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Talk:Anders Fogh Rasmussen

About Anders Fogh Rasmussen's alleged homosexuality
How serious are the rumours about his homosexuality? Is it just a stupid thing that people say, or are they real rumours? He's obviously in favour of gay marriage, so maybe people extrapolate liberally. I can't find an overwhelming number of mentions of these rumours on the internet in either english or danish, and the ones that do show up are somewhat dubious. Should we be including this sort of "rumour" in an encyclopedia? In any case, I think it would be wise to include a link of some sort to proof, since it does not appear to be widespread knowledge. Peregrine981 00:49, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I am a Dane, and I have actually avoided hearing any of the rumours. You would need to convince me that he really is gay with a respected reference before I would agree to mention it here. Since the rumour isn't very wide-spread, and maybe not true, we shouldn't mention it as long as it is just a rumour. Thue | talk 17:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * He is married to a woman, right? The rumours are nothing but that: rumours. They should not be included. 83.93.190.29

 * I am also Dane. And if you read newspaper, which I do. You would have had the option to have read serval of articels about Fogh being gay. Especially in Ekstra Bladet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.198.10.138 (talk) 19:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Your description of Extra Bladet isn't correct, and it is not encyclopedic to include mere slander. Fogh is not the first politician that is being smeared this way, but nobody has ever presented even the slightest proof that Fogh and Marek should be anything more than friends. Or perhaps some people just can't bear the thought that politicians have friends just like everybody else. Fogh is married and the father of several kids. Besides, repetition of mere smears is not allowed by Wikipedia policy. Valentinian T / C 08:20, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Guys, take a chill pill here. Within Denmark, the alleged "rumor" of Anders Fogh being gay is NOT very widespread, and not many people at all would put any weight whatsoever to it. In fact, it has only been mentioned in a few of the worst tabloids, and even then never as a "fact". So I would hold my horses on this one, if it gets on the article I would certainly think it flies in the face of the WP:BLP policy. 86.14.229.187 (talk) 00:24, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Being a norwegian citizen living in Denmark I too have on several occasions stumbled across the rumours of Anders Fogh Rasmussen's sexual preferences. They have never been substantiated nor have they found their way into main stream media. More importantly, though, is that there is no tradition in Denmark for prying into politicians' personal lives. Being a proportional parliamentary democracy, danish politics still evolves around parties rather than individuals. Denmark is also a very liberal society as far as sexuality is concerned. --192.38.5.215 20:35, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)Roger Christensen

That's absurd. Anders Fogh Rasmussen have been married with Anne-Mette Rasmussen for a long time and have 3 children. Unless someting substantial turns up this rumour should be ignored and certanly not mentioned in the encyclopedia.

I don't think his sexual obsevation is very significant overall. He's married, and whether it's a marriage of love or of practical reasons should be immaterial to the public, so long as both he and his wife are happy with it. What matters is his impact on politics. Bantaar (talk) 23:20, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

About Anders Fogh Rasmussen's view on gay marriages (2)
I removed the following: Anders Fogh Rasmussen caused controversy in his support for gay marriage, and he made it clear his support was 'personal' rather than based on his role as prime minister. Because it's bullshit. It's true that he supports gay marriage, and that he said it's his personal view. However, it's not like his party is against gay marriage (they just don't have any official politic about it), and since almost everyone here in denmark share his view it has never caused any controversy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.185.7.8 (talk) 18:21, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

What about his time as tax minister?
When he was tax minister in 1992 where there aint something about that he left the post becouse of some accusations that he made tax "fraud"? --80.197.219.8 16:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think i owns all danish persons 20 kr... Because of his actions.

 * His term as minister of taxation was marked by many attempts to cut staff, and this turned the (remaining) bureaucrats quite hostile towards him. The downsizing also produced a lot of confusion in the department. Later, a number of accounting errors in the department were discovered, and two rumours about the errors persisted: 1) that they had been made deliberately by the bureaucrats, hoping that "good figures" would make the angry boss stop his cuts, and 2) that the mistakes had in fact been made accidentally, but no-body dared tell the boss they existed fearing for their own jobs. Consequently, the errors were never corrected. When the story broke, Anders Fogh Rasmussen assumed full responsibility and quickly resigned his office. An official inquiry found that he had not violated any law. --Valentinian 22:20, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Um yes, Rasmussen was actually downright FIRED by the Schlüter government as a tax minister for breaking the rules. Bantaar (talk) 23:28, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Nazi connections
I removed the following text added earlier today, as no source was cited.
 * Allthough Anders Fogh Rasmussen's father collaborated extensively with Nazi Germany during WW2, and Anders Fogh himself was part of a Neo-Nazi youth organisation in his late teens, he later switched allegiance to Venstre.

Thue | talk 08:28, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Utter bull****. --Valentinian 15:49, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Thats interesting. Do you have sources on that? --194.255.124.250 09:06, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Unsourced libel is not only unencyclopedic but also expressly against Wikipedia policy. Valentinian T / C 20:38, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Being Nazi is the most usual form of useless accusation against a right wing politician, just as being a communist is the most usual against a left wing. Unless there is actual evidence, I'd say the chances are 99,9% that it's made-up, since it's EXACTLY the kind of thing people would make up. I don't particularly like Anders Fogh, but I hate people who apparently have no respect for other people and throw hollow accusations and exaggerations at them. There is a bloody lot of difference between right wing and neo-nazi!62.107.24.213 (talk) 14:03, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Typical american-style of rubbishing. If he is not gay, there MUST be a nazi ancestor anyway. I have learnt how those idiots think and argue. --84.141.41.129 (talk) 20:56, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Edit by User:Asbent
User:Asbent appears to like adding material about what he claims is a Muslim outrage against Anders Fogh Rasmussen. I have reverted this edit twice today (13 December 2005) and I have no intention of breaking the WP:3RR but I fail to see what possible relevance that edit has to this page.

The Muslim outrage has to do with a Danish newspaper - Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten - printing 12 caricatures of the Muslim prophet Muhammad. Diplomats from Egypt and a number of other counties made an official protest and demanded Anders Fogh Rasmussen bring Jyllands-Posten under his control. AFR replied that the government of Denmark, like all other Danish governments since God knows when, believes in Freedom of the Press, and that - under the Danish Constitution - he had no powers to intervene in this dispute. If anyone felt offended, he urged them to use the legal system to solve the dispute. The relevant section of the Danish criminal code is §266B (the clause against racism). Had AFR said anything else, he'd have violated the Constitution's §77. This states that censorship may never again be introduced but that publishers are legally responsible for what they print. Danish law gives him absolutely no authority to intervene in a newspaper's editing.

Anders Fogh Rasmussen has not supported Jyllands-Postens action at all. In fact, he's said that he thought printing the caricatures was a rather bad idea. In my mind, the Prime Minister's, and Jyllands-Posten's - based on a number of articles I've read in that paper - the dispute only involves Jyllands-Posten, not the Danish goverment or anybody else. I'd really like to see a very good reason to include User:Asbent's edit in this page. --Valentinian 22:58, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop vandalising this article, Valentinian. The reason to keep this addition in the article is very simple: Mr. Rasmussen's comments to not step in and suppress freedom of press caused an international uproar amongst muslims and thus, in my opinion, it is a very important part of his premiership. I will once again edit this into the article. Should you want to reword it, be my guest. However, do not delete it again. (http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-11/18/article02.shtml, The ambassadors of 11 Muslim countries called on Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the prime minister, to take "necessary steps" against the "defamation of Islam".))--Absent 13:52, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * User:Valentinian appears to be from Denmark, so I have to weigh his opinion on Danish law a little more highly than Absent's. Also, the information does not belong in an encyclopaedia article about Rasmussen, since we cannot afford to print a paragraph or two on every comment he ever made.  Also note that there is a difference "ambassadors requested an apology", and your report of "all muslim countries imposed sanctions on Denmark".  Can you reconcile these? Sherurcij (talk) (bounties) 14:26, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You can edit the article then as you wish, I however think this section is very important in regards to Mr. Rasmussens premiership.--Absent 14:30, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Asbent, You are entitled to you own opinion, but 1) Wikipedia is a neutral encyclopedia, 2) this "uproar" started more than two weeks before AFR stated that he'd not violate the Constitution. You have not provided any source of documentation for Muslim nations imposing sanctions upon Denmark or upon AFR personally. That's why any such references belong in the article about Jyllands-Posten. I've followed that case, and I read the paper daily. And no, I'm not part of any conspiracy or whatever. --Valentinian 14:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You liar, you were involved in the whole 9/11 debacle!!!!!!!! (I kid, of course) Sherurcij (talk) (bounties) 14:42, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Let's put it this way; nobody outside of Denmark cares about his tax reform: on the other hand, very many people outside Denmark are interested in the fact that there are still non-dhimmi leaders in this world who are willing to take a stand for Democracy instead of being bullied and subsequently subdued by muslims to manipulate free speech so as to not "offend" their mighty religion.--Nosharia 23:16, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I love your username Sherurcij (talk) (bounties) 13:07, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I love how I totally owned you in the beslan article--Nosharia 14:49, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You what now? looks at the article, confused What the hell?  You haven't even edited it...stop dreaming about being a WP troll at night.  Also, don't fuck with articles, especially not ones on my watchlist.  Cheers. Sherurcij (talk) (bounties) 20:43, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

