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Paul Carrack

Paul Melvyn Carrack (born 22 April 1951) is an English singer, musician, songwriter and composer who has recorded as both a solo artist and as a member of several popular bands. The BBC dubbed Carrack "The Man with the Golden Voice", while Record Collector remarked: "If vocal talent equalled financial success, Paul Carrack would be a bigger name than legends such as Phil Collins or Elton John."

Carrack rose to prominence in the mid-1970s as the frontman and principal songwriter of rock band Ace, and gained further recognition for his work as a solo artist and for his tenures as a member of Squeeze and Roger Waters' backing band, the Bleeding Heart Band, intermittently handling lead vocals on Squeeze and Waters recordings. From the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, he enjoyed considerable success as the co-lead vocalist (with Sad Café's Paul Young) and a songwriter for Mike + The Mechanics; following Young's death in 2000, Carrack served as the band's sole lead vocalist until his departure in 2004.

Carrack sang some of his affiliated bands' best-known hits, including Ace's "How Long" (1975); Squeeze's "Tempted" (1981); and Mike + The Mechanics' "Silent Running (On Dangerous Ground)" (1985), "The Living Years" (1988) and "Over My Shoulder" (1995). He also performed lead vocals on tracks from the Roger Waters albums Radio K.A.O.S. (1987) and The Wall – Live in Berlin (1990). He has released nineteen solo albums and achieved a major hit of his own with "Don't Shed a Tear" (1988). Carrack's songs have been recorded by artists such as Linda Ronstadt, Eagles, Diana Ross, Tom Jones, Michael McDonald and Jools Holland, and he has served as a session and/or touring musician for Roxy Music, Elton John, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr, B.B. King, the Pretenders, the Smiths and Madness.

1970s: Warm Dust, Ace and Roxy Music
Carrack's recording career began with the jazz-rock band Warm Dust, which released three studio albums of original material between 1970 and 1972. Carrack served as the band's keyboardist and occasionally played other instruments. The band's lead vocalist was Les Walker.

After Warm Dust broke up, Carrack and Warm Dust bassist Terry "Tex" Comer helped found the pub rock band Ace. The band's debut single, "How Long", was written and sung by Carrack and was a 1975 hit in both the UK and the United States. The track was Ace's only hit record and in 1977 the group disbanded. Carrack then worked as a backing musician for Frankie Miller and as a keyboardist for Roxy Music.

1980s: working solo and as a session musician
Carrack's debut solo studio album, 1980's Nightbird, was not a commercial success.

In 1981, Glenn Tilbrook recruited Carrack to join Squeeze as a replacement for long-time keyboardist Jools Holland. This new Squeeze line-up achieved international success with the studio album East Side Story, with Carrack as vocalist on the song "Tempted", their biggest US hit at the time. However, by 1982, Carrack had left the band and was replaced by keyboardist Don Snow.

Beginning in late 1981, Carrack joined Nick Lowe in a band that featured Lowe, Carrack, Martin Belmont on guitar, James Eller on bass guitar and Bobby Irwin on drums. This band, referred to as Noise to Go, existed to back both Carrack on his solo recordings, and Lowe on his, similar to the arrangement Lowe had with Dave Edmunds and Rockpile in the late 1970s. Noise to Go also backed Lowe's wife Carlene Carter on her 1981 studio album Blue Nun.

After Carrack's 1982 solo studio album Suburban Voodoo, Eller left Noise to Go, and Lowe took over bass guitar duties within the band. The band was rechristened Nick Lowe and His Cowboy Outfit, and recorded two studio albums from 1983 to 1985, with Lowe as lead vocalist. The band also backed John Hiatt on side two of Hiatt's 1983 studio album Riding with the King.

During this era, Carrack also worked as a session musician for the Smiths and the Pretenders.

Nick Lowe and His Cowboy Outfit broke up in 1985, and Carrack was contacted by Mike Rutherford of Genesis who asked him to join Rutherford's new side project, Mike + The Mechanics. Initially, Carrack and Paul Young alternated as lead vocalists for the band. Carrack sang lead on their 1985 hit "Silent Running (On Dangerous Ground)". This led to further mainstream popularity and acclaim, with Phil Collins describing Carrack as an "incredible voice" who "could sing the telephone directory".

In 1986, Carrack became a member of Roger Waters' newly formed backing band, the Bleeding Heart Band, recording tracks for the soundtrack of the animated film When the Wind Blows. The following year, Waters (still accompanied by Carrack and the Bleeding Hearts) released a solo studio album, Radio K.A.O.S. and toured the US and Europe. Carrack often filled in as an unofficial support act on the tour, usually playing "Tempted" to warm up the crowd.

Building on the success of Mike + The Mechanics, Carrack was able to reestablish his solo career in 1987 with the hit studio album One Good Reason, and the accompanying hit single "Don't Shed a Tear", which reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. From this point forward, Carrack consistently maintained both a solo career and a career in Mike + The Mechanics. This band recorded and toured irregularly due to Rutherford's commitments with Genesis.

In 1989, Mike + The Mechanics had a UK number two and US number one hit with "The Living Years", on which Carrack again sang lead. Also in 1989, Carrack recorded "Romance", a duet with Terri Nunn from the Los Angeles-based synth-pop band Berlin. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Sing, starring Peter Dobson and Lorraine Bracco.

1990s: solo and collaborations
In the 1990s Carrack's solo career went into abeyance for a few years, although he maintained a career as a session musician. He also continued working with Mike + The Mechanics, who recorded throughout the decade. During this time Carrack played keyboards in the band and also began to co-compose, with Rutherford, some of the band's songs.

In 1990, Carrack rejoined Roger Waters for the ground-breaking live stage show of The Wall – Live in Berlin in front of a crowd of 250,000. He sang "Hey You" and was one of the performers on "The Tide Is Turning" with Waters, Joni Mitchell, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams and Van Morrison.

In 1991, Carrack sang the fourth verse on Paul Young's cover version of the Crowded House hit "Don't Dream It's Over", released on Young's compilation album From Time to Time – The Singles Collection.

In 1993, Carrack joined with bassist Tony Levin, drummer Steve Ferrone, guitarist Phil Palmer and keyboardist and producer Rupert Hine to form a band known as Spin 1ne 2wo. They released one album, a self-titled project, made up of classic rock covers including songs by Jimi Hendrix, the Who, Led Zeppelin, Blind Faith, Steely Dan and Bob Dylan. He dueted with Beth Nielsen Chapman on "In the Time It Takes".

Also in 1993, Squeeze had Carrack return for their tenth studio album Some Fantastic Place and a subsequent tour. With Carrack on vocals, the band re-recorded their hit "Tempted" for the soundtrack to the movie Reality Bites (1994). Carrack once again left Squeeze, however, after about a year.

Following his second stint with Squeeze, Carrack joined forces with Timothy B. Schmit and Don Felder of the Eagles for an ambitious, but ultimately unrealised, recording project. Schmit and Felder soon reunited with the rest of the Eagles and their Hell Freezes Over live album/studio album, bringing with them one of the songs Carrack had co-written, "Love Will Keep Us Alive." It was recorded by the Eagles and won an ASCAP award as being the most-played song in the US in 1995. The same year, Mike + The Mechanics scored yet another top 20 hit, "Over My Shoulder". It not only featured Carrack on lead vocals, but was the first Mechanics hit to be co-written by him.

In 1996, Carrack resumed his solo career with the studio album Blue Views. Carrack also contributed Hammond organ parts to four songs on Ezio's 2000 studio album Higher.

2000–present
Carrack maintains an active solo career, as well as his career as a session musician and songwriter, touring solo in 2002, mostly opening for bands such as Supertramp. He also served as the sole lead vocalist for Mike + The Mechanics following the death of Paul Young in 2000. In 2003 Carrack toured with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band performing his hit songs including "How Long?", "Tempted" and "The Living Years". In 2004, Carrack left the Mechanics following the release of Rewired, their only studio album with Carrack as sole lead vocalist. After a lull in Carrack's career, in 2007 the Eagles covered Carrack's "I Don't Want to Hear Anymore" on their long-awaited reunion album Long Road Out of Eden. The album went to number one in the US, UK, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries.

In September 2004, Carrack joined with other notable artists for The Strat Pack concert at Wembley, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Fender Stratocaster. Carrack delivered vocal performances on "How Long?", Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower", the Beatles' "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", and Genesis's "I Can't Dance". In May 2009, Carrack embarked on a tour of Germany, supported by Canadian artist Brendan Croskerry. In 2010, Carrack released the studio album A Different Hat, with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, arranged by David Cullen. Two years later in 2012, Carrack returned with the soul-inspired studio album Good Feeling.

In 2012, Carrack was the subject of an hour-long BBC Four television documentary Paul Carrack: The Man with the Golden Voice. In the same year, Carrack was one of the recipients of the BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of his unique contribution to music.

In February 2013, Carrack helped to kick off Eric Clapton's 50th anniversary tour, "Old Sock", celebrating the 50th year that Clapton had been a professional musician. Carrack sang lead vocals on "Tempted", "How Long", and closed the show with "High Time We Went".

He also in 2013, took part in the BBC Four programme Please Please Me: Remaking a Classic to celebrate 50 years since the Beatles debut studio album, where he recorded his own version of "Misery".

