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Hunter College High School

Hunter College High School is a public academic magnet secondary school located in the Carnegie Hill section of the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is administered and funded by Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY) and no tuition is charged. According to Hunter, its 1,200 “students represent the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."

History
Hunter was established in 1869 as "The Female Normal and High School", a private school to prepare young women to become teachers. The original school was composed of an elementary and a high school. A kindergarten was added in 1887, and in 1888, the school was incorporated into a college. The high school was separated from what would become Hunter College in 1903. In 1914, both schools were named after the Female Normal School's first president, Thomas Hunter. The school was almost closed by Hunter College President Jacqueline Wexler in the early 1970s.

Hunter was an all-girls school for its first 105 years, with the official name "Hunter College High School for Intellectually Gifted Young Ladies". The prototypical Hunter girl was the subject of the song Sarah Maria Jones, who, the lyrics told, had "Hunter in her bones." In 1878, Harper's Magazine published an approving article about the then-new school: The first thing to excite our wonder and admiration was the number – there were 1,542 pupils; the second thing was the earnestness of the discipline; and the third was the suggestiveness of so many girls at work in assembly, with their own education as the primary aim, and the education of countless thousands of others as the final aim, of their toil. Girls all the way from fourteen to twenty years of age, from the farther edge of childhood to the farther limit of maidenhood; girls with every shade of complexion and degree of beauty; girls in such variety that it was amazing to contemplate the reduction of their individuality to the simple uniformity of their well-drilled movements. The catholicity and toleration crystallized in the country's Constitution prevail in the college: about two hundred of the students are Jewesses, and a black face, framed in curly African hair, may occasionally be seen. The aim of the entire course through which the Normal students pass is not so much to burden the mind with facts as it is to develop intellectual power, cultivate judgment, and enable the graduates to take trained ability into the world with them.

The school began admitting boys in 1974 as a result of a lawsuit by Hunter College Elementary School parents, a development which was described in the New York Daily News with the headline "Girlie High Gets 1st Freshboys." In January 1982, the school was featured in a New York Magazine article entitled "The Joyful Elite." Hunter was the subject of the 1992 book Hunter College Campus Schools for the Gifted: The Challenge of Equity and Excellence published by Teachers' College Press.

The high school has occupied a number of buildings throughout its history, including one at the East 68th Street campus of the college (1940–1970). For several years in the 1970s, it was housed on the 13th and 14th floors of an office building at 466 Lexington Avenue (at East 46th Street), the current location of what is now known as the Park Avenue Atrium. Since 1977, it has existed at the former site of the Madison Avenue Armory at East 94th Street between Park and Madison Avenues on the Upper East Side. Although most of the armory building was demolished, the armory's facade, including two empty towers, was left partly standing on Madison Avenue. The school building itself, which faces Park Avenue, was constructed to resemble the armory. Because of its unusual design, including many classrooms without windows and the rest with only narrow windows, Hunter is called "The Brick Prison." The building contains both the high school (grades 7–12) and the elementary school (K-6), which are collectively known as the Hunter College Campus Schools.

Tony Fisher is the principal of the high school. Dawn Roy is the principal of the elementary school, and Lisa Siegmann is the Director of the Campus Schools. Jacqueline Zenon is the assistant principal for grades 7–9, while Maysa Perez Antonio is the assistant principal for grades 10–12.

Admissions
Admission to Hunter College High School is selective, only being open to seventh-grade students, with the admission process consisting of two steps. Students from the five boroughs of New York City with high scores on standardized tests are eligible to take the entrance exam during their sixth-grade school year. To qualify, public school students must score in the 90th percentile or above on both the New York State reading and math tests, while private and parochial school students must score in the 90th percentile or above (in both reading and math) compared to all private school students nationwide. This results in approximately 2,500– or less than 4%— of New York City's 65,000 fifth graders being eligible to take the test. From those, around 182 to 185 students are offered admission, representing "the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."

The only other pathway to the High School is through the elementary school, to which 50 students are admitted to kindergarten after taking an IQ test and being interviewed. The kindergarten admission process is the sole entrance route to the elementary school. Approximately 45 students from Hunter College Elementary School enter the seventh-grade class each year. Starting from the 2010–2011 school year, elementary school students must demonstrate "satisfactory progress" by fifth grade in order to gain admission to the high school, whereas previously, they were guaranteed admission.

In total, an entering 7th grade class contains approximately 225 students, known as "Hunterites," about 200 of whom will graduate from the school. Those who leave go to other magnet schools, private schools, local public schools or leave the city. The total enrollment from grades 7 through 12 is approximately 1,200 students.

Concerns about admission policies
Author and alumnus Chris Hayes stated in Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy that the school's sole reliance on the one test for admissions reproduces societal inequalities; that students whose families cannot afford intensive test prep courses are less likely to earn competitive scores on the entrance exam. In recent years underrepresentation of African-Americans among students admitted to the school, compared to their numbers in the public school system, has increased. Hayes quotes Hunter College High School's 2010 graduate Justin Hudson's commencement speech: "If you truly believe that the demographics of Hunter represent the distribution of intelligence in this city then you must believe that the Upper West Side, Bayside and Flushing are intrinsically more intelligent than the South Bronx, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Washington Heights, and I refuse to accept that."

Because of its relatively small size, and because the school is run by Hunter College rather than by the city's education department, Hunter has largely avoided being caught up in the debate over diversity at the specialized high schools in New York City. However, some alumni, students, and alumni expressed concern about the lack of diversity at the school where only 6.3 percent of the student body is Hispanic and 2.2 percent African-American (67% of NYC public school children are black or Hispanic). On the other hand, while Asians make up 16.2% of NYC public-school children, they make up 49.4% of the student body at the school, based on NYC department of education data.

Academics
The Wall Street Journal ranked Hunter as the top public school in the United States and noted that it is a feeder to Ivy League and other elite colleges. Worth likewise ranked Hunter as the top public school in the country. The New York Times called Hunter "the prestigious Upper East Side school known for its Ivy League-bound students" and "the fast track to law, medicine and academia." Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive.

All Hunter students pursue a six-year program of study. Hunter is a college preparatory high school that provides a liberal arts education. The majority of subjects are accelerated such that high school study begins in the 8th grade and state educational requirements are completed in the 11th. During the 12th grade, students take electives, have the option to attend courses at Hunter College (for transferable credit), undertake independent academic studies, and participate in internships around the city.

Students in grades 7 and 8 are required to take courses in communications and theater (a curriculum that includes drama, storytelling, and theater). Students in grades 7–9 must take both art and music, each for half a year, and then choose one to take in tenth grade. One of the four available foreign language courses (French, Latin, Mandarin, or Spanish) must be taken each year in grades 7–10, and Advanced Placement (AP) language electives are offered through the 12th grade. A year each of biology, chemistry, and physics must be completed in addition to the introductory science classes of life science and physical science in the 7th and 8th grades, respectively. During 7th and 8th grades, students must also participate in the school's science fair; the fair is optional for older students. After the introductory 7th grade social studies course, 4 semesters of global studies (8th-9th grades) and 2 semesters (10th grade) are followed by 2 semesters of 20th century history (11th grade). A series of English and mathematics courses are taught from 7th through 11th grades. (The math curriculum is split into a track of "honors" and a track of "extended honors" classes for students of different strengths after 8th grade). Two semesters of physical education are taught each year, including swimming in the 8th grade (held at Hunter College). In 9th grade, students are required to take a CPR course for one semester and a computer science course the other semester. Starting in their junior year, students are allowed to take a limited number of electives and AP courses. The senior year, however, is free of mandated courses except for a year of physical education electives and courses to fulfill leftover educational requirements.

Hunter's English Department incorporates reading novels and writing analytical papers beginning in the 7th grade. Students have historically graduated with strong writing and reading comprehension skills, reflected by the school's high average SAT scores in critical reading and writing, and by the number of students who have earned recognition by the scholastic writing awards.

Upper-level electives and AP courses are offered by all six academic departments. AP courses include: AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB and BC, AP Microeconomics and AP Macroeconomics, AP Psychology, AP European History, AP Chemistry, AP Physics C, AP Biology, AP Statistics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Mandarin, and AP Latin (Virgil). The English Department previously offered AP English and Literature but has since replaced it with the elective Advanced Essay Writing. Other electives include: Introduction to African-American Studies, "Race, Class, and Gender", International Relations, US Constitutional Law, Classical Mythology, Photography, Astrophysics, Advanced Art History I & II, Organic Chemistry, Creative Writing, Joyce's Ulysses, Shakespeare's Comedies and Romance/Shakespeare's Tragedies and Histories, and Physiology. Hunter's AP offerings are currently being evaluated by the Faculty and Curriculum Committee. The class of 2013 took 366 AP tests (≈1.8 per student) with an average score of 4.5.

There were 87 faculty members in 2013. 89% had advanced degrees. Many teachers are scientists, writers, artists, and musicians. Many come to Hunter with university-level teaching experience. The student/faculty ratio is 13:1, much lower than the city's other selective public schools (e.g. Stuyvesant = 22:1; Bronx Science = 21:1; Brooklyn Tech = 21:1 ).

Nearly 99% of Hunter's classes of 2002 through 2005 went directly to college, and about 25% of these students accepted admission into an Ivy League school. Worth reported that 9.4% of Hunter's classes of 1998 through 2001 attended Harvard, Yale or Princeton (the highest rate of any public school in the United States).

In the graduating class of 2015, out of about 190 students, Hunter received 89 total acceptances from the Ivy League, and ultimately, 56 students (≈30%) matriculated into one of the eight Ivy League schools. There are six guidance counselors serving the student population. Each junior and senior is assigned a college guidance counselor.

