text:
Minkowski addition

In geometry, the Minkowski sum of two sets of position vectors A and B in Euclidean space is formed by adding each vector in A to each vector in B:
 * $$A + B = \{\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{b}\,|\,\mathbf{a}\in A,\ \mathbf{b}\in B\}$$

The Minkowski difference (also Minkowski subtraction, Minkowski decomposition, or geometric difference) is the corresponding inverse, where $$(A - B)$$ produces a set that could be summed with B to recover A. This is defined as the complement of the Minkowski sum of the complement of A with the reflection of B about the origin.
 * $$-B = \{\mathbf{-b}\,|\,\mathbf{b}\in B\}$$
 * $$A - B = (A^\complement + (-B))^\complement$$

This definition allows a symmetrical relationship between the Minkowski sum and difference. Note that alternately taking the sum and difference with B is not necessarily equivalent. The sum can fill gaps which the difference may not re-open, and the difference can erase small islands which the sum cannot recreate from nothing.
 * $$(A - B) + B \subseteq A$$
 * $$(A + B) - B \supseteq A$$
 * $$A - B = (A^\complement + (-B))^\complement$$
 * $$A + B = (A^\complement - (-B))^\complement$$

In 2D image processing the Minkowski sum and difference are known as dilation and erosion.

An alternative definition of the Minkowski difference is sometimes used for computing intersection of convex shapes. This is not equivalent to the previous definition, and is not an inverse of the sum operation. Instead it replaces the vector addition of the Minkowski sum with a vector subtraction. If the two convex shapes intersect, the resulting set will contain the origin.
 * $$A - B = \{\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{b}\,|\,\mathbf{a}\in A,\ \mathbf{b}\in B\} = A + (-B)$$

The concept is named for Hermann Minkowski.

Example
For example, if we have two sets A and B, each consisting of three position vectors (informally, three points), representing the vertices of two triangles in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, with coordinates
 * $$A = \{(1,0), (0,1), (0,-1)\}$$

and
 * $$B = \{(0,0), (1,1), (1,-1)\}$$

then their Minkowski sum is
 * $$A + B = \{(1,0), (2,1), (2,-1), (0,1), (1,2), (1,0), (0,-1), (1,0), (1,-2)\},$$

which comprises the vertices of a hexagon and its center.

For Minkowski addition, the, $$\{ 0 \},$$ containing only the zero vector, 0, is an identity element: for every subset S of a vector space,
 * $$S + \{0\} = S.$$

The empty set is important in Minkowski addition, because the empty set annihilates every other subset: for every subset S of a vector space, its sum with the empty set is empty:
 * $$S + \emptyset = \emptyset.$$

For another example, consider the Minkowski sums of open or closed balls in the field $$\mathbb{K},$$ which is either the real numbers $$\R$$ or complex numbers $$\C.$$ If $$B_r := \{ s \in \mathbb{K} : |s| \leq r \}$$ is the closed ball of radius $$r \in [0, \infty]$$ centered at $$0$$ in $$\mathbb{K}$$ then for any $$r, s \in [0, \infty],$$ $$B_r + B_s = B_{r+s}$$ and also $$c B_r = B_{|c|r}$$ will hold for any scalar $$c \in \mathbb{K}$$ such that the product $$|c|r$$ is defined (which happens when $$c \neq 0$$ or $$r \neq \infty$$). If $$r, s,$$ and $$c$$ are all non-zero then the same equalities would still hold had $$B_r$$ been defined to be the open ball, rather than the closed ball, centered at $$0$$ (the non-zero assumption is needed because the open ball of radius $$0$$ is the empty set). The Minkowski sum of a closed ball and an open ball is an open ball. More generally, the Minkowski sum of an open subset with other set will be an open subset.

If $$G = \{ (x, 1/x) : 0 \neq x \in \R \}$$ is the graph of $$f(x) = \frac{1}{x}$$ and if and $$Y = \{ 0 \} \times \R$$ is the $$y$$-axis in $$X = \R^2$$ then the Minkowski sum of these two closed subsets of the plane is the open set $$G + Y = \{ (x, y) \in \R^2 : x \neq 0 \} = \R^2 \setminus Y$$ consisting of everything other than the $$y$$-axis. This shows that the Minkowski sum of two closed sets is not necessarily a closed set. However, the Minkowski sum of two closed subsets will be a closed subset if at least one of these sets is also a compact subset.

Convex hulls of Minkowski sums
Minkowski addition behaves well with respect to the operation of taking convex hulls, as shown by the following proposition:
 * For all non-empty subsets $$S_1$$ and $$S_2$$ of a real vector space, the convex hull of their Minkowski sum is the Minkowski sum of their convex hulls:
 * $$\operatorname{Conv}(S_1 + S_2) = \operatorname{Conv}(S_1) + \operatorname{Conv}(S_2).$$

This result holds more generally for any finite collection of non-empty sets:
 * $\operatorname{Conv}\left(\sum{S_n}\right) = \sum\operatorname{Conv}(S_n).$

In mathematical terminology, the operations of Minkowski summation and of forming convex hulls are commuting operations.

If $$S$$ is a convex set then $$\mu S + \lambda S$$ is also a convex set; furthermore
 * $$\mu S + \lambda S = (\mu + \lambda)S$$

for every $$\mu,\lambda \geq 0$$. Conversely, if this "distributive property" holds for all non-negative real numbers, $$\mu, \lambda$$, then the set is convex.

The figure to the right shows an example of a non-convex set for which $$A + A \subsetneq 2 A.$$

An example in $$1$$ dimension is: $$B = [1, 2] \cup [4, 5].$$ It can be easily calculated that $$2 B = [2, 4] \cup [8, 10]$$ but $$B + B = [2, 4] \cup [5, 7] \cup [8, 10],$$ hence again $$B + B \subsetneq 2 B.$$

Minkowski sums act linearly on the perimeter of two-dimensional convex bodies: the perimeter of the sum equals the sum of perimeters. Additionally, if $$K$$ is (the interior of) a curve of constant width, then the Minkowski sum of $$K$$ and of its $$180^{\circ}$$ rotation is a disk. These two facts can be combined to give a short proof of Barbier's theorem on the perimeter of curves of constant width.

Applications
Minkowski addition plays a central role in mathematical morphology. It arises in the brush-and-stroke paradigm of 2D computer graphics (with various uses, notably by Donald E. Knuth in Metafont), and as the solid sweep operation of 3D computer graphics. It has also been shown to be closely connected to the Earth mover's distance, and by extension, optimal transport.

Motion planning
Minkowski sums are used in motion planning of an object among obstacles. They are used for the computation of the configuration space, which is the set of all admissible positions of the object. In the simple model of translational motion of an object in the plane, where the position of an object may be uniquely specified by the position of a fixed point of this object, the configuration space are the Minkowski sum of the set of obstacles and the movable object placed at the origin and rotated 180 degrees.

Numerical control (NC) machining
In numerical control machining, the programming of the NC tool exploits the fact that the Minkowski sum of the cutting piece with its trajectory gives the shape of the cut in the material.

3D solid modeling
In OpenSCAD Minkowski sums are used to outline a shape with another shape creating a composite of both shapes.

Aggregation theory
Minkowski sums are also frequently used in aggregation theory when individual objects to be aggregated are characterized via sets.

Collision detection
Minkowski sums, specifically Minkowski differences, are often used alongside GJK algorithms to compute collision detection for convex hulls in physics engines.

Algorithms for computing Minkowski sums

 * alt=Minkowski addition of four line-segments. The left-hand pane displays four sets, which are displayed in a two-by-two array. Each of the sets contains exactly two points, which are displayed in red. In each set, the two points are joined by a pink line-segment, which is the convex hull of the original set. Each set has exactly one point that is indicated with a plus-symbol. In the top row of the two-by-two array, the plus-symbol lies in the interior of the line segment; in the bottom row, the plus-symbol coincides with one of the red-points. This completes the description of the left-hand pane of the diagram. The right-hand pane displays the Minkowski sum of the sets, which is the union of the sums having exactly one point from each summand-set; for the displayed sets, the sixteen sums are distinct points, which are displayed in red: The right-hand red sum-points are the sums of the left-hand red summand-points. The convex hull of the sixteen red-points is shaded in pink. In the pink interior of the right-hand sumset lies exactly one plus-symbol, which is the (unique) sum of the plus-symbols from the right-hand side. The right-hand plus-symbol is indeed the sum of the four plus-symbols from the left-hand sets, precisely two points from the original non-convex summand-sets and two points from the convex hulls of the remaining summand-sets.
 * Minkowski addition and convex hulls. The sixteen dark-red points (on the right) form the Minkowski sum of the four non-convex sets (on the left), each of which consists of a pair of red points. Their convex hulls (shaded pink) contain plus-signs (+): The right plus-sign is the sum of the left plus-signs.

