text:
Talk:Congregation (The Afghan Whigs album)

Comment
This really should be moved to Congregation (album) and an article on the concept of a church congregation written here. -Branddobbe 20:08, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Go ahead. Tuf-Kat

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 09:49, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A9ye997b7krgt

External links modified
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Dublin Institute of Technology

Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT, Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath) was a major third-level institution in Dublin, Ireland. On 1 January 2019 DIT was dissolved and its functions were transferred to the Technological University Dublin, as TU Dublin City Campus. The institution began with the establishment of the first technical education institution in Ireland, in 1887, and progressed through various legal and governance models, culminating in autonomy under a statute of 1992.

DIT was recognised particularly for degree programmes in Product Design, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Engineering, Science, Marketing, Hospitality, Music, Optometry, Pharmaceuticals, Construction, Digital Media and Journalism. It was ranked, in 2014, in Times Higher Education's top 100 university-level institutions globally under 50 years old.

Alumni of the Dublin Institute of Technology include a number of Irish writers, artists, politicians and business leaders as well as international figures in the fields of arts, architecture and business.

Origins – Dublin's technical colleges
The first of DIT's predecessor colleges, the City of Dublin Technical Schools, was founded in 1887 by Arnold Felix Graves.

Over time, other specialised colleges opened, and those which later formed DIT are listed, each with its year of foundation:
 * College of Technology, Kevin Street (1887)
 * College of Music, Chatham Row (1890)
 * College of Commerce, Rathmines (1901)
 * College of Marketing and Design, Mountjoy Square (1905)
 * College of Technology, Bolton Street (1911)
 * College of Catering, Cathal Brugha Street (1941)

Federal model (1978–1992)
In 1978 the College of Technology joined with the other five institutions to form the Dublin Institute of Technology, a federation of colleges.

Unitary college model
In 1992, Dublin Institute of Technology was established by legislation as a single institution, under the Dublin Institute of Technology Act.

Towards university status
An application for university designation in 1996 was declined but with the expert panel viewing the institution as on a trajectory for university designation. Dublin Institute of Technology now has a scope of activities and variety of powers identical to those of a university, and its degrees are recognised as such both in Ireland and internationally. For twenty-five years, DIT had legislative authority to award Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral degrees that comply fully with the Irish national qualifications framework originally put in place by the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. DIT awarded Professorships from 2003.

Technological University status
In 2014, the institution entered into a formal process which led to its designation as a technological university, jointly with two other institutions, Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown (ITB) and Institute of Technology, Tallaght (ITT). A final application was submitted in April 2018 and the formation of the Technological University Dublin, "TU Dublin", was approved in July 2018. It was launched 1 January 2019.

Degree-awarding powers
In 1975 the University of Dublin entered into an agreement whereby it conferred academic degrees at the colleges that formed Dublin Institute of Technology; this allowed these graduates a vote in the Dublin University constituency for Seanad Éireann representatives. This continued until 1998, when Dublin Institute of Technology was granted its own autonomous degree-awarding powers under the Dublin Institute of Technology Act 1992.

Academic structure
DIT's predecessor colleges were recognised as centres of excellence in their areas of specialism and, following the establishment of the unitary DIT, their expertise formed the nucleus of an internal structure comprising the following faculties and campuses:
 * Faculty of Applied Arts, Mountjoy Square, Rathmines, Clarendon Row, Portland Row, Temple Bar
 * Faculty of the Built Environment, Bolton Street and Linenhall
 * Faculty of Business, Mountjoy Square and Rathmines, latterly Aungier Street
 * Faculty of Engineering, Bolton Street, Kevin Street, Beresford Street
 * Faculty of Science, Kevin Street
 * Faculty of Tourism and Food, Cathal Brugha Street, Sackville Place and Kevin Street

From 2012 to 2018, DIT was organised into four colleges: Engineering and Built Environment, Business, Science and Health, and Arts and Tourism. These also contributed to the research activities of an overarching Graduate Research School and to four cross-institutional Research Institutes that brought together over seventy research centres and groups. The colleges in turn were divided into 27 Schools.

DIT also had various technology transfer and commercial units.

Governance
DIT had a governing body comprising representatives of public, including Dublin Lord Mayors (such as formerly Maurice Ahern and Mary Freehill), social and industrial groups, faculty, staff and students, its final composition was chaired by Professor Tom Collins.

In 1992 Michael O'Donnell became the first interim president. He was succeeded as president in 1993 by Professor Brendan Goldsmith. From 2003 to 2018 Professor Brian Norton was the second, and last, president.

Faculty
Faculty included David Brophy, conductor, Gráinne Mulvey, composer, Bernie Sherlock, conductor, Jane O'Leary, pianist and composer, John Feeley, guitarist, Kieran Hanrahan, traditional Irish musician, Mike Nielsen, jazz guitarist and composer, Ciarán Cuffe, urban planner, Mairtin Mac Con Iomaire, culinary arts.

Previous faculty members included Pat Kenny, Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ and Newstalk) news and current affairs presenter, Joan Burton, Teachta Dála (TD), Minister for Social Protection, Frank Harte, Irish traditional singer and architect, Hugh McFadden, poet, Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus, politician, Brid Grant, Dean of Arts, University of Connecticut, Desmond Fennell, writer and cultural philosopher, Lelia Doolan, TV and film producer, Peter Sutherland, lawyer and politician. John T. Lewis, mathematician and physicist and Bernadette Greevy, mezzo-soprano.

Research
Dedicated research facilities include the Focas Research Institute with extensive spectroscopy, microscopy and holography facilities. It also houses "CREST"; an international centre supported by Enterprise Ireland for paint and surface coating development. Antennae research is associated with the multi-institution "CTVR"; The Centre for Telecommunications Value-added Research. Recently research supported by Science Foundation Ireland in the Dublin Energy Lab, water sciences, air quality, food preservation and environmental health and safety are being co-located in a major new building at the Grangegorman new city centre campus together with an additional "Hothouse" start-up business incubator for new DIT spin-off companies. Hothouse nurtured, amongst other firms, Smart Wall Paint and Moletest.

National Optometry Centre
The National Optometry Centre (NOC) located at the junction of Kevin Street and New Bride Street is the only such centre in Ireland. The main function of the NOC is to facilitate clinical training for Optometry students. The centre is developing specialised clinics in areas such as paediatrics, low vision and contact lenses. It was planned to also offer eye examinations, spectacles and contact lenses to the general public. Free eye examinations are offered to DIT students.

Partnerships
In common with other Irish universities, DIT validates programmes taught in other institutions in Dublin such as Pulse College, based in the Windmill Lane Studios, and the British and Irish Modern Music Institute BA programme.

There are student exchange and joint research programmes with several universities in India, China, Brazil, Australia, the US and Europe. DIT are also partners in the Mozambique Eyecare Project. As part of the project, an undergraduate course in Optometry was established at Universidade Lurio, Nampula. The first of its kind in Mozambique. Other partners on the project are University of Ulster and International Centre for Eyecare Education. There are also links with Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences across several subjects, with Columbia College Chicago in design and media and with Purdue University across a number of disciplines including a joint master's degree programme. There are student and staff exchanges with Grenoble School of Management. DIT accredits programmes at Middle East College in Oman.

Ranking
Dublin Institute of Technology was named "Best Institute of Technology" in 2010, 2016 and 2018 by the Sunday Times. It came 94th in the 2014 and 2015 Times Higher Education 100 under 50 Ranking of universities worldwide. It came 157th in the UI Greenmetric Ranking of World Universities in 2013. The 2012, QS World University Rankings puts DIT in the 451–500 bracket worldwide and in the 350th position for Engineering & Technology; DIT's best result in the same ranking was when it came 326th in the worldwide ranking in 2009.

Community outreach
Embedded in the life of Dublin city centre, DIT had several links with its neighbouring communities and schools. The Access and Civic Engagement service provided programmes that enabled those from traditionally under-represented groups to study at DIT. These included a number of access routes for children in secondary schools where there had been no tradition of continuing to third level education. It also made even earlier interventions in schools, for example the 'Pathways through Education' supports students in making the transition into secondary school.

Campus
Dublin Institute of Technology is spread across 10 locations in Dublin city, which are currently being amalgamated into a central campus at Grangegorman.

Grangegorman Campus
The Institute plans to consolidate to a single campus in the centre of Dublin, at Grangegorman. The campus is located 1 km from O’Connell Street, with Smithfield to the south; Stoneybatter to the west; Broadstone to the east; and Phibsboro and the North Circular Road to the north. As of 2014, the Grangegorman campus was home to students in Fine Art, Product Design, Visual Communications, Photography and Social Sciences. The development of the new consolidated city-centre campus is undertaken by the Grangegorman Development Agency.

The campus is served by the Luas (Green Line) and the closest station is Grangegorman. An adjacent station, DIT Broadstone, is also operational.

Students
Dublin Institute of Technology had circa 20,000 students.

Students' Union
The DIT Students' Union (DITSU) was the representative body for students in DIT. It was set up to "ensure there is a student voice at each level within the college" and all students within the institute were automatically members. DITSU, which was a member of the Union of Students in Ireland, also promoted clubs, societies and other non-academic activities and provided a range of services for its members. The union also had representation in the governance of DIT and, under the 1994 DIT Amendment Act, the membership of DIT's governing body was expanded to include two students (one male and one female). DITSU's website won a "Best Students' Union Website" award in 2012.

When, in January 2019, DIT joined with ITB and ITT to form Dublin Technical University, a member referendum was held. The referendum was passed and, in February 2019, DITSU was joined under a new constitution (with the equivalent unions in ITB and ITT) to form the Technological University Dublin Students' Union (TUDSU).