Hunter students win many honors and awards during their high school careers, including numerous scholastic writing awards. Hunter wins approximately 23% of all New York State Scholastic Art and Writing Awards. 74 members of the Class of 2013 (38%) were National Merit or National Achievement Scholarship Semifinalists. Of particular fame are the winners of the Regeneron Science Talent Search (formerly Intel and Westinghouse STS), of which Hunter has had four: Amy Reichel in 1981, Adam Cohen ('97, now a professor in the Chemistry and Physics Departments at Harvard) in 1997, David L.V. Bauer ('05) in 2005, and Benjy Firester ('18) in 2018.

Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive. For the graduating class of 2012, the average SAT score was a 2207. The class of 2013 averaged 2200 on the test and the class of 2016 averaged 2208. The class of 2013 scored an average of 32.6 on the ACT.

Extracurricular activities
Clubs are diverse in their topics, and include politics, film, music, and knitting. Clubs and organizations at Hunter are all student-run, with faculty members as advisers. During club open house, members of the student body have the opportunity to spend their lunch time meeting representatives of clubs. The school publishes a list of clubs available in this footnote's link.

Co-curricular activities
Students can choose to further pursue their academic interests through school activities such as the National Economics Challenge, Hunter United Nations Society, Fed Challenge (economics), Mock Trial, Debate Team, Math Team, the Hunter Chess and Go Teams, Quiz Bowl, Science Bowl, History Bowl, FIRST Robotics, and the Washington Seminar. The Hunter Economics and Finance team was formed in 2013 by two juniors and one sophomore, who subsequently led the Hunter team to become National Champions of the David Ricardo division of the National Economics Challenge (run by the Council for Economic Education) in their inaugural year. Since then the team has become one of the top economics team in the country (placing students top 3 individually at the Harvard Precollege Economics Competition and repeatedly sweeping NEC states in all divisions). The Hunter Chess Team has won numerous tournaments and championships. The Washington Seminar on Government in Action was introduced in the 1950s; students selected for this program research public policy issues throughout the year; arrange meetings with various public figures in Washington, D.C.; and then meet with them for questioning and discussion regarding their researched issue during a three-day trip in May. The Mock Trial team was the top team from New York City in 2015 and the top team in the state in 2022. The debate team is completely student run and is nationally recognized and attends various tournaments throughout the year including tournaments at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton. The Middle School debate team is a top-ranked team, that took the top three spots at the Middle School Public Debate Program's National Invitational Tournament at Claremont McKenna College in 2013.

Sports
Hunter's sports teams are extremely competitive given the school's size; a large number, including both Girls' and Boys' varsity Lacrosse, Volleyball, Swimming, Golf, Wrestling, Cross-country, Fencing and Tennis, each usually place in the top 10 of the 543 high schools in New York City's Public School Athletic League (PSAL), the country's largest and oldest high school sports league.

The sports are cross-country (boys' and girls' varsity and junior varsity), soccer (boys' varsity, junior varsity and middle school and girls' varsity and middle school), swimming (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school), volleyball (boys' varsity and girls' varsity, junior varsity and middle school), golf (coed and girls' varsity), basketball (boys have two middle school teams, one junior varsity team, and one varsity team, while the girls' have one middle school and one varsity team), indoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school, and recently it was extended to the elementary school as well), outdoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school and elementary), baseball (boys' middle school and varsity), softball (girls' middle school and varsity), lacrosse (boys' and girls' varsity and junior varsity), tennis (boys' and girls' varsity), ultimate (boys' and girls' varsity), bowling (Co-Ed varsity), fencing (boys' and girls' varsity), badminton (boys' and girls' varsity), handball (coed varsity) and wrestling (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school).

Many teams are called "Hunter Hawks" because the school mascot is a hawk.

In the winter of 2006 the boys' fencing team won the PSAL city championship for the second year in a row, beating rival school Stuyvesant in the finals. It has since captured the silver medal in winter 2008, losing to Stuyvesant in the final, and the bronze medal in winter 09, again losing to Stuyvesant, after beating them twice during an undefeated regular season to win the division championship. It proceeded win the city championship again in 2011, followed by bronze in 2012, and silver in 2013. Following another undefeated season, the team took first place in 2014, winning in a single-touch tie-breaker against rival Brooklyn Technical High School.

In the 2009–2014 seasons, the Girls' Varsity Fencing Team won five consecutive PSAL championships.

In 2011, both the Boys' and Girls' varsity lacrosse teams won the PSAL Bowl Division Championships. In 2013 Boys' Lacrosse won the City Championship against Tottenville. That season, prior to winning the City Championship, they were ranked third overall among all city schools, both public and private (after first-ranked Dalton and second-ranked Tottenville).

In the 2012 season, the Boys' Middle School Soccer Team were the Citywide PSAL Champions winning the finals against Salk.

In the 2016 season, the Girls' varsity golf team won the citywide PSAL championship, defeating Bronx Science High School 5–0 in the finals. The team went on to win the city championship in the 2017 and 2018 seasons as well, capturing the title for three years in a row. In the 2021 season, the Girls' Varsity Golf team won the citywide PSAL Championship by defeating Staten Island Technical High School 3–2 in the final.

School events and traditions
Students at Hunter can attend social events sponsored by the school administration, faculty and the student-run General Organization (G.O.). These include: Several formal dances are arranged throughout the year:
 * Seventh Grade Picnic: an orientation and welcoming event held in Central Park at the end of September.
 * Spirit Week: a week in October in which each day consists of activities centered around a "theme" (e.g. retro) as designated by the G.O. It was created in the 1990s as a replacement for a spring "Field Day", which was once organized by the Athletic Association.
 * Spirit Day: A Spirit Week event in which the entire high school community takes buses to Bear Mountain. Activities typically include a football game between teams comprised of juniors and seniors, respectively; a bike trip to and from Bear Mountain; and a hike.
 * Homecoming: a day in which the previous year's graduates return to the school to revisit current students in December. There is usually a basketball game on this day.
 * G.O. Breakfast: a morning prior to midterms in which the G.O. organizes a breakfast of donuts, coffee, and hot cocoa outside the G.O. Office.
 * Senior Walkout: carried out on the first day of snowfall. Seniors leave class for the day to engage in snowball fights or pursue other activities outside of the school with parents of seniors providing refreshments. Originally an act of rebellion, in recent years the event has become a school-sanctioned ritual and is done in consultation with the administration.
 * Carnival: an end-of-year event. It usually has a theme, live and recorded music, and stalls run by school clubs.
 * Senior
 * Senior Week: traditionally the week after Carnival and before graduation. During this week, there are events designed to say goodbye to the graduating seniors.
 * Senior Tea: A Senior Week event in which the senior class groups into their seventh grade class sections to reflect upon their time at Hunter. Faculty members typically join Senior Tea as well.
 * "Intel Trip": A trip run by the Hunter Science department that takes students to Washington D.C. to view Intel Science Project finalists and sightseeing in surrounding areas.
 * Prom is a similar event to many proms held all across the United States, consisting of formal dress and a sit-down dinner. The event is usually followed by an after-party at a student's house. In June 2001, Prom was held at the World Trade Center (Windows on the World). Prom is held on a Thursday evening. Attendees return to school on Friday in their finery so students and teachers can admire their glamorous outfits.
 * Semi-formal is the "junior prom," held for eleventh graders in the spring.
 * Lower-termers have their own annual dances, including dances for Valentine's Day and Halloween for the seventh and eighth graders. In some years, there may also be themed dances; for example, in 2006, dances included the Halloween and Valentines' Dances as well as a "Black, White, and Silver Dance" for seventh and eighth graders.

Alumni
Notable alumni include:

 * Shirley Abrahamson (class of 1950) – first female Justice, first female Chief Justice and longest ever serving Justice, Wisconsin Supreme Court; past President, Conference of [Supreme Court] Chief Justices
 * Randy Altschuler (class of 1989) – co-founder, OfficeTiger; U.S. Congressional candidate, New York's 1st congressional district
 * Birdie Amsterdam (class of 1918) – first female New York State Supreme Court Justice
 * Charles Ardai (class of 1987) – founder and CEO, Juno; managing director, D.E. Shaw; author, editor, publisher/co-founder of Hard Case Crime, TV producer of Haven
 * Martina Arroyo (class of 1953) – opera singer, fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member, National Council of the Arts; Kennedy Center Honoree; director, Carnegie Hall and Hunter College
 * Eli Attie (class of 1985) – TV writer and producer, Emmy winner and former chief speechwriter for Al Gore
 * Michelle Au (class of 1995) – Georgia State Senator
 * Rachel Axler (class of 1995) – four-time Emmy-winning TV writer
 * Kyle Baker (class of 1983) – comic book artist/writer, cartoonist, animator and satirist
 * Maria Bentel (class of 1946) – American architect and founding partner of the architecture firm Bentel & Bentel Architects/Planners A.I.A
 * Adam Berinsky (class of 1988) – Mitsui Professor of Political Science at MIT
 * Diana Bianchi (class of 1972) – first female Director, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
 * Etel Billig (unknown) – actress and founder of Illinois Theatre Center
 * Chana Bloch (class of 1957) – poet, translator
 * Jeremy Blachman (class of 1996) – author, journalist, lawyer
 * Angela Bofill (class of 1972) – jazz singer
 * Anise Boyer (unknown) - actress and dancer known for her work during the Harlem Renaissance
 * Rachel M. Brownstein – literary critic, author, and academic
 * Suse Broyde – professor of structural biology at New York University
 * Michael A. Burstein (class of 1987) – science fiction writer
 * Hortense Calisher (class of 1928) – novelist, second female President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * Sewell Chan (class of 1994) – editor, The New York Times
 * Peggy Charren (class of 1949) - activist and founder of Action for Children's Television, Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient
 * Perry Chen (class of 1994) – co-founder, Kickstarter
 * Louise Cochrane (circa class of 1936) – one of the first female TV producers
 * Adam Cohen (class of 1997) – chemist and physicist, Harvard University
 * Christopher Collet (class of 1986) – actor
 * Olivia Cole (class of 1960) – actress, first African-American Emmy winner
 * Nicholas Confessore (class of 1994) – Pulitzer Prize-winning political correspondent, The New York Times
 * Constance E. Cook (circa class of 1937) – New York State Assembly member
 * Gloria M. Coruzzi (class of 1972) - plant molecular biologist, professor and former Chair of Biology, NYU, Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
 * Marie Maynard Daly – first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University; first black woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry.
 * Jon Daniels (class of 1995) – Texas Rangers General Manager; youngest-ever MLB GM
 * Amy Davidson Sorkin (class of 1988) – executive editor of The New Yorker
 * Lucy Dawidowicz (class of 1932) – Holocaust historian
 * Manohla Dargis (class of 1979) – chief film critic, The New York Times
 * Ruby Dee (class of 1939) – National Medal of Arts, Grammy, Emmy, Obie, Drama Desk, SAG and SAG Lifetime Achievement Award-winning actress; nominee for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress; African American rights activist, poet, playwright, screenwriter and journalist
 * Desmond Devlin (class of 1982) – writer, MAD Magazine
 * Ophelia Devore (class of 1936) – first mixed-race model, founder-Grace Del Marco agency.
 * Diane di Prima (class of 1951) – poet
 * Mildred S. Dresselhaus (class of 1947) – Presidential Medal of Freedom winner; first female Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; first and only female winner of the National Medal of Science in engineering; past President, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Jane Dubin (class of 1974) – Tony winning Broadway producer
 * Sandi Simcha DuBowski (class of 1988) – filmmaker
 * Dujeous (class of 1995) – (original members), hip-hop group
 * Helen Epstein (class of 1965) – first female tenured journalism professor, New York University, author
 * Jewlia Eisenberg (class of 1988) – composer and musician
 * Yvette Fay Francis-McBarnette (class of circa 1941) – pioneering hematologist
 * Sandra Fong (class of 2008) – Olympic athlete (shooting)
 * Richard (DiMasi) Fontana (class of 1986) – free software and open source lawyer
 * Michael C. Frank (class of 1999) – developmental psychologist, Stanford University
 * Linda P. Fried (class of 1966) – first female Dean, Columbia University School of Public Health
 * Esther Friesner (class of 1951) – science fiction and fantasy author
 * Susan Fuhrman (class of 1961) – first female President of Teachers College, Columbia University; President of the National Academy of Education; former Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education
 * Hortense Gabel (circa class of 1930) – New York State Supreme Court Justice
 * Leila Gerstein (class of 1990) – Emmy-winning TV producer and writer
 * Eleanor Glueck (class of 1916) – criminologist, Harvard University
 * Jamal Greene (class of 1995) – professor of law, Columbia Law School
 * Martha Greenhouse (class of 1939) – actress and union leader
 * Judd Greenstein (class of 1997) – composer, co-founder of New Amsterdam Records
 * Irene Greif (class of 1965) – computer scientist
 * Brett Haber (class of 1987) – Emmy-winning former ESPN SportsCenter anchor, current Tennis Channel & NBC Olympics host
 * E. Adelaide Hahn (circa class of 1911) – first female president of the Linguistic Society of America
 * Avril Haines (class of 1987) – first female Director of National Intelligence, Deputy National Security Advisor and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
 * Evelyn Handler (class of 1950) – first female President of both the University of New Hampshire and Brandeis University
 * Christopher Hayes (class of 1997) – Two-time Emmy winning host, "All In with Chris Hayes", MSNBC, editor-at-large, "The Nation"
 * Bernadine Healy (class of 1962) – first female NIH director and Red Cross president
 * Carrie Kei Heim (class of 1991) – actress, lawyer
 * Jonathan Hoefler (class of 1988) – typeface designer
 * Steve Hofstetter (class of 1997) – comedian/radio personality
 * Adam Horowitz (class of 1990) – TV writer and producer, screenwriter
 * Florence Howe (class of 1946) – feminist activist
 * Immortal Technique (class of 1996) – rapper/political activist
 * Chris Jackson (class of 1989) – publisher
 * Keisha Sutton James – Deputy Manhattan Borough President
 * Julia Jarcho – experimental playwright
 * Elena Kagan (class of 1977) – United States Supreme Court Justice, first female United States Solicitor General and first female Dean of Harvard Law School
 * Jeremy Kahn (class of 1987) - mathematician
 * Eric Kaplan (class of 1985) – TV writer and producer
 * Elizabeth (Sister Mary Cordia) Karl (class of 1916) - mathematician
 * Max Kellerman (class of 1991) – host, HBO Boxing, ESPN SportsNation
 * Alice Kober (class of 1924) – classicist, the major contributor to the deciphering of Linear B form of Ancient Greek
 * Karen Kornbluh (class of 1981) – U.S. Ambassador to OECD, primary drafter of 2008 Democratic Party platform
 * Jean Kwok (class of 1986) – novelist
 * Diane Lane (dropped out) – Academy Award nominee for best actress
 * Evelyn Lauder (class of 1954) – philanthropist
 * Jennifer 8. Lee (class of 1994) – The New York Times journalist and author
 * Adam Leon (class of 1999) – film director and writer
 * Marilyn Levy (class of 1938) – photographic chemist at Fort Monmouth
 * Judy Lewent (class of 1966) – director of Dell, GlaxoSmithKline, Motorola and MIT and former Exec. VP and CFO of Merck
 * Robert Lopez (class of 1993) – Avenue Q, Book of Mormon, Frozen, and Coco composer-lyricist, youngest EGOT (Emmy (3), Grammy (3), Oscar (2) and Tony(3)) winner
 * Audre Lorde (class of 1951) – poet, professor
 * Mynette Louie (class of 1993) – film & TV producer; professor
 * Nava Lubelski (class of 1986) – artist and author
 * Cecelia Eaton Luschnig – classics scholar, professor at University of Idaho
 * Nnenna Lynch (class of 1989) – track and cross country runner
 * Shola Lynch (class of 1987) – film maker
 * Mike Maronna (class of 1995) – actor (The Adventures of Pete & Pete)
 * Judith Matloff (class of 1976) – author and journalism professor
 * Annette Michelson - film critic and writer
 * Donna Minkowitz (class of 1981) – writer and journalist
 * Lin-Manuel Miranda (class of 1998) – winner of a Pulitzer Prize, three Grammys, two Emmys, a MacArthur "Genius" Award and three Tony awards; creator and lead, Hamilton and In The Heights
 * Samantha Massell (class of 2008) – actress
 * Maria Muldaur (circa class of 1961) – folk singer
 * Elizabeth Neufeld (circa class of 1944) – geneticist; second female winner of the Wolf Prize in Medicine; winner of the National Medal of Science and the Lasker Award
 * Thisbe Nissen (class of 1990) – novelist
 * Cynthia Nixon (class of 1984) – Tony, Grammy and (2) Emmy award-winning actress
 * Doris Orgel (class of 1946) - children's literature author
 * Mollie Orshansky (class of 1931) – statistician
 * Cynthia Ozick (class of 1946) – novelist
 * Ellen Ash Peters (class of 1947) – first female Justice and first female Chief Justice, Connecticut Supreme Court, first female President of the Conference of Supreme Court Chief Justices
 * Marina Picciotto (class of 1981) – neuroscientist
 * Pearl Primus (class of 1936) – choreographer/dancer
 * Jennifer Raab (class of 1973) – former president, Hunter College
 * Margaret Raymond (class of 1976) – dean and law professor, University of Wisconsin Law School
 * Mina Rees (class of 1919) – mathematician, King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (UK) winner; National Academies of Science Public Welfare Medal winner; first female President and first President Emerita, Graduate School and University Center at CUNY; first female President of American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Eunice Reddick (class of 1969) – US Ambassador to Niger, Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Vivian Reiss (class of 1970) – artist
 * Gloria Rojas (class of 1955) – journalist
 * Stefan Savage (class of 1987) - computer scientist, 2017 MacArthur Foundation Fellow
 * Bruce Schneier (class of 1981) – security expert
 * Sarah Schulman (class of 1975) – artist, writer, journalist, English Professor
 * Lois G. Schwoerer (class of 1945) – historian
 * Susan Sheehan (class of 1954) – journalist, Pulitzer Prize winning author
 * Martin Shkreli (did not graduate) - pharmaceutical CEO, felon
 * Larissa Shmailo (class of 1974) – poet, translator, novelist, editor, and critic
 * Amy Sohn (class of 1991) – novelist
 * Christina Sormani (class of 1987) - mathematician, AMS Fellow
 * Olivia P. Stokes - Baptist minister
 * Jeannie Suk (class of 1991) – first female Asian-American tenured professor, Harvard Law School
 * Deborah Tannen (class of 1962) – professor of linguistics, Georgetown University, author, You Just Don't Understand
 * Michael Thaddeus (class of 1984) – mathematics professor, college rankings whistleblower
 * Judith Jarvis Thomson (class of 1946) – professor emerita of philosophy, MIT
 * Michal Towber (class of 1998) – singer-songwriter, Emmy winning composer
 * Tien Tzuo, (class of 1986) - tech entrepreneur
 * Rebecca Wasserman-Hone - American wine expert based in France
 * Alma S. Woolley (class of 1950) – dean and professor emerita of Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies, author, historian
 * Marvin "Young MC" Young (class of 1985) – rapper, music producer and songwriter
 * Nancy Yao (class of 1990) – founding director, Smithsonian American Women's History Museum

title: Hunter College High School


text:
Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality

Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality is a 1995 book by John Gribbin, in which the author attempts to explain the mysteries of modern quantum mechanics in a popular-scientific way. It is a sequel to his earlier book, In Search of Schrödinger's Cat (1984).

