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East Bay Regional Park District

The East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) is a special district operating in Alameda County and Contra Costa County, California, within the East Bay area of the San Francisco Bay Area. It maintains and operates a system of regional parks which is the largest urban regional park district in the United States. The administrative office is located in Oakland.

As of 2020, EBRPD spans 124,909 acre with 73 parks and over 1,330 mi of trails. Some of these parks are wilderness areas; others include a variety of visitor attractions, with opportunities for swimming, boating and camping. The trails are frequently used for non-motorized transportation such as biking, hiking, and horse riding. More than 200 mi of paved trails (identified as Interpark Regional Trails) through urban areas link the parks together.

History
A destructive grass fire that broke out in Wildcat Canyon blew west into Berkeley on September 17, 1923, and burned down 640 structures, mostly homes. The East Bay Water Company was harshly criticized for its failure to deliver enough water to successfully fight the fire. Much of the problem arose from having a system of small private water companies who obtained water either from their own wells or from runoff, then pumped the water to the water companies' wells, Chabot and Temescal. A state law was passed that enabled citizens of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties to create a special district that could obtain water from the Mokelumne River and pump it directly to customers. The East Bay Municipal District (EBMUD) was formed and approved by the electorate.

In 1930 the Olmsted Brothers and Ansel F. Hall created a "Report on proposed park reservations for East Bay cities, California" The EBRPD was founded in 1934, and acquired its first land two years later, when the East Bay Municipal Utility District sold 2166 acre of its surplus land. The founders of the district included Robert Sibley, a hiking enthusiast, Hollis Thompson, then Berkeley City Manager, and Charles Lee Tilden, among others. William Penn Mott Jr. served as director of the agency from 1962 to 1967, and oversaw a doubling of the system's acreage from 10,500 to 22,000.

In June 2013, EBRPD purchased a 1900 acre tract of land formerly known as Roddy Ranch in east Contra Costa County. The tract lies south of Antioch and west of Brentwood. The cost was reported as $14.24 million. Funding will also be provided by California Wildlife Conservation Board and an unidentified private foundation. The acquisition does not include Roddy Ranch Golf Club or about 240 acres of privately owned land inside the project boundary. The East Contra Costa County Habitat Conservancy will install gates, fencing and signs around the tract in the coming year, while the sale is in escrow. The new area will likely be named Deer Valley Regional Park.

In 2016, Vargas Plateau Regional Park in Fremont was the first park ever to have been shut down as the result of legal action in the more than 80-year history of EBRPD. During 2014, EBRPD cut park hours on a temporary and interim basis to reduce public access to Mission Peak in Fremont, using a media strategy designed by political consultant George Manross.

2020 California Wildfires
The parks in the East Bay Regional Park District were badly affected by the various lightning complex fires plaguing the Bay Area in August 2020. The fires enveloped the Bay Area in a layer of smoke and forced the closures of many national parks within the Bay Area including all parks in the East Bay Regional Parks District.

Notable parks
The parks administered by the EBRPD vary greatly in size and character. Particularly notable are the string of parks along the Berkeley Hills above and east of both Berkeley and Oakland, including Wildcat Canyon Regional Park, Tilden Regional Park, Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve, and Redwood Regional Park.

There are also bay shore parks such as the Point Pinole Regional Shoreline north of Richmond, the Coyote Hills Regional Park near Fremont, the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline on San Leandro Bay, and the Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline south of the Oakland International Airport.

The district also includes a former farm, a former coal mine, an extinct volcano, and one of the biggest dog-walking parks in the country. Redwood Regional Park contains the largest remaining natural stand of coast redwood in the East Bay.

District parks

 * Anthony Chabot Regional Park
 * Antioch/Oakley Regional Shoreline
 * Ardenwood Historic Farm
 * Big Break Regional Shoreline
 * Bishop Ranch Regional Preserve
 * Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve
 * Briones Regional Park
 * Brooks Island Regional Preserve
 * Browns Island Regional Shoreline
 * Brushy Peak Regional Preserve
 * Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline
 * Castle Rock Regional Recreational Area
 * Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve
 * Contra Loma Regional Park
 * Coyote Hills Regional Park
 * Crockett Hills Regional Park
 * Crown Memorial State Beach (California state park operated by EBRPD)
 * Cull Canyon Regional Recreation Area
 * Del Valle Regional Park
 * Diablo Foothills Regional Park
 * Don Castro Regional Recreation Area
 * Dry Creek Pioneer Regional Park
 * Dublin Hills Regional Park
 * Eastshore State Park (California state park operated by EBRPD)
 * Five Canyons Open Space
 * Garin Regional Park
 * Hayward Regional Shoreline
 * Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve
 * Judge John Sutter Regional Shoreline
 * Kennedy Grove Regional Recreation Area
 * Lake Chabot Regional Park
 * Las Trampas Regional Wilderness
 * Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve
 * Little Hills Picnic Ranch
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Shoreline
 * Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline
 * Mission Peak Regional Preserve
 * Morgan Territory Regional Preserve
 * Ohlone Wilderness
 * Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline
 * Pleasanton Ridge
 * Point Isabel Regional Shoreline
 * Point Pinole Regional Shoreline
 * Quarry Lakes Regional Recreation Area
 * Radke Martinez Regional Shoreline
 * Redwood Regional Park
 * Ridgelands Regional Park (in development)
 * Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
 * Roberts Regional Recreation Area
 * Round Valley Regional Preserve
 * Shadow Cliffs Regional Park
 * Sobrante Ridge Regional Preserve
 * Sunol Regional Wilderness
 * Sycamore Valley Regional Open Space Preserve
 * Tassajara Creek Regional Park
 * Temescal Regional Recreational Area
 * Tilden Regional Park
 * Vargas Plateau Regional Park (reopened May 15, 2017)
 * Vasco Caves Regional Preserve
 * Waterbird Regional Preserve
 * Wildcat Canyon Regional Park

Interpark Regional Trails
Interpark Regional Trails connect various Regional Parks. Their routes may take them through other parks, along creeks and channels, or even down streets and sidewalks in urbanized areas. The list below does not include trails that exist inside single parks.

 * Alameda Creek Regional Trail
 * Bay Area Ridge Trail
 * Briones to Las Trampas Regional Trail
 * Calaveras Ridge Trail
 * California Riding and Hiking Trail
 * Contra Costa Canal Regional Trail
 * Delta de Anza Regional Trail
 * Iron Horse Regional Trail
 * Lafayette-Moraga Regional Trail
 * Las Trampas to Mount Diablo Trail
 * Marsh Creek Regional Trail
 * Ohlone Wilderness Trail
 * Old Moraga Ranch Trail
 * San Francisco Bay Trail
 * Tassajara Creek/Ridge Trail
 * Wildcat Creek Trail

Vargas Plateau Regional Park
Around 1995, EBRPD acquired 1200 acre of the Vargas Plateau in Fremont, with 1.5 mi of the Bay Area Ridge Trail and 3 mi of other trails. Subsequently, park use was pushed back. As of 2007, the opening was expected by 2010. In 2010, EBRPD directors were expecting it would open soon. In 2011, EBRPD put the start in 2012. As of January 2015, EBRPD pointed to late 2015; while as of May 2015, the district pointed to spring 2016.

A 2012 settlement agreement between EBRPD and the owners of two large nearby ranches required the construction of improvements to park access roads. EBRPD and the city of Fremont agreed in 2013 to undertake them jointly, using $260,000 of funding by EBRPD and performed by the city. The park opened on May 5, 2016.

However, the park was closed by a court-issued preliminary injunction on July 13, 2016. The court found that the park district "did not complete the improvements required by the settlement agreement prior to opening," which had "very specific road widening requirements." The order applied to access by motor vehicles, as well as to access by non-motorized users for hiking, bicycling and horse riding, with immediate effect. "The park could remain closed for months or years," until the improvements are completed.

On May 2, 2017, EBRPD announced that it had settled the lawsuit, and that the park would reopen on May 15, 2017. EBRPD said that it agreed to construct a paved shoulder along Vargas Road, and a vehicle turnaround on the upper part of Morrison Canyon Road. It also announced that the City of Fremont had agreed to contribute part of the necessary funds.

Open space (land banks)
One quarter of the District is designated as "land banks," with no public access. The conversion of that open space to public use as regional parks has no fixed time line, and may span decades. Some parcels may never be converted.

Doolan Canyon tracts
Early in March 2019, EBRPD announced that it had finalized the purchase of 160 acres in unincorporated Contra Costa County, from the Grove family. Funding of $1.24 million was provided by Measure WW. The parcel is about 3 miles northwest of Livermore, and is bounded on the south by the proposed Doolan Canyon Regional Preserve. The other sides are bounded by private ranches and farmland. A park spokesman said that the parcel, "... will protect the upper reaches of Doolan Canyon for 'habitat protection, open space preservation, and potential recreational opportunities.'"

According to Sciacca's article, EBRPD had already purchased 640 acres adjacent to the Grove tract with funding from Altamont County (Altamont Landfill Open Space Landfill Fund, the City of Livermore, East Bay Community Foundation and Measure WW The price was $6.4 million.

EBRPD says that the Doolan Canyon area is habitat for the endangered species Alameda whip snake and red-legged frog. It also supports other "special status" species and some rare alkali soil plants.

The parcel will remain in land bank status until a land-use plan is written and approved. Making it into a park will require environmental assessments and community input, which could take many years, according to EBRPD. Meanwhile, EBRPD's holdings are known as Doolan Canyon Regional Preserve

Suncrest Homes/Antioch Holdings LLC property
EBRPD acquired a 50 acre hillside in Antioch, between Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve and Contra Loma Regional Park, and bought 80 acresnear Byron Vernon Pools Regional Preserve for $520,000. The 50-acre hillside, valued at $3.5 million, was donated to EBRPD by Suncrest Homes and Antioch Holdings LLC, a Suncrest land-holding subsidiary. The Byron tract is being purchased through the East Contra Costa County Habitat Conservancy, a joint-powers authority created by the county, Brentwood. Oakley, Pittsburg and Next Era Energy.

