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Sublimation (phase transition)

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state. The verb form of sublimation is sublime, or less preferably, sublimate. Sublimate also refers to the product obtained by sublimation. The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see below) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of dry ice at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid iodine with heating.

The reverse process of sublimation is deposition (also called desublimation), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.

All solids sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates that are hardly detectable. At normal pressures, most chemical compounds and elements possess three different states at different temperatures. In these cases, the transition from the solid to the gas state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the partial pressure of the substance, not the total (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its vapour pressure is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimes at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C).

For some substances, such as carbon and arsenic, sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than evaporation from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their triple point in its phase diagram (which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid) is very high.

Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the attractive forces of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, sublimation is an endothermic change. The enthalpy of sublimation (also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization.

Confusions
While the definition of sublimation is simple, there is often confusion as to what counts as a sublimation.

False correspondence with vaporization
Vaporization (from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called evaporation, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called boiling. However there is no such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is always called sublimation in both corresponding cases.

Potential distinction
For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a phase diagram, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called gradual sublimation; and the substance sublimes gradually, regardless of rate. The sublimation that occurs at the solid-gas boundary (critical sublimation point) (corresponding to boiling in vaporization) may be called rapid sublimation, and the substance sublimes rapidly. The words "gradual" and "rapid" have acquired special meanings in this context and no longer describe the rate of sublimation.

Misuse for chemical reaction
The term sublimation refers specifically to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing paraffin wax, to carbon dioxide and water vapor is not sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen.

Historical definition
Sublimation is historically used as a generic term to describe a two-step phase transition ― a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation in a more precise definition) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (deposition). (See below)

Carbon dioxide
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at atmospheric pressure), whereas its melting into liquid CO2 can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.1 atm, −56.6 °C).

Water
Snow and ice sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0 °C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of 612 Pa, at a low rate. In freeze-drying, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a snowfield during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of glacier ice, also called ablation in glaciology.

Naphthalene
Naphthalene, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as mothballs, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at standard temperature and pressure, at a high rate, with the critical sublimation point at around 80°C or 176°F. At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1mmHg at 53°C, to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals.

Iodine

Iodine gradually sublimes and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at standard atmospheric temperature. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In forensic science, iodine vapor can reveal latent fingerprints on paper.

Other substances
Arsenic can sublime readily at high temperatures.

Cadmium and zinc sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable materials for use in vacuum.

Purification by sublimation

Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum. Under this reduced pressure, the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (cold finger), leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface. For even higher purification efficiencies, a temperature gradient is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is heated gradually in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube, the operator can control the zones of re-condensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate cold trap), moderately volatile compounds re-condensing along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end. Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for use in the organic electronics industry, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.

Historical usage
In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. Sublimation was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a retort or alembic), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It was mentioned by alchemical authors such as Basil Valentine and George Ripley, and in the Rosarium philosophorum, as a process necessary for the completion of the magnum opus. Here, the word sublimation was used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his Le char triomphal de l'antimoine (Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, published 1646) made a comparison to spagyrics in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer. Ripley used language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit. He writes:

And Sublimations we make for three causes, The first cause is to make the body spiritual. The second is that the spirit may be corporeal, And become fixed with it and consubstantial. The third cause is that from its filthy original. It may be cleansed, and its saltiness sulphurious May be diminished in it, which is infectious.

Sublimation predictions
The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the vibrations, rotations and translation then need to be applied. From the equipartition theorem gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT. This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the entropy term if rigid bodies are assumed. $$ \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}} = -U_{\text{lattice energy}} - 2RT$$

Dye-sublimation printing
Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The process uses the science of sublimation, in which heat and pressure are applied to a solid, turning it into a gas through an endothermic reaction without passing through the liquid phase.

In sublimation printing, unique sublimation dyes are transferred to sheets of “transfer” paper via liquid gel ink through a piezoelectric print head. The ink is deposited on these high-release inkjet papers, which are used for the next step of the sublimation printing process. After the digital design is printed onto sublimation transfer sheets, it is placed on a heat press along with the substrate to be sublimated.

In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press process that is a combination of time, temperature and pressure. The heat press applies this special combination, which can change depending on the substrate, to “transfer” the sublimation dyes at the molecular level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees Fahrenheit. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit is normally recommended for optimal color.

The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sublimation (phase transition)


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Jeffrey Skilling

Jeffrey Keith Skilling (born November 25, 1953) is an American businessman who in 2006 was convicted of federal felony charges relating the Enron scandal. Skilling, who was CEO of Enron during the company's collapse, was eventually sentenced to 24 years in prison, of which he served 12 after multiple appeals.

Skilling was indicted on 35 counts of crimes related to the Enron scandal. In 2006 he was found guilty of conspiracy, insider trading, making false statements, and securities fraud. He was sentenced to 24 years in prison and fined $45 million.

The US Supreme Court heard arguments in the appeal of the case in 2010, vacated part of Skilling's conviction, and transferred the case back to the lower court for resentencing.

In 2011, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the verdict would have been the same despite the legal issues being discussed, and Skilling's conviction was confirmed; however, the court ruled Skilling should be resentenced. Skilling appealed this new decision to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was denied.

In 2013, following a further appeal, and earlier accusations that prosecutors had concealed evidence from Skilling's lawyers prior to his trial, the United States Department of Justice reached a deal with Skilling, which resulted in ten years being cut from his sentence, reducing it to 14 years. He was moved to a halfway house in 2018 and released from custody in 2019, after serving 12 years.

Early life
Jeffrey Keith Skilling was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 25, 1953, the second of four children of Betty (née Clarke) and Thomas Ethelbert Skilling, Jr. His father was a sales manager for an Illinois valve company. His older brother, Tom Skilling, later became chief meteorologist at WGN-TV in Chicago. Skilling grew up between New Jersey and Aurora, Illinois. When he was 16 years old, he worked at WLXT-TV (channel 60), a UHF television station in Aurora. He graduated from West Aurora High School and received a full scholarship to Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where he was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

Skilling initially studied engineering before changing to business. After graduating in 1975, he went to work as a corporate planner for First City Bancorporation of Houston, Texas. He quit by 1977 to attend Harvard Business School. According to Skilling, during his admissions interview for Harvard Business School, he was asked if he was smart, to which he replied, "I'm fucking smart." This apparently so impressed the interviewer that it secured his place at the school. He earned his MBA from Harvard Business School in 1979, graduating in the top 5% of his class as a Baker Scholar.

