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RFA Cardigan Bay

RFA Cardigan Bay is a Bay-class landing ship dock of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). Built by BAE Systems, the ship was dedicated into the RFA at the end of 2006.

Design and construction
The Bay class was designed as a replacement for the Round Table-class logistics ships operated by the RFA. The new design was based on the Royal Schelde Enforcer design; a joint project between the Dutch and Spanish resulting in the Rotterdam-class and Galicia-class amphibious warfare ships. The main difference with the British ships is the lack of a helicopter hangar. The ships were originally designated "auxiliary landing ship logistics" or ALSL, but this was changed in 2002 to "landing ship dock (auxiliary)" or LSD(A), better reflecting their operational role. Four ships were ordered; two from Swan Hunter, and two from BAE Systems Naval Ships.

The Bay-class ships have a full load displacement of 16160 t. Each is 579.4 ft long, with a beam of 86.6 ft, and a draught of 19 ft. Propulsion power is provided by two Wärtsilä 8L26 generators, providing 6000 hp, and two Wärtsilä 12V26 generators, providing 9000 hp. These are used to drive two steerable azimuth thrusters, with a bow thruster supplementing. Maximum speed is 18 kn, and the Bay-class ships can achieve a range of 8000 nmi at 15 kn. For self-defence, Cardigan Bay is armed with two 30 mm DS30B cannons, four Mk.44 miniguns (replaced by .50 heavy machine guns as of 2023), six 7.62mm L7 GPMGs, and two Phalanx CIWS. The standard ship's company consists of 60 officers and sailors.

As a sealift ship, Cardigan Bay is capable of carrying up to 24 Challenger 2 tanks or 150 light trucks in 1,150 linear metres of space. The cargo capacity is equivalent of 200 tons of ammunition, or 24 twenty-foot equivalent unit containers. During normal conditions, a Bay-class ship can carry 356 soldiers, but this can be almost doubled to 700 in overload conditions. Helicopters are not routinely carried on board, but a temporary hangar can be fitted and the flight deck is capable of handling helicopters up to the size of Chinooks, as well as Merlin helicopters and Osprey tiltrotor aircraft. The well dock can carry one LCU Mark 10 or two LCVPs, and two Mexeflotes can be suspended from the ship's flanks. Two 30-ton cranes are fitted between the superstructure and the flight deck.

Cardigan Bay and sister ship RFA Mounts Bay were ordered from BAE on 19 November 2001. Cardigan Bay was laid down at BAE's shipyard at Govan, Scotland on 13 October 2003. Plans to launch the ship on 8 April 2005 were frustrated by high winds and unusually low tides; the naming ceremony was carried out that day, and the actual launching took place the next day, with more favourable tide conditions. Cardigan Bay was dedicated on 18 December 2006, the third of the class to enter service with the RFA.

Operational history
Cardigan Bay has been deployed as part of the Royal Navy Response Force Task Group, carrying elements of 40 Commando.

In June 2011, the vessel headed to Yemen to aid with the potential evacuation of British citizens affected by the ongoing unrest in the country. In July 2011, she docked at Berbera, and a landing craft from Cardigan Bay landed two BvS 10 Viking armoured vehicles and Royal Marines of 539 Assault Squadron in Somaliland. They penetrated several miles of "bandit country" to meet up with an important clan chief and take him back to Cardigan Bay for a meeting with MI6 and Foreign Office officials. This was part of Exercise Somaliland Cougar, an operation to train Somali coastguards in anti-piracy techniques and to establish relationships with tribal leaders.

In 2013, Cardigan Bay exercised with the COUGAR 13 task group.

While east of Suez, Cardigan Bay participated in several exercises including IMCMEX 2014. Upon her return to the UK, Cardigan Bay underwent a major refit in Falmouth followed by sea trials and FOST in April 2017 in preparation for deployment later in the year. By June 2017, Cardigan Bay was back in the Indian Ocean and assisted HMS Monmouth (F235) in the rescue of a crewman from the sunken tanker Rama 2.

For the past number of years, Cardigan Bay has been the support ship usually based at HMS Jufair supporting Royal Navy mine countermeasures operations as part of Operation Kipion. In May 2021, she was temporarily relieved in that role by RFAUX Lyme Bay. In May 2022 it was reported that the ship had completed refit in Falmouth and was earmarked to return to the Persian Gulf, replacing Lyme Bay. In February 2023, the autonomous minehunting vessel RNMB Harrier arrived in Bahrain to begin trials of autonomous systems in hot weather. The autonomous vessel was intended to operate from Cardigan Bay.

In 2023, it was reported that Cardigan Bay would eventually be replaced in her mine countermeasures support role by ships that would be acquired and converted into an MCM command and support role for autonomous systems in the RFA. One of these ships was reported as likely to replace Cardigan Bay and some of the other vessels in 9 Mine Countermeasures Squadron. Cardigan Bay would then be returned to a primary amphibious operations role.

In April 2024, Cardigan Bay deployed to the Mediterranean to assist in the delivery of humanitarian supplies to Gaza during the Israel-Hamas War. American soldiers and sailors working on building the Gaza floating pier were reported to use Cardigan Bay as a dormitory.

title: RFA Cardigan Bay


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Talk:Ad hoc protocols implementations

Cannot find these 2 at the moment:
 * NRL modifications to INRIA OLSRv3, http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/olsrv3/
 * Independent NRL implementation of OLSR, http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/nrlolsr/

However, I can find http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/olsr/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ad hoc protocols implementations


text:
Talk:Sixpence None the Richer

Untitled
can sixpence really be considered a rock group?

Yes. Have you seen them in concert? Their hits are not necessarily "Rock," but they were always a rock band.

11-1-05 I listened to one song off each of their albums today. Must say they are a good band. Enjoyed the covers as well. -DDR -- Could some one please throw some more light on this band? One photo will be good. Also, I have added a music-stub template. --Anupam Srivastava 06:14, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

must everything be preceded with Christian or secular?
An anonymous user has taken quite some time distinguishing which songs and other things are "Contemporary Christian" and which ones are considered "secular". In my opinion, labelling everything in this manner severely hinders the readability of the article. I'm not personally familiar enough with Sixpence's discography to know when it's really necessary to describe the content as the anonymous user has done. I didn't want to blindly revert the article precisely because of this reason. Could someone who is better informed please address this? Thanks. --Kyok o 08:15, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree completely. Furthermore, "Contemporary Christian" is obviously a musical genre, not a belief system, so it's strange to label something that isn't Contemporary Christian as being "secular."  Even if "secular" meant "not Contemporary Christian", it would be like labeling everything that isn't country as being "non-country" in an article about a country band. 193.91.181.142 00:02, 13 October 2006 (UTC) (Nick)

 * It is very repetetive. I'm going to try to rework it right now. I also think it's strange to see Contemporary Christian capitalized everywhere - I guess religious people are sensitive about capitalizing the name of the religion, but contemporary can certainly be minisculed. Reading it, I thought for a while Contemporary Christian might be a proper noun, like the name of a record label, because it was caps. Cat Parade 02:28, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Since when is a genre of anything not capitalized? Do you go to the "religeous" section at Borders or the "Religeous" section? The capilization refines it. Much like "fantasy" is very, very broad while "Fantasy" would bring to mind the genre Tolkien created. 69.179.145.221 22:25, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The edits labelling everthing either "Contemporary Christan" or "secular" are not only annoying, they're misleading. Is there a way to change this by just reverting back to the page before it was ruined? I'm not a wikipedia expert at all. This thing really needs to be changed, though. --Joelh 27 Oct 2006
 * I just read this article for the first time and agree completely. Annoying and unnecessary. BlongerBros 04:36, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes - This appears to be vandalism. Reverting to an earlier version is easy - just click on the history, find a good version, click edit on that version, and save it. See Help:Reverting for more info. Dan, the CowMan 06:03, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with all this, BUT I think the back and forth reveals something that should be reflected in the entry somehow. One of the most notable things about Sixpence is that they were emblematic of a blurring of the boundries between "Christian" and "secular" music that began in the late 90s. They helped force the CCM industry and fans deal with the question of what makes certain music Christian. I believe the Dove Awards changed its defintion of gospel music in 1998 to specifically prevent Sixpence from winning (and then changed it back). The fact that someone keeps trying to deliniate which songs are which shows that certain people in the CCM community are still heavily invested in making such distinctions, while many others, of course, find the distinctions legalistic and trivializing. To the extent that this is a noteworthy historical/cultural/philosophical debate, I'd propose this entry as the place to address it. I'd do it myself, but I'll wait and see if someone with a deeper understanding of CCM wants to tackle it. Radosh 16:24, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Incomplete discography
For instance Tickets For A Prayer Wheel is missing. Please see this fan page for a complete discography. --Walter Görlitz 22:53, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It's under "Other Releases". The section is badly formatted at present, though. Dan, the CowMan 23:40, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Why no mention of the single "I Can't Catch You"? Did this single not chart? Also "Love (remix)", "Waiting On the Sun" and "Tonight" were radio singles that were never sold as physical cd singles (I heard "Tonight" and "Love" on a satellite radio station, and "Waiting" in a McDonalds on several occasions). If someone could explain these that'd be great!

was brad arnold the 3 doors down vocalist or someone else all together?

