text:
Talk:Alternator

Electric generator
It seems to me that an alternator, as described on this page, is just a local definition for an electrical generator. Steam turbine generators are called "turbogenerators" in North America. Additionally, Gas turbine generators are also called turbogenerators. Alternator is an archaic term in North America for this kind of industrial machine. The "alternator" term is reserved for car and truck electrical generators. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.48.74.181 (talk) 02:46, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Why were these amazing images removed by some troll? Someone restore them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternator&oldid=211659249

Here is the culprit that did it.

(cur | prev) 00:37, 14 May 2008 Wtshymanski (talk | contribs) (17,030 bytes) (copyedit - why are we talking about motors here? two phase can be symmetrical, too - link.) (undo) (cur | prev) 14:01, 11 May 2008 TubularWorld (talk | contribs) (17,805 bytes) (Undid revision 211659222 by 76.226.25.243 (talk)) (undo)

--Ericg33 (talk) 03:51, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Articles are supposed to be about their topics. This article is about alternators, not motors. We don't need the table of speeds twice.  It's very confustion to talk about a rotating magnetic field produced by three-phase stator windings in the contest of an alternator, that description is more usefully given when talking about motors. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:19, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Recurring organizational issues regarding automotive alternators versus AC generators
I notice that the issue has arisen on this page several times since 2006. I propose that this article be rewritten into two pages: automotive alternator and AC electric generator with appropriate cross-links. When both articles are in good shape, alternator can become a disambiguation page. I'm willing to work on this if others think it's a good idea. M Carling 08:20, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, although I'd keep the names as Alternator (automotive) and Alternator (AC generator). Andy Dingley (talk) 09:22, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm neutral on the names. Either your or my suggested names are fine with me. M Carling 15:19, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Merge to Electrical generator
This article has been tagged for merging. Any thoughts? Andy Dingley (talk) 09:57, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe not a merge, but perhaps refactor any content that talks about AC machines in general and then specialize this to automotive alternators. It would be very rare to find a machine described as an "alternator" that wasn't used in a vehicle; larger machines are nearly always called "generator", so we have "standby generator set", "diesel generator", "turbine/generator unit", and so on. Automotive alternators are quite enough for a free-standing article by themselves. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:53, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Although 'generator' is more common now, back in the war of the currents the two terms dynamo and alternator were widely used, as appropriate, and generator was rare. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:55, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, but we don't get a lot of users telegraphing from 1890. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:04, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * We have a perfectly good article title at electrical generator to cover whatever one might wish to say about generation. Alternator and dynamo are clearly distinct, identifiable topics with clear scope that is separate from each other. Why should they be merged, and (given that anything we want to say about generation can be said there already), effectively deleted? Andy Dingley (talk) 23:53, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. -- Chetvorno TALK 12:24, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

Merge from Permanent magnet synchronous generator
Permanent magnet synchronous generator contains a paragraph or two that would be useful here - that article has no references or links and rather than fix it in place, perhaps it should be redirected and merged. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:13, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Just as long as you don't merge it and redirect it and half do the job as you usually do. 86.145.244.183 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:36, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * oppose merge Keep it or delete it. It's either independently notable, or it isn't. Merging an article, because the current article is as yet weak, and that reason alone is a poor reason to merge. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:59, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. Could that article be moved to its own section in Electric generator?--Canoe1967 (talk) 21:59, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Redirect: If I understand it correctly, the permanent magnet synchronous generator is just another Magneto (generator). So, we just redirect that page to Magneto (generator),right? If we change it to a redirect. The last paragraph of Permanent magnet synchronous generator seems to contain interesting information. The rest before the last paragraph are generic information about alternator so we can just discard. If we decide to copy that last paragraph, maybe we should put it under the "Magnetos for power generation" section to elaborate on the disadvantages of using permanent magnet. However, the last sentence of that paragraph can be discarded. Any thoughts? Z22 (talk) 04:37, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Why was valuable moving gif Alternator image removed?
You will not find a better multimedia effect on wikipedia. If you can then tell me. Below is the edit that removed it.

'''(cur | prev) 14:17, 12 December 2012 Wtshymanski (talk | contribs). . (21,196 bytes) (-3,490). . (linearity not required and this whole discussion is beside the point for alternators anyway) (undo) '''

REVERT IT!--Ericg33 (talk) 03:00, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Separation of automotive alternators to new article
This section seems quite extensive to me, enough to merit its own article. While archiving this talk page, I had a quick glance and noticed some debate over this, but I didn't spot any definitive votes over what should be done (as I said, it was a quick glance, so I apologise if I overlooked such a vote). For this reason I'm inviting a vote below on whether this section should create its own article and how.

 * Split as a new article named 'Automotive alternators'. — Sasuke Sarutobi (talk) 21:16, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

 * As previously, split but as Alternator (automotive) and Alternator (AC generator). Andy Dingley (talk) 23:58, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

 * A split is reasonable. I think Andy's Alternator (automotive) is a better target, as these devices are usually just called alternators by most folk, with the (automobile) suffix as the standard WP way of disambiguating similar subjects. --Mark viking (talk) 16:01, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Diagram of a simple alternator with a rotating magnetic core
The diagram in the Principal of Operation section looks really great and it makes easier for readers to follow. However, I'm not sure if it is based on a reliable source somewhere. All sources I have searched point out to another design where the poles are in rotation similarly to this design, but they use two coils, one on the top, the other on the bottom instead of this rectangular armature loop. The two coils are wired serially but having the winding in the opposite direction between the two coils. An example of what I'm talking about is here. My feeling is that the design shown in the diagram in this article would work also, but I couldn't find a reference for it. I hope it is not WP:OR. If anyone know any sources that mention about this simple design, please share. Thanks. Z22 (talk) 17:35, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's complete crap (it's a motor not an alternator). However whenever it's removed, it gets re-added. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:44, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Alternator not motor ...
Why is there a long section in this article about multiphase ac motors? It has nothing to do with alternators and seems completely out of place. If there's meant to be some relevance perhaps it could be made somewhat more explicit. 84.93.97.179 (talk) 16:46, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Proposed change to the article
I would like to propose reorganization of this article a bit to help readers in the navigation. No information is removed (brushless alternators is moved to the right sub-section). Also I would like to add some more info on classification of alternators from a public domain document. I put a draft version of my proposed change in User:Z22/sandbox/draft. Here is the diff. If there is no objection, I will populate the change to this article. Feel free to suggest further changes or edit directly to that sandbox page. When we are comfortable, I will copy the final to the article page. I will put a proper attribution for those contributors. Thanks. Z22 (talk) 00:27, 10 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Since there is no objection to the proposed change, I am populating the change from the draft space to the article. Further improvements can be done directly to the article. Z22 (talk) 05:17, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Rotating Armature Alternator- Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park
I've worked out the wiring of an historic 750 Kw poly-phase poly-dipole Rotating Armature Alternator, part of Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park.

Please see my article for creation "Rotating Armature Alternator" under my username space Douglas Nelson Turner. I've read your following line--

"The revolving armature type is found only in alternators of low power rating and generally is not used."

Still, since my machine is now only an historic interest and relatively low power, would you consider placing a note in your history section, that my 750 Kilowatt alternator may be the most powerful rotating armature poly-phase poly-dipole example, or refer to the main article Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park in your "see also"?

Thanks, Doug.. Douglas Nelson Turner (talk) 17:18, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Wiring details of one machine are probably too specialized for this article ( and may be too specialized for a general purpose encyclopedia); if you've "worked it out", the problems with WP:OR arise, too. When the first machines went into the Niagara Falls generating station, they were the most powerful in the world at the time (much larger than 750 kVA) and had rotating armatures - however, designers quickly realized this was the hard way to do it. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:19, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Please don't put wiring details in this article.

 * These Niagara machines started service August 26th 1895, one month after the Folsom machines started in 13 July 1895.

 * The frequency of the Niagara Falls output was only 25hz. 25hz lost the War of Currents. Folsom was the first to transmit the winner 60hz.

 * The Niagara Falls alternator had only two phases.

Two phase wiring is simple, compared to 3-phase. Folsom was the first to send three phase high power.

 * The power transmitted by Niagara was less than Folsom's

Folsom was the first, 13 July 1895, to send 60hz, three phase, high power(2010hp - two alternators) long distance. Niagara transmitted only 1000 to Buffalo.

 * The Niagara machine's field rotated around the armature!

 * Niagara falls beat us months later on distance, but was still not the wining frequency of 60hz. They were down at 25hz, and not at the better inherent three phases.

The Folsom machines had record power at distance, while using modern phasing and frequency. They helped 60hz win the war of frequencies. The Folsom Machines were the apex revolving armatures and thus deserve note. --Douglas Nelson Turner (talk) 00:59, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I half-rememberd there was something weird about the original Niagara machines and got it wrong - rotating but external field, fixed armature. I don't think the difference in frequency was all that important, nor phasing - once you have a polyphase machine, you can make any set of phases you want ( and Niagara's old machines were connected to a Scott transformer bank for transmission anyway).  Is there something notable in the Wikipedia sense about the Folsom machines that we need to talk about them in this article?  --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:21, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Why aren't you complaining about the lack of Wikipedia sense the Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park article has?  If you think the Folsom powerhouse has Wikipedia merit, you should give its alternators some mention.  Its  alternators are the heart of the park.  It's alternators are the reason the park is a National Landmark!

