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Château Laurier

The Fairmont Château Laurier is a 660,000 sqft hotel with 429 guest rooms in the downtown core of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located near the intersection of Rideau Street and Sussex Drive and designed in a French Gothic Revival Châteauesque style to complement the adjacent Parliament buildings. The hotel is above the Colonel By Valley, home of the Ottawa Locks of the Rideau Canal, and overlooks the Ottawa River. The main dining room (now the Laurier Room) overlooks Major's Hill Park. The reception rooms consist of the Wedgewood-blue Adam Room, the Laurier Room defined with Roman columns, the Empire-style ballroom, and the Drawing Room decorated with cream and gold plaster ornament. The hotel was designated a national historic site in 1980.

Grand Trunk Railway 1909–1923
Grand Trunk Railway president Charles Melville Hays commissioned Château Laurier, and construction occurred between 1909 and 1912 for CA$2 million, in tandem with Ottawa's downtown Union Station (now the Senate of Canada Building) across Rideau Street. A tunnel under Rideau Street links the two buildings. When the hotel first opened, private rooms cost $2 per night. Out of the 350 bedrooms, 155 had private baths, while the remaining 104 rooms were equipped with washstands with hot and cold water connections. In addition, dormitories and communal bathrooms were available, as well as rooms for travelling salespeople with sample tables for displaying goods.

The hotel showcases original Tiffany stained-glass windows and hand-moulded plaster decorations dating back to 1912. The building is adorned with Indiana limestone on the exterior walls. It features conical turrets, dormer windows, and a roof clad in copper. The gables are intricately carved with flowers, scrolls, and crests. The lobby floors are made of Belgian marble. The plans for the hotel initially generated some controversy, as the Château was to be constructed on what was then a portion of Major's Hill Park. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, then the Prime Minister of Canada, helped secure the important site for the construction, and the hotel was eventually named in his honour. Laurier's government was also subsidizing the Grand Trunk Railway's Pacific Line. Further conflict ensued when the original architect, Bradford Gilbert from New York, was dismissed due to disagreements with Grand Trunk executives. They then engaged the Montreal firm of Ross and Macfarlane, to complete the design.

The hotel was scheduled to open on 26 April 1912. However, Hays, who was en route to Canada for the hotel opening, tragically perished aboard the RMS Titanic when it sank on 15 April. Grand Trunk officials held a more subdued opening ceremony on 12 June 1912, with Sir Wilfrid Laurier in attendance. The sub-basement housed laundry, repair shops, engineering and electrical departments. A barber shop was added in 1918.

In August 1914, Major Raymond Brutinel enrolled the first recruits for the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade (CAMGB) at the hotel. A memorial plaque with a circular bas-relief of Brigadier-General Brutinel and a bas-relief of machine gunners on Vimy Ridge is dedicated to the memory of Brutinel, who commanded the CAMGB, the members of the Canadian Machine Gun Brigade who died on active service, and in honour of those who served.

Canadian National Railway 1923–1988
When the Grand Trunk became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923, the Château Laurier became one of CN's most important hotels. In addition to serving hotel guests, the Château Laurier has also served over the years as the home of two important Ottawa institutions. From July 1924 to October 2004, the building housed the local English- and French-language radio stations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation on the top seventh and eighth floors. Photographer Yousuf Karsh maintained his studio and residence at the Château Laurier for many years.

In 1929, a CA$6 million east wing addition by Montreal architect John Archibald and CN's architect John Schofield along Mackenzie Avenue added 240 rooms. Although the exterior of the addition had a French-inspired design, the interior lobby resembled that of an English or Scottish baronial hall. It featured dark oak panelling, a railed gallery overlooking the double-height space, and trophies of the hunt. The lobby led to a convention hall, music room and gentlemen's lounge. The ballroom featured a vaulted ceiling, columns and rich drapes. The ultra-modern kitchen was designed to cater to up to 5,000 people. The Jasper Tea Room, designed by Edwin Holgate in 1929, featured Pacific Coast aboriginal art, columns carved into totem poles surrounding a dance floor, and lamps decorated with motifs of bears, eagles and crows. From 1929 to 1991, the Canadian Grill was a softly-lit and dark-panelled below-ground restaurant where diners ate the specialty, roast prime rib of beef au jus and danced to live music.

In 1930, the hotel added a 60-foot (18 m) indoor pool in Art Deco style. In the 1930s and 1940s, the "therapeutic" spas offered electric therapy, ultra-violet ray lamps and alternate streams of hot and cold water to clients with nervous afflictions, polio or back problems.

For years, the hotel thrived, playing host to royalty, heads of state, political figures, celebrities and members of Canada's elite. R. B. Bennett lived in a suite in the hotel during his term as Canadian prime minister, from 1930 to 1935.

In the early 1960s, radio and television host Alex Trebek lived and worked in the Chateau Laurier.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the construction of numerous competing hotels in the capital, as well as the closure of Union Station, led to a slow decline in the Château's fortunes.

In 1965, the Jasper Lounge was redecorated to resemble an English tavern called the Cock and Lion featuring oak and old brick walls. The union protested management's decision to replace the male waiters with young women in low-cut tops to serve in the new pub, but they lost the case in court.

In March 1968, Graham Nash and Joni Mitchell stayed at the Chateau while performing concerts in Ottawa. Nash visited Mitchell's room, where she played him 18 of her current songs. Soon thereafter, the two began a romantic relationship that would be chronicled in the songs "Willy" by Mitchell and "Our House" by Nash.

In 1981, the hotel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The Westin Hotel opened across the street in 1983, and the owners undertook a CA$21 million renovation in the 1980s to refurbish and renovate the Château Laurier, thus restoring its position as Ottawa's pre-eminent hotel. They added a new porte-cochère on Wellington Street, lightened the lobby's dark wood and removed the animal trophies and barbershop. The fourth floor featured a separate lounge and concierge desk. The smoke shop was transformed into the Reading Room, and a skylit boutique mall replaced the Cock and Lion lounge. In 1985, Zoe's Lounge opened in a new glassed-in area overlooking Rideau Street.

By 1991, Peacock Alley, a spot for socializing and "to see and be seen," situated on a wide corridor on the main level extending along the west side of the hotel, was replaced by the elegant restaurant Wilfrid's. This new restaurant offered impressive views of the Parliament Buildings, the Rideau Canal locks and the Ottawa River.

Canadian Pacific Hotels 1988–1999
The hotel was operated by Canadian National Hotels until the chain was purchased by Canadian Pacific Hotels in 1988.

Fairmont Hotels and Resorts 1999–present
In 1999, it was renamed the Fairmont Château Laurier after Canadian Pacific Hotels bought the American Fairmont hotel chain and changed its name to Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. The new look was provided by Wilfrid's on the main level, its big windows giving light and views of the Parliament Buildings, the Rideau Canal locks and the Ottawa River.

The hotel is just metres away from some of the capital's most important landmarks and state/diplomatic buildings, including Parliament Hill, the Rideau Canal, the National Gallery of Canada, the ByWard Market, the National War Memorial, the U.S. Embassy, and the CF Rideau Centre. Given its proximity to these buildings and the fact that it has served as a home and meeting place for many notable political figures over the years, the hotel has often been referred to as "the third chamber of Parliament."

