text:
Baron Borwick

Baron Borwick, of Hawkshead in the County of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 July 1922 for the businessman Sir Robert Borwick, 1st Baronet. He was chairman of George Borwick & Sons Ltd, manufacturers of baking and custard powders. The company had been founded by his father George Borwick. Before his elevation to the peerage, Borwick had been created a baronet, of Eden Lacy in the Parish of Lazonby in the County of Cumberland, on 1 July 1916. His eldest son, the second Baron, was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. The latter was succeeded by his son, the fourth Baron (who had four daughters). the titles are held by his nephew, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2007. Lord Borwick is the eldest son of Robin Borwick, third son of the third Baron. The family tomb is maintained at the Cimetières du Château in Nice.

Barons Borwick (1922)

 * Robert Hudson Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick (1845–1936)
 * George Borwick, 2nd Baron Borwick (1880–1941)
 * Robert Geoffrey Borwick, 3rd Baron Borwick (1886–1961)
 * James Hugh Myles Borwick, 4th Baron Borwick (1917–2007)
 * (Geoffrey Robert) James Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick (b. 1955)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Edwin Dennis William Borwick (b. 1984).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Robert Hudson Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick (1845—1936)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg George Borwick, 2nd Baron Borwick (1880—1941)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Robert Geoffrey Borwick, 3rd Baron Borwick (1886—1961)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg James Hugh Myles Borwick, 4th Baron Borwick (1917—2007)
 * Robin Sandbach Borwick (1927—2003)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Geoffrey Robert James Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick (born 1955)
 * (1) Edwin Dennis William Borwick (b. 1984)
 * (2) Thomas James Robert Borwick (b. 1987)
 * (3) William Borwick (b. 1997)
 * (4) Richard David Borwick (b. 1960)
 * (5) Christian Richard Sandbach Borwick (b. 1985)
 * (6) Fraser James Montgomery Borwick (b. 1992)
 * (7) Sebastian Steven Brockton Borwick (b. 2001)

title: Baron Borwick


text:
USS Bougainville (CVE-100)

USS Bougainville (CVE-100) was the forty-sixth of fifty Casablanca-class escort carrier built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after the Bougainville campaign, a prolonged action against Japanese forces entrenched in the island of Bougainville off Papua New Guinea. The ship was launched in May 1944, and commissioned in June, and served as a replenishment carrier in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. She was decommissioned in November 1946, when she was mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in August 1960.

Design and description

Bougainville was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was 512 ft long overall, with a length 490 ft at the waterline, she had a beam of 65 ft, at her widest point, this was 108 ft, and a draft of 20 ft. She displaced 8188 LT standard, 10902 LT with a full load. She had a 257 ft long hangar deck and a 477 ft long flight deck. She was powered with two Uniflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing 9000 shp, thus enabling her to make. The ship had a cruising range of 10240 nmi at a speed of 15 kn. Her compact size necessitated the installation of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One 5 in/38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20-mm cannons, and the amount of 40-mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. The carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. Because Bougainville only operated in a replenishment capability, she usually operated with about 60 aircraft on board, the maximum carrying capacity at which take-offs would still be possible.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Didrickson Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was renamed Bougainville, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements. The escort carrier was laid down on 3 March 1944, MC hull 1137, the forty-sixth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She was launched on 16 May 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Sally A. Monfort; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 18 June 1944, with Captain Charles Alonzo Bond in command.

World War II
Upon being commissioned, Bougainville got underway, on 7 July, on a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego. Upon arriving, she was assigned to the Carrier Transport Squadron of the Pacific Fleet. The carrier departed on 25 July with a load of aircraft, bound for the West Pacific. Transiting via Pearl Harbor, she headed to Majuro, in the Marshall Islands. She returned to the West Coast on 23 August, and following a seventeen-day period at port, she left on 9 September for another transport mission. She steamed to Finschhafen, New Guinea, before proceeding to Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands, where she unloaded her aircraft. There, she took on an air group returning to Pearl Harbor, arriving at Oahu in mid-October.

After unloading her cargo, she took on a complement of sixty-four fighter aircraft, all bound for the Mariana Islands. After arriving at Saipan, her crew went to general quarters for the first time on 3 November in response to Japanese aircraft. Departing on 4 November, she headed to Guam, before returning to Pearl Harbor. In the closing months of 1944, Bougainville made another transport mission from Pearl Harbor to the Marianas, making a stop at Eniwetok. Upon completing her mission, she departed in mid-December for the West Coast, arriving at San Diego on 22 December. There, she underwent another stay of availability, until 7 January 1945, when she headed back into the Pacific.

She stopped at Pearl Harbor on 13 January, where she commenced flight training and gunnery exercises. Upon the completion of these activities, she departed Hawaiian waters on 30 January, arriving back at Eniwetok a week later. There, on 8 February, she was assigned to become a replenishment carrier as a part of Task Group 50.8.4, the mobile replenishment group supporting the frontline Fifth Fleet. She served alongside three other escort carriers, USS Admiralty Islands (CVE-99), USS Attu (CVE-102), and USS Windham Bay (CVE-92). Replenishment escort carriers such as Bougainville enabled the frontline carriers to replace battle losses, and to stay at sea for longer durations of time. She departed Eniwetok to commence her replenishment duties on 9 February.

For the next four months, Bougainville operated in a replenishment capability, supplying the Third Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force with supplies, replacement aircraft, and munitions. She first supported Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher's carriers as they conducted operations in support of the landings on Iwo Jima. Upon the conclusion of said campaign, she provided aircraft to replace losses sustained in raids against the Japanese mainland, and she also provided support throughout the first six weeks of the Battle of Okinawa. During the Okinawa campaign, she had the task of providing replacement aircraft for both the escort carriers and the fleet carriers. Throughout her service as a replenishment carrier, she received supplies and additional aircraft from bases located within Eniwetok, Guam, and Ulithi in the Caroline Islands.

On 5 June, Bougainville, along with the ships of Task Group 38.1 and Task Group 30.8, was trapped in the path of Typhoon Connie, which was proceeding northwards, and on a course to the east of Okinawa. Admiral William Halsey Jr., which had already led the Third Fleet into the deadly Typhoon Cobra in December 1944, now managed to lead the Third Fleet yet again into another deadly storm. At the peak of the storm, Windham Bay experienced estimated winds of 127 knots and waves towering some 75 ft high. As Task Group 50.8 emerged from the typhoon, Bougainville had suffered considerable damage, in both her hull, and her aircraft contingent. Twenty-seven planes on Bougainville had been lost or wrecked, and most of her remaining planes, located in her hangar deck, were inaccessible, because both of her aircraft elevators had been jammed. In addition, her flight deck supports had been damaged, and she suffered much additional superficial damage.

In mid-June, Bougainville was released from her replenishment duties, when she undertook a transport mission to bases located within the Philippines, before returning to Guam. After completing her mission, she steamed eastward, pausing at Pearl Harbor, before arriving back at San Diego, where she lay in port until early August for repairs and replenishment. On 9 August, she left San Diego, bound yet again for the West Pacific. En route, her crew received news of the Japanese surrender on 15 August. After stops at Pearl Harbor and Guam, she was anchored off of the island of Roi-Namur when the formal signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was occurring on 2 September. There, she loaded inoperational aircraft, before heading back to Oahu. At Pearl Harbor, she took on a load of aircraft and passengers, departing port on 12 September, stopping at Apra Harbor, Guam, where she disembarked some passengers and took on additional aircraft. Continuing westwards, she anchored at Nakagusuku Bay on 27 September, before leaving harbor the following day to evade Typhoon Jean, which appeared to heading for the Okinawa Islands.

