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Portland Harbour

Portland Harbour is located beside the Isle of Portland, Dorset, on the south coast of England. Construction of the harbour began in 1849; when completed in 1872, its 520 ha surface area made it the largest human-made harbour in the world, and it remains one of the largest in the world today. It is naturally sheltered by Portland to the south, Chesil Beach to the west and mainland Dorset to the north. It consists of four breakwaters: two southern and two northern. These have a total length of 4.57 km and enclose approximately 1000 ha of water.

Portland Harbour was built by the Admiralty as a facility for the Royal Navy (though access was also available to merchant ships); on 11 December 1923 it was formally designated HM Naval Base (HMNB) Portland, and continued to serve as such until closure in 1995.

Creation of harbour of refuge (1844–1872)
The original harbour was naturally sheltered by the south coast of England, Chesil Beach and the Isle of Portland, providing refuge for ships against weather in all directions except east. The harbour had already been used by ships for centuries when, in the 16th century, King Henry VIII built Portland Castle and Sandsfoot Castle to defend the anchorage. Prompted by the expansion of the French naval port of Cherbourg, just across the English Channel, the Royal Navy established a base at Portland in 1845; a scheme for the harbour to be transformed into a refuge had been granted parliamentary approval the year before. Portland was the first naval anchorage specifically designed for the new steam navy. Similar harbours of refuge would be built at Alderney, Dover, Holyhead, and later (in response to the increased naval threat from Germany) at Peterhead.

Construction of the two breakwaters began in 1849 when HRH Prince Albert laid the foundation stone on 25 July. Designed by engineer James Meadows Rendel, the work was carried out under civil engineer John Towlerton Leather, with Rendel as engineer in chief (until his death in 1856), and John Coode as resident engineer. During 1848, HM Prison Portland was established to provide convict labour to quarry the stone needed to construct the breakwaters and the harbour defences. Known as the Admiralty Quarries, they provided 10,000 tons of stone per week. The breakwaters were declared complete by HRH Edward the Prince of Wales on 10 August 1872. A major government project, the construction work had become Dorset's greatest tourist attraction of its time.

Construction of harbour defences
The initial southern breakwaters were built between 1849 and 1872; meanwhile, various defences were created to defend the harbour. The Verne Citadel, designed by Captain Crosman R.E., was built at Verne Hill between 1860 and 1881: the 56 acre (23 ha) fortress was designed for 1000 troops and had gun emplacements facing seawards on three sides. Below the eastern side of the citadel, East Weare Battery was built during the 1860s, along with the detention barracks East Weare Camp. On the end of the inner breakwater was the Inner Pierhead Fort, and on the outer breakwater the circular Breakwater Fort. On Weymouth's side of the harbour, the Nothe Fort was built at the end of the Nothe Peninsula, and completed in 1872. In 1892, the Verne High Angle Battery was built in a disused quarry near the Verne Citadel, but was decommissioned in 1906.

As part of further defence works against the threat of torpedo attack, the harbour's two northern breakwaters were built between 1893 and 1906. In 1902, additional defences were constructed, including Upton Fort at Osmington and Blacknor Fort on the western side of Portland. By 1903, the East Weares Rifle Range served the navy and other military on the eastern side of the island. In 1905, the Portland Breakwater Lighthouse was erected on the southern end of northeast breakwater, where it continues to operate today.

Establishment of Royal Navy at Portland
The harbour was envisaged primarily as a coaling station for the Royal Navy, being conveniently equidistant from the Royal Navy's two principal bases at Portsmouth and Devonport; however it was also where the Channel Squadron was based, newly re-formed in 1858.

In the 20th century, Portland became increasingly renowned for its training and research facilities.

Fuelling facilities
Coaling facilities were initially integrated into the design of the inner breakwater. A new coaling pier was built between 1890 and 1896, and expanded coaling facilities were still being added in 1906. During the 20th century the harbour increasingly became an naval oiling depot and, beginning in the early 1900s, the tidal creek the Mere began to be filled in for a vast tank farm.

Naval base
Over time, Portland was successively the base for the Channel and Home Fleets, as well as part of the Reserve Fleet, and it also served as a depot for submarines. In the early years of the 20th century it served as base for the Navy's first Torpedo Boat Destroyers.

Naval Dockyard facilities
In the 1850s it had been proposed that a full Royal Navy Dockyard be established, with three dry docks, three shipbuilding slips, a fitting-out basin and associated factory facilities. These plans were not carried through, however a floating dry dock was introduced in 1914, enabling Portland to function as a repair and refit facility, and by 1914 Portland was officially listed as a Naval Dockyard (remaining so until 1959). Onshore amenities included a range of storehouses, workshops and office buildings.

Support facilities
Support facilities for the fleet were also added over time, including a canteen and recreation ground (opened in 1903). The nearby Royal Naval Hospital in Castletown served the naval base from 1904 (replacing an earlier Sick Quarters), until 1957 when it was handed over to the NHS.

Research facilities
The development of both the torpedo and the submarine led to Portland Harbour becoming a centre for research into underwater warfare, beginning with the establishment of Robert Whitehead's Torpedo Works at Wyke Regis in 1891. A purpose-built pier projecting into the harbour from the factory was used for torpedo testing and practice firing. The factory closed in 1997 and was cleared to make way for a housing development named Whitehead Drive, which includes a memorial stone and plaque to commemorate the factory.

Training facilities
In 1862 HMS Britannia (1820) was moored at Portland to serve as a training ship for naval cadets. She was replaced by HMS Boscawen (1844) in 1866 (following Britannia's relocation to Dartmouth). Boscawen was herself replaced in 1873 by HMS Trafalgar, which took on the same name. In 1882 an onshore training complex was built, above the dockyard on Portland Bill. As the Royal Navy grew in size towards the end of the 19th century, additional accommodation was required for boys' training, which saw the arrival of HMS Minotaur (1863) in 1898 and HMS Agincourt (1865) in 1904; they were named Boscawen II and Boscawen III respectively. The training establishment closed in 1906; while Boscawen (ex-Trafalgar) was sold, Boscawen II and Boscawen III were transferred to Harwich and subsequently attached to HMS Ganges (shore establishment).

World War I to World War II (1914–1945)
The increasing threat of conflict with Germany before the Great War erupted saw the arrival of the Dreadnoughts in Portland, while seaplanes began to operate in Portland's skies. King George V watched aerial displays from the royal yacht in the harbour in May 1912. This occasion saw a biplane demonstrate the first British flight from a moving ship, and afterwards the king took the first ever royal trip in a submarine.

In 1914, the Grand Fleet assembled in Portland Harbour before sailing to Scapa Flow. As a measure against submarine attack, the battleship HMS Hood (1891) was scuttled across the harbour's southern entrance in 1914.

Anti-submarine School and ASDIC Research & Development
In 1917 the RNAS seaplane base at Portland was commissioned as HMS Sarepta. Under its command, a 'listening school' was established to help develop hydrophone underwater listening devices and other anti-submarine measures, and to train personnel in their use. The school initially operated from temporary accommodation in Weymouth, before moving in 1918 to a site at East Weare, just south of the Dockyard. Meanwhile, the experimental work was carried out within the dockyard itself: namely in a pair of sheds on the inner breakwater and in what had been the Admiralty Slaughter Houses (just to the south, at Balaclava Bay), which were swiftly converted into workshops. The dockyard swimming pool was also put to use, as a testing tank.

Sarepta was decommissioned in December 1919, but the anti-submarine work continued, overseen from the cruiser HMS Gibraltar (1892), which became lead ship of a small anti-submarine flotilla, made up of R-class destroyers and P-class patrol boats, fitted with ASDIC for training and for experimental testing.

In 1924, however, Portland's Anti-Submarine School (having been consolidated with similar units from HMS Vernon (shore establishment) and HM Signal School, Portsmouth) was itself commissioned as HMS Osprey, becoming an independent shore command. (HMS Icewhale initially served as the depot ship, and was duly renamed Osprey; but in 1928 she was sold out of service and the name was transferred ashore). Its facilities included laboratories and workshops, a large water tank for conducting experiments and an inshore testing site for trials of ASDIC on the inner breakwater (by the late 1930s over 200 civilians were employed in Osprey's ASDIC Research and Development Unit (ARDU)).

World War II
From 1940, the harbour came under fierce German air attack, with Portland suffering 48 air attacks, in which 532 bombs were dropped, over the course of the war. In July 1940, the anti-aircraft ship HMS Foylebank was attacked by Stuka dive-bombers and sank in the harbour. The second of only two Victoria Crosses awarded for action in the United Kingdom was posthumously bestowed on Jack Foreman Mantle, who died at his post on the ship. Although mortally wounded he continued to fire his gun against the attackers until he died. Mantle is buried in Portland's Royal Naval Cemetery, which overlooks the harbour. In 1940–41, the Portland Naval Communication Headquarters was constructed, built into the hillside at the rear of the dockyard.

In January 1941 Osprey moved out of Portland to the relative safety of Dunoon on the west coast of Scotland; the experimental section operated as a sub-division of Osprey, known as HM Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment, in Fairlie, North Ayrshire. In the meantime the Portland was redesignated to serve as a Coastal Forces base, commissioned under the name HMS Attack.

On 1 May 1944, the harbour was commissioned as USNAAB Portland-Weymouth. Both Portland and Weymouth were major embarkation points for American troops during D-Day, particularly the US 1st Division who embarked for Omaha Beach in June 1944. The King, Prime Minister Churchill and Free French leader General de Gaulle came to see the great D-Day preparations at Portland; activity in the harbour was continuous. After the war, Portland's role in the liberation of Europe was marked by a ceremony in August 1945, when the American Ambassador John G. Winant unveiled a stone in Victoria Gardens commemorating the passing by the spot of 418,585 troops and 144,093 vehicles the previous June.

During both World Wars I and II, the bay was filled with neutral ships at anchor waiting to be searched for materials that might be useful to the enemy.

Post-war role and closure of naval base (1946–1995)
After the war, in 1946, ten Phoenix caissons of the Mulberry Harbour were towed back to Portland, eight of which were later given to the Netherlands to repair storm breaches in the dykes in 1953. The remaining two units now act as a wind-break, helping ships berth at Queen's Pier in the harbour.

