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Paul O. Husting

Paul Oscar Adolph Husting (April 25, 1866 – October 21, 1917) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Mayville, Wisconsin. He was the first popularly-elected United States senator from Wisconsin, serving from 1915 until his death in 1917. He previously served eight years in the Wisconsin Senate, representing Dodge County, and was district attorney for four years. He was a grandson of Solomon Juneau, the founder of Milwaukee.

Background and early career
Husting was born April 25, 1866, in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Husting moved with his parents to Mayville, Wisconsin, in 1876, where he received a common school education. From the age of 17 years, he became successively a retail clerk in a general store, a railway postal clerk, a mailing clerk in the Wisconsin State Prison at Waupun, and assistant bookkeeper in the office of the Secretary of State of Wisconsin under Thomas J. Cunningham.

Husting entered the University of Wisconsin Law School, passed the state bar examination, and was admitted to the bar in 1895. He initially practiced law in Mayville by himself, but in 1897 associated himself with C. W. Lamoreux until the latter was elected judge, upon which the firm of Husting & Brother was formed.

Public office
Husting was elected district attorney of Dodge County in 1902 and reelected in 1904. He was elected to the state senate in 1906, and reelected in 1910. In the state senate, he advocated conservation of the state's natural resources, the income tax, the "Husting bill" establishing a maximum passenger railroad fare of two cents per mile, initiative and referendum, and direct election of United States senators. He offered the original resolution to investigate, and assisted in the investigation of, the Wisconsin primary and election of 1908, which resulted in the enactment of the state's Corrupt Practices Act.

Husting was the first United States senator from Wisconsin to be elected by a direct vote of the people, defeating the incumbent Governor, Francis E. McGovern, at the November 1914 election by 967 votes. He succeeded Isaac Stephenson as the United States senator on March 4, 1915, and served in the Senate from 1915 until his death. During his time in the U.S. Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Fisheries during 1917 and chairman of a special committee investigating trespasses on Indian lands during his entire time in the Senate.

Husting was the only Democrat to win a state-wide election in Wisconsin between 1892 and 1932.

Death and political consequences
Husting was killed in a duck hunting accident on Rush Lake near Pickett, Wisconsin. While rising in a row boat after telling his brother Gustav to fire, Gustav accidentally shot his brother in the back. Husting fell into a coma, and died later that same day. The New York Times described him as "the most aggressive leader" of the "loyalist" (i.e., supportive of Woodrow Wilson's pro-Allied policies) forces in Wisconsin, and contrasted him with "Senator La Follette and the pro-German constituency behind him". He is interred on the Husting family plot at Graceland Cemetery in Mayville.

Husting's death was of political importance. In 1919 the Senate would have been under Democratic control had he not been succeeded by Republican Irvine Lenroot, as a consequence of which in 1919 the Senate had 49 Republicans and 47 Democrats (Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall was a Democrat, and had the power to break all ties).

Personal life and family
Paul Husting was the second of seven children born to John P. and Mary M. ( Juneau) Husting. John P. Husting had emigrated to Wisconsin from the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg in 1855. Mary M. Juneau was the twelfth of sixteen children born to Solomon Juneau—the co-founder and first mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Husting's younger brother, Berthold Juneau "Bert" Husting, had a brief career in professional baseball and was later United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin in the 1940s.

His older brother, Charles Ottomar "Otto" Husting, served as Paul's private secretary in the U.S. Senate.

title: Paul O. Husting


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Deterministic system

In mathematics, computer science and physics, a deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is involved in the development of future states of the system. A deterministic model will thus always produce the same output from a given starting condition or initial state.

In physics

Physical laws that are described by differential equations represent deterministic systems, even though the state of the system at a given point in time may be difficult to describe explicitly.

In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation, which describes the continuous time evolution of a system's wave function, is deterministic. However, the relationship between a system's wave function and the observable properties of the system appears to be non-deterministic.

In mathematics
The systems studied in chaos theory are deterministic. If the initial state were known exactly, then the future state of such a system could theoretically be predicted. However, in practice, knowledge about the future state is limited by the precision with which the initial state can be measured, and chaotic systems are characterized by a strong dependence on the initial conditions. This sensitivity to initial conditions can be measured with Lyapunov exponents.

Markov chains and other random walks are not deterministic systems, because their development depends on random choices.

In computer science
A deterministic model of computation, for example a deterministic Turing machine, is a model of computation such that the successive states of the machine and the operations to be performed are completely determined by the preceding state.

A deterministic algorithm is an algorithm which, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states. There may be non-deterministic algorithms that run on a deterministic machine, for example, an algorithm that relies on random choices. Generally, for such random choices, one uses a pseudorandom number generator, but one may also use some external physical process, such as the last digits of the time given by the computer clock.

A pseudorandom number generator is a deterministic algorithm, that is designed to produce sequences of numbers that behave as random sequences. A hardware random number generator, however, may be non-deterministic.

Others
In economics, the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model is deterministic. The stochastic equivalent is known as real business-cycle theory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deterministic system


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South West drainage division

The south-west corner drainage region of Western Australia is one of only two temperate and relatively fertile parts of mainland Australia. It covers about 140000 km2, or a little less than 2% of the continent. For comparison, this is about the same size as North Carolina or a little larger than England.

The landscape is generally flat and sandy but there are several major features, in particular the Stirling Range near Albany, which reaches 1096 m at its highest point, and the Darling Scarp.

The climate is temperate Mediterranean. Summers are warm to hot and dry, winters are cool and wet. Mountains near the coast concentrate rainfall in that area, with parts of the extreme south-western corner receiving as much as 1400 mm per year. Away from the coast, however, precipitation drops rapidly, with inland areas averaging about 250 mm per year.

Other Western Australian drainage divisions include:
 * Pilbara freshwater ecoregion
 * Timor Sea drainage division in the Kimberley and the Northern Territory Top End.

Other Australian drainage divisions include:
 * Gulf of Carpentaria
 * Australian north-east coast drainage division
 * Australian south-east coast drainage division
 * Murray-Darling Basin
 * South Australian gulf drainage division
 * Lake Eyre Basin
 * Western Plateau

title: South West drainage division


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Fuse (Fuse album)

Fuse is the only studio album by the rock band Fuse. It was recorded in 1969 and released in January 1970, before they broke up and with members going on to form Cheap Trick and Silver Fox.

Production and release
Fuse was born in Rockford, in late 1968. A single was released on Ken Adamany's Smack Records label with the tunes "Hound Dog" and "Crusin for Burgers." In 1969 an album was recorded with producer Jackie Mills, and released in January 1970. The titles of the single appear on the CD "Re-issue" by Rewind.

Critical reception
The album was not as successful as the band or label hoped. According to Richie Unterberger of Allmusic, "The album is an average, perhaps somewhat below average, late-'60s hard rock recording. It looks forward to some facets of '70s metal and art rock in its overwrought vocals, tandem hard rock guitar riffs, and classical-influenced keyboards."

Rick Nielsen has nothing good to say about the Fuse album, stating "Tom Petersson and I were in a Midwest band called Fuse. The guys we were with were all rinky dinks; they’re probably pumping gas now. Tom and I had the stick-to-it-iveness and positive thinking to know what we wanted to do, so we split the band and went off to hang out in England.... That Fuse stuff stinks. We don’t stand by it." By Petersson's account, "The band was much better than the album indicates. When it came out we were disgusted. The producer was an idiot."

The other band members were not rinky dinks, far from it. Guitarist Craig Myers was a guitar prodigy, playing in bands since he was 12 or 13 years old. Drummer Chip Greenman was also universally respected amongst his peers, as was singer Joe Sundberg. In fact Craig, Chip and Tom Peterson were bandmates in Toastin Jam, the band Rick Nielsen essentially joined when he broke up the version of The Grim Reapers that was a cover band in order to pursue creating original music with the talented musicians in Toastin Jam.

Jackie Mills produced quality psychedelic rock records with Kaleidoscope and The Floating Bridge before working with Fuse. Fuse had been together for less than a year when they recorded the album, so presumably the material was written in that short period of time, and the band members were novice songwriters.