In his epilogue, Gribbin touches on what were then the most recent developments of string theory, and introduces the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics as the new "mythology" of our time. His argument does not refute the theory, but demonstrates how all theories can be true and mythological (depending on one's perspective).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
John Crittenden Sr.

John Crittenden (c. 1754 – 1809) was a Major in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1790 to 1805. He was the scion of a powerful family of politicians and military officers who played key roles in the politics of several southern states through the end of the 19th century.

Crittenden was born in about 1854 at New Kent, Virginia, to Henry Crittenden and Margaret Butler. On August 21, 1783, he married Judith Harris, daughter of John Harris and Obedience Turpin. John and Judith had nine children including the statesmen John Jordan Crittenden and Robert Crittenden. He was an original member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. He died in Kentucky.

title: John Crittenden Sr.


text:
Talk:The Brier

"Further reading" section
I've added a new "Further reading" section with a link to a good website on the history of curling in Canada (from Library and Archives Canada). Is this helpful? Smobri 18:01, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

naming? (2004)
I think this article needs to be renamed to something like "Canadian Men's Curling Championship" as Nokia has only been the sponsor since 2001. Labatt's sponsored it for 20 years before that and then of course the original sponsor. RedWolf 01:19, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

I think this article should be called "The Brier". I think the sponsor's name should only be included in the name of the event if the sponsor never changes, eg, Scott Tournament of Hearts. If Molson decided to become the title sponsor of Hockey Night in Canada again, should the article be renamed to 'Molson Hockey Night in Canada'? I think not. Furthermore, distinguishing between sponsors leads to unnatural content. Why should the winners of the Nokia Brier be in a separate table than the winners of the Labatt Brier? This should be one single list of Brier winners or Canadian Men's Curling Champions or something to that effect. If it weren't for the discussion already present, I would have moved this myself, in accordance with WP:Bold. P0per 19:57, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Um, no. "The Brier" is a terrible name for the article. It has always been the tradition to use the event sponsor in the name. -- Earl Andrew - talk 20:27, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Whe making reference to a particular event, eg. "The 2004 Nokia Brier", I have no problem including the sponsor. But you just have to look to pretty much any article this one links to to find out what people call the event. Russ Howard - "...been to the Brier 13 times...". Randy Ferbey "..in his first Brier..", "...won the Brier...", Jeff Stoughton "Stoughton is a two time Brier and one time World Championship skip", etc... Your claim that "the title is pretty well spread in the local venacular" is only (arguably) true when referring to specific events, and not "The Brier" in general, which is the subject of this article. P0per 20:59, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The current name of the Brier is the Tim Hortons Brier. Whether or not it is spread to the local venacular is up for debate, but it will only take time. Look at the Scott Tournament of Hearts. No one calls it "the Tournament of Hearts". Likewise, when it was the Labatt Brier, it was rarely called just "the Brier". -- Earl Andrew - talk 00:11, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly how many people called this thing the Nokia Brier, hmm? Sports commentators call this The Brier 67.68.222.42 05:11, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:RM (7 Mar 2005)

 * The following is a closed discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus

 * Tim Hortons Brier → The Brier -- Having the title sponser in the name is confusing, alot of people still call this the Labatt Brier, and many people just call it the Brier. It's like the Sugar Bowl, it should not have the sponsor in the title. 132.205.15.43 03:35, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * add: * Support or * Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and a signature:" ~"

 * Again, the sponsor in the title is pretty well spread in the local venacular, unlike the Sugar Bowl. It should not be moved. Earl Andrew 03:52, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Object to move - Naming conventions state that "The" should not be including in article titles. violet/riga (t) 09:47, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Propose do not change name leave it as Tim Hortons Brier

 * Propose alternative name of Brier (curling) -- as Brier is a disambiguation pages --Philip Baird Shearer 11:51, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Philip Baird Shearer 12:02, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Brier (curling) is a terrible idea. Earl Andrew 02:06, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

---Add any additional comments on the "Requested move" below this line ---

Moved from the WP:RM page in line with the consensus on that page.
 * Again, the sponsor in the title is pretty well spread in the local venacular, unlike the Sugar Bowl. It should not be moved. Earl Andrew 03:52, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * since when have most people been calling this the Tim Hortons Brier? Most people I talk to call it the Brier or the Labatt Brier, but not the Nokia Brier, or Tim Hortons Brier. 132.205.15.43 03:55, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The Brier: The history of Canada's most celebrated curling championship (Amazon.com) - a book that calls it the Brier.

--Philip Baird Shearer 11:34, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Using "The Brier" as a title is very akward, and most people (will) say Tim Hortons Brier, just like Labatt Brier Macdonald Brier and Nokia Brier. It is a custom to use the event sponsor in the name. Earl Andrew 04:11, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Most poeple will say the Brier or Labatt Brier, winners are referred to as Brier winners. Labatt is no longer the title sponsor, so the other common usage, The Brier comes into play. Tim Hortons Brier is extremely awkward anyways. Exactly who have you been talking to who call this thing the Tim Hortons Brier? No one I know calls it that. 132.205.15.43 04:41, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * If they dont now, they will in the future. The Brier is very akward too. It sounds too unofficial. Earl Andrew 05:09, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * like the Olympics, or the Cotton Bowl sounds so unofficial? It is the Brier to many people. The Brier: The history of Canada's most celebrated curling championship (amazon.com book listing) 132.205.15.43 05:35, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * As I mentioned in my original comment on the naming of this article, the title sponsor of the event has changed over the years. Almost everyone who has any interest in curling, refers to it as The Brier. I don't know if it's always been that way but it's definitely in the mainstream Canadian culture as to referring to it as such. If Tim Hortons or any of the other sponsors had always been the single sponsor, then perhaps the full name would be more commonplace. This is not however the case. Canadians refer to it as The Brier. To digress a bit, with the women's championship, Scott Paper has been the title sponsor since 1982 and Canadians do mainly refer to it as the Scott Tournament of Hearts or simply The Scott. If a sponsor stays around long enough for the men's, perhaps Canadians will starting referring to it more using the sponsor but this is not the way it has been for many years and The Brier is the most common usage among Canadians. RedWolf 06:00, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Having the article at The Brier just doesnt seem right. Earl Andrew 06:09, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Not enough consensus for the move. Removed from WP:RM. violet/riga (t) 18:49, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move request (2006)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

don't move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 08:09, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Rename (11 Mar 2006)
This page should be called The Brier 67.68.222.42 05:15, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Votes on rename

 * MOVE 67.68.222.42 05:16, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose of course. This issue has been resolved, and you have not provided for any new arguments. --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 06:28, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose In addition to other comments above, even the Canadian Curling Association/'Brier' website indicates the current rendition. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 18:03, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I should hope so, Tim Hortons paid alot of money to be title sponsor. That still doesn't mean anything, other than Tim Hortons really did pay to be title sponsor. 70.51.9.9 12:38, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sponsorship doesn't obviate correctness as part of the name for this event. And anon IPs commenting to the contrary mean little to this discussion, either.  E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 13:21, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Discussion on rename
Umm, this matter has been settled already. See the above discussion. -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:18, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Manitoba
Mention of Manitoba's disproportionate number of victories has no place in a "neutral point of view" article. It may be a fact, but deserves no more mention than the fact that the territories have never won. Either include all such trivia, or none at all.