HMS Osprey
In 1946, the anti-submarine school returned to Portland, and re-established itself at East Weare. In 1948 the administrative command of HMS Osprey was extended to cover the Naval Base as a whole. (The depot had been designated HMS Boscawen from 1932 up until that point; previously Portland had been designated a sub-Depot of HMS Victory in Portsmouth.) The 'Upper Osprey' site at East Weare was substantially rebuilt in the 1960s; subsequently much of it was given over to provide barracks accommodation for the base and its personnel.

Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment
HM A/S Experimental Establishment also returned to Portland in 1946. Over the next few years its headquarters on Balaclava Bay were rebuilt and extended, and it was again renamed as HM Underwater Detection Establishment (HMUDE).

At the same time, a new headquarters for the Admiralty Gunnery Establishment (AGE), which had transferred to Portland from Teddington, was built at Southwell between 1949 and 1952; it, however, transferred again in 1959 (to Portsdown Hill), allowing the building to be taken over by the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment (AUWE), formed from an amalgamation of different establishments from different parts of the UK involved in researching and developing underwater weapons and detection systems (including HMUDE, which nevertheless remained in its Balaclava Bay premises). The latter was renamed AUWE (North), to distinguish it from the new building, AUWE (South), at Southwell.

The AUWE later became infamous for espionage infiltration, known as the Portland spy ring.

Portland Dockyard
In February 1958 it was announced in Parliament by the First Lord of the Admiralty that Portland Dockyard was to close the following year (though the naval base would be retained). At the time, the Dockyard employed 'some 1,600 industrial and non-industrial staff'. Within the same statement Sheerness Dockyard and a number of other naval establishments were also slated for closure.

Flag Officer Sea Training
As planned, Portland's Royal Dockyard closed in 1959, but the Naval Base remained open 'in support of the local establishments and H.M. ships using the harbour'. From 1958, the base's main occupation was Flag Officer Sea Training, which was a major success, and the harbour soon became the world's premier work-up and training base. Aside from the training of Royal Navy ships, many ships of NATO countries also trained and frequented at the harbour. Part of the Falklands War task force sailed from Portland in 1982. In 1984, two large accommodation blocks, totalling £25-30 million, were built in Castletown as barracks for Royal Navy personnel, along with a sports centre.

RNAS Portland
With the advent of the helicopter and its importance as an anti-submarine weapon, an airfield was formed following World War II. In 1946, Hoverfly R-4Bs began operating from the base's playing fields, which were transformed into a landing ground. In 1959, RNAS Portland was officially established as part of HMS Osprey, further land having been reclaimed from the Mere the previous year to serve as a runway and landing area, and the old canteen building having been adapted to serve as a combined headquarters and control tower. It went on to become the largest naval helicopter airfield in Europe.

Closure
The Ministry of Defence continued to invest in HMNB Portland until the late 1980s; however in 1991 the closure was announced of both the naval base and the research establishments on Portland as part of defence spending cuts following the end of the Cold War. There was opposition against the closure from the local economy, as well as all ranks of naval personnel, who felt Portland's surrounding coast was perfect for exercising ships.

Royal Navy operations ceased on 21 July 1995 and the harbour was sold on 29 March 1996. FOST was relocated to Devonport. Following this, RNAS Portland also closed in October 1999. The combined closure of all Portland-based establishments was believed to have cost the area 4,500 jobs, along with a loss of £40 million in the area's economy, according to a study carried out for Weymouth and Portland Borough Council in 1995.

Modern port
Langham Industries bought the site from the Ministry of Defence in 1996.

, the harbour is the fourth largest human-made port in the world, after the Port of Jebel Ali in Dubai, Ras Laffan Harbour in Qatar and Cherbourg Harbour in France. The breakwaters lead to a restricted water exchange; this in turn leads to elevated water temperatures. Thus several marine species inhabit the harbour beyond the typical northern limits of their range. The harbour is designated as EU shellfish water and supports an important shellfish fishery and a marine ecosystem of high importance for biodiversity.

The harbour was sold off by the Royal Navy in 1996, allowing it to be used both as a centre for water sports and as a service facility for Channel shipping. Portland Port Ltd, formed in December 1994, took possession of the site immediately and their purchase was completed on 12 December 1996. The company aimed to develop the ship repair, leisure and tourism potential of the harbour. One of the first arrivals at the new set up was a prison ship HM Prison Weare, which remained in use until 2006. Renamed Jascon 27, the ship left Portland under tow in 2010, bound for Nigeria, to be refurbished for use as an oil industry accommodation vessel.

Portland Port Group became Statutory Harbour Authority for Portland Harbour on 1 January 1998, replacing the Queen's Harbour Master. In 2004 changes led to Portland Harbour Authority Ltd becoming the Statutory and Competent Harbour Authority and Portland Port Ltd the Port Operator. The commercial port has expanded since its initial establishment; the Britannia Passenger Terminal was opened by HRH Prince Philip on 14 July 1999. In April 2000 the contract was signed for a new bunkering jetty and berth, which came into service in 2005. However, despite published reports in 1996 revealing that Portland Port Ltd were interested in the renovation of historic coastal fortifications in the area, no restoration of any kind has taken place.

Commercial activities on the water include specialist diving services for vessels and repairs and maintenance, as well as a bunkering (fuelling) station. The port is used by all kinds of vessels, from commercial ships such as bulkers, tankers, container carriers car carriers, survey and reefers etc. to British and foreign naval vessels. Commercial activities on the land of the dock estate include fuel storage, natural gas storage, several engineering facilities and a shellfish specialist.

The Portland Harbour Revision Order 2010 provides for the creation of new berths and hardstand areas at the port in order to allow increased commercial activities over the next 50 years. These new facilities have been identified as part of a master plan and business strategy developed by Portland Port. The development is designed to increase berthing opportunities and provide more operational land.

The four identified areas for development are:
 * Britannia Terminal Area
 * North of Coaling Pier Island
 * Camber Quay Development
 * Floating Dry Dock Development at Queen's Pier

The port also sees various cruise ship calls bringing visitors to the Dorset area. The Britannia Cruise Terminal, which was opened in July 1999 and again refurbished in 2005, has seen the likes of Royal Caribbean, Azamara, Club Cruises, Saga and Crystal Cruises use it as a start point for excursions in the wider Dorset region and beyond. In recent years the number of cruise ship calls at the port have increased.

In September 2022, a project costing £26m for a deep-water berth upgrade was due to begin, intended to be completed by May 2023.

In April 2023, the Government of the United Kingdom announced highly controversial plans to moor the Bibby Stockholm, on charter from Bibby Marine, at the port to accommodate 500 asylum seekers.

Recreation
The harbour is a popular location for Kiteboarding, wind surfing, wreck diving and sailing. Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy which hosted sailing events in the 2012 Olympic Games, is located on the south-western shore of the harbour. The Royal Yachting Association had expressed interest in securing a suitable site locally for a number of decades, in order to make use of the harbour's natural advantages. However the opportunity did not develop until the end of the 20th century, with the withdrawal of the Royal Navy. The academy was established as a not-for-profit company in 1999, and originally operated from various disused military buildings and facilities. In 2003 the academy was able to start redevelopment of the site. In 2005 WPNSA was selected to host the sailing events at the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Additionally Osprey Quay became an 80 acres regeneration project commissioned by South West Regional Development Agency in 2001. By 2012 Osprey Quay had been transformed with huge investment, offering over 11 hectares, a total of 60,000 square metres of business space.

In October 2007 work commenced on a new marina and recreational boating facility. Some 250,000 tonnes of Portland stone was used in creating the 875m breakwater and associated reclaimed land. This facility was open by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in April 2009 and is situated directly adjacent to the National Sailing Academy. Apart from the usual freshwater, fuel, shore power and pump-out facilities the marina also has a bar/restaurant, 15 retail/business units and 5 larger commercial units.

In addition to HMS Hood (1891), there are other dive wrecks around the harbour:

 * on the inside of the harbour, against a breakwater:
 * Countess of Erme – barge 30 metres north of the Eastern Ship Channel
 * the Spaniard – barge 50 metres south-west of the Chequered Fort
 * a World War II landing craft and a Bombardon Unit, a harbour device intended for the D-Day beaches in Normandy, 50 metres north east of the curve of the south break water
 * in "open" water inside the harbour:
 * a Sea Vixen Royal Navy aircraft – a diver training carcass between Ferrybridge and the helicopter base
 * HMS Himalaya – an 1850s passenger liner, which served for many years as a troopship and later as a coal or fuel barge in the centre of the harbour

Grade listed features
The harbour and dockyard has various buildings and structures that are Grade Listed.

The inner breakwater, with its jetty, former victualling store and Inner Pierhead Fort, are Grade II Listed. The victualling store was built around 1850. At the south-west end of Prince Consort Walk is a carved commemorative stone for the completion of the breakwaters in 1872. The outer breakwater is also Grade II Listed.

East Weare Battery was built in the 1860s to protect the harbour. In addition to this, The 'E' section of the battery is Grade II Listed and has become a scheduled monument too. East Weare Camp is Grade II Listed. One of the most dominant of the defence structures is the Portland Breakwater Fort, located on one of the outer breakwaters. It is Grade II Listed.

In 1993, the Dockyard Offices became Grade II Listed. At the end of Castletown village is the former Dockyard Police Station – also Grade II Listed. At the top of the Incline Road is the abandoned Old Engine Shed that once served the cable-operated inclined railway that ran to Castletown through the Navy Dockyard that is now Portland Port. The shed has been Grade II Listed since 2001.

Breakwater defences
Situated across Portland Harbour's four breakwater arms are various defensive structures and related monuments. Many of these are still in existence today, however are derelict and remain unopened to the public. At the Breakwater Fort is a World War II 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement, a pillbox, and a battery observation post. Further along the same arm, towards Portland, are two World War II coast artillery searchlights.

On the northeast breakwater, at the southern end, directly opposite the fort, is the Portland Breakwater Lighthouse. The site was also the location of a coastal battery, known as A Pier Head Battery, which opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. In 1944 emplacements were constructed to replace the 12-pounder guns with 6-pounders. A World War I torpedo station was also located on 'A' Head, using two 18 inch torpedo tubes which were operational from 1915 until 1918. It was put into operation again during World War II. During World War II a petroleum warfare site consisting of four flame throwers were located on 'A' Head. A World War II battery observation post survives.