Folsom held the world record for a while and beat Niagara Falls to the punch.

As I said "The Niagara machine's field rotated around the armature! ". The 25hz frequency was doomed as fatally flawed. Scott transformers reflect an unbalance to the source, when the two phase loads are not balanced. It is impossible to correct for this shortcoming.

This machine was huge for it's time. It has record power as 3phase revolving armature. It is the apex of it's type. If the "Folsom Park" is of note in Wikipedia, then it's record holding alternator should merit note in Wikipedia. This article has a sub-section called "By rotating part". One small historic footnote referencing the Folsom machines, before the sentence "The revolving armature type is not often used." would not hurt. --Douglas Nelson Turner (talk) 05:43, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

 * These armatures, at Folsom, have no coils!

 * Elihu Thomson, in these converted DC machines, took 18 phases down ::::to six then to three. He mitigated the inherent off balanced ::::weight in an elegant way.  The counterclockwise helixes ::::that weave back and forth around the rotors are the most ::::complicated ingenious forms of winding, I've seen.  Have you ::::come across any winding this clever?--Douglas Nelson Turner (talk) 08:56, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No, they've got coils. If you were an ant crawling along the copper bar from one load slip ring to the next, yuo'd completely circumnavigate iron in the rotor. Gotta have coils...--Wtshymanski (talk) 17:56, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Removal of radio as an application?
This article has long had a section on applications with a sub section for Radio alternators. They're not an important means of transmitting radio, but they are an unusual and significant application for alternators, indicating an upper frequency limit and requiring novel construction techniques.

This section is now being repeatedly deleted, despite opposition, by that regular merger and hatchetman of articles, Wtshymanski. Anyone have any thoughts as to whether this section should stay? Andy Dingley (talk) 02:51, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I'd forgotten the Wikipedia policy that anything in an article for 6 weeks is revealed truth and can no longer be revised. Some articles need editing with a hatchet. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:04, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * And your point is? Andy Dingley (talk) 03:18, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

can a 2002 pathfinder alternator work on a 1997 pathfinder
can a 2002 pathfinder alternator work on a 1997 pathfinder — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.235.51.141 (talk) 22:31, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Why is Tesla mentioned?
I don't see the point of mentioning Tesla's alternator in the History section. It was not the first high frequency alternator - Elihu Thomson invented the high frequency oscillator in 1889.,, ,   If we're going to mention radio alternators, it should be either Thomson's or the most notable: the Fessenden or Alexanderson alternators. -- Chetvorno TALK 03:32, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Good point. Its another one of those "Tesla did something" statements you find Tesla fans have sprinkled throughout Wikipedia (I noted a similar statement at Radar). Usually referencing RS on the topic (instead of books on Tesla) cleans up whether Tesla had any significant roll. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 15:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Formula wrong?
Presently the 'Synchronous speeds' section states:

One cycle of alternating current is produced each time a pair of field poles passes over a point on the stationary winding. The relation between speed and frequency is N = 120 f / P {\displaystyle N=120f/P} N=120f/P, where f {\displaystyle f} f is the frequency in Hz (cycles per second). P {\displaystyle P} P is the number of poles (2,4,6...) and N {\displaystyle N} N is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

I'm not sure that this statement is correct. My understanding is that one 360 degree rotation of a rotor pole pair generates one cycle in a stator coil. I suspect that the factor of 2 relates to the ripple after full wave rectification (full wave rectification doubles the frequency).

Also the title, 'Synchronous speeds' is meaningless and does not relate to the contents of the section.

I also suggest that the frequency of the field wave form should be the subject of the formula:

Fs = (N * RPM)/60

Where: Fs is the frequency of the stator coil signal in Hz. N = the number of rotor pole pairs. RPM = the rotor speed in revolutions per minute.

This formula is simpler and easier to follow.

CPES (talk) 13:10, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

Shotgun tagging
I love a shotgun. Hear a rustling in the bush? Blast away - maybe some pellets hit a target. What could possibly go wrong? And it makes you feel so *powerful* - a real boost to the ego.

But if we are tagging WP articles, we should identify particular claims that need stiffening up with a little blue footnote. If anyone has read the references already cited in this article, they'd have a pretty good idea of what alternators do. A stale shotgun tag at the top of the article isn't helping here. Not every paragraph needs a reference, if there's a comprehensive set of references listed in the article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:12, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Shotgun referencing (to hijack your allusion), is equally unacceptable as it does not identify what claim is being sourced from which reference. Each claim requires a reference to a reliable and verifiable source and must be identified with 'a little blue footnote', as you so elegantly put it. For a large reference, like a book, the little blue footnote also requires a page reference to make it easy for others to verify the claim (something that is required by the CS2 referencing style). I grant that tags at the top of articles are rarely acted upon, but they should be followed up.

 * After tagging an article with such a tag, it should be left for a reasonable period of time (possibly a month to three months depending on article size), after which every unreferenced claim (that is: every claim not accompanied by a 'little blue reference') can be deleted as unreferenced. Any editor wishing to restore the claim(s) must provide the appropriate referencing (I.A.W. WP:BURDEN). TheVicarsCat (talk) 17:18, 29 November 2018 (UTC)
 * We don't need to tag every sentence with a little blue number. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:54, 30 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Every separate claim (not necessarily every sentence) requires a reference (and a 'little blue number') identifying the reference supporting it. Anything that is not supported by an identifying reference can be feely removed by anybody. In case you had not noticed: Wikipedia is, generally, not a reliable source of information on anything. That's why the supporting references are important. TheVicarsCat (talk) 11:53, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Which claims do you see that need referencing? --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:08, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Easy one. Every claim that does not currently have a reference (i.e virtually the whole article).

What constitutes, in your opinion, a claim that needs a reference? Are we allowed two sentences in a row that rely on the same reference? --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:56, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Try not to be ridiculous. Of course you are allowed two sentences in a row that rely on the same reference provided, of course, that they are on the same subject. If you have two sentences that make different claims that rely on the same reference then that is what the  construct is for (or use CS2 with "|page=[page]} as required. But I suspect that you know all of this already and are just being awkward. TheVicarsCat (talk) 14:02, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * The unsourced material has now ben removed (apologies if I missed anything). Anyone restoring it, must provide a proper in-line reference covering any material so restored in accordance with the requirements of WP:BURDEN (or a 'little blue number' as Wtshymanski likes to describe them as though they are somehow deprecated). No reference, and it will be deleted again. I shall similarly treat any other article from which you have deleted a 'shotgun tag' in due course. TheVicarsCat (talk) 17:55, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Efficiency
The practical energy conversion efficiency of alternators neds to be mentioned, perhaps with a comparison against d.c. generators. EEye (talk) 11:11, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Dependant on size, bigger more efficient, single, polyphase, frequency or DC. Therefore no one figure. A commonly used value in the rail industry for large diesel/electrical loco gens is 94%.Suckindiesel (talk) 19:51, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Photo caption accuracy
Why does the caption for the first photo mention the Russian empire? To my knowledge Budapest was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1909.Wikigreenwood (talk) 22:50, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

upon a re-read I think I understand what the caption is trying to say, will edit for clarity. Wikigreenwood (talk) 22:51, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alternator


text:
Talk:Billie Burke

Name
Billie Burke vs. Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke b Actually, there's no hard and fast rule, but a person's full name is generally not considered trivia and usually goes first. See Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Mother Teresa, Groucho Marx, and Ringo Starr, and then John Wayne for contrast. As a compromise, I propose following the Groucho Marx example: "Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke, known as Billie Burke" -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 22:29, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Filmography
In 1939 (at age 55) she was chosen to play Glinda, the Good Witch of the North.... Production was actually begun in '38.

A Billie Burke is shown in the credits in many episodes of the TV show, "Topper" (1953) as Henrietta Topper. Other than a host of a classic movie or TV shows program once mentioning that Billie Burke was reprising her film role as Mrs. Topper, there is no mention at all elsewhere about this. How many Billie Burkes are there?

Aooni (talk) 19:04, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There was only one Billie Burke. But there was also only one Lee Patrick (Bogart's "pal" Effie in The Maltese Falcon), who, believe it or not, played Topper's wife Henrietta on the TV show. When she was older, during the TV show (1953 to 1955), Lee Patrick looked and acted very much like Billie Burke.(Main Reference) Billie Burke played Topper's wife Clara in Topper (film), Topper Takes a Trip, and Topper Returns). David Spector 14:35, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Death
Okay, so the article states that she died at the age of 85, but her picture-profile states 84. So which is it?

Bisexual?
in 2009 biography about Billie Burke, 'Mrs. Ziegfeld', it says that she had affairs with women. is that true?--68.51.87.188 (talk) 15:28, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

File:1 Billie Burke best 800.jpg Nominated for Deletion

 * I was just going to comment on the excellent and beautiful photos in this article, and how they provided a marvelous opportunity for a bot to come along and force them all to be deleted. And, here we are! Stupid bots, tricking editor into deleting legal photos not provably under defended copyright. David Spector (user/talk) 20:02, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Main image
Hi, Don't you think that File:Studio publicity Billie Burke.JPG would be better? Regards, Yann (talk) 21:29, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * They're both good. But I think the linked one is a bit too stark, with its black background, so not as natural. --Light show (talk) 23:23, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * And what about File:Billie Burke 15826u.jpg? Much bigger, and without writing. Regards, Yann (talk) 21:12, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Year of Birth
IMDb lists her birth year as (both) 1884 and 1885. Is there a source to confirm one or the other?AlexanderSoul (talk) 15:27, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Billy Burk’s Residence
Billy Burke lived in Hastings-on-Hudson NY and not Hastings NY. 71.183.235.219 (talk) 21:05, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Billie Burke's accent
I've been reading various newspaper accounts about Billie Burke's pronunciation but there're no more or less scientific descriptions of her accent. The newspaper articles point out that her pitch was quite high. Was her pitch quite high because of her extremely British accent?