Sport
As of 2014, DIT had more than 40 student clubs, including Gaelic Athletic Association, football, handball, rifle shooting, waterpolo, archery, basketball, kite surfing and cricket.

In 2013, Dublin Institute of Technology won the Sigerson Cup, the premier Gaelic Football Championship among Irish Higher Education institutions. DIT's hurlers won the Kehoe Cup in 2007 and the Walsh Cup Shield in 2013.

Outdoor and indoor sports facilities were developed at Grangegorman and at Broom Bridge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dublin Institute of Technology


text:
Isosbestic point

In spectroscopy, an isosbestic point is a specific wavelength, wavenumber or frequency at which the total absorbance of a sample does not change during a chemical reaction or a physical change of the sample. The word derives from two Greek words: "iso", meaning "equal", and "sbestos", meaning "extinguishable".

Isosbestic plot
When an isosbestic plot is constructed by the superposition of the absorption spectra of two species (whether by using molar absorptivity for the representation, or by using absorbance and keeping the same molar concentration for both species), the isosbestic point corresponds to a wavelength at which these spectra cross each other.

A pair of substances can have several isosbestic points in their spectra.

When a 1-to-1 (one mole of reactant gives one mole of product) chemical reaction (including equilibria) involves a pair of substances with an isosbestic point, the absorbance of the reaction mixture at this wavelength remains invariant, regardless of the extent of reaction (or the position of the chemical equilibrium). This occurs because the two substances absorb light of that specific wavelength to the same extent, and the analytical concentration remains constant.

For the reaction:

 * $$X \rightarrow Y$$

the analytical concentration is the same at any point in the reaction:

 * $$ c_X + c_Y = c \,$$.

The absorbance of the reaction mixture (assuming it depends only on X and Y) is:

 * $$A = l\cdot (\epsilon_{X} c_{X} + \epsilon_{Y} c_{Y} )$$.

But at the isosbestic point, both molar absorptivities are the same:

 * $$\epsilon_X = \epsilon_Y = \epsilon \,$$.

Hence, the absorbance

 * $$A = l\cdot (\epsilon_{X} c_{X} + \epsilon_{Y} c_{Y} )=l\cdot\epsilon \cdot (c_{X} + c_{Y} )=l\cdot\epsilon\cdot c$$

does not depend on the extent of reaction (i.e., on the particular concentrations of X and Y)

The requirement for an isosbestic point to occur is that the two species involved are related linearly by stoichiometry, such that the absorbance is invariant at a certain wavelength. Thus, ratios other than 1-to-1 are possible. The presence of an isosbestic point typically indicates that only two species that vary in concentration contribute to the absorption around the isosbestic point. If a third one is partaking in the process, the spectra typically intersect at varying wavelengths as concentrations change, creating the impression that the isosbestic point is 'out of focus', or that it will shift as conditions change. The reason for this is that it would be very unlikely for three compounds to have extinction coefficients linked in a linear relationship by chance for one particular wavelength.

Applications

In chemical kinetics, isosbestic points are used as reference points in the study of reaction rates, as the absorbance at those wavelengths remains constant throughout the whole reaction.

Isosbestic points are used in medicine in a laboratory technique called oximetry to determine hemoglobin concentration, regardless of its saturation. Oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin have (not exclusively) isosbestic points at 586 nm and near 808 nm.

Isosbestic points are also used in clinical chemistry, as a quality assurance method, to verify the accuracy in the wavelength of a spectrophotometer. This is done by measuring the spectra of a standard solution at two different pH conditions (above and below the pKa of the substance). The standards used include potassium dichromate (isosbestic points at 339 and 445 nm), bromothymol blue (325 and 498 nm) and congo red (541 nm). The wavelength of the isosbestic point determined does not depend on the concentration of the substance used, and so it becomes a very reliable reference.

One example of the use of isosbestic points in organic synthesis is seen in the photochemical A/D-corrin cycloisomerization ring closure reaction, which was the key step in the Eschenmoser / ETH Zürich vitamin B12 total synthesis. The isosbestic points provide proof for a direct conversion of the seco-corrin complex to the metal-free corrin ligand without intermediary or side products (within the detection limits of UV/VIS spectroscopy).

title: Isosbestic point


text:
Talk:New York and New Jersey campaign

Initial remarks
The New York Campaign is not a subject or title that is generally known to historians. Unlike the Saratoga Campaign, which is generally accepted and widely used, there doesn't seem to be any universal term used here. The U. S. Army history calls this the Battle for New York. The British, on the other hand, refer to it as the Occupation of New York City. Several history books I've checked have a heading or chapter title, but they all seem to invent something else. I've chosen this one from the introduction to a group of chapters in Ward's The War of the Revolution, but alternative suggestions would be welcome. Please add remarks or questions to the bottom of the page. Thanks, Lou I

This is a work in progress. I'll keep current a current status note here, and remarks at the bottom of the page. Current work is to get stubs and article titles in place for major events and biographies. Lou I 20:13, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Title and scope of article
I think that the New York and New Jersey campaigns should be split into two different pages, they were different events after all. --YankeeDoodle14 00:03, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, they were components of the same campaign -- Howe & Washington's campaign of 1776. In those days, an army campaigned from spring to winter, and then went into winter quarters, which is the time span covered in this article. Washington fooled them by extending the campaign a bit further into the winter than expected, but otherwise it was a continuation of the campaign that started in New York City. David Hackett Fischer's Washington's Crossing (book) begins the story of Washington crossing the Delaware with the battle for New York, of course, since to do otherwise would be to start the story in the middle. Since we link from this article to all the individual battles of that campaign season, there's no need to split this main overview. At some point, someone might want to split off a "daughter" article or two—like perhaps the "occupation of New York", covering civil/military events in the city—but a single overview of the 1776 campaign will always be useful. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 14:37, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * However this is not an article about the campaigning of the year 1776, otherwise it would have to also contain the Boston Campaign (ended in 1776), the Canadian Campaign, and the Battle for Charleston. In the American Heritage Book of the Revolution, and even in David McCullough's 1776 (focusing on Washington's army), a clear distinction is drawn between the New York and New Jersey Campaigns. --YankeeDoodle14 21:41, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Doodle. While Boston did end in 1776, the campaign "season" begins in spring, which is when this article picks-up--Shoreranger 04:16, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you are agreeing with me rather than Doodle--that a campaign season runs from spring to winter was my argument, not his. His reply to me about Boston, Canada, and Charleston was off the point, of course, since we're talking about Washington and Howe's main armies and their campaign "season" from the spring to winter of 76-77. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 06:40, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Pardon me. You are correct, I am in favor of keeping this page intact, and therefore do not agree with Mr. Doodle.--Shoreranger 15:10, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If this page is indeed about campaigning of the main two armies during the campaigning season of '76 then it should be renamed so that its title would reflect this. However if it is only about New Jersey and New York, as the current title and content appear to reflect, then I think that these two subjects should be separated. --YankeeDoodle14 05:01, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

I've reworded the intro to make the intended scope of the article clearer. There's much to be done here for interested editors: the Staten Island peace conference, the disobedience, capture, and possible treason of General Charles Lee, etc. —Kevin 05:27, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Unwitting
I have a questions about the adverb "unwittingly" in the sentence "He unwittingly violated a cardinal rule of warfare and divided his troops about equally in the face of a stronger opponent." Was he not aware of the size or location of the British forces? Or was the division unintended?--Molozonide (talk) 16:43, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the original writer meant that GW did not realize he was doing so. This seems somewhat unlikely.  GW's hands were somewhat tied by Congressional insistence that NYC be defended, something that was probably militarily impossible under the circumstances. I can't find anything to support it, so it's going to go.  Magic ♪piano 20:33, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Some correction might be needed
Why does it state 'United States' in the infobox? The country known as the United States of America was recognized after the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War. Shouldn't it be Thirteen Colonies? Also the article continuously refers to the Patriots as 'Americans'- were the Loyalists not considered American? Hoodinski (talk) 10:56, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Before the Treaty of Paris, the United States had already been recognised several times, starting with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1778; but more importantly it had declared itself extant at the beginning of July 1776, (just) before the New York campaign started. That the North ministry and the Continental Congress would have disagreed over whether or not the United States existed is not a reason for Wikipedia to side with the North ministry 250 years later. You're on firmer ground objecting to American to mean Patriot; erasure of the Loyalists, except for when they're specifically needed as a foil for the heroism of the Patriots, happens often and even experts in the topic sometimes clearly proceed under the (false) assumption that the Revolutionary War was a question of siding with Britain or America, and that the Tories were therefore lesser as Americans than the Patriots. There's only so much one can do about this from Wikipedia, of course, since we don't get to disagree with actual scholars, but if someone were to take the time to go through and make sure that the article only says "Americans" when it actually means "Americans," and says "Patriots" or possibly "Continental" when it means "Patriots" or "Continental," I don't see how that would be a problem. Binabik80 (talk) 18:33, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Cornwallis portrati
I'd like to suggest a more appropriate portrait of Lord Cornwallis be used than that chosen, which dates from 1795. During the AWI, rather than the portly old soldier shown there, he was a vigorous active officer, which made him one of the more effective commanders of the British troops in America.

 * Equally, the print of General Howe, is based on a portrait from the Seven Years War period and shows him as a younger man than he was in 1776.

