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List of ayatollahs

This is a partial list of ayatollahs, a title given to high ranked Twelver Usuli Shi'a Muslim clerics. Its ranking is higher than Hujjat al-Islam, and the next higher clerical rank is Grand Ayatollah also known as Marja'. This list contains only the names of ayatollahs. To see lists of grand ayatollahs, or hujjatul islams, see the following articles: List of maraji; List of hujjatul Islams.

Current
The names are ordered with age in descending order. (oldest to youngest).

Deceased
The names are ordered by date of death (descending) as an arbitrary standard.

 * India Al-Allamah, Al-Faqeeh, Al-Adeeb Ayatollah Shaikh Ali Hazeen Lahiji (17th century)
 * India Ayatollah Aga Syed Mehdi Kashmiri (d.1892)
 * India Ayat-ul-Ilm-e-wat-Tuqa Ayatullah Syed Imdad Ali – First Ameed Jamia-e-Imania, Banaras
 * India Jawad-ul-Ulama Ayatollah Syed Ali Jawad Al-Husaini, Zangipur/Banaras (1857-1920) – Mu'aasir wa Ham-Jama'at Sahib-e-Abaqaat
 * India Munaitiq-e-Zaman Ayatullah Syed Mohammad Sajjad Al-Husaini – Founder Jamia Jawadia, Banaras (1928)
 * India Qudwat-ul-Fuqaha Ayatullah Syed Sibte Husain, Jaunpur
 * India Ayatollah Syed Ali Shah Rizvi Kashmiri
 * India Alam-ul-Aalaam Ayatullah Syed Muzaffar Husain Al-Husaini – First Haadi (Supreme Authority) Jamia Jawadia, Banaras (d.1944)
 * India Ayatollah Syed Mohammad Abul Hasan Rizvi Kashmiri – Founder of Sultanul Madaris son of Ayatollah Syed Ali Shah Rizvi Kashmiri
 * India Ayatollah Syed Mohammad Mosawi Ichgami Kashmiri (1910 - 1959)
 * Saudi Arabia Ayatollah Sheikh Muhammad Ali al-Amri
 * India Fakhr Ul Islam Alhaj Allama Syed Taqi Hasan Naqvi Wafa Sahab Qibla  known as Raees Ul Fuqaha (1921-1998) President of Idara E Jaferia, Principal of Madarsa and Hawza Ilmia Jaferia (Qadeem) and founder of Jaferia Technical Institute

title: List of ayatollahs


text:
Dodecagon

In geometry, a dodecagon, or 12-gon, is any twelve-sided polygon.

Regular dodecagon
A regular dodecagon is a figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has twelve lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 12. A regular dodecagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {12} and can be constructed as a truncated hexagon, t{6}, or a twice-truncated triangle, tt{3}. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular dodecagon is 150°.

Area
The area of a regular dodecagon of side length a is given by:
 * $$\begin{align} A & = 3 \cot\left(\frac{\pi}{12} \right) a^2 =

3 \left(2+\sqrt{3} \right) a^2 \\ & \simeq 11.19615242\,a^2 \end{align}$$

And in terms of the apothem r (see also inscribed figure), the area is:
 * $$\begin{align} A & = 12 \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) r^2 =

12 \left(2-\sqrt{3} \right) r^2 \\ & \simeq 3.2153903\,r^2 \end{align}$$

In terms of the circumradius R, the area is:
 * $$A = 6 \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right) R^2 = 3 R^2$$

The span S of the dodecagon is the distance between two parallel sides and is equal to twice the apothem. A simple formula for area (given side length and span) is:
 * $$A = 3aS$$

This can be verified with the trigonometric relationship:
 * $$S = a(1+ 2\cos{30^{\circ}} + 2\cos{60^{\circ}})$$

Perimeter
The perimeter of a regular dodecagon in terms of circumradius is:
 * $$\begin{align} p & = 24R \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) = 12R \sqrt{2 - \sqrt{3}}\\

& \simeq 6.21165708246\,R \end{align}$$

The perimeter in terms of apothem is:
 * $$\begin{align} p & = 24r \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) = 24r(2-\sqrt{3})\\

& \simeq 6.43078061835\,r \end{align}$$ This coefficient is double the coefficient found in the apothem equation for area.

Dodecagon construction
As 12 = 22 × 3, regular dodecagon is constructible using compass-and-straightedge construction:

Dissection

Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms. In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the regular dodecagon, m=6, and it can be divided into 15: 3 squares, 6 wide 30° rhombs and 6 narrow 15° rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 6-cube, with 15 of 240 faces. The sequence OEIS sequence defines the number of solutions as 908, including up to 12-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.

One of the ways the mathematical manipulative pattern blocks are used is in creating a number of different dodecagons. They are related to the rhombic dissections, with 3 60° rhombi merged into hexagons, half-hexagon trapezoids, or divided into 2 equilateral triangles.

Symmetry
The regular dodecagon has Dih12 symmetry, order 24. There are 15 distinct subgroup dihedral and cyclic symmetries. Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g12 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.

Tiling
A regular dodecagon can fill a plane vertex with other regular polygons in 4 ways:

Here are 3 example periodic plane tilings that use regular dodecagons, defined by their vertex configuration:

Skew dodecagon
A skew dodecagon is a skew polygon with 12 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such a dodecagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag dodecagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

A regular skew dodecagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew dodecagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a hexagonal antiprism with the same D5d, [2+,10] symmetry, order 20. The dodecagrammic antiprism, s{2,24/5} and dodecagrammic crossed-antiprism, s{2,24/7} also have regular skew dodecagons.

Petrie polygons
The regular dodecagon is the Petrie polygon for many higher-dimensional polytopes, seen as orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes. Examples in 4 dimensions are the 24-cell, snub 24-cell, 6-6 duoprism, 6-6 duopyramid. In 6 dimensions 6-cube, 6-orthoplex, 221, 122. It is also the Petrie polygon for the grand 120-cell and great stellated 120-cell.

Related figures
A dodecagram is a 12-sided star polygon, represented by symbol {12/n}. There is one regular star polygon: {12/5}, using the same vertices, but connecting every fifth point. There are also three compounds: {12/2} is reduced to 2{6} as two hexagons, and {12/3} is reduced to 3{4} as three squares, {12/4} is reduced to 4{3} as four triangles, and {12/6} is reduced to 6{2} as six degenerate digons.

Deeper truncations of the regular dodecagon and dodecagrams can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate star polygon forms with equal spaced vertices and two edge lengths. A truncated hexagon is a dodecagon, t{6}={12}. A quasitruncated hexagon, inverted as {6/5}, is a dodecagram: t{6/5}={12/5}.

Examples in use
In block capitals, the letters E, H and X (and I in a slab serif font) have dodecagonal outlines. A cross is a dodecagon, as is the logo for the Chevrolet automobile division. The regular dodecagon features prominently in many buildings. The Torre del Oro is a dodecagonal military watchtower in Seville, southern Spain, built by the Almohad dynasty. The early thirteenth century Vera Cruz church in Segovia, Spain is dodecagonal. Another example is the Porta di Venere (Venus' Gate), in Spello, Italy, built in the 1st century BC has two dodecagonal towers, called "Propertius' Towers". Regular dodecagonal coins include:
 * British threepenny bit from 1937 to 1971, when it ceased to be legal tender.
 * British One Pound Coin, introduced in 2017.
 * Australian 50-cent coin
 * Fijian 50 cents
 * Tongan 50-seniti, since 1974
 * Solomon Islands 50 cents
 * Croatian 25 kuna
 * Romanian 5000 lei, 2001–2005
 * Canadian penny, 1982–1996
 * South Vietnamese 20 đồng, 1968–1975
 * Zambian 50 ngwee, 1969–1992
 * Malawian 50 tambala, 1986–1995
 * Mexican 20 centavos, 1992-2009

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dodecagon


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Cornelius Bumpus

Cornelius Bumpus (May 7, 1945 – February 3, 2004) was an American woodwind, brass and keyboard player and vocalist from Santa Cruz, California.

Biography
Bumpus began his musical career playing alto saxophone at ten for his school band, and by age twelve he was playing at Luso-American dances. He attended Santa Cruz High School where he performed in the band and won the John Philip Sousa Award. He also played school dances with his own band, Corny and the Corvettes. In 1966 he was in Bobby Freeman's band and after that he began his association with many well-known groups. His role in these bands was primarily as a saxophonist and organist. His most notable touring was with the Doobie Brothers and Steely Dan. Bumpus toured with Steely Dan from 1993 to 2003. In 2002, he worked on the Big Blue Earth project sponsored by the Church of Christ, Scientist. During the 1980s, Bumpus enjoyed a short tenure with Café Society, a Los Angeles pop band, in which he played in a horn section with the trombonist Dan Levine and trumpeter Anne Petereit King.