Hanson Hills property
EBRPD announced in September 2016 that it had finalized the purchase of 76 acres of ranch land east of Mount Diablo, near Antioch and Brentwood. The tract was identified only as the Hanson Hills property, which had previously been bought by the Save Mount Diablo conservation group. EBRPD reported that it had paid $730,000 for this property, which it intends to include in the Deer Valley Regional Park. The East Contra Costa County Habitat Conservancy contributed $547,000 to the purchase, and the remainder was supplied from the regional park Measure WW bonds approved by East Bay voters. Deer Valley Regional Park remains in Land Bank status and is closed to the public.

Roddy Ranch parcel
In 2013, EBRPD began acquiring Roddy Ranch a 1900 acre additional tract in east Contra Costa County. The new acquisition will create a nearly continuous offer zone of undeveloped land in eastern Contra Costa County from Black Diamond Mines Regional Park to Marsh Creek.

Dainty Ranch parcel
In 2013, EBRPD announced plans to acquire 1000 acre of grazing land southwest of the Roddy Ranch tract for $5 million. It will provide hiking and recreation services, and protect habitat for rare species such as the California red-legged frog. The combined Dainty and Roddy tracts will form the future Deer Valley Regional Park near Antioch and Brentwood.

James Ball Dainty, a rancher and coal miner, acquired Dainty Ranch in 1872.

Mollar Ranch parcel
Antioch Unified School District agreed to sell a 192-acre tract known as Mollar Ranch to EBRPD. The tract adjoins the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve on Somerville Road in Antioch, California. EBRPD plans to use the property to create a northern entrance to the preserve. The price agreed upon is $305,000. Funding is expected to come from the California Wildlife Protection Act and East Bay Regional Parks Measure WW funds.

Wildcat Canyon addition
EBRPD announced on February 17, 2014, that it had acquired 362 acres of woodland on the east side of Wildcat Canyon Regional Park, which will be added to the existing park. The property is hilly with a mixture of laurels, oaks and native grasses. Fauna include mountain lions, coyotes, deer and hawks. The property had been owned by a developer who had intended to build 36 houses on it, before the recent collapse of real estate prices.

Eddie's Flat acquisition (Brushy Peak Regional Preserve)
On April 3, 2014, two conservation groups, Center for Biological Diversity and the Alameda Creek Alliance, announced the acquisition of  a 79 acre land parcel known as "Eddie's Flat, adjacent to the western boundary of Brushy Peak Regional Preserve.

Public safety and support organization
The district maintains a police department and a fire department.

A volunteer organization that supports the work of EBRPD, the Regional Parks Foundation raises funds for the improvement of the parks. The EBRPD is a member of the Bay Area Open Space Council.

Lifeguards
East Bay Lifeguards can work at eleven different facilities.

Aquatic Manager
General function .Oversee 11 open water, lagoons, and pools within Alameda and Contra Costa counties.

The Aquatic Manager reports back to the Chief the East Bay Regional Park District Fire Department.

Program Lieutenant
General function

To assist in planning, developing, conducting and overseeing a wide range of lifeguard training, including emergency medical services, water safety, and lifeguard operations. To development and administration of aquatic recreation programs and promotional efforts. The job also entails supervising and evaluating aquatic programs staff.

The Program Lieutenant reports to the North Captain.

title: East Bay Regional Park District


text:
Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)

The Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68, also known as the Pastoral Symphony (German: Pastorale ), is a symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven and completed in 1808. One of Beethoven's few works containing explicitly programmatic content, the symphony was first performed alongside his fifth symphony in the Theater an der Wien on 22 December 1808 in a four-hour concert.

Background
Beethoven was a lover of nature who spent a great deal of his time on walks in the country. He frequently left Vienna to work in rural locations. The composer said that the Sixth Symphony is "more the expression of feeling than painting", a point underlined by the title of the first movement.

The first sketches of the Pastoral Symphony appeared in 1802. It was composed simultaneously with Beethoven's more famous Fifth Symphony. Both symphonies were premiered in a long and under-rehearsed concert in the Theater an der Wien in Vienna on 22 December 1808.

Frank A. D'Accone suggested that Beethoven borrowed the programmatic ideas (a shepherd's pipe, birds singing, streams flowing, and a thunderstorm) for his five-movement narrative layout from Le Portrait musical de la Nature ou Grande Symphonie, which was composed by Justin Heinrich Knecht (1752–1817) in 1784.

Instrumentation
The symphony is scored for the following instrumentation:

Woodwinds
 * 1 piccolo (fourth movement only)
 * 2 flutes
 * 2 oboes
 * 2 clarinets in B♭
 * 2 bassoons

Brass
 * 2 horns in F and B♭
 * 2 trumpets in C and E♭ (third, fourth, and fifth movements only)
 * 2 trombones (alto and tenor, fourth and fifth movements only)

Percussion
 * Timpani (fourth movement only, in F and C (Tonic-dominant))

Strings
 * Violins I, II
 * Violas
 * Cellos
 * Double basses

Form
The symphony has five, rather than the four movements typical of symphonies preceding Beethoven's time, although there are no pauses between the last three movements. Beethoven wrote a programmatic title at the beginning of each movement:

 * {| class="wikitable"

!No. !German title !English translation !Tempo marking !Key The third movement ends on an unresolved cadence that leads straight into the fourth. A performance of the work lasts about 35-46 minutes, depending on the choice of tempo and whether the repeats in the 1st and 3rd movements are omitted.
 * I.
 * Erwachen heiterer Empfindungen bei der Ankunft auf dem Lande
 * Awakening of cheerful feelings on arrival in the countryside
 * Allegro ma non troppo
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |F major
 * II.
 * Szene am Bach
 * Scene by the brook
 * Andante molto mosso
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |B♭ major
 * III.
 * Lustiges Zusammensein der Landleute
 * Merry gathering of country folk
 * Allegro
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |F major
 * IV.
 * Gewitter, Sturm
 * Thunder, Storm
 * Allegro
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |F minor
 * V.
 * Hirtengesang. Frohe und dankbare Gefühle nach dem Sturm
 * Shepherd's song. Cheerful and thankful feelings after the storm
 * Allegretto
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |F major
 * }
 * Hirtengesang. Frohe und dankbare Gefühle nach dem Sturm
 * Shepherd's song. Cheerful and thankful feelings after the storm
 * Allegretto
 * style="white-space: nowrap;" |F major
 * }

I. Allegro ma non troppo
The symphony begins with a placid and cheerful movement depicting the composer's feelings as he arrives in the country. The movement, in meter, is in sonata form, and its motifs are extensively developed. At several points, Beethoven builds up orchestral texture by multiple repetitions of very short motifs. Yvonne Frindle commented that "the infinite repetition of pattern in nature [is] conveyed through rhythmic cells, its immensity through sustained pure harmonies."

II. Andante molto mosso
The second movement is another sonata-form movement, this time in and in the key of B♭ major, the subdominant of the main key of the work. It begins with the strings playing a motif that imitates flowing water. The cello section is divided, with just two players playing the flowing-water notes on muted instruments, and the remaining cellos playing mostly pizzicato notes together with the double basses.

Towards the end is a cadenza for woodwind instruments that imitates bird calls. Beethoven helpfully identified the bird species in the score: nightingale (flute), quail (oboe), and cuckoo (two clarinets).

III. Allegro
The third movement is a scherzo in time, which depicts country folk dancing and reveling. It is in F major, returning to the main key of the symphony. The movement is an altered version of the usual form for scherzi, in that the trio appears twice rather than just once, and the third appearance of the scherzo theme is truncated. Perhaps to accommodate this rather spacious arrangement, Beethoven did not mark the usual internal repeats of the scherzo and the trio. Theodor Adorno identifies this scherzo as the model for the scherzos by Anton Bruckner.

The final return of the theme conveys a riotous atmosphere with a faster tempo. The movement ends abruptly, leading without a pause into the fourth movement.

IV. Allegro
The fourth movement, in F minor and time, is the part where Beethoven calls for the largest instrumentation in the entire piece. It depicts a violent thunderstorm with painstaking realism, building from distant thunder (quiet tremolos on cellos and basses) and a few drops of rain (eighth-note passages on the violins) to a great climax with loud thunder (timpani), lightning (piccolo), high winds (swirling arpeggio-like passages on the strings), and heavy downpours of rain (16-note tremolo passages on the strings). With the addition of the trombones later in the movement, Beethoven makes an even more tremendous effect. The storm eventually passes, with an occasional peal of thunder still heard in the distance. An ascending scale passage on the solo flute represents a rainbow. There is a seamless transition into the final movement. This movement parallels Mozart's procedure in his String Quintet in G minor K. 516 of 1787, which likewise prefaces a serene final movement with a long, emotionally stormy introduction.

V. Allegretto
The finale, which is in F major, is in time. The movement is in sonata rondo form, in an Intro-[A-B-A]-C-[A-B-A]-Coda structure. Like many finales, this movement emphasizes a symmetrical eight-bar theme, in this case representing the shepherds' song of thanksgiving.

The final A section starts quietly and gradually builds to an ecstatic culmination for the full orchestra (minus piccolo and timpani) with the first violins playing very rapid triplet tremolo on a high F. There follows a fervent coda suggestive of prayer, marked by Beethoven pianissimo, sotto voce; most conductors slow the tempo for this passage. After a brief period of afterglow, the work ends with two emphatic F-major chords.