Track listing
All songs arranged by Fuse, except for "To Your Health", arranged by Chip Greenman, Craig Meyers, Rick Nielsen and Tom Peterson
 * Side 1
 * 1) "Across The Skies"- (Joe Sundberg, Rick Nielsen) - 4:35
 * 2) "Permanent Resident" - (Craig Meyers, Sundberg) - 4:22
 * 3) "Show Me" - (Nielsen) - 4:13
 * 4) "To Your Health" - (Nielsen) - 6:00
 * Side 2
 * 1) "In A Window" - (Sundberg, Nielsen) - 5:54
 * 2) "4/4 3/4" - (Meyers, Sundberg) - 3:58
 * 3) "Mystery Ship" - (Meyers, Sundberg) - 3:22
 * 4) "Sad Day" - (Nielsen) - 5:49

(see Epic Records label BN26502)

Personnel

 * Joe Sundberg - vocals
 * Craig Meyers - lead guitar
 * Rick Nielsen - organ, Mellotron, rhythm guitar
 * Tom Peterson - bass
 * Chip Greenman - drums

title: Fuse (Fuse album)


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Talk:Gas constant

Random mention of the Planck scale
The section "Relationship with the Boltzmann constant" for some reason shows a formula relating the Boltzmann constant to the Planck scale. I don't think this should be here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blitzer99 (talk • contribs) 14:12, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

"Planck molar heat capacity" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Planck molar heat capacity. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 20:29, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

"Planck molar specific heat capacity" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Planck molar specific heat capacity. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 20:31, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

"unit" vs. "units" discussion
, thank you for your of only that which you disagreed with. And from your edit comment, I assume that you have no issue with referring to "the unit of R" rather than what some people insist on: "the units of R". Which leaves only the few changes that you reversed. I have no big issue here (that is, I'm happy to leave this to your preference), but I am unsure of what you are referring to in your edit comment, and would like your take on my interpretation of where we differ: As I indicated, I'm not concerned, just interested in your take upon review. 172.82.46.195 (talk) 02:19, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * A heading ("Unit[s]") of a column generally describes each entry, not the column as a whole, and "J⋅K−1⋅mol−1", for example, is a single (albeit compound) unit, not multiple units. This applies for both tables.
 * "energy per temperature increment per amount of substance" is a single quantity that would normally have a unit, when expressed (e.g., J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 such a quantity). If this sentence is revised to read "expressed in the units of energy, temperature increment and amount of substance", the plural "units" would apply, but this loses specificity of meaning.
 * "The gas constant is expressed in the same unit[s] as are molar entropy and molar heat capacity": Here my interpretation is that we are referring to the unit of the gas constant, hence "unit" rather than "units". There is some ambiguity here, but if we are referring to the base units in terms of which the unit of the gas constant is expressed, the sentence says very little (all products of powers of three base units gives an infinite array of inequivalent units that match this description).
 * "Note the use of kilomole units" vs. "Note the use of the kilomole unit": The kilomole is a unit (singular). What would the plural apply to?  There is only one of these in the expression.
 * Thanks for your reasoning, I’ve thought about it and you are probably correct about most of the unit vs. units wording. I agree with you that R is a singular unit and that does extend to the compound unit(s) being used to define it (the latter I didn’t realize at the time of the edit). With regards to the table column headings, I’m fine with "Unit" being the label; "Values of R" should also be changed to singular to be consistent. I think we disagree on what "unit" means in the context of "It is...expressed in [units/a unit] of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance": a phrase "x units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance" has an interchangeable meaning to, for example, "8.314 Joules per Kelvin per Mole"; in other words, "units of energy" is (in my opinion) the more general equivalent to the specific unit used in plural form (Joules in this example). I think changing the "in" to "as" might clear up the ambiguity in that case. With "The gas constant is expressed in the same unit[s] as are molar entropy and molar heat capacity", I believe your interpretation is correct: singular is correct in that case. The phrase "kilomole units" I agree should be changed, either to your "the kilomole unit" or to "kilomoles"; I have no preference between the two. Coolclawcat (talk) 23:15, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I have adjusted this according to where we seem to have agreement.  On my second bullet, the correct construction is not as clear and the plural form probably seems more natural to most; I see how you are reading it.  So short of rephrasing it to avoid this issue entirely, I'm leaving that case as you left it.  172.82.46.195 (talk) 12:32, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

R in bold?
Some textbooks print R in bold font, some in non bold. What is correct? Pokyrek (talk) 21:04, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The standard ISO 80000-1 determines this nowadays. Quantities are denoted by italic font. Bold is only for vector quantities Jähmefyysikko (talk) 02:21, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gas constant


text:
Talk:Labor camp

Old talk
Kwertii: I hope you understand my deletion of a large piece or yours. As it stood, it belonged to the extermination camp article. I am going to detail the system of Nazi labor camps. I will not forget to mention high death rate (or you will surely add after me). Mikkalai 02:27, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

israel labor camps?
i deleted a claim about israel labor camps, which was based on a single source:. this source doesn't seem too credible. given the incredible scrutiny devoted to everything israel-related, if these events really occurred, there is certainly a more credible source out there; if not, they shouldn't be mentioned. Benwing 00:25, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Reference to sentences for Europeans in Caribbean camps

 * "Some European penal deportees were also sentenced to serve in Caribbean labour camps, but strict racial segreation meant they only served sentences of 5-10 years"

I am a bit puzzled by this sentence. The link between racial segregation and the length of the sentence is unclear.

Also, I don't think the statement is accurate - there are numerous examples of Europeans (particularly the crews of enemy privateers) who were informally sentenced to lifetime servitude in Caribbean labor camps after being captured preying on Spanish shipping. I grant that lifetime servitude tended not to be that long given the death rate, but the point remains.

Can anyone shed some light on the meaning of the sentence? If not, I'll edit it in a few days and we'll see what people think of that version instead. Jeendan 21:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have reworded the sentence in the absence of any comments to the contrary. A small amount of research pints to two main groups of European prisoners - captured sailors during the Elizabethan era, and the ongoing use of penal settlements by the French stretching well into the 20th century (and popularised by the Papillon autobiography by deportee Henri Charierre). Sentences for Elizabethan sailors tended to be indefinite, but most died within 5 years. Sentencing for French deportees appear to have ranged from 5 years to life, with most at the 'life' end.

 * If I find the time I'll do some more research on this, and clean up this top ection of the article a little while I'm at it. Any collaborators would be appreciated, as always. Jeendan 07:21, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Caribbean plantation slavery
I removed the following section:

 * Colonial Plantations in the Caribbean were a system of off-shore forced labor camps that were used to enslave kidnapped Africans and accumulate riches for European monarchs, merchants, institutions and aristocrats from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Although camp inmates were designated 'slaves', the majority were kidnap victims, prisoners of war or penal deportees. The death rate on the Codrington estate, (owned by the Church of England's Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts) was not unusual, with one quarter (25%) of all enslaved Africans dying within three years of their arrival. Caribbean labour camps were noted for their brutal punishments, racial oppression, family destruction and systemized rape by camp guards and overseers. Designation as a 'slave' meant African inmates endured a life sentence with very little possibility of release. African women who give birth, witnessed their children forced to endure the same life sentence. A comparitvely small number of European penal deportees were also sentenced to serve in Caribbean and South American labour camps for periods ranging from 5 years to life. It is estimated that 4 million Africans were sent to Caribbean labor camps, about 14% of whom died during the trans-Atlantic crossing. Britain, France, Spain, Holland and Denmark all operated Caribbean labor camps.

This is a non-standard interpretation of what constitutes a "labor camp" and an interpretation that seems to be original to the editor that wrote it rather than to the sources it references or to any other published sources that I know of. More broadly, by this definition, any form of historical slavery that involved large numbers of slaves engaging in hard physical labor with limitations on movement could be interpreted as a "labor camp". The definition of "labor camp" really should be limited to various forms of mass penal servitude that have elements of slavery, as is the commonly understood definition of this phenomenon. Iamcuriousblue (talk) 06:52, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Finland?
How does this differ to most prisons around the world where inmates perform work? This hardly seems anything close to forced labour camps that the rest of this article is about... Mdwh (talk) 00:29, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, it has about nothing to do with the forced labour camps, but it is still a "simplified detention facility where inmates perform penal labour". Just goes to show that the word "labour colony" may have almost any meaning at all, from Gulag to the very open form of prison (no fences, no locks, just the inmate's word). --MPorciusCato (talk) 07:17, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * A labor camp usually implies the person is sentenced to perform work, as opposed to being something that prisoners do in return for extra privileges - this is what the rest of the article is about. Either way, the article is rather unbalanced, since no other countries are mentioned even though most of them will have prisoners performing work. What is special and notable about Finland? Mdwh (talk) 09:15, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Nothing, I suppose. :-) However, it is sourced information which is about the topic of the article. The absence of similar information on 200 other countries does not mean that these pieces of information should be deleted. --MPorciusCato (talk) 07:34, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I note that the heading is notable labor camps though, which suggests to me that this shouldn't simply be a list of several hundred countries and their prison work conditions. Mdwh (talk) 11:28, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There is also the point that the lead says "Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery", further suggesting that this is meant to be about camps of forced labour, and not simply every country that ever had prisoners working (the Finnish prison work is voluntary). So I disagree that it is what this article is about. Either we simply drop the mention of Finland (or move it to a more appropriate article), or change the lead accordingly and start listing just about all other countries too. I would prefer the former. Mdwh (talk) 23:02, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Capitalization
Should both words in "labor camp" really be capitalized?--Sus scrofa (talk) 15:46, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Czechoslovakia
I have added a section about forced labor camps in the communist Czechoslovakia. I can't find a good source for this in English. Perhaps someone else could help? Nazgul02 (talk) 20:53, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Move to Forced labor camp
I suggest this article is moved to forced labor camp (currently a redirect to this article). Urban XII (talk) 17:17, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