New edit about cartoon controversy
So what's the consensus, we're mentioning it, not mentioning it? Typically our articles such as George W. Bush, Paul Martin and such do not note what seems to be a relatively minor controversy, but perhaps this is a huge issue in Denmark? Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 00:01, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I suppose a brief mention is in order. It's not often that Denmark appears prominently in international news or sparks diplomatic furor, even over so petty a controversy. User:NTK 14:39, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Denmark not appear prominently in the news over a petty matter? Clearly you haven't heard of Hans Island! ;) grins Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject)
 * I suppose it is appropriate with a *brief* paragraph now. This issue has now been blown out of all proportion. A lot of Arabs now demand that 1) the PM apologizes towards the Muslim world [for something he has had nothing to do with] and 2) that he outlaws Jyllands-Posten altogether and imposes censureship [which would be the worst violation of the Danish constitution ever!] Today Jyllands-Posten's buildings in both Århus and Copenhagen had to be evacuated following a bomb threat, and the evening news shows footage of Palestinians burning Danish flags and images of the Prime Minister. --Valentinian 20:10, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed link to support Freedom of Speech after looking up page 70 in Modood, T., R. Zapata-Barrero and A. Triandafyllidou, Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship on google books. No doubt that Rasmussen has stated on numerous occasions that he supports freedom of speech. However, he has not stated on numerous occasions that did not approve of the message in the cartoons. In fact, he was reluctant to state that did not approve the message in the cartoons. This is important because the crisis might have been avoided if he had stated this in an early phase of the conflict. Added Rasmussen's description of the crisis as the Denmark's worst international crisis since World War II. Added new citations to the appearence on Arabic telvision. 87.72.122.147 (talk) 20:29, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Municipal reform

 * "Under the proposal the number of counties (amter) would be reduced to five from thirteen". -- I am pretty certain that's not right. Anyone know what it should say? Jdcooper 18:16, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The thirteen counties are being replaced by five new "regions". See Regions of Denmark. --Valentinian 00:14, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

To be a part of global provocation
I suppose every Law system doesn't accept slander, insult and satire incorrectly publication about a person. What about a Prophet which is respected over than 1,5 billion people all over the world. Unfortunately Denmark ,whether willingly or not,hosted this unconscience event. I describe these cartoons as a global provacation it's a silly explanation to evaluate this publication as a freedom of press. Why? What do they know about ur Prophet? How many message do they hear from him? Simply nothing. How many Europen knows this clue belongs to him. "A man who killed an innocent person is supposed to be killer of all humanity." As an example Islamic thought doesn't permit to sink a ship which has 99 savage banditsand only one innocent for the sake of him or her. In this century, unfortunately because of some occupations, uneducation and any other reasons some(very few) Muslims accept violance as describe theirselves. But most of Muslims reject this. On the view of our Prophet, current Muslim leaeders say "A Muslim must not be a terrorist or A terrorist must not be supposed as a Muslim. I invite Danish people to learn more about Prophet Muhammed. I invite Danish PM to consult to some leaders who are known as conscience as Clinton, Annan; about returning from his great fault. I invite Jillyan Posten to excuse clearly and rejecting to be a part of Global Provocation. ~
 * The above is an unsigned comment. To the uploader: You may assume what you want, but Danish law is crystal clear: Everyone is entitled to print almost whatever they want. The restriction is that people may not e.g. print accusations that everyone from (insert country name here) are terrorists or criminals or something like that, racism is not allowed. It is not allowed either to falsely accuse somebody of having committed crimes or something like that. But these are pretty much the only restricions. Newspapers are not regulated or controlled by the government, the police, the army or anybody else in power. The businessmen that own them, decide what they print. This is called "freedom of the press", and no Danish politician is prepared to give that up. It is also allowed to make jokes and caricatures about Christians, Jesus, Jews, Danes, Swedes, etc, and this is frequently done and accepted by the public. Images of Jesus much much worse than  the ones of Muhammad have also been printed, and this is in a Christian country. People accept this. It is not the first time a cartoon of Muhammad has been printed either. If you want to read the relevant paragraphs, the articles is the Danish Constitution of 1953, §77 and the Danish Criminal Code § 140 and §266 B. On a more general note: Remarks like these belong to the page on the Muhammad cartoon controversy, not here. --Valentinian 00:32, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * And I invite Moslems and Arab Leaders to learn something about European law. And I invite you all to tell us how and why Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who doesn't have any ties with the newspaper, who doesn't have it in his power to stop a newspaper (despite what Arab leaders say), and who has all along regretted the offence the cartoons have caused Moslems despite having nothing to do with it, should apologize! --Thf1977 09:42, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Muslims are not interested in the Danish constitution or the justifications for these nasty and unwarranted cartoons. We want an apology from the newspaper for insulting us like this in the worst possible manner. We also dont care how you people slander Christianity or each other. That is your nasty culture and you can continue it. We want an apology for insulting us like this.

 * If you are a Muslim you might be interested to know that this entire episode has only hurt one single group in Denmark: the immigrants from Muslim nations. The vast majority of them are peaceful and lawabiding citizens - in fact many of them were kicked out of the Middle East because they opposed religious fundamentalism there. But islamist terror has made some Danes begin to view these people with suspicion, which is not warranted. In Denmark, nobody controls what a newspaper prints - unlike in the Middle East. In a democracy, the government couldn't care less what newspapers print. The only thing the idiots burning the Danish embassy in Beirut accomplished was to decrease the chances of a lot of young Muslims in Denmark trying to get a job. After the attacks in Beirut, many Muslims in Denmark demonstrated *against* the idiots in Beirut. The Danish economy is extremely strong and probably the strongest in more than 30 years. In fact one of the strongest in Western Europe. And nobody cares about Arla's tiny exports to the Middle East. My mistake, one more effect has happened: Danes have become more willing to invest in alternative energy sources, so we'll be less affected by future increases in oil prizes. And don't have any illusions that we are afraid of an "oil embargo" or something similar. Denmark has plenty of oil fields of our own in the North Sea, far away from the Middle East. Valentinian (talk) 22:05, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Constitutional charges against Danish Prime Minister
I would like to see an article on how the Danish Prime Minister is being charged as breaching the constitution of Denmark and Danish law by involving Denmark in the bloody war and occupation of Iraq. There also calls in Denmark and Europe to put him to trial as a war criminal. this could have important ramifications for other world leaders, including George W. Bush and Tony Blair of the U.K.

The above comment was made by IP: 69.196.139.250 at the time: 03:39, 13 February 2006

 * Actually, there have been no calls of the sort, and there is no discussion in Denmark about Fogh having breached the constitution. So the above is just plainly wrong... Also, I fail to see how anyone can view the Danish presense in Iraq as an occupation - they are there with the blessing of a democratically elected government... --Thf1977 07:57, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please sign your comments, remarks, edits and additions with four(4)~ as per policy. If you are not logged in or have an account please still sign with four tildes, tis will tell the rest of the visitors when the comment was made.
 * Angelbo 23:37, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, there was the case of 12 citizens (later joined by the father of a KIA soldier) who sought to bring a case before the Danish high court, that given that the war was not sanctioned by the UN the parliment violated the Danish constitution in sending troops to Iraq (but not Afganistan), however, this is as close as you'll get. Also, the case was rejected on the basis of the individuals lacking a personal interest in the case (a requirement under most code law systems) Justpedersen 21:36, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The entire argument was rather thin as well, since the Danish Constitution does not refer to the United Nations at all, so "unconstitutional" - hmm, no. Valentinian (talk) 22:17, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think there is a need to touch on the finer points of international law, but generally speaking a country does not have to willing state that it acknowledges international treaties for them to be applied to its territory and actions, and in this specific case, the court wisely made no comment on the matter of whether or not Denmark was participating in a non-defensive and hence illegal war, but simply commented that the claimants had no individual interest and hence no case Justpedersen 15:14, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Cartoons, why?
Pardon me, but how on earth are som caricatures in Dagbladet Information relevant to an encyclopedia article on a prime minister? "Information" only has around 20000 readers and its stories and news coverage is rarely debated or recited in other Danish media. Surely, these cartoons are only relavant to the paper's core readers - I don't recall them mentioned elsewhere. There is a NPOV problem here!