In popular culture

 * The symphony was used in the 1940 Disney animated film Fantasia, albeit with mythology and alterations in the length of the piece made by conductor Leopold Stokowski.
 * The beginning of the first movement is used in the "Itchy & Scratchy & Marge" episode of The Simpsons. The music underscores idealized scenes of children playing outside. The same excerpt would later be used again in the closing scene of the episode "Wild Barts Can't Be Broken", this time underscoring Springfield's elderly population having fun outside.
 * The first movement was used in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green (uncredited).
 * The first movement was also used in the beginning ice skating scene of 2005 Barbie fantasy movie Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Maps/Archive1

Discussion from "Wikipedia talk:Wikiproject Thai provinces"
I'd like to have the maps on WP to be more standardized. As all countries have a standard location map, and the provinces of Vietnam use the same colors as in the country maps, I did create a new template for the Thai province locator maps. I'd like to hear of comments which one would be the preferred one. For comparison see the following two:

andy 19:02, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Andy, Of the two samples, I prefer the second, but I haven't inspected it in several browsers. You might take a look at the maps on the Maryland article, which are representative of the U.S. States maps. I'll also warn you that your two-tone bronze maps might be a problem to some forms of color blindness. That's why the U.S. locator map is clear, with only one color.

P.S. Thai provinces is making excellent contributions to Wikipedia, Thanks. Lou I 17:45, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I have no particular preference with the colours. When I made the Vietnam maps, I just used the same colours as I used for the country locator maps (the ones in the sidebar of each country article). I think I took those colours from a pre-existing locator map for the USA. Either colour is fine, from my perspective, although some sort of standard would be nice. However, if you use the grey one, maybe the image should be "sharpened" - the white lines tend to come out blurred, otherwise. I generally have to sharpen the Vietnam maps. As a brief experiment:

-- Vardion 01:10, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Too many formats
Standardization would be a big problem as we already have a lot of formats. Most of the locator maps were created by Ahoerstemeier (Brazil, Germany, China [PRC], Mexico, etc.). I myself have my own two formats. Here are a sampling of various locator maps and these are just the ones I've seen. There are probably lots of others.

All of these maps except mine are similar in that they are label-less. I prefer labelled ones (at the expense of internationalization) because they're more informative. In the future, there should be automatically-generated maps with labels, but right now, I make my maps labelled.

--seav 07:27, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

I agree that some standardization of maps would be great. Automatically-generated ones have been discussed but the consensus a few months back seemed to me that implementing them is probably a long way off.

The maps I've contributed have mostly been for showing location only, hence the otherwise boring color scheme and bright red highlight (since it's very visible). For maps showing more than just a country/province/county location, I think something more subdued would be good - I like the samples of Morwen's maps below. It'd be nice if we could come up with a wiki-standard color set for maps, and encourage map-makers to stick to specific colors for specific purposes.

My broad preference would be this: black for primary outlines of territories - country borders if a country map is shown, state borders if the map is for a single state, etc.; a grey or other lighter color for secondary outlines such as provinces or counties; a neutral color for surrounding territories that are not of immediate interest (such as the grey Canada and Mexico in my maps, and the grey surrounding areas in Andy's first map above - showing surrounding territory I think gives a better sense of context than showing the map against a sea of white - I broke this rule with my maps of U.S. counties, to keep the maps relatively small and because context with other states was not that important, though on reflection they probably should have had that context); a pastel shade of blue for water (any of the chosen water colors used so far would be good).

Another color scheme that isn't really used at all right now is the one used in the Texas mockup that never really received acceptance (specifically, the yellow state map showing the capital) Again, it would probably be better with neighboring territories shown, and might also benefit from the addition of rivers, lakes, etc.)

As for labels, I do think that some labelling is good to have in most cases. There are situations where it would just be redundant (such as the aforementioned U.S. county maps). Where labeling is used, though, I think we should strongly encourage map authors to upload a non-labelled version, so anyone interested in reusing the map for non-English versions can more easily do so.

Should we make a WikiProject out of this? At the very least it'd be helpful to provide some coloring and labelling guidelines to those interested in making maps. -- Wapcaplet 17:53, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, you'd have my full support to create a general project "Country Subdivision", or alternatively a project "Map making". I am not happy with the current coloring chaos, but of course a wildly colored map is better than no map, but an attempt to unify should come soon or it'd be too much work to convert it all into the accepted scheme. These maps are also not limited to country subdivisions - for example once I find a good source with the boundaries of the National Parks I plan to use the base map to create a locator for the park. Or for the many lifeforms a map showing the distribution geographically would be nice - so far we have just two such maps, including one I made as a test for Fire Salamander. andy 18:07, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I have created WikiProject Maps. Please check it out! Discussion about coloring and styles has been started at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Maps. -- Wapcaplet 19:11, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Texas, US
by Wapcaplet

Amazonas, Brazil
by Ahoerstemeier

Hiroshima, Japan
by Synthetik (same style as Ahoerstemeier's)

Rizal, Philippines
by seav

Cainta, Rizal, Philippines
by seav

East of England (England, UK)
by Morwen

Ontario, Canada
by User:Montrealais, modified by Wapcaplet

Basse-Normandie (France)
by Snoyes

Calvados (France)
by Snoyes

Covasna, Romania
by Bogdangiusca

 * The different colouring of Moldova here is inappropriate. --Wik 18:30, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that Moldava (and even Ukraine) should have the same color as Bulgaria and Hungary. I actually like the colors here as it is subtle. --seav 20:36, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Queensland, Australia
by User:Tim Starling

Aceh, Indonesia
by Morwen

Northwest province, South Africa
by Morwen

Andhra Pradesh, India
by Kaysov
 * This one should show all the boundaries. --Wik 18:30, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Caprivi, Namibia
by Snoyes

 * This style should be the standard. It's already the most prevalent. --Wik 18:30, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. First, the shades of green are too similar. The highlighted area color should be contrasting. Second, I prefer that there should be surrounding context (seas, adjacent land territories) rather than a sea of white (such as the one done on Aceh, Indonesia; Covasna, Romania; Texas, US; and Cainta, Rizal, Philippines. --seav 20:34, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Did you take the 150 german districts into account? Those use the yellow-brown colorization as well. And I don't think we should define the standard just by what is now most common - we should define it by what looks best to the majority, has no problems for color-blind people, can display the information most clearly. Of course the work to change existing maps should be considerated - but as long as it is just changing colors it is IMHO not the main factor. (and after the edit conflict) And as Seav said the sorrounding territories are also nice, unless it is a complete island country. andy 20:39, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)


text:
Perfect Strangers

Perfect Strangers may refer to:

Film

 * Perfect Strangers (1945 film), a film starring Robert Donat and Deborah Kerr
 * Perfect Strangers (1950 film), a film starring Ginger Rogers
 * Perfect Strangers (1984 film), a film starring Anne Carlisle and Brad Rijn
 * Perfect Strangers (2003 film), a film starring Sam Neill
 * Perfect Strangers (2004 film), a film starring Rob Lowe and Anna Friel
 * Perfect Strangers (2016 film), a film starring Marco Giallini and Valerio Mastandrea
 * Perfect Strangers (2017 film), a Spanish remake of the 2016 Italian film
 * Perfect Strangers (2018 film), a Mexican remake of the 2016 Italian film
 * Perfect Strangers (2022 film), a pan-Arab remake of the 2016 Italian film

Television

 * Perfect Strangers (TV series), a 1986–1993 American television sitcom
 * Perfect Strangers (TV serial), a 2001 British television drama miniseries

Music

 * Perfect Strangers (album), a 1984 album by Deep Purple
 * "Perfect Strangers" (Deep Purple song)
 * "Perfect Strangers" (INXS song)
 * "Perfect Strangers" (Anne Murray song)
 * "Perfect Strangers" (Jonas Blue song)
 * "Perfect Strangers", a 2018 song by Lil Wayne from Tha Carter V
 * Perfect Strangers, an Australian band from in the 1980s.

Other uses

 * Invincible Vol. 3: Perfect Strangers, a trade paperback in the Invincible comic book series

title: Perfect Strangers


text:
Inferno (operating system)

Inferno is a distributed operating system started at Bell Labs and now developed and maintained by Vita Nuova Holdings as free software under the MIT License. Inferno was based on the experience gained with Plan 9 from Bell Labs, and the further research of Bell Labs into operating systems, languages, on-the-fly compilers, graphics, security, networking and portability. The name of the operating system, many of its associated programs, and that of the current company, were inspired by Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. In Italian, Inferno means "hell", of which there are nine circles in Dante's Divine Comedy.

Design principles
Inferno was created in 1995 by members of Bell Labs' Computer Science Research division to bring ideas derived from their previous operating system, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, to a wider range of devices and networks. Inferno is a distributed operating system based on three basic principles:

 * Resources as files: all resources are represented as files within a hierarchical file system
 * Namespaces: a program's view of the network is a single, coherent namespace that appears as a hierarchical file system but may represent physically separated (locally or remotely) resources
 * Standard communication protocol: a standard protocol, called Styx, is used to access all resources, both local and remote

To handle the diversity of network environments it was intended to be used in, the designers decided a virtual machine (VM) was a necessary component of the system. This is the same conclusion of the Oak project that became Java, but arrived at independently. The Dis virtual machine is a register machine intended to closely match the architecture it runs on, in contrast to the stack machine of the Java virtual machine. An advantage of this approach is the relative simplicity of creating a just-in-time compiler for new architectures.

The virtual machine provides memory management designed to be efficient on devices with as little as 1 MiB of memory and without memory-mapping hardware. Its garbage collector is a hybrid of reference counting and a real-time coloring collector that gathers cyclic data.

The Inferno kernel contains the virtual machine, on-the-fly compiler, scheduler, devices, protocol stacks, and the name space evaluator for each process' file name space, and the root of the file system hierarchy. The kernel also includes some built-in modules that provide interfaces of the virtual operating system, such as system calls, graphics, security, and math modules.

