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Railroad tie

A railroad tie, crosstie (American English), railway tie (Canadian English) or railway sleeper (Australian and British English) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. Usually laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge.

Railroad ties are traditionally made of wood, but prestressed concrete is now also widely used, especially in Europe and Asia. Steel ties are common on secondary lines in the UK; plastic composite ties are also employed, although far less than wood or concrete. As of January 2008, the approximate market share in North America for traditional and wood ties was 91.5%, the remainder being concrete, steel, azobé (red ironwood) and plastic composite.

Tie spacing may depend on the type of tie, traffic loads and other requirements, for example 2,640 concrete ties per mile on North American mainline railroads to 2,112 timber ties per mile on LMS jointed track.

Rails in the US may be fastened to the tie by a railroad spike; iron/steel baseplates screwed to the tie and secured to the rail by a proprietary fastening system such as a Vossloh or Pandrol which are commonly used in Europe.

Stone block
The type of railroad tie used on the predecessors of the first true railway (Liverpool and Manchester Railway) consisted of a pair of stone blocks laid into the ground, with the chairs holding the rails fixed to those blocks. One advantage of this method of construction was that it allowed horses to tread the middle path without the risk of tripping. In railway use with ever heavier locomotives, it was found that it was hard to maintain the correct gauge. The stone blocks were in any case unsuitable on soft ground, such as at Chat Moss, where timber ties had to be used. Bi-block ties with a tie rod are somewhat similar.

Wooden
Historically wooden rail ties were made by hewing with an axe, called axe ties, or sawn to achieve at least two flat sides. A variety of softwood and hardwood timbers are used as ties, oak, jarrah and karri being popular hardwoods, although increasingly difficult to obtain, especially from sustainable sources. Some lines use softwoods, including Douglas fir; while they have the advantage of accepting treatment more readily, they are more susceptible to wear but are cheaper, lighter (and therefore easier to handle) and more readily available.

Softwood is treated, with creosote being the most common preservative for railway ties. Other preservatives used include pentachlorophenol and chromated copper arsenate. Sometimes non-toxic preservatives are used, such as copper azole or micronized copper. New boron-based wood preserving technology is being employed by major US railroads in a dual treatment process in order to extend the life of wood ties in wet areas. Some timbers (such as sal, mora, jarrah or azobé) are durable enough that they can be used untreated.

Problems with wooden ties include rot, splitting, insect infestation, plate-cutting, also known as chair shuffle in the UK (abrasive damage to the tie caused by lateral motion of the tie plate) and spike-pull (where the spike is gradually loosened from the tie). Wooden ties can catch fire; as they age they develop cracks that allow sparks to lodge and more easily start fires.

Concrete
Concrete ties are cheaper and easier to obtain than timber and better able to carry higher axle-weights and sustain higher speeds. Their greater weight ensures improved retention of track geometry, especially when installed with continuous-welded rail. Concrete ties have a longer service life and require less maintenance than timber due to their greater weight, which helps them remain in the correct position longer. Concrete ties need to be installed on a well-prepared subgrade with an adequate depth on free-draining ballast to perform well. It is a common misconception that concrete ties amplify wheel noise. A study done as part of Euronoise 2018 proved this false, showing concrete sleepers to be an average of 2dB(A) quieter than wooden ones, however with a greater acoustic sharpness on straight stretches of track. Concrete ties were however shown to be quieter than wooden ties almost universal across the audible frequency band on curves. This causes train noise when over concrete ties to potentially be subjectively perceived as louder than train noise over wooden ties.

On the highest categories of line in the UK (those with the highest speeds and tonnages), pre-stressed concrete ties are the only ones permitted by Network Rail standards.

Most European railways also now use concrete bearers in switches and crossing layouts due to the longer life and lower cost of concrete bearers compared to timber, which is increasingly difficult and expensive to source in sufficient quantities and quality.

Steel
Steel ties are formed from pressed steel and are trough-shaped in section. The ends of the tie are shaped to form a "spade" which increases the lateral resistance of the tie. Housings to accommodate the fastening system are welded to the upper surface of the tie. Steel ties are now in widespread use on secondary or lower-speed lines in the UK where they have been found to be economical to install due their ability to be installed on the existing ballast bed. Steel ties are lighter in weight than concrete and able to stack in compact bundles unlike timber. Steel ties can be installed onto the existing ballast, unlike concrete ties which require a full depth of new ballast. Steel ties are 100% recyclable and require up to 60% less ballast than concrete ties and up to 45% less than wood ties.

Historically, steel ties have suffered from poor design and increased traffic loads over their normally long service life. These aged and often obsolete designs limited load and speed capacity but can still be found in many locations globally and performing adequately despite decades of service. There are great numbers of steel ties with over 50 years of service and in some cases they can and have been rehabilitated and continue to perform well. Steel ties were also used in specialty situations, such as the Hejaz railway in the Arabian Peninsula where the dry, hot climate made wood ties unsatisfactory.

Modern steel ties handle heavy loads, have a proven record of performance in signalized track, and handle adverse track conditions. Of high importance to railroad companies is the fact that steel ties are more economical to install in new construction than creosote-treated wood ties and concrete ties. Steel ties are utilized in nearly all sectors of the worldwide railroad systems including heavy-haul, class 1s, regional, shortlines, mining, electrified passenger lines (OHLE) and all manner of industries. Notably, steel ties (bearers) have proven themselves over the last few decades to be advantageous in turnouts (switches/points) and provide the solution to the ever-growing problem of long timber ties for such use.

When insulated to prevent conduction through the ties, steel ties may be used with track circuit based train detection and track integrity systems. Without insulation, steel ties may only be used on lines without block signaling and level crossings or on lines that use other forms of train detection such as axle counters.

Plastics
In more recent times, a number of companies are selling composite railroad ties manufactured from recycled plastic resins and recycled rubber. Manufacturers claim a service life longer than wooden ties with an expected lifetime in the range of 30–80 years, that the ties are impervious to rot and insect attack, and that they can be modified with a special relief on the bottom to provide additional lateral stability. In some main track applications the hybrid plastic tie has a recessed design to be completely surrounded by ballast.

Aside from the environmental benefits of using recycled material, plastic ties usually replace timber ties soaked in creosote, the latter being a toxic chemical, and are theoretically recyclable. However, plastics may shed microplastics and leach other possibly toxic chemicals such as ultraviolet inhibitors.

Hybrid plastic railroad ties and composite ties are used in other rail applications such as underground mining operations, industrial zones, humid environments and densely populated areas. Hybrid railroad ties are also used to be partly exchanged with rotten wooden ties, which will result in continuous track stiffness. Hybrid plastic ties and composite ties also offer benefits on bridges and viaducts, because they lead to better distribution of forces and reduction of vibrations into respectively bridge girders or the ballast. This is due to better damping properties of hybrid plastic ties and composite ties, which will decrease the intensity of vibrations as well as the sound production. In 2009, Network Rail announced that it would begin replacing wooden ties with recycled plastic. but I-Plas became insolvent in October 2012.

In 2012, New Zealand ordered a trial batch of "EcoTrax" brand recycled composite ties from Axion for use on turnouts and bridges, and a further three-year order in 2015, but then Axion filed for bankruptcy in December 2015, though it continues to trade. These ties are developed by Dr. Nosker at Rutgers University.

Composite sleepers, manufactured from various recycled plastics, were introduced in Wiltshire, United Kingdom, in 2021. They were installed as an alternative to wooden sleepers, on a bridge where concrete sleepers would have been too heavy. Although it was the first instance of plastic sleepers being installed on mainline track in the country, they have previously been used on narrow-gauge railways.

Ties may also be made from fiberglass.

Y-shaped ties
An unusual form of tie is the Y-shaped tie, first developed in 1983. Compared to conventional ties, the volume of ballast required is reduced due to the load-spreading characteristics of the Y-tie. Noise levels are high but the resistance to track movement is very good. For curves the three-point contact of a Y steel tie means that an exact geometric fit cannot be observed with a fixed attachment point.

The cross section of the ties is an I-beam.

As of 2006, less than 1,000 km of Y-tie track had been built, of which approximately 90 percent is in Germany.

Twin ties
The ZSX Twin tie is manufactured by Leonhard Moll Betonwerke GmbH & Co KG and is a pair of two pre-stressed concrete ties longitudinally connected by four steel rods. The design is said to be suitable for track with sharp curves, track subject to temperature stress such as that operated by trains with eddy brakes, and bridges, and as transition track between traditional track and slab track or bridges.

Wide ties
Concrete monoblock ties have also been produced in a wider form (e.g. 57 cm) such that there is no ballast between the ties; this wide tie increases lateral resistance and reduces ballast pressure. The system has been used in Germany where wide ties have also been used in conjunction with the GETRAC A3 ballastless track systems.

Bi-block ties
Bi-block (or twinblock) ties consist of two concrete rail supports joined by a steel bar. Advantages include increased lateral resistance and lower weight than monobloc concrete ties, as well as elimination of damage from torsional forces on the ties center due to the more flexible steel connections. This tie type is in common use in France, and are used on the high-speed TGV lines. Bi-block ties are also used in ballastless track systems. They are gauge-convertible by cutting and welding the steel bar to the dimension that suits the new gauge.