On the North Eastern Breakwater, within the centre area, is a World War II coastal battery with coast artillery searchlights. Further along the arm is a 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement. On the far end of the North Eastern Breakwater, on the Weymouth side, is the site of B Pier Head Battery. The coastal battery opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. By 1913 the battery's armament included four 12-pounder guns and a 6-inch breech-loading (BL) Mk. VII gun. The battery was decommissioned in 1934. The same site featured a World War I torpedo station. Additionally there is a World War I battery observation post.

The Weymouth end breakwater features the C Pier Head Battery on the southern tip. The arm is known as the Bincleaves Groyne. The battery was opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. By the First World War the 12-pounder guns had been removed and replaced with a 6-inch breech-loading (BL) Mk. VII gun. The 6-inch gun was removed in 1924 and in 1934 two 12-pounder guns were transferred across from the recently decommissioned B Pier Head. In 1944 emplacements were constructed for two 6-pounder guns, but the guns were not mounted for a number of years. At the C Pier Head Battery a World War II petroleum warfare site was constructed. On site is a World War II 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement.

On-shore defences
Aside from the East Weare Battery, and other related constructions, there are a number of defences built within the harbour's dockyard and surrounding area.

During World War II, a number of anti-invasion structures were placed at Balaclava Bay, including an anti boat landing obstacle, and a minefield. A little further south is a coast artillery searchlight. Another coast artillery searchlight was situated further south of this. A number of pillboxes were built around East Weare Battery.

As part of the defence for HMS Osprey, now demolished, a "Yarnold Sanger" pillbox is located on Incline Road, constructed during the Cold War. In addition to this a World War II pillbox, with a possible machine gun post, is located at Upper Osprey.

title: Portland Harbour


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George Walker (soldier)

George Walker (c.1645 – 1 July 1690 Old Style) was an English soldier and Anglican priest. He was joint Governor of Derry during the Siege in 1689. He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne while going to the aid of the wounded Duke of Schomberg.

Family
George Walker II (1645–1690) was born in Wighill, now in North Yorkshire, England, the son of George Walker (1600–1677), rector of Kilmore, County Armagh and Chancellor of Armagh, and Ursula Stanhope (1617–1654), daughter of Sir John Stanhope of Melwood. Walker was educated at Glasgow University. He married Isabella Barclay (1644–1705), by whom he had nine sons and daughters: George Walker III 1669–1699; James 1670–1700; John 1671–1726; Gervase 1672–1693; Robert 1674–1705; Thomas 1677–1712; Mary 1679; Charity 1681–1728; Elizabeth 1683.

Early career
He became rector of the Parish of Donaghmore in 1674. He was also made rector of the Parishes of Lessan (or Lissan) and Desertlyn, in the Church of Ireland Diocese of Armagh.

Siege of Derry
A Doctor of Divinity, Walker was joint Governor of Londonderry along with Henry Baker during the Siege of Derry in 1689, and received the thanks of the House of Commons for his work.

He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690 (12 July New Style), whilst going to the aid of Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, Commander-in-Chief of all Williamite forces in Ireland, who was wounded during the crossing of the river in the early part of the battle. He was originally buried at the battlefield but at the insistence of his widow, his body was later exhumed and buried inside the church at Castlecaufield, County Tyrone. His body was later rediscovered and re-interred next to that of his wife but not before a cast was taken of his skull.

The Walker Plinth on the derry city walls which was completed in 1828, remains in his memory; although the column that stood on the plinth was destroyed in an IRA bomb attack in 1973.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Walker (soldier)


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User:Nephelin~enwiki

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title: User:Nephelin~enwiki


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Aida Turturro

Aida Turturro (born September 25, 1962) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Janice Soprano on the HBO drama series The Sopranos.

Early life and education
After graduating from high school, Turturro earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in theatre from the State University of New York at New Paltz.

Film
Turturro appeared in her first film, True Love, in 1989. She has acted in films such as What About Bob?, Jersey Girl, and Illuminata. Turturro also had small parts in Sleepers and Deep Blue Sea.

Television
From 2000 to 2007, Turturro appeared as Janice Soprano in 49 episodes of The Sopranos, earning two nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2001 and 2007.

In 2009, Turturro appeared in "Bite Me", a sixth-season episode of the CBS series Medium, playing the evil Bobbi Catalano. Turturro appeared in the eighth-season episode "Car Periscope" of Curb Your Enthusiasm.

In 2012, Turturro appeared in "Day of the Iguana", an episode of Nurse Jackie, which reunited her with her Sopranos co-star Edie Falco. She played Laura Vargas, the titular character's lawyer.

In 2013, Turturro appeared in the fourth-season episode "Drawing Dead" of Blue Bloods.

Since 2013, she has guest-starred in several episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Judge Felicia Catano.

In 2016, Turturro appeared as Maura Figgis, sister of gangster Jimmy "The Butcher" Figgis on the Fox police procedural sitcom, Brooklyn Nine-Nine. In 2017, Turturro appeared in "Il Mostro" in the second season of Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders.

Personal life
She is a cousin of actor and filmmaker John Turturro.

In 2001, Turturro was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Turturro has worked to raise public awareness of rheumatoid arthritis.

title: Aida Turturro


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Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy

The master chief petty officer of the Navy (MCPON ) is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office of the United States Navy, which is designated as a special paygrade above E-9. The holder of this position is the most senior enlisted member of the U.S. Navy, equivalent to the sergeant Major of the Army, chief master sergeant of the Air Force, sergeant major of the Marine Corps, master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard, and chief master sergeant of the Space Force. The holder of this rank and position is the most senior enlisted sailor in the Navy, unless an enlisted sailor is serving as the senior enlisted advisor to the chairman. The current MCPON is James Honea.

The master chief petty officer of the Navy is appointed by the chief of naval operations to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy. As such, they are the senior enlisted advisor to the chief of naval operations and to the chief of naval personnel. Their exact duties vary, depending on the CNO, though they generally devote much of their time to traveling throughout the Navy observing training and talking to sailors and their families. Their personnel code is N00D as the senior enlisted advisor to Chief of Naval Operations and PERS-00D in their special advisory capacity to Chief of Naval Personnel/Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Manpower, Personnel, and Training). In 1988, the MCPON's spouse was made the Ombudsman-at-Large, authorizing them to travel around the fleet with their spouse, representing the interests of the spouses of enlisted members. The MCPON serves an appointed two-year term of office but can be reappointed by the CNO for an additional two-year term. Typically; the MCPON serves two terms. While the MCPON is a non-commissioned officer, this rank is protocoled higher than all rear admirals and equivalent to a vice admiral in billet, seating, transportation, and parking.

Origin
In 1966, the opportunity was given to sailors in the U.S. Navy's two largest areas of concentration, Hampton Roads, Virginia, and San Diego County, California, to voice their concerns, complaints, and recommendations to the top levels of the U.S. Navy. The response was overwhelming; naval leaders realized that they were out of touch with the desires of enlisted sailors. To provide a permanent channel for input from the enlisted force to their senior leadership, the Navy acted on a suggestion to create a "Leading Chief Petty Officer of the Navy" who would have a direct dialogue channel with all enlisted sailors and represent their interests. Initially, the post was known as the senior enlisted advisor of the Navy, and on 13 January 1967 GMCM Delbert Black was selected to serve a four-year term in that capacity. On 28 April of the same year, Black's title was changed to Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy to bring the Navy in line with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army, which had created equivalent positions in 1957 and July 1966 respectively. MCPON Black's duties were to the Chief of Naval Personnel. All subsequent MCPONs have reported to both the CNO and CNP.

MCPON rate insignia
During the MCPON's tenure, a third silver star above the gold anchor is added onto the MCPON's collar and cap devices, as well as a rating badge consisting of a perched eagle atop three inverted gold chevrons, one rocker, and three inverted gold stars above the eagle. The MCPON's rating specialty mark is replaced by a single inverted gold star. The MCPON will also wear the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Badge on naval uniforms.

title: Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy


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University of Beira Interior

The University of Beira Interior (UBI; Portuguese: Universidade da Beira Interior) is a public university located in the city of Covilhã, Portugal. It was created in 1979, and has about 6,879 students distributed across a multiplicity of graduation courses, awarding all academic degrees in fields ranging from medicine, biochemistry, biomedical sciences and industrial design to aeronautical engineering, fashion design, mathematics, economics and philosophy. The university is named after the historical Beira region, meaning Beira Interior, the most interior area of Beira, mainly composed by the district of Guarda and the district of Castelo Branco, in today's Centro region.

History
In August 1973, following a major change in the national higher education system, the government established a polytechnical institution in Covilhã, the Polytechnic Institute of Covilhã (IPC - Instituto Politécnico da Covilhã), which was the first higher education institution in the city. Over the years, the IPC facilities, as well as the enrolment and staff, never ceased to grow. This growth and the region's needs, led the IPC to a remarkable level of achievements that granted it, in 1979, to be promoted, by the Portuguese Ministry of Education, to a higher institutional level, university institute. Seven years later, in 1986, the University Institute of Beira Interior was granted full university status and renamed University of Beira Interior (Universidade da Beira Interior).

The first rector was Professor Cândido Manuel Passos Morgado, from August 21, 1980 until January 19, 1996, then followed by Professor Manuel José dos Santos Silva who remained in office until June 19, 2009. On this date, the third Rector of the institution, Professor João António de Sampaio Rodrigues Queiroz, takes office, whose mandate ended on September 5, 2013. The fourth rector of the institution, who led it for two terms, was Professor António Carreto Fidalgo. The current rector of UBI is Professor Mário Lino Barata Raposo, who took office on June 8, 2021.

Organisation
For teaching and research purposes, UBI is organised into five faculties. The faculties are organised in departments:

 * The Faculty of Sciences includes the Department of Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, and Chemistry.
 * The Faculty of Engineering Sciences includes the departments of Textile Science and Technology, Paper Science and Technology, Electromechanical Engineering, Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Aerospace Sciences.
 * The Faculty of Human and Social Sciences is made up of the Department of Management and Economics, Department of Sociology, Department of Education Sciences and the Department of Sports Sciences.
 * The Faculty of Arts and Letters includes the Department of Communication and Arts; and the Department of Letters
 * The Faculty of Health Sciences includes the Department of Medical Sciences.

All departments of the university grant the undergraduate licenciado degree (licentiate's degree or bachelor's degree), which requires a three-year full-time study programme. UBI also awards postgraduate courses in the fields that are offered by its departments, granting the degrees of mestre (master's degree) and doutor (PhD).

