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Baron Rathdonnell

Baron Rathdonnell, of Rathdonnell in the County of Donegal, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 21 December 1868 for John McClintock, with remainder to the male issue of his deceased younger brother Captain William McClintock-Bunbury (who had represented County Carlow in the House of Commons). The barony is named after the townland of Rathdonnell, near the village of Trentagh, just north-west of Letterkenny.

The barony of Rathdonnell was the second-last barony created in the Peerage of Ireland. Lord Rathdonnell was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Baron, who sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1889 to 1929 and also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Carlow between 1890 and 1922. the title is held by the fifth Baron, the second Baron's great-grandson, who succeeded his father in 1959.

The Arctic explorer, Admiral Sir Francis McClintock, was the nephew of the first Baron.

The family seat is Lisnavagh House, near Rathvilly, County Carlow.

Barons Rathdonnell (1868)

 * John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell (1798–1879)
 * Thomas Kane McClintock-Bunbury, 2nd Baron Rathdonnell (1848–1929)
 * Thomas Leopold McClintock-Bunbury, 3rd Baron Rathdonnell (1881–1937)
 * William Robert McClintock-Bunbury, 4th Baron Rathdonnell (1914–1959)
 * Thomas Benjamin McClintock-Bunbury, 5th Baron Rathdonnell (born 1938)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. William Leopold McClintock-Bunbury (born 1966).

The heir-in-line is his son, Thomas Anthony McClintock-Bunbury (born 2011).

Line of succession

 * John McClintock (1770–1855)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell (1798–1879)
 * Capt. William Bunbury McClintock-Bunbury (1800–1866)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Kane McClintock-Bunbury, 2nd Baron Rathdonnell (1848–1929), Rep. Peer from 1889 taking the 16th Baron of Dunsany's room, Southern Irish Senator in 1921
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Leopold McClintock-Bunbury, 3rd Baron Rathdonnell (1881–1937)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg William Robert McClintock-Bunbury, 4th Baron Rathdonnell (1914–1959)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Benjamin McClintock-Bunbury, 5th Baron Rathdonnell (born 1938)
 * (1) Hon. William Leopold McClintock-Bunbury (born 1966)
 * (2) Thomas Anthony McClintock-Bunbury (born 2011)
 * (3) Hon. George Andrew Kane McClintock-Bunbury (born 1968)
 * (4) Shamus Alick McClintock-Bunbury (born 2001)
 * (5) Hon. James Alexander Hugh McClintock-Bunbury (born 1972)

title: Baron Rathdonnell


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ArsDigita

 ArsDigita, LLC, was a web development company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1997. The company produced a popular open source toolkit, the ArsDigita Community System (ACS), for building database-backed community websites, and flourished at the peak of the dot-com bubble. ACS was also the roots of OpenACS, which added PostgreSQL as a database option and gave the system a fully open-source stack.

Foundation
ArsDigita was founded by Philip Greenspun, Tracy Adams, Ben Adida, Eve Andersson, Olin Shivers, Aurelius Prochazka, and Jin Choi. Recruitment for the company was touted heavily by Greenspun, and ArsDigita became notorious among the "elite geeks" as a place where recruiting could result in significant payoffs. During the spring of 1999, for example, recruiting 5 hires would earn the employee a Honda S2000. Recruiting 10 employees would net a Ferrari F355. A trophy F355 in bright yellow was kept parked outside of the Prospect Street office in Cambridge to entice employees into recruiting. Later in the summer of 1999, as new management was brought on board, the policy was quietly changed to a lease of the cars, not outright ownership.

ArsDigita Foundation and ArsDigita University
The founders set up a nonprofit organization, the ArsDigita Foundation, which sponsored the ArsDigita Prize, a programming contest for high-school students held in 1999, 2000, and 2001.

In 2000, a free intensive one-year post-baccalaureate program in computer science was announced, called ArsDigita University. It was based on the undergraduate course of study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and financed and supported by the ArsDigita Foundation. The majority of the instructors were professors from MIT and the program was tuition free.

Potential recruits were required to submit solutions to a handful of problem sets used in an Internet application development course at MIT. Some of these problem sets required the use of the Oracle object-relational database management system behind Web pages. Others were basic computer science problems such as computing a Fibonacci series recursively using the Tcl programming language.

After running from September 2000 through July 2001, seeing the first class to graduation, the dissolution of the ArsDigita Foundation forced the program to shut down. Most of the course lectures were videotaped. The tapes and other course materials are available free under the Open Content License from aduni.org, a website maintained by the alumni of the university. That site exists to carry on the school's mission of supplying free education, and streams ~150GB/month of lectures to thousands of people around the world. A 4-DVD set containing the videos and course materials (problem sets, exams, solution sets, and course notes) is also available for a fee. The tapes were made available on Google Video in 2008 allowing easier and more flexible access.

Former instructor Holly Yanco became a University of Massachusetts Lowell computer science professor and was named a 2013 Woman to Watch.

Dissolution
Approximately 180 ArsDigita employees were hired at the company's peak, but with the crash of the dot-com economy, many of ArsDigita's clients went out of business. Others cut back heavily on their technology initiatives. The weight of payroll and offices in Cambridge, Berkeley, California, Washington D.C., and Ann Arbor, Michigan soon overwhelmed the company. The Ann Arbor office was closed in September, 2000, with the other offices following over the next few months.

ArsDigita took $38 million in venture capital investment from Greylock and General Atlantic in 2000 to provide working capital for expansion of its product line. Greenspun said the venture capitalists staged an internal coup to drive the founders out of the management structure and installed incompetent professional managers with little idea of how to run a software products company, resulting in the collapse of the company and a lawsuit between the founding shareholders and the venture capitalists over control of management. Michael Yoon, who was an ArsDigita employee at the time, said ArsDigita had other management problems as well. The lawsuit was settled out of court with Greenspun receiving $7.6M.

In 2002, ArsDigita's main assets (including the pinball machine and several pieces of artwork) were acquired by Red Hat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ArsDigita


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Stale pointer bug

A stale pointer bug, otherwise known as an aliasing bug, is a class of subtle programming errors that can arise in code that does dynamic memory allocation, especially via the malloc function or equivalent.

If several pointers address (are "aliases for") a given chunk of storage, it may happen that the storage is freed or reallocated (and thus moved) through one alias and then referenced through another, which may lead to subtle (and possibly intermittent) errors depending on the state and the allocation history of the malloc arena. This bug can be avoided by never creating aliases for allocated memory, by controlling the dynamic scope of references to the storage so that none can remain when it is freed, or by use of a garbage collector, in the form of an intelligent memory-allocation library or as provided by higher-level languages, such as Lisp.

The term "aliasing bug" is nowadays associated with C programming, but it was already in use in a very similar sense in the ALGOL 60 and Fortran programming language communities in the 1960s.

title: Stale pointer bug


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Lists of U.S. cities with non-white majority populations

The following are links to lists of United States cities in which a majority of the population is not white organized by majority racial group. The US census officially recognizes six racial categories: White American, Black or African American, Native American and Alaska Native, Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. It should not, however, be inferred that every city not on one of the lists below has a white majority. (There are many cities in the United States in which no racial group is in the majority.)

 * List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations — over 50% African-American cities ranked by percentage within state
 * List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations — over 30% African-American cities ranked by percentage nationwide
 * List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations
 * List of U.S. communities with Asian-American majority populations
 * List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
 * List of U.S. counties with Native American majority populations


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Baron Graves

Baron Graves, of Gravesend in the County of Londonderry, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 24 October 1794 for the naval commander Admiral Thomas Graves. He was second in command at the Battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794. His son, the second Baron, represented Okehampton, Windsor and Milborne Port. He was succeeded by his son, the third Baron. This line of the family failed on the death of his son, the fourth Baron, in 1904.

The fourth Baron was succeeded by his first cousin, the son of the Hon. Henry Richard Graves, third son of the second Baron. On the death of his own son and only male heir, this line of the family also failed.

The sixth Baron was succeeded by his first cousin, the son of Claude Thomas Graves, third son of the Hon. Henry Richard Graves, third son of the second Baron. His son, the eighth Baron, was an actor (as Peter Graves). When the eighth Baron died in 1994, this line of the family also failed. He was succeeded by his second cousin, the ninth Baron, the grandson of the Hon. Adolphus Edward Paget Graves, fifth son of the Hon. Henry Richard Graves, third son of the second Baron. the title is held by his son, the tenth Baron, who succeeded in 2002, and who, like his father, also lives in Australia.