Frame ties
Frame ties (Rahmenschwelle) comprise both lateral and longitudinal members in a single monolithic concrete casting. This system is in use in Austria; in the Austrian system the track is fastened at the four corners of the frame, and is also supported midway along the frame. Adjacent frame ties are butted close to each other. Advantages of this system over conventional cross increased support of track. In addition, construction methods used for this type of track are similar to those used for conventional track.

Ladder track
In ladder track, the ties are laid parallel to the rails and are several meters long. The structure is similar to Brunel's baulk track; these longitudinal ties can be used with ballast, or with elastomer supports on a solid non-ballasted support.

North America
The crosstie spacing of mainline railroad is approximately 19 to 19.5 in for wood ties or 24 in for concrete ties. The number of ties is 3,250 wooden crossties per mile (2,019 ties/km, or 40 ties per 65 feet) for wood ties or 2,640 ties per mile for concrete ties.

United Kingdom
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway specified 18 sleepers per 45 ft rail and 24 sleepers per 60 ft rail, both of which correspond to 2,112 sleepers per mile.

Sleepers are 8 ft long, 10 in wide and 5 in deep. The two sleepers adjacent to a joint may be 12 in wide where the formation is soft or the traffic is heavy and fast. Sleepers are mostly spaced 2 ft apart (centre-to-centre) but are closer adjacent to fishplated rail joints where the spacing sequences are as follows with the spacing at.

The fractional inch spacing at the fishplate corresponds to the thermal expansion gap allowed between the rail ends.

 * 45 ft rails – 1/4 in
 * 60 ft rails – 5/16 in

United States
Interurban railways of the late 1800s and early 1900s generally ran lighter rolling stock than mainline steam railways, but roadbeds were built to similar standards. Wooden ties were placed at approximately 2 ft intervals.

Fastening rails to railroad ties
Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the railroad ties. Historically spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the tie, more recently springs (such as Pandrol clips) are used to fix the rail to the tie chair.

Other uses
In recent years, wooden railroad ties have also become popular for gardening and landscaping, both in creating retaining walls and raised-bed gardens, and sometimes for building steps as well. Traditionally, the ties sold for this purpose are decommissioned ties taken from rail lines when replaced with new ties, and their lifespan is often limited due to rot. Some entrepreneurs sell new ties. Due to the presence of wood preservatives such as coal tar, creosote or salts of heavy metals, railroad ties introduce an extra element of soil pollution into gardens and are avoided by many property owners. In the UK, new oak or pine beams of the same length (2.4m) as standard railway sleepers, but not treated with dangerous chemicals, are available specifically for garden construction. In some places, railroad ties have been used in the construction of homes, particularly among those with lower incomes, especially near railroad tracks, including railroad employees. They are also used as cribbing for docks and boathouses.

The Spanish artist Agustín Ibarrola has used recycled ties from Renfe in several projects.

In Germany, use of wooden railroad ties as building material (namely in gardens, houses and in all places where regular contact to human skin would be likely, in all areas frequented by children and in all areas associated with the production or handling of food in any way) has been prohibited by law since 1991 because they pose a significant risk to health and environment. From 1991 to 2002, this was regulated by the Teerölverordnung (Carbolineum By-law), and since 2002 has been regulated by the Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung (Chemicals Prohibition By-law), §1 and Annex, Parts 10 and 17.

title: Railroad tie


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Bungonia Caves

Bungonia Caves are a series of caves near the city of Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia.

Overview
The caves are sited within the Bungonia State Conservation Area adjoining the Morton National Park, about 35 km east of Goulburn and about 125 km south-west of Sydney.

The caves are formed in limestone at the southern extremity of the Sydney basin, a broad expanse of New South Wales between this point, the city of Newcastle in the north, the town of Lithgow to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

The caves are precipitous in many places and entry is limited. The presence of "Foul air", dangerous levels of CO2 or O2, is common in the Bungonia caves, especially in summer and in The Grill Cave in particular.

One of the more well-known caves, The Drum Cave, is an important bat breeding site. The Large Bent-wing Bat (formerly known as the Common Bent-wing Bat), is listed as Vulnerable under the Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) in New South Wales. Drum Cave is closed annually from 1 November through to 1 April in order to provide a safe environment for the bats during their breeding season, but is open and available to the public for the remainder of each year. The importance of Drum Cave for the preservation of the Large Bent-wing Bat is underscored by the fact that the next closest suitable breeding cave is located near Wee Jasper. Grill Cave is also normally closed for the month of December as a bat staging cave. Chalk Cave is closed 1 May to 30 September for bat hibernation over winter; entry to these caves during these periods carries a fine.

Many fossils can be found along the various walking tracks in the vicinity of the caves. There are also colour-coded bushwalks through the area.

List of caves
There are over 190 caves at Bungonia, though some of these are not much more than small holes in the ground. They include:
 * The Drum Cave
 * The Blowfly Cave
 * The Grill Cave
 * Argyle Cave
 * Chalk Cave
 * College Cave
 * Mass "cathedral" cave
 * Canberra Hole
 * Odyssey (Note: Closed. For research use only)
 * Fossil cave – Hogans Hole
 * System
 * Spider
 * Acoustic Pot
 * Condom Cave – (Named After the map shape)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bungonia Caves


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Talk:Slave name

manumitted.

french slave names
in the french colonies, the slaves were given names meaning things like Moustache or Ladocile(Docile person), supposedly in mauritius there are people in the country, who bear some surnames differing from their nom papiers(slave names which they are known by the government as) and nom lakaz (names taken through oral history) , but not enough funds was put into that project) More information can be found from this site: http://www.mrc.org.mu/uscpa18.htmDomsta333 04:12, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

'African American'
The section on 'African American' totally misses out Caribbean descendants of African slaves and also those ex slaves who settled in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Descendants of African slaves outside of the US DO NOT tend to call themselves African American as this is a Hyphenated term that Americans tend to excel at — Preceding unsigned comment added by Funkg (talk • contribs) 22:18, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Cultural Significance
This article could be helped with a greater degree of the cultural discussion behind the term "slave name", as it represents the alienation of Africans from their (seemingly)inherited cultural heritage, and its casting off marked the first rejection of the white american cultural consciousness.TheHappiestCritic (talk) 23:22, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

suggestion
I just did a fast copy edit on the frech section, but it seems to me that it was mostly a history of slavery in the region and while it mentioned certain surnames it coiuld use some expansion and context

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Template removal
I wrote the Dutch version of this topic. The changing of slave names is an actual issue for more and more Afro-Dutch people in the Netherlands. I think the template about additional citations can be removed here because there are sufficient sources. I do not like to do this myself. Niksbij26 (talk) 23:48, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

Is this actually true in the American context?
Here is what Thomas Sowell has to say about 'slave names' in Economic Facts and Fallacies (p163)

''Some of the most basic beliefs and assumptions about the black family are demonstrably fallacious. For example, it has been widely believed that black family names were the names of the slave masters who owned particular families. Such beliefs led a number of American blacks, during the 1960s especially, to repudiate those names as a legacy of slavery and give themselves new names— most famously boxing champion Cassius Clay renaming himself Muhammad Ali.''

''Family names were in fact forbidden to blacks enslaved in the United States, as family names were forbidden to other people in lowly positions in various other times and places— slaves in China and parts of the Middle East, for example, and it was 1870 before common people in Japan were authorized to use surnames. In Western civilization, ordinary people began to have surnames in the Middle Ages. In many places and times, family names were considered necessary and appropriate only for the elite, who moved in wider circles— both geographically and socially— and whose families' prestige was important to take with them. Slaves in the United States secretly gave themselves surnames in order to maintain a sense of family but they did not use those surnames around whites. Years after emancipation, blacks born during the era of slavery remained reluctant to tell white people their full names.''

''The "slave names" fallacy is false not only because whites did not give slaves surnames but also because the names that blacks gave themselves were not simply the names of whoever owned them. During the era of slavery, it was common to choose other names. Otherwise, if all the families belonging to a given slave owner took his name, that would defeat the purpose of creating separate family identities. ''

Anyone know if this is true? LastDodo (talk) 09:21, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I found some sources that back up the essence of what Sowell is saying here. I went ahead and altered the article accordingly. LastDodo (talk) 16:43, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

sources to blogs
there's a statistic sourced to a blog that was removed. Augmented Seventh (talk) 15:06, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

SCRAPSCARLET
I have a lovely evening and Dave's Santa 🎅🎅🎅🎅🎅on and 82.11.154.132 (talk) 14:11, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slave name


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Colonia del Sacramento

Colonia del Sacramento (Colônia do Sacramento) is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is one of the oldest towns in Uruguay and the capital of the Colonia Department. It has a population of around 27,000.

Its historic quarter is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Modern Colonia del Sacramento produces textiles and has a free trade zone, in addition to a polytechnic centre and various government buildings.

History
Following the restoration of the Portuguese crown, King Peter II sought the resolution of the southern border of Brazil. Manuel Lobo with 5 ships containing about 400 soldiers, craftsmen, carpenters and stonecutters, and 18 guns, reached San Gabriel Island on 20 January 1680. On 28 January, they commenced establishing a post.