JF42 (talk) 19:46, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:New York and New Jersey campaign


text:
1790 in music

Events

 * January 21 – Mozart holds a rehearsal of his new opera Cosi fan Tutte in the presence of his friends Joseph Haydn and Michael Puchberg; it is premiered on January 26 at the Burgtheater in Vienna with libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte.
 * September 25 – The 'Four Great Anhui Troupes' bring Hui opera, or what becomes called Huiju, to Beijing for the birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. This is effectively the birth of the Beijing opera.
 * September 28 – Death of music patron Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, following which his son disbands his orchestra and the players disperse.
 * December 26 – Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven meet for the first time, in Bonn.
 * Georg Joseph Vogler brings his invention, the orchestrion, to London.
 * August Duranowski becomes leader of the Brussels opera orchestra.

Opera

 * Francesco Bianchi – La vendetta di Nino
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
 * Das rote Käppchen, Kr.298, premiered May 26
 * Der Teufel als Hydraulikus
 * Étienne Méhul – Euphrosine et Corradin ou le Tyran corrigé
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Così fan tutte
 * Giovanni Paisiello
 * Nina (libretto by Giambattista Lorenzi)
 * Zenobia in Palmira, R.1.81
 * William Shield – Hartford Bridge

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven – Cantata on the Death of Joseph II
 * Bartolomeo Campagnoli – Flute Concertos Op. 3
 * Muzio Clementi – Keyboard Sonata in F, WoO 3
 * Johann Ladislaus Dussek – Piano Trio
 * Felice Giardini – 6 Quartets, Op. 25
 * Joseph Haydn – String Quartets, Op. 64, "Tost", Sonata Hob. XVI No. 49 in E-flat major
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Piano Quartet in D major
 * Leopold Kozeluch – Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * String Quartet No.22 in B-flat major, K.589
 * String Quartet No.23 in F major, K.590
 * String Quintet No.5 in D major, K.593
 * Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a Mechanical Organ, K.594
 * Maria Hester Park – 2 Keyboard Sonatas, Op.4
 * Claus Schall – Concerto No. 4 for violin and orchestra in D major
 * Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse – Piano Sonata No.5 in E major
 * Paul Wranitzky – Symphony in C major, 'Hungarian'

Published popular music

 * James Hook – "Rosy Hannah"
 * Franz Xaver Partsch – 12 Lieder für das schöne Geschlecht, mit Melodien (Prague)
 * The Apollonian Harmony, Vol.2 (London: Button Whitaker's Music Warehouse), including "Epitaph" by William Boyce

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Georg Albrechtsberger – Gründliche Anweisung zur Composition

Births

 * February 11 – Ignaz Assmayer, composer (d. 1862)
 * February 16 – Chretien Urhan, composer
 * March 15 – Nicola Vaccai, composer
 * May 12 – Carsten Hauch, lyricist (died 1872)
 * June 21 – Wilhelm Speyer, composer (died 1878)
 * July 23 – Anna Sofia Sevelin, alto
 * October 10 – Georg Gerson, composer (d. 1825)
 * October 17 – August Ferdinand Anacker, composer (d. 1854)
 * October 30 – Karol Lipiński, violinist and composer (d. 1861)
 * November 7 – Luigi Legnani, guitarist and composer (d. 1877)
 * November 11 – Joseph Kreutzer, violinist, conductor and composer (d. 1840)
 * date unknown
 * Ghanam Krishna Iyer, Carnatic music composer (d. 1854)
 * Anna Maria Sessi, opera singer (d. 1864)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Giusto Fernando Tenducci, composer and castrato singer (born c.1736)
 * February 14 – Capel Bond, composer, 59
 * February 19 – Jean-Baptiste Krumphultz, composer, 47 (suicide by drowning)
 * February 20 – Emperor Joseph II, 48
 * February 21 – Johann Friedrich Kloffler, conductor and composer, 64
 * May 24 – François-Henri Clicquot, organ builder, 57/58
 * June 25 – Lovisa Augusti, opera singer, 33
 * September 3 – Thomas Norris, composer
 * September 28 – Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, patron of Joseph Haydn
 * December 16 – Ludwig August Lebrun, composer, 38
 * date unknown
 * Simoni Dall Croubelis, composer
 * Pietro Denis, mandolin virtuoso (born 1720)
 * Lucile Grétry, composer, 18
 * Johann Georg Röllig, composer (born 1710)

title: 1790 in music


text:
List of web service specifications

There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all.

Web service standards listings
These sites contain documents and links about the different Web services standards identified on this page.
 * IBM Developerworks: Standard and Web Service
 * innoQ's WS-Standard Overview
 * MSDN .NET Developer Centre: Web Service Specification Index Page
 * OASIS Standards and Other Approved Work
 * Open Grid Forum Final Document
 * XML CoverPage
 * W3C's Web Services Activity

XML specification

 * XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
 * XML Namespaces
 * XML Schema
 * XPath
 * XQuery
 * XML Information Set
 * XInclude
 * XML Pointer

Messaging specification

 * SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol)
 * SOAP-over-UDP
 * SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism
 * WS-Notification
 * WS-BaseNotification
 * WS-Topics
 * WS-BrokeredNotification
 * WS-Addressing
 * WS-Transfer
 * WS-Eventing
 * WS-Enumeration
 * WS-MakeConnection

Metadata exchange specification

 * JSON-WSP
 * WS-Policy
 * WS-PolicyAssertions
 * WS-PolicyAttachment
 * WS-Discovery
 * WS-Inspection
 * WS-MetadataExchange
 * Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI)
 * WSDL 2.0 Core
 * WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding
 * Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S)
 * WS-Resource Framework (WSRF)

Security specification

 * WS-Security
 * XML Signature
 * XML Encryption
 * XML Key Management (XKMS)
 * WS-SecureConversation
 * WS-SecurityPolicy
 * WS-Trust
 * WS-Federation
 * WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile
 * WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile
 * Web Services Security Kerberos Binding
 * Web Single Sign-On Interoperability Profile
 * Web Single Sign-On Metadata Exchange Protocol
 * Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
 * XACML

Privacy

 * P3P

Reliable messaging specifications

 * WS-ReliableMessaging
 * WS-Reliability
 * WS-RM Policy Assertion

Resource specifications

 * Web Services Resource Framework
 * WS-Resource
 * WS-BaseFaults
 * WS-ServiceGroup
 * WS-ResourceProperties
 * WS-ResourceLifetime
 * WS-Transfer
 * WS-Fragment
 * Resource Representation SOAP Header Block

Web services interoperability (WS-I) specification
These specifications provide additional information to improve interoperability between vendor implementations.
 * WS-I Basic Profile
 * WS-I Basic Security Profile
 * Simple Soap Binding Profile

Business process specifications

 * WS-BPEL
 * WS-CDL
 * Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI)
 * WS-Choreography
 * XML Process Definition Language
 * Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL)

Transaction specifications

 * WS-BusinessActivity
 * WS-AtomicTransaction
 * WS-Coordination
 * WS-CAF
 * WS-Transaction
 * WS-Context
 * WS-CF
 * WS-TXM

Management specifications

 * WS-Management
 * WS-Management Catalog
 * WS-ResourceTransfer
 * WSDM

Presentation-oriented specification

 * Web Services for Remote Portlets

Draft specifications

 * WS-Provisioning – Describes the APIs and schemas necessary to facilitate interoperability between provisioning systems in a consistent manner using Web services

Other

 * Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS)
 * ebXML

Standardization

 * ISO/IEC 19784-2:2007 Information technology -- Biometric application programming interface -- Part 2: Biometric archive function provider interface
 * ISO 19133:2005 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- Tracking and navigation
 * ISO/IEC 20000-1:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 1: Specification
 * ISO/IEC 20000-2:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 2: Code of practice
 * ISO/IEC 24824-2:2006 Information technology -- Generic applications of ASN.1: Fast Web Services
 * ISO/IEC 25437:2006 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- WS-Session -- Web Services for Application Session Services

title: List of web service specifications


text:
Protestant Protective Association

The Protestant Protective Association was an anti-Catholic group in the 1890s based in Ontario, Canada, associated with the Orange Order. Originally a spinoff of the American group the American Protective Association, it became independent in 1892. The PPA denounced the role of Catholics and French-Canadians in politics, and warned Protestants that Catholics were attempting to take over Ontario. It aimed to eliminate French language education in schools in Ontario and western Canada (particularly Manitoba), and to roll back or block Catholic school systems in those provinces.

Ontario
The party began to achieve success following the surprise victory of Peter Duncan McCallum in the 1893 provincial by-election in Lambton East. By 1894, the mayors of Brantford, London, Hamilton, Chatham, Kincardine, and Petrolia, Ontario were all elected as members of the PPA.

In the 1894 provincial election the party succeeded in winning nine seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. These members worked closely with the opposition Ontario Conservative Party.

No PPA candidates ran in the 1898 Ontario election, or in any subsequent Ontario election. William Henry Reid of the Durham West riding was the only PPA MPP to return to the 1898 provincial legislature, but in 1898 he ran and was elected as a member of the Conservative Party.

Federal
The PPA ran several candidates in Ontario for the 1896 federal election as a protest against the Conservative Party's conflicted position on the Manitoba Schools Question. The PPA failed to win any seats in the House of Commons of Canada, but was instrumental in defeating Conservative candidates in four of the five ridings in which it nominated candidates.

title: Protestant Protective Association


text:
George Fernandes

George Mathew Fernandes (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was an Indian trade unionist, statesman, and journalist, who served as the 22nd Defence Minister of India from 1998 until 2004. A veteran socialist, he was a member of the Lok Sabha for over 30 years, starting from Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in 1967 till 2009 mostly representing constituencies from Bihar. He was a key member of the Janata Dal and the founder of the Samata Party. Holding several prominent ministerial portfolios during his career, including communication, industry, railways, and defence, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, in 2020.

