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Talk:Bukhara

Name?
I just noticed that the Uzbek spelling has been changed from "Бұхара" to "Бухоро". I don't know Uzbek but I'm pretty sure user 80.71.101.90 has "corrected" it to the Russian spelling. His comment says "fixed Cyrillic name" - but obviously there is more than one Cyrillic name since there are more than one cyrillic languages. Can anybody check this? Hippietrail 09:00, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Nobody has commented so I'm fixing this now. — Hippietrail 00:29, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, I'm over a year late on this. The deal on this is that "Бухоро" is the correct Uzbek Cyrillic spelling, whereas "Buxoro" is the correct Uzbek Latin spelling.  The Cyrillic alphabet was phased out in Uzbekistan following the breakup of the USSR.--KASchmidt 05:09, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Might it be worth noting that the spelling Bokhara is used in many English sources? I see there is a redirect set up for that useage, but it might be helpful to note it in the main page, to clarify. - Kd5mdk 20 Feb 2005 0449 UTC-6
 * "Bokhara" is essentially an archaism; it reflects the transliteration of the Arabic-alphabet spelling according to the principles usually used to render Persian into English. This is fair enough, as the majority of the city's population are Persian/Tajik-speaking, but as the population there now uses either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabet, the spelling "Bokhara" is more of a fossilization than a contemporary Romanization.--KASchmidt 05:09, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. As someone who is doing a fair amount of work on Central Asian history using strictly English language sources, many dating from the 19th century, it's particularly hard to keep track of what is varient spellings and transliterations of the same name, and what is a completely different place with a similar name.  I suppose I'm just particularly sensitive to this.  Kd5mdk 8 July 2005 22:56 (UTC)

 * "Bokhara" may be just the older English name, but it is still used in the rug trade, and in books about rugs. Since it occurs in so many sources, its seems appropriate to confirm a user's suspicion that Bokhara is Bukhara.  --Bejnar 20:58, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I would agree that it would be helpful to mention the Bokhara spelling - perhaps it could replace the bizarre claim that "Bukhoro" was used in 19th and 20th century English publications. DuncanHill (talk) 23:31, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I have ascertained that mention of "Bokhara", and its replacement by "Bukhoro" was made in this edit which was by an IP which has made no other edits. I think we can put it down to vandalism. I have restored the previous wording. DuncanHill (talk) 23:35, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

I added IPA pronunciation, several paragraphs about the possible name origins of the city, all of which were deleted by Qahramani44, because “it’s not bias if its credited from multiple sources” which i assume he said about the change of tajik to being a “sizeable minority” however, 99% of the edits weren’t even about ethnic designations, so the deletion was completely unfounded, and ended up wasting hours of work and research Pigeon de Ville (talk) 22:24, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

ethnic percentages
The previous wording (not mine) about Bukharas Tajik not Uzbek character was deleted. For the moment I have put in a (I hope neutral) new wording on this and included an official Uzbekistan Govt source which states that the Tajik minority in the country is concentrated in Bukhara and Samarkand. However the actual percentages are in dispute. It may well indeed be that the Tajiks are in the majority in Bukhara as they claim. The total Tajik population in the country as a whole varies wildly according to which figures you use (see this link for various claims one way and another}. If, as here, the accusation is that the Tajik minority are deliberately under-enumerated as a matter of official policy, what do we do wikipedia-rules-wise?. It's difficult to find verifiable sources which are not in some way based on official census figures. Jameswilson 21:38, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, good!
 * Usually, even things like that leave some kind of paper trail. There's always some scholar at some university interested in the topic. The Armenian Genocide is an example of a topic which doesnt die despite the attempts to quell it.
 * There's bound to be some scholar somewhere on this topic right? I checked the 1943 Ency Brit, but it doesnt mention anything of the sort. If there is truly an ethnic rpression, itb bound to be documented by some human rights group or something.
 * Ah, I found something; a report by the US govt stating:
 * "Government statistics dating from 1992 show that the population of approximately 23 million is about 71 percent Uzbeks, 8 percent Russians, 5 percent Tajiks, 4 percent Tatars, and 3 percent Kazakhs, with many other ethnic groups represented. The statistics may underestimate the actual number of ethnic Tajiks. The figures also do not include many ethnic Tajiks whose mother tongue was Uzbek. Moreover, some Tajiks choose for a variety of reasons to declare themselves to be ethnic Uzbeks."
 * This is enough for our purposes, though there might be more somewhere on Bukhara itself. I'll also leave this ref at Tajik. Cheers, The Minist   e   r of War   (Peace) 06:19, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Found another article which mentions this [] - which suggests a much higher national percentage for Tajiks in Uzbekistan. One could certainly deduce from that that they "must be" a majority in Bukhara if thats one of their strongholds. Jameswilson 01:27, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

City infobox
I think the city infobox should be placed at the top, as opposed to the world heritage site infobox, which is less relevant to the subject of the article. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 12:05, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Bias
I think that this article on Bukhara is extremely bias and supports very questionable and in fact, very useless arguments about the ethnic "belonging" of Bukhara. The blunt statement that "Russians supported Uzbeks over Tajiks and let Uzbekistan have Bukhara and Samarkand" is so grossly wrong and sounds like an accusaion by some Tajik nationalists who simply never studied history. The latter were heavily supported by Russians during the Soviet period on the matter of "belonging" of Bukhara and Samarkand to tajiks. It was Soviet Russian policy to keep Central Asian nationals apart, have them quarrel over the territories and history that Russian tried very hard to destroy ( archived, documents, witnesses). The statement that makes one laugh is that "Persians lived in Bukhara, that are now Tajiks". How Persians became Tajiks? This just can't be serious. The very discussion of "belonging" of such an ancient city with a very rich culture and history is totally inappropriate. Bukhara does not "belong" to any ethnic group. It was in fact part of the Persian empire at some period, yet with the Timurid's dynasty coming into power, it ceased to be a Persian domain. Turks, Mongols, Arabs, Persians and many other ethnic groups resided in this region. With Islam winning over the region, Bukhara became a center of Islamic thought, which made it so beoynd any "ethnic" belonging, but in fact took it to a whole new level of an international center of Islamic culture. The fact that Turks culture (that was called Uzbek later) spread over the region Uzbek language was established in Bukhara as one of the main languages along with Persian and Arabic show that Bukhara was no longer purely Persian city. Persian language was spoken by most of the population regardless of its etchnic origins, whether they were mongols, turks, arabs or tajiks. In any event, such statements like in this article intices nationalism and misunderstanding. It is not scientific and extremely bias. It does not deserve to be published on a public site. --This comment was added on 11 August 2007 by 91.188.128.131

