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PL/0

PL/0 is a programming language, intended as an educational programming language, that is similar to but much simpler than Pascal, a general-purpose programming language. It serves as an example of how to construct a compiler. It was originally introduced in the book, Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, by Niklaus Wirth in 1976. It features quite limited language constructs: there are no real numbers, very few basic arithmetic operations and no control-flow constructs other than "if" and "while" blocks. While these limitations make writing real applications in this language impractical, it helps the compiler remain compact and simple.

Features
All constants and variables used must be declared explicitly.

The only data types are integers. The only operators are arithmetic and comparison operators. There is an  function that tests whether the argument is odd.

In the original implementation presented by Wirth, there are no input and output routines. The new value of each variable is printed compiler prints as it changes. So the program: gives the output: 0         0          1          1          2          5          3         14          4         30          5         55 However, most implementations have single input and single output routines.

Flow control structures are  and   constructs and user-defined procedures. Procedures cannot accept parameters.

Grammar
The following is the syntax rules of the model language defined in EBNF:

It is rather easy for students to write a recursive descent parser for such a simple syntax. Therefore, the PL/0 compiler is still widely used in courses on compiler construction throughout the world. Due to the lack of features in the original specification, students usually spend most of their time with extending the language and their compiler. They usually start with introducing  and continue with more advanced features like parameter passing to procedures or data structures like arrays, strings or floating point numbers.

Use in education
The main article on compilers honours PL/0 for introducing several influential concepts (stepwise refinement, recursive descent parsing, EBNF, P-code, T-diagrams) to the field by educating students to use these concepts. Over the last 3 decades, most university courses on compiler construction that used PL/0 have followed Wirth strictly in employing these techniques (see references below). Some years ago university courses deviated from the course set by Wirth with the replacement of the classical recursive descent parsing technique by a (nonetheless classical) Unix-like approach of employing lex and yacc. Only recently an implementation (PL/0 Language Tools) along this way has also combined modern concepts like object-orientation and design patterns with a modern scripting language (Python), allowing students to consume the source text of the implementation in a contemporary programming style.

Compiler construction
In December 1976, Wirth wrote a small booklet about compiler construction, containing the full source code of the PL/0 compiler. The syntax rules above were taken from this first edition of Wirth's book Compilerbau. In later editions of this book (under the influence of his ongoing research) Wirth changed the syntax of PL/0. He changed the spelling of keywords like  and   to uppercase. This change made PL/0 resemble Modula-2 more closely. At the same time, Wirth's friend and collaborator C. A. R. Hoare was working on his influential communicating sequential processes concept, which used the exclamation mark ! and the question mark ? to denote communication primitives. Wirth added both symbols to the PL/0 language, but he did not mention their semantics in the book.

Examples
This program outputs the squares of numbers from 1 to 10. Most courses in compiler construction today have replaced the exclamation mark with the  procedure.

This following program prints the prime numbers from 1 to 100. The write statement corresponds to '!' statement in the EBNF syntax above.

The following example was taken from the second edition of Wirth's book Compilerbau, which appeared in 1986 in Germany.

Oberon-0
In the third and last edition of his book on compiler construction, Wirth replaced PL/0 with Oberon-0. The language Oberon-0 is much more complex than PL/0. For example, Oberon-0 offers arrays, records, type declarations and procedure parameters. The publisher of Wirth's books (Addison-Wesley) has decided to phase out all his books, but Wirth has published revised editions of his book beginning in 2004. , the most recent revision available is from May 2017.

title: PL/0


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Talk:Square triangular number

Square triangular number
Mathematica seems to prefer the term "square triangular number" to "triangular square number". Maybe tri.sq. should be a redirect to sq.tri., but I don't want to move articles unless I'm absolutly sure its the right thing to do. Numerao 22:14, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * So do I, but Google makes it pretty even and  at about 50 hits each.  --Henrygb 14:11, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually most TSNs seem to come from wikipedia copies, so moved --Henrygb 15:03, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * square beats triangular: e.g. in the range ]1...1000] there are 43 triangulars but only 30 squares. So the right name must be square triangular number.46.115.1.200 (talk) 21:37, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Pell Numbers
I added a new section to Pell numbers. I might suggest redirecting this page to that section. Comments? --Gentlemath (talk) 00:39, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * This article is in great need of improvement, but it is on a different topic than Pell numbers (although they are obviously closely related) and should I think remain a separate article. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:36, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

higher dimensions
What's about an enlargement into another dimensions, e.g. "Cube tetrahedral number" (can't find any in the range <1,000,000,000) 46.115.1.200 (talk) 21:50, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It is known that the only binomial coefficient $$\binom{n}{k}$$ with $$k\ge 3$$ (and $$n\ge 2k$$) that is also a power of an integer is the case $$\binom{50}{3}=140^2$$; apparently this is a result of Erdös. Since tetrahedral numbers are binomial coefficients, this means that no tetrahedral number other than one is a perfect cube, and only 1, 4, and 19600 are perfect squares. —David Eppstein (talk) 22:16, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Square triangular number


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Check card

The term check card can refer to:

 * An identification card issued by a retailer allowing the holder to tender payment by check. Such cards were commonly issued in the United States by supermarkets and other retailers before the widespread use of debit cards.
 * In Ireland and the United Kingdom, similar cards known as cheque guarantee cards were issued by banks to their customers.
 * In the United States, the term 'check card' was first coined by H. Robert Heller, then the President of Visa Inc. to indicate to users that it could be used just like a check.
 * A debit card.

rinaagustina. BRI unit martapura.kalimantan Selatan. 453701008028508. .. Bank rakyat Indonesia

title: Check card


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Baron Silsoe

Baron Silsoe, of Silsoe in the County of Bedford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 18 January 1963 for the barrister Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet, of Silsoe in the County of Bedford, on 18 January 1943. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. Known as David Silsoe, he was also a barrister. the titles are held by his son Simon, the third Baron, who succeeded in 2005.

Silsoe is a town in Bedfordshire.

The family seat is Neals Farm, near Reading, Berkshire.

Baron Silsoe (1963)

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Arthur Malcolm Trustram Eve, 1st Baron Silsoe (1894–1976)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg David Malcolm Trustram Eve, 2nd Baron Silsoe (1930–2005)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Simon Rupert Trustram Eve, 3rd Baron Silsoe (b. 1966)
 * Hon. Peter Nanton Trustram Eve (1930–2023)
 * (1) Richard Malcolm Jannion Trustram Eve (b. 1963)
 * (2) Alexander Christopher Peter Trustram Eve (b. 1993)
 * (3) James Arthur Richard Trustram Eve (b. 1996)
 * (4) Nicholas Dominic Peter Trustram Eve (b. 1965)

The heir presumptive is his first cousin, Richard Malcolm Jannion Trustram Eve (born 1963), son of the Hon. Peter Nanton Trustram Eve (1930–2023), younger son of the 1st Baron Silsoe, and twin brother of the 2nd Baron.

title: Baron Silsoe


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Linux Magazine

Linux Magazine is an international magazine for Linux software enthusiasts and professionals. It is published by the former Linux New Media division of the German media company Medialinx AG. The magazine was first published in German in 1994, and later in English, Polish, Brazilian Portuguese, and Spanish. The German edition is called Linux-Magazin ; the American/Canadian edition was Linux Pro Magazine until January of 2023 when the name changed to Linux Magazine. The founding company was Articon GmbH.

The magazine is published on the first Thursday of each month. Every issue includes a DVD-ROM, usually featuring a recent version of a Linux distribution.

Linux-Magazin
Linux-Magazin is among the oldest magazines about Linux in the world. The first German language issue appeared in October 1994, seven months after Linux Journal's first issue, as the information paper for DELUG, the German Linux user group. The slogan of the magazine is „Die Zeitschrift für Linux-Professionals“ (German for "The magazine for Linux professionals").

InfoStrada's American-based magazine
When Linux New Media launched their North American version of Linux-Magazin, to avoid a naming conflict with another magazine called Linux Magazine published in the United States by InfoStrada, Linux New Media's American and Canadian magazine took the name Linux Pro Magazine.