A native of Mangalore, Fernandes was sent to Bangalore in 1946 to be trained as a priest. In 1949, he moved to Bombay, where he joined the socialist trade union movement. Becoming a trade union leader, Fernandes organised many strikes and bandhs in Bombay in the 1950s and 1960s while working with the Indian Railways. He defeated S K Patil of the Indian National Congress in the 1967 parliamentary elections from the Bombay South constituency. As president of the All India Railwaymen's Federation, he led the 1974 railways strike. Fernandes went underground during the Emergency era of 1975, while challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for imposing a state of emergency, but in 1976 he was arrested and tried in the infamous Baroda dynamite case.

In 1977, after the Emergency had been lifted, Fernandes won the Muzaffarpur seat in Bihar in absentia. As industries minister, he revoked the licences for multinationals IBM and Coca-Cola to operate in India, due to investment violations. As railways minister from 1989 to 1990 he was the driving force behind the Konkan Railway project. As defence minister in the Bharatiya Janata Party-led second and third Atal Bihari Vajpayee ministries (1998–2004), he oversaw the outbreak of the Kargil War and the implementation of nuclear tests at Pokhran. Fernandes has been dogged by various controversies, including the Barak Missile scandal and the Tehelka affair. George Fernandes won nine Lok Sabha elections from 1967 to 2004. He died on 29 January 2019 at the age of 88.

Early life
George Fernandes was born on 3 June 1930 to John Joseph Fernandes and Alice Martha Fernandes (née Pinto), in Mangalore to a Mangalorean Catholic family. The eldest of six children, all sons, his siblings are Lawrence, Michael, Paul, Aloysius, and Richard. His mother was a great admirer of King George V (who was also born on 3 June), hence she named her first son George. His father was employed by the Peerless Finance group as an insurance executive, and headed their office of South India for several years. George was fondly called "Gerry" in close family circles. He attended his first few years of schooling at a government school near his house called "Board school", a municipal school and a church school.

He studied from fifth grade at the school attached to St. Aloysius College, Mangalore, where he completed his Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC).

In an interview with ETV, Fernandes described his decision to stop studies after matriculation despite his father wishing him to study and become a lawyer. His premise was that he did not want to become a lawyer and fight cases for his father who often evicted tenants from a patch of land that they owned on the outskirts of Mangalore. He was instead enrolled in a seminary for studies to become a priest. He went to St Peter's Seminary in Bangalore at the age of 16, to be trained as a Roman Catholic priest, studying philosophy for two and a half years from 1946 to 1948. At the age of 19, he left the seminary due to sheer frustration because he was appalled that the rectors ate better food and sat at higher tables than the seminarians. He later confessed that, "I was disillusioned, because there was a lot of difference between precept and practice where the Church was concerned."

Fernandes began work at the age of 19, organising exploited workers in the road transport industry and in the hotels and restaurants in Mangalore. For some time, he worked as a insurance agent and also tried wholesale businesses of shaving blades. His first guru was a Mangalorean activist and a freedom fighter Ammembala Balappa (1922–2014). Balappa identified and groomed a young Fernandes, who had taken refuge at places surrounding Nehru Maidan in Mangalore city, after being thrown out of the house. Initially, with Balappa's mentorship Fernandes gathered hotel workers and other menial labourers in the city. He was associated with Ram Manohar Lohia-led Praja Socialist Party (PSP) in its Mangalore division. Fernandes and few other union workers led Mangalore's earliest labour strikes on behalf of the workers of Canara Public Conveyance (CPC)in 1949. The strike was cracked down as the police resorted to lathi charge. After the strike, Fernandes came in contact with renowned Bombay-based Trade Union leader Placid D’Mello (1919–1958). Fernandes later left to Bombay in 1950 and faced tremendous hardships. Here again, he became a prodigy of D'Mello, who was handling the arduous Dock unions. After D'Mello's death in 1958, Fernandes succeeded in managing dock Unions and other major labour force unions in the city that included Taximen unions, textile mills and Mazdoor Unions.

Brief history of participating in elections
He first contested Lok Sabha election in 1967 as a socialist, and defeated the Congress stalwart Sa Kaa Patil in Bombay in a famous upset, earning the sobriquet 'George the Giant-killer'. He contested from Muzaffarpur, Bihar in 1977 while still in jail as a Janata Party candidate, and won. He was made minister in the first non-Congress govt in India. In 1979, he resigned from : Janata Party, joined Charan Singh's breakaway Janata Party (S), and won again from Muzaffarpur in 1980. In 1984 he fought from Bangalore on Janata Party's ticket but lost to Jaffar Sharif of Congress. He lost a bye-poll from Banka in 1985 and again in 1986. In 1989 and 1991, he shifted back to Bihar and won both times from Muzaffarpur as Janata Dal candidate. In 1994, he left Janata Dal after differences with Lalu Yadav and formed Samata Party which allied with BJP. In 1996 and 1998 elections, he won from Nalanda as Samata Party candidate. Samata Party merged with Janata Dal (United) and he won again from Nalanda in 1999. In 2004 he won from Muzaffarpur. In 2009 he was denied ticket by his party, contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent and lost. Later he was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2009. In the 2010s he was afflicted for many years with Alzheimer's and died in January 2019.
 * Bombay : 1967 (Lost in 1971)
 * Muzaffarpur : 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 2004. (Lost in 2009 as rebel)
 * Bangalore : Lost in 1984
 * Banka : Lost bye-polls in 1985 and 1986.
 * Nalanda : 1996, 1998, 1999
 * Rajya Sabha : 2009

Life in Bombay
After leaving the seminary, Fernandes moved to Bombay in 1949 in search of a job. He went to the office of Socialist Party in Bombay and met Madhu Dandavate to ask him for staying there for some time but was not welcomed. His life was tough in Bombay, and he had to sleep on the streets, until he got a job as a proofreader for The Times of India newspaper. He relates to the beginning of his career by saying, "When I came to Bombay, I used to sleep on the benches of Chowpatty Sands. In the middle of the night policemen used to come and wake me up and ask me to move on." He came into contact with veteran union leader Placid D’Mello, and the socialist Rammanohar Lohia, who were the greatest influences on his life. Later, he joined the socialist trade union movement. He rose to prominence as a trade unionist and fought for the rights of labourers in small scale service industries such as hotels and restaurants. Emerging as a key figure in the Bombay labour movement in the early 1950s, Fernandes was a central figure in the unionisation of sections of Bombay labour in the 1950s.

In 1951, Fernandes joined Bombay Dock Worker's Union and worked to revive the publication of a newsletter The Dockman. When in August 1951, Placid D’Mello was arrested, he organised foot march of around two-hundred dock workers from Bombay to Poona to meet Chief Minister Morarji Desai for the release of D’Mello. As a labour organiser, he served many prison terms when his workforce engaged in fights with company goons. He served as a member of the Bombay Municipal Corporation from 1961 to 1968. He won in the civic election in 1961 and, until 1968, continuously raised the problems of the exploited workers in the representative body of the metropolis.

On his first day at Bombay Municipal Corporation, 10 April 1961, he requested that the proceedings to be conducted in Marathi instead of English language. On 4 April 1963, George was arrested along with Sardar Parsbag Singh and Janardhan Upadhyay under Defence of India act because of their demand to change the taxi fair structure. He was jailed at Nasik Central Jail. On 9 August 1963, Madhu Limaye along with other trade union leaders organised a big rally in Bombay for his release. On 13 December 1963, he was released from Nagpur Central Jail.

The moment that thrust Fernandes into the limelight was his decision to contest the 1967 general election. He was offered a party ticket for the Bombay South constituency by the Samyukta Socialist Party against the more wellknown S. K. Patil of the Indian National Congress in Bombay. Patil was a seasoned politician, with two decades of experience. Nevertheless, Fernandes won by garnering 48.5 per cent of the votes, thus earning his nickname, "George the Giantkiller". The shocking defeat ended Patil's political career.

Fernandes emerged as a key leader in the upsurge of strike actions in Bombay during the second half of the 1960s but, by the beginnings of the 1970s, the impetus of his leadership had largely disappeared. In 1969, he was chosen General Secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, and in 1973 became the Chairman of the Socialist Party. After the 1970s, Fernandes failed to make major inroads in Bombay's growing private-sector industries.

1974 railway strike
The most notable strike organised by Fernandes, when he was President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation, was the All India Railway strike of 1974, where the entire nation was brought to a halt. The strike was the result of grievances by railway workers that had been built up over two decades before the strike. Though there were three Pay commissions between 1947 and 1974, none of them increased the standard of living of the workers. In February 1974, the National Coordinating Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle (NCCRS) was formed to bring all the railway unions, the central trade unions and political parties in the Opposition together to prepare for the strike to start on 8 May 1974. In Bombay, electricity and transport workers, as well as taxi drivers joined the protests. In Gaya, Bihar, striking workers and their families squatted on the tracks. More than 10,000 workers of the Integral Coach Factory in Madras marched to the Southern Railway headquarters to express their solidarity with the striking workers. Similar protests erupted across the country.

The strike, which started on 8 May 1974, at the time of economic crisis, provoked strong government reactions and massive arrests. According to Amnesty International, 30,000 trade unionists were detained, most held under preventive detention laws. Those arrested included not only members of the strike action committee and trade unionists, but also railwaymen who participated in the strike. The strike was called off unilaterally on 27 May 1974 by the Action Committee. As explained later by Fernandes, "the strike was called off because those conducting the strike had started speaking in different voices." Although large number of prisoners were released, among them Fernandes, thousands remained in detention, charged with specific offences. The strike led to a sense of insecurity and threat that led to Indira Gandhi's imposition of the Emergency era in 1975. Previous strikes were aimed at companies or industries, but this strike was aimed at the government and from its ramifications proved to be the most successful of disastrous industrial actions in Indian history.