Assessment
I have assessed this as Start Class, as it contains more detail and organization than would be expected of a Stub, and of low importance, as it is a highly specific event within Canada. Cheers, CP 02:47, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The Tournament of Hearts is rated as high importance though. 09:57, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Chart of Winners
How about having a chart showing total winners by province/region? anyone oppose it? Also, what about an indication as to who went on to win the World Championships that year? 99.248.53.179 (talk) 19:35, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Requested move (2012)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 10:52, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Tim Hortons Brier → The Brier – Following the move of "Rogers Cup" to "Canadian Open" at Tennis, I wanted to see how the community feels about moving this article to simply The Brier. The article encompasses the entire competition - including its stints as "MacDonald Brier" and "Nokia Brier". This means the article title, which is about the tournament itself (including those using past sponsorship names) is not reflective of its history, nor its common name. Colipon+ (Talk) 01:35, 16 May 2012 (UTC) Although this has been discussed before, it has been over 5 years since last discussed. The name of this article should be simple "The Brier" or "Brier Cup". Although Tim Hortons is the current major sponsor, the article covers not only the Tim Hortons Brier but the Macdonald Brier, Labatt Brier, and Nokia Brier. So naming the article Tim Hortons Brier is incorrect as it covers more than the 7 years of Tim Hortons Briers. UrbanNerd (talk) 21:14, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Brier Cup? And what pray tell is that? According to the Curling Wikiproject, it is appropriate to name articles with sponsor names if that event is widely known by its sponsor name. I think in this case, using "the" infront of Brier is not a very good way of starting the article title, and it has never been officially called "the Brier". It may be called "the Brier" more often than "Tim Hortons Brier", but calling it that is not some obscure officialism. And it is policy on Wikipedia, afiak to call sporting events by its current name. It's also common in sports like golf and tennis (which have many parallels to curling) to use sponsor names in the article titles. -- Earl Andrew - talk 21:47, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia WP:Policy is WP:UCN, see WP:OFFICIALNAME, where the common name is preferred over the official name. 70.24.251.208 (talk) 05:22, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Support "The Brier" WP:COMMONNAME, and I have never seen "Brier Cup" where did that come from? -- 70.24.251.208 (talk) 05:18, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. "Tim Hortons Brier" is more common than "the Brier". You might call an event "the 2012 Brier", but never "2012 The Brier". Curling is one of those sports where the sponsor name is commonly used when naming the event. -- Earl Andrew - talk 17:52, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * That doesn't remedy the problem that prior to 2005, none of the Briers were known as "Tim Hortons Brier" and this article encompasses all Brier events in history. Colipon+ (Talk) 18:50, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The sponsor name is the official name of the event, regardless of whether or not other sponsors previously supported the event. It is the same as biographies, for example Jane Smith gets married and becomes Jane Doe, the article referring to Jane Smith would be moved and listed as Jane Doe. Curling events treat naming different than other sports, and it's the same with curling events on the World Curling Tour, when sponsors change. Sirrussellott (talk) 20:13, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Brier Cup" will not be suitable in the slightest, and using "The Brier" is iffy at best. In referring to WP:COMMONNAME, it must be noted that the name of the article must reflect "the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." It seems that usage of the terms "Tim Hortons Brier" and "Brier" in curling articles is about the same, and that "Brier" is used as a shortened version of "Tim Hortons Brier" solely due to simplicity. "The Brier" can also refer to other subjects. Based on this, I would argue that of the two suitable names deemed suitable by reliable sources, "Tim Hortons Brier" and "Brier," the former is the better option in that it offers clarity and reflects the official name. If not, I would support "Brier" over "The Brier," since it is a more correct name, but, as mentioned in earlier discussions, this would lead to the use of a disambiguation tag which is not desirable. Prayerfortheworld (talk) 01:52, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It is not used as a shortened version of the Tim Horton's Brier, since it's been in use for decades prior to the sponsorship of Tim Horton's, so cannot be a shortened version of something that did not exist yet. WP:OFFICIALNAME on "official names". 70.24.251.208 (talk) 03:34, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that "Brier" was used as a shortened version of "Macdonald Brier," "Labatt Brier," and "Nokia Brier" as well, but that does not mean that the sponsors' names are nonconsequential in considering the name of the event. Also, this still does not address the fact that the use of "Tim Hortons Brier" is dominant over the use of "Brier" in the sense that the event is most often referred to as the "Tim Hortons Brier," not simply "the Brier" or "Brier." Prayerfortheworld (talk) 05:05, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I also want to note that moving this page violates WP:CURLING which clearly states that this particular article should remain under its official name. -- Earl Andrew - talk 03:38, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I will also note, as it was mentioned in the 2006 request to move this page, and still stands true, anonymous IPs commenting to the contrary mean little to this discussion. Sirrussellott (talk) 23:12, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Nominator's comment: As nom, I actually find the opposing arguments pretty convincing, so I won't push this case further, since my contentions and arguments have all been addressed. So unless other people have better arguments for the name "The Brier", we should close this debate soon. Colipon+ (Talk) 02:01, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I second the motion to close the discussion. Sirrussellott (talk) 02:06, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Prayerfortheworld (talk) 02:53, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:53, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Tim Hortons Brier.JPG

Requested move 10 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Per consensus. – robertsky (talk) 23:51, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Montana's Brier → The Brier – Per WP:COMMONNAME policy, as evidenced by the fact that The Brier has been a redirect to [sponsor] Brier since 2012. Wikipedia does not exist to promote corporate sponsorships (see: WP:NOTADVERT policy), while searches for "Brier" on Google return results which are entirely related to the Curling event. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  04:48, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the same reasons stated the last time this was brought up in 2005 and 2012. The sponsor's name has been part of the Brier tradition since the very beginning, so including the sponsor name has always been part of the common name. Plus "The Brier" is an awkward as a title. It may be used in the body of text in sources, but is rarely used on its own as a title. You're just as likely to see "Brier" on it is own as a title, without "The".-- Earl Andrew - talk 14:06, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I wasn't going to bring this up, but since you have said your reasons for opposing are the same as they were both 12 and 19 years ago, it's fair game. In the 2012 discussion, you said that "I also want to note that moving this page violates WP:CURLING which clearly states that this particular article should remain under its official name." I would invite you to read up on current policy regarding local consensuses, which states very clearly "Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale." Community consensus is to make WP:COMMONNAME part of the Article Titles policy ("The Policy") and which says, "Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it generally prefers the name that is most commonly used (as determined by its prevalence in a significant majority of independent, reliable, English-language sources) as such names will usually best fit the five criteria listed [in The Policy] . When there is no single, obvious name that is demonstrably the most frequently used for the topic by these sources, editors should reach a consensus as to which title is best by considering these criteria directly" (bolding mine).
 * So now that I've laid out that being the "official" title is mostly irrelevant, lets look at the sources. Since we've had a change in title sponsor in the years since the 2012 discussion, we should also look at the WP:NAMECHANGES part of The Policy. It says, "Sometimes the subject of an article will undergo a change of name. When this occurs, we give extra weight to independent, reliable, English-language sources ("reliable sources" for short) written after the name change." TSN/Bell Media has overwhelmingly used "Brier" this year, occasionally using "the Brier" and "Montana's Brier". Global News uses "Brier" or "the Brier" in headlines and in all but two ctrl+f hits for "Brier" (appearing to use "Canadian men's curling championship" more often than "Montana's..."). The CBC uses "Brier" or "the Brier" only in headlines and also uses "Canadian men's curling championship" in article bodies more often than the sponsored name. Various Postmedia outlets are also electing to use "Brier" in headlines, etc.
 * Looking at the five points listed on The Policy, the current sponsored title is not at all recognizable (as demonstrated above in the sources), natural, or concise. Only The Brier (which, again, already redirects here and has for 12 years, proving primary topic status) or Brier (curling) fit all five points. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  15:48, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support clear wp:commonname—blindlynx 19:30, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support I think we need to be a lot more clear, as discussed above, both CBC and TSN (in English), as well as Radio-Canada, RDS (in French), and other international organizations have been using the Brier or Brier for clarity and consistency. I also think we need to consider that the sponsorship of the Brier may change again, so we'd be having this conversation all over again. So, for players who have curled in the Tim Hortons Brier, as well as the now Montana's Brier, their wikipedia articles, as well as their medal counts, can get very confusing. I think we need to be realistic and just say that Brier is going to be the name, no matter who is the main sponsor. I think Wikipedia needs to align and reflect with what accredited journalists and media organizations report on and say as well. User_talk: Traveltheglobe 21:22, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support clearly not the common name. WP:OFFICIALNAME we do not use official names just because they are official. Wikipedia is not an advertising hub. The sponsor's name is not necessary when it makes it longer and less common and less recognizable. The current title fails WP:CONCISE and wP:COMMONNAME, being less common and longer --- It also suggests that this article is about a bonspiel in Montana, USA; perhaps the Montanan championship, and not one in Canada -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 06:32, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

This article on French Wikipedia
The version of this article on fr.wiki, fr:Brier Montana's, needs fixing. Many of the bluelinks for curlers link to the wrong articles, and it should also probably be renamed to fr:Le Brier per this article's rename -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 21:48, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Then fix it? This is the discussion for the English page, not the French.-- Earl Andrew - talk 13:43, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The fr.wiki article was mostly static from 2016 to 2024, so it's not likely French Wikipedians will correct it. Only the sponsor name change prompted a flurry of edits. Thus Canadian editors, who might be bilingual, and who appear here, might want to fix that, providing their French is sufficient, if more adjustments are needed to the text of the article, aside from the link. -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 04:02, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Brier


text:
List of municipalities in Illinois

Illinois is a state located in the Midwestern United States. According to the 2020 United States census Illinois is the 6th most populous state with inhabitants but the 24th largest by land area spanning 55499.0 sqmi of land. Illinois is divided into 102 counties and, as of 2020, contained 1,300 municipalities consisting of cities, towns, and villages.

The most populous city is Chicago with 2,746,388 residents while the least populous is Valley City with 14 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Chicago, which spans 227.73 mi2, while the smallest is Irwin at 0.045 mi2.

title: List of municipalities in Illinois


text:
Wolf's Lair

The Wolf's Lair (Wolfsschanze; Wilczy Szaniec) served as Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II.

The headquarters was located in the Masurian woods, near the village of Görlitz (now Gierłoż), about 8 kilometres (5 miles) east of the small East Prussian town of Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn), in present-day Poland. The central complex and the Führer 's bunker were surrounded by three security zones guarded by two Schutzstaffel (SS) units: the SS-Begleitkommando des Führers, and the Reichssicherheitsdienst.

The Wehrmacht's armoured Führerbegleitbrigade was held in readiness nearby but, as a part of the Heer 's elite Großdeutschland Division, was used to counter-attack Red Army break-throughs in Army Group Centre's front and rescue cut-off Heer, Luftwaffe Fallschirmjager and SS panzer troops.

The 20 July Plot, an assassination attempt against Hitler, took place at the Wolf's Lair on 20 July 1944.

Name
The name Wolfsschanze is derived from "Wolf", a self-adopted nickname of Hitler. He began using the nickname in the 1920s and it was often how he was addressed by those in his intimate circle. "Wolf" was used in several titles of Hitler's headquarters throughout occupied Europe, such as Wolfsschlucht I and II in Belgium and France, and Werwolf in Ukraine.

Although the standard translation in English is "Wolf's Lair," a Schanze in German denotes a sconce, redoubt or temporary fieldwork. The German cognate for the lair of a wolf is Höhle (cave) or Bau (dwelling).

History
As part of the preparations for the coming Operation Barbarossa, the decision was made in late 1940 to build a military headquarters for the Führer in Eastern Europe, similar in concept to the Felsennest in Western Europe. Like the Felsennest, the new headquarters had to be as close to the front as possible, but far enough to be safe from enemy forces.

Eventually, a top-secret site was chosen in the middle of the Masurian woods, in what was then East Prussia, far from roads and urban areas, and accessible only by a single railway and small airstrip. To maintain secrecy, locals were told that the construction works were for a new cement factory. The Organisation Todt completed construction of the entire 6.5 km2 complex by 21 June 1941.