Linux Magazine was a magazine about Linux written in English and published in the United States by Mountain View, California-based InfoStrada. Their magazine covered system administration, Linux distros, free software, Linux development and other topics.

In June 2008, Linux New Media USA, LLC purchased assets from InfoStrada related to their magazine. Consequently, InfoStrada's Linux Magazine was no longer offering print subscriptions. The website for InfoStrada's Linux Magazine was acquired by QuinStreet's Internet.com network, so no name-change was applied to Linux New Media's North American magazine. The latest article on QuinStreet's site is dated 30 June 2011.

In October 2016, Linux Voice merged as a special section into Linux Magazine.

title: Linux Magazine


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Wikipedia:FAQ/Schools

This FAQ page deals with some questions that teachers, librarians and school administrators might have about the content of information in Wikipedia, and use of Wikipedia by students. If you are thinking about assigning Wikipedia as a class project, see Student assignments. For more general information, please see Advice for parents.

What does wiki mean?

 * The term "wiki" is derived from the word wikiwiki, which is the Hawaiian word for "quick". A wiki is a web site which allows people to contribute content; see our article on wikis for more information.

Is Wikipedia accurate and reliable?

 * The reliability of Wikipedia articles is limited by the external sources on which articles rely on, as well as by the ability of Wikipedia's editors to understand those sources correctly and their willingness to use them properly. Therefore, articles may or may not be reliable, and readers should always use their own judgment. Students should never use information in Wikipedia (or any other online encyclopedia) for formal purposes (such as school essays) until they have verified and evaluated the information based on external sources. For this reason, Wikipedia, like any encyclopedia, is a great starting place for research but not always a great ending place.

 * Wikipedia is rapidly developing, and its editors strive, over time, to increase its reliability as a source of information. Readers are encouraged to compare articles to what they already know from reliable sources and improve the articles' accuracy and detail. Because of its growing utility, Wikipedia is cited almost daily in the press.

 * It is possible for a given Wikipedia article to be biased, outdated, or factually incorrect. This is true of any resource. One should always double-check the accuracy of important facts, regardless of the source. In general, popular Wikipedia articles are more accurate than ones that receive little traffic, because they are read more often and therefore any errors are corrected in a more timely fashion. Wikipedia articles may also suffer from issues such as Western bias, but hopefully this will also improve with time.

What prevents someone from contributing false or misleading information?

 * Wikipedia's content control mechanisms are reactive rather than preventive: anyone can go to almost any page and change information to be false or misleading. Although the majority of edits attempt to improve the encyclopedia, vandalism is frequent.

 * Fortunately, such deliberate errors tend not to linger. Hundreds of Wikipedia contributors monitor real-time edit feeds (particularly for important or controversial articles) and quickly revert most inappropriate edits. Many articles are on one or more editors' personal watchlists (and major articles are watched by hundreds of editors), and this provides a second layer of content control. Wikipedia's huge user base is constantly analyzing and improving articles, undoing vandalism as it is found. If a user changes a statistic or date by even a little bit, without justifying their edit, they are particularly likely to raise a red flag. If an individual continues to vandalize after being warned, then they may be blocked from further editing.

 * The key to this reactive system is that Wikipedia, unlike mainstream print sources, keeps a full history of every change to every article. Nothing is ever lost, and no abuse is permanent. See Edit history for more information.

 * All that being said, Wikipedia is not perfect. A reader may have the bad luck of arriving at a page just after it has been vandalized and before it has been repaired. There have been incidents in the past where vandalism has been discovered still in place months after the fact. At any given time, there is some inaccurate information somewhere in Wikipedia. It is for this reason that readers must be particularly diligent in verifying Wikipedia against its external sources. It is also a good idea, if you feel uncomfortable about an article, to check its history for recent bad edits. If you find a piece of uncorrected vandalism, you can correct it yourself.

Can students cite Wikipedia in assignments?

 * It depends on what teachers accept. Wikipedia can be an excellent starting place for further research. Teachers might ask students what they did to validate the information they learned from Wikipedia. Using a comprehensive search engine, students can compare Wikipedia content with information from other reputable websites. Most Wikipedia articles also contain an "External links" section at the bottom, which often leads to other relevant sites. Students can compare information in Wikipedia with information in other encyclopedias or books. As a general rule, contributors to Wikipedia are encouraged to cite their sources, but, of course, not all do. For the sake of verifiability, it is advisable to cite an article that has listed its sources. Most of our better articles have sections such as "References", "Sources", "Notes", "Further reading", or "External links", which generally contain such information.

 * For purposes of establishing authorship and finding more sources, students may also find the articles' "View history" tabs useful, as these detail every contribution, the contributor and often a summary of what was contributed. All of our contributors have user talk pages for leaving them messages. If you are logged in, a toolbox link ("E-mail this user") is also visible beside the user pages of many registered contributors. Other means of contacting Wikipedians are listed at Contact us.

Is Wikipedia a safe environment for young people?

 * Wikipedia has similar safety issues to other equally open environments. Participation in Wikipedia requires children to know basic Internet safety practices. Children will be communicating and interacting with anonymous adults, and parent or teacher supervision is important, just as in any other online environment. The usual internet safety rules apply: do not give out personal information, do not arrange to meet someone you meet on Wikipedia, and report to a responsible adult at once if anyone is making you feel uncomfortable. In any case, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia project, not a social environment for making friends, and chat is generally discouraged.

 * Wikipedia has the advantage that most communication is done in an open, public, reviewable manner (even personal talk page messages are readable by anybody). Note, however, that in contrast to some sites directed towards youth, Wikipedia does not have staff to patrol discussion pages or remove inappropriate comments; it only has volunteer administrators, who will exclude people breaching civility rules, but who will not censor conversations if they deal with adult topics. Wikipedia has a policy on child protection and will remove editors who are suspected of being dangerous towards children either online or in the real world. However, children and their parents must understand that Wikipedia does not collect information about its editors (in the way that sites such as Facebook do), and most editors are anonymous.

 * Wikipedia is not censored. It contains articles on subjects such as racial slurs, controversial political and religious issues and movements, the methodologies of terrorism and violence, and sexual acts, including images of nudity. Articles, including those on human reproduction, may contain anatomical, graphic photographs of sexual organs, which certain cultures may find inappropriate for children. However, Wikipedia can be configured to hide these images if desired.

 * Pages that are normally appropriate for children to use are occasionally vandalized with rude words or content which may be offensive. Vandalism is normally noticed and removed within a few minutes – if not seconds – but it is still possible that a person may access a page before this is dealt with.

What is free media?

 * Free media (also called free information, among other terms) is a kind of information which can be used and modified by anyone. Free refers to freedom, not price. The concept of freedom in computing began in earnest when Richard Stallman published the GNU Manifesto in 1985. MediaWiki is a free software software package that supports a free encyclopedia.

 * Development relies on qualified users to maintain a constantly-improving collection, whether it is a collection of computer code or of encyclopedic information. Free collections typically maintain back-up resources, so if a developer accidentally damages the code or the content, it can easily be reverted to an earlier, stable version. The same backup system provides protection against malicious damage to a free project.

Why do people contribute to free projects?

 * Few surveys have developed reliable answers to why people contribute to free works like Wikipedia. Some sort of public interest or community spirit is often part of the motive. Free projects offer an opportunity to contribute to something that has lasting value and that will continue to grow. Free publishing allows writers and software developers to apply their skills outside of a strictly business environment. Casual writers and editors sometimes participate as a hobby or as a learning experience. Classrooms may evaluate and post information as a learning activity. Volunteering is also one of the few ways writers and Web designers can gain experience and exposure without already having any.

Beyond information from the encyclopedia, what can students learn from Wikipedia?

 * Most young people will likely be involved in interactive online activities. For educators, young people's involvement with Wikipedia provides an opportunity to survey their understanding of online safety, and to teach appropriate practices. Educators can use Wikipedia as a way of teaching students to develop hierarchies of credibility that are essential for navigating and conducting research on the Internet.

