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Night on Bald Mountain

Night on Bald Mountain (Ночь на лысой горе), also known as Night on the Bare Mountain, is a series of compositions by Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881). Inspired by Russian literary works and legend, Mussorgsky composed a "musical picture", St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain (Иванова ночь на лысой горе) on the theme of a Witches' Sabbath occurring at Bald Mountain on St. John's Eve, which he completed on that very night, 23 June 1867. Together with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko (1867), it is one of the first tone poems by a Russian composer.

Although Mussorgsky was proud of his youthful effort, his mentor, Mily Balakirev, refused to perform it. To salvage what he considered worthy material, Mussorgsky attempted to insert his Bald Mountain music, recast for vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra, into two subsequent projects—the collaborative opera-ballet Mlada (1872), and the opera The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1880). However, Night on Bald Mountain was never performed in any form during Mussorgsky's lifetime.

In 1886, five years after Mussorgsky's death, Rimsky-Korsakov published an arrangement of the work, described as a "fantasy for orchestra." Some musical scholars consider this version to be an original composition of Rimsky-Korsakov, albeit one based on Mussorgsky's last version of the music, for The Fair at Sorochyntsi: "I need hardly remind the reader that the orchestral piece universally known as 'Mussorgsky's Night on the Bare Mountain ' is an orchestral composition by Rimsky-Korsakov based on the later version of the Bare Mountain music which Mussorgsky prepared for Sorochintsy Fair." It is through Rimsky-Korsakov's version that Night on Bald Mountain achieved lasting fame. Premiering in Saint Petersburg in 1886, the work became a concert favourite. Half a century later, the work obtained perhaps its greatest exposure through the Walt Disney animated film Fantasia (1940), featuring an arrangement by Leopold Stokowski, based on Rimsky-Korsakov's version. Mussorgsky's tone poem was not published in its original form until 1968. It has started to gain exposure and become familiar to modern audiences.

Name
The original Russian title of the tone poem, Иванова ночь на лысой горе, translates literally as Saint John's Eve on Bald Mountain, usually shortened to Night on Bald Mountain. However, due to several ambiguities, the composition is also known by a number of alternative titles in English.

The Russian word "ночь" (noch′) is literally "night" in English, but idiomatically this would refer to the night following St. John's Day, variously observed between 21 June (the summer solstice) and 25 June. The night before St. John's Day is usually referred to as "St. John's Eve" in English; Russian does not make this distinction.

Bald Mountain is the most familiar translation of "лысой горе" (lysoy gore) in English, and is also the most literal. The adjective "bald" is commonly used in English place names for barren hills, mountains, and other features, and so is also idiomatic. However, because the most familiar use of "bald" describes hairlessness, this part of the title is also known as "Bare Mountain". The use of "bald" to describe barren landscapes is common in European languages. In French, the piece is known as Une nuit sur le mont Chauve and in Italian Una Notte sul Monte Calvo (A Night on Bald Mountain).

Some performances of the work also insert the article "the" before "Bald Mountain" or "Bare Mountain". Articles are not used in Russian, but are often applied to nouns when translating Russian into languages that regularly use articles, such as English and French. However, because the title of the work refers to a specific place called "Bald Mountain", an article would not normally be used in English.

Opera project: St. John's Eve (1858)
A sheet of paper apparently found among Mussorgsky's manuscripts contains the following statement: Program of the opera St. John's Night, in three acts, after the tale by Gogol, written by P. Boborïkin, in the presence and with the help of Modest Mussorgsky, Yevgeniy Mussorgsky, and Vasiliy. Witness to the proceedings: Mily Balakirev. This curious fragment, dated 25 December 1858, has been interpreted as an indication of Mussorgsky's intent to write an opera on the subject of Gogol's short story St. John's Eve (Вечер накануне Ивана Купала, Vecher nakanune Ivana Kupala, St. John's Eve). Gogol's tale contains the elements of witchcraft common to other stories in the Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka collection, but does not feature a Witches' Sabbath. No further plans for this project were mentioned.

Opera project: The Witch (1860)
The theme of a witches' sabbath, the central theme in all subsequent Night on Bald Mountain projects, appears to have been derived from the nonextant play The Witch (Ведьма, Ved′ma) by Baron Georgiy Mengden, a military friend of the composer. In 1860 Mussorgsky informed Balakirev that he had been commissioned to write one act of an opera on this subject:

"I have also received some very interesting work which must be prepared for the coming summer. This work is: a whole act on The Bald Mountain (from Mengden's drama The Witch), a witches' sabbath, separate episodes of sorcerers, a ceremonial march of all this rubbish, a finale—glory to the sabbath... The libretto is very good. There are already some materials, perhaps a very good thing will come of it."

However, as with the previous project, it is unknown whether any materials were written down, and, if so, whether they were transferred to subsequent projects.

Work for piano and orchestra (early 1860s)
Rimsky-Korsakov declares in his memoirs (Chronicle of My Musical Life) that in the early 1860s Mussorgsky, under the influence of Franz Liszt's Totentanz, had written a version of the Bald Mountain music for piano and orchestra. However, it is believed that Mussorgsky did not hear Liszt's work until 1866, by which time he was planning the orchestral tone poem St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain (see below). No trace of a work for piano and orchestra has survived outside Rimsky-Korsakov's recollections, so it is assumed that the score has been lost, or, more likely, that it never existed.

Composition history
In 1866 Mussorgsky wrote to Balakirev expressing a desire to discuss his plans for The Witches, his informal name for his Bald Mountain music. In early June 1867, he began composing the orchestral version of the piece. The score is inscribed with the following details: Conceived in 1866. Began to write for orchestra 12 June 1867, completed work on the eve of St. John's Day, 23 June 1867, in Luga District on Minkino Farm. Modest Mussorgskiy.

Russian original: Задумана в 1866 году. Начал писать на оркестр 12-го июня 1867 года, окончил работу в Канун Иванова дня 23 июня 1867 года в Лугском уезде на Мызе Минкино. Модест Мусоргский

Mussorgsky described the piece in a letter to Vladimir Nikolsky: So far as my memory doesn't deceive me, the witches used to gather on this mountain, ... gossip, play tricks and await their chief—Satan. On his arrival they, i.e. the witches, formed a circle round the throne on which he sat, in the form of a kid, and sang his praise. When Satan was worked up into a sufficient passion by the witches' praises, he gave the command for the sabbath, in which he chose for himself the witches who caught his fancy. So this is what I've done. At the head of my score I've put its content: 1. Assembly of the witches, their talk and gossip; 2. Satan's journey; 3. Obscene praises of Satan; and 4. Sabbath ... The form and character of the composition are Russian and original ... I wrote St. John's Eve quickly, straight away in full score, I wrote it in about twelve days, glory to God ... While at work on St. John's Eve I didn't sleep at night and actually finished the work on the eve of St. John's Day, it seethed within me so, and I simply didn't know what was happening within me ... I see in my wicked prank an independent Russian product, free from German profundity and routine, and, like Savishna, grown on our native fields and nurtured on Russian bread.

He also stated—incorrectly, as it turned out—that he would never re-model it: "with whatever shortcomings, it is born; and with them it must live if it is to live at all." Having finally completed the work, Mussorgsky was crushed when his mentor Mily Balakirev was savagely critical of it. The score is peppered with comments such as "the devil knows what [this is]", "what rubbish", and "this might be of use", probably pencilled in by Balakirev. This "first version" was put aside, and did not appear in print until 1968, in a new edition prepared by Georgiy Kirkor.

Performance history
The original tone poem, St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain (1867), was not performed until the 20th century. Musicologist Aleksandra Orlova claims that the original manuscript of this version was discovered in the library of the Leningrad Conservatory by musicologist Georgiy Orlov in the late 1920s, that it was performed once by the Leningrad Philharmonic Society, and that Nikolay Malko brought along a copy of it when he emigrated to the West. Gerald Abraham states that this version was performed by Malko on 3 February 1932, apparently in England. Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi claims that Malko performed this version in several countries in 1933.

Instrumentation

 * Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses
 * Woodwinds: piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
 * Brass: 4 French horns, 2 cornets, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba
 * Percussion: timpani, bass drum, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, snare drum, tam-tam

Setting
Russian legend tells of a witches' sabbath taking place on St. John's Night (23–24 June) on the Lysa Hora (Bald Mountain), near Kyiv.

Program
The following program is taken from the score:

Recordings

 * 1961, Lovro Matacic, Philharmonia Orchestra
 * 1962, Francesco Mander, Orchestra Sinfonica Torino
 * 1971, David Lloyd-Jones, London Philharmonic Orchestra
 * 1980, Claudio Abbado, London Symphony Orchestra
 * 1988, John Williams, Boston Pops Orchestra
 * 1991, Christoph von Dohnányi, Cleveland Orchestra
 * 1991, Dmitriy Kitayenko, Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra
 * 1993, Claudio Abbado, Berliner Philharmoniker
 * 2001, Peter Richard Conte, transcribed for the Wanamaker Organ
 * 2003, Theodore Kuchar, National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine
 * 2004, Valery Gergiev, BBC Symphony Orchestra
 * 2006, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Los Angeles Philharmonic
 * 2011, Kirill Karabits, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra

Composition history
The first re-modelling of the tone poem took place in 1872, when Mussorgsky revised and recast it for vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra as part of act 3 that he was assigned to contribute to the collaborative opera-ballet Mlada. In this new version the music was to form the basis of the Night on Mount Triglav (Ночь на горе Триглаве, Noch′ na gore Triglave) scene.

Mussorgsky referred to this piece under the title Glorification of Chernobog (Славленье Чёрнобога, Slavlenye Chornoboga) in a list of his compositions given to Vladimir Stasov. In 1930, Pavel Lamm, in his edition of Mussorgsky's complete works, referred to the piece as Worship of the Black Goat (Служение чёрному козлу, Sluzheniye chornomy kozlu).

