text:
Daniel Keys Moran

Daniel Keys Moran (born November 30, 1962), also known by his initials DKM, is an American computer programmer and science fiction writer.

Biography
Moran was born in Los Angeles to Richard Joseph Moran and Marilynn Joyce Moran. He has three sisters, Kari Lynn Moran, Jodi Anne Moran and Kathleen Moran.

A native of Southern California, he formerly lived (with his former wife Holly Thomas Moran) in North Hollywood. DKM, his third wife Amy Stout-Moran, and their sons Richard Moran and Connor Moran, along with Amy's two daughters and one son later lived in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles.

In early 2005 Keys Moran lost vision in one eye due to wet macular degeneration.

The Great Wheel of Existence
The multi-verse in which most of DKM’s work is set.
 * “The Gray Maelstrom” – Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine. Vol. 7 No. 2 (whole no. 62) February 1983.  Story art: John Pierard.

Human/Praxcelis Union
Quiet Vision hardcover ISBN 978-1-57646-576-9 (April 2001), tradepaper ISBN 1-57646-637-X (June 2002). Cover design: DKM. based in part on a screenplay by William Stewart and Joanne Nelson.
 * 1) “All the Time in the World” – Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine.  Vol. 6 No. 5 (whole no. 52) May 1982.  Story art: Laura Buscemi/Artifact.
 * 2) The Armageddon Blues (expansion of "All the Time in the World") – Bantam Spectra paperback (April 1988).  ISBN 0-553-27115-6.  Cover art: Jim Burns.
 * 1) “Realtime” (with Gladys Prebehalla) Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine.  Vol. 8 No. 8 (whole no. 81) August 1984.  Cover art: Hisaki Yasuda.  Story art: Ron Lindahn.
 * 2) The Ring – Bantom Doubleday hardcover (October 1988).  ISBN 0-385-24816-4.  Jacket art: Shusei.  Jacket design: Jamie S. Warren.

The Continuing Time
Quiet Vision hardcover ISBN 1-57646-577-2 (June 2001), tradepaper ISBN 1-57646-638-8 (June 2002). Cover art and design: DKM. Quiet Vision hardcover ISBN 1-57646-578-0 (August 2001), tradepaper ISBN 1-57646-639-6 (April 2002). Cover design: DKM. “The Star” is a new short story set between the two novels, and is also included in the Quiet Vision printings of Emerald Eyes. Quiet Vision hardcover ISBN 1-57646-579-9 (March 2002). Jacket art and design: DKM.
 * 1) Emerald Eyes – Bantam Spectra paperback (June 1988).  ISBN 0-553-27347-7.  Cover art: Paul and Stephen Youll.
 * 1) The Long Run – Bantam Spectra paperback (September 1989).  ISBN 0-553-28144-5.  Cover art Jim Burns.
 * 1) * Emerald Eyes / "The Star" / The Long Run – Queen Of Angels limited edition hardcover omnibus (August 1998). Jacket art and design: DKM.
 * 1) The Last Dancer – Bantam Spectra paperback (November 1993).  ISBN 0-553-56249-5.  Cover art: Sanjulián.
 * 1) The A.I. War, Book One: The Big Boost – ebook from fs& in multiple formats (March 2011).  Cover art: Angel Greenwood.
 * 2) The A.I. War, Book Two: Live Fast and Never Die (serialized at Moran's Patreon page since 2019).
 * 3) Tales of the Continuing Time and Other Stories – a self-published collection incorporating material previously available online as well as new stories from the Continuing Time setting and otherwise (December 2018).
 * 4) The Time Wars, Book One: The Great Gods (February 2023; previously serialized at Moran's Patreon page since 2019).
 * 5) The Time Wars, Book Two: The Emerald Throne (serialized at Moran's Patreon page since 2024).
 * 6) Trinity, Book One: Kozmic Blues – with Steve Perry (serialized at Moran's Patreon page since 2019).

The Sunset Strip
Quiet Vision tradepaper ISBN 1-57646-643-4 (February 2002). Cover design: DKM.
 * 1) Terminal Freedom – with Jodi Moran.  Queen Of Angels hardcover (March 1997).  Jacket design: DKM.

Other stories

 * “Given the Game” – Aboriginal Science Fiction. Nov.–Dec. 1990 (No. 24).  Cover and story art: Charles Lang.
 * “Hard Time” (with Lynn Barker). Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, episode 4×19.  (April 15, 1996).
 * “On Sequoia Time” – Asimov’s Science Fiction. Vol. 20 No. 9 (whole no. 249) September 1996.  Story art: Steve Cavallo.
 * “Roughing it During the Martian Invasion” (with Jodi Moran). War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches anthology, edited by Kevin Anderson – Bantam Spectra paperback (May 1997).  ISBN 0-553-10353-9.
 * A series of commentaries for NPR Sirius’ The Way In, airing in 2001:
 * “The Road Goes Everywhere”
 * “A Freeway in My Back Yard”
 * “The Vast and Endless Sea”
 * “It’s Great to Be Me”
 * A Freeway In My Back Yard – a collection of essays, stories, nonfiction, and scripts (April 2011).
 * “Uncle Jack” – A Princess of Mars: The Annotated Edition & New Tales of the Red Planet. Anthology with annotations by Aaron Parrett – Sword & Planet trade-paperback (April 2012).  ISBN 978-0985425708.

Star Wars
Three short stories published in Bantam Spectra paperback anthologies, edited by Kevin J. Anderson, with cover art by Stephen Youll.
 * "Empire Blues: The Devaronian's Tale" – Star Wars: Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina (August 1995). ISBN 0-553-56468-4.
 * "A Barve Like That: The Tale of Boba Fett" – Star Wars: Tales from Jabba’s Palace (January 1996). ISBN 0-553-56815-9.
 * Published under the pseudonym J.D. Montgomery, after creative differences with Lucasfilm prevented him from writing the outline he envisioned.

 * "The Last One Standing: The Tale of Boba Fett" – Star Wars: Tales of the Bounty Hunters (December 1996). ISBN 0-553-56816-7.

title: Daniel Keys Moran


text:
Talk:The Lumberjack Song

Copyright of lyrics
Are the lyrics copyright-free?Jorge Stolfi 12:20, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Should the lyrics be removed, then? Tamarkot 03:07, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous. Copyright laws A) should be ignored when they don't hurt anyone and B) do not apply to printing lyrics in an encyclopedia when they're pertinent.
 * These are two very bold statements, and both of them are just plain wrong. SchnitteUK (talk) 07:14, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

Was this a cover?
I came to this page as I was reasonably sure that it's not a completely original Monty Python song, but a derivative, maybe plagarised from a traditional song or similar. Am I misguided? Could someone clarify? Perhaps check liner notes for writing credits?

 * Several years ago, my then-gf told me she had just heard a relatively obscure classical piece in which she distinctly heard the melody of "I put on women's clothing and hang around in bars." I think she said it was Mozart, or possibly Beethoven, but she's passed on so I can't ask her about it now.

 * I just heard it in Mozart's Don Giovanni, so two points for "then-gf". And this is noted below by another user in 2007, because the portion is called Là ci darem la mano.162.205.217.211 (talk) 18:19, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Michael Palin is quoted in the book The First 2OØ Years of Monty Python by Kim "Howard" Johnson (pp 60-61) stating that he and Terry Jones wrote it in about 30 minutes: "It's just an amalgam of various of those sort of jolly musicals-cum-stirring march-type songs." Fitfatfighter 09:08, 22 March 2007 (UTC) [EDIT: I originally typed 45 minutes but it was 30 per the cite - from quarter-to-7 to quarter-past-7 Fitfatfighter 06:56, 28 March 2007 (UTC)]

 * The Lumberjack Song may be related to Là ci darem la mano.--Oxonian2006 18:46, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

The lyrics are incorrect.
It's supposed to be: "I wish I'd been a girlie just like my dear mama" However, someone seems to like enjoying changing it. Anyone who has actually listened to the song will be able to see that he's saying "maaaa-ma". However, there may be other versions which I am not aware of, in which case i'd concede.
 * I have the "Monty Python Sings" CD(originally released on LP), in which he clearly sings "pappa", as is confirmed by the lyrics booklet. Incidentally, in this version, its a weatherman he doesn't want to be, lots of things seem to change from version to version. I find "pappa" funnier.
 * Boffy b 13:54, 2004 Sep 18 (UTC)

 * I also have "Money Python Sings" (on tape), and, having listened to it hundreds of times on my daily school commute, can attest that the line is "Papa" in that version. And yes, in that version, his maligned job is that of "weather forecaster."  -- ctp

 * I'm pretty sure I've heard both. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The original TV performance was Mama, and subsequently I've seen Papa.
 * To be complete: The original TV was Mama. The Hollywood Bowl and the audio recordings use Papa. And the German episode - due to differences in lingua, uses "Uncle Walter" (to rhyme with "halter" - bra). D.valued 19:56, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ps: Why spoiler? D.valued 19:56, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

I couldn't find any proof For this on Google and it sounded rediculous so I removed it. Let me know if I'm wrong. Samuel 14:59, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * In And Now for Something Completely Different, the last line of the song is "I wish I'd been a girlie, just like my dear papa." --Idont Havaname (Talk) 04:31, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It was "mama" on the original TV episodes, and then "papa" in ANFSCD as well as the Hollywood Bowl concert. Wahkeenah 04:37, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

