text:
Foot-candle

A foot-candle (sometimes foot candle; abbreviated fc, lm/ft2, or sometimes ft-c) is a non-SI unit of illuminance or light intensity. The foot-candle is defined as one lumen per square foot. This unit is commonly used in lighting layouts in parts of the world where United States customary units are used, mainly the United States. Nearly all of the world uses the corresponding SI derived unit lux, defined as one lumen per square meter.

The foot-candle is defined as the illuminance of the inside surface of a one-foot-radius sphere with a point source of one candela at its center. Alternatively, it can be defined as the illuminance of one lumen on a one-square foot surface with a uniform distribution. Given the relation between candela and lumen, the two definitions listed are identical, with the second one potentially being easier to relate to in some everyday situations.

One foot-candle is equal to approximately 10.76 lux. In many practical applications, as when measuring room illumination, it is often not needed to measure illuminance more accurately than ±10%; in these situations it is sufficient to think of one foot-candle as about ten lux.

Use
In the US lighting industry, foot-candles are a common unit of measurement used by architects to calculate adequate lighting levels. Foot-candles are also commonly used in the museum and gallery fields in the US, where lighting levels must be carefully controlled to conserve light-sensitive objects such as prints, photographs, and paintings, the colors of which fade when exposed to bright light for a lengthy period.

In the motion picture cinematography field in the US, incident light meters are used to measure the number of foot-candles present, which are used to calculate the intensity of motion picture lights, allowing cinematographers to set up proper lighting-contrast ratios when filming.

Since light intensity is the primary factor in the photosynthesis of plants, US horticulturalists often measure and discuss optimum intensity for various plants in foot-candles.

Examples
Full, unobstructed sunlight has an intensity of up to 930 fc. An overcast day will produce an intensity of around 100 fc. The intensity of light near a window can range from 100 to 460 fc, depending on the orientation of the window, time of year and latitude.

Indoor lighting for residences seeks to provide 5-40 fc for general spaces and 70-90 fc for work spaces.

Lighting requirements for commercial spaces range from 5 fc for storage spaces to 200 fc for visually intensive work.

title: Foot-candle


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April 24

Remembrance Day
Armenian Genocide is a controversial topic. Whether the totality of events that includes the events of April 24 1915 can be called genocide is not obvious. IMHO putting this date as Rememberance day without referring to who recognizes this as rememberance day would be an endorsement and taking sides on a political issue and hence against NPoV policy of Wikipedia. ato 08:26, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

1915 - Armenian Genocide
This item was removed to avoid featuring the Armenian Genocide article on the MainPage while it has an ongoing. -- PFHLai 20:56, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)

 * Articles with disputes/NPOV have been linked from the Main Page on numerous occasions and the genocide is most definitely important enough to be included on the main list. To avoid POV or other disputes, instead of stating that the genocide "occured" or "began" on that day, the text shoud say that it is "commemorated" or "observed" on that day (optionally "by Armenians" can be appended), which is an undisputed fact. While the fact whether it was a "genocide" is disputed, "Armenian genocide" is the most common term used to reference the event, thus is appropriate to use. --Aramգուտանգa|  06:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, Aram, the event is definitely important enough to be included, but the page is not ready to be featured or showcased in the 'Selected Anniversaries' section on the MainPage. Poorly formatted pages, stubs, or any pages with an ongoing dispute, etc. have been linked on the MainPage on numerous occasions, but they really should be avoided.  For a list of significant events on this day in history, please see April 24.  The Armenian Genocide is listed there.  If you are familiar with the topic, please help 'fix up' the Armenian Genocide page.  Hopefully, we can feature this page next year.  Thanks. -- PFHLai 22:00, 2005 Apr 24 (UTC)

 * Glad to see the dispute is over. :-) If there is a separate page for the holiday, we can put that up, too, moving Armenian Genocide down as one of five events. Maybe later .... -- PFHLai 01:01, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW, I've changed the name of the day to "Genocide Remembrance Day". That's the wording used on http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/travel/holidays.html, a webpage linked from http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com, so I assume that's the official English name. Hope I'm correct. -- PFHLai 01:12, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Just started the Genocide Remembrance Day stub. Feel free to expand it. -- PFHLai 01:37, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * sigh... the Armenian Genocide page is tagged for disputes, again .... -- PFHLai 05:36, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, at least it's not POV-tagged, it's just protected. I don't think we should refrain from linking to protected articles from the main page, it might make it hard to mention, say, George W. Bush at times. In any case, it looks like the genocide article is about to undergo another iteration in the vicious Wiki-cycle controvesial articles go through (someone claims an article is POV -> edit war erupts -> rigorous discussion ensues -> article gets revamped -> neither side is too happy about the result [i.e. concensus is achieved] -> dispute dies down -> some time later, someone new comes along and screams about how POV the article is and tries to rewrite it -> process starts all over again) (I wonder, is there an article in the Wikipedia namespace about the cycle?). Linking to the non-controversial Genocide Remembrance Day looks like the best way to go. --Aramգուտանգ 07:49, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Yom Haatzmaut
Why is Israel's Independence day not listed here? It is observed in Israel the evening of the 23rd and all day on the 24th. --  Valley   2   city   ₪‽ 16:50, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:26, 23 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Vasa (ship) (appears on August 10)
 * New articles (unused): Imperial Wireless Chain
 * Omitted: Thutmose III; Armenian Genocide/Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915; Vladimir Komarov
 * Included: Battle of Mühlberg (first appearance); Lithuanian press ban (first appearance); Easter Rising (6th appearance, last in 2008); Gruinard Island (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Library of Congress (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2013 inclusion?
The Woolworth Building (one of the oldest skyscrapers in the United States) opened on 24 April 1913. Thus, 24 April 2013 marks it's 100th birthday. Worth a mention? Stalwart 111  12:21, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:15, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Lithuanian press ban; Easter Rising; Gruinard Island
 * Included: Woolworth Building (2nd appearance, last in 2004; 100th anniversary); Armenian Genocide (3rd appearance, last in 2009); Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany (first appearance; 80th anniversary); 1993 Bishopsgate bombing (2nd appearance, last in 2010; 20th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Battle of Mühlberg (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Library of Congress (3rd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

 * I just expanded Genocide Remembrance Day with sufficient refs. It should be included as anniversary now.--  K a t h o v o  talk 20:02, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Franck-Hertz
I've added the presentation of the Franck-Hertz experiment as a possible item for April 24; this year is the centennial. Since I did a good deal of work on that article recently, I'm not the best one to revise last year's anniversaries. I do think that one of the two items related to the Armenian genocide can be removed, and in any event next year will be the centennial of its beginnings. Easchiff (talk) 04:48, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:43, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Library of Congress; Woolworth Building; Armenian Genocide/ Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915; Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany; 1993 Bishopsgate bombing
 * Included: The Gambia (rescued from Ineligible); Thutmose III (4th appearance, last in 2011); Franck–Hertz experiment (first appearance); Imperial Wireless Chain (first appearance); Hubble Space Telescope (7th appearance, last in 2009)
 * Repeats: Battle of Mühlberg (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:05, 22 April 2015 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 2013 Savar building collapse
 * Moved to Ineligible: Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 (POTD for 2015)
 * Omitted: Thutmose III; Franck–Hertz experiment; Imperial Wireless Chain
 * Included: Library of Congress (9th appearance, last in 2013); Lithuanian press ban (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Vladimir Komarov (3rd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Battle of Mühlberg (4th consecutive appearance, 4 total); Hubble Space Telescope (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total; 25th anniversary)
 * , We should add the article 2013 Savar building collapse in On this day.... It is considered the deadliest garment-factory accident in history, as well as the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern human history where 1,129 people died. We also have a free image which can be used also. - Arr4 (talk) 05:03, 24 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Next year. Hubble is having its 25th anniversary, so I'm going to give that priority, and I wouldn't want to have two modern events. — howcheng  {chat} 05:38, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:17, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible: Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
 * Omitted: Battle of Mühlberg; Library of Congress (ineligible—maintenance); Lithuanian press ban; Vladimir Komarov; Hubble Space Telescope
 * Included: Thutmose III (5th appearance, last in 2014); The Boston News-Letter (first appearance); Easter Rising (7th appearance, last in 2012; 100th anniversary); Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany (2nd appearance, last in 2013); 2013 Savar building collapse (first appearance)

Operation Eagle Claw
I placed article Operation Eagle Claw here to nominating it for OTD/April 24. This is a notable sufficiently. Also reliable sources is seen at the article.Saff V. (talk) 06:48, 23 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately one section of that article has very few references. — howcheng  {chat} 19:38, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

