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Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely

Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely was, from 1965 to 1974, an administrative and geographical county in East Anglia in the United Kingdom. In 1974 it became part of an enlarged Cambridgeshire.

Formation
The Local Government Act 1888 created four small neighbouring administrative counties in the east of England: Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, Huntingdonshire, and the Soke of Peterborough. Following the Second World War, a Local Government Boundary Commission was formed to review county-level administration in England and Wales. The commission was of the opinion that counties needed to have a population of between 200,000 and 1 million to provide effective services. Accordingly, they recommended the amalgamation of all four counties into a single entity. The commission's recommendations were not carried out, however.

The reform of local government was returned to in 1958, with the appointment of a Local Government Commission for England. The four counties were included in the East Midlands General Review Area, and the LGCE made its draft proposals in April 1960. The commission identified particular problems in the administration of Cambridgeshire, where the city of Cambridge had 50% of the population and over two-thirds of the rateable value of the county. Cambridge was large enough to qualify for county borough status and be removed from the administrative county, but it was felt that this would render the remainder of Cambridgeshire, which would consist of three rural districts, too small to effectively deliver local services. The LGCE made draft proposals to constitute Cambridge a county borough and create a new administrative county by merging the remainder of the county with the Isle of Ely, Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough. There was considerable opposition to the draft proposals, and the LGCE instead opted in its final report in 1961 to create two counties: Huntingdon and Peterborough, and Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, with Cambridge continuing to form part of the latter county.

The Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Order was made on 14 February 1964, and placed before the House of Commons on 9 March 1964. The amalgamation was opposed by Sir Harry Legge-Bourke, member of parliament (MP) for the Isle of Ely, noting that his constituents "in general were in favour of continuing with an independent county council with which they were entirely satisfied." Legge-Bourke asked why the Isle was to be abolished as a county, when Rutland was being retained, and went on to state that some parts of the area had more interests in common with Peterborough than with Cambridge. The MP for Cambridge, Sir Hamilton Kerr, also objected to the creation of the new county, advocating the original draft proposals and the elevation of his constituency to become a county borough. Nevertheless, the order was approved by 144 votes to 84.

The new county was formed on 1 April 1965 from the areas of the administrative counties of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely (with minor boundary changes) less Thorney Rural District. As well as becoming an administrative county, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely also became a county for other statutory purposes. Accordingly, the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire was retitled Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely. A High Sheriff was also appointed to the new county, and a single commission of peace and court of quarter sessions established.

On the creation of the county, an order under the Police Act 1964 came into force creating the Mid-Anglia Constabulary by merging the Cambridge City Police, Cambridgeshire County Constabulary, Isle of Ely Constabulary, Huntingdonshire Constabulary, and the Peterborough Combined Police Force. On further local government reform in 1974, this became the present Cambridgeshire Constabulary with the same boundaries.

The county ranked 33 out of 46 by population.

Districts
The county was divided into twelve districts: two municipal boroughs, four urban districts and six rural districts. The districts, which were transferred from the previous administrative counties, were:

† Formerly in Cambridgeshire ‡ Formerly in Isle of Ely

Coat of arms

The county council was granted armorial bearings by the College of Arms on 1 September 1965. The coat of arms was a combination of those of the two merged county councils. The blazon of the arms was as follows:

''Or a double tressure flory counter flory gules, overall on a bend wavy azure three crowns or; the shield ensigned by a mural crown or. Supporters: on either side a great bustard proper, the exterior leg resting on a closed book gules, garnished or. Badge: Within an annulet issuant therefrom four fleurs-de-lys in cross an open crown or.''

The gold field and red tressure flory counter flory were taken from the royal arms of Scotland. This was in reference to the fact that the Earldom of Cambridge was held by David I of Scotland in the twelfth century. The blue wave represented the River Cam on which were three crowns from the arms of the Diocese of Ely. The supporters were great bustards, a bird extinct in England, whose last habitat was said to have been in the county. The birds were differenced from those supporting the previous Cambridgeshire arms by the placing of a red book beneath their feet. The book came from the arms of the University of Cambridge. The Latin motto adopted also referred to the university, and was Sapientes Simus or "Let us be men of understanding".

Abolition
The county had only a brief existence: the Local Government Act 1972 reformed all administrative structures in England and Wales outside Greater London. On 1 April 1974, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely was merged with Huntingdon and Peterborough to form a new non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, bringing into effect the amalgamation originally proposed in 1947.

title: Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely


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Lyle Rains

Lyle Rains was a senior executive at the arcade game company Atari and is sometimes, with Ed Logg, listed as a co-developer of the video game Asteroids. In fact, Rains called Logg into his office and said "Well, why don’t we have a game where you shoot the rocks and blow them up?". Rains also served as Executive Producer for a large number of Atari coin-op games. An avid gamer, he wrote a popular online FAQ for the Atari coin-op game KLAX.

He joined old compatriot video game designers in a new company called Innovative Leisure headed by Seamus Blackley in 2012 to design games for phones.

Game credits

 * Tank (1974)
 * Jet Fighter (1975)
 * Steeplechase (1975)
 * Sprint 2 (1976) - also credited with designing the well-known 'Atari arcade font'.
 * Sprint 4 (1977)
 * Atari Football (1978)
 * Sky Raider (1978) - game designer
 * Asteroids (1979)
 * Hard Drivin' (1988)
 * Race Drivin' (1990)
 * Space Lords (1992)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lyle Rains


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Ed Logg

George Edward "Ed" Logg (born 1948 in Seattle) is a retired American arcade video game designer, first employed at Atari, Inc. and later at Atari Games. He currently resides in Los Altos, California. He was educated at University of California, Berkeley and also attended Stanford University.

Career
Logg was impressed with the Atari 2600 (then known as "Atari Video Computer System") and joined Atari's coin-op division and worked on Dirt Bike, which was never released due to an unsuccessful field test. He co-developed with Ed Rotberg Super Breakout after hearing that Nolan Bushnell, co-founder of Atari, wanted Breakout updated. He co-developed the video game Asteroids with Lyle Rains. Other games designed or co-designed by Logg include Centipede, Millipede, the Gauntlet series (with inspiration from John Palevich's Dandy), Wayne Gretzky's 3D Hockey and the home versions of the San Francisco Rush series.

Legacy
In 2011, Logg was awarded a Pioneer Award by the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences for being among those who "laid the foundations of the multi-billion dollar videogame industry." Logg was listed at number 43 in IGN top 100 game creators of all time.

Games

 * Asteroids (1979)
 * Othello (1980)
 * Super Breakout (1981)
 * Centipede (1981)
 * Millipede (1982)
 * Gauntlet (1985)
 * Gauntlet II (1986)
 * Xybots (1987)
 * Tetris (Atari Games) (1988)
 * Steel Talons (1991)
 * Space Lords (1992)
 * Gauntlet IV (1993)
 * Wayne Gretzky's 3D Hockey (1996)
 * San Francisco Rush: Extreme Racing (1997)
 * Rush 2: Extreme Racing USA (1998)
 * San Francisco Rush 2049 (2000)
 * Dr. Muto (2002)

title: Ed Logg


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Ivan Fyodorov

Ivan Fyodorov may refer to:

 * Ivan Fedorov (politician), born 1988, mayor of Melitopol (2020 - 2024)
 * Ivan Fyodorov (printer), sixteenth century, first Eastern Slavic printer
 * Ivan Fyodorov (navigator), Russian navigator, commanding officer of the expedition to northern Alaska, 1732
 * Ivan Fyodorovich Koshkin, died 1427, Russian aristocrat

title: Ivan Fyodorov


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AgustaWestland

AgustaWestland was an Anglo-Italian helicopter design and manufacturing company, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Finmeccanica (now known as Leonardo). It was formed in July 2000 as an Anglo-Italian multinational company, when Finmeccanica and GKN merged their respective helicopter subsidiaries (Agusta and Westland Helicopters) to form AgustaWestland, with each holding a 50% share. Finmeccanica acquired GKN's stake in AgustaWestland in 2004.

In 2016, AgustaWestland was merged into Leonardo S.p.A. (formerly Finmeccanica), where it became the company's helicopters division under the Leonardo Helicopters brand. "AgustaWestland" still exists as a subsidiary of Leonardo but the AgustaWestland public brand is no longer promoted.

History
The collaboration between Agusta and Westland dates back to 1981, when the two companies established the European Helicopter Industries joint venture with the aim of developing a new medium-size utility helicopter, the EH101.

In March 1999, Finmeccanica and GKN announced their intention to merge their respective helicopter subsidiaries. The two parties announced finalised terms for the merger in July 2000, which included a 50-50 ownership structure, and the payment of top-up fees to GKN to compensate for a disparity in profit levels between Agusta and Westland.

In January 2002, AgustaWestland announced that it would be cutting a total of 950 jobs in the United Kingdom and closing its factory in Weston-super-Mare, which carried out customer support work, as activity was concentrated at its main site in Yeovil. On 26 May 2004, GKN confirmed that it had agreed to sell its share of AgustaWestland to Finmeccanica for £1.06 billion. The sale was approved by the British government in October 2004.

AgustaWestland opened offices in Philadelphia in 2005 and won a contract to build the new presidential helicopter Marine One over the U.S. manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft, but this program was cancelled in 2009. In November 2005, it was announced that AgustaWestland had agreed to acquire Bell Helicopter's 25 per cent interest in the AB139 medium twin helicopter program, and to increase its interest in the BA609 civil tiltrotor aircraft from 25 per cent to 40 per cent.

In June 2008, AgustaWestland and the Russia-based helicopter manufacturer Russian Helicopters agreed to form a new joint venture company to assemble AW139 helicopters in Russia. Construction of a $50 million helicopter assembly facility in the town of Tomilino near Moscow began in June 2010.