The Bell Labs Technical Journal paper introducing Inferno listed several dimensions of portability and versatility provided by the OS:

 * Portability across processors: it currently runs on ARM, SGI MIPS, HP PA-RISC, IBM PowerPC, Sun SPARC, and Intel x86 architectures and is readily portable to others.
 * Portability across environments: it runs as a stand-alone operating system on small terminals, and also as a user application under Bell Plan 9, MS Windows NT, Windows 95, and Unix (SGI Irix, Sun Solaris, FreeBSD, Apple Mac OS X, Linux, IBM AIX, HP-UX, Digital Tru64). In all of these environments, Inferno programs see an identical interface.
 * Distributed design: the identical environment is established at the user's terminal and at the server, and each may import the resources (for example, the attached I/O devices or networks) of the other. Aided by the communications facilities of the run-time system, programs may be split easily (and even dynamically) between client and server.
 * Minimal hardware requirements: it runs useful applications stand-alone on machines with as little as 1 MiB of memory, and does not require memory-mapping hardware.
 * Portable programs: Inferno programs are written in the type-safe language Limbo and compiled to Dis bytecode, which can be run without modifications on all Inferno platforms.
 * Dynamic adaptability: programs may, depending on the hardware or other resources available, load different program modules to perform a specific function. For example, a video player might use any of several different decoder modules.

These design choices were directed to provide standard interfaces that free content and service providers from concern of the details of diverse hardware, software, and networks over which their content is delivered.

Features
Inferno programs are portable across a broad mix of hardware, networks, and environments. It defines a virtual machine, known as Dis, that can be implemented on any real machine, provides Limbo, a type-safe language that is compiled to portable byte code, and, more significantly, it includes a virtual operating system that supplies the same interfaces whether Inferno runs natively on hardware or runs as a user program on top of another operating system.

A communications protocol called Styx is applied uniformly to access both local and remote resources, which programs use by calling standard file operations, open, read, write, and close. As of the fourth edition of Inferno, Styx is identical to Plan 9's newer version of its hallmark 9P protocol, 9P2000.

Most of the Inferno commands are very similar to Unix commands with the same name.

History

Inferno is a descendant of Plan 9 from Bell Labs, and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel, particularly around devices and the Styx/9P2000 protocol. Inferno shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the Unix philosophy. Many of the command line tools in Inferno were Plan 9 tools that were translated to Limbo.

In the mid-1990s, Plan 9 development was set aside in favor of Inferno. The new system's existence was leaked by Dennis Ritchie in early 1996, after less than a year of development on the system, and publicly presented later that year as a competitor to Java. At the same time, Bell Labs' parent company AT&T licensed Java technology from Sun Microsystems.

In March–April 1997 IEEE Internet Computing included an advertisement for Inferno networking software. It claimed that various devices could communicate over "any network" including the Internet, telecommunications and LANs. The advertisement stated that video games could talk to computers,–a PlayStation was pictured–cell phones could access email and voice mail was available via TV.

Lucent used Inferno in at least two internal products: the Lucent VPN Firewall Brick, and the Lucent Pathstar phone switch. They initially tried to sell source code licenses of Inferno but found few buyers. Lucent did little marketing and missed the importance of the Internet and Inferno's relation to it. During the same time Sun Microsystems was heavily marketing its own Java programming language, which was targeting a similar market, with analogous technology, that worked in web browsers and also filled the demand for object-oriented languages popular at that time. Lucent licensed Java from Sun, claiming that all Inferno devices would be made to run Java. A Java byte code to Dis byte code translator was written to facilitate that. However, Inferno still did not find customers.

The Inferno Business Unit closed after three years, and was sold to Vita Nuova Holdings. Vita Nuova continued development and offered commercial licenses to the complete system, and free downloads and licenses (not GPL compatible) for all of the system except the kernel and VM. They ported the software to new hardware and focused on distributed applications. Eventually, Vita Nuova released the 4th edition under more common free software licenses, and in 2021 they relicensed all editions under mainly the MIT License.

Ports
Inferno runs on native hardware directly and also as an application providing a virtual operating system which runs on other platforms. Programs can be developed and run on all Inferno platforms without modifying or recompiling.

Native ports include these architectures: x86, MIPS, ARM, PowerPC, SPARC.

Hosted or virtual OS ports include: Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Plan 9, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX, UnixWare.

Inferno can also be hosted by a plugin to Internet Explorer. Vita Nuova said that plugins for other browsers were under development, but they were never released.

Inferno has also been ported to Openmoko, Nintendo DS, SheevaPlug, and Android.

Distribution
Inferno 4th edition was released in early 2005 as free software. Specifically, it was dual-licensed under two structures. Users could either obtain it under a set of free software licenses, or they could obtain it under a proprietary license. In the case of the free software license scheme, different parts of the system were covered by different licenses, including the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, the Lucent Public License, and the MIT License, excluding the fonts, which are sub-licensed from Bigelow and Holmes.

In March 2021, all editions were relicensed under mainly the MIT License.

title: Inferno (operating system)


text:
Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel)

Inferno is a fantasy novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle and published in 1976. It was nominated for the 1976 Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Novel.

Background
The book drew inspiration from the geography of Dante's Inferno and the theology of C S Lewis's The Great Divorce, which is that salvation and entry into paradise, via self-knowledge and repentance, can be achieved by all. However, most of Hell's denizens in the novel either deny their sins or feel they deserve their fate.

Plot summary
Inferno is based upon the hell described in Dante's Inferno. However, it adds a modern twist to the story. The story is told in the first person by Allen Carpenter (who spelled his name "Carpentier" on his novels), an agnostic science fiction writer who died in a failed attempt to entertain his fans at a science fiction convention party. He finds himself in a Djinn-bottle in the Vestibule on the outer edge to Hell; he spends a vast amount of time there, but is released when he finally calls upon God for mercy. Allen is met by Benito, a Virgil-like figure whose full identity is not immediately apparent. Benito offers to take Allen out of Hell by bringing him to the center.

At first, as Allen and Benito travel through Hell, Allen tries to scientifically rationalize everything he sees, renaming his surroundings as 'Infernoland', a high-tech amusement park some thousand years in the future. It isn't until he sees a man recover from incineration and his own leg heal from a compound fracture that he starts to actually believe that he is in Hell. From this point on, as Allen travels through the inner circles of Hell, he sees how he is guilty of each of the sins in some fashion, commenting to himself that he is in no danger from ditch 3 of circle 8 (simony) only because he has never had any holy offices to sell. At first Allen views the punishments for these sins as far surpassing the crime, repeatedly thinking, "We're in the hands of infinite power and infinite sadism", although he comes more and more to accept the justice of the situation as he realizes that it is their continuing denial of their sins that keeps many of the condemned in hell. Eventually Allen takes over Benito's role in helping reformed souls proceed on to Paradise via Purgatory, allowing Benito to move on towards Purgatory himself. It is revealed that Benito is actually Benito Mussolini, the former dictator of Italy.

Along the way Allen meets a number of his Californian acquaintances and notable people from history (e.g. Epictetus, Billy the Kid, Jesse James, Bob Ford, L Ron Hubbard, Henry VIII of England, Vlad Tepes, Aimee Semple McPherson, William M. Tweed, Al Capone) and from classical mythology (e.g. Hector, Aeneas, Charon, Minos, Phlegyas, Geryon). Due to the long time he spent bottled up in the outer vestibule he also meets some people from the future of 1976, such as a Space Shuttle pilot.

Reception
The authors said that Inferno was far more successful than they predicted, and they were told that it inspired a resurgence of interest in Dante amongst college students and a new print release of John Ciardi's translation (whose quotes appear in the novel). Pournelle reported in January 1984 that he and Niven planned to write the script for a text adventure based on the novel.

Sequel
The sequel to Inferno, Escape from Hell, was released in February 2009. Its working title was "Dante meets Vatican II".

title: Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel)


text:
Big Bear

Big Bear, also known as Mistahi-maskwa (ᒥᐢᑕᐦᐃᒪᐢᑿ; c. 1825 – 17 January 1888 ), was a powerful and popular Cree chief who played many pivotal roles in Canadian history. He was appointed to chief of his band at the age of 40 upon the death of his father, Black Powder, under his father's harmonious and inclusive rule which directly impacted his own leadership. Big Bear is most notable for his involvement in Treaty 6 and the 1885 North-West Rebellion; he was one of the few chief leaders who objected to the signing of the treaty with the Canadian government. He felt that signing the treaty would ultimately have devastating effects on his nation as well as other Indigenous nations. This included losing the free nomadic lifestyle that his nation and others were accustomed to. Big Bear also took part in one of the last major battles between the Cree and the Blackfoot nations. He was one of the leaders to lead his people in the last, largest battle on the Canadian Plains.

Early life
Big Bear (Mistahi-maskwa, ᒥᐢᑕᐦᐃᒪᐢᑿ in syllabics) was born in 1825 in Jackfish Lake, near the future site of Battleford. His father, Muckitoo (otherwise known as Black Powder), was a minor chief of a tribe of 80 Plains Cree-Saulteaux people who were deemed to be "true nomadic hunters". Little is known about Big Bear's mother. When Big Bear was old enough to walk on his own he spent his time wandering the camp socializing with many people, from the women to council members. In the spring of 1837, smallpox struck Big Bear's community and caused the quick departure of the Cree from the plains. Big Bear was infected with the virus but unlike many in the community, after two months of suffering, he overcame it, although it did leave his face partially disfigured. After his recovery from smallpox, Big Bear began to spend a great deal of time with his father, including a journey by the two of them to Bull's Forehead Hill, where they spent a great deal of time reflecting and offering to their gods and spirits.