José de Garro sent spies from Santo Domingo de Soriano on 22 February 1680, after receiving a negative response on 10 February to his ultimatum to leave the site. Garro sent a force of 3,400 men under the command of Antonio de Vera Mujica, capturing the besieged town on the night of 6–7 August 1680. Lobo was taken as a prisoner to Buenos Aires, where he died on 7 January 1683. A treaty between Spain and Portugal signed in 1681 returned Colonia to Portugal.

Field Marshal Duarte Teixeira Chaves arrived off the San Gabriel islands on 25 January 1683, and commenced to rebuild the settlement. Field Marshal Cristóvão Dornelas Abreu was its governor until 1690, when Dom Francisco Naper de Lencastre took over. Smuggling, and cattle hunting from the Banda Oriental, were the main components of the colony's economy. Lencastre ordered the building of houses of stone and mud with tile roofs, the enlargement of the city walls, and the addition of a fortified tower. The colonists grew wheat, hemp flax, and grape vines, and exported cattle hides to Rio de Janeiro, while importing wood and foodstuffs. Sebastião da Veiga Cabral took over as governor in 1699.

As a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, the governor of Buenos Aires, Valdes Incian, initiated the Siege of Colonia del Sacramento. The forces of the Spanish governor were commanded by Baltazar García Ros from 18 October 1704 until 14 March 1705, when the colonists were evacuated by Portuguese ships. Only the churches and bridge remained undestroyed.

The colony was given back to Portugal in the Treaty of Utrecht. Manuel Gomes Barbosa took possession on 10 February 1718 with 1,040 colonists. More colonists arrived in 1721. Antonio Pedro de Vasconcellos took over as governor on 14 March 1722 and transformed it into the richest and best-defended city in the Rio de la Plata region. This included the coastal bastions of São Pedro de Alcântara, São Miguel, Santo António, São João, Carmo, and Santa Rita.

Another attack during the Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737), failed. Don Luis Garcia de Bivar took over as governor in 1749, but died on 5 March 1760. During that time, the Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) was never complied with and was finally considered null and void. Brigadier Vicente da Silva da Fonseca then took over as governor. Fonseca was forced to surrender the colony to Pedro Antonio de Cevallos on 11 October 1762. Spain returned the colony in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, and Dom José Pedro de Figueiredo Sarmento took over as governor on 27 December 1763. He was replaced by Francisco José da Rocha on 15 March 1777. With the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777, the colony became a Spanish possession once more.

It then transferred to Portuguese control again, being later incorporated into Brazil after 1816, when the entire Banda Oriental (Uruguay) was seized by the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and renamed the Cisplatina province.

On 10 January 1809, before the independence of Uruguay, it was designated as a "Vila" ("town" in 19th century Portuguese) and has since been elevated to the status of "Ciudad" ("city" in Spanish). Since independence, Colonia del Sacramento has expanded to the north and east, but the original Bairro Histórico (historic quarter in Portuguese or Barrio Histórico, current Spanish spelling) retains its irregular, terrain-fitting street plan built by the Portuguese, contrasting with the wider, orthogonal calles in the newer Spanish area.

In 2022, it was confirmed Uruguay planned to create a Silicon Valley-style new city in Colonia called Colonia Ala Este, to entice Argentine immigrants due to Argentina's poor economic situation. This would double Colonia's population to about 60,000 people. With an initial investment of more than US$100 million, it was planned to build a sustainable city open to the community as a hub for the knowledge economy industry on a 500-hectare site, which includes forests and seven kilometers of coastline, with beaches such as Calabrés and Fernando.

Timeline of rule
The rule from 1680 to present (with flag of the period) is:

Population
In 2011 Colonia del Sacramento had a population of 26,231. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Climate
Colonia del Sacramento has a mild humid subtropical climate, described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa. Summers are warm and winters are cool, with relatively frequent frosts and fog. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of 1,039 mm (40.91 in), and the annual average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F).

Urban fabric
The city was developed on a peninsula that protrudes into the Río de la Plata. The 16-hectare "Barrio Histórico", or Portuguese Old City, was enclosed by a fortification wall across the peninsula in the site of present-day Calle Ituzaingó. Most of the fortification wall was removed in 1777 and some remaining parts again in 1859. The Portuguese part of the city has an irregular street network.

Outside the wall, the historical part of the city was planned in the Spanish colonial style and in the characteristic checkerboard layout.

Sport
The local professional football team is Plaza Colonia, founded in 1917, playing at the Estadio Profesor Alberto Suppici. They won the 2016 Clausura, their biggest success to date.

Deportivo Colonia, founded in 1999, lost its professional status in 2007. They play at the Estadio Miguel Campomar.

Club Atlético Plaza has futsal, volleyball and basketball sections, as well as a football section based at Estadio Néstor Naviliat.

The town's Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos is a disused bullring which has been renovated and repurposed as a performing arts venue.

Points of interest
The Barrio Histórico (historic quarter) section of Colonia del Sacramento is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It has some cobblestone streets built by the Portuguese in the 17th century, and is within walking distance of the town's ferry terminal. Among the tourist attractions around the tree-lined Plaza Mayor (main square) are:
 * Portón de Campo – the City Gate and wooden drawbridge
 * Lighthouse and convent ruins of the 17th-century Convent of San Francisco
 * Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento – the Basilica of the Holy Sacrament, built of stone by the Portuguese in 1808
 * Portuguese Museum – constructed in the 18th century, it exhibits Portuguese furnishings, jewelry, uniforms and old maps of Portuguese naval expeditions
 * Casa de Nacarello – an 18th-century Portuguese house
 * Calle de los Suspiros, a historical street
 * Municipal Museum – rebuilt by the Spanish in 1835 as the Casa del Almirante Brown, it exhibits artifacts and documents of the city's different periods and cultures
 * Viceroy's House – the Casa del Virrey, reconstructed from the original ruins
 * Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos, a Bullring included in an old tourist complex now abandoned.

Transportation
Colonia del Sacramento is served by three ferry boat lines from Buenos Aires, Argentina: "Buquebus", "Seacat Colonia" and "Colonia Express".

Two principal highways end in Colonia: Route 1 connects Colonia to Montevideo and points east; Route 21 connects to points north, including the Aarón de Anchorena National Park, 30 km distant, and Fray Bentos. There is also a local airport for small planes. There is a project in process to lengthen the runway and begin commercial flights to Buenos Aires (this was done in the past) and other cities within Uruguay.

The city is served by Laguna de los Patos International Airport located 6 km from Colonia along Route 1.

Consular representation
Argentina and Portugal both maintain a consulate in Colonia del Sacramento.

Twin towns – sister cities

 * Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala
 * Guimarães, Portugal
 * 🇦🇷 Morón, Argentina
 * 🇧🇷 Olinda, Brazil
 * 🇧🇷 Pelotas, Brazil
 * 🇦🇷 Quilmes, Argentina

title: Colonia del Sacramento


text:
National Soccer League

The National Soccer League (NSL) was the top-level soccer league in Australia, run by Soccer Australia and later the Australian Soccer Association. The NSL, the A-League's predecessor, spanned 28 seasons from its inception in 1977 until its demise in 2004, when it was succeeded by the A-League competition run by Football Federation Australia, the successor to the Australian Soccer Association.

During the history of the NSL the league was contested by a total of 42 teams; 41 based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. Seasons initially ran during the winter seasons, until 1989 when this was changed to the summer season. In 1984, the league was split into two conferences (Northern and Southern) to introduce more teams into the competition; the league returned to a single division in 1987. The competition was known by various names through sponsorships; these names included the Philips Soccer League, the Quit National Soccer League, Olympic Airways Soccer League, Coca-Cola Soccer League, the Ericsson Cup and the A-League.

From the league's inaugural season to its demise in 2004, a total of 13 clubs were crowned champions through either a system of first past the post or a finals series that culminated in a grand final. The NSL was Australia's first national sporting league predating the likes of the AFL and NRL.

Origin
Competition between club sides from different states existed in various forms prior to the formation of the NSL. The petroleum company Ampol sponsored cup competitions in the various states, starting with New South Wales in 1957, with other states following later. Later a national Ampol Cup was conducted which continued throughout the 1960s. From 1962 until 1968 an Australia Cup was held, but its ambition of becoming an FA Cup style knockout competition went unfulfilled. In the 1970s the top sides from Melbourne and Sydney played off in an end of season series, but the tournament did not seem to quite capture the legitimacy and popularity that was hoped for.

Plans for a national home and away league went back as far as 1965 for a 1967 start, and were followed up by variations on the theme throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, but faced opposition variously from clubs, who deemed the notion uneconomical, and state federations who feared losing their power. Australia's qualification for the 1974 World Cup led to various discussions in 1975 and 1976, with eventually 14 teams being chosen to participate in the inaugural season of the national league.

The transition from state-based leagues to a national competition was not all smooth. The Victorian Soccer Federation was reluctant for its big clubs to be involved and it appeared the dream of Alex Pongrass of St George and Frank Lowy of Hakoah Sydney for a nationwide club competition would not evolve. Little-known Mooroolbark from Melbourne's outer eastern suburbs broke the deadlock by joining the competition, bringing three other Victorian sides with it, making the national league a reality.