In 1981, Bumpus issued his first solo LP, A Clear View, which featured his singing, writing and sax playing, stretching out with the band on several, long, jazzy jams over six minutes each.

In 1999 Bumpus was part of a Doobie Brothers tribute band with fellow former members Chet McCracken and Dave Shogren. The Doobie Brothers obtained an injunction preventing this band from performing under any variation of the "Doobie Brothers" name.

Bumpus suffered a heart attack on February 3, 2004, while on an airline flight from New York to California, where he was scheduled to perform at the Columbia College Jazz Concert Series. The plane made an emergency landing in Sioux City, Iowa, so he could get medical assistance, but Bumpus had died by the time the plane reached the ground. He was 58 at the time of his death.

Discography
Solo
 * A Clear View – 1981
 * Known Fact – 1999

With the Cornelius Bumpus Quartet
 * Beacon – 1983

With Clifford Coulter
 * East Side San Jose (Impulse!, 1970)

With The Doobie Brothers
 * One Step Closer (Warner Bros., 1980)
 * Farewell Tour (Warner Bros., 1983)
 * Rockin' down the Highway: The Wildlife Concert (Sony, 1996)
 * Live at the Greek Theater 1982 (Eagle, 2011)

With Donald Fagen
 * Kamakiriad (Reprise, 1993)

With Moby Grape
 * Live Grape (Escape, 1978)

With Steely Dan
 * Alive in America (Giant, 1995)

title: Cornelius Bumpus


text:
Paiania

Paiania (Παιανία,, before 1915: Λιόπεσι - Liopesi, ; Arvanitika: Λοπε̱σ romanized: Lopës) is a town and a municipality in East Attica, Greece. It is an eastern suburb of Athens, located east of Mount Hymettus. It is 11 km east of Athens city centre.

Paiania is home to the Vorres Museum of Folk and Contemporary Art, the Foundation European Art Center (EUARCE) of Greece. the broadcasting facilities of Greek television station Oren TV and the former training facilities of football club Panathinaikos FC. Greek National Road 89 passes through the town, Motorway 6 passes east of it. The town was renamed to reflect association with the ancient deme of Paeania.

History
In the late Middle Ages, the area was the site of Albanian (Arvanite) settlement, as can be seen from its toponym.

Municipality
The municipality Paiania was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Glyka Nera
 * Paiania

The municipality has an area of 53.155 km2, the municipal unit 43.917 km2. The municipal unit of Paiania also includes the village of Argithea.

Notable people

 * Demades (380–318 BC), orator and demagogue.
 * Demosthenes (384–322 BC), orator and demagogue.
 * Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (1905–1983), British architect and founder of the garden of Speroza, Mediterranean Garden Society
 * Philippides of Peania (293 BC), archon Basileus and son of Philomelos.

title: Paiania


text:
Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion

Can we reduce the number of RfDs transcluded on this page?
This page already gets very large and is very difficult to scroll and navigate, especially on lower end devices like phones. I think we should maybe take the approach that is done at AfD and only list all of the nominations on subpages. We can have a bot update the counters for the number of open RfDs on a given day. I did some stuff in user space and found that we could reduce the post expand include size from about 1,000,000 to just above 100,000 (about ten times) if we just linked to each RfD nomination rather than transcluding them. Awesome Aasim 17:51, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also see Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion/Archive 16. Jay  💬 17:57, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Subpages make it much harder to navigate and to track changes to discussions. If we got rid of the missing-space RDAB redirects (see WT:CSD) then the volume of nominations would be much more manageable. Thryduulf (talk) 12:46, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, for the record. The following explain my stance:
 * The comments above
 * Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion/Archive 8
 * Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion/Archive 11
 * Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion/Archive 12
 * ...In other words, a lot of work has already been put into RfD's current setup, splitting it up into nomination subpages has been rejected in the past, the current situation is temporary, it was a lot worse when all nomination headers were listed in the table of contents, and ... dang, I just realized all that work to improve RfD's structure happened in 2017. How time flies. Steel1943  (talk) 21:50, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ...A temporary solution is indeed one of the more permanent types of solution. 𝔏𝔲𝔫𝔞𝔪𝔞𝔫𝔫🌙🌙🌙 𝔗𝔥𝔢 𝔐𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔫𝔦𝔢𝔰𝔱 (talk) 14:32, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I meant "temporary" in the sense of the amount of nominations currently at RFD, not in regards to the solution. Steel1943  (talk) 13:48, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I must've misread. Sorry. 𝔏𝔲𝔫𝔞𝔪𝔞𝔫𝔫🌙🌙🌙 𝔗𝔥𝔢 𝔐𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔫𝔦𝔢𝔰𝔱 (talk) 17:26, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. On slower connections this page takes ages to load, and I imagine it's very slow when scrolling on lower-end devices. I don't think we should just keep saying it's been discussed before and ignore the problem.  C F A  💬  21:56, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * What is your network speed? Jay  💬 05:43, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It loads fine when I'm at home on 80+ mb/s. But when I'm editing in public on a hotspot this page takes anywhere from 5 to 10+ seconds to load which is very long compared to AfD, for example.  C F A   💬  00:23, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I will also note that, like a growing number of editors, I use Convenient Discussions, which grinds to a halt on the RfD main page due to the sheer volume of comments it has to format. I do recognize that other editors might not care about the quirks of a script that is not that widely used, but it's something to consider. This issue arises on very few other large talk pages like ANI. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 00:29, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm all in favour of any changes that enhance performance, user experience and make it more usable on mobile devices. However, as Thryduulf mentioned, an AfD-style process would make it harder to access individual discussions, and reduce participation. How about have the main RfD page have only the current + previous day's entries (since different parts of the world are always on two different dates), with the backlog dates collapsed, assuming they get loaded only when Expand is selected? Jay  💬 10:02, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia talk:Criteria for speedy deletion § RfC: enacting X3
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Criteria for speedy deletion § RfC: enacting X3. House Blaster  (talk · he/him) 17:38, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:RFDd10" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RFDd10&redirect=no Wikipedia:RFDd10] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:22, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Echoing, readers of this page are welcome to comment... on the page tabbed to the left. Quite the journey I hear :v Utopes (talk / cont) 07:46, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Deleted template
Template:Deleted template has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. (the nominated template is used in Redirect for discussion/core) Nickps (talk) 13:24, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at WT:Deletion process § Deletion sorting should be advertised on all XFD venues
You are invited to join the discussion at WT:Deletion process § Deletion sorting should be advertised on all XFD venues. Nickps (talk) 21:43, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Redirects for discussion


text:
Locked nucleic acid

A locked nucleic acid (LNA), also known as bridged nucleic acid (BNA), and often referred to as inaccessible RNA, is a modified RNA nucleotide in which the ribose moiety is modified with an extra bridge connecting the 2' oxygen and 4' carbon. The bridge "locks" the ribose in the 3'-endo (North) conformation, which is often found in the A-form duplexes. This structure provides for increased stability against enzymatic degradation. LNA also offers improved specificity and affinity in base-pairing as a monomer or a constituent of an oligonucleotide. LNA nucleotides can be mixed with DNA or RNA residues in a oligonucleotide.

Synthesis
Obika et al. were the first to chemically synthesize LNA in 1997, independently followed by Jesper Wengel's group in 1998. This became possible after Zamecnick and Stephenson laid the groundwork on the possibility of oligonucleotides being great agents for controlling gene expression in 1978. To date, two different approaches, referred to as linear and convergent strategies respectively, have been shown to produce high yield and efficient LNAs. The linear strategy of synthesis was first detailed in the works of Obika et al. In this approach, uridine (or any readily available RNA nucleoside) can be used as the starting material. The convergent strategy requires the synthesis of a sugar intermediate which serves a glycosyl donor necessary for coupling with nucleobases. Commonly, D-glucose is used to produce the sugar intermediate which is subsequently reacted with nucleobases using a modified Vorbrügen procedure allowing for stereoselective coupling.

The addition of different moieties has remained a possibility with the maintenance of key physicochemical properties like the high affinity and specificity evident in the originally synthesized LNA. Such oligomers are synthesized chemically and are commercially available.