Emergency era and union ministry
The reigning Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the Indian Constitution were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed the emergency were jailed. George Fernandes, along with like-minded leaders, opposed what he saw as a blatant misuse of power. A day before the emergency George Fernandes had arrived in Berhampur City in Odisha (on 24 June 1975) and was staying at his father-in-law Humayun Kabir's house on Gopalpur-On-Sea beach near Berhampur City, Odisha. Humayun Kabir was the Education Minister in former Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet.

George Fernandes' 25 June schedule in Berhampur city was packed. He attended a meeting of the Berhampur University Employees Association, a meeting with socialist leaders and workers and a gathering of intellectuals in the evening. He was scheduled to attend a meeting of the Railways Workers Association of Odisha on 26 June in Berhampur City but before that he hid himself there secretly. A warrant was issued in Fernandes' name and subsequently he went underground to escape arrest and prosecution. When the police failed to capture him, they arrested and tortured his brother, Lawrence Fernandes, to reveal his brother's whereabouts. Snehalata Reddy, a chronic asthmatic was arrested for being in touch with George Fernandes and, as she was not given adequate care in the prison, died soon after her release.

In July 1975, Fernandes arrived in Baroda. There, he met Kirit Bhatt, who was president of Baroda Union of Journalists, and Vikram Rao, a staff correspondent of The Times of India at Baroda, both who opposed the Emergency. They used to meet and discuss on what could be done to topple the autocratic Indira Gandhi Government. An industrialist friend, Viren J. Shah, managing director of Mukand Ltd., helped them find contacts for procuring dynamite, used extensively in quarries around Halol (near Baroda). They aimed at blowing up toilets in government offices and cause explosions near the venue of public meetings to be addressed by Indira Gandhi. The idea was not to injure anybody, but only create a scare. The explosions were to be carried out either late in the night or hours before the public meeting was to begin to avoid injury. A plan was hatched to blow up a dais four hours before Indira Gandhi was to address a meeting in Varanasi. The conspiracy later came to be known as the infamous Baroda dynamite case.

According to Bhatt, there were two more plans that never worked out. Fernandes also wanted to rob a train used to carry weapons from Pimpri (near Poona) to Bombay. The weapons were to be used to blast government offices. Yet another plan was to take the help of other countries by using ham radio.

On 10 June 1976, he was finally arrested in Calcutta on charges of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments in protest against the imposition of emergency, in what came to be known as the Baroda dynamite case. After his arrest, Amnesty International members cabled the Government requesting that he be given immediate access to a lawyer and that his physical protection be guaranteed. Three world leaders from Germany, Norway and Austria were believed to have cabled Indira Gandhi and cautioned her against harming Fernandes. From Baroda, the accused were shifted to Tihar Jail. The accused were never chargesheeted.

Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977
After the emergency subsided, elections were held in India from March 16 to March 20, 1977. The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a defeat at the hands of the Janata Party, a coalition created in 1977 out of several small parties that opposed Gandhi's Emergency era. The Janata Party and its allies came to power, headed by Morarji Desai, who became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. Fernandes won the Muzaffarpur seat in Bihar by an over 300,000 vote margin in 1977 from jail where he was lodged in the Baroda dynamite case, despite his not even visiting the constituency.

On 28 March 1977, he was appointed as Minister of Post and Telegraph. In his speech, on 31 March 1977, in Lok Sabha, he emphasised on expanding postal services to rural areas. On 7 July 1977, he was appointed the Union Minister for Industries. During his union ministership, he clashed with American multinationals IBM and Coca-Cola insisting they implement FERA, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, which had been passed under Indira Gandhi's government. Under the FERA, foreign investors could not own more than 40 per cent of the share capital in Indian enterprises. The two multinationals decided to shut down their Indian operations, when Fernandes pressed ahead with rigid enforcement of FERA. On 1 May 1978, he launched District Industrial Centre to provide employment in rural areas.

During his first tenure as MP, Fernandes set up a Doordarshan Kendra (1978), Kanti Thermal Power Station (1978) and the Lijjat papad factory to generate employment in Muzaffarpur. Fernandes also insisted on women's empowerment. In November 2014, Kanti Thermal Power Station was renamed as George Fernandes Thermal Power Station (GFTPS).

In November 1978, he sent his resignation letter to Morarji Desai to work for the organization of Janata Party but wasn't accepted. On 12 July 1979, speaking on Motion of no confidence brought by Yashwantrao Chavan, George Fernandes defended Morarji Desai's government. But on 15 July 1979, George along with other ministers like Biju Patnaik, Purushottam Kaushik, Bhanu Pratap Singh resigned from Morarji's cabinet.

Party memberships and railway ministry
During his tenure as a minister in the Janata Party, he continued to be uncomfortable with certain elements of the broad-based Janata coalition, especially with the leaders of the erstwhile Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jan Sangh in the Union Cabinet. In a debate preceding a vote of confidence two years into the government's tenure in 1979, he vehemently spoke out against the practice of permitting members to retain connections to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) while being in the ministry in the Janata Party. The leaders of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, among them Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani, refused to give up their allegiance with the RSS, leading to a split within the Janata Party. The issue of "dual membership" caused Morarji Desai to lose the vote of confidence, and his government was reduced to a minority in the Lok Sabha. After the Janata Party started disintegrating in 1979, Charan Singh left it to form the Janata (Secular) Party and with support from the Congress Party, replaced Desai as Prime Minister.

In the seventh general elections held in 1980, the Janata (Secular) ministry failed to maintain a majority in the Lok Sabha, and Congress once again became the ruling party. Fernandes retained his Parliamentary seat from Muzaffarpur in 1980, and sat in the opposition. He contested for the Lok Sabha in 1984 from Bangalore North constituency against future Railway minister and Congress candidate C. K. Jaffer Sheriff, but lost the election by a margin of 40,000 votes. He then decided to shift his base to Bihar in 1989, when an anti-Congress wave was sweeping the country in the wake of the Bofors scandal, and won Muzaffarpur in the 1989 and 1991 general elections, He later joined the Janata Dal, a party which was formed from the Janata Party at Bangalore in August 1988. His second tenure as Minister of Railways in the V. P. Singh's government from 1989 to 1990, though short-lived, was quite eventful. He was one of the driving forces behind the Konkan Railway project, the first major development in the Rail transport in India since independence.

Fernandes broke away from the erstwhile Janata Dal and formed the Samata Party in 1994, which became a key ally of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). BJP formed a short-lived government in the 1996 general elections along with the Samata Party and other allies. The government survived only for 13 days, since the BJP could not gather enough support from other parties to form a majority. Fernandes later served in the opposition along with BJP during the two United Front governments (1996–1998) led by Janata Dal ministers H. D. Deve Gowda and Inder Kumar Gujral. After the collapse of the United Front ministry led by Gujral, BJP and its allies won a slender majority in the 1998 general elections. The government lasted only for 13 months, due to the non-co-operation of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) leader Jayalalitha.

After the collapse of the second BJP-led coalition government, BJP and its allies formed a 24 party alliance called National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which became the first non-Congress coalition government in post-independence India to survive a full five-year term (1999–2004). Later, Fernandes became the convenor of NDA. On 27 July 1999, the Janata Dal again split into two factions, the Janata Dal (United) and the Janata Dal (Secular). In 2003, Fernandes reunited with the Janata Dal (United), and also merged his Samata Party with it.

Defence minister
Fernandes served as the Defence Minister of India in both the first and second National Democratic Alliance governments (1998–2004). During his tenure as the defence minister, the Kargil war over Kashmir broke out between India and Pakistan in 1999. The war began when heavily armed Pakistan-backed intruders dug themselves in at heights of 16000 ft – 18000 ft on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LOC) along an 80 km stretch north of Kargil. They began attacking the strategic highway linking Srinagar and Leh. As a result, the Indian army undertook the Operation Vijay to push back the Pakistani intruders and regain the occupied territories. The inability of the Indian intelligence and military agencies to detect the infiltration early received criticism, both by the opposition as well as the media. However, Fernandes refused to acknowledge the failure of intelligence agencies in detecting infiltration along Kargil sector.

In May 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests at the Pokharan range in Rajasthan. Earlier a staunch supporter of nuclear disarmament, Fernandes openly endorsed the NDA government's decision to test the nuclear bombs. He was also involved in skirmishes with the then Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy, Vishnu Bhagwat, over promotion of Vice-Admiral Harinder Singh as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Bhagwat was subsequently sacked over the issue. After the Tehelka defence scandal broke out in March 2001, Fernandes quit as defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later. Fernandes is the only defence minister of a nuclear power who had a picture of Hiroshima bombing in his office. He made 18 visits to the icy heights of the 6600 m Siachen glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield". He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments.

After the defence ministership
The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2004 general elections. On 11 October 2004, George Fernandes along with Chandra Shekhar and Subramanian Swamy formed Rashtriya Swabhiman Manch to oppose Sonia Gandhi and policies adopted by UPA government.

Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes was locked in a bitter party rivalry with his one-time friend, Samata Party co-founder, Nitish Kumar. In the 2009 general elections, he contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent candidate after being denied a ticket by the Janata Dal (United) on health grounds, but he lost the election. On 30 July 2009, Fernandes filed his nomination as an independent candidate for the mid-term poll being held for the Rajya Sabha seat vacated by Janata Dal (United) president Sharad Yadav. The Janata Dal (United) did not field any candidate against him, which led to his being elected unopposed. He was sworn in on 4 August 2009.