1977–1983: Sydney dominance
The first seven seasons of the league would be dominated by Sydney clubs, with Sydney City winning four titles, and only West Adelaide being able to wrest the title from New South Wales. West secured the 1978 championship after scoring a late equaliser in an Adelaide derby against Adelaide City in the final round of the season. The competition at this stage was a simple first past the post. A post season finals series was played during this era but was considered more of an exhibition series rather than a legitimate game to decide the national champion, although some confusion still exists on this matter particularly amongst some Heidelberg supporters who consider the 1980 'final' as a legitimate decider.

1984–1986: Conference system and power shift
Shrinking crowds led to the radical move of introducing more teams (mainly from Victoria and New South Wales) and splitting the league into two conferences, with the winner of each division to play-off in an end of year two legged final. For season 1984 the 'Australian' Conference had competing teams from New South Wales and the ACT, whilst the 'National' Conference consisted of Victorian, South Australian and Queensland clubs. For 1985 and 1986 this reverted to 'Northern' and 'Southern' Conferences. Strangely, the competition's most geographically northern sides, Brisbane Lions and Brisbane City were in the latter grouping.

This period saw South Melbourne become the first Victorian team to win the league, followed by Brunswick Juventus, and Adelaide City, all Southern conference sides. At the end of the 1986 season, the system was scrapped, and about half the teams were dumped back to their respective state leagues. The criteria used to decide who stayed and who went was based 50% on the 1986 playing record, 40% on past playing record, and 10% on crowd support. The result was that only one team from outside Sydney and Melbourne, reigning champions Adelaide City, was retained.

1987–1989: Return to single division and last years of winter football
The revamped league suffered a major setback early on when Sydney City pulled out of the competition after just one round into the new season. Apart from returning to a single division, the league also dispensed with finals for the 1987 season, reverting to first past the post. Many considered this an ill-considered move, as it robbed the league of its most high-profile games. Finals were re-introduced from 1988, and were to remain until the league's demise. The 1989 season would be the last to be played in winter. This period saw a re-emergence of New South Wales dominance with all titles, minor premierships and runners-up being from that state.

1989–1996: Birth of summer football
Attempts to shift the league towards a summer season went back into the early 1980s, but only came to pass for the 1989/90 season. The rationale for this change was simple. The league would avoid being marginalised in the media during the peak of the Australian Football League and Australian Rugby League seasons, as well as providing better playing surfaces and spectator comfort owing to the better weather.

The impetus given to the league from the switch was not enough for some clubs to remain in the league, with many clubs being relegated or being demoted back to the state leagues, including former champions Brunswick Juventus, St George and APIA Leichhardt, as well as once upon a time contenders in Heidelberg and Preston.

This coincided with a renewed push by soccer authorities to force clubs to market themselves to mainstream Australia, as opposed to their own mostly migrant fan bases. These policies included name and logo changes, as well as the banning of ethnic flags, changes which were begrudgingly agreed to by the clubs, though in the terraces the fans generally continued to chant the old names. Marconi, South Melbourne, Adelaide City and the Melbourne Knights were the dominant sides of this era, with numerous titles and grand final appearances between them.

Stars such as Mark Viduka, Mark Bresciano, Vince Grella, Tony Popovic and Mark Schwarzer debuted in this decade and would later form the core of the Australian Golden generation.

1996–2001: New clubs and attempts to enter the mainstream
From 1996 onwards the league attempted to revitalise the competition and attempt to hook into the mainstream support by finally introducing a team from Western Australia, in the form of Perth Glory, as well as other new entities which promised to deliver mainstream support, as well as being fully professional outfits as opposed to the majority of clubs and players who were only semi-professional. Among the new clubs at this time were the Collingwood Warriors, Carlton, Northern Spirit (GHFA Spirit as of 2004) and Parramatta Power, as well as New Zealand's first professional team, the Football Kingz.

These clubs would have varying degrees of success on and off the field. Collingwood Warriors barely managed to last a season, while Carlton reached the grand final in its debut year, but was unable to attract a substantial fan base. Northern Spirit started off with record crowds, and a good debut season reaching the finals, but gradually crowds declined, and financial difficulties along with a controversial takeover by Rangers, did not help matters. They would survive until the end of the NSL, but fold thereafter. Parramatta Power failed to gather much support, placed as it was in the midst of the already crowded western Sydney soccer market, and it too would not last beyond the end of the NSL. Perth Glory became the most successful of the new mainstream entrants. High crowds and good performances throughout the NSL's last decade made Perth Glory for many observers the benchmark and role model for all future entrants to the Australian top-flight.

A then record grand final crowd of 40,000 people saw the Brisbane Strikers become the first Queensland side to win the title in season 1996/97, but it never resulted in Brisbane gaining much bigger crowds in the following seasons than they were accustomed to. South Melbourne FC under Ange Postecoglou won back-to-back titles in the late 1990s, and by also winning the 1999 Oceania Club Championship, earning the right to play in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, where it put in some respectable performances against sides such as Manchester United and a tidy sum in prize money. Wollongong Wolves became the only side from regional Australia to win the league, with their back-to-back titles in 1999–2000 and 2000–01. The 1999–2000 Grand Final against Perth Glory at Subiaco Oval in Perth saw a record attendance of 43,242, overtaking the 1997 figure in Brisbane and a record that would remain until the 2007 A-League Grand Final in Melbourne. The cancellation of the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship however was a major blow to the league as clubs which had seen a way of making a substantial amount of much needed money.

2001–2004: Decline and demise
After the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship was cancelled, the NSL was in great turmoil. High-profile Australian players began to leave the NSL due to more enticing offers from overseas leagues.

In 1998, Soccer Australia sold the television rights for the NSL and Socceroos matches to the Seven Network in a 10-year contract that was worth $2.5 million a year. Seven bought the rights to be one of the flagships of its pay TV sport channel, C7 Sport.

It also broadcast a small amount of coverage on its free-to-air network. At one point in 2000, the amount of free-to-air coverage on the NSL was only a one-hour highlights package of the NSL after midnight on Wednesdays. Many believe Channel 7 deliberately refused to air games to kill off interest in the league that was flourishing in the 90s.

In 2002, C7 Sport closed after the Seven Network lost the Australian Football League (AFL) rights and pay TV networks stopped carrying the channel. The next year, Seven severed its contract in the last week of Soccer Australia's existence. This left the NSL with no TV coverage at all until SBS picked up the rights soon after.

The consequent lack of sponsorship meant the league fell into even further decline which led to its eventual demise at the end of the 2003–04 season. Highlights were few and far between, but Sydney Olympic re-emerged as a genuine leading club for the first time in a decade, winning its second title, and Perth Glory went on to win the last two titles of the NSL, after previously having lost two grand finals.

The birth of Adelaide United, as a quickly formed replacement of Adelaide City who withdrew just before the start of the final NSL season, was perhaps the sole major highlight of this era, as they put in good performances, but most importantly, registered crowds which had not been seen in Adelaide since the heyday of Adelaide City and West Adelaide.

The league in 2003–04 was won by Perth Glory after a 1-0 win against Parramatta Power on 4 April 2004, almost 27 years to the day that the national competition began. Nik Mrdja had the honour of scoring the last goal in the NSL, a 98th minute golden goal to seal the championship for Perth. After this, national competition went into recess for a year and a half. In November 2004, 8 teams, including 5 from the now defunct NSL, formed the A-League, the revamped national competition whilst many were denied the opportunity due to the bidding process and 1 team for 1 city rule. The first competition began on 26 August 2005, ending the long recess and killing off the NSL and its 24-year history.

Competition format
The competition structure changed many times throughout the NSL's history. From its inception in 1977 until 1983, it was simply a matter of first past the post. However a compromise format was devised between the traditional first past the post and the Australian system of finals. In 1978, 1979 (two-legged Grand Final), 1980 and 1982 a finals series was conducted but the winner of the Grand Final did not determine who won the title. From 1984 until 1986, the league introduced more teams split into two conferences (1984 – Australian Conference, New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory clubs and National Conference, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland; 1985 and 1986 – Northern Conference, New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory clubs and Southern Conference for the rest) with 12 teams in each. The top five in each division would qualify for the playoffs, with the winner of each of the divisional playoffs playing off in a two-legged Grand Final. In 1987, the league dumped 11 teams, scrapped the split divisions, and the championship system reverted to first past the post.

In 1988 the league re-introduced a finals system, with the top five sides qualifying for the playoffs. In season 1992/93, the league increased the finalists to six. This system was used for the rest of the league's duration, except for season 2002/03 when the top six sides played a further series of home and away games against each other, with the top two playing off in the Grand Final.

The NSL also used a variety of point systems throughout its history. From 1977 until season 1991/92, teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for draw, and none for a loss. The exceptions to this were 1979, in which wins by four goals or more were awarded a bonus point, and 1983, in which three points were awarded for a win. From season 1992/93 onwards three points were awarded for a win, except for season 1994/95. In that season, four points were awarded for a win, with games ending in draws, being decided by penalty shootouts at the end of the game. The winner of the shootout received two points, the loser one point.