Barons Graves (1794)

 * Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves (1725–1802)
 * Thomas North Graves, 2nd Baron Graves (1775–1830)
 * William Thomas Graves, 3rd Baron Graves (1804–1870)
 * Clarence Edward Graves, 4th Baron Graves (1847–1904)
 * Henry Cyril Percy Graves, 5th Baron Graves (1847–1914)
 * Clarence Percy Rivers Graves, 6th Baron Graves (1871–1937)
 * Henry Algernon Claude Graves, 7th Baron Graves (1877–1963)
 * Peter George Wellesley Graves, 8th Baron Graves (1911–1994)
 * Evelyn Paget Graves, 9th Baron Graves (1926–2002)
 * Timothy Evelyn Graves, 10th Baron Graves (born 1960)

There is no heir to the barony.

title: Baron Graves


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Talk:Amor asteroid

Comment
433 Eros has a lower number than 1221 Amor, so it was discovered earlier. But, that contradicts the article (saying that 1221 Amor was the first Amor asteroid to be discovered and that Eros is an Amor asteroid). What's up with that? --- hike395 02:02, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Use of "from the inside" or "from the outside"
Given that we're talking intersecting ellipses, isn't it incorrect to use the terms 'from the inside' or 'from the outside'? By their geometric definition, when two ellipses intersect--and cross--they'll both be 'outside' at some point and they'll both be 'inside' at some point. Can I take out these terms? Friedlad (talk) 13:33, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

JPL vs. MPC lists
Using the appropriate on-page links, I have found that two objects listed here as Amors, 3671 Dionysus and 65803 Didymos, are listed as Amors by MPC, but are not listed as such by the JPL Small-body database. The on-Wiki page for Didymos identifies it as an Apollo, and the perihelion value suggests that characterization is correct (by about 450,000 km). My question is: Which source should be used here for asteroid (and other object) classification, MPC or JPL? JoJo Anthrax (talk) 10:48, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

Populations section - apparent OR
The "Populations" section of this article dates to 2004, and was added by User:Youknowandy, who has made no edits to enWiki in over eight years. Although the presented classification schemes are interesting, the entire section is unsourced, and I have been unable to find any independent, reliable sources that utilize, or refer to in any way, these classification schemes. The section is thus likely to be derived entirely from original research (OR), and is thus inappropriate for a WP article. Unless I hear otherwise - that is, unless someone can find, and add, RS for this material - I will remove this section within the next few days. Thanks. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 18:28, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I have made the revision described above, along with other edits to the Population section. I have been unable to find any RS supporting the removed content (and a fair argument can be made that more content merits removal, being apparently derived from OR), but please restore the content if RS can be found. Thanks. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 17:23, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amor asteroid


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Predominance diagram

A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration. Either side of such a line one species or the other predominates, that is, has higher concentration relative to the other species. To illustrate a predominance diagram, part of the one for chromate is shown at the right. pCr stands for minus the logarithm of the chromium concentration and pH stands for minus the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. There are two independent equilibria, with equilibrium constants defined as follows.

A third equilibrium constant can be derived from K1 and KD.

The species H2CrO4 and HCr2O7− are only formed at very low pH so they do not appear on this diagram. Published values for log K1 and log KD are 5.89 and 2.05, respectively. Using these values and the equality conditions, the concentrations of the three species, chromate CrO4(2−), hydrogen chromate HCrO4− and dichromate Cr2O7(2−) can be calculated, for various values of pH, by means of the equilibrium expressions. The chromium concentration is calculated as the sum of the species' concentrations in terms of chromium content. The three species all have concentrations equal to $$ at pH = pK1, for which [Cr] = $$. The three lines on this diagram meet at that point.
 * Green line: Chromate and hydrogen chromate have equal concentrations. Setting [CrO4(2−)] equal to [HCrO4−] in eq. $$, [H+] = $1⁄K_{D}$, or pH = log K1. This relationship is independent of pCr, so it requires a vertical line to be drawn on the predominance diagram.
 * Red line: Hydrogen chromate and dichromate have equal concentrations. Setting [HCrO4−] equal to [Cr2O7(2−)] in Eq. $4⁄K_{D}$, [HCrO4−] = $$; from Eq. $1⁄K_{1}$, then, [CrO4(2−)] = $$.
 * Blue line: Chromate and dichromate have equal concentrations. Setting [CrO4(2−)] equal to [Cr2O7(2−)] in Eq. $1⁄K_{D}$ gives [CrO4(2−)] = $$.

The predominance diagram is interpreted as follows. The chromate ion is the predominant species in the region to the right of the green and blue lines. Above pH ~6.75 it is always the predominant species. At pH < 5.89 (pH < pK1) the hydrogen chromate ion is predominant in dilute solution but the dichromate ion is predominant in more concentrated solutions.

Predominance diagrams can become very complicated when many polymeric species can be formed as, for example, with vanadate, molybdate and tungstate. Another complication is that many of the higher polymers are formed extremely slowly, such that equilibrium may not be attained even in months, leading to possible errors in the equilibrium constants and the predominance diagram.

title: Predominance diagram


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Talk:Zhongyuan University of Technology

Untitled
The hard men`s life Today`s society places unprecedented requirements on men in term of wealth and career.As the society has entered into the `Youth Era`,men feel they must be both rich and charming.So some of them catch in a vicious cycle,and can not stop working.Some of them do not have degrees and always blomed by their wives or enve by themseves.And they live with a large sense of guilt and pain.

Inview of this,men`s lives quality deteriorates year by year.And some one points out ,`Health refers not only to physiological health,but also psychological health and social endurance.`

Fir revitalizing men`sroles in sociaty,the hope is that men will relax their high tempe life and reliscover joys other than making money.

what does this have to do with the article? RickK 02:08, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Zhongyuan University of Technology


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Philander Claxton

Philander Priestly Claxton (September 28, 1862 – January 12, 1957) was an American educator and administrator.

Biography
Philander Claxton was born in Bedford County, Tennessee. He was educated at the University of Tennessee where he obtained both his Bachelor (1882) and Masters of Arts (1887). He continued his studies at Johns Hopkins University, as well as in Germany. Claxton received an honorary Litt.D. from Bates College in 1906.

He became the superintendent of schools in North Carolina (1883–93) and subsequently he became professor of pedagogy and German at the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College from 1893 to 1902, and in 1896 director of that institution's Practice and Observation School. Professor Claxton was also editor of the North Carolina Journal of Education (1897-1901) and of the Atlantic Educational Journal (1901–03). He then moved back to his home state of Tennessee in 1902 to take up the post of Professor of Education at the University of Tennessee, where he taught until 1911.

Claxton was a member of the Southern Education Board, which during the early years of the twentieth century worked assiduously to promote interest in public schooling in the South. At the University of Tennessee, he organized and headed the first Department of Education and served as the superintendent (1902–11) of the Summer School of the South which, during a sixteen-year existence, improved the education of over 32,000 teachers in southern schools.

He had a distinguished career as the United States Commissioner of Education. The United States Bureau of Education became an important branch of the government as under his guidance its role and activities were substantially expanded. As Commissioner of Education under three presidents, Claxton labored through writings and addresses to raise in the public consciousness the connection between improved education and a vigorous and prosperous democracy. He also helped to write the legislation authorizing rehabilitative education for World War I veterans and developed the first plan for federal aid for vocational education.

Claxton continued in the academic education world after he retired from the Commission in 1921. He was provost of the University of Alabama until 1923 when he moved to Oklahoma to become Superintendent of Schools in Tulsa. He held that latter post from 1923 to 1929. In 1930, he returned once more to Tennessee where he again became involved in academic education as the President of the Austin Peay Normal School in Clarksville until he retired in 1946.

While his role was more directly focused on the improvement of schools at the lower levels — for which he has been hailed as the Horace Mann of the South — he exercised considerable influence on higher education. Two of his public pronouncements perhaps best sum up his concern for issues surrounding teacher education: "The state must give the University wise direction, keeping it free from all influences of partisan politics, sectarian bias, social caste, and unrighteous personal ambitions."

and "'The most important work of a college president ... is the selection of teachers, relieving them of all unnecessary duties that may interfere with teaching.'"

Legacy
The Philander P. Claxton Award was initiated by the Tennessee Conference of the American Association of University Professors in 1986 to honor an individual who had made significant contributions to higher education in Tennessee. The recipient is to embody the highest ideals of the academic profession and of the Association.

Claxton also has an elementary school named for him. P.P. Claxton elementary school in Asheville, North Carolina is named for him.