Support to secessionist groups in Sri Lanka
Fernandes supported and endorsed many secessionist movements and groups. He was a long time supporter of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), an organisation which sought to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Before 1997, he organised a controversial public convention of pro-LTTE delegates in New Delhi. In July 1998, he reportedly prevented the Indian Navy from intercepting ships that were suspected of carrying illegal weapons to Tamil guerrilla groups. Fernandes was also a patron of the Fund Raising Committee backed by the LTTE, with an objective to help the 26 accused in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case. The Sri Lankan government stated that, "the LTTE's biggest supporter in India is Defence Minister George Fernandes." He also expressed support for Tibetan refugees fighting for freedom against China, and Burmese pro-democratic rebel groups fighting against the military government in Myanmar.

He revealed the infamous "Operation Leech" incident, which resulted in the capture of Arakan Army insurgents on one of India's islands in the Andaman Sea. He also fought for the welfare and release of anti-Burmese rebels held by the Indian Government.

CIA funding
During the Emergency, as chairman of the Socialist Party of India, he faced prosecution for alleged conspiracy against the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He allegedly sought to obtain funding from the US Central Intelligence Agency and the French government to organise underground sabotage activities. US diplomatic cables said that after an initial request to seek funding from the French government was turned down, he was "prepared to accept money from the CIA".

Tehelka scandal
Fernandes' name figured prominently in Operation West End, a sting operation in which journalist Mathew Samuel, armed with hidden cameras, from a controversial investigative journal, Tehelka, posing as representatives of a fictitious arms company, appeared to bribe the Bharatiya Janata Party President, Bangaru Laxman, a senior officer in the Indian Army and Jaya Jaitly, the General Secretary of the Samata Party and Fernandes' companion.

The scandal caused uproar all over India and Fernandes was forced to resign from his post as a Defence Minister. He was subsequently cleared by the one man commission headed by retired Justice Phukan. The Phukan Committee Report was rejected by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Government headed by the Congress Party and a new committee headed by Justice K Venkataswami was appointed. The Committee investigated the case in detail, but Justice Venkataswami resigned before submitting the report in the case.

Barak Missile scandal
On 10 October 2006, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) registered a First information report (FIR) against Fernandes, his associate Jaya Jaitly, and former navy chief Admiral Sushil Kumar for alleged irregularities in purchasing the inr 7000000000 Barak 1 system from Israel in 2000. Fernandes, however, said that the scientific adviser to the Defence Minister in National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government (1998–2004), who later became the President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, had cleared the missile deal.

As defence minister
Following the Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998, he openly branded China as "India's enemy number one". He later expressed regret for his statements, saying it was wrongly interpreted by the media. He has also criticised China for providing sophisticated weapons to Pakistan to build its missiles, and has rapped the Chinese for strengthening their military across the Himalayas in Tibet.

Fernandes has claimed that he was strip searched twice at Dulles Airport in the US Capital area, when he was defence minister—once on an official visit to Washington in early 2002 and another time while en route to Brazil in mid-2003. The details of the strip-search were mentioned in American foreign policy analyst Strobe Talbott's book Engaging India – Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb. However, the US embassy in Delhi issued a formal denial that Fernandes had been strip-searched, and said that, "Fernandes was not strip-searched but a security wand was waved over him when a key in his pocket set off the metal detector." Subsequently, the then United States Deputy Secretary of State, Richard Armitage, personally apologised to Fernandes over the matter. This was one in a series of incidents involving the detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports that marred Indian–US relations post 9/11.

He was accused in the 2002 coffin scam, following allegations that 500 poor quality aluminium caskets were bought from the United States at rates 13 times more than the actual price, to transport the bodies of slain soldiers, after the Kargil War. However, the CBI gave a clean sheet to Fernandes in the scam in its 2009 charge sheet.

Writings, journalism and other contributions
Fernandes liked writing and journalism in his student days. He was the editor of a Konkani language monthly Konkani Yuvak (Konkani Youth) in 1949. The same year, he was the editor of the Raithavani weekly in Kannada. The Dockman weekly in English, which had ceased publication, reappeared under the editorship of Fernandes in 1952–53. Though not a prolific writer, Fernandes wrote several books on politics including What Ails the Socialists (1972), Socialist Communist Interaction in India, In the year of the disabled: India's disabled government (1981), Dignity for All: Essays in Socialism and Democracy (1991), and his autobiography titled George Fernandes Speaks (1991). He was the editor of an English monthly, The Other Side, and the chairman of the editorial board of the Hindi monthly Pratipaksh. A human rights activist, Fernandes had been a member of Amnesty International, the People's Union for Civil Liberties and the Press Council of India. In the year 2022, a Canada based Mangalorean origin writer Chris Emmanuel Dsouza published a book titled Bandh Samrat - Tales of eternal rebel  that chronicled George Fernandes's early days of Trade union activism in his hometown of Mangalore, his early slog in his adopted city of Bombay and his association with stellar socialist figures of Mangalore like the noted Ammembala Balappa and Placid D’Mello.

Family and personal life
Fernandes met Leila Kabir, the daughter of former Union minister Humayun Kabir, on a flight back to Delhi from Calcutta. Fernandes, then the general secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, was returning from Bangladesh while Kabir was on her way back from the battlefront where she had gone as an assistant director of the Red Cross. They began dating and were married on 22 July 1971. They had a son, Sean Fernandes, who is an investment banker based in New York. Fernandes and Kabir separated in the mid-1980s. Jaya Jaitly was Fernandes' companion from 1984.

Fernandes spoke ten languages—Konkani, English, Hindi, Tulu, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Malayalam, and Latin. Konkani was his mother tongue. He learnt Marathi and Urdu in jail, and Latin while he was in the seminary in his early youth. He was fluent in Hindi and English.

Fernandes was reported to be suffering from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was undergoing treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar for the diseases at the request of Leila Kabir, who had recently returned to his life. In February 2010, Fernandes' brothers were reported to have been considering a court order for medical treatment and visitation; Kabir and Sean Fernandes are alleged to have forcibly removed Fernandes to an undisclosed location. In July 2010, the Delhi High Court ruled that Fernandes would stay with Kabir and that Fernandes' brothers would be able to visit.

In August 2012 the Supreme Court of India granted permission to Jaya Jaitly, a former aide, to visit him, a move which was opposed by his wife on the grounds of her locus standi.

He died at the age of 88 on 29 January 2019, in Delhi following a swine flu infection. In his condolence letter, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet wrote, "I had the privilege of knowing him for over five decades during which we met regularly (...) I admired him greatly because he dedicated himself to what he believed in, no matter how difficult the situation was. Mr Fernandes was a great humanitarian and believer in truth. Throughout his life, he was a voice to millions of poor and needy people of the country. He had firm conviction for justice and wisdom. He was a real heroic leader. (...) He was a steady friend who was sympathetic to the Tibetan cause right from the beginning. He never missed an opportunity to speak up for the Tibetan people as well as for others in similar situation. (...) Although George and I are from different religious traditions, as a Buddhist I am confident he would be reborn yet again to serve his country, in particular, the cause of the less privileged people. (...) As I had told him during our meetings over the years, I will always remember him".

title: George Fernandes


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Mugur Isărescu

Constantin Mugur Isărescu (born 1 August 1949) is the governor of the National Bank of Romania, a position he has been holding since September 1990, with the sole exception of a period of time of one year (22 December 1999 to 28 December 2000), during which he served as Prime Minister of Romania. In addition, he is also a member of the Romanian Academy.

Early life
Isărescu was born in Drăgășani, Vâlcea County, Romania. His father was a school teacher who, after the establishment of the Romanian People's Republic, studied at the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest (ASE), worked as a bank executive during the 1950s, and then was a professor of accounting for 20 years.

Isărescu studied international trade at the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest, which he graduated in 1971, and where he was an assistant professor between 1975 and 1989. In 1989, Isărescu defended his Ph.D. thesis on exchange rate policies under the supervision of Costin Kirițescu.

For 19 years, he worked as a researcher for the Institute of International Economics. He took a number of courses in the United States, writing several papers on capitalist economics. Isărescu claims it was as if he prepared for 20 years for the 1990 moment.

During this period he gave notes under several aliases to the Communist Secret Services about ladies with different problems, about colleagues at the institute, and about the foreigners he was meeting. One alias Isărescu used to sign the information notes to the Securitate was "Manole".

In February 1990, after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, he began working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In March 1990, he was sent to work as an economic and monetary affairs secretary at the Romanian Embassy in the United States, being in charge of handling Romania's relations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

He expected that Romania would need IMF help within a couple of years, but he was surprised to find that the government depleted the foreign-exchange reserves within six months and, as such, he was recalled to Romania in July 1990 to head the National Bank.

Governor of the National Bank of Romania
In September 1990, he was named Governor of the National Bank of Romania by the Romanian government. During the early years, he negotiated several agreements with the International Monetary Fund. His mandate was renewed by the Parliament of Romania in 1991, 1998, 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019.

According to a World Record Academy article, Isărescu managed in 19 years of leadership at the National Bank of Romania to create and maintain a mysterious aura around the policies of the National Bank, and many pointed out that the agenda of the Bank remained independent from any Romanian Government. The same article states that many credit the National Bank team for saving Romania's economy from a Bulgarian-type collapse, raising the national gold and Euro reserves beyond needs, cutting down inflation to single-digit figures and introducing the New Leu. In 2009, the World Record Academy named him as the longest-serving governor of a central bank.

He was involved in a series of legislative debates regarding some consumer protection laws, as "datio in solutium" and Swiss franc to Romanian leu conversion, when he had a pronounced role, strongly supporting banks against Romanian debtors, in last two years.