Related competitions
Successful NSL clubs gained qualification into the continental competition, the Oceania Club Championship, although the competition only occurred in 1987, 1999 and 2001. In addition to the main league competition, the NSL also held a knock-out cup competition between 1977 and the 1997 season known as the NSL Cup. The NSL Cup was initially held during the regular season, before gradually becoming a pre-season warm-up tournament. Between 1984 and 2004 National Youth League ran in conjunction with the NSL as a national youth developmental and reserve league.

Clubs
Source:

title: National Soccer League


text:
Talk:Nickel (United States coin)

Discussion of 1964 mintage figures?

 * 1964 mintage figures (2.7 billion nickels) have never been surpassed. I'd guess this was in anticipation of a coin shortage the next year due to the changeover from silver to base metal for dimes and quarters. Can anybody substantiate this or provide an alternate explanation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trentrockport (talk • contribs) 17:13, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You pretty much hit the nail on the head there. So many people were hoarding dimes, quarters, and half dollars because of the upcoming phase-out of silver that nickels had to stand in for small change transactions due to the shortage of higher-denominated coins.  It wouldn't be until 1995 that mintage of nickels would even reach 1 billion again, and no year has surpassed 1964 in the mintage of nickels yet.  You can still find many 1964 nickels in circulation because of this.  24.8.252.164 (talk) 05:30, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Picture of the pre-2004 revision nickel please?

 * I find it completely odd that we possibly have every single other picture of the nickel except for the one that is still in common circulation. I'm talking about the one with the Monticello design on the back, with Jefferson facing sideways. Can somebody remedy this? Cerealchan 03:44, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Nickle/Nickel

 * "Nickle!"

American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd and 4th edition, says "Nickel" for both metal and coin. There is no entry for "Nickle."

 * The United States Mint, on their web site, spells the name of the coin "Nickel." -- Seth Ilys 02:45, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Merriam-Webster says that both "nickel" and "nickle" are acceptable spellings, but lists "nickle" as a secondary variant that occurs less frequently than "nickel". --Bkell 02:48, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * In everyday usage, I see "nickel" far, far more often than "nickle." (When I do see "nickle," it's usually written by someone who has made a ton of other spelling errors.)

 * To me it seems similar to meter/metre, center/centre, theater/theatre, -- nickel/nickle. Brit vs. US spellings. What do you think? Sillybilly (talk) 17:19, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * When I was a kid (Michigan, early 1960s) I was taught that "nickel" was the metal and "nickle" was the coin. 24.61.4.237 (talk) 23:23, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

 * This also what I was taught, British Columbia, 1960s. 2001:56A:F0E9:9B00:D9EF:DE37:5A5F:D73E (talk) 03:59, 27 April 2022 (UTC)JustSomeWikiReader

Removal from Article: annecdote
Moved from article:

 * One fellow, named Josh Tatum who was a deaf mute, passed hundreds of these all over the nation. He handed the coin to the store owner, and smiled and accepted the change for his 3 cent cigar or 2 cent piece of candy whether they handed him 2-3 cents or $4.97 cents. He'd tip his hat and go on. Josh got caught eventually, but his lawyer got him off since he had never said that it was a $5 gold piece. He didn't say anything at all you see... which was readily apparent to the jury. This is the origin of the word "joshing" meaning 'to fool'.

This sounded fishy (urban legend-esque), so I checked with OED on the etymology of the verb to josh. Sure enough, the OED gives Josh Billings  (an "American humourist") as the Josh who became a verb, so to speak. The first citation given comes from 1845, almost forty years before the V nickel was introduced. The etymology part is certainly false, then, and I would like to see some reputable (non-folkloric) source citing Tatum by name to verify the rest. (The fact that gold-plated V nickels were passed as five-dollar coins is not in dispute.) —Tkinias 00:52, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right of course about the etymology. Apparently the Tatum story may or may not be apocryphal, but it probably needs some sort of mention in the article I think.  Here are a couple of sources online:  (toward the bottom) and . Anyway, he certainly doesn't need his name linked, because even if he did exist, this would be his only claim to fame. - Hephaestos|§ 22:40, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've put back in a mention of Tatum but noted that the story is likely apocryphal. Will this work? —Tkinias 10:54, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Even though it's been left there for over seven years, as a professional language researcher I cannot agree to the inclusion of a known false etymology in a reference work. I am therefore deleting it. --Thnidu (talk) 17:45, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The 1883 nickel is sometimes referred to as the "racketeer nickel ," and Josh Tatum is sometimes cited as the source of the saying, "You're not Joshin' me, are you?".

Sales related link
1913 Liberty Head Nickel Sells for $3M

Head's up on this liberty nickel sale. Maybe a bit more on the myth from coin people to drive wiki-traffic? :) jengod 22:14, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: the answer to the following question is known:

"Will the Monticello back design return to the nickel in 2006??" 66.245.127.112 23:39, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the answer is known, and it's "No." I believe a new buffalo nickel design will come out for a couple years.

 * The answer is yes. Monticello is on the coin due to a law that was passed a number of years ago.  The design may change, but rest assured Monticello will return.  --Cholmes75 03:27, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Debasement/Metric System
I think the mention of the one cent/gram value of nickels is useful info, but I'm not sure what the author of that paragraph is trying to say with the sentence "They were designed as 5 grams in the metric units..."

Clarification, please?

Also, I don't think "debasement" is really the right word for what happened to the US nickel in 1942-45. Since it _had_ no precious metal content, and its precious metal content was actually _increased_, I think this is a really bad example of "debasement." Technically, the US five-cent piece was debased when the nickel itself was introduced in 1866, as the nickel succeeded the half-dime (which was silver) as the primary five-cent coin. Chris Lawson 05:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Why was silver added to the nickel in those years? I thought for sure that was an error. -- Nik42 04:29, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Nickel and copper were critical to the war effort, so every effort was made to allocate these raw materials to the war first, and to coinage second. Silver served little military purpose, as did zinc, which is why Treasury decided to use different compositions for the five- and one-cent pieces during World War II. (Incidentally, a significant number of 1944-dated cents were made from melted brass shell casings, as the steel cents were a disaster.)—chris.lawson (talk) 15:42, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Buffalo's, ahem, business
I have heard (from somewhat dubious sources) that complaints have been lodged over the visible buffalo phallus on the new buffalo nickel. Can anyone substantiate this? -- BD2412 talk 18:00, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've not heard of such complaints. --Cholmes75 03:28, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sure some may have complained, but not a significant enough number to do anything to address the complaint apparently. Be rather odd if many had a problem with it... when if anything, it was just as obvious on the reverse of the buffalo nickel which ran from 1913 to 1938, which didn't receive a significant number of complainsts as far as I can tell.  24.8.252.164 (talk) 05:35, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm no zoologist, but I'm fairly certain that the area in question is a tuft of fur.RHM22 (talk) 12:26, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Section names
Since there is to be a new design beginning in '06, should the section names be modified? I'm thinking Jefferson Nickel (1938- ) should be changed to something like "Portrait Jefferson Nickel (1938-2003)" and the new design as "Forward Jefferson Nickel (2006- )", but perhaps someone else can come up with better terms to distinguish the two Nik42 09:29, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

The 2006 nickel is supposed to be the nickel long-term, so the page (including the top right section with the pictures and minting dates) should be changed to reflect that. --68.100.250.35 19:12, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Wanted: Backside of Jefferson Nickel
Please can someone provide an image of the backside of the Jefferson Nickel? Thank you. --Alexander.stohr 01:34, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Which one?  Joe I  22:16, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

five-hundredths
This term is a bit confusing, it could be interpreted as 1/500. I have changed to five onehundreths.

1926-S
I have a buffalo nickel from 1926, but I am having trouble finding information on what makes in a 1926-S as opposed to a 1926. I see no mintmarkings or anything either. Any information that might describe this would be valuable here in the discussion and also on the article page. Thanks for the help. Djramey 13:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Refer to the Indian Head nickel article. I have updated the contents of it with mintmark information.  Specifically, the 'S' is the mintmark from the San Francisco Mint.  Interesting, the nickel I used to scan was also a 1926-S. --Kurt 22:45, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Picture of the Full Jefferson Profile
I was interested in the Westward Journey nickel series. I found all the coins but was struck by a 2006 coin with a new full profile of Jefferson, and the conteporary image of monticello.

I found your entry for it but only after mistaking this coin for westword series. Novices like myself need a picture. I would suggest you putting the Forward-Facing Jefferson (2006- ) picture in that description. You do have the picture futher up to the right, but I found the referance confusing.

