text:
Robert Smith

Robert, Bob or Bobby Smith, or variants thereof, may refer to:

Business

 * Robert MacKay Smith (1802–1888), Scottish businessman, meteorologist and philanthropist who founded Glasgow University's Mackay Smith Prizes
 * Robert Barr Smith (1824–1915), Australian businessman and philanthropist
 * Robert Hall Smith (1888–1960), American railroad executive who was president of the Norfolk and Western Railway, 1946–1958
 * Robert H. Smith (philanthropist) (1928–2009), American builder and developer who developed much of the Crystal City, Virginia neighborhood just south of Washington, D.C.
 * Robert P. Smith (philanthropist) (1940–2019), American financial pioneer, philanthropist and author
 * Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin (born 1944), British businessman, governor of the BBC
 * Robert F. Smith (investor) (born 1962), American businessman and investor; founder, chairman, and CEO of Vista Equity Partners

Acting

 * Robert Wilton Smith (1881–1957), known as Robb Wilton, English comedian and comic actor
 * Robert Smith (American actor) (1912–2001), American actor
 * Robert Grant Smith (1914–2001), American aeronautical engineer and actor after whom the R.G. Smith Award is named
 * Robert O. Smith (1942–2010), American voice actor
 * Robert Smith (Canadian actor) (1966–2020), Canadian actor and voice actor

Music

 * Robert Archibald Smith (1780–1829), Scottish composer, known for his collection Scotish [sic] Minstrel, a selection from the vocal melodies of Scotland ancient and modern
 * Robert Bache Smith (1875–1951), American librettist and lyricist
 * Robert Curtis Smith (1930–2010), American Piedmont blues singer, guitarist and songwriter
 * Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer) (1936–2013), American musician, lead singer of the (Detroit) Spinners
 * Robert Weston Smith (1938–1995), known as Wolfman Jack, American disc jockey famous for his gravelly voice
 * Bob Smith (1942–1991), founder, singer, keyboardist and drummer for Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys
 * Robert Dean Smith (born 1956), American operatic tenor
 * Robert W. Smith (musician) (1958–2023), American composer, arranger and teacher
 * Robert Smith (musician) (born 1959), English musician, lead singer and guitarist of The Cure
 * Robert L. Smith (recording engineer) (born 1965), American recording engineer and record producer in New York City
 * Rob Smith (Irish musician) (born 1982), Irish singer-songwriter and DJ
 * Rob Smith (British musician), English contemporary DJ, musician, and remixer
 * Rob Sonic, American rapper and record producer

Writing

 * Robert Paul Smith (1915–1977), American author
 * Robert W. Smith (writer) (1926–2011), American martial artist and historian
 * Robert Kimmel Smith (1930–2020), American novelist and children's author
 * Bob Smith (born 1941), American author who wrote the memoir Hamlet's Dresser
 * Rob Magnuson Smith, British-American novelist, short story writer, and university lecturer

Stage name

 * Robert Emil Schmidt (1917–1998), nicknamed Buffalo Bob Smith, American host of TV show Howdy Doody
 * Bob and Roberta Smith, pseudonym for British artist Patrick Brill (born 1963)

Other entertainment

 * Robert Emmet Smith (1914–1988), American film art director and production designer
 * Bob Smith (comics) (born 1951), American comic book inker
 * Bob Smith (comedian) (1958–2018), American comedian and author
 * Normal Bob Smith (born 1969), American graphic artist, writer, and atheist activist
 * Robert Farrell Smith (born 1970), American humorist who writes children's books under the name Obert Skye
 * Bob Smith (Atari), American video game developer and producer
 * Bob Kupa'a Smith (1928–2020), American host of the television show Wordsmith

History

 * Robert Smith (professor) (1919–2009), expert on the history of the Yoruba people of Nigeria
 * Robert Bruce Smith IV (1945–2014), American music and history expert
 * Robert J. A. Smith (born 1951), chairman of the Richmond Local History Society in Richmond, London
 * Robert W. Smith (historian), scholar of history and the classics at the University of Alberta

Journalism

 * Robert Smith (journalist, born 1940), journalist for The New York Times
 * Robert Smith (journalist, born 1967), correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR)
 * Rob Smith (journalist), BBC South East TV presenter

Law

 * Robert Percy Smith (1770–1845), British lawyer, MP and Judge Advocate-General of Bengal, India
 * Robert L. Smith (judge) (1918–1999), Nebraska Supreme Court judge
 * Robert Ellis Smith (1940–2018), American attorney and author
 * Robert S. Smith (born 1944), New York State Court of Appeals associate judge

Military

 * Robert A. Smith (1814–1879), birth name of British soldier and churchwarden Robert Smith-Dorrien
 * Robert Smith (Medal of Honor) (1847–1930), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Robert Smith (Australian Army officer) (1881–1928), Australian wool merchant and army officer
 * Robert H. Smith (naval officer) (1898–1943), United States Navy submariner for whom the destroyer/minelayer USS Robert H. Smith was named
 * Robert T. Smith (1918–1995), American World War II flying ace

Australia

 * Robert Murray Smith (1831–1921), politician in colonial Victoria and Agent-General for Victoria (Australia)
 * Robert Burdett Smith (1837–1895), solicitor and politician in colonial New South Wales
 * Robert Harrison Smith (1848–1911), member of both the Queensland Legislative Council and the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 * Bob Rowland Smith (1925–2012), National Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council
 * Bob Smith (Australian politician) (born 1948), Labor member of the Victorian Legislative Council

Canada

 * Robert Smith (Ontario politician) (1819–1900), Canadian Member of Parliament for Peel, Ontario
 * Robert Smith (Canadian judge) (1858–1942), Canadian Member of Parliament for Stormont, Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
 * Robert Smith (Newfoundland politician) (1879–1972), Newfoundland politician and merchant
 * Robert Smith (British Columbia politician), Irish-born Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (1871–1878)
 * Robert Black Smith (1872–1931), Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick 1917–1925
 * Robert Knowlton Smith (1887–1973), Canadian Member of Parliament for Cumberland 1925–1935
 * Robert Melville Smith (1887–1950), deputy minister of the Department of Highways of Ontario 1934–1943

New Zealand

 * Robert William Smith (politician) (1871–1958), politician

United Kingdom

 * Robert Smith (MP for Wycombe), Member of Parliament (MP) for Wycombe from 1318 to 1322
 * Robert Smith (MP for Derby), MP for Derby in 1420 and 1421
 * Robert Smith (MP for Devizes) (fl. 1414–1421), MP for Devizes
 * Robert Smith (fl. 1545), MP for Carlisle
 * Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington (1752–1838), MP for Nottingham
 * Robert Percy Smith (1770–1845), British lawyer, MP and Judge Advocate-General of Bengal, India
 * Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden (1800–1873), known as Robert Vernon Smith until 1859, British Liberal Party politician and MP
 * Robert Smith (trade unionist) (1862–1934), general secretary of the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers and British Labour Party politician
 * Sir Robert Smith, 1st Baronet (1880–1957), Scottish Unionist politician and MP for Aberdeen and Kincardine Central
 * Robert Smith (colonial administrator) (1887–1959), British governor of North Borneo
 * Sir Robert Smith, 3rd Baronet (born 1958), Liberal Democrat politician and MP for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine
 * Bobby Smith (activist) (born 1982), British political and fathers' rights activist

United States

 * Robert Smith (Cabinet member) (1757–1842), Secretary of State and of the Navy
 * Robert Barnwell Smith (1800–1876), known as Robert Barnwell Rhett, U.S. Senator and Representative from South Carolina
 * Robert Smith (Illinois politician) (1802–1867), U.S. representative from Illinois
 * Robert Hardy Smith (1813–1878), Alabama politician who was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
 * Robert Burns Smith (1854–1908), governor of Montana
 * Robert Lloyd Smith (1861–1942), educator, businessman, and politician in the Texas Legislature
 * Robert B. Smith (Virginia mayor), mayor of Newport News, Virginia 1956–1958
 * Robert Solwin Smith (1924–2013), American ambassador to the Côte d'Ivoire
 * Robert P. Smith (ambassador) (1929–2012), American diplomat
 * Robert Freeman Smith (1931–2020), U.S. representative from Oregon
 * Robert L. Smith (politician) (born 1931), Republican politician from Idaho
 * Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician) (born 1941), U.S. senator from New Hampshire
 * Bob Smith (New Jersey politician) (born 1947), New Jersey state senator
 * Robert C. Smith (political scientist) (born 1947), political science professor at San Francisco State University
 * Robert J. Smith II (born 1963), American attorney and New Jersey state legislator

Religion

 * Robert Smith (bishop) (1732–1801), English-born American clergyman, planter and prelate of the Episcopal Church who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina
 * Robert Payne Smith (1818–1895), Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford and Dean of Canterbury
 * Robert Pearsall Smith (1827–1899), lay leader in the Holiness movement in the United States and the Higher Life movement in the United Kingdom
 * Robert H. Smith (theologian) (1932–2006), American Lutheran clergyman, theologian, author and lecturer
 * Robert Smith (priest) (1932–2010), American Catholic priest, author, and educator