Upon reflection, Big Bear was visited by many spirits, but the bear took great prominence in his mind. As a result of his vision of the Bear Spirit, which is the most powerful spirit regarded by the Crees, he received his power bundle, song, and his name. The power bundle, which was never opened unless to be worn in war or dance, contained a fur necklace in the shape of a bear paw. It is said that when the weight of the necklace rested against his soul, it enabled him to be in a perfect power position where nothing could hurt him. This necklace was the source of his nickname Maskwa, meaning bear, and Mistahi, meaning much, or big.

It is reported that throughout Big Bear's life, he had several wives, producing at least four male children who would carry on his name, including his son Âyimisîs (Little Bad Man/Little Bear), who helped found the Montana First Nation reserve in Alberta and the Rocky Boy Reservation in Montana. There is little documentation to support the names of most of his sons.

Leadership
Before becoming a great leader, Big Bear became a great warrior, taking warriors under his father's command on missions that he described as "haunting the Blackfoot". Upon the death of his father Black Powder in the winter of 1864, his Band with over 100 members needed a chief. Big Bear was 40 years old and was the obvious choice. He would be the next chief.

Big Bear was described as "an independent spirit" who did not like taking direction from outsiders." He was chosen and followed by the Plains Cree because of his traditional manner and wisdom.

Traditional activities, such as hunting and warfare, kept Big Bear and his band occupied until the 1870s brought police, treaties, and the end of the buffalo.

At the height of his influence in the winter of 1878 to 1879, the buffalo that the plains peoples hunted for food did not come north.

Historical context
The Western Plains Indigenous People underwent a cultural, environmental and structural change starting in the mid-1870s and continuing into the late 1800s. Canada was attempting to cultivate the land that the Indigenous population occupied for European settlers. The treaties were the method of choice by the government to gain rights to the ground; all Indigenous groups were given the opportunity, according to the government, to sign and receive the benefits of the treaty terms. However, the Indigenous People who did not want to sign were ultimately forced to sign because of environmental and cultural changes between 1870 and 1885. The most significant contributing factor to this was the disappearance of the bison which created a region-wide famine; in addition to this, there was the emergence and widespread epidemic of tuberculosis which had a devastating effect on the Indigenous population. The disappearance of the bison has been explained to some extent by the overhunting by white settlers to supply the fur trade which ultimately led to the famine. There were some attempts by the Canadian government to conserve the bison but the measures were not enacted in time to stop the drastic depletion of the bison food supply.

In the early 1880s, tuberculosis became the main killer of the Indigenous people on the reserve as European settlers brought over the disease and spread it through coughing and the sharing of pipes during tobacco-smoking ceremonies. The disappearance of the bison was devastating to the Indigenous population because hunting allowed them to be self-sufficient and free from the dominion government; once the bison disappeared their need for assistance was imperative. The Canadian government was the only option of survival but this meant signing the numbered treaties which would change their culture indefinitely. During this time, Big Bear tried to withhold his signature from the treaty so that his people might get better terms but by the mid-1880s malnutrition was severe and the meagre rations given by the dominion government did not supply enough food. Big Bear was ultimately forced to sign the treaty on 8 December 1882 to save his people from starvation and disease because the dominion government would not help unless they signed. These factors contributed to the many deaths of Indigenous leaders leaving tribes without their history, which was taught by the elderly, and without men to lead their tribes changing their life from that point on.

Conflict with other Indigenous People

To be a Scrub Plains Cree Indigenous man it was an expectation to be an accomplished hunter and warrior, Big Bear was no exception to the rule. Big Bear was known to be a strong warrior and was often, as an adult, called upon to defend the community. A Cree man, to raise his position in the community, participated in raids and or attacks of enemy tribes which meant stealing of horses, land and food from their enemies. Big Bear's main responsibility was to be a hunter and provide for his family but he was involved in attacks against the enemies of the Cree.

The Battle of the Belly River was one of the largest battles that the Cree were involved in. Occurring in October 1870, Big Bear and his band were involved in an attack between the Plains Cree and their enemies, the Blackfoot tribe, at Belly River, which is near present-day Lethbridge, Alberta. Known to be the largest Indian battle to be fought on the Canadian Plains, the Blackfoot band only lost 40 warriors while the Cree lost between 200 and 300. This was the last battle to be fought between the First Nations. The decades following this battle brought an increased White settlement, as well as police and government presence and the disappearance of the buffalo.

Treaty 6
As the 1870s began, Big Bear and his tribe had reached the high point of development for their band. It started to become more and more apparent that these conditions would not remain forever. Disease had begun to ravage his people and the declining numbers of buffalo threatened their food source and economy. This was quite worrisome for Big Bear as both a father and a chief, and he knew something had to be done. On 14 August 1874, The Hudson's Bay Company visited Big Bear and his fellow Cree people. This was seen as peculiar to Big Bear and his people as the Hudson's Bay Company would have had to travel seven days from the nearest trading post to visit their camp. The Hudson's Bay Company arrived with four wagons full of supplies. Factor William McKay (an old friend of Big Bear) came along for the trip, and he warned Big Bear of the establishment of the North-West Mounted Police in the area. McKay told Big Bear that the North-West Mounted Police were to preserve the west as Canadian and how they were not to interfere with but to protect aboriginal interests. At the end of the visit, McKay and the HBC distributed gifts to the 65 tents of Big Bear's people; however, some were reluctant, they viewed the gifts and the North-West Mounted Police as a means of appeasement and incentive to start the treaty process with Canada.

Big Bear began talks with the Canadian government in the 1870s to work out a treaty. Big Bear was never open to the idea of reserve life, as he feared his loss of freedom and identity as a hunter. But he knew that best way for him and his band to avoid starvation was to sign a treaty with the Canadian government. By 1876, all major Plains Cree chiefs had signed Treaty 6 except for Big Bear. Big Bear stalled signing as he believed that the Canadian government would violate the treaty. Big Bear said "we want none of the Queen's presents: When we set a fox trap we scatter pieces of meat all around but when the fox gets into the trap we knock him on the head. We want no baits. Let your chiefs come like men and talk to us." Big Bear believed that the Canadian government was telling him and his fellow chiefs what they wanted to hear. This led Big Bear to resist signing and to pursue better terms for Treaty 6.

Big Bear made several attempts to warn the others against signing Treaty 6. At one point Big Bear rode by horseback to each lodge in the area urging people not to sign the treaty and not to give up the land, because it was so rich in natural resources. Big Bear also resisted publicly at both Fort Carleton and Pitt, where the treaty was being signed. Big Bear understood the importance of making the best of this treaty as it would have implications on the generations to come. Big Bear also questioned the Eurocentric worldview and new order being brought forth with these treaties.

Others tried to discredit Big Bear in his attempt to change Treaty 6. John McDougall tried on several occasions to discount him. He claimed Big Bear was an outsider, that he was not of the area and did not deserve the esteem he carried among the people of this area. This was not true, as he was a Cree but also his father was Saulteaux (the other aboriginal group present in the signing of Treaty 6). He was not an outsider but rather leader of a group of people who had elements of both cultures. Big Bear resisted signing but signed Treaty 6 in 1882. He did so because he believed he had no other choice. Big Bear believed he was betrayed by the other chiefs as they signed the treaty after all his warnings.

North-West Rebellion
The North-West Rebellion was a five-month revolt in 1885 against the Canadian government that was mainly fought by the Métis and their First Nations allies due to rising fear, insecurity, and white settlers of the rapidly changing West. The result of this battle was seen in the enforcement of Canadian law, the subjugation of the Plains Indigenous Peoples, and the conviction of Louis Riel.

Big Bear's involvement in the North-West Rebellion was seen in his advocacy for a better deal with the Canadian government in terms of Treaty 6. By the late 1870s, the Plains Indigenous nations were facing starvation due to the disappearing bison herds. In 1880, Big Bear and Crowfoot founded a confederacy in order to solve their people's grievances. In 1885, the Canadian government cut off rations to force Big Bear to settle, as he was still resistant in moving his people onto a reserve.

Led by Big Bear's son Little Bad Man and Chief Wandering Spirit, their group camped along Frog Lake believed that they could take matters into their own hands after receiving news that the Métis defeated the North-West Mounted Police at Duck Lake on 26 March 1885. On 1 April 1885, several Métis and non-Métis settlers were taken as prisoners; the following day, Wandering Spirit had killed federal agent Thomas Trueman Quinn, who denied his people food rations. Although Big Bear tried to stop the violence, the warriors went on to kill nine more men. This became known as the Frog Lake Massacre. Once news spread of this incident, the Canadian government decided to hold Big Bear responsible as an active participant in the rebellion, even though at this point he had no control over his band.

Life after Treaty 6 and the Trial of Big Bear
Big Bear had resisted signing Treaty 6 for four years. With food supplies running low and his people facing starvation, he was forced to sign the Treaty. After signing the Treaty, Big Bear and his people could not decide where their reserve would be. Though they did not want to live on a reserve, in order to receive food rations from the government a location needed to be decided on. The first winter after signing the treaty, Big Bear and his people did not receive any rations as they had not decided what reserve to live on. It was in the year 1884 that Big Bear would meet Hudson's Bay Company clerk Henry Ross Halpin in Frog Lake, and the pair soon became friends. In 1885 Big Bear had chosen a reserve to live on. After Big Bear was unable to choose a reserve quickly, he began losing influence over his people. Cree Chief Wandering Spirit rose in authority among the Cree people. When the Métis initiated the North-West Rebellion of 1885 under Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont, Big Bear and his supporters played a minimal role in the overall uprising, Big Bear's son Little Bear joined with Chief Wandering Spirit to go to Frog Lake and kill some of the white residents. Big Bear surrendered to the Mounted Police on 2 July 1885 at Fort Carlton.