Prime Minister of Romania
In 1999, Isărescu was asked to become Prime Minister of Romania, which he accepted on the condition that he could return to the National Bank after it was over. Then-President Emil Constantinescu agreed with the terms and on 16 December 1999 Isărescu was sworn in as Prime Minister of Romania, but only for about a year, since in November 2000, the ruling coalition lost the election.

In November 2000 Isărescu ran for President of Romania but was soundly defeated, coming in fourth place and receiving 9% of the vote. Thereafter, he returned to the National Bank of Romania for another term as governor.

Although Isărescu served only one year as Prime Minister, Isărescu is considered to have started the reform process, continued later by Adrian Năstase and Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu. During his premiership, on February 15, 2000, Romania formally initiated negotiations with the European Union (a process started by the Romanian application in 1995 and European Commission approval on October 13, 1999 ). As governor of the National Bank of Romania, Mugur Isărescu has coordinated Romania's economic policy since 1990.

Isărescu was considered several times between 2009 and 2012 as a suitable replacement for Emil Boc as Prime Minister of Romania. Isărescu declined the offer from President Băsescu, refusing to re-assume his former office in order to remain Governor of BNR.

International organizations

 * European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), Ex-Officio Member of the General Board
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors

Non-profit organizations

 * Club of Rome, Member
 * Trilateral Commission, Member

Recognition
Isărescu is a recipient of the Grand Cross and Sash ranks of the Order of the Star of Romania.

The Romanian Royal Family awarded him the title of Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown.

title: Mugur Isărescu


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Serotonin transporter

The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein that transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic neuron, in a process known as serotonin reuptake.

This transport of serotonin by the SERT protein terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner. Many antidepressant medications of the SSRI and tricyclic antidepressant classes work by binding to SERT and thus reducing serotonin reuptake. It is a member of the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter family. A repeat length polymorphism in the promoter of this gene has been shown to affect the rate of serotonin uptake and may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome, aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease patients, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression-susceptibility in people experiencing emotional trauma.

Mechanism of action
Serotonin-reuptake transporters are dependent on both the concentration of potassium ion in the cytoplasm and the concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in the extracellular fluid. In order to function properly the serotonin transporter requires the membrane potential created by the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase.

The serotonin transporter first binds a sodium ion, followed by the serotonin, and then a chloride ion; it is then allowed, thanks to the membrane potential, to flip inside the cell freeing all the elements previously bound. Right after the release of the serotonin in the cytoplasm a potassium ion binds to the transporter which is now able to flip back out returning to its active state.

Function
The serotonin transporter removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft back into the synaptic boutons. Thus, it terminates the effects of serotonin and simultaneously enables its reuse by the presynaptic neuron.

Neurons communicate by using chemical messengers like serotonin between cells. The transporter protein, by recycling serotonin, regulates its concentration in a gap, or synapse, and thus its effects on a receiving neuron's receptors.

Medical studies have shown that changes in serotonin transporter metabolism appear to be associated with many different phenomena, including alcoholism, clinical depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), romantic love, hypertension and generalized social phobia.

The serotonin transporter is also present in platelets; there, serotonin functions as a vasoconstrictive substance. It also serves as a signalling molecule to induce platelet aggregation.

Pharmacology
In 1995 and 1996, scientists in Europe had identified the polymorphism 5-HTTLPR, a serotonin-transporter in the gene SLC6A4. In December 1996, a group of researchers led by D.A. Collier of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, published their findings in Molecular Psychiatry, that, "5-HTTLPR-dependent variation in functional 5-HTT expression is a potential genetic susceptibility factor for affective disorders."

SERT spans the plasma membrane 12 times. It belongs to the NE, DA, SERT monoamine transporter family. Transporters are important sites for agents that treat psychiatric disorders. Drugs that reduce the binding of serotonin to transporters (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SRIs) are used to treat mental disorders. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine and the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine are examples of serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Following the elucidation of structures of the homologous bacterial transporter, LeuT, co-crystallized with tricyclic antidepressants in the vestibule leading from the extracellular space to the central substrate site it was inferred that this binding site did also represent the binding site relevant for antidepressant binding in SERT. However, studies on SERT showed that tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors bind to the central binding site overlapping the substrate binding site. The Drosophila dopamine transporter, which displays a pharmacology similar to SERT, was crystallized with tricyclic antidepressants and confirmed the earlier finding that the substrate binding site is also the antidepressant binding site.

Ligands

 * DASB
 * compound 4b: Ki = 17 pM; 710-fold and 11,100-fold selective over DAT and NET
 * compound (+)-12a: Ki = 180 pM at hSERT; >1000-fold selective over hDAT, hNET, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT6. Isosteres
 * 3-cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)indole 8a: Ki = 220 pM
 * allosteric modulator: 3′-Methoxy-8-methyl-spiro{8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,5′(4′H)-isoxazole} (compound 7a)
 * allosteric modulator: p-Trifluoromethyl-methcathinone

Genetics

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The gene that encodes the serotonin transporter is called solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 4 (SLC6A4, see Solute carrier family). In humans the gene is found on chromosome 17 on location 17q11.1–q12.

Mutations associated with the gene may result in changes in serotonin transporter function, and experiments with mice have identified more than 50 different phenotypic changes as a result of genetic variation. These phenotypic changes may, e.g., be increased anxiety and gut dysfunction. Some of the human genetic variations associated with the gene are:
 * Length variation in the serotonin-transporter-gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR)
 * rs25531 — a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5-HTTLPR
 * rs25532 — another SNP in the 5-HTTLPR
 * STin2 — a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the functional intron 2
 * G56A on the second exon
 * I425V on the ninth exon

Length variation in 5-HTTLPR
According to a 1996 article in The Journal of Neurochemistry, the promoter region of the SLC6A4 gene contains a polymorphism with "short" and "long" repeats in a region: 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR or SERTPR). The short variation has 14 repeats of a sequence while the long variation has 16 repeats. A second 1996 article stated that the short variation leads to less transcription for SLC6A4, and it has been found that it can partly account for anxiety-related personality traits. This polymorphism has been extensively investigated in over 300 scientific studies (as of 2006). The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be subdivided further: One study published in 2000 found 14 allelic variants (14-A, 14-B, 14-C, 14-D, 15, 16-A, 16-B, 16-C, 16-D, 16-E, 16-F, 19, 20 and 22) in a group of around 200 Japanese and Caucasian people.

In addition to altering the expression of SERT protein and concentrations of extracellular serotonin in the brain, the 5-HTTLPR variation is associated with changes in brain structure. One 2005 study found less grey matter in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala for short allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism compared to subjects with the long/long genotype.

In contrast, a 2008 meta-analysis found no significant overall association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and autism. A hypothesized gene–environment interaction between the short/short allele of the 5-HTTLPR and life stress as predictor for major depression has suffered a similar fate: after an influential initial report in 2003 there were mixed results in replication in 2008, and a 2009 meta-analysis was negative. See 5-HTTLPR for more information.

rs25532
rs25532 is a SNP (C>T) close to the site of 5-HTTLPR. It has been examined in connection with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

I425V
I425V is a rare mutation on the ninth exon. In 2003, researchers from Japan and the US reported that they had found this genetic variation in unrelated families with OCD, and have found that it leads to faulty transporter function and regulation. A second variant in the same gene of some patients with this mutation suggests a genetic "double hit", resulting in greater biochemical effects and more severe symptoms.

VNTR in STin2
Another noncoding polymorphism is a VNTR in the second intron (STin2). In a 2005 study, it was found with three alleles: 9, 10 and 12 repeats. A meta-analysis has found that the 12 repeat allele of the STin2 VNTR polymorphism had some minor (with odds ratio 1.24), but statistically significant, association with schizophrenia. A 2008 meta-analysis found no significant overall association between the STin2 VNTR polymorphism and autism. Furthermore, a 2003 meta-analysis of affective disorders, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, found a minor association to the intron 2 VNTR polymorphism, but the results of the meta-analysis were dependent upon a large effect from one individual study.

The polymorphism has also been related to personality traits with a 2008 Russian study finding individuals with the STin2.10 allele having lower neuroticism scores as measured with the Eysenck Personality Inventory.

Neuroimaging
The distribution of the serotonin transporter in the brain may be imaged with positron emission tomography using radioligands called DASB and DAPP; the first such studies on the human brain were reported in 2000. DASB and DAPP are not the only radioligands for the serotonin transporter. There are numerous others, with the most popular probably being the β-CIT radioligand with an iodine-123 isotope that is used for brain scanning with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) according to a 1993 article in the Journal of Neural Transmission. The radioligands were used in 2006 to examine whether variables such as age, gender or genotype are associated with differential serotonin transporter binding. Healthy subjects that have a high score of neuroticism—a personality trait in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory—were found to have more serotonin transporter binding in the thalamus in 2007.

Neuroimaging and genetics
Studies on the serotonin transporter have combined neuroimaging and genetics methods, e.g., a voxel-based morphometry study found less grey matter in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala for short allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism compared to subjects with the long/long genotype.

title: Serotonin transporter


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Australian Institute of Sport

The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) is a high performance sports training institution in Australia. The institute's 66 ha headquarters were opened in 1981 and are situated in the northern suburb of Bruce, Canberra. The AIS is a division of the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), part of the Australian Government under the Department of Health and Aged Care.

History
Two reports were the basis for developing the AIS: The Role, Scope and Development of Recreation in Australia (1973) by John Bloomfield and Report of the Australian Sports Institute Study Group (1975) (group chaired by Allan Coles). The need for the AIS was compounded in 1976 when the Australian Olympic team failed to win a gold medal at the Montreal Olympics, which was regarded as a national embarrassment for Australia. The institute's well-funded programs (and more generally the generous funding for elite sporting programs by Australian and State Governments) have been regarded as a major reason for Australia's recent success in international sporting competitions.

