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Battle of Empress Augusta Bay

The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, on 1–2 November 1943 – also known as the Battle of Gazelle Bay, Operation Cherry Blossom, and in Japanese sources as the Sea Battle off Bougainville Island (ブーゲンビル島沖海戦) – was a naval battle fought at night in Empress Augusta Bay near Bougainville Island. The naval battle was a result of Allied landings at Cape Torokina with the bay in the first action in the Bougainville campaign of World War II and may also be considered as part of the Solomons and New Guinea campaigns. The battle was significant as part of a broader Allied strategy—known as Operation Cartwheel—aimed at isolating and surrounding the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The intention was to establish a beachhead on Bougainville, within which an airfield would be built.

The naval battle took place at the end of the first day of the landings around Cape Torokina, as the Japanese sortied a large force from Rabaul in an effort to replicate the success they had achieved at Savo Island in August 1942, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands. Ultimately, the covering force of US warships was able to turn back the Japanese force, and the landings around Cape Torokina were successful.

Background
On 1 November 1943, the 3rd Marine Division landed at Cape Torokina in Empress Augusta Bay on Bougainville Island. Following in the wake of Allied successes in the Solomon Islands campaign, the landings were undertaken as part of an Allied plan to establish airbases in the region to project airpower towards the Japanese stronghold around Rabaul, the reduction and isolation of which was a key part of Operation Cartwheel. The bay had been chosen because it was at the outer limit of Allied fighter plane range and because the numerically superior Japanese 17th Army was concentrated at other, more strategic sites in the north and the south. The Marines were backed by Task Force 39, composed of cruisers and destroyers, commanded by Rear Admiral Aaron S. Merrill. Merrill's force was tasked with covering the vulnerable transports and minelayers from air attack and from attack from the sea.

The Japanese responded with air attacks and a powerful naval force from Rabaul commanded by Admiral Sentaro Omori, attempting to replicate the success they had achieved at Savo Island in August 1942, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands. The Japanese formation was hastily assembled from whatever ships were on hand, many of which had never trained or fought together before. Omori's force consisted of the heavy cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Myōkō and JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro, the light cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Agano and JAPANESE CRUISER Sendai, and the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Naganami, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Wakatsuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure, JAPANESE DESTROYER Samidare, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiratsuyu. These were organised into a cruiser division (Cruiser Division 5), which contained the two heavy cruisers, and two screens (left and right) with a light cruiser and three destroyers. The left screen was commanded by Rear Admiral Ijuin Matsuji, while the right was under Rear Admiral Morikazu Osugi's command. Initially, this force had included five destroyer transports laden with troops for a counter-landing, but following several delays, the decision was made for the transports to return to Rabaul. This force would later land around Koromokina Lagoon on 7/8 November.

Ranged against the Japanese force was Merrill's Task Force 39 (TF39). The heart of TF39 was Cruiser Division (CruDiv) 12 – USS Montpelier (CL-57), USS Cleveland (CL-55), USS Columbia (CL-56), and USS Denver (CL-58). These four Cleveland-class cruiser cruisers were officially categorized as light cruisers; however, they were nearly the size of the Japanese heavy cruisers and were armed with twelve radar-aimed 6 in rapid fire guns. TF39 also included Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 23, which consisted of two destroyer divisions (DesDiv): DesDiv 45 – USS Charles Ausburne (DD-570), USS Dyson (DD-572), USS Stanly (DD-478), USS Claxton (DD-571) and DesDiv 46 – USS Spence (DD-512), USS Thatcher (DD-514), USS Converse (DD-509), USS Foote (DD-511). Merrill had overall command of the force, as well as directly commanding CruDiv 12, while Captain Arleigh Burke commanded DesDiv 45 and Commander Bernard Austin was in command of DesDiv 46.

Battle

As the Japanese ships cruised towards Cape Torokina, the Americans were already in the process of withdrawing most of their landing craft and troop transports from around Cape Torokina, and assembling them to the southwest of Empress Augusta Bay. The 12 transports were ordered to depart around 18:00, while four cargo vessels, still only partially unloaded, remained. The US minelayers operating off Cape Moltke were also withdrawn. Meanwhile, US reconnaissance aircraft had detected Omori's force, and in response Merrill's force, which had been shelling Japanese positions around Buka in northern Bougainville the day before, began steaming north from around Vella Lavella to intercept, departing before midnight on 1/2 November. They subsequently established themselves to block the entrance to Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese approached from the northwest, aiming to bombard the invasion force in their transports and on the shore. At 01:30 on 2 November, Haguro was struck amidships by an American aerial attack. The resulting damage necessitated a significant reduction in speed for the entire formation.

The Americans made radar contact at 02:27 on 2 November. Merrill subsequently shook his force out into three columns, sending Burke's destroyers to attack the Japanese northern flank, while the cruisers turned about to remain out of torpedo range, with the remaining destroyers from Austin's group being tasked with launching a torpedo attack on the southern flank. From the leading position in the American formation, Burke sent the four destroyers of DesDiv 45 forward for a torpedo attack and at 02:46 fired a salvo toward the Japanese. Around the same time, the Sendai-led division fired eight torpedoes. Each attack was detected, and both groups maneuvered away from the torpedoes. The Japanese fleet became separated into three groups in the confusion.

Merrill then ordered DesDiv 46 to attack. Unprepared, Foote misinterpreted the command and was separated from the other ships. Despite her captain's best efforts, Foote was unable to effectively rejoin the fight and was in some danger of colliding with other friendly ships. At around 02:50, when it became apparent that DesDiv 45's torpedo attack had failed to achieve complete surprise, the American cruisers opened fire, quickly disabling Sendai, whose rudder jammed.

After firing her torpedoes, Samidare collided with Shiratsuyu. Samidare and Shiratsuyu were subsequently forced to retire from the battle with Samidare receiving 5-inch hits at 03:00. Myōkō also collided with Hatsukaze, slicing off her bows. Myōkō had significant damage from this collision. Meanwhile, Haguro was hit by several cruiser shells, only a few of which detonated. Relying on visual tracking of their targets, with difficulty, the Japanese cruisers pinpointed the American cruisers and opened fire at 03:13. At 03:20 the Cruiser Squadron fired several torpedoes at CruDiv 12. At 03:27 numerous hits on CruDiv 12 were erroneously reported to Omori, but all actually missed their targets.

The Americans were also having problems as Spence and Thatcher also collided but were able to continue in the battle. Foote was struck by a torpedo which blew off the stern of the ship, leaving 19 dead and 17 wounded. Subsequently, the drifting Foote became a navigational hazard to the other ships adding to the confusion of the battle. Foote was busy for the remainder of the engagement trying to stay afloat and fighting off an enemy aircraft attack. Without fire control radar, the Japanese depended heavily on flares to illuminate their targets. CruDiv 12 repeatedly maneuvered to avoid starshells fired by the opposing ships but was finally successfully illuminated by brilliant flares dropped by Japanese snooper aircraft.

Between 03:20 and 03:25 Denver received three 8-inch hits which failed to detonate. Also, while closing with a group of Japanese destroyers in the center, Spence was hit at the waterline by a shell that failed to explode. At this point the Japanese fire was heavy and increasingly accurate. In response, the American cruisers began maneuvering behind a smoke screen which successfully interfered with the Japanese gunnery.

Throughout the battle the American destroyers experienced difficulty maintaining contact with each other and several times came close to firing on friendly ships, underscoring the difficulty in fighting night actions even when equipped with radar and IFF systems. A later evaluation of the battle revealed that DesDiv 46 missed an opportunity to torpedo the center group of Japanese ships because of uncertain identification. DesDiv 46 then turned north and concentrated fire on Sendai.

By 03:37, Omori, believing that he had sunk a heavy cruiser and worried about being caught in daylight by US carrier aircraft, ordered a retreat. Merrill's cruisers closed to bombard the Japanese forces withdrawing to the west, engaging Hatsukaze at over 17,500 yd, but they were unable to score any hits.

Around 04:00, DesDiv 45 and 46 engaged in a confused melee with retreating Japanese stragglers, sinking Sendai and driving off the remaining northern group ships. Just before 04:13 Spence lost speed because of water in the fuel line and fell out of formation. The American ships reported many hits on the enemy contacts. DesDiv 45 fired on the limping Spence in error, causing no damage. CruDiv 12 and Spence engaged a Japanese straggler at 05:10. Unable to distinguish between the straggler and Spence, the cruisers ceased fire. By 05:19, DesDiv 45 came to the aid of Spence which by this time had almost exhausted its ammunition. The Japanese straggler, the heavily damaged Hatsukaze, exploded and sank.

At daylight the pursuit was broken off, and all ships, many low on fuel and ammunition, were ordered to rendezvous with the hapless Foote, as Merrill was concerned about the possibility of his ships being exposed to air attack. This proved prescient, as a heavy Japanese air attack, consisting of over 100 aircraft, was launched from Rabaul early in the morning, directed on the US ships that had converged around Foote. This was fought off with assistance from US and New Zealand shore-based aircraft, with heavy losses being inflicted on the attacking aircraft. The Japanese ships scored two hits on Montpelier, inflicting nine wounded. Foote was subsequently towed to Tulagi for repairs.

Aftermath
The battle ended in a complete victory for the US naval force, in what author Leo Marriott describes as the "last major naval action...[of]...the Solomons campaign". They were able to deflect the Japanese away from the vulnerable transport ships and landing craft around Cape Torokina, and they had also inflicted significant damage on their opponents. For the loss of 19 killed and 26 wounded, and three ships damaged, the US ships sank one light cruiser and one destroyer and damaged two cruisers and two destroyers. Japanese casualties have been reported as being between 198 and 658 killed. Up to 25 Japanese aircraft were shot down in the air attack following the naval action. The Japanese subsequently sent a submarine to locate survivors; none were found from Hatsukaze, but some were rescued from Sendai.