The origin of the band's name
Is the indented portion a direct quote? If so, it should be cited. If not, why is it indented like that? There may be a reason, but it isn't obvious at first glance. --143.239.96.226 (talk) 11:24, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it says something about being revealed on the Letterman show, and as of now has a citation, maybe we could archive this, as seems irrelevant now.Eruditess (talk) 19:46, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sixpence None the Richer


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Eve of Destruction (song)

"Eve of Destruction" is a protest song written by P. F. Sloan in mid-1965. Several artists have recorded it, but the most popular recording was by Barry McGuire.

The song references social issues of its period, including the Vietnam War, the draft, the threat of nuclear war, the Civil Rights Movement, turmoil in the Middle East, and the American space program.

The American media helped popularize the song by using it as an example of everything that was wrong with the youth culture of the time. Due to its controversial lyrics, some American radio stations banned the song, "claiming it was an aid to the enemy in Vietnam".

Background
The song was offered to the Byrds as a potential single in the vein of their prior Bob Dylan covers, but they rejected it. The Turtles, another L.A. group, recorded a version instead. The Turtles version was issued as a track on their October 1965 debut album It Ain't Me Babe, shortly after McGuire's version was cut and released in July 1965. The Turtles version was later released as a single in 1970 and hit #100 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Lyrical references

 * "You're old enough to kill, but not for votin refers to the United States law requiring registration for the draft at age 18, while the minimum voting age in most states was 21 until the ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment in 1971.
 * "And even the Jordan River has bodies floatin refers to the War over Water.
 * "If the button is pushed, there's no runnin' away." refers to mutual assured destruction.
 * The song's mention of Selma, Alabama, refers to the Selma to Montgomery marches in March 1965. The Jan and Dean version substitutes "Watts, California" in the lyrics, in apparent reference to the Watts riots that occurred in Los Angeles later in 1965.
 * "You may leave here for four days in space, but when you return it's the same old place" refers to the June 1965 mission of Gemini 4, which lasted just over four days.
 * "The pounding of the drums, the pride and disgrace" refers to the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the marching band that played as his casket was carried to Arlington National Cemetery.
 * "Hate your next door neighbor, but don't forget to say grace" refers to simple hypocrisy, according to Sloan.

Barry McGuire version
McGuire's recording was made between July 12 and July 15, 1965, and released by Dunhill Records. The accompanying musicians were P. F. Sloan on guitar and "Wrecking Crew" session musicians Hal Blaine on drums and Larry Knechtel on bass guitar. McGuire's vocal track was not intended to be the final version, but a copy of the rough mix "leaked" out to a disc jockey, who began playing it. The song was an instant hit, and as a result, the more polished vocal track that was at first envisioned was never recorded.

McGuire recalled in later years that "Eve of Destruction" had been recorded in one take on a Tuesday morning, with him reading lyrics scrawled on a crumpled piece of paper. The following Monday morning he got a phone call from the record company at 7:00 a.m., telling him to turn on the radio; his song was playing. McGuire's single hit #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and #3 on the UK Singles Chart in September 1965.

Reception
In the first week of its release, the single was at No. 103 on the Billboard charts. By August 12 Dunhill released the LP, Eve of Destruction. It reached its peak of #37 on the Billboard album chart during the week ending September 25. That same day the single went to #1 on the chart, and repeated the feat on the Cashbox chart, where it had debuted at No. 30. McGuire would never again break into the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. It went to #1 in Norway for two weeks.

Controversy, parodies, and response songs
In addition to its being banned in some parts of the U.S., it was also banned by Radio Scotland. It was placed on a "restricted list" by the BBC, and could not be played on "general entertainment programmes". It was however featured on Top of the Pops on television one week while in the Top 10.

The Vietnam War Song Project has identified 22 answer records. A group called The Spokesmen released "The Dawn of Correction", which became a Top 40 hit. Singer Tony Mammarella also released a positive answer song titled "Eve of Tomorrow". A few months later, Green Beret medic SSgt. Barry Sadler released the patriotic "Ballad of the Green Berets". Johnny Sea's 1966 spoken word recording, "Day For Decision", was also a response to the song, and was also a Top 40 hit. In addition, the British musician Alan Klein included a parody of the song attacking protest singers entitled "Age of Corruption" on his album Well at Least It's British.

In popular culture
The Temptations' 1970 song "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" mentions the song title.

The song is prominently featured in the second season episode of The Greatest American Hero, entitled "Operation Spoilsport". The song is played during the fourth-season finale of The A-Team, "The Sound of Thunder".

The song, like many other popular songs of the day, gave its name to a gun truck used by United States Army Transportation Corps forces during the Vietnam War. The truck is on display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum and is believed to be the only surviving example of a Vietnam-era gun truck.

The song is featured in the soundtrack of Mafia III.

The song is played in its entirety in the Italian film Rose Island from 2020.

title: Eve of Destruction (song)


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RFA Cherryleaf

Three ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Cherryleaf:

 * RFA Cherryleaf was a Leaf-class tanker (1916) tanker launched in 1916 as RFA Persol, renamed RFA Cherryleaf in 1917 and sold in 1947.
 * RFA Cherryleaf was a Leaf-class tanker tanker launched in 1953 as Laurelwood. She was purchased by the RFA in 1959 and returned to her owners in 1966.
 * RFA Cherryleaf was a Leaf-class tanker launched in 1962 as Overseas Adventurer for a subsidiary of London & Overseas Freighters. She was bareboat chartered for the RFA in 1973 and returned to her owners in 1980.

title: RFA Cherryleaf


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RFA Appleleaf

Three ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Appleleaf:

 * RFA Appleleaf was a Leaf-class tanker (1916) tanker launched in 1916 as RFA Texol, renamed RFA Appleleaf in 1917 and broken up in 1947.
 * RFA Appleleaf was a Leaf-class tanker tanker launched in 1955 as George Lyras. She was purchased by the RFA in 1959 and returned to her owners in 1970.
 * RFA Appleleaf (A79) was a Leaf-class tanker launched in 1975 as Hudson Cavalier and taken into service in 1979. She was leased to the Royal Australian Navy in 1989 as HMAS Westralia (O 195), and was sold to them in 1994.

title: RFA Appleleaf


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RFA Olwen

Two ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Olwen:

 * RFA Olwen was an oiler launched in 1917 as RFA British Light. She was renamed RFA Olwen in 1937 and was sold in 1947.
 * RFA Olwen was an oiler launched in 1964 as RFA Olynthus. She was renamed RFA Olwen in 1967 and was sold in 2001.

title: RFA Olwen


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RFA Olna

Three ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Olna:

 * RFA Olna was an oiler launched in 1921 and beached at Crete in 1941 after being bombed.
 * RFA Olna was an oiler launched in 1944 and scrapped in 1967.
 * RFA Olna was a fast fleet tanker launched in 1965 and sold in 2001.

title: RFA Olna


text: Template:Math topics sidebar

title: Template:Math topics sidebar


text: User talk:68.14.170.144

title: User talk:68.14.170.144


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RFA Tidesurge

RFA Tidesurge may refer to the following ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom:

 * RFA Tidesurge, a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, in service 1955–1976.
 * RFA Tidesurge, a Tide-class tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, in service from 2019.

title: RFA Tidesurge


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RFA Tidespring

RFA Tidespring may refer to:

 * RFA Tidespring, Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, in service 1963–1991
 * RFA Tidespring, Tide-class tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary in service since 2017

title: RFA Tidespring


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RFA Reliant

Three ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Reliant:

 * RFAUX Reliant (1933) was a stores carrier, formerly the civilian London Importer. She was acquired in 1933 and sold in 1948.
 * RFAUX Reliant (A84) was an air stores support ship, formerly the civilian Somersby. She was acquired in 1957 and scrapped in 1977.
 * RFAUX Reliant (A131) was a helicopter support ship, formerly the civilian Astronomer. She was acquired in 1983 and sold in 1986.

title: RFA Reliant


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Address munging

Address munging is the practice of disguising an e-mail address to prevent it from being automatically collected by unsolicited bulk e-mail providers. Address munging is intended to disguise an e-mail address in a way that prevents computer software from seeing the real address, or even any address at all, but still allows a human reader to reconstruct the original and contact the author: an email address such as, " no-one@example.com ", becomes "no-one at example dot com", for instance.

