text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Anthony DiPierro/Old evidence

This case is accepted solely to investigate use of votes for deletion by Anthony. Other issues will not be heard by the arbitration committee at this time (they may be referred to mediation).

Evidence not relating to use of VfD has been moved to this page.Martin 00:13, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Stuff

 * Talk:Nick Griffin Page History: Anthony DiPierro removed the comments of three different users (himself, Jwrosenzweig and Secretlondon) without providing a reason . Thereafter, he and Wik engaged in an "edit war," with Mr DiPierro consistently removing the text and Wik consistently re-inserting it. (Offered as an example of the edit wars between the users.) -- Emsworth 21:02, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Bill Gates
 * One thousand seven hundred twenty-nine
 * Nick Griffin (and Anthony's explanation)
 * Wikipedia:Copies of Wikipedia content (low degree of compliance)

 * Mailing list posts by Eloquence and Snoyes

Vandalism
Anthony vandalized Anchorage, Alaska multiple times by removing its demographical or geographical information to prove a point. See history at. Jwrosenzweig 22:31, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That was not vandalism, and it wasn't done to prove a point. And it was done once for demographical information, and once for geographical information. Anthony DiPierro 22:33, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Link to a conversation on this that was blanked from Anthony's user page: - Texture 22:38, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Looking for Edit Wars
I substituted these two articles copyvios for stubs and he reverted me. Reason? Because i didnt delete the page and recreated them without the copyvio in the history. This behaviour shows that he is hanging around looking for quarrels. Muriel 20:45, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Aga Khan IV
 * Kay Kendall

As was explained to Muriel by Angela, this is a longstanding policy. And it's policy for good reason -- copyright violations in the history are still copyright violations. While it sometimes might be technically difficult to remove certain copyright violations from history, in the case of replacing an infringement with a stub there is a simple solution which was devised. Create the stub as a /Temp page, and when the copyright violation is deleted the /Temp page can be moved to the old location. This deletes the history, and preserves the new history. Anthony DiPierro 20:55, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This paragraph above is a wonderful example of my point: i asked Angela, Anthony got into the conversation; i post this here, he follows. The matter here is not if Anthony is right - he is in this point and i have no problem of admitting -, its his hunger for fights and arguments and his general lifestyle as a pain in where we know. Muriel 20:59, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh? What do you mean he "followed" you here? This entire page is devoted to presenting evidence against him, and this is exactly what you did. Is it not unreasonable for him to post a response to your assertions against him? How is his responding to you more "looking for a fight" than your posting it here in the first place? Sheesh. PenguiN42 15:50, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Muriel, you are the one attacking me. I'm not sure why you've chosen to do this, even calling me "disturbed" on another page, but in any case I have a right to defend myself. Anthony DiPierro 21:20, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

village pump, etc
From the Bill Gates incident, which was done very early on before I knew all the rules of Wikipedia.

Jimbo on how "'fame' and 'importance' are not the right words to use."

From 1729, the NPOV solution which was accepted by myself.

The full edit history of Nick Griffen

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Nick_Griffin&diff=2380091&oldid=2374024

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Nick_Griffin&diff=0&oldid=2438362

Also I'd like to formally object to the hearsay evidence at the end of the Snoyes email which inaccurately portrays what I said on IRC.

Anthony DiPierro

Anthony's expressed views at variance with (Cyan's understanding of) Wikipedia behavioral norms

 * - Anthony wins, everyone loses
 * - Anthony's views on NPOV
 * Sarcasm. See why hearsay evidence isn't admissible in a real courtroom? Anthony DiPierro 00:00, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, but this isn't hearsay: the entire context surrounding your comments is available to be examined. I encourage anyone who finds these remarks prima facie troubling to examine the context. I did recognize the sarcastic element of the remark; nevertheless, it still gave me the feeling that you disdain the NPOV policy. (If you feel like it, you could clarify the issue with a simple declaration of your opinions about the NPOV policy. Or not, as you will.) -- Cyan 18:47, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe it is hearsay as presented (I'm backing down from my earlier statement that it is certainly hearsay). In any case, I don't disdain the NPOV policy.  I think it's the most important policy we have.  I think the suggestion by Secretlondon that removal of the POV attacks made by wik was "pointless" is a terribly dangerous suggestion.  Removing POV statements from wikipedia is of great importance. Anthony DiPierro 19:02, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * You have set my mind at ease with respect to this comment. (In any case, at least one arbitrator, The Cunctator, has expressed a low opinion of the NPOV policy.) -- Cyan 19:57, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

