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Aubervilliers

Aubervilliers is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, Île-de-France region, northeastern suburbs of Paris, France.

Localisation

Aubervilliers is one of three communes in the Plaine Saint-Denis, 7.2 km north-east of the centre of Paris.

The Canal Saint-Denis traverses the commune on the western side from north to south.

Transport and communications
Aubervilliers is a commune close to Paris and has numerous means of transport including: the A86 autoroute from L'Ile-Saint-Denis in the west to Drancy in the east with Exit 9 on the northern border of the commune, Route nationale N301 from Stains in the north and joining the Paris ring road in the south, the D20 from Gennevilliers in the west, the D27 from Bobigny in the east, and the D115 from Pantin in the south-east. The Paris ring road is just outside the southern border of the commune and there are two access routes to it: by the Porte d'Aubervilliers and by the Porte de la Villette. These roads provide easy access to the network of roads and motorways around Paris as well as Le Bourget and Charles de Gaulle airports.

The Canal Saint-Denis once had important river ports and there was the Paris-Hirson railway and an industrial railway for Saint-Denis/Aubervilliers which served the Plaine Saint-Denis.

Public transport in the commune
The RER railway passes through the north of the commune and the station of La Courneuve-Aubervilliers, located just north of the commune on the N301 road, serves Aubervilliers. There are also two Metro stations on the south-western border on Avenue Jean-Jaures: Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins at the corner of Ave. de la Republique, and Fort d'Aubervilliers at the corner of Ave. de la Division Leclerc.

The commune is served by:
 * Paris Métro Line 7 : stations Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins and Fort d'Aubervilliers;
 * Sixteen bus routes: ;
 * Gare de La Plaine-Stade de France: as far as Saint-Denis and  Aubervilliers;
 * Gare de La Courneuve - Aubervilliers: located in La Courneuve commune about 1 km to the north of the commune border.
 * Paris Métro Line 12  since 18 December 2012 with the opening of the Front Populaire station and ultimately, in May 2022, it got extended to Mairie d'Aubervilliers station, with 1 intermediate stop at Aimé Césaire station.
 * Ligne 3b of the Île-de-France tramway since 15 December 2012 with the opening of the Porte d'Aubervilliers located in the Paris area near the commune.

Typology
Aubervilliers is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid. It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.

Urban morphology
The main quarters or districts of the commune are:
 * Quatre-Chemins;
 * Quarante-Cinq at La Villette;
 * Maladrerie (and its 800 lodgings which form a Sensitive urban zone or ZFU);
 * Pont-Blanc/Vallès/Hemet (the agglomération is called Vallès la Frette);
 * Landy (split between Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis);
 * Cité Crèvecœur (Crèvecœur Housing Estate);
 * Cité du 112 (112 Housing Estate);
 * Cité République (official name) (République Housing Estate);
 * Sadi-Carnot;
 * Les Presles;
 * Cité Heurtault (Heurtault Housing Estate);
 * Les Fleurs;
 * Cité Gabriel-Péri (Gabriel-Péri Housing EState);
 * Les Fusains;
 * Square of roses;
 * Le fort.

Toponymy
The town is mentioned in the Latinised form Albertivillare in 1059. It is from this that the inhabitants are known as Albertivillarien.

The place name of -villiers (a variant of -villier, -villers, -viller, coming from the Low Latin villare, derived from villa - progressively meaning "farm", "village", then "town") is a characteristic appellative for agricultural domains in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods. The first part is the Germanic personal name Adalbertus from which are derived the names Albert (English form) and Aubert (French form) and also became a surname. It is homonymous with a hamlet in Seine-et-Marne, Aubervilliers, and Auberville in Normandy (the others are explained by the Old Norse personal name Osbern giving Auber, the name of a Norman family).

Origins
As with many communes in the outer suburbs the town had long been a rural area. Formerly known as Notre-Dame-des-Vertus, the village was on a plain which produced the best vegetables around Paris.

Middle Ages
Aubervilliers first appears in the archives in 1059 as Albertivillare, meaning "estate of Adalbert". In the following year Henry I donated it to the Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. In 1111 the serfs were freed in Aubervilliers. In 1182 the priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, located in Paris, granted Paris butchers the right to freely graze their cattle in the fields after the harvest was over. In 1221, Guillaume Bateste, lord of Franconville, became the first Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. The church, which at the beginning of the 13th century depended on one of the parishes of Saint Denis, soon became famous for the miraculous appearance of an image of the Virgin.

In 1336 Father Jacques Du Breul, Prior of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, reported the Miracle of the rain: A young girl busy preparing flowers to adorn the statue of the Virgin in the church saw her face streaming with tears when the rain began to fall on the parched crops. In 1338 King Philip VI of France and his queen went to Aubervilliers to visit the image. From 1340 to 1792 people went there in droves each year from Paris and its surroundings. In 1402 Michel de Laillier, Lord of Ermenonville, became Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. In 1429 the town was occupied by the English but was retaken by Michel de Laillier in 1436. Louis XI went there in November 1474 to the house of Pierre L’Orfèvre, the new Lord of Vivier from then until August 1478. The image of the Virgin in lead that the king wore on his hat was a representation of the one at Aubervilliers.

In 1531 the Lordship of Vivier les Aubervilliers was sold to the Montholon family which held it until 1779. The facade and tower of the church were built in the reign of Henry II. Civil wars which the Armagnacs stirred up in France led to the destruction of the village but the abundant alms of the many pilgrims who came from all sides allowed a prompt reconstruction. On 10 November 1567 the Battle of Saint-Denis took place in the Plaine Saint-Denis between the Catholic army of Anne de Montmorency and the Protestant troops of the Prince of Condé.

Henri IV stayed in Aubervilliers during the Siege of Paris in 1590.

From the Renaissance to the 18th century
The visit by Louis XIII in 1613, then again in 1614 and 1628, allowed the development of pilgrimage to Notre-Dame des Virtues. Jacques Gallemant, pastor of Aubervilliers, allowed a community of Oratorians to settle in Aubervilliers in 1618. They took charge of the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus and developed an important pilgrimage around the statue of the Virgin of Aubervilliers. The installation from 1622 of a "House of Notre-Dame des Vertus" by the Oratorians of John de Bérulle then its progressive extension throughout the 17th century made Aubervilliers an important centre of French Catholic spirituality. Thinkers, "pious and famous faithful" such as Francis de Sales, Vincent de Paul, John Eudes (he stayed for two years), Jean-Jacques Ollier, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, and the son of the great Jean Racine - the poet Louis Racine participated in a pilgrimage there and returned. At the end of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century, the House of Oratorians of Aubervilliers became a "stronghold" of the Jansenist dissent.

In 1649, during the Fronde, Aubervilliers fell into misery. Crops were destroyed, death reigned and population declined. There were 125 deaths in 1652 in a population of about 1,500 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the small town was reborn although until the 19th century it was populated by farmers. Proximity to the Paris markets promoted Market gardening, especially on the Plain of Vertus which was famous for its onions and a wide range of vegetables. The existence of the Mazier farm at 70 Rue Heurtault is attested by a document in 1699.

French Revolution and Empire
On 12 August 1787 the first meeting of the Municipal Assembly of Aubervilliers took place. In 1789 there was a list of grievances, complaints and remonstrances written by Mesme Monard, the parish priest, and one of the leaders against the Oratorians. On 24 January 1790 the election of the first mayor of Aubervilliers took place: Nicolas Lemoine was elected. In 1792 the boundary of the commune of Aubervilliers was delineated.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Plain of Aubervilliers was, in 1814 and 1815, the scene of a bloody battle between French troops and the Prussians who took and re-took it several times. The French soldiers were overpowered by numbers and were eventually forced to abandon it.

From the Restoration to the Paris Commune

On 13 May 1821 the Canal Saint-Denis opened. In 1832, an outbreak of cholera decimated the population. In 1840 a factory was set up to manufacture soap from resin. The Fort d'Aubervilliers was built in 1843 - it was part of the Thiers wall, a structure authorised in 1840 by Adolphe Thiers to protect Paris and, where appropriate, to subdue its rebellions forming an elongated belt around Paris. It was used for the repression of the Paris Commune. The grounds of the fort and its surroundings are part of Aubervilliers commune. In 1861 the Central Market was created.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Aubervilliers was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Ouen. Aubervilliers received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis.

The Industrial Revolution and the expansion of Paris radically changed the situation in Aubervilliers. Industries were established next to the canal. On 6 October 1862 Baron Hainguerlot began the operation of General Stores in Saint-Denis. In 1866 he moved to Aubervilliers. In 1866 Saint-Gobain purchased a factory manufacturing sulphuric acid from John Frédéric Boyd which was located on Rue du Landy. On 12 September 1867 Lady Lequin began operating a Match factory at a place called La Motte, Rue du Vivier.

During the Siege of Paris in 1870 the municipal government took refuge in Paris at 20 Boulevard de Strasbourg. At the beginning of 1877 a tramway arrived in the city centre. In 1879, the boyauderie (Tripe factory) owned by Mr. Jacquart was established. It was later purchased by Witt SA, a boyaudier from La Courneuve. The whole complex was bought in 1921 by the Wanner establishment who manufactured insulating materials: ceramic, plaster, and cork tiles. On 18 June 1897 a grease manufacturing factory (industrial oils and greases) was established on Chemin Haut de St Denis at Aubervilliers and remained in operation until the Second World War. In 1898 a tram depot was built at the corner of the Avenue de la République No. 30 and Rue du Midi.

The Belle Époque to the Second World War
At the end of the 19th century the life of the small town was already closely linked to nascent industrialization. People from Belgium, Lorraine, Alsace, Brittany, Spain, and Italy arrived in successive waves. This capacity to absorb and mix populations is characteristic of the history of the commune. Workers come to live in the suburbs which were cheaper than in Paris. Ever since Aubervilliers has been a multicultural city where more than 70 nationalities live.

For decades major industries shaped the identity of the city.

The district of Quatre-Chemins, which straddles the boundary of Aubervilliers and Pantin, was pejoratively nicknamed La Petite Prusse (Little Prussia) due to many immigrants coming to work in the Saint-Gobain glassworks - established in 1866 next to the canal. The identity of the district led them to ask in vain for the status of full-function commune at the end of the 19th century.

 * Summary of events
 * 15–16 April 1900: the burning of the church.
 * 1908: installation of the Edmond Jean Enamel works.
 * 1923: Pierre Laval became mayor of Aubervilliers, up until 1944.
 * 1927: Construction of the main post office on Rue Achille-Domart.
 * 1929: Construction of 186 cheap housing units and 4 shops by the Société Anonyme d'HBM d'Aubervilliers on avenue Jean-Jaurès, opposite the Fort.
 * 1931: Construction of 110 cheap housing units and 4 shops by l’Office public d’HBM d’Aubervilliers, Rue de la Goutte d'Or and Rue Bordier. Work on the Auguste Delaune Municipal Stadium ends.
 * 1944: the Leclerc division is stationed on Route nationale 2. Charles Tillon becomes mayor.