-Can't figure out how to do it, but footnote 9 (the reference) has a dead link, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-prison-industry-in-the-united-states-big-business-or-a-new-form-of-slavery/8289 works, replace it with that please- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.206.41.244 (talk) 06:55, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

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Highlighting Political prisoners
In the beginning of the article, I noticed a paragraph specifically highlighting the use of political prisoners. I'm just wondering what is the point? If the goal is to point out that besides criminals, the governments also isolate dangerous opponents and critics from the public, let's do that. Political opponents, ethnic minorities, investigative journalists, they all get similar treatment because they are basically “undesirables” for the regime in charge. AzzAzeL-US (talk) 09:36, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Educational work camps
There are other meanings to "work" and "camp". There are some summer camps, just like in the scouts, where the youth are educated to help and work, mostly in agriculture. There's also Camp Avoda, with the name that is Hebrew for work

הראש (talk) 10:17, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
My preliminary impression of the article was that it lacked depth and felt in-cohesive. Furthermore, the majority of the article felt incomplete and only offered links to more specific detailed articles.

The lead section did not flow very smoothly, and it did not provide a brief description of the article's major sections. It included information that was not present in later sections, specifically Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization. It also included very general sentences without providing an argument; specifically how labor camps have similar aspects to slavery and prisons. The last part of the lead section alluded to the use of labor camps in the twentieth century, but it did not go into further detail in the actual section.

The content of the article neglected to provide a full-picture of what labor camps entail. There are aspects of the article that are missing, such as a more detailed history of the precursors. It currently has 2 sentences in the Precursors section that ends around the time period of pre-Revolutionary France. It then jumps into the next section of Labor Camps in the 20th century, but there is no smooth transition nor is there a description for the various countries listed. There are only hyperlinks provided. I recommend to add a few sentences that summarize the information provided in the specific hyperlinks to make the article more informative. It then jumps into the Labor Camps of the 21st Century, but only provides 3 sections on China, North Korea, and the United States. There is very limited information in these subsections, and the section on North Korea is duplicated in both the 20th and 21st Century sections.

There are only images relating to labor camps used by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which can indicate an overrepresentation of European labor camp history.

In checking the Talk page, there are discussions of grammar and removal of sections for being too broad and therefore inapplicable in the article. Several contributors removed sentences for being inaccurate or using claims based on a single source.

My overall impressions of the article is that it requires a lot of work to become more substantial and therefore beneficial to the audience. As it stands, the information is disorganized and limited in nature. The redirection of hyperlinks is useful, but it could be greatly improved by creating more in-depth content summaries. Etcetera2001 (talk) 17:34, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Good evaluation. Minor remark: we don't capitalize all words in section title. If you will work on the article, please pay attention to our traditions/guidelines for layout style, etc. When in doubt, please consult our manual of style. - Altenmann >talk 18:51, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Labor camp


text:
Dry deck shelter

A dry deck shelter (DDS) is a removable module that can be attached to a submarine to allow divers easy exit and entrance while the boat is submerged. The host submarine must be specially modified to accommodate the DDS, with the appropriate mating hatch configuration, electrical connections, and piping for ventilation, divers' air, and draining water. The DDS can be used to deploy a SEAL Delivery Vehicle submersible, Navy divers, or Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC).

Royal Navy
In UK service it is formally named the Special Forces Payload Bay (SFPB) and was procured under ‘Project Chalfont’. Training is conducted at the purpose-built Chalfont Shore Facility (CSF) constructed by BAE Systems at HMNB Clyde. It is used by the Astute-class submarine.

United States Navy
The United States Navy's DDSs are 38 ft long and 9 ft high and wide, add about 30 tons to its host submarine's submerged displacement, can be transported by trucks or C-5 Galaxy airplanes, and require one to three days to install and test. They have three HY-80 steel sections within the outer glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) fairing: a spherical hyperbaric chamber at the forward end to treat injured divers; a smaller spherical transfer trunk; and a cylindrical hangar with elliptical ends. The hangar can support a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) submersible, six Navy SEALs to man the SDV, and a crew of Navy Divers to operate the DDS and launch the SDV; or 20 SEALs with four Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC). The SDV release team consists of 2 officers, 2 enlisted technicians, and 18 divers.

The two SEAL delivery vehicle teams report to Naval Special Warfare Group 3.

There are currently six portable dry deck shelters in use by the USN, the first one built by Electric Boat. The first, designated DDS-01S ("S" for starboard opening outer door), was completed in 1982. The remaining five, DDS-02P ("P" for port opening), -03P, -04S, -05S, and -06P, were built between 1987 and 1991 and were built by Newport News Shipbuilding. The shelters are maintained by a combined effort of Navy divers stationed on the teams and workers of the maintenance company Oceaneering International. They have expected useful lives of about 40 years each.

The first submarine to have an operational dry deck shelter was the USS Cavalla (SSN-684), which was fitted with the DDS in 1982 and first deployed with it in 1983. It is deployed on the Virginia-class submarine, the Los Angeles-class submarine, the Seawolf-class submarine:, and the Ohio-class submarine. The Ohio-class SSGNs are capable of supporting dual dry deck shelters.

Marine nationale
Barracuda-class submarine (France)

Former DDS-capable submarines
Former US Navy DDS-capable submarines include:

Ethan Allen-class submarine:
 * USS John Marshall (SSN-611)
 * USS Sam Houston (SSN-609)

Sturgeon-class submarine:
 * USS Silversides (SSN-679)
 * USS Archerfish (SSN-678)
 * USS L. Mendel Rivers (SSN-686)
 * USS Cavalla (SSN-684)
 * USS Tunny (SSN-682)
 * USS William H. Bates (SSN-680)

Benjamin Franklin-class submarine: Note: The Benjamin Franklin-class special operations attack submarines were capable of supporting dual dry deck shelters.
 * USS Kamehameha (SSBN-642)
 * USS James K. Polk (SSBN-645)

Five Permit-class submarines were also fitted to carry the DDS.

title: Dry deck shelter


text:
Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory

The Five College Radio Astronomical Observatory (FCRAO) was a radio astronomy observatory located on a peninsula in the Quabbin Reservoir. It was sited in the town of New Salem, Massachusetts on land that was originally part of Prescott, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1969 by the Five College Astronomy Department (University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass), Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College and Smith College). From its inception, the observatory has emphasized research, the development of technology and the training of students—both graduate and undergraduate.

The initial FCRAO telescope was a customized low-frequency antenna to search for pulsars in the galaxy. The development of instrumentation within the FCRAO labs contributed to the discovery of the binary pulsar system PSR B1913+16 by Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse, for which they received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. It was replaced by a 14-meter radome-enclosed millimeter-wave telescope in 1976.

Decommissioning
After UMass Amherst devoted its time, energy, and funding to the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in Mexico from approximately 2005, FCRAO was described as being the then–"current platform", with the LMT referred to as its "future platform". On July 21, 2011, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority announced that the telescope and the associated control building were removed from the site.


text:
Jean Baptiste Boisduval

Jean Baptiste Alphonse Déchauffour de Boisduval (24 June 1799 – 30 December 1879) was a French lepidopterist, botanist, and physician.

He was one of the most celebrated lepidopterists of France, and was the co-founder of the Société entomologique de France. While best known abroad for his work in entomology, he started his career in botany, collecting a great number of French plant specimens and writing broadly on the topic throughout his career, including the textbook Flores française in 1828. Early in his career, he was interested in Coleoptera and allied himself with both Jean Théodore Lacordaire and Pierre André Latreille. He was the curator of the Pierre Françoise Marie Auguste Dejean collection in Paris and described many species of beetles, as well as butterflies and moths, resulting from the voyages of the Astrolabe, the expedition ship of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse and the Coquille, that of Louis Isidore Duperrey.