Any e-mail address posted in public is likely to be automatically collected by computer software used by bulk emailers (a process known as e-mail address scavenging). Addresses posted on webpages, Usenet or chat rooms are particularly vulnerable to this. Private e-mail sent between individuals is highly unlikely to be collected, but e-mail sent to a mailing list that is archived and made available via the web, or passed onto a Usenet news server and made public, may eventually be scanned and collected.

Disadvantages
Disguising addresses makes it more difficult for people to send e-mail to each other. Many see it as an attempt to fix a symptom rather than solving the real problem of e-mail spam, at the expense of causing problems for innocent users. In addition, there are e-mail address harvesters who have found ways to read the munged email addresses.

The use of address munging on Usenet is contrary to the recommendations of RFC 1036 governing the format of Usenet posts, which requires a valid e-mail address be supplied in the From: field of the post. In practice, few people follow this recommendation strictly.

Disguising e-mail addresses in a systematic manner (for example, user[at]domain[dot]com) offers little protection.

Any impediment reduces the user's willingness to take the extra trouble to email the user. In contrast, well-maintained e-mail filtering on the user's end does not drive away potential correspondents. No spam filter is 100% immune to false positives, however, and the same potential correspondent that would have been deterred by address munging may instead end up wasting time on long letters that will merely disappear into junk mail folders.

For commercial entities, maintaining contact forms on web pages rather than publicizing e-mail addresses may be one way to ensure that incoming messages are relatively spam-free yet do not get lost. In conjunction with CAPTCHA fields, spam on such comment fields can be reduced to effectively zero, except that non-accessibility of CAPTCHAs bring the same deterrent problems as address munging itself.

Alternatives
As an alternative to address munging, there are several "transparent" techniques that allow people to post a valid e-mail address, but still make it difficult for automated recognition and collection of the address:

 * Content delivery network vendors, such as Cloudflare, offer email address obfuscation services to their clients.
 * "Transparent name mangling" involves replacing characters in the address with equivalent HTML references from the list of XML and HTML character entity references, e.g. the '@' gets replaced by either 'U+0040' or '&#64;' and the '.' gets replaced by either 'U+002E' or '&#46;' with the user knowing to take out the dashes.
 * Posting all or part of the e-mail address as an image, for example, no-oneAt sign.svgle.com, where the at sign is disguised as an image, sometimes with the alternative text specified as "@" to allow copy-and-paste, but while altering the address to remain outside of typical regular expressions of spambots.
 * Using a client-side form with the e-mail address as a CSS3 animated text logo captcha and shrinking it to normal size using inline CSS.
 * Posting an e-mail address with the order of characters jumbled and restoring the order using CSS.
 * Building the link by client-side scripting.
 * Using client-side scripting to produce a multi key email address encrypter.
 * Using server-side scripting to run a contact form.
 * Using Base64 to encode the email address.

An example of munging " user@example.com " via client-side scripting would be: The use of images and scripts for address obfuscation can cause problems for people using screen readers and users with disabilities, and ignores users of text browsers like lynx and w3m, although being transparent means they don't disadvantage non-English speakers that cannot understand the plain text bound to a single language that is part of non-transparent munged addresses or instructions that accompany them.

According to a 2003 study by the Center for Democracy and Technology, even the simplest "transparent name mangling" of e-mail addresses can be effective.

Examples
Common methods of disguising addresses include:

The reserved top-level domain .invalid is appended to ensure that a real e-mail address is not inadvertently generated.

title: Address munging


text:
Talk:Charter schools in the United States

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 August 2021 and 8 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dtheodoreprivateer.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Parents of children attending charter schools do not have options for before/after school transportation, partly because charter school's aren't required to provide transportation. With a majority of parents working outside the home, typically an 8-5 job, this makes transportation before/after school extremely difficult. A potential solution would be to implement a before and after school child care program held at the school.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Gmschnei.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:15, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Article on TX charter schools
See: Radcliffe, Jennifer "Charter schools on the chopping block?" Houston Chronicle. March 20, 2007. WhisperToMe (talk) 15:39, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

This work generally finds
I edited the section entitled "Learning Gains Studies." Whoever wrote the section claims that "this work generally finds that charter schools outperform traditional schools," but only provides citations for four (randomly selected, I presume) papers. Until you provide a meta-analysis that shows what this work "generally finds," I've changed the wording to reflect the uncertainty of the claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexandergreenb (talk • contribs) 23:23, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The original phrasing benefited from a rephrase, as it seemed to suggest that these studies are conclusive without offering substantive sources to prove this. I don't think this kind of evidence exists, so this edit was very poignant overall. Gmschnei (talk) 05:17, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

A criticism or a compliment?
The description under the subheading "Too much power for teachers and parents" does not appear to explain why it is not beneficial to give more power to parents and teachers. More info is needed. Otherwise, maybe it would be better to move that section to another section such as "Structure and Characteristics." mezzaninelounge (talk) 15:14, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Regarding the Stanford study on charters
SPELLING ERROR ON CHART: The graphic chart for the Stanford U study misspells "performance" in the graphic as PERFORMACE.69.126.88.80 (talk) 05:40, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

FIX THE SPELLING ERROR ON THE CHART! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.126.85.7 (talk) 00:38, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Regarding the numbers in the CREDO study, if 46% of charters are the same as public schools, 17% better and 37% worse, does that mean Charters have an overall net result of being 74% worse than public schools (or in other words, only 26% as good as public schools)? Did I do something wrong because it seems much too negative. CartoonDiablo (talk) 23:06, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No, they're just dumb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.161.38 (talk) 13:15, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * 46% + 37% is 83% and this would only be the amount that are worse if you consider those that are the same to be worse. 26% are not the amount that are "as good" as public schools according to this study. They are the amount that are better.--Jorfer (talk) 16:08, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually I answered the question to myself a while ago. If we take we do 37%-17% (worse - better) to get a net improvement of 20% and add it to the 46% that are as good, we find that charters are 66% as good as public schools. Obviously based on the figures charters are overall worse. CartoonDiablo (talk) 19:37, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I think you are mixing apples and oranges here. The percentages are the number of charter schools that are better than, or the same as, or worse than public schools, and not the amount better. If a charter school does 1% better than public schools, than it would go in that 17% while a charter school that does 50% worse would go in the 37%. So you can't draw any conclusions about how much better or worse charter schools do compared to public schools. You can say that 83% are do no better than public schools, and/or that 54% do no worse than public schools, but that's about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wschart (talk • contribs) 19:36, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Joravsky- Chicago Reader
Ben Joravsky of the Chicago Reader has written some interesting critiques of local charters... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scroblachoir (talk • contribs) 00:23, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

"Chocha power"?
I have no idea what chocha power is, but I imagine it is a defacement. In any case, this statement should be corrected or barring that, clairified. Unit335 (talk) 03:13, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Fixed. TJRC (talk) 04:25, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

More charters
WhisperToMe (talk) 01:04, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Kastenbaum, Steve. "Charter schools: Wave of the future?" CNN. December 15, 2011.

origin
Shouldn't the introduction make it clear that Charter schools are an American term for a private school that receives some government funding? The concept goes under different names in other countries.124.197.15.138 (talk) 01:25, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

reference replacement
Recommend replacing dead reference link #59 with http://www.aft.org/issues/schoolchoice/charters/ Gprobins (talk) 16:30, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Entry needs an extensive rewrite
I'm a charter school noob, but even I can tell this article needs a major rewrite. The section about the United States, in particular, meanders aimlessly. Much of it could be removed without lowering the article's information content. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffme (talk • contribs) 22:43, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Recent addition to external links
A couple of days ago added  to the "External links" section. I, followed by a.