The bad quality of the recordings with her voice impedes analysing her non-rhoticity. Was her accent consistently and totally non-rhotic?

I suggest that the users @RoachPeter, @HarrySONofBARRY, @Wolfdog, @LakeKayak, @YanisBourgeois, @Mutt Lunker, @Nardog should participate in the present discussion. In general, the question is not whether Burke's speech was consistently non-rhotic and British but whether it's possible to classify her accent as Mid-Atlantic or not. All in all, I've not found a reliable scientific source, concerning her accent, so the users of Wikipedia should remove the sentence with a link to the article about the Transatlantic accent. The so-called non-rhoticity of Transatlantic accent didn't exist (read Nancy Elliot's dissertation on the American non-rhoticity), so I ask the users of Wikipedia to remove the incorrect passages about non-rhoticity in the Wikipedian article about the Transatlantic accent. Роман Сергеевич Сидоров (talk) 10:42, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Billie Burke


text:
Lebach

Lebach is a town in the district of Saarlouis, in Saarland, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km northeast of Saarlouis, and 20 km north of Saarbrücken. As of 2020, its population was 18,828.

Inhabitants
(31 December)

Mayors

 * 1978–2006: Nikolaus Jung, CDU (died 2013)
 * 2006–2012: Arno Schmidt, CDU (died 2012 )
 * since 2013: Klauspeter Brill, independent

On January 22, 2006 Arno Schmidt (CDU) won the election against Jürgen Barke (SPD). Arno Schmidt died in 2012 at the age of 60. Klauspeter Brill was elected as mayor on May 26, 2013.

Transport
Its station is a terminus for the Lebach–Völklingen railway, today part of the Saarbahn.

Daycare centers

 * Day care center Aschbach
 * Daycare Dörsdorf
 * Daycare Lebach
 * Daycare Steinbach
 * Daycare Thalexweiler
 * Kindergarten Herz-Jesu Gresaubach
 * Cath. Kindergarten St. Donatus, Landsweiler
 * Cath. Kindergarten Hl. Dreifaltigkeit and St. Marien, Lebach
 * Day care center "St. Nikolaus", Lebach

Elementary schools

 * Elementary school Landsweiler
 * Elementary school Lebach
 * Elementary school Steinbach
 * Nikolaus-Groß-School Lebach

High schools

 * Geschwister-Scholl High School Lebach
 * Johannes-Kepler High School Lebach

Community schools

 * Theeltalschule Lebach
 * Nikolaus-Groß-Schule Lebach

Vocational school

 * BBZ Lebach

Notable people

 * Rainer Bastuck (born 1960), racing driver and entrepreneur
 * Nadine Schön (born 1983), politician (CDU)

Personalities who work, worked or died in the town

 * Günther Kastenfrosch (born 1872), international celebrity, lives under the Breeck
 * Klaus Steinbach (born 1953), swimming sportsman, lives in Lebach

title: Lebach


text:
Baron St Oswald

Baron St Oswald, of Nostell in the West Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1885 for the industrialist and Conservative politician Rowland Winn, a former Member of Parliament for North Lincolnshire. His son, the second Baron, represented Pontefract in the House of Commons. His grandson, the fourth Baron, held junior ministerial positions in the Conservative administrations of Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home and also sat as a Member of the European Parliament. the title is held by the latter's nephew, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999.

The family seat is Nostell Priory, near Crofton, West Yorkshire. The house was handed over to the National Trust in 1953 but is still the home of the Barons St Oswald.

Barons St Oswald (1885)

 * Rowland Winn, 1st Baron St Oswald (1820–1893)
 * Rowland Winn, 2nd Baron St Oswald (1857–1919)
 * Rowland George Winn, 3rd Baron St Oswald (1893–1957)
 * Rowland Denys Guy Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald (1916–1984)
 * Derek Edward Anthony Winn, 5th Baron St Oswald (1919–1999)
 * Charles Rowland Andrew Winn, 6th Baron St Oswald (b. 1959)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Rowland Charles Sebastian Henry Winn (b. 1986)

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Rowland Winn, 1st Baron Saint Oswald (1820—1893)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Rowland Winn, 2nd Baron Saint Oswald (1857—1919)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Rowland George Winn, 3rd Baron Saint Oswald (1893—1957)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Rowland Denys Guy Winn, 4th Baron Saint Oswald (1916—1984)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Derek Edward Anthony Winn, 5th Baron Saint Oswald (1919—1999)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Rowland Andrew Winn, 6th Baron Saint Oswald (b. 1959)
 * (1) Hon. Rowland Charles Sebastian Henry Winn (b. 1986)
 * Hon. Charles John Frederick Winn (1896—1968)
 * (2) Michael Peter Anthony Winn (b. 1933)
 * (3) Charles Michael Anthony Winn (b. 1967)
 * (4) Henry Charles Knowlton Winn (b. 2008)
 * Hon. Cecil Henry Winn (1866—1934)
 * Major Henry John Winn (1914—1991)
 * (5) Martin John Winn (b. 1961)
 * (6) Hugo John Winn (b. 1991)
 * Geoffrey Mark Victor Winn (1918—2008)
 * (7) Geoffrey George Winn-Darley (b. 1966)

title: Baron St Oswald


text:
Urial

The urial (Ovis vignei), also known as arkars, shapo, or shapu, is a wild sheep native to Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Taxonomy
Ovis vignei was the scientific name proposed by Edward Blyth in 1841 for wild sheep in the Sulaiman Mountains. The specific name honours Godfrey Vigne (1801–1863).

The vignei subspecies group consists of six individual subspecies:

 * Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei): India (Ladakh), northern Pakistan, Kashmir
 * Transcaspian urial (Ovis vignei arkal): Ustjurt-Plateau (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, northern Iran) and western Kazakhstan
 * Blanford's urial or Baluchistan urial (Ovis vignei blanfordi): Pakistan (Balochistan)
 * Bukhara urial (Ovis vignei bochariensis): Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan

 * Afghan urial or Turkmenian sheep (Ovis vignei cycloceros): southern Turkmenistan, eastern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (north Balochistan)
 * Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis): provincial animal of Punjab, Pakistan

Characteristics
Urial males have large horns, curling outwards from the top of the head turning in to end somewhere behind the head; females have shorter, compressed horns. The horns of the males are up to 100 cm long. The shoulder height of an adult male urial is between 80 and 90 cm.

Distribution and habitat
The urial is native to montane areas in the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush and Himalayas up to an elevation of 4500 m. It is distributed from northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and southwestern Kazakhstan to northern Pakistan and Ladakh in northwestern India. It prefers grassland, open woodland and gentle slopes, but also inhabits cold arid zones with little vegetation.

Behaviour and ecology
The mating season begins in September. Rams select four or five ewes, which give birth to a lamb after a gestation of five months.

title: Urial


text:
Shapo

Shapo may refer to:

 * Denis Shapovalov (born 1999), nicknamed Shapo, Canadian tennis player
 * Urial, or shapo, a species of Asian wild sheep
 * Shapo Reservoir, Hainan, China
 * Shapo, a 2011 DSiWare game

title: Shapo


text:
Talk:Laconia incident

Time in prison
Dönitz did serve that long in prisson. The 10 years and 20 days part is from his book. Quoting from the article on him: " His memoirs, Zehn Jahre, Zwanzig Tage ("Ten Years and Twenty Days"), appeared in Germany in 1958 and became available in an English translation the following year. This book recounted Dönitz's experiences as U-boat commander (ten years) and President of Germany (20 days)" He was imprissoned from May 1945 to October 1956.

NPOV Dispute
Someone added the POV dispute tag to this page, but neglected to comply with the linked policy, which states
 * "If you add the above code to an article which seems to you to be biased, but there is no prior discussion of the bias, you need to at least leave a note on the article's talk page describing what you consider unacceptable about the article."

If a description of what is considered acceptable is not added by 1 February 2005, I will remove the tag. ➥the Epopt 14:13, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

No description of what whoever-it-was considers unacceptable — no tag. ➥the Epopt 03:57, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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PB4Y or Liberator?
This article in de: claims that the plane piloted by Harden was a PB4Y. Is there a source for the aircraft's type? --2003:EA:E714:4E12:30DE:E0C9:8EA4:33DA (talk) 04:45, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laconia incident


text:
Cam timer

A cam timer or drum sequencer is an electromechanical system for controlling a sequence of events automatically. It resembles a music box with movable pins, controlling electrical switches instead of musical notes.

Description
An electric motor drives a shaft on which is arranged a series of cams or a drum studded with pegs along its surface. Associated with each cam is one or more switches. The motor rotates at a fixed speed, and the camshaft is driven through a speed reducing gearbox at a convenient slow speed. Indentations or protrusions on the cams operate the switches at different times. By arrangement of the cams and switches, complex sequences of opening and closing switches can be made. The switches then operate different elements of the controlled system - for example motors, valves, etc.

