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RFA Tidepool

RFA Tidepool (A76) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Tidepool had a long and busy life in the fleet. The ship participated in both the Cod Wars and the Beira Patrol during the 1970s. In 1982 when the Falklands War broke out Tidepool was on its way to Chile to be disposed of. The ship was temporarily reclaimed by the United Kingdom and was finally handed over to the Chilean Navy on 13 August 1982 and renamed Almirante Jorge Montt.

title: RFA Tidepool


text:
RFA Reliant (A131)

RFA Reliant (A131) was a helicopter support ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was built in 1977 in Poland, at the Gdańsk Shipyard, as a conventional container ship with roll-on/roll-off capability for loading vehicles and containers for the Harrison Line. She was named Astronomer. She was taken up from the trade in 1982 for service in the Falklands War as an aircraft transport, being fitted with a temporary mid-ships flight deck and hangar forward to carry 13 helicopters.

At the end of 1982 she was chartered by the UK MoD and a more substantial conversion was undertaken, and was fitted with the Arapaho containerized aircraft handling system, a hangar and a flight deck and she was commissioned into the RFA Fleet as RFA Reliant. Her first operational sortie was to the coast of Lebanon in support of the Multinational Force in Lebanon and the British Army units based in Beirut, eventually evacuating the same in February 1984. Upon returning to UK she proceeded to the Falklands for what was expected to be an extended deployment. However, it did not last long as the Arapaho system proved to be unsatisfactory for handling aircraft. She was decommissioned in 1986 and sold back into conventional merchant service.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: RFA Reliant (A131)


text:
RFA Engadine (K08)

RFA Engadine (K08) was a helicopter support ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

The need for Engadine was seen in the mid-1960s as more and more helicopters were deployed from Royal Navy aircraft carriers and surface combatants. The ship was ordered in August 1964, from Henry Robb of Leith, and commissioned in December 1967, replacing HMS Lofoten (K07). She was the third British ship named HMS Engadine the previous two being a seaplane carrier and an aircraft transport ship. Engadine comes from the Engadin valley in south-east Switzerland, which is represented by the alphorns and edelweiss on her badge.

In 1968 she was designated as one of the PYTHON locations for the dispersal and continuity of government in the event of nuclear war.

Engadine's homeport throughout her career was Portland, Dorset. During the 1976 crisis in Lebanon she was deployed as part of contingency planning to evacuate British citizens.

At the Silver Jubilee fleet review in 1977 she followed the royal yacht HMY Britannia.

In the Falklands War she was a helicopter support and refuelling ship in San Carlos Water.

By the mid-1980s Engadine was becoming obsolescent so the container ship MV Contender Bezant was bought for conversion, becoming RFA Argus. Engadine was decommissioned in 1989 and sold to new owners in Greece. She arrived at Piraeus on 18 February 1990 after being bought by Greek owners for a new service which never materialised and the ship was laid up, name unchanged. She was sold for scrap and arrived at Alang for demolition on 7 May 1996 which commenced on 23 September 1996.

title: RFA Engadine (K08)


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Talk:Volta River

Largest man-made lake
The article says that Volta Lake in Ghana is the largest man-made lake in the world. Is it really bigger than the lake from the Three Gorges Dam in China? --Romanm 23:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Three Gorges Dam says its reservoir "can hold" 39.3 cubic km. Lake Volta says its "water volume" is 148 cubic km. If measured by surface area I'm not sure which wins out -- but I suspect that since Three Gorge's reservoir is in, well, gorges, it probably has a much smaller surface area. As for being the world's largest, that surprised me too -- would be nice to have a citation. Pfly 04:21, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Reference List link needs changing
The link to the eAtlas on the Water and Nature Initiative website is broken. To visit the correct link, please see: http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolbluebreeze (talk • contribs) 10:48, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volta River


text:
User talk:AlanCox

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Uh, the Alan Cox? :-) Evercat 23:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently so... welcome! silsor 00:44, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome. Have you run into the Welsh-language Wikipedia? Marnanel 00:56, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wow, a celebrity, welcome :) Don't hesitate to ask if you have any questions. And don't spend too much time here, we need you to keep linux in shape. Dori | Talk 01:40, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)

Given no-one's mentioned it yet (your slipping, lads!), the one useful and non-intuative feature on here is signing. Appending three tilde (~) characters will be replaced with your username, and using four will also add a timestamp. This is particuallry heavily used on the talk pages, where signing comments is the norm. Syntax 02:53, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image on Alan Cox Page
If this is the real Alan, maybe you can provide some insight into the image discussion on Talk:Alan Cox.

Thanks!

Badger
Just spotted your edit on Pimlico tube station... Norwood Junction has an 'r' in it! Willkm 21:02, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * True - but its still non encyclopædic

Why not just redirect to your wikipedia article?
If all you have in your User page is a link to your wikipedia article, why not just redirect? Just wondered. cow_2001 07:10, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Bernhard Rosenkraenzer
A tag has been placed on Bernhard Rosenkraenzer requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the guide to writing your first article.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mdsummermsw (talk) 18:32, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlanCox


text:
National Defence Party (Iceland)

The National Defence Party (Landvarnarflokkurinn) was an Icelandic political movement which operated from 1902 to 1912, founded because of discontentedness with a clause in the Icelandic constitution that stated that the Icelandic minister should bring up cases in the Danish Council of State. The clause was in the constitution from 1903 to 1915, at which point the Danish king ordered that it should be removed.

The founders of Landvarnarflokkurinn, who included Einar Benediktsson, Bjarni Jónsson and Jón Jensson, were the most radical fighters for Iceland's independence of that time.

title: National Defence Party (Iceland)


text:
Talk:Dordrecht

Untitled
Unless there is soon an article Dordrecht (South Africa), and all the links to Dordrecht are adjusted, I think I'll revert the move. --Patrick 23:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Question
Is "Thyre" or "Thure" or "Thyredrith" the historical name of that river after which the city is named, and if yes, what is it called today? According to the historical map shown on the page, there is a river but it's called differently, "De Merwede". That's confusing. Fiffififf D. Dünngus (talk) 18:16, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * That river doesn't exist anymore. See also Biesbosch. Dinsdagskind (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 09:38, 5 January 2009 (UTC).

The article should at least be self-consistent. "The name Dordrecht comes from Thyre, the name of a river, and Middle Dutch drecht "ford", meaning "Thure river crossing" is highly confusing. Was it Thyre or Thure?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.113.37.9 (talk) 10:59, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Places of Interest
- Dutch 'munt' can mean both coin and mint. In this case 'munt' clearly means mint and should be translated as such. - 'Kyck' in Kyck over den Dyck refers to the view one has over the dike, not the act of looking itself. - The name 'Groothoofdspoort' arguably indicates "the gate at the broad end of the quay". In my opinion, head is not the right translation for 'hoofd' as in end of the quay, but I'm not sure of the right way to translate either. I changed the translation to Big Groyne's Gate but on second thought, that's a bit silly. Anybody any ideas? —Preceding unsigned comment added by SavannahD (talk • contribs) 16:39, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dordrecht


text:
RFA Sir Caradoc

RFA Sir Caradoc (L3522) was a temporarily chartered roll-on/roll-off ferry of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was procured to fill the gap caused by loss and damage to Round Table class landing ships during the Falklands War.

title: RFA Sir Caradoc


text:
RFA Stromness

RFA Stromness (A344) was a fleet stores ship which served the Royal Fleet Auxiliary until sold to the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command in 1983. While in the service of British forces, it saw service in the Falklands War. After the sale to the United States, it was renamed USNS Saturn (T-AFS-10) and acted as a combat stores ship until it was deactivated in 2009; it was able to supply two other ships at once. In 2010, it was sunk in an exercise by the U.S. Carrier Strike Group Two off the coast of North Carolina.

Construction
Originally known as RFA Stromness (A344), the vessel was built at Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Wallsend as Yard Nr 2017, United Kingdom, for the Royal Navy. She was laid down on 5 October 1965 and launched on 16 September 1966.

RFA operational history
In 1973 she brought the expedition members of the Joint Services Egmont Islands Expedition (JSEI) from the Egmont Atoll back to Gan, Addu Atoll after their mission was over. Led by Sqn Leader "Dickie" Bird RAF, it was the first scuba diving expedition in the Chagos Archipelago. Following its success, a second expedition was undertaken to Danger Island the following year.

In 1982, Stromness saw service during the Falklands War, where she carried over 400 troops of 45 Commando Royal Marines to the beach landing in San Carlos Water.

Sale to the U.S. Navy
In 1983 Stromness was sold to the United States Navy. She was placed into non-commissioned service with Military Sealift Command and renamed USNS Saturn (T-AFS-10).

Military Sealift Command Mission
Saturn was one of five combat stores ships operated by Military Sealift Command. She provided fuel, food, ammunition and ocean towing services to U.S. Navy ships around the world. Saturn carried virtually every type of food and supply needed by Navy ships. Saturn carried spare and repair parts for other ships and aircraft and also had a limited capability to transfer fuel to other Navy ships at sea. Supplies and fuel are transferred to other ships using lines and hoses suspended above the water to another ship as the ships move forward at the same speed and sometimes less than 50 feet apart.

Saturn was capable of replenishing two ships at the same time, one on either side, using this side-by-side technique. Dry stores were also transferred by using helicopters to lift large cargo nets and pallets loaded with supplies and parts. Saturn had elevators and mobile equipment for handling stores internally on the ship. Helicopters were not assigned to Saturn on a full-time basis, but flew aboard for extended periods of time while the ship was at sea.

Civilian Mariners (CIVMARS) on board USNS Saturn were a vital part of the Military Sealift Command (MSC) Fleet. Their areas of expertise encompass a wide variety of occupations ranging primarily from the engineering, deck and supply departments. Final complement was approximately 120 personnel. Tour lengths were 4 months in duration with an extension option available.