The hotel was the inspiration for the "Hotel du Canada" at the Canada (Epcot) pavilion in Orlando, Florida. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada chose the building as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium. Coinciding with its 100th anniversary, Fairmont Château Laurier was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa, held 2–3 June 2012.

In 2013, Capital Hotel Limited Partnership (an affiliate of Vancouver's Larco Investments Ltd.) purchased the hotel but retained Fairmont to manage it. In September 2016, Larco proposed a significant addition to develop suites for long-term stays. The design of the addition differs considerably from that of the original building, and has been met with criticism. Ottawa council unanimously voted to download the power to approve the renovation to city staff in June 2018. Because of an unprecedented public outcry, there was a motion to revoke Larco's Heritage permit until it submitted a design more aligned with the original structure. That motion was defeated by Ottawa Council by a vote of 13–10 on July 11, 2019, and the project proceeded.

Despite initial proceedings, UNESCO has requested that the extension on the hotel be re-assessed, as there are concerns about the integrity of the view of the surrounding canals.

In 2018, the hotel was the setting of the dramatic web series Chateau Laurier. Due to budget constraints, however, the series was actually filmed at the Fairmont Royal York in Toronto.

title: Château Laurier


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Fujairah International Airport

Fujairah International Airport (مطار الفجيرة الدولي) is an international airport located 1 NM south of central Fujairah City. The airport has one terminal serving both passengers and cargo and is home to the Fujairah Aviation Academy.

History
Fujairah airport commenced operations in October 1987. The airport has since undergone major redevelopment with a memorandum of cooperation with Abu Dhabi Airports being signed in 2014 initiating a masterplan for future developments regarding both airfield infrastructure and the passenger terminal. Following recent upgrades the passenger terminal now has the capacity to handle 2 million passengers annually.

New runway
On 3 December 2022, Fujairah Airport opened new runway which is more than 3km long and a 45m wide. The improvements include widening taxiways and the runway from 45m to 60m and constructing rapid-exit taxiways allowing for more efficient operations.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled, charter and cargo flights to and from Fujairah Airport:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fujairah International Airport


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Communication studies

Communication studies (or communication science) is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal relationships, social interactions and communication in different cultures. Communication is commonly defined as giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information, to give information or to express emotions effectively. Communication studies is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge that encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation at a level of individual agency and interaction to social and cultural communication systems at a macro level.

Scholarly communication theorists focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of communication, examining statistics in order to help substantiate claims. The range of social scientific methods to study communication has been expanding. Communication researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-20th century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of communication. Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically, and computationally focused techniques.

As a field of study, communication is applied to journalism, business, mass media, public relations, marketing, news and television broadcasting, interpersonal and intercultural communication, education, public administration—and beyond. As all spheres of human activity and conveyance are affected by the interplay between social communication structure and individual agency, communication studies has gradually expanded its focus to other domains, such as health, medicine, economy, military and penal institutions, the Internet, social capital, and the role of communicative activity in the development of scientific knowledge.

Origins
Communication, a natural human behavior, became a topic of study in the 20th century. As communication technologies developed, so did the serious study of communication. During this time, a renewed interest in the studies of rhetoric, such as persuasion and public address, was created, which ultimately laid the foundation for several of the forms of communication studies that we know of today. The focus of communication studies developed further in the 20th century, eventually including means of communication such as mass communication, interpersonal communication, and oral interpretation. When World War I ended, the interest in studying communication intensified. The methods of communication that had been used during the war had challenged the beliefs many people had on the limits of it that existed prior to these events. Innovations were invented during this period of time that no one had ever seen before, like the aircraft telephones and throat microphones. However, new ways of communicating that had been discovered, especially the use of morse code through portable morse code machines, helped troops to communicate in a much more rapid pace than ever before. This then sparked ideas for even more advanced ways of communication to later be created and discovered.

The social science study was fully recognized as a legitimate discipline after World War II. Prior to being established as its own discipline, communication studies, was formed from three other major studies no: psychology, sociology, and political science. Communication studies focus on communication as central to the human experience, which involves understanding how people behave in creating, exchanging, and interpreting messages. Today, this accepted discipline now also encompasses more modern forms of communication studies as well, such as gender and communication, intercultural communication, political communication, health communication, and organizational communication.

Foundations of the academic discipline
The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where early pioneers of the field worked after the Second World War.

Wilbur Schramm is considered the founder of the field of communication studies in the United States. Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communication as a field of study and in forming departments of communication studies across universities in the United States. He was the first individual to identify himself as a communication scholar; he created the first academic degree-granting programs with communication in their name; and he trained the first generation of communication scholars. Schramm had a background in English literature and developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and journalism. He also edited a textbook The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (1954) that helped define the field, partly by claiming Paul Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, Carl Hovland, and Kurt Lewin as its founding forefathers.

Schramm established three important communication institutes: the Institute of Communications Research (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Institute for Communication Research (Stanford University), and the East-West Communication Institute (Honolulu). The patterns of scholarly work in communication studies that were set in motion at these institutes continue to this day. Many of Schramm's students, such as Everett Rogers and David Berlo went on to make important contributions of their own.

The first college of communication was founded at Michigan State University in 1958, led by scholars from Schramm's original ICR and dedicated to studying communication scientifically using a quantitative approach. MSU was soon followed by important departments of communication at Purdue University, University of Texas-Austin, Stanford University, University of Iowa, University of Illinois, University of Pennsylvania, The University of Southern California, and Northwestern University.

Associations related to Communication Studies were founded or expanded during the 1950s. The National Society for the Study of Communication (NSSC) was founded in 1950 to encourage scholars to pursue communication research as a social science. This Association launched the Journal of Communication in the same year as its founding. Like many communication associations founded around this decade, the name of the association changed with the field. In 1968 the name changed to the International Communication Association (ICA).

In the United States
Undergraduate curricula aim to prepare students to interrogate the nature of communication in society, and the development of communication as a specific field.

The National Communication Association (NCA) recognizes several distinct but often overlapping specializations within the broader communication discipline including: technology, critical-cultural, health, intercultural, interpersonal-small group, mass communication, organizational, political, rhetorical, and environmental communication. Students take courses in these subject areas. Other programs and courses often integrated in communication programs include journalism, rhetoric, film criticism, theatre, public relations, political science (e.g., political campaign strategies, public speaking, effects of media on elections), as well as radio, television, computer-mediated communication, film production, and new media.

Many colleges in the United States offer a variety of different majors within the realm of communication studies, consisting of programs of study in the areas mentioned above. Communication studies is often perceived by many in society as being primarily centered around the media arts, however, those that become communication studies graduates could move on to have careers in areas ranging from media arts to public advocacy to marketing to non-profit organizations and even more.

In Canada
With the early influence of federal institutional inquiries, notably the 1951 Massey Commission, which "investigated the overall state of culture in Canada", the study of communication in Canada has frequently focused on the development of a cohesive national culture, and on infrastructural empires of social and material circulation. Although influenced by the American Communication tradition and British Cultural Studies, Communication studies in Canada has been more directly oriented toward the state and the policy apparatus, for example the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. Influential thinkers from the Canadian communication tradition include Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Florian Sauvageau, Gertrude Robinson, Marc Raboy, Dallas Smythe, James R. Taylor, François Cooren, Gail Guthrie Valaskakis and George Grant.

