text:
Talk:Shimon Peres

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 October 2021
This page should be added to category : Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent, because of the city he was born in FlamedIce (talk) 20:29, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Categories are based on what the place at birth, not what it became later. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:56, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Kadima
The info box states that Peres was affiliated with Kadima until 2016, yet Kadima was dissolved in 2015. The Hebrew Wikipedia has different years and affiliations that, generally, make more sense. Maybe replace our list? gidonb (talk) 18:47, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Addressed this concern SecretName101 (talk) 00:24, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 August 2022
In the first sentence, please change

was an Israeli politician who served as the ninth president of Israel from 2007 to 2014 and as the eighth prime minister of Israel from 1984 to 1986 and from 1995 to 1996.

to

was an Israeli politician who served as the eighth prime minister of Israel from 1984 to 1986 and from 1995 to 1996 and as the ninth president of Israel from 2007 to 2014.

This puts the sentence in chronological order, and since the prime minister is far more important than the president, it puts the more significant office ahead of the less significant office. 123.51.107.94 (talk) 03:13, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ SWinxy (talk) 02:50, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:40, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * President Shimon Peres (D993-103).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:24, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * President Shimon Peres (D993-103).jpg

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 31 October 2023
went unannounced to Moshe Dayan, the former minister of Ddfense  < TYPO should be defense Rafaj414 (talk) 02:15, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 05:58, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 29 May 2024
mutiple = multiple 2603:8000:D300:3650:AD45:E6EE:7A8:8B7C (talk) 09:47, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ M.Bitton (talk) 19:05, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

"Interregnum"
The word "interregnum" could possibly describe a politician out of office, but only in a joking tone. It isn't suitable in this sense for an encyclopedia article. TooManyFingers (talk) 02:48, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 10 July 2024
"finding himself disallowed form playing a major role within the government." "form" should be "from" TheLeeBlum (talk) 14:14, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 02:22, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 15 July 2024
change "He felt that Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel was a means to a progressive end in which the State of Israel both inspire the world and survive in a region of the world where it was unwelcome." to "He felt that Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel was a means to a progressive end in which the State of Israel both inspires the world and survives in a region where it was unwelcome." Squash beaver (talk) 12:23, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Not proper subject-verb agreement; "the State of Israel inspires and survives" is correct – macaddct1984 (talk | contribs) 13:39, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shimon Peres


text:
Province of Carolina

The Province of Carolina was a province of the Kingdom of England (1663–1707) and later the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1712) that existed in North America and the Caribbean from 1663 until the Carolinas were partitioned into North and South in 1712.

The North American Carolina province consisted of all or parts of present-day Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Etymology
"Carolina" is taken from the Latin word for "Charles" (Carolus), honoring King CharlesI.

First Patents & Settlements
On October 30, 1629, King Charles I of England granted a patent to Sir Robert Heath for the lands south of 36 degrees and north of 31 degrees, "under the name, in honor of that king, of Carolana." Heath wanted the land for French Huguenots, but when Charles restricted use of the land to members of the Church of England, Heath assigned his grant to George, Lord Berkeley. King Charles I was executed in 1649 and Heath fled to France where he died. Following the 1660 restoration of the monarchy, Robert Heath's heirs attempted to reassert their claim to the land, but Charles II ruled the claim invalid.

Although the Lost Colony on Roanoke Island was the first English attempt at settlement in the Carolina territory, the first permanent English settlement was not established until the 1653 Albemarle Settlement, when emigrants from the Virginia Colony, with others from New England and Bermuda, settled at the mouths of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers, on the shores of Albemarle Sound, in the northeastern corner of present-day North Carolina.

Within three generations of Columbus, the Spanish from their Florida base had started to emigrate up the coast of modern North Carolina. A Virginia tribe defending their resources and families drove them back to Georgia. A Scottish contingent had meanwhile settled in South Carolina only to be extirpated by the Spanish, who inhabited Parris Island as late as 1655. The Spanish were again beaten back to Georgia.

Lords Proprietors
On March 24, 1663, Charles II issued a new charter to a group of eight English noblemen, granting them the land of Carolina as a reward for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. The eight were called  Lords Proprietors or simply Proprietors.

The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north; this included all the land between these northerly and southerly bounds from the Atlantic westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The King intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion.

The Lords Proprietors named in the charter were:
 * Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
 * George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle
 * William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven
 * John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton
 * Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
 * Sir George Carteret
 * Sir William Berkeley (brother of John)
 * Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet

Of the eight, the one who demonstrated the most active interest in Carolina was Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury, with the assistance of his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, drafted the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina (which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina), a plan for government of the colony heavily influenced by the ideas of the English political scientist, James Harrington. Some of the other Lords Proprietors also had interests in other colonies: for instance, John Berkeley and George Carteret held stakes in the Province of New Jersey, and William Berkeley had an interest in Virginia.

The Lords Proprietors, operating under their royal charter, were able to exercise their authority with nearly the independence of the king himself. The actual government consisted of a governor, a powerful council, on which half of the councilors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors themselves, and a relatively weak, popularly elected assembly.

In 1665, the charter was revised slightly (see Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665), with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of settlers along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Virginia Colony. Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida, which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine.

Settlements
In 1663, Captain William Hilton noted the presence of a wooden cross erected by the Spaniards that still stood before the town meeting house of the Indians living at what later became Port Royal. In 1665, Sir John Yeamans established a second short-lived English settlement on the Cape Fear River, near present-day Wilmington, North Carolina, which he named Clarendon. From 1675 to 1677, the Province fought the Chowanoc Natives in the Chowanoc War.

In 1669, William Sayle of Bermuda had taken over the command of the party of settlers gathered in Bermuda after Sir John Yeamans resigned while undergoing repairs of his vessel in Bermuda. Most of the party was made up of emigrants from England who had arrived in Bermuda en route to the establishment of the settlement in the Carolinas. Sayle arrived in Carolina aboard a Bermuda sloop with a number of Bermudian families to found the town of Charlestown.

In early 1670 the Lords Proprietors founded a sturdier new settlement named Charles Town (present day Charleston) when they sent 150 colonists to the province, landing them on the south bank of the Ashley River, South Carolina. (The town moved across the river to a more defensible site on the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers in 1680.

In 1670, William Sayle, then in his eighties, became the first Colonial Governor of the colony of Carolina. Many of the other colonists were planters from Barbados.

The "Charles Town" settlement, as it was known then, developed more rapidly than the Albemarle and Cape Fear settlements due to the advantages of a natural harbor and expanding trade with the West Indies. Charles Town was made the principal seat of government for the entire province; Lord Shaftesbury specified its street plan. The nearby Ashley and Cooper rivers are named for him.

Due to their remoteness from each other, the northern and southern sections of the colony operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. The north continued to have its own assembly and council; the governor resided in Charles Towne and appointed a deputy-governor for the north. During this period, the two-halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina.

Government
In 1669, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina divided the colony of Carolina into two provinces, Albemarle province in the north and Clarendon province in the south. Due to dissent over the governance of the colony, and the distance between settlements in the northern half and settlements in the southern half, a deputy governor was appointed to administer the northern half of Carolina (Albemarle province) in 1691. In 1712, the two provinces became separate colonies, the colony of North Carolina (formerly Albemarle province) and the colony of South Carolina (formerly Clarendon province).

Carolina was the first of three colonies in North America settled by the English to have a comprehensive plan. Known as the Grand Model, or Grand Modell, it was composed of a constitution and detailed guidelines for settlement and development. The constitution, titled Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, was drafted by the philosopher John Locke under the direction of Anthony Ashley Cooper (later made Earl of Shaftesbury).

From 1708 to 1710, due to disquiet over attempts to establish the Anglican church in the province, the people were unable to agree on a slate of elected officials; consequently, there was no recognized and legal government for more than two years, a period which culminated in Cary's Rebellion when the Lords Proprietors finally commissioned a new governor. This circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War, and the inability of the Lords Proprietors to act decisively, led to separate governments for North and South Carolina.

Later Years
Some identify the 1708-1710 period as the establishment of separate colonies, but that did not officially occur until 1729 when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown, and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies. The eighth share was Sir George Carteret's, which had passed to his great-grandson John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. He retained ownership of a sixty-mile-wide strip of land in North Carolina adjoining the Virginia boundary, which became known as the Granville District. This district was to become the scene of many disputes, from 1729 until the American Revolutionary War, at which time it was seized by the North Carolina revolutionary government. Governments under proprietary rule and under crown rule were similarly organized. The primary difference was who was to appoint the governing officials: the Lords Proprietors or the Sovereign.

Although the division between the northern and southern governments became complete in 1712, both colonies remained in the hands of the same group of proprietors. A rebellion against the proprietors broke out in Charlestown, South Carolina (as it was now spelled) in 1719, which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in that same year. North Carolina would become a royal colony in 1729.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Province of Carolina


text:
Paradox (theorem prover)

Paradox is a finite-domain model finder for pure first-order logic (FOL) with equality developed by Koen Lindström Claessen and Niklas Sörensson at the Chalmers University of Technology. It can a participate as part of an automated theorem proving system. The software is primarily written in the Haskell programming language. It is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is free.

Features
The Paradox developers described the software as a Mace-style method after the McCune's tool of that name. The Paradox introduced new techniques which help to reduce the computational complexity of the model search problem:
 * term definitions, new variable reduction technique,
 * incremental satisfiability checker which works with small domains first, then gradually increases the size of the domain, reusing the information it obtained from previous failed searches,
 * static symmetry reduction which adds extra constraints,
 * sort inference which works with unsorted problems.

Paradox was developed up to version 4, the final version being effective in model finding for Web Ontology Language OWL2.