2013 Savar building collapse
Deadliest garment-factory accident in history, as well as the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern human history with a death toll of 1,129. - Mar11 (talk) 06:01, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Looks good for next year. — howcheng  {chat} 07:29, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:43, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Woolworth Building (maintenance); Vladimir Komarov (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Library of Congress
 * New articles (unused): Barbra Streisand; Kelly Clarkson
 * Omitted: The Gambia (ineligible—maintenance); The Boston News-Letter; Easter Rising; 2013 Savar building collapse
 * Included: Battle of Mühlberg (5th appearance, last in 2015); Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 (2nd appearance, last in 2011; blurb previously also featured Armenian Genocide, which is currently ineligible); 1993 Bishopsgate bombing (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Mellitus (first appearance); Mimi Smith (first appearance); Laurentia Tan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Thutmose III (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Library of Congress
Please note that Library of Congress is tagged since it has multiple unreferenced paragraphs. -- M h hossein   talk 12:03, 22 April 2018 (UTC) Ping for attention. -- M h hossein   talk 12:04, 22 April 2018 (UTC)
 * References added. — howcheng  {chat} 01:05, 23 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks alot. -- M h hossein   talk 14:29, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:48, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Gruinard Island (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Mühlberg (ineligible—maintenance); Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915; Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany; 1993 Bishopsgate bombing; Mellitus; Mimi Smith; Laurentia Tan
 * Included: Library of Congress (10th appearance, last in 2015); Franck–Hertz experiment (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Operation Eagle Claw (2nd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); 2013 Savar building collapse (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Xu Guangqi (first appearance); G. Stanley Hall (first appearance); Kelly Clarkson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Thutmose III (3rd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:06, 24 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 (POTD for 2019)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Woolworth Building
 * New articles (unused): Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux; Dominican Civil War
 * Omitted: Battle of Mühlberg (ineligible—maintenance); Library of Congress; Franck–Hertz experiment; Operation Eagle Claw (ineligible—maintenance); 2013 Savar building collapse; Xu Guangqi; G. Stanley Hall; Kelly Clarkson
 * Included: The Boston News-Letter (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Lithuanian press ban (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Mass trespass of Kinder Scout (first appearance); Hubble Space Telescope (9th appearance, last in 2015); Vincent de Paul (first appearance); Axel von Fersen the Elder (first appearance); Estée Lauder (businesswoman) (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:13, 25 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
 * New articles (ineligible): James Wood Bush (TFA for 2020)
 * New articles (unused): Benjamin Lee Whorf; Richard M. Daley
 * Omitted: The Boston News-Letter; Lithuanian press ban; Mass trespass of Kinder Scout; Vincent de Paul; Axel von Fersen the Elder; Estée Lauder (businesswoman)
 * Included: Thutmose III (8th appearance, last in 2018); Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch) (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Woolworth Building (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Dominican Civil War (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Xu Guangqi (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Anthony Trollope (first appearance); Sathya Sai Baba (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Hubble Space Telescope (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 30th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:02, 27 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): James Wood Bush
 * Omitted: Thutmose III; Woolworth Building; Dominican Civil War; Hubble Space Telescope; Xu Guangqi; Anthony Trollope; Sathya Sai Baba
 * Included: Library of Congress (11th appearance, last in 2018); Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 (Genocide: 6th appearance, last in 2013; Deportation: 3rd, last in 2017); Guantanamo Bay files leak (first appearance); Benjamin Lee Whorf (first appearance); Bridget Riley (first appearance; 80th birthday); Kumar Dharmasena (first appearance; 50th birthday)
 * Repeats: Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch) (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:48, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Thutmose III (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Library of Congress; Armenian Genocide/Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 (ineligible—POTD for 2022); Guantanamo Bay files leak; Bridget Riley; Kumar Dharmasena
 * Included: The Boston News-Letter (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Imperial Wireless Chain (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 100th anniversary); Mass trespass of Kinder Scout (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 90th anniversary); Dominican Civil War (3rd appearance, last in 2020); Axel von Fersen the Elder (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Richard M. Daley (first appearance; 80th birthday)
 * Repeats: Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch) (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Benjamin Lee Whorf (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 225th birthday)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Jack Haley

John Joseph Haley Jr. (August 10, 1897 – June 6, 1979) was an American actor, comedian, dancer, radio host, singer, drummer and vaudevillian. He was best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz.

Early life
Haley was born on August 10, 1897. His father was a waiter by trade, and later a ship's steward. He died in the wreck of the schooner Charles A. Briggs at Nahant, Massachusetts on February 1, 1898, when Jack was almost six months old. He had one older brother, William Anthony "Bill" Haley, a musician, who died of pneumonia in 1916 at the age of twenty-one after contracting tuberculosis.

Career
Haley headlined in vaudeville as a song-and-dance comedian. One of his closest friends was Fred Allen, who would frequently mention "Mr. Jacob Haley of Newton Highlands, Massachusetts" on the air. Haley made a few phonograph records in 1923, and in the early 1930s starred in comedy shorts for Vitaphone in Brooklyn, New York. His wide-eyed, good-natured expression gained him supporting roles in musical feature films, including Poor Little Rich Girl with Shirley Temple, Higher and Higher with Frank Sinatra and the Irving Berlin musical Alexander's Ragtime Band. Both Poor Little Rich Girl and Alexander's Ragtime Band were released by Twentieth Century-Fox. Haley was under contract to them and appeared in the Fox films Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Pigskin Parade, marking his first appearance with Judy Garland. Haley hosted a radio show from 1937 to 1939 known to many as The Jack Haley Show. The first season (1937-1938), the show was sponsored by Log Cabin Syrup and was known as The Log Cabin Jamboree. The next season (1938-1939), the show was sponsored by Wonder Bread and was known as The Wonder Show. During the second season the show featured Gale Gordon and Lucille Ball as regular radio performers.

Haley returned to musical comedies in the 1940s. Most of his '40s work was for RKO Radio Pictures. He left the studio in 1947 when he refused to appear in a remake of RKO's Seven Keys to Baldpate. Phillip Terry took the role. He subsequently went into real estate, taking guest roles in television series over the next couple of decades.

"The Tin Man" in The Wizard of Oz
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer hired Haley for the part of the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz. He replaced song-and-dance comedian Buddy Ebsen, who had suffered a severe allergic reaction after inhaling aluminum powder from his silver face makeup, which triggered a congenital bronchial condition; the dust settled in Ebsen's lungs and, within a few days of principal photographic testing, he found himself struggling to breathe. For Haley, to avoid the same problem, the dust was converted into a paste—even so, the paste caused an eye infection that sidelined Haley for four shooting days. Surgical treatment averted serious or permanent damage to Haley's eyes. Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory Twicker, one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmhands.

Haley did not remember the makeup or the costume fondly. Interviewed about the film years later by Tom Snyder, he related that many fans assumed making the film was a fun experience. Haley said, "Like hell it was. It was work!" For his role as the Tin Woodman, Haley spoke in the same soft tone he used when reading bedtime stories to his children. Oz was one of only three films Haley made for MGM. The others were Pick a Star, a 1937 Hal Roach production distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Mr. Cinderella, 1936.

Personal life
Haley was raised Roman Catholic. He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California. His nephew Bob Dornan served as a Republican congressman for California.

Final years and death

On Friday June 1, 1979, Haley suffered a heart attack. He died on June 6, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles at the age of 81. His funeral was held at the Church of the Good Shepherd and the eulogy was given by Ray Bolger who concluded it by saying, "It's going to be awfully lonely on that Yellow Brick Road now, Jack."

Haley is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California.

Haley's autobiography, Heart of the Tin Man, was published in 2000.

title: Jack Haley


text:
Talk:P

English P words
native English words''' beginning with P. In other words, all English words beginning with P are from Latin (not necessarily via French.) Counter-examples?? Georgia guy 15:09, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Pee, potty Potty Time 01:10, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Depends entirely on what you count as a word. Continuing the toilet theme we have poo, which is 'probably from pooh'. The 'boat' meaning of pram is from Chech, which isn't exactly 'native' English, but there's not Latin involved, and I'm not sure what you mean by native anyway. In any case, there are countless counterexamples. --Dom 14:29, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Pool. Also used in Old English. --Kjoonlee 04:13, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Not to mention plot, plow, pot, prick, pride, pretty, puddle, puff, pull, pimple, plight, and so on. There are tons of P-words of native origin. Nohat 19:19, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It has been a long time since this discussion, but why is this question interesting?? The answer is that many English words beginning with P are from Latin. In Latin, words derived from a Proto-Indo-European word starting with P remain P-words. In German, which Old English comes from, such words become F-words. Georgia guy (talk) 16:28, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation of the name of the Letter "P" in the IPA

 * Nope, and  are just as valid as . The // slashes denote phonemic transcription, while the [] square brackets denote phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription can describe the actual pronunciation very narrowly (using as much detail as is wanted), while phonemic transcription can be broad (using as little detail as is needed). --Kjoonlee 03:38, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

you are right, but it shows brackets, not slashes. DeseretIsGreat (talk) 19:31, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

pronunciation
I've heard other English speakers (non-American) say the letter "p" as "plural". I was told it was similar to the difference in pronunciation of "z" as "zee" or "zed". Anybody know more about this? --207.215.78.126 18:25, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Possibly a joking allusion to galactic sector ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha (pronounced with zeds) in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. —Tamfang (talk) 23:09, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

wtf is up w/ the dragon
Why is there a picture of a dragon on this article, what the fuck does it have to do with the letter P. Anonymous MAR. 4, '07 1:12

Astronomy P stand for piss**
In the Astronomy section, it begins with this sentence:

"In astronomy, space

P stands for periodic (comet), as in 1P/Halley or 173P/Mueller."

Is the beginning of that statement "P stand for piss*" an error? It doesn't make any sense, and I can find no other reference that shows it has any relevance to astronomy. Someone else removed it before I could. Zanshin 09:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Internet usage smiley :P
Denotes a smiley - emotion of poking out a tongue. Meaing person is being cheeky, playful or could mean wry.