Communication studies within Canada are a relatively new discipline, however, there are programs and departments to support and teach this topic in about 13 Canadian universities and many colleges as well. The Communication et information from Laval, and the Canadian Journal of Communication from McGill University in Montréal, are two journals that exist in Canada. There are also organizations and associations, both national and in Québec, that appeal to the specific interests that are targeted towards these academics. These specific journals consist of representatives from the industry of communication, the government, and members of the public as a whole.

Scope and topics
Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). Humanities approaches to communication often overlap with history, philosophy, English, and cultural studies.

Communication research informs politicians and policy makers, educators, strategists, legislators, business magnates, managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and people interested in resolving communication issues in general. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, cultural research, market research, and other statistical fields.

Recent critiques have been made about the homogeneity of communication scholarship. For example, Chakravartty, et al. (2018) find that white scholars comprise the vast majority of publications, citations, and editorial positions. From a post-colonial point of view, this state is problematic because communication studies engages with a wide range of social justice concerns.

Business
Business communication emerged as a field of study in the late 20th century, due to the centrality of communication within business relationships. The scope of the field is difficult to define because of the various ways in which communication is used between employers, employees, consumers, and brands. Because of this, the focus of the field is usually placed on the demands of employers, which is more universally understood by the revision of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of business standards to emphasize written and oral communication as an important characteristic in the curriculum. Business communication studies, therefore, revolve around the, ever changing, written and oral communication aspects directly related to the field of business. Implementation of modern business communication curriculums are enhancing the study of business communication as a whole, while further preparing those to be able to effectively communicate in the business community.

Healthcare
Health communication is a multidisciplinary field that practices the application of "communication evidence, strategy, theory, and creativity" in order to advance the well-being of people and populations. The term was first coined in 1975 by the International Communication Association and, in 1997, Health communication was officially recognized in the broader fields of Public Health Education and Health Promotion by the American Public Health Association. The discipline integrates components of various theories and models, with a focus on social marketing. It uses marketing to develop "activities and interventions designed to positively change behaviors." This emergence affected several dynamics of the healthcare system. It brought elevated awareness to different avenues including promotional activities and communication between heath professionals and their employees, patients, and constituents. "Efforts to create marketing-oriented organizations called for the widespread dissemination of information", putting a spotlight on theories of "communication, the communication process, and the techniques that were being utilized to communicate in other settings." Now, health care organizations of all types are using things like social media. "Uses include communicating with the community and patients; enhancing organizational visibility; marketing products and services; establishing a venue for acquiring news about activities, promotions, and fund-raising; providing a channel for patient resources and education; and providing customer service and support."

Professional associations

 * American Journalism Historians Association (AJHA)
 * Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)
 * Association for Teachers of Technical Writing (ATTW)
 * Black College Communication Association (BCCA)
 * Broadcast Education Association (BEA)
 * Central States Communication Association (CSCA)
 * Council of Communication Associations (CCA)
 * European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW)
 * European Communication Research and Education Association
 * IEEE Professional Communication Society
 * International Association for Media and Communications Research
 * International Association of Business Communicators (IABC)
 * International Communication Association (ICA), an international, academic association for communication studies concerned with all aspects of human and mediated communication
 * National Association of Black Journalists: NABJ
 * National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE)
 * National Communication Association (NCA), professional organization concerned with various aspects of communication studies in the United States
 * Public Relations Society of America (PRSA)
 * Rhetoric Society of America (RSA)
 * Society for Cinema and Media Studies, organization for communication research pertaining to film studies
 * Society for Technical Communication (STC)
 * University Film and Video Association, organization for the study of motion-picture production

title: Communication studies


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Neftegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast

Neftegorsk (Нефтего́рск), formerly Vostok (Восто́к, lit. east) before 1970, is a ghost town in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia.

Founding
The town was built in 1963. It was an urban-type oil-mining settlement, with its name meaning "Oil Town".

Destruction
The town was devastated by an earthquake on May 28, 1995, which measured 7.1 on the Richter scale, killing 1,989 out of a total population of 3,977. An oil-producing town in northern Sakhalin, many buildings in Neftegorsk had been built with low-quality concrete and were not designed to withstand seismic activity. As is common in remote Russian industrial towns, almost the entire population lived in a small number of high-density four-to-five-story apartment buildings. The earthquake destroyed many of these, reducing them to piles of rubble. On multiple streets in the small town, every building collapsed and all residents were killed. Because of the comprehensive nature of the death and destruction in Neftegorsk, it was decided not to be rebuilt, and a memorial was instead constructed in the area. The monument contains aerial pictures of the town both before and immediately after its destruction, allowing visitors a sense of scale of the disaster. Many survivors were relocated to other towns in Sakhalin such as Okha, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and Nogliki, while others left Sakhalin for the mainland.

title: Neftegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast


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Harvey v. Horan

Harvey v. Horan, 278 F. 3d 370 (4th Cir. 2002), is a federal court case dealing with felons' rights of access to DNA testing. The Eastern Virginia District Court originally found that felons were entitled access to DNA testing on potentially exculpatory evidence, but this finding was later overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Nevertheless, the case paved the way for the Innocence Protection Act, which ensures that convicted offenders can try to prove their innocence by requesting DNA testing on evidence in government's possession that was used in their case.

The case
On April 30, 1990, James Harvey was convicted of rape and forcible sodomy by a jury in Fairfax County Circuit Court. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. One piece of evidence used to convict Harvey was restriction fragment length polymorphism ("RFLP") DNA testing. The victim had two assailants, and this test prevented both Harvey and his co-defendant from being excluded as a possible source of spermatozoa recovered from the victim through conventional serology. Harvey was also implicated by testimony from his co-defendant, the victim, and a third prosecution witness. However, this testimony indicated that Harvey had not ejaculated during the attack.

Harvey did not appeal his conviction but did file a state petition for a writ of habeas corpus. His petition was rejected by the Virginia Supreme Court in 1993. On February 25, 1994, Harvey filed action in federal district court against the Governor of Virginia under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a post-Civil War civil rights statute that allows citizens to sue state and local officials in federal courts for constitutional violations. He claimed that the state's failure to re-test biological evidence from the case was a violation of his rights under the due process clause. On July 25, 1995, the district court dismissed Harvey's petition, finding that he had not exhausted state remedies and would have to refile his claim for DNA testing as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under.

In 1996, the New York-based Innocence Project contacted the Virginia Division of Forensic Science on Harvey's behalf, requesting the biological evidence form the case. The Innocence Project wanted to re-test the evidence using short tandem repeat ("STR") DNA testing, which was unavailable at the time of Harvey's trial. The Division of Forensic Science recommended that the Innocence Project bring its request to the Fairfax County Commonwealth's Attorney's office. The Innocence Project made this request in February 1998 and July 1999. In October 1999, Commonwealth attorney Robert F. Horan Jr. denied the request for access to the evidence, asserting that even if Harvey were excluded as a contributor of genetic material, it would not prove his innocence due to the testimony indicating that he had not left any biological evidence behind.

Harvey then filed action in district court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Harvey's attorneys cited this statute, which is most often used in cases of police brutality, because Harvey's previous lawyers had missed a filing deadline in the more common criminal appeals process. They argued that Harvey's right to due process was infringed because he was denied access to potentially exculpatory evidence. They said that the test could be decisive if it yielded certain result — for example, if the laboratory identified DNA from two men and neither of them was Harvey. They also noted that although the prosecutor claimed that his office would allow DNA testing in appropriate cases, Fairfax had never found an appropriate case.