Hitler first arrived at the headquarters on 24 June 1941, two days after Barbarossa commenced. At its peak, over 2,000 people lived and worked at the Wolf's Lair, including food-tasters to sample Hitler's food before he ate it to guard him against being poisoned. Additional construction work began in mid-1944 to enlarge and reinforce many of the original buildings on the site on Hitler's orders, although the work was never completed because of the Red Army's rapid advance during the Baltic Offensive.

Hitler left the Wolf's Lair for the final time in November 1944 after having spent over 800 days there, the longest he had stayed at any place over the course of the war, during a $3 1/2$-year period.

Layout
The buildings within the complex were camouflaged with bushes, grass, and artificial trees on the flat roofs; netting was also erected between buildings and the surrounding forest so that the installation looked like unbroken dense woodland from the air. The site consisted of three concentric security zones.

 * Sperrkreis 1 (Security Zone 1) was located at the heart of the Wolf's Lair, the perimeter was ringed by steel fencing and guarded by the SS Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD). Within the compound, security was managed by Dienststelle I (command I) from the SS-Begleitkommando des Führers (FBK) which operated under the auspices of Obersturmbannführer Bruno Gesche. These were the only armed guards Hitler allowed to be near him. They never had to surrender their weapons and were never searched whereas the RSD were required to remain at positions some distance away from Hitler. The zone contained the Führer Bunker and ten other camouflaged bunkers built from 2 m steel-reinforced concrete. These shelters protected members of Hitler's inner circle such as Martin Bormann, Hermann Göring, Wilhelm Keitel, and Alfred Jodl. Hitler's accommodation was on the northern side of the Führer Bunker so as to avoid direct sunlight. Both Hitler's and Keitel's bunkers had additional rooms where military conferences could be held.
 * Sperrkreis 2 (Security Zone 2) surrounded the inner zone. The area housed the quarters of several Reich Ministers such as Fritz Todt, Albert Speer, and Joachim von Ribbentrop. It also housed the quarters of the personnel who worked in the Wolf's Lair and the military barracks for the RSD.
 * Sperrkreis 3 (Security Zone 3) was the heavily fortified outer security area which surrounded the two inner zones. It was defended by land mines and the Führerbegleitbrigade (FBB), a special armoured security unit from Wehrmacht which manned guardhouses, watchtowers, and checkpoints.

A facility for Army headquarters was also located near the complex. The FBK and RSD had responsibility for Hitler's personal security within the site, while external protection of the complex was provided by the FBB, which had become a regiment by July 1944. The FBB was equipped with tanks, anti-aircraft guns, and other heavy weapons. Any approaching aircraft could be detected up to 100 km from the site. Additional troops were also stationed about 75 km away.

Reinforcements
Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge, recalled that Hitler repeatedly spoke in late 1943 or early 1944 of a possible bomber attack on the Wolfsschanze by the Western Allies. She quoted Hitler as saying, "They know exactly where we are, and sometime they're going to destroy everything here with carefully aimed bombs. I expect them to attack any day."

According to Speer, between 28 July 1941 and 20 March 1942, Hitler left Rastenburg only four times for a total of 57 days. Afterwards, Hitler spent the next three months in Obersalzberg before returning to Rastenburg for the next nine months.

Hitler's entourage returned to the Wolfsschanze from an extended summer stay at the Berghof in July 1944. The previous small bunkers had been replaced by the Organisation Todt with "heavy, colossal structures" of reinforced concrete as defense against the feared air attack. According to Armaments Minister Albert Speer, "some 36,000,000 marks were spent for bunkers in Rastenburg [Wolf's Lair]."

Hitler's bunker had become the largest, "a positive fortress" containing "a maze of passages, rooms and halls." Junge wrote, "We had air-raid warnings every day" in the period between the 20 July assassination attempt and Hitler's final departure from the Wolfsschanze in November 1944, "but there was never more than a single aircraft circling over the forest, and no bombs were dropped. All the same, Hitler took the danger very seriously, and thought all these reconnaissance flights were in preparation for the big raid he was expecting."

No air attack ever came. It has never been revealed whether the Western Allies knew of the Wolfsschanze's location and importance. The Soviet Union was unaware of both the location and the scale of the complex until the site was uncovered by its forces during their advance towards Berlin in early 1945.

Hitler's daily routine
Hitler would begin his day by taking a walk alone with his dog around 10 a.m. or so, and at 10:30 a.m. he looked at the mail that had been delivered by air or courier train. A noon situation briefing would be convened, either in Keitel's or Jodl's bunker, and frequently ran for two hours. This was followed by lunch at 2 p.m. in the dining hall. Hitler invariably sat in the same seat between Jodl and Otto Dietrich, while Keitel, Martin Bormann, and Göring's adjutant General Karl Bodenschatz sat opposite him.

After lunch, Hitler dealt with non-military matters for the remainder of the afternoon. Coffee was served around 5 p.m., followed by a second military briefing by Jodl at 6 p.m. Dinner could also last as long as two hours, beginning at 7:30 p.m., after which films were shown in the cinema. Hitler then retired to his private quarters where he gave monologues to his entourage till late, usually going to sleep around 3 or 4 a.m. Occasionally, Hitler and his entourage listened to gramophone records of Beethoven symphonies, selections from Wagner or other operas, or German lieder.

Notable visitors

 * Antonescu, Ion – marshal of Romania
 * Boris III of Bulgaria – tsar of Bulgaria
 * Bose, Subhas Chandra – National Leader from India
 * Bozhilov, Dobri – prime minister of Bulgaria in '43–44
 * Ciano, Galeazzo (minister of foreign affairs) – Italy
 * Csatay von Csatai, Lajos (general, ministry of war) – Hungary
 * Gailani, Rashid Ali al- (former prime minister) – Iraq
 * Gariboldi, Italo (general) – Italy
 * Graziani, Rodolfo (marshal) – Italy
 * Horthy, Miklós (regent) – Hungary
 * Jany, Gusztáv (general) – Hungary
 * Kállay, Miklós (prime minister) – Hungary
 * Koburg, Kiril (prince of Bulgaria and Preslav, tsar successor) – Bulgaria
 * Kvaternik, Slavko (commander and minister of armed forces) – Croatia
 * Laval, Pierre (prime minister of Vichy regime) – France
 * Lukash, Konstantin (general, chief of Staff of the Bulgarian Army) – Bulgaria
 * Luukkonen, Fanni (army colonel, leader of the voluntary auxiliary organisation for women) – Finland
 * Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf (military leader and statesman) – Finland
 * Finat y Escrivá de Romaní Mayalde, José (Conde de Mayalde, ambassador to Third Reich) – Spain
 * Mihov, Nikola (general, minister of war) – Bulgaria
 * Moscardó Ituarte, José (general) – Spain
 * Mussolini, Benito (il Duce) – Italy
 * Nedić, Milan – general and prime minister of Serbia
 * Öhquist, Harald – lieutenant general of Finland
 * Ōshima, Hiroshi (general, ambassador to Third Reich) – Japan
 * Pavelić, Ante – Poglavnik ("Head") of Croatia
 * Tiso, Jozef – Roman Catholic priest and President of Slovakia
 * Toydemir, Cemil Cahit – (general) – Turkey

Assassination attempt
On Thursday, July 20, 1944, an attempt was made to kill Hitler at the Wolf's Lair. It was organized by a group of acting and retired army officers, as well as some civilians, who wanted to remove Hitler and establish a new democratic government in Germany that would negotiate a peaceful end to the war with the Allies before Germany's inevitable defeat, which had become apparent to both sides by then. However, the main challenge facing the conspirators was that Hitler's habit of last-minute changes to his schedule had led to the failure of attempts by others to kill him.

Eventually, the conspirators chose the Wolf's Lair as a viable location to target Hitler because it was the only place where they were sure they could get close enough to kill him. Staff officer Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg volunteered to carry a bomb hidden in a briefcase into one of the daily military briefings usually held in the bunkers, in the hope that the heavy reinforcements of the bunkers could be turned against the Führer through the shockwave of the blast reverberating off the heavily reinforced walls of the room and certainly killing him.

However, on the day of the planned assassination, the location of the meeting was unexpectedly changed to a light brick hut due to Hitler's complaints about the immense heat within the bunkers that day. This change in venue, along with other factors, such as Hitler unexpectedly calling the meeting earlier than anticipated, would contribute to the eventual failure of the plot. Despite this change in plans, Stauffenberg went ahead with carrying out the plot. He carried the briefcase containing the bomb into the conference hut, making a request to be placed close to Hitler on grounds that he had trouble hearing due to his injuries sustained while fighting in North Africa, which would ensure that the bomb would be close enough to Hitler to be effective.

The bomb exploded at precisely 12:42 p.m., with Stauffenberg having excused himself from the meeting a few minutes before. The interior of the building was devastated, four officers were injured and would later die of their wounds but Hitler was only slightly injured. This was due to the fact that one of the other officers present at the meeting had, for his own comfort, moved the briefcase from where it had been put by Stauffenberg close to Hitler and placed it against one of the legs of the solid oak table being used for the meeting. Consequently, the thick, heavy table absorbed most of the blast and this, along with the collapse of some of the hut's thin walls thus dissipating the shockwave, saved the Führer 's life.

Even before the bomb detonated, Stauffenberg and his adjutant, Lieutenant Werner von Haeften, had already begun their departure for Berlin where they planned to take control of the country alongside their fellow conspirators. Their escape involved passing through various security zones that controlled all access around the site. After a short delay at the RSD guard post just outside Sperrkreis 1, they were allowed to leave by vehicle. The two officers were then driven down the southern exit road towards the military airstrip near Rastenburg.