Two convex polygons in the plane
For two convex polygons P and Q in the plane with m and n vertices, their Minkowski sum is a convex polygon with at most m + n vertices and may be computed in time O(m + n) by a very simple procedure, which may be informally described as follows. Assume that the edges of a polygon are given and the direction, say, counterclockwise, along the polygon boundary. Then it is easily seen that these edges of the convex polygon are ordered by polar angle. Let us merge the ordered sequences of the directed edges from P and Q into a single ordered sequence S. Imagine that these edges are solid arrows which can be moved freely while keeping them parallel to their original direction. Assemble these arrows in the order of the sequence S by attaching the tail of the next arrow to the head of the previous arrow. It turns out that the resulting polygonal chain will in fact be a convex polygon which is the Minkowski sum of P and Q.

Other
If one polygon is convex and another one is not, the complexity of their Minkowski sum is O(nm). If both of them are nonconvex, their Minkowski sum complexity is O((mn)2).

Essential Minkowski sum
There is also a notion of the essential Minkowski sum +e of two subsets of Euclidean space. The usual Minkowski sum can be written as
 * $$A + B = \left\{ z \in \mathbb{R}^{n} \,|\, A \cap (z - B) \neq \emptyset \right\}.$$

Thus, the essential Minkowski sum is defined by
 * $$A +_{\mathrm{e}} B = \left\{ z \in \mathbb{R}^{n} \,|\, \mu \left[A \cap (z - B)\right] > 0 \right\},$$

where μ denotes the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure. The reason for the term "essential" is the following property of indicator functions: while
 * $$1_{A \,+\, B} (z) = \sup_{x \,\in\, \mathbb{R}^{n}} 1_{A} (x) 1_{B} (z - x),$$

it can be seen that
 * $$1_{A \,+_{\mathrm{e}}\, B} (z) = \mathop{\mathrm{ess\,sup}}_{x \,\in\, \mathbb{R}^{n}} 1_{A} (x) 1_{B} (z - x),$$

where "ess sup" denotes the essential supremum.

Lp Minkowski sum
For K and L compact convex subsets in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, the Minkowski sum can be described by the support function of the convex sets:
 * $$h_{K+L} = h_K + h_L.$$

For p ≥ 1, Firey defined the Lp Minkowski sum K +$p$ L of compact convex sets K and  L in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ containing the origin as
 * $$h_{K +_p L}^p = h_K^p + h_L^p.$$

By the Minkowski inequality, the function h$K+pL$ is again positive homogeneous and convex and hence the support function of a compact convex set. This definition is fundamental in the Lp Brunn-Minkowski theory.

title: Minkowski addition


text:
USM

USM may stand for:

General topics

 * Samui Airport, in Thailand (IATA airport code)
 * Ultimate Soccer Manager
 * Ultimate Spider-Man
 * Ultrasonic motor, the motor drive used in some Canon EF and EF-S lenses
 * Union of Monaco Trade Unions (Union des Syndicats de Monaco)
 * United States Marines
 * United States of Mexico
 * United States Military
 * United States Mint
 * United States of Mind, a studio album by the band Covenant
 * Unlisted Securities Market
 * Unsharp masking, an image processing method
 * United Socialist Movement, UK, 1934-1965
 * Ultrasonic machining
 * USM Holdings, a large Russian holding company

Computing

 * Universal Storage Media – a type of device that, when connected to a computer, shows up as a storage device without the need for additional drivers
 * Universal Storage Module – a standard for cableless plug-in slot-powered storage for consumer electronics devices
 * User-based Security Model – a security standard for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
 * Universal Subscription Mechanism – a protocol for the Rich Site Summary (RSS) standard

Universities

 * University System of Maryland
 * University School of Milwaukee
 * Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
 * University of Southern Maine
 * University of Southern Mindanao, Philippines
 * University of Southern Mississippi
 * Federico Santa María Technical University (also known as UTFSM or USM)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USM


text: Talk:University of Sydney

title: Talk:University of Sydney


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Hausdorff measure

In mathematics, Hausdorff measure is a generalization of the traditional notions of area and volume to non-integer dimensions, specifically fractals and their Hausdorff dimensions. It is a type of outer measure, named for Felix Hausdorff, that assigns a number in [0,∞] to each set in $$\R^n$$ or, more generally, in any metric space.

The zero-dimensional Hausdorff measure is the number of points in the set (if the set is finite) or ∞ if the set is infinite. Likewise, the one-dimensional Hausdorff measure of a simple curve in $$\R^n$$ is equal to the length of the curve, and the two-dimensional Hausdorff measure of a Lebesgue-measurable subset of $$\R^2$$ is proportional to the area of the set. Thus, the concept of the Hausdorff measure generalizes the Lebesgue measure and its notions of counting, length, and area. It also generalizes volume. In fact, there are d-dimensional Hausdorff measures for any d ≥ 0, which is not necessarily an integer. These measures are fundamental in geometric measure theory. They appear naturally in harmonic analysis or potential theory.

Definition
Let $$(X,\rho)$$ be a metric space. For any subset $$U\subset X$$, let $$\operatorname{diam}U$$ denote its diameter, that is

 * $$\operatorname{diam} U :=\sup\{\rho(x,y):x,y\in U\}, \quad \operatorname{diam} \emptyset:=0.$$

Let $$S$$ be any subset of $$X,$$ and $$\delta>0$$ a real number. Define

 * $$H^d_\delta(S)=\inf\left \{\sum_{i=1}^\infty (\operatorname{diam} U_i)^d: \bigcup_{i=1}^\infty U_i\supseteq S, \operatorname{diam} U_i<\delta\right \},$$

where the infimum is over all countable covers of $$S$$ by sets $$U_i\subset X$$ satisfying $$ \operatorname{diam} U_i<\delta$$.

Note that $$H^d_\delta(S)$$ is monotone nonincreasing in $$\delta$$ since the larger $$ \delta $$ is, the more collections of sets are permitted, making the infimum not larger. Thus, $$\lim_{\delta\to 0}H^d_\delta(S)$$ exists but may be infinite. Let

 * $$ H^d(S):=\sup_{\delta>0} H^d_\delta(S)=\lim_{\delta\to 0}H^d_\delta(S).$$

It can be seen that $$H^d(S)$$ is an outer measure (more precisely, it is a metric outer measure). By Carathéodory's extension theorem, its restriction to the σ-field of Carathéodory-measurable sets is a measure. It is called the $$d$$-dimensional Hausdorff measure of $$S$$. Due to the metric outer measure property, all Borel subsets of $$X$$ are $$H^d$$ measurable.

In the above definition the sets in the covering are arbitrary. However, we can require the covering sets to be open or closed, or in normed spaces even convex, that will yield the same $$H^d_\delta(S)$$ numbers, hence the same measure. In $$\R^n$$ restricting the covering sets to be balls may change the measures but does not change the dimension of the measured sets.

Properties of Hausdorff measures
Note that if d is a positive integer, the d-dimensional Hausdorff measure of $$\R^d$$ is a rescaling of the usual d-dimensional Lebesgue measure $$\lambda_d$$, which is normalized so that the Lebesgue measure of the unit cube [0,1]d is 1. In fact, for any Borel set E,

 * $$ \lambda_d(E) = 2^{-d} \alpha_d H^d(E),$$

where αd is the volume of the unit d-ball; it can be expressed using Euler's gamma function

 * $$\alpha_d =\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac12\right)^d}{\Gamma\left(\frac{d}{2}+1\right)} =\frac{\pi^{d/2}}{\Gamma\left(\frac{d}{2}+1\right)}.$$

This is
 * $$ \lambda_d(E) = \beta_d H^d(E)$$,

where $$\beta_d$$ is the volume of the unit diameter d-ball.

Remark. Some authors adopt a definition of Hausdorff measure slightly different from the one chosen here, the difference being that the value $$H^d(E)$$ defined above is multiplied by the factor $$\beta_d = 2^{-d} \alpha_d$$, so that Hausdorff d-dimensional measure coincides exactly with Lebesgue measure in the case of Euclidean space.

Relation with Hausdorff dimension
It turns out that $$H^d(S)$$ may have a finite, nonzero value for at most one $$d$$. That is, the Hausdorff Measure is zero for any value above a certain dimension and infinity below a certain dimension, analogous to the idea that the area of a line is zero and the length of a 2D shape is in some sense infinity. This leads to one of several possible equivalent definitions of the Hausdorff dimension:
 * $$\dim_{\mathrm{Haus}}(S)=\inf\{d\ge 0:H^d(S)=0\}=\sup\{d\ge 0:H^d(S)=\infty\},$$

where we take $$\inf\emptyset=+\infty$$ and $$\sup\emptyset=0$$.