Claxton, Georgia is reputed, by some historians, to be named for Claxton.

Claxton Elementary School in Claxton, Anderson County, Tennessee in 1915 was named in his honor. Still an active school.

title: Philander Claxton


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Cygwin/X

Cygwin/X is an implementation of the X Window System that runs under Microsoft Windows. It is part of the Cygwin project, and is installed using Cygwin's standard setup system. Cygwin/X is free software, licensed under the X11 License.

Cygwin/X was originally based on XFree86, but switched to the X.Org Server due to XFree86 licensing controversy, owing to concerns over XFree86's new software license not being compatible with the GPL.

After a long hiatus following an 8 July 2005 release, the project was revitalised and the developers released a version based on the X.org modular 7.4 release on 12 November 2008 and continue to maintain it.

Features
There are two ways to run Cygwin/X:

In one, an X server runs in a single Microsoft Windows window that serves as the X display, which holds the X root window and all the other X windows in the X session. You use an X window manager to manage the X windows within the display. You can run multiple X servers, each in its own Microsoft Windows window.

The other method is to run Cygwin/X rootless. In this method, each X window corresponds with its own Microsoft Windows window and there is no root window. There is no X window manager; Microsoft Windows' window manager moves, resizes, hides, etc. the X windows.

Uses
One use for Cygwin/X is to provide a graphical interface for applications running on the same computer with Cygwin/X which are designed for the X Window System. Such an application is probably running under Cygwin.

Another use for Cygwin/X is as an X terminal: applications running on another computer access the Cygwin/X X server via the X protocol over an IP network. One can run XDM on the remote system so that a user can log into the remote computer via a window on the Cygwin/X system and then the remote system puts up web browsers, terminal windows, and the like on the Cygwin/X display.

Another common way for an application on a remote system to operate through a window on a local Cygwin/X display is SSH tunneling. An application on the local system creates an SSH session on the remote system (perhaps the application is xterm and the user types an 'ssh' command). The SSH server on the remote system sets things up so that any X client program the shell starts (on the remote system) uses the local Cygwin/X server.

title: Cygwin/X


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IRCnet

IRCnet is currently one of the largest IRC networks. , it has around 25,000 users using it daily. An early 2005 record had approximately 123,110 users simultaneously connected to the network.

History
Between May and July 1996 IRCnet was formed as a European fork of EFnet, when a number of operator disagreements resulted in a group of European admins declaring their independence. The reasons for the "Great Split" as it came to be called, included:
 * a policy disagreement about how much power system operators should have. IRCnet formed with the basis that there should be a set of rules defining what SysOps could and could not do. This viewpoint was opposed by many of the US-based EFnet servers.
 * a technical disagreement on whether the network should use timestamping (TS) or Nick Delay as a means to prevent nick collisions, according to Jarkko Oikarinen.
 * Vegard Engen, one of the European operators, stated that the immediate cause for the "Great Split" was that a major US EFnet hub had been disconnecting  without warning, and thereby breaking the link to the European servers.

Characteristics
Many IRCnet servers state that "IRC is a privilege, not a right". That defines the characteristics of network usage ‒ users are normally not permitted to run bots and should avoid abusive behaviour.

Servers are generally open to users from their geographic locations and do not allow outside connections, however, there are a few open exceptions allowing access to users not covered by any local server.

Strict rules are operated for shell providers regulating, limiting or banning their connections.

IRCnet operates few if any network services to service nicknames or channels. It does implement reop -channelmode that allows channel operators to set hostmasks for users to be automatically "reopped" by the server. This mode is called +R with capital R and supersedes the RFC2811 +r (lower-case r) channel mode, available only on !-channels and settable (not resettable) only by their creators.

All network servers run on IRCnet's ircd with the current version 2.11 (the latest software versions are maintained at IRC.ORG).

IRCnet's channel operators are generally free to run their channels however they see fit without the intervention of IRC operators. IRCops are primarily there to handle network and server-related issues, and rarely get involved with channel-level issues.

To fight nickname collisions when splits occur on re-link IRCnet will use unique IDs. If there are two users with the same nickname on both sides of the network when servers are re-linking then both nicknames will be forcefully changed to unique ID instead to prevent collisions.

title: IRCnet


text:
User:Skaz

Hi I'm from Akureyri in Iceland and I'm a 24 years old guy studying psychology at the University of Akureyri

title: User:Skaz


text:
X-Win32

In computing, X-Win32 is a proprietary implementation of the X Window System for Microsoft Windows, produced by StarNet Communications. It is based on X11R7.4.

X- Win32 allows remote display of UNIX windows on Windows machines in a normal window alongside the other Windows applications

Version History
X-Win32 was first introduced by StarNet Communications as a product called MicroX in 1991. As the internet became more widely used in the 1990s the name changed to X-Win32. The table below details the origination and transformation of MicroX into X-Win32.

A limited set of versions and their release notes are available from the product's website.

Features

 * Standard connection protocols - X-Win32 offers six standard connection protocols: ssh, telnet, rexec, rlogin, rsh, and XDMCP
 * Window modes - Like other X servers for Microsoft Windows, X-Win32 has two window modes, Single and Multiple. Single window mode contains all X windows with one large visible root window. Multiple window mode allows the Microsoft Window Manager to manage the X client windows
 * Copy and paste - X-Win32 incorporates a clipboard manager which allows for dynamic copying and pasting of text from X clients to Windows applications and vice versa. A screen-shot tool saves to a PNG file.
 * OpenGL support - X-Win32 uses the GLX extension which allows for OpenGL Support

Related products

 * X-Win32 Flash is a version of X-Win32 that can be installed and run directly from a USB Flash Drive

Discontinued products

 * X-Win64 was a version for 64-bit Windows, but the extended features in that version can now be found in the current version of X-Win32.
 * X-Win32 LX was a free commercially supported X Server for Microsoft Windows which supported Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX (SFU).
 * Recon-X was an add-on product for all X server products, including X-Win32 competitors such as Exceed and Reflection X, which added suspend and resume capabilities to running X sessions. Features of Recon-X were incorporated into the LIVE product line
 * LinuxLIVE is a LIVE client for Linux systems
 * MacLIVE is a LIVE client for Mac OS X systems
 * LIVE Console is a LIVE client installed with the LIVE server which allows localhost LIVE connections to be made

title: X-Win32


text:
Puppy love

Puppy love, also known as a crush, is an informal term for feelings of romantic love, often felt during childhood and early adolescence. It is an infatuation usually developed by someone's looks and attractiveness at first sight. It is named for its resemblance to the adoring, worshipful affection that may be felt by a puppy. Puppy love typically lasts between 2 months and 2 years, and is thought to be fueled by preadolescent hormones. Some scientists, however, think it is initiated as a result of the natural development of the brain at the onset of preadolescence.

The term can be used in a derogatory fashion, presuming the affair to be shallow and transient in comparison to other forms of love. Sigmund Freud, however, was far from underestimating the power of early love, recognizing the validity of "the proverbial durability of first loves".

Characteristics
Puppy love is a common experience in the process of maturing. The object of attachment may be a peer, but the term can also describe the fondness of a child for an adult. Most often, the object of the child's infatuation is someone years older, like a teacher, friend of the family, actor, or musician, about whom the child will spend their time daydreaming or fantasizing.

A crush is described as a coming-of-age experience where the child is given a sense of individualism because they feel intimate emotions for a person not part of their own family.

In China
In 1950, China promulgated the Marriage Law, which established a new democratic marriage system of monogamy with freedom and equality as the core concept. Among other things, the Marriage Law stipulated that "a man may marry at the age of 20 and a woman at the age of 18." However, since the 1960s, as China's population growth problem became more pronounced and the years of education were extended, the concept of "late marriage and late childbearing" began to be commonly advocated, followed by the formation and stigmatization of the concept of "early love." As late as the 1990s, China continued to crack down on "early love" among college students.

After the new marriage law came into effect in 1980, the legal age of marriage in China was adjusted to "no earlier than 22 for men and 20 for women." The act of "early love" was considered contrary to the policy of the time, and was increasingly rejected by social values and equated with "feudal superstition" and "obscenity and pornography".

In recent years, with the change of family planning policy and the gradual opening of the concept of marriage, the age range of "early love" is basically narrowed down to junior high and high school years. However, under the academic pressure of "one exam for life" and the traditional concept of marriage, schools and parents still have a negative attitude towards the phenomenon of "early love", worrying that the youthful love will take up the energy of the children and have a negative impact on their studies and their health. Therefore, the current social environment is not conducive to early love. Therefore, the current social environment for the phenomenon of "early love" is still based on preventive measures, do not support or advocate, if it happens, the school level may intervene depending on the situation.