After graduation, Skilling became a consultant at McKinsey & Company in the energy and chemical consulting practices. He eventually became one of the youngest partners in the history of McKinsey.

Enron
As a consultant for McKinsey, Skilling worked with Enron during 1987, helping the company create a forward market in natural gas. Skilling impressed Kenneth Lay in his capacity as a consultant, and was hired by Lay during 1990 as chairman and chief executive officer of Enron Finance Corp. In 1991, he became the chairman of Enron Gas Services Co., which was a result of the merger of Enron Gas Marketing and Enron Finance Corp. Skilling was named CEO and managing director of Enron Capital and Trade Resources, which was the subsidiary responsible for energy trading and marketing. He was promoted to president and chief operating officer of Enron during 1997, second only to Lay, while remaining the manager of Enron Capital and Trade Resources.

During Skilling's management, Enron adopted "mark-to-market" accounting, in which anticipated future profits from any deal were accounted for by estimating their present value rather than historical cost. Skilling began advocating a novel idea: by promoting the company's aggressive investment strategy, the company didn't really need any "assets". This plan helped make Enron the largest wholesaler of gas and electricity, with $27 billion traded in a quarter. On February 12, 2001, Skilling was named CEO of Enron, replacing Lay. He was slated to succeed Lay as chairman as well in early 2002, but abruptly resigned six months later on 14 August 2001.

Skilling joked about the California energy crisis at one meeting of Enron employees by asking, "What is the difference between California and the Titanic? At least when the Titanic went down, the lights were on". Skilling later attributed the remark to frayed relations between Enron and California. His employees, meanwhile, plotted to keep the price of energy high in California.

On March 28, 2001, PBS's Frontline interviewed Skilling, where he claimed for Enron "We are the good guys. We are on the side of angels".

On April 17, 2001, Skilling made what became an infamous comment during a conference call with financial analysts. In response to fund manager Richard Grubman saying "You know, you are the only financial institution that can't produce a balance sheet or cash flow statement with their earnings", Skilling replied: "Thank you very much, we appreciate that... asshole."

Skilling unexpectedly resigned on August 14 of that year, citing personal reasons, and he soon sold large amounts of his shares in the corporation. Then-chairman Kenneth Lay, who previously served as CEO for 15 years, returned as CEO until the company filed for bankruptcy protection during December 2001. When brought in front of congressional committees, Skilling stated that he had "no knowledge" of the complicated scandal that would eventually result in Enron's bankruptcy.

Legal proceedings
Skilling was indicted on 35 counts of fraud, insider trading, and other crimes related to the Enron scandal. He surrendered to the Federal Bureau of Investigation on February 19, 2004, and pleaded not guilty to all charges. The indictments emphasized his probable knowledge of, and likely direct involvement with, the fraudulent transactions within Enron. About a month after quitting Enron, Skilling sold almost US$60 million of his stake in the company (in blocks of 10,000 to 500,000 shares), resulting in the prosecutors' allegation that he sold those shares with inside information of Enron's impending bankruptcy. Skilling's main attorney was Daniel Petrocelli, the 52-year-old civil litigator who represented Ron Goldman's father in his successful civil suit against O. J. Simpson for negligent death. Skilling spent $40 million in preparation for the trial, of which at least $23 million went to his defense lawyers' retainer. Skilling's younger brother Mark is an attorney and assisted his legal team during the criminal trial.

In April 2004, Skilling got into a scuffle with patrons of a cigar bar in New York City after a night of drinking. He was not arrested, but he and his wife, Rebecca, who was hurt during the scuffle, were transported to a hospital where a blood test showed Skilling had a blood-alcohol level of 190 milligrams per deciliter (0.19% BAC), as indicated in the government's motion to modify conditions of Skilling's pretrial release order. Prosecutors moved against Skilling, asking a judge to increase his $5 million bond to $7 million, restrict his travel to Texas and impose a curfew. They argued that Skilling violated his bond's terms by drinking excessively and failing to report his contact with police to federal pretrial services authorities.

The trial began on January 30, 2006, in Houston, despite repeated protests from defense attorneys calling for a change in venue on the grounds that "it was impossible to get a fair trial in Houston". Enron's bankruptcy, the largest in U.S. history when it was filed during December 2001, cost 20,000 employees their jobs. In addition, many of them lost their life savings. Investors also lost billions. Skilling and many of the company's executives had sold huge portions of their own Enron stock before the bankruptcy filing, making a substantial profit. On May 25, 2006, the jury returned with the following findings regarding Skilling:

 * guilty on one count of conspiracy
 * guilty on one count of insider trading
 * guilty on five counts of making false statements to auditors
 * guilty on twelve counts of securities fraud
 * not guilty on nine counts of insider trading

In a front-page interview with The Wall Street Journal on June 17, 2006, Skilling claimed that he had been melancholic after the Enron bankruptcy and that he had considered suicide, but that his indictment actually ended his depression. He also claimed that the worst witness against him was himself, and that he would be able to survive a long prison term as long as he is given "something to do, something to accomplish" while in prison.

On October 23, 2006, Skilling was sentenced to 24 years and four months in prison, and was fined US$45000000 2006. All of his convictions save one were ultimately upheld on appeal, as was his sentence. Skilling's request to remain free during appeal was denied by Judge Patrick Higginbotham of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals on December 12, 2006. In ordering Skilling's immediate imprisonment, the judge wrote, "Skilling raises no substantial question that is likely to result in the reversal of his convictions on all of the charged counts," although the order also noted "serious frailties" were possible in some (but not all) of the convictions.

Skilling began his sentence on December 13, 2006, and was housed at the Montgomery Federal Prison Camp, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama until 2018. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, he was scheduled for release on February 21, 2019, but on August 30, 2018 Skilling was released from prison and sent to a halfway house in Texas to serve out his prison sentence.