-Reality- I am just amazed at how Uzbeks have been either ignorant or simply can't handle the fact that Tajiks (Persians) are indigenous people of Central Asia. First of all there was a reason why Soviet supported Non-persian speaking people to have Samarkand and Bukhara including other regions. Tajik, Soghdian, Iranian, Bactrian, Parthian are all Persians! The cities of Bukhara and Samarqand are and they were important centers of the Sogdian empire. The term "Uzbekistan" is a very recent one - Uzbeks did not arrive in the area until long after the Iranian peoples had settled there. Since Tajik and Sogdian are both Iranian languages, and as some Uzbeks say that Tajik has "nothing in common with Sogdian" reflects a complete ignorance of the linguistic reality. The boundaries of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were fixed by the Soviets with no regard for the history of the region or the ethnicities living in those areas, so whether an area was located in what is now Tajikistan or not has nothing to do with whether it is a part of Tajik heritage. Bukhara and Samarqand are both proudly and correctly considered important Tajik-Persian cities by the Tajiks. Since the ancestors of the Uzbeks did intermarry with the indigenous Iranian peoples, there is most likely a Sogdian element in the Uzbek population as well. However, Uzbeks are primarily of Turkic origin, which means that their ancestors were Altaic migrants from the east, with an ethnolinguistic origin completely unrelated to the Sogdians or any of the other Iranian (and therefore Indo-European) peoples of Central Asia who were already there when they arrived. Bukhara was the Academy for all Persian poets and great philosophers such as Rudaki, Firdavsi, Saadi, Rumi, Nizami etc. How can you say and ask "How Persian became Tajiks?" I tend not to read Uzbek accounts of history, because they tend to be quite ridiculous. To act as if there is no physical difference between Tajiks and Uzbeks is not only ridiculous, it defies all reality. You can also say that the sky is green, but it will continue to be blue in reality - Tajiks appear generally Caucasian (I don't think I can be confused for Mongol), while Uzbeks appear generally Asiatic/Mongol. Whatever fantasies the Uzbek government and Uzbek nationalists may cherish, unfortunately they will be at odds with reality. There is no shame in being a Turk, or the descendant of later migrants from Mongolia, but it's unfortunate that you and others feel this way about your origins. It is also clear that you do not speak either Tajik or Iranian Farsi, because you don't seem to know anything about the linguistic structure or lexicography of either one. The Persian element in Uzbek exists because Persian was the primary literary language of the area, and thus all the other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Pashto, Turkish, etc. borrowed extensively from it. Further, the Russian words are obviously from recent origin and in part the result of efforts by the Soviets to Russify the languages of Central Asia. Thus, this analogy is entirely irrelevant. Just as Uzbeks fantasize about being the area's original inhabitants, or descendants of Sogdians, or any number of nonsensical theories, Kazakhs may well fantasize about being European. Both groups need to simply accept reality - they are Altaic-speaking, and Asiatic-looking, and any scholarly publication will tell you that both are the descendants of a wave of Altaic, Turkic migrants from the east. The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium bc. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania (Sogdiana). They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they intermingled with such later invaders as the Kushāns and Hepthalites in the 1st–6th centuries ad. Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Farsi, a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AryanMK (talk • contribs) 21:54, 11 November 2012 (UTC) Hi guys! I was just going through the wikipedia page devoted to my hometown and thought that I might add few points to your discussion. I guess things are the way much more complicated than you both tend to think, particularly when you are talking about an ethnic situation in such a place like Bukhara. But in case if you are searching for a simple sollution, there is only one thing that I can possibly offer: forget about defining the people of Bukhara as "Tajiks" or "Uzbeks". Things are not that clear cut: all the way up to the 20th century there was no clear ethnic identuty among the population of Bukhara as it indeed constituted of many different groups that based their identity on their regional, social or tribal origins. Words like Uzbek or Tajik were indeed used, but they didnt have a clear ethnic or national meaning as it does now. In fact, "Uzbeks" and "Tajiks" as "nations" are mere construction of the Soviet policy of nation-building in Central Asia. So, any statements saying that the population of Bukhara are either Tajik or Uzbek on the academic level are going to end as tautologies. Even now, with massive "Uzbekisation" in the city, the people do not tend to have a clear identity and could be either "Uzbek" or "Tajik" depending on situation and circumstances. Few more points: 1. It is indeed, interesting how one can jump from Persian to Tajik without further explanations. But I guess the person who is criticizing that should be similarly careful when he is stating: "Turks culture (that was called Uzbek later)" not to make the same mistake. 2. Soghdian empire - have never heard about one. I guess you mean a historico-cultural region that at some points constituted of dozens of semi-independant principalities; 3. Indeed Soghdian and Tajik are Persian languages. But there is one minor, but yet very important difference: Soghdian (as all other ancient Central Asian languages) is an eastern-Persian language, while Tajik is west-Persian in its origin (as far as I know, the only groups that still use the eastern Persian dialects are the people of Pamir, who have been included by the soviets to the newly created "Tajik" nation and their Tajikisation is being continued up to now. I know how critical are some Tajiks intellectual when it comes to Uzbekisation going on in Uzbekistan, but their critical mind somehow disappears when it comes to the "Tajikisation" of Pamir people). If I follow your "racially-linguistic" theory in trying to define the "indeginous" people of Central Asia, I might say that Tajiks are also migrants from Western Iran, which obviously would be absolutely wrong as is the case with your conclusion about the origins of people who call themselves as Uzbeks. Language is indeed important, but it cant be used as the only defining point and I hope that an example of Tajik language might help you to understand that. 4. Now about race: I know how some of the Tajik intellectuals were working hard on forging this "racial division" between Uzbeks and Tajiks for the last few years. That process indeed has its own reasons and should be seen in the wider context of "state-to-state" relationships and the formation of the new "nationalistic ideologies" in Central Asia. Indeed, if you take an exapmle of, lets say, an Uzbek who still has got a trible memory and compare his anthropological features to someone from Pamir (whose mother tongue is not even Tajik) the difference is clear. But is it right to judge something based on extreme examples? I guess you can if you are searching an argument to support your subjective opinion. But if we want balanced point we need to look deeper: it is not a secret (and the whole universe knows about it) that most of the Uzbeks and Tajiks belong to the "Pamir-Ferghan" subgroup of the big Caucasian race. Of course, there are differences: the amount of mongoloid features are more present among the Uzbeks rather than Tajiks. And of course there extreme cases. And of course there are people of Pamir who belong to a different subgroup and are actually anthropologically closer to Turkmens rather than "vally Tajiks". And, of course, your anthropological type is note defined only by the shape of your eyes. But, I think that for the person who is searching an answer to his "linguo-racial phenomenon" wouldnt make a difference. All in all, I would like to return to my first point: any attempt to define an ethniticity of Bukharians would fail simply because you are putting your own "construction" over the people who dont really have that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.143.98.190 (talk) 12:41, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Meaning unclear
Can someone tell me what the sentence, from the lead quoted below, is trying to say? --Bejnar 21:56, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * "These two cities, Samarkand and Bukhara, belonged to Persians, especially to eastern part, who are now Tajiks."

 * True the Tajiks are Iranian peoples and prior to the Mongols the Persian Sassanid Empire and Samanid dynasty ruled there, but the post-Mongol invasion history shows that after the Chagatai Khanate the area was part of Timur's empire, the Timurid dynasty, and then the Uzbek Shaybanid dynasty, all descendants of Genghis Khan. It wasn't until the 18th Century that the Persians under Nader Shah briefly again made an appearance in the area.  So is the sentence saying "Under the Sassanids and Samanids the area was part of the Persian empire, and the Persian speaking Tajiks predominantly of eastern Uzbekistan are a remnant."?  If so what relevance does it have for Bukhara and why is it important enough to be in the lead?  --Bejnar 21:56, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, that sentence needs to be changed since the city does not belong to any one ethnic group. Though it should be mentioned that that ethnic group are the majority of the city. --Behnam 21:58, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Alternative History to Main Article
The Tadzhiks are of Iranian origin and speak a Persian dialect. They appear to have formed the bulk of population at the time of ancient civilizations ones flourished in Central Asia and seems to have laid the foundation of the irrigation systems in the western part of the area. The Kazakhs belong to Turkic-Tatar branch of the Mongol peoples. The Turkic speaking peoples - the Uzbeks, Turkmenians, and Sarts - are descendants of Turkic and mixed Turkic-Iranian peoples who come into this part of Central Asia, especially since the beginning of the middle ages. They now far outnumber the Tadzhiks in the area. In addition many Jews immigrated into the area, especially to Khorasan, forming a large minority there at the time of Darius the Great (521-485 BC).

The Persian Empire at the time of darius the Great extended from Egypt and Turkey through Transcaucasia, modern Persia, and Afghanistan to the Indus valley, and included the most ancient centres of Indo-Iranian culture and language. To the north of this ancient Persian Empire layed vast lands of the Scythians and in east the lands of Turanians. The territory of the former Soviet Central Asia comprised the north-eastern part of the Persian Empire.

In the fourth century BC, the rule of Persia was replaced by that of Alexander the Great, who in 329 BC took Bukhara and Samarkand, already ancient cities. After his death the Orient, as it was then called, was ruled from Syria by the dynasty of Seleucus. In c. 250 BC the Parthians, of Scythian origin, who lived south-east of the Caspian, established their own empire, which included most of the later modern Soviet Central Asia, including Bukhara. They in turn were succeeded by the Persian Sassanides (226-442 AD), the last dynasty to of native kings of Persia. The Sassanides were overthrown by the Arabs, and it was during the poriod of Arab rule in Central Asia that the Turkish tribes begun to move into the country and the Islamic religion was introduced. The inhabitants of Merv, and in lesser extent in Bukhara, were Nestorian Christian in the sixth century AD. The ancient city of Khorasan become a capital of the Persian-Arab state of Khorasan. In the seventh century AD it was second only to Baghdad, the greatest city in Orient.

From ancient times threre were strong trade ties from the northern coniferous forest zone with Central Asian trading centres, Bukhara, Samarkand and Merv. At first with the Finnic tribes, then with Norsemen, Kijevan Rus and later with Muscovites. The merchants from Central Asia who came to Russia via the Caspian Sea and Volga. In 1216 Mongol Genghiz Khan destroyed the ancient civilizations of Central Asia. Bukhara, Samarkand, and Khiva were all burned and redused to ruins. There was a brief revival when the empire of Genghiz Khan was divided among his successors and Timur (nickmamed Tamerlane on account of his lameness) founded a new kingdom with its capital of Samarkand, where his tomb can see even today. After Timur´s death his kingdom broke up into a number of separate feudal states, with a loose and constantly changing relationship one with another according to the growth or decline in power of the local rulers. The most powerful states had their centres on Khiva, Bukhara, and Kokand. These centres stood on important caravan trading routes, and around them lay the largest areas of irrigated land.

The successors of Timur the Tamerlane ruled intil the 15th century, after which the ruling families were Turkic Uzbek- by that time the (and now) the most numerous of all peples of Central Asia. The Uzbeks were of Islamic faith and spoke Jagatai, one of the Turkic group of languages.

In ancient and mediveal states of Central Asia all depended for their prosperity upon irrigation works. War or raids of nomandic tribes not only interrupted trade but could destroy the work of generation or a century of peaceful development by causing destruction, damage, or neglect to these works. This happened to a considerable extent during the disintegration of Timur´s empire in the 15th century. it is probable that the towns and cultuvated oases which the Europeans first saw in the 16th century and later were mere fragments of their former splendour and prosperity.

During the 16th century England was interested in the possibility of opening up trade through the Caspian Sea, and one of the first Western Europeans to visit the feudal states of Khiva and Bukhara was Sir Anthony Jenkins, a pioner of Anglo-Russian trade, and peharps the first Englishman to see Caspian Sea. The Russian traveller Puzhukin visited these towns a century later, and another Russian, Muravin journeyed to Khiva in 1740.

At this time there was trade between Bukhara and India. Later, after the Russo-Persian war 1811 the Russians obtained the exclusive right to maintain warships on the Caspian Sea. Also by this time and little later Russian colonization in Western Siberia has expanded to southward into Kazakh territory. Russian fishing communities were established on the north coast of Aral Sea in the second half of the 18th century. Anticipating Russian advance, the rulers of the Khanate of Kokand built a number of forts along Syr-Darya valley early in the the 19th century. In 1847 the Russians moved to the mouth of the river from their base in Kazakhstan and built a fort from which to attack the Khanate of Kokand. Their advance into Central Asia began to cause some concern to the British Government of India.

The Russian advance towards Afghanistan and its threat to Bukhara Indian trade and the security of India started the "Great Game". In 1840 a British colonel and an army captain, sent on diplomatic missions to the Emir of Bukhara, dissapeared without trace. In 1843 Joseph Wolfe, an Jewish clergyman of the Church of England, set out on his own initiative from London to discover the fate of the two man (rather in the same way in which Stanley set out in search Livingstone), but he was seized and thrown into one of the dreadful dungeons of Bukhara and only released after the intervention of the Shah of Persia. He was able to reveal that both British officers, after long confinement in a dungeon infisted with sheep-ticks, had been decapitated in public.