From what I can tell, the two links provided are to two essays written by the user adding them. I think they are an overly promotional addition to this article's external links, and inappropriate per WP:ELNO and WP:NOT. Granted, the "Further reading"-section,, could use a fair bit of pruning. But that is no argument in favour of adding links to these two articles. Gabbe (talk) 12:55, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

CREDO Bar Graph on Charter Schools
I’ve removed the following image http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charter_School_Performance_Study.svg due to problems with its factual accuracy. I’d fully support its return if the image can be corrected to not overstate the claims of the source material to the point of it being POV or original research.

First off, charter schools are ‘’’public schools’’’, so the labels used are nonsensically contrasting the identical. The actuate term used in the CREDO source material is traditional public school (TPS).

Secondly, and more importantly, it misrepresents the source data from page 44, table 9, labeled: “Table 9: Market Fixed Effects – Percentage of Charter Schools by Significance”. The CREDO study repeatedly states that it is not comparing charter schools to any actual traditional publics schools, but rather it’s comparing charter schools to heuristically adjusted virtual TPS. In other words, it’s comparing charter schools to purely theoretical schools, these are not public schools that actually exist, however, the bar graph labels give this impression. The source material does not make the claims made in this bar graph. Understanding this distinction is vital, as that portion of the study’s validly is unpinned by the assumption that educational performance gains scale equally and linearly at all levels and demographics. As this is a controversial assumption, if this is incorrect then the demographic virtual modeling adjustment would also be inaccurate.

Source Material: http://credo.stanford.edu/reports/MULTIPLE_CHOICE_CREDO.pdf

“The analysis employs a statistical technique, fixed effects, which is applied to each pair of charter and virtual schools to remove all the effects that are shared and constant over time. The average growth of students in each charter school is then computed relative to the average results of their virtual twins.” –page 43

“This finding says nothing about how well the local traditional schools are doing; it merely assesses the expectation that whatever the level, charters serving the same population should produce results at the same level.” –page 44 Jadon (talk) 15:47, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the concern but a few things should be said. First, that is how the study labels the schools, as "public" and "charter" meaning we need to stick that phrasing in order to fulfill NPOV. Second, while they may not be "real" schools, the study did base it off of the real performance of respective pupils and counted it as such. Again, it was the study's conclusion based on its methodology.

 * But more importantly, how the findings are discussed is exactly how reliable sources report on it:
 * New York Times

 * Washington Post

 * Seeing as how even mainstream sources use that terminology there is no problem with the image. CartoonDiablo (talk) 21:31, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Sentence in 2nd paragraph is unclear
The following sentence in the second paragraph appears to be in reference to some timeframe or other modifier but no such content exists. This should either be rewritten\clarified or removed.--Aleding (talk) 18:19, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

"Over 600 new public charter schools (7%) opened, serving an additional 288,000 students (13%), totaling 2.5 million students."

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Charter schools in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110823123012/http://www.charterschoolsinsider.com:80/news/2011/08/poll-indicates-70-percent-of-americans-favor-charter-schools.aspx to http://www.charterschoolsinsider.com/news/2011/08/poll-indicates-70-percent-of-americans-favor-charter-schools.aspx

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Bias favoring Charter Schools
This article has a strong bias in favor of charter schools. Positively presents data from studies that support charter schools and downplays sources that have an unfavorable view of charter schools. Examples:
 * Questioning the reliability of a NEA study.
 * Examples of study critique instead of neutral reporting
 * Biased single source section
 * Superiority? of Charter Schools — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gargolito (talk • contribs) 16:02, 29 October 2015 (UTC)
 * The article is structured with case studies that provide evidence for charter schools, but seem to ignore or not seek any expansion of counter evidence, even if such counter evidence is used in studies that are cited across the article. It seems to pick and choose based on what is necessary to justify a positive outlook on charter schools, especially in "Local evaluations of charter schools." Gmschnei (talk) 05:36, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 13 one external links on Charter schools in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090917181603/http://www.edreform.com/Issues/Charter%5FConnection/ to http://www.edreform.com/Issues/Charter_Connection/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090917052643/http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?Accountability_Lies_at_the_Heart_of_Charter_School_Success&year=2009 to http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?Accountability_Lies_at_the_Heart_of_Charter_School_Success&year=2009
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090207043345/http://www.edexcellence.net/doc/Charter%20School%20Funding%202005%20FINAL.pdf to http://www.edexcellence.net/doc/Charter%20School%20Funding%202005%20FINAL.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080421032157/http://www.ed.gov:80/news/pressreleases/2004/08/08172004.html to http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2004/08/08172004.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080227174254/http://www.edreform.com/_upload/NewYorkTimesAd.pdf to http://www.edreform.com/_upload/NewYorkTimesAd.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071113192918/http://www.prospect.org:80/cs/articles?articleId=8638 to http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=8638
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090703171445/http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?No_Free_Lunch_Study_Wrongly_Discredits_Charter_Success&year=2006 to http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?No_Free_Lunch_Study_Wrongly_Discredits_Charter_Success&year=2006
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090705133359/http://www.friedmanfoundation.org/research/ShowResearchItem.do?id=10093 to http://www.friedmanfoundation.org/research/ShowResearchItem.do?id=10093
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090727134034/http://www.edreform.com/Archive/?New_Poll_Shows_Georgians_Want_More_Educational_Choice to http://www.edreform.com/Archive/?New_Poll_Shows_Georgians_Want_More_Educational_Choice
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090727134004/http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?Wyomingites_Want_Fundamental_Change_in_States_Charter_School_Law&year=2008 to http://www.edreform.com/Press_Box/Press_Releases/?Wyomingites_Want_Fundamental_Change_in_States_Charter_School_Law&year=2008
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090917175716/http://www.edreform.com/_upload/ranking_chart.pdf to http://www.edreform.com/_upload/ranking_chart.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090917030255/http://www.edreform.com/_upload/CER_charter_numbers.pdf to http://www.edreform.com/_upload/CER_charter_numbers.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160129151033/http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-2/charter.htm to http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-2/charter.htm

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Local evaluations of charter schools
The structure of this portion of the article is strange. Why does it reference only two local evaluations as pointing to how urban charter schools in two districts can outperform public schools? This portion of the article would do well to represent both sides of the debate, in that it currently only evaluates two case studies and treats them as if there is no counter evidence. This CREDO report that is referenced throughout the article lists 11 cases in which students learned less than there peers in math and 10 cases where they learned less in reading. Overall, this portion would do well to be more comprehensive and actually a broader outlook on this discussion, rather than limiting it to two studies that seem to offer confirmation bias. Gmschnei (talk) 05:34, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Racial segregation
The "Criticism" portion of article talks about "Racial segregation," but the phrasing does not at all capture the central point of the critique. In discussing the central point of the UCLA article, the criticism should address how "charter school enrollments often do not match their surrounding communities." It should also cite the study itself and not a UCLA Newsroom press release.Gmschnei (talk) 05:41, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Adding to page
Hello Wikipedians,

I am adding some parental considerations for charter school choice from research studies. Also a section on possible resources that can help in that decision making process all from research studies. Copied from my sandbox: User:Elizabethgaribay58/sandbox Elizabethgaribay58 (talk) 02:32, 15 August 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics articles (0–9)

0
0  -- −1  -- Τ-additivity  -- ℓ-adic sheaf  -- Σ-algebra  -- Σ-Algebra of τ-past  -- Χ-bounded  -- Ω-bounded space  -- Σ-compact space  -- Ω-consistent theory  -- Γ-convergence  -- Η-conversion  -- Σ-finite measure  -- ∞-groupoid  -- Ω-logic  -- Ε-net (computational geometry)  -- Ε-quadratic form  -- Λ-ring  -- Γ-space  -- ∞-topos  -- -yllion  -- 0 (year)  -- ∂  -- 0!  -- 0,1-simple lattice  -- 0.999...  -- (−2,3,7) pretzel knot  -- (2,3,7) triangle group  -- (a, b)-decomposition  -- (a,b,0) class of distributions  --

0al
*-algebra  -- *-autonomous category  -- (B, N) pair  -- (ε, δ)-definition of limit  -- Ξ function  -- (g,K)-module  -- (G,X)-manifold  -- + h.c.  -- *-regular semigroup  -- Η set  -- Θ (set theory)  -- 't Hooft symbol  -- 1  -- 1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + …  -- 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯  -- 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯  -- 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯  -- 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯  -- 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯  -- 1 22 polytope  -- 1 32 polytope  -- 1 33 honeycomb  -- 1 42 polytope  -- 1 52 honeycomb  -- 1-center problem  -- 1-factorization  -- 1-factorization conjecture  -- 1-planar graph  -- 1% rule  -- 1,000,000  -- 1,000,000,000  --