On April 16, 2001, in Alexandria, Virginia, U.S. District Judge Albert V. Bryan Jr. ruled that Horan had violated Harvey's right to due process under the 14th and 5th Amendment by refusing the test. In a 13-page opinion, Bryan stated, "due process is not a technical conception with a fixed concept unrelated to time, place and circumstances. It is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands." He found that Harvey had a due process right of access to the DNA evidence under Brady v. Maryland (1963) because the material could prove to be exculpatory evidence, asserting that "denying the plaintiff access to potentially powerful exculpatory evidence would result in . . . a miscarriage of justice." Significantly, Bryan also concluded that Harvey's claim was not in effect a petition for a writ of habeas corpus because Harvey was not seeking immediate release from prison or challenging his conviction. The judge ordered Horan to send all the evidence to the Virginia State Laboratory for testing. Although Bryant's decision was not binding in other courts, it was significant because Bryant was the first judge to issue such an order.

The appeal
On September 26, 2001, Horan's lawyer, Jack L. Gould, appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He contended that § 1983 was not an appropriate vehicle for Harvey's action. He stated that the procedural flaws in the claim required that it be dismissed because it was really a successive petition for a writ of habeas corpus and an attempt to get around strict rules and deadlines.

On January 23, 2002, the court concluded that Harvey's rights had not been violated and that the lower court had erred in its decision. Fourth Circuit Chief Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III wrote the opinion, in which Judge Niemeyer joined. Judge King wrote a concurring opinion.

The majority opinion stated that the claim was, in effect, a petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought without leave of court. According to a previous case, Heck v. Humphrey (1994), a convicted criminal defendant cannot bring a § 1983 action that would "necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence" unless the defendant can prove that his "conviction or sentence has already been invalidated." In this decision, the Supreme Court found that civil tort actions are "not appropriate vehicles for challenging the validity of outstanding criminal judgments." As such, the majority opinion in the appeal overturned the lower court's ruling because it found that Harvey had substantively failed to make a claim under § 1983. Judge Wilkinson wrote that Harvey had attempted to circumvent habeas corpus requirements, which required exhaustion of remedies at the state level before moving to the federal level. By bringing his claim directly to federal court under § 1983, Harvey had violated procedure:

"While we agree with Harvey that the question of guilt or innocence lies at the heart of the criminal justice system, we also believe that the proper process for raising violations of constitutional rights in criminal proceedings cannot be abandoned. Because the substance of a claim cannot be severed from the proper manner of presenting it, we find Harvey's § 1983 action to be deficient."

The opinion went on to state that Harvey's action under § 1983 "sought to invalidate a final state conviction whose lawfulness has in no way been impugned". Harvey claimed that he was challenging neither the fact nor the duration of his confinement, pointing out that he merely seeks evidence which could also prove his guilt. The court found this argument to be an evasion, saying, "He is trying to use a § 1983 action as a discovery device to overturn his state conviction". The majority opinion asserted that the finality of convictions could not be challenged by advances in technology:

"The possibility of post-conviction developments, whether in law or science, is simply too great to justify judicially sanctioned constitutional attacks upon final criminal judgments. …Establishing a constitutional due process right under § 1983 to retest evidence with each forward step in forensic science would leave perfectly valid judgments in a perpetually unsettled state."

According to the majority opinion, the only purpose of Harvey's claim was to challenge his conviction based on evidence that was available to him at the time of his trial. As such, the court concluded that Harvey's rights had not been violated by Horan. The court also stated that Harvey could only make his claim in habeas corpus, but that even if he had the court would be forced to dismiss it, for he had already filed such a petition in federal court.

Circuit Judge King concurred in part and in judgment with the majority decision. While he agreed that the lower court's decision was incorrect, he also contended that Harvey's claim could properly be brought under § 1983. The judge stated that the act of providing Harvey access to evidence did not alone necessarily imply the invalidity of Harvey's conviction. King agrees with Harvey's attorney, Peter J. Neufeld, that the evidence could indeed inculpate Harvey and thus that § 1983 was a proper vehicle for bringing the action. However, King determined that since the material had been available to him at trial and since he had not been denied access to the legal system or evidence known to be exculpatory, Harvey did not have a legal claim to discover evidence under Brady v. Maryland. He stated that Harvey's claim was invalid not because he violated procedure, but because he could not prove that a state actor deprived him of a federally protected right.

Fallout
After the January 2002 decision was handed down, Harvey applied to Virginia's Fairfax Circuit Court for DNA testing based on a 2001 law allowing felons increased access to potentially exculpatory biological evidence that had not previously been subjected to the current DNA testing method. On March 1, 2002, the court ordered the Division of Forensic Science to conduct the testing. On May 15, 2002, after the testing was completed, the division filed a certificate of analysis stating that Harvey could not be eliminated as a possible contributor to the sperm fractions found on the victim. On September 24, 2002, Harvey filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Virginia Supreme Court, challenging the validity of the certificate of analysis and related test results. The court dismissed the petition on June 10, 2004, saying that it did not have jurisdiction to consider it.

Back in March 2002, the federal appeal had come before the full Fourth Circuit as an en banc reconsideration (as opposed to the original three-judge panel). By this time, the issue was moot, but two judges, J. Michael Luttig and Wilkinson, wrote anyway. Luttig wrote that the "right of access to evidence for tests which ... could prove beyond any doubt that the individual in fact did not commit the crime, is constitutionally required ... as a matter of basic fairness." Luttig also concluded that there is "a limited, constitutional, post-conviction right of access to previously produced forensic evidence for the purpose of [DNA] testing." Wilkinson responded by expressing hope that inmates like Harvey would have access to DNA testing but that it was a matter for the legislature to decide. Significantly, his majority opinion in the original appeal stated, "our decision reflects the core democratic ideal that if this entitlement is to be conferred, it should be accomplished by legislative action rather than by a federal court as a matter of constitutional right."

Wilkinson's hopes were manifested with the passage of the bipartisan Innocence Protection Act in 2004. On February 10, 2000, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) introduced the act after devoting nearly a year to evaluating flaws in the administration of the death penalty nationwide. A few months later, the bill was introduced in the House by Bill Delahunt (D-MA) and Ray LaHood (R-IL). Innocence Project co-founders Neufeld and Barry C. Scheck testified several times over the next few years as witnesses before hearings of committee on the Act. Both mentioned the Harvey v. Horan case in their testimony, saying that it was significant for being the first federal court decision in the country to recognize a constitutional right of access to post-conviction DNA testing. The Innocence Protection Act eventually passed in the House of Representatives by an overwhelming majority (393-14) on November 5, 2003. On October 9, 2004, the legislation, which was sponsored by Senator Patrick Leahy, passed unanimously in the United States Senate after narrowly moving through the Senate Judiciary Committee.

In 2009, the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of a due process right to DNA testing in District Attorney's Office v. Osborne. The court decided that prisoners did not have a right to the testing. The decision only affects those few states that do not have laws similar to the federal Innocence Protection Act that explicitly give prisoners a right to DNA evidence.

