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Markeaton

Markeaton is a suburban village and former civil parish within Derby in the ceremonial county of Derbyshire, England. It is in the Mackworth Ward of Derby City Council.

The village lies on the narrow Markeaton Lane road. It is home to the popular Markeaton Park.

The name is derived from Old English "Mearca's Farm". The spelling was Marcheton in 1086.

After the Norman conquest the manor of Markeaton which had been held by the Anglo-Saxon Siward, the Fairbairn Earl of Northumbria, was given to Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, along with chevinetum, Mackworth and Allestree.

It finally passed to John the Earl of Huntingdon and Cambridge who died in 1237, his only heirs being his sisters. To prevent the estate passing to women, it was bought by the Crown in 1246. It was held by various members of the royal family, including the Black Prince until his death in 1376 when it returned to the Crown.

In the early 14th century the Mundy Family purchased land, Sir John Mundy was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1522. The village land was enclosed by the Mundys during the 18th century, forcing many of the villagers to move their homes (literally "Up Sticks") outside the enclosed land.

Civil parish
Markeaton was formerly a township in the parish of Mackworth, from 1866 Markeaton was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished and merged with Allestree, Darley Abbey, Derby and Mackworth. In 1931 the parish had a population of 307.

Markeaton Hall
A grand house, Markeaton Hall was built in a traditional half timbered style, this was replaced by a new hall during the late 18th century.

In 1929, the Markeaton Hall and twenty acres (81,000 m2) of its gardens were given to the Corporation of Derby by the Reverend Clarke Maxwell who had inherited the estate from the late Mrs Mundy, on condition that the whole area would be used as a public park and that the mansion would be maintained for cultural purposes, for example a museum or and art gallery. Unfortunately the hall was used by the Army during World War II and allowed to fall into disrepair after the war.

The council had continually neglected the building, which eventually was declared to be unsafe. The council decided to demolish it, leaving only the Orangery and stable yards.

The Church
Markeaton shares its church with the nearby village of Mackworth. This 13th-century church was fortified, one of the rare examples of such a church, to protect the villagers and their farm stock from raids by the Meynells, who lived at Langley Meynell.

title: Markeaton


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Jožef Stefan Institute

The Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) (Institut »Jožef Stefan«, IJS) is the largest research institute in Slovenia. The main research areas are physics, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, information technologies, reactor physics, energy and environment. At the beginning of 2013 the institute had 962 employees, of whom 404 were PhD scientists.

The mission of the Jožef Stefan Institute is the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge at the frontiers of natural science and technology for the benefit of society at large through the pursuit of education, learning, research, and development of high technology at the highest international levels of excellence.

History
The institute was founded by the State Security Administration (Yugoslavia) in 1949 for atomic weapons research. Initially, the Vinča Nuclear Institute in Belgrade was established in 1948, followed by the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb in 1950 and the Jožef Stefan Institute as an Institute for Physics in the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. It is named after the distinguished 19th century physicist Josef Stefan (Jožef Stefan), best known for his work on the Stefan–Boltzmann law of black-body radiation.

IJS is involved in a wide variety of fields of scientific and economic interest. After close to 60 years of scientific achievement, the institute has become part of the image of Slovenia.

Over the last 60 years it has created a number of important institutions, such as the University of Nova Gorica, the Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School and the Ljubljana Technology park.

Departments

 * Physics
 * F1 Theoretical Physics
 * F2 Low and Medium Energy Physics
 * F3 Thin Films and Surfaces
 * F4 Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics
 * F5 Condensed Matter Physics
 * F7 Complex Matter
 * F8 Reactor Physics
 * Chemistry and Biochemistry
 * B1 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 * B2 Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
 * B3 Biotechnology
 * K1 Inorganic Chemistry and Technology
 * K3 Physical and Organic Chemistry
 * K5 Electronic Ceramics
 * K6 Engineering Ceramics
 * K7 Nanostructured Materials
 * K8 Synthesis of Materials K8
 * K9 Advanced Materials
 * O2 Environmental Sciences
 * Electronics and Information Technologies
 * E1 Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics
 * E2 Systems and Control
 * E3 Artificial Intelligence
 * E5 Open Computer Systems and Networks
 * E6 Communication Systems
 * E7 Computer Systems
 * E8 Knowledge Technologies
 * E9 Intelligent Systems
 * Reactor Engineering and Energetics
 * R4 Reactor Engineering
 * Centers
 * Centre for Knowledge Transfer in Information Technologies
 * Networking Infrastructure Centre
 * Reactor Infrastructure Centre
 * Scientific Information Centre Library
 * Center for Technology Transfer and Innovation
 * Reactor Infrastructure Centre
 * Scientific Information Centre Library
 * Center for Technology Transfer and Innovation
 * Center for Technology Transfer and Innovation

Campuses
The institute has facilities in two locations. The main facilities and the headquarters are on Jamova 39 in Ljubljana, the other location is the institute's Podgorica Reactor Center located in Brinje, Dol pri Ljubljani near Ljubljana.

Research reactor
The institute's Podgorica Reactor Center is home to a pool type research reactor. The General Atomics TRIGA Mark II reactor is rated for a nominal 250 kW thermal. The reactor was first licensed in 1966 and is expected to continue operation at least into the 2030s.

The Central Radioactive Waste Storage of Slovenia is co-located at the institute's reactor facility. This facility is used for storage of the low and intermediate level solid radioactive waste from the Podgorica Reactor Center and other, non-institute small waste producers such as medical, research, and industrial applications of ionising radiation.

Selection of online services from the institute

 * VideoLectures.Net Collection of videos of scientific events
 * AnswerArt Question Answering system
 * SearchPoint Contextual Web Search
 * SearchPoint Contextual Web Search

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jožef Stefan Institute


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Playa Kalki

Playa Kalki is a beach on the Caribbean island of Curaçao, also known as Alice in Wonderland due to mushroom-shaped coral formations. The name Kalki is unrelated to the Avatar Kalki, but comes from the local Papiamentu word for the white coral rock and limestone, which is abundant on the beach and surrounding cliffs.

Playa Kalki and its surroundings are known for their good scuba diving conditions. Several reefs on and around Playa Kalki offer good dive sites for beginners and professionals. There is a professional dive center located directly on the beach at Playa Kalki.

title: Playa Kalki


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Mz 3

Mz 3 (Menzel 3) is a young bipolar planetary nebula (PN) in the constellation Norma that is composed of a bright core and four distinct high-velocity outflows that have been named lobes, columns, rays, and chakram. These nebulosities are described as: two spherical bipolar lobes, two outer large filamentary hour-glass shaped columns, two cone shaped rays, and a planar radially expanding, elliptically shaped chakram. Mz 3 is a complex system composed of three nested pairs of bipolar lobes and an equatorial ellipse. Its lobes all share the same axis of symmetry but each have very different morphologies and opening angles. It is an unusual PN in that it is believed, by some researchers, to contain a symbiotic binary at its center. One study suggests that the dense nebular gas at its center may have originated from a source different from that of its extended lobes. The working model to explain this hypothesizes that this PN is composed of a giant companion that caused a central dense gas region to form, and a white dwarf that provides ionizing photons for the PN.

Mz 3 is often referred to as the Ant Nebula because it resembles the head and thorax of a garden-variety ant.

Characteristics
Mz 3 is radially expanding at a rate of about 50 km/s and has its polar axis oriented at an angle of around 30° from the plane of the sky (Lopez & Meaburn 1983; Meaburn & Walsh 1985). It is sometimes compared to the more extensively studied Butterfly Nebula (M 2-9), and it is quite likely that both have a similar evolutionary history. They both have point-like bright nuclei, are narrow-waisted bipolar nebulae, and share surprisingly similar spatially dependent spectra. Because of their similarity, their differences are noteworthy. Their greatest difference is probably in their near infrared emissions. Mz 3 has no trace of molecular hydrogen emission, whereas the M 2-9 has prominent H2 emission lines in the near-IR. The lack of H2 emissions from Mz 3 is unusual given the strong correlation between such emissions and bipolar structures of PN. Additionally, the polar lobes of Mz 3 are more mottled and rounded as compared to M 2-9. Finally, Mz 3 is not known to evidence temporal variability in its polar lobes as is found in M 2-9 (Doyle et al. 2000).

The Herschel Space Observatory has detected laser light emissions from the nebula -- specifically, hydrogen recombination line laser emissions. This confirms the presence of a white dwarf with a binary companion at the heart of the nebula.

Chakram
Of the morphological features of Mz 3, one of the most unusual and odd is the chakram (first noticed in 2004), a faint, large, limb brightened ellipse that appears to have its center on the PN's nucleus. While the plane of the ellipse is near the other feature's shared reflection symmetry plane, it is definitely offset. This structure's kinematics are the only such ones known among studied PN. Unlike all the other Mz 3 structures, there is no increase of velocity as the radial offset from the nucleus increases. Consequently, this must not be a simple equatorial flow despite the fact that its motion appears to be strictly radial (that is, there is no indication of rotation which would suggest that this feature is dynamically stable). All the kinematic properties of the ellipse are symmetric and very ordered relative to the nucleus, consistent with all the other Mz 3 features. Therefore, the ellipse must be historically linked to the evolution of the central star.

The Ant Nebula is 8,000 light years away from Earth and it has a magnitude of 13.8.

History
Mz 3 was discovered by Donald Howard Menzel in 1922.

It was studied on July 20, 1997 by astronomers Bruce Balick (University of Washington) and Vincent Icke (Leiden University) on observations done with the Hubble Space Telescope. The telescope was later used on June 30, 1998 by Raghvendra Sahai and John Trauger of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to picture the PN.

title: Mz 3


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Batting helmet

A batting helmet is worn by batters in the game of baseball or softball. It is meant to protect the batter's head from errant pitches thrown by the pitcher. A batter who is "hit by pitch," due to an inadvertent wild pitch or by intent, may be seriously, even fatally, injured.

