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Greenlaw

Greenlaw is a town and civil parish situated in the foothills of the Lammermuir Hills on Blackadder Water at the junction of the A697 and the A6105 in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. At the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 661.

History
Greenlaw was first made the county town of Berwickshire in 1596. At that time, Greenlaw was situated about 1 mi south of the present village, atop a hill - the 'Green Law'. This area is now known as Old Greenlaw.

In 1661, county town status was lost to Duns by an Act of Parliament. When Patrick, Earl of Marchmont attained the barony of Greenlaw in the 1670s, he made it his business to restore what he saw as the rights and privileges that came with the barony. In 1696 he succeeded: an Act of Parliament was passed, laying down in statute that the town of Greenlaw should be the Head Burgh of Berwickshire.

However, attempts were made in 1739, 1790 and 1810 to take the rights and privileges from Greenlaw and make Duns the county town once more. Though unsuccessful in their primary aim, the grounds were laid for an 1853 Act authorising Sheriff and Commissary Courts to be held at Duns. Another courthouse, known as County Buildings, was subsequently built at 8 Newtown Street in Duns in 1856. When Berwickshire County Council was created it held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at County Hall in Greenlaw, when it decided by 18 votes to 12 that all subsequent meetings should be held at Duns. Greenlaw was still considered the official county town after 1890, despite the county council meeting in Duns and courts being held at both towns. An Act of Parliament in 1903 finally revoked Greenlaw's status as county town and declared Duns to be the county town for all purposes.

There is also a fine church, built in 1675, on earlier foundations. The corbie step gables preserve a feature of the architecture of that period. The church was expanded during the eighteenth century and completed in its present form around 1855.

After Greenlaw became a county town in 1696, the church tower was planned as a tolbooth or prison and was completed by 1712. Its style was adapted to present the appearance of a Church Tower. It is unique in structure – square rising to a height of 60 ft and ending in a corballed parapet from which an 18 ft steeple rises. The old iron gate or yett is the original one of 1712. A Court House also completed in 1712 stood on the west side of the tower, therefore by 1712 there stood by the side of the Church, a Tolbooth and Court House, hence the rhyme:

"'Here stands the Gospel and the Law, Wi' Hell's Hole atween the twa'"

A new jail was built in the town in 1824. This was used throughout the Victorian period but was taken out of use in the 20th century and demolished in the 1960s.

Greenlaw Town Hall, completed in 1831, is a listed building from its county town era and was one of the buildings shortlisted in the 2006 BBC television series Restoration Village.

Greenlaw Golf Club (now defunct) first appeared in the mid-1920s. The club disappeared some time in the 1950s.

Facilities
Shops include the Blackadder Mini-market, Romanes pharmacy, Waldie's butchers and the Village Store. The Post Office closed in 2010 and Greenlaw is now served by a mobile post office. There was a branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland, but this closed in 2014.

Since 1992 the village has been home to 'STOPS', the Scottish Theatre Organ Preservation Society, which Charitable Trust created its base in a custom converted building now known as the New Palace Theatre Organ Heritage Centre, in the 75 seat multi-purpose auditorium of which is housed the world famous Hilsdon organ from the Edinburgh Playhouse as well as the Hilsdon organs of the Palace Picture House, Edinburgh and the Picture House, Paisley. The Centre draws visitors to Greenlaw from all over the world and the resident organist of the Centre, Larry McGuire, was one of the two people ultimately responsible for saving the Edinburgh Playhouse from demolition in 1975.

An amateur Weather Centre was established at the Centre in 2006, the data from which was launched as bordersweather.co.uk, which website was initially conceived to give travellers to the Centre an idea of what weather to expect during their visit. The website has grown and is now a respected member of a nationwide chain of independent weather stations and its webcam is viewed by thousands daily during periods of snow.

The web designer of the site also established the Interactive Independent Climate Change Project which records data from a number of amateur Weather Stations around the UK, some of whom have data going back for over 25 years.

Greenlaw Castle was a manor house located to the east of the town. It was owned by a branch of the Home family, including the surgeon Robert Boyne Home (1713–1786), father of Sir Everard Home and Anne Hunter. It ceased to be used as a laird's house in 1729, and was demolished around 1820.

Geography
Places nearby include Eccles, Legerwood, Gordon, Westruther, Polwarth, Fogo, Leitholm and Duns.

Climate
Greenlaw has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). There is a Met Office weather station located at RAF Charterhall, 3 mi to the east.

Notable residents
Notable people born in Greenlaw include:
 * George Linen (1802–1888), Scottish-American painter
 * Williamson Blyth (1827–1897), violin-maker, musician and tinsmith
 * Thomas Gibson (1825–1901), Ontario politician
 * Prof George Gibson FRSE (1858–1930), mathematician thought to be the nephew of the above

title: Greenlaw


text:
List of Polish divisions in World War II

This is a list of Polish divisions in World War II.

Polish divisions in September 1939 Campaign

 * 1st Legions Infantry Division of Józef Piłsudski (stationed in Wilno) - Brig. Gen. Wincenty Kowalski
 * 2nd Legions Infantry Division (stationed in Kielce) - Col. Edward Dojan-Surówka, after September 8, 1939 col. Antoni Staich
 * 3rd Legions Infantry Division (stationed in Zamość) - Col. Marian Turowski
 * 4th Toruń Infantry Division (stationed in Toruń) - Col. Tadeusz Lubicz-Niezabitowski, after September 4, 1939 Col. Mieczysław Rawicz-Mysłowski, after September 12 Col. Józef Werobej
 * 5th Lwów Infantry Division (stationed in Lwów) - Gen. Juliusz Zulauf
 * 6th Kraków Infantry Division (stationed in Kraków) - Gen. Bernard Mond
 * 7th Częstochowa Infantry Division (stationed in Częstochowa) - Brig. Gen. Janusz Gąsiorowski
 * 8th Infantry Division (stationed in Modlin) - Col. Tadeusz Wyrwa-Furgalski
 * 9th Siedlce Infantry Division (stationed in Siedlce) - Col. Józef Werobej
 * 10th Łódź Infantry Division (stationed in Łódź) -Gen. Franciszek Dindorf-Ankowicz
 * 11th Carpathian Infantry Division (stationed in Stanisławów) - Col. Bronisław Prugar-Ketling
 * 12th Tarnopol Infantry Division (stationed in Tarnopol) - Gen. Gustaw Paszkiewicz
 * 13th Kresy Infantry Division (stationed in Równe) - Col. Władysław Zubosz-Kaliński
 * 14th Greater Poland Infantry Division (stationed in Poznań) - Gen. Franciszek Wład
 * 15th Greater Poland Infantry Division (stationed in Bydgoszcz) - Gen. Wacław Przyjałkowski
 * 16th Pomeranian Infantry Division (stationed in Grudziądz) - Col. Stanisław Świtalski, after September 2, 1939 Col. Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko
 * 17th Greater Poland Infantry Division (stationed in Gniezno) - Col. Mieczysław Stanisław Mozdyniewicz
 * 18th Łomża Infantry Division (stationed in Łomża) - Col. Stefan Kossecki
 * 19th Infantry Division (stationed in Wilno) - Gen. Józef Kwaciszewski
 * 20th Infantry Division (stationed in Baranowicze) - Col. Wilhelm Liszka-Lawicz
 * 21st Mountain Infantry Division (Poland) (stationed in Bielsko-Biała) - Gen. Józef Kustroń
 * 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Poland) (stationed in Przemyśl) - Col. Leopold Engel-Ragis
 * 23rd Upper Silesian Infantry Division (stationed in Katowice) - Col. Władysław Powierza
 * 24th Jarosław Infantry Division (stationed in Jarosław) - Col. Aleksander Krzyżanowski, after September 8, 1939 Col. Bolesław Schwarzenberg-Czerny
 * 25th Kalisz Infantry Division (stationed in Kalisz) - Gen. Franciszek Alter
 * 26th Skierniewice Infantry Division (stationed in Skierniewice) - Col. Adam Brzechwa-Ajdukiewicz
 * 27th Kowel Infantry Division (stationed in Kowel) - Gen. Juliusz Drapella
 * 28th Warsaw Infantry Division (stationed in Warsaw) - Gen. Władysław Bończa-Uzdowski
 * 29th Grodno Infantry Division (stationed in Grodno) - Col. Ignacy Oziewicz
 * 30th Polesie Infantry Division (stationed in Kobryń) - Gen. Leopold Cehak
 * 33rd Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Grodno) - Col. Tadeusz Kalina-Zieleniewski
 * 35th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Wilno) - Col. Jarosław Szafran
 * 36th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Czortków) - Col. Michał Ostrowski
 * 38th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Łuniniec) - Col. Alojzy Wir-Konas
 * 39th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Rembertów) - Gen. Bruno Olbrycht
 * 41st Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Ostrów Mazowiecka) - Gen. Wacław Piekarski
 * 44th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Łowicz) - Col. Eugeniusz Żongołłowicz
 * 45th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Kraków) - Gen. Henryk Krok-Paszkowski
 * 50th Infantry Division „Brzoza” - Col. Ottokar Brzoza-Brzezina
 * 55th Reserve Infantry Division (stationed in Będzin) - Col. Stanisław Kalabiński
 * 60th Infantry Division 'Kobryń' - Col. Adam Epler
 * Polish Cavalry Division 'Zaza' - Brig. Gen. Zygmunt Podhorski