[Note: this "evidence" was withdrawn by Cyan and restored by Wik]. Anthony DiPierro 04:04, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Edit Wars

 * Over a picture on Al Gore (against User:ChrisDJackson, with User:The Anome, User:Mcarling, and User:Kingturtle)
 * Page was protected, after others got involved against CDJ.
 * Over whether it should be a redirect or a disambiguation page (With User:Dysprosia)
 * Settled amicably with no need for page protection. "Edit war" consisted of only two edits.
 * Nick Griffin talk page edit war. He repeatedly removed critical comments about himself. This led to an edit war with User:Wik.
 * Led to page protection.
 * Edit war on Nick Griffin article. Note that he reverted User:Jwrosenzweig with the message (rv vandalism). The supposed vandalism was removal of birth year information from the sentence paragraph, when it was already in the first paragraph anyway.
 * Actually, the "supposed vandalism" was the removal of the words "born in" -- and nothing else -- from a sentence, rendering it ungrammatical. Jwrosenzweig's edit had nothing to do with "birth year information." PenguiN42 16:18, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The edit which was reverted with the message (rv vandalism)
 * Resolved amicably with no need for page protection.
 * Bizarre edit war over 1729. Looking at the history User:RickK was involved, unprotected after he had banned Wik, and later protected on Anthony's version
 * William Kelly edit war over Anthony adding a short bio of a 9/11 victim and Wik removing. Anthony went straight back into adding his [arguably] non-notable person, Wik removed until it was protected again.
 * Currently protected and undergoing vote which is favoring Wik's version.
 * Atlantium edit war - Anthony adds "claims to be a state", Wik adds "pretends to be state"). Note: it was started by three teenage boys and consists of an apartment
 * Currently protected.
 * an edit war between Wik and Anthony over Anthony adding a link to What Would Brian Boitano Do?. Interestingly this is another example of User:RickK being involved in edit wars and then protecting the page.
 * Currently protected.
 * An edit war over whether the also in "See also" should be capitalised or not. Anthony was repeatedly adding a capital - as well as Wik, he was reverted by User:Morwen, User:Secretlondon, and User:Cyp.
 * Resolved without need for protection once others stepped in and explained the reasoning behind the edit.
 * Copies of Wikipedia content (undetermined or disputed compliance). - added Wikipedia.  - removed his own McFly from the page.
 * McFly was put into undisputable high compliance before being removed from that page.
 * Resolved amicably without need for protection.
 * Edit wars over whether people need tuition that ö is also written oe in German. Also a confused edit war on whether it should be a stub or not (it clearly is).
 * No page protection needed despite wik's insistence on not providing any reasoning.

I don't know whether further evidence is needed, but what I saw today here is evidence I think you need--Anthony and Wik revert each other 19 times today (March 12). I don't know if you are still taking evidence, but thought it prudent to provide it. Jwrosenzweig 19:48, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Another edit war today. Anthony is removing demographic information and the comment is (removing vanity about geography). Multiple users are trying to keep geographic information and Anthony is performing a constant edit war to keep it out. He is trying to add a non-famous (in the majority's opinion) and removing geographic info seems to be his way of responding in kind. - Texture 23:40, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * A constant edit war? This isn't even an edit war. This page is getting ridiculous.  By the way, the majority of people believe that the person is famous.  Just more lies from texture. Anthony DiPierro 02:08, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Before you start throwing labels at me you should pay attention to my position. I don't know who that person is and did not report my own opinion.  After reading, and replying to, a request to protect the page in response to your reverts or attempts to delete demographics and insert this individual I investigated the page history and found that you did try to buck the majority (or plurality if you wish) and impose your will by repeated removals of valid demographics and inserting this one individual.  You comments called this valid demographics "vanity".  What truth do you dispute? - Texture 16:35, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I dispute that I was "performing a constant edit war to keep [geographic information] out." I also dispute that the majority opinion is that Larry Sanger is non-famous.  And finally, I dispute that "removing geographic info seems to be [my] way of responding in kind."