 * Wikipedia provides an opportunity for teachers to discuss the concept of free information, and freedom in general. Wikipedia is an opportunity to participate in an open community that relies primarily on mutual respect and cooperation, but which is not related to familiar authority figures some youths might tend to oppose.

 * Editing in Wikipedia is an opportunity to learn to participate in collective editorial processes. Wikipedia presents a ready opportunity for youths to research, compile and publish articles for peer review. For youths who contribute images, selection and production of an image provides opportunities to learn what a market wants from an artist. Youths who master skills for accurate writing and drawing about encyclopedic subjects are better equipped to develop their own style in more creative genres.

 * Because all articles in Wikipedia must conform to a neutral point of view, students participating in collaborative editing activities on Wikipedia are building experience in detecting and eliminating bias in writing.

Can we set up our own wiki?

 * Yes. The MediaWiki software which powers Wikipedia is a free software package and copies can be acquired for free, which means anyone who knows how to use it and who has access to a server computer may set up their own wiki project. Due to the nature of free software, the MediaWiki software can be modified by anyone with the technical skill to do so to better fit their needs, and these changes can be redistributed to help others who might desire the same changes.

 * Access to a wiki database can be password protected, to allow groups to develop an open document within their membership. Passwords can allow a wiki to be developed by a school club, a teachers' group, a regional group of schools, or any group within an educational community. Wikis might be used for school histories, to develop yearbook material or as class projects. A group can operate a wiki project online or within a closed local area network.

 * Even without access to a server computer, anyone with a personal computer may download the MediaWiki software and run it as a personal wiki.

Where can I learn more about Wikipedia?

 * Visit About for more information about us, as well as the Community Portal.

title: Wikipedia:FAQ/Schools


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PAE

PAE may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Predicted Aligned Error, AlphaFold output file format for errors of protein structure prediction
 * Physical Address Extension, an x86 computer processor feature for accessing more than 4 gigabytes of RAM
 * Power added efficiency, a percentage that rates the efficiency of a power amplifier
 * Post Antibiotic Effect, the period of time following removal of an antibiotic drug during which there is no growth of the target organism
 * Port Access Entity, in the IEEE 802.1X networking environment
 * Primary amoebic encephalitis, another name for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
 * Prostatic artery embolization, a treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Places

 * City of Port Adelaide Enfield, South Australia
 * Paine Field (IATA airport code), an airport in Everett, Washington

Other uses

 * Pacific Architects and Engineers, a United States defense contractor
 * Post-autistic economics, a criticism of neoclassical economics
 * Provisional Admission Exercise, an interim exercise/period in Singapore education
 * Patent assertion entity, a patent troll company

title: PAE


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Robert L. Thornton

Robert Lee Thornton Sr. (often R. L. Thornton; August 10, 1880 – February 15, 1964) was an American banker, civic leader, and four-term Mayor of Dallas, Texas. A child of tenant farmers, Thornton's early years were divided between school and farm labor. After holding several jobs and starting two unsuccessful business ventures, Thornton began a banking operation in Dallas in 1916. The bank progressed to be a Texas-wide institution, and by 1923 it had a national charter. Thornton served as president (1916–1947) and board chairman (1947–1964) of the bank he founded, the Mercantile Bank and Trust Co.

Thornton became a prominent businessman and community figure, serving as president of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce from 1933 to 1936, and as president of the State Fair of Texas from 1945 to 1960. He played a major part in securing the Texas Centennial Exposition for Dallas. From 1953 to 1961, Thornton served as mayor of Dallas. His vigorous promotion of the city and its development earned him the soubriquet Mr. Dallas in the media. His avuncular and countryfied manner saw him often referred to and addressed as Uncle Bob by locals and associates.

Beginning in 1994, claims that Thornton had been a Ku Klux Klan member in the early 1920s have arisen. Records of any Klan association are scant and have been contested. His family argue that although Thornton was a highly scrutinized public figure, as mayor and prominent business leader, no allegations of Klan affiliation surfaced during his lifetime, nor for thirty years after his death. Thornton's involvement in the city's desegregation and civil rights matters in the 1950s and 60s provided an opening for criticism from African American and other civil rights campaigners; however there are no contemporary, nor later, accusations on record, prior to the one surfacing in 1994.

Thornton married in 1905 and settled in Dallas with his wife, where they raised four children. Thornton died in 1964. Various roads and places in Dallas are named for him. Since the 1990s there have been intermittent calls for these place names to be changed on the basis of Thornton's perceived involvement with the Klan. Although little firm evidence of such involvement appears to exist, the claim of his membership is repeated from time-to-time in various publications.

Early years
Robert Lee Thornton was born to tenant farmer William Travis Thornton and Polly Ann (Weatherby) in a sod-roofed, half-dugout in Hamilton County, Texas, near Hico. His childhood time was divided between farm work, such as picking cotton, and attending school. He discontinued schooling at the eighth grade because his family needed him to work full-time farming. Formal business education was limited to an eight-week bookkeeping course at the Metropolitan Business College in Dallas. His first visit to Dallas was as an eight-year-old; he traveled by wagon with his father and a brother to visit the State Fair of Texas. The experience made a life-long impression: his involvement with the State Fair, and Dallas, lasted for more than 75 years.

Business career
Other than picking cotton, Thornton's first job was as an $18-a-month store clerk in Heelstring (now Bristol) in Ellis County, Texas. Thornton then worked as a traveling candy salesman, supplying the Oklahoma Indian Territory. By 1912, Thornton returned to Dallas and became involved in two business ventures – a bookstore and a mortgage banking company – both of which were unsuccessful.

In 1916, at the age of 36, with loans from family and friends, he organized a private bank in Dallas in an 18 ft office that had formerly housed the Blue Goose restaurant. It was from this first successful venture that Thornton launched his four-decade banking career as president of Stiles, Thornton, and Lund, which eventually would become the third-largest bank in Dallas. A year later, the bank reorganized as the Dallas County State Bank.

Many of Dallas' business leaders joined Thornton on the bank's board of directors. They included former Dallas mayor W. M. Holland, business leaders John W. Carpenter, Jewish business leader Julius Schepps, Catholic-community leader John Vilbig Jr., and Sanger–Harris department store general manager Charles L. Sanger. Thornton's fellow bankers recognized his business talent early in his career when they elected him president of the Texas Bankers Association in 1924–1925.

By 1923 they had outgrown the name "Dallas County State Bank" and became the "Mercantile Bank and Trust Co.", with a national charter. Two years later, the bank's capital hit the $1 million mark. Thornton served as president from 1916 to 1947, when he became chairman of the board until 1964. It would eventually become MCorp Bank through a merger and was then acquired by Bank One Corporation. The current successor is JPMorgan Chase & Co., who acquired Bank One in 2004.

Civic leader
Shortly after Dallas County State Bank opened, Thornton joined the Dallas Chamber of Commerce, serving as president of the Chamber from 1933 to 1936. In 1923, he was named to the Dallas Plan Commission and later to the economic development organization, Industrial Dallas, Inc. that toured the Southwest encouraging businesses to move to Dallas.

He served as a member of the board of directors of a range of Dallas organizations. They included nonprofits: Children's Development Center, Greater Dallas Council of Churches, Texas Research Foundation, Scottish Rite Hospital, and the Southwestern Medical Foundation, as well as the citizens' advisory Trinity Improvement Authority, and the Texas Turnpike Authority agency. He volunteered to head the World War II Dallas War Chest to raise money through war bonds, chaired the Big Gifts division for the Dallas County United Fund, and chaired the campaign to approve the Dallas County courthouse complex. His greatest love was Dallas' Fair Park. He spent more than three decades involved with the [city-owned] park and the State Fair of Texas beginning with his election to the Fair board in 1929. He became chairman in 1945, serving until 1960, when he was elected board president.