Contemporary period

 * 1948: Construction of 142 housing units at Pont Blanc.
 * 1953: Mayor Charles Tillon resigns, Émile Dubois replaces him; 19 April: construction by the HLM Group of Prés Clos; 14 July: delivery of the Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Estate on Avenue du President Roosevelt.
 * 18 July 1954: construction of 37 housing units at 37 Rue des Grandes-Walls.
 * 1957: following the death of Mayor Émile Dubois, André Karman becomes mayor.
 * 1958: Construction of the Gabriel-Peri Estate.
 * 15 May 1965:, delivery of the Maurice Thorez Estate at 21 rue des Cités.
 * 1969: construction of the République Estate located at 64-68 Avenue de la République.
 * On the night of 1 and 2 January 1970 five Africans were found dead in a migrant workers residence from asphyxia due to an improvised heating system. This drama has a strong impact and gave rise to a lively debate on immigration and living conditions in the migrant workers' residences. Despite a call for privacy at the funeral on 10 January, there was an eruption of demonstrators by the Gauche prolétarienne (Proletarian Left) and people such as Kateb Yacine, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Michel Rocard. The Aubervilliers slum was visited two days later by Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas, followed by a controversial televised debate on 14 January on Les Dossiers de l'écran. This drama made a lasting impression on the representation of immigration in the French collective imagination.
 * 1972:, the Aubervilliers Slum on the Chemin de Halage along the canal near Stains bridge completely disappeared.
 * 1974: The Tour La Villette is an example of contemporary architecture.
 * 1978: Renovation of the Maladrerie district.
 * 1979: Inauguration of the Paris Métro stations of Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins and Fort d'Aubervilliers.
 * 1984: On the death of Mayor André Karman Jack Ralite becomes mayor.

The construction of the Stade de France (Stadium of France) just north of the commune in 1998 was a stimulating element in the Saint-Denis Plain. With its 750 hectares on the outskirts of Paris, The Saint-Denis Plain covers one third of Aubervilliers and extends over Saint-Denis and Saint-Ouen. Since the early 2000s this area, which was one of the largest industrial areas in Europe, has been changing and should receive the Campus Condorcet in the late 2010s.

In 2014, the commune has been awarded "two flowers" by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

The Franco-Chinese Friendship Association stated that from November 2015 to August 2016 over 100 ethnic Chinese in Aubervilliers had been robbed. 49-year old Chaoling Zhang (张朝林 Zhāng Cháolín), beaten in a robbery, died on August 16, 2016.

Politics and administration
Until the law of 10 July 1964 the commune was part of the department of Seine. The redistribution of the former departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise resulted in the commune becoming part of Seine-Saint-Denis after the administrative transfer effective from 1 January 1968.

Aubervilliers is the only commune of the canton of Aubervilliers, created in 2015. It is one of the 9 communes of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis.

Political trends and results
In the 2008 municipal elections, the PS came first in the first round of 9 March 2008 but lost against the list headed by the PCF. Despite the national agreements to desist in favour of the leftist list in the best position, the PS list led by Jacques Salvator was maintained in the second round and won the election with 41.48% of the vote against the list of the incumbent mayor, Pascal Beaudet (PCF), the UMP, and the MoDem.

In March 2011 in the cantonal elections (Canton of Aubervilliers-Est) Pascal Beaudet (PCF, PG, GU, ZIP, Federated) again led the first round (30.9%) in the context of a record abstention rate (72.3%). The Socialist candidate continued again in the second round, as in 2008 but this time Pascal Beaudet won the election in the second round (50.76%). The two cantons of Aubervilliers are now run by the communists (Jean-Jacques Karman and Pascal Beaudet).

Mayors
List of Successive Mayors

 * Mayors from 1942

Twinning
Aubervilliers has twinning associations with:
 * Beit Jala, Palestine (since 1997)
 * 🇲🇷 Bouly, Mauritania (since 1994)
 * 🇩🇪 Jena, Germany (since 1999)

Immigration
Ethnic Chinese from Wenzhou began arriving in Aubervilliers in the 1980s and 1990s to participate in the textile industry. In 2016 protests staged by ethnic Chinese occurred after several Chinese in Aubervilliers were attacked, including one murder of a local Chinese man by delinquent youths. 4,000 ethnic Chinese live in Aubervilliers.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albertivillariens or Albertivillariennes in French.

The results of the 2017 Census conducted by INSEE shows that the upward trend in the population continues dramatically since in the last ten years the population has grown by 17.2% from 73,699 to 86,375 inhabitants. The number of dwellings have increased by 4,662 from 2007 to 2017 or 15.6%, and the number of vacant units has increased from 1,713 in 2007 to 1,997 in 2017.

Between 1982 and 1999 43,000 people reported that they would come to live in Aubervilliers (68.1% of the population in 1999) and, as the population decreased by 4,589 during the period, it can be concluded that nearly 48,000 people left Aubervilliers. We can deduce from these figures that only a third of the population is stable.

The decade 2000–2010 saw a marked relaunching of demographics in the wake of the economic revival of the Plaine-Saint-Denis. The migration in the commune became positive (+0.4% per year from 1999 to 2010) and was combined with a natural balance growth (+1.75% per year). The increase is particularly noticeable in the western canton of la Villette in Landy. This strong recovery makes it necessary for the joint construction of a school (kindergarten and primary) from 2010 to 2014.

In 2010 there were 31,379 immigrants in Aubervilliers (or 41.2% of the population of the commune - the highest proportion in the department), including 3,919 from the European Union, 1,418 from the rest of Europe, 11,313 from the Maghreb, and 6,810 from the rest of Africa According to demographer Michèle Tribalat, in 2005 about three-quarters of young people under 18 years old in the commune are foreign or French of foreign origin, mainly from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.

Distribution of age groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aubervilliers and Seine-Saint-Denis Department in 2017 Source: INSEE

Economy
In economic terms Aubervilliers is the fourth largest city in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis with 30,000 jobs and 2,444 businesses in the private sector.

The city has a dense network of SMEs representing 25% of employment. These SMEs include research laboratories such as Rhodia (730 jobs ) and Saint-Gobain (400 jobs ), large public institutions such as Orange S.A., Documentation française, transport services such as La Poste, and the workshops of La Villette such as the Paris Métro and a large RATP bus depot.

77% of available jobs are today in services, transport, and retailing. Industrial activities are present with companies such as lampes Aric, Thyssen elevators, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, and Vesuvius plc. Headquarters and administrative departments of large firms have also established here: Rhodia, KDI, Motul, Lapeyre-GME (3,400 staff ), and Zurich Insurance).

New industries have developed in recent years:
 * Telecommunications: (TelecityGroup, Interxion, Completel, etc.) and telematic services (Atos, FNAC Direct, Acticall, etc.)
 * Audiovisual and Cinema: (Euromédia, Carrere Group, Studios d'Aubervilliers, Ciné-Lumières, Téléshoping, NPA, etc..)
 * Textiles and fashion (Kookai, Redskins, Hugo Boss, Afflelou, etc.)

Another sign of this change has been the strengthening of wholesale and import-export activities. With more than 300 establishments concentrated in the Entrepôts et Magasins généraux de Paris (Warehouses and General Stores of Paris) (EMGP) and also around the Port of Aubervilliers (district of La Haie-Coq), this sector is a new business area in strong development. Haie-Coq imports are cheap manufactured goods of all kinds (textiles, watches, toys, decoration, gadgets), usually from Chinese products, which distributed throughout France. The CIFA - Fashion Business Center is the centre of this business.

Civil heritage

 * The Old Match Factory (1904) at 124 rue Henri-Barbusse (now Documentation française) is registered as a historical monument.
 * The Maladrerie District: Renée Gailhoustet conceived the master plan for the Maladrerie District for a thousand housing units where there was previously a "quasi-slum". The land area of 9 hectares was urbanised in ten phases from 1975 to 1984 under the supervision of the architects Magda Thomsen, Vincent Fidon, and Yves and Luc Euvremer with the concept of a mainly continuous pedestrian space and varied sizes of buildings in relation to the existing low-rise buildings. As well as Green roofs, patios, and neat gardens, the project increased the number of covered walkways and service roads for the inhabitants which was at odds with the HLM stereotypes for construction and without reference to dividing into City blocks. In addition to a retirement home, offices, shops, a childcare centre, and a socio-cultural centre (Espace Renaudie), there are artists' studios which were not anticipated at the outset.
 * Le Corbusier School, 1997–2003, expanded and rebuilt by the architect Pierre Riboulet.
 * The Tower La Villette
 * Fort d'Aubervilliers
 * The Town Hall contains four items that are registered as historical objects:
 * 2 Decorative panels in the Hall of Commissions (1928 & 1931)
 * Painting: Allegory of the Liberation (1945)
 * Monumental Painting: Allegory of Abundance and Peace (1928 & 1931)
 * Monumental Painting: Allegory of Work (1928 & 1931)

Religious heritage

 * The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (16th century) is registered as a historical monument. The church is the old centre of Aubervilliers and it was built on a rectangular plan like a covered market. The vault of the nave is decorated with a keystone representing the Virgin. The bell tower was erected in 1541 under François I and the facade of the building in 1628 when Louis XIII decided to build in the Jesuit style to express his gratitude to the Virgin after his victory over the Protestants. The church contains many items which are registered as historical objects:
 * Statue: Virgin and Child (17th century)
 * Statue: Virgin and Child (19th century)
 * The Stained glass windows were blown out by an explosion in the gunpowder factory in La Courneuve fort on 15 March 1918 and they were redone by the Charles Champigneulle workshop. Many of them represent the miracles of Our Lady of Virtues. They are registered as three objects:
 * 3 Stained glass windows (Bays 3, 4, and 16) (20th century)
 * 13 Stained glass windows (Bays 1, 2, and 5 to 16) (20th century)
 * Stained glass window (St. Jacques & St. Christophe) (19th century)
 * Reliquary and 2 Statues (19th century)
 * Painting: Saint Mary of the Incarnation (19th century)
 * Pedestal Organ (1780) The organ with musical instruments (1770–80) was the work of François-Henri Clicquot and is the only Iles-de-France instrument of the 17th century in the department. It was restored in 1990 by the organ builders Robert Chauvin, Louis Benoist, and Pierre Sarelot. The inauguration of the restoration took place in 1990 with organist Michel Chapuis and countertenor Daniel Delarue.
 * Instrumental part of the Pedestal Organ (1780)
 * Painting with frame: Christ in the garden of olives (18th century)
 * 2 Statues: Angels adoring (16th century)

 * Stained glass windows in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus

Education
Aubervilliers has 14 kindergartens, 15 elementary schools, 5 collèges (middle schools), and 4 lycées (high schools). The city also has three private establishments and several specialized institutions. The collèges (middle schools) include Diderot, Rosa Luxemburg, Jean Moulin, Gabriel Péri, and Henri Wallon. The lycées include Lycée Polyvalent D'Alembert, Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Le Corbusier ("Le Corbusier High School of General and Technological Education"), Lycée professionnel Jean-Pierre Timbaud ("Jean Pierre Timbaud Vocational High School"), and Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Henri Wallon ("Henri Wallon High School of General and Technical Education").