Competition
Paradox was a division winner in the annual CADE ATP System Competition, an annual contest for automated theorem proving, in the years 2003 to 2012.

title: Paradox (theorem prover)


text:
Anaphase-promoting complex

Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The APC/C is a large complex of 11–13 subunit proteins, including a cullin (Apc2) and RING (Apc11) subunit much like SCF. Other parts of the APC/C have unknown functions but are highly conserved.

It was the discovery of the APC/C (and SCF) and their key role in eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation that established the importance of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell biology. Once perceived as a system exclusively involved in removing damaged protein from the cell, ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome is now perceived as a universal regulatory mechanism for signal transduction whose importance approaches that of protein phosphorylation.

In 2014, the APC/C was mapped in 3D at a resolution of less than a nanometre, which also uncovered its secondary structure. This finding could improve understanding of cancer and reveal new binding sites for future cancer drugs.

Function

The APC/C's main function is to trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation. The three major targets for degradation by the APC/C are securin and S and M cyclins. Securin releases separase, a protease, when degraded. Separase then triggers the cleavage of cohesin, the protein complex that binds sister chromatids together. During metaphase, sister chromatids are linked by intact cohesin complexes. When securin undergoes ubiquitination by the APC/C and releases separase, which degrades cohesin, sister chromatids become free to move to opposite poles for anaphase. The APC/C also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation, resulting in the inactivation of M-CDK (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase) complexes, promoting exit from mitosis and cytokinesis.

Unlike the SCF, activator subunits control the APC/C. Cdc20 and Cdh1 are the two activators of particular importance to the cell cycle. These proteins target the APC/C to specific sets of substrates at different times in the cell cycle, thus driving it forward. The APC/C also plays an integral role in the maintenance of chromatin metabolism, particularly in G1 and G0, and plays a key role in phosphorylation of H3 through destruction of the aurora A kinase.

The critical substrates of the APC/C appear to be securin and the B type cyclins. This is conserved between mammals and yeast. In fact, yeast are viable in the absence of the APC/C if the requirement for targeting these two substrates is eliminated.

Subunits
There is not a vast amount of extensive investigation on APC/C subunits, which serve mostly as adaptors. Studies of APC subunits are mainly conducted in yeast, and studies show that the majority of yeast APC subunits are also present in vertebrates, this suggests conservation across eukaryotes. Eleven core APC subunits have been found in vertebrates versus thirteen in yeast. Activator subunits bind to APC at varying stages of the cell cycle to control its ubiquitination activity, often by directing APC to target substrates destined for ubiquitination. The specificity of APC ligases is proposed to be controlled by the incorporation of specificity factors into the ligase complex, instead of substrate phosphorylation. i.e.: The subunit, CDC20 allows APC to degrade substrates such as anaphase inhibitors (Pdsp1) at the beginning of anaphase, on the other hand when CDC20 is substituted for specificity factor Hct1, APC degrades a different set of substrates, particularly mitosis cyclins in late anaphase. Activators CDC20 and Cdh1 are of particular significance and are the most widely studied and familiar of the APC/C subunits.

The catalytic core of the APC/C consists of the cullin subunit Apc2 and RING H2 domain subunit Apc11. These two subunits catalyze ubiquitination of substrates when the C-terminal domain of Apc2 forms a tight complex with Apc11. RING/APc11 binds to the E2-ubiquitin conjugate that catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to an active site in E2. In addition to the catalytic functionality, other core proteins of the APC are composed multiple repeat motifs with the main purpose of providing molecular scaffold support. These include Apc1, the largest subunit which contains 11 tandem repeats of 35–40 amino acid sequences, and Apc2, which contains three cullin repeats of approximately 130 amino acids total. The major motifs in APC subunits include tetratricopeptide (TPR) motifs and WD40 repeats 1. C-termini regions of CDC20 and Cdh1 have a WD40 domain that is suggested to form a binding platform that binds APC substrates, thus contributing to APCs ability to target these substrates, although the exact mechanism through which they increase APC activity is unknown. It is also suggested that variations in these WD40 domains result in varying substrate specificity, which is confirmed by recent results suggesting that different APC substrates can directly and specifically bind to Cdc20 and Cdh1/Hct1  Ultimately, the specificity differences are responsible for the timing of the destruction of several APC targets during mitosis. With CDC20 targeting a few major substrates at metaphase and Cdh1 targeting a broader range of substrates towards late mitosis and G1.

Most notably, 4 subunits of yeast APC/C consist almost entirely of multiple repeats of the 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide residue (TPR) motif. These TPR subunits, Cdc16, Cdc27, Cdc23, and Apc5, mainly provide scaffolding and support to mediate other protein-protein interactions. Cdc27 and Cdc23 have been shown to support the binding of Cdc20 and Cdh1, as mutations in key residues of these subunits led to increased dissociation of the activators. Apc10/Doc1, has been shown to promote substrate binding by mediating their interactions with Cdh1 and Cdc20.

In particular, CDC20 (also known as p55CDC, Fizzy, or Slp1) inactivates CDK1 via ubiquitination of B-type cyclins. This results in activation of Cdh1(a.k.a. Fizzy-related, Hct1, Ste9, or Srw1), which interacts with APC during late mitosis and G1/G0. Cdh1 is inactivated via phosphorylation during S, G2 and early M phase. During these points in the cycle, it is not able to be assembled.

Evidence shows that APC3 and APC7 serve to recruit Cdh1 to the anaphase-promoting complex. This further supports that Cdh1 is responsible for maintaining APC activity during G1. Cdh1 does not require APC to be phosphorylated in order to bind, in fact, phosphorylation of Cdh1 by Cdks prevents it from binding to APC from S to M phase. With destruction of M-Cdk, release of CDC20 from the APC and binding of Cdh1 can now occur, allowing APC activity to continue on during G1 entry. While Cdh1 recognizes M and S cyclins, allowing for their destruction until the entire cell commits to proceed to a new cycle, it does not recognize G1/S cyclins, and during G1/S phase, their cyclin activity can rise unhindered and phosphorylate and thus inactivating Cdh1 and therefore APC.

The subunit Apc15 plays an important role in APC/CCdc20 activation following the bi-orientation of sister chromatids across the metaphase plate. When kinetochores are unattached to spindles, mitotic checkpoint complexes (MCC) and inhibit APC. In the absence of Apc15, MCCs and Cdc20 remain locked on the APC/C preventing its activity once the spindle checkpoint requirements are met. Apc15 mediates the turnover of Cdc20 and MCCs to provide information on the attachment state of kinetochores.

CDC27/APC3
One of the subunits that exhibit the TPR motif, CDC27 has been identified to interact with mitotic checkpoint proteins such as Mad2, p55CDC and BUBR1, suggesting that it may have involvement in the timing of M phase. Evidence shows that CDC27 is involved in a ternary complex with SMAD2/3 and Cdh1, which is created in response to TGFβ signalling. Because of its interaction with Cdh1 in particular, it has a potential role in determining affinity between APC and its activators Cdc20 and Cdh1. A study suggests that TGF-β-induced Cdc27 phosphorylation enhances interaction between cdc27 and Cdh1–which is directly involved in activating APC. CDC27 can serve as a vehicle through which TGFβ signalling can activate APC. Induced CDC27 hyperphosphorylation by TGFβ showed elevated APC activity.

CDC23, CDC16, CDC27
CDC23, another TPR subunit interacts with SWM1, binding to the D-box of CLB2. Based upon hybrid assays in vivo and co-immunoprecipitation in vitro, it is suggested that Cdc16p, Cdc23p and Cdc27p (analogs in Sacchyromyces cerevisiae) interact and form a macromolecular complex. Their common theme of TPR is suggested to mediate these interactions. As for Cdc27 and Cdc16 in drosophila, their functions have been tested via RNA interference (RNAi). Results suggest that they may mediate activity of the entire complex via different mechanisms at different sites. In further drosophila studies, Cdk16 and cdk23 appear to be activated via phosphorylation by Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and its fission yeast counterpart, appear to bind particularly to Cdc23.

The complex is understood to be regulated by activators CDC20 and Cdh1 during mitosis. Their role in degradation for cyclin B is demonstrated by a screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective for cyclin B degradation, which were found to have mutations in CDC16 and CDC23 genes. Mutants for CDC27, CDC23 and CDC 27 all resulted in a cell-cycle arrest at metaphase.

Substrate recognition
APC/C substrates have recognition amino acid sequences that enable the APC/C to identify them. The most common sequence is known as the destruction box or D-box. APC/C brings together an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and the D-box rather than being an intermediate covalent carrier. The D-box should have a version of the following amino acid sequence: RXXLXXXXN, where R is arginine, X is any amino acid, L is Leucine, and N is asparagine. The Ken-box is another motif of importance. Its sequence should resemble the one that follows: KENXXXN, where K is lysine and E is glutamate. The last amino acid position in the Ken-box is highly variable. Though it has been shown that mutations in the sequences do inhibit destruction of the proteins "in vivo", there is still much to learn about how proteins are targeted by the APC/C.

Once bound to APC/C, Cdc20 and Cdh1 serve as D and KEN box receptors for various APC substrates. Kraft et al. have shown that the substrates' D boxes bind directly to the highly conserved WD40 repeat propeller region on the APC activators. It is important to note that the conserved area of the propeller of Cdh1 is much larger than that of Cdc20, allowing Cdh1 to have a broader substrate specificity, consistent with the fact that APC/CCdh1 also activates APC-mediated destruction of KEN box containing substrates. The D box further enhances protein degradation, for Lysine residues in close proximity to the D box serve as targets of ubiquitylation. It has been found that a Lys residue immediately C-terminal to the D box can function as a ubiquitin acceptor.

Many APC substrates contain both D and KEN boxes, with their ubiquitylation by either APC/CCdc20 or APC/CCdh1 dependent on both sequences, yet some substrates contain only either a D box or a KEN box, in one or multiple copies. Having two distinct degradation sequences creates a high level of substrate specificity on the APC/C, with APC/CCdc20 being more dependent on the D box and APC/CCdh1 more dependent on the KEN box. For example, APC/CCdh1 is capable of ubiquitylating KEN box-only-containing substrates like Tome-1 and Sororin.