1 2
1/2 − 1/4 + 1/8 − 1/16 + · · ·  -- 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ⋯  -- 1/3–2/3 conjecture  -- 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + · · ·  -- Θ10  -- 10-10 duoprism  -- 10-cube  -- 10-demicube  -- 10-orthoplex  -- 10-simplex  -- 10,000  -- 10,000,000  -- 100  -- 100 prisoners problem  -- 100,000  -- 100,000,000  -- 1000 (number)  -- 1001 (number)  -- 101 (number)  -- 102 (number)  -- 1024 (number)  -- 103 (number)  -- 104 (number)  -- 105 (number)  -- 106 (number)  -- 107 (number)  -- 108 (number)  -- 1089 (number)  -- 109 (number)  -- 1093 (number)  --

11
11 (number)  -- 11-cell  -- 110 (number)  -- 110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph  -- 1105 (number)  -- 111 (number)  -- 112 (number)  -- 113 (number)  -- 1138 (number)  -- 114 (number)  -- 115 (number)  -- 116 (number)  -- 117 (number)  -- 118 (number)  -- 119 (number)  -- 12 (number)  -- 120 (number)  -- 120-cell  -- 120-cell honeycomb  -- 120-gon  -- 121 (number)  -- 122 (number)  -- 123 (number)  -- 124 (number)  -- 125 (number)  -- 126 (number)  -- 127 (number)  -- 128 (number)  -- 1289 (number)  -- 129 (number)  --

13
13 (number)  -- 130 (number)  -- 131 (number)  -- 132 (number)  -- 133 (number)  -- 134 (number)  -- 135 (number)  -- 136 (number)  -- 137 (number)  -- 138 (number)  -- 139 (number)  -- 13th root  -- 14 (number)  -- 140 (number)  -- 141 (number)  -- 142 (number)  -- 142857  -- 143 (number)  -- 144 (number)  -- 144,000  -- 145 (number)  -- 1458 (number)  -- 146 (number)  -- 147 (number)  -- 148 (number)  -- 149 (number)  -- 15 (number)  -- 15 and 290 theorems  -- 15 puzzle  -- 150 (number)  --

151
151 (number)  -- 1510 (number)  -- 152 (number)  -- 153 (number)  -- 154 (number)  -- 155 (number)  -- 156 (number)  -- 157 (number)  -- 158 (number)  -- 159 (number)  -- 16 (number)  -- 16-cell  -- 16-cell honeycomb  -- 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb  -- 16,807  -- 160 (number)  -- 161 (number)  -- 162 (number)  -- 163 (number)  -- 164 (number)  -- 165 (number)  -- 166 (number)  -- 167 (number)  -- 168 (number)  -- 169 (number)  -- 17 (number)  -- 170 (number)  -- 1701 (number)  -- 171 (number)  -- 172 (number)  -- 1728 (number)  -- 1729 (number)  --

173
173 (number)  -- 174 (number)  -- 175 (number)  -- 176 (number)  -- 177 (number)  -- 178 (number)  -- 179 (number)  -- 18 (number)  -- 180 (number)  -- 181 (number)  -- 182 (number)  -- 183 (number)  -- 184 (number)  -- 185 (number)  -- 186 (number)  -- 187 (number)  -- 188 (number)  -- 189 (number)  -- 19 (number)  -- 190 (number)  -- 191 (number)  -- 192 (number)  -- 193 (number)  -- 194 (number)  -- 195 (number)  -- 196 (number)  -- 197 (number)  -- 1987 (number)  -- 199 (number)  -- 2  -- 2 + 2 = 5  -- 2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing  -- 2 21 polytope  -- 2 22 honeycomb  -- 2 31 polytope  -- 2-4-2-1 code  -- 2 41 polytope  -- 2 51 honeycomb  -- 2-bridge knot  -- 2-EPT probability density function  -- 2-EXPTIME  -- 2-factor theorem  -- 2-functor  -- 2-group  -- 2-opt  -- 2-ring  -- 2-sided  -- 2π theorem  -- 2-valued morphism  --

2 1
2,147,483,647  -- 2.5D  -- 20 (number)  -- 20,000  -- 200 (number)  -- 2000 (number)  -- 201 (number)  -- 2016 (number)  -- 202 (number)  -- 203 (number)  -- 204 (number)  -- 205 (number)  -- 206 (number)  -- 207 (number)  -- 208 (number)  -- 209 (number)  -- 21 (number)  -- 210 (number)  -- 211 (number)  -- 212 (number)  -- 213 (number)  -- 214 (number)  -- 215 (number)  -- 216 (number)  -- 217 (number)  -- 218 (number)  -- 219 (number)  -- 22 (number)  -- 220 (number)  -- 221 (number)  --

222
222 (number)  -- 223 (number)  -- 224 (number)  -- 225 (number)  -- 226 (number)  -- 227 (number)  -- 228 (number)  -- 229 (number)  -- 23 (number)  -- 230 (number)  -- 231 (number)  -- 232 (number)  -- 233 (number)  -- 234 (number)  -- 235 (number)  -- 236 (number)  -- 237 (number)  -- 238 (number)  -- 239 (number)  -- 24 (number)  -- 24 (puzzle)  -- 24-cell  -- 24-cell honeycomb  -- 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb  -- 240 (number)  -- 241 (number)  -- 242 (number)  -- 243 (number)  -- 244 (number)  -- 245 (number)  --

246
246 (number)  -- 247 (number)  -- 248 (number)  -- 249 (number)  -- 25 (number)  -- 25 great circles of the spherical octahedron  -- 250 (number)  -- 251 (number)  -- 252 (number)  -- 2520 (number)  -- 253 (number)  -- 254 (number)  -- 255 (number)  -- 256 (number)  -- 257 (number)  -- 257-gon  -- 258 (number)  -- 259 (number)  -- 26 (number)  -- 26-fullerene graph  -- 260 (number)  -- 261 (number)  -- 262 (number)  -- 263 (number)  -- 269 (number)  -- 27 (number)  -- 270 (number)  -- 271 (number)  -- 273 (number)  -- 276 (number)  --

277
277 (number)  -- 28 (number)  -- 280 (number)  -- 281 (number)  -- 288 (number)  -- 29 (number)  -- 290 (number)  -- 2D geometric model  -- 2E6 (mathematics)  -- 2Sum  -- 3  -- 3 21 polytope  -- 3-3 duoprism  -- 3 31 honeycomb  -- 3-4-3-12 tiling  -- 3-4-6-12 tiling  -- 3-4 duoprism  -- 3-6 duoprism  -- 3-8 duoprism  -- 3-dimensional matching  -- 3-fold  -- 3-j symbol  -- 3-manifold  -- 3-opt  -- 3-sphere  -- 3-step group  -- 3-torus  -- 3-transposition group  -- 30 (number)  -- 30,000  --

300
300 (number)  -- 3000 (number)  -- 31 (number)  -- 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron  -- 311 (number)  -- 313 (number)  -- 318 (number)  -- 32 (number)  -- 33 (number)  -- 33344-33434 tiling  -- 34 (number)  -- 35 (number)  -- 3511 (number)  -- 353 (number)  -- 359 (number)  -- 36 (number)  -- 360 (number)  -- 360-gon  -- 363 (number)  -- 365 (number)  -- 369 (number)  -- 37 (number)  -- 377  -- 378  -- 38 (number)  -- 384 (number)  -- 39 (number)  -- 3D Life  -- 3D projection  -- 3D rotation group  --

3d4
3D4  -- 3SUM  -- 3x + 1 semigroup  -- 4  -- 4-2-2-1 code  -- 4 21 polytope  -- 4-5 kisrhombille  -- 4-6 duoprism  -- 4-8 duoprism  -- 4-manifold  -- 4-polytope  -- 4,294,967,295  -- 40 (number)  -- 40,000  -- 400 (number)  -- 4000 (number)  -- 41 (number)  -- 4104 (number)  -- 42 (number)  -- 420 (number)  -- 43 (number)  -- 43,112,609  -- 44 (number)  -- 440 (number)  -- 45 (number)  -- 46 (number)  -- 47 (number)  -- 48 (number)  -- 49 (number)  -- 495 (number)  --