(this unsigned comment was posted by 84.238.25.152).

 * Apparently somebody believed them to be relevant, but yes, they are not relevant at all. They've been completely ignored in Danish media, and they contain absolutely no new information. The one with Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Abu Laban might be relevant in itself, but not the other ones. --Valentinian (talk) 10:39, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, It seems like noone bothers to explain the very good reason for including some quite unnoticed cartoons in this article. I'll do some editing soon. Medico80 17:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Being a Dane myself and having never hear about them before, I found them a funny side story. I would include them on the basis that the size of the article expands Justpedersen 21:32, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, now they are deleted. Let's consider this topic closed - don't revert.
 * Who is posting threats and not signing their ID?--IceHunter (talk) 20:14, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I deleted a large chunk of the section regarding the cartoons. It took up like 20% of the article on Anders Fogh and had descriptions on lots of issues not directly related to him. If people want to read about it, they can go to article about the cartoons. While it was a severe crisis, it should certainly not be 20% of the an article about Anders Fogh Rasmussen. --LasseFolkersen (talk) 19:34, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Personal votes
Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" of any politician in Denmark with 61,792.

But the article on Poul Nyrup Rasmussen says:

Rasmussen currently sits as an MEP after winning a record number of 407,966 votes for an individual (from Denmark) in the European Parliamentary elections in 2004.

Who's right? Or is it that AFR's record is for Folketing elections and PNR's for EU Parliament elections...? Tamino 12:09, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Anders Fogh Rasmussen holds the record regarding elections to Parliament (Folketing elections). Poul Nyrup Rasmussen holds the record for MEP elections. The latter figure will naturally be higher since MEP elections consider Denmark to be one unified constituency (5.4 mill. people, so around 4 mill. could vote for Poul Nyrup Rasmussen). In elections to parliament, each politician stands in his / her own constituency but people can vote for the candidate in the entire county. To complicate matters further, the Greater Copenhagen District is devided into three regions for this purpose. Anders Fogh Rasmussen stands in Glostrup constituency in Copenhagen County (around 618,000 inhabitants, and 380,000 voted in the 2005 parliamentary elections .) Hope this clears it up. Valentinian (talk) 13:04, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Iraq War
This section needs some help. The second and third paragraphs contradict each other, and the last two paragraphs do not seem incredibly relevant. If someone who knows enough about Denmark to know which one is correct can fix it, I would be much obliged. Heavy Metal Cellist talkcontribs

 * I've tried to sort the matter out a bit. I hope it's better now. Valentinian (talk) 21:54, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Heavy Metal Cellist talkcontribs

 * I believe I have cleared up the contradiction, by merging the contradictory statements and putting them into a proper time frame. --Mlindow 09:27, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the text was clearer before. Rasmussen's lack of interest in Iraq's presumed WMDs began before the debate about them seriously broke in the U.S. and U.K. Many Danish journalists wanted Rasmussen to confirm that he was simply following the American claim that Saddam had WMDs. AFAIK he always rejected this, simply stating that Saddam Hussein was a tyrant that needed to be removed. I find it somewhat improper to edit this page since I am a member of the same political party, but I am going to add a fact since a source is definitely needed here. And preferably one from when the debate took place, not material written several years later. But to the best of my information, the current version is incorrect. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 12:23, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Bilderberg
I think that it should be included that Anders Fogh Rasmussen participated in the secretive Bilderberg group in 2000 and 2003

http://www.bilderberg.org/2000.htm http://www.mirrorberg.org/2000.htm http://www.bilderberg.org/2003.htm http://www.mirrorberg.org/2003.htm http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bilderberg_2003

My edit regarding his resignation in 1992
I've changed some factual errors in the recently-added post about AFR's resignation as minister of taxation. No court proceding ever took place. Had it taken place, it would have been "Rigsretten". What was carried out was a commission of inquiry that furthermore complained that the papertrail in the Ministry of Taxation was impossible to follow with misplaced files etc. very likely due to the massive and chaotic restructuring / cutbacks this department faced at the same time. Even this "I hate the cabinet and they're all crooks"-website agrees that the dispute involved postponement of two payments respectively from 1988 to 1989 (DKK 16.5 million) and 1989 to 1990 (DKK 35 million). This might be bad accounting practice, but the amounts of cash are completely nil compared to the total size of the Danish public budget, this amount is completely ridiculous. I guess back then, one could have built one tiny school for this amount of cash, but that's about it. I've seen at least one municipality with much bigger accounting errors. The same webpage's speculation about why the opposition was "forced" to bring down AFR is complete rubbish. The opposition tried to get rid of the cabinet any way they could see fit, just like the same parties (now back in opposition) constantly demand the resignation of several cabinet ministers. It can be quite amusing following how often some of the Social Democratic or Radikale spokesmen demand somebody's resignation on TV, but after all, it is an opposition's job to constantly try to bring down the sitting cabinet. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 08:23, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Dear Valentinian

I haven't changed anything in the article itself, but feel that at least two points in the above needs comments: 1) AFR's "resignation" as minister of taxation was in fact him being fired by the primeminister. his "crime" - which had nothing to do with the amount of money, but the fact that he had "grossly misguided" (the words of the commision of inquiry, not mine) the parliament and hence the danish people - was considered so serious, that a majority of said parliament would have removed their support for the entire government, thus leading to its fall, had he stayed in office. 2) Furthermore, his downfall was not due to the left opposition but was actually heralded by the entire parliament, from far left (SF - Socialists People's Party) to far right (Fremskridtspartiet - the forerunners of today's Dansk Folkeparti - Danish People's Party)

Sorry if i've violated any WP-guidelines, this is my first posting here. Oh, by the way, I'm native danish and lives in Copenhagen. 2jakes 20:10, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Greetings 2jakes. First of all, welcome to Wikipedia. It is always a pleasure to see more Danes on this project, and no, you haven't violated any guidelines, so no problem there.
 * Do you know if the report is somewhere on the net? I'd like to read it. This paragraph is mostly based on my memory of this event, and I don't have photographic memory. Regarding the first part of your message; as I remember the story, Schlüter would very likely have sacked AFR in order to save the cabinet's life, but Fogh managed to step down before Schlüter got around to actually doing it. Was this a voluntary resignation? Well, I consider the resignation of the Santer Commission to be voluntary so I judge Fogh by the same token (some might call this analysis somewhat legalistic, but as I see it, a person is either sacked or not; just like a woman can't be half pregnant.) :) You are quite correct that the background to this story is that the Progress Party threatened with withdrawing its previous support of the cabinet, something which would have brought it down, and that this decision was the event changing the previous parliamentary status quo. It is also possible that my interpretation of these events are somewhat coloured by the fact that I'm all too familiar with seeing bigger budgetary screw-ups in my own town. AFAIK, it has never been proven that AFR deliberately mislead Parliament nor that he actually ordered the department to rig the books. I do of course agree that he did hold the political responsibility of being in charge of a department in disarray. The last description of these events that I've read are Fogh's own  but, again, if the report is somewhere on the net, I'd like to read it. Regards. Valentinian T / C 22:43, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi Valentinian

Thanks for the hearty welcome:-) I tried to find something on the net not too biased on the commisions report and the political struggle going on on- and offstage at the time, but, alas, I couldn't. Whatever I found, it was either from the far left or in complete support of our man of choice:-). But I distinctly remember the wording of the commision quoted above, "grossly misguided" and tv-clips with the late Lilly Gyldenkilde (from SF) and (also late) Kirsten Jakobsen (Fremskridtspartiet), both stating after the publication of the findings of the comission that Anders Fogh Rasmussen would have to go. It is no more than two years ago, I think, that these clips were shown on the sole national commercial tv-station in Denmark (TV2), based in your city:-) I of course agree with you in that Anders Fogh Rasmussen formally resigned - but in order to understand the events, it is equally important to know the background of this resignation - that the parliament found his crime so serious that they would have let the entire cabinet fall, had he not resignated.

But back to the report from the commision: I'm sure that a closer research of the webpage of the parliament would yield the result we're both looking for. Regards 2jakes 21:31, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Alleged torture hush-hush
There's been a lot of controversy about a case in which danish soldiers with the danish government knowing, have transferred Afghan/Taleban prisoners of war to american prison camps in which they subsequently have been tortured. It has been revealed in a documentary called "Den Hemmelige Krig" meaning "The Secret War" in referral to the alleged 'hush-hush' done by the government. Would someone with the time, dig into this and create a section. Has been done in the danish article.