In order to supply its own needs and those of the local community itself, the university has also five centres: the Teaching and Learning Resources Centre (CREA); the Centre for Patrimonial Studies and Recovery (CEPP); the Computer Centre (CI); the Optics Centre (CO) and the Centre of Studies for Regional Development (CEDR) which establishes the interface between the university and the community providing consulting services to local institutions in the areas of regional development.

The Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira (Cova da Beira University Hospital Center), with facilities in Covilhã and Fundão, is the teaching hospital of the University of Beira Interior. Hospitals of Castelo Branco and Guarda also collaborate with UBI's Faculty of Health Sciences.

UBI's Role in European Universities
University of Beira Interior (UBI) is one of the youngest public universities in Portugal and member of UNITA Consortium (Universitas Montium), one alliance of six european mountain universities, all romanic-speaking. This alliance is committed to promoting socioeconomic development in rural and cross-boarder áreas, with 165.000 students and 13.000 employees. The UNITA Consortium has six institutions of higher education of five countries:

 * Università Degli Studi di Torino (UNITO) - Italy,
 * Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI) - Portugal,
 * Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour (UPPA) - France,
 * Université Savoie Mont-Blanc (USMB) - France,
 * Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara (UVT) – Romania,
 * Universidade de Zaragoza (UNIZAR) - Spain.

The UNITA Consortium is based on the concepts of European identity, inter-comprehension, multiculturalism, and sustainability, and aims to develop a European Research Area focusing on three pillars: i) cultural heritage, ii) renewable energies, and iii) circular economy.

Rankings
In 2020, the University of Beira Interior (UBI) maintained the status of one of the best international academies founded less than 50 years ago. The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2020 (THE-YUR) placed UBI at 151–200, within a list that analyzed 414 institutions of higher education around the world. UBI repeated the rank of the previous ranking, although the competition is increasing. In 2019, 351 academies had been analyzed, 63 less than this year. The rise in the number of institutions, however, did not jeopardize the position of UBI among the elite of the youngest universities from 66 countries on five continents. When analyzing the performance of the Portuguese institutions included in THE-YUR, UBI is in the second best level reached by the eight national higher education institutions, with only one ahead of it. In the parameter "Citations" it is even the best Portuguese academy on the list, appearing in 3rd place in "Internationalization". Compared to 2019, UBI improved its final score in four of the five major missions of universities, used for the construction of the study: "Teaching", "Research", "Knowledge Transfer" and "Internationalization". To prepare the Times Higher Education Young University Rankings are used the same 13 performance indicators of the main rankings of THE, as the World University Ranking, in which UBI is also included. Universities are evaluated on their main missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and internationalization - to allow the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons possible. In THE-YUR the weighting elements are calibrated to reflect the missions of young universities, with less emphasis on reputation surveys and more on factors such as research productivity, staff-to-student ratios and doctoral training, among others.

Rectoral team
The rector is elected by the General Council for a term of four years and is assisted by vice-rectors and pro-rectors in specific tasks.

 * Rector: Mário Lino Raposo
 * Vice-rectors: José Carlos Páscoa Marques (Internationalization and Interaction with Society); Helena Maria Baptista Alves (Teaching, academic affairs and employability); Joaquim Mateus Paulo Serra (Human Resources, Tenders and Academic Acts); Amélia Cavaca Augusto (Quality, Social Responsibility and Social Action); Silvia Cristina Marques Socorro (Research, Innovation and Development); Silvio José Simões Mariano (Heritage, Infrastructure and Sustainability)
 * Pro-rectors: Anabela Rosário Leitão Dinis (Finance Area); Pedro Ricardo Morais Inácio (Digital University); João Carlos Gonçalves Lanzinha (Project Area)

Enrolment and staff
Current figures show an enrolment of approximately 8997 students from all over the country plus 772 professors and lecturers.

Students coming from other European Union member-states and PALOP (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa) countries accounts for nearly 200.

Teaching and learning methods
All courses are taught in Portuguese language, and the teaching process is undertaken using a mixture of theoretical and practical processes. Theoretical lessons are usually supported by:

 * Theoretical/Practical lessons where the students guided by the teacher have the chance to discuss and resolve problems.
 * Practical lessons, where the students are challenged to solve practical problems in laboratories, ateliers or computer facilities and able to apply the theoretical knowledge that they already understood and learned.

Academic year
The academic year at UBI consists of two semesters. The first (autumn and winter semester) is 20 weeks long. It runs from mid-September to mid-February and includes classes, work assessment and examinations of students. The second (spring and summer semester) is 20 weeks long. It runs from mid -February to mid-July and includes classes, work assessment and examinations of students. Christmas holidays last two weeks, and Easter break is one week.

University campus
Over the years, the UBI had a remarkable evolution and nowadays it is a modern university full of well-equipped laboratories, ateliers, libraries, computer rooms, research centres, and offering a wide range of activities through the students' union (Associação Académica da Universidade da Beira Interior) and university social services.

The university academic campus is well integrated in the city urban network and it has unique characteristics based on Covilhã industrial roots. The city was an important textile centre, once known as the "Portuguese Manchester". By the turn of the 21st century, the city had witnessed a restructuring of this industry. However, at the same time many factories were not able to meet the requirements of the global market and had to close down. Some of their former buildings, after being renovated by the University of Beira Interior, started the 21st century serving the purpose of educating the Portuguese society.

Over 250,000 m2 of buildings are dedicated to academic activities and social services. The university campus is divided into several spaces, called Pólos, which are spread through the city establishing a real symbiosis between the city and the university as a public institution.

The synopsis below provides information about the Pólos of UBI and its libraries:
 * Pólo I – The main building is a 17th-century textile factory that was renovated to house part of the university services, classrooms and offices. New buildings near have been erected over the years to keep up the continuous growth of the UBI. Due to a diligent renovation work this set of buildings are considered historical, cultural and architectonical outstanding pieces of industrial archaeology. Among this sector the following units are located: the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the Faculty of Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering Sciences, the Wool Museum, the Computer Centre, the Optics Centre, the São Martinho Chapel, the Main Library, the Bank, the Teaching and Learning Resources Centre (Multimedia Centre) and the Centre For Heritage Studies and Recovery.
 * Pólo II – On a hill, less than 1 km from Pólo I, and meeting the UBI need for constant expansion, an area was created where several central infrastructures, as the emblematic 16th century convent that nowadays houses the Rectory, the administration services and the international relations office. In the same area are also located the academic residences, Santo Antonio cafeteria, the sport halls, the social affairs centre and the centre of studies for regional development. The Department of Sports and Science is also located nearby.
 * Pólo III – This is where the Faculty of Health Sciences is located. It has a total area of 16,000 m2 situated nearby the Central Hospital in a distance of 1 km far from Pólo I.
 * Pólo IV – This area is located in northern part of the city and was created to facilitate the expansion of the university. It houses the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, the Cyber Centre and a residence hall with Snack Bar.
 * Libraries – UBI has three libraries. The Main Library is located in Pólo I following the aim of meeting the students' needs. All libraries of UBI have an information desk where one can obtain information and help. Once the Library Card is issued, students can use it to borrow books from any library. The Main Library offers a wide range of services spread among 3 different floors. Textbooks and course materials, scientific publications, bibliographies and reference works in all subjects taught at the university are available. Among other services, students can use the individual study and reading rooms, Inter-Library loan service, photocopy services, scanners, CD-ROM, Videos, DVD or consult the Library Database and Internet (200 computers).

UBI residence halls
The UBI maintains seven residence halls. One of the residence halls is located in Pólo II, 5 minutes of walking distance from the university's main buildings (Pólo I) and the other (Residência Pedro Álvares Cabral) is located near the Pólo IV. All the rooms are equipped with closets, desks, chairs, beds and central heating. One or two students are assigned to each room. The Students' Social Affairs Centre manages all the university housing offers.

Students' union
The students' union, AAUBI – Associação Académica da Universidade da Beira Interior, is headquartered within the old part of the town, near Santa Maria church. The union also has its office in Pólo I, two floors upstairs from the bank.

The students' union (AAUBI) offers a wide range of activities concerning sports, culture and leisure. During the whole year there are many indoor events such like chess meetings or activities in sports halls as climbing, volleyball, basketball, football, badminton and table tennis.

A freshmen reception week, organised by the students' union of the University of Beira Interior, takes place in November and includes a parade through town (the Latada) and several concerts.

Online radio, television and journal
The university has an online radio, Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior, an online television, Televisão Universitária da Beira Interior, and an online journal, Urbi et Orbi.

Athletics
The University of Beira Interior has two indoor sports pavilions, among other sports facilities. Competitive varsity sports teams of UBI include badminton, basketball, futsal, handball, rugby union and volleyball.

Wool museum
The UBI adapted the buildings of the former Real Fábrica de Panos (Royal Textile Factory), an important national woollens manufacturer established by Marquês de Pombal in 1764. This building served as a spinning, dyeing and weaving mill until 1885, when it was handed over to lodge the Regimento de Infantaria 21 (21st Infantry Regiment), and later the Batalhão de Caçadores 2 (2nd Sharpshooters Battalion).

In 1975, during the recovery and adaptation works of the building, archaeological remains of the old textile mill were discovered. The vats of the former dye-house were found. The discovery was classified as a part of the national cultural heritage and it was carefully recovered and restored. According to the museum's educational role, the discovered structures are helping to portray the dyeing processes used in Portugal in the second half of the 18th century.

Guided tours are available (free for UBI students). The museum is open on weekdays except Monday, from 09:30 to midday and from 14:30 to 18:00.

title: University of Beira Interior


text:
Pflugerville (disambiguation)

Pflugerville may refer to:

 * Pflugerville, Texas, a city in Travis County, Texas, United States
 * Lake Pflugerville, a reservoir in Pflugerville, Texas
 * Pflugerville High School, a public high school located in Pflugerville, Texas
 * Pflugerville Independent School District (PfISD), a public school district based in Pflugerville, Texas
 * Pflugerville Solar Farm, proposed solar photovoltaic power plant near Pflugerville, Texas

title: Pflugerville (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Five dollar note

Why do we need articles for Canadian currency anyway?? Do you know of anyone who lives in the United States who knows enough about Canadian currency to create a Wikipedia page for a Canadian $5, $10, $20, or $100 bill??

Why would it have to be someone from the United States? There are several Canadian Wikipedians. RickK | Talk 23:47, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Question
How many Canadian Wikipedians are there for every 1,000,000 American Wikipedians??