A programmer may change or rearrange (reprogram) peg or cam positions. Much like the pegs in a music box cylinder activate the notes, in a drum sequencer, as the drum of the sequencer spins, the pegs run across switches activating machine processes. The placement of the pegs along the length of the cylinder determine which switch along the length of the drum it will activate. Where the peg lies along the circular circumference of the drum determines at what point in the spin of the drum the peg will activate the switch. By controlling the timing and sequence of switches, the drum performs repetitive switching operations.

Most cam timers use a miniature mains synchronous motor to rotate the mechanism at an accurate constant speed. Occasionally more complex timers with two motors are seen.

A drum sequencer is a re-programmable electromechanical timing device used to activate electric switches in repetitive sequences. Primarily, these sequencers were used in industrial applications to enable automated manufacturing processes.

Uses
Cam timers and drum sequencers were primarily used with industrial machines to control repetitive sequencing operations. The cam followers often operated hydraulic valves. Cam timers in industry were superseded with the introduction of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which offer improved flexibility and more complicated control logic functions. In consumer products like washing machines, they were replaced with ASICs or microcontrollers.

The most common use for cam timers is in automatic washing machines, where they are used to drive the washing sequence according to a pre-programmed pattern. They are gradually being superseded by microprocessor-controlled systems, which have greater versatility, and thus can more easily respond to various feedback.

Another example is the usage in electromechanical pinball machines, where the Cam timer is also known as a 'Score Motor'

Methods used to increase control
The most basic type of cam timer rotates continually, which is not suitable when needing to wait for events that occur at variable times.

With washing machine cam timers, it is necessary to wait a variable amount of time (for example waiting for a tank of water to heat up to a preset temperature). To achieve this, the cam motor subjects itself to control by one of its switches. The timer sequence switches the cam motor off, and the motor is started again by the signal from the thermostat when the required temperature is reached.

Usually washing machines thermostats have fewer fixed temperature detection points than the number of wash temperatures used. For intermediate temperatures, the cam mechanism uses the stop and wait method to heat to the nearest temp below the one desired, then uses only fixed timing of the heating element to increase the water to the desired temperature.

Some cam timers also have a fast forward mode, where applying power to a point on the controller causes rapid advance of the mechanism. This is often seen on washing machine controllers. Rapid advance can be achieved by moving of gearing, which may be triggered by various means.

Using feedback and external time delay and other sensory circuits, it is possible to build an electromechanical state machine using a cam timer. These are common in washing machines, where the cam timer runs in phases, but also stops and waits for external signals such as a fill level sensor, or a water heating temperature sensor.

Replacement with electronic controllers
While still fairly popular, cam timers are mechanical and hence subject to wear and reliability problems. Their reliability record remains good, but there is always some failure rate with mechanical switch contacts.

Electronic controllers have largely replaced cam timers for most applications, primarily to reduce costs, and also to maximize product features.

Cam timers don't have the greater degree of flexibility that CPU-based controllers provide. As well as offering more wash program variations, a CPU based washing machine controller can respond to malfunctions, automatically initiate test cycles, reducing manufacturing costs, and provide fault codes in the field, again reducing repair costs, and providing feedback on real world failure rates and causes. All of these reduce manufacture and business costs.

title: Cam timer


text:
List of Academy Awards ceremonies

This is a list of Academy Awards ceremonies.

This list is current as of the 96th Academy Awards ceremony held on March 10, 2024.

Venues

 * 1929: The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel
 * 1930–1943: Alternated between the Ambassador Hotel and the Biltmore Hotel
 * 1944–1946: Grauman's Chinese Theatre
 * 1947–1948: Shrine Auditorium
 * 1949: Academy Award Theater
 * 1950–1960: Pantages Theatre
 * 1961–1968: Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
 * 1969–1987: Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
 * 1988–2001: Alternated between the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion and the Shrine Auditorium
 * 2002–2020, 2022-present: Dolby Theatre (also known as Kodak Theatre, 2002–2011; Hollywood and Highland Centre, 2012)
 * 2021: Union Station

Ceremonies
Beginning with the 7th Academy Awards, held in February 1935, each year's awards are presented for films that were first shown during the full preceding calendar year from January 1 to December 31 in Los Angeles County, California. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31. For the 6th ceremony, held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933.

When citing each ceremony, Academy conventions may either list the year(s) of its eligibility period, or the year in which the ceremony was actually held.

Multiple ceremonies hosted
The following individuals have hosted (or co-hosted) the Academy Awards ceremony on two or more occasions.

Nominated hosts
The following individuals have hosted (or co-hosted) the Academy Awards ceremony on the same year in which the individual was also a nominee.

title: List of Academy Awards ceremonies


text:
Maibara Station

Maibara Station (米原駅) is an interchange passenger railway station located in the city of Maibara, Shiga, Japan. On the border between West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), it is jointly operated by both companies, along with the private railway operator Ohmi Railway. It is also a freight depot for the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).

Lines
Maibara Station is served by the JR West Hokuriku Main Line and the Biwako Line section of the Tōkaidō Main Line. It is also served by the JR Central Tōkaidō Shinkansen and the JR Central portion of Tōkaidō Main Line towards Ōgaki and Gifu. It is 445.9 kilometers from Tokyo Station and is the southern terminus of the 176.6 kilometer Hokuriku Main Line to Kanazawa. It is also the terminus for the 44.7 kilometer Ohmi Railway Main Line to Kibukawa.

JR
The JR portion of the station consists of three island platforms with six tracks for the Tōkaidō Line and the Hokuriku Line. There is an island platform, and a side platform with five tracks for the Tōkaidō Shinkansen.

Ohmi Railway
The Ohmi Railway portion of the station consists of one island platform serving two tracks.

History
Maibara Station opened on 1 July 1889 as a station on the Japanese Government Railway (JGR) Tōkaidō Line, which became the Japan National Railways (JNR) after World War II. The Ohmi Railway began operations of 15 March 1931. The station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) on 1 April 1987 due to the privatization of the JNR.

Station numbering was introduced to the JR West and JR Central platforms in March 2018 with Maibara being assigned station number JR-A12 for the Biwako Line and CA83 on the JR Central network.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2018, the JR West portion of the station was used by an average of 5,514 passengers daily, the JR Central portion by 7,240 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The Ohmi Railway portion of the station was used by 1,069 passengers daily (boarding passengers only) in 2015.

Surrounding area

 * Maibara City Society of Commerce
 * Shiga Prefectural Cultural Industry Exchange Center
 * Shiga Prefectural Maibara High School
 * Yanmar Central Research Institute

title: Maibara Station


text:
Cape Reinga

Cape Reinga (sometimes spelled Rēinga, Te Rerenga Wairua), and officially Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga Wairua, is the northwesternmost tip of the Aupōuri Peninsula, at the northern end of the North Island of New Zealand. Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia.

In Māori, Te Rerenga Wairua means the leaping-off place of spirits. Reinga is the Māori word for underworld. Both refer to the Māori belief that the cape is the point where the spirits of the dead enter the underworld.

Cape Reinga is on the tentative list of UNESCO waiting to receive World Heritage Site status. , the cape is already a favourite tourist attraction, with over 120,000 visitors a year and around 1,300 cars arriving per day during peak season. Visitor numbers are growing by about five percent a year, and the increase is likely to become even more now that the road to the cape is fully sealed.

Geography

Cape Reinga is generally considered the separation marker between the Tasman Sea to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. From the lighthouse it is possible to watch the tidal race, as the two seas clash to create unsettled waters just off the coast. The Māori refer to this as the meeting of Te Moana-a-Rehua, 'the sea of Rehua' with Te Tai-o-Whitirea, 'the sea of Whitirea', Rehua and Whitirea being a male and a female respectively. The cape is often mistakenly thought of as being the northernmost point of the North Island, and thus, of mainland New Zealand. However, North Cape's Surville Cliffs, 30 km east of Cape Reinga are 3 km further north. Another headland just to the west of Cape Reinga is Cape Maria van Diemen, which was named by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman during his journey in 1642 and thought of by him to be the northernmost point of the newly discovered country he named 'Staten Landt'.

Access
Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia. State Highway 1 extends all the way to the cape, but until 2010 was unsealed gravel road for the last 19 km. Suitable vehicles can also travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Kauaeparaoa Stream (Te Paki Stream) stream bed.

The cape is also the northern terminus of the Te Araroa hiking trail.

Māori mythology
According to mythology, the spirits of the dead travel to Cape Reinga on their journey to the afterlife to leap off the headland and climb the roots of the 800-year-old pōhutukawa tree and descend to the underworld to return to their traditional homeland of Hawaiki, using the Te Ara Wairua, the 'Spirits' pathway'. At Cape Reinga they depart the mainland. They turn briefly at the Three Kings Islands for one last look back towards the land, then continue on their journey.

A spring in the hillside, Te Waiora-a-Tāne (the 'Living waters of Tāne'), also played an important role in Māori ceremonial burials, representing a spiritual cleansing of the spirits, with water of the same name used in burial rites all over New Zealand. This significance lasted until the local population mostly converted to Christianity, and the spring was capped with a reservoir, with little protest from the mostly converted population of the area. However, the spring soon disappeared and only reappeared at the bottom of the cliff, making the reservoir useless.