In the aftermath, the Japanese ships returned to Rabaul. There, they were joined by four cruisers and more destroyers from Truk for another attack on the Allied landing forces at Bougainville. On 5 November, however, two US aircraft carriers raided Rabaul, heavily damaging four heavy cruisers, which had to withdraw to Truk. This ended the Japanese warship threat to the Allied landing forces at Bougainville. Omori was relieved of his command as a result of the failed action.

US ground forces secured their beachhead around Cape Torokina, and the perimeter was subsequently expanded. A PT boat base was established on Puruata Island, and several airbases were built around the Cape Torokina perimeter. These were subsequently employed in the reduction of Rabaul. On the ground, throughout the remainder of 1943, the US Marines and Japanese fought several minor land battles around the perimeter, culminating in a large scale Japanese counterattack in March 1944. This counterattack was fought off with Japanese heavy losses. By the start of February 1944, the US had built up a force of over 400 aircraft on Bougainville; before the month ended the Japanese air defenses around Rabaul had been defeated.

title: Battle of Empress Augusta Bay


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Birch Creek (Pondera County, Montana)

Birch Creek is a tributary of the Two Medicine River in Montana in the United States. It rises at the continental divide in the Lewis and Clark National Forest, and flows northeast, through Swift Reservoir. It receives Dupuyer Creek and joins the Two Medicine in northern Pondera County. It forms part of the southern border of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Birch Creek (Pondera County, Montana)


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Birch Creek

Birch Creek can mean:

Streams

 * United States
 * Birch Creek (Yukon River tributary), Alaska
 * Birch Creek (Kantishna River tributary), Alaska
 * Birch Creek (Menominee County, Michigan)
 * Birch Creek (Bourbeuse River tributary), a stream in Missouri
 * Birch Creek (Chouteau County, Montana), a tributary of the Missouri River
 * Birch Creek (Pondera County, Montana), a tributary of the Two Medicine River
 * Birch Creek (Umatilla River tributary), Oregon
 * Birch Creek (Franklin County, Idaho), a tributary of Mink Creek (Bear River), in Franklin County, Idaho in the Bear River watershed
 * Birch Creek (Beaver County, Utah), a tributary of South Creek

 * Australia
 * Birch Creek, Victoria a stream near Smeaton, Victoria

 * Canada
 * Birch Creek (British Columbia), a creek near the town of Atlin

Communities

 * Birch Creek, Alaska, United States
 * Birch Creek, Michigan, United States
 * Birch Creek, Wisconsin, United States
 * Birch Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada

title: Birch Creek


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USS Bremerton (CA-130)

USS Bremerton (CA-130), was a Baltimore-class heavy cruiser, named for the city of Bremerton in Washington state.

Construction and career
She was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey on 1 February 1943, launched on 2 July 1944 by Miss Elizabeth K. McGowan and commissioned on 29 April 1945, Captain John Boyd Mallard in command.

1940s
Bremerton left Norfolk for her shakedown cruise in the waters off Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 29 May 1945. Toward the end of the shakedown period she served as flagship for Admiral Jonas Ingram, Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet, during his South American tour of inspection. She returned to the United States and engaged in experimental work at Casco Bay, Maine, from 22 July to 2 October 1945.

On 7 November 1945 she sailed to Guantanamo Bay for further training. She then proceeded to Pearl Harbor en route for duty in the 7th Fleet. Bremerton arrived at Pearl Harbor 15 December 1945 and Inchon, Korea, 4 January 1946. She operated in the Far East until 20 November 1946, when she arrived at San Pedro, Calif. She participated in type training and made one reserve training cruise off the west coast before placed out of commission in reserve at San Francisco 9 April 1948.

Korean War Service
Bremerton was recommissioned 23 November 1951. After refresher training she joined the 7th Fleet for her first cruise of the Korean War zone. Her guns blasted enemy lines at Wonsan, Kojo, Chongjin, and Changjon Hang, Korea. On 13 September 1952 she was relieved and returned to Long Beach.

Seven months were devoted to overhaul, drills, and gunnery exercises, and then on 5 April 1953 Bremerton again departed Long Beach for a tour with the 7th Fleet. Upon joining TF 77 her guns pounded enemy installations, troops, and railroads in Korea.

Completing this tour in November 1953, Bremerton returned to Long Beach and commenced a shipyard overhaul. With overhaul completed, she conducted extensive training and then departed for another tour of the Western Pacific 14 May 1954. On 4 April 1954 Commander Will P. Starnes assumed duties as Executive Officer and on 17 October 1954 Bremerton returned to Long Beach and was granted a thirty-day rest before continuing drills and gunnery exercises off Southern California coast.

Post Korean War
In January 1955, Bremerton proceeded to Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, for her regular overhaul period. At Mare Island Bremerton underwent a thorough revamping under the Navy's high-geared program of improved habitability and fighting efficiency.

On 12 July 1955 after a rigid training period, Bremerton again sailed for duties in the Far East. On this trip to the Western Pacific, Bremerton served as the flagship for Rear Admiral D. M. Tyree, Commander Cruiser Division One, later relieved by Rear Admiral H. L. Collins. For two weeks in October she served as temporary flagship for Vice Admiral A. M. Pride, Commander Seventh Fleet, in Keelung, Formosa. During this Far Eastern tour, Bremerton participated in five operations with Task Force 77. For her operations with Nationalist Forces she earned her second China Service Medal. While in Formosa, her crew participated in the Chinese Nationalist celebration of Double Ten Day with Chiang Kai-Shek presiding.

On 10 January 1956 while the Bremerton was in Yokosuka, Commander Robert M. Brownlie assumed duties as Bremerton's Executive Officer. Then on 12 February Bremerton returned home to Long Beach, California, and on 28 February Captain Charles C. Kirkpatrick assumed command. Bremerton was awarded a white "E" and a green "E" for excellence for winning the Battle Efficiency competition among cruisers of the Pacific Fleet for the fiscal year 1956 and on 1 September 1956, Command was assumed by Captain Raymond H. Bass.

On 6 November 1956 Bremerton left her home port of Long Beach for the Orient once more, but this time going via Melbourne, Australia and the XVI Olympiad. Besides Australia, Bremerton visited Redondo Beach, Monterey, Victoria, British Columbia, Seattle, Pearl Harbor, Guam, Kwajalein Atoll, the Japanese ports of Yokosuka, Kobe, Beppu, Okinawa, Keelung, Formosa, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, the cities Manila and Olongapo in the Philippines, Hong Kong and Dingalon Bay. Bremerton returned to Long Beach in May 1957. Around this time she was selected for conversion to the Albany-class cruiser guided missile cruiser CG-14, but funding was deleted from the Navy's budget. She continued on in service for a few more years after the conversion was cancelled.

Decommissioning
Bremerton was scheduled to undergo a major conversion to become one of the planned Albany-class cruiser guided missile cruisers, with the ship allocated the new number CG-14. However, the cost of this process, along with the similar conversion of USS Rochester (CA-124), was deemed too high, and so was cancelled. Bremerton was decommissioned on 29 July 1960 after serving a total of 11.5 years in commissioned service. She lingered in the mothball fleet but was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 October 1973, along with several of her sister ships. Sold to Zidell Explorations Corp., Portland Oregon on 11 July 1974.

Awards

 * American Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * Navy Occupation Medal
 * China Service Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Korean Service Medal with two battle stars
 * United Nations Korea Medal

title: USS Bremerton (CA-130)


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USS Bunker Hill (CG-52)

USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) was a Ticonderoga-class cruiser guided missile cruiser of the United States Navy constructed by Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation at Pascagoula, Mississippi and launched on 11 March 1985. The Ticonderoga-class cruisers are equipped with the Aegis Combat System and Bunker Hill is the first of the class to be equipped with the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) in place of the previous ships' twin-arm Mark 26 missile launchers, which greatly improved the flexibility and firepower of the ships by allowing them to fire BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles for land attack missions. Other missions include ballistic missile defence and capital ship escort for anti-aircraft defense. The ship was commissioned on 20 September 1986 and was homeported at Naval Base San Diego in San Diego, California.

Bunker Hill saw service in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War and deployed off the Somalian coast to prevent piracy. The cruiser has forward deployed to Yokosuka, Japan and has performed missions in the Pacific including monitoring missions during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis.

Bunker Hill was decommissioned on 22 September 2023 at Naval Base San Diego.

1980s
After commissioning in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Bunker Hill entered the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal and began short notice work-ups to deploy to the U.S. Seventh Fleet. She made her first deployment in July 1987, nearly one year ahead of schedule.

During READIEX 87-5, Bunker Hill first operated with Battle Group Sierra which consisted of Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 1, the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63), cruiser USS Long Beach (CGN-9), destroyer USS Hoel (DDG-13), frigate USS Curts (FFG-38), and supply vessel USS Kansas City (AOR-3). She deployed as part of Battle Group Sierra (Task Group 30.7). Following an upkeep period at Subic Bay in the Philippines, Bunker Hill became Anti-Air Warfare Coordinator for Battle Group Sierra (TG 70.10), now en route to the North Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. During the deployment she provided an anti-air warfare umbrella inside the Persian Gulf for Missouri and other US-flagged tankers and ships transiting through the Strait of Hormuz.

In August 1988, Bunker Hill's homeport was shifted from San Diego to Yokosuka, Japan joining the USS Midway (CV-41) Carrier Battle Group. She then deployed with the Midway group for four months with the Seventh Fleet, for which she was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation. She was also awarded her first Battle Efficiency Award.

