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Duroc station

Duroc is a station on lines 10 and 13 of the Paris Métro. It is located at the point for which the 6th, 7th and 15th arrondissements share a common border, close to the location of an old toll gate on the road to Sèvres, part of the Wall of the Ferme générale, which was built around Paris between 1784 and 1791 by the ferme générale company of tax farmers. The station is named after the nearby rue Duroc, which in turn is named after Géraud Duroc, Duke of Frioul (1772–1813), who was one of Napoleon's generals.

History
Line 10's station was opened by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) on 30 December 1923 as part of the first section of the Ligne circulaire intérieure (inner circular line) from Invalides (now on line 13) to Croix-Rouge (a station east of Sèvres – Babylone, which was closed during World War II). The line was planned by Fulgence Bienvenüe to connect the city's six main railway stations, with Duroc presumably intended to serve the Gare Montparnasse, although it being located 500 metres away.

The project was eventually abandoned and on 27 July 1937, the section from Duroc to Invalides was transferred to become the first section of the old line 14. The section between Duroc and Croix-Rouge, by that time extended east to Jussieu remained as line 10. It extended west from Duroc to La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle on the same day.

On 9 November 1976, the old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare. Since 2004, the station has been temporarily renamed "Durock" on the occasion of the Rock en Seine festival almost every year for a week in June. Several rock-related posters are also placed on the walls of the platforms.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 21 October 2006.

In 2012, platform screen doors were installed on line 13's platforms, together with eleven other stations on the line in an attempt to increase the average speed of trains and reduce track-related incidents due to the line's heavy traffic.

On 6 December 2017, in a tribute to Johnny Hallyday (1963-2017), a French musician and actor who had died the night before, the station was temporarily renamed "Durock Johnny" for a day, with excerpts from his greatest hits played on the platforms.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,596,220 passengers, making it the 134th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,972,711 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 124th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,645,064 passengers, making it the 130th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 4 accesses:

 * Access 1: Boulevard des Invalides Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
 * Access 2: rue de Sèvres
 * Access 3: Place Léon-Paul Fargue
 * Access 4: Boulevard du Montparnasse Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades

Platforms
Both lines have a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. Platform screen doors are installed on line 13's platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 28, 70, 82, 86, 89, and 92 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Association Valentin Haüy au service des aveugles et des malvoyants
 * Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades
 * Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
 * Ministry of the Overseas
 * Musée Valentin Haüy

title: Duroc station


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Gorda Plate

The Gorda Plate, located beneath the Pacific Ocean off the coast of northern California, is one of the northern remnants of the Farallon Plate. It is sometimes referred to (by, for example, publications from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program) as simply the southernmost portion of the neighboring Juan de Fuca Plate, another Farallon remnant.

Unlike most tectonic plates, the Gorda Plate experiences significant intraplate deformation inside its boundaries. Numerous faults have been mapped in both the sediments and basement of the Gorda Basin, which is in the interior of the plate south of 41.6°N. Stresses from the neighboring North American Plate and Pacific Plate cause frequent earthquakes in the interior of the plate, including the 1980 Eureka earthquake (also known as the Gorda Basin event).

The easterly side is the Cascadia subduction zone where the plate subducts under the North American Plate in northern California. The southerly side is a transform boundary with the Pacific Plate along the Mendocino Fault. The westerly side is a divergent boundary with the Pacific Plate forming the Gorda Ridge. This ridge provides morphological evidence of differing spreading rates, with the northern portion of the ridge being narrow, and the southern portion being wide. The northerly side is a transform boundary with the Juan de Fuca Plate, the Blanco Fracture Zone.

The subducting Gorda Plate is connected with the volcanoes in northern California, namely, Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak. Lassen Peak last erupted in 1914–1917.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gorda Plate


text:
Vaneau station

Vaneau is a station on line 10 of the Paris Metro, located on the border of the 6th and 7th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue Vaneau, which was in turn named after Louis Vaneau (1811-1830), a student who was killed during the July Revolution in 1830.

History
The station was opened by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) on 30 December 1923 as part of the first section of the Ligne circulaire intérieure (inner circular line) from Invalides (now on line 13) to Croix-Rouge (a station east of Sèvres – Babylone, which was closed during World War II) via Duroc. The project was eventually abandoned and on 27 July 1937, the section from Duroc to Invalides was transferred to become the first section of the old line 14, which was connected under the Seine and incorporated into line 13 on 9 November 1976.

In 2019, the station was used by 1,028,480 passengers, making it the 291st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 524,526 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 287th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 725,826 passengers, making it the 291st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has a single access along rue de Sèvres.

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical unlike other stations on the line, similar to the stations on the lines constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today lines 12 and 13)

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 70 and 86 of the RATP bus network.

title: Vaneau station


text:
Sèvres–Babylone station

Sèvres–Babylone is a station on Lines 10 and 12 of the Paris Métro. It is located at the intersection of Boulevard Raspail and rue de Sèvres, on the border of the 6th and 7th arrondissements. Rue de Sèvres boasts two flagship Paris fashion stores: Le Bon Marché at number 22 and Hermès at number 17.

History
Line 12's station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. It was then named Sèvres–Croix-Rouge, after the nearby rue de Sèvres, a road in which in medieval times ran from Paris to Sèvres, as well as the nearby carrefour de la Croix-Rouge (today known as place Michel-Debré).

On 30 December 1923, line 10's station opened by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) as part of the first section of the Ligne circulaire intérieure (inner circular line) from Invalides (now on line 13) to Croix-Rouge (a ghost station east of Sèvres–Babylone, closed since World War II).

Initially, line 10's station was supposed to be named Babylone (after the nearby rue de Babylone, named in 1673 after the Catholic Bishop of Babylon) while line A's station was still named Sèvres–Croix-Rouge. However, shortly before the opening of line 10, the city forced the two companies to consolidate it into a single station with it adopting a common name, Sèvres–Babylone, as it is still known as today. These circumstances resulted in the peculiar signages at the station; the signages of line 10 read Sèvres-Babylone (emphasising Babylone) whereas that of line A read Sèvres-Babylone (emphasising Sèvres).

On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 21 October 2005. Until 2008, line 10's platforms featured an exhibition on ecology, with showcases on waste recycling, renewable energy, and the consumption of water and electricity around the world. It was then replaced with panels that related specifically to the commitments of the Grenelle de l'environnement, with key points of public policy on environmentalism and sustainable development. It was however, removed at the end of 2015, with the green and yellow tiles above the display cases replaced with white tiles, putting an end to the original decoration of the platforms.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,037,509 passengers, making it the 80th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,441,636 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 90th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,392,504 passengers, making it the 88th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has three accesses:

 * Access 1: rue de Sèvres
 * Access 2: rue Velpeau Le Bon Marché
 * Access 3: Boulevard Raspail (with an ascending escalator)

Platforms
Both lines have a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms although the lower portion of the side walls on line 12's platforms are vertical instead of elliptical, as with the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 63, 68, 70, 83, 84, 86, and 94 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Hôtel Lutetia
 * Le Bon Marché
 * Prépa ISP
 * Sciences Po

title: Sèvres–Babylone station


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Radebeul

Radebeul (Radobyle) is a town (große Kreisstadt) in the Elbe valley in the district of Meißen in Saxony, Germany, a suburb of Dresden. It is well known for its viticulture, a museum dedicated to writer Karl May, and a narrow gauge railway connecting Radebeul with the castle of Moritzburg and the town of Radeburg. The Meißen area, where Radebeul is located, is one of the northeasternmost areas where wine is grown in the 21st century.

It is sometimes called the "Nice of Saxony" for its pleasant landscape and mild climate.

History
A village Radebeul was first mentioned in 1349. In 1905 it absorbed the neighboring village of Serkowitz. On April 1, 1924 Radebeul became a town.

Meanwhile, the neighboring village of Kötzschenbroda had taken over Lindenau in 1920, and Naundorf, Zitzschewig und Niederlößnitz by 1924, when it was made a town as well.