Bougainville returned to port on 3 October, where she took on two Marine Corps observation squadrons, VMO-3 and VMO-6, which were headed to China for occupation duty. On 10 October, she arrived at the Taku Forts, where she disembarked VMO-3, which was attached to the 3rd Marines. Proceeding southwards, she arrived at Qingdao on 11 October, and on 12 October, VMO-6, which was attached to the 6th Marines, disembarked. After a layover of four days at Qingdao, she steamed for Okinawa on 16 October. She entered Nakagusuku Bay on 19 October, where she took on a load of inoperational aircraft and passengers. Steaming eastwards, she made a brief layover at Pearl Harbor, arriving back at the West Coast by the end of October.

After a long stay in port, Bougainville once again departed on 28 November, heading to Eniwetok, via Pearl Harbor. She returned to San Diego on 12 January 1946, whereupon she steamed northwards, arriving at Tacoma, Washington in late-January. There, inactivation work was conducted, and she was placed in reserve on 29 July. She was decommissioned on 30 November, and mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, as part of its Tacoma Group. Whilst in reserve, she was reclassified as a utility aircraft carrier (CVU-100) on 12 June 1955. She was further reclassified as an aircraft ferry (AKV-35) on 7 May 1959. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 April 1960, and she was sold on 9 September to the Cole Export Corp. Delivered on 7 November, she was ultimately broken up in Japan later that year. Bougainville received two battle stars for her World War II service.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Bougainville (CVE-100)


text:
Qahir-class corvette

The Qahir class is a class of two corvettes designed and built by VT Group in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy of Oman. The hull and superstructure has been designed with features including the cladding of surfaces with radar absorbent material and angled sides to reduce the radar cross section.

Ships in Class
Oman placed an order for two corvettes from Vosper Thornycroft as part of Project Muheet on 5 April 1992, work beginning in September 1992. The two ships were completed in 1996, with the final ship, Al Mua'zzar being delivered to Oman and commissioned in 1997.

title: Qahir-class corvette


text:
Talk:Turkish delight/Archive 1

Untitled
To the Anonymous user who is creating the Lokum page. Please see my remarks on the Talk:Lokum page. -Rholton 02:24, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Note that "loukoumia" is the plural; I've moved the article to the singular, "loukoumi". Mkweise 18:58, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Page title
To the anonymous creator of this page:

I apologise if I have missed something that is obvious, and caused you to lose work. At first glance the content of the new Lokum page was identical to the content of the Loukoumi page. On closer examination, there seemed to be som superficial changes to the first paragraph to adapt the article to the new page name. Seeing no particular reason to have two essentially identical articles under different names, I erased the content of the new page and made it a redirect to the original page.

After you replaced the contents, I made a more careful comparison between the versions I based my original decision on, and found that you had also made some helpful edits to the content of the Lokum page. But none of them seemed to distinguish Lokum from Loukoumi. In other words, these helpful edits would be equally helpful to the existing Loukoumi page.

If you have future plans to distinguish Lokum from Loukoumi, please leave a mesage here so that I, and others who might do as I did, will understand.

If you are trying to improve upon the Loukoumi page, please simply edit that page. There is no need for a separate page in that cirsumstance.

Finally, you might be pleased to know that your work is not really "lost". Every version of every article is saved in its entirety in the associated Page History. It can easily be copied/pasted to a new edit of the page, reverting the page back to the version which I removed. See How to revert a page to an earlier version.

Thank you,

-Rholton 02:24, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I now see that you have made the page Loukoumi into a redirect to Lokum. This does resolve the issue of having two virtually identical pages. In the future, you can accomplish the same thing by "moving" (think renaming) the original page to the new name. This will automatically copy the contents from the old to the new, and make the old a redirect to the new. More importantly, it will preserve the revision history of the page as a unified whole. See How to rename (move) a page

As you may have guessed by now, I am not knowledgeable in the topic of this article. I am only interested in the standards and practices that have been recogized by the Wikipedia community. If you have not familiarized yourself with them, please see Welcome, newcomers.

Again, thank you for your contributions.

 * -Rholton 02:55, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This is English wikipedia. We should use the common English name, which is Turkish delight Mintguy (T) 03:05, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

original?
Portions of this page were lifted from an article in "Skylife," the in-flight magazine of Turkish Airlines.

http://www.atamanhotel.com/delight.html

Dating Ambiguity?
There seems to be some confusion on the date that Lokum was created:

In 1776, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, Bekir Effendi, a fully apprenticed confectioner ...

The History of lokum dates back to 500 years, making it one of the oldest sweets in the world.

Which is it: 230 years old or 500 years old?

Contradiction
The dating contradiction exists because the author created the article by swiping sections from other web pages. If you google the "500 years" segment of the article you see it, word for word, in several other places. The more recent date comes from the magazine article I already mentioned.

Recipe error
The recipe given in this article was taken from one of several other websites, and all copies have the same error. The previous version called for 2 tb of cornstarch, as opposed to the correct 1/2 c. The error has been corrected; if you tried this recipe before and it didn't work, this is probably the reason.

Also, the cooking time is off by as much as twenty minutes. The Lokum needs to cook to about 245-250°F (118-121°C; "Firm Ball" stage) before it is allowed to cool. Overcooking it will make it hard, and undercooking it will make it runny.

Finally, the original recipe left out a number of variations for flavoring. "True" Lokum is indeed flavored with rosewater, but several other flavors (listed in the recipe) may be used.

June 1

 * Support Common name. Primary topic disambiguation. Jooler 20:44, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Turkish Delight often refers to the beverage Salep, as well as other uses. Jonathunder 04:19, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * That actually appears to be an error. See the talk page for Talk:Turkish Delight Quoting the Salep article "The beverage salep is sometimes referred to as Turkish Delight, though that name is also used for lokum. As Turkish Delight, salep is mentioned in the Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis when Edmund Pevensie requests some of the hot beverage from the White Witch in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe." - "I think in the The Chonicles of Narnia the Turkish Delight refers to Lokum, because Edmund gets a hot beverage and Turkish Delight". (anon) - Jooler 06:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. Obviously, if the comment to Jonathunder has convinced him that the move is right, then it can be moved. As it stands there is no consensus for the move. violet/riga (t) 19:22, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, I assume it's too late to weigh in, but I would be for moving it as well. --Iustinus 28 June 2005 06:44 (UTC)

 * Raise the issue on requested moves again. Jooler 28 June 2005 06:52 (UTC)

 * OK, I've now done so, and am starting a new section. --Iustinus 28 June 2005 07:53 (UTC)

June 28

 * Support. The candy is called "Turkish delight" in English, and while that expression has other meanings, they are comparatively rare. Move this article to Turkish delight with or a disambiguating list at the top. --Iustinus 28 June 2005 07:52 (UTC)

