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Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (صوقوللى محمد پاشا; Мехмед-паша Соколовић; ; 1505 – 11 October 1579) was an Ottoman statesman of Serbian origin most notable for being the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Born in Ottoman Herzegovina into an Orthodox Christian family, Mehmed was recruited as a young boy as part of so called "blood tax" to serve as a janissary to the Ottoman devşirme system of recruiting Christian boys to be raised as officers or administrators for the state. He rose through the ranks of the Ottoman imperial system, eventually holding positions as commander of the imperial guard (1543–1546), High Admiral of the Fleet (1546–1551), Governor-General of Rumelia (1551–1555), Third Vizier (1555–1561), Second Vizier (1561–1565), and as Grand Vizier (1565–1579, for a total of 14 years, three months, 17 days) under three sultans: Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III. He was assassinated in 1579, ending his near 15-years of service to several Sultans, as sole legal representative in the administration of state affairs.

Although Sokullu was Muslim, he remembered his Serbian Orthodox roots and his family. He persuaded the Sultan to restore the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć as a "gesture of reconciliation". He appointed members of his family (both Muslim and Christian) to important positions in Ottoman Empire, including Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, Makarije Sokolović, Ferhad Pasha Sokolović, Sinan-beg Boljanić, Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha and Lala Mustafa Pasha.

Early years
Sokollu's birth name was probably Bajica, and he was of ethnic Serb origin. He was said to be born into a modest shepherd family, adherent to the Serbian Orthodox Church, in or near Sokolovići (tr. Sokol) in the vicinity of modern-day Rudo. "Sokollu" is a demonym, derived from his place of birth, whereas the suffix -lu means "from" in Turkish. His father was named Dimitrije. He had two brothers and a sister, who married the older brother of Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić, as well as at least one uncle. However, details about his family and relations are disputed on two major counts. One is his relationship to Makarije Sokolović. Traditionally identified as his brother, today some historians consider him to have been either a nephew or distant relative. The second is the matter of Mehmed's uncle. By some accounts, his uncle was a monk at the Mileševa monastery who had his two nephews, Bajica and Makarije (taken to be brothers according to this view), educated there. Other sources suggest that his uncle converted to Islam early.

Though Sokollu had embraced Islam, he remembered his family and Serbian Orthodox roots. He would appoint his relatives (both Muslim and Christian) to important positions, including Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, Makarije Sokolović, Ferhad Pasha Sokolović, Sinan-beg Boljanić, Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha and Lala Mustafa Pasha.

Janissary education
He was renamed Mehmed and, first in Edirne and then in Constantinople, received a thorough Ottoman indoctrination as a recruit, first as an apprentice Janissary (in Turkish Acemi Oğlan); then in the Enderun or palace school in Topkapı Palace.

As proclaimed in Baghdad on 13 March 1535, Mehmed was sent to be one of the seven retainers of the Imperial Treasurer Iskender Çelebi. Upon Iskender's death, Mehmed returned to Constantinople. In addition to Turkish, he spoke Serbian, Persian, Arabic, Venetian-Italian and Latin language.

Early career
Mehmed in 1541 first became an Imperial Chamberlain and then the head of the Sultan's squires. In these positions he became very close to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and learned from him.

As a soldier, Mehmed excelled at the Battle of Mohács and the first Siege of Vienna. In 1546 the Kapudan Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa died and Mehmed was appointed his successor. In this capacity he was present at the naval expedition against Trablus (present-day Tripoli in Libya). During his five years in this position, Mehmed Pasha greatly strengthened the arsenal of the naval fleet.

Mehmed became Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumelia in 1551, headquartered in Sofia. While he was visiting the area of his birth, his mother recognized him by the birthmark on his face and embraced her child for the first time in more than thirty years.

After the death of John Zápolya, king of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal, in 1540, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor looked to annex Zápolya's lands (the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom). The Hungarian diet had elected infant John Sigismund Zápolya, the son of Zápolya and Isabella Jagiellon, as King of Hungary, which broke the Treaty of Nagyvárad, and Ferdinand I invaded Hungary. Queen Isabella struggled to rule Hungary for her son. Frater George Martinuzzi, appointed by John as regent, opposed her (he would later be created a Cardinal as reward for his accomplishments in this conflict). Ferdinand I sent mercenary leader (condottiero) Bartolomeo Castoldo with more than 7,000 mercenaries who beat a contingent led by Péter Petrovics, killing more than 2,500 of them, near Csanád. The Sultan immediately ordered Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to move into Hungary, so he assembled an army of 90,000 soldiers and fifty-four cannons and also summoned the pashas of Smederevo, Vidin and Nicopolis. When his forces reached Slankamen in Syrmia, George Martinuzzi begged Mehmed not to attack Transylvania, arguing that it had remained in the possession of the Sultan. Mehmed rejected negotiation proposals, led Ottoman forces into Transylvania and soon captured 16 cities, including Bečej, Becskerek, Csanád and Lippa. In this campaign, Sokollu won over to his side local Serb-manned garrisons by pointing out to his common ethnicity with them. Martinuzzi responded by raising a rebellion in Transylvania, mustering one soldier from every household. Mehmed had to fall back and once again laid siege to Temesvár on 14 October with the main part of his army and 50 cannons. Mehmed demanded surrender, but the city's commander, István Losonci, replied with a recommendation for Mehmed's return to Rumelia.

Mehmed besieged the city until 28 October but could not seize it. Retreating to Belgrade, he initiated peace negotiations with the Monk-Viceroy. Martinuzzi was assassinated on 17 December 1551, and peace talks ended. Sokollu Mehmed renewed his military campaign in 1552, seizing Temesvár (see Siege of Temesvár (1552)), Hollókő, Buják, Rétság, Balassagyarmat, the whole of Banat and Szolnok. Sokollu Mehmed's forces then joined with those of Ahmet Pasha advancing towards Eger. Mehmed's army assembled on the Hill of Egid but could not take the city itself.

In 1532, Sultan Suleiman had declared war on Safavid Persia following two decades of peace after the climactic Battle of Chaldiran, when the Persian Shah Tahmasp wanted to take advantage of the Sultan's preoccupation with Hungary and started making armed incursions into Ottoman territory. Sokollu Mehmed was dispatched to spend the winter of 1553/1554 in Tokat to take charge of the final stages of the war against Persia. In June 1554, Mehmed Pasha and the Rumelian troops joined the Sultan's army and took part in the Safavid Campaign (1554–55).

Third Vizier
Impressed by Sokollu Mehmed's skills, the Sultan made him the Third Vizier in 1555 and he was given a place in the Imperial Council (Divan). His position as Governor-General of Rumelia was given to a Herzegovinian Janissary agha, Pertev Pasha, an old companion of Mehmed's from when they had both served under Iskender Çelebi.

Almost immediately Sokollu Mehmed had to quell a rebellion around Salonica, led by Mustafa Bey, who pretended to be the Sultan's late son Mustafa. Sokollu Mehmed took 4,000 horsemen and 3,000 janissaries and quelled the rebellion. Mustafa Bey was hanged.

Mehmed's brother, Topuzli-Makarije, became a monk of the Serb Chilandar Monastery on Mount Athos. Makarije Sokolović paid a visit to his brother's palace in Constantinople in 1557, where the two brothers discussed the possibility of re-establishing the autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Later that same year, Sokollu Mehmed issued an edict (firman) declaring the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć, with Makarije Sokolović as Serbian Patriarch Makarije I. The edict also guaranteed the rights and religious freedom of all inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire.

When the former Grand Vizier Ahmet Pasha was deposed and hanged, he was replaced by Rüstem Pasha, who had numerous enemies. One of them was Lala Mustafa, who instigated the Sultan's third son, Bayezid, then Beylerbey of Karaman, to raise a rebellion against his brother and heir-apparent Selim. Sokollu Mehmed mustered an army and went to Konya, where he decisively defeated Bayezid's forces in May 1559. Bayezid fled to Persia. Sokollu Mehmed remained in Asia and spent the winter negotiating with the Persian Shah regarding Bayezid's extradition. After long negotiations, the Shah handed over Bayezid and his four sons, who were subsequently executed.

Second Vizier
In 1561, Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha died and was succeeded by the Second Vizier, Semiz Ali Pasha. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in turn became Second Vizier, while Pertev Pasha became Third Vizier.

