text:
Talk:Cork (city)

boluxed weather table
What happened to the temperature cells in the weather table?--Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 02:40, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Suggested name change
To Cork, County Cork.-- RM ( Be my friend ) 02:26, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Support:

 * Oppose:
 * Oppose. I cannot support the proposal. I'm also uncomfortable about starting this debate again. On the proposal itself: though not perfect, the current name is more accurate than "Cork, County Cork". (I say this because - strictly speaking - the city is actually administratively separate to the county. So, "Cork, County Cork" is problematic from that standpoint). On another debate: even though I agree that "Cork (city)" is not perfect, it was the compromise/CON label arrived at after considerable discussion - I'm not sure that another debate is going to come up with anything better. Guliolopez (talk) 12:32, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

I notice that the article itself says where the city is EXCEPT for the county. Would there be any problem with changing "It is located in the South-West Region and in the province of Munster" to "It is located in County Cork, in the South-West Region, and in the province of Munster"? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 14:16, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose It is not part of the county. The county has its own separate territory. Laurel Lodged (talk) 11:05, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment It's definitely part of County Cork, even if it's administered separately from the county council area. Gob Lofa (talk) 15:01, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
 * You're perhaps referring to the traditional county. If you'l read the respective articles, you'll discover that by law their territories were changed. Laurel Lodged (talk) 15:33, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I am, didn't think that needed clarification. Gob Lofa (talk) 03:19, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Support I would agree it should say "in County Cork" because it is, not merely in the south west region or in Munster. It is the capital of County Cork as it were so yes. It should say that.  🍺  Antiqueight  confer 12:59, 27 January 2015 (UTC)
 * County Cork does not have a "capital". If you mean, "Where is the head office of the county council located?", then yes, it happens to be in the city. However, Cork County Council has no jurisdiction in the city because it is not part of the legal county. The city has its own geographic limits which stand outside the county. Laurel Lodged (talk) 14:15, 27 January 2015 (UTC)
 * So perhaps I should have used the word County_town then where Cork city is the county town for Cork county or described it as the main town of the county. I don't think it can be suggested that Cork city isn't in Cork county because they have separate councils.   🍺  Antiqueight  confer 02:43, 28 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not the existence of the 2 councils per se that give rise to the exclusion of the city from the county. Rather it is the legislation and the maps defining the limits of the county and the city that give rise to the exclusion. Of course the establishment of the 2 councils occurred in the same piece of legislation. It's the law (from London) that set up the counties and the law (from Dublin) that amended their boundaries. They have no existence apart from the law with the exception of social clubs such as the GAA. Laurel Lodged (talk) 10:41, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Categories/EPON
Given the absence of an edit summary, it's not clear what the rationale was for a recent edit which removed all but one cat from this article. Given that only the eponymous cat remains, it may be that the change was driven by a attempt to simplify the cats. However, per WP:EPON, this isn't how this is supposed to work:
 * an article should not be excluded from any set category on the grounds that its eponymous category is made a "subcategory" of that category

Unless there was some other driver, I'll therefore likely revert this change under WP:EPON. Guliolopez (talk) 22:27, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Sports
Just a thought - In the section about sports (other sports), the American Football team isn't mentioned. I don't know enough about it to write anything myself at the moment, but maybe someone else does? 159.134.11.112 (talk) 22:58, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

"King John granted the city its charter in 1185"?
You've either got the wrong king or the wrong year, there.TheNusz (talk) 05:42, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Answered at Talk:History of Cork. Piped 'Prince John' for 'King John', and ref'd. RashersTierney (talk) 10:00, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Cork Accent over 50 years old speakers
I've noticed that older speakers of the Cork accent tend to be variably or semi-rhotic, often pronouncing the R is one word and not in another, I will try and source this an add it to the article. 195.162.87.201 (talk) 15:47, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Commentary and references
Hi. In a recent series of edits a lot of additional content has been added. Which is great. But a lot of it appears to be uncited. And includes some commentary that appears to reflect the editor's opinion rather than a cited reliable source.

I have particular concerns about edits which added POV descriptions where none previously existed. This is especially problematic without cites. ("high quality dual carriageway" - high quality under what standard?, "highly populated western suburbs" - highly populated compared to what/where?, etc). Why do we even need this commentary? Stick to the facts.

Also there was a lot of content added about telecoms. In my view this content is far too extensive for a high-level article about the city (does a reader interested in the city really care about provision of ADSL2+ over VDSL2 broadband services?). And also there are very limited references provided to back-up these sections.

Unless these issues can be addressed independently then I will see about removing the POV assertions (perhaps restoring the previous), and significantly summarising the telecom stuff (to remove the extensive detail and uncited stuff). Other thoughts? Guliolopez (talk) 18:44, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Have reverted. If someone adds information they are meant to cite a source, we could tag each peice or header them, but the burden is on the editor who adds. Murry1975 (talk) 23:00, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Culture sub-sections
In a series of recent edits, we seem to have gained 2 sub-sections in the Culture section. I really don't think we need these. They are redundant to existing copy and seem to have been added purely as a buffer around some new material. A (broader range) of Cork musical contributors (from RTÉ Vanbrugh to Gallagher to Sultans) are already covered just a few lines above. As is the Cork Film Festival. Unless there are other thoughts or objections, I will probably just merge the new content (such as it is) into the existing material. Guliolopez (talk) 20:47, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

 * There doesn't seem to be any other thoughts (or objections) to merging the new stuff into the existing content (and excising the redundant/duplicated/uncited content), so I've gone ahead and made the changes. (and also reviewed some of the other subjective/commentary content in the section) Guliolopez (talk) 15:14, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

Culture/demographics
In a recent edit we removed a chunk of stuff from the "culture" section. I can perhaps surmise why some of it was removed (esp the stuff about "French restaurants and kebab places" - as if that somehow suggested "cultural melting-pot"; or the stuff tipped a little towards WP:UNDUE, and unsupported by more recent census demographics). I wonder however if some of it has a place in the demographics section? Including the more properly cited stuff? Would be interested to hear any other thoughts - before I see if any of it is salvageable for the demographics section.... Guliolopez (talk) 23:26, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "We" removed it as factious. The claim that Cork's heritage is somehow informed by Huguenots is prima facie ridiculous. The removed text got worse from there. You are free of course to continue to wonder here and argue for the reinstatement of wrong text, or WFT? Ceoil (talk) 23:33, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi.
 * RE: '"We" removed it as factious'. I said "we", not in an attempt at factiousness, but in a deliberate attempt to avoid a confrontational or partisan tone. Clearly my attempt at inclusivity was taken for exactly the opposite. I will try harder.
 * RE: 'Cork's heritage is somehow informed by Huguenots is prima facie ridiculous'. I don't disagree. As noted, I don't have a concern with the removal of this text from that section. Just that perhaps some the other text might have some limited value. Perhaps elsewhere.
 * RE: 'free of course to continue to wonder here'. Great. If I propose something for the demographics section here would you like to take a look? Or will I just take a stab in the article itself?
 * Cheers. Guliolopez (talk) 23:50, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
 * To the last question in this silly post; No. Ceoil (talk) 23:54, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
 * OK. If I bypass (though not ignore) the tonal aspect of that input, the message seems to be that you'd rather I propose my change here. In short, I am not proposing restoring imbalanced/undue/empty text (about Hugenots or Kebabs). But thought it worth moving summarised text to the demographics section. Like:
 * "While Cork saw limited Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe in the 19th century, with second-generation immigrés like Gerald Goldberg holding public office, the community subsequently declined and the synagogue closed. Later immigrant communities retain their places of worship."
 * Cheers. Guliolopez (talk) 11:16, 4 June 2017 (UTC)
 * So, based on the feedback here, and on user-talk, I've gone ahead and moved heavily summarised/selected text (some of it previously in the "culture" section) to the "demographics" section. As discussed, the stuff about Huguenots, kebab shops and French restaurants were weak indicators of demographic trends (compared to actual census numbers), and so that remains on the cutting-room floor. The text covering Eastern European and African communities was/is already covered in the demographics section. And so also didn't need inclusion/retention either. The main thing I have added/moved therefore is a single sentence on the Jewish community "history". Which I think is reasonable in the context. If no further feedback, I guess we can close this thread. Guliolopez (talk) 10:44, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

Infobox montage
Hi. An editor has suggested that the current infobox montage image could be replaced with something that is 'higher quality and easier to understand' (with a suggestion that some of the source images are 'grainy and outdated').

For myself, I think the top image of the city hall is relatively high quality, and was assessed as a 'valued image' on Commons a while back. (I would note that the proposed replacement for that part of the montage was removed from the body of this article not so long ago by an editor who felt it was underexposed/dark. As such, I'm not sure its the best candidate for that part of the montage or prime placement in the infobox). If there is a better image of the city hall somewhere (better than both the underexposed one and the "valued image" one), then the only alternative we might consider is perhaps this 'angled' shot (although that may not sit as nicely as the others).