I think they have it the wrong way round. Connie Booth was the girlfriend in the film, not the TV version. PatGallacher 00:27, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

SORRY, but in the original TV-version (Shown recently on Belgian TV and which I recorded on DVD - Yes, illegal, I know) Connie Booth definitely is the girlfriend 81.245.186.215 22:09, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Trivia

 * This should be incorporated into the article or left out. See WP:TRIV. John Reaves 22:16, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In the original TV sketch, the song ends with "''I wish I was a girlie, just like my dear Mama", but in all subsequent performances, including the film, it is "my dear Papa".
 * Shortly before one onstage performance of the Lumberjack Song, George Harrison called Eric Idle and asked if he could sing background as a Mountie. He did it, the Python crew loved it, and nobody in the audience noticed him.
 * "The Lumberjack Song" was shown at the Just For Laughs comedy festival in Montreal.
 * In 2002, a version of the song was performed at the Concert For George as a tribute to George Harrison, with Palin and Cleveland in their respective roles and Tom Hanks as one of the Mounties.
 * In a stage version of Monty Python's Flying Circus, where the show is performed in French, the song is entitled Le Bûcheron (chanson).
 * The song was translated into German for Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus, a special made for German and Austrian television. One significant change is that the phrase "Just like my dear Papa" has been changed to "So, wie mein Onkel Walter" ("Just like my Uncle Walter"), to rhyme with "Büstenhalter", German for "bra" (literally, "busts holder").
 * The mention of the German version should be in the main article. --Vaughnstull 01:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * A line from this song is sung in the musical Spamalot by the character Lancelot, and is one of several points leading up to a revelation at the end of the play.
 * A reference to this sketch has been featured in the Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi anime series, during the "movie world" episode. In it, one of the characters complains about his job and quotes the opening lines of the sketch (in Japanese) but is left behind by the main characters before the actual Lumberjack Song begins.
 * In the episode "Rinse and Spit" of the cartoon series Rocko's Modern Life, the character Filburt says that he never really wanted to be a dentist, and begins to sing a Lumberjack song parody about chimney sweeps, but is quickly cut off by Rocko.
 * In the Eastvale Logging Camp in the online game World of Warcraft, there's a lumberjack by the name of Terry Palin, in reference to two of the writers of the song. Talking to lumberjacks will also sometimes result in them saying, "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okay."
 * In the opening of the original TV sketch only two of the trees mentioned, the fir and the larch, grow in British Columbia.
 * In the PC game Serious Sam II, the hero picks up a chainsaw and sings the first line of the song.
 * In Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl, the lumberjack is not dissatisfied with his job, but rather, "never wanted to be in such a shambolic sketch".
 * In the Dark Horse/DC Comics Crossover, Joker/Mask, the Joker, granted reality-warping powers by a mysterious mask, grows to giant size and cuts down the Acme Logging Co with a chainsaw, having been influenced by the Villainess Poison Ivy. While doing this, he sings the first line of the song, while dressed in a costume identical to Palin's save in one detail: he also drapes a pink bra over his chest.

Hitler reference
Correct me if I'm wrong, but didn't Monty Python at one point do this with a lumberjack designed intentionally to resemble Hitler, and then a German woman says, in German "he seemed so rugged" with English subtitles? I have distinct memories of this, but haven't found a reliable source...anyone recall this? MorteTheSkull 06:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I've seen a German version (with the "Bustenhalter" / "Uncle Walter" line) but it has been many years and I don't recall those details. Wahkeenah 09:56, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Ah, well, I've found the German version ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR7RHgdVTCg )it doesn't seem to really reference Hitler, though. Would it be relevant to mention it in the article?

German lyrics by...
Who wrote the lyrics to the German broadcast version? This should be mentioned in the article as well, plus any variations in their translation. 147.70.242.40 15:51, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the Monty Python song book, the same guys who wrote the English lyrics also wrote the German lyrics, for the German production of Flying Circus -- namely, Michael Palin and Terry Jones. Wahkeenah 01:28, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 22:19, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Produced by George Harrison
Some, if not all, of the audio recorded versions released on albums, etc. were produced by George Harrison. (George was a huge fan of the Pythons.)  The version I own on a double UK EP (Charisma Records MP 001 - entitled "Python On Song" credits "George 'Onothimagen' Harrison" as Producer of the Lumberjack Song.

Scientific Names
The song does not name the trees by their scientific names. Larch, Scotts Pine etc are their common names so why is this in the artical?Wild ste (talk) 20:39, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Where this sketch came from?
"The sketch took its inspiration from a discussion Palin had with an assistant cameraman, in which the subject was the cameraman's former jobs. One of the jobs was revealed to be that of a lumberjack."

I was sure that I saw in an interveiw/doccumentary on BBC2 that Terry Jones and Michael Palin were writing a sketch about a newsreader and where having a lot of trouble coming up with ideas until one of them suddenly said the intro, namely "I didn't want to do this, I wanted to be a lumberjack" and then they managed to write the whole song in 30 mins.Wild ste (talk) 20:47, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

First TV performance was Eric Idle
The first time they did this song on Monty Python's Flying Circus, Eric Idle sang the song. On "And Now for Something Completely Different" and other taped performances, Michael Palin sang it. The article says it was the other way around. Were there earlier stage performances? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.170.96 (talk) 03:01, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * ...except that that's not true. In the first TV performance, on Monty Python's Flying Circus, Michael Palin sang the song (abandoning his job as blood-stained barber). And Connie Booth was his "girlie". As far as I know, this was the only time the song ended with "my dear Mama", and the girl cried that he was so "rugged", rather than "butch". 108.1.69.22 (talk) 11:49, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Fred Tomlinson Link
The link for Fred Tomlinson points to a footballer born in 1886. Acidtoyman (talk) 07:25, 22 March 2011 (UTC) Why is there no available information about Fred Tomlinson or his singers, who performed on so many British TV shows?75.147.131.85 (talk) 02:35, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Popular culture - NZ
Not sure if it is worth mentioning but in NZ The Lumberjack Song was re-purposed in an advertisement for well known mint http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3PqQqwQSe0 Abeorch (talk) 10:06, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Epyx' World Games
Why is the log rolling event in World Games not mentioned? It's the most appropriate reference in any computer game I know. --217.226.89.108 (talk) 18:09, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Lumberjack Song


text:
Julius Sumner Miller

Julius Sumner Miller (May 17, 1909 – April 14, 1987) was an American physicist and television personality. He is best known for his work on children's television programs in North America and Australia.

Off-screen
Julius Sumner Miller was born in Billerica, Massachusetts, as the youngest of nine children. His father was Latvian and his Lithuanian mother spoke 12 languages. He was of Jewish descent.

Miller graduated with a master's degree in physics from Boston University in 1933. Due to the Great Depression, he and his wife Alice (née Brown) worked as a butler and maid for a wealthy Boston doctor for the following two years. They had no children, but he was able to reach millions of children through his popular science programs.

In 1937, after submitting over 700 job applications, he was offered a place in the physics department of Dillard University, a private, African American liberal arts college in New Orleans. During World War II he worked as a civilian physicist for the US Army Signal Corps while holding fellowships in physics at the universities of Idaho and Oklahoma. He was a Ford Foundation fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles.

In 1950, Miller won a Carnegie Grant that allowed him to visit Albert Einstein at his home in Princeton, New Jersey, and also to visit the Institute for Advanced Study. He greatly admired Einstein and went on to amass a collection of Einstein memorabilia. In 1952, he joined the physics department at the then small El Camino College in Torrance, California (1952–1974), to maximum student enrollments due to his great popularity and where he was instantly recognizable by his casual hair and horn-rimmed eyeglasses.

Miller was intolerant of misspelled words and misplaced punctuation, and often angered his colleagues because he charged that the students of most faculties were not learning enough. During an interview in the 1940s, he stated that intellectual life in America was in trouble, a belief he held for the rest of his life.

"We are approaching a darkness in the land. Boys and girls are emerging from every level of school with certificates and degrees, but they can't read, write or calculate. We don't have academic honesty or intellectual rigor. Schools have abandoned integrity and rigor."

From 1963 to 1986, Miller was the visiting lecturer for the physics department of the University of Sydney, and from 1965 to 1985 at the United States Air Force Academy.

Television
In 1959, Miller began hosting his educational program, Why Is It So?, on KNXT (now KCBS-TV) Channel 2 in Los Angeles. From 1962 to 1964, he was Disney's "Professor Wonderful" on new introductions, filmed at Disneyland, to the syndicated reruns of The Mickey Mouse Club. He also starred in the Disney series Great Moments in Science and Science and its Magic. During the same period, he appeared on a semi-regular basis, performing physics experiments, on Steve Allen's late night TV show in Hollywood, syndicated by Group W. Eventually, he also had his own TV shows in Australia, Canada, Norway, and New Zealand.

Miller's first television appearance in Australia was on Bob Sanders People in 1963. In an improvised physics demonstration, he attempted to drive a drinking straw through a raw potato. A paper straw normally does not have sufficient strength but if one pinches the end, the trapped air acts as a piston, easily piercing the potato. For the first time in his career he could not get this to work, and he loudly exclaimed "Australian straws ain't worth a damn!". The next morning, Miller arrived at his Sydney University laboratory to find one million drinking straws on the floor with a telegram reading "You might find one of these fitting your requirements". He later stated "I sat amongst the straws with straws stuck in my hair and ears. But clearly I had made a mistake. I should have said: 'Australian potatoes ain't worth a damn', and I'd have cornered the potato market!"