Polish divisions in France 1939–40

 * 1st Grenadier Division - Gen. Bronisław Duch
 * 2nd Rifle Division - Gen. Bronisław Prugar-Ketling
 * 3rd Infantry Division - Gen. Rudolf Dreszer
 * 4th Infantry Division (Poland) - Col. Tadeusz Kalina-Zieleniewski
 * Polish Independent Highland Brigade - Gen. Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko
 * 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (10éme Brigade de cavalerie motorisée) - Gen. Stanisław Maczek
 * Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade - Gen. Stanisław Kopański

Polish divisions & brigades on the Western and Italian Fronts

 * I Corps
 * 1st Armoured Division
 * 1st Independent Parachute Brigade
 * II Corps
 * 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division
 * 5th Kresowa Infantry Division
 * 2nd Armoured Brigade

Polish divisions on the Eastern Fronts

 * First Polish Army
 * 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division
 * 2nd Infantry Division
 * 3rd Infantry Division
 * 4th Infantry Division
 * 6th Infantry Division
 * 1st Armoured Brigade "Westerplatte Heroes"
 * 1st Warsaw Cavalry Brigade
 * in addition:
 * Army artillery: 5 Artillery Brigades (1-5), 1st AA-Artillery Division, 1st mortar regiment
 * 1st Engineering Brigade
 * 4th independent heavy tank regiment
 * 13th SP-artillery regiment (SU-85 and ISU-152)
 * Second Army (Poland)
 * 5th Infantry Division
 * 7th Infantry Division
 * 8th Infantry Division
 * 9th Infantry Division
 * 10th Infantry Division
 * 16th Armoured Brigade,
 * 2nd Artillery Division, 3rd AA-artillery Division, 3rd indep. mortar regiment
 * 3 AT-artillery brigades (nos.9,11,14)
 * 2nd Sapper Brigade
 * 4th independent heavy tank regiment
 * 28th SP-artillery regiment (21 x SU-85)
 * 1st Armoured Corps: 3 armoured brigades, 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade - details below. Subordinated to the 2nd Army.
 * 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade (Polish)(East)
 * 2nd Armoured Brigade (2. Brygada Pancerna) - (65 x T-34/85)
 * 3rd Armoured Brigade
 * 4th Armoured Brigade
 * 24th SP-artillery regiment (21 x SU-85)
 * 25th SP-artillery regiment (21 x ISU-122)
 * 27th SP-artillery regiment (21 x SU-76M)
 * 2nd mortar regiment
 * 26th AA-artillery regiment
 * Rocket artillery battalion

Polish divisions of the underground armies

 * Home Army - brigade or division-sized units only
 * 2nd Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) (Kielce-Radom)
 * Polish 8th Home Army Infantry Division (Warsaw Uprising)
 * 19th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) (Wilno)
 * 27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) (Wołyń)
 * Cracovian Home Army Infantry Division
 * Cracovian Home Army Cavalry Brigade
 * National Armed Forces

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Brhodes

Hello. Welcome to wikipedia. here are some things you might want to work on:

I hope you stay! Happy wiki'ing, Perl

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:Brhodes


text:
555 (telephone number)

The telephone number prefix 555 is a central office code in the North American Numbering Plan, used as the leading part of a group of 10,000 telephone numbers, 555-XXXX, in each numbering plan area (NPA) (area code). It has traditionally been used only for the provision of directory assistance, when dialing NPA-555-1212.

The central office code is also used for fictitious telephone numbers in North American television shows, films, video games, and other media in order to prevent practical jokers and curious callers from bothering telephone subscribers and organizations by calling telephone numbers they see in works of fiction.

Usage
In 1994, the North American Numbering Plan Administration began accepting applications for nationwide 555-numbers (outside the fictitious 555-01XX range). A number could be reserved for a single area code, for a region, or for nationwide service. In theory, a consumer from any area code could be invited to dial a seven-digit number such as 555-TAXI and the owners of that number could connect the call to a local car service. According to a 2003 New York Times article, the desired functionality requires the cooperation of local phone authorities, and most phone companies have been reluctant to cooperate. In May 2016, the Industry Numbering Committee (INC) determined that the purpose for which this resource was intended had been accommodated by other information/communication technologies. As of September 2016, all 555 numbers have been returned to the NANPA inventory except 555-1212 (national use directory assistance) and 555-4334 (national use assigned).

In 1996, Canadian telephone companies began promoting 555-1313 as "name that number", a pay-per-use reverse lookup which would give a subscriber name if the user entered an area code and a listed telephone number. The fifty-cent information number was initially heavily advertised in area codes 604 (BCTel), 416 (Bell Canada), 506 (NBTel), 902 (Maritime T&T) and 709 (Newfoundland Tel), but was soon forgotten once Internet sites began providing free reverse lookup tools.

Use of 555 for anything other than 555-1212 style information numbers raises the problem that call cost is unclear to consumers; in theory, the numbers could be anything from toll-free to premium. This complicates the provision of toll restriction to local subscribers.

Fictional usage
Telephone companies began encouraging the producers of television shows and movies to use the 555 prefix for fictional telephone numbers by the 1960s. Two early examples include The Second Time Around (1961), which used 555-3485, and Panic in Year Zero! (1962), which used 555-2106. In television shows made or set in the mid-1970s or earlier, "KLondike 5" or "KLamath 5" reflects the old convention of using telephone exchange names.

Before "555" or "KLondike-5" gained broad usage, scriptwriters would sometimes invent fake exchanges starting with words like "QUincy" or "ZEbra", as the letters "Q" and "Z" were not used on the old dial phones. Numbers in the format "Zenith" X-XXXX, while not directly dialable, were not fictional. These were an early form of regional tollfree number which required operator assistance.

Only 555-0100 through 555-0199 are now specifically reserved for fictional use; the other numbers have been reserved for actual assignment.

555 use is restricted only in North America. In 1994, cartoonist Gary Larson's The Far Side included a panel with graffiti of a 555 number by which prank calls could be made to Satan. In Australia, 555 was at the time a standard exchange, and the Australian owner of the number became the subject of harassment, launching an unsuccessful lawsuit against Larson and his syndicate for defamation.

The 555 exchange is not reserved in area codes used for toll-free phone numbers. This led to the video game The Last of Us accidentally including the number to a phone-sex operator.

The number "555-2368" (or 311-555-2368) is a carryover from the "EXchange 2368" ("Exchange CENTral") number common in telephone advertisements as early as the 1940s. "555-2368" is the phone number used by Jim Rockford in the TV series The Rockford Files (as seen during the opening credits), in the TV series The Mod Squad (episode: "And a Little Child Shall Bleed Them") and the Ghostbusters (as seen during their TV commercial within the film).

555 numbers are mentioned directly in the 1993 action film Last Action Hero, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. Danny Madigan (played by Austin O'Brien) tries to convince Schwarzenegger's character that he is inside a movie by pointing out the 555 exchange provides at most 9,999 available telephone numbers, insufficient for all the phone users in Los Angeles. Schwarzenegger's character replies, "That's why we have area codes", and O'Brien's character drops the subject.

The use of 555 numbers helps to avoid use of valid numbers in works of fiction or entertainment, which can lead people to call those numbers and bother their holders. Tommy Tutone's song "867-5309/Jenny" and the cinematic release of Bruce Almighty displaying 776-2323 as a number to call God both led to misdialed calls in multiple area codes. God's number was changed to a 555 exchange prefix in the video release of the movie. In cities where it became popular, the 1966 song "634-5789" by Wilson Pickett and others caused many unwanted calls to actual subscribers who knew nothing about the song; many had to change their numbers. "777-9311" by The Time used Dez Dickerson's actual telephone number at the time the song was written, causing his phone to ring incessantly until he had his number changed. The Alicia Keys song "Diary" contains a real number in New York's area code 347, an overlay, but does not indicate an area code; the same number in some other area code is a common misdial.

The prefix has also seen use in journalism about phone numbers, as in the Wall Street Journal's A-HED feature on the nomenclature of nominal degrees of intimacy: They’re Dating, but He’s Still Just 212-555-1234 in Her Contact List.

title: 555 (telephone number)


text:
User talk:Kitsune Sniper

Hello welcome to Wikipedia!

Happy wiki'ing, Perl

Spanish Translation of the Week
I would like to revive this project. I noticed that you've added yourself to the list of available Spanish-to-English translators. Are you interested in working on Spanish Translation of the Week? — J3ff 06:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a few untranslated phrases in this article: Origin of the name California. Do you think you can help translate the remaining phrases?  The untranslated phrases are marked in red. — J3ff 20:36, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I'm not a native Spanish speaker. Thanks for taking the time to go through it. — J3ff 01:15, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

So, for translating articles it's good to have a link in the references section of the article stating that the article you translated is based off an article in another language. Many people translate by copying the text to a temporary page to work on the article before merging it with the main text. Or you can do it the way we do for Spanish translation of the Week, copying all the text into the article. If you have any more questions feel free to ask me — J3ff 10:32, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Toasty
Hello! Just came across your article, and I LOVE it! Fond memories aside, though, are you still planning to use this image in the article? It's currently an orphan. --InShaneee 03:54, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image:Game Over - Mike Ditka.jpg
This image should not belong to Game Over (film) because it does not come from the film. It was photographed at a basketball court. Not fair use anyway. adnghiem501 02:02, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, but it -did- come from the movie! It comes from a sequence which uses footage from that football game. Basically, the main character is being led into the team's lockerroom, and everyone's giving words of advice (or warning) to him. Mike Ditka shows up and speaks to the character a few times during the sequence. Also, there's football players in the background of the picture, not basketball players. :) All the images I added when I created the article were taken from the film. Why don't you consider it fair use? It came from the DVD, and in my opinion it helps illustrate the fact that the movie uses footage from games that have nothing to do with the other (except for the company that made them). - Kitsune Sniper / David Silva 02:16, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * An article, Mike Ditka, does not have information about his film. You need to add that information to the article. adnghiem501 02:26, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The movie isn't even mentioned on his IMDB listing! The footage, as stated on the Game Over article, comes from the game Quarterback Attack. The movie used footage from that game and a few others. I don't believe that it's my place to add info on Game Over to Mike Ditka, due to the fact that the article doesn't have information on his acting career. I feel it'd be best to wait until others add info on that, than leave a half-done job.