Mlada was a project doomed to failure, however, and this "second version" languished along with the first. The score of Glorification of Chernobog has not survived, and was never published or performed.

Program
The following scenario is taken from Rimsky-Korsakov's later "magic opera-ballet" Mlada (1890), based on the same libretto by Viktor Krïlov.

Setting
Mlada is set in the 9th or 10th century city of Retra, in the (formerly) Slavic lands between the Baltic Sea coast and the Elbe River. This would be the land of the pre-Christian Polabian Slavs, in the region corresponding to the modern German areas of Holstein, Mecklenburg, or Vorpommern.

The Mlada scenario is the only Bald Mountain setting that mentions a "Mt. Triglav", where the supernatural events of act 3 take place. The name Triglav (tri three + glav head) happens to be the name of an ancient three-headed Slavic deity or a trinity of deities, and is also the name of a famous peak in Slovenia, which is, however, some 750 km distant.

Plot
Voyslava and her father Mstivoy, the Prince of Retra, have poisoned Mlada, the betrothed of Yaromir, Prince of Arkona. Voyslava sells her soul to Morena, an evil goddess, to obtain her aid in making Yaromir forget Mlada so she may have him to herself. In act 3, the shade (ghost) of Mlada leads Yaromir up the slopes of Mount Triglav to a pine wood in a gorge on top of the mountain. Mlada's shade joins a gathering of the spirits of the dead. She expresses in mime to Yaromir the wish to be reunited with him in the kingdom of dead souls. He is eager to join her. However, there is a rumbling sound announcing the appearance, apparently from underground, of the following fantastic characters (many of whom also appear in Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad from The Fair at Sorochyntsi, described below):

The evil spirits sing in a strange demonic language, in the manner of the "demons and the damned" of Hector Berlioz's La damnation de Faust. Morena calls on Chernobog to help make Yaromir forsake Mlada. Kashchey determines that Morena and Chernobog will be successful if Yaromir is seduced by another. Chernobog commands Yaromir's soul to separate from his body, and for Queen Cleopatra to appear. Instantly the scene changes to a hall in Egypt, where the shade of Cleopatra attempts to entice Yaromir's soul to her side with a seductive dance. She almost succeeds in doing so when a cock crow announcing the break of day causes the entire infernal host to vanish. Yaromir awakens and ponders the mysterious events he has witnessed.

Composition history
The work's "third version", the Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad (Сонное видение паробка, Sonnoye videniye parobka), was composed eight years later when Mussorgsky revived and revised the second version to function as a "dream intermezzo" in his opera The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1874–80), a work which was still incomplete at the time of his death in 1881. Mussorgsky's piano-vocal score is dated 10 May 1880.

Mussorgsky originally chose the end of act 1 of the opera as the location for his choral intermezzo. It is now generally performed in the Shebalin version (1930) of the opera, where it is relocated to act 3, just after a partial reprise of the peasant lad's dumka. The theme of the dumka also serves as one of the main themes of the new quiet ending.

Performance history
The Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad was first performed as part of Vissarion Shebalin's performing edition of The Fair at Sorochyntsi, which premiered in 1931 in Leningrad at the Maly Theater, conducted by Samuil Samosud. Shebalin's orchestration was published by Muzgiz (IMSLP) in 1934.

Setting
The Fair at Sorochyntsi is set in and around the Ukrainian village of Velyki Sorochyntsi, some 500 kilometers east of Kyiv and the famous "Bald Mountain" (Lysa Hora), in the year 1800.

Plot
The peasant Solopiy Cherevik, his domineering wife Khivrya, and pretty daughter Parasya are visiting the Sorochyntsi Fair. Parasya is wooed by Gritsko Golopupenko, the "peasant lad" of the title. Gritsko desires Cherevik's consent to marry his daughter. Although Cherevik is not against the match, his wife objects because Gritsko had thrown mud in her face on the way to the fair. Gritsko strikes a bargain with a gypsy to assist him in winning Parasya. They exploit the superstitious fears of the fairgoers, who believe that the location of the fair this year is ill-chosen, it being the haunt of a devil who was thrown out of hell, took to drinking, went broke, pawned his jacket, and has returned to claim it. After various pranks and comic circumstances, Gritsko achieves his goal and all ends happily.

At the end of act 1, Gritsko falls asleep some distance from the fair, and, because there has been talk of devilry, has a dream of a witches' sabbath. The following remarks are taken from the score (page numbers supplied):

Act 1, scene 2 – "Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad" (Intermezzo)

 * p. 1) A hilly desolate area. An approaching subterranean choir of infernal forces. The curtain rises. The peasant lad sleeps at the foot of a hill.
 * p. 3) Witches and devils surround the sleeping peasant lad.
 * p. 5) On a hill appear fiery serpents. The approach of Chernobog. Chernobog rises from underground. Following him are Kashchey, Cherv, Chuma, Topelets, Smert, and the rest of his retinue.
 * p. 7) Worship of Chernobog.
 * p. 10) Sabbath.
 * p. 11) Ballet.
 * p. 16) Stroke of a matins bell.
 * p. 17) Satan and his retinue vanish. The scene is covered by clouds.
 * p. 21) The peasant lad awakens and stands up, stretching and looking around wildly. The clouds disperse. The scene is illuminated by the rising sun.

Первое действие, вторая картина: «Сонное видение паробка» (Intermezzo)

 * л. 1: Холмистая глухая местность. Подземный приближающийся хор адских сил. Занавес поднимается. У подножия холма спит Паробок.
 * л. 3: Ведьмы и бесы окружают спящего паробка.
 * л. 5: На холме показываются огненные змеи; приближение Чернобога. Из под земли поднимается Чернобог; за ним Кащей, Червь, Топелец, Чума, Смерть и прочая свита.
 * л. 7: Служба Чернобогу.
 * л. 10: Шабаш.
 * л. 11: Балет.
 * л. 16: Удар утреннего колокола.
 * л. 17: Сатана и его свита исчезают. Сцена покрывается облаками.
 * л. 21: Паробок просыпается и встает, потягиваясь и дико оглядываясь. Облака разбегаются. Сцена освещается восходящим солнцем.

Surviving the transfer from Glorification of Chernobog are the same supernatural characters, although Morena has been replaced by Death (Смерть, Smert'). Chernobog and his accomplices form a kind of Six Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The demon language the characters sing, of which Mussorgsky was contemptuous in a letter, is preserved.

Mussorgsky sent the following program to Vladimir Stasov about three months after its composition in 1880:

The peasant lad sleeps at the foot of a hillock at some distance from the hut where he should have been. In his sleep appear to him:

 * 1) Subterranean roar of non-human voices, uttering non-human words.
 * 2) The subterranean kingdom of darkness comes into its own—mocking the sleeping peasant lad.
 * 3) Foreshadowing of the appearance of Chernobog (Satan).
 * 4) The peasant lad left by the spirits of darkness. Appearance of Chernobog.
 * 5) Worship of Chernobog and the black mass.
 * 6) Sabbath.
 * 7) At the wildest moment of the sabbath the sound of a Christian church bell. Chernobog suddenly disappears.
 * 8) Suffering of the demons.
 * 9) Voices of the clergy in church.
 * 10) Disappearance of the demons and the peasant lad's awakening.

Паробок спит у подножия пригорка, далеко, вдали от хаты, куда бы должен попасть. Во сне ему мерещатся:

 * 1) Подземный гул нечеловеческих голосов, произносящих нечеловеческие слова.
 * 2) Подземное царство тьмы входит в свои права – трунит над спящим Паробком.
 * 3) Предзнамение появления Чернобога (Сатаны).
 * 4) Паробок оставлен духами тьмы. Появление Чернобога.
 * 5) Величание Чернобога и Черная служба.
 * 6) Шабаш.
 * 7) В самом разгаре шабаша удар колокола христианской церкви. Чернобог исчезает мгновенно.
 * 8) Страдания бесов.
 * 9) Голоса церковного клира.
 * 10) Исчезновение бесов и пробуждение Паробка.

Recordings
As part of The Fair at Sorochyntsi: Concert version:
 * 1969, Yuriy Aronovich, Moscow Radio Orchestra and Chorus
 * 1983, Vladimir Yesipov, Stanislavsky Theater Orchestra and Chorus
 * 1981, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, BBC Singers, BBC Symphony Chorus, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Moscow Radio Orchestra
 * 1997, Valeriy Polyansky, State Symphony Capella of Russia
 * 1997, Claudio Abbado, Berliner Philharmoniker
 * 1997, Zdeněk Mácal, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra

Composition history
In the years after Mussorgsky's death, his friends prepared his manuscripts for publication and created performing editions of his unfinished works to enable them to enter the repertoire. The majority of the editorial work was done by Rimsky-Korsakov, who in 1886 produced a redacted edition of Night on Bald Mountain from the Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad vocal score. Rimsky-Korsakov discusses his work on the piece, designated a "fantasy for orchestra", in his memoirs, Chronicle of My Musical Life (1909):

During the season of 1882/83, I continued working on Khovanshchina and other compositions of Mussorgsky's. A Night on Bald Mountain was the only thing I could not find my way with. Originally composed in the sixties under the influence of Liszt's Danse Macabre (Totentanz) for the piano with accompaniment of orchestra, this piece (then called St. John's Eve, and both severely and justly criticized by Balakirev) had long been utterly neglected by its author, gathering dust among his unfinished works. When composing Gedeonov's Mlada, Mussorgsky had made use of the material to be found in Night, and, introducing singing into it, had written the scene of Chernobog on Mount Triglav. That was the second form of the same piece in substance. Its third form had developed in his composing of Sorochintsï Fair, when Mussorgsky conceived the queer and incoherent idea of making the peasant lad, without rhyme or reason, see the sabbath of devilry in a dream, which was to form a sort of stage intermezzo that did not chime at all with the rest of the scenario of Sorochintsy Fair. This time the piece ended with the ringing of the village church bell, at the sounds of which the frightened evil spirits vanished. Tranquility and dawn were built on the theme of the peasant lad himself, who had seen the fantastic dream. In working on Mussorgsky's piece, I made use of its last version for the purpose of closing the composition. Now then, the first form of the piece was for piano solo with orchestra; the second form and the third, vocal compositions and for the stage, into the bargain (unorchestrated). None of these forms was fit to be published and performed. With Mussorgsky's material as a basis, I decided to create an instrumental piece by retaining all of the author's best and coherent material, adding the fewest possible interpolations of my own. It was necessary to create a form in which Mussorgsky's ideas would mould in the best fashion. It was a difficult task, of which the satisfactory solution baffled me for two years, though in the other works of Mussorgsky I had got on with comparative ease. I had been unable to get at either form, modulation, or orchestration, and the piece lay inert until the following year.