Note that it is not guaranteed that the Hausdorff measure must be finite and nonzero for some d, and indeed the measure at the Hausdorff dimension may still be zero; in this case, the Hausdorff dimension still acts as a change point between measures of zero and infinity.

Generalizations
In geometric measure theory and related fields, the Minkowski content is often used to measure the size of a subset of a metric measure space. For suitable domains in Euclidean space, the two notions of size coincide, up to overall normalizations depending on conventions. More precisely, a subset of $$\R^n$$ is said to be $m$-rectifiable if it is the image of a bounded set in $$\R^m$$ under a Lipschitz function. If $$m<n$$, then the $$m$$-dimensional Minkowski content of a closed $$m$$-rectifiable subset of $$\R^n$$ is equal to $$2^{-m}\alpha_m$$ times the $$m$$-dimensional Hausdorff measure.

In fractal geometry, some fractals with Hausdorff dimension $$d$$ have zero or infinite $$d$$-dimensional Hausdorff measure. For example, almost surely the image of planar Brownian motion has Hausdorff dimension 2 and its two-dimensional Hausdorff measure is zero. In order to "measure" the "size" of such sets, the following variation on the notion of the Hausdorff measure can be considered:

 * In the definition of the measure $$(\operatorname{diam}U_i)^d$$ is replaced with $$\phi(U_i),$$ where $$\phi$$ is any monotone increasing set function satisfying $$\phi(\emptyset )=0.$$

This is the Hausdorff measure of $$S$$ with gauge function $$\phi,$$ or $$\phi$$-Hausdorff measure. A $$d$$-dimensional set $$S$$ may satisfy $$H^d(S)=0,$$ but $$ H^\phi(S)\in (0,\infty)$$ with an appropriate $$\phi.$$ Examples of gauge functions include

 * $$\phi(t)=t^2 \log\log\frac{1}{t} \quad \text{or} \quad \phi(t) = t^2\log\frac{1}{t}\log\log\log\frac{1}{t}.$$

The former gives almost surely positive and $$\sigma$$-finite measure to the Brownian path in $$\R^n$$ when $$n>2$$, and the latter when $$n=2$$.

title: Hausdorff measure


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La Perouse, New South Wales

La Perouse is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb of La Perouse is located about 14 km southeast of the Sydney central business district, in the City of Randwick.

The La Perouse peninsula is the northern headland of Botany Bay. It is notable for its old military outpost at Bare Island and the Kamay Botany Bay National Park. Congwong Bay Beach, Little Congwong Beach, and the beach at Frenchmans Bay provide protected swimming areas in Botany Bay. La Perouse is one of few Sydney suburbs with a French name, others being Sans Souci and Vaucluse. Kurnell is located opposite, on the southern headland of Botany Bay.

History
La Perouse was known as "Gooriwal" to the Muruora-dial people of the area. The Gameygal or Kameygal clan of the Dharug people probably lived between the mouth of the Cooks River and present-day La Perouse, including the La Perouse area.

La Perouse was named after the French navigator Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse (1741–88), who landed on the northern shore of Botany Bay west of Bare Island on 26 January 1788. Captain Arthur Phillip and the first fleet of convicts had arrived in Botany Bay a few days earlier. Louis XVI of France had commissioned Lapérouse to explore the Pacific. In April 1770 James Cook's expedition had sailed onto the east coast of Australia whilst exploring the south Pacific searching for Terra Australis or ‘Land of the South’. Upon King Louis XVI's orders, Lapérouse departed Brest, France, in command of the FRENCH SHIP Astrolabe and FRENCH SHIP Boussole on 1 August 1785 on a scientific voyage of the Pacific inspired by the voyages of Cook. La Perouse in Sydney's south is named after the leader of this French expedition.

Lapérouse's two ships sailed to New South Wales after 12 of his men had been attacked and killed in the Navigator Islands (Samoa). Astrolabe and Boussole arrived off Botany Bay on 24 January just six days after Captain Arthur Phillip (1738–1814) had anchored just west of Bare Island, in HMS Supply (1759). On 26 January 1788, as Captain John Hunter was moving the First Fleet around to Port Jackson after finding Botany Bay unsuitable for a Settlement, Lapérouse was sailing into Botany Bay,   anchoring there just eight days after the British had.

The British received Lapérouse courteously and offered him any assistance he might need. The French were far better provisioned than the British were, and extended the same courtesy but neither offer was accepted. The commander of the Fleet, Captain Phillip, ordered that two British naval vessels, HMS Sirius (1786) and Supply, meet the French. Contrary to popular belief, the French did not have orders to claim Terra Australis for France and the arrival of the French ships Astrolabe and Boussole and their meeting with the ships of the British expedition was cordial and followed normal protocols. Lapérouse subsequently sent his journals and letters to Europe with the British ship, the Sirius. The expedition's naturalist and chaplain, Father Louis Receveur, died in February after a skirmish the previous December in Samoa with the inhabitants, in which Paul Antoine Fleuriot de Langle, commander of Astrolabe and 12 other members of the French expedition were killed. Receveur, injured in that skirmish, died at Botany Bay and was buried at Frenchmans Cove below the headland that is now called La Perouse, not far from the Lapérouse Museum. The place was marked by a tin plate but the local Aboriginal people quickly removed it. The British replaced it with another and tended the site. In 1824, the tree was inscribed by Victor-Charles Lottin (1781–1846), an ensign visiting with Louis Isidore Duperrey. The following year, Hyacinthe de Bougainville paid for the tombstone that is on the site today. It was designed by Government Architect George Cookney (1799–1876). Receveur was the second European to be buried on the East Coast of Australia, the first being Forby Sutherland from Cook's 1770 expedition who is buried at nearby Kurnell on the other side of the Botany Bay headlands.

The French stayed at Botany Bay for six weeks and built a stockade, observatory and garden for fresh produce on what is now known as the La Perouse peninsula. After completing the building of a longboat (to replace one lost in the attack in the Navigator Islands) and obtaining wood and water, the French departed for New Caledonia, Santa Cruz, the Solomons, and the Louisiades. Lapérouse wrote in his journals that he expected to be back in France by December 1788, but the two ships vanished. The last official sighting of the French expedition was in March 1788 when British lookouts stationed at the South Head of Port Jackson saw the expedition sail from Botany Bay. The French expedition was wrecked a short time later on the reefs of Vanikoro in the Solomon Islands during a cyclone sometime during April or May 1788, the circumstances remained a mystery for 40 years. Some of the mystery was solved in 1826 when items associated with the French ships were found on an island in the Santa Cruz group, with wreckage of the ships themselves discovered in 1964.

More recently two major expeditions have been mounted to explore the sites in Vanikoro. In May 2005, the wreck was formally identified as that of the Boussole. The 2005 expedition was embarked aboard FRENCH SHIP Jacques Cartier, a French naval vessel. The ship supported a multi-discipline scientific team to investigate the "Mystery of Lapérouse". The mission was called "Opération Vanikoro-Sur les traces des épaves de Lapérouse 2005". A further similar mission was mounted in 2008. Between 16 September and 15 October 2008 two French Navy boats set out from Nouméa (New Caledonia) for a voyage to Vanikoro, recreating that section of the final journey of discovery made by Lapérouse.

Historic structures

The first building in the area was the octagonal stone tower constructed in 1820–22 as accommodation for a small guard of soldiers stationed there to prevent smuggling, and the tower still stands today. By 1885, an Aboriginal reserve had been established in the suburb and a number of missions were operated in the area. The original church was dismantled and moved to the corner of Elaroo and Adina Avenues, where it still stands. It is known as the La Perouse Mission Church.

A kiosk was built in 1896 to cater for tourists who came to see the attractions, including snake-handling shows. During the Great Depression, from the late 1920s, many severely affected low-income families took up residence here in settlements beside the Aboriginal reserve.

The small island just inside the heads was described by Captain James Cook as "a small bare island". Bare Island was fortified in 1885, according to a design by colonial architect, James Barnet (1827–1904), and fitted with heavy guns. In 1912 Bare Island became a retirement home for war veterans, which continued to operate until 1963, when it was handed over to the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service for use as a museum and tourist attraction.

Apart from the fortification on Bare Island two other fortifications are located within La Perouse, one of them, Fort Banks is located on Cape Banks. This facility was part of the Eastern Command Fixed Defences unit, it was designed and positioned in a way that would allow it to protect the approaches to Botany Bay in the event of a sea born attack during the World War II period. Henry Head Battery, constructed 1892–1895, operated until 1910, when the fort became obsolete. The battery along with two gun-emplacements and observation posts was recommissioned for use during the second World War.