Anyway, I saw that you readded Walter Koenig, so I guess I'll leave this alone then. Ditka only has a cameo, so I figure it's best for him to not be mentioned there. Sorry for all the ruckus! - Kitsune Sniper / David Silva 02:55, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Andrew Jackson Jihad
Because of your input on previous music AfDs, I was hoping you would take a look at this article and provide your thoughts on whether or not it meets WP:MUSIC its latest AfD. PT ( s-s-s-s ) 00:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Help with Translation
Hi, my name is Ricardo Ramírez, I'm from Colombia and I'm working in the article of Cúcuta. Can you help me to translate it from the Spanish Wikipedia?

 * Cúcuta - Spanish Wikipedia - Click
 * Cúcuta - English Wikipedia - Click

Thanks...

Ricardoramirezj ✍ 15:48, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Gameoverfront.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 19:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:MKII ARC Toasty.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:MKII ARC Toasty.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Fair use rationale for File:Game Over - Walter Koenig.jpg
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Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Game Over - Jasmine Bleeth.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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title: User talk:Kitsune Sniper


text:
User:Haakon

My work on Wikipedia mostly goes into fighting spam and vandalism in their many forms. I have deletionist proclivities. I am mostly interested in IT-related topics.

On external links
''Basically, external links are not appropriate for Wikipedia. They are allowed in some rare cases. --Yamla 15:15, 31 May 2006 (UTC)''

no:Bruker:Haakon

title: User:Haakon


text:
Baron Crofton

Baron Crofton is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1797 (as Baroness Crofton) for Dame Anne Crofton. She was the widow of Sir Edward Crofton, 2nd Baronet, of the Mote, who had represented Roscommon in the Irish House of Commons and had been offered a peerage just before his death. The peerage was instead bestowed upon his widow. She was succeeded by her grandson, the second Baron, who had already succeeded as fourth Baronet. He sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1840 to 1869 and served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in the three Conservative administrations of the Earl of Derby and in Benjamin Disraeli's first government. His son, the third Baron, served as an Irish Representative Peer between 1873 and 1912 and was also State Steward to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. His nephew, the fourth Baron, was an Irish Representative Peer from 1916 to 1942. the titles are held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the eighth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2007.

The Crofton Baronetcy, of the Mote, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1758 for Marcus Crofton, who was a Member of the Irish House of Commons. Born Marcus Lowther, he was the husband of Catherine Crofton, daughter of Sir Edward Crofton, 3rd Baronet, of the Mote (a title which became extinct in 1780; see Crofton baronets (1661 creation)). Lowther assumed the surname of Crofton. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned second Baronet, whose wife was elevated to the peerage in 1797. On his death, the baronetcy passed to his son, the third Baronet, and then to the latter's son, the fourth Baronet, who in 1817 succeeded his grandmother as second Baron Crofton.

The family seat was Mote House, near Ballymurray, County Roscommon.

Crofton baronets, of the Mote (1758)

 * Sir Marcus Lowther-Crofton, 1st Baronet (died 1784)
 * Sir Edward Crofton, 2nd Baronet (1748–1797)
 * Sir Edward Crofton, 3rd Baronet (1778–1816)
 * Sir Edward Crofton, 4th Baronet (1806–1869) (succeeded as Baron Crofton in 1817)

Barons Crofton (1797)

 * Anne Crofton, 1st Baroness Crofton (1751–1817)
 * Edward Crofton, 2nd Baron Crofton (1806–1869)
 * Edward Henry Churchill Crofton, 3rd Baron Crofton (1834–1912)
 * Arthur Edward Lowther Crofton, 4th Baron Crofton (1866–1942)
 * Edward Blaise Crofton, 5th Baron Crofton (1926–1974)
 * Charles Edward Piers Crofton, 6th Baron Crofton (1949–1989)
 * Guy Patrick Gilbert Crofton, 7th Baron Crofton (1951–2007)
 * Edward Harry Piers Crofton, 8th Baron Crofton (born 1988)

The current heir presumptive is the present holder's twin brother Charles Marcus George Crofton (born 1988).

title: Baron Crofton


text:
Baron Clanmorris

Baron Clanmorris, of Newbrook in the County of Mayo, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 6 August 1800 for John Bingham. He was a descendant of John Bingham of Foxford in County Mayo, whose brother Sir Henry Bingham, 1st Baronet, of Castlebar, was the ancestor of the Earls of Lucan. The first Baron's great-great-great-grandson, the seventh Baron, was a spy and crime novelist (as John Bingham). the title is held by the latter's son, the eighth Baron, who succeeded in 1988.

The Hon. Edward Bingham, a younger son of the fifth Baron won the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle of Jutland. The novelist Charlotte Bingham is the daughter of the seventh and the sister of the eighth Baron Clanmorris. A granddaughter of the fourth Baron was Zara Pollok, who married Alexander Hore-Ruthven who, as 1st Baron Gowrie, was Governor-General of Australia 1936–44.

Barons Clanmorris (1800)

 * John Bingham, 1st Baron Clanmorris (1762–1821)
 * Charles Barry Bingham, 2nd Baron Clanmorris (1796–1829)
 * Denis Arthur Bingham, 3rd Baron Clanmorris (1808–1847)
 * John Charles Robert Bingham, 4th Baron Clanmorris (1826–1876)
 * John George Barry Bingham, 5th Baron Clanmorris (1852–1916)
 * Arthur Maurice Robert Bingham, 6th Baron Clanmorris (1879–1960)
 * John Michael Ward Bingham, 7th Baron Clanmorris (1908–1988)
 * Simon John Ward Bingham, 8th Baron Clanmorris (born 1937)

The heir presumptive and sole heir to the peerage is the present holder's second cousin Robert Derek de Burgh Bingham (born 1942).

title: Baron Clanmorris


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Eleanor of Viseu

Eleanor of Viseu (2 May 1458 – 17 November 1525; Leonor de Viseu ) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and later queen consort of Portugal. She is considered one of her country's most notable queens consort and one of the only two who were not foreigners. To distinguish her from other infantas of the same name, she is commonly known as Eleanor of Viseu (after her father's title) or Eleanor of Lancaster (Lancaster, a name used by some Portuguese royals after her great-grandmother Queen Philippa of Lancaster). In Portugal, she is known universally as Rainha Dona Leonor.

Early life and background
Eleanor was the eldest daughter of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and his wife Beatrice of Portugal. Both of her parents were grandchildren of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster.

Little is known about Eleanor's early life. Her education and upbringing were likely guided by the writings of her grandfather Edward I of Portugal.

Marriage
On 22 January 1471, twelve year old Eleanor married the fifteen year old John, Prince of Portugal, son of her uncle Afonso V and his wife Isabella of Coimbra and the heir apparent to the throne of Portugal. Around the same time, Eleanor's sister Isabel of Viseu married Fernando II of Braganza, head of the most powerful noble house in Portugal.

In May 1475, while her husband and father-in-law were invading Castile, Eleanor gave birth to her only child to survive infancy, Afonso. John returned home sometime after but left again in January 1476, appointing Eleanor regent of the kingdom.

Queen consort
Upon the death of Afonso V on 28 August 1481 John ascended the throne as King of Portugal with Eleanor as his queen consort. The queens consort of Portugal were awarded fiefs and villages to grant them independent incomes, and Eleanor was granted Silves e Faro and Terras de Aldeia Galega e Aldeia Gavinha for this purpose.

From the onset of his reign, John II focused heavily on diminishing the powers of the most powerful noble houses in the kingdom, namely the House of Beja and Viseu and the House of Braganza. His aggressive centralization policies impacted some of Eleanor's closest relatives. In 1483, John accused the Queen's brother-in-law, Fernando II of Braganza, of treason and had him executed. Later, in 1484, the Queen's brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu was accused of leading a conspiracy against the crown and was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself.

Eleanor is credited as the founder of Caldas da Rainha. In 1484, at the site of water that healed of her of an unknown affliction while traveling from Óbidos to Batalha, the queen ordered a hospital built so that others could enjoy the same relief. Construction began the following year, and although the first patients were admitted in 1488, the works were not completed until about 1496 or 1497. To finance the hospital and its adjoining church, the queen sold her jewels and used income from her landholdings. The name of the settlement that grew around the site and became Caldas da Rainha refers to both its founder and the reason for its existence. The city's name can be translated as "Queen's Hot Springs", "Queen's Spa", or "Queen's Baths".

Eleanor and John II's only child, Afonso, died in a horse accident in 1491, leaving the succession uncertain. John wanted his illegitimate son Jorge to succeed him but Eleanor was intent on securing succession for her younger brother Manuel. Following bitter disputes with Eleanor and a failed petition to Rome to have Jorge legitimized, John finally recognized Manuel as his heir in his will a few weeks before his death.

Queen dowager

After her brother Manuel I succeeded to the throne in 1495, Eleanor moved to the palace of Xabregas, where she hosted the royal court and continued to be socially active. For a short period between 1500 and 1502, Eleanor's brother Manuel found himself childless, and Eleanor herself became the heir to the throne. As she had no children, she declined to make the oath as an heir in favour of her sister Isabel.