Enlisted ratings on board included Operations Specialists, Information Systems Technicians, Electronics Technicians, Personnelmen and Storekeepers. Final tour length for enlisted military members aboard Saturn was 12 months. Officers served up to a two-year tour.

Saturn operational history

The Saturn was deactivated on 6 April 2009 and sunk as a target ship for weapons in a sinking exercise (SINKEX) by ships and aircraft of the George H.W. Bush Carrier Strike Group off the coast of North Carolina on 27 October 2010.

title: RFA Stromness


text:
RFA Tarbatness

RFA Tarbatness (A345) was a fleet stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

In 1981, the ship was bought by the United States Military Sealift Command to serve as USNS Spica (T-AFS-9).

title: RFA Tarbatness


text:
RFA Hebe

RFA Hebe (A406) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). Hebe was built by Henry Robb of Leith for the British-India Steam Navigation Company and was bare-boat chartered to the RFA in 1962.

Hebe was severely damaged by a fire while at Gibraltar on 30 November 1978. The charter was cancelled and the ship returned to her owners. Hebe was renamed Good Guardian in June 1979, and sailed from Gibraltar on 13 June 1979 for repairs in Greece. She was renamed Guardian in 1981, and Wafa in 1987. The ship arrived at Famagusta for demolition on 16 September 1987.

title: RFA Hebe


text:
RFA Bacchus (A404)

RFA Bacchus (A404) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). She was the third ship to bear this name.

Built by Henry Robb of Leith for the British-India Steam Navigation Company (later P & O) and operated by the RFA on a long-term bareboat charter. She was designed to carry naval stores from UK to overseas Naval bases, she pioneered containerisation with "Chacons", small wooden containers developed at Chatham Dockyard.

Bacchus was returned to her owners on 1 October 1981, and renamed Cherry Lanka on 6 November 1981. She scrapped at Gadani Beach on 31 December 1985.

Her sister-ship, RFA Hebe caught fire and was a constructive total loss in 1978 in Gibraltar.

title: RFA Bacchus (A404)


text:
RFA Empire Gull

RFA Empire Gull (L3513) was a landing ship, tank of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was familiarly known as the "Black Pig" and was one of the last serving British LSTs. She was built as LST 3523, one of the Empire Ships, and later commissioned as HMS Trouncer. During the Suez Crisis she was pressed into Government service as SS Empire Gull. In 1970 she was transferred to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary as RFA Empire Gull, serving for ten years before being scrapped.

History
LST 3523 was built by Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co Ltd, Lauzon, Quebec, launched on 9 July 1945, and completed in October 1945. In 1947 she was commissioned as HMS Trouncer.

After spending some time mothballed on the River Clyde, she was pressed into service as SS Empire Gull during the Suez Crisis of 1956. She was operated under the management of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company until 1961, when management passed to the British-India Steam Navigation Company. In 1970, she was transferred to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and was renamed RFA Empire Gull, and allocated pennant number L3513. She served in the Mediterranean and later between Marchwood and Antwerp and also between Liverpool and Belfast. She was scrapped in Santander, Spain in 1980.

title: RFA Empire Gull


text:
Game Informer

Game Informer (GI) is an American monthly video game magazine featuring articles, news, strategy, and reviews of video games and associated consoles. It debuted in August 1991 when video game retailer FuncoLand started publishing an in-house newsletter. The publication is now owned and published by GameStop, who bought FuncoLand in 2000. Due to this, a large amount of promotion is done in-store, which has contributed to the success of the magazine. As of June 2017, it is the 5th most popular magazine by copies circulated.

Starting from the 2010s, Game Informer has transitioned to a more online-based focus.

Magazine

Game Informer debuted in August 1991 as a six-page magazine. It was published every two months until November 1994, when the magazine began to be released monthly.

Since 2001 Game Informer has been published by Cathy Preston, who has been working as part of the production team since 2000. It was under her that the publication became an integral part of GameStop's customer loyalty program, Power Up Rewards. In 2020, Cathy retired from Game Informer after 20 years leaving a lasting legacy. Mary Lugones has taken over the role as publisher for Game Informer.

In 2010, Game Informer became the 5th largest magazine in the US with 5 million copies sold, ahead of popular publications like Time, Sports Illustrated, and Playboy. By 2011, Game Informer had become the 3rd largest magazine in the US, topping 8 million copies circulated. However, in 2014 it had fallen to 4th place with 6.9 million copies sold. Figures in 2017 placed the magazine at 4th place with over 7 million copies sold. The financial success of Game Informer has been attributed to its good relationship with publishers, ties to GameStop, and the lack of gaming-magazine competition.

The April edition of Game Informer includes 'an annual feature Game Infarcer, an April Fools' Day prank. In the cover box head appears "World's #1 Pretend Magazine" where would ordinarily appear "World's #1 Video Game Magazine" -- "Parody" is found at the cover bottom. Game Infarcer articles are accredited to the fictional editor-in-chief Darth Clark, who is addressed in hate mail every year sent to Game Informer. The heated responses to parody articles are often featured in later Game Informer issues.

Game Informer has included four "Sacred Cow Barbecues". Similar in style to a celebrity roast, the occasion is meant to "knock some of gaming's most revered icons off their high and mighty pedestals". The first Sacred Cow Barbecues featured in issue 158 (June 2006). Other issues featuring Sacred Cow Barbecues are: 183 (July 2008), 211 (November 2010), and 261 (January 2015). Sacred Cow Barbecues articles are considered controversial among those gamers who are not amused by their favorite games being mocked.

In August 2019, after months of declining financials for GameStop, about half of the current Game Informer staff were let go, part of the larger cut of more than 120 jobs by GameStop as part of the store's effort to improve their financial performance. These included some staff members that had been working at Game Informer for over 10 years, some were out on vacation during the time of the layoff. As a result of the layoff, other Game Informer staff also left of their own will, including video editor Ben Hanson. Ben Hanson eventually started his own podcast called MinnMax, in the process recruiting some of the Game Informer staff that was laid off. In March 2020 there was again another set of layoffs at Game Informer, this time not affecting editors but instead people who worked in other departments of Game Informer.

In late June 2020, longtime editor-in-chief and founder Andy McNamara announced he was leaving Game Informer, to be the Global Director of Integrated Comms for Shooters & Star Wars at Electronic Arts, and that former senior editor Andrew Reiner would be taking his place as editor-in-chief. McNamara, who had at the time stopped reviewing games for Game Informer, instead focused solely on writing stories and behind the scenes work, came back to give his final review, The Last of Us Part II. After leaving Game Informer, he eventually said that the layoffs had a big impact on his decision to move on.

On November 4, 2021, the official website announced that every issue from then on would have a small print run variant known as Game Informer Gold. This version uses high quality paper and an alternate cover and is limited to 50 copies. The first copy was given away on November 6 for their Extra Life charity livestream.

In the summer of 2022, three more Game Informer staff were laid off: John Carson, Wesley LeBlanc, and Creative Director Jeff Akervik, who had worked at the publication for over 14 years. Andrew Reiner left Game Informer in September 2022 to become a game developer, thus leaving Game Informer with no original staff. Matt Miller, who has worked at Game Informer since 2004, was promoted to editor-in-chief. In Fall 2022, Kyle Hilliard (who was previously laid off) returned.

Game Informer launched a new print magazine subscription, standalone from GameStop's Power Up Rewards, in March 2024. The program, which launched at a special annual price of $19.91 (commemorating the company's founding year), offers 10 print issues per year and digital magazine access.

Website
Game Informer Online was originally launched in August 1996 and featured daily news updates as well as articles. Justin Leeper and Matthew Kato were hired on in November 1999 as full-time web editors. As part of the GameStop purchase of the magazine, this original GameInformer.com site was closed around January 2001. Both Leeper and Kato were eventually placed on the editorial staff of the magazine.

GI Online was revived, at the same domain name, in September 2003, with a full redesign and many additional features, such as a review database, frequent news updates, and exclusive "Unlimited" content for subscribers. It was managed by Billy Berghammer, creator of PlanetGameCube.com (now known as NintendoWorldReport.com). Berghammer is currently the editor-in-chief at EGM Media Group

In March 2009, the online staff began creating the code for what would be the latest redesign to date. The redesign was to release hand-in-hand with the magazine's own redesign. On October 1, 2009, the newly redesigned website was live, with a welcome message from Editor-In-Chief Andy McNamara. Many new features were introduced, including a rebuilt media player, a feed highlighting the site activity of the website's users, and the ability to create user reviews. At the same time, the magazine's podcast, The Game Informer Show, was launched.

Each year, in January or February, Game Informer 's editors count and judge the "Top 50 Games of [last year]". The games are sorted in order of release date. They do not have rankings, but they do commemorate special games with awards like Game of the Year and other examples. They also have top ten charts of differing categories, both in the "Top 50" section of the website and in the regular magazine.

In August each year, Game Informer includes an "E3 Hot 50", a special section that reviews the year's E3 (Electronic Entertainment Expo) and most to all of its games, which also temporarily replaces the "Previews" section of the print edition.

Australian edition
In November 2009, Game Informer was launched in Australia by former Australian GamePro, Gameplayer and Official PlayStation Magazine editor Chris Stead and publisher Citrus Media. By June 2010, Game Informer Australia had become the first local games publication to pass 10,000 subscribers. By August 18, 2010, it had become Australia's biggest-selling video games publication.

Game Informer Australia was closed down on April 18, 2019, as a result of cost-cutting measures from its publishing company EB Games Australia.

GI Australia editor David Milner noted on Twitter that despite the fact that "readership was up 19% over the last year", that "Recent ad sales, however, did not really reflect this"; he also noted the failed attempt at EB Games Australia's corporate parent GameStop to find a buyer after months on the market, causing their shares to drop.