Big Bear had tried to solve the problems between his people and the Canadian government peacefully. Many people felt Big Bear would be found 'not guilty' as he had tried to stop the Massacre at Frog Lake and tried to protect those that were taken prisoner. Henry Ross Halpin testified at his trial saying that he was just as much of a prisoner as he, himself had been. At the time of the trial, Big Bear was 60 years old. The trial was confusing for Big Bear as the trial was in English, and had to be translated into Cree. Hugh Dempsey has stated in his book, that Stanley Simpson, a man who was taken prisoner at Fort Pitt, was the only man to appear for the Prosecution. Much of the evidence was in favour of Big Bear's innocence. The evidence was clear that Big Bear had not taken part in killings at Frog Lake or the looting and taking of prisoners at Fort Pitt. However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment.

Death
While imprisoned, Big Bear became ill and was eventually released in February 1887 after serving approximately half of his prison term. He resided on the Little Pine reserve until his failing health conditions resulted in his death on January 17, 1888, at 62 years of age.

Legacy
Long after his death, Big Bear's legacy continues to be prominent to this day. To many, he is remembered as a powerful Cree Chief who advocated for Indigenous rights and fought against socio-economic injustices that the Canadian government brought upon his people. He was chosen and followed by the Cree because of his wisdom; this can be seen in the fact that he resisted whites with ideas, not guns or any sort of violence.

It has been argued that Big Bear should be commemorated as part of the ongoing reconciliation process towards Indigenous people in Canada, as he deserves public recognition for all that he sacrificed and stood up for during his time as Chief.

The issue of chiefs, such as Big Bear, Poundmaker and One Arrow, remaining convicted for the crime of treason-felony has been brought up in order to exonerate them. It has been said that these convictions were false, as “the government of the day was looking for an excuse to silence First Nations leaders who were pressing for the treaties to be honoured.”

In popular culture

 * In the miniseries Big Bear (1998), directed by Gil Cardinal, Big Bear is played by Gordon Tootoosis.

title: Big Bear


text:
The Divine Comedy (band)

The Divine Comedy are a pop band from Northern Ireland, formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon. Hannon has been the only constant member of the group, playing, in some instances, all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums. The band has released 12 studio albums. Between 1996 and 1999, nine singles released by the band made the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, including the 1999 top ten hit, "National Express".

The beginning and early success (Fanfare to Promenade)
The Divine Comedy were founded in 1989, by Neil Hannon who had been the only member of the band until he was joined by John McCullagh and Kevin Traynor. Their first album, Fanfare for the Comic Muse, enjoyed a minor success and was later deleted. A couple of equally unsuccessful EPs – Timewatch (1991) and Europop (1992) – followed, with newly recruited member John Allen handling lead vocals on some tracks. After the commercial failure of the Europop EP, this line-up soon fell apart.

Hannon, however, was not deterred in his efforts and entered the studio again in March 1993, teaming up with co-producer/drummer Darren Allison, for the recording of Liberation. The record is characterised by a plethora of literary references: "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" recalls a short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald; "Three Sisters" draws upon the play by Anton Chekhov; and "Lucy" is essentially three William Wordsworth poems abridged to music.

Minor success in France enabled Hannon to proceed with his second effort, Promenade, released in 1994. It was heavily driven by classical influences, with Michael Nyman's stylings clearly an inspiration. Hannon himself acknowledged this when he reportedly sent a copy of his new album to the composer, jokingly asking him not to sue. Essentially a concept album about a day spent by two lovers, it also received similar positive feedback to Liberation; however, it was not a major commercial success. Soon after the release of the album, the Divine Comedy went on tour with Tori Amos, supporting her during her European dates.

During that time, Hannon also wrote and performed (with drummer Allison) the theme music for the sitcom Father Ted, he also composed the music for the mock-Eurovision song "My Lovely Horse" that featured in one episode. Hannon resisted widespread requests from fans to release the track as a single for the Christmas market, but it was eventually released in 1999 as the third track on the CD-single "Gin Soaked Boy". This would not be the only time they would be responsible for a TV theme: "In Pursuit of Happiness" was used by the BBC science and technology show Tomorrow's World. Hannon also composed the music for Father Ted co-writer Graham Linehan's Channel 4 comedy series The IT Crowd.

The road to fame (Casanova to A Secret History...)
The album Casanova (1996), and in particular the single "Something for the Weekend", championed by Chris Evans, then BBC Radio 1 breakfast show DJ and presenter of TFI Friday, led to the band's first major success. Casanova was the third album to be produced by Darren Allison and Neil Hannon, thus completing a trilogy of albums which began with Liberation in 1993. Further singles from Casanova, including "Becoming More Like Alfie" and "The Frog Princess", both of which received some airplay, further cemented the band's reputation.

At the height of their commercial success, the band released A Short Album About Love (a reference to the Krzysztof Kieślowski film A Short Film About Love), recorded live at soundcheck with the Brunel Ensemble in preparation for a concert at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, from which several songs were released as B-sides. It was aptly released on Valentine's Day in 1997. Subsequently, the band contributed a reworking of Noël Coward's "I've Been to a Marvellous Party" to Twentieth-Century Blues: The Songs of Noël Coward, a compilation of covers of the writer's songs, with Hannon affecting a Cowardesque lilt (albeit interspersed with an aggressive electronic musical backing).

The foppish image, but not the suit, was ditched for the more sombre album Fin De Siècle in 1998, although its biggest hit, the jaunty "National Express", belied its more intimate, soul-searching tone. Maintaining the balance between these poles, 1999's Secret History – the Best of The Divine Comedy included re-recordings of Liberation tracks ("The Pop Singer's Fear of the Pollen Count" and "Your Daddy's Car") and two new songs ("Gin-Soaked Boy" and "Too Young to Die") alongside the band's main hits. In the same year, the band also collaborated with Tom Jones on a cover version of Portishead's 'All Mine', featured on his album Reload.

A serious side to the band was also in evidence in 2000's collaboration with Ute Lemper on her album Punishing Kiss, most of which featured The Divine Comedy as Lemper's backing band. Neil Hannon and Joby Talbot also contributed two original songs and an arrangement of Brecht and Weill's "Tango Ballad", whilst Neil Hannon sang two songs ("Tango Ballad", "Split") as duets with Lemper.

Post-Setanta (Regeneration to Office Politics)
The band performed at V2001 Festival, and their 2001 album Regeneration attempted to remove the band still further from its association with comedy. Hannon hired producer Nigel Godrich to "remake" the band. Hannon ditched the suit and donned a Britrock band image. The album was a greater critical than commercial success, and soon after its release it was announced that the Divine Comedy were splitting up. However, within a year Hannon was touring again with a revised band line-up, playing a series of joint-headline gigs in the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland featuring both the Divine Comedy and Ben Folds.

A new album surfaced in the form of 2004's Absent Friends. The album struck a balance between the occasionally earnest sound of the band's later material and the lighter tone of the more popular releases. 2004 saw two performances featuring The Millennia Ensemble orchestra, one at the London Palladium (which was later released as a live DVD) and one at the Royal Albert Hall. In January 2005, Hannon announced that he had acquired the worldwide copyrights to all of his recorded output with his former record label, Setanta Records. He launched his own record label Divine Comedy Records in order to re-release his 1990s output.

Hannon's ninth album with the Divine Comedy, Victory for the Comic Muse, was released in June 2006. The bulk of the record was recorded over two weeks, much of it live rather than multi-tracked, hence a more spontaneous sound. The album featured Simon Little on bass, Andrew Skeet on keys, Tim Weller on drums and Ian Watson on accordion from the current band.

Hannon also provided vocals for songs on the soundtrack for the film of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy released in 2005, working with Joby Talbot, the composer for the film and former Divine Comedy band member. This sci-fi connection continued in late 2006, when he contributed vocals to two tracks – "Song For Ten" and "Love Don't Roam" – on the Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack album. In an interview with Bullz-Eye.com, Hannon explained that, "literally, I was asked to add my vocal by the composer of the songs, who writes for the show. And I didn’t feel that I could say no, simply because I spent my childhood watching this programme. It would be just plain wrong to not do it." Hannon also lent his vocals to "Aliens", the last track on the Irish charity album The Cake Sale in 2006, organised by Brian Crosby of Bell X1 and featuring a variety of mainly Irish musicians.

In 2006, whilst on tour, the band did a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon. A year later, the first ten or so seconds of "Tonight We Fly" was used as the ending tune to BBC7's Digi Radio. The song was also used for an advertisement for the Airbus A340 airliner.

Meanwhile, Hannon took part in various projects: he recorded "Perfection As a Hipster", included in the God Help the Girl soundtrack, a soon-to-be-released musical film by Belle and Sebastian frontman Stuart Murdoch as well as the LP The Duckworth Lewis Method, together with Thomas Walsh of Pugwash. In March 2007 Neil Hannon's relationship with Parlophone came to an end.

On 31 May 2010, The Divine Comedy released their tenth album entitled Bang Goes the Knighthood on DC Records. As with Victory for the Comic Muse it was recorded in RAK studios in St John's Wood by Guy Massey and the orchestra was conducted by Andrew Skeet who was the arranger on this album. The album charted at 20 in the first week of release, making it their highest-charting album since Regeneration in 2001. The album itself was preceded by the download-only single "At The Indie Disco".

On 2 September 2016, The Divine Comedy released their eleventh album Foreverland. A live album featuring performances from the 2016–17 Foreverland tour, "Loose Canon", was released digitally on 16 February 2018 after being made available as a CD on the tour.

On 1 April 2019, the Divine Comedy announced a new single "Queuejumper", first played on BBC 6 Music on 3 April. It was followed by the announcement of Office Politics, the band's first double album, which was released on 7 June 2019. The release of "Queuejumper" was followed by the single "Norman and Norma", released on 16 May 2019, and an animated music video for the songs "Infernal Machines" / "You'll Never Work in this Town Again", released on 3 October 2019.

Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time
The Divine Comedy celebrated its 30th anniversary by reissuing remastered versions of the band's first nine albums (from Liberation to Bang Goes the Knighthood) on LP and CD. All eleven albums were included in the box set Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time: 30 Years of the Divine Comedy, released in October 2020. The 24-disc box set consists of 12 albums of two CDs: each with an original remastered album, with a second CD of B-sides, demos, alternate versions, rarities and unreleased material curated by Neil Hannon. The collection includes the original album Fanfare for the Comic Muse, and other pre-Liberation material. The CD release of A Short Album About Love comes with a DVD of A Short Film About A Short Album About Love – a previously unreleased 50-minute film of the Shepherd's Bush Empire concert at which Short Album... was recorded.

Hannon and an eleven-piece ensemble will also be celebrating the band's 30th anniversary with residencies at The Barbican in London and the Cité de la Musique in Paris. These shows, postponed from September 2020 to September 2022, will feature the band playing two of the classic albums, per show, in a five-show residency in each venue.

Charmed Life
Charmed Life, a double compilation album was released on 4 February 2022. Special limited edition copies included a bonus album, simply named Super Extra Bonus Album. Ten days after its release, Charmed Life claimed the number one spot on the Official Independent Albums Chart. A European tour of Charmed Life followed.

Band members
The band has mostly consisted only of Neil Hannon, but has also included:
 * Tosh Flood: guitar
 * Simon Little: bass
 * Andrew Skeet: piano
 * Ian Watson: accordion, keyboards
 * Tim Weller: drums, percussion

Previous members

 * Bryan Mills: bass guitar
 * Ivor Talbot: guitar
 * Joby Talbot: piano
 * Miguel "Miggy" Barradas: drums
 * Rob Farrer: percussion
 * Stuart 'Pinkie' Bates: Hammond organ, accordion

Studio albums

 * Fanfare for the Comic Muse (1990)
 * Liberation (1993)
 * Promenade (1994)
 * Casanova (1996)
 * A Short Album About Love (1997)
 * Fin de Siècle (1998)
 * Regeneration (2001)
 * Absent Friends (2004)
 * Victory for the Comic Muse (2006)
 * Bang Goes the Knighthood (2010)
 * Foreverland (2016)
 * Office Politics (2019)

title: The Divine Comedy (band)


text:
Mohammad-Reza Bahonar

Mohammad-Reza Bahonar (, born 2 February 1952) is an Iranian principlist politician who was member of the Parliament of Iran for 28 years. He is also secretary general of Islamic Society of Engineers and the Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader. He is currently member of the Expediency Discernment Council.

Early years
Bahonar was born on 2 February 1952 in Kerman. He is the brother of former Prime Minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar who was assassinated in 1981.

Career
Bahonar cofounded the Islamic Society of Engineers in 1991. He has been elected as a representative from Kerman and Tehran for six terms. He also served at the Expediency Council for three terms. He is considered a key member of the conservative alliance, and was considered a possible candidate for the post of the speaker or the leader of the conservative faction in the parliament. He later refused to run for the post of speaker possibly because of a deal made inside the conservative alliance, so he decided to run for the post of deputy speaker. He became the first deputy speaker on 6 June 2004 with 188 votes out of 259. The other running candidate for the post of deputy speaker was Mohammad-Hassan Aboutorabi Fard, a representative from Qazvin who became the second deputy speaker with 173 votes.

Following Hassan Rouhani's election as President, Bahonar was appointed by Chairman Ali Larijani as the parliament's liaison to the newly elected executive branch in transition mandate. On 25 December 2015, he announced he will retiring from his seat in Iranian Parliament after declined to run in 2016 election.

Attacking Iranian University students
In a speech at Shiraz University, Bahonar harshly attacked students of Amirkabir University who criticized Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in December 2006. His lecture generated anger among the students. He also called for punishing the students, while accusing them of being sex and alcohol addicts.

title: Mohammad-Reza Bahonar


text:
Talk:Mohammad-Reza Bahonar

Untitled
The first page of Shargh, on 16 Esfand 1382 has some good information about both Bahonars (in Persian). Roozbeh 07:45, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mohammad-Reza Bahonar


text:
Ina, Nagano

Ina (伊那市) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 68,177 in 27587 households, and a population density of 100 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 667.93 sqkm. In 2016, the former town of Takatō, now part of Ina, was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Geography
Ina is located in south-central Nagano prefecture. It is bordered to the east by the Akaishi Mountains, including Mount Nyukasa (1955 meters), Mount Nokogiri (2685 meters), Mount Senjō (3033 meters), and Mount Shiomi (3047 meters). The Tenryū River runs through the city.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Nagano Prefecture
 * Komagane
 * Shiojiri
 * Suwa
 * Chino
 * Suwa District: Fujimi
 * Kamiina District: Minowa, Minamiminowa, Miyada
 * Shimoina District: Ōshika
 * Kiso District: Kiso (town)
 * Yamanashi Prefecture
 * Minami-Alps
 * Hokuto
 * Shizuoka Prefecture
 * Aoi-ku, Shizuoka

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Ina is 11.7 C. The average annual rainfall is 1454.0 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.0 C, and lowest in January, at around -0.7 C.

History
The area of present-day Ina was part of ancient Shinano Province. The area was part of the holdings of Takatō Domain during the Edo period and Ina developed as a jōkamachi surrounding Ina Castle and as a river port on the Tenryū River. The village of Ina was established within Ina District the creation of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889 and was raised to town status on October 15, 1897. The town of Ina merged with the villages of Tomigata, Misuzu, Tera, Higashiharuchika and Nishiminowa (all from Kitaiina District) to form the city of Ina on April 1, 1954. Ina annexed the village of Nishiharuchika in 1965. On March 31, 2006, Ina absorbed the town of Takatō, and the village of Hase (both from Kamiina District to create the new and expanded city of Ina.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ina has remained relatively stable over the past 70 years.

Government
Ina has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 21 members.

Economy
The economy of Ina is largely agricultural, with rice, pears, tomatoes and dairy farming as major components. The manufacturing sector includes electronics and precision instrumentation. Rubycon Corporation, an electronic components company has its headquarters in the city.

Education
Ina has 15 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the city government. There are three public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education and one private high school. The prefecture also operated one special education school.

The city has one international school (Colégio Desafio) - Brazilian primary school.

Railway

 * JR logo (east).svg East Japan Railway Company - Iida Line
 * Akagi - Sawando - Shimojima - Inashi - Ina-Kita

Highway

 * [[Image:JP Expressway E50.svg|24px|link=|alt=E50]] Nagano Expressway

International

 * 🇨🇳 - Beijing, China (from on November 22, 1994 as a friendship city)

Domestic

 * Chita, Aichi Prefecture (from November 7, 1994 as a friendship city)
 * Miyake, Tokyo (became allies on April 21, 1970)
 * Shinjuku, Tokyo (from July 12, 1986)
 * Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima (from September 24, 2004)
 * Iwanashiro, Fukushima (from September 23, 1994)
 * Iwata, Shizuoka Prefecture (became allies on August 1, 1984)

Local attractions

 * Takatō Castle

title: Ina, Nagano


text:
Zapruder

Zapruder is a Yiddish language surname derived from the East Slavic "запруда", referring to a weir or a dammed pond. Notable people with the name include:
 * Abraham Zapruder (1905–1970), witness to the assassination of John F. Kennedy
 * Alexandra Zapruder (born 1969), American author
 * Matthew Zapruder (born 1967), American poet, editor, translator, and professor
 * Michael Zapruder (born 1969), American musician and songwriter

Other uses

 * Zapruder film
 * Zapruder's other films, production company of Australian comedian Andrew Denton

title: Zapruder


text:
National Historic Sites of Canada

National Historic Sites of Canada (Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada) are places that have been designated by the federal Minister of the Environment on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC), as being of national historic significance. Parks Canada, a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of November 2023, there were 1,005 National Historic Sites, 171 of which are administered by Parks Canada; the remainder are administered or owned by other levels of government or private entities. The sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories, with two sites located in France (the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial and Canadian National Vimy Memorial).

There are related federal designations for National Historic Events and National Historic Persons. Sites, Events and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque of the same style, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. For example, the Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event.

Early developments
Emerging Canadian nationalist sentiment in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canada's historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries. With the support of notables such as Victor Hugo and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, the Commission des monuments historique was created in France in 1837; it published its first list of designated sites, containing 934 entries, in 1840. In the United Kingdom, the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was created in 1894 to protect that country's historic and natural heritage. While there was no National Park Service in the United States until 1916, battlefields of the Civil War were designated and managed by the War Department: Chickamauga and Chattanooga (created 1890), Antietam (1890), Shiloh (1894), Gettysburg (1895), Vicksburg (1899), and Chalmette (1907).

Domestically, Lord Dufferin, the Governor General from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canada's historic sites. He was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the fortifications of Quebec City, and he was the first public official to call for the creation of a park on the lands next to Niagara Falls.

The 1908 tricentennial of the founding of Quebec City, and the establishment that same year of the National Battlefields Commission to preserve the Plains of Abraham, acted as a catalyst for federal efforts to designate and preserve historic sites across Canada. At the same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the National Park system to Eastern Canada. The more populated east did not have the same large expanses of undeveloped Crown land that had become parks in the west, so the Dominion Parks Branch (the predecessor to Parks Canada) looked to historic features to act as focal points for new national parks. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook a survey of historic sites in Canada, with the objective of creating new recreational areas rather than preserving historic places. Fort Howe in Saint John, New Brunswick was designated a national historic park in 1914, named the "Fort Howe National Park". The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, but its designation provided a rationale for the acquisition of land for a park. Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia was also designated in 1917.