Coin name (nickel vs. five-cent)
I'm sure that the name nickel is the coin's common name in the United States, which is the country the currency officially belongs to. However, someone edited Template:US currency and coinage saying that "five cent" is a more common name. Anyone able to explain who uses which name?? Georgia guy 00:25, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been all over the U.S. in 40 years, and "nickel" is by far a more common term than 5-cent-piece West of the Rockies, anyway. Anybody from the East Coast or from a more bygone era, want to comment? Generally, common usage favors shorter words. Quarter and dime win out over 2-bit-piece and 10-cent-piece also. But for some reason, I've always heard penny (as the term for the COIN) more than "cent" in the US. Cent (as term for the coin) seems to the favored word of collectors. Though prices are generally given in cents, NEVER in pennies. S  B Harris 00:36, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Nickel" is definitely much more common, and if someone edited the template to reflect otherwise, I would expect to see a source cited for that.--chris.lawson 01:09, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I added the numerical value in brackets; hope this compromise is OK. –EdC 01:31, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

OK, if "nickel" is on official website, and numeric value is also given, then I give. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 02:27, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to throw in my two cents (heh, heh), I'm east of the Rockies, and "nickel" wins hands down. Penny, nickel, dime, quarter . . . these are the only names I ever hear anyone use. The only U.S. coin that seems to genuinely have two common names is the half-dollar / 50-cent piece.  (I use the latter name, but I hear the former, too.) Funnyhat 07:10, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

"Nickel" is indeed the common term for the coin (as is "penny"), but "one nickel" (unlike "one dime," or the various fractions--quarter, half--and multiples of dollars) is not a denomination. United States money is a decimal system of cents, dimes and dollars. An article about the five-cent piece should be called by the denomination's proper name. Spark240 (talk) 06:32, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

That is, if the page for the one-cent denomination is not to be called "Penny," then the same logic says this one should be "Five cents (coin)," reflecting what the thing is, in fact, labeled. Spark240 (talk) 18:53, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm content with the coin's common name as the article title, but to say its denomination is nickel makes me twitch. Its denomination is what it says on the coin, FIVE CENTS. You'll never see nickel used as an amount in any legal document. —Tamfang (talk) 07:28, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Wartime Nickel composition
The Presidential Dollar coins are struck from the same blanks as the Sac's, so that should probably be changed to read that magnese wasn't used again until the currnet dollar coins entered production. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.2.113.102 (talk) 15:34, 8 March 2007 (UTC).

dc?
On February 2, User:Amovrvs appended "dc" to several dates in the section about metal value. What, if anything, does this mean? —Tamfang (talk) 00:02, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

magnetism
nickel is magnetic. nickels are not. Why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.81.112.23 (talk) 13:22, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Because they are 75% copper and only 25% nickel. In reality, they are slightly magnetic, just not enough to notice.  Bobby  I'm Here, Are You There? 15:14, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Metal value
Is it just me, or do the calculations in this section not make sense: "The price of pre-1982 US cents which weigh 3.1 grams are USD$0.02576016 which is 157.6% above face value metal content at market, and the post-1982 US cent which weigh 2.5 grams are USD$0.0683893 in metal content which is 68.4% metal content over face value." Anyone?

24.91.110.252 (talk) 02:02, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

I concur, that doesn’t sound right to me either.--DavidD4scnrt (talk) 06:48, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I think the intrinsic value state in the following sentence is off by one decimal place: "As of April 5, 2010, the value of the metal in a nickel is $0.6015744, 23.14% more than its face value." I think it should read $0.0615744. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmrightmire (talk • contribs) 18:15, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

1913 Liberty Head V nickel contradiction
This section opens by saying the 1913 dates of this nickel are from "an unknown mint" and closes by saying they're from Philadelphia. Would be good to resolve this contradiction one way or the other. 67.169.24.155 (talk) 02:04, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

The end of the "silver" nickel
what year denomination ended the minting of silver nickels?

I want to be certain that this pile I have building is all silver for my collection. Murakumo-Elite (talk) 08:29, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I doubt that it is, but read Nickel (United States coin) for further info. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 22:21, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Mintage quantities
Does this section really belong here? Half the article is just a list of data. The Dime article has the same issue, and at least it cites a reference. Kanhef (talk) 05:05, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Mintage data
The mintage data in this article is unnecessary and should be removed. RHM22 (talk) 19:28, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I suspect you may be right (I'm the one who reverted your changes, and I can now see that they were good faith, but I had to go right down the diff to see that - removing kilobytes of article without an edit summary made me react a bit too quickly - see apology on your talk page).  I don't know if the best thing to do is delete the data completely, but I won't restore it again.  I can't spot where you removed the advertising, or I'd remove it now.  ChrisHodgesUK (talk) 18:40, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note. I realize how a new member deleting something so large would raise suspicion. Perhaps I will reformat the mintage numbers as I did for V and shield nickels. Does anyone think that's a good idea? RHM22 (talk) 12:31, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Advertisement
Also, there's an advertisement in the article that I attempted to remove, but it was restored along with the unseemly mintage figures. RHM22 (talk) 19:31, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I have removed the advertisement for PCGS in the 'Jefferson Nickel' section. RHM22 (talk) 12:31, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Long typing error in 1913 Liberty nickel section
'These coins were made famous by B. Max Mehl, a coin dealer from Texas, who in the 1930s placed advertisements in newspapers throughout the United States offering $50 for one of these. No one took him up on the offer, which was in reality an advertising ploy for his business (and its "Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue"), but numismafftffifcsf cfrefditf hifs sfearfch fas fcontfribfutifng fto fincfreafsedf infterfestf finnh cojijn ucyoltlerctrinsg. sdTdhedref wfasg aglgfsfo dfand sadd placed in 1978 offering $500 for one. The price was later raised to $600.'

Stumbled across this error - I do not know the correct text Halleydog (talk) 18:40, 2 May 2011 (UTC) halleydog

 * Looks like it was vandalism -- lots of f's inserted -- but whatever caused it, it's been fixed already (not by me). I've taken the liberty of removing the leading spaces from your post here, which forced the text into preformatted mode and made your post hard to read. --Thnidu (talk) 17:27, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Deleting the inserted letters yields ... Premium Catalogue"), but numismatics credit his search as contributing to increased interfest in coin collecting. There was also an ad placed in 1978 offering $500 for one. The price was later raised to $600. However, all four sentences seem to have been deleted in the last year and a half. 24.61.4.237 (talk) 23:35, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Mass: 5.000 g
There was a question, about the 5.000 g mass of the Buffalo nickel, with an answer referring to the end of a section in the Shield nickel article. I've put an ID there and linked the infobox mass entries to it, in this article and in all the nickel coin main articles it mentions. --Thnidu (talk) 17:34, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

war nickels exist
i have a 1943 S nickel they say they dont exist! those liers r so rong!
 * This article, both in September and now, indicate that the wartime nickels were made at all the mints. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:06, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

What are P, S & D?
At the top of the mintage quantities section can we please have definition of what P, S & D are after the year number. It would clarify things greatly. Thanks.1812ahill (talk) 21:29, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. S  B Harris 00:27, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Explained in the article, but it doesn't hurt to put it that top of the list also. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 01:06, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

What info should be in the lede?
Considering the trivia there now, including the name of the guy on the 5 cent bill (who cares what his name was?), I think the removal of better history from the lede shows poor judgement. The term "nickel" predates 5-cent nickels by ten years. Pennys had also been called nicks or nickels ever since 1856 when the small copper-nickel cents replaced the very large pure copper cents, and had had nickel added, in order to change their color. And in 1866, when they were introduced, so-called "Shield nickels" had to be called "five-cent nickels" to differentiate them from particularly the "three-cent nickels" introduced a year before, and made of exactly the same alloy. In a lede, we'd like to know that nickel coins weren't always 5 cents, even in the US. S B Harris 01:33, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The article's about the five-cent piece, and the lede is an executive summary of 146 years of its history. I think the hatnote is OK.  If you have a reliable source for what you said, I'm OK with adding it to the body, somewhere in the early part.--Wehwalt (talk) 02:22, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I've reverted you only because you added a lot of stuff which isn't sourced to a reliable source. Can you tell me where you are getting that?  I don't want to discourage you because very few people are interested enough to edit this article so please don't take it the wrong way (though I understand you likely will).--Wehwalt (talk) 02:32, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The compositions of these various coins are very common historical knowledge, available in their wiki articles (with references) and in various numismatic books and articles. For 1856 Flying Eagles being called "nicks" see . Also see for composition . There's nothing in the least controversial about the idea that three-cent pieces in copper-nickel (which continued to be make along side the 5-cent coins) were called three-cent nickels (that is their common coin collecting name-- google it) and those in silver called three-cent silvers. The rest of what I wrote was simply putting things in historical order, and doing some WP:CALC things that I don't need to have a reference for. I can multiply and divide and so should you be able to. In short, what is your problem here? On Wikipedia we don't do mass reversions like this unless we don't believe the information or it's clearly vandalism. Reversion is for vandalism not because somebody added something with no reference (we use  tags for that). Reversion is not intended to keep your pristine FA article that you WP:OWN in pristine FA condition, like you had it between two peices of cardboard labeled "VF" or something. You're missing the point.  S  B Harris 03:03, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Alright, let me look those over and take a shot at it if it's OK.--Wehwalt (talk) 03:43, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Melt or Smelt?
It says melt in the article, but isn't really suppose to read as Smelt? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.75.10.80 (talk) 06:55, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Melt is the more common term.--Wehwalt (talk) 10:14, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