Shortly after, he was offered a job presenting science for Australia's ABC Television. When asked how much money he wanted, he replied that he never asked, he listened to an offer then "multiplied it by a factor between two and ten". Due to budget constraints the offer was withdrawn, but an agreement was reached for Miller to host his own science-based TV series which was filmed at the University of Sydney where he taught. Why Is It So? (the program title, which also would become his stock phrase), was broadcast from 1963 to 1986 and became an instant hit known for its "cool experiments, interesting science, and fantastic hair". The 1960s program became Demonstrations in Physics (also called Science Demonstrations when it was aired on American PBS television). He introduced each episode with the line: "How do you do, ladies and gentlemen, and boys and girls [sometimes adding some others like: and teachers, and fathers, and mothers, and people]. I am Julius Sumner Miller, and physics is my business [whereupon often presenting the subject of each lesson after the characteristical phrase: And my very special business today is ...]"

Around 1963, Miller was also one of the team of celebrity lecturers in the University of Sydney's pioneering "Summer School of Science", broadcast early in the morning during Australia's long summer holidays in January. Fellow presenters included physicist Harry Messel and the molecular biologist James Watson fresh from his triumphant co-discovery of the helical structure of DNA, but decades ahead of his work on the Human Genome.

"My first TV series on demonstrations in physics – titled Why Is It So? – were now seen and heard over the land. The mail was massive. The academics were a special triumph for me. They charged me with being superficial and trivial. If I had done what they wanted my programs would be as dull as their classes! I knew my purpose well and clear: to show how Nature behaves without cluttering its beauty with abstruse mathematics. Why cloud the charm of a Chladni plate with a Bessel function?"

Miller's on-air popularity was due to an enthusiasm not normally associated with serious science. Shows would be liberally sprinkled with phrases such as "He who is not stirred by the beauty of it is already dead!" and he also liked to trick the audience. A common ploy would be to hold up an empty glass and ask guests to confirm it was empty....then chide them for not noticing it was full of air. Before each demonstration he would usually ask for a show of hands to indicate which of several results they expected. Often he would then add "hands up those who don't care".

In 1964, Miller suffered a near fatal heart attack. Scheduled to give a lecture in Australia, he sent Sydney University a telegram saying; "I've dropped dead here." He would suffer a second heart attack in 1986.

In 1966, questions from his show with an answer to the previous day's question were published as "Millergrams" in The Australian newspaper. A selection of 112 of these questions was published as a book Millergrams; Some Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds. Further books were published in 1967: The Second Book of Millergrams: Some More Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds, and 1988: Why is it So?: The Very Best Millergrams of Professor Julius Sumner Miller.

Sample Millergram:

Q32: A juggler comes to a footbridge of rather flimsy design. He has in hand four balls. The maximum load is no more than the juggler himself and one ball. Can he get across the bridge by juggling the balls, always having at most one ball in the hand (and three in the air)?

A: No. A falling ball exerts a force on the hand greater than its own weight. Rather, a "thrown" ball exerts greater force than a "held" one. That is, the additional force equal and opposite to that imparted to a flung ball, in addition to the juggler's mass, would exceed the bridge's tolerance (the bridge can tolerate a juggler and held ball, but not the additional downward force associated with forcing a ball "up").

Miller appeared as "The Professor" in the Canadian series The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971), in a 4- to 5-minute segment each episode where he demonstrated physics experiments and explained the principles involved.

In 1974 Miller made The Professor and the Enquiring Minds in Australia that was shown on the 7 network stations. This consisted of a panel of three school students who were peppered with questions about what they expected to happen in the experiment Miller then conducted, and were then asked to explain the results of the experiment.

In the 1970s, Miller was also an occasional guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in the United States.

Commercials
During the 1980s, Miller appeared in a famous series of Australian television commercials for Cadbury chocolate, using his stock phrase "Why is it so?", demonstrating a simple scientific principle, and describing how each block of chocolate "embraces substantial nourishment and enjoyment", and contained "a glass and a half of full-cream dairy milk". The ads were sufficiently popular to be played for some years after his death.

While in Australia, Miller also appeared in ads for non-stick saucepans and Ampol petroleum, which included demonstrations of real principles of physics, albeit briefly.

Death
In February 1987, Miller became ill while visiting Australia and returned to the United States where he was diagnosed with leukemia. Miller died six weeks later on April 14, 1987, in Torrance, California. As per his will, Miller's body went to the University of Southern California's School of Dentistry; no services were held at his request.

Foundations
Professor Miller's wife, Alice Brown Miller, wanted to perpetuate the memory and achievements of her husband, and so conceived the idea of the Julius Sumner Miller Foundation, which was established in 1998.

Through an offer by Cadbury-Schweppes Pty Ltd, the Cadbury-Julius Sumner Miller Scholarship for Academic Excellence was set up to provide undergraduate scholarships in the School of Physics at the University of Sydney.

In 1993, the Australian Science Foundation for Physics established the Julius Sumner Miller Fellowship in his memory. The fellowship is currently held by Karl Kruszelnicki, best known as "Doctor Karl" for his appearances on Australian radio and television as a science commentator and author.

Popular culture
In 1966, Miller devised a word game, Milleranagrams, which was published in Australia by John Sands Limited. The game, whose only materials were 200 Scrabble-like letter tiles, required players in their turn to draw an unseen tile from the "pool" then either make a word from their stock of tiles or add a tile to a word already on the table (rearrangement of the letters being permitted, hence the name) to form another word.

Miller remains popular in Australia, where he is still quoted. The phrase As Professor Julius Sumner Miller often asked, "Why is it so?" and its variations are still often used in newspaper articles that pose questions, even those unrelated to science.

The character Julius in the Ty the Tasmanian Tiger series of video games is inspired by Miller, and frequently uses the phrase "Why is this so?"

Albums

 * Professor Julius Sumner Miller (Professor Wonderful) Relating Stories of Isaac Newton (Walt Disney Productions 1964)
 * Professor Julius Sumner Miller (Professor Wonderful) Relating Stories of Galileo (Walt Disney Productions 1964)
 * Professor Julius Sumner Miller (Professor Wonderful) Relating Stories of Benjamin Franklin (Walt Disney Productions 1964)
 * Professor Julius Sumner Miller (Professor Wonderful) Relating Stories of Michael Faraday (Walt Disney Productions 1964)

Archival collections

 * Julius Sumner Miller papers, 1948-1967, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * Julius Sumner Miller letters to Richard Zitto, 1976-1978, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * Julius Sumner Miller Collection, 1929-1987, McDermott Library, United States Air Force Academy

title: Julius Sumner Miller


text:
Complex multiplication

In mathematics, complex multiplication (CM) is the theory of elliptic curves E that have an endomorphism ring larger than the integers. Put another way, it contains the theory of elliptic functions with extra symmetries, such as are visible when the period lattice is the Gaussian integer lattice or Eisenstein integer lattice.

It has an aspect belonging to the theory of special functions, because such elliptic functions, or abelian functions of several complex variables, are then 'very special' functions satisfying extra identities and taking explicitly calculable special values at particular points. It has also turned out to be a central theme in algebraic number theory, allowing some features of the theory of cyclotomic fields to be carried over to wider areas of application. David Hilbert is said to have remarked that the theory of complex multiplication of elliptic curves was not only the most beautiful part of mathematics but of all science.

There is also the higher-dimensional complex multiplication theory of abelian varieties A having enough endomorphisms in a certain precise sense, roughly that the action on the tangent space at the identity element of A is a direct sum of one-dimensional modules.

Example of the imaginary quadratic field extension
[[Image:Lattice torsion points.svg|right|thumb|300px|An elliptic curve over the complex numbers is obtained as a quotient of the complex plane by a lattice Λ, here spanned by two fundamental periods ω1 and ω2. The four-torsion is also shown, corresponding to the lattice 1/4 Λ containing Λ.

The example of an elliptic curve corresponding to the Gaussian integers occurs when ω2 = i ω1.]]

Consider an imaginary quadratic field $K = \Q\left(\sqrt{-d}\right), \, d \in \Z, d > 0$. An elliptic function $$f$$ is said to have complex multiplication if there is an algebraic relation between $$f(z)$$ and $$f(\lambda z)$$ for all $$\lambda$$ in $$K$$.

Conversely, Kronecker conjectured – in what became known as the Kronecker Jugendtraum – that every abelian extension of $$K$$ could be obtained by the (roots of the) equation of a suitable elliptic curve with complex multiplication. To this day this remains one of the few cases of Hilbert's twelfth problem which has actually been solved.

An example of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication is

 * $$\mathbb{C}/ (\theta \mathbb{Z}[i])$$

where Z[i] is the Gaussian integer ring, and θ is any non-zero complex number. Any such complex torus has the Gaussian integers as endomorphism ring. It is known that the corresponding curves can all be written as

 * $$Y^2 = 4X^3 - aX$$

for some $$a \in \mathbb{C} $$, which demonstrably has two conjugate order-4 automorphisms sending

 * $$Y \to \pm iY,\quad X \to -X$$

in line with the action of i on the Weierstrass elliptic functions.