 * Hmm... 812,251.5213431399658283. ugen64 23:54, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

So what's your point? RickK | Talk 00:09, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

1 is more than enough! Unfortunately that would mean there were 1 000 000 American Wikipedians for every Canadian and who would want that? Garrie 00:50, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Deviled Hair
If anyone essays the subject, here's a ref for the "Devil in the Queen's hair" controversy: -- Nunh-huh 00:10, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Answer
All I am trying to see is if there is any reason for Wikipedia to have a page for the Canadian $5 bill.

Why not? This is not the American Wikipedia. RickK | Talk 01:07, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bill vs. banknote
According to Talk:U.S. twenty dollar bill the word "bill" is most common in the United States and other countries normally use the word "banknote". Is it okay to move this article to Five dollar banknote and make Five dollar bill back into a re-direct to U.S. five dollar bill?? 66.245.64.54 15:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely not Australia. Conjecture: Dollar bill is a phrase for the United States and Canada only; other countries use "banknote". 66.32.127.112 03:09, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Requested move 28 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Fuortu (talk) 15:57, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

Five dollar bill → Five dollar note – the United States is the only country that uses the word "bill" as a standard term; Five dollar bill should re-direct there with a header saying Georgia guy (talk) 14:54, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 *  Oppose Support per nom language (and per misunderstanding). Since this is a page about the U.S. five dollar bill, and the country uses that standard terminology, then "bill" seems appropriate and is probably the only word the average U.S. reader would be used to. A good faith nom though, and I didn't know the U.S. was the only country to use the term for its currency . Randy Kryn 16:12, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment. Randy Kryn, this is not a proposed move of United States five-dollar bill. It's a proposed move of the dis-ambiguation page. The page for the United States five-dollar bill will stay at its current title. Georgia guy (talk) 16:31, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support since most pages listed here use the word 'note'. kennethaw88 • talk 18:52, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. Most of the other titles use "note", so it makes sense.--Cúchullain t/ c 19:50, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support – the most common term for the specific paper currency is "note" and the term "bill" is exclusivity used only in the U.S.  CookieMonster755   𝚨-𝛀    19:56, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Five dollar note


text:
Black Brant (rocket)

The Black Brant is a family of Canadian-designed sounding rockets originally built by Bristol Aerospace, since absorbed by Magellan Aerospace in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Over 800 Black Brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets. They have been repeatedly used by the Canadian Space Agency and NASA.

History
Black Brant was the result of research at Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (CARDE) during the 1950s into the nature of the upper part of the atmosphere as part of ongoing research into anti-ballistic missile systems and very-long-range communication. In 1957 CARDE contracted Bristol to produce a simple rocket fuselage, called the Propulsion Test Vehicle, for studies into high-power solid fuels. The resulting design, by Albert Fia, was quite heavy, as it was designed to be able to accommodate a wide variety of engine burning times, propellant loadings and launch angles in keeping with its role as a test vehicle for ABM systems development. The first test flight took place only two years later from the Churchill Rocket Research Range in September 1959.

CARDE's attention later turned to long-distance communications and they found the Propulsion Test Vehicle system useful as a sounding rocket. To better suit this role, Bristol modified the design to be lighter and more tailored to the sounding rocket role. This became the Black Brant. CARDE launched a number of Black Brant rockets over the next few years, both the original Black Brant I design which could place a 68 kg payload to 150 km altitude, as well as the larger Black Brant II which first flew in October 1960, and the smaller but higher-altitude Black Brant III.

The rocket's design emphasized reliability over payload and range. In July 1963 the much larger Black Brant V first flew, which was also used as a booster stage for the Black Brant III to make the Black Brant IV. The IV first flew in 1964, but failed, as did the next test launch. Aside from these two launches, which were corrected for, the Black Brant has never had another failure, making it one of the most reliable rockets in history. Since then it has undergone continual evolution, and the current versions are the XI and XII, consisting of Black Brant V used as an upper stage, with Talos and Terrier boosters as lower stages. They have reached altitudes of more than 1500 km, which is above the ionosphere and well above the orbits of the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.

The propellant designs developed by CARDE in the Black Brant program were the highest performing solid fuels of their day. Bristol then placed this propellant in a new 70 mm rocket to form the CRV7, the first rocket capable of penetrating standard Warsaw Pact aircraft hangars. The CRV7 has since gone on to become the de facto standard rocket for most Western-aligned militaries.

In 1976, Australia and Canada through the National Research Council Canada (NRCC) agreed to launch a rocket from Woomera Test Range. The Black Brant VB rocket was launched there on 9 November for experiments in the ionosphere. Later, NASA would launch a number of Black Brant IX.

At present, due to its 98% success rate, it remains one of the most popular sounding rockets ever built. The rockets have been used repeatedly by the Canadian Space Agency and NASA. There is a 1:1 scale model of the Black Brant IX rocket in front of the head office of the Canadian Space Agency in Saint-Hubert, east of Montréal. A full-scale Black Brant VC is on display in the Science Gallery of The Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

In 1995, a Black Brant XII four-stage sounding rocket from the Andøya Rocket Range off the northwestern coast of Norway caused the Norwegian rocket incident, also known as the Black Brant scare. The trajectory resembled that of a U.S. Navy submarine-launched Trident missile. Russian nuclear forces were put on high alert as a result, fearing a high-altitude nuclear attack that could blind Russian radar, and Russia's "nuclear briefcase", the Cheget, was brought to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who then had to decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. It is the first and thus far only known incident where any nuclear-weapons state had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.

On September 19, 2009, a Black Brant XII that was launched to study clouds caused numerous calls from the northeastern U.S. reporting "strange lights in the sky". NASA reported that the light came from an artificial noctilucent cloud formed by the exhaust particles of the rocket's fourth stage at an altitude of about 278 km.

Versions
the following is enumerated by roman numerals

Black Brant I

 * Black Brant I
 * Payload: 68 kg
 * Maximum flight height: 225 km
 * Launch thrust: 111 kN
 * Launch mass: 730 kg
 * Diameter: 0.26 m
 * Length: 7.41 m

Black Brant II

 * Black Brant II, Black Brant IIB
 * Payload: 68 kg (Black Brant II)
 * Maximum flight height: 274 km
 * Thrust: 89 kN
 * Mass at launch: 800 kg
 * Diameter: 0.44 m
 * Length: 8.45 m

The II was the first rocket for scientific use and was ready in 1960.

Black Brant III

 * Black Brant III, Black Brant IIIA, Black Brant IIIB
 * Payload: 18 kg (Black Brant III)
 * Maximum flight height: 177 km
 * Thrust: 49 kN
 * Mass at launch: 286 kg
 * Diameter: 0.26 m
 * Length: 5.50 m

Black Brant IV

 * Black Brant IV is a two-stage rocket consisting of Black Brant VA first stage with either a Black Brant IIIA or IIIB second stage, Black Brant IVA, Black Brant IVB
 * Payload: 100 kg (Black Brant IV)
 * Maximum flight height: 1000 km
 * Thrust: 111 kN
 * Mass at launch: 1356 kg
 * Diameter: 0.44 m
 * Length: 11.06 m

Black Brant V

 * Black Brant V, Black Brant VA, Black Brant VB, Black Brant VC
 * Payload: 68 kg (Black Brant V)
 * Maximum flight height: 387 km
 * Thrust: 111 kN
 * Mass at launch: 1197 kg
 * Diameter: 0.44 m
 * Length: 8.15 m

Black Brant VI

 * Black Brant VI
 * Maximum flight height: 72 km
 * Thrust: 7 kN
 * Mass at launch: 100 kg
 * Diameter: 0.12 m
 * Length: 2.80 m

Black Brant VII

 * Black Brant VII
 * Maximum flight height: 72 km
 * Thrust: 7 kN
 * Mass at launch: 100 kg
 * Diameter: 0.12 m
 * Length: 2.80 m

Black Brant VIII

 * Black Brant VIII (a.k.a. Nike Black Brant) is a two-stage rocket with a Nike M5-E1 booster first stage and either a Black Brant VB or VC second stage, Black Brant VIIIB, Black Brant VIIIC
 * Maximum flight height: 340 km (Black Brant VIII)
 * Thrust: 196 kN
 * Mass at launch: 2000 kg
 * Diameter: 0.44 m
 * Length: 11.90 m

Black Brant IX

 * Status: Active
 * Black Brant IX (a.k.a. Terrier Black Brant) is a two-stage rocket with a Terrier Mk 70 booster first stage and a Black Brant VB second stage, Black Brant IXB, Black Brant IXBM1, Black Brant IXCM1, Terrier Black Brant XI Mod 2
 * Maximum flight height: 300 km
 * Mass at launch: 2200 kg (Black Brant IX)
 * Diameter: 0.46 m
 * Length: 12.20 m
 * First launch: 1982-03-16
 * Last launch: 2024-04-17 22:14 UTC (Hi-C Flare)
 * Total launches: 326
 * Successful launches: 320

Black Brant X

 * Black Brant X (a.k.a. Terrier Black Brant Nihka) is a three-stage rocket with a Terrier Mk 70 booster first stage, a Black Brant VB or VC second stage and a Nihka third, Black Brant XB, Black Brant XCM1
 * Payload: 90 kg (Black Brant X)
 * Maximum flight height: 900 km
 * Thrust: 257 kN
 * Mass at launch: 2600 kg
 * Diameter: 0.44 m
 * Length: 14.50 m

Black Brant XI

 * Black Brant XI (a.k.a. Talos Taurus Black Brant) is a three-stage rocket with a Talos booster first stage, Taurus booster second stage, and a Black Brant V third stage,  Black Brant XIA
 * Payload: 320 kg to 500 km altitude, or 550 kg to 300 km altitude (Black Brant XI)
 * Maximum flight height: 1400 km
 * Thrust:
 * Mass at launch: 5300 kg
 * Diameter: 0.76 m
 * Length: 17.00 m

Black Brant XII

 * Black Brant XII (a.k.a. Talos Terrier Black Brant Nihka) is a four-stage rocket with a Mk 11 Mod 5 Talos booster first stage, Terrier booster second stage (pre 2013 Taurus booster motors were used), Black Brant V third stage and Nihka fourth stage, Black Brant XIIA
 * Payload: manufacturer rated from 110 – (Black Brant XII)
 * Maximum flight height: Approximately 1500 km, dependent on payload
 * Thrust: 116,001 lbf first stage Talos booster
 * Mass at launch: Approximately 5300 kg, dependent on payload
 * Diameter:
 * Length: 15 m
 * First launch: 30 September 1988 (BEARS)
 * Last launch: 9 November 2023 (Beam-PIE)
 * Total launches: 35 (28 Black Brant XII, 7 Black Brant XII-A)
 * Successful launches: 33 (26 Black Brant XII, 7 Black Brant XII-A)

title: Black Brant (rocket)


text:
1772 in music

Events

 * January 1 – "At length the fleeting Year is o'er", a setting by William Boyce of an ode by William Whitehead, receives its first public performance, at St James's Palace in London, England.
 * January 2 – The funeral of Sigismund von Schrattenbach, Archbishop of Salzburg, is the occasion for the first performance of Michael Haydn's Missa pro defunctis Archespiscopo.
 * March 13 – Florian Leopold Gassmann replaces Georg Reutter II as Hofkapellmeister to the court of Emperor Joseph II in Vienna.
 * June 5 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf is ennobled by Empress Maria Theresa.
 * date unknown
 * Carl Stamitz is resident composer at Versailles.
 * Dr Charles Burney visits Johann Baptist Wanhal in Vienna.
 * Ignaz Pleyel becomes a pupil of Joseph Haydn.
 * Opéra flamand is established in Brussels.