The Securities and Exchange Commission had sued Skilling for his misdeeds in February 2004, around the time that the criminal case was brought. The SEC case was stayed, however, pending resolution of the criminal case. On December 8, 2015, federal judge Melinda Harmon granted summary judgment to the SEC and permanently barred Skilling from serving as an officer or director of a public company.

Skilling was released from federal custody on February 21, 2019.

2008 events
Prior to the trial, attorneys for Skilling requested that the notes taken from FBI agents during interviews with Andrew Fastow be given to the defense. A number of inconsistencies in the notes were discovered soon after.

On April 3, 2008, Skilling's defense attorney, Daniel Petrocelli, argued with government prosecutors that Skilling's trial and the conviction itself was based on honest services fraud, which he said did not apply to Skilling. This argument was based on the idea that, even though Skilling committed illegal financial maneuvers, he did so in order to save the company and did not profit from it. This was cited as a possible basis for overturning some or all of his convictions; however, the chances of this were considered to be very narrow.

Experts believed Skilling's best chance was in citing a parallel appeals court decision that had dismissed guilty verdicts on three Merrill Lynch bankers accused of helping Enron to inflate profits.

On October 30, 2008, Skilling was moved to a low-security prison near Littleton, Colorado, as his original prison, FCI Waseca, was being converted to an all-female facility.

Philosophy
Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene was Skilling's favorite book and served as the foundation of his managerial philosophy. Skilling held, by his own interpretation, a Darwinian view of what makes the world work. He believed that money and fear were the only things that motivated people. Soon after being hired at Enron, he set up the Performance Review Committee (PRC), a twice-yearly process in which employees were publicly graded by management panels on a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being lowest. Ratings were ostensibly based on job performance and feedback from colleagues and supervisors, but in reality, the highest grades were typically assigned to people bringing in money to the company, and people with internal connections. Employees' bonuses often rested significantly on their ranking, and those with the lowest ratings were supposed to be fired. The rankings were assigned on a curve at Skilling's direction, meaning that ten percent of people had to be graded five, regardless of absolute performance. They were given two weeks to try to find another job at Enron or be fired. The scheme came to be known as "rank and yank". Skilling described the PRC process as "the most important process we conduct as a company".

Dawkins has distanced himself from Enron and Skilling, saying that Skilling misunderstood his book. Dawkins has said that he has never advocated selfishness as a means of progression.

Supreme Court review
On October 13, 2009, the Supreme Court of the United States agreed to hear two questions presented by Skilling's appeal. The Court subsequently scheduled and heard argument March 1, 2010.

The first challenge by Skilling's defense was whether or not the federal "honest services fraud" statute (title 18 of the United States Code, section 1346) required the government to prove that Skilling's conduct was intended to achieve "private gain" (instead of being intended to advance his employer's interests); and, if not, if this statute is unconstitutionally vague. The Court heard two other cases about the same statute on December 8, several months before it heard Skilling's appeal: Black v. United States and Weyhrauch v. United States.

The second issue – "in-house judging" – was whether or not, when a presumption of jury prejudice arises because of the widespread, community effect of the defendant's alleged conduct, plus, widespread, inflammatory pretrial publicity, the government may rebut that presumption; and, if so, if the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that no juror was actually prejudiced.

In the arguments on March 1, the issue of jury selection received the most attention. Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor seemed especially bothered by the questioning of one potential juror who reported that she had lost from $50,000 to $60,000 in the Enron debacle. "How can we be satisfied that a fair and impartial jury was picked when the judge doesn't follow up when the juror said, 'I'm a victim of this crime, Sotomayor asked. The government maintained that the judge and the selection process were appropriate. Sri Srinivasan, a partner at O'Melveny & Myers, was Skilling's Washington defense attorney, and Justice Department lawyer Michael Dreeben argued for the government.

On June 24, 2010, in an opinion by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Supreme Court unanimously nullified Skilling's honest services fraud conviction, finding that "Skilling's misconduct entailed no bribe or kickback". The Court remanded the Skilling case back to the lower court for further proceedings to decide which charges must now be dismissed as the result of the invalidation of the honest services statute.

In April 2011, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that since the jury was presented with "overwhelming evidence" that Skilling conspired to commit conspiracy fraud, the verdict would have been the same even if the honest services theory had never been presented, and Skilling's conviction was confirmed. The case in the Fifth Circuit is United States of America v. Jeffrey K. Skilling, 06-20885. Skilling appealed this new decision to the Supreme Court, but was denied certiorari. In 2013, Skilling's lawyers and the Justice Department reached a deal that called for Skilling's sentence to be reduced to 14 years. The reduction was driven in part by a 2009 appeals court ruling that ordered a recalculation of Mr. Skilling’s sentence because of a mistake made by the judge in interpreting the federal sentencing guidelines. In exchange for his reduced sentence, Mr. Skilling gave up about $42 million, to be distributed to victims of Enron’s fraud. He also agreed not to pursue any further legal appeals, including a claim that would have accused the prosecution team of misconduct. Federal judge Simeon T. Lake III, who had presided over Skilling's 2006 trial, accepted the deal on June 21, 2013. Jeffrey Skilling was released from federal custody on February 21, 2019, after 12 years in federal prison.

Business ventures after Enron
In June 2020, Skilling was reported by Reuters to be fundraising for launch of an online oil and gas trading platform named Veld LLC. In August 2021, Veld LLC filed as a business in the State of Texas. According to the public records available through the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Rebecca Carter, Skilling's wife, is listed as manager of the company. On August 30, 2022 the company became listed as withdrawn.

Personal life
Skilling has a daughter and two sons from his first marriage to Susan Long, which ended in divorce in 1997. His youngest child, John Taylor "JT" Skilling, was found dead from a drug overdose at age 20 in his apartment in Santa Ana, California on February 3, 2011.