Restoration

In 2007 protests by Māori and increased tourist numbers led the Department of Conservation to announce that the public carpark and toilet facilities, which intrude on traditionally sacred ground, would be moved further away from the cape and extended, at a cost of NZ$6.5 million (for details, see external links below). The road to the cape, one of the last stretches of State Highway 1, was only recently sealed following three years of work and include extensive roadside revegetation with over 150,000 plants to prevent erosion. In March 2009, the works on the visitor facilities were completed.

Climate
Cape Reinga has a very mild oceanic climate (Cfb) with high precipitation and little temperature difference between the seasons.

Lighthouse
The lighthouse at Cape Reinga was built in 1941 and first lit during May of that year, replacing a lighthouse located on nearby Motuopao Island, which had been built 1879. In 1987, the lighthouse was fully automated and the lighthouse keepers were withdrawn. The previous 1000 watt light and its revolving Fresnel lens have since been replaced with a tiny 50 watt flashing beacon, lodged in their place in the huge lantern.

title: Cape Reinga


text:
BSU

BSU may refer to:
 * Bangladesh Students Union, a political organization in Bangladesh
 * Baluchistan States Union, a province of Pakistan that existed from 1952 to 1955
 * Baptist Student Union
 * Behavioral Science Unit, the former name for the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Analysis Unit
 * BISU Union, the Student Union of Beijing International Studies University (BISU)
 * British Seafarers' Union
 * Britannia Staff Union
 * Federal Bureau for Maritime Casualty Investigation (Bundesstelle für Seeunfalluntersuchung, BSU)
 * $$\operatorname{BSU}(n)$$, Classifying space for special unitary group
 * $$\operatorname{BSU}$$, Classifying space for infinite special unitary group

Universities
 * Baku State University
 * Ball State University, Indiana, USA
 * Batangas State University Apolinario R. Apacible School of Fisheries (BatSU)
 * Bath Spa University, UK
 * Beijing Sport University
 * Belarusian State University
 * Bemidji State University
 * Benguet State University (BengSU)
 * Boise State University, Idaho, USA
 * Bowie State University, Maryland, USA
 * Bukidnon State University (BukSU)
 * Bulacan State University (BulSU)
 * Bridgewater State University, Massachusetts, USA

title: BSU


text:
76th Academy Awards

The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Joe Roth and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the eighth time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 72nd ceremony held in 2000. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel & Spa in Pasadena, California held on February 14, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jennifer Garner.

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for Peter Jackson and Best Picture. Other winners included Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World and Mystic River with two awards and The Barbarian Invasions, Chernobyl Heart, Cold Mountain, Finding Nemo, The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, Harvie Krumpet, Lost in Translation, Monster, and Two Soldiers with one. The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched telecast in four years.

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 76th Academy Awards were announced on January 27, 2004, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and the actress Sigourney Weaver. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King received the most nominations with eleven; Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World came in second with ten.

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 29, 2004. With eleven awards, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King tied with Ben-Hur and Titanic as the most awarded films in Oscar history. Moreover, its clean sweep of its eleven nominations surpassed Gigi and The Last Emperor's nine awards for the largest sweep for a single film in Oscar history. The film was also the tenth film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. Best Director nominee Sofia Coppola became the first American woman and third woman overall to be nominated in that category. By virtue of her father, Francis Ford Coppola and her grandfather, Carmine's previous wins, her victory in the Original Screenplay category made her the second third-generation Oscar winner in history. At age thirteen, Best Actress nominee Keisha Castle-Hughes became the youngest nominee in that category until being surpassed by Quvenzhané Wallis, who was nine at the time of her nomination, in 2013. With Sean Penn and Tim Robbins's respective wins in the Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories, Mystic River became the fourth film to win both male acting awards.

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡).

Academy Honorary Award

 * Blake Edwards In recognition of his writing, directing and producing an extraordinary body of work for the screen.

Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed individual numbers.

Ceremony information
In light of the record low viewership from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy sought to make several changes and hire a new producer for the upcoming show. AMPAS announced that unlike previous years where the ceremony typically was held in either late March or early April, the festivities would be held in late February. AMPAS director of communications John Pavlik explained that the purpose of moving the telecast a month earlier was "to bolster the ceremony's sagging television ratings and protect the Oscar's status as the nation's pre-eminent awards event." Despite several Academy officials denying such reasons, some industry insiders speculated that the earlier Oscar date was also implemented to mitigate the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios. This marked the first time since the 14th ceremony that the awards were held outside the aforementioned time frame.

In August 2003, the Academy hired film producer Joe Roth to oversee production of the ceremony. The following month, Roth recruited veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to emcee the awards gala for the eighth time. To stir interest surrounding the awards, Roth produced three trailers promoting the ceremony that each was set to different pop tunes (Madonna's "Hollywood", OutKast's "Hey Ya!", and Pink's "Get the Party Started"). The trailers contained clips of previous ceremonies with slogans such as "Expected the unexpected" and "It's Oscar night" occasionally flashing between scenes. These promotional spots were shown at movie theaters, on several cable channels, and at participating Blockbuster stores. The Academy also granted talk show host Oprah Winfrey unprecedented access to rehearsals and meetings as part of a month-long series on her eponymous talk show covering behind the scenes preparation of the telecast.

MPAA ban on screeners
In September 2003, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) initially banned distribution of screeners to awards groups, citing fears of piracy. Many independent film studios and prominent film directors objected to this decision charging that this would hurt smaller films for Oscar consideration since they heavily rely on screeners to lure Academy members' attention. The following month, AMPAS and the MPAA reached an agreement in which Academy members would receive the screeners on the condition that they keep them out of reach from people unaffiliated with AMPAS. In December 2003, a federal judge in New York overturned the ban citing that it violated federal antitrust laws.

Box office performance of nominated films
At the time of the nominations announcement on January 27, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $638 million with an average of $127 million per film. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.3 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Seabiscuit ($120.2 million), Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World ($85.3 million), Mystic River ($59.1 million), and finally Lost in Translation ($34.8 million).

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 45 nominations went to 10 films on the list. Only Finding Nemo (1st), The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King (2nd), Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (3rd), Seabiscuit (16th), Something's Gotta Give (21st), The Last Samurai (23rd), Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (31st), Brother Bear (32nd) Cold Mountain (37th), and Mystic River (46th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting.

Tape delay implementation
In light of the controversy surrounding the halftime show during Super Bowl XXXVIII, network ABC implemented a five-second tape delay to ensure that profanity and obscenity were not seen or heard. AMPAS president Frank Pierson protested this decision in a written statement, stating, "Even a very brief tape-delay introduces a form of censorship into the broadcast—not direct governmental control, but it means that a network representative is in effect guessing at what a government might tolerate, which can be even worse." In response, producer Joe Roth reiterated that censorship would only be applied to profanity and not political speeches.

Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Chicago Tribune television critic Steve Johnson lamented that the show "felt almost numbingly familiar and disappointingly genteel." He also criticized broadcaster ABC's decision to implement the five-second tape delay. Tom Shales of The Washington Post quipped that the ceremony "was about as entertaining as watching Jell-O congeal." He also added that the lack of surprises among the awards contributed to the dull atmosphere of the telecast. Columnist Tim Goodman of San Francisco Chronicle bemoaned, "The 76th annual Academy Awards dragged on without much drama or comedy, sucking the life out of the event even while it was doing justice to the masterpiece that is The Lord of the Rings."

Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised Crystal's hosting performance saying that he "has located the perfect middle ground between Steve Martin's adroit silliness and Whoopi Goldberg's unapologetic hamminess." On the show itself, he said that it "managed to do what Hollywood may not have: convince us that this was a great year for the movies." Film critic Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer wrote that the show was "the funniest and least tedious in memory." He also extolled producer Joe Roth by concluding, "As far as this old critic's concerned, Mr. Roth, you did a fine job." USA Today critic Robert Bianco commented that despite the lack of suspense due to the Lord of the Rings sweep of the awards "Crystal was able to lace funny bits throughout the evening." He further lauded the show as "more glamorous and upbeat than last year's war-muted event, and decently paced."

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 43.56 million people over its length, which was a 26% increase from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 73.89 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 26.68% of households watching over a 41.84 share. In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 15.48 rating over a 38.79 share among viewers in that demographic. It was the highest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since the 72nd ceremony held in 2000.

In July 2004, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 56th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Louis J. Horvitz's direction of the telecast.

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by Academy President Frank Pierson. The montage featured an excerpt of "The Love of the Princess" from The Thief of Bagdad, composed by Miklós Rózsa (Ben-Hur, Spellbound, Quo Vadis, King of Kings, El Cid).