Twenty years later Russian army conquered after a bitter and prolonged struggle Chimkent and then Tashkent. In 1868 the power of the Kokand and Bukhara states was finally broken. The Russians adopted similar colonial policy in many respects to that of the British in India. The weaker states of Kokand, Khorezem, and Merv were incorporated into the Russian Empire. But Bukhara and Khiva were dismembered and left as native states. In case of Bukhara which was the centre of the most fanatic of all Muslims in Asia, the Russian Government was wise enough not to attempt to start a Holy War by outright annexation, but chose instead to make it a vassal state, a protectorate. Russia was in a strong position since she controlled the Zerevshan valley and could at any time cut off the supplies of the life-giving water to Bukhara. No trade was allowed except with Russia and Bukhara was left to stagnate and degenerate still further in dirt and corruption. The rulers of the Bukhara and Khiva were more concerned of their personal enrichment than with with economic progress or welfare of their peoples. Huge tracts of land belonged to Emir of Bukhara, and other lands belonged to mosques, religional schools, Madrassas, and local Beys. The land was worked by peasants who were allowed to reatain about quarter of their corp. Those who owned some land paid heavy feudal dues, and peasants had to give their labour for construction and maintenance of the irrigation work. When Emir of Bukhara fled in 1920 to Afghanistan, he had a personal fortune of 175 million American dollars.

In 1915 and 1916 Germany was active to create a second front agaist the Russians. Dr Oskar von Niedemayer and Dr Werner Otto von Hentig from Afghanistan contacted Emir of Bukhara and local Afghan War Lord Amir Habibullah to start Holy War anginst the Russians in Central Asia and invade to British India with 150.000 armed tribesman. The German experts promised both arms and economocal support of value of 10 million pounds. The plan began to founder when Amir Habibullah could not unite Afghan tribesmen under his command and was finally collapsed completely with the German defeat in 1918.

Bukhara and Khiva remained until 1920 in the maps showing even the areas which belonged to these vassal states. But after the Emir of Bukhara had fled to Afghanistan a serious revolts took place and the Red Army had to be called from Tashkent to smash the Muslim rebellionists. The new Soviet puppet state that was set up in the territory of old Emirate of Bukhara was declared to be completely independent and an appeal was made to the Soviet Russia for economic assistance. Under the leadership of Enver Pasha 1921-1922 anti-Soviet organisations began to popularize the idea of Pan-Islamic state, Panislamstan under Turkic leadership in Central Asia. To meet this threat, the Soviet agents managed to have Enver poisoned. Without strong leader figure the Panislamstan movement lost ground among poor peasant population. The Soviet propaganda machine promised land reform which gave them the lands of the Beys and the mosques, while energetic measures were taken to improve the economy of Bukhara and provide facilities for education and helth services. But despite these, local resistance continued after the Nationalization of land and property in 1925-1929. The struggles continued in a few areas with bloodshed to 1939 and 1944. The continous querilla (bandit) war caused severe decline in some sections of economy, particulary livestock breeding, which was not fully recovered until 1943 and 1944 when the last fanatic Muslims rebellionists withdrew to Afghanistan. In 1936-1939 Abwehr supported the Panislamstans with full support of exiled Emir of Bukhara in Kabul. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.114.192.106 (talk) 04:43, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Haw many jews live in Bukhara? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.229.188.220 (talk) 01:51, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Bukhara had Numerous names
Bukhara had numerous names, and this page does not even mention that fact!! In the book:

History of Bukhara by Narshakhi (translated by Richard N. Frye), Page 27 writes:

"... Bukhara had many names. One of its name is Numijkat. It has also been called "Bumiskat". It has 2 names in Arabic. One is "Madinat al Sufriya" meaning - "the copper city" and another is "madinat al tujjar" meaning - "the city of merchants". But, the name Bukhara is more known than all the other names. In Khurasan, there is no other city with so many names. ...".

-- someone should add this fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.228.121.25 (talk) 18:19, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Tajik name
Since per official statistics, Tajiks make up 4% of the population, whereas Russians represent 6%, would it be more logical to replace the Tajik name of the city with the Russian one in the infobox? Abdullais4u (talk) 08:27, 4 April 2014 (UTC) For some reason, the official website of Bukhara is not accessible out of Uzbekistan, so here's the snapshot. Abdullais4u (talk) 10:03, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the snapshot. However, the information should be in the respective demography section and not in the lead. Also, there are plenty of good and reliable sources that criticize the official Uzbek numbes for being fabricated and wrong. --Lysozym (talk) 23:04, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I looked up the source you gave for the However, official Uzbek numbers have for long been criticized and refuted by various Western sources claim, and it seems it does not address the official Uzbek statistics, but discusses the Soviet numbers which are revised since. Abdullais4u (talk) 08:30, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

 * There are plenty of sources that criticize the official numbers of the Uzbek government. You are free to look it up or perhaps find better ones. Here is another one:
 * "... Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. [...] Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88)..." - Karl Cordell: Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe, Routledge, 1998. Pg. 201.
 * --Lysozym (talk) 09:44, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I am yet to find strong, reliable sources which strictly refute the official numbers. Not shilly-shally speculative "sources". Abdullais4u (talk) 11:30, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

And Bukhara going from overwhelming majority city tajiks in 1917 russian cencus to overwhelming uzbeks just 13 years later, is not strange to you?. And couple that with bukhara since being muslim have been majority modern eastern persian speakers (darbari,dari,tajiki etc) that is readable today. You have yet not studied at all then if you find no fault with the uzbek census and belive magically tajiks became uzbeks. And yes, Uzbek and Tajik are modern concept of ethinices, but PERSIAN speakrs,wheter kalaji,sarts,farsiwan have been in majority in all historical records exeapt the modern sovjiet nation-building psuedohistory. Also wanting to change the name of the city from persian is classic turkic nationalistic pratice to rewrite history, its not logical even if there was zero tajiks since your doing cultural stealing.

"reliable source" are the early cencus and history of sovjiet nation building, i suggest you research how many tribal afflication was changed by the new "uzbeks" back and forth. Your just countinuing the habits of turkic suppresion of minoritys by branding people turks and denying they existed, changing names, and calling plentifull sources "shilly-shally speculative" because you seem to have made up your mind.

Anyway, no its not logical to change the name — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.254.167.16 (talk) 07:10, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

 * (a) I thought the Soviet government conducted mass movements of peoples to the "republics" and oblasts they'd designated for specific ethnicities. If that were true, then the reported numbers could reflect actual forced migrations. (b) There's nothing unusual about speedy shifts in a city's or community's ethnicity. Do you know how quickly Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown emptied out of most of its Chinese and Chinese-American residents a couple of decades ago? Or how quickly Flushing, Queens, New York, once a largely Jewish community, became heavily Asian? So, whether or not the numbers were fake, a disbelief in the possibility that such changes do happen isn't a legitimate basis for concluding they were. Largoplazo (talk) 10:45, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Bukhara
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Bukhara's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ReferenceA": From History of Bukhara: Eastern Approaches, Fitzroy Maclean, ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble" 1949 From Red Army: . From Central Asia: Encyclopædia Iranica, "CENTRAL ASIA: The Islamic period up to the Mongols", C. Edmund Bosworth: "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Shahnama of Ferdowsi is regarded as the land allotted to Fereydun's son Tur. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Turan"). Turan thus became both an ethnic and a diareeah term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians." From Ziyarat: Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (al-Fitan wal-Ashrat as-Sa’aat – the trials and signs of the Hour). See Ahkaamul-Janaa’iz, p.278 From Russian Civil War: P. and Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, 76. From Civil war in Tajikistan: Between Marx and Muhammad. Dilip Hiro. From Samarkand: Columbia-Lippincott Gazeteer. p. 1657 From Islamic architecture: Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq archnet.org.</li> <li>From Aryan: R.G. Kent. Old Persian. Grammar, texts, lexicon. 2nd ed., New Haven, Conn.</li> <li>From Aliyah: http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/About/Press+Room/Aliyah+Statistics/nov2010.htm</li> <li>From International Standard Book Number: The ISBN Users' Manual International Edition, 6th edition</li> <li>From Ukrainians: </li> <li>From Tajikistan: A Country Study: Tajikistan, Tajikistan under Russian Rule, Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0013%29</li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 15:54, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Unreliable sources
All of the "dimitry pages" and "Information about Bukhara" go to tourist sites, which fails WP:RS. I could just remove the sources and replace with a fact tag, but I'm doing this instead hoping someone will fix the problem. Doug Weller (talk) 11:05, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Bukhara. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090102200523/http://www.iranica.com:80/newsite/articles/v4f5/v4f5a028.html to http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f5/v4f5a028.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110701172421/http://www.ulivewhere.com:80/downloads/download-bukhara.html to http://www.ulivewhere.com/downloads/download-bukhara.html