The middle two images (market and UCC) look OK to me, so I'd be interested to hear thoughts on how they might be improved. (For myself, the proposed replacement of the English Market image isn't really representative of the subject. If someone think's "Cork English Market", I'm not sure they think the upper stories of the Princes' Street facade.)

The bottom two images (Lee and Shandon) are possibly "only OK". Personally I wouldn't replace the "distant" view of Shandon with this lowa-ngled closeup (Similar to the proposed English Market image, the angle is perhaps a bit extreme. And the subject not represented as most might perceive it. IE: Most don't see Shandon from low-angled street level). The "Lee" image probably however could be replaced - maybe with a view of the city centre....

Other thoughts? Guliolopez (talk) 15:10, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, for some reason my post didn't post and it took me a while to type, so I will just summarise what I said.

 * City Hall: The new image is better as it is more recent and taken from the front, so the building can be understood and seen properly. The other appeared very low quality in the montage, and the colours seemed odd.

 * River Lee: This image is very low quality and is not visually appealing. Being appealing is not the point of the images, but even ignoring that, it is hard to understand what the image is exactly of, and where it is. I think the best alternative would be getting one of Morrison's Island from City Hall, or else of the river from the Custom House facing City Hall.

 * UCC: Both are fine, this just seemed like a better taken picture.

 * Shandon: The original seemed very grainy and of low quality. Possibly a new one should be looked for, similar to this image https://www.google.ie/search?q=shandon+tower&rlz=1CDGOYI_enIE714IE714&hl=en-GB&prmd=imnv&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirjr7_-sfVAhUnC8AKHa51DU4Q_AUIESgB&biw=375&bih=591#imgrc=Gd_pPkvksekL7M:

 * English Market: The original was hard to understand from a distance what it was. The new one had the logo in it, although I was will admit what the picture is of (the building itself) is odd. Possibly a new one can be taken of the new Grand Parade entrance?

 * Sadly, the choice of images available isn't the best on Wikimedia Commons, bar Charles' (I think that is their name) latest upload. Hopefully they read this and can take pictures of what is needed for the montage. DylanGLC2017 (talk) 15:49, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The only advantage I see in your montage is that it has a higher resolution. The image themselves are not really superior though that is rather subjective but having been a photographer for over 25 years in Ireland for advertising and commercial clients, my thought are that the city hall image is backlit and too dark, and the two low angle building photos, an old facade and an off centre bell tower, while "creative" in style are not really very encyclopaedic. We all knonw that people make cites but now there are no images showing people which I think should be an essential for any city montage. I'm pretty sure we can find a local wikipedian to get some better images if a consensus is found on what to include. One could even reassemble a higher quality montage of the existing images and the only limiting factor is the resolution of the UUC and River Lee images but that would still increase the current montage by about 50% to about 1000 pixels wide which seem to be some of DylanGLC2017's argument. Personally if a change is warranted and agreed, the images to be used should be agreed upon as representative of the city's visually important aspects. I have no idea what your "test/image display" problem is; the image was on the page and was then reverted so we could talk about it. ww2censor (talk) 16:13, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi! I saw this talk and thought this may be better. It includes most of the old images, however includes (in my opinion) easier to understand, higher quality and more pleasing pictures of Shandon and the River Lee. I also think that it is easier to see the UCC image as it is not as exposed and washed out from the sun. The only picture I am unsure of is of the The Elysian. I was also thinking of The National Monument (National Monument, Grand Parade.jpg, although the monument itself is not centred in the image), however The Elysian is the only other appropriate 'icon' image (which was vertical) that I could find. It would be nice to hear your opinions. Thanks!

--86.40.234.208 (talk) 22:14, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

I would agree with you on the top but on the middle ones i would find clearer images which would be easier (market and UCC) to make out(less light/shadow). While a stronger resolotion would suit the bottom two. But in my opinion the best way to resolve this is to have a vote on it. TMN81 (talk) 16:51, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

The Shandon image is great,I think we can do better with others.charlesolivercork

Please feel free to change and try out other images. I put up a new collage image, lets take it for a test drive because its time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Charlesolivercork (talk • contribs) 19:36, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Comment: I don't really see the version you've unilaterally added as an improvement over what was already there. I do prefer the image of Shandon, though ideally this would show both a limestone and sandstone side; the images of both City Hall and UCC are simply a step down in terms of quality, while the images of the Lee and the English Market are up for debate. I can't disagree with the choice to include St Fin Barre's (which you've omitted from the caption), on its own merits, but the collage feels too cluttered relative to what it was before. There's no need to fit everything in at once when we have an entire article.
 * I will also note that the collage works better with a thin border between each pair of images. This is much too aggressive. ~ Maltrópa loquace 03:26, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

I agree, it looks better with a thin white border I'll edit that.I also replaced the UCC image with the one that you prefer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold User talk:charlesolivercork  —Preceding undated comment added 09:49, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi. Other arguments notwithstanding (and I agree with Maltrópa that the replacement is not an improvement), but the image quality of this new image is terrible. Absolutely appalling. The blockiness of the JPG artifacts is visible at even the low res version. Looking at the original version it is clear to see why. If you cannot address this, then -for that reason alone- it will need to be reverted. Guliolopez (talk) 14:43, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I too agree the new image is not an improvement. Anyway, what has happened in Cork that makes the older collage outdated requiring such a radical change? We don't really need change just for change sake. ww2censor (talk) 10:34, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

North Main Street

 * Does anyone think/believe an article on the North Main Street should be created as it is one of the oldest streets in Cork just like Shandon Street and has alot of History involved with it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by IrishJ123 (talk • contribs)
 * This has been created, and moved to North Main Street (Cork). power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 21:29, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Viking site
Should information about recent archaeological discoveries in Cork be added to this article?https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/viking-centre-discovered-in-cork-city-predates-waterford-settlement-1.3350654? and https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/1-000-year-old-viking-sword-found-at-cork-beamish-site-1.3234406?TMN81 (talk) 14:47, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Indeed. A very short note (no more than a single sentence) may be appropriate in the opening of the History section on this Cork (city) article. ("As evidenced by 21st century excavations[ref][ref], blah blah"). However, a slightly shorter note (perhaps a sentence of two) may be appropriate in the Origins section of the History of Cork article. I can take a stab if you like. At both if needed. Guliolopez (talk) 16:45, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Patrick Street picture
Hello,

I am the original uploader of the picture of Patrick Street. After looking at it again, I think it is really poor due to the amount of cars, furniture and hoarding (due to road works) in the way. It also only really focusses on the top of one or two buildings and it was a really dull day. Today I decided to retake a picture of the same shot but at a much wider angle, allowing for the actual street and much more buildings to be seen. It is a lot brighter and gives a better understanding of the street then my original picture. Should I replace the one in use on the page with this one?

File:Patrick Street, Cork, January 2018.jpg DylanGLC2017 (talk) 00:36, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Fine with me. Guliolopez (talk) 10:13, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

English Market Picture in Montage
Looking over the discussions on the image of the English Market, I got the feeling people thought it wasn’t really appropriate but will do for what is available. To fix this, I have taken this picture of the Grand Parade entrance to the English Market, arguably more ‘iconic’/notable than the Prince’s Street entrance (at least in the pictures available on Commons). Sadly, those parking spaces outside seem to be full all day, so it is nearly impossible to get a picture of the façade without them there, but they shouldn’t be an issue.

The picture: File:English Market, Grand Parade, Cork, 2018.jpg DylanGLC2017 (talk) 16:28, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I'd argue that it's better to have a photo of the interior rather than the entrance, in which case I would consider the Prince's Street market much more notable - certainly it's where I see everyone taking their pictures, although usually a bit further inside than in the montage. The other option from the Prince's Street side would be a photo from upstairs looking down toward the fountain. In any case, the time to find those parking spaces empty would probably be a summer Sunday morning, maybe at about 7-8 a.m.? Bit of a wait but if you want good light and empty spaces that'd be the time. ~ Maltrópa loquace 16:43, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Although, it occurs to me, the fact that it's closed on a Sunday would defeat the point... ~ Maltrópa loquace 18:03, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Per, I expect the interior one is more representative (and the Princes Street Market hall/fountain significantly more photographed - if geotagging evidence is anything to go by) than the Grand Parade gates. In any event, as noted, all other images in the montage are of exteriors/streets. Having one from an interior would likely be desirable. (Otherwise its all building facades). Guliolopez (talk) 20:30, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

Cork City Hall
I know that I just changed the image, however looking at it now, it seems like quite a grainy picture. Or at least from a far distance (as in the thread it is very small). I was wondering if people thought this would be more appropriate? And yes, I am aware that this is a very minor issue which most people probably don’t care about haha