More generally, consider the lattice Λ, an additive group in the complex plane, generated by $$\omega_1,\omega_2$$. Then we define the Weierstrass function of the variable $$z$$ in $$\mathbb{C}$$ as follows:
 * $$\wp(z;\Lambda) = \wp(z;\omega_1,\omega_2) = \frac{1}{z^2} + \sum_{(m,n)\ne (0,0)} \left\{\frac{1}{(z+m\omega_1+n\omega_2)^2} - \frac{1}{\left(m\omega_1+n\omega_2\right)^2}\right\},$$

and
 * $$g_2 = 60\sum_{(m,n) \neq (0,0)} (m\omega_1+n\omega_2)^{-4}$$
 * $$g_3 =140\sum_{(m,n) \neq (0,0)} (m\omega_1+n\omega_2)^{-6}.$$

Let $$\wp'$$ be the derivative of $$\wp$$. Then we obtain an isomorphism of complex Lie groups:
 * $$w\mapsto(\wp(w):\wp'(w):1) \in \mathbb{P}^2(\mathbb{C}) $$

from the complex torus group $$\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$$ to the projective elliptic curve defined in homogeneous coordinates by
 * $$E = \left\{ (x:y:z) \in \mathbb{C}^3 \mid y^2z = 4x^3 - g_2xz^2 - g_3 z^3 \right\} $$

and where the point at infinity, the zero element of the group law of the elliptic curve, is by convention taken to be $$(0:1:0)$$. If the lattice defining the elliptic curve is actually preserved under multiplication by (possibly a proper subring of) the ring of integers $$\mathfrak{o}_K$$ of $$K$$, then the ring of analytic automorphisms of $$ E = \mathbb{C}/\Lambda$$ turns out to be isomorphic to this (sub)ring.

If we rewrite $$\tau = \omega_1/\omega_2$$ where $$\operatorname{Im}\tau > 0$$ and $$\Delta(\Lambda) = g_2(\Lambda)^3 - 27g_3(\Lambda)^2$$, then
 * $$ j(\tau)=j(E)=j(\Lambda)=2^63^3g_2(\Lambda)^3/\Delta(\Lambda)\ .$$

This means that the j-invariant of $$E$$ is an algebraic number – lying in $$K$$ – if $$E$$ has complex multiplication.

Abstract theory of endomorphisms
The ring of endomorphisms of an elliptic curve can be of one of three forms: the integers Z; an order in an imaginary quadratic number field; or an order in a definite quaternion algebra over Q.

When the field of definition is a finite field, there are always non-trivial endomorphisms of an elliptic curve, coming from the Frobenius map, so every such curve has complex multiplication (and the terminology is not often applied). But when the base field is a number field, complex multiplication is the exception. It is known that, in a general sense, the case of complex multiplication is the hardest to resolve for the Hodge conjecture.

Kronecker and abelian extensions
Kronecker first postulated that the values of elliptic functions at torsion points should be enough to generate all abelian extensions for imaginary quadratic fields, an idea that went back to Eisenstein in some cases, and even to Gauss. This became known as the Kronecker Jugendtraum; and was certainly what had prompted Hilbert's remark above, since it makes explicit class field theory in the way the roots of unity do for abelian extensions of the rational number field, via Shimura's reciprocity law.

Indeed, let K be an imaginary quadratic field with class field H. Let E be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by the integers of K, defined over H. Then the maximal abelian extension of K is generated by the x-coordinates of the points of finite order on some Weierstrass model for E over H.

Many generalisations have been sought of Kronecker's ideas; they do however lie somewhat obliquely to the main thrust of the Langlands philosophy, and there is no definitive statement currently known.

Sample consequence
It is no accident that Ramanujan's constant, the transcendental number

 * $$e^{\pi \sqrt{163}} = 262537412640768743.99999999999925007\dots\,$$

or equivalently,

 * $$e^{\pi \sqrt{163}} = 640320^3+743.99999999999925007\dots\,$$

is an almost integer, in that it is very close to an integer. This remarkable fact is explained by the theory of complex multiplication, together with some knowledge of modular forms, and the fact that
 * $$\mathbf{Z}\left[ \frac{1+\sqrt{-163}}{2}\right]$$

is a unique factorization domain.

Here $$(1+\sqrt{-163})/2$$ satisfies α2 = α − 41. In general, S[α] denotes the set of all polynomial expressions in α with coefficients in S, which is the smallest ring containing α and S. Because α satisfies this quadratic equation, the required polynomials can be limited to degree one.

Alternatively,

 * $$e^{\pi \sqrt{163}} = 12^3(231^2-1)^3+743.99999999999925007\dots\,$$

an internal structure due to certain Eisenstein series, and with similar simple expressions for the other Heegner numbers.

Singular moduli
The points of the upper half-plane τ which correspond to the period ratios of elliptic curves over the complex numbers with complex multiplication are precisely the imaginary quadratic numbers. The corresponding modular invariants j(τ) are the singular moduli, coming from an older terminology in which "singular" referred to the property of having non-trivial endomorphisms rather than referring to a singular curve.

The modular function j(τ) is algebraic on imaginary quadratic numbers τ: these are the only algebraic numbers in the upper half-plane for which j is algebraic.

If Λ is a lattice with period ratio τ then we write j(Λ) for j(τ). If further Λ is an ideal a in the ring of integers OK of a quadratic imaginary field K then we write j(a) for the corresponding singular modulus. The values j(a) are then real algebraic integers, and generate the Hilbert class field H of K: the field extension degree [H:K] = h is the class number of K and the H/K is a Galois extension with Galois group isomorphic to the ideal class group of K. The class group acts on the values j(a) by [b] : j(a) → j(ab).

In particular, if K has class number one, then j(a) = j(O) is a rational integer: for example, j(Z[i]) = j(i) = 1728.

title: Complex multiplication


text:
Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1972)

Democratic Labour was a minor political party operating in the United Kingdom in the 1970s. It was formed by the Labour MP Dick Taverne when his Constituency Labour Party (CLP) in the Lincoln constituency deselected him as its candidate at the next general election. He had fallen out with it over Britain's proposed membership of the European Communities, which he supported but it did not.

Taverne resigned from Labour on 6 October 1972, forming the Lincoln Democratic Labour Association, which his supporters in the CLP joined. His initial intention was to eventually rejoin the Labour Party, but some others attempted to persuade him to try to establish a new party of the political centre.

Taverne resigned from parliament at the same time that he resigned from the Labour Party in order to force the issue into the open, and he won the ensuing Lincoln by-election, held in March 1973.

His victory was aided by the controversial adoption of Jonathan Guinness by the Conservatives, and by the lack of a Liberal Party candidate, for the Liberal Party decided to support Taverne's candidacy.

Shortly after his by-election victory, Taverne formed the Campaign for Social Democracy as a national body. He was re-elected in the February 1974 general election, and continued to serve until the October 1974 general election when he was defeated, Harold Wilson having demanded the Labour Party "throw the kitchen sink" at Lincoln in its efforts to displace him. Taverne did not stand in the seat again, but Democratic Labour continued to organise politically, to the extent that Democratic Labour controlled Lincoln City Council from 1973 until 1979 and across England during the 1973 local elections Democratic Labour candidates achieved some success.

At the 1979 general election, Democratic Labour contested two constituencies: Lincoln, and Brigg and Scunthorpe. Taverne advised against nominating any candidates, but campaigned for them anyway. Both were unsuccessful in their attempts to gain seats in the House of Commons, losing their deposits (at that time 12.5% of the vote was required in order to retain deposits; this was reduced to 5% after the 1983 general election). However, both seats were narrowly gained from the incumbent Labour MPs by the Conservative Party's candidates, with the Conservative majority over Labour being less than the Democratic Labour vote. In an analysis of the voting in the election, Ivor Crewe, Director of the British Election Study, stated that the Democratic Labour candidates "splintered enough of the Labour vote ... to allow the Conservatives to gain both seats".

In 1980, Democratic Labour merged with the Social Democratic Alliance. A social club that the groups had established ran until 1987.

In many ways, Democratic Labour can be seen as a forerunner of the Social Democratic Party, which broke away from Labour in the early 1980s, putting forward many of the same viewpoints as Taverne. He twice stood as a SDP candidate but failed to be elected.

title: Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1972)


text:
Michael Garibaldi

Michael Garibaldi is a lead fictional character in the universe of the science fiction television series Babylon 5, played by Jerry Doyle.

Overview
During most of Babylon 5's five seasons, Garibaldi is the Chief of Security on board the space station Babylon 5. He holds the rank of Chief Warrant Officer. During the fourth season he suddenly resigned as Security Chief; he then begins working for Edgars Industries on Mars, one of the largest corporations on the planet. During the fifth and final season of Babylon 5 he was the Director of Covert Intelligence, a post similar to the present-day CIA Director, for the new Interstellar Alliance. Although friendly with the other crew members, he is very much his own man.

This independence leads him into great danger numerous times during the series. Like most of the characters on the series, Garibaldi is a complex person. On the positive side he is loyal, trustworthy, brave, shrewd, thorough in his job duties, and a tough and skilled soldier with small arms, in hand-to-hand combat, or in the cockpit of a Starfury fighter. He possesses a lively sense of humor, enjoys watching old twentieth-century cartoons such as "Daffy Duck" (Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century) who is referred to as a "household god of frustration" for Garibaldi in a conversation between Zack Allan and G'Kar, loves twentieth-century motorcycles, and generally has an easygoing, laid-back personality when he's not on duty.