It could also be considered lecherous depending upon the context in which its used as well. On the net and images

Tgkprog (talk) 18:02, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Forgery
Has anyone proposed a way of writing a P so that forgers can't turn it into an R?? Georgia guy (talk) 23:26, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Unfinished sentence in History section
A sentence is unfinished in the history section of this article. I've looked through the history, but I cannot find whatever edit last modified that section. What was meant to be there, or is this vandalism? It doesn't appear to be.   Awesomeness  talk  20:38, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The user above should have looked a bit further to find this edit. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 02:27, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

History
Why doesn't this page have a history section? Every letter page has one. 151.202.97.186 (talk) 22:59, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Because of the vandalism in this edit, and the following edit, which simply deleted the vandalism instead of reverting. --Florian Blaschke (talk)

It seems like it should be related to the Greek & Cyrillic pi/pe (Π π). The morphology is odd as it is easily confused with rho (Ρ ρ).--Keelec (talk) 10:20, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Native English P words
I checked Wiktionary's PIE roots and found only one English word from Proto-Indo-European initial b (which is where a native p-word would come from.) This word is peg. Any comments?? Georgia guy (talk) 02:12, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * That's consistent with what the article already says. —Tamfang (talk) 03:39, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

P (programming language)
In addition to P sharp there is also the P (programming language) Should be added to "For the programming language, see P Sharp." It should be extended to: "For the programming language, see P, P Sharp, ..." Where the triple dots refer to List of programming languages.

Semi-protected edit request on 22 October 2018
2401:4900:3673:5BD2:1995:95CB:A4BC:D29C (talk) 04:27, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Danski454 (talk) 08:15, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 December 2018
124.123.22.77 (talk) 10:23, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. AntiCedros (talk) 11:29, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

"P♯" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%E2%99%AF&redirect=no P♯] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Nickps (talk) 13:14, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:P


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April 20

Please do not add Hitler's birthday to the MainPage. We don't do birthdays unless we don't have enough historic anniversaries to feature. Thanks. -- PFHLai 11:20, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

what about chron blazing day! im high
 * I think you mean Bicycle Day on April 19. -- 199.71.174.100 08:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Missing Word
This is missing a "the" before Baha'i Faith. — Cuivi é  nen  , Thursday, 20 April 2006 @ 01:50 UTC
 * Fixed. -- PFHLai 00:38, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

420
Why is the 420 (cannabis culture) anniversary omitted from today’s anniversaries? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.242.114.115 (talk • contribs) 11:29, 2006 April 20.
 * 'Coz it's not significant enough, and LSD was already featured very recently on April 16. Furthermore, the wikipage needs to be cleaned up -- problem pages will not get featured on MainPage. -- PFHLai 00:38, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Considerable work has been done to the 420 (cannabis culture) article over the past year. Its observance among the counterculture is notable, with many private and public celebrations taking place. Please consider for inclusion. — Hiplibrarianship 06:39, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems pretty significant to me, and perhaps celebrated by more people than many holidays listen in selected anniversaries. Since there isn't much competition for space, I'm going to go ahead and add it. Please feel free to modify or revert. However, the recent inclusion of LSD and the alleged poor quality of the article itself are not valid reasons to omit it. I agree with Hiplibrarianship that the article has undergone considerable improvement from last year. Savidan 20:33, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Remove Birthday
I am a new user and unable to edit this page, but discovered that filipina singer Regine Velasquez is listed here as having a birthday on April 20 AND April 22. The link to her wiki page suggests the actual birthdate is April 22. Could someone with the proper authority/credentials please remove her from the April 20 page? Thanks.. Autonutt 01:40, 21 April 2007 (UTC)autonutt

 * She isn't listed in this template (which is the only thing that is protected). If you meant somewhere else, then you probably have the capacity to fix that yourself. Savidan 18:00, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

a candidate for 2009
Next year will be the 10th anniversary for the Columbine High School massacre. --199.71.174.100 (talk) 03:42, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:30, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Elmer Gedeon (not notable enough for Main Page)
 * Moved to Ineligible: New Amsterdam (maintenance; also we should find a new date for this)
 * New articles (unused): Danica Patrick
 * Omitted: Vädersolstavlan; Ashford v Thornton; Rivers of Blood speech; Korean Air Lines Flight 902; Deepwater Horizon explosion (POTD for 2012)
 * Included: French Revolutionary Wars (first appearance); Fenway Park/Tiger Stadium (Detroit) (both: first appearance, 100th anniversary); Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday (first appearance); Pierre Trudeau (3rd appearance, last in 2006); Red Army Faction (first appearance); Paraguayan general election, 2008 (2nd appearance, last in 2010)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:04, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Danica Patrick (maintenance)
 * Omitted: French Revolutionary Wars (ineligible—maintenance); Fenway Park/Tiger Stadium (Detroit); Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday; Pierre Trudeau; Red Army Faction; Fernando Lugo/Paraguayan general election, 2008
 * Included: Vädersolstavlan (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) (first appearance); Strange Fruit (first appearance); Rivers of Blood speech (5th appearance, last in 2011); Korean Air Lines Flight 902 (3rd appearance, last in 2011); Deepwater Horizon explosion (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:31, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): French Revolutionary Wars
 * Omitted: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657); Strange Fruit (ineligible—maintenance); Rivers of Blood speech; Korean Air Lines Flight 902; Deepwater Horizon explosion
 * Included: René Caillié (first appearance); Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 75th anniversary); Columbine High School massacre (7th appearance, last in 2010); Fernando Lugo/Paraguayan general election, 2008 (Lugo: first appearance; election: 3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Vädersolstavlan (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:24, 18 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted: New Amsterdam (appears on February 2)
 * Omitted: Vädersolstavlan; René Caillié; Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday; Columbine High School massacre; Fernando Lugo/Paraguayan general election, 2008
 * Included: French Revolutionary Wars (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Ashford v Thornton (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Ludlow Massacre (5th appearance, last in 2007; rescued from Ineligible); Pierre Trudeau (4th appearance, last in 2012); Deepwater Horizon explosion (3rd appearance, last in 2013)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:48, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Fenway Park/Tiger Stadium (Detroit) (maintenance); Columbine High School massacre (maintenance)
 * Omitted: French Revolutionary Wars; Ashford v Thornton; Ludlow Massacre; Pierre Trudeau; Deepwater Horizon explosion/Deepwater Horizon oil spill (ineligible—POTD for 2016)
 * Included: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) (2nd appearance, last in 2013); René Caillié (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Humanum genus (5th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Rivers of Blood speech (6th appearance, last in 2013); Red Army Faction (5th appearance, last in 2012)

2017 request
I have written a new article about Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, that was conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his heavily reduced troops on this day, 480 years ago. Added the selected anniversary for April 20. Rationale for addition: Cheers, Tisquesusa (talk) 22:41, 17 April 2017 (UTC)
 * 480 years ago makes a nice rounded number
 * next to the much better known Aztec Empire, Maya civilization and Inca Empire, the Muisca had the fourth well-developed pre-Columbian civilisation of the New World
 * the first conquest of the Muisca settlements, after a strenuous expedition from Santa Marta up the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, the heaviest of the four great expeditions by the Spanish conquistadors
 * the most important of the Muisca Confederation settlements, referred to in popular literature as "capital", but that would be an unscientific wording, as there was no central authority in Muisca society
 * article is built new, with references and extensive bibliography, see alsos, main articles and reviewed links

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:10, 20 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: French Revolutionary Wars (maintenance); Ludlow Massacre (maintenance); Pierre Trudeau (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) (ineligible—maintenance); René Caillié; Humanum genus (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Bacatá (first appearance); Battle of Abensberg (first appearance); Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Deepwater Horizon explosion/Deepwater Horizon (Explosion: 4th appearance, last in 2015; DH: first appearance); Cædwalla of Wessex (first appearance); Allegra Byron (first appearance); Frances Ames (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Rivers of Blood speech (2nd consecutive appearance; 7 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:35, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Bacatá; Battle of Abensberg; Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday; Deepwater Horizon explosion/Deepwater Horizon oil spill; Cædwalla of Wessex; Allegra Byron; Frances Ames
 * Included: Vädersolstavlan (4th appearance, last in 2014); Ashford v Thornton (3rd appearance, last in 2015; 200th anniversary); Korean Air Lines Flight 902 (4th appearance, last in 2013; 40th anniversary); Danica Patrick (first appearance; 10th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); John Clarke (Baptist minister) (2nd appearance, last in 2015; normally appears on July 8); John Abernethy (surgeon) (first appearance); Nina Davuluri (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Rivers of Blood speech (3rd consecutive appearance, 8 total; 50th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:44, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Wisconsin Territory (wrong date, and date not cited either)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Ludlow Massacre
 * Omitted: Vädersolstavlan; Ashford v Thornton; Rivers of Blood speech; Korean Air Lines Flight 902; Danica Patrick; John Clarke (Baptist minister) (already appears on July 8); John Abernethy (surgeon)
 * Included: Bacatá (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) (3rd appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); René Caillié (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday (4th appearance, last in 2017; 80th anniversary); Columbine High School massacre (8th appearance, last in 2014; 20th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); Elizabeth Barton (first appearance); Paul Poiret (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Nina Davuluri (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 30th birthday)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:35, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Fernando Lugo/2008 Paraguayan general election
 * New articles (unused): Elmer Gedeon
 * Omitted: Bacatá; Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657); René Caillié; Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday; Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (blurb previously featured Columbine High School massacre, which is currently ineligible); Elizabeth Barton; Paul Poiret; Nina Davuluri
 * Included: Vädersolstavlan (5th appearance, last in 2018); Battle of Abensberg (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Strange Fruit (2nd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); Pierre Trudeau (5th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Deepwater Horizon explosion/Deepwater Horizon/Deepwater Horizon oil spill (Explosion: 5th appearance, DH: first, Oil spill: 3rd, last in 2017); Peter Bartholomew (first appearance); Dave Bancroft (first appearance); Frances Ames (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 100th birthday)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:09, 22 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Vädersolstavlan; Battle of Abensberg; Strange Fruit; Pierre Trudeau; Deepwater Horizon explosion/Deepwater Horizon/Deepwater Horizon oil spill; Peter Bartholomew; Dave Bancroft; Frances Ames
 * Included: Bacatá (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Ashford v Thornton (4th appearance, last in 2018); Ludlow Massacre (6th appearance, last in 2015); Korean Air Lines Flight 902 (5th appearance, last in 2018); Fernando Lugo/2008 Paraguayan general election (Lugo: 2nd appearance; Election: 4th; both last in 2014); William Bedloe (first appearance); David Brainerd (first appearance); Vjekoslav Luburić (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:19, 21 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Bacatá; Ashford v Thornton; Korean Air Lines Flight 902; Fernando Lugo/2008 Paraguayan general election; William Bedloe; David Brainerd; Vjekoslav Luburić
 * Included: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) (4th appearance, last in 2019); René Caillié (4th appearance, last in 2019); Rivers of Blood speech (9th appearance, last in 2018); Peter Bartholomew (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Allegra Byron; (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 200th anniversary) Toller Cranston (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Ludlow Massacre (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)


text:
Talk:Subtribe (biology)

Excised text (upon redirection):

A subtribe is a grouping below a major classification taxon. Using an example of taxanomic classification for a species of Orchid, the breakdown of the relevant tiers is plain to see.