Resources

 * U.S. Judge Says Felons Entitled to DNA Tests - The Washington Post
 * VA Judge: Inmates have right to DNA tests - The Associated Press
 * Appeal from the United States District Court
 * Virginia Supreme Court decision
 * Post-conviction ethics
 * Conservative US Circuit Court Judges Back Post-Conviction DNA Testing
 * The Innocence Protection Act in the 108th Congress

title: Harvey v. Horan


text:
Little Man Tate

Little Man Tate is a 1991 American drama film directed by Jodie Foster (in her directorial debut) from a screenplay written by Scott Frank. The film stars Adam Hann-Byrd as Fred Tate, a seven-year-old child prodigy who struggles to self-actualize in social and psychological settings that largely fail to accommodate his intelligence. It also stars Foster, Dianne Wiest,  Harry Connick Jr.,  David Hyde Pierce, Debi Mazar and P.J. Ochlan.

Little Man Tate was released theatrically on October 18, 1991, by Orion Pictures to critical and commercial success. Reviewers praised Foster's direction, Frank's screenplay and the performances of the cast. The film grossed $25 million domestically, on a $10 million budget.

Plot
Dede Tate is a young working-class woman of average intelligence raising her seven-year-old son, Fred, alone. Fred shows every indication of being a genius. Fred's reading and mathematics abilities are remarkable, and he plays the piano "at competition level", but his intellect has isolated him from his public school classmates.

Fred's abilities come to the attention of Jane Grierson, a former music prodigy and now a psychologist running a school for gifted children. She asks permission from Dede to admit Fred to the school, in order to develop his intellectual gifts in ways that a public school cannot. Dede is reluctant, preferring that Fred have a more normal upbringing, but when no one comes to Fred's seventh birthday party, Dede consents.

Fred joins other brilliant young people, and participates in Jane's Odyssey of the Mind event for part of the spring. There he meets one of his heroes, who is one of Jane's prized pupils, the brilliant but slightly bizarre "Mathemagician" Damon Wells, a whiz at math who wears a black cape wherever he goes. After Fred unintentionally upstages Damon at one of the competitions at Odyssey of the Mind, the former is upset with the latter. Damon, however, warms up to Fred when out horseback riding on Jane's ranch, and is Fred's first insight to a world outside academia. Damon tells him: "It's not the size of a man's IQ that matters; it's how he uses it". Jane attempts to become more nurturing, but is unable to relate to Fred as anything other than a case study.

Fred is later enrolled at a university, where he studies quantum physics while his mother, aunt and cousins travel to Florida for the summer. An adult student named Eddie accidentally hits Fred with a globe when goofing around. To make it up to Fred, Eddie takes him out for a ride on his moped and shows him things such as how to shoot pool; it is good for Fred to spend time with someone who's not a genius. However, when he walks into Eddie's room while he's in bed with a woman, Fred runs out and Eddie chases after him. Eddie explains that he cannot be a babysitter for Fred; although he enjoys his company, Fred needs to find friends closer to his own age. The return to isolation takes its toll on Fred, as he suffers from nightmares in which he is treated as a freak and an outsider.

Jane is asked to bring Fred onto a TV panel discussion show on the topic of gifted children. Fred attends but breaks down. He claims his mother is dead, and recites a childish poem (a word-for-word repetition of a poem by Matt Montini, one of his former grade school classmates) before taking off his microphone and walking out of the studio. Dede witnesses some of this as it's being broadcast, and flies back to New York. Jane is unable to find Fred, but Dede discovers him back at their apartment, and embraces him, with him calling her "mom" for the first time in several years.

One year later, Fred has adjusted to the pressures of being a child genius, particularly after an even younger student is admitted to Jane's school. Dede hosts a well-attended birthday party for Fred, reconciling Fred's emotional development with his intellect.

Cast

 * Adam Hann-Byrd as Fred Tate
 * Alex Lee as Fred Tate Age 2
 * Geoffrey C. York as Infant Fred Tate
 * Jodie Foster as Dede Tate
 * Dianne Wiest as Jane Grierson
 * Harry Connick Jr. as Eddie
 * David Hyde Pierce as Garth Emmerick
 * Debi Mazar as Gina
 * P.J. Ochlan as Damon Wells
 * Michael Shulman as Matt Montini
 * Carolyn Lawrence as Sorority Girl
 * Celia Weston as Miss Nimvel
 * Danitra Vance as Clinic Doctor
 * Nathan Lee as Matt's Teammate
 * Richard Fredette as The Bartender
 * George Plimpton as Winston F. Buckner
 * Elizabeth H. Frietsch as Live Wire Girl
 * Jennifer Trier as Grierson Institute Teacher
 * Lawrence Gallegos as Fraternity Guy
 * D. Michael Pierce as College Student
 * Evan Prizant as Child Star, The Adding Machine
 * Ellen McElduff as Make Up Woman
 * Bob Balaban as Quizmaster (uncredited)
 * Gordon Greene as The Doctor

Production
Jodie Foster, who is herself a former child prodigy, was immediately impressed by the film's narrative and was interested in directing it. Orion Pictures was on the verge of bankruptcy at the time and was skeptical about Foster directing the film. They ultimately agreed after she offered to act in the film without payment. The film includes certain autobiographical elements from Foster's life.

Most of the film was shot in Over-the-Rhine and downtown Cincinnati. Other locations include the Cincinnati neighborhood of Clifton; the Village of Indian Hill; the University of Cincinnati's McMicken Hall; Miami University's Alumni Hall, Upham Hall, Hall Auditorium and the Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity House, in Oxford, Ohio; and both the Wexner Center and the Ohio Theater in Columbus, Ohio.

Box office
In its opening weekend in North America, Little Man Tate was #6 at the box office, grossing $2.3 million. The film grossed a total of $25 million domestically, against a $10 million budget becoming a commercial success.

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 71% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four and commented on how the film's premise is similar to Foster's life, saying; "Little Man Tate is the kind of movie you enjoy watching; it's about interesting people finding out about themselves and as Foster creates this little man who sees a lot and knows a lot but is only gradually beginning to understand a lot, we can hear echoes, perhaps, of a young girl who once found it more interesting to study French than get her picture in the fan magazines".

title: Little Man Tate


text:
Xanthoma

A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis) is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states. They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin. They are associated with hyperlipidemias, both primary and secondary types.

Tendon xanthomas are associated with type II hyperlipidemia, chronic biliary tract obstruction, primary biliary cirrhosis, sitosterolemia and the rare metabolic disease cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis. Palmar xanthomata and tuberoeruptive xanthomata (over knees and elbows) occur in type III hyperlipidemia.

Etymology
The term xanthoma stems from Greek ξανθός (xanthós) 'yellow', and -ωμα -oma, a suffix forming nouns indicating a mass or tumor.

Xanthelasma

A xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. Strictly, a xanthelasma is a distinct condition, being called a xanthoma only when becoming larger and nodular, assuming tumorous proportions. Still, it is often classified simply as a subtype of xanthoma.

Xanthoma tuberosum
Xanthoma tuberosum (also known as tuberous xanthoma) is characterized by xanthomas located over tuberosity of the joints.