Science, engineering and medicine

 * Robert William Smith (surgeon) (1807–1873), Irish surgeon and pathologist
 * Robert Angus Smith (1817–1884), Scottish chemist, discoverer of acid rain
 * Robert Murdoch Smith (1835–1900), Scottish engineer, archaeologist and diplomat
 * Robert Smith (surgeon) (1840–1885), Sierra Leonean medical doctor and the first African to become a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
 * Bob Smith (doctor) (1879–1950), American physician and surgeon who co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous
 * Robert Allan Smith (1909–1980), Scottish physicist
 * Robert J. Smith (anthropologist) (1927–2016), Cornell University anthropologist
 * Robert H. T. Smith (born 1935), Australian-Canadian professor of geography
 * Robert L. Smith (academic), American engineer, academic and author
 * Robert Smith (aerospace engineer), American business executive and aerospace engineer

Association football

 * Robert Smith (footballer, born 1848) (1848–1914), Scottish international footballer born in Aberdeen
 * Robert Smith (Darwen footballer), English footballer for Darwen in the 1890s
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1870), English footballer born in Stoke-upon-Trent, Staffordshire
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1900s), Scottish footballer born in Kirkcaldy, Fife
 * Robert Smith (footballer, born 1912), English football player and manager born in Atherton, Lancashire (now Greater Manchester)
 * Bob Smith (footballer) (1923-?), English professional footballer born in Walkden, Lancashire (now Greater Manchester)
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2010), English footballer born in Lingdale, North Yorkshire
 * Bobby Smith (Irish footballer) (1922–1992), Irish football player
 * Bobby Smith (Canadian soccer) (born 1940), Canadian soccer player
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1941) (1941–2019), English footballer born in Barnsley, South Yorkshire
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1944), English footballer and manager born in Prestbury, Cheshire
 * Rob Smith (footballer, born 1950), English footballer born in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire
 * Bobby Smith (American soccer) (born 1951), American soccer player born in Trenton, New Jersey
 * Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1953) (1953–2010), Scottish footballer born in Dalkeith, Midlothian
 * Rob Smith (soccer) (born 1973), American soccer player born in Wilmington, Delaware

Australian rules football

 * Bob Smith (Australian footballer, born 1877) (1877–1939), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
 * Bob Smith (Australian footballer, born 1906) (1906–1987), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
 * Rob Smith (Australian footballer) (1951–2013), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne

Gridiron football

 * Bob Smith (defensive back, born 1925) (1925–2002), American football defensive back
 * Bob Smith (fullback) (1929–2005), American football fullback
 * Bob Smith (halfback) (born 1933), American football halfback
 * Bobby Smith (safety) (born 1938), American football defensive back
 * Bob Smith (American football coach) (born 1940), college football coach
 * Bobby Smith (running back) (born 1942), American football running back
 * Bob Smith (defensive back, born 1945), American football defensive back
 * Rob Smith (American football, born 1957), college football coach
 * Rob Smith (Canadian football) (born 1958), Canadian football offensive lineman
 * Robert Smith (defensive end) (born 1962), American football defensive end
 * Robert Smith (running back) (born 1972), American football running back and sprinter
 * Rob Smith (American football, born 1984), American football player
 * Robert Smith (safety) (born 1992), American football safety
 * Robbie Smith (Canadian football) (born 1997), Canadian football defensive lineman

Baseball

 * Bob Smith (catcher) (1907–unknown), Negro league baseball player
 * Bob Smith (infielder) (born 1974), infielder for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
 * Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1890) (1890–1965), Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the White Sox, 1913–1915
 * Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1895) (1895–1987), MLB pitcher for the Braves, Cubs, and Reds, 1923–1937
 * Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1928) (1928–2003), MLB pitcher for the Red Sox, Cubs, and Indians, 1958–1959
 * Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1931) (1931–2013), MLB pitcher for the Red Sox, Cardinals, Pirates, and Tigers, 1955–1959
 * Bobby Smith (baseball) (1934–2015), MLB outfielder, 1957–1965
 * Robert Smith (baseball) (1936–2021), International Baseball Federation president; instrumental in baseball becoming an Olympic sport
 * Rob Smith (baseball), American college baseball coach

Basketball

 * Bobby Smith (basketball) (1937–2020), American basketball player
 * Bingo Smith (born 1946), American basketball player
 * Robert Smith (basketball) (born 1955), American basketball player, NBA

Cricket

 * Robert Smith (Australian cricketer) (1868–1927), Australian cricketer; played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1890
 * Robert Smith (Derbyshire cricketer) (1848–1899), English cricketer; played first class cricket for Derbyshire 1871–84, captain 1876–83
 * Robert Smith (South African cricketer) (1923–2001), South African cricketer
 * Robert Smith (Wellington cricketer) (born 1946), New Zealand cricketer
 * Robert Smith (Otago cricketer) (born 1974), Australian cricketer who played in New Zealand
 * Robert Smith (Cumberland cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer; played for Cumberland in 2001

Equestrian sports

 * Robert Augustus Smith (1869–1942), American racehorse trainer
 * Robert Smith (equestrian) (born 1961), British Olympic equestrian

Hockey

 * Bob Smith (ice hockey) (born 1946), Canadian minor pro hockey player
 * Bobby Smith (ice hockey) (born 1958), all-star NHL hockey player
 * Rob Smith (field hockey) (born 1961), Canadian field hockey Olympian

Martial arts

 * Robert Smith (boxer) (1908–?), South African Olympic boxer
 * Robby Smith (born 1987), American Greco-Roman wrestler

Water sports

 * Bob Smith (rower) (1909–1993), New Zealand rower
 * Robert Smith (canoeist) (1929–2001), Canadian sprint canoer
 * Robert J. Smith (sailor), in the 1973 Star World Championships

Other sports

 * Bob Smith (coach) (1912–1994), American football, basketball, and baseball coach
 * Robert Smith (bowler) (born 1974), American professional ten-pin bowler
 * Bobby Smith (javelin thrower) (born 1982), American javelin thrower
 * Rob Smith (racing driver) (born 1992), British racing driver
 * Robbie Smith (rugby union) (born 1998), Scottish rugby union player
 * Robert Smith (sport shooter), English sport shooter
 * Bobby Smith (pole vaulter), winner of the 1949 and 1950 NCAA DI outdoor pole vault championship

Other

 * Robert Smith (mathematician) (1689–1768), English mathematician and music theorist
 * Robert Smith (architect) (1722–1777), American architect
 * Robert Cross Smith (1795–1832), English astrologer
 * Robert Ellis Smith (1940-2018), American attorney and author
 * Robert Benjamin Smith (1948–2024), American mass murderer
 * Robert W. Smith (chess player) (born 1956), New Zealand chess FIDE Master
 * Robert Rowland Smith (born 1965), British lecturer, writer on philosophy, literature and psychoanalysis and columnist

title: Robert Smith


text:
Hybrid

Hybrid may refer to:

Science

 * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
 * Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two Vitis species
 * Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two different genetic parent strains
 * Hybrid (particle physics), a valence quark-antiquark pair and one or more gluons
 * Hybrid solar eclipse, a rare solar eclipse type

Transportation

 * Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation), various types of vehicles referred to as hybrids
 * Hybrid rocket, a rocket motor using propellants from two different states of matter
 * Hybrid shipping container, a container using phase change material in combination with the ability to recharge itself
 * Hybrid train, a locomotive, railcar, or train that uses an onboard rechargeable energy storage system

Electricity and electronics

 * Hybrid generator, an electric power system comprising two or more generators that supply power to a single output
 * Hybrid power, the combination of a power producer and the means to store that power in an energy storage medium
 * Hybrid power source, a stand-alone power system that operates independently of a larger power grid network
 * Hybrid coil, a type of electrical transformer
 * Hybrid coupler, a passive device used in radio and telecommunications
 * Hybrid integrated circuit, a miniaturized electronic circuit combining different semiconductor devices and passive components on a substrate
 * Hybrid mass spectrometer, a combination of m/z separation devices of different types
 * Telephone hybrid, a type of telephone circuit
 * Three-way hybrid, a device to converge content delivered via three different video transport networks

Computing

 * Hybrid laptop or hybrid tablet, a cross between a tablet computer and a laptop, running mobile operating system
 * Hybrid computer, a computer combining analog and digital features
 * Hybrid graphics, discrete and integrated graphics processing units
 * Hybrid drive, a device that combines a solid-state drive with hard disk drive

Materials

 * Hybrid material, a composite of two constituents at the nanometer or molecular level
 * Hybrid gemstone, a stone combining natural material with artificial material
 * Hybrid paper-polymer banknote, a mixture of paper and polymer substance to make a secure banknote

Fictional entities

 * Hybrid (DC Comics), a fictional group of super villains
 * Hybrid (Jimmy Marks), a fictional super villain in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Hybrid (mythology), a creature combining body parts of two or more species
 * Hybrid (Underworld), the resulting offspring when cross-mating Immortals, Vampires and Lycans
 * Hybrid (Scott Washington), a fictional anti-hero in the Marvel Comics universe