Eleanor was extremely wealthy and used much of her money for charity. In 1498, she spearheaded the creation of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia as confraternities with humanitarian purposes, especially the care of the poor and the sick. The original foundations survive today, and more have since been founded in other towns and cities of Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies.

Eleanor is also credited with having introduced the printing press to Portugal, when she commissioned a translation of Vita Christi into Portuguese. When the first of its four volumes were published in 1502, it became the first book to be printed in Alcalá de Henares.

Eleanor supported the foundation of the Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos (All Saints' Royal Hospital) in Lisbon, considered the best in contemporary Europe. She also founded the convent Madre de Deus (1509), considered a great architectural work, where she spent many of her later years, dressed almost as a nun.

title: Eleanor of Viseu


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Wikipedia:Main Page alternatives/(text only)

''More main page alternatives Welcome to Wikipedia! We are building a free-information encyclopedia in many languages. We started in January 2001 and are now working on Statistics articles in the English version. Learn how to edit pages, experiment in the sandbox, and visit our Community Portal to find out how you can contribute to Wikipedia. (Standard Main Page - Simpler layout - PDA version - Tips for Teachers)

Writing Articles
Welcome, newcomers - Policies and guidelines - Copyrights - How to edit - Guide to layout and style - Public domain and shared resources - Requested articles and pictures - Featured articles and pictures - Reference desk - Projects

About the Project
About Wikipedia - Wikimedia - Announcements - FAQ - Contact us - Village pump - Chat - Mailing lists - Moderator BBS - Wikipedians - Friends of Wikipedia - Utilities - Software - Statistics - Donations - Download Wikipedia: SQL dumps - TomeRaider format - Wikipedia press coverage: Google News - [http://search.news.yahoo.com/search/news/?p=Wikipedia Yahoo! News] Topix.net

Please donate what you can
If you find Wikipedia or its sister projects useful, please consider making a donation.


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Baron Castlemaine

Baron Castlemaine, of Moydrum in the County of Westmeath, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1812 for William Handcock, with remainder to his younger brother Richard Handcock. Handcock represented Athlone in Parliament and also served as Governor of County Westmeath. In 1822 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Castlemaine in the Peerage of Ireland, with remainder to the heirs male of his body.

On Lord Castlemaine's death the viscountcy became extinct as he died childless, but he was succeeded in the barony according to the special remainder by his brother Richard, the second Baron. He also represented Athlone in Parliament. His son, the third Baron, was also Member of Parliament for Athlone and sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1841 to 1869. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth Baron. He served as an Irish representative peer from 1874 to 1892 and was Lord Lieutenant of County Westmeath from 1888 to 1892.

On his death the title passed to his son, the fifth Baron. He was an Irish Representative Peer from 1898 to 1937 and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Westmeath from 1899 to 1922. On the death of his younger brother, the sixth Baron, the line of the eldest son of the third Baron failed. He was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the seventh Baron. He was the grandson of the Hon. Robert John Handcock, second son of the third Baron. the title is held by his son, the eighth Baron, who succeeded in 1973.

The family seat was Moydrum Castle, near Athlone, County Westmeath.

Baron Castlemaine (1812)

 * William Handcock, 1st Baron Castlemaine (1761–1839) (created Viscount Castlemaine in 1822)

Viscount Castlemaine (1822)

 * William Handcock, 1st Viscount Castlemaine (1761–1839)

Baron Castlemaine (1812; reverted)

 * Richard Handcock, 2nd Baron Castlemaine (1767–1840)
 * Richard Handcock, 3rd Baron Castlemaine (1791–1869)
 * Richard Handcock, 4th Baron Castlemaine (1826–1892)
 * Albert Edward Handcock, 5th Baron Castlemaine (1863–1937)
 * Robert Arthur Handcock, 6th Baron Castlemaine (1864–1954)
 * John Michael Schomberg Staveley Handcock, 7th Baron Castlemaine (1904–1973)
 * Roland Thomas John Handcock, 8th Baron Castlemaine (born 1943)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Hon. Ronan Michael Handcock (born 1989).

Attribution

 * Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
 * Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

title: Baron Castlemaine


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USS Claxton (DD-140)

USS Claxton (DD-140), named for Thomas Claxton, was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy. Entering service in 1919, the destroyer saw intermittent use during the interwar period. During World War II, Claxton was transferred to the Royal Navy and renamed HMS Salisbury. The ship saw service in the Battle of the Atlantic before sold for scrapping in 1944.

United States Navy service (1919–1940)
The ship was launched on 14 January 1919 by Mare Island Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs. F. W. Kellogg. Claxton commissioned on 13 September 1919.

Claxton operated on the west coast until 18 June 1922, when she was decommissioned at San Diego, California. Re-commissioned 22 January 1930, she served on the west coast and on reserve training from New Orleans until September 1933, when she joined the Special Service Squadron for patrol duty off Cuba. Between January and November 1934 she was in rotating reserve at Charleston, then returned to Cuban patrols until October 1935. After exercising with the Battle Force, she was assigned to the Naval Academy during 1936 and 1937, making three coastal cruises.

Duty with Squadron 40-T, formed to patrol European waters protecting American interests during the civil war in Spain, occupied Claxton from October 1937 until November 1938. In January 1939 she returned to duty at the Naval Academy, but in September began service on the Neutrality Patrol off the Florida Straits. In January and February 1940, she patrolled off the New England coast, and after training cruises on the east coast, arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 21 November 1940. On 26 November she was delivered to British authorities in the destroyers-for-bases exchange. She was decommissioned 5 December 1940, and commissioned in the Royal Navy the same day as HMS Salisbury.

Service with the Royal Navy (1940–1944)
HMS Salisbury, as a Town-class destroyer, arrived at Belfast, Northern Ireland, 30 December 1940 for duty with the Western Approaches Command escorting Atlantic convoys. In April and May 1942, she joined in escorting the US aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7) on her two voyages to fly planes off for beleaguered Malta. Returning to the Clyde, HMS Salisbury was modified for trade convoy escort service by removal of three of the original 4"/50 caliber guns and one of the triple torpedo tube mounts to reduce topside weight for additional depth charge stowage and installation of hedgehog. Salisbury guarded troop convoys in the Atlantic until September, when she was assigned to the Royal Canadian Navy. Based at St. John's, HMS Salisbury served on local escort duty until November 1943 when, with newer escorts available, she was placed in care and maintenance status at Halifax, Nova Scotia and paid off on 10 December 1943. She was sold for scrap 26 June 1944 at Vancouver, British Columbia.

title: USS Claxton (DD-140)


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User:Lanie

Small note to easily track contributions -- PMA

title: User:Lanie


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Baron Carew

Baron Carew is a title that has been created three times. The first creation was in the Peerage of England in 1605. The first recipient, Sir George Carew (1555–1629), was later made Earl of Totnes in 1626. Both titles became extinct on his death as he left no heirs.

The next two creations were in favour of the same person, Robert Shapland Carew (1787–1856), who had previously represented County Wexford in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Wexford. In 1834 he was created Baron Carew in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1838 he was made Baron Carew, of Castle Boro in the County of Wexford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His eldest son, the second Baron, sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for County Waterford and was Lord Lieutenant of County Wexford.

On the death of his younger son, the fourth Baron, this line of the family failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin, the fifth Baron. He was the son of the Hon. Shapland Francis Carew, younger son of the first Baron. His son, the sixth Baron, assumed in 1938 by deed poll the additional surname of Conolly, which was that of his maternal grandfather. the titles are held by his son, the seventh Baron, who succeeded in 1994.

Between 1956 and 1965 the sixth Baron was the owner of Castletown House and Estate in County Kildare, regarded as one of Ireland's finest country houses and now a museum open to the public and in the ownership of the Irish State.

The original family seat was Woodstown House in County Waterford, but is now Donadea House, near Naas, County Kildare.

Barons Carew, first creation (1605)

 * see Earl of Totnes

Barons Carew, second and third creations (1834, 1838)

 * Robert Shapland Carew, 1st Baron Carew (1787–1856)
 * Robert Shapland Carew, 2nd Baron Carew (1818–1881)
 * Robert Shapland George Julian Carew, 3rd Baron Carew (1860–1923)
 * George Patrick John Carew, 4th Baron Carew (1863–1926)
 * Gerald Shapland Carew, 5th Baron Carew (1860–1927)
 * William Francis Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew (1905–1994)
 * Patrick Thomas Conolly-Carew, 7th Baron Carew (born 1938)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. William Patrick Conolly-Carew (born 1973). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Patrick Edward Conolly-Carew (born 2002).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Robert Shapland Carew, 1st Baron Carew (1787–1856)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Robert Shapland Carew, 2nd Baron Carew (1818–1881)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Robert Shapland George Julian Carew, 3rd Baron Carew (1860–1923)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George Patrick John Carew, 4th Baron Carew (1863–1926)
 * Hon. Shapland Francis Carew (1827–1892)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Gerald Shapland Carew, 5th Baron Carew (1860–1927)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] William Francis Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew (1905–1994)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Patrick Thomas Conolly-Carew, 7th Baron Carew (born 1938)
 * (1) Hon. William Patrick Conolly-Carew (born 1973)
 * (2) Patrick Edward Conolly-Carew (born 2002)
 * (3) Hon. Gerald Edward Ian Maitland-Carew (born 1941)
 * (4) Edward Ian Conolly Maitland-Carew (born 1976)
 * (5) Thomas Francis Conolly Maitland-Carew (born 2015)
 * (6) Peter Gerald Maitland-Carew (born 1979)
 * (7) Lochie Thomas Maitland-Carew (born 2008)
 * (8) Geordie William Ivo Maitland-Carew (born 2013)

title: Baron Carew


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User:Satansangel 88

hello!

title: User:Satansangel 88


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Elamo-Dravidian languages

The Elamo-Dravidian language family is a hypothesised language family that links the Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran, and southeastern Iraq) to the Dravidian languages of South Asia. The latest version (2015) of the hypothesis entails a reclassification of Brahui as being more closely related to Elamite than to the remaining Dravidian languages. Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief proponent of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis, followed by Franklin Southworth as the other major supporter. The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles, but has been subject to serious criticism by linguists, and remains only one of several possible scenarios for the origins of the Dravidian languages. Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.