In May 2015, Carrack helped Clapton celebrate his 70th birthday with a concert held at Madison Square Garden on 1 and 3 May, along with the other members of Clapton's band. The birthday celebration continued later in May at the Royal Albert Hall in the UK. In 2019, Carrack played Hammond organ and sang on Clapton's Live in Concert 2019 world tour, playing their first-ever concert in Dresden, Germany as part of the Dresden Music Festival.

On 19 February 2021, a new single "You're Not Alone" was released across all digital platforms via Carrack's own independent label Carrack-UK. It was also announced that a new studio album, One on One, would be issued in June 2021. After Carrack contracted shingles in the spring, delaying the album's completion, the release date was pushed back to September 17.

Session work
Carrack's distinctive voice and keyboard skills have kept him in demand as a session musician on many projects. Some of his credits include:
 * Synthesizer, organ, and piano on Roxy Music's studio albums Manifesto (1979), Flesh + Blood (1980), and Avalon (1982)
 * Piano on the Pretenders studio album Learning to Crawl (1983)
 * Keyboards on the Smiths' eponymous debut studio album, The Smiths (1984)
 * Lead vocals on Roger Waters' Radio K.A.O.S. (1987); keyboards and vocals on its subsequent tour
 * Organ on Elton John's Made in England (1995) and The Big Picture (1997)
 * Organ and vocals on B.B. King's studio album Deuces Wild (1997)
 * Keyboards on Simply Red's studio album Blue (1998)
 * Touring with Ringo Starr's All-Starr Band (2003)

In 1997, Carrack played organ for Elton John on the single "Something About the Way You Look Tonight". It was coupled with "Candle in the Wind 1997" on a double A-sided single, which set a new record for best selling single of all time.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Nightbird (1980)
 * Suburban Voodoo (1982)
 * One Good Reason (1987)
 * Groove Approved (1989)
 * Blue Views (1995)
 * Beautiful World (1997)
 * Satisfy My Soul (2000)
 * Groovin' (2001)
 * It Ain't Over (2003)
 * Winter Wonderland (a.k.a. A Soulful Christmas) (2005)
 * Old, New, Borrowed and Blue (2007)
 * I Know That Name (2008)
 * A Different Hat (2010)
 * Good Feeling (2012)
 * Rain or Shine (2013)
 * Soul Shadows (2016)
 * These Days (2018)
 * One on One (2021)
 * Don't Wait too Long (2023)

title: Paul Carrack


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Cergy-le-Haut station

Cergy-le-Haut station is a railway station in Cergy, a western Paris suburb that serves trains on the RER A line of the Réseau Express Régional network and Line L line of the Transilien network.

The station was built in 1994 and is located underground in a shallow cut and cover tunnel. When first built, the station was located in an area of open fields, now built upon and is part of the network of stations serving the ville nouvelle of Cergy-Pontoise. It was part of a large project to develop the area and smart Parisian style buildings have been built next to the station around a plaza situated above the tracks. Cergy-le-Haut is not yet fully developed so fields are next to the station and next to seven-storey high apartment buildings.

During rush hours it is served by RER A trains every ten minutes and by Transilien Line L every ten minutes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cergy-le-Haut station


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Cergy-Préfecture station

Cergy-Préfecture station is a railway station in Cergy, France. The station was opened on March 31, 1979 and receives trains from Paris-Saint-Lazare as well as the RER A.

The station is underground and has two platforms. The entire area above and around the station is built up and the département council has its offices next to the station (hence the station's name). The station is at the heart of a transport interchange at level -1 with the bus station at ground level. Level 1 is a large concrete slab plaza with shops and living apartments.

Cergy–Préfecture only has two platforms, with the platform situated between both tracks. Walls at platform level were painted with graffiti with messages of peace to discourage vandals. The general ambiance of the station is rather dark, but secure but CCTV monitoring the interchange.

Rail services link Cergy to Cergy-le-Haut and the Western Paris suburbs. Buses serve the ville nouvelle and particularly Pontoise and the rest of Val-d'Oise département.

title: Cergy-Préfecture station


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Mississippi Territory

The Territory of Mississippi was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that was created under an organic act signed into law by President John Adams on April 7, 1798. It was dissolved on December 10, 1817, when the western half of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Mississippi. The eastern half was redesignated as the Alabama Territory; it was admitted to the Union as the State of Alabama on December 14, 1819. The Chattahoochee River played a significant role in the definition of the territory's borders. The population increased in the early 1800s from settlement, with cotton being an important cash crop.

History
The United States and Spain disputed these lands east of the Mississippi River until Spain relinquished its claim with the Treaty of Madrid, initially signed in 1795 by the two countries' representatives. The Mississippi Territory was organized in 1798 from these lands, in an area extending from 31° N latitude to 32°28' North — or approximately the southern half of the present states of Alabama and Mississippi.

The state of Georgia had maintained a claim over almost the entire area of the present states of Alabama and Mississippi (from 31° N to 35° N), until it surrendered its claim in 1802 following the Yazoo land scandal. In 1804, Congress extended the boundaries of the Mississippi Territory to include all of the Georgia cession.

Beginning about 1808 the legislature of the Mississippi Territory held its official meetings in one of the houses owned by Charles DeFrance of the Natchez District. The DeFrance house, also known as Assembly Hall, was located in Washington, Mississippi, about 10 miles from the city of Natchez.

In 1812, the United States annexed the Mobile District of West Florida, between the Perdido River and the Pearl River. The US declared that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase (1803). But Spain disputed this and maintained its own claim over the area.

The following year, a Federal statute was secretly enacted authorizing the President to take full possession of this area with the use of military force ("and naval force") as deemed necessary. Accordingly, General James Wilkinson occupied this district with a military contingent; the Spanish colonial commandant offered no resistance. This annexation extended the Mississippi Territory south to the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern border being the boundary of the state of Tennessee, taking in all of what is now Alabama and Mississippi.

Federal statutes enacted on March 1 and 3, 1817, provided a plan for the division of the Mississippi Territory into the state of Mississippi in the west and the Alabama Territory in the east (with St. Stephens, on the Tombigbee River, as the temporary seat of the Alabama territorial government). On December 10, 1817, the division was finalized when the western portion was admitted to the Union as Mississippi, the 20th state.

Borders
The final boundary between Georgia and Mississippi Territory was defined to follow the Chattahoochee River north from the border with Spanish Florida. However, the Chattahoochee's upper course veers northeast, deep into Georgia. So the boundary was defined to follow the river until it turned northeast, and from that point to follow a straight line north to the 35th parallel (whose role in state borders dates back to the split of North and South Carolina in 1730). The line was not run straight north but rather angled to meet the northern border of the territory one-third of the way west, leaving the other two-thirds for two future states, Alabama and Mississippi (their angled boundary stopped at the Tennessee River).

Congress delineated the boundary between Mississippi and Alabama by dividing the territory into approximately equal-sized parts, similar in size to Georgia. The agriculturally productive lands were divided by a straight line running south from the northwest corner of Washington County (as it was defined at the time) to the Gulf of Mexico. The border north of this point was angled westward in order to keep Mississippi and Alabama roughly equal in size. At its northern end, this angled border follows a short section of the Tennessee River. Congress chose this boundary because if the straight line had been run all the way to the Tennessee border Mississippi would have jurisdiction over a small piece of hilly land cut off from the rest of the state by the wide Tennessee River.

Settlement
The attraction of vast amounts of high quality, inexpensive cotton land attracted hordes of settlers, mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas, and from tobacco areas of Virginia and North Carolina at a time when growing tobacco barely made a profit. From 1798 through 1820, the population soared from less than 9,000 to more than 22,000. Migration came in two fairly distinct waves – a steady movement until the outbreak of the War of 1812, and a flood afterward from 1815 through 1819. The postwar flood was caused by various factors, including high prices for cotton, the elimination of Indian titles to much of the land, new and improved roads, and the acquisition of new direct outlets to the Gulf of Mexico. The first migrants were traders and trappers, then herdsmen, and finally planters. The uplands in the Southwest frontier developed a relatively democratic society.

In the 1810 United States census, 11 counties in the Mississippi Territory (8 in Mississippi and 3 in Alabama) reported the following population counts (after only 3 reported the following counts in the 1800 United States census):

Cotton
After 1800, the development of a cotton economy in the South changed the economic relationship of native Indians with whites and slaves in Mississippi Territory. As Native Americans ceded their lands to whites, they became more isolated from whites and blacks. A great wave of public sales of former Indian land plus white migration (with slaves) into Mississippi Territory guaranteed the dominance of the developing cotton agriculture.

Government
President John Adams appointed Winthrop Sargent as the first governor of the Mississippi Territory, effective from May 1798 to May 1801. William C. C. Claiborne (1775–1817), a lawyer and former Democratic-Republican Congressman from Tennessee (1797–1801), was governor and superintendent of Indian affairs in the Mississippi Territory from 1801 through 1803. Although he favored acquiring some land from the Choctaw and Chickasaw, Claiborne was generally sympathetic and conciliatory toward the Indians. He worked long and patiently to iron out differences that arose, and to improve the material well-being of the Indians. He was also partly successful in promoting the establishment of law and order, as when his offering of a two thousand dollar reward helped destroy a gang of outlaws headed by Samuel Mason (1750–1803). His position on issues indicated a national rather than regional outlook, though he did not ignore his constituents. Claiborne expressed the philosophy of the Republican Party and helped that party defeat the Federalists. When a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Spring of 1802, Claiborne's actions resulted in the first recorded mass vaccination in the territory and saved Natchez from the disease.

