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Cayenne

Cayenne (Kayenn) is the prefecture of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "fert aurum industria", which means "work brings wealth". Cayenne is the largest Francophone city of the South American continent.

In the 2020 census, there were 151,887 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 65,956 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper.

History
Ignored by Spanish explorers who found the region too hot and poor to be claimed, the region was not colonized until 1604, when the French founded a settlement. However, it was soon destroyed by the Portuguese, determined to enforce the Treaty of Tordesillas. French colonists returned in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but were forced to leave once more following the Amerindian attacks. In 1664, France finally established a permanent settlement at Cayenne. Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France. It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control. It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938. The city's population has grown dramatically over time, owing to high levels of immigration (chiefly from the West Indies and Brazil) as well as a high birth rate.

Geography
Cayenne is located on the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of Cayenne Island. It is 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.

Distances to some cities:
 * Paris: 7100 km.
 * Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique: 1500 km.
 * Nouméa, capital of New Caledonia (France) : 15427 km
 * Paramaribo, capital of Suriname: 342 km to the northwest
 * Macapá, capital of the state of Amapá, Brazil: 554 km to the southeast
 * Mexico City, capital of Mexico: 5534 km to the northwest
 * San Diego, southwestern city in California, United States: 7363 km to the northwest

Administration

Cayenne is a commune of the French Republic and as such, administered by a mayor and a municipal council. The current mayor is Sandra Trochimara, who was 1st deputy mayor under the former mayor Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, and succeeded her as mayor of Cayenne in October 2020 after Phinéra-Horth won the local Senate race the month before (under French law, members of the French Senate cannot exercise the mandate of mayor). Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, a former member of the Guianese Socialist Party, daughter of a former president of the General Council of French Guiana, Stéphan Phinéra-Horth, from the Guianese Socialist Party, who governed the department of French Guiana from 1994 to 1998, was supported by various left-wing parties and had been mayor of Cayenne since 2010.

As in the rest of France, the small size of the commune of Cayenne does not cover the entire urban area of Cayenne. This has led to the creation of an intercommunal authority which groups Cayenne and five suburban communes: the communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral. The current president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral since November 2020 has been Serge Smock, mayor of Matoury, who ran on a centrist platform affiliated with Emmanuel Macron's LREM party and defeated Sandra Trochimara, successor of Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth as mayor of Cayenne, who was also trying to succeed her as president of the intercommunal authority with the support of an array of Left-wing parties. It is the first time since 2001 that the intercommunal authority is not presided by the mayor of Cayenne. Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horthwas was president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral from 2014 to 2020, and did not run for reelection due to her election to the French Senate in September 2020.

The intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral, which levies its own taxes, is in charge of refuse collection, water supply and sewage treatment, urban planning, and public transport for the 5,087 km2 of Cayenne and its suburbs.

Until 2015, the commune of Cayenne was divided into six cantons, but these were abolished in 2015 when the department and the region of French Guiana were abolished and replaced by the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.

Demographics
The places of birth of the 121,490 residents in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2012 census were as follows:
 * 56.5% were born in French Guiana
 * 12.0% in Metropolitan France
 * 3.0% in Martinique
 * 1.4% in Guadeloupe
 * 0.3% in other parts of Overseas France
 * 26.7% in other foreign countries (notably Haiti and Brazil, followed by Suriname and Guyana); among these, 25.0% were immigrants and 1.7% were children of French citizens born abroad

These were the countries of birth of the immigrants living in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2009 census:
 * born in Haiti: 12,184
 * born in Brazil: 7,627
 * born in Suriname: 2,691
 * born in Guyana: 2,537
 * born in China: 924
 * born in other countries: 3,713

Health
Health conditions in Cayenne and French Guiana are generally good. The principal illnesses that cause mortality are circulatory, infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as cancer. A branch of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, located in Cayenne, conducts research on tropical and endemic local diseases and is renowned throughout Latin America. Life expectancy averages about 76 years for men and 83 years for women. The main hospital of the city is the Andrée-Rosemon Hospital which opened in 1992.

Economy
Cayenne is an important seaport in South America. The major port of Dégrad des Cannes is on the estuary of the river Mahury, replacing Larivot and the Îles du Salut. Timber, rosewood essence, rum, and gold are exported in small quantities. In the mid-1960s sugarcane and pineapple were planted around the city, and a pineapple cannery and a shrimp-processing plant were later built. A seafront avenue links Cayenne with the suburbs of Chaton and Montabo, where the French Institute of Tropical America and the Pasteur Institute are located. Historic landmarks include the Church of the Holy Saviour and a prefecture on the Place d'Armes. The Félix Eboué International Airport is the only international airport serving Cayenne.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Cayenne has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) bordering on an equatorial climate (Af). Average high and low temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging about 30 C and 23 C respectively, although temperatures are somewhat cooler in the wet season than in the dry season. Cayenne sees copious precipitation during the year, with its weather being more strongly affected by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) than the trade winds. The city experiences a very lengthy wet season and a very short dry season – the dry season covers only August to October, while the wet season covers the remainder of the year. Some precipitation is seen even during the dry season, a trait common in tropical climates. Cayenne averages roughly 3500 mm of rain each year.

Saint-Sauveur Cathedral
In 1823 Father Nicolas Guiller and Baron Pierre Bernard Milius, administrator of French Guiana, decided to replace the old church of Saint Nicolas on the current Place Léopold-Héder. Work began in 1825 and ended in 1833. The church was inaugurated in 1861 and is registered as a French monument historique.

The high altar, the pulpit, and the confessional of the penitentiary chapel on the Îlet la Mère were  transferred to the cathedral in 1876.

In 1933, the church was declared a cathedral. It was consecrated in November 1934 by monseigneur Pierre Gourtay, the first bishop of Guyana. In 1952, construction workers discovered a lead case containing 21 coins, the oldest of which dated to the Napoleonic period, and 20 seals from the reign of Charles X.

Between 1952 and 1954, the ceiling, the windows, and the floors of the tribunal were replaced. The bell tower was renovated in 2000–01.

Fort Cépérou
Fort Cépérou, originally known as Fort Saint-Michel, is a 17th-century fortification on Mount Cépérou, named for the Amerindian chief who in 1643 sold the rock on which it stands to the Frenchman Charles Poncet de Brétigny, governor of Cayenne in 1644–1645.

Historic houses

In recent years the city has renovated a number of historic Creole houses in the city center.

Place des Palmistes

Initially it was a plaza to aerate the city after the demolition of the city walls in 1810. It was named Place de la Savane ("Savanna Square") after the grasses that grew there. Later some royal palms from the area of Guisanbourg were planted there, and the plaza was renamed Place des Palmistes ("Royal Palms' Square"). In 1880, a bronze column was erected bearing the bust of the Marianne, commemorating the seizure of the Bastille. Governor Gaston Gerville-Reache transformed the plaza into an English garden, with artificial hills, masses of flowers and ornamental plants. Because it regularly flooded in the rain, Governor Marc Chanel in 1925 bordered it with a network of cemented canals, still there to this day. A statue of Félix Éboué, an illustrious Guianan, stands at the Merlet fountain. Today it is a lively place where the residents meet. In the evening, food carts sell French fries, sandwiches, local juices and other street food, and bami and lassi (Javanese delicacies brought in by way of Suriname).

Botanical garden

In 1786, Louis XVI had a garden that served as a storehouse and nursery for various plants and trees from various locations. Louis Claude Richard, director of the garden, brought from India nutmeg trees, rattan, cardamom and black pepper vines. At this period, it was called King's Garden. In 1821 a house was built for the botanist. In 1879, the park changed its name and became the Botanical Garden, a floral park in the city center. It covers an area of three hectares. A statue of Gaston Monnerville stands in the garden's center.

Market and Place du Coq
These two adjoining buildings are located near the old port of Cayenne. As early as 1703, a Place du Port appears on a map of the city of Cayenne. It then became Place du Marché in 1842. In 1888, a covered market and a public garden were built there. In 1907 the municipal council led by mayor Eugène Gobert decided to remove the garden and build a new covered market, the one we know today. In 1920 the war memorial of the First World War was inaugurated on the site of the old market, surmounted by a rooster, which gave the place its current name.

Village Chinois
The village chionois (Chinese Village) in Cayenne is located on the edge of the city's center along the Cayenne River. Colloquially known as la Crique or Chikago, the neighborhood is reportedly a top destination for internal migration from elsewhere in French Guiana.

Carnival of Cayenne
The carnival is one of the major events of the capital. It takes place between Epiphany in early January and Ash Wednesday in February or March.

Description and origin

This festival is part of the Guianan Creole culture. It was originally a carnival as practiced in Europe. In early colonial times, the settlers held the carnival, but it was forbidden to slaves. Braving the ban, slaves Held clandestine festivals to regain some freedom, celebrate Africans, fertility and harvest, and make fun of the settlers.

The fat days close the carnival:
 * Fat Sunday: day of the grand parade, the biggest carnival parade, where groups compete for prizes for their performance.
 * Fat Monday: burlesque marriages; men dress up as brides and women as grooms.
 * Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday): carnival goers parade as Diab rouj (red devils), everyone dressed in red and black.
 * Ash Wednesday: she-devils dressed all in black and white bury Vaval, the king of the carnival.

Carnival of the streets
Groups disguised according to the theme of the year march to the rhythm of drums and brass in a parade around decorated floats. These groups prepare for months for to parade in front of thousands of spectators massed on the sidewalks and the stands erected for the occasion.

The best-known groups are:
 * Kassialata
 * Reno Band
 * OsBand
 * les Belles de la Madeleine

Brazilian bands just like to those at the Rio Carnival are also appreciated for their alluring rhythms and costumes, and Asian community of Cayenne brings dragons to the parade as well.