IPA
IPA [fo] is pronounced like the surname of Dario Fo (as Dario Fo is pronounced in italian not in english) which is not how Fogh is pronounced by anyone in Denmark, except as I noted people speaking with a strong funish dialect. To be correctly trabscribed it requires a stød - written. If you continue to claim that the transcription [fo] has been used by "domestic media" then I will require sources for that - and it will have to be sources that are reliable when it comes to representing pronunciation in ipa such as a dictionary or linguistic publication - a news paper article will not do. I agree that it is important to note that his surname is often left out.·Maunus· · ƛ · 09:15, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well it's a little difficult to find references, unless I go rummaging through tons of material from TV Avisen and TV2 Nyhederne, or perhaps Radioavisen. I'm fairly sure that I have heard it pronounced as in Dario Fo many times in the media (DR and TV 2). That's why I find your claim a little dubious. Strong dialects aren't the norm on the news, even if dialects have gotten a little more leeway in the last decade or so. The only thing I have at the moment is the satirical "minimalstat" song, where his name is pronounced [fo] (but this really isn't a solid source at all, of course). Sakkura (talk) 18:27, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but the pronunciation in the minimalstatssang clearly is supposed to rhyme with "bog" and "klog" which means its pronounced with a diphthong as . The pronunciation rhymes with "so". If Fogh were to be pronounced there as simply [fo] there would be no native danish words to rhyme with it. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 19:12, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Go back and listen to it again (0:12, 0:29, 1:31, 2:25 and 2:34 in the clip). It's even more conspicuous because it does not rhyme properly with "bog" and "klog". Sakkura (talk) 20:47, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It is true that some of the times it is pronounced only with stød as in (rhyming with so and klo) none of the times it is pronounced without stød. Anyway it should be uncontroversial to state that the most common pronunciations are those that rhyme with klog and those that rhyme with klo. If a pronunciation rhyming with Dario Fo, Otto and Kosovo exist it is clearly a minority pronunciation. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 20:51, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Roj TV
The article currentlt reads: "So far, it is not proven that Roj TV has any form for connection to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)[discuss], therefore Roj TV must be legal in Denmark according to the Danish law." But, the manager of Roj TV is quoted saying: "Manouchehr Tahsili Zonoozi, a Kurd from Iran who is the station's general manager, acknowledges that the station maintains contact with the PKK, but insists it is not controlled by it." in the article about Roj TV.

I suggest that we write the following instead: So far, it is not proven that Roj TV is the mouthpiece of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), therefore Roj TV is considered legal in Denmark according to the Danish law." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.74.91.24 (talk) 19:00, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Roj Tv is the television of terrorists, even in cartoons people blow up theirselves, rasmussen and his country loves it.--85.100.171.3 (talk) 22:07, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I have removed the sentence in question. It should only be added in an neutral and well sourced manner, i.e. including reliable sources and representing both the Turkish, Danish, and perhaps the international opinion on the matter. As it stood, it was just unsourced opinion. - Lilac Soul (talk • contribs • count) 06:23, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The sentence "So far, it is not legally proven that Roj TV has any form for connection to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), therefore Roj TV must be legal in Denmark according to the Danish law." is not just an opinion but a neutral explanation of the problem. Fanoftheworld (talk) 16:01, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Without reliable sources, it stands out as an opinion. By all means add it with sources, because then I agree that it isn't opinion. - Lilac Soul (talk • contribs • count) 18:08, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Personal life?
What, no section on mr. Rasmussens personal life? Married\unmarried, children, family, is there no info on this? 94.212.216.150 (talk) 13:33, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * And no discussion of Anne-Mette's career (documented on YouTube) as a competition dancer? :-) --RenniePet (talk) 14:00, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Seriously, I find it strange his personal life is not mentioned. 94.212.216.150 (talk) 08:32, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * His wife, Anne-Mette, has a page on the Danish Wikipedia: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Mette_Rasmussen --RenniePet (talk)

 * Why is so dark skinned and hair for a Dane? 86.162.140.127 (talk) 14:28, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * He probably has Sami bloodline. 86.178.171.132 (talk) 01:50, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

Rasmussens
The only Danish person I've ever known was named Rasmussen. Is it just a chance impression, or is Rasmussen a very, very common name in DK? Sca (talk) 19:31, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * It's the ninth-most common last name in Denmark: - Lilac Soul (talk • contribs • count) 19:58, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Still, it's a bit of statistical oddity that Denmark has had three prime ministers in a row named Rasmussen (Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Lars Løkke Rasmussen). --RenniePet (talk) 21:38, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Well. There are about 100,000 people with this last name, out of about 5,500,000 people. That's 1.8 % of people. So the chances of three in a row are 0.18 to the power of 3 - that about 0.6 % chance that three in a row would be named Rasmussen. Rasmussen is the ninth most common name in Denmark - so if we multiply by eight, we will get a too low estimate of the chances of three PMs in a row having the same last name, among the top nine last names. That's about a 4.5 % chance. Conversely, the chances of any one combination winning the lottery is, depending on the lottery, perhaps one in 10 million. So not that odd, perhaps. - Lilac Soul (talk • contribs • count) 07:25, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmm, my studies in statistics go back almost 40 years, but still... 1.8% is 0.018, not 0.18. And my comment was very imprecise, not suitable for a quantitative answer. I guess one way to try to look at it more quantitatively is like this: Given that we have the first Rasmussen (Paul Nyrup), what are the chances that the next two PMs will also be Rasmussens? Answer: 0.018 x 0.018 = 0.000324, or about one chance in 3100. Not good odds if you're a betting man. :-) --RenniePet (talk) 18:28, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

It IS a funny coincidence, but not very unlikely given the name's wide spreadth in Denmark. It'd be FAR more odd, say, that America had two presidents named Bush... Bantaar (talk) 23:44, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Minister of Finance
There was a successionbox saying Rasmussen was Minister of Finance from 1990-1992, which i deleted, which was then edited back. Anders Fogh Rasmussen has never been Minister of Finance... I don't really think it is up for debate? http://www.fm.dk/Om%20os/Historie/Tidligere%20ministre.aspx Harald ss (talk) 10:29, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * He was "økonomiminister" ("Minister of Economic Affairs"). I guess from lack of this ministry in most other countries (except China it seems. Edit And a few other countries as well, fixed the disambig of that link), that there was no other suitable box for that. --Saddhiyama (talk) 11:08, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Reason for deployment of Danish troops to Iraq
This article states that Danish troops were deployed to Iraq because of "Iraq's continued refusal to cooperate with UN inspectors in violation of the UN Security Council's resolution." In fact, in the months before the Iraq War began, Baghdad was cooperating with the UN inspectors. The latter were ordered out of the country by the UN itself just before the start of the war. This article is continuing to peddle a right-wing myth that was concocted to try to justify the Iraq War. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.190.65.102 (talk) 20:13, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Filmography
213.185.28.192 added a filmography section to the article. I undid it, and 213.185.28.192 redid it, leaving a comment on my talkpage. I don't want to get into an edit war over this, so instead, I'll leave it for now and try and see what consensus on the filmography is here on the talkpage. The filmography contains two documentaries about Fogh Rasmussen and Denmark's involvement in war; it also contains a fictional movie about the murder of Fogh Rasmussen. The way I see it, a filmography should contain either movies by or starring Anders Fogh Rasmussen, of which to my knowledge there are none. Furthermore, Fogh Rasmussen is, I'm sure, featured in many, many more documentaries than these two. Judging from 213.185.28.192's comment on my talkpage, the inclusion of these documentaries may also be construed as POV: "Excuse me sir, but that Anders is not in any of the film is a complete lie. The two documentary movies are particularly interesting because they reveal Anders and his government as war criminals not following the Geneva conventions, this might be interesting for the general public to know since he is now chairman for NATO. The journalist of "Den hemmelige krig" was prosecuted for misinformation and Anders government answered with a 300 page long report. The journalist was later found not guilty. I was not aware that Wikipedia in this sense is suppressing liberty of speech and censoring crucial background information of general interest, just because you happen to have wicked political views...". The information in this comment may actually, if well sourced, be appropriate to the article on Anders Fogh Rasmussen, but this does not follow from putting it in a filmography section. The article on Tony Blair, for instance, has a section entitled Portrayals and cameo appearances which does not contain documentaries, but does contain both movies and series he's actually appeared in, as well as info on who has played him in movies like The Queen. But what does people think? -Lilac Soul (Talk • Contribs) • I'm watching this page so just reply to me right here! 05:36, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Obviously it is wrong to include this information in a "filmography" when it is not concerning a person that is in the moviebusiness. I agree that the information, that critical and (in Denmark) acclaimed documentaries about Fogh and some of his politics exists, and that they sparked much debate at their release, could be worthy of mention, but it would need some sources to establish this. I propose a deletion of the filmography and I invite the IP-user to add the information in the article itself, if he/she is capable of coming up with some sources as well as writing about it in an NPOV-manner. --Saddhiyama (talk) 09:20, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Sentence
As I know this is not true: "Rasmussen has focused almost exclusively on the tyrannical nature of Saddam Hussein's regime." If no source can be found, I think the statement should be deleted. Rerumirf (talk) 11:12, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Flat vs marginal tax rate (in the lead of this article)
Regarding:

 * the Conservative coalition partners repeatedly argued for more tax cuts and a flat tax rate at no higher than 50%.