On 17 August 1562, Sokollu Mehmed married Sultan Suleiman's granddaughter – Prince Selim's daughter – Ismihan Sultan (some sources read her name as Esma Han Sultan). Mehmed spent the following years in peace, governing and administering the realm.

In 1563, Mehmed's nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey, became sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Bosnia.

Grand Vizier
In June 1565, Grand Vizier Semiz Ali Pasha died. Sultan Suleiman had much confidence in Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and promoted him to this position.

War with the Habsburgs
In late 1565 and early 1566, tensions between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Sultan Suleiman grew. Maximilian wanted the cities previously taken by Telli Hasan Pasha restored to him. When negotiations failed, Maximilian declared war and Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ordered his nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Bey of Bosnia, to advance against Maximilian. Sokollu Mustafa managed to capture the cities of Krupa and Dvor na Uni. The Sultan immediately declared war against the Holy Roman Empire, and Sokollu Mehmed began the preparations for the army's advance. The Grand Vizier went ahead, preparing for the arrival of the Sultan, who was leading the main part of the Ottoman forces. After 50 days, they arrived in Belgrade.

Passing through Zemun, one part of the army crossed Varaždin and struck Egar before proceeding towards Vienna. Nikola Šubić Zrinski (Miklós Zrínyi) had defeated the sanjakbey Tirhal Mohammed, executing him and his son, and capturing 17,000 ducats. This incurred the Sultan's wrath, and he dispatched Sokollu Mehmed's forces to besiege Szigetvár, while Suleiman remained in Harsang. The commander of Budin, Arslan Pasha, lost the cities of Várpalota, Veszprém and Tata. The Sultan sent a platoon of fifteen troopers to bring him Arslan Pasha's head, but Arslan had already left his forces three days earlier and was on his way to the Sultan. The Sultan showed Sokollu Mehmed a letter in which Arslan had insulted him, and on 3 August, when Arslan reported to Mehmed's tent with 15 heavily armed horsemen, Sokollu Mehmed criticized Arslan for his conduct, accused him of treason and stripped him of his post, giving it instead to his nephew Sokollu Mustafa.

The Sultan arrived with Sokollu Mehmed's sons, Kurt Bey and Hasan Bey, at Pécs. Finally, the large Ottoman force, which numbered between 100,000 and 300,000 soldiers and 300 cannons, laid siege to Szigetvár. The Battle of Szigetvár was an Ottoman victory, with heavy losses on both sides. Both commanders died during the battle: while Zrinsky was killed in the final charge, Suleiman the Magnificent died in his tent from natural causes, before the Turks achieved victory. According to Robert William Fraser, more than 10,000 large cannonballs where shot into the fortress during the siege. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had all witnesses to the Sultan's death executed, and announced that Suleiman was too sick to perform his duties and that he would be healing in Szigetvár, while he would be acting on the Sultan's behalf. Sokollu Mehmed rewarded those involved in the capture of Szigetvár and increased the soldiers' wages. He sent a part of the army to capture Babócsa. The Tartars, however, spread the news of the Sultan's death, and Sokollu Mustafa Bey wrote to Prince Selim about his father's death. Selim marched immediately towards Srem. Upon his arrival in Vukovar, Sokollu Mehmed wrote him that it would be best if he went to Belgrade to greet his army for a more formal and effective take-over of the Empire. Selim returned to Belgrade, and Mehmed ordered the army to march towards the town. Forty days after the Sultan's death, in October 1566, the army set out for Belgrade. At the fourth stop on the way to Belgrade, forty-eight days after Suleiman's death, Sokollu Mehmed announced the Sultan's death ceremonially, during the traditional reading of the Koran. Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body embalmed and ordered the army to proceed to meet the new Sultan in Belgrade. After three marches, the army arrived in Sremska Mitrovica. Mehmed reminded Selim to send gifts to the viziers, pashas and the army, but Selim's advisors convinced the new Sultan not to do so. Sokollu Mehmed went to Belgrade and swore allegiance to Selim II as his Sultan, and Selim confirmed him as his Grand Vizier.

Expecting a mutiny among the military in the capital, Sokollu Mehmed had Suleiman's body sent to Constantinople to restore order amongst the janissaries and other officials, who now demanded more compensation for their past efforts. In Belgrade, Sultan Selim II called a council, as even some of his closest officials were openly mocking him. Sokollu Mehmed assured him that he would manage everything effectively, and distributed gifts to the troops, rewarding them handsomely to regain their loyalty.

On the fifth day of their stay in Belgrade, the Sultan, Sokollu Mehmed and the army departed for Constantinople. Before they managed to return to the Empire's capital, a mutiny broke out and the road to the city was blocked, and Sokollu Mehmed and Ahmed Pasha had to bribe their way into the city. Order was restored after Sokollu Mehmed convinced the Sultan to promise to send handsome gifts and higher wages to the janissaries. The next morning, each janissary was given standard pay of 40 ducats and an additional 20 ducats as an accession bonus. Soon, the other branches of the military, the sipahis and mercenaries, demanded higher wages as well. Mehmed arrested and replaced their aghas at once, finally stopping all dissent.

Two years after Selim's accession, on 17 February 1568, Sokollu Mehmed succeeded in concluding at Edirne a peace treaty with Emperor Maximilian II, whereby the Emperor agreed to pay an annual "honorary present" of 30,000 ducats.

Expedition to Sumatra
One of Sokollu's greatest responsibilities was planning an Ottoman invasion of Sumatra in 1567. Historical records from the time show that Sokollu played an active role in the strategic execution of the invasion and that he was extremely detailed in the logistics. Later on, Sokollu would also participate in the expedition as a commander. According to these historical records, between November and December 1567 Sokollu and his expedition took sail to Aceh with fifteen fully armed war galleys and two transport galleys. Upon a seemingly friendly arrival to Aceh, the sultan of Sumatra requested that all the members of the expedition follow his orders. The sultan later offered his loyalty to the Ottoman Empire and forged a bond of mutual understanding between Istanbul and Aceh.

Expedition to Yemen
Immediately after the expedition to Sumatra, the Ottoman Empire suffered a major rebellion from one of their most important settlements. An uprising led by Zaydi Imam in Yemen created substantial uncertainty in the region which Sokollu had to give imminent priority before taking any further action in Aceh. While the insurrection in Yemen started in the summer of 1567, it was not taking seriously by the Ottoman regime until later in the year, when most of the major cities in the region came under fire by the rebellious factions. It is believed that the cause of the dissatisfaction in Yemen was the intensified Ottoman involvement in the region as a prelude for an expansion in the Indian Ocean. The unhappiness in the Ottoman Yemen also went back to the rule of Governor Mahmud Pasha, a compatriot of Sokollu, who managed to produce large economic gains in the region at the expense of the wellbeing of the population. After Mahmud's wrongdoings in Yemen had been revealed, Sokollu decided to appoint Koja Sinan, who was assigned the responsibilities to appease the turmoils in Yemen.

Suez Canal
Although the rebellions in Yemen once again forced Sokollu to postpone any further military action in Sumatra and the Indian Ocean, it also opened the possibility to promote one of his favorite projects: and attempt to build a canal from the Mediterranean to Suez. He instructed the governor of Egypt to send architects engineers to assess the possibility of this canal, with the purpose of allowing a better connection from Muslims attempting to visit the Holy Cities. Sokollu also was concerned about Muslims from the northeast, Crimea and Anatolia, who had to cross the Black Sea in order to visit the Holy Cities. Thus, he took actions for the construction of an open canal between the Don and the Volga in the north.

Wars with Russia, Venice and the Holy League
Mehmed Pasha had little success against Russia, and the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and her future northern rival presaged the disaster to come. A plan had been devised at Constantinople for connecting the Volga and Don by a canal, and in the summer of 1569 a large force of janissaries and cavalry was sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. However, a sortie of the garrison of Astrakhan drove back the besiegers. A Russian army of 15,000 men attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection, and the Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm. Early in 1570 the ambassadors of Ivan the Terrible concluded at Constantinople a treaty which restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar.

Although the government was weakening, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa managed to expand the borders of the Ottoman Empire greatly. In 1570 he dispatched Sinan Pasha to conquer Arabia. Sinan Pasha solemnly declared the reign of Sultan Selim II in Mecca upon finishing his military campaign in Hejaz and Yemen.