The alarm had been raised by the time they reached the guardhouse at the perimeter of Sperrkreis 2. According to the official RSHA report, "at first, the guard refused passage until Stauffenberg persuaded him to contact the adjutant to the compound commander who then finally authorized clearance". It was between here and the final checkpoint of Sperrkreis 3 that Haeften tossed another briefcase from the car containing an unused second bomb. The two men reached the outer limit of the security zones and were allowed to catch their plane back to army general headquarters in Berlin.

The attempted assassination was derived from Operation Valkyrie, a covert plan officially sanctioned by Hitler for the Reserve Army to take control and suppress any revolt in the country in the event of his untimely death, which the conspirators adapted to suit their purpose. Unfortunately for the conspirators, news soon arrived from the Wolf's Lair that Hitler was still alive. Upon hearing from Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels that Hitler was indeed alive, as well as speaking to the Führer himself, Major Otto Ernst Remer, in command of the Reserve Army's troops in Berlin still loyal to the regime, was fully convinced of Hitler's survival and he quickly re-established control of key government buildings and arrested the conspirators.

That same evening, Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators were summarily executed by gunshot outside the Bendlerblock in Berlin.

On 20 August 1944, Hitler personally presented survivors of the bomb blast with a "20 July 1944 Wound Badge". Next-of-kin of those killed in the blast were also given this award.

Destruction and capture
The Red Army reached the borders of East Prussia during the Baltic offensive in October 1944. Hitler departed from the Wolf's Lair for the final time on Monday, 20 November 1944, when the Soviet advance reached Angerburg (now Węgorzewo), 15 km away. Two days later, the order was given to destroy the complex.

The demolition took place on the night of 24–25 January 1945, ten days after the start of the Red Army's Vistula–Oder offensive. Tons of explosives were used; one bunker required an estimated 8000 kg of TNT. Most of the buildings were only partially destroyed due to their immense size and reinforced structures.

The Red Army captured the abandoned remains of the Wolfsschanze on 27 January without firing a shot, the same day that Auschwitz was liberated farther south.

Historical site
Following the war, more than 54,000 land mines were removed from the area, together with abandoned ordnance, and the entire site was left to decay by Poland's Communist government. Since the fall of Communism in the early 1990s, the Wolf's Lair has been developed as a tourist attraction. Visitors can make day trips from Warsaw or Gdańsk. Hotels and restaurants have grown up near the site. Plans have periodically been proposed to restore the area, including the installation of historical exhibits.

As of 2019, the site was drawing almost 300,000 visitors a year. The Srokowo Forest District, which manages the site, announced renovation and restoration plans for the historic site, including new accommodation options, expanded historical exhibitions, and other upgrades to improve visitor experience. Critics worried that the planned changes could turn the site into a place for neo-Nazi pilgrimages, although the District's spokesperson said that they would "make every effort" to maintain "due seriousness and respect for historical truth". Pawel Machcewicz, a Polish historian who specializes in World War II, said, "[T]he scars left by the war should be preserved and presented as a lesson, a warning... Exhibitions should explain the history, contextualise the place, but not completely overshadow it."

In February 2023, the Srokowo Forest District officials announced that the renovation of the "Wilczy Szaniec" site had begun and is slated to be completed by the end of 2024. The project will include expanding and renovating the hotel and restaurant building, adding a new conference room, redesigning the exhibition space, as well as constructing a new observation deck.

In 2024, archaeologists exploring the complex's former living quarters of Hermann Göring reported discovering five human skeletons (three adults, a teenager and a baby believed to be a family) missing their hands and feet and lacking any traces of clothing or personal objects buried under the brick residence. Alongside each of the skeletons thunderbolt stones (or Donnerkeil)—bullet-shaped fossils of extinct squid-like creatures called belemnoids—were found.

title: Wolf's Lair


text:
Ibar (river)

The Ibar (Ибар, ), also known as the Ibër and Ibri (Ibër, Ibri), is a river that flows through eastern Montenegro, northern Kosovo and central Serbia, with a total length of 272 km. The river begins in the Hajla mountain, in Rožaje, eastern Montenegro, and passes through southwestern Serbia and northern Kosovo, where it leads back into Serbia to flow into the West Morava river near Kraljevo, central Serbia.

The Ibar belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. Its own drainage area is 7925 km2, with an average discharge of 60 m3/s at the mouth. It is not navigable.

Etymology
Some scholars has theorized that the word Ibar is related to the Basque word for "river" (i-ba/r/i), which is also how the Ebro river in Spain received its name. Other scholars have suggested that the name is derived from Greek, given that the river's ancient name was Hiberus. A Greek origin seems likely, since other rivers also bear the name Ancient Greek Ἕβρος(Hébros) or Modern Greek Έβρος(Évros), meaning 'wide river'. An alternative hypothesis is that Hiberus is borrowed from Thracian ebros meaning 'splasher'.

Upper course
The Ibar originates from six springs on the Hajla mountain in eastern Montenegro. It generally flows north-east, passing through Ibarac, Rožaje, Radetina and Bać, after which it enters Serbia. Passing through the most southern part of Raška District, it flows along several small villages. In this whole area, the river has no major tributaries, but many short streams which flow into it from surrounding mountains. This part also represents the route of one of two main roads connecting Serbia and Montenegro (Ibarska magistrala).

Middle course
Continuing south, the river enters Kosovo and passes through Gazivode, Zubin Potok, Ugljare, Zupče and Shipol, reaching the city of Mitrovica. There, it makes a sharp, elbow turn to the north, flowing through Zvečan, Slatina, Sočanica, Leposavić, Dren and Lešak, entering southwestern Serbia at the village of Jarinje.

In Kosovo
At Kosovo, the river is dammed, creating the artificial Gazivoda Lake (area 11.9 km2, altitude 693 m, depth 105 m). Water from the lake is used for industrial and mining facilities in the Trepča area. Below Gazivoda, another reservoir is created, the Pridvorica Lake. These lakes allow irrigation of an area of 300 km2, representing part of a plan, never completed, of a huge Ibar-Lepenac Hydrosystem, which was supposed to regulate the Ibar-Sitnica-Lepenac watercourse (including ecological protection, irrigation and power production).

At Mitrovica, the river enters a minerals and ore-rich area of the western slopes of Kopaonik mountain, which it follows for the next 100 km or so. The area is especially rich in lead, zinc and silver (Stari Trg, Trepča and Leposavić mines).

Right on its elbow turn, the Ibar receives its longest (right) tributary, the Sitnica.

In Serbia
Entering southwestern Serbia again, the river receives its major tributaries: the Raška, Studenica and Lopatnica, from the left, and the Jošanica.

In this section, the river has carved the 40 km long and 550 m deep Ibar gorge, which is the natural route for the major road in this part of Serbia, the Ibar Highway. This stretch of the river is famous for its pinched meanders and gigantic whirlpools. The whole area is 110 km long (meridionally stretched), and at Serbia's parts is popularly divided into several colorfully named valleys:

 * Dolina istorije (Serbian: Долина историје; Valley of history), consisting of ruins of the medieval city of Maglič, the monastery of Studenica, the monastery of Žiča, the monastery of Gradac, etc.;
 * Dolina jorgovana (Serbian: Долина јоргована; Valley of the lilacs);
 * Dolina banja (Serbian: Долина бања; Valley of the spas), with many spas and springs, such as Jošanička Banja, Mataruška Banja and Bogutovačka Banja.

The gorge is carved between the mountains of Golija, Čemerno and Troglav from the east, and Kopaonik, Željin and Stolovi from the west.

This is a continuation of Kopaonik's mining-rich area, including deposits of iron ore (Kopaonik, Raška), nickel (Kopaonik), asbestos (Brvenik), magnesite (Bela Stena) and hard coal (Baljevac, Ušće and Jarando).

The Ibar has previously gained notoriety as being the most polluted river in Serbia (together with its major tributary, the Sitnica), especially from frequent spills of extremely poisonous phenol, which causes constant problems for the population of Kraljevo, since the city uses the river's water for public waterworks.

Electricity
In 2009, governments of Serbia and Italy signed an agreement which included construction of the "Ibar hydropower plants" complex, with ten hydroelectric power plants on Ibar. A detailed project was drafted, all studies were conducted, a joint Serbian-Italian company for construction of the facilities was formed, and the parliament ratified the agreement. After the 2011 Italian government change, Italy also changed its abroad investment policies and effectively quit the agreement. Power plants were to be built between the village of Bojanići and locality of Lakat, near Mataruška Banja. The entire section is administratively part of the City of Kraljevo. The project included 10 cascade dams, 12 to 15 m high, with all plants being run-of-the-river type. Therefore, no settlements will be relocated as the flooding of the valley would be minimal. The existing road would have to be relocated at four locations.

The planned dams were Bojanići, Gokčanica, Ušće, Glavica, Cerje, Gradina, Bela Glava, Dobre Strane, Maglič, and Lakat, with the total capacity of 450 GW-h. All dams would have fish ladders and kayaking paths. Studies envisioned tourism development with ten small, cascade reservoirs, but also concluded that the stable water levels woul prevent floods and benefit the fish spawning, including species presently not inhabiting Ibar, like carp or zander, which could be introduced. Architect Milan Lojanica was hired to design the dams. He designed them in the spirit of the Serbian medieval architecture and the Nemanjić period. Ratification of the agreement expired in 2021, but some experts publicly revived the idea in January 2023, as the project is generally not considered complicated and expensive.

title: Ibar (river)


text:
Hanford, Washington

Hanford was a small agricultural community in Benton County, Washington, United States. It and White Bluffs were depopulated in 1943 in order to make room for the nuclear production facility known as the Hanford Site. The town was located in what is now the "100F" sector of the site.

The original town, named for the judge and irrigation company president Cornelius H. Hanford, was settled in 1907 on land bought by the local power and water utility. In 1913, the town had a spur railroad link to the transcontinental Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, also known as "the electric railroad". By 1925 the booming town enjoyed high agricultural demand and provided a hotel, bank, and elementary and high schools.