In early 2010, AgustaWestland acquired PZL-Świdnik, a Polish helicopter manufacturer.

In September 2012, AgustaWestland and Northrop Grumman announced the signing of a comprehensive teaming agreement under which the companies would jointly bid for contracts to build the U.S. Air Force Combat Rescue helicopter and U.S. Navy's new "Marine One" presidential helicopter.

In March 2013, AgustaWestland announced its Project Zero hybrid tiltrotor/fan-in-wing technology demonstrator. The unmanned demonstrator made its first tethered flight in June 2011 at AgustaWestland's Cascina Costa, Italy facility. According to the company, the aircraft "employs no hydraulics, doesn't burn fossil fuel and generates zero emissions."

AgustaWestland AW101 order controversy
India signed a contract to purchase 12 AgustaWestland AW101 helicopters in February 2010 for the Communication Squadron of Indian Air Force to carry the president, PM and other VVIPs. The contract was frozen in February 2013 after allegations surfaced that US$60 million had been paid as a bribe. On 12 February 2013, Giuseppe Orsi, the CEO of Finmeccanica, was arrested by Italian authorities; the following day Indian Defence Minister A.K. Antony ordered a probe into the contract.

In January 2014, India cancelled the US$630 million deal, subsequently recovering the sum which it had paid.

Merger into Leonardo
In 2016, following a corporate reorganization, AgustaWestland merged into Leonardo S.p.A., Finmeccanica's new name. With this reorganization, AgustaWestland ceased to exist as a separate company, and it became Leonardo's helicopter division.

In 2020 Leonardo relaunched the "Agusta" brand for the VIP helicopter sector. The launch of the new brand was announced during Expo 2020 in Dubai.

title: AgustaWestland


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Lunéville

Lunéville (German, obsolete: Lünstadt ) is a commune in the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

It is a subprefecture of the department and lies on the river Meurthe at its confluence with the Vezouze.

History
Lunéville was a renowned resort in the 18th century, known as the capital of Lorraine. The grand Château de Lunéville, built in 1702 for Leopold, Duke of Lorraine to replace an older palace, was the residence of the duke of Lorraine until the duchy was annexed by France in 1766. The château was designed in the style of Versailles to satisfy Leopold's wife, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, and became known as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It includes a chapel designed by Germain Boffrand. Leopold and his wife were the parents of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (through him they were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette).

The last duke of Lorraine was Stanislaus I, the former king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. A devout Catholic, an author and a philanthropist, Stanislaus had a church built and several follies in his gardens for the amusement and education of visiting Polish and Lithuanian nobility and followers of the Enlightenment. The more famous visitors to his court were Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, André Morellet, and Montesquieu. After the death of his father-in-law in 1766, Louis XV of France annexed the duchy and turned the castle into a barracks, but much of the original construction has survived, and what remains is open to the public and the château's intricate parterre gardens, designed by Yves Hours (a pupil of André Le Nôtre) in 1711 and Louis de Nesle in 1724, are a public park today.

It was over the nearby Parroy Forest, directly east of Lunéville, only some 11 months after the outbreak of World War I, that the first aerial victory by a fighter aircraft armed with a synchronised machine gun occurred on 1 July 1915, as the German Fliegertruppe officer Kurt Wintgens forced down an Aeronautique Militaire Morane-Saulnier L parasol monoplane. Neither member of the French air crew was seriously wounded, while the French aircraft's Gnome Lambda engine received multiple hits to disable the aircraft.

Treaties
The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House, one of the houses built up against the château gardens of Lunéville, on 9 February 1801 between the French Republic and the Austrian Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl.

Another treaty, signed in Germany, was the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). It made Lunéville into a border town that attracted people from Alsace and Moselle who relocated to keep their French nationality. A new period of economic prosperity, known as the Belle Époque, restored some of the glory of Stanislas's ducal court of the 18th century.

Industry
Lunéville faience, a kind of unglazed faience produced from 1723 at Lunéville by Jacques Chambrette, became the Manufacture Royale du Roi de Pologne (“Royal Factory of the King of Poland”) after Stanislaus sponsored it in 1749. The earthenware first became famous for its detailed figurines and in the 20th century for its art deco designs, and it still exists today as "Terres d'Est".

In 1858, the glass factory of Croismare was built. It became famous when the Müller brothers settled there in 1897 and began creating Art Deco glass designs.

Louis Ferry-Bonnechaux discovered a technique using beads and sequins on embroidery in 1865. His craft was widely copied and became known as Lunéville Point, and its heritage can still be seen in modern haute couture.

A subsidiary of the Dietrich company, Lorraine-Dietrich moved to Lunéville after the 1871 treaty of Frankfurt. Today it is known for its trailers, but it started off as a manufacturer of cars and railway equipment.

Demographics
The population of Lunéville in 2019 was 17,867.

Notable people

 * Stanisław I Leszczyński (1677–1766), King of Poland 1704-1709, 1733-1736 (reigned as Stanislaus I), then Duke of Lorraine until his death at Lunéville where he spent 30 years in exile.
 * Muller Frères, an art nouveau glass production company
 * Georges de La Tour lived in Lunéville for much of his career
 * Émilie du Châtelet who lived a long time in Lunéville and died there

Lunéville was the birthplace of :
 * Nicolas Beatrizet, 16th century engraver
 * Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 1712
 * François Nicolas Benoît, Baron Haxo, 24 June 1774
 * René Basset (1855–1924), orientalist
 * Marie Bobillier (1858–1918), musicologist
 * Louis Émile Gratia (1878–1962), musicologist
 * Henri Basset (1892–1926), son of the above, linguist and historian
 * André Basset (1895–1956), younger brother of the above, linguist, orientalist
 * Jean Bastien-Thiry, (1927–1963), attempted assassination of president de Gaulle
 * Claude Ponti (1948-), children's author and illustrator.

Geology
In 1874, a fossil Bennettitalean stem excavated from the area near the city was described as Cylindropodium liasinum by Saporta, which was reassigned in 2016 to the genus Cycadeoidea under Cycadeoidea cylindrica.

Twin towns
Lunéville is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Schwetzingen, Germany, since 1969

title: Lunéville


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Jean-Sifrein Maury

Jean-Sifrein Maury (26 June 1746 – 10 May 1817) was a French cardinal, archbishop of Paris, and former bishop of Montefiascone.

Biography
The son of a cobbler, he was born at Valréas in the Comtat-Venaissin, the enclave within France that belonged to the pope. He had three brothers.

His first steps in education took place at the school in Valréas, where he completed the course in humanities at the age of thirteen. He spent a year at the minor seminary (high school) of Sainte-Garde, and then transferred to the major seminary of St. Charles, which was run by the Sulpician fathers. His acuteness was observed by the priests of the seminary at Avignon, where he was educated. He received the subdiaconate at Meaux.

In 1765 he took up residence in Paris. He was ordained a priest at Sens by Cardinal Paul d'Albert de Luynes in 1767, having been granted a dispensation because he was below the canonical minimum age.

Early efforts in eloquence
He tried his fortune by writing éloges of famous persons, then a favorite practice, beginning with King Stanislaus of Poland in 1766 and Charles V in 1767. On 25 August 1771, the Académie française awarded his Éloge on Fénelon the second prize, second only to that by La Harpe. Fénelon's grand-nephew, Leo François Ferdinand Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon, who was bishop of Lombez (1771–1788), was so impressed by Maury's laudation of his relative that he granted him a canonry in his cathedral and named him a Vicar General.

The real foundation of his fortunes was the success of a panegyric on Saint Louis, delivered in the chapel of the Louvre on 25 August 1772, before the Académie française, who caused him to be recommended to Cardinal De La Roche-Aymon, the prelate responsible for the dispensation of royal benefices. Maury was granted the Abbey of La Frénade in the diocese of Saintes in commendam. The Cardinal also appointed him to preach before the King on Holy Thursday 1773, during Advent 1773, and at Versailles during Lent 1775.

In 1777 he published under the title of Discours choisis his panegyrics on Saint Louis, Saint Augustine and Fénelon, his remarks on Bossuet and his Essai sur l'éloquence de la chaire, a volume which contains much good criticism, and remained a French classic through the nineteenth century, as long as elegant rhetoric was valued in the pulpit. The book was often reprinted as Principes de l'éloquence. He became a favorite preacher in Paris, and was Lent preacher at court in 1781, when King Louis XVI said of his sermon: "If the abbé had said only a few words on religion, he would have discussed every possible subject."

In 1786, he obtained the rich priory of Saint Pierre, to which belonged the Seigneurie de Lihons-en-Santerre (Lyons), near Péronne;

Politician in the revolution
In 1785 Abbé Maury was elected to the Académie française, successor to the chair formerly occupied by Lefranc de Pompignan. His morals were as loose as those of his great rival Mirabeau, but he was famed in Paris for his wit and gaiety.

He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789 by the clergy of the bailliage of Péronne, proving from the first to be the most able and persevering defender of the ancien régime. (He had, nonetheless, drawn up the greater part of the cahier of the clergy of Péronne which contained a considerable programme of reform.) It is said that he attempted to emigrate both in July and in October 1789, having been placed on a list of proscriptions by the Orléanist faction, but after that time, deserted by nearly all his friends, he decided to remain in France.

