text:
Talk:Norfolk

Nortfolk, England v Norfolk
I think the number of links pointing at Norfolk that mean Norfolk, England, suggest that Norfolk should be is the natural home for this page, and that what is currently at Norfolk should be moved to Norfolk (disambiguation) Mintguy (T) 10:54, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I nearly did it but I changed my mind due to Norfolk, Virginia having quite a large population - 234,403. Morwen 11:27, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Right - done - based solely on the vast number of links as you point out. Morwen 23:13, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

Key on map
The key to the Map of Districts has been changed at some point - not sure when or by whom. It should run from 1 to 7. I'll attempt to correct it - if I can't, I'll leave it to Morwen. Agendum 23:30, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks like this has been done too. Rob 18:39, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Categorise Lists?
I'd like to categorise List of places in Norfolk into populated places, geographical features, ports, airfields, historical sites, forests, open areas of water, rivers, tourist attractions etc - do people think that this would help? Rob 18:39, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Norfolk, USA?
I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, though I know enough to know that any humble American who suggests something inclusive of America runs the risk of being accused of cultural imperialism. (Not by the majority, mind you, but by a certain element.) So please don't bite me for this suggestion; I mean it with the purest of intentions. Norfolk, Virginia has a population of about 250,000 and most Americans (all ~300 million of us) think of it when we hear the word "Norfolk". Yes, yes, "America is not the world", but isn't a disambiguation page the most inclusive thing to do? It seems that that was the status quo until about a year ago when there was near-unilateral action to move Norfolk, England to Norfolk (see Talk:Norfolk) and no one has undone it. About 1000-1500 links each point to both Norfolk and Norfolk, Virginia, and I guarantee you many of those "Norfolk" links are intended for Norfolk, Virginia as placed by misinformed countrymen of mine. What are your thoughts? Raggaga 02:34, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting thought. Norfolk, UK is the first Norfolk and that which lends it's name to all the other Norfolk's that there are scattered round the globe so I guess that it has some precidence to be where the link points to, also Norfolk UK is considerably larger in terms of geographical area and population than Norfolk, VA.  I think that I would vote to leave the links as they are but add a little bit more on the disambiguation at the start, as for the mis directed links we should fix them.  I'll do 200 or so if you will, don't know if this is something that a bot can help with, i.e. if it could do some of this work - I will try to research it.  Rob 13:54, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been through and verified that all the links that point to Norfolk are genuine Norfolk England pages pointing the others where they should go. The list that I worked through is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RobertWalden/Norfolk_UK_Linkers  I need to check for new arrivals sometime but other than that it's done, I did not bother to check users pages, thought that it would be too difficult. Rob 08:37, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Great Yarmouth District Council
Great Yarmouth District Council is not controlled by the Lib Dems, it is Conservative. Also Norwich City Council is no longer Labour but Lib Dem. The map is therefore quite wrong. Also along with a newly coloured in map for the district councils it would also be good to have one with parliamentary constituencies coloured in as a correctly coloured in district council map would show no Labour representation. However, Labour have 3 Norfolk MPs which is a significant number.
 * The red isn't intended to indicate political control, just to show the location of the county. Barnabypage 08:04, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Delia Smith
She wasn't born in Norfolk and doesn't, I believe, live there so should she really count as a Person of Norfolk? Barnabypage 16:47, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * her association with NCFC is what gets her there, although she may live over the border, perhaps the section could do with retitling. GraemeLeggett 19:26, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made a new section for people who are associated with Norfolk but are not actually from the county themselves (well as far as I know anyway).
 * Good idea. I wonder how (if at all) we should handle the various royals closely associated with Sandringham? Barnabypage 19:55, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Delia Smith was born in Surrey, raised in Kent.
 * and lives in Suffolk...GraemeLeggett 09:36, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Ralph Vaughan Williams
i believe that Norfolk Rhapsody No1 should be mentioned somewhere in this article considering the fact that Williams supposedly found inspiration to write the song while cycling around these norfolk villages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.161.110.131 (talk) 22:10, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force in an effort to ensure all listed Good articles continue to meet the Good article criteria. In reviewing the article, I have found there are some issues that may need to be addressed.

 * Image:Arms-norfolk.jpg needs a fair use rationale.
 * Main articles shouldn't contain long lists. I recommend copying the People of Norfolk section to List of people from Norfolk, and then creating a section in this article consisting of prose about Norfolk's most notable residents. Each resident will need an inline citation.
 * The education section need citations throughout.
 * References should state the author, publisher, publishing date and access date if known.
 * Please provide citations for these statements:
 * "Rural parts of the county, notably the area around Burnham Market, are also popular locations for city dwellers to purchase weekend homes."
 * "By the 5th century the Angles, for whom East Anglia and England itself are named, had established control of the region and later became the "north folk" and the "south folk", hence, "Norfolk" and "Suffolk"."
 * "Migration into East Anglia must have been high, as by the time of the Conquest and Domesday Book survey, it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles."
 * "During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian. The economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat, and during the industrial revolution Norfolk developed little industry and was a late addition to the railway network."
 * "The first development in airfields came with the First World War; there was then a massive expansion during the Second World War with the growth of the Royal Air Force and the influx of the American USAAF 8th Air Force which operated from many Norfolk airfields."
 * "The Norfolk Dialect also known as "Broad Norfolk" is the accent/dialect of people living in Norfolk, although over the modern age, a lot of the vocabulary and phrases have died out due to a number of factors such as radio, TV and people from other parts of the country coming to Norfolk."
 * "the traditional nickname for people from Norfolk is 'Norfolk Dumpling' or 'Norfolk Pudden'"
 * "More cutting, perhaps, was the formerly-used pejorative medical term "Normal for Norfolk", now discredited, the use of which is banned by the profession."

I will check back in no less than seven days. If progress is being made and issues are addressed, the article will remain listed as a Good article. Otherwise, it may be delisted (such a decision may be challenged through WP:GA/R). If improved after it has been delisted, it may be nominated at WP:GAC. Feel free to drop a message on my talk page if you have any questions. Regards, Epbr123 12:19, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

As no improvements have been made in the past two weeks, I'm afraid I've had to delist the article. Epbr123 16:56, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Education
Hello.Could someone enlighten me and let me know where the Norfolk Academy is?Northmetpit 16:24, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

In the Education section I really don't think that there should be a breakdown of GCSE results by school and district, therefore I have removed this, twice. If this was to be included then A level results would also have to be noted, and perhaps results from UEA as well.Dancarney 18:34, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Agribusiness
There's a "weasel words" statement at the end of the paragraph of agriculture. I've tagged it as "verification needed". I'll delete it in a couple of days if the author can't provide a citation to support that statement. OldSpot61 (talk) 09:41, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

I've now removed the sentence about agribusiness. If its author wishes to restore it, please support it by citing a reference. I feel that sentence was NPOV, in any case, and the role of agribusiness should be described in a more balanced way. OldSpot61 (talk) 09:35, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Requested move - 2009
To keep the discussion central, please discuss the potential move of this article at Talk:Norfolk (disambiguation). Oren0 (talk) 09:05, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

People associated with Norfolk
I deleted Richard Pratt from the section on People Associated with Norfolk. The link pointed to a disambiguation page for 3 Richard Pratts, none of whom fitted the description of the one on the Norfolk page. I found very little about this Richard Pratt elsewhere on the net. If he's really "notable", please restore him and create a page about him. OldSpot61 (talk) 10:33, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Project proposal
A new project Wikiproject Norfolk & Suffolk has been proposed. If interested please visit WikiProject_Council/Proposals and show your support. Thank you. MortimerCat (talk) 08:31, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I have proposed the Wikiproject Norfolk and Suffolk add support here
 * Here is a link for people to add themselves to the list of interested parties interested editor and I include a link here for those interested in keeping up-to-date on the proposals so far Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_England
 * I do not have any support yet, but have three comments to make it into the project "East Anglia". I have explained my reasoning on the proposals page, mainly as there is already discussion underway on creating a project for each county from Project England.
 * Thanks--Chaosdruid (talk) 17:28, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I have added a discussion page to discuss the project scope here
 * --Chaosdruid (talk) 03:33, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

New image
I added the image File:Wenceslas Hollar - Norfolk (State 4).jpg that I recently uploaded to History of Norfolk - you may also want it in the main article, up to you. :-) Dcoetzee 06:50, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Question
There's no reference for the statement that Boudicca was born near Norwich. The statement appears to be referring to the settlement at Venta Icinorum, which wasn't founded until after her death. My understanding is that she was born in Suffolk? Harasseddad (talk) 12:51, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Huge off shore mound Terrington St Clement
Anyone got any idea what this is ?? (no, I know that bits a ship lol)

I have searched some old maps and aerial photos, but so much land has been reclaimedover the past 150 years...in the aerial photos from 1946 the fields adjacent to the sea are now two fields inland and so many maps and photos stop a couple of hundred yards short of the feature

It is a 600 foot diameter volcano mound

52°50'31.20"N LAT 0°14'36.04"E LONG

Chaosdruid (talk) 13:29, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Answer found

Chaosdruid (talk) 22:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Removal of "prose" tag
Hi

I removed the prose tag from the section "Notable people". That section is a list and as such would not normally be written in prose style

Chaosdruid (talk) 06:54, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Peter Bellamy and notable people from Norfolk
I've changed the Bellamy entry so that he was brought up in North Norfolk and not born there as well. This is because his main Wikipedia entry states he was born in Bournemouth. I thought he was b. Wighton, Norfolk. Does anyone know the fact of this or how/where to verify?

I've also just noticed that the list is in alphabetical sequence by first name, which is somewhat unusual, as normally these are by surname. Does anyone have a view about changing the order? "People associated with Norfolk" is ordered by surname!