 * Gregory Peck
 * Wendy Hiller
 * David Hemmings
 * Hope Lange
 * George Axelrod – Screenwriter
 * Charles Bronson
 * Michael Jeter
 * David Newman – Screenwriter
 * Ron O'Neal
 * Art Carney
 * Elia Kazan – Director
 * Leni Riefenstahl – Documentary Filmmaker
 * Karen Morley
 * Buddy Ebsen
 * John Schlesinger – Director
 * Stan Brakhage – Experimental Filmmaker
 * Ray Stark – Producer
 * Andrew J. Kuehn – Movie "Trailer" Innovator
 * John Ritter
 * Hume Cronyn
 * Buddy Hackett
 * Michael Kamen – Composer
 * John Gregory Dunne – Screenwriter
 * Robert Stack
 * Alan Bates
 * Gregory Hines
 * Jack Elam
 * Jeanne Crain
 * Ann Miller
 * Donald O'Connor

A separate tribute to comedian, actor, and veteran Oscar host Bob Hope was presented by Tom Hanks. Later, actress Julia Roberts presented one to actress Katharine Hepburn.

title: 76th Academy Awards


text:
Tiffany

Tiffany may refer to:

People

 * Tiffany (given name), list of people with this name
 * Tiffany (surname), list of people with this surname
 * Tiffany Darwish, (born 1971), an American singer, songwriter and actress known mononymously as Tiffany
 * Tiffany Young, (born 1989), an American singer, member of girl group Girls' Generation
 * Tiffany (American wrestler) (born 1985), better known by her birth name Taryn Terrell
 * Tiffany (Mexican wrestler) (born 1973), Mexican professional wrestler

Businesses

 * Tiffany & Co., a jewelry and specialty retailer founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany
 * Tiffany Blue, the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co.
 * Tiffany jewelry, a style of jewelry created by Louis Comfort Tiffany at Tiffany & Co.
 * Tiffany setting, a prong setting for diamonds
 * Louis Comfort Tiffany or Tiffany Studios, or Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company
 * Tiffany glass
 * Tiffany lamp
 * Tiffany Pictures, a movie studio
 * Tiffany (automobile), an electric car manufactured 1913–1914

United States

 * Tiffany, Colorado, an unincorporated community
 * Tiffany, Wisconsin, a town
 * Tiffany, Rock County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Animals

 * Tiffany or Tiffanie, a breed of domestic cat also known as the Asian Semi-longhair
 * Chantilly-Tiffany, a breed of domestic cat also known as the Foreign Longhair

Entertainment

 * Tiffany (Child's Play), a murderous doll in the Child's Play series of horror films
 * Tiffany (album), the debut album of Tiffany Darwish, released on 15 September 1987
 * Tiffany (Image Comics), a fictional character in Todd McFarlane's Spawn comic book series
 * Tiffany Club, a defunct jazz club in Los Angeles

Military awards

 * Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor, World War I era US Navy and US Marine Corps Medal of Honor

Other uses

 * Tiffany (silk), a light, thin, and transparent silk material, similar to a gauze
 * List of storms named Tiffany, three tropical cyclones in the Australian region of the Southern Hemisphere
 * Tiffany Problem, a problem in historical fiction

title: Tiffany


text:
Talk:RMS Laconia (1921)

Polish guards
This page states the following:

"the Italian prisoners tried to rush those that remained. The efforts of the Polish guards were instrumental in controlling the chaotic situation on board and certainly saved many lives."

The actions of the Polish guards can hardly be called heroic. They refused to open the doors for the Italians to reach the lifeboats. In a sinking ship, this is essentially the same as condemning the Italians to death by drowning. When it became clear to the Italians that the only way to survive the sinking was to storm the doors, a number of Italians broke down the doors in a successful attempt to leave the ship.

The Laconia had enough lifeboats for all of the people aboard, including the Italians, but due to the sharp angle that the ship took soon after being torpedoed, it was not possible to launch all the lifeboats.

 * As per challenges made above (verifiable in secondary sources, which lamentably go as yet uncredited), I have placed a disputed neutrality template on the article. Due to the current NPOV nature of portions of the article, future revisions should be careful to cite sources and refrain from POV commentary. See Laconia incident for a guide to future revision. Ogthor 05:43, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

In the book, The Sinking of the "Laconia": A Tragedy in the Battle of the Atlantic by Frederick Grossmith British eyewitness testimony criticised the actions of some Polish guards both before and during the incident. Acorn897 (talk) 15:54, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Number of Italian POWs
The Laconia incident article states that 1,500 Italians were on the ship.. this one -450. Which is the correct figure? --  maxrspct  ping me  17:14, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Who's in charge?
The article says "U.S. command". I understood the bombers were Coastal Command aircraft. Trekphiler (talk) 12:33, 24 March 2008 (UTC) According to The Sinking of the "Laconia": A Tragedy in the Battle of the Atlantic by Frederick Grossmith and a recent TV documentary, it was a US aircraft. Acorn897 (talk) 15:50, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Neutrality Issue
The article says that the US "ignored" the Red Cross flags. However, the Red Cross flags were in contravention of the Geneva Convention, which doesn't permit a ship to switch between military and civilian activities and requires a Red Cross boat to be painted white with a red cross, not merely draped with a flag. The statement of the article makes it look like genuine attack on people abandoning ship, when really it was an attack on a legitimate warship. Not saying it was the best choice in hindsight but you're only painting half the picture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.185.113.125 (talk) 18:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It is true that the conventions don't allow vessels to switch between military and civilian status but the truth is that the naval forces had always helped survivors until this incident. It was the unwritten law that the goal of navies was to destroy ships, not to kill men. All warships had always been taking on survivors; and u-boats, while not having enough room for survivors had always been giving supplies of food and water to them and showing them the course to nearest land or calling other ships to pick them up. This tradition of humanity had always been respected by military sailors. The commander of U-156, Kapitänleutnant(later Korvettenkapitän) Werner Hartenstein, even transmitted an uncoded message to all the allied ships saying that he was willing to hold fire and cooperate with the allies on saving the survivors from RMS Laconia. Not only the U-156 took part in the rescue operations, even U-506 (commanded by Kapitänleutnant Erich Würdemann) and U-507 (commanded by Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht) joined the rescuing after receiving radio messages from U-156. Kptlt Hartenstein saved 400 people by taking them onboard and by towing several lifeboats behind his u-boat. You can say what you like but the Americans screwed this up and all those people who had been left to die after the Laconia order payed for it with their lives.

 * Here is a picture of U-156 loaded with survivors:    --88.100.44.252 (talk) 17:38, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * So the disputed tag is over three words? Those words are not even sourced, so I will just remove them and the tag. They do not add much to the article anyway, and without a source they are just someones point of view. If anyone can find a reliable source that says any of this then put the three words back, but in the meantime it might be better concentrating on the overall quality of that section, which is poor. Weakopedia (talk) 17:48, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Click this link: http://uboat.net/articles/33.html It will show you an article about the Laconia incident on the uboat.net website. The biggest and probably most popular site about u-boats. The picture I posted before is from there. There you get the source you wanted.  --88.100.44.252 (talk) 19:24, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * If, as the article states, the rescue attempt was Red Cross sanctioned, your argument holds no water.      ←   ZScarpia  14:38, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * (From the Subsim.com forum) Years later, when the full facts of this extraordinary incident were published, the American Brigadier General Robert C. RICHARDSON, in charge of the allied air base at Ascension Island, admitted that he had ordered the attack. I had no choice, even though I knew the submarine was showing a Red Cross flag, he said. We didn't know there were British women and children aboard the lifeboats, but even if we had we would still have bombed the U-boat. It was the only decision to make. A simple one and the right one. It was our duty to attack any enemy submarine, no matter what the circumstances. ... Grand Admiral Karl DoenitzZ, the man who controlled the German wolf-pack submarines, accused the Americans of flouting the Geneva Convention, which, he claimed, allowed warships to show the Red Cross flag when in the process of picking up non-combatant survivors.      ←   ZScarpia  02:32, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

According to British and German testimony in The Sinking of the "Laconia": A Tragedy in the Battle of the Atlantic by Frederick Grossmith, not only did the Axis submarines fly Red Cross flags but had a very large one covering the submarines as a canopy.

IOn A recent TV documentary it was discovered that the Allies knew about the rescue but the crew of the Liberator was told to sink the submarines in an attempt to keep the secret of the Liberators based at Ascenscion Island. Acorn897 (talk) 16:01, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Coordinates?
Does anyone know the coordinates of the wreck site? It would be good information to add for the article. --24.21.148.212 (talk) 06:04, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "SOS SOS 0434 South / 1125 West Laconia torpedoed", "Hocking C., Dictionary of Disasters at Sea during the Age of Steam" or http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15922. Member only information and I don't want to register. Looks like 3.53 South 7.39 West on the map. Depth = ~3500 meters. Really nice place for scuba diving :) 89.117.244.219 (talk) 20:35, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Laconia webpages
German-uboats.com - The Laconia Incident: ''Four hours later he sighted another lifeboat and had it attached to the other three already under tow. At 11:25hrs a lookout reported engine noises and a short while later a four-engined plane was spotted making its way towards them, Hartenstein immediately ordered that a previously made red cross flag be draped over the deck gun. As the plane neared them it clearly became identifiable as an American B-24 Liberator, Hartenstein at first ordered his signaller to send a message in Morse and in English, this was followed by another message, this time sent by a British officer from the submarine and was as follows: ‘RAF officer speaking from German submarine, Laconia survivors on board, soldiers, civilians, women, children’. The plane made no response whatsoever but just turned to south westwards and flew off. At this juncture it would be only right and proper to explain exactly who received what message and when, transmitted by Hartenstein of U-156. The en Clair message was reputedly only received by the British Base at Freetown, Sierre Leone but not by the recently opened American USAAF base on Ascension Island. On the 15th of September the British base informed the Americans of Laconia’s sinking but not of the German rescue operation underway. Freetown then asked the Americans for air cover for British ships that were making for Laconia’s last known position, the Americans dispatched a B-24 Liberator to assist the following morning. It begs the obvious question, when the British authorities asked for American assistance why didn’t they inform the Americans of the German offer of help? ... Everyone onboard the submarine was convinced that the plane had in fact turned for base and was in the process of radioing for help. Half an hour later the planes engines were heard again returning in their direction, it was assumed by all onboard that it was either to drop supplies or drugs. As the plane banked and dropped to two hundred and fifty feet, Hartenstein was horrified to see its bomb bay doors open and two bombs released. Fortunately for those onboard, German, Italian and British both bombs exploded some distance from the submarine and as the plane banked for a second run Hartenstein ordered that the towrope to the lifeboats be cut. A third bomb exploded amidst the lifeboats destroying one and a fourth exploded some 200 yards distant. A third run by the Liberator released the final bomb, this time the aim proved rather better and U-156 suffered damage to her hull integrity.''