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Russian name?
Does the Russian name of the city warrant inclusion in the article? Stephen MUFC (talk) 18:11, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the city never had considerable Russian population, and we do not add the names of cities in all possible languages (for example, go to an article about a West Ukrainian city, such as Lviv, add a Russian name and see how fast you get reverted). Interwiki links are available at the left panel.--Ymblanter (talk) 18:14, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. Most definitely should be included, especially in the section "Names".  This city was part of the USSR for most of the 20th century so its Russian name may be most familiar to older generations.  In regards to a previous comment, the article for Lviv does contain reference its Russian name: Lviv. --NoGhost (talk) 21:59, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Not in the lede though. I have seen edit-warring (and had to block users) in Ukrainian articles on whether Russian names should be included in infoboxes and ledes.--Ymblanter (talk) 22:03, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * And Bukhara was part of the Seleucid Empire - actually, for much longer that of the Soviet Union - should we add Ancient Greek? It was part of the Khaliphate - should we add Arabic? It was part of the Chagatai Khanate - should we add Mongolian? Or possibly even Chagatai language?--Ymblanter (talk) 22:19, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The RfC does not specify where the Russian name should appear, but I have no issue with it in the lead since it may still be known by that name to many. I think any other significant names that the city carried could be included in the "Names" section. --NoGhost (talk) 22:33, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I do not think this corresponds to current practice.--Ymblanter (talk) 22:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Familiar to older generations? In contrast to Lviv/Lvov, Mensk/Minsk, and Almaty/Alma Ata, the Russian name of Bukhara is Bukhara. Well, it's Бухара́, but older generations of English speakers (English speakers being this encyclopedia's target audience) will be no more aware of that than they are of Buxoro or Бухоро. Largoplazo (talk) 10:15, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. (pinged by bot) Russian is the second largest ethnicity in Uzbekistan, though it is a minority. So, Russian names should be included if at all any other scripts than Uzbek are included. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:15, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Conditional Support, but not in the lede. <span style="color:#ddd;font-family:Futura, Sans-Serif;text-shadow:1px 1px 3px #111;">T P  ✎ ✓ 16:38, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yessince it is a former Soviet state, but not in lead. Since Uzbek is the only national language of Uzbekistan (apparently), I believe that should be the only language included in the opening sentence. I don't understand having Uzbek and Tajik and Russian and Persian in the lead sentence. ‡ Єl Cid of ᐺalencia ᐐT₳LKᐬ  04:41, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I restored Tajik since the Bukhara population is predominantly Tajik.--Ymblanter (talk) 05:31, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose The inclusion of the Tajik name with Cyrillic characters suffice, although I recognize more of the sources cited are in Russian than Tajik. The Russian language has a very small influence in the area. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 17:04, 15 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. If there are credible sources that refer to the city by its Russian name, then I don't see why it shouldn't be included (similar to Belarus/Belorussia). If the lead feels cluttered, feel free to move it to the "Names" section. Toreightyone (talk) 01:20, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Could you please clarify your position. What do you need by referring to the city by its Russian name? Of course every single Russian source refers to the city by its Russian name. Same way as every Swahili source refers to the city by its Swahili name. If you mean English sources, then the (transliterated) Russian name happens to be exactly the same as the English name, which is the name of the article.--Ymblanter (talk) 15:23, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

Tajik name?
Does Tajik name worths including in the article's lead? I do not recall Uzbekistan being a part of Tajikistan. Best, Lingveno (talk) 06:21, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I do not have a strong opinion, but we do not stick only to official names - since the population of Bukhara is predominantly ethnically Tajik, I would say yes. This should obviously equally apply to ethnically Uzbek towns outside of Uzbekistan, in Kyrgyzstan for example.--Ymblanter (talk) 06:33, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Changes To Naming section
I recently added a couple of paragraphs about the history of the name “Bukhara”, along with names of the city in different languages and made the introduction more informative. But every single one of my edits was deleted by user Qahramani44. He said that the reason he removed the edits was because “it’s not biased if the information comes from credible sources”. I suppose he was referring, to a line that went “tajiks make up a sizable minority in the city”. This is something i read in a recent article on ethnographies of Central Asia, so there was no personal bias involved. However, this was only sentence, but i got whole paragraphs taken down by that user for no apparent reason what so ever. Even the IPA pronunciation, and a sentence about Avicenna being born in the city along with Bukhari was deleted, even though this has nothing whatsoever to do with any race or ethnicity. I credited my sources from several well trusted websites such as Encyclopedia Irænica, however even an addition from that website itself was deleted. And at this point i cannot perceive it as anything other than personal or ethnic bias. I am not from Central Asia myself, however deleting whole scores of paragraphs, just because you feel like it, really doesn’t seem fair. I agree that the naming in russian and sanskrit should be deleted, as i saw that these names weren’t allowed. However taking down the information completely in line with every rule really seems undeserved, and biased. Pigeon de Ville (talk) 23:38, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * transoxiana.com.ar and umid.uz are not WP:RS. And Encyclopædia Iranica's article was already cited before your edits. Actually in your first edit you added your very own POV to the lead of article. The rest of your edits needs some reliable sources written by some experts. --Wario-Man (talk) 03:51, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Your opinion? It would be good if you expand "name/etymology" by using some scholary content. --Wario-Man (talk) 04:06, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * appears to have knowledge concerning this issue. Perhaps he can shed some light on this. --Kansas Bear (talk) 04:15, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Understandable. But what about the chronological order. I moved the Encyclopedia Irænica theory to be higher, because it also related to the early origins of the name, and put it before “Bokhara in 19th century” paragraph. And on that note, i added the more complete paragraph from Encyclopedia Irænica, what was the wrong part on that regard? I didn’t say that i was the first one to cite it though, my point was, that i added the fuller paragraph from the source. Pigeon de Ville (talk) 05:08, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Also on the point of POV, i think you’re referring to the Tajik and Uzbek sentence? In case you are, it was from the official statement of the Uzbek Government and not from my personal POV. If it is erroneous, as has been pointed out, i have nothing against it, as it is out of my personal concern to meddle in ethnic differences. This was a small inclusion, however my main topic of concern was in the naming section, and i agree to reverting changes if something is from a sketchy source or is in any other ways not reliable. That’s why, my final questions are laid out in the previous text. Pigeon de Ville (talk) 05:34, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Chronological order? Edit it and I will review your changes. For the rest of your edits, look for reliable sources/references; e.g. etymology/name and history require reliable/academic sources written by some Iranologists, Turkologists, or historians who are expert in Central Asian topics. --Wario-Man (talk) 06:39, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi hello apologies for the late reply, but appreciate the guidance for later.
 * By chronological order i meant to put the article about the 19th century name of Bokhara after the Sogdian etymological theory, so like this:
 * According to the Encyclopædia Iranica the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Sogdian βuxārak ("Place of Good Fortune")
 * Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th- and early-20th-century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe(捕喝) in Tang Chinese.
 * and an additional change to the position of the Tang name, since it was at a completely different and a significantly older period than the name of Bokhara, with which it shares the paragraph.
 * P.S i didn’t change the order because without the prior discussion here it would get reverted back anyways, so take a look and let me know what you think. Pigeon de Ville (talk) 18:10, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Feel free to edit that part. --Wario-Man (talk) 18:49, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Minor changed to the intro and link reliabilities
Hi there

I made a few changes to the intro, since the pronunciation section especially, was getting too clogged with many unnecessary pronunciations, specifically, the separate pronunciation charts for US and UK English. With the IPA already being included, I do not see why these two different pronunciations would be necessary, since English is not in wide use in the city or anything.

Next change was the removal of Tajik in favor of Classical Persian remaining. The modern population speaks Tajik, however since the type of Persian that has had greater historical impact was classical Persian, i thought it should be included, especially since other varieties are not widely written in and haven't been in wide use since Bukhara didn’t become part of the Tajik SSR.

However, if Tajik were to be chosen, i’d say that the more archaic form of Classical Persian should be removed, since the local Tajik dialect according to several papers, has acquired several distinct (and quite interesting) features. The identity of people in the city is more Tajik too, while Classical Persian, even though having historical impact, hasn’t been in spoken and written use for almost a century. In case both Tajik and Classical Persian were to be included, then Chaghatai Turkish would have to be included too, for its 500 years of usage in documentation, literature and speech. However it would make the introduction too long once again, so opting for either one of Tajik or Persian names would be proper.

Furthermore, i added the fact that Uzbek is spoken as a second language by most residents, since the bilingualism of residents speaking Tajik and Uzbek is very common and has been in place for several hundred years. I didn’t add Russian, since it doesn’t seem to be spoken by a significant percentage of the population.

And lastly, about the very commonly used reference on this article, a.e “History of Clumsy Delimitation”. I went through the article, and it seems to be overtly biased in its view that Tajiks and the Tajik language have been mistreated by all the other ethnic groups and governments. Moreover, it bends a series of facts and chooses to ignore others in order to choose its agenda, so it’s reliability for such a frequent use in this article is doubtful.

While i’m not denying the historical influence of the Persionate culture, and the majority of the Tajik residents, references for the information should be chosen in a more neutral and unbiased manner, since there are other, non biased documents able to provide the same information.

I don’t think i said anything controversial here, so let’s keep ethnically motivated arguments away from the purely academic discussion. Pigeon de Ville (talk) 19:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Chinese name
Why doesn't the current version of this article mention that the Chinese name (since the Sui and Tang dynasties) of Bukhara was "An Guo" (安国)? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 03:49, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bukhara


text:
Inner angle

Inner angle may refer to:

 * internal angle of a polygon
 * Fubini–Study metric on a Hilbert space

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inner angle


text:
Agen

The commune of Agen is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 km southeast of Bordeaux.

Geography
The city of Agen lies in the southwestern department of Lot-et-Garonne in the Aquitaine region. The city centre lies on the east bank of the river Garonne, the Canal de Garonne flows through the city, approximately halfway between Bordeaux 132 km and Toulouse 107 km.

Climate
Agen features an oceanic climate (Cfb), in the Köppen climate classification. Winters are mild and feature cool to cold temperatures while summers are mild and warm. Rainfall is spread equally throughout the year; however, most sunshine hours are from March–September.

Toponymy
From Occitan Agen (1197), itself from Latin Aginnum (3rd century Itinéraire d'Antonin), from a Celtic root agin- meaning "rock or height".

Economy
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include the pharmaceutical factory UPSA.

Sights
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.

The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave, a regional trait also found in the Church of the Jacobins in nearby Toulouse.

The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.

The art museum, the Musée des Beaux Arts (Agen), contains artefacts, furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works, including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard and Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.

The Canal des Deux Mers, which joins the Mediterranean with the Atlantic, crosses the river Garonne at Agen via the town's famous canal bridge.

Colour photography pioneer
Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron (1837 – 1920), a pioneer of colour photography lived and worked in Agen. He developed practical processes for colour photography on the three-colour principle, using both additive and subtractive methods. In 1868 he patented his ideas (French Patent No. 83061) and in 1869 he published them in Les couleurs en photographie, solution du problème.