I think that should be marginal tax rate, not flat tax rate. A flat tax rate of 50% would raise the overall tax rate for most Danes!

In particular, I have never heard the Conservative party talk about a flat tax rate. That is usually reserved for the party Liberal Alliance and usually a proposed flat tax rate of 40%.

--Mortense (talk) 17:44, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

"What trust may there be after such incidents?" - Rasmussen secretly recording Vladimir Putin
Can this be added to the wikiepedia article, it's been widely cited in many news sources?

Vladimir Putin said that current NATO General Secretary Anders Fogh Rasmussen secretly recorded and leaked a private conversation with him, when he was the head of the Danish government. Initial reaction was a denial issued through NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu who commented - “These accusations are complete nonsense. During his term in office as Danish Prime Minister, Mr Fogh Rasmussen never brought a dictaphone to record meetings with Mr Putin or anybody else.” Mr. Gulbrandsen, a journalist with Danish public broadcaster DR, told Politiken that his subject was indeed wearing a microphone when he met with Mr. Putin in Brussels in 2002. Mr. Rasmussen was wearing the microphone to be heard during a meeting with journalists, and he didn't take it off when he later met with Mr. Putin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:120B:2C3E:73A0:21B:77FF:FECC:E4ED (talk) 15:34, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Anders Fogh Rasmussen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090317085725/http://www.dr.dk:80/DR1/Dokumentar/2008/0124145625.htm to http://www.dr.dk/DR1/Dokumentar/2008/0124145625.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:34, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anders Fogh Rasmussen


text:
User talk:133.27.124.13

Please do not add commentary or your own personal analysis to Wikipedia articles. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy and breaches the formal tone expected in an encyclopedia. Piano non troppo (talk) 07:46, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

October 2008
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Living dinosaur. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Rainbow Of Light  Talk  07:58, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Every Little Thing (band)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:133.27.124.13


text:
Bowman's capsule

Bowman's capsule (or the Bowman capsule, capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule) is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule.

Structure
Outside the capsule, there are two "poles":
 * The vascular pole, polus vascularis is the side with the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.
 * The urinary pole, polus urinarius is the side with the proximal convoluted tubule.

Inside the capsule, the layers are as follows, from outside to inside:
 * Parietal layer—A single layer of simple squamous epithelium. Does not function in filtration.
 * Bowman's space (or "urinary space", or "capsular space")—Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the filtration slits.
 * Visceral layer—Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries.
 * Filtration barrier—The filtration barrier is composed of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of the endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. The barrier permits the passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into the Bowman's space.  The barrier prevents the passage of large and/or negatively charged proteins (such as albumin).  The basal lamina of the filtration barrier is composed of three layers.  The first layer is the lamina rara externa, adjacent to the podocyte processes.  The second layer is the lamina rara interna, adjacent to the endothelial cells.  The final layer is the lamina densa which is a darker central zone of the basal lamina.  It consists of the meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin which act as a selective macromolecular filter.

Function
The process of filtration of the blood in the Bowman's capsule is ultrafiltration (or glomerular filtration), and the normal rate of filtration is 125 ml/min, equivalent to 80 times the daily blood volume. It is a major site for blood filtration (including glomerulus)

Any proteins under roughly 30 kilodaltons can pass freely through the membrane, although there is some extra hindrance for negatively charged molecules due to the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytes.

Any small molecules such as water, glucose, salt (NaCl), amino acids, and urea pass freely into Bowman's space, but cells, platelets and large proteins do not.

As a result, the filtrate leaving the Bowman's capsule is very similar to blood plasma (filtrate or glomerular filtrate is composed of blood plasma minus plasma protein i.e. it contains all the components of blood plasma except the proteins) in composition as it passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.

Clinical significance
Measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a diagnostic test of kidney function.

A decreased GFR may be a sign of kidney failure.

A number of diseases can result in various problems within the glomerulus. Examples include acute proliferative (endocapillary) glomerulonephritis, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis, acute crescentic glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

History
Bowman's capsule is named after Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), a British surgeon and anatomist. However, thorough microscopical anatomy of kidney including the nephronic capsule was first described by a Ukrainian surgeon and anatomist from the Russian Empire, Prof. Alexander Schumlansky (1748–1795), in his 1782 doctoral thesis "De structura renum" ("About Kidney Structure", in Latin); thus, much prior to Bowman.

Together with the glomerulus it is known as a renal corpuscle, or a Malpighian corpuscle, named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist. This name is not used widely anymore, probably to avoid confusion with Malpighian bodies of the spleen.

title: Bowman's capsule


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HIDS

HIDS may refer to:

 * Host-based intrusion detection system, in computing
 * Hyper-IgD syndrome, in medicine

title: HIDS


text:
Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG antibody has two paratopes.

Function
Antibodies are major components of humoral immunity. IgG is the main type of antibody found in blood and extracellular fluid, allowing it to control infection of body tissues. By binding many kinds of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, IgG protects the body from infection.

It does this through several mechanisms:
 * IgG-mediated binding of pathogens causes their immobilization and binding together via agglutination; IgG coating of pathogen surfaces (known as opsonization) allows their recognition and ingestion by phagocytic immune cells leading to the elimination of the pathogen itself;
 * IgG activates the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in pathogen elimination;
 * IgG also binds and neutralizes toxins;
 * IgG also plays an important role in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis, in which it binds to TRIM21 (the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the proteasome in the cytosol;
 * IgG is also associated with type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions.

IgG antibodies are generated following class switching and maturation of the antibody response, thus they participate predominantly in the secondary immune response.

IgG is secreted as a monomer that is small in size allowing it to easily diffuse into tissues. It is the only antibody isotype that has receptors to facilitate passage through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero. Along with IgA secreted in the breast milk, residual IgG absorbed through the placenta provides the neonate with humoral immunity before its own immune system develops. Colostrum contains a high percentage of IgG, especially bovine colostrum. In individuals with prior immunity to a pathogen, IgG appears about 24–48 hours after antigenic stimulation.

Therefore, in the first six months of life, the newborn has the same antibodies as the mother and the child can defend itself against all the pathogens that the mother encountered in her life (even if only through vaccination) until these antibodies are degraded. This repertoire of immunoglobulins is crucial for the newborns who are very sensitive to infections, especially within the respiratory and digestive systems.

IgG are also involved in the regulation of allergic reactions. According to Finkelman, there are two pathways of systemic anaphylaxis: antigens can cause systemic anaphylaxis in mice through classic pathway by cross-linking IgE bound to the mast cell receptor FcεRI, stimulating the release of both histamine and platelet activating factor (PAF). In the alternative pathway antigens form complexes with IgG, which then cross-link macrophage receptor FcγRIII and stimulates only PAF release.

IgG antibodies can prevent IgE mediated anaphylaxis by intercepting a specific antigen before it binds to mast cell–associated IgE. Consequently, IgG antibodies block systemic anaphylaxis induced by small quantities of antigen but can mediate systemic anaphylaxis induced by larger quantities.

Structure
IgG antibodies are large globular proteins made of four peptide chains; two identical γ (gamma) heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa. The resulting tetrameric quaternary structure, therefore, has a total molecular weight of about 150 kDa. The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by disulfide bonds. The resulting tetramer has two identical halves, which together form a Y-like shape. Each end of the fork contains an identical antigen binding site. The various regions and domains of a typical IgG are depicted in the figure "Anatomy of an IgG".

The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site at asparagine 297 in the constant region of the heavy chain. The N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated biantennary structures of the complex type. In addition, small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,6-linked sialic acid residues. The N-glycan composition in IgG has been linked to several autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases.

Subclasses
There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum (IgG1 being the most abundant).

Note: IgG affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells is specific to individual species from which the antibody comes as well as the class. The structure of the hinge regions (region 6 in the diagram) contributes to the unique biological properties of each of the four IgG classes. Even though there is about 95% similarity between their Fc regions, the structure of the hinge regions is relatively different.