Heritage listings
La Perouse has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bare Island Fort
 * 46 Adina Avenue: La Perouse Mission Church
 * 1-39 Bunnerong Road: Chinese Market Gardens (La Perouse)

Trams
The former La Perouse tram line branched from Oxford Street at Taylor Square in Darlinghurst to run south along Flinders Street, then into its own tram reservation along the eastern side of Anzac Parade beside Moore Park. It then proceeded down the centre of Anzac Parade through Maroubra Junction, and Malabar to its balloon loop terminus at La Perouse. At Malabar, a single line branched off to serve Long Bay Gaol. The line was double track throughout. The line reached La Perouse in stages from 1900 to 1902. The Loop is the circular track that was built as part of the Sydney tram terminus at La Perouse. Closure was supported by the NRMA, but generally went against public opinion. Nevertheless, closure became Labor government policy and the system was wound down in stages, with withdrawal of the last service, to La Perouse in 1961. The line followed the current route of Transdev John Holland bus route 394X.

Ferries
Wharves are being built at La Perouse and southward at Kurnell, for a ferry service between them.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 399 people in La Perouse.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 37.4% of the population.
 * 76.4% of people were born in Australia and 78.6% of people spoke only English at home
 * The most common response for religion was No Religion (30.7% of the population).

Attractions
The La Perouse Museum contains maps, scientific instruments and relics recovered from French explorers. A walking trail from the museum to the Endeavour Lighthouse has views across the bay to the site of Captain Cook's Landing Place. The large Lapérouse Monument is an obelisk erected in 1825 by the French, located close to the museum. Another memorial marks the grave of Father Receveur. The fortified Bare Island is linked by a footbridge. The museum was originally built as cable station to house the operation of the first submarine telegraph communications cable laid between Australia and Nelson in New Zealand. This cable also served as the first link in telegraph communications between New Zealand and the rest of the world. After the cessation of telegraph communications, the building served as a home for orphans run by the Salvation Army, with the children attending La Perouse Public School when this first opened in the early 1950s.

Visitors can learn about the Indigenous significance of the area from the Aboriginal people of the area, with boomerang-throwing demonstrations often held on weekends and Aboriginal guided tours operating from Yarra Bay House during the week. Aboriginal artefacts are produced and sold by locals. The Snake Man of La Perouse has an outdoor reptile show is also a tourist attraction in the pit, at The Loop, on Sunday afternoons. The reptile shows were begun by the legendary Professor Fox in the late 19th century and resumed by George Cann just after the Great War in 1918. The tradition was continued by members of the Cann family, until recently, and other snake handlers since.

La Perouse has a few cafés and restaurants around the historic precinct, close to Frenchmans Bay.

The New South Wales Golf Club, a linksstyle golf course, is at La Perouse, facing both Botany Bay and the Tasman Sea.

Scuba diving
The area around the La Perouse peninsula is considered to be one of the best scuba diving sites in NSW. Bare Island has a number of dive sites, some of which extend to over 19 metres in depth. The reef around the area is extensive. There are also a number of dives around the mainland at La Perouse. Scuba divers here can see the common (weedy) sea dragon, pygmy pipefish, big-belly seahorses and other fish common in the Sydney area.

Little Congwong Beach is popular for snorkeling, and it has also been used for decades as an unofficial nude beach.

In popular culture

 * Several scenes from Mission: Impossible 2 (2000) were filmed in La Perouse, including Bare Island.

Notable residents

 * Kevin Longbottom, (1940−1986), rugby league player
 * Lola Ryan (1925−2003), shellworker
 * Emma Timbery (c. 1842−1916), Aboriginal shellworker and matriarch
 * Esme Timbery (1931–2023), shellworker

title: La Perouse, New South Wales


text:
CREN

The acronym CREN may refer to:

 * Christian Real Estate Network, a private real estate association
 * Club de Radioexperimentadores de Nicaragua, an amateur radio organization in Nicaragua
 * Corporation for Research and Educational Networking, organizational home for the computer networks Bitnet and later CSNET

title: CREN


text:
Bondi Junction

Bondi Junction is an eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 6 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of Waverley.

Bondi Junction is a largely commercial area which has undergone many changes since the late 20th century. There have been many major commercial and residential developments around the main street and surrounding area, notably a new bus/rail interchange and large shopping mall. Many of the original pubs have been maintained, notably, the Nelson Hotel, so named because of its location on Nelson Street. Bondi Beach is a neighbouring suburb to the east with its namesake beach. Similarly named Bondi and North Bondi are also neighbouring suburbs.

Bondi Junction and the neighbouring area is well known for its famous rugby league team, the Sydney Roosters, still officially known as the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club.

History
Bondi is an Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over rocks. It has been spelt a number of different ways over time: for example, Boondi, Bundi and Bundye.

The first house in the area was Waverley House, which was built by Barnett Levey in 1827, on the current site of Waverley Street. The house changed hands many times over the years before finally being demolished in 1904. When Waverley Municipality was proclaimed in 1859, the name was taken from Waverley House.

Henry Hough was first given a grant of land on the site of Bondi Junction in 1832. On his estate, he built a wind-powered flour mill. This was accessed by a track leading off the South Head Road (now Oxford Street), the suburb's main thoroughfare.

In 1854, the first hotel in the area opened. It was named The Waverley Tea Gardens and the surrounding area quickly took that name, quickly shortened to simply "Tea Gardens", which stuck for the next 30 years. By 1878 steam had supplanted wind in milling and the estate was closed. In May 1881, it was subdivided. Streets in this subdivision that exist today are Mill Hill Road and Hough Street. The subdivision of the estate coincided with the opening of the first tramway to the area – steam trams began operation from Taylor Square in Darlinghurst on 12 March 1881.

With the extension of the tram lines to Bondi Beach, Charing Cross and Bronte later in the decade, the term Bondi Junction was coined. It referred to the junction of the Bondi and Bronte tram lines at the corner of the now Oxford Street and Bronte Road.

With the subdivision of surrounding suburbs complete by 1930, Bondi Junction quickly grew into a major entertainment and commercial centre. Tram lines ran to Bondi Beach via Birriga Road, Bondi Beach via Bondi Road, Bronte Beach and The Spot, Randwick and the City at Circular Quay and Central railway station. A tram depot was established on the corner of South Head Road (renamed Oxford Street with the completion of widening works in Darlinghurst) and the present day York Road. Oxford Street quickly became crowded and congested. By the 1960s traffic was at the point that Bondi Junction was one of the worst bottlenecks in Sydney.

The suburb was historically divided by the border of Waverley and Woollahra councils. In 2002, the boundary was realigned from Oxford Street to the bypass road (see below), giving Waverley Council full control of the commercial areas of the suburb.

In April 2024, Joel Cauchi perpetrated a mass stabbing at Westfield Bondi Junction before being shot dead by police.

Transport
Bondi Junction railway station is an underground station that is also the eastern terminus of the Eastern Suburbs railway line on the Sydney Trains network. The station is also the terminus of limited South Coast Line services. A bus interchange is located at ground level, above the railway station and below residential towers.

The Sydney tram network was closed in 1961 and the Waverley Tram Depot converted to a bus depot. This temporarily reduced the traffic problem in the area ; but, the rise of the private motor vehicle soon made the problem acute. A railway to Sydney's eastern suburbs was first proposed by John Young, Mayor of Sydney in the 1870s. This was subsequently incorporated into the Bradfield Scheme for improving Sydney's railways. The line was never built as Bradfield envisaged, however.

In 1976, with construction of the railway underway and the NSW Government resolving to actually complete the project as far as Bondi Junction, construction was also begun on an elevated freeway-standard bypass of Bondi Junction. The Bondi Junction Bypass (later renamed Syd Einfeld Drive after the notable local man and one-time Member for Phillip), unlike the railway, was constructed quickly, opening on 6 January 1979. The road runs around the northern side of the business district from Oxford Street at Ocean Street to Oxford Street at Bondi Road and is elevated at about five metres above the ground. It is constructed as a continuous concrete plank bridge. The freeway is, in fact, the only section ever built of a much longer planned road known as the Eastern Freeway, a proposed freeway abandoned in the 1960s, which would have travelled between the Sydney CBD and Bondi.

With the railway opening in June 1979, major changes to traffic flow were made in Bondi Junction. The main thoroughfare, Oxford Street, became devoted to buses only between Adelaide Street and Bronte Road and a pedestrian mall was created between Bronte Road and Newland Street, known as Bondi Junction Mall. The opening of the railway provided the opportunity to rationalise bus services in the Eastern Suburbs, with most city services eliminated or terminated at the new Bondi Junction Bus–Rail Interchange.

In 1998, Woollahra Council, which controlled the site of the bus interchange, finalised an agreement to sell the airspace above the site to Meriton Apartments. Construction began in April 1999 for a new bus interchange and two residential apartment towers of over 70 m high. While this took place, upgrade works were also performed on Bondi Junction railway station. The new interchange was tentatively opened in September 2000 for the Sydney Olympics but subsequently closed for further work. The new bus interchange opened in July 2001.