Masked balls

Nightclubs, called "universities" in this context, organize masked balls in which men come to dance with Touloulous at soirées held on Friday and Saturday nights. This tradition is peculiar to French Guiana, and does not exist anywhere else.

The carnival dances are the polka, mazurka, biguine and piké djouk. The Touloulou invite the men to dance, and the men cannot refuse. Only Touloulous have the right to dance, and if a undisguised woman tries to dance, the orchestra stops playing.

Since the 1990s, tololo parties have been held where men disguise themselves and play the role of the Touloulous, inviting undisguised women to dance. These evenings are more and more popular and take place several times during the carnival.

The family carnival

Families gather every week to eat king cake, a European tradition  observed throughout the carnival. The cake can be frangipane, cream, coconut or guava.

After the abolition of slavery in 1848, the economy of French Guiana was devastated, and much of the population lived by working the land in “habitations”. People farmed and knew the value of working together. The tradition of the king cake was born in the Guiana of this period, or more precisely, “rend le bouquet”. One couple organized the meal and celebration, and at its end designated the couple who would organize the following gathering by handing them the bouquet.

Main sights
Cayenne centres on its main commercial street, the Avenue Général de Gaulle. At the east end of the avenue near the coast is the Place des Palmistes and the Place de Grenoble (also known as the Place Léopold Héder). Most of the official buildings are located in this area: the Hôtel de Ville (the town hall) built by Jesuits in the 1890s, the Post Office, the Préfecture, residence of French Guiana's Préfect, and the Musée Départmental Franconie. To the west of this area lies Fort Cépérou, built in the 17th century, though now mostly in ruins. To the south lie the Place du Coq and Place Victor Schoelcher (named in honour of the anti-slavery activist) and a market.

To the south of this compact region is the Village Chinois (known as Chicago), separated from the rest of Cayenne by the Canal Laussat. It has a reputation for being a dangerous area.

Other buildings in the city include Cayenne Cathedral, municipal library, the municipal museum and a museum of French Guianese Culture (Musée des Cultures Guyanaise) and a scientific research institute (IRD or Institut de recherche pour le développement, formerly Orstom). The Jardin botanique de Cayenne is the city's botanical garden.

Transport
Cayenne is served by the Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, which is located in the neighbouring commune of Matoury.

French Guiana's main seaport is the port of Dégrad des Cannes, located on the estuary of the Mahury River, in the commune of Remire-Montjoly, a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne. Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes. Built in 1974, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and could not cope with modern traffic.

Cayenne is connected to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni via the Route nationale 1, and to Saint-Georges via the Route nationale 2.

Education
Cayenne is home to the University of French Guiana, formerly a campus of the University of the French West Indies until a strike concerning university funding led to the creation of a separate institution in 2014.

In popular culture
In The Hardy Boys #12: Footprints Under the Window, the Hardys' investigations take them to Cayenne.

The 1955 film We're No Angels involves three prisoners who escaped from Devil's Island and settled incognito into a family store in Cayenne.

Notable people

 * Élie Castor, politician and author
 * Léon Damas, poet and politician
 * Eddy Gaumont, jazz musician
 * Antoine Karam, politician
 * Gaston Monnerville, politician
 * Suzanne Amomba Paillé, planter and philanthropist
 * Henri Salvador, comedian and singer
 * Gabriel Serville, politician
 * Christiane Taubira, politician
 * Sylviane Vayaboury, author
 * Mike Maignan, footballer

title: Cayenne


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Talk:Mandrillus

Stub editing
Hi! I'm a university student working on this article for a course. Thank you for any advice or help in making this a good article! Smajeed01 (talk) 05:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mandrillus


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Eschersheim

Eschersheim is a city district of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the Ortsbezirk Mitte-Nord and is subdivided into the Stadtbezirke Eschersheim-Nord and Eschersheim-Süd.

Eschersheim, with a historical record beginning around 1000, is a district in the north of Frankfurt. It sits above the Nidda River and on the opposite bank from Heddernheim. The old part of Eschersheim, "Alt-Eschersheim", is situated between the railroad and the public swimming pool. The patronage was held since 1467 by the Benedictine monastery Seligenstadt. Ecclesiastical Middle Authority was the Archdeacon of the provost of St. Peter in Mainz.

Around 1900 Eschersheim, previously a rural village without industry, became a wealthy residential area; it was incorporated into Frankfurt in 1910. In the twenties and thirties Walter Gropius built the new settlement "Am Lindenbaum," around the water tower in the southern part of the district. In the fifties, more living complexes were built.

One of Eschersheim's oldest landmarks is an ancient lime tree planted sometime shortly after 1648 to mark the end of the Thirty Years' War.

Notable people

 * Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882) chemist, known especially for his synthesis of urea, was born in Eschersheim.

title: Eschersheim


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Talk:Baboon

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): PattyDuffs.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:10, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Congress is no joke?
Someone in help desk brought up the fact the the collective noun can be congress. This article says that it is actually a joke. Here is the wiktionary link: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congress Should we look at a few other dictionaries and possibly edit the article? I think we should ask for consensus on this.--Canoe1967 (talk) 22:52, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * No. Wiktionary is not a valid source. Also as I pointed out at the Help Desk the link they gave, http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/baboon?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=baboon&sa=Search#906, only has the word "congress" once. That single usage is in a whole section copied from an older version of this article. CambridgeBayWeather (talk) 23:07, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find it in 10-12 I checked on this list either. http://www.dmoz.org/Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/E/English/ --Canoe1967 (talk) 23:39, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The article already reliably sources that the term was used as a joke. Cresix (talk) 23:45, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

I edited it out of wiktionary and left a note on the talk page of the editor that added it.--Canoe1967 (talk) 00:00, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

'Troop of baboons' is most common usage, but 'reliable sources' use 'congress of baboons.' A books.Google.com search for "congress of baboons" turns up: "Forum: a journal for the teacher of English outside the United States, Volumes 37-40" - United States Information Agency, 1999, p. 46 "Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior: R-Z", Marc Bekoff, Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 1013 (see wiki pg for Greenwood Publishing Group - it's a decades-old educational publisher, middle school thru university) Other non-fiction, including educational, books are in the search results using 'congress of baboons' seriously. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2002 comes up #17 in the search, but there's no indication of the page it's on; no 'search inside' function. When I viewed the online version (access thru my U.), the 'baboon' page only refers to 'troop' not 'congress'.Gorkelobb (talk) 00:54, 2 September 2012 (UTC) By: giomarc amazing — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.234.48.8 (talk) 22:53, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Congress of Baboons is acceptable. Thomkatt2020 (talk) 00:16, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Misleading paragraph - “Orthographic processing skills”
The first sentence under the Behavior and ecology section, as follows, is misleading: “Baboons are able to acquire orthographic processing skills, which form part of the ability to read.[10]”.

Even if it’s factually correct its prominence as the first sentence in that section, separated from the following paragraphs, is grossly misleading. In it’s current context it could lead some readers to believe that baboons are just a step away from reading and writing.

Books and articles on paleoanthropology, human evolution and similar topics by experts like Ian Tattersall, Chris Stringer and others show that even anatomically modern Homo sapiens did not display evidence of abstract thinking or symbolic behavior until roughly 50,000 years ago. That’s the rough consensus of experts in those fields.

That sentence belongs in a sub-section, not featured where it is now, completely out of context. WB (talk) 01:45, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that the sentence be removed. The study that acquired the information wasn't about baboons, it was about the development of writing. Baboons were merely a convenient primate to choose to demonstrate that they could be taught to recognise words, and thus the genetics for recognition of symbols are present at a much earlier stage than the development of complex language. This trait would not be specific to Baboons, and it is a skill that needed to be artificially trained into them. I don't see an appropriate place in the article for the trait. Jameel the Saluki (talk) 11:41, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 January 2022
Thomkatt2020 (talk) 00:14, 12 January 2022 (UTC) A group of Baboons is also called a congress
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 00:26, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

 * A group of baboons is called a troop, as the article explains. Calling it a congress is fake news according to politifact . Vpab15 (talk) 19:17, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Monkeys?
Why does the word “monkey” to describe baboons appear nowhere? Primate is too broad a term. National Geographic refers to them as monkeys. Isn’t that accurate? Alexandermoir (talk) 14:05, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Read the first sentence of the article. It says it right there. That being said, I'm replying to a 9-moth old comment... - UtherSRG (talk) 12:07, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Baboon Diet Listed Twice
The article outlines common sources of food twice. The lists are for the most part the same, and seem redundant. Recommend deleting one. The sentence in question is below:

They are omnivorous: common sources of food are grasses, seeds, roots, leaves, bark, various fruits, insects, fish, shellfish, rodents, birds, vervet monkeys and small antelopes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Flamingojohnson (talk • contribs) 10:33, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you mean once in the lede and once in the body. The lede often summarizes portions of the main article. I agree, though, that a direct duplication is unwarranted, and I'll fix that. - UtherSRG (talk) 12:06, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baboon


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User:Harp

This page is not uptodate. See my page at Commons.

 * My Hungarian Wikipedia page
 * my talkpage at Commons

title: User:Harp


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Talk:Revolver

Long Arms?
This article never says "hangun" (as compared to a shoulder-held firearm such as a rifle). Are there non-handgun revolvers? Even if so, "revolver" is almost always used in the sense of a handgun, a fact that should be put into this article - but by someone with more certainty and knowledge than me. DavidWBrooks 16:16, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * May 12,2004
 * Yes there are non-hand gun revolvers called revolving rifles (there is no technical reason why a shot gun could not be made the same way.) The handguns are much more common but if you look in something like a "Shooters Bible" you can find them. I am sure you can also find info and a picture if you do a web search ( I did but not being sure if they are in the public domain won't post them. )Because some of the hot gas escapes from a revolver in front of the cylinder, one can't put there hand there for support with out risk of it being burnt. Mostly they are now sold as novelties. There much more practical replace ments for firearms of that type.