Although Cdc20 and Cdh1 may serve as D and KEN box receptors, the low affinity of these co-activator–substrate interactions suggests that it is unlikely that the co-activators alone are sufficient to confer high-affinity substrate binding to the APC/CCdc20 and APC/CCdh1. Consequently, core APC/C subunits, like Apc10, contribute towards substrate association as well. In APC/C constructs lacking the Apc10/Doc1 subunit, substrates like Clb2 are unable to associate with APCΔdoc1–Cdh1, while addition of purified Doc1 to the APCΔdoc1–Cdh1 construct restores the substrate binding ability.

Metaphase to anaphase transition
As metaphase begins, the spindle checkpoint inhibits the APC/C until all sister-kinetochores are attached to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle, a process known as chromosome biorientation. When all kinetochores are properly attached, the spindle checkpoint is silenced and the APC/C can become active. M-Cdks phosphorylate subunits on the APC/C that promote binding to Cdc20. Securin and M cyclins (cyclin A and cyclin B) are then targeted by APC/CCdc20 for degradation. Once degraded, separin is released, cohesin is degraded and sister chromatids are prepared to move to their respective poles for anaphase.

It is likely that, in animal cells, at least some of the activation of APC/CCdc20 occurs early in the cell cycle (prophase or prometaphase) based on the timing of the degradation of its substrates. Cyclin A is degraded early in mitosis, supporting the theory, but cyclin B and securin are not degraded until metaphase. The molecular basis of the delay is unknown, but is believed to involve the key to the correct timing of anaphase initiation. In animal cells the spindle checkpoint system contributes to the delay if it needs to correct the bi-orientation of chromosomes. Though how the spindle checkpoint system inhibits cyclin B and securin destruction while allowing cyclin A to be degraded is unknown. The delay may also be explained by unknown interactions with regulators, localization and phosphorylation changes.

This initiates a negative feedback loop. While activation of APC/CCdc20 requires M-Cdk, the complex is also responsible for breaking the cyclin to deactivate M-CdK. This means that APC/CCdc20 fosters its own deactivation. It is possible that this negative feedback is the backbone of Cdk activity controlled by M and S cyclin concentration oscillations.

M to G1 transition
Upon completion of mitosis, it is important that cells (except for embryonic ones) go through a growth period, known as G1 phase, to grow and produce factors necessary for the next cell cycle. Entry into another round of mitosis is prevented by inhibiting Cdk activity. While different processes are responsible for this inhibition, an important one is activation of the APC/C by Cdh1. This continued activation prevents the accumulation of cyclin that would trigger another round of mitosis and instead drives exit from mitosis.

In the beginning of the cell cycle Cdh1 is phosphorylated by M-Cdk, preventing it from attaching to APC/C. APC/C is then free to attach to Cdc20 and usher the transition from metaphase to anaphase. As M-Cdk gets degraded later in mitosis, Cdc20 gets released and Cdh1 can bind to APC/C, keeping it activated through the M/G1 transition. A key difference to note is that while binding of Cdc20 to APC/C is dependent on phosphorylation of APC/C by mitotic Cdks, binding of Cdh1 is not. Thus, as APCCdc20 becomes inactivated during metaphase due to dephosphorylation resulting from inactive mitotic Cdks, Cdh1 is able to immediately bind to APC/C, taking Cdc20's place. Cdc20 is also a target of APC/CCdh1, ensuring that APC/CCdc20 is shut down. APC/CCdh1 then continues working in G1 to tag S and M cyclins for destruction. However, G1/S cyclins are not substrates of APC/CCdh1 and therefore accumulate throughout this phase and phosphorylate Cdh1. By late G1, enough of the G1/S cyclins have accumulated and phosphorylated Cdh1 to inactivate the APC/C until the next metaphase.

Once in G1, APCCdh1 is responsible for the degradation of various proteins that promote proper cell cycle progression. Geminin is a protein that binds to Cdt1 which prevents its binding to the origin recognition complex (ORC). APCCdh1 targets geminin for ubiquitination throughout G1, keeping its levels low. This allows Cdt1 to carry out its function during pre-RC assembly. When APCCdh1 becomes inactive due to phosphorylation of Cdh1 by G1/S cyclins, geminin activity is increased again. Additionally, Dbf4 stimulates Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (Cdc7) activity, which promotes activation of replication origins. APCCdh1 is thought to target Dbf4 for destruction. This could provide an answer as to how Cdc7 is activated at the beginning of a new cell cycle. Its activity likely corresponds to the inactivation of APC/CCdh1 by G/S cyclins.

Additional regulation
APC/CCdc20 inactivation during early stages of the cell cycle is partially achieved by the protein Emi1. Initial experiments have shown that addition of Emi1 to Xenopus cycling extracts can prevent the destruction of endogenous cyclin A, cyclin B, and mitotic exit, suggesting that Emi1 is able to counteract the activity of the APC. Furthermore, depletion of Emi1 in somatic cells leads to the lack of accumulation of cyclin B. The lack of Emi1 likely leads to a lack of inhibition of the APC preventing cyclin B from accumulating.

From these early observations, it has been confirmed that in G2 and early mitosis, Emi1 binds and inhibits Cdc20 by preventing its association with APC substrates. Cdc20 can still be phosphorylated and bind to APC/C, but bound Emi1 blocks Cdc20's interaction with APC targets. Emi1 association with Cdc20 allows for the stabilization of various cyclins throughout S and G2 phase, but Emi1's removal is essential for progression through mitosis. Thus, in late prophase, Emi1 is phosphorylated by Polo-like kinase, Plk. Plk is activated during early mitosis by Cdk1 activity, and its phosphorylation of Emi1's BTRC (gene) βTrCP binding site makes it a target for SCF, leading to its subsequent destruction in prometaphase. Emi1's destruction leads APC/CCdc20 activation, allowing for the destruction of cyclin A in early mitosis. Emi1 levels begin to rise again in G, which help inhibit APC/CCdh1.

Regulation of APC/CCdc20 activity towards metaphase substrates like securin and cyclin B may be a result of intracellular localization. It is hypothesized that spindle checkpoint proteins that inhibit APC/CCdc20 only associate with a subset of the Cdc20 population localized near the mitotic spindle. In this manner, cyclin A can be degraded while cyclin B and securin are degraded only once sister chromatids have achieved bi-orientation.

title: Anaphase-promoting complex


text:
User talk:Hoder

Hello "Hoder" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 06:54, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I don't understand why you deleted the anonymous user's contributions at music of Iran. If you contend that the material is an outright falsehood or a copyright violation, you should put it in the edit summary. Unexplained deletions are highly discouraged. Tuf-Kat 04:26, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess the anonymous contributor may be Hoder himself, forgetting to login. Roozbeh 13:21, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Please do not copy and paste articles from copyrighted sources. Three of your articles, Omid 16b, Fred Maslaki, and DJ Behrouz has been marked as copyright violations. Please read the Contributors' rights and obligations page. Roozbeh 13:21, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I moved your musical bands to List of Iranian electronic music bands. List of Iranians are for people, not bands. Roozbeh 15:06, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Greetings!
Hey HD. Careful about editing your own article... poor form and all. Use the talk page! And upload some more great photos... +sj + 01:34, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Be very careful about biographies of living persons
Hi! This is just to note that I removed all of the possibly negative parts from the article Amir Abbas Fakhravar that you recently created. Wikipedia has a very strict policy about the biographies of living persons, which you should try to read before starting to write any negative material about any living person. The policy can be found at WP:LIVING. roozbeh 13:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, I saw your work on Amir Abbas Fakhravar. I'm not sure what Roozbeh is talking about - I thought your edits were great and they completely conform to both WP:BLP and WP:NPOV. I thought you might want to know that I've changed the sources to references. Thanks, DRK 06:53, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, now I see. He/she was referring to your initial edits to the article. Thanks for providing sources though. DRK 06:56, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Redirection
Hi, I was just editing your article and noticed that your userpage redirects there. It's often advised that you don't redirect your user page for the following reason: "Redirecting your userpage to another page (other than your talk page or a subpage of your user page) is frowned on by some people. Doing so makes it difficult to follow links to your userpage and thus to leave you messages or to look at your contributions. The exception, of course, is if you redirect the userpage for an older account of yours to the userpage of your current account."

Not a big thing, but why not add to your user page instead? Take care, DragonRouge 21:05, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

BTW, do you have a photo of yourself that you would be willing to have used on your article under a free or open content license (such as GFDL or Creative Commons)? DragonRouge 21:34, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Greenwich
Hiya HoDer! Was lovely meeting you at the forum, thanx for the blog tips (am just about to start up my own)... Take care - and do take a look at the vandalism in the article on you. Best, FreshBreeze 22:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Hossein derakhshan news from iran blog.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 12:08, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Hoder! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:05, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Hamid Mowlana -

WP:ANI
Hello. There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Techman224 Talk  07:03, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Verification
I can verify that the recent edits on this account were made by the user, out on "more frequent, but shorter leaves". He is happy that we were thinking of him.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 08:02, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Disambiguation link notification for March 24
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Alex Jones
Please don't revert the addition without consensus. You can take part in the conversation about the sources at WP:RSN. ~ GB fan 12:20, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

Discretionary sanctions alert
O3000 (talk) 12:20, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoder


text:
Talk:Kao Neaw

I've merged this page with the one on sticky rice. The basic content is all still there. Markalexander100 08:08, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kao Neaw


text:
Field (computer science)

In computer science, data that has several parts, known as a record, can be divided into fields (data fields). Relational databases arrange data as sets of database records, so called rows. Each record consists of several fields; the fields of all records form the columns. Examples of fields: name, gender, hair colour.