Incorporation into DNA/RNA
LNA can be incorporated into DNA and RNA using the promiscuity of certain DNA and RNA polymerases. Phusion DNA polymerase, a commercially designed enzyme based on a Pfu DNA polymerase, efficiently incorporates LNA into DNA.

Properties
LNA offers enhanced biostability compared to biological nucleic acids. LNA modified oligonucleotides have demonstrated improved thermodynamics in hybridization to RNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA.

LNAzymes
DNAzymes can be modified to include LNA residues, producing LNAzymes (LNA-modified DNAzymes). These modified oligonucleotides, like their DNAzyme relatives, are generally endonucleases that bind to specific RNA target sequences and cleave the phosphodiester bond that exists between the nucleotides. However, they demonstrate more efficient cleavage of phosphodiester bonds compared to their unmodified counterparts. Modification of the substrate recognition arms of DNAzymes with LNA monomers yields a LNAzyme which recognizes coxsackievirus A21 (CAV-21) and cleaves its RNA target sequence similar to one in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of the human rhinovirus-14 (HRV-14); a sequence unrecognized by unmodified DNAzymes.

Therapeutics
Using LNA based oligonucleotides therapeutically is an emerging field in biotechnology. A variety of LNA oligonucleotides have been assessed for their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. Studies concluded that LNA toxicity is generally independent of oligonucleotide sequence, and displays a preferential safety profile for translatable therapeutic applications.

LNA has been investigated for its therapeutic properties in treating cancers and infectious diseases. A locked nucleic acid phosphorothioate antisense molecule, termed SPC2996, has been developed to target the mRNA coding for Bcl-2 oncoprotein, a protein that inhibits apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL). Phase I and II clinical trials demonstrated a dose dependent reduction in circulating CLL cells in approximately 30% of the sample population, suggesting further investigation into SPC2996.

LNA has also been applied to Miravirsen, an experimental therapeutic intended for the treatment of Hepatitis C, constituting a 15-nucleotide phosphorothioate sequence with binding specificity for MiR-122 (a miRNA expressed in hepatocytes).

Detection and diagnosis
Allele-specific PCR using LNA allows for the design of shorter primers, without compromising binding specificity.

LNA has been incorporated in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH is a common technique used to visualize genetic material in a variety of cells, but studies noted that this technique has been limited by low probe hybridization efficiency. Conversely, LNA-incorporated probes demonstrated increased hybridization efficiency in both DNA and RNA. The improved efficiency of LNA-incorporated FISH has resulted in FISH analysis of the human chromosome, several types of non-human cells, and microarrays.

LNA genotyping assays have been conducted as well, specifically to detect a mutation in apolipoprotein B.

For its high affinity for mismatch discrimination, LNA has been studied for its applications in diagnostic tools. Immobilized LNA probes have been introduced in a multiplex SNP genotyping assay.

Gene editing
LNA-modified ssODNs (synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides) can be used like ordinary ssODNs for single-base gene editing. Using LNA at or close to the intended site of modification offers evasion of DNA mismatch repair due to the higher thermodynamic stability it has.

title: Locked nucleic acid


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April 21

 * 1894 - Norway formally adopts the Krag-Jørgensen rifle, designed by the Norwegians Ole Herman Johannes Krag and Erik Jørgensen, as the main arm of its armed forces, a weapon that would remain in service for almost 50 years.

This could be featured, but not in 2005, 'coz it's also the Today's featured article/April 21, 2005. -- PFHLai 10:32, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

The Red Baron...
As the actual article states, the general view is that it's not who actually shot him down, and that it was actually more likely to be an Australian anti-aircraft gunner. I propose to simply remove the sentance and link to more, and just say that he was shot down. --Robert Merkel 02:09, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Shortened as suggested. -- PFHLai 02:44, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)

The Queen

 * I'm supprised the birthday of Queen Elizabeth II was not included.
 * We usually don't do birthdays here. Well, may be at 100, 250, etc. Certainly not 80. -- PFHLai 21:00, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:58, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Ridván (appears on April 20); Muster (Texas A&M University) (not notable enough for Main Page)
 * Omitted: Romulus and Remus; Henry VIII of England; Bahá'u'lláh; Brasília (ineligible—maintenance); Nguyen Van Thieu
 * Included: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (2nd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Manfred von Richthofen (7th appearance, last in 2010); Loch Ness Monster (first appearance); Century 21 Exposition (first appearance); Extrasolar planet (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:32, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Grounation Day (ineligible—maintenance); Manfred von Richthofen; Loch Ness Monster; Century 21 Exposition; Extrasolar planet
 * Included: Romulus and Remus (4th appearance, last in 2011); Henry VIII of England (8th appearance, last in 2011); Battle of San Jacinto (5th appearance, last in 2009); Bahá'u'lláh (3rd appearance, last in 2011; 150th anniversary); Principality of Hutt River (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:08, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Loch Ness Monster (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Easter Monday (ineligible—maintenance); Laguna Copperplate Inscription; Henry VIII of England; Bahá'u'lláh; Principality of Hutt River (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Ypiranga incident (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Exoplanet (2nd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Romulus and Remus (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Battle of San Jacinto (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:50, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Romulus and Remus; Battle of San Jacinto; Ypiranga incident; Exoplanet
 * Included: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (4th appearance, last in 2013); Bangkok (first appearance); Manfred von Richthofen (9th appearance, last in 2012); Brasília (8th appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:40, 19 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Bangkok; Manfred von Richthofen; Brasília; Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
 * Included: Henry VIII of England (9th appearance, last in 2013); Bahá'u'lláh (4th appearance, last in 2013); Ypiranga incident (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Principality of Hutt River (8th appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:49, 21 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Bangkok (maintenance); Brasília (maintenance); Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Jean-Marie Le Pen (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Demolition of al-Baqi; Kharkiv Pact
 * Omitted: Henry VIII of England; Ypiranga incident; Principality of Hutt River (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Wahhabi sack of Karbala (first appearance); Manfred von Richthofen (10th appearance, last in 2015); Century 21 Exposition (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Max Weber (first appearance); John Maynard Keynes (first appearance); Dorothy Eady (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Bahá'u'lláh (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:46, 21 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted Exoplanet (moved to January 9)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Romulus and Remus (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Loch Ness Monster
 * New articles (unused): Wignacourt Aqueduct; Flint water crisis
 * Omitted: Laguna Copperplate Inscription; Wahhabi sack of Karbala; Bahá'u'lláh; Manfred von Richthofen (ineligible—maintenance); Century 21 Exposition; Max Weber; John Maynard Keynes; Dorothy Eady
 * Included: Battle of Mutina (first appearance); Henry VIII of England (10th appearance, last in 2016); Demolition of al-Baqi (first appearance); Principality of Hutt River (8th appearance, last in 2016); Kharkiv Pact (first appearance); Bajkam (first appearance); Jan Boeckhorst (first appearance); Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:54, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Wahhabi sack of Karbala (maintenance); Flint water crisis (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Henry VIII of England; Demolition of al-Baqi; Kharkiv Pact; Bajkam; Jan Boeckhorst; Ignatius Zakka I Iwas
 * Included: Wignacourt Aqueduct (first appearance); Ypiranga incident (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Loch Ness Monster (5th appearance, last in 2012); Bardas (first appearance); Petrus Apianus (first appearance); Cheryl Gillan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Mutina (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Principality of Hutt River (2nd consecutive appearance, 10 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:24, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): George Washington's reception at Trenton (on DYK on 2020-02-22)
 * Omitted: Battle of Mutina; Wignacourt Aqueduct; Ypiranga incident; Loch Ness Monster; Bardas; Petrus Apianus; Cheryl Gillan
 * Included: Battle of San Jacinto (7th appearance, last in 2014); United Airlines Flight 736 (first appearance); Kharkiv Pact (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 10th anniversary); Anselm of Canterbury (first appearance); Simon de la Loubère (first appearance); Vivian Maier (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Principality of Hutt River (3rd consecutive appearance, 11 total; 50th anniversary)

Founding of Rome
I solved the CN in the article Founding of Rome: may it now be inserted into the page? --LukeWiller (talk) 19:27, 21 April 2021 (UTC).
 * Too late for this year, but feel free to move it to the eligible section once the cascade protection is gone. Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 22 April 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks to you... :-) --LukeWiller (talk) 17:39, 22 April 2021 (UTC).