Films

 * Hybrid (1997 film), a 1997 horror by Fred Olen Ray
 * Hybrid, a 2000 documentary in the List of POV episodes
 * Hybrid (2007 film), a 2007 Syfy television film, 10th in the Maneater series
 * Hybrids (2015 film), a comedy starring Paul Sorvino
 * Hybrids (2017 film), an animated short
 * The Hybrid (film), a 2014 science-fiction film directed by Billy O'Brien

Games

 * Hybrid (video game), a 2012 video game by 5th Cell for Xbox Live Arcade
 * Tekken Hybrid, a 2011 PlayStation 3 game based on the movie Tekken: Blood Vengeance

Music

 * Hybrid (British band), an electronic music group
 * Hybrid (Spanish band), an extreme metal band
 * Hybrid (Michael Brook album), a 1985 album by Michael Brook featuring the infinite guitar, or the title track
 * Hybrid (Gary Numan album), a 2002 album consisting of songs by Gary Numan remixed by other artists, or the title track
 * Hybrid Theory, the debut album of Linkin Park, who was once known by the same name
 * Hybrids (album), a 1999 remix album by The Creatures
 * Hybrid Black, the 2019 12th studio album by Balzac
 * Hybrid (Collie Buddz album), a 2019 reggae, hip-hop album by Collie Buddz
 * "Hybrid", a song by Lil Yachty from his 2021 mixtape Michigan Boy Boat
 * Hybrid Recordings, a record label that is a division of Metropolitan Talent

Other arts, entertainment and media

 * Hybrid genre, a blend of different categories of art or culture
 * Hybrids (novel), a book in the Neanderthal Parallax trilogy by Robert J. Sawyer

Sports

 * Hybrid (golf), a golf club that has the characteristics between a wood and an iron
 * Hybrid martial arts, fighting systems that incorporate techniques and theories from several martial arts

Other uses

 * Blended learning, also known as hybrid learning, an educational model where some students attend class in-person, while others join the class virtually from home
 * Hybrid beasts in folklore, mythological or folkloric creatures that combination of different animals
 * Hybrid Graphics, often "Hybrid", a former graphics software company in Helsinki, Finland
 * Hybrid library, a library containing a mix of print and electronic resources
 * Hybrid mail, mail delivered using a combination of electronic and physical methods
 * Hybrid market, a system allowing stock trades to be completed either electronically or manually
 * Hybrid organization, an organization that mixes elements of various sectors of society
 * Hybrid (people), used to describe people of mixed ancestry in colonial empires, now considered offensive
 * Hybrid security, a type of economic instrument
 * Hybrid warfare, a military strategy
 * Hybrid word, a word derived from more than one language
 * Remote work, also known as hybrid work, the practice of working from elsewhere than in an office

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hybrid


text:
Talk:Robert Smith

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Robert Smith (musician) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:14, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 14 November 2022
For the requested move 14 November 2022, see Talk:Robert Smith (Canadian judge).  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 09:24, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Smith


text:
User:Zizonus

Hi there! I made my first edit on March 4, 2004, and now I'm hooked.

Some of my favorite topics are botany, orchids, philosophy, odds and ends.

I'm still quite a newbie, so be gentle with me!

More info about me: click here.

Here are a few contributions I'm proud of:

 * Paphiopedilum
 * Phalaenopsis
 * Foot-candle

title: User:Zizonus


text:
Baron Westbury

Baron Westbury, of Westbury in the County of Wiltshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 27 June 1861 for the lawyer and Liberal politician Sir Richard Bethell on his appointment as Lord Chancellor, a post he held until 1865.

The title descended in the direct line until the death of his great-great-grandson, the fourth baron (who succeeded his grandfather), in 1961. The fourth baron was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth baron. He was equerry to Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester from 1947 to 1949 and also served as Deputy Lieutenant of North Yorkshire in 1973. the title is held by his son, the sixth baron, who succeeded in 2001.

Barons Westbury (1861)

 * Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury (30 June 1800 – 24 July 1873)
 * Richard Augustus Bethell, 2nd Baron Westbury (11 March 1830 – 28 March 1875)
 * Richard Luttrell Pilkington Bethell, 3rd Baron Westbury (25 April 1852 – 20 February 1930). He jumped out of the bedroom window of his seventh floor St James's apartment after a long period of illness. He left a note that read: "I really cannot stand any more horrors and hardly see what good I am going to do here, so I am making my exit." His death was ruled "suicide while of unsound mind." His son Captain The Hon. Richard Bethell was found smothered to death at a Mayfair club.
 * Richard Morland Tollemache Bethell, 4th Baron Westbury (9 October 1914 – 26 June 1961) He co-authored a cookery book on Italian cooking, With Gusto and Relish, published in 1957. Lord Westbury spent the latter part of his life mainly in Rome, Italy. He never married and his younger brother, David Allan Bethell, succeeded to the Westbury title in 1961.
 * David Allan Bethell, 5th Baron Westbury (1922–2001)
 * Richard Nicholas Bethell, 6th Baron Westbury (b. 1950)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Richard Alexander David Bethell (b. 1986) The heir presumptive is his son Richard Maximilian Ferdinand Bethell (b. 2023)

title: Baron Westbury


text:
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, commonly known as Barts or BL, is a medical and dental school in London, England. The school is part of Queen Mary University of London, a constituent college of the federal University of London, and the United Hospitals. It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the London Hospital Medical College (the first school to be granted an official charter for medical teaching in 1785) and the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital (established in 1843, with medical teaching dating back to the founding of the hospital in 1123).

The school has multiple sites, having a presence at the site of both of the former colleges at and near their respective hospitals, St Bartholomew's Hospital (in Smithfield in the City of London and nearby in Charterhouse Square), and the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel with an additional site at Queen Mary's main (Mile End) campus, and a satellite campus, commencing 2017, on the island of Gozo in Malta.

As of 2018, the school had 2,235 undergraduate and 1,175 postgraduate students, for a total of 3,410 students.

London Hospital Medical College
The medical college at the London Hospital, now the Royal London Hospital, opened in 1785. It was England's first purpose-built medical school, pioneering a new kind of medical education, with an emphasis on theoretical and clinical teaching. The teaching premises were expanded in 1854, when buildings in Turner Street were built and opened, which are still in use today. For many years it functioned as an unincorporated general medical school of the University of London, until it was incorporated as The London Hospital Medical College on 30 March 1949. A dental school also opened at the London Hospital in 1911, acquiring the new dental institute and expanding student numbers during the 1960s. Dental education developed during the 1970s, increasing collaboration between dentists and other professionals.

Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Records of students at St Bartholomew's Hospital date back to at least 1662, although a purpose-built lecture theatre at the hospital was not built until 1791, and it was not until that 1822 the governors formally approved the provision of medical education within the hospital. Later a residential college was established, which moved to premises at Charterhouse Square in the 1930s. The medical college was formally established in 1843, and was incorporated as the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital on 26 July 1921.

Merger
Both colleges were admitted to the University of London in 1900, and a close association between the two was developed following the Royal Commission on Medical Education in 1968, with new links with the then Queen Mary College being established at the same time. In 1989 the pre-clinical teaching at the two colleges was merged and sited in the Basic Medical Sciences Building at Queen Mary (where it stayed until 2005, when it was moved to the Blizard Building at the Whitechapel campus). The two colleges officially merged in 1995, along with Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, now known as Queen Mary University of London, forming the combined entity known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

In 2016, the school reached an agreement with the government of Malta to open a satellite campus on the island of Gozo, with a purpose-built medical school and anatomy centre to be built on the Gozo General Hospital campus. The first students were admitted in 2017, and the buildings were due to be completed in 2019.

In recent years, Queen Mary University of London has attempted to remove aspects of the 'Barts and The London' name and identity from the School of Medicine and Dentistry. In 2019, QMUL changed the logo of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, to much resistance from staff and students of the medical and dental school. A petition was sent to the principal of the university, Colin Bailey. This has become an ongoing issue, with Barts and The London Students' Association condemning the way the BL identity and community had been treated. Current students at Barts and The London, as well as alumni, are concerned that this line of change will lead to a complete eradication of the tradition and heritage of Barts and The London.

In 2022, students and alumni reacted with even more anger when University leadership attempted to drop the 'Barts and The London' name entirely and rebrand the School to 'Queen Mary University of London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry'; QMUL responded by claiming that the change was necessary to ensure 'no possible confusion' in its own brand identity.

Campus

The school is split over a total of five campuses, with the main ones based around the location of the former medical colleges and their respective hospitals. Most medical teaching takes place at the Whitechapel campus, adjacent to The Royal London Hospital. The Blizard Building, a purpose-built building housing research facilities and a lecture theatre was completed at the Whitechapel site in 2005, and is where most lectures take place. Most dental teaching takes place at the Royal London Dental Hospital, which opened in 2014, adjacent to the main hospital site.

