John River doesn't even flow due north, but a bit west of north. And that only if you smooth out all the meanders and the east-flowing mouth. Anyway, my point is that it is this river in particular that seems most often cited as only of the few north-flowing rivers in (the world/continent/USA/entirely within a state/whatever). There are plenty of (otherwise) reliable sources that say so, even though a few minutes of thought and some commonsense should make it clear that the claim is not only false--or at best poorly defined. A reliable source that contradicts the claim would be useful, but it seems to be a topic few geographers care to write about. Plus, the mythical rarity of north-flowing rivers seems particularly strong in America, even among otherwise reasonable people. And it is this river, the St. John, that seems to lead the pack on being widely cited in this way. I realize Wikipedia is about verifiability over truth and all, but what strikes me as notable here is not that the St. John River is one of the few north-flowing rivers of the US/continent/whatever,[1][2][3][4][5][6] but that the the river is so frequently said to be one of the few north-flowing rivers.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Perhaps some better way of phrasing the claim can be found, balancing WP:RS and WP:V with WP:COMMON? Maybe a few comments about how the claims are false and/or too poorly defined could be stated in a footnote, or would that run afoul of WP:OR? How does one balance WP:OR and WP:COMMON anyway? It seems to me that spending a few minutes looking at an atlas is hardly "research". For me I just have to think about local rivers--having grown up near the Niagara River and live now near the Duwamish River, Willamette River, Deschutes River, etc. I don't have to research it, just think about rivers around here. Benke and Cushing's book is mostly excellent, but they dropped the ball on this one, unless by "few" they mean "many hundreds". How many obvious counter-examples do we need to demonstrate an otherwise reliable source made a mistake? Anyway, for those of us who are frustrated by the persistent misinformation about north-flowing rivers, I'd suggest that it is this river, the St. Johns, that is mostly frequently cited in this way. If there it is possible to find a decent solution for Wikipedia on this common "myth" about rivers, this page might be the best place to start. My above suggestion of "..many sources say it is one of the few north-flowing.." is obviously not very well worded, but perhaps something in that vein could work? Pfly (talk) 16:38, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I certainly sympathise with Pfly. That is to say: "The north-south coastal axis of the basin gives the St. Johns the distinction of being one of the few rivers on the North American continent that flows in a northerly direction," means that the authors don't consider Canada or the upper Midwest to be parts of North America. To be more reasonable: The Mississippi River drainage basin goes South. The Rio Grande goes Southeast, and the Colorado River flows Southwest. But water in the Nelson and Churchill drainage basins flows North into Hudson Bay, the Mackenzie River flows North into the Arctic Ocean, the Yukon River flows Northwest into the Bering Sea, and the Great Lakes / St. Lawrence River flow East into the Atlantic.

 * I think that we can handle the spirit of the law with common sense, and the letter of the law with a drainage basin map like this as a source.

 * I like that Pfly brings up the common quotation as a rare north-flowing river. If this is a common misconception and something in popular knowledge, it might be good to bring up as, "The St. Johns River is commonly cited as a rare North-flowing river in North America,[REF] though in fact many North American Rivers drain North into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean.[REF]." Would this be acceptable to all? Awickert (talk) 18:33, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Ah, crap. I'm tired of dealing with this. What about putting a footnote in Upper basin, where it describes the river flowing north, to say that it is often cited as a rare instance of a river flowing north? Or something. If not, just get the gun and shoot the article. --Moni3 (talk) 18:49, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Heh, sorry Moni3, I didn't mean to drive you to pageslaughter! Pfly (talk) 01:09, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think that would be an agreeable compromise - Considering Pfly's point - because the belief that north flowing rivers are rare and it is easily citable if you don't address it in some way it will keep being added back in and that it is a common belief may itself be notable and worth mentioning, but I think some counter point that it is not actually true is needed. Kmusser (talk) 19:04, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'll do that pending a short wait to check for consensus. Awickert (talk) 21:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * OK - finally did it. I'd be happy to make this a footnote instead, as it is sort of an aside, but I don't know how to give footnotes references. Awickert (talk) 05:18, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