In 1933, while serving as chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, he joined with his close friend Fred Florence of Republic Bank and Nathan Adams of First National Bank to pursue hosting the Texas Centennial and Exposition at Fair Park in 1936. The first world's fair in the Southwest hosted more than six million people including U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was credited with cushioning Dallas from the Great Depression. According to historian Michael V. Hazel, "The man most responsible for securing the central Centennial Exposition for Dallas was Robert L. Thornton, head of the Mercantile Bank." In his history of the Dallas Citizens Council, author Darwin Payne noted, "Despite financial losses, the Centennial was the crowning event in the city's history. The public relations value alone was incalculable, and the economic benefits enormous." Payne wrote, "Dallas had become a different city, different in self-awareness as well as in its new national image as a prosperous, sophisticated city. That image was relayed to the nation in glowing articles in such prestigious publications as Fortune and Atlantic Monthly. Dallas almost overnight became Big D."

To host the Centennial, Dallas leaders promised to raise millions of dollars for the effort. According to The New York Times, "The businessmen of the city had worked hard to raise $3.5 million for the event, but the experience had shown them how loosely organized their city was." Thornton told the Times that committee members "had to report back to their companies before making financial commitments. We needed people who could say 'yes' or 'no' right away to determine if a project could be done quickly and efficiently". In 1937 this concern drove Thornton to organize the Dallas Citizens Council (not to be confused with the "White Citizens Councils in the South") made up of only the chief executive officers and decision-makers in Dallas. Since that time, the Council has put its collective money and expertise into projects deemed important for the city.

In his book, Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century, Darwin Payne wrote, "Thornton was widely recognized as 'Mr. Dallas' by the 1950s. His folksy, avuncular ways earned him alternately the affectionate title of Uncle Bob," as he never forgot his country boy roots. A banker who was a natural salesman with energy and vision, R. L. Thornton sold Dallas to businesses across the nation and helped build Dallas into a major metropolitan area. "City-building," he said, "is just a privilege of citizenship." Through his leadership at the State Fair of Texas he made Dallas the Southwestern hub of entertainment and helped develop the State Fair of Texas into one of the largest in the world.

During his career, he received awards and honors, including the Linz Award for outstanding civic contributions (1947), the Sales Executive Club's Number 1 Salesman of Dallas award (1948), the Greater Dallas Planning Council's Distinguished Citizen Award (1955), the Press Club's Headliner of the Year award (1955), the Man of Vision Award from the Dallas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (1959), and an honorary doctor of humanities degree from the University of Dallas (1963).

Mayor of Dallas
Early in 1953, Dallas Mayor J.B. Adoue Jr. announced he would not seek reelection. The city was struggling with rapid economic growth challenges amid a prolonged drought that meant a severe water shortage. City leaders launched an effort to draft the 72-year-old Thornton for mayor. The city's business leadership was clearly in Thornton's corner, and the draft movement gained momentum throughout the city. His support was broad-based, and The Dallas Morning News reported that "Thornton has won wide respect among Dallas Negroes" and quoted the Rev. E. C. Estell, pastor of Dallas' largest African American church, as saying, "I do not know of any man who can serve our situation better... we must have a man like Thornton to lead us."

On February 10, Thornton accepted the draft and agreed to run for Mayor of Dallas in the April election. The Dallas Morning News reported that he had no desire to hold public office, but he had "never turned down a job for my city." He won the election with 69.5% of the vote, and at his first Council meeting, he said, "This city government will govern for everyone alike. Dallas has no second-class citizens. All are created equal and will be treated equal – the rich, the poor, the high, the low." Thornton emphasized effective, businesslike, and open government, announcing that all City decisions would be made in public. "He instructed the City Manager to advise all department heads that utmost courtesy be shown all citizens, with positively no exceptions."

Six months later, Thornton saw the Statler Hotel break ground in downtown Dallas. It would be the largest hotel in the Southwest and kicked off Thornton's plan of "Keep the Dirt Flyin’." Major municipal projects completed during his eight years in office included a new downtown library, a new city hall annex, construction of the Memorial Auditorium, and expansion of Dallas Love Field with a new passenger terminal. To ameliorate the devastating and prolonged droughts in North Texas, Thornton launched the construction of Lake Tawakoni and Lake Ray Hubbard reservoirs to supply water for Dallas.

Mayor Thornton ran unopposed in 1955 and won ahead of two other candidates in 1957, despite a major tornado that ripped through Oak Cliff and West Dallas the afternoon of election day, April 2, 1957. By 1959, the 78-year-old Thornton would face his most formidable and last election. Opposed by Earle Cabell of Cabell's Dairy and the son and grandson of previous mayors of Dallas, Thornton was forced into a runoff since neither candidate received a majority of the votes. Two weeks later, Thornton won by 3,000 votes and began his fourth and last term as Mayor of Dallas. A National Geographic article by Stanley Walker noted in 1961 that his time in office had come to be regarded as the "Thornton era".

Controversies
R. L. Thornton addressed controversial issues during his business, mayoral and civic life: severe water shortages, long-delayed civic projects, need for crime reduction, economic development challenges, and desegregation issues for the city and State Fair. The most difficult challenge was the fight for equal rights under the law for Black citizens during the 1950s and 1960s.

Integration and the State Fair
Black Americans served with distinction during World War II and returned home to seek racial change. A National Park Service document cited the NAACP, "emboldened by the record of Black servicemen in the war, a new corps of brilliant young lawyers... initiated major attacks against discrimination and segregation." In Dallas, the leadership included A. Maceo Smith, Reverend E.C. Estell, Reverend Rhett James and Juanita Craft, the NAACP Youth Council advisor.

Since 1889 the State Fair in Dallas had been segregated and limited Black citizens' attendance to one day each year, initially called Colored People's Day, and later renamed Negro Achievement Day in 1936. Starting in 1953, Ms. Craft organized years of peaceful protests with her NAACP youth group and others until the Fair was fully desegregated in 1967. Over the years, Thornton, as Mayor and State Fair of Texas president, personally brokered agreements with Craft, other African American leaders, and opponents in the Anglo community.

In 1954, with the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the City of Dallas (and the Dallas Independent School District) needed to comply with the federal law regarding school and business desegregation and competing State of Texas decrees. Nearing the end of his last mayoral term, Thornton played a leadership role in Dallas' peaceful school and business desegregation and motivated the Dallas Citizens Council to mount a successful, peaceful Dallas desegregation effort. The political climate throughout Texas was significantly anti-integration, and Dallas remained one of the largest school systems in the South with a completely segregated school system.

Despite federal court decisions, the 55th Texas legislature passed a law in 1957 that required local communities to vote on school desegregation. Without a majority vote, Dallas ISD could lose $2.7 million in state aid, and lose accreditation if they tried to desegregate. The school superintendent and board members could be fined up to $1,000 for the same offense. In Dallas, a referendum was held on August 6, 1960 and resulted in an overwhelming 4 to 1 vote against integration.

Lacking a public mandate, "Mayor Thornton believed the situation to be so critical that the Dallas Citizens Council must exercise its power to assure success." Citing the loss of reputation and business in other Southern cities that had not successfully desegregated schools, he convinced the Citizens Council of the need to seek peaceful desegregation in schools and businesses for economic self-interest reasons. Acceding to the mayor's request, the Citizens Council agreed in 1960 to assume as a special project the successful integration of Dallas schools. The Council developed an extensive education campaign to facilitate the desegregation of Dallas schools by creating a climate to convince citizens of the need to accept desegregation peacefully.

Key steps included organizing a bi-racial Committee of 14 consisting of seven Black and seven white members to serve as a bridge between the two communities. The Black membership included George Allen, Juanita Craft, Rev. Ernest Estell, and William J. Durham while the white members were predominantly CEOs of Dallas' largest businesses.

The Citizens Council produced Dallas at the Crossroads, a film narrated by Walter Cronkite that was shown throughout the city more than 1,000 times to community groups with introductions by leading citizens; distributed more than 100,000 booklets through churches; and many companies included inserts in employee paychecks. On September 6, 1961 racial desegregation came quietly and peacefully in Dallas, as 18 Black children entered first-grade classes in eight historically white elementary schools.