1990s
In November 1990, Bunker Hill sailed in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm and served as the multinational Air Warfare Commander (AAWC) and as one of the first ships to launch a Tomahawk Land Attack Cruise Missile against Iraqi targets. Following the conclusion of the Persian Gulf War, Bunker Hill participated in organizing and establishing Operation Southern Watch, the complex enforcement of the United Nations-established no-fly zone over southern Iraq. Bunker Hill made a historical visit to the Russian city Vladivostok in 1993, and then one year later she made a port visit to Qingdao in the People's Republic of China.

In March 1996, during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, she took station south of Taiwan to monitor missile tests by the People's Liberation Army.

In July 1998, Bunker Hill's homeport was shifted from Yokosuka, Japan back to San Diego.

2000s
In late 2000, Bunker Hill deployed with the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) Battle Group. She again participated in Operation Southern Watch and conducted boardings and inspections of over 40 merchant vessels in support of United Nations sanctions against Iraq. Bunker Hill also escorted the USS Tarawa (LHA-1) Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) while conducting humanitarian operations off East Timor and training exercises in Kuwait. Bunker Hill acted as Air Defense Commander for the ARG where she designed and implemented innovative procedures for CG integration into an ARG. Following the attack on the destroyer USS Cole (DDG-67), Bunker Hill sortied from Bahrain to provide support and protection to seven United States Navy and United States Naval Ships (auxiliary vessels) based there and subsequently remained at sea for 67 consecutive days. Bunker Hill returned from deployment in February 2001.

Since her commissioning, Bunker Hill has deployed six times to the Persian Gulf and has earned fifteen Battle "E" Awards, including the Golden Battle "E" in 1996 and 2006 which is given when a ship receives five such awards consecutively.

In March 2003, Bunker Hill was assigned to Cruiser-Destroyer Group 3. Bunker Hill went on to fire a total of 31 Tomahawk missiles in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

In December 2004 Bunker Hill left San Diego again under the command of ESG-5 for a deployment to the Middle East. In December 2004 the ship detoured to the coast of Banda Aceh to provide humanitarian assistance to the Indonesian province as one of the first responders to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami which destroyed the coastal regions of the province. After completing its humanitarian aid mission in Indonesia, Bunker Hill proceeded to the Fifth Fleet area of responsibility. After checking into CTF-150, and while off the coast of Oman, the ship deployed one of its helicopters on 31 January 2005 to medevac a Japanese mariner with a life-threatening illness from MV Apollo Sun to Seeb International Airport near Muscat, Oman. The ship returned from deployment to its home port in San Diego in May 2005.

In March 2006, it was announced that Lockheed Martin would upgrade the Aegis Combat System on 22 navy vessels; Bunker Hill was the first slated to receive the upgrade. In January 2007, Bunker Hill was sent to the coast of Somalia to conduct anti-terrorist operations as part of the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) task force. She was awarded the Meritorious Unit Citation for this role. On 28 February 2008, Bunker Hill was awarded the 2007 Battle "E" award, her 6th consecutive Battle "E".

From 1 October 2009, Bunker Hill was assigned to Carrier Strike Group One, whose flagship was the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson.

2010s
In January 2010, Bunker Hill sailed for Haiti, part of the US Navy's force providing disaster relief after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

In February 2011, Bunker Hill along with the destroyer USS Momsen (DDG-92) broke up a pirate attack on a tanker while patrolling the Gulf of Oman. The ships chased away two skiffs, eventually sinking both after they had returned to their mothership.

In 2011–2012 the ship deployed with Carrier Strike Group One. On 22 October 2012, Bunker Hill began a five-month Drydocking Selected Restricted Availability (DSRA) maintenance period at the BAE Systems Inc. shipyard in San Diego, California.

In October 2017, Bunker Hill deployed from San Diego as part of Carrier Strike Group Nine to the Western Pacific Ocean and Persian Gulf.

2020s
In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2023. On 22 September 2023, Bunker Hill was decommissioned at Naval Base San Diego.

Awards

 * Combat Action Ribbon - (Jan-Feb 1991)
 * Navy Unit Commendation - (Jan-Feb 1991, Oct 1997-Apr 1998, Jan-May 2003)
 * Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation - (Sep 1988-Dec 1989, May-Sep 1992, Jul 1994-Apr 1996, Jan 1999-Sep 2001, Aug 2000-Jan 2001, Oct 2006-May 2007, Nov 2011-May 2012)
 * Battle "E" - (1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2015)
 * Southwest Asia Service Medal - (Oct – Mar 1991)
 * Humanitarian Service Medal - (Dec 2004 – Feb 2005, Jan – Feb 2010)
 * Coast Guard Unit Commendation - (31 Jan – 2 Feb 2000)

title: USS Bunker Hill (CG-52)


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User:Jla

From Sweden. Background in computer science, mathematics, law, psychology, political sciences and public administration.

title: User:Jla


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Santa Cruz Islands

The Santa Cruz Islands form an archipelago in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. They lie approximately 250 mi to the southeast of the Solomon Islands archipelago, just north of the archipelago of Vanuatu and are considered part of the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion. The term Santa Cruz Islands is sometimes used to encompass all the islands of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands.

Geography
The largest island is Nendö, which is also known as Santa Cruz Island proper. Lata, located on Nendö, is the largest town, and is the capital of Temotu Province.

Other islands belonging to the Santa Cruz group are Vanikoro (which is actually made up of two islands, Banie and its small neighbour Teanu) and Utupua. The table below provides basic data on these three islands. The Santa Cruz Islands are less than five million years old and were pushed upward by the tectonic subduction of the northward-moving Indo-Australian Plate under the Pacific Plate. The islands are mostly composed of limestone and volcanic ash over limestone.

Languages
The native languages of the islands are classified as the Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages, within the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family.

Ocean Navigation
Historically, the people of Santa Cruz made long-distance ocean-going voyages using Tepukei. Tepukei are ocean-going outrigger canoes specific to some Polynesian societies of eastern Solomon Islands including Santa Cruz. In 1966 Gerd Koch, a German anthropologist, carried out research at Graciosa Bay on Nendö Island (Ndende/Ndeni) in the Santa Cruz Islands and on Pileni and Fenualoa in the Reef Islands, and returned with documentary film, photographic and audio material. The films that Koch completed are now held by the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) in Hanover. He brought back to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin the last still complete Tepukei from the Santa Cruz Islands. In 1971 Koch published Die Materielle Kultur der Santa Cruz-Inseln (The Material Culture of the Santa Cruz Islands).

Navigators from the Santa Cruz islands retained traditional navigation techniques into the 20th century; these techniques were also known by the navigators of the Caroline Islands. In 1969, Tevake accompanied David Henry Lewis on his ketch Isbjorn from Taumako using traditional navigation techniques by studying wave patterns and made landfall at Fenualoa, having navigated for 50 mi without being able to view the stars, due to cloud cover. On a second voyage from Nifiloli to Vanikoro, Tevake navigated by the stars, wave patterns, and the patterns of bioluminescence that indicated the direction in which islands were located.

Contact with other cultures
The islands were visited by Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña, the first European to sight them, on his second Pacific expedition in 1595. Mendaña started a colony on Nendö which he named Santa Cruz, at the place also named by the Spaniards as Graciosa Bay, and he died there in 1596.

World War II
During the Pacific campaign of World War II, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands was fought north of the Santa Cruz group and some United States Navy seaplanes were based in Graciosa Bay, with one reportedly sinking at the seaplane base there. U.S. Navy Patrol Squadron 23 (VP-23), known as the "Seahawks," was stationed at Graciosa Bay, from which it operated Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boats, including on "Black Cat" night missions. Chemical ordnance stored on Vanikoro Island during World War II was not completely removed until the 1990s.

2013 Solomon Islands earthquake
The Santa Cruz Islands were affected by the 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake and subsequent tsunami on 6 February 2013. The earthquake produced a tsunami measuring 1 m at Lata, Solomon Islands, that reached about 500 m inland. The airport and low-lying areas were flooded, killing nine people, five of them elderly and one a child. More than 100 houses on the island were damaged, and the water and electricity services were interrupted. It was reported that almost all houses in Nela village were washed away, and some homes in Venga village were shifted by water.

title: Santa Cruz Islands


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USS Cape St. George

USS Cape St. George (CG-71) is a Ticonderoga-class cruiser laid down by the Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation at Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 19 November 1990, launched on 10 January 1992, and commissioned on 12 June 1993. Cape St. George operates out of San Diego, California, and administratively reports to the Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific.

Name
Cape St. George is named for the World War II Battle of Cape St. George near New Ireland in Papua New Guinea, where a U.S. Navy destroyer force led by Captain Arleigh Burke defeated a Japanese destroyer force on 25 November 1943.

History
In March 2003, she was a first responder in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, awaiting orders from the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Turkey. She was part of Cruiser-Destroyer Group 8. The helicopter squadron attached to the ship during this cruise was HSL-44 (out of Mayport Naval Station). During this deployment, the Cape St. George became one of the first US Navy ships to fire cruise missiles from the Mediterranean at a target (Iraq). The Cape soon set sail for the Persian Gulf to continue missile-support operations after the government of Turkey claimed that a cruise missile landed, intact, on Turkish soil, resulting in US warships being forbidden from firing missiles over Turkish airspace. The Cape St. George then became the first US Navy ship ever to fire from two theaters of battle in history during her five-month cruise, the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The photograph of the USS Cape St. George firing its first missile at Iraq from the Mediterranean Sea was taken by one of two sailors deployed in one of the Cape's two rigid-hull inflatable boats. Video footage was also taken and was seen shortly after on CNN. The photograph made newspapers nationwide soon after and is now the Cape's token photograph.