In 1571–1572, on the order Mehmed's wife Ismihan Sultan (or Esma Han Sultan), the famous architect Mimar Sinan built the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Mosque, which an authoritative guide to Constantinople states to be "The most beautiful of the smaller mosques in Istanbul, a minor masterpiece by Sinan".

During the rule of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha as Grand Vizier, the Ottoman navy and army took Cyprus in 1571 from Venice. The administration of Cyprus was given to Mehmed's old friend, the Arab Ahmed Pasha. The invasion of Cyprus led to the formation of a so-called Holy League, comprising the Pope, Spain with Naples and Sicily, the Republic of Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, and the Knights of Malta. On 7 October 1571, the coalition's fleet under the command of Don Juan of Austria decisively defeated the Ottoman fleet under Müezzinzade Ali Pasha in the Battle of Lepanto.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha immediately ensured that Piyale Pasha and Uluç Ali Reis, the new Grand Admiral, were provided with all the necessary means and resources to rebuild the Empire's shattered fleet. By July 1572 the Ottoman fleet already numbered 250 fully equipped warships "including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean". It is reported in Turkish chronicles that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had said to the Venetian Ambassador "By conquering Cyprus we have cut off one of your arms; at Lepanto by defeating our navy you have only shaved off our beard. However, you know that a cut-off arm cannot be replaced but shaved-off beard grows thicker." Indeed, the Holy League ships had to retire to ports and Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean was restored. The new Ottoman Navy that started a naval expedition in summer of 1573 under Uluç Ali Reis found no rivals in the Mediterranean and ravaged the coasts of Sicily and southern Italy and in 1574 it captured Tunis from the Hafsids, who for some time had been supported by Spanish troops, thus restoring Ottoman domination in the Western Mediterranean.

On 3 March 1573, the Venetian Republic signed a new peace treaty with the Ottomans under Mehmed Pasha, thereby bringing the Holy League to an end, accepting the loss of Cyprus and increasing the tribute payments. He also extended for eight more years the peace treaty with the Holy Roman Empire and maintained good relations with France, Poland-Lithuania and Russia. He was preparing for a fresh attack on Venice when the Sultan's death on 12 December 1574 cut short his plans.

Final years

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's wealth reached its peak around 1573, when the value of his personal property (cash, goods, accounts, objects) amounted to 18 million ducats. Mehmed received the standard Grand Vizier's wage of 20 ducats every day. His wealth increased greatly through gifts and taxes of Ottoman officials: anyone who became a vizier had to pay Mehmed Pasha 50,000-60,000 ducats, and every Governor-General had to pay 15,000-20,000 or even sometimes 30,000-40,000 ducats upon ascending to the office. The provincial governor of Egypt at Cairo alone dispatched 100,000 ducats to the Grand Vizier every year.

On 30 August 1574, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha installed his nephew Antonije Sokolović, then the Metropolitan of Hum, as the new Eastern Orthodox Archbishop of Ohrid. On 23 October the same year, upon the death of Patriarch Makarije, Antonije became the new Serbian Patriarch. Antonije died soon, in 1575, and was replaced by yet another one of Mehmed's nephews, Gerasim Sokolović.

When Sultan Selim II died, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha again kept this secret until Selim's oldest son Murad arrived from his governor's post in Manisa. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha acknowledged the new Sultan, Murad III, and remained Grand Vizier, but now he had to cope with the rising political influence of the palace women, first with Sultan's mother Nurbanu Sultan and then his wife, of Albanian origin, Safiye Sultan. Murad III gradually soured on Sokollu Mehmed's overwhelming power within the Empire, and the Grand Vizier's influence declined.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was involved in the succession disputes of the Polish Crown in 1576 and 1577, but this did not reach greater measures.

Sokollu Mehmed signed numerous treaties of friendship with Venice, Florence, Spain, England and Switzerland. He also managed to force a number of European states to pay tribute: Austria paid 9,000 ducats; Transylvania 3,000; Wallachia 7,000; Moldavia 3,000. Eventually, even Venice had to pay him 4,000 ducats annually. This altogether gave him an annual income of 31,000 gold ducats.

Mehmed was initially known to be opposed to the war with Persia, which began in 1578, but was overruled upon eventually, amongst the reasons being the constant urgings by Sokollu Mehmed to take advantage of the Ottomans neighboring rival. Sultan Murad III time afterwards, began to limit his Grand Vizier's powers by slowly removing his allies from high offices. The state secretary Feridun, an old companion of Sokollu mehmed's since the siege of Szigetvár, was sent to Belgrade, away from Constantinople. Mehmed's faithful Arab friend, the Governor-General of Cyprus, was lynched by mutinous soldiers. Mehmed's greatest rivals, Hamid Efendi and Piyale Pasha, arranged the execution of the Grand Vizier's Greek protege, Michael Kantakouzenos. On 10 October 1578, Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's nephew and beylerbey (governor-general) of Budin, was assassinated (some sources put it as September 30, 1578 ). On the anniversary of this day, on 10 October 1579, Sokollu Mehmed had his servant Hasan Bey read to him about the Battle of Kosovo.

Death
On 11 October 1579, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was assassinated. Ending his near 15-year rule serving as the sultan sole legal representative in the administration of state affairs. There are some who claim that the assassin was a janissary in disguise in employment of Safiye Sultan, the wife of Murad III. Also, some sources claim that Sokollu Mehmed was a target of Hashshashin agent, as he was opposed to war with Persia where this order was stationed, which was not in their interest, although this is a very controversial claim as this order was destroyed by Mongols long time before. In 1579, he was succeeded as grand vizier by Semiz Ahmed Pasha.

He is buried at his complex, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Külliyesi at the back of Eyüp Mosque, in Istanbul, at the Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Türbe built by famous architect Mimar Sinan for him c. 1572. His wife Ismihan (or Esma Han) is buried near him and in the little garden of the Türbe are buried the family and descendants of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.

Aftermath
After his death Sultan Murad III changed grand vezirs ten times in sixteen years. These frequent changes in government were part of the general instability in the Ottoman government that followed the death of Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, evidence of a decline in the empire that he had at its pinnacle while he was in office.

Heritage and legacy

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha has left numerous architecturally well known buildings in Constantinople and throughout Ottoman territories. Foundations of his buildings are spread over Edirne, Halep, Medina, Bečkerek, Belgrade and alongside Bosnia, where he is especially remembered for his bridges. Mecca and Constantinople alone contained a number of his mosques.

The Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque and the complex built at Kadirga district of İstanbul by architect Mimar Sinan is considered to be the most beautiful of the smaller mosques in İstanbul. It is known for its unusually fine ordering of medrese over the entry stairs, its lofty elegant interior, the first hooded fountain, ogival arches of the arcades, and especially, the fine and well preserved Iznik tiles.

His most renowned endowment is the eleven-arched Višegrad bridge in his hometown of Višegrad. The construction and history of the bridge is the topic of the novel The Bridge on the Drina (Serbian: Na Drini ćuprija - На Дрини ћуприја), written by Nobel laureate Ivo Andrić, a Yugoslav novelist His life also interested the Yugoslav writer Meša Selimović. There were numerous Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian legends about the bridge's construction. According to one, Mehmed Paşa built the bridge in his son's name. Another is the tale of its architect Rade, which is described in "Bridge on the Drina".

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha is often credited as the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. Aside from his political achievements, Sokollu was also very interested in the arts and sciences, which led to several important contributions. For example, he often funded paintings by renowned Veronese artists as well as imported glassware from Italian artisans. He also worked together with prominent Ottoman geographers and historians of his time, including Feridun Ahmed Beg, Sipahazade Mahmed, and Kutbeddin Mekki.