 * Division: Magnoliophyta
 * Class: Liliopsida
 * SubClass: Liliidae
 * Order: Orchidales
 * SubOrder:
 * Family: Orchidaceae
 * SubFamily: Epidendroideae
 * Tribe: Epidendreae I - New World
 * SubTribe: Pleurothallidinae
 * Genus: Restrepia
 * Species: antennifera

title: Talk:Subtribe (biology)


text:
Newton D. Baker

Newton Diehl Baker Jr. (December 3, 1871 – December 25, 1937) was an American lawyer, Georgist, politician, and government official. He served as the 37th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1912 to 1915. As U.S. Secretary of War from 1916 to 1921, Baker presided over the United States Army during World War I.

Born in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Baker established a legal practice in Cleveland after graduating from Washington and Lee University School of Law. He became a progressive Democratic ally of Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Baker served as city solicitor of Cleveland from 1901 to 1909 before taking office as mayor in 1912. As mayor, he sought public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification. Baker supported Woodrow Wilson at the 1912 Democratic National Convention, helping Wilson win the votes of the Ohio delegation. After leaving office, Baker accepted appointment as Secretary of War under President Wilson. He was one of several prominent Georgists appointed to positions in the Wilson Cabinet.

Baker presided over the U.S. military's participation in World War I. He selected General John J. Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Forces, which he insisted act as an independent unit. He left office in 1921 and returned to BakerHostetler, the legal practice he co-founded. He served as an attorney in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws. He was a strong supporter of the League of Nations and continued to advocate American participation in the League during the 1920s. Beginning in 1928, he served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but the convention chose Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Early years
Newton Diehl Baker was born on December 3, 1871, in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the son of Newton Diehl Baker Sr. and Mary Ann (Dukehart) Baker. Baker's grandfather, Elias Baker, was a staunch unionist, his father, on the contrary, joined the Confederate Army, served as a cavalryman, was wounded, and became a northern prisoner of war. After returning home in 1865, he obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland Medical School and worked as a physician in Martinsburg until his death in 1906.

Baker attended the village schools in Martinsburg through his second year in high school and finished his preparatory training at Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia.

In 1892, Baker graduated with bachelor's degree from Johns Hopkins University, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He attended lectures of Woodrow Wilson, who was a visiting professor at the time. After receiving his law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1894, he tried for a year to establish law practice in Martinsburg, and then became private secretary to Postmaster General William L. Wilson, who served in the Confederate cavalry with Baker's father. He stayed in Washington, D.C. until June 1897, then took a vacation in Europe, and returned to Martinsburg. In January 1899, he became a junior partner at Foran, McTigne and Baker in Cleveland.

Baker was small and thin. He was rejected for military service in the Spanish–American War because of poor eyesight.

Cleveland politics
When Baker moved to Cleveland, his political sympathies belonged to the Democratic Party; he supported the so-called Gold Democrats and their platform of gold standard, free trade, and civil service reform. He built a successful legal career and became involved in local politics. He helped the Democratic candidate Tom L. Johnson to become the mayor of Cleveland, and under his mentorship started his own public career. Johnson was a passionate advocate of Georgist political progressivism. Baker became exposed to Johnson's politics and also became a Georgist. He assisted Johnson in his fights against city's utility monopolies, e.g., Cleveland Electric Railway Company owned by Mark Hanna, which made Baker popular among Clevelanders.

After serving as city solicitor from 1901 to 1909, he became mayor of the city in 1911. As a city official, Baker's main interests were providing Cleveland with electricity (he built a municipal light plant), public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification. He was a strong backer of Cleveland College, now a part of Case Western Reserve University. He and Augustus Raymond Hatton helped draft Ohio's home rule amendment. Its approval by voters in 1912 was Baker's crowning achievement as a mayor. It granted Cleveland a right to draw its own charter and conduct the city business without state interference.

When Baker worked on Wilson's behalf at the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore in 1912, he was considered as a possible vice-presidential contender. He and Wilson had been acquaintances since they were both at Johns Hopkins in the 1890s, and Baker played a vital role during Wilson's Democratic nomination for president at the convention by securing votes from Ohio delegates. Wilson wanted to bring him to Washington D.C. Though offered the post twice, Baker declined to serve as United States Secretary of the Interior during President Wilson's first term.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Baker as the eigteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

In 1916, following his tenure as mayor of Cleveland, Baker and two other partners founded the law firm of BakerHostetler.

Secretary of War
As the United States considered whether to enter World War I, President Woodrow Wilson had named Baker Secretary of War on 9 March 1916, because Baker was acceptable to advocates and opponents of American participation in the conflict. The post also required legal expertise because of the War Department's role in administering the Philippines, the Panama Canal, and Puerto Rico. The New York Times called him a "warm supporter" of the President. At 44, he was the youngest member of the Cabinet. The American entry into World War I occurred in April 1917.

One historian described his relationship to the military: A civilian's civilian, Baker saw the military as a necessity, but he had no awe of people in uniform, no romantic feelings toward them, and no dreams of glory. ... On the day President Woodrow Wilson announced Baker's appointment as secretary of war, he admitted his ignorance of military matters. "I am an innocent," he told reporters, "I do not know anything about this job." But he had a sharp, analytical mind and considerable skill at administration.

As Secretary of War, Baker presided over the American military participation in the First World War in 1917 and 1918, including the creation of a nationwide military draft. Baker selected Gen. John J. Pershing to head the American Expeditionary Forces. At Baker's insistence, Wilson made the American forces an independent fighting partner of the Allies against the Central Powers, rather than letting American troops be used to replenish British and French forces as those nations advised. At one meeting with British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, Baker told him that "if we want advice as to who should command our armies, we would ask for it. But until then we do not want nor need it from anyone, least of all you."

On December 15, 1917, a War Council was formed (as distinct from the Council of National Defense) consisting of the Secretary of War, his Assistant, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, the Quartermaster General of the United States Army, the Chief of Ordnance and possibly others. The War Council was to oversee and coordinate all matters of supply and to plan for the effective use of the military power of the nation. Baker had inherited a supply chain problem of gargantuan proportions although at first in April the administration knew nothing of its scale. Problems began quickly to crop up and on 18 December, three days after its formation, Baker fired three of the five officers appointed to the War Council. He appointed George Washington Goethals as Quartermaster General on that day.

He was occasionally attacked by military professionals who thought him incompetent or a pacifist at heart. He said, "I'm so much of a pacifist, I'm willing to fight for it."

In 1917, Baker was elected an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati..

In 1918, Wilson told Baker that he hoped he would follow him into the White House in 1920..

Emmett Jay Scott served as Baker's Special Advisor of Black Affairs.

Later years
After stepping down as Secretary of War in 1921, Baker returned to practicing law at Baker & Hostetler.

For several years he was the leading proponent of American participation in the League of Nations.

In 1922, the Encyclopædia Britannica published a brief account of Baker's life that drew sharp criticism. It said, in part, "The charge of pacifism was often brought against him and his career generally as Secretary was widely condemned throughout the United States." Among the prominent names who called the Encyclopedia to account were Livingston Farrand of Cornell and Ernest M. Hopkins of Dartmouth.

At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, during discussion of the party platform, Baker was the principal advocate of language committing the party to American membership in the League of Nations. After losing in the platform committee, which advocated a national referendum on the question, he raised the issue on the floor of the convention.

Though he had no chance of winning over the delegates to support his position, he delivered a speech that was the highlight of the convention, "political oratory at its peak" according to an exhaustive account of the convention: "According to reporters, men and women everywhere burst into tears. It was a tour de force, emotional and bordering on hysteria." He drew upon memories of Wilson, who had died just five months earlier and pleaded for a return to Wilsonian idealism:

"On fields of Europe I closed the eyes of soldiers in American uniforms who were dying ... and oh, they were so superb and splendid: never a complaint; never a regret; willing to go if only two things might be: One, that mother might know that they died bravely, and the other, that somebody would pick up their sacrifice and build on earth a permanent temple of peace. ...

And I swore an obligation to the dead that in season and out, by day and by night, in church, in political meeting, in the market-place, I intended to lift up my voice always and ever until their sacrifice were really perfected. ...

I served Woodrow Wilson for five years. He is standing at the throne of God whose approval he won and has received. As he looks down from there I say to him: 'I did my best. I am doing it now. You are still the captain of my soul. I feel your spirit here palpably about me.' He is standing here, through my weak voice, his presence not that crippled, shrunken, broken figure that I last saw, but the great majestic leader is standing here, using me to say to you, 'Save mankind, do America's duty'."