In object-oriented programming, a field (also called data member or member variable) is a particular piece of data encapsulated within a class or object. In the case of a regular field (also called instance variable), for each instance of the object there is an instance variable: for example, an  class has a   field and there is one distinct name per employee. A static field (also called class variable) is one variable, which is shared by all instances. Fields are abstracted by properties, which allow them to be read and written as if they were fields, but these can be translated to getter and setter method calls.

Fixed length
Fields that contain a fixed number of bits are known as fixed length fields. A four byte field for example may contain a 31 bit binary integer plus a sign bit (32 bits in all). A 30 byte name field may contain a person's name typically padded with blanks at the end. The disadvantage of using fixed length fields is that some part of the field may be wasted but space is still required for the maximum length case. Also, where fields are omitted, padding for the missing fields is still required to maintain fixed start positions within a record for instance.

Variable length
A variable length field is not always the same physical size. Such fields are nearly always used for text fields that can be large, or fields that vary greatly in length. For example, a bibliographical database like PubMed has many small fields such as publication date and author name, but also has abstracts, which vary greatly in length. Reserving a fixed-length field of some length would be inefficient because it would enforce a maximum length on abstracts, and because space would be wasted in most records (particularly if many articles lacked abstracts entirely).

Database implementations commonly store varying-length fields in special ways, in order to make all the records of a given type have a uniform small size. Doing so can help performance. On the other hand, data in serialized forms such as stored in typical file systems, transmitted across networks, and so on usually uses quite different performance strategies. The choice depends on factors such as the total size of records, performance characteristics of the storage medium, and the expected patterns of access.

Database implementations typically store variable length fields in ways such as

 * a sequence of characters or bytes, followed by an end-marker that is prohibited within the string itself. This makes it slower to access later fields in the same record because the later fields are not always at the same physical distance from the start of the record.
 * a pointer to data in some other location, such as a URI, a file offset (and perhaps length), or a key identifying a record in some special place. This typically speeds up processes that do not need the contents of the variable length fields, but slows processes that do.
 * a length prefix followed by the specified number of characters or bytes. This avoids searches for an end-marker as in the first method, and avoids the loss of locality of reference as in the second method. On the other hand, it imposes a maximum length: the biggest number that can be represented using the (generally fixed length) prefix. In addition, records still vary in length, and must be traversed in order to reach later fields.

If a varying-length field is often empty, additional optimizations come into play.

Example
This Person java class has 3 fields: firstName, lastName, and heightInCentimeters.

title: Field (computer science)


text:
1932 in India

Events in the year 1932 in India.

Incumbents

 * Emperor of India – George V
 * Viceroy of India – The Earl of Willingdon

Events

 * National income - ₹20,286 million
 * Third civil disobedience campaign.
 * 3 January – British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel.
 * February – Terrorism in Bengal.
 * 16 May – Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay – thousands dead and injured.
 * 25–28 June - Indian Cricket Team play their first ever Test match.
 * 17 August – Government award as to representation published.
 * August – India wins Hockey Gold Medal at Los Angeles Olympics
 * 20 September – Mohandas Gandhi begins a hunger strike in Poona prison.
 * 24 September – Gandhi approves a compromise.
 * 1 October - Port Haj Committee Act 1932 was passed which set up concept of embarkation points for Hajj.
 * 8 October – Indian Air Force established.
 * 15 October – J. R. D. Tata flew from Karachi to Bombay via

Undated

 * Ahmedabad landing on a grass strip at Juhu paving the way for civil aviation in India.
 * Gurjar Veer silent film is released.
 * Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar

Law

 * Indian Partnership Act
 * Criminal Law Amendment Act
 * Tea District Emigrant Labour Act

Births

 * 1 January – Shamsul Islam, Bangladeshi politician (died 2018)
 * 6 January – Kamleshwar, writer, screenwriter, critic and essayist (died 2007).
 * 7 January – Obaid Siddiqui, neurogeneticist. (died 2013)
 * 13 February – V. Balakrishnan, writer and translator (died 2004).
 * 13 February – Leela Devi, writer, translator, and teacher (died 1998).
 * 18 May – D. Pandian, politician (died 2021)
 * 1 June – Ashis Roy, marathon runner
 * 7 June – M. S. Narasimhan, mathematician (died 2021)
 * 12 June – Padmini, actress and dancer (died 2006).
 * 12 June – E. Sreedharan, IES
 * 22 June
 * Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar, orthopedic surgeon
 * Amrish Puri.jpg[[Amrish Puri]], actor (died 2005).
 * 1 August – Meena Kumari, actress (died 1972).
 * 20 August – Chandrakant Bakshi, author (died 2006).
 * 17 September – Indarjit Singh, journalist and broadcaster
 * 20 September – Hamid Dalwai, social reformer and writer (died 1977).
 * 27 September – Yash Chopra, director and producer (died 2012).
 * 29 September – Mehmood, actor, director and producer (died 2004).
 * 13 October – Anup Kumar, actor (died 1997).
 * 5 December – Nadira, actress (died 2006).
 * 21 December – U. R. Ananthamurthy, writer and critic. (died 2014)
 * 25 December – Raees Mohammad, cricketer (died 2022 in Pakistan)
 * 28 December– Dhirubhai Ambani, businessman, founder of Reliance Group(died 2002 in India)

title: 1932 in India


text:
Nick Smith

Nick Smith may refer to:

Politicians

 * Nick Smith (British politician) (born 1960), Labour Member of Parliament for Blaenau Gwent
 * Nick Smith (American politician) (born 1934), American congressman from Michigan
 * Nick Smith (New Zealand politician) (born 1964), Member of Parliament for Nelson

Others

 * Nick Smith (footballer, born 1984), Australian rules football player for Melbourne
 * Nick Smith (footballer, born 1988), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
 * Nick Smith (Home and Away), character in the Australian television soap opera Home and Away
 * Nick Smith (ice hockey) (born 1979), Canadian NHL player with the Florida Panthers
 * Nick Smith (canoeist) (born 1969), British slalom canoer
 * Nick Smith Jr. (born 2004), American basketball player
 * Nicholas J. J. Smith, Australian philosopher
 * Nicholas Michael Smith (born 1967), British conductor and composer

title: Nick Smith


text:
Villa Maria College

Villa Maria College is a private Roman Catholic college in Buffalo, New York. It was founded in 1960 by the Felician Sisters.

History
The college was initially a teacher-training center for sisters in the education apostolate and was established as an affiliate of the Catholic University of America. In 1961, a provisional charter was secured from the Board of Regents of the State of New York to grant Associate in Arts and Associate in Applied Science degrees to women religious.

The Paul William Beltz Family Art Gallery
The Paul William Beltz Family Art Gallery is located on the ground floor of the Main Building on campus. It gives students a professional space to display and share their work on campus. The gallery features exhibitions from students, faculty, as well as local and regional artists.

Athletics
The Villa Maria athletic teams are called the Vikings. The college is a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), competing as an independent.

Villa Maria competes in seven intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country and soccer. Club sports include co-ed cheerleading.

title: Villa Maria College


text:
Ambedkar (disambiguation)

B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) was an Indian politician and social reformer.

Ambedkar may also refer to:

People with the surname

 * Ambedkar family, the family of B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)
 * Anandraj Ambedkar (born 1967), Indian politician
 * Bhimrao Ambedkar (Uttar Pradesh politician) (fl. from 2007), Indian politician
 * Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar (born 1954), known as Balasaheb Ambedkar, Indian politician and lawyer
 * Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (1898–1935, wife of B. R. Ambedkar
 * Savita Ambedkar (1909–2003), Indian activist, second wife of B. R. Ambedkar
 * Yashwant Ambedkar (1912—1977), also known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar, Indian politician and son of B. R. Ambedkar

Other uses

 * List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar

title: Ambedkar (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)

Untitled
Polish page is at http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Województwo_gdańskie, but the link doesn;t seem to work

The solution seems to be to create a link to

http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojewodztwo_gdanskie

which is redirect to the right location

title: Talk:Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)


text:
Ted Briggs

Albert Edward Pryke Briggs (1 March 1923 – 4 October 2008) was a British seaman and the last of the three survivors of the destruction of the battlecruiser HMS Hood (51). He remained in the Royal Navy after the Second World War and was later commissioned, serving a total of 35 years in the Royal Navy by the time of his retirement in 1973.

Early Life
Born 1 March 1923 in Redcar, North Riding of Yorkshire, Briggs first saw Hood at anchor off the River Tees when he was 12, and volunteered to join the Royal Navy the following day. He was told he would have to wait until he was 15, so it was on 7 March 1938, one week after his 15th birthday, that he finally joined the navy.

Naval Service
Briggs was trained at HMS Ganges (shore establishment) for 16 months. After his training he was delighted to be assigned to HMS Hood which he joined on 29 July 1939. He initially served as an officers' messenger.

Sinking of "Hood"
Soon after the Second World War began, Hood was assigned to patrol and escort duty in the North Atlantic and also served as part of Force H in the Mediterranean Sea. In May 1941, Hood was dispatched with HMS Prince of Wales (53) to intercept the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck in the Denmark Straits. The German ship was 20 years newer and slightly larger than Hood. She had modern main armament and superior armour. The battle-cruiser encountered Bismarck and engaged her at long range. Bismarck returned fire and destroyed Hood, killing all aboard except for Briggs and two others. The Battle of the Denmark Strait and the loss of Hood were regarded by the British public as one of the greatest disasters to befall the Royal Navy during the war. Prince of Wales survived, only to be sunk by Japanese bombers in December 1941.