Classical music

 * Johann Christian Bach – Symphonie Concertante in G C32
 * Luigi Boccherini
 * 6 String Quintets, G.277-282 (Op.13)
 * 6 String Trios, G.95-100 (Op.14)
 * 6 String Quartets G. 177-182 (Op. 15)
 * 6 Cello Sonatas
 * Christian Cannabich – Symphony No. 50 in D minor
 * Giovanni Battista Cirri – 8 Duets for 2 Cellos, Op. 8
 * Maria Rosa Coccia – 6 Harpsichord Sonatas, Op.1
 * Giovanni Battista Costanzi – Cello Concerto in D major (originally attributed to J. Haydn as Hob.VIIb:4)
 * Johann Christian Fischer – Oboe Concerto No.1 in C major
 * Florian Leopold Gassmann
 * La Betulia Liberata (oratorio)
 * 6 Quintets, Op. 2
 * François Joseph Gossec – Symphony 'de Chasse', RH 41
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Baryton Trio No. 76 in C major, Hob.XI:76
 * Flötenuhr in C major, Hob.XIX:10
 * Flötenuhr in C major, Hob.XIX:16
 * Mass in G major, Hob.XXII:6
 * Symphony 44 "Trauer"
 * Symphony 45 "Farewell"
 * Symphony 46
 * Symphony 47 "Palindrome"
 * String Quartets, Op. 20
 * Guillaume Lasceux – Magnificat in F major
 * Gabriele Leone – 6 Duos pour deux violons qui peuvent se jouer sur la mandoline et sur le pardessus (6 Duets for two violins that can be played on the mandolin and on the descant viol)
 * Andrea Luchesi – 6 Sonatas for harpsichord and violin Op. 1
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Grabmusik, K.42/35a
 * Church Sonata in E-flat major, K.67/41h
 * Kyrie in G major, K.89/73k
 * 20 Minuets, K.103/61d
 * Symphony No.15 in G major, K.124
 * Litaniae de venerabili altaris sacramento, K.125
 * Regina coeli in B-flat major, K.127
 * Symphonies 16-21, K. 128-130, 132-134
 * Divertimenti K. 136–138 "Salzburg Symphonies"
 * Wie unglücklich bin ich nit, K.147/125g
 * String Quartet No.2 in D major, K.155/134a
 * String Quartet No.4 in C major, K.157
 * 6 Minuets, K.164/130a
 * Die Mailänder Quartette K. Anh 210–213
 * James Nares – 6 Fugues with Introductory Voluntary's for the Organ or Harpsichord
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Requiem for Gennara di Borbone
 * Stephen Paxton – 6 Solos for the cello, Op. 1
 * Franz Xaver RIchter – 6 String Quartets, Op. 5
 * Giovanni Battista Sammartini – Symphony in A major, J-C 60
 * Carl Stamitz – 6 Symphonies, Op. 9

Opera

 * Pasquale Anfossi –Alessandro nelle Indie
 * Johann Christian Bach
 * Endimione
 * Temistocle
 * Domenico Cimarosa – Le stravaganze del conte
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Il sogno di Scipione
 * Lucio Silla
 * Giovanni Paisiello
 * La Semiramide in villa, R.1.31
 * La Dardané, R.1.33
 * Gli amanti comici, R.1.34
 * Tommaso Traetta – Antigona

Popular music

 * Rev. William Leeves & Lady Anne Barnard – "Auld Robin Gray"

Methods and theory writings

 * Michel Corrette – Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre à jouer la Mandoline
 * Louis-Joseph Francoeur – Diapason général de tous les instrumens à vent
 * Raparlier – Principes de musique
 * Johann Karl Gustav Wernich – Versuch einer richtigen Lehrart die Harfe zu spielen

Births

 * January 4 – Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut, musician (died 1840)
 * February 26 – Kaspar Fürstenau, flautist (died 1819)
 * March 17 – Stephen Jenks, musician (died 1856)
 * March 30 – Johann Wilhelm Wilms, composer (died 1847)
 * April 1 – Ignaz Franz von Mosel, composer and conductor (died 1844)
 * April 25 – Louis Deland, actor, singer and dancer (died 1823)
 * May 1 – Jacques-Michel Hurel de Lamare, cellist (died 1823)
 * May 2 – Friedrich von Hardenberg, librettist and poet (died 1801)
 * June 10 – Greta Naterberg, folk singer (d. 1818)
 * June 12 – Franz Cramer, violinist (died 1848)
 * July 15 – Lucile Grétry, French composer (died 1790)
 * August 26 – Maria Frances Parke, composer (died 1822)
 * September 3 – Nicola Tacchinardi, cellist and operatic tenor (died 1859)
 * September 27 – Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, Polish-Austrian composer (died 1807)
 * October 4 – Francois-Louis Perne, composer (died 1832)
 * November 10– Johann Nepomuk Kaňka, composer (died 1865)
 * November 18 – Prince of Prussia Louis Ferdinand, composer and prince (died 1806)
 * December 8 – Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz, patron of Beethoven (died 1816)
 * unknown date – Cyrill Demian, piano and organ maker (died 1847)

Deaths

 * February 13 – Pierre-Claude Foucquet, organist and harpsichordist (born 1694)
 * March – Francesco Carattoli, operatic bass (born c. 1705)
 * March 11 – Georg Reutter II, composer (born 1708)
 * April 19 – Johann Peter Kellner, organist and composer (born 1705)
 * April 22 – Marie Favart, opera singer, actress and dancer (born 1727)
 * May 6 – Edmund Pascha, organist and composer (born 1714)
 * June 15 – Claude Daquin, composer and organist (born 1694)
 * August 21 – Alessandro Felici, Italian composer (born 1742)
 * October 8 – Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, violinist and composer (born 1711)
 * Panna Cinka, violinist (born 1711)

title: 1772 in music


text:
HMS Hood (1891)

HMS Hood was a modified Royal Sovereign-class battleship pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Royal Navy in the early 1890s. She differed from the other ships of the class in that she had cylindrical gun turrets instead of barbettes and a lower freeboard. She served most of her active career in the Mediterranean Sea, where her low freeboard was less of a disadvantage. The ship was placed in reserve in 1907 and later became the receiving ship at Queenstown, Ireland. Hood was used in the development of anti-torpedo bulges in 1913 and was scuttled in late 1914 to act as a blockship across the southern entrance of Portland Harbour after the start of World War I.

Design
Hood, the last of the eight Royal Sovereign-class battleships to be built, differed significantly from the other ships of her class in that she had a forward freeboard of only 11 ft compared to 19 ft of the other ships. The Royal Sovereigns had reverted to a higher freeboard after several classes of low-freeboard vessel had been constructed, the last being the Trafalgar-class battleship. Low freeboard had been popular for around ten years since it required less armour and made a smaller target for gunfire to hit, although it had the disadvantage that it reduced seaworthiness. This low freeboard meant that Hood was very wet in rough weather and her maximum speed reduced rapidly as the wave height increased, making her only suitable for service in the relatively calm Mediterranean. This was seen as a vindication of the barbette/high-freeboard design in the rest of her class, and all subsequent British battleship classes had high freeboard.

The lower freeboard was required by her use of armoured gun turrets—a heavy type of rotating gun mounting of the mid-and-late 19th century very different from what would later be known as "turrets". Hood's half-sisters mounted their guns exposed on top of barbettes, a much lighter arrangement that allowed their freeboard to be substantially increased. The heavy, old-fashioned type of turrets added to the amount of weight high up in the ship compared to barbettes and decreased the ship's stability.

Because the stability of a ship is largely due to freeboard at high rolling angles, she was given a larger metacentric height (the vertical distance between the metacenter and the centre of gravity below it) of around 4.1 ft instead of the 3.6 ft of the rest of the Royal Sovereigns to make her roll less in rough seas. This had the effect of making her roll period shorter by around 7% compared to her sisters, which in turn made her gunnery less accurate. Bilge keels were fitted in 1894 which improved her manoeuvrability.

General characteristics
Hood had an overall length of 410 ft, a beam of 75 ft, and a draught of 28 ft at deep load. She displaced 14780 LT at normal load and 15588 LT at deep load. Her crew numbered 690 officers and ratings.

The ship was powered by two 3-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller. Eight water-tube boilers provided steam to the engines, which produced a maximum of 11000 ihp when forced. This was intended to allow them to reach a speed of 17.5 kn. She carried a maximum of 1490 LT of coal, enough to steam 4720 nmi at 10 knots.

Armament
The ship was armed with four 32-calibre BL 13.5-inch Mk I–IV guns in two twin gun turrets, one fore and aft of the superstructure. Each gun was provided with 80 shells. Hood's secondary armament consisted of ten 40-calibre 6-inch Mk I-III guns mounted in casemates in the superstructure. A major problem with the four of these guns mounted on the upper deck was that they were mounted low in the ship and were unusable at high speed or in heavy weather. They were removed in 1904. The ship carried 200 rounds for each gun.