Early concepts (1905–1920s)
In 1905, Mogridge created the first crude protective headgear and was granted patent No. 780899 for a "head protector." This first attempt at a batting helmet was said to look like an "inflatable boxing glove that wrapped around the hitters head." Roger Bresnahan, Hall of Fame catcher who was injured after being struck in the head with a pitch, developed a leather batting helmet in 1908 which he began using. The helmets were not so much helmets as they were protective earmuffs. They did not protect the actual head of the batter but rather protected the ear and temple region. He also developed an aluminum protector for the back of the head that was covered in fake hair, but it is not known if it was ever used in the field.

In 1908, Chicago White Sox shortstop Freddy Parent wore a head protector of some sort and Chicago Cubs' first baseman-manager Frank Chance did the same thing in 1913, though Chance's headgear was "little more than a sponge wrapped in a bandage." In 1914, minor leaguer Joe Bosk, playing for the Utica Utes, wore a protector after being severely injured when he was struck in the head by a pitch in 1911.

Despite the fatal beaning of Ray Chapman in 1920, protective headgear was still used only rarely in the major leagues. That year, a syndicated news article claimed several baseball executives—including New York Giants secretary Frank McQuade—were trying to mandate the use of batting helmets. The article also asserted helmets were unpopular among players. The first known case of a manager issuing head protectors to his players on a large scale was Philadelphia Phillies' manager Pat Moran who gave cork-cushioned hats to his players in 1921. Connie Mack, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, voiced his support for protective headgear in 1921.

Revived interest (1930s–1950s)
In 1936, Willie Wells, a Negro leagues player, was knocked unconscious with a pitch to the temple. Disregarding the doctor's advice, Willie Wells wore a modified construction hard hat as protective gear in a game the next day.

After Mickey Cochrane, a Hall of Fame catcher for the Detroit Tigers, suffered a career-ending and near-fatal skull fracture on May 25, 1937, on a pitch by New York Yankees' pitcher Bump Hadley, there was a strong call for batter helmets. Cochrane himself went on record saying that players should "absolutely" be required to wear protective helmets.

Only one week after Cochrane's injury, on June 1, 1937, the Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Athletics became the first teams to test helmets, using leather and polo helmets respectively. Managers of both teams decided to use batting practice as a test run for helmet use on their players, before a game between the two teams. Though there is picture evidence of the polo helmets being worn in batting practice, there is no evidence of their being used or worn in a game. The first documented team to wear helmets in a game was the Des Moines Demons of the Western League. They also used polo helmets but the idea did not stick, as they only wore the helmets for one game.

The first professional baseball league to fully adopt the baseball helmet was the International League, which did so in 1939 when the list of official equipment used began to include a "safety cap or helmet". Buster Mills was the first player in the league to use a helmet.

The idea of making helmets a required part of Major League Baseball was discussed by officials of the National League in a meeting at the 1940 MLB All-Star Game in Chicago. Ford Frick, president of the National League, showed the helmet he designed with the hopes that the league would adopt it. Frick told the Associated Press, "[A batting helmet] is the only way I know that we can prevent head injuries and the only way we can make the players wear them is make it a league rule." Though the National League at this meeting did not adopt it, Jackie Hayes became the first player to wear the helmet in a game on August 22, 1940.

In 1941, the National League adopted the use of a helmet, designed by George Bennett, a Johns Hopkins University brain surgeon, for use by all teams in spring training. On March 8, 1941, the Brooklyn Dodgers announced that the team's players would be wearing the helmets during regular season games. On April 26, 1941, the Washington Senators joined the Dodgers as the only two teams to fully adopt the batting helmet for regular season use. The New York Giants on June 6 and the Chicago Cubs on June 24 also joined the list of teams to fully adopt the use of protective helmets during games.

Though many thought this would be the time when support would be strong enough to develop widespread usage, again tradition won out, and it was not until 1953 that the Pittsburgh Pirates mandated their players wear helmets. The helmet required by Pittsburgh General Manager Branch Rickey (formerly the Dodgers general manager and president) was created by Charlie Muse and was based on the hard hats used by miners. Soon after, the Ottawa Citizen wrote that "Major League clubs are becoming quite interested in a new type of plastic protective cap which has been put on the market recently." This became even more prevalent when on August 1, 1954, Joe Adcock, a first baseman for the Milwaukee Braves, was struck with a pitch on his head. He was wearing a helmet and, though he was taken off the field on a stretcher, he was uninjured as his helmet took the brunt of the impact and was visibly dented.

In the early 1950s, the governing body of Little League Baseball mandated the use of protective headgear during games for all players. In 1956 the National League followed suit and required the use of batting helmets by all players on all teams. After Little League Baseball announced a better helmet for the use of all players, the American League passed a rule on March 1, 1958, requiring all players to wear helmets. However, unlike in the National Hockey League (NHL) of the same era, helmets were widely accepted. It was not until December 1970 that Major League Baseball enforced strictly mandatory use of the batting helmet for all batters. Veteran players, however, were allowed to choose to wear a helmet or not, as they were grandfathered into the rule. The last Major League player to bat helmetless was Bob Montgomery, who last played for Boston Red Sox in 1979, coincidentally the same year the NHL finally made helmets compulsory with a similar grandfather clause for veteran players.

Modifications (1960–2000)
In 1960, Jim Lemon became the first player to wear the new Little League helmet in a Major League game. These helmets were made with earflaps on both sides and were capable of withstanding a ball traveling at up to 120 mph. One month later, Jimmy Piersall became the second player to wear the helmet in the Major Leagues.

With the helmet being worn league wide in Major League Baseball, alterations began in 1961.

On July 23, 1961, catcher Earl Battey was hit in the face with a pitch, fracturing a bone, and 10 days later returned to the field with a makeshift earflap to protect the injured area, though he only wore it for one game because he complained of difficulty seeing while wearing it. Tony Oliva also wore a makeshift face protector during batting practice, as did the Twins' Jimmie Hall in the 1965 World Series.

In 1964, the Phillies' Tony González was the first to wear a batting helmet with a pre-molded earflap. Prior to this, earflaps had been improvised. González was in the league top-ten in hit by pitches and the special helmet was constructed for his use. Shortly after this, Major League Baseball adopted the use of a helmet with a pre-molded earflap.

Ron Santo was also an early pioneer of wearing earflap helmets at the major league level, upon returning to action after having his left cheekbone fractured by a pitch in 1966. Although helmets with earflaps were common at the amateur levels in baseball, they were slow to gain popularity at the professional level. Some batters felt that seeing the earflap out of the corner of an eye was distracting. Tony Conigliaro was wearing a helmet without an earflap when he was seriously injured by a pitch in August 1967.

During the 1970 season, Brooks Robinson began using a batting helmet with an ear flap. He found the helmet's brim in addition to the earflap limited his visibility so he took a hacksaw and removed most of the brim. Robinson would wear the modified helmet for the remainder of his career.

Robert Crow was a plastic and reconstructive surgeon working for the Atlanta Braves in the 1970s when he invented a device that could protect players who were coming back from facial injuries. He called it a "C-Flap" after his last name and what it protected — the cheek. The device could be attached to the ear flap of the standard helmet to offer the added protection. The device did not become mainstream until decades later and in the meantime, players tried various things for the same purpose. For example, in 1978, the Pirates Dave Parker wore a hockey mask at the plate after he broke his cheek and jaw bones in a collision at home plate. This lasted only one game and Parker then tried to use a helmet with an attached two-bar football facemask. He also tried a helmet with another football facemask, the Dungard 210 facemask, screwed into his helmet.

Other notable players to utilize non-C-flap modified batting helmet include Gary Roenicke (1979), Ellis Valentine (1980), Charlie Hayes (1994), and Otis Nixon (1998). The first known player to wear the C-flap was Oakland A's catcher Terry Steinbach after breaking an orbital bone due to a freak pregame accident in May 1988. Steinbach had facial surgery and returned to action about a month later wearing a C-Flap. Other players would follow C-flap utilization, including David Justice, Kevin Seitzer, Mike Devereaux, Marlon Byrd, Chase Headley, and Jason Heyward. Heyward was the first player to begin wearing the C-flap permanently (2013) after enduring a facial injury, and Yadier Molina (2016) was the first player to begin permanently wearing the C-flap to prevent a facial injury where he had not previously had one.

In 1979, after taking a pitch to the face that required 25 stitches, Baltimore Orioles player Gary Roenicke wore a modified helmet with the facemask of a football helmet attached. According to Roenicke, the Orioles trainers took the face mask from the helmet of Baltimore Colts quarterback Bert Jones and affixed to the batting helmet. Roenicke wore the modified helmet until 1981.

In 1983, it was made mandatory for new players to use a helmet with at least one earflap. Players who were grandfathered in could choose to wear a helmet without ear flaps, if they so desired. Players can choose to wear double earflap helmets in the major leagues; however, this is not mandatory. Tim Raines was the last player to wear a helmet without earflaps, during the 2002 season. His flap-less Florida Marlins helmet is currently at the Baseball Hall of Fame. Gary Gaetti, who retired in the year 2000, plus Ozzie Smith and Tim Wallach, who both retired in 1996, also wore flapless helmets until they retired. Julio Franco, who retired from baseball in May 2008, was the last active player eligible to wear a helmet without flaps, but he chose to wear a helmet with an earflap throughout his career. Some players, mostly switch hitters, also decide to wear double earflap helmets while batting. Players to do this include Willie McGee, Terry Pendleton, Vince Coleman, Mark Bellhorn, Shane Victorino, Orlando Hudson, and Jed Lowrie (all of which are switch hitters).

Recent developments (2000–present)
On April 8, 2004, celebrated as "Hank Aaron Day" in Atlanta because it is the 30th anniversary of Hank Aaron's record-breaking 715th home run, Braves shortstop Rafael Furcal came to the plate in the sixth inning with a helmet without an earflap, as a tribute to Hank Aaron, who played his entire career in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and therefore did not wear a helmet with an earflap during his playing career. Umpire Bill Welke made him get one with a flap.

In 2005, Major League Baseball tested a new batting helmet for the first time in nearly three decades. At the All-Star Game in Detroit, players were seen wearing a new "molded crown" helmet that featured side vents, back vents and larger ear holes. The majority of players now wear these new helmets but some including Ryan Howard stayed with the older style.