However, he can also (ironically, given his suspicious nature) be too trusting of close friends and aides, and his tendency towards alcoholism and self-destructive behavior is a constant struggle for him throughout the series. Of the major characters on Babylon 5 Garibaldi is in many ways the most "down-to-earth" and "ordinary"; he often sides with the working-class humans on the station and in turn is considered by them to be a kindred spirit. He loves Italian food and often cuts secret deals with Babylon 5 dockworkers to bring expensive Italian foods onto the station. The deals are secret because of the disapproval of Dr. Stephen Franklin, B5's medical chief and a close friend of Garibaldi. Dr. Franklin disapproves of Garibaldi's love of fatty foods, although on at least one occasion he agrees to eat an Italian meal (bagna càuda) cooked by Garibaldi.

Early life and career
Michael Alfredo Garibaldi was born in the Bronx, New York, Earth. He was the son of Alfredo Garibaldi, who was an EarthForce infantryman, who retired at the rank of sergeant-major. Garibaldi was raised in the Catholic church; he would later say he was "raised a good Catholic boy". Later in life he became an agnostic but always maintained respect for the church. His grandmother was a Boston cop. Garibaldi inherited her Smith & Wesson .38 Special police revolver.

Garibaldi was an honest man. This honesty, and his refusal to "play along" with policies and actions he knew were illegal, got him into difficulties with corrupt officials on more than one occasion. During one incident, a landing pad had been rigged to explode; when it did, a close friend of Garibaldi's died. His friend's daughter blamed him for many years, and Garibaldi retreated into alcoholism.

During the bloody Earth–Minbari War Garibaldi was an infantryman (called "groundpounder" or "gropo") in EarthForce. He participated in a number of ground battles against the Minbari and managed to survive the war, a considerable accomplishment. However, his experiences led to a certain amount of distrust and dislike of pompous high-ranking officers, a fact which often got him into trouble with his superiors. However, his naturally suspicious and rebellious nature made him an excellent investigator and security officer. His alcoholism may also have been a coping mechanism stemming from some form of PTSD that he acquired during the war. Because of his bouts with alcohol & PTSD, he's often seen as a sympathetic character to fellow veterans of the war, giving them wide latitude when they commit minor infractions on his watch as B5 Chief of Security.

Garibaldi continued to have problems with alcoholism for a number of years, which got him fired from several jobs. Eventually he was able to bring his alcoholism under control. While piloting Jeffrey Sinclair over the surface of Mars, their shuttle malfunctioned and crashed. Garibaldi and Sinclair then had to trek across the planet's surface for several days in order to make it back to civilization, during the trek the two men became friends.

While on Mars, he also began a romantic relationship with Lise Hampton. She eventually broke up with him due to his repeated bouts of alcoholism and difficulties in keeping a job. However, she genuinely loved him and they continued to maintain a relationship on an "off and on" basis for nearly 15 years.

First 3 seasons
When Sinclair was picked to command Babylon 5, he asked Garibaldi to serve as chief of security. Lise refused to go with Garibaldi, and the two broke up at that point. Lise later was briefly married and had a daughter, but when she divorced her husband, Earth Alliance judges biased towards Earth natives took her daughter away from her in a trial.

Garibaldi became an excellent chief of security over the next few years. He managed to keep his alcoholism under control (he is often seen refusing free liquor and drinking water instead), and became well-liked and respected by the security forces that he commanded. As Security Chief he made it his duty to know every nook and corner of the station where criminals could possibly hide and operate, and he also worked hard to know and keep track of every leader and member of human and alien organized-crime groups on the station. His presence alone was often enough to intimidate would-be criminals and evildoers from carrying out their plans, or to confessing to their crimes.

During Garibaldi's second year, he discovered a plot to assassinate Earth Alliance President Luis Santiago. When he confronted the plotters on the station, Garibaldi was shot in the back by his second-in-command, whom he had implicitly trusted and trained. Even though he managed to let Commander Sinclair know about the assassination plot, the news came too late as EarthForce One, the President's starship, soon exploded, with the President on board.

For the next several weeks Garibaldi was in a coma and near death, despite Dr. Stephen Franklin's best efforts. Franklin explained that he felt that a person in such circumstances could come to a point where they'd lose the will to live, and the body would then stop cooperating. Franklin felt that the debate was going on somewhere inside Garibaldi's mind.

Franklin eventually decided to try an alien healing device, which he had confiscated from its previous owner, on Garibaldi. Both he and John Sheridan donated life energy, which the machine transferred to Garibaldi. Once this was done, Garibaldi eventually emerged from his coma. Garibaldi discovered that Sinclair was gone, and that Sheridan was the new commanding officer. Telepath Talia Winters was able to help him discover who had attacked him. With this information, Garibaldi's former aide was arrested. The new president, Morgan Clark, recalled the aide back to Earth, but the aide disappeared en route. Although Garibaldi was suspicious of Sheridan at first, he eventually came to trust him.

Garibaldi struggled with the decision whether to return to his job or not. He felt that being shot in the back said something about the type of security officer he was, but Garibaldi eventually decided to return. For the next two years, Garibaldi continued to serve as chief of security. He became good friends with Sheridan. When President Clark began turning the Earth Alliance into a dictatorship, and with the reemergence of the Shadows, Garibaldi became the liaison between Babylon 5 and the Anla'Shok, or Rangers, upon receiving a message from Sinclair, who had since become the leader of the organization upon being posted to Minbar, a side duty that was known to the Rangers and a select few Sinclair felt he could trust, including Garibaldi.

When Nightwatch, a sinister police force created by President Clark to expose and arrest "traitors to Earth", began to infiltrate station security, Garibaldi refused to cooperate with them. Garibaldi eventually helped to locate, identify, and capture the members of Nightwatch on the station. He then oversaw a security force that included Narn replacements. When Sheridan withdrew Babylon 5 from the increasingly fascist Earth Alliance in the episode "Severed Dreams", the station was soon attacked by a fleet of EarthForce warships loyal to President Clark. During the battle a force of Earth Marines boarded and attempted to take over the station. Garibaldi led the station's security forces in a defence of the station, after a bitter and bloody fight the invading marines were defeated and forced to surrender. Initially, Garibaldi was shown to have broken his leg during the fight. But when the actor Jerry Doyle broke his arm during filming, in the next episode he was shown wearing a sling - Garibaldi explained this as that he fractured his wrist and forearm during the fight, but had initially not thought it bad enough to let Dr. Franklin put it in a cast.

Season 4
When the year came to the end, Sheridan went to Z'ha'dum. A Shadow attack force arrived at the station. Garibaldi went out in a fighter to protect the station. When Sheridan detonated the White Star - which had two fusion bombs on it - over the Shadow capital city, the force withdrew. Garibaldi was taken on board a Shadow vessel.

The Shadows used Psi-Corps personnel to reprogram humans. Alfred Bester diverted Garibaldi's transport to a Psi-Corps facility of his choosing, and spent the next two weeks carefully reprogramming him to uncover a conspiracy against the telepaths. After ensuring he remembered nothing, he was released unconscious onto an empty ship near Babylon 5. At about the same time, a revived Sheridan came back to Babylon 5.

During the buildup for the final attack on the Shadows, Garibaldi's mood changed. While he returned to duty as security chief, Garibaldi no longer had any enthusiasm for the job. Zack Allan thought that he had just been through a lot and he would recover sooner or later.

After the Shadow War was over, Garibaldi received a coded message that activated his programming. He resigned from his job as chief of security to work as an independent investigator over the next several months, helping people find what they had lost in the war. He increasingly came into conflict with Babylon 5 staff, violently confronting Sheridan on two occasions. Garibaldi rationalized his hostility towards Sheridan as a concern that he was developing a cult of personality around him and saw himself as the second coming.

He was recruited by William Edgars' anti-Sheridan right-hand-man, known only as Wade, to work for the mega-corporation Edgars Industries. Garibaldi gained some initial trust in the organization by smuggling several valuable items destined for Mars through Babylon 5 customs. It was then that he learned that Lise had married William Edgars. Garibaldi demanded a face-to-face meeting on Mars with Edgars himself, wanting to know what he was involved in. When President Clark began attacking civilian targets, Sheridan declared his intent to remove Clark by any means necessary. Edgars agreed to bring Garibaldi into the inner circle if he arranged Sheridan's capture. Knowing Sheridan's weaknesses, Garibaldi provided medical details that allowed Sheridan's fugitive father to be captured. He then contacted Sheridan to offer help in rescuing his father, provided that he came to Mars alone. Still having some trust in Garibaldi, Sheridan fell into the trap. With Sheridan captured, Edgars informed him of the plot to release a virus contagious to human telepaths only. Psi-Corps agents moved in swiftly.

At this point, Bester came to Garibaldi and released him from his conditioning. Bester had only needed to adjust Garibaldi's personality subtly, increasing his natural suspicion and mistrust of authority. Bester admitted that some of Garibaldi's actions, such as quitting his post as head of security for Babylon 5, had surprised him.

Garibaldi, captured by the Martian resistance movement, was only able to avoid execution with Lyta Alexander's help. He helped Dr. Franklin and Lyta free Sheridan, and got him safely back to the fleet. Sheridan then took command of the EAS Agamemnon, and set the fleet on course for Mars.

Garibaldi remained behind on Mars. He helped take control of a bunker at the Earth Alliance base. From there, Lyta Alexander was able to activate the weaponized telepaths that had been smuggled on to the Earth Force ships.