Other elements of his architectural legacy include:

 * The Azapkapi Mosque, built by Sinan in 1577–1578 in the Azapkapi district of İstanbul, is considered most important Ottoman monument in Galata.
 * The Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Kulliyesi, built by Sinan in ca. 1572 in the Eyub district of İstanbul, is a complex including a medrese, a school and his tomb
 * The Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Complex built in 1549 and extended at 1569, both times by Sinan. Located on the main highway between the two Ottoman capitals of İstanbul and Edirne, at Luleburgaz, it is a complex of caravanserai, bathhouse, mosque, madrasah, a school, market streets and later, private apartments for Sultan's use.
 * Complexes built at Havsa, a city on the Istanbul-Edirne highway and in Payas, in southern Turkey near Antakya.
 * Bridges at Alpullu, Luleburgaz and Corlu, built by Sinan
 * The bridge at Arslanagića Most in Trebinje
 * Vizier's bridge in Podgorica
 * The bridge on Žepa and the Goat's Bridge (Kozija ćuprija) in Sarajevo
 * Public bathhouses in Havsa, Yesildirek (İstanbul), Edirne and Luleburgaz public bathhouses, built by Sinan
 * The Black Mosque in Sofia, built by Mimar Sinan during the years when Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was governor of Rumelia and later converted into a church in the 19th century
 * A Road of four paces and a castle between Višegrad and Sarajevo, on Glasinac. Of the castle, only a drinking-fountain remains, which is known as the Mehmed Sokolović's han.
 * A mosque, maktab and musafirhana (guest house) in his native village of Sokolovići

Issue
On 17 August 1562, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha married Ismihan Sultan, daughter of future Sultan Selim II and Nurbanu Sultan and granddaughter of Sultan Süleyman I.

They had a daughter and three sons:
 * Safiye Hanımsultan (1563 - ?). She was firstly married to her father's cousin Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, governor of Budin. After his execution in 1578, she married the new governor of Budin Silahdar Cafer Pasha. After his death in 1587, she had posthumous twin sons Mehmed Bey and Cafer Bey, who died as children. She married thirdly to Sultanzade Abdülbaki Bey, son of her mother's cousin Hümaşah Sultan.
 * Sultanzade Ahmed Bey (1564 - 1567). Died in infancy, probably of smallpox.
 * Sultanzade Sokolluzâde Ibrahim Han Paşah (1565 - 1621). In 1924, his descendant Sokulluzade Abdülbâki Ihsân Bey, married another Ottoman princess, Rukiye Sultan.
 * Sultanzade Piri Mehmed Bey (1566 - 1567). Died in early infancy, probably of smallpox.

Personal life
Mehmed spent the following years in peace, governing and administrating the realm. Mehmed's nephew, Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, was also a prominent politician, was sanjakbey of Bosnia and later the longest-serving governor of Budin Eyalet. It is said that Sokollu learned many lessons and refined his expansionist strategies under the influence of Seydi Reis. One of the most important pieces of knowledge that was passed on to Sokollu was that the Ottoman Empire was an all-time high across the region.

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Talk:Acetazolamide

Prevention of acute mountain sickness
Prevention, not just treatment, is an FDA approved indication for acetazolamide. Should be added, shouldn't it. See: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/the-pre-travel-consultation/altitude-illness JuanTamad (talk) 01:35, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

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Vitex agnus-castus

Vitex agnus-castus (also called vitex, chaste tree / chastetree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, lilac chastetree, or monk's pepper) is a plant native of the Mediterranean region. It is one of the few temperate-zone species of Vitex, which is on the whole a genus of tropical and subtropical flowering plants. Vitex is a cross-pollinating plant, but its self-pollination has been recorded.

Theophrastus mentioned the shrub several times, as agnos (ἄγνος) in Enquiry into Plants. It has been long believed to be an anaphrodisiac – leading to its name as "chaste tree" – but its effectiveness for such action remains unproven. The shrub was utilized for religious rituals in ancient Greece and among the Philistines in modern-day Israel.

Etymology and common names
Vitex, its name in Pliny the Elder, is derived from the Latin vieo, meaning to weave or to tie up, a reference to the use of V. agnus-castus in basketry. Its macaronic specific name agnus-castus repeats "chaste" in both Greek and Latin; the small tree was considered to be sacred to the virginal goddess Hestia/Vesta. The most common names are "chaste tree", "vitex", and "monk's pepper".

Description
Vitex agnus-castus is widely cultivated in warm, temperate, and subtropical regions for its delicately textured, aromatic foliage and butterfly-attracting midsummer spikes of lavender flowers opening in late summer in cooler climates. It grows to a height of 1–5 m. It requires full sun, though tolerates partial shade, along with well-draining soil. Under ideal conditions, it is hardy to -23 C USDA Zone 6. In colder zones, the plant tends to die back to the ground, but as it flowers on new wood, flowering is not affected on vigorous growth in the following season. This plant is a brackish water dweller, indicating that it tolerates salt. Cold and wet weather results in dieback and losses. The plant grows well on loamy, neutral to alkaline soil.

In cultivation in the UK, the form V. agnus-castus f. latifolia has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The fruits from one single tree can be harvested for more than 15 years. This indicates that the tree cannot be integrated in a usual crop rotation system. It is suggested to sow dissimilar plants such as monocots as its subsequent crop so that it might be easier to control the monk's pepper plant, the dicot. Because the fruits of monk's pepper tend to fall constantly and uncontrollably, the plant likely can germinate from seed. The overall best yield per hectare reportedly can be achieved if the plant spacing is around 70 cm. Pruning back the branches in autumn has a positive influence on fruit yield while repruning in spring can induce an increase of vegetative shoots, thus a fruit yield loss.

Reproduction
This plant can also be reproduced vegetatively. One possibility is to use 5–8 cm pieces of the ripening wood with buds in July or August and another is to cut the ripe wood in November and then let it root in a coldframe. Also in vitro reproduction with spike of the shoots or node explants is possible.

Harvest
The flowering and ripening processes do not happen simultaneously, enabling harvesting of both fresh fruits and seeds over a long span of time. The fruits tend to fall from the plant as they ripen, getting lost in the soil. Thus, it has no optimal fixed harvest time. Consequently, to avoid yield loss, unripe fruits need to be harvested. This early harvesting has no effect on quality. Overall, harvesting the fruits by hand likely is the most convenient solution.

Diseases and pests
Thysanoptera, also known as thrips, can cause great damage to the growth and the generative development of V. agnus-castus. The insect feeds on chaste tree by sucking up the fruit contents or puncturing them. Also, chaste tree is the only known host (especially in Israel) for Hyalesthes obsoletus. This cicada is the vector for black wood disease of grapevines. H. obsoletus prefers V. agnus-castus as a host to the grapevine. In this case, chaste trees can be used as a biological control agent by planting them around vineyards to trap the H. obsoletus. V. agnus-castus was found not only to be an appropriate food source for the adult vectors, but also a reservoir of Candidatus phytoplasma solani (bacterial Phytoplasma species), the causal agent of the black wood disease in grapevines. The pathogen-caused leaf spot disease can almost defoliate V. agnus castus. Furthermore, root rot can occur when soils are kept too moist.

Chemical compounds
Flavonoids (vitexin, casticin), iridoid glycoside (agnuside, aucubin), p-hydroxybenzoic acid, alkaloids, essential oils, fatty oils, diterpenoids and steroids have been identified in the chemical analysis of V. agnus-castus. They occur in the fruits and in the leaves.

Essential oils
Essential oils have been found in the fruits and in the leaves. The oil of leaves, unripe, and ripe fruits differ in compounds; 50 compounds were identified in the oil of unripe fruits, 51 compounds in the oil of ripe fruits, and 46 compounds in the oil of the leaves. 1,8-Cineole and sabinene are the main monoterpene components and beta-caryophyllene is the major sesquiterpene compound found in the fruits of V. agnus-castus. Some slight differences occur between fruits from white-flowering plants compared to violet-flowering ones. The oil of fruits of former has a higher amount of monoterpene constituents. The leaves mainly contain 1,8-cineole, trans-beta-farnesene, alpha-pinene, trans-beta-caryophyllene, and terpinen-4-ol. The oil, particularly from white-flowering plants, is under preliminary research for its potential antibacterial effects.

Medicinal and culinary use
The chaste tree, a local shrub known since the Lower Paleolithic for various applications including as a spice, was also historically valued for its medicinal properties, including uses as anaphrodisiac and abortifacient, with further properties suggested by modern studies. The shrub has been used by several ancient Mediterranean cultures.

Vitex has been used in traditional medicine for reproductive health issues in women, but only limited high-quality clinical evidence supports its effectiveness. Although it is commonly recommended in Germany, V. agnus-castus should be avoided during pregnancy due to the possibility of complications.

Religious use
In ancient Greece, the chaste tree played a significant role in the female agricultural festival of Thesmophoria, dedicated to honoring the goddesses Demeter and Persephone in Greek cities. In Archaic Sparta, in the 8th–6th centuries BCE, it was incorporated into the cult of the local agriculture goddess, Artemis Orthia. The first century physician Dioscorides documented various synonyms for the lilac chaste tree. In the second century CE, Pausanias mentioned that the wooden image of Asclepius in Sparta was crafted from the chaste tree. Additionally, there is botanical and textual evidence supporting the significance of the chaste tree at the Heraion of Samos during the 6th–3rd centuries BCE.