In 1934 Wahnsdorf and Oberlößnitz joined Radebeul, and on January 1, 1935 the towns of Kötzschenbroda and Radebeul were united under the name of Radebeul (As "Kötzschenbroda" had a Slavic root, this name was considered too "ungermanic" at the time). In 1947 Radebeul was made part of the district of Dresden.

In 1995 Radebeul was named a major town inside the rural district (große Kreisstadt). When the rural district of Dresden (Dresden-Land) was dissolved, Radebeul became part of the district of Meißen.

Transport
The town can be reached by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe tram route 4 or by Dresden S-Bahn line S1, which serves four stations in Radebeul (Radebeul Ost, Radebeul-Weintraube, Radebeul Kötzschenbroda and Radebeul-Zitzschewig) on the Pirna–Coswig railway. Deutsche Bahn's Regional-Express 50 service also stops at Radebeul Ost. It is also the terminus of the historic Radebeul–Radeburg narrow-gauge steam railway and the station closest to the Karl May Museum.

Public services
The volunteer fire department of Radebeul was founded in 1897. While volunteer, it is considered the oldest department of the city government. Today the volunteer fire department of Radebeul consists of four separate quarter departments: Radebeul-Ost, Kötzschenbroda (Naundorf), Lindenau and Wahnsdord. Each of the departments has his own junior firefighter section. The quarter department of Radebeul-Kötzschenbroda was founded 2008 in the course of the construction of a rescue central station in Radebeul West. In the process the volunteer fire departments of Radebeul-West and Naundorf were consolidated. The rescue central station also houses the "Technisches Hilfswerk Radebeul".

In 2011 the departments counted 136 members in total, 99 on active duty and 37 members in the elderly and honor department. The junior firefighter section had overall a number of 64 young members.

In 2012 the department raised money to create a flag of honor. The assets cost (including gear) totaled a sum of around 12000 Euro, which were gathered through donations (citizen and companies alike). Every donator was allowed to sign one of the flag nails with his name. Fundraising took place from March to the end of July 2012, and the flag was made in September. The flag consecration took place at the 08.11.2012. The departments of Meißen, Moritzburg and Coswig were invited to this ceremony. The flag consecration sponsorship was picked up by the county fire fighter organization of Meißen. The president of the parliament of Saxony, Dr. Rößler, was patron. The flag is stored at the city hall in Radebeul.

Twin towns – sister cities
Radebeul is twinned with:
 * 🇲🇽 Cananea, Mexico
 * 🇺🇦 Obukhiv, Ukraine
 * 🇩🇪 Sankt Ingbert, Germany
 * 🇺🇸 Sierra Vista, United States

Notable people

 * Karl May (1842–1912), author, lived and died in Radebeul
 * Walter von Boetticher (1853–1945), historian and physician, died in Radebeul

Honorary citizens

 * Martin Mutschmann, 1933

title: Radebeul


text:
Mabillon station

Mabillon is a station on line 10 of the Paris Metro, located at the heart of the Rive Gauche and the 6th arrondissement. It was named after the nearby street, rue Mabillon, which in turn was named after Jean Mabillon (1632–1707), a Benedictine monk and scholar, considered the founder of palaeography and diplomatics, who died nearby.

Although the station is in close proximity to Saint-Germain-des-Prés on line 4 (less than 100 metres away), there is no free transfer between the two stations.

History
The station opened on 10 March 1925 as part of the line's extension from Croix-Rouge (a ghost station between Sèvres – Babylone and Mabillon, closed since World War II). It was the eastern terminus of the line until its extension to Odéon on 14 April 1926.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 21 July 2006.

Since 14 October 2021, it is no longer possible to purchase carnets, a book of 10 paper tickets, at the station. This was part of the first phase of the RATP's plan to phase out physical tickets in favour of contactless payment such as the Navigo cards.

In 2019, the station was used by 1,859,872 passengers, making it the 256th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 839,743 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 262nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,195,051 passengers, making it the 262nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has two accesses:

 * Access 1: rue de Montfaucon
 * Access 2: rue du Four (an exit only ascending escalator)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 63, 70, 86, 87, and 96 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N13 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Église Saint-Sulpice
 * Luxembourg Palace
 * Musée national Eugène Delacroix
 * Place d'Acadie

title: Mabillon station


text:
Maubert–Mutualité station

Maubert–Mutualité is a station on Line 10 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 5th arrondissement, it is situated at the heart of the Latin Quarter on the Rive Gauche.

History
The station is covered in white tiles like most other stations of the Métro, and uses a barrel vault that runs lengthwise over the tracks and platform. However, it is unique in that near the center of the platform two parallel tubes of moving orange lights trace the curve of the vaulted ceiling over the tracks from one side to the other.

The station was opened on 15 February 1930 with the extension of Line 10 from Odéon to Place d'Italie (now on Line 7). It is named after Place Maubert (Maubert Square) and the nearby Maison de la Mutualité.

As part of the RATP's "Metro Renewal" programme, its corridors and platform lighting were renovated and inaugurated on 21 October 2003, while a small, specific lighting installation had been inaugurated on the platforms.

In 2021, ridership is gradually recovering, with 1,280,387 passengers entering this station, which places it in 253rd position among metro stations for ridership out of 304.

Access
The station has three entrances divided into four metro entrances, each adorned with a Dervaux-type balustrade:
 * Access 1 - Rue Lagrange, consisting of two fixed staircases, each adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, leading on either side of Boulevard Saint-Germain to the west of Place Maubert, one to the right of no. 49, the other facing no. 62;
 * Access 2 - Place Maubert - Palais de la Mutualité, also consisting of a fixed staircase with a Dervaux mast, located to the west of the square along the odd-numbered pavement of Boulevard Saint-Germain;
 * Access 3 - Rue des Carmes, consisting of an escalator going up allowing only the exit from the platform in the direction of Gare d'Austerlitz, located on the same square to the right of no. 47 ter of Boulevard Saint-Germain.

Platforms
Maubert - Mutualité is a station with a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also made of earthenware in the style of the original CMP. The seats are in the orange Akiko style.

The station is distinguished, by the presence of two parallel tubes of flashing orange-yellow lights in its centre, which follow the curvature of the vault along the corridor passing over the tracks. The scenography was entrusted to Bernard Baissait and his graphic design agency.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 47, 63, 86 and 87 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Maison de la Mutualité

title: Maubert–Mutualité station


text:
Cardinal Lemoine station

Cardinal Lemoine is a station on Line 10 of the Paris Métro. It is located the 5th arrondissement.

History
The station was opened on 26 April 1931 with the transfer of the section of Line 10 between Maubert – Mutualité and Place Monge to Line 7. Line 10 was deviated from its old route east of Maubert – Mutualité to the new station of Jussieu. Cardinal Lemoine was built at the southeastern end of the old route under Rue Monge.

It is named after the Rue du Cardinal Lemoine, named after Cardinal Jean Lemoine (1250–1313), a papal legate of Pope Boniface VIII to Philip IV the Fair. The Lycée Henri-IV is nearby.

As part of the RATP's "Metro Renewal" programme, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and inaugurated on 20 November 2006.

Access
The station has two entrances, each consisting of a fixed staircase embellished with a Dervaux-type balustrade:
 * Access 1 - Rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, leads to no. 55 of this street and no. 29 bis of Rue Monge;
 * Access 2 - Rue Monge is located to the right of no. 28 of the same street.