«В сезоне 1882/83 года я продолжал работу над «Хованщиной» и другими сочинениями Мусоргского. Не давалась мне только «Ночь на Лысой горе». Сочиненная первоначально в 60-х годах под влиянием листовского «Danse macabre» для фортепиано с сопровождением оркестра, пьеса эта (называвшаяся в то время «Ивановой ночью» и подвергшаяся суровой и справедливой критике Балакирева) была надолго совершенно заброшена автором и лежала без движения среди его «inachevé». При сочинении гедеоновской «Млады» Мусоргский воспользовался имеющимся в «Ночи» материалом и, введя туда пение, написал сцену Чернобога на горе Триглаве. Это был второй вид той же пьесы по существу. Третий вид ее образовался при сочинении «Сорочйнской ярмарки», когда Мусоргскому пришла странная и несуразная мысль заставить парубка, ни с того ни с сего, увидеть шабаш чертовщины во сне, что должно было составить некое сценическое интермеццо, отнюдь не вяжущееся со всем остальным сценариумом «Сорочинской ярмарки». На этот раз пьеса оканчивалась звоном колокола деревенской церкви, при звуках которого испуганная нечистая сила исчезала. Успокоение и рассвет были построены на теме самого парубка, видевшего фантастическое сновидение. При работе над пьесой Мусоргского я воспользовался последним вариантом для заключения сочинения. Итак, первый вид пьесы был solo фортепиано с оркестром, второй и третий вид – вокальное произведение, и притом сценическое (не оркестрованное). Ни один из видов этих не годился для издания и исполнения. Я решился создать из материала Мусоргского инструментальную пьесу, сохранив в ней все, что было лучшего и связного у автора, и добавляя своего по возможности менее. Надо было создать форму, в которую уложились бы наилучшим способом мысли Мусоргского. Задача была трудная, удовлетворительно разрешить которую мне не удавалось в течение двух лет, между тем как с другими сочинениями Мусоргского я справился сравнительно легко. Не давались мне ни форма, ни модуляции, ни оркестровка, и пьеса лежала без движения до следующего года.» Rimsky-Korsakov made "corrections" typical of him, as he did with Khovanshchina, and was later to do with Boris Godunov, preserving the general thematic structure, but adding or omitting bars, and making modifications to melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics.

Performance history
Rimsky-Korsakov's edition was completed in 1886, and published in the same year by V. Bessel and Co. It received its premiere on 15 October 1886 in St. Petersburg's Kononov Hall, performed by the orchestra of the Russian Symphony Concerts. Rimsky-Korsakov conducted the performance himself, and gives the following account of it in his memoirs, Chronicle of My Musical Life (1909): The orchestration of A Night on Bald Mountain, which had baffled me so long, was finished for the concerts of [the 1886/87] season, and the piece, given by me at the first concert in a manner that could not be improved upon, was demanded again and again with unanimity. Only a tam-tam had to be substituted for the bell; the one I selected at the bell-store proved to be off pitch in the hall, owing to a change in temperature. The Western European premiere performance of his edition was likely the one described further on: In the summer of 1889, the Paris Universal Exposition took place. Belyayev decided to give there two symphonic concerts of Russian music at the Trocadéro, under my direction... The concerts were set for Saturdays 22 and 29 June, new style. Upon our arrival in Paris, rehearsals commenced. The orchestra, which proved to be excellent, the men being amiable and painstaking, had been borrowed from Colonne. Their playing in the concerts was fine... The success was considerable, with plenty of applause, but the attendance was not large. Night on Bald Mountain was performed at the second concert, on 29 June 1889, where it followed Borodin's 'Polovtsian Dances' and 'Polovtsian March' from Prince Igor in the second half of the program. Rimsky-Korsakov later mentions another performance of the piece, taking place on 25 April 1890, at the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels.

Instrumentation

 * Strings: violins, violas, cellos, double basses, harp
 * Woodwinds: piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
 * Brass: 4 French horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba
 * Percussion: timpani, bass drum, cymbals, tam-tam, bell

Program
The following program is printed in Rimsky-Korsakov's edition of Night on Bald Mountain, published in 1886 by V. Bessel and Co.: Subterranean sounds of non-human voices. Appearance of the spirits of darkness, followed by that of Chernobog. Glorification of Chernobog and Black Service. Sabbath. At the height of the sabbath, the distant ringing of a village church bell is heard; it disperses the spirits of darkness. Morning.

Composition history
Millions of 20th-century listeners owe their initial acquaintance with Mussorgsky's tone poem to Leopold Stokowski's version, specially produced for Walt Disney's 1940 film Fantasia. Stokowski stated that he based it on the Rimsky-Korsakov arrangement in form and content (though notably without the "fanfare" that marks the entrance of Chernobog), but on Mussorgsky's original in orchestration. However, like Rimsky-Korsakov, Stokowski had no copy of the original tone poem from 1867, so he did what he felt Mussorgsky would have done, being somewhat familiar with Mussorgsky's style. Stokowski had conducted the U.S. premiere of the original version of Boris Godunov in 1929, and subsequently produced a symphonic synthesis of Boris for concert purposes. Despite the success of Fantasia, Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration remains the concert favorite, and the one most often programmed.

Instrumentation

 * Strings: violins, violas, cellos, double basses, 2 harps
 * Woodwinds: 2 piccolos, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 1 cor anglais, 1 E-flat clarinet, 2 clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 1 contrabassoon
 * Brass: 5 french horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 1 tuba
 * Percussion: timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, xylophone, tam-tam, bell

Recordings

 * 1940, Leopold Stokowski, Philadelphia Orchestra
 * 1953, Stokowski, "His Symphony Orchestra"
 * 1967, Stokowski, London Symphony Orchestra
 * 1986, Erich Kunzel, Cincinnati Pops Orchestra
 * 1995, James Sedares, New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
 * 1996, Matthias Bamert, BBC Philharmonic
 * 2004, Oliver Knussen, Cleveland Orchestra
 * 2005, José Serebrier, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra

Other arrangements
At the climax of the 1939 film version of The Wizard of Oz, an arrangement of the piece is heard, while the Wicked Witch of the West pursues Dorothy Gale and her friends.

David Shire arranged an orchestral disco adaptation, "Night on Disco Mountain", for the 1977 motion picture Saturday Night Fever. The arrangement was released as part of the film's soundtrack. "Night on Disco Mountain" is based on the first portion of Mussorgsky's composition, complementing the composer's unusual selection of instruments with "wah-wah electric guitar solo, synthesized bells, a constantly throbbing electric bass, hi-hat, snare drum, and a variety of exotic bongos and percussion instruments", "various studio sound effects", and "an otherworldly synthesized chorus".

The German progressive thrash metal band Mekong Delta features a cover of the piece on their fourth studio album, Dances of Death (and Other Walking Shadows).

The second main level of Earthworm Jim ("What the Heck?") opens with this theme.

The Nintendo game  Donkey Kong Country 2 has a version of the song called “Haunted Chase” in the level “Haunted Hall”.

Yoko Shimomura arranged a version of the piece for the international release of the 2002 video game Kingdom Hearts. Re-arrangements of that version were then used in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix.

A section of the piece is found in the 2014 video game Skylanders: Trap Team during the final boss fight with the villain Kaos.

A version of the piece was arranged for the game The End Is Nigh titled Golgotha – Night On Bald Mountain (Mussorgsky 1867) by video game composer team Ridiculon (Matthias Bossi and Jon Evans).

The Russian dancer and choreographer Igor Moiseyev also created a piece from variations of the same theme.

The piece appears in the 2022 film Babylon.

The piece from Fantasia once again returns in the 2023 short Once Upon a Studio.

title: Night on Bald Mountain


text:
Province of Massachusetts Bay

The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in New England which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and was based in the merging of several earlier British colonies in New England. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.

The name Massachusetts comes from the Massachusett Indians, an Algonquian tribe. It has been translated as "at the great hill", "at the place of large hills", or "at the range of hills", with reference to the Blue Hills and to Great Blue Hill in particular.

History
Colonial settlement of the shores of Massachusetts Bay began in 1620 with the founding of the Plymouth Colony. Other attempts at colonization took place throughout the 1620s, but expansion of English settlements only began on a large scale with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 and the arrival of the first large group of Puritan settlers in 1630. Over the next ten years, there was a major migration of Puritans to the area, leading to the founding of a number of new colonies in New England. By the 1680s, the number of New England colonies had stabilized at five; the Connecticut Colony, the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and the Province of New Hampshire all bordered the area surrounding Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth. Massachusetts Bay, however, was the most populous and economically significant, hosting a sizable merchant fleet.