The no-flap helmet is still utilized in baseball. Catchers often wear a flapless helmet along with a facemask to protect the head when receiving pitches. Occasionally, players other than catchers will wear a batting helmet without earflaps while playing a defensive position in the field. This is usually done by a player who has a higher-than-normal risk of head injury. One example is former major-league player John Olerud, who started doing so after undergoing emergency surgery for a cerebral aneurysm while attending Washington State University. An earlier example was Richie Allen, who decided to wear a helmet in the field after at least one incident of being hit by objects thrown by fans.

Major League bat-boys/bat-girls and ball boys/ball girls are required to wear a helmet rather than a cap while performing their duties while on the field of play. They are allowed to use the no-flap helmet for this purpose, and many do.

Following the 2007 death of Tulsa Drillers first base coach Mike Coolbaugh after being hit by a batted ball, there has been debate as to whether base coaches should wear helmets. Following the incident, the Oakland Athletics' Rene Lachemann decided to wear a helmet out to his third base coaching position.

After the 2007 season, Major League Baseball made it mandatory for coaches to wear helmets beginning with the 2008 season, although some coaches, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers' Larry Bowa, have disagreed with the decision.

In 2009, Major League Baseball decided to take action and protect players from the increasing number of concussions and head injuries. Rawlings came out with the S100 baseball helmet, named for its impact capabilities. It was able to withstand the impact of a baseball traveling at 100 mph from 2 ft away. The other baseball helmets used are only required to withstand a 70 mph impact from 2 ft away. The first Major League Player to wear this helmet during a game was Canadian-born Ryan Dempster, a pitcher with the Chicago Cubs. The new helmet did not catch on because the players said it made them look like bobbleheads. Some players, including Mets third baseman David Wright, did decide to use the helmet while batting.

In 2013, per the new MLB-MLBPA Collective Bargaining Agreement, MLB players were required to wear the new Rawlings S100 Pro Comp.

In 2018, several Major League Baseball players including Mike Trout and Bryce Harper began wearing the C-flap, an attachment to the earflap covering the jaw, invented by Markwort. The C-flap has caught on quickly throughout Major League Baseball and now batting helmet manufacturers such as Rawlings and Easton have begun producing helmets with a built-in earflap extension emulating the C-flap.

On May 28, 2018, Philadelphia Phillies slugger Rhys Hoskins fractured his jaw when he fouled a ball off his own face against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Hoskins, 25, was given a choice: miss four to six weeks or return after 10 days on the disabled list with a C-Flap on both sides for complete armament. Hoskins opted to return early with the double-C-Flap look, and just 12 days later, Hoskins made his return from the disabled list.

Currently, all leagues up to and including Minor League Baseball require the use of a double earflap batting helmet, with certain state amateur leagues being one exception (e.g., South Dakota Amateur Baseball Association). In Major League Baseball, however, only one earflap is required (for the ear closest to the pitcher).

title: Batting helmet


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Bighorn sheep

The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a species of sheep native to North America. It is named for its large horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to 30 lb; the sheep typically weigh up to 143 kg. Recent genetic testing indicates three distinct subspecies of Ovis canadensis, one of which is endangered: O. c. sierrae.

Sheep originally crossed to North America over the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia; the population in North America peaked in the millions, and the bighorn sheep entered into the mythology of Native Americans. By 1900, the population had crashed to several thousand due to diseases introduced through European livestock and overhunting.

Taxonomy and genetics
Ovis canadensis is one of two species of mountain sheep in North America; the other species being O. dalli, the Dall sheep. Wild sheep crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia into Alaska during the Pleistocene (about 750,000 years ago); subsequently, they spread through western North America as far south as Baja California and northwestern mainland Mexico. Divergence from their closest Asian ancestor (snow sheep) occurred about 600,000 years ago. In North America, wild sheep diverged into two extant species — Dall sheep, which occupy Alaska and northwestern Canada, and bighorn sheep, which range from southwestern Canada to Mexico. However, the status of these species is questionable given that hybridization has occurred between them in their recent evolutionary history.

Former subspecies
In 1940, Ian McTaggart-Cowan split the species into seven subspecies, with the first three being mountain bighorns and the last four being desert bighorns:
 * Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, O. c. canadensis, found from British Columbia to Arizona.
 * †Badlands bighorn sheep (or Audubon's bighorn sheep), O. c. auduboni, occurred in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Nebraska. This subspecies has been extinct since 1925.
 * California bighorn sheep, O. c. californiana, found from British Columbia south to California and east to North Dakota. The definition of this subspecies has been updated (see below).
 * Desert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni, the most common desert bighorn sheep, ranges from California through Arizona.
 * Mexican bighorn sheep, O. c. mexicana, ranges from Arizona and New Mexico south to Sonora and Chihuahua.
 * Peninsular bighorn sheep O. c. cremnobates, occur in the Peninsular Ranges of California and Baja California
 * Weems' bighorn sheep, O. c. weemsi, found in southern Baja California.

Current subspecies
Starting in 1993, Ramey and colleagues, using DNA testing, have shown this division into seven subspecies is largely illusory. Most scientists currently recognize three subspecies of bighorn. This taxonomy is supported by the most extensive genetics (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA) study to date (2016) which found high divergence between Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, and that these two subspecies both diverged from desert bighorn before or during the Illinoian glaciation (about 315–94 thousand years ago). Thus, the three subspecies of O. canadensis are:
 * Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) – occupying the U.S. and Canadian Rocky Mountains, and the Northwestern United States.
 * Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae) – formerly California bighorn sheep, a genetically distinct subspecies that only occurs in the Sierra Nevada in California. However, historic observer records suggest that bighorn sheep may have ranged as far west as the California Coastal Ranges, which are contiguous to the Sierra Nevada via the Transverse Ranges. An account of "wild sheep" in the vicinity of the Mission San Antonio near Jolon, California and the mountains around San Francisco Bay dates to circa 1769.
 * Desert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni) – occurring throughout the desert regions of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. The 2016 genetics study suggested a more modest divergence of this desert bighorn sheep into three lineages consistent with the earlier work of Cowan: Nelson's (O. c. nelsoni), Mexican (O. c. mexicana), and Peninsular (O. c. cremnobates). These three lineages occupy desert biomes that vary significantly in climate, suggesting exposure to different selection regimens.

In addition, two populations are currently considered endangered by the United States government:
 * Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae),
 * Peninsular bighorn sheep, a distinct population segment of desert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni)

Description
Bighorn sheep are named for the large, curved horns borne by the rams (males). Ewes (females) also have horns, but they are shorter and straighter. They range in color from light brown to grayish or dark, chocolate brown, with a white rump and lining on the backs of all four legs. Males typically weigh 58 - 143 kg, are 90 - 105 cm tall at the shoulder, and 1.6 - 1.85 m long from the nose to the tail. Females are typically 34 - 91 kg, 75 - 90 cm tall, and 1.28 - 1.58 m long. Male bighorn sheep have large horn cores, enlarged cornual and frontal sinuses, and internal bony septa. These adaptations serve to protect the brain by absorbing the impact of clashes. Bighorn sheep have preorbital glands on the anterior corner of each eye, inguinal glands in the groin, and pedal glands on each foot. Secretions from these glands may support dominance behaviors.

Bighorns from the Rocky Mountains are relatively large, with males that occasionally exceed 500 lb and females that exceed 200 lb. In contrast, Sierra Nevada bighorn males weigh up to only 198 lb and females to 132 lb. Males' horns can weigh up to 30 lb, as much as all the bones in the male's body.

Ecology
The Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep occupy the cooler mountainous regions of Canada and the United States. In contrast, the desert bighorn sheep subspecies are indigenous to the hot desert ecosystems of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Bighorn sheep inhabit alpine meadows, grassy mountain slopes, and foothill country near rugged, rocky cliffs and bluffs. Since bighorn sheep cannot move through deep snow, they prefer drier slopes, where the annual snowfall is less than about 60 in per year. A bighorn's winter range usually has lower elevations than its summer range.

Bighorn sheep are highly susceptible to certain diseases carried by domestic sheep, such as psoroptic scabies and pneumonia; additional mortality occurs as a result of accidents involving rock falls or falling off cliffs (a hazard of living in steep, rugged terrain). Bighorns are well adapted to climbing steep terrain, where they seek cover from predators. Predation primarily occurs with lambs, which are hunted by coyotes, bobcats, gray foxes, wolverines, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, and golden eagles.

Bighorn sheep of all ages are threatened by black bears, grizzly bears, wolves, and especially mountain lions, which are perhaps best equipped with the agility to prey on them in uneven, rocky habitats. Fire suppression techniques may limit visibility through shrublands, and therefore increase cover and predation rates by mountain lions. Bighorn sheep are considered good indicators of land health because the species is sensitive to many human-induced environmental problems. In addition to their aesthetic value, bighorn sheep are considered desirable game animals by hunters.

Bighorn sheep graze on grasses and browse shrubs, particularly in fall and winter, and seek minerals at natural salt licks. Females tend to forage and walk, possibly to avoid predators and protect lambs, while males tend to eat and then rest and ruminate, which lends to more effective digestion and greater increase in body size.

Social structure and reproduction
Bighorn sheep live in large herds and do not typically follow a single leader ram, unlike the mouflon, the ancestor of the domestic sheep, which has a strict dominance hierarchy. Before the mating season or "rut", the rams attempt to establish a dominance hierarchy to determine access to ewes for mating. During the prerut period, most of the characteristic horn clashing occurs between rams, although this behavior may occur to a limited extent throughout the year. Bighorn sheep exhibit agonistic behavior: two competitors walk away from each other and then turn to face each other before jumping and lunging into headbutts. Rams' horns can frequently exhibit damage from repeated clashes. Females exhibit a stable, nonlinear hierarchy that correlates with age. Females may fight for high social status when they are integrated into the hierarchy at one to two years of age.