 * The revolving rifle has been dead for over a century now. Back before cartrdige arms, a revolving rifle was one of the only practical ways to have a mutli-shot, rapid fire rifle.  There weren't many made, because there is always a risk with muzzle loading revolvers of a "cross-fire", where the gas escaping from one cylinder will ignite other cylinders, causing a catastrophic failure in the form of an exploding cylinder.  Not too big a deal with a revolving pistol, as you're likely to survive with only minor injuries; you might loose a finger or two, but that's about the worst.  With a revolving rifle, the cylinder is right in front of the shooter's face.  A cross-fire in that case could result in the loss of one or both eyes, and could even be fatal.
 * That's not entirely correct. There are in fact modern revolving long arms; fore example there is a modern Russian revolving shotgun, MTs-255, manufactured by the TsKIB SOO Central Design and Research Bureau of Sporting and Hunting Arms. Incidentally, the term "cartridge arms" is misleading; it could refer to the paper cartridges used by percussion cap weapons such as the Colt revolving rifles, such as the Model 1885. Granted in most cases it is understood to mean modern metallic cartridges; even Wikipedia defines a "Cartridge" as being metallic in the first paragraph of the article. The first cartridges were made of heavy paper, though, and were invented by Egyptians (no seriously, in the late 1200s). My understanding of crossfires however is that the eyes were in no danger. It was the hand on the forestock that was at risk. Atypicaloracle (talk) 10:17, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Multiple Barrels
I would also like to comment about the revolver having "one barrel" as stated in the article. There was a revolver that had a cylinder that revolved around  another barrel. This was a shot barrel. Therefore one had 2 barrels. That appears to be the picture of the fire-arm in the photo for this article. I believe it was a William Tranter patent. --Pistol Paul

 * The LeMat revolver, invented in the US and made mainly in Britain and France during the American Civil War, is the only example of a revolver with more than one barrel. It is a 9 shot .42 caliber revolver that had a huge "cylinder pin" that it revolved on.  This "cylinder pin" was a ~.60 caliber smoothbore shotgun barrel (roughly 20 gauge) that was usually loaded with buckshot.  To fire the second barrel, a switch on the hammer was flipped, which caused the hammer to strike the percussion cap for the shotgun barrel.  The defining characteristic of a revolver is a revolving chamber that fires mutiple shots through one barrel, so the LeMat qualifies.  Multiple revolving chambers with their own barrels makes a Pepperbox or Gatling, multiple chambers/barrels that are fixed makes a derringer or organ gun, and multiple chambers/one barrel with a non-revolving setup is a harmonica gun.  scot 15:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My late father-in-law, in England, left me a single-action percussion-cap revolver with (I think) 7 barrels. In operation it was very close to a modern revolver. To my everlasting regret I left it behind when I moved to the US and I have no other information about it. I realise that this is not suitable for the formal Wikipedia entry, but it might interest the sort of people who read these comments! John C Kay (talk) 20:06, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Patent Date: Is it February 24th or February 25th, 1836 ?
Can someone please confirm the date of the patent on Colt's revolver ? It says February 24th in the article right now. User:68.225.74.155 wrote on Talk:February 24 that "Samuel Colt received his patent for the "revolver" on Feb. 25, 1836 by almost every other source I checked. You might want to revisit this article. " Is it February 24th or February 25th ? Thanks. -- PFHLai 01:25, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * I'd guess that the 24th is a typo. If you can find another reference to the 24th, I'd list it as disputed, otherwise, go with the 25th.  You might also find an e-mail address at colt.com and see what they have to say--Colt does have an historical department for tracking down information on old guns. scot 15:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll go with February 25 for now. -- PFHLai 23:09, 2005 Feb 22 (UTC)
 * The re-issued patent 138, released on Oct 24, 1848 as RE124, confirms that the original 138 patent was issued on Feb 25, 1846. Yaf 16:46, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to yank Walther and FN/Browinng from the list of well known makers. I've never heard of any of the three marketing a revolver, nor does my copy of Fjestad's "Blue Book of Gun Values" list a revolver by any of them. scot 15:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies, I was simlutaneously looking at both revolvers and pistols and included them where they shouldn't have been.GraemeLeggett

In fact FN did distribute FN BARRACUDA-revolver with .357 Magnum / 9x19mm Parabellum drums between 197?-198?, thou it was possible manufactured by spanish Astra. http://www.securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/1400/1496.htm --81.197.218.62 02:20, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I just want to bring to your attention that in Europe, Smith and Wesson revolvers are marketed under the Walther name. --Mfree 02:11, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Why not issued to infantry during the civil war?
The weapon used primarily at the time was a single shot rifle. A revolver could shooter 6 bullets before being reloaded. Sure there were issues of range, but at least they could have carried both (considering how small a revolver was). So why not?

 * Power, accuracy, cost, and conservatism. While a revolver had a far higher rate of fire (take a look at the Civil War era LeMat Revolver, which had 8 shots of .42 caliber around a roughly 20 gauge shotgun barrel), revolvers suffered from many disadvantages.  Perhaps the biggest of these was cost--for the cost of one revolver, you could equip several men with rifled muskets.  The musket was also more powerful, had a much greater effective range, and was a lot easier to shoot.   In addition, while the initial rate of fire of a revolver was much higher, the sustained rate was much lower.  It only took a few seconds to reload a rifled musket using a paper cartridge and Minie ball; cap and ball revolvers required tight fitting balls that had to be swaged into place, loose powder, percussion caps on all cylinders, and, to prevent catastrophic cross-fires, you had to pack the front of each cylinder with grease.  This meant that a revolver took far longer than 6 times as long to reload.
 * The few units that were equipped with revolvers in the Civil War were primarily cavalry. These were the special forces of the era, so cost was of little consideration, and the reload time was also less significant given the hit and run tactics that cavalry tended to employ.  Now when the cartridge revolver came out, the Army was much more aggressive about obtaining them--the Colt 1873 was built specifically at the request of the US Cavalry (prior Colt revolvers had open tops).  The 1911 was also a cutting edge design, built to meet exacting requirements of, again, the Cavalry units, who wanted an equivalent to their .45 caliber 1873s.
 * The last factor was conservatism. Army weapons procurement was traditionally suspicious of new things; they turned down such cutting edge ideas as lever action rifles, Gatling guns, the Thompson SMG, and probably a lot more I don't know about.  It wasn't until WWII that the US started to show an advantage in infantry weapons, with the wide fielding of the semiautomatic M-1 Garand (which still used an inefficiently loaded cartridge--see .30-03).  On the other hand, being too aggressive with procurement can get you into hot water as well--look at the problems the Army had when they adopted the  M-16, then started to fiddle with the ammo.  scot 15:09, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There's also the ammo issue. A poorly trained recruit with six rounds in a fast-shooting weapon will shoot all six very quickly, then be shot themselves. As was also found with the M-16, high rates of fire require good training and fire discipline. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:57, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

Revolver locking points
there is a point in the article which references that most revolvers only lock at one point, at the rear of the cylinder. This is true for such arms as Colt, Ruger, and Charter Arms; but one of the hallmarks of the modern S&W revolver design is that there is a secondary lock found at the nose of the ejector rod, which is disengaged by an internal piston pushing the locking bolt out of the hollow rod when the cylinder release is pressed. This design is also in use by Taurus, who take things one step further in some of their large caliber revolvers by integrating a third lock at the top of the crane. Furthermore, S&W was at one time producing a triple-lock revolver with those three locking points, and it is a common modofication to at a spring-loaded ball to the top surface of the crane of a S&W revolver for additional locking surface and to aid in crane alignment. Do bear in mind that the purpose of the clause in the article, that "snapping" a cylinder open and closed by a flick of the wrist will bend the crane and do irreparable harm to the revolver (and perhaps the shooter, if done just right) is still an accurate assertion. --Mfree 02:11, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The S&W Triple Lock action, which really did lock the crane, was discontinued in 1915.  S&W's current "locks" (on the models that have them; note absence on, say the 629-2) are spring loaded balls that lock into detents in the crane, which serve merely to remove slack (this is true even of the X-Frame).  This does help, as it promotes a positive cylinder alignment and keeps the cylinder from moving under recoil, but it's not that strong.  Whack the cylinder with a hammer and it won't do you any good, as the impact will force the ball back down.  The detent at the end of the ejector rod is a bit more positive than that, since it is cylinderical for a distance, but it's still not going to hold up to rough handling, it'll just bend the ejector rod.

 * Rugers, on the other hand, have used a much more aggressive crane lock based on the old Triple Lock deisgn since the Redhawk came out, and it's incorporated into all current Ruger DA designs (GP-100, SP-101, Super Redhawk; part 25).  It's similar to the crane lock on the Triple Lock, with a pivoting bar in the crane that locks into a slot in the frame--the only reason it's not a triple lock is that Rugers always shroud the non-rotating ejector rod on these guns, so locking the rod is pointless.  The Dan Wesson crane lock is similar, but must be operated with the off hand, since the latch is on the crane.  Taurus went the cheap and simple route, putting separate locks on front and rear, requiring two hands to operate--no worse than the Dan Wesson, really, but costs less.  scot 15:47, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Silenced revolvers needs sources
The stuff about the automatic revolver and silencers needs sources. (section 1.4)

 * I can probably find that, but it's pretty obvious that the cylinder gap leaks--having been personally burned by escaping partially burned powder, I can testify to that...

Most modern automatic pistols will work perfectly fine with "silencers". Otherwise, the military and spec ops would not use suppressed automatic pistols. The US Spec Ops troops did make use of special auto-pistols that used a slide-lock mechanism, preventing the slide from moving after firing, but this was to make them quieter. I believe the modified pistols were Smith and Wesson automatics, in either 9mm or .45 caliber.