DylanGLC2017 (talk) 01:03, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree that the current replacement is grainy, and I don't really see it as an improvement over the image it replaced. Per my comments at Charlesolivercork's talk page on Sunday evening, I'm reluctant to make 'the' representative photo of Cork City Hall one where the entire facade is in shadow. If we have a daytime photo, it ought to capitalise on the defining feature of daytime - sunlight. The photo currently topping the infobox montage does this quite well (aside from being maybe a tad too yellow). The fact that we have a daytime photo already, then, is why I'd also argue that it was nice to have the nighttime photo.
 * My other reservation for your suggestion in particular is that the way the Elysian is lined up behind City Hall's tower might give the impression that the two buildings are connected in some way, or that the Elysian is an unusually small-windowed rear section to the city hall's tower.~ Maltrópa loquace 16:18, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Hi! I agree with your point of The Elysian messing with the City Hall tower in that image, which is why I brought it here first. I think you are also right saying the best way to capture the building adequatly lit is using sunlight. Although I do think the sunlight in the picture I posted was sufficient. I think the best angle to get of the building is from the front like Charles’, but with the brightness of the too of the montage image (but, as you said, less yellow). I will try to get a picture like that in the summer. In the meantime, I propose changing the image to other image I have linked due to the angle, lighting and absence of cars, which was originally used. It seems to be the best without having to reuse the one from the montage. —DylanGLC2017 (talk) 18:24, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Education in Cork
This article is basically just a section from the main article on Cork that's been turned into it's own article for no clear reason. There's no reason why it needs it's own article instead of just being a section like lists of schools are on most other city pages. Nathan2055talk - contribs 00:06, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi. Agreed.
 * RE: "Own article for no clear reason". As per the original/earlier version of the article, someone did have a reason. But it was ill-advised (and promotional, essay-like and generally out of project scope). Which is why the article is now effectively a list. Which has no additional value above the Category:Education in Cork (city) and related categories (which already group/list the relevant schools/etc).
 * RE: "No reason it needs its own article". Totally agree. Personally however I don't think there's anything to merge. If we need to keep the article title at all, I would simply make it a redirect to Cork_(city).
 * RE: "List of schools as on other city pages". I don't agree here. All of the members of the list are already linked in the article. Within the prose. In a way that aligns with WP:USEPROSE. If we feel that the reader needs to be given or linked to an additional "list of educational institutions in Cork", then we can simply replace the relevant link in the "see also" section hatnote with a link to Category:Education in Cork (city). Replacing or replicating the prose with an additional list won't add additional value, and will instead "break up" the text.
 * Cheers. Guliolopez (talk) 08:51, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, there really isn't much of anything in Education in Cork that isn't already covered in this article with actual prose. As such, I've gone ahead and BOLDly redirected it to Cork (city). I don't think there will be any objection to the loss of a gutted stub-list when the main article does a much better job of covering the topic at hand. Nathan2055talk - contribs 06:18, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If there are no (posthumous) objections or comments in the coming days/weeks we can likely close this thread. Guliolopez (talk) 09:41, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Misleading assertion about size of Cork
The opening sentence of this article is misleading:

"Cork ... is the second largest city in Ireland"

It is not. Cork is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland, however, in Ireland as a whole Belfast is the second largest city.

The article either needs to be changed to emphasise Cork's status as the second largest city in the republic, or it needs to be stated that it is the third largest city in Ireland.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_on_the_island_of_Ireland_by_population

John2o2o2o (talk) 14:00, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi. The current wording is consistent with WP:IRE-IRL. In that, while the term "Ireland" can refer to the state and the island, as Ireland is the official and common name of the state, that is the label generally used. With a piped link when needed. There are some exceptions. Like, for example, when the island and state are discussed the same context. Or, when both jurisdictions are discussed in the same context. Neither of which really applies here. Guliolopez (talk) 17:08, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, I used the piping when I added Cork was the third largest. I actually had not read this talk page, I had just been on the Derry page where it used to same convention of 2nd largest in the country fourth on the island. I guessed at the 2nd largest in the republic, but it didn't mention the island, which I added.Halbared (talk) 10:44, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Transport in Cork
I was very surprised that there isn't a dedicated "Transport in Cork" page like Transport in Dublin. What gives? Ridiculopathy (talk) 20:07, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi. I guess that, as Cork has no canals (like the Royal or Grand), light rail (like the Luas), electric commuter (like the DART), planned metro (like MetroLink), dedicated bus provider (like Dublin Bus), dedicated bike scheme (like Dublinbikes) or what-have-you, there's less to be said. What is to be said is covered in Cork Suburban Rail, Cork proposed light rail, Port of Cork and similar. Hanging these all together via an overarching "Transport in Cork" article would potentially result in more than a little overlap/duplication. And contain little more than already covered in Cork (city). (A summary with some "see main" type links.) Personally, I think a stand-alone article on "BusConnects" (covering the projects/proposals in Cork, Dublin, Galway and Limerick) is likely more "in demand" than one which focuses purely on "buses/bikes/etc in Cork" (alone). For what it's worth... Guliolopez (talk) 23:29, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Good point. I agree, an article on "BusConnects" is probably better. Thanks, Ridiculopathy (talk) 09:55, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Cool. Probably fodder for user-talk, but I'd be delighted to collaborate on one? (We could create a draft and get it to a reasonable state before promoting/linking from the Cork (city) section...) Guliolopez (talk) 10:48, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Guliolopez, that would be good. I've never collaborated on creating a page before, and don't know the process. Regards, Ridiculopathy (talk) 17:15, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There's no mad science to it. I'll create an initial draft and ping you on your talk page from there. Guliolopez (talk) 15:35, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:37, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Cork-city-evening.jpg

Renaming proposal
I do not see a need for the title to be Cork (city) as it is differentiated from the county by that article being named County Cork. Other cities like Limerick and Waterford do not do this. ☘ King ᚺᛒ ☘ Talk, Guestbook 12:14, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi. The "(city)" suffix is not disambiguating the city from the county. It is disambiguating (among other things) the city from the material.
 * See Cork, Talk:Cork and Talk:Cork_(city)/Archive_2 for context and the previous discussions on whether either Cork (the city) or Cork (the material) constituted a WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for the term "Cork".
 * In short, it was ultimately determined that neither meaning had clear primacy. And so, as is the case where no primary topic exists, the title is a disambiguation page. And a DAB mechanism (in this case a parens suffix) used for the article on the city.
 * (Instead of comparing to Waterford, which isn't really comparable, consider Georgia (and Georgia (country)) or Victoria (and Victoria (state)) or New York (and New York (state)) etc. Guliolopez (talk) 13:12, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Guliolopez Oh yeah, I kind of forgot about the material Cork lol ☘ King ᚺᛒ ☘ Talk, Guestbook 16:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Sports clubs
In a recent series of edits, a number of anon/IP contributors have sought to include the name/details of one particular sports club in the "other sports" section. While, initially, my concern with this inclusion was that it was entirely unsupported, that specific issue has now been addressed (with thanks for the ref - although could've done without that personal attack).

However, as noted in this edit summary, and in response to this apparent question, I would note that, as the other three "named" sports clubs in that sentence are all covered by specific articles (Neptune Basketball Club, UCC Demons and Cork Admirals) the inferred inclusion criteria for that text is along the lines of WP:CSC. IE: Clubs that demonstrably and verifiably meet WP:NCLUB (and have an article). And "active in national competitions". As it stands, and while basketball and American football as sports are not "special" in themselves, the other entries in that text meet that criteria. As it stands, the "junior ice hockey program" doesn't appear to meet that criteria. And, frankly, my question in response is why (your? kids?) inline hockey club is "special" compared to every other sports team/club in Cork? Why is that club the only exception to the apparent inclusion criteria? Over every other Cork-based hockey team, golf club, athletics outfit, tennis club, karate dojo, etc?