Rocky Mountain bighorn rams employ at least three different courting strategies. The most common and successful is the tending strategy, in which a ram follows and defends an estrous ewe. Tending takes considerable strength and vigilance, and ewes are most receptive to tending males, presumably feeling they are the most fit. Another tactic is coursing, when rams fight for an already tended ewe. Ewes typically avoid coursing males, so the strategy is ineffective. The rams also employ a blocking strategy. They prevent a ewe from accessing tending areas before she even enters estrus.

Bighorn ewes have a six-month gestation. In temperate climates, the peak of the rut occurs in November, with one, or rarely two, lambs being born in May. Most births occur in the first two weeks of the lambing period. Pregnant ewes of the Rocky Mountains migrate to alpine areas in spring, presumably to give birth in areas safer from predation, but are away from areas with good quality forage. Lambs born earlier in the season are more likely to survive than lambs born later. Lambs born late may not have access to sufficient milk, as their mothers are lactating at a time when food quality is lower. Newborn lambs weigh from 8 to 10 lb and can walk within hours. The lambs are then weaned when they reach four to six months old. The lifespan of ewes is typically 10–14 years and 9–12 years for rams.

Infectious disease
Many bighorn sheep populations in the United States experience regular outbreaks of infectious pneumonia,   which likely result from the introduction of bacterial pathogens (in particular, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae,  and some strains of Mannheimia haemolytica) carried asymptomatically in domestic sheep. Once introduced, pathogens can transmit rapidly through a bighorn population, resulting in all-age die-offs that sometimes kill up to 90% of the population. In the years following pathogen introduction, bighorn populations frequently experience multiple years of lamb pneumonia outbreaks. These outbreaks can severely limit recruitment and likely play a powerful role in slowing population growth.

Conservation
Bighorn sheep were widespread throughout the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico two hundred years ago. The population was estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000. Unregulated hunting, habitat destruction, overgrazing of rangelands, and diseases contracted from domestic livestock all contributed to the decline, the most drastic occurring from about 1870 through 1950.

In 1936, the Arizona Boy Scouts mounted a statewide campaign to save the bighorn sheep. The scouts first became interested in the sheep through the efforts of Major Frederick Russell Burnham. Burnham observed that fewer than 150 of these sheep still lived in the Arizona mountains. The National Wildlife Federation, the Izaak Walton League, and the National Audubon Society also joined the effort. On January 18, 1939, over 1500000 acre of land were set aside to create the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge and the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge.

Many state and federal agencies have actively pursued the restoration of bighorn sheep since the 1940s. However, these efforts have met with limited success, and most of the historical range of bighorns remains unoccupied. Hunting for male bighorn sheep is allowed, but heavily regulated, in Canada and the United States.

In culture
Bighorn sheep were among the most admired animals of the Apsaalooka (Crow) people, and what is today called the Bighorn Mountain Range was central to the Apsaalooka tribal lands. In the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area book, storyteller Old Coyote describes a legend related to the bighorn sheep. A man possessed by evil spirits attempts to kill his heir by pushing the young man over a cliff, but the victim is saved by getting caught in trees. Rescued by bighorn sheep, the man takes the name of their leader, Big Metal. The other sheep grant him power, wisdom, sharp eyes, sure-footedness, keen ears, great strength, and a strong heart. Big Metal returns to his people with the message that the Apsaalooka people will survive only so long as the river winding out of the mountains is known as the Bighorn River.

Bighorn sheep are hunted for their meat and horns, used in ceremonies, as food, and as hunting trophies. They also serve as a source of ecotourism, as tourists come to see the bighorn sheep in their native habitat.

The Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep is the provincial mammal of Alberta and the state animal of Colorado and, as such, is incorporated into the symbol for the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife. The Desert bighorn sheep is the state mammal of Nevada.

The Bighorn sheep was featured in the children's book Buford the Little Bighorn (1967) by Bill Peet. The Bighorn sheep named Buford has a huge pair of horns in the Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, similar to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.

Bighorn sheep were once known by the scientific identification "argali" or "argalia" due to assumption that they were the same animal as the Asiatic argali (Ovis ammon). Lewis and Clark recorded numerous sightings of O. canadensis in the journals of their exploration—sometimes using the name argalia. In addition, they recorded the use of bighorn sheep horns by the Shoshone in making composite bows. William Clark's Track Map produced after the expedition in 1814 indicated a tributary of the Yellowstone River named Argalia Creek and a tributary of the Missouri River named Argalia River, both in what is today Montana. Neither of these tributaries retained these names, however. The Bighorn River, another tributary of the Yellowstone, and its tributary stream, the Little Bighorn River, were both indicated on Clark's map and did retain their names, the latter being the namesake of the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

The Bighorn Ram was featured in a series of prints by artist Andy Warhol. In 1983, the artist was commissioned to create a portfolio of ten endangered species to raise environmental awareness. The portfolio, known as "Endangered Species" was created in support of the Endangered Species Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1973. Other animals within the portfolio include the Siberian Tiger, Bald Eagle and the Giant Panda.

title: Bighorn sheep


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Conor Oberst

Conor Mullen Oberst (born February 15, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter best known for his work in Bright Eyes. He has also played in several other bands, including Desaparecidos, the Faint (previously named Norman Bailer), Commander Venus, Park Ave., Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band, Monsters of Folk, and Better Oblivion Community Center. Oberst was named the Best Songwriter of 2008 by Rolling Stone magazine.

Early life and education
Conor Mullen Oberst was born on February 15, 1980, the youngest of three boys, and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, to Matthew Ryan Oberst Sr., an information manager for Mutual of Omaha, and Nancy Oberst, an elementary education director for Omaha Public Schools. Oberst had two older brothers, Matthew Ryan Oberst Jr. and Justin H. Oberst. Matthew was a teacher and part-time musician until his death in 2016, and helped finance one of Oberst's self-released independent albums. Matt was also in the indie band Sorry About Dresden, which Conor played in from time to time. Conor has been writing and releasing music from a very young age, releasing his first solo album when he was 13.

Oberst was educated at St. Pius X/St. Leo School in Omaha, Nebraska, where he was in the school choir and other musical groups, and Creighton Preparatory School, also in Omaha, Nebraska. He briefly was enrolled at the University of Nebraska and dropped out after three semesters to tour.

Early career
One night in 1992, Ted Stevens (of Mayday and Cursive) invited Oberst onstage to play. Bill Hoover, who was in attendance, invited Oberst to come back to play with him a couple of weeks later. In that short amount of time, Oberst wrote enough songs to fill out the set, establishing himself as an artist. Shortly thereafter, Oberst began committing his new repertoire to tape in his parents' basement with his father's four track cassette recorder and an acoustic guitar.

In mid-1993, Oberst self-released his debut album Water on cassette tape. The release of the album was financed by his brother Justin on what they called Lumberjack Records, the indie label that would become Saddle Creek Records, making them founders and present day executives of the label.

Shortly after his two solo recordings, Oberst began playing with four friends; they formed Commander Venus in mid-1995.

Here's to Special Treatment was followed by 1996's The Soundtrack to My Movie, a cassette only released on Sing Eunuchs!. Kill the Monster Before It Eats Baby, a split 7-inch vinyl with Bill Hoover, was also released around this time.

The Faint (1994–1995)
In 1994, following a Slowdown Virginia show, Oberst, along with Joel Petersen and brothers Todd Fink and Clark Baechle, formed a band called Norman Bailer, later known as The Faint.

A few days later, Oberst told the other members of the band that they had a show in two weeks at Kilgore's. Despite having never performed together, they produced nine songs to perform. An album, Sine Sierra, was released (on cassette only) in 1995.

Commander Venus (1994–1998)
Oberst formed the rock band Commander Venus in 1994 with Tim Kasher, Ben Armstrong, and Robb Nansel. They recorded two albums: Do You Feel at Home? (1995) and The Uneventful Vacation (1997). Kasher later went on to form Cursive and Nansel was the co-founder of Saddle Creek Records. Kasher left the group to focus on Cursive as they were about to go into the studio to record their second album, and was replaced by Todd Baechle. Commander Venus disbanded in 1998.

The Magnetas (1996)
The Magnetas were only active for a very brief period of time in 1996 in Omaha. Along with Oberst, band members included Todd Fink (the Faint) and Chris Hughes (Beep Beep). They recorded three songs, only one of which ("Annex Anex") was released on Ghostmeat Records Parts compilation album. Two other confirmed recordings exist: "Clatter" and "Science Fiction in Schools".

Park Ave. (1996)
In January 1996, Oberst began playing drums in a group named Park Ave., alongside Clark Baechle, Jenn Bernard, Neely Jenkins (now in the band Tilly and the Wall), and Jamie Williams (also in Tilly and the Wall). The group only played between 10 and 15 shows and made a handful of recordings (several of them with Mike Mogis as producer). The group disbanded in 1998 when Williams, the singer and primary songwriter, moved to London, England. In 1999, Urinine Records released their only album, When Jamie Went to London ... We Broke Up, which has also now been re-released under Team Love.

Bright Eyes (1995–2011, 2020–present)

Oberst founded Bright Eyes as a solo project in 1995, and after the disbanding of Commander Venus, released A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995–1997 in January 1998. This was followed quickly by Letting Off the Happiness, released in November of the same year. It featured members of numerous bands and was recorded in the Oberst family basement. One year later, Bright Eyes released its first EP, Every Day and Every Night. Bright Eyes' third album, Fevers and Mirrors was released in May 2000; it was ranked 170 on Pitchfork's list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s.

With the release of 2002's Lifted or The Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground, Bright Eyes received national attention and Oberst was proclaimed a breakthrough artist by several notable magazines. On January 25, 2005, Bright Eyes simultaneously released two new albums: the folk I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning and more electronic-pop Digital Ash in a Digital Urn. Time listed I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning as one of the top ten albums of 2005.

The Four Winds EP was released in March 2007, followed by their seventh album, Cassadaga in April. The song "Four Winds" was named a top 100 song of 2007 by Rolling Stone. Oberst spent the next two years focusing on other music projects, and in June 2009 told Rolling Stone he wanted to make one final album with Bright Eyes before retiring the group. The band subsequently released The People's Key on Conor's 31st birthday, February 15, 2011.