 * On the contraray, recoil operated pistols (i.e. just about anything greater than .380 ACP caliber) will ONLY work with correctly designed suppressors intended for use on recoil operated firearms. The mass of the suppressor will otherwise slow down the slide velocity to about half of the intended velocity, which will result in a failure to eject or failure to feed.  Recoil enhancing designs use a movable baffle in the rear to give the slide and barrel and extra push backwards to make up for the mass of the suppressor.  An alternate route, used by the Colt JSOC entry (a modified Double Eagle) mounted the suppressor via a bracket to the frame, not the slide/barrel, and the barrel locked up into a bushing on the back of the suppressor.  Upon firing, the barrel and slide moved backwards, but the suppressor remained stationary relative to the frame.  See  this for more information.

The Nagant revolver is an antique, and not practical for modern combat/service.

 * Just because it's old doesn't mean it's no good. The 12 gauge pump shotgun is still the most effective combat weapon ever made--the only functional difference between the current mil-spec riot shotgun (the Mossberg 500) and the 1897 Winchester trench gun is the concealed hammer.  Twice the hit probability out ot 75 meters as an assault rifle, and 50% greater than a submachinegun.  My only complaint about the Nagant is that the round is woefully underpowered, but no more so than any suppressable .32 caliber handgun cartridge.  scot 21:56, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

--Your comparison between a Mossberg 500 and Winchester M1897 is a gross generalization. Until you provide sources for your claims, I will continue to correct section 1.4. Your info about the recoil-operated auto pistols and silencers was interesting, but not particularly relevent to the discussion. There are a plethora of silencers for recoil operated pistols.

 * Yes, it is a gross generalization; so is the statement that most modern pistols will work with suppressors, since recoil operated firearms must have suppressors designed specifically to work with recoil operated firearms (i.e. ultra-light or with Neilsen devices and the like). Nagants are unique in that they are a revolver that can be suppressed; there is an example of a suppressed Nagant revolver cited in the Nagant M1895 article, and here are more sources:

 *
 * with picture
 * mentions Russian article on Nagant suppressors

 * I don't object to eliminating the bit about Neilsen devices and recoil operated pistols, that belongs in the supperssor article. However, the Nagant's unique gas seal does deserve to be mentioned here because it does allow it to do what other revolvers cannot (movies don't count).  With the addition of a swing-out cylinder and a more potent cartridge in the .357-.45 caliber range, the Nagant's gas seal design would be perfectly practical as a military arm today, assuming you could build it tough enough and cheap enough.  Tough shouldn't be a problem, today's steels are MUCH better than 100 years ago, but it's hard to beat the price of cast plastic and stamped steel parts in modern autos.  scot 20:30, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

--I heard somewhere that some very well-designed, well-made and well-maintained fixed barrel and top-break revolvers can be silenced, because the cylinder is fitted against the barrel snugly enough to prevent gases from escaping. Confirm or deny? User:Kalaong 17:32, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Astra revolvers
I have had to delink the Astra listing in revolver manufacturers as there is no relevant listing in the disambig page it went to. I know that they made revolvers since my brother owned one (9shot .22 target revolver), and I believe they were manufactured in Spain. If the firearms company was anything to do with the fireworks company (both involved with powder explosives) then I believe they went bust in the 1980's. Perhaps someone with more knowledge can check this out?LessHeard vanU 21:27, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Revolving rifles
Does anyone else think that this article needs more information on revolving rifles? I have a picture of one which could be used in the article, but I've never been very good with the whole copyright business. Here's the picture, by the way: (Taken from here). Also, does the DAO-12 deserve a mention, specifically as an example of a revolving shotgun using double action operating principles? The Jackhammer got a mention as an example of an autorevolver shotgun, so should the DAO-12 be given a mention in the Double-Action category?CeeWhy2 11:40, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

A diagram?
I was just thinking, how about including a diagram? I have many, of revolvers and practically any handgun ever made, and I believe it'll add incredible enciclopedyc value, since none of the gun articles I've seen sport diagrams of any sort. Let me know what you think.Vicius 07:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, we might run into copyright problems. Unless your diagram is old enough to be in the public domain (entirely possible), it'd probably be very difficult to find the copyright holder. If you can find a suitable image, though, by all means add it; it'd be a great addition! --Eyrian 07:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the perfect source is a diagram from a patent. From http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm:  Patents are published as part of the terms of granting the patent to the inventor. Subject to limited exceptions reflected in 37 CFR 1.71(d) & (e) and 1.84(s), the text and drawings of a patent are typically not subject to copyright restrictions.  The restructions are that a copyright notice MUST appear directly below the drawing in question for it to be copyrighted--any patent NOT bearing that notice is NOT copyrighted, but is public domain.  scot 15:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Mentions
We should probably make mention of flintlock revolvers. AllStarZ 01:31, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

LeMat Revolver Edit
I edited the sidebar about the LeMat Revolver to reflect the fact that it holds 9 rounds plus the center shotgun round, not 9 total.

Reliability
I was a little surprised that there is no mention of reliability in this (informative) article. I expected some form of review regarding the reliability of the revolver, for example, relative to the automatic. I am not sure if this is an urban legend but I have heard that many of the British Royalty Protection Department of the Met. Police carry or carried revolvers after Princess Anne's bodyguard had an automatic jam during an attempted kidnapping. Might be a myth but I've heard it several times and thought it relevant.130.237.175.198 08:52, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Older gun
A museum called Maihaugen in Norway has a revolver made by Hans Stopler in Nürnberg in 1597. It was owned by Georg Reichwein who had his name engraved on it in 1663. In the article printed in Vi Menn the museum gun expert explicitly states it is older than the revolver kept in the Tower of London.Inge 20:29, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Relative power
In computer games, revolvers are normally touted as being a more powerful, slower version of the "regular" pistol. Does the increased power have any basis in reality? me_and (talk) 11:08, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In short, yes, there is a basis in reality. Typical handgun calibers are 9x19mm, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP, all of which produce under 500 ft. lbs. of muzzle energy in their standard loadings.  Typical revolver calibers are .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum, which generate between 500 and 1000 ft. lbs. of power.  Now you can get semiautomatic pistols in these large calibers (such as the Desert Eagle), and bigger, but they are bigger, heavier, and much more expensive.  Since the typical large revolver these days is chambered in magnum caliber, many companies are making super-magnum revolvers, in calibers such as .454 Casull and .500 S&W Magnum, plus various wildcat cartridges, like those of John Linebaugh, which are based on the .45-70 case, cut down to a shorter length (the .480 Ruger is a downloaded version of the .475 Linebaugh).  These start at 1500 ft. lbs. and go up to over 3000 ft. lbs. in some loadings.  This is nearing the power levels of rifle cartridges such as the .30-06 Springfield, although with much heavier bullets and lower velocities.  Semiautomatic pistols cannot practically fire cartridges in the .500 S&W Mag class, because nearly all semiautomatic pistols feed through magazines in the grip, and these big cartridges are too large to fit; the Desert Eagle's .50 AE is about as much as you can fit in a grip, and even that grip is too large for many people.
 * However, this is all "typical" cases; when you look at the atypical cases, things get more confusing. If you want the esoteric details, read on...
 * There is one major limitation of the revolver, which is that it cannot practically chamber bottlenecked cartridges. Bottlenecked cartridges taper significantly from the base to the bullet, and allow a fat case for lots of gunpowder capacity to be used with a small, light bullet, for lots of velocity.  However, upon firing, the shoulder of the cartridge pushes against the front of the chamber, while the rear pushes against the frame, and the cartridge actually stretches slightly.  This happens in all firearms, hence the need to resize the cartridge as one of the first steps in handloading fired cases.  However, in most other firearm actions, the bolt that holds the cartridge in place during firing moves back to unlock, so a slight stretching of the cartridge is not a big deal.  In a revolver, the cylinder must rotate sideways, and a stretched case can bind the action and prevent the cylinder from rotating.  There have been a few bottlenecked cartridges for revolvers, and even fewer successful ones; the .38-40 has been around for over a century, but it has such a small shoulder that setback isn't really a problem.  The .22 Remington Jet, introduced by S&W in the model 53 revolver in 1960, is basically a .357 Magnum necked down to .22 with a long, shallow taper.  The cartridge was a failure, because any trace of oil on the case or in the chamber during firing would allow the case to set back, and lock up the cylinder.  The modern 5.7x28mm is similar to in concept, though less powerful, than the .22 Jet, and it functions easily in a semiautomatic pistol.
 * Semiautomatics aren't without their function problems, however. The long, skinny .22 WMR case has caused problems in blowback actions in the past; the Automag II and the Grendel P-30 both used specially designed chambers which tapped powder gas and routed it back into the chamber to "float" out the brass.  The .17 HMR has been chambered in a number of revolvers with some degree of success; Gun Tests tested S&W, Taurus, and Ruger revolvers a while back, and the Taurus and S&W gave them setback problems, but the single action Ruger functioned flawlessly.  High Standard bought out all the AMT designs when they went out of business, and they are starting to make the Automag II design again.  Since the .17 HMR is based on the .22 WMR case, they have plans to chamber the Automag II in .17 HMR as well as .22 WMR, and there is a least one other gunmaker building a .17 HMR semiautomatic pistol, so only time will tell which path, revolver or semiautomatic, becomes the most successful for that cartridge.  scot (talk) 15:41, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Main Picture
There is no picture of a revolver at the top of the picture. I just added this one, showing off the cylinder that distinguishes revolvers from other pistols. -M.Nelson (talk) 05:25, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Duplicate picture & caption
This photo is used twice in the article, along with the caption "Example of a swing out cylinder on a revolver". I think the first instance is less relevant to the adjacent text, and should be removed or replaced with a different image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.190.152.7 (talk) 23:18, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