In short, Neptune Basketball Club is listed and named, not because it is "special", because it is notable. Why is this (your?) inline hockey club? Above all other otherwise non-notable sports clubs? Guliolopez (talk) 11:21, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The issue stems from calling basketball and American football as "national competition" clubs while omitting any other club or sport when it is added there by you. Seems like the paragraph needs to be rewritten in better style and clarity. You have had issue with number of people adding sports or clubs.
 * Also calling a club notable is subjective and should not hold higher status over others. If it's so notable it should have its own section and not be in other sports section. I have no connection to any of the clubs but all should be able to be listed, recognized and treated fairly with inclusion if possible...what makes Neptune more notable. For example this not notable inline club is oldest in the country, has its own rink and there are number of players representing the Irish national team from this club. You would know this if you read any of the referenced articles.31.187.2.74 (talk) 14:23, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi. Thanks for your note. RE:
 * "calling a club notable is subjective [..] what makes Neptune more notable". WP:CLUB sets out the criteria for whether a club is notable or not. WP:GNG also applies. (Which expects that qualifying coverage be largely independent of the subject. Under which certain types of WP:INTERVIEWS, like those recently added, are of a type "broadly unhelpful in establishing notability". FYI.)
 * "If it's so notable it should have its own section and not be in other sports section". I'm not sure I'm following what you are saying here. But if you are saying that every notable Cork-based sports club, like Neptune or whatever (of which there are dozens and dozens and dozens ), should each have their own section/sub-section in this Cork (city) article, then I would refer you to WP:NOTDIRECTORY. (Wikipedia isn't a directory of sports clubs. Nor should this article be turned into a directory/list of every single sports club in the city/area. Notable or not.)
 * "players representing the Irish national team from this club. You would know this if you read any of the referenced articles". I read all of the referenced/linked news articles. As above, my concern isn't that the entry doesn't meet the (explicit) "active in national competitions" criteria. Rather that it isn't the same as those in the (implicit) "notable clubs with articles" common selection criteria. And, as it stands, is the only entry in that sentence that is unlike the others.
 * As an aside, if you haven't already done so, please consider reading WP:COI and WP:DISCLOSE. Thanks. Guliolopez (talk) 15:03, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have read all the thing you have shared already and you have done this number of times now just repeating yourself. There is no COI as I have already said I'm not associated with any of the clubs but I guess you only read what you want to read and reply with links.
 * for clubs inclusion you know well what was meant by that. Of course you cant include all soccer and gaa clubs. But if the club is at highest competition level in niche sport, it should be considered to be included. Especially if it's only club in the county for that sport just like the American football club or Australian football club mentioned.
 * If you have such a big problem for you just move it to end of the section as it's own sentence after the Aussie rules bit. 31.187.2.57 (talk) 15:32, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi. RE:
 * "already said I'm not associated with any of the clubs". If I missed it, then I apologise, but can you confirm when and where you said that?
 * "just move it to end of the section as it's own sentence after the Aussie rules bit". OK. I'm not sure I fully follow, but I will take a look and see if there's a compromise approach that will address both our perspectives.
 * Thanks. Guliolopez (talk) 15:44, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi both, lurker here. I dont think it matters anymore if OP is involved or not, given the "one sentence" solution seems moving towards something that is workable. Guliolopez is right in being overly cautions; OP you have no idea of the level of spam thrown on the site each day. Although thats not your problem, its does indicate why the claim you wanted to add was so closely examined. Ceoil (talk) 23:56, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cork (city)


text:
User:Troyrock

I'm a research scientist in Malibu, California in the United States. I have interest mainly in Quantum Optics and Nonlinear optics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Troyrock


text:
Arthur Eichengrün

Arthur Eichengrün (13 August 1867 – 23 December 1949) was a German Jewish chemist, materials scientist, and inventor. He is known for developing the highly successful anti-gonorrhea drug Protargol, the standard treatment for 50 years until the adoption of antibiotics, and for his pioneering contributions in plastics: co-developing (with Theodore Becker) the first soluble cellulose acetate materials in 1903, called "Cellit", and creating processes for the manufacture of these materials which were influential in the development of injection moulding. During World War I his relatively non-flammable synthetic cellulose acetate lacquers, marketed under the name "Cellon", were important in the aircraft industry. He contributed to photochemistry by inventing the first process for the production and development of cellulose acetate film, which he patented with Becker.

Eichengrün claimed to have directed the initial synthesis of aspirin in 1897, but his claim has been disputed. For many years Bayer credited Felix Hoffmann, Eichengrün's junior, with the invention of aspirin. However, the first attribution of the discovery to Hoffmann appears in 1934, and may have reflected anti-Jewish revisionism.

During World War II, Eichengrün was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.

Life
Arthur Eichengrün was born in Aachen as the son of a Jewish cloth merchant and manufacturer. In 1885, he took up studies in chemistry at the University of Aachen, later moved to Berlin, and finally to Erlangen, where he received a doctoral degree in 1890.

In 1896, he joined Bayer, working in the pharmaceutical laboratory. In 1908, he quit Bayer and founded his own pharmaceutical factory, the Cellon-Werke in Berlin. His company was "Aryanized" by the Nazis in 1938.

In 1943, he was arrested and sentenced to four months in prison for having failed to include the word "Israel" in his name in a letter to a Reich official (Nazi law required Jewish men to be identified as such, as they required Jewish women to identify as "Sarah".). In May 1944, he was arrested again on the same charge and deported to the concentration camp Theresienstadt, where he spent 14 months until the end of World War II in Europe, escaping death.

After the liberation, he returned to Berlin, but moved to Bad Wiessee in Bavaria in 1948, where he died the following year at the age of 82.

Aspirin
Eichengrün has made his name through numerous inventions, such as processes for synthesizing chemical compounds. Aside from Aspirin, Eichengrün held 47 patents. Bayer's official story credits Felix Hoffmann, a young Bayer chemist, with the invention of aspirin in 1897. Impure acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, the active compound of aspirin) had been synthesized already in 1853 by French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt; the 1897 process developed at Bayer was the first to produce pure ASA that could be used for medical purposes.

Due to the rise of the Nazis in Germany, Eichengrün was unable to object when Hoffmann first made the claim that he (Hoffman) invented aspirin, in the footnote of a 1934 German Encyclopedia. Hoffmann's claim was once widely accepted, but many historians now consider it to be discredited. Eichengrün first claimed to have invented aspirin in a 1944 letter from Theresienstadt concentration camp, addressed to IG Farben (of which Bayer was a part), where he cited his many contributions to the company (which was highly influential in the concentration camps), including the invention of aspirin, as reasons for why he should be released.

Five years later, Arthur Eichengrün published a paper in Pharmazie in 1949, where he explained that he had instructed Hoffmann to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid and that the latter had done so without knowing the purpose of the work. The paper elucidated how he planned and directed the synthesis of aspirin along with the synthesis of several related compounds, describing these events in detail. He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing. Finally, he explained that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using his (Eichengrün's) process and nothing more.

Eichengrün's account was largely ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of aspirin. Bayer denied this in a press release, asserting that the invention of aspirin was due to Hoffmann.

Walter Sneader based his claims that Eichengrün both invented the process for synthesizing aspirin and oversaw its clinical testing on old and newly released archived materials, including letters, patents, and lab work. He found that Hoffmann was not credited with inventing the process for synthesizing Aspirin in any documents prior to 1934, 37 years after its initial synthesis. Further he found reason to doubt the footnote's credibility, not just for being published during the "Aryanization" period of Nazi Germany, but for its inaccurate claims about the testing of salicylic acid derivates other than acetyl ester. The vague reference did not specify which derivatives were tested, but claimed they had been discovered earlier but had been synthesized for "other purposes". No indication was given of what the others were, but in 1899 Heinrich Dreser, head of the experimental pharmacology laboratory at Elberfeld, named them in a publication as propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, and benzoyl salicylic acids. He further alluded to these derivatives in 1907 and again in 1918. However, the assertion that these salicylic acid derivates had been synthesized for non-therapeutic reasons is demonstrably false. Hoffmann's colleague Otto Bonhoeffer (who also worked under Eichengrün) had been awarded a US and UK patent in 1900 for several of these compounds. The patents indicate that the derivatives were prepared for the exact purpose of finding a salicylic acid derivative with therapeutic value. Sneader concluded that because of this error the 1934 footnote is unreliable.
 * Evidence supporting Eichengrün's claims to the invention

Protargol
In 1897, protargol, a silver salt of a protein mixture, developed by Eichengrün at Bayer, was introduced as a new drug against gonorrhea. Protargol stayed in use until sulfa drugs and then antibiotics became available in the 1940s.

Plastics
In 1903, Eichengrün co-developed the first soluble form of cellulose acetate with Theodore Becker. He developed processes for the manufacture of cellulose acetate materials and devoted the rest of his life to the technical and economic development of plastics, lacquers, enamels, and artificial fibers based on cellulose acetate. During World War I his relatively non-inflammable synthetic cellulose acetate lacquers were important in the aircraft industry. He also pioneered the influential technique of injection moulding. In 1904, he created and patented the first safety film with Becker, (cellulose diacetate) from a process they devised in 1901 for the direct acetylation of cellulose at a low temperature to prevent its degradation, which permitted the degree of acetylation to be controlled, thereby avoiding total conversion to its triacetate. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing. It was used to manufacture cellulose diacetate cinematographic film, which Eastman Kodak and the Pathé Frères began to use in 1909. Cellulose acetate film became the standard in the 1950s, preferred over the highly flammable and unstable film stock produced from Nitrocellulose.

title: Arthur Eichengrün


text:
Hapa

Hapa is a Hawaiian word for someone of multiracial ancestry. In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture. The term is used for any multiracial person of partial East Asian, Southeast Asian, or Pacific Islander mixture in California. In what can be characterized as trans-cultural diffusion or the wave model, this latter usage has also spread to Massachusetts, Ohio, and Oregon.

Both uses are concurrent.

Historical and Hawaiian usage
The word "hapa" entered the Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with numbers to form fractions. For example, hapalua is half, hapahā is one-fourth, and hapanui means majority.