 * Here is what formed my opinion of your edit war:    and your efforts to include an individual without support from the talk page:    .  I make no claims that he is or is not famous.  Merely that you reverted four people who disagreed with you without coming to an agreement on the talk page.  Had it been just you versus one person who disagreed with you there would be no claim of a majority opinion.  However, you fail to gain any majority or even plurality in your claim. - Texture 17:03, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The majority opinion, if any, was over whether or not Larry Sanger should be linked from Anchorage, Alaska. But considering that the majority of voters on VfD support keeping the Larry Sanger page, it is unclear whether this miniscule sampling can be considered relevant.  In any case, judging from VfD, I'd say the majority of people believe that Larry Sanger is famous, which would make your statement that the majority of people think he is non-famous incorrect.  As for the so called edit war, if anything there was an edit war over the inclusion of a link to Larry Sanger.  There was no edit war over the inclusion of the useless geographic information.  Anthony DiPierro 18:23, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Referring to your continuance of lies, I did not repeatedly remove valid demographics. I removed demographics once.  Anthony DiPierro 16:47, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * My statement may not have been phrased to your satisfaction, but you did remove factual information (not just demographics) in more than one edit and this is what I refer to. Since there is factual record of you removing the demographics and geographics  doesn't that make an accusation of "liar" an attack rather than a truth?  I don't appreciate being labelled falsely so I would not casually use the term as you did against me.  - Texture 17:03, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed factual information (actually, it wasn't even phrased factually, but that's a different argument) twice (geographic information once, demographic information once). Calling that "performing a constant edit war to keep [geographic information] out" is a lie. Anthony DiPierro 18:23, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

One last bit of info. I repsonded to a request for page protection saying that your reversions had ceased and the edit war seemed to be over. Had I supported the lies you claim I would have either protected the page or supported protection by another admin. - Texture 17:08, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That you didn't even support the lies you claimed just lends credence to the point that you inserted those lies onto this page intentionally, and not accidentally. Anthony DiPierro 18:23, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I am not going to go in circles with you. I reported what I found and you disagree. I explained and you disagreed. The thing I still don't get it why you would remove, as you put it, "factual information" instead of correcting it if you think it is not "phrased factually". I am relieved to see that you have not continued to remove them today but instead you are updating them to match your view of proper phrasing. Deleting factual information is out of character for your views as represented in VfD and talk pages. - Texture 18:34, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me explain it to you once again, then. (It's also on the talk page).  The "factual information" is stupid.  It has no place in an encyclopedia article on Anchorage, Alaska.  Encyclopedia articles are more than just lists of facts.  If you want to add the facts to a separate page, like "Demographics of Anchorage, Alaska]] or Geography of Anchorage, Alaska, then that's acceptable.  But in its current form it's long and boring.  By views on VfD are with respect to whether or not articles themselves should be kept.  It's a completely different question.  As for not continuing to remove them, I do intend to do so at some point if there is no response on the talk page explaining why this nonsense needs to be included. Anthony DiPierro 18:40, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Let's further look at this statement you made: "Multiple users are trying to keep geographic information and Anthony is performing a constant edit war to keep it out." Who are these multiple users? What I see is myself removing useless demographic information, and Jwrosenzweig reverting me. Then I removed useless geographic information, and Jwrosenzweig reverted me again. Both reverts, by the way, were completely unexplained on the talk page. Anthony DiPierro 18:28, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Michael Snow, Moink, Jwrosenzweig, RickK all reverted your edits. If the edit war was not solely centered on geographic or demographic information then I admit to condensing my description of what was an edit war from 19:08, 18 Mar 2004 to  18:26, 19 Mar 2004 with 13 reverts back and forth (not counting other content). - Texture 18:34, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe you did so accidentally, and if so I apologize for characterizing your misstatements as lies. But the statement that "Multiple users are trying to keep geographic information and Anthony is performing a constant edit war to keep it out." is completely untrue, as I have explained. Anthony DiPierro 18:42, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

A selected list of articles which have been listed on User:Anthony DiPierro under the title "Pages I have (or haven't yet) created"