Given the opposing properties of the IgG subclasses (fixing and failing to fix complement; binding and failing to bind FcR), and the fact that the immune response to most antigens includes a mix of all four subclasses, it has been difficult to understand how IgG subclasses can work together to provide protective immunity. In 2013, the Temporal Model of human IgE and IgG function was proposed. This model suggests that IgG3 (and IgE) appear early in a response. The IgG3, though of relatively low affinity, allows IgG-mediated defences to join IgM-mediated defences in clearing foreign antigens. Subsequently, higher affinity IgG1 and IgG2 are produced. The relative balance of these subclasses, in any immune complexes that form, helps determine the strength of the inflammatory processes that follow. Finally, if antigen persists, high affinity IgG4 is produced, which dampens down inflammation by helping to curtail FcR-mediated processes.

The relative ability of different IgG subclasses to fix complement may explain why some anti-donor antibody responses do harm a graft after organ transplantation.

In a mouse model of autoantibody mediated anemia using IgG isotype switch variants of an anti erythrocytes autoantibody, it was found that mouse IgG2a was superior to IgG1 in activating complement. Moreover, it was found that the IgG2a isotype was able to interact very efficiently with FcgammaR. As a result, 20 times higher doses of IgG1, in relationship to IgG2a autoantibodies, were required to induce autoantibody mediated pathology. Since mouse IgG1 and human IgG1 are not entirely similar in function, and the inference of human antibody function from mouse studies must be done with great care. However, both human and mouse antibodies have different abilities to fix complement and to bind to Fc receptors.

Role in diagnosis
The measurement of immunoglobulin G can be a diagnostic tool for certain conditions, such as autoimmune hepatitis, if indicated by certain symptoms. Clinically, measured IgG antibody levels are generally considered to be indicative of an individual's immune status to particular pathogens. A common example of this practice are titers drawn to demonstrate serologic immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), hepatitis B virus, and varicella (chickenpox), among others.

Testing of IgG is not indicated for diagnosis of allergy, and there is no evidence that it has any relationship to food intolerances.

title: Immunoglobulin G


text:
Glomerular filtration rate

Renal functions include maintaining an acid–base balance; regulating fluid balance; regulating sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.

The kidney has many functions, which a well-functioning kidney realizes by filtering blood in a process known as glomerular filtration. A major measure of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The glomerular filtration rate is the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. The creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine. Both GFR and CCr may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result (eGFR and eCCr) The results of these tests are used to assess the excretory function of the kidneys. Staging of chronic kidney disease is based on categories of GFR as well as albuminuria and cause of kidney disease.

Estimated GFR (eGFR) is now recommended by clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies for routine evaluation of GFR whereas measured GFR (mGFR) is recommended as a confirmatory test when more accurate assessment is required.

Definition
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram). In other words, the filtration rate is dependent on the difference between the higher blood pressure created by vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole versus the lower blood pressure created by lesser vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

GFR is equal to the renal clearance rate when any solute is freely filtered and is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood. Relating this principle to the below equation – for the substance used, the product of urine concentration and urine flow equals the mass of substance excreted during the time that urine has been collected. This mass equals the mass filtered at the glomerulus as nothing is added or removed in the nephron. Dividing this mass by the plasma concentration gives the volume of plasma which the mass must have originally come from, and thus the volume of plasma fluid that has entered Bowman's capsule within the aforementioned period of time. The GFR is typically recorded in units of volume per time, e.g., milliliters per minute (mL/min). Compare to filtration fraction.

 * $$GFR = \frac { \mbox{Urine Concentration} \times \mbox{Urine Flow} }{ \mbox{Plasma Concentration} }$$

There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). The above formula only applies for GFR calculation when it is equal to the Clearance Rate.

Creatinine
In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10–20%. This margin of error is acceptable, considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured. Unlike precise GFR measurements involving constant infusions of inulin, creatinine is already at a steady-state concentration in the blood, and so measuring creatinine clearance is much less cumbersome. However, creatinine estimates of GFR have their limitations. All of the estimating equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass which is quite variable. One of the equations, the Cockcroft and Gault equation (see below) does not correct for race. With a higher muscle mass, serum creatinine will be higher for any given rate of clearance.

Inulin
The GFR can be determined by injecting inulin or the inulin-analog sinistrin into the blood stream. Since both inulin and sinistrin are neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidney after glomerular filtration, their rate of excretion is directly proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular filter. Incomplete urine collection is an important source of error in inulin clearance measurement. Using inulin to measure kidney function is the "gold standard" for comparison with other means of estimating glomerular filtration rate. In 2018, the French pharmacovigilance agency withdrew inulin and sinistrin-based products from the market after some patients experienced hypersensitivity reactions including a fatal outcome. Consequently, the contrast agents Iohexol and Iothalamate have become more popular alternatives to determine GFR and are considered to show sufficient accuracy to determine GFR.

Radioactive tracers
GFR can be accurately measured using radioactive substances, in particular chromium-51 and technetium-99m. These come close to the ideal properties of inulin (undergoing only glomerular filtration) but can be measured more practically with only a few urine or blood samples. Measurement of renal or plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA is widely used in Europe but not available in the United States, where 99mTc-DTPA may be used instead. Renal and plasma clearance 51Cr-EDTA has been shown to be accurate in comparison with the gold standard, inulin. Use of 51Cr‑EDTA is considered a reference standard measure in UK guidance.

Cystatin C
Problems with creatinine (varying muscle mass, recent meat ingestion (much less dependent on the diet than urea), etc.) have led to evaluation of alternative agents for estimation of GFR. One of these is cystatin C, a ubiquitous protein secreted by most cells in the body (it is an inhibitor of cysteine protease).

Cystatin C is freely filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, Cystatin C is reabsorbed and catabolized by the tubular epithelial cells, with only small amounts excreted in the urine. Cystatin C levels are therefore measured not in the urine, but in the bloodstream.

Equations have been developed linking estimated GFR to serum cystatin C levels. Most recently, some proposed equations have combined (sex, age and race) adjusted cystatin C and creatinine. The most accurate is (sex, age and race) adjusted cystatin C, followed by (sex, age and race) adjusted creatinine and then cystatine C alone in slightly different with adjusted creatinine.

Calculation
INTEGRATION

More precisely, GFR is the fluid flow rate between the glomerular capillaries and the Bowman's capsule:

 * $$Q={\operatorname{d}V\over\operatorname{d}t} = K_f \times (P_G - P_B - \Pi_G + \Pi_B)$$

Where:
 * $$Q$$ is the GFR.
 * $$K_f$$ is called the filtration constant and is defined as the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the surface area of the glomerular capillaries.
 * $$P_G$$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
 * $$P_B$$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the Bowman's capsule.
 * $$\Pi_G$$ is the colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
 * and $$\Pi_B$$ is the colloid osmotic pressure within the Bowman's capsule.

$K_{f}$
Because this constant is a measurement of hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the capillary surface area, it is almost impossible to measure physically. However, it can be determined experimentally. Methods of determining the GFR are listed in the above and below sections and it is clear from our equation that $$K_f$$ can be found by dividing the experimental GFR by the net filtration pressure:

 * $$ K_f = \frac{\textrm{GFR}}{\text{Net Filt. Pressure}}=\frac{\textrm{GFR}}{(P_G - P_B - \Pi_G + \Pi_B)}$$

$P_{G}$
The hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries is determined by the pressure difference between the fluid entering immediately from the afferent arteriole and leaving through the efferent arteriole. The pressure difference is approximated by the product of the total resistance of the respective arteriole and the flux of blood through it:

 * $$P_a - P_G = R_a \times Q_a$$

 * $$P_G - P_e = R_e \times Q_e$$

Where:
 * $$P_a$$ is the afferent arteriole pressure.
 * $$P_G$$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
 * $$P_e$$ is the efferent arteriole pressure.
 * $$R_a$$ is the afferent arteriole resistance.
 * $$R_e$$ is the efferent arteriole resistance.
 * $$Q_a$$ is the afferent arteriole flux.
 * And, $$Q_e$$ is the efferent arteriole flux.

$P_{B}$
The pressure in the Bowman's capsule and proximal tubule can be determined by the difference between the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and the descending tubule:

 * $$ P_B - P_d = R_d \times (Q_a - Q_e)$$

Where:
 * $$P_d$$ is the pressure in the descending tubule.
 * And, $$R_d$$ is the resistance of the descending tubule.