In the National Constituent Assembly he took an active part in every important debate, combating with especial vigour the alienation of the property of the clergy. He often got the better of his principal antagonist, Mirabeau, but he did not win a single vote. "Maury's eloquence could not exactly be described as studied ; yet it was the outcome of a well-stored mind, long trained in oratory; and hence, his speeches read far better than his rival's, whose rugged genius poured forth its torrents regardless of the rules of rhetoric. Mirabeau triumphed, because he was the man of the hour, giving voice to the unavenged wrongs and pent-up passions of millions. Maury fell back, step by step, with his face to the foe, making the conquerors pay dearly for their victory." On 2 November 1789, Catholic Church property that was held for purposes of church revenue was nationalized. On 13 February 1790, monastic vows were forbidden and all ecclesiastical orders and congregations were dissolved. On 12 July 1790 the Civil Constitution of the Clergy became law, provoking a schism between France and the Catholic Church, and the breaking off of diplomatic relations between Rome and Paris. His life was often in danger, and he received a letter from Louis XVI on 3 February 1791, recommending greater circumspection and prudence. But his ready wit always saved him, and it was said that one bon mot would preserve him for a month. He finally decided, however, that it was too dangerous for him to remain in France, and in October 1791 he fled to Bruxelles, then Coblenz, and finally Rome.

When he did emigrate, he found himself regarded as a martyr to the church and the king. On 17 April 1792 Pope Pius VI appointed Maury to be his Nuncio in Frankfort, where the imperial diet intended to elect Francis II of Austria as Holy Roman Emperor. He appointed him Archbishop of Nicaea in partibus (Turkey) on 24 April 1792. He was consecrated in Rome in the Vatican Basilica at the altar of the Chair of Saint Peter on 1 May 1792 by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada.

Cardinal
On 21 February 1794, Maury was named a cardinal by Pope Pius VI, and on 12 September was assigned the titular church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti in Rome. On the day he was named cardinal, he was also made bishop of Montefiascone in Italy. There he settled down, conducted a thorough diocesan visitation, and wrote a detailed report of the status of the diocese for the Sacred Congregation of the Council in Rome (15 November 1796). He held a diocesan synod for the clergy, and made judicious use of the exiled French clergy, improving the teaching at the diocesan seminary by appointing two doctors of the Sorbonne. In 1798, however, the French drove him from his diocese and from the Papal States, and all of his property and benefices were confiscated by order of General Berthier on 12 February 1798. Pope Pius VI, already a captive, through one of his chamberlains ordered Maury to flee. He attempted to seek refuge in Florence, but the Duke was under French pressure to expel him. He did, however, provide Maury with a disguise and a place on a mission he was sending to Venice, where Maury finally settled, under the protection of the Austrians who had taken Venice from Napoleon – who had destroyed the Serene Republic. He arrived in Venice on 17 April 1798.

Conclave in Venice
Pope Pius VI died in the prison fortress of Valence on 29 August 1799. Before being deported to France he had signed and sealed several bulls which allowed the Cardinals to hold a conclave elsewhere than in Rome, if Rome were occupied by enemies, and dispensing them from the observance of the usual rules and regulations governing a conclave, as had been embodied in various papal bulls since the thirteenth century. There were no cardinals left in Rome or the Papal States, and those who had fled to Naples were driven out when a popular uprising created the Parthenopean Republic. The only friendly territory appeared to be Austrian, and the cardinals gradually headed for Venice. Maury, who was in Venice, had already been commissioned by Louis XVIII to work for the assembling of a conclave. In a letter to Louis on 12 October, Maury noted that there were twenty-three cardinals assembled in Venice. On 2 November 1799, there were thirty-three cardinals in Venice, and ultimately thirty-five took part, once the Austrian Herzan and the Spaniard Lorenzana arrived. The opening ceremonies took place on 30 November 1799.

Maury was the only one of the five French cardinals at the conclave in Venice. He was not himself a viable candidate. He had no party of supporters, and he was generally looked askance at because he was French. The Austrian government named him as one of the cardinals who was absolutely unacceptable as pope. They preferred Cardinal Alessandro Mattei of Florence (a native Roman), who had signed the Treaty of Tolentino with Napoleon on behalf of Pope Pius VI, since it acknowledged Austria's possession of the three Italian legations of the Papal States. Others, led by Cardinal Albani, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, and including Maury, preferred Cardinal Carlo Bellisomi, Bishop of Cesena, a diplomat with experience in Cologne and Portugal. Each of these candidates had enough committed votes to prevent the other from reaching the required 2/3 of the electors, and therefore they excluded each other. Finally, after three months and fourteen days, and with some hard work by Maury and others behind the scenes, the cardinals chose the Benedictine Bishop of Imola, Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti, an accommodating person with no strong positions.

Bonapartist
Maury accompanied Pope Pius on his journey to Rome from Venice, and then traveled himself to Montefiascone. On 21 April 1800, the exiled Louis XVIII wrote to Maury, thanking him for his services at the conclave just concluded, and enclosing the documents which named Maury as his Minister before the Holy See. Thereafter Maury made regular trips to Rome, on behalf of the affairs of Louis XVIII, but also to report to Pius about his correspondence and information gathering about the French bishops who had refused the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and gone into exile. But the papal government, led by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, was preparing to come to terms with Napoleon. In the autumn of 1800, Pius VII sent Archbishop Giuseppe Spina to Vercelli for conversations with the First Consul. Before he set out, Maury held several conversations with him, attempting to get Spina to come over to the side of the Bourbons. Spina was noncommittal, but Maury failed. When negotiations began in Paris which led to the Concordat of 1801, the French government insisted that Maury not be consulted or informed, and indeed that he should be kept out of Rome entirely. When the Concordat was signed, Louis XVIII was livid, believing that he had been betrayed by people in Rome whom he had believed to be his friends and supporters, including the Pope and Maury.

In 1804, having discovered the direction of papal policy and feeling the estrangement with Louis XVIII, Cardinal Maury began to prepare his return to France by a well-turned letter to Napoleon, congratulating him on restoring religion to France once more. On 18 May Napoleon was declared Emperor of the French, and in December Pius VII participated in his coronation in Notre Dame in Paris. In 1806 he did return and in 1807 was again received into the Académie française.

The Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal Jean-Baptiste de Belloy died on 10 June 1808. By imperial decree, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French nominated his uncle, Cardinal Joseph Fesch, to the See of Paris This was his right, in accordance with the Concordat of 1801, Article 5, but Fesch was quite aware that Pius VII, who was Napoleon's prisoner, was refusing to provide bulls of institution for any bishops nominated by Bonaparte. On the refusal of Cardinal Fesch, on 10 October 1810 Napoleon nominated Maury. He also suggested to the Chapter of the cathedral of Paris that they elect him Administrator capitular of the diocese. The suggestion was immediately obeyed, by the majority of the Canons. Maury never called himself Archbishop of Paris, only archbishop-designate and Capitular Administrator of the diocese during the Sede vacante. On 5 November 1810, he was ordered by the pope to cease his activities in the diocese of Paris, and threatened him with ecclesiastical censures if he persisted, but Maury refused, claiming that the papal letter was a forgery. On 9 April 1814, the Chapter of Notre Dame met and revoked the powers which they had bestowed on Cardinal Maury in 1810. On 3 May 1814, therefore, in the motu proprio "Gravissimis de Causis", Pope Pius VII suspended him from all episcopal functions in the dioceses of Montefiascone and Corneto. On the Bourbon restoration toward the end of 1814, he was summarily expelled from the French Academy and from the archiepiscopal palace in Paris. He was ordered to leave France by the Comte d'Artois, Lieutenant-General of the Realm.

Maury retired to Rome. On the news of Napoleon's escape from Elba, Pius VII fled from the city, leaving the pro-Secretary of State, Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca in charge. Pacca took advantage of the moment and ordered Maury imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo, on 12 May 1815, for his disobedience to the papal orders. He was held for three months and fourteen days, until Consalvi returned from Vienna and ordered him released. He was allowed to take up residence in the novice house of the Lazarist fathers at San Silvestro al Quirinale.

Louis XVIII dealt another blow to Cardinal Maury's prestige and amour propre. On 28 March 1816, he issued a royal ordonnance, restoring the pre-revolutionary titles and structure of France's academies, and adding lists of members. Maury's name was deliberately left off the list of members of the Académie française.

Maury died on 10 May 1817, primarily from a disease contracted in prison, thought to have been scurvy.

Criticism
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition: "As a politician, his wit and eloquence made him a worthy rival of Mirabeau. He sacrificed much to personal ambition, yet remained publicly unremembered by Louis XVIII as a courageous supporter of Louis XVI and by the papacy as the one defender of the Church during the States-General.

As a critic, he was and is considered a very able writer. Sainte-Beuve gives him the credit of discovering Father Jacques Bridayne and of giving Bossuet his rightful place as a preacher above Massillon."

title: Jean-Sifrein Maury


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Trunk road

A trunk road is a major highway with a specific legal classification in some jurisdictions, notably the United Kingdom, Sweden and formerly Ireland. Trunk roads are planned and managed at the national-level, distinguishing them from non-trunk roads which are managed by local authorities. Trunk roads are important routes usually connecting two or more cities, ports, airports and other places, which is the recommended route for long-distance and freight traffic. Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway, or are of motorway standard.

The term trunk road, or trunk highway, is sometimes used more generically to refer to other categories of major highway.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, trunk roads were first defined for Great Britain in the Trunk Roads Act 1936 (1 Edw. 8. & 1 Geo. 6. c. 5). Thirty major roads were classed as trunk roads, and the Minister of Transport took direct control of them and the bridges across them. The Trunk Roads Act came into force in England and Wales on 1 April 1937, and in Scotland on 16 May 1937. This development did not extend to Northern Ireland, which has always had a separate system of highway and road traffic law.