Taiwan
The 2022 Child Welfare League study of Taiwan students aged 11-15 showed that:
 * 1) Nearly 40% of junior high school students and over 20% of elementary school students said they wanted to fall in love now
 * 2) 32.9% of children said they had fallen in love, up significantly from 26.6% in 2014;
 * 3) 38.7% of the longest relationship lasted less than three months, 59.1% lasted less than six months, and 22.8% of the longest relationship more than one year;
 * 4) 44.5% thought that falling in love could hold hands and hug, 19.7% could kiss, and 4.2% could have sex.

China
A survey of high school students in a provincial model high school in Sichuan in 2021 showed:

 * 1) 64.9% had not been in love, 27.7% had been in love one to three times, and 6.4% had been in love four to six times;
 * 2) 10.6% were in love, and most of the students who were in love ranked higher in the most recent exam than the last one, different from most teachers' claim that most early love is detrimental to academic performance.

A survey of parents of high school students in Panyu Middle School in Guangdong in 2004 showed that:

 * 1) 23.5% of parents were firmly opposed to adolescent love, 56.6% did not support it, and 16.2% understood it;
 * 2) 13.2% of parents were firmly opposed to high school students dating the opposite sex, 33.8% did not support it, 48.6% did not care or understood it, and 11.8% agreed with it;
 * 3) 43.4% of parents thought that teenagers do not necessarily need heterosexual relationships to grow up;
 * 4) 23.4% of fathers and 12.5% of mothers will interfere and criticize their children after finding out they are in love.

United States
Data from Add Health in the United States shows:

 * 1) About a quarter of 12-year-olds report having been in a relationship, and nearly three-quarters of 18-year-olds report having been in a relationship.
 * 2) Female, older, adolescents with step-parents are less likely to have never been in a relationship, and African-American, Asian, and low-income adolescents are more likely to have never been in a relationship,  while African-American, low-income adolescents, once in a relationship, tend to skip casual dating and develop a stable relationship.
 * 3) Female, older, adolescents with step-parents were more likely to maintain a stable relationship, while Asian adolescents were less likely.
 * 4) Adolescents who were female, older, and from incomplete or low-income families were more likely to have sexual intercourse with a lover.
 * 5) Female adolescents were more likely to report having emotional intimacy, while African-American and Latino adolescents were less likely. Adolescents with more relationship experiences were significantly more likely to be alone with their lovers, to have sexual intercourse, and to report excellent emotional intimacy.

Cultural and entertainment presentation
Western, Japanese and Thai anime, feature films and children's dramas directly depict underage relationships, as seen in Disney animation, superhero comics and many works of Hayao Miyazaki. Western films and television works also focus on the beauty of underage relationships, which also stimulates the intrinsic motivation of the protagonists to strive to become better for each other, and even achieve a two-way relationship that promotes and supports each other.

Mainland Chinese film and television productions tend to avoid underage relationships, but not completely, and occasionally they end in sadness, thus "conveying to the teenage audience the value of staying away from early love". In 2002, mainland China introduced the Japanese animation "Chibi Maruko-chan", deleting the single episode related to the emotional development of the male and female protagonists in their early teens, and altering the male protagonist's final "I like you" confession to "I've always thought you were nice". Underage relationships are often the result of long periods of time together and slow accumulation of feelings in mainland Chinese films and television productions, and are often presented as a distraction from important matters and detrimental to the protagonist's life, in which the parents are treated like enemies and the protagonist often gives in and gives up in the face of external obstacles.

In mainland China, the current General Rules for the Production of TV Series Content, issued in late 2015, the current General Rules for Content Review of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, issued in 2017, and the current Rules for Content Review Standards for Internet Short Video, issued in 2019, all refer to "early love among minors" as " bad behavior", "adverse effects on minors" or "detrimental to the healthy growth of minors", stating that "content showing minors in early love" The content of the "expression of early love" "shall not appear." The current regulation, "Regulations on the Administration of Programs for Minors," published by order of the General Administration of Radio, Film and Television in 2019, also states that "programs for minors shall not" "affirm or approve of early romance among minors."

In popular culture

 * Canadian singer Paul Anka wrote and released the single "Puppy Love" in 1960, reaching number 2 in the Billboard Hot 100.
 * The remake by Donny Osmond peaked at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart and number 3 in the US in 1972.
 * Country singer Dolly Parton's first single, released in the 1950s when she was a child, was also called "Puppy Love".
 * Singer Barbara Lewis released a song entitled "Puppy Love" in January 1964.
 * Australian rock band Front End Loader featured a song called "Puppy Love" on their 1992 eponymous album.
 * Bow Wow released a song called "Puppy Love" in January 2001.
 * Hip hop artist Brother Ali wrote a song about puppy love titled "You Say (Puppy Love)".
 * The electric powwow group A Tribe Called Red released a song titled "Native Puppy Love" on their self-titled album.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote short stories "valuing the intuitiveness of puppy love over mature, reasoned affection...[its] 'unreal, undesirous medley of ecstasy and peace'".
 * TV Girl referenced “puppy love” in their 2014 song “Louise” to describe the girl’s indifference towards affection.
 * Hopper Penn and Paz de la Huerta starred in the 2020 Canadian comedy drama film Puppy Love written and directed by Michael Maxxis.
 * In 2023, Nick Fabiano and Richard Alan Reid directed the film Puppy Love starring Lucy Hale and Grant Gustin.

title: Puppy love


text:
List of Canadian divisions in World War II

This is a list of Canadian divisions in World War II:

 * 1st Canadian Infantry Division
 * 2nd Canadian Infantry Division
 * 3rd Canadian Infantry Division
 * 3rd Canadian Infantry Division (CAOF)
 * 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division
 * 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division
 * 6th Canadian Infantry Division
 * 6th Canadian Infantry Division (CAPF)
 * 7th Canadian Infantry Division
 * 8th Canadian Infantry Division


text:
Talk:Perth, Scotland

Is Perth a city?
Is Perth a city? This article consistently refers to it as being such, but the Scotland article states that there are 6 cities in Scotland, and Perth is not among them. Does Perth have a cathedrale? The nomenclature should be consistent. 129.234.4.10 02:29, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Perth is the former capital of Scotland and, like Brechin, one of the Scottish settlements which have been cities since Time Immemorial. Its alternative title is The Fair City. It was always thought of as a city until the Government decided to change the legislation on cities a few years ago and make an official list of Government approved cities on which it does not appear. Now it is a former city, (like Brechin or Rochester). -- Derek Ross 09:29, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

i'm going to respond to your answer, 129.234.4. yes, Perth does have a cathedral situated at the corner of Athol Street and Dunkeld Road and it should have city status. so should, Elgin, St Andrews, Brechin, Dunfermline and Paisley. i'm against the pro-PC way of thinking. if there is anyone you should blame for Perth's loss of city status, look no further than the Scottish Government. they decide which places became cities or not with or without cathedrals. i would in my opinion, start referring Perth as a city and tell others to do so. 80.192.80.184 (talk) 16:21, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

As a resident in Perth, it does tend to be known as a town now rather than a city on most maps, though some still say it is a city. I'd personally say its a town.  Ross Rhodes (  T   C  ) Sign!  18:54, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Yes it is. It was a city and is again from 2012. Seamusalba (talk) 11:40, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Hooray! So it should be. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 23:01, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Congratulations to Perth for winning this official city status. It seems clear that Perth has long been considered by many to be a city. Nevertheless, I feel that the opening statement of this section must be clarified. I have therefore added a tag to request clarification of the claim that Perth has been historically considered a city (purely to meet Wikipedia standards of verifiability) and has been "since time immemorial". The phrase time immemorial comes from English law and has no meaning in Scotland: it is defined as being any time before 1189, the beginning of the reign of Richard I. This meaning would not fit here, since Perth was not even a burgh at that time, and certainly would not have been called a city by anyone. I suggest that the sentence be re-worded. The claim that the place was historically considered a city needs to be supported by references or should be removed. Alfrew (talk) 01:41, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Redirection of Perth
Why has Perth been redirected here? I thought it was fine as a disambig page, or if it should go to a particular city, Perth, Australia would be the best choice? The fact that there are differences in opinion about this should mean that no one city should have preference in this case. --Chuq 01:49, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. It was decided (by others, not by me) early on in Wikipedia to place a disambiguation page at Perth, rather than having the Australian city there, since the Scotland city was what all the other cities were named after. But to redirect Perth to Perth, Scotland is ludicrous. My city is approximately 27 times the size of the Scotland town. While disambiguating links to Perth the other day, out of over 100 links, I only found about 5 or 6 which were meant to link to the Scottish town. - Mark 04:47, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * After complaints on #Wikipedia (and some application of common sense), I redirected Perth to Perth (disambiguation), which leaves us in the same situation as before, but with a redirect in the middle. When people type in "Perth", they probably mean the state capital of 1.4 million in Australia, not some relatively small "former city" in Scotland. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:51, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That depends very much upon the people concerned. When some type in Perth, they mean the former capital of an independent nation, a settlement with over 2000 years of history which has seen royal assassination, religious strife, military occupation, and has featured in literature more than once, rather than some recent settlement where nothing much has happened since its foundation and whose chief claim to fame is that it is the capital of a large but -- to put it mildly -- sparsely populated state, most of whose population is to be found in the settlement itself. Put it that way and it looks ludicrous to redirect Perth anywhere but Perth, Scotland