496
496 (number)  -- 4D vector  -- 5  -- 5-2-2-1 code  -- 5 21 honeycomb  -- 5-3-1-1 code  -- 5-4-2-1 code  -- 5-5 duoprism  -- 5-cell  -- 5-cell honeycomb  -- 5-Con triangles  -- 5-cube  -- 5-cubic honeycomb  -- 5-demicube  -- 5-demicubic honeycomb  -- 5-manifold  -- 5-orthoplex  -- 5-orthoplex honeycomb  -- 5-polytope  -- 5-simplex  -- 5-simplex honeycomb  -- 50 (number)  -- 50,000  -- 500 (number)  -- 5000 (number)  -- 501 (number)  -- 5040 (number)  -- 51 (number)  -- 511 (number)  -- 512 (number)  --

52
52 (number)  -- 53 (number)  -- 54 (number)  -- 55 (number)  -- 555 (number)  -- 56 (number)  -- 57 (number)  -- 57-cell  -- 58 (number)  -- 586 (disambiguation)  -- 59 (number)  -- 6  -- 6-6 duoprism  -- 6-8 duoprism  -- 6-cube  -- 6-cubic honeycomb  -- 6-demicube  -- 6-demicubic honeycomb  -- 6-j symbol  -- 6₃ knot  -- 6-orthoplex  -- 6-polytope  -- 6-simplex  -- 6-simplex honeycomb  -- 6-sphere coordinates  -- 60 (number)  -- 60,000  -- 600 (number)  -- 600-cell  -- 6000 (number)  --

61
61 (number)  -- 613 (number)  -- 616 (number)  -- 6174 (number)  -- 62 (number)  -- 63 (number)  -- 64 (number)  -- 64,079  -- 65 (number)  -- 65,535  -- 65,536  -- 65,537  -- 65537-gon  -- 66 (number)  -- 666 (number)  -- 67 (number)  -- 68 (number)  -- 69 (number)  -- 693 (number)  -- 7  -- 7 (number)  -- 7-cube  -- 7-cubic honeycomb  -- 7-demicube  -- 7-demicubic honeycomb  -- 7₁ knot  -- 7-orthoplex  -- 7-simplex  -- 7-simplex honeycomb  -- 70 (number)  -- 70,000  --

700
700 (number)  -- 7000 (number)  -- 71 (number)  -- 72 (number)  -- 720 (number)  -- 73 (number)  -- 74 (number)  -- 743 (number)  -- 75 (number)  -- 76 (number)  -- 77 (number)  -- 7744 (number)  -- 777 (number)  -- 78 (number)  -- 7825 (number)  -- 786 (number)  -- 79 (number)  -- 790 (number)  -- 8  -- 8-4-2-1 code  -- 8-8 duoprism  -- 8-cube  -- 8-cubic honeycomb  -- 8-demicube  -- 8-demicubic honeycomb  -- 8-orthoplex  -- 8-simplex  -- 8-simplex honeycomb  -- 80 (number)  -- 80,000  --

800
800 (number)  -- 8000 (number)  -- 801 (number)  -- 81 (number)  -- 8128 (number)  -- 8192 (number)  -- 82 (number)  -- 83 (number)  -- 833 cents scale  -- 836 (number)  -- 84 (number)  -- 840 (number)  -- 85 (number)  -- 86 (number)  -- 87 (number)  -- 88 (number)  -- 880 (number)  -- 881 (number)  -- 888 (number)  -- 89 (number)  -- 9  -- 9-cube  -- 9-demicube  -- 9-j symbol  -- 9-orthoplex  -- 9-simplex  -- 90 (number)  -- 90,000  -- 900 (number)  -- 9000 (number)  --

91
91 (number)  -- 911 (number)  -- 92 (number)  -- 93 (number)  -- 94 (number)  -- 95 (number)  -- 96 (number)  -- 97 (number)  -- 97.5th percentile point  -- 971 (number)  -- 98 (number)  -- 99 (number)  -- 99 Points of Intersection  -- 999 (number)  -- 9999 (number)  --


text:
RFA Sir Lamorak

RFA Sir Lamorak (L3532) was a temporarily chartered roll-on roll-off ferry of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. It was procured to fill a gap caused by damage to and loss of Round Table class landing ships during the Falklands War.

Launched in September 1972 as Anu, the ship was acquired by the RFA, renamed Sir Lamorak, and commissioned on 11 March 1983. Decommissioned on 20 January 1986 and returned to the owners, she was renamed Merchant Trader in 1986. More name changes followed; Mols Trader in 1987, Mads Mols in 1988, Pride of Portsmouth in 1989, Norman Commodore in 1991, and Fjärdvägen in 1995, which she is called to this day.

title: RFA Sir Lamorak


text:
Chris Sawyer

Christopher Sawyer is a Scottish video game designer and programmer. He is best known for creating Transport Tycoon, which has been considered "one of the most important simulation games ever made", and the best-selling RollerCoaster Tycoon series.

Sawyer began his career in the early 1980s producing small games for Memotech and developing DOS ports of many Amiga games. From 1994 to 2004 he produced a series of Tycoon games, which became hallmarks of the simulation genre. After a period away from the gaming industry in the late 2000s, Sawyer founded the mobile game studio 31X which has handled modern ports of his work. Wired has described Sawyer as "one of gaming's greatest enigmas" given his legendary contributions to the genre while maintaining little presence online, and rarely agreeing to give interviews.

Early life
Sawyer was born in Stirling, Scotland, and had an interest in computers and programming from an early age, writing simple scripts in BASIC on a ZX81 at a local store in Doune. Being unable to afford a BBC Micro, Sawyer purchased a Camputers Lynx with which he could write simple programs in machine code. He graduated with a degree in Computer Science and Microprocessor Systems from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.

Memotech & MS-DOS titles (1983–1993)
Sawyer began to write games in Z80 machine code on his Memotech MTX home computer (which possessed a built-in assembler) and then later on an Amstrad CPC series home computer. He sent tapes containing his games to Memotech, who arranged first publications of his titles. During this period he released a total of 11 Memotech games. One of his games was rejected for publication by Ariolasoft, though the company offered him a job after he graduated. This did not eventuate as Ariolasoft was downsizing by that time. He faced issues with Megastar failing to pay him royalties on continued sales of his games, and the revenue was only enough to buy him a disk drive and printer. From 1988 to 1993, Sawyer worked on MS-DOS conversions of Amiga games and was involved in many projects, including Virus, Conqueror, Campaign, Birds of Prey, Dino Dini's Goal and Frontier: Elite II. In the case of the latter, Sawyer worked to improve on the Amiga version by adding texture mapping to the title.

Tycoon games (1994–2004)
Inspired by Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon, Sawyer began to develop his own title which made use of an isometric gameworld system he had been designing as a personal project. His management simulation game Transport Tycoon was released by MicroProse in 1994 and became a classic of the "tycoon" series of games. A year later, he improved and extended the game, giving it the title Transport Tycoon Deluxe. The title sold well, and Sawyer immediately sought to create a sequel.

While working on the basic game engine for this sequel, Sawyer began development of RollerCoaster Tycoon. Sawyer had been interested in the engineering aspect of roller coasters for some years, but had only ridden a handful of them, including Wild Mouse at Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Thunder Loop Express at Loudoun Castle. He developed the game in x86 assembly language by himself, using only the services of freelance graphic designer Simon Foster and composer Allister Brimble. Sawyer later used some of the revenue from Transport Tycoon to travel across Europe and the United States, and developed a lifelong interest in roller coasters. After creating RollerCoaster Tycoon, he again resumed work on the sequel for Transport Tycoon, but again postponed it to create RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, which launched in 2002.

Upon completing that project, he returned to work on the Transport Tycoon successor, which finally released in 2004 as Chris Sawyer's Locomotion. The game was built atop the engine used by RollerCoaster Tycoon, which by that point appeared dated, and the AI and user interface were poorly received. Sawyer also served as a consultant for Atari in the development of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, which was designed by Frontier Developments and released later in 2004. Sawyer had understood that further development of the franchise would require 3D graphics but was not interested and left the work to Frontier.

Departure from industry (2005–2010)
In November 2005, Sawyer sued Atari, claiming that they had failed to pay him certain royalties. Atari counter-sued Sawyer for damages in 2007, and the two settled out of court for an undisclosed amount paid to Sawyer in February 2008. Due to a combination of the legal issues with Atari, and a general detest of the violent nature of video games of the time, Sawyer temporarily stepped away from video games after the release of Locomotion. In an interview, Sawyer also cited a desire to take a break after working on games for 20 years, to spend more time on his personal interests. Asked about the period by Wired he replied that he "made a few trips to ride roller coasters around the world."