In a Philistine temple at Gath, an excavation uncovered around 100 chaste tree fruits, a find unparalleled in both quantity and context compared to other locations in Israel. This suggests their deliberate use in religious practices, possibly in celebration of a goddess related to Hera.

Notably, the chaste tree is linked to the binding of Hera, where it featured in rituals celebrating her mythology at Samos.

Safety and adverse effects
Adverse effects from Vitex can include nausea, headache, gastrointestinal discomfort, menstrual discomfort, fatigue, and skin disorders. People taking dopamine-related medications or Parkinson's disease medications should avoid using chasteberry. Women on birth-control pills, hormone-replacement therapy, or having a hormone-sensitive condition, such as breast cancer, are advised not to use chasteberry. Use of Vitex is discouraged for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and for children.

title: Vitex agnus-castus


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Herb Dickieson

Herb Dickieson (born March 8, 1954) is a retired physician and a former educator and politician in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Dickieson was the first and, to date, only member of the New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island to have sat in the Legislative Assembly. He currently serves as the President of the PEI NDP.

Dickieson was raised in New Glasgow on a small family farm. He graduated from the University of Prince Edward Island with his B.Sc. in 1979 and received a B.Ed. in 1982. Dickieson taught high school in Calgary, Alberta for one year before entering medical school at Dalhousie University, from which he graduated with his medical degree in 1987. Dickieson interned in New Brunswick and in Prince Edward Island and established a family medicine practise in O'Leary.

Dickieson was elected leader of the Island New Democrats in March 1995, and led the party in the 1996 and 2000 provincial elections, seeking to be a Member of the Legislature for District 25, West Point-Bloomfield. He was successful in the 1996 election, but was defeated in the 2000 election. Dickieson led the party through the 1990s, but resigned two years after his personal electoral defeat.

Dickieson was a popular politician during his term, even among non-New Democrats, as a voice for change. He was encouraged by many members to run for the federal New Democratic Party in the 2004 federal election and again provincially, he had refused until he announced on September 12, 2014 that he would seek the NDP nomination for Egmont for the 2015 federal election. Dickieson was nominated as the candidate in October 2014. On October 19, 2015, Dickieson was defeated in the election, finishing third behind the winner, Liberal Bobby Morrissey and Conservative incumbent Gail Shea.

Dickieson was involved in local and provincial issues, including concern over the closing of rural post offices, the fate of farmers, and the quality of education, particularly among children. He has served on boards for the promotion of a community youth centre, Chamber of Commerce board of directors, and as Chief of Medical Staff at the Community Hospital in O'Leary. He is also a Past President of the Medical Society of Prince Edward Island.

He resides with his wife Kathleen and family in Howlan.

He was elected President of the PEI NDP on November 12, 2023.

title: Herb Dickieson


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Pinchas Zukerman

Pinchas Zukerman (פנחס צוקרמן, born 16 July 1948) is an Israeli-American violinist, violist and conductor.

Life and career
Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv, to Jewish parents and Holocaust survivors Yehuda and Miriam Lieberman Zukerman. He began his musical studies at age four, on the recorder. His father then taught him to play the clarinet and then the violin at age eight. Early studies were at the Samuel Rubin Academy of Music (now the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music). Isaac Stern and Pablo Casals learned of Zukerman's violin talent during a 1962 visit to Israel. Zukerman subsequently moved to the United States that year to study at the Juilliard School under Stern and Ivan Galamian. He made his New York City debut in 1963. In 1967, he shared the Leventritt Prize with the Korean violinist Kyung-wha Chung. His 1969 debut recordings of the concerti by Tchaikovsky (under the direction of Antal Dorati, with the London Symphony Orchestra) and Mendelssohn (with Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic) launched a successful recording career of over 110 releases.

Zukerman launched his conducting career in 1970 with the English Chamber Orchestra, and served as director of London's South Bank Festival from 1971 to 1974. In the US, Zukerman was music director of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra from 1980 to 1987. He later directed the summer festivals of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra (1991–95) and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra (1996–99). In 1999, he became Music Director of Canada's National Arts Centre Orchestra (NACO) in Ottawa, stepping down from the post in 2015. He has served as Principal Guest Conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra since 2009.

Zukerman is on the faculty at the Manhattan School of Music and is the head and founder of the Zukerman Performance Program at the school. His former students include Koh Gabriel Kameda, Julian Rachlin, and Guy Braunstein. In 1999 he founded the National Arts Centre Young Artists Programme, which counts young musicians such as Viviane Hagner, Jessica Linnebach, and Antal Szalai as alumni. In 2006 Zukerman began his involvement in the Rolex Artistic Mentorship programme.

Zukerman plays the "Dushkin" Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1742. His honors include the King Solomon Award, the National Medal of Arts (presented by President Reagan in 1983), the Isaac Stern Award for Artistic Excellence, and an honorary doctorate from Brown University.

Personal life
Zukerman married Eugenia Rich in 1968. The couple had two daughters together, opera singer Arianna Zukerman and blues/folk musician Natalia Zukerman. They frequently appeared together in concert until their separation in 1983. Zukerman was then married to actress Tuesday Weld from 1985 to 2001. He and Weld owned homes in Santa Fe, New Mexico and Montauk, New York, which they bought after the murder-suicide of its previous owners, soap opera actress Gwyda Donhowe and Broadway producer Norman Kean. Zukerman and his third wife, cellist Amanda Forsyth, have been married since 2004 and primarily reside in Manhattan. They often appear as soloists together.

Recordings
His recordings have received 21 Grammy nominations, and two Grammy wins. He has collaborated with filmmaker Christopher Nupen on several projects, and was the subject of Nupen's "Pinchas Zukerman: Here to Make Music" documentary of 1974. In 2003 he founded a string quintet, the Zukerman Chamber Players, which has released three CD recordings in addition to its roster of live performances.

Discography

 * 2015: Brahms: Double concerto – Symphony No. 4 (Analekta), AN2 8782
 * 2016: Baroque Treasury (Analekta), AN2 8783
 * 2016: Vaughan Williams & Elgar – Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (Decca)

title: Pinchas Zukerman


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Doctor's Orders (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"Doctor's Orders" is the sixteenth episode from the third season of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise. It's the sixty-eighth episode of the series, first airing on February 18, 2004.

In the 22nd century aboard spaceship NX-01 Enterprise, two crew members, Doctor Phlox and Commander T'Pol, guide the ship through an area of dangerous space while the rest of the crew are comatose. The episode is directed by Roxann Dawson with a story by Chris Black, and additional music by Kevin Kiner and Dennis McCarthy.

Plot
While traveling through the Delphic Expanse, Enterprise encounters a trans-dimensional disturbance that lies directly along its time-sensitive course to Azati Prime and the Xindi weapon ("Stratagem"). The crew also learns that the disturbance causes permanent neurological damage to the human neocortex. To avoid a two-week detour, while avoiding the danger to the crew, Doctor Phlox disables the neocortex of all human crewmembers, to survive the four day journey through the disturbance at reduced speed, so the anomaly won't affect the warp field.

While the crew is sedated, Phlox attends to his extended duties aboard the ship, including caring for Captain Archer's dog, Porthos, since Phlox is immune to the effects of the disturbance. As Phlox does so, he takes the opportunity to compose a letter to Dr. Lucas, an acquaintance of his whom he met on an exchange tour of Denobula. Unfortunately, Phlox himself begins to become nervous and is easily spooked by irregular ship noises. In Engineering, falsely perceiving movement, he becomes increasingly tense and nervous. While investigating a noise, he encounters Sub-Commander T'Pol, who is also carrying out duties while the human crew are sedated and, as a Vulcan, has been enjoying the quiet contemplation this situation allows her. She commits to spending some time with Phlox for a meal.