 * But let's face it, there are plenty of ways to be rude about either of the Perths and no call for them to be used. Disambiguation is the best answer from an NPOV. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 05:12, 2004 Jul 3 (UTC)

 * There has been a disambiguation page there for over two and half years. I don't want to redirect Perth to Perth, Australia, I just want it back the way it was. - Mark 05:34, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me, Mark. -- Cheers Derek Ross | Talk 05:41, 2004 Jul 3 (UTC)

 * I can't let that "ludicrous" statement go without comment.

 * Look, Mark disambiguated about 150 links to Perth. About 5 were to the one in Scotland, the rest to the large city in Australia. Saying that it would be ludicrous to redirect to what was intended by 97% of actual ambigous links is just silly. Redirects are for getting people to the article they want, and most people don't want the Perth in Scotland.

 * I'm not arguing against the disambiguation. It's just that doing the wrong thing for not very good reasons bothers me.-- Cyrius|✎ 06:32, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, fine. I thought that the original disambiguation was appropriate since both cities are important in different ways and I had nothing to do with changing it to point to Perth, Scotland.  My use of "ludicrous" was merely a rhetorical device, counterpointing Mark's original use to demonstrate its POV nature.

 * The reason that so few ambiguous Perth links were to Perth, Scotland was partly that I, and other Scots, knew about the ambiguity and had already pre-emptively disambiguated most of the Perth, Scotland links and partly that the Perth, Australia article contains a great deal more geographical detail than the Perth, Scotland, and thus is referenced more. There are currently about 75 pages linking to Perth, Scotland and about 300 pages linking to Perth, Australia, so the ratio for all links is nowhere near the 97% which you have stated for the ambiguous links. I don't know how low the ratio has to be before you stop thinking it "ludicrous" to redirect Perth to Perth, Scotland. However I am sure that if I spent as much time writing about Perth, Scotland as Mark and other Australians have done writing about Perth, Australia, I could reach that figure. (Not that I'm going to. It would be pointless since I don't believe that the relative importance of the two cities can be solely determined by the number of links to their articles.)

 * And while we are speculating about what "most" people want when they search for Perth, I would guess that most people looking for historical information about Perth, want the Scottish city, whereas most people looking for geographical information want the Australian city but I don't think that it is so cut and dried that we can make assumptions about what people do or do not want. That is why I, for one, prefer that Perth points to the disambiguation page. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 07:21, 2004 Jul 3 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it was ludicrous to redirect to the city in Scotland. You said it was ludicrous to redirect anywhere else.

 * I'm well aware that it was Mark who made the first claim, not you. I'm also well aware that I didn't say what you claim I did. I said that the the argument could be phrased to make the redirection elsewhere look ludicrous but I certainly didn't say that the redirection elsewhere was ludicrous. I merely wished to demonstrate that its ludicrousness was a matter of opinion; not a matter of objective fact.-- Derek Ross | Talk

 * Redirects are not about importance. Redirects are about getting people to the page they want. Redirecting to the one in Scotland would reduce the number of people getting to the article they wanted, especially before the correction of ambiguous links.

 * I am not arguing against the disambiguation page. I just couldn't take you calling redirecting to the apparently more popular page "ludicrous". -- Cyrius|✎ 20:08, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's always been obvious to me that you are not arguing against the disambiguation page. We all agree that the disambiguation page is required. But I'm surprised that you thought that I said redirection elsewhere was ludicrous. As I explained above, I didn't say that it was, so there's no need to worry. My only point was that the word "ludicrous" shouldn't have been used in the first place. Please read what I said more carefully and you will see that for yourself, I hope. Derek Ross | Talk 06:11, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

 * I took your statement "looks ludicrous to redirect Perth anywhere but Perth, Scotland" on its face, and not as a rhetorical device. I'm pretty sure now that we've been arguing about nothing.

 * Redirecting to Perth, Scotland is the wrong thing to do, but is not ludicrous. The same goes for the one in Australia. On the other hand, one can say redirecting to Perth, New York is ludicrous with some confidence. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:07, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Let's shake hands and move on to more productive work. -- Cheers, Derek Ross |  Talk 07:13, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

 * Just give me a few days to find my remote hand-shaking hardware... -- Cyrius|✎ 07:23, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I've restored the disambiguation page to Perth, where it was originally. - Mark 11:12, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Of course Perth, Western Australia should be the main topic, unless there is a bigger city with as much if not more influence?

Perth Scotland influenced the naming of the Australian city. Its the essentiasl meaning of the word which derives from Scottish languages. Seamusalba (talk) 11:41, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

dab Perth
Hi all just wanted to let you know that i've been dabbing Perth, the list is now below 50 will have it down to hopefully just this page by end month. My appologies if i've dabbed the wrong way let me know i'll fix Gnangarra 13:58, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

How Stupid
I agree that a search on Perth alone should show all centres with the name PERTH whether they are 200 years old or whether they have a population of 2,000,000 or 2.

But what I cant fathom is when time is spent correcting links from the disambiguation page to the article that is object of the link people are going back and removing the disambiguation. Gnangarra 14:32, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Perth - The Name
I know its a sore point with some Editors that other centres are also called Perth.

Given that all of these centres have for various reason been named after the fair city should it be a topic within the article that its the origin of the name for all these other centres. As the other centres acknowledge their naming origins can Perth not take pride in its legacy to other parts of the world. Gnangarra 13:50, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Why on earth should it be a sore point? I'm sure that those other places were named by people who had fond memories of Perth. Naturally Perth takes pride in those other Perths founded in its name. The Perth page contains this information, although not as prominently as it used to, and I think that it would be an excellent idea to add a paragraph on this to the current article. -- Derek Ross | Talk 15:58, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Disambig - Alexanders
Hi I was reading your article and noticed that Alexander links go to disambig pages suggest someone who knows more about the articles check the links, Then consider putting it forward for FAC  Gnangarra 01:35, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

City?
Perth is no longer a city, but PRESTON is? What gives?! Wikipedia should treat it as such --MacRusgail 23:16, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Then Wikipedia would be wrong, and that would be besides the point. Preston is, after all, thrice the size of Perth. Erath 23:22, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Preston may well be bigger, but has neither centuries of historical precedent, nor the same kind of role as a regional centre. --MacRusgail 17:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, blame the government for that. Perth will always be the Fair City to you and me but the bureaucrats do not agree with us. Wikipedia is just reporting the sad situation. -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Why should we have everything dictated to us by such penpushers who stick Caithness, Shetland and Orkney in the Highlands, and leave Argyll and parts of north Perthshire out of it?! I think it says it all. I think nearly all Scots think of it as a "city", so wikipedia should reflect that. --MacRusgail 17:46, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't. As far as I'm concerned, Scotland has four cities and Perth isn't one of them. Marks87 11:56, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep, Aberdeen, Perth, Brechin and ... what was the other one again, ? -- Derek Ross | Talk 06:28, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia should reflect what IS not what we would wish things to be. Perth is, officially, not a city, nor does it have a city or town council and therefore has no corporate existence so we have to say that. We can of course state that unofficially and in popular usage it is regarded as a city.
 * Exile 13:06, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Good news! It seems Alex Salmond wants to make Perth into a city. Lurker 13:08, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Lets hope this type of nationalistic idiocy is stopped. I was brought up in Perth and lived there the majority of my days and it has never been a city. Cities are determined by size and value. Perth is a historic footnote to what a city used to be. Let it go. Tsanuri  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.86.97.232 (talk) 23:56, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

So, according to BBC News 24, 6 June 2007, 19:38 GMT 20:38, Scotland might get a third city, in addition to Inverness and Stirling, without either defined boundaries or local authority council. Seems crazy to me. Laurel Bush (talk) 17:02, 14 January 2008 (UTC).