At that time, 4500 mi of British roads were classified as trunk roads. Additional roads have been "trunked", notably in the Trunk Roads Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 30). Others, like virtually all British motorways, have entered the system as a result of new construction. As of 2004, Great Britain had 7,845 mi (12,625 km) of trunk roads, of which 2,161 mi (3,478 km) were motorways.

Since 1994, trunk roads in England have been managed by National Highways (formerly Highways England, and before that, Highways Agency), while Scotland has had responsibility for its own trunk roads since 1998; these are currently managed by Transport Scotland, created in 2006. The Welsh Government has had responsibility for trunk roads in Wales since its establishment in 1998.

England has 4300 mi, Scotland has 1982 miles and Wales has 1048 miles of trunk roads, inclusive of motorways. National Highways publishes a full network map of trunk roads and motorways in England.

Most interurban trunk roads are primary routes, the category of roads recommended for long distance and freight transport. Not all primary routes are trunk roads, the difference being that maintenance of trunk roads is paid for by national government bodies rather than the local councils in whose area they lie. Primary routes are identified by their direction signs, which feature white text on a green background with route numbers in yellow. Trunk roads, like other "A" roads, can be either single- or dual-carriageway.

Historically, trunk roads were listed on maps with a "T" in brackets after their number, to distinguish them from non-trunk parts of the same road, however this suffix is no longer included on current Ordnance Survey maps, which simply distinguish between primary and non-primary "A" roads. A trunk road which has been upgraded to motorway standards may retain its original "A" number, but with an "M" in brackets to denote that motorway regulations apply on it. Long distance examples of this are the A1(M) in England, and the A74(M) in Scotland.

De-trunking
It is possible for roads to be "de-trunked" – for example, when superseded by a motorway following a similar route – in which case they normally become ordinary "A" roads. When a road is de-trunked, signposts are often replaced, and sometimes route numbers are changed, making the original route of the road harder to follow. Roads are formally and legally detrunked by statutory instruments named 'Detrunking (or sometimes De-Trunking) Orders' which include a plan of the route being detrunked. The routes to be detrunked (as set out in detrunking orders) are not always linear sections, but can be split into multiple sections, and span multiple counties.

In England, the government has de-trunked much of the trunk road network since the late 1990s, transferring responsibility to local councils to allow National Highways to concentrate on a selection of core trunk routes, mostly dual carriageways and motorways.

Sweden
The most important roads in Sweden are labelled "national trunk road". In 1982, the parliament decided upon which roads were to become national trunk roads. They are considered recommended main roads for long-distance traffic. They were also supposed to be used for movement and transport of heavy military vehicles, ordnance and logistics and during wartime were to be guarded and defended at all odds.

National trunk roads are planned and managed by the national Swedish Transport Administration, as opposed to other roads, which are planned locally. They also have a special, slightly larger budget. However, they are not signed in any special way. Therefore, there is no difference in signage, numbering, road standard or map marking from other national roads. Some national roads are only considered trunk for part of their length. National Roads 73 and 75 are both built to motorway standard and have high traffic, but are not considered trunk. European routes are always trunk in Sweden, and are more visible with special numbering.

List of Swedish trunk roads

 * E4, Haparanda to Helsingborg
 * E6, Trelleborg to Svinesund
 * E10, Kiruna to Luleå
 * E12, Lycksele to Holmsund
 * E14, Storlien to Sundsvall
 * E16, Norwegian border to Gävle
 * E18, Västerås to Kapellskär
 * E20, Malmö to Stockholm
 * E22, Trelleborg to Norrköping
 * E45, Gothenburg to Karesuando
 * E65, Malmö to Ystad
 * Riksväg 25, Halmstad to Kalmar
 * Riksväg 26, Halmstad to Mora
 * Riksväg 40, Gothenburg to Västervik
 * Riksväg 50, Jönköping to Söderhamn
 * Riksväg 56, Gävle to Norrköping
 * Riksväg 70, Enköping to Mora

Ireland
In Ireland, major roads were previously classified under an old system as "trunk roads", and had route numbers prefixed by a "T". Connecting roads were classified as 'link roads", and had route numbers prefixed by an "L". Many of these roads had their origins in historic routes, including turnpike roads.

Although a number of old road signs using these route designations may still be encountered, Ireland has adopted a newer classification scheme of national primary and national secondary routes ("N" roads), regional roads, and local roads. "N" roads remain equivalent to trunk roads in that they are planned and managed at the national level by the National Roads Authority.

De-trunking
Some former trunk roads, or sections of former trunk roads, became non-trunk regional roads under the new road numbering system introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, sections of former national primary routes which have been bypassed by motorways or other road improvement schemes have been downgraded to regional road status.

Equivalents in other countries
The route nationale system in France and the national roads network in Poland are similar models of nationally planned and managed major highways.

In the United States, the U.S. Highway and Interstate Highway systems fulfil a similar role to trunk roads. However, individual states are responsible for actual highway construction and maintenance, even though the federal government helps fund these activities. The states of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin designate their highways as "state trunklines" or "(state) trunk highways".

In India they are the national highways and expressways in India. The term "trunk road" sometimes appears in the names of specific routes, most famously the Grand Trunk Road.

In Canada, core national routes are part of the National Highway System, which receive some funding and strategic planning from the federal government, but are managed by the provinces.

In China, major national roads are part of China National Highways and Expressways of China.

title: Trunk road


text:
VG Airlines

VG Airlines, later Delsey Airlines, (airline code IV, later assigned to Windjet) was a short-lived airline with its head office in Merksem, Antwerp, Belgium.

History
VG Airlines was founded in 2002 to operate flights from Belgium to North America in the wake of Sabena's bankruptcy. The airline was rebranded as Delsey Airlines, (named after Delsey Suitcases) but it ceased operations in November 2002. The pencil dark and light grey aircraft livery design with the feathered Belgian flag on the tailfin of VG Airlines was created by Lila Design in the Netherlands as well as the Delsey Airlines aircraft paint concept.

Destinations
The airline operated flights from Brussels to Boston, Los Angeles, and New York–JFK in the United States.

title: VG Airlines


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 9

 * 1964 - The first Ford Mustang rolled off the assembly line.

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:56, 8 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Egyptian Revolution of 1919 (date not verified)
 * Omitted: Name of Lithuania, Rancho San Francisco, Battle of Hampton Roads, Bombing of Tallinn in World War II, Burnden Park disaster, 1956 Georgian demonstrations
 * Included: The Wealth of Nations (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible), Pink's War (first appearance), Éamon de Valera (4th appearance, last in 2006; rescued from Ineligible), Bombing of Tokyo (8th appearance, last in 2010), 1977 Hanafi Siege (first appearance)
 * Addendum: 1977 Hanafi Siege now ineligible (maintenance); replaced with Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia (first appearance). — howcheng  {chat} 16:52, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:23, 9 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: 1977 Hanafi Siege (maintenance)
 * Omitted: The Wealth of Nations; Éamon de Valera; Bombing of Tokyo; Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia
 * Included: Nabucco (5th appearance, last in 2010); Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911 (first appearance); Panama–California Exposition (first appearance); 1956 Georgian demonstrations (3rd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Pink's War (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:55, 8 March 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): New Deal; Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
 * Omitted: Nabucco; Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11; Panama–California Exposition; Pink's War; 1956 Georgian demonstrations
 * Included: Name of Lithuania (2nd appearance, last in 2011); The Wealth of Nations (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Siege of Veracruz (first appearance); Bombing of Tallinn in World War II (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 70th anniversary); Barbie (7th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:41, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Egyptian Revolution of 1919 (moved to March 8)
 * New articles (ineligible): Emperor Wu of Han (moved from March 29)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): 1977 Hanafi Siege
 * Omitted: Name of Lithuania; Siege of Veracruz; Bombing of Tallinn in World War II; Barbie
 * Included: Nabucco (6th appearance, last in 2013); Panama–California Exposition (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 100th anniversary); Pink's War (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 90th anniversary); Bombing of Tokyo (9th appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary)
 * Repeats: The Wealth of Nations (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:46, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: The Wealth of Nations (ineligible—maintenance); Nabucco; Panama–California Exposition; Pink's War; Bombing of Tokyo
 * Included: Rancho San Francisco (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Éamon de Valera (5th appearance, last in 2012); Burnden Park disaster (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 70th anniversary); 1956 Georgian demonstrations (4th appearance, last in 2013; 60th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Name of Lithuania (3rd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

Something's currently amiss in the image gallery
The cover of the guidebook of the Panama California Exposition is captioned Éamon de Valera. --Dyspeptic skeptic (talk) 11:18, 8 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Stephen 11:50, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:50, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Nabucco (maintenance); Barbie (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Rancho San Francisco; Burnden Park disaster; 1956 Georgian demonstrations
 * Included: Battle of Hampton Roads (6th appearance, last in 2011); Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina (first appearance); 1977 Hanafi Siege (first appearance; 40th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Name of Lithuania (4th consecutive appearance, 5 total); Éamon de Valera (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

 * , I remember that Éamon de Valera and the Hanafi Siege weren't included in OTD when I looked at the Main Page this morning and I don't see a discussion in the history of WP:ERRORS that explains the subsequent insertion of these anniversaries. May I ask what happened? --Dyspeptic skeptic (talk) 23:15, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
 * These two diffs should explain it:, . — howcheng  {chat} 04:40, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