64.245.88.146 was not wrong; we just would need to rework the section
This edit, since reverted, was not wrong; but neither is the idea, currently in the article, that DAs can be fired either SA or DA. They are both right; and the term "double action" refers to what 64.245.88.146 said, rather than to the dual SA/DA capability. So what I am saying is that the spirit of that edit should be worked into the article, even if the letter is not; the whole section should be reworked to first explain the term "DA" and *then* mention the dual SA/DA capability. I would take a shot at it, but I have too much other ground to cover. Hope someone can give it some time. Cheers, — ¾-10 01:58, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I was inspired to do it myself tonight. Done. — ¾-10 23:59, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Design Section
The 'Design' heading contains quite a bit of extraneous material, and much that really doesn't fit under design. I just completed a very basic edit removing one paragraph, but much more of it needs to be reworked. For example, two long paragraphs are devoted to Double and Single action types, all of which is later repeated in 'Actions.' Subjects in this section do not seem to be arranged in any particular order. There is two places where revolvers are compared to auto-loading handguns, separated by two and one-half paragraphs. Language needs to be rewritten, such as "such guns" in the third paragraph. Finally, the discussions on how auto-loaders are replacing revolvers and on revolver technology in other military applications do not seem to fit into the theme of "Design." 70.188.34.103 (talk) 14:11, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * No doubt you're right. I've always thought that WP's coverage of handgun actions was probably forked and otherwise ripe for improvement, but it's never yet made it into my top priorities. I welcome anything you can do along these lines. — ¾-10 01:54, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Regarding your recent edit summary, just because you've never read the phrase "mode of carry" doesn't mean that I made it up myself (Googling it with quotes included gives examples), or that it isn't useful nomenclature in the work of people who design protocols, such as modes of carry. Also, just because there was no reference on the previous version about court bailiffs carrying on an empty chamber has nothing to do with whether it is true or false. It simply implies that the person who contributed it to Wikipedia was a court bailiff or cop who didn't cite any book when he wrote what he knew from personal experience to be true. You may already know these points, but your recent edit summary sounded pretty mocking to me, like "I can't believe these fools". Slow down; not everything is due to foolishness as much as might appear to you on the surface. Also, you called my sentence "meaningless". My sentence in fact meant exactly what it said. Maybe I just need to figure out a different way to say it, one that avoids the limited-audience terminology. — ¾-10 15:28, 26 February 2010 (UTC) ——— By the way, I just realized that my recent edit summary might have angered you if you thought it was directed at you. But it wasn't; I was just justifying a type of small deletion that many people on firearm articles don't like (i.e., I say "make the criminals learn the hard way"), and I wanted to duly justify my edit. I do realize that the sentence was not coming from you, but was simply moved down and clarified by you. Sorry if that was just a misunderstanding. — ¾-10 15:35, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Swing-out Cylinders
The section on swing-out cylinders says "The cylinder is mounted on a pivot that is coaxial with the chamber..." Shouldn't that say "a pivot that is parallel to the axis of the chamber"? "Coaxial" means that the two axes lie along the same line. For example, in coax cable the center wire runs down the center axis of the round outer (usually braided) conductor. if the pivot and cylinder were coaxial, the cylinder would not be able to swing out. MikeCiaraldi (talk) 19:07, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

 * You are right. Parallel would be the right word. I changed it. — ¾-10 02:28, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

Sources? Citations?
Hi, IMHO for an article as long (and important) as this, citations are very few and apart. Will tag appropriately. Regards, DPdH (talk) 14:15, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed; nice move. — ¾-10 01:55, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

I took out one "citation needed" after "A revolver can be kept loaded and ready to fire without compressing any springs (which weaken over time with continual load)" -- I don't believe general knowledge physics needs a citation. Just a heads up, though it likely wont be missed (also, first Wikipedia edit, and though I read up, hopefully I didn't break anything). Jdan318 (talk) 08:08, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

Shooting by pulling the hammer
I don't know if it's real, but there have been scenes in movies with revolvers where the firing is done purely by the shooter using their flat open second hand to whack the hammer back, causing the hammer to slam back and fire the next bullet. Is this a special gun? Is there a name for this practice? Does it work with single or double action or both? - 174.46.204.210 (talk) 20:58, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * This type of firing is called "fanning". It does in fact work on many or most single-action revolvers. It doesn't work on most double-action revolvers, which are designed to require a trigger pull for every shot. The idea (as spread by old western films) that people in the "Old West" fanned their hammers in actual firefights with any regularity is considered a caricature. It was done in shooting shows (where trick marksmen entertained crowds with shooting tricks) and by many a curious target-practicer clowning around and wasting ammo just to see what it was like; but it was probably not common in actual firefights, because it doesn't lend itself to most real-life tactical situations, in terms of accuracy. One longtime firearms instructor, George L. Tooley, in his book George Tooley's Beginner's Book on How to Handle Firearms Safely (2000; ISBN 978-0-595-08873-7), said, "Fanning is hard on the revolver, in addition to being inaccurate, and is not recommended" (pp. 80–81). I believe that fanning only works if the trigger is kept depressed while the fanning hand is fanning. — ¾-10 18:58, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Knuckleduster revolver
Mention in article ?, see http://collectorebooks.com/gregg01/pinfire/Lot-2166.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.44.4 (talk) 08:35, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Info to implement
From pistol article:

Revolving cylinder
Before handguns could evolve from rotating-barrel designs to the semi-automatic, revolvers dominated. Originally, most revolvers had five or six round capacities. These are the types of handguns featured in most 'Western' movies, the most famous of which is the Colt Single Action Army.

Single-action
A type of revolver requiring the hammer to be drawn back manually to rotate the cylinder and bring a fresh cartridge into battery for each shot.

Single-action/double-action
A type of revolver that can be used as a single action, but also one in which the pulling of the trigger cocks the hammer, rotates the cylinder, and releases the hammer to strike the cartridge directly in older designs; or to impact a striker which fires the cartridge in newer designs. Examples of the system include the Colt Model of 1917 Substitute Standard Revolver, the Smith & Wesson Model 10 (aka the S&W Military & Police Pistol), and the Smith & Wesson Model 29 made famous by the Dirty Harry films.

Double-action-only
A type of revolver in which the pulling of the trigger cocks the hammer, rotates the cylinder to bring a new round into battery, and releases the hammer to strike the cartridge directly (in older designs), or to impact a striker which fires the cartridge (in newer designs). In many cases, such as the Smith & Wesson Ladysmith j frame revolver, the hammer is completely contained within a shroud and cannot be accessed by the shooter. The advantages to this system are the speed of cycling and simplicity of use, as there is no safety to disengage. The disadvantage of shooting double-action-only is the much heavier trigger pull required to cycle the action, which can result in decreased accuracy on the part of the shooter.

The Revolver's fatal flaw - your opponent can see empty chambers
Has anyone ever designed a revolver to include a rounded prominence that would hide the forward-facing apertures of the cylinder from your opponent's view, thereby preventing him from knowing the level of ammo remaining? Since it seems to me that most revolvers permit the opponent to see four cylinders, including the cylinder that will be the next to rotate under the hammer for the next shot, if that chamber and the one beneath it appear empty, and the hammer is not already cocked (in which case it might be believed that you had a live round ready to fire), then your opponent knows that you are out of ammo under normal circumstances. Conceivably, under very strange circumstances, and with the hammer uncocked, there could be two bullets hidden at the 12 and 6 o'clock positions, but, with the 12 rotating harmlessly away from the firing pin with the next actuation of the mechanism,  opponents will know you are two pulls of the trigger away from the 6 o'clock hidden round, which will not be hidden after the first pull, as would also be the case for the 12. With an automatic you can at least present a weapon that an opponent will have to assume is loaded.

It seems such an easy modification, I feel that perhaps there is a technical reason that it has never (?????) been done before. Any thoughts?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jackronner (talk • contribs) 07:24, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The most likely reason is cost. Adding a bit of metal to the sides of the gun in front of the cylinder would add, if not a noticeable amount of weight, a few cents to the cost of producing the gun. This adds up pretty quickly when you're producing hundreds of these guns, and if something isn't necessary for the gun to function safely, you can bet they're going to eliminate it to save on money.
 * Another possible reason is that, with swing-out cylinders being the most popular today, it wouldn't be possible to effectively conceal any chambers on the side of the barrel the cylinder swings out towards without that not-cost-effective addition also being likely to just break off if you aren't careful with it. A top-break or fixed cylinder wouldn't have this problem, though. Woodrow Buzard (talk) 20:20, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

 * You would have to be at very close range with the gun pointed directly at your eye level to see clear down the chambers. 99% of the time, this is not a factor that would play into anything. Bones Jones (talk) 08:11, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

Flipping a top-break closed
The section on swing-out cylinders makes reference to swinging the cylinder closed with a flick of the wrist being a Really Bad Idea™. I'm curious as to whether this is the same case for a top-break revolver, but there's no mention of it here or anywhere else on the Internet that I can find. Woodrow Buzard (talk) 20:20, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Can you "flick" a top break revolver? Have you felt the weight of a Webley? It's twice the weight of most modern revolvers. You can use it as a trench club, but it doesn't "flick".
 * Also, and more to the point, the rounds either fly out, or at least unseat themselves so that you'd be trying to close the break onto their rims.
 * It's also good practice with a Webley and its stirrup latch to hold the latch open manually when closing, then release it. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:54, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