 * List of Schools and colleges in Aubervilliers

 * Fort School (multi-lingual private School)
 * Babeuf School
 * Robespierre School
 * Françoise Dolto School
 * Jules Guesde School
 * Victor Hugo School
 * Jean Jaurès School
 * Jean Macé School
 * Joliot-Curie School
 * Edgar Quinet School
 * Paul-Langevin School
 * Wangari Maathai School
 * Notre-Dame-des-Vertus School
 * Maximilien-Robespierre School
 * Stendhal School
 * Jules-Vallès School
 * Eugène-Varlin School
 * Taos Amrouche School
 * Charlotte Delbo School
 * Marc Bloch School
 * Angela Davis School
 * Anne Sylvestre School
 * Pierre Brossolette
 * Saint-Just School
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau School
 * Paul Bert School
 * Jean Perrin School
 * Francine Fromond School
 * Gerard Philippe School
 * Jacques Prévert School
 * Louise Michel School
 * Kehilat-Chne-Or Jewish School
 * Maria Cesarès Inter-communal School
 * Diderot College
 * Rosa-Luxembourg College
 * Jean-Moulin College
 * Gabriel-Péri College
 * Saint-Joseph College (Private college)
 * Henri-Wallon General and Technological College and School
 * Réussite Islamic General and Technological College and School
 * D’Alembert Universal School
 * Le-Corbusier General and Technological School
 * Jean-Pierre-Timbaud Vocational School

Hospitals and clinics

 * La Roseraie European Hospital of Paris
 * Henri Duchêne Centre
 * Clos Bénard Hospital
 * l’Orangerie Centre for Medical and Surgical Consultations
 * Aubervilliers Polyclinic

Sports

 * Athletics C.O.A.
 * Athletics CMA
 * Aikido
 * Badminton, Auber'Bad
 * Basketball (AABB)
 * Bodybuilding
 * Boules Lyonnaises
 * Bridge
 * Canoeing Outdoors CMA
 * Chess
 * Climbing Outdoors CMA
 * Créole Relay sports and leisure of Aubervilliers
 * Municipal Cycling of Aubervilliers 93
 * Cycle-tourism
 * Dance - Ballroom, Auber
 * Dance - Caribbean, Colibri des Iles
 * Dance - Handicap
 * Dance - Hip-Hop, Ethnix Dream
 * Dance - Oriental (ACAS)
 * Dance - Salsa
 * Diving CMA
 * English Boxing - Boxing Beats
 * Fencing
 * Flash Boxing of Auber. Thai boxing
 * Football A.S.J.A.
 * Football F.S.G.T.
 * Football, F.C.M.A.
 * Gymnastics Sportive CMA
 * Handball CMA
 * Hiking
 * Indans'Cité
 * Judo, Jujitsu CMA
 * Karaté club of Aubervilliers
 * Karaté for all
 * Kung-fu Boxing Club
 * Long-distance running
 * MMA Fitness Centre
 * OMJA
 * Paintball Challenge
 * Pétanque (Casanova)
 * Pétanque (Gabriel Péri)
 * Pétanque (Théâtre)
 * Physical Culture CMA
 * Qwan Ki Do
 * Swimming CMA
 * Top Forme Women's Gym
 * Table tennis
 * Tennis
 * Totof Muay Thaï
 * Volleyball relaxation Aubervilliers
 * Yoga and Wellness
 * Youth Sports Association of Aubervilliers (ASJA)

Theatre

 * The Theatre of the Commune was one of the first national drama centres established in the suburbs for more than thirty years. It is now run by Didier Bezace who in 2005 received two Molière Awards including for the staging of the play La Version de Browning.
 * The Zingaro Equestrian Theatre is headed by Bartabas and is established at Fort d'Aubervilliers.

Cinema

 * Le Studio Cinema occupies in the same building as the theatre. It is classified as an Arthouse (Art et Essai) and has, in addition to its regular programmes, a Festival pour éveiller les regards (Festival to raise eyes) aimed at young people.

Libraries

 * Aubervilliers has four libraries, including André Breton, Paul Eluard, Henri Michaux, and Saint-John Perse.

Arts

 * The Espace Jean-Renaudie is a visual arts centre (Capa) in the Maladrerie district.
 * The Métafort d'Aubervilliers is located at 4 Avenue de la Divion Leclerc.
 * The Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers offers residencies for artistic research projects in dance, visual arts, theatre, cinema, and interdisciplinary projects. It is located at 41 Rue Lecuyer.
 * The Villa Mais d’Ici is a cultural centre to promote small cultural businesses. It is located at 77 Rue des Cités.
 * The Regional Conservatory of music, theatre, and dance of Aubervilliers-La Courneuve has been run since 1974 in partnership with La Courneuve. It trains 1,400 students in musical, voice, theatre and dance disciplines. Opera productions are mounted regularly, providing an important partnership with schools and cultural organisations in the department and Ile-de-France.

Historical figures

 * Henri IV, King of France, stayed in the commune during the Siege of Paris in 1590.
 * Isaac La Peyrère, French writer, died here in 1676.
 * Léon Jouhaux (1879–1954), trade unionist, won the Nobel Peace prize in 1951. He discovered his militantism when working in the Match Factory of Aubervilliers-Pantin in 1895 at the age of 16.
 * Pierre Laval, former Senator-Mayor of Aubervilliers between the two world wars, a major collaborator with Germany during the Second World War, head of the Vichy government.
 * Charles Tillon, former MP for Aubervilliers. Resistance fighter and member of the French Communist Party, he was Mayor of Aubervilliers at the Liberation of France.
 * Jack Ralite, Communist Senator and former Deputy Mayor of Aubervilliers, he was Minister of Health under François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1983.

Artistes

 * Madeleine Vionnet (22 June 1876 – 2 March 1975), French fashion designer, spent her childhood in Aubervilliers
 * Jean-Baptiste Mondino (born 1949), French artist and fashion photographer, born in Aubervilliers
 * Isabelle Mergault (born 11 May 1958), French actress and director, was born in Aubervilliers.
 * Yasmine Belmadi (26 January 1976 – 18 July 2009), actor, grew up in Aubervilliers and is buried in the cemetery at Pont blanc.
 * Didier Daeninckx (born 27 April 1949), French detective novel writer
 * Thomas Hirschhorn (born 16 May 1957 in Bern, artist of Swiss origin
 * Virginie Ledoyen (born in Aubervilliers 15 November 1976), actress
 * Samy Seghir (born in Aubervilliers 29 July 1994), actor
 * Fred Chichin (1 May 1954 – 28 November 2007), musician
 * Jacques Prévert (4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) dedicated a long poem to the city called Aubervilliers, part of his Paroles collection. He also wrote a review of the film Aubervilliers (1945), directed by Eli Lotar.
 * Marcel Carné (18 August 1906 – 31 October 1996) immortalised working culture in his film Le jour se lève, (1939) where Jean Gabin played the tragic day of a worker
 * Mano Solo (24 April 1963 – 10 January 2010) sang Les Chevaux d’Aubervilliers, referring top the Zingaro Equestrian Theatre of Bartabas.
 * Pierre Perret (born 9 July 1934) dedicated a song to the city: Salut l’ami d’Aubervilliers.
 * Mireille Mathieu (born 22 July 1946) sang Noël d’Aubervilliers.
 * Édith Piaf (19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963) sang Les Neiges de Finlande, text by Henri Contet 1958; Aubervilliers was mentioned in it.
 * Philippe Clay (7 March 1927 – 13 December 2007) sang Le Festival d’Aubervilliers.
 * Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 – 14 July 1993) evoked Aubervilliers in his song Monsieur tout-blanc.
 * Danièle Thompson (born 3 January 1942) filmed many scenes of his film Le code a changé at Aubervilliers in Spring 2008.
 * Reynaldo Hahn (9 August 1874 – 28 January 1947): Ciboulette, Operetta in 3 acts, 1923, libretto by Robert de Flers and Francis de Croisset, the third part of Act 2 is located in "the interior of a farmhouse at Aubervilliers" in 1867. The heroine, called Ciboulette, was the daughter of local market gardeners.

Sportsmen

 * Fousseni Diabaté (born 18 October 1995 in Aubervilliers), footballer at Leicester City
 * Abou Diaby (born 11 May 1986), French international footballer
 * Mohamed Fares (born 15 February 1996 in Aubervilliers), footballer at SPAL
 * Fabrice Fernandes (born 29 October 1979 in Aubervilliers), former footballer
 * Ibrahim Tall (born 23 June 1981 in Aubervilliers, footballer at FC Stade Nyonnais
 * Christophe Kempé (born 2 May 1975 in Aubervilliers), French international handball player at Toulouse Handball
 * Steeve Elana (born 11 July 1980 in Aubervilliers), footballer at Gazélec Ajaccio
 * Martin Ekani (born 21 April 1984 in Aubervilliers), former footballer at Angers SCO
 * Nader Ghandri ( born 18 February 1995 in Aubervilliers), Tunisian professional footballer who currently plays for Club Africain and the Tunisia national team
 * Brice Jovial (born 25 January 1984 in Aubervilliers), Former Guadeloupe international footballer
 * Loick Landre (born 5 May 1992), footballer at Genoa
 * Geoffrey Malfleury (born 12 April 1988 in Aubervilliers), footballer
 * Soni Mustivar (born 12 February 1990 in Aubervilliers), Haiti international footballer
 * Anatole Ngamukol (born 15 January 1988 in Aubervilliers), footballer at Stade de Reims
 * Kalidiatou Niakate(born 15 March 1995 in Aubervilliers), handball player
 * Edwin Ouon (born 26 January 1981 in Aubervilliers), Rwanda international footballer
 * Guillaume Yango (born 31 January 1982 in Aubervilliers), basketball player

title: Aubervilliers


text:
Terrace (earthworks)

In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming. This type of landscaping is therefore called terracing. Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain. Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff, and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation, such as rice. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of the significance of this technique.

Uses

Terraced paddy fields are used widely in rice, wheat and barley farming in east, south, southwest, and southeast Asia, as well as the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, and South America. Drier-climate terrace farming is common throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where they are used for vineyards, olive trees, cork oak, and other crops.