The Bad Penny
The text in the article (Section Upper basin) reads: The river is frequently cited as being a rare north-flowing river in North America,[9][10] though in fact most of Canada and parts of the United States also drain north.[11][12]

Something like this should be placed in a note. Citation 11 links to here where "St. Johns" or "north" (lower case, used in direction, not proper name) does not appear. What passage is being cited in this document? Similarly, citation 12--what is being cited? It would appear these sources cite the fragment "though in fact most of Canada and parts of the United States also drain north". If so, that's not relevant to the St. Johns River.

After writing this article and returning to the same frustrating point, my thoughts about the issue are that a) the sources I use don't narrowly define what a northern flowing river is: the St. Johns is a N/S axis river. Is this what they mean? How many N/S axis rivers are there in North America that flow north? b) nobody knows what the hell anyone is talking about, or c) the entire argument is stupid and who really cares anyway?

At any rate, something this vague and wtf? needs to go to a footnote. If Awickert can point out what source info is being used in these citations, I might be able to construct one. --Moni3 (talk) 22:50, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * My opinion is the same as it was earlier - I think the entire sentence should be deleted. Refs 11 and 12 are an attempt to cite the fact that north-flowing rivers are not rare, but I agree that it reads clumsily and neither really makes that point clearly - it's difficult to cite something for a negative statement. There are several hundred N/S axis rivers in the U.S. Every once in awhile someone will attempt to list them all, but they always get deleted (here and here). Kmusser (talk) 02:27, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Stingrays
The existing source in the article is incorrect. The stingrays in the St. John's River are Atlantic stingrays, not southern stingrays. Here are just a few of the sources that support this:. Some of these are scientific sources and thus more reliable on the subject. -- Yzx (talk) 20:39, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. Thank you for the sources. I will change out the one listed for a more accurate one. --Moni3 (talk) 20:41, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Source for river comment?
I started to delete the statement, ''The majority of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to flow south towards the equator, probably caused by the force of the Earth's rotation. The St. Johns River is a notable exception,'' referenced to Benke. The equator [Earth's rotation (added 14:41, 16 March 2010 (UTC), accidentally wrote "equator" instead last night)] statement is horribly wrong (see edit comment), and I'm not so sure about the majority of NH rivers statement either: Mississippi/Missouri, Ganges-Brahmaputra, and Indus do, but the Lena, Nile, Churchill, and Mackenzie flow North, the Yukon flows North and West, and the Yellow flows squiggly and East. I'm deleting the whole thing for the moment (as per its being wrong), but I'd like to know what the source says in case we need to worry about its reliability in general, and/or get sources that don't make silly speculations. Awickert (talk) 06:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * This is discussed further up on this page. I could demonstrate that "The majority of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to flow south" is a false statement with about 5 minutes of OR, but can't source it, probably for the same reason I'd have trouble sourcing "water is wet", but there you go. Kmusser (talk) 14:23, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's the unfortunate and frustrating thing: nobody writes the obvious to disprove those who write the absurd :-(. Anyway, it's gone right now and will stay that way unless someone decides otherwise. Sorry for not looking at the earlier discussion and thanks for pointing it out; I was trying to burn through a review of this page and another one late last night. Awickert (talk) 14:39, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Few more notes from St._Johns_River
Each is signed for compartmentalized discussion. Awickert (talk) 06:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * As ocean water retreated: Do we know when? Last glacial maximum? Awickert (talk) 06:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I removed the dates and geologic time-periods of the offset, because these didn't line up. Does anyone have the source to double-check these? Awickert (talk) 06:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * "Trough created by Pangean rifting" --> I imagine that since these are earthquakes, this is continued activity along faults. (This is the case in New England, at least.) Awickert (talk) 06:44, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Awickert, I appreciate the time you took to look at the article. Since I struggle with geology, yet still find it interesting, some of the changes you made don't make sense to me. I don't understand why you removed some portions, such as What covers the peninsula is the result of simultaneous processes of deposits of sands, shells, and coral, and erosion from water and weather. As ocean water has retreated and progressed, the peninsula has been covered with sea water at least seven times. Waves compressed sands, calcium carbonate, and shells into limestone; at the ocean's edge, beach ridges were created by this depositional forming. That makes sense to me.