Teaching, in particular clinical skills teaching, also takes place at the West Smithfield campus, adjacent to St Bartholomew's Hospital, and the nearby Charterhouse Square campus, which also houses student residences.

Some additional teaching, including anatomy and dissection, takes place at the main QMUL campus in Mile End.

Hospitals
Medical students undertake clinical placements in the following hospitals, the majority of which are located in the City of London and East London, with a few in neighbouring Essex:

London

 * Goodmayes Hospital
 * Homerton University Hospital
 * King George Hospital
 * Mile End Hospital
 * Newham University Hospital
 * Queen's Hospital
 * Royal London Hospital
 * St Bartholomew's Hospital
 * Whipps Cross University Hospital

Essex

 * Broomfield Hospital
 * Colchester Hospital
 * Princess Alexandra Hospital
 * Southend University Hospital

Teaching
A unique aspect of the Barts curriculum is the use of problem-based learning, which was first developed at McMaster University Medical School in the 1960s. Barts uses this method as part of an integrated curriculum as opposed to one that is solely or predominately based on problem based learning. Students work in groups with a tutor on a clinical case or problem, and use problem based learning to supplement the knowledge they acquire during their lectures.

The standard undergraduate Medicine course is a five-year course, which results in the award of an MBBS degree. Students also have the option of extending their studies by a further year in order to study for an intercalated BSc in a range of related subjects. This is usually done after the 2nd, 3rd or 4th year.

Students who already have a science or health-related degree and who wish to study Medicine can also choose to apply to the Graduate Entry Programme (GEP). This is a four-year course, with the first two years of the standard undergraduate course being condensed into one. The remaining years of the course are identical to the undergraduate course.

Rankings
The medical school has scored highly in a number of independent rankings in recent years, placing it in the top 10 of medical schools in the United Kingdom:
 * ranked 2nd by The Guardian (2017)
 * ranked 3rd by The Times and The Sunday Times (2017)
 * ranked 7th by The Complete University Guide (2017)
 * ranked 9th (51st–100th in the world) by the QS World University Rankings (2016–17)
 * ranked 10th (65th in the world) by the Times Higher Education (2016–17)
 * ranked 7th (28th in the world) by CWTS Leiden Ranking (2016) based on the percentage of publications belonging to the top 10% of their field (PP top 10%)

The dental school has also been ranked highly:
 * ranked 3rd by The Complete University Guide (2017)
 * ranked 3rd by The Guardian (2017)
 * ranked 4th by The Times and The Sunday Times (2017)

Admission
Admission to both the medical and dental schools is highly competitive. Over 2,500 applications to study medicine are received by the school each year. Of these, 800 candidates are interviewed and approximately 440 offers are made. For dentistry, over 700 applications are received, of which 250 candidates are interviewed and approximately 150 offers are made.

The school accepts A-levels, the International Baccalaureate Diploma, Irish Leaving Certificate, Scottish Highers, Cambridge Pre-U and the European Baccalaureate as entry qualifications. Both the medical and dental degrees are open to graduate students, with a minimum of a 2:1 required. Applicants must sit the UK Clinical Aptitude Test which is used alongside the UCAS application to determine selection for interview. The school also accepts medical students only from the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, and St Andrews aiming to complete a three-year direct clinical entry programme. Students applying to this scheme do not need to apply by 15 October deadline and are not required to take the UKCAT.

Research
The school serves a diverse population in East London and the wider Thames Gateway, with the differing demographics of East London in contrast to other areas of the country providing the school with a unique teaching opportunity. Consequently, many of the school's research efforts are focused on conditions that are prevalent or endemic to the local area, for example, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, tuberculosis and other chronic lung diseases, HIV, oral disease, and cancer.

The school has six research institutes:
 * Barts Cancer Institute researches cancer and inflammation, experimental cancer medicine, haemato-oncology, cancer stem cells and ageing, cancer genomics, molecular oncology and imaging and tumour biology. The director is Nick Lemoine.
 * Blizard Institute, which focuses on surgery, paediatrics, cutaneous, diabetes, gastroenterology, haematology, infectious diseases, neuroscience, pathology and health sciences.
 * Institute of Dentistry does research and teaching in adult oral health, oral growth and development, and clinical and diagnostic oral sciences.
 * Institute of Health Sciences Education is responsible for the teaching of pre-clinical medical sciences to medical students along with research in medical education and community based medical education.
 * William Harvey Research Institute is a research facility focusing on biochemical pharmacology, orthopaedic diseases, endocrinology, genomics, clinical pharmacology and translational medicine and therapeutics.
 * Wolfson Institute of Population Health researches public health and policy, preventive medicine, epidemiology, mathematics and statistics, psychology and psychiatry.

Students' Association
Barts and The London Students' Association (BLSA) is the students' union for the medical and dental school, a largely independent arm of Queen Mary Students' Union (QMSU) formed when the student unions of St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School and the London Hospital Clubs Union merged with QMSU at the time their parent bodies merged in 1995.

The BLSA Building, where the students' association is based, is set to be demolished at the end of 2024. This building is the original site of the London Hospital Clubs' Union, and the BLSA will move into the Garrod Building, the original site of teaching at the London Hospital Medical College. The BLSA is led by a sabbatical student president, with a board of part-time student officers who operationally run the association, and provide activities for students at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

The Students' Association has a distinct structure and culture from that of QMSU, with its own clubs and societies for most sports and activities, competing in the National Association of Medics' Sports and United Hospitals Competitions against other schools and universities.

The BLSA also exists at the Malta Campus of the Medical School, based in Gozo, to provide students' union services to the students studying there.

Notable staff

 * Stephanie Amiel – diabetologist
 * William Baly
 * Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
 * Thomas Peel Dunhill – thyroid surgeon and Physician to the Queen of the United Kingdom
 * Edward Frankland – chemist
 * Sir James Galloway – dermatologist
 * Samuel Gee
 * Ian Jacobs – gynaecological oncologist
 * Peter Kopelman
 * Irene Leigh – dermatologist
 * Henry Letheby – chemist and public health officer
 * William Odling – helped develop the periodic table
 * Alexander George Ogston – biochemist
 * Dame Lesley Rees – professor and dean of Bart's Medical College
 * Joseph Rotblat – Nobel Prize winner
 * Wendy Savage – gynaecologist
 * Denise Sheer – geneticist
 * R.A. Shooter – professor of bacteriology and dean of Bart's Medical College 1972–1981
 * Dorothy Stuart Russell – professor of morbid pathology
 * John Robert Vane – Nobel Prize winner