Roaringboy 09:48, 19 August 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Roaringboy (talk • contribs)

 * To be honest I think you are doing a pretty good job with your edits and I wouldnt ask for permission for things such as that. I have watched you working on the Norfolk related articles for some time (Its about 18 months I think) and would fully support almost everything you have done so far :¬)
 * Peter Bellamy is another matter, I know little about him ! lol
 * I must admit that after doing a very quick search (as I have family over and only have 10 mins to check e-mails etc) through the news items and obits all I found was this, which is not really going to help, New York TImes says born in Norwich. I would point out though that there are no cites or references in most of that Wikiarticle I suggest, if you have the time, that you give it a little sprucing up - the BBC website quotes the wikipage as the main link for their info on him !
 * Chaosdruid (talk) 17:59, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Thank you for that. Regarding Bellamy, I've had a look at many of the same sources as you; most of which cite the Wikipedia article. There are some other methods like the birth records to go to, but in the meantime I have sent a message to A. Heather Wood, the sole survivor of the Young Generation, asking whether she can provide any information. I think I will reorder the list by alpha surname, as it will then follow the conventions used in other articles.

Roaringboy (talk) 07:08, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Notable People for Norfolk now re-ordered by alpha surname. It really needs to be cross-referenced to other Norfolk entries, as it's not a lot of use if notables appear elsewhere but not in the County entry. I will have a look at doing this. Roaringboy 12:23, 9 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Roaringboy (talk • contribs)

Consensus to keep or delete Hamond Felton, medieval notable figure from article
Hamond Felton was M.P. for Norfolk in 1377 and died in 1379. He and his family are a part of the History of Norfolk going back to Medieval times. The reference is a DNB reference, acceptable on many articles. His family goes back to the Conqueror, his ancestor was related to the Black Prince through marriage, fought in Crecy and Poitiers. Most importantly, Hamond Felton held an important position in Norfolk He was taken out of this article with not so much as a mention as to why. Since no one editor WP:OWNS the article, I would ask that other editors vote their opinion here. I will, of course, comply with majority. Thanks.

Consensus for keeping or deleting Hamond Felton in History of Norfolk article:
 * Keep He is a historical figure of some significance since he was an M.P. and had some significant authority and came from a notable medieval Norfolk family. If a dog can be "notable" in Norfolk history, so can Hamond Felton.Mugginsx (talk) 15:52, 13 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Remove I do not see how one can adduce that he was an "historical figure of some significance". If I read it right, the DNB reference is of 3 lines stating that Hamond, elder brother of Sir Thomas Felton, was MP for Norfolk for 2 years. In practical terms, this bare mention of one Norfolk MP sets no context. There are many other Norfolk MPs over centuries, along with many notable Norfolk families, equally well-connected and tried in battle; but we would end up with enormous lists if even some were to be included.

If it can be shown that Felton is of sufficient note or importance, then perhaps his entry should be in the "Notable People" section rather than being baldly dropped as a named reference into a paragraph which is of more general content. Roaringboy 08:17, 14 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roaringboy (talk • contribs)

 * Remove Agree with Roaringboy. The text seemed out of place (Northmetpit (talk) 11:10, 14 October 2011 (UTC)).

'Took it out myself'. Will look for more information on him for possible Notable People Section. Mugginsx (talk) 15:25, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

'Sound decision'. If you discover more information, he, or the Felton family as a whole, might be worthy of a separate Wiki entry, linked to Norfolk, of course, and possibly many other relevant articles. Good hunting. Roaringboy (talk) 16:09, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Norfolk history
I would just like to question the sentence,

'The economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349; suffice to say that the current population has yet to equal the population before that time.'

from the History section of the article.

Whilst I do not have solid figures to suggest anything to the contrary, the statement seems highly debatable.

The current population of Norfolk approaching 900,000 whilst by historical accounts the pre black death population of Norfolk was around 200,000. The population of England as a whole is estimated to have been around 3000000 prior to the black death, and the population of Norfolk at the time will not have been anywhere near the level it is now - it simply did not make up a third of Englands population.

Dobsons' 'The Peasants Revolt 1381', gives an idea of tax payers representing somewhat less than 50% of the overall population at around 80,000. If we extrapolate the pop. figure to be 200,000 I think we would not be out of the realms of accuracy. If we then use the assumptions that the Black Death wiped out between a third and a half, even go as far as to say 2 thirds of the population we are left with a pre black death estimate of between 300,000 and 600,000.

Even by our highly unlikely upper figure of 600,000, this would have been surpassed some decades ago.

Unless any evidence can be found to back up the claim, might I suggest it is removed?

Cheers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.150.8.193 (talk) 14:04, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

Amount about dispute over Norwich going unitary
In the politics section, there is a lot of detail put into the saga of whether or not Norwich would become a unitary authority. Does it need cutting down and the remainder put into a separate article, because as a sub-section it's pretty long. Indiasummer95 (talk) 12:29, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation
/ˈnɔːfək/ is how it's written now, and if I mouse over the 'ə' it says "a in about". That would make it nor-fak. I don't think I've ever heard anyone pronounce it anywhere near that. Shouldn't it be whatever translates to nor-fuk or nor-fuhk? Hammerfrog (talk) 11:43, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Different Grammar?
Re "As a result, the speech of Norfolk is more of an accent than a dialect, though one part retained from the Norfolk dialect is the distinctive grammar of the region."

Surely - almost by definition - a form of speech which has a different grammar (in the proper scientific-linguistic sense) must at least be a different dialect (if not a different language)? Even Scottish English or Geordie, though they can be hard to understand if you are from the south, don't have a different grammar - just different accent and vocabulary. Since this is uncited, I suggest it is removed until some evidence is provided. 86.182.14.37 (talk) 10:16, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

'Normal for Norfolk'
This slang isn't only medical. I've heard it used in everyday speech. This paragraph sounds rather harsh: I don't believe anyone in England *seriously* thinks of Norfolk as an 'illiterate incestuous backwater.' (And semi-humorous stereotyping of people from most regions in the UK is not uncommon; including by people who come from those regions.) 86.182.14.37 (talk) 10:16, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Ethnicity
Skin colour is not an ethnic group. I've removed the reference to 'white' as the number of Polish, Latvian and Lithuanian people has risen since 2001 census, there is also no reference to the percentage the previous writer had quoted. "The County has received significant international migration from the EU, originally from Portugal and more recently from Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. There is in addition a largely unquantifiable element of international migration attributable to short-term migrants, here primarily to seek work and highly mobile, but unlikely to be counted as part of the resident population." http://www.norfolkinsight.org.uk/jsna/population#themes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.0.254.204 (talk) 16:38, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140127102438/http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk:80/index.html to http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101229153151/http://www.norfolkbroads.com:80/guide/history.htm to http://www.norfolkbroads.com/guide/history.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120323034707/http://www.hcoms.co.uk/free_wireless.php to http://www.hcoms.co.uk/free_wireless.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130924203006/http://www.ucs.ac.uk:80/SchoolsAndNetwork/Ourcampusnetwork/UCSGreatYarmouth/UCS%20Great%20Yarmouth.aspx to http://www.ucs.ac.uk/SchoolsAndNetwork/Ourcampusnetwork/UCSGreatYarmouth/UCS%20Great%20Yarmouth.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081207121634/http://www.norwich.gov.uk:80/site_files/pages/City_Council__Unitary_Council__The_business_case.html to http://www.norwich.gov.uk/site_files/pages/City_Council__Unitary_Council__The_business_case.html

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Flag
There is no article for the Flag of Norfolk. Is there any information, for example on its derivation and history, that could be added to this article? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:32, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Cutting back some of the police officers
The news tonight (October 19 2017) said that Norfolk was the first county to cut down on a certain rank of police officer. Could this go in the article, or would this be more suitable for Wikinews? Vorbee (talk) 17:05, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

Geography?
This article is listed as a geographical article, but there's precious little about the actual (non-human) geography of Norfolk in it. Indeed, the word "geography" doesn't even appear in the text. There's nothing about the highest point, length of seacoast, landforms, rivers, etc. There's a passing reference to low-lying topography, and that's about it. I came across this article in en effort to learn this info, so I can't contribute. Anybody? --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 00:20, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

People
I have slightly tidied the "People" list. However, this is a mix of past and present people, with most of the "past" missing dates. I feel that it would be better to arrange the People section into Past and Present, as we have in the Norwich entry, and add their dates similarly. This would make it much clearer and easier to distinguish between the two.

I also propose comparing the Norwich "People" entries with that for Norfolk, to determine any differences. Clearly, anyone who is of note as being closely associated with Norwich (through birth, upbringing etc.) would also qualify for inclusion in the Norfolk list(s). This might appear to be "overkill", but it seems inconsistent to have Norwich-listed people (i.e. also Norfolk people) not included in the Norfolk list. There may be people in the Norfolk list who should be in the Norwich lists, but I suspect that the general direction of entries (if there are any) will be from the Norwich list to the Norfolk, and not vice versa. Comments, please.

Roaringboy (talk) 14:09, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

Parishes project
I have started a project for missing civil parishes at User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes. The missing parishes in Norfolk are:

 * Aldborough and Thurgarton
 * Brandon Parva, Coston, Runhall and Welborne
 * Caistor St Edmund and Bixley
 * Cantley, Limpenhoe and Southwood
 * Garvestone, Reymerston and Thuxton
 * Tivetshall

And these exists as a redirect only but should have separate articles: A total of 10, see User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes (3).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Corpusty and Saxthorpe
 * Keswick and Intwood
 * Morningthorpe and Fritton
 * Trowse with Newton, unsure if this needs an article

Norfolk first settlers
Quote from the article: The area that was to become Norfolk was settled in pre-Roman times, (there were Palaeolithic settlers as early as 950,000 years ago) with camps along the higher land in the west, where flints could be quarried. This simply cannot be right, since hominids left Africa only 125,000 years ago. I'm just a simple geologist reading throught random Wikipedia articles and this one really confused me. I'm sure it's a good idea to research it and correct the mistake. 78.11.184.176 (talk) 16:11, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norfolk


text:
Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully

Maximilien de Béthune Sully, 1st Prince of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 1560 – 22 December 1641) was a nobleman, soldier, statesman, and counselor of King Henry IV of France. Historians emphasize Sully's role in building a strong, centralized administrative system in France using coercion and highly effective new administrative techniques. While not all of his policies were original, he used them well to revitalize France after the European Religious Wars. Most, however, were repealed by later monarchs who preferred absolute power. Historians have also studied his Neostoicism and his ideas about virtue, prudence, and discipline.