When his allotted 20 minutes expired, the crowd roared for him to continue. After an hour he left the lectern to a tremendous ovation. Speakers who tried to argue against him were booed. Yet the final vote went against him by a margin of more than 2 to 1. According to a New York Times editorial,

"For a moment that vast audience was lifted from partisan thoughts to heights from which it could have a glimpse of the promised land of peace. ... Not only did Mr. Baker do his best, but he made one of the best and most moving speeches heard of late in any political meeting. He showed himself a disciple worthy to wear his master's mantle. He too has the spirit of prophecy upon him."

Later at the convention, he nominated former Governor James M. Cox of Ohio as his state's "favorite son."

In 1928, President Coolidge appointed Baker a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague, and he was reappointed to another six-year term by Roosevelt in 1935. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Baker to the Wickersham Commission on issues relating to law enforcement, criminal activity, police brutality, and Prohibition.

He remained active in Democratic Party affairs and was considered as a serious prospect for the Democratic nomination for President in 1932, when he declined to announce his candidacy but worked behind the scenes in the hope of being chosen if Franklin D. Roosevelt failed to win the nomination.

Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1932.

Baker argued before the U.S. Supreme Court as counsel for the property owner in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws.

Baker served on the Board of Trustees of Johns Hopkins University beginning in 1918 and was considered for appointment as president of the institution in 1928.

In 1936, he resigned as a member of the Cuyahoga County Democratic Committee after serving for 26 years. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society that same year.

He published a lecture in pamphlet form as War in the Modern World in 1935.

Personal life
Baker married Elizabeth Wells Leopold, a faculty member at Wilson College, on July 5, 1902. They had two daughters (Margaret and Elizabeth) and a son, Newton D. Baker III, all of whom survived him, as did five grandchildren.

Confined to his bed after December 3, 1937, because of a longstanding heart condition, Baker died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Shaker Heights, Ohio, on Christmas Day, December 25, 1937. After lying in state with full military honors at Trinity Cathedral and a simple funeral at the family's request, Baker was buried in Lake View Cemetery. His wife died on August 24, 1951.

Legacy
During World War II the Liberty ship SS Newton D. Baker was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.

In 1957 Western Reserve University, now Case Western Reserve, erected the Newton D. Baker Building in his honor. Located on the corner of Adelbert and Euclid, across from Severance Hall, it served as a large unit of general purpose classrooms and administrative offices. The building was torn down in November 2004.

The Georgetown mansion Baker occupied while Secretary of War, now known as Newton D. Baker House, is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The law firm he founded, Baker Hostetler, is one of the nation's 100 largest firms.

Baker High School and Newton D. Baker School of Arts located on W. 159th Street in West Park, Cleveland are both named after Baker. A dormitory at Ohio State University, dedicated in 1940, is named Baker Hall (see information about the building) in his honor. The Newton D. Baker dormitory at Washington and Lee University is also named for him. The Veterans Administration Hospital in his hometown of Martinsburg WV was originally named the Newton D. Baker Hospital and is still referred to as such by local residents.

title: Newton D. Baker


text:
Talk:Kokiri

Is it really appropriate to create so many pages for one video game? I think this would be more appropriate if all of the info about the Ocarina of Time appeared in "one" article under that heading, as opposed to a different page on every character, place, etc. in the game. Salami swami 18:03, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * agreed, but it's too late to change now. I have notified one page to be deleted (Zora Lake) but other than that I'm sure there'd be a public outcry if such useless articles vanished. Sigh... Master Thief Garrett 01:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Non-canon
I don't think the last few sentences (concerning fairy orbs and the "death" and birth of Kokiri) are canon. Should they be allowed? ComputerBox 01:13, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It is not. Or, at least, not that I've ever heard of, and I've read a LOT of "facts only" Kokiri immortality theories. If no-one else objects within, say, a month, I WILL remove it. I am aboslutely merciless when it comes to invented fanboy ramblings Master Thief Garrett 01:21, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kokiri


text:
Rip Torn

Elmore Rual "Rip" Torn Jr. (February 6, 1931 – July 9, 2019) was an American actor whose career spanned more than 60 years. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing Marsh Turner in Cross Creek (1983). Torn's portrayal of Artie the producer on The Larry Sanders Show received six Emmy Award nominations, winning in 1996. He also won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Series, and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show. Torn is also known for his roles as Zed in the Men in Black franchise (1997–2002) and Patches O'Houlihan in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004).

Early life
Elmore Rual Torn Jr. was born on February 6, 1931, in Temple, Texas, the son of Elmore Rual “Tiger” Torn Sr., and Thelma Mary Torn (née Spacek). The senior Elmore was an agriculturalist and economist who worked to promote the consumption of black-eyed peas, particularly as a custom on New Year's Day. Thelma was an aunt of actress Sissy Spacek. The family is of German, Austrian, and Czech/Moravian ancestry. The nickname "Rip" is a family tradition among men in the Torn family, having been used by his father, uncle, and a cousin. Torn graduated from Taylor High School in Taylor, Texas, in 1948.

Torn was a member of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets, although he graduated from the University of Texas where he studied acting under the Shakespeare professor B. Iden Payne, and was a member of the Alpha Nu chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity. After graduation, he served in the Korean War with the 2nd Infantry Division with the military police in the United States Army.

Film and television
After moving to Hollywood, Torn made his film debut in the 1956 film Baby Doll. Torn then studied at the Actors Studio in New York under Lee Strasberg, becoming a prolific stage actor, appearing in the original cast of Tennessee Williams' play Sweet Bird of Youth, and reprising the role in the film and television adaptations. Torn later helped his younger cousin Sissy Spacek enroll in the Actors Studio. He also appeared in the first production of his friend James Baldwin's Blues For Mister Charlie. Along with Baldwin and numerous mutual friends he was active in the Civil Rights movement from the '50s forward, as Baldwin's biographer David Leeming relates.

One of Torn's earliest roles was in Pork Chop Hill, portraying the brother-in-law of Gregory Peck's character. He also had an uncredited role in A Face in the Crowd as Barry Mills. In 1957, Torn portrayed Jody in an early episode of The Restless Gun. In 1957, he starred as incarcerated Steve Morgan in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "Number Twenty-Two", and on the same series in 1961, he played a recently released prisoner, Ernie Walters, in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "The Kiss-Off". After portraying Judas, betrayer of Jesus, in 1961 epic film King of Kings, Torn appeared in the February 7, 1962, episode of the acclaimed TV series The Naked City, "A Case Study of Two Savages", adapted from the real-life case of backwood killers Charles Starkweather (played by Torn) and Ora Mae Youngham, (played by Tuesday Weld), Starkweather's young bride, who were on a homicidal spree starting in Appalacia and ending in New York City. He played a graduate student with multiple degrees in 1963 television series Channing, and as Roy Kendall in the Breaking Point episode "Millions of Faces". More military roles followed, as a Marine drill instructor in an episode of The Lieutenant in 1963 and as a GI in an episode of Combat! the next year. In 1964, Torn appeared as Eddie Sanderson in the episode "The Secret in the Stone" in The Eleventh Hour and in the premiere of The Reporter. In 1965, in the film The Cincinnati Kid, he played Slade, a corrupt New Orleans millionaire, who pressures Steve McQueen during a high-stakes poker game. On television that year, Torn portrayed Colonel Royce in the episode "The Lorelei" of Twelve O'Clock High. Following these roles, he had turns as a character actor in numerous subsequent films. The part of George Hanson in Easy Rider was written for Torn by Terry Southern, but according to Southern's biographer Lee Hill, Torn withdrew from the project after co-director Dennis Hopper and he got into a bitter argument in a New York restaurant. Jack Nicholson played Hanson, instead, in a career-launching performance.

In 1972, Torn won rave reviews for his portrayal of a country and western singer in the cult film Payday. He co-starred with singer David Bowie in the 1976 science-fiction film, The Man Who Fell to Earth. He portrayed a Southern senator in 1979's The Seduction of Joe Tynan, opposite Alan Alda and Meryl Streep, and a music producer in Paul Simon's 1980 film One-Trick Pony.

In 1982, Torn played a role as a black magic cult leader in the sword-and-sorcery movie The Beastmaster. He also co-starred in Jinxed!, a comedy with Bette Midler, and appeared as an airline executive in Airplane II: The Sequel. He played a sheriff opposite Treat Williams and Kris Kristofferson in the 1984 thriller Flashpoint. Torn received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in 1983's Cross Creek as a poor neighbor of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in the orange groves of Florida. He was nominated for the CableACE Award for his portrayal of Big Daddy in the 1984 Showtime production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. He co-starred with John Candy as a man who helps a tourist win a sailboat race in the 1985 comedy Summer Rental. He had a brief role as Sheriff Hank Pearson in Extreme Prejudice.

In 1988, he ventured into directing with The Telephone. The screenplay was written by Terry Southern and Harry Nilsson, and the film was produced by their company, Hawkeye. The story, which concerned an unhinged, out-of-work actor, had been written with Robin Williams in mind. After he turned it down, Whoopi Goldberg expressed a strong interest, but when production began, Torn reportedly had to contend with Goldberg constantly digressing and improvising, and he had to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the script.

Goldberg was backed by the studio, which also allowed her to replace Torn's chosen DP, veteran cinematographer John A. Alonzo, with her husband. As a result of the power struggle, Torn, Southern, and Nilsson cut their own version of the film, using the takes that adhered to the script and this was screened at the Sundance Film Festival, but the studio put together a rival version using other takes and it was poorly reviewed when it premiered in January 1988.