 * First of all, I really appreciate everything you do for wp:OTD. I nominated ''Birth of Fatimah al-Zahra, as Mother's day in Iran for 9 March. At this day Iranians celebrate the birth of Fatimah and get gifts for their mother and wives. In addition to the honor of mother's day, it is a holiday! Regards. Saff V. (talk) 08:27, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * says 20 Jumada al-Thani is 8 March. — howcheng  {chat} 16:56, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, It happens because of the difference between Iran's calendar and other. but I nominated the birth as observance because in Iran this day is mother's day. So in Iran 20, Jumada al-Thani is 9 March (source). With this description what is your opinion? Regards! Saff V. (talk) 06:31, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:54, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: New Deal (maintenance); Bombing of Tallinn in World War II (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Hampton Roads; Éamon de Valera; Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina; 1977 Washington, D.C. attack and hostage taking; Mary Anning; Vyacheslav Molotov
 * Included: Rancho San Francisco (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Pink's War (4th appearance, last in 2015); 1956 Georgian demonstrations (5th appearance, last in 2016); Friederike Caroline Neuber (first appearance); Anna Laetitia Barbauld (2nd appearance, last in 2017; also appears on June 20, her birthday); Jane Joseph (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Name of Lithuania (5th consecutive appearance, 6 total)

I was astonished to see the "Mother's day in Iran" removed from the main page. @Black Kite: I don't think it was that difficult to verify that 9 March 2018 was observed as the 'Mother's day' in Iran? Even if you couldn't verify the birth of Fatimah, you had to be more careful about the 'Mother's day' in Iranian calendar. Can you distinguish the difference? Regards. Saff V. (talk) 07:34, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks for your ping, I don't know what you expect from me, but cheers! The Rambling Man (talk) 07:53, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:01, 11 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Bombing of Tokyo (Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945), a more specific article, was added to March 10)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Nabucco; New Deal
 * Omitted: Name of Lithuania; Rancho San Francisco; Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11; Pink's War; 1956 Georgian demonstrations; Friederike Caroline Neuber; Anna Laetitia Barbauld
 * Included: The Wealth of Nations (4th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Hampton Roads (7th appearance, last in 2017); Éamon de Valera (7th appearance, last in 2017); Bombing of Tallinn in World War II (3rd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Abu Maʿshar (first appearance); Eddie Foy Sr. (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Jane Joseph (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 90th anniversary)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:59, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Vyacheslav Molotov (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Svetlana Alliluyeva (moved from March 6)
 * Omitted: The Wealth of Nations; Battle of Hampton Roads; Bombing of Tallinn in World War II; Abu Maʿshar; Eddie Foy Sr.; Jane Joseph
 * Included: Name of Lithuania (7th appearance, last in 2018); Nabucco (7th appearance, last in 2015); Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 75th anniversary); Catherine of Bologna (first appearance); Mary Harris Armor (first appearance); Takaaki Kajita (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 10th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:43, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Name of Lithuania; Nabucco; Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina; Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia (ineligible—maintenance); Catherine of Bologna; Mary Harris Armor; Takaaki Kajita
 * Included: The Wealth of Nations (5th appearance, last in 2019); Rancho San Francisco (4th appearance, last in 2018); Burnden Park disaster (3rd appearance, last in 2016; 75th anniversary); Svetlana Alliluyeva (2nd appearance, last in 2017; moved from March 6); Jagorawi Toll Road (first appearance); Mary Anning (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Qayyum Chowdhury (first appearance); George Singh (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:14, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: The Wealth of Nations; Rancho San Francisco; Burnden Park disaster; Svetlana Alliluyeva; Jagorawi Toll Road (ineligible—maintenance); George Singh
 * Included: Name of Lithuania (8th appearance, last in 2020); Giuseppe Verdi (2nd appearance, last in 2020; normally appears on January 27. his death anniversary; Nabucco is supposed to be the bold article here); Siege of Veracruz (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 175th anniversary); Éamon de Valera (8th appearance, last in 2019; 90th anniversary); Barbie (8th appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); The Notorious B.I.G. (first appearance; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Mary Anning (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 175th anniversary); Qayyum Chowdhury (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 90th birthday)


text:
1971 in video games

1971 is the first year of the commercial video game industry with the release of Computer Space by Nutting Associates and Galaxy Game by Mini-Computer Applications. The majority of digital games remained on mainframe computers and time-sharing networks, while an increasing number were demonstrated outside of computing audiences. Several developments of games which are later commercialized including Oregon Trail and the Magnavox Odyssey console are first publicly tested in this period.

Events

 * March 11 – A preliminary agreement is signed between Magnavox and Sanders Associates to license the patents by Ralph Baer and William Rusch for the technology of the Brown Box home video game prototype. Magnavox would begin development on a product based on this technology, initially dubbed Skill-O-Vision.
 * Spring – Nolan Bushnell establishes contact with coin-op game manufacturer Nutting Associates. He joins the company as chief engineer with an agreement to separately license the game and technology developed by himself and Ted Dabney to be manufactured by the company.
 * July 26-30 – Magnavox initiates its first test market of its home video game system in Grand Rapids, Michigan at their authorized dealer Williams Magnavox Home Entertainment Center at the Eastbrook Mall.
 * August – The initial prototype of Computer Space is tested at a bar called the Dutch Goose in Menlo Park, California.
 * August 2-4 – The second U.S. Computer Chess Championship is held in Chicago. The winner of the previous competition, Chess 3.0, wins for a second year.
 * October – A second test market of the Magnavox home video game is held in Los Angeles at three stores under product manager Robert Fritsche.
 * October 15-17 – Computer Space is shown at the Music Operators of America show in Chicago, Illinois by Nutting Associates. Though the game attracts some notice, distributors do not place any orders for the game.

Arcade

 * Late November – The first prototype of Galaxy Game is placed on location at the Stanford University Tressider Union by Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck, operating under the name Minicomputer Applications. The initial version enables one on one player at one dime per play or three players for a quarter.
 * November or December – Computer Space by Nutting Associates ships, becoming the first commercially-available coin-operated video game.

Computer

 * Summer – High school student Mike Mayfield developers the game Star Trek in BASIC on an SDS Sigma 7 at University of California at Berkeley. It remained relatively unknown until it was ported the following year to Hewlett-Packard’s contributed programming library.
 * December 3 – The program OREGON is showcased to students of student teacher Don Rawitsch at Jordan Junior High in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It had been earlier tested by the students of Paul Dillenberger and Bill Heinemann at Bryant Junior High.
 * University of California Pomona student Don Daglow writes two games for the PDP-10 computer, one called Baseball and another called Star Trek. He would later become a prominent game designer and producer.

 * At Carleton College, students create several graphical games including one replicating pinball on a graphical terminal.

Business

 * January – The legal partnership between Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney is formalized as the Syzygy Company. Their name on the cabinet of Computer Space is rendered as “Syzygy Engineering.”
 * September 4 – Ramtek Corporation, one of the first companies involved with coin-operated video games, is founded to produce graphical terminals.

title: 1971 in video games


text:
Douglas XTB2D Skypirate

The Douglas XTB2D Skypirate (also known as the Devastator II) was a torpedo bomber intended for service with the United States Navy's Midway- and Essex-class aircraft carriers; it was too large for earlier decks. Two prototypes were completed, but the dedicated torpedo bomber was becoming an outdated concept, and with the end of World War II, the type was deemed unnecessary and cancelled.

Design and development
In 1939, Douglas designers Ed Heinemann and Bob Donovan began work on a VTB Proposal to replace the TBD Devastator torpedo bomber. In 1942, the team led by Heinemann and Donovan began work on a new project named the "Devastator II". On 31 October 1943, just four days after the very large Midway-class aircraft carriers were ordered into production, Douglas received a contract for two prototypes, designated TB2D, receiving the official name: "Skypirate".

The TB2D was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major driving contra-rotating propellers. Four torpedoes (such as the Mark 13 torpedo) or an equivalent bomb load could be carried on underwing pylons. Defensive armament consisted of two 20 mm (.79 in) cannon in the wings and .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns mounted in a power-operated dorsal turret.

Very large for a single-engined aircraft, the TB2D would have been the largest carrierborne aircraft at the time; it could carry four times the weapon load of the Grumman TBF Avenger. With only limited support from the US Navy, and facing a recommendation for cancellation on 20 May 1944 due to the aircraft being designed only for the CVB and CV9 carriers, the TB2D project was in peril even at the design and mockup stage.

Operational history

The two "Skypirate" prototypes, BuNo 36933 and 36934, were ready for flight trials in 1945 with the first prototype XTB2D-1 flying on 13 March 1945. The second example had a 58 cm increase in the length of the fuselage, and flew later in summer 1945. Both prototypes were test flown without any armament. Despite the flying trials proceeding on schedule, the collapse of the Japanese forces in the Pacific along with delays in the Midway class, eliminated the need for the type and the 23 pre-production aircraft on order were subsequently cancelled. The flight trials were suspended and the two prototypes were eventually reduced to scrap in 1948.

title: Douglas XTB2D Skypirate


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 11

 * 1818 - Mary Shelley's Frankenstein was published.
 * Moved to Jan. 1st. -- PFHLai 08:14, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

Add Mikhail Gorbechev Rises to Power
Really simple and important, it needs to be here --Hushak 21:21, 10 March 2020 (EST)

Incorrect plural
1845 should read "...between Maori and...". The correct plural of Maori is Maori.