Platform
Cardinal Lemoine is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also made of earthenware in the style of the original CMP. The Motte style seats are blue in colour. However, the station is distinguished by the lower part of its walls, which are vertical and not elliptical.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 47, 75 and 89 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (located at the foot of this hill in the Latin Quarter, which has been known since the Middle Ages as the student district)
 * Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de la Science
 * Collège de France (situated on Place Marcelin-Berthelot)
 * Lycée Henri-IV (situated on Rue Clovis)
 * La Rue Mouffetard and its many shops
 * La Nécropole républicaine du Panthéon

title: Cardinal Lemoine station


text:
Talk:Tony Blair's private life

Why not under Tony Blair? And why the inconsistency in capitalisation in the title of the article? Deb 17:36, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Blair's private life


text:
Mairie des Lilas station

Mairie des Lilas is a station of the Paris Métro in the commune of Les Lilas and was formerly the eastern terminus of Line 11. It is named after the town hall of Les Lilas. A small underground depot is located near the station to service the trains of Line 11. The station is sometimes believed to be the subject of the Serge Gainsbourg song "Le Poinçonneur des Lilas", about a Métro ticket inspector, although the promotional film for it was filmed at the Porte des Lilas.

History
The station opened as part of the extension of the line from Porte des Lilas on 17 February 1937. As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's platform lighting was modernised during the course of the 2000s while the corridors were renovated 28 June 2018.

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station was closed from 26 June 2021 to 29 August 2021 to raise its platform levels, its surface tiled, and to widen and lengthen the tunnels at the end of the station. This is to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase in passengers and to make it accessible to people with reduced mobility. 2 new entrances will also be added with the one at Place du Colonel-Fabien having 2 lifts.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,436,148 passengers, making it the 101st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,563,685 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 82nd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 2 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: rue de Paris
 * Entrance 2: Boulevard de la Liberté

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with two tracks surrounded by two side platforms, seventy-five metres long and the vault is elliptical. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the nouveau du métro des années 2000s renovation, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware with plant motifs and the name of the station is also incorporated into the wall tiles, in the interwar decorative style of the original CMP. The platforms are tiled in anthracite grey and the Akiko style seats are green (replacing the Motte seats of the same colour which were only fitted to the platform in the direction of Châtelet, then dedicated to boarding). The station is distinguished by the relative narrowness of its platforms given the narrower width of the road on the surface, as well as by the lower part of the wall which is vertical and not elliptical as a result.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 105, 129, 515 (TillBus), and P'tit Bus of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Mairie des Lilas station


text:
Télégraphe station

Télégraphe is a station on Line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 19th and 20th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue de Télégraphe, which was once a chemin de ronde (a raised protected walkway behind a battlement) of the park of the Château de Ménilmontant. Its name comes from the optical telegraph invented by Claude Chappe (1763–1805) in 1792. This was the first practical telecommunications system, but was eventually replaced by the electric telegraph. Chappe installed the relay station, containing the telegraph's apparatus which he called a tachygraphe, on this peak of 128 meters altitude.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

On 1 April 2016, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP as part of April Fool's Day, along with 12 other stations. It was humorously renamed "#TWEET", a reference to the evolution of text messaging in the 21st century and as a tribute to Twitter.

As part of modernization works for the extension of the Line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station was closed from 8 June 2019 to 15 July 2019 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. An additional entrance will also added at the corner of rue de Belleville and rue du Docteur Potain and will be equipped with a lift.

In 2019, the station was used by 1,823,734 passengers, making it the 257th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,194,040 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 220th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 3 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: rue du Télégraphe
 * Entrance 2: rue de Belleville
 * Entrance 3: Cimetière de Belleville

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The station's tracks are separated by a supporting wall to strengthen the station box as it is built in soft ground. Due to the significant depth of the platforms, certain landings between flights of stairs that led to the mezzanine level were equipped with seats for travellers to rest. This was removed during the station's renovation and modernisation as part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP on 28 June 2016. This feature still exists at Buttes Chaumont.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 20 and 60 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Télégraphe station


text:
Jourdain station

Jourdain is a station on Line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 19th and 20th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue du Jourdain, referring to a nearby church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, who baptised Jesus in the Jordan River.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station will be closed from 2 February 2021 to 12 April 2021 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. An additional entrance was also added in January 2022 from the eastern end of the platforms to allow passengers to enter from both ends of the platforms.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,029,314 passengers, making it the 171st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,683,473 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 151st busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 3 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: rue du Jourdain
 * Entrance 2: rue Lassus
 * Entrance 3: rue de Belleville

Platforms
Jourdain has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 20 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Jourdain station


text:
Talk:Open-water diving

Merge
Suggest this be merged with penetration diving or Scuba diving. --Uncle Ed 17:39, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As it is used with distinct meanings (as the opposite of penetration diving and as a stage in diving training), it may be better to leave as a stub to catalogue the uses. It's not a dab page, since it is not a list of internal links to other articles. It does have the possibility for some expansion or a merger into Scuba diving, but that article is already oversized and in need of cleanup, so I'd recommend leaving this article in place. --RexxS (talk) 18:57, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Open-water diving


text:
Pyrénées station

Pyrénées is a station on line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 19th and 20th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue des Pyrénées, which is named after the Pyrenees mountains.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 5 August 2008.

On 1 April 2016, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP as part of April Fool's Day, along with 12 other stations. It was humorously renamed "Alpes", to promote the other main mountain range in France, the Alps.

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, two new additional entrances will be added along both sides of avenue Simon Bolivar with a new ticketing hall and new stairs built to link it and the middle of both platforms. An escalator will also be added to one of the existing entrance (entrance 2) and another between the platform in the direction of Porte des Lilas and the existing ticketing hall by summer 2022.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,920,049 passengers, making it the 182nd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,364,625 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 191st busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 4 entrances with 2 additional ones under construction:

 * Entrance 1: rue des Pyrénées
 * Entrance 2: rue de Belleville
 * Entrance 3: avenue Simon Bolivar
 * Entrance 4: rue Clavel
 * Entrance 5: rue de l’Equerre (under construction)
 * Entrance 6: Square Simon Bolivar (under construction)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms located on a curve.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 20, 26, and 71 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Parc de Belleville
 * Parc des Buttes-Chaumont

title: Pyrénées station


text:
Goncourt station

Goncourt is a station on line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 10th and 11th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue des Goncourt, which was named after the writers Edmond de Goncourt (1822–1896) and his brother Jules de Goncourt (1830–1870). Edmond de Goncourt left funds to create the Académie Goncourt which awards the Prix Goncourt literary prize.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 25 April 2003.

On 1 April 2017, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP as part of April Fool's Day, along with 10 other stations by adorning the stations with original puns and illustrated pop culture references. It was humorously renamed "Nº1 au Goncourt de Beauté".

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station was closed from 9 January 2019 to 26 February 2019 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase in passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. On 30 July 2021, 2 new entrances were opened at rue d'Aix and rue Bichat.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,192,190 passengers, making it the 234th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,829,817 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 132nd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 6 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: Hôpital Saint-Louis
 * Entrance 2: rue du Faubourg-du-Temple
 * Entrance 3: avenue Parmentier
 * Entrance 4: rue des Goncourt
 * Entrance 5: rue d'Aix
 * Entrance 6: rue Bichat – Canal Saint-Martin

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 20, 46, and 75 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Canal Saint-Martin
 * Église Saint-Joseph-des-Nations
 * Hôpital Saint-Louis
 * Palais des glaces
 * Square Jules-Verne

title: Goncourt station


text:
Talk:Referendum

Meaning in Australia
I just undid an edit because it was unsourced and directly contradicted the preceding paragraph, but I think it does deserve some attention. The edit added the following paragraph immediately after the paragraph talking about Australia in the lede -

"What is written above is incorrect- in Australia the difference between the two is that a plebiscite is not binding, meaning that it’s only undertaken to gauge public interest in adopting or amending a law (as in the 2017 same sex marriage plebiscite that led to the amendment of the marriage act in favour of SSM). A referendum on the other hand is binding, meaning that whatever the result is, parliament must act to either adopt or amend a law. "

I don't have a source for this, and the editor didn't provide one, and I certainly don't know enough about the specific meaning of the word in Australia to make a decision either way, but regardless I think it's fairly clear that if the information is to be included then it needs cleaned up and sourced — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.188.43.18 (talk) 07:07, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I think the Australian definition is getting confused for several reasons. Firstly the referendum to change the constitution/plebiscite to decide a political question distinction seems to be a federal only thing with states using "referendum" for both. Secondly there have been so few federal non-constitutional votes (and the equal marriage vote wound up as officially a "survey" because getting an actual referendum/plebiscite through Parliament proved impossible) that there simply isn't a body to check the distinction against. It's also not helped by this distinction having arisen since the conscription votes (which led to those articles being moved to referendum).
 * But overall do we really need to fill up the intro with details of debate about usage in different countries? I'll move it to a more relevant section. Timrollpickering (talk) 10:55, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Removal of Five Constituencies Referendum of Hong Kong (2010)
I would like to suggest the removal of Five Constituencies Referendum of Hong Kong (2010) under the Specific referendums section. The 'referendum' is a by-election only. It is against the referendum definition at the top of the page.