Ted Briggs, on the compass platform near the bridge, recalled not hearing the initial explosion, but only a huge sheet of flame that shot around Hood's compass platform, followed by a heavy list. When the list reached 30 degrees Briggs realised that "she was not coming back". Briggs states that no order was given to abandon ship, saying that "It just wasn't necessary," and that he found himself in the water about 50 yd from Hood as her B-Turret went under after he made it only halfway down the ladder leading to the bridge. As Briggs and the remaining crew on the compass platform struggled to escape, Briggs remembered "The flag Lieutenant who was just in front of me stood to one side to let me go through ... I'll never forget that." He also could remember how the compass master had stood on the platform "tall and fearless" as the water pulled him down. Briggs himself attempted to swim away from the vessel but was pulled under by her as she started toward the ocean bottom. Briggs remembers struggling to stay afloat, giving up hope, and then miraculously being propelled to the surface. This was probably the result of air escaping from the ship, possibly the bridge windows collapsing and releasing trapped air, or a boiler explosion. He then remembered that "When I reached the surface, 50 yd away I saw her bows, vertical out of the water. That image would haunt me in nightmares for the next 40 years. When I swam clear of the ship, seconds later I turned back, she was gone".

After Hood sank, Briggs got aboard a raft from the ship and saw only two other survivors, Bob Tilburn and Bill Dundas, who boarded some rafts as well. Briggs paddled his raft to the other two survivors and stayed by their sides, holding their hands and singing popular British songs to keep them conscious. After three hours, and about to pass out from hypothermia, the three survivors were rescued by HMS Electra (H27).

The three were the only survivors of the sinking; 1,415 were confirmed lost. In both publications and recorded interviews, he refers to the sacrifice made by the squadron's navigating officer Commander John Warrand, who stood aside and allowed him to exit the compass platform first. Briggs also confirms that the squadron commanding officer, Vice Admiral Lancelot Holland, was last seen still sitting in his admiral's chair, in utter dejection. He was making no attempt to escape the ship as she sank.

Later Career
After the loss of Hood he was assigned to HMS Mercury (shore establishment) and also participated in the inquiry into the loss of Hood. He was then transferred to HMS Royal Arthur (shore establishment) and then to the requisitioned merchantman HMS Hilary (1940). Hilary served as a Combined Operations Headquarters ship, at Salerno and had the same role during the D-Day landings. Later he served aboard HMS Mercury as a fleetwork instructor. Briggs was promoted first to leading signalman in March 1942, and then yeoman of signals in March 1943. Briggs remained in the Royal Navy after the end of the war, became an officer, and served until 1973 in a variety of capacities.

Retirement
Briggs retired on 2 February 1973, with the rank of lieutenant, settled in the south of England and worked in Fareham as a furnished lettings manager. In the year he retired, at the Queen's Birthday Honours he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In 1975, Briggs joined the HMS Hood Association as one of its youngest members and was elected as its first President. In 1995, Briggs again served as president of the organisation.

Briggs regularly told his story as a guest-speaker, lecturer, and subject of historical television and radio documentaries. In July 2001, Briggs visited the wreck site and released a plaque which commemorates the lost crew of the Hood. He was co-author of a book on the subject, titled Flagship "Hood": The Fate of Britain's Mightiest Warship. Briggs recorded an oral history with the Imperial War Museum, which is available on its website.

Death
Ted Briggs died in the Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, on 4 October 2008 at the age of 85.

Military service

 * July 1939 – May 1941: HMS Hood (51)
 * 1941 to possibly 1943: shore establishments HMS Mercury (shore establishment) and HMS Royal Arthur (shore establishment)
 * 1943–1944: HMS Hilary (1940), including Salerno and Normandy
 * October 1945: HMS Brissenden (1943) – Palestine patrols
 * April 1948: HMS Mercury as fleetwork instructor
 * February 1949: HMS Maidstone (1937) – 2nd Submarine Squadron
 * October 1949: HMS Mercury – cryptographic instructor
 * February 1950: HMS Ceylon (30) – Korean War
 * July 1952: HMS Mercury – signal instructors course
 * January 1953: rated as chief yeoman of signals served at CinC EASTLANT (Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic Area, NATO) Communications Centre
 * November 1953: HMS Indefatigable (R10) and HMS Theseus (R64) training squadron as training chief yeoman
 * December 1955: commissioned officer. HMS Mercury – commissioned communication officer course
 * July 1956: promoted to commissioned communication officer
 * September 1956: HMS Ceylon as a signals officer – Suez Crisis
 * May 1958: HMS Mercury
 * January 1959: HMS Sea Eagle (1947) (Derry) as assistant base communications officer
 * December 1960: HMS Mercury – new entry training officer
 * April 1961: promoted to lieutenant
 * February 1963: assigned to HMS Loch Killisport (K628) as communications officer – 3rd Frigate Squadron
 * June 1964: Whitehall Wireless Station as rating control officer
 * October 1966: HMS Ganges (shore establishment) as communications officer
 * June 1969: HMNB Devonport as officer in charge of the Signal Training Centre
 * January 1971: HMS Excellent (shore establishment) (Whale Island) as officer in charge of the Leading Rates Leadership School

Decorations and medals
In addition to being appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, Lieutenant Briggs's medals included the 1939–1945 Star, Atlantic Star with "France and Germany" clasp, Italy Star, War Medal 1939–1945 with mention-in-dispatches device, Naval General Service Medal with "Palestine 1945–48" and "Near East" clasps, Korea Medal, United Nations Korea Medal, General Service Medal with "Borneo" clasp, and Naval Long Service and Good Conduct Medal.

title: Ted Briggs


text:
Roosevelt, Seattle

Roosevelt is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington. Its main thoroughfare, originally 10th Avenue, was renamed Roosevelt Way upon Theodore Roosevelt's death in 1919. The neighborhood received the name as the result of a Community Club contest held eight years later, in 1927.

Roosevelt's principal and minor arterials are the one-way pair Roosevelt Way (southbound) and 12th Avenue NE (northbound), Lake City Way (SR 522) and 15th Avenue NE, and NE 65th and 75th Streets. City streets are laid out and designated in a pattern; see street layout of Seattle, directionals.

The boundaries of the neighborhood are Interstate 5 to the west, beyond which lies Green Lake; NE Ravenna Boulevard and NE 60th Street to the south, beyond which is the University District; 15th Avenue NE to the east, beyond which is Ravenna; and Lake City Way (SR 522) to the north, beyond which lies Maple Leaf.

Schools
The Roosevelt district is also home to Roosevelt High School (RHS, opened 1922), one of the older schools in the Seattle Public Schools District. Like the street, it is named after Teddy, not Franklin D. Roosevelt. For many years, Roosevelt High School and Garfield High School juggled the lead in the school district in many academic and sports fields. Alumni include Mark Pattison, who played football for the University of Washington Huskies and was drafted in the seventh round in 1985 by the Oakland Raiders of the NFL, actress Rose McGowan,(also attended Nova) and Nobel laureates Linda B. Buck and Robert Lucas Jr.

Shops
Although primarily a residential neighborhood, the Roosevelt district had a Sears department store from 1928 to 1980. After its closure, the land was redeveloped as Roosevelt Square, which now features supermarket Whole Foods Market and a Mud Bay pet store among other businesses. A block beyond Roosevelt Way to the west is the longest-established vegetarian restaurant in Seattle, independent Sunlight Cafe, nearly as old (1978) as Starbucks. Numerous other small businesses still line 65th Street and Roosevelt Way. Teddy's is a multi-generational, multi-subculture popular biker bar. Roosevelt Way from 62nd Street north to 64th was somewhat of an "audio row", having featured a concentration of stores selling high-end audio and video systems and components. Today, only two such stores remain.

Parks
The neighborhood includes two parks: Cowen Park, in the southeast corner (contiguous with the larger Ravenna Park of Ravenna); and Froula Playground, in the northeast corner, adjacent to the Green Lake Reservoir. The source of Ravenna Creek has been reduced to Cowen Park; since completion of the partial daylighting in 2006, the creek has been reconnected to Lake Washington.

Transportation
The underground Roosevelt Link light rail station located at NE 65th St and 12th Ave NE opened for service on October 2, 2021, which connects Roosevelt to downtown Seattle as well as the Northgate neighborhood to the north.

The Roosevelt Light-Rail Station sparked remarkable growth in the area. During the nine-year transit construction period, the neighborhood transformed by replacing single-family homes with midrise apartments. Between 2016 and the opening of rail in 2021, there was a 95% increase in housing units, totaling 1,626 new residences.

title: Roosevelt, Seattle


text:
Raphe nuclei

The raphe nuclei (, "seam") are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. They have 5-HT1 receptors which are coupled with Gi/Go-protein-inhibiting adenyl cyclase. They function as autoreceptors in the brain and decrease the release of serotonin. The anxiolytic drug Buspirone acts as partial agonist against these receptors. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets.

Anatomy
The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem.

In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the nucleus raphe pallidus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus raphe pontis, the median raphe nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, caudal linear nucleus. In the first systematic examination of the raphe nuclei, Taber et al.. (1960) originally proposed the existence of two linear nuclei (nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis). This study was published before techniques enabling the visualization of serotonin or the enzymes participating in its synthesis had been developed, as first demonstrated by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964. Later, it was revealed that of these two nuclei, only the former (nucleus linearis intermedius, now known as the caudal linear nucleus), proved to contain serotonin-producing neurons, though both of them contain dopaminergic neurons.