John Howard
The pic is dead... I think we need a new one. --Daysleeper47 19:18, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Paul I
This event is listed on the March 23 page. The Paul I of Russia article distinguishes March 11 is the old style date. Kentholke (talk) 22:03, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

2010 Pichilemu earthquake
Could it be listed? --Diego Grez (talk) 21:06, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It's a GA, but reading the article, it seems to be a minor quake. There were few casualties, no tsunami, and no dollar amount of damages listed, so it doesn't look like a good candidate.  howcheng  {chat} 16:47, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:31, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Elagabalus, Project-706 (ineligible—maintenance), Coastal Road massacre (ineligible—maintenance), Michelle Bachelet
 * Included: Rudolf Höss (first appearance), Supersemar (first appearance), Janet Reno (first appearance), 2007 Georgia helicopter incident (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Shō Tai (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:53, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Rigoletto
 * New articles (unused): Don Carlos
 * Omitted: Shō Tai; Rudolf Höss; Supersemar (ineligible—maintenance); Janet Reno (ineligible—maintenance); 2007 Georgia helicopter incident
 * Included: Elagabalus (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine/Robert Baldwin (both: 2nd appearance, last in 2008; rescued from Ineligible); Great Blizzard of 1888 (first appearance, 125th anniversary); Lend-Lease; 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (first appearance)

Edit request on 10 March 2013
Perhaps a blurb for Royal Assent should be created as there is this blurb which has huge effect in the Commonwealth of Nations:"1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation."

I was thinking this would only go into the eligible list, and posted up say in 2018. Royal Assent is an FA article, and Queen Anne is a GA article.

RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 13:36, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and do it in a few days when this is no longer protected. — howcheng  {chat} 18:03, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:13, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Michelle Bachelet (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Royal Assent (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Kandahar massacre
 * Omitted: Elagabalus; Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine/Robert Baldwin (ineligible—maintenance); Great Blizzard of 1888; Lend-Lease; 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Great Sheffield Flood (first appearance; 150th anniversary); Empire of Vietnam (first appearance); Coastal Road massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2011); 2004 Madrid train bombings (5th appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Winnenden school shooting (first appearance)

 * Would it be possible for the list to be a little less bloody? Four out of five items have an explicit body count. Melchoir (talk) 16:48, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't notice... I'm usually observant of that sort of thing. — howcheng  {chat} 03:31, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:49, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Coastal Road massacre; 2004 Madrid train bombings; Winnenden school shooting
 * Included: Elagabalus (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Shō Tai (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Michelle Bachelet (2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Great Sheffield Flood (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Empire of Vietnam (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 70th anniversary)

2016 request
Request - Eta Carinae (this one doesn't involve blood or body counts!) Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 00:53, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * 1843 – Eta Carinae flares up to become the second brightest star in the night sky.

Further request - 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Its last (and only) appearance as a featured article was in 2013. Now 2016 is a significant anniversary date, especially for Japan and those who were affected. Requesting a 2016 feature for 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on its 5th anniversary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CrashesToAshes (talk • contribs) 10:41, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, that article is ineligible due to a section being outdated. — howcheng  {chat} 08:05, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:32, 9 March 2016 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 1977 Hanafi Siege
 * Omitted: Elagabalus; Great Sheffield Flood; Shō Tai; Empire of Vietnam
 * Included: Eta Carinae (first appearance); Rigoletto (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Rudolf Höss (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary); Coastal Road massacre (3rd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: Michelle Bachelet (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 10th anniversary)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:41, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 1977 Hanafi Siege (moved to WP:Selected anniversaries/March 9)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Lend-Lease (maintenance); Empire of Vietnam (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Eta Carinae; Rigoletto; Rudolf Höss; Coastal Road massacre; Michelle Bachelet
 * Included: Royal assent (first appearance); Frankenstein (6th appearance, last in 2015; moved from January 1); Shō Tai (4th appearance, last in 2015); Janet Reno (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); 2007 Georgia helicopter incident (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 10th anniversary)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:06, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Don Carlos (maintenance); Rudolf Höss (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Lend-Lease
 * New articles (unused): 2010 Pichilemu earthquake
 * Omitted: Lithuania (ineligible—maintenance); Royal assent; Frankenstein (ineligible—maintenance); Shō Tai; 2007 Georgia helicopter incident; Margaret Oakley Dayhoff; Helen Rollason; Katsuhiko Nakajima
 * Included: Elagabalus (4th appearance, last in 2015); Eta Carinae (2nd appearance, last in 2016; 175th anniversary); Supersemar (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); Coastal Road massacre (4th appearance, last in 2016; 40th anniversary); Stanisław Koniecpolski (first appearance); Jane Meade Welch (first appearance); Ralph Abernathy (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Janet Reno (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 20th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:37, 11 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Rudolf Höss
 * Omitted: Elagabalus; Eta Carinae; Supersemar; Coastal Road massacre; Janet Reno; Stanisław Koniecpolski; Jane Meade Welch; Ralph Abernathy
 * Included: Flagstaff War (4th appearance, last in 2006; rescued from Ineligible); Great Sheffield Flood (4th appearance, last in 2015); Lend-Lease (4th appearance, last in 2013); Infosys (first appearance; 20th anniversary); Winnenden school shooting (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 10th anniversary); Clemente Tabone (first appearance); Benjamin Tupper (first appearance); Didier Drogba (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:08, 12 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Frankenstein (moved to January 1)
 * Omitted: Great Sheffield Flood; Lend-Lease (ineligible—maintenance); Infosys; Winnenden school shooting; Clemente Tabone; Benjamin Tupper; Didier Drogba
 * Included: 1669 eruption of Mount Etna (first appearance); Royal assent (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Janet Reno (4th appearance, last in 2018); 2010 Pichilemu earthquake (first appearance; 10th anniversary); Mary of Woodstock (first appearance); Anna Bochkoltz (first appearance); Anastasios Charalambis (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Flagstaff War (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 175th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:31, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Sophronius of Jerusalem (maintenance)
 * Omitted: 1669 eruption of Mount Etna; Royal assent; Flagstaff War; Janet Reno; 2010 Pichilemu earthquake; Mary of Woodstock; Anna Bochkoltz; Anastasios Charalambis
 * Included: Elagabalus (5th appearance, last in 2018); Rigoletto (4th appearance, last in 2016); Rudolf Höss (3rd appearance, last in 2016; 75th anniversary); Coastal Road massacre (5th appearance, last in 2018); 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami/Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Earthquake: 2nd appearance, last in 2013; Disaster: first; rescued from Ineligible); Stanisław Koniecpolski (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Nicolaas Bloembergen (first appearance); Cassandra Fairbanks (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Battle of Kharda (short)
 * Omitted: Rigoletto; Rudolf Höss; Coastal Road massacre; 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; Stanisław Koniecpolski; Nicolaas Bloembergen; Cassandra Fairbanks
 * Included: Eta Carinae (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Empire of Vietnam (3rd appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Supersemar (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Kandahar massacre (first appearance); 10th anniversary; Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (first appearance); Anna Bochkoltz (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Gladys Pearl Baker (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Elagabalus (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total; 1800th anniversary)


text:
Talk:French Directory

Old talk page post
Where does this text come from? It does not seem to be on the indicated website http://1911encyclopedia.org

 * Try #11 and then #179 here . It is from the 1911 Britannica. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.173.30.157 (talk • contribs) 13 September 2006.

The directoire does not preceed the empire; it preceeds the consulate.

Recent move
I have now (basically) fixed a cut-and-paste move and restored the history of this article. As usual, there are a few glitches: a few "redirect" states show up as part of the history of the article.

But, on top of that, I think the move was ill-advised. This is particularly so because French Directory was part of an article series about the French Revolutionary era, and was not just about the institution itself but about a period in French history that is usually referred to (after that institution) as the Directory or (in French) Directoire.

I would like to put the French Directory material back at French Directory. We can have a separate page Italian Directories, and can add disambiguations as needed.

If we decide to leave things as they now are, there are a bunch of double-redirects that will need to be fixed. But, please, no one start on that until we actually have consensus. I will certainly not do anything precipitous in the next 48 hours, and hope that others will not, either. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:06, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

I think the directoire is interesting more as an era (thus specific to France) than as a political system (whether or not there were other directories). Thus I think it should stay at French Directory. David.Monniaux 08:20, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Since no one is speaking up to the contrary, I will do this. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:32, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Date Discrepancy
"The Thermidorian Convention continued until October 26, 1795 (4 Brumaire Year IV), when the National Convention was succeeded by the French Directory." - (Under subtitle: End of Reaction) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction "Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory

As one can see there are two different dates for the beginning of the Directory. Which one is the correct date? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.25.116.145 (talk • contribs) 7 April 2006

 * I'm not certain, but I believe there was a gap. There had been an even larger (and very chaotic) gap between the Legislative Assembly and the Convention. - Jmabel | Talk 01:17, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

A pretty reasonable gap, I'd say. The Convention voted the new constitution in on 4 Brumaire, and then disbanded. A list of the 376 deputies re-elected earlier in the month was constructed on 6 Brumaire. That leaves the Directory opening for business on 11 Brumaire (2nd Nov) I don't know what importance the traditional days of the week had under the new calendar, but 10 Brumaire was a Sunday, so that left basically five or six days to get almost 500 men organised in a different building, with a different organisation, &c. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.173.30.157 (talk • contribs) 13 September 2006.

Neutrality
This article contains many statements of questionable neutrality. Just a sample:

"In all these countries, they organised such an effective pillage that the French became universally hated.

As the armies were far below the strength required by the policy of unbounded conquest and rapine, the first permanent law of conscription was passed in the summer of 1798. The attempt to enforce it caused a revolt of the peasants in the Belgian departments. The priests were held responsible and some eight thousand were condemned to deportation en masse, although the much greater part escaped by the goodwill of the people. Few soldiers were obtained by the conscription, for the government was as weak as it was tyrannical."

"The French lacked any real political freedom, yet also lacked the ease or security which enlightened despotism can bestow. The Terrorists lifted their heads in the Council of Five Hundred. A Law of Hostages, which was really a new Law of Suspects, and a progressive income tax showed the temper of the majority. The Jacobin Club re-opened and became once more the focus of disorder."