$Π_{G}$
Blood plasma has a good many proteins in it and they exert an inward directed force called the osmotic pressure on the water in hypotonic solutions across a membrane, i.e., in the Bowman's capsule. Because plasma proteins are virtually incapable of escaping the glomerular capillaries, this oncotic pressure is defined, simply, by the ideal gas law:

 * $$ \Pi_G = RTc $$

Where:
 * R is the universal gas constant
 * T is the temperature.
 * And, c is concentration in mol/L of plasma proteins (remember the solutes can freely diffuse through the glomerular capsule).

$Π_{B}$
This value is almost always taken to be equal to zero because in a healthy nephron, there should be no proteins in the Bowman's capsule.

Filtration fraction
The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation:

$FF=GFR⁄RPF$ Normal human FF is 20%.
 * FF is the filtration fraction
 * GFR is the glomerular filtration rate
 * RPF is the renal plasma flow

Renal clearance
$C_{x}=(U_{x})V⁄P_{x}$
 * $C_{x}$ is the clearance of X (normally in units of mL/min).
 * $U_{x}$ is the urine concentration of X.
 * $P_{x}$ is the plasma concentration of X.
 * $V$ is the urine flow rate.

Estimation
In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10–20%. This margin of error is acceptable, considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured. Unlike precise GFR measurements involving constant infusions of inulin, creatinine is already at a steady-state concentration in the blood, and so measuring creatinine clearance is much less cumbersome. However, creatinine estimates of GFR have their limitations. All of the estimating equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass which is quite variable. One of the equations, the Cockcroft and Gault equation (see below) does not correct for race. With a higher muscle mass, serum creatinine will be higher for any given rate of clearance.

A common mistake made when just looking at serum creatinine is the failure to account for muscle mass. Hence, an older woman with a serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL may actually have a moderately severe chronic kidney disease, whereas a young muscular male can have a normal level of renal function at this serum creatinine level. Creatinine-based equations should be used with caution in cachectic patients and patients with cirrhosis. They often have very low muscle mass and a much lower creatinine excretion rate than predicted by the equations below, such that a cirrhotic patient with a serum creatinine of 0.9 mg/dL may have a moderately severe degree of chronic kidney disease.

Estimated GFR (eGFR) is now recommended by clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies for routine evaluation of GFR whereas measured GFR (mGFR) is recommended as a confirmatory test when more accurate assessment is required.

Creatinine clearance CCr
One method of determining GFR from creatinine is to collect urine (usually for 24 h) to determine the amount of creatinine that was removed from the blood over a given time interval. If one removes 1440 mg in 24 h, this is equivalent to removing 1 mg/min. If the blood concentration is 0.01 mg/mL (1 mg/dL), then one can say that 100 mL/min of blood is being "cleared" of creatinine, since, to get 1 mg of creatinine, 100 mL of blood containing 0.01 mg/mL would need to have been cleared.

Creatinine clearance (CCr) is calculated from the creatinine concentration in the collected urine sample (UCr), urine flow rate (Vdt), and the plasma concentration (PCr). Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine excretion rate, which is the rate of removal from the blood, creatinine clearance is calculated as removal rate per min (UCr×Vdt) divided by the plasma creatinine concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as

 * $$C_{Cr} = \frac { U_{Cr} \times \dot{V} }{ P_{Cr} }$$

Example: A person has a plasma creatinine concentration of 0.01 mg/mL and in 1 hour produces 60 mL of urine with a creatinine concentration of 1.25 mg/mL.
 * $$C_{Cr} = \frac \mathrm{1.25 mg/mL \times \frac{60mL}{60min}}\mathrm{0.01 mg/mL} = \frac \mathrm{ {1.25 mg/mL} \times {1 mL/min}}\mathrm{0.01 mg/mL} = \frac \mathrm{1.25 mg/min}\mathrm{0.01 mg/mL} = \mathrm{125 mL/min}$$

The common procedure involves undertaking a 24-hour urine collection, from empty-bladder one morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken. The urinary flow rate is still calculated per minute, hence:
 * $$C_{Cr} = \frac { U_{Cr} \ \times \ \text{24-hour volume} }\mathrm{P_{Cr} \ \times \ 24 \times 60 min}$$

To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the CCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as mL/min/1.73 m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 m2 (1.6 m2 to 1.9 m2), extremely obese or slim patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA.

 * $$C_\text{Cr-corrected} = \frac{{C_{Cr}} \ \times \ {BSA}} \mathrm{1.73}$$
 * BSA can be calculated on the basis of weight and height.

Twenty-four-hour urine collection to assess creatinine clearance is no longer widely performed, due to difficulty in assuring complete specimen collection. To assess the adequacy of a complete collection, one always calculates the amount of creatinine excreted over a 24-hour period. This amount varies with muscle mass and is higher in young people/old, and in men/women. An unexpectedly low or high 24-hour creatinine excretion rate voids the test. Nevertheless, in cases where estimates of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine are unreliable, creatinine clearance remains a useful test. These cases include "estimation of GFR in individuals with variation in dietary intake (vegetarian diet, creatine supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting), since these factors are not specifically taken into account in prediction equations."

A number of formulae have been devised to estimate GFR or Ccr values on the basis of serum creatinine levels. Where not otherwise stated serum creatinine is assumed to be stated in mg/dL, not μmol/L—divide by 88.4 to convert from μmol/Lto mg/dL.

Cockcroft–Gault formula
A commonly used surrogate marker for the estimation of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min: It is named after the scientists, the asthmologist Donald William Cockcroft (b. 1946) and the nephrologist Matthew Henry Gault (1925–2003), who first published the formula in 1976, and it employs serum creatinine measurements and a patient's weight to predict the creatinine clearance. The formula, as originally published, is:
 * $$eC_{Cr} = \frac { \mathrm{(140 - Age)} \ \times \ \text{Mass (in kilograms)} \ \times \ [\text{0.85 if Female}]} {\mathrm{72} \ \times \ [\text{Serum Creatinine (in mg/dL)}]}$$
 * This formula expects weight to be measured in kilograms and creatinine to be measured in mg/dL, as is standard in the US. The resulting value is multiplied by a constant of 0.85 if the patient is female. This formula is useful because the calculations are simple and can often be performed without the aid of a calculator.

When serum creatinine is measured in μmol/L:
 * $$eC_{Cr} = \frac { \mathrm{(140 - Age)} \ \times \ \text{Mass (in kilograms)} \ \times \ \text{Constant} } {[\text{Serum Creatinine (in } \mu \mathrm{mol/L)}]}$$
 * Where Constant is $1.23$ for men and $1.04$ for women.

One interesting feature of the Cockcroft and Gault equation is that it shows how dependent the estimation of CCr is based on age. The age term is (140 – age). This means that a 20-year-old person (140 – 20 = 120) will have twice the creatinine clearance as an 80-year-old (140 – 80 = 60) for the same level of serum creatinine. The C-G equation assumes that a woman will have a 15% lower creatinine clearance than a man at the same level of serum creatinine.

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula
Another formula for calculating the GFR is the one developed by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Most laboratories in Australia, and the United Kingdom now calculate and report the estimated GFR along with creatinine measurements and this forms the basis of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. The adoption of the automatic reporting of MDRD-eGFR has been widely criticised.

The most commonly used formula is the "4-variable MDRD", which estimates GFR using four variables: serum creatinine, age, ethnicity, and gender. The original MDRD used six variables with the additional variables being the blood urea nitrogen and albumin levels. The equations have been validated in patients with chronic kidney disease; however, both versions underestimate the GFR in healthy patients with GFRs over 60 mL/min. The equations have not been validated in acute renal failure.

For creatinine in μmol/L:
 * $$\text{eGFR} = \text{32788}\ \times \ [\text{Serum Creatinine}]^{-1.154} \ \times \ \text{Age}^{-0.203} \ \times \text{[1.212 if Black]} \ \times \text{[0.742 if Female]}$$

For creatinine in mg/dL:
 * $$\text{eGFR} = \text{186}\ \times \ [\text{Serum Creatinine}]^{-1.154} \ \times \ \text{Age}^{-0.203} \ \times \text{[1.212 if Black]} \ \times \text{[0.742 if Female]}$$
 * Creatinine levels in μmol/L can be converted to mg/dL by dividing them by 88.4. The 32788 number above is equal to 186×88.41.154.

A more elaborate version of the MDRD equation also includes serum albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels:
 * $$\text{eGFR} = \text{170}\ \times \ [\text{Serum Creatinine}]^{-0.999} \ \times \ \text{Age}^{-0.176} \ \times \text{[0.762 if Female]} \ \times \text{[1.180 if Black]} \ \times \ \text{BUN}^{-0.170} \ \times \ \text{Albumin}^{+0.318}$$
 * where the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations are both in mg/dL. The albumin concentration is in g/dL.