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:52, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Founding of Rome
 * Omitted: Battle of San Jacinto; United Airlines Flight 736; Principality of Hutt River; Kharkiv Pact; Anselm of Canterbury; Simon de la Loubère; Vivian Maier
 * Included: Laguna Copperplate Inscription (7th appearance, last in 2017); George Washington's reception at Trenton (first appearance); Baháʼu'lláh (6th appearance, last in 2017); Nguyễn Văn Thiệu/Battle of Xuân Lộc (NVT: 4th appearance, last in 2015; Battle: first appearance); Max Weber; (2nd appearance, last in 2017); John Maynard Keynes (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 75th anniversary); Dorothy Eady (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 40th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:11, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Gaston Defferre (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Flint water crisis
 * Omitted: Laguna Copperplate Inscription; George Washington's reception at Trenton; Baháʼu'lláh; Nguyễn Văn Thiệu/Battle of Xuân Lộc; Max Weber; John Maynard Keynes; Dorothy Eady
 * Included: Founding of Rome (4th appearance, last in 2006); Henry VIII (11th appearance, last in 2018); Demolition of al-Baqi (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Century 21 Exposition (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 60th anniversary); Pope Alexander II (first appearance); Antonín Kammel (first appearance); Cheryl Gillan (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 70th birthday)


text:
Active Exploits

Active Exploits is a diceless set of role-playing game rules by Precis Intermedia Gaming. The core rules (which contain no setting) are distributed for free as a PDF file, or for a fee as a printed book. There are a number of published game settings and official game conversions which use these rules.

The system is considered innovative, but more in common with GURPS and Unisystem, rather than other diceless games such as Amber and Nobilis

The game has options for freeform and live action role-playing, as well as for converting the game to other systems. Ample conversion rules allow the adaptation of the engine to a number of commercial systems.

Published Settings and Official Conversions
Active Exploit has converted other published RPGs into diceless versions.
 * Sengoku: Chanbara, a role-playing game based in Feudal Japan.
 * Dreamwalker, a setting taking place in others' dreams.
 * Blood Island Diceless, swashbuckling adventures on the high seas.
 * CORPS Diceless, based on CORPS, a conspiracy themed RPG about UFOs, vampires, secret societies, etc.
 * Bloodshadows (3rd Edition) core book has Active Exploits conversion rules.

Awards
The game won an Indie RPG award in 2003 for free game of the year and best support.

Basic Exploits
This is an introductory version of the rules, intended for those who are new to the system or prefer something less involved.

Advanced Exploits
This presents both advanced and optional rules which players can selectively use. Some examples of advanced elements are:

 * Flairs: These zoom in on character's abilities.
 * Fields of Expertise: These replace the need for skills by generalizing occupational knowledge.
 * Convictions: These expand on the basic concept of Principles (in Basic Exploits) by utilizing Revelation and Dementia.
 * Threads: These define group dynamics and help encourage more character-oriented roleplaying.
 * Vehicles: Rules for using vehicles, from motorcycles to starships.

Live Exploits
These are guidelines from the Basic and Advanced Exploits sections which are optimized for live action role-playing.

Adaptive Exploits (Special Edition Softcover only)
A framework for converting characters from other game systems for use with Active Exploits, and adapting other ability/skill-based systems for diceless play.

Other features
Setting Specifics, which add new rules for magic and the occult, and martial arts.

title: Active Exploits


text:
Ermont–Eaubonne station

Ermont–Eaubonne is a railway station between Ermont and Eaubonne, in the department of Val-d'Oise, France. It is an interchange station for commuter traffic in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. It is situated on the railway from Paris to Pontoise, and branch lines towards Valmondois, Argenteuil and Saint-Ouen.

Lines serving this station

 * RER Line C
 * SNCF Ermont–Eaubonne–Persan Beaumont
 * SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Persan-Beaumont
 * SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Pontoise
 * SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Saint-Leu-la-forêt
 * SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Valmondois
 * SNCF Gare Saint-Lazare (Banlieue)–Ermont–Eaubonne (Terminus)

title: Ermont–Eaubonne station


text:
Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. The main distinction is that the focus of a compressor is to change the density or volume of the fluid, which is mostly only achievable on gases. Gases are compressible, while liquids are relatively incompressible, so compressors are rarely used for liquids. The main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.

Many compressors can be staged, that is, the fluid is compressed several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used).

Types
The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:

Positive displacement
A positive displacement compressor is a system that compresses the air by the displacement of a mechanical linkage reducing the volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston).

Put another way, a positive displacement compressor is one that operates by drawing in a discrete volume of gas from its inlet then forcing that gas to exit via the compressor's outlet. The increase in the pressure of the gas is due, at least in part, to the compressor pumping it at a mass flow rate which cannot pass through the outlet at the lower pressure and density of the inlet.

Reciprocating compressors
Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1000 hp are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>18000 psi or 124 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units. Another type of reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin air conditioning systems, is the swash plate or wobble plate compressor, which uses pistons moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft (see axial piston pump).

Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically reciprocating compressors 1.5 hp or less with an attached receiver tank.

A linear compressor is a reciprocating compressor with the piston being the rotor of a linear motor.

This type of compressor can compress a wide range of gases, including refrigerant, hydrogen, and natural gas. Because of this, it finds use in a wide range of applications in many different industries and can be designed to a wide range of capacities, by varying size, number of cylinders, and cylinder unloading. However, it suffers from higher losses due to clearance volumes, resistance due to discharge and suction valves, weighs more, is difficult to maintain due to having a large number of moving parts, and it has inherent vibration.

Ionic liquid piston compressor
An ionic liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor.

Rotary screw compressors

Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 3 hp to over 1200 hp and from low pressure to moderately high pressure (>1200 psi).

The classifications of rotary screw compressors vary based on stages, cooling methods, and drive types among others. Rotary screw compressors are commercially produced in Oil Flooded, Water Flooded and Dry type. The efficiency of rotary compressors depends on the air drier, and the selection of air drier is always 1.5 times volumetric delivery of the compressor.

Designs with a single screw or three screws instead of two exist.

Screw compressors have fewer moving components, larger capacity, less vibration and surging, can operate at variable speeds, and typically have higher efficiency. Small sizes or low rotor speeds are not practical due to inherent leaks caused by clearance between the compression cavities or screws and compressor housing. They depend on fine machining tolerances to avoid high leakage losses and are prone to damage if operated incorrectly or poorly serviced.

Rotary vane compressors

Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing that is either circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of increasing and decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies.

With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., 2 bar) for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.

Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.

Rolling piston
The Rolling piston in a rolling piston style compressor plays the part of a partition between the vane and the rotor. Rolling piston forces gas against a stationary vane.

2 of these compressors can be mounted on the same shaft to increase capacity and reduce vibration and noise. A design without a spring is known as a swing compressor.

In refrigeration and air conditioning, this type of compressor is also known as a rotary compressor, with rotary screw compressors being also known simply as screw compressors.

It offers higher efficiency than reciprocating compressors due to less losses from the clearance volume between the piston and the compressor casing, it's 40% to 50% smaller and lighter for a given capacity (which can impact material and shipping costs when used in a product), causes less vibration, has fewer components and is more reliable than a reciprocating compressor. But its structure does not allow capacities beyond 5 refrigeration tons, is less reliable than other compressor types, and is less efficient than other compressor types due to losses from the clearance volume.

Scroll compressors

A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves. They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range.

Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls.

Due to minimum clearance volume between the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll, these compressors have a very high volumetric efficiency.

These compressors are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration because they are lighter, smaller and have fewer moving parts than reciprocating compressors and they are also more reliable. They are more expensive though, so peltier coolers or rotary and reciprocating compressors may be used in applications where cost is the most important or one of the most important factors to consider when designing a refrigeration or air conditioning system.

This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and G40 engines in the early 1990s.

When compared with reciprocating and rolling piston compressors, scroll compressors are more reliable since they have fewer components and have a simpler structure, are more efficient since they have no clearance volume nor valves, and possess the advantages both of surging less and not vibrating so much. But, when compared with screw and centrifugal compressors, scroll compressors have lower efficiencies and smaller capacities.

Diaphragm compressors
A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back-and-forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being compressed.

The degree of flexing and the material constituting the diaphragm affects the maintenance life of the equipment. Generally stiff metal diaphragms may only displace a few cubic centimeters of volume because the metal cannot endure large degrees of flexing without cracking, but the stiffness of a metal diaphragm allows it to pump at high pressures. Rubber or silicone diaphragms are capable of enduring deep pumping strokes of very high flexion, but their low strength limits their use to low-pressure applications, and they need to be replaced as plastic embrittlement occurs.

Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.

The photograph on the right depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6000 psi for use in a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The reciprocating natural gas compressor was developed by Sertco.

The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.

Air bubble compressor
Also known as a trompe. A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall into a subterranean chamber where the air separates from the water. The weight of falling water compresses the air in the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet from the chamber allows water to flow to the surface at a lower height than the intake. An outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air to the surface. A facility on this principle was built on the Montreal River at Ragged Shutes near Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby mines.

Centrifugal compressors

Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. Their application can be from 100 hp to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures greater than 1000 psi.

This type of compressor, along with screw compressors, are extensively used in large refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Magnetic bearing (magnetically levitated) and air bearing centrifugal compressors exist.

Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium-sized gas turbines.

Centrifugal compressors are the largest available compressors, offer higher efficiencies under partial loads, may be oil-free when using air or magnetic bearings which increases the heat transfer coefficient in evaporators and condensers, weigh up to 90% less and occupy 50% less space than reciprocating compressors, are reliable and cost less to maintain since less components are exposed to wear, and only generate minimal vibration. But, their initial cost is higher, require highly precise CNC machining, the impeller needs to rotate at high speeds making small compressors impractical, and surging becomes more likely. Surging is gas flow reversal, meaning that the gas goes from the discharge to the suction side, which can cause serious damage, specially in the compressor bearings and its drive shaft. It is caused by a pressure on the discharge side that is higher than the output pressure of the compressor. This can cause gases to flow back and forth between the compressor and whatever is connected to its discharge line, causing oscillations.

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction. Comparative to the conventional centrifugal compressor (of the same stage pressure ratio), the value of the speed of the mixed flow compressor is 1.5 times larger.

Axial compressors

Axial compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are used where high flow rates or a compact design are required.

The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage. Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio a compressor will not function unless fitted with features such as stationary vanes with variable angles (known as variable inlet guide vanes and variable stators), the ability to allow some air to escape part-way along the compressor (known as interstage bleed) and being split into more than one rotating assembly (known as twin spools, for example).

Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial compressors are used in medium to large gas turbine engines, natural gas pumping stations, and some chemical plants.

Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic

Compressors used in refrigeration systems must exhibit near-zero leakage to avoid the loss of the refrigerant if they are to function for years without service. This necessitates the use of very effective seals, or even the elimination of all seals and openings to form a hermetic system. These compressors are often described as being either hermetic, open, or semi-hermetic, to describe how the compressor is enclosed and how the motor drive is situated in relation to the gas or vapor being compressed. Some compressors outside of refrigeration service may also be hermetically sealed to some extent, typically when handling toxic, polluting, or expensive gasses, with most non-refrigeration applications being in the petrochemical industry.

In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas envelope of the system. The motor is designed to operate in, and be cooled by, the refrigerant gas being compressed. Open compressors have an external motor driving a shaft that passes through the body of the compressor and rely on rotary seals around the shaft to retain the internal pressure.

The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; if the hermetic fails it is simply replaced with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed covers with screws that can be opened to replace motor and compressor components. The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route for the gas to leak out of the system. The main advantages of open compressors is that they can be driven by any motive power source, allowing the most appropriate motor to be selected for the application, or even non-electric power sources such as an internal combustion engine or steam turbine, and secondly the motor of an open compressor can be serviced without opening any part of the refrigerant system.

An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can be more susceptible to leak its operating gases. Open systems rely on lubricant in the system to splash on pump components and seals. If it is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be recharged. By comparison, a hermetic or semi-hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or experiencing any loss of system pressure. Even well lubricated seals will leak a small amount of gas over time, particularly if the refrigeration gasses are soluble in the lubricating oil, but if the seals are well manufactured and maintained this loss is very low.

The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or maintained, and the entire compressor must be replaced if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt-out windings can contaminate the whole systems, thereby requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced (This can also happen in semi hermetic compressors where the motor operates in the refrigerant). Typically, hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where the cost of repair and labor is high compared to the value of the device, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device or compressor. Semi-hermetic compressors are used in mid-sized to large refrigeration and air conditioning systems, where it is cheaper to repair and/or refurbish the compressor compared to the price of a new one. A hermetic compressor is simpler and cheaper to build than a semi-hermetic or open compressor.

Isentropic compressor
A compressor can be idealized as internally reversible and adiabatic, thus an isentropic steady state device, meaning the change in entropy is 0.

The enthalpy change for a flow process can be calculated.

dH = VdP +TdS

Isentropic dS is zero.

dH = VdP

Non flow isentropic processes like some positive displacement compressors may use a different equation.

dH = PdV

By defining the compression cycle as isentropic, an ideal efficiency for the process can be attained, and the ideal compressor performance can be compared to the actual performance of the machine. Isotropic Compression as used in ASME PTC 10 Code refers to a reversible, adiabatic compression process

Isentropic efficiency of Compressors:
 * $$ \eta _C = \frac{\rm Isentropic \;Compressor\;Work}{\rm Actual\;Compressor\; Work}=\frac{W_s}{W_a} \cong \frac{h_{2s}-h_1}{h_{2a}-h_1} $$

 * $$ h_1 $$ is the enthalpy at the initial state
 * $$ h_{2a}$$ is the enthalpy at the final state for the actual process
 * $$ h_{2s}$$ is the enthalpy at the final state for the isentropic process

Comparing reversible to irreversible compressors
Comparison of the differential form of the energy balance for each device.

Let $$ q $$ be heat, $$ w $$ be work, $$ ke $$ be kinetic energy, and $$ pe $$ be potential energy.

Actual Compressor:

 * $$ \delta q_{act} - \delta w_{actelta q_{act}}{T} \geq 0$$

Furthermore, $$ ds \geq \frac{\delta q_{act}}{T} $$ and T is [absolute temperature] ($$ T \geq 0 $$) which produces: $$  \delta w_{rev} \geq \delta w_{act} $$

or $$  w_{rev} \geq w_{act} $$

Therefore, work-consuming devices such as pumps and compressors (work is negative) require less work when they operate reversibly.

Effect of cooling during the compression process

isentropic process: involves no cooling,

polytropic process: involves some cooling

isothermal process: involves maximum cooling

By making the following assumptions the required work for the compressor to compress a gas from $$P_1 $$ to $$ P_2$$ is the following for each process:

 * $$P_1 $$ and $$ P_2$$

 * Flow processes VdP
 * All processes are internally reversible
 * The gas behaves like an ideal gas with constant specific heats

Isentropic ($$ Pv^k = constant $$, where $$k = C_p/C_v$$):

 * $$ W_{comp,in}= \frac{kR(T_2-T_1)}{k-1}=\frac{kRT_1}{k-1} \left [ \left ( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right ) ^{(k-1)/k} -1 \right ] $$

Polytropic ($$ Pv^n = constant $$):

 * $$ W_{comp,in}= \frac{nR(T_2-T_1)}{n-1}=\frac{nRT_1}{n-1} \left [ \left ( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right ) ^{(n-1)/n} -1 \right ] $$

Isothermal ($$T = constant$$ or $$Pv = constant$$):

 * $$ W_{comp,in}= RT ln \left ( \frac{P_2}{P_1}\right ) $$

By comparing the three internally reversible processes compressing an ideal gas from $$P_1 $$ to $$ P_2$$, the results show that isentropic compression ($$ Pv^k = constant $$) requires the most work in and the isothermal compression($$T = constant$$ or $$Pv = constant$$) requires the least amount of work in. For the polytropic process ($$ Pv^n = constant $$) work decreases as the exponent, n, decreases, by increasing the heat rejection during the compression process. One common way of cooling the gas during compression is to use cooling jackets around the casing of the compressor.

Compressors in ideal thermodynamic cycles
Ideal Rankine Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a pump

Ideal Carnot Cycle 4->1 Isentropic compression

Ideal Otto Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression

Ideal Diesel Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression

Ideal Brayton Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

Ideal Vapor-compression refrigeration Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

NOTE: The isentropic assumptions are only applicable with ideal cycles. Real world cycles have inherent losses due to inefficient compressors and turbines. The real world system are not truly isentropic but are rather idealized as isentropic for calculation purposes.

Temperature
Compression of a gas increases its temperature.