Xanthoma tendinosum
Xanthoma tendinosum (also tendon xanthoma or tendinous xanthoma ) is clinically characterized by papules and nodules found in the tendons of the hands, feet, and heel. Also associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

Eruptive xanthoma
Eruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.220) is clinically characterized by small, yellowish-orange to reddish-brown papules surrounded by an erythematous halo that appear suddenly all over the body, especially the hands, buttocks, and the extensor surfaces of the extremities. It tends to be associated with elevated triglycerides.

Xanthoma planum
Xanthoma planum (ILDS D76.370), also known as plane xanthoma, is clinically characterized by bands or rectangular plates (macules) and plaques in the dermis spread diffusely over large areas of the body.

Palmar xanthoma
Palmar xanthoma is clinically characterized by yellowish plaques that involve the palms and flexural surfaces of the fingers. Plane xanthomas are characterised by yellowish to orange, flat macules or slightly elevated plaques, often with a central white area which may be localised or generalised. They often arise in the skin folds, especially the palmar creases. They occur in hyperlipoproteinaemia type III and type IIA, and in association with biliary cirrhosis. The presence of palmar xanthomata, like the presence of tendinous xanthomata, is indicative of hypercholesterolaemia.

Tuberoeruptive xanthoma
Tuberoeruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.210) is clinically characterized by red papules and nodules that appear inflamed and tend to coalesce. Tuberous xanthomata are considered similar, and within the same disease spectrum as eruptive xanthomata.

Other types
Other types of xanthoma identified in the Medical Dictionary include:
 * Xanthoma diabeticorum: a type of eruptive xanthoma, often with severe diabetes.
 * Xanthoma disseminatum: a rare xanthoma consisting of non-X histiocytes on flexural (folded) surfaces, associated with diabetes insipidus.
 * Verrucous xanthoma, or histiocytosis Y: a papilloma of the oral mucosa and skin whereby the connective tissue under the epithelium contains histiocytes.

title: Xanthoma


text:
A Night to Remember (Cyndi Lauper album)

A Night to Remember is the third studio album by American singer Cyndi Lauper, released on May 9, 1989, by Epic Records. The album was originally set to be released in 1988, under the name Kindred Spirit, but was delayed until 1989 and the songs from the initial project were reworked. Although the album managed to score a top-10 single, it did not enjoy the commercial success of her previous two albums, and was met with mixed-to-poor reviews and in interviews, Lauper refers to it as A Night to Forget. Worldwide, the album has sold more than 1.5 million copies.

Background and production
The album was originally conceptualized as a project called Kindred Spirit, due for release in October 1988, and was going to include the track "Hole in My Heart (All the Way to China)", but when that song and the film it was featured in, Vibes, were unsuccessful, the album was reworked. The original Kindred Spirit tracklist included 10 songs, eight of which were eventually included on the final album. The two songs that were removed were "Hole in My Heart," which would only appear on Japanese CD editions of A Night to Remember, and "Don't Look Back," written by Lauper and John Turi, which remains unreleased. The songs "A Night to Remember", "Dancing With a Stranger" and "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend" were added to the tracklist later on after the release date was pushed back to 1989, with the other songs being remixed some time between their original 1988 planned release date and their eventual release. Some proof sheets of the original album artwork exist with the alternate title and track listing.

"Unabbreviated Love," penned by Lauper, Dusty Micale and Franke Previte, was recorded for the album but only appeared on the B-side of the "My First Night Without You" single.

The photo used in the album's final cover artwork was taken at the intersection of Plymouth and Pearl Streets, just east of the Manhattan Bridge, in Brooklyn, New York.

Critical reception
Critically, the album was met with mixed-to-poor reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic website retrospectively gave the album two out of five stars and wrote that with the album Lauper tried "becoming a self-consciously "mature" singer/songwriter" and that the album's songs didn't "always work" except for "I Drove All Night" which made "a lasting impression" and illustrated "what Lauper was attempting to achieve with the record". Chris Heim of the Chicago Tribune pointed out that the album bears the same name as the 1958 film about the Titanic; he gave the album two and a half stars out of five and wrote that the "crisp" and "spunky" production and the "appealing" vocals "can't quite keep this album and its predictable pop love song cargo afloat." Rolling Stone and the Los Angeles Times singled out Lauper's voice as a strong point, while noting the material was inconsistent. Other reviewers were more harsh: The New York Times criticized A Night to Remember's "anonymous vocals, songs full of submissive cliches and slapdash production", while The Village Voice, in comparing the album to Lauper's previous work, declared "How embarrassing to have placed hope in this woman."

Billboard magazine gave the album a 'spotlight' in its album reviews section for the May 20 1989 issue. Despite this, the album was described as having "somewhat unchallenging settings", though the lead single "I Drove All Night" was marked out as a "solid" start to the album campaign and album track "Like a Cat" was also highlighted as of interest.

In a review for Cyndi's 1997 album Sisters of Avalon, People magazine retrospectively described A Night to Remember as "joyless" and blamed the album for her decline in popularity, stating that the album caused "a large chunk of her considerable following" to move on.

Commercial performance
The album sold moderately well but did not enjoy the same commercial success of her two previous albums, despite the success of the album's lead single, "I Drove All Night", which became a Top 10 hit, her last in the U.S.A., earning Lauper a Grammy nomination. In the UK, however, A Night to Remember was Lauper's highest-charting album, peaking at No.9. According to the book St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (Volume 3), the album sold half a million copies in the United States in 1989.

Although the album is called A Night to Remember, Lauper jokingly preferred to call it A Night to Forget, given its poor reviews and disappointing sales, compounded by the problems she encountered with producer and boyfriend David Wolff during the production of the album. Although not certified by RIAA, BPI and others trade associations according to Lauper's official website, the album was certified platinum in Australia and United Kingdom and gold in Germany, Italy and United States. As of November 1989, the album had sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.

Musicians

 * Cyndi Lauper – lead vocals, backing vocals, dulcimer, arrangements
 * Jeff Bova – keyboards, arrangements
 * Tommy Mandel – keyboards
 * John Turi – keyboards, saxophone
 * Peter Wood – keyboards
 * Rockin' Dopsie (Alton Jay Rubin) – accordion
 * Bobby Bandiera – guitar
 * Eric Clapton – guitar (9)
 * Dave Dale – guitar
 * Rick Derringer – guitar
 * John McCurry – guitar, coral sitar
 * Rob Newhouse – guitar
 * Paul Pesco – guitar
 * Bootsy Collins – bass
 * Leigh Foxx – bass
 * Neil Jason – bass
 * Bakithi Khumalo – bass
 * T.M. Stevens – bass
 * Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – bass
 * Steve Ferrone – drums
 * Jimmy Bralower – drum programming, arrangements
 * Joe Bellia – drum machine
 * Carole Steele – percussion
 * George Recile – triangle
 * Lennie Petze – arrangements (1-5, 7, 9, 10, 12)
 * Eric "ET" Thorngren – arrangements (1-5, 7, 9-12)
 * Billy Steinberg – arrangements (6, 8)
 * Phil Ramone – arrangements (7, 11)
 * Larry Blackmon – backing vocals
 * Angela Clemmons-Patrick – backing vocals
 * Gordon Grody – backing vocals
 * Tomi Jenkins – backing vocals
 * Tom Kelly – backing vocals
 * Nathan Leftenant – backing vocals
 * Franke Previte – backing vocals
 * Frank Simms – backing vocals
 * George Simms – backing vocals
 * David Spinner – backing vocals