Ancient history
The Yemen Highlands are known for their terrace systems which were constructed at the beginning of Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium BC. Terracing is also used for sloping terrain; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may have been built on an artificial mountain with stepped terraces, such as those on a ziggurat. At the seaside Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, the villa gardens of Julius Caesar's father-in-law were designed in terraces to give pleasant and varied views of the Bay of Naples.

Intensive terrace farming is believed to have been practiced before the early 15th century AD in West Africa. Terraces were used by many groups, notably the Mafa, Ngas, Gwoza, and the Dogon.

Recent history
It was long held that steep mountain landscapes are not conducive to, or do not even permit, agricultural mechanization. In the 1970s in the European Alps, pasture farms began mechanizing the management of alpine pastures and harvesting of forage grasses through use of single axle two-wheel tractors (2WTs) and very low center of gravity articulated steering 4-wheel tractors. Their designs by various European manufacturers were initially quite simple but effective, allowing them to cross slopes approaching 20%. In the 2000s new designs of wheels and tires, tracks, etc, and incorporation of electronics for better and safer control, allowed these machines to operate on slopes greater than 20% with various implements such as reaper-harvesters, rakes, balers, and transport trailers.

In Asian sub-tropical countries, a similar process has begun with the introduction of smaller, lower-tech and much lower-priced 2WTs in the 4-9 horsepower range that can be safely operated in the small, narrow terraces, and are light enough to be lifted and lowered from one terrace to the next. What is different from the Alpine use is that these 2WTs are being used for tillage and crop establishment of maize, wheat, and potato crops, and with their small 60-70cm-wide rotovators and special cage wheels are puddling the terraces for transplanted and broadcast rice. Farmers are also using the engines as stationary power sources for powering water pumps and threshers. Even more recently farmers are experimenting with use of small reaper-harvester attachments. In Nepal, the low costs of these mostly Chinese-made machines and the increased productivity they produce have meant that this scale-appropriate machinery is spreading across Nepal's Himalaya Mountains and likely into the other countries of the Himalaya and Hindu Kush.

South America
In the South American Andes, farmers have used terraces, known as andenes, for over a thousand years to farm potatoes, maize, and other native crops. Terraced farming was developed by the Wari culture and other peoples of the south-central Andes before 1000 AD, centuries before they were used by the Inca, who adopted them. The terraces were built to make the most efficient use of shallow soil and to enable irrigation of crops by allowing runoff to occur through the outlet.

The Inca people built on these, developing a system of canals, aqueducts, and puquios to direct water through dry land and increase fertility levels and growth. These terraced farms are found wherever mountain villages have existed in the Andes. They provided the food necessary to support the populations of great Inca cities and religious centres such as Machu Picchu.

Myanmar
In mountainous areas of Myanmar, terrace farming is known locally as the staircase or ladder farming (in Myanmar: mm:လှေခါးထစ်‌တောင်ယာ) and the agriculture technique of that kind is known as လှေခါးထစ်စိုက်ပျိုးနည်း.

Japan
In Japan, some of the 100 Selected Terraced Rice Fields (in Japanese: 日本の棚田百選一覧), from Iwate in the north to Kagoshima in the south, are slowly disappearing, but volunteers are helping the farmers both to maintain their traditional methods and for sightseeing purposes.

Canary Islands
Terraced fields are common in islands with steep slopes. The Canary Islands present a complex system of terraces covering the landscape from the coastal irrigated plantations to the dry fields in the highlands. These terraces, which are named cadenas (chains), are built with stone walls of skillful design, which include attached stairs and channels.

England
In Old English, a terrace was also called a "lynch" (lynchet). An example of an ancient Lynch Mill is in Lyme Regis. The water is directed from a river by a duct along a terrace. This set-up was used in steep hilly areas in the UK.

Israel
Ancient terraces are a common feature in the Jerusalem Mountains, often found in conjunction with ancient rock-cut agricultural structures including quarries, winepresses, olive oil presses, water holes, lime kilns, roads, and agricultural watchtowers. According to Zvi Ron's estimation, these terraces encompass approximately 56% of the open grounds in the area.

Despite their prevalence, there is a lack of consensus among scholars regarding their construction date. Various theories have been proposed, with Zvi Ron suggesting that their origins date back to ancient times, Finkelstein proposing the Middle Bronze Age, and Feig, Stager, and Harel suggesting the Iron Age. Archaeologists Gibson and Edelstein conducted research on terrace systems in the Rephaim valley, proposing that the ones in Khirbet er-Ras were built during the Iron Age II, whereas those in Ein Yael were linked to the Second Temple and Roman periods. Seligman suggested that while some terraces were established in ancient times, the majority of them are more likely to have originated during the Roman and Byzantine periods. A 2014 research study on terraces near Ramat Rachel, using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), yielded dates ranging from the Hellenistic period to Mamluk and Ottoman times. The majority of the samples fell within the latter periods. However, the study's ability to precisely determine the original construction date remains uncertain, as the results could also reflect subsequent agricultural modifications that affected exposure to sunlight.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Terrace (earthworks)


text:
HMS Magpie

Nine ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Magpie, after the bird, the magpie:

 * The first HMS Magpie (1806) was a 4-gun schooner launched in 1806 and captured by the French in 1807.
 * The second HMS Magpie (1826) was launched at Jamaica in 1826 as the name vessel of her class. She was lost off Cuba two months after her launch.
 * The third HMS Magpie (1830) was a 4-gun cutter launched in 1830, used for dockyard service after 1845, being renamed YC6. She was in service until at least 1880, and was possibly sold in 1908.
 * The fourth HMS Magpie (1855) was a Dapper-class gunboat screw gunboat launched in 1855 and wrecked in 1864.
 * The fifth HMS Magpie (1868) was a Plover-class gunvessel screw gunboat launched in 1868, used as a survey vessel after 1878, and sold in 1885.
 * The sixth HMS Magpie (1889) was a Redbreast-class gunboat screw gunboat launched in 1889. She was used as a boom defence vessel from 1902, reverting to a gunboat in 1915, before being transferred for use as a depot ship later that year. She was sold in 1921.
 * The seventh HMS Magpie (U82), later F82, was a Modified Black Swan-class sloop launched in 1943 and broken up after 1959.
 * The eighth HMS Magpie (1982) was the trawler Hondo purchased in 1982 and used until 1996 for target practice.
 * The ninth HMS Magpie (H130) is an inshore survey vessel, commissioned on 28 June 2018.

Battle honours

 * Baltic 1855
 * Benin 1897
 * Atlantic 1943–1944
 * Normandy 1944
 * Arctic 1944

title: HMS Magpie


text:
Unification Shoes

Unification Shoes are shoes of which the soles are made in South Korea and the uppers in North Korea. The shoes are marketed under the "Stafild" brand name in South Korea. The North Korean portion of the shoes is manufactured at the Kaesong Industrial Region.

title: Unification Shoes


text:
User:Itpastorn

I am living i Sweden. Born in 66. Male.

Interested in theology, history, philosophy, military matters (although I am no advocate of war), social science and physics.

I am an ordained minister within the Missionary Covenant Church of Sweden (no hoax spam-mail ordination!)

I have a company called Keryx (page in Swedish) and work with HTML, CSS, PHP and other web technologies.

Blog about theology and charismatic gifts

Please feel free to leave a comment on my talk page.

CCNA
Collections of articles ordered according to CCNA 3.1:1

Playground

 * Browser test suites
 * TP cables

WP at school

 * Academic use
 * Citing Wikipedia and Style guide
 * School and university projects - instructions for teachers and lecturers
 * WikiProject Classroom coordination
 * Reliable sources and Verifiability

IT projects

 * WikiProject Computer networking
 * WikiProject Telecommunications
 * WikiProject Linux

Humanistic projects

 * WikiProject Bible

WP links

 * Template messages/User talk namespace
 * List of policies
 * Citation templates

sv:User:itpastorn

title: User:Itpastorn


text:
Tasmanian Greens

The Tasmanian Greens are a political party in Australia which developed from numerous environmental campaigns in Tasmania, including the flooding of Lake Pedder and the Franklin Dam campaign. They form a part of the Australian Greens.

Following the 2024 Tasmanian State Election, the party holds five seats in the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and is currently led by Dr Rosalie Woodruff. At a federal level, two Tasmanian senators – Nick McKim and Peter Whish-Wilson – are members of the Greens.

The party's current shadow ministry can be found at Woodruff Shadow Ministry.

History
The party's history can be traced back to the formation of the United Tasmania Group (UTG) (the first established 'Green' party in the world), which first ran candidates in the 1972 election. Many people involved in that group went on to form the Tasmanian Greens. Bob Brown stood as an Australian Senate candidate for UTG in 1975.

1980s
In the 1982 state election, Bob Brown stood unsuccessfully as an independent in the Denison electorate. In December of that year, Norm Sanders—a sitting member for the Australian Democrats—stood down from state parliament to contest the Senate in a Federal election. A countback of votes followed and Bob Brown was elected to the vacancy, commencing his term in January 1983. The two had much in common—both having been directors of the Tasmanian Wilderness Society—Norm Sanders being considered to be Australia's first elected "green" member of parliament.

Immediately prior to taking the seat, Bob Brown had spent 19 days in Risdon Prison for obstructing workers at the Franklin River dam site. He took his seat on the day of his release. He was re-elected in the 1986 election along with Gerry Bates in the Franklin electorate.

In the 1989 state election a total of 5 Greens—Christine Milne, Lance Armstrong, Di Hollister, Gerry Bates and Bob Brown—were elected after a community backlash against a proposed paper pulp mill at Wesley Vale near Devonport. At the time of the election they were known simply as The Independents. In December 1991 they changed their name to The Green Independents. They held the balance of power in the government for three years, keeping Michael Field's minority Labor Party government in power after signing an agreement known as the Labor–Green Accord. The February 1992 election saw all five sitting Greens re-elected but with a majority Liberal government in power.

Greens supporter Neville Curtis started the magazine Daily Planet in 1989, which later became the official magazine of the Green Independents.

1990s
During 1990-1991 Brown advocated for a merger of the Green Independents with the Australian Democrats to form the "Green Democrats", as opposed to confederating with other Green Parties and forming the Australian Greens. However, following a change in leadership in the Democrats, this plan could not continue and the Independents aligned themselves towards a unified Green Party.

In August 1992 the Green Independents moved to officially form the Tasmanian Greens.

In 1993 Bob Brown stood down to contest the lower house seat of Denison in the federal election and Peg Putt took his seat on a recount. Christine Milne became leader. In May 1995 Gerry Bates resigned and his seat was taken by Mike Foley.

At the 1996 election, four Greens were returned (Lance Armstrong lost his seat in Bass) and they again held the balance of power, this time with a Liberal government.