Early years
He was born at the Château de Rosny near Mantes-la-Jolie into a branch of the House of Béthune a noble family originating in Artois, and was brought up in the Reformed faith, a Huguenot. In 1571, at the age of eleven, Maximilien was presented to Henry of Navarre and remained permanently attached to the future king of France. The young Baron of Rosny was taken to Paris by his patron and was studying at the Collège de Bourgogne at the time of the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, from which he escaped by discreetly carrying a Catholic book of hours under his arm. He studied mathematics and history at the court of Henry of Navarre.

A warrior with Henry
On the renewed outbreak of civil war in 1575, he enlisted in the Protestant army. In 1576 he accompanied the Duke of Anjou, younger brother of king Henri III, on an expedition into the Netherlands in order to regain the former Rosny estates, but being unsuccessful he attached himself for a time to the Prince of Orange. Later, rejoining Henry of Navarre in Guyenne, he displayed bravery in the field and particular ability as a military engineer. In 1583 he acted as Henry's special agent in Paris, and during a respite in the Wars of Religion he married an heiress who died five years later.

On the renewal of civil war, Rosny again joined Henry of Navarre, and at the battle of Ivry (1590) he was seriously wounded. He counselled Henry IV's conversion to Roman Catholicism (made official on 25 July 1593) but steadfastly refused to become a Catholic himself. Once Henry IV of France's succession to the throne was secured (c. 1594), the faithful and trusted Rosny received his reward in the shape of numerous estates and dignities.

Sully in power
From 1596, when he was added to Henry's finance commission, Rosny introduced some order into France's economic affairs. Acting as sole Superintendent of Finances at the end of 1601, he authorized the free exportation of grain and wine, reduced legal interest, established a special court to try cases of speculation, forbade provincial governors to raise money on their own authority, and otherwise removed many abuses of tax collecting. Rosny abolished several offices, and by his honest, rigorous conduct of the country's finances, he was able to save an average of a million livres a year between 1600 and 1610.

His achievements were not solely financial. In 1599, he was appointed grand commissioner of highways and public works, superintendent of fortifications and grand master of artillery; in 1602, governor of Nantes and of Jargeau, captain-general of the Queen's gens d'armes and governor of the Bastille; in 1604, he was governor of Poitou; and in 1606, made first duke of Sully and a pair de France, ranking next to princes of the blood. He declined the office of constable of France because he would not become a Roman Catholic.

Sully encouraged agriculture, urged the free circulation of produce, promoted stock-raising, forbade the destruction of the forests, drained swamps, built roads and bridges, planned a vast system of canals and actually began the Canal de Briare. He strengthened the French military establishment; under his direction, the construction of a great line of defences on the frontiers began. Abroad, Sully opposed the king's colonial policy as inconsistent with French interests, in opposition to men like Champlain who urged greater colonial efforts in Canada and elsewhere. Neither did Sully show much favor toward industrial pursuits but, on the urgent solicitation of the king, he established a few silk factories. He fought together with Henry IV in Savoy (1600–1601) and negotiated the treaty of peace in 1602. In 1603, he represented Henry at the court of James I of England, and arranged gifts of jewellery for influential courtiers. Throughout the reign of Henry IV, he helped the king to put down insurrections of the nobles, whether Roman Catholic or Protestant. It was Sully, too, who arranged the marriage between Henry IV and Marie de' Medici.

Fall from power and last years
The political role of Sully effectively ended with the assassination of Henry IV on 14 May 1610. The king was on his way to visit Sully, who lay ill in the Arsenal; his purpose was to make final preparations for imminent military intervention in the disputed succession to Jülich-Cleves-Berg after the death of Duke John William. The intervention on behalf of a Calvinist candidate would have brought the king in conflict with the Catholic Habsburg dynasty.

Although a member of the Queen's council of regency, his colleagues were not inclined to put up with his domineering leadership, and after a stormy debate he resigned as superintendent of finances on 26 January 1611, retiring into private life.

The queen mother gave him 300,000 livres for his long services and confirmed him in possession of his estates. He attended the meeting of the Estates-General in 1614, and on the whole was in sympathy with the policy and government of Richelieu. He disavowed the Blockade of La Rochelle, in 1621, but in the following year was briefly arrested.

The baton of marshal of France was conferred on him on 18 September 1634. The last years of his life were spent chiefly at Villebon, Rosny and his château of Sully. He died at Villebon at the age of 81.

Family
By his first wife, Anne de Courtenay (1564-1589), daughter of François, Lord of Bontin, he had one son, Maximilien, Marquess of Rosny (1587–1634), who led a life of dissipation and debauchery. By his second wife, Rachel de Cochefilet (1566–1659), the widow of François Hurault, Lord of Chateaupers, whom he married in 1592 and who turned Protestant to please him, he had nine children, of whom six died young. Their son François (1598–1678) was created first Duke of Orval. The elder daughter Marguerite (1595–1660) in 1605, married Henri, Duke of Rohan, while the younger Louise in 1620 married Alexandre de Lévis, Marquess of Mirepoix.

His brother, Philippe de Béthune, was sent as ambassador to James VI of Scotland in May 1599. He was given a good welcome and invited to Falkland Palace. He went on a progress with James VI to Inchmurrin and Hamilton Palace, after the king had written to the Laird of Wemyss for the loan of his best hackney horse and saddle.

Accomplishments

Sully was very unpopular because he was a favorite and was seen as selfish, obstinate, and rude. He was hated by most Catholics because he was a Protestant, and by most Protestants because he was faithful to the king. He amassed a large personal fortune, and his jealousy of all other ministers and favorites was extravagant. Nevertheless, he was an excellent man of business, inexorable in punishing malversation and dishonesty on the part of others, and opposed to ruinous court expenditures that was the bane of almost all European monarchies in his day. He was gifted with executive ability, with confidence and resolution, with fondness for work, and above all with deep devotion to his master. He was implicitly trusted by Henry IV and proved himself the most able assistant of the king in dispelling the chaos into which the religious and civil wars had plunged France. After Henry IV, Sully was a major driving force behind the happy transformation in France between 1598 and 1610, in which agriculture and commerce benefitted, and peace and internal order were reestablished.

After the death of Henry IV Sully published, in the deceased king's name, his ‘Grand Design’, a plan to stop the religious wars. His starting point was that the three churches (Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist) were there to stay. He planned an international organization, consisting of a Europe of 15 more or less equally strong powers, incidentally dissolving the Habsburg empire and thus making France Europe’s strongest state. A balance of power mechanism and a permanent assembly of ambassadors should prevent wars in Europe. Military power would only be needed towards the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

Titles
During his life, Sully inherited or acquired the following titles:
 * Duke of Sully
 * Peer of France
 * Marshal of France
 * Sovereign Prince of Henrichemont and Boisbelle
 * Marquess of Rosny
 * Marquess of Nogent-le-Béthune
 * Count of Muret
 * Count of Villebon
 * Viscount of Meaux
 * Viscount of Champrond
 * Baron of Conti
 * Baron of Caussade
 * Baron of Montricoux
 * Baron of Montigny
 * Baron of Breteuil
 * Baron of Francastel
 * Lord of La Falaise
 * Lord of Las
 * Lord of Vitray
 * Lord of Lalleubellouis
 * Lord of various other places

Works

Sully left a collection of memoirs (Mémoires, otherwise known as the Économies royales, 1638 ) written in the second person. They are very valuable sources for the history of their time and as an autobiography, in spite of their containing many fictions, such as a mission undertaken by Sully to Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1601. One his most famous works was perhaps the idea of a Europe composed of 15 roughly equal states, under the direction of a "Very Christian Council of Europe", charged with resolving differences and disposing of a common army. This famous "Grand Design", a utopian plan for a Christian republic, is often cited as one of the first grand plans and ancestors for the European Union. Two folio volumes of the memoirs were splendidly printed, nominally at Amsterdam, but really under Sully's own eye, at his château of Sully in 1638; two other volumes appeared posthumously in Paris in 1662.

For a partial modern edition, see David Buisseret and Bernard Barbiche, "Les Oeconomies royales de Sully," 4 vols., Paris 1970-2019

Legacy

 * The Pavillon Sully (Pavillon de l'Horloge) of the Palais du Louvre is named in honor of the Duc de Sully.
 * The Ormeau Sully, an ancient field elm Ulmus minor, reputedly planted by Sully, survives (2016) in the village of Villesequelande near Carcassonne. Barjols 16 Villesequelande elm 1.jpg]]
 * In the independent principality of Boisbelle, which he acquired in 1605, he started construction of a capital at Henrichemont.
 * Many buildings at Paris, including the Place Royale, the Hopital Saint-Louis and the Arsenal

Portraits in fiction

 * In the 1938 Die Vollendung des Königs Henri Quatre book by Heinrich Mann
 * Sully is the chief protagonist of the 1893 romance From the Memoirs of a Minister of France by Stanley Weyman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully


text:
Port Bell

Port Bell is a small industrial centre in the greater metropolitan Kampala area, in Uganda. Port Bell has a rail link and a railroad ferry wharf used for International traffic across Lake Victoria to Tanzania and Kenya.