 * Support. As pointed out above, the references to Turkish Delight meaning some kind of drink appear to be erroneous, unless anyone can confirm this. Jooler 28 June 2005 18:24 (UTC)

 * Support. If you trawl the web it's not hard to find factoids about "Turkish Delight" sometimes referring to the beverage. However, they typically reference Lewis. I've yet to find anyone actually using "Turkish Delight" to mean salep-the-beverage. To date no one's presented any evidence (Lewis aside) that this is ever done. Possibly confusing the issue is that I believe that salep-the-flour can actually be the source of the starch for lokum. -TM

 * Support, per above. --Jpbrenna 1 July 2005 06:22 (UTC)

 * Support -- Turkish delight is the English name (and Lewis is talking about the candy as well, for what it's worth--I'm surprised so many readers get confused about this--see the talk on the current Turkish delight disambigulation for quotes.). --Marlow4 6 July 2005 00:16 (UTC)

Politics
I am so sick of this page being a front in the cultural battle between the Greeks and the Turks. It's just candy, people. But I guess there's nothing we can really do about it :( --Iustinus 3 July 2005 05:46 (UTC)

 * I guess this comment is tongue-in-cheek? No battle exists. Jonathunder raised the only objection, which seems to have nothing supporting it. It's been a month without a peep from him/her. Why not just move it? -TM

 * No, it was serious, but wasn't directly related to the name-change vote. A recent edit was made for the sole purpose of moving "Greek" to the end, and "Turkish" to the begining. Back when this WAS at Turkish delight someone changed it to Greek delight. Let alone all the edits to switch back and forth between Greek and Turkish as the language that originated this word. Or the fool who changed the interwiki link lucumium to lucumi apparently just to make it closer to the Modern Greek form. And so on and so on ad infinitum.
 * We may be opening a can of worms by moving this back to the proper title. ;) --Iustinus 6 July 2005 09:12 (UTC)
 * In Greece, it is sold as "Greek Delight," just as the Greek Key is not called that in Turkey. Both the Greeks and the Turks can feel very strongly on the issue, however, it is most commonly known as Turkish in English, and I see no need to advance the cause of Turkish linguistic nationalism. Pelegius 01:11, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

It's Greek linguistic nationalism,you Greek.--85.97.76.234 16:37, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed it is sold in Greece as 'Greek Delight' or lokum. Actually I think it's English language nationalism to presume something has the same name all over the world... As the article relates how the sweet was popular with the Turks so it might also mention that the Turks were popular with us (English speakers) - hence the name we have for this sweet today.  Btw could it be said that it was a brand name to begin with? Hakluyt bean 13:39, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Which Cuisines
As it currently stands, the article says:
 * Though enjoyed worldwide, lokum is especially familiar in Turkish, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Greek, Cypriot and Romanian cuisines.

Someone just added Bosnian. The list just keeps on growing, and I suspect (given the politics of that area) it will continue to do so. Would I be an ignorant American if I suggested that we simplify this to Greek, Turkish and "Balkan" cuisine? I suppose it might just annoy even more people. But I'd rather not have this article turn into a list of countries in the region where Turkish Delight is frequently eaten. --Iustinus 17:06, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * -I just happened upon the article and I noticed that Greece is no longer mentioned as one of the countries especially associated with Turkish Delight, so I put it back in. I considered simplifying the sentence by deleting Turkey and just saying "Mediterranean countries", but it didn't seem fair not to mention Turkey by name, seeing as that's the country of origin. I don't want to cause (or continue) a Turkey vs. Greece argument, but to not mention Greece at all is preposterous. -Alex
 * I agree. My intention wasn't for Greece to be removed, but to simplify the rest of the list. I realize Greece is, by some definitions, a Balkan country, but I think it does merit separate mention. Turkey cannot and should not be removed. In fact, my vote woudl be for no one to edit this list at all, unless they have a really good reason ;) --Iustinus 08:23, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Let's say it Ottoman Cuisine

Narnia
Can someone tell me why the tiny mention of The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe is so controvercial that everyone keeps deleting or rewriting it? --Iustinus 08:15, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I'm getting sick of this phenomenon. I'm inclined to keep the "Popular Culture" section, but not strongly so. However, I don't want it to keep getting deleted and then reinserted. So I've reinserted it myself, with a note saying not to delete the section unilaterally. If you want to erase that section, please bring it up on this page first, and see what other people think! --Iustinus 07:35, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Aplets & Cotlets
Someone, possibly with commercial intent, added a reference (and link) to Liberty Orchards. I have changed the phrasing slightly, but kept it because they do seem (to me at least) to be a noteworthy company. Perhaps someone could further improve the phrasing though, so that it's less of a commercial. --Iustinus 18:48, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Historical thickener?
I have seen recipes for this confection using pectin, cornstarch, and gelatin. None of these seem like the likely original thickening agents in the candies, at least not in their modern, boxed forms. Does anyone know what was used historically? The connection with rose flavoring suggests that perhaps the original may have been a rose hip jelly (pectin-based) that was flavored with rose water, but this is just a guess.

On second thought, the connection with salep (as mentioned in discussion above) suggests that the salep (also a source of starch-like polysaccharides) may have been the original thickener.

On third thought, GP4Kids states that the original was a cooked mixture of honey (of course, no processed sugar) citrus (a source of pectin) and rose water...Mschmidt62 02:04, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

According to hungrymonster.com Turkish Delight (Lokum) "was prepared in ancient Turkey by combining dates, honey, roses and jasmine and then it was bound together with gum arabic. Sometimes nuts are added into the mixture. " The "thickener" or binder was, then, gum arabic. MCushman 04:06, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Revert
I reverted this change Nonetheless, since lokum became popular Greeks started selling it under the name of Greek lokum so that a Greek made-up story of lokum should be expected. It was pov and was unsourced.-- Dakota 07:17, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Turkish Delight
As a food expert, I cannot help but laugh at the comments which have been written. Guys chill out, this isn't a place for Nationaist chauvanist attitudes, its FOOD, its meant to bring understanding and show similarities, what on earth are you doing.Lets be honest, Turkish Delight is called Turkish Delight because it was invented by a Turk for the Ottoman Turks Sultan who requested a soft sweet be made for him, as the legend says. Turkish Delight as we know it hence, was created by this guy so I don't see the issue or crisis in calling it by this name, its just a historical fact, if a Greek had invented it, then we would have called in Greek Delight. Here is it from the original creater, this family still produces authentic Turkish Delight, actually it is the best in the world, the original and a Food connoisseur's haven, it MUST be respected in the article.

PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE CHANGE THAT IMAGE, THE ONE WITH THE COLOURFULL COLOURS, ITS THAT KIND OF CHEAP TAT THAT PEOPLE MISTAKE FOR THE AUTHENTIC BEAUTY THAT IS TURKISH DELIGHT.