Technical

 * Cyndi Lauper – producer
 * Lennie Petze – producer (1-6, 8, 9, 12)
 * Phil Ramone – producer (7, 11)
 * Eric "ET" Thorngren – producer (10), recording
 * David Wolff – executive producer
 * Gary Lyons – recording
 * Gary Wright – additional engineer, assistant engineer, recording (12)
 * Tim Leitner – additional engineer, assistant engineer
 * Rich Travali – additional engineer, assistant engineer
 * Craig Vogel – additional engineer, assistant engineer
 * Joe Pirrera – assistant engineer
 * Dave McNair – mixing (12)
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City)
 * John Doelp – product manager

Artwork

 * Cyndi Lauper – art direction, design
 * Stacy Drummond – art direction, design
 * Chip Simons – photography
 * David Tabatsky – fire juggler on album cover

Accolades

 * rowspan="1"|1990
 * "I Drove All Night"
 * Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
 * Nominated
 * Nominated


text:
Baron Acton

Baron Acton, of Aldenham in the County of Shropshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 December 1869 for Sir John Dalberg-Acton, 8th Baronet, a prominent historian and Liberal Member of Parliament.

His son, the second Baron, was a diplomat and also held minor office in the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith. In 1919, he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Lyon, which was that of his father-in-law. His son, the third Baron, sold the family home in 1947 and settled in Rhodesia. The fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1989, lost his seat in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. However, on 17 April 2000, he was created a life peer as Baron Acton of Bridgnorth, of Aldenham in the County of Shropshire. Consequently, Lord Acton was able to return to the House of Lords, where he sat on the Labour benches. As of 2014, the titles are held by his son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2010.

The Acton Baronetcy, of Aldenham in the County of Shropshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 17 January 1644 for Edward Acton. He represented Bridgnorth in both the Short Parliament and the Long Parliament, and he was a supporter of Charles I during the Civil War. His son, the second Baronet, grandson, the third Baronet, and great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, all sat as Members of Parliament for Bridgnorth. On the death of the latter's son, the fifth Baronet, the line of the eldest son of the second Baronet failed.

The title was inherited by the fifth Baronet's second cousin once removed, the sixth Baronet. He was the son of Edward Acton, who had settled in Besançon in France as a physician; Edward (of Besançon) was the son of another Edward, son of Walter, second son of Sir Walter Acton (the second Baronet). The sixth Baronet served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Naples and married his niece, Mary Anne Acton. He was created Duke of Modica by King Ferdinand III of Sicily but later renounced the title. Their second son, Charles Januarius Edward Acton, known as Cardinal Acton, was a prominent clergyman in the Catholic Church.

Upon the sixth Baronet's death in 1811, he was succeeded by his eldest son, the seventh Baronet. In 1832, he married Marie Louise Pelline von Dalberg, only child and heiress of Emmerich Joseph von Dalberg, Duke of Dalberg, a member of an ancient German aristocratic family. The Actons became heirs to the Marquess of Groppoli in Tuscany through the Duke's wife Pellina Brignole-Sale. In 1833, the seventh Baronet assumed by Royal Licence the surname of Dalberg-Acton. He was succeeded by his son, the eighth Baronet, who in 1869 was elevated to the peerage as Baron Acton.

In 1919, the second Baron assumed by Royal Licence the surname of Lyon-Dalberg-Acton. In 2010, upon the death of the fourth Baron, the Acton titles of baronet and baron passed to John Lyon-Dalberg-Acton. As of 31 December 2013, he has not formally proven his succession to the baronetcy and is therefore not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage, with the baronetcy formally considered dormant.

The family seat was Aldenham Park near Bridgnorth, Shropshire, which was sold in 1959.

Coat of arms
The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the Lyon-Dalberg-Acton family is: Quarterly: 1st and 4th: Gules, semée of cross crosslets fitchée or two lions passant guardant in pale argent (for Acton); 2nd, quarterly: 1st and 4th: Azure, six fleurs-de-lis three two and one argent a chief dancetty of the last; 2nd and 3rd: Or, a cross patonce gules over all an escutcheon gules thereon a tower argent a chief dancetty of the last (for Dalberg); 3rd: Azure, a lion passant or between three plates each charged with a griffin's head erased sable (for Lyon).

Acton baronets, of Aldenham (1644)

 * Sir Edward Acton, 1st Baronet (1600–1659)
 * Sir Walter Acton, 2nd Baronet (1623–1665)
 * Sir Edward Acton, 3rd Baronet (c. 1650–1716)
 * Sir Whitmore Acton, 4th Baronet (1678–1732)
 * Sir Richard Acton, 5th Baronet (1712–1791)
 * Sir John Francis Edward Acton, 6th Baronet (1736–1811)
 * Sir Ferdinand Richard Edward Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet (1801–1837)
 * Sir John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 8th Baronet (1834–1902) (created Baron Acton in 1869)

Barons Acton (1869)

 * John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton (1834–1902)
 * Richard Maximilian Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton (1870–1924)
 * John Emerich Henry Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 3rd Baron Acton (1907–1989)
 * Richard Gerald Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 4th Baron Acton (1941–2010)
 * John Charles Ferdinand Harold Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 5th Baron Acton (b. 1966)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's uncle, Robert Peter Lyon-Dalberg-Acton (b. 1946).

The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Christopher Richard Henri Lyon-Dalberg-Acton (b. 1977). He is a partner at Macfarlanes.

The heir presumptive's heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, John Edward Roger Lyon-Dalberg-Acton (b. 2010).

Princes of Leporano (1624)

 * Alfredo Acton, 1st Barone Acton (1867–1934)
 * Ferdinando Amedeo Maria Acton, 12th Prince of Leporano, 2nd Barone Acton (1908–1979)
 * Giovanni Alfredo Maria Acton, 13th Prince of Leporano, 3rd Barone Acton (1948–2022)
 * Maria Eleonora Carlotta Acton, 14th Princess of Leporano (b. 1949)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's son, Francesco Taccone, nobile dei marchesi of Stizzano (b. 1977).

Alfredo Acton was awarded the title of baron in the Kingdom of Italy by motu proprio of Victor Emmanuel III in February 1925. From the marriage of Alfredo Acton with Livia Giudice Caracciolo, nobile dei principi of Villa and Cellammare (1878–1963), the Acton family received the title of Prince of Leporano and Neapolitan patrician. The title of the Kingdom of Naples was created on 1 January 1626 for Don Sergio Muscettola (d. 1646) passed to the Caracciolo family in the 19th century and then went to the Acton family.