Notable alumni

 * George F. Abercrombie – British GP, cofounder of the Royal College of General Practitioners
 * John Abernethy – surgeon
 * Robert D. Acland – surgeon, pioneer in plastic and reconstructive microsurgery
 * Joseph Adams – surgeon and pathologist
 * Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison – politician
 * George Augustus Auden – professor of public health
 * John Badley – surgeon
 * Edward Bancroft – physician and double agent in the American Revolution
 * Gopal Baratham – author and neurosurgeon
 * Gilbert Barling – former vice-chancellor of the University of Birmingham
 * Thomas John Barnardo – philanthropist
 * Frederick Batten – neurologist and paediatrician
 * Hannah Billig – famous wartime doctor
 * William Blizard – surgeon
 * George Bodington – pulmonary specialist
 * Henry Edmund Gaskin Boyle – anaesthetist
 * Robert Bridges – poet and holder of the honour of poet laureate from 1913
 * Alfred James Broomhall – medical missionary
 * George Busk – surgeon, zoologist and palaeontologist
 * William Carr – former director of the Royal Australian Navy's Naval Medical Services
 * Graham Chapman – comedian; member of the surreal comedy group Monty Python
 * Anjem Choudary – Islamist, founder of al-Muhajiroun and Islam4UK,solicitor, convicted of inviting support for a proscribed organisation, namely the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, under the Terrorism Act 2000
 * William Job Collins – surgeon and politician
 * Brian Colvin – haematologist
 * Albert Ruskin Cook – medical missionary
 * John Desmond Cronin – politician and surgeon
 * Tim Crow – psychiatrist
 * Thomas Blizard Curling – surgeon
 * John Langdon Down – first to describe Down syndrome, a genetic disorder named after him
 * Horace Evans, 1st Baron Evans – Welsh GP, personal physician to King George VI
 * Pamela Evans – GP and author
 * John Fenning – British doctor and Olympic gold medallist
 * John Freke – first ophthalmic surgeon
 * Archibald Garrod – first physician to appreciate the importance of biochemistry in medicine
 * Richard Gordon – screenwriter and novelist
 * Martin Gore CBE – professor of medical oncology
 * Major Greenwood – epidemiologist and statistician
 * Sir Wilfred Grenfell – medical missionary
 * Gordon Hamilton-Fairley – oncologist
 * Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn – politician
 * William Harvey – described circulation
 * Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton – politician and former chairman of the BBC
 * James Hinton – surgeon and author
 * Ebbe Hoff – founding director of the Virginia Division of Substance Abuse
 * Eric John Holborow – physician and immunologist, known for his pioneering research on autoimmunity
 * John Hughlings Jackson – neurologist
 * John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Fawley – British GP, co-founder of the Royal College of General Practitioners
 * John Hunter – surgeon and anatomist; namesake of the Hunterian Society
 * Jonathan Hutchinson – ophthalmologist
 * Donald McIntosh Johnson – author and politician
 * Parveen Kumar – co-author of world-renowned medical textbook Kumar and Clarke's, former president of the British Medical Association and the Royal Society of Medicine, lectures occasionally at the Medical School
 * William Lawrence – surgeon, a founder of British ophthalmology
 * William Elford Leach – English zoologist and marine biologist
 * John Leech – caricaturist
 * Irene Leigh – dermatologist
 * Suzy Lishman – former president of the Royal College of Pathologists
 * William John Little – surgeon, pioneer of orthopaedic surgery
 * Martyn Lloyd-Jones – Evangelical Christian religious leader
 * Morell Mackenzie – pioneer of laryngology
 * Johann Malawana – leader of BMA Junior Doctors Committee, trade unionist
 * William Marsden – surgeon, founder of The Royal Free and Marsden Hospitals
 * Peter William Mathieson – president of the University of Hong Kong
 * John Preston Maxwell – medical missionary
 * Robert Morrison – medical missionary
 * Richard Owen – English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist
 * Sir James Paget – surgeon and founder of scientific medical pathology
 * James Parkinson – political activist and first to describe Parkinson's Disease
 * Jonathan Pereira – pharmacologist
 * Richard Pollok – gastroenterologist, medical researcher and academic
 * Percivall Pott – English surgeon, founder of orthopaedy
 * Sir Bentley Purchase – coroner, involved in Operation Mincemeat
 * Peter J. Ratcliffe – British Nobel laureate physician-scientist
 * Reza Razavi – vice president (Research) at King's College London and Director of the King’s Wellcome Trust EPSRC Centre For Medical Engineering
 * W. H. R. Rivers – psychiatrist, psychiatric anthropologist
 * Sir Ronald Ross – first British Nobel laureate, known for his work on the transmission of malaria
 * Martine Rothblatt – entrepreneur, author, founder of United Therapeutics and Sirius Radio
 * William Scovell Savory – eurgeon
 * Jay Sean – singer-songwriter
 * Liz Shore – former deputy chief medical officer
 * G. Spencer-Brown – mathematician
 * Tareq Suheimat – Jordanian physician, military general and statesman
 * Frederick Howard Taylor – medical missionary
 * Herbert Hudson Taylor – medical missionary
 * Hudson Taylor – medical missionary
 * Roger Taylor – drummer of the band Queen
 * Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet – surgeon
 * Daniel Hack Tuke – expert on mental illness
 * William Turner – anatomist and former principal of the University of Edinburgh
 * John Waterlow – British physiologist
 * Hugh Watkins – cardiologist
 * William James Erasmus Wilson – surgeon
 * Peter Wingfield – actor
 * Robert Winston – gynaecologist and politician
 * Arthur Wint – Olympic gold medallist
 * Adeline Yen Mah – author and physician

Fictional alumni

 * Harold Legg – doctor in the British soap opera EastEnders from 1985 to 1997, making guest appearances in 2000 and 2004
 * Dr. Watson – Sherlock Holmes's companion and "biographer": not only did the two first meet in the pathology laboratories in 1881, but Watson studied and met his friend Stamford (who was Watson's "dresser" – the equivalent nowadays of the surgical houseman) at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in the mid/late 1870s.


text:
14th Street bridges

The 14th Street bridges refers to the three bridges near each other that cross the Potomac River, connecting Arlington, Virginia and Washington, D.C. Sometimes the two nearby rail bridges are included as part of the 14th Street bridge complex. A major gateway for automotive, bicycle and rail traffic, the bridge complex is named for 14th Street (U.S. Route 1), which feeds automotive traffic into it on the D.C. end.

The complex contains three four-lane automobile bridges — including, from west to east, one southbound, one bi-directional, and one northbound — that carry Interstate 395 (I-395) and U.S. Route 1 (US 1) traffic, as well as a bicycle and pedestrian lane on the southbound bridge. In addition, the complex contains two rail bridges, one of which carries the Yellow Line of the Washington Metro; the other of which, the only mainline rail crossing of the Potomac River to Virginia, carries a CSX Transportation rail line. The five bridges, from west to east are the George Mason Memorial Bridge, the Rochambeau Bridge, the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge and the Long Bridge. In aerial photos, shadows caused by a large, concrete divider on the bi-directional Rochambeau Bridge create the illusion of two, two-lane bridges, but this is in fact, a single, four-lane structure.

At the north end of the bridges, in East Potomac Park, the three roadways connect to a pair of two-way bridges over the Washington Channel into downtown Washington, one six-lane connecting to traffic (including northbound US 1) north onto 14th Street, and the other, an eight-lane bridge connecting to I-395 traffic on the Southwest Freeway. The Metro line connects to a tunnel in the East Potomac Park, and the main line railroad from the Long Bridge passes over I-395 and runs over the Washington Channel just downstream of the 14th Street approach before turning northeast along the line of Maryland Avenue.

On January 13, 1982, Air Florida Flight 90 clipped the 14th Street Bridge, the northbound I-395 span of the complex, during rush hour and crashed into the Potomac River; this killed four people on the bridge, along with 74 passengers and crew on the aircraft. The repaired span was renamed in honor of Arland D. Williams Jr., a passenger on the plane who survived the initial crash, but drowned after repeatedly passing a helicopter rescue line to other survivors.

Bridges
Each of the complex's five bridge spans has its own name. From east to west, the bridges are:
 * The 1904 (rebuilt c. 1943) Long Bridge carries CSX, Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express rail traffic over the river. The name was "derived from its planned size and not as a memorial to any particular individual."
 * The 1983 Charles R. Fenwick Bridge—named for the Virginia state senator who helped create the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority—carries the Yellow Line of the Washington Metro across the river.
 * The northbound span was originally named the 14th Street Bridge when it opened in 1950, renamed the Rochambeau Bridge eight years later, and renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in 1985 for a passenger of Air Florida Flight 90, who died in 1982 saving others from the freezing water.
 * In 1985, the Rochambeau Bridge name was moved to the previously unnamed center bridge, which opened in 1971 and carries traffic in both directions.
 * The southbound span, opened in 1962, is named the George Mason Memorial Bridge. A side path is on the upstream side of the bridge for pedestrians and cyclists.

Long Bridge

The name "Long Bridge" was given to a series of bridges across the Potomac dating back to 1809. At times, some of the bridges were referred to as the Bridge at 14th Street, but more often by other names.

The first bridge opened as the Washington Bridge on May 20, 1809 and originally carried vehicle, pedestrian and horse traffic. By the 1830s it began to be called the "long Bridge across the Potomac" to distinguish it from the bridge near Little Falls, but over time, the colloquial name was shortened to just the "Long Bridge". Rails had been built to the bridge from the Washington side in 1855 and from the Virginia side in 1857, but there weren't placed on the bridge until the Civil War.

In 1864, a new bridge was built adjacent to the original bridge. When the U.S. Military railroad Charles Minot fell through one of the spans of the old bridge on February 18, 1865, the rails were moved to the new bridge and the old bridge became used for non-rail traffic only, as had been recommended in the prior year. To some the old bridge became the "turnpike bridge" and the new one the "railroad bridge." For others the two bridges were referred to separately as the Long Bridge and the railroad bridge or as two parts of one "Long Bridge".

An October 1, 1870 flood damaged the bridges beyond repair so a replacement bridge was built over the next two years and the old Washington Bridge was removed.

The new bridge opened on May 15, 1872. The day the new bridge opened, the old railroad bridge, which had been partially repaired, was closed. On July 2, the Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railway opened, providing the first direct all-rail connection between the north and Richmond, Virginia.

Despite the new design, the 1872 bridge continued to be damaged by freshets, it blocked river traffic and was not wide enough for two tracks; so two new bridges were built. A new railroad bridge was constructed in 1904 and a new Highway Bridge opened in December 1906. The 1872 bridge was closed on December 18, 1906 and demolished in 1907.

The current railroad bridge opened on August 28, 1904, about 150 feet (45 m) upriver from the old bridge. In the early years, the bridge was often referred to as the "Railroad Bridge" to distinguish it from "Highway Bridge". It was also sometimes known as the "14th Street Railroad Bridge". It wasn't until the 1980s, during planning of the Virginia Railway Express (VRE) system, that the railroad bridge again began to be called by the old "Long Bridge" name. VRE began using the bridge in 1992.

The bridge was substantially reconstructed starting in mid-1942, with 11 new supplemental piers between the original truss spans and steel plate girders replacing the iron and steel truss spans. Work completed on November 9, 1943.