In January 2020 the band announced their return to both touring and recording after a nine-year hiatus, and released their tenth album Down in the Weeds, Where the World Once Was on August 21, 2020.

Desaparecidos (2001–2002, 2012–present)
Oberst is a guitarist and singer for Desaparecidos. The music and lyrics of Desaparecidos differ greatly from Bright Eyes, having more in common with punk rock than Oberst's usual folk rock. The lyrics are generally social commentary on the state of affairs in America and the pitfalls of the suburban lifestyle, as opposed to the more introspective lyrics of Bright Eyes. Desaparecidos was active as a band between 2001–2002 but have regrouped to play shows in the Omaha area. They had two releases in 2002: a single for "The Happiest Place on Earth" and the full-length Read Music / Speak Spanish, on Saddle Creek Records.

In 2012, the band regrouped and self-released the 7-inch single "MariKKKopa/Backsell", as well as continuing to tour. In 2013, they released two more 7-inches independently, "Anonymous / The Left is Right" and "Te Amo Camila Vallejo / The Underground Man" (dedicated to the Chilean student activist Camila Vallejo), and complemented these releases with yet another tour. In 2015, the band announced the release of a new studio album, Payola, on June 23 on Epitaph Records.

On October 28, 2015, it was announced that Conor Oberst had been hospitalized due to "laryngitis, anxiety, and exhaustion", according to a press release. The entirety of Desaparecidos' remaining tour dates were cancelled and Oberst returned to his hometown of Omaha to recuperate.

Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band (2007–2012)
In November 2007, it was reported that Oberst would work on a solo record with Jake Bellows, and that he and M. Ward would start a band and perform two late December shows in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Contrary to what was believed, the shows were not played with M. Ward, but rather with Nik Freitas and Jason Boesel. They also played a show in February in Mexico City, Mexico.

On March 31, 2008, it was announced that Conor Oberst would play at the 2008 Reading and Leeds Festivals. He also performed at the Electric Picnic, in County Laois, Ireland, on August 31, 2008, the Cains Ballroom in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Austin City Limits in late September 2008, shows across Australia in early October 2008, and the Warfield Theater in San Francisco October 24. Oberst also headlined the Friday night slot of the End of the Road Festival at the Larmer Tree Gardens in Wiltshire, held over the weekend of September 12–14, 2008.

Conor Oberst released the self-titled album Conor Oberst, which was recorded in Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico, with Taylor Hollingsworth on guitar and Macey Taylor on bass, on August 5, 2008, on Merge Records.

In about mid-October, the band sold a new EP, Gentleman's Pact. It was limited to 1000 copies and was only available on tour. The band placed limitations on how many were sold at shows. It has four unreleased tracks. Three of them are pre-album songs while "Corina, Corina" is a cover of a traditional folk song.

Oberst and the band released their second album, Outer South, on May 5, 2009, on Merge Records. They have also released a documentary, One of My Kind, following the band from Conor's solo album to their most recent album One of My Kind.

Monsters of Folk (2009)
Conor Oberst is one of the four members of the band Monsters of Folk. Other band members include Jim James of My Morning Jacket, M. Ward and fellow Bright Eyes member Mike Mogis. The band members swap instruments and share vocal duties. The quartet released their self-titled debut album on September 22, 2009.

Solo work (2008–present)
Oberst released his first solo album, Water, in the form of a cassette tape when he was just 13. However, this album is difficult to find and is no longer sold. His second solo album was 2008's self-titled Conor Oberst. Throughout the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, Oberst embarked on a solo tour of North America and Europe performing with Ben Brodin on guitar and vibraphone. On the tour, he played songs from Bright Eyes, Mystic Valley Band, and Monsters of Folk as well as playing new songs.

Oberst released a new solo record, titled Upside Down Mountain, on May 19, 2014. He has been working with producer Jonathan Wilson (Dawes, Father John Misty) and Swedish duo First Aid Kit.

On October 14, 2016, Oberst released his seventh studio solo record, titled Ruminations, on Nonesuch Records.

On January 18, 2017, Oberst announced a companion album to Ruminations, called Salutations.

Better Oblivion Community Center (2019)
Oberst and Phoebe Bridgers revealed their oft rumored new band, Better Oblivion Community Center, on the Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 23, 2019, and released their eponymous debut album at midnight on January 24, 2019 (out via Dead Oceans). Band members include guitarist Nick Zinner from Yeah Yeah Yeahs and drummer Carla Azar from Autolux.

Saddle Creek records
Oberst is one of the founding members of the independent record label Saddle Creek Records, an integral part of Omaha's indie rock scene, which hosts bands such as Cursive, Desaparecidos, The Faint (which left to start its own label Blank.wav), Rilo Kiley (which left to start its own label Brute-Beaute Records), Bright Eyes, Two Gallants, Son, Ambulance, Azure Ray, The Good Life, and Sorry About Dresden, among others.

Team Love records
Oberst co-founded the Team Love record label (along with Nate Krenkel, longtime manager of Bright Eyes) to "do different things, or smaller things, that we couldn't get everyone to be into at the same time" at Saddle Creek. such as Tilly and the Wall, Willy Mason, The Felice Brothers, David Dondero, Taylor Hollingsworth and Jenny Lewis' solo album with The Watson Twins.

Pageturners Lounge
Oberst opened Pageturners Lounge, a bar, with Philip Schaffart in 2012. Pageturners Lounge is located in the Dundee neighborhood in Omaha. The business name is a holdover from the bookstore that formerly occupied the space.

Music style and influences
Oberst was drawn to music at a very early age, due in part to his brother Matt's penchant for bands like The Smiths, R.E.M., Fugazi, and The Cure. He has cited The Cure's first singles collection, Staring at the Sea, as the first record he ever bought, as well as being one of his favorites. "It must have been third grade ... I bought the cassette at a local record store chain called Homer's in Omaha. I just loved the sound of Robert Smith's voice. It just sounded good."

Some of his biggest influences and favorite songwriters are local musicians David Dondero and Simon Joyner. Joyner wrote the song "Burn Rubber", which Bright Eyes covered on the "Take It Easy (Love Nothing)" single. The two used to do mini-tours together, usually on weekends due to Joyner having a family.

Oberst has also been heavily influenced by the 1960s folk revival, mentioning Neil Young, Leonard Cohen, and country singers Emmylou Harris, John Prine and Townes Van Zandt. Harris sang on a few tracks on Bright Eyes' I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning. As a prolific and well-known musician in the folk genre, he has sometimes been defined as "a new Bob Dylan." He covered Neil Young's "Out on the Weekend", collaborating with Mike Mogis, Jim James and M. Ward in concert. He performed the Townes Van Zandt song "Rex's Blues" live with fellow musician Steve Earle. He has also performed two of John Prine's songs live, "Crazy as a Loon" and "Wedding Day in Funerville".

Oberst was greatly influenced by Daniel Johnston, whose "Devil Town" was covered and featured on Noise Floor, and profoundly influenced by Elliott Smith, stating in an October 22, 2003 All Things Considered interview that, "sometimes when you're not feeling good, you have to listen to really sad music like Elliott Smith's" and that [Smith] "wrote the sweetest, saddest, most gentle songs". Oberst also said he liked to "listen to Elliott Smith's songs when he [couldn't] find anyone to talk to on the phone" and thought that it was sad that "through his music, [Smith] had the ability to answer feelings in others that he was unable to answer in himself". A live cover of Smith's "The Biggest Lie" is featured on Motion Sickness. Oberst also has described the late singer-songwriter Vic Chestnutt as “one of the greatest ever,” and Bright Eyes released a cover of Chestnutt’s song “Flirted with You All My Life” in 2021.

Personal life
In 2010, Oberst married Corina Figueroa Escamilla, whom he met in 2008 while recording music in Mexico. They separated amicably in 2017.

In December 2013, Oberst was accused of sexual assault by a female fan, leading to widespread media coverage. However, by July 2014, she had retracted the accusation, stating that the accusations were "100% false" and that "my actions were wrong and could undermine the claims of actual sexual assault victims, and for that I also apologize". Of the period in his life, Oberst said "I'm not violent towards anyone ... And for a second, to have the whole world think that [the allegations were] true about me just did a number on my psyche." He also went on to emphasize that he did not want to minimize how frequently women are sexually assaulted and said that "as painful and surreal and fucked up as my situation was, I don't ever want to use this as an example to justify anything."

Oberst's brother Matthew died suddenly on November 27, 2016, in Cary, North Carolina, where he was a schoolteacher. He was 42. Oberst did not elaborate on his brother's death, except to say, "[he] basically fucking drank himself to death", a comment for which he has since expressed regret: "I guess [Vice] caught me on a day where I just didn't really give a fuck. I remember feeling bad afterwards when I had described the way my brother passed away, not thinking about ... my niece and nephew. They're definitely old enough to read an article." In the same 2020 interview, Oberst clarified the circumstances of Matthew's death: "It was kind of inconclusive. He had sleep apnea and he obviously struggled with addiction, but I came to find out it wasn't quite as clear cut as I made it seem."