After the battle of Earth was over, Garibaldi went looking for Lise. With the help of several Rangers, he was able to rescue Lise from the Martian Mafia. He then stayed with Lise for several days. At that point, with the consent of Lise, Garibaldi decided to return to Babylon 5 for one year to help Sheridan in the founding years of the Interstellar Alliance.

Head of Covert Intelligence
Garibaldi arrived at Babylon 5 shortly before Sheridan and Delenn returned. With the help of Dr. Franklin, he arranged a party for Sheridan, even though Sheridan had told him he didn't want that.

Soon new Babylon 5 commander Capt. Elizabeth Lochley arrived. Garibaldi helped with security for Sheridan's inauguration. Despite threats to his life, Sheridan decided to go ahead with the ceremony, and Lochley agreed. Garibaldi followed her out of the President's office, and angrily confronted her about her decision. Lochley told him that, as he wasn't actually part of the Alliance or Babylon 5 staff, his opinions didn't count for too much. Garibaldi found the assassin and killed him before he could kill the President. After that, Garibaldi spoke to Sheridan about what Lochley had said, at which point Sheridan made him the Head of Covert Intelligence for the Alliance.

Garibaldi initially recruited several rogue telepaths to assist in intelligence gathering operations. This was followed by finding out that part of the Centauri government were behind attacks on ships.

When Bester arrived on Babylon 5, Garibaldi tried to take his revenge against him. He first stormed in on a meeting between Lochley and Bester. Lochley had him arrested. Even though Sheridan angrily confronted her later about it, she stood by her decision. During a later visit, Garibaldi walked into Bester's quarters with a phased plasma gun, intending to shoot him, but discovered that Bester had done some further programming. Bester described it as "hitting him with an Asimov"—Garibaldi could want to kill Bester all he wanted, but he could not actually kill Bester, or through inaction allow Bester to come to harm, similar to Asimov's first law of robotics.

Shortly after this, Garibaldi began drinking again. He had done this in order to gain a sense of control over his life once again. However, the drinking would have serious consequences, not only for Garibaldi, but for many others as well. It resulted in the death of a pilot who had information on the Centauri attacks. Garibaldi's performance began to decline. Lise arrived on the station and found out about his drinking. Even though she tried to help him, Garibaldi didn't stop.

Eventually, Sheridan found out. While initially angry at Garibaldi, Sheridan was calmed down by Delenn. Sheridan was disappointed that Garibaldi didn't feel that he could go to Sheridan with his problems. When Garibaldi told Sheridan that he had been drinking for a couple months, Sheridan said that is about what he had suspected, but had tried to deny what was going on. With no other choice, Sheridan suspended Garibaldi.

Lochley also confronted him. When Garibaldi told her she didn't understand what he was going through, she revealed that she did. Not only did her father have alcoholism, but she had been addicted herself to a variety of drugs during her teen years. Lochley got Lise to return to Babylon 5 to help support Garibaldi.

When Lise returned, Garibaldi decided that the time had come for him to leave. Lise wanted him to help run Edgars Industries, and to give him a good life. He suddenly realized that he had a way to solve two major problems. Using his influence, he got Lyta Alexander released from jail and offered to funnel money and resources to her to finance her fight against the Psi-Corps. In return, she would remove Bester's programming, so that Garibaldi could try to "nail that sucker's head against the wall". She agreed to do that in two years if he was able to get her the funds. He also found out that the entire board of Edgars Industries was trying to have him and Lise assassinated.

Garibaldi soon married Lise. He then took over the day-to-day operations of the company. With the new Head of Covert Intelligence Tessa Holloran - the former Number One of the Mars resistance - Garibaldi was able to find out all sorts of useful information about the board. He not only fired the entire board, but he told them if any board member had either him or his wife killed, there was money set aside for bounty hunters to take them all out. He told them to leave the cigars.

Soon, Garibaldi and Lise left for Mars. He told Sheridan and Delenn that he had never expected to live that long—he had been sure for a long time that his tenure on Babylon 5 would end with him face down somewhere in Brown Sector.

Head of Edgars Industries
Upon arriving on Mars, Garibaldi began shaking up the company. He found a certain few of the troublemakers, and made them all new members of the board. Garibaldi told them that he wanted to know if he was making a mistake, and that they needed to stand their ground with him. If they were right, they'd get a bonus. If not, he told them, he'd have them for lunch.

In the following months, Garibaldi began a review of Edgars Industries. He retained all the worthwhile projects and exposed the company's black projects.

While no longer an official with the Interstellar Alliance, Garibaldi remained friendly with Sheridan and the others, and would assist them on numerous occasions. Several years later, he helped build the new Victory-class destroyer vessels. While there had been a great deal of problems integrating Earth and Minbari technology, two vessels were built, the prototypes Victory and Excalibur. While the Victory was destroyed in the Drakh attack on Earth, the Excalibur was able to help find the cure for the disease the Drakh spread on Earth.

In three novels - the last book of the Psi Corp trilogy, and the last two books of the Centauri Prime trilogy - the authors explored the period between the end of Babylon 5 and Sheridan's "death" in 2281. These novels are canon and give an interesting glimpse into Garibaldi's future. In one book, Garibaldi is able to track down Bester. While he isn't able to bring himself to kill him, he does help bring him to justice. Bester spends the rest of his life in prison, with his abilities suppressed by drugs. In the other books, Garibaldi is instrumental in gathering intelligence on Centauri Prime and uncovering the machinations of the Centauri government. Later, he is able to help find the Drakh Shiv'kala after their withdrawal from Centauri Prime. As a result, Vir is able to kill Shiv'kala, and release Sheridan's son David from the Drakh keeper.

Garibaldi and his wife eventually have a daughter named Mary. By 2281, she is about 14 years old.

When Sheridan realizes that he has very little time left, he sends invitations to all his friends to come to Minbar for one last party. The invitation arrives while Dr. Franklin is visiting Garibaldi. Despite his differences with Sheridan over the years, Garibaldi says that Sheridan is his friend, and decides to go to Minbar. They share one last meal. After Sheridan is taken from the galaxy by Lorien, Garibaldi makes one last trip to Babylon 5, for the shutdown ceremony, and takes a piece of the station—a shot glass bearing the station's logo—with him before leaving for the last time.

After the episode "Sleeping in Light" Garibaldi returns to his family on Mars. When arriving home, he finds that his daughter had won a tennis match. Garibaldi's life after Sheridan's departure is mostly quiet. Series creator J. Michael Straczynski says that his ultimate fate would be much quieter than Garibaldi could have imagined.

Legacy
500 years after the events in the television series, Garibaldi and all the main players in that story are long dead. However, Daniel, a member of an Orwellian faction seeking to sever Earth from the Interstellar Alliance in the face of a looming civil war, brings back holographic recreations of Garibaldi, Sheridan, Delenn, and Franklin. He begins reprogramming the recreations to re-enact distorted and propagandized versions of historical events so that he can convince others that the Interstellar Alliance is (and always has been) evil. Daniel explains this to the confused recreations; though they are outraged, they are unable to stop themselves from re-enacting the events as Daniel directs.

While the simulations are being re-enacted Garibaldi's recreation discovers that it possesses most of the real Michael Garibaldi's knowledge and skills, including his knowledge of computer systems. Using these skills the recreation is able to hack into the rebel alliance's main computer network, finding plans detailing an impending surprise attack on the main Earth government, which he promptly sends to Earth authorities. During a break between recordings the Garibaldi recreation reveals what he's done to Daniel, just seconds before the government launches a preemptive attack on the rebel facilities. The holographic studio is destroyed shortly thereafter, prematurely starting a civil war but denying Daniel's organization the potentially catastrophic propaganda material they sought.

Naming
He is named after the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Current status
As Jerry Doyle died in July 2016, the Michael Garibaldi character will not make any further appearances in any future Babylon 5 movies or television series. His character nonetheless lives on with an extensive further history after the end of the Babylon 5 TV series proper in the novels. His appearance in the finale Sleeping In Light is the last canonically.

Analysis
Christina Francis looked at the pararells between Babylon 5 story and the Arthurian myth. She described Garibaldi as a "complicated character" comparing him to Arthurian Sir Kay.

Garibaldi's flaw of being a recovering alcoholic has been described as being quite personal for the actor who played him, who shared similar history in his real life.

title: Michael Garibaldi


text:
Cricket in India

Cricket is the most popular sport in India. It is played almost everywhere in the country. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the governing body of Indian cricket and conduct all domestic tournaments and select the players for India national cricket team and India women's national cricket team.

Domestic competitions in India annually organized by BCCI include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Vijay Hazare Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy. The Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 tournament where various city-based franchises compete in a style similar to American football, is one of the biggest sporting leagues and the biggest cricketing league in the world. In 2023 it launched a similar league for females, the Women's Premier League (WPL).

Cricket is generally viewed as the favourite sport of Indians. Sports broadcasters, national-international news media frequently claim that "cricket is like religion in India", people are crazy for the sport there, but the truth is far from it, Indians don't show up at the stadiums to witness domestic (except IPL) tournament (such as Ranji, Vijay Hazare trophy, Irani Cup etc.), non-India international matches and stadium remain empty, reason for this according to a senior figure in Indian broadcasting, "Indians don’t love cricket", "Indians love Indian cricket."