At the very least, the article should be edited for neutrality. It would be good to include more sources and replace the many judgments of the Directory here with researched facts. -Thucydides411 (talk) 19:08, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * No actual discussion of this in more than a year so removing tag; also moved thread into proper chrono order. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 23:02, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Reading the actual text, see the basis for the tagging though. Nonetheless, I think the POV is more or less that of the actual historical truth. Added tone which I guess is the actual issue. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 23:16, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

La Révellière Lépeaux
What's the use of all those lang="fr" span tag attributes throughout the code ? What do they accomplish ? --Jerome Potts (talk) 06:18, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Title of this article
My suggested move of the title of this article to Directoire (the same title as the French WP article) has been rejected. 'French Directory' is comical - certainly not a well-known anglicization. No-one would be able to guess what it means. Is there another possibility? This article should be searchable/accessible to the reader. -- Klein zach  12:52, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * No response after two years? I would like to re-propose a change to Directoire. -- Klein  zach  08:37, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support – Rushing to your side belatedly :) I fully agree: I always thought the redirect Directory (France) was a more wikified title than "French Directory", but Directoire would indeed be the most appropriate. SteveStrummer (talk) 16:52, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've made the request (below).  Klein zach  08:28, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I also hope the change is made soon, to plain 'Directoire'. I just made a google search with 'Directoire' and was quite startled to end up with 'French Directory'. I don't think I had ever seen that one before.--Lubiesque (talk) 11:59, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: 'Not moved. Nathan Johnson (talk) 15:44, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

French Directory → Directoire – Historical term in French for precision. Present English name is ambiguous, suggesting irrelevant telephone directories, call girl rings, and whatever.  Klein zach  08:27, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose I think WP:USEENGLISH takes priority in this sort of context. The term "Directoire" is not completely unambiguous in French, although this is the primary meaning on the French Wikipedia, it could also apply to e.g. the executive committee of the Central European Bank.  I don't have enough experience of call girl rings to say what they are widely called in English or French. PatGallacher (talk) 09:30, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support – In common usage, English references to the Directory tend to be unsuitably plump phrases. In historical scholarship, the terms used are simply the Directory or the Directoire. Since "Directory" is too well-used on WP and requires the addition of "French" or "(France)", I think the original "Directoire" is most preferable. Any other Directoire can be easily disambiguated, with this article as the primary meaning. SteveStrummer (talk) 17:12, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I see someone has been bold and made a change to the lede in favor of "Directorate". Questions of procedure aside, I think "Directorate" is no more helpful than "Directory" as they both have disambiguation pages of considerable length, and would each require a clunky "French"/"France" modifier. SteveStrummer (talk) 17:26, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - I don't have an opinion on the move proposal, but this article has a giant banner This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) on it, and therefore adding book refs should be a priority (though I've changed the Columbia Law School book for another text). Given that English sources have 3 names well represented Directoire, Directory, Directorate, then all three need mentioning in lead. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:26, 16 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose Britannica and Columbia both give "Directory". Kauffner (talk) 11:13, 16 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Britannia occasionally fails to move from its 1911 titles. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:44, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose. European History texts & books I've read all used "Directory."  Arguably this could be "Directory (French Revolution)" but parenthetical disambiguators are lame, so the current title is fine. SnowFire (talk) 17:23, 17 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment. A directory sounds like a telephone directory. The correct word for a group of people who are directors in English is directorate, so a better name might be French Directorate. Apteva (talk) 18:34, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Indeed, this may be the way to go if Directoire is rejected. I note the Directorate page which implies support. -- Klein zach  00:30, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Carnot
I notice the addition that Carnot was the only director with "a reputation for leadership or political sagacity." I think this is a bit misleading because it's not like he dominated the group. The cheerful dwarf (talk) 05:40, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Right, Carnot was moving right and at the end very close to royalists and had so much "sagacity" that did not know what was coming on 18 Fructidor and had to flee. Another "nice" line "Rewbell, Barras and La Révellière Lépeaux were Jacobin radicals; Carnot and Le Tourneur were moderates". Rewbell, Barras were Jacobin radicals??!! And another - "Gottschalk says that except for Lazare Carnot, none of the members of the Directory was particularly able"??Nivose (talk) 02:17, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's an odd claim, I've removed it from the lede. — Nizolan  (talk) 12:42, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

President of the Directory
Presidentship was on a rotation basis for three months, by each of the directors. Please see France: Presidents of the Executive Directory: 1795-1799. Paul Barras just happened to be the only director to serve during the full term of the directorate. --Prabhachatterji (talk) 12:09, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

The pianist with Napoleon in Egypt
Dear Blue Indigo: The pianist with Napoleon in Egyt was Henri Jean Rigel. He performed an opera in Cairo in 1801, and later became the official pianist of Napoleon I, then of Louis XVIII. He had Cesar Franck as one of his pulls. Cordiallly, SiefkinDR (talk) 18:45, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Dear SiefkinDR, Thank you! I just fell upon the above, almost one month after you posted it. Cordialement, --Blue Indigo (talk) 07:59, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I love little details like this- who would ever think that Napoleon had his own pianist?  By the way, take a look sometime at my current obsession;  the articles on Art Deco and Le Corbusier. SiefkinDR (talk) 16:46, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Bonjour SiefkinDR,
 * The piano was an Érard. As for other interesting "little details" on Napoléon Bonaparte, he loved the violet, a shy flower as distant as can be from the imperial eagle.
 * Have been loosely following development of the Art Deco article, not Le Corbusier, and have no time to participate in their redaction, the French Directory being a handful.
 * As for its title - upon seeing it the first time, "French Directory" brought to my mind a telephone book:) - I would have voted for the word "Directoire" in French, as it is the name of a specific era of the history of France, like Ancien Régime, for instance.
 * There are other articles in en.wiki with titles left in French, although they have a perfect English translation, such as Ménage à trois and Entente cordiale, the latter being a must for bonne entente dans le ménage.
 * Cordialement! --Blue Indigo (talk) 11:13, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Bonjour, Blue Indigo. You're right, Directoire would make more sense, but I suppose for English-speaking students they're more inclined to look for Directory. "Empire" is a nicer term, since it doesn't require any translation.  I can see why Napoleo preferred it.  Besides the costume of Emperor is pretty grand, while the Directors just looked silly with those funny hats. Cordially,  SiefkinDR (talk) 15:31, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 9 February 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 04:40, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

French Directory → Directoire – WP:COMMONNAME.

Besides there are English dictionary entries with pronunciations which could be used in the lead:

"The Directoire (le Directoire ), also referred to as the French Directory or the French Directorate, was..."

92.184.105.171 (talk) 21:34, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The common name in English is "The Directory", and it appears from a glance that all the English sources cited in this article use that form. The Google Search results numbers are within margin of error, the number I get for the same query is 3 times higher than yours. – Thjarkur (talk) 23:56, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose. "French" a disambiguator here, not part of the common name. Here is an ngram. A Dictionary of French History (2015) gives "Directory, French." Colin Gerhard (talk) 00:42, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Thjarkur. History textbooks refer to it as The Directory, but additional disambiguation is needed.  Just as we have "American Civil War" rather than "The Civil War", French Directory is the best and clearest title.  SnowFire (talk) 18:22, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:French Directory


text:
Talk:Retro (New Order album)

..is that a CD??

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:25, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Retro (New Order album)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 13

 * 1881 - Alexander II of Russia was killed in a Nihilist bombing.
 * 1964 - Kitty Genovese, American murder victim (b. 1935) --George (talk) 22:46, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Request to edit protected page
Please disambiguate Aomori to Aomori Prefecture, as indicated in the article Seikan Tunnel. --Auntof6 (talk) 01:15, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — G FOLEY   F OUR  — 02:05, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Krakow Ghetto was in "Nazi-German occupied Poland" not Poland. Its written in antipolonism style with some mythical Nazis from space did it? Why German perpetrator isnt even meantioned? Leocadii (talk) 22:10, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Leocadii (talk) 22:15, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Please edit the Mahdist War entry to disambiguate that the Anglo-British force were the ones being sieged, not the besiegers (as the article implies) Seleucus (talk) 04:01, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:00, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (fact not supported by related articles)
 * Omitted: Uranus, Siege of Khartoum, Seikan Tunnel, Phoenix Lights
 * Included: Battle of Badr (5th appearance, last in 2010; moved from March 17—wrong date), Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (4th appearance, last in 2010), Kraków Ghetto (4th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible), Murder of Kitty Genovese (first appearance), Dunblane school massacre (6th appearance, last in 2010)