In 1979, 30 June, Don Ferdinando obtained from Royal Letters Patent of Umberto II the renewal of the title of Duke of Spezzano and Count of Picerno with the confirmation of transmissibility of the titles to his daughter Maria Eleonora.

title: Baron Acton


text:
Talk:Armillaria

The first sentence implies that honey fungus is fatal to gilipollaa, but the article implies it is fatal only to plants. Which is it? silsor 00:18, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe I'm in an absurd mood, but this made me want to start leafy humanoids. I am resisting, however. :-) Jwrosenzweig 00:20, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Reorganization
I'd like to rename this page to Armillaria, and have Honey fungus redirect to that, rather than the other way around. Objections? Sasata (talk) 19:48, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that would be wise, considering for example the issue I note below re physical description. Common names are valuable for individual species, but I think the balance tips with categorical names, where scientific structure offers more consistent if still imperfect organization. ENeville (talk) 04:31, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Similar to the above, I note that this (generic) page states: ''honey fungus must be thoroughly cooked as they are mildly poisonous raw. One of the four UK species can cause sickness when ingested with alcohol. For those unfamiliar with the species, it is advisable not to drink alcohol for 12 hours before and 24 after eating this mushroom to avoid any possible nausea and vomiting.... Norway used to consider Honey Fungus edible...''

if accurate, it seems to me that the above should appear on the more specific honey fungus page, Armillaria mellea - unless it actually applies to all Armillaria --Nonukes (talk) 00:07, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

Expert review of description
It seems likely that the physical description given ("3–15 cm in diameter... yellow-brown color") is based specifically on Armillaria mellea and is left over from changing this article from one on that species to one on the genus. Can anyone qualified verify that this description applies to all Armillarias? Perhaps the description should be removed peremptorily, absent supporting information. ENeville (talk) 04:25, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

File:Armillaria sp Marriott edit.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Armillaria sp Marriott edit.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 19, 2010. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2010-10-19. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 20:19, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

The name of this article
The name of this article, Honey fungus, is rather awkward and I have never heard anyone call them that. In my opinion a better name would be Honey mushrooms. Alan Rockefeller (Talk - contribs) 04:54, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Honey
Someone should add to the article the reason for the word "honey" in the name. Is it color, smell, taste, something it exudes?

I'm personally curious, but I mention it on the talk page (rather than, say, the science refdesk) because I think almost any visitor to this page will be curious, so it should be added, assuming there's a sourceable answer. --Trovatore (talk) 10:12, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Alcohol toxicity claim
There is no citation for this and should be removed or a peer-reviewed citation or expert analysis added. It's spreading unconfirmed Information. 89.12.39.234 (talk) 13:07, 19 October 2022 (UTC) talonx

Parasites?
Is Armillaria sp. parasitized by Entoloma abortivum (q.v.) (Shrimp of the Woods) or vice versa? The controversy or its resolution should be added to the article. Wastrel Way (talk) Eric

title: Talk:Armillaria


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Karel De Gucht

Karel Lodewijk Georgette Emmerence De Gucht (born 27 January 1954) is a Belgian politician who was the European Commissioner for Trade from February 2010 until 31 October 2014. Previously, he served as Belgium's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2009 and as the European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response from 2009 to 2010.

Early life and education
De Gucht was born in Overmere, Belgium. He entered politics at a young age, and became president of the Flemish Liberal Students while studying at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Brussels. He graduated with a master's degree in Law and practised as a lawyer, mainly in commercial matters, at the bar of Ghent. He later taught European Law at his university.

Member of the European Parliament, 1980–1994
De Gucht became a member of the European Parliament in 1980 and fulfilled this mandate until 1994. In 1989 he was the rapporteur of a landmark Parliamentary Declaration on the Fundamental Rights, leading eventually to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which was later integrated as an essential part of the Treaty of Lisbon.

Career in national politics
De Gucht entered the Flemish Parliament after the elections of 1994 and moved to the Belgian Federal Parliament in 2003, where he remained until 2004. In 1999 he was elected party president of the Flemish liberal party (Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten). Although he was elected to the Federal Parliament in the general election on 18 May 2003 and to the European Parliament in the elections of June 2004, he occupied the first seat only very briefly and the second not at all.

He entered the Belgian government on 18 July 2004 as Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs. He served as deputy prime minister in 2008–2009. He was Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE in 2006. He was a Member of the Security Council of the United Nations (2007–08) and Member of the European Council (2004–09).

European Commission, 2009–2014
In July 2009 De Gucht was appointed as the Belgian European Commissioner, in succession of Louis Michel. Like his predecessor, he was in charge of Development and Humanitarian Aid, but from February 2010 onwards, he became Commissioner of Trade in the Barroso II Commission, until 31 October 2014.

He prepared and launched free trade negotiations with the United States, the so-called Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). He achieved important trade agreements, among others with South-Korea (2011), Colombia and Peru (2013), Central America, Singapore, Georgia, Moldavia and Ukraine (2014). In October 2014 he concluded CETA, the free trade agreement with Canada and the first ever agreement with a G7 member. He oversaw the start of trade negotiations with Japan and Vietnam, resumed talks with Mercosur and began investment agreement negotiations with China. He also concluded landmark economic partnership agreements with West Africa (ECOWAS), South Africa (SADC) and Eastern Africa (EAC), covering together 75% of African economy.

De Gucht performed his ultimate duty as a commissioner by signing in Nairobi on 31 October 2014 the agreement with the Eastern African Community (EAC), consisting of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. He also played a key role in the conclusion of an Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine, which was a direct cause of Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity.

At the end of his mandate he enjoyed a strong reputation within the European Commission because of the progression in the trade portfolio during his mandate and because of his strong views on European policy questions. At the end of this mandate he decided to leave politics, except on the local level, where he will be the chairman of the local council.

Controversies
De Gucht is well known for his outspoken views on different political issues.

On a trip to Africa in late 2004, De Gucht sparked a diplomatic controversy when he said that "there is a problem with the political class in the Congo" and questioned its ability to tackle corruption. De Gucht received a lot of informal support in diplomatic circles and media and refused to retract his statement. Subsequent news stories suggested his concerns were well-founded.

In November 2008 he was accused by an anonymous person and by the president of the extreme-right party Vlaams Belang of insider trading. The Ghent public prosecutor ultimately decided not to pursue an investigation in the matter stating that "from the investigations it appears that Mr. De Gucht has never abused his inside knowledge of the Fortis situation, more specifically the loss in the value of its shares", and closed the case.

Later in his career, De Gucht caused controversy by his active promotion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Some critics accused him of being over-enthusiastic about the TTIP, playing down potential risks to European small and medium-sized companies associated with the so-called Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism, and even of ignoring public concerns about the ISDS.

Corporate boards

 * ArcelorMittal, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2016)
 * Proximus, Member of the Board of Directors
 * CVC Capital Partners, Member of the European Advisory Board (since 2015)

Non-profit organizations

 * Institute for European Studies (IES) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), President

Honours

 * 🇵🇱 Poland: 1st class – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

Personal life
De Gucht is married to Mireille Schreurs, who is a judge. They live in Berlare and they have two sons, Frédéric and Jean-Jacques De Gucht.

Publications

 * Ketterijen – hoe overleven we onze tijd? ["Ketterijen – how do we survive our time?] Polis, 2017.
 * Pluche – Over de banalisering van extreem rechts ["Pluche – On the banalisation of the extreme right"], Houtekiet, 2007.
 * De toekomst is vrij : over het liberalisme in de 21ste eeuw ["The future is free – On liberalism in the 21st century"], Houtekiet, 2002.
 * Het einde der pilaren : een Toscaans gesprek ["The end of religious and philosophical pillars in society – Tuscany conversations"]- with MEP Johan Van Hecke, Houtekiet, 2001.
 * Er zijn geen eilanden meer: over de democratie, vrijheid en de mensrechten ["No man is an island – On democracy, liberty and human rights"], with Dirk Sterckx MEP, Houtekiet, 1999.
 * Time and tide wait for no man: the changing European geopolitical landscape, Praeger Publishers, 1991.

title: Karel De Gucht