In March 2002, Skilling married Rebecca Carter, a former vice president for board communications and board secretary at Enron.

title: Jeffrey Skilling


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Talk:Douglas C-54 Skymaster

copyvio?
compare opening paragraphs with http://www.daveswarbirds.com/usplanes/aircraft/skymastr.htm GraemeLeggett 20:27, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

It certainly looks like it. I'm not sure that it makes sense to re-write it, since I didn't see a copyright notice on daveswarbirds, but it should at least be referenced/credited. Dabarkey 05:02, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What's to say daveswarbirds didn't copy WP? I doubt it, but it could go either way. --Colputt 17:03, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

DC-4 / C-54; &c
First, I see no reason whatever to have one article on the DC-4, and another on the C-54. It seems far-fetched to make a sharp distinction between the two, being the same aircraft. I advocate their union. Secondly: I am too dumb to understand, let alone to carry out, the instructions for entering comments to the List of Accidents and Incidents involving the DC-4 (in the list, the two designations are, commendably, allowed each other’s company). Therefore I take the liberty to enter the following comment on this Talk Page: I miss the dramatic and unusual case of TF-RVC, a C-54 that crashed 14 September 1950 on Vatnajökull glacier in Iceland carrying freight from Luxembourg heading for (but not on course to) Reykjavík. The accident, a “CFIT” one, had a happy end, although the stewardess suffered back pain ever since and the captain had permanent face scars. The entire crew’s survival could be thanked a “Gibson Girl” 500 kHz hand-cranked Notsender. This particular accident might even deserve an article on its own. --Togifex (talk) 22:04, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The earliest C-54s were DC-4s ordered by airlines, taken over by the Army Air Force before delivery, and given the designation C-54-DO & C-54-DO. Before the war the AAF had also ordered 9 C54-DCs (basically just a DC-4) & 62 C-54A-DCs which had a strengthened floor, cargo doors and a loading hoist. After VJ-Day, orders for 235 C-54G-20-DOs were cancelled and the components under construction were finished as DC-4-1009s. Just 61 DC-4s were ordered by airlines before the war (all taken over by the AAF). There were just 79 DC-4s built after the war. The total of DC-4s ordered was 140, the number delivered was 79. There were 1,236 C-54s delivered.

The airplane was designed as a DC-4 and ended production as a DC-4. Most were ordered and delivered as C-54s. Which page should survive a merger?

After the war large numbers of C-54s were converted to passenger airliners. These were considered C-54s if they were converted by organizations than Douglas. Those converted by douglas were considered DC-4s. The airlines called them all DC-4s.

Capital Airlines operated 29 airplanes which appeared on it's schedules as DC-4s. Some actually were.

Example of post war use of DC-4 & C-54 by Capital Airlines.

N30063 C-54B     10447/DC178 616             05/50    05/56 C/L ATLANTA N53022 DC-4-1009 42982/30    617             05/50    02/56 C/L DETROIT N53487 R5D-1     10306/DC37  618             04/48    11/60 ex PCA; C/L CANTON N56006 C-54A     10279/DC10  610             04/48      /55 ex PCA; A/F MILWAUKEE; C/L BALTIMORE N79072 C-54B     18359/DO133 619;311           /48    05/55 C/L CHICAGO; A/F NEW YORK N86554 C-54      3051/DO3    411             04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L WASHINGTON N86555 C-54      3062/DO6    412B            04/48    07/60 ex PCA  C/L CAVALIER N86556 C-54      3115/DO5                      /        /   ??

N86557 C-54      3119/DO9    413             04/48      /55 ex PCA  C/L HARRISBURG N88745 C-54      3052/DO4    414             04/48    07/61 ex PCA  C/L CHARLESTON N88746 C-54      3063/DO9    415             04/48    07/61 ex PCA  C/L KNOXVILLE N88747 DC-4      3116/DO6    416             04/48      /55 ex PCA  C/L NEWARK; cvtd C-54 N88748 DC-4      3124/DO14   417             04/48    07/61 ex PCA  C/L AKRON; cvtd C-54

N88767 DC-4      3125/DO15   426             04/48    07/61 ex PCA  C/L PITTSBURGH; cvtd C-54 N88839 DC-4      3060/DO2    418B            04/48 04/18/57 ex PCA; C/L CLEVELAND; cvtd C-54; WO Pittsburgh,PA N88840 C-54      3061/DO5    419             04/48      /   ex PCA; C/L MILWAUKEE

N88841 DC-4      3111/DO1    420B            04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L BUFFALO; cvtd C-54

N88843 DC-4      3113/DO3    422             04/48      /   ex PCA; C/L NORFOLK; cvtd C-54 N88844 C-54      3118/DO8                    09/49    12/49 LF NE

N88851 DC-4      3121/DO11   423             04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L DETROIT; cvtd C-54 N88852 C-54      3123/DO13                   04/48      /49 ex PCA N88863 DC-4      3120/DO10   424B            04/48      /59 ex PCA; C/L ROCHESTER; cvtd C-54  (ATLANTA) N88864 DC-4      3122/DO12   425B            04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L BIRMINGHAM; cvtd C-54 N91047                /      312 N91067 DC-4      10295/DC26  611             04/48    05/55 ex PCA; C/L TWIN CITIES; cvtd R5D-1 N91069 DC-4      10363/DC94  612             04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L YOUNGSTOWN; cvtd R5D-1 N91070 DC-4      7447/DO55   613             04/48    07/61 ex PCA; C/L CHATTANOOGA; cvtd R5D-1 N95409 C-54A     10413/DC144 614             04/48      /55 ex PCA; C/L NEW ORLEANS N95410 C-54A     10387/DC118 615             04/48      /55 ex PCA; C/L MOBILE

For the source for the DC-4/C-54 information is Pearcy, Arthur, Douglas Propliners DC-1 - DC-7, Airlife Publishing Ltd., Shrewsbury, England, 1995, ISBN 1 85310261 X. The source for the capital Airline fleet list is at http://www.aeromoe.com/fleets/airlines.html

Mark Lincoln (talk) 19:59, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Douglas C-54 Skymaster


text:
USS Edsall (DE-129)

USS Edsall (DE-129) was the lead ship of her class of destroyer escort in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy ship named in honor of Seaman Norman Edsall (1873–1899).