The Shop http://www.hacibekir.com.tr/yenidukkan.jpg (this link is broken) In the 18th century, after refined sugar became available in Turkey, Haci Bekir was the first confectioner to use sugar and cornstarch instead of grape molasses and flour, respectively, and its superlative taste and texture were obtained(but it is F!@#ing expensive for us poor middle--class turks - signed:A Turk). Lokum and akide (Turkish hard candy) became so famous that the Sultan appointed Haci Bekir "chief confectioner" to the Ottoman Court. In the 19th century a British traveler purchased a case of the confection known to Turks as "rahat lokum", or simply lokum, from Haci Bekir. He took it back to London where he called it Turkish Delight. Since then in English speaking countries and Europe it has been known as Turkish Delight, and its name was entered to World Confectionery literature. The original name lokum derives from the Arabic "rahat - ul hulkum" (literally soothing to the throat). The pronunciation was gradually corrupted in Turkish to "lat - i lokum" and finally just "lokum". Besides plain lokum it is also made containing hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, pistachio nuts, clotted cream and dessicated coconuts. In addition, varieties of lokum flavored with strawberry, lemon, orange, mint, vanilla and rose petals are also available. For those who enjoy harder texture slightly overcooked lokum is a favourite. For over two hundred years words Haci Bekir and lokum have been used synonymously. Master Bekir Affandi came to Istanbul from Kastamonu in Anatolia, and opened his small shop at Bahcekapi in 1777 where he hand - made hard and soft candies.

"Arabesque" is a book published in London. In the chapter titled "Old Stamboul" it gives information about confectioner Bekir Affandi, his small shop and how he made and sold candies. It says "Anyone who has any pretensions to a knowledge of the Middle East should know Haci Bekir". Bekir Affandi became Haci Bekir after he went to Mecca on pilgramage. Soon after Haci Bekir began making candies fame of his products reached the Sultan, and he appointed him "Chief Confectioner" to the Ottoman Court. He was a master who kept up with new developments. When beet sugar and starch became available he was the first one to use them instead of grape molasses for sweetener and flour, respectively. Hard candy (akide) and Turkish Delight (Lokum) had long been known in Istanbul, but cleanliness of his shop and his recipes made his products outstanding and much sought after. A painting of Haci Bekir was made by Maltese artist Amedeo Preziosi who came to Istanbul in mid-nineteenth century, and is famous for his paintings of Istanbul. The original of the painting hangs in the Louvre Museum in Paris. A lithographic copy of it is at Topkapi Museum in Istanbul. After Haci Bekir passed away his son, Muhiddin, took over the shop and the title Chief Confectioner to the Palace. During his time the company was awarded a silver medal in Vienna (1873), another silver medal in Cologne (1888) and gold medals in Brussels (1897) and Paris (1906) fairs for excellent product quality. Under management of Ali, Muhiddin's son, the company prospered. In addition to several shops in Istanbul one was opened in Cairo and another in Alexandria, Egypt. In 1911 he was appointed confectioner to royal palace by his highness the Khedive of Egypt. Company's products were successfully exhibited and sold in New York Fair in 1939. Ali died in 1974. The company named after three generations; Ali Muhiddin Haci Bekir, is now run by the fourth and fifth generations together. Its production facilities and stores are all in Istanbul now. It has a thriving export business around the World. Bekir Affandi opened his confectionery shop in Istanbul at Bahcekapi near Galata Bridge over Golden Horn. In the same busy, commercial district were the train station connecting the city to Europe, fish market, Egyptian market (Misir Carsisi) and textile center. High level government offices, including that of prime minister's, were located at Bab-i Ali section of town, which was nearby. The original one - room shop of Bekir Affandi (later called confectioner Haci Bekir) began production in 1777. At the back of the shop stood a fireplace where lokum (Turkish Delight) was made. The shop was soon enlarged to 33 m2. Another shop next door was also added to it which brought its size to 88 m2. Since 1777 it has been serving as a confectionery shop under management of five generations of Haci Bekir family.

The shop was restored by Dogan Sahin, son - in - law of Ali Muhiddin Haci Beki, in 1989 to reflect its original features. Above the shop there are two storeys. Walls are plastered; wood frames are used; roof is covered with clay tiles. Parapets are old style Maltese stone. At the entrance there are two marble columns with brass collars. Front display windows are crossed above with marble blocks laid on two forged steel beams which are supported on cast iron columns in the middle. During restoration arched cooking section at the rear and chimney on the roof are kept as they were in the period of confectioner Haci Bekir. Also work benches, shelves, flower patterned shutters on ceiling are authentic. In the oldest part of the shop Preziosi's "Confectioner" painting could be visualized in three dimensions. Floor of the shop is marble. Original wood ceiling beams with planks and display window girders give a pretty good idea about construction methods in hundred year intervals. We are indebted to New York Times reporter Miss Marvine Howe for suggesting Dogan Sahin during her interview with him in 1983 renovation of the shop as a living museum. Thanks are also due Professor Mehmet Cubuk and his assistants at Mimar Sinan University for their help in implementing the project, and to members of the Committee for Protecting Cultural and Natural Assets for their encouragement http://www.hacibekir.com.tr/mainuk.html Here is the Legend: The story of the creation of Turkish Delight (lokum) begins in the late 1700s, when Ali Muhiddin Haci Bekir, confectioner to the imperial courrt in Istanbul, listens to the sultan rant: "Hard candy! I'm tired of hard candy!" the sultan growled as he cracked a tooth on yet another sourball. "I demand soft candy!" Ali Muhiddin Haci Bekir had come to the imperial capital of Istanbul from the Anatolian mountain town of Kastamonu in the late 1700s to hear his emperor's plea. His mountain-man blood rose! His face turned grim with conviction! He set his jaw with determination! He was going to take bold and decisive action! He marched into his confectioner's kitchen and thought up a recipe: he mixed water, sugar, corn starch, cream of tartar and rosewater, cooked it up, poured the mixture into a flat pan slicked with almond oil, and let it cool. Then he sprinkled it with powdered sugar, cut it into bite-sized chunks and...his hand trembling, his eyes bright with anticipation, his mind fraught with trepidation, his lips quivering to receive the morsel...he bit! What? No crack of candy crunched by his mighty alpine jaws? No shower of sugary splinters scattering through his oral cavity? Why, this new confection was soft and easy to chew, a pleasure, a treat for both palate and teeth! It was... it was...a comfortable morsel! Rahat lokum ("comfortable morsel"), nowadays called simply lokum, or Turkish Delight, was an instant hit, especially at the palace. Ali Muhiddin became a celebrity overnight as palace bigwhigs (or, more usually, their lackeys and gofers) traipsed down the hill from Topkapi Palace to Eminönü on the Golden Horn to buy boxes of Comfortable Morsels to thrill the jaded palates of Ottoman potentates. You can still buy lokum at Ali Muhiddin's shop in Eminönü today, almost 250 years since the intrepid confectioner saved his sultan from sourballs. It's on Hamidiye Caddesi at the corner of Seyhülislam Hayri Efendi Caddesi, two blocks east of the Yeni Cami (New Mosque). Over the centuries Ali Muhiddin's descendants (the shop is still owned by the family) fiddled with the recipe, adding good things like walnuts, pistachios, oranges, almonds, clotted cream, and of course chocolate. (The plain rosewater original is still a favorite, however.) Lokum (Turkish Delight) is now made and sold in thousands of shops throughout Turkey, and enjoyed with Turkish tea or coffee, or just by itself. johnstevens5 —Preceding unsigned comment added by johnstevens5 (talk • contribs)