George Mathews, a former governor of Georgia, was appointed the governorship, though the appointment was revoked before he took office. The third governor was Robert Williams, serving from May 1805 to March 1809.

David Holmes was the last governor of the Mississippi Territory, 1809–17. Holmes was generally successful in dealing with a variety of matters, including expansion, land policy, Indians, the War of 1812, and the constitutional convention of 1817 (of which he was elected president). Often concerned with problems regarding West Florida, he had a major role in 1810 in negotiations which led to the peaceful occupation of part of that territory. McCain (1967) concludes that Holmes' success was not based on brilliance, but upon kindness, unselfishness, persuasiveness, courage, honesty, diplomacy, and intelligence.

The eastern half of the Mississippi Territory was labeled the Tombigbee District and later Washington County. Ignored by the territorial government, the inhabitants were beset by hostile neighbors, militant Indians, and the usual frontier problems of competing land claims and establishment of law. Solutions to these difficulties came slowly, and were not completely resolved when the territory gained statehood as the U.S. state of Alabama in 1819.

Law
English common law dominated the development of the judicial system in the Mississippi Territory. The citizenry considered the laws imposed by Winthrop Sargent, the territory's governor, as repressive and unconstitutional. 'Sargent's Code,' however unpopular, established the first court system for the territory and served as the precedent for later revisions. The area was in a dire need of competent judges at the end of the 18th century, at a time when the governor and three judges were supposed to write law to govern the new territory. In 1798, Sargent wrote to Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, that this was his "great source of uneasiness"; he was anxiously awaiting the arrival of a new judge, William McGuire—but McGuire, who did not get to the territory in the fall of 1799, went back to his home in Virginia after only a couple of weeks. The two other judges were Judge Tilton, a man who had never practiced law and may have studied law only for a year (he left after an early disagreement with the governor, returning later for a brief spell), and Judge Bruin, a merchant of whom Sargent said he was "a worthy and sensible man [but] beyond doubt deficient". "Aside from his innocence of legal knowledge, [he] was so often drunk or absent or both" (and had to resign to avoid impeachment), according to the reviewer of a 1954 study by William Baskerville Hamilton on Thomas Rodney, the federal judge who arrived in the territory in 1803 and helped organize it until his death in 1811.

An 1802 judiciary act considerably simplified the court system. Several judicial reorganization acts followed in 1805, 1809, and 1814, though a modified form of Sargent's county court system and the considerable power held by judges continued. While the credentials of the members of the first territorial court were questionable, the quality of judges in later courts steadily grew.

Religion
While the Roman Catholic Church, planted during the French and Spanish colonial periods, was active along the coast, after 1799 more American Protestants entered the territory, bringing their religious varieties with them. Free thought, skepticism, deism, or indifference to religion were characteristic of the wealthy planters and land speculators, as newcomers were far more interested in seeking riches in this world than in the next. As the number of American migrants increased, Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians formed the three leading denominations in the territory. Protestant ministers won converts, often promoted education, and had some influence in improving the treatment of slaves.

War of 1812
The people of the Mississippi Territory favored war with Britain in 1812. By 1810, belief in the national policy of economic coercion was waning in what was then called the Southwest, while desire for unrestricted trade and a vindication of national honor was rising, intermingled with desire for Spanish Florida. However, problems of land claims, Indians, internal improvements, and statehood issues continued to excite more local interest than the coming of war. Most saw no conflict between war issues and local interests; in fact, some foresaw war as a way of resolving certain local problems.

Following a successful attack on a white expedition at the Battle of Burnt Corn, the Red Sticks, a hostile faction of the Creeks, determined to attack and destroy Fort Mims in the eastern part Mississippi Territory (modern Alabama). Poor scouting, an attack at noon when most of the garrison was eating, seizure of the portholes by the Indians, and inability to close the main gates were all elements in the defeat on August 30, 1813. Of the 275 to 300 whites and multiracial people in Fort Mims at the time of the attack, between 20 and 40 escaped; therefore, about 235 to 260 whites and friendly Indians were killed in the battle. Creek losses were at least 100 killed.

The massacre had significant short- and long-range effects. It triggered a major Indian war that involved a substantial build-up of American military force in the area – which probably prevented the British from occupying an undefended Gulf coast in 1814. More importantly, relations between Americans and the southern Indians changed drastically. The Creeks, who had been living peacefully and in close contact with the settlers of the Mississippi Territory, lost more than half their land, and within twenty years were forced to move west of the Mississippi River.

Brigadier General Ferdinand L. Claiborne, commander of the Mississippi militia, was not to blame for the massacre, but Major Daniel Beasley was guilty of gross negligence. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on March 27, 1814, American forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, killing most of the warriors and sending the rest fleeing to Florida, where they joined the Seminole tribe.

title: Mississippi Territory


text:
Ocean University of China

The Ocean University of China is a public university in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

While offering studies in various branches of natural and social sciences alongside engineering, the university is especially renowned for its marine sciences and fishery sciences departments.

History
Shortly after China recovered sovereignty over Shandong, the university was set up in 1924 as the Private Qingdao University (私立青岛大学). This new higher education institute was located at the site of the former German Bismarck Barracks and was mostly financed by wealthy donors. Success was only short-lived though, as the Republic of China was ravaged by internal strife that had a disrupting effect on the university too. Under the warlord Zhang Zongchang, it became a part of Shandong University. Zhang was defeated shortly thereafter in August 1928, and operations of Shandong University were shut down for a time. In 1930 it was reopened as Qingdao division of Shandong University (国立山东大学(青岛)), and included two colleges, one for literature and one for science. The following years, programs were expanded, and in 1936 the number of students had reached 411. With the Japanese threat of occupation lurking, the university staff and students moved to Sichuan in 1937, where they transferred to other schools.

After the end of the Second World War, the university continued to function as the Qingdao branch of Shandong University. The number of colleges grew to five, and by 1951 the number of students had reached 2.366. Later in the decade, a number of courses in medical sciences and hospitals were removed from the university and set up in the Qingdao Medical School (that would later form a constituent of Qingdao University).

The biggest reshuffling of academic subjects started in 1959, when the maritime science departments of different universities, including Fudan University and Xiamen University were moved to Qingdao. The university was removed from the supervision of Shandong University and placed directly unter the Ministry of Education to form the Shandong College of Oceanology (山东海洋学院). It was one of the National Key Universities that were named in October 1960 and as enjoyed a high level of support and funding. In January 1988 it was renamed the Ocean University of Qingdao (青岛海洋大学). Deng Xiaoping wrote the name of the university in his own calligraphic style to mark the occasion. In October 2002, it was renamed the Ocean University of China.

Location

The first campus of Haida is the site of former German Bismarck Barracks which is known as Yushan Campus (鱼山校区). It is situated on a hill with a view of the sea in the previous German Concession part of Shinan District. Featuring German-style architecture built in the early 1920s, it is especially renowned for its beauty. The surrounding area is a popular tourist destination that includes several churches and Zhan Qiao pier.

Fushan campus is located adjacent to Qingdao University and is by far the smallest constituent part, since most departments moved to the newest campus in Laoshan District that was opened in the fall of 2006. Taken together, the university covers a combined area of more than 733,000 m2, and has a floor space of 230,000 m2.

Structure
In 1994, the university was placed under the dual leadership of the State Education Commission and the People's Government of Shandong Province. It was admitted to the 211 Project in June 1997 and is also one of the 39 universities that make up the 985 Project.

Colleges

 * College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography
 * College of Information Science and Engineering
 * College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
 * College of Marine Geo-sciences
 * College of Fisheries
 * College of Marine Life Science
 * College of Food Science and Engineering
 * School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics
 * College of Engineering
 * College of Environmental Science and Engineering
 * College of Management
 * College of Economics
 * College of Foreign Languages
 * College of Liberal Arts, Journalism and Communication
 * School of Law and Political Science
 * College of Mathematical Sciences
 * School of Materials Science and Engineering
 * College of International Education
 * Teaching Center for Fundamental Courses

Programs
The Ocean University of China was one of the first universities authorized by the State Council's Academic Degree Committee to confer doctoral, master and bachelor's degrees. It is also authorized to confer all academic titles including professors and Ph.D. supervisors. Currently, the university offers 69 undergraduate programs administered within 22 colleges and departments. 13 first level and 80 second level doctoral programs as well as 34 first level and 192 second level master programs are offered. In addition, the university provides 12 post-doctoral research stations.

Ocean University of China boasts two national key disciplines (including ten sub-disciplines) and 20 provincial key disciplines. Seven key research labs affiliated with the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, nine key research labs affiliated with Shandong Province, and four key research labs affiliated with Qingdao Municipality have been set up in the university. In addition, the university has three engineering research centers affiliated with Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and two engineering research centers affiliated to Shandong Province. The Qingdao Marine Science and Technology National Laboratory, headed by OUC, with an estimated total investment of one billion Chinese yuan, is currently under construction. The university has also set up a national base for training talents to be engaged in basic research and teaching in the fields of oceanology and marine chemistry.

The university has approximately 39.500 enrolled students, more than 8500 of whom are doctoral and master students and about 900 are foreign students. The university has a staff of around 2.800 people, with more than half of them being professors or lecturers. Many of them are specialists or scholars well-known both at home and abroad. Among them are three academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, five academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and more than 250 Ph.D. supervisors. 105 professors enjoy special subsidies from the State Council while 9 professors have been recognized as having made great contributions to the state at a young age (国家级有突出贡献的中青年专家). Wang Meng, a famous modern Chinese writer, is a professor at OUC, and also an Honorary Dean of the College of Literature, Journalism and Communication.