The colonies had struggles with some of the Indigenous inhabitants. The Pequot tribe was virtually destroyed in the Pequot War during the 1630s, and King Philip's War in the 1670s decimated the Narragansetts in southern New England. King Philip's War was also very costly to the colonists of New England, putting a halt to expansion for several years.

Massachusetts and Plymouth were both somewhat politically independent from England in their early days, but this situation changed after the restoration of Charles II to the English throne in 1660. Charles sought closer oversight of the colonies, and he tried to introduce and enforce economic control over their activities. The Navigation Acts passed in the 1660s were widely disliked in Massachusetts, where merchants often found themselves trapped and at odds with the rules. Charles II also viewed Massachusetts' issuing of coins as a treasonous act. However, many colonial governments did not enforce the acts themselves, particularly Massachusetts, and tensions grew when Charles revoked the first Massachusetts Charter in 1684.

In 1686, Charles II's successor James II formed the Dominion of New England which ultimately created a single political unit out of the British territories from Delaware Bay to Penobscot Bay. Dominion governor Sir Edmund Andros was highly unpopular in the colonies, but he was especially hated in Massachusetts where he angered virtually everyone by rigidly enforcing the Navigation Acts, vacating land titles, appropriating a Puritan meeting house as a site to host services for the Church of England, and restricting town meetings, among other sundry complaints. James was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution, whereupon Massachusetts political leaders rose up against Andros, arresting him and other English authorities in April 1689. This led to the collapse of the Dominion, as the other colonies then quickly reasserted their old forms of government.

The Plymouth colony never had a royal charter, so its governance had always been on a somewhat precarious footing. The Massachusetts colonial government was re-established but it no longer had a valid charter, and some opponents of the old Puritan rule refused to pay taxes and engaged in other forms of protest. Provincial agents traveled to London where Increase Mather was representing the old colony leaders, and he petitioned William III and Mary II to restore the old colonial charter. The king refused, however, when he learned that this might result in a return to the religious rule. Instead, the Lords of Trade combined the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. They issued a charter for the Province on October 7, 1691, and appointed Sir William Phips as its governor.

Provincial charter
The new charter differed from the old one in several important ways. One of the principal changes was inaugurated over Mather's objection, changing the voting eligibility requirements from religious qualifications to land ownership. The effect of this change has been a subject of debate among historians, but there is significant consensus that it greatly enlarged the number of men eligible to vote. The new rules required prospective voters to own £40 worth of property or real estate that yielded at least £2 per year in rent; Benjamin Labaree estimates that this included about three-quarters of the adult male population at the time. The charter also guaranteed freedom of worship, but only for non-Catholic Christians.

The second major change was that senior officials of the government were appointed by the crown instead of being elected, including governor, lieutenant governor, and judges. The legislative assembly (or General Court) continued to be elected, however, and was responsible for choosing members of the Governor's Council. The governor had veto power over laws passed by the General Court, as well as over appointments to the council. These rules differed in important ways from the royal charters enjoyed by the other New England colonies. The most important were that the General Court now possessed the powers of appropriation, and that the council was locally chosen and not appointed by either the governor or the Crown. These significantly weakened the governor's power, which became important later in provincial history.

The province's territory was also greatly expanded beyond that originally claimed by the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies. Their territories initially included mainland Massachusetts, western Maine, and portions of New Hampshire; this territory was expanded to include Acadia or Nova Scotia (then encompassing Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and eastern Maine), as well as what was known as Dukes County in the Province of New York, consisting of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands.

Colonial era
In the aftermath of the revolt against Andros, colonial defenses had been withdrawn from the frontiers, which were then repeatedly raided by French and Indigenous forces from Canada and Acadia. Queen Anne's War broke out in 1702 and lasted until 1713. Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley organized the colonial defenses, and there were fewer raids than previously. Dudley also organized expeditions in 1704 and 1707 against Acadia, a haven for French privateers, and he requested support from London for more ambitious efforts against New France. In 1709, Massachusetts raised troops for an expedition against Canada that was called off; troops were again raised in 1710, when the Acadian capital of Port Royal was finally captured.

Because of these wars, the colony had issued paper currency whose value was constantly in decline, leading to financial crises. This led to proposals to create a bank that would issue notes backed by real estate, but Governor Dudley and his successor Samuel Shute both opposed the idea. Dudley, Shute, and later governors fruitlessly attempted to convince the general court to fix salaries for crown-appointed officials. The conflict over salary reached a peak during the brief administration of William Burnet. He held the provincial assembly in session for six months, relocating it twice, in an unsuccessful attempt to force the issue.

In the early 1720s, the Indigenous Abenaki people of northern New England resumed raiding frontier communities, encouraged by French intriguers but also concerned over English encroachment on their lands. This violence was eventually put down by Acting Governor William Dummer in Dummer's War, and many Abenakis retreated from northern New England into Canada after the conflict.

In the 1730s, Governor Jonathan Belcher disputed the power of the legislature to direct appropriations, vetoing bills that did not give him the freedom to disburse funds as he saw fit, and this meant that the provincial treasury was often empty. Belcher was, however, permitted by the Board of Trade to accept annual grants from the legislature in lieu of a fixed salary. The currency crisis flared up again during his administration, resulting in a revival of the land bank proposal which Belcher opposed. His opponents intrigued in London to have him removed and the bank was established, but its existence was short-lived, for an act of Parliament forcibly dissolved it. This turned a number of important colonists against crown and Parliament, including the father of American Revolutionary War political leader Samuel Adams.

The next 20 years were dominated by war. King George's War broke out in 1744, and Governor William Shirley rallied troops from around New England for an assault on the French fortress at Louisbourg which succeeded in 1745. Louisbourg was returned to France at the end of the war in 1748, however, much to the annoyance of New Englanders. Governor Shirley was relatively popular, in part because he managed to avoid or finesse the more contentious issues which his predecessors had raised. The French and Indian War broke out in 1754, and Shirley was raised to the highest military command by the death of General Edward Braddock in 1755. He was unable to manage the large-scale logistics that the war demanded, however, and was recalled in 1757. His successor Thomas Pownall oversaw the remainder of the war, which ended in 1760.

American Revolution
The 1760s and early 1770s were marked by a rising tide of colonial frustration with London's policies and with the governors sent to implement and enforce them. Both Francis Bernard and Thomas Hutchinson, the last two non-military governors, were widely disliked over issues large and small, notably Parliament's attempts to impose taxes on the colonies without representation. Hutchinson was a Massachusetts native who served for many years as lieutenant governor, yet he authorized quartering British Army troops in Boston, which eventually precipitated the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. By this time, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, John Hancock, and others were actively opposing crown policies.

Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767 and 1768 which the Americans referred to as the Intolerable Acts, and the Massachusetts General Court authorized a circular letter denouncing them as unconstitutional. Royal Governor Francis Bernard demanded that the General Court rescind the letter but they refused, so he dissolved it, which led to widespread violence and rioting throughout Boston. Royal officers fled to Castle William and the Crown authorized more troops to be sent to Massachusetts. The Sons of Liberty stated that they were prepared to take up armed resistance to the Royal Authorities, while more conservative elements of society desired a peaceful political solution.

Boston citizens resolved at a town meeting to have the towns of Massachusetts assemble in a convention, and delegates met at Faneuil Hall for six days in September, with Thomas Cushing serving as chairman. Many Patriot leaders were calling for armed resistance by this time, but the more moderate factions of the convention won out and military action was voted down.

Boston Tea Party
The Sons of Liberty organized a meeting at the Old South Meeting House in Boston in 1773 in defiance of the Tea Act; thousands of people attended, and Samuel Adams organized a protest at Boston Harbor. Colonists stormed ships in the harbor and dumped the cargo of tea into the water, and the protest came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. General Thomas Gage replaced Hutchinson as royal governor in May 1774. He was well received at first, but his reputation rapidly became worse with the Patriots as he began to implement the Intolerable Acts, which included the Massachusetts Government Act, dissolved the legislature, and closed the port of Boston until reparations were paid for the dumped tea. The port closure did great damage to the Massachusetts economy and led to a wave of sympathetic assistance from other colonies.

The Intolerable Acts only increased the crisis in New England, as Boston colonists insisted that their constitutional rights were being destroyed. The New England colonies had democratic control of their own governments, dating back to the founding of Plymouth Colony in 1620. The General Court lacked executive authority and authority over the militia, yet it still held significant power. The colonists had control over the treasury and spending and could pass laws. Anything passed by the assembly was subject to veto by the Royal Governor, but the General Court held control over spending and could withhold the pay of the Royal officials as leverage. This resulted in the Royal Governor being little more than a figurehead.

The royal government of the Province of Massachusetts Bay existed until early October 1774, when members of the General Court met in contravention of the Massachusetts Government Act and established the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, which became the de facto government. Governor Gage continued an essentially military authority in Boston, but the provincial congress governed the rest of Massachusetts.

American Revolutionary War
War finally erupted in April 1775 at Lexington and Concord, which started the American Revolutionary War and the Siege of Boston. The British evacuated Boston on March 17, 1776, ending the siege and bringing the city under Patriot control.

On May 1, 1776, the General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring independence in the name of "The Government and People of the Massachusetts Bay in New England". This was followed by the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring the independence of all Thirteen Colonies.

Provincial Congress
Passage of the Massachusetts Government Act resulted in the dissolution of the General Court, so the colonists held conventions throughout Massachusetts. These conventions were organized by county and had delegates from each town. Each convention drafted resolutions which were to be sent to the Royal Governor in Boston; these differed from county to county, yet they had many similar themes and sentiments. The delegates insisted on reinstatement of their constitutional government, which had existed since the Mayflower Compact of 1620 and was reiterated in the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company and the Massachusetts Charter. They declared their allegiance to King George III, but they stated that they would be absolved of that allegiance if he did not restore their constitutional rights and privileges. They declared that they would resist with force if those rights were not restored, and this included the total boycott of British goods, the disruption of local courts, and the kidnapping of royal officials.