In bands

 * Bright Eyes discography
 * Commander Venus discography
 * Desaparecidos discography
 * Park Ave. discography
 * Monsters of Folk discography
 * Better Oblivion Community Center discography

Guest appearances

 * Albums
 * Mayday – Old Blood (2002)
 * Arab Strap – Monday at the Hug & Pint (2003)
 * Criteria – En Garde (2003)
 * Cursive – The Ugly Organ (2003)
 * Son, Ambulance – Key (2004)
 * Maria Taylor – 11:11 (2005) and Lynn Teeter Flower (2007) and In the Next Life (2016)
 * Various Artists - "The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris" (2016) The Pearl
 * Kyle Crane – Crane Like the Bird (2019)

 * Songs
 * The Album Leaf – "Hungry for a Holiday"
 * Dntel – "Breakfast in Bed"
 * Melon Galia – "N'en Parlons Plus"
 * The Faint – "Dust"
 * David Dondero – "Less Than The Air" (2007)
 * Son, Ambulance - "Violet" (2001)
 * Tilly and The Wall – "You and I Misbehaving" (2003)
 * Jenny Lewis and The Watson Twins – "Handle With Care" (2005)
 * Street to Nowhere – "Tipsy" (2006)
 * First Aid Kit – "King of the World" (2012)
 * alt-J – "Warm Foothills" (2014)
 * Phoebe Bridgers - "Would You Rather?" (2017)
 * Phoebe Bridgers - "Halloween" (2020)
 * Hurray For The Riff Raff - "The World Is Dangerous" (2024)

title: Conor Oberst


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Talk:Bighorn sheep

Domestication - impossible?
The article says Bighorn Sheep can't be domesticated because they don't have a clear dominance hierarchy and won't follow a single leader. Probably this is an exaggeration. In fact Bighorn herds are reasonably cohesive, so there must be some social mechanism for keeping herds intact as they move around. Perhaps not the identical mechanisms that humans learned to exploit with sheep and goat species that were domesticated in Europe and SW Asia, but nevertheless a mechanism capable of discovery and exploitation.

Orphaned Bighorn lambs have certainly been tamed and integrated into human families, probably replicating the intial phases of domestication in Old World neolithic societies. Probably Bighorn Sheep were never fully domesticated simply because Native American societies in their range had not reached a stage of agricultural development where domestication of animals was seen as a priority. If domestication had been a priority, bison are probably as capable of domestication as the wild ancestors of cattle and water buffalo -- which are actually quite fierce. Perhaps deer could have been domesticated into a functional equivalent of goat, New World ducks probably could have been domesticated as easily as their Old WOrld counterparts.

Instead as history played out, Eurasian domesticated animals arrived on the scene before Native Americans seem to have fully grasped the possibilities of domestication. When these possibilities became obvious, it was much easier to adopt the european results than to proceed with the lengthy process of selective breeding with New World natives. LADave 11:16, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Domestication is possible; can be done in one generation, and should be done for all the native american ungulates, domestication of a particular species of animal garenties its survival, this is evident with the American Plains Bison if it were left up to the US gov. the plains bison would be extinct. —Preceding ETBreedlove comment added by 204.124.92.254 (talk) 21:45, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

An Eagle?
From the characteristics section: "Bighorns are well adapted to climbing steep terrain where they seek cover from predators such as coyotes, eagles, and cougars. "

Was this some kind of joke? I do not believe bighorns face predation from eagles. Furthermore, how would climbing up a slope provide any protection from an airborne predator like an eagle? I think the word "eagle" should be eliminated unless someone can offer some reference to support the claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.74.90 (talk) 22:20, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Not a joke but until they are a certain size, eagles can easily take lambs. In fact a lot of birds can kill the lambs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.26.109.139 (talk) 07:01, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Not true, the lambs are just too large, an eagle has trouble handling some trout, and grown house cats prove too large for them to handle, the california condor would be a considerable danger if it wornt for the fact that they dont kill their pray.

I have seen an eagle knock a mountain goat off a ledge to its death. It can happen. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.107.91.66 (talk) 20:37, 5 August 2013 (UTC) Bears should be in in this list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.124.92.254 (talk) 21:31, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

We have large birds of prey in Ohio -- including eagles. they are not capable of eating small dogs, much less big horn sheep lambs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.186.139.101 (talk) 14:35, 21 August 2011 (UTC) I have seen an eagle pick a lamb up from a field, and lift it all the way to the top of a tree. Sheep producers in our area of BC have problems with bald eagles that pick up poultry and lambs. Occasionally golden eagles will kill larger lambs, and there are reports of small animal kills in Alaska by golden eagles. On youtube there is a video of an eagle knocking a wild goat off a cliff, then going down to eat it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Firhillfarm (talk • contribs) 17:39, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Yes, an eagle. I did a bit of research and it seems that eagles do capture lambs. I found a news article about domestic lambs and government resource regarding Bighorn Sheep. Jesseraekern (talk) 14:57, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Interbreeding
Can bighorns breed with domestic sheep? 63.26.109.139 (talk) 07:02, 4 November 2008 (UTC) big horn babies are cute — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:56A:761B:C200:996B:C48F:19B1:4CCF (talk) 01:10, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Culture
Are bighorn sheep the inspiration for the mascot of the St. Louis Rams, and the log of Ram Trucks? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.91.70.120 (talk) 12:14, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yup, the logos are based on the bighorn sheep (with its distinctive curved horns). - M0rphzone (talk) 06:09, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Edit: After checking the article pages, it seems the logos are based on the ram (and not specifically the bighorn sheep although it has the same curved horns as well). - M0rphzone (talk) 06:22, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Ewes
After a discussion on another site where somebody said bighorn ewe horns are small and straight like a goat - citing wikipedia - I had to make a login and say something here.

See the FAQ at the Bighorn Insitiute: http://www.bighorninstitute.org/faq.htm saya: "Female bighorn or "ewes" have slender, straighter horns that grow throughout their lives to lengths of 8-10" for Rocky Mountain bighorn ewes and 12-17" for desert bighorn ewes. "

Ewe' horns tend to stay in one plane, and not spiral like a ram, but they DO curve, especially the Desert ewes. Their horns are often said to never exceed half a circle, but the desert bighorn ewes push that sometimes.

Mostly, they are curved in a single plane and slender. Ram's horns are fat. I don't know how to give any of that as a wikipedia reference, but I am changing the wording slightly. If anybody feels like doing some homework, a lot of details can be improved here. The subspecies differ quite a bit in some ways, and it would be good to look over this article with some resepected references in hand. Right now bad inferences are being made from this otherwise valuable work. Here's to the lady bighorns.

Mikevallarta (talk) 15:52, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Scouting
The section on scouting feels rather out of place. I don't doubt that the efforts of the boy scouts might have helped conserve bighorns in Arizona, but it seems like a level of detail beyond what is present in other sections of the article, and more detail than in most other Wikipedia articles I've seen on wild animals. There are surely countless other conservation efforts of equal or more importance that have occurred elsewhere in bighorn sheep range, so why devote an entire section to this one? My suggestion would be to remove this section from the article, and perhaps replace it with a new section that discusses conservation from a broader perspective. BiasOnTheOddByte (talk) 01:37, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I trimmed the Scouting material down to a short paragraph, and renamed the section "Conservation". I've marked the section as needing expansion: it would be great if multiple editors can collaborate to expand the section. — hike395 (talk) 19:56, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bighorn sheep


text:
Desert bighorn sheep

The desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) is a subspecies of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) that is native to the deserts of the United States' intermountain west and southwestern regions, as well as northwestern Mexico. The Bureau of Land Management considered the subspecies "sensitive" to extinction.

The trinomial of this species commemorates the American naturalist Edward William Nelson (1855–1934). The characteristics and behavior of the desert bighorn sheep generally follow those of other bighorn sheep, except for adaptation to the lack of water in the desert. They can go for extended periods of time without drinking water.

The desert bighorn sheep is the state mammal of Nevada. It is also the mascot of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.

Distribution
The range of the desert bighorn sheep includes habitats in the Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, Great Basin Desert, and Chihuahuan Desert, as well as the Colorado Plateau. Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Zion National Park, Capitol Reef, and Mojave National Preserve all offer protected habitat for them. The subspecies is considered extirpated from Oregon.

Populations of the desert bighorn sheep declined drastically with European colonization of the American Southwest beginning in the 16th century. These declines were followed by a period of population stabilization ascribed to conservation measures. As of 2004, desert bighorn sheep numbers remained extremely low, although the overall population trend had increased since 1960.

Characteristics
Desert bighorn sheep are stocky, heavy-bodied sheep, similar in size to mule deer. Weights of mature rams range from 115 to 280 pounds (52 to 127 kg), while ewes are somewhat smaller. Due to their unique concave elastic hooves, bighorn are able to climb the steep, rocky terrain of the desert mountains with speed and agility. They rely on their keen eyesight to detect potential predators, such as mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats, and they use their climbing ability to escape.

Both sexes develop horns soon after birth, with horn growth continuing more or less throughout life. Older rams have curling horns measuring over three feet long with more than one foot of circumference at the base. The ewes' horns are much smaller and lighter and do not tend to curl. After eight years of growth, the horns of an adult ram may weigh more than 30 pounds. Annual growth rings indicate the animal's age. The rams may rub their own horns to improve their field of view. Both rams and ewes use their horns as tools to break open cactus, which they consume, and for fighting.

Desert bighorn sheep typically live for 10–20 years. The typical diet of a desert bighorn sheep is mainly grasses. When grasses are unavailable, they turn to other food sources, such as sedges, forbs, or cacti.

Desert adaptations
The desert bighorn has become well adapted to living in the desert heat and cold and, unlike most mammals, their body temperature can safely fluctuate several degrees. During the heat of the day, they often rest in the shade of trees and caves.

Southern desert bighorn sheep are adapted to a desert mountain environment with little or no permanent water. Some may go without visiting water for weeks or months, sustaining their body moisture from food and from rainwater collected in temporary rock pools. They may have the ability to lose up to 30% of their body weight and still survive. After drinking water, they quickly recover from their dehydrated condition. Wildlife ecologists are just beginning to study the importance of this adaptive strategy, which has allowed small bands of desert bighorns to survive in areas too dry for many of their predators.

Social life
Desert bighorn sheep are social, forming herds of eight to 10 individuals; sometimes herds of 100 are observed.

Rams battle to determine the dominant animal, which then gains possession of the ewes. Facing each other, rams charge head-on from distances of 20 ft or more, crashing their massive horns together with tremendous impact, until one or the other ceases.

Desert bighorn sheep live in separate ram and ewe bands most of the year. They gather during the breeding season (usually July–October), but breeding may occur anytime in the desert due to suitable climatic conditions. Gestation lasts 150–180 days, and the lambs are usually born in late winter.

Conservation status and trends
The number of desert bighorn sheep in North America in prehistoric times is unknown, but most likely was in the tens of thousands. By the 1960s, the desert bighorn population had dwindled to 6,700-8,100. These declines were attributed to excessive hunting; competition and diseases from domestic livestock, particularly domestic sheep; usurpation of watering areas and critical range by human activities; and human-induced habitat changes.