"A referendum (also known as a plebiscite or a ballot question) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of direct democracy. The measure put to a vote is known in the U.S. as a ballot proposition or measure."

Meaning
A plebiscite is directed to all citizens, regardless of their franchise.

What does "regardless of their franchise" mean? ff

If I understand it correctly, some political systems require people to "earn" the right to vote. This right is called a franchise. This may be the acqusition of land, or citizenship, or simply their freedom (from slavery). The novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein uses this concept by requiring military service for the right of franchise.

Rationale
I was struck when reading this entry that there is considerable critical content on referendums, which is good. However, there is a lack of balance, because the usefulness of referendums is not discussed. I don't have the competence to write a lot about the rationale for referendums, but tried to get this going by adding a short section. Could some of you poli-sci types out there build on this a bit? --Reallavergne (talk) 15:12, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

Wording Question

 * However, French establishes another distinction. Plebiscite describes a vote on an individual whereas referendum refers to a vote on an issue. Here too, 'plebiscite' will be mainly used for un-democratic states where we are likely to find a cult of personality, and 'referendum' for democratic states.

Is this referring to an author or the French? Can someone please clarify? Nicole Javaly

Referendum vs. plebiscite
Is there actually any difference between a referendum and a plebiscite except the negative connotation that plebiscites are generally held by dictators? -Will231 (4 Mar, 2004)
 * There is not difference in MOST languages. However, in historical terms, plebiscites were held by a dictator and usually had no juridical effects (since they were staged or faked). So correlating the 0 juridical effects to a facultative non-binding referendum, sometimes this is called a plebiscite. However this specific conotation is used ad-hoc, and is not general. In general, they are the same. Warfare utf 22:50, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

According to the Macquarie Australian Dictionary, a plebiscite is: a direct vote of the qualified electors of a state in regard to some important public question.

Whereas in Macquarie a referendum is defined as: the principle or procedure of referring or submitting measures proposed or passed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.

A plebiscite cannot be used to amend the Australian constitution. Only a referendum can do that.

eg in 1977, when a new national song ("Advance Australia Fair") was chosen to replace "God Save the Queen" there was a plebiscite, not a referendum. There is nothing in the Constitution regarding either the national song or national flag which needs to be changed.

However, in 1967 there was a referendum on Indigenous Australians which amended section 51 from the Constitution and removed section 127 from the Constitution.

Proword (talk) 08:31, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, Australia is relatively rare in trying to maintain a formal distinction at federal level between referendums on amending the constitution and plebiscites on other matters. However this distinction doesn't seem to apply to the state level - e.g. the votes on both secession and daylight saving in Western Australia are called referendums. Timrollpickering (talk) 22:18, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

I believe plebiscite is an older term. In european history it is associated with dicators (from napoleon to hitler) having rigged votes to provide specious popular legitimacy for their actions.

However, there were also genuine plebiscites, for example after world war 1, when several territories voted on which country they should be attached to. Such votes would obviously have great constitutional significance.

Republic of Ireland
While it is interesting to know how the constitutional changes are handled in Republic of Ireland, I don't really think it belongs to this article. IMHO this article should be left general with links to such things ... Any opinions? --Romanm 17:45, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Referendum vs Plebiscite
The convention described seems to be the reverse of what happens in Australia. My understanding is that we call it a plebiscite when it is advisory and a referendum when it is a binding constitutional matter. I believe the referendum to decide upon the national song was called a national poll. Can anyone comment?

Multiple-choice referenda and Switzerland
I don't understand what the article is trying to suck us. Multiple-choice referenda are, in fact, quite common in Switzerland, because one typically can vote on the referendum and on a counter-proposal drafted by the parliament. Now, if both fail to get the necessary support, neither is enacted. A tie-breaking question is applied in the case where both the referendum and the counter-proposal are accepted. The article seems to imply that the tie breaker applies when neither passes, which is wrong.

A further note on this: a facultative referendum passes if it gets the support of a majority of votes. An obligatory (mandatory) referendum needs not only an overall majority, but also needs to pass in a majority of cantons (the so-called Ständemehr). Lupo 10:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Some more: Citizen's initiatives are subject to the obligatory referendum, if they are considered valid by the parliament. An initiative can be rejected by the parliament as invalid for formal reasons, but also if it would demand changes contradicting international law or treaties. Tie-breaking in an obligatory referendum is tricky, because a double majority of votes and cantons is needed. If one option gets a majority of votes, but the other option gets the majority of cantons, the option is chosen where the sum of the percentages of votes and cantons in the tie-breaker question is higher. Lupo 10:26, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lupo, I'd like to improve the wording in the article so can I ask you to clarify the Swiss system for me? As I understand you you're saying that:

 * A "multiple choice" referendum is only ever held on two options, and these are always an initiative and a government counter-proposal. There are no "multiple choice" votes on 3 options or more.
 * If both options pass a "tiebreaker" vote is held, and the proposal that loses the tie-breaker is then disregarded while the winner becomes law.

Do I have this right? Also just to make sure I understand the tie-breaker system. Suppose there are two options: A and B. Both pass and a tiebreaker is held. The results in the tiebreaker are:

 * A is supported by 45% Voters + 60% Cantons = 105% overall
 * B is supported by 55% Voters + 40% Cantons = 95% overall

So A wins the tie-breaker. Is this what you mean by the "option is chosen where the sum of the percentages of votes and cantons in the tie-breaker question is higher"? Iota 16:00, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Right on all counts, as far as I can see. Multiple choice occurs when there is an initiative and a governmental counter-proposal to vote on. You get three questions:

 * A: Do you vote yes on initiative X? (Yes/No/Empty)
 * B: Do you vote yes on the counter-proposal? (Yes/No/Empty)
 * Tie breaker (Stichfrage): In the case that both the initiative and the counter-proposal pass, shall (A) the initiative or (B) the counter-proposal become effective? (A/B/Empty)

 * Now, typically people who vote Yes on 1 and No on 2 will vote A on the tie-breaker (3), and likewise a No on 1 and Yes on 2 results in a B at 3. Still, the tie-breaker may have a different percentage of A-votes than question 1 alone: people voting Yes on both 1 and 2 are equally likely to put A or B in the tie-breaker. And people voting No on both 1 and 2 may still answer the tie-breaker with A or B to indicate a preference for the lesser evil (as they may perceive it...). Your example looks good, but only for the tie-breaker. If those were the percentages for questions 1 and 2, respectively, both would have failed.

 * BTW, I have no idea what would happen if the tie-breaker was tied... However, tie-breaking is extremely rare. The text of the relevant paragraphs of the Swiss constitution is available online in German, French, and Italian. Lupo 19:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Quorum ?
I question the following paragraph in its fastidious refusal to use the word "quorum" to describe the minimum threshold for a referendum:
 * In some countries there is also a requirement that there be a certain minimum turn-out of the electorate in order for the result of a referendum to be considered valid. This is intended to ensure that the result is representative of the will of the electorate and is analogous to the quorum required in a committee or legislature.