Retail and shopping
Westfield Bondi Junction is a major mid to upmarket shopping centre opposite Bondi Junction railway station on the corner of Grosvenor and Oxford Street. There are also two smaller shopping centre nearby, Eastgate Bondi Junction located below the Eastgate residential apartment development and a shopping centre above the station and bus interchange known as Meriton Retail Precinct Bondi Junction. Oxford Street is a major commercial centre in Bondi Junction as it contains numerous businesses including hotels and shops from the York Street end to Old South Head Road. Oxford Street Mall is a pedestrian zone between Bronte Road and Newland Street and contains numerous shops and cafes. There are also shops along Spring Street, Ebley Street and Bronte Road.

High-density developments and housing
Bondi Junction is Sydney's fifth largest business district behind the CBD itself, North Sydney, Parramatta and Chatswood. Typical development in the commercial area consists of strip-mall type development two or three levels high. However, over the last 35 years, at least twenty buildings of 12 levels or higher have been constructed including Bondi Junction Private Hospital

The first large development was the Eastern Suburbs Leagues Club (Easts), the local rugby league club for the Eastern Suburbs Roosters.

In the 1980s, following the completion of the Eastern Suburbs Railway, commercial development reached a peak with several office buildings built in the centre of Bondi Junction. By the 1990s these were mostly displaced by residential developments.

Bondi Junction features high density residential developments close to the commercial centre and low density housing further away. Domestic architecture includes Victorian and Federation designs.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Census, there were 10,361 residents in Bondi Junction. In Bondi Junction, 42.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 9.0%, Brazil 3.8%, Ireland 3.2%, China (excluding SARs and Taiwan) 3.0% and South Africa 2.6%. 64.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.7%, Portuguese 3.6%, Spanish 3.1%, Russian 2.5% and Italian 1.7%. The most common responses for religion in Bondi Junction were No Religion 41.1%, Catholic (20.6%), Judaism (11.2%) and Anglican 6.4%.

Sport and recreation
Bondi Junction is represented in the National Rugby League by the Sydney Roosters, officially the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club (ESDRLFC). The clubhouse of the team is centrally located on Spring Street, Bondi Junction. The Junction is known colloquially to residents in the area as "the home of the Roosters".

Local landmarks and heritage listing
Bondi Junction has many heritage-listed buildings and other items.

Waverley Reservoirs on Paul Street is heritage listed at the state level.

The following are some of the locally heritage listed buildings:
 * Italianate home used as community health centre, 26 Llandaff Street
 * Ben Eden, Paul Street
 * Blair Athol, Woodstock Street
 * Euston, Woodstock Street
 * Charles Terrace, Denison Street
 * Glen Mervyn, Denison Street
 * Myall, Mill Hill Road
 * Cintra, Mill Hill Road
 * Congregationalist Church, Botany Street
 * Clementson Park, Ebley Street
 * Fingleton Reserve, Waverley Crescent
 * Hallena, Waverley Street
 * Cotswald Hall, Dalley Street
 * Waverley Library

title: Bondi Junction


text:
New Barnet

New Barnet is a neighbourhood on the north east side of the London Borough of Barnet. It is a largely residential North London suburb located east of Chipping Barnet, west of Cockfosters, south of the village of Monken Hadley and north of Oakleigh Park.

Residential properties include a mix of late Victorian villas and terraces, Edwardian detached housing, 1950-60s council housing and the redevelopment of land to low storey flats in the 1980s and 1990s. The north edge of New Barnet borders Monken Hadley Common, a common mostly made up of woods and cut by walking paths.

The main commercial area in New Barnet is east of New Barnet railway station on East Barnet Road. The high street is dominated by a medium-sized Sainsbury's supermarket with parking on top and is surrounded by a cluster of shops and facilities including Fayers, Just Add Water, PureGym, Tesco Express, Majestic Wine, Screwfix, Bikestrobe, Ink n Toner and Bodens Performing Arts. Several independent cafés also exist on the high street.

A number of office blocks were built in Station Road to the west of the station in the 1960s and 70s however many have now been converted to flats. In the past Station Approach in New Barnet was the home of CompShop which produced the pioneering UK101 kit microcomputer.

Public houses in New Barnet include The Railway Tavern, The Railway Bell (Wetherspoons), The Builders Arms, and The Lord Kitchener.

History
New Barnet owes its conception to the building of the Great Northern Railway in 1850, when a station serving High Barnet was built, but located about a mile away from the town centre of High Barnet, so that this 'new' area quickly saw development:

In 1876, Handbook to the Environs of London by James Thorne describe New Barnet as one of those new half-finished railway villages that we have come to look on as almost a necessary adjunct of every station within a moderate distance of London. New Barnet's growth accelerated at the turn of the 19th Century aided by the speculative developer, E. Fergusson Taylor, who became known as the creator of New Barnet.

In 1892 a town hall was built for the local board and from 1894 New Barnet formed part of the East Barnet Urban District of Hertfordshire until 1965 when it was transferred from Hertfordshire to Greater London to become part of the newly created London Borough of Barnet. The War Memorial was built opposite the Town Hall in 1921 to remember the 278 men of East Barnet who died in World War 1.

In 2019 a new Leisure Centre in New Barnet was completed by Barnet council including a 25m pool and gym. The Leisure Centre is run by the not-for-profit provider Better.

Trains
The main serving Rail Station in the area is New Barnet Station (Great Northern).

Regular Trains run south into London Moorgate via Finsbury Park and North to Welwyn Garden City via Potters Bar.

The closest Tube Stations are High Barnet tube station to the West and Cockfosters tube station to the East.

Buses
Buses serving New Barnet are:

Places of Worship
Churches include the Anglican St James's (East Barnet Road), St Mark's (Potters Road), Holy Trinity (Corner of Lyonsdown and Somerset Roads); Catholic Mary Immaculate & St Peter (Somerset Road); United Reformed Church St John's (corner of Somerset and Mowbray Roads); Quaker Friends' Meeting (Leicester Road).

There is a United Synagogue on Eversleigh Road. Tibetan Yungdrung Bön Study Centre is a Buddhist Temple on Henry Road.

Primary

 * Livingstone School
 * Cromer Road School
 * Trent School
 * Lyonsdown School (Private)

Secondary

 * Jewish Community Secondary School (JCOSS)
 * East Barnet School (EBS)

Green Spaces & Environment
New Barnet is bounded by Monken Hadley Common to the North, which is largely a wooded area, with paths and a fishing lake (for which you need a licence). King George's Field (Monken Hadley) bounds the West side of New Barnet and is one of many King George's Fields all over the country, established as memorials to King George V. Other Green Spaces include Victoria Recreation Ground, Highland Gardens and Ludgrove Playing Fields.

Governance
Barnet local elections are held every four years to elect Councillors to Barnet London Borough Council. New Barnet is covered by three wards:

 * East Barnet Ward
 * High Barnet Ward
 * Oakleigh Ward

New Barnet is in the Chipping Barnet (UK Parliament constituency) and is represented by the Conservative Party (UK) MP Theresa Villiers.

title: New Barnet


text:
Pasteur station (Paris Métro)

Pasteur is a station on Line 6 and Line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement. It is named after the French chemist Louis Pasteur. The platforms for both lines are situated underground, although Line 6 becomes elevated as it approaches northwest end of the station. Nearby are the Pasteur Institute (research facility) and the Lycée Buffon (school).

Location
The station is located at the intersection of Rue de Vaugirard and Boulevard Pasteur. On Line 6, the station is the first one underground on line from Charles de Gaulle–Étoile, after a long viaduct starting at Passy metro station.

History
The station opened on 24 April 1906 following the extension of line 2 Sud from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907 line 2 Sud became part of line 5. On 12 October 1942 the section of line 5 between Étoile and Place d'Italie, including Pasteur was rerouted from line 5 to line 6 in order to separate the tracks underground, as well as was elevated in certain sections (because these sections more vulnerable to air attack during World War II).

The line 12 platforms opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Paris Métro.

The station is named after the Boulevard Pasteur, which is named after Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) renowned French microbiologist and chemist.

It was the location of the Barrière de Vaugirard, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished during the nineteenth century.

The station was seen in the film Alice et Martin when the character of Alice (played by Juliette Binoche) looks out the window of a train as it descends underground.

Access
There are two entrances:
 * the first, on the central median of Boulevard Pasteur, south of Rue de Vaugirard;
 * the second, on the Boulevard Pasteur, north of Rue de Vaugirard.

The entrance of the North-South line is wrought iron, typical of this line, while the other entrance is in a Guimard style (1909, registered as a historical monument).