Location
Port Bell is located in Nakawa Division, one of the five administrative divisions of the city of Kampala. It is a subdivision of the greater Luzira area in the south-eastern part of the city. It is located at the end of a narrow inlet of Lake Victoria, approximately 11 km, by road, south-east of the central business district of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of Port Bell are 0°17'20.0"N, 32°39'13.0"E (Latitude:0.288900; Longitude:32.653620).

Overview
The port is named after Henry Hesketh Bell, a British commissioner, who took over administration of Britain's interests in Uganda in 1906. Its rail link is a branch line from the Kampala-Jinja main line.

Lake Victoria ferries operate from Port Bell linking Kampala to other railhead ports on Lake Victoria including Jinja, Kisumu, Musoma, and Mwanza.

When the first stage of the Uganda Railway was completed in 1901, the railhead was at Kisumu, 12 hours journey from Port Bell by ship. Ferries brought goods by lake between Port Bell and Kisumu. It was not until 1931 that the main line of the railway from Nakuru reached Kampala and then Port Bell.

Industry
Uganda Breweries Limited, a subsidiary of East African Breweries, has a brewery and a distillery for Uganda Waragi at Port Bell.

Points of interest
The points of interest in or near Port Bell include:
 * Luzira Maximum Security Prison — Has a capacity of 20,000 inmates, including about 500 on death row.
 * Cipla Quality Chemical Industries Limited — this US$40 million factory is the only one in sub-Saharan Africa that manufactures triple antiretroviral drug therapy medication.
 * Uganda Breweries Limited — division of East African Breweries and maker of Uganda Waragi, a triple-distilled gin and Bell beer
 * Port Bell — a port on the shores of Lake Nalubaale, handlin passenger and cargo traffic destined for Kisumu, Kenya and Mwanza and Musoma in Tanzania. The port is undergoing a two-year upgrade and renovation.

Air travel
Between 1930 and 1950 Port Bell was a landing point on the Imperial Airways flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Johannesburg's Vaal Dam. Port Bell linked Khartoum and Kisumu. The nearby Silver Springs Hotel was originally built by the British Overseas Airways Corporation as a rest stop for passengers between long flights. During World War II, Port Bell was also on the route connecting Cairo with Libreville.

title: Port Bell


text:
Peace Memorial Day

Peace Memorial Day, also known as 228 Memorial Day, is a public holiday in Taiwan for honoring and mourning the victims and families of the February 28 incident in 1947. Proposals to establish Peace Memorial Day as a holiday began in the early 1990s. It was passed as a national memorial day in 1995 and as an official public holiday in 1997.

Origin
A couple years after the Kuomintang government took over the administration of Taiwan from Japan, rampant corruption and heightened inflation led to a general dissatisfaction with the new government. The February 28 incident in 1947 began the Chiang Kai-shek-led government's mass killing of civilians, which continued into a period of political persecution known as White Terror. The imposition of martial law became one of the longest in world history.

Proposals
In February 1987, before martial law was lifted, the 228 Peace Day Association was formed by members of the Taiwan Association for Human Rights and various other human rights groups.

Legal recognition
On 28 February 1995, 48 years after the 1947 incident, President Lee Teng-hui made a public apology to families of victims and the whole country on behalf of the government. On 23 March 1995, the February 28 Incident Disposition and Compensation Act was passed in the Legislative Yuan, and Peace Memorial Day was officially recognized as an annual memorial day.

In 1997, an amendment to the act, proposed by legislator Lin Kuang-hua, to elevate Peace Memorial Day to an official holiday was passed.

title: Peace Memorial Day


text:
Harry Bertoia

Harry Bertoia (March 10, 1915 – November 6, 1978 ) was an Italian-born American artist, sound art sculptor, and modern furniture designer.

Bertoia was born in San Lorenzo d'Arzene, Pordenone, Italy. At age 15, given the opportunity to move to Detroit, Harry chose to adventure to America and live with his older brother, Oreste. After learning English and the bus schedule, he enrolled in Cass Technical High School, where he studied art and design and learned the skill of handmade jewelry making ca.1930–1936. At that time, there were three jewelry and metals teachers Louise Green, Mary Davis, and Greta Pack. In 1936 he attended the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, now known as the College for Creative Studies. The following year in 1937 he received a scholarship to study at the Cranbrook Academy of Art where he encountered Walter Gropius, Edmund N. Bacon, Ray and Charles Eames, and Florence Knoll for the first time.

In 2019, the Harry Bertoia Foundation launched a catalogue raisonné project, which seeks to document and research the diverse and extensive artistic practice of the artist. The goal is to provide a comprehensive record and resource of Bertoia's work, and will include his painting, graphics (including monotypes), furniture, jewelry, metalwork, sound recordings, and sculpture. An ongoing project, the Harry Bertoia Catalogue Raisonné will be available online, published in stages, and regularly updated to reflect ongoing research. It will be accessible to scholars, educators, collectors, arts professionals, and any member of the public wishing to gain a deeper understanding of Bertoia's work.

Career
Starting out as a painting student but soon being asked to reopen the metal workshop in 1939, Bertoia taught jewelry design and metal work. Later, as the war effort made metal a rare and very expensive commodity he began to focus his efforts on jewelry making, even designing and creating wedding rings for Ray Eames and Edmund Bacon's wife Ruth. When all the metal was taken up by war efforts, he became the graphics instructor. Still at Cranbrook, in 1943 he married Brigitta Valentiner, and then moved to California to work for Charles and Ray at the Molded Plywood Division of the Evans Product Company. Bertoia also learned welding techniques at Santa Monica College and began experimenting with sound sculptures. Bertoia worked there until 1946, then sold his jewelry and monotypes until obtaining work with the Electronics Naval Lab in La Jolla. In 1950, he was invited to move to Pennsylvania to work with Hans and Florence Knoll. (Florence studied also at Cranbrook.) During this period he designed five wire pieces that became known as the Bertoia Collection for Knoll. Among these was the famous diamond chair, a fluid, sculptural form made from a welded lattice work of steel.

In Bertoia's own words, "If you look at these chairs, they are mainly made of air, like sculpture. Space passes right through them."

The chairs were produced with varying degrees of upholstery over their light grid-work, and they were handmade at first because a suitable mass production process could not be found. Unfortunately, the chair edge utilized two thin wires welded on either side of the mesh seat. This design had been granted a patent to the Eames for the wire chair produced by Herman Miller. Herman Miller eventually won and Bertoia & Knoll redesigned the seat edge, using a thicker, single wire, and grinding down the edge of the seat wires at a smooth angle—the same way the chairs are still produced. Nonetheless, the commercial success enjoyed by Bertoia's diamond chair was immediate. It was only in 2005 that Bertoia's asymmetrical chaise longue was introduced at the Milan Furniture Fair and sold out immediately.

Sound sculpture

In the mid-1950s, the chairs being produced by Knoll sold so well that the lump sum payment arrangement from Knoll allowed Bertoia to devote himself exclusively to sculpture. He ultimately produced over 50 commissioned public sculptures, many of which remain viewable. In the 1960s, he began experimenting with sounding sculptures of tall vertical rods on flat bases. He renovated the old barn into an atypical concert hall and put in about 100 of his favorite "Sonambient" sculptures. Bertoia played the pieces in a number of concerts and even produced a series of eleven albums, all entitled "Sonambient," of the music made by his art, manipulated by his hands along with the elements of nature. In the late 1990s, his daughter found a large collection of near mint condition original albums stored away on his property in Pennsylvania. These were sold as collector's items. In 2015, these Sonambient recordings were re-issued by Important Records as a box set with a booklet of the history and previously unseen photos.

The sound sculptures are also featured on a 1975 record titled "The Sound of Sound Sculpture".

Bertoia's work can be found in The Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts), the Brooklyn Museum (New York City), the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Dallas Public Library, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C.), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the Nasher Sculpture Center (Dallas, Texas), the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, Pennsylvania), the Allentown Art Museum, Milwaukee art museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington D.C.), the Vero Beach Museum of Art (Vero Beach, Florida), and the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota).

Bertoia's "Sunburst Sculpture" owned by the Joslyn Art Museum was originally installed in the Joslyn's Fountain Court. It is now located in the lobby of the Milton R. Abrahams Branch of the Omaha Public Library. Lord Palumbo owns several Bertoia works which are on display at Kentuck Knob. Bertoia's "Sounding Sculpture" can be found in the plaza of The Aon Center, Chicago's fourth-tallest building. Another "Sounding Sculpture", considerably smaller than the one mentioned above, is featured in the Rose Terrace of the Chicago Botanic Garden, and a third very similar to the piece in Chicago called "Sounding Piece" was until 2003 on display at the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. As explained in October 3, 1995 piece in the weekly "Dear Uncle Ezra" column of the university newspaper:

Dear Uncle Ezra,

What is that sound coming from the Johnson Museum? It's a pingy type sound that I guess could be some kind of wind chime but it seems like it's coming from the building itself.

— Just wondering Dear Chiming In,

Well, it almost is coming from the building itself. What you hear is "Sounding Piece", a sculpture by Harry Bertoia that permanently resides on the sculpture court (outdoor balcony) on the second floor of the Johnson Museum. The chimes sway back and forth on tall rods and "ping" or "gong" into each other (depending on which chime and how hard they collide) when winds move them. It's one of my all-time favorites, well worth a visit if you haven't seen it. You can go out on to the sculpture court until at least the end of October. Once winter sets in, the chimes are secured so that they won't snap in the windy, icy weather.

Uncle Ezra

The sculpture was taken off view after it was damaged in a storm in 2003. Audiovisual footage of many of Bertoia's sound sculptures can be viewed on websites such as YouTube.

Other work
Bertoia was the sculptor commissioned to create the Marshall University fountain in Huntington, West Virginia, to honor the university's football team in the wake of the plane crash that killed them on November 14, 1970. For more information on the disaster, see Marshall University air disaster.