31X & Tycoon rereleases (2010–2017)
In 2010, Sawyer founded 31X Ltd. which he initially planned to use as a holding company for the Transport Tycoon intellectual property. However, he saw that there was interest in a mobile version of Transport Tycoon and a space in the market for simulation games like this, and reworked 31X to be a video game developer focused on mobile games. In addition to Sawyer, several others that worked with him on the Tycoon games became part of 31X, including Jacqui Lyons, who worked with Sawyer for more than 20 years, serving as the company's executive producer.

31X's first product was Transport Tycoon for iOS and Android, released in 2013, which was assisted with Origin8. Sawyer continued to work with Origin8 to bring the first two RollerCoaster Tycoon games into RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic released for mobile in December 2016. The game later received ports to Microsoft Windows and macOS in September 2017.

Second departure (2017- present)
After the completion of Classic, Sawyer "...decided to take a back seat again and devote more time to other aspects of [his] life." Asked about future projects in 2016 he said "I'd never rule out creating a new original game but I think it's unlikely. I feel like I'm getting on a bit now age-wise and want to take things a bit easier!" He has also indicated that there is no need for a solo assembly coder such as himself in the modern games industry. Asked about the future in 2020, he replied “I also feel I’ve now created all the games I wanted to create... and working on someone else’s game designs just doesn’t excite me.”

Atari continue to produce titles using the RollerCoaster Tycoon intellectual property under license from Sawyer. He has little involvement with these titles, beyond playing the occasional build. In 2022, Sawyer extended Atari's rights to the franchise for another decade. For the franchise's 25th anniversary in 2024, Atari sold a number of art pieces autographed by Sawyer.

Development style
Asked about his philosophy and style for game design, Sawyer indicated that he had "just kind of worked on ideas which I thought were fun at the time." He has identified a Lego-like approach to his work, in which the player deals with small, individual components that go on to be part of larger, more intricate systems. He has also expressed a dislike of modern 3D graphics, describing this as a reason he let Frontier develop RollerCoaster Tycoon 3. "The world of games moved on and I didn't, and I miss the flawed style and clunky simplicity of games from 20 years ago. I admire the amazing graphics and awesome size and realism of many modern games but for some reason can't summon much enthusiasm to play them."

Personal life
Sawyer values privacy, rarely gives interviews and does not have a social media presence. In this regard Sawyer is unlike many of his 1990s contemporaries such as John Romero and Peter Molyneux, who adopted much more public personas. Asked about his relative lack of a public online presence in 2013 he said that social media "takes time away from what I need to concentrate on". He volunteers with the media team at a local primary school. Sawyer travels the world to visit roller coasters as an enthusiast, and gave his "coaster count" at 770 in 2024. He gave his favourites as Taron (Phantasialand, Germany), Zadra (Energylandia, Poland), Balder (Liseberg, Sweden), and Ravine Flyer II (Waldameer, USA).

title: Chris Sawyer


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Lists of mathematics topics

Lists of mathematics topics cover a variety of topics related to mathematics. Some of these lists link to hundreds of articles; some link only to a few. The template to the right includes links to alphabetical lists of all mathematical articles. This article brings together the same content organized in a manner better suited for browsing. Lists cover aspects of basic and advanced mathematics, methodology, mathematical statements, integrals, general concepts, mathematical objects, and reference tables. They also cover equations named after people, societies, mathematicians, journals, and meta-lists.

The purpose of this list is not similar to that of the Mathematics Subject Classification formulated by the American Mathematical Society. Many mathematics journals ask authors of research papers and expository articles to list subject codes from the Mathematics Subject Classification in their papers. The subject codes so listed are used by the two major reviewing databases, Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH. This list has some items that would not fit in such a classification, such as list of exponential topics and list of factorial and binomial topics, which may surprise the reader with the diversity of their coverage.

Basic mathematics
This branch is typically taught in secondary education or in the first year of university.
 * Outline of arithmetic
 * Outline of discrete mathematics
 * List of calculus topics
 * List of geometry topics
 * Outline of geometry
 * List of trigonometry topics
 * Outline of trigonometry
 * List of trigonometric identities
 * List of logarithmic identities
 * List of integrals of logarithmic functions
 * List of set identities and relations
 * List of topics in logic

Areas of advanced mathematics
As a rough guide, this list is divided into pure and applied sections although in reality, these branches are overlapping and intertwined.

Algebra
Algebra includes the study of algebraic structures, which are sets and operations defined on these sets satisfying certain axioms. The field of algebra is further divided according to which structure is studied; for instance, group theory concerns an algebraic structure called group.
 * Outline of algebra
 * Glossary of field theory
 * Glossary of group theory
 * Glossary of linear algebra
 * Glossary of ring theory
 * List of abstract algebra topics
 * List of algebraic structures
 * List of Boolean algebra topics
 * List of category theory topics
 * List of cohomology theories
 * List of commutative algebra topics
 * List of homological algebra topics
 * List of group theory topics
 * List of representation theory topics
 * List of linear algebra topics
 * List of reciprocity laws

Calculus and analysis

Calculus studies the computation of limits, derivatives, and integrals of functions of real numbers, and in particular studies instantaneous rates of change. Analysis evolved from calculus.
 * Glossary of tensor theory
 * List of complex analysis topics
 * List of functional analysis topics
 * List of vector spaces in mathematics
 * List of integration and measure theory topics
 * List of harmonic analysis topics
 * List of Fourier analysis topics
 * List of mathematical series
 * List of multivariable calculus topics
 * List of q-analogs
 * List of real analysis topics
 * List of variational topics
 * See also Dynamical systems and differential equations section below.

Geometry and topology
Geometry is initially the study of spatial figures like circles and cubes, though it has been generalized considerably. Topology developed from geometry; it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension.
 * Glossary of differential geometry and topology
 * Glossary of general topology
 * Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry
 * Glossary of scheme theory
 * List of algebraic geometry topics
 * List of algebraic surfaces
 * List of algebraic topology topics
 * List of cohomology theories
 * List of circle topics
 * List of topics related to pi
 * List of curves topics
 * List of differential geometry topics
 * List of general topology topics
 * List of geometric shapes
 * List of geometric topology topics
 * List of geometry topics
 * List of knot theory topics
 * List of Lie group topics
 * List of mathematical properties of points
 * List of topology topics
 * List of topologies
 * Topological property
 * List of triangle topics

Combinatorics
Combinatorics concerns the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects. Aspects include "counting" the objects satisfying certain criteria (enumerative combinatorics), deciding when the criteria can be met, and constructing and analyzing objects meeting the criteria (as in combinatorial designs and matroid theory), finding "largest", "smallest", or "optimal" objects (extremal combinatorics and combinatorial optimization), and finding algebraic structures these objects may have (algebraic combinatorics).
 * Outline of combinatorics
 * Glossary of graph theory
 * List of graph theory topics

Logic
Logic is the foundation that underlies mathematical logic and the rest of mathematics. It tries to formalize valid reasoning. In particular, it attempts to define what constitutes a proof.
 * List of Boolean algebra topics
 * List of first-order theories
 * List of large cardinal properties
 * List of mathematical logic topics
 * List of set theory topics
 * Glossary of order theory

Number theory
The branch of mathematics deals with the properties and relationships of numbers, especially positive integers. Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." Number theory also studies the natural, or whole, numbers. One of the central concepts in number theory is that of the prime number, and there are many questions about primes that appear simple but whose resolution continues to elude mathematicians.
 * List of algebraic number theory topics
 * List of number theory topics
 * List of recreational number theory topics
 * Glossary of arithmetic and Diophantine geometry
 * List of prime numbers—not just a table, but a list of various kinds of prime numbers (each with an accompanying table)
 * List of zeta functions

Dynamical systems and differential equations
A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives.