This is not a disussion forum, please do not use it as one. Lurker (said · done) 18:34, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps I should have said "Drives me crazy". Recent issues of city letters patent (for Inverness and Stirling) create problems as regards what an article about a city might really be about, and as regards use of statistics about cities. If a city lacks boundaries, or any sense of boundaries is very context dependent, then there are tricky decisions to be made as regards whether to use or how to qualify statistics. This seems often to be an issue ignored by other editors, with statistics being quoted without clear regard to original context and as if all statistics within a particlular city article must be about the same area and directly comparable with similar statistics about other cities, whether or not those other cities have clearly defined boundaries. Some 'official' statistics about Inverness as a city seem actually to be about the entire Highland local authority area. Others seem to be about a 'contiguous urban area', such that boundaries will change as and when population densities change (making comparisons over time very tricky). Yet others may be about the Highland Council's 'city management area', which excludes part of the contiguous urban area and includes a very extensive sparsely populated rural area. And how is this for a piece of official fudge? Official sources can be very tempting. Also, they can be very unreliable/misleading, and seem to become increasingly so. Laurel Bush (talk) 13:54, 15 January 2008 (UTC).

i support Perth becoming a city again and let's hope it retains the status

Personal support for the idea of Perth becoming a city is utterly irrelevant to article content. Laurel Bush (talk) 18:29, 19 February 2008 (UTC).

Personal views as to the merits of policies are utterly irrelevant to an article content, but when there brought up on a talk page, all contributers are equally at fault for sharing their opinions. Seamusalba (talk) 11:07, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

From 2012. perth has returned to being a city. Seamusalba (talk) 11:43, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Pre-historic origins
From where comes the pre-historic dating of 7000 BC? It is somewhat odd to me, as I was teached other things at school on European pre-history (of course I might be teached wrong :-)).

Also the wording of the sentence "The name derives from a Pictish word ..." is confusing me. It is probably the name of the city but why it is not in the overview section then. -- Goldie (tell me) 21:38, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * There were hunter-gatherers in the area by then, as shown by several finds of flint tools in the town, but the boat seems to be later and I've not found any references to a Perth hut or midden excavation. A site at Crail shows occupation around 7500 BC, not too far away. Have reorganised the naming into a separate section for clarity, hope that helps. ..dave souza, talk 22:10, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

The Enchanted Kingdom?
I've lived in Perth all my life (37yrs) but I've never seen or heard Perth called that. Anybody clarify? Grievous Angel 15:43, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Me neither (albeit I'm a Glaswegian with a passing interest). Erath 16:31, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree with you guys. I'm removing the text until someone comes up with a reference. -- Derek Ross | Talk 17:12, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Vehicle Code
The vehicle code is given as Glasgow (SA-SJ). I suspect this is incorrect, and is Dundee (SP-ST) that is the correct code for Perth.
 * Fixed

Loswa
Does anybody know where (or perhaps what) "Loswa" was/is in Perth (or perhaps Perthshire)?

I've found it as some kind of place in an old text, but it does't seem to appear on modern maps, and Google isn't much help either. It is possible it is mis-spelt, as the text is from 1851. -- Jza84 · (talk) 00:59, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Could you say a bit more about the context in which it was mentioned? I have a few older books and maps. It could even be an acronym for something. Grievous Angel (talk) 10:17, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's given as a place of birth for someone, as "Loswa, Perth, Scotland" exactly. Perth in this instance may mean the County of Perth, but even so, I've never heard of it and can't find it Perth or Perthshire. It doesn't even look like a particularly Scottish place, so I'm really confused with this one. I'd be eternally greatful if someone cracks this! -- Jza84 · (talk) 14:07, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'd forgotten all about this. No conclusive answer for you from me. I think we can rule out a place name. My best guess would be Lands of Scone…something? Welfare Association, maybe? Note, this is pure guess work! If someone was really poor they might have been born directly into the care of the "poorhouse". A portion of the Lands of Scone were given to provide income for the destitute in Perth. Grievous Angel (talk) 13:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Bridges
"Eastbound vehicles are not permitted to make a right turn onto Bridgend's Gowrie Street" This information may be correct but is it really relevant to an encyclodepia entry? 161.12.7.4 (talk) 10:27, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * For someone wanting to do it, maybe. - Dudesleeper   Talk  12:38, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

I've updated the info about 5th bridge in light of the successful bid by Sustrans for Lottery funding.Auntie suze (talk) 14:07, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I noticed there was a shuffle today in trying to move Perth, Scotland to Perth, Perth and Kinross. It is convention to use the style "PLACENAME, COUNCIL AREA" for Scottish places, but the guidelines do permit the excercise of commonsense and rare exceptions. The article may be one of those instances that an exception is made, perhaps?? -- Jza84 · (talk) 22:05, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There isn't any particular need for an exception. The only reason for the current title is to diambiguate against Perth, Western Australia and the new title would do that just as well. I think it would be a sensible move. -- Derek Ross | Talk 01:34, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't have a strong view on this one. The convention (which I freely admit to revamping for UK places) is at Naming conventions (settlements). I don't have particularly strong views on this particular article myself, but think that those involved with the shuffle yesterday may have. I'm happy whatever the consensus may be here. -- Jza84 · (talk) 01:38, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, . I don't think that the title matters that much either but given the choice... Anyway, now that I have seen who the two "movers" were, I can believe that this might well be one more case of British Nationalists vs Scottish Nationalists, although why the title of this article would matter to either side beats me. -- Derek Ross | Talk 01:51, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Contrary to Ross's vile slander, it has nothing to do with nationalism; and I'm neither a British nor a Scottish nationalist, as anyone who actually knew me would tell you. Perth, Perth and Kinross, is just a stupid name like Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway would be, or Bute, Argyll and Bute. Hard to believe, Ross? These regions are generally stupid, made up a few years ago by some thoughtless pen-pushers; using them in titles just makes me cringe. I've written about this topic lots of times. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 04:52, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * You're quite correct, they do indeed sound silly. However I wouldn't generally include cringeworthiness as an enormously important criterion when considering the rather extreme possibility of breaking with established convention. Moreover, I wonder where this might lead - altering pages such as Lincoln, Lincolnshire, just for the sake of how it sounds to a reader? --Breadandcheese (talk) 05:05, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Why not move Lincoln, Lincolnshire. It's a frankly idiotic name. And why are you dismissing editing a page depending on "how it sounds to a reader"? We are supposed to be here for the readers. However, I'm too busy with other stuff here to get involved in another talk page deabte, so I'll leave the lincoln article to its editors to sort out. This is a textbook common sense vs rules case. Lurker  (said · done) 12:23, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Square pegs for square holes! The convention is not well established either; there have been loads of debates about it, some agreeing with Jz, some with me. Recently, more people have been moving articles, but that doesn't make it established. The fact is, in Scotland these names aren't as well established. It's a national joke that driving up the A9, after driving through the Highlands for like an hour, and half way through the mountains of Badenoch, you get a sign saying "Welcome to Highland". The bulk of my mail the senders still use the sensible old county system. And really, who gives a monkeys what arbitrary regional council a settlement lies in? Why should that be the basis for general guidelines? If "Scotland"'s what offends you, call it Perth, United Kingdom if you like, but Perth, Perth and Kinross is a ridiculous name. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 05:22, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * So, it's a traditional counties issue, rather than a nationalistic one. My apologies for jumping to the wrong conclusion. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:49, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * More of a common sense thing: a random reader in Africa won't be helped at all by Perth, Perth and Kinross, but might, possibly, recognise Perth, Scotland. But seemingly there's a guideline, probably approved by a three to two vote somewhere nobody ever visits except the five editors in question, which purports to mandate the use of the ephemeral modern local government areas to disambiguate places. A guideline will squash mere common sense any day. Angus McLellan (Talk) 10:58, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No three to two vote even. Was added to the guideline page by User:Jza84 (above), with no discussion. I removed it a couple of hours ago. I really feel the when dabbing's necessary we should do what they do in US articles (avoiding their total use), descending from "Place", then "Place, Country", then "Place, Some Region". Doesn't always work though, given that Perthshire and such places are so large. There's a Rossie in Gowrie and in Strathearn (both S. Perthshire), there's a Kinnaird in Gowrie and one in Atholl (both Perthshire), etc, etc. And ... ohh ... for a region like "Highland", taking up nearly a fifth of the landmass of GB, there'll be a big bunch of problems when people start spamming articles on hamlets. I think there's like a dozen Miltons in "Highland" alone. But I digress. A place like Perth doesn't have such problems. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 11:24, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The naming convention was originally for the United Kingdom, but only explained English disambiguation (I think it said use the ceremonial county), which wasn't helpful. However, Scottish places are in council areas and Welsh places are in principal areas so I was bold and put two-and-two together and clarified the issue. Indeed using the Counties of Scotland would have been a breach of WP:PLACE too. I'm all for using council areas to disambiguate (and I think they're fairly well established having not seen any breach of this for a long long time now). I'm also a real sucker for absolute consistency, however I can understand that Perth, Perth and Kinross is an unusual name for an article, I suppose comparable to something like, "City of London, London" or "Manchester, Greater Manchester" or even "New York, New York" (which are correct on technicallity). Remember all naming conventions allow for rare exceptions for common sense issues though; it's made clear in the header. It would be nice if we could obtain a consensus here. -- Jza84 · (talk) 14:38, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Where would that breach WP:Place? As far as I see, it only covers England and Scotland doesn't have any counties currently existing (though going by many of the internet forms about, that isn't all that well known). What's wrong with descending disambiguation? If there's two places in the world, call it X, Scotland; two places in Scotland, call it X, Region, etc? That seems to me the most sensible thing. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 14:45, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