Edsall was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 2 July 1942; launched 1 November 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Bessie Edsall Bracey, sister of Seaman Edsall; and commissioned 10 April 1943.

History
Edsall was a schoolship at Norfolk, 20 June to 6 August 1943, for pre-commissioning crews of escort vessels, then served at Miami with the Submarine Chaser Training Center. In March 1944, she joined a tanker convoy at Galveston, Texas, assigned to Escort Division 59, whose flagship she became 24 March. Edsall continued escort duty from the Gulf of Mexico to New York City and Norfolk, and with one convoy to NS Argentia, Newfoundland. In May, she sailed to Bermuda for antisubmarine warfare tests using a captured Italian submarine.

Between 1 July 1944 and 3 June 1945, she ranged Atlantic sealanes guarding seven convoys carrying the very lifeblood to the Mediterranean and Britain. While escorting the sixth convoy en route to New York from Liverpool on 10 April 1945, Edsall along with other escorts were quick to come to the assistance of two tankers in the convoy who had collided. Edsall searched for survivors and helped extinguish fires which broke out.

Edsall sailed for the Pacific on 24 June 1945, but World War II ended while she was training at Pearl Harbor, and she returned East. She was placed out of commission in reserve at Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 11 June 1946.

Edsall was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1968, and sold for scrap in July 1969.

title: USS Edsall (DE-129)


text:
User talk:Flyinglcg

Hi I like here! share my knowledge with anyone in the world

title: User talk:Flyinglcg


text:
Talk:Eternal Champion

I asked a Moorcock collaborator Walter Simonson to find out if John Daker was a thin anagram for John Drake. Michael Moorcock answered no. Nor did he ghost any Danger Man books as I had thought. - Sparky

Is the hole Eternal Champion Framework considered as high or low Fantasy? 80.245.147.81 14:11, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Incarnations
Is Gaynor the Damned really an incarnation of the Eternal Champion?He appears as a villain in the Swords Trilogy.And where is Roland called an Eternal Champion?Oh,and who are these guys:Conrad Arflane ,Rackhir the Red Archer,Sojan the Swordsman,Oswald Bastable?Dimts 15:36, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Konrad Arflane was the EC in The Ice Schooner, a novel that is included in Sailing to Utopia (vol. 8 in the U.S. omnibus edition of the Eternal Champion series), Rackhir is a companion of Elric and also appears as the protaganist of "To Rescue Tanelorn" (and he is listed in one [or more] of the lists at various points of the series when the EC is recalling previous incarnations), Sojan featured in a number of short stories and is listed in Phoenix in Obsidian when Erekosë is dreaming of previous incarnations, and Oswald Bastable is the EC of the A Nomad of the Time Streams trilogy. 76.199.144.35 (talk) 22:53, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Re:Gaynor, yes. He admits to it one one occasion (do not have books to hand, have just moved house) and his is one of the faces other Champions have seen when they see their avatars throughout the multiverse.  He was simply a Champion who elected to serve Chaos, and never turned away from it.  Which may have meant that, just as Companions can evolve into Champions, a Champion can devolve into a mere Player on the cosmic gameboard. -- Simon Cursitor

 * A List of the Incarnations of the Eternal Champion can be found at 80.193.82.162 12:58, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Further re Gaynor: Having found my books, the incident occurs when Gaynor is acting as agent for Xiombarg Queen of Swords: to dispel him, Corum must remove his mirriored helm. In doing so, he sees most or all of Gaynor's prior existences (when killed, Gaynor's curse is to be transmigrated to another plane, to continue serving Chaos), including his own face.  This would mean that Gaynor is the Champion, but is one who has been cursed never to serve other than Chaos (and therefore never to know the peace which the Cosmic Balance can offer) -- Simon Cursitor (talk) 12:59, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Not totally up to speed with Moorcock's mythology, but does that mean that the statement in the article that the Eternal Champion can't reject his destiny, which currently has a "citation needed" tag, is definitely wrong?

(BTW, I've assumed the recent addition of "Jeremy Clarkson" to the characters with Jerry Cornelius type names isn't a weird coincidence in a Moorcock book I've not read, but vandalism, and removed it. If I'm wrong, put it back) Daibhid C (talk) 14:38, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I notice that the Doctor from tv show "Doctor Who" is listed as an incarnation - is there a quote for this? Wind Walker (talk) 21:38, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

As of this date, much of the above no longer matches the article as currently edited. See, however, at : "we also don't appear to have any references for:

"Vaughn Marquis

"Sam Bennetts

"Robert Elliott Jones

"Paul de phalandra

"Daniel Patrick Lanman" (that last was what sent me hunting) and Moorcock's own statement

"If they're unfamiliar to me, they generally have their origins in game scenarios!" GeorgeTSLC (talk) 01:22, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

J & C Characters
I recall (when I was reading a lot of Moorcock way back when), having the suspicion that all the "JC" in all those "JC"-named characters was a play on "Jesus Christ" (with the possible blasphemous inference that Christ himself was an incarnation of the champion), and had some kind of a link to the story in "Behold the Man". At present that is nothing more than my suspicion and would be original research to include, but I wonder if anyone else might recall Moorcock admitting to such a thing.Ekwos (talk) 00:18, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Is Finn the Human a reincarnation of the Eternal Champion????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.50.132.76 (talk) 18:24, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion: Development?
Is there any information about the development of this concept by Moorcock? It's presented here a fully formed concept, as if it was something he thought out before he first put pen to paper (or fingers to keys, as the case may be), but I suspect it was more of a wouldn't-it-be-cool afterthought as he worked on the various books. Either way, it's gotta be something he's been asked about, so there's presumably some information out there about it. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 21:17, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Uncited Incarnations
There are quite a few mentioned Incarnations which don't have cited stories or novels. Some of them seem to be from fan wikis. Others seem to just be random names added by trolls. If those of you know Moorcock's work better than I do could add something about which stories those alleged incarnations are from, that would be very helpful. Michael Kinyon (talk) 03:01, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eternal Champion


text:
Lost Dogs (album)

Lost Dogs is a two-disc compilation album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam, released on November 11, 2003 through Epic Records. The album has been certified gold by the RIAA in the United States.