International cricket in India does not follow a consistent pattern, unlike other cricketing teams such as England, who tour other countries during the winter and play at home during the summer. The Indian cricket team is one of the most successful cricket teams in the world, having won 2 ICC World Cups, 2 ICC World Twenty20, 2 ICC Champion's Trophies and finished runners up in 2 ICC World Test Championships. The 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, was initially meant to be hosted by India. However, after the escalation of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India, the tournament was moved by the ICC to the United Arab Emirates. The 2023 Cricket World Cup was hosted by India.

Indian cricketers' association is the country's retired cricketers' union. It is recognized by BCCI, but the latter do not allow any active player to be part of it or any other players union. BCCI keep ICA's representative in its and IPL's apex council.

Cricket is an important part of Indian culture and top players, like Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly,Yuvraj Singh,MS Dhoni, Rohit Sharma and Virat Kohli often attain celebrity status and are some of the most influential figures in the country. Cricket is often portrayed patriotically in popular Indian films, including the Academy Award-nominated film, Lagaan, and 83, the 2021 sports drama film about India's Cricket World Cup victory in 1983. The Indian cricket team shares a long-standing rivalry with the Pakistani cricket team, and India-Pakistan matches are some of the most anticipated matches in the world, and one of the most watched television broadcasts in the world.

History
Cricket was brought to India in the early 1700s, with the first documented insurance of cricket being played in 1721. At the time of its introduction, it was used as a medium for Indians to integrate into British cultural norms. By serving as a bridge between the two groups, it made assimilating much easier. In its early time in India, it was played and used by Indian elites to gain favor with the British which not only aided in the value of the sport due to its association with the elite but its high status helped it spread throughout India. Although it began as a foreign sport, the sport ultimately became associated with India and began to play a role in India's identity. In the late 1800s, cricket's image began to move away from being an exclusively upper class sport as players from lower castes and underprivileged communities began to play and make their mark. Overtime, cricket shifted from an English introduced game and began to weave itself into the fabric of Indian culture and community. Although other games remained prominent in the eyes of the media, cricket's increased association with India and its label as an Indian sport began to grow which diminished the importance of other sports in the public eye.

1800s to 1918

The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 between Calcutta and Madras. Not many records exist from the match. The entire history of cricket in India and the sub-continent as a whole is based on the existence and development of the British Raj via the East India Company.

1918 to 1945
India became the sixth national team to play Test cricket on their 1932 tour of England. Captained by C. K. Nayudu, their inaugural Test was against England at Lord's Cricket Ground from 25 to 28 June, but they were defeated by 158 runs.

1945 to 1960
The major and defining event in the history of Indian cricket during this period was the Partition of India following full independence from the British Raj in 1947.

An early casualty of change was the Bombay Quadrangular tournament, which had been a focal point of Indian cricket for over 50 years. The new India had no place for teams based on ethnic origin. As a result, the Ranji Trophy came into its own as the national championship. The last Bombay Pentangular, as it had become, was won by the Hindus in 1945–46.

India also recorded its first Test victory in 1952, beating England by an innings in Madras.

1960 to 1970
One team totally dominated Indian cricket in the 1960s. As part of 14 consecutive victories in the Ranji Trophy from 1958–59 to 1972–73, Bombay won the title in all ten seasons of the period under review. Among its players were Farokh Engineer, Dilip Sardesai, Bapu Nadkarni, Ramakant Desai, Baloo Gupte, Ashok Mankad and Ajit Wadekar. In the 1961–1962 season, the Duleep Trophy was inaugurated as a zonal competition. It was named after Ranji's nephew, Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji (1905–59). With Bombay in its catchment, it is not surprising that the West Zone won six of the first nine titles.

1970 to 1985
Bombay continued to dominate Indian domestic cricket, with only Karnataka, Delhi, and a few other teams able to mount any kind of challenge during this period.

India enjoyed two international highlights. In 1971, they won a Test series in England for the first time ever, surprisingly defeating Ray Illingworth's Ashes winners. In 1983, again in England, India were surprise winners of the 1983 Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Kapil Dev.

During the 1970s, the Indian cricket team began to see success overseas beating New Zealand, and holding Australia, South Africa and England to a draw. The backbone of the team was the Indian spin quartet – Bishen Bedi, E. A. S. Prasanna, B. S. Chandrasekhar and Srinivas Venkataraghavan, giving rise to what would later be called the Golden Era of Indian cricket history. This decade also saw the emergence of two of India's best ever batsmen, Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Vishwanath responsible for the back-to-back series wins in 1971 in the West Indies and in England, under the captaincy of Ajit Wadekar.

The Indian women's team made its test debut in 1976, becoming the third nation to do so. It made its ODI debut on 1 January 1978.

Globalisation, nationalism and consumerism
In the late 1980s, continuous live coverage of overseas matches was broadcast by British networks. This was a major factor in shaping what was now becoming the modern game of cricket. Modern technology and the establishment of specialized television networks set a global interest for the sport. ESPN and Star Sports added cricket to part of the 24 hours of continuous live coverage that they were needed to produce. Global popularity increased among the Eastern world. Soon after a domestic league (the Indian Premier League) was established.

Several team names and spellings were altered during the 1990s when traditional Indian names were introduced to replace those that were associated with the British Raj. Most notably, Bombay became Mumbai, and the venue of Calcutta became Kolkata, both where the main places where the British did all their business.

During the 1980s, India developed a more attack-focused batting line-up with talented batsmen such as Mohammad Azharuddin, Dilip Vengsarkar and Ravi Shastri prominent during this decade. Despite India's victory in the Cricket World Cup in 1983, the team performed poorly in the Test arena, including 28 consecutive Test matches without a victory. However, India won the Asia Cup in 1984 and won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia in 1985. The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India.

From the 1993–94 season, the Duleep Trophy was converted from a knockout competition to a league format.

Despite its arrival in the 1700s, cricket's popularity soared gradually as it spread across regions. It became a unifying factor in the country, transcending social and cultural barriers. The sport was initially popular amongst the elite, but it began to transcend as people from lower castes would come together to play, watch, and engage with the sport. Post-independence, cricket continued to flourish and became an integral part of the nation's fabric, particularly in their rivalries, the most prevalent one being India v Pakistan. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) emerged as a pivotal force, steering the sport toward globalization. In addition, technology played a crucial role as it increased accessibility by bringing live cricket matches into homes which amplified its reach and its impact.

The pivotal moment in cricket's globalization in India came with success on the international stage. Victories in major tournaments aided in globalization, but the tipping points occurred in the iconic 1983 Cricket World Cup win which not only captivated the nation but the world. Even the most optimistic of fans believed the furthest India could go was the semi-finals, so when India reached the finals, audiences were captivated. This match was led by now legend, Kapil Dev in addition to Sunil Gavaskar and Sachin Tendulkar who were highly revered throughout India which aided in the increased popularity and globalization of cricket. Because these legends were not upper class elites, they emerged as cultural icons who represented the dreams and aspirations of millions in addition to the increased sense of pride they evoked. Their success on the global stage in a post-colonial India resonated deeply with India as it evoked pride and honor which many had not felt in a long time.

In addition to the increased sense of nationalism which aided in its globalization, cricket mirrored the changing socio-political landscape of India. By shifting a once elite sport into something accessible to the masses, the sport echoed societal transformations with the rise of the middle class. Cricket became a vessel for social mobility and offered opportunities and hope to people across India regardless of their religion, caste, or social standing. With the increased popularity of the sport in India, especially in the 1980s, international satellite television networks latched onto cricket because of its global audience and the newly emerged market of viewers in India. In order to secure their place, these networks worked out broadcasting deals with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) which gave the BCCI an immense amount of wealth which further aided in the globalization of cricket.

In addition to its spread through television, its globalization has a direct link to India's increase in consumerism. As the sport became increasingly popular in India in the 80's into the 90s, India experienced a rapid expansion of both televised and billboard advertising. As a result, it became common for various teams and individual cricket players to promote various consumer goods which aided in its globalization.

21st century

Sachin Tendulkar was one of the key members during 1989–2013 for Team India in multiple formats.

Since 2000, the Indian team underwent major improvements with the appointment of John Wright, India's first ever foreign coach. This appointment met success internationally as India maintained their unbeaten home record against Australia in Test series after defeating them in 2001 and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007. India was also the first sub-continental team to win at the WACA in January 2008 against Australia.

India's victory against the Australians in 2001 marked the beginning of a dream era for the team under the captainship of Sourav Ganguly, winning Test matches in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies and England. India also shared a joint victory with Sri Lanka in the ICC Champions Trophy and went on to the finals in the 2003 Cricket World Cup only to be beaten by Australia.

In September 2007, India won the first ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa, beating their arch-rivals Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final.

India won the Cricket World Cup in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the first time since 1983 (28 years) – they beat Sri Lanka in the final held in Mumbai's Wankhede Stadium.

India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand led by Kane Williamson at Kanpur from 22 to 26 September 2016. India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of Virat Kohli.

The five most popular cricket clubs on social media in the world are all Indian Premier League clubs as of 2021:

International cricket

International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed pattern. For example, the English schedule under which the nation tours other countries during the winter and plays at home during the summer. Generally, there has recently been a tendency to play more one-day matches than Test matches. Cricket in India is managed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the richest cricket board in the cricket world. The Indian national cricket team has also provided some of the greatest players to the world, the biggest example of which is Sachin Tendulkar. Indian cricket has a rich history. The Indian national team is currently ranked No. 1 in Tests, No. 1 in ODIs and at 1st position in T20Is. India won two World Championship cups in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and recently won in the year 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, which was won after a span of 28 years. They also won the World Championship of Cricket in 1985.