Phlox's paranoia escalates into delusion. At one point, he believes that two Insectoids have somehow boarded the ship. T'Pol insists there is nothing on the sensors, but humors him by helping with a deck-to-deck search, which reveals nothing save that Phlox is becoming delusional. During the search Phlox almost shoots Porthos, who he forgot to put in his cabin. T'Pol reminds him that it is healthy for Denobulans to use hallucinations to relieve stress. Phlox disagrees until he hears and then sees a 'zombie' Ensign Sato; he contacts T'Pol and encounters an awake Captain Archer hallucination. He finally scans himself after having nearly a dozen hallucinations, and confirms the disturbance is impacting his thinking. He plans to sedate himself and let T'Pol run the ship; but she states that she is also becoming disturbed, despite not having hallucinations. He refuses to sedate T'Pol, and remains in command.

After four days, they discover that the anomaly they have transited is expanding and Enterprise is now ten weeks from its edge, rather than having emerged from it half an hour before as they should have. Both T'Pol and Phlox are now easily agitated and distracted, but they conclude that engaging the warp drive is their only chance to escape. T'Pol's mind is unable to focus on helping as Phlox battles to master the warp drive. He succeeds in getting the ship free of the altered space, running the warp engines at Warp 2 with her help.

That done, he wakes Archer and then escorts T'Pol to her room, only to find her sleeping there, having been sedated at the same time as the human crew. The T'Pol with whom he had shared the ship was not real either. His T'Pol hallucination disappears, but the ship and crew are now safe.

Phlox sends his unedited letter along to his friend, Dr. Lucas, assuring him that he will enjoy the story of his hallucinations.

Production
"Doctor's Orders" was written by co-executive producer Chris Black. The episode was directed by Roxann Dawson, making it the eighth time she directed an episode of Enterprise. Billingsley and Blalock were the only two actors on set for all seven days of filming.

Reception
Doctor's Orders was first aired in the United States on UPN on February 18, 2004. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received a 2.6/4 rating share among adults. It had an average of 3.7 million viewers.

Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation called it an "interesting character study" and said "as bottle shows go, it's a beautifully done, satisfying episode, and a nice break from the Xindi action storyline while still moving the ship forward on its quest."

Star Trek Magazine rated "Doctor's Orders" one out of five, and named it the worst episode of the season, despite the heavy presence of Porthos, as he alone could not save this episode. James Whitbrook of Io9 described this episode as a worse version of the Star Trek: Voyager episode "One".

In contrast, Den of Geek in a review of important show characters, noted the doctor as "funny, quirky Phlox" pointing out that the character introduced the audience to the Denobulan species. They recommended the episodes "Dear Doctor", "Stigma", "The Breach" and "Doctor’s Orders" for the Phlox character.

Home media release
"Doctor's Orders" was released as part of the season three DVD box set, released in the United States on September 27, 2005. The Blu-ray release of Enterprise was announced in early 2013, and the season three box set was released on January 7, 2014. The Blu-Ray has a surround sound 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio track for English, as well as German, French, and Japanese audio tracks in Dolby audio.

title: Doctor's Orders (Star Trek: Enterprise)


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List of PlayStation games (A–L)

This is a list of games for the Sony PlayStation video game system, organized alphabetically by name. There are often different names for the same game in different regions. The final licensed PlayStation game released in Japan (not counting re-releases) was Black/Matrix 00 on May 13, 2004; counting re-releases, the final licensed game released in Japan was Strider Hiryū on October 24, 2006. The final licensed game released in North America was FIFA Football 2005 on October 12, 2004, and the final licensed game released in Europe was either Schnappi das kleine Krokodil – 3 Fun-Games on July 18, 2005 or Moorhuhn X on July 20, 2005. It is unknown what the final European release actually was. Additionally, homebrew games were created using the Sony PlayStation Net Yaroze.

Games list (A–L)
There are currently  games across both this page (A to L) and the remainder of the list from M to Z.

For a chronological list, click the sort button in any of the available region's column. Games dated December 3, 1994 (JP), September 9, 1995 (NA), September 29, 1995 (EU), and November 15, 1995 (AU) are launch titles of each region respectively.

title: List of PlayStation games (A–L)


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1836 in Canada

Events from the year 1836 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 15th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 12th (until March 8), 13th (starting November 8)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Earl of Gosford
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Henry Prescott
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Prescott
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: George Wright
 * Governor of Upper Canada: John Colborne then Francis Bond Head

Events

 * January – Book by Maria Monk claims that she was sexually exploited in a Canadian convent
 * February – Lord Aberdeen approves of Lord Aylmer's conduct. The Governor declares that, in filling offices, he has more considered qualifications than nationality; that 80, of 142, places of emolument, and 295 of 580 unsalaried offices, are filled by Frenchmen.
 * Lieutenant-Governor Francis Bond Head dissolves parliament and calls a new election.
 * July 4 – First issue of The Constitution published.
 * July 21 – Opening of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, the first public railway in Canada.
 * August – The Commission reaches Quebec, and consists of Lord Gosford, Sir Charles Grey and Sir James Gipps. A congratulatory address is presented to them at Quebec.
 * October – Lord Gosford informs Parliament of the purposes of the Commission and of the intended changes. He exhorts members to be conciliatory, saying: "Consider the blessings you might enjoy, but for your dissensions. Offspring, as you are, of the two foremost nations of the earth, you hold a vast and beautiful country, having a fertile soil, with a healthful climate, while the noblest river in the world makes seaports of your remote havens."
 * November
 * Commissioner Grey embarks for England.
 * 1836 Newfoundland general election
 * Mr. Papineau's following is 40 to 27, of the House. Mr. Papineau declares "Our task is not light, indeed, for we are called on to defend the rights of all British Colonial dependencies, as well as that we inhabit. The same evil genius, whose workings drove provincials of the neighboring States, unwittingly into the paths of a righteous and glorious resistance, presides over our affairs also. ...These Commissioners' instructions imply refusal, of those who prepared them, to listen heedfully to any representation of the many grievances either Canada has to complain of."
 * Eastern Townships, members desert Mr. Papineau.
 * Lord Gosford disappointedly declares "I will not predict all the consequences which may result from the factious opposition."
 * In Upper Canada the 92 resolutions are expunged from the journals.

Births

 * January 20 – Robert Beaven, businessman, politician and 6th Premier of British Columbia (died 1920)
 * March 28 – Robert Thorburn, merchant, politician and Premier of Newfoundland (died 1906)
 * May 24 – William Mortimer Clark, lawyer, politician and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1915)
 * August 24 – Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe, second wife of John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (died 1920)
 * September 25 – James Macleod, militia officer, lawyer, police officer, magistrate, judge and politician (died 1894)
 * October 7 – Henri Elzéar Taschereau, jurist and 4th Chief Justice of Canada (died 1911)
 * December 4 – Charles Augustus Semlin, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1927)
 * December 11 – George Gerald King, politician (died 1928)

Full date unknown

 * Robert Boston, politician (died 1922)

title: 1836 in Canada


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title: Template:Type 23 frigate


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Talk:Olympic Peninsula

Untitled
I removed Gig Harbor from the list of cities as it lies on the Kitsap Peninsula as opposed to the Olympic

Olympia is at the crotch of the peninsula and is also eponymous with the peninsula so it should be on the list, no? Matt gies 04:08, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If the Kitsap Peninsula is truly west "across Puget Sound from Seattle", and the Olympic Peninsula is west of the Kitsap, and the Kitsap is not part of the Olympic Peninsula region, then wouldn't it be better to say the Olympic Peninsula... "lies west of Puget Sound and Hood Canal"? Lupinelawyer 03:32, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Note that Hood Canal is part of Puget Sound, according to the USGS and most scientific or technical definitions (see both pages for references). In common usage it seems that many people think of the two as separate inlets rather than two arms of the same larger waterbody. Currently both this page and the Kitsap Peninsula page say that the Kitsap Pen. is part of the Olympic Pen. I have not come across this definition before. Searching for definitions, all I find are ones that say Hood Canal is the eastern boundary of the Olympic Peninsula and the western boundary of the Kitsap Pen. Neither peninsula page has any references at all. I'm going to ask for the source of the idea that Kitsap Pen. is part of the Olympic Pen. Pfly (talk) 05:37, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Port Angeles = U.S. Auxiliary Capitol?
I tried to find some evidence for the phrase "Port Angeles, the Peninsula's second largest town, was once designated as The United States Auxiliary Capitol", but all a search turned up was a series of tourist information pages that had the exact same wording, and none of which had any sources themselves. The only references to any U.S. Auxiliary Capitol were in these web sites, referring to Port Angeles. So is this reliable information, or should it be deleted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.65.197 (talk) 17:03, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It doesn't even exist on the Port Angeles page. I added a "citation needed" tag, but now I'm just going to go delete it. If it's not made up, someone else will have to prove it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.222.109.61 (talk) 04:55, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympic Peninsula


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Pitohui

The pitohuis are bird species endemic to New Guinea. The onomatopoeic name is thought to be derived from that used by New Guineans from nearby Dorey (Manokwari), but it is also used as the name of a genus Pitohui which was established by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1831. The unitalicized common name however refers to perching birds that belong to several genera of multiple bird families. The genera include Ornorectes, Melanorectes, and Pseudorectes apart from Pitohui.