The most widely reproduced of his surviving colour photographs is the View of Agen, an 1877 landscape, printed by the subtractive assembly method which he pioneered. Several different photographs of the view from his attic window, one dated 1874, also survive.

Entertainment
The municipal theatre "Théâtre Ducourneau" presents theatre, and occasionally classical concerts. The smaller "Théâtre du jour" has a resident theatre company presenting a variety of recent or older plays (Shakespeare, Beckett, as well as lesser known playwrights).

There are two cinemas, one a commercial multiscreened affair, the other an arts cinema run by a voluntary organization. The latter organizes film festivals every year.

Sport
Rugby is extremely popular in the town, and the local team, SU Agen, is enthusiastically supported. The town also serves as the base for the Team Lot-et-Garonne cycling team.

Transport
The Gare d'Agen connects Agen with Toulouse and Bordeaux as well as Périgueux. It is around an hour from Toulouse and around an hour from Bordeaux. The TGV train to Paris takes three hours and thirteen minutes with a stop in Bordeaux.

Agen is connected, by the A62 autoroute, to both Toulouse and Bordeaux.

The Agen Airport is serviced by Airlinair service to Paris Orly 6 days a week. It is also used for business and leisure flying.

Agen stands on the voie verte cycle path between the Mediterranean and close to Bordeaux.

Diocese
Agen is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese that comprises the Département of Lot and Garonne. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Bordeaux.

Twin towns – sister cities
Agen is twinned with:
 * 🇺🇸 Corpus Christi, United States
 * 🇩🇪 Dinslaken, Germany
 * 🇺🇸 Galena, Illinois, United States
 * Llanelli, Wales, United Kingdom
 * 🇪🇸 Toledo, Spain
 * 🇷🇺 Tuapse, Russia

Notable people

 * As place of birth
 * Saint Caprasius of Agen, a Christian martyr and saint of the 4th. century
 * Phoebadius of Agen (died ca. 392) a Catholic bishop of the fourth century.
 * Bernard Palissy (ca.1510–1590), potter, he may have been born in Saintes.
 * Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609), Calvinist religious leader and scholar.
 * Pierre Dupuy (1582–1651), writer and scholar.
 * Francés de Corteta (1586-1667), nobleman and poet
 * Joseph Barsalou (1600–1660), apothecary and physician.
 * Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades (1607–1686), diplomatist and Marshal of France.
 * Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825), naturalist and active freemason.
 * Jean Hilaire Asté (1775–1840), professor of music and instrument-maker, inventied the ophicleide
 * Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (1780–1846), naturalist and politician.
 * Jacques Jasmin (1798–1864), Provençal poet.
 * Victor Rabu (1834–1907), architect, built many churches in Montevideo, Uruguay
 * Joseph Chaumié (1849–1919), politician
 * Les Lalanne, artists and sculptors François-Xavier Lalanne (1927–2008) and Claude Lalanne (1924–2019).
 * Michel Serres (born 1930), philosopher and author
 * Jacques Sadoul (born 1934), novelist, book editor and non-fiction author
 * Jean Cruguet (born 1939), jockey who won the U.S. Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing
 * Alain Aspect (born 1947), physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics winner in 2022
 * Francis Cabrel (born 1953), singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Bernard Campan (born 1958), actor, film director and writer
 * Emmanuel Flipo (born 1958), artist
 * Bernard Andrieu (born 1959, philosopher and historian
 * Béatrice Uria-Monzon (born 1963), mezzo-soprano.
 * Stéphane Rideau (born 1976), actor
 * Fabien Barcella (born 1983), former rugby union player with 20 caps for France
 * Aymeric Laporte (born 1994), footballer with 20 caps for Spain
 * Brice Dulin, (born 1990), rugby union player with 36 caps for France.

 * As residence
 * Julius Caesar Scaliger In 1525 he became physician to Antonio della Rovera, bishop of Agen, and remained until his death in 1558.
 * Nostradamus lived in Agen from 1531 until at least 1534. He was married to a local woman with whom he had two children.

Miscellaneous
Agen is the "capital of the prune", a local product consumed as a sweet, either stuffed with prune purée or in pastries, or as a dessert, e.g., prunes soaked in Armagnac, a type of brandy. On the last weekend of August, a prune festival comprises rock concerts, circus performances and prune tastings.

Jewish presence
The first Jews settled in the town in the twelfth century AD. They were expelled from the town in 1306. A number of Jews returned to the town in 1315, and a "Rue des Juifs" is documented ever since this period. In 1968, about 600 Jews lived in the town, though most of them had emigrated from North Africa. A Jewish synagogue still exists in the town.

title: Agen


text:
User:Gploc

On the Aplusplus talk page I have made a statement that I am the owner of the domain www.lambda-bound.de and at the same time the author of the Aplusplus and Arsplusplus articles in the Wikipedia encyclopedia. I even made a clear statement that I give Wikipedia the permission to use these articles according to the rules of the GFDL. I can't understand why the copyright infringement is upheld by Wikipedia. By the way I am registered as user Gploc at Wikipedia. If there are still problems are questions I would appreciate to be contacted via e-mail: gpl@lambda-bound.com. Gploc 09:35, 18 Mar 2004 (CET)

title: User:Gploc


text:
Pierre Clostermann

Pierre-Henri Clostermann (28 February 1921 – 22 March 2006) was a World War II French ace fighter pilot.

During the conflict he achieved 33 air-to-air combat victories, earning the accolade "France's First Fighter" from General Charles de Gaulle. His wartime memoir, The Big Show (Le Grand Cirque) became a notable bestseller. After the war, he worked as an engineer and was the youngest Member of France's Parliament.

Early life between Brazil, France and the USA
Clostermann was born and raised in Curitiba, Brazil, into a French diplomatic family. He was the only son of Madeleine Carlier from Lorraine and Jacques Clostermann from Alsace. He was perfectly fluent in Portuguese. There, he met French superstars of the time Jean Mermoz and Henri Guillaumet, then Aéropostale pilots. In 1935, he received his first flight on the seaplane Latécoère 521 "Lieutenant de Vaisseau Paris" on the Lac de Biscarrosse in South West France. In 1937, at the age of sixteen, he learned to fly at the Brazilian flying club in Manguinhos on Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann and Bü 133 Jungmeister with German pilot Karl Benitz (died in 1943, Russia). After receiving flying tuition, he completed his secondary education in France and gained his private pilot's licence in 1937. In 1937, he studied at the Franco-Brazilian high school Molière, in Rio de Janeiro. At the same time, he began writing columns for the newspaper Correio da Manhã. From 1938 to 1940, he took aeronautical engineering courses at the Ryan School of Aeronautics in San Diego, in the United States of America. In 1940, he obtained his aeronautical engineering diploma and his professional pilot's license. He then joined England, via Brazil, Uruguay and South Africa, to join the Free French Air Force. He already had 315 flight hours under his belt.

World War II
On the outbreak of war in 1939 the French authorities refused his application for service, so he travelled to Los Angeles to become a commercial pilot, studying at the California Institute of Technology. Clostermann joined the Free French Air Force in the United Kingdom in March 1942. After training at RAF Cranwell and 61 OTU, Clostermann, a sergeant pilot, was posted in January 1943 to No. 341 Squadron RAF (known to the Free French as Groupe de Chasse n° 3/2 "Alsace"), flying the Supermarine Spitfire.

On 15 July 1943 he crash-landed after combat when unable to lower his undercarriage (Cat.B). He scored his first two victories on 27 July 1943, also as Yellow 2, claiming destruction of two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s over France. In October 1943, Clostermann received a commission as an officer, and was assigned to the British No. 602 Squadron RAF, remaining with the unit for the next ten months. He flew a variety of operations including fighter sweeps, bomber escorts, high-altitude interdiction over the Royal Navy's Scapa Flow base, and strafing or dive-bombing attacks on V-1 launch sites on the French coast. He flew air-cover for the Normandy Landings, and, on 11 June, was one of the first Free French pilots to land on French soil, at temporary airstrip B-2 near Bazenville, before moving to B-11, near Longues-sur-Mer, Normandy on 18 June 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross shortly afterwards, after which he was reassigned to French Air Force Headquarters.

In December 1944 he returned to the front line on re-secondment to the Royal Air Force as a supernumerary flight lieutenant. He joined No. 274 Squadron RAF flying the new Hawker Tempest Mk V. In an aircraft which he named Le Grand Charles (named after both the "Vieux Charles", as Georges Guynemer french WWI ace with 53 victories was naming the aircraft he flew , and the Free French leader Charles de Gaulle who was tall) , Clostermann flew an intensive and highly successful round of fighter sweeps, airfield attacks, "rat scramble" interceptions of Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters, and rail interdiction missions over northern Germany over the next two months.

In March 1945 he briefly served with No. 56 Squadron, before transfer to No. 3 Squadron. On 24 March 1945 he was wounded in the leg by German flak, and after belly-landing his badly damaged aircraft was hospitalised for a week. From 8 April 1945 he was commander of "A" Flight, No. 3 Squadron RAF. He was awarded a bar to his DFC. He was later promoted to Wing Commander (flying) of 122 Wing, the most prestigious wing in the R.A.F., at the age of 24.

On 12 May 1945 during a victory fly-past to mark the war's conclusion, another Tempest collided with his, and as a result an air pile-up occurred with four close formation low-flying aeroplanes of his flight involved, with three pilots being killed. Clostermann bailed out, his parachute opening just a few metres above the ground. He continued operations with No. 122 Wing RAF until he left the military altogether on 27 July 1945 with the RAF rank of wing commander and the French rank of lieutenant.

In his 432 sorties, Clostermann was credited officially with 33 victories (19 solo, 14 shared, most of them against fighters) and five "probables", with eight more "damaged". He also claimed 225 motor vehicles destroyed, 72 locomotives, five tanks, and two E-boats (fast torpedo boats). Many references credit him with 29 to 33 victories, although these probably include his "ground" kills of enemy aircraft. Recent, more detailed analysis of his combat reports and squadron accounts indicate that his actual score was 11 destroyed, with possibly another seven, for a total of 15–18 victories.