He left Paris, where he had lived for nearly 60 years, in 1875, to retire in Ticheville near his family. His brother was Adolphe-Armand d'Echauffour de Boisduval (September 26, 1801 – March 1, 1842), a doctor, naturalist, and health officer in their native Ticheville.

Boisduval's Elateridae are in the Natural History Museum, London and the types of Curculionidae in Brussels Natural History Museum. His Lepidoptera were sold to Charles Oberthür. The Sphingidae are in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The standard author abbreviation is Boisduval when citing a zoological name.

Works

 * Jean Baptiste Alphonse Déchauffour Boisduval and John Eatton Le Conte, 1829–1837 Histoire général et iconographie des lepidoptérès et des chenilles de l’Amerique septentrionale (in English, General history and illustrations of the Lepidoptera and caterpillars of Northern America) published in Paris. Many of the illustrations for this work were done by John Abbot. The work was not completed until 1837.
 * Jean Baptiste Alphonse Déchauffour Boisduval, Jules Pierre Rambur and Adolphe Hercule de Graslin Collection iconographique et historique des chenilles; ou, Description et figures des chenilles d'Europe, avec l'histoire de leurs métamorphoses, et des applications à l'agriculture, Paris, Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, 1832.
 * Jules Dumont d'Urville Ed. Voyage de l'Astrolabe. Faune entomologique de l'Océanie par le Dr Boisduval. Tome 1: Lepidoptéres (1832); Tome 2: Coléoptères, Hémiptères, Orthoptères Névroptères, Hyménoptères et Diptères (1835).
 * Boisduval, J. B., Mémoire sur les Lépidoptères de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 2:149–270. (1833) online here and published by Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, 1833
 * Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 1–690 (1836)
 * Boisduval, J. B., 1852. Lepidoptères de la Californie Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 10(2):275–324.

title: Jean Baptiste Boisduval


text:
Michel Vennat

Joseph André Michel Vennat (born 1941) is a Canadian civil servant, lawyer, businessman, and former President of the Business Development Bank of Canada. He was fired due to the investigation of the 2004 Canadian sponsorship scandal. In August 2006, Federal Courts deemed his firing illegal and, had his term not expired since his dismissal, he would have been reinstated to office.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in 1960 and a Bachelor of Civil Law from the Université de Montréal in 1963. As a Rhodes Scholar he received a Master of Arts from Merton College, Oxford in 1965. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1983.

In 1965, he joined External Affairs and from 1966 to 1968 was the Special Assistant to the Minister of Finance, Mitchell Sharp. From 1968 to 1970, he was the Special Assistant to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. In 1970, he joined the Montreal offices of the law firm Stikeman Elliott, becoming a senior partner before leaving in 1990. From 1976 to 1981, he was a member of the Board and Chairman of the Canadian Film Development Corporation.

In 1991, he was appointed CEO of Westburne Inc. and became CEO of United Westburne Inc. in 1993. From 1994 to 1996, he was the Chairman of the Council for Canadian Unity. In 1998, he was appointed chairman of the Business Development Bank of Canada and served as president and CEO from 2000 until he was fired in 2004. The Federal Court ruled that Michel Vennat had been illegally fired from the BDC in August 2006. Had his term not expired, he would have been reinstated.

In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Michel Vennat


text:
Sydney Tower

Sydney Tower, also known as the Sydney Tower Eye, is the tallest structure in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, as well as the second-tallest observation tower in the Southern Hemisphere. Sydney Tower has also previously been known as AMP Tower and Centrepoint Tower, and colloquially as Flower Tower, Glower Tower, and Big Poke.

The tower stands 309 m above the Sydney central business district (CBD), located on Market Street, between Pitt and Castlereagh Streets. It is accessible from the Pitt Street Mall, Market Street or Castlereagh Street and sits above the Westfield Sydney (formerly Centrepoint) shopping centre. The tower is open to the public, and is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the city, being visible from a number of vantage points throughout town and from adjoining suburbs. Auckland's Sky Tower is taller but Sydney Tower's main observation deck is almost 30 m higher than the observation deck on Auckland's Sky Tower.

While the shopping centre at the base of the tower is run by the Scentre Group, the tower itself is occupied by Trippas White Group, which owns and operates Sydney Tower Dining, and Merlin Entertainments, which owns and operates the Sydney Tower Eye observation deck and outside adventure experience known as the SKYWALK.

History
Designed by Australian architect Donald Crone, the first plans for Sydney Tower were unveiled in March 1968. Construction of the office building started in 1970, and tower construction began in 1975. Prior to construction of the tower, the height limit in Sydney had been set at 279 m, to allow for the harbour's flying boats that were popular before the jet era. It was developed by AMP, with Concrete Constructions the main contractor.

Public access to the tower began in September 1981. The total cost of construction was A$36 million. In 1998, the addition of a lightning rod to the top of spire extended the tower's overall height from 305 metres to 309 m, which is 327 m above sea level.

While AMP managed the Centrepoint shopping centre, the tower was officially referred to as the AMP Tower. After the Westfield Group took over ownership of Centrepoint in December 2001, the name was changed to Sydney Tower.

In 2009, the base building was closed and stripped for a major refurbishment. This involved the connection of the shopping centre to other arcades and a complete upgrade of all the sites. The shopping centre was progressively reopened from 2010 and was renamed Westfield Sydney. In June 2011 the AMP banner was removed by helicopter from the tower and replaced by a large illuminated Westfield logo.

In 2011, Merlin Entertainments acquired the rights to operate the observation deck, renaming the attraction the Sydney Tower Eye.

Sections
Four sections of the tower are open to the public, three being occupied by Sydney Tower Dining. 360 Bar and Dining, which offers revolving views of the Sydney skyline, is located on level one of the Sydney Tower. Sydney Tower Buffet, a contemporary self-select restaurant, is on the tower's second level. Studio, located on level three can cater for cocktail functions for 200 people and 156 sit-down guests.

The observation deck, currently called the Sydney Tower Eye, is located on level four of Sydney Tower. To access this level, visitors can buy a pass from the operating company or at the gate. The pass allows access to other Sydney attractions including Wild Life Sydney and the Sydney Aquarium. The Sydney Tower Eye is located 250 m above ground level. It has a fully enclosed viewing platform featuring 360-degree views of the city and surrounding areas. This floor also houses a small gift shop, multilingual touchscreens and a readout that displays data about the wind speed, direction, sway amplitude, and other statistics of the tower. On 23 September 2011, a 4D cinema was opened on the fourth floor of the arcade, playing a film with footage from various locations in Sydney. The theatre is the first of its kind in Australia; in-theatre effects include wind, bubbles, and fire.

Skywalk is an open-air glass-floored platform encircling the Sydney Tower Eye at a height of 268 m above ground level. The viewing platform extends over the edge of the main structure of the deck. It was opened on 18 October 2005, cost A$3.75 million to construct, took four years to design and two months to build. This platform is only accessible as part of planned and booked tours.

Details
The golden turret near the top of the tower has a maximum capacity of 960 people. Travel to the observation deck is by three high speed double-deck lifts, each with a capacity of 8 to 10 people. The lifts travel at full, half or quarter speed, depending on wind conditions. At full speed the lifts reach the deck in 45 seconds.

Cultural events
Leading up to the Sydney 2000 Olympics, the tower was decorated with sculptures by Australian artist Dominique Sutton (an athlete rising from starting blocks, a gymnast performing a handstand, and a wheelchair basketball player passing the ball) which were positioned above the main body of the tower and in some cases overhung the edges. These sculptures were removed in 2002 and relocated to Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay. The figures were placed atop the tower using an S-64 Aircrane heavy lift helicopter known as "Elvis".

On several occasions, the tower has been used to launch fireworks or it has been illuminated with coloured lights as part of various celebrations in Sydney, such as New Year's Eve or during the Olympics in 2000.

Each year the Sydney Tower Stair Challenge comprises the challenge of running up 1,504 stairs from Pitt Street Mall to the Observation Deck. The event is to raise money for the Cancer Council, and the two winners become eligible to compete in the Empire State Building Run-up. However, the event was cancelled in both 2011 and 2012.

Incidents
On 8 March 2018, the Skywalk was closed for five weeks following the suicide of a 21-year-old woman who removed her safety harness and leapt from the tower while on a tour. The Skywalk reopened on 12 April 2018, after conducting a probe into the incident and the tower having upgraded the safety equipment.

The second suicide took place on 8 July that same year. Leonard Nherera, 18, jumped 268 metres to his death from the Skywalk tour at 7pm.

Again in 2018, a man fell from the observation deck and died.