It's not analagous to a quorum; it is a quorum. The current media discussion of the Italian stem-cell referendum discusses it "failing to reach a quorum", not "failing to reach a minimum threshold" or "failing to reach a 'quorum'". Granted, the quorum article restricts the definition to "deliberative bodies"; however I think the reason is that few English-speaking jurisdictions which provide for referendums establish thresholds, so the question rarely arises; nevertheless, when it does, the word "quorum" is not used freely. I suggest both referendum and quorum be amended accordingly. Joestynes 08:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Student Union's often have a quorum for referendums Jonwelch 08:59, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Iraq
Would it not be good to insert a section for the Iraq referendum? 204.126.127.253 22:26, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

A Supermajority is not democratic!
In British Columbia, we had a referendum to change the voting system from first past the post to single transferable vote. STV required a supermajority of 60% to win. STV got 58% Here is the problem. 40 votes for first past the post equals the value of 60 votes for stv. That means 1 vote for first past the post is worth 1.5 votes for STV AND that runs COUNTER to 1 person 1 vote which stands at the heart of democracy. This is not a soapbox issue. This is a simple math and education issue. Simply put supermajority requirements VIOLATE one person one vote and therefore they run counter to basic democratic principles! Brian White

 * Although oddly put, I agree, Brian. What you are trying to say, I think, is that if politicians can justify electing individual MLAs with less than a majority (in theory, if there were 20 candidates and they were practically all even, the one with 5.1 percent of the vote could win!), then they cannot justify rejecting an "overwhelming" 58 percent in favour of STV. They are hypocrites. If they can't accept that 58 percent as a mandate from the people, then every MLA (73 of the 79) with less than 60 percent of the votes must resign and run in byelection, and keep holding byelections until someone wins with 60 percent or more. In other words, live by the rules you're making the people live by! GBC 01:39, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

I dont think it is oddly put at all.There can only be one definition of majority. 50% +1. If you require more than that in a referendum, it is exactly the same as giving voters on one side of the argument a  vote of greater value than one. If the ¨supermajority¨ is 60%, it is the same as giving voters on one side 1.5 votes each. if it is 75%, it is the same as giving voters on one side 3 votes each! (it takes 75% to beat 25% that means each vote in the 25% group is worth 3 votes in the majority group. This is fundimentally antidemocratic and wikipedia needs to show that fact. The claim that supermajority requirements protect minoritys is an illusion too. Suppose a referendum recognises the rights of a minority but requires the 60% supermajority, then we have the supermajority requirement making the protection of the minority more difficult! Brian

 * The reason is that the main reason for a referendum is some major change, either controversial or constitutional (or both), where it is not terribly stable to let something pass on a simple "50% of those voting plus 1" because there's the risk that at the first sign of a shift in public opinion those on the losing side will try to get it overturned in a further vote. (Or worse - civil disobedience and a refusal to abide by something that "has been rejected by the people".) It is the age old question of how to combine democracy, efficiency and acceptance. Supermajorities ensure that any change in public opinion on the matter has to be substantial.

 * It's not quite the same thing as electing members of an assembly, because a referendum will always have a practical outcome - pass or fail. Trying to apply the rule to electing an assembly creates the problem that you'd get no member elected and endless ballots (and probably plummeting turnout).

 * As for minority protection, often countries with recognised minorities at formation will have protections for those minorities built into the constitution - hence the idea that the supermajority requirement to change the constitution protects the minority. Historically in most democracies minority groups have received better protection from elected politicians making laws in assemblies than from the rampant populism of referendums. It's rare for a referendum to improve a minority situation although there are exceptions - for example the 1967 Australian referendum that removed the clause barring the Commonwealth parliament from making specific laws for Aboriginal Australians, although even that is confused as it was originally put in to protect Aboriginal Australians from negative legislation but by the 1960s was considered a bar to positive legislation. (The Australian "supermajority" requirement is that the referendum must have a simple majority of all voters PLUS it must pass in at least four states - to protect the smaller states from domination by New South Wales and Victoria. Indeed most popular majority, insufficient states results have the measure passing in NSW & Vic.) Timrollpickering (talk) 10:21, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

AZ prop 200 (1996) and prop 300 (1998)
There were issues getting these referendums put into law. ~ender 2006-03-07 17:09:PM MST

Criticism Position
The Criticism is far to close to the beginning of this article. This is an encylopedia, and this article should explain in detail what a referendum is and then show criticisms of them. I am moving the section to the bottom. Travis Cleveland 11:13, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I find it odd that there is a Criticism section (great!) but no section on when and how referendums make sense. This seems unbalanced to me. --Reallavergne (talk) 14:55, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

Lack of Historical Perspective
This article lacks any view of the historical perspective of Referenda before the 1970s. What about the use of the plebiscite in early 20th century Europe especially following the First World war. See Category:Referendums by year. Lumos3 17:40, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Honestly, I think you may be on to something, I believe the the scope of this article needs to be dramatically expanded, and even actually talking about the original Plebiscites of the Roman Republic, many of which were crucial in building the foundations of the modern world. Or would it be more fitting to just make a separate article for plebiscites?--Sire22 (talk) 15:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Referenda in Nazi Germany are only referred to in an aside, not explained. How should an ignorant reader be able to assess the validity of anti-referendum arguments if the events they refer to are omitted? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.0.5 (talk) 14:06, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

EU is no Country
I´m living in Germany. & not in a Country called EU. So, if there exists a Country with the Name EU, write down, where it is. & if Organisations like EU count like Countries, UN counts like a Country, too. If UN is no County, EU is no Country, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.89.165.165 (talk) 19:42, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

upcoming referendums section
it would be useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.217.59.87 (talk) 11:02, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

History of the referendum
What is the earliest referendum to take place?, i assume its from America thats why its not in right.
 * I can't imagine why it being in America would cause it not to be included, but it wasn't in America anyway. The first referendums were in ancient Athens around 500 BC, and the first referendum in the modern world was in France in 1793 (about whether to adopt their new constitution). 87.80.97.137 (talk) 10:25, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

United Kingdom section contains error
In 2004, the UK Government committed to holding a UK-wide referendum on the new EU Constitution, but this was postponed in 2005 due to the rejection of the European Constitution in Belgium and France and

Please change Belgium to the Netherlands

Belgium actually ratified the constitution. See bbc source Netherlands was meant by author, which did reject the treaty See bbc source

--Maxm007 (talk) 09:56, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Done Welcome and thanks for contributing. Celestra (talk) 13:44, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Netherlands
I am Dutch. The term 'Volksraadpleging' is hardly ever used in this connection. We just say 'Referendum' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.159.150.163 (talk) 07:00, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Plural
Is it not "referenda" rather than "referendum"? I know both are used, but which is actually correct? 188.74.101.228 (talk) 21:56, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * "referendum" is the singular, "referendums" is the plural and "referenda" is the product of cod Latin (the word in Latin is a gerund and has no plural in Latin; it's been imported into English as a noun and thus follows the English pluralisation rules). Timrollpickering (talk) 20:02, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Just a note here more than 13 years later, because I was briefly impressed by 's argument here.
 * But it's not actually correct. Referendum is not a gerund but a gerundive, and behaves grammatically like an adjective, including the -enda plural (for neuter gender). --Trovatore (talk) 00:56, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

iceland
"Iceland held a referendum on 6 March 2010, to vote for whether or not to repay the Icesave dept to United Kingdom and the Neatherlands. The people voted against repaying the debt."

this is not true. the referendum was about the terms of the repayment, not the repayment itself.--Lotsofmagnets (talk) 18:49, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Greece
Add an entry for Greece referendum. Dates so far unknown. Markets fell when the referendum was announced. RadioEverleigh (talk) 14:05, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

mess
All this article and the attached article Popular referendum are a mess. Mormegil 87.19.63.46 (talk) 22:18, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

I agree; it looks like a school essay. There is wholly disproportionate space given to what the plural should be in English, ignoring the case for the "referenda" form (it's just not that important, nobody talks about datums or agendums, the distinction drawn between Latin gerunds and gerundives is confusing and irrelevant, &c). There should also be discussion of technical limitations in referendums (eg the Australian requirement for a double majority, or the requirement in the UK devolution referendums of 1979 for a vote in favour to be 40% of the electorate). Then there are voting age issues, and the question of what an advisory referendum really means when there is political weight behind it, and so on and so on. Deipnosophista (talk) 17:59, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

rule
independence referendum, people can choose 1 of 5 options:
 * 1) remained under colonial (ex: falklands island remain under united kingdom)
 * 2) free from colonial (ex: south sudan independence from sudan)
 * 3) reunited under colonial (ex: timor leste under from stand government became to under from portugal government)
 * 4) 2/more unification to 1 nation state (ex: west germany and east germany became to germany)
 * 5) autonomous regions status change (ex: statues of puerto rico from territory became to state)

new constitution or rule referendum, people can choice only 1 from 2 options: yes or no. Akuindo (talk) 04:35, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Splitting section "Referendums by country" into new article
WP:SPLIT says: "If [...] a section of an article has a length that is out of proportion to the rest of the article, it is recommended that a split be carried out."