Later life
In 1951, Clostermann authored an account of his wartime experiences entitled Le Grand Cirque (published in English as The Big Show). One of the first post-war fighter pilot memoirs, its various editions have sold over two and a half million copies. William Faulkner commented that this is the finest aviation book to come out of World War II. The book was reprinted, in expanded form, in both paperback and hardcover editions in 2004. It was also adapted in comic book form by Manuel Perales, in close collaboration with Clostermann. Clostermann also wrote Feux du Ciel (Flames in the Sky) published in 1957, a collection of heroic air combat exploits from both Allied and Axis sides.

After the war, Clostermann continued his career as an engineer, participating in the creation of Reims Aviation, supporting the Max Holste Broussard prototype, acting as a representative for Cessna, and working for Renault.

He served eight terms as a député (member of parliament) in the French National Assembly between 1946 and 1969. As a deputy for Marne he resigned from the Gaullist group in 1955 over their treatment of the Resident-General in French Morocco during the negotiations with nationalist movement.

He also briefly re-enlisted in the Armée de l'Air in 1956–57 to fly ground-attack missions during the Algerian War. He subsequently published a novel based on his experiences there, entitled Leo 25 Airborne.

During the Falklands War in early 1982 comments publicly emerged from Clostermann expressing praise for the courage displayed by Argentine Air Force and Argentine Navy pilots during their air-to-sea attacks on the Royal Navy. Clostermann had written the comments, which were partly motivated by ethnic insults towards Argentinians that he had become aware of in the British press during the conflict, in a letter to a class of Argentine fighter-pilots who were being trained at that time in France at an Armée de l'Air establishment, at which his son was an instructor. The private letter's comments, from a renowned World War II military hero, swiftly found their way across the Atlantic Ocean to Buenos Aires, where they were published in newspapers as war propaganda. As a result of this perceived "betrayal" of his links with the United Kingdom via his war service in the Royal Air Force, Clostermann attracted hostility from parts of the British press.

He also attracted controversy in France for his vehement anti-war stance in the run-up to the 1991 Gulf War.

Death
Clostermann died on 22 March 2006 at his home at Montesquieu-des-Albères, in the French Pyrenees.

Private life
While serving in Lincolnshire, Pierre met and married Lydia Jeanne Starbuck at St Denys Church in Sleaford on the 28th of April 1943.

Clostermann was married and had three sons.

Honours
On 6 June 2004, a road in Longues-sur-Mer, near temporary airstrip B-11, was named after Clostermann.

title: Pierre Clostermann


text:
Sancak

Sancak may refer to:

 * Sanjak, an administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire
 * Sandžak, a historical region in Serbia and Montenegro

People

 * Nurşah Sancak (born 1997), Turkish female handball player
 * Sancak Kaplan (born 1982), Turkish footballer
 * Yasin Sancak (born 1978), Turkish volleyball player

title: Sancak


text:
Abiezer Coppe

Abiezer Coppe (1619 – 1672) was one of the English Ranters and a writer of prophetic religious pamphlets.

Biography
He was born in Warwick on May 20, 1619, and was a pupil of Thomas Dugard at The King's School, Warwick. From there he went to All Souls College, Oxford and also Merton College, Oxford. One of Coppe's major works is the Fiery Flying Roll of 1649, a (highly heretical) tirade against inequality and hypocrisy which vividly evokes the charged and visionary atmosphere that swept over England during the civil war and interregnum.

While Coppe's views were unpopular with Royalists, they were equally disliked by Parliamentarians, and shortly after the Fiery Flying Roll was published he was imprisoned at Newgate Prison and the book burned.

Coppe was later released and celebrated by publishing Coppe's return to the ways of righteousness, in which he retracted his previous heresies, while adding a few more. Like Lodowick Muggleton and the Diggers' leader Gerrard Winstanley, Coppe combined an egalitarian social vision with an apocalyptic religious one.

In 1657 he apparently changed his name to Dr Higham, and was buried under that name at Barnes church on August 23, 1672.

Reception
Coppe has been written about by Norman Cohn, M.A. Poultney and the Marxist historians A. L. Morton and Christopher Hill.

He has also been celebrated in modern folk music; there is a folk song about him with the eponymous title Abiezer Coppe on the Leon Rosselson album Love, Loneliness, Laundry, which has since been released on CD on Rosselson's compilation Guess What They're Selling At The Happiness Counter.

In 2018 the band Barnstormer 1649, led by poet Attila the Stockbroker, included a different song about Coppe with the same title on their album Restoration Tragedy.

Coppe appears as a character in Caryl Churchill's 1976 play Light Shining in Buckinghamshire.

title: Abiezer Coppe


text:
Aire-sur-l'Adour

Aire-sur-l'Adour (Aira d'Ador or simply Aira) is a commune in the Landes department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France.

It lies on the river Adour in the wine area of southwest France. It is an episcopal see of the Diocese of Aire and Dax. The nearest large towns are Mont-de-Marsan to the north and Pau to the south.

History
Aire (Atura, Vicus Julii) once was the residence of the kings of the Visigoths. Here in 506 Alaric II drew up his code, the Breviarium Alaricianum.

Famed bullfighter Iván Fandiño died in Aire-sur-l'Adour after being gored by a bull on 17 June 2017.

Sights

 * Aire Cathedral, built in the 11th century but renovated in the 14th and 17th centuries.
 * The Gothic church of Sainte-Quitterie is dedicated to Saint Quiteria, who, according to Christian tradition, was beheaded here in the fifth century. This church is on the pilgrimage route called the Way of St. James.

Personalities

 * Pierrette Le Pen, mother of Marine Le Pen and ex-wife of Jean-Marie Le Pen
 * Florian Cazalot, rugby union player, born 1985 in Aire-sur-l'Adour

Twin towns

 * 🇪🇸 Castro-Urdiales, Spain

title: Aire-sur-l'Adour


text:
Stalin's speech of 19 August 1939

A secret speech was allegedly given by Joseph Stalin, on 19 August 1939, to members of the Politburo, wherein he justified the Soviet strategy to promote military conflict in Europe, which would be beneficial for the future territorial expansion of the Communist system. The strategy included Soviet-Nazi collaboration and the suggestion of what has become the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

The historicity of the speech is still the subject of academic debate. Plausible textual evidence of this speech found in various reputable archives has been academically studied and published, however no formal first-hand evidence of a Politburo meeting held on 19 August 1939 or the delivery of the quoted speech has yet been proven.

Source material and timeline
The first version of this speech was published partially on 28 November 1939, in the Paris newspaper Le Temps by the news agency Havas despatch from Geneva. Since then several versions, varying in content, have been in circulation.

In 1994, the Russian publicist Tatiana Bushuyeva (Татьяна Семеновна Бушуева) published the text of the speech in an article printed in the Novy Mir magazine based on what she claimed was recent findings in the Special Archive of the USSR of a text, which according to her was supposedly recorded by a Comintern member present at the meeting (and she published the Russian translation thereof). Sergey Sluch questions its authenticity remarking that the document was in French and stored in the "Trophies Funds" of the Archive, and that the text mostly matches the one from Havas, but Bushueva skipped some dubious passages.

Historicity and debate
Whether this speech was ever given by Stalin is still the subject of dispute by historians. According to Viktor Suvorov's book Icebreaker, Soviet historians laid special emphasis on claiming that no Politburo meeting took place on 19 August 1939, but the Russian military historian Dmitri Volkogonov has found the evidence that a meeting really took place on that day. However the only military issue in the agenda of the meeting, according to Volkogonov, was the deferment from conscription of the construction workers of the Akmolinsk–Kartaly railway.

The speech took place according to research book Stalin's Missed Chance by the military historian Mikhail Meltyukhov, which covers the alleged offensive plans by Stalin. However, the third edition of the book, in 2008, omits any mention of 1939 speech.

Historian Sergey Sluch of the Russian Academy of Sciences also reviewed the history of the subject.

title: Stalin's speech of 19 August 1939


text:
User:Paul Richter

Areas of interest:
 * Japan
 * aircraft ...which means lots of articles on Japanese aircraft
 * Brazilian music (still haven't found a way to combine this with the first two)

Non-stub pages I created:
 * João Gilberto
 * Getz/Gilberto
 * Kochikame
 * Plastic model
 * Xevious
 * Mappy

&

title: User:Paul Richter


text:
Paula Zahn

Paula Ann Zahn (born February 24, 1956) is an American journalist and newscaster who has been an anchor at ABC News, CBS News, Fox News, and CNN. She currently produces and hosts the true crime documentary series On the Case with Paula Zahn on the Investigation Discovery channel.

Early life and career
Zahn was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to a schoolteacher/artist mother and an IBM sales executive father. She initially grew up in Canton, Ohio, with her parents and three siblings. The family relocated to Naperville, Illinois, as her father's job required them to move frequently. She once joked that "IBM" really stood for "I've been moved". She attended Washington Junior High School in Naperville and later graduated from Naperville Central High School in 1974. Zahn also competed in several beauty pageants, making the semi-finals of the 1973 Miss Teenage America Pageant. She continued her education at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, on a cello scholarship, and received firsthand knowledge of the news business by working as an intern at WBBM-TV in Chicago. She graduated in 1978 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. Zahn then spent the next 10 years working at local stations around the country, including WFAA-TV in Dallas, KFMB-TV in San Diego, KPRC-TV in Houston, WHDH-TV (then WNEV) in Boston, and KCBS-TV in Los Angeles.

ABC
In 1987, Zahn accepted an offer to work at ABC News, initially anchoring The Health Show, a weekend program on health and medical issues. Within a few months she was co-anchoring World News This Morning, the network's early morning newscast, and anchoring news segments on Good Morning America as well as substituting for co-host Joan Lunden.