Question: Are dates before 1582 shown in OTD in Julian or Gregorian? Or do I always have to click on the link to find out? I'm asking because Battle of Badr was previously featured on March 17 (Gregorian) but has now been moved to March 13 (Julian). ... (talk) 04:00, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * They are shown in Julian, because the Gregorian calendar didn't exist at the time. However, that wasn't part of my calculation; the main reason it got moved to March 13 is that the article now shows that date instead of March 17. — howcheng  {chat} 06:05, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:37, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Spanish conquest of Guatemala (appeared as TFA for 21 September 2012)
 * Omitted: Battle of Badr; Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn); Murder of Kitty Genovese; Dunblane school massacre
 * Included: Uranus (10th appearance, last in 2011); Siege of Khartoum (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Kapp Putsch (first appearance); Operation Northwoods (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Kraków Ghetto (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 70th anniversary)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:19, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Uranus; Siege of Khartoum (ineligible—maintenance); Kapp Putsch; Kraków Ghetto; Operation Northwoods
 * Included: Battle of Badr (6th appearance, last in 2012); Spanish conquest of Guatemala (first appearance); Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (5th appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Dien Bien Phu (8th appearance, last in 2010; 60th anniversary); Murder of Kitty Genovese (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 50th anniversary)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:41, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Badr; Battle of Dien Bien Phu; Murder of Kitty Genovese
 * Included: Kapp Putsch (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Seikan Tunnel (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Pope Francis (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Spanish conquest of Guatemala (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 12:04, 11 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Operation Northwoods (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): 1985 Kenilworth Road riot
 * Omitted: Spanish conquest of Guatemala; Kapp Putsch; Seikan Tunnel; Pope Francis
 * Included: Battle of Badr (7th appearance, last in 2014); Uranus (10th appearance, last in 2013); Kraków Ghetto (6th appearance, last in 2013); 1986 Black Sea incident (first appearance; 30th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (3rd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:59, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Phoenix Lights (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Badr (ineligible—maintenance); Uranus; Kraków Ghetto; 1986 Black Sea incident
 * Included: Spanish conquest of Guatemala (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Battle of Dien Bien Phu (9th appearance, last in 2014); Dunblane school massacre (7th appearance, last in 2012); Pope Francis (2nd appearance, last in 2015)
 * Repeats: Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (4th consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:24, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Kraków Ghetto (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Spanish conquest of Guatemala; Battle of Dien Bien Phu (ineligible—maintenance); Dunblane school massacre; Pope Francis; Mustafa Reşid Pasha; Adolf Anderssen (ineligible—maintenance); Odette Hallowes (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Uranus (11th appearance, last in 2016); Kapp Putsch (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Murder of Kitty Genovese (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Seikan Tunnel (3rd appearance, last in 2015; 30th anniversary); Daniel Lambert (first appearance); Benjamin Harrison (first appearance); Helen Renton (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (5th consecutive appearance, 9 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:34, 13 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Pope Francis (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent
 * Omitted: Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn); Murder of Kitty Genovese; Seikan Tunnel; Daniel Lambert; Benjamin Harrison; Helen Renton
 * Included: Spanish conquest of Guatemala (4th appearance, last in 2017); Operation Northwoods (2nd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); 1985 Kenilworth Road riot (first appearance); John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden (first appearance; 300th birthday); Hans Gude (first appearance); Anne Acheson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Uranus (2nd consecutive appearance, 12 total); Kapp Putsch (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:23, 14 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Kraków Ghetto; Pope Francis
 * Omitted: Spanish conquest of Guatemala; Uranus; Operation Northwoods; 1985 Luton riot; John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden; Hans Gude; Anne Acheson
 * Included: Battle of Oosterweel (first appearance); History of Harvard University (first appearance; blurb previously featured Harvard College, which remains ineligible); Battle of Dien Bien Phu (10th appearance, last in 2017; rescued from Ineligible); Dunblane massacre (8th appearance, last in 2017); Daniel Lambert (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 250th birthday); Mustafa Reşid Pasha (2nd appearance, last in 2017; rescued from Ineligible); Encarnacion Alzona (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Kapp Putsch (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 100th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:27, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Sālote Tupou III (POTD for 2021)
 * Omitted: History of Harvard University; Kapp Putsch; Battle of Dien Bien Phu; Dunblane massacre; Daniel Lambert; Mustafa Reşid Pasha
 * Included: Uranus (13th appearance, last in 2019); Kraków Ghetto (7th appearance, last in 2016); 1986 Black Sea incident (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Pope Francis (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Percival Lowell (first appearance); Helen Renton (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 90th birthday)
 * Repeats: Battle of Oosterweel (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Encarnacion Alzona (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 20th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:06, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Iris Calderhead (POTD for 2022)
 * Omitted: Battle of Oosterweel; Kraków Ghetto; 1986 Black Sea incident; Pope Francis; Percival Lowell; Helen Renton; Encarnacion Alzona
 * Included: Spanish conquest of Guatemala (5th appearance, last in 2019; 325th anniversary); Battle of Lissa (1811) (first appearance); Kapp Putsch (6th appearance, last in 2020); Seikan Tunnel (4th appearance, last in 2018); John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent (first appearance); Sālote Tupou III; Anne Acheson (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 60th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Uranus (2nd consecutive appearance, 14 total)

 * Krakow Ghetto was in "Nazi-German occupied Poland" not Poland. Its written in antipolonism style with some mythical Nazis from space did it? Why German perpetrator isnt even meantioned? Leocadii (talk) 22:04, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

2024 notes
, as per our discussion at Errors (A very morbid selection is what comes to mind. That's not an error; just an observation.), I've had a look through the "yyyy in New Zealand" pages for anything that's more cheerful. There was just one hit (New Zealand's first test cricket victory – 13 March 1956), but the target article is in poor shape. Ah well; I tried!  Schwede 66  22:24, 12 March 2024 (UTC)


text: User talk:80.133.109.142

title: User talk:80.133.109.142


text:
Zariski tangent space

In algebraic geometry, the Zariski tangent space is a construction that defines a tangent space at a point P on an algebraic variety V (and more generally). It does not use differential calculus, being based directly on abstract algebra, and in the most concrete cases just the theory of a system of linear equations.

Motivation
For example, suppose C is a plane curve defined by a polynomial equation

 * F(X,Y) = 0

and take P to be the origin (0,0). Erasing terms of higher order than 1 would produce a 'linearised' equation reading

 * L(X,Y) = 0

in which all terms XaYb have been discarded if a + b > 1.

We have two cases: L may be 0, or it may be the equation of a line. In the first case the (Zariski) tangent space to C at (0,0) is the whole plane, considered as a two-dimensional affine space. In the second case, the tangent space is that line, considered as affine space. (The question of the origin comes up, when we take P as a general point on C; it is better to say 'affine space' and then note that P is a natural origin, rather than insist directly that it is a vector space.)

It is easy to see that over the real field we can obtain L in terms of the first partial derivatives of F. When those both are 0 at P, we have a singular point (double point, cusp or something more complicated). The general definition is that singular points of C are the cases when the tangent space has dimension 2.

Definition
The cotangent space of a local ring R, with maximal ideal $$\mathfrak{m}$$ is defined to be
 * $$\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2$$

where $$\mathfrak{m}$$2 is given by the product of ideals. It is a vector space over the residue field k:= R/$$\mathfrak{m}$$. Its dual (as a k-vector space) is called tangent space of R.

This definition is a generalization of the above example to higher dimensions: suppose given an affine algebraic variety V and a point v of V. Morally, modding out $$\mathfrak{m}$$2 corresponds to dropping the non-linear terms from the equations defining V inside some affine space, therefore giving a system of linear equations that define the tangent space.

The tangent space $$T_P(X)$$ and cotangent space $$T_P^*(X)$$ to a scheme X at a point P is the (co)tangent space of $$\mathcal{O}_{X,P}$$. Due to the functoriality of Spec, the natural quotient map $$f:R\rightarrow R/I$$ induces a homomorphism $$g:\mathcal{O}_{X,f^{-1}(P)}\rightarrow \mathcal{O}_{Y,P}$$ for X=Spec(R), P a point in Y=Spec(R/I). This is used to embed $$T_P(Y)$$ in $$T_{f^{-1}P}(X)$$. Since morphisms of fields are injective, the surjection of the residue fields induced by g is an isomorphism. Then a morphism k of the cotangent spaces is induced by g, given by

 * $$\mathfrak{m}_P/\mathfrak{m}_P^2$$
 * $$\cong (\mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}/I)/((\mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}^2+I)/I)$$
 * $$\cong \mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}/(\mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}^2+I)$$
 * $$\cong (\mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}/\mathfrak{m}_{f^{-1}P}^2)/\mathrm{Ker}(k).$$

Since this is a surjection, the transpose $$k^*:T_P(Y) \rarr T_{f^{-1}P}(X)$$ is an injection.

(One often defines the tangent and cotangent spaces for a manifold in the analogous manner.)

Analytic functions
If V is a subvariety of an n-dimensional vector space, defined by an ideal I, then R = Fn / I, where Fn is the ring of smooth/analytic/holomorphic functions on this vector space. The Zariski tangent space at x is
 * mn / (I+mn2),

where mn is the maximal ideal consisting of those functions in Fn vanishing at x.

In the planar example above, I = (F(X,Y)), and I+m2 = (L(X,Y))+m2.

Properties
If R is a Noetherian local ring, the dimension of the tangent space is at least the dimension of R:
 * $$\dim{\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2 \geq \dim{R}}$$

R is called regular if equality holds. In a more geometric parlance, when R is the local ring of a variety V at a point v, one also says that v is a regular point. Otherwise it is called a singular point.

The tangent space has an interpretation in terms of K[t]/(t2), the dual numbers for K; in the parlance of schemes, morphisms from Spec K[t]/(t2) to a scheme X over K correspond to a choice of a rational point x ∈ X(k) and an element of the tangent space at x. Therefore, one also talks about tangent vectors. See also: tangent space to a functor.

In general, the dimension of the Zariski tangent space can be extremely large. For example, let $$C^1(\mathbf{R})$$ be the ring of continuously differentiable real-valued functions on $$\mathbf{R}$$. Define $$R = C_0^1(\mathbf{R})$$ to be the ring of germs of such functions at the origin. Then R is a local ring, and its maximal ideal m consists of all germs which vanish at the origin. The functions $$x^\alpha$$ for $$\alpha \in (1, 2)$$ define linearly independent vectors in the Zariski cotangent space $$\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2$$, so the dimension of $$\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2$$ is at least the $$\mathfrak{c}$$, the cardinality of the continuum. The dimension of the Zariski tangent space $$(\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2)^*$$ is therefore at least $$2^\mathfrak{c}$$. On the other hand, the ring of germs of smooth functions at a point in an n-manifold has an n-dimensional Zariski cotangent space.

title: Zariski tangent space