Taxonomy and systematics
The Pitohui species were formerly all classified in the genus Pitohui, which at the time was in the family Pachycephalidae. In 2013 they were separated into several different genera in several different families.

The species are now separated into three families as follows:

Oreoicidae

 * Crested pitohui (Ornorectes cristatus)

Pachycephalidae

 * Black pitohui (Melanorectes nigrescens)
 * White-bellied pitohui (Pseudorectes incertus)
 * Rusty pitohui (Pseudorectes ferrugineus)

Oriolidae

 * Northern variable pitohui (Pitohui kirhocephalus)
 * Raja Ampat pitohui (Pitohui cerviniventris)
 * Southern variable pitohui (Pitohui uropygialis)
 * Hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous)

Description
Pitohuis are brightly coloured, omnivorous birds. The hooded pitohui has a brick red belly and a jet-black head. The variable pitohui, as its name implies, exists in many different forms, and 20 subspecies with different plumage patterns have been named. Two of them, however, closely resemble the hooded pitohui.

Behaviour and ecology
The skin and feathers of some pitohuis, especially the variable and hooded pitohuis, contain powerful neurotoxic alkaloids of the batrachotoxin group (also secreted by the Colombian poison dart frogs, genus Phyllobates). These are believed to serve the birds as a chemical defence, either against ectoparasites or against visually guided predators such as snakes, raptors or humans. The birds probably do not produce batrachotoxin themselves. The toxins most likely come from the beetle genus Choresine, a part of the birds' diets.

The birds' bright colours are suggested to be an example of aposematism (warning colouration), and the similarity of the hooded pitohui and some forms of the variable pitohui might then be an example of Müllerian mimicry, in which dangerous species gain a mutual advantage by sharing colouration, so an encounter with either species trains a predator to avoid both.

Relationship to humans
Due to the toxicity of these birds, Papua New Guineans call the pitohuis rubbish birds and do not eat them; in desperate times, however, they can be consumed only after the feathers and skin have been removed and the flesh is coated in charcoal and then roasted.

title: Pitohui


text: Template:Type 22 frigate

title: Template:Type 22 frigate


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HMS London

Thirteen ships of the Royal Navy have been named London, after the city of London. Another was named HMS Loyal London (1666):
 * ENGLISH SHIP London was a 40-gun East Indiaman purchased in 1636 and listed until 1653
 * ENGLISH SHIP London was a 64-gun second-rate ship launched in 1656 and blown up in an accident in 1665
 * HMS Loyal London (1666) was a 96-gun second-rate ship launched in 1666: she was partly destroyed by fire by the Dutch in the Medway in 1667, but the remains were rebuilt becoming the next HMS London
 * HMS London (1670) was a 96-gun first-rate ship launched in 1670 to replace the previous ship of the same name: rebuilt in 1706 and 1721, and was broken up in 1747
 * HMS London (1756 brig) was a 16-gun brig launched in 1756 on Lake Ontario and captured by the French the same year
 * HMS London (1756 busse) was a 6-gun Herring buss (formerly the civilian fisheries vessel Holden), purchased in 1756 from the Society for the Free British Fishery and burnt to avoid capture in 1758
 * HMS London (1759) was a 6-gun busse purchased in 1759 and in the records until 1764
 * HMS London (1766) was a 90-gun second rate, launched in 1766 and broken up in 1811
 * HMS London was to have been a 104-gun first rate: she was renamed HMS Royal Adelaide (1828) in 1827, launched in 1828, and sold in 1905
 * HMS London (1840) was a 92-gun second rate launched in 1840: converted to screw propulsion in 1858 and rearmed to 72 guns, became a harbour storeship in 1874, was re-commissioned in 1878 and sold in 1884
 * HMS London (1899) was the lead ship of the London-class battleships launched in 1899, converted to a minelayer in 1918 and sold in 1920
 * HMS London (69) was a County-class cruiser heavy cruiser launched in 1927 and sold in 1950
 * HMS London (D16) was a County-class destroyer guided missile destroyer launched in 1961 and transferred to Pakistan in 1982, where she was renamed Babur
 * HMS London (F95) was a Type 22 frigate launched in 1984, sold to Romania in 2002 and renamed Regina Maria
 * HMS London (Type 26 frigate) will be the name of one of the eight Type 26 frigates

Battle honours

 * Kentish Knock, 1652
 * Gabbard, 1653
 * Scheveningen, 1653
 * Lowestoft, 1665
 * Sole Bay, 1672
 * Schooneveld, 1673
 * Texel, 1675
 * Barfleur, 1692
 * Chesapeake, 1781
 * Groix, 1795
 * Copenhagen, 1801
 * Marengo, 1806
 * Crimea, 1854−55
 * Dardanelles, 1915
 * Atlantic, 1941
 * Arctic, 1941−43
 * East Indies, 1944−45
 * Kuwait, 1991

title: HMS London


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1837 in Canada

Events from the year 1837 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV (died June 20), Victoria (starting June 20)

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 15th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 13th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * British attempts to unite the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada lead to revolt. Two separate rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada, fail to dislodge entrenched elites.
 * Along with a general feeling that the government was not democratic, the failure of the executive committee to maintain the confidence of the elected officials leads to violent but unsuccessful rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. The leaders, William Lyon Mackenzie (Reformers) and Louis-Joseph Papineau (Patriotes), both escape to the U.S.
 * Revolts in Upper and Lower Canada. Small businessmen and farmers against merchant elites who, as political leaders, are raising property taxes, tariffs and freight rates to raise money for canals.
 * Black militia units participate in putting down the rebellion in Upper Canada.
 * British parliament passes Coercion Bill, seizes Lower Canada treasury.
 * Chartists organize support in England.
 * May – 1837 Newfoundland general election.
 * July 31 – Declaration of Toronto Reformers followed by 200 township meetings.
 * August 26 – Lord Gosford prorogues Parliament by proclamation. Mr. Papineau finds a copy on his seat, on returning from the audience hall.
 * Lord Gosford is now convinced that it is intended to institute a republican form of government, in Canada. Justices of the Peace and officers of Militia are removed from office: Mr. Papineau among them.
 * The newspaper Le Populaire is started, at Montreal, to quiet the public mind; and, at Quebec, the Liberal, a seditious journal.
 * The Governor warns the people against rebellion.
 * Messrs. Papineau, Lafontaine, Girouard and Morin go through the country, exciting the inhabitants.
 * An effigy of the Governor is burnt.
 * Mr. Lafontaine says "We have demanded reforms, without obtaining them. It is time to be up and doing."
 * Lord Gosford proposes adding seven Frenchmen to the Legislative Council and nine to the Executive Council.
 * Société des Fils de la Liberté ("Sons of Liberty") secretly drill and prepare munitions; but many of the French remain loyal.
 * Among the malcontents are Dr. Nelson, Messrs. Papineau, Wilson, Viger, Lacoste, Brown, and Girod.
 * Alarmed at the length excitement has carried him, Mr. Papineau now inclines to the constitutional remedy of ceasing to trade with England, but Dr. Nelson declares that the time for action has come.
 * The Roman Catholic Bishop Lartigue, of Montreal, preaches obedience to authority, as a cardinal rule of the Church.
 * The R. C. Bishop Signai, of Quebec, warns his flock against revolt, and reminds them that, even in France, where sovereignty resides in the people, it rests, not with a part, but with the whole population; and "who will dare to say that the whole population of this country desire the overthrow of the Government?"
 * General Colborne speedily arms 600 inhabitants, and regulars are called from New Brunswick.
 * November – William Lyon Mackenzie presents plans to overthrow the government.
 * November 6 – In Montreal, the Doric Club come to blows with "Sons of Liberty."
 * The military march through the streets with guns.
 * November 23 – Patriotes defeat British army at St. Denis, Lower Canada. At St. Denis, Col. Gore, with five companies of regulars, fails to dislodge rebel Dr. Nelson, with 200 men, behind walls.
 * For safety, Mr. Papineau is induced to cross the Line.
 * November 24 – William Lyon Mackenzie delivers order to local leaders to march on Toronto December 7.
 * November 25 – British defeat Patriotes at St. Charles and return to burn St. Denis.
 * November 25 – Col. Wetherall's 400 defeat a larger number of rebels, of whom about 100 are killed, 372 wounded, and 30 surrender. At St. Eustache, over 1,200 rebels, under Dr. Chenier and Girod, a Swiss, dwindle to 250. A priest tries to dissuade Dr. Chenier, who replies, with a trea, "I will conquer, or die."
 * Sir John Colborne, with 2,000 and field-pieces, wins the battle. To unarmed followers Dr. Chenier has said: "Be easy; some will be killed – you can take their muskets." True, there are muskets to spare, but the men to use them are wanting. Girod shoots himself.
 * T.S. Brown and Dr. O'Callaghan cross the Line.
 * At St. Benoid, 250 men surrender to Sir John Colborne.
 * People return thanks for peace, and promise loyalty.
 * Mr. Lafontaine too tardily asks the Governor to summon Parliament. He refuses. Arrests are made on charge of High Treason.
 * Rolph panics, calls troops out for December 4.
 * December 2 – Troops occupy St. Denis.
 * December 4 – Confrontation at Montgomery's Tavern. See https://web.archive.org/web/20080511160744/https://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/rebellions/1837f01.html
 * December 5 – Lord Gosford proclaims martial law.
 * December 6 – Battle of Mississquoi Bay.
 * December 7 – Rebels are defeated, at Toronto.
 * December 7 – Loyalist militia defeats Patriots at Toronto. William Lyon Mackenzie escapes to the U.S.
 * December 9 – Peter Matthews captured.
 * Charles Duncombe leads Patriot uprising in London District.
 * December 13 – Revolutionary Provisional Government established at Navy Island.
 * December 13 – Governor-General Colborne leads British assault on Two Mountains Country, Lower Canada.
 * December 14 – Rebels are defeated, at St. Eustache, Jean-Olivier Chénier is killed
 * December 15 – Rebels surrender, at Grade Brule.
 * December 16 – William Lyon MacKenzie occupies Navy Island and proclaims the short-lived Republic of Canada.
 * December 29 – The Patriot steamer "Caroline" is burned in the Niagara River at Niagara Falls.
 * In the course of this year, steam is adopted as the motive power, on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railway.
 * Unlike Upper and Lower Canada, other Canadian territories move toward responsible government without rebellion. New Brunswick accepts the British offer to allow their assembly more revenue control over salaries of public servants and judges. Nova Scotia agrees to the same conditions in 1839.