CBS
In 1990, Zahn was offered a job at CBS News, which she took beginning on February 26, 1990, co-anchoring CBS This Morning with Harry Smith. During this time, she helped cover the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France with Tim McCarver and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, as well as covering the Waco siege. Both she and Smith left after changes were made at the morning show in 1996 with their last day being on June 14, 1996. Zahn then went on to work as anchor of the Saturday edition of the CBS Evening News, as well as substituting for Dan Rather during the week, and contributing reports to 48 Hours, Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel, and CBS News Sunday Morning.

Fox News Channel
In 1999, after nine years at CBS News, Zahn moved to the world of cable news, joining Fox News Channel (FNC), where she anchored Fox Report, the network's nightly newscast. Months later, she helped launch her own prime time news program, The Edge with Paula Zahn.

CNN
Zahn began her work at CNN on September 11, 2001, joining anchor Aaron Brown in the coverage of that day's terrorist attacks as her reaction to the events she witnessed. Although not scheduled to appear on a CNN program, which was still in development, she began a regular morning news shift the next day. By January, she launched her CNN morning news program, American Morning with Paula Zahn.

In 2003, during the Iraq War, Zahn moved back to prime time, hosting a two-hour program labeled Live from the Headlines which offered continuing coverage of the war and other events. Anderson Cooper took over the first of the two hours by early summer, and by September, her show, Paula Zahn Now, premiered.

On July 24, 2007, she announced her resignation from CNN. The final broadcast of Paula Zahn Now aired August 2, 2007. The announcement came less than a day after CNN hired Campbell Brown, the former co-host of Weekend Today. Initially, guest hosts essentially continued Zahn's program under the title Out in the Open. This was later replaced by election campaign coverage and ultimately Brown's program, Campbell Brown: No Bias, No Bull.

According to Zahn's goodbye letter penned to CNN staff, she stated "I plan to take a break between jobs and catch my breath before I take on my next role." In a New York Times interview, which was conducted right after the announcement of her resignation broke, Zahn told Jacques Steinberg that "she had no idea what she would be doing next".

WNET
On November 9, 2008, Zahn became the new co-host of SundayArts on New York City PBS stations WNET and WLIW. The program, which covers the fine arts scene in New York City, is now called NYC-ARTS and airs Thursday evenings.

Investigation Discovery
On January 9, 2009, Discovery Communications announced that Zahn, along with producing partners Scott Weinberger and Scott Sternberg, had entered into a development deal for a true crime documentary series. On the Case with Paula Zahn premiered October 18, 2009 on the Investigation Discovery cable channel.

PBS
On New Year's Day 2011, Zahn hosted the annual "From Vienna: The New Year's Celebration" episode of the anthology series Great Performances on PBS.

Personal life
Zahn has three children, Austin, Jared, and Haley, with Richard Cohen, a New York City real estate developer. Cohen is Jewish and they are raising the children in his faith.

The couple was in the news in 2004 when the nest of the well-publicized red-tailed hawk Pale Male was removed from their Manhattan co-op building. Cohen, president of the co-op board, supported the removal; in 2001 Zahn had spoken approvingly of the hawk and its habit of feeding on rats and pigeons.

In April 2007, Zahn announced she was divorcing Cohen after 20 years of marriage. That same year, Zahn filed a lawsuit against Cohen alleging he had mismanaged 20 years' worth of her career earnings. The lawsuit was dismissed by the New York state court, ruling it "is not a commercial case, rather, it is a matrimonial dispute masquerading as a commercial dispute."

Zahn played cello at Carnegie Hall in May 1992 with the New York Pops orchestra. She is also an honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, and has been an active advocate for issues of cancer awareness in general, and breast cancer in particular.

In May 2003, Zahn received an honorary degree from Dowling College of Oakdale, New York.

title: Paula Zahn


text:
Key Largo

Key Largo (Cayo Largo) is an island in the upper Florida Keys archipelago and is the largest section of the keys, at 33 mi long. It is one of the northernmost of the Florida Keys in Monroe County, and the northernmost of the keys connected by U.S. Highway 1 (the Overseas Highway). Three census-designated places (CDPs) are on the island of Key Largo: North Key Largo (near the Card Sound Bridge), Key Largo (roughly 8-9 miles from the island's southernmost point) and Tavernier (at the island's south end). As of 2010, these three CDPs have a combined population of 13,850. None of Key Largo is an incorporated municipality; it is governed, at the local level, by Monroe County.

Key Largo is connected to the mainland of Miami-Dade County by two routes, the first being the Overseas Highway—the southernmost portion of U.S. Highway 1–, which enters Key Largo at Jewfish Creek (near the middle of the island) before turning southwest. The second route is via Card Sound Road, which connects to the northern end of Key Largo and runs southeastward, connecting with County Road 905, which runs southwest and joins U.S. 1 at about mile marker 106. These routes originate at Florida City on the mainland.

Key Largo is a popular destination for many. It has been dubbed the "Diving Capital of the World" as the living coral reefs, a few miles offshore, attract thousands of scuba divers, sport-fishing enthusiasts and scientific researchers each year.

Key Largo's proximity to the Everglades also makes it an ideal starting point for scientists, kayakers and ecotourists, among others. Automotive and highway pioneer (and Miami Beach developer) Carl G. Fisher built the Caribbean Club in 1938 as his last project.

Key Largo is situated between Everglades National Park, to the northwest, and John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, to the east, the first underwater park in the United States. The latter state park protects part of the Florida Reef, the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States. Barrier reefs are critical to coastal communities and environments as they are able to dissipate up to 97% of the oceanic wave forces exerted during hurricanes and other tropical storms, with the reef serving as a protective buffer against flooding further inland. The barrier reef, itself, provides over $675 million in storm surge protection, annually.

History
When Europeans first arrived in the Florida Keys in the 16th century, the area was uninhabited or only sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples such as the Calusa and the Tequesta. The earliest description of the area and its inhabitants was by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a survivor of a shipwreck who lived among the Calusa people from 1549 to 1566. The earliest reference to Key Largo is found on a map prepared in 1639 by Dutch cartographer Johannes Vingboons, in which it is named Caio des 12 Leguas (islet of twelve leagues). Some time later, it was named Cayo Largo — meaning long islet — by Spanish explorers.

In 1770, Dutch surveyor Bernard Romans reported that the area was uninhabited, although evidence was found that indigenous people visited the area from time to time. By the end of the Third Seminole War in 1858, the area was under control by the United States government, though it remained largely uninhabited. In 1870, a post office was established at "Caya Largo" (in the current Rock Harbor area). It closed and another was opened called "Largo" in 1881. Additional post offices opened in Planter in 1891 and Aiken in 1895.

The island gained fame as the setting for the 1948 film Key Largo, but apart from background filming used for establishing shots, the film was shot on a Warner Bros. sound stage in Hollywood. After the film's success, pressure from local businesses resulted in a change in the name of the post office serving the northern part of the island, from "Rock Harbor" to "Key Largo", on June 1, 1952. After that, every resident north of Tavernier had a Key Largo address and the postmark read "Key Largo".

Geology and geography
The island of Key Largo is an exposed, fossilized remnant of a coral reef formed during a period of higher sea level and then uncovered and eroded during a subsequent ice age. The highest elevation is a slight ridge forming the spine of the island, which rises to about 15 ft.

The island's substrate is called Key Largo limestone; in many places, fossilized corals and smooth, eroded limestone "caprock" are visible at the surface. Solution holes, which are pockets dissolved in the limestone by acidic rainwater, form shallow depressions in the land. The natural shoreline of the island is generally rocky. A slippery, gray, limestone-based clay called "marl" is the shoreline and near-shore soil. No natural sand beaches occur on the island. Inland, decomposed vegetation forms a rich, acidic humus soil up to about 6 in (15 cm) thick, topped by "leaf litter". The soil supports a diverse flora of herbaceous plants, woody shrubs, and hardwood trees.

Climate
Key Largo has a tropical savanna climate (Aw). Frost has never been recorded on the island. Key Largo enjoys close to 3,000 hours of sunshine annually.

title: Key Largo


text:
Talk:Gabriele Lesser

Untitled
I admit my version was POV, but your version is even more POV, Cautious. Nico 09:38, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Let us try NPOV in talk first. One aproved we can move it to the article. Your turn. Cautious 09:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

As the article is not dealing with Steinbach, I have removed all the duplications of text from that article. I have also removed the POVs

Gabriele Lesser (born 1962) is a German historian and journalist, who specializes in the history of World War II.

Recently she criticised a recent initiative of the Federation of Expellees. Under the leadership of Erika Steinbach, the German organisations started a campaign to force Poland and the Czech Republic to recognize the property rights of the expulsed Germans.

Recently, the Federation of Expellees sued Gabriele Lesser for defamations. The questioned article was published September 19, 2003, in the daily Kieler Nachrichten. The newspaper decided to stop attacking the Federation of Expellees and its leadership.

Your turn. -- Nico 10:00, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Heimatvertriebene sued Gabriele Lesser for publishing articles explaining the Polish point of view to the German public" is not neutral. No trial would ever deal just with "explaining something" in Germany. Be more specific, then you can remove the dispute note. Get-back-world-respect 23:11, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, I see one can be sued for "defamations". I would however like to know in what the "defamation" should consist and if any reasonable person is concerned about Steinbach's chances to win that trial, which, judged from this article, should be very close to zero. I liked the German version about Steinbach ending with the sentence "Due to comprehensive coverage of her suggestion she is better known in Poland than in Germany. Get-back-world-respect 10:55, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * This article should be up-dated when the trial ends. I guess the "concern about threat to freedom of opinion" can be removed then. Get-back-world-respect 10:59, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * IMO, its quite possile to get some court to deal with some, IMO, stupidy. Compare "chancellor's Schroders dyed hair" cause. Wikimol 11:59, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Well he won a libel suit because they lied about him. Although I agree that Schroeder and our courts had better spend their time on important stuff I do not think that it is any threat to the freedom of the press. Get-back-world-respect 13:02, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gabriele Lesser


text:
Lynmouth

Lynmouth is a village in Devon, England, on the northern edge of Exmoor. The village straddles the confluence of the West Lyn and East Lyn rivers, in a gorge 700 ft directly below the neighbouring town of Lynton, which was the only place to expand to once Lynmouth became as built-up as possible. The villages are connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway, which works two cable-connected cars by gravity, using water tanks.