In 1939, after intense lobbying by Frederick Russell Burnham and the Arizona Boy Scouts, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation to establish two desert areas in southwestern Arizona to help preserve the desert bighorn sheep: Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. In 1941, the San Andres National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico was added. Desert bighorn sheep populations have trended upward since the 1960s. The upward trend was caused by conservation measures, including habitat preservation. In 1980, desert bighorn sheep populations were estimated at 8,415-9,040. A state-by-state survey was conducted a few years later and estimated the overall US desert bighorn sheep population at 15,980. The 1993 estimate of the population is 18,965-19,040. The results of the state-by-state survey are shown to the right.

In Southwestern Utah, desert bighorns were largely extirpated by 1960, until 14 sheep were re-introduced into Zion National Park in 1978. The southeastern corner of the park is closed to all human traffic to protect their habitat. The herd has now grown to over 500 animals, to the point that they often come in contact with visitors in the eastern part of the park, and may begin spreading into surrounding agriculture areas with domesticated sheep.

In southern California, by 1998, only 280 individuals of the peninsular bighorn sheep population remained, and that population was added to the list of the United States' most imperiled species. Populations in three southern counties had suffered greatly from disease, development, and predation. As of 2008, about 800 peninsular bighorns are believed to populate the desert backcountry from the US-Mexico border to the San Jacinto Mountains, with known populations in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. These gains, combined with Bush administration policies, prompted the US Fish and Wildlife Service to propose a reduction in protected sheep habitat by more than 50%, from 844897 to 384410 acre.

In southern Texas, desert bighorn sheep conservation began in 1973 with the release of seven captive-bred sheep in the Sierra Diablo Mountains. Captive-bred sheep were periodically released in this area until 1997. The Elephant Mountain Wildlife Management Area herd began with 20 sheep total in 1987. The Elephant Mountain population has increased substantially, and this population has been the source for most translocation efforts in the state so far. The Sierra Vieja population started in 1987 with 5 sheep, and from 2014 to 2015, an additional 76 sheep were released, half of them fitted with radio telemetry collars to understand their movements more. The Van Horn population came from wild-caught Nevada sheep in 1987. This population did not do so well due to predation from mountain lions. The Culberson County population was also started in 1988 from wild-caught sheep from Nevada. The Black Gap Wildlife Management Area population translocation began in 1995 with 20 sheep. Over the next five years, 73 more sheep would be released with origins from Nevada and Elephant Mountain. Restoration efforts picked up again in 2018 with the release of 82 sheep from Elephant Mountain. Most of those sheep were fitted with radio telemetry collars to track population factors. A very limited number of hunting permits are awarded per year in Texas, with one public land permit being donated to a conservation organization for auction purposes. Most of these funds go back to the conservation of the bighorn sheep. In 2020, three Texas Parks and Wildlife Department employees died in a helicopter accident working on desert bighorn sheep conservation.

In popular culture
In 2023 the desert bighorn was featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.

title: Desert bighorn sheep


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USC School of Cinematic Arts

The University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts (SCA) houses seven academic divisions: Film & Television Production; Cinema & Media Studies; John C. Hench Division of Animation + Digital Arts; John Wells Division of Writing for Screen & Television; Interactive Media & Games; Media Arts + Practice; Peter Stark Producing Program.

The USC School of Cinematic Arts is led by dean Elizabeth Monk Daley, who holds the Steven J. Ross/Time Warner Chair and is the longest-serving dean at the University of Southern California, having led the cinema school since 1991.

Since opening, the USC School of Cinematic Arts has been ranked highly as one of the best film schools in the United States. The USC School of Cinematic Arts currently has a 3% acceptance rate.

History
When Douglas Fairbanks became the first president of the nascent Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1927, one of his recommendations was that the academy should have a “training school”. As Fairbanks and his enablers reasoned that training in the cinematic arts should be seen as a legitimate academic discipline at major universities, given the same degree considerations as fields like medicine and law. Although cinema studies programs are now widely entrenched in academia, back then it was a novel idea and many universities turned Fairbanks down. But he found tepid acceptance at the University of Southern California that agreed to allow one class, called “Introduction to Photoplay” that debuted in 1929, the same year as the Academy Awards. Determined to make it a success, Fairbanks brought in the biggest industry names of the era to lecture, including Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, William C. DeMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl Zanuck. From that one class grew a Department of Cinematography (1932) in the College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, renamed the Department of Cinema (1940), which led to the establishment of the USC School of Cinema-Television (1983), which was renamed the USC School of Cinematic Arts (2006). .

On September 19, 2006, USC announced that alumnus George Lucas had donated US$175 million to expand the film school with a new 137000 sqft facility. This represented the largest single donation to USC and the largest to any film school in the world. His previous donations resulted in the naming of two buildings in the school's previous complex, opened in 1984, after him and his then-wife Marcia, though Lucas was not fond of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture used in those buildings. An architectural hobbyist, Lucas laid out the original designs for the project, inspired by the Mediterranean Revival Style that was used in older campus buildings as well as the Los Angeles area. The project also received another $50 million in contributions from Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company.

In fall 2006, the school, together with the Royal Film Commission of Jordan, created the Red Sea Institute of Cinematic Arts (RSICA) in Aqaba, Jordan. The first classes were held in 2008, and the first graduating class for the university was in 2010.

The USC School of Cinematic Arts announced it would remove an exhibit devoted to actor and former USC student John Wayne, after months of insistence from a small number of students denouncing the Hollywood star’s views and the portrayal of indigenous Americans in his films. The exhibit has been relocated to the Cinematic Arts library which has many collections for the study of figures whose lives and works are part of society's shared history. These materials are preserved for posterity and made accessible for research and scholarship as will the materials in the Wayne Collection.

Film & Television Production
The current Chair is Gail Katz, holder of the Mary Pickford Endowed Chair; Vice-Chair is Susan Arnold.

Cinema & Media Studies
The Division of Cinema & Media Studies (CaMS) is the central hub for film theory at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The current Chair is Priya Jaikumar. Notable faculty members of the Cinema and Media Studies department include Todd Boyd and Drew Casper. Prior to his 2019 retirement, Casper was the 3rd-highest paid professor in the University of Southern California's history.

John C. Hench Division of Animation + Digital Arts
The John C. Hench Division of Animation + Digital Arts teaches courses in animation and digital arts. These include classic character animation, 2-D and 3-D storytelling, performance capture, visual effects, motion graphics, stop-motion, experimental filmmaking, installations and multimedia, documentary animation, and visualizing scientific research. The current Chair is Teresa Cheng, who holds the John C. Hench Endowed Division Chair.

Interactive Media & Games Division
The Interactive Media & Games Division focus is on video games. USC has been a pioneer in teaching the foundations of games and interactive media while also moving the field forward with innovative research concepts. Since the start of its rating system in 2009, The Princeton Review has consistently ranked USC as the top school for game design in North America. The Chair at the moment is Danny Bilson.

Media Arts + Practice
The Media Arts + Practice Division (MA+P) creates and analyzes media for fields as diverse as business, medicine, education, architecture, law, urban planning, filmmaking. The current co-chairs are Holly Willis and Elizabeth Ramsey.

John Wells Division of Writing for Screen & Television
The USC School of Cinematic Arts offers Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts degrees in Writing for Screen and Television for students who seek professional preparation for a career in screen and television writing. The programs emphasizes small, workshop-style classes. Students attend a variety of guest speaker presentations, take industry internships, are provided with mentors and are taught by professors who are actively working in the entertainment industry. Each fall, 30 undergraduate and 32 graduate writing students are selected to begin the program. The current Chair is David Isaacs.

Peter Stark Producing Program
The Peter Stark Producing Program is a two-year (four semester) full-time graduate program. 24 Peter Stark Program students are enrolled each fall. The curriculum is designed to prepare a select group of students for careers as producers and executives of film, television, and new media. The current Chair is Edward Saxon and Associate Chair is Nina Yang Bongiovi.

Faculty
The School of Cinematic Arts also has an active Board of Councilors who help guide the future direction of the School and work with the Dean to ensure the School is properly resourced.

Facilities
Donations from film and game industry companies, friends, and alumni have enabled the school to build the following facilities:

 * School of Cinematic Arts Complex, completed in 2010, which includes:
 * 20th Century Fox soundstage
 * George Lucas and Steven Spielberg Buildings, featuring the Ray Stark Family Theatre, which is equipped for 3D presentation, as well as two digital theatres, the Albert and Dana Broccoli Theatre and Fanny Brice Theatre
 * Marcia Lucas Post-Production Center
 * Marilyn & Jeffrey Katzenberg Center for Animation
 * Sumner Redstone Production Building which contains two stages Redstone 1 and Redstone 2
 * Interactive building (SCI), home of the USC Interactive Media & Games Division, the USC Division of Media Arts and Practice, and several research labs (the Game Innovation Lab, the Mobile and Environmental Media Lab, the Mixed Reality Lab and the Creative Media & Behavioral Health Center, among others)
 * Robert Zemeckis Center for Digital Arts, home of Trojan Vision, USC's student television station
 * Eileen Norris Cinema Theatre Complex, featuring a 365-seat theatre that also serves as a classroom with USC faculty member and Academy Award winner Tomlinson Holman's THX audiovisual reproduction standard used in film venues worldwide. The Frank Sinatra Hall, dedicated in 2002, houses a public exhibit and collection of extensive memorabilia commemorating Sinatra's life and contributions to American popular culture.
 * David L. Wolper Center at Doheny Memorial Library
 * Louis B. Mayer Film and Television Study Center at Doheny Memorial Library
 * Hugh M. Hefner Moving Image Archive

At the center of the new television complex is a statue of founder Douglas Fairbanks. He is seen holding a fencing foil in one hand and a script in the other to reflect his strong ties with the USC Fencing Club.