 * I also don't understand why The majority of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to flow south towards the equator, probably caused by the force of the Earth's rotation. The St. Johns River is a notable exception. was removed because it is cited twice from two excellent sources. Can you provide a source that states otherwise? This was discussed further up the page.

 * I don't understand why  has a long backwater, would have an effect on tides in the river. I find geology to be frustrating because it is often written completely in specific jargon making it inaccessible and the entire picture of the river incomplete. I was trying to avoid that in this article. Perhaps I oversimplified or otherwise stated something inaccurately in my attempts to make it understandable. Is there a way we can make it accurate yet still accessible? --Moni3 (talk) 12:11, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Mmmm... ok. The first one is the easiest to answer: I removed it because I couldn't tell when it happened / where in the story it should go, and wanted to discuss it with you (as we're doing now, yippee). In particular, I didn't know when the stated erosion would have occurred, or when the different inundations would have happened. Normal waves are only about 1-2 meters high, and their pressure can't squash a human body (which is fortunate!), let alone compress hard shells and sands. I think that what you are actually trying to describe is a reef environment, in which the organisms create limestone immediately (no extra lithification necessary); would this be correct? In any case, what I want geology sections to be like when I am done is a sort of chronological story that is generally accessible, and I couldn't make sense of the one that was here.

 * For the rivers flowing south, I find it frustrating when what may be otherwise reliable sources say really dumb things and mislead readers. Because of Earth's rotation, the equatorial region is actually much higher in elevation than the rest of the planet. Imagine spinning a water balloon: it gets fat around the middle. We know that river always flow down potential gradient: that is, from areas that have high gravitational potential energy to those that have low. That is always (AFAIK) simply downhill, but if we're try to talk about the whole Earth and its rotation, we have to talk about the gravitational potential field, which is higher around the equator. Thus, if anything, rivers will be induced to flow north from the equator. But wait: there's more! Since all of the land masses are distorted into shape along this equatorial bulge (this being why the mountain furthest from the center of the Earth is in Ecuador), then rivers near the equator will not start lower. They will start comparably above a equipotential surface as their polar counterparts, and there will be therefore no difference between these rivers.

 * I hope that made sense. I could provide references to show parts of that (I double-checked the physics in some just now), but would probably have to WP:SYN some things together because the standard issue is that nobody who knows what they're talking about would even think to mention or rebut an argument that the Earth's rotation causes streams in one hemisphere to flow towards the equator (this is the other issue: if it's rotation, Southern rivers should flow predominantly North, and I don't think that the facts bear that out).

 * I have not tried to look for a source to say that the majority of Northern Hemisphere rivers flow south. That could be the case, though it would probably be an extremely weak signal in a lot of noise (see examples of major rivers flowing in different directions above). This would have to do with the positions and topographies of the continents. It seemed speculative and didn't feel safe sourcing it to the same people who had made a major physics error, so I removed it.

 * Tides: I clearly didn't get this point across. What I was trying to write (and upon looking again, still think that I said) was that the tides rather have an effect on the river because of its long backwater caused by its shallow slope. The idea is that since the entire elevation drop of the river isn't that much greater than the daily tides, much of it will pool up and then flow quickly as the tides come in and go out. How would you say this? Awickert (talk) 15:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

What the section used to say:

What it says now:

Most significant changes:
 * The formation of the Florida peninsula was removed making the paragraph so simplistic as to be nearly meaningless. It excludes discussion of what calcium carbonate comes from: depositional forming of sand, shells, and coral pressed by the weight of ocean water. There is no mention of limestone that was created by deposits of calcium carbonate and erosion by weather.
 * There is no opening or topic sentence.
 * Most references to geologic periods are removed.