These MDRD equations are to be used only if the laboratory has NOT calibrated its serum creatinine measurements to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). When IDMS-calibrated serum creatinine is used (which is about 6% lower), the above equations should be multiplied by 175/186 or by 0.94086.

Since these formulae do not adjust for body size, results are given in units of mL/min per 1.73 m2, 1.73 m2 being the estimated body surface area of an adult with a mass of 63 kg and a height of 1.7 m.

CKD-EPI formula
The CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) formula was published in May 2009. It was developed in an effort to create a formula more accurate than the MDRD formula, especially when actual GFR is greater than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. This is the formula currently recommended by NICE in the UK.

Researchers pooled data from multiple studies to develop and validate this new equation. They used 10 studies that included 8254 participants, randomly using 2/3 of the data sets for development and the other 1/3 for internal validation. Sixteen additional studies, which included 3896 participants, were used for external validation.

The CKD-EPI equation performed better than the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study) equation, especially at higher GFR, with less bias and greater accuracy. When looking at NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data, the median estimated GFR was 94.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 vs. 85.0 mL/min per 1.73 m2, and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 11.5% versus 13.1%. Despite its overall superiority to the MDRD equation, the CKD-EPI equations performed poorly in certain populations, including black women, the elderly and the obese, and was less popular among clinicians than the MDRD estimate.

The CKD-EPI equation is:

 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 141\ \times \ \mathrm{\min(SCr/k,1)}^{a} \ \times \ \mathrm{\max(SCr/k,1)}^{-1.209} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ \times \text{[1.018 if Female]} \ \times \text{[1.159 if Black]} \ $$

where SCr is serum creatinine (mg/dL), k is 0.7 for females and 0.9 for males, a is −0.329 for females and −0.411 for males, min indicates the minimum of SCr/k or 1, and max indicates the maximum of SCr/k or 1.

As separate equations for different populations: For creatinine (IDMS calibrated) in mg/dL:
 * Male, not black
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.9
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 141\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.9)}^{-0.411} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.9
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 141\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.9)}^{-1.209} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$

 * Female, not black
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.7
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 144\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.7)}^{-0.329} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.7
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 144\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.7)}^{-1.209} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$

 * Black male
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.9
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 163\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.9)}^{-0.411} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.9
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 163\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.9)}^{-1.209} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$

 * Black female
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.7
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 166\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.7)}^{-0.329} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$
 * If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.7
 * $$\mathrm{eGFR} = 166\ \times \ \mathrm{(SCr/0.7)}^{-1.209} \ \times \ 0.993^\text{Age} \ $$

This formula was developed by Levey et al.

The formula CKD-EPI may provide improved cardiovascular risk prediction over the MDRD Study formula in a middle-age population.

Mayo Quadratic formula
Another estimation tool to calculate GFR is the Mayo Quadratic formula. This formula was developed by Rule et al., in an attempt to better estimate GFR in patients with preserved kidney function. It is well recognized that the MDRD formula tends to underestimate GFR in patients with preserved kidney function. Studies in 2008 found that the Mayo Clinic Quadratic Equation compared moderately well with radionuclide GFR, but had inferior bias and accuracy than the MDRD equation in a clinical setting.

The equation is:
 * $$\text{eGFR} = \text{exp}{(1.911+ 5.249/[\text{Serum Creatinine}] - 2.114/[\text{Serum Creatinine}]^2 - 0.00686 \ \times \ \text{Age} - \text{[0.205 if Female]})}$$

If Serum Creatinine < 0.8 mg/dL, use 0.8 mg/dL for Serum Creatinine.

Schwartz formula
In children, the Schwartz formula is used. This employs the serum creatinine (mg/dL), the child's height (cm) and a constant to estimate the glomerular filtration rate:
 * $$\text{eGFR} = \frac{ {k} \times \text{Height} }\text{Serum Creatinine}$$
 * Where k is a constant that depends on muscle mass, which itself varies with a child's age:
 * In first year of life, for pre-term babies k=0.33 and for full-term infants k=0.45
 * For infants and children of age 1 to 12 years, k=0.55.

The method of selection of the constant k has been questioned as being dependent upon the gold-standard of renal function used (i.e. inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, etc.) and also may be dependent upon the urinary flow rate at the time of measurement.

In 2009 the formula was updated to use standardized serum creatinine (recommend k=0.413) and additional formulas that allow improved precision were derived if serum cystatin C is measured in addition to serum creatinine.

IDMS standardization effort
One problem with any creatinine-based equation for GFR is that the methods used to assay creatinine in the blood differ widely in their susceptibility to non-specific chromogens, which cause the creatinine value to be overestimated. In particular, the MDRD equation was derived using serum creatinine measurements that had this problem. The NKDEP program in the United States has attempted to solve this problem by trying to get all laboratories to calibrate their measures of creatinine to a "gold standard", which in this case is isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In late 2009 not all labs in the U.S. had changed over to the new system. There are two forms of the MDRD equation that are available, depending on whether or not creatinine was measured by an IDMS-calibrated assay. The CKD-EPI equation is designed to be used with IDMS-calibrated serum creatinine values only.

Normal ranges
The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90–120 ml/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 mL/min/1.73 m2 until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by 0.4–1.2 mL/min per year.

Decreased GFR
A decreased renal function can be caused by many types of kidney disease. Upon presentation of decreased renal function, it is recommended to perform a history and physical examination, as well as performing a renal ultrasound and a urinalysis. The most relevant items in the history are medications, edema, nocturia, gross hematuria, family history of kidney disease, diabetes and polyuria. The most important items in a physical examination are signs of vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, diabetes, endocarditis and hypertension.

A urinalysis is helpful even when not showing any pathology, as this finding suggests an extrarenal etiology. Proteinuria and/or urinary sediment usually indicates the presence of glomerular disease. Hematuria may be caused by glomerular disease or by a disease along the urinary tract.

The most relevant assessments in a renal ultrasound are renal sizes, echogenicity and any signs of hydronephrosis. Renal enlargement usually indicates diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis or myeloma. Renal atrophy suggests longstanding chronic renal disease.

Chronic kidney disease stages
Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, ethnic group and smoking. For most patients, a GFR over 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention. The sooner kidney dysfunction is diagnosed and treated the greater odds of preserving remaining nephrons, and preventing the need for dialysis.

The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria):
 * 0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and no proteinuria
 * 1) CKD1 – GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 with evidence of kidney damage
 * 2) CKD2 (mild) – GFR of 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2 with evidence of kidney damage
 * 3) CKD3 (moderate) – GFR of 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2
 * 4) CKD4 (severe) – GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2
 * 5) CKD5 kidney failure – GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 Some people add CKD5D for those stage 5 patients requiring dialysis; many patients in CKD5 are not yet on dialysis.

Note: others add a "T" to patients who have had a transplant regardless of stage.

Not all clinicians agree with the above classification, suggesting that it may mislabel patients with mildly reduced kidney function, especially the elderly, as having a disease. A conference was held in 2009 regarding these controversies by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) on CKD: Definition, Classification and Prognosis, gathering data on CKD prognosis to refine the definition and staging of CKD.

Removal of race from eGFR Calculations
In 2017, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center dropped the Black race coefficient in their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) report, resulting in a steady increase in the percentage of Black patients listed before starting dialysis. Hoenig et al said on the topic "Race is a social construct that cannot be measured, can be used imprecisely and may contribute to disparities in kidney transplant access for Black patients."

In 2020, Vyas et al published an article in The New England Journal of Medicine criticizing the use of race in eGFR calculations which resulted in higher reported eGFR values for black-identifying patients. They noted that "The algorithm developers justified these outcomes with evidence of higher average serum creatinine concentrations among black people than among white people. Explanations that have been given for this finding include the notion that black people release more creatinine into their blood at baseline, in part because they are reportedly more muscular. Analyses have cast doubt on this claim, but the "race-corrected" eGFR remains the standard." They concluded saying "As long as uncertainty persists about the cause of racial differences in serum creatinine levels, we should favor practices that may alleviate health inequities over those that may exacerbate them."

In July 2022 the OPTN Board eliminated race-based calculations for transplant candidate listing across all transplant hospitals in the US.

Online calculators

 * Online GFR Calculator
 * Schwartz formula for estimating pediatric renal function
 * Creatinine clearance calculator (Cockcroft–Gault Equation) by MDCalc
 * MDRD GFR Equation
 * GFR calculator using Cystatin C

Reference links

 * National Kidney Disease Education Program website. Includes professional references and GFR calculators
 * eGFR at Lab Tests Online

title: Glomerular filtration rate