In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. An example of this is hapa haole (part European/White).

Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole. In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.

Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English. Many hapa-haole songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the Territory of Hawaii beginning in 1912–1915, and include titles such as "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua" and "Sweet Leilani."

Hapa haole is also used for Hawaiian-language hula songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the Merrie Monarch Festival.

Controversy
Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture, but there are kamaāina and Kānaka Maoli who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.

Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.

However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context. As Wei Ming Dariotis states, Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."

In popular culture
In 2010, a film called One Big Hapa Family was released about Japanese Canadians.

title: Hapa


text:
Talk:Back to Earth (Lisa Ekdahl album)

Untitled
actually, i was getting ready to add the import version, which has a few extra tracks and a different order, hence the differentiation. of course, it was poorly done, so i'll just make a seperate tracklisting altogether. Crackshoe 21:30, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Back to Earth (Lisa Ekdahl album)


text:
CODCO

CODCO is a Canadian comedy troupe from Newfoundland, best known for a sketch comedy series which aired on CBC Television from 1988 to 1993.

Founded as a theatrical revue in 1973, CODCO drew on the province's cultural history of self-deprecating "Newfie" humour, frequently focusing on the cod fishing industry. The troupe's name was an abbreviation of "Cod Company".

Following the end of CODCO, two of the troupe's core members and an occasional guest collaborator, as well as some of their sketch characters, moved on to the new series This Hour Has 22 Minutes.

Roots
In 1973, Tommy Sexton and Diane Olsen wrote a comedic show about Canadian stereotypes of Newfoundlanders, Cod on a Stick. Originally launched in Toronto, the cast consisted of Sexton, Olsen, Greg Malone, Cathy Jones, Mary Walsh and Paul Sametz. The show subsequently opened in St. John's, with Scott Strong replacing Sametz, and then toured the province with Robert Joy replacing Strong. When the show was taped by the National Film Board in 1974, Andy Jones appeared in the cast as well.

Sexton, Olsen, Malone, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones, Walsh and Joy subsequently performed in the show Sickness, Death and Beyond the Grave in 1974. In 1975, all except Malone, who was on a brief sabbatical to study at the Toronto Dance Theatre, appeared in What Do You Want to See the Harbour For, Anyway?; later that year, Malone rewrote the show as Das Capital.

In the fall of that year, the troupe compiled bits from their earlier shows for a week-long performance in Philadelphia, which was titled Philadelphia: Somewhere on the Hungry Coast of Newfoundland. That show was also taped for broadcast on CBC Television's Peep Show, as Festering Forefathers and Running Sons.

Joy and Olsen left the troupe in 1976.

Mike Jones, Cathy and Andy Jones' brother, was not a performing member of the troupe, but was associated with them as a frequent director of their stage shows.

Over the next number of years, the troupe's members only rarely worked together as CODCO, but often collaborated with each other individually on various projects, including the film The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood and the television series The Root Seller, The Wonderful Grand Band and The S and M Comic Book. Greg Thomey and Paul Steffler also frequently collaborated with the CODCO members on various projects.

TV series
In 1986, Walsh, Sexton, Malone, Cathy Jones and Andy Jones reunited as CODCO for a benefit show in St. John's. Sexton and Malone had just completed the successful and popular S and M Comic Book series of CBC Television specials, and the CBC was interested in developing further projects with the duo — after the success of the CODCO reunion show, the troupe decided to work on a CODCO series.

CODCO began production in 1986, and debuted on the CBC in 1988. Although not regular contributors, Thomey and Joy sometimes appeared on CODCO as guest performers.

For most of its run, CODCO aired as the latter half of a one-hour sketch comedy block, immediately following The Kids in the Hall.

Segments and characters
CODCO shared several characteristics with The Kids in the Hall, including the presence of openly gay members and the use of drag — although where The Kids in the Hall often revelled in absurdist humour, CODCO's sketches were typically based around social commentary and satire, often with a strongly political edge. Their sketches were also strongly reflective of the troupe's background on the stage, sometimes playing more as humorous character or scene studies than as conventional sketch comedy.

Recurring characters included the Friday Night Girls (Walsh and Jones), a homely, dateless pair of female friends whose Friday nights rarely consisted of anything more exciting than riding the Metrobus; Dakey Dunn (Walsh), an unexpectedly insightful macho lout; Frank Arsenpuffin (Andy Jones), a hapless talk show host faced with a succession of horrifying guests; Marg at the Mental (Sexton), a patient in a psychiatric hospital; and Jerome and Duncan (Sexton and Malone), a flamboyant pair of gay lawyers. Thomey sometimes appeared on the show as Newfoundland separatist Jerry Boyle, a character he would later reprise on This Hour Has 22 Minutes.

Another recurring sketch, House of Budgell, was essentially an ongoing soap opera set in a boarding house. Wake of the Week focused on the Furlong sisters, a pair of elderly spinsters who regularly crashed funeral wakes, while The Byrd Family focused on a family of hardened criminals. Another of the show's most famous sketches parodied Canadian literary icon Anne of Green Gables; instead of Prince Edward Island, Anne lived in a dreary Newfoundland fishing outport called Green Gut. In another, a former Newfoundlander now resident in Toronto brought his girlfriend home to meet his parents; the sketch escalated to the brink of violence as the parents tried to explain why the Mi'kmaq, not Newfoundlanders, were responsible for the extinction of the Beothuk.

Malone performed a number of celebrity impersonations, including Margaret Thatcher and Canadian television journalist Barbara Frum, while Sexton did recurring impersonations of Barbara Walters and Tammy Faye Bakker. In one famous sketch, Malone as Frum moderated a debate between Jones as a gay teacher who had been fired from his job for testing HIV-positive and Sexton as Clarabelle Otterhead, the homophobic president of a lobby group called Citizens Outraged by Weird Sex (or COWS). The troupe also parodied the conventions of television news through mock local newscasts; in one such sketch, a racist anchor character loudly blamed Africa for AIDS: "It's all your fault, it's all your fault. Nah nah nah nah nah nah. You're black, you're black, take your dirty bugs back. You're screwing green monkeys and giving it to our junkies. We give you all our foreign aid, and all we gets back is AIDS, AIDS, AIDS."

Parody music videos were also a frequent feature of the show. In a transparent spoof of Quebec pop idol Mitsou, Cathy Jones played Jansu, a shallow, self-promoting pop singer who tried to be topical with lyrics such as "it's a political world/so separate your garbage!". Sexton parodied body image as Dusty Springroll, who sang an ode to the fashionability of bulimia. Figures such as Anne Murray and Bruce Cockburn were parodied in commercials for compilation albums with satirical lyrics set to the melodies of real songs by the artists, while another sketch was set in a café holding a Leonard Cohen impersonation contest.

The end of CODCO
In 1991, a sketch was filmed for CODCO called the "Pleasant Irish Priests in Conversation", which involved three Roman Catholic priests discussing their sexual experiences; it was a reference to the then-ongoing Mount Cashel Orphanage child abuse controversy. The CBC refused to air the sketch. As a result, Andy Jones quit the show in protest. The series carried on for two more years before it came to a close in 1993. Ironically, the CBC subsequently aired "Pleasant Irish Priests" in a CODCO Uncensored special just a few months after the regular series ended.

Following the end of CODCO, Walsh and Cathy Jones worked with Thomey and Rick Mercer to create This Hour Has 22 Minutes. Several CODCO characters, including Dakey Dunn and Jerry Boyle, were carried over to the new series.

Sexton died in 1993 of complications from AIDS.

Malone ran as a New Democratic Party in the St. John's West by-election in 2000, losing narrowly to Loyola Hearn. Malone ran as the Green party candidate for the riding of Avalon for the 2019 federal election.

title: CODCO


text:
WinChip

The WinChip series was a low-power Socket 7-based x86 processor designed by Centaur Technology and marketed by its parent company IDT.

Design
The design of the WinChip was quite different from other processors of the time. Instead of a large gate count and die area, IDT, using its experience from the RISC processor market, created a small and electrically efficient processor similar to the 80486, because of its single pipeline and in-order execution microarchitecture. It was of much simpler design than its Socket 7 competitors, such as AMD K5/K6, which were superscalar and based on dynamic translation to buffered micro-operations with advanced instruction reordering (out of order execution).

Use
WinChip was, in general, designed to perform well with popular applications that did few floating point calculations, if any. This included operating systems of the time and the majority of software used in businesses. It was also designed to be a drop-in replacement for the more complex, and thus more expensive, processors it was competing with. This allowed IDT/Centaur to take advantage of an established system platform (Intel's Socket 7).

Later developments
WinChip 2, an update of C6, retained the simple in-order execution pipeline of its predecessor, but added dual MMX/3DNow! processing units that could operate in superscalar execution. This made it the only non-AMD CPU on Socket 7 to support 3DNow! instructions. WinChip 2A added fractional multipliers and adopted a 100 MHz front side bus to improve memory access and L2 cache performance. It also adopted a performance rating nomenclature instead of reporting the real clock speed, similar to contemporary AMD and Cyrix processors.