In 1919, William James Roche, the Minister of the Interior, was concerned over the fate of old fur trade posts in Western Canada, and he was also being lobbied by historical associations across Canada for federal funds to assist with the preservation and commemoration of local landmarks. At the same time, the Department of Militia and Defence was anxious to transfer old forts, and the associated expenses, to the Parks Branch. Roche asked James B. Harkin, the first Commissioner of Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. Harkin believed that the Parks Branch did not have the necessary expertise to manage historic resources; he was troubled by the relatively weak historic value of Fort Howe, the country's first historic park, and feared that the Branch's park improvements were incompatible with the heritage attributes of Fort Anne, the second historic park.

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada

On Harkin's recommendation, the government created the Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation (later called the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada) in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, a noted authority on the War of 1812 and the history of Ontario, was chosen as the Board's first chairman, a post he held for twenty years. The first place designated and plaqued under the new program was the "Cliff Site" in Port Dover, Ontario, where two priests claimed sovereignty over the Lake Erie region for Louis XIV of France in 1670.

Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, and the focus of the program was on commemoration rather than on preservation. Benjamin Sulte, a member of the HSMBC, wrote to Harkin in 1919 about the significant ruins at the Forges du Saint-Maurice, demonstrating his preference for the installation of a plaque over restoration: "All that can be done in our days is to clear away the heap of stones, in order to reach the foundation walls and plant a sign in the centre of the square thus uncovered."

In the early years of the program, National Historic Sites were chosen to commemorate battles, important men, the fur trade and political events; the focus was on the "great men and events" credited with establishing the nation. Of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943, 105 represented military history, 52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals (almost entirely men). There was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country. At one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in Prince Edward Island worthy of designation. The then prominence of sites in Ontario related to the War of 1812 and the United Empire Loyalists has been attributed to the influence of Cruikshank, resulting in a "veritable palisade of historical markers along the St. Lawrence", and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of imperial unity with Britain, while commemorating resistance to "Americanism". Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of Jews, Blacks and Ukrainians to Canada were rejected, as were attempts to recognize patriots of the Rebellions of 1837. Such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of the 20th century. The HSMBC at the time has been described by historian Yves Yvon Pelletier as a "Victorian gentlemen's club", made up of self-taught historical scholars, whose decisions were made without public consultation and without the benefit of a secretariat to further investigate the recommendations of Board members.

The following have served as members of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada:

Evolution of the program
As time passed and the system grew, the scope of the program and the nature of the designations evolved. By the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development. The change was most marked in Ontario, where the Niagara Parks Commission was restoring Fort George and the Department of Highways was restoring Fort Henry. It took the Great Depression to create opportunities for significant heritage preservation projects at the federal level. Although the HSMBC took little interest in these efforts, limiting itself to a commemorative role, the Parks Branch made wide use of government relief funds to hire workers to assist with the restoration of old forts.

In 1943, the interim chairman of the HSMBC, Frederic William Howay, urged his fellow Board members to consider a broader range of designations, and to correct the geographic and thematic imbalance in the designations. In particular, Howay encouraged the HSMBC to pay more attention to economic, social and cultural history, and he urged a moratorium on additional designations related to the War of 1812. In 1951, the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences highlighted the imbalances of the National Historic Sites program, urging a more ambitious program with more attention paid to architectural preservation. In 1955, the Historic Sites and Monuments Act was amended to allow the designation of buildings due to their age or design, resulting in a new focus on the designation of Canada's built heritage. The 1950s also marked the beginning of the "big project" era, which reached its apogee in the 1960s, in which the federal government invested significant funds in the restoration and reconstruction of high-profile National Historic Sites such as the Halifax Citadel, the Fortress of Louisbourg, the fortifications of Quebec City and the historic core of Dawson City.

The 1970s marked the start of a new shift in the nature of the designations. Of the 473 National Historic Sites designated between 1971 and 1993, the formerly dominant category of political-military events represented only 12 percent of the new designations, with the "Battle of..."-type commemorations being overtaken by sites associated with federal politics. The largest group of designations (43 percent) pertained to historic buildings. By the 1990s, three groups were identified as being underrepresented among National Historic Sites: Aboriginal peoples, women, and ethnic groups other than the French and the English. Efforts were subsequently made to further diversify the designations accordingly. Saoyú-ʔehdacho in the Northwest Territories was designated in 1997, becoming the first National Historic Site both designated and acquired on the basis of consultation with Aboriginal peoples, and the largest National Historic Site in land area (approximately the size of Prince Edward Island). It was at this time that the use of the term "National Historic Park", then still used for the class of larger National Historic Sites operated by Parks Canada and deemed to be of "extraordinary value to Canadian history", was phased out.

Changes were not limited to new designations, as the interpretation of many existing National Historic Sites did not remain static and evolved over time. For example, the commemoration of National Historic Sites on the Prairies related to the Red River Rebellion and the North-West Rebellion has gone through at least three phases to date. In the 1920s, plaques erected at these sites trumpeted the expansion of Canada and western civilization across North America. Due to local pressures, changes at the HSMBC and evolving historiography, texts introduced in the 1950s avoided the previous triumphalist version of events, but also avoided any analysis of the causes or consequences of the events. Commencing in the 1970s, a changing approach to heritage conservation at Parks Canada, coupled with growing regionalism and a more assertive Aboriginal rights movement, led to the next generation of interpretative documents, one that included a focus on the societies which Canada's 19th-century expansion had displaced.

Designations
National Historic Sites are organized according to five broad themes: Peopling the Land, Governing Canada, Developing Economies, Building Social and Community Life, and Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life. To be commemorated, a site must meet at least one of the following criteria:

 * illustrate an exceptional creative achievement in concept and design, technology or planning, or a significant stage in the development of Canada;
 * illustrate or symbolize, in whole or in part, a cultural tradition, a way of life or ideas important to the development of Canada;
 * be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with persons who are deemed to be of national historic significance; or
 * be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with events that are deemed to be of national historic significance.

Designation as a National Historic Site provides no legal protection for the historic elements of a site. However, historic sites may be designated at more than one level (national, provincial and municipal), and designations at other levels may carry with them some legal protections.

Most National Historic Sites are marked by a federal plaque bearing Canada's Coat of Arms. In earlier years, these plaques were erected on purpose-built cairns, and in later years have been attached to buildings or free-standing posts. These maroon and gold markers are typically in English and French, though some are trilingual where another language is relevant to the subject being commemorated.

title: National Historic Sites of Canada


text:
Talk:Promotory fort

Is this spelling ("promotory") correct? It looks suspiciously like a typo for "promontary". seglea 07:59, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've now checked in OED and there is no record of this spelling even as an error or regional variant. A Google search suggests that it occurred as a typo in an early 20th century issue of Webster's, in its definition of "Naze", and has propagated as a result. I am going to risk changing the spelling throughout. If anyone changes it back, please give an authority for the spelling here, to avoid repeated shuttling - thanks. seglea 08:04, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I checked, and it is indeed promontory, which makes sense etymologically as well. Sorry!! I could have sworn.... --Yak 10:07, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Promotory fort


text:
MSD

MSD may refer to:

People

 * Mahendra Singh Dhoni or MSD (born 1981), Indian cricketer

Companies

 * Merck Sharp and Dohme, an international name of Merck & Co., the U.S. and Canada pharmaceutical company formerly related to German Merck KGaA
 * MSD Capital, a private investment firm owned by personal computer entrepreneur Michael Dell
 * MSD Ignition, a company that specializes in automotive-ignition components; MSD stands for "multiple spark discharge"
 * Motor Sports Developments, an automotive-engineering company based in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; see X25XE

Computers

 * Mass storage device, like a USB key
 * Memory Stick Duo, a type of solid digital data storage device
 * Microsoft Diagnostics, a computer diagnostic program shipped with various versions of DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems
 * Modem Sharing Device
 * MSD Super Disk, a floppy-disk drive for Commodore 8-bit systems
 * miniSD/microSD

Schools and school districts

 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, Florida, United States
 * Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Marshall School District in Marshall, Arkansas, United States
 * Maryland School for the Deaf, United States
 * Milford School District, a school district in Milford, Delaware, United States
 * Missouri School for the Deaf
 * Moscow School District in Moscow, Idaho, United States

Other organizations

 * Meclîsa Sûriya Demokratîk or Syrian Democratic Council, the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces in Syria
 * Metro de Santo Domingo, a rapid-transit system in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic
 * Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)
 * Mission Science Division, a group of scientists, research fellows and young graduates working at the European Space Agency
 * Mladí sociální demokraté or Young Social Democrats (Czech Republic), a social democratic youth organization in the Czech Republic
 * Mladí sociálni demokrati or Young Social Democrats (Slovakia), a social democratic youth organization in Slovakia
 * Mobile Security Deployments, the U.S. Diplomatic Security Service's tactical unit
 * MSD (Межправительственный совет дорожников) or Intergovernmental Council of Roads, the road authority organisation of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Science and medicine

 * Macromolecular Structure Database, one of the services provided by the European Bioinformatics Institute
 * Major hypersomnolence disorder
 * Marine sanitation device, used in the Regulation of ship pollution in the United States
 * Mars solar date
 * Mass spectrometric detector, a type of chromatography detector
 * Mean squared displacement, a statistical measure of random motion
 * Multiple sulfatase deficiency, a very rare form of metachromatic leukodystrophy
 * Musculoskeletal disorders

Other uses

 * Magnetic switchable device, a passive magnetic mount that can be activated or deactivated
 * Master Scuba Diver, a certification level in recreational scuba diving
 * Master of Science in Dentistry, a Dental degree
 * Master of Sport Directorship (MSD) at Manchester Metropolitan University
 * Mean Shortest Distance, in the context of the PGP Web of trust
 * Minimum string distance, the number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions to transform one string into another in Typing
 * Moorside railway station, England National Rail station code
 * Moscow Summer Time
 * Most significant digit

title: MSD