Facilities and research
Under the university's self-understanding, its objectives are to increase reform in education and teaching, continue to focus on its specialties and to meet the need of social and economic development. The school guideline of "Unity, Diligence, Practicality and Creativity" strives to cultivate a unique educational style and school discipline.

The university has a 3500-ton marine vessel, the Dongfanghong 2 (Red East, 东方红2号). It is 96 meters long and 15 meters wide and is considered one of the most advanced research vessels in China. The ship is both used in comprehensive and systematic research in multi-disciplines including hydrology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geophysics as well as for fieldwork done by students at sea.

The facilities of Haida include dozens of laboratories, an Audio-Visual Education Center, a Computer Center and an Analyzing and Testing Center. The school library has a collection of over 1.9 million books, 1.1 million E-books and more than 30.000 Chinese and foreign journals and periodicals. The Journal of Ocean University China is a regular publication of the university that features both natural science and social science editions. The campus computer network has over 3.000 user-terminals that are connected with CERNET.

Almost all of the scientific work and publication in marine sciences in China has been done by faculty members of Haida. Practical solutions for the development of sea trade in the province is also assisted by the university, such as in the constructions of port sites in Rizhao and Dongying. The university has set up 27 research institutions, among which the Marine Development Studies Centre, the Qingdao National Research Center for Marine Science and the UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology are among the most prolific. Apart from a large number of facilities that specialize in fields connected to marine science, some also conduct research into the humanities, such as the German Studies Center.

International cooperation
The university has established cooperative and exchange relationship with over 140 universities and research institutions in more than 20 foreign countries or regions. Out of those, 105 institutions have also signed cooperation agreements with OUC. International conferences on Marine Science and other subjects are held at a regular pace. Joint education with other universities has led to several joint education programs, including the Sino-German Initiative in Marine Sciences Master.

The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management (SARCCM) has a multidisciplinary focus, working in coastal management research. It is located at the UNSW Canberra at ADFA, a campus of the University of New South Wales located in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory.

Rankings
In 2022, ARWU ranked the university 301-400th in the world and 50-71st nationally in China.

title: Ocean University of China


text:
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (महाराष्ट्र प्रदूषण नियंत्रण मंडळ) (established 7 September 1970) implements a range of environmental legislation in the state of Maharashtra, India. The MPCB functions under the administrative control of Environment Department of the Government of Maharashtra.

Responsibilities and Functions of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
It is mainly responsible for:
 * Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
 * Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,
 * Water (Cess) Act, 1977
 * Some of the provisions under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules framed under this like:
 * Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 2016,
 * Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 2016,
 * Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2016 etc.

It was established under the provisions of Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969.

Some of the important functions of MPCB are;

 * To plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution and secure executions thereof,
 * To collect and disseminate information relating to pollution and the prevention, control or abatement thereof,
 * To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities, and air pollution control systems and to review plans, specification or any other data relating to the treatment plants, disposal systems and air pollution control systems in connection with the consent granted,
 * Supporting and encouraging the developments in the fields of pollution control, waste recycle reuse, eco-friendly practices etc.
 * To educate and guide the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting appropriate pollution control technologies and techniques
 * Creation of public awareness about the clean and healthy environment and attending the public complaints regarding pollution.

Criticism
During a hearing of a PIL on the Panchganga river pollution, the court find that successive state governments had not appointed members for the board since its establishment on 7 September 1970. The appointment of board members is obligatory as stipulated in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. There is no data available whether the government has ever appointed members other than the secretary-level officers.

title: Maharashtra Pollution Control Board


text:
Earth battery

An earth battery is a pair of electrodes made of two dissimilar metals, such as iron and copper, which are buried in the soil or immersed in the sea. Earth batteries act as water-activated batteries. If the plates are sufficiently far apart, they can tap telluric currents. Earth batteries are sometimes referred to as telluric power sources and telluric generators.

History
One of the earliest examples of an earth battery was built by Alexander Bain in 1841 in order to drive a prime mover—a device that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. Bain buried plates of zinc and copper in the ground about one meter apart and used the resulting voltage, of about one volt, to operate a clock. Carl Friedrich Gauss, who had researched Earth's magnetic field, and Carl August von Steinheil, who built one of the first electric clocks and developed the idea of an "Earth return" (or "ground return"), had previously investigated such devices.

Daniel Drawbaugh received for an Earth battery for electric clocks (with several improvements in the art of Earth batteries). Another early patent was obtained by Emil Jahr Method of utilizing electrical Earth currents). In 1875, James C. Bryan received  for his Earth Battery. In 1885, George Dieckmann, received US patent  for his Electric Earth battery. In 1898, Nathan Stubblefield received  for his electrolytic coil battery, which was a combination of an earth battery and a solenoid. (For more information see US patents, , , , , ,  and .) The Earth battery, in general, generated power for early telegraph transmissions and formed part of a tuned circuit that amplified the signalling voltage over long distances.

Operation and use
The simplest earth batteries consist of conductive plates from different metals of the electropotential series, buried in the ground so that the soil acts as the electrolyte in a voltaic cell. As such, the device acts as a primary cell. When operated only as electrolytic devices, the devices were not continuously reliable, owing to drought condition. These devices were used by early experimenters as energy sources for telegraphy. However, in the process of installing long telegraph wires, engineers discovered that there were electrical potential differences between most pairs of telegraph stations, resulting from natural electrical currents (called telluric currents ) flowing through the ground. Some early experimenters did recognize that these currents were, in fact, partly responsible for extending the earth batteries' high outputs and long lifetimes. Later, experimenters would utilize these currents alone and, in these systems, the plates became polarized.

It had been long known that continuous electric currents flowed through the solid and liquid portions of the Earth, and the collection of current from an electrically conductive medium in the absence of electrochemical changes (and in the absence of a thermoelectric junction) was established by Lord Kelvin. Lord Kelvin's "sea battery" was not a chemical battery. Lord Kelvin observed that such variables as placement of the electrodes in the magnetic field and the direction of the medium's flow affected the current output of his device. Such variables do not affect battery operation. When metal plates are immersed in a liquid medium, energy can be obtained and generated, including (but not limited to) methods known via magneto-hydrodynamic generators. In the various experiments by Lord Kelvin, metal plates were symmetrically perpendicular to the direction of the medium's flow and were carefully placed with respect to a magnetic field, which differentially deflected electrons from the flowing stream. The electrodes can be asymmetrically oriented with respect to the source of energy, though.

To obtain the natural electricity, experimenters would thrust two metal plates into the ground at a certain distance from each other in the direction of a magnetic meridian, or astronomical meridian. The stronger currents flow from south to north. This phenomenon possesses a considerable uniformity of current strength and voltage. As the Earth currents flow from south to north, electrodes are positioned, beginning in the south and ending in the north, to increase the voltage at as large a distance as possible. In many early implementations, the cost was prohibitive because of an over-reliance on extreme spacing between electrodes.

It has been found that all the common metals behave relatively similarly. The two spaced electrodes, having a load in an external circuit connected between them, are disposed in an electrical medium, and energy is imparted to the medium in such manner that "free electrons" in the medium are excited. The free electrons then flow into one electrode to a greater degree than in the other electrode, thereby causing electric current to flow in the external circuit through the load. The current flows from that plate whose position in the electropotential series is near the negative end (such as palladium). The current produced is highest when the two metals are most widely separated from each other in the electropotential series, and when the material nearer the positive end is to the north, while that at the negative end is towards the south. The plates, one copper and another iron or carbon, are connected above ground by means of a wire with as little resistance as possible. In such an arrangement, the electrodes are not appreciably chemically corroded, even when they are in earth saturated with water, and are connected together by a wire for a long time.

It had been found that to strengthen the current, it was most advantageous to drive the northerly electropositive electrode deeper into the medium than the southerly electrode. The greatest currents and voltages were obtained when the difference in depth was such that a line joining the two electrodes was in the direction of the magnetic dip, or magnetic inclination. When the previous methods were combined, the current was tapped and utilized in any well-known manner.

In some cases, a pair of plates with differing electrical properties, and with suitable protective coatings, were buried below the ground. A protective or other coating covered each entire plate. A copper plate could be coated with powdered coke, a processed carbonaceous material. To a zinc plate, a layer of felt could be applied. To use the natural electricity, earth batteries fed electromagnets, the load, that were part of a motor mechanism.