Another revision, the WinChip 2B, was also planned. This featured a die shrink to 0.25 μm, but was only shipped in limited numbers.

A third model, the WinChip 3, was planned as well. This was meant to receive a doubled L1 cache, but the W3 CPU never made it to market.

Performance
Although the small die size and low power-usage made the processor notably inexpensive to manufacture, it never gained much market share. WinChip C6 was a competitor to the Intel Pentium and Pentium MMX, Cyrix 6x86, and AMD K5/K6. It performed adequately, but only in applications that used little floating point math. Its floating point performance was simply well below that of the Pentium and K6, being even slower than the Cyrix 6x86.

Decline
The industry's move away from Socket 7 and the release of the Intel Celeron processor signalled the end of the WinChip. In 1999, the Centaur Technology division of IDT was sold to VIA. Although VIA branded the processors as "Cyrix", the company initially used technology similar to the WinChip in its Cyrix III line.

Winchip C6 (0.35 μm)

 * All models supported MMX
 * The 88 mm$2$ die was made using a 0.35 micron 4-layer metal CMOS technology.
 * The 64 Kib L1 Cache of the WinChip C6 used a 32 KB 2-way set associative code cache and a 32 KB 2-way set associative data cache.

WinChip 2 (0.35 μm)

 * All models supported MMX and 3DNow!
 * The 95 mm$2$ die was made using a 0.35 micron 5-layer metal CMOS technology.
 * The 64 Kib L1 Cache of the WinChip 2 used a 32 KB 2-way set associative code cache and a 32 KB 4-way set associative data cache.

WinChip 2A (0.35 μm)

 * All models supported MMX and 3DNow!
 * The 95 mm$2$ die was made using a 0.35 micron 5-layer metal CMOS technology.
 * The 64 Kib L1 Cache of the WinChip 2A used a 32 KB 2-way set associative code cache and a 32 KB 4-way set associative data cache.

WinChip 2B (0.25 μm)

 * All models supported MMX and 3DNow!
 * The 58 mm$2$ die was made using a 0.25 micron 5-layer metal CMOS technology.
 * The 64 Kib L1 Cache of the WinChip 2B used a 32 KB 2-way set associative code cache and a 32 KB 4-way set associative data cache.
 * Dual-voltage CPU: while the processor core operates at 2.8 V, the external input/output (I/O) voltages remain 3.3 V for backwards compatibility.

WinChip 3 (0.25 μm)

 * All models supported MMX and 3DNow!
 * The 75 mm$2$ die was made using a 0.25 micron 5-layer metal CMOS technology.
 * The 128 Kib L1 Cache of the WinChip 3 used a 64 KB 2-way set associative code cache and a 64 KB 4-way set associative data cache.
 * Dual-voltage CPU: while the processor core operates at 2.8 volts, the external input/output (I/O) voltages remain 3.3 volts for backwards compatibility.

title: WinChip


text:
Kane Gang

The Kane Gang were an English pop trio formed in Seaham in 1982. The group comprised Martin Brammer, Paul Woods and Dave Brewis. They scored several UK and US hits in the 1980s. Named alluding to the movie Citizen Kane, the trio recorded for the record label Kitchenware, which was also home to Prefab Sprout.

History
Vocalists Martin Brammer (born 13 May 1957, Seaham, County Durham) and Paul Woods, with multi-instrumentalist Dave Brewis, formed the trio in 1982, after meeting while in small local bands, and signed to a small record label, which led to a deal with London Records in 1984.

Their debut album, The Bad and Lowdown World of the Kane Gang (released in the US as Lowdown), was released the following year. It spawned two UK hit singles: "Closest Thing to Heaven" (No. 12) and a cover of the Staples Singers' "Respect Yourself" (No. 21). The latter was also a hit in Australia, reaching No. 19. The album was produced by Pete Wingfield, and featured P. P. Arnold and Sam Brown as backing vocalists.

The band's next album, Miracle, was released in 1987 and spawned two US hit singles: "Motortown" (No. 36 US / No. 45 UK) and another cover – this time of Dennis Edwards' "Don't Look Any Further" (No. 64 US / No. 52 UK). The latter hit No. 1 on the US Dance Charts.

Woods left the band in 1991 to attempt a solo career. Woods and Brewis also worked on an album which was never released.

Other works
The Kane Gang performed the music for the "Ooh Gary Davies... On Your Radio" jingle for BBC Radio 1. As was the fashion around that time, bands would adapt songs to provide the radio station with a jingle, and embed the hook of the track in the public's consciousness. The Gary Davies jingle was based on their track "Smalltown Creed" (from the LP The Bad and Lowdown World of the Kane Gang). The same track was used as the basis for the theme tune of long-running Children's BBC television programme Byker Grove, which launched the careers of Ant & Dec (as PJ & Duncan) and Donna Air.

title: Kane Gang


text:
Talk:Demographic history of Quebec

The last three digits of the figures in the million range may be available somewhere.

This is excellent. However, we are going to have to determine when the numbers include all the citizens of Quebec. The values for the 16th and 17th century obviously didn't include the Amerindians and the Inuits. Mathieugp 04:32, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Some info I found about this issue:

 * The first census in Quebec was in the 1600s.
 * The first comprehensive census for all of the regions that would become Canada was made in 1841.

It is not clear when exactly Amerindians and Inuits were included but as a rough guess I believe that when a systematic census reached them, their weight in the Canadian population was starting to be rather negligible. Delta_G

 * I am guessing that the figures included them after the reserves were created, since before that they were essentially nomadic populations. We will need those numbers though if we want an accurate account of the total population in the 17th and 18th century. I know that we currently have some 70,000 Amerindian + Inuit in Quebec, that is to say about 1%. Within some nations, the population is young an on the rise. I am also personally curious to see when the major drops in their populations occurred. Mathieugp 21:34, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Unsourced
I am curious to see the source for the data before 1851, as I could not find it on Statistics Canada. The main Quebec article now (as of June 24th, 2006) has sourced data going back to 1851 (and not rounded to the nearest thousand). If anybody has a source for the population before 1851 for Quebec, Ontario, or the Atlantic Provinces, I'd be interested to see that as well. Thanks.

???
The 8+ million figure is all inhabitants of Quebec... Synotia (moan) 09:06, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demographic history of Quebec


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Flying officer

Flying officer (Fg Off or F/O) is a junior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence.

Flying officer is immediately senior to pilot officer and immediately below flight lieutenant. It is usually equivalent to the rank of sub-lieutenant in the navy and of the rank of lieutenant in other services.

The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force was "section officer".

Canada
The rank was used in the Royal Canadian Air Force until the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces, when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian flying officers then became lieutenants. In official Canadian French usage, the rank title was lieutenant d'aviation.

Origins
The term "flying officer" was originally used in the Royal Flying Corps as a flying appointment for junior officers, not a rank.

On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with Royal Naval Air Service sub-lieutenants (entitled flight sub-lieutenants) and Royal Flying Corps lieutenants becoming lieutenants in the RAF. However, with the creation of the RAF's own rank structure in August 1919, RAF lieutenants were re-titled flying officers, a rank which has been in continuous use ever since.

Usage
The rank title does not imply that an officer in the rank of flying officer flies. Some flying officers are aircrew, but many are ground branch officers. Amongst the ground branches some flying officers have command of flights.

In the RAF, aircrew and engineer officers are commissioned directly into the rank of flying officer, while ground branches are commissioned as pilot officers for an initial period of six months. Time served in the rank of flying officer varies depending on branch before automatic promotion to flight lieutenant; aircrew and BEng qualified officers will serve for a period of 2½ years, MEng qualified engineers for 1½ years, and all other ground branches for 3½ years. A graduate entrant who has an MEng but is joining a ground branch other than engineer will serve 3½ years as a flying officer – the early promotion for MEng engineers is designed as a recruitment incentive. The starting salary for a flying officer is £30,616.80 per year.

In many cases the rank of flying officer is the first rank an air force officer holds after successful completion of his professional training. A flying officer might serve as a pilot in training, an adjutant, a security officer or an administrative officer and is typically given charge of personnel and/or resources. By the time aviators have completed their training, they will have served their 2½ years and typically join their frontline squadrons as flight lieutenants.