(<-) WP:PLACE states that we do not take the minority view that the historic counties still exist with the former boundaries. This convention REALLY is an established one. If you took this to the wider editting community, I'm sure you'd find that dabbing to the former counties would face very fierce opposition. Besides, Perth isn't in Perthshire, Perthshire was abolished.... That's the rationale behind that.

Also, your proposal doesn't encompass contemporary geographic demarcation. Indeed you propose "PLACE, REGION", well, what regions are you talking about? Regional council areas were abolished, so they're redundant. Others, like "Central Lowlands" don't have statutory boundaries. That's a flawed proposal therefore, and thus not sensible.

Some of your disscussion hints that this may be an Anti-council area thing. I can understand that some of the council areas have terrible names (I live in Greater Manchester - also a terrible name!) but these boundaries are the ones used in modern atlases, gazetteers and in all contemporary official governmental and statistical resources. In a single-tiered local government system, there really isn't any other alternative in my view. -- Jza84 · (talk) 14:57, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * By Region I meant these councils. So, other than that misunderstanding, you haven't said anything against descending disambiguation. Re WP:Place, as it doesn't talk about Scottish councils and old counties, you shouldn't cite it like it does. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 15:08, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * WP:PLACE is for... the "Counties of Britain". Scotland was in both Great Britain and the UK last time I checked!!! I'm sorry, a spade is a spade; there's no way you'll secure disambiguation to the "sensible" traditional counties. The weight of consensus against this that I've seen over the years is just way too strong. Are you going to tell me that Govan is in Lanarkshire for example? Simillarly, disecting my comments as "misunderstandings" when you were called council areas "regions" isn't helpful here either. Be mindful that the Regions of Scotland pertain to something quite specific to a geographer.

 * OK, coming back to some of your points. I'm convinced this is an Anti-council area thing now. You say that people use counties in post, well, the postal counties of the United Kingdom were abolished in 1996 and are known officially as the "former counties". This system has problems with it too, as the postal county actually pertains to whatever "post town" the address goes through. Some settlements can have a postal county that is different to there current/former county. OK, this isn't a sensible approach therefore.

 * You say that the council areas are a "national joke". Citation? How so? You may hold an opinion that the Highlands begin at a certain point, but others may hold a different view. Can you tell me at what point the Highlands definitively begin and the central lowlands stop? No, of course.

 * Also, you say who is interested in what council area a settlement lies, well, I am for one. Council areas help me find out statistics on health, demographics, economics, political representation and a whole host of other things. For better or worse, they are the official subdivisions of Scotland, used by the Scottish and UK governments, as well as the boundary commission. Don't shoot the messenger on that one please, I didn't draw up the boundaries or create the names.

 * All that tackled and put to oneside, I don't see why a tiered dab system is needed, and thus strongly oppose it. It's going to have issues of UK vs. Scotland, as well as mass movements of articles that already use an established convention. Then, why is it just Scotland? Does England use this? What about Wales, Northern Ireland? Will NI use "PLACE, NI", "PLACE, UK" or "PLACE, IRELAND"? No, the council areas are the only way forwards here, with the allowance of occational exceptions. -- Jza84 · (talk) 15:27, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I"m afraid you misunderstood almost everything I've said. The Highlands is a traditional region, it does not correspond with "Highland" in anyone's eyes, not even the pen-pushers who invented the region. Re "Counties of Britain" ... there are no counties in Scotland, the entire thing is about England. I'm just saying you shouldn't try to misrepresent guidelines. Regarding post .... most of my letters do use the old county system, that's just fact; "officials" don't have any say in that, and as it happens Highland Council even send me some letters with "Ross-shire" rather than "Ross and Cromarty" or "Highland". I'm not in favour as you've gotten yourself into believing, of using the old country system (I made a side point that it was more sensible and more established in popular usage, which is not very hard), I just oppose using ridiculous names unnecessarily. Hence descending dab: Place if possible, Place, Country next if possible, then Place, Region next, and so on. I'm still waiting to hear something relevant from you. What's the point of using these cumbersome names if they aren't needed? You can get the council area, lieutenancy area, whatever, from the text and infoboxes. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 15:49, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Cumbersome names like... Deacon of Pndapetzim? - Dudesleeper   Talk  01:10, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Current local authority areas have boundaries shown on modern maps. The old counties do not. County names provide no clear guide to location except for those with memory of county boundaries or old maps (which will not show changes to roads, built-up areas etc). Laurel Bush (talk) 12:12, 24 January 2008 (UTC).

Whatever the general rule for Scotland becomes, the reason for providing a second part to a name is to clearly differentiate the place from other(s) with the same name. The second part of the name should be better known than the first. Beyond this, it matters little what is used, "county" (old or new), region, unitary authority, or nation, so long as it makes it clear where the article is about. For old "county towns" adding the county or region does little for clarity (as Lincoln, Lincolnshire). Perth, Perth and Kinross repeats infomation, whereas Perth, Scotland adds clarity. Finavon (talk) 12:08, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Finavon, could you repost the above at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements)? You've maybe gotten deeper to the core of the issue than I have, and your suggestions would be helpful at that page. That page needs as much input from as broad as base as possible, since it has more implications. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 12:34, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Perth
That old chestnut about whether Perth should be a disambiguation page or redirect to Perth, Western Australia has arisen once again at Talk:Perth. Hesperian 01:53, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Spelling and grammar
I'll be doing a spelling & grammar check on this article. Any changes made will be noted.  Ross Rhodes (  T   C  ) Sign!  21:21, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I have now completed it. Only common mistakes and hardly any grammar issues were found, so to all users ho have edited in this article, good job! :)  Ross Rhodes (  T   C  ) Sign!  21:40, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Perth High Street Picture
As a Perth resident, I'd just like to point out that the view down the High Street in the picture is to the East, not the North. That's because the High Street is side on (perpendicular) to the Tay, which runs North/ South at Perth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.135.147 (talk) 21:42, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed now. - Dudesleeper / Talk  21:48, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Perth Countryside Photos
Hey guys! If you're wanting some photos of Perth's countryside for the article feel free to take a look at some of mine on my profile! I have a few others which I haven't uploaded to Wikimedia Commons yet, but if anyone wants me to then just let me know and I'll go ahead and do it.  Rhodington  ( T   C  )  19:35, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Erm?
"During the middle of the 15th century, the church deliberately fell in disrepair, when most of the revenues were used by David I to fund Dunfermline Abbey."