pics
There is not really a good reason to have to use fair use pics when we have perfectly acceptable GFDL ones. The story above is a nice legend, however, until it is referenced and proven, having pictures with captions claiming to to be the one and only inventor is POV. Seriously, even the text above states it is a legend. We can't favor that company because they claim to be the inventors. See WP:VERIFY. GFDL pics are much less of a legal issue, and are preferred. Please discuss here before making wholesale reversions. psch e  mp  |  talk  00:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, the reality is, what is called "Turkish Delight" was invented by Haci Bekir, this is not a Sweet which can be easily created or perfected, its the specialist work of sweet makers. Haci Bekir is the founder of this sweet, as he was a Turk and created it for the Sultan obviously its Turkish Delight. The authentic sweet is really delicious, Haci Bekir's sweets are renownd as they do not burn the throat, they are smooth and should not dry or irritate the throat, it should be an unforgetable experience. Believe me, one try of this stuff and you'll never eat the replica's ever, ever again. This is why I put these images in. The image on the page is not "Turkish Delight" it is Majun, there are many types of Majun, a famous type being "Mesir Majunu", these are easy mistakes to make however, there is a huge differenct between these sweets. Also the recipe is a secret kept by the family who still makes this speciality in Istanbul. johnstevens5 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.49.247 (talk • contribs)
 * Right. and this article is not about that particular company, it is about what most people eat under the name TD. Since everyone in the world is not making to journey to Istanbul to buy that one type of TD, nor will they ever, we need to keep the article more general. Thanks for your efforts. psch  e  mp  |  talk  23:08, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I uploaded what I think is a better image to commons.wikipedia.org (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Turkish_Delight.jpg) but this page uses the ugly image with the same name on en.wikipedia.org by default when I try to include it. Anyone know a way around this other than changing its name at commons? 70.71.155.24 00:14, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

A Last Note
The next Greek who emails me a letter with CAPSLOCK ON about "Greek Delight" will get a 100% free,natural prostate examination by the tip of my boot.--85.97.76.234 16:41, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Romanian
Well i don't see you using the talk page either. At any rate, why is the slang term relevent if there is no explanation of the connection? As you have it, its just a random fact, a coincidence that they are the same term. Unless you can put a cited reason for the relevence, it shouldn't be there. psch e  mp  |  talk  20:45, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, didn't an earlier version of this article suggest that it was indicative of the popularity of Turkish Delight that it survived despite that unappetizing name? --Iustinus 04:17, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * intesting, theory, but no, not earlier version said that. psch  e  mp  |  talk  14:31, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm not finding it either, but I could have sworn. I wonder where I got that idea then.
 * BTW, was it you who added that bit in the first place? --Iustinus 17:43, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes as that's what all the Romanians I know tell me, but as it isn't sourced or cited, it really should have never been inserted. psch  e  mp  |  talk  18:17, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Mastic
I was under the impression that Mastic was used in Turkish Delight (backed up by the fact that the Mastic article even mentions its use in Turkish Delight). However, this article does not mention its use… Shouldn't we include it? –Wulf 05:11, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I second this, not from any knowledge - got here from the mastic article - but if anyone knows more please add reference if appropriate. Thanks -Fitzhugh 10:10, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Mastic is used just as a flavour in Turkish Delight. (It's not a special ingredient or something). A plain Turkish delight is without mastic, pistachos, rose, (or rose water) or nuts. (There would be few drops of lemon juice in it only.)

 * Turkish Delight with Mastic is called as "Sakızlı Lokum" in Turkish.

title: Talk:Turkish delight/Archive 1


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Amphictyon

Amphictyon or Amphiktyon (Ἀμφικτύων), in Greek mythology, was a king of Thermopylae and later Athens. In one account, he was the ruler of Locris.

Etymology
The name of Amphictyon is a back-formation from Amphictyons, plural, from Latin Amphictyones, from Greek Amphiktyones, Amphiktiones, literally, "neighbors" or "those dwelling around" from amphi- + -ktyones, -ktiones (from ktizein to found); akin to Sanskrit kṣeti he dwells, kṣiti abode, Avestan shitish dwelling, Armenian šen inhabited, cultivated.

Family
Amphictyon was the second son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, although there was also a tradition that he was autochthonous (born from the earth); he was also said to be a son of Hellen, his brother in the first account. Amphictyon's other (possible) siblings besides Hellen were Protogeneia, Thyia, Pandora II, Melantho (Melanthea) and Candybus.

Amphictyon married a daughter of King Cranaus of Athens.

Amphictyon had a son, Itonus, who in his turn became the father of Boeotus, Iodame and Chromia by Melanippe. He also had a daughter, never mentioned by name, who became the mother of Cercyon by Poseidon, and of Triptolemus by Rarus. Some added that Amphictyon had another son, Physcus, by Chthonopatra, daughter of his brother Hellen. However, others stated that Physcus was the grandson of Amphictyon through Aetolus. In this late account, the kingdom of Locris was ruled from Amphictyon to Aetolus, then Physcus and eventually, Locrus who gave his name to the land.

Mythology
One account related that during the reign of King Cranaus, Deucalion, who founded and ruled over Lycoreia in Mt. Parnassus, was said to have fled from his kingdom during the great flood with his sons Hellen and Amphictyon, and seek refuge to Athens. Later on, the latter became king of Thermopylae and brought together those living round about the temple and named them Amphictyons, and sacrificed on their behalf. While ruling in his new kingdom, Amphictyon's brother Hellen emigrated to Phthiotis where he became the ruler.

Eventually, Amphictyon deposed Cranaus and proclaimed himself king of Athens. Amphictyon ruled the kingdom for 10, or in some accounts, 12 years and founded the Amphictyonic League which traditionally met at Thermopylae in historical times. During his rule, Dionysus was supposed to have visited him in Athens and taught him how to mix water with wine in the proper proportions. Amphictyon was later on dethroned by Erichthonius, another autochthonous king of Athens.

title: Amphictyon


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Baron Bethell

Baron Bethell, of Romford in the County of Essex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in the 1922 Dissolution Honours for the banker and Liberal politician Sir John Bethell, 1st Baronet, who had previously represented Romford and East Ham North in Parliament. He had already been created a Baronet, of Romford in the County of Essex, on 26 June 1911.

The title descended from father to son until the early death of the third Baron, in 1967. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin, the fourth Baron. He was the son of William Gladstone Bethell, third son of the first Baron. Lord Bethell was a historian and Conservative politician.

, the titles are held by his eldest son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2007 and was elected in 2018 to sit in the House of Lords as one of the 92 representatives of the hereditary peers.