Engineering heritage award
The tower received an Engineering Heritage Plaque from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

In popular culture

 * The tower appeared in the 1990 Disney animated film The Rescuers Down Under and the 2003 Disney/Pixar animated film Finding Nemo.
 * In the film Mission: Impossible 2, the tower is seen in several shots, usually shown whenever the CBD of Sydney appears.
 * The tower was featured in the 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, where it was used as the Angel Grove Observatory. A CGI simulation of the tower was used when it became a weapon for the main villain, Ivan Ooze in the film's climactic battle.
 * The tower is destroyed in the films Godzilla: Final Wars and Supernova.
 * The tower is demolished in the 2017 short film Waltzing Tilda.

title: Sydney Tower


text:
Talk:WKRP in Cincinnati

Untitled
The NBC show newsradio was loosely based on WKRP, perhaps that should be mentioned 66.75.49.213 11:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Gordon Jump had a career before and after WKRP, becoming that famed publicity icon the Maytag Repairman.

Frank Bonner appeared in a two sitcoms afterwards portraying a detective and a catholic priest.

Jan Smithers, Richard Sanders and Gary Sandy have may have left national broadcast TV, but being 3 out of 8 cast members, which is a minority of the cast.

The format of WKRP before Andy arrived was music like "You're Having My Baby", which is definately not a piece of classical music as is commonly understood- User:Kchishol1970

 * Ick. That would be under the heading of "soft adult contemporary."  Mercifully, most soft AC stations nowadays wouldn't touch that, uh, song with the proverbial ten-foot pole.  Too much halfway decent music that falls under the format to include a 1970s clunker. - Lucky 6.9 05:26, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The song in question is sung by a choir like The Mormon Tabernacle (though the choir in question does not use that name) and is in a classical music style with the male voices hilariously adding the line "right now" at a given moment. MarnetteD | Talk 13:20, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

--- One of the reasons the quality of the writing was so high was that many of those involved had been involved in radio. For example, Turkeys Away was based on actual event in the 70's, where some flightless birds (not turkeys, but I don't remember what) were thrown from a high tower (?) to promote an FM radio station.

Also, Howard Hesseman (Dr. Johnny Fever) had been an actual FM rock n' roll DJ.

--- There has never been any independent confirmation of a radio promotion that consisted of turkeys being dropped from any height (I've seen rumors that a Dallas station threw turkeys off the back of a truck in the late 60's). The only known "real" radio promotion that made it into a WKRP script (though not shown) was "The Dancing Ducks" promotion, in which ducklings were made to dance by placing them on a large skillet and heating it with sterno. This was done by an AM station in Atlanta during the early 1970's and got several staff members disciplined.

 * According to a November 14, 1996 article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution, "Radio honors real-life 'WKRP' manager", Jerry Blum "leased an 18-wheeler, bought hundreds of live gobblers and lured listeners to a suburban shopping center for the Turkey Toss." - Cdk 18:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

in the "Timeslots and Successes" section, The last episode of the 4th seaason did not end on a cliffhanger. The last episode of the 6th season (2nd season of the revival) ended on a cliffhanger! Profh0011 (talk) 04:35, 11 February 2018 (UTC)Profh0011 10 February 2018

Source of all letters
I couldn't put this in the article, since it would amount to what Wikipedian refer to as "original research" but I always though that KRP may have come from krap or crap radio. Any possibility of exporing this? -WCFrancis 18:19, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The call letters could be based on Cincinnati's WKRQ. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:44, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The call letters came from which is only speculation: "We Keep Records Playing". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.43.172.50 (talk) 16:37, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

In at least one episode, the station has a "carp" fish mascot. 108.225.17.141 (talk) 17:15, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I had read at some point in the past that Wilson wanted to name the station WSHT, but the idea was vetoed by MTM. I do not remember the source so it is, perhaps, just an "urban legend".THX1136 (talk) 15:17, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Sane?
Sandy's Travis was a sitcom mainstay, the 1 sane person surrounded by lunatics. Cf Judd Hirsch in "Taxi" & the "black WKRP" of the '90s (not "Newsradio", I don't think; costar Ron Glass as "the fifth Top"). Trekphiler 19:39, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Music licensing and syndication
The article mentioned something to the effect that the original music was not licensed for syndication. This is partially true in the case of Nick at Nite, but I distinctly remember watching this in syndication (mid-1980s) and hearing the original songs as intended (e.g. The Eagle's "The Long Run" when Johnny's daughter shows up; "Tiny Dancer" with the Russian defector etc.) But I'm not sure how to clarify this because I don't know when the licensing changed. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 05:22, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have been waiting for them to ever release this on DVD in the original form. More bothersome even than any change in any music on Nick at Nite was the fact that they cut from the original broadcast show for additional commercial time.  I remember seeing it in syndication having the original text of all the show intact.  This is commonly done with old TV shows and movies, they did not have as many commercials back then.  Some stations (one in Chicago) went to the length of speeding up the speed of the video - noticed comparing an old Get Smart recording to their version at the time.  It was better than cutting from the show.  Waiting for REAL DVD's kidsheaven 04:55, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There is the line saying that the episodes on WGN America are with the original music in tact. This is not true at all!!**  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.141.80.43 (talk) 00:08, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes; I posted that. Substantially all of the original music is intact, according to several websites (at least one cited, I think) that list all the original music.  We DVRed it and burned it; I could produce a list for you if you liked.
 * "Due to poor sales, Fox has not initiated any plans to release further seasons of WKRP in the future."
 * Attention FOX: THAT'S BECAUSE YOU FUCKED UP ALL THE MUSIC, AND IT'S A SHOW ABOUT A *RADIO STATION*. That is all. --Baylink@en.w

 * Baby, if you ever wondered, wondered whatever became of the DVD...it's coming! Clarityfiend 00:04, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As mentioned here, I have read reviews by users on web-sites of how much music is changed, found the disclaimer of "Some of the original musical content has been edited for this DVD release." So far what I watched seems slightly different.  Some mention is made of cutting, and/or re-recording voices that sound similar or content to match new music?  One comment I read was "why can advertisers use some of the same music and FOX not be able to afford to use it for the DVD release."  Some advertisers I have seen use now up to Frank Sinatra in advertising for a local family owned grocery chain of five or less stores - they actually re-did several of his songs into the Muzak piped into the store, with customized wording.  Though I do see after an artist dies that owners to the rights are more willing to sell to anyone.  Worst is where they take part of an old movie and re-dub wording to advertise a product.  That is OK and affordable, but the actual use is not?  Music rights are strange I.E. the lawyer who bought the music rights to public domain "It's a Wonderfull Life" to gain personal control to the movie rights - can't show it minus music.... Too often the performers who deserve credit are not the one's ever receiving much of the said rights money...Kidsheaven 21:33, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

All 90 Uncut Episodes (4 seasons)are available for purchase at www.tvboxset.com < This is not meant to be an ad, I'm just a fan that wants to help other fans. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.82.78.78 (talk • contribs) 01:09, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Beware of TVBOXSET.com. There are a great number of complaints about their service and their bootlegged products.

Having said that, I have seen several articles that included quotes from various people at Viacom that indicated that they didn't really try to extend the rights for the music because they assumed that it would be expensive and would take too long. The sad part is that most of the right holders have indicated that they would happily extend the original agreement to cover video/DVD sales. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mercwyn (talk • contribs) 18:16, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

The music section needs an update. In 2014, Shout! Factory released a set of DVDs with much of the original music intact (but not all; notable exceptions include Pink Floyd). They also published an article on their website with additional details about the music licensing. Dharmabumstead (talk) 09:47, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Arthur Carlson
This paragraph makes it sound like Arthur Carlson was a real person who owned radio stations:

''Gordon Jump's character was based on an actual person, as was Dr. Johnny Fever's. Arthur Carlson owned a group of radio stations in Central Pennsylvania under the name Susquehanna Radio. Based in York, Pa., it was one of the first radio "chains" to emerge in the late '60s and early '70s. Carlson also was a past president of the Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB). Fever was based on an afternoon drive DJ at one of Carlson's stations who was working under the name "Kevin McKeever". WCBG (now dark) was a 5,000-watt powerhouse in southcentral Pennsylvania.'' --68.100.8.70 03:37, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, he really is. See the RAB website  for a pic. AU Tiger  ʃ talk /work 03:54, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Hugh Wilson
Wilson worked for an advertising firm in Atlanta. He NEVER worked at any radio station.