Defence against torpedo boats was provided by eight QF 6-pounder guns, although the exact type of gun is not known. Four of these were mounted on the main deck in casemates on the sides of the hull and suffered from the same problems as the six-inch guns. Hood also mounted a dozen QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns mounted in the superstructure and fighting tops. Like her sisters, the ship was fitted with seven 18-inch torpedo tubes. Two of these were mounted in the bow below the waterline, four were placed in the sides of the hull, two on each broadside, and one in the stern. These last five tubes were all above water. She also was fitted with a plough-shaped underwater ram. In 1897 one of these 3-pounder guns was mounted on each turret top and, three years later, the 3-pounders in the fighting tops were transferred to the forward superstructure. At the same time the above-water torpedo tubes were removed. About 1902–03 the 6-pounders on the main deck were removed; two were remounted on the superstructure, but the other two were not replaced. In 1905 the 3-pounders on the forward superstructure were removed while the 3-pounders in the lower fighting tops were removed while the ship was in reserve from 1907–09.

Armour
Hood's protection used both compound armour and nickel steel armour. Her waterline main belt ranged in thickness between 14 and 18 in thick. It covered the middle 250 ft of the ship and was 8.5 ft high of which 5 ft was below the waterline at normal load. Fore and aft bulkheads, 16 - 14 in thick respectively, closed off the ends of the central citadel at the level of the waterline. The upper strake of 4 in armour was 150 ft long and protected the ship's side between the barbette Oblique bulkheads 3 in thick connected this strake to the armour protecting the bases of the turrets. The gun turrets and their bases were protected by 17 in of armour that thinned to 16 in behind the oblique bulkheads. Below the armoured deck their armour was reduced to 11 in. The armour of the main-deck casemates was 6 inches thick and that of the forward conning tower was 14 inches thick. The armoured deck was 3 inches thick over the machinery, but thinned to 2.5 in outside the central citadel and ran to the ends of the ship. At the bow it dipped down to reinforce the ship's ram.

Construction and career
Hood was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 12 August 1889 and was launched on 30 July 1891, the Viscountess Hood christening her. She finished her sea trials in May 1893 and was commissioned on 1 June 1893 at the cost of £926,396. Her assignment to the Mediterranean Fleet was delayed when she sprang a leak in her forward compartments on 7 June 1893 as a result of faulty riveting and excessive strain on the hull when she had been docked. Repairs took only two days, and the ship left Sheerness for the Mediterranean on 18 June 1893. She arrived at Malta on 3 July 1893, relieving the battleship HMS Colossus (1882).

In May 1896, Hood steamed from Malta to Crete to protect British interests and subjects there during unrest among Cretan Greeks who opposed the Ottoman Empire′s rule of the island. In 1897 and 1898, the ship served as part of the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), Imperial Russian Navy, and Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897-1898 Greek uprising on Crete. The squadron, which formed in February 1897, bombarded insurgent forces, put sailors and marines ashore to occupy key cities, and blockaded Crete and key ports in Greece, actions which brought organized fighting on the island to an end by late March 1897. Thereafter, the squadron maintained order on Crete until the island's status finally was resolved by the evacuation of all Ottoman Army forces from Crete in November 1898 and the establishment of an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty in December 1898.

Captain Alvin Coote Corry was appointed in command of Hood in December 1898. She was ordered to return home in March 1900 and paid off into reserve at Chatham Dockyard on 29 April 1900. Seven months later, on 12 December 1900, Hood recommissioned to relieve the elderly ironclad HMS Thunderer (1872) as port guard ship at Pembroke Dock.

The ship rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet at the end of 1901, and Captain Robert Lowry was appointed in command on 1 May 1902. She participated in combined exercises with the Channel Squadron and the Cruiser Squadron off the coasts of Cephalonia and Morea in late 1902. Two days before the exercises ended, Hood damaged her rudder on the seabed while leaving Argostoli Harbor on 4 October 1902. She went first to Malta for temporary repairs, then on to England for permanent repairs at Chatham Dockyard, using her twin screws to steer for the entire voyage. The repairs began after she paid off on 5 December 1902 and she transferred to Devonport for a refit upon their completion.

On 25 June 1903 Hood relieved the battleship HMS Collingwood (1882) in the Home Fleet. She took part in combined exercises of the Channel Fleet, Mediterranean Fleet, and Home Fleet off the coast of Portugal from 5 to 9 August 1903. The battleship HMS Russell (1901) relieved Hood on 28 September 1904. Hood was placed into reserve at Devonport on 3 January 1905, where she remained until February 1907. In April 1909, the ship was refitted and partially stripped at Devonport, after which she began service as a receiving ship at Queenstown, Ireland. In September 1910 Hood recommissioned to serve as flagship of the Senior Naval Officer, Coast of Ireland Station, while continuing as a receiving ship. On 2 April 1911 the ship was in Cork Harbour for the 1911 Census.

Later in 1911, Hood was towed to Portsmouth and listed for disposal. During 1913 and 1914 she was employed as a target for underwater protection experiments and was used in secret tests of anti-torpedo bulges. Subsequently, she was photographed in dry dock at Portsmouth by the crew of Naval Airship No. 18 in June 1914, before being placed on the sale list in August 1914. On 4 November 1914 Hood was scuttled in Portland harbour to block the Southern Ship Channel, a potential access route for U-boats or for torpedoes fired from outside the harbour. Her wreck became known as "Old Hole in the Wall". Despite her 1914 scuttling, the Royal Navy included Hood on its sale list in both 1916 and 1917.

The ship's bell was later used as one of at least two bells on the battlecruiser HMS Hood (51). Before being installed on the battlecruiser, the bell was inscribed around the base with the words: "This bell was preserved from HMS Hood battleship 1891–1914 by the late rear admiral, The Honourable Sir Horace Hood KCB, DSO, MVO killed at Jutland on 31st May 1916."

title: HMS Hood (1891)


text:
MOH

MOH or Moh may refer to:

Acronyms

 * Medal of Honor, the United States' highest and most prestigious personal military decoration
 * Medal of Honor (video game series), created by Steven Spielberg
 * Medal of Honor (1999 video game)
 * Medical Officer of Health, a title commonly used for the senior government official of a health department or agency
 * Medication overuse headache, pain occurring when analgesics are taken frequently to relieve headaches
 * Metal hydroxide
 * Ministry of Health (disambiguation)
 * Montgomery High School (San Diego), a public high school
 * Music on hold, the business practice of playing recorded music to fill the silence for telephone callers placed on hold

Moh

 * Moh, material attachment in Sikhism, one of the five evils
 * Mohu (Móh), a village in the Romanian commune of Șelimbăr
 * Clarisse Moh (born 1986), French middle-distance runner
 * Tzuong-Tsieng Moh, one of the formulators of the Abhyankar–Moh theorem

title: MOH


text:
User:Foxyeconomist

Ana Denmark
Economics Undergraduate San Francisco State University

title: User:Foxyeconomist


text:
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick

The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick is a centre to centre-right conservative political party in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The party has its origins in the pre-Canadian confederation Conservative Party that opposed the granting of responsible government to the colony. It has historically followed the Red Tory tradition. The Progressive Conservative Party currently leads the provincial government since 2018 under Premier Blaine Higgs.

History
Initially, Conservative supporters tended to be United Empire Loyalists and supporters of the business community. In the 1860s, the Conservative and Liberal parties split over the issue of Canadian confederation and were replaced by the Confederation Party and the Anti-Confederation Party. By 1870, the pro-Confederation party became generally known as the Liberal-Conservatives or just “Conservatives," and were aligned with the national Conservative Party of Sir John A. Macdonald.

The party was aligned with the historic federal Conservative party. When the federal party changed its name to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1942, the New Brunswick party did the same. The federal Progressive Conservative Party dissolved in 2003, to merge with the Canadian Alliance and a new Conservative Party of Canada was created. The provincial party has no formal link with the current federal Conservative Party, but several of its members and elected MLAs, including former premier Premier Lord, publicly endorsed the federal party and in some cases its candidates in the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011 and 2015 federal elections.

Following the change of government in 2006 provincial election, Bernard Lord resigned as leader on December 13, 2006, and as the member of Moncton East. On December 19, Jeannot Volpé, MLA for Madawaska les Lacs-Edmundston, was selected as interim leader. On October 18, 2008, David Alward, MLA for Carleton, was elected leader of the party at the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick Leadership Convention in Fredericton. Alward beat his only opponent, Robert MacLeod, by a margin of 2,269 votes to 1,760.

The Progressive Conservatives won a sweeping majority, with 42 of 55 seats in the 2010 provincial election. In doing so, PC party leader David Alward became the 32nd Premier of New Brunswick.

In 2013, Saint John area MLA Dr. Jim Parrott, a retired heart surgeon and former head of the New Brunswick Heart Centre, was kicked out of the caucus after criticizing his government over health issues.

The controversial backbencher had spoken out about bilingualism and duality, and written a newspaper commentary about a lack of consultation with physicians. Before the 2014 election, he was allowed to return

Alward's government was defeated after one term in the 2014 provincial election, after which Alward announced his resignation as party leader. On October 18, 2014, Bruce Fitch was selected as interim leader of the party and Leader of the Opposition of New Brunswick.

2016–2023
Quispamsis MLA Blaine Higgs was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party on October 22, 2016, defeating former Saint John Mayor Mel Norton, 1,563 to 1,169 on the third ballot.

In the 2018 provincial election, Higgs and the PCs won the largest share of seats in the legislature, 22, compared to 21 for the governing Liberal Party of New Brunswick, which opted to attempt to remain in power as a minority government by presenting a Throne Speech in hopes of retaining the confidence of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.

On November 2, 2018, the Progressive Conservatives and the People's Alliance combined to defeat Premier Brian Gallant's Liberal minority government via a non-confidence vote in the legislature.

Higgs was appointed Premier on November 9, 2018. Higgs and the Progressive Conservatives were re-elected to a majority government in the 2020 provincial election held on September 14, 2020,

On March 30, 2022, Kris Austin and Michelle Conroy announced their departure from the People's Alliance of New Brunswick to join the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick.

Internal division (2023–present)
Throughout 2023 and 2024, the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick saw itself at a crossroads, with multiple PCNB cabinet ministers and MLAs breaking ranks with the party, with some politicians citing a misalignment with their own views and that of the social conservatism the party being described as exhibiting.