General information

 * Park Benjamin and Melvin L. Severy, The Voltaic Cell: Its Construction and Its Capacity. Wiley, 1893. 562 pages. pp. 317–319.
 * George Milton Hopkins, Experimental Science: Elementary, Practical and Experimental Physics. Munn & Co., 1902. pp. 437–451.
 * Frederick Collier Bakewell, Electric science, its history, phenomena and applications. 1853. pp. 182–184.
 * James Napier, A manual of electro-metallurgy. 1876. pp. 48–49.
 * William Edward Armytage Axon, The Mechanic's Friend. Trübner, 1875. 339 pages. pp. 303–304.
 * Adolph A. Fesquet, Oliver Byrne, and John Percy, The Practical Metal-worker's Assistant. H.C. Baird & Co., 1878. 683 pages. pp. 529–530.
 * Eugenii Katz, "Alexander Bain". The history of electrochemistry, electricity and electronics; Biosensors & Bioelectronics.
 * Vassilatos, Gerry, "An Introduction to the Mysteries of Ground Radio".
 * Burns, R. W., "Alexander Bain, a most ingenious and meritorious inventor". Engineering Science and Education Journal, Volume 2, Issue 2, Apr 1993. pp. 85–93. ISSN 0963-7346
 * R. J. Edwards G4FGQ, Measurement of Soil Resistivity & Calculation of Earth Electrode Resistance . 15 February 1998
 * The Gentleman's magazine. (1731). London: [s.n.]. p. 587.
 * Spencer W. Richardson, "The Flow of Electricity through Dielectrics". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 92, No. 635 (Nov. 1, 1915), pp. 101–107.
 * John Patterson Abernethy, The Modern Service of Commercial and Railway Telegraphy. 1887. 423 pages. p. 72.
 * William Dwight, Whitney Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. p. 1405.
 * Thomas Dixon Lockwood, Electricity, Magnetism, and Electric Telegraphy. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1883. 375 pages. p. 42.
 * Edwin James Houston, A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases. P.F. Collier & Son, 1903. p. 756.
 * Henry Minchin, Student's Text-book of Electricity. Lockwood, 1867. 519 pages. pp. 477–485. (Alternative copy)
 * Vassilatos, G. (2000). Lost science. Kempton, Ill: Adventures Unlimited.
 * "Telluric Currents: The Natural Environment and Interactions with Man-made Systems". The Earth's Electrical Environment (1986), Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications.
 * Prescott, G. B. (1860). History, theory, and practice of the electric telegram. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 468 pages.
 * Prescott, G. B. (1860). History, theory, and practice of the electric telegram. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 468 pages.

Patents

 * A. Bain, " Copying surfaces by electricity".
 * A. Bain, " Improvements in electric telegraphs".
 * W. P. Piggot, " Telegraph cable".
 * W. D. Snow, " Earth-batteries for generating electricity".
 * J. Cerpaux, " Electric piles".
 * Daniel Drawbaugh, " Earth battery for electric clocks".
 * M. Emme, " Ground generator of electricity".
 * M. Emme, " Storage Battery".
 * Jahr, Emil, "  Method of utilizing electrical earth currents".
 * Bryan, James C., " Improvements in lightning rods".
 * Bryan, James C., " Earth Battery". February 23, 1875.
 * Bryan, James C., " Improvements in lightning rods".
 * James M. Dices, " Immersion type battery".
 * Dieckmann, George F., " Electric Earth Battery". November 3, 1885.
 * Stubblefield, Nathan, " Electric battery". May 8, 1898.
 * William T. Clark, " Method and apparatus for generating electricity".
 * Ryeczek, " Earth battery". July 3, 1984.

title: Earth battery


text:
1970 in India

The events in India during 1970

Union Government

 * President of India – V. V. Giri
 * Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi
 * Vice President of India – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 * Chief Justice of India – Mohammad Hidayatullah (until 16 December), Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah (starting 17 December)

States: Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Khandubhai Kasanji Desai
 * Assam – Braj Kumar Nehru
 * Bihar – Nityanand Kanungo
 * Gujarat – Shriman Narayan
 * Haryana – Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
 * Jammu and Kashmir – Bhagwan Sahay
 * Karnataka – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 * Kerala – V. Viswanathan
 * Madhya Pradesh – K. Chengalaraya Reddy
 * Maharashtra – P V Cherian
 * Meghalaya – Braj Kumar Nehru
 * Nagaland – B.K. Nehru
 * Odisha – Shaukatullah Shah Ansari
 * Punjab – Dadappa Chintappa Pavate
 * Rajasthan – Sardar Hukam Singh
 * Tamil Nadu – Sardar Ujjal Singh
 * Uttar Pradesh – Bezawada Gopala Reddy
 * West Bengal – Shanti Swaroop Dhavan

Events

 * National income - ₹468,169 million
 * 21 January - A state transport bus was torched by Communist Party of India (Marxist) workers at Chavassery, Kannur district killing four passengers.
 * 4 March – New Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation formed in the state of Maharashtra.
 * 17 March - Sainbari political killings by Communists in West Bengal.
 * 7 September – Maharashtra Pollution Control Board is established under the provisions of Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969.
 * 17 September - 1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election in which Communist Party of India and Indian National Congress contested as a United Front against a Communist Party of India (Marxist) led coalition were held.
 * 31 October - Mangalore Mail crashes into a stationary Cochin Mail at 8:10 p.m. (IST) at the Perambur station, Chennai, killing 16 and injuring 108.
 * Bajaj Auto rolls out its 100,000th vehicle.

January to June

 * 29 January – Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, politician and Olympic medalist[[File:Rajyavardhan Rathore with the school children - TEDxShekhavati 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|184x184px|[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]]]
 * 21 February – Karunas, comedian-actor.
 * 21 March – Shobana, actress and dancer.
 * 16 April – Mukesh Kumar, field hockey player.
 * 26 April – Saranya Ponvannan, actress.
 * 18 May – Rekha Josephine, actress.
 * 1 June – R. Madhavan, actor.
 * 18 June – Arvind Swamy, actor.
 * 19 June – Rahul Gandhi, Indian politician and leader of the Indian National Congress.Rahul Gandhi (portrait crop).jpg]]

July to December

 * 9 July – Neil Nongkynrih, pianist and conductor (d. 2022)
 * 19 July – P. Amudha, IAS officer
 * 21 July – Siddhartha Mukherjee, biologist
 * 22 July – Devendra Fadnavis, Politician, 18th chief minister of Maharashtra.
 * 6 August – M. Night Shyamalan, Indian American writer -director.
 * 16 August
 * Saif Ali Khan, actor.Saif Ali Khan snapped at Imperial Hotel, New Delhi 05.jpg]]
 * Manisha Koirala, actress.

 * 15 September – Ramya Krishnan, actress.
 * 29 September – Khushbu Sundar, actress and politician.
 * 10 October – Ali, actor.
 * 17 October – Anil Kumble, cricketer.Former Indian cricketer Anil Kumble.jpg]]
 * 17 October – Aadukalam Naren, actor.
 * 27 November – Thirumal Valavan, field hockey player.
 * 12 December – Cheran, director and actor.
 * 20 December – Sohail Khan, actor, producer and director.
 * 25 December – Rajesh Singh Adhikari, Indian military officer. (d. 1999)
 * 28 December – Sajid Khan, actor.

Deaths

 * 24 June – Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, last ruling Maharaja of Jaipur (b. 1911).
 * 24 July – Peter de Noronha, businessman, philanthropist and civil servant (b. 1897).
 * 21 November – C. V. Raman, physicist, awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1888).Sir CV Raman.JPG]]
 * 24 July – Peter de Noronha, businessman, philanthropist and civil servant (b. 1897).
 * 21 November – C. V. Raman, physicist, awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1888).Sir CV Raman.JPG]]

title: 1970 in India


text:
Poissy station

Poissy station (French: Gare de Poissy) is a rail station in Poissy, France, at the western edge of Paris.

Location
The station is at kilometric point 25.835 of Paris–Le Havre railway.

History
The station was inaugurated on 9 May 1843, then rebuilt in the 1870s. The building was dismantled in 1987 to make room for the current station. From 29 May 1989, the station has been a terminus of one of the three western branches of RER A.

Train service
Poissy is served by RER A trains running on branch A5. It is its terminus. Service frequency is three trains an hour at off-peak time, six trains an hour during peak hours and two trains an hour at evenings. Journey time to La Défense is around 20 minutes, and around 30 minutes to Châtelet–Les Halles.

The station is also served by Transilien line J. Service frequency is two trains an hour at off-peak time and at evenings, and two or three trains an hour during peak hours. Journey time to Paris Saint-Lazare is around 20 minutes.

Connections
The station is served by the following bus lines :
 * Courriers de Seine-et-Oise lines 1, 2, 4, 6P, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 20, 24, 25, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 and 98
 * Hourtoule line 4
 * Rive Droite bus network line 7
 * Autocars Tourneux lines 3, 22 and 26
 * Transport du Val de Seine line 3
 * Établissement Transdev de Conflans line 5
 * Établissement Transdev d'Ecquevilly lines 14 and 311
 * Établissement Transdev de Montesson Les Rabaux lines 8 and 16
 * Transbeauce line 88
 * Noctilien line 151

title: Poissy station


text:
Miss Victory

Miss Victory is an American superheroine who first appeared in Captain Fearless #1 (Aug. 1941), published by Frank Z. Temerson's Helnit Publishing Co. Ceasing to be published after 1946, she was revived and updated in 1984 as a central character in the Femforce comic-book series published by A.C. Comics.

Fall 1941 was a boom period for patriotic superheroes as the country prepared to enter World War II; during this period, comic book publishers also launched Captain America, Miss America, the Star-Spangled Kid, U.S. Jones, the Fighting Yank, the Flag, Captain Flag and Yank and Doodle, among others.

Publication history
Introduced during the period fans and historians term the Golden Age of Comic Books, the original Miss Victory was created in Captain Fearless #1 (Aug. 1941) in an untitled, five-page story generally indexed with its opening words, "Introducing Miss Victory", probably written by Alberta Tews and drawn by Charles Quinlan. She went on to appear in the second and final issue of Captain Fearless. Contrary to some sources, she did not appear in Helnit's first issue of Captain Aero, but after Holyoke Publishing took over the series from Helnit her second story was reprinted in vol. 1 #12 (#6 on cover) and in new stories beginning with the following issue, vol 2 #1 (#7 on cover).