Third line of "Landmarks". Don't personally know much about Perth, but I do know that David I was king in the 12th century rather than the 15th, and that Dunfermline Abbey was one of his foundations, so I'll change it even though it's referenced. Brendandh (talk) 15:24, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

The list of twin towns separated by commas, with Perth, Ontario, as one of the entries is unhelpful to the reader; I'll alter it if no-one has any objection.Afterbrunel (talk) 20:29, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

City of Perth
Under 'Economy' section, there is sentence: Pedestrianisation of High Street runs from Tay Street to South Street. This should be South Methven Street. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.15.17.238 (talk) 09:51, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It's actually from George Street to Scott Street. Grievous Angel (talk) 17:26, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which indirectly affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Perth, Western Australia - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. — P.T. Aufrette (talk) 18:32, 25 May 2012 (UTC) (copied verbatim from —RM bot text)
 * Please ignore, this was the previous move discussion. The current move discussion is at Talk:Perth (disambiguation) - Requested move. — P.T. Aufrette (talk) 05:44, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Reference
The following statement is unreferenced - Only since the late 19th century has the name of the town itself been fixed as Perth. Just wondering if there was a source for this. Hack (talk) 01:43, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It's been Perth for centuries, at least since being granted royal burgh status hundreds of years ago, anything else since is a colloquial term such as "St John's Toun" a bit like Auld Reekie for Edinburgh or the Big Smoke for London. I've seen rubbish such as St John's Toun was an ancient(!) name for Perth (shamefully used on the city's own football team website) so many times I just give up. --Grievous Angel (talk) 09:56, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * This has now been updated to say - "Perth was referred to as "St. Johns ton" up until the mid 1600s with the name "Perthia" being reserved for the wider area.[4] At this time, "Perthia" became "Perth Shyre" and "St. Johns ton" became known as Perth.[4]". Reference [4] is a Latin map from 1659 that shows the location as "Pert or S Iohns toun" but doesn't really give any more insight. Hack (talk) 04:42, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Requested move
– As per rather a lot of the above, and some very hasty recent closures. I'm called John, you're called John, who's the biggest Johnny etc.? Brendandh (talk) 01:46, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Perth → Perth, Western Australia
 * Perth, Scotland → Perth, Perthshire
 * Perth (disambiguation) → Perth

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Perth (disambiguation) - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 02:00, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

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Requested move 20 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Jerm (talk) 15:56, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Perth, Scotland → – Scotland is a country but Perth is a city in Perth and Kinross, which is a council area, Scotland's equivalent of a county of England. Euanjohnb (talk) 20:27, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose. This is a specifically listed situation at WP:SCOTLANDPLACE; sweeping changes need discussed there, not article by article. —C.Fred (talk) 18:39, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * There is a place on Westray, in the Orkney Islands but it appears to only be a single house and therefore probably not notable and even if it was a WP:PDAB exception would probably be allowed.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:02, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I think people searching for this are going to know it as Perth in Scotland. Perth and Kinross has only existed as an entity for about 45 years, and I do wonder if people outside of the UK will have heard of it (as opposed to the ancient and historic county of Perthshire). This means a search result coming up with Perth, Perth and Kinross might not be that helpful for people searching for the Scottish city. Similarly, I think the double use of Perth would be confusing for people unaware of the council area and so Perth, Scotland is much clearer. Equally Perth is a city (only one of 7 currently designated in Scotland) and a substantial size. There is no other Perth in Scotland that would merit a Wikipedia article or remotely likely to be being searched for on Wikipedia, so anyone looking for Perth, Scotland is going be looking for this article.  I would note as a comparison that there is more than one St Andrews in Scotland, but the University town and famous golf centre's article is just St Andrews, while the parish in Orkney is St Andrews, Orkney. Dunarc (talk) 22:33, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per the reasoning and details of Dunarc JarrahTree 00:23, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Administrator's comment The article was moved against the pre-existing consensus and in spite of the RM here. I have reverted the move and protected the article against further moves for a month. The closing admin for this discussion will determine the eventual location. Timrollpickering (Talk) 16:26, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Streets evolution
"The construction of Smeaton’s bridge in 1771 had a considerable effect on the town centre, leading to the insertion of George Street. In the 19th century St John Street, Scott Street and Kinnoull Street were inserted into the historic centre of the town; Mill Street, North Methven Street, South Methven Street, Canal Crescent and Canal Street were created or widened over the now culverted lade; Tay Street was formed; and substantial suburbs were developed on all sides. The last major insertion into the historic core was King Edward Street in 1904–5, named after Edward VII." - https://tafac.org.uk/perth.pdf - Seasider53 (talk) 22:38, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perth, Scotland


text:
List of Australian divisions in World War II

The following is a list of Australian divisions in World War II, including all divisions raised within the Australian Army during World War II. A total of 15 such formations were established by the army during the war; of these, four infantry divisions served as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, along with one armoured division. Two other armoured divisions were formed as part of the Militia, as well as eight other infantry divisions. The 2nd AIF formations provided the bulk of Australia's deployed forces, while many of the Militia formations were employed mainly for home defence and many were only partially formed before being broken up without seeing combat. Nevertheless, two Militia divisions were deployed as formed units, and elements of several others also fought overseas during the war.

Divisions

 * Headquarters 1st Aust Armoured Division 1941-1943.png 1st Armoured Division
 * 2nd aus armd div.svg 2nd Armoured Division – also known as 2nd Cavalry Division and 2nd Motor Division
 * Headquarters 3rd Aust Armoured Division, 1943.png 3rd Armoured Division – also known as 1st Cavalry Division and 1st Motor Division
 * 1st Division 1st AIF formation colour patch.png 1st Division Australian M3 Grant (AWM 025477).jpg medium tanks of the 1st Armoured Division at Puckapunyal, June 1942.]]
 * 2nd Division 1st AIF formation colour patch.png 2nd Division
 * 3rd aus div.svg 3rd Division
 * 4th aus div.svg 4th Division
 * 5th Division 1st AIF formation colour patch.png 5th Division
 * 6th aus inf div.svg 6th Division
 * 7th aus inf div.svg 7th Division
 * 8th aus inf div.svg 8th Division
 * 9th aus inf div (2).svg 9th Division
 * 10th Div 2nd AIF.png 10th Division
 * 11th aus inf div.svg 11th Division
 * HQ Northern Territory Force Unit Colour Patch.PNG 12th Division – briefly, during 1942–43; otherwise known as Northern Territory Force
 * ( References:  )

Second Australian Imperial Force
A total of five divisions were raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), and this formed the bulk of Australia's deployed ground force during the war. Of these, the four infantry divisions – the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th – were the only 2nd AIF divisions to be fully formed and see active service. The 6th went into action first, fighting its first battle at Bardia in January 1941, and it was subsequently joined in the Middle East by the 7th and 9th Divisions, who fought several campaigns in North Africa, Greece, Syria and Lebanon. While the 8th Division was largely decimated in early 1942 during fighting against the Japanese in Malaya and then taken into captivity in Singapore, and in the islands to Australia's north, the other three infantry divisions fought throughout the war, eventually returning from the Middle East and fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific during the New Guinea and Borneo Campaigns. Initially, it had been planned to deploy the tank-equipped 1st Armoured Division to the Middle East also, but concerns about a Japanese invasion meant that they were retained in Australia for continental defence. Elements of the division did eventually see action in the Pacific against the Japanese, but only after being transferred from the division to other formations such as the 4th Armoured Brigade. Late in the war it was planned to form another infantry division within the 2nd AIF as Australia's contribution to the proposed invasion of Japan. This formation was to be designated the 10th Division – which previously existed briefly as a Militia formation in 1942 – and was to be formed using volunteers from the three remaining 2nd AIF infantry divisions, which would have been broken up, but the war ended before the division was re-established.

Militia
Another 10 divisions were raised or maintained as part of the Militia. This force, also known as the Australian Military Forces, consisted of a mixture of volunteers and conscripted personnel who, by Commonwealth of Australia Defence legislation, could only be deployed for active service within Australia and Australian territories. Of these 10 divisions, eight – the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 10th, 11th and 12th – were predominantly infantry formations, and two were armoured divisions that included tank equipped regiments as well as motorised units and armoured cars. These were the 2nd Armoured and 3rd Armoured Divisions, which had been raised from two previously existing cavalry divisions that had been formed during the inter-war years. The Militia formations were mainly employed in Australia as garrison forces to respond in the event of an invasion, and as the war progressed and the threat of Japanese invasion passed many were only partially formed and or broken up without having seen combat. Both of the armoured divisions were disbanded without serving overseas and of the eight infantry divisions, only two – the 3rd and 5th Divisions – saw active service in their entirety, fighting in the New Guinea, Bougainville and New Britain campaigns between 1943 and 1945. Elements of some other Militia divisions also served overseas, although these divisions were never fully formed. The 11th Division was one such example, with various elements seeing action in New Guinea during the Finisterre Range campaign and on New Britain.