In 1990, he portrayed Colonel Fargo in By Dawn's Early Light, a film from HBO about a fictional world war. In 1991, he portrayed Albert Brooks' character's celestial defense attorney in Defending Your Life. He played a jeweler who murders his own nephew in order to steal a winning lottery ticket in an episode of Columbo that year on TV, "Death Hits the Jackpot". In 1993, Torn portrayed the OCP CEO in RoboCop 3 and starred opposite Tantoo Cardinal in Where the Rivers Flow North. This is the same year that Torn played the owner of a fictional battery company in a series of Energizer commercials in which the owner of a rival battery company hires various fictional villains to assault the Energizer Bunny and eliminate the competition. He was a naval officer presiding over a wargame in the Kelsey Grammer submarine comedy Down Periscope in 1996.

In 1997, Torn appeared in the Disney film Hercules, in which he voiced the god Zeus. Torn played MIB agency boss Zed in the 1997 hit film Men in Black, starring Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones, a role he reprised in the 2002 sequel Men in Black II. In 2001, Torn portrayed James "Jim" Brody in the comedy film Freddy Got Fingered. In 2004, he played the iconic wrench-tossing coach Patches O'Houlihan in DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story.

Broadway
Torn appeared in ten Broadway plays and directed one. In 1959, he made his feature Broadway debut when he played Tom Junior in Sweet Bird of Youth, for which he won a Theatre World Award and also received a Tony Award nomination.

He returned next in 1962 in the play Daughter of Silence as Carlo, following that with a role in the 1963 production of Strange Interlude. In 1964, he played Lyle Britten in Blues for Mister Charlie, and four years later, he was Roberto in The Cuban Thing for its only performance on September 24, 1968.

In 1971, he portrayed Edgar in Dance of Death, and directed his first Broadway play in 1973: Look Away. In 1975, he portrayed the Son in the Broadway revival of The Glass Menagerie and 5 years later, portrayed Don in Mixed Couples. For 13 years, Torn was absent from Broadway, but returned in 1993 to portray Chris Christopherson in Anna Christie. In his last Broadway appearance in 1997, Torn portrayed Will Kidder in The Young Man from Atlanta.

Off-Broadway
Torn made his feature off-Broadway acting debut as Eben Cabot in the play Desire Under the Elms, followed by Peter in The Kitchen at the 81st Street Theatre. His third off-Broadway role was Marion-Faye-A-Pimp in The Deer Park, for which he won the 1967 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance. He performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the play Dream of a Blacklisted Actor, and later at the Joseph Papp Public Theater's Anspacher Theater as William McLeod in Barbary Shore. He last acted off-Broadway at the American Place Theatre as Henry Hackamore in Sam Shepard's 1979 play Seduced: a Play in Two Acts.

Torn's off-Broadway debut as director was for the Evergreen Theater with the play The Beard; he won the 1968 Obie for Distinguished Direction for that work. He next directed The Honest-to-God Schnozzia at the Gramercy Arts Theater, followed by August Strindberg's Creditors and The Stronger—in which he acted beside his wife at the time, Geraldine Page for the Joseph Papp Public Theater. Torn and Page also co-produced that production, and had previously presented the two plays along with Miss Julie at the off-off-Broadway Hudson Guild Theatre the year before.

The Larry Sanders Show
From 1992 to 1998, Torn portrayed Artie in The Larry Sanders Show. For his work, Torn received six consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the award once (1996). Torn was the only actor in the series who won an Emmy Award for his work. Other than the Emmy nominations and win, he received two American Comedy Awards nominations for Funniest Male Performance in a Series, winning once, and two CableACE Awards for his work on the series.

Later career
Following The Larry Sanders Show, Torn appeared in many comedic roles in films. He was also known for his voice work and did voice-overs for many animated films.

In 2007 and 2008, he made five guest appearances on 30 Rock as the fictional chief executive officer of General Electric, Don Geiss. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, but lost to Tim Conway, who guest-starred in the same sitcom. Torn's character was reportedly killed off as a direct result of his 2010 arrest, though Tina Fey denied this in a DVD commentary. Torn voiced the character of Hephaestus in the 2010 video game God of War III.

Torn also appears in the music video for the They Might Be Giants song "Can't Keep Johnny Down", from their 2011 album Join Us.

In 2015, he reprised his role as Zed in a Men in Black safety video for Air New Zealand with rugby player Israel Dagg and singer Stan Walker.

Family
Torn was married three times, and had six children and four grandchildren.

His first marriage to actress Ann Wedgeworth lasted from 1956 to 1961. They had a daughter, Danae Torn.

In 1963, Torn married Geraldine Page, and they remained married until her death in 1987. They had a daughter, actress Angelica Page, and twin sons: actor Tony Torn, and Jon Torn (an associate professor of electronic media and film at Northern Arizona University ). Torn apparently delighted in the fact that the doorbell of their New York townhouse read Torn Page.

Torn married actress Amy Wright in 1989. They had two children.

Legal issues
On January 29, 2010, Torn was arrested after breaking into a Litchfield Bancorp branch office in Lakeville, Connecticut. He was charged with carrying a firearm without a permit, carrying a firearm while intoxicated, first-degree burglary, second-degree criminal trespassing, and third-degree criminal mischief. The Connecticut State Police said Torn, who lived in Lakeville, broke into the bank thinking it was his home. In court, his lawyer told the judge his client needed help with alcohol abuse and that he could start treatment immediately in New York. Torn was released on $100,000 bail.

As a condition of his release, Torn had to be evaluated for substance abuse. On August 11, 2010, Torn was denied special probation, which would have allowed his name to be cleared of charges. The judge in the case cited Torn's history of alcohol abuse and the possession of a loaded weapon while intoxicated, which carries a minimum one-year sentence. On December 14, 2010, Torn pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment, criminal trespass, criminal mischief, and possession of a firearm, and was given a two-and-a-half-year suspended jail sentence, and three years' probation.

On-set conflicts
Appearing as an interview subject in Studs Terkel's 1974 oral-history book Working, Torn confessed, "I have certain flaws in my make-up. Something called irascibility. I get angry easily. I get saddened by things easily."

While filming Maidstone (1968), Torn struck director and star Norman Mailer in the head with a hammer. With the camera rolling, Mailer bit Torn's ear and they wrestled to the ground. The fight continued until it was broken up by cast and crew members. The fight is featured in the film. Although the scene may have been planned by Torn, the blood shed by both actors was real, and Torn was reportedly outraged by Mailer's direction.

In 1994, he filed a defamation lawsuit against Dennis Hopper over a story Hopper told on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Hopper claimed that Torn pulled a knife on him during pre-production of the film Easy Rider (1969). According to Hopper, Torn was originally cast in the film, but was replaced with Jack Nicholson after the incident. Torn claimed in his lawsuit that Hopper pulled the knife on him. A trial court judge ruled in Torn's favor and Hopper was ordered to pay $475,000 in compensatory damages, but he denied Torn's request for punitive damages, ruling Hopper had not acted with malice. Hopper appealed. On April 1, 1998, a California appellate court upheld the ruling for compensatory damages, and reversed the ruling for the punitive damages, requiring Hopper to pay another $475,000.

Death
Torn died on July 9, 2019, at his home in Lakeville, Connecticut, at the age of 88 due to complications from Alzheimer's disease. He is buried at the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery in Poughkeepsie, New York.

title: Rip Torn


text:
Hans Sachs

Hans Sachs (5 November 1494 – 19 January 1576) was a German Meistersinger ("mastersinger"), poet, playwright, and shoemaker.

Biography
Hans Sachs was born in Nuremberg (Nürnberg). As a child he attended a singing school that was held in the church of Nuremberg. This helped to awaken in him a taste for poetry and music. His father was a tailor. He attended Latin school (Lateinschule) in Nuremberg . When he was 14 he took up an apprenticeship as a shoemaker.

After the apprenticeship, at age 17, he was a journeyman and set out on his Journeyman years (Wanderjahre or Walz), that is, travelling about with companions and students. Over several years he worked at his craft in many towns, including Regensburg, Passau, Salzburg, Munich, Osnabrück, Lübeck, and Leipzig.

In 1513 he reached the small town of Wels, where he remained for a time, devoting himself to the cultivation of the fine arts. The Emperor Maximilian I chanced to pass through this town with his dazzling retinue, and the young poet allowed himself to be carried away by the splendour of the court. The prince placed him in the halls of the palace of Innsbruck. Later Hans Sachs quit the court and went to Schatz and Munich.

In the same year, he took up a kind of apprenticeship to become a mastersinger at Munich. Lienhard Nunnenbeck, a linen weaver, was his master. In 1516 he settled in Nuremberg and stayed there for the rest of his life. On 1 September 1519 he married Kunigunde Creutzer (1502–1560). He had seven children, but all died while he was still alive. He married again on 2 September 1561, this time to the young widow Barbara Harscher.

The great event of his intellectual life was the coming of the Reformation; he became an ardent adherent of Luther, and in 1523 wrote in Luther's honor the poem beginning “The nightingale of Wittenberg, which is heard everywhere” (Die wittenbergisch Nachtigall, Die man jetzt höret überall), and four remarkable dialogues in prose, in which his warm sympathy with the reformer was tempered by counsels of moderation. In spite of this, his advocacy of the new faith earned him a reproof from the town council of Nuremberg, and he was forbidden to publish any more “pamphlets or rhymes” (Büchlein oder Reimen). It was not long, however, before the council itself openly threw in its lot with the Reformation.