History of the proposal
The concept that Elamite and Dravidian are in some way related dates from the beginnings of both fields in the early nineteenth century. Edwin Norris was the first to publish an article in support of the hypothesis in 1853. Further evidence was proposed by Robert Caldwell when he published a comparative linguistics book in 1856 about the Dravidian languages. David McAlpin, assistant professor of Dravidian languages and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, published a series of papers providing evidence supporting the theory. He also speculated that the Harappan language (the language of the Indus Valley civilization) might also have been part of this family.

Linguistic arguments
According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were brought to present day Pakistan by immigration from the Middle East via Elam, located in present-day southwestern Iran. McAlpin (1975) in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12% are probable cognates. He further claimed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second-person pronouns and parallel case endings. They have a number of similar derivatives, abstract nouns, and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have two positive tenses, a "past" and a "non-past".

Reception
The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles but is difficult to assess due to the limited resources on the Elamite language. Supporters of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis include Igor M. Diakonoff and Franklin Southworth.

Bhadriraju Krishnamurti regarded McAlpin's proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian to be ad hoc, and found them to be lacking phonological motivation. Similar criticisms have been made by Kamil Zvelebil and others. Georgiy Starostin criticized them as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families. For the majority of historical linguists, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis remains unproven, and Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.

Spread of farming
Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis rests on the claim that agriculture spread from the Near East to the Indus Valley region via Elam. This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam. Supporting ethno-botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat (D. Fuller). Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions.

Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to the Indus Valley by farmers from the Fertile Crescent, but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian languages with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out".

Narasimhan et al. (2019) conclude that the Iranian ancestral component in the IVC people was contributed by people related to but distinct from Iranian agriculturalists, lacking the Anatolian farmer-related ancestry which was common in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE. Those Iranian farmers-related people may have arrived in the Indus Valley before the advent of farming there, and mixed with people related to Indian hunter-gatherers c. 5400 to 3700 BCE, before the advent of the mature IVC. Sylvester et al. (2019) noted that (referring to Renfrew (1996)) "the existence of Brahui speakers, solitary Dravidian language speakers in Balochistan in Pakistan, supports the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis", and concluded that bidirectional migration and admixture occurred during neolithic times.

title: Elamo-Dravidian languages


text:
Wikipedia talk:Main Page alternatives/(text only)

This is the talk page of Main Page (text only) which is a text-only version of Main Page.

Talk
What's your opinion? Optim 03:06, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a WAP portal, not a home page. --HappyDog 03:08, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, we can use it as a "text-only" main page. If you like it you can move it to Main Page/Text-Only and remember to update it whenever we update the Main Page. Optim 03:22, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Now that is ugly. --mav

 * OK, I think you should officially recuse yourself from this discussion.—Eloquence

 * Me or Optim? I don't see why either of us should officially do anything. --mav

 * Optim. If that is his idea how the Main Page should look, I don't think his opinion should be taken into account for determining whether consensus has been reached for a switch.—Eloquence

 * What's the problem with the plain vanilla main page? Optim 03:25, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It is extremely visually unappealing and does not provide as fast access to the different links as either the present Main Page or the one in development. I have no objection to you maintaining this Main Page in parallel to the existing one, but it is never going to become the standard one.—Eloquence

 * I don't think I will be able to maintain it only by myself. If nobody has objections to use it as a PDA-portal, we can move it to Main Page/Text-Only and hope Wikipedians will remember to update it... Optim 03:41, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Objection. Too much maintenance for too little added value.—Eloquence

Its ugly. Perl 03:34, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

How retro: Welcome to 1990. mydogategodshat

Or to 2001, as the case may be .—Eloquence
 * That version is better than the vanilla one. Perl 03:39, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, the 2001 main page is superb. Why we changed it? Who did that? Optim 03:41, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Reasonable people.—Eloquence

 * People who think everyone have DSL-Cable bandwidth, 20" monitors and modern browsers. Optim 01:25, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think this would be a useful design model if we ever get a decent "text-only" skin. It would be interesting to see if anything resembling this could be auto-generated from any of the current or proposed front page designs, as I agree that updating it manually might prove too much effort to maintain. Out of interest, is there any reason why you didn't use, or did you just not think of it? - IMSoP 13:36, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I wanted to have a TOC, so I didn't use the NOTOC directive. Optim 01:23, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you actually get value from the TOC?  To me it just mimics the structure that is very much apparent anyway (except for that the TOC takes up the screen space that otherwise would allow access to the links, even when I "hide" it.) Bevo 04:43, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It helps the user to navigate in the page, by going quickly at the exact section they want to go, without scrolling. Optim 04:57, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with IMSoP: a text-only main page for digibox and disabilities and WAP and similar folks would be useful, but it would have to be auto-updated. Hence, feature request, so take this to SourceForge, I guess. bug reports has the links. Martin 14:34, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with an auto-generated text-only main page. Optim 01:23, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

It is difficult to maintain the "Selected articles" section, so I will remove it. If you can maintain it, feel free to re-add it. Optim 03:36, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Add a link to the Main Page?
Now, without the "Selected articles" it's very easy to maintain the Plain Vanilla Main Page. Anybody objecting adding a link (named "Text-Only") somewhere in the Main Page? Optim 03:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Vote below:

Should we add a link in the Main Page pointing to Plain vanilla main page ?

Yes

 * Optim
 * Humus sapiens 07:26, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC): Simple and functional. Especially useful for slow connections, weird browsers and those who prefer encyclopedia without flashy news.
 * jew

 * your nickname here

No

 * —Sverdrup(talk)
 * Martin (sorry, but I don't think this adds anything over the auto-updated "table free")
 * your nickname here

Neutral / Don't care

 * your nickname here

Discussion

 * This page's target group is too small, add a note on a community page somewhere. —Sverdrup(talk) 15:55, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * The page is intented for readers, not for Wikipedians. Optim 16:28, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Anything you add on this page MUST FIT the 320x240 screen
In regards to the comment in this page's markup   I don't see how the current content fits that vertical limitation, at all. Bevo 04:49, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems to fit to me. The text wraps nicely. —Sverdrup(talk) 15:55, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It fits very well, what's the problem? Of course there is vertical scrolling involved. Optim 16:26, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Why even mention the "240" aspect if vertical scrolling is allowed? Isn't the 320 the only important number?  Bevo 16:35, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Why the Wikipedia mainpage says "800x600" ? I just copied the main page (the old one) and changed the numbers. Optim 16:54, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That "800x600" advice is not there on the current Main page source. Anyway, I think I have my answer, that in fact the only restriction you want on this page is respect for the 320 pixel width limitation (and in fact isn't some of that going to be devoted to painting a vertical scrollbar?) Bevo 17:25, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

NOTOC, NOEDITSECTION
NOTOC and NOEDITSECTION added. Optim 05:41, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Using MediaWiki messages?
What about creating a MediaWiki:wikipedia_topics and a MediaWiki:wikipedia_translations MediaWiki messages that can be reused on the Main Page and this page for the encyclopedia and the translations. Would avoid having to update the links in two places.

 * Any comments on this? --Lexor|Talk

Shouldn't this be in the article namespace?
Also any reason this isn't in the article namespace? Seems that it is just an alternative way of viewing the main page. To borrow wikipedia disambiguation style it would normally be Main Page (text only). --Lexor|Talk 08:22, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not a text-only version of the mainpage; this is a text-only TOC of wikipedia. —Sverdrup(talk) 08:26, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it's linked from the Main Page with a link saying "Text only", so from a reader's point of view, I would expect exactly that: a text-only version of the main page. Also the current title pretty much claims that's what it is: "Plain vanilla main page", not "Plain vanilla table of contents". --Lexor|Talk 08:47, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Regardless, Texor is correct that it should be in the article namespace.—Eloquence

 * Main Page (text only) is perfectly fine. Good move! Optim 15:57, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Encyclopædia versus Encyclopedia
Who agrees or disagrees with this: ''Encyclopædia (Encyclopaedia) is better because it is more classical and better resembles the Greek word Εγκυκλοπαίδεια. A text-only mainpage is often used by people who use older computer equipment, so an "older" spelling may be used as a funny way to symbolise this fact. Also, Encyclopædia looks more professional, more beautiful, and more correct to some people; a percentage of scholars and professors may like it more, too. Finally, Encyclopædia is often used by EB (Britannica). So in the text-only main page we should use Encyclopædia instead of Encyclopedia.'' -- Optim 04:16, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Encyclopædia is better

 * Optim
 * Vacuum it should still be wikipedia, though.
 * BozMo best to be right

Encyclopedia is better

 * IMSoP (I understand that the Encyclopædia Britannica uses that spelling in its official name. Since this isn't Wikipædia, clearly we don't. See also Encyclopedia)
 * Lexor for consistency it should be Encyclopedia (even though I kind of like Encyclopædia).
 * Angela
 * — Sverdrup Text-only is maybe useful for text browsers. I don't think my terminal does æ, so it's definitely better with e.
 * Nope. We're Wikipedia, not Wikipædia. - Kookykman| (t) (c)

Don't care / Neutral

 * your name here

Discussion on æ versus e issue
A text-only mainpage is often used by people who use older computer equipment [...]
 * On 27 Feb 2004, Optim said:

Vacuum 21:49, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC) : People with older computer equipment might have a hard time displaying the ae digraph.