In some works (e.g. ), researchers have grouped the nuclei lineares into one nucleus, the nucleus linearis, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g., NeuroNames makes the following ordering:
 * Raphe nuclei of medulla oblongata
 * Nucleus raphe obscurus
 * Nucleus raphe magnus
 * Nucleus pallidus
 * Raphe nuclei of the pontine reticular formation
 * Nucleus raphe pontis
 * Nucleus centralis inferior
 * Raphe nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation
 * Nucleus centralis superior (median raphe nucleus)
 * Nucleus raphe dorsalis

Nomenclature
The Latin names commonly used for most of these nuclei are grammatically and orthographically incorrect. Latin grammar would require to use the genitive case raphes ('of the seam') instead of the nominative case raphe ('seam') in these Latin expressions. The main authority in anatomical names, Terminologia Anatomica uses for example nucleus raphes magnus instead of the grammatically incorrect nucleus raphe magnus. The spelling raphe/raphes however can also be contested as numerous sources  indicate that raphe is an incorrect Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek word ῥαφή as the initial letter rho with rough breathing (spiritus asper) is normally rendered as rh in Latin. The edition of the Nomina Anatomica that was ratified in Jena in 1935 used rhaphe instead of raphe.

Projections
These nuclei interact with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.

Overall, the caudal raphe nuclei, including the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe obscurus, all project towards the spinal cord and brain stem. The more-rostral nuclei, including the nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus centralis superior (also called median raphe nucleus, mRN) and nucleus raphe dorsalis (dRN) project towards the brain areas of higher function

The numerous projections from the mRN and dRN to key brain structures make serotonergic system fundamental in regulating brain homeostasis. However, studies also show feedback loops from numerous areas of the brain controlling the serotonergic neurons located in the nucleus raphe dorsalis, including the orbital cortex, cingulate cortex, medial preoptic area, lateral preoptic area, and several areas of the hypothalamus. The connection between these areas, particularly between the nucleus raphe dorsalis and the orbital cortices, is thought to have influences on depression and obsessive compulsive disorder prognosis.

Function
The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system. Many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic; i.e., contain serotonin, a type of monoamine neurotransmitter and are modulated through fibrous pathways in the midbrain.

Projections from the raphe nuclei also terminate in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter where they regulate the release of enkephalins, which inhibit pain sensation.

The raphe nuclei provide feedback to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), thus contributing in circadian rhythms in animals. The SCN transmits to the raphe nuclei via the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus altering serotonin levels for sleep/wake states. The raphe nuclei will then transmit feedback to the SCN about the animal's vigilance and levels of alertness. This reciprocal feedback between the two structures provides an adaptable yet stable basis of circadian rhythms.

Thermoregulation
A large increase in sympathetic nerve activity was observed when an excitatory amino acid was injected into the Raphe Pallidus, resulting in both brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature and heart rate increasing. This suggests that activation of the raphe nucleus results in an increase in sympathetic activity to the BAT.

The raphe pallidus wasn't switched off using 8-OH-DPAT, which in turn reduced body temperature due to a reduced response to cold. This suggests the importance of the raphe nucleus in responding appropriately to the cold.

The raphe nuclei and the effects of ghrelin
More recent studies of the Raphe Nuclei done with rats involve the effects of ghrelin on the dorsal raphe nucleus. When administered, larger doses of ghrelin act centrally on the raphe nucleus, hippocampus, and amygdala which causes dramatic increases in food intake, memory retention, and increases in anxiety. The effects of ghrelin are seen on the raphe nucleus as soon as an hour after injection, suggesting rapid changes in the structure of the nucleus. Changes also occur after 24 hours suggesting delayed modifications as well.

title: Raphe nuclei


text:
Winnifred Eaton (writer)

Winnifred Eaton (August 21, 1875 – April 8, 1954) was a Canadian author and screenwriter of Chinese-British ancestry. Publishing prolifically under a number of names, most predominantly, the pseudonym Onoto Watanna, she was one of the first North American writers of Asian descent to publish fiction in English.

Biography
Eaton was the daughter of an English merchant, Edward C. Eaton (1839 – 1915), and a Chinese performer, Achuen "Grace" Amoy (1846 – 1922). The two married in Shanghai in 1863 but relocated to England a year later. Over the next few years, the Eaton family moved back and forth from England to New York several times before finally relocating permanently to Montreal in 1872, where Winnifred was born.

The Eaton family was large; Winnifred was the eighth of 12 children who survived infancy. Edward Eaton struggled to support the family, who moved frequently from one lodging to the next. Nonetheless, the children were raised in an intellectually stimulating environment. Winnifred's eldest sister, Edith Maude Eaton, would become a journalist and, under the pen name Sui Sin Far, an author of stories about Chinese immigrants to the United States, and her older sister Grace Helen Eaton would marry fin-de-siècle editor Walter Blackburn Harte.

Winnifred achieved early success, publishing her first stories in Canadian and U.S. newspapers and magazines as a teenager and publishing her first novel, Miss Nume of Japan, in 1898. She would eventually publish over a dozen novels and dozens of short stories and articles.

While living in New York City, Eaton met journalist Bertrand Babcock, the son of Emma Whitcomb Babcock and Charles Almanzo Babcock. The two married in 1901 and had four children, three sons and a daughter; Perry, the oldest, died as a child. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1917, and in the same year, Eaton married Francis Fournier Reeve. Moving to Alberta in her native Canada, Eaton ranched with her husband while continuing to write. For a time in the mid-1920s, she moved to work in the film industry, first to New York in 1924 and then, in 1925, to Hollywood.

She returned to Calgary in 1932 and became an active member of the artistic community, founding Alberta's Little Theatre Movement and serving as the president of the Calgary branch of the Canadian Authors' Association.

In 1954, while returning home from a vacation in California, Eaton fell ill and died of heart failure in Butte, Montana. Following her death, her husband donated funds to build the Reeve Theatre at the University of Calgary.

Literary career
Eaton claimed to be only 14 when one of her stories was accepted for publication by a Montreal newspaper that had already published pieces by her sister. In fact, she was almost 20 when her story "A Poor Devil" was published in Metropolitan Magazine. Eaton left home at age 20 to take a job as a stenographer for a newspaper in Kingston, Jamaica. She remained there for less than a year, then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and then Chicago, Illinois, where for a time she worked as a typist while continuing to write short stories. Eventually, her compositions were accepted by the prestigious Saturday Evening Post as well as by other popular periodicals. She published her first novel, Miss Nume of Japan capitalizing on her mixed ancestry to pass herself off as a Japanese American by the name of Onoto Watanna (which sounds Japanese but is not Japanese at all).

In 1900, Eaton moved to New York City, where her second major novel, A Japanese Nightingale, was published. It proved extremely successful, being translated into several languages and eventually adapted both as a Broadway play and then, in 1918, as a motion picture. Her novel Tama (1910) was a runaway bestseller and her novel Me, A Book of Remembrance, a thinly disguised memoir, told a titillating tale of a woman's infidelities. Under her Japanese pseudonym, Eaton published many romance novels and short stories and journalistic works that were widely read throughout the United States. Over the course of her 40-year career, Eaton also had articles published in many popular magazines in the United States, including the Ladies' Home Journal and Harper's Monthly.

In collaboration with her sister Sara Eaton Bosse, Eaton published the Chinese-Japanese Cook Book in 1914. The authors preface their history of Asian food and a representative selection of recipes with the reassurance that "When it is known how simple and clean are the ingredients used to make up these oriental dishes, the Westerner will cease to feel that natural repugnance which assails one when about to taste a strange dish of a new and strange land."

After marrying Frank Reeve and moving to Alberta, Eaton continued to write fiction and journalism, mostly with an Albertan focus. She became intrigued by the financial opportunities offered in the burgeoning film industry and began to write scenarios, or early screenplays, for silent films. After receiving her first credit from Universal Studios in 1921 for the scenario for the silent film False Kisses, she left Calgary in 1924 to work at Universal's New York City offices. The following year, Universal tapped her to lead their scenario department in Hollywood, California. She also ghost-wrote scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. She is credited on six films, all produced by Universal; her work on many others remains uncredited.

Eaton's publications, including all her novels, have been collected in the Winnifred Eaton Archive.

Partial bibliography

 * His Royal Nibs (1925)
 * Cattle (1923)
 * Sunny-San (1922)
 * Marion: The Story of an Artist's Model (1916); reprint edition edited by Karen E. H. Skinazi (2012)
 * Me: A Book of Remembrance (1915); reprint edition edited by Linda Trinh Moser (1997)
 * Chinese-Japanese Cook Book (with Sara Eaton Bosse, 1914)
 * The Honorable Miss Moonlight (1912)
 * Tama (1910)
 * The Diary of Delia (1907)
 * A Japanese Blossom (1906)
 * The Love of Azalea (1904)
 * Daughters of Nijo (1904)
 * The Heart of Hyacinth (1903); reprint edition edited by Samina Najmi (2000)
 * The Wooing of Wistaria (1902)
 * A Japanese Nightingale (1901); reprint edition (published with Madame Butterfly, by John Luther Long) edited by Jean Lee Cole and Maureen Honey (2002)
 * Miss Numè of Japan (1899); reprint edition edited by Eve Oishi (1999)

Selected filmography

 * East Is West (1930)
 * Young Desire (1930)
 * Undertow (1930)
 * Shanghai Lady (1929)
 * The Mississippi Gambler (1929)
 * False Kisses (1921)

title: Winnifred Eaton (writer)


text:
Harry Vardon

Henry William Vardon (9 May 1870 – 20 March 1937) was a professional golfer from Jersey. He was a member of the Great Triumvirate with John Henry Taylor and James Braid. Vardon won The Open Championship a record six times, and also won the 1900 U.S. Open.

Early years
Born in Grouville, Jersey, Channel Islands, Vardon, whose mother was French and father English, did not play much golf as a youngster, but showed natural talent for the sport as a young caddie in his teens. Harry and his brother Tom Vardon, younger by two years and also interested in golf, were very close. Their golf development was held back by poor family circumstances and their father was not supportive of his sons' golf interest. Tom moved from Jersey to England first, to pursue a golf career. Harry went to England in the spring of 1890, taking a job as greenkeeper at age 20, at Studley Royal Golf Club, Ripon, Yorks. A year later he became club professional at Bury Golf Club, and in 1896 the club professional at Ganton Golf Club, in Yorkshire. By his early 20s, Harry developed a demanding practice program, the most ambitious seen to that time. He was the first professional golfer to play in knickerbockers – discarding the "proper" dress of an Englishman in an uncomfortable shirt and tie with a buttoned jacket.