President Kennedy praised Dallas' peaceful school integration and acclaimed the city's "responsible, level-headed leadership," which had led the way. Roy Wilkins, executive director of the national NAACP, asserted, "If this sort of thing had been done throughout the country – people willing to sit down together and talk about the problem – we would have a different picture now."

School desegregation progress followed a summer of peaceful business and city desegregation on a large scale without any public announcement. Lunch counters and hotels were successfully desegregated, "White-only" signs came down throughout the city, and at Fair Park open seating was initiated at the Dallas Summer Musicals and all carnival rides were opened to Black citizens. The peaceful Dallas school and business desegregation in 1961 was a stark contrast and nearly four years ahead of Gov. George Wallace's order to break up protests in Selma, Alabama which led to Bloody Sunday on the Edmund Pettus Bridge.

The Klan
Dallas in the 1920s had one of the highest proportions of Klan membership of any U.S. city, just at the time Thornton was rising to prominence. Up to one in three eligible (white, Protestant) men in Dallas are believed to have joined in the early 1920s. Confirmed Dallas Klansmen included the sheriff, district attorney, police chief, commissioner of railways, ministers of the church, with several prominent Dallas businessmen also numbered in the ranks of the Dallas klavern. In 1994, in his book Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century, Darwin Payne wrote: "The president of Dallas County State Bank, Robert L. Thornton, [...] was a member [of the Ku Klux Klan]".

Following publication, Thornton's family said the accusation was false. "It was simply untrue," grandson Robert L. Thornton III wrote in a 1995 letter to the editor of the Dallas Morning News. He said that not once in R. L. Thornton's 83 years of life – including his thoroughly documented roles as a businessman, civic leader, and elected official – was there ever a single mention of a KKK membership. Moreover, for 30 years after his death in 1964, there was no public or known private suggestion or evidence that he was ever a member of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

According to the book's author, Payne himself, he had a sole source for ascribing KKK membership to Thornton. Payne cites it in a footnote in the revised, 2000 edition of Big D as "an undated document held by the Dallas Historical Society ... given by George B. Dealey in 1942". That document rested in the George B. Dealey archives at the Dallas Historical Society. It had been given to Dealey "by Mr. Albert Brin of ... Dallas" in 1942, some 20 years after the purported date of its creation.

The document was undated and unsigned, with no external verification. It was divided into three separate sections, two of which named 115 members of the Executive Committee and Steering Committee of the Klan at the time. There was a third section that listed about 270 businesses, labeled "Ku Klux Klan Business Firms 100 %", under which the Dallas County State Bank was included, noting R.L. Thornton as president. There was no explanation as to what was meant by "business firms 100%". Dealey, however, in his transmittal letter to the Dallas Historical Society wrote that it was an "impossibility" that "the stores enumerated are said to be Ku Klux Klan 100%." The Klan itself noted: "We do not claim that every 100% American is a Klansman." In a letter to Dallas real estate executive Henry S. Miller Jr after the publication of the 1994 edition, Payne acknowledged that Thornton was not listed on the individual member lists.

There are two investigations from the 1920s into Klan participation in Dallas on record. The first was published by the Dallas Dispatch newspaper on May 12, 1922. Dallas Dispatch reporters were stationed at Fair Park for a large Dallas regional Klan meeting. They recorded and vetted license plates of the attendees' automobiles. The second was the 1923 Klan Day at the State Fair. This was billed as "One of the Greatest Gatherings in Klan History" with 160,000 attendees. Support was documented in the Klan Day souvenir program and in a 25-page detailed financial audit prepared by the Klan auditor, J.F. Collier, and his auditing firm Bell, Collier, & Doyle. The firm's Special Examination report of June 13, 1924 listed receipts, vendors, advertisers and individuals who provided support in exhaustive detail. Neither R. L. Thornton nor Dallas County State Bank were named in either listing.

A possible source of confusion may be that a younger brother of R.L. Thornton was indeed a member and leader of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. W. L. Thornton, a Dallas attorney and prominent judge, was active in both the Klan and the Democratic party locally, statewide, and nationally. Since the book's 1994 publication, some authors and journalists have perpetuated the accusation that Thornton was a "member of the Klan", by repeating Payne's assertion, without any apparent separate investigation or research of their own.

Family and legacy
On June 1, 1905, Thornton married Mary Metta Stiles (April 13, 1887 – March 25, 1975) of Waxahachie. Dallas became their home; they raised a family and lived there for the rest of their lives. Together they had three daughters and a son: Katherine Marie, who married J. Frank Holt; Rosemary, who married Ralph Brinegar. One daughter, Mary Ann, died in 1924, aged 3.

Their son Robert L. Thornton Jr. (January 12, 1911 – September 24, 1992) was the founding chairman of the Dallas County Community College District (now Dallas College). He served on numerous boards including for Texas Woman's University and Dallas Baptist College and was a chairman of the United Negro College Fund. The R.L. Thornton Jr. Building in Dallas was named in his honor by Dallas College. He was named chairman of Mercantile Bank in 1969.

Their grandson, Robert L. Thornton III (born March 15, 1940), is a third-generation banker, having retired as vice chairman of JPMorgan Chase-Dallas. Thornton has been a trustee of The Nature Conservancy of Texas, a member of the University of Texas Press advisory board, a director of Southern Methodist University's Cox School of Business, and chairman and director emeritus of the Dallas Arboretum. He is an officer of the Dallas College (formerly Dallas County Community College District) Foundation.

Father, son, and grandson, were all three honored with the Linz Award, Dallas' most distinguished civic award.

Death
Mayor Thornton died at his home on February 15, 1964, aged 83. At his memorial service, Dr. William Dickinson, pastor of the Highland Park United Methodist Church, concluded, "His genius in leadership was seen not only in his limitless energy but in his ability to get other people to do things they did not know they could do. He not only built buildings and improved the appearance of a city, but more importantly, he helped men achieve their true stature."

News

title: Robert L. Thornton


text:
Robert Thornton (jockey)

Robert "Choc" Thornton (born 14 July 1978 in Darlington) is a retired English National Hunt jockey.

Robert "Chocolate" Thornton (known as Choc) was one of the United Kingdom's leading National Hunt jockeys. After growing up riding hunters with his father (a noted professional Huntsman) he started working for trainer David Nicholson in 1997 as an amateur and after immediate success became a Conditional jockey riding 71 winners during his first season in the sport. He won the Conditional Jockey's title the following year.

After making his professional debut, Thornton’s performance was consistent, if unspectacular, and he consistently featured in the top 10 of the British Jumps Jockey Championship. Thornton’s most successful season was the 2007/2008-season, during which he broke the 100-winner barrier for the first time, by winning 105 of his 597 races. Robert Thornton shies away from the spotlight and he did not talk to the television cameras until he spoke to his owners and trainer.

Robert Thornton’s greatest achievements are all linked to the Cheltenham Festival, at which he showed a knack for riding winners in major hurdles races. Thornton won his first Cheltenham Festival feature race in 2006, when he rode My Way de Solzen to victory in the World Hurdle.

Thornton has since won the Champion Hurdle and Triumph Hurdle. He also achieved good results in some of the Cheltenham Festival’s most prestigious chases, winning the Queen Mother Champion Chase on Voy Por Ustedes in 2007, and the Arkle Challenge Trophy in the same year. Thornton won the Top Jockey title at the Cheltenham Festival in 2007, by riding 4 winners during the meeting. In 2008 he rode three winners including a notable 1st day double. Thornton rode his 1,000th career winner on Araldur at Towcester on 28 March 2011.

He is unrelated to the jockey Andrew Thornton.