The 1954 Gordon Bunshaft building for Manufacturer's Hanover Trust-now JPMorgan Chase (510 Fifth Avenue at West 43rd Street, New York City) included a full building-width, second-floor screen-sculpture by Bertoia. It was dismantled and removed in 2010 by J. P. Morgan Chase. At some point after 2011, the screen-sculpture was re-installed on the second floor, where it is now on view. Since October 2016, this location is the global flagship for The North Face, a California-based outdoor lifestyle brand.

Bertoia was also commissioned to make a screen sculpture for the Embassy of the United States in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1958. The building, located in the Chacao Municipality (former Sucre District), now serves as the headquarters of Venezuela's Ministry of the People's Power for Tourism, while the embassy was moved to a bigger site in Valle Arriba in 1995. Bertoia's sculpture, spanning the entire vertical length of the building, is still in place.

The 'Golden Sun' was commissioned in 1967 for The Whiting, an auditorium in Flint, Michigan. Seven feet in diameter, the spherical sculpture consists of 675 gold-plated stainless steel branches and hangs in the building's lobby.

Personal life
In 1943 Bertoia married fellow Cranbrook student Brigitta Valentiner (daughter of Wilhelm Valentiner, then director of the Detroit Institute of Arts). They had three children; a son, Val, and two daughters, Lesta and Celia. One grandson and two granddaughters (one who died young), and three great grandchildren have carried on his lineage. Some members of the subsequent two generations are engaged in artistic endeavors. Bertoia died of lung cancer in Barto, Pennsylvania, at the age of 63 on November 6, 1978 and is buried underneath one of the sculptural gongs he created. Brigitta Valentiner, died in 2007, aged 87.

Publications

 * Harry Bertoia: Sculptor  (1970), June Kompass Nelson, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-1402-3
 * Harry Bertoia, Printmaker: Monotypes and Other Monographics (1989), June Kompass Nelson, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2063-5
 * The World of Bertoia (2003), Nancy N. Schiffer and Val O. Bertoia, Schiffer Publishing, ISBN 0-7643-1798-9
 * The Life and Work of Harry Bertoia (2015), Celia Bertoia, Schiffer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7643-4693-4

title: Harry Bertoia


text:
Calshot Spit

Calshot Spit is a one-mile long sand and shingle bank, near the village of Calshot, located on the southern bank of the open end of Southampton Water, on the south coast of England.

At the end of the spit are Calshot Castle (built by King Henry VIII), an RNLI lifeboat, an NCI station, several slipways, a former Royal Navy and Royal Air Force flying boat station and Calshot Activities Centre. The neck of the spit is owned by New Forest District Council while the end of the spit is owned by the Crown Estate which leases it to Hampshire County Council.

History
The castle is a low, circular, stone structure and was armed with large muzzle-loading guns. Its purpose, when it was built in 1539, was to protect access to the important harbour at Southampton from seaborne attack, by France or Spain from the English Channel via the Solent.

For much of its history the spit was low lying and parts of it often underwater at high tide. This changed in 1703 when the great storm of that year washed enough shingle onto the spit to make it a more substantial structure. Calshot Naval Air Station was originally set up in 1913. Its choice as a location for operating flying boats is clear: the landing area is sheltered by land on the three sides of Southampton Water and by the Isle of Wight, several miles away, on the fourth side. As part of the expansion of the site in 1916 the contractor. Henry Boot & Son (Westminster), built a narrow gauge railway in order to move materials. It was transferred to the air-force in 1919 and ran (with a number of branches) from Eaglehurst camp to north pier at the end of the spit.

In 1929 and 1931, Calshot was the venue for the Schneider Trophy, an international air race for seaplanes.

The railway closed at the end of World War Two When it was found that the wagons had decayed to the point where they were no longer safe to use. One locomotive survives from the railway as Douglas on the Talyllyn Railway.

The Spit was transferred to civilian control at the start of the 1960s. A Coastguard tower was added to the end of the spit in 1973. The Coastguard stopped using the castle in 1990.

The site is now the location of Calshot Lifeboat Station operated by the RNLI, yachts and the National Coastwatch Institution. The hangars are home to Calshot Activities Centre and house indoor climbing walls, artificial ski slopes and a velodrome. In 2005 new public toilets were installed in the spit with a design partially inspired by the spit's beach huts.

Shipping
The spit is a potential navigation hazard for ships entering Southampton Water, and vessels are guided by the Calshot Spit light float. This replaced a Trinity House lightvessel (LV 78) that was anchored off the spit and which was, for a while, a static attraction at the Ocean Village marina in Southampton. In November 2010 it was moved a short distance to the Trafalgar dock where, after renovation, it was to be displayed at the Aeronautica attraction, due to open in 2015. The plans for Aeronautica came to a halt in January 2012. In December 2019 the ship was relocated to the Solent Sky museum in order to be converted into part of the museum’s cafe. It was built in 1914 by J I Thornycroft shipyard in Southampton and decommissioned in 1978.

LV 50, which was on the Calshot station between 1943 and 1951, was bought by the Royal Northumberland Yacht Club, and remains their club ship to this day.

Personnel from RAF Calshot traveling to and from the spit would sometimes be taken on and off passing Red Funnel ferries in launches.

Fauna and flora
Historically the site's status as a military base provided a degree of protection for the local flora. The large scale construction of car parks, beach-huts and the importation of topsoil has reduced the range of plants present. Crambe maritima (sea kale) still grows on the spit and in the 19th century it was apparently harvested for sale in Southampton.

title: Calshot Spit


text:
Bulstrode Whitelocke

Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke (6 August 1605 – 28 July 1675) was an English lawyer, writer, parliamentarian and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England.

Early life
He was the eldest son of Sir James Whitelocke and Elizabeth Bulstrode, and was born on 6 August 1605 at George Croke's house in Fleet Street, London. He was baptized on 19 August 1605 at the nearby church of St Dunstan-in-the-West, where his mother's parents were married in 1571; his notorious uncle Edmund Whitelocke, being one of the godfathers, announced that the child was to be called Bulstrode. The vicar demurred, but Edmund insisted that he bear his mother's name, "Bulstrode or Elizabeth, let them choose which they please". Bulstrode was educated briefly at Eton College, then at Merchant Taylors' School and at St John's College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 8 December 1620.

Early career
He left Oxford, without a degree, for the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1626; in 1628 he became treasurer of his Temple. He was fond of field sports and of music, and in 1633/34 he had charge of the music in the great masque "The Triumph of Peace" performed by the Inns of Court before Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France.

As Lawyer
He was appointed Recorder of Abingdon (1632–49), of Oxford (1647–49), of Bristol (1651–55), and Counsel for Henley (1632).

Enters Politics
He was elected for Stafford in the parliament of 1626. In 1640, he was chosen Member for Great Marlow in the Long Parliament.

He took a prominent part in the proceedings against Strafford, was Chairman of the Committee of Management, and had charge of articles XIX–XXIV of the impeachment. He drew up the Bill for making Parliaments indissoluble except by their own consent, and supported the Grand Remonstrance and the action taken in the House of Commons against the illegal canons; on the militia question, however, he advocated a joint control by King and Parliament.

His part in the Civil War
On the outbreak of the English Civil War he took the side of the Parliament, using his influence in the country as Deputy-Lieutenant to prevent the King from raising troops in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.

He was sent to the King at Oxford in 1643 and again in 1644 to negotiate terms, and the secret communications with King Charles on the latter occasion were the foundation of a charge of treason brought later against Whitelocke and Denzil Holles. He was one of the Commissioners at the Treaty of Uxbridge in 1645.

Nevertheless, he opposed the policy of Holles and the Peace Party and the proposed disbanding of the army in 1647, and, although he was one of the lay members of the Assembly of Divines, he repudiated the claims of divine authority put forward by the Presbyterians for their Church, and approved of religious tolerance. He thus gravitated more towards Oliver Cromwell and the Army Party, but he took no part in either the disputes between the Army and Parliament or in the trial of the King. On the establishment of the Commonwealth, though out of sympathy with the government, he was nominated to the Council of State and as a Commissioner of the Parliament's new Great Seal (1659–60).

He purportedly urged Cromwell after the Battle of Worcester and again in 1652 to recall the Royal Family. In 1653 he disapproved of the expulsion of the Long Parliament and he was especially marked out for attack by Cromwell in his speech on that occasion.

Ambassador to Sweden
Later in the autumn of 1653, and perhaps in consequence, Whitelocke was despatched on a mission to Christina, queen of Sweden, to conclude a treaty of alliance and assure the freedom of the Sound. Retroactively, the diplomatic mission caused him to be considered as the first of the country's Ambassadors to Sweden, though at the time this was not a regular or fixed position. He was knighted in 1654.

His return to Britain
On his return he resumed his office as Commissioner of the Great Seal, was appointed a Commissioner of the Treasury with a salary of £1000, and was returned to Parliament in 1654 for each of the four constituencies of Bedford, Exeter, Oxford and Buckinghamshire, electing to sit for the latter constituency.

Whitelocke was a learned and sound lawyer. He had hitherto shown himself not unsympathetic to reform, having supported the Bill introducing the use of English into legal proceedings, having drafted a new treason law, and having set on foot some alterations in Chancery procedure. A tract advocating the registering of title deeds is attributed to him. He defeated a bill which sought to exclude lawyers from parliament; and to the sweeping and ill-considered changes in the Court of Chancery proposed by Cromwell and the Council he offered an unbending and honourable resistance, being dismissed in consequence, together with his colleague Sir Thomas Widdrington, on 6 June 1654 from his Commissionership of the Great Seal (see William Lenthall).