In 1896, Vardon won the first of his six Open Championships (a record that still stands today). Vardon had rivalries with James Braid and J.H. Taylor, who each won five Open Championships; together the three formed the 'Great Triumvirate', and dominated worldwide golf from the mid-1890s to the mid-1910s. These rivalries increased the public's interest in golf.

Scottish challenge
In 1898 Harry Vardon won his second Open Championship at Prestwick Golf Club, beating Willie Park, Jnr by a single stroke. Park missed a makeable putt on the 18th green to take the match to a play off. So aggrieved was Park that he immediately offered a challenge to Vardon to play him over 72 holes, 36 holes at his home course of Musselburgh and 36 holes at a golf course of Vardon's choosing, for a wager of £100 per side. Park had offered similar challenges before; some years earlier he had met and defeated Ben Sayers at Musselburgh and North Berwick, and in 1897 Park defeated J.H. Taylor over two venues, also for £100 per side. Vardon refused Park's challenge; besides the £100 per side, Vardon had nothing to gain from such a match, and he most certainly was not going to play Park at Musselburgh, where fan partisanship was less than courteous to rival players.

Eventually Park conceded to play his home leg at North Berwick Golf Club instead of Musselburgh, and Vardon chose his home course of Ganton, Yorkshire. Golf Week magazine acted as both promoter and stakeholder, and the match took place in July 1899, by which time Vardon had won his third Open Championship. The British press billed the encounter as the greatest golf competition of all time. Such was the interest that 10,000 Scottish fans attended the match at North Berwick, and that on a day when the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) was making a State visit to nearby Edinburgh. Special trains were laid on to ferry fans from Edinburgh and other nearby towns. The format of the competition was match play. The first 36 holes at North Berwick ended with Vardon holding a two-hole lead. The second leg took place two weeks later at Ganton, and Vardon completed the rout, winning 11 up with ten holes to play, collecting the £200 prize and the glory.

Tours United States and Canada
During his career, Harry Vardon made three visits to North America, in 1900, 1913 and 1920. During all three trips he competed in the U.S. Open finishing 1st, 2nd and tied 2nd.

He became golf's first international celebrity in 1900 when he toured the United States and Canada. John Henry Taylor, the 1900 Open Champion and member of the Great Triumvirate, also traveled to the USA on a mini tour in 1900. Vardon played in more than 90 matches and capped it off with a victory in the U.S. Open, where Taylor was second. Vardon wrote that while on this tour, he lost only two matches while playing head-to-head against a single opponent, and both were against the Boston professional Bernard (Ben) Nicholls, older brother of Gilbert Nicholls; the Nicholls brothers had recently emigrated from the British Isles. In 1913, accompanied by Ted Ray, Vardon played in 45 exhibition matches winning 36 of them, and in 1920 at age 50, again accompanied by Ray, he played from July to the beginning of November in nearly 100 exhibition/challenge matches against the likes of Walter Hagen, Jim Barnes, Francis Ouimet and Bobby Jones.

Twice runner-up in U.S. Opens
Vardon was the runner-up, after a playoff loss to the 20-year-old Ouimet, at his next U.S. Open in 1913, an event portrayed in the film The Greatest Game Ever Played. He toured North America with Ted Ray that year, as he did once more in 1920. At the age of 50, Vardon was again tied runner-up in his third and final U.S. Open appearance, in 1920; he was leading with a few holes to play.

Career accomplishments
During his career, Vardon won 48 tournaments and 21 team events; that was the most titles won by a single player to that juncture in golf history. He won the German Open in 1911 and the British PGA Matchplay Championship in 1912. Between 1898 and 1899 Vardon played in 17 tournaments, winning 14 and coming 2nd in the other three. Vardon popularised the overlapping grip that bears his name, one still used by over 90 percent of golfers; this grip had been originated by Johnny Laidlay a few years before Vardon adopted it. In his later years, he became a golf course architect, designing several courses in Britain, Llandrindod Wells Golf Club, Woodhall Spa and Radcliffe-on-Trent being notable examples.

Tuberculosis
Following a bout with tuberculosis in 1903, Vardon struggled with health problems for years, but turned to coaching and writing golf instruction and inspirational books.

Death and legacy
After his comeback to the game following a prolonged absence while recovering from tuberculosis, he experienced serious problems with his short-range putting as a result of nerve damage to his right hand, and several commentators claim that he could have added to his list of majors had this disability not afflicted him. Vardon and James Braid collaborated on several editions of Spalding Athletic Library "How to Play Golf".

Vardon died in 1937 at the age 66, of pleurisy or possibly lung cancer, at his home at 14 (now number 35) Totteridge Lane, Whetstone, London, and is buried in St. Andrew's Church cemetery in Totteridge after a funeral service on 24 March. That year, the PGA of America created the Vardon Trophy, now awarded annually to the player on the PGA Tour with the year's lowest adjusted scoring average. The British PGA also created the Harry Vardon Trophy which now serves as the award for the winner of the European Tour's Race to Dubai. In 1974, Vardon was chosen as one of the initial group of inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame. His most prestigious medals, including those from his six British Open Championships, are on display in a tribute to him at the Jersey Museum. In the annals of golf, he is considered one of the greats of the game. In 2000, Vardon was ranked as the 13th best golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine. Vardon is often called "The Stylist", "Mr. Golf" and "The Icon of Golfing"; another nickname attached to him was "Greyhound".

Vardon grip
Vardon was also well known for the Vardon grip, or overlapping grip, the grip most popular among professional golfers. In the Vardon grip, one places the little finger of the trailing hand (the one placed lower on the club – right hand for a right-handed player) in between the index and middle finger on the leading hand (the hand that is higher on the club). The leading-hand thumb should fit in the lifeline of the trailing hand. Vardon actually took up this grip some time after Johnny Laidlay, a champion Scottish amateur player, invented it.

A visual depiction of the Vardon Grip is the logo of South Herts Golf Club where Vardon was the club professional from 1902 until his death in 1937

Media depictions

 * A biography of Vardon, published in 1991 and authored by his daughter-in-law, Audrey Howell, provides much intimate detail about the life of this champion.
 * English actor Stephen Dillane portrayed Vardon in director Bill Paxton's 2005 film The Greatest Game Ever Played. A book of the same name (upon which the movie was based), written by Mark Frost, goes into great detail depicting Vardon's life.
 * Irish-American actor Aidan Quinn portrayed Vardon in the 2004 film Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius.
 * Harry Vardon authored a golf instruction book, The Gist of Golf.
 * A career record of Vardon, published in 2015 and authored by Bill Williams, provides a definitive list of the tournaments he played in and where he finished in the field.
 * Bill Williams authored in 2016 a second book about Vardon, and his three trips to North America in 1900, 1913 and 1920. The book traces the beginnings of golf in America, the influence Vardon had in popularizing the game and his role in bringing about the Ryder Cup.

Tournament wins (49)
Major championships are shown in bold.

Singles (48)

 * 1896 The Open Championship, Pau Golf Club Invitational (Fra), Cleveland Golf Club Pro Tournament (Eng)
 * 1897 Wallasey Open (Eng), Southport Open (Eng)
 * 1898 The Open Championship, Royal Musselburgh Open (Sco), Prestwick St Nicholas Tournament (Sco), Windermere Invitational (Eng), Norbury Invitational (Eng), Carnoustie Pro Event (Sco), Earlsferry & Elie Professional Tournament (Sco), County Down Professional Tournament (Ire), Barton-on-Sea Invitational (Eng), Lytham St Annes Professional Tournament (Eng)
 * 1899 The Open Championship, Cruden Bay Professional Tournament (Sco), Irish Championship Meeting Professional Tournament (Ire), Mid-Surrey Professional Meeting (Eng)
 * 1900 U.S. Open
 * 1901 Mid-Surrey Professional Tournament (Eng), Glamorganshire Golf Club Invitational (Wal)
 * 1902 Leeds Cup (Eng), Witley Court Invitational (Eng), Edzell Golf Club Open Meeting (Sco)
 * 1903 The Open Championship, Richmond Golf Club Invitational (Eng), Enfield Golf Club Invitational (Eng), Western Gailes Invitational (Sco)
 * 1904 The Irvine Golf Club Match Play (Sco)
 * 1905 Montrose Open (Sco)
 * 1906 Musselburgh Tournament (Sco), News of the World Matchplay Southern Section qualifying at Stanmore (tie with James Braid) (Eng)
 * 1907 Blackpool Park Invitational (Eng)
 * 1908 Nice International Tournament (Fra), Costebelle Club Invitational (Fra)
 * 1909 St Andrews Tournament (Sco)
 * 1911 The Open Championship, Tooting Bec Cup (Eng), Bramshot Cup (Eng), German Open (Ger)
 * 1912 Cooden Beach Open (Eng), News of the World Match Play (Eng)
 * 1913 Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Southern Section qualifying at Denham (tie with James Batley) (Eng), US Open qualifying Tournament (USA)
 * 1914 The Open Championship, Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Southern Section qualifying at Worplesdon (Eng), Cruden Bay Professional Tournament (Sco)

Foursomes (1)

 * 1913 Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Tournament (Eng) – (with Tom Willamson)

Team event wins
He won team events from 1899 to 1928.
 * 1899 England vs Scotland International Foursome (36 holes match play) Vardon & John Ball vs Freddie Tait & Willie Park, Jr.
 * 1905 England vs Scotland International Foursome (144 holes match play) Vardon & J.H. Taylor vs James Braid & Sandy Herd
 * 1906 England vs Scotland at Muirfield (Sco) – England won 12 – 6
 * 1907 England vs Scotland at Hoylake (Eng) – England won 8 – 5 (3 halved)
 * 1908 Great Britain vs France at Cagnes (Fra) – Great Britain won 3 – 0
 * 1909 England vs Scotland at Royal Cinque Ports (Eng) – England won 11 – 4 (3 halved)
 * 1910 England vs Scotland at St Andrews (Sco) – England won 11 – 5 (2 halved)
 * 1911 Coronation Match (Eng) – Professionals beat Amateurs 8 – 1
 * 1913 England vs Scotland at Hoylake (Eng) – England won 13 – 4 (1 halved)
 * 1914 International Charity Match (England vs Scotland) at Fulwell Golf Course (Eng) – England won 8 – 6 (4 halved)
 * 1920 England vs Scotland at Moray Golf Club (Sco) – England won 7 – 5 (1 halved)
 * 1921 Great Britain vs USA at Gleneagles (Sco) – GB won 9 – 3 (3 halved)
 * 1928 Seniors vs Juniors at Verulam (Eng) – Seniors won 7 – 1 (2 halved)

Wins (7)
1 Defeated J.H. Taylor in 36-hole playoff by 4 strokes

2 Defeated Arnaud Massy in 36-hole playoff: Massy conceded on the 35th hole

Results timeline
Note: Vardon only played in The Open Championship and the U.S. Open.