It seems that section "Referendums by country" is far out of proportion with the rest of the article. I have been adding some countries to the list, and will be continuing to do so, so this disproportion will only increase. Therefore, I propose that this section be split into it's own article titled Referendums by country. --JohnnyBallot (talk) 16:58, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support – agreed, go ahead. —Ynhockey (Talk) 21:43, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Executed - after waiting for 2 weeks, this split was executed few minutes ago. --JohnnyBallot (talk) 14:17, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

Referendum vs Plebiscite (new)
I thought referendum referred to a vote undertaken under a law or constitutional provision (namely authorizing the referendum process) - which, if approved by the electorate, became a law or a constitutional provision ipso facto (i.e. automatically or self-enacting).

While plebiscite was a vote, authorized by the government, not defined by a law or constitution provision, with a process unique to the question - which, if approved or rejected became guidance (or mandate) and which only took real effect with some other action by the government for implementation.

Making them equivalent in the article blurs this useful distinction. This is also the sense in which referendum is described in Initiatives and referendums in the United States - initiative being new law and referendum being amend and repeal. patsw (talk) 14:39, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The fact is that either or both terms are in use across many countries to mean a popular vote on a political matter regardless of how they've come about or what other actions are needed before they take effect. Here in the UK some votes have needed follow-up legislation - e.g. Scottish devolution - whereas others automatically took effect - e.g. councils having directly elected mayors. All are referendums and the term "plebiscite" is little used outside historical discussion. Conversely in Australia there's a federal distinction between "referendums" that change the constitution and "plebiscites" that are votes on laws and other matters, although at state level they all seem to get called "referendums". It would be false and confusing to start drawing a distinction in terms based on how they're used in just one country. Timrollpickering (talk) 21:45, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

I'm taking no action. Perhaps some other editor with stronger beliefs that I have will add this and mark it as usage unique to the United States of America. patsw (talk) 16:53, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Folks, this had been discussed before and unfortunately they came to the wrong consensus. I had proposed that the United States categories distinguish between a Referendum (a popular vote to abolish a passed law requiring a petition and signature drive), Initiative (a proposal for a new law requiring a petition and signature drive), and Recall (a proposal to remove an elected official from office requiring a petition and signature drive). These are the reforms that were established during the Progressive Era on the early 20th century. As it stands the term "referendum" on Wikipedia is being used for the more general concept of just anything that is on a ballot. There is the beginnings of distinguishing between legislatively referred ballot questions and ones resulting from petitions and signature drives, but I gave up on it due to the prevailing consensus of organizing these things the wrong way. Greg Bard (talk) 18:44, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Should VoteBox™ be under "External links"?
First the "(tm)" caught my eye. I though of only dropping that. This seems UK specific, but not government run (would be .co.uk); not sure about links to actual referendums: "VoteBox™ can help run an Online Referendum for any group interested in voting on a local or wider area matter, please contact us for details."

On the main page, it seems I could have voted (I'm from another country..) and still there were numbers given for yes and no.. Linsk where to Facebook (not open to all, I'm not registered) and Twitter. Is this spam? comp.arch (talk) 11:02, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

How widely used is the term "referendum"?
Most of this article seems to refer to referendums held in similar manner as most modern parliamentary elections, with people vioting at a specific place at a specific time, casting secret ballots, but being checked off at some list (in order to ensure that only enfranchised people vote, and only once). On the other hand, I think that terms like "on line referendums" may refer to something else. Are open polls, where the access is free to anybody who wishes, considered as referendums, independently of who organises them?

The question came up, when I started to follow the links in Alderney referendum, 2003. The procedure seems to have held some unusual features. Seemingly, the "referendum" was not organised by the local authorities on that small Channel island, but by "Guernsey's procedures and constitution committee" (whose precise legal status I'm not sure of). Alderney is part of the Bailiff of Guernsey; but whether or not this makes Alderney subordinate to the government of Guernsey was seemingly one of the controversial issues. No precise date or explanation of the procedure is given in the article. One of the two sources, from September 19, 2003 (http://guernseypress.com/news/2003/09/19/stay-out-of-our-affairs-says-alderney-president/), quotes the President of the States of Alderney ("State" here means "Parliament") as considering the "referendum" as "an unwarranted intrusion by one government into the affairs of another" and "unconstitutional". According to the same article, postcards had been sent to the residents on Alderney, asking them for whether they wanted to let the States of Alderney continue to elect representatives to the States of Guernsey, or to change to a system with direct votes. The President advised the Alderney people to throw them in the waste bin instead of returning them. However, a member of the committee claimed that they had a mandate for asking the Alderney people directly what they thought about this.

The other source, from September 24, 2003 (http://guernseypress.com/news/2003/09/24/alderney-wants-a-direct-say/) describes the "referendum" as so far showing that a clear majority wanted to make the change, but that, since the turnout so far was just 21%, the deadline for participating in the referendum was extended to October 12.

I'm not questioning the fact that we report on this obviously controversial issue. We should, and we also should try to represent the fact in a neutral manner; but whatever we may think, the incident/election clearly is important enough to merit an article. What I wonder is if "referendum" is the correct English term for a procedure where all voters are sent postcards with the questions, and given some month to return these with checks for the alternative they prefer. (The final outcome was a turnout of nearly 40%, which I think is not bad for referendums.) If this is "not quite an ordinary referendum", then, what would be the appropriate term?

There may come a larger similar issue, if the Catalan authorities decide to hold a "referendum" about independence, although the Spanish government has declared this illegal. Will the term used then depend on how this "referendum" is organised (e.g., by on line votes, or by postcards, or, instead, by more conventional procedures where the voters on a specified date may cast their votes in specified places)? What about the threat of a new "referendum" on Scottish independence?

I'm by no means concerned with the questions whether holding these "referendums" were or will be constitutional or not, or right or wrong from any other point of view. I'm just concerned with the appropriate terminology. What precisely is a "referendum"? JoergenB (talk) 20:18, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I now see that the action was called "a questionnaire" a few years later: http://guernseypress.com/news/2005/01/08/alderney-reps-election-change/. JoergenB (talk) 20:35, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's a problem that it was an entirely postal vote – the New Zealand citizens-initiated referendum, 2009 was the same. However, this discussion should really be taking place at Talk:Alderney referendum, 2003. Number   5  7  20:52, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the link!
 * No, I think that the general question is more appropriate for this article. E.g., that postal vote referendum could be well worth to mention here, as an example of one method employed. Moreover, the Criticisms section does not mention any cases where there were conflicts on whether or not a certain procedure was a proper referendum, but it probably should. (There is an illustration from Odessa mentioning a demand for a referendum, but no mention of e.g. the Crimean status referendum, 2014.) JoergenB (talk) 19:17, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

Simple majority or supermajority?
There is no mention in the article of the winning majority required in past referenda. Were they all 50%+1 to win, or were some 60%,66%,70%,etc? Anyone know? Crawiki (talk) 17:03, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Civic
What is referendum 45.215.255.29 (talk) 16:31, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Referendum


text:
Rambuteau station

Rambuteau station is a station on Line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 3rd and 4th arrondissements in central Paris. It is named after the nearby Rue Rambuteau, which was named after Claude-Philibert Barthelot, Comte de Rambuteau (1781 - 1869), a senior official in the former Department of the Seine, who established the groundwork for the fundamental transformation of Paris that Haussmann carried out under the Second Empire.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 29 November 2002.