In May 2005, Cape St. George became the first surface warship certified to use only digital nautical charts, instead of paper charts using the Voyage Management System (VMS). About 12,000 paper charts have been replaced by 29 computer discs. VMS is part of the Smart Ship Integrated Bridge System, which has been under development since 1990.

On 18 March 2006, she was involved in a firefight with suspected pirates, along with USS Gonzalez (DDG-66). The two US warships exchanged fire with the suspected pirates about 25 nmi off the coast of Somalia. Initial reports indicated that one suspected pirate was killed and five others wounded, while Cape St. George took superficial damage from small-arms fire during the action.

In March 2007, Seaman Richard Mott slashed the throat of Seaman Jose Garcia from behind as the 18-year-old ate breakfast on the berthing barge nested aside the ship, while she was pierside at BAE Shipyards Norfolk, Virginia, for repairs. Garcia was seriously injured, but survived. On 7 November 2008, Mott was found guilty of attempted murder and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.

In July 2007, Cape St. George departed Norfolk in transit to her new homeport of San Diego, California as part of the realignment of naval forces following the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review.

On 17 October 2010, the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and Cape St. George arrived off the coast of Pakistan to support the coalition troop surge in landlocked Afghanistan.

On 31 January 2011, Cape St. George responded to a distress call from a sinking Iranian dhow by dispatching a rescue team via a rigid-hulled inflatable boat. The rescue team attempted to repair the dhow's bilge pumps, but they were unable to stop the flooding. The Iranian fishermen were brought aboard Cape St. George, where they were examined by the medical staff before being transferred to an Iranian customs vessel.

On 6–10 January 2012, accompanying carrier Abraham Lincoln, Cape St. George visited the Gulf of Thailand port of Laem Chabang. During the visit, Singapore-based Glenn Defense Marine Asia (GDMA) provided husbanding services, for which the Navy was billed a total of $884,000. In November 2013, federal prosecutors charged that the Navy had been overbilled more than $500,000.

In October 2019 it was announced that Cape St. George would be shifting to Seattle, WA to complete a Depot Level Modernization Period at Vigor Marine's Harbor Island facility starting in December 2019. Cape St. George arrived in Seattle in August, 2020.

Awards

 * Navy Unit Commendation - (Mar 1994-Apr 1995, May 2000 – May 2001, Nov 2005-May 2006, Dec 2011-Aug 2012)
 * Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (Jun-Dec 1998, Sep 2010-Mar 2011)
 * Navy E Ribbon - (1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2015)
 * James F. Chezek Memorial Gunnery Award - (1996, 1998)
 * Arizona Memorial Trophy – (1995)
 * SIXTH Fleet "Hook 'Em" award for Anti-Submarine Warfare excellence - (1995)

title: USS Cape St. George


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Dupuyer Creek

Dupuyer Creek is a tributary of Birch Creek in northwestern Montana in the United States.

It rises at the confluence of the South Fork, Middle Fork and North Fork in the Lewis and Clark National Forest east of the continental divide in northwestern Teton County at an elevation near 4750 feet. It flows northwest into Pondera County, past Dupuyer, and joins Birch Creek in Pondera County 3 mi west of Valier.

title: Dupuyer Creek


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Palisadoes

Palisadoes (word apparently of Portuguese origin) is the thin tombolo of sand that serves as a natural protection for Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. Norman Manley International Airport and the historic town of Port Royal are both on Palisadoes.

The privateer Henry Morgan was buried in Palisadoes cemetery, which sank beneath the sea after the 1692 earthquake.

There are concerns that activities of sight seers who litter the place may lead to infestation by roaches.

Some organisation have made efforts in 2023 to clean up the place to address possible pollution with plastics and infestation by roaches and rodents

title: Palisadoes


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Talk:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership elections

Untitled
need more info on who supports whom. Also need to install links from candidates to this pageFormeruser-83 08:10, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Title of Entry
The entry should be remnamed "Conservative Leadership Conventions" because the name "Progressive Conservative" doesn't represent the current or original name of the party.

 * I disagree. The PC Party was the legal continuation of the Conservative Party (historical). The PC Party disbanded when the new Conservative Party was formed. The new CPC is not the legal continuation of the PC Party. There should, therefore, be a new summary article called "Conservative leadership elections" that covers leadership elections held by the new CPC, and the existing "PC leadership conventions" article should not include the results of the new CPC leadership election, but have only a link to it. "PC leadership conventions" reflects the name of the party during most of the time that it held leadership convnetions. Keep in mind that before 1943, the party went through numerous name changes -- Liberal-Conservative, Unionist, National Liberal-Conservative, Conservative. Ground Zero 15:26, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

The 2004 Conservative Leadership section
That section should be removed from this article. This article is about the Conservative/Progressive Conservative Party (1867-2003) only. Therefore, I'm removing it. GoodDay 19:00, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:British Columbia Liberal Party leadership contest, 2011 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. 117Avenue (talk) 03:02, 7 December 2010 (UTC)


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National Gallery of Jamaica

The National Gallery of Jamaica, in Kingston, Jamaica, is Jamaica's public art museum. It was established in 1974 and is located in the Kingston Mall, a commercial and cultural center on Kingston harbour. The National Gallery of Jamaica also has a branch in Montego Bay, National Gallery West.

The gallery houses several important works, mostly by artists from Jamaica, including John Dunkley, Mallica "Kapo" Reynolds, Edna Manley, Barrington Watson, Albert Artwell, Everald Brown,  Cecil Baugh, Albert Huie, Carl Abrahams, Osmond Watson, Judy Ann MacMillan, Omari Ra, Laura Facey, Jasmine Thomas-Girvan, Petrona Morrison, Hope Brooks, Ebony G. Patterson, Philip Thomas and Leasho Johnson.

The National Gallery also exhibits works by various international artists and traveling exhibitions. It offers research material on Jamaican art and culture, and coordinates educational programmes.

History
In 1972 an Advisory committee was set up, including Sam Hart, Vayden McMorris, Edna Manley, Ralph Thompson, Bernard Lewis, Osmond Watson and Karl ‘Jerry’ Craig and on 22 November 1974 the National Gallery of Jamaica (NGJ) opened at Devon House, supervised by Liz Milner. Its initial collection comprised 237 paintings and drawings and 25 sculptures that were transferred from the Institute of Jamaica. Maurice Facey was appointed the first Chairman of the NGJ Board of Directors and served in this capacity until 1977 when John Maxwell was appointed as the second chairman of the board. On 2 December 1975 the first appointments were made: David Boxer (Director/Curator), Vera Hyatt (deputy director), Roy Case (Director of Development).

On 19 July 1976 Five Centuries: Art in Jamaica since the Discovery, the first major survey exhibition on Jamaican art opened, curated by David Boxer. The inaugural Annual National Exhibition opened on 13 October 1977. It superseded the All Island and Self-Taught Artist annual exhibitions previously held at the Institute of Jamaica. In 1978 Boxer curated The Formative Years: Art in Jamaica 1922-1940 which established 1922, the year Edna Manley arrived and started producing art in Jamaica, as the symbolic start date of modern Jamaican art.

In 1979 an exhibition called Intuitive Eye, curated by David Boxer, which introduced the concept of ‘Intuitive art’, opened.

In 1981 Maurice Facey was again appointed Chairman of the NGJ Board of Directors and in 1982 the Gallery moved to the Roy West Building, downtown Kingston where Kapo: The Larry Wirth Collection, was established as a permanent gallery. In 1983 the travelling exhibition Art in Jamaica: 1922 to 1982 was launched as a collaboration between the NGJ and the Smithsonian Institution Travelling Exhibition Service (SITES). Curated by David Boxer and Vera Hyatt it was shown at various venues in the US, Canada and Haiti and finally at the NGJ in 1986.

In 1985 the Young Talent ’85 exhibition was held, starting the series, Young Talent. Other Young Talent exhibitions followed in 1989, 1995, 2002 and 2010. In 1986 the first exhibition of installation art in Jamaica, Six Options curated by Rosalie Smith-McCrea was held.

The first Caribbean Invitational exhibition, curated by David Boxer opened in 1988. Participating artists included Francisco Cabral (Trinidad and Tobago), Annalee Davis (Barbados), Brent Malone (Bahamas) and Bernard Sejourne (Haiti). Another Caribbean Invitational was held in 1996.

Several other exhibitions and retrospectives were held in the intervening years (for a complete list see here). In 1992 Aaron Matalon became the third Chairman of the NGJ Board of Directors.

On 1 March 2000 the Edna Manley Galleries opened, dedicated to Manley’s life and work, featuring work from the Edna Manley Memorial Collection and other sources.

In 2003 Maria Jones became the fourth and thus far only female Chair of the NGJ Board of Directors. In 2006 Trevor Blake became the fifth Chair and in 2008 Wayne Chen was appointed sixth Chairman of the NGJ Board of Directors. In 2009 Veerle Poupeye was appointed the first female Executive Director of the Gallery and in 2012 Peter Reid is appointed seventh Chairman of the NGJ Board of Directors. In January 2014 Charles Campbell began as Chief Curator and continued in this capacity until 31 July. In 2016 Senator Tom Tavares-Finson became the eighth Chairman of the Board of the NGJ.

title: National Gallery of Jamaica


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Culture of Jamaica

Jamaican culture consists of the religion, norms, values, and lifestyle that define the people of Jamaica. The culture is mixed, with an ethnically diverse society, stemming from a history of inhabitants beginning with the original inhabitants of Jamaica (the Taínos). The Spaniards originally brought slavery to Jamaica. Then they were overthrown by the English. Jamaica later gained emancipation on 1 August 1838, and independence from the British on 6 August 1962. Black slaves became the dominant cultural force as they suffered and resisted the harsh conditions of forced labour. After the abolition of slavery, Chinese and Indian migrants were transported to the island as indentured workers, bringing with them ideas from their country.