In 2011, Minister for Sport Mark Arbib announced the AIS would take responsibility for the strategic direction of high performance sport in Australia. In November 2012, the ASC released "Australia's Winning Edge 2012–2022", a high performance sport plan, which highlighted a new role for the AIS particularly in terms of developing coaches and talent identification but not directly managing national sports organisations elite athlete programs as it had done since 1981.

Timeline
A brief overview of the history of the AIS follows.

Institute
The AIS employs a number of staff who primarily work in Sports Science and Sports Medicine, which includes disciplines such as sports nutrition, performance analysis, skill acquisition, physiology, recovery, biomechanics, athlete career education, strength and conditioning, psychology, physical therapies, talent identification, and applied performance research.

There are a number of sculptures located throughout the Bruce Campus, such as 'Acrobats', 'Gymnast', 'Pole Vaulter' and 'Soccer Players' by John Robinson and the 'Swimmer' by Guy Boyd. After the Sydney 2000 Olympics, two of the three sculptures - ' Gymnast' and 'Wheelchair Basketballer' - that were located on the Sydney Tower Eye prior to the Olympics were installed at the AIS.

The AIS Arena is a 5,200 capacity indoor stadium which has been used for sports such as basketball, gymnastics and volleyball as well as music concerts. Directly adjacent to, but not strictly part of the institute is the 25,000 capacity outdoor Canberra Stadium which has hosted matches of all the major forms of football played in Australia.

In 2005, 2009, and 2010 the institute won awards at the prestigious Canberra and Capital Region Tourism Awards. These awards were given in recognition of the daily public tours that are available. Each tour, which takes in several different buildings of the institute as well as the arena and the Sportex zone, is led by an athlete currently training there.

Logo

Shortly after its inception in 1981, the AIS held a competition for a symbol that would depict the AIS aim of "achieving supremacy in sport". Over 500 designs were submitted. The winner was Rose-Marie Derrico, a design student from Bendigo, Victoria. Her design showed an athlete with hands clasped above the head in recognition of victory. The colours of the logo were red, white and blue, which are the same colours as the Australian flag.

On 3 February 2014, the AIS launched a new logo in line with its new direction as outlined in its Winning Edge program that was launched in 2012. Landor Associates designed the new brand and logo. The gold in the brand representing Australia's pursuit of gold.

National Training Centres
From 2014, as a result of Australia's Winning Edge 2012-2023 strategy, the AIS no longer directly offered scholarships to athletes. As a result of the strategy, many national sporting organisations are utilizing the AIS facilities and services on an ongoing or regular basis. Several national sports organisations have located their national centres for excellence at the AIS. These include: Basketball Australia Centre for Excellence, Netball Australia Centre for Excellence Football Federation of Australia Centre of Excellence, Rowing Australia National Training Centre, Volleyball Australia Centre of Excellence and Swimming Australia National Training Centre.

The AIS does continue to support other athletes in other sports however they are self funded and not under the National Training Centre banner.

Former sports programs
Up until 2013, the AIS offered scholarships to athletes across 36 programs in 26 different sports: Sports that previously had an AIS program but were discontinued prior to 2013 included: weightlifting, water polo (men), volleyball (women), wrestling, shooting, archery, boxing (1997 - 2010) and golf. .
 * Artistic gymnastics, athletes with disabilities - swimming, athletics and winter sports, basketball, netball, rowing, football (men & women), tennis, swimming, track and field, volleyball (men) and water polo (women) administered from Canberra
 * Diving, squash, softball and cricket (men & women) administered from Brisbane
 * Sailing and slalom canoeing administered from Sydney
 * Hockey administered from Perth
 * Sprint canoeing, triathlon and BMX administered from the Gold Coast
 * Road cycling, track cycling and beach volleyball administered from Adelaide
 * Australian rules football, rugby union and rugby league are camps based programs
 * Winter sports (in partnership with the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia) administered from Melbourne

The head coach for the AIS boxing program from 1997 to 2010 was Bodo Andreass.

Notable athletes
Many prominent Australian athletes have taken up AIS scholarships. In 2001, the AIS established the Best of the Best Award to recognise highly performed AIS athletes. As of 2011, the following athletes have been recognised - Alisa Camplin, Robert De Castella, John Eales, Simon Fairweather, Neil Fuller, Bridgette Gusterson, Rechelle Hawkes, Shane Kelly, Luc Longley, Michelle Martin, Glenn McGrath, Michael Klim, Michael Milton, Clint Robinson, Louise Sauvage, Kate Slatter, Zali Steggall, Mark Viduka, Vicki Wilson, Todd Woodbridge, Lauren Jackson, Chantelle Newbery, Petria Thomas, Kerry Saxby-Junna, Jamie Dwyer, Anna Meares, Malcolm Page, Ricky Ponting, Oenone Wood and Matthew Cowdrey. In August 2013, Stuart O'Grady was indefinitely suspended from the 'Best of the Best' due to his admission to doping in 1998.

The Australian Institute of Sport Alumni highlights the many prominent Australian athletes that the AIS has assisted.

Athlete of the Year
Since 1984, the AIS has named an Athlete of the Year. For the first twenty years, the award was predominately made to one athlete only. In 2004 a male and female athlete were awarded with the accolade; and the awarding has varied over the ensuing years.

Notable coaches
AIS was established to provide high level coaching to Australian athletes. Since its establishment in 1981, the AIS has employed highly credentialed Australian and international coaches. Original coaches were - Bill Sweetenham and Dennis Pursley (swimming), Wilma Shakespear in netball, Adrian Hurley and Patrick Hunt (basketball), Peter Lloyd and Kazuyu Honda (gymnastics), Jimmy Shoulder (football), Ray Ruffels and Helen Gourlay (tennis), Kelvin Giles, Gary Knoke and Merv Kemp (track and field), and Lyn Jones (weightlifting).

Other notable AIS coaches - Charlie Walsh (cycling), Barry Dancer and Richard Charlesworth(hockey), Terry Gathercole (swimming), Marty Clarke (basketball).

Sports medicine and sport science
AIS established sports medicine and sports science services and research programs when established in 1981. Dr Dick Telford was its first Co-ordinator of Sports Science and Medicine. Other notable staff have included: Dr Peter Fricker, Professor Allan Hahn, Professor Louise Burke, Dr Bruce Mason and Keith Lyons.

The current Chief Medical Officer of the AIS is David Hughes. The AIS Sports Medicine department in 2020 released guidelines on the management of COVID-19 in athletes and a template for return to sport in Australia after the Coronavirus lockdown. These guidelines were used by the Australian government National Cabinet and the various Australian state governments to recommend stages for recommencing sport after the vast majority closed down in late March to early May 2020. Generally the doctors working at the AIS have been sports medicine specialists qualified through the Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians.

In March 2022 the AIS released the National High Performance Sport Research Agenda, designed to prioritise resources in areas of critical importance to Australia's high performance sport system. In July 2022 the AIS awarded grants to six Australian research teams, aimed at optimising the performance of alite athletes, coaches and support staff. The document "Recommendations for conducting AIS-supported research in high performance sport" was also released in 2022. The National Sport Research Agenda was released in December 2022.

Olympic Winter Institute of Australia
The AIS and the Australian Olympic Committee formed the Australian Institute of Winter Sports after the 1998 Winter Olympics. The organisation was renamed to the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia on 1 July 2001. It provides training in alpine skiing, freestyle skiing (including aerial and mogul), snowboarding, short track speed skating and figure skating. It is also a partner with the AIS in skeleton (toboganning).

Elite Athlete Education Network
The Elite Athlete Education Network (EAEN), formerly known as the Elite Athlete Friendly Universities (EAFU) network, is a network of universities and other education providers who are committed to supporting elite student athletes in partnership with the Australian Institute of Sport. The guiding principles which underpin the network include:

 * Appointing a dedicated staff contact to support elite student athletes during their studies. This contact is responsible for advising student athletes in regard to academic planning, as well as supporting flexible arrangements to fulfil academic requirements.
 * Tailoring or developing flexible study options to support the needs of elite student athletes.

Basketball program
The AIS Men's Basketball Program played in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) between 1982 and 2010. The team was coached by Patrick Hunt from 1982 to 1992, then Gordie McLeod (1993–97), Frank Arsego (1998–2002), and Marty Clarke (2003–10). They made the playoffs just six times, but behind coach Arsego and future NBA player Andrew Bogut, the AIS won the 2002 East Conference championship. They went on to lose 98–93 to the Hobart Chargers in the 2002 National Championship game. Following the 2010 season, the program had a change of direction and withdrew from the SEABL.

In 2014, after Basketball Australia assumed responsibility of the AIS basketball program, the team returned to the SEABL under a new moniker, the Basketball Australia Centre of Excellence (BA CoE). The AIS women's team originally played in the WNBL from 1983 to 2012, before being resurrected in 2014 alongside the men's team, thus entering the SEABL for the first time.

Both teams were ineligible for the playoffs between 2014 and 2017 due to not playing full seasons. With a change to playing full seasons in 2018, both teams became eligible for the playoffs for the first time. Following the demise of the SEABL, both BA Centre of Excellence teams played in the inaugural NBL1 season in 2019.

In 2020 and 2021, both BA Centre of Excellence teams competed in the Waratah League. The men's team were crowned co-champions of the 2021 season.

In 2022, both BA Centre of Excellence teams were entered into the NBL1 as part of a Wildcard conference playing against the top teams from all five NBL1 State Conferences.

In 2023, both BA Centre of Excellence teams played in the NBL1 East.

title: Australian Institute of Sport