Overview
Lost Dogs is a double-disc collection of B-sides and other released and unreleased rarities. Lost Dogs sold 89,500 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 chart. Lost Dogs has been certified gold by the RIAA.

A number of songs included on Lost Dogs differ from the originally released versions, including "Alone", "U", "Wash" and "Dirty Frank". The album includes the hidden track "4/20/02" at the end of disc two, a tribute to Alice in Chains frontman Layne Staley. It was written by vocalist Eddie Vedder during the recording sessions for Riot Act on the day that he heard the news of Staley's death. The song features only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in a ukulele-inspired tuning. According to Vedder, the reason why it was not included on Riot Act was that the band already had too many songs. According to guitarist Mike McCready, the reason the song was only featured as a hidden track on Lost Dogs is because Vedder "wouldn't want it to be exploitative".

"Angel" (from the 1993 fan club Christmas single) was supposed to appear on disc two, but was deleted before release. There is still mention of it on the "lost dogs" flyers on the back cover. Besides "Angel", some notable omissions from the album include various songs only available on other fan club Christmas singles by the band, "I Got Id" and "Long Road" from the Merkin Ball EP, and "Leatherman" from the "Given to Fly" single.

The song "Bee Girl" is a tribute to Heather DeLoach, who appeared in a bee costume in the music video for "No Rain" by Blind Melon.

Reception
Lost Dogs was generally well-received by music critics upon its initial release. AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars. He said, "This is further proof that Pearl Jam consciously turned away from the big, anthemic sound and spirit that won them a mass audience with Ten—they still had the songs and sound, they just chose to bury it. Lost Dogs crackles with that passion and it has another advantage: unlike most of Pearl Jam's albums, it's a fun, compulsive listen. More than any other album in its catalog, Lost Dogs captures what Pearl Jam stood for and what it felt like at their peak."

Rolling Stone staff writer David Fricke gave the album three out of five stars, saying that "for an album of odds 'n' sods, Lost Dogs sure sounds a lot like a pack of hits." In a review for Spin, music critic Will Hermes compared it to other compilations by claiming that "Unlike most collections of its kind, Dogs seems motivated more by good sense than greed; even the song about saving the whales is kinda kicky."

Disc one

 * 1) "All Night" (Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Jack Irons, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder) – 3:22
 * 2) *Previously unreleased. No Code outtake.
 * 3) "Sad" (Vedder) – 3:39
 * 4) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake. Originally titled "Letter to the Dead".
 * 5) "Down" (Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 3:15
 * 6) *Originally from the "I Am Mine" single.
 * 7) "Hitchhiker" (Vedder) – 3:17
 * 8) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake.
 * 9) "Don't Gimme No Lip" (Gossard) – 2:35
 * 10) *Previously unreleased. No Code outtake.
 * 11) "Alone" (Dave Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 3:11
 * 12) *Originally from the "Go" single. This version has new vocals and slightly different lyrics and is shorter than the B-side version. The music from this version is from the Ten sessions. Drummer Dave Abbruzzese gets writing credit for this because it wasn't published until 1993 (when all members were getting equal credit), even though it was written a year before he joined the band.
 * 13) "In the Moonlight" (Matt Cameron) – 3:07
 * 14) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake.
 * 15) "Education" (Vedder) – 2:46
 * 16) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake.
 * 17) "Black, Red, Yellow" (Vedder) – 3:26
 * 18) *Originally from the "Hail, Hail" single. This version is longer than the B-side version.
 * 19) "U" (Vedder) – 2:53
 * 20) *Originally from the "Wishlist" single. A reworking of the 1997 B-side version.
 * 21) "Leaving Here" (Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, Edward Holland Jr.) – 2:51
 * 22) *Originally from the Home Alive: The Art of Self Defense compilation.
 * 23) "Gremmie Out of Control" (Jimmy Haskell) – 2:25
 * 24) *Originally from the Music for Our Mother Ocean Vol. 1 compilation.
 * 25) "Whale Song" (Irons) – 3:35
 * 26) *Originally from the Music for Our Mother Ocean Vol. 3 compilation.
 * 27) "Undone" (Vedder) – 3:10
 * 28) *Originally from the "I Am Mine" single.
 * 29) "Hold On" (Gossard, Vedder) – 4:22
 * 30) *Previously unreleased. Ten outtake. The booklet incorrectly lists this as a Vs. outtake.
 * 31) "Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) – 5:00
 * 32) *Originally from the "Jeremy" single. The song became a radio hit in 1994. The last note cuts off on this version.