Other characters
I distinctly remember seeing an engineer (Bucky?) in at least two episodes, one involving the softball game, and the other where Johnny does the remote show. He should be mentioned. Jimcripps 03:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Episode Guide
One anonymous editor has been adding elements of an Episode Guide in large chunks to this article during the last few days. Another anonymous editor, noting it is incomplete, deleted the whole thing. I've restored those deletions because I don't think deleting all that is appropriate without discussion, especially in the midst of its apparently being posted.

On the otherhand, it does seem to be a bit much for the middle of an article like this. Would it be more appropriate as a separate article? Is it appropriate in wikipedia at all? What is the usual process of dealing with detailed episode descriptions of television series?

Pzavon 00:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I've seen, series with few episodes (Woops!, Quark (TV series)) have episode guides as part of the main article. But series with several seasons (Moonlighting, Gilligan's Island) have episode guides as a separate article.  I don't know how many seasons would make the difference between including in the article or not, but I'd suggest three seasons.  (Star Trek: The Original Series) But WKRP in Cincinnati lasted longer than that, so as long as it gets three or four seasons listed, move them to a separate article. Val42 20:24, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Recent Ranking B
I would agree that for this main page the character detail is too much. Each has a link to their own page, so there is duplication that is not needed on the main WKRP page. Need a short summary of each for the main page, and retain the links to the character pages for those interested in further info. That would be my advice, and this is one of my all time favorite shows, so I am talking as a person who finds this of more interest than an average person looking at the page. kidsheaven 21:47, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've shortened the character sections. See what you think. Joyous! | Talk 03:29, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You beat me to it by a whisker. Other than a few minor details, everything you did matches my would-be changes. Clarityfiend 04:03, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Song wording
Is it "Baby, if you ever wondered..." or "Baby, if you've ever wondered..."? The title of a 2nd season episode answers this question. Clarityfiend 06:06, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't know who it was who determined that the closing credits were/are just gibberish, but I want to thank him/her. Now I don't have to beat my brains out anymore trying to figure out what he's "saying"!!!FlaviaR (talk) 09:15, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This site is enough to make you think otherwise. Lambertman (talk) 23:05, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

People don't seem to understand what is meant by the closing theme lyrics being 'gibberish'. They are all real words that Ellis put in as place markers that he was planning on changing to ones with a coherent theme. So the theme of the lyrics is somewhat incoherent and the words are sung in a deliberately hard to understand manner, but they are not 'fake words', though some of them are exclamations like, 'uh-huh' and 'yeah'. As I understand it, the lyrics are about a guy who asks a bartender for a beer and a pack of cigarettes, then he tells the bartender that the beer must have a good head on it, and then he thanks the bartender for putting a 'good, good' head on his beer.108.180.92.37 (talk) 05:13, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Character list
The characters are listed and described before the beginning of the actual character list. Is this really necessary? D. J. Cartwright 01:20, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a much shorter summary of the characters, and the Premise section would be reduced to two sentences otherwise. But it doesn't have to be in the same point form. Clarityfiend 15:09, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

"Pigs on the Wing" vs "Dogs" by Pink Floyd
Under the DVD Releases section, there is an erroneous comment that the original song playing when Carlson interrupts Johnny Fever in the booth that the original song was "Pigs on the Wing". The original song was actually "Dogs," off of the same Pink Floyd album Animals as "Pigs on the Wing." (That's the album cover Johnny hands to Carlson to look over in that scene.) Fever responded to Carlson's comment about "Pigs on the Wing" by saying "I don't do requests," meaning he wasn't going to play a different song if Carlson had requested it -- that "Pigs on the Wing" (a slow acoustic number) was NOT the song currently playing.

I know this for sure because I was a rabid fan of this show and especially that album when the episode first aired, and I was blown away that they would include such an obscure song (obscure on radio anyway) that I so dearly loved. :oD

I'm replacing the song title in the note, but I wonder if the DVD version actually does retain the original song "Dogs." I "might or might not have" downloaded the episode from a peer-to-peer torrent, and the currently circulating version in that world still retains the original "Dogs." Also, I believe the episode title is "Turkeys Away." My favorite scene from my favorite episode! Dcs002 (talk) 02:42, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Just watched a Streaming version of that episode and Dogs was replaced with a facsimile of the original...guess they couldn't afford to keep the rights. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.224.198.162 (talk) 16:07, 9 February 2018 (UTC) -

It might help you to know of a similar experience I had a long time ago: I heard that in the version of the Tom Hanks movie "Big" that was released for sale to the public, the song "Happy Birthday To You" was replaced with something else because they had not known that "Happy Birthday To You" was not public domain, and they had not acquired permission to use it. However, I have a legal VHS copy of the movie that I legally purchased, and in it, at the celebration of the 13th birthday of Tom Hanks' character Josh, everyone is singing "Happy Birthday To You".

BTW, one of the all-time greatest quotes in television history is Les Nessman saying "God as my witness, I thought turkeys could fly." (or something similar). HankW512 (talk) 08:11, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

 * It's station manager Arthur Carlson (Gordon Jump) who says "As God is my witness... I thought turkeys could fly." He's the one who (secretly, in the show) did the promotion. Nessman's famous line from that episode is, "Oh, the humanity!" when reporting from the scene of the "turkey drop." Jororo05 (talk) 18:30, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Venus Flytrap
The article states: "In later episodes, Venus's backstory is changed, and it is revealed that he spent several years as a high-school teacher before becoming a radio personality".

This should be changed as, in actuality, Venus' backstory was never changed (i.e. he was a teacher in addition to being a Veitnam Vet). In fact, his Vietnam experience is referenced in at least two episodes following the eposide in which it is revealed that he was a teacher. The timeline remained consistent - he left the army when he was 23, taught for three years, worked at a station in the Southern US (St. Louis?), and came to work at WKRP when he was thirty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.65.69.117 (talk) 04:19, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Music changes for late 1990s syndicated airings and DVD releases
This whole section doesn't meet the "who cares" criteria in my opinion. While it's somewhat "interesting" that music had to be changed due to copyright issues in syndication, the substance of the show hasn't been changed and thus this info is really non-notable minutia and is effectively just page-filler. For those that are veterans on this page and/or edit this section, what are some/any quality reasons for keeping this section and what exactly will be lacking if this entire section is deleted? Ckruschke (talk) 12:26, 4 June 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * No one responded to my original post so I'm going to ask again. This section is extremely trivial and I'm not sure of it's point. In addition, none of the music changes are referenced so it appears to be 100% OR. So in my opinion, this entire section should be deleted and I plan on doing so in a week or so unless there are justified dissenting opinions. Ckruschke (talk) 18:41, 27 November 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

The Tragedy At the December 3, 1979 Who Concert
I'm surprised that the article failed to mention the fact that a special WKRP in Cincinnati episode was made in direct response to the real-life event of eleven fans getting trampled to death at the entrance to a Who concert in Cincinnati on December 3, 1979 due to the use of "festival seating" (no assigned seats) and a delay in opening the doors to let everyone in. I was 16 when it happened, and I remember that that news story was HUGE at that time. HankW512 (talk) 07:35, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You're asking a good question. I think that the series had a number of "very special episodes", so calling out one of them probably doesn't make sense. There was that episode, the one where Herb's father shows up, the one with the baby abandoned at the station, the one where the tornado hit, the one where Venus Flytrap's Vietnam War history was revealed...you get the idea. If you feel strongly about it, you may want to do a write-up about that episode (and maybe some of the others I just mentioned) for the show in the "Very Special Episode" article. --PoughkeepsieNative (talk) 00:26, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The difference though is the Who tragedy was a real-life disaster, and the episode was written and filmed within a couple months of the event and according to Tim Reid was only aired after the city's council gave permission. It was definitely a "ripped from the headlines" moment - not too far removed from how a number of series produced episodes responding to 9-11. There was also another timely episode where Carlson has a debate with a religious fundamentalist who was trying to get certain songs banned from WKRP (one being John Lennon's Imagine). That aired at a time when broadcasters were under pressure. 70.73.90.119 (talk) 03:15, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

Unsourced edits
User RaleighRadioGaGa has repeatedly added unsourced information about WKRP-LP (FM) and WBQC-LD. Sundayclose (talk) 16:21, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You mean like this one ? Given your behavior, I might have used a similar edit summary.  Toddst1 (talk) 16:24, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your good-faith concerns, but my comment above relates to the unsourced addition, not the personal attacks. Sundayclose (talk) 16:26, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I've removed the section as it has nothing to do with WKRP in Cincinnati whether well-cited or not. Toddst1 (talk) 16:33, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Sundayclose (talk) 16:35, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Trimming
I think this This edit by sucked the life out of the prose describing Mr. Carlsen and Dr. Johnny Fever. It might have been a little wordy, I'm not really bothered by that, but others might think it could be trimmed. I'm biting my tongue to avoid directly reverting this at the moment. Can we hear from other members of the community? Or if someone else agrees with me, go ahead and revert. Trackinfo (talk) 08:49, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia, not a trivia guide. For example, Mr. Carlson's war service had no bearing on any of the episodes that I can recall. Same with "booger". Clarityfiend (talk) 08:56, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I'll grant the military service stuff, someone just added that yesterday. Other than the military school for his son, it wasn't a key element.  Your rewording of Venus was good.  Jennifer's saying Carlsen is dead, a one time gag, not necessary.  However; fishing (and its association to "Red Wigglers," it was Carlsen's client) rather than the oddly worded "playing"; "burned out," the whole episode 1 backstory, decline, list of names on the mug, "Easy Listening," Fever's lack of confidence, particularly "booger" are essential to the full series make up of these characters, not just trivia. Trackinfo (talk) 22:29, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:WKRP in Cincinnati


text:
Red Shoe Diaries

Red Shoe Diaries is an American anthology erotic drama series that aired on Showtime cable network from 1992 to 1997 and was distributed by Playboy Entertainment overseas. It is a spinoff of the television film of the same name, directed by Zalman King. Most episodes were directed by either King or Rafael Eisenman.