 * Klyne Audio Arts
 * The Church Brew Works
 * Antonio Di Pietro
 * Church Brewery - listed on his user page, actually just a redirect
 * Life, the Universe, and Everything - just a redirect again
 * Better Business Bureau
 * Large file support
 * Gravity bong - just a redirect
 * LFS - disambiguation page
 * McLibel - redirect
 * Yahoo Visa - redirect (actually to wrong page)
 * Sabbath day - redirect
 * Lin---s - redirect
 * Mike Bruce - redirect to non-existant article
 * Heilungkiang - redirect
 * Flast v. Cohen

Of these - 9 are redirects, 1 is a disambiguation page and 1 is on VfD [where it received a consensus of votes to keep].

His actual original articles include:
 * Klyne Audio Arts
 * The Church Brew Works
 * Antonio Di Pietro
 * Better Business Bureau (actually this was created by someone else, with the comment "HAHAHAHAHA, Anthony DiPierro! I have beat you to it! Feel secure in the fact that it will not be suggested for deletion by Wik!")
 * Large file support
 * Flast v. Cohen

I have done this to ask whether this user is worth the effort. Secretlondon 23:12, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC) (with modifications for accuracy by Anthony DiPierro)

 * User:Anthony DiPierro as of 15:42, 25 Feb 2004
 *
 *

Protection
The following articles were (between February 9, 2004 and 23 Mar 2004) protected. Listed also are the names of users involved in two or more reversions prior to the protection.

 * Comments by Anthony in italics

 * 1) Paradox
 * Protected 21:13, 11 Feb 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 16:44, 17 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * 16 hours after Wik was temp-banned for reverting it which was the last change, just minutes before listing it as evidence here -AD
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Jimmy Wales
 * Protected 00:34, 16 Mar 2004 by MyRedDice
 * who himself participated in a reversion -AD
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Angela
 * 1) Jimbo Wales
 * Protected 00:50, 16 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Wik and Maximus Rex
 * unprotected just over an hour later -AD
 * after which Anthony continued the "edit war" hours later
 * so called "war" was resolved within minutes, and further page protection was unnecessary -AD
 * 1) Earth in the Balance
 * Protected 23:46, 10 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Al Gore
 * Protected 00:17, Feb 22, 2004 by Angela
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 03:13, 10 Mar 2004 by Texture
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 03:10, 13 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 01:18, 18 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * after Chris D Jackson repeatedly added plagiarized material -AD
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Hardy-Ramanujan number
 * Protected 19:40, 12 Mar 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Interesting number paradox
 * Protected 19:20, 6 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * after only 3 reverts in the span of 24 hours, 2 of which were by Wik. there were subsequently 2 reverts, while the page was protected, by Charles Matthews and Timwi -AD
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * No: Two or more reversions: Wik
 * 1) Interesting and uninteresting numbers
 * Protected 19:21, 6 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Another example of Kingturtle protecting a page which had very little activity over the previous 12 hours. -AD
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Wik, and Angela
 * Protected 18:29, 9 Mar 2004 by Ed Poor
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Atlantium
 * Protected 04:18, 9 Feb 2004 by Fuzheado
 * Two or more reversions: Delirium, Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 19:09, 16 Feb 2004 by Viajero
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * No: Two or more reversions: Wik and 62.169.220.232
 * Protected 18:12, 4 Mar 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) What would Jesus do? (was WWJD
 * Protected 19:31, 11 Feb 2004 by Adam Bishop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik<
 * No: Two or more reversions: Wik
 * Protected 19:40, 16 Feb 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * (more than once, most recently by RickK, who himself participated in the edit war -AD)
 * 1) Talk:Nick Griffin
 * Protected 03:27, 19 Feb 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, RickK and Wik
 * (protected by RickK, who had banned Wik for making those reversions, reverted the page himself, and then protected it -AD)
 * 1) 1729 (number) (history mixed with 1729 (anecdote))
 * Protected 17:35, 5 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * No: Two or more reversions: Wik
 * (protected by Charles Matthews, apparently acting with Kingturtle, who moved the page from 1729 (number) and then protected the page after wik attempted to change it into a redirect back to 1729 (number), the only participants after the move and before the protection were Dysprosia, Charles Matthews, Arvindn, and Wik -AD)
 * 1) Antinomy
 * Protected 21:07, 11 Feb 2004 by Viajero
 * Protected 21:17, 11 Feb 2004 by Andre Engels
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) McFly
 * Protected 16:00, 4 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * Protected 16:57, 4 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * (this was protected three times by Eloquence due to actions by Wik, previously by that it was protected by Muriel Gottrop -AD)
 * 1) Schnorrer
 * Was listed on Protected pages but was never actually protected.
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * (there is no evidence that this page has ever been protected -AD)
 * 1) William Kelly
 * Protected 22:27, 7 Feb 2004 by Maximus Rex
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 18:34, 8 Feb 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 05:52, 18 Feb 2004 by Kosebamse
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 18:32, 3 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: none
 * (more than once, most recently by Hephaestos after a single edit which wasn't even a revert -AD)
 * 1) John Edwards
 * Protected 18:25, Mar 16, 2004 by Raul654
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Raul654
 * 1) Dan Quayle
 * Protected 00:12, 1 Mar 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 01:35, 17 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Jerusalem
 * Protected 21:43, 16 Mar 2004 by Adam Bishop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Uriber and Wik