Reviews
Game Informer reviews games on PCs; consoles including PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, PlayStation VR, Xbox Series X, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch; and mobile devices running Android and iOS. Game Informer used to give separate reviews of the same game for each console for which that game was released; starting in the mid-2000s, GI has published just one consolidated review for the game, while provides notes on the pros and cons of each version. Older games, three per issue, were given brief reviews in the magazine's "Classic GI" section (compared with the game's original review score, if one exists). This was discontinued in 2009, months before the redesign of the magazine. The magazine's staff rate games on a scale of 1 to 10 with quarter-point intervals. A score of 1 to 5 is considered terrible (in many issues, 1 is noted as a joke reason for the score, for instance, "Duplicates in lootboxes" in issue 295); 6 to 7 is "average", a decently playable, and sometimes fun (but flawed) game; and 10 is a rare, "outstanding", nearly perfect game.

title: Game Informer


text: Template:Harry Potter

title: Template:Harry Potter


text:
Pabst

Pabst is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adolf Pabst (1899–1990), American mineralogist and geologist
 * Daniel Pabst (1826–1910), American furniture maker
 * Frederick Pabst (1836–1904), American brewer
 * Georg Wilhelm Pabst (1885–1967), Austrian film director
 * Guido Frederico João Pabst (1914-1980), Brazilian botanist
 * Hermann Pabst (1842–1870), German historian
 * Johann Heinrich Pabst (1785–1838), German-Austrian physician, philosopher and lay theologian
 * Pavel Pabst (1854–1897), Prussian pianist and composer
 * Theo Pabst (1905–1979), German architect
 * Thomas Pabst (born 1966), founder of Tom's Hardware, a computer hardware publication
 * Waldemar Pabst (1880–1970), German soldier and right-wing political activist

title: Pabst


text:
User:Alan Davies

I've made a few small contributions to Wikipedia, usually just fixing errors that I notice. To contact me leave a message on my talk page, or use the little 'heart' feedback icon above.

title: User:Alan Davies


text:
Billy Collins

William James Collins (born March 22, 1941) is an American poet who served as the Poet Laureate of the United States from 2001 to 2003. He was a Distinguished Professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York, retiring in 2016. Collins was recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004 through 2006. In 2016, Collins was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. As of 2020, he is a teacher in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton.

Early life and education
Collins was born in Manhattan to William and Katherine Collins and grew up in Queens and White Plains. William was born to a large family from Ireland and Katherine was from Canada. His mother, Katherine Collins, was a nurse who stopped working to raise the couple's only child. Mrs. Collins had the ability to recite verses on almost any subject, which she often did, and cultivated in her young son the love of words, both written and spoken. Billy Collins' father was a worker on Wall Street who Collins attributes as an inspiration to his humor.

Collins attended Archbishop Stepinac High School and received a B.A. in English from the College of the Holy Cross in 1963. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in romantic poetry from the University of California, Riverside. His professors at Riverside included Victorian scholar and poet Robert Peters. There he came under the influence of contemporary poets like Karl Shapiro, Howard Nemerov and Reed Whittemore, and during his adolescence he was influenced by Beat Generation poets as well. In 1975 Collins founded The Mid-Atlantic Review with his friends Walter Blanco and Steve Bailey.

Career
Collins is a Distinguished Professor of English at Lehman College in the Bronx, where he joined the faculty in 1968. He is a founding Advisory Board member of the CUNY Institute for Irish-American Studies at Lehman College. Collins has taught and served as a visiting writer at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York as well as teaching workshops across the U.S. and in Ireland. Collins is a member of the faculty of SUNY Stony Brook Southampton, where (2015) he teaches poetry workshops.

Collins was named U.S. Poet Laureate in 2001 and held the title until 2003. Collins served as Poet Laureate for the State of New York from 2004 until 2006. Collins served a stint with the Winter Park Institute in Winter Park, Florida, an affiliate of Rollins College. In 2012, Collins became Poetry Consultant for Smithsonian Magazine.

During the summer of 2013 Collins guest hosted Garrison Keillor's popular daily radio broadcast, The Writer's Almanac, on NPR. Collins has been invited to read at The White House three times—in 2001, 2011, and 2014. In 2014 he traveled to Russia as a cultural emissary of the U.S. State Department. In 2013 and 2015, Collins toured with the singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, performing on stage with her in a music-poetry-conversation format. Collins and Paul Simon have engaged in four onstage conversations about poetry, music, and lyrics, starting in 2008. The conversations were held in 2008 at New York's 92nd Street Y and The Winter Park Institute, in 2013 at the Chautauqua Institution, and in 2013 at Emory University as part of the Richard Ellman Lectures in Modern Literature, where Simon was the 2013 Richard Ellman Lecturer.

Collins presented a TED talk, Everyday moments, caught in time at TED 2012. Collins, as one of the Favorite 100 TED speakers of all time, was invited to give another TED talk at TED 2014 in Vancouver, Canada.

As U.S. Poet Laureate, Collins read his poem The Names at a special joint session of the United States Congress on September 6, 2002, held to remember the victims of the 9/11 attacks. Though, unlike their British counterparts, U.S. poets laureate are not asked or expected to write occasional poetry, Collins was asked by the Librarian of Congress to write a poem especially for that event. Collins initially refused to read "The Names" in public, though he has read it two times in public since 2002. He vowed not to include it in any of his books, refusing to capitalize on the 9/11 attacks. However, "The Names" was included in The Poets Laureate Anthology put out by the Library of Congress, for which Collins wrote the foreword. At the time the only book-published version of "The Names", it contained a number of typographical errors. The poem also appeared in the New York Times, September 6, 2002. Collins finally agreed to include "The Names" in his new and selected volume Aimless Love in 2013. As Poet Laureate, Collins instituted the program Poetry 180 for high schools. Collins chose 180 poems for the program and the accompanying book, Poetry 180: A Turning Back to Poetry—one for each day of the school year. Collins edited a second anthology, 180 More Extraordinary Poems for Every Day to refresh the supply of available poems.

In 1997, Collins recorded The Best Cigarette, a collection of 34 of his poems, that would become a bestseller. In 2005, the CD was re-released under a Creative Commons license, allowing free, non-commercial distribution of the recording. He also recorded two of his poems for the audio versions of Garrison Keillor's collection Good Poems (2002). Collins has appeared on Keillor's radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, numerous times, where he gained a portion of his large following. In 2005, Collins recorded Billy Collins Live: A Performance in New York City. Collins was introduced by his friend, actor Bill Murray.Collins has been called "The most popular poet in America" by the New York Times. When he moved from the University of Pittsburgh Press to Random House, the advance he received shocked the poetry world—a six-figure sum for a three-book deal, virtually unheard of in poetry. The deal secured for Collins through his literary agent, Chris Calhoun, then of Sterling Lord Literistic, with the editor Daniel Menaker, remained the talk of the poetry world, and indeed the literary world, for quite some time.

Over the years, the U.S. magazine Poetry has awarded Collins several prizes in recognition of poems they publish. During the 1990s, Collins won five such prizes. The magazine also selected him as "Poet of the Year" in 1994. In 2005 Collins was the first annual recipient of its Mark Twain Prize for Humor in Poetry. He has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York Foundation for the Arts and in 1993, from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.

One of his most critically acclaimed works, "Fishing on the Susquehanna in July" has been added to the preserved works of the United States Native American literary registry as being deemed a culturally significant poem. The poem has been included on national Advance Placement exams for high school students.

In 2012, Collins appeared as himself in an episode of the PBS animated series Martha Speaks.

Collins is on the editorial board at The Alaska Quarterly Review. Most recently he contributed to the 30th anniversary edition. He is on the advisory board at the Southern Review and is similarly named in other journals.

During the stay-at-home confinement period necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020, Collins, like many others in the arts, appears daily on Facebook Live offering his art to a worldwide audience, reading poems and talking about poetry.

Personal life
In 1977 Collins married Diane Olbright, and later settled in Westchester County, New York. The couple have since divorced. Collins moved in 2007 from New York to Winter Park, Florida, to be with Suzannah Gilman, his fiancée, an attorney and fellow poet. Collins and Suzannah Gilman married on July 21, 2019, in Southampton, New York.

Awards and honors

 * 1983 Fellowship from the New York Foundation for the Arts
 * 1986 Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts
 * 1991 National Poetry Series publication prize. Winner for Questions About Angels
 * 1992 New York Public Library "Literary Lion"
 * 1993 Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation
 * 1994 Poetry magazine's "Poet of the Year"
 * 1995 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, Academy of American Poets. Shortlist for The Art of Drowning
 * 2001 American Irish Historical Society Cultural Award
 * 2001–2003 United States Poet Laureate
 * 2004–2006 New York State Poet Laureate
 * 2005 Mark Twain Award for Humor in Poetry
 * 2013 Donald Hall-Jane Kenyon Prize in American Poetry
 * 2014 Norman Mailer Prize for Poetry
 * 2016 Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award
 * 2016 American Academy of Arts and Letters

Other Awards include these from Poetry magazine:
 * The Oscar Blumenthal Prize
 * The Bess Hokin Prize
 * The Frederick Bock Prize
 * The Levinson Prize

Books of poems by Collins

 * Pokerface (Pasadena, Ca.: Kenmore Press, 1977)
 * Video Poems (Long Beach, Ca.: Applezaba Press, 1980)
 * The Apple that Astonished Paris: Poems (Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, 1988)
 * Questions about Angels: Poems (New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1991)
 * The Art of Drowning (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995)
 * Picnic, Lightning (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998)
 * Taking off Emily Dickinson's Clothes: Selected Poems (London: Picador, 2000)
 * Sailing Alone around the Room: New and Selected Poems (New York: Random House, 2001)
 * Nine Horses: Poems (New York: Random House, 2002)
 * The Trouble with Poetry and Other Poems (New York: Random House, 2005)
 * She Was Just Seventeen (Modern Haiku Press, 2006)
 * Ballistics: Poems (New York: Random House, 2006)
 * Horoscopes for the Dead: Poems (New York, Random House, 2011)
 * Aimless Love: New and Selected Poems (New York: Random House, 2013)
 * Voyage (Piermont, N.H.: Bunker Hill Publishing, 2014)
 * The Rain in Portugal: Poems (New York: Random House, 2016)
 * Whale Day: and other Poems (New York: Random House, 2020)
 * Musical Tables: Poems (New York: Random House, 2022)