Barons Bethell (1922)

 * John Henry Bethell, 1st Baron Bethell (1861–1945)
 * John Raymond Bethell, 2nd Baron Bethell (1902–1965)
 * Guy Anthony John Bethell, 3rd Baron Bethell (1928–1967)
 * Nicholas William Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell (1938–2007)
 * James Nicholas Bethell, 5th Baron Bethell (b. 1967)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Jacob Nicholas Douglas Bethell (b. 2006).

title: Baron Bethell


text:
Talk:Piorun

Untitled
Would that be the same god as Perun? If so, the information shoud probably be moved to Persun and this article should only be a redirect page. --Romanm 19:02, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Because this page talks about Slavic god that is known in English as Perun, I have made it just a redirect to Perun. The old content was:

 * Piorun is the Pan-Slavic god of lightening, storm, thunder and war-like attributes, as he is the patron of nobility and armies. He is lord of the forest and mountains; and his sacred tree is the oak in Lithuania. He is also seen as a god of justice and law. He was represented as a man with silver hair and a golden mustache; armed with arrows and stones. Eight eternal flames, or bonfires, or torches accompanied his images. Any place where lightening struck was considered sanctified in the eyes of the Poles, as holy places of healing and power; as anything struck by lightening is said to have heavenly spark and fire still residing within. Piorun’s sacrificial animals included roosters, bears, bulls, and he-goats. Consumption of these animals was believed to have the person absorb the essence of the god, which parallels modern communion in Christianity. In Christianity he is also conflagrated with Saint Elya (Elias), also the prophet Elijah (Feast days July 20th and July 21st).
 * See also Polish mythology
 * See also Polish mythology

Please edit the Perun page if you want to add some information (eg. adding information that this god is called Piorun in Polish etc.). --Romanm 12:53, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

MANPADS "Piorun"
there is no info about "Piorun" Man-portable air-defense systems. --91.140.75.146 (talk) 05:03, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piorun


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Geomatics

Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information". Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in the collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data. Surveying engineering was the widely used name for geomatic(s) engineering in the past. Geomatics was placed by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems under the branch of technical geography.

History and etymology
The term was proposed in French ("géomatique") at the end of the 1960s by scientist Bernard Dubuisson to reflect at the time recent changes in the jobs of surveyor and photogrammetrist. The term was first employed in a French Ministry of Public Works memorandum dated 1 June 1971 instituting a "standing committee of geomatics" in the government.

The term was popularised in English by French-Canadian surveyor Michel Paradis in his The little Geodesist that could article, in 1981 and in a keynote address at the centennial congress of the Canadian Institute of Surveying (now known as the Canadian Institute of Geomatics) in April 1982. He claimed that at the end of the 20th century the needs for geographical information would reach a scope without precedent in history and that, in order to address these needs, it was necessary to integrate in a new discipline both the traditional disciplines of land surveying and the new tools and techniques of data capture, manipulation, storage and diffusion.

Geomatics includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), photogrammetry, geophysics, geography, and related forms of earth mapping. The term was originally used in Canada but has since been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown a preference for the term geospatial technology, which may be defined as synonym of "geospatial information and communications technology".

Although many definitions of geomatics, such as the above, appear to encompass the entire discipline relating to geographic information – including geodesy, geographic information systems, remote sensing, satellite navigation, and cartography –, the term is almost exclusively restricted to the perspective of surveying and engineering toward geographic information. Geoinformatics and ''Geographic information science has been proposed as alternative comprehensive term; however, their popularity is, like geomatics, largely dependent on country.

The related field of hydrogeomatics covers the area associated with surveying work carried out on, above or below the surface of the sea or other areas of water. The older term of hydrographics was considered too specific to the preparation of marine charts, and failed to include the broader concept of positioning or measurements in all marine environments. The use of different data processing technologies in hydrography does not change the purpose of its research.

Health geomatics can improve our understanding of the important relationship between location and health, and thus assist us in Public Health tasks like disease prevention, and also in better healthcare service planning.

A growing number of university departments which were once titled "surveying", "survey engineering" or "topographic science" have re-titled themselves using the terms "geomatics" or "geomatics engineering", while others have switched to program titles such as "spatial information technology", and similar names.

The rapid progress and increased visibility of geomatics since the 1990s has been made possible by advances in computer hardware, computer science, and software engineering, as well as by airborne and space observation remote-sensing technologies.

Geomatics engineering
Geomatics engineering is a rapidly developing engineering discipline which focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that has a location). The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for spatial analysis and visualization. Geomatics engineers design, develop, and operate systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and manmade features.

Geomatics engineers apply engineering principles to spatial information and implement relational data structures involving measurement sciences, thus using geomatics and acting as spatial information engineers. Geomatics engineers manage local, regional, national and global spatial data infrastructures. Geomatics engineering also involves aspects of Computer Engineering, Software Engineering and Civil Engineering.

Applications
Application areas include:
 * Aeromagnetic surveys
 * Airborne geophysics
 * Air navigation services
 * Archaeological excavation and survey for GIS applications
 * Coastal zone management and mapping
 * Disaster informatics for disaster risk reduction and response
 * The environment
 * Infrastructure management
 * Land management and reform
 * Natural resource monitoring and development
 * Seismic Interpretation
 * Subdivision planning
 * Urban and regional planning
 * Oceanography
 * Meteorology
 * Parks
 * Resource Management
 * Climate Change/Environmental Monitoring

Areas of knowledge
Geomatics integrates science and technology from both new and traditional disciplines:
 * Geodesy
 * Geodynamics
 * Global positioning system (GPS) or global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
 * Surveying (including land, cadastral, aerial, mining and engineering surveying)
 * Hydrography
 * Navigation
 * Location-based services
 * Cartography and digital mapping
 * Geographic information systems (GIS), spatial database management and geographic information technology (GeoIT)
 * Spatial analysis, spatial data mining and knowledge discovery, and spatial statistics
 * Computer-aided design (CAD) and scientific visualization
 * Geovisualization, Geovisual Analytics, Visual communication design, graphic design and multimedia technology
 * Remote sensing
 * Digital Earth
 * Image processing
 * Photogrammetry
 * Computer vision
 * Land information systems (LIS)
 * Land management, cadastre, real property law
 * Applications programming
 * Project management
 * Land Surveying
 * LIDAR
 * Digital terrain modelling

title: Geomatics


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USS Matanikau

USS Matanikau (CVE-101) was a Casablanca-class escort carrier of the United States Navy. She was named after the Actions along the Matanikau, a series of engagements during the Guadalcanal campaign. Built for service during World War II, the ship was launched in May 1944, and commissioned in June, and served as a training and transport carrier. Notably, some 1,332 aviators earned their qualifications on-board the carrier. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. She was decommissioned in October 1946, when she was mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in July 1960.

Design and description

Matanikau was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy war losses in the early engagements of the Pacific War. Standardized with her sister ships, she was 512 ft long overall, had a beam of 65 ft, and a draft of 20 ft. She displaced 8188 LT standard, 10902 LT with a full load. She had a 257 ft long hangar deck and a 477 ft long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing 9000 shp, thus enabling her to make. The ship had a cruising range of 10240 nmi at a speed of 15 kn. Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One 5 in/38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by 8 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20-mm cannons, and the amount of 40-mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Dolomi Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. The escort carrier was laid down on 10 March 1944, MC hull 1138, the forty-seventh of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She therefore received the classification symbol CVE-101. On 26 April 1944, she was renamed Matanikau, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements. She was named after the Actions along the Matanikau, a series of engagements conducted as part of the larger Guadalcanal campaign. She was launched on 22 May 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Margaret Anna McLaren Grant, the wife of United States Representative Robert A. Grant; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 24 June 1944, with Captain William Lawrence Erdmann in command.