When the Mason Bridge was completed in 1962, it put an end to almost all use of the Long Bridge's draw span. The last time it was opened was March 1969 to allow barges used in the removal of the old Highway Bridge to pass through. The tender's control house, or shanty, on top of the draw remained - often used as a billboard for Georgetown crew races until it was removed in late 1982 or early 1983.

The bridge was rehabilitated in 2016 and CSX determined that it was sufficient to meet their freight needs, but in 2019 DDOT and FRA reported that a second bridge was needed to serve increased passenger rail needs. A third bridge was also proposed to create a new bicycle/pedestrian crossing. In 2019, Virginia announced that they would pay to build a new rail bridge over the Potomac River north of the Long Bridge.

Highway Bridge
A new swing-span through-truss bridge called the Highway Bridge or sometimes the 14th Street Bridge, 500 feet (150 m) upriver from the Long Bridge, opened December 15, 1906, to serve streetcars and other non-railroad traffic.

The yellow trolleys of the Mount Vernon Railway used the bridge until 1932 when the line was replaced by buses that eventually became part of the Alexandria, Barcroft and Washington (AB&W) Transit Company.

After the George Mason Bridge was opened in 1962, the Highway Bridge was closed, but there was considerable discussion of reusing the Highway Bridge, perhaps for rush hour only automobile traffic. Nonetheless, the Highway Bridge was finally removed from the site in 1967–1968, and was taken to the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, for bombing practice.

In order to remove the Highway Bridge piers, the Williams and Long Bridges were opened for the last time on March 3, 1969. They were opened to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers. A few years prior to 1967, the railroad bridge had been welded shut, and in order to open it for the crane, that had to be reversed.

Pontoon Bridge
On July 1, 1942, after two months of work, the War Department opened a pontoon bridge located between the Railroad and Highway bridges. It connected Ohio Drive, then Riverside Drive, to US Highway 1. The bridge was constructed of 30 plank covered pontoons with an asphalt coating for the 12 foot-wide floor. A fixed steel span on the Virginia side provided an opening 30 feet wide and 21 feet high for boats to pass under. Two more fixed spans carried it over the George Washington Parkway. The bridge was built for emergency movement of troops and though it was to allow for civilian use, it never did. Once World War II was over, the bridge was removed in the summer of 1945.

Modern 14th Street bridges
Despite the different names of the Rochambeau, Mason and Williams bridges, and the fact that there were all built separately, the three are often called "The 14th Street Bridge" together.

Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge
Planning for a replacement of the Highway Bridge started in the 1940s to deal with expanded traffic in the automobile age. Work on a new single-span, northbound-only 14th Street Bridge began on August 21, 1947 and the new bridge opened on May 9, 1950 with the ribbon cut by Miss D.C., Mary Jane Hayes. The Highway Bridge then became southbound-only, but a 2nd bridge was planned to replace it. The new bridge span incorporated draw spans with a control houses that was designed to complement those on the Arlington Memorial Bridge upstream and on the railroad bridge's swing span downstream.

In 1956, while planning the Jones Point Bridge Congress began to debate what to name it. While one of the first suggestions was to name it after Woodrow Wilson, which eventually it was, Rep. Joel Broyhill (R-VA) suggested naming it for George Mason, or failing that naming the new Highway Bridge for him. This prompted a letter to the editor of the Washington Post suggested it be named for revolutionary war hero Lafayette, since it was near where he led soldiers across the river on the way to Yorktown. A few days later, Charles Parmer a Rochambeau enthusiast and head of Virginia's short-lived Rochambeau Commission, suggested the bridge instead be named for Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau. Another letter followed that suggested attaching the name Rochambeau instead to the 14th Street Bridge and that letter caught the attention of Congress member Harry F. Byrd of Virginia who submitted it to the Congressional Record. Broyhill submitted a bill naming the bridge for Mason and Byrd submitted one naming it for Rochambeau, and by the middle of summer a compromise had been worked out naming one span for each. Broyhill resubmitted the compromise bill in 1957 and it passed. The new bridge was dedicated in honor of Rochambeau on October 19, 1958 at 2pm, at time and date meant to correspond with the time and date that Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in 1781.

The last time Williams Bridge was opened was on March 3, 1969 to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers.

Williams Bridge underwent extensive repair in 1975-1976 which resulted in a closure of more than a year. Workers gave the bridge a new deck, removed the bascule draw span and replaced the sidewalks with shoulders. The control house remained.

On January 13, 1982, the Williams Bridge was damaged by the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. The Boeing 737-222, which had accumulated ice while idling on the runway at National Airport, stalled soon after takeoff, fell on the bridge, and slammed into the iced-over Potomac River. The crash killed 74 passengers and crew, plus four people in cars on the bridge. The repaired span was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge on March 13, 1985 – following a December 4, 1984 vote – after one of the passengers, who passed a lifeline to five survivors before permitting himself to be rescued. He succumbed to hypothermia and drowned while rescuers worked to rescue the last of the survivors. The name Rochambeau Bridge was then shifted to the Center Highway Bridge.

After a series of inspections from 2005 to 2009, the District of Columbia's District Department of Transportation (DDOT) began a $27 million rehabilitation of the northbound main span in 2010. Construction, scheduled to last only a few months, was finally completed in 2011. A 2014 inspection found more problems. Citing the expense and the need to replace or repair several deficient bridges elsewhere in the District, DDOT pushed the date for fixing these problems to 2020. On April 13, 2023, DDOT announced the US Department of Transportation had provided $72 million to help fund the rehabilitation project. The $90 million project, which will also be funded in part by the D.C. government, would start with preliminary engineering and the environmental review for the project later that spring, with the preliminary design expected to be completed that fall. Construction is estimated to take two years.

George Mason Memorial Bridge
The new George Mason Memorial Bridge opened upstream on January 26, 1962, replacing the old Highway Bridge (then southbound only). The Mason Bridge, unlike the bridges upstream and downstream, could not open for river traffic, thus Potomac River traffic by sea-going vessels traveling above the Long Bridge ceased in 1961.

During the late 1960s, new ramps were constructed between the westbound Shirley Highway and the southbound George Washington Parkway and these eliminated the path between the bridge and the Pentagon. In 1969, the path was connected to the Arlington Memorial Bridge via the Lady Bird Trail and on April 15, 1972 it was connected to Alexandria via the Mount Vernon Trail, of which the Lady Bird Trail became part.

In 1984, the Mason Bridge was closed for several months for a $5.9 million overhaul. The bridge was resurfaced and widened to provide shoulders. The sidewalk was widened and new safety railings were installed between the walkway and the roadway.

On July 25, 1989, the George Mason Bridge gained national notoriety as the scene of the 1989 DC Prostitute Expulsion.

In late 2018, the National Park Service rebuilt and improved the trail ramp between the George Mason Bridge path and East Basin Drive.

Rochambeau Bridge

On April 5, 1971, a third bridge opened immediately downstream of the Mason Bridge, carrying two express lanes in each direction. Work began in March 1967, but wasn't entirely completed until 1972. The express lanes lead directly to the high-occupancy vehicle lanes on Virginia's section of I-395, though these lanes are only HOV during rush hour.

At the time it opened it was only open for bus traffic, making it the longest exclusive busway in the Country, but over the years the express lane rules have gradually been reduced. In late 1973, carpoolers were allowed to use the bus lanes during rush hour if the car had at least four passengers. In 1975, cars with four passengers were allowed to use the express lanes at all hours. In 1983, Congress passed a law to open the express lanes to all vehicles except during rush hour, when they were restricted to buses, car pools and emergency vehicles and that went into effect in 1985. In 1987, due to increased congestion, the Virginia Department of Transportation extended the HOV end time from 6pm to 6:30pm, but later that year it was rolled back after Rep. Stan Parris passed a federal law that would deny Virginia $2.4 million if the rush hour extension remained. In the same year, the VDOT opened the northbound HOV lanes on the bridge to all users to alleviate congestion caused by reconstruction of the SE-SW Freeway. In early 1989, Virginia, in a deal with Rep. Parris, lowered the HOV restrictions from four people per vehicle to three in order to regain control over the management of the HOV lanes. In late 2019, the HOV lanes on 395 changed to High-Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, and as a result the northbound lane on the Rochambeau Bridge became a HOT lane as well.

When it opened, the bridge was known as the Center Highway Bridge. On March 13, 1985, following the 1982 Air Florida Flight 90 crash, the downstream bridge was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge to honor one of the passengers who died saving the lives of other survivors during the crash. The name Rochambeau was simultaneously transferred to the Center Highway Bridge. However, the bronze marker naming the bridge was not shifted with the name.

Charles R. Fenwick Bridge
The final bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge, carrying the Yellow Line, opened on April 30, 1983. Based on the recommendation of Washington Post reporter Jack Eisen, the bridge was named for Fenwick by the Metro Board on September 22, 1983. Fenwick was a Virginia state legislator from the Washington suburbs who sponsored legislation to create Metro. He died in 1968.

title: 14th Street bridges


text:
Robert Smith (Cabinet member)

Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was an American politician, diplomat, and admiralty lawyer. He served as the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the younger brother of Senator Samuel Smith.