The storylines usually have a plot revolving around romantic intrigue and the sexual awakening of a woman who often also narrates. Sensuous love scenes with nudity as well as sultry, moody music are characteristic for most episodes. There is no story arc or characters connecting the different stories other than Jake Winters introducing each episode.

Premise
Jake Winters (David Duchovny) places an ad in the newspaper under "Red Shoes", seeking women to mail in their personal diaries with stories of love, passion and/or betrayal. He is then shown walking on desolate train tracks with his dog Stella. He begins reading a letter from his post office box out loud that begins with "Dear Red Shoes..." In the pilot film, Jake lost his fiancée to suicide and discovered she kept a diary detailing an affair she had with a construction worker and shoe salesman who sold her a pair of red high heels. He placed the ad in the newspaper in an effort to make sense of his fiancée's secret life through the stories of women in similar situations. Each episode is devoted to a woman's story Jake receives, and begins and ends with Jake's comments to Stella.

Production
Zalman King conceived of an erotic TV series that would air on premium cable, which was then a burgeoning market as it was not beholden to MPAA ratings. With his wife and collaborator Patricia Louisianna Knop, King wrote the script for the television film Red Shoe Diaries, intending it to be the pilot for the anthology series. The film, in conjunction with four episodes, was pitched to Showtime in 1991.

Said King: "I wanted to do an anthology series from a very intimate, woman’s point of view." He dismissed the term softcore to categorize his work because of its pornographic connotations, saying, "Eroticism has a real place in my vocabulary because [it] usually needs to move out of a relationship or some sort of tension and that’s what I'm very interested in. I usually think of my work as romance." Producer David Saunders said, "We weren’t interested in making porn. We wanted to make erotic movies with good stories that looked great, were well-acted, and that concerned women as well as men. Showtime’s interests and our interests coincided." Of the show's content, writer Chloe King said, "It’s not wham-bam thank you ma’am. There’s more intellectual than physical foreplay." Lizzie Borden, Anne Goursaud, Mary Lambert, Nelly Alard, and Elise D'Haene were among the female writers and directors on the show.

David Duchovny was cast in The X-Files shortly after signing on to do the pilot film. Though his character’s story is continued in the episode entitled "Jake’s Story", he mostly appears as the series’ narrator, bookending each episode.

Episodes were mostly filmed in Canoga Park in the San Fernando Valley. Later locations included Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Juarez, Mexico.

Syndication
Originally screened in the UK on Channel 5 in the 1990s, the channel screened several episodes back-to-back on August 30, 2021. Red Shoe Diaries episodes were also broadcast on the Canadian television channel Showcase in August 2010.

Reception
Though the series did not gain positive attention from critics,  it was a major success for Showtime and helped boost the network’s viewership to compete with HBO in the 1990s. It was the first softcore program to be touted by a premium cable network and to deliver consistently high ratings. Imitators and softcore series similarly aimed at female audiences sprang up in the wake of the show’s popularity, including The Hunger, Emmanuelle in Space, Women: Stories of Passion, and Strangers. TV critics described the series as "both creator of 'art house' soft porn and savior of the kind of quality programming for which pay cable has also become known", and "innovative for its time...[for staying] true to its basic, lusty principles while adding music-video artiness, jumpy, nervy video cuts and dim mood lighting for a veneer of upscale, almost snooty, erotica. Lifetime with nudity."

Despite the series' foregrounding of a woman's perspective and inclusion of some lesbian story lines, it did receive criticism for its heavy featuring of female nudity, particularly since no male full frontal nudity was shown.

Home media
After the 1992 release of the pilot movie, episodes from the series were compiled on VHS, Laserdisc, and DVD as branded Red Shoe Diaries movies. Each compilation features three episodes.

 * 1) Red Shoe Diaries (1992)
 * 2) Red Shoe Diaries 2: Double Dare. "Safe Sex" / "You Have the Right to Remain Silent" / "Double Dare"
 * 3) Red Shoe Diaries 3: Another Woman's Lipstick. "Just Like That" / "Another Woman's Lipstick" / "Talk to Me Baby"
 * 4) Red Shoe Diaries 4: Auto Erotica. "Accidents Happen" / "Auto Erotica" / "Jake's Story"
 * 5) Red Shoe Diaries 5: Weekend Pass. "Double or Nothing" / "Bounty Hunter" / "Weekend Pass"
 * 6) Red Shoe Diaries 6: How I Met My Husband. "How I Met My Husband" / "Naked in the Moonlight" / "Midnight Bells"
 * 7) Red Shoe Diaries 7: Burning Up. "Runway" / "Kidnap" / "Burning Up"
 * 8) Red Shoe Diaries 8: Night of Abandon. "Night of Abandon" / "Liar's Tale" / "In the Blink of an Eye"
 * 9) Red Shoe Diaries 9: Hotline. "Gina" / "Hotline" / "Love at First Sight"
 * 10) Red Shoe Diaries 10: Some Things Never Change. "You Make Me Want to Wear Dresses" / "Some Things Never Change" / "Alphabet Girl"
 * 11) Red Shoe Diaries 11: The Game. "The Game" / "The Cake" / "Like Father, Like Son"
 * 12) Red Shoe Diaries 12: Girl on a Bike. "Girl on a Bike" / "Written Word" / "Borders of Salt"
 * 13) Red Shoe Diaries 13: Four on the Floor. "The Psychiatrist" / "Four on the Floor" / "Emily's Dance"
 * 14) Red Shoe Diaries 14: Luscious Lola. "Luscious Lola" / "The Last Motel" / "Mercy"
 * 15) Red Shoe Diaries 15: Forbidden Zone. "Forbidden Zone" / "The Art of Loneliness" / "The Picnic"
 * 16) Red Shoe Diaries 16: Temple of Flesh. "Temple of Flesh" / "Juarez" / "The Farmer's Daughter"
 * 17) Red Shoe Diaries 17: Swimming Naked. "Swimming Naked" / "Jump" / "Tears"
 * 18) Red Shoe Diaries 18: Strip Poker. "Strip Poker" / "Slow Train" / "Hard Labor"
 * 19) Red Shoe Diaries 19: As She Wishes. "As She Wishes" / "Billy Bar" / "Weightless"
 * 20) Red Shoe Diaries 20: Caged Bird. "Caged Bird" / "The Ex" / "The Teacher"

On June 17, 2014, Kino Lorber released Season 1 on DVD in Region 1. On the same day they also re-released Red Shoe Diaries - The Movie. Season 1 was also made available on Amazon Prime Video. The TV film and series (seasons 1-4) are also available on Tubi, a free streaming service.

Second Red Shoe Diaries TV pilot
In 2006, Zalman King wrote and directed a second, feature-length Red Shoe Diaries TV pilot. This pilot was completed but never aired.

title: Red Shoe Diaries


text:
Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant

In some strains of Christian theology, the Christian Church may be divided into:
 * the Church Militant (Ecclesia militans), also called the Church Pilgrim, which consists of Christians on Earth who struggle as soldiers of Christ against sin, the devil, and "the rulers of the world of this darkness, against the spirits of wickedness in the high places";
 * the Church Penitent (Ecclesia poenitens), also called the Church Suffering (Ecclesia dolens) or the Church Expectant (Ecclesia expectans), which in the theology of certain churches, especially that of the Catholic Church, consists of those Christians currently in Purgatory; and
 * the Church Triumphant (Ecclesia triumphans), which consists of those who have the beatific vision and are in Heaven.