Disc two

 * 1) "Fatal" (Gossard) – 3:39
 * 2) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake.
 * 3) "Other Side" (Ament) – 4:04
 * 4) *Originally from the "Save You" single.
 * 5) "Hard to Imagine" (Gossard, Vedder) – 4:35
 * 6) *Originally from the Chicago Cab soundtrack. This version has a different vocal recording and mix than the soundtrack version, featuring alternate lyrics. The booklet lists this as a Vs. outtake, although it had been reported to be from the Vitalogy sessions.
 * 7) "Footsteps" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:54
 * 8) *Originally from the "Jeremy" single. Recorded live during Pearl Jam's appearance on Rockline on May 11, 1992. The harmonica was not present on the B-side version. The song's music, with different lyrics, also appeared on Temple of the Dog's self-titled LP under the name "Times of Trouble".
 * 9) "Wash" (Ament, Gossard, Dave Krusen, McCready, Vedder) – 3:48
 * 10) *Originally from the "Alive" single. It also appeared as an extra track on European releases of Ten. This version is a different one than the B-side version.
 * 11) "Dead Man" (Vedder) – 4:16
 * 12) *Originally from the "Off He Goes" single. Originally intended for the Dead Man Walking soundtrack, but passed over in favor of Bruce Springsteen's "Dead Man Walkin'".
 * 13) "Strangest Tribe" (Gossard) – 3:49
 * 14) *Originally from the 1999 fan club Christmas single.
 * 15) "Drifting" (Vedder) – 2:53
 * 16) *Originally from the 1999 fan club Christmas single. This version has a different vocal recording than the fan club Christmas single version, sung an octave higher.
 * 17) "Let Me Sleep" (McCready, Vedder) – 2:59
 * 18) *Originally from the 1991 fan club Christmas single.
 * 19) "Last Kiss" (Wayne Cochran) – 3:17
 * 20) *Originally from the 1998 fan club Christmas single. It was released to the public as a single in 1999. It reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Pearl Jam its biggest hit to date.
 * 21) "Sweet Lew" (Ament) – 2:11
 * 22) *Previously unreleased. Binaural outtake.
 * 23) "Dirty Frank" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 5:42
 * 24) *Originally from the "Even Flow" single. It also appeared as an extra track on European releases of Ten. This version is slightly longer than the B-side version and features quite a bit of the lyrics removed.
 * 25) "Brother" (Gossard) – 3:47
 * 26) *Previously unreleased. Ten outtake. All vocals were removed from the original outtake version, making this version of the song an instrumental. McCready recorded a new lead guitar part for this version. Another version of "Brother" with vocals appears on the 2009 Ten reissue and became a radio hit that same year.
 * 27) "Bee Girl" (Ament, Vedder) – 9:55
 * 28) *Previously unreleased. Recorded live during Pearl Jam's appearance on Rockline on October 18, 1993.
 * 29) *"Bee Girl" contains the hidden track "4/20/02" at 6:04, roughly four minutes and twenty seconds after "Bee Girl". "4/20/02", a Riot Act outtake, is a song honoring Layne Staley of Alice in Chains. 4/20/02 is the date Vedder heard of Staley's passing. Staley had died earlier on 4/05/02, but was not discovered until 4/19/02.

Pearl Jam

 * Eddie Vedder – guitar, vocals, harmonica, production, additional Polaroid photography
 * Jeff Ament – bass guitar, guitar, vocals, cover concept, cover/back photos
 * Stone Gossard – guitar, vocals, bass guitar, percussion, production
 * Mike McCready – guitar, piano
 * Dave Krusen – drums, slit drum
 * Dave Abbruzzese – drums
 * Jack Irons – drums, guitar, vocals, percussion
 * Matt Cameron – drums, percussion, guitar

Additional musicians and production

 * Matt Bayles – mixing, engineering
 * Tchad Blake – production, mixing, engineering, Wurlitzer
 * Ed Brooks – mixing, engineering
 * Nick DiDia – engineering
 * Brett Eliason – mixing, engineering
 * Mitchell Froom – keys
 * Adam Kasper – production, mixing, engineering
 * Brad Klausen – layout and design
 * Brendan O'Brien – production, mixing, guitar
 * Rick Parashar – production, mixing, engineering
 * Pearl Jam – production
 * Westwood One Broadcast – production

title: Lost Dogs (album)


text:
Talk:Lancaster, New York

Untitled
Oh, someone did not like that I added a few facts about the Town of Lancaster. Well, that's how it stays then. Tmesipt. 2.20.04. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.23.172.132 (talk • contribs) 03:13, 20 February 2004 (UTC)

Boy, what I reverted didn't look anything like what the Diff says got changed. I don't know what happened, but I apologize, and will put it back. RickK 03:37, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, I'll continue to add new facts as time permits then. Tmesipt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.23.172.132 (talk • contribs) 03:45, 20 February 2004 (UTC)

What's up with the randomness?
The part about the middle school completion in the geography section? In fact there is nothing else about the middle school in the whole artical. Not that it's bad it just needs to be better organized. I'm going to try and fix up this artical some. On that note does anyone know the 'oficial' name for St Mary's? --T-rex 04:34, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Where is this ranking that you are talking about???
Is this a national ranking? Or are you related to this man? I do not see how this is revelant.

Jim Perrello, One of the highest ranked football players for the Lancaster Redskins. (1978-1982) Born in Lancaster but now lives in New Jersey. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.160.9.226 (talk) 12:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC).

Website not official
I noticed that the website listed within the box is not an official website (but is a website to a development agency within the city). I will look for the correct website and adjust. Thanks, Medic48 (talk) 00:43, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Resolved. Added official address of http://www.erie.gov/lancaster/ Medic48 (talk) 00:48, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Withdrawn. Shuipzv3 (talk) 11:22, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

– Shouldn't the bracket be at the end of the name? The lead section of Article titles states: "...add distinguishing information, often in the form of a description in brackets after the name." Shuipzv3 (talk) 03:33, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Lancaster (town), New York → Lancaster, New York (town)
 * Lancaster (village), New York → Lancaster, New York (village)
 * Comment but it is after the name, the name being "Lancaster", and "New York" being disambiguatory information... 76.65.128.132 (talk) 04:47, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The disambiguation is actually "town" and "village", not "New York". If "New York" are the disambiguation, then it should be the one in the brackets, like this: Lancaster town (New York). Shuipzv3 (talk) 06:31, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:DISAMBIGUATION -- With place-names, if the disambiguating term is a higher-level administrative division, it is often separated using a comma instead of parentheses -- 76.65.128.132 (talk) 10:02, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Just saw on WP:USPLACE that the current form is the correct form. I'll withdraw the request, but it seems according to WP:RMCI that this discussion can only be closed after 7 days. Shuipzv3 (talk) 10:17, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Withdrawals can be closed, on common practice at WP:RM... by the nominator, especially if no "!votes" have been recorded, less so if no support has been garnered, and even less so if support has been garnered (seems to be some practice indicating that if withdrawn, and there is support, it can be renewed by someone else immediately as a new discussion) ; WP:BURO as well. It's up to you. If you think you should, just nowiki the move template and enclose this discussion in discussion-top discussion-bottom bracket. 76.65.128.132 (talk) 11:13, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

gipple cabin
there's video of the cabin on youtube, if anyone wants to create an external link to it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.188.192.8 (talk) 14:50, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lancaster, New York


text:
Talk:Motorola 68008

I reversed an edit I noticed by a non-logged in user in this article he deleted all the info. TheYapps 03:17, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I don't see a reason for the Hong Kong tag. Computer Guru (talk) 19:59, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

68008 faster than competing 8-bit microprocessors
"Because of its smaller data bus, it was only about half as fast as a 68000 of the same clock speed. However, it was still faster than competing 8-bit microprocessors, because the 68008's internal architecture was based around a 32-bit architecture."