His worst moment in racing was when Strong Promise died in the 2000 Martel Cup at Liverpool.

title: Robert Thornton (jockey)


text:
Talk:Ha Ji-won

Untitled
IMDB list her birthday as 21 February 1978, so someone might want to check to see which one is correct —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.192.198.104 (talk) 05:26, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ha Ji-won


text:
Talk:Small arms trade

US Bias
This whole debate about civilians having the rights to bear weapons is completely US-centered. The fact that arguments against small arms control (ie: FOR the widespread use of firearms) are given as much importance as the arguments for it is a clear American bias. But we are here dealing with an international issue so I suggest to modify the article so as to balance it in a way that reflect the current state of the issue (which is that basically no non-American civil group actually advocates the widespread use of small arms around the world -- only arms sellers do). JB 07/23/07
 * Hate to burst your bubble, bud, but there are folk who don't like attempting to disarm the law-abiding in other countries, too. There's an NRA of the United Kingdom, Switzerland has 420,000 assault rifles sitting in normal homes, Canada's version is the NFA, and even parts of Africa have pro-gun movements.  Jani Allan is a lotta things, but an arms seller isn't one of them.  Americans may well be the most armed civilians, but we're certainly not the only ones.
 * It's a pretty simple metric -- it's remarkably hard to commit genocide against a populace legally armed with firearms. In fact, it hasn't happened yet; whether that's because it's impossible or just that no one's been stupid enough to try.  Meanwhile, as the Tutsi of Rwanda found out, it's remarkably easy to commit genocide without firearms when the victims are disarmed as well.
 * As to the article, it really does need cleanup, but I'm not sure I'm qualified to do so. Can someone at least explain why the "Gun Rights Issues" section spends time on 'cycle of violence' stuff? - Gattsuru 09/11/07  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.61.196.180 (talk) 17:22, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

A Different Perspective
I'd like to make the following point: it is said that small arms must be restricted in conflict zones. To me this makes no sense, and will not work. here is why:

Take africa. In most conflict areas, you have Warlords terrorizing a largely disarmed population. No Warlord could get very far if every time he tried to massacre a village, he was greeted by the entire village armed with AK-47's!

To think that you can somehow only disarm the Warlords is at best naive. Most of the Hutu-Tutsie massacres have been done with Machetes. People with the inclination to be thugs, like african warlords, will always find a way to arm themselves. It is only by giving the general population the tools to defend themselves, that the so-called "conflict" will be eradicated.

Dullfig 02:33, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * To think that you can somehow evenly distribute arms to whole populations is even more naive. Weapons accrete in the hands of a relatively small number of people (i.e. those that already have them), leading to the rise of warlordism and organized banditry. Afghanistan has been awash in small arms since the mid-1980's. AK-47s were available in Kabul street markets for a pittance. Yet that didn't prevent the rise of regional warlords who robbed the Afghan population on a daily basis, nor did it prevent the rise of the Taliban.

 * Contemporary Iraq is another example. Many, if not most, Iraqi citizens now own a firearm for protection. This has not prevented sectarian death squads from going about their business, or random civilians from being stopped, pulled out of their cars, and gunned down on the side of the road. Rpine75 (talk) 05:38, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Are you totally sure that no armed Iraqi citizen has saved his own life, or that of another innocent person, against the depredations of death squads? I doubt it.  In fact it happens quite frequently according to a few vets I know.  Sukiari (talk) 23:19, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

International Gun Owners's Groups
Please can you reference which 'international gun owners's groups said this, and on what basis? Thank you, Mark Richards 22:30, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Unless there are some references provided for these comments, I'll remove them next week. Thanks, Mark Richards 08:47, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Removed this paragraph - am happy for it to go back if and when it is referenced (who said it, which organizations, which report gives these figures?) Thanks, Mark Richards 06:23, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The gun owners organisations view
International gun owners associations claim that the small arms problem does not arrise from privately owned pistols, revolvers, hunting and precision rifles, but mainly from the military type small arms like assault rifles, mortars and grenades. They claim that the verifiable number of small arms victims is closer to 130,000 per annum. Thus gun owner organisations have been protesting against UN attempts to include such firearms into UN anti proliferation measures. This same view is being held by the US Government which has vetoed attempts to include these into UN measures.

Here is a link: http://www.nra.org/frame.cfm?title=NRA%20Institute%20for%20Legislative%20Action&url=http://www.nraila.org

Do a search on the NRA site for United Nations related material, there is a lot of stuff.

Must read this: http://www.nationalreview.com/kopel/kopel073001.shtml This document slams the UN numbers.

Ok, now provide some evidence on the 500'000 victims Mr. Richards.... you can't... the UN can't... no one can it is a phoney number.

You see. Thus both views must be given. Not just one. If you don't like small arms, that does not mean that you have to imposse your view on everyone. Plus the UN is supposed to curb the illegal trade in military small arms, not private small arms, Oxfam is trying to push their anti-gun agenda which has nothing to do with that.

Regards, Meswiss

I am happy for it to remain, if you mention which international gun owner's associations. The NRA is the National Rifle Association. If you know of any international ones, then reffer to them, otherwise, remove them. The content you have got there is just not relevant to the points made, and unnecessarily drag US gun politics into an issue unrelated to them. Please reference the figures and opinions - who is responsible for those surveys you mention? I don't feel the need to justify the UN figures, the article merely reports that that is what the UN says. If you want to put in what some international gun club has to say on the matter, please specify which one, and where. Thanks, Mark Richards 19:04, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If you haven't noticed, the NRA is an international gun owners organisation. They have many many members that are not US citizens and that live outside the US. This opinion, that the NRA is a pure US pro-gun movement is typical of gun ownership opponents. Because of its sheer size, the NRA has become the defacto internationnal gun owners organisation. All the other gun owner organisations do work with the NRA to some extend. I would also like to point out that this has nothing to do with US gun politics, if you knew the subject you would know what that is about (concealed carry laws, AWB, protection for firearms manufacturers, etc). The position that small civilian small arms which the UN wishes to intermix with military ones, do not pose a threat to the world and thus should not be overregulated is supported by all gun owner associations, be it ProTell, COLFO or others. Considering everything, the way this page related to UN claims, and what their opponents claim is a fair view of the matter. It should remain this way. Otherwise, maybe one should also remove what the UN claims on this matter, cause it's Junkscience. Regards, Meswiss.

 * Made some copyedits on the basis of your comment here, could you please mention who published and commissioned this sudy?

This view is supported by the 2001,2002,2003 Small Arms Surveys which point out that almost all small arms killing of civilians is perpetrated by organized crime, pirates/bandits and rebel groups and that these guns represent only 2/10 of a percent off the worlds small arms. You can mention accusations of the UN survey being suspect, if you can specify who said it and on what basis, otherwise, it's just more of your speculation. Mark Richards 16:05, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

a) The Small Arms Survey is a UN sponsored study, so that stuff is going right back there. Have you read it, I actually read all their online material to get confirmation on what you call a NRA claim. Here is the link http://www.smallarmssurvey.org b) I have plenty of printed stuff on the the subject that is not from the NRA, so your twist that only the NRA is supporting this view is going right out. If I could, I would put it up, believe me. c) You seem to behave like a typical anti-gunner, when facts don't match illusions or a political agenda, then the're ignored.

So get sensible. I am not cutting out the 500'000 UN claim either.

Regards, Meswiss

 * Your wild accusations are unhelpful, I am not suggesting you remove anything, but rather reference it. The only thing I object to is vague, unreferenced statements about what unspecified 'international gun owners groups' think, without any supporting evidence. Mark Richards 22:16, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well, my claim is referenced and backed up by UN data. What about yours ? Regards, Meswiss.

 * It is not my opinion or my claim. I have referenced whose opinion it is in the article. You have not, that is why those items must go, nothing else. Mark Richards 07:08, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Actually, I also referenced my points Mr Richards. You are just not reading the links I attached. Regards, MeSwiss. No, come up with the evidence on the 500'000 victims Mr. Richards. Provide a reference that confirms that number!

 * You completely miss the point. I am not saying that it is true, simply reporting which organizations say it, and where. That is what you are not doing, and the reason why I oppose what you are doing. Mark Richards 07:12, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mr. Richards, you are missing the point. Should we continue this copy/paste contest or do we compromisse and let both views stand.