Delegates from all the counties of Massachusetts met in Salem in October 1774 to reform their dissolved assembly. This new congress was to be the resumption of their constitutional government and a repudiation of the royal one in Boston. The congress selected John Hancock as its first president (then called chairman) and Benjamin Lincoln as clerk, and they installed judges, tax collectors, constables, and other officials. They also assumed control of the militia and instructed all towns in Massachusetts to train troops and elect new officers. An executive standing committee and a Committee of Safety were also instituted to govern when Congress was not in session.

The Provincial Congress went through different formations in its six years of existence, with shifting structures of authority and types of governance. The executive standing committee was replaced in the Second Congress with a renewed Committee of Safety which acted as the de facto governmental authority, in charge of the militia and governance in between sessions. The third Congress brought a return to legislative supremacy and a decrease in power of the executive. Joseph Warren was elected as the congress' second president and James Warren as its third.

Forming the Commonwealth
Calls for a constitutional convention began when the Provincial Congress was declared in 1774. With the pressures of the war and political uncertainty these efforts were postponed. Berkshire County in the far western part of Massachusetts Bay was exceptionally vocal in its desire to form a new constitution. In a dispatch to the Provincial Congress the delegates of Pittsfield rejected not only the royal colonial authorities but also the legitimacy of the previous charters with which the Provincial Congress claimed its legitimacy. The letter stated that the only political legitimacy a state or constitution could find would be with the people of a province. With Massachusetts Bay declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in May 1776 the push for a newly codified constitution increased.

In September 1776 the General Court petitioned the towns of Massachusetts Bay to put forth a vote on whether or not a convention should be called. In 1777 it was agreed that a convention would be formed to draft a new constitution. The General Court, which consisted of the Governor's Council and House of Representatives, decided to form a committee which would be tasked to write a constitution. In the winter of 1778 the General Court decided that the draft formulated from the constitutional committee would be put before the electorate of Massachusetts Bay and it would need to be accepted by 2/3rds of voters.

The first draft of the convention was rejected. In this first draft the state would consist of a legislature called the General Court which had two houses, a House of Representatives and an indirectly elected senate that would also serve as a governor's council. The Governor would not have the power of veto and would need to have any action confirmed by the Senate. There were some progressive elements of the constitution however, the Senate would be apportioned based on population and the House would no longer have a property requirement. Also a point of contention was that there was no Bill of Rights. When the vote was put before the populace it was rejected by an 83% to 17% margin.

In 1779 another question was put to the electorate. This time the people were asked if they favored another convention, apportioned by population, to meet and formulate a new draft of the constitution. The question passed by a 72% to 28% margin. This next convention met from September 1, 1779, to June 16, 1780. At the time the war was not going well for the Patriot forces. The Penobscot Expedition had ended in failure, and the Kingdom of France had yet to send its larger contingent of military support. Even amidst the political uncertainty the convention was assembled with 312 members.

John Adams wrote the draft of the new constitution and the convention accepted it with minimal amendments. The draft was then put to the various town meetings of the province. The town meetings were to decide on the constitution in pieces, rather than as a whole, and add any changes they thought were necessary. The Adams version was then accepted by the convention on June 15, 1780. In elections held in October 1780, John Hancock was elected the first Governor of Massachusetts along with representatives to the commonwealth's first General Court.

Provincial politics
The politics of the province were dominated by three major factions, according to Thomas Hutchinson, who wrote the first major history of colonial Massachusetts. This is in distinction to most of the other colonies, where there were two factions. Expansionists believed strongly in the growth of the colony and in a vigorous defense against French and Indian incursions; they were exemplified in Massachusetts by people such as Thomas Hancock, uncle to John Hancock, and James Otis, Sr. This faction became a vital force in the Patriot movements preceding the revolution. Non-expansionists were more circumspect, preferring to rely on a strong relationship with the mother country; they were exemplified by Hutchinson and the Oliver family of Boston. This faction became the Loyalists in the revolutionary era.

The third force in Massachusetts politics was a populist faction made possible by the structure of the provincial legislature, in which rural and lower class communities held a larger number of votes than in other provinces. Its early leaders included the Cookes (Elisha Senior and Junior) of Maine, while later leaders included revolutionary firebrand Samuel Adams. Religion did not play a major role in these divisions, although non-expansionists tended to be Anglican while expansionists were mainly middle-of-the road Congregationalist. Populists generally held either conservative Puritan views or the revivalist views of the First Great Awakening. Throughout the provincial history, these factions made and broke alliances as conditions and circumstances dictated.

The populist faction had concerns that sometimes prompted it to support one of the other parties. Its rural character meant that they sided with the expansionists when there were troubles on the frontier. They also tended to side with the expansionists on the recurring problems with the local money, whose inflation tended to favor their ability to repay debts in depreciated currency. These ties became stronger in the 1760s as the conflict grew with Parliament.

The non-expansionists were composed principally of a wealthy merchant class in Boston. They had allies in the wealthy farming communities in the more developed eastern portions of the province, and in the province's major ports. These alliances often rivalled the populist party in power in the provincial legislature. They favored stronger regulation from the mother country and opposed the inflationist issuance of colonial currency.

Expansionists mainly came from two disparate groups. The first was a portion of the eastern merchant class, represented by the Hancocks and Otises, who harbored views of the growth of the colony and held relatively liberal religious views. They were joined by wealthy landowners in the Connecticut River valley, whose needs for defense and growth were directly tied to property development. These two groups agreed on defense and an expansionist vision, although they disagreed on the currency issue; the westerners sided with the non-expansionists in their desire for a standards-based currency.

Local politics
The province significantly expanded its geographical reach, principally in the 18th century. There were 83 towns in 1695; this had grown to 186 by 1765. Most of the towns in 1695 were within one day's travel of Boston, but this changed as townships sprang up in Worcester County and the Berkshires on land that had been under Indian control prior to King Philip's War.

The character of local politics changed as the province prospered and grew. Unity of community during the earlier colonial period gave way to subdivision of larger towns. Dedham, for example, was split into six towns, and Newburyport was separated from Newbury in 1764.

Town meetings also became more important in local political life. As towns grew, the townspeople became more assertive in managing their affairs. Town selectmen had previously wielded significant power, but they lost some of their influence to the town meetings and to the appointment of paid town employees, such as tax assessors, constables, and treasurers.

Geography
The boundaries of the province changed in both major and minor ways during its existence. There was very thin soil land, and a rocky terrain. Nova Scotia, then including New Brunswick, was occupied by English forces at the time of the charter's issuance, but was separated in 1697 when the territory, called Acadia by the French, was formally returned to France by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick. Nova Scotia became a separate province in 1710, following the British conquest of Acadia in Queen Anne's War. Maine was not separated until after American independence, when it attained statehood in 1820.

The borders of the province with the neighboring provinces underwent some adjustment. Its principal predecessor colonies, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, had established boundaries with New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, but these underwent changes during the provincial period. The boundary with New Hampshire was of some controversy, since the original boundary definition in colonial charters (three miles north of the Merrimack River) had been made on the assumption that the river flowed predominantly west. This issue was resolved by King George II in 1741, when he ruled that the border between the two provinces follows what is now the border between the two states.

Surveys in the 1690s suggested that the original boundary line with Connecticut and Rhode Island had been incorrectly surveyed. In the early 18th century joint surveys determined that the line was south of where it should be. In 1713 Massachusetts set aside a plot of land (called the "Equivalent Lands") to compensate Connecticut for this error. These lands were auctioned off, and the proceeds were used by Connecticut to fund Yale College. The boundary with Rhode Island was also found to require adjustment, and in 1746 territories on the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay (present-day Barrington, Bristol, Tiverton and Little Compton) were ceded to Rhode Island. The borders between Massachusetts and its southern neighbors were not fixed into their modern form until the 19th century, requiring significant legal action in the case of the Rhode Island borders. The western border with New York was agreed in 1773, but not surveyed until 1788.

The province of Massachusetts Bay also laid a claim to what is now Western New York as part of the province's sea-to-sea grant. The 1780s Treaty of Hartford saw Massachusetts relinquish that claim in exchange for the right to sell it off to developers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Province of Massachusetts Bay


text:
User:Martani

Well...

Nothing to say here.

title: User:Martani


text:
Marcato

Marcato (short form: Marc.; Italian for marked) is a musical instruction indicating a note, chord, or passage is to be played louder or more forcefully than the surrounding music. The instruction may involve the word marcato itself written above or below the staff or it may take the form of the symbol ∧,  an open vertical wedge. The marcato is essentially a louder version of the regular accent > (an open horizontal wedge).

Like the regular accent, however, the marcato is often interpreted to suggest a sharp attack tapering to the original dynamic, an interpretation which applies only to instruments capable of altering the dynamic level of a single sustained pitch. According to author James Mark Jordan, "the marcato sound is characterized by a rhythmic thrust followed by a decay of the sound."

The instruction marcato or marcatissimo (extreme marcato), among various other instructions, symbols, and expression marks may prompt a string player to use martelé bowing, depending on the musical context. An example is the Gavotte in D major from J. S. Bach (Suzuki Book Volume 3) page 19, Bar 39.

title: Marcato


text:
HMS Loch Fada (K390)

HMS Loch Fada was the lead ship of the Loch-class frigates of the British Royal Navy, built by John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Scotland, and named after Loch Fada in the Inner Hebrides.