Sound recordings of Collins

 * Best cigarette [sound recording] / Billy Collins (Chicago: Small Good, 1993)

Books edited or introduced by Collins

 * Poetry 180: a turning back to poetry / selected and with an introduction by Billy Collins (New York: Random House, 2003)
 * Leaves of grass / Walt Whitman; with a new foreword by Billy Collins; an introduction by Gay Wilson Allen; and an afterword by Peter Davison (New York: Signet Classics, 2005)
 * 180 more : extraordinary poems for every day / selected and with an introduction by Billy Collins (New York: Random House, 2005)
 * Bright wings : an illustrated anthology of poems about birds / edited by Billy Collins; paintings by David Allen Sibley (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)
 * Poets laureate anthology / edited and with introductions by Elizabeth Hun Schmidt; foreword by Billy Collins (New York: Norton, 2010)
 * Best of poetry in motion : celebrating twenty-five years on subways and buses / edited by Alice Quinn; foreword by Billy Collins (New York: Norton, 2017)

title: Billy Collins


text:
List of interreligious organizations

An interreligious organization or interfaith organization is an organization that encourages dialogue and cooperation between the world's different religions. In 1893, the Parliament of the Worlds Religions held, in conjunction with the World Colombian Exposition, a conference held in Chicago that is believed to be the first interfaith gathering of notable significance. In the century since, many local, national and international organizations have been founded.

International organizations

 * American Jewish Committee (AJC) Dept of Interreligious Affairs, established 1906
 * Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University
 * Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation (CJCUC), established 2008
 * Council for a Parliament of the World’s Religions, established 1988
 * Elijah Interfaith Institute, established 1997
 * European Council of Religious Leaders, established 2002
 * Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), established 1914
 * Focolare Movement
 * Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
 * The Inter Faith Network
 * International Fellowship of Reconciliation
 * Interfaith Alliance
 * Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development
 * Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility
 * Interfaith Dialog Center
 * Interfaith Drug Policy Initiative
 * Interfaith Encounter Association
 * Interfaith Institute of Divine Love
 * Interfaith Leadership Council of Metropolitan Detroit
 * Interfaith Medical Center
 * Interfaith Nutrition Network
 * Interfaith Worker Justice
 * International Association for Religious Freedom
 * International Council of Christians and Jews
 * International Humanist and Ethical Union
 * Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace
 * International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), established 1900
 * International Council of Christians and Jews (ICCJ), established 1975
 * International Humanist and Ethical Union, world body for Humanism that promotes comparative religion and interreligious dialogue
 * KAICIID Dialogue Centre, established in 2012
 * Lutheran World Federation Program on Interfaith and Peace
 * Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism
 * Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council
 * Network of Spiritual Progressives
 * North American Interfaith Network
 * Project Interfaith
 * Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, established 1964
 * The Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing
 * Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding
 * Temple of Understanding (ToU), established 1960
 * United Religions Initiative (URI), established 2000
 * The World Conference of Religions for Peace, established 1970
 * World Council of Churches Team on Interreligious Relations, established 1948
 * World Interfaith Harmony Week

National and local bodies

 * Comité Pro Paz (Chile), 1973–1975; supported human rights during the Pinochet regime
 * The Interfaith Alliance (US), established 1994
 * Interfaith Center of New York
 * Interfaith Partners of South Carolina (US), established 2010
 * Interfaith Housing Center of the Northern Suburbs
 * Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism, established 1983
 * Network of Spiritual Progressives, established 2006
 * Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council, established 2016
 * Interfaith Families Project of Greater Washington, D.C., established in 1995

Governmental Institutions
Some governmental institutions are geared specifically with dealing with diversity of religions.

 * Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau

title: List of interreligious organizations


text:
Louise Glück

Louise Elisabeth Glück ( April 22, 1943 – October 13, 2023) was an American poet and essayist. She won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, whose judges praised "her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal". Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize, National Humanities Medal, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Bollingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004, she was Poet Laureate of the United States.

Glück was born in New York City and raised on Long Island. She began to suffer from anorexia nervosa while in high school and later overcame the illness. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and Columbia University but did not obtain a degree. In addition to being an author, she taught poetry at several academic institutions.

Glück is often described as an autobiographical poet; her work is known for its emotional intensity and for frequently drawing on mythology or nature imagery to meditate on personal experiences and modern life. Thematically, her poems have illuminated aspects of trauma, desire, and nature. In doing so, they have become known for frank expressions of sadness and isolation. Scholars have also focused on her construction of poetic personas and the relationship, in her poems, between autobiography and classical myth.

Glück served as the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale University and as a professor of English at Stanford University. She split her time between Cambridge, Massachusetts; Montpelier, Vermont; and Berkeley, California.

Early life
Louise Glück was born in New York City on April 22, 1943. She was the elder of two surviving daughters of Daniel Glück, a businessman, and Beatrice Glück (née Grosby), a homemaker.

Glück's mother was of Russian Jewish descent. Her paternal grandparents, Terézia (née Moskovitz) and Henrik Glück, were Hungarian Jews from Érmihályfalva, Bihar County, in what was then the Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Romania); her grandfather ran a timber company called "Feldmann és Glück". They emigrated to the United States in December 1900 and eventually owned a grocery store in New York. Glück's father, who was born in the United States, had an ambition to become a writer, but went into business with his brother-in-law. Together, they achieved success when they invented the X-Acto knife. Glück's mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. In her childhood, Glück's parents taught her Greek mythology and classic stories such as the life of Joan of Arc. She began to write poetry at an early age.

As a teenager, Glück developed anorexia nervosa, which became the defining challenge of her late teenage and young adult years. She described the illness, in one essay, as the result of an effort to assert her independence from her mother. Elsewhere, she connected her illness to the death of an elder sister, an event that occurred before she was born. During the fall of her senior year at George W. Hewlett High School, in Hewlett, New York, she began psychoanalytic treatment. A few months later, she was taken out of school in order to focus on her rehabilitation, although she still graduated in 1961. Of that decision, she wrote, "I understood that at some point I was going to die. What I knew more vividly, more viscerally, was that I did not want to die". She spent the next seven years in therapy, which she credited with helping her to overcome the illness and teaching her how to think.

As a result of her condition, Glück did not enroll in college as a full-time student. She described her decision to forgo higher education in favor of therapy as necessary: "… my emotional condition, my extreme rigidity of behavior and frantic dependence on ritual made other forms of education impossible". Instead, she took a poetry class at Sarah Lawrence College and, from 1963 to 1966, she enrolled in poetry workshops at Columbia University's School of General Studies, which offered courses for non-degree students. While there, she studied with Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. She credited these teachers as significant mentors in her development as a poet.

Career
While attending poetry workshops, Glück began to publish her poems. Her first publication was in Mademoiselle, followed soon after by poems in Poetry, The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, The Nation, and other venues. After leaving Columbia, Glück supported herself with secretarial work. She married Charles Hertz Jr. in 1967. In 1968, Glück published her first collection of poems, Firstborn, which received some positive critical attention. In a review, the poet Robert Hass described the book as "hard, artful, and full of pain". However, reflecting on it in 2003, the critic Stephanie Burt said the collection "revealed a forceful but clotted poet, an anxious imitator of Robert Lowell and Sylvia Plath". Following the publication, Glück experienced a prolonged case of writer's block, which was not cured, she said, until 1971, when she began to teach poetry at Goddard College in Vermont. The poems she wrote during this time were collected in her second book, The House on Marshland (1975), which many critics have regarded as her breakthrough work, signaling her "discovery of a distinctive voice".

In 1973, Glück gave birth to a son, Noah, with her partner, Keith Monley, who helped raise him for the first two years of his life. Her marriage to Charles Hertz, Jr. had ended in divorce, and in 1977 she married John Dranow, an author who had started the summer writing program at Goddard College. In 1980, Dranow and Francis Voigt, the husband of poet Ellen Bryant Voigt, co-founded the New England Culinary Institute as a private, for-profit college. Glück and Bryant Voigt were early investors in the institute and served on its board of directors.

In 1980, Glück's third collection, Descending Figure, was published. It received some criticism for its tone and subject matter: for example, the poet Greg Kuzma accused Glück of being a "child hater" for her now anthologized poem, "The Drowned Children". On the whole, however, the book was well received. In The American Poetry Review, Mary Kinzie praised the book's illumination of "deprived, harmed, stammering beings". Writing in Poetry, the poet and critic J. D. McClatchy said the book was "a considerable advance on Glück's previous work" and "one of the year's outstanding books". That same year, a fire destroyed Glück's house in Vermont, resulting in the loss of most of her possessions.

In the wake of that tragedy, Glück began to write the poems that would later be collected in her award-winning work, The Triumph of Achilles (1985). Writing in The New York Times, the author and critic Liz Rosenberg described the collection as "clearer, purer, and sharper" than Glück's previous work. The critic Peter Stitt, writing in The Georgia Review, declared that the book showed Glück to be "among the important poets of our age". From the collection, the poem "Mock Orange", which has been likened to a feminist anthem, has been called an "anthology piece" because of its frequent inclusion in poetry anthologies and college courses.

In 1984, Glück joined the faculty of Williams College in Massachusetts as a senior lecturer in the English Department. The following year, her father died. The loss prompted her to begin a new collection of poems, Ararat (1990), the title of which references the mountain of the Genesis flood narrative. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, the critic Dwight Garner called it "the most brutal and sorrow-filled book of American poetry published in the last 25 years". Glück followed this collection with one of her most popular and critically acclaimed books, The Wild Iris (1992), which features garden flowers in conversation with a gardener and a deity about the nature of life. Publishers Weekly proclaimed it an "important book" that showcased "poetry of great beauty". The critic Elizabeth Lund, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, called it "a milestone work". It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1993, cementing Glück's reputation as a preeminent American poet.