Platforms
The main theme of this station is Health. The platforms of Line 12 present research work led by Louis Pasteur. They are arranged in the Andreu-Motte orange style, with lighting strips and tunnel exits in this colour. The benches are of bevelled white tiling, unique case, and the seats are Motte white. The tiling and the North-South ceramics are however well preserved (advertising frames and frame of the station name is of a green colour, with green geometrical designs on the walls and the roof). This station, the station at Porte de Versailles (on the same line) and Porte de Clichy (on line 13) are only three stations on the network to mix these two decorative styles.

The platforms of Line 6 are decorated in the Bruno-Gaudin style (2000 metro revival) with bevelled white tiling, rounded white lighting strips, white ceramic advertising frames, beige Akiko seats and the station name on enamelled plate in Parisine font.

Bus connections
The station is served by Lines 39, 70, 89 and 95 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by Lines N13 and N62 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région d'Île-de-France
 * Pasteur Institute
 * Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
 * Lycée Buffon
 * Musée Pasteur

title: Pasteur station (Paris Métro)


text:
Vavin station

Vavin is a station of the Paris Métro on line 4 on the border of the 6th arrondissement and 14th arrondissement, under Place Pablo-Picasso at the intersection of Boulevard du Montparnasse and Boulevard Raspail. It is named after the nearby rue Vavin, named after 19th-century statesman Alexis Vavin (1792-1863).

It has the peculiarity of having two connections to other lines on the track towards Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac; one from line 12 just before entering the station and one towards line 6 just after leaving the station.

History
The station was opened on 9 January 1910 as part of the connecting section of the line under the Seine between Châtelet and Raspail.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 2 December 2005.

As part of the automation of line 4, the platforms were partially renovated and modernised. Its platform levels were raised to accommodate the installation of platform screen doors which took place from July to August 2020. This was in addition to new lighting being installed, tiling the floor, and the installation of new seats.

In 2018, the station was used by 2,182,742 passengers, making it the 244th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,021,987 passengers, making it the 244th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,009,201 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 241st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,009,201 passengers, making it the 249th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 4 accesses:

 * Access 1: Boulevard Raspail
 * Access 2: rue Vavin
 * Access 3: Boulevard du Montparnasse
 * Access 4: rue Delambre

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms, with platform screen doors installed since August 2020.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 58, 68, 82, and 91 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N01 and N02 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Paris-Panthéon-Assas University

title: Vavin station


text:
Hurstville, New South Wales

Hurstville is a suburb in Southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is 16 km south of the Sydney CBD and is part of the St George area. Hurstville is the administrative centre of the local government area of the Georges River Council.

The suburb is predominantly Asian Australian in character, with 63% of the population of Asian origin, among the highest in the country. Sometimes described as "Sydney's Real Chinatown", an estimated 37% of residents are immigrants from mainland China.

History
The name Hurstville is derived from the English 'hurst', meaning 'a wooded eminence', and 'ville', meaning 'town'.

Aboriginal culture
Although it is unknown when they first settled in the Hurstville area, the first inhabitants were Indigenous Australians. At the time of the arrival of the First Fleet, the Indigenous Australians residing in the area were of the Eora tribe, whose numbers spanned along the Georges River, from Botany Bay to present-day Liverpool.

European settlement
The first sustained contact between members of the First Fleet and the Eora tribe occurred on 20 January 1788 within the boundaries of the present City of Hurstville at Lugarno and Oatley, at Lime Kiln Bay on the Georges River, as recorded by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King in his diary. While Governor Philip explored the south side of the Georges River around Como, King with a party of one other officer and three marines in a six-oared rowboat aimed for the highest point they could see on the north side, probably at Lugarno, and landed at a place they named Lance Point. Although first contact with the Indigenous Australians led to a small altercation where a spear was thrown and a shot fired, later in the day when the party rowed up Lime Kiln Bay towards present day Mortdale they were greeted in a friendly manner by both men and women, and what could only be described as Australia's first picnic took place as food and drink were shared between the two peoples. After a long summer afternoon of mutual contact and conviviality the British sailors rowed back to their ship moored at Botany Bay (see Haworth R.J. 2012, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol. 14 pp. 1–28, for a reconstruction of King's boat journey and likely route).

The land of the Hurstville region was granted by the government of the new colony of New South Wales to two men: Captain John Townson and his brother Robert Townson in 1808. Captain John Townson was granted 1950 acre of land which is now occupied by the suburb of Hurstville and part of Bexley. Robert Townson was granted the land which is now occupied by Penshurst, Mortdale and parts of Peakhurst. In the same year, in the area now known as Riverwood land grants were made to Jane Trotter, Mary Shepley, Charles Doudall, and James Ryan. Later in 1816 another land grant in the same area was given to Mary Redman.

In 1809, Captain John Townson was granted an additional 250 acre in the area now occupied by Kingsgrove and Beverly Hills. The Townson brothers were not happy with the land that they were given because it was not suitable for the farming of sheep for wool and it is likely that the brothers never occupied their land. In 1812, a wealthy merchant named Simeon Lord bought the land of Captain John Townson and named it Lord's Forest. When Lord died, the land became the property of John Rose Holden and James Holt of the Bank of NSW.

Sproule family
Gladwyn is an historic, Italianate house at 96 Queens Road. It was built in 1893 by John Sproule, a local builder and alderman of Hurstville Council, who had acquired the land two years previously. It changed hands many times and was known as Gladwyn by 1906. Hurstville Council eventually acquired the house in 1986. It has been restored and adapted for commercial use, as well as serving as the base for the Hurstville Archival Research and Local Studies Centre. It is heritage-listed at state and local level.

In 1895, Ann Sproule bought land on the opposite side of Queens Road from the Winn brothers of Newcastle, New South Wales. John Sproule then built Yarra-Mundi in 1897, and lived there until 1904. The house then changed hands a number of times over the years. In 1981 it was acquired by the Danebank Church of England School for Girls. The school later sold the house in 2003 and it was subsequently adapted for commercial use. It is heritage-listed.

Development
A dam with a roadway on top was constructed on the Cooks River at Tempe in 1839. In 1843, the road that was to become known as Forest Road was extended from the dam to a hand-winched punt in Lugarno. On the other side of the river, the road continued all the way to Wollongong; however, it was only suitable for travellers on horseback. The new road opened up the Hurstville region and created a settlement at Bottle Forest, now known as Heathcote.

In 1850, the Lord Forest estate was purchased by Michael Gannon (1800–61), who subdivided it into small farms along what is now Croydon Road and three larger farms that were purchased by Dent, Peake, and Ibbotson. The area became known as Gannon's Forest. The land originally granted to Robert Townson was purchased by John Connell in 1830 and, following his death in 1849, the estate was inherited by his grandsons, Elias Pearson Laycock and John Connell Laycock.

The Gannon's Forest post office opened in 1881. The local school was named "Hurstville" by School Inspector MacIntyre when it was established in 1876. When the railway station opened on 15 October 1884, it took the name Hurstville, from the school. Hurstville municipality was incorporated in 1887 and, in 1988, Hurstville was declared a city. The Centenary Bakery on Forest Road is a historic building that has been preserved and once housed a museum. The St George Regional Museum is now located in another historic building in MacMahon Street.

The Hurstville train crash on 3 August 1920 resulted in five people killed and fifty injured. It involved the collision of two steam trains, one arriving from Central Railway Station, which plunged into the back of the other, which was stationary at Hurstville railway station, bound for Sutherland.

Hurstville's residential developments are a mixture of low-density housing, medium-density flats, and high-density apartment buildings.

Economy
Hurstville is the central business district of the St George area. It is a large, multiethnic suburb with a multitude of commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline.

The commercial area is centred on the main street, Forest Road, on the northern side of Hurstville railway station. Forest Road is the main shopping street which features branches of many retail shops as well as numerous banks (Commonwealth, ANZ, National Australia Bank, Westpac, St George, HSBC, Bank of China) and other financial institutions. The commercial developments also extend to surrounding streets concentrated from Queens Road to The Avenue and on the southern side of Hurstville Railway station, around Ormonde Parade. The commercial developments extend further along Forest Road, west towards Penshurst and east towards Bexley.

Retail and shopping
Hurstville has two major shopping centres, Westfield Hurstville and Hurstville Central. There are also a few smaller shopping centres such as Hurstville Times Plaza, East Quarter, Metro Centre, Hurstville City Centre and Union Arcade.

Restaurants and cafes
Hurstville has a wide variety of restaurants and cafes and is known as a major dining destination in the St George area of Sydney. There are a large number of Chinese (including Cantonese), Japanese and Vietnamese restaurants and eateries.

Other
The administrative offices of the Georges River Council are located in the Hurstville Civic Centre in MacMahon Street. This street also features a number of historic buildings such as the Friendly Pharmacy, old Fire Station, Ritz Hotel and Hurstville Museum & Gallery (formerly known as the St George Regional Museum), which houses the cake decorating collection formerly held at the Australian Cakes and Sugar Art Museum. Hurstville City Library is located nearby on Queens Road.