Language
The official language of Jamaica is Jamaican Standard English, which is used in all official circumstances in the country. In addition to English, there is a creole derivative called Jamaican Patois (pronounced patwa) which is the common dialect among Jamaican citizens.

Religion
By far, the largest religion in Jamaica is the Christian faith. The Anglican Church, Catholic Church, Methodist Church, Baptists, Seventh-Day and the Church of God are present throughout the country. Many old churches have been carefully maintained and/or restored. The Rastafari movement is a derivative of the larger Christian culture, but its origins were influenced by rising consciousness of Africa, and an awareness of political events in that continent. There is also a small number of Jewish synagogues in Jamaica, dating from the 17th century along with a few mosques.

Elements of ancient African religions remain, especially in remote areas throughout the island. Some of these practices are described generally as Obeah, Kumina, or Pocomania. Though the congregations are small, they are visited by many Christians and non-Christians seeking an experience they have not found in the churches. It is estimated that as much as 40% of the population secretly seek the services of the African traditional religious healers (also called Obeah workers) when confronted with serious problems that conventional medicine cannot remedy.

The Baháʼí Faith arrived in Jamaica in 1943, brought by an American Baháʼí pioneer, Dr. Malcolm King. In 2003, as part of the 60th anniversary celebration of the establishment of Baháʼí in Jamaica, the Governor General of Jamaica, Sir Howard Cooke, proclaimed a National Baháʼí Day to be held annually on 25 July. In 2005, the community of about 5000 celebrated their activity and presence in Jamaica with the international Baháʼí choir, The Voices of Bahá. The choir performed at Ward Theater and the University of the West Indies' Chapel, with proceeds earmarked to two Jamaican charities, (one serving families of policemen slain in the line of duty, and the one Denham Town Golden Age Home).

Other religions practiced in Jamaica include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.

Rastafari
Originating in the 1930s, one of the most prominent, internationally known aspects of Jamaica's African-Caribbean culture is the Rastafari movement, particularly those elements that are expressed through reggae music. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Bob Marley became the most high-profile exponent of the Rastafari culture and belief system. His reputation as an innovative musician devoted to his faith has continued to grow since his death, so that by 2004 his greatest hits compilation, Legend, had sold 20 million copies worldwide, making him arguably the world's most famous Jamaican in the music industry, and certainly the nation's biggest-selling recording artist.

Rastafari itself is a monotheistic belief system, based on teachings found in the Old Testament and the New Testament – particularly the Book of Revelation. However, what distinguishes Rastafari from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, (which also cite Abrahamic beliefs), is that Rastas believe in the divinity of the Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.

Hailed by Rastas as H.I.M. (His Imperial Majesty), Haile Selassie I is regarded as God himself, the true descendant of Solomon, and the earthly embodiment of Jah (God) – in what believers see as a fulfillment of prophecy regarding the second coming of the Messiah.

Those Rasta beliefs, which are not explicitly mentioned in the Bible (such as the specific name of H.I.M. "Haile Selassie"), are not gathered into a single holy text. Instead, Rasta beliefs are primarily shared through a community of songs, chants, and oral testimonies, as well as in written texts (including websites). The extensive use of song makes Rastafari a particularly musical source of Jamaican culture.

Rasta cultural traditions include wearing their hair in uncut, uncombed strands known as dreadlocks (in adherence to the Nazarite vow ), as well as eating unprocessed (natural) foods which are called Ital. However, neither tradition is regarded as compulsory – many people who wear dreadlocks are not Rastas, and many Rastas do not wear them.

One of the most controversial cultural traditions is Rastas' use of ganja as a sacrament which is smoked to aid in reasoning (contemplation and discussion) during their religious rituals.

In its Jamaican homeland, Rastafari is a minority culture and receives little in the way of official recognition. Jamaica is an overwhelmingly Christian country, so Rasta beliefs and practices – such as the divinity of H.I.M Hailie Selassie – are sometimes regarded as pagan by Christian Jamaicans. (Some Rastas also express hostility towards aspects of Christianity. ) Nevertheless, the artistic contributions of the movement, particularly by Bob Marley, are widely respected. Marley was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1981, and there are two official monuments to him.

Rastas can be found in many countries outside Jamaica and among many non-Jamaicans. Because it is not a centrally organised religion, there is no way of knowing how many devotees there are.

Dance
Dance has always been important to Jamaica – from colonial times until the present. Early folk rhythms and movements often enhanced Christian religious celebrations or were associated with Christian holidays. More recently, dances have become associated with the music of Jamaica, particularly dancehall styles.

Dance theatre is also growing in importance. Rex Nettleford, Eddy Thomas, Tony Wilson, Olive Lewin, and Edna Manley are five Jamaicans whose influences on the arts – music and dance in particular – have been extremely important. Nettleford, Thomas, and Ivy Baxter formed the National Dance Theatre Company in 1962. Other important Jamaicans in dance theatre have included the Tony Award-winning choreographer Garth Fagan (The Lion King on Broadway).

Dancehall, or reggae, music has inspired a number of dance styles as well. To understand the evolution of popular dance, it helps to understand the musical progression. Ska music, with fast beats, also had fast dances. The slow to rocksteady also developed slower dances, allowing dancers to stay on the floor longer. Reggae is associated with many things, including the Rastafarian movement, but influenced the newer styles.

Dancehall music often creates its own dances based on moves in the lyrics of the songs themselves. Soca music from Trinidad and Tobago is popular with most of the popular artists from Trinidad, but many soca Jamaican artists such as Byron Lee, Fab 5, and Lovindeer are famous but also represent Jamaican music.

Daggering is a form of dance originating from Jamaica. The dance incorporates dry sex, wrestling and other forms of frantic movement.

Bruckins is a Jamaican dance performed to celebrate Emancipation Day.

Here lists 94 Jamaican dances or dance forms:
 * Bruckins
 * Della Move
 * Blasé
 * Fling
 * Needle Eye
 * Bogle dance
 * Whine
 * Daggering
 * Grinding
 * Bump
 * Twerking
 * Skanking
 * Dancehall
 * Burru
 * Dinki-minni
 * Ettu
 * Gerreh
 * Gumbay
 * Jonkunnu
 * Kumina
 * Maypole
 * Myal
 * Quadrille
 * Tambu
 * Zella
 * Nuh Linga
 * Syvah
 * Lowe Mi
 * Log On
 * Butterfly dance
 * Stookie
 * Skip To My Lou
 * Gully Creepa
 * Willie Bounce
 * Tek Weh Yourself
 * Whine & Dip
 * Mambo
 * One Drop
 * Bad Man Forward Bad Man Pull Up
 * Bubbling
 * Whine & Kotch
 * Like Glue
 * To Di World
 * Screetchie
 * One Vice
 * Revival
 * Breakdancing
 * Shovel It
 * Sweep
 * Wacky Dip
 * Tic Toc
 * Jiggy
 * Out & Bad
 * Row Di Boat
 * Team Up
 * Upload
 * Voom
 * H-Factor
 * Bruk Back
 * Rolly Polly
 * Hot Yuk
 * Flairy
 * Palance
 * Nuh Grain No Corn
 * Passa Passa
 * Dutty Bung Bang
 * Scooby Doo
 * Mad Ova
 * Chiney Bounce
 * Go Go Wine
 * Bumpa
 * Rock Away
 * Rocksteady
 * Big Up
 * Signal di Plane
 * Rum and Red Bull
 * Dandymite
 * Logwood Walk
 * Dutty Steppin
 * Rockaz
 * Headtop
 * Pon de River, Pon de Bank
 * Poco Dance
 * Azonto
 * Chakacha
 * Sento
 * Shaku Shaku
 * Ska
 * Heel and Toe
 * Genna Bounce
 * Ras Daps
 * Sento
 * Level Up
 * Wul Up
 * Hula Hoop

Theatre
Jamaica's earliest theatre was built in 1682. Several more theatres opened in the 1700s and 1800s, attracting performances by both professional touring companies and amateur groups. But performances weren't limited to official venues. Many took place in houses, stores, courthouses, and enclosed outdoor spaces large enough to hold them. During this period, classic plays such as Shakespeare were most often produced. However, the Jewish and French communities became large enough to merit productions aimed at them, too.

After the abolishment of slavery, Jamaicans began fusing music, humour, and dance into public theatrical performances. Although it took many years for true Jamaican styles to develop, eventually they became more prevalent than European works. Today's most popular theatrical form in Jamaica, pantomime, began in the 1940s as a fusion of English pantomime with Jamaican folklore. Another popular style, "Roots" (Grassroots) Theatre, evolved in the 1960s and 1970s. These riotous bawdy tales remained crowd favourites in Kingston's open-air theatres.

One artist involved in root plays is Winsome (code name), a Jamaican writer and producer chronicled in Deborah Thomas' book "Modern Blackness". Winsome handled all the publicity for her plays herself, and ended up putting them on in the rural areas surrounding Kingston – the city theaters refused to house her plays because of their controversial nature. In her plays, Winsome explores how sex, money, and power interact every day for Jamaicans. In 1997, Winsome wrote and produced a root play entitled Ruff Rider, in which family, sexual abuse, love, work, and friendship all intersect. According to author Thomas, author of, "In all of her work, the sympathetic characters are those she portrays as struggling to balance their own pursuit of individual gain with 'living well together' with others. As they negotiate the fine lines between egalitarianism and hierarchy, her characters also contribute to the public debate regarding the gendered dimensions of respectability and reputation."