Distinctions

 * Since 1973, at least one alumnus of SCA has been nominated for an Academy Award annually, totaling 256 nominations and 78 wins.
 * Since 1973, at least one SCA alumnus or alumna has been nominated for the Emmy Award annually, totaling 473 nominations and 119 wins.
 * The top 17 grossing films of all time have had an SCA graduate in a key creative position.
 * The Princeton Review has ranked the Interactive Media and Games Division's video game design program best in North America multiple years in a row.
 * Both The Hollywood Reporter and USA Today have ranked SCA the number one film program in the world, with its unmatched facilities, proximity to Hollywood, and numerous industry connections being the primary rationale.
 * The current acceptance rate for the USC School of Cinematic Arts is 3%.

Awards for USC Cinema short films

 * In 1956, producer Wilber T. Blume, a USC Cinema instructor at the time, received an Academy Award for best live action short film for a film he created entitled The Face of Lincoln. Blume also received an Academy Award nomination that year for documentary short.
 * In 1968, George Lucas won first prize in the category of Dramatic films at the third National Student Film Festival held at Lincoln Center, New York for his futuristic Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB.
 * In 1970, producer John Longenecker received an Academy Award for best live action short film for a film he produced while attending USC Cinema 480 classes as an undergraduate—The Resurrection of Broncho Billy. The film's crew and cast included Nick Castle, cinematographer; John Carpenter, film editor and original music; James Rokos, director; Johnny Crawford, lead actor; and Kristin Nelson, lead actress.
 * In 1973, Robert Zemeckis won a Special Jury Award at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences' second annual Student Film Awards presentation for A Field of Honor.
 * In 2001, MFA student David Greenspan won the Palme d’Or for short film at the Cannes Film Festival for his student film Bean Cake.
 * In 2006, director, co-writer, and producer Ari Sandel received an Academy Award for best live action short film ("West Bank Story") made as a USC Cinema graduate school project.
 * In 2009, MFA student Gregg Helvey was nominated for an Academy Award for his MFA thesis film, Kavi.

Awards for USC Cinema feature films

 * In 2019, the crime / thriller film Samir became an official selection for the 2019 Heartland International Film Festival with the help of Warner Bros. Entertainment.

Notable SCA alumni
See also List of University of Southern California people

SCA has more than 17,000 alumni. Among the most notable are:

 * Sasha Alexander
 * Ante Cheng
 * Scott Alexander
 * Elizabeth Allen
 * Thom Andersen
 * Judd Apatow
 * Gregg Araki
 * Aditya Assarat
 * Doug Atchison
 * John August
 * John Bailey
 * Kelley Baker
 * Richard L. Bare
 * Hal Barwood
 * Walt Becker
 * Jim Bernstein
 * David Bezmozgis
 * Laura Bialis
 * Gregg Bishop
 * Paul Harris Boardman
 * Dominic Arizona Bonuccelli
 * A. C. Bradley
 * Charles Braverman
 * Mehcad Brooks
 * Norman Buckley
 * Bryan Burk
 * Ben Burtt
 * Trey Callaway
 * Steven Cantor
 * John Carpenter
 * Nick Castle
 * Aneesh Chaganty
 * Sharon Choi
 * Adam Christian Clark
 * Jon Chu
 * Art Clokey
 * Ryan Coogler
 * Ericson Core
 * Jack Couffer
 * R. J. Cutler
 * Mark Z. Danielewski
 * Thomas Del Ruth
 * Scott Derrickson
 * Caleb Deschanel
 * Trygve Allister Diesen
 * Craig Detweiler
 * Susan Downey
 * Daniel Dubiecki
 * Richard Edlund
 * Lindsay Ellis
 * Kevin Feige
 * Bobby Florsheim
 * Frank E. Flowers
 * Tyler Fredrickson
 * David Gallagher
 * Bob Gale
 * Gavin Garrison
 * Douglas Gayeton
 * Scott Gimple
 * Alfred Gough
 * David S. Goyer
 * James Gray
 * Macy Gray
 * Brian Grazer
 * Luke Greenfield
 * Kevin Greutert
 * Ashley Greyson
 * Javier Grillo-Marxuach
 * Lawrence Guterman
 * Conrad Hall
 * Jane Hamsher
 * Ray Harryhausen
 * Grant Heslov
 * Matthew Ryan Hoge
 * Sean Hood
 * Ron Howard
 * Martin Hynes
 * James Ivory
 * O'Shea Jackson Jr.
 * Joe Johnston
 * Rian Johnson
 * Larry Karaszewski
 * G. T. Karber
 * Ke Huy Quan
 * Richard Kelly
 * Nahnatchka Khan
 * Karey Kirkpatrick
 * Randal Kleiser
 * Tim Kring
 * Eric Kripke
 * Kurt Kuenne
 * Ken Kwapis
 * Brandon Laatsch
 * Jon Landau
 * Alexander Sebastien Lee
 * Chris Chan Lee
 * Shawn Levy
 * R. Eric Lieb
 * Doug Liman
 * John Longenecker
 * George Lucas
 * Albert Magnoli
 * Gregory Markopoulos
 * Richard Martini
 * Joseph Mazzello
 * John Milius
 * Miles Millar
 * F. Hudson Miller
 * John Lloyd Miller
 * Derek Mio
 * Stephen Mirrione
 * Raamla Mohamed
 * Walter Murch
 * Don Murphy
 * Tab Murphy
 * Tom Neff
 * Laura Neri
 * Eric Newman
 * Doug Nichol
 * Dan O'Bannon
 * Tracy Oliver
 * Randy Olson
 * Tom Oesch
 * Richard Outten
 * Chris Parson
 * Paula Patton
 * Sam Peckinpah (drama major)
 * Charlie Pecoraro
 * Michael R. Perry
 * Brian Wayne Peterson
 * Shawn Piller
 * Stu Pollard
 * Dan Povenmire
 * Santiago Pozo
 * Ben Proudfoot
 * Ben Queen
 * Adva Reichman
 * Kevin Reynolds
 * Ben Ripley
 * Shonda Rhimes
 * Jay Roach
 * Steven Robiner
 * Barry Rubinow
 * Jason Russell
 * Gary Rydstrom
 * Walter Salles
 * Edward Saxon
 * Josh Schwartz
 * Ben Shedd
 * Stacey Sher
 * Robert Sherman
 * Christine Shin
 * Sofia Shinas
 * Sigurjón Sighvatsson
 * John Singleton
 * Bryan Singer
 * Stephen Sommers
 * Dror Soref
 * Guido Mina di Sospiro
 * Kevin Stea
 * Adam Stein
 * David H. Steinberg
 * Tim Story
 * Joy Sunday
 * Chris Terrio
 * Jon Turteltaub
 * Ron Underwood
 * Lee Unkrich
 * Christopher Vogler
 * Matthew Weiner
 * John Wells
 * Alexander Winn
 * Freddie Wong
 * Kaitlyn Yang
 * Marianna Yarovskaya
 * Robert Yeoman
 * Rayka Zehtabchi
 * Robert Zemeckis
 * Laura Ziskin
 * Bradley Steven Perry

Other notable faculty members and instructors (past and present)

 * Danny Bilson
 * Mitchell Block
 * Mark Bolas
 * Peter Bonerz
 * Todd Boyd
 * Trey Callaway
 * Drew Casper
 * Peter Chung
 * Frank Daniel
 * Edward Dmytryk
 * Duwayne Dunham
 * John A. Ferraro
 * Verna Fields
 * Scott Fisher
 * Rachel Feldman
 * James Franco

 * Robert L. Freedman
 * Anne Friedberg
 * Nina Foch
 * Tracy Fullerton
 * Maureen Furniss
 * Eric Goldberg
 * Dan Gordon
 * Mark Jonathan Harris
 * Ray Harryhausen
 * Tomlinson Holman
 * Gordy Hoffman
 * Sean Hood
 * Jerry Lewis
 * Leonard Maltin

 * Robert McKee
 * Michael Naimark
 * Christine Panushka
 * Mark Pesce
 * Gene Polito
 * Abraham Polonsky
 * Bill Prady
 * Howard Rodman
 * Howard Rosenberg
 * Tom Sito
 * Kathy Smith
 * Chris Swain
 * Larry Turman
 * Jordan Weisman
 * Paul Wolff
 * Slavko Vorkapić

title: USC School of Cinematic Arts


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Samuel Morgan

Samuel Dold Morgan (November 8, 1798 – June 10, 1880), was an American businessman, builder, and manufacturer, known as "The Merchant Prince of Nashville."

Early life
Samuel Dold Morgan was born in Staunton, Virginia.

Career
Morgan moved to Nashville in January 1833, where he became involved in dry goods and banking. He was at once a merchant, architect and builder. His firm, Morgan and Company, was one of the largest wholesale importers of dry goods and a manufacturer of clothing; the business was sufficiently sound and respected to be permitted to issue script money during the Panic of January 30, 1844. He was appointed to the new commission charged with planning a new State Capitol for Tennessee, becoming its president in 1854, Morgan was instrumental in choosing William Strickland of Philadelphia as the architect of this monumental structure.

In 1856 his firm built the Italianate style Morgan-Reeves Building at 208-210 Public Square; the building survived until 1975. (Building photos and details—external link)

During the American Civil War, Morgan engaged in manufacturing munitions for the Confederates until Nashville's occupation by Union forces. He was also a Confederate official, serving as chairman of the Central Bureau of Military Supplies in Nashville during the War. Morgan had two sons killed during the war serving in the Confederate States Army. His nephew, Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan of Alabama, served with the Confederate cavalry and gained fame as the leader of Morgan's Raiders. He was killed in 1864.

Personal life
Morgan was married on November 2, 1819, to Matilda Grant Rose Mackintosh of Staunton. They had 12 children.

Death and legacy
Morgan died in Nashville and his remains were interred in the southeast corner of the State Capitol.

Morgan Park in the historic Germantown section of Nashville was named in honor of Morgan.

On June 10, 1980, the hundredth anniversary of Samuel Morgan's death, a ceremony was held at the Tennessee Capitol Building in his honor. The State Legislature declared that day to be "Samuel Dold Morgan Day" (Senate Joint Resolution 351).

title: Samuel Morgan