However, he still remained on good terms with Cromwell, by whom he was respected; he took part in public business, acted as Cromwell's adviser on foreign affairs, negotiated the treaty with Sweden of 1656, and, was elected again to the Parliament of the same year, as Member for Buckinghamshire, he was chairman of the committee which conferred with Cromwell on the subject of the Petition and Advice and urged the protector to assume the title of King. In December 1657 he became a member of the Cromwell's Other House.

Under Richard Cromwell
On Richard Cromwell's assumption of the Protectorship, Whitelocke was reappointed a Commissioner of the Great Seal, and had considerable influence during the former's short tenure of power. He returned to his place in the Long Parliament on its recall, was appointed a member of the Council of State on 14 May 1659, and became president in August. Subsequently, on the fresh expulsion of the Long Parliament, he was included in the Committee of Safety which superseded the council. He again received the Great Seal into his keeping on 1 November. During the period which immediately preceded the Restoration he endeavoured to oppose George Monck's schemes, and desired Charles Fleetwood to forestall him and make terms with King Charles, but in vain.

End of his career
On the failure of his plans, he retired to the country and awaited events. Whitelocke's career, however, had been marked by moderation and good sense throughout. The necessity of carrying on the government of the country somehow or other had been the chief motive of his adherence to Cromwell rather than any sympathy for a republic or a military dictatorship, and his advice to Cromwell to accept the title of King was doubtless tendered with the object of giving the administration greater stability and of protecting its adherents under the Statute of Henry VII. Nor had he shown himself unduly ambitious or self-seeking in the pursuit of office, and he had proved himself ready to sacrifice high place to the claims of professional honour and duty. These considerations were not without weight with his contemporaries at the Restoration. Accordingly, Whitelocke was not excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and after the payment of various sums to the King and others he was allowed to retain the bulk of his property.

Family
Whitelocke purchased Greenlands House, Berkshire in 1651. The purchase of this land resulted in Whitelocke owning 3 miles of Thames waterfront below Henley-on-Thames. The site is now the home of Henley Business School, part of the University of Reading. Whitelocke lived at Fawley Court in Buckinghamshire which he had inherited from his father in 1632. After the house was damaged during the Civil War he gave it to his son James and lived henceforth in seclusion at Chilton Lodge near Chilton Foliat in Wiltshire, dying on 28 July 1675, aged 69.

Whitelocke married three times:
 * 1) in June 1630, Rebecca, daughter of Thomas Bennet, alderman of London. She was adjudged insane, and died on 9 May 1634.
 * 2) *Their eldest son, James (13 July 1631 – 1701), served in Cromwell's guard in Ireland, was chosen colonel of an Oxfordshire militia regiment in 1651, was knighted by the Protector on 6 January 1657, represented Aylesbury in the parliament of 1659.
 * 3) on 9 November 1635, Frances (died 1649), daughter of Lord Willoughby of Parham, with whom he had nine children.
 * 4) *His eldest son by his second marriage, William Whitelocke, entertained William III on his journey to London, and was knighted by him on 10 April 1689.
 * 5) about 1651, Mary, daughter of one Carleton, and widow of Rowland Wilson, with whom he had four sons and several daughters.

An account of the distribution of his property among these different sons is given in R. H. Whitelocke's Life of Whitelocke.

title: Bulstrode Whitelocke


text:
Emperor Shun

Emperor Shun was a legendary leader of ancient China, regarded by some sources as one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors being the last of the Five Emperors. Tradition holds that he lived sometime between 2294 and 2184 BC. Tradition also holds that those with the surname Hu (胡) are descendants of Emperor Shun. The Duke Hu of Chen, 胡公滿, a descendant of Shun, became the founder of the State of Chen. Later Chen dynasty emperors such as Chen Baxian would also claim descent from Shun.

Names
Shun's clan name (姓) is Yao (姚), his lineage name (氏) is Youyu (有虞). His given name was Chonghua (重華). Shun is sometimes referred to as the Great Shun (大舜) or as Yu Shun or Shun of Yu (虞舜), "Yu" being the name of his fief, which he received from Yao.

Life of Shun
According to traditional sources, Shun received the mantle of leadership from Emperor Yao at the age of 53, and then died at the age of 100 years. Before his death Shun is recorded as relinquishing his seat of power to Yu (禹), the founder of the Xia dynasty. Shun's capital was located in Puban (蒲阪), presently located in Shanxi).

Under Emperor Yao, Shun was appointed successively Minister of Instruction, General Regulator and chief of the Four Peaks, and put all affairs in proper order within three years. Yao was so impressed that he appointed Shun as his successor to the throne. Shun wished to decline in favour of someone more virtuous, but eventually assumed Yao's duties. It was said that "those who had to try a lawsuit did not go to Danzhu, but to Shun." Danzhu was the son of Yao.

After ascending to the throne, Shun offered sacrifices to the god Shang Di (上帝), as well as to the hills, rivers, and the host of spirits (神). Then he toured the eastern, the southern, the western, and the northern parts of the country; in each place he offered burnt-offering to Heaven at each of the four peaks (Mount Tai, Mount Huang, Mount Hua and Mount Heng), sacrificed to the hills and rivers, set in accord the seasons, months, and days, established uniform measurements of length and capacities, and reinforced ceremonial laws.

Shun divided the land into twelve provinces, raising altars upon twelve hills, and deepening the rivers. Shun dealt with Four Perils: banishing Gonggong to You Prefecture, confining Huan-dou (驩兜) on Mount Chong (宗山), executing or imprisoning Gun a prisoner till his death on Feather Mountain (羽), and driving the San-Miao into San-Wei. Gun's son, Yu (禹), was subsequently appointed as minister of work(共工) to govern the water and the land. Later, Shun appointed Yu to be General Regulator (Prime Minister). Yu wished to decline in favour of the Minister of Agriculture, or Xie (契), or Gao Yao, but finally accepted upon Shun's insistence. Shun then appointed Chui (垂) as the new minister of work (共工). Shun also appointed Yi as Minister of Animal Husbandry to govern the beasts and trees of the land, Bo-yi as Priest of the Ancestral Temple to perform religious ceremonies, Hui as Director of Music, Long as Minister of Communications to counter deceptions and false reports.

According to the Canon of Shun, Shun began to reign at the age of 30, reigned with Yao for 30 years, and reigned 50 more years after Yao's abdication, then Shun died. The Bamboo Annals state that Yao chose Shun as his heir three years before abdicating the throne to him. Both sources agree that after abdicating, Yao lived for another 28 years in retirement during Shun's reign.

In later centuries, Yao and Shun were glorified for their virtue by Confucian philosophers. Shun was particularly renowned for his modesty and filial piety (xiao 孝).

Legends
Sima Qian claimed in Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝本紀) that Shun descended from the Yellow Emperor through the latter's grandson Emperor Zhuanxu. The Bamboo Annals (048) recorded the name of Shun's mother as Wodeng (握登), and Shun's birthplace as Yaoxu (姚墟). Wodeng died when Shun was very young. Shun's blind father Gusou (瞽叟, literally: "blind elder") remarried soon after Shun's mother's death. Shun's stepmother then gave birth to Shun's half brother Xiang (象) and a half-sister (Liènǚ Zhuàn, Ch. 1). Shun's stepmother and half brother treated Shun terribly, often forcing Shun to do all the hard work in the family and only giving him the worst food and clothing. Shun's father, being blind and elderly, was often ignorant of Shun's good deeds and always blamed Shun for everything. Yet, despite these conditions, Shun never complained and always treated his father, his stepmother, and his half brother with kindness and respect.

When he was barely an adult, his stepmother threw him out of the house. Shun was forced to live on his own. Yet, because of his compassionate nature and his natural leadership skills, everywhere he went, people followed him, and he was able to organize the people to be kind to each other and do the best they could. When Shun first went to a village that produced pottery, after less than one year, the pottery became more beautiful than they had ever been. When Shun went to a fishing village, the people there were at first fighting amongst themselves over the fishing grounds, and many people were injured or killed in the fights. Shun taught them how to share and allocate the fishing resources, and soon the village was prospering and all hostilities ceased.

When Emperor Yao became old, he became distressed over the fact that his nine sons were all useless, only knew how to spend their days enjoying themselves with wine and song. Yao asked his ministers, the Four Mountains, to propose a suitable successor. Yao then heard of Shun's tales. Wise Yao did not want to simply believe in the tales about Shun, so he decided to test Shun. Yao gave a district to Shun to govern and married his two daughters to him, with a small dowry of a new house and some money.

Though given an office and money, Shun still lived humbly. He continued to work in the fields every day. Shun even managed to convince his two brides, the two princesses, Yao's daughters, named Ehuang (Fairy Radiance) and Nüying (Maiden Bloom), who were used to good living, to live humbly and work along the people. However, Shun's stepmother and half brother became extremely jealous and conspired to kill Shun. Once Shun's half brother Xiang lit a barn on fire, and convinced Shun to climb onto the roof to put the fire out, but then Xiang took away the ladder, trapping Shun on the burning roof. Shun skilfully made a parachute out of his hat and cloth and jumped down in safety. Another time, Xiang and his mother conspired to get Shun drunk and then throw him into a dried-up well and then bury him with rocks and dirt. Shun's half-sister, never approving of her mother and brother's schemes, told Shun's wives about the scheme. Shun thus prepared himself. Shun pretended to get drunk, and when he was thrown into the well, he had already a tunnel pre-dug to escape to the surface. Thus, Shun survived many attempts on his life. Yet, he never blamed his stepmother or his half brother, and forgave them every time.

Eventually, Shun's stepmother and half brother repented their past wrongs. Shun wholeheartedly forgave them both, and even helped Xiang get an office. Shun also managed to influence Emperor Yao's 9 worthless sons into becoming useful contributing members of society.

Emperor Yao was very impressed by all of Shun's achievements, and thus chose Shun as his successor and put him on the throne in the year of Jiwei (己未). Yao's capital was in Ji (冀) which in modern times is also in Shanxi province.