Other notable roots play figures include Ralph Holness, Ginger Knight, Balfour Anderson, Michael Denton, Ian Reid, Paul Beil, Everton Dawkins, Luke Ellington (Lukington), Buddy Pouyat and the late Hyacinth Brown.

Literature and writing
Derek Walcott, a Nobel Prize laureate, born and educated in St. Lucia, attended college in Jamaica. Other significant writers from the island include Claude McKay and Louis Simpson. Plays and works in Jamaican English, or patois, attract special attention. Louise Bennett, Andrew Salkey and Mikey Smith have contributed to this phenomenon by writing works in patois. Ian Fleming wrote his famous James Bond novels while living in Jamaica. Jean Rhys is also well known for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea, which was set in Jamaica. Jamaican writer Marlon James won the 2015 Man Booker Prize for his novel A Brief History of Seven Killings.

Jamaican authors are always faced with the decision of writing in standard English for a huge worldwide audience, or in the local patois, for a much smaller, but more trendy, audience. Jamaican films with patois sound-tracks such as The Harder They Come (1972) require sub-titles for export to general markets. In general, the use of patois severely limits the potential audience for the otherwise universal Jamaican message.

Recent poets laureate of Jamaica include Mervyn Morris (appointed in 2014) and his successor Lorna Goodison, appointed in 2017.

Film
Jamaica's film industry is not widely known, but it is growing. The Harder They Come, Rasta Rockett, Shottas, Third World Cop, Rockers, Countryman, Dancehall Queen & " Real Ghetto Youths" are a few of the best-known Jamaican movies. However, many popular Hollywood movies have also been filmed in Jamaica. A short list includes The Blue Lagoon, Cocktail, Cool Runnings and James Bond films, Dr. No, Live and Let Die and No Time to Die.

Jamaica's leading annual film event The Reggae Film Festival takes place each February in Jamaica's capital city, Kingston. Members of Jamaica's film industry gather here to make new links and many new projects have grown from the event.

Jamaica has many talented film makers but there is a great lack of available funds and resources for filmmakers. Since the creation of the Reggae Film Festival there have been many new films made in Jamaica and the event has given the industry a real boost, this combined with the recent CARICOM European film treaty which enables Jamaican filmmakers to seek funding in Europe, has opened up a new door for film makers looking to apply for funding and this will hopefully make a real difference to the future of the industry.

Other more recent feature films made in Jamaica are: 'Almost Heaven', 'Roots Time', 'Wah Do Dem', 'Concrete Jungle', 'Redemption Paradise', 'Real Ghetto Youths', and 'Smile Orange'.

Woodwork, furniture, and metalwork
Jamaicans have a long history of fine craftsmanship in wood and metal. Jamaica was home to many excellent furniture factories dating from colonial times, and Jamaican "Georgian" furniture was exported to the metropolitan countries. Jamaica is in the Caribbean so its exports of furniture is important.

title: Culture of Jamaica


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Quantum number

In quantum physics and chemistry, quantum numbers are quantities that characterize the possible states of the system. Quantum numbers are closely related to eigenvalues of observables. When the corresponding observable commutes with the Hamiltonian, the quantum number is said to be "good", and acts as a constant of motion in the quantum dynamics.

To fully specify the state of the electron in a hydrogen atom, four quantum numbers are needed. The traditional set of quantum numbers includes the principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers. To describe other systems, different quantum numbers are required. For subatomic particles, one needs to introduce new quantum numbers, such as the flavour of quarks, which have no classical correspondence.

Electronic quantum numbers
In the era of the old quantum theory, starting from Max Planck's proposal of quanta in his model of blackbody radiation (1900) and Albert Einstein's adaptation of the concept to explain the photoelectric effect (1905), and until Erwin Schrödinger published his eigenfunction equation in 1926, the concept behind quantum numbers developed based on atomic spectroscopy and theories from classical mechanics with extra ad hoc constraints. Many results from atomic spectroscopy had been summarized in the Rydberg formula involving differences between two series of energies related by integer steps. The model of the atom, first proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, relied on a single quantum number. Together with Bohr's constraint that radiation absorption is not classical, it was able to explain the Balmer series portion of Rydberg's atomic spectrum formula.

As Bohr notes in his subsequent Nobel lecture, the next step was taken by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1915. Sommerfeld's atomic model added a second quantum number and the concept of quantized phase integrals to justify them. Sommerfeld's model was still essentially two dimensional, modeling the electron as orbiting in a plane; in 1919 he extended his work to three dimensions using 'space quantization' in place of the quantized phase integrals. Karl Schwarzschild and Sommerfeld's student, Paul Epstein, independently showed that adding third quantum number gave a complete account for the Stark effect results.

A consequence of space quantization was that the electron's orbital interaction with an external magnetic field would be quantized. This seemed to be confirmed when the results of the Stern-Gerlach experiment reported quantized results for silver atoms in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The confirmation would turn out to be premature: more quantum numbers would be needed.

The fourth and fifth quantum numbers of the atomic era arose from attempts to understand the Zeeman effect. Like the Stern-Gerlach experiment, the Zeeman effect reflects the interaction of atoms with a magnetic field; in a weak field the experimental results were called "anomalous", they diverged from any theory at the time. Wolfgang Pauli's solution to this issue was to introduce another quantum number taking only two possible values, $$\pm \hbar/2$$. This would ultimately become the quantized values of the projection of spin, an intrinsic angular momentum quantum of the electron. In 1927 Ronald Fraser demonstrated that the quantization in the Stern-Gerlach experiment was due to the magnetic moment associated with the electron spin rather than its orbital angular momentum. Pauli's success in developing the arguments for a spin quantum number without relying on classical models set the stage for the development of quantum numbers for elementary particles in the remainder of the 20th century.

Bohr, with his Aufbau or "building up" principle, and Pauli with his exclusion principle connected the atom's electronic quantum numbers in to a framework for predicting the properties of atoms. When Schrödinger published his wave equation and calculated the energy levels of hydrogen, these two principles carried over to become the basis of atomic physics.

Nuclear quantum numbers
With successful models of the atom, the attention of physics turned to models of the nucleus. Beginning with Heisenberg's initial model of proton-neutron binding in 1932, Eugene Wigner introduced isospin in 1937, the first 'internal' quantum number unrelated to a symmetry in real space-time.

Connection to symmetry
As quantum mechanics developed, abstraction increased and models based on symmetry and invariance played increasing roles. Two years before his work on the quantum wave equation, Schrödinger applied the symmetry ideas originated by Emmy Noether and Hermann Weyl to the electromagnetic field. As quantum electrodynamics developed in the 1930's and 1940's, group theory became an important tool. By 1953 Chen Ning Yang had become obsessed with the idea that group theory could be applied to connect the conserved quantum numbers of nuclear collisions to symmetries in a field theory of nucleons. With Robert Mills, Yang developed a non-abelian gauge theory based on the conservation of the nuclear isospin quantum numbers.

General properties
Good quantum numbers correspond to eigenvalues of operators that commute with the Hamiltonian, quantities that can be known with precision at the same time as the system's energy. Specifically, observables that commute with the Hamiltonian are simultaneously diagonalizable with it and so the eigenvalues $$a$$ and the energy (eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian) are not limited by an uncertainty relation arising from non-commutativity. Together, a specification of all of the quantum numbers of a quantum system fully characterize a basis state of the system, and can in principle be measured together. Many observables have discrete spectra (sets of eigenvalues) in quantum mechanics, so the quantities can only be measured in discrete values. In particular, this leads to quantum numbers that take values in discrete sets of integers or half-integers; although they could approach infinity in some cases.

The tally of quantum numbers varies from system to system and has no universal answer. Hence these parameters must be found for each system to be analyzed. A quantized system requires at least one quantum number. The dynamics (i.e. time evolution) of any quantum system are described by a quantum operator in the form of a Hamiltonian, $\ell$. There is one quantum number of the system corresponding to the system's energy; i.e., one of the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. There is also one quantum number for each linearly independent operator $m$ that commutes with the Hamiltonian. A complete set of commuting observables (CSCO) that commute with the Hamiltonian characterizes the system with all its quantum numbers. There is a one-to-one relationship between the quantum numbers and the operators of the CSCO, with each quantum number taking one of the eigenvalues of its corresponding operator. As a result of the different basis that may be arbitrarily chosen to form a complete set of commuting operators, different sets of quantum numbers may be used for the description of the same system in different situations.

Electron in a hydrogen-like atom
Four quantum numbers can describe an electron energy level in a hydrogen-like atom completely:

These quantum numbers are also used in the classical description of nuclear particle states (e.g. protons and neutrons). A quantum description of molecular orbitals requires other quantum numbers, because the symmetries of the molecular system are different.
 * Principal quantum number ($s$)
 * Azimuthal quantum number ($H$)
 * Magnetic quantum number ($O$)
 * Spin quantum number ($n$)

Principal quantum number
The principal quantum number describes the electron shell of an electron. The value of $\ell$ ranges from 1 to the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom, that is

For example, in caesium (Cs), the outermost valence electron is in the shell with energy level 6, so an electron in caesium can have an $m_{\ell}$ value from 1 to 6. The average distance between the electron and the nucleus increases with $n = 1, 2, 3$.

Azimuthal quantum number
The azimuthal quantum number, also known as the orbital angular momentum quantum number, describes the subshell, and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation

In chemistry and spectroscopy, $n = 1, 2, ...$ is called s orbital, $n$, p orbital, $1=L^{2} = ħ^{2} \ell (ℓ + 1).$, d orbital, and $\ell = 0$, f orbital.