While the 1990s brought Glück literary success, it was also a period of personal hardship. Her marriage to John Dranow ended in divorce in 1996, the difficult nature of which affected their business relationship, resulting in Dranow's removal from his positions at the New England Culinary Institute. Glück channeled her experience into her writing, entering a prolific period of her career. In 1994, she published a collection of essays called Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. She then produced Meadowlands (1996), a collection of poetry about the nature of love and the deterioration of a marriage. She followed it with two more collections: Vita Nova (1999) and The Seven Ages (2001).

In 2004, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Glück published a chapbook entitled October. Consisting of one poem divided into six parts, it draws on ancient Greek myth to explore aspects of trauma and suffering. That same year, she was named the Rosenkranz Writer in Residence at Yale University.

After joining the faculty of Yale, Glück continued to publish poetry. Her books published during this period include Averno (2006), A Village Life (2009), and Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014). In 2012, the publication of a collection of a half-century's worth of her poems, entitled Poems: 1962–2012, was called "a literary event". Another collection of her essays, entitled American Originality, appeared in 2017.

In October 2020, Glück was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the sixteenth female literature laureate since the prize was founded in 1901. Due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, she received her prize at her home. In her Nobel lecture, which was delivered in writing, she highlighted her early engagement with poetry by William Blake and Emily Dickinson in discussing the relationship between poets, readers, and the wider public.

In 2021, Glück's collection, Winter Recipes from the Collective, was published. In 2022, she was named the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale. In 2023, she was appointed a professor of English at Stanford University, where she taught in the Creative Writing Program.

Personal life
Glück's elder sister died young before Glück was born. Her younger sister, Tereze (1945–2018), worked at Citibank as a vice president and was also a writer, winning the Iowa Short Fiction Award in 1995 for her book, May You Live in Interesting Times. Glück's niece is the actress Abigail Savage.

She remained a close confidant and friend to Vermont novelist Kathryn Davis throughout her life. The two often corresponded to share their developing works, seeking creative advice throughout their lengthy friendship and writing careers.

Glück died from cancer at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 13, 2023, at age 80.

Work
Glück's work has been the subject of academic study. Her papers, including manuscripts, correspondence, and other materials, are housed at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.

Form
Glück is best known for lyric poems of linguistic precision and dark tone. The poet Craig Morgan Teicher has described her as a writer for whom "words are always scarce, hard won, and not to be wasted". The scholar Laura Quinney has argued that her careful use of words put Glück into "the line of American poets who value fierce lyric compression", from Emily Dickinson to Elizabeth Bishop. Glück's poems shifted in form throughout her career, beginning with short, terse lyrics composed of compact lines and expanding into connected book-length sequences. Her work is not known for poetic techniques such as rhyme or alliteration. Rather, the poet Robert Hahn has called her style "radically inconspicuous" or "virtually an absence of style", relying on a voice that blends "portentous intonations" with a conversational approach.

Among scholars and reviewers, there has been discussion as to whether Glück is a confessional poet, owing to the prevalence of the first-person mode in her poems and their intimate subject matter, often inspired by events in Glück's personal life. The scholar Robert Baker has argued that Glück "is surely a confessional poet in some basic sense", while the critic Michael Robbins has argued that Glück's poetry, unlike that of confessional poets Sylvia Plath or John Berryman, "depends upon the fiction of privacy". In other words, she cannot be a confessional poet, Robbins argues, if she does not address an audience. Going further, Quinney argues that, to Glück, the confessional poem is "odious". Others have noted that Glück's poems can be viewed as autobiographical, while her technique of inhabiting various personas, ranging from ancient Greek gods to garden flowers, renders her poems more than mere confessions. As the scholar Helen Vendler has noted: "In their obliquity and reserve, [Glück's poems] offer an alternative to first-person 'confession', while remaining indisputably personal".

Themes
While Glück's work is thematically diverse, scholars and critics have identified several themes that are paramount. Most prominently, Glück's poetry can be said to focus on trauma, as she wrote throughout her career about death, loss, suffering, failed relationships, and attempts at healing and renewal. The scholar Daniel Morris notes that even a Glück poem that uses traditionally happy or idyllic imagery "suggests the author's awareness of mortality, of the loss of innocence". The scholar Joanne Feit Diehl echoes this notion when she argues that "this 'sense of an ending' … infuses Glück's poems with their retrospective power", pointing to her transformation of common objects, such as a baby stroller, into representations of loneliness and loss. Yet, for Glück, trauma was arguably a gateway to a greater appreciation of life, a concept explored in The Triumph of Achilles. The triumph to which the title alludes is Achilles' acceptance of mortality—which enables him to become a more fully realized human being.

Another of Glück's common themes is desire. Glück wrote directly about many forms of desire—for example, the desire for love or insight—but her approach is marked by ambivalence. Morris argues that Glück's poems, which often adopt contradictory points of view, reflect "her own ambivalent relationship to status, power, morality, gender, and, most of all, language". The author Robert Boyer has characterized Glück's ambivalence as a result of "strenuous self-interrogation". He argues that "Glück's poems at their best have always moved between recoil and affirmation, sensuous immediacy and reflection … for a poet who can often seem earthbound and defiantly unillusioned, she has been powerfully responsive to the lure of the daily miracle and the sudden upsurge of overmastering emotion". The tension between competing desires in Glück's work manifests both in her assumption of different personas from poem to poem and in her varied approach to each collection of her poems. This led the poet and scholar James Longenbach to declare that "change is Louise Glück's highest value" and "if change is what she most craves, it is also what she most resists, what is most difficult for her, most hard-won".

Another of Glück's preoccupations was nature, the setting for many of her poems. In The Wild Iris, the poems take place in a garden where flowers have intelligent, emotive voices. However, Morris points out that The House on Marshland is also concerned with nature and can be read as a revision of the Romantic tradition of nature poetry. In Ararat, too, "flowers become a language of mourning", useful for both commemoration and competition among mourners to determine the "ownership of nature as a meaningful system of symbolism". Thus, in Glück's work nature is both something to be regarded critically and embraced. The author and critic Alan Williamson has said it can also sometimes suggest the divine, as when, in the poem "Celestial Music", the speaker states that "when you love the world you hear celestial music", or when, in "The Wild Iris", the deity speaks through changes in weather.

Glück's poetry is also notable for what it avoids. Morris argues that

Influences
Glück pointed to the influence of psychoanalysis on her work, as well as her early learning in ancient legends, parables, and mythology. In addition, she credited the influence of Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. Scholars and critics have pointed to the literary influence on her work of Robert Lowell, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Emily Dickinson, among others.

Honors
Glück received numerous honors for her work. Below are honors she received for both her body of work and individual works.

Honors for body of work

 * Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (1967)
 * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1970)
 * Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1975)
 * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1979)
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature (1981)
 * Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1987)
 * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1988)
 * Honorary Doctorate, Williams College (1993)
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected Member (1993)
 * Vermont State Poet (1994–1998)
 * Honorary Doctorate, Skidmore College (1995)
 * Honorary Doctorate, Middlebury College (1996)
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters, Elected Member (1996)
 * Lannan Literary Award (1999)
 * School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences 50th Anniversary Medal, MIT (2001)
 * Bollingen Prize (2001)
 * Poet Laureate of the United States (2003–2004)
 * Wallace Stevens Award of the Academy of American Poets (2008)
 * Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry (2010)
 * American Academy of Achievement, Elected Member (2012)
 * American Philosophical Society, Elected Member (2014)
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry (2015)
 * National Humanities Medal (2015)
 * Tranströmer Prize (2020)
 * Nobel Prize in Literature (2020)
 * Honorary Doctorate, Dartmouth College (2021)

Honors for individual works

 * Melville Cane Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)
 * National Book Critics Circle Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)
 * Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry for Ararat (1992)
 * William Carlos Williams Award for The Wild Iris (1993)
 * Pulitzer Prize for The Wild Iris (1993)
 * PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction for Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry (1995)
 * Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Vita Nova (2000)
 * Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Averno (2007)
 * L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award for Averno (2007)
 * Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Poems 1962–2012 (2012)
 * National Book Award for Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014)

In addition, The Wild Iris, Vita Nova, and Averno were all finalists for the National Book Award. The Seven Ages was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award. A Village Life was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Griffin International Poetry Prize.

Glück's poems have been widely anthologized, including in the Norton Anthology of Poetry, the Oxford Book of American Poetry, and the Columbia Anthology of American Poetry.

Elected or invited posts
In 1999, Glück, along with the poets Rita Dove and W. S. Merwin, was asked to serve as a special consultant to the Library of Congress for that institution's bicentennial. In this capacity, she helped the Library of Congress to determine programming to mark its 200th anniversary celebration. In 1999, she was also elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, a post she held until 2005. In 2003, she was appointed the judge of the Yale Series of Younger Poets, a position she held until 2010. The Yale Series is the oldest annual literary competition in the United States, and during her time as judge, she selected for publication works by the poets Jay Hopler, Peter Streckfus, and Fady Joudah, among others.

Glück was a visiting faculty member at many institutions, including Stanford University, Boston University, the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, and the Iowa Writers Workshop.

Poetry collections

 * Firstborn. The New American Library, 1968.
 * The House on Marshland. The Ecco Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-912946-18-4
 * Descending Figure. The Ecco Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-912946-71-9
 * The Triumph of Achilles. The Ecco Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-88001-081-8
 * Ararat. The Ecco Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-88001-247-8
 * The Wild Iris. The Ecco Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-88001-281-2
 * Meadowlands. The Ecco Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-88001-452-6
 * Vita Nova. The Ecco Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-88001-634-6
 * The Seven Ages. The Ecco Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-018526-8
 * Averno. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. ISBN 978-0-374-10742-0
 * A Village Life. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. ISBN 978-0-374-28374-2
 * Poems: 1962–2012. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. ISBN 978-0-374-12608-7
 * Faithful and Virtuous Night. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. ISBN 978-0-374-15201-7
 * Winter Recipes from the Collective. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. ISBN 978-0-374-60410-3

Omnibus editions

 * The First Four Books of Poems. The Ecco Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-88001-421-2
 * The First Five Books of Poems. Carcanet Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-857543-12-4

Chapbooks

 * The Garden. Antaeus Editions, 1976.
 * October. Sarabande Books, 2004. ISBN 978-1-932511-00-0

Essay collections

 * Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry. The Ecco Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-88001-442-7
 * American Originality: Essays on Poetry. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. ISBN 978-0-374-29955-2

Fiction

 * Marigold and Rose: A Fiction. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022. ISBN 978-0-374-60758-6

title: Louise Glück


text:
RFA Cherryleaf (1959)

RFA Cherryleaf (A82) was a Leaf-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Launched in 1953 as Laurelwood, the ship was acquired by the RFA, and renamed Cherryleaf in 1959.