In 2017, a Berlin-based fashion label, Dumitrascu, held its SS18 presentation at the station as part of Paris Fashion Week to showcase its latest collection as a result of a last-minute change of plans instead of having it at the nearby Centre Georges-Pompidou as originally planned.

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station was closed from 5 March 2019 to 8 April 2019 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. It was also closed when the line was temporarily closed from Châtelet to Arts et Métiers from 21 August 2018 to 26 August 2019, 14 February 2020 to 19 February 2020, and again from 17 April 2021 to 2 May 2021 for modernisation works.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,219,510 passengers, making it the 155th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,389,112 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 187th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 4 entrances:

 * Centre Georges-Pompidou
 * rue Rambuteau
 * rue Geoffroy l'Angevin
 * rue du Grenier-Saint-Lazare

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 29, 38, and 75 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12, N13, N14, and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Centre Georges Pompidou
 * Jardin Anne-Frank
 * Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
 * Musée National d'Art Moderne

title: Rambuteau station


text:
PSNI (disambiguation)

PSNI may refer to:

 * Police Service of Northern Ireland
 * PSNI F.C., a football club associated with the Police Service
 * PSNI GAA, a Gaelic games club associated with the Police Service
 * Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland

title: PSNI (disambiguation)


text:
Porte de la Chapelle station

Porte de la Chapelle is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the districts of La Chapelle and Goutte d'Or and the 18th arrondissement.

The station opened on 23 August 1916 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Jules Joffrin. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Métro. Porte de la Chapelle was the terminus of line 12 until 18 December 2012, when an extension opened to Front Populaire.

The station is named after the Porte de la Chapelle, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, on the Rue de la Chapelle, the old Roman road to Calais via Saint-Denis, now Route nationale 1. It was named after a village that was annexed by Paris in 1860 and was named after a chapel to Saint Genevieve built in the 6th century.

The station is featured in "Crossroads", an episode of the American HBO series "Band of Brothers".

Work is under way to extend the line into the commune of Aubervilliers, initially to Front Populaire, which opened in 2012. It is proposed to extend it further north through several stations to La Courneuve–Aubervilliers RER B station or La Courneuve 6 Routes Tramway line 1 station.

A street-level interchange with Paris tramway Line 3b opened on 15 December 2012.

title: Porte de la Chapelle station


text:
Marx Dormoy station

Marx Dormoy is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the districts of La Chapelle and Goutte d'Or and the 18th arrondissement.

The station opened on 23 August 1916 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Jules Joffrin to Porte de la Chapelle. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Métro.

The station is named after Marx Dormoy (1888–1941), a French socialist politician assassinated by Cagoulards. Until 1946 it was called Torcy after the Place de Torcy, named after Colbert de Torcy (1665–1746), who was a nephew of Colbert and a diplomat and Foreign Minister under Louis XIV.

Nearby is the church of Jeanne d'Arc, where Joan of Arc prayed on 3 September 1429 and the la Chapelle market.

title: Marx Dormoy station


text:
Talk:Solvable group

Simple abelian groups
Polya's dictum : "if there's a problem you can't figure out, there's a simpler problem you can't (?) figure out" seems wrong. Moreover, the opposite sentence "if there's a problem you can't figure out, there's a simpler problem you can figure out" is obviously a reformulation from the works of René Descartes.

"as every simple, abelian group must be cyclic of prime order" seems to be wrong; actually as every simple, abelian group must be products of cyclic groups (may not be of prime order).

 * Every simple abelian group is cyclic of prime order. For an abelian group to be simple it must not have any proper non-trivial subgroups, because all its subgroups are normal. --Zundark 07:49, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Zundark's right

I think S3 Is nilpotent.
Every commutater is of course even. So the commutator subgroup is A3. Am I missing something?Rich 10:06, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The commutator subgroup of $$S_3$$ is indeed $$A_3$$. The next term of the lower central series of $$S_3$$ is also $$A_3$$. So $$S_3$$ is not nilpotent. --Zundark 11:30, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I see, thankyou.Rich 16:41, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Generalizations of soluble
I noticed I've been wanting articles that talk about pi-nilpotence, pi-separable, pi-soluble, pi-constrained, etc. This article already has supersoluble, but I wasn't sure if generalizations were also good. These terms are all basically defined in terms of normal series where the factors are restricted in some obvious way. For p-soluble for instance, it just means that the chief factors with order divisible by p are in fact p-groups (so elementary abelian p-groups). If this is not the right article for them, what would be? I don't like short stubs that just define a term. It is easier just to define the term within a larger article, but even better to group related definitions together and give context, relations, examples, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JackSchmidt (talk • contribs) 06:38, 14 July 2007

Finite groups
For finite groups, do the notions solvable and supersolvable coincide? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.70.14.134 (talk) 22:24, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * No. The alternating group A4 is solvable, but not supersolvable. --Zundark 07:57, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Subvariety?
I'm pretty sure that solvable groups are not a variety. Just take a 1-solvable group, a 2-solvable group, a 3-solvable group, etc... and take their direct product. It's pretty easy to show that the result isn't k-solvable for any k. Maybe "pseudovariety" was meant? 128.208.1.222 (talk) 21:35, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I added the fact that metabelian groups form a variety, as well as the N-solvables for any N, but that the direct product of a sequence of solvable groups of unbounded derived length is not solvable.  I think this is in Neumann's book, probably page 1, but I don't have it at hand.  The unbounded derived length direct product fact is stated and used in Holt's Perfect Groups if someone desperately wants a reference.  The gist is merely that the derived subgroup of a direct product is the direct product of the derived subgroup, and iterate.  If you only need to do it finitely many times, then all is good, and if not, then all is bad. JackSchmidt (talk) 21:55, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

"Example"
To provide useful info for beginners of subject matter it is desirable to provide a rather obvious and quite "simple" example among more complex examples. Introduction to math sub/structures also include some trivial examples, which are basically useless, but show a mathematical principle on the most elementary sub/structure (e.g. zero vector space). It would be great to improve this by adding those changes suggesteted. Mathnovice (talk) 15:51, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solvable group


text:
Jules Joffrin station

Jules Joffrin is a station on Line 12 of the Paris Métro in the Clignancourt district and the 18th arrondissement. It is located in Montmartre, between the town hall of the 18th arrondissement and the Notre-Dame de Clignancourt church.

The station opened on 31 October 1912 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Pigalle. It was the northern terminus of the line until 23 August 1916 when it was extended to Porte de la Chapelle. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Métro. The station was named after Jules François Alexandre Joffrin (1846–1890) who was a councillor of the 18th arrondissement and a député.

title: Jules Joffrin station


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Abbesses station

Abbesses (, literally Abbesses) is a station on Paris Métro Line 12, in the Montmartre district and the 18th arrondissement. Abbesses is the deepest station in the Paris Métro, at 36 metres (118 feet) below ground, and is located on the western side of the butte (hill) of Montmartre. Access to the platforms is by elevator or the decorated stairs.

Location
Nearby are the Montmartre district, the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre (church), the Place du Tertre and the Église Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre (Art Nouveau church). The station is named after the Place des Abbesses, referring to the abbesses of the nearby abbey of the Dames-de-Montmartre.

History
The station opened on 30 January 1913, three months after the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Pigalle to Jules Joffrin. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 of the Métro.