After seven years of minority governments, the Labor and Liberal parties passed a bill reducing the number of Lower House seats, thus increasing the quota of votes needed under Tasmania's Hare Clark voting system from 12.5% to 16.67%. In 2011, Labor MP David Llewellyn confirmed to ABC Radio that the two major parties had "conspired" to reduce the number of seats in the House specifically to increase the quota for minor parties such as the Greens: "I could admit now that being part of the government back in 1998 or 1997 in conspiring, suppose that's not the best of words but that's what it was, between the Liberal Party and the Labor Party to reduce the size of Parliament on the basis that it would take more percentage for minor parties to actually win a seat."

The 1998 election returned a majority Labor government, as well as a sole Green member—Peg Putt—who had little chance of exercising any influence, but would offer bills into Parliament knowing they would in all likelihood be voted against by both Liberal and Labor parties.

2000s
The 2002 election saw a major resurgence of their popularity, with the party winning 4 seats, and outpolling the Liberal party in the Hobart based seat of Denison. The swing was primarily against the Liberal Party, while the Labor party continued in the majority. The statewide 18.2% vote in 2002 was the highest vote recorded for a Green party at a state or national level anywhere in the world.

At the 2004 federal election, former Tasmanian Greens leader Christine Milne and WA's Rachel Siewert joined Bob Brown and NSW's Kerry Nettle in the Senate, doubling the Green representation.

On 23 July 2005 the Greens celebrated 33.3 years of political activity and achievements, with a large party entitled "33-and-a-third – Now we're Long Playing!"

The 2006 election saw a 1.5% swing against the Greens but all four sitting members were returned. In the lead up to this election Tasmanians for a Better Future organised a campaign against minority government suggesting it was a risky outcome for commerce and industry.

Peg Putt resigned from the House of Assembly on 7 July 2008, and was replaced as party leader by Nick McKim. Cassy O'Connor was elected as her replacement in Denison after a recount of votes.

2010s
During the 2010 Tasmanian state election, the Tasmanian Greens secured a swing of 5% for a total of 21.6% of the primary vote, picking up a seat in Braddon and securing the balance of power in parliament, with the Tasmanian Greens members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly being Cassy O'Connor, Nick McKim, Kim Booth, Tim Morris and Paul O'Halloran.

On 16 January 2014, Premier Lara Giddings announced that a power sharing arrangement with the Tasmanian Greens was over.

At the 2014 Tasmanian state elections there was a 7.8% swing away from the Greens with the party losing two of its five seats. The re-elected Greens leader Nick McKim said the swing against the Greens was due to electoral support for the conservatives and the "tarnish" of the Greens association with the previous Labor government. Subsequently, Kim Booth was appointed as party leader, however he resigned as leader and from the Tasmanian Parliament on 20 May 2015. Cassy O'Connor was elected to replace him on 11 June 2015.

In mid 2015, with the resignations of Kim Booth and Nick Mckim and being replaced by Andrea Dawkins and Rosalie Woodruff respectively, the Tasmania Greens was entirely made up of female representatives in the Tasmanian Parliament, until the election of Vica Bayley in 2023.

2020s
On 13 July 2023, Cassy O'Connor announced her resignation from her House of Assembly seat of Clark, and as Tasmanian Greens Leader. O'Connor also announced she would seek preselection to contest the seat of Hobart in the Tasmanian Legislative Council in 2024. Rosalie Woodruff was confirmed to replace O'Connor as leader of the party following the election of Vica Bayley to the seat of Clark.

At the 2024 Tasmanian Election, the Greens received 13.9% of the primary vote with a positive swing of 1.5% towards the party. The party increased its representation from two seats to five, electing members in the divisions of Lyons and Bass, in addition to re-electing party Leader Rosalie Woodruff in Franklin, and Deputy Leader Vica Bayley in Clark. The party also picked up a second seat in Clark for the first time.

The Greens would go onto win their first seat in the Tasmanian Legislative Council in the party’s history, with the election of Cassie O'Connor to the Division of Hobart in May 2024. The party now holds six seats across Tasmania’s two Houses of Parliament, their highest level of representation to date.

Federal elections
At the 2013 federal election, for the lower house, the Tasmanian Greens secured 8.32% of first preference votes which represented an 8.7% swing away from the Greens.

Structure
There are five Electorate Branches—one representing each state/federal electorate—that are responsible for choosing candidates at all levels of government.

The party has an annual state conference and annual general meeting. The State Executive is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the party.

The Tasmanian Greens, together with other state and territory parties, form the Australian Greens.

Local government
Unlike other political parties in the state, the Tasmanian Greens officially endorse candidates to run in local government elections. They first stood local government candidates in 1999 with two candidates elected. Following the 2005 elections there were ten elected Greens councillors. This expanded to 13 after the 2007 elections.

Parliamentary leaders

 * Dr Bob Brown (1989–1993)
 * Christine Milne (1993–1998)
 * Peg Putt (1998–2008)
 * Nick McKim (2008–2014)
 * Kim Booth (2014–2015)
 * Cassy O'Connor (2015–2023)
 * Dr Rosalie Woodruff (2023–present)

Current

 * Rosalie Woodruff, 2015–present (Franklin)
 * Vica Bayley, 2023–present (Clark)
 * Tabatha Badger, 2024–present (Lyons)
 * Helen Burnet, 2024–present (Clark)
 * Cecily Rosol, 2024–present (Bass)
 * Cassy O'Connor, 2008–2023 (Clark) 2024–present (Hobart)

Former

 * Bob Brown, 1983–1993
 * Gerry Bates, 1986–1995
 * Lance Armstrong, 1989–1996
 * Di Hollister, 1989–1998
 * Christine Milne, 1989–1998
 * Peg Putt, 1993–2008
 * Mike Foley, 1995–1998
 * Kim Booth, 2002–2015
 * Tim Morris, 2002–2014
 * Nick McKim, 2002–2015
 * Paul O'Halloran, 2010–2014
 * Andrea Dawkins, 2015–2018

title: Tasmanian Greens


text:
Drancy

Drancy is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in northern France. It is located 10.8 km (6.7 mi) from the center of Paris.

Toponymy
The name Drancy comes from Medieval Latin Derenciacum, and before that Terentiacum, meaning "estate of Terentius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.

Origins to 20th century
In the 17th century, Drancy was divided into two distinct villages: Drancy le Grand and le Petit Drancy. The quarter "Village Parisien" is built on the old location of the hamlet of Groslay, which was surrounded by the Forest of Bondy: hence the name of rue des Bois de Groslay.

The end of nineteenth century was marked by industrialisation and the development of rail transport. During the Franco-Prussian war, Le Bourget was the site of an important battle and the castle of Ladoucette in Drancy was destroyed.

20th and 21st centuries
During World War II, Drancy was the site of the Drancy internment camp where Jews, Gypsies, and others were held before being shipped to the Nazi concentration camps. In 1976, the Memorial to the Deportation at Drancy was created by sculptor Shlomo Selinger to commemorate the French Jews imprisoned in the camp. In 2009 the memorial was vandalised. The French government vowed to find those responsible for painting swastikas on it.

Climate
Data climate for Le Bourget (Seine-Saint-Denis) 1971-2000

Architecture
Drancy's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style. Some of them with a style Art Nouveau are typical of the 19th and 20th centuries. There are housing estates and a garden city.

Park and Castle of Ladoucette
The parc de Ladoucette is the only park of Drancy. It contains a pond, a small educational farm and the castle of Ladoucette. The castle was built in 1533 by Pierre Séguier. In the 19th century, the castle was the property of the senator Charles-Loetitia de Ladoucette. In 1874 his wife, la Baronne de Ladoucette, died and her body was placed in the Mausoleum de la Baronne de Ladoucette. Today she is buried in the Parisian cemetery.

Typology
Drancy is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid. It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.

Administration
Part of the commune forms the canton of Drancy. The other part belongs to the canton of Le Blanc-Mesnil.

Railways and buses
Drancy is in Zone 3 of the Carte orange. The city is served by Le Bourget station and by Drancy station on Paris RER line B. Le Bourget station is situated near Drancy as well as the métro station La Courneuve–8 mai 1945 on the Line 7. The RER B is one of the five lines in the RER Rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs.

Drancy is also served by the Paris Tramway Line 1 with five stops and by twelve bus lines.

By the RER B, Drancy is near many Parisian railway stations, Gare du Nord is now just 10 minutes away, Gare Saint-Lazare and Gare de Lyon can be reached in 30 minutes. Charles de Gaulle Airport can also be reached in 30 minutes.

Roads
Drancy is served by the A3 motorway and the A86 motorways.

Education
Schools:
 * 17 public preschools (écoles maternelles)
 * 19 public elementary schools
 * Six public junior high schools (collèges): Paul Bert, Anatole France, Jorissen, Paul Langevin, Liberte, Pierre Samard
 * One private junior high school, Collège Saint-Germain
 * Two public senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: Lycée Eugène Delacroix and Lycée Paul le Rolland

International relations
Drancy is twinned with:
 * 🇬🇧 Willenhall
 * 🇩🇪 Eisenhüttenstadt
 * 🇸🇳 Gorée

title: Drancy


text:
Talk:Automatic

I turned this into a disambiguation page because I was looking for "Automatic" in the sense of "automatic pistol", and instead I got redirected to "automaton", a page about robots and automata. Adding a short disambiguation notice to the top of the automaton page did not seem appropriate. -- Dominus 14:36, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Found this hidden in a comment on the page... seems somewhat out of place
 * == Automatic(Song) ==
 * 『Automatic』（オートマティック）は宇多田ヒカルのデビュー曲。作詞・作曲は宇多田ヒカル。1998年12月9日発売。東芝EMI製でコードはTODT-5242(8cm)・4127(12cm)。

 * 同曲で宇多田ヒカルの名前が一気に全国に知れ渡り、テレビで注目を浴びることになった。
 * オリコンチャートでは12cm盤と8cm盤と別々に集計されている。
 * 週間チャートでは12cm盤が2位止まりだったが、8cm盤と合算すれば週間1位をとれていた計算になる。
 * 12cm盤が1999年年間チャートで5位を記録しているが、8cm盤と合算すると年間チャート2位の計算になる。
 * 12cm盤と8cm盤を合算すると累計売上は206.2万枚で、歴代シングルチャート19位となる。

 * 表記上はノンタイアップだが、コント番組「笑う犬の生活」のタイアップがついていた。

 * ::おことわり：上の文字は、日本語ですが、訳することができる方、今すぐ編集願います。

Anyway, removed and wiktionary link added. -- Martin 09:13, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"Automagic" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Automagic. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 10 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 14:21, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automatic


text: Talk:Classified information

title: Talk:Classified information


text:
HMS Medea

Seven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Medea, or HMS Medee, after the Medea of Greek mythology, whilst another was planned:

 * HMS Medea (1744) was a 26-gun sixth rate, originally the French FRENCH SHIP Medee. She was captured by HMS Dreadnought (1691) in 1744 and was sold in 1745. She subsequently operated as the privateer Boscawen.
 * HMS Medea (1778) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1778 and sold in 1795.
 * HMS Medee was the 36-gun fifth rate Médée captured from the French in 1800. She was used as a prison ship from 1802 and was sold in 1805.
 * HMS Medea was to have been a 32-gun fifth rate of 658 tons. She was ordered from Woolwich Dockyard in 1800 but was later cancelled.
 * HMS Medea (1833) was a paddle sloop launched in 1833 and sold in 1867.
 * HMS Medea (1888) was a Marathon-class cruiser second class cruiser launched in 1888 and sold in 1914.
 * HMS Medea (1915) was a Medea-class destroyer, originally to be the Greek Kriti. She was purchased on the ways in 1914, launched in 1915, and sold for breaking up in 1921.
 * HMS Medea was an M15-class monitor monitor, launched in 1915 as HMS M22. She was renamed HMS Medea in 1925 and was sold in 1938, wrecked after parting tow to the breaker's yard 23 or 28, January 1939.

title: HMS Medea


text:
Mizuho

Mizuho literally means "abundant rice" in Japanese and "harvest" in the figurative sense. It was also an ancient name of Japan. It might refer to:

Places

 * Mizuho, Gifu, a city in Gifu
 * Mizuho, Tokyo, a town in Tokyo
 * Mizuho Plateau in Antarctica
 * Mizuho Station (Antarctica)
 * Mizuho Township, former name during the Japanese colonial period of the town of Ruisui, Hualien in Taiwan

People

 * Mizuho Ōta (1876–1955), Japanese poet
 * Mizuho Suzuki (born 1927), Japanese actor
 * Mizuho Fukushima (born 1955), Japanese female politician
 * Mizuho Aimoto (born 1964), Japanese female manga artist
 * Mizuho Yoshida (born 1965), Japanese actor
 * Mizuho Katayama (born 1969), female synchronized swimming coach in Japan who represented South Korea at the 1988 Olympics
 * Mizuho Kusanagi (born 1979), Japanese female manga artist
 * Mizuho Nasukawa (那須川 瑞穂), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Mizuho Sakaguchi (born 1987), Japanese female association footballer
 * Mizuho Saito, member of the former Japanese band Zone

Fictional characters and places

 * Mizuho Kazami, a character in the anime Please Teacher!
 * Mizuho Miyanokouji, a character in the game and anime Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru
 * Mizuho, a fictional ninja village in the video game Tales of Symphonia
 * Mizuho Asano, a side-character in the anime & manga Bleach

Other

 * JAPANESE SEAPLANE CARRIER Mizuho
 * Mizuho (train), a train service in Japan
 * 2090 Mizuho, an asteroid
 * Mizuho Financial Group, a Japanese banking conglomerate

title: Mizuho


text:
STS-61

STS-61 was NASA's first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission launched on December 2, 1993, from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. The mission restored the spaceborne observatory's vision (marred by spherical aberration in its mirror) with the installation of a new main camera and a corrective optics package (COSTAR). This correction occurred more than three and a half years after the Hubble was launched aboard STS-31 in April 1990. The flight also brought instrument upgrades and new solar arrays to the telescope. With its very heavy workload, the STS-61 mission was one of the most complex in the Shuttle's history.

STS-61 lasted almost 11 days, and crew members made five spacewalks (extravehicular activities (EVAs)), an all-time record; even the re-positioning of Intelsat VI on STS-49 in May 1992 required only four. The flight plan allowed for two additional EVAs, which could have raised the total number to seven; the final two contingency EVAs were not made. In order to complete the mission without too much fatigue, the five EVAs were shared between two pairs of different astronauts alternating their shifts. During the flight, mission specialist Jeffrey A. Hoffman also spun a dreidel for the holiday of Hanukkah to a live audience watching via satellite.

Spacewalks

 *  Musgrave and Hoffman  – EVA 1
 * EVA 1 Start: December 5, 1993 – 03:44 UTC
 * EVA 1 End: December 5, 1993 – 11:38 UTC
 * Duration: 7 hours, 54 minutes

 *  Thornton and Akers  – EVA 2
 * EVA 2 Start: December 6, 1993 – 03:29 UTC
 * EVA 2 End: December 6, 1993 – 10:05 UTC
 * Duration: 6 hours, 36 minutes

 *  Musgrave and Hoffman  – EVA 3
 * EVA 3 Start: December 7, 1993 – 03:35 UTC
 * EVA 3 End: December 7, 1993 – 10:22 UTC
 * Duration: 6 hours, 47 minutes

 *  Thornton and Akers  – EVA 4
 * EVA 4 Start: December 8, 1993 – 03:13 UTC
 * EVA 4 End: December 8, 1993 – 10:03 UTC
 * Duration: 6 hours, 50 minutes

 *  Musgrave and Hoffman  – EVA 5
 * EVA 5 Start: December 9, 1993 – 03:30 UTC
 * EVA 5 End: December 9, 1993 – 10:51 UTC
 * Duration: 7 hours, 21 minutes

Launch

Endeavour was switched from Pad 39A to Pad 39B due to contamination of the Payload Changeout Room after a windstorm on October 30, 1993. The internal HST payload package was not affected because it was tightly sealed, and the contamination appeared to have been caused by sandblasting grit from recent Pad A modifications. On November 18, 1993, Endeavour experienced a failure of a transducer on the elevon hydraulic actuator. To replace the actuator would have required a rollback to the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) because access to the actuator was only through the Main Landing Gear wheel well. Since there were 4 delta-P transducers and the Launch commit criteria (LCC) required only 3 of 4, the transducer was depinned and would not be consulted during flight. The flight crew arrived at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) on November 27, 1993, and the payload bay doors were closed at 20:20 UTC on November 28, 1993. The first launch attempt on December 1, 1993, was scrubbed due to weather constraint violations at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Just before the scrub the range was also in a no-go situation due to an 240 m long ship in the restricted sea zone. A 24‑hour scrub turnaround was put into effect with a launch window extending from 09:26 to 10:38 UTC on December 2, 1993. Launch mass was 113541 kg. Payload mass was 8011 kg. After launch, the astronauts carried out a series of checks on the vehicle and went to sleep seven and a half hours after liftoff.

Flight Day 2
Endeavour performed a series of burns that allowed the shuttle to close in on the Hubble Space Telescope at a rate of 110 km per 95-minute orbit. The crew made a detailed inspection of the payload and checked out both the robot arm (Canadarm) and the spacesuits. All of Endeavour's systems functioned well as the crew got a full day's sleep in preparation for the evening's rendezvous. At the end of Flight Day 2, Endeavour was 350 km behind HST and closing.

Flight Day 3

HST was sighted by astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman using binoculars, whereupon he noted that the right-hand solar array was bent at a 90° angle. These 12 m solar arrays, provided by the European Space Agency (ESA), were scheduled to be replaced during the second spacewalk because they wobbled 16 times a day (as the telescope heated up and cooled off while passing from the nighttime side of the Earth to the daytime side and vice versa), thus disturbing Hubble's ability to maintain precise pointing.

The closing speed remained the same until the next reaction control system (RCS) firing, at 02:34 UTC, December 4, 1993. This height-adjusting ("NH" for "Nominal Height") burn changed the shuttle's velocity by 1.4 m/s, modified the high point of Endeavour's orbit, and fine-tuned its course toward a point 64 km behind HST. The next burn, an orbital maneuvering system firing designated NC3, was scheduled for 03:22 UTC and changed Endeavour's velocity by 3.8 m/s. Endeavour's catch-up rate was adjusted to about 30 km per orbit and put it 15 km behind HST two orbits later. A third burn of just 55 mm/s, called NPC and designed to fine-tune the spacecraft's ground track, was executed at 15:58 UTC. The multi-axis RCS terminal initiation (TI) burn, which placed Endeavour on an intercept course with HST and set up commander Dick Covey's manual control of the final stages of the rendezvous, occurred at 05:35 UTC. Covey maneuvered Endeavour within 9.1 m of the free-flying HST before mission specialist Claude Nicollier used Endeavour's robot arm to grapple the telescope at 08:48 UTC, when the orbiter was several hundred kilometers east of Australia over the south Pacific Ocean. Nicollier berthed the telescope in the shuttle's cargo bay at 09:26 UTC. Everything was on schedule for the first planned spacewalk scheduled for 04:52 UTC. After capture, additional visual inspections were performed using the camera mounted on the 15 m-long shuttle remote manipulator arm (Canadarm).

Earlier in the day, controllers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC's) Space Telescope Operations Control Center uplinked commands to stow HST's two high-gain antennas. Controllers received indications that both antennas had nested properly against the body of the telescope, but microswitches on two latches of one antenna and one latch on the other did not send the "ready to latch" signal to the ground. Controllers decided not to attempt to close the latches, as the antennas were in a stable configuration. The situation was not expected to affect plans for rendezvous, grapple and servicing of the telescope.

Spacewalk #1 (Flight Day 4)
Story Musgrave and Jeffrey A. Hoffman started the first EVA about an hour earlier than scheduled by stepping into the cargo bay at 03:46 UTC. They began by unpacking tools, safety tethers and work platforms. Hoffman then installed a foot restraint platform onto the end of the shuttle's remote manipulator arm (Canadarm), which he then snapped into his feet. Nicollier drove the arm from within the shuttle and moved Hoffman around the telescope. Meanwhile, Musgrave installed protective covers on Hubble's aft low gain antenna and on exposed voltage bearing connector covers. The astronauts then opened the HST equipment bay doors and installed another foot restraint inside the telescope. Musgrave assisted Hoffman into the restraint and Hoffman proceeded to replace two sets of Rate Sensing Units (RSUs). These units contain gyroscopes that help keep Hubble pointed in the right direction. By 17:24 UTC, Hoffman had finished replacing RSU-2 (containing Gyros 2–3 and 2–4) and then replaced RSU-3 (containing Gyros 3–5 and 3–6). The astronauts then spent about 50 minutes preparing equipment for use during the second space walk and then replaced a pair of electrical control units (ECUs) (ECU-3 and ECU-1) that control RSU-3 and RSU-1. The astronauts also changed eight fuse plugs that protect the telescope's electrical circuits. Hubble now had a full set of six healthy gyroscopes.

The astronauts struggled with the latches on the gyro door when two of four gyro door bolts did not reset after the astronauts installed two new gyro packages. Engineers who evaluated the situation speculated that when the doors were unlatched and opened, a temperature change might have caused them to expand or contract enough to keep the bolts from being reset. With the efforts of determined astronauts in Endeavour's payload bay and persistent engineers on the ground, all four bolts finally latched and locked after the two spacewalkers worked simultaneously at the top and bottom of the doors. Musgrave anchored himself at the bottom of the doors with a payload retention device which enabled him to use some body force against the doors. Hoffman, who was attached to the robot arm, worked at the top of the doors. The duo successfully latched the doors when they simultaneously latched the top and bottom latches.