Compiled by: Kingturtle 03:12, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) & Hephaestos|§ 05:15, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC) & Anthony DiPierro

 * Note that some of these were protected by Kingturtle and others by Hephaestos. Anthony DiPierro

 * Further note that Wik was involved in the vast majority of them, he has refused to participate on the talk pages, and as they get listed here he seems to be going back to them. Anthony DiPierro 12:26, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wik stated the following:

 * Anthony now uses a sockpuppet User:Yarko Brachini to fight his edit wars. Can a developer check the server logs to see if it's Anthony's IP? --Wik 02:18, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

User:Yarko Brachini continually removed that statement. In any case, it is not true. I have no idea who User:Yarko Brachini is. Anthony DiPierro 02:41, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

''The alleged evidence below is incorrect and misleading. I suggest it be ignored. I have added a brief note in some places where the information was grossly incorrect, however doing so in other places could be deemed as inturrupting the flow of this supposed evidence, so the fact that I have not marked my dispute should not be considered acceptance of the truth of the claim.'' - Anthony

Reposting my evidence ** Anthony, do not edit my evidence
On March 15, I ( Kingturtle ) posted to this page evidence regarding the matter of evidence. Since that time, Anthony has edited my posts over 30 times. The meaning and arguments of my original postings and edits have been altered. Therefore, I am re-posting my evidence cleanly. Anthony, do not edit my evidence. If you want to comment on my evidence, do so in the next section entitled "Anthony's response to Kingturtle's Evidence."

The following twenty articles were protected between 9 Feb 2004 and 23 Mar 2004 (one article was placed on Protected page but never actually protected.) In each of these cases, Anthony was involved in the disagreement at hand. Listed also are the names of any user involved in two or more reversions during the incident.

Please also take note: eighteen different admins have participated in these protections.