Culture
The St Clair Recording Studio operated for about a year from December 1965 to December 1966 and recorded the Bee Gees among other musicians. AC/DC played at the Hurstville Civic Centre (Marana Hall/Rivoli Hall) on eight occasions between 1974 and 1977.

A karaoke place opened in 2011 near the Meridian Hotel, the first ever one in Hurstville.

The Hurstville Museum & Gallery focuses on local history, art, and culture. According to the museum's website, it "is home to high quality exhibitions, a diverse range of public programs and a collection of approximately 5,000 objects and artworks from the local area."

Transport
Hurstville railway station is a major station on the T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line of the Sydney Trains network and the South Coast Line on the NSW TrainLink network. All Suburban and Intercity trains stop at Hurstville. Hurstville is 20 minutes from Sydney Central railway station on the express service. Hurstville is a major bus interchange with bus services departing from Forest Road and Ormonde Parade. Hurstville is also serviced by St George Community Transport, a HACC funded transport service for the Frail Aged, people with disability and their carers.

Churches

 * St George's Hurstville Anglican Church
 * St Michael's Roman Catholic Church
 * Hurstville Presbyterian Church
 * Hurstville Church of Christ
 * Hurstville Uniting Church
 * Hurstville Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Hurstville Assemblies of God
 * Salvation Army
 * Church of the Living God

Schools

 * Hurstville Adventist School
 * Hurstville Boys High School
 * Hurstville Public School
 * Hurstville South Public School
 * Danebank Anglican Girls School
 * Hurstville Grove Infants School
 * Beverly Hills Public School and St George Christian School.
 * Sydney Technical High School, Bethany College and St. Mary's Star of the Sea Catholic Primary School – all located just over the border in Bexley.

Landmarks

 * Hurstville Civic Centre, Hurstville Entertainment Centre, Hurstville City Library, St George Regional Museum, Park Plaza Apartments

Parks

 * Kempt Field, Woodville Park, Hurstville Park, Thorpe Park, Doyle Gardens.

Demographics
The first European settlers in the area were mostly of British and Irish ancestry. From the late 1960s, Hurstville, like many surrounding areas, became home to migrants from all around the world. The first wave of migrants included Greeks and Italians who began moving south from Sydney's inner-city suburbs. They were followed by more European migrants, including many from the former Yugoslavia.

From the 1990s, the Chinese community within Hurstville has grown considerably. Much of this was related to significant migration from Hong Kong during the 1990s and migration from mainland China during the 2000s. Many local businesses are operated by people of Chinese background, the interests of which are advanced by the St. George Asian Business Association. Hurstville is a hub for Asian groceries, food and services.

According to the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population, there were 29,822 residents in Hurstville. 27.8% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 36.9%, Nepal 7.1%, Hong Kong 4.0%, Indonesia 1.8% and India 1.5%. 18.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 32.3%, Cantonese 17.9%, Nepali 7.2%, Arabic 2.8% and Greek 2.5%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 42.7%, Catholic 11.8%, Hinduism 8.2% and Buddhism 8.1%. The most common ancestries in Hurstville were Chinese 49.4%, English 6.6%, Nepalese 6.6%, Australian 5.1% and Greek 2.9% and 1.3% Filipinos.

Notable residents

 * Cecil Abbott AO, QPM – Commissioner of the New South Wales Police (1981–1984)
 * Ronald Ernest Aitchison – physicist
 * Arthur Samuel Allen (1894–1959) – army officer and accountant, audit clerk in NSW Government Railways
 * Ezekiel Baker – politician
 * Roy Bossi (1894–1964) – rugby league player
 * Jack Brabham (1926–2014) – three-time Formula One World Champion motor racer
 * Jayden Brailey – rugby league player playing for the Newcastle Knights
 * Matthew Dufty – rugby league player playing for the Warrington Wolves
 * Ambrose George Enticknap (1894–1976) – orchardist and politician
 * Stella Maria Sarah Miles Franklin – writer
 * Neville Hayes – swimmer
 * Arthur Justice (1902–1977) – rugby league player, coach, and administrator
 * Thomas John Ley (1880–1947) – politician and murderer
 * Jack Lindwall – rugby league player for St George
 * Ray Lindwall – test cricketer, also played rugby league for St George; younger brother of Jack
 * Craig Nicholls – musician
 * Eris Michael O'Brien (1895–1974) – Catholic archbishop and Australian historian
 * Kerry O'Keeffe – test cricketer and sportscaster
 * Kurtis Patterson – test cricketer
 * Riley Price – rugby league player playing for the North Queensland Cowboys
 * Gordon Stanley Reid (1923–1989) – parliamentary official, political scientist and governor
 * Ken Rosewall – tennis player
 * Michael Rush – champion sculler, spent his last years farming a Hurstville small-holding.

title: Hurstville, New South Wales


text:
User:Pranavb

Hey! I am a student from India, currently in Norway, studying at the Norwegian School of Management at Sandvika.

I come from a Baroda, located in the state of Gujarat in the west. I also live at times in Mumbai, one of the biggest cities in India.

Topics where you could see me active could be Finance,Technology and Strategy.

title: User:Pranavb


text:
PartitionMagic

PartitionMagic is a utility software program for hard disk drive partitioning originally made by PowerQuest, but subsequently owned by Symantec. As of December 8, 2009, the Symantec website stated that they no longer offer PartitionMagic.

The program runs on pre-Vista Microsoft Windows operating systems including Windows 2000 and Windows XP, but the application is incompatible with Windows Vista and later versions (although Microsoft added resizing). In any of these cases, existing partitions can be resized without loss of data.

Details
PartitionMagic is capable of resizing NTFS, FAT16 or FAT32 partitions without data loss, and can copy and move partitions, including to other disks. It also has various other features, including being able to convert between FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS, modify the cluster size of FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS filesystems, and merge adjacent FAT or NTFS filesystems (all without data loss, though some NTFS-only metadata is lost on conversion to FAT). Additionally, it had somewhat limited support for ext2 and ext3 partitions. PartitionMagic was the first commercial product of its kind containing patented technology.

The first version of PartitionMagic was released with DOS and OS/2 support. Versions 2–3 were offered with DOS, OS/2 and Windows support. Symantec's PartitionMagic version 8 dropped the OS/2 version. Server versions were also offered under the name Server Magic for Windows and Novell NetWare servers.

The stable version of PartitionMagic 8.05 also included a rescue floppy disk with an additional DOS version of PartitionMagic. The DOS version (which included DR-DOS or MS-DOS) came on one 2.88 MB or two 1.44 MB floppy disks.

The Windows version of PartitionMagic could also be integrated in BartPE (Bart's Preinstalled Environment) a Windows XP based Live CD created by using the PE Builder. To integrate PartitionMagic into BartPE a PE Builder plug-in for PartitionMagic was available.

History
PowerQuest's Partition Magic originated in 1993; Version 2.0 was available for purchase by January 1995. An OS/2 version was available by September 1995.

Version 3.02 came out in early 1997.

PartitionMagic, while under PowerQuest, was updated regularly, adding new features.

Once Symantec purchased the application in 2003, there were no new releases, and Symantec stated that it had no plans on releasing a new version. As of October 13, 2011, the Symantec website stated, "Sorry, we no longer offer Norton Partition Magic."

Compatibility issues
PartitionMagic is compatible with Windows NT, 95/98, ME, 2000, and XP desktop editions. However, it is not compatible with server editions of Windows NT, 2000, nor 2003 by design – a more expensive product from the same manufacturer, ServerMagic, would handle these – nor does it run on Windows Vista and later versions.

PartitionMagic 2.0.5, VolumeManager 7 and VolumeManager 8 cannot resize dynamic disks.

title: PartitionMagic


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Homebush Bay

Homebush Bay is a bay on the south bank of the Parramatta River, in the west of Sydney, Australia. The name is also sometimes used to refer to an area to the west and south of the bay itself, which was formerly an official suburb of Sydney, and has now become the suburbs of Sydney Olympic Park, Wentworth Point and part of the neighbouring suburb of Lidcombe, all part of the City of Parramatta. Homebush Bay is located 13 km west of the Sydney central business district. The bay has a natural and artificial shoreline on the southern side of the Parramatta River between the suburbs of Wentworth Point and Rhodes. In the 1900s the bay was contaminated with dioxins and other chemicals by the local Union Carbide chemical plant, which has led to commercial fishing bans in most of Sydney Harbour, and health advisories about limiting the quantity of fish eaten from the Parramatta River. Other contaminants in the bay include phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT, and heavy metals. The eastern shore of the bay was remediated starting in 2008 to remove about 75% of the dioxins from the bay. Remediation was completed in mid-2010, however fishing is still prohibited in Homebush Bay.