The spacewalkers also set up the payload bay for mission specialists Tom Akers and Kathy Thornton who would replace the telescope's two solar arrays during the second spacewalk. In anticipation of that spacewalk, Musgrave and Hoffman prepared the solar array carrier which is located in the forward portion of the cargo bay, and attached a foot restraint on the telescope to assist in the solar array replacement.

Musgrave and Hoffman's spacewalk became the second longest spacewalk in NASA history, lasting 7 hours 50 minutes. The longest spacewalk occurred on STS-49 in May 1992 during Endeavour's maiden flight. Spacewalking crew members during that flight were Thomas D. Akers, Richard J. Hieb and Pierre J. Thuot. A number of spacewalks have since surpassed these. (See Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks)

In spite of the kink in array (about a panel and a half from the end), after a review by HST program managers, flight controllers decided to continue with the pre-flight plan and attempt to roll up and retract the solar arrays at the end of the first EVA. The stowage of the solar arrays is a two step process with the initial step involving the rolling up of the solar arrays and the second step involving the actual folding up of the arrays against the telescope. Each array stands on a four-foot mast that supports a retractable wing of solar panels 12 m long and 2.5 m wide. They supply the telescope with 4.5 kW of power.

Spacewalk #2

Flight Day 5 began on Monday afternoon (December 6, 1993) at 15:35 UTC. Astronauts Thomas D. Akers and Kathryn C. Thornton replaced HST's solar arrays during the second planned EVA (Thornton had red dashed stripes on her spacesuit while Tom Akers had diagonal red dashed stripes, which helped flight controllers tell the two spacewalkers apart). At the start of the EVA, the pressure in Thornton's vent garment was 1.4 kPa instead of the normal pressure of 28 to 41 kPa. This was due to a possible ice plug in the suit's plumbing which shortly melted. Thornton then topped off her suit. There were also other problems with Thornton's EVA suit. Her communications receiver malfunctioned in a way that allowed her to communicate to Akers but not to Mission Control Center, Houston. The crew decided to use a technique of relaying all commands for Thornton via Akers instead of switching to the backup comm channel. The backup channel is used for suit biomedical telemetry and would have limited Mission Control's ability to monitor that telemetry.

Akers started the EVA by installing a foot restraint on the Canadarm for Thornton and proceeded to begin disconnecting three electrical connectors and a clamp assembly on the solar array. He had a slight problem with the clamp assembly but had the connectors demated by 04:17 UTC. Thornton held the array in place so that it would not drift freely after being detached. The solar arrays weigh 160 kg and are 5 m long when folded. The astronauts dismounted the damaged array at 04:40 UTC above the Sahara (during a nighttime pass to minimize electrical activity), and Thornton held the array until the next daylight pass (approximately 12 minutes) before throwing it overboard at 04:52 UTC over Somalia. The jettison during daylight allowed the astronauts and flight controllers to accurately track its position and relative velocity. The release by Thornton imparted zero velocity to the arrays and then the orbiter did a small burn to put some distance between it and the array. The array, moving away from Endeavour at 1.5 m/s, separated about 18 to 19 km each orbit. The crew then installed a new array, (finishing around 06:40 UTC) and rotated the telescope 180°. They then replaced the second solar array which was stowed away for return to ESA. After the 6.5 hours EVA, successful functional tests were performed by the Space Telescope Operations Control Center (STOCC) on four of HST's six gyros. Gyros 1 and 2 were not able to be tested due to the orientation of the telescope and were tested during the crew sleep period Monday night (December 6, 1993).

Spacewalk #3 (Flight Day 6)

The third EVA began December 7, 1993, at 03:34 UTC while Endeavour was over Australia. Hoffman installed guide studs on the Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC, commonly referred to as "Whiffpick") and prepared the WF/PC for removal while Musgrave set up a work platform and worked on opening an access door to allow observation of WF/PC status lights. Hoffman attached the support handle to the WF/PC and, with assistance by Claude Nicollier on the arm and a free floating Story Musgrave, removed the WF/PC during the night pass starting at 04:41 UTC. The WF/PC was clear of the telescope by 04:48 UTC and moved back into its storage container. A protective hood was then removed on the new Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) (protecting its fragile external mirror) and the 280 kg WFPC2 was then installed at 06:05 UTC. Ground controllers then ran an Aliveness Test and 35 minutes later reported that the new camera successfully performed its series of initial tests. The new Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 had a higher rating than the previous model, especially in the ultraviolet range, and included its own spherical aberration correction system.

Following the WFPC2 installation, Hoffman changed out two magnetometers on board HST. The magnetometers, which are located at the top of the telescope, are the satellite's "compass". They enable HST to find its orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field. Both original units were suffering from problems of background noise. During installation, two pieces peeled off the magnetometers. The EVA lasted 6 hours and 47 minutes.

Spacewalk #4 (Flight Day 7)

The fourth EVA began on December 8, 1993, while Endeavour was flying over Egypt at 03:13 UTC with Thornton and Akers. The primary task of the EVA was to replace HST's High Speed Photometer (HSP) with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) system which would correct HST's spherical aberration of the main mirror for all instruments except the WFPC2 camera, which had its own built-in corrective optics. Akers received a go for the opening of HST's -V2 aft shroud doors at 22:45 EST. The doors were scheduled to be opened during a night pass to minimize thermal changes and reduce the possibility of out-gassing of components that could contaminate the optics. The High Speed Photometer (HSP) was powered down at 03:54 UTC and the door opening started at 03:57 UTC. Shortly after partially opening the door, the astronauts practiced reclosing the door. The door exhibited the same reluctance upon closing that was experienced on different doors during previous EVAs. The doors were fully opened by 04:00 UTC and four power and data connectors plus one ground strap were disconnected from the HSP. The HSP was removed at 04:27 UTC and then reinserted to practice for the COSTAR installation. HSP was then parked on the side of the payload bay while COSTAR was removed from stowage and successfully installed in the HST by about 05:35 UTC. The astronauts closed the HST equipment bay doors and stowed the HSP. At 07:25 UTC they started upgrading HST's onboard computer by bolting on an electronics package containing additional computer memory and a co-processor. The computer system was then reactivated and passed its functionality tests at 09:41 UTC. The EVA was 100% successful and lasted for 6 hours 50 minutes.

Pilot Kenneth D. Bowersox, using Endeavour's RCS system, performed two orbital maneuvers and boosted HST from a 594 by orbit to a 596 by circular orbit at 02:14 UTC. COSTAR functional tests were also completed. There was some concern about the health of the onboard HST DF-224 computer and recently installed memory and co-processor when a memory dump failed. After much analysis by a team at the GSFC, it was determined that the dump failure was due to noise on the communications link between the spacecraft and the ground.

Spacewalk #5 (Flight Day 8)

The fifth EVA began on December 9, 1993, at 03:14 UTC with a "go" for airlock depress over the Indian Ocean with Musgrave and Hoffman performing the EVA. Musgrave's EVA suit failed its initial leak check, and Musgrave performed steps on the 34 kPa contingency checklist. He rotated the EVA suit's lower arm joints and the suit passed two subsequent leak checks. The EVA started at 10:30 UTC and lasted 7 hours 21 minutes.

Musgrave's and Hoffman's first task was to replace the Solar Array Drive Electronics (SADE) and they began the SADE operation while ground controllers initiated the first step in solar array deployment by commanding the Primary Drive Mechanism (PDM). Endeavour was placed in free drift to disable any RCS firings that could disrupt the solar arrays and the PDM motors were engaged at 03:48 UTC. The latches were unlocked but the arrays failed to rotate to the deploy position. No motion was detected and the STOCC sent commands to drive a single array with two motors with no success. Finally, the astronauts cranked the deployment mechanism by hand and deployment was successful. After the SADE was replaced the crew fitted an electrical connection to the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph at 08:30 UTC and it passed its functionality test. The crew then installed some covers on the magnetometers, fabricated on board by Claude Nicollier and Kenneth D. Bowersox. These covers would contain any debris caused by the older magnetometers that showed some signs of UV decay. The EVA ended at 05:51 EST bringing the total EVA time for this mission to 35 hours 28 minutes. During this flight day, Hoffman spun a dreidel in front of a live audience for the holiday of Hanukkah and brought a travel Hanukkah menorah. The HST High Gain Antenna (HGA) was deployed at 11:49 UTC and completed by 11:56 UTC. Release time for HST was set for 07:08 UTC.

Release of Hubble and landing
Flight Day 9 began on December 9, 1993, but concerns about one of HST's four onboard Data Interface Units (DIUs) delayed release. Each of the 16 kg DIUs transfer data between the HST's main computer, solar arrays and other critical systems. A failure on Side A of DIU #2 experienced erratic current fluctuations and some data dropouts. Controllers at the STOCC and mission control came up with a troubleshooting procedure to determine the extent of the problem. HST was transferred to internal power and disconnected from its power umbilical at 04:43 UTC. Controllers then switched channels on the DIU from the A side to the B side and then back to the A side. They determined HST should be deployed. The drum brakes on the new solar array were applied to prevent them from vibrating during future observations. Claude Nicollier then took hold of the satellite with the Canadarm. The satellite was then lifted and moved away from Endeavour. The telescope's aperture door was then reopened (a 33-minute procedure) and then released at 10:26 UTC. Commander Dick Covey and pilot Kenneth D. Bowersox fired Endeavour's small maneuvering jets and moved the shuttle slowly away from HST. Landing of the Shuttle occurred at Kennedy Space Center on Runway 33 at 05:26 UTC on December 13, 1993.

Post-landing crew appearances
The STS-61 crew appeared in an episode of the American TV show Home Improvement. Season 3, Episode 24, titled "Reality Bytes", aired May 18, 1994. The Hubble repair crew appeared on the fictional Tool Time segment, where they showed some of the tools they used in space. During the closing credits, Covey also presented the cast and crew of Home Improvement with a frame containing a flag, crew patch and some photographs. The flag and patch had flown around four million miles in space.

title: STS-61


text:
STS-58

STS-58 was a NASA mission flown by Space Shuttle Columbia launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 18, 1993. The missions was primarily devoted to experiments concerning the physiological effects in space. This was the first in-flight use of the "Portable In-flight Landing Operations Trainer" (PILOT) simulation software. It was also the last time Columbia would land at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Mission highlights

STS-58 was a 1993 shuttle mission dedicated to life sciences research. Columbia's crew performed a series of experiments to gain knowledge on how the human body adapts to the weightless environment of space. Experiments focused on cardiovascular, regulatory, DNA, neurovestibular and musculoskeletal systems of the body. The experiments performed on Columbia's crew and on laboratory animals (48 rats held in 24 cages), along with data collected on the SLS-1 mission (STS-40) in June 1991, will provide the most detailed and interrelated physiological measurements acquired in the space environment since the Skylab program in 1973 and 1974.