In April 2023, the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, led by minister Bill Hogan and premier Higgs, placed Policy 713, an educational policy setting minimum requirements for public schools and districts in the province related to individuals identifying and perceived as LGBTQ, under review, later releasing a revised version in June 2023. The situation led to widespread criticism and internal division within the PC-led government. Shortly following the revision, long-standing cabinet ministers Dorothy Shephard and Trevor Holder. Two additional cabinet ministers, Daniel Allain and Jeff Carr, expressed their “extreme disappointment in a lack of process and transparency” in a jointly signed letter following the revision. On June 15, 2023, all four of these ministers voted with the opposition parties which favoured a Liberal motion opposing the policy revision and called for increased consultation on the policy, leading to Higgs later dismissing both Allain and Carr from their respective cabinet positions, citing a breach of cabinet solidarity due to their support for the opposition motion on the policy.

Throughout early 2024, multiple PC MLAs and/or cabinet ministers, such as Arlene Dunn, Mike Holland, Carr, Allain, Shephard as well as Holder have all made announcements either resigning or opting out of running for re-election. In April 2024, cabinet minister Gary Crossman, who previously announced that he would be retiring after his term, also announced his resigning from the Legislative Assembly.

Ideology and electoral base
The Tories have alternated power with the New Brunswick Liberal Association since Confederation. The party tends to hold a moderate Red Tory stance, being socially and fiscally centrist.

For most of New Brunswick's history, the party had greater support among English speakers, while the Liberals were more popular among Acadians. However, initiatives by the governments of Richard Hatfield and Bernard Lord to include Acadians in the mainstream of New Brunswick life helped the party make inroads in Acadia. In fact, even though he was born in Quebec, former Premier Bernard Lord is widely perceived to be an Acadian, due to his Francophone heritage and the fact that he was raised in Moncton where he attended French language schools and university.

Party leaders

 * Peter Mitchell (1866–1867)
 * Andrew R. Wetmore (1867–1870)
 * George Edwin King (1870–1871)
 * George L. Hathaway (1871–1872)
 * George Edwin King (1872–1878)
 * John James Fraser (1878–1882)
 * Daniel L. Hanington (1882–1892)
 * Alfred Augustus Stockton (1892–1899)
 * John Douglas Hazen (1899–1911)
 * James Kidd Flemming (1911–1914)
 * George Johnson Clarke (1914–1917)
 * James Alexander Murray (1917–1920)
 * John B. M. Baxter (1920–1921)
 * Charles D. Richards (1921–1925)
 * John B. M. Baxter (1925–1931)
 * Charles D. Richards (1931–1933)
 * Leonard P. D. Tilley (1933–1935)
 * Frederick C. Squires (1935–1939)
 * Hugh H. Mackay (1939–1948)
 * Hugh John Flemming (1948–1960) (House leader 1948–1951)
 * Cyril Sherwood (1960–1966)
 * Charles Van Horne (1966–1967)
 * Richard Hatfield (1967–1987) (House leader 1967–1969)
 * Malcolm MacLeod (1987–1989) (interim)
 * Barbara Baird Filliter (1989–1991)
 * Dennis Cochrane (1991–1995)
 * Bernard Valcourt (1995–1997)
 * Bernard Lord (1997–2007)
 * Jeannot Volpé (2007–2008) (interim)
 * David Alward (2008–2014)
 * Bruce Fitch (2014–2016) (interim)
 * Blaine Higgs (2016–present)


text:
Steve Schirripa

Steven Ralph Schirripa (born September 3, 1957) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Bobby Baccalieri on The Sopranos, Leo Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager, and Detective Anthony Abetemarco on Blue Bloods. Schirripa is host of two Investigation Discovery series: Karma's A B*tch! and Nothing Personal. He is the voice of Roberto in the Open Season film series.

Early life
Schirripa was born on September 3, 1957 in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. His father, Ralph Schirripa, was Italian-American. His grandparents, Ilario Schirripa and Maria Capacci, were from Riace, Calabria, Southern Italy. His mother, Lorraine Schirripa (née Bernstein), was of Jewish descent. Schirripa grew up in a low-income household with four siblings, went to Lafayette High School and graduated from Brooklyn College.

Film and television
Schirripa got his first taste of show business in his job as entertainment director of the Riviera Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. In the biography page of his website, Schirripa says that he had cameo appearances in comedy specials by Drew Carey and Kevin Pollak, among other comedians. That led to a role as an uncredited extra in Martin Scorsese's Casino. In the film, he portrayed a customer at the bar in the scene when Joe Pesci's character angrily stabs a man with a pen. After this, Schirripa decided that he wanted to become an actor.

He had several minor roles in films, including The Runner (1999) and Joe Dirt (2001). His breakthrough role was in the second season (2000) of The Sopranos, playing Tony Soprano's mobster brother-in-law Bobby Baccalieri. By chance, he was in New York City in June 1999 for a friend's wedding, and around that time he was invited for an audition in New York City, initially for Agent Skip Lipari, and later for the role of Baccalieri. He played Baccalieri for five seasons, and for the first two seasons he wore a fat suit to fit the role.

His many television appearances include Angel, Casino Cinema, Columbo, Star Trek: Enterprise, Hollywood Squares, Joey, Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, My Wife and Kids, Ed, Jeopardy!, George Lopez, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! and The King of Queens. In 2008, Schirripa appeared on CBS's primetime game show Million Dollar Password, and in 2019, Schirripa appeared on the game show Pyramid alongside Jamie-Lynn Sigler. He also made an uncredited appearance along with fellow Soprano star Vincent Pastore on a sixth season episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force entitled "She Creature".

Schirripa was a frequent guest on the Don Imus radio program. In February 2007, he began to make appearances for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, on Spike TV, siding with Team 3D as their cousin in their ongoing battle against The Latin American Xchange. On October 30, 2007, he appeared on, The Podge and Rodge Show. He also did spots as "Steve the Judgmental Bastard" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and taped several episodes of The Gong Show with Dave Attell, as one of the celebrity judges.

From 2008 to 2012, Schirripa had a recurring role in the ABC Family show, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, as Leo Boykewich, Ben's dad.

In 2009, he made a cameo appearance alongside fellow Sopranos actor Frank Vincent in Stargate Atlantis episode "Vegas". He was also in 2009's My Fake Fiancé with Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence as the Monkey.

He has appeared on the Tonight Show more than 40 times as a guest and as a correspondent. Schirripa hosted NBC's poker game show, Face the Ace, with the premiere episode airing on August 1, 2009. In the fall of 2010, Schirripa had a guest star role in the digital comedy short film, Lil DPC, from writer/director Michael Ratner, which also features rapper Fat Joe and Blink 182's Mark Hoppus.

In 2011 and 2012, Schirripa hosted and narrated the television true-crime series Nothing Personal, which premiered in the US on Investigation Discovery and in the UK on History. The series featured an often humorous take on true stories and reenactments of murders-for-hire. In addition to hosting the hour-long programs, Schirripa was one of the program's executive producers. Subsequently, Schirripa hosted Karma's a B*tch!, also for Investigation Discovery.

He has also guest-starred in the American version of Top Gear. Schirripa played Sonny Rosselli in A Poet Long Ago, a short film written by Pete Hamill and directed by Bob Giraldi, which gained entry into a number of film festivals in 2013.

In 2014, Schirripa played Joey on the ABC series Black Box, did voice acting in an episode of American Dad! entitled "Stan Goes on the Pill", and played Vito in the silver screen adaptation Jersey Boys, directed by Clint Eastwood. He will play Father Ed in Chasing Yesterday, a film by writer/director Joseph Pernice, as well as appear in the film Houses by writer/director Jenner Furst, alongside Sopranos co-stars Michael Imperioli and John Ventimiglia.

Starting in 2015, Schirripa has played Det. Anthony Abetemarco, an investigator who works with assistant district attorney Erin Reagan on the CBS series Blue Bloods.

In July 2017, Schirripa appeared in a segment on John Oliver's satirical news show Last Week Tonight satirizing Boris Epshteyn and the right-wing tone of mandatory segments given to member stations by the Sinclair Broadcast Group.

Schirripa co-hosted a podcast with Michael Imperioli called Talking Sopranos, which began on April 6, 2020. The two provide inside info as they follow The Sopranos series episode by episode. By September 2020, the podcast had reached over five million downloads. On September 17, 2020, Imperioli and Schirripa signed a deal with HarperCollins book imprint William Morrow and Company to write an oral history of the show; the book titled Woke Up This Morning: The Definitive Oral History of The Sopranos was released on November 2, 2021.

Books
Schirripa's acting roles often portrayed "goombas," slang for stereotypical Italian-American tough guys and often denoting connections to the Mafia. He carried that persona over into real life but with a comedic twist, especially in appearances on talk and game shows. He expanded on that persona when he wrote a series of books starting with A Goomba's Guide to Life (ISBN 978-1400046393) in 2002. He followed up with The Goomba's Book of Love, co-authored with Charles Fleming in 2003 (ISBN 978-1-4000-5089-5). The series continued with The Goomba Diet: Large and Loving It (ISBN 978-1400054633) in 2006, and in 2013 Big Daddy's Rules: Raising Daughters Is Tougher Than I Look (ISBN 978-1476706344), co-authored by Philip Lerman.

Schirripa and Fleming also collaborated on two books about Nicky Deuce, a suburban teenager who is sent to visit his grandparents in Brooklyn. Nicky Deuce: Welcome to the Family was followed by Nicky Deuce: Home for the Holidays, which was the basis for the 2013 Nickelodeon film Nicky Deuce starring Noah Munck. Nicky Deuce also featured supporting roles filled by James Gandolfini, Michael Imperioli, Tony Sirico, and Vincent Curatola of The Sopranos fame.

Theatre
On April 3, 2014, Schirripa gave a theatrical performance in a special production of Guys and Dolls alongside Nathan Lane, Patrick Wilson, and Megan Mullally at Carnegie Hall.

Uncle Steve's Italian Specialties
In 2014, Schirripa launched a line of organic vegan pasta sauces under the business name of Uncle Steve's Italian Specialties Group. Schirripa appeared on the Eric Andre Show to promote the sauce.

Personal life
Schirripa married Laura Lemos on April 22, 1989. They have two children, daughters Bria and Ciara.

When asked if he was bar mitzvahed, Schirripa answered no and stated that he was raised as a Catholic but that he "very much identifies as being Jewish as well".

title: Steve Schirripa