Within Catholic ecclesiology these divisions are known as the "three states of the Church." The actual language used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "The three states of the Church… at the present time some of his disciples are pilgrims on earth. Others have died and are being purified, while still others are in glory, contemplating 'in full light, God himself triune and one, exactly as he is'."

In Protestant theology, which rejects the doctrine of Purgatory, the Churches Militant and Triumphant are together known as the two states of the Church. These divisions are often discussed in the context of the doctrine of the communion of saints; although Christians may be physically separated from each other by the barrier of death, they nonetheless remain united to each other in one Church, and support each other in prayer.

Militant
The term militant (militans) has a primary meaning of "being a soldier, performing military service", but it acquired a secondary meaning of "serving, performing service, laboring", with its root milito coming to mean "soldier of Christ or God" in Medieval Latin usage. The members of the Church Militant, i.e. those Christians on earth, are engaged in spiritual warfare against sin Failing that directly, those who believe in the existence of Purgatory hope to die in a state of grace and join the Church Penitent, to purify themselves of their imperfections and, ultimately, join the Church Triumphant.

Penitent
The term penitent (poenitens or paenitens) means "repenting, being sorry". Those who constitute the Church Penitent are in Purgatory to satisfy whatever portion of the temporal punishment due for their sins was not satisfied before death. They are in a process of purging their imperfections before entering heaven. It is held that all members of the Church Penitent will eventually join the Church Triumphant.

The alternate term suffering (dolens) emphasizes the nature of souls' experience in Purgatory; they are suffering the temporal consequences of their sins to redemptive effect. The other alternative, expectant (expectans or exspectans), emphasizes that the souls of Purgatory are awaiting expectantly the beatific vision of heaven.

Triumphant
The term triumphant (triumphans) means "exulting, rejoicing exceedingly", taken from a figurative usage of triumphus, originally designating the Roman triumph. Those who constitute the Church Triumphant rejoice eternally in the glory of God, to whom they are united in the beatific vision.

Anglican Communion
Anglicans believe that "…the Church on earth is united with the Church in heaven, ('sanctorum communio'). They speak of the 'Church Militant here on earth' and the Church triumphant in heaven.  They worship God together with 'angels and archangels, and with all the company of heaven.

Catholic Church
The Catholic Church commemorates the Church Triumphant and the Church Penitent in its liturgy on two consecutive days: All Saints' Day on November 1 (the Church Triumphant) and All Souls' Day on November 2 (the Church Penitent).

These terms are not used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, an authoritative summary of the teaching of the Catholic Church published in 1994. However, the teaching these terms represent is precisely restated, quoting Lumen gentium: "The three states of the Church. 'When the Lord comes in glory, and all his angels with him, death will be no more and all things will be subject to him. But at the present time some of his disciples are pilgrims on earth. Others have died and are being purified, while still others are in glory, contemplating 'in full light, God himself triune and one, exactly as he is'.'"

Lutheran Church
Eric Lund, a Lutheran professor, described an analogy relating the Old Testament to the New Testament: "God ordered two altars to be placed in the tabernacle. Fire was transferred from the outer one to the inner one. God also assembled a twofold church: the church militant and the church triumphant. The fire of love will someday be transferred from the church militant to the church triumphant." As such, within Lutheranism, "That is called the Church militant, which in this life is still fighting, under the banner of Christ, against Satan, the world, and the flesh."

Likewise, "That is called the Church triumphant, which, being transferred to heavenly rest, and relieved from the labor of fighting, and the danger of being overcome in heaven against all contending powers." Heinrich Schmid, a Lutheran theologian explains that the Church Militant derives her name from spiritual warfare, citing, , , , and ; he further states that the Church Triumphant derives her name from spiritual victory, citing , , and.

Methodist Churches
The African Methodist Episcopal Church, a part of the World Methodist Council, defines the Church Militant as "engaged in constant warfare against the world, the flesh and the devil, and in that respect is distinguished from the Church Triumphant." It defines the Church Militant as inclusive of all Christian denominations, among them Methodism, Presbyterianism, Baptist churches, Congregational churches, Anglicanism, among many others. In the same fashion, it defines the Church Triumphant as existing "in heaven, and consist[ing] of those who have washed their robes and made them immaculate and pure in the blood of the Lamb."

In Methodist theology, "the communion expressed at the Eucharist is not only within the Church Militant, but is between the Church Militant and the Church Triumphant."

Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church defines the terms in the following ways, "While in this world the church is a militant church, daily engaged in the battles of its Lord, and in warfare against satanic agencies. Its members are in constant conflict with the world, the flesh, and the powers of evil (Rom. 7:15–23; Gal. 5:17; 1 Peter 5:8, 9; 1 John 5:4; cf. 1 John 4:4). If this side of the Lord's return the church is the militant church, the church of the New Jerusalem is the triumphant church. It is made up of faithful disciples and conquerors in this worldly battle. They have exchanged the sword for a palm of victory (Rev 7:9) and the cross for a crown (2 Tim. 4:8; 1 Peter 5:4). The battle is over, the mission accomplished (Matt. 25:21, 23) and the redeemed, invited to the wedding feast of the Lamb (Rev. 19:9), eat and drink at Christ's table in His kingdom (Luke 22:28–30) and reign with Him for ever and ever (Rev 22:5)." Thus, the Seventh-day Adventist view is that the church is the Church Militant until the general resurrection at the end of the present age. The church becomes the Church Triumphant only after the second coming of Christ.

Secular uses
The two states account of the church was adapted by Anatoly Lunacharsky to distinguish between a socialistic culture of the future (Ecclesia triumphans) and proletarian culture of the proletariat struggling in the present against capitalism (Ecclesia militans). This theoretical approach was used in the development of Proletkult.


text:
Talk:Fallacy of division

Apples and pips
"One might also reason that, because the apple is not poisonous none of its constituents are. Again one would be committing the fallacy of division. Apple pips contain a form of cyanide."

Might one not safely reason, however, that none of the constituents of an apple that one actually EATS is poisonous?!

''No. When I swallow a few apple seeds, it's harmless -- the amount of cyanide is so tiny that its effect is not noticable. But cyanide is, of course, poisonous in larger quantities. -- DavidCary 16:29, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)''

"A fallacy of division occurs when someone reasons logically that something that is true of a thing must also be true of its constituents."

Are there different names for ?
 * the fallacy of assuming something is true for *all* of its constituents
 * the fallacy of assuming something is true for *at least one* of its constituents

Wrong example
The example 'Functioning brains think' is itself the conclusion of a fallacy of division! It is primarily human beings, with a functioning brain, who think. But it does not follow from this that functioning brains think. The example must be rewritten. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mircion (talk • contribs) 12:01, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Informal or formal fallacy?
I believe that Fallacy of division (and fallacy of composition) is actually a formal fallacy, yet it is listed as informal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy. In this fallacy, the premises are true, but the conclusion is not. Reference: https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/critical-thinking/v/formal-informal-fallacy StojadinovicP (talk) 11:18, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Definition vs example
Partially repeating what is said in "Apples and pips": The definition and example does not fit well. One claim of the definition is that it is fallacious to reason that what is true for the whole must be true for at least some of the parts. However, in the example that would not be a fallacy, because some of Carlos' classmates must eat a lot of ice cream. I think an example of emergent behaviour is needed to fully explain the fallacy.

title: Talk:Fallacy of division


text:
Centerpoint

Centerpoint (alternatively spelled centrepoint) may refer to:

 * Centerpoint (geometry), a generalization of the median to two or more dimensions

Organizations

 * CenterPoint Energy, an electric and natural gas utility in the U.S.A.
 * CenterPoint Properties, Chicago industrial real estate developer
 * Centrepoint (charity), a UK charitable trust for homeless young people
 * Centrepoint Theatre, a theatre and theatre company in Palmerston North, New Zealand

Places

 * Sydney Tower, also known as Centrepoint Tower, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 * Westfield Sydney, a shopping centre under the Sydney Tower
 * Centerpoint Mall (Toronto), Ontario, Canada
 * Centrepointe, a neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 * Centre Point Sabah, in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
 * Centrepoint (commune), a former commune in Albany, New Zealand
 * SM City Sta. Mesa, Manila, Philippines, formerly known as SM Centerpoint
 * The Centrepoint, a shopping centre in Singapore
 * Centre Point, an office building in central London, England
 * Centerpoint, Ohio, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Centerpointe Mall, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
 * Centerpoint Medical Center, Independence, Missouri, United States
 * CentrePointe, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, a building

title: Centerpoint