Pre-Colt revolvers
This is a list of links to revolvers made before Colt.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P1wWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Abridgments+Firearms+1858&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2hpuZk9jOAhXESRoKHfSPDecQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=Abridgments%20Firearms%201858&f=false Interesting list of patents.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2mUFrAt0x54C&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=John+Dafte+Revolver&source=bl&ots=e4KX8JJ2cK&sig=QACPsnGfzmozauhXNdhDL87PjG0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBWoVChMIxp_kuZz7xwIVS1cUCh2k9w1H#v=onepage&q=John%20Dafte%20Revolver&f=false John Dafte revolver. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SQMeaner (talk • contribs) 09:21, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/journals/1/pdf/1512825.pdf.bannered.pdf

http://www.peashooter85.com/post/64602424400/17th-century-six-shot-wheel-lock-revolver

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T9e37mYzuNIC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=%22Flintlock+Revolver%22&source=bl&ots=FuvJgvrBDY&sig=9gYvp2mdXVFM8dVYXLMDtYQ1LJs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vLkXVd_kNZLoaJL0gYgP&ved=0CCwQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22Flintlock%20Revolver%22&f=false

Francis, Peter (2014). A History of Guns. Absolute Crime. p. 34. GGKEY:WUY0PFZU907.

americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/B024_Bedford.pdf

http://www.peashooter85.com/post/112271227992/the-annely-flintlock-revolver-invented-by-a

http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/oceania/europe/firearm-386/index.html

https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/7137767_a-very-rare-revolving-flintlock-blunderbuss

http://www.peashooter85.com/post/61066596637/rare-3-shot-flintlock-revolving-blunderbuss-late

http://russianrevolvers.com/rp3a.html

http://www.peashooter85.com/post/92008073881/a-flintlock-revolver-crafted-by-ivan-polin

a b Pauly, Roger A.; Pauly, Roger (2004). Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-32796-4.

http://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/an-outstanding-percussion-revolving-rifle-by-le-l-529-c-5a9747ee9a

http://www.peashooter85.com/post/60239418821/an-outstanding-percussion-revolving-rifle-crafted Revolving rifle by Le Lyon using percussion ignition.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&pg=PA815&dq=Revolver+History&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBGoVChMIh5uGgdnIxwIVDBjbCh0JGgAq#v=onepage&q=Revolver%20History&f=false - Samuel J. Pauly invents a breech-loading revolver in 1812.

http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/B004_Gerber.pdf Contains details of a hand-rotated flintlock revolver by James Gorgo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SQMeaner (talk • contribs) 07:08, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Missing Link
I'm surprised that the mention of pepperbox guns does not currently link to the page for those guns. I'm also surprised at how difficult it now is to make edits or even comments on this Wikipedia page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sah2000 (talk • contribs) 19:21, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Smith & Wesson
I was very surprised to be educated in reading this article that Colt Manufacturing both invented the very first revolver, and went on to single handedly invent the "revolutionary" modern SAA and the first modern swing-out cylinder revolver. For some reason, I had this funny idea in my head that there was some little company called "Smith & Wesson" which invented the modern revolver, with bored-through, rear-loading metallic cartridge cylinders, and that they enjoyed exclusive production for years while Colt was left behind, until the patent expired. But that can't be true, because if it was, I'm sure I would have found the term "Smith & Wesson" somewhere in the "history" section, and I didn't. That is a huge piece of information to totally leave out of an article like this. It reads as if Colt both invented and developed the early, middle, and modern revolvers, and everyone else is just copying Colt. That is ridiculous. Colt and S&W have been neck and neck in revolver design since the late 19th century, each one-upping the other. The "classic" modern revolver, a .38 snub or .44 Magnum is generally a Smith & Wesson, not a Colt. This reads like it was written by a Colt fanboy who can't stand the idea of giving anyone else any credit.

Also, what about European revolver development? It mentions the Lefechaux, and that's it. Yet Europe was building double-actions long before the US was. They were selling DA percussion revolvers to US troops in the Civil War. Does that not merit mention? There were modern DA revolvers being made by European makers and sold on both sides of the ocean while Colt was selling SAA's in the US. When Colt finally made a DA, the M1877, it was an abysmal attempt, still legendary for having just about the worst trigger design ever. It doesn't say anything about that at all. One gets the impression that not only did Colt lead the way in every step of revolver development, but that all revolver development happened in the US, except for one single guy in France who got lucky once. Ridiculous. European arms-makers were in hot competition with Colt and S&W from the beginning.

Additionally, the SAA is NOT "revolutionary". What features about the SAA were "revolutionary", exactly? Nothing. It was not the first revolver, it was not the first metallic-cartridge revolver, nor the first rear-loading revolver. It didn't have the first swing-out cylinder, nor was it the first double action. It was the final perfecting of features that had already appeared in other weapons before it. That is not "revolutionary", it is evolutionary.

There were probably 100 SAA's sold to storekeepers, teamsters, travellers, farmers, and typical criminal types, for every one that was sold to a "rancher, lawman or outlaw" (not to mention the 1,000's bought by the US govn't). Not every criminal in the West was an "outlaw". That has a very specific definition. There were only a handful of US Marshals and other law officers in the West at any given point, and there were plenty of SAAs sold on the East coast as well. Real life wasn't like you see in Westerns or on TV. There were plenty of inhabitants besides cowboys, gunslingers and gunfighters, and those inhabitants are the ones who bought the most guns, because of the sheer numbers of them, if nothing else.

Anyway, I'm going to try and dig up some references; I got books all over the damn place. It's going to take some looking to find them..45Colt 01:33, 2 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Colt neither invented the first revolver nor the metallic cartridge revolver. The former goes back centuries and the latter was invented in 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux. At best Colt updated a pre-existing design for use with a new ignition system.SQMeaner (talk)

Social problems?
The Article “Revolver” is not an article about wealthy or poor men, social problems, but one describing history, development and technique of firearms. -- hmaag (talk) 13:52, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but the sentence you keep changing is pointing out the substantial drop in price from the hand-made flintlocks (and even the simple turn-off percussion cap pistols) to the factory made revolver, thus its easier availability across society. You are changing a sentence to lose its original meaning, and to invent some new meaning that is barely grammatical and makes no sense whatsoever. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:33, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Which direction does the cylinder turn?
Is there a typical direction for the cylinder to turn? --Badger151 (talk) 16:16, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

"Front loading" = Muzzle loading?
The cylinder of a revolver is not the barrel, and the revolvers are not loaded by pouring powder and ball down the muzzle of the barrel. These are not "muzzle loading". They're just revolvers whose cylinders have to be loaded with loose powder, ball and cap. I.e., "front-loading" cylinders or just "cap and ball" revolvers. Even if it's colloquial, I don't think the term "muzzle loading" should be used as a synonym for a revolver using a front-loaded cylinder. The revolvers are still technically breech-loading (rounds are loaded from behind the barrel—no matter how impractical it would be to reload the weapon in the middle of an engagement). 100.40.6.156 (talk) 08:10, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Pistol Definition
Wow! This is such an old article to have such persistent, technical errors... Here's an egregious one:

The article says, "Revolvers are a subset of handguns, distinct from pistols, which are defined as handguns with an integral chamber-barrel assembly."

That definition is incorrect. The term "pistol" dates from the mid 16th century. It was a term used primarily to cover the category of firearm for which we now use the term "handgun." While the word "handgun" is etymologically older, its usage did not become common until the mid 20th century. "Pistol" most definitely covered "handguns" that utilized revolving cylinders (as opposed to shoulder-fired weapons such rifles or shotguns that used revolving cylinders). This is further evidenced by the fact that people who made their living by carrying "handguns" such as Colonel Colt's Revolver professionally were often known as "Pistoleros."

I am aware that the ATF has promoted a definition similar to the one listed above; unfortunately, the ATF has brought the same level of expertise to their technical definitions that they bring to their overall rulemaking. They felt they needed a term to cover handguns other than revolvers, so they hijacked "pistol" and bent it to their needs. While a number of online "dictionary" sources have altered their definitions to be congruent with the ATF version, a quick check of vintage Meriam Webster ("Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged" / Second Edition / 1973 / Page 1368) shows the following definition,"Pistol, n. a small firearm made to be held and fired with one hand; most pistols are now either revolvers or magazine-fed automatics." (emphasis added)

If you want easily available (id est: online) evidence, check out: https://ctstatelibrary.org/RG103.html There you will find commentary on "U.S. Patent No. 138 in 1836 for the first revolving cylinder pistol" -- indicating that "revolvers designed to be fired from one hand" were considered to be, and called, "pistols" right from the first! 199.127.114.221 (talk) 14:46, 1 March 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Yes, in common English, there is as far as I am aware, no real difference between pistols and handguns. Maybe at least until you get into things like whatever that new stand-alone grenade launcher is that the US Army has been integrating. I can't think of the name for it, but it is replacing the M203. The article seems to recognize this, citing multiple examples of muzzle-loaded pistols.  G M G  talk  14:57, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Achieved diction
Please justify the use of "achieved" in this string of words: "The hammer cocking in nearly all revolvers are manually driven, and can be achieved . . ." Thanks. This may need re-writing. The above is what I thought, but after looking at it again, I think that achieved should be changed to cocked and took the liberty of changing the word. (TerryKave (talk) 23:53, 22 December 2023 (UTC))

this ... this: suggest that this be replaced
This piece says: "This was similar to loading a traditional single-shot muzzle-loading pistol, except that the powder and shot could be loaded directly into the front of the cylinder rather than having to be loaded down the whole length of the barrel. Importantly, this allowed . . . ." Since it may be difficult to know what the antecedents are of these 2 pronouns (this . . . this), it is suggested that this section be re-written using some clearly structure or "this X". (TerryKave (talk) 00:04, 23 December 2023 (UTC))

Revolvers & Semi-automatics
This piece contrasts revolvers with semi-automatics. But IMHO revolvers are semi-automatics. There should be a word for non-revolver handguns, but I can't think of one, except that commonly (if erroneously) it seems that the word pistol is used that way. I suppose that one could call most of the non-wheel-gun handguns, spring-loaded magazine guns, but that is awkward. And I think that an editor will not want to designate them as SLMs, pronounced slums. (TerryKave (talk) 00:17, 23 December 2023 (UTC))

title: Talk:Revolver


text:
Dawid Janowski

Dawid Markelowicz Janowski (25 May 1868 – 15 January 1927; often spelled David) was a Polish chess player. Several opening variations are named after Janowski.