{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NYF = Tournament not yet founded

NT = No tournament

CUT = missed the half-way cut

"T" indicates a tie for a place

title: Harry Vardon


text:
User:Arnejohs

I am working at the University of Tromsø, Norway, as a bioeconomist since 1987. Occasionally I participate in WikiMath as a Mathematica programmer since 1989.

more..

title: User:Arnejohs


text:
Weyl algebra

Let $$ (R,\Delta) $$ be a partial differential ring with commuting derivatives $$ \Delta = \lbrace \partial_1,\ldots,\partial_m \rbrace $$. The Weyl algebra associated to $$(R,\Delta)$$ is the noncommutative ring $$ R[\partial_1,\ldots,\partial_m] $$ satisfying the relations $$ \partial_i r = r\partial_i + \partial_i(r) $$ for all $$ r \in R $$.

This article focuses on the special case where $$ R=F[x_1,\ldots,x_n] $$ and $$ \Delta = \lbrace \partial_{x_1},\ldots,\partial_{x_n} \rbrace $$ where $$ F $$ is a field which is, in some references, called "the" Weyl algebra.

In abstract algebra, the Weyl algebra is the ring of differential operators with polynomial coefficients (in one variable), namely expressions of the form
 * $$ f_m(X) \partial_X^m + f_{m-1}(X) \partial_X^{m-1} + \cdots + f_1(X) \partial_X + f_0(X).$$

More precisely, let F be the underlying field, and let F[X] be the ring of polynomials in one variable, X, with coefficients in F. Then each fi lies in F[X], ∂X is the derivative with respect to X, and the algebra is generated by X and ∂X.

The Weyl algebra is an example of a simple ring that is not a matrix ring over a division ring. It is also a noncommutative example of a domain, and an example of an Ore extension.

The Weyl algebra is isomorphic to the quotient of the free algebra on two generators, X and Y, by the ideal generated by the element
 * $$YX - XY = 1~.$$

The Weyl algebra is the first in an infinite family of algebras, also known as Weyl algebras. The n-th Weyl algebra, An, is the ring of differential operators with polynomial coefficients in n variables. It is generated by Xi and ∂X i , i = 1, ..., n.

Weyl algebras are named after Hermann Weyl, who introduced them to study the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics. It is a quotient of the universal enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg algebra, the Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group, by setting the central element of the Heisenberg algebra (namely [X,Y]) equal to the unit of the universal enveloping algebra (called 1 above).

The Weyl algebra is also referred to as the symplectic Clifford algebra. Weyl algebras represent for symplectic bilinear forms the same structure that Clifford algebras represent for non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms.

Generators and relations
One may give an abstract construction of the algebras An in terms of generators and relations. Start with an abstract vector space V (of dimension 2n) equipped with a symplectic form ω. Define the Weyl algebra W(V) to be
 * $$W(V) := T(V) / (\!( v \otimes u - u \otimes v - \omega(v,u), \text{ for } v,u \in V )\!),$$

where T(V) is the tensor algebra on V, and the notation $$(\!\!)$$ means "the ideal generated by".

In other words, W(V) is the algebra generated by V subject only to the relation $vu − uv = ω(v, u)$. Then, W(V) is isomorphic to An via the choice of a Darboux basis for $ω$.

Quantization
The algebra W(V) is a quantization of the symmetric algebra Sym(V). If V is over a field of characteristic zero, then W(V) is naturally isomorphic to the underlying vector space of the symmetric algebra Sym(V) equipped with a deformed product – called the Groenewold–Moyal product (considering the symmetric algebra to be polynomial functions on V∗, where the variables span the vector space V, and replacing iħ in the Moyal product formula with 1).

The isomorphism is given by the symmetrization map from Sym(V) to W(V)
 * $$a_1 \cdots a_n \mapsto \frac{1}{n!} \sum_{\sigma \in S_n} a_{\sigma(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes a_{\sigma(n)}~.$$

If one prefers to have the iħ and work over the complex numbers, one could have instead defined the Weyl algebra above as generated by Xi and iħ∂X i  (as per quantum mechanics usage).

Thus, the Weyl algebra is a quantization of the symmetric algebra, which is essentially the same as the Moyal quantization (if for the latter one restricts to polynomial functions), but the former is in terms of generators and relations (considered to be differential operators) and the latter is in terms of a deformed multiplication.

In the case of exterior algebras, the analogous quantization to the Weyl one is the Clifford algebra, which is also referred to as the orthogonal Clifford algebra.

Properties of the Weyl algebra
In the case that the ground field $F$ has characteristic zero, the nth Weyl algebra is a simple Noetherian domain. It has global dimension n, in contrast to the ring it deforms, Sym(V), which has global dimension 2n.

It has no finite-dimensional representations. Although this follows from simplicity, it can be more directly shown by taking the trace of σ(X) and σ(Y) for some finite-dimensional representation σ (where [X,Y] = 1).
 * $$ \mathrm{tr}([\sigma(X),\sigma(Y)])=\mathrm{tr}(1)~.$$

Since the trace of a commutator is zero, and the trace of the identity is the dimension of the representation, the representation must be zero dimensional.

In fact, there are stronger statements than the absence of finite-dimensional representations. To any finitely generated An-module M, there is a corresponding subvariety Char(M) of V × V∗ called the 'characteristic variety' whose size roughly corresponds to the size of M (a finite-dimensional module would have zero-dimensional characteristic variety). Then Bernstein's inequality states that for M non-zero,
 * $$\dim(\operatorname{char}(M))\geq n$$

An even stronger statement is Gabber's theorem, which states that Char(M) is a co-isotropic subvariety of V × V∗ for the natural symplectic form.

Positive characteristic
The situation is considerably different in the case of a Weyl algebra over a field of characteristic p > 0.

In this case, for any element D of the Weyl algebra, the element Dp is central, and so the Weyl algebra has a very large center. In fact, it is a finitely generated module over its center; even more so, it is an Azumaya algebra over its center. As a consequence, there are many finite-dimensional representations which are all built out of simple representations of dimension p.

Constant center
The center of Weyl algebra is the field of constants. For any element $$ h = f_m(X) \partial_X^m + f_{m-1}(X) \partial_X^{m-1} + \cdots + f_1(X) \partial_X + f_0(X)$$ in the center, $$ h\partial_X = \partial_X h$$ implies $$ f_i'=0$$ for all $$ i$$ and $$ hX =Xh$$ implies $$ f_i=0$$ for $$ i>0$$. Thus $$ h=f_0$$ is a constant.

Generalizations
For more details about this quantization in the case n = 1 (and an extension using the Fourier transform to a class of integrable functions larger than the polynomial functions), see Wigner–Weyl transform.

Weyl algebras and Clifford algebras admit a further structure of a *-algebra, and can be unified as even and odd terms of a superalgebra, as discussed in CCR and CAR algebras.

Affine varieties
Weyl algebras also generalize in the case of algebraic varieties. Consider a polynomial ring
 * $$R = \frac{\mathbb{C}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]}{I}.$$

Then a differential operator is defined as a composition of $$\mathbb{C}$$-linear derivations of $$R$$. This can be described explicitly as the quotient ring
 * $$ \text{Diff}(R) = \frac{\{ D \in A_n\colon D(I) \subseteq I \}}{ I\cdot A_n}.$$

title: Weyl algebra


text:
Variational principle

In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions. For example, the problem of determining the shape of a hanging chain suspended at both ends—a catenary—can be solved using variational calculus, and in this case, the variational principle is the following: The solution is a function that minimizes the gravitational potential energy of the chain.

Physics
The history of the variational principle in classical mechanics started with Maupertuis's principle in the 18th century.

Math
Felix Klein's 1872 Erlangen program attempted to identify invariants under a group of transformations.

In mathematics

 * Ekeland's variational principle in mathematical optimization
 * The finite element method
 * The variation principle relating topological entropy and Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy.

In physics

 * The Rayleigh–Ritz method for solving boundary-value problems in elasticity and wave propagation
 * Fermat's principle in geometrical optics
 * Hamilton's principle in classical mechanics
 * Maupertuis' principle in classical mechanics
 * The principle of least action in mechanics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics
 * The variational method in quantum mechanics
 * Hellmann–Feynman theorem
 * Gauss's principle of least constraint and Hertz's principle of least curvature
 * Hilbert's action principle in general relativity, leading to the Einstein field equations.
 * Palatini variation
 * Hartree–Fock method
 * Density functional theory
 * Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term
 * Variational quantum eigensolver

title: Variational principle