Shun is also renowned as the originator of the music called Dashao (大韶), a symphony of nine Chinese musical instruments.

In the last year of Shun's reign, Shun decided to tour the country. But unfortunately, he died suddenly of an illness on the journey near the Xiang River. Both his wives rushed from home to his body, and wept by the river for days. Their tears turned into blood and stained the reeds by the river. From that day on, the bamboo of that region became red-spotted, which explains the origin of spotted bamboo. Then overcome by grief, both women threw themselves into the river and drowned.

Shun considered his son, Shangjun (商均), as unworthy and picked Yu, the tamer of floods, as his heir.

Descendants
According to tradition, the Hu people are believed to be descendants of Emperor Shun. Gui Man, a direct descendant of Shun, became known as Chen Hugong or Duke Hu of Chen, meaning Duke Hu who founded the State of Chen. Later Chen dynasty emperors such as Chen Baxian would also claim descent from Shun.

Hồ is the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of 胡 Hú. Hồ Quý Ly, the founder of the Hồ dynasty, also claimed descent from Duke Hu of Chen and thereby direct descent from Shun. The Hồ family in Vietnam originated from China's Zhejiang province around the 900s.

Tian (田) and Yuan (袁) also claim descent from the State of Chen.

Alternative biography
It is thought by some scholars that Mencius asserted "Shun was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao and that emperor Yao came to his field's with oxs and married his daughters to him and appointed him and that he did not reign as emperor until after yao died because they cannot be two rulers. Additionally, the Bamboo Annals and Han Fei paint a very different picture of Shun. Both the Annals and the book Han Feizi stated that Shun overthrew Yao and left him in prison to die. Danzhu, Yao's son and rightful heir, was banished and later defeated in battle. In addition, Han Fei stated that Yu then rebelled and banished Shun. This account was referenced in Li Bai's poem "Distant Parting" (遠別離).

Han Fei also mentioned that Shun personally settled land and water disputes among farmers and fishermen by cohabitating with them.

Events of Shun's reign

 * In the 3rd year of his reign, he ordered Jiutao (咎陶) to establish penalties to deal with various criminals.
 * In the 9th year of his reign, the Queen Mother of the West came to worship in China and brought white jade rings and Jue (玦) as gifts.
 * In the 14th year of his reign, Yu of Xia was appointed to manage disasters caused by floods and winds.
 * In the 15th year of his reign, he appointed Houshi (后氏) to build the palace.
 * In February of the 17th year, dancing was first taught at schools.
 * In the 25th year of his reign, envoy of the Xishen (息慎) tribe came and, as gifts, brought the bow and arrow.
 * In the 29th year, he ordered Ziyi (子义) to serve as duke in Shang.
 * In the 30th year of his reign, his wife Mang (盲) died and was honored with a tomb built for her at Wei (渭).
 * In the 32nd year of his reign, he transferred military power to Yu of Xia.
 * In January of the 33rd year of his reign, he rewarded Yu of Xia for his achievement in managing the floods, in the aftermath of which, nine provinces were re-established in China.
 * In the 35th year of his reign, he ordered Yu of Xia to send troops to Youmiao (有苗). After Yu achieved victory, Youmiao sent an envoy with a request to join China.
 * In his 36th year of his reign, he ordered the Great Wall (of Shun's time, not the current Great Wall of China) to be torn down.
 * In the 42nd year of his reign, the Xuandu (玄都) people came to worship him and brought precious jade as gifts.
 * The winter of the 47th year of his reign was very warm and the grass did not die.
 * In the 49th year of his reign, he moved to Mingtiao (鸣条), a place later called Haizhou (海州) during the Warring States period. His death came the following year, after a rule described as having lasted fifty years.

title: Emperor Shun


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Emperor Yao

Emperor Yao (traditionally c. 2356 – 2255 BCE) was a legendary Chinese ruler, according to various sources, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.

Ancestry and early life
Yao's ancestral name is Yi Qi (伊祁) or Qi (祁), clan name is Taotang (陶唐), given name is Fangxun (放勳), as the second son to Emperor Ku and Qingdu (慶都). He is also known as Tang Yao (唐堯).

Yao's mother has been worshipped as the goddess Yao-mu (堯母).

Legends
According to the legend, Yao became the ruler at 20 and died at 99 when he passed his throne to Shun the Great, to whom he had given his two daughters in marriage. According to the Bamboo Annals, Yao abdicated his throne to Shun in his 73rd year of reign, and continued to live during Shun's reign for another 28 years.

It was during the reign of Emperor Yao that the Great Flood began, a flood so vast that no part of Yao's territory was spared, and both the Yellow River and the Yangtze valleys flooded. The alleged nature of the flood is shown in the following quote:

Like endless boiling water, the flood is pouring forth destruction. Boundless and overwhelming, it overtops hills and mountains. Rising and ever rising, it threatens the very heavens. How the people must be groaning and suffering!

According to both historical and mythological sources, the flooding continued relentlessly. Yao sought to find someone who could control the flood, and turned for advice to his special adviser, or advisers, the Four Mountains (四嶽, Sìyuè); who, after deliberation, gave Emperor Yao some advice which he did not especially welcome. Upon the insistence of Four Mountains, and over Yao's initial hesitation, the person Yao finally consented to appoint in charge of controlling the flood was Gun, the Prince of Chong, who was a distant relative of Yao's through common descent from the Yellow Emperor.

Even after nine years of the efforts of Gun, the flood continued to rage on, leading to the increase of all sorts of social disorders. The administration of the empire was becoming increasingly difficult; so, accordingly, at this point, Yao offered to resign the throne in favor of his special adviser(s), Four Mountains: however, Four Mountains declined, and instead recommended Shun – another distant relative to Yao through the Yellow Emperor; but one who was living in obscurity, despite his royal lineage.

Yao proceeded to put Shun through a series of tests, beginning with marrying his two daughters to Shun and ending by sending him down from the mountains to the plains below where Shun had to face fierce winds, thunder, and rain. After passing all of Yao's tests, not the least of which being establishing and continuing a state of marital harmony together with Yao's two daughters, Shun took on administrative responsibilities as co-emperor. Among these responsibilities, Shun had to deal with the Great Flood and its associated disruptions, especially in light of the fact that Yao's reluctant decision to appoint Gun to handle the problem had failed to fix the situation, despite having been working on it for the previous nine years. Shun took steps over the next four years to reorganize the empire, in such a way as to solve immediate problems and to put the imperial authority in a better position to deal with the flood and its effects.

Bamboo Annals
The Bamboo Annals represent Yao as having banished prince Danzhu to Danshui in his 58th year of reign. They add that following Yao's abdication in favor of Shun, Danzhu kept away from Shun, and that following the death of Yao, "Shun tried to yield the throne to him, but in vain."

However, an alternative account found elsewhere in the Annals offers a different story. It holds that Shun dethroned and imprisoned Yao, then raised Danzhu to the throne for a short time before seizing it himself.

Legacy
Often extolled as the morally perfect and intelligent sage-king, Yao's benevolence and diligence served as a model to future Chinese monarchs and emperors. Early Chinese accounts often speak of Yao, Shun and Yu the Great as historical figures, and contemporary historians believed they may represent leader-chiefs of allied tribes who established a unified and hierarchical system of government in a transition period to the patriarchal feudal society. In the Classic of History, one of the Five Classics, the initial chapters deal with Yao, Shun and Yu.

Of his many contributions, Yao is said to have invented the game of Weiqi (Go), reportedly to favorably influence his vicious playboy son Danzhu. After the customary three-year mourning period after Yao's death, Shun named Danzhu as the ruler but the people only recognized Shun as the rightful heir.

Astronomical observations
According to some Chinese classic documents such as Yao Dian (Document of Yao) in Shang Shu (Book of Documents), and Wudibenji (Records for the Five Kings) in the Shiji (Historic Records), Yao assigned astronomic officers to observe celestial phenomena such as the sunrise, sunset, and the rising of the evening stars. This was done in order to make a solar and lunar calendar with 366 days for a year, also providing for the leap month.

Some recent archaeological work at Taosi, an ancient site in Shanxi, dating to 2300 BCE–1900 BCE, may have provided some evidence for this. A sort of an ancient observatory – the oldest in East Asia – was found at Taosi that seems to coincide with the ancient records.

Some Chinese archaeologists believe that Taosi was the site of a state called Tang (唐) conquered by Emperor Yao and made to be his capital.

The structure consists of an outer semi-ring-shaped path, and a semi-round rammed-earth platform with a diameter of about 60 m; it was discovered in 2003–2004.

Dynastic succession
Yao was claimed to be the ancestor of the Han Dynasty Emperor Liu Bang. Other important noble families have also claimed descent through Yellow Emperor.

title: Emperor Yao


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Henry Scott Tuke

Henry Scott Tuke (12 June 1858 – 13 March 1929), was an English artist. His most notable work was in the Impressionist style and he is best known for his paintings of nude boys and young men.

Trained at the Slade School of Art under Alphonse Legros and Sir Edward Poynter, Tuke developed a close relationship with the Newlyn School of painters, his work being exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, of which he became a Full Member. In addition to his achievements as a figurative painter, he was an established maritime artist and produced many portraits of sailing ships. He was highly prolific, with over 1,300 works listed and more being discovered.

Early life
Tuke was born at Lawrence Street, York, into the prominent Quaker Tuke family. His brother William Samuel Tuke was born two years earlier in 1856. His father, Daniel Hack Tuke, a well-known medical doctor specialising in psychiatry, was a campaigner for humane treatment of the insane. His great-great-grandfather William Tuke had founded the Retreat at York, one of the first modern insane asylums, in 1796. His great-grandfather Henry Tuke, grandfather Samuel Tuke and uncle James Hack Tuke were also well-known social activists. The Tuke family's ancestry can be traced back to Sir Brian Tuke, who served as an adviser to King Henry VIII of England (replacing Sir Thomas More).