Works
He wrote over 6000 pieces of various kinds. Exact numbers vary widely in secondary literature, mainly because it is not always clear if a piece is an independent work or part of a larger work. Also, certain works may be put in different categories by different authors. His productivity is especially remarkable because he kept working as a shoemaker throughout his life. (As far as is known, the Mastersingers did not as a common practice write or sing for money.) His works include

 * Mastersongs (Meisterlieder) proper (about 4200)
 * other poems and songs
 * Carnival plays
 * Tragedies
 * Comedies
 * Prose dialogues
 * Fables
 * Religious tracts, including “A wonderful prophecy of the papacy about how things will go for it up until the end of the world” (Eyn wunderliche Weyssagung von dem Babsttumb, wie es ihm biz an das endt der welt gehen sol) in collaboration with Andreas Osiander (1527).

Sachs wrote about Fünsing, a fictional "village of fools", known from two of his Schwank (comedy): "Der Roßdieb zu Fünsing" ("A Horse Thief from Fünsing") and "Die Fünsinger Bauern" ("Peasants of Fünsing"). (1558)

In the first one, one of the best known pieces of Sachs, the caught horse thief defends himself by arguing that he is no more dishonest than the judges, who, he asserts would do the same, had they had an opportunity. The judges let him go after he promises to come back after the harvest to be hanged.

The second one tells of various stupidity of Fünsinger in verse.

Assessment
His mastersongs were not published, being intended solely for the use of the Nuremberg Meistersinger school, of which Sachs was the leading spirit. His fame rests mainly on the “spoken poems” (Spruchgedichte) which include his dramatic writings. His “tragedies” and “comedies” are, however, little more than stories told in dialogue, and are divided by convenient pauses into a varying number of acts. Sachs had little idea of the essentials of dramatic construction or the nature of dramatic action.

The subjects are drawn from the most varied sources, but particularly the Bible, the classics and the Italian novelists. He succeeds best in the short anecdotal Fastnachtsspiel or Shrovetide play, where characterisation and humorous situation are of more importance than dramatic form or construction.

Some of his farces have been played on the modern stage. Among these are:
 * Der fahrende Schüler im Paradies (1550)
 * Das Wildbad (1550)
 * Das heiss Eisen (1551)
 * Der Bauer im Fegefeuer (1552)

As a fictional character
Hans Sachs is the subject of an opera (1840) by Albert Lortzing. He is a leading character in Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868).

title: Hans Sachs


text:
Vash

Vash may refer to:

 * Vash (Star Trek), a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise
 * Vash the Stampede, the protagonist of the manga series Trigun
 * Vash Young (1889–1965), American motivational writer
 * Vash, a 2023 Indian Gujarati-language film
 * Vash: Possessed by the Obsessed, a 2023 Indian Hindi-language film
 * Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (VASH); see HUD-VASH

title: Vash


text:
Reactivity (chemistry)

In chemistry, reactivity is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.

Reactivity refers to:
 * the chemical reactions of a single substance,
 * the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other,
 * the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds,
 * methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds,
 * experimental methods that are used to observe these processes, and
 * theories to predict and to account for these processes.

The chemical reactivity of a single substance (reactant) covers its behavior in which it:
 * decomposes,
 * forms new substances by addition of atoms from another reactant or reactants, and
 * interacts with two or more other reactants to form two or more products.

The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, presence of catalysts) in which it reacts, in combination with the:
 * variety of substances with which it reacts,
 * equilibrium point of the reaction (i.e., the extent to which all of it reacts), and
 * rate of the reaction.

The term reactivity is related to the concepts of chemical stability and chemical compatibility.

An alternative point of view
Reactivity is a somewhat vague concept in chemistry. It appears to embody both thermodynamic factors and kinetic factors (i.e., whether or not a substance reacts, and how fast it reacts). Both factors are actually distinct, and both commonly depend on temperature. For example, it is commonly asserted that the reactivity of alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) increases down the group in the periodic table, or that hydrogen's reactivity is evidenced by its reaction with oxygen. In fact, the rate of reaction of alkali metals (as evidenced by their reaction with water for example) is a function not only of position within the group but also of particle size. Hydrogen does not react with oxygen—even though the equilibrium constant is very large—unless a flame initiates the radical reaction, which leads to an explosion.

Restriction of the term to refer to reaction rates leads to a more consistent view. Reactivity then refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time. In pure compounds, reactivity is regulated by the physical properties of the sample. For instance, grinding a sample to a higher specific surface area increases its reactivity. In impure compounds, the reactivity is also affected by the inclusion of contaminants. In crystalline compounds, the crystalline form can also affect reactivity. However, in all cases, reactivity is primarily due to the sub-atomic properties of the compound.

Although it is commonplace to make statements that "substance X is reactive," each substance reacts with its own set of reagents. For example, the statement that "sodium metal is reactive" suggests that sodium reacts with many common reagents (including pure oxygen, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and water), either at room temperature or when using a Bunsen burner.

The concept of stability should not be confused with reactivity. For example, an isolated molecule of an electronically excited state of the oxygen molecule spontaneously emits light after a statistically defined period. The half-life of such a species is another manifestation of its stability, but its reactivity can only be ascertained via its reactions with other species.

Causes of reactivity
The second meaning of reactivity (i.e., whether or not a substance reacts) can be rationalized at the atomic and molecular level using older and simpler valence bond theory and also atomic and molecular orbital theory. Thermodynamically, a chemical reaction occurs because the products (taken as a group) are at a lower free energy than the reactants; the lower energy state is referred to as the "more stable state." Quantum chemistry provides the most in-depth and exact understanding of the reason this occurs. Generally, electrons exist in orbitals that are the result of solving the Schrödinger equation for specific situations.

All things (values of the n and ml quantum numbers) being equal, the order of stability of electrons in a system from least to greatest is unpaired with no other electrons in similar orbitals, unpaired with all degenerate orbitals half-filled and the most stable is a filled set of orbitals. To achieve one of these orders of stability, an atom reacts with another atom to stabilize both. For example, a lone hydrogen atom has a single electron in its 1s orbital. It becomes significantly more stable (as much as 100 kilocalories per mole, or 420 kilojoules per mole) when reacting to form H2.

It is for this same reason that carbon almost always forms four bonds. Its ground-state valence configuration is 2s2 2p2, half-filled. However, the activation energy to go from half-filled to fully-filled p orbitals is negligible, and as such, carbon forms them almost instantaneously. Meanwhile, the process releases a significant amount of energy (exothermic). This four equal bond configuration is called sp3 hybridization.

The above three paragraphs rationalize, albeit very generally, the reactions of some common species, particularly atoms. One approach to generalize the above is the activation strain model  of chemical reactivity which provides a causal relationship between, the reactants' rigidity and their electronic structure, and the height of the reaction barrier.

The rate of any given reaction:

is governed by the rate law:

where the rate is the change in the molar concentration in one second in the rate-determining step of the reaction (the slowest step), $[A]$ is the product of the molar concentration of all the reactants raised to the correct order (known as the reaction order), and $k$ is the reaction constant, which is constant for one given set of circumstances (generally temperature and pressure) and independent of concentration. The reactivity of a compound is directly proportional to both the value of $k$ and the rate. For instance, if

then

where $n$ is the reaction order of $A$, $m$ is the reaction order of $B$, $n + m$ is the reaction order of the full reaction, and $k$ is the reaction constant.

title: Reactivity (chemistry)


text:
Talk:Agni

Agni, the son of...
Brahma or Dyaus Pita? Bigshotnews 20:24, 10 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigshotnews (talk • contribs)

Guess the element fire-agni came from brahma, while agni (deva) came as son of aditi and kashyapa- Sandtrailer (talk) 04:53, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