Subsim.com - "Saved By A U-Boat" - The Laconia Incident told from survivors: ''Years later, when the full facts of this extraordinary incident were published, the American Brigadier General Robert C. RICHARDSON, in charge of the allied air base at Ascension Island, admitted that he had ordered the attack. I had no choice, even though I knew the submarine was showing a Red Cross flag, he said. We didn't know there were British women and children aboard the lifeboats, but even if we had we would still have bombed the U-boat. It was the only decision to make. A simple one and the right one. It was our duty to attack any enemy submarine, no matter what the circumstances.''

(Already used as a source in the article) The Guardian - Alan Bleasdale drama sets the record straight on heroic U-boat captain: ''In a series of urgent telegrams to Nazi high command, the U-boat commander announced his intention to rescue as many as he could. British naval forces distrusted Hartenstein's pleas for help and later, in a terrible miscalculation, US bombers attempted to sink his submarine, the U-156, even though it was laden with survivors and draped with a red cross.''

   ←   ZScarpia  03:14, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Refrigerated cargo space
I think the 10,920,060 cubic feet of refrigerated cargo space must be an error, and maybe should be 54,089 cubic feet.

Why? The entire ship is smaller than 10,920,060 cubic feet! The conversion to 309,222 m3 is correct. The entire ship will fit in a box of about 200 x 25 x 25 meter. This amounts to a volume of 125,000 m3. Therefore, this clearly must be wrong.

In the PDF of the reference the 10,920,060 is mentioned, but this is in the column with heading 'Pieds cubes d'air délivrés par heure.', which has something to do with the power of the cooling system, not the capacity. I think the last heading should be used, the 'capcacité' in 'pieds cubes'.

The 54,089 cubic feet rounds off to 1,532 m3. This gives a cubic cargo space of with lengths of about 11.5 m, much more credible than a cubic cargo space with lengths of 67 meter!

Does someone disagree? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.161.16.56 (talk) 23:09, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

 * A half century has passed since my high school French class; but I believe the larger figure should be translated as the volume of ventilation air per hour rather than a structural volume within the ship. Thewellman (talk) 18:09, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:RMS Laconia (1921)


text:
User:Chinasaur

Activity
Solidly into wiki old age. Gone are the heady days of youth. Editing WP became more of an irritation than anything else. I have better things to do.

Moribund
User:Chinasaur/Model_revolutionary_operas

User:Chinasaur/Imaginary_colors

User:Chinasaur/Remora

title: User:Chinasaur


text:
Best Actor

Best Actor is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards to leading actors in a film, television series, television film or play.

The term most often refers to the Academy Award for Best Actor, which was first awarded on May 16, 1929, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) at the Academy Awards to Emil Jannings for his role of Grand Duke Sergius Alexander in The Last Command and August Schilling in The Way of All Flesh. In theatre, it was first awarded on April 6, 1947, by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at the Tony Awards to José Ferrer for his role of Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano de Bergerac and to Fredric March for his role of Clinton Jones in Years Ago. In television, it was first awarded on January 23, 1951 by Academy of Television Arts & Sciences at the Primetime Emmy Awards to Alan Young for his role of himself in The Alan Young Show. In a film festival, presented as the Volpi Cup, it was first awarded between August 1 and 20, 1934, by the Venice Film Festival to Wallace Beery for his role of Pancho Villa in Viva Villa!

Film awards

 * AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
 * AACTA International Award for Best Actor
 * AVN Award for Best Actor
 * Academy Award for Best Actor
 * Annecy Italian Film Festival for Best Actor Award
 * Asian Film Award for Best Actor
 * Asianet Film Award for Best Actor
 * BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
 * Babisas Award for Best Actor
 * Bachsas Award for Best Actor
 * Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor
 * Bavarian Film Awards (Best Acting)
 * Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award
 * BET Award for Best Actor & Actress
 * BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film
 * Black Reel Award for Best Actor
 * Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
 * Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actor
 * Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor
 * CIFF Best Actor Award
 * Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor
 * Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award
 * César Award for Best Actor
 * Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * CineMAA Awards for Best Actor
 * Citra Award for Best Actor
 * CJFB Performance Award for Best Actor
 * Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor
 * Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in an Action Movie
 * Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in a Comedy
 * Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * David di Donatello for Best Actor
 * Edda Award for Best Actor or Actress
 * Empire Award for Best Actor
 * Empire Award for Best British Actor
 * European Film Award for Best Actor
 * FAMAS Award for Best Actor
 * Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Hindi
 * Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada
 * Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
 * Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil
 * Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu
 * Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
 * Genie Award for Best Performance by a Foreign Actor
 * GIFA Best Actor Award
 * GIFA Critics Best Actor Award
 * Golden Arena for Best Actor (Pula Film Festival)
 * Golden Calf for Best Actor (Netherlands Film Festival)
 * Golden Eagle Award for Best Actor (China)
 * Golden Eagle Award for Best Actor (Russia)
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
 * Golden Goblet Award for Best Actor (Shanghai International Film Festival)
 * Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor
 * Golden Rooster Award for Best Actor
 * Goya Award for Best Actor
 * Goya Award for Best New Actor
 * Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
 * Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor
 * Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actor
 * IIFA Award for Best Actor
 * Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead
 * ITFA Best Actor Award
 * ITFA Best New Actor Award
 * Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
 * Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor
 * London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actor of the Year
 * Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * Lumières Award for Best Actor
 * Lux Style Award for Best Film Actor
 * Meril Prothom Alo Award for Best Actor
 * Nandi Award for Best Actor
 * Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor
 * Nigar Award for Best Actor
 * National Board of Review Award for Best Actor
 * National Film Award for Best Actor
 * National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor
 * NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
 * New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
 * Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor
 * Polish Academy Award for Best Actor
 * Robert Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
 * San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor
 * San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
 * Santosham Best Actor Award
 * Sarasaviya Best Actor Award
 * Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture
 * Saturn Award for Best Actor
 * Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
 * Screen Award for Best Actor
 * Screen Award for Best Actor (Critics)
 * Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)
 * Shanghai Film Critics Award for Best Actor
 * SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)
 * Silver Bear for Best Actor (Berlin International Film Festival)
 * Silver Hugo Award for Best Actor (Chicago International Film Festival)
 * St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * Stardust Award for Best Actor
 * Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Comedy or Romance
 * Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Drama
 * Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Thriller or Action
 * Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor
 * Tokyo International Film Festival Best Actor Award
 * Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
 * Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Canadian Film
 * Vietnam Film Festival Best Actor Award
 * Vijay Award for Best Actor
 * Volpi Cup for Best Actor (Venice Film Festival)
 * Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
 * Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male
 * Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male

Television awards

 * AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama
 * Golden Bell Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film
 * Golden Bell Award for Best Actor
 * Black Reel Award for Best Actor: T.V. Movie/Cable
 * British Academy Television Award for Best Actor
 * British Soap Award for Best Actor
 * Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
 * Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role
 * Golden Calf for Best Acting in a Television Drama (Pula Film Festival)
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
 * Hum Award for Best Actor
 * Hum Award for Best Actor Popular
 * Lux Style Award for Best TV Actor
 * NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series
 * NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
 * NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
 * Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
 * Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama
 * Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
 * Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television
 * Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series
 * Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
 * Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
 * Sun Kudumbam Best Actor Award
 * TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor

Theatre awards

 * Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor
 * Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Musical
 * Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Play
 * Helpmann Award for Best Male Performer in an Opera
 * Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play
 * Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a Revival
 * Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor
 * Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical
 * Molière Award for Best Actor
 * NAACP Theatre Award for Best Lead Male – Equity
 * NAACP Theatre Award for Best Lead Male – Local
 * Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
 * Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical

title: Best Actor


text:
Elbert Hubbard

Elbert Green Hubbard (June 19, 1856 – May 7, 1915) was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher. Raised in Hudson, Illinois, he had early success as a traveling salesman for the Larkin Soap Company. Hubbard is known best as the founder of the Roycroft artisan community in East Aurora, New York, an influential exponent of the Arts and Crafts movement.

Among Hubbard's many publications were the fourteen-volume work Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great and the short publication A Message to Garcia. He and his second wife, Alice Moore Hubbard, died aboard the RMS Lusitania when it was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915.

Early life
Hubbard was born in Bloomington, Illinois, to Silas Hubbard and Juliana Frances Read on June 19, 1856. In the autumn of 1855, his parents had relocated to Bloomington from Buffalo, New York, where his father had a medical practice. Finding it difficult to settle in Bloomington—mainly due to the presence of several already established doctors—Silas moved his family to Hudson, Illinois the next year. Nicknamed "Bertie" by his family, Elbert had two older siblings: Charlie, who was largely bed-ridden after a fall when he was young, and Hannah Frances, nicknamed "Frank" like her mother. Charlie died at the age of nine, when Elbert was three-and-a-half years old. Elbert also had three younger sisters who were named Mary, Anna Miranda, and Honor.