The value of $m_{s}$ ranges from 0 to $\ell = 1$, so the first p orbital ($\ell = 2$) appears in the second electron shell ($\ell = 3$), the first d orbital ($n − 1$) appears in the third shell ($\ell = 1$), and so on:

A quantum number beginning in $n$ = 3,$\ell$ = 0, describes an electron in the s orbital of the third electron shell of an atom. In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles. The azimuthal quantum number can also denote the number of angular nodes present in an orbital. For example, for p orbitals, $n = 2$ and thus the amount of angular nodes in a p orbital is 1.

Magnetic quantum number
The magnetic quantum number describes the specific orbital within the subshell, and yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis:

The values of $n$ range from $\ell = 2$ to $\ell$, with integer intervals.

The s subshell ($n = 3$) contains only one orbital, and therefore the $\ell = 0, 1, 2,..., n − 1$ of an electron in an s orbital will always be 0. The p subshell ($\ell = 1$) contains three orbitals, so the $n$ of an electron in a p orbital will be −1, 0, or 1. The d subshell ($L_{z} = m_{\ell} ħ$) contains five orbitals, with $m_{\ell}$ values of −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2.

Spin magnetic quantum number
The spin magnetic quantum number describes the intrinsic spin angular momentum of the electron within each orbital and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum $\ell$ along the specified axis:

In general, the values of $m_{\ell}$ range from $−\ell$ to $m_{\ell}$, where $S$ is the spin quantum number, associated with the magnitude of particle's intrinsic spin angular momentum:

An electron state has spin number $\ell = 0$, consequently $m_{s}$ will be +$s$ ("spin up") or -$s$ "spin down" states. Since electron are fermions they obey the Pauli exclusion principle: each electron state must have different quantum numbers. Therefore every orbital will be occupied with at most two electrons, one for each spin state.

The Aufbau principle and Hund's Rules
A multi-electron atom can be modeled qualitatively as a hydrogen like atom with higher nuclear charge and correspondingly more electrons. The occupation of the electron states in such an atom can be predicted by the Aufbau principle and Hund's empirical rules for the quantum numbers. The Aufbau principle fills orbitals based on their principal and azimuthal quantum numbers (lowest $$n+l$$ first, with lowest $$n$$ breaking ties; Hund's rule favors unpaired electrons in the outermost orbital). These rules are empirical but they can be related to electron physics.

Spin-orbit coupled systems
When one takes the spin–orbit interaction into consideration, the $m_{s}$ and $1⁄2$ operators no longer commute with the Hamiltonian, and the eigenstates of the system no longer have well-defined orbital angular momentum and spin. Thus another set of quantum numbers should be used. This set includes

For example, consider the following 8 states, defined by their quantum numbers:
 * {| style="border: none; border-spacing: 1em 0" class="wikitable"

! ! $m_{\ell}$ ! $\ell = 1$ ! $\ell = 2$ ! $S_{z} = m_{s} ħ$ ! $−s$ ! $m_{s} = −s, −s + 1, −s + 2, ..., s − 2, s − 1, s$ ! $s = 1⁄2$
 * rowspan=9 style="border:0px;" |

! (1) !  (2) !  (3) !  (4) !  (5) !  (6) !  (7) !  (8)
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||   1  ||  +$1⁄2$ || $L$ || $S$  ||  $\ell$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||   1  ||  −$\ell$ || $1⁄2$ || $3⁄2$  ||  $1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||   0  ||  +$3⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || $3⁄2$  ||  $1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||   0  ||  −$1⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || $3⁄2$  ||  −$1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||  −1  ||  +$1⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || $3⁄2$  ||  −$1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 1 ||  −1  ||  −$1⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || $3⁄2$  ||  −$1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 0 ||   0  ||  +$1⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || −$3⁄2$ ||  $1⁄2$
 * -align=right
 * 2 || 0 ||   0  ||  −$3⁄2$ || $1⁄2$ || −$1⁄2$ ||  −$1⁄2$
 * }

The quantum states in the system can be described as linear combination of these 8 states. However, in the presence of spin–orbit interaction, if one wants to describe the same system by 8 states that are eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian (i.e. each represents a state that does not mix with others over time), we should consider the following 8 states:
 * {| class="wikitable"

! $j = |\ell ± s|$ || $J^{2} = ħ^{2} j (j + 1)$ || parity ||
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right |  $1⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from state (1) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right |  $1⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (2) and (3) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right | −$3⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (4) and (5) above
 * $3⁄2$|| align=right | −$3⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from state (6) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right |  $3⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (2) and (3) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right | −$3⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (4) and (5) above
 * $3⁄2$|| align=right |  $1⁄2$||  align=right | even || coming from state (7) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right | −$1⁄2$||  align=right | even || coming from state (8) above
 * }
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right |  $1⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (2) and (3) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right | −$1⁄2$||  align=right | odd  || coming from states (4) and (5) above
 * $1⁄2$|| align=right |  $I$||  align=right | even || coming from state (7) above
 * $s$|| align=right | −$1⁄2$||  align=right | even || coming from state (8) above
 * }
 * $I$|| align=right | −$I$||  align=right | even || coming from state (8) above
 * }
 * }

Atomic nuclei
In nuclei, the entire assembly of protons and neutrons (nucleons) has a resultant angular momentum due to the angular momenta of each nucleon, usually denoted $I$. If the total angular momentum of a neutron is $m_{j} = −j, −j + 1, −j + 2, ..., j − 2, j − 1, j$ and for a proton is $m_{j} = m_{\ell} + m_{s}$ (where $I$ for protons and neutrons happens to be $1⁄2$ again (see note)), then the nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers $I$ are given by:

Note: The orbital angular momenta of the nuclear (and atomic) states are all integer multiples of ħ while the intrinsic angular momentum of the neutron and proton are half-integer multiples. It should be immediately apparent that the combination of the intrinsic spins of the nucleons with their orbital motion will always give half-integer values for the total spin, $3⁄2$, of any odd-A nucleus and integer values for any even-A nucleus.

Parity with the number $I$ is used to label nuclear angular momentum states, examples for some isotopes of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), and sodium (Na) are;

 * style="text-align:right;" | || $I$ = ($I$)+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = ($3⁄2$)− ||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = 2+
 * style="text-align:right;" | || $1⁄2$ = 1+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = 0+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $3⁄2$ = ($I$)+
 * style="text-align:right;" | || $I$ = ($I$)+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $3⁄2$ = ($I$)−||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $1⁄2$ = 3+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = 0+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = ($I$)+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || $5⁄2$ = ($I$)−||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $1⁄2$ = 4+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = 0+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || $I$ = (⇭⇭⇭)+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = (⇭⇭⇭)+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = 3+
 * }
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = (⇭⇭⇭)−||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = 4+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = 0+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = (⇭⇭⇭)+
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = (⇭⇭⇭)+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = 3+
 * }
 * || ||  || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = (⇭⇭⇭)+||   || style="text-align:right;" |  || ⇭⇭⇭ = 3+
 * }
 * }

The reason for the unusual fluctuations in ⇭⇭⇭, even by differences of just one nucleon, are due to the odd and even numbers of protons and neutrons – pairs of nucleons have a total angular momentum of zero (just like electrons in orbitals), leaving an odd or even number of unpaired nucleons. The property of nuclear spin is an important factor for the operation of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry, and MRI in nuclear medicine, due to the nuclear magnetic moment interacting with an external magnetic field.

Elementary particles
Elementary particles contain many quantum numbers which are usually said to be intrinsic to them. However, it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics, and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of this model as the quantum numbers of the Bohr atom does to its Hamiltonian. In other words, each quantum number denotes a symmetry of the problem. It is more useful in quantum field theory to distinguish between spacetime and internal symmetries.

Typical quantum numbers related to spacetime symmetries are spin (related to rotational symmetry), the parity, C-parity and T-parity (related to the Poincaré symmetry of spacetime). Typical internal symmetries are lepton number and baryon number or the electric charge. (For a full list of quantum numbers of this kind see the article on flavour.)

Multiplicative quantum numbers
Most conserved quantum numbers are additive, so in an elementary particle reaction, the sum of the quantum numbers should be the same before and after the reaction. However, some, usually called a parity, are multiplicative; i.e., their product is conserved. All multiplicative quantum numbers belong to a symmetry (like parity) in which applying the symmetry transformation twice is equivalent to doing nothing (involution).

title: Quantum number


text:
User talk:Wmspringer

AfD nomination of Ozy and Millie
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Ozy and Millie. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:13, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Ozy and Millie for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Ozy and Millie, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ozy and Millie until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 00:05, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wmspringer


text:
Ubon Ratchathani

Ubon Ratchathani (อุบลราชธานี, ) is one of the four major cities of Isan (with Khorat/Nakhon Ratchasima, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen), also known as the "big four of Isan." The city is on the Mun River in the southeast of the Isan region of Thailand, and is located 615 km away from Bangkok. It is known as Ubon (อุบลฯ) for short. The name means "royal lotus city". Ubon is the administrative center of Ubon Ratchathani Province.

As of 2006, the Ubon Ratchathani urban area had a population of about 200,000. This included 85,000 in Thetsaban Nakhon Ubon Ratchathani (Ubon municipality), 30,000 each in Thetsaban Mueang Warin Chamrap (Warin municipality) and Thetsaban Tambon Kham Yai, 24,000 in Thetsaban Tambon Saen Suk, 10,000 each in Thetsaban Tambon Pathum and Tambon Kham Nam Saep, and 6,000 in Thetsaban Tambon Ubon.