clarification please
a) what is the 'it' in this sentence " The ancient Indians recognized it as the power of heat ..."? Previously Agni has been referred to as 'he'. b) What does this mean:  "Agni has made the transition into the Hindu pantheon of gods, without losing his importance"? What 'transition'? c) What is the source for the etymology? Do we need to know so many Slavic words for 'fire'?  --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 03:22, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Issues addressed but Slavic words retained respecting the effort of the editor who had then sought to improve this page.Aditya soni (talk) 05:49, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Rewrite BADLY needed
This is full of poorly written, out-of-context, POV nonsense. Lots of ip edits from ESL editors have left this barely readable. I think this page needs a rewrite desperately. Any thoughts? ? Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 04:30, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I vaguely remember an administrator commenting that they had given up on this article...  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   05:57, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * This is looking great. Sorry I haven't been around to help. I've been drawn into a bit of a debate on Brahma if you have any insight. Some day I hope to have your chops with this wiki editing.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 07:55, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It's okay. I'll leave the fine-tuning to the ones with the inside-knowledge.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   08:25, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I have noticed User:Joshua Jonathan’s edits of Agni. His lack of proper understanding of the subject has made him strip away all flesh and sinews and expose the whiteness of the bones. You cannot understand Agni if you have not lived in the place and environment where it is worshipped, even then there is the need of a guru who has experienced Agni to guide you. The spoken or written words appear meaningless until the time they are properly heard, read and understood. The learned people in our country aver that each word has five distinct meanings after understanding which five meanings the essence becomes revealed to be grasped. For a person of ordinary learning and intelligence the act of breathing is merely the act of inhaling and exhaling air but for a truly learned person it is the ultimate medium through which the body unites with the soul as the two major currents, Pingala and Ida, responsible for all the mind and body functions in our system. You have simply not understood Agni, and therefore, kindly restore this article and invite a truly learned person to review, improve and rewrite it. I wonder what the members of Project Hinduism/Mythology etc; are waiting for? Why don’t they step in? Tarun marwaha (talk) 05:23, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * See above; they approve. This is an encyclopedia, not a religious study-course. Anyone who wants a thorough understanding of Agni should indeed turn to a guru. The rest, which is the large majority who reads Wikipedia, wants a comprehensive, readable article. Best regards,  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   05:44, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. The page was unreadable to the uninitiated before. A wiki article isn't written for Agni worshipers to further their esoteric knowledge on the subject (for this there is only Guru, experience, and primary sources like the Vedas); it is written for the layman to comprehend and engage with the big picture. The devotional aspects of Agni are undeniably important, but beyond the scope of a humble encyclopedia. As such you would not find any of the removed material in Encyclopedia Britannica either. The majority of the changes were necessary to create a comprehensive article that is approachable for the amateur.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 06:19, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * User: Joshua Jonathan and User:Iṣṭa Devatā I do not agree with your views. Vivekananda had once remarked – “wherever there are qualities, these qualities have been reflected upon the subject”, - this being an undeniable fact onus is upon us to explain the truth about the substance and each of the qualities reflected there upon. If I were to talk about Prakrti I cannot avoid explaining it as cosmic intelligence or as consciousness of individuality, how and why. This principle has been followed in many wiki-pages e.g. Plasma (physics), which is certainly not for a layman alone. Therefore, whosoever rewrites this article must have a thorough understanding of Agni which understanding must be reflected through the comprehensiveness of the article itself. This is my prayer. I am not happy with the present make-up which is lifeless, dull and ordinary.Tarun marwaha (talk) 07:44, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I sympathize entirely, though I'm afraid you're disappointment is more with nature of academia and encyclopedias, which are not meant for expert references. No encyclopedia would include the type of material that is being removed. Encyclopedias are meant, mostly, to be dull, ordinary and easily approachable. They are not meant to support or undermine anyone's views or beliefs which you must appreciate is a delicate task. The further reading section is where you may direct people to the information that you want to inspire them or that has inspired you that may not meet the standards for inclusion here. These articles are not meant to inspire faith or even to appear as if written by an insider. Things written from strongly emic perspectives are generally not encyclopedic enough for inclusion. Advanced topics on a science article like you mentioned above are largely filled with objective and 'lifeless' information and so are still encyclopedic. That said, many scientific articles are written in overly professional jargon and become unreadable like Agni was. These also need to be cleaned up (a constant task on wikipedia). I might suggest perusing the Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion to better understand the obligations of academic writing on religious material (it's easy to find a pdf copy with google). In particular, the article on hermeneutics in the RCSR can be helpful. Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 08:04, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Rishi Parashara Shaktya reminds us that ‘svar’ connects the three upper planes with the three lower planes at the plane characterised by ‘satyam’, and the Truth in movement is ‘rtam’. I was stressing upon this kind of connection which existed but now does not exist in the revised version. It has been nice knowing you User: Iṣṭa Devatā. Regards. Tarun marwaha (talk) 13:21, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Iṣṭa Devatā, in the hands of those who know nothing about Agni and its significance the page is losing its rightful importance. Do something to save the page. Thanks.Tarun marwaha (talk) 12:15, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

Latino !
Ignis. ! Paolobod (talk) 17:52, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

Fiction
Story’s from the mind 45.215.255.45 (talk) 12:13, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose merging Anala into Agni. The former article explicitly says it's essentially another name for Agni, and says basically nothing else.— Moriwen (talk) 22:49, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Redirected Anala to Agni. Redtigerxyz  Talk 16:03, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agni


text:
Talk:Mozdev.org

Untitled
"Since Mozilla is an open-source browser, many people like to do these things. Over 200 projects are currently hosted on Mozdev."

It is not correct, like you can see in Mozdev.org's FAQ:

"Q: What is a Mozilla application?

A: Mozilla is not just a web browser. It is also a framework for building cross-platform applications using standards such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), XML languages such as the XML-based User-interface Language (XUL), eXtensible Binding Language (XBL), and Resource Description Framework (RDF). The Mozilla framework is used to create Netscape's Mozilla-based browsers (Netscape 6.x and 7.x), other browsers such as Galeon and Camino, and chat clients like ChatZilla and JabberZilla. Developers also use Mozilla to create development tools, browser enhancements, games, and other types of add-ons and applications. For more information about how to make Mozilla applications, read Creating Applications with Mozilla by O'Reilly. "

Forum of mozdev developers?
Is there any meta forum on mozdev? I wonder whether MAF is still in active development. I can´t believe that IE 7 has something (working MHTML support) that Firefox or any extension to it don´t have. So I´d like to "wake up" the community. 84.173.244.40 19:26, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to be precise: IE 7 has it but it´s not working properly. The real opponent is the Opera browser that produces appropriate MHT files. 84.173.229.233 16:32, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mozdev.org


text:
Little black dress

The little black dress (LBD) is a black evening or cocktail dress, cut simply and often quite short. Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel. It is intended to be long-lasting, versatile, affordable, and widely accessible. Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the "LBD".

The little black dress is considered essential to a complete wardrobe. Many fashion observers state that every woman should own a simple, elegant black dress that can be dressed up or down depending on the occasion. For example, the LBD can be worn with a jacket and pumps for daytime business wear. It can also be worn with ornate jewelry and accessories for evening wear or a formal event such as a wedding or ball.

History
Black has always been a color rich in symbolism. In the early 16th century, black represented wealth among Spanish aristocrats and Dutch merchants as it was incredibly expensive to produce the black color from "imported oak apples." In the early 18th century, black represented romance and artistry. As Ann Demeulemeester said of it, "Black is poetic. How do you imagine a poet? In a bright yellow jacket? Probably not." In the early 19th century, black was adopted by the Romantics such as Byron, Shelley, and Keats, due to its melancholic aura. As the Victorian era began, black transitioned from a color of art to one of grief and mourning – widows were expected to wear black for at least a year – and also for service livery, as the uniform for maids.

In 1926 Coco Chanel published a picture of a short, simple black dress in American Vogue. It was calf-length, straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines. Vogue called it "Chanel's Ford". Like the Model T, the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes. Vogue also said that the LBD would become "a sort of uniform for all women of taste". This, as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black from mourning, and reinvent it as the uniform of the high-class, wealthy, and chic. As Coco herself proclaimed, "I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around."

The little black dress continued to be popular through the Great Depression, predominantly through its economy and elegance, albeit with the line lengthened somewhat. Hollywood's influence on fashion helped the little black dress's popularity, but for more practical reasons: as Technicolor films became more common, filmmakers relied on little black dresses because other colors looked distorted on screen and botched the coloring process. During World War II, the style continued in part due to widespread rationing of textiles, and in part as a common uniform (accessorized for businesswear) for civilian women entering the workforce. The rise of Dior's "New Look" in the post-war era and the sexual conservatism of the 1950s returned the little black dress to its roots as a uniform and a symbol of the dangerous woman. Hollywood femmes fatales and fallen women characters were portrayed often in black halter-style dresses in contrast to the more conservative dresses of housewives or more wholesome Hollywood stars. Synthetic fibres made popular in the 1940s and 1950s broadened the availability and affordability of many designs.

The generation gap of the 1960s created a dichotomy in the design of the little black dress. The younger "mod" generation preferred, in general, a miniskirt on their versions of the dress and designers catering to the youth culture continued to push the envelope - shortening the skirt even more, creating cutouts or slits in the skirt or bodice of the dress, using sheer fabrics such as netting or tulle. Many women aspired to simple black sheath dresses similar to the black Givenchy dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the acclaimed film Breakfast at Tiffany's.

The popularity of casual fabrics, especially knits, for dress and business wear during the 1980s brought the little black dress back into vogue. Coupled with the fitness craze, the new designs incorporated details already popular at the time such as broad shoulders or peplums: later in the decade and into the 1990s, simpler designs in a variety of lengths and fullness were popular. The grunge culture of the 1990s saw the combination of the little black dress with both sandals and combat boots, though the dress itself remained simple in cut and fabric.

The new glamour of the late 1990s led to new variations of the dress but, like the 1950s and the 1970s, colour re-emerged as a factor in fashion and formalwear and repeatedly shows an aversion to black. The resurgence of body conscious clothing, muted colour schemes, and the reemergence of predominant black, along with the retrospective trends of the 1980s in the late 2000s paved way to the return of interest to the dress.

Famous examples

The black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), designed by Hubert de Givenchy, epitomized the standard for wearing little black dresses accessorized with pearls (together called "basic black"), as was frequently seen throughout the early 1960s. The dress set a record in 2006 when it was auctioned for £410,000, six times its original estimate.

Betty Boop, a cartoon character based in part on the 1920s it girl Helen Kane, was drawn wearing a little black dress in her early films, though with Technicolor later, Betty's dress became red.

Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, was known to own several little black dresses and said much in praise of the garments. One quote of the Duchess: "When a little black dress is right, there is nothing else to wear in its place."

Édith Piaf, the French folk icon, performed in a black sheath dress throughout her career: for this habit she was nicknamed "little black sparrow". It was thought that the dress helped audiences focus more on Piaf's singing and less on her appearance.

Diana, Princess of Wales wore a black Christina Stambolian dress to the Serpentine Gallery's summer party hosted by Vanity Fair in June 1994, the night her husband Charles, Prince of Wales admitted to having an adulterous affair with Camilla Parker Bowles. Diana's dress has been likened to a "little black dress".

Maria Sharapova wore a "little black dress" during her night matches at the 2006 US Open which she helped design with Nike and featured a round crystal-studded collar after being inspired by Hepburn, and went on to win the tournament. Upon her return to the sport in 2017, eleven years after winning the tournament, she again wore a "little black dress" collaborating with Nike and Swarovski for her night matches at the 2017 US Open to celebrate her return at the championships. The look was intended to be reminiscent of her 2006 dress.

In an incident at London's Covent Garden theatre in 2004, a director fired the then-obese soprano Deborah Voigt from an opera because she could not fit into a "little black cocktail dress", replacing her with the slimmer Anne Schwanewilms.

title: Little black dress