It's a simple presumption that a 32-bit chip would be faster than an 8-bit chip. But that's not the experience of it. In particular, the Acorn team found this in the early 80's when looking for a successor to the 65C02. The 68008 takes 8 clocks (4 clocks per byte) to read a 16-bit instruction with no parameters. They found that their real software routines could be done faster on a 2 MHz 65C02 than on (and I'm shaky here!) an 8-odd MHz 68000. Add the fact that the 68000 interrupt response time can be very slow (current instruction must be completed first and DIVS takes 158 clocks) and you can see why they ended up developing the ARM :-)

Naturally the 68008 can deal with 16x the memory but a big percentage of applications didn't need more than 64 KB in 1982. So I think this should change to...

"Because of its smaller data bus, it was only about half as fast as a 68000 of the same clock speed. However, it still competed well with other 8-bit microprocessors and had the benefits of its 32-bit programming architecture." — Preceding unsigned comment added by TonyM101 (talk • contribs) 15:04, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

The argument seams reasonable. On the other hand one could argue that
 * e.g. clearing a call stack with ADDQ.L #6, SP is much faster than POP HL; POP HL; POP HL or 6 x INC SP. Just to name one of many cases where 68k has more efficient instructions than e.g. Z80
 * Naming DIVS: On 8-bit microprocessors we don't have multiplication and division, giving the 68008 an advantage
 * The 68008 has more and wider registers than Z80 and 6502. This could reduce memory access significantly

My conclusion is: Without benchmarks this question can not be answered. Maybe even with benchmarks it could not be answered, I don't know. So why not leave this question open? Klabauterfisch (talk) 08:38, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motorola 68008


text:
Release technique

In dance, release technique is any of various dance techniques that focus on breathing, muscle relaxation, anatomical considerations, and the use of gravity and momentum to facilitate efficient movement. It can be found in modern and postmodern dance, and has been influenced by the work of modern dance pioneers, therapeutic movement techniques such as Skinner Releasing Technique, Feldenkrais and Alexander Technique, and yoga and martial arts.

History
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries dancers began to question the rigidity and formality of classical ballet. Isadora Duncan in particular articulated the need for dance which she described as being connected to the earth, sensuality and the natural body. In pursuit of this goal, pioneers such as Margeret D'Oubler, Martha Graham, Rudolf von Laban and Doris Humphrey began to invent new dance techniques that involved radically different movement.

Elements of release technique began to emerge as these pioneers, and protégés such as Merce Cunningham, José Limón, Irmgard Bartenieff, Erick Hawkins and Anna Halprin, contributed further ideas and inventions. For example, D'Oubler envisioned dance based on scientific analysis of human anatomy and movement; Humphrey's technique focused on allowing gravity and momentum to affect the body; Hawkins advanced the idea that physiologically efficient movement is inherently beautiful. Some elements were the result of exploring other movement disciplines. For example, Hawkins invited proponents of Ideokinesis to teach his dance company, and others were influenced by F.M. Alexander's concepts.

The term "release technique" emerged in the 1970s, predominantly through the work of Mary Fulkerson and Joan Skinner. Modern dancer Joan Skinner synthesised her dance training with principles from the Alexander Technique creating a codified system called "Skinner Releasing Technique". Mary Fulkerson, whose dance technique, which she called Anatomical Release Technique was informed primarily by Mabel Elsworth Todd, Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen and Steve Paxton. Although the names of the two techniques are similar, they developed relatively independently from each other. Through Fulkerson's pedagogical work in Dartington College of Arts, SNDO and Arnhem she established release-based professional dance training in Europe; whereas Skinner's technique has been taken up in Universities in the UK, where Alexander Technique remains the most established Somatic discipline.

It is uncommon for teachers to teach either Anatomical Release Technique, or Skinner Releasing Technique in the form taught by these two women; the principles which led to the development of both techniques predate both Fulkerson and Skinner, and they permeate professional contemporary dance education in a more diffuse way. The nomenclature is their most easily traceable contribution.

Contemporary technique
Today elements of tai chi, yoga, and somatic practices such as the Feldenkrais method can be found in Release Technique. Elements of release technique can be found in contact improvisation. In dance, it is usually taught as an integrated part of contemporary dance classes and, less frequently, in classes that focus on release technique.

title: Release technique


text:
User:Kerry Thompson

Kerry Thompson is an IT Security Consultant based in Auckland, New Zealand. He often writes security-related papers and magazine articles and is actively involved in a handful of open-source projects such as SELinux, Logsurfer, and others.

His website is somewhere around Crypt.Gen.NZ

title: User:Kerry Thompson


text:
Wasawings

Oy Wasawings Ab was an airline based in Finland which was operational from 1981 to 1988.

History
The airline got its permission to fly in November 1981 from the Civil Aviation Administration of Finland. After that this permission was extended to also include taxi and charter flights by 1982 to 1983. In December 1983 Wasawings started regular light route traffic between Ilmajoki and Helsinki-Vantaa. It flew from Helsinki to Ylivieska in 1985. After that many complaints of the company operation were received from customers and staff. The company had a poor security culture and airline captains were forced to shift numbers in flight logs. The company's main owners were the chairman Veikko Tuutti and certain companies from Ostrobothnia. Also it had numerous small-part investors. Wasa Wings had 13,000 passengers in 1987 and 14,600 passengers in 1988.

Accidents and incidents

 * On August 31, 1986 its Cessna 404 Titan (OH-CIG) crashed into a power line which ran along the edge of the Ylivieska airport. The plane cut trees over 150 meters and then caught fire.
 * The company lost its flying licence when an Embraer 110 EMB-P1 Bandeirante (OH-EBA, built in 1979 and leased from Kar-Air) crashed near Ilmajoki on a flight from Helsinki.

Fleet
In addition to Embraer and Cessna 404, the company had two Beech 99 aircraft.

title: Wasawings