Architecture
The station's entrance, designed by Hector Guimard (1867–1942), is one of only two remaining glass-covered "dragonfly" entrances, known as édicules (the other is located at Porte Dauphine, while a replica exists at Châtelet). Though a Guimard original, the édicule at Abbesses was originally located at Hôtel de Ville and was transferred to its current location in 1974. The entrance is technically anachronistic, since line 12 of the Paris metro was built by a competing firm, the Nord-Sud Company, which did not hire Guimard but engaged other architects to design its stations and station entrances.

Abbesses in popular culture

 * Abbesses is featured in Le Fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain; a working title for the film was Amélie des Abbesses (Amélie of the Abbesses). Though set at Abbesses station, the film was actually shot at Porte des Lilas station, which has a disused platform that has been specially set up for filming.
 * The entrance to Abbesses metro station is featured near the beginning of music video for Howard Jones' What Is Love as well as several other locations around Paris
 * Louis Vuitton has a messenger style bag in the Monogram Canvas line named after the station.
 * A cartoon version of the station appears in the official music video for "Flowers", the ninth track on Émilie Simon.
 * "Abbesses" is also where Minette's fashion studio is located in a Nancy Drew PC game Danger By Design.
 * The French DJ crew Birdy Nam Nam has composed a musical piece called Abbesses.
 * Featured in multiple scenes of the final episode of Netflix original series Sense8.

title: Abbesses station


text:
Saint-Georges station

Saint-Georges is a station on Line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 9th arrondissement.

The station opened on 8 April 1911 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette to Pigalle. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Métro. The station is named after the Rue Saint-Georges, which became a street in 1734 and leads to the Place Saint-Georges, created in 1824. It was the centre of an estate created by the speculator Dosne, father-in-law of the politician Adolphe Thiers.

It was renovated during the early 2000s in imitation of the style adopted by the Nord-Sud Company, the original architects of the station. In fact, the current decorative style only vaguely resembles the original: the station name is no longer shown on large ceramic tablets (as at Solférino and Abbesses) and does not follow the original colour-coding: the edge of the ceramic name tablets should be brown to designate a non-interchange station, rather than green.

title: Saint-Georges station


text:
Brixton railway station

Brixton railway station is a commuter railway station in Brixton, South London, UK. It is on the Chatham Main Line, 3 mi down the line from London Victoria. Trains are operated by Southeastern. The typical service is one train every 15 minutes in both directions, from Victoria to Orpington via Bromley South.

It is about 110 yd north of Brixton Underground station, high above ground level on a railway bridge that can be seen from the tube station. Access is from Atlantic Road via staircases. It is also a busy junction, with the Catford Loop via Peckham Rye and Bellingham leaving the Chatham Main Line immediately west of the station, though there are currently only platforms on the Chatham Main Line. The South London line crosses above the east end of the platforms, without stopping nearby.

History
Brixton was opened as Brixton and South Stockwell on 25 August 1862 by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to serve the affluent Victorian suburbs of South London. The initial service ran between Victoria and Herne Hill. Service was extended to a temporary terminus at Elephant and Castle on 6 October 1862 via a reversing move at Herne Hill. From 1 May 1863 services ran directly from Brixton to Camberwell via a curve at Loughborough Junction. Services were extended from Elephant and Castle to Blackfriars on 1 June 1894.

Services ran from Moorgate to London Victoria via Snow Hill (Holborn Viaduct), Camberwell New Road and Brixton and South Stockwell to Grosvenor Road, following the opening of the link northeastwards to London Blackfriars via Loughborough Junction in 1864. The station was also connected to the LC&DR's branch to Crystal Palace High Level via Nunhead soon afterwards, with this section (via Denmark Hill) becoming part of the modern-day Catford Loop Line.

The station is currently served only by trains on the main line towards Herne Hill. The Denmark Hill line platforms were closed in April 1916 as a wartime economy measure and have been demolished except for a short section of the up platform. However, the line itself remains in regular and frequent use by both freight and passenger services.

Services
All services at Brixton are operated by Southeastern using and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to Orpington via Bromley South

During the peak hours, the station is served by an additional half-hourly service between London Victoria and Orpington, increasing the service to 4 tph in each direction.

Future Proposals

The London Overground network passes above the station without stopping. This segment of the South London Line became part of the network as the second phase of the East London line extension project. Completed in December 2012, the extension connected the South London Line to the East and West London Lines, from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction.

The line also passes through Loughborough Junction. Adding both stations to the route was excluded from the plan due to the prohibitive cost of building on the high viaducts at each location. The proposals drew criticism for not including new interchange stations at these locations. Until 1976 trains stopped at nearby East Brixton. It has been proposed that this disused station could be reopened instead as the site is close to both Brixton and Loughborough Junction.

Artworks
A number of colourful murals have been painted on the outside of the station. Inside the station, three bronze sculptures stand on the platforms. This work, Platforms Piece by Kevin Atherton, was erected in 1986 and the statues are life casts of three people - two black, one white - who regularly travelled from Brixton. The statues, believed to be the first sculptures of black British people in a public place in the UK, were given Grade II listed status in November 2016.

Connections
London Buses routes 2, 3, 35, 37 (at Lambeth Town Hall); 45, 59, 109, 118, 133, 159, 196, 250, 322, 333, 345 (at Brixton Police Station), 355, 415, 432, 689, 690, P4, P5 and night routes N2, N3, N35, N109 and N133 serve the station.

title: Brixton railway station


text:
Assemblée Nationale station

Assemblée nationale is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 7th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby National Assembly.

History
The station opened as Chambre des députés on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by its competitor, the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro. On 1 July 1989, the station was renamed Assemblée nationale, as it is still known today, to be more consistent with the official name of the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic. In 1990, the French artist Jean-Charles Blais decorated the platform with posters, made up of a series of large black silhouette heads on a colourful background. They were periodically updated. From 2004-14, the artist was asked to imagine a new series of images for the station's platforms, titled La Chambre double. It was updated every three months as part of the contract with the RATP. This arrangement ended in 2014 when the artist had discovered that the installation had been dismantled back in the autumn of 2013 to make way for a new exhibition that consisted of reproductions of photographs from the Photoquai exhibition. In 2015, the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris demanded the RATP to pay the artist 14,000 euros in compensation for putting an end to the display without his authorisation, breaching the contract. In 2008, a temporary exhibition, Des Paroles et des Actes, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Fifth Republic, with the permission of Jean-Charles Blais, was displayed on the platforms for three months. It displayed portraits of the Presidents of the French Republic and main events concerning France and transport.

On 28 September 2016, Claude Bartolone, then the President of the National Assembly, accompanied by Élisabeth Borne, then the President of the RATP, inaugurated the station's new decor. It was designed and produced by a collaboration between Philippe Daney, the architectural firm MiRo, and lighting designer Timothé Toury.

Metal plates on the platform walls illustrates the stone walls of the Palais Bourbon, where the National Assembly meets, with large visuals on it that display images of the meeting chamber, articles of the French constitution, as well as extracts from the Tennis Court Oath. A set of mirrors serves to remind travellers that the Assembly must reflect the will of the people.

It features several themes that provide a contemporary vision of the National Assembly, depicting them through insets into the bodywork on the walls of the platforms such as visuals and videos for travellers to learn more about democracy and to participate more in public debate. When the assembly is in session, a screen broadcasts debates in the meeting chamber or in the committees. A screen on each platform also broadcasts La Chaîne parlementaire (The Parliamentary Channel).

The platform vault features a lighting scheme that changes depending on the time of the day: bluish before dawn, orange in the morning, and calmer during the day, changing continuously mimicking passing clouds in the sky.

In 2019, the station was used by 1,063,551 passengers, making it the 290th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 395,997 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 293rd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 611,512 passengers, making it the 295th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has three accesses:

 * Access 1: Boulevard Saint-Germain Assemblée Nationale
 * Access 2: rue de Lille
 * Access 3: rue de l'Université

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 63, 73, 83, 84, 87, and 94 of the RATP bus network, and at might, by lines N01 and N02 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * National Assembly
 * Palais Bourbon

title: Assemblée Nationale station