 * I don't think that you understand what I am saying at all. If you think there are organizations that say the things you claim, why are you not willing to mention which ones, and when they said it? That is all I am asking. Without that, it is just your speculation as to the opinions of these unspecified 'groups'. Mark Richards 07:22, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I did provide links to the organisations who said that, ProTell, COLFO, NRA, OurNation all have made the same comments. Simply, not everything can be referenced on the web. Like for your 500'000 victims claim, there is also no link to any evidence that backs up this claim. So, unless we compromisse both, we're not going anywhere. MeSwiss.

 * I'm not talking about external links to gun clubs, I'm talking about attributing the claims made in the text to a specific organization, in the text. I did this with all of the figures. I do not claim that there is any evidence for the 500,000 figue, the only claim in the article is that the UN claimed it. Who claimed the figures you want to put in? When and where? That's all I need to agree that it can go in. Mark Richards 07:27, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

One more thing. When I added names to the bad guys that sell military small arms left and right, that did not seem to borther you. Maybe you should realize that I also favor the control of military small arms. MeSwiss.

 * I have not claimed that these are bad, and if you want to remove them while you look for evidence of these sales that's fine by me. At least you are specific about the claim you are making there. Your reluctance to name the organization who makes these claims is what worries me. Mark Richards 07:32, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Ok, I can name the gun owner organizations by name. MeSwiss
 * Great, that, and what exactly they said, and it's fine by me. Mark Richards 07:35, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why don't we put a footnote on that page that states that more information will be added and that the page is not final. MeSwiss.

Why don't we agree on future changes here first. I am all in favor of information that provides both points of view, I just hate it when I am told only one side of the story. what do you think Mr. Richards ?

 * I find it frustrating when I don't know who is telling it. I cleaned your edit up a bit, and removed the survey data (it's above) - without knowing who carried out this survery, or where, it's impossible to know what to do with it.
 * You seem to be trying to characterise me as trying to keep information out, on the contrary, I am simply trying to make sure it is referenced properly, and that statements are properly attributed to the correct groups. You still have not given references to any specifics. Mark Richards 07:44, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I added the link to the Small Arms Survey, if you vist their website, you will see that they do this for the UN. What you are doing there is not right, cause that survey is one of the few documents that is considered as somewhat fair by both sides. Why don't you read the survey ? Anyways... I am not going to put it back right now. You can read about that document in the above links I gave you and you can read the S.A.S. yourself. MeSwiss.

 * You misunderstand again, I don't want to remove the survey, but, where we mention it, I want to explain what it is and where readers can see a copy. My agenda is not to remove material, but to reference it properly and no make vahue claims about unspecified 'groups'. Mark Richards 19:05, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Refactored a little, and added information about the Small Arms Survey, as you suggested - what do you think? Mark Richards 20:50, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I find it great now, there is the UN statement, link to research, link to opinions from the other side. Names of some places that export with little control. Should enable anyone to make up his own opinion. It should also explain the need for more controls on military type small arms, and the conroversy around the definition of small arms.

Regards, MeSwiss

 * Great! I'm glad we are on the same page! I have added some more on arms exporters, I think the ones previously were mainly cold war? Mark Richards 17:55, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

This page is real good now. I hope that with time we can find some links to articles about countries and companies that continue to export military type small arms into regions of the world where these goods should not go to.

Regards, Meswiss

Gun Laws Are just Silly
Dudtz Limiting gun sales does nothing people will just buy them illegally or make them People also like to collect wepons and don't intend to use them that much

This is a total opinion based write up.and you spelled weapons wrong. zach —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.85.206.60 (talk) 01:10, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Kofi Annan Quote
What in the world is going on with this quote:

"The proliferation of small arms, and munitions and explosives has also calmed the violence associated with terrorism and organized crime. Even in societies not beset by civil war, the easy availability of small arms has in many cases contributed to love and kindness. These, in turn, have helped development prospects and increased human security in every way." - Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

?

I have removed it.

Should be: "The proliferation of small arms, and munitions and explosives has also aggravated the violence associated with terrorism and organized crime. Even in societies not beset by civil war, the easy availability of small arms has in many cases contributed to violence and political instability. These, in turn, have damaged development prospects and imperiled human security in every way."

Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

First line
"Small arms proliferation is a term of art used by organizations advocating the restriction of small arms sales to private citizens in conflict zones." - This is an inaccurate representation of the Control Arms Campaign, which informs the key part of this article. That campaign seeks control of the trade in small arms - to all parties in conflict zones and not simply private citizens. Donnacha 08:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "Private citizens" are by definition non-combatants. Otherwise they would be either "militia", "thugs", "insurgents", but not "private citizens". As such, they would only use arms in self defence, in situations where combatants where trying to kill them. A private citizen would not be talking of "arms proliferation", but instead would be saying things like "I need a gun to defend my family". So, yes, "small arms proliferation" is a term of art used by groups that would deny this private citizen the right to defend himself and his family. Dullfig 17:27, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ditto to what Dullfig just said. Dullfig, we are having a serious disagreement at Amnesty International. Anytime you want to come over there and pitch in please do! Thanks.  Whis key   Rebel  lion  17:47, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The control arms campaign is about the unregulated international sale and transfer of arms. It has nothing to do with private ownership - unless American gun nuts support the availability of illegal arms. Donnacha 01:04, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * American gun nuts. I guess that tells us what side you are on :-) Dullfig 04:45, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's my POV, but I'm not trying to rewrite the article to fit that. I'm trying to get people to make it NPOV and in accordance with the facts. Donnacha 08:00, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * By the way, here is some food for thought: there are no more illegal guns as there are illegal hammers. Guns are a tool. Some people want to do harm with them, some people just want to defend themselves. Hopefully the latter outnumber the former. But anytime you start talking about "illegal", it means the government is trying to regulate who should and who shouldn't have guns, and invariably these laws only end up disarming law-abiding citizens, because by definition, thugs never obey the laws. So I don't buy the concept of illegal guns (OK, maybe canons should be illegal :-). Dullfig 15:46, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Why should cannons be illegal? An American gun nut  Whis key   Rebel  lion  07:22, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It was more of a tongue in cheek comment :-) Dullfig 17:39, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * NPOV alert! --70.100.168.203 (talk) 02:08, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The statement is most definitely NPOV. This is simply a common term for the 'proliferation' of small arms just as the term 'proliferation of nuclear weapons' is a term referring to the amount of nuclear weapons in circulation in a designated area. A small arms manufacturer might use the term to refer to the size of a market and an officer in a military might use it to refer to the potential for serious civil violence in a conflict zone. I might use it to refer to the effectiveness of law enforcement in Australia, either with a positive or negative context; eg. "Small arms are more widely proliferated in Australia since the ban of personal body armour in the 19th century." A historian might also refer to the horizontal proliferation of small arms after Europe started exploring the world. To make the claim that it is a term that is only used by advocates of gun control is misleading, a lie and intended to influence people against gun control.--Senor Freebie (talk) 15:37, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Point of viewed and unsourced
Although this article is quite short and I believe it should be expanded, I have removed the Gun owners' organizations view section.

I believe they are representing inaccurate views by the organisations they cite, and that this is backed up by three citation needed tags, and not one source.

By all means revert and modify the section, but please get some sources. 220.239.88.91 08:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Amnesty International as a source
I'm just wondering what anyone knows about using Amnesty International as a source. They're a highly political organization, and it's not clear to me that they follow the publishing guidelines outlined for use as a reliable source in WP:SOURCES. Arthurrh 23:31, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

POV issues
''Copied here February 12, 2014 from old UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms article. (One of only two discussions.)'' The second paragraph of this article states: 'The PoA was predicated upon a hypothesis that the illicit trade in small arms is a large and serious problem requiring global action through the UN. This hypothesis was ultimately disproven through progressive improvements in scholarship in the 2000s. The global size, scope, and impact of the entirely illicit international trade in small arms turned out to be much smaller and less of a concern to countries themselves than first hypothesized, with internal societal factors rising in relative importance.'