In 1966 the ship was returned to her previous owners and renamed Agios Constantinos. She was renamed Aeas in 1967, and as Irene's Fortune in 1972. She was scrapped on 13 December 1975.

title: RFA Cherryleaf (1959)


text:
List of monarchs of Northumbria

Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles, in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland, was initially divided into two kingdoms: Bernicia and Deira. The two were first united by king Æthelfrith around the year 604, and except for occasional periods of division over the subsequent century, they remained so. The exceptions are during the brief period from 633 to 634, when Northumbria was plunged into chaos by the death of king Edwin in battle and the ruinous invasion of Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of Gwynedd. The unity of the Northumbrian kingdoms was restored after Cadwallon's death in battle in 634.

Another exception is a period from about the year 644 to 664, when kings ruled individually over Deira. In 651, king Oswiu had Oswine of Deira killed and replaced by Œthelwald, but Œthelwald did not prove to be a loyal sub-king, allying with the Mercian king Penda; according to Bede, Œthelwald acted as Penda's guide during the latter's invasion of Northumbria but withdrew his forces when the Mercians met the Northumbrians at the Battle of Winwaed. After the Mercian defeat at Winwaed, Œthelwald lost power and Oswiu's own son, Alchfrith, became king in his place. In 670, Ælfwine, the brother of the childless king Ecgfrith, was made king of Deira; by this point the title may have been used primarily to designate an heir. Ælfwine was killed in battle against Mercia in 679, and there was not another separate king of Deira until the time of Norse rule.

Rulers of the divided Northumbria
Viking kings ruled Jórvík (southern Northumbria, the former Deira) from its capital York for most of the period between 867 and 954. Northern Northumbria (the former Bernicia) was ruled by Anglo-Saxons from their base in Bamburgh. Many details are uncertain as the history of Northumbria in the ninth and tenth centuries is poorly recorded.

Although Eadred claimed rule from 946, the Kingdom of Northumbria was not absorbed permanently into England until after 954. Thereafter Osulf had control of all Northumbria under Eadred. See Rulers of Bamburgh for subsequent lords of Bamburgh after Osulf, none of whom ruled as kings.

After the ascension of William the Conqueror in 1066, and in the prelude to the Harrying of the North, a joint Anglo-Danish force loyal to Edgar Ætheling and Sweyn II was able to seize control of York in the second half of 1069 and temporarily assert sovereignty over all of Northumbria. This short-lived independence came to an end when William fought his way North and paid off Sweyn to return to Denmark, leading to the Harrying of the North and the flight of Edgar and his family to Scotland.

Family tree
- Kings of Bernicia; - Kings of Deira; - Kings of Northumbria

title: List of monarchs of Northumbria


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RFA Eddybeach

RFA Eddybeach (A132) was an Eddy class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary of the United Kingdom. The ship mainly saw service in the Mediterranean, quite often at Gibraltar where it functioned as a water carrier. In 1964 Eddybeach was disposed of by sale to Greece.

Eddybeach can be seen in the background during the scene depicting Lional 'Buster' Crabb's first dive in Gibraltar harbour in the film The Silent Enemy (1958).

title: RFA Eddybeach


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RFA Eddybay

RFA Eddybay (A107) was an Eddy-class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. As with others of the class the ship had a short career and was stationed at Gibraltar for much of that time as a petrol carrier, spending three years at the colony in total.

title: RFA Eddybay


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File:Triumph Just a Game.jpg

Used on Wikipedia under fair use guidelines:
 * Low resolution copy of the album cover

RedWolf 23:48, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: File:Triumph Just a Game.jpg


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RFA Eddycliff

RFA Eddycliff (A190) was an Eddy-class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

title: RFA Eddycliff


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RFA Eddycreek

RFA Eddycreek (A258) was an Eddy-class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

title: RFA Eddycreek


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RFA Eddyrock

RFA Eddyrock (A198) was an Eddy-class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

title: RFA Eddyrock


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RFA Eddyreef

RFA Eddyreef (A202) was an Eddy-class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Built by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Dundee, the ship was launched on 28 May 1953, and entered service on 23 October 1953.

Eddyreef was laid up in 1958, and departed from Devonport, Plymouth, in tow for demolition at Willebroek, Belgium, in March 1964.

title: RFA Eddyreef


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Matthew Szulik

Matthew J. Szulik is an American businessman. He is the former chairman of Red Hat, leader of some other technology companies, such as Interleaf and MapInfo for more than 20 years. Szulik had also held the titles of chief executive officer and president of Red Hat, and after over nine years, resigned from these positions on December 20, 2007, citing personal reasons.

Szulik is a spokesperson to industry, government, and education leaders on open source computing.

Szulik is the chairman of the Science and Technology Board for State of North Carolina's Economic Development Board. He is past chairman and an executive director of the North Carolina Electronics and Information Technologies Association.

Szulik is a graduate of Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire.

In 2002, Szulik was recognized by CIO magazine with its 20/20 Vision Award.

Szulik been awarded overall national winner for Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year 2008.

title: Matthew Szulik


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RFA Eddyfirth

RFA Eddyfirth (A261) was an Eddy class coastal tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Construction and design
Eddyfirth was launched at Lobnitz & Co.'s Renfrew shipyard on 10 September 1953 and completed on 10 February 1954. The ship had an overall length of 286 ft and a length between perpendiculars of 270 ft. Beam was 44 ft and draft 17 ft. The ship displaced 1960 LT light and 4160 LT full load, with a capacity of 1650 tons of oil. Two oil fired boilers fed a triple-expansion steam engine rated at 1750 ihp and drove a single propeller shaft, giving a speed of 12 kn.

Service history
Initially, Eddyfirth was based in Malta as support for the Motor Minesweeping Flotilla. In 1966 she returned to United Kingdom coastal waters, reclassified as a harbour oiler. Withdrawn from service in 1981, she was scrapped in Seville in March 1982.

title: RFA Eddyfirth


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List of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy

This is a list of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, organised chronologically by entry into service.

Torpedo boat destroyers
In 1913, the surviving members of the large heterogeneous array of older 27-knot and 30-knot torpedo boat destroyer types (all six of the original 26-knot ships had been disposed of by the end of 1912) were organised into the A, B, C and D classes according to their design speed and the number of funnels they possessed. All were of a "turtle-back" design and, excepting a few "builder's specials", powered by reciprocating engines. It should be stressed that these A to D class designations did not exist before 1913, and only applied to those "turtle-backed" destroyers surviving to that time.

 * "26-knotter" types
 * Daring class: 2 ships, 1893–1894
 * Havock class: 2 ships, 1893
 * Ferret class: 2 ships, 1893–1894
 * A class; (27-knot classes)
 * Ardent class: 3 ships, 1894–1895
 * Charger class: 3 ships, 1894
 * Rocket class: 3 ships, 1894
 * Hardy class: 2 ships, 1895
 * Conflict class: 3 ships, 1894–1895
 * Fervent class: 2 ships, 1895
 * Janus class: 3 ships, 1895
 * Sturgeon class: 3 ships, 1894–1895
 * Salmon class: 2 ships, 1895
 * Swordfish class: 2 ships, 1895
 * Banshee class: 3 ships, 1894
 * Handy class: 3 ships, 1895
 * Sunfish class: 3 ships, 1895
 * Zebra class: 1 ship, 1895
 * B class (4-funnelled, 30-knot classes)
 * Quail class: 4 ships, 1895
 * Earnest class: 6 ships, 1896–1897
 * Spiteful class: 2 ships, 1899
 * Myrmidon class: 2 ships, 1900
 * C class (3-funnelled, 30-knot classes)
 * Star class: 6 ships, 1896–1897
 * Avon class: 3 ships, 1896–1897
 * Brazen class: 4 ships, 1896–1898
 * Violet class: 2 ships, 1897
 * Mermaid class: 2 ships, 1897–1898
 * Gipsy class: 3 ships, 1897
 * Bullfinch class: 3 ships, 1898
 * Fawn class: 6 ships, 1897–1899
 * Falcon class: 2 ships, 1899–1900
 * Greyhound class: 3 ships, 1900–1901
 * Thorn class: 3 ships, purchased 1901
 * Hawthorn special type: 2 ships, 1899, steam turbine specials
 * Thornycroft special: 1 ship, 1898
 * Armstrong-Whitworth special,: 1 ship, 1900
 * D class; (2-funnelled, 30-knot classes) Unlike the A, B and C classes, the D class comprised a series of similar ships built by one contractor (Thornycroft), although there were small variations between the batches ordered in each year.
 * 1893-94 Programme: 4 ships, 1896
 * 1894-95 Programme: 2 ships, 1897
 * 1895-96 Programme: 3 ships, 1897–1898
 * 1896-97 Programme (special type): 1 ship, 1899
 * Taku type: 1 ship, 1900, ex-Chinese prize