History
The city was founded in the late 18th century by Thao Kham Phong, descendant of Phra Wo and Phra Ta, who escaped from King Siribunsan of Vientiane into the Siam Kingdom during the reign of King Taksin the Great. Later, Thao Kham Phong was appointed to be "Phra Pathum Wongsa" (Thai: พระประทุมวงศา) and the first ruler of Ubon Ratchathani. In 1792, Ubon Ratchathani became a province and was also the administrative center of the monthon Isan. Until 1972, Ubon Ratchathani was the largest province of Thailand by area. Yasothon Province was split off from Ubon Ratchathani Province in 1972, followed by Amnat Charoen Province in 1993. Ubon Ratchathani Province now ranks fifth in area.

The city was attacked by French forces during the 1940 Franco-Thai War.

Ubon grew extensively during World War II when Japanese forces brought in prisoners of war by rail from Kanchanaburi, the survivors of the Burma Railway. One legacy of this is a monument in the city's central Thung Si Meuang Park, erected by British prisoners of war in gratitude to the citizens of Ubon Ratchathani for assisting them. During the Vietnam War, United States armed forces constructed Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, which is now also a dual-use commercial airport.

Some of the city's religious buildings show the influence of Lao architecture.

The city has branches of the National Archives of Thailand and National Museum of Thailand.

The world-famous meditation teacher Ajahn Chah, teacher of Ajahn Sumedho, was born in Ubon Ratchathani.

Geography
The elevation is 410. ft. It is 615 km from Bangkok.

Ubon Ratchathani sits on the north bank of the Mun River. The south bank of the river is occupied by the suburb of Warin Chamrap (Warin for short), which is effectively incorporated into the city.

Climate
Ubon Ratchathani has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April with an average daily maximum of 36.4 °C. The monsoon season runs from late April to October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Festivals
Ubon Ratchathani is best known for its annual Candle Festival, held in July to mark the beginning of the rainy season retreat for Buddhists, Wan Khao Phansa, also called Buddhist Lent. One day prior, candles are taken to Thung Si Mueang, the central park in the middle of the city; the park is decorated and exhibited in the evening. On the same evening, there are many smaller processions during which candles are carried to practically all Buddhist temples in Thailand. The main procession in Ubon Ratchathani takes place early the next morning. The events are marked by ceremonies and processions in the form of large-scale, colourful parades of magnificent floats with huge, extravagant candlewax sculptures, Thai traditional dance and music.

Sights and attractions
The province is known for its strong Buddhist tradition, particularly the practice of monks dwelling in the forest (พระธุดงค์ Phra thudong, pilgrimage, lit. "hiking monk"). Wat Nong Pah Pong, for example, is a Buddhist forest monastery in the Thai Forest Tradition, which was established by Venerable Ajahn Chah Subhaddo in 1954. Ajahn Chah's style of teaching and personality had a notable ability to reach people of other nationalities. Many foreigners came to learn from, train under, and be ordained by Ajahn Chah. Wat Pa Nanachat (International Forest Monastery) was established in 1975. It currently has over fifty monks representing twenty-three nationalities.

Other Buddhist temples in and around the city include Wat Thung Si Muang (วัดทุ่งศรีเมือง), in the center of the city, featuring an old wooden library on stilts in a small lake, and Wat Nong Bua near the Big C mall, featuring a chedi modelled on Bodh Gaya in India.

High schools
There are two major high schools in the central part of Ubon Ratchathani. These two schools are more than 100 years old.

 * Benchama Maharacha School (Thai: เบ็ญจะมะมหาราช), which offers an English language stream.
 * Narinukun School, which offers an English language stream.
 * Ave Maria School.
 * Assumption School, on Chayangkun Road is a private Catholic school.

Higher education

 * Ubon Ratchathani University, a rural campus 15 km south of the city, but accessible by two songthaew routes.
 * Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, an upgraded technical college just north of the central city.
 * Ratchathani University, a private university with a large campus between the km5 post on the Ring Road and the Mun River.
 * Mahachulalongkorn Ratchawitthayalai University is a Bangkok Buddhist university with a small campus on Wat Mahawanaram in the city, and a new and much larger, but isolated campus in Tambon Krasop, northeast of the Ring Road.
 * North Eastern Polytechnic College, with a campus on Chayangkun Road near the Big C Mall.
 * Ubon Polytechnic College, with a campus on Chongkonnithan Road west of the city centre.
 * Ratchathani Technology Vocational College, north of the Ring Road on Ubon 2 Road.
 * Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, while Bangkok-based, operates the small Sun Witthaya Phatthana Ubon Ratchathani centre next to the National Archives, a block west of the Ring Road.
 * Ubon Ratchathani Technical College is near SK Mall.
 * Ubon Ratchathani Vocational College, on Phrommarat Road in the city centre.
 * Boromarajonani College of nursing Sappasithipasong, a block east of Sapphasit Prasong hospital.

Airport
As well as being a commercial facility, Ubon Ratchathani Airport (IATA: UBP) is also an active Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) base, the home of 2nd Air Division/21st Wing Air Combat Command. During the Vietnam War, US and Australian squadrons were based here.

Bus terminal
The town's main bus station is in the northwest of the city, on the Ring Road (Highway 231), 500. m west of its intersection with Chayangkun Road (Highway 212) on the outskirts of the city and close to Big C store. Nakhonchai Air operates its own private bus terminal just across from the main bus station.

Railway terminal
The eastern terminus of the north-eastern railway line from Hua Lamphong Railway Station, Bangkok's central station, is in Warin Chamrap. The rail-head reached Warin in April 1930. The terminal station is called Ubon Ratchathani, but is in Warin Chamrap municipality, which is south of Ubon Ratchathani.

International relations
Ubon Ratchathani is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇮 Bujumbura, Burundi
 * 🇷🇼 Kigali, Rwanda
 * Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 🇫🇷 Paris, France

Notable people

 * Parinya Saenkhammuen (born 1983), footballer
 * Mina Tanaka (born 1994), Japanese footballer

title: Ubon Ratchathani


text:
User talk:Cosal868

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 08:24, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

Edersee
Have a look at Operation Chastise, it contains info on the raids on the Eder dam. As you will see, no torpedoes have been used. I have changed back the entry "Edersee" accordingly. --Iediteverything 11:57, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cosal868


text:
Talk:Brett Gurewitz

Untitled
He is not an atheist. So I'm removing the tag at the bottom of the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.166.37.235 (talk) 05:35, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Why was Brett not in Bad Religions Australian tour? And was somewhat disappointing for him to not be there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.178.218.168 (talk) 14:33, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Brett hardly ever plays with BR anymore apparently. Only shows in California. I remember an article saying that he only plays at shows he can drive to. Jabso (talk) 15:45, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

brett gurewitz was never in nofx

SNOT
Is the snot section necessary? Takes so much space on the page, for some minor critizism. Seems like a curiosity. 84.48.169.164 23:37, 5 April 2007 (UTC)Frode

Pietasters
Gurewitz also produced (and did some backing vocals on) the Pietasters' "Awesome mix tape #6," 1999.

DoB
Lead says '64, Cat says '62, LoPbN said '55 until i changed it to "born c. 1960". --Jerzy•t 06:37, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Search here under Brett Gurewitz, and it says 1962-05-12.--Fallout boy 03:15, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

He was 17 when he started Bad Religion in 1980. Work it out from there.

His official Myspace page says he's now 42 years old, which means he could be born in 1964. Alex 15:08, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I was born 5/12/62 so I guess I should update my Myspace page more often.--71.157.186.81 08:02, 16 December 2006 (UTC)BrettGurewitz

Drug Addiction
I find it interesting that this page doesn't mention Gurewitz's battles with drug addiction. They were a major cause of strife within Bad Religion for a number of years.

 * It's not all that necessary, and it's certainly not required for a synopsis of one's life to smear them every time a chance exists. Plus, can you personally cite a credible source that verifies this claim?  DrMorelos 17:40, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Yeah it's called his own admissions, and the LA County DA's office. Look it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.195.178.80 (talk) 22:50, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I second that there should be a section about his drug addiction. By his own self admissions it has shaped his life and Bad Religion's career significantly. It's unfair to call it smearing someone's life when he himself admits it openly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.182.150.244 (talk) 14:34, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Children's Names?
If the names of his children are correct, then we can ask whether daughter Frida was named after the famous artist Kahlo. But if we do, then we must ask where Max came from; was it equally famous sociologist Weber? DrMorelos 17:44, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Frida was named after her paternal grandmother, Freda Kay.--71.157.186.81 07:59, 16 December 2006 (UTC)BrettGurewitz

Snot
The producer for their [first album?] Get Some is listed as "Mr. Brett"; would I be crazy in thinking it's the same person? MonstaPro 05:50, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BadReligionHowCouldHellBeAnyWorse.jpg
Image:BadReligionHowCouldHellBeAnyWorse.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Blue down by law album cover.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Daredevils Hate You.GIF
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Fair use rationale for Image:Down by law self-titled cover.jpg
Image:Down by law self-titled cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use image removal
I have removed all or a majority of the fair use images on this page as their use was not in line with our Non-free content criteria policy (likely in that the use is not minimal (3.a.) and it is in a list or a gallery (8.)) or our Non-free content guideline that states that cover images may only be used for critical commentary on the cover itself, not just identification. Please do not re-add them without discussion. Kotepho 10:04, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BGguitar.jpg
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BetacommandBot 09:16, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Gurewitz in 2014
What happened to the guy? I found pictures of him on the net, dating from the year 2014, showing him gaunt and thin, looking like a junkie. I thought he was clean. And where are his tats? Is he sick or something? Man, what happened? No explanation can be found on the internet. Is this really the same person or just a mistake?--87.184.146.71 (talk) 10:07, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brett Gurewitz