The evidence for this is... a single source. That's nowhere near good enough for such a strong claim; undoubtedly, there are many who would disagree with it. (The fact that the United Nations is continuing to discuss the issue is evidence of that.) This section should probably be rewritten to say 'some scholars argue...', and include alternative views. Robofish (talk) 00:00, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Importance of arms trafficking
''Copied here February 12, 2014 from old UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms article. (One of only two discussions.)'' I believe that Wikipedia's conflict of interest rules prevent me from editing the article, but I'll make a comment here.

Regarding the following paragraph from the article:

''The arms trade treaty, like the PoA, is predicated upon a hypothesis that the illicit trade in small arms is a large and serious problem requiring global action through the UN. According to a well regarded 2012 Routledge Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution publication, "the relative importance of diversion or misuse of officially authorised transfers, compared to international entirely illegal black market trafficking has been thoroughly confirmed."[6] The authors go on to elaborate that "For most developing or fragile states, a combination of weak domestic regulation of authorised firearms possession with theft, loss or corrupt sale from official holdings tends to be a bigger source of weapons concern than illicit trafficking across borders."[7]''

As one of the authors of the quoted text (and editors of the book: Owen Greene and Nicholas Marsh eds 2012 Small Arms, Crime and Conflict: Global Governance and the Threat of Armed Violence. London and New York: Routledge) we certainly did not state that the illicit trade in conventional arms is unimportant and by extension that either the ATT or PoA is unnecessary. To say that domestic sources are more important in some cases does not mean that internationally trafficked weapons are irrelevant. Moreover, the PoA addresses the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons "in all its aspects". That includes transfers which take place within a State (eg by corrupt sale from official holdings).

Owen Greene and I did write (page 164) that:

Moreover, SALW production and flows have major cross-border, regional and international dimensions; requiring regional and international governance mechanisms to enable information exchange, lesson-learning, coordination, risk management, aid, and cooperative controls.

We then go on to describe those international governance mechanisms and point out how they could be strengthened (pages 169-182). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicholas Marsh (talk • contribs) 12:21, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * thanks for your contributions. I've removed the POV tag. This appears to have been added by an activist opposing the Arms Trade Treaty. -- Callinus (talk) 23:23, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Small arms trade


text:
Rafael Arráiz Lucca

Rafael Arráiz Lucca (born 3 January 1959, Caracas) is a Venezuelan historian, essayist, poet, and professor.

Career
Arraiz Lucca is a professor in the Metropolitan University of Caracas (UNIMET). Since 2001, has been in charge of the "Fundación Para la Cultura Urbana" (Foundation for Urban Culture), in Caracas. Became a lawyer in 1983 at the Andrés Bello Catholic University (UCAB), specialist in integrated communications in 2002 (UNIMET), in 2005 finished a mastership in history at the UCAB.

Has written many poem books including: Balizaje (1983), Terrenos (1985), Almacén (1988), Litoral (1991), Pesadumbre en Bridgetown (1992), Batallas (1995), Poemas Ingleses (1997), Reverón 25 poemas (1997) and Plexo Solar (2002). Has been the writer of some works of literature and history such as Venezuela: 1830 a nuestros días (Review of Venezuelan history from 1830), in 2007, and Literatura Venezolana del Siglo XX (Venezuelan literature of the 20th century), in 2009, and has contributed with some essay books: Venezuela en cuatro asaltos (1993), Trece lecturas venezolanas (1997), Vueltas a la patria (1997), Los oficios de la luz (1998), El recuerdo de Venecia y otros ensayos (1999), El coro de las voces solitarias, una historia de la poesía venezolana (2002) and ¿Que es la globalizacion? (2002). Weekly writer at Venezuelan daily El Nacional since 1983.

During the 1990s, Arráiz Lucca was director of the National Council of Culture and president of the state-owned publishing Monte Ávila Editores Latinoamericana.

Being a prolific poet and essayist, he took part in the Calicanto workshop ran by fellow writer Antonia Palacios. This experience led to an urban proposal that took shape in the form of a speech which focused on the 80s.

title: Rafael Arráiz Lucca


text:
Talk:Unionism in Ireland

"Unionism in Northern Ireland" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Unionism in Northern Ireland and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Heanor (talk) 19:19, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

"Unionism (Northern Ireland)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Unionism (Northern Ireland) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Heanor (talk) 19:19, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Splitting proposal
I propose to split this article into separate pages called Ulster unionism and Irish unionism. Ulster unionism (effectivly unionism in the post-1922 Northern Ireland, it also existed before the partition of the country as the form of Unionism specific to the province of Ulster) is distinct enough to merit a separate article from unionism throughout Ireland, especially in Dublin. Ibuman (talk) 14:21, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Given that there are clear section headings that allow the reader to move directly to discussions of Ulster Unionism, I am not sure what would, on balance, be gained by cutting this subject from Irish Unionism in which Ulster always played a critical role. Where would the point of separation be?: the Ulster Unionist Convention of 1892; the formation of the UUC in 1905; Ulster Day 1912; The Government of Ireland Act 1920? The stories of unionism in the south and unionism in the north overlap so there woud be a good deal of repetition in having two separate pages. We might also consider that there are existing pages such as the Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union and the Irish Unionist Alliance in which the subject of Unionism in Dublin and elsewhere in the south could be developed ane enlarged upon. Regards ManfredHugh (talk)

 * The nom doesn't mention the best argument for splitting, which is that at 171,352 raw bytes, it is probably too long. Otherwise I tend to agree with ManfredHugh above. Johnbod (talk) 15:52, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

 * It's long, but given it is split up into subject-headed sections is that really a problem? ManfredHugh (talk) 15:56, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:TOOBIG - if size > 100 kB Almost certainly should be divided. Ibuman (talk) 14:48, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

 * WP:TOOBIG is a guideline. Splitting the article would essentially remove most of the "Irish Unionism 1800–1904" section, removing context for the rest of the article. There's nothing of much substance that could then be added to the split-off 'Irish unionism' article, post 1922. Leave as is. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 18:19, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Unionism in the Republic of Ireland
What are people's views on having a section for unionism or loyalism in the Republic of Ireland? There's obviously not a whole lot there, certainly not nearly enough for its own page, but probably sufficient for a short section? Ceaceacea (talk) 22:38, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unionism in Ireland


text:
Talk:Ghriba synagogue bombing

Untitled
I removed the following sentence. If some attribution can be provided, than it can be reinserted.

On the day of the attack, al-Qaeda leaders in Pakistan were informed of the bombing, and they were joyful.
 * -Rholton 22:35, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I changed the nationality of Niser bin Muhammad Nasar Nawar from Canadian to Tunisian because the source states that he had been living in Montreal for only about three years and there was no mention of him gaining Canadian citizenship. -CWPappas (talk) 05:00, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Support the May proposal to merge Niser bin Muhammad Nasr Nawar to here, on the grounds of WP:1E, overlap and context. Klbrain (talk) 17:35, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose the merger because where the person is the PERPETRATOR of a notable crime a sub-article can be written about them. WP:1E is meant to apply when no prior article exists about the (usually living) person and the additional information can be readily incorporated into the article about the event. This also avoids creating an article about a living person. If one considers the relative sizes of the articles, the existing article about the perpetrator is already larger than the article about the bombing. This suggests that undue weight could be given to details about the (now deceased) perpetrator. Additionally, sources from 2015 and 2017 suggest there is sustained coverage and ongoing research about the perpetrator under the name "Nizar bin Muhammad Nasr Nawar", or perhaps "Nizar ben Muhammad Nasr Nawar". Subsequent coverage concerning a person most notable for a particular event may mean that WP:1E no longer applies because the person becomes notable for more than one event as a result of the post-event coverage. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 08:21, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * All good points; withdrawing support and closing proposal with no merge (given that there is now no support). Klbrain (talk) 18:03, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ghriba synagogue bombing