Conventional destroyers
In 1913, lettered names were given to all Royal Navy destroyers, previously known after the first ship of that class. The River or E class of 1913 were the first destroyers of the Royal Navy with a high forecastles instead of "turtleback" bow making this the first class with a more recognizable modern configuration.
 * River or E class: 36 ships, 1903–1905 (including 2 later purchases)
 * Cricket-class coastal destroyer: 36 ships, 1906–1909
 * Tribal or F class: 13 ships, 1907–1909
 * Beagle or G class: 16 ships, 1909–1910
 * Acorn or H class: 20 ships, 1910–1911
 * Acheron or I class: 23 ships, 1910–1915
 * Acasta or K class: 20 ships, 1912–1913
 * Swift type: 1 ship, 1907, large 36-knot flotilla leader prototype
 * Laforey or L class: 22 ships, 1913–1915
 * Arno type: 1 ship, 1914, Italian built for Portugal but purchased in 1915
 * Admiralty M class: 74 ships, 1914–1917
 * Hawthorn M class: 2 ships, 1915
 * Yarrow M class: 10 ships, 1914–1916
 * Thornycroft M class: 6 ships, 1914–1916
 * Talisman class: 4 ships, 1914–1916, ex-Turkish purchases
 * Medea class : 4 ships, 1915, ex-Greek purchases
 * Faulknor-class leader: 4 ships, 1914, ex-Chilean purchases
 * Marksman-class leader: 7 ships, 1915–1916
 * Parker-class leader: 6 ships, 1916–1917
 * Admiralty R class: 39 ships, 1916–1917
 * Yarrow Later M class: 7 ships, 1916–1917
 * Thornycroft R class: 5 ships, 1916–1917
 * Admiralty modified R class: 11 ships, 1916–1917
 * Admiralty S class: 55 ships, 1918–1924
 * Yarrow S class: 7 ships, 1918–1919
 * Thornycroft S class: 5 ships, 1918–1919
 * Admiralty V class: 28 ships, 1916–1918
 * Admiralty W class: 19 ships, 1916–1918
 * Thornycroft V and W class: 4 ships, 1918
 * Thornycroft modified W class: 2 ships, 1918–1924
 * Admiralty modified W class: 15 ships, 1918–1922
 * Admiralty type flotilla leader: 8 ships, 1917–1919
 * Thornycroft type leader or Shakespeare class: 5 ships, 1917–1921

Inter-war standard classes

 * Ambuscade type: 1 ship, 1926, Yarrow prototype of new design.
 * Amazon type: 1 ship, 1926, Thornycroft prototype of new design.
 * A class: 9 ships, 1928–1931
 * B class: 9 ships, 1929–1931
 * C class: 5 ships, 1930–1934
 * D class: 9 ships, 1931–1933
 * E class: 9 ships, 1933–1934
 * F class: 9 ships, 1933–1935
 * G class: 9 ships, 1934–1936
 * H class: 9 ships, 1935–1937
 * ex-Brazilian H class: 6 ships, 1938–1940, ex-Brazilian purchases
 * I class: 9 ships, 1936–1937
 * ex-Turkish I class: 2 ships, 1939–1941, ex-Turkish purchases
 * Tribal class: 27 ships, 1936–1944
 * J, K and N class: 24 ships, 1938–1941
 * Hunt class: 86 ships (20 Type I, 36 Type II, 28 Type III, 2 Type IV), 1939–1942, "escort destroyers"
 * L and M class: 16 ships, 1939–42
 * Town class: 50 ships from three classes of United States Navy destroyers, built 1917–1920, transferred 1940

World War II War Emergency Programme destroyers
The following were ordered as part of the War Emergency Programme classes:
 * O and P class: 16 ships, 1941–1942
 * Q and R class: 16 ships, 1941–1942
 * S and T class: 16 ships, 1942–1943
 * U and V class: 16 ships, 1942–1943
 * W and Z class: 16 ships, 1943–1944
 * C class: 32 ships, (8 Ca-, 8 Ch-, 8 Co-, 8 Cr-), 1943–1945
 * Battle class: 23 ships (16 Group I, 7 Group II), 1943–1946
 * Weapon class: 4 ships, 1945–1946
 * G class: 0 ships (8 cancelled), 1944

Post-war all-gun design

 * Daring class: 8 ships, 1949–1952

Guided-missile destroyers

 * County class: 8 ships (4 Batch I, 4 Batch II), 1961–1967
 * Type 82: 1 ship (Bristol, 1969) built to trial technology. Eight originally planned to operate with cancelled CVA-01 aircraft carriers.
 * Type 42: 14 ships (6 Sheffield, 4 Exeter, 4 Manchester), 1971–1983
 * Type 43: project cancelled at feasibility stage in 1981 Defence White Paper
 * Type 44: Subclass of Type 43 with better anti-submarine capability.
 * Type 45: 6 ships, all commissioned between 2009 and 2013
 * Type 83: Planned to replace Type 45 in 2030s.


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User:Jewishgenius

Hello !

title: User:Jewishgenius


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RFA Reliant (A84)

RFA Reliant (A84) was an air stores support ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom. She was formerly the commercial general cargo vessel Somersby which was purchased in 1956 and renamed on completion of her conversion in 1958. She was fitted for replenishing aircraft carriers at sea with a wide range of air, naval and victualling stores. As refitted she had a helicopter landing pad built over the poop deckhouse.

title: RFA Reliant (A84)


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User talk:Jewishgenius

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia. It is a violation of copyright to merely copy and paste text from other websites (or books etc) and place the information here, as you have been doing. Please stop doing so or you will be banned. I'm sure another user can direct you the appropriate page on Wikipedia to read about how copyright violations are a violation of Wikipedia policy. Thanks. Moncrief 23:50, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome, newcomer to Wikipedia. Sorry to start off with a problem: I hope this can be fixed, and that you will enjoy editing here. Please see Copyrights for a guide. Also note the notice immediately below the "save" button whenever you edit, which says:

 * All contributions to Wikipedia are released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see Copyrights for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it. By submitting your work you promise you wrote it yourself, or copied it from public domain resources — this does not include most web pages. DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!

-- Karada 23:54, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, thanks to all you? My dear apologies, but I wasn't aware at all of that. I misviewed the goal of the site. Sorry and thanks again. -- jewishgenius

title: User talk:Jewishgenius


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RFA Northmark

Nordmark (later Northmark) was a former Kriegsmarine (German navy) combination oiler and supply vessel which was allocated to the Royal Navy by the Inter-Allied Repatriations Commission when British forces entered Copenhagen on 9 May 1945.

Design
To support naval operations in the Atlantic Ocean, the German Navy ran trials with various vessels in the 1920s and early 1930s. After testing two vessels of an intermediate type, the design evolved into the Dithmarschen-class. Six were built altogether, one of which was never completed. As Germany did not possess any ports on the Atlantic Ocean or any overseas bases, the Dithmarschen-class combined the roles fulfilled by tanker, repair ship, ammunition ship and dry cargo ship. The ships were even equipped with a small hospital. The main cargo were almost 9,000 tons of fuel oil and 400 tons of lubricating oil. As it was probable that the ships were underway for an extended time, the range was 12,500 NM at 15 knot. The maximum speed was 23 knots. A heavy armament was fitted, consisting of three 15 cm/L48 guns, two 3,7 cm Flak and four 2 cm Flak anti-aircraft guns and eight machine guns.

Construction
The ship was laid down at the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Elbing East Prussia (now Elbląg, Poland) on 14 November 1936, and was launched on 5 October 1937 with the name Westerwald. and was completed on 6 January 1939.

She arrived at Rosyth on 8 August 1945 and the following month went to Hebburn-on-Tyne for survey and repairs and conversion for service with the British Pacific Fleet, but the war ended and she was placed in reserve instead. She was renamed Northmark in January 1946 and was considered as a Royal Fleet Auxiliary-manned oiler, but the cost of modifications was considered to be unjustifiable and a follow-up proposal was taken up after approval was given to operate her as a naval ship. She therefore never served as an RFA, but was refitted for service in 1947 and on completion was renamed HMS Bulawayo in July 1947. She served as such until she was scrapped in 1955.

title: RFA Northmark


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RFA Retainer

RFA Retainer (A329) was an armament support ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Built by Scotts of Greenock as Chungking, a cargo/passenger liner for the China Navigation Co. Both Chungking and her sister vessel Changchow (later RFA Resurgent lost their initial purpose due to the Communist revolution. Chartered for a year and a half to the French Messageries Maritimes, they were purchased by the British Admiralty in 1952.

In 1959, Retainer was used with the missile trials ship HMS Girdle Ness (A387) for trials of replenishment at sea with the new Seaslug missile.

title: RFA Retainer


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RFA Resurgent

RFA Resurgent (A280) was an armament support ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). Built by Scotts of Greenock as Changchow, a cargo/passenger liner for the China Navigation Co. Made redundant by the Communist victory in 1949, Changchow and her sistership Chungking (later RFA Retainer) were chartered to the French « Messageries Maritimes », for the Marseilles-Sydney line, via Panama. Purchased by the Admiralty and chartered out to British India until 1957. In 1956-1957, under the name Resurgent, she was again chartered to the « Messageries Maritimes », making trips to New Caledonia and Australia. After that, she was converted to an armament store issuing ship and entered RFA service.

In 1975 she took part in the Joint Services Expedition to Danger Island (JSDI). Small, rocky, Resurgent Island, which had emerged after the naming of the Three Brothers in the 18th century, was named after the RFA Resurgent which supported the scuba diving scientific research expedition to the area.

She served until 1979, sailing from Rosyth in tow for demolition in Spain on 5 May 1981.

title: RFA Resurgent


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Martin Rees

Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow,   (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist. He is the fifteenth Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1995, and was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 2004 to 2012 and President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010.

Education and early life
Rees was born on 23 June 1942 in York, England. After a peripatetic life during the war his parents, both teachers, settled with Rees, an only child, in a rural part of Shropshire near the border with Wales. There, his parents founded Bedstone College, a boarding school based on progressive educational concepts. He was educated at Bedstone College, then from the age of 13 at Shrewsbury School. He studied for the mathematical tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with first class honours. He then undertook post-graduate research at Cambridge and completed a PhD supervised by Dennis Sciama in 1967. Rees' post-graduate work in astrophysics in the mid-1960s coincided with an explosion of new discoveries, with breakthroughs ranging from confirmation of the Big Bang, the discovery of neutron stars and black holes, and a host of other revelations.