The Hubbard children attended the local public school, a small building with two rooms that overlooked a graveyard. Thirty years later, Elbert described his schooling days as "splendid" and "tinged with no trace of blue.... I had no ambitions then—I was sure that some day I could spell down the school, propound a problem in fractions that would puzzle the teacher, and play checkers in a way that would cause my name to be known throughout the entire township." Mary would remember her older brother's role as a school troublemaker, noting that he "annoyed his teachers... occasionally by roaring inappropriately when his too-responsive sense of humor was tickled."

Elbert's first business venture was selling Larkin soap products, a career which eventually brought him to Buffalo, New York. His innovations for Larkin included premiums and "leave on trial".

Roycroft

"Hubbard ... was reborn, in middle age, as Fra Elbertus, the owner, leader, prophet, and boss of Roycroft, a quasi-communal, neomedievalist (after William Morris), semiutopian community of residences and shops that specialized in the printing of handsome leather-bound, hand-illumined books, and in the manufacture of furniture, pottery, leather goods, rugs, baskets, stained-glass lamps and windows, candy, painting, music, all of which bore the Roycroft name."

His best-known work came after he founded Roycroft, an Arts and Crafts community in East Aurora, New York in 1895. This grew from his private press which he had initiated in collaboration with his first wife Bertha Crawford Hubbard, the Roycroft Press, inspired by William Morris' Kelmscott Press. Although called the "Roycroft Press" by latter-day collectors and print historians, the organization called itself "The Roycrofters" and "The Roycroft Shops".

Hubbard edited and published two magazines, The Philistine—A Periodical of Protest and The FRA--A Journal of Affirmation. The Philistine was bound in brown butcher paper and featuring largely satire and whimsy. (Hubbard himself quipped that the cover was butcher paper because: "There is meat inside.") The Roycrofters produced handsome, if sometimes eccentric, books printed on handmade paper, and operated a fine bindery, a furniture shop, and shops producing modeled leather and hammered copper goods. They were a leading producer of Mission style products.

Hubbard's second wife, Alice Moore Hubbard, was a graduate of the New Thought-oriented Emerson College of Oratory in Boston and a noted suffragist. The Roycroft Shops became a site for meetings and conventions of radicals, freethinkers, reformers, and suffragists. Hubbard became a popular lecturer, and his homespun philosophy evolved from a loose William Morris-inspired socialism to an ardent defense of free enterprise and American know-how. Hubbard was mocked in the Socialist press for "selling out". He replied that he had not given up any ideal of his, but had simply lost faith in Socialism as a means of realizing them.

An example of his trenchant critical style may be found in his saying that prison is, "An example of a Socialist's Paradise, where equality prevails, everything is supplied and competition is eliminated."

In 1908, Hubbard was the main speaker at the annual meeting of The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves. Before he died, Hubbard planned to write a story about Felix Flying Hawk, the only son of Chief Flying Hawk. Hubbard had learned about Flying Hawk during 1915 from Major Israel McCreight.

In 1912, the passenger liner RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg. Hubbard subsequently wrote of the disaster, singling out the story of Ida Straus, who as a woman was supposed to be placed on a lifeboat in precedence to the men, but refused to board the boat, and leave her husband. Hubbard then added his own commentary: "Mr. and Mrs. Straus, I envy you that legacy of love and loyalty left to your children and grandchildren. The calm courage that was yours all your long and useful career was your possession in death. You knew how to do three great things—you knew how to live, how to love and how to die. One thing is sure, there are just two respectable ways to die. One is of old age, and the other is by accident. All disease is indecent. Suicide is atrocious. But to pass out as did Mr. and Mrs. Isidor Straus is glorious. Few have such a privilege. Happy lovers, both. In life they were never separated and in death they are not divided.""

Conviction and pardon
At the beginning of World War I, Hubbard published a great deal of related commentary in The Philistine and became anxious to cross the ocean, report on the war and interview the Kaiser himself. However, Hubbard had pleaded guilty on January 11, 1913, in the court of U.S. District Court Judge John R. Hazel for violating Section 211 of the penal code. Hubbard was convicted on one count of circulating "objectionable" (or "obscene") matter in violation of the postal laws.

Hubbard requested a presidential pardon from William Howard Taft, but the administration discarded the request as "premature". When his application for a passport was denied in 1915, Hubbard went directly to the White House and pleaded with Woodrow Wilson's personal secretary, Joseph P. Tumulty. At the time, the President was in the midst of a cabinet meeting, but Tumulty interrupted and, as a result, the Secretary of State (William Jennings Bryan) and Attorney General Thomas Gregory were also able to hear of Hubbard's situation and need.

The pardon was found to be appropriate, and Hubbard's clemency application process lasted exactly one day. Seventy-five percent of those petitioning for clemency during that fiscal year were not so fortunate; their requests were denied or adversely reported or no action was taken. On receiving his pardon, Hubbard obtained a passport and, on May 1, 1915, left with his wife on a voyage to Europe.

Death
A little more than three years after the sinking of the Titanic, the Hubbards boarded the RMS Lusitania in New York City. On May 7, 1915, while at sea 11 miles (18 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, the ship was torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat SMU U-20 (Germany). His end seems to have followed the pattern he had admired in Mrs. Straus. In a letter to Elbert Hubbard II dated March 12, 1916, Ernest C. Cowper, a survivor of this event, wrote:

"I cannot say specifically where your father and Mrs. Hubbard were when the torpedoes hit, but I can tell you just what happened after that. They emerged from their room, which was on the port side of the vessel, and came on to the boat-deck.

Neither appeared perturbed in the least. Your father and Mrs. Hubbard linked arms—the fashion in which they always walked the deck—and stood apparently wondering what to do. I passed him with a baby which I was taking to a lifeboat when he said, "Well, Jack, they have got us. They are a damn sight worse than I ever thought they were."

They did not move very far away from where they originally stood. As I moved to the other side of the ship, in preparation for a jump when the right moment came, I called to him, "What are you going to do?" and he just shook his head, while Mrs. Hubbard smiled and said, "There does not seem to be anything to do." The expression seemed to produce action on the part of your father, for then he did one of the most dramatic things I ever saw done. He simply turned with Mrs. Hubbard and entered a room on the top deck, the door of which was open, and closed it behind him.

It was apparent that his idea was that they should die together, and not risk being parted on going into the water."

The Roycroft Shops, managed by Hubbard's son, Elbert Hubbard II, operated until 1938.

Personal life
Hubbard described himself as an anarchist and a socialist. He believed in social, economic, domestic, political, mental and spiritual freedom. In A Message to Garcia and Thirteen Other Things (1901), Hubbard explained his Credo by writing "I believe John Ruskin, William Morris, Henry Thoreau, Walt Whitman and Leo Tolstoy to be Prophets of God, and they should rank in mental reach and spiritual insight with Elijah, Hosea, Ezekiel and Isaiah."

Hubbard wrote a critique of war, law and government in the booklet Jesus Was An Anarchist (1910). Originally published as The Better Part in A Message to Garcia and Thirteen Other Things, the essay was described by Ernest Howard Crosby as "The best thing Elbert ever wrote."

Another book which was written by Hubbard is titled Health and Wealth. It was published in 1908 and includes many short truisms.

Legacy
Contributors to a 360-page book published by Roycrofters and titled In Memoriam: Elbert and Alice Hubbard included such celebrities as meat-packing magnate J. Ogden Armour, business theorist and Babson College founder Roger Babson, botanist and horticulturalist Luther Burbank, seed-company founder W. Atlee Burpee, ketchup magnate Henry J. Heinz, National Park Service founder Franklin Knight Lane, success writer Orison Swett Marden, inventor of the modern comic strip Richard F. Outcault, poet James Whitcomb Riley, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Elihu Root, evangelist Billy Sunday, intellectual Booker T. Washington, and poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox.

Hubbard's Message to Garcia essay was adapted into two movies: the 1916 silent movie A Message to Garcia and the 1936 movie A Message to Garcia.

Mack Bolan, the main character of Don Pendleton's fiction series The Executioner, frequently cites as inspiration a Hubbard quote, "God will not look you over for medals, diplomas, or degrees – but for scars."

The phrase "The graveyards are full of indispensable men" may have originated with Hubbard.

A quote of Hubbard's from his biography of American automotive developer John North Willys, "Do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing, and you'll never be criticized", is often misattributed to Aristotle.

Other quotes include
 * Do not take life too seriously. You will never get out of it alive.
 * In order to have friends, you must first be one.
 * Never explain - your friends do not need it and your enemies will not believe you anyway.

Selected works
Being impressions of the Wanamaker Stores, written in as many moods (1907)
 * Forbes of Harvard (1894)
 * No Enemy But Himself (1894)
 * Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great (1895–1910)
 * The Legacy (1896)
 * A Message to Garcia (1899)
 * A Message to Garcia and Thirteen Other Things (1901)
 * Love, Life and Work (1906)
 * “A Dozen & Two Pastelles in Prose by Elbert Hubbard,
 * White Hyacinths (1907)
 * Health and Wealth (1908)
 * The Doctors (1909)
 * The Mintage (1910)
 * Jesus Was An Anarchist (1910), also published as The Better Part
 * An American Bible (1911) Alice Hubbard, Editor
 * The Silver Arrow (1923)
 * Elbert Hubbard's Scrap Book (1923)
 * The Note Book of Elbert Hubbard (1927)
 * The Philosophy of Elbert Hubbard (1930)

title: Elbert Hubbard