Smith was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and later graduated from Princeton University, then known as the College of New Jersey. As a respected lawyer, Smith became part of Baltimore's political elite, launching his political career under Thomas Jefferson and later James Madison.

After a forced resignation from the Cabinet in 1811, Smith served as president of the American Bible Society and the Maryland Agriculture Society. Retired from public office, Smith died in 1842.

Early life
Smith was born in Lancaster, Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, Smith enlisted as a private in the Continental Army, later participating in the Battle of Brandywine.

Legal practice
He graduated from Princeton in 1781 and was admitted to the Maryland Bar. In private practice, Smith specialized in admiralty law. Smith flourished as a maritime lawyer, establishing the "largest admiralty practice of his time."

Political career
Smith was well-respected from his legal career. Due to his public profile, Smith was selected as an elector to the Electoral College representing Maryland during the 1788–89 United States presidential election.

Elected office
After Smith's entry to partisan politics, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate from 1793 to 1795 and to the Maryland House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800. While serving in the Maryland House, Smith was also elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1798.

Cabinet Secretary
As a legal expert in admiralty law, Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Secretary of the Navy in July 1801, after William Jones declined the position. On March 2, 1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy. However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy.

Eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy.

Smith left the office of Secretary of the Navy at the end of President Jefferson's administration on March 4, 1809. President James Madison appointed Smith to serve as Secretary of State on March 6, 1809, and he served in this position until his forced resignation on April 1, 1811.

Policies
During his time as Secretary of State, Smith pursued an assertive policy to claim the Spanish-controlled West Florida. In October 1810, Smith lied to General Louis Marie Turreau, claiming the United States would not support rebellion in the territory. Later the same month, Smith received word from David Holmes that West Florida declared its independence. American forces subsequently invaded West Florida.

In personal correspondence, Smith pushed for an amendment to ban persons with foreign titles from serving in the New Hampshire legislature, though the amendment failed.

Resignation

Smith was closely allied with his brother, Maryland Senator Samuel Smith, and bitterly opposed Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin. In March 1811, Gallantin threatened to resign if Madison didn't dismiss Smith.

Madison thought that Smith could be his own Secretary of State, but Smith so often pursued opposite policies that Madison finally demanded his resignation. In Madison's April 1811 "Memorandum on Robert Smith," the president offered a laundry list of Smith's shortcomings. Madison questioned Smith's loyalty; found Smith's diplomatic correspondence wanting, and noted that Smith had been indiscreet in conversations with the British and had opposed the administration's efforts to secure concessions from Britain and France by limiting trade.

Apparently, Smith was bewildered by these and other charges leveled by Madison and published an exoneration of himself, "Robert Smith's Address to the People of the United States," which was an attack on Madison's foreign policy. Madison offered Smith the post of Minister to Russia, which was currently held by John Quincy Adams. Smith considered the offer, but in the end, he refused the post.

Personal life
Smith became the president of the not-yet-fully-organized American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818, he became the founding president of the Maryland Agriculture Society and afterwards retired to a more private life where he enjoyed his wealth.

Robert Smith died in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 26, 1842, aged 85.

Legacy
The USS Robert Smith (DD-324) was named for him.

title: Robert Smith (Cabinet member)


text:
Baron Wigram

Baron Wigram, of Clewer in the County of Berkshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1935 for the soldier and court official Sir Clive Wigram, Private Secretary to King George V from 1931 to 1936. He was the grandson of Reverend William Pitt Wigram, ninth and youngest son of Sir Robert Wigram, 1st Baronet, of Walthamstow (see Wigram baronets for earlier history of the family). the title is held by his grandson, a former equerry to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who succeeded in May 2017.

The first Baron's great-grandson, Captain Charles Malet of the Coldstream Guards, served as Assistant Equerry to Queen Elizabeth II in 2008. Captain Malet was commissioned in 2005 and has served in Afghanistan.

The family seat is Poulton Fields, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

Barons Wigram (1935)

 * Clive Wigram, 1st Baron Wigram (1873–1960)
 * (George) Neville Clive Wigram, 2nd Baron Wigram (1915–2017)
 * Andrew Francis Clive Wigram, 3rd Baron Wigram (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's elder son, the Hon. Harry Richard Clive Wigram (b. 1977)

title: Baron Wigram


text:
Sombrero

In English, a, lit. 'shadower'; ) is a type of wide-brimmed Mexican men's hat used to shield the face and eyes from the sun. It usually has a high, pointed crown; an extra-wide brim (broad enough to cast a shadow over the head, neck, and shoulders of the wearer) that is slightly upturned at the edge; and a chin strap to hold it in place.

In Mexico, this hat type is known as a sombrero de charro ("charro hat", referring to the traditional Mexican horsemen). In Spanish, any wide-brimmed hat may be considered a sombrero.

Design
Sombreros, like cowboy hats, were designed in response to the demands of the physical environment. The concept of a broad-brimmed hat worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century, and in the Greek petasos two millennia before that. In hot, sunny climates hats often have evolved wide brims. The exact origin of the Mexican sombrero is unknown, but it is usually accepted that the hat originated with mestizo cowboys in Central Mexico. Although sombrero is usually taken to refer to the traditional Mexican headwear, the term sombrero predates this item of clothing, and has been applied to several differing styles of hat. Other types of hats known as sombrero can be found in South America and Spain, including the sombrero calañés, sombrero cordobés and sombrero de catite (Spain), and sombrero vueltiao (Colombia).

Cultural influence
Many early Texan cowboys adopted the Spanish and Mexican sombrero with its flat crown and wide, flat brim. Also called the poblano, these hats came from Spain.

The Mexican variation of the sombrero added an even wider brim and a high, conical crown. These are the hats worn by mariachi musicians and charros. Both types of sombreros usually include a barboquejo or chin strap.

In the Western United States, the sombrero had a high conical or cylindrical crown with a saucer-shaped brim, highly embroidered and made of plush felt.

In the Philippines, due to the influence from Spain brought about by the Manila galleon trade, the term has been assimilated into the Tagalog language in the form of sumbrero and now refers to any hat – from Mexican sombreros (as used in the English language) to baseball caps.

The galaxy Messier 104 is known as the Sombrero Galaxy due to its appearance. Similarly, Tampa Stadium was also known as "The Big Sombrero". In mathematics, the Jinc function is sometimes called the sombrero function and in physics, the Sombrero potential is a prescription for the potential energy that leads to the Higgs mechanism.

title: Sombrero


text: User talk:216.124.227.98

title: User talk:216.124.227.98


text:
Baron Wardington

Baron Wardington, of Alnmouth in the County of Northumberland, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1936 for John William Beaumont Pease, Chairman of Lloyds Bank from 1922 to 1945. The third Baron succeeded his elder brother in 2005. The titles became extinct on the latter's death in March 2019.

The family seat was Wardington Manor, near Banbury in Oxfordshire.

Barons Wardington (1936)

 * John William Beaumont Pease, 1st Baron Wardington (1869–1950)
 * Christopher Henry Beaumont Pease, 2nd Baron Wardington (1924–2005)
 * William Simon Pease, 3rd Baron Wardington (1925–2019 )

title: Baron Wardington


text:
Royal London Hospital

The Royal London Hospital is a large teaching hospital in Whitechapel in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is part of Barts Health NHS Trust. It provides district general hospital services for the City of London and Tower Hamlets and specialist tertiary care services for patients from across London and elsewhere. The current hospital building has 1248 beds and 34 wards. It opened in February 2012.

The hospital was founded in September 1740 and was originally named the London Infirmary. The name changed to the London Hospital in 1748, and in 1990 to the Royal London Hospital. The first patients were treated at a house in Featherstone Street, Moorfields. In May 1741, the hospital moved to Prescot Street, and remained there until 1757 when it moved to its current location on the south side of Whitechapel Road, Whitechapel, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

The hospital's roof-top helipad is the London's Air Ambulance operating base.

Origins
By the middle of the 18th century there were five voluntary hospitals in London (St Bartholomew's, Guy's, St Thomas', Westminster and St George's) which provided free medical care to those who could not afford it. However, none was located to the east of the City, where it could have served the comparatively impoverished and rapidly growing population of Spitalfields and Whitechapel; this was the void that The London Hospital was to fill. The institution that was to become The Royal London Hospital was founded on 23 September 1740, when seven gentlemen met in the Feathers Tavern in Cheapside in the City of London to subscribe to the formation of an "intended new infirmary".

On 3 November, The London Infirmary opened in a house on Featherstone Street, Moorfields. The staff consisted of one surgeon, physician and apothecary; and was operated as a voluntary hospital, in which patients were not charged for treatment and their care was funded charitably from annual subscription fees.