Red link on "main page"
What happened to Friends of Wikipedia? Mathmo Talk 12:36, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Main page (text only) listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Main page (text only). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. – Uanfala 07:40, 12 July 2017 (UTC)


text:
USS Claxton (DD-571)

USS Claxton (DD-571), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Thomas Claxton, born in Baltimore, Maryland.

Claxton was launched 1 April 1942 by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas; sponsored by Mrs. A. D. Bernhard; and commissioned 8 December 1942, Commander Herald F. Stout in command.

History
In March 1943 Claxton patrolled briefly in Casco Bay, Maine, awaiting the possible sortie of German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz from Norwegian waters. After one convoy escort assignment to Casablanca, she sailed from Charleston, South Carolina, 17 May to join the Pacific Fleet.

After training at Nouméa and Espiritu Santo from 12 June 1943, Claxton covered the landings at Rendova between 27 June and 25 July, then joined Destroyer Squadron 23 for a period of operations which were recognized with the Presidential Unit Citation. In the struggle for the Solomons, Claxton and her squadron patrolled to intercept enemy shipping, protected the passage of American troops and shipping, bombarded enemy bases, covered landings, and engaged Japanese surface and air forces.

In the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay on the night of 1/2 November 1943, Claxton, with four cruisers and seven other destroyers, fired her torpedoes in an attack which turned back a Japanese force of four cruisers and six destroyers sailing to attack transports off Bougainville, sinking two and damaging four of the enemy ships. Claxton towed USS Foote (DD-511), one of five American ships damaged that night, into Purvis Bay, arriving 4 November.

On 25 November 1943, in the battle of Cape St. George, New Ireland, Claxton and four other destroyers intercepted a force of five Japanese destroyers, as the enemy ships sailed to evacuate aviation troops to Rabaul. Once more fighting in darkness, Claxton and the others achieved complete surprise in their torpedo attack, and followed with a running gun battle. In this classic destroyer action, three Japanese ships were sunk and a fourth damaged, with no injury to the American ships.

On 4 February 1944, while bombarding Sarime Plantation on Bougainville, Claxton was seriously damaged by an explosion aft, probably of two medium caliber shells. Despite her damage and 15 wounded, Claxton completed her mission with her three forward guns, then sailed for temporary aid at Purvis Bay and permanent repairs on the west coast. She returned to action in August 1944, and assigned to screen escort carriers, took part in the invasion of the Palaus in September. Sailing north for the invasion of the Philippines, the destroyer covered the operations of underwater demolition teams preparing the beaches, then gave screening and fire support during the landings on 20 October. In the phase of the Battle for Leyte Gulf known as the Battle of Surigao Strait on 24 and 25 October, Claxton screened the battle line in the surface action which virtually destroyed the Japanese southern force.

Continuing her patrol in Leyte Gulf to support the forces ashore, on 1 November 1944, Claxton suffered 5 dead, 23 wounded, and serious damage when a Japanese suicide plane crashed and exploded in the water alongside to starboard. The men used their mattresses to fill the 9 by hole. With all her after living spaces flooded, Claxton fought her own damage as she rescued 187 survivors of USS Abner Read (DD-526), also a kamikaze's victim.

Repairs at Tacloban and Manus prepared Claxton for her return to action on fire support, patrol, and escort duty in the Lingayen Gulf landings from 9–18 January 1945. Continuing action in the Philippines, she conducted bombardments and covered landings, at various points on Luzon and Mindanao and in the Visayas through early May. On 16 May she arrived off Okinawa for duty as radar picket and fighter-director until the close of the war. On 6 June her guns drove off a flight of 12 kamikazes.

Fate
Sailing from Okinawa 10 September 1945, Claxton reached Washington, D.C., 17 October for the ceremonial presentation of the Presidential Unit Citation 2 days later. After overhaul in New York, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Charleston, South Carolina, 18 April 1946. On 15 December 1959, she was loaned under the Mutual Assistance Program to the Federal Republic of Germany, with whom she served as Zerstörer 4 (D 178). In February 1981, she was transferred to the Hellenic Navy where she was ultimately dismantled for spare parts.

Honors
In addition to her squadron's Presidential Unit Citation, Claxton received eight battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Claxton (DD-571)


text:
North York

North York is a former township and city and is now one of the six administrative districts of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the northern area of Toronto, centred around Yonge Street, north of Ontario Highway 401. It is bounded by York Region to the north at Steeles Avenue, on the west by the Humber River, on the east by Victoria Park Avenue. Its southern boundary is erratic and corresponds to the northern boundaries of the former municipalities of Toronto: York, Old Toronto and East York. As of the 2016 Census, the district has a population of 644,685.

North York was created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former township of York, a municipality that was located along the western border of the-then City of Toronto. Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1953, it was one of the fastest-growing parts of Greater Toronto due to its proximity to Toronto. It was declared a borough in 1967, and later became a city in 1979, attracting high-density residences, rapid transit, and a number of corporate headquarters in North York City Centre, its planned central business district. In 1998, North York was dissolved as part of the amalgamation which created the new City of Toronto. It has since been a secondary economic hub of the city outside Downtown Toronto.

History
The was formed on June 13, 1922 out of the rural part of the Township of York. In the previous decade, the southern part of York, bordering the old City of Toronto had become increasingly urbanized while the northern portion remained rural farmland. The northern residents increasingly resented that they made up 20% of York's tax base while receiving few services and little representation in return, particularly after 1920 when their sole member on York's council, which was elected on an at-large basis, was defeated. Dairy farmer Robert Franklin Hicks organized with other farmers to petition the Ontario legislature to carve out what was then the portion of York Township north of Eglinton Avenue to create the separate township of North York. With the support of the pro-farmer United Farmers of Ontario government, a plebiscite was organized and held and the 6,000 residents voted in favour of separating from York by margin of 393 votes.

The township remained largely rural and agrarian until World War II. After the war, in the late 1940s and 1950s, a housing shortage led to the township becoming increasingly developed as a suburb of Toronto and a population boom. In 1953, the province federated 11 townships and villages with the Old City of Toronto, to become Metropolitan Toronto.

North York used to be known as a regional agricultural hub composed of scattered villages. The area boomed following World War II, and by the 1950s and 1960s, it resembled many other sprawling North American suburbs.

As North York became more populous, it became the in 1967, and then on February 14, 1979, the. To commemorate receiving its city charter on Valentine's Day, the city's corporate slogan was "The City with Heart".

North York was amalgamated into Toronto on January 1, 1998. It now forms the largest part of the area served by the "North York Community Council", a committee of Toronto City Council.

Incidents
On August 10, 2008, a massive propane explosion occurred at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases propane facility just southwest of the Downsview Airport. This destroyed the depot and damaged several homes nearby. About 13,000 residents were evacuated for several days before being allowed back home. One employee at the company was killed in the blast and one firefighter died while attending to the scene of the accident. A follow-up investigation to the incident made several recommendations concerning propane supply depots. It asked for a review of setback distances between depots and nearby residential areas but did not call for restrictions on where they can be located.

Canada's deadliest pedestrian attack occurred in the North York City Centre district on April 23, 2018 when a van collided with numerous pedestrians killing 10 and injuring 16 others on Yonge Street between Finch and Sheppard Avenues.

Demographics
North York is highly multicultural and diverse.

Economy
The district's central business district is known as North York Centre, which was the location of the former city's government and major corporate headquarters. North York Centre continues to be one of Toronto's major corporate areas with many office buildings and businesses. The former city hall of North York, the North York Civic Centre, is located within North York City Centre.

Downsview Airport, near Sheppard and Allen Road, employs 1,800 workers. Downsview Airport will be the location of the Centennial College Aerospace campus, a $60 million investment from the Government of Ontario and Government of Canada. Private partners include Bombardier, Honeywell, MDA Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Canada, Ryerson University, Sumitomo Precision Products Canada Aircraft, Inc. and UTC Aerospace Systems.

Flemingdon Park, located near Eglinton and Don Mills, is an economic hub located near the busy Don Valley Parkway and busy Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) routes. McDonald's Canada and Celestica are located in this area, and Foresters Insurance has a major office tower and Bell Canada has a data centre. The Concorde Corporate Centre has 550,000 ft2 of leasable area and is 85% occupied with tenants such as Home Depot Canada, Sport Alliance of Ontario, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Esri Canada and Deloitte. Home Depot's Canadian head office is located in Flemingdon Park.

North York houses two of Toronto's five major shopping malls: the Yorkdale Shopping Centre and Fairview Mall. Other neighbourhood malls locations include Centerpoint Mall, Bayview Village, Sheridan Mall, Yorkgate Mall, Shops at Don Mills, Steeles West Market Mall, Jane Finch Mall and Sheppard Centre.

Health care is another major industry in North York, with the district housing several major hospitals, including the North York General Hospital, Humber River Hospital and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.