Anthony will try to justify each of these actions. The bottomline is that Anthony wastes the time of our community, needles members of our community, and creates an enviroment of stress and hostility in our community. Anthony should be placed into a similar probation agreement as that assigned to Wik. Kingturtle 10:56, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Paradox
 * Protected 21:13, 11 Feb 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 16:44, 17 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Jimmy Wales
 * Protected 00:34, 16 Mar 2004 by MyRedDice
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Angela
 * 1) Jimbo Wales
 * Protected 00:50, 16 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Wik and Maximus Rex
 * 1) Earth in the Balance
 * Protected 23:46, 10 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Al Gore
 * Protected 00:17, Feb 22, 2004 by Angela
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 03:13, 10 Mar 2004 by Texture
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 03:10, 13 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 01:18, 18 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Hardy-Ramanujan number
 * Protected 19:40, 12 Mar 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Interesting number paradox
 * Protected 19:20, 6 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik [this is incorrect -AD]
 * Just as one example, here is the page history that AD cited above -- I can't see how is Kingturtle is "incorrect"? This seems to be true with all the ones that AD has so labeled:
 * Interesting number paradox
 * Revision history
 * View (previous 100) (next 100) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500).
 * Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit
 * (cur) (last) . . m 23:34, Mar 14, 2004 . . Timwi (fix double-redirect)
 * (cur) (last) . . m 06:23, Mar 8, 2004 . . Charles Matthews
 * (cur) (last) . . 12:59, Mar 6, 2004 . . Wik (rv)
 * (cur) (last) . . 22:51, Mar 5, 2004 . . Anthony DiPierro
 * (cur) (last) . . 13:38, Mar 5, 2004 . . Wik (rv)
 * (cur) (last) . . 13:37, Mar 5, 2004 . . Anthony DiPierro
 * (cur) (last) . . 12:42, Mar 5, 2004 . . Wik (not worth a separate article)
 * (cur) (last) . . 12:40, Mar 5, 2004 . . Arvindn (moved text from 1729 (number))
 * View (previous 100) (next 100) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500).
 * BCorr ¤ Брайен 14:43, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * The first edit I made was not a revert nor was it anything even remotely close to one. Anthony DiPierro 21:39, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Interesting and uninteresting numbers
 * Protected 19:21, 6 Mar 2004 by Kingturtle
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 18:29, 9 Mar 2004 by Ed Poor
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Atlantium
 * Protected 04:18, 9 Feb 2004 by Fuzheado
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 19:09, 16 Feb 2004 by Viajero
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik [incorrect -AD]
 * Protected 18:12, 4 Mar 2004 by Jwrosenzweig
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) What would Jesus do? (was WWJD)
 * Protected 19:31, 11 Feb 2004 by Adam Bishop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik [incorrect -AD]
 * Protected 19:40, 16 Feb 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Talk:Nick Griffin
 * Protected 03:27, 19 Feb 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, RickK and Wik
 * 1) 1729 (number) (history mixed with 1729 (anecdote))
 * Protected 17:35, 5 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Antinomy
 * Protected 21:07, 11 Feb 2004 by Viajero
 * Protected 21:17, 11 Feb 2004 by Andre Engels
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) McFly
 * Protected 16:00, 4 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * Protected 16:57, 4 Mar 2004 by Muriel Gottrop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) Schnorrer
 * Was listed on Protected pages but was never actually protected.
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * 1) William Kelly
 * Protected 22:27, 7 Feb 2004 by Maximus Rex
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 18:34, 8 Feb 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 05:52, 18 Feb 2004 by Kosebamse
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Wik
 * Protected 18:32, 3 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: none
 * 1) John Edwards
 * Protected 18:25, Mar 16, 2004 by Raul654
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and Raul654
 * 1) Dan Quayle
 * Protected 00:12, 1 Mar 2004 by RickK
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * Protected 01:35, 17 Mar 2004 by Hephaestos
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and ChrisDJackson
 * 1) Jerusalem
 * Protected 21:43, 16 Mar 2004 by Adam Bishop
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Uriber and Wik
 * 1) Anchorage, Alaska
 * Protected 18:54, Mar 20, 2004 by Dori
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony, Jwrosenzweig, Michael Snow and Wik
 * 1) Requests for adminship
 * Protected 04:20, 23 Mar 2004 by Seth Ilys
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and GrazingshipIV [also wik and ugen64 -AD]
 * Two or more reversions: Anthony and GrazingshipIV [also wik and ugen64 -AD]


text:
Evolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement

The Evolutionary Air and space Global Laser Engagement (EAGLE) is a missile defence plan being developed by the United States Air Force. It is a "space-based weapon".

The project is a combination of two separate missile defense efforts: the Aerospace Relay Mirror System and a new, high-altitude airship. The project is designed as a means to destroy enemy missiles before they would have the opportunity to hit targets on American soil. It involves using either ground-based, air-based or space-based lasers deflected off a massive airship (roughly 25 times the size of the Goodyear blimp) covered in mirrors that could destroy missiles but also satellites or spacecraft in a low Earth orbit. By synergistically employing airborne, terrestrial, or space-based lasers in conjunction with space-based relay mirrors, this innovative approach substantially enhances the capabilities of both the Airborne Laser and Ground-Based Laser. The system effectively projects varying laser powers and frequencies, enabling a wide array of effects, ranging from illumination to destruction.

The first tests of the airship were scheduled to begin in 2006. Its current status as of 2011 is unknown.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Oving

Oving may refer to