Crew members conducted experiments aimed at understanding bone tissue loss and the effects of microgravity on sensory perception. Two neurovestibular experiments investigating space motion sickness and perception changes were performed on the 2nd day as well. Astronauts Lucid and Fettman wore a headset, called an Accelerometer Recording Unit (ARU), designed to continually record head movements throughout the day.

Only one minor issue came up on October 19, 1993, associated with a circuit breaker that tripped, cutting off power temporarily to one of the rodent cages in the module. Flight controllers in Houston reported it was not caused by a short in the electrical system and the breaker was reset, restoring power to the cage.

McArthur and Blaha began using the Lower Body Negative Pressure device on flight day 3 (FD 3), which is being tested as a countermeasure for the detrimental effects of microgravity. All three flight crew members will collect urine and saliva samples and keep logs of their exercise and food and fluid intake as part of the Energy Utilization detailed supplementary objective. DSO 612 looks at the nutritial and energy requirements of crew members on long-duration space flights and the relationship between fluid and food consumption.

On October 20, 1993, though the space toilet is working fine, the crew detected a slight leak around the filter door before going to bed. They removed the filter and cleaned up about a teaspoon of water — much less than had been expected. As a precaution, a secondary fan separator unit was used to separate fluid from the air before cycling the air back into the cabin through the filter.

On October 21, 1993, Mission specialists Margaret Rhea Seddon (Payload commander), Shannon Lucid and David Wolf and Payload specialist Martin Fettman collected additional blood and urine samples for the series of metabolic experiments. Some of the samples will follow-up on the calcium absorption experiment performed on October 20, 1993. The experiment, sponsored by Dr. C. D. Arnaud of the University of California, San Francisco, studies the mechanisms of how calcium is maintained and used in bone metabolism in space. Based on preliminary results from the 1991 SLS-1 mission (STS-40), Dr. Arnaud believes the decrease in bone density is due to increased bone breakdown that is not compensated for by a subsequent increase in bone formation.

On October 22, 1993, using the on-board ham radio called SAREX-2 for Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment, Blaha and Searfoss contacted school children at the Sycamore Middle School in Pleasant View, Tennessee, Gardendale Elementary in Pasadena, Texas and Naparima College in Trinidad and Tobago on November 4, 1993. The Standard Interface Rack (SIR), was tested by Searfoss to demonstrate that equipment can be removed from one rack location and reintegrated into another by a single crew member during orbital operations while maintaining reliable mechanical, data and power interfaces.

Another test flying aboard Columbia was the "Portable In-flight Landing Operations Trainer" (PILOT), a laptop computer simulator that was flown to qualify its use as a tool for helping the mission commander and pilot maintain their proficiency for approach and landing during longer duration Space Shuttle flights. The laptop was controlled using a joy stick hand controller similar to the one used to fly the orbiter in the final minutes before landing. The simulator would continue to see use up to and including the final Shuttle flight (STS-135).

On October 23, 1993, the payload crew members were scheduled to devote much of their time to metabolic studies of the 48 rodents on board the Spacelab science workshop. Payload commander Rhea Seddon, and crewmates David Wolf, Shannon Lucid and veterinarian Marty Fettman were scheduled to draw blood from the tails of some of the rodents, then inject a special isotope into the rodents to measure the volume of their plasma. Another blood draw would follow, to measure how weightlessness may be affecting the red blood cell count of the animals.

After several ham radio contacts around the country and work in a vacuum bag designed to ease the body's readaptation to Earth's environment, the orbiter crew made up of Commander John Blaha, Pilot Richard Searfoss and Mission specialist William McArthur oversaw a short firing of one of the orbital maneuvering system engines to drop the low end of Columbia's orbit from 278 xx to increase the landing opportunities should the mission be extended for weather or a system problem that would keep the crew in orbit two extra days.

On October 27, 1993, Pilot Rick Searfoss put Columbia through some maneuvers as part of the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE). The main goal of the experiment was to accurately measure the aerodynamic forces that act on the shuttle in orbit and during the early stages of entry. The information will be useful to scientists and engineers planning future Spacelab microgravity research flights in which experiments will need a quiet, motion-free environment to produce the best possible data. On October 28, 1993, after enjoying a half a day off, the astronauts aboard Columbia continued to collect scientific data on how humans and animals adapt to the absence of Earth's gravity.

Payload commander Rhea Seddon sent down a special message to her husband, Astronaut Office Chief Robert L. Gibson when she surpassed his total of 632 hours, 56 minutes in space. "He's still a really good guy, I still love him a lot, but I've got more hours in space than he does, so there!" she teased. Seddon acknowledged, however, that he has more launches and landings, having flown four times to her three.

Pilot Rick Searfoss took time out from snapping some infrared photography of the wildfires burning in southern California to say that the crew's thoughts are with the firefighters working to quell the flames and the residents whose homes are being threatened. He said he hoped the fires would be brought under control soon, and added that the photographs he was taking will be among some 4,000 frames that will be returned to Earth for meteorologists, geologists, ecologists and archeologists to study after the flight.

title: STS-58


text:
Terrace garden

A terrace garden is a garden with a raised flat paved or gravelled section overlooking a prospect. A raised terrace keeps a house dry and provides a transition between the hardscape and the softscape.

Persia
Since a level site is generally regarded as a requisite for comfort and repose, the terrace as a raised viewing platform made an early appearance in the ancient Persian gardening tradition, where the enclosed orchard, or paradise, was to be viewed from a ceremonial tent. Such a terrace had its origins in the far older agricultural practice of terracing a sloping site: see Terrace (agriculture). The Hanging Gardens of Babylon must have been built on an artificial mountain with stepped terraces, like those on a ziggurat.

Ancient Rome
Lucullus brought back to Rome first-hand experience of Persian gardening in the hilly sites of Asia Minor; the villa gardens of Maecenas, which included libraries open to scholars, incurred the disdain of Seneca. At Praeneste during the early Imperial period, the sanctuary of Fortuna was enlarged and elaborated, the natural slope being shaped into a series of terraces linked by stairs. The imperial villas at Capri were built to take advantage of varied terraces. At the seaside Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, the villa gardens of Julius Caesar's father-in-law fell away in a series of terraces, giving pleasant and varied views of the Bay of Naples. Only some of them have been excavated. At Villa of Livia, probably part of Livia Drusilla's dowry brought to the Julio-Claudian dynasty, rooms in the cryptoporticus beneath terracing were frescoed with trees in bloom and fruit.

Italian Renaissance
During the Italian Renaissance, the formalized, civilizing imprint of human control over wild nature expressed in terracing that was combined with stairs and water features, drew villa patrons and garden designers to escarpments that surveyed a handsome prospect. At the influential Cortile del Belvedere at the Vatican Palace, perfected under a series of popes from the earliest 16th century, the backdrop within the enclosed court was a raised terrace. The view in this case was from the Stanze of Raphael on an upper floor of the Palace.

English landscape garden
Even in the most naturalistic landscape gardens of Capability Brown, a raised gravelled or paved terrace along the garden front offered a dry walk in damp weather and a transition between the hard materials of the architecture and the rolling greensward beyond.

Contemporary
Contemporary terrace gardens, in addition to being in the garden and landscape, often occur in urban areas and are terrace architecture elements that extend out from an apartment or residence at any floor level other than ground level. They are often discussed in conjunction with roof gardens, although they are not always true roof gardens, instead being balconies and decks. These outdoor spaces can become lush gardens through the use of container gardening, automated drip irrigation and low-flow irrigation systems, and outdoor furnishings.

title: Terrace garden


text:
Pop group

Pop group may refer to:

 * a band that plays some genre of popular music
 * a band that plays pop music (a particular genre of popular music)
 * The Pop Group, a British post-punk band
 * Pop! (group), a 2000s UK pop group

title: Pop group


text:
Montreuil

Montreuil is a French place name derived from Medieval Latin Monasteriolum, "Little Monastery".

It most often refers to Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis (aka Montreuil-sous-Bois), a French commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, Seine-St-Denis department.

It may also refer to:

Communes of France

 * Montreuil, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir department
 * Montreuil, Vendée, known as Montreuil-sur-Mer until 1945, in the Vendée department
 * Montreuil-au-Houlme, in the Orne department
 * Montreuil-aux-Lions, in the Aisne department
 * Montreuil-Bellay, in the Maine-et-Loire department
 * Montreuil-Bonnin, in the Vienne department
 * Montreuil-des-Landes, in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
 * Montreuil-en-Auge, in the Calvados department
 * Montreuil-en-Caux, in the Seine-Maritime department
 * Montreuil-en-Touraine, in the Indre-et-Loire department
 * Montreuil-Juigné, in the Maine-et-Loire department
 * Montreuil-la-Cambe, in the Orne department
 * Montreuil-l'Argillé, in the Eure department
 * Montreuil-le-Chétif, in the Sarthe department
 * Montreuil-le-Gast, in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
 * Montreuil-le-Henri, in the Sarthe department
 * Montreuil-Poulay, in the Mayenne department
 * Montreuil-sous-Pérouse, in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
 * Montreuil-sur-Barse, in the Aube department
 * Montreuil-sur-Blaise, in the Haute-Marne department
 * Montreuil-sur-Brêche, in the Oise department
 * Montreuil-sur-Epte, in the Val d'Oise department
 * Montreuil-sur-Ille, in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
 * Montreuil-sur-Loir, in the Maine-et-Loire department
 * Montreuil-sur-Lozon, in the Manche department
 * Montreuil-sur-Maine, in the Maine-et-Loire department
 * Montreuil-sur-Mer, known as Montreuil until 2023, in the Pas-de-Calais department
 * Montreuil-sur-Thérain, in the Oise department
 * Montreuil-sur-Thonnance, in the Haute-Marne department

Other uses

 * Arrondissement of Montreuil, in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region
 * Canton of Montreuil, a former canton in the Pas-de-Calais department and the Nord-Pas de Calais region
 * Domain of Montreuil, a parcel of land near Versailles and the official residence of Madame Élisabeth
 * Montreuil Abbey, a Cistercian nunnery in Picardy, formerly known as Montreuil-les-Dames, Montreuil-en-Thiérache, and Montreuil-sous-Laon, in the Aisne department
 * Opportuna of Montreuil (d. 770), a French nun, abbess, and saint
 * Pierre de Montreuil (died 1267), a French architect
 * Porte de Montreuil (Paris Métro), a railway station in Paris

title: Montreuil