In 1859, the family moved to Falmouth in Cornwall where it was hoped the warmer climate would benefit Tuke's father, Daniel, who had developed symptoms of tuberculosis. Daniel survived there and lived on until he was 68. He established a small doctor's practice in his house in Wood Lane. His sister, Maria Tuke Sainsbury (1861–1947)—who wrote a biography of her brother after his death—was born there. William went on to study medicine but Henry, or Harry as he was called by the family, showed no interest in the profession.

Tuke was encouraged to draw and paint from an early age. Tuke and his siblings were taught by a governess at home. Maria described their childhood in Falmouth as "a very happy and healthy one" and the long summer days spent on the beach and swimming in the sea had a lasting effect on Tuke; other enduring memories were the firm friendships the young Tuke formed.

In 1874, Tuke moved to London, where he enrolled in the Slade School of Art. It was in Falmouth that the young Tuke had been introduced to the pleasures of nude sea bathing, a habit he continued into old age. After graduating he travelled to Italy in 1880, and from 1881 to 1883 he lived in Paris, where he studied with the French history painter Jean-Paul Laurens and met the American painter John Singer Sargent (who was also a painter of male nudes, although this was little known in his lifetime).

During the 1880s, Tuke also met Oscar Wilde and other prominent poets and writers such as John Addington Symonds, most of whom were homosexual (then usually called Uranian) and who celebrated the adolescent male. He wrote a "sonnet to youth" which was published anonymously in The Artist, and also contributed an essay to The Studio.

Newlyn School
In 1883, Tuke returned to Britain and moved to Newlyn, Cornwall joining a small colony of artists including Walter Langley, Albert Chevallier Tayler and Thomas Cooper Gotch. These painters, and others, became known as the Newlyn School. He worked from Rose Cottage at Tregadgwith Farm, Cornwall at the head of the Lamorna valley.

In Newlyn, in 1884, Tuke completed his first painting of boys in boats. Called Summertime, it depicts two local boys, John Wesley Kitching and John Cotton, in a punt called Little Argo. Tuke's style was more impressionistic than that of the other Newlyn painters and he only stayed a short time. However, he remained close friends with many of the artists until his death.

Falmouth
Tuke painted oil studies of young male nudes during a tour of Italy in his early twenties in 1881, but the theme did not become central to his work until after 1885, when he had moved back to Falmouth, then still a secluded part of Cornwall and a part of the country with a very mild climate that was more agreeable for nude bathing. There Tuke focused on maritime scenes and portraits, which showed boys and young men bathing, fishing and sunbathing on sunny beaches.

He settled at Swanpool and bought a fishing boat for £40, 'Julie of Nantes', and converted it into a floating studio and living quarters. He rented two rooms in Pennance Cottage, situated between Pennance Point and Swanpool Beach.

The cottage remained Tuke's permanent base until his death, although he often lived aboard boats. Here he could indulge his passion for painting boys. His early models were brought down from London but he soon befriended some of the local fishermen and swimmers in Falmouth who became his close friends and models. These included Edward John "Johnny" Jackett (1878–1935), Charlie Mitchell (1885–1957), who looked after Tuke's boats, Willie Sainsbury, Tuke's eldest nephew, Leo Marshall, Georgie and Richard Fouracre (sons of his housekeeper), George Williams – younger son of close neighbours, Maurice Clift – nephew of a family friend, Ainsley Marks, Jack Rolling (in some sources misspelt "Rowling"), Freddy Hall, Bert White and Harry Cleave.

Owing to Tuke's habit of interchanging heads and bodies of his models in his paintings, it is often not possible to identify each figure exactly. All of Tuke's regular models were eventually called up during the First World War, and some did not return, including Maurice Clift (a model for August Blue) who was killed in France.

Tuke established an art gallery in Falmouth with William Ayerst Ingram as a commercial outlet mainly for their own paintings.

He would often commute to London as Falmouth was well served with a railway service and he was not therefore isolated from the London art scene. He produced numerous portraits of society figures, local officials and members of the Tuke family circle. He also painted many more saleable landscapes and was well regarded as a painter of ships in sail. Henry Scott Tuke was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1900 and Royal Academician in 1914.

Style
Tuke favoured rough, visible brush strokes, at a time when a smooth, polished finish was favoured by fashionable painters and critics. He had a strong sense of colour and excelled in the depiction of natural light, particularly the soft, fragile sunlight of the English summer. Although Tuke often finished paintings in the studio, photographic evidence shows that he worked mainly in the open air, which accounts for their freshness of colour and the realistic effects of sunlight reflected by the sea and on the naked flesh of his models.

In his early paintings, Tuke placed his male nudes in mythological contexts, but the critics found these works to be rather formal, lifeless and flaccid. From the 1890s, Tuke abandoned mythological themes and began to paint local boys fishing, sailing, swimming and diving, and also began to paint in a more naturalistic style. His handling of paint became freer, and he began using bold, fresh colour. One of his best-known paintings from this period is August Blue (1893–94; Tate, London), a study of four mostly nude youths bathing from a boat. The Looe artist, Lindsay Symington (1872–1942), modelled for the blonde boy holding onto the boat in the water; though not a regular model, Symington was a good friend of Tuke, the latter often visiting the Symington family home, Pixies' Holt, at Dartmeet. Tuke painted some female nudes but these were not as successful as his male nude paintings.

Tuke's paintings of nude youths are never explicitly sexual. The models' genitals are almost never shown, they are almost never in physical contact with each other, and there is never any suggestion of overt sexuality. Most of the paintings have the nude models standing or crouching on the beach facing out to sea, so only the back view is displayed.

Tuke is also regarded as an important maritime artist. Over the years, he painted many pictures of the majestic sailing ships, mainly in watercolour, that were common until the 1930s. Tuke was often fascinated with the beauty of a fully rigged ship, and since his childhood could draw them from memory. His decision to return to Falmouth in 1885 was, in part, influenced by the constant presence of the ships there.

Tuke enjoyed a considerable reputation, and he earned enough money from his paintings to enable him to travel abroad and he painted in France, Italy and the West Indies. In 1900 a banquet was held in his honour at the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1914.

Major examples of his male nudes were purchased by major art galleries including The Bathers at Leeds Art Gallery in 1890 and August Blue at the Tate, London in 1894. But he was also well known as a portraitist, and maintained a London studio to work on his commissions. Among his best known portraits is that of soldier and writer T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia").

Death
In later life Tuke was in poor health for many years, and died in Falmouth in 1929 and was buried in a Falmouth cemetery close to his home. He kept a detailed diary all his life but only two volumes survived after his death and have since been published. He also kept a detailed artist's Register which survives and has been published by the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society in Falmouth.

Legacy
After his death, Tuke's reputation faded, and he was largely forgotten until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by the first generation of openly gay artists and art collectors. He has since become something of a cult figure in gay cultural circles, with lavish editions of his paintings published and his works fetching high prices at auctions.

Elton John is a keen collector of Tuke's works and in 2008 lent eleven of his own pieces, including works in oil, pastel and watercolour, for an exhibition in Falmouth.

Commemoration
The student halls of residence at University College Falmouth are named after Tuke, a tribute to him as both an artist, and a famous resident of the town. At the time they were built and named, the school was known as the Falmouth College of Arts. Also in Falmouth is a collection of 279 of Tuke's works belonging to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the largest such collection in public ownership. The bulk were donated by a single collector in the 1960s, but the Society maintains a policy of adding to the collection.

Exhibitions and publications
In 2008, to mark the 150th anniversary of Tuke's birth, there were three exhibitions of his work:
 * 3 May 2008 – 12 July 2008: Catching the light: the sunshine paintings of Henry Scott Tuke.
 * 6 September 2008 – 27 September 2008: Tall ships.
 * 10 May – 12 July 2008: Catching the Light: A Retrospective of Henry Scott Tuke, Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
 * 7 June – 12 July 2008: A Hidden Treasure Revealed: A selection of the works on paper by Henry Scott Tuke from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
 * 21 July – 28 August 2008: Catching the Light: The Art of Henry Scott Tuke at the Fine Art Society, New Bond Street, London
 * 7 June - 12 September 2021 Watts Gallery https://www.wattsgallery.org.uk/whats-on/henry-scott-tuke/

Collections
H.S. Tuke's works are held in a number of galleries and museums including Tate, Hunterian Art Gallery, Grundy Art Gallery, Walker Art Gallery, Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum, Bodleian Libraries, Royal Academy of Arts, Guildhall Art Gallery.

The papers of H.S. Tuke and Thomas Cooper Gotch are also held in the Tate Archive collections (TGA 9019). The papers in the Tate Archive provide context in which Tuke worked, not just the locations of his paintings and the relationships with his models, but his artistic allegiances such as his deep friendship with the painter Thomas Cooper Gotch.

title: Henry Scott Tuke


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User:Bleiglass~enwiki

I call myself Bleiglass and can be found in different language sections, mainly the German and English one. I am German, but live in UK. Other languages I feel comfortable with: French, Dutch and Japanese. This comfort is however not shared by everybody who is really proficient in these languages.

Those who will follow my trail of actions in Wikipedia, will soon find out that I am a strong supporter of visualisation, adding pictures or graphics to articles. A good picture is worth thousand words.

To all admins: please,please,please do not edit pics to smaller than 300px, below that size you can as well leave the pic out and replace it with a simple text link, and you run the danger of getting sued for volontary eye-injury. If the page has little text, like 3 lines, a 400px picture will do fine on any screen resolution. I also think that download time is not an issue, as the text comes first anyway. Thanks !

You can also see my German profile. Click on Deutsch above the header. I started posting on 24. Feb 2004 after reading a online article. It's so easy !

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title: User:Bleiglass~enwiki