I do not know why these changes were made. They are sourced and are clearly pertinent to the topic. If they are inaccurate or should be reworded, then let's figure out how to reword them. Please provide your reasons (hopefully with a source) that says why these changes should remain in the article. As it stands now, this section is not FA quality and should be remedied. I apologize for taking so long to get back to this. I'm trying to take small steps to return to regular editing. --Moni3 (talk) 13:21, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, the former looked and reads much better. Ouch... - The Bushranger Return fire Flank speed 16:55, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
While undoubtably an environmental calamity, the section discussing the Cross Florida Barge Canal seems, to me at least, to have verbiage that goes a bit over the top for an encyclopedia article. Thoughts? - The Bushranger (talk) 07:34, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * "The most egregious" sounds a little too strong. The rest of the section could use some prose work too. So if you're willing to take the time, please go ahead! Awickert (talk) 07:46, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Why does "the most egregious" sound a little too strong? It has a note attached to it saying it was "probably the single most dangerous threat to the water resources of the state in the twentieth century". Governor Claude Kirk and President Richard Nixon both opposed the canal with Nixon finally putting a halt to construction in 1971. A Reader's Digest article in 1970 brought nationwide attention to it in an article titled "Rape of the Ocklawaha". The canal never had any solid justification to be constructed other than porkbarrel politics.