In May 1741, the hospital moved to larger premises in Prescot Street, at that time in an exceedingly bad district. The following year, 2nd Duke of Richmond was persuaded by the hospital's surgeon, John Harrison, to become the first President of the new hospital. The name changed to The London Hospital around 1748. The houses at Prescot Street were in an unfit state for use by 1744. A subscription fund for a new building was opened, and the current site was acquired at Whitechapel Mount (then relatively sparsely built on); however, funds were acquired slowly and it was not until 1751 that work began on the new building. The purpose-built hospital, which was designed by Boulton Mainwaring and accommodated 300 beds was opened to staff and patients in September 1757. The next year, the trustees of the charity acquired a royal charter so that they could constitute themselves as a legal entity.

Medical students had been recorded as studying under the staff of The London Hospital as private pupils since the year it had begun, however it was not until 1785 that the London Hospital Medical College was founded; chiefly through the efforts of William Blizard, the hospital's surgeon. Private medical schools had been long established, but the LHMC was the first purpose-built medical school in England and Wales organised in connection with a hospital. It amalgamated in 1995 with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, under the aegis of Queen Mary and Westfield College to become St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

19th century
In the 1870s the medical staff determined to improve the quality of nursing care and in 1880 Eva Luckes was employed as Matron of the Hospital, a post which she held for nearly forty years. She was an influential nursing leader and instigated a new programme of nurse training, including the first Preliminary Training School for Nurses. She became known by her friend and mentor Florence Nightingale (also a Governor of The London Hospital) as 'O Matron of Matrons'. Luckes produced over 470 matrons during her tenure including Military Matrons in Chief Ethel Becher, Maud McCarthy and Sarah Oram, and several matrons of large provincial voluntary hospitals and Poor Law infirmaries including Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Matron of St Bartholomew's Hospital. In the late 1890s, Edith Cavell, who later helped some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, trained under Luckes and worked as a nurse at the hospital.

Joseph Merrick, known as the "Elephant Man", was admitted to the hospital in 1886 and spent the last few years of life there. His mounted skeleton is currently housed at the medical school, but is not on public display.

20th century
In the early 20th century the hospital sent out nurses to work unsupervised in private houses through their Private Nurses Institution, established in 1886. This earned £4,000 a year, a profit of £1,700.

In 1990 Queen Elizabeth II visited the hospital and added "Royal" to the name, to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its founding. The present School of Nursing and Midwifery was formed in 1994 by the merger of the schools from St Bartholomew's Hospital and The Royal London Hospital to become the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery. Prior to this, the school of nursing was known as the Princess Alexandra College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 1995 the new Nursing School was incorporated into City University, London.

21st century: the new hospital
In March 2005 planning permission was granted for the redevelopment and expansion of The Royal London Hospital. The scheme was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. Sited on the grounds of the existing hospital, the works involved the replacement of certain of the hospital's old facilities, some of which dated back to when the hospital moved to its existing site in 1757. The works also involved the creation of a new trauma and emergency care centre and substantial new renal and paediatric facilities. These works, which were designed by HOK and undertaken by Skanska at a cost of £650 million, opened in part in 2012 and were completed in 2016. The old hospital buildings were converted into the new Tower Hamlets Town Hall for Tower Hamlets Council between 2019 and 2023.

In March 2020 it was reported that the 14th and 15th floors of the hospital, which were never fitted out because the trust had been unable to afford to do so, would be opened in order to provide more capacity to deal with patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. These floors were opened in May 2020 at a cost of £24 million.

Notable alumni

 * Dame Doris Beale, DBE, RRC & Bar (9 August 1889 – 14 January 1971) Matron-in-Chief of Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service (1941-1944).
 * Ethel Hope Becher GBE, RRC & Bar (1867–1948), Matron in Chief of Queen Alexandra's Imperial Nursing Service from 1910-1919.
 * Edith Cavell (1865–1915), British Nurse executed during the First World War.
 * Kate Evelyn Luard, RRC and Bar (1872–1962), British Nurse and author.
 * Eva Charlotte Ellis Luckes, CBE RRC DStJ (1854–1919), Matron at The London between1880-1919. Influential nurse reformer.
 * Emma Maud McCarthy, GBE, RRC & Bar, DStJ (1859–1949) British Army Matron in Chief during the First World War.
 * Sarah Elizabeth Oram, DBE, RRC (1860–1946), was a senior military nurse and Acting Matron-in-Chief, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Nursing Service, during the First World War.
 * Gertrude Mary Richards, CBE, RRC (1864–1944) was a British nurse and senior military nursing leader during the First World War.
 * Violetta Thurstan, MM, (1879-1978), Nurse, author, weaver.

Former museum
The Royal London had a museum which was located in the crypt of a 19th-century church. It reopened in 2002 after extensive refurbishment. The museum covered the history of the hospital since its foundation in 1740 and the wider history of medicine in the East End. It was a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. It included works of art, surgical instruments, medical and nursing equipment, uniforms, medals, documents and books. There was a forensic medicine section which included original material on Jack the Ripper, Dr Crippen and the Christie murders. There were also displays on Joseph Merrick (the 'Elephant Man') and former Hospital nurse Edith Cavell. There was the model of a church in the hospital that was built by Joseph Merrick who spent the last few years of his life at the hospital. The museum closed in 2020.

Emergency Department and Major Trauma Centre
The Royal London Hospital is the busiest trauma centre in the UK, with Barts and the London NHS Trust as a whole treating over 1,255 injury patients daily across its five hospitals.

The Queen Mary University of London Centre for Trauma Sciences, part of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, has a strong clinical partnership with the hospital's Major Trauma Centre.

The Royal London Hospital is part of a citywide initiative to transform London's emergency and trauma services. In 2010, the London Trauma System was implemented. The network is believed to be the largest of its kind in the world. The System comprises four existing London hospitals, The Royal London Hospital (Whitechapel), King's College Hospital (Denmark Hill), St George's Hospital (Tooting) and St Mary's Hospital (Paddington), supported by a number of trauma units located in various A&E departments where patients with less serious injuries receive treatment.

In popular culture
The TV series Casualty 1900s is set at The Royal London, and follows the everyday life of the hospital throughout these years. Some of the storylines are based on actual cases drawn from the hospital records. Amazon Prime has acquired the series for broadcast in the US, where it is called London Hospital.

The TV comedy drama series Crashing (2016), which follows the lives of six property guardians living in a disused London hospital, was filmed at The Royal London.

The TV series Call the Midwife, which takes place during the 1950s and 1960s in East London, includes scenes at the then London Hospital. The series is a dramatization of the life of a nurse midwife who was trained at the hospital.

Patient entertainment
Bedrock Radio (a registered charity established in 2002) provide a community health (hospital radio) service across East London, South Essex and immediate surrounding areas. Bedrock Radio began serving Barts Health Trust in November 2022 when Whipps Cross Hospital Radio (WXHR) closed down.

title: Royal London Hospital


text:
Baron Windlesham

Baron Windlesham, of Windlesham in Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1937 for the Conservative politician Sir George Hennessy, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet, of Winchester in the County of Southampton, in 1927. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a Brigadier in the Grenadier Guards. The latter's son, the third Baron, succeeded in 1962; a Conservative politician, he notably served as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords in 1974. In 1999 he was created a life peer as Baron Hennessy, of Windlesham in the County of Surrey, so that he could continue to sit in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, which removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the upper chamber of parliament. the titles are held by his son, the fourth Baron.

Barons Windlesham (1937)

 * George Richard James Hennessy, 1st Baron Windlesham (1877–1953)
 * James Bryan George Hennessy, 2nd Baron Windlesham (1903–1962)
 * David James George Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham (1932–2010)
 * James Rupert Hennessy, 4th Baron Windlesham (b. 1968)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. George Rupert James Hennessy (b. 2006)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg George Richard James Hennessy, 1st Baron Windlesham (1877—1953)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg James Bryan George Hennessy, 2nd Baron Windlesham (1903—1962)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg David James George Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham, Baron Hennessy (1932—2010)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg James Rupert Hennessy, 4th Baron Windlesham (born 1968)
 * (1) ''Hon. George Rupert James Hennessy (b. 2006)
 * Hon. Frederick Francis George Hennessy (1906—1969)
 * Peter Grant Auguste Hennessy (1944—2019)
 * (2) James George Hennessy (b. 1970)
 * (3) Benedict John Hennessy (b. 1978)

title: Baron Windlesham


text:
Baron Wedgwood

Baron Wedgwood, of Barlaston in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1942 for the soldier and politician Josiah Wedgwood. He was the great-great-grandson of Josiah Wedgwood, the founder of the Wedgwood pottery dynasty. , the title is held by the first Baron's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his cousin in 2014.

Ralph Wedgwood, younger brother of the first Baron, was created a baronet, in 1942.

Barons Wedgwood (1942)

 * Josiah Clement Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood (1872–1943)
 * Francis Charles Bowen Wedgwood, 2nd Baron Wedgwood (1898–1959)
 * Hugh Everard Wedgwood, 3rd Baron Wedgwood (1921–1970)
 * Piers Anthony Weymouth Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood (1954–2014)
 * Antony John Wedgwood, 5th Baron Wedgwood (b. 1944)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Josiah Thomas Antony Wedgwood (b. 1978) The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son, Felix Wedgwood (b.2020)

title: Baron Wedgwood