Biography
Born into a Jewish-Polish family in Wołkowysk, Russian Empire (now Belarus), he settled in Paris around 1890 and began his professional chess career in 1894. He won tournaments in Monte Carlo 1901, Hanover 1902 and tied for first at Vienna 1902.

Janowski was devastating against the older masters such as Wilhelm Steinitz (+5−2), Mikhail Chigorin (+17−4=4) and Joseph Henry Blackburne (+6−2=2). He had minus scores, however, against newer players such as Siegbert Tarrasch (+5−9=3), Frank Marshall (+28−34=18), Akiba Rubinstein (+3−5), Géza Maróczy (+5−10=5) and Carl Schlechter (+13−20=13). He was outclassed by world champions Emanuel Lasker (+4−25=7) and José Raúl Capablanca (+1−9=1), but scored respectably against Alexander Alekhine (+2−4=2). In particular, he was able to beat at least once each of the first four world champions, a feat shared with Siegbert Tarrasch alone.

Janowski played three matches against Emanuel Lasker: two friendly matches in 1909 (+2−2 and +1−7=2) and one match for the world chess championship in 1910 (−8=3). The longer 1909 match has sometimes been called a world championship match, but research by Edward Winter indicates that the title was not at stake.

In July–August 1914, he was playing an international chess tournament, the 19th DSB Congress (German Chess Federation Congress) in Mannheim, Germany, with four wins, four draws and three losses (seventh place), when World War I broke out. Players at Mannheim representing countries now at war with Germany were interned. He, as well as Alexander Alekhine, was interned but released to Switzerland after a short internment. In 1915, he left Europe for the United States and spent the next nine years there before returning to Paris. At New York 1916, in the final, he shared second place with Oscar Chajes, after José Raúl Capablanca. He won at Atlantic City 1921 (the eighth American Chess Congress) and took third place at Lake Hopatcong 1923 (the ninth ACC).

He died in France on 15 January 1927 of tuberculosis.

Playing style
Janowski played very quickly and was known as a sharp tactician who was devastating with the bishop pair. Capablanca annotated some Janowski games with great admiration, and said, "when in form [he] is one of the most feared opponents who can exist". Capablanca noted that Janowski's greatest weakness as a player was in the endgame, and Janowski reportedly told him, "I detest the endgame." American champion Frank Marshall remembered Janowski's talent and his stubbornness. In Marshall's Best Games of Chess he wrote that Janowski "could follow the wrong path with greater determination than any man I ever met!" Reuben Fine remembered Janowski as a player of considerable talent, but a "master of the alibi" with respect to his defeats. Fine said that his losses invariably occurred because it was too hot, or too cold, or the windows were open too far, or not far enough. He also noted that Janowski was sometimes unpopular with his colleagues because of his predilection for doggedly playing on even in an obviously lost position, hoping his opponent might blunder. Edward Lasker in his book Chess Secrets I Learned from the Masters recalled that Janowski was an inveterate but undisciplined gambler who would often lose all of his chess winnings at the roulette wheel.

Legacy
Several openings variations carry Janowski's name.

title: Dawid Janowski


text:
Leonardo (given name)

Leonardo is a masculine given name, the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese equivalent of the English, German, and Dutch name, Leonard.

Notable people with the name include:

Artists

 * Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance scientist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, and painter
 * Leonardo Schulz Cardoso, Brazilian singer
 * Emival Eterno da Costa (born 1963), Brazilian singer known as Leonardo
 * Leonardo de Mango (1843–1930), Italian-born Turkish painter
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (born 1974), American actor
 * Leonardo Pieraccioni (born 1965), Italian actor and director

Athletes

 * Leonardo Araújo (born 1969), usually known as Leonardo, Brazilian World Cup-winning footballer, and former sporting director of Paris Saint Germain
 * Leonardo Fioravanti (born 1997), Italian surfer
 * Leonardo Lourenço Bastos (born 1975), Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo Bittencourt, German footballer
 * Leonardo Bonucci (born 1987), Italian footballer
 * Leonardo Candi (born 1997), Italian basketball player
 * Leonardo Cardona (born 1971), Colombian road cyclist
 * Leonardo Emilio Comici (1901–1940), Italian mountain climber
 * Leonardo David (1960–1985), Italian alpine skier
 * Leonardo André Pimenta Faria (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo de Jesus Geraldo (born 1985), Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo Renan Simões de Lacerda (born 1988), also known as Léo, Brazilian football defender
 * Leonardo Meindl (born 1993), Brazilian basketball forward
 * Leonardo José Aparecido Moura (born 1986), Brazilian footballer of Shakhtar Donetsk
 * Leonardo Narváez (born 1980), Colombian track cyclist
 * Leonardo Rodriguez Pereira (born 1986), Brazilian footballer of Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
 * Leonardo Santiago (born 1983), Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo Ferreira da Silva (born 1980), Brazilian footballer of Chiangrai United
 * Leonardo dos Santos Silva (born 1976), Brazilian footballer of FC Dordrecht (also known as Leonardo II)
 * José Leonardo Ribeiro da Silva (born 1988), usually known as Leonardo, Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo Sottani, Italian water polo player
 * Leonardo Nascimento Lopes de Souza (born 1997), Brazilian footballer
 * Leonardo Zappavigna, Australian boxer

Other

 * Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444), humanist, historian and chancellor of Florence
 * Leonardo Farkas (born 1967), Chilean businessman
 * Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1170 – c. 1250), Italian mathematician
 * Leonardo León (born 1952), Chilean historian

Fictional characters

 * Leonardo, the leader of the four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 * Leonardo Acropolis, painter on the BBC sitcom Blackadder
 * Leonardo Leonardo, on the short-lived animated series, Clerks: The Animated Series
 * Leonardo Vetra, in Dan Brown's novel Angels and Demons
 * Leonardo Watch, in the manga series Blood Blockade Battlefront

title: Leonardo (given name)


text:
No Substance

No Substance is the tenth full-length album by the punk rock band Bad Religion. It was the band's third (or fourth, if the reissue of Recipe for Hate is counted) release on Atlantic Records, and their second studio album since guitarist Brett Gurewitz's departure.

No Substance was anticipated by both music critics and fans as a result of the band's previous worldwide successes with their 1994 major label debut Stranger Than Fiction and its 1996 follow up The Gray Race. The album has been met with mixed reviews and was not as successful as band's past releases. The album was re-released by Epitaph Records on September 15, 2008. No songs of the album would turn into live staples; "Raise Your Voice" is occasionally played live in Germany due to Die Toten Hosen singer Campino's guest vocals.

Reception
Author Dave Thompson, in his book Alternative Rock (2000), wrote that the shared songwriting credits make this the band's "most eclectic album ever, eagerly exploring new sounds and styles... ah, Into the Unknown II! Only better."

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

 * Bad Religion
 * Greg Graffin – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Greg Hetson – guitar
 * Brian Baker – guitar, backing vocals
 * Jay Bentley – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Bobby Schayer – drums
 * Additional musicians
 * Campino from Die Toten Hosen – guest vocals on "Raise Your Voice!"
 * Technical
 * Bad Religion – producer, engineer
 * Alex Perialas – producer, engineer
 * Ronnie Kimball – producer, engineer
 * Jason Arnold – additional engineer
 * Mike Dy – additional engineer
 * Fred Kevorkian – additional engineer
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
 * Gavin Lurssen – mastering
 * Danielle Gibson – art coordination
 * Steve Raskin – art direction, design
 * Valerie Wagner – art direction, design
 * Terry Richardson – photography
 * Chris Toliver – photography

title: No Substance


text:
Julius Korngold

Julius Leopold Korngold (24 December 1860 – 25 September 1945) was an Austrian music critic. He was the leading critic in early twentieth century Vienna, serving as chief music critic of the Neue Freie Presse from 1904 to 1934. His son was the composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold, whom he named after Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, one of his favorite composers.

Life and career
He was the father of composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold. He co-wrote the libretto of the opera Die tote Stadt with his son (under the collective pseudonym Paul Schott). He died in Hollywood, California on 25 September 1945.

In his time, he was known as the "dean of European music critics". He is most notable for championing the works of Gustav Mahler at a time when many did not think much of him.

title: Julius Korngold


text:
Louis Godin

Louis Godin (28 February 1704 – 11 September 1760) was a French astronomer and member of the French Academy of Sciences. He worked in Peru, Spain, Portugal and France.

Biography
Godin was born in Paris; his parents were François Godin and Elisabeth Charron. He was graduated at the College of Louis le Grand, and studied astronomy under Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. His astronomical tables (1724) gave him reputation, and the French Academy of Sciences elected him a pensionary member. He was commissioned to write a continuation of the history of the academy, left uncompleted by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, and was also authorized to submit to the minister, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, the best means of discovering the truth in regard to the figure of the Earth, and proposed sending expeditions to the equator and the polar sea. The minister approved the plan and appropriated the necessary means, the academy designating Charles Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer, and Godin to go to Peru in 1734.

The expedition sailed from La Rochelle on 16 May 1735, touched at Cadiz to take two naval lieutenants, Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Antonio de Ulloa, whom Philip V had ordered to accompany it, and proceeded to Santo Domingo, where they remained six months to take observations. They arrived in Quito in February 1736, immediately crossed the Andes to establish their stations in the interior, and remained two years.