The ship was laid down on 8 June 1943, launched on 14 December, and commissioned in April 1944. She was attached to Captain Johnny Walker's 2nd Escort Group which was detailed to guard the Western Approaches of the British Isles. After the war she was attached to the Londonderry Flotilla until 1952.

Recommissioned in 1955, she operated in the Persian Gulf. After a period of fishery protection after the first "Cod War" between Great Britain and Iceland she served in the Far East from 1962, and supported operations during the Indonesian Confrontation. After decommissioning in 1969 she was used as a testbed in the development of Sea Wolf surface-to-air missiles, and was finally scrapped in 1970.

World War II
Commissioned in April 1944 Loch Fada joined the 2nd Escort Group at Plymouth in June after sea trials, and was deployed with the Group in anti-submarine operations during the Normandy landings ("Operation Neptune"). She took part in the sinking of the GS U-333 on 31 July, and also of GS U-736 and GS U-385 in early August. The Group was then released from anti-submarine operations and transferred to Derry to support of convoy defence in the North-West Approaches for the rest of the year.

In January 1945 the Group was deployed in the South-Western Approaches for anti-submarine support. On 27 February Loch Fada was involved in the sinking of the U-boat GS U-1018 using depth charges near Penzance, Cornwall. Two hours earlier, U-1018 had attacked convoy BTC 81 about seven miles from Lizard Point, Cornwall (at 49.91667°N, -5.36667°W). A torpedo hit the Norwegian freighter SS Corvus which sank within a few minutes, resulting in the death of five of the freighter's Norwegian crew, a 16-year-old British cabin boy, Thomas Boniface, and two British Royal Navy gunners, (part of the DEMS gun crew) including former professional footballer Charlie Sillett.

After the German surrender in May 1945 the Group was transferred to the Home Fleet to support of the re-occupation of Norway.

Londonderry, 1945–1952
In July 1945 Loch Fada was transferred to the Anti-Submarine Flotilla for training duties, based at Derry. In December 1945 and January 1946, as part of "Operation Deadlight", she escorted German U-boats from Loch Ryan out into the North-Western Approaches where they were sunk. The ship then returned to Derry. The Anti-Submarine Flotilla was renamed the 4th Escort Flotilla in September 1946, and to the 3rd Training Flotilla in early 1949. In early 1951 she took part in the search for missing submarine HMS Affray (P421). In April 1952 Loch Fada was laid up at Portsmouth in Reserve.

Upgrade and Persian Gulf, 1955–1961
Loch Fada was one of seven members of her class selected for extensive modernisation in 1953. The single 4 in gun was replaced by the ubiquitous twin 4 in mounting HA/LA Mark XIX and the A/A weaponry was standardised as a single twin mounting Mark V and four single mounting Mark VII for the 40 mm Bofors gun, with a Simple Tachymetric Director shipped for the Mark V. Type 277 radar was fitted with the new ANU antenna array.

She was recommissioned on 21 July 1955 and joined the Home Fleet for exercises and port visits. In November she sailed from Portsmouth for service in the Persian Gulf based at Bahrain. There she carried out regular patrols and visits. In March 1956 Loch Fada was diverted from her usual patrol station and sent to Mombasa to embark Archbishop Makarios who was taken to Mahé, Seychelles, for detention because of his political activities. The ship then sailed to Colombo for a refit, before joining the East Indies Squadron in April for exercises. The ship then visited Cochin, Bombay and Karachi before returning to the Gulf in July. In September she was relieved by HMS Loch Killisport (K628) and returned to Portsmouth, arriving on 8 November.

After a refit, Loch Fada sailed from Portsmouth on 17 May 1957, arriving back at Bahrain on 4 July. In November and December she took part in a CENTO exercise off Karachi with HMS Loch Alvie (K428), the cruiser HMS Gambia (48), and ships of the Indian, Pakistani, Turkish and United States navies. In 1958 she resumed her Persian Gulf duties, and in March was sent to search for the Norwegian passenger ship MS Skaubryn which was on fire in Indian Ocean. The ship was carrying emigrants from Bremerhaven to Australia. The ship was found abandoned, and taken in tow, and after two days handed over to the Dutch tug Cyclops. Loch Fada then returned to the UK, arriving at Portsmouth on 14 May. After a refit the ship returned to Bahrain in December for the usual patrol duties. In July 1959 an inspection showed that extensive repairs were required and Loch Fada was withdrawn from service and returned to Portsmouth. The ship returned to service in January 1960 attached to the 6th Frigate Squadron. In March and April she was deployed off Iceland on Fishery Protection duties. In June Loch Fada returned to the Persian Gulf patrol, with duties including patrolling tp stop gun running to rebels in Oman, capturing a dhow smuggling explosives, including 60 anti-tank mines on 16 July 1960. She took part in the CENTO "Exercise MIDLINK II" with warships of other nations in October and November. January 1961 saw her take part in an Amphibious Warfare "Exercise ASPEX 7" with HMS Loch Fyne (K429) and HMS Loch Ruthven (K645), and she was then deployed for Air-Sea Rescue duties in the Arabian Sea during the Royal Flight to India by Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip. She then cruised along the coast of East Africa calling at Mombasa, Tanga, Lindi, Mtwara and Dar es Salaam, before transiting the Suez Canal in April, to take part in the commemoration of the 20th Anniversary of the Siege of Tobruk, providing men for the ceremonial parade, and firing a Gun Salute for King Idris of Libya. She arrived at Chatham in June for an extensive refit which saw the installation of a centralised air conditioning system and modernisation of her radar, weapons and communications.

Eastern Fleet, 1962–1967
Loch Fada returned to service in June 1962 assigned to the 3rd Frigate Squadron of the Far East Fleet. She arrived at Colombo in October and was deployed in the Indian Ocean, calling at Diego Garcia and Malé, Maldives. From December until February 1963 she was deployed off Borneo to support of military operations during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (the Konfrontasi). In March and April 1963 Loch Fada was deployed for a patrol in Pacific, calling at Manus in the Admiralty Islands, Suva in Fiji, Phoenix Island and Guam, before calling at Hong Kong and then several ports in Japan. She returned to Borneo in June to support military operations and on piracy patrol for the rest of the year.

In 1964 various patrols and exercises occupied the ship, including: "Exercise JET", a multi-national exercise in the Indian Ocean in March, and amphibious exercises with the commando carrier HMS Centaur (R06), destroyer HMS Cavendish (R15) and oiler RFA Tidereach in May. From June to August she was assigned to Gulf patrol duties before returning to Singapore. There she remained for the remainder of her active career, patrolling off Borneo, and taking part in exercises. In September 1965 she was transferred to the 26th Escort Squadron when the 3rd Frigate Flotilla disbanded, but remained stationed at Singapore, periodically refitting at Hong Kong. In May 1967 she visited Japanese ports and took part in exercises. Finally in August she sailed for the UK, arriving back at Portsmouth on 11 October 1967, and was decommissioned and laid up in Reserve.

Publications

 * Marriott, Leo, 1983. Royal Navy Frigates 1945-1983, Ian Allan Ltd.  ISBN 07110 1322 5
 * Marriott, Leo, 1983. Royal Navy Frigates 1945-1983, Ian Allan Ltd.  ISBN 07110 1322 5

title: HMS Loch Fada (K390)


text:
Spain Rodriguez

Manuel Rodriguez (March 2, 1940 – November 28, 2012), better known as Spain or Spain Rodriguez, was an American underground cartoonist who created the character Trashman. His experiences on the road with the motorcycle club, the Road Vultures M.C., provided inspiration for his work, as did his left-wing politics. Strongly influenced by 1950s EC Comics illustrator Wally Wood, Spain pushed Wood's sharp, crisp black shadows and hard-edged black outlines into a more simplified, stylized direction. His work also extended the eroticism of Wood's female characters.

Early life
Manuel Rodriguez was born March 2, 1940, in Buffalo, New York. He picked up the nickname Spain as a child, when he heard some kids in the neighborhood bragging about their Irish ancestry, and he defiantly claimed Spain was just as good as Ireland. Rodriguez studied at the Silvermine Guild Art School in New Canaan, Connecticut alongside cartoonist M.K. Brown.

Career
In New York City, during the late 1960s, he became a contributor to the underground newspaper the East Village Other, which published his own comics tabloid, Zodiac Mindwarp (1968). He covered the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago as a reporter for the East Village Other, adventures which were chronicled in My True Story (Fantagraphics Books, 1994). One of his earliest strips, "Manning," featured a hard-boiled, over-the-top cop and was later cited as an influence on the British comics character Judge Dredd.

A co-founder (with Robert Crumb) of the United Cartoon Workers of America, Spain contributed to numerous underground comics in the 1960s–2000s, including San Francisco Comic Book, Young Lust, Arcade, Bijou Funnies, Weirdo, and Harvey Pekar's American Splendor. Spain joined the Zap Comix collective in issue #4 (August 1969), and contributed stories to every issue from then until the comic's demise in 2005. In such classics as Spain's Mean Bitch Thrills (Print Mint, 1971), Spain's women are raunchy, explicitly sexual, and sometimes incorporated macho sadomasochistic themes.

Trashman's first appearance was as a full-page serial in the East Village Other. After moving from New York City to San Francisco in 1970, Spain's Subvert Comics series (1970–1976) featured "three full length Trashman: Agent of the Sixth International stories." Trashman later appeared in such publications as High Times, Heavy Metal, Weirdo, San Francisco magazine, Zap #11–13, and the Fantagraphics anthology Zero Zero #2.

From 1976 to 1998, Spain contributed cover art to more than a dozen issues of the popular pornographic magazine Screw.

Spain drew Salon ' s continuing graphic story, The Dark Hotel, which ran on the website in 1998–1999. His starkly forceful, naturalistic style perfectly matched Conan Doyle's eerie stories in Sherlock Holmes' Strangest Cases (Word Play Publications, 2001).