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old money
i have a few dimes and a 1963 copper dime  dimes here and one is 1977 the other is 1913 and a 1046 and a small nickle thats 1927 i think im just wanting to know how much there worth  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patricia549 (talk • contribs) 18:35, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * We do not do valuations but if you contact the American Numismatic Association in Colorado Springs, they often advise people about such things. Good luck.--Wehwalt (talk) 20:16, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

The word "present" should be deleted wherever it occurs in this article.
The word "present" should not be used in articles like this one, since the present immediately becomes the past, & is likely to not be true in little time. Instead of present, use the date of the present. Could the editor who used "present" please revise the article. (PeacePeace (talk) 17:27, 24 April 2020 (UTC))

Josh Tatum
When one searches Josh Tatum, a redirect takes you to this article via Nickel (United States coin)#Liberty Head or "V" nickel (1883–1913). I am unable to locate Tatum on the page. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:03, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I should note that my issue is not whether the Josh Tatum folktale is true or whether it should be included in this article. It's that someone looking up Josh Tatum on Wikipedia will be directed to a section that is uninformative. The folk etymology itself, regardless of whether it's too trivial to include in this article, might be notable and worth verifying as something that people have shared as a true story but which appears to be an invention after the fact. And a link shouldn't leave users wondering why there is no explanation of the thing they're looking for when there is an actual entry and redirect. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:12, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I've changed it to Liberty Head nickel.--Wehwalt (talk) 14:14, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:26, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * NickelReverses.jpg
 * US Nickel 2013 Obv.png

Instead of "citation needed," read....
Instead of "citation needed," read: See section 2,"The Financial Panic of 1914 led to the emergence of an additional meaning of the word jitney," in Gold 2018-2019.

Gold, David L. 2018-2019. “Pursuing the origin of the American English informalism gitney ~ jitney: On the alleged Louisiana French word *jetnée and the fallacy of omne ignotum pro magnifico in etymological research.” Leuvense Bijdragen: Leuven Contributions in Linguistics and Philology. Vol. 102-103. Pp. 383-417 S. Valkemirer (talk) 21:39, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nickel (United States coin)


text:
Talk:Independence (disambiguation)

This wording in Independence (disambiguation) was replaced by as part of an edit that was primarily a cut-and-paste at 18:20, 2004 Mar 15 from Independence, which used to be the disamb page. I left the article text as i found it:
 * In mathematics and sciences, independence is a relationship between two variables meaning that a change in one of them doesn't imply a change in the other.
 * in mathematics and science:
 * 02:26, 2004 Mar 16 . . Jerzy (rv to last of Docu, which is probably preferable, after getting the two dozen words into the history of *this* page where it's relevant)
 * 02:22, 2004 Mar 16 . . Jerzy (Restore a couple dozen words whose deletion is not reflected in this page's history (Pasted from Revision as of 17:28, 2004 Mar 15 of Independence))
 * 18:33, 2004 Mar 15.

But my goal was to get that into the history of Independence (disambiguation), rather than have it exist only in the history of Independence, which is solely about politics.

I think the first, longer wordiing is poorly thought through, but IMO it may be a hint at some further disamb worth doing: what struck me about the first wording is that it doesn't capture the sense of independent in experiment design, which is not a matter of disconnection, but rather a matter of the direction of connection. The independent variable is the one the experimenter varies directly, hoping to confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis that the variable being measured is a dependent one in that the independent variable's behavior does cause it to change. --Jerzy(t) 02:42, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)

maybe the etymology of the word should be looked at to see how its applied, or in some cases misapplied till its the common usage. Sreyan 20:16, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

should this be the main page?
I'm surprised that a search for 'independence' takes you straight to the page on politics, and not a disambiguation page, but then, I live in the home counties and I was looking for Independence (probability theory) at the time. Is this a culture thing? Should we assume that the political meaning is the most common one? Should the disambiguation page state that meaning first, as if all others are obscure? When I think of independence, I think of a child growing up, getting a job, and leaving home, or of a system where two parts are able to operate without consideration for each another, such as a car in two-wheel drive, where the front and rear axles can rotate at different speeds or in different directions. Yes, I think of political independence too, but it's certainly not the only thing that jumps to mind. I propose renaming Independence to 'Independence (politics)' or some such, and having Independence redirect to Independence (disambiguation). But perhaps this discussion has happened already. J Alexander D Atkins (talk) 21:41, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Independence (disambiguation)


text:
Houayxay

Houayxay (ຫ້ວຍຊາຍ, ) (also Huoeisay, Houei Sai or Huay Xai), is a district in Bokeo Province, Laos, on the border with Thailand. Ban Houayxay is the administrative centre of the district.

The town lies on the Mekong River opposite Chiang Khong in Thailand. The Fourth Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge at Ban Houayxay, which opened in December 2013 and replaced ferry service across the river, is now the northernmost road border crossing between the two countries. Asian Highway 3, which runs through Ban Houayxay, extends north to Yunnan Province of China and south to Chiang Rai Province of Thailand.

Houayxay has a domestic airport (HOE) with regular flights to Vientiane and Luang Prabang (depending on the season).

The town is the starting point for many boats (speed and slow boats, freighters, luxury cruisers for tourists and others) on the Mekong River to Pakbeng, Luang Prabang and other destinations.

Houayxay is also home to the Gibbon Experience, another highlight for tourists. It is a series of ziplines and treehouses providing a unique overnight experience.

Fort Carnot, an ancient French fort in ruins, sits on a hill overlooking the town and the Mekong River.

title: Houayxay


text:
Talk:Riverside Drive (Ottawa)

Untitled
Does this really warrant an article?

Falcon 02:48, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Have we been to Ottawa? Earl Andrew 22:20, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Riverside Drive (Ottawa)


text:
Stryfe

Stryfe is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most commonly in conflict with the superhero team X-Force. He is a clone of Cable from Cable's alternate future timeline.

Publication history
The character was created by Louise Simonson and Rob Liefeld, and first appears in The New Mutants #86 (February 1990), a cameo appearance in which his head cannot be seen. His first full appearance was in the following issue, The New Mutants #87 (March 1990). A clone of Cable, Stryfe is the main antagonist in the 1990s crossover X-Cutioner's Song, the 2009 X-Force/Cable crossover Messiah War, and the 2014 Cable & X-Force/Uncanny X-Force crossover "Vendetta".

Stryfe appears as the main villain of the 2018–2019 run of X-Force.

Fictional character biography
Askani appears to Cyclops and Jean Grey from the distant future after their son Nathan Summers is infected with a techno-organic virus by Apocalypse and tells the two that the child can be saved in the future. Nathan then arrives in the future to which Mother Askani clones the baby as a back up plan. The clone's growth is greatly accelerated until he's the same age as Nathan himself while the Askani succeed in halting the spread of the tehno-organic virus, thereby saving Nathan's life. However, Apocalypse's forces attack the Askani's hiding place and steal the cloned infant. Apocalypse takes the child as his own, raising him himself and naming him "Stryfe", intending to use him as a host body. Stryfe grows into a murderous, bored and lonely child only raised by Apocalypse and Ch'vayre (Apocalypse's second in command). Years later, as Apocalypse is about to transfer his essence into Stryfe, Apocalypse discovers that he's unfit because Stryfe is a clone and can't house Apocalypse's essence. The teenage Nathan and the time-traveling Scott Summers and Jean confront Apocalypse while Apocalypse's essence to discorporate to which Ch'vayre raises Stryfe afterwards.

Stryfe grows up to be an embittered madman, wanting vengeance on both what he thought were his real parents (Cyclops and Jean) and his spiritual parent Apocalypse. He becomes an anarchist and terrorist rebel in the Nor-Am Pact region 3783–3806 in his alternate future. He raises an army and for years became a fierce opponent of both Cable and the Clan Chosen, as well as the New Canaanites, a despotic regime that replaced Apocalypse's. Stryfe reveals to Cable much later in the present era that during this period in their life, he raped Aliya Dayspring (Cable's wife who Stryfe had grown to desire) at one point by pretending to be Cable and so the father of Tyler Dayspring could be Stryfe and not Cable. He later kills Aliya as well as kidnapping and brainwashing Tyler.

In 3806, the New Canaanites take full control of the planet, but Stryfe manages to travel back in time two-thousand years. He forms a mutant terrorist group, the Mutant Liberation Front (MLF), alongside many powerful mutants including Tamara Kurtz. Stryfe orders his Mutant Liberation Front to capture Rusty Collins and Skids. In Japan, he fights Cable and clashes with the New Mutants who thwart his attempt to poison the water supplies of major cities. Stryfe abandons the Antarctic Mutant Liberation Front base during an invasion by X-Force (a team composed of Cable and several former New Mutants). Stryfe then has the Mutant Liberation Front free the captive mutants Hairbag and Slab, and turns them over to Mister Sinister before ordering an MLF attack on a clinic. He also confronts and defeats Kane, and eventually declares his enmity for Apocalypse. Stryfe later battles Cable who learns that Stryfe is actually his double. Stryfe sows chaos in the ranks of the X-Men, posing as Cable and shooting Professor X with an infected bullet, and taking Cyclops and Jean captive. He bests the Dark Riders and Apocalypse, making him leader of the Dark Riders. As a final insurance, Stryfe gives Mister Sinister a canister that he claims holds genetic material from two-thousand years worth of the Summers bloodline; in truth, it holds the deadly Legacy Virus. Stryfe battles Cable until the latter opens a temporal rift by detonating a self-destruct system, destroying his body. Stryfe's consciousness enters Cable's mind, in which he stays until he voluntarily leaves.