Insignia
The rank insignia consists of one narrow blue band on slightly wider black band. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being one band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop.

title: Flying officer


text:
Colón (currency)

The colón (₡) refers to two Central American currencies:

 * the Costa Rican colón (CRC), used in Costa Rica since 1896
 * the Salvadoran colón (SVC), used in El Salvador from 1892 until 2001, when it was replaced by the American dollar

Symbol
The symbol for the colón is "₡", written as a capital letter C crossed by two diagonal strokes. In Unicode, it is at code point and may be typed on many English language Microsoft Windows keyboards with the shortcut ALT+8353.

title: Colón (currency)


text:
Talk:Kunlun Mountains

Solomon's relationship to Queen of Sheba
At least in Biblical tradition, the Queen of Sheeba was not Solomon's mother. Solomon's mother was Bathsheba. The Queen of Sheeba travelled to see Solomon.

contradicting
Here you write that the Muztagh Ata mountain is not part of the Kunlun mountains, but on the wikipedia page on Muztagh Ata at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muztagh_Ata it is claimed that "Muztagh Ata ... is the second highest mountain in the Kunlun Shan". Can you please clarify this issue? At the moment you are contradicting yourself.

Name
Naming is all over the place on this one, but "Kunlun Mountains" is consistent with both Encarta and Britannica, plus seems to get most Google hits, assuming that means anything... :-) Stan 21:35, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah; in addition, there’s K’un-lun, Kuen-lün, Kwan-lun, and allegedy Kulkun (from some Google Books results in the 1800s) which, in turn, in one book, is conflated with Kurkun (which is a peak in the Hindu Kush). This is just English, though a French-derived spelling Kouenlun has also been employed. As well, an (open source, I think, and therefore widely disseminated) Chinese-English dictionary seem to conflate them with Karakorum ’cause of the shared 崑崙 characters in Chinese and/or their proximity. —Wiki Wikardo 22:32, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

what
The above three peaks are in the Kashgar Range and are not linked with the Kunlun Shan. If somebody can, please edit further on!??? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 58.147.56.163 (talk • contribs) 06:44, June 23, 2006 (UTC)

 * What three peaks are you referring to? RedWolf 16:03, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

literature
What about the Kunlun's prominent position in the novel "Lost Horizon", by James Hilton, as the location of Shangri-la? Yuletide 22:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Map
I propose removing KunlunMountains.jpg as it contains no information except identifying a subcontinental area where the mountains might be. -Rolypolyman 20:14, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Fine with me. -- Mattisse  00:06, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, so if someone could make a map highlighting what’s where (like this one [not free :( ], which is how I figured out all that shit above), that’d be awesome.
 * Oh, hey... Mount Kailash has one that might work. Or wherever they got that from. —Wiki Wikardo 22:32, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Yet another map
Following previous, I do not see point in having Map of the Western Regions (English translation) appended to the Hsi-yu-tu-chih, compiled on the orders of Emperor Chien-lung in 1762.jpg, for example, Tarimrivermap.png (in e.g. Tarim Basin) could give a better current view of things. Cheers, Rayshade (talk) 22:15, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Kunlun's alleged Mongolian origin
How it is possible for the name Kunlun to have come from a Mongolian word when this name have been in use before there were even Mongolians? Nebakin (talk) 07:48, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kunlun Mountains


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When Did You Leave Heaven

When Did You Leave Heaven is a studio album by Swedish singer Lisa Ekdahl. It was released in 1995 by BMG and by RCA records, and a special edition was released through Phantom Records.

RCA

 * 1) "When Did You Leave Heaven"
 * 2) "But Not For Me"
 * 3) "Cry Me A River"
 * 4) "Love For Sale"
 * 5) "Lush Life"
 * 6) "You're Going to See a Lot of Me"
 * 7) "It was Just One of Those Things"
 * 8) "Boy Next Door"
 * 9) "I'm a Fool to Want You"
 * 10) "My Heart Belongs to Daddy"
 * 11) "Blame it on My Youth"

Phantom

 * 1) "When Did You Leave Heaven"
 * 2) "But Not for Me"
 * 3) "Cry Me a River"
 * 4) "Love for Sale"
 * 5) "Lush Life"
 * 6) "You're Gonna See a Lot of Me"
 * 7) "It's Oh So Quiet"*
 * 8) "It Was Just One of Those Things"
 * 9) "The Boy Next Door"
 * 10) "I'm a Fool to Want You"
 * 11) "My Heart Belongs to Daddy"
 * 12) "Blame It on My Youth"
 * 13) "It's Oh So Quiet"*
 * * denotes track not on standard edition

title: When Did You Leave Heaven


text:
Institute of Technology (California/Oregon)

The Institute of Technology (IOT) is a vocational school operating in California and Oregon. Several career training programs are offered at its four campus locations at Clovis, Modesto, Redding, and Salem, Oregon.

History
The Institute of Technology was founded in 1986 as the Fresno Institute of Technology at Clovis. Later the name was shortened to the Institute of Technology. The school now operates three California campuses (Clovis, Modesto, Redding) and one in Salem, Oregon. The institute is operated by Modesto-based Select Education Group.

Training programs
Four main program fields are taught: culinary, technical, medical, and business fields. Within each field, students are given the opportunity to specialize in specific areas. For example, they have the opportunity to become a culinary arts specialist, network support technician, pharmacy technician, licensed vocational nurse, or human resource administrator.

Accreditation
The Institute of Technology is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC).

The Salem campus is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training (ACCET).


text:
Myshkin (town)

Myshkin (Мы́шкин) is a town and the administrative center of Myshkinsky District in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located on the steep left bank of the Volga. Population:

History
A settlement at this location has existed since at least the 15th century. Town status was granted to it in 1777. It was demoted in status to that of an urban-type settlement in Soviet times, but was granted town status again in 1991.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Myshkin serves as the administrative center of Myshkinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Myshkinsky District as the town of district significance of Myshkin. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Myshkin is incorporated within Myshkinsky Municipal District as Myshkin Urban Settlement.

Tourism and culture

The town attracts a significant number of tourists usually arriving by river cruise ships. Myshkin retains architectural features characteristic for the 19th century Russia. It also features a number of museums. One of them is the unique Mouse Museum (the name of the town is derived from the word "мышь" (mysh) meaning mouse in Russian). There are also a Museum of Valenki (valenki being a type of Russian felt boots), an ethnographic museum, an art gallery, an open air retro car museum and more.

Notable people

 * German Tatarinov (1925–2006), painter

title: Myshkin (town)


text:
College of Idaho

The College of Idaho (C of I) is a private liberal arts college in Caldwell, Idaho. Founded in 1891, it is the state's oldest private liberal arts college and has an enrollment of over 1,000 students. The college's alumni include eight Rhodes Scholars, three governors, four professional football players, and one professional baseball player. Its PEAK Curriculum allows students to study in four knowledge areas - humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, and a professional field - and earn a major and three minors in four years.

History
The college was conceived in 1884 when the Presbyterian Church's Wood River Presbytery, meeting in Shoshone, formed a commission to examine the possibility of establishing a Presbyterian college somewhere in the Idaho Territory. The commission found support for such a venture and in 1890 the Presbytery accepted an offer from a group of Caldwell citizens led by William Judson Boone, to locate the institution in that community.

The college was founded in 1891 by Dr. Rev. William Judson Boone with the support of the Wood River Presbytery. The college first opened its doors to students on October 7, 1891. Nineteen students showed up at The College of Idaho for the first classes in 1891. The first classes were held downtown in the Caldwell Presbyterian Church. A year later the college moved into its own downtown building before moving to its present site on the east side of town in 1910 when Henry and Carrie Blatchley donated 20 acre of land. Sterry Hall, a classroom and administration building, and Finney Hall, the first residence hall, were built that year. Two years later Voorhees residence hall was built, which would be the second of five total residents halls.

In 1893, it was incorporated under the laws of the State of Idaho and placed in the hands of a self-perpetuating board of trustees. Dr. Boone served as president of the college for 45 years until his death in 1936.

In 1991, the college's board of trustees unanimously voted to change its name to Albertson College of Idaho to honor alumnus and long-time donor Joe Albertson (1906–1993) and his wife Kathryn (1908–2002). The couple, who founded one of the country's largest supermarket chains, Albertson's Inc., met in a chemistry class at C of I and were generous benefactors of the college. At the time of the name change, the enrollment was 640 students.

On October 10, 2007, college president Bob Hoover announced that the name would revert to The College of Idaho, with the mutual agreement of the J.A. and Kathryn Albertson Foundation, to promote acceptance and gain financial backing from alumni who were unhappy about the original name change. This coincided with a $50 million donation by the foundation to the college.

Academics
The college offers 26 undergraduate majors, 58 undergraduate minors, three graduate programs, and a variety of collaborative programs through 16 departments. Popular majors include Biology, Business, History, Psychology, and Political Economy.

Academic departments

 * Biology
 * Chemistry
 * Health & Human Performance
 * Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 * Art
 * English
 * Modern Languages
 * Music
 * Philosophy and Religion
 * Theatre & Speech Arts
 * Anthropology & Sociology
 * Business & Accounting
 * Education
 * History
 * Political Economy
 * Psychology

Accreditation
The college has been accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities since 1922. Its teacher education program has been approved by the Idaho State Department of Education since 1913, and its graduates are eligible for certification in all states participating in the Interstate Certification Compact. The college is accepted by, and the alumnae are eligible for, membership in the American Association of University Women (AAUW).