For a polytropic transformation of a gas:

 * $$\begin{cases}

pV^n=\text{constant}=p_1V_1^n=p_2V_2^n \Rightarrow \frac { p_2 }{ p_1 }\ = \left( \frac{ V_1 } { V_2 } \right) ^ n & \\ \frac{p^{\frac{n-1}{n}}}{T}=\text{constant}=\frac{p_1^{\frac{n-1}{n}}}{T_1}=\frac{p_2^{\frac{n-1}{n}}}{T_2} \Rightarrow \left( \frac{ p_2 } { p_1 } \right) ^ \frac{n-1}{n} = \frac{ T_2 } { T_1 } & \end{cases}$$

The work done for polytropic compression (or expansion) of a gas into a closed cylinder.
 * $$W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2} p dV = p_1 V_1^n \int_{V_1}^{V_2} V^{-n} dV = \frac{p_1 V_1^n}{1-n} (V_2^{1-n} - V_1^{1-n}) = \frac{p_1 V_1^n}{1-n} V_1^{1-n} \left( \frac{V_2^{1-n}}{V_1^{1-n}} -1 \right) = \frac{p_1 V_1}{1-n} \left( \frac{V_2^{1-n}}{V_1^{1-n}} -1 \right) = $$

 * $$ = \frac{p_1 V_1}{1-n} \left( \left( \frac{V_1}{V_2} \right)^{n-1} -1 \right) = \frac{p_1 V_1}{1-n} \left( \left( \frac{p_2}{p_1} \right)^{\frac{n-1}{n}} -1 \right) = \frac{p_1 V_1}{1-n} \left( \frac{T_2}{T_1} -1 \right)$$

so
 * $$W = - \frac{p_1 V_1}{n-1} \left( \left( \frac{p_2}{p_1} \right)^{\frac{n-1}{n}} -1 \right) $$

in which p is pressure, V is volume, n takes different values for different compression processes (see below), and 1 & 2 refer to initial and final states.

 * Adiabatic – This model assumes that no energy (heat) is transferred to or from the gas during the compression, and all supplied work is added to the internal energy of the gas, resulting in increases of temperature and pressure. Theoretical temperature rise is:
 * $$ T_2 = T_1 \left(\frac {p_2}{p_1}\right)^{(\kappa-1)/\kappa} $$

with T1 and T2 in degrees Rankine or kelvins, p2 and p1 being absolute pressures and $$\kappa = $$ ratio of specific heats (approximately 1.4 for air). The rise in air and temperature ratio means compression does not follow a simple pressure to volume ratio. This is less efficient, but quick. Adiabatic compression or expansion more closely model real life when a compressor has good insulation, a large gas volume, or a short time scale (i.e., a high power level). In practice there will always be a certain amount of heat flow out of the compressed gas. Thus, making a perfect adiabatic compressor would require perfect heat insulation of all parts of the machine. For example, even a bicycle tire pump's metal tube becomes hot as you compress the air to fill a tire. The relation between temperature and compression ratio described above means that the value of $$n$$ for an adiabatic process is $$\kappa$$ (the ratio of specific heats).

 * Isothermal – This model assumes that the compressed gas remains at a constant temperature throughout the compression or expansion process. In this cycle, internal energy is removed from the system as heat at the same rate that it is added by the mechanical work of compression. Isothermal compression or expansion more closely models real life when the compressor has a large heat exchanging surface, a small gas volume, or a long time scale (i.e., a small power level). Compressors that utilize inter-stage cooling between compression stages come closest to achieving perfect isothermal compression. However, with practical devices perfect isothermal compression is not attainable. For example, unless you have an infinite number of compression stages with corresponding intercoolers, you will never achieve perfect isothermal compression.

For an isothermal process, $$n$$ is 1, so the value of the work integral for an isothermal process is:
 * $$ W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2} p dV = p_1 V_1 \int_{V_1}^{V_2} \frac{1}{V} dV = p_1 V_1 \ln \frac{V_2}{V_1} = - p_1 V_1 \ln \left( \frac {p_2} {p_1} \right) $$

When evaluated, the isothermal work is found to be lower than the adiabatic work.

 * Polytropic – This model takes into account both a rise in temperature in the gas as well as some loss of energy (heat) to the compressor's components. This assumes that heat may enter or leave the system, and that input shaft work can appear as both increased pressure (usually useful work) and increased temperature above adiabatic (usually losses due to cycle efficiency). Compression efficiency is then the ratio of temperature rise at theoretical 100 percent (adiabatic) vs. actual (polytropic). Polytropic compression will use a value of $$n$$ between 0 (a constant-pressure process) and infinity (a constant volume process). For the typical case where an effort is made to cool the gas compressed by an approximately adiabatic process, the value of $$n$$ will be between 1 and $$\kappa$$.

Staged compression
In the case of centrifugal compressors, commercial designs currently do not exceed a compression ratio of more than 3.5 to 1 in any one stage (for a typical gas). Since compression raises the temperature, the compressed gas is to be cooled between stages making the compression less adiabatic and more isothermal. The inter-stage coolers (intercoolers) typically result in some partial condensation that is removed in vapor–liquid separators.

In the case of small reciprocating compressors, the compressor flywheel may drive a cooling fan that directs ambient air across the intercooler of a two or more stage compressor.

Because rotary screw compressors can make use of cooling lubricant to reduce the temperature rise from compression, they very often exceed a 9 to 1 compression ratio. For instance, in a typical diving compressor the air is compressed in three stages. If each stage has a compression ratio of 7 to 1, the compressor can output 343 times atmospheric pressure (7 × 7 × 7 = 343 atmospheres). (343 atm)

Drive motors
There are many options for the motor that powers the compressor:
 * Gas turbines power the axial and centrifugal flow compressors that are part of jet engines.
 * Steam turbines or water turbines are possible for large compressors.
 * Electric motors are cheap and quiet for static compressors. Small motors suitable for domestic electrical supplies use single-phase alternating current. Larger motors can only be used where an industrial electrical three phase alternating current supply is available.
 * Diesel engines or petrol engines are suitable for portable compressors and support compressors.
 * In automobiles and other types of vehicles (including piston-powered airplanes, boats, trucks, etc.), diesel or gasoline engine's power output can be increased by compressing the intake air, so that more fuel can be burned per cycle. These engines can power compressors using their own crankshaft power (this setup known as a supercharger), or, use their exhaust gas to drive a turbine connected to the compressor (this setup known as a turbocharger).

Lubrication
Compressors that are driven by an electric motor can be controlled using a VFD or power inverter, however many hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors can only work in a range of or at fixed speeds, since they may include built-in oil pumps. The built-in oil pump is connected to the same shaft that drives the compressor, and forces oil into the compressor and motor bearings. At low speeds, insufficient quantities of oil reach the bearings, eventually leading to bearing failure, while at high speeds, excessive amounts of oil may be lost from the bearings and compressor and potentially into the discharge line due to splashing. Eventually the oil runs out and the bearings are left unlubricated, leading to failure, and the oil may contaminate the refrigerant, air or other working gas.

Applications
Gas compressors are used in various applications where either higher pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed:
 * In pipeline transport of purified natural gas from the production site to the consumer, a compressor is driven by a motor fueled by gas bled from the pipeline. Thus, no external power source is necessary.
 * In maritime cargo transport and cargo operations by gas carriers.
 * Petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial plants require compressing for intermediate and end-product gases.
 * Refrigeration and air conditioner equipment use compressors to move heat in refrigerant cycles (see vapor-compression refrigeration).
 * Gas turbine systems compress the intake combustion air.
 * Small-volume purified or manufactured gases require compression to fill high pressure cylinders for medical, welding, and other uses.
 * Various industrial, manufacturing, and building processes require compressed air to power pneumatic tools.
 * In the manufacturing and blow moulding of PET plastic bottles and containers.
 * Some aircraft require compressors to maintain cabin pressurization at altitude.
 * Some types of jet engines—such as turbojets and turbofans—compress the air required for fuel combustion. The jet engine's turbines power the combustion air compressor.
 * In underwater diving, self-contained breathing apparatus, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and other life support equipment, compressors provide pressurised breathing gas either directly or via high pressure gas storage containers, such as diving cylinders. In surface supplied diving, an air compressor is generally used to supply low pressure air (10 to 20 bar) for breathing.
 * Submarines use compressors to store air for later use in displacing water from buoyancy chambers to adjust buoyancy.
 * Turbochargers and superchargers are compressors that increase internal combustion engine performance by increasing the mass flow of air inside the cylinder, so the engine can burn more fuel and hence produce more power.
 * Rail and heavy road transport vehicles use compressed air to operate rail vehicle or road vehicle brakes—and various other systems (doors, windscreen wipers, engine, gearbox control, etc.).
 * Service stations and auto repair shops use compressed air to fill pneumatic tires and power pneumatic tools.
 * Fire pistons and heat pumps exist to heat air or other gasses, and compressing the gas is only a means to that end.
 * Rotary lobe compressors are often used to provide air in pneumatic conveying lines for powder or solids. Pressure reached can range from 0.5 to 2 bar g.

title: Compressor


text:
Talk:Green Lake (Seattle)

spikes
Anyone care to tackle the recent incident of spikes in the water. Is it worth mentioning since its show up on news stations around the country.Alexkraegen (talk) 21:29, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

strollers
I removed "strollers" from the "wheeled" lane section because they nearly always use the foot traffic lane. heidimo 16:40, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-Hey...I remember something in the news about someone putting a religious statue on Duck Island and there was this big thing about that...