While physically dead, Stryfe attempts to return to life through the body of Warpath. However, his attempt is avoided by the arrival of X-Force and Warpath is sent back to the living by Blackheart.

By unknown means, Stryfe revives and attempts to subjugate Latveria. Stryfe is opposed by Cable and Nate Grey, and at first beats them easily, even going as far as to siphon off all of Nate's power. Madelyne Pryor appears to join forces with Stryfe, but secretly steals the psionic energy from Stryfe and gives it back to Nate. Nate, Madelyne and Cable join forces to defeat Stryfe.

Stryfe reappears, controlling the activation sequence for the Prime Sentinels. He uses them to hunt down Lady Deathstrike who holds the complete codes for all the Sentinels via cybernetic systems. Lady Deathstrike is forced to turn to the X-Men, and together they defeat Stryfe who teleports away.

Stryfe later experiences a personal existential crisis and becomes depressed at the futility of his efforts over the years after the X-Men finally manage to cure the Legacy Virus, which Stryfe considered to be his life's work and the one permanent victory he had against Cable, his parents (Scott and Jean), and the rest of the X-Men. He hunts down Bishop who is possessed by the entity La Bete Noir, whose power rivals the Phoenix Force and threatens to consume Bishop's body and unleash its evil upon the universe. However, Stryfe ultimately regrets the path he took and the choices he has made in his life (stemming from his perpetual identity crisis as a clone), frees Bishop from the entity and sacrifices himself to save the Earth by absorbing the Bete Noir into himself, shattering his body from the power overload. Gambit, however, is suspicious that Cable may have telepathically forced Stryfe to sacrifice himself.

Messiah War
It's revealed during Messiah War that Stryfe was able to transport himself into the future instead of dying where he is discovered by Bishop, who has been traveling through time in an attempt to kill Hope Summers. This was confirmed by the writer Christopher Yost to be the same character that had previously plagued the X-Men, mentioning in particular his survival of his fight against Nate and Cable. Bishop propositioned a chance to kill Apocalypse, if Stryfe aided him in killing Cable who Stryfe said he no longer cared about. After Bishop initiated a global catastrophe that wiped out most of the people on Earth, Stryfe was able to step in and fill the leadership void. Together, Stryfe and Bishop traveled to 2963 A.D., where their combined efforts attacked Apocalypse while the latter slept in a rejuvenation chamber and defeated, assuming they killed Apocalypse. Stryfe stole the Celestial Ship and technology and used it to raise an army that gave him total control over the people, save for a small rebellion. Stryfe tyrannically ruled over his subjects, the Stryfetroopers, with Bishop as his right-hand-man for nearly a decade. Stryfe placed Ship in Westchester County, New York and renamed the city, New Celestial City. Shortly after building his empire, Stryfe employed Deadpool as security and imprisoned Kiden Nixon who was used to create a chronal net, preventing anyone from jumping out of the timeline. But when Stryfe was reminded by Wolverine that he already "died a hero" to just be a villain again, Stryfe claims to not know what Wolverine is talking about. Cable, Deadpool, the time-displaced X-Force and Apocalypse join forces to defeat Stryfe and Bishop. Cable and Hope travel further into the future, X-Force return to the present, and Apocalypse drags Stryfe away, intending to use him as a new host body.

Vendetta
Stryfe is able to prevent Apocalypse from using his body as a new host and travels back in time to the present in the Cable and X-Force and Uncanny X-Force crossover "Vendetta". Upon discovering that Bishop has returned to the present, Hope tries to kill him in an act of vengeance. Stryfe appears and kidnaps the two both and brings the two to an old, abandoned Mutant Liberation Force base. There, he attempts to manipulate Hope into killing Bishop who has come to realize the error of various past mistakes. Stryfe explains to Bishop how he wants him to suffer after he betrayed him during Messiah War and claims that he was imprisoned and tortured by Apocalypse for years until he planned a successful escape and killed him. Stryfe tries to corrupt Hope by making her give in to her feelings of hatred towards Bishop, convincing her to take revenge and murder Bishop although he is shackled and refuses to fight back out of remorse. Cable and both teams of X-Force soon intervene and combat Stryfe. Hope sees that Stryfe is trying to undo the lessons which Cable taught and refuses to kill Bishop, but Hope does severely injure him. Stryfe is defeated by Cable and both X-Force teams, but before escaping he telepathically forces Hope to mimic his vast and nearly uncontrollable psionic power in the hope that Hope will destroy her own friends. Bishop helps Hope to disperse Stryfe massive energy and the two come to an uneasy truce.

Powers and abilities
Stryfe is a clone of the mutant Cable and, as a result, possesses Cable's abilities of telepathy and telekinesis. However, these abilities are far more powerful than the ones Cable has generally displayed, sufficient to block the use of Cyclops and Jean Grey's superhuman powers. This is because Stryfe was never infected with Apocalypse's techno-organic virus like Cable was. Therefore, he does not have to constantly expend his abilities to keep the virus from consuming his body, which apparently was a huge drain on Cable's capabilities. Stryfe can use his psionic abilities in a variety of ways such as moving large objects with his mind, reading minds, mind control, telepathically negating and activating the use of other's powers, telepathic camouflage, telekinetic flight, telekinetic force fields, mind transference and telekinetic blasts. Stryfe also has far more control over his massive psionic abilities than Cable or Nate Grey, apparently from having a whole lifetime of experience of learning how to use his powers which his alternate counterparts never had. Stryfe also possessed other abilities through genetic manipulation similar to those that Cable achieved through cybernetic augmentation, including superhuman strength and durability.

Stryfe wears battle armor that is highly impervious to damage. He has used various advanced weaponry and technology from the 39th century of his alternate future.

Reception

 * In 2017, WhatCulture ranked Stryfe 3rd in their "10 Most Evil X-Men Villains" list.

Ultimate Marvel
In Ultimate X-Men, Ultimate Stryfe is also the leader of the Mutant Liberation Front. He appears to be a mutant supremacist convinced that Professor X was killed by the United States government and that mutants should fight against the government. His mutant power manifests as the ability to cause "strife" within people's minds, causing them to voice whatever is bothering them. However, when Psylocke scans his mind she senses that he has no real conviction in what he says, suggesting that much of his mutant supremacist attitude is an act, meaning his real motives are unknown. At his side is the ultimate version of Zero, a young mutant teleporter. It is revealed that Stryfe is actually a con man, working with Fenris to promote mutant unrest so they can sell Sentinels to the government.

In Ultimate X-Men, when Cable returns from the future with Xavier they both don armor; Xavier's resembling Onslaught and Cable's resembling the mainstream Stryfe.

Deadpool Pulp
In the Deadpool Pulp timeline, a General Stryfe is introduced. Stryfe is a younger, corrupt General who, alongside Cable and J. Edgar Hoover, hires Wade Wilson (who in this timeline is a former CIA man turned mercenary) to get back a stolen nuclear briefcase. Stryfe is later killed by Deadpool.

Television
Stryfe makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "Beyond Good and Evil" (Part 4).

Video games

 * Stryfe appears as the final boss of X-Men: Gamesmaster's Legacy (1995).
 * Stryfe appears as a boss in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse (2005), voiced by Daniel Riordan.
 * Stryfe appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions (2014).
 * Stryfe appears in Marvel Strike Force as a member of the Marauders.
 * Stryfe was meant to appear in Marvel Snap (2023).

Merchandise

 * Stryfe received an action figure in Toy Biz's X-Force line.
 * Stryfe received a die-cast metal action figure in Toy Biz's "Steel Mutants" line as part of a two-pack with Cable.
 * Stryfe received an action figure in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line.
 * Stryfe received figures in the HeroClix's "Giant-Size X-Men" and "Deadpool and X-Force" sets.

title: Stryfe


text:
Nickle

Nickle may refer to:

People

 * Carl Nickle (1914–1990), Canadian editor and publisher, oil baron and politician
 * Don Nickles (born 1948), American politician, former Senator from Oklahoma
 * Doug Nickle (born 1974), Major League Baseball relief pitcher
 * Robert Nickle (1919–1980), American artist
 * Robert Nickle (British Army officer) (1786–1855), major general, a commander of the forces in Australia
 * Sonny Nickle (born 1969), English rugby league footballer
 * William Folger Nickle (1869–1957), Canadian politician, father of William McAdam Nickle
 * William McAdam Nickle (1897–1968), Canadian politician

Fictional characters

 * Lucas Nickle, protagonist of the children's book The Ant Bully and film The Ant Bully

Other uses

 * Nickle (programming language), a numeric oriented programming language
 * European green woodpecker, sometimes called a nickle
 * Nickle Arts Museum, also known as The Nickle; see List of museums in Alberta, Canada

title: Nickle