When they had finished their task in 1738, at the invitation of the Viceroy of Peru, Godin accepted the professorship in mathematics in Lima, where he also established a course of astronomical lectures. When the 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake destroyed the greater part of Lima, he took valuable seismological observations, assisted the sufferers, and made plans by the use of which the new buildings would be less exposed to danger from renewed shocks.

In 1751 he returned to Europe, but found that he had been nearly forgotten, and superseded as pensioner of the academy; and, as his fortune had been lost in unfortunate speculations, he accepted the presidency of the college for midshipmen in Cádiz in Spain in 1752. During the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which was distinctly felt at Cádiz, he took observations and did much to allay the apprehensions of the public, for which he was ennobled by the king of Spain. In 1759 he was called to Paris and reinstated as pensionary member of the academy, but he died on his return to Cádiz.

Works

 * Appendix aux tables astronomiques de Lahire (Paris, 1724)
 * Histoire de l'académie des sciences, 1680 à '99 (11 vols., 1728)
 * La connaissance des temps (1730–1734)
 * El temblor de tierra de Lima, sus causas, efectos y consecuencias (Lima, 1748)
 * Curso de matemáticas para el uso de mis discípulos (1750)
 * Observations astronomiques au Perou (2 vols., Paris, 1752)
 * Des tremblements de terre en général, de ceux de Lima et Lisbonne en particulier (1753)
 * Les possessions Espagnoles dans l'Amérique du Sud; le Perou, son histoire, ses richesses, et moeurs de ses habitants (1755).

Legacy
The lunar crater Godin and the asteroid 12715 Godin are named after him.

title: Louis Godin


text:
Talk:Thomas Savery

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title: Talk:Thomas Savery


text:
Plan of Iguala

The Plan of Iguala, also known as The Plan of the Three Guarantees ("Plan Trigarante") or Act of Independence of North America, was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. The Plan stated that Mexico was to become a constitutional monarchy, whose sole official religion would be Roman Catholicism, in which the Peninsulares and Creoles of Mexico would enjoy equal political and social rights. It took its name from the city of Iguala in the modern-day state of Guerrero.

The two main figures behind the Plan were Agustín de Iturbide (who would become Emperor of Mexico) and Vicente Guerrero, revolutionary rebel leader and later President of Mexico. The Army of the Three Guarantees was formed by the unified forces Iturbide and Guerrero to defend the ideals of the Plan of Iguala. On 24 August 1821, Iturbide and Spanish Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba in Córdoba, Veracruz, ratifying the Plan of Iguala, and thus confirming Mexico's independence.

The Plan, a compromise, introduced new ideas and preserved others. For example, it established a new army, but it preserved the constitutional right of all males to vote regardless of origin, race, or economic condition, which had been enshrined in the Constitution of 1812 and which was in force at the time of the Plan.

Three Guarantees
The Plan of Iguala established three central principles for the nascent Mexican state: the primacy of Roman Catholicism, the absolute political independence of Mexico, and full social equality for all social and ethnic groups in the new country. These are the "Three Guarantees" by which the Plan is sometimes known, summarized as "Religion, Independence and Unity" ("Religión, Independencia y Unión"). The tricolor flag of the Army of Three Guarantees is a symbolic representation of the three guarantees, and is the color scheme for the post-independence red, green, and white Mexican flag.

The document explicitly includes all residents of Mexico's geographic territory among its citizens: the preamble refers to "Americans, under which term are included not only those born in America, but Europeans, Africans and Asians who reside in it," and Article 12 states: "All the inhabitants of the Mexican Empire, without any other distinction besides merit and virtue, are suitable citizens to apply for any employment," or "All the inhabitants of New Spain, without any distinction between Europeans, Africans, nor Indians, are citizens of this Monarchy with option to all employment depending on their merit and virtues," depending on the copy.

Aftermath
Although the Spanish Viceroy had ratified the Treaty of Córdoba, the Spanish Congress meeting in Madrid on 13 February 1822 repudiated the Treaty as "illegal, null, and void." The Mexican government, however, insisted upon O'Donojú's acceptance of the Plan as legally establishing the country's independence and sovereignty. Spain responded with a series of efforts to reconquer Mexico over the following decade. It eventually recognized Mexico's independence on 28 December 1836 by the Santa María–Calatrava Treaty, signed in Madrid by the Mexican Commissioner, Miguel Santa Maria, and the Spanish state minister, Jose Maria Calatrava.

Following the fall of Iturbide's empire, the Mexican Congress abrogated both the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba as the basis for the government on 8 April 1823. Instead, a new constitutional convention was called which led to the adoption of the 1824 Constitution of Mexico on 4 October 1824.

title: Plan of Iguala


text:
Chevington cheese

Chevington is a cow's milk cheese, made in Northumberland, England, by the Northumberland Cheese Company. It was first developed by John W. Annett of Chevington West Farm, Northumberland in 1895 before being revived in 2003 as a slightly modified version of the original recipe that was found in public records. It is a semi-soft cheese, made from mould-ripened Jersey milk.

title: Chevington cheese


text:
Carl Schlechter

Carl Schlechter (2 March 1874 – 27 December 1918) was a leading Austro-Hungarian chess master and theoretician at the turn of the 20th century. He is best known for drawing a World Chess Championship match with Emanuel Lasker.

Early life
Schlechter was born into a Catholic family in Vienna. He is sometimes deemed to be Jewish,   although others dispute this. He began playing chess at the age of 13. His first and only teacher was an Austria-Hungarian chess problemist, Dr. Samuel Gold.

From 1893 onwards he played in over 50 international chess tournaments. He won or shared first at Munich 1900 (the 12th DSB Congress), Coburg 1904 (the 14th DSB Congress), Ostend 1906, Stockholm 1906, Vienna 1908, Prague 1908, Hamburg 1910 (the 17th DSB Congress), and thrice in the Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna (1911, 1912, 1913).

Schlechter played several matches. He drew with Georg Marco (+0 −0 =10) in 1893, drew with Marco and Adolf Zinkl both (+4 −4 =3) in 1894, drew with Dawid Janowski (+2 −2 =3) in 1896, drew with Simon Alapin (+1 −1 =4) in 1899, beat Janowski (+6 −1 =3) in 1902, drew with Richard Teichmann (+1 −1 =1) in 1904, and drew with Siegbert Tarrasch (+3 −3 =10) in 1911.

Lasker–Schlechter match
In 1910 Schlechter played a match against Emanuel Lasker for the World Chess Championship (in Vienna and Berlin). Schlechter was leading by one point going into the tenth and final game of the match. In the tenth game tragedy struck: after first achieving a won game, Schlechter blundered into a clearly drawn position, and then blundered again which led to his loss of the game. The match ended tied at 5–5 (+1 −1 =8) and Lasker retained his title. It is disputed as to whether Schlechter needed to score +2 to win the match and thus needed to win the tenth game. No contract for the match has ever been found and no evidence supporting this rumor has ever been produced. (For match details see World Chess Championship 1910.) Schlechter distinguished himself as the first player in 16 years to seriously challenge Lasker's world title.

Later life
Schlechter's final years were strugglesome as it was becoming increasingly difficult to make ends meet as a chess professional. During World War I, he thrice won Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna. In the last year of his life, he took third in Vienna, lost a match to Akiba Rubinstein (+1 −2 =3), took second place in Berlin (Quadrangular, Milan Vidmar won), tied for third place in Kaschau, and took third place in Berlin (Quadrangular, Emanuel Lasker won). Schlechter died of pneumonia and starvation on 27 December 1918, and was buried in Budapest on 31 December 1918.

Assessment
The Carl Schlechter–Arthur Kaufmann–Hugo Fähndrich trio propagated the Viennese chess school, founded by Max Weiss in the 19th century.

Schlechter prepared the eighth and final edition of the famous Handbuch des Schachspiels openings treatise. Published in eleven parts between 1912 and 1916, it totaled 1,040 pages and included contributions by Rudolf Spielmann, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Richard Teichmann. International Master William Hartston called it "a superb work, perhaps the last to encase successfully the whole of chess knowledge within a single volume."

He was a typical example of a gentleman chess player of old, offering courteous draws to opponents who felt unwell. If his opponent arrived late for a game, Schlechter would inconspicuously subtract an equal amount of time from his own clock. He also mentored many of his rivals, including Oldřich Duras.

List of opening variations named after Schlechter
There are several "Schlechter Variations" in the chess openings:
 * Schlechter Gambit of the Bird's Opening 1.f4 e5 2.fxe5 Nc6
 * Schlechter Variation of the French Defence 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Bd3
 * Schlechter Variation of the Slav Defence 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e3 g6 (or via a Grünfeld move-order, 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 c6)
 * Schlechter Variation of the Danish Gambit 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4. Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2 d5

Notable games

 * Fried–Schlechter, Vienna 1894, From's Gambit (A02), 0–1 A breezy 14-move win by Schlechter, who sacrifices his queen and mates his opponent's king in the middle of the board.
 * Bernhard Fleissig–Schlechter, Vienna 1893 (friendly), Polish Opening: General (A00), 0–1 One of Schlechter's most famous games, Black sacrifices both his rooks and bishops.
 * Schlechter–Steinitz, Cologne 1898 Vienna Game (C28), 1–0 Schlechter routs the former World Champion in 24 moves.
 * Schlechter–Meitner, Vienna 1899, Italian Game: Classical Variation. Greco Gambit Moeller–Therkatz Attack (C54), 1–0 A combination in the endgame: White sacrifices his queen then makes a quiet move with his king, and Black is unable to prevent a mate in two moves.

In popular culture
The central character of the 1998 novel Carl Haffner's Love of the Draw by Thomas Glavinic is closely based on Schlechter. The book presents a fictionalised account of his 1910 World Chess Championship match with Lasker.

title: Carl Schlechter