The two villages are a civil parish governed by Lynton and Lynmouth Town Council. The parish boundaries extend southwards from the coast, and include hamlets such as Barbrook and small moorland settlements such as East Ilkerton, West Ilkerton and Shallowford.

The South West Coast Path and Tarka Trail pass through, and the Two Moors Way runs from Ivybridge in South Devon to Lynmouth; the Samaritans Way South West runs from Bristol to Lynton, and the Coleridge Way from Nether Stowey to Lynmouth.

Lynmouth was described by Thomas Gainsborough, who honeymooned there with his bride Margaret Burr, as "the most delightful place for a landscape painter this country can boast".

The Sillery Sands beach is just off the South West Coast Path and is used by naturists.

Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Harriet and his sister-in-law Eliza stayed in Lynmouth between June and August 1812. Shelley worked on political pamphlets and on the poem "Queen Mab". He was delighted with the village.

Lynmouth Lifeboat
A lifeboat station was established in Lynmouth on 20 January 1869, five months after the sailing vessel Home was wrecked nearby. The lifeboat was kept in a shed on the beach, until a purpose-built boat house was built at the harbour. This was rebuilt in 1898 and enlarged in 1906–07. It was closed at the end of 1944 because other stations in the area could provide cover with their newer motor lifeboats. The boat house was then used as a club, but was washed away in the flood of 15 August 1952. It has since been rebuilt, and now includes a public shelter.

At 7:52 pm on 12 January 1899, the 1,900 ton three-masted ship Forrest Hall, carrying thirteen crew and five apprentices, was in trouble off Porlock Weir on the north Somerset coast, owing to a severe gale that had been blowing all day. She had been under tow, but the tow rope had broken. She was dragging her anchor and had lost her steering gear. The ship's destruction was probable. The alarm was raised for the Louisa, the Lynmouth lifeboat, to be launched to assist. However, launching was impossible because of the terrible weather. Jack Crocombe, the coxswain of the Louisa, proposed to take the boat by road to Porlock's sheltered harbour, 13 mi around the coast, and launch it from there.

The boat plus its carriage weighed about 10 tons, and transporting it would not be easy. 20 horses and 100 men started by hauling the boat up the 1 in 4 Countisbury Hill out of Lynmouth. Six of the men were sent ahead with picks and shovels to widen the road. The highest point is 1423 ft above sea level. After they had crossed the 15 mi of wild Exmoor paths, they had to descend the dangerous Porlock Hill, with horses and men pulling ropes to stall the descent. During this, they had to demolish part of a garden wall and fell a large tree to make a way. The lifeboat reached Porlock Weir at 6:30 am, and was launched. Although cold, wet, hungry and exhausted, the crew rowed for over an hour in heavy seas to reach the stricken Forrest Hall and rescue the thirteen men and five apprentices with no casualties. However, four of the horses employed died of exhaustion. The Forrest Hall was towed into Barry, Wales.

The feat was immortalised in C Walter Hodges' 1969 children's historical novel The Overland Launch, and was re-enacted 100 years after the event, in daylight, on today's much better roads.

1952 Lynmouth flood
On 15 and 16 August 1952, a storm of tropical intensity broke over South West England, depositing 229 mm of rain within 24 hours on an already waterlogged Exmoor. It is thought that a cold front scooped up a thunderstorm, and the orographic effect worsened the storm. Debris-laden floodwaters cascaded down the northern escarpment of the moor, converging upon the village of Lynmouth. In particular, in the upper West Lyn valley, a dam was formed by fallen trees and other debris; this in due course gave way, sending a huge wave of water and debris down that river. The River Lyn through the town had been culverted in order to gain land for business premises; this culvert soon choked with flood debris, and the river flowed through the town. Much of the debris was boulders and trees.

Overnight, over 100 buildings were destroyed or seriously damaged along with 28 of the 31 bridges, and 38 cars were washed out to sea. In total, 34 people died and a further 420 were made homeless.

Similar events had been recorded at Lynmouth in 1607 and 1796. After the 1952 disaster, the village was rebuilt, including diverting the river around the village.

A conspiracy theory has circulated that the 1952 flood was caused by secret cloud seeding experiments conducted by the RAF. Weather historian Philip Eden has described this theory as "preposterous".

The small group of houses on the bank of the East Lyn River called Middleham, between Lynmouth and Watersmeet, was destroyed and never rebuilt. Today, a memorial garden stands on the site.

A memorial hall dedicated to the disaster is on the front toward the harbour; it contains photographs, newspaper reports and a scale model of the village, showing how it looked before the flood. A further photo and information display is found in St John the Baptist parish church.

Twinning
The town of Lynton and Lynmouth is twinned with Bénouville in France.

Cultural references
In her poetical illustration Linmouth, to an engraving of a painting by Thomas Allom, Letitia Elizabeth Landon describes the beauties of rural nature but ends with the words: 'Aye beautiful the dreaming brought By valleys and green fields; But deeper feeling, higher thought, Is what the city yields.' and in the footnote she speaks of her great love for London. Another of her poetical illustrations, again to a Thomas Allom picture but in a different vein, is

The British technical modern rock band InMe make recurring references to the Lynton/Lynmouth area in their lyrical material. Lynton is mentioned in "In Loving Memory" on their third album Daydream Anonymous, and Lynmouth is mentioned in "Saccharine Arcadia" on Phoenix: The Very Best of InMe. Lead singer Dave McPherson also has a song entitled "Sunny Lynton" on his EP Crescent Summer Sessions and refers to Watersmeet in "Waltzing in a Supermarket" on I Don't Do Requests.

The village of Hollow Bay in The Secret of Crickley Hall by James Herbert is based on Lynmouth; Devil's Cleave is based on the East Lyn Valley and Watersmeet. The book brings together two stories, that of child evacuees during the Second World War and that of the 1952 flood disaster that devastated Lynmouth.

Suzanne Goldring's novel The Girl Without a Name features a woman who disappears during the 1952 Lynmouth flood while on holiday with her married lover. Like The Secret of Crickley Hall, part of the plot revolves around World War II child evacuees from London.

The Song "13 Miles" by the punk folk band Skinny Lister details the story of the 1899 Lynmouth lifeboat launch from Porlock; where a lifeboat had to be carried 13 miles over the moor due to poor weather conditions at Lynmouth Lifeboat Station. The launch saved all 18 souls stranded at sea.

Transport
Lynmouth is served by the following bus services:
 * 309/310 Lynton & Lynmouth - Barnstaple (Filers)

Sport
The Lynton & Lynmouth Cricket Club, founded in August 1876, meet at the Valley of the Rocks.

title: Lynmouth


text:
Talk:Herbert Hupka

Untitled
Hupka in 1984 said: "Das Deutsche Reich existiert fort. [...] Ostdeutschland umfaßt nicht nur Ostdeutschland jenseits von Oder und Neiße, also den heute unter polnischer und sowjetischer Herrschaft stehenden Teil des Deutschen Reiches, sondern auch das Sudetenland und die deutschen Siedlungsgebiete zwischen Ostsee und Schwarzem Meer." (He expressed the view, that German settlements outside Germany, even those between Baltic and Black seas, also constitued rightfully part of Germany.)

Gentlemen, it's the first time I see Nico and Gdansk preparing a good article - together. A compromise is possible. Highly comforting.Halibutt 09:00, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well, Nico has reverted my changes, so I think he is not willing to compromise. Mestwin of Gdansk 22:54, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You didn't add anything to the article anyway, so I reverted to Halibutt's version (and made some changes as well). No need for a compromise with a vandal like you, Albinowski. Nico 12:45, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Very unclear circumstances of his and his wife´s death
Article ("Die Zeit"), in German: http://www.zeit.de/2013/49/vertriebene-herbert-hupka-tod — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.211.179.74 (talk) 13:27, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Herbert Hupka


text:
Balonne River

The Balonne River, part of the Murray-Darling Basin system, is a short yet significant part of the inland river group of South West Queensland, Australia.

Course and features
The river is a continuation of the Condamine River. After flowing through Surat the river flows south south-westerly down through the E.J. Beardmore Dam (Lake Kajarabie). Passing through St George it continues in the same south-west direction, until about 20 km north of Dirranbandi, where it branches, with the western branch then being called the Culgoa River. The eastern branch continues on as the Balonne River through Dirranbandi. Shortly after flowing through Dirranbandi, the Balonne River again branches into the Bokhara River on the west side (the right side when going down stream) and the Narran River on the eastern (left) side. The Narran River flows into Narran Wetlands. The Bokhara River joins with the Barwon River west of Brewarrina. The confluence of the Culgoa River (a western branch of the Balonne River) and the Barwon River (which includes a former central branch of the Balonne) forms the start of the Darling River.

The Balonne-Condamine catchment area is 136014 km2, of which an area of 603 km2 is composed of riverine wetlands and 559 km2 is estuarine wetlands.

The five longest tributaries of the Balonne River are the Condamine River, the Maranoa River, Dogwood Creek, Yuleba Creek and Tartulla Creek. At St George, the river is crossed by the Andrew Nixon Bridge which carries the Balonne Highway.

Water storage
E.J. Beardmore Dam was formed by the construction of a weir in 1972 at the junction of the Maranoa and Balonne Rivers. When the dam is full the water backs up for 70 km along the Balonne. Downstream from Beardmore Dam is the Jack Taylor Weir, which was built in 1953. On the Balonne tributary, Dogwood Creek there is another weir, the Gill Weir, which can hold 1050 ML.

History
Major Thomas Mitchell crossed the Balonne River on St George's Day, 23 April 1846. Mitchell named the river after the Mandandanji word for water or running stream, balun or balonn or balonne.

title: Balonne River