The western shore of Homebush Bay is in the local government area of the City of Parramatta, while its eastern shore is in the City of Canada Bay. As a result, the bay forms part of the geographical boundary between the Greater Western Sydney region in the west and the Inner West region of Sydney in the east, except that the suburb of Wentworth Point, at the northern tip of the western bank, is sometimes marketed as being in the Inner West. Homebush and Homebush West are suburbs to the south, some distance away from the shores of the bay, in the Municipality of Strathfield.

History
The region is a part of the traditional land of the Wann-gal people who lived in Homebush Bay thousands of years ago and survived on the resources offered by the estuary. The first European settlers arrived here in 1793 and declared the land as 'Flats' whose grants were given to free men. For this reason, it came to be known as the 'Liberty Plains'. The land was dominated by two families during this period - the Blaxlands and the Wentworths.

The Home Bush Estate was established in the 1800s by the colony's assistant surgeon D'arcy Wentworth. According to local government historian Michael Jones, "Wentworth is popularly credited with having called the area after his 'home in the bush', although Homebush is also a place in Kent." The Wentworth family's estate lay on the southwestern shore of the bay, between Powell's Creek and Haslam's Creek, and south to Parramatta Road. Further to the northwest, to the west of Haslam's Creek, the Blaxland family owned the Newington Estate. The bay took its name from the Home Bush Estate. When the railway came through the area south of Parramatta Road in 1855, a station was built in the area to serve the racecourse on the Wentworth estate, and took its name ("Homebush") from the estate also. The village and later suburb that developed to the south of - and later the north of - the railway station took its name from the station, and is today partly in the suburb of Homebush and partly in the suburb of Strathfield. Meanwhile, the Home Bush Estate became part of the Municipality of Rookwood in 1891, renamed Lidcombe in 1906. Thereafter, it was part of the suburb of Lidcombe and known as "North Lidcombe". In 1989, North Lidcombe was renamed "Homebush Bay". This history of name borrowing has resulted in the names "Homebush Bay" and "Homebush" being used at various times for a large and disparate area ranging from modern-day Wentworth Point in the City of Parramatta, to the seat of the Municipality of Strathfield in modern-day Strathfield, almost 6km away.

Wentworth Point, the point on the western extremity of the bay, and Wentworth Bay, the nearby inlet on the western shore of Homebush Bay, are named after the Wentworth family - the bay has now disappeared due to land reclamation. Mud Island was an island in the bay, which became connected with the western mainland due to land reclamation.

In the 20th century, Homebush Bay became a centre of heavy industry, with large scale land reclamations to accommodate industrial facilities. When industrial operations scaled down, the bay became a dumping ground for a large range of unwanted material - from waste to broken up ships, even toxic industrial waste. Union Carbide had manufactured chemicals, including Agent Orange, on the site and dioxins produced as a by product were buried in landfill or left in drums.

A drive to regenerate and rehabilitate the bay began in the 1980s. This led to the construction of Bicentennial Park, including a program to regenerate some of the mangrove wetlands and saltmarshes which existed around the bay pre-development. In preparation for the 2000 Sydney Olympics, it was decided to site Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay, which spurred the further regeneration and rehabilitation of the bay. A range of residential and commercial developments also began around the bay, including the development of a large shopping centre and residential district at Rhodes on the eastern shore.

Suburb name change
The former Auburn Council sought public comment on a proposal to rename the suburb of Homebush Bay, as well as removing connotations and confusion with its namesake suburb Homebush. The waterfront residential area was renamed Wentworth Point on 2 October 2009, consistent with the gazetting of the northern part of the peninsula in 1976. the Carter Street industrial precinct was absorbed by the neighbouring suburb of Lidcombe, and the remaining bulk of the suburb, consisting of Sydney Olympic Park, was renamed to that name as a suburb.

Hydrography
Homebush Bay is located on the southern shore of Parramatta River. Immediately to the east is Bray Bay, which is separated from Homebush Bay by a narrow peninsula (considerably expanded through land reclamation) that forms the suburb of Rhodes. It is across the Parramatta River from Meadowbank. It is the westernmost of the major bays on the Parramatta River.

Several tributaries enter Parramatta River at Homebush Bay: Powells Creek is joined by tributaries Boundary Creek and Saleyards Creek not far from the southern shore of the bay, and flows into the bay from the south, while Haslams Creek joins the bay further to the north.

The shoreline of Homebush Bay is in large parts artificial, with large scale land reclamations for industrial purposes occurring throughout the 20th century. Its history of use for industry and as dumping ground has left the bay heavily contaminated, including with dioxin and other chemicals produced by Union Carbide operations. Fishing is prohibited in Homebush Bay for health reasons. Other contamination includes phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT and heavy metals. Remediation from 2008-2010 removed about 75% of the dioxin from the bay.

A number of ships' hulls are visible in Homebush Bay, remains of the ship-breaking operations in the bay during the mid-20th century. These are the steam colliers SS Ayrfield and SS Mortlake Bank, steam tugboat SS Heroic, and boom defence vessel HMAS Karangi, all broken up in the early 1970s and now lying near the south-western shore of the bay. Remains of a number of smaller abandoned or broken up vessel lie nearby.

Landmarks
Bicentennial Park is located on the southern shore of the bay, and contains an area of rehabilitated mangrove wetland representative of the native state of the bay.

Sydney Olympic Park is a 640 ha area to the south west of Homebush Bay (and within the former suburb of Homebush Bay) which was notable as the site of the 2000 Olympic Games. Since then, there has been much development in the area including office buildings and apartments in the centre of Sydney Olympic Park. Three completed residential developments in the area are Newington, The Waterfront and Mariners Cove.

The Sydney Showground relocated from Moore Park in 1998, in preparation for the Olympic Games. The Sydney Showground provided Olympic venues along with Stadium Australia, Sydney Super Dome, Athletics Centre, Aquatic Centre, Tennis Centre, Hockey Stadium and multiple sports halls.

On the eastern shore, within the suburb of Rhodes, lies the large Rhodes Waterside shopping centre.

The Novotel Hotel features cafes, restaurants and bars with outdoor facilities that cater for special events held at Sydney Olympic Park.

Bennelong Bridge, a bridge open to pedestrians, cyclists and buses but not to cars, crosses the bay near its mouth (between Rhodes on the east bank and Wentworth Point on the west bank). The bridge opened on 22 May 2016. Between 2014 and 2016, during construction, the low bridge was protected by a "maritime exclusion zone", meaning that watercraft was not able to enter or leave Homebush Bay.

Transport
Two stations on the Sydney Trains metropolitan passenger rail network sit near the shores of the bay. To the south-west, Olympic Park railway station was built to cater for large crowds to the precinct during the 2000 Sydney Olympics, and is especially heavily used for special events in the Olympic Park precinct. It is serviced by a shuttle connecting Olympic Park to Lidcombe railway station. On the eastern shore, Rhodes railway station is on the T9 Northern line.

Sydney Ferries' Parramatta River ferry services run to the Sydney Olympic Park ferry wharf on the bay. Originally designed to service Sydney Olympic Park, the wharf now mainly serves the residents of Wentworth Point. Busways run a number of regular bus services to the area around the bay. There are also a number of Sydney Olympic Park bus routes for sporting events, concerts and other major events at the Sydney Olympic Park precinct such as the Sydney Royal Easter Show.

A light rail line is planned to be constructed on the western shore of the bay, which will connect Olympic Park railway station with the centre of Parramatta, to the west. The line was initially planned to run alongside the parkland on the southern shore and connect with Strathfield railway station, but in the current plans the line will terminate in nearby Lidcombe.

Events

 * Sydney Royal Easter Show is an annual agricultural show held at the Sydney Showground at Homebush Bay.

Sport
For more information see Stadium Australia - Uruguay for qualification into the 2006 FIFA World Cup - Friendly against Paraguay. - A-league team Sydney FC also played a friendly game at Stadium Australia in November 2007 against David Beckham's Los Angeles Galaxy which drew a crowd of 80,000.
 * National Rugby League games including the Grand Final are played at Stadium Australia.
 * AFL, the GWS Giants call this stadium their home, along with several Sydney Swans games being held at Stadium Australia each season. The stadium is also home to several NRL teams such as (Wests Tigers, Canterbury Bulldogs, South Sydney Rabbitohs, NSW Blues).
 * Cricket NSW Blues play 2 domestic ING Cup matches at Stadium Australia each season
 * Football (soccer) the Socceroos have played a number of matches including matches against
 * V8 Supercars have raced on a track located within the precinct in the Sydney 500 every year since 2009 as a round of the V8 Supercars championship.

Pop culture
The Brickpit at Sydney Olympic Park was used as a location for the filming of Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome.

title: Homebush Bay