Given no formal origin story, it was left unexplained as to how Miss Victory was able to survive explosions, break free of ropes, or knock down walls, but is clear that in her introduction she had superhuman strength and durability.

According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, "her opponents range from ordinary criminals to Germans to pretend talking apes to Japanese Yellow Peril femmes fatale".

She remained as star of a backup feature in the sporadically published Captain Aero Comics as the title returned to Temerson's control in 1943. In 1944, the strip was drawn by Nina Albright, who redesigned her costume in issue #17 (Oct 1944) to increase the character's sex appeal, trading in the blouse for a halter top.

The character last appeared in Captain Aero Comics' final issue, #26 (Aug. 1946).

In 1984, the character was revived by writer Bill Black and penciler Mark Heike in AC Comics' Femforce Special #1 (Fall 1984).

Fictional character biography
Miss Victory was secretly stenographer Joan Wayne, whose work in a Government department, coupled with her desire to help the war effort, led her to don the patriotic guise of Miss Victory: a tight-fitting, red-white-and-blue costume with a plunging neckline and a V emblem across her chest.

The 1984-revival version also possesses superhuman strength, as well as the ability to fly over short distances. Her true identity is Dr. Joan Wayne, a research scientist in the United States Department of Defense, who in the 1940s developed the "V-47 formula" to increase the strength/stamina of allied troops. The formula, however, only worked on Joan herself, and she became a superheroine. The formula also prevented her from aging, so that the Miss Victory of today is still a young, attractive woman.

Miss Victory received an overdose of the related but faulty V-45 formula from the Black Commando which affected her personality, transforming her into the villainous Rad. Eventually, the V-45 formula was removed from her system and she returned to Femforce. In the mid 1990s, Wayne temporarily resigned her leadership of Femforce, and was replaced by her grown daughter Jennifer, the only other person on whom the V-47 formula would work. Jennifer was referred to as the second Miss Victory. After Joan returned to the Miss Victory role, Jennifer eventually took V-45 and became the second Rad. Jennifer (as Rad) is not really a villain, but more of an anti-hero. In addition to her daughter, Miss Victory's family consists of husband, fellow hero Captain Paragon and a cloned son of the couple created by an enemy.

title: Miss Victory


text:
User:Dmmaus

Australian, living in Sydney.

Articles related to me on Wikipedia
The following articles about me and my work were created by other users. I have never edited, endorsed, or encouraged the creation or retention of these articles. I will not edit them, participate in discussion on nominations for deletion, or encourage anyone to support their inclusion in Wikipedia.
 * David Morgan-Mar ["deleted", but actually ended up sitting Draft:David Morgan-Mar pending someone actually finding sufficient sources -Ed.]
 * Irregular Webcomic! (deleted)
 * Chef programming language
 * HQ9+ (deleted)
 * Ook! programming language [deleted, but see esoteric programming languages -Ed.]
 * Piet programming language
 * Whenever (deleted)
 * GURPS Bio-Tech

Interest areas
A short, highly non-inclusive list. I'm interested in most things. Articles in bold are ones by me featured as Did you know? articles.

Australia

 * Created: Image:KentiaPalms_LordHoweIsland.jpg Image:LordHoweIslandFromKimsLookout.jpg Maban Image:StanleyTasmania.jpg Image:TheNut_StanleyTasmania.jpg Statutory declaration Image:Twisties_snackfood.jpg Victoria Barracks, Sydney
 * Significant contributions: Australus Column 8 Leyland Brothers Patrice Newell Tim Tam Twisties
 * Australian English
 * Significant contribution: List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin
 * History of Australia
 * Created: Image:PortArthurConvictChurch.jpg
 * Music of Australia
 * Created: Jenny Morris

Children's Literature

 * Asterix
 * Harry Potter
 * Significant contributions: Harry Potter in translation series (subarticles)
 * Significant contribution: Coloring book Tintin

Computers

 * Esoteric Programming Languages

Food

 * Created: Cabanossi Leftovers Peel (fruit)
 * Chocolate
 * Ice cream
 * Pizza

Games

 * Board Games
 * Card games
 * Magic: The Gathering
 * Netrunner
 * Created: Cheapass Games
 * Created: Renfield (card game)
 * Game design
 * Major contribution: Game mechanic
 * German-style board games
 * Puerto Rico
 * Role-Playing Games
 * GURPS
 * Transhuman Space
 * Significant contributions: Toon Pyramid (magazine)

Italy

 * Created: Image:BuranoHouses.jpg
 * Italian language

Photography

 * Photos Uploaded: Image:Leavenworth_Washington.jpg Image:Seattle_Japanese_Garden.jpg

Popular culture

 * Created: Bop City
 * Futurama
 * Star Wars
 * Unusual articles

Science

 * Astronomy
 * Created: Anglo-Australian Observatory Australia Telescope Compact Array Australia Telescope National Facility
 * Biology
 * Created: Christmas beetle Coprolite Flame tree Image:Meiolania_platyceps.jpg Image:SootyTernLordHoweIsland.jpg
 * Significant contribution: Adipocere Meiolania
 * Mathematics
 * Algebraic structures
 * Physics
 * Created: Quantum number
 * Significant contributions: Empirical formula Lyman series

Sport

 * Baseball
 * Significant contribution: Cricket
 * Articles created: Andy Flower Appeal (cricket) Arm ball Arthur Carr Ball of the Century Bangladeshi cricket team Batting (cricket) Bert Oldfield Bill Woodfull Bob Wyatt Bombay Quadrangular Bouncer Boundary (cricket) Bye Category:Cricket Category:Cricket administration Category:Cricket grounds Category:Cricket teams Cricket Australia Cricket statistics Dead ball (cricket) Douglas Jardine English cricket team Fast bowling Finger spin Four (cricket) Full toss History of cricket ICC Intercontinental Cup Inswinger Krishnamachari Srikkanth Leg break Leg bye Leg cutter Leg side Leg theory Line and length List of cricket commentators List of cricket topics Lord's Cricket Ground Major League Cricket Match referee New Zealand Cricket No ball Off break Off cutter Off side Off theory Outswinger Over (cricket) Palwankar Baloo Pakistani cricket team Pro Cricket Seam bowling Short form cricket Six (cricket) South African cricket team Spin bowling Swing bowling Sydney Cricket Ground West Indian cricket team Wide (cricket) Wrist spin Zimbabwe Cricket Union Zimbabwean cricket team
 * Images created: Image:3rd Test Oldfield.jpg Image:3rd Test Oldfield2.jpg Image:4th Test Fingleton.jpg Image:CricketSCG1.jpg Image:CricketSCG2.jpg Image:CricketBaseballBasic.svg Image:CricketBaseballFields.svg Image:CricketBattingAverageHistogram.gif Image:CricketBattingStrikeRateHistogram.gif Image:MajorLeagueCricketLogo.png
 * Significant contributions: Barmy Army Batting average Bodyline Border-Gavaskar Trophy Bowling (cricket) Comparison between cricket and baseball Cricket ball Cricket pitch Cricket terminology Cricket World Cup Delivery (cricket) Extra (cricket) Fielding positions in cricket Flipper (cricket) Hat-trick Henry Olonga Innings Leg before wicket Robert Harris, 4th Baron Harris Sri Lankan cricket team Steve Bucknor Strike rate Test cricket Test cricket records The result in cricket Yorker

Toys

 * LEGO

Tasks to do

 * Translate Palio del golfo, to handle redlink in La Spezia

Work in progress

 * User:Dmmaus/temp
 * User:Dmmaus/sandbox/Bop_City

title: User:Dmmaus


text:
GNU Sharutils

GNU Sharutils is a set of utilities to handle shell archives. The GNU shar utility produces a single file out of many files and prepares them for transmission by electronic mail services, for example by converting binary files into plain ASCII text.

A shell archive is a collection of files that can be unpacked by the Bourne shell. A wide range of features provide extensive flexibility in manufacturing shar archives and in specifying shar smartness. For example, shar may compress files, uuencode binary files, split long files and construct multi-part mailings, ensure correct unsharing order, and provide md5sum or byte count verification.

GNU unshar scans a set of mail messages looking for the start of shell archives. It will automatically strip off the mail headers and other introductory text. The archive bodies are then unpacked by a copy of the shell. unshar may also process files containing concatenated shell archives.

title: GNU Sharutils


text:
The Folk Implosion

The Folk Implosion is an American band founded in the early 1990s by Lou Barlow and John Davis. It was initially a side-project started by Barlow to explore different territory than that which was being canvassed with his primary band at the time, Sebadoh. The name is a play on the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. The band was on hiatus from 2004 to 2020.

History
Following the release of Sebadoh's Bubble and Scrape in 1993, Barlow received a tape from Davis, songwriter and librarian, that kicked off their collaboration as a songwriting team and studio recording project. The Folk Implosion released Walk Through This World with the Folk Implosion on cassette in 1993 on the Communion Label and as a 7-inch EP in 1994 on Drunken Fish.

The band's status was relatively obscure before Larry Clark's film Kids, and its soundtrack, most of which contained original compositions by Barlow and Davis. Both Sebadoh and Folk Implosion contributed to the soundtrack, with the track "Daddy Never Understood" attributed to Deluxx Folk Implosion. Deluxx Folk Implosion included Barlow, Davis, and members of the band Deluxx, Bob Fay and Mark Peretta. The introduction of Fay and Peretta to the band allowed the Folk Implosion to realize its songs live.