World War II
Upon being commissioned, Matanikau underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego, arriving on 25 July. She then underwent a transport mission, taking on 191 passengers and 56 aircraft. She departed on 1 August, bound for the South Pacific. She stopped at Espiritu Santo and Finschhafen, before arriving at Manus Island on 23 August. There, she discharged the rest of her cargo, and took on a load of 112 passengers and 41 damaged aircraft, ferrying them back to the West Coast. She arrived back at San Diego on 19 September. This transport mission would be the farthest west that she would ever sail during the course of the war. On 14 August, she took on Composite Squadron 93 (VC-93), and began pilot qualifications, serving as a training carrier off the California coast. She continued these duties for eight months, qualifying an impressive amount of aviators. Between January and June 1945, 1,332 pilots earned their qualifications onboard Matanikau, and 12,762 landings were conducted on her flight deck during this period. For example, on 25 May 1945, Marine Torpedo Bombing Squadrons 454 and 321 (CVS-454 and CVS-321) made 602 landings throughout the day. During her period as a training carrier, Captain Francis Benedict Johnson took over command of the vessel, a position that he would hold for the rest of the war.

She finished her duties as a training carrier, and departed San Diego on 28 July, yet again as a transport carrier, with 158 personnel and 68 aircraft being transported to the Marshall Islands. She arrived at Roi-Namur on 10 August, where she unloaded her cargo. She then reported to Pearl Harbor on 16 August. Whilst in Hawaii, news of the Japanese surrender broke. On 31 August, she departed Pearl Harbor, bound for the West Pacific, where she would support U.S. forces in their Occupation of Japan. She was assigned to the Ninth Fleet, and arrived at Ōminato Guard District on 11 September. She operated off the west coast of Japan, covering landings by U.S. forces, including the Eighth Army at Aomori on 25 September. Following the landings, she steamed south, and departed Tokyo Bay on 30 September, making stops at Guam and Pearl Harbor, before arriving back at San Francisco on 23 October.

At San Francisco, she joined the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from around the Pacific. She left the West Coast on 3 November, and steamed for Saipan, where she embarked more than a thousand personnel. She returned to California on 19 November, before making another run to the Marshalls between 21 November and 5 December. On 11 December, she once again departed, this time for the Marianas Islands, and as part of an operation independent of Operation Magic Carpet. She arrived at Guam on 27 December, where she took on a load of 795 troops of the 3rd Marine Division, and dropped them off at the Taku Forts, near Tianjin. There, the marines served in an advisory role, supporting the Kuomintang Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War.

She left for the United States on 9 January 1946, and returned to port in San Diego on 29 January. She departed for Tacoma, Washington on 1 February, arriving on the 5th for inactivation. There, she was moored for the next eight months, before being decommissioned on 11 October. She was mothballed as part of the Pacific Reserve Fleet, and she was reclassified as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier, CVHE-101 on 15 June 1955. She was reclassified as an aircraft ferry with the designation of AKV-36 on 7 May 1959. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 April 1960 and she was sold on 27 July 1960 to Jacq. Pierot, Jr. & Sons, New York for scrapping.

title: USS Matanikau


text:
Talk:List of file formats

OGM
"OGM is a shell, which enables any form of compression to be used" Shouldn't it be container not shell? Xorx77 19:02, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, on a related note, .ogg should be in here somewhere. It normally contains Ogg Vorbis files but could contain all types of media. --Twinxor 19:46, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

MAR
What about *.mar? ftp://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/thunderbird/nightly/latest-trunk/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.159.34 (talk) 13:26, 26 June 2005

 * It's already listed in the longer list, Alphabetical_list_of_file_extensions, and since end-users will rarely, if ever, have to handle .mar files directly (the software update service downloads, applies, and removes them - I think?) it probably shouldn't be on a list of popular formats. (Moz ref - Software_Update:MAR) --Georgeryp 13:43, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Sorting
I suggest we sort the categories of file formats. Also when one adds an entry one should list alphabetically. --Numa 02:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Clearly this has been done since Nov 2005--I just wonder now whether we oughten't further sort the page into MEDIA FORMATS, TEXT FORMATS, PROGRAMMING FORMATS, and SYSTEM FORMATS. Or maybe make a new Wikipedia page called Media Formats that deals with audio and video file extensions.

 * --Edtech2020 16:14, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

,, ,

Presentation
I think this info could be presented much more neatly in the form of tables. There could be column headings for file extension, file format, primary application (if applicable), and comments. Something like so:

Someone more familiar with tables could probably do it a bit better-looking with colour coding and such like but you get the idea. Suggestions? Zunaid 10:13, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Several file formats have multiple extensions. What then, huh??? (Probably just put the most common ones in the cell, separated by commas.)--Jack Schitt 00:54, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yup. I've put all the presentation stuff into "Presentation", so that it's all together and easier to find; that means that the discussion of that issue is below here, and the conclusion appears to be to have a comma-separated list of extensions.  Guy Harris 01:33, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * More than one entry in the table could have the same extension, and an entry in the table can have more than one extension (e.g., both a.out and ELF would include ".so" as one of the possible extensions, along with ".o", although it should also list "none" as a possible extension).

 * I.e., something such as

 * or, alternatively, have separate entries for each extension:

 * I'm not sure which of those is preferable. Guy Harris 21:48, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, the file format is the more fundamental concept. I lean towards the first representation. If there are very many extensions it could always be made multi-line rather than going too far horizontally. Next q, how do we sort them? I suggest alphabetically by format (rather than by extension) within each sub-section. Zunaid 08:17, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Another variant of the first representation would be

with all of them treated as primary.

I agree that we should sort them by format, as that's the fundamental concept. Guy Harris 09:03, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not the expert on UNIX, but if all three can genuinely be considered the "primary" use of that extension then they all belong under that heading. However your first table looks and reads much better, so if there's a chance of only selecting one primary application I would go for that. Two other things, if we're gonna sort by format, then the format column should be first followed by the extension. Also, IMHO it would be clearer to the reader if "none" were italicized as none, with the other valid extensions being in plain text (i.e. remove any confusion that the extension might be .none). Using the first table as an example, it would then look like so:

 * Okay, just one more point. At the moment the sub-sections are listed in what seems to be quite arbitrary order. I suggest we sort them by popularity/commonality of usage. So e.g. the video, graphics and audio formats would be right at the top, followed by the wordpro/spreadsheet stuff. The last of the "common" stuff would probably be the programming languages. The specialist stuff like CAD, accounting and other packages should be nearer the bottom, allowing the casual reader to glance over the main things without having to wade through things they might not have heard of. Zunaid 11:43, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

---
 * can we reopen this organization discussion? This needs something! WarBaCoN 05:31, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

.lnk
I want to create an article for lnk at Lnk (computing) and add lnk to the list here, but I don't know what category it should go under. Thanks. -- 201.78.233.162 16:12, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If you're referring to the Windows "shortcut" files, then, of the current categories, the correct one would be "Other". You could, I guess, define a new category for those types of files, but the only other file format I know of that would fit into that category would be Mac OS alias files - Unix symbolic links are sort of similar, but they don't have a special file format; they have a special file system type, but the contents are just a text string containing a relative or absolute pathname of the target file.

 * Also, I'm not sure "Lnk" would be the right name for the page; I'd be tempted to call it "Shortcut" or something such as that, but there's already a Computer shortcut page for that, so you really would, at most, want to make Lnk (computing) redirect to Computer shortcut. Guy Harris 09:27, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

.SOL .torrent
Should .SOL be added? I don't know that much about it, but it should be there, right? 68.110.194.13 15:42, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

.torrent anybody?