In a dynamical system, a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. The mathematical models used to describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, or the number of fish each spring in a lake are examples of dynamical systems.
 * List of dynamical systems and differential equations topics
 * List of nonlinear partial differential equations
 * List of partial differential equation topics

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is concerned with "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories".
 * List of mathematical topics in classical mechanics
 * List of mathematical topics in quantum theory
 * List of mathematical topics in relativity
 * List of string theory topics
 * Index of wave articles

Theory of computation
The fields of mathematics and computing intersect both in computer science, the study of algorithms and data structures, and in scientific computing, the study of algorithmic methods for solving problems in mathematics, science, and engineering.
 * List of algorithm general topics
 * List of computability and complexity topics
 * Lists for computational topics in geometry and graphics
 * List of combinatorial computational geometry topics
 * List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics
 * List of numerical computational geometry topics
 * List of computer vision topics
 * List of formal language and literal string topics
 * List of numerical analysis topics
 * List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures

Information theory and signal processing
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and Social science involving the quantification of information. Historically, information theory was developed to find fundamental limits on compressing and reliably communicating data.

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signals. Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others. Processing of such signals includes filtering, storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise, compression, and feature extraction.
 * List of algebraic coding theory topics
 * List of information theory topics
 * List of cryptography topics

Probability and statistics

Probability theory is the formalization and study of the mathematics of uncertain events or knowledge. The related field of mathematical statistics develops statistical theory with mathematics. Statistics, the science concerned with collecting and analyzing data, is an autonomous discipline (and not a subdiscipline of applied mathematics).
 * Catalog of articles in probability theory
 * List of probability topics
 * List of stochastic processes topics
 * List of probability distributions
 * List of statistics topics
 * Outline of regression analysis

Game theory
Game theory is a branch of mathematics that uses models to study interactions with formalized incentive structures ("games"). It has applications in a variety of fields, including economics, anthropology, political science, social psychology and military strategy.
 * Glossary of game theory
 * List of games in game theory

Operations research
Operations research is the study and use of mathematical models, statistics, and algorithms to aid in decision-making, typically with the goal of improving or optimizing the performance of real-world systems.
 * List of knapsack problems
 * List of network theory topics

Methodology

 * List of graphical methods
 * List of mathematics-based methods
 * List of rules of inference

Mathematical statements
A mathematical statement amounts to a proposition or assertion of some mathematical fact, formula, or construction. Such statements include axioms and the theorems that may be proved from them, conjectures that may be unproven or even unprovable, and also algorithms for computing the answers to questions that can be expressed mathematically.
 * List of algorithms
 * List of axioms
 * List of conjectures
 * List of conjectures by Paul Erdős
 * Combinatorial principles
 * List of equations
 * List of formulae involving pi
 * List of representations of e
 * List of inequalities
 * List of lemmas
 * List of mathematical identities
 * List of mathematical proofs
 * List of theorems

General concepts

 * List of convexity topics
 * List of dualities
 * List of exceptional set concepts
 * List of exponential topics
 * List of factorial and binomial topics
 * List of fractal topics
 * List of logarithm topics
 * List of mathematical properties of points
 * List of numeral system topics
 * List of order topics
 * List of partition topics
 * List of permutation topics
 * List of polynomial topics
 * List of properties of sets of reals
 * List of transforms

Mathematical objects
Among mathematical objects are numbers, functions, sets, a great variety of things called "spaces" of one kind or another, algebraic structures such as rings, groups, or fields, and many other things.
 * List of mathematical examples
 * List of algebraic surfaces
 * List of curves
 * List of complex reflection groups
 * List of complexity classes
 * List of examples in general topology
 * List of finite simple groups
 * List of Fourier-related transforms
 * List of manifolds
 * List of mathematical constants
 * List of mathematical functions
 * List of mathematical knots and links
 * List of mathematical shapes
 * List of mathematical spaces
 * List of matrices
 * List of numbers
 * List of polygons, polyhedra and polytopes
 * List of regular polytopes
 * List of simple Lie groups
 * List of small groups
 * List of special functions and eponyms
 * List of surfaces
 * Table of Lie groups

Equations named after people

 * Scientific equations named after people

About mathematics

 * List of letters used in mathematics and science
 * List of mathematical societies
 * List of mathematics competitions
 * List of mathematics history topics
 * List of publications in mathematics
 * List of mathematics journals

Mathematicians
Mathematicians study and research in all the different areas of mathematics. The publication of new discoveries in mathematics continues at an immense rate in hundreds of scientific journals, many of them devoted to mathematics and many devoted to subjects to which mathematics is applied (such as theoretical computer science and theoretical physics).
 * List of films about mathematicians
 * List of game theorists
 * List of geometers
 * List of logicians
 * List of mathematicians
 * List of mathematical probabilists
 * List of statisticians

Work of particular mathematicians

 * List of things named after Niels Henrik Abel
 * List of things named after George Airy
 * List of things named after Jean d'Alembert
 * List of things named after Archimedes
 * List of things named after Vladimir Arnold
 * List of things named after Emil Artin
 * List of things named after Stefan Banach
 * List of things named after Thomas Bayes
 * List of things named after members of the Bernoulli family
 * List of things named after Jakob Bernoulli
 * List of things named after Friedrich Bessel
 * List of things named after Élie Cartan
 * List of things named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
 * List of things named after Arthur Cayley
 * List of things named after Pafnuty Chebyshev
 * List of things named after John Horton Conway
 * List of things named after Richard Dedekind
 * List of things named after Pierre Deligne
 * List of things named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
 * List of things named after Albert Einstein
 * List of things named after Euclid
 * List of things named after Leonhard Euler
 * List of things named after Paul Erdős
 * List of things named after Pierre de Fermat
 * List of things named after Fibonacci
 * List of things named after Joseph Fourier
 * List of things named after Erik Fredholm
 * List of things named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius
 * List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
 * List of things named after Évariste Galois
 * List of things named after Hermann Grassmann
 * List of things named after Alexander Grothendieck
 * List of things named after Jacques Hadamard
 * List of things named after William Rowan Hamilton
 * List of things named after Erich Hecke
 * List of things named after Eduard Heine
 * List of things named after Charles Hermite
 * List of things named after David Hilbert
 * List of things named after W. V. D. Hodge
 * List of things named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
 * List of things named after Johannes Kepler
 * List of things named after Felix Klein
 * List of things named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange
 * List of things named after Johann Lambert
 * List of things named after Pierre-Simon Laplace
 * List of things named after Adrien-Marie Legendre
 * List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
 * List of things named after Sophus Lie
 * List of things named after Joseph Liouville
 * List of things named after Andrey Markov
 * List of things named after John Milnor
 * List of things named after Hermann Minkowski
 * List of things named after John von Neumann
 * List of things named after Isaac Newton
 * List of things named after Emmy Noether
 * List of things named after Henri Poincaré
 * List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
 * List of things named after Pythagoras
 * List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan
 * List of things named after Bernhard Riemann
 * List of things named after Issai Schur
 * List of things named after Anatoliy Skorokhod
 * List of things named after George Gabriel Stokes
 * List of things named after Jean-Pierre Serre
 * List of things named after James Joseph Sylvester
 * List of things named after Alfred Tarski
 * List of things named after Alan Turing
 * List of things named after Stanislaw Ulam
 * List of things named after Karl Weierstrass
 * List of things named after André Weil
 * List of things named after Hermann Weyl
 * List of things named after Norbert Wiener
 * List of things named after Ernst Witt

Reference tables

 * List of mathematical reference tables
 * List of moments of inertia
 * Table of derivatives

Integrals
In calculus, the integral of a function is a generalization of area, mass, volume, sum, and total. The following pages list the integrals of many different functions.
 * Lists of integrals
 * List of integrals of exponential functions
 * List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
 * List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions
 * List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
 * List of integrals of irrational functions
 * List of integrals of logarithmic functions
 * List of integrals of rational functions
 * List of integrals of trigonometric functions

Journals

 * List of mathematics journals
 * List of mathematics education journals
 * Category:History of science journals
 * Category:Philosophy of science literature

Meta-lists

 * Glossary of mathematical symbols
 * List of important publications in mathematics
 * List of important publications in statistics
 * List of mathematical theories
 * List of mathematics categories
 * List of mathematical symbols by subject
 * Table of logic symbols
 * Table of mathematical symbols

Others

 * Lists of unsolved problems in mathematics
 * List of order theory topics
 * List of topics related to π

External links and references

 * 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification from the American Mathematical Society, scheme authors find many mathematics research journals asking them to use to classify their submissions; those published then include these classifications.
 * The Mathematical Atlas
 * Maths Formula

title: Lists of mathematics topics


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User:Slord~enwiki

I'm currently enjoying that very promising encyclopedia, and contributing to the number project.

title: User:Slord~enwiki