"Natural One", one of the Folk Implosion songs from the Kids soundtrack, became a hit single. It peaked at no. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, no. 4 on the Billboard Modern Rock Charts and no. 20 on the Mainstream Rock Charts. The track peaked at no. 45 in the UK Singles Chart. The video for "Natural One" was included in MTV's Buzz Bin.

In 1995, the band contributed the song "Indierockinstrumental" to Red Hot + Bothered, a benefit album for people with AIDS, produced by the Red Hot Organization.

In 1996, the band covered the song "I'm Just a Bill" from Schoolhouse Rock! for the tribute album Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks as "Deluxx Folk Implosion".

Though the band attempted to duplicate the success of "Natural One", their subsequent releases were not as successful. Dare to Be Surprised was released by Communion in 1997 and received 6/10 when reviewed in SPIN Magazine. The group had started work on the album in 1995 before "Natural One" was released. After the success of the Kids Soundtrack, Folk Implosion signed to Interscope Records and recorded the 1999 studio album One Part Lullaby. The lead single "Free to Go" peaked moderately in both the US and UK. While the album was well reviewed, Barlow and Davis chose not to tour for the album and the project in its original incarnation slowed to an end.

After Davis left the band in 2000, Barlow recruited Russ Pollard and Imaad Wasif from the band Alaska! to record The New Folk Implosion. In 2002, the band appeared as the backing musicians for the main character played by Alessandro Nivola in the film Laurel Canyon.

John Davis returned to teaching and began to release music again as a solo artist in 2013.

In 2021, the band begun recording new material, and played a small acoustic set live. They also released an expanded edition of the Walk Through This World EP on Bandcamp on September 11, 2021. The following year, the band released the "Feel It If You Feel It" single, followed by the It Just Goes With EP in March 2023, and it was their first new material in nearly 20 years. A few months later, Folk Implosion released Music for Kids. It consisted of the band's contributions to the Kids soundtrack in addition to other songs recorded during the same era.

Albums

 * Take a Look Inside (Communion Label, 1994)
 * Dare to Be Surprised (Communion Label, 1997)
 * One Part Lullaby (Interscope, 1999)
 * The New Folk Implosion (Domino, 2003)
 * Walk Thru Me (Joyful Noise, 2024)

Singles and EPs

 * Walk Through This World with the Folk Implosion cassette (Chocolate Monk, 1993)
 * Walk Through This World with the Folk Implosion EP (Drunken Fish, 1994)
 * "Electric Idiot" (Ubik, 1995)
 * "Natural One" (London, 1995) [#29 US, #4 US Modern Rock, #45 UK]
 * "Palm of My Hand" (Communion Label, 1996)
 * "Pole Position" (Communion Label, 1997)
 * "Insinuation" (Communion Label, 1997)
 * "Free to Go" (Domino, 2000) [#90 UK]
 * "Leaving it Up to Me" (Domino, 2002)
 * "Brand of Skin" (Domino, 2003)
 * "Pearl" (Domino, 2003)
 * "Feel It If You Feel It" (2022)
 * It Just Goes With EP (Joyful Noise Recordings, 2023)

Compilations

 * The Folk Implosion (EP) (Communion Label, 1996)
 * Music for Kids (Domino, 2023)

Other appearances

 * "Kingdom of Lies," a song on the A Life Less Ordinary Soundtrack (1997)

title: The Folk Implosion


text:
Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Comments
Why use Hong Kong, China instead of Hong Kong? :O --Yacht 09:14, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's their official name in the organization, because the PRC wants to emphasize that HK is part of China. That's how theyre listed on the apec website. --Jiang 13:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, i c. but that sounds redundant anyway... ;) --Yacht 13:43, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Yacht, many places in the world are happy to have the name of their country abbreviated in some way, but this does not seem to be true of anything "China". For instance, I live in Australia, and I am happy for it to be known that way. Technically it is the "Commonwealth of Australia", and that is how it appears on all official documents. I would even suggest that in the official namelist of APEC it is "Commonwealth of Australia", even if it doesn't say so on their web page. Recently I changed "Brunei Darussalem" to just "Brunei" to save some space, and Jiang reverted my change. I think he is basing his mods on this page.

Jiang, in english we capitalize acronyms, so that would be "the APEC website", not "the apec website". - Gaz 14:36, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * In internet forums, we sometimes often capitalization out of laziness. Please understand that.

 * As I explained elsewhere, the official name used is relevant and important. Part of the agreement in 1991 to allow the Chinese into apec was to have one China be known as the "People's Republic of China" and the other as "Chinese Taipei". The latter would not be a member now if it had insisted on using "Taiwan" or "Republic of China". Beijing would also love to be known as simply "China" since it claims sole legitimacy to the title. Adding the "Darussalem" after Brunei is just for consistency since we need to use official designations for the Chinas. --Jiang 22:13, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The boxes at the bottom of country-pages seem to be getting out of hand (for example on United States. The geographical boxes made sense as a navigational aid, but boxes for every major treaty organization seem to be rapidly leading to clutter.  I mean, should most of the nations of the world receive a U.N. box at the bottom?  Can anyone provide reasons why I shouldn't be bold and remove the APEC msg's? Shimmin 03:45, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Countries. We should be removing them soon. I'm giving 1.5 weeks. --Jiang 04:55, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Logo
I removed the logo - it's under fair use right now, which means it can only be used in the article namespace. See Wikipedia:Fair use. --Jtalledo (talk) 12:31, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Navbox consensus
There are plausible reasons for modifying a navbox templates which does not appear at the bottom of the page at Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The template does appear at the bottom of the page for current leaders of each APEC member. An opportunity for discussion needs to be part of any process which precedes change.

A. The main navbox is very good: APEC—Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

B. Deleting the current leaders navbox?
 * This is a poor subject for a navbox because leaders change irregularly over time. The functional utility of this "leaders" navbox is not greater or better than the main navbox which shows member nations and serial summits.
 * this would mean removing Current APEC Leaders—Template:Current APEC Leaders?

C. Perhaps decision-making may be helped by comparing an array of similar groups and templates?

 * 21 in group> Template:APEC?
 * Template:Current APEC Leaders?
 * 18 in groupp> Template:G-15 nations?
 * Template:Group of 15 Leaders?
 * 8 in group> Template:D8 nations?
 * 4 in group>Template:BRIC countries?
 * Template:Current BRIC Leaders?
 * Template:BRIC summits?
 * 3 in group>Template:Trilateral meeting?
 * 2 in group> Template:G-3?
 * No navboxes yet> G77•G33•G24•G10•G5
 * 3 in group>Template:Trilateral meeting?
 * 2 in group> Template:G-3?
 * No navboxes yet> G77•G33•G24•G10•G5
 * No navboxes yet> G77•G33•G24•G10•G5
 * No navboxes yet> G77•G33•G24•G10•G5

 * 20 in group> Template:G20?
 * Template:Current G20 Leaders?
 * Template:G-20 leaders' summits?
 * 9 in group> Template:G8 nations?
 * Template:Current G8 Leaders?
 * Template:G8-Foreign?
 * Template:G8-Finance?
 * Template:G8-Defense?
 * Template:G8-Justice?
 * Template:G8-Interior?
 * Template:G8 summits?
 * Template:G8-Interior?
 * Template:G8 summits?

What is the best next step for this article? for similar articles? --Tenmei (talk) 00:54, 11 June 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Angkor Thom

What about a page in Khmer?

 * Alas, the Khmer version of Wikipedia has not even been started. If you or perhaps others could find some way to start it, that would be a great service to the 10 million or so Khmer speakers! Fuzheado 09:18, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 3 years later it HAS been started. And there are 13 million Khmer :) How time flies. Paxse 19:27, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

What country and where?
What country is Angkor Thom in and specifically where? I can assume Cambodia from being in the Khmer Empire, but there is nothing in the article to indicate that its in Cambodia.--TGC55 (talk) 20:43, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Anghor Thome is located in Angkor Area, Siem Reap province, Cambodia. The location have also included in the article.

info
I think this article is great, knowledgable and informative. I would say Angkor Thom have many things to talk and describe about. An article could not meantion what it's all about. Hope someone could help to add more information.By Angkor Wat

Is the meaning of the name correct?
I cannot be absolutely sure, but I think "Angkor Thom" is a modification of the Sanskrit "Omkaar Dhaam", where "Omkaar" relates to the holy "Om" of hinduism, and "Dhaam" means place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.110.238.16 (talk) 09:05, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angkor Thom


text:
1822 in India

Events in the year 1822 in India.

Incumbents

 * Mughal emperor: Akbar II

Events

 * July 1 – Mumbai Samachar, a Gujarati daily newspaper, is established

title: 1822 in India


text:
Maisons-Laffitte station

Maisons-Laffitte station is a railway station in Maisons-Laffitte, a northwestern suburb of Paris, France. It is on the Paris–Le Havre railway. The rer line A passes through the station. The station has a glass entrance with blue glass and is built in red bricks. The closest station to Maisons-Laffitte is the one of Sartrouville which is 1.3 km away. It is composed of two accessible platforms, both which are used for the rer line A.

title: Maisons-Laffitte station


text:
Dewan Rakyat

The Dewan Rakyat (English: 'House of Representatives'; lit. 'People's Assembly') is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, the federal legislature of Malaysia. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The Dewan Rakyat sits in the Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur, along with the Dewan Negara, the upper house.