Education
Prior to 1998, the North York Board of Education and Conseil des écoles françaises de la communauté urbaine de Toronto operated English and French public secular schools in North York, while the Metropolitan Separate School Board operated English and French public separate schools for North York pupils. Today, four public school boards operate primary and secondary institutions in the former city:

 * Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM)
 * Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV)
 * Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB)
 * Toronto District School Board (TDSB)

CSV and TDSB operate as secular public school boards, the former operating French first language institution, whereas the latter operated English first language institutions. The other two school boards, CSCM and TCDSB, operate as public separate school boards, the former operating French first language separate schools, the latter operating English first language separate schools. All four public school boards are headquartered within North York. In addition to primary and secondary schools, several post-secondary institutions were established in North York. York University is a university that was established in 1959. The university operates two campuses in North York, the Keele campus located in the north, and Glendon College, a bilingual campus operated by the university. There are also two colleges that operate campuses in North York. Seneca College was established in North York in 1967, and presently operates several campuses throughout North York, and Greater Toronto. One of Centennial College's campuses are also located in North York, known as the Downsview Park Aerospace Campus.

Governance
North York is a district of the City of Toronto, and is represented by councillors elected to the Toronto City Council, members elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, as well as members elected to the Parliament of Canada. North York Civic Centre is presently used by North York's community council and other city departments servicing North York.

Prior to North York's amalgamation with Toronto in 1998, North York operated as a lower-tier municipality within the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. The municipality operated its own municipal council, the North York City Council, and met at the North York Civic Centre prior to the municipality's dissolution. The following is a list of reeves (1922–1966) and mayors (1967–1997) of North York.

Reeves and mayors

 * 1922–1929 Robert Franklin Hicks - born in 1866, Hicks was a dairy farmer who organized with other farmers to petition the Ontario legislature to carve out what was then the portion of York Township north of Eglinton Avenue to create the separate township of North York. During his period as the first reeve, the North York Hydro Commission, a public health board, and a water supply system were created and improvements were made to Yonge Street and other local roads. Hicks died in 1942.
 * 1929–1930 James Muirhead - farmer in Leslie and Lawrence Ave area. Born in 1859 and lived on the same farm all of his life up to 1929 except for four years. Was chairman of the committee responsible for breaking North York away from York Township and a founding members of the township council.
 * 1931–1933 George B. Elliott - also served as warden of York county in 1933. As reeve, faced demands for improved unemployment relief as the Depression worsened. Appointed inspector of hospital accounts for indigent patients in York county in 1934. Announced he would run for the federal Conservatives in a York North in 1934 but withdrew his name from consideration.
 * 1934–1940 Robert Earl Bales - great-grandson of area pioneer John Bales, Earl Bales was North York's youngest reeve at 37. Earl Bales Park, which is on his family's former farmland, is named after him. Like many municipalities, North York was bankrupted by the cost of paying unemployment relied during the Great Depression. Under Bales' leadership, North York was one of the few bankrupted municipalities to be able to pay off its debt. Unlike many other Ontario municipalities, North York never seized any homes or farms for non-payment of taxes. Bales later sat on the North York planning board from 1947 until 1968.
 * 1941–1949 George Herbert Mitchell also served in the Ontario legislature as CCF MPP for York North from 1943 to 1945, while serving as reeve. As reeve, kept track of expectant mothers come snowfall to ensure that the township's two snowplows kept open the sideroads around their homes. Mitchell was the last reeve to be elected by a predominantly rural electorate.
 * 1950–1952 Nelson A. Boylen - reporter for The Evening Telegram (1912–1918) then in the dairy industry for 50 years. Served as a school trustee and then deputy reeve. Opposed the amalgamation of North York into Metropolitan Toronto, arguing that water shortages  could be solved by creating a provincial water authority instead. Denied charges that North York was broke. Defeated in 1952  but later served as a councillor. Appointed to the Metro Toronto & Region Conservation Authority in the 1960s.
 * 1953–1956 Frederick Joseph McMahon - supported the creation of Metropolitan Toronto. Ran as the Ontario Liberal Party candidate in York Centre in the 1955 provincial election, but was unsuccessful. A lawyer by profession, he was best known for defending bank robber Edwin Alonzo Boyd and his brother. McMahon later served as a provincial court judge.
 * 1957–1958 Vernon M. Singer - went on to serve as MPP from 1959 to 1977
 * 1959–1964 Norman C. Goodhead - as reeve, opposed illegal basement apartments and led a campaign to evict tenants. Stood for position of Metro Toronto Chairman in 1962 but lost to William Allen by four votes. Ran again for Metro Chairman in 1969, when no longer mayor, but lost to Scarborough mayor Albert Campbell.
 * 1965–1966 James Ditson Service - defeated incumbent reeve Goodhead by running against Goodhead's support for amalgamating North York and the rest of Metro Toronto into a unitary city and alleging Goodhead was in a conflict of interest by owning a garbage disposal company that did business with the borough. Service campaigned on building the North York Civic Centre on Yonge Street and developing the area as a downtown with high-density office buildings. He also advocated building a 62,000 domed stadium on surplus land transferred from Downsview Airport. In private business, he co-founded CHIN Radio/TV International with Johnny Lombardi, also founding CHIN (AM) radio but later fell out with him. After he was mayor, Service became a property developer.

 * 1967–1969 James Ditson Service
 * 1970–1972 Basil H. Hall - supported the construction and extension of the Spadina Expressway and continued to do so after the provincial government cancelled the project. After he was mayor, he served on the board of the provincially owned Urban Transportation Development Corporation.
 * 1973–1978 Mel Lastman

 * 1979–1997 Mel Lastman - served as first mayor of the amalgamated city of Toronto from 1998 to 2003.

Board of Control
North York had a Board of Control from 1964 until it was abolished with the 1988 election and replaced by directly elected Metro Councillors. The Board of Control consisted of four Controllers elected at large and the mayor and served as the executive committee of North York Council. Controllers concurrently sat on Metropolitan Toronto Council

Names in indicate Controllers that were or became Mayor of North York in other years. X = elected as Controller

A = appointed Controller to fill a vacancy

M = sitting as Reeve or Mayor Booth died in 1970 and was replaced by Paul Godfrey who served out the balance of his term. Godfrey was reelected in 1972, but resigned when he was elected Metro Chairman in 1973 following the death of Metro Chairman Albert Campbell. North York Council elected Alderman William Sutherland to replace Godfrey on the Board of Control on July 23, 1973.

Shiner died on 19 December 1987. Councillor Mario Gentile was appointed to the Board of Control in February 1988 to fill Shiner's seat.

Media

 * North York Mirror: A weekly community newspaper (thrice and then twice weekly in earlier times) covering North York. Part of Torstar's Metroland chain of community newspapers. The newspaper was launched in 1957 and ceased publication in 2023 when it was folded into the toronto.com website along with other Toronto-based Metroland titles.
 * Salam Toronto: Bilingual Persian-English weekly paper for the Iranian community of North York.

Museums
North York is home to several museums including the (now closed) Canadian Air and Space Museum (formerly the Toronto Aerospace Museum) in Downsview Park. The closed museum was relocated to Edenvale, Ontario in 2019 (northwest of Barrie) and opened and renamed as the "Canadian Air and Space Conservancy". North York is also home to a number of interactive museums, including Black Creek Pioneer Village, an authentic nineteenth-century village and a living museum, the Ontario Science Centre is an interactive science museum, and the Aga Khan Museum, which includes a collection of Islamic art from the Middle-East and Northern Africa.

Sports
An aircraft manufacturing facility and a former military base are located in the Downsview neighbourhood. With the end of the Cold War, much of the land was transformed into a large park now called Downsview Park. Located within the park is the Downsview Park Sports Centre, a 45000 m2 multi-purpose facility built by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), owners of Toronto FC, of Major League Soccer. MLSE invested $26 million to build the Kia Training Ground, the state-of-the-art practice facility for Toronto FC. Volleyball Canada made Downsview Park its headquarters and training facility.

There are a multitude of sports clubs based in North York including the North York Storm, a girls' hockey league, Gwendolen Tennis Club, and the North York Aquatic Club, which was founded in 1958 as the North York Lions Swim Club. The Granite Club, located at Bayview and Lawrence, is an invitation-only athletic club. In 2012, the club made a major expansion in North York for their members.

The Oakdale Golf & Country Club is a private, parkland-style golf and tennis club located in North York. It hosted the 2023 Canadian Open, and will host the tournament again in 2026.

The North York Ski Centre at Earl Bales Park is one of the only urban ski centres of its kind in Canada. After several incidents involving failures of the club's two-person chairlift incited talks of closing the ski centre, the city revitalized the facilities with a new four-person chairlift. Sports clubs based in North York include:

 * York United FC - member of Canadian Premier League
 * Toronto FC II - member of USL League One
 * North York Astros – member of Canadian Soccer League
 * North York Rockets – (defunct) Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992)
 * North York Rangers – member of the Central Division of the Ontario Junior Hockey League
 * North York Storm
 * North York Aquatic Club
 * North York Fire Basketball
 * North York Hockey League
 * North York Hearts Azzurri Soccer Club
 * North York Baseball Association
 * Hayabusakan Judo Club

Transportation
Several major controlled-access highways pass through North York, including Highway 400, Highway 401, Highway 404, Allen Road, and the Don Valley Parkway. The former three controlled access highways are operated by the province as 400-series highways, whereas the latter two roadways are managed by the City of Toronto. The section of Highway 401 which traverses North York is the busiest section of freeway in North America, exceeding 400,000 vehicles per day, and one of the widest. Public transportation in North York is primarily provided by the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) bus or subway system. Two lines of the Toronto subway have stations in North York, the Line 1 Yonge–University, and Line 4 Sheppard. Finch station, the terminus of the Yonge Street branch of the Yonge–University line, is the busiest TTC bus station and the sixth-busiest subway station, serving around 97,460 people per day. The Line 4 Sheppard subway which runs from its intersection with the Yonge-University line at Sheppard Avenue easterly to Fairview Mall at Don Mills Road, is entirely in North York, averaging around 55,000 riders per day. Line 5 Eglinton is a light rail line that is under construction and will traverse through the southeast portion of North York. Line 6 Finch West is another line under construction and will traverse through the northwestern portion of North York. The Ontario Line is expected to have two stops in North York, Science Centre and Flemingdon Park. The intersection of York Mills and Yonge, located next to York Mills station is home to an office and a TTC commuter parking lot, which was sold for $25 million. A $300-million project is expected to create about 300 jobs and bring a new hotel, perhaps a four star Marriott, to the intersection.