First class competitions

 * Ranji Trophy – It was founded as the 'Cricket Championship of India' at a meeting of the Board of Control for Cricket in India in July 1934. The first Ranji Trophy fixtures took place in the 1934–35 season. Syed Mohammed Hadi of Hyderabad was the first batsman to score a century in the tournament. The Trophy was donated by H. H. Sir Bhupendra Singh Mahinder Baha-dur, Maharajah of Patiala in memory of his late Highness Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji of Nawanagar, affectionately called Ranjitsinhji. In the main, the Ranji Trophy is composed of teams representing the states that makeup India. The number of competing teams has increased over the years. Some states have more than one cricket team, e.g., Maharashtra and Gujarat. There are also teams for Railways and Services representing the armed forces. The various teams used to be grouped into zones – North, West, East, Central and South – and the initial matches were played on a league basis within the zones. The top two teams until 1991–92 and then the top three teams in the subsequent years from each zone then played in a national knock-out competition. Starting with the 2002–03 season, the zonal system was abandoned and a two-division structure was adopted with two teams being promoted from the plate league and two relegated from the elite league. If the knockout matches are not finished, they are decided on the first-inning lead.
 * Duleep Trophy – Named after Duleepsinhji, the Duleep Trophy competition, which is a first-class competition, was started by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1961–62 with the aim of providing a greater competitive edge in domestic cricket, because apart from the knock-out stages of the Ranji Trophy, that competition proved to be highly predictable, with Bombay winning the Ranji Trophy for fifteen consecutive years. The Duleep Trophy was also meant to help the selectors to assess the form of top cricketers playing against each other. The original format had five teams, which were drawn from the five zones (i.e. North, South, East, West and central) and played each other on a knock-out basis. From the 1993–94 season, the competition has been converted to a league format.
 * Irani Trophy – The Irani Trophy tournament was conceived during the 1959–60 season to mark the completion of 25 years of the Ranji Trophy championship and was named after the late Z. R. Irani, who was associated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970 and a keen patron of the game. The first match, played between the Ranji Trophy champions and the Rest of India was played in 1959–60. For the first few years, it was played at the tail end of the season. Realising the importance of the fixture, the BCCI moved it to the beginning of the season. Since 1965–66, it has traditionally heralded the start of the new domestic season. The Irani Trophy game ranks high in popularity and importance. It is one of the few domestic matches followed with keen interest by cricket lovers in the country. Leading players take part in the game, which has often been a sort of selection trial to pick the Indian team for foreign tours.

Limited overs competitions

 * Deodhar Trophy – Started in 1973–74 by Board of Control for Cricket in India, it is a one-day cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket. It was formerly contested by 5 zonal teams – North zone, South zone, East zone, West zone and Central zone. From 2015–16 to 2017–18, it was contested by the winners of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, India A and India B. Starting in 2018–19 it has featured India A, India B and India C.
 * NKP Salve Challenger Trophy – It was started as the Challenger series by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1994–95 and later named as NKP Salve Challenger Trophy in 1998–99. This tournament featured 3 teams: India senior, India A and India B playing each other in a round robin format. They were later renamed India Blue, India Red and India Green respectively. The tournament featured the top 36 players from across India. It was last contested in 2013–14.
 * Vijay Hazare Trophy – Named after the prolific Indian cricketer Vijay Hazare, the Trophy was started in 2002–03 as an attempt to bring the limited-overs game among a greater audience. The competition involves the state (and other) teams from the Ranji Trophy battling in a 50-over format. Since its conception, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai have won the trophy the most times (5). It is also dubbed as the Premier Cup by BCCI.
 * BCCI Corporate Trophy – BCCI have set up a 12 team inter-corporate tournament in 2009 that involves all top Indian cricketers. The tournament involves 50-over-a-side matches with the winner picking up Rs 1 crore and the runner up getting Rs 50 lakh. It was abolished after a few years.
 * Vijay Merchant Trophy - Under 16 youth State wise tournament.

Twenty20 competitions

 * Indian Premier League – In response to the rival ICL, the BCCI started the Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League (IPL), which is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi. This League was launched by BCCI in 2007–08 and received widespread recognition from around the country. The players were selected via the auctions and drafted into the city-based franchises. The first IPL season was held from 18 April 2008 to 1 June 2008 where underdogs Rajasthan Royals, led by Shane Warne, won the first title at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai Based on regional loyalties, the eight-team tournament brings a unique and popular team and player auction system hand-picking some of the best international players in the world and teaming them with Indian players, both domestic and international, in one arena. The total prize money for the IPL was $3 million. The IPL is one of the most-attended cricket leagues in the world and ranks sixth among all sports leagues. The IPL has also Americanized cricket by adding cheerleaders and creating a setting of non stop action similar to sporting events in the USA. The IPL tournament consists of 10 different city based franchises.
 * Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy – After India became another member of the ICC Twenty20 and played its first international T20 against South Africa, the BCCI launched its own state structure in 2006–07 season, with 27 Ranji teams divided in 5 Zones. The final was played between Punjab and Tamil Nadu, which the latter won by 2 wickets with 2 balls remaining, thereby becoming the only ever winner of this series. In this series, Rohit Sharma also became the only ever Indian to register a T20 century for Mumbai against Gujarat. The competition was later replaced by the franchise-based IPL. Played for the first time in the 2008–09 season, this is the first of its kind zonal T20 championship and the third overall in the Indian cricket season, which would see Ranji teams divided along zonal lines into two groups with the tournament culminating in the All India T20 final between the winners of the two groups for the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. It was launched after the success of the IPL and the need of the BCCI to search for more talent in the growing regions of cricket.

In 2020, stronger crowd participation was seen than in other forms of the game. It has been greatly acknowledged by people and has made huge profits.

Youth competitions

 * Vinoo Mankad Trophy – A trophy tournament for under-19, in memories of famous cricketer Vinoo Mankad.
 * Yagnik Trophy – A tournament for inter-college, under the university level student, named after Dr. Yagnik, Gandhian and famous figure in Saurashtra.
 * Cooch Behar Trophy – An inter-state U-19 4-day matches tournament.

Women's domestic competitions

 * Women's Senior One Day Trophy – Started in season 2006–07, it is the women's List-A cricket tournament. Railways women has been the most dominant team, winning 10 out of the 11 tournaments. It was played in round-robin format at zonal level and the top performing team then playing in the super league. The format was changed in season 2013–14, since then it is played in 2 tiers, with states being divided in 5 groups, 2 in elite group and 3 in plate group. Finalists in the plate group, at the end of season are promoted to the elite group and 2 bottom most performing teams in the elite group are relegated to the plate group.
 * Women's Senior T20 Trophy – It is a women's Twenty20 competition. It is played between full members of BCCI. The inaugural tournament was held in the 2008–09 season. Since then it has taken place every year with 2015–16 being the 8th edition.

List of domestic cricket leagues

 * Andhra Premier League
 * Baroda T20 Challenge
 * Bengal Pro T20 League
 * Chhattisgarh Cricket Premier League
 * KCA President's Cup T20
 * Madhya Pradesh League
 * Maharaja Trophy T20
 * Maharashtra Premier League
 * Odisha Premier League
 * Rajasthan Premier League
 * Saurashtra Premier League
 * Sher e Punjab T20 Cup
 * T20 Mumbai League
 * Tamil Nadu Premier League
 * UP T20 League

Defunct leagues

 * Indian Cricket League

Facilities
India has a plethora of international standards Cricket stadiums. The world's largest stadium, Narendra Modi Stadium, is located in India. Eden Gardens of Kolkata, the 3rd largest cricket stadium in the world, is situated in West Bengal. The domestic cricket governing bodies such as the State Cricket Association controls cricket related activities and sanctioned tournaments in their respective regions and hence, there are 38 Ranji Teams. These domestic boards are affiliated to BCCI, while district cricket boards in the country are affiliated to state boards. The country has lots of private cricket academies and clubs. The world's 3rd largest cricket arena is being built in Jaipur. MRF Pace Foundation provide facilities to fast ballers.

In popular culture
Cricket is portrayed in Indian popular culture as an extremely important part of India's national identity. It is frequently associated with a strong sense of patriotism and nationalism.

Films
Cricket has been portrayed many times in various Indian films. One such popular film is 83, a film produced by Reliance Entertainment and directed by Kabir Khan. It stars actor Ranveer Singh as India national team captain Kapil Dev, known as one of India's greatest bowlers in cricketing history. The film is of the historical genre of Indian films and covers the Indian national team's underdog victory in the 1983 Cricket World Cup. 83 was received well by audiences and critics alike, scoring 80% on Rotten Tomatoes and 7.5 on IMDb. Many reviews appreciated the film's emphasis on national pride and dramatic storytelling of India's famous victory in 1983, although some criticized the film for unnecessarily over-dramatizing parts of the story.

Celebrities
Indian national cricket players are viewed as some of the highest-profile celebrities in India, especially Sachin Tendulkar, who some attribute god-like status to. Towards the end of his sporting career, Tendulkar began to pursue a political career, being sworn in as an MP to Rajya Sabha, India's upper house of Parliament in 2012, one year before retiring officially in 2013. While Tendulkar has not officially associated himself with any political party, various literature have claimed that he started to become a Hindu-centric role model after the turn of the 21st century during his cricketing career.

title: Cricket in India