 * You don't like the word egregious, although it is justified? Pick another word that conveys how serious and foolhardy the construction of the canal was. It's almost as if the word "egregious" in your thesaurus has next to it. That's all that needs to be done, yet the NPOV tag stays on the article. --Moni3 (talk) 19:56, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Pardon. The way I write, impacts are large, and effects are egregious. It's subtle. I didn't put the NPOV tag there, incidentally, and don't have a large opinion on it (hence "a little"). Since The Bushranger hasn't done anything, I'll remove it and work on the rest of the section. Awickert (talk) 20:22, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * A question about one sentence: "Flood control was the primary impetus behind its construction, though the broader reasoning and feasibility of the project remained unclear." (I reworded it, hope you think it's an OK way to say it.) This has no explicit source, and it would be nice to be able to give specific examples of what in the feasibility study, etc., was the problem. Awickert (talk) 20:33, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Average < Minimum?
I'm trying to understand how the average discharge of the river could be less that the minimum discharge of the river. - Jlodman (talk) 17:21, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you going on the infobox only? It's explained in the Flow rates and water quality section. Is that unclear? Infoboxes demand simple numbers when sometimes it's just not simple. I dislike infoboxes for that reason. --Moni3 (talk) 00:52, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Heh, good catch. The source cited says "total flow in the river is comprised of about 80%-90% tide-induced flow", and that "total discharge of the river is normally greater than 50,000 cfs and can exceed 150,000 cfs... The average annual nontidal discharge at the river mouth is approximately 15,000 cfs." So it doesn't exactly make sense to me for the minimum discharge to be put as 50,000 cfs--that figure is what the discharge is "normally greater than". Also, these figures are pretty vague. Perhaps it would be better to use USGS stream gage data? The gage closest to the river's mouth that has discharge statistics seems to be 02246500 St. Johns River at Jacksonville, FL. It gives the average/mean discharge as 8,603 cfs, the maximum as 120,000, and the minimum as -69,200 cfs. The negative figure is "reverse flow", due to tides. There's a similar negative discharge minimum stat on the Columbia Slough page (an FA article--it has a short little discharge subsection explaining things a little more). Discharge stats for tidally influenced rivers can be pretty weird. I was going to be bold and use the USGS figures instead, but Moni3 posted just before I was going to and gave me pause. So I'll just ask: wouldn't it be better to use the USGS figures? If nothing else they are more up to date. Pfly (talk) 01:26, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I've never seen this stream gage data. I'm all in for the night, so I can't make any sense of it. If there are obvious weaknesses, then we should discuss how to make the article as accurate as possible, but the source used for the Flow rate paragraph is from NOAA so I'm not ready to toss it out. Let me take a look at it tomorrow when I'm clearer. --Moni3 (talk) 01:32, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmm, yea, it's nice that it's NOAA, and about the flow at the mouth itself. If I'm reading the page right the source for the discharge estimates is this paper, published by the NOAA and citing a 1985 NOAA report for the discharge info: "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1985. National Estuarine Inventory, Data Atlas. Volume 1, Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics. National Ocean Service. Rockville, MD." It looks like the NOAA data is still actively compiled and available, and probably more current, but probably in GIS format. This NOAA page describes what seems to be the same basic data collection cited in the USGS paper. It's interesting that the page says NOAA gets "freshwater inflow" data from USGS stream gages and "tidal range and tidal prism volume" from NOS tide stations. I can't quite figure out right now whether the USGS stream gage or the NOAA estuarine inventory data would be most appropriate. The topic gets complicated fast. There are a few Wikipedia pages that help (sort of): tidal range, tidal prism, Inflow (hydrology), Discharge (hydrology), and Streamflow. Anyway, my sense is that the USGS stream gage data might be more appropriate than the NOAA estuarine data, but I'm not an expert on this topic (just weirdly fascinated). If nothing else the infobox's minimum of 50,000 cfs doesn't seem right, even according to the NOAA source. Also, despite my babbling, please feel free to brush all this aside as unnecessary, time-consuming, trivial, and arcane. The infobox's min field could just be left blank and all would be fine. Pfly (talk) 04:59, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I read the section on flow rates and it offers nothing of any value to understand how the infobox average can be less than the minimum. It is apparent from reading that section that the 50,000 figure quoted as the minimum is in fact not a minimum at all. It is a number that apparently refers to the maximum of a non-rain condition plus maximum tidal effects. In any case, the infobox is clearly in error on this point.Jlodman (talk) 06:13, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Infobox move
This article presently uses a sub-template to hold its infobox contents. This makes it more difficult to keep the article and infobox in sync, and it's not much of a maintainability gain considering that the infobox is only ~3k or so. I reckon it should be moved back in here. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward: not at work) - talk 13:49, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't understand how it's difficult to maintain the infobox. It's quite easy actually. If anything should be done to the infobox, it should be removed entirely. --Moni3 (talk) 11:43, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Unit conversion error
It is stated in the article that "the St. Johns has a very slow flow rate at a third of a mile an hour (0.2 km/h)". One of the two figures must be wrong : a third of a mile is in fact 0.5 km. However, either 1/3 mile is false, either 0.2 km. 130.92.9.55 (talk) 17:54, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

File:Capture of USS Columbine2.jpg
This is a pretty bad image. I can't see what it is (even when expanded to 350 px, which it should not be), and as it stands currently, probably should not be in a featured article. Tony, can you find a replacement of better quality?

Also, placing this image in the same section where the map is sandwiches the text, squeezing it together, which should be avoided, and which I would be told to fix immediately during FAC. Do you have a suggestion about how to fix this? --Moni3 (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

After a few days and no reply, I'm going to maintain the FA quality of this article and remove the image. --Moni3 (talk) 13:47, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Propose adding mention of National Research Council reports on St. Johns River?
A series of reports from the United States National Research Council review a St. Johns River Water Management District study of the possible ecological impacts of using the St. Johns River as a source of public water. The report can be found here: http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Review-Johns-River/13314

Could we add some text on this? How about:

 * The St. Johns River is under consideration as an additional water source to meet growing public water needs. In 2008, the river's Water Management District undertook a Water Supply Impact Study of the proposed water withdrawals and asked the National Research Council to review science aspects of the study as it progressed. This resulted in a series of four reports that assessed the impact of water withdrawal on river level and flow, reviewed potential impacts on wetland ecosystems, and presented overall perspectives on the Water Management District study . The National Research Council found that, overall, the District performed a competent job in relating predicted environmental responses, including their magnitude and general degree of uncertainty, to the proposed range of water withdrawals. However, the report noted that the District’s final report should acknowledge such critical issues as include future sea-level rises, population growth, and urban development. Although the District predicted that changes in water management would increase water levels and flows that exceed the proposed surface water withdrawals, these predictions have have high uncertainties.
 * The report also noted concerns about the District's conclusion that the water withdrawals will have few deleterious ecological effects. This conclusion was based on the model findings that increased flows from upper basin projects and from changes in land use (increases in impervious areas) largely compensated for the impacts of water withdrawals on water flows and levels. Although the upper basin projects are positive insofar as they will return land to the basin (and water to the river), the same cannot be said about increased urban runoff, the poor quality of which is well-known.

I'd welcome any feedback. Earlgrey101 (talk) 22:35, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

TFAR
Today's featured article/requests/St. Johns River --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:23, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:St. Johns River


text:
User talk:Dpbsmith/prescription2

Note: this article is derived from my article at http://world.std.com/~dpbsmith/prescription/prescription.html. The version at that location is copyright ©1998 by Daniel P. B. Smith, all rights reserved. The version I have contributed here is licensed by the author under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright. Dpbsmith 01:50, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dpbsmith/prescription2


text:
Jennifer Wyatt

Jennifer Noel Wyatt (born December 10, 1965) is a Canadian professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour.

Wyatt was born in Vancouver, British Columbia and starting playing golf at an early age in Richmond, British Columbia out of the Quilchena Golf & Country Club In 1983 she was the medalist at the 1983 Women's Western Junior Golf Championship and in 1984 she was the British Columbia Junior champion and ranked as the second best junior golfer in Canada. From 1985–1987, she was the number one ranked player in Canada. In 1987, she was a member of the gold-medal winning team at the Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand. She attended Lamar University on a full scholarship and played on the Lamar golf team in the NCAA for five years before graduating in 1988 with a degree in Graphic Design.

Wyatt joined the LPGA Tour in 1989 after qualifying on her first try, and played on tour until 1998. During her 10 years on tour she won one tournament, made US$372,471, and was the ranked the 7th best putter in 1996 and the 4th best in sand saves in the same year.

In the off-season, she competed on the ALPG Tour (Australian Ladies Professional Golf Tour) from 1988 to 1995. She had one win on the ALPG tour and nine top-10 finishes in her eight seasons on the tour. Her career low round in tournament play is a 66 at the 1991 Orix Hawaiian Ladies Open at Ko Olina Golf Club in Kapolei, Hawaii.

She has worked as a broadcast commentator for both CBC Sports and CTV Sports during televised golf events.

In 2003, she finished in first place in the 2003 BMO Financial Group Canadian Women's Tour Order of Merit.

ALPG Tour wins (1)

 * 1991 Heart Health Women's Open

Other wins (7)

 * 2001 BC PGA Women's Championship
 * 2002 BC PGA Women's Championship
 * 2004 BC PGA Women's Championship
 * 2005 BC PGA Women's Championship
 * 2006 BC PGA Women's Championship
 * 2009 BC PGA Women's Championship, Washington State Women's Open

title: Jennifer Wyatt


text:
User talk:Dwindrim~enwiki/Archives

2004 February Archive - 2004 February - 2004 April 10 Archive - 2004 April Archive - 2004 May Archive - 2004 June Archive -2004 July Archive - 2004 August Archive - 2004 December Archive

title: User talk:Dwindrim~enwiki/Archives


text:
Talk:Speech (disambiguation)

disambiguation page
I think this article might be better as a disambiguation page. This would help to direct traffic to people who are either interested in the public speaking and related aspects of speech, and those who are interested in the academic study of speech itself (acoustics, speech production, speech perception, speech pathology, etc.). dzou 02:58, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speech (disambiguation)