In addition to the TTC, other public transit services that may be accessed from North York include GO Transit, and York Region Transit. GO Transit provides access to commuter rail and bus services to communities throughout Greater Toronto. Both services may be accessed at GO or TTC stations located in North York.

Notable residents

 * Michael Adamthwaite (born 1981), voice actor
 * Liane Balaban (born 1980), actress
 * Andy Borodow (born 1969), Olympic wrestler
 * John Bregar, actor
 * Chris Campoli, professional ice hockey player
 * Candi & The Backbeat, pop band
 * Kurtis Conner (born 1994), stand-up comedian and YouTuber
 * Tie Domi, former professional ice hockey player
 * Louis Ferreira, actor
 * Yani Gellman (born 1985), film and television actor
 * Paul Godfrey, former president of the Toronto Blue Jays and former chairman of Metropolitan Toronto
 * James Hinchcliffe, professional auto racing driver, born here
 * Adrianne Ho, model, designer, and director
 * Michael Kerzner, Solicitor General of Ontario
 * Mel Lastman, long-time Mayor of North York, and the first Mayor of the amalgamated city of Toronto
 * Nicholas Latifi, professional auto racing driver, grew up in North York
 * Geddy Lee, rock musician
 * Matt Moulson, professional ice hockey player
 * George Nagy (born 1957), Olympic swimmer in the butterfly
 * Peter Polansky (born 1988), tennis player
 * Rambha, Indian actress, settled here
 * Gary Roberts, former professional ice hockey player
 * Ya'ara Saks, Canadian Minister of Mental Health and Addictions and Associate Minister of Health
 * Sam Schachter (born 1990), Olympic beach volleyball player
 * Barry Sherman, pharmaceutical company executive and founder of Apotex.
 * Olivia Smith, soccer player for the Canada national team
 * Snow, reggae musician
 * Andy Yerzy (born 1998), baseball catcher and first baseman in the Milwaukee Brewers organization

title: North York


text:
Resignation

Resignation is the formal act of leaving or quitting one's office or position. A resignation can occur when a person holding a position gained by election or appointment steps down, but leaving a position upon the expiration of a term, or choosing not to seek an additional term, is not considered resignation.

When an employee chooses to leave a position, it is considered a resignation, as opposed to involuntary termination. Whether an employee resigned or was terminated is sometimes a topic of dispute, because in many situations, a terminated employee is eligible for severance pay and/or unemployment benefits, whereas one who voluntarily resigns may not be eligible. Abdication is the equivalent of resignation for a reigning monarch, pope, or holder of another similar position.

Political examples
A resignation is a personal decision to exit a position, though outside pressure exists in many cases. For example, Richard Nixon resigned from the office of President of the United States in August 1974 following the Watergate scandal, when he was almost certain to have been impeached by the United States Congress.

Deliberate manoeuvre
Resignation can be used as a political manoeuvre, as in the Philippines in July 2005, when ten cabinet officials resigned en masse to pressure President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to follow suit over allegations of electoral fraud. Arroyo's predecessor, Joseph Estrada, was successfully forced out of office during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 as he faced the first impeachment trial held in the country's history.

In 1995, the British Prime Minister, John Major, resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party in order to contest a leadership election with the aim of silencing his critics within the party and reasserting his authority. Having resigned, he stood again and was re-elected. He continued to serve as prime minister until he was defeated in the 1997 elections.

However, ascertaining whether an employee had an intent to resign depends on all the circumstances. As the Ontario Supreme Court noted, an employee's storming off may not legally be a resignation.

When criticised
Although government officials may tender their resignations, they are not always accepted. This could be a gesture of confidence in the official, as with US President George W. Bush's refusal of his Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's twice-offered resignation during the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal.

However, refusing a resignation can be a method of severe censure if it is followed by dismissal; Alberto Fujimori attempted to resign as President of Peru, but his resignation was refused so that Congress could impeach him.

Delivery
For many public figures, primarily departing politicians, resignation is an opportunity to deliver a valedictory resignation speech in which they can elucidate the circumstances of their exit from office and in many cases deliver a powerful speech which often commands much attention. This can be used to great political effect, particularly as, subsequent to resigning, government ministers are no longer bound by collective responsibility and can speak with greater freedom about current issues.

"Spending more time with family" is a common reason credited during public resignations, especially as a euphemism when receding from scandal.

Other organisations
In academia, a university president or the editor of a scientific journal may also resign, particularly in cases where an idea which runs counter to the mainstream is being promoted. In 2006, Harvard president Lawrence Summers resigned after making the provocative suggestion that the underrepresentation of female academics in math and science could be due to factors other than sheer discrimination, such as personal inclination or innate ability.

In a club, society, or other voluntary association, a member may resign from an officer position in that organization or even from the organization itself. In Robert's Rules of Order, this is called a request to be excused from a duty. A resignation may also be withdrawn.

title: Resignation


text:
Quercus michauxii

Quercus michauxii, the swamp chestnut oak, is a species of oak in the white oak section Quercus section Quercus in the beech family. It is native to bottomlands and wetlands in the southeastern and midwestern United States, in coastal states from New Jersey to Texas, inland primarily in the Mississippi–Ohio Valley as far as Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana.

Description
The leaves of the swamp chestnut oak are simple (not compound), 4-11 in long and 5-18 cm broad, with 15–20 lobe-like, rounded simple teeth on each side, similar to those of chestnut oak and chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), although they generally do not achieve the more slender form that the leaves of those trees may exhibit at times. The leaves turn red in autumn. The fruit is an acorn 2.5-3.5 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad, borne on a 2–3 cm peduncle, maturing in the fall, about 6 months after pollination. The tree only bears heavy acorn crops at intervals of several years.

Taxonomy
The swamp chestnut oak closely resembles the chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and for that reason has sometimes been treated as a variety of that species. However, the swamp chestnut oak is a larger tree which differs in preferred habitat, and the bark does not have the distinctive deep, rugged ridging of the chestnut oak, being thinner, scaly, and paler gray. It typically grows to around 65 ft (20 m) tall, though the tallest specimen currently known is over 150 ft (42 m) tall.

The name Q. prinus was long used by many botanists and foresters for the swamp chestnut oak, even when treated as a species distinct from the chestnut oak, which was then called Q. montana, but the application of the name Q. prinus to the chestnut oak is now often accepted, although sometimes that name is declared to be of uncertain position, unassignable to either species, with the chestnut oak then called Q. montana, as in the Flora of North America.

Ecology
The acorns of the swamp chestnut oak are eaten by generalist species like chipmunks, squirrels, white-tail deer, wild hogs, and black bears. They are also readily eaten by cattle, and the species is sometimes called the "cow oak" for this reason.

Uses
The wood of the swamp chestnut oak is similar to, and usually marketed mixed with, that of other white oaks. Swamp chestnut oak is also called basket oak, since the wood is easily split into long, thin, flexible strips excellent for basket weaving. The swamp chestnut oak's acorns are large, relatively sweet, and edible.

The swamp chestnut oak is sometimes cultivated as a large garden tree or street tree, and is quite easy to grow if it is not subject to extreme urban conditions. The current National Champion Swamp Chestnut Oak is in the Stumpy Lake area in Virginia Beach, Virginia. It is 123 ft high, with a crown of 109 ft and a circumference of 23 ft.

title: Quercus michauxii


text:
Talk:McMug

Untitled
Do we need to put the copyright info on this page, vs. the image page? RickK 03:22, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I thought I would change a few things (not the actual information); hopefully I improved it. For one thing, it's not good to start an article with a table of contents; there should be an intro and then a TOC. But feel free to revert me if you don't like my changes. Everyking 09:09, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The part of the article I've disputed seems highly biased in favour of the artist, rather than those who consider the artwork to be simplistic. I have no qualification to alter that, but it is clearly not NPOV. Ronald Collinson 23:33, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

translations
several things have not been translated--

 * the school life of McMug is affected by the school motto, "吾德物賜".  (from the School life of McMug section)
 * McMug Songs (section)

(anonymous) 17:43, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

website
does iyellowbus.com still exist? looks as if it's been taken over by those advertising companies.

try http://www.yellowbus.com.hk/ I amended the link on Alice Mak p-age. GB 12:41, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed a couple of external links
I removed these from the external links section. The info they contain can be worked into the article body and these used as references, or these might be more appropriate for Alice Mak, about whom there is an article. Either way, they can probably be combined since they're the same website. (I'm doing general external link cleanup, so please excuse me if I've made a mistake!) :)
 * Alice Mak (the creator of mcmug family) in pinkwork city (sound)
 * Alice Mak in pinkwork city (video)

title: Talk:McMug