Added this as section since last editor didn't.Alexkraegen (talk) 21:29, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

expansion
I doubled the size of this article last night. Can someone review for copy edit? My eyes are tired of looking at the text. SchmuckyTheCat 14:20, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll try if I get the chance, but meanwhile I'll throw the tag on it. --Lukobe 17:08, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and took the tag off, the article looks fine to me (at least from a copy-editing standpoint, can't speak to its accuracy). 70.162.15.97 01:52, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

fireworks?
Hi - i enjoyed the years listed during which hydroplanes were used. Can someone supply the years during which independence day firework shows took place? I sure do remember 'em.

Error
The first image on the Green Lake page is captioned incorrectly. The view is to the Southwest in that image, not the Southeast. Source: Me, an eyewitness. I don't come to Wikipedia often so I don't know how to report errors, so I'm just posting it here and I'm gone! Hopefully, some one will see this and fix the error for the sake of accuracy. Thanks! See ya' at Green Lake! 97.113.3.154 (talk) 06:34, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Fixed. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 15:41, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Lake (Seattle)


text:
User:Seth Ilys/FIFA List

When I found out the list contained 100 players rather than 125, I decided to rename the title. Click on the link that says List of 125 Greatest Living Footballers for now. JB82 16:47, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Seth Ilys/FIFA List


text:
Ahmad Tavakkoli

Ahmad Tavakkoli (born 5 March 1951) is an Iranian conservative and principlist politician, journalist. He is currently member of the Expediency Discernment Council. Also he is currently managing-director of Alef news website and founder of the corruption watchdog, non-governmental organization Justice and Transparency Watch.

Tavakkoli is the former representative of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr electoral district in the parliament and the director of Majlis Research Center.

Career
Tavakkoli was the minister of labour under Mir-Hossein Mousavi, a parliament representative from Behshahr, and a presidential candidate in two of the presidential elections in Iran (running against Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami).

Tavakkoli temporarily left politics after the leftists oppositions forced him out of the ministry of labour. He founded Resalat, a conservative newspaper, and later left Iran to study economics in the UK, where he received his PhD.

Views and personal life
Tavakkoli is a critic of a capitalist economy, and backs the government's role in controlling the economy. He is a cousin of the Larijani brothers, including Ali Larijani and Mohammad Javad Larijani.

Tavakkoli was also a fierce critic of President Ahmadinejad. On 2 March 2011, the PBS' Tehran Bureau reported that Tavakkoli criticized the then President for mentioning only Iran and not Islam in recent speeches.

title: Ahmad Tavakkoli


text:
The Coronation Tap

The Coronation Tap is a ciderhouse, a pub that specialises in serving cider, in the Clifton suburb of the English city of Bristol.

The Coronation Tap, or Cori to regulars, has existed under that name for at least two hundred years. It is at least thirty years older than the Clifton Suspension Bridge and was described in 1806 as "a beerhouse with cottage adjoining".

The most popular drink is the strong Exhibition Cider, served in half pints. The pub is popular with students within the city.

title: The Coronation Tap


text:
Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis, also known as moth orchids, is a genus of about seventy species of plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are monopodial epiphytes or lithophytes with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Description
Orchids in the genus Phalaenopsis are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic herbs with long, coarse roots with pneumatodes and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging racemes or panicles. The sepals and petals are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The lateral sepals are usually larger than the dorsal sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The labellum is joined stiffly to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.

Taxonomy and naming
The genus Phalaenopsis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume and the description was published in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. The name Phalaenopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαλαινα meaning 'a kind of moth'  with the suffix -opsis meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.

The genus name is abbreviated Phal. horticulturally.

Infrageneric structure
The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.

The subgenus Polychilos is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus Phalaenopsis is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera Aphyllae and Parishianae, as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus Proboscidioides, which only consists of Phalaenopsis lowii, suggests a close relationship with the subgenus Aphyllae.

The following phylogenetic tree is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.

Ornithochilus
The former genus Ornithochilus was merged with Phalaenopsis and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. Ornithochilus formerly had three known species, native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia:

 * Ornithochilus cacharensis Barbhuiya, B.K.Dutta & Schuit. - Assam
 * Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Assam, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
 * Ornithochilus yingjiangensis Z.H.Tsi - Yunnan

Hygrochilus
The former genera Sedirea and Hygrochilus were incorporated into Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus Hygrochilus are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is Phalaenopsis hygrochila. The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Species list
See List of Phalaenopsis species

Intergeneric hybrids
See List of Phalaenopsis species

Distribution
Species of Phalaenopsis are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, endemic to Queensland, Australia. The greatest diversity of Phalaenopsis occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Conservation
Many species are highly threatened. For instance Phalaenopsis lindenii is categorized as endangered, Phalaenopsis violacea is categorized as vulnerable and Phalaenopsis micholitzii is categorized as critically endangered. Some species, like Phalaenopsis javanica, are even believed to be extinct in the wild.

Pollination and reproduction
Pollination of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, has been recorded in China. This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. Amegilla is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the ovules is triggered by pollination. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female gametes exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling of the column. As a result, the pollinia are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In Phalaenopsis aphrodite, pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the placental cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.

Phalaenopsis are unique in that in some species of the subgenus Polychilos, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many Phalaenopsis species, such as P. violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping programmed cell death. In producing chloroplasts, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.

Phytochemistry
Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of Phalaenopsis bellina has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the terpenoid class. It was most intense in the morning.

In Phalaenopsis, phenylpropanoid enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.

Use in horticulture
Phalaenopsis, abbreviated Phal in the horticultural trade, are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetraploid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.

If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.

In nature, Phalaenopsis species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods. Phalaenopsis prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.

It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below 29 °C. Using two Phalaenopsis clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27 °C, with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29 °C. The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in Phalaenopsis was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.

The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.

Award of Garden Merit
In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
 * Brother Pico Sweetheart gx.
 * Phalaenopsis amabilis
 * Yellow Lightning gx.

title: Phalaenopsis


text:
Talk:Battle of San Jacinto

History is written by the victors.
This article has been rewritten over the last three years into a very slanted propaganda piece.

"removed the occupying Mexican army from Texas" When the army of a nation is patrolling and defending within its own borders, is it really an "occupying army"? No, the Mexican army wasn't occupying Texas, Tejas was a state of Mexico, on the other side of a clearly defined border established by the Adams-Onis Treaty.

"Santa Anna takes the Alamo" No, Santa Anna recaptured the Alamo that was his to begin with, which was stolen by illegal aliens invading San Antonio in December, 1835. Yet the article makes no mention of this. Suddenly the illegal American immigrants who just crossed the Red or Sabine River and barely got their feet dry when they invaded San Antonio are "Texans". Seriously? Is that what we call illegal border crossers today? GalantFan (talk) 14:49, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

 * It's been my understanding that Texas seceded from the Mexico, and did not become part of the United States until years after winning independence. So while calling the Mexican Army "occupiers" may not be the best word choice, I don't think calling the native Texans "immigrants" is accurate either.  Although it is true that many of the defenders of the Alamo came from outside of Texas, which might influence language options in the article.  FYI the culture of native Texans, a fusion of brown-skinned Mexicans and immigrant white German settlers whose existance in Texas predates the Alamo as a unique cultural identity still exists, and their cultural identity is independent of the dichotomy of brown vs. white, Mexican vs. "American".  They are "Native Texans", and do not necessarily trace their lineage back to either Mexico or the United States.  Instead they see themselves as separate and distinct from either of these.2605:6000:6947:AB00:754E:2206:73F3:22BB (talk) 18:18, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

Changed the term "Anglo settlers" to "American settlers" for improved accuracy. The British Empire was not the one settling in Texas, the Americans were. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C50:5C7F:CFAB:7818:7ACA:5DCE:60CF (talk) 03:55, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