Spain's later work included an illustrated biography of Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Che: A Graphic Biography (Verso Books, 2008). Published in several different languages, it was described by cartoonist Art Spiegelman as "brilliant and radical." His history of the California farmworker movement, Farmworker Comix was published posthumously in 2014 by the California Federation of Teachers.

Spain designed several posters for the San Francisco Mime Troupe, a political satirist theatre company.

Rodriguez taught art classes at Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts for many years, and he supported the creation of murals in the Mission District.

Death
Rodriguez died at his home in San Francisco on November 28, 2012, after battling cancer for six years.

Awards
In July 2013, during the San Diego Comic-Con, Rodriguez was one of six inductees into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame. The award was presented posthumously by Mad magazine cartoonist and Groo the Wanderer creator Sergio Aragonés. The other inductees were Lee Falk, Al Jaffee, Mort Meskin, Joe Sinnott, and Trina Robbins.

Exhibitions

 * 1988 (June 27 – August 10) Galería Esquina de la Libertad (San Francisco) — "Spain : a View from the Bottom: Posters, Comic Strips, Caricatures and More"
 * 2012 (September 14, 2012 – January 13, 2013) Burchfield Penney Art Center at Buffalo State College (Buffalo, NY) — "Spain: Rock, Roll, Rumbles, Rebels & Revolution"

title: Spain Rodriguez


text:
HMS Loch Glendhu (K619)

HMS Loch Glendhu was a Royal Navy Loch-class frigate named after Loch Glendhu in Scotland. She was built at the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company's shipyard in Burntisland, Fife, Scotland in 1944.

title: HMS Loch Glendhu (K619)


text:
HMS Loch Insh

HMS Loch Insh was a Loch-class frigate frigate of the Royal Navy, named after Loch Insh in Scotland. She was built by Henry Robb of Leith and launched on 10 May 1944. After service at the end of World War II she was decommissioned, but reactivated in 1950 and served, mostly in the Persian Gulf, until 1962. The ship was sold to the Royal Malaysian Navy in 1963 and renamed KD Hang Tuah (F433). She was scrapped in 1977.

World War II
After commissioning and sea trials Loch Insh joined the 19th Escort Group at Liverpool in November 1944. The Group was deployed for convoy defence in the North-West Approaches and the Irish Sea. For 14 hours on 6 December Loch Insh and HMS Goodall (K479) hunted for the GS U-775 off Cape Wrath, but the U-boat, which had torpedoed the frigate HMS Bullen (K469) and sent her to the bottom, escaped undamaged.

In January 1945 the Group was transferred to the English Channel for anti-submarine operations. In February it operated in the Irish Sea and South-Western Approaches, and in April was assigned to support the Russian convoys. On 18 April Loch Insh and 19 EG joined the escort for Russian Convoy JW 66, arriving at Kola Inlet on 25 April after an uneventful passage. After anti-submarine operations off the Russian coast, the Group departed with Convoy RA 66 for the return journey.

On 29 April, in the Barents Sea, Loch Insh sank GS U-307 using "Shark" anti-submarine projectiles and her Squid anti-submarine mortar, and the same day, with frigates HMS Anguilla (K500) and HMS Cotton (K510) she sank GS U-286. Loch Insh was detached from RA 66 with the other ships of 19 EG before their arrival in the Clyde and sent to Leith to refit and prepare for foreign service.

On 23 August she departed Rosyth to join the East Indies Escort Force, arriving at Colombo on 25 October. There she acted as escort to repatriation convoys. After a visit to the coast of East Africa, Loch Insh returned to the UK in April 1946 and was decommissioned and placed in Reserve at Devonport. Whilst in Reserve her pennant number was changed to F433.

1950–1962
After a refit Loch Insh was recommissioned on 21 September 1950 to serve with 6th Frigate Flotilla, Home Fleet, for exercises and visits. In April and May 1951 she joined to search for missing submarine HMS Affray (P421).

In April 1952 she was decommissioned and was laid up at Devonport in readiness for a programme of extensive modernisation, of which Loch Insh would be the prototype for the rest of her class. The work finally began in May 1953 and took over a year. Recommissioned on 6 September 1954, she completed her sea trials in the Mediterranean, before arriving at Bahrain in December for duty in the Persian Gulf alongside HMS Loch Alvie (K428). Her primary task was the protection of British tanker shipping, and she carried out a regular routine of patrols and port visits until returning to the UK in August 1955.

After a refit she returned to Persian Gulf patrol duty in March 1956. During the Suez Crisis ("Operation Musketeer") Loch Insh was based at Bahrain where she protected Sitra Oil Jetties. In January 1957 she was relieved by HMS Loch Lomond (K437), and returned to the UK via the Cape of Good Hope, as the Suez Canal was closed. She arrived back at Devonport in March to refit. In March 1958, after anti-submarine training at Derry, she joined the Home Fleet for exercises and visits, and in June she returned to the Gulf. In October she joined other Royal Navy ships in the multi-national CENTO "Exercise Midlink" in the Indian Ocean, based at Karachi. In March 1959 she made East African coast visits and called at Tanga, Mtwara and Zanzibar before returning to Devonport in April. Loch Insh returned to the Gulf for two further tours of duty from December 1959 to October 1960, and from May 1961 to June 1962.

Decommissioning and sale
Decommissioned on 22 June 1962 Loch Insh was laid up in Reserve. Placed on the Disposal List, she was sold to the Royal Malaysian Navy in 1963. After a refit at Portsmouth, on 2 October 1964 the ship was commissioned into the Royal Malaysian Navy and renamed KD Hang Tuah (F433).

title: HMS Loch Insh


text:
Talk:Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro

untitled
Page moved for the sake of consistency. --Jiang 22:28, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't the page be renamed to Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro ? Kpjas 06:47, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Maybe. What are names for such articles about other countries which have diverse subdivisions? Russia uses Subdivisions of Russia, I don't know others. Nikola 07:03, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * please see this. There seems to be quite a few. Kpjas 08:43, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, this page needs a move. But I see that there are 13 pages called "Subdivisions of" (1) while there are 14 called "Administrative subdivisions of" (2). In the spirit of Slavic brotherhood, I'd move this to "Subdivisions of" if you have no objections :) Nikola 21:42, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

ISO 3166-2 codes have changed
As described in ISO 3166-2 Newsletter No I-5 the codes have now changed: see ISO 3166-2:CS for the current situation as far as I can make it out. HTH HAND --Phil | Talk 16:33, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Is Kosovo a subdivision of Serbia, or of Serbia and Montenegro (as it seems in resolution 1244) ?

 * Of Serbia. R1244 states that it is a part of SCG, but SCG's constitutional charter states that it is a part of Serbia, specifically. Nikola 05:43, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

To Rarelibra: what you read is a common propaganda point used against Milosevic, which still remains. The provinces were never stripped of their autonomy, it was just reduced. Either way, we should use official names of the provinces, which AFAIK include "autonomous". Nikola 05:43, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Kosovo Municipality
This Municipality was maket at Milosevic time (1995 - 1999), but they was not acceptit from Pristinas Parliament. Belgrads parialament dont have legitimation over this citys. The Parliament who diseit it (see: Autonoy) was and is now Parliament in Prishtina. Oly during the Milosevic time, he have destroit Prishtinas Parliament (Out of Federal Law and UN Law) and maket this Districts and Municipality. The Rep. of Serbia in temprali boun with Montenegro (5 years) is using today but they dont administrate kosovo. Municipality must be administraitit. However, Kosovo Municipality dont belong to the Serbian Administartiv zone. Is not impoten her if Kosovo is a part or not. Her is the importen ADMINISTRATION.--Hipi Zhdripi 02:35, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Municipality
Are the administrativ part of samthing they are not in the Constitution. If you say political you are sayig that they political rigt of the element is garantit with Constitution--Hipi Zhdripi 07:20, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Political divisions
Political divisions of Serbia and Montenegro? The Kosovo is not a part of political divisions of Serbia and Montenegro. Beacouse of that it must be out of this articel or this articel it must be putit under the historial artcel. -- Hipi Zhdripi
 * Acording to the constitutional chapter of Serbia-Montenegro, Kosovo is its part. Until the final status of Kosovo is solved, we should respect that chapter. PANONIAN   (talk)  23:22, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Maps
The maps appear to be there to reinforce Serb dominance over Kosovo and Vojvodina rather than to inform. They are not useful for the article and I suggest removal. Polargeo (talk) 14:47, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I already answered to you here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Republic_of_Serbia_(federal) There is no reason to discuss same thing in several places. As for "Serb dominance over Vojvodina", I am Serb from Vojvodina and most citizens of Vojvodina are Serbs too and we consider that Serbia is our country, so are you trying to insult me on ethnic basis with that comment? PANONIAN  16:52, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Three maps are very messy for what could be easily shown on a single map. Polargeo (talk) 09:36, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, as I said they are not same - maps 1 and 2 are showing two different levels of administrative divisions, while map number 3 is completelly different and show political proposal for reorganization of state administration. Whether map number 1 is already covered with map number 2 might be a question of different personal opinions, but the article is poor anyway, so it is no bad thing at all to be expanded with maps. PANONIAN  21:54, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The best way of expanding a small article is with text info not extra maps. The third map can be described in text with references, an extra map is not the best way to do it. Polargeo (talk) 09:09, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Expanding a small article with text might be the best way, but certainly not the only way - you are welcome to expand this article with text if you want. As for the third map, I agree that it should be described in the text as well, but at the present momment I have no enough free time to do both: draw maps and write of expand articles. When I finish most of the planned work with maps, I will return to the articles writing. PANONIAN  12:08, 8 March 2010 (UTC)


text:
HMS Loch Killin (K391)

HMS Loch Killin was a Loch-class frigate of the Royal Navy, named after Loch Killin in Scotland. The ship was laid down at Burntisland Shipbuilding Company's yard in Fife on 2 June 1943, and launched on 29 November 1943. She was one of the first vessels armed with the brand new Squid anti-submarine mortar. Decommissioned in September 1945, the ship was put into Reserve, and finally scrapped on 24 August 1960.