The Dewan Rakyat is a directly elected body consisting of 222 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected by first-past-the-post voting with one member from each federal constituency. Members hold their seats until the Dewan Rakyat is dissolved, the term of which is constitutionally limited to five years after an election. The number of seats each state or territory is entitled to is fixed by Article 46 of the Constitution.

While the concurrence of both chambers of Parliament is normally necessary for legislation to be enacted, the Dewan Rakyat holds significantly more power in practice; the Dewan Negara very rarely rejects bills that have been passed by the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Rakyat can bypass the Dewan Negara if it refuses to pass a specific law twice, with at least one year in between. The Cabinet is solely responsible to the Dewan Rakyat, and the prime minister only has to maintain the support of the lower house.

History
The history of the Dewan Rakyat can be traced back during the Federal Legislative Council era. At that time, 52 out of the 100-member council were elected directly by the people using first-past-the-post system, returning one representatives from each constituencies. The council was dissolved in 1959, a year ahead of its expiration term to pave the way for a new election for the new Dewan Rakyat, which was to be the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia.

The voting system was retained from the previous election, and has since taken place in the subsequent elections post-independence. The number of seats increased to 104, abolishing the nominated seats in favour of elected members. The ruling Alliance returned as the Government with a majority of 44 seats. Tunku Abdul Rahman reelected as the Prime Minister, while the new Parliament convened on 2 September 1959.

After the formation of Malaysia, a special autonomy status allowing representatives from Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to be elected indirectly by the state assemblies. Therefore, in 1964 elections, only 65% of the total seats were contested. The Alliance retained its position with a higher margin.

The 1969 elections marked the first time Alliance failed to win a supermajority and majority popular vote. The racial unrests resulted in the Parliament being suspended until 1971. Upon the reopening of the Parliament, the Alliance returned with a supermajority government after Bornean local parties, PAS and GERAKAN joined the coalition, later to be known as Barisan Nasional.

Membership
Members are referred to as "Members of Parliament" ("MPs") or "Ahli Dewan Rakyat" (lit. 'member of the Dewan Rakyat') in Malay. The term of office is as long as the member wins in the elections.

A member of the Dewan Rakyat must be at least 18 years of age, which was lowered from 21 when the Dewan Rakyat passed the Bill to amend Article 47 of the Federal Constitution in 2019, and must not concurrently be a member of the Dewan Negara. The presiding officer of the Dewan Rakyat is the Speaker, who is elected at the beginning of each Parliament or after the vacation of the post, by the MPs. Two Deputy Speakers are also elected, and one of them sits in place of the Speaker when he is absent. The Dewan Rakyat machinery is supervised by the Clerk of the House who is appointed by the King; he may only be removed from office through the manner prescribed for judges or by mandatory retirement at age 60.

As of the 2018 general election, the Dewan Rakyat has 222 elected members. Members are elected from federal constituencies drawn by the Election Commission. Constituency boundaries are redrawn every ten years based on the latest census.

Each Dewan Rakyat lasts for a maximum of five years, after which a general election must be called. In the general election, voters select a candidate to represent their constituency in the Dewan Rakyat. The first-past-the-post voting system is used; the candidate who gains the most votes wins the seat.

Before a general election can be called, the King must first dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister. According to the Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has the right at his own discretion to either grant or withhold consent to dissolve the parliament.

Powers and procedure
Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government and is responsible for passing, amending and repealing primary legislation. These are known as Acts of Parliament.

Members of Parliament possess parliamentary privilege and are permitted to speak on any subject without fear of censure outside Parliament; the only body that can censure an MP is the House Committee of Privileges. Immunity is effective from the moment a member of Parliament is sworn in, and only applies when that member has the floor; it does not apply to statements made outside the House. An exception is made by the Sedition Act passed by Parliament in the wake of the 13 May racial riots in 1969. Under the Act, all public discussion of repealing certain Articles of the Constitution dealing with Bumiputra privileges such as Article 153 is illegal. This prohibition is extended to all members of both houses of Parliament. Members of Parliament are also forbidden from criticising the King and judges.

The executive government, comprising the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, is usually drawn from members of Parliament; most of its members are typically members of the Dewan Rakyat. After a general election or the resignation or death of a Prime Minister, the King selects the Prime Minister, who is the head of government but constitutionally subordinate to him, from the Dewan Rakyat. In practice, this is usually the leader of the largest party in Parliament. The Prime Minister then submits a list containing the names of members of his Cabinet, who will then be appointed as Ministers by the King. Members of the Cabinet must also be members of Parliament. If the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Dewan Rakyat, whether by losing a no-confidence vote or failing to pass a budget, he must either advise the King to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election or submit his resignation to the King. The King has the discretion to grant or withhold consent to the dissolution. If consent is withheld, the government must resign and the King would appoint a new Prime Minister that has the support of the majority of members of Parliament. The Cabinet formulates government policy and drafts bills, meeting in private. Its members must accept "collective responsibility" for the decisions the Cabinet makes, even if some members disagree with it; if they do not wish to be held responsible for Cabinet decisions, they must resign. Although the Constitution makes no provision for it, there is also a Deputy Prime Minister, who is the de facto successor of the Prime Minister should he die or be otherwise incapacitated.

A proposed act of law begins its life when a particular government minister or ministry prepares a first draft with the assistance of the Attorney-General's Department. The draft, known as a bill, is then discussed by the Cabinet. If it is agreed to submit it to Parliament, the bill is distributed to all MPs. It then goes through three readings before the Dewan Rakyat. The first reading is where the minister or his deputy submits it to Parliament. At the second reading, the bill is discussed and debated by MPs. At the third reading, the minister or his deputy formally submit it to a vote for approval. A simple majority is usually required to pass the bill, but in certain cases, such as amendments to the constitution, a two-thirds majority is required. Should the bill pass, it is sent to the Dewan Negara, where the three readings are carried out again. The Dewan Negara may choose not to pass the bill, but this only delays its passage by a month, or in some cases, a year; once this period expires, the bill is considered to have been passed by the house.

If the bill passes, it is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who has 30 days to consider the bill. Should he disagree with it, he returns it to Parliament with a list of suggested amendments. Parliament must then reconsider the bill and its proposed amendments and return it to the King within 30 days if they pass it again. The King then has another 30 days to give the royal assent; otherwise, it passes into law. The law does not take effect until it is published in the Government Gazette.

The government attempts to maintain top secrecy regarding bills debated; MPs generally receive copies of bills only a few days before they are debated, and newspapers are rarely provided with copies of the bills before they are debated. In some cases, such as a 1968 amendment to the Constitution, an MP may be presented with a bill to be debated on the same day it is tabled, and all three readings may be carried out that day itself. In rare circumstances, the government may release a White paper containing particular proposals that will eventually be incorporated into a bill; this has been done for legislation such as the Universities and University Colleges Act.

Although the process above assumes only the government can propose bills, there also exists a process for private member's bills. However, unlike most other legislatures following the Westminster system, few members of Parliament actually introduce bills. To present a private member's bill, the member in question must seek the leave of the House in question to debate the bill before it is moved. Originally, it was allowed to debate the bill in the process of seeking leave, but this process was discontinued by an amendment to the Standing Orders of the Dewan Rakyat. It is also possible for members of the Dewan Negara to initiate bills; however, only cabinet ministers are permitted to move finance-related bills, which must be tabled in the Dewan Rakyat.

It is often alleged that legislation proposed by the opposition parties, which must naturally be in the form of a private member's bill, is not seriously considered by Parliament. Some have gone as far as to claim that the rights of members of Parliament to debate proposed bills have been severely curtailed by incidents such as an amendment of the Standing Orders that permitted the Speaker to amend written copies of MPs' speeches before they were made. Nevertheless, it is admitted by some of these critics that "government officials often face sharp questioning in Parliament, although this is not always reported in detail in the press."

Special Chamber
In 2016, Speaker Pandikar Amin Mulia introduced a Special Chamber of the Dewan Rakyat which holds proceedings separately from the main house, to "allow matters of national importance or urgency to be discussed without interrupting the normal proceedings of the Lower House." Government and opposition leaders both welcomed the move, with Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Azalina Othman Said, Democratic Action Party whip Anthony Loke, and People's Justice Party whip Johari Abdul issuing favourable statements to the press. Amendments to the Standing Orders of the Dewan Rakyat in April 2016 established the Special Chamber to host debates on "any matter of administration for which the government is responsible" or "a defined matter of urgent public importance".

Liew Chin Tong, at the time an opposition Member of Parliament, claimed he had lobbied Pandikar to institute the Special Chamber, which he has said takes inspiration from both the Australian and British parliaments. Liew has proposed expanding the remit of the Special Chamber: "A full-fledged second chamber should take away all constituency-specific issues off the main chamber and move them to the second chamber so that the main chamber focuses only on the most important things." When he and Pandikar spoke at a panel on parliamentary reform in 2021, Liew also proposed expanding the amount of time allotted for Special Chamber debates: "Currently, only two speeches of seven and a half minutes each by backbenchers or opposition MPs with replies from government of equal time are permitted, amounting to only 30 minutes each day."

In 2023, after being elected Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, Johari announced that the Special Chamber would double the number of motions permitted per session from two to four. He also announced that opposition and government backbencher MPs would be allowed to preside over the Special Chamber, instead of limiting the chair to just the Speaker and Deputy Speakers.

title: Dewan Rakyat