Collaborative programs
Collaborative programs between The College of Idaho and other institutions offer degrees from both with students spending three to four years at C of I and two to three years at the cooperating university.

Collaborative programs in health professions include: nursing, clinical lab science, speech and language pathology and audiology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, pharmacy, pharmaceutical science and public health.

Other collaborative programs include engineering and law.

PEAK undergraduate curriculum
PEAK is the college's unique undergraduate curriculum. It is intended to allow students to graduate with an academic major and three minors in four years or two majors and minors if they choose. The curriculum was implemented in the fall of 2010. It is made up of four different peaks: humanities & fine arts, social sciences & history, natural sciences & mathematics, and professional studies & enhancement. Each student under this curriculum is required to major in one of the four peaks, while minoring in the other three allowing a broad base of study with limited general education requirements.

Academic calendar
The academic calendar provides opportunities for experimental as well as conventional approaches to learning. During the fall and spring terms traditionally formatted courses are offered over a twelve-week term. Between the fall and spring terms, a four-week winter session is offered that stresses experimentation, innovation, creative teaching, and imaginative learning using tutorials, seminars, or independent research methods.

Student life
The college has more than 50 student clubs and organizations, with an active student government, the Associated Students of The College of Idaho and emphasizes diversity in cultures(ASCI) and strong intramural and club sports programs. Intramural sports include: basketball, soccer, softball and flag football.

The college's Outdoor Program takes advantage of Idaho's geography and include backpacking, hiking, fly fishing, camping, winter camping, snowshoeing, kayaking, rafting, rock climbing, backcountry skiing, inner tubing, and stargazing. The Outdoor Program leads week-long trips during the breaks between terms and after midterms.

The college has one fraternity and three sororities.

Athletics
The College of Idaho athletic teams are called the Coyotes (or Yotes). The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Cascade Collegiate Conference (CCC) for most of its sports since the 1993–94 academic year; while its football team competes in the Frontier Conference, its men's lacrosse team competes in the Pacific Northwest Collegiate Lacrosse League (PNCLL), its men's and women's skiing competes in the Northwest Collegiate Ski Conference (NWCSC) of the United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association (USCSA), and its competitive swimming team competes as an Independent.

CofI competes in 20 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, swimming & diving and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, skiing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Football
In 2014, The College of Idaho re-instated its football program after a 37-year hiatus. The program is led by head coach Mike Moroski, who has posted a record of 53-38 since taking over the program and was voted the 2019 Frontier Conference Coach of the Year. From 2019 to 2022, the Yotes have posted a record of 29–7 and have won a at least a share of the Frontier Conference each year. The Yotes even posted their longest winning streak in school history from 2018 to 2019 (17 games). Even so, the Yotes have only reached the NAIA playoffs once in those four years (2019). In 2019, the Yotes posted their best record of 11–1 and achieved their highest rank in program history at #5 in the NAIA postseason poll. Since 2014, the Yotes have had a total of 8 All-Americans, 56 all-conference selections, and 26 NAIA All-Academic selections. In 2022, the Yotes split the conference title with rival Carroll College and finished the season ranked 18th in the nation after posting an 8–2 record.

Mascot
The Coyote is the school's mascot, and CofI teams are often referred to as the "Yotes."

Accomplishments
Since 2011, CofI student-athletes have won 23 national championships. The men's and women's ski teams have won 48 individual and team national championships while competing in the NWCSC of the USCSA. The college's track and cross country teams have won 13 individual and relay national titles. The men's baseball team has qualified for postseason play every year since 1987, winning the NAIA national championship in 1998. The men's basketball team won the 1996 NAIA Division II national championship. In 2014, the CofI football team ranked No. 2 in the NAIA for attendance with more than 4,500 fans per game. The men's lacrosse team has also won back to back PNCLL D II conference championships, in 2018 and 2019.

All 19 of the College of Idaho's NAIA teams were honored as NAIA Scholar Team for 2008–2009 season. Each team maintained an average GPA of at least 3.0. This set an all-time NAIA record for number of Scholar Teams in one season. CofI student-athletes continue to earn high marks in the class room and are among the annual leaders in scholar-athlete and academic All-America honorees.

During 2019–2021, the College of Idaho football team won three straight Frontier Conference championships in the NAIA. This includes the unprecedented "COVID" season in the spring of 2021 where the "Yotes" played just four games.

In 2023, the College of Idaho's men's basketball team, under head coach Colby Blaine, won its second NAIA national championship, defeating Indiana Tech 73–71 in Kansas City, Missouri. The 2022–2023 team went 36–1 and 22–0 in Cascade Conference play, winning 36 straight games after losing its opening game of the season to Arizona Christian. In Fall 2023, the women's cross country team won its first national championship and the first NAIA women's team national championship in school history. Head coach Dominic Bolin was named the 2023 NAIA Women's Cross Country Coach of the Year. It was just the second year of Bolin's head coaching tenure.

Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History
The College of Idaho houses the Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History in William Judson Boone Science Hall. It is the only natural history museum for southwestern Idaho, southeastern Oregon, and northern Nevada. The natural history museum serves three main purposes: to support the educational programs at The College of Idaho, to provide a resource to the community, and to house resources for scientific research.

Orma J. Smith taught chemistry, zoology, and geology in the early 1900s. A small museum was established in the 1930s to house his collections but was closed in 1963. It was reopened in 1976 in the basement of Boone Hall, driven by the need to house collections from the College of Idaho expeditions led by Dr. Robert Bratz and the current director, William H. Clark.

Since the ‘70s, the Museum has been staffed primarily by volunteers, many the College of Idaho alums, and students. The first Saturday is dedicated to Museum Workdays, where the museum is open for work with Museum staff. A monthly education seminar takes place at noon on Workdays.

The museum is a repository for some very large regional collections.

The students in the Gipson Honors Program utilize the museum every year for a first semester project, writing research papers which are supposed to offer a unique perspective on one item in the extensive collections.

Archives
The personal papers of Robert E. Smylie and the legislative papers of former senator Steve Symms are located at the college. The Steunenberg Papers, detailing Idaho's Trial of the Century, were recently donated to the Archives.

Idaho's Gem and Mineral Collection is located at the Orma J. Smith Natural History Museum at the college.

Community involvement
Jewett Auditorium hosts the Caldwell Fine Arts Series which was founded in 1961 as a co-operative effort between the college and community leaders to present cultural events. The performances sponsored by the Caldwell Fine Arts Series have included a wide variety of disciplines: solo artists, chamber music, orchestra, theater, opera, ballet, ethnic dance and jazz. Jewett Auditorium was built to house a three manual pipe organ. The interior of the auditorium seats 850 people. The building was completed in 1962.

Notable alumni

 * Joe Albertson, founder of Albertson's supermarkets and philanthropist
 * Kathryn Albertson, wife of the founder of the Albertsons chain of grocery stores; philanthropist and founder of local sorority Sigma Epsilon
 * Elgin Baylor, Basketball Hall of Fame inductee
 * Andy Benoit, sports journalist; covers the NFL for Sports Illustrated
 * Cary Coglianese, University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty leader and author
 * Christopher Farnsworth, novelist
 * Warren Jones, justice of the Idaho Supreme Court
 * Larry Lujack, Chicago radio host
 * Butch Otter, 32nd governor of Idaho (2007 to 2019)
 * R.C. Owens, NFL wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers, Baltimore Colts, and New York Giants
 * Alison Rabe, attorney and member of the Idaho Senate
 * Klaus Scharioth, former German ambassador to the United States
 * Gerald Schroeder, former chief justice of the Idaho Supreme Court
 * Mary Shaw Shorb, research scientist, invented first method to assay Vitamin B-12
 * Elmo Smith, 27th governor of Oregon (1956 to 1957)
 * Paul Smith, Academy Award-winning composer
 * Robert Smylie, 24th governor of Idaho (1955 to 1967)
 * Kristine Tompkins, co-founder of Patagonia and founder of Conservacion Patagonica

title: College of Idaho


text:
Renal corpuscle

A renal corpuscle (or Malpighian body ) is the blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed of endothelial cells, and a glomerular capsule known as Bowman's capsule.

Structure
The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier.

The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicles, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicles interdigitate with pedicles of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits.

There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole and a tubular pole. The vascular pole is a location of the glomerulus. At the vascular pole, the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule. The tubular pole is at the other end opposite to the vascular pole. At the tubular pole, the proximal convoluted tubule arises.

Function
The renal corpuscle acts to filter blood. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form "glomerular filtrate", which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. It does this via a filtration barrier. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara interna is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter.

Eponym
A renal corpuscle is also known as a Malpighian corpuscle, named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist. This name is no longer widely used, probably to avoid confusion with a Malpighian corpuscle in the spleen.

title: Renal corpuscle