MP3
MP3 is listed under Lossy Audio and Other Audio, which doesn't make sense to me. Is there a reason for this, or could someone more knowledgeable than me fix it? Rktur 00:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm a sound engineer, yes MP3 is a lossy format, so i see no reason to move it. Unless you mean remove from other? In which case, sure, go ahead and leave it just in the 'lossy' section. silvarbullet1 (talk) 00:02, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

.wmv
.wmv isn't on the page. I don't feel I know enough to add it. 72.66.108.13 02:41, 19 February 2007 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza
 * It is there, under ASF. --Mcoder 02:50, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I just taught a class on file formats and needed to refer to WMV, so I added it to this list. Even if it is under ASF, it also belongs on our list of video format extensions. Edtech2020 15:40, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

ACP -- VA - Virtual Architecture
Does *.ACP for VA - Virtual Architecture belong on this list? Tricad added it on the 4th, but it doesn't seem all that notable to me.-- Mumia-w-18 19:33, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Aren't lists a policy no-no?
Surely this list is better found, searched, maintained, by the many sites online that are dedicated to this type of directory listing. --Mespinola (talk) 18:34, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * This is about as far removed from a disambiguation page as a reverse dictionary is from a standard one. It's fine.Nektig (talk) 14:10, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

WP:DIRECTORY

JS
Isn't JS for both JavaScript and JScript? --Stefán Örvarr Sigmundsson (talk) 04:13, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

.pdm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pdm

is orphaned (sp?) and could be listed here, but i don't know under which category. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Silvarbullet1 (talk • contribs) 23:53, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposal of massive merge
Talk:Windows file types for details. —Nethac DIU (¿?), wuz heer about 01:04, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Style
Most entries take the form "EXTENSION – Description". Per MOS:DASH one style of dash should be used throughout an article. In this article, various styles were used. I have corrected the article to use one style of dash. From the acceptable alternatives, I chose spaced en dashes. I made this choice after observing that most entries used a spaced dash style, which is a good choice. It prevents confusion about where the file extension—which may contain punctuation characters—ends.

There is still work to do on entries which did not have a dash at all, but need one. MetaEd (talk) 16:06, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Now, if an entry has a description, it is separated from the file type or extension by a spaced en dash.

I could use a second pair of eyes to go over the entries and see what I missed. MetaEd (talk) 16:41, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

mpo ?
Nintendo's 3D file format taken by the Nintendo 3DS handheld console is missing. I guess it is called .mpo ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.114.62.71 (talk) 10:52, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Please add .001 file format
Please add .001 file format. Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.64.59.160 (talk) 03:53, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion to add .MZF
I'm not certain how standard or well-established they are but I figured it might be worth considering adding this format:

.MZF - Sharp MZ-series computer files

Mostly used for emulators, etc. (original data is most likely sill on Cassette, Disk or in the MZ-800's case QuickDisk)

While I think it is based or somehow abstracted from .wav's (as much of them are originally Cassette tape data) - you should be able to find out some info from: http://www.sharpmz.org/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by ForgeAus (talk • contribs) 07:10, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Duplication
Does this page not what appears at List of file formats (alphabetical)? Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 00:16, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

GMD
In my opinion the GameMaker formats should be removed or trimmed down, several of them are from the 1990's and virtually no files exist in the format, nor is their a published spec anywhere online. The formats also fail WP:Notability per WP:GNG and contain very little information that is available either in literature or the internet. BlitzGreg (talk) 12:23, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Hm, you might have a point there. Should all formats listed have a related article already? - David Gerard (talk) 15:16, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

TXT
"TXT – ASCII nebo Unicode plaintext Text file" What does the word "nebo" mean? Czech for "or"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.93.175.244 (talk) 06:31, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Request for a link to the Risc OS file format page
could a link from this page be made to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RISC_OS_filetypes as the infomation os valid for this subject but simply being compiled on this other page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.51.78 (talk) 21:54, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

F4F
chunked MP4, missing — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:62A:4:2E01:340A:F05D:4E37:4FE1 (talk) 18:17, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Request received to merge articles: List of file formats and List of filename extensions; dated: August 2016. Discussion here. Richard3120 (talk) 20:02, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The articles seem to cover similar territory. Peter Flass (talk) 02:49, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Similar, but note that not all file formats necessarily have a single extension, and not all files of a given format necessarily have an extension at all:

$ file /bin/cat /bin/cat: Mach-O 64-bit x86_64 executable

 * and you'll get similar answers on other Unix-like systems, with the only difference being whether it's Mach-O or a.out or ELF or COFF or....

 * Yes, files in those formats might have the extension  if they're object files or  / /etc. if they're shared libraries or dynamically-loaded modules, but they might also have no extension at all if they're executable images. Guy Harris (talk) 03:11, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The articles are similar, but have some fundamentally different aspects. This article groups extensions/names by type whereas the other article lists the extensions alphabetically. I believe that both should stay as separate articles. Michael Golrick (talk) 15:49, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

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this article is missing a file format
this file format is the .pk7 file which is another file for the doom engine. This file type is very rare so I have not been able to figure out quite what it does, but I am lead to believe that it is for 3d actors (the objects for the game) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.213.224.106 (talk) 20:34, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

Language files - .lang
I can find no trace on WP about this - there are at least an MS list - just meaningless numbers, and supposedly an ISO list - good if they could be cross-referenced based on the ISO.

Debugging would be much easier if these were included in whatever end result of the mentioned suggested future merge of the several pages I found here. 60.242.247.177 (talk) 09:50, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Is .rbxl a file format? Mark.mysterious (talk) 23:43, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

"Biological data" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Biological data. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 10 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:力 (powera, π,  ν ) 22:51, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

missing stuff
there is no appimage, flatpakref, etc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.65.220.245 (talk) 16:41, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

Missing extension : .reg
I am a little surprised to find out that the .reg extension is not listed there, because I think it is quite a famous extension. It is used by the Windows Registry. 116.42.193.140 (talk) 02:53, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

.yni
What is the listed .yni format? It just says "a configuration file similar to YAML" but there is no other mention (i could find) on all of wikipedia of this. Schockocraft (talk) 15:11, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

missing files
this article is missing.appinstaller and .gmd2 gmd2 is a file made with gdshare CheesyChase (talk) 03:34, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

Non-notable will be removed
Since Wikipedia isn't an indiscriminate list of information, any entries that don't have their own article or aren't connected to software that is notable should be removed. I'll be working on this. -- Zim Zala Bim talk 17:08, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

rewrite
it seems as though the article needs a rewrite. the categories are all over the place (why is there a category for lemonos with one entry), and file formats do not seem to be in the right position a lot of the time. the descriptions for each file format are often confusing or not really standard + lacking links, and it includes incredibly specific file formats with literally no information about them. Howrued (talk) 20:09, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

 * also theres List of filename extensions which was shot down for a merger proposal, but seems to cover almost the exact same territory. most filename extensions correspond to a file format in some way shape or form Howrued (talk) 20:25, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

.clp
Missing .clp, for the Windows clipboard data. Tuvalkin (talk) 23:43, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of file formats