Career and research
After holding postdoctoral research positions in the United Kingdom and the United States, he was a professor at Sussex University, during 1972–1973. He later moved to Cambridge, where he was the Plumian Professor at the University of Cambridge until 1991, and the director of the Institute of Astronomy.

He was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, in 1975 and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979. From 1992 to 2003, he was Royal Society Research Professor, and from 2003 Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, during 2004–2012. He is an Honorary Fellow of Darwin College, King's College, Clare Hall, Robinson College and Jesus College, Cambridge.

Rees is the author of more than 500 research papers, and he has made contributions to the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation, as well as to galaxy clustering and formation. His studies of the distribution of quasars led to final disproof of steady state theory.

He was one of the first to propose that enormous black holes power quasars, and that superluminal astronomical observations can be explained as an optical illusion caused by an object moving partly in the direction of the observer.

Since the 1990s, Rees has worked on gamma-ray bursts, especially in collaboration with Péter Mészáros, and on how the "cosmic dark ages" ended when the first stars formed. Since the 1970s he has been interested in anthropic reasoning, and the possibility that our visible universe is part of a vaster "multiverse".

Rees is an author of books on astronomy and science intended for the lay public and gives many public lectures and broadcasts. In 2010 he was invited to deliver the Reith Lectures for the BBC, now published as From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons. Rees thinks the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is worthwhile and has chaired the advisory board for the "Breakthrough Listen" project, a programme  of SETI investigations funded by the Russian/US investor Yuri Milner.

In addition to expansion of his scientific interests, Rees has written and spoken extensively about the problems and challenges of the 21st century, and interfaces between science, ethics, and politics. He is a member of the Board of the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton and the Oxford Martin School. He co-founded the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Future of Life Institute. He has formerly been a Trustee of the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Gates Cambridge Trust and the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR).

In 2007, he delivered the Gifford Lectures on 21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges at the University of St Andrews.

In August 2014, Rees was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

In 2015, he was co-author of the report that launched the Global Apollo Programme, which calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP for 10 years, to fund coordinated research to make carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than electricity from coal by the year 2025.

His doctoral students have included Roger Blandford, Craig Hogan,  Nick Kaiser Priyamvada Natarajan, and James E. Pringle.

To mark the 300th anniversary of the Board of Longitude in 2014, he instigated a programme of new challenge prizes of £5-10m under the name 'Longitude Prize 2014', which are administered by Nesta and for which he chairs the advisory board. The themes of the first two prizes are the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use, and enhancing the safety and independence of dementia sufferers. The Longitude Prize on Dementia was recently announced in 2022. In his general writings and in the House of Lords his focus has been on the uses and abuses of advanced technology and on issues such as assisted dying, preservation of dark skies, and reforms to broaden the post-16 and undergraduate curricula in the UK. He is also a current member of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee.

Selected bibliography

 * Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology (co-author John Gribbin), 1989, Bantam; ISBN 0-553-34740-3
 * New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, 1995; ISBN 0-521-64544-1
 * Gravity's Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 1995; ISBN 0-7167-6029-0, 2nd edition 2009, ISBN 0-521-71793-0
 * Before the Beginning – Our Universe and Others, 1997; ISBN 0-7382-0033-6
 * Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe, 1999; ISBN 0-297-84297-8
 * Our Cosmic Habitat, 2001; ISBN 0-691-11477-3
 * Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond (UK title: Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-first Century?), 2003; ISBN 0-465-06862-6
 * What We Still Don't Know ISBN 978-0-7139-9821-4 yet to be published.
 * From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons, 2011; ISBN 978-1-84668-503-3
 * On the Future: Prospects for Humanity, October 2018, Princeton University Press; ISBN 978-0-691-18044-1
 * (Online version is titled "How astronomers revolutionized our view of the cosmos".)
 * The End of Astronauts (co-author Donald Goldsmith), 2022, Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674257726
 * If Science is to Save us, 2022, Polity Press ISBN 9781509554201
 * Rees, M.,"Cosmology and High Energy Astrophysics: A 50 year Perspective on Personality, Progress, and Prospects", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 60:1–30, 2022.

Honours and awards
He has been president of the Royal Astronomical Society (1992–94) and the British Science Association (1995–96), and was a Member of Council of the Royal Institution of Great Britain until 2010. Rees has received honorary degrees from a number of universities including Hull, Sussex, Uppsala, Toronto, Durham, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Melbourne and Sydney. He belongs to several foreign academies, including the US National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Science Academy of Turkey and the Japan Academy. He became president of the Royal Society on 1 December 2005 and continued until the end of the Society's 350th Anniversary Celebrations in 2010. In 2011, he was awarded the Templeton Prize. In 2005, Rees was elevated to a life peerage, sitting as a crossbencher in the House of Lords as Baron Rees of Ludlow, of Ludlow in the County of Shropshire. In 2005, he was awarded the Crafoord Prize. Other awards and honours include:

 * 1975 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1982 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 * 1984 – Heineman Prize
 * 1987 – Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 * 1989 – Balzan Prize for High Energy Astrophysics
 * 1992 – Knight Bachelor
 * 1993 – Bruce Medal
 * 1993 – Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 1995 – Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden
 * 1999 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 2000 – Bruno Rossi Prize
 * 2001 – Gruber Prize in Cosmology
 * 2003 – Albert Einstein World Award of Science
 * 2004 – Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society
 * 2004 – Lifeboat Foundation's Guardian Award
 * 2004 – Royal Society's Michael Faraday Prize for science communication
 * 2005 – Life Peerage
 * 2005 – Crafoord Prize, with James Gunn and James Peebles
 * 2007 – Order of Merit – the personal gift of The Queen
 * 2007 – Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum
 * 2007 – Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
 * 2011 – Templeton Prize
 * 2012 – Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal
 * 2013 – Dirac Medal ICTP
 * 2016 – Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US on 26 May 2016)
 * 2017 – Lilienfeld Prize
 * 2020 – Fritz Zwicky Prize for Astrophysics and Cosmology
 * 2020 – Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society.
 * 2023 – Copley Medal

The Asteroid 4587 Rees and the Sir Martin Rees Academic Scholarship at Shrewsbury International School are named in his honour.

In June 2022, to celebrate his 80th birthday, Rees was the subject of the BBC programme The Sky at Night, in conversation with Professor Chris Lintott.

Personal life
Rees married the anthropologist Caroline Humphrey in 1986. He is an atheist but has criticized militant atheists for being too hostile to religion. Rees is a lifelong supporter of the Labour Party, but has no party affiliation when sitting in the House of Lords.

title: Martin Rees


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Half crown (British coin)

The British half crown was a denomination of sterling coinage worth $1/8$ of one pound, or two shillings and six pence (abbreviated "2/6", familiarly "two and six"), or 30 pre-decimal pence. The half crown was first issued in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. No half crowns were issued in the reign of Mary, but from the reign of Elizabeth I half crowns were issued in every reign except that of Edward VIII, until the coins were discontinued in 1970.

The half crown was demonetised (ahead of other pre-decimal coins) on 1 January 1970, the year before the United Kingdom adopted decimal currency on Decimal Day. During the English Interregnum of 1649–1660, a republican half crown was issued, bearing the arms of the Commonwealth of England, despite monarchist associations of the coin's name. When Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector of England, half crowns were issued bearing his portrait depicting him wearing a laurel wreath in the manner of a Roman Emperor. The half crown did not display its value on the reverse until 1893. In the 20th century a slang term for the coin was "half-a-dollar".

History of the half crown by reign

 * King Henry VIII 1526: the first English half crown was struck in gold.
 * King Edward VI 1551: issued the first half crown in silver. The coin was dated and showed the king riding a horse.
 * Queen Mary I: the half crown was struck on Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain in 1554 but was never issued for circulation. Three specimens exist.
 * Queen Elizabeth I: gold half crowns were issued again. At the end of the reign silver half crowns were issued.
 * King James I: gold half crowns were issued again. During the reign silver half crowns were issued.
 * King Charles I: silver half crowns were issued, including those struck as obsidional money, money of necessity during the Civil War period.
 * Commonwealth of England: Oliver Cromwell silver half crowns were issued. During the years 1656 and 1658 milled half crowns were issued of Oliver Cromwell.
 * King Charles II 1663–1685: silver half crowns were issued, and this period saw the end of the hammered issue of half crowns.
 * King James II 1685–1688: silver half crown.
 * King William III & Queen Mary II 1689–1694: silver half crown.
 * William III of England 1694–1702: silver half crown.
 * Queen Anne 1702–1714: silver half crown.
 * King George I 1714–1727: silver half crown.
 * King George II 1727–1760: silver half crown.
 * King George III 1760–1820: silver half crown.
 * King George IV 1820–1830: silver half crown.
 * King William IV 1830–1837: silver half crown.
 * Queen Victoria 1837–1901: silver half crown.
 * King Edward VII 1902–1910: silver half crown.
 * King George V 1910–1936: silver half crown, sterling silver (92½% silver) until 1919, then 50% silver.
 * King Edward VIII 1936: 50% silver half crown. Not issued for circulation.
 * King George VI 1937–1952: 50% silver half crowns were issued until 1946 when the metal was changed to cupro-nickel.
 * Queen Elizabeth II 1953–1967: the last half crown for general circulation was issued in 1967, and the coin was withdrawn in 1970, before decimalisation. Proof sets of £sd coins, including the halfcrown, were issued by the Royal Mint, bearing the date 1970.

Size and weight
From 1816, in the reign of George III, half crown coins had a diameter of 32 mm and a weight of 14.14 grams (defined as $5/11$ troy ounce ), dimensions which remained the same for the half crown until decimalisation in 1971.

Mintages
The mintage figures below are taken from the annual UK publication Coin Yearbook.

title: Half crown (British coin)