1944
Lock Killin along with the sloop HMS Starling (U66) sank the German submarine GS U-333 on 31 July 1944 to the west of Land's End. This was the first submarine kill using the Squid anti-submarine mortar. On 6 August 1944 Loch Killin sank GS U-736.

1945
In January and February 1945 Loch Killin was detached for service in the English Channel providing convoy escort and support for short periods, before the rest of 17 EG was transferred to Plymouth for support duty in the Channel in April. On 15 April 1945 Loch Killin sank GERMAN SUBMARINE U-1063 in the English Channel west of Land's End, in position 50.14833°N, -3.89°W, with gunfire and depth charges.

After the German surrender in May 1945 Loch Killin and 17 EG returned to the Clyde. In June the ship was transferred to the Rosyth Escort Force to escort convoys to Norway, paying visits to Stavanger, Bergen and Trondheim. In September Loch Killin sailed to Dartmouth to decommission.

Decommissioning and disposal
After her stores and supplies were removed Loch Killin was put into the Reserve on 7 November 1945 as a Category "B" vessel.

title: HMS Loch Killin (K391)


text:
HMS Loch Killisport (K628)

HMS Loch Killisport (K628/F628) was a Loch-class frigate of the British Royal Navy, named after Loch Killisport (Caolisport) in Scotland. Launched in 1944, the ship was not commissioned until July 1945, and served in post-war repatriation operations in the Far East until decommissioned in April 1946. During this time Prince Philip was an officer on board this ship. Recommissioned in 1950 she served in the Home Fleet for two years, before being extensively modernised for service in the Persian Gulf and Far East. Decommissioned in August 1965, she was sold for scrapping in 1970.

Far East, 1945–1946
After sea trials Loch Killisport was commissioned in July 1945, sailing for the Far East to serve with the Eastern Fleet in August. In September she sailed from Aden in convoy to Cochin, then to Colombo in October. Based at Singapore for escort duty and support of military operations in Java and Sumatra, she escorted vessels carrying former prisoners of war and civilian internees for repatriation. Prince Philip was an officer on board at that time. She returned to Britain in April 1946 to decommission and was laid-up in Reserve at Plymouth. In 1948 her pennant number was changed to F628.

Home Fleet, 1950–1952
In July 1950 Loch Killisport was towed to HM Dockyard, Sheerness to refit, and was assigned to the 6th Frigate Flotilla, Home Fleet, in November. After anti-submarine training at Derry she joined the flotilla in February 1951 for exercises and visits. In April and May she took part in the search for the submarine HMS Affray (P421) lost in the English Channel. Further exercises and visits followed, around the UK and in the Mediterranean Sea, before she was decommissioned in April 1952. Loch Killisport remained in Reserve at Chatham until April 1953 when she was towed to Blackwall Yard, London for modernisation of her armament and electronics by Green and Silley Weir, which was not completed until June 1954. In September the ship sailed to HM Dockyard, Chatham, for further modifications for tropical service.

Persian Gulf deployments
Commissioned in February 1955 she sailed for the Persian Gulf, arriving in May for patrol duties. Loch Killisport was sent to assist the Italian tanker MV Argea Prima which was on fire and abandoned in the Strait of Hormuz after a collision with the Dutch MV Tabian. Loch Killisport spent several days – along with USS Valcour (AVP-55) – fighting the fires aboard. Eventually the ship was able to make Bahrain under her own power. The Queen's Commendation was awarded to Engineer Officer H. Ward, and to Chief Engineering Mechanic A. James. In August she sailed to Trincomalee to take part in CENTO "Exercise Jet 55" in the Indian Ocean, then visited Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Mombasa, before returning to the Persian Gulf. She was relieved by HMS Loch Fada (K390) in January 1956, before returning to Portsmouth to refit.

She returned to the Persian Gulf in October 1956, via the Cape of Good Hope because of the closure of the Suez Canal. In mid-December she assisted the American tanker Olympic Games and the British tanker Athel Monarch, which were aground off Bahrain. Patrols in the Persian Gulf occupied most of 1957, though she also sailed to Cochin in April for joint exercises with the Indian Navy, and to Kharg Island for exercises with the Iranian Navy in June. In August she transited the Suez Canal, the first Royal Navy ship to do so after it re-opened, and returned to Chatham.

Loch Killisport returned to the Persian Gulf in February 1958, relieving Loch Fada at Muscat, Oman in April. In September she took part in the salvaging of the French tanker Fernand Gilabert which had collided with Liberian tanker SS Melika during heavy weather in the Gulf of Oman. After fires aboard Fernand Gilabert had been extinguished by HMS Bulwark (R08), the ship was towed to Karachi by Loch Killisport. The ship returned to Portsmouth in February 1959 to refit.

Loch Killisport returned to the Gulf in September for patrols and exercises, including the multi-national CENTO "Exercise Jet 59" at Cochin in December, "Exercise Winged Khanga" with HMS Centaur (R06) and Royal Fleet Auxiliaries in March 1960, and squadron exercises (CASPEX 5) with HMS Loch Lomond (K437) in May. She returned to Rosyth in September to refit.

Far East deployments
In September 1961 Loch Killisport was assigned to the 3rd Frigate Squadron, Far East Fleet, joining the squadron at Singapore in December. In February 1962 she carried out patrols and supported military operations in Borneo during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (the Konfrontasi) while based at Tawau. In April she took part in the multi-national "Exercise Jet 62", and in June sailed to Japan for exercises with the United States Navy. In August she returned to Borneo for support and patrols based at Labuan. In September she sailed to Sydney to take part in "Exercise Tucker Box" with ships of the Royal Australian Navy, before visiting ports in New Zealand, and then calling at Suva in Fiji and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. January 1963 saw her back at Sandakan, Borneo, for patrol and support duties, before returning to Singapore for a lengthy refit and to be joined by a new ship's company. Further support and patrol duties off Borneo followed from July 1963 through into most of the next year, with regular visits to Hong Kong and Singapore to refit and take part in Fleet exercises. She also held a two-day exercise with the Royal Thai Navy in April 1965, and visited Manila with HMS Whitby (F36) in June. In July she sailed for Britain, arriving back at Portsmouth to decommission on 4 August 1965.

Disposal
Loch Killisport was laid up in Reserve at Portsmouth. She was put on the Disposal List, and sold to the British Iron & Steel Corporation (BISCO) on 20 February 1970, for demolition by Hughes Bolckow. She arrived in tow at the breaker's yard in Blyth, Northumberland on 18 March.

title: HMS Loch Killisport (K628)


text:
HMS Loch Lomond (K437)

HMS Loch Lomond was a Loch-class frigate frigate of the British Royal Navy. The ship was named after Loch Lomond in Scotland.

The ship was ordered from Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Dundee, Scotland on 2 February 1943, and laid down on 7 December 1943. Launched on 19 June 1944, and completed on 16 November 1944, the ship was commissioned soon after.

World War II
Attached to the 17th Escort Group from 11 December 1944, until May 1945 the ship patrolled the waters off Scotland and Northern Ireland, and in the English Channel escorting convoys. After V-E Day the ship was nominated for service in East Indies. After modifications she sailed on 28 June for Ceylon. In August she was set to take part in "Operation Zipper", the recapture of British Malaya, though this was cancelled after the surrender of Japan. She remained at Singapore, supporting local operations until returning to the UK in April 1946 to be decommissioned.

While in reserve in 1948 her pennant number was changed to F437.

1950-1959
Loch Lomond was recommissioned on 22 September 1950 and served in the Mediterranean Fleet based at Malta, also seeing service in the Red Sea. She returned to the UK and was decommissioned on 21 October 1952.

She underwent modernisation between 1953 and 1955 before being recommissioned on 19 April 1955, returning to the Mediterranean Fleet, also seeing service in the Persian Gulf and as part of the East Coast of India Patrol. She returned to the UK in April 1956 to refit, sailing on 14 November for the Persian Gulf via the Cape of Good Hope, because of the closure of the Suez Canal. Duties in the Gulf and Indian Ocean occupied her until her return to the UK on 12 November 1957. Another major refit took up 1958 and most of 1959, before Loch Lomond was recommissioned in September.

1960-1968
Loch Lomond returned to the Persian Gulf in February 1960 for further patrols and exercises. The ship returned to the UK on 26 January 1961. In July she joined the 9th Frigate Squadron, returning to the Gulf in November. She then sailed to Singapore and joined the 3rd Frigate Squadron of the Far East Fleet on 18 October 1962.

In March 1963 she supported military operations in the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, the Konfrontasi, then served as Guard ship at Gan in the Maldives. Mr Abdulla Afeef Didi, the rebel leader of the Maldives and his family were transported to the British colony of Seychelles on Sunday, 29 September 1963 on board HMS Loch Lomond, reaching the destination on Friday, 4 October 1963. Exercises and patrol duties in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea occupied her until her return to the UK on 19 December 1964 for decommissioning.

Placed on the Disposal List in February 1965 she remained at Portsmouth until 1967 when she was taken to Chatham to be stripped of equipment before being sold for scrap in 1968.

title: HMS Loch Lomond (K437)


text:
HMS Loch More (K639)

HMS Loch More was a Loch-class frigate of the Royal Navy named after Loch More in Scotland.

title: HMS Loch More (K639)