 * The above quote from the article refers to ONLY the Siege of Béxar, when martial law had been declared and Cos, in his own words, did indeed "occupy" San Antonio and institute military rule over the existing civilian rule. Mexican troops were quartered in civilian homes without the consent of the owners. In the ensuing battle, Cos (his words) "occupied" the Alamo.  When martial law is declared, and the military becomes the ruling authority in a civilian area, it is indeed an "occupation".  Cos said so, and we might as well say so.  The Texians had not yet declared independence, and it was the occupying military they were booting out.  — Maile  (talk) 18:28, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Let me throw in some context here, as a Native Texan. Firstly, realize Mexico had only had claim on Texas for some 15 years. Next, the Republic of Texas rebellion already exists as of October 2, 1835. Regardless of 'legality' in a rebellion, when you take a rebel base you occupy it. Of course it's true that the victors write the rules. However, after humiliating the despot Santa Anna he went on to admit, in his own memoir, the crimes he had committed against Texas. After becoming a dictator in Mexico and eventually a social pariah, he of course immigrated to America and is largely responsible for the existence of wrigley chewing gum. Do you similarly attack the republic of the rio grande or zacatecas? They were all in the same set of conflicts after Mexican independence from Spain. In any case, Tejas was already Tejas. Though we did take new mexico. Aside from this, about the article in general, there are inaccuracies about the nature of diplomacy at the Alamo. Additionally there's an odd lack of the cultural, political and legendary role in morale this battle played in the battle of San Jacinto. The section should reflect the Alamo's significance, the days long siege and severely disproportionate casualties caused by a rag tag band of defenders who ultimately lost their lives as heros.

 * anontexan --73.95.137.6 (talk) 19:20, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

 * General Colonization Law and Empresario are both articles that explain more fully on who was here legally, through contracts offered by the Mexican government. Texas is one of those subject matters that has been reinvented through 182 years of legend via popular TV, movies and other media. I would suggest anyone seriously wanting the facts visit their local library. — Maile  (talk) 22:30, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

badly written
ive seen better accounts of greek wars vs Persia after 2000 years than this only 100 years later — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.130.142.29 (talk) 08:34, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of San Jacinto


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/June 17

 * 1579 - Sir Francis Drake claims California for England
 * 1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Bunker Hill is fought
 * 1776 - American invasion of Quebec ends
 * 1885 - The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor
 * 1972 - Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burglarizing the offices of the Democratic National Committee
 * 1976 - China tests its first hydrogen bomb

The NIght Attack
Please change the name of Vlad III the Impaler to Vlad III Dracula, as it is mentioned in the Night Attack, the article which is featured On this Day. It is a matter of consistency and nothing else. It is not good to have Vlad III Impaler on the main page and Vlad III Dracula in the article. --Thus Spake Anittas 22:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't think it should say that he attacked an Ottoman Empire camp, but an Ottoman camp. Otherwise, everything else is fine. --Thus Spake Anittas 22:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:26, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: New Albion; Battle of Bunker Hill; Population Registration Act
 * Included: The Night Attack (4th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Vienna, Virginia (first appearance); Hyatt Regency walkway collapse (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Joint Communique (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:50, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Deleted: New Democratic Party (Canada) (moved to August 3)
 * Omitted: The Night Attack; Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal; Battle of Vienna, Virginia; Joint Communique; Population Registration Act, 1950
 * Included: New Albion (3rd appearance, last in 2011); Wairau Affray (first appearance); Battle of Dagu Forts (1900) (first appearance); Watergate complex (2nd appearance, last in 2010)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:49, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (30th anniversary next year)
 * Omitted: New Albion; Watergate complex/Watergate scandal
 * Included: Battle of the Rosebud; Joint Communique; O. J. Simpson
 * Repeats: Wairau Affray (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Battle of Dagu Forts (1900) (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:37, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): RMS Lancastria (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic
 * Omitted: Wairau Affray; Battle of the Rosebud; Joint Communiqué; O. J. Simpson
 * Included: The Night Attack (4th appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Bunker Hill (8th appearance, last in 2011); Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (first appearance; 30th anniversary); Population Registration Act, 1950 (3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Battle of Dagu Forts (1900) (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:51, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: New Albion (maintenance); Watergate complex/Watergate scandal (Scandal: maintenance)
 * Omitted: The Night Attack; Battle of Bunker Hill; Battle of Dagu Forts (1900); Sultan bin Salman Al Saud
 * Included: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Wairau Affray (3rd appearance, last in 2014); First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (first appearance); RMS Lancastria (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Population Registration Act, 1950 (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 25th anniversary)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:28, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Cornwallis's Retreat (moved from June 16)
 * Omitted: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal (ineligible—maintenance); RMS Lancastria; Population Registration Act, 1950 (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Night Attack at Târgovişte (6th appearance, last in 2015); Battle of Taku Forts (1900) (4th appearance, last in 2015); Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Joint Communiqué (5th appearance, last in 2014); John Kay (flying shuttle) (first appearance); M. C. Escher (first appearance); Annie S. Swan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Wairau Affray (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:26, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: O. J. Simpson/O. J. Simpson murder case (both: maintenance)
 * Omitted: Night Attack at Târgovişte; Battle of Taku Forts (1900); Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act; Joint Communiqué; John Kay (flying shuttle); M. C. Escher
 * Included: Kalmar Union (first appearance); New Albion (4th appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); RMS Lancastria (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Charleston church shooting (first appearance); Carl Van Vechten (first appearance); Carmen Casco de Lara Castro (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Wairau Affray (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 175th anniversary); Annie S. Swan (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 75th birthday)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:02, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Kalmar Union; New Albion; Wairau Affray; Charleston church shooting; Carl Van Vechten; Carmen Casco de Lara Castro; Annie S. Swan
 * Included: Pope Martin I (first appearance); Mumtaz Mahal/Taj Mahal (Mahal: 2nd appearance, last in 2019 (on April 27, her birthday); Taj: first appearance; blurb previously featured Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal, which is currently ineligible, and is making its 4th appearance, last in 2016); Battle of the Rosebud (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (2nd appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Birgitte Thott (first appearance); Susan La Flesche Picotte (first appearance); M. C. Escher (2nd appearance, last in 2017)
 * Repeats: RMS Lancastria (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Suggestion to be added
Hello,, Could you please add the following:
 * Mohamed Morsi (d. 2019), president of Egypt. Thanks for your help. --Dr-Taher (talk) 04:14, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks good for next year. — howcheng  {chat} 06:39, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --Dr-Taher (talk) 04:48, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:05, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pope Martin I; Mumtaz Mahal/Taj Mahal; Battle of the Rosebud (ineligible—maintenance); Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (ineligible—maintenance); Birgitte Thott; Susan La Flesche Picotte; M. C. Escher
 * Included: Night Attack at Târgoviște (7th appearance, last in 2017); Cornwallis's Retreat (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Decree 900 (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (first appearance); Daskalogiannis (first appearance); Isabelle Delobel (first appearance)
 * Repeats: RMS Lancastria (3rd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 80th anniversary)

2021 notes
Hello,, This is to remind you regarding this addition (*Mohamed Morsi (d. 2019), president of Egypt.). Thanks for you. --Dr-Taher (talk) 12:18, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:28, 19 June 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Richard Gagnon
 * Omitted: Night Attack at Târgoviște; Cornwallis's Retreat; RMS Lancastria; Decree 900; Sakanoue no Tamuramaro; Isabelle Delobel
 * Included: Kalmar Union (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Wairau Affray (6th appearance, last in 2018); Battle of the Taku Forts (1900) (5th appearance, last in 2017); Joint Communiqué (6th appearance, last in 2017); June 2017 Portugal wildfires (first appearance); Gauhar Ara Begum (first appearance); Mohamed Morsi (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Daskalogiannis (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 250th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:13, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Battle of St. Charles (TFA for 2022)
 * Moved to Ineligible: First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Wairau Affray; Battle of the Taku Forts (1900); Joint Communiqué; June 2017 Portugal wildfires; Gauhar Ara Begum; Daskalogiannis; Mohamed Morsi
 * Included: New Albion (5th appearance, last in 2018); Cornwallis's Retreat (4th appearance, last in 2020); Decree 900 (4th appearance, last in 2020; 70th anniversary); Charleston church shooting (2nd appearance, last in 2018); M. C. Escher (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Annie S. Swan (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Grace Towns Hamilton (first appearance; 30th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Kalmar Union (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 675th anniversary)


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