The federal government condemned Hanford to make way for the Hanford Site. Residents were given a thirty-day eviction notice on March 9, 1943. Most buildings were razed, with the exception of the former Hanford High School. It was used during World War II as the construction management office.

Hanford High School, albeit marred from SWAT practice, still stands today and can be seen from the Hanford tour bus operated by the U.S. government. Hanford is now protected as part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park.

title: Hanford, Washington


text:
Julia Kavanagh

Julia Kavanagh (7 January 1824 – 28 October 1877) was an Irish novelist, born at Thurles in Tipperary, Ireland—then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Her numerous contributions to literature have classified her as one of the non-canonical minor novelist of the Victorian period (1837–1901). Although she is mainly known for the novel and tales she wrote, she also published important non-fiction works that explored the theme of female political, moral and philosophical contributions to society. The appeal of her works is represented by the fact that several of her works have been translated into French, German, Italian and Swedish. Her texts also reached North America, where some of her works appeared in Littell's Living Age, an American magazine. Moreover, she was known to celebrated writers of domestic fiction such as Charles Dickens.

Biography
Born in Thurles, a small town in Munster, Ireland, Julia was the only child of Morgan Kavanagh (died 1874), author of various philological works and some poems, and Bridget Kavanagh (née Fitzpatrick). On 9 January she was baptized in the "Big Chapel," a Catholic church, where the clerk misspelled her name as "Cavanah." Before she was a year old, her family moved to London, and soon after to Paris. Julia spent several years of her early life with her parents in Paris, laying the foundations for a mastery of the French language and gaining insight into French modes of thought, eventually perfected by her later frequent and long residences in France. Her father, Morgan, was a language teacher and he also published books of poetry, novels, and several works on philology. An attempt to capitalize on his daughter's literary fame by adding her as co-author to one of his published novels brought Julia much annoyance.

Kavanagh's literary career began in 1844 at the age of 20, when she moved with her mother, after separating from her father in France. Thereafter she supported herself and her almost blind mother, Bridget (a lifelong companion), with her writing career. In June 1850, she requested to meet Charlotte Brontë, who later described her as 'a little, almost dwarfish figure to which even I had to look down [Charlotte Brontë was less than five feet tall] - not deformed - that is - not hunchbacked but long-armed and with a large head and (at first sight) a strange face.' At first she started to write small essays and tales for journals and newspapers. Among the different journals she wrote for were Chambers Edinburgh Journal, Household Words, All the Year Round, The Month, People's Journal, Popular Record, Temple Bar, and Argosy. Once she had acquired some reputation she started to write her own books. Her first book was Three Paths (1847), a story for the young; but her first work that attracted notice was Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne (1848), a story of "heroic charity and living faith founded on fact".

Julia and her mother were again living in Paris from the early 1860s, but moved to Rouen and then to Nice upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Julia died after a fall in Nice in 1877, still unmarried and a lifelong devout Catholic. Her last words, in French, were: "Oh Mama! how silly I am to have fallen". She is buried with her mother in the Cimitiere du Chateau, on the hill above the Old Town to the east of Nice. A notice of her death appeared in The Belfast Newsletter. Bridget continued to live in Nice until her death in 1888. In 1884 she donated a painting of Julia by Henri Chanet to the National Gallery of Ireland.

Works
The scenes of Kavanagh's stories are almost always set in France. Her style is domestic, simple and pleasing, aimed at younger woman readers; her main characters tend to be strong independent and resourceful women. She was popular and had a loyal readership. She was also a prolific contributor to periodical literature, and also wrote many biographical sketches. Modern scholars see a pronounced awareness of gender politics in Kavanagh's writing and view her as a writer whose works consciously exposed the anomalies of social and sexual difference while still adhering to the conventions of the time.

Her works include:

 * The Three Paths (1847)
 * Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne (1848)
 * Women in France during the Eighteenth Century (1850)
 * Nathalie (1851)
 * Women of Christianity (1852)
 * Daisy Burns (1853)
 * Rachel Gray (1855)
 * Grace Lee (1855)
 * Adele (1857)
 * A Summer and Winter in the Two Sicilies (1858)
 * Seven Years and Other Tales (1859)
 * French Women of Letters (1862)
 * English Women of Letters (1862)
 * Queen Mab (1863)
 * Beatrice (1865)
 * Dora (1868)
 * Silvia (1870)
 * Bessie (1872)
 * John Dorrien (1875)
 * The Pearl Fountain and Other Fairy Tales (1877)
 * Forget-Me-Nots (1878, posthumous edition, preface by C. W. Wood)

Journals: contributions of non-fiction

 * 'The Montyon Prizes' in Chambers Miscellany. (1846)
 * 'The French Working Classes' in People's Journal. (1846)
 * 'Prizes of Virtue in France' in People's Journal. (1846)
 * 'Literature of the Working Classes of France' in People's Journal. (1847)

Journals: contributions of short stories

 * Chambers Edinburgh Journal (All reprinted in Seven Years and Other Tales)
 * 'Gaiety and Gloom', (1847)
 * 'Young France', (1847)
 * 'Soirée in a Porter's Lodge', (1847)
 * 'The Cheap Excursion', (1847)
 * 'The Mysterious Lodger', (1847)
 * 'A Comedy in a Courtyard', (1847)
 * Household Words (Also reprinted in a revised form in Seven Years and Other Tales)
 * 'An Excellent Opportunity', (1850)
 * Temple Bar
 * 'Mimi's Sin', (1868)
 * 'By the Well', (1868)
 * 'My Brother Leonard', (1869)
 * 'By the Well', (1869)
 * All the Year Round (Reprinted in Forget-Me-Nots )
 * 'Sister Anne' (1868)
 * Argosy (All reprinted in Forget-Me-Nots and Littell's Living Age )
 * 'Miller of Manneville', (1872)
 * 'Nina, the Witch', (1873)
 * 'Clement's Love', (1877)
 * Story of a Letter', (1878)
 * 'Perpétue: A sketch', (1878)
 * Littell's Living Age
 * 'Annette's Love Story' (1870)
 * 'Story of Monique' (1876)

title: Julia Kavanagh


text:
Ward Melville

John Ward Melville (January 5, 1887 – June 5, 1977) was an American philanthropist and businessman active in the "Three Villages" in western Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. He donated 400 acres of land and money to establish Stony Brook University in 1957, which has developed as a major public research institution. He played a major role in the development of Melville Corporation, known today as CVS Health.

Early life
Mellville was born in Brooklyn to businessman and philanthropist Frank Melville Jr. (1860–1935) and his wife, Jennie Florence (née MacConnell) Melville (1857–1939). His father was a nephew of sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward. He attended Columbia University, where he was active in the Columbia Daily Spectator and the Philolexian Society.

Melville married Dorothy Bigelow, who helped him continue the civic work of his parents such as the restoration of the Colonial village in Stony Brook. The couple had four children.

Career
Following graduation in 1909, Melville joined his father's shoe company, Melville Corporation. Upon the United States' entrance into World War I, Melville became a soldier of the U.S. Army and the firm mass produced shoes for the Army's soldiers.

After the war, Melville continued to work in his father's company, eventually taking control of it in 1922. At the time, he created the Thom McAn shoe line, which became popular. The brand, was named after the golfer Thomas McCann, focused on fine shoes and reached hundreds of stores before it declined. He was CEO of the corporation.

Melville was also part of Macy's Board of Directors and he retired in 1953.

Philanthropy and civic activities
Melville settled in the Stony Brook area in western Suffolk County on Long Island, where he owned much land. He served as a member of the school board in Setauket, where he donated the land for the high school. From 1948 to 1949 he was the 66th President of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York.

Melville was very active in philanthropic works around the "Three Village" area (Stony Brook, Setauket, and Old Field) and the surrounding towns. He supported the restoration and preservation of historic buildings in the area to encourage his vision of a New England village. Under his leadership, Stony Brook was organized around a town green and the Stony Brook Village Center was completed in 1941. He also supported conservation of natural areas, including the West Meadow Beach.

Another interest was education and he developed land for the high school in Setauket, which was named for him. His larger contribution was the donation of 400 acres of land and money to New York state to establish what is now the Stony Brook University, which was founded in 1957. First operating with classes in Oyster Bay, its current campus opened in 1962. Emphasizing teacher education in mathematics and sciences, the university developed into a leading public research institution in medicine and science and was named as one of New York's two flagship universities by Governor Kathy Hochul in 2022. Governor W. Averell Harriman appointed Melville as chairman of the Council of the university, where he served for some years.

Personal life
After joining his father in his company in 1909, Melville married Dorothy Bigelow (1894–1989), a daughter of Isabella Lyall and Charles Emerson Bigelow. In 1924, the Melvilles purchased a property in Old Field on Long Island. They expanded the home, a Cape Cod style cottage built by Alexander Hamilton Jr., a grandson of the first Treasury Secretary, and his wife, Elizabeth Nicoll Hamilton, into a 22-room mansion which they called Wide Water. The living room at Wide Water is believed to be the original cottage. The couple had two sons (Frank and David B. Melville) and two daughters, including:

 * Margaret Melville (1919–2000), who married James Hancock Blackwell Jr. and were cofounders of the equestrian American Driving Society.
 * Ruth Melville (c. 1920–1995), a philanthropist who married F. Henry Berlin Jr.

Melville died in 1977 and is buried in Setauket at the Caroline Church and Cemetery.

Legacy and honors

 * Numerous organizations are named after him, including the local high school, Ward Melville High School in Setauket.
 * The main library at Stony Brook University is named for his father.
 * The Ward Melville Social and Behavioral Sciences building at Stony Brook University was named in his honor.

title: Ward Melville