Births

 * January 22 – Charles Alphonse Pantaléon Pelletier, lawyer, militia officer, politician, publisher, judge, and the 9th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (died 1911)
 * January 23 – Agnes Maule Machar, author (died 1927)
 * March 18 – Richard Maurice Bucke, psychiatrist (died 1902)
 * May 20 – William Jackman, sailor
 * July 18 – Joseph-Alfred Mousseau, politician and 6th Premier of Quebec (died 1886)
 * September 1 – Christopher William Bunting, politician, merchant, newspaper owner and newspaper publisher (died 1896)
 * December – Gabriel Dumont, Metis leader (died 1906)
 * December 14 – Arthur Sturgis Hardy, lawyer, politician and 4th Premier of Ontario (died 1901)

Deaths

 * July 13 – Charles James Stewart, clergyman of the Church of England, bishop, and politician (born 1775)
 * December 14 – Jean-Olivier Chénier, physician and Patriote (born 1806)
 * Richard Pierpoint, black loyalist.

title: 1837 in Canada


text: Template:Type 21 frigate

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User talk:Sesha

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:15, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Please disambiguate "Java" on your user page. Thanks. RedWolf 04:56, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Vedanta
Request your membership and participation in the WikiProject_Vedanta. Thanks. -- ॐ Kris 16:21, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sesha


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User talk:Gecko~enwiki

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:16, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

List of diesel automobiles
What is your intent for this list? Diesel cars in what year? In what country? Rmhermen 18:42, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

To begin with, it's simply a list of automobiles that were made with diesel engines. I don't have good data yet for years on most of the vehicles but I'd like it to be added as I (or others) discover it. Same goes for countries.

Ultimately I'd like it to be a comprehensive resource for people (such as myself) that are interested in (for example) biodiesel-capable vehicles but have had trouble tracking down good information on what exists, new or used, that can take it (or petrodiesel) as fuel.

Gecko 23:35, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Hey Burner
So are you going to the Man this year? Who do you camp with? Kit 22:52:43, 2005-08-04 (UTC)
 * No, alas I'll be going to the Orfun Burn locally -- yes I am from Austin. Brady sounds familiar but I am terrible with names and, as you know, we have so many of them. You should come for Flipside sometime. :) Kit 22:34:38, 2005-08-05 (UTC)
 * Next year will be an interesting year to attend Flipside so you might keep it in mind. We'll be moving to a new land several times the size of our current property, but not growing very much from our ~1500 person population. I expect it to be an even more interesting experience than usual. We might even have cabins, talk about the Black Rock Hilton! Kit 08:32:24, 2005-08-06 (UTC)

Burner Input Requested
I would like the input of other Wikipedian Burners on the topic of Links in article Burning Man. Please come to the Links section of Talk:Burning Man and provide your input, if you have time. Thanks! Kit 21:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for stopping by. This is my first content dispute so I wanted to get some input from outside. Kit 01:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Jimbo Wales to Attend San Diego Meetup on October 18 2005
Hello, Jimbo Wales will be in San Diego to attend OOPSLA and has agreed to come by and visit with the San Diego wikipedians. If you are interested, you will find more info on my talk page. Johntex\talk 00:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Details on the Meetup
I went to the Town and Country area last night to check out restaurants. I've eaten at the restaurants in Town and Country and they weren't that great, ao I wanted to find us somewhere nearby. There is a nice but expensive steak house down the street, but I don't know what everyone's budget is. I picked this place, I hope it is OK with everyone:

See you there! Johntex\talk 01:34, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7:00pm Tuesday October 18th
 * 24-Hour Valley Kitchen Family Restaurant
 * 875 Hotel Circle South, Mission Valley, 619-819-1017 or 619-298-8282.
 * It is right across Highway 8 from the Town and Country Resort and Convention Center
 * It is very casual and comes highly recommended by the hotel desk. Entrees are $8-$15.  They have a wide menu: They have breakfast all-days, salads, burgers, steaks, echilladas, pies, that sort of place.

More Burner Help Requested
I am trying to provide better sources for articles in Category:Burning Man, so I have started a collection of academic, journalistic, and other sources on the event and related subculture. If you know of any or run across them in your web surfing in the future, please add them to User:Todfox/Burning Man/Sources. Thanks! Kit 21:52, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Jason_wells_17.jpg
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China Brain
Hello. I see you created an article called China Brain today. Wikipedia already has an article called China brain and the two look fairly similar to me - but it's not my field. If they are the same, could you merge your text into the older article? Then the newer article can either be deleted or redirected to the old article. Mr Stephen 23:22, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Burning Man Regional Events Infobox
I've started putting together an Infobox that can go on the Burning Man type events pages. When you have a few moments and can look at the example I've put together, I'd appreciate any comments you might have. Thanks, and Burn On! SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 14:02, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

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Wikipedia Loves Art
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I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

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Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 23:54, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

CIPA
Hi. Would you mind disambiguating CIPA on your user page? Thanks! — Jeff G. ツ 01:19, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sandstorm: The Jim Boz Dance Company

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Goblet Drum
hi there... the page for goblet drum badly needs to be changed in its titling. It just doesn't work - there are many other kinds of goblet drum out there, such as djembe, boogaraboo, and tombek. 'Darbuka' is the most widely accepted speling to describe the drum you are talking about, and its important, becuase it is a very popular drum played all over the middle east. No-one from turkey to saudi arabia would refer to it as a 'goblet drum'. Its got no cultural basis whatsoever. Amphibio (talk) 14:31, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

I agree... the page I wrote, prior to the merge, called it 'dumbek,' which is the correct name. Gecko (talk) 18:29, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

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