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William Gates (basketball)

William Gates (born December 28, 1971 ) is an American former basketball player. Gates was one of the two subjects of the 1994 documentary film Hoop Dreams with Arthur Agee, another basketball player.

Biography
Gates was a young man from the Cabrini–Green housing projects. He and Arthur Agee hoped to have their basketball talent turned into professional careers with the NBA. The documentary Hoop Dreams followed them through their recruitment by St. Joseph High School. During high school, he worked hard to improve his basketball skills and his academics to the best of his ability, but he initially struggled with a low reading level. He struggled to get the required score of 18 on the ACT exam needed to earn a scholarship at Marquette University and eventually managed a 17.5 aggregate score, which was rounded to 18. At St. Joseph, Gates suffered a knee injury that limited his playing and recruitment offers. He played three seasons for Marquette from 1991 to 1995. He appeared in 80 games, making 29 starts and scoring 399 points. He graduated from Marquette with a communications degree. In 2001, Gates worked out with NBA star Michael Jordan in preparation for Jordan's comeback and was offered a tryout with the Washington Wizards but injured his foot. His brother, Curtis Gates, also seen in the film, was murdered on September 10, 2001 after being caught in a love triangle.

Later life
After the end of his basketball career, Gates got a Bible degree at Moody Bible Institute in Chicago and became pastor at Living Faith Community Center in Cabrini–Green, a position he held until July 2012, when his family moved to the San Antonio, Texas, area. Gates' eldest son (William Gates Jr.) followed in his father's basketball footsteps, averaging 23.5 points a game his senior season at Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, Texas, and receiving a full scholarship to Furman University in South Carolina. He would spend his freshman season and the first half of his sophomore season at Furman. He was named to the Southern Conference All-Freshman Team while with the Paladins. After one season, Gates Jr. would transfer to Houston Baptist University, where he played his next three seasons.

In 2021 Gates connected with his Hoop Dreams co-star Arthur Agee and producer Matt Hoffar to launch Hoop Dreams The Podcast in partnership with the Unlearning Network, a Vancouver-based media company.

title: William Gates (basketball)


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Acidosis

Acidosis is a biological process producing hydrogen ions and increasing their concentration in blood or body fluids. PH is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration and so it is decreased by a process of acidosis.

Acidemia
The term acidemia describes the state of low blood pH, when arterial pH falls below 7.35 (except in the fetus – see below) while acidosis is used to describe the processes leading to these states. The use of acidosis for a low pH creates an ambiguity in its meaning. The difference is important where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, wherein the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high, low, or normal pH.

Alkalemia occurs at a pH over 7.45. Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes. In certain situations the main cause is clear. For instance, a diabetic with ketoacidosis is a recognizable case where the main cause of acidemia is essentially obvious.

The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g., healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45).

Signs and symptoms
Nervous system involvement may be seen with acidosis and occurs more often with respiratory acidosis than with metabolic acidosis. Signs and symptoms that may be seen in acidosis include headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, flapping tremor, and dysfunction of the cerebrum of the brain which may progress to coma if there is no intervention.

Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis may result from either increased production of metabolic acids, such as lactic acid, or disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys, such as either renal tubular acidosis or the acidosis of kidney failure, which is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.

Lactic acidosis occurs whenever the demand for oxygen by tissues exceeds the supply and the more efficient aerobic metabolism is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism that produces lactate. Increased demand occurs, for example, with high intensity exercise such as sprinting. Inadequate supply occurs, for example, with  hypoperfusion   as occurs in hemorrhagic shock.

A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate, e.g., in mixed venous blood, is termed "excess lactate", and may also be an indicator of fermentation due to anaerobic metabolism occurring in muscle cells, as seen during strenuous exercise. Once oxygenation is restored, the acidosis clears quickly. Another example of increased production of acids occurs in starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis. It is due to the accumulation of ketoacids (via excessive ketosis) and reflects a severe shift from glycolysis to lipolysis for energy needs.

Acid consumption from poisoning such as methanol ingestion, elevated levels of iron in the blood, and chronically decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis is compensated for in the lungs, as increased exhalation of carbon dioxide promptly shifts the buffering equation to reduce metabolic acid. This is a result of stimulation to chemoreceptors, which increases alveolar ventilation, leading to respiratory compensation, otherwise known as Kussmaul breathing (a specific type of hyperventilation). Should this situation persist, the patient is at risk of exhaustion leading to respiratory failure.

Mutations to the V-ATPase 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis, a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis, in some cases with sensorineural deafness.

Arterial blood gases will indicate low pH, low blood HCO3, and normal or low PaCO2. In addition to arterial blood gas, an anion gap can also differentiate between possible causes.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a buffer solution. In the clinical setting, this equation is usually used to calculate HCO3 from measurements of pH and PaCO2 in arterial blood gases. The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component. In hypovolemic shock for example, approximately 50% of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid, which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected.

Treatment
Treatment of uncompensated metabolic acidosis is focused upon correcting the underlying problem. When metabolic acidosis is severe and can no longer be compensated for adequately by the lungs or kidneys, neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bicarbonate may be required.

Fetal metabolic acidemia
In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38). Fetal metabolic acidemia is defined as an umbilical vessel pH of less than 7.20 and a base excess of less than −8.

Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory acidosis results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to hypoventilation. It is most often caused by pulmonary problems, although head injuries, drugs (especially anaesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors can cause this acidemia. Pneumothorax, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, severe pneumonia, and aspiration are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a compensatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis.

One key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO2 is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is present, and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.

However, in cases where chronic illnesses that compromise pulmonary function persist, such as late-stage emphysema and certain types of muscular dystrophy, compensatory mechanisms will be unable to reverse this acidotic condition. As metabolic bicarbonate production becomes exhausted, and extraneous bicarbonate infusion can no longer reverse the extreme buildup of carbon dioxide associated with uncompensated respiratory acidosis, mechanical ventilation will usually be applied.

Fetal respiratory acidemia
In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.20 to 7.38). In the fetus, the lungs are not used for ventilation. Instead, the placenta performs ventilatory functions (gas exchange). Fetal respiratory acidemia is defined as an umbilical vessel pH of less than 7.20 and an umbilical artery PCO2 of 66 or higher or umbilical vein PCO2 of 50 or higher.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acidosis


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Talk:Box-counting dimension

Box-counting dimension is not identical with Hausdorff dimension; this redirect is inappropriate, therefore.Charles Matthews 18:01, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * It is, however, identical with Minkowski-Bouligand dimension, which also goes under a variety of other names... we should probably merge these two articles now. Terry 18:09, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll do it, I hope I might have time the weekend. Gadykozma 18:53, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I had a crack at it already... but it might still be worth someone else looking over it and making sure it is OK. Terry 03:12, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Very nice job. Thanks. Gadykozma 00:55, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Box-counting dimension


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User talk:Taliswolf

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you feel like it, you may leave a note at the new user log too.

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 18:01, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Taliswolf


text:
User talk:Duncharris/archive1

At page load, it was -- T in UTC (see W3C Date and Time Formats)

Please leave your message below. If it is important, I'll probably archive it at some point. Duncharris 16:05, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Re: WikiProject Evolutionary Biology

Hi. Are you interested in this? we've got three population geneticists so far, so it might be a bit biased. Duncharris 15:34, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What would it involve? I already have loads of biology pages on my watchlist that I review.. --Steinsky 00:57, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Re Great Tit. The long-established agreed standard convention for Wikipedia is that bird articles are given upper case titles with an obligatory lower case redirect. There are at least 2000 articles written with this convention, many of which contain hundreds of links - see for example, hummingbird, pigeon or parrot.

This is an issue debated at great length in the past. Some other groups, like cetaceans also capitalise, whereas the fish articles, written mainly by Americans, do not, so it's not totally consistent, but this reflects other areas like spelling, where the North Americans and the rest of the world have to agree to differ. jimfbleak 05:13, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

See Wikiproject Birds

As a note, it's usually a bad idea to revert edits made by Jimbo Wales. He runs Wikipedia, so his sayso pretty much goes, especially on something like deleting or dropping a page. Snowspinner 19:39, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh dear. He's not Shawn Mikula then. I suppose I'd better remove his name from vandalism in progress too Dunc Harris | Talk 20:54, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Dunc Harris. Thank you so much for your help. You are very sweet. Very exciting aboutthat Rugy player. See I just don't know what to write for james holzier that would be approved or okay. Is there anyway you can help me. I mean for example Haylie Duff who James Holzier filmed opposite with is listed on your site. But, yet James Holzier is listed on bigger celebrity sites than her, and all this stuff. She is still listed on you site though. Why? Are you sure she should be than? I will read up and stuff in the newbies section, but if you could continue to help us in anyway. It would certainly be greatly appreciated.

Oh okay. I get it. Thank you Duncharris. Okay how about this. And you tell me what you think :) We hold off on putting him in their now, but in good time he will be, and when that comes you and we all can help eachother together. I have alot to read up on Wikipedia. Yeah maybe need to do something about the Haylie Duff entry. But either way your help, your input, is all great, and will make it better. I can't wait. It will be fixed and no worried wether it is now, or soon, or later, it will be entered. Thanks DuncHarris! =)

Hi Dunc! Normally, before posting with capital letters inVandalism in progress, we warn the users by using or other formula. This resolves the problem in 95% vof the cases. Also, we do not ask for apologies, because they will not do it. Thanks for your attention. MvHG 12:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for reverting VfD for me; sometimes I try to post something and it takes too long and blanks the page, and I have no idea why. Everyking 17:33, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Lembit and Sian
Hi. I'm wondering where you learned they had married already. and  just say they are going to marry next year. Morwen 12:20, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Hala Ludowa
Lazy, are we;) Just go to the Wrocław article and you'll see that Hala Ludowa is . Halibutt 13:52, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

V (band) changes
Sorry I'm not very used to writing these things thanks for sorting it anyways. I'll try not to write anything from my point of view again and just keep it factual.

My user page
Don't do that. - Lee (talk)  23:43, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Edwin H. McConkey
Thanks for notifying me of the VfD listing of that article — only that it doesn't seem to be listed anymore. An anon user (accidentally?) removed it at 23:05 on May 30. I'm not going to fuss over that, since it was a clear "keep" anyway, so I have just removed the VfD tag from the article.

And thanks for finding more info on him. Some of these taxonomy authorities are rather obscure and hard to track down, giving rise to such poor stubs. (Although I could have thought of at least stating that he was the taxoauthority for a subspecies of the Mole Skink.) Lupo 07:10, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

---

Cardiffians

Hey thanks for the note about it, i did put it in the cardiff section but it was looking untidy

Ta, will change it now

dave

Hello Duncan,

I edited the CrypTool page, which was indicated to the Copyright problem page stating your name. I'm the owner of the CrypTool web page. What can I do to make my contribution for Wikipedia about this educational freeware come up again. Thank you very much for your help. Best regards, Bernhard

-

votes for deletion
moved from the village pump

something weird is going on... Dunc Harris | Talk 16:50, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Like what? I had a look at the page history around the time you left this message, but I don't see what is weird about it. Angela. 04:32, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Duncharric,

Thanks. I did read up a lot on Wikipedia and editing and creating pages, I just happened to miss that the uncreated page I was creating was indeed in the real Wikipedia. So are you at all affiliated with Wikipedia?

 * DJKS 16:24, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. Sorry if I made an amateur error. I did go back and delete what I'd made, so at least I clean up my own mess.

I'm actually considering using Wikipedia with my incoming international MBA students. I'm teaching a business writing course this summer and they need to learn to write short, succinct papers. I thought that Wikipedia would be a great tool to help them learn about plagiarism, editing, research, giving credit, etc. Most are business men and women with larger companies in their home countries, so they have a lot of excellent knowledge to share.

Plus Wikipedia offers so many options for tracking edits. We'll start with the sandbox and personal User profiles (I've been working on developing my User profile to make sure that I know how to do it), and then I'll get the students to work on adding to the Wikipedia. I think it will be a great project for them to work on.

Thanks for saying hello. You're the first Wikipedian to contact me!

 * DJKS 20:02, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Wiki for I-MBAs
Wow! Thanks for all the suggestions. I will definitely look into those!!

I could see how students could make a mess of things, but this will be the only class I teach this summer (and I'm full time), so I'll be able to watch what they do pretty regularly. The class size will only be 4-6 students, so it will be very easy for me to manage. I'll definitely use those tracking sites you mentioned.

I'll definitely look at the tutorial, thanks! I had planned on being with them in the computer lab the first few times they do it to make sure they know how. But most of the times, my students know more about computers than I do (and I'm no dummy when it comes to computers.)

I was thinking about the Requested Pages list and also considering locations in St. Louis. For example, there is no page for the St. Louis Art Museum and they will be going there for a field trip. But I'd also like to see them writing pages on businesses (for example, Wikipedia has an excellent page on Wal-Mart that I plan to have my students read.) I have a few more weeks to prepare, so I'll do more exploring and look into your suggestions. Thanks a lot!!

 * DJKS 20:37, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Subpages
I noticed that you had subpages, and I was planning to make a homebase like User:Kaisersanders/class. If I run into problems, I'll let you know! Thanks.

 * DJKS 20:40, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Deletionism
Hi Dunc, how's it going? I know you're approaching this with the best of intentions, but I've noticed that some of the articles you've proposed for deletion seem (to me) to be a little bit of a stretch to justify under the deletion policy. Remember that from a new user's perspective, a message saying "This page has been listed on Votes for deletion" can feel like a slap in the face, especially when they've written the article in good faith and taken care to write it in accordance with the guidelines (NPOV, clear significance, and so on). We don't want to discourage new users from contributing, right? With that in mind, mightn't it help to lighten up a bit with the deletions? — Wikisux 07:23, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm. Care to tell us what are your criteria for deletion. Your suggestions seem to be made in a couple of minutes, during which someone is writing an article. A bit hasty, in my view. May I suggest that you limit your suggestions to pages that have existed, say, a month at minimum? 213.243.157.114 15:55, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Actors' Profiles
This is my first time at this, so bear with me. Yes, I've been creating actors' profiles, but not Natasha Henstridge nor Karen Malina White. Mostly I've been doing soap opera actors. Recently I've done Kale Browne, David Forsyth and Laurence Lau.

Vandalism
I went to the page and looked at the IP addresses in question. I did not do any of the edits you are accusing me of. Also, I would appreciate it in future if you are not as pushy if I do not reply to a message within a set, confined time limit (in this case, it was five minutes).

I had no idea I had "questionable behavior." I had just written up a very nice article on  Another World and was really eager to fill in the holes. I didn't know I was doing something bad.

I try to write as much as I can, but with some soap opera actors, there really isn't much to tell. That's what they do. It's not like with a politician where an entire biography can be written. In those cases, all you can say is what role they played.

TheCustomOfLife 22:33, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

IMDB
Do you mean I should link to IMDB when I'm making a new profile? The way I've written my  Another World article, I've pretty much given links to any actor I cited. In any case, I still don't think my actions have been horribly trollish.

Stubs will be added to the entries already "completed."

Duncan Sheik
I do not believe this page was a candidate for speedy deletion--please see Candidates for speedy deletion. Vanity articles are covered through the normal VfD process. Please stop putting up inappropriate candidates for speedy deletion. Meelar 22:55, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2003
Um, where did you get the info from? The FHM site seems to have a somewhat different list: FHM

Neith crater
Not sure why you capitalized to Neith Crater, but on Category:Craters all the other craters have lowercase "crater", so I changed it back for consistency.

-- Curps 18:13, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

IWPCUG
The original may have been a newbie test that then got wikified, but your edit was a comment that got the page recreated after I'd just speedily deleted it! It has gone now, anyway. -- Graham :) | Talk 22:40, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

☺
Just saw your smiley face, ok if I nick it for my sig? -- Graham :) | Talk 23:33, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey don't knock the new car. I have no problem getting into it, just don't expect anyone other than a midget to sit behind me... -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 23:39, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"List of persons associated..."
Hi Dunc, I'm about to edit List of persons associated with Columbia University back to its original title, for reasons I explained on its talk page. Could you let me know what you think? Thanks. Wikisux 14:31, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Supercouple
I do see your point, but only some were commonly known with last name intact while others were not, and in the interest of uniformity, I kept them all with just first names. I'll do redirects with last names, for example: while many people know them as Luke and Laura Spencer, for uniformity purposes it will be shortened to Luke and Laura as there are just as many google hits that way.

You can add some Corrie couples if you wish. The way the word is defined, though, I don't know of any other than Kevin and Sally Webster. I can write a bit of story on them. Mike H 21:28, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for moving page, at a mind blowing speed, as I was following Charles Matthews advise. This pc is barely able to keep up with www as it is, even on broadband ! Faedra 12:58, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC) Hope one is their after a reboot!

No, that's Michael, I'd rather he not make BJAODN. - Hephaestos|§ 17:16, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Substubs
I don't think speedy delete is the answer, because it will be created again. Many links that were redirected were undone, with the same pithy substub replaced once more. Mike H 18:49, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)

Sig
Are you aware the ☺ in your sig looks really deformed at low font sizes? I have to triple the font to see it smiling at me. The rest of the time, it just scares me! I'm not saying you should change it, but thought you might want to know that it doesn't look the same for everyone. Also, for people without the correct font installed, it is just a square. Angela. 21:56, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Frik Du Preez
Hi Duncan, "Frik" is his first name and "Du Preez" is his surname, not just "Preez". This is common with many Afrikaans, Dutch and even some French surnames. Could you tell me why you insist in spelling his surname incorrectly/incompletely? Elf-friend 23:19, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Kathryn Hays
Thanks for redirecting that. I was busy writing Tony Orlando and Dawn so I did not have time to do it myself. She's very famous (been on ATWT since 1972) but the article will be written on my own terms, in my own time. Mike H 18:35, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Clearing up...I'm sure you didn't know, so I'll tell you. When I post, I usually expect a reply. I'm not wishing to be mean, I just ran across another user who didn't know I wanted one. No rush, just telling you. :) Mike H 20:39, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

Mihai Nadin
Can we restore the entry on Mihai Nadin now? There are no copyright issues.

--JustinCase 19:49, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * All done, great.

--JustinCase 01:38, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Anchor Bible series
Now that you've plastered a label on this brief new stub, i hope you'll add something-- after you'ce actually looked over one of the volumes perhaps. Wetman 01:29, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Staniukovich
Would you mind removing it from the cleanup list?

A. Shetsen 02:19, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)====

 * Hi Duncan! I have removed Staniukovich from Cleanup after doing a little wikification to round off A. Shetsen's work. Also, you may be interested in reading the question I have raised on Village Pump, concerning what to do with articles that feel like copyvios, but for which no evidence can be found. Cheers! —Stormie 00:39, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)

My High-rise contribution.
How on earth do you see any copyright violation in that text?!? Unless I am helplessly lost when it comes to laws concerning copyrights outside my own little country, I’ll guarantee you there is nothing being violated in that contribution.

Oh, that other stuff, about being slightly POV, and missing links. Yeah that was probably true. That was my first contribution, and I don’t really know how many links I’m supposed to use, so I just linked to the two links I already knew was there. Hell I'm not even sure this ends up in the right place, but here's crossing my fingers. Bear with me, eh? Master Rune...

No offence taken.
No offence taken, I was actually just trying to defend my own integrity here, not coming down on you or anything, and I really apologize if it seemed that way. It wasn’t my intentions.

Thanks for the info; I’ll try that signing my name stuff now, see if it works:

Master Rune 13:45, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
Dunc, you do some good work here. I would like to nominate you for adminship to recognize that work and allow you to (here is the secret scheme) take on even more work to do well. :-) Would you be willing to allow me to nominate you?  Please consider it.  Thanks, Jwrosenzweig 16:13, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, you'd also be able to speedily delete articles like the lbj-jfk one you tagged today. :-) Also, you could protect pages to reduce conflict, and of course there's our fine dental plan....no, wait, no dental plan. Well, it's up to you.  If you feel you need a bit more time, that's perfectly fine.  It's why I asked your permission.  If you want to leave it, go ahead.  Leave me a note on my talk page whenever you would like to be nominated, whether later on today or in September. :-) Jwrosenzweig 16:54, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Perth
Hi. I noticed you moved Perth to Perth (disambiguation) and redirected Perth to Perth, Scotland. Why did you do this? There has been common acceptance within the community that, instead of having Perth redirected to Perth, Australia (since it is significantly larger than any of the other cities), we should have a disambiguation page at Perth because the Scotland city is what all the others were named after. The disambiguation page has been there (at Perth) for almost three years, and any change to this situation should take place after significant consideration. In the slow process of fixing all the links to Perth, I found that very few were actually intended for the Scottish article, and almost all were intended for the Australian article. This, I believe, is indicative of what most users typing "Perth" into the search bar are searching for. Perth has been redirected to your newly-moved disambiguation page, and I encourage you to present your argument for the redirection to Perth, Scotland on the disambiguation page's talk page. - Mark 05:28, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I accept that. As you might have guessed, I have history with this page. That list of the most linked-to disambiguation pages is outdated now, since I went through and changed the links to Perth to their intended destinations (whether Australia or Scotland). See here for what links to Perth now. The main use of the Perth article now is just for people typing it randomly into the Search Bar on the left, and since there is clearly conflict about which Perth should be "the" Perth, I feel disambiguation is the best bet. - Mark 03:07, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Soap Screencaptures
I finally have a screen capture program. I started placing fair use screenshots to articles. Here are the pictures I've already taken. I'm sure you know next to nothing about DAYS (I heard it aired on Channel 5 for a while), but I was so excited. I had to share the news. Mike H 17:54, Jul 3, 2004 (UTC)

Check for double-redirects
Hello, I noticed you recently adjusted some redirects relating to Red Deer. This created some double-redirects (which unfortunately do not work). When you make changes to a redirect, please check for double-redirects by looking at the What Links Here. older ≠ wiser 16:16, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Duncharris/archive1


text:
Alkalosis

Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to acidemia (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalemia occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher). Alkalosis is usually divided into the categories of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis or a combined respiratory/metabolic alkalosis.

Signs and symptoms
Metabolic alkalosis is usually accompanied by low blood potassium concentration, causing, e.g., muscular weakness, muscle pain, and muscle cramps (from disturbed function of the skeletal muscles), and muscle spasms (from disturbed function of smooth muscles).

It may also cause low blood calcium concentration. As the blood pH increases, blood transport proteins, such as albumin, become more ionized into anions. This causes the free calcium present in blood to bind more strongly with albumin. If severe, it may cause tetany.

Causes
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, resulting in a loss of carbon dioxide. Compensatory mechanisms for this include release of hydrogen ion from tissue buffers and excretion of bicarbonate in the kidneys, both of which lower blood pH. Hyperventilation-induced alkalosis can be seen in several deadly central nervous system diseases such as strokes or Rett syndrome.

In McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), the inability to utilize muscle glycogen leads to a shortage of ATP during exercise and subsequent exercise-induced premature muscle fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain (myalgia), inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise (tachycardia), rapid depletion of phosphocreatine, insufficient ATP production, increased ADP and AMP, increased rise in venous ammonia (from the purine nucleotide cycle), increased epinephrine (adrenaline), increased plasma free fatty acids (lipolysis), increased venous pH (alkalosis), rapid (tachypnea) and commonly (approx. 50%) also heavy breathing (hyperpnea), that is exercise hyperventilation. During exercise, due to the inability to utilize muscle glycogen as a substrate for ATP synthesis, plasma lactate does not significantly rise (and may fall below) compared to resting levels; consequently, McArdle disease individuals do not experience lactic acidosis. The rise in venous pH (alkalosis), may be due to increased ammonia production, increased epinephrine, and/or increased oxygen demand for oxidative phosphorylation of blood borne substrates (free fatty acids and blood glucose).

Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by repeated vomiting, resulting in a loss of hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. Severe dehydration, and the consumption of alkali, are other causes. It can also be caused by administration of diuretics and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome. Compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis involve slowed breathing by the lungs to increase serum carbon dioxide, a condition leaning toward respiratory acidosis. As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.

title: Alkalosis


text:
User talk:Gnossie

Proposed deletion of Celtic Buddhism

The article Celtic Buddhism has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Insufficient reliable, third-party sources. The notability of this article has not been established.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. SudoGhost™ 12:45, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Monster cam

The article Monster cam has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * unref and tagged for notability for 5 years, no improvement - no sign of WP:NOTABILITY in article, and I couldn't establish it through Googling

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Boleyn (talk) 15:41, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Celtic Buddhism

The article Celtic Buddhism has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * lack of notibility

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. VictoriaGraysonTalk 01:25, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Good Behavior (2009, abandoned)

A tag has been placed on Good Behavior (2009, abandoned) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

"Prod hasn't been dealt with in 4 years. Series is not notable not has been improved to show it"

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here.  Wylie pedia  09:14, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gnossie


text:
Zero-width non-joiner

The zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ, ; rendered: ; HTML entity: &zwnj; or &#8204;) is a non-printing character used in the computerization of writing systems that make use of ligatures. When placed between two characters that would otherwise be connected into a ligature, a ZWNJ causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. This is also an effect of a space character, but a ZWNJ is used when it is desirable to keep the characters closer together or to connect a word with its morpheme.

The ZWNJ is encoded in Unicode as.

Use of ZWNJ for correct typography
In certain languages, the ZWNJ is necessary for unambiguously specifying the correct typographic form of a character sequence.

The picture shows how the code looks when it is rendered correctly, and in every row the correct and incorrect pictures should be different. On a system which not configured to display the Unicode correctly, the correct display and the incorrect one may look the same, or either of them may be significantly different from the corresponding picture.

In this Biblical Hebrew example, the placement of the meteg to the left of the segol is correct, which has a shva sign written as two vertical dots to denote short vowel. If a meteg were placed to the left of shva, it would be erroneous. In Modern Hebrew, there is no reason to use the meteg for spoken language, so it is rarely used in Modern Hebrew typesetting.

In German typography, ligatures may not cross the constituent boundaries within compounds. Thus, in the first German example, the prefix Auf- is separated from the rest of the word to prohibit the ligature fl. Similarly, in English, some argue ligatures should not cross morpheme boundaries. For example, in some words fly and fish are morphemes but in others they're not; therefore, by their reasoning, words like deafly and selfish (here shown with the non-joiner) should not have ligatures (respectively of fl and fi) while dayfly and catfish should have them.

Persian uses this character extensively for certain prefixes, suffixes and compound words. It is necessary for disambiguating compounds from non-compound words, which use a full space.

In the Jawi script of Malay, ZWNJ is used whenever more than one consonants are written at the end of any phrase (ساين‌س, Malay for 'science' or sains in Latin script, pronounced /ˈsa.ɪns/.) It is used to signify that there are no vowels (specifically 'a' or 'ə') in between the two consonant letters as ساينس would otherwise be pronounced either /ˈsa.ɪnas/ or /ˈsa.ɪnəs/. A space would separate the phrase into different words, where phrases such as ساين س would now mean 'to sign the Arabic letter sin' (sain sin in Latin script.)

Use of ZWNJ to display alternative forms
In Indic scripts, insertion of a ZWNJ after a consonant either with a halant or before a dependent vowel prevents the characters from being joined properly:

In Devanagari, the characters and  typically combine to form, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them,  (code:  ) is seen instead.

In Kannada, the characters ನ್ and ನ combine to form ನ್ನ, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, ನ್‌ನ is displayed. That style is typically used to write foreign words in Kannada script: "Facebook" is written as ಫೇಸ್‌ಬುಕ್, though it can be written as ಫೇಸ್ಬುಕ್. ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ and ರಾಮ್‌ಗೊಪಾಲ್ are examples of other proper nouns that need ZWNJ.

To insert a ZWNJ in Kannada, use Shift-V on Linux (iBus, InScript). On Windows (InScript), you can produce a ZWNJ with Ctrl+Shift+2 or Alt+0157. For the LipikaIME on Mac, the caret returns a ZWNJ.

In Bengali, when the Bengali letter য occurs at the end of a consonant cluster—i.e., য preceded by a ◌্ (hôsôntô)—it appears in a special shape,, known as the য-ফলা (ja-phala), such as in ক্য (ক ্ য). Thus, when we want to write উদ্‌যাপন (correct Bengali spelling for celebration), it becomes উদ্যাপন (which is incorrect). Here ZWNJ works. If we want to write উদ্‌যাপন, we have to write in the following sequence (code: &zwnj; ),  then we will get the proper rendering and the correct spelling. In Bengali, the hôsôntô is used for making any conjuncts and falas (such as ra-fala, ba-fala etc). Where the hôsôntô needs to be displayed explicitly, it is required to insert ZWNJ after the hôsôntô.

Also in Bengali, when the Bengali letter র occurs at the beginning of a consonant cluster—i.e., র succeeded by a hôsôntô—it appears in a special shape, known as the রেফ (reph). Thus, the sequence র ্ য is rendered by default as র্য. When the য-ফলা shape needs to be retained rather than the রেফ shape, the ZWJ  is inserted right after র, i.e., র&zwj;্য to render র‍্য. র‍্য is commonly used for loanwords from English such as র‍্যাম (RAM), র‍্যান্ডম (random) etc.

Symbol
The symbol to be used on keyboards which enable the input of the ZWNJ directly is standardized in Amendment 1 (2012) of ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 "Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems – Symbols used to represent functions" as symbol number 81, and in IEC 60417 "Graphical Symbols for use on Equipment" as symbol no. IEC 60417-6177-2.

title: Zero-width non-joiner


text:
User talk:H8er

Please don't vandalize pages on wikipedia or you may be blocked. We welcome any serious contributions. Dori | Talk 18:02, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:H8er


text:
Talk:USS Whipple

Untitled
I'm disappointed that several reviewers have voted to delete the references (links) to the USS WHIPPLE DD-217 that were added to the GREAT WHITE FLEET of the 1930's.   The small number of survivors who served on one of the Four-Piper Destroyers during World War II is declining with each passing day.

I hope that Wikipedia will afford the families of those who served on these ships an opportunity to visit the referenced links in order to learn more about what the crewmates endured.

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a collection of links. For that google is good enough. If you wrote something more about the ship and its history, then the links could be added as well. But the links alone do not make an article. Dori | Talk 18:08, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Whipple


text: Template:University of London

title: Template:University of London


text:
User:H8er

Please do not vandalise pages. Maroux 18:05, 2004 Feb 27 (UTC)

title: User:H8er


text:
Temple Bar, London

Temple Bar was the principal ceremonial entrance to the City of London from the City of Westminster. In the middle ages, London expanded city jurisdiction beyond its walls to gates, called ‘bars’, which were erected across thoroughfares. To the west of the City of London, the bar was located adjacent to the area known as the Temple. Temple Bar was situated on the historic royal ceremonial route from the Tower of London to the Palace of Westminster, the two chief residences of the medieval English monarchs, and from the Palace of Westminster to St Paul's Cathedral. The road east of the bar within the City was Fleet Street, while the road to the west, in Westminster, was The Strand.

At the bar, the Corporation of the City of London erected a barrier to regulate trade into the City. The 19th century Royal Courts of Justice are located to its north, having been moved from Westminster Hall. To its south is Temple Church, along with the Inner Temple and Middle Temple Inns of Court. As the most important entrance to the City of London from Westminster, it was formerly long the custom for the monarch to halt at the Temple Bar before entering the City of London, in order for the Lord Mayor to offer the Corporation's pearl-encrusted Sword of State as a token of loyalty.

'Temple Bar' strictly refers to a notional bar or barrier across the route near The Temple precinct, but it is also used to refer to the 17th-century ornamental, English Baroque arched gateway building attributed to Christopher Wren, which spanned the roadway at the bar for two centuries. After Wren's gateway was removed in 1878, the Temple Bar Memorial topped by a dragon symbol of London, and containing statues of Queen Victoria and Edward VII, was erected to mark the location. Wren's archway was preserved and was re-erected in 2004 in the City, in a redeveloped Paternoster Square next to St Paul's Cathedral. In September 2022, the preserved Wren gateway and an adjacent building were officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester as the home of the Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects.

Background
In the Middle Ages, the authority of the City of London Corporation reached beyond the City's ancient defensive walls in several places, known as the Liberties of London. To regulate trade into the City, barriers were erected on the major entrance routes wherever the true boundary was a substantial distance from the nearest ancient gatehouse in the walls. Temple Bar was the most used of these, since traffic between the City of London (England's prime commercial centre) and the Palace of Westminster (the political centre) passed through it. It was located where Fleet Street now meets The Strand, which is outside London's old boundary wall.

Its name derives from the Temple Church, adjoining to the south, which has given its name to a wider area south of Fleet Street, the Temple, once belonging to the Knights Templar but now home to two of the legal profession's Inns of Court, and within the City's ancient boundaries.

The historic ceremony of the monarch halting at Temple Bar and being met by the Lord Mayor has often featured in art and literature. It is commented on in televised coverage of modern-day royal ceremonial processions.

City jurisdiction and The Temple
A City bar at The Temple is first mentioned in 1293 and was probably only a chain or bar between a row of posts. More substantial structures with arches followed. After the Battle of Evesham of 1265, Prince Edward punished the rebellious Londoners, who had befriended Simon de Montfort, by taking away all their street chains and bars, and storing them in the Tower of London. By 1351, a timber archway had been built housing a small prison above it. The earliest known documentary and historical notice of Temple Bar is in 1327, concerning a hearing before the mayor regarding a right of way in the area. In 1384, Richard II granted a licence for paving the Strand Street from Temple Bar to the Savoy, and collecting tolls to cover the expense.

On 5 November 1422, the corpse of Henry V was borne to Westminster Abbey by the chief citizens and nobles, and every doorway from Southwark to Temple Bar had a torch-bearer. In 1503 the hearse of Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII, halted at Temple Bar, on its way from the Tower to Westminster, and at the Bar the Abbots of Westminster and Bermondsey blessed the corpse, and the Earl of Derby and a large company of nobles joined the funeral procession. Anne Boleyn passed through the Bar on 31 May 1534, the day before her coronation, on her way to the Tower. On that occasion Temple Bar was new painted and repaired, and near it stood singing men and children—the Fleet Street conduit all the time running claret.

In 1554, Thomas Wyatt led an uprising in opposition to Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to Philip II of Spain. When he had fought his way down Piccadilly to The Strand, Temple Bar was thrown open to him, or forced open by him; but when he had been repulsed at Ludgate he was hemmed in by cavalry at Temple Bar, where he surrendered. This revolt persuaded the government to go through with the verdict against Lady Jane Grey.

The notable Scottish bookseller Andrew Millar owned his first London shop at Temple Bar, taken over from the ownership of James McEuen in 1728, to whom Millar had been apprenticed.

Wren's Temple Bar Gate
Although the then existing Bar Gate at the Temple escaped damage by the Great Fire of London of 1666, it was decided to rebuild it as part of the general improvement works made throughout the City after that devastating event. Commissioned by King Charles II, and attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, the fine arch of Portland stone was constructed between 1669 and 1672, by Thomas Knight, the City Mason, and Joshua Marshall, Master of the Mason's Company and King's Master Mason, while John Bushnell carved the statues.

Rusticated, it is a two-story structure consisting of one wide central arch for the road traffic, flanked on both sides by narrower arches for pedestrians. On the upper part, four statues celebrate the 1660 Restoration of the Stuart monarchy: in its original setting, on the west side King Charles II is shown with his father King Charles I whose parents King James I and Anne of Denmark are depicted on the east side. During the 18th century the heads of convicted traitors were frequently mounted on pikes and exhibited on the roof, as was the case on London Bridge. The other seven principal gateways to London, (Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Moorgate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate) were all demolished in the 1760s, but Temple Bar remained despite its impediment to the ever-growing traffic. The upper-storey room was leased to the neighbouring banking house of Child & Co for storage of records.

In the 1853 novel, Bleak House, Charles Dickens described it as "that leaden-headed old obstruction, appropriate ornament for the threshold of a leaden-headed old corporation" (the City of London corporation). It was also the subject of jokes, "Why is Temple Bar like a lady's veil? Both must be raised (razed) for "busses" ('buses). It was noted in jest "as a weak spot in our defences", since one could walk through the adjoining barbershop where one door opened on to the City and the other in the area of Westminster.

In 1874 it was discovered that the keystones had dropped and the arches were propped up with timbers. The steady increase in horse and cart traffic led to complaints that Temple Bar was becoming a bottleneck, holding back the City trade. In 1878 the City of London Corporation, eager to widen the road but unwilling to destroy so historic a monument, dismantled it piece-by-piece over an 11-day period and stored its 2,700 stones carefully. In 1880 the brewer Henry Meux, at the instigation of his wife Valerie Susan Meux, bought the stones and re-erected the arch as the facade of a new gatehouse in the park of his mansion house Theobalds Park in Hertfordshire, the site of a former substantial prodigy house of James VI and I. There it remained, positioned in a woodland clearing, until 2003. A plaque now marks the site.

The Gate's present location
In March 1938 Theobalds Park was sold by Sir Hedworth Meux to Middlesex County Council, but the Temple Bar Gatehouse was excluded from the sale and retained by the Meux trustees. In 1984 it was bought by the Temple Bar Trust from the Meux Trust for the sum of £1. In December 2001 the City's Court of Common Council resolved to contribute funds for the return of Temple Bar Gate to the City. On 13 October 2003 the first stone was dismantled at Theobalds Park and all were placed on 500 pallets for storage. In 2004 it was returned to the City of London where it was painstakingly re-erected as an entrance to the Paternoster Square redevelopment immediately north of St Paul's Cathedral, opening to the public on 10 November 2004. The total cost of the project was over £3 million, funded mainly by the City of London, with donations from the Temple Bar Trust and several City Livery Companies.

In September 2022, Temple Bar London, consisting of the gateway and an adjacent building (Paternoster Lodge), was officially reopened by the Duke of Gloucester and the Lord Mayor of London Vincent Keaveny as the home of a livery company, the Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects, providing space for meetings and dining and an education centre funded by the Corporation of London's CIL Neighbourhood fund.

The top of one of the gates was offered for sale by Dreweatts Auctioneers in a London sale of surplus stock from LASSCO on 15 June 2013.

Temple Bar Memorial
Following the removal of Wren's gate, Horace Jones, Architect and Surveyor to the City of London, designed a memorial to mark Temple Bar, which was unveiled in 1880. The Temple Bar Memorial stands in the street in front of the Royal Courts of Justice.

The elaborate pedestal in a neo-Renaissance style serves as the base for a sculpture by Charles Bell Birch of a dragon supporter (sometimes erroneously referred to as a griffin) bearing a shield of the arms of the City of London. The pedestal is decorated with statues by Joseph Boehm of Queen Victoria and her son the then Prince of Wales, the last royals to have entered the City through Wren's gate, which event is depicted in one of the reliefs which also decorate the structure.

In the 1960s, similar but smaller and more subdued dragon sculptures were set at other entry points to the City. Two were originally created in 1849 by J. B. Bunning for the entrance to the Coal Exchange (and were relocated to Victoria Embankment following that building's demolition in 1962), while the others are smaller-scale versions of Bunning's design.

In fiction
Charles Dickens mentioned Temple Bar in A Tale of Two Cities (Book II, Chapter I), noting its proximity to the fictional Tellson's Bank on Fleet Street. This was in fact Child & Co., which used the upper rooms of Temple Bar as storage space. Whilst critiquing the moral poverty of late 18th-century London, Dickens wrote that in matters of crime and punishment, "putting to death was a recipe much in vogue", and illustrated the horror caused by severed heads "exposed on Temple Bar with an insensate brutality and ferocity".

In Herman Melville's The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids, he contrasts the beauty of the Temple Bar gateway at the highest point on the road leading to the hellish paper factory, which he calls a "Dantean Gateway" (in his Inferno, Dante describes the gateway to Hell, over which are written the words, "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here").

The dragon on top of the Temple Bar monument comes to life in Charlie Fletcher's children's book about London, Stoneheart.

The dragon also features in Virginia Woolf's The Years, in which one of the main characters, Martin, points "at the splayed-out figure at Temple Bar; it looked as ridiculous as usual – something between a serpent and a fowl."

title: Temple Bar, London


text:
Jean Charles Dominique de Lacretelle

Jean Charles Dominique de Lacretelle, (3 September 1766 – 26 March 1855), was a French historian and journalist.

Called Lacretelle le jeune to distinguish him from his elder brother, Pierre Louis de Lacretelle. He was born at Metz. He was called to Paris by his brother in 1787, and during the French Revolution belonged, like Pierre, to the party of the Feuillants. He was for some time secretary to the duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, the famous philanthropist, and afterwards joined the staff of the Journal de Paris, then managed by Suard, and where he had as colleagues André Chénier and Jean-Antoine Roucher. He made no attempt to hide his monarchist sympathies, and these, together with the way in which he reported the trial and death of King Louis XVI of France, put him in danger of his life; to avoid this danger he enlisted in the army, but after Thermidor he returned to Paris and to his newspaper work.

He was involved in the royalist movement of the 13th Vendmiaire, and condemned to deportation after the 18th Fructidor; but, thanks to powerful influence, he was left forgotten in prison till after the 18th Brumaire, when he was set at liberty by Joseph Fouché. Under the Empire he was appointed a professor of history in the Faculté des lettres of Paris (1809), and elected as a member of the Académie française (1811). In 1827 he was prime mover in the protest made by the Académie française against the minister Peyronnet's law on the press, which led to the failure of that measure, but this step cost him, as it did Abel-François Villemain, his post as censeur royal.

Under Louis Philippe Lacretelle devoted himself entirely to his teaching and literary work. In 1848 he retired to Mâcon; but there, as in Paris, he was the centre of a brilliant circle, for he was a wonderful causeur, and an equally good listener, and had many interesting experiences to recall. His son Pierre Henri (1815-1899) was a humorous writer and politician of purely contemporary interest.

Works
JC Lacretelle's chief work is a series of histories of the 18th century, the Revolution and its sequel: The author was a moderate and fair-minded man, but possessed neither great powers of style, nor striking historical insight, nor the special historian's power of writing minute accuracy of detail with breadth of view. Carlyle's sarcastic remark on Lacretelle's history of the Revolution, that it exists, but does not profit much, is partly true of all his books. He had been an eye-witness of and an actor in the events which he describes, but his testimony must be accepted with caution.
 * Précis historique de la Revolution française, appended to the history of Rabaud St Etienne, and partly written in the prison of La Force (5 vols., 1801-1806)
 * Histoire de France pendant le XVIIIe siècle (6 vols., 1808)
 * Histoire de l'Assemblée Constituante (2 vols., 1821)
 * L'Assemblée Legislative (1822)
 * La Convention Nationale (3 vols., 1824-1825)
 * Histoire de France depuis la restauration (1829-1835)
 * Histoire du consulat et de l'empire (4 vols., 1846)

title: Jean Charles Dominique de Lacretelle


text:
Valentine tank

The Tank, Infantry, Mk III, Valentine was an infantry tank produced in the United Kingdom during World War II. More than 8,000 of the type were produced in eleven marks, plus various specialised variants, accounting for approximately a quarter of wartime British tank production. The many variants included riveted and welded construction, petrol and diesel engines and a progressive increase in armament. It was supplied in large numbers to the USSR and built under licence in Canada. It was used extensively by the British in the North African campaign. Developed by Vickers, it proved to be both strong and reliable.

Name
There are several proposed explanations for the name Valentine. According to the most popular one, the design was presented to the War Office on St Valentine's Day, 14 February 1940, although some sources say that the design was submitted on Valentine's Day 1938 or 10 February 1938. White notes that "incidentally" Valentine was the middle name of Sir John Carden, the man who was responsible for many tank designs including that of the Valentine's predecessors, the A10 and A11. Another version says that Valentine is an acronym for Vickers-Armstrongs Limited Elswick & (Newcastle-upon) Tyne. The "most prosaic" explanation according to author David Fletcher is that it was just an in-house codeword of Vickers with no other significance.

Development
The Valentine started as a proposal based on Vickers' experience with the A9 and A10 specification cruiser tanks and the A11 (Infantry Tank Mk I). As a private design by Vickers-Armstrongs, it did not receive a General Staff "A" designation; it was submitted to the War Office on 10 February 1938. The development team tried to match the lower weight of a cruiser tank, allowing the suspension and transmission parts of the A10 heavy cruiser to be used, with the greater armour of an infantry tank, working to a specification for a 60 mm armour basis (the same as the A.11).

The tank was to carry a 2-pounder gun in a two-man turret (the A.11 was armed only with a heavy machine gun), a lower silhouette and be as light as possible, resulting in a very compact vehicle with a cramped interior. Compared to the earlier Infantry Tank Mk II "Matilda", the Valentine had somewhat weaker armour and almost the same top speed. By using components already proven on the A9 and A10, the new design was easier to produce and much less expensive.

The War Office was initially deterred by the size of the turret, since they considered a turret crew of three necessary, to free the vehicle commander from direct involvement in operating the gun. Concerned by the situation in Europe, it finally approved the design in April 1939 and placed the first order in July for deliveries in May 1940. At the start of the war, Vickers were instructed to give priority to the production of tanks. The vehicle reached trials in May 1940, which coincided with the loss of much of the army's equipment in France, during Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk. The trials were successful and the vehicle was rushed into production as "Tank, Infantry, Mark III"; no pilot models were required as much of the mechanics had been proven on the A10, and 109 had been built by the end of September. During late 1940 and early 1941, Valentines were used in the cruiser tank role in British-based armoured divisions, and they were supplied to tank brigades of the Eighth Army in North Africa from June 1941.

Production
Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage & Wagon—an associate company of Vickers—and Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) were contracted to produce the Valentine. Metropolitan and the BRCW had built small numbers of the A10, their production runs were just finishing and they delivered their first Valentines in mid-1940. Metropolitan used two sites, with Wednesbury joined by their Midland site in production of the Valentine. Vickers output started at ten per month rising to 45 per month in a year and peaking at 20 per week in 1943, before production was slowed and then production of the Valentine and derivatives stopped in 1945. Vickers-Armstrong produced 2,515 vehicles and Metropolitan 2,135; total UK production was 6,855 tanks, with 2,394 exported from Britain to the Soviet Union under lend-lease.

To develop its own tank forces, Canada had established tank production facilities. An order was placed in 1940 with Canadian Pacific and after modifications to the Valentine design to use local standards and materials, the production prototype was finished in 1941. Canadian production was mainly at CPR Angus Shops in Montreal and 1,420 were produced in Canada, of which 1,388 were sent to the Soviet-Union. They formed the main Commonwealth export to the Soviet Union under lend-lease. The remaining 32 were retained for training. The use of local GMC Detroit Diesel two-stroke engines in Canadian production was a success and the engine was adopted for British production. British and Canadian production totalled 8,275, making the Valentine the most produced British tank design of the war.

Vehicle layout
The Valentine was of conventional layout, divided internally into three compartments; from front to back the driver's position, the fighting compartment with the turret and then the engine and transmission driving the tracks through rear sprockets. The driver's area contained only the driver and the driving controls. The driver sat on hull centre line, entering through either of two angled hatches over the seat, though there was an emergency exit hatch beneath his seat. The driver had a direct vision port—cut in what was one of the hull cross members—in front of him and two periscopes in the roof over his head. Driving was by clutch and brake steering through levers, whose control rods ran the length of the hull to the transmission at the rear.

Behind the driver was a bulkhead that formed another hull cross-member and separated him from the fighting compartment. The first tanks had a two-man turret, the gunner on the left of the gun and the commander acting also as the loader on the right. When three-man turrets were introduced, the commander sat to the rear of the turret. The turret was made up of a cast front and a cast rear riveted to the side plates which were of rolled steel. All tanks carried the radio in the turret rear. Early tanks used the Wireless set No. 11 with a Tannoy for the crew; later tanks had Wireless Set No. 19, which included crew communications with long and short range networks.

Turret rotation was by electric motor controlled by the gunner, with a hand-wheel for manual backup. The restrictions that the two-man turret placed on the commander, made more so if they were a troop commander and responsible for directing the actions of two other tanks besides their own, were addressed by enlarging the turret for the Mark III so that a loader for the main armament could be carried. The turret ring diameter was not changed, so the extra space was found by moving the gun mounting forward in an extended front plate and increasing the bulge in the rear of the turret. This increased weight by half a ton on the 2.5 LT two-man turret.

A bulkhead separated the fighting compartment from the engine compartment. The engine, clutch and gearbox were bolted together to form a single unit. The first Valentines used a petrol engine and the diesel engine which distinguished the Mark II—at the time Tank Infantry Mark III*— from the Mark I, was based on the AEC Comet, a commercial road vehicle engine. The Mark IV used a GMC Detroit Diesel; these were the majority of those used in the desert campaigns. The gearbox was a 5-speed, 1-reverse Meadows connected to the multiplate steering clutches which then fed epicyclic reduction gearboxes on the sides of the tanks. The brakes themselves were on the outside of the drive sprockets. The suspension was made up of two units on either side; each unit made up of a single 24 in diameter wheel and two 19+1/2 in wheels. Improved tracks were added to later marks.

North Africa
The Valentine was extensively used in the North African Campaign, earning a reputation as a reliable and well-protected vehicle. The first Valentines went into action in December 1941 with the 8th Royal Tank Regiment in Operation Crusader. The tank first served in Operation Crusader in the North African desert, when it began to replace the Matilda Tank. Due to a lack of cruisers, it was issued to armoured regiments in the UK from mid-1941. The Valentine was better armed and faster than the Cruiser Mk II. During the pursuit from El Alamein in late 1942, some tanks had driven more than 3000 mi by the time the Eighth Army reached Tunisia.

The Valentine shared the common weakness of the British tanks of the period in that its 2-pounder gun lacked high-explosive (anti-personnel) ammunition and soon became outdated as an anti-tank weapon. Introduction of the 6-pounder in British service was delayed until the loss of equipment in France had been made good, so the 2-pounder was retained longer.

The small size of the turret and of the turret ring meant that producing mountings for larger guns proved a difficult task. Although versions with the 6-pounder and then with the Ordnance QF 75 mm gun were developed, by the time they were available in significant numbers, better tanks had reached the battlefield. Another weakness was the small crew compartment and the two-man turret. A larger turret, with a loader position added, was used in some of the 2-pounder versions but the position had to be removed again in variants with larger guns. Its relatively low height was an advantage in a battlefield with little cover, allowing it to take up a "good hull-down position in any convenient fold in the ground".

Madagascar
Six Valentines of 'B' Special Service Squadron of the Royal Armoured Corps took part in the 1942 Battle of Madagascar with six Tetrarchs of 'C' Special Service Squadron.

Northwest Europe
By 1944, the Valentine had been almost replaced in front-line units of the European theatre by the Churchill tank (the Infantry Tank Mark IV) and the US-made M4 Sherman tank. A few were used for special purposes or as command vehicles for units equipped with the Archer self-propelled gun. The Royal Artillery used the Valentine XI (with 75 mm gun) as an OP command tank until the end of the war.

Pacific
In the Pacific War, 25 Valentine Mk III and nine Valentine Mk IIICS tanks were employed by the 3rd New Zealand Division in the south-west Pacific campaign. Trials in New Zealand had found that the locally developed 2 pounder HE shell lacked power, especially compared to the 18-pounder shell of the 3-inch howitzer, so 18 Valentine Mk III were converted to Valentine Mk IIICS standard by having their main armament replaced by the QF 3-inch howitzer taken from Matilda Mk IVCS tanks, surplus to New Zealand requirements. Other modifications to the nine Valentine Mk IIICS tanks deploying to the Pacific included Infantry telephones (a means for infantry to talk to the tank commander). The converted tanks carried 21 HE and 14 smoke shells. The other nine 3-inch armed tanks and 16 normal Valentines (with 2-pounder guns) remained in New Zealand for training. The Valentine was retired from New Zealand service in 1960.

Eastern Front
Valentines, of all Marks except the Mark I, were sent to the USSR from 1941. The creation of Valentines tanks destined for use by the Soviet Union was a part of a campaign known as Aid to Russia Fund, headed by Clementine Churchill and heavily supported by the Communist Party of Great Britain. In Soviet service, the Valentine was used from the Battle of Moscow until the end of the war, mainly in the second line. Although criticised for its low speed and the 2-pounder gun, the Valentine was liked due to its small size, reliability and good armour protection. Initially the tracks gave some problems in winter; from freezing down to minus 20, snow packed into the tracks, though at below minus 20 it was not a problem. The problem was later solved.

Soviet Supreme Command asked for its production until the end of the war. In August 1945, as part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 267th Tank Regiment (40 Valentine III and IX) of the 59th Cavalry Division Red Army, together with the 65th T-34-85 43rd Tank Brigade, passed from Eastern Gobi across the mountains Greater Khingan to Kalgan in China.

Cyprus
The last use of a Valentine in combat is thought to have occurred during the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64. A turretless Valentine from a quarry was used by Greek militia, fitted with an improvised armoured casemate from which a gunner could fire a Bren gun. The vehicle is owned by the Cypriot National Guard, who intend to place it in a proposed new military museum.

Variants
Valentine I (Tank, Infantry, Mk III): (308)
 * The first model of the Valentine; production was by Vickers, Metro-Cammell and Birmingham Railway The tank had a riveted hull, was powered by AEC A189 135 hp petrol engine and equipped with a 2-pounder gun and a coaxial Besa machine gun. Its two-man turret forced the commander to act as the loader.

Valentine II (Tank, Infantry, Mk III*): (700)
 * Until the Valentine name adopted in June 1941, known as "Tank, Infantry, Mark III*". This model used AEC A190 131 hp 6-cylinder diesel engine. To increase its range in the desert, an auxiliary jettisonable external fuel tank was installed to the left of the engine compartment.

Valentine III
 * Modifications to the turret design – moving the front turret plate forward and a larger rear bulge – gave room for a loader to ease the duties of the commander. The side armour was reduced from 60 mm to 50 mm to save weight.

Valentine IIICS (Close Support)
 * New Zealand modification of 18 Valentine III carried out by replacing the 2 pounder with a 3" Howitzer from Matilda IVCS tanks. They were used in Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands (see Battle of the Green Islands), and remained in service into the 1950s.

Valentine IV
 * A Mark II using an American 138 hp GMC 6004 diesel engine and US-made transmission. Though it had slightly shorter range, it was quieter and highly reliable.

Valentine V
 * As the Valentine III but with the GMC 6004 diesel and US-made transmission.

Valentine VI
 * Canadian-built version of Mk IV; initially known as Tank, Infantry Mark III***. It used some Canadian and American mechanical parts and a GMC diesel engine. Late production vehicles had cast glacis detail, along with more use of cast sections instead of fabricated ones. The first fifteen were produced with a 7.92 mm Besa coaxial machine-gun, thereafter replaced by a coaxial 0.30-inch Browning machine-gun.

Valentine VII
 * Another Canadian version, it was essentially the VI with internal changes and No. 19 Wireless replaced the No. 11 radio set.

Valentine VIIA
 * Mark VII with jettisonable fuel tanks, new studded tracks, oil cooler and protected headlights.

Valentine VIII
 * AEC diesel engine and turret modification to take 6-pounder gun; meant the loss of the coaxial machine-gun. Never built due to being inferior to Mk IX.

Valentine IX
 * A V upgraded to the 6-pounder gun as VIII. Similar armour reduction as on the Mk VIII; on late production units an upgraded, 165 hp version of the GMC 6004 diesel was installed, somewhat improving mobility.

Valentine X(135)
 * New turret design so that a Besa coaxial machine-gun could be mounted again. Welded construction; the 165 hp engine was used in place of the 130 hp engine in some production.

Valentine XI
 * An X upgraded with the OQF 75 mm gun and 210 hp version of the GMC 6004 diesel; welded construction. The Canadian cast nose introduced into British production, only used as a command tank.

Valentine DD
 * Valentine Mk V, IX and Mk XI, made amphibious by the use of Nicholas Straussler's "Duplex Drive". Conversions by Metro-Cammell of 625 tanks delivered in 1943–1944. Used by crews training for the M4 Sherman DD tanks for the Normandy Landings as well as training in Italy and India. A few were used in Italy in 1945.

Valentine OP / Command
 * Artillery Observation Post and Command Vehicle; extra radios, to give more space inside, the gun was removed and a dummy barrel fitted to the front of the turret. Used by battery commanders and observation post for Archer units.

Valentine CDL
 * Continuation of Canal Defence Light experiments; conventional turret replaced with one containing a searchlight.

Valentine Scorpion II
 * Mine flail; turretless vehicle with flail attachment never used operationally.

Valentine AMRA Mk Ib
 * Armoured Mine Roller Attachment, a few used on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.

Valentine Snake
 * Mine exploder; using "Snake" mine-clearing line charge equipment; a few used operationally.

Valentine Bridgelayer
 * Armoured bridgelaying vehicle; a turretless Mk II fitted with 34 ft long by 9 ft wide Class 30 (capable of bearing 30 LT) scissors bridge. 192 were produced, 25 of them supplied to the USSR. Used in action in Italy, Burma, north-west Europe and Manchuria.

Valentine with 6-pounder anti-tank mounting
 * Experimental vehicle built by Vickers-Armstrong to examine the possibility of producing a simple tank destroyer by mounting the 6-pounder in its field carriage on the hull in place of the turret. Trials only, 1942 not required since the Valentine could be fitted with a 6-pounder in a turret.

Valentine flame-throwers
 * Two Valentine tanks were modified to carry flame-throwers and were tested by the Petroleum Warfare Department to determine which system was best for a tank-mounted flame projector. One used a projector pressurised by slow burning cordite charges (designed by the Ministry of Supply) and one designed by AEC with the PWD using a projector operated by compressed hydrogen gas. Both carried the flame-thrower fuel in a trailer and the flame projector was mounted on the hull front. Trials started in 1942 and showed that the gas-operated system was better. From this test installation was developed the Crocodile equipment for the Churchill Crocodile flame-thrower used in the North West Europe campaign in 1944–45.

Valentine 9.75-inch flame mortar
 * Experimental vehicle with the turret replaced by fixed heavy mortar intended to fire 25 lb TNT incendiary shells to demolish concrete emplacements. Trials only by the Petroleum Warfare Dept, 1943–45. Effective range was 400 yd (maximum range 2000 yd). Few used in Normandy on D-Day to help clear buildings.

Burmark
 * "Ark" design using Valentine hull for a light ramp tank to be used in Far East. The end of the war precluded further development.

Gap Jumping Tank
 * Experiments with rockets late in the war to propel a Valentine tank across an obstacle such as a minefield.

Operators
🇨🇦 Canada Czechoslovakia 🇪🇬 Egypt 🇮🇷 Iran Nazi Germany 🇳🇿 New Zealand 🇵🇱 Poland 🇵🇹 Portugal 🇷🇴 Romania Soviet Union 🇹🇷 Turkey 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Canadian Army received 30 of 1,420 tanks built in Canada. Valentines were used for training purposes.
 * 11th Infantry Battalion repaired two Valentine wrecks in Tobruk.
 * 1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade Group received Valentines in spring 1943. These tanks were the first ones officially operated by the Czechoslovak exile army in WWII.
 * Egyptian Army used Valentine tanks after WWII; used in Mandatory Palestine during 1948 Arab–Israeli War, then relegated to training.
 * Imperial Iranian Ground Forces received some ex-Lend Lease tanks from the USSR after WWII.
 * Captured Valentines were pressed into service with the Afrika Korps and were designated Infanterie Panzerkampfwagen Mk III 749 (e).
 * New Zealand received
 * 100 Valentine II
 * 75 Valentine III, 18 converted to Valentine IIICS
 * 81 Valentine V
 * 11 Valentine Bridgelayers
 * Polish 1st Armoured Division and various other units of Polish Armed Forces in the West operated Valentine tanks for training.
 * The Portuguese Army received 36 Valentine Mk II in 1943, which were used by the Batalhão de Carros (Infantry Tank Battalion).
 * Romanian Army captured four Mk III tanks from the Red Army, which were used for testing and anti-tank training.
 * Red Army received 2,124 British-built and 1,208 Canadian-built Lend-Lease tanks. 270 and 180 lost during transportation.
 * The Turkish Army received 200 Valentine IIIs between 1941 and 1944.

Vehicles based on Valentine chassis

 * SP 17-pounder, Valentine, Mk I, Archer
 * Carrier, Valentine, 25-pounder gun Mk I, Bishop
 * Tank, Infantry, Valiant (A38)

Surviving tanks
Around forty Valentine tanks and vehicles based on the Valentine chassis survive. Tanks in running condition are at the Bovington Tank Museum (Mark IX) and in private hands in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The Bovington collection has a Mark II and a Valentine Scissors Bridgelayer. Other examples are displayed at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in the UK; the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, Belgium; the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France and the Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia; the South African National Museum of Military History. In the United States, the Military Vehicle Technology Foundation and the Virginia Museum of Military Vehicles own Valentines.

The Cavalry Tank Museum Ahmednagar, India have a Valentine Tank and a Valentine Bridgelayer.

A number of Valentine hulls are in private ownership in Australia, including one in the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum. These were sent there after the war for use as agricultural vehicles.

Two Canadian-built Valentines survive. Valentine Tank Mk VIIA, no. 838, built May 1943, was a Lend-Lease tank shipped to the Soviet Union. It fell through the ice of a boggy river near Telepyne, Ukraine (Russian: Telepino), during a Soviet counter-offensive on 25 January 1944. In 1990 a 74-year-old villager helped locate the tank and it was recovered and offered as a Glasnost-era gift to Canada. It was presented to the Canadian War Museum by independent Ukraine in 1992 and stands on display in the LeBreton Gallery. A Valentine built by Canadian Pacific resides at the Base Borden Military Museum in Barrie, Ontario.

A notable survivor is the only intact DD Valentine. This has been restored to running condition and is in the United Kingdom, privately owned by John Pearson. A number of DD Valentines that sank during training lie off the British coast; several have been located and are regularly visited by recreational divers. Two Valentines lie in the Moray Firth in Scotland and two lie 3.5 mi out of Poole Bay in Dorset. These tanks lie 100 m apart in 15 m of water. A further tank is known to lie in around 10 m of water in Bracklesham Bay, south of Chichester in West Sussex; the hull and turret are clearly recognisable as it sits on a gravel mound.

In October 2012, a Valentine Mk IX tank that fell through ice while crossing a river in western Poland during the Soviet Army's march to Berlin was recovered. This, the only surviving Valentine Mk IX to have actually seen combat, is reportedly well preserved and could possibly be restored to operational condition.

title: Valentine tank


text:
Talk:Jaffa (Stargate)

Comment
Jaffa homeworld is disputed. Please see Talk:Chulak for more information. nsh 18:15, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

Daniel had no idea what was going on!
This article states that since, in the movie, Daniel said "look upon your gods" when showing the Abydonians te helmets, Ra's minions wer minor Goa'uld. One must remember, however, that Daniel was not all-knowing then. He didn't know about minor Goa'uld yet, and guessed that the Abydonians worshipped Ra's minons, which they might have. In short, Daniel, in that scene, is not a reliable source of information. Thank you. Tutthoth-Ankhre (talk) 17:44, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

still marked as a stub
I think it's fair to say this entry could be considered a full-blown article and no longer a stub...

Same word in two sentances, different spellings
"...meditation known as Kelna'rim on regular intervals in order to synchronise with the symbiote. If kelnoreem is not performed..."

Kelna'rim or kelnoreem? Manfrin 03:55, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * the official spelling seems to be kelnoreem.   Zanaq 10:56, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * But |Gateworld has it spelled on most pages as Kelnarim or Kelnorim. Considering There is no difinitive source, and that there are no subtitles on the DVD's to verify with, I think we should just keep it with Kelna'rim as is in the article (I fixed the second spelling to match). Also, 'kelnoreem' is the phonetical spelling of it, and therefore the extra results in the google search for that spelling is probably attributed to people simply commenting on the show, spelling how it sounds. Manfrin 02:08, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Instead of having 2 or more stubs based on Jaffa related subjects, let's bring them all together. Lady Aleena 00:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like a good idea to me overall, but at the same time how about splitting off a List of Jaffa since half the article is currently taken up by that and there's another similar list over in First Prime that would add to the listiness of the article as well. Bryan 00:42, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I like this idea. SPlit it to Jaffa and List of Jaffa, First Prime goes in List, the rest in Jaffa. Manfrin 02:09, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Instead of putting the Jaffa High Council in the Jaffa entry, I think it should be put in the Free Jaffa Nation article. I will change the merge links to reflect that, since the High Council is the first government of the Free Jaffa Nation. Lady Aleena 04:23, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Indifferent to Jaffa resistance, Oppose for First Prime. Reiterating my argument in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stargate, I beleive that First Prime isn't just a kind of Jaffa but a fictional military rank, entitled to its own article. Heck, real military ranks have shorter articles. In addition, I think it's a good idea to have something to link to when someone types First Prime, if only because we went without it for so long. Lockesdonkey 19:40, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * A redirect page would suffice.--  Alfakim  --  talk   08:34, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge both. Just because an article is merged doesn't mean we can use the first as a redirect - in this case, First Prime would then point to the Jaffa page (too bad redirects can't point to a specific entry on the page). Since there aren't any other Jaffa rankings that I'm aware of, it doesn't really make sense to have a completely separate article merely for a First Prime - now, if the structure of the Jaffa military were fleshed out more, then I'd think it appropriate to make an entire new entry on Jaffa military structure or somesuch, but still leave First Prime as a redirect. And the Jaffa resistance article is really too small to keep on its own, even if it were fleshed out. Virogtheconq 00:35, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Status Quo No need to merge the articles as the subject matter is distinct - look at all the parts of the Jaffa article which have nothing to do with the First Prime. Robertbrockway 08:04, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Seperate species?
I have not seen to the end of Season 9 yet but AFAIK it has never been established whether a human and a Jaffa can create fertile offspring - this the most commonly accepted definition of a species. Jaffa and humans have never been shown as interested in each other sexually/romantically that I can recall. Whether or not Jaffa are a seperate species remains to be defined I believe. Just because they are decended from humans does not on its own mean they are still human in any biological sense. My person feeling is that the Jaffa constitute a seperate species. Robertbrockway 07:43, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

From what I've seen, Jaffa aren't a different species, but a way for the Goa'uld to enslave these otherwise ordinary humans: without a goa'uld symbiote, they would die, so they can never betray their "gods" and still live. --[[User:Tutthoth-Ankhre|Tutthoth-Ankhre~ The Pharaoh of the Universe]] (talk) 19:46, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Horus, Anubis
Ra's Jaffa in the film are credited as Anubis and Horus. Should we include them? After all, [presumably unrelated] Anubis and Horus (Heru-ur) turned out to be System Lords in SG-1. --Codenamecuckoo 10:41, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Ra didn't have Jaffa. The film's story of Ra's Royal Guards is different then SG-1's story of Jaffa. Since Ra's Anubis and Horus were not Jaffa, they should not be included here.

Age of Prata & Prim'tah
Changed the first article since it implied that all Jaffa requires a symbiote upon reaching puberty, this is not true for all jaffa populations. Teal'c's son did not require a sybiote because of his age but because he was sick and dying.

He only got sick because his immune system shut down, it has been explicitly stated that all Jaffa require a symbiote to survive after they reach their specific age. Many episodes (Specifically those with the Hak'tyl) have shown Jaffa children with no apparent sickness requiring a symbiote to prevent their death. JBK405 22:13, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

How was it that Teal'c was planning to keep his son alive, wasn't the episode where he gets his son back based around Teal'c not wanting his son to grow up a slave needing a symbiont? How was this suppose to work then if his son would die anyway? From watching the show I was under the impression that the only reason his son needed a symbiont was that he was sick with a normal major infection and became too sick to move. --Talroth 01:51, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

I have to agree with the statements above. the articles reads as if jaffa require a symbionte to live. as stated above this is untrue. i belive the reason why Teal'c's son was sick is that he was living in poverty after his family was outcast from jaffa society. also where does this nonsence about genetic experimentatoion come from ? wasnt it proved that the creation of the Jafa was a mechanical process performed by a queen symbiote and not a genetic feature. i am refering of cource to the episode which introduced Hathor who turned O'neil into a Jafa useing a drill like device on her waist. doesnt this mean that the jaffa are not actually a species but rather a culture or perhaps a nation that have their own brand of body modification?--Dr noire 23:06, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Jaffa/Human Link
Where was it ever established that Jaffa are biologically human, their ancestors being modified humans?? --Promus Kaa 20:22, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

It has been established, most prominently in the episode Hathor, that they definitely are modified humans. However, Hathor has actually been officially declared non-cannon (There are many issues between it and the continuity of other episodes, as well as just some bad plot points) and I can't recall a specific other instance where it was so clearly stated (Although I'm pretty sure that it was stated elsewhere). JBK405 01:25, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * None of the SGI or Atlantis episodes have been declared non-canon. officially or otherwise. You posting this sentence doesn't make it true. Also, I advise all readers about trusting the veracity of claims of canon status made by someone who cannot spell 'canon.' 96.225.212.89 (talk) 12:20, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Jaffa Cake
"Jaffa are also the first race to have brought Jaffa Cakes to planet Earth."

was that mentioned in the show somewhere, or is somebody just taking the piss. I'm pretty sure that needs to be removed, but a second opinion would be nice

Guy is blatantly taking the piss please change it.

Merger of Free Jaffa Nation
Free Jaffa Nation does not meet WP:Notability (fiction) because it consists of mainly unsourced plot and appears nonnotable, but it is a long article (WP:SIZE). I'd like trim it and then merge it here. Objections for a merge? (Note that if you want to keep it, you still need to trim it and then expand it for sourced production conception, audience reception etc.) – sgeureka t•c 13:30, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Merged. – sgeureka t•c 16:03, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger of Chulak
The planet has some in-universe notability, but presumely no real-world notability as required per Notability (fiction) (WP:FICT). Since this planet has a strong link to the history of the Jaffa, I suggest merging it here (some of the article content already appears here, so the article wouldn't be merged here in full). The left-over article can than either redirect here or Planets in Stargate. I'll leave this discussion open for a while (longer than two weeks) to allow the addition real-world content (which per WP:FICT would be sales figures, critical and popular reception, development, cultural impact, and merchandise) if it exists, and to allow proper time for discussion. I can transwiki the unmergeable tidbits to wikia:Stargate:Chulak. – sgeureka t•c 16:03, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Merged into Planets in Stargate instead of here. Article consisted of a lot of speculation (see No original research), so no further merge necessary. No transwiki done because of speculation. – sgeureka t•c 15:39, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger of Dakara
Basicially the same merge rationale as for Chulak (despite in-universe notability presumely no real-world notability), but since Dakara also has some Ancient history, this requires a little more discussion. I can transwiki the unmergeable tidbits, but wikia:Stargate:Dakara already seems to cover most information. – sgeureka t•c 16:03, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Merged into Planets in Stargate instead of here. Article consisted of a lot of plot repetition (see WP:NOT), most of which is already present in Dakara Superweapon, so no further merge necessary. No transwiki done because the wikia article is already good enough. – sgeureka t•c 15:39, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sg1-s09e08-0.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:41, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jaffateal'c.png
Image:Jaffateal'c.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:35, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Anubis Guard: Who is this guy?
He is not Anubis. That Cloaked and Ascended Systemlord was Anubis. Take it this way. On wikipedia, new news is considered more accurate and updated. Same thing here. But if this dude wasn't Anubis, you guys wonder, then who was he? There was another Ancient Egyptian god with a jackel's head: Duamutef, one of Four sons of Horus. Sorry if this is against guidelines, I'm just trying to make a point. Tutthoth-Ankhre (talk) 19:48, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

He's Anubis in the film, and that's all that matters to me.

Since I have not considered the SG-1 continuity to be canon for close to three years, I disregard any "explanations" that the series or any of its spin-offs come up with to reconcile the discrepancies that the series established in the first place. 205.250.96.88 (talk) 03:40, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

I changed my mind. The dude in the movie is now 100% Anubis to me. Maybe he was the replacment after the original, ascended anubis was banished, but that's OR.--[[User:Tutthoth-Ankhre|Tutthoth-Ankhre~ The Pharaoh of the Universe]] (talk) 19:43, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Marsupials?
I'm removing this category tag because the Jaffa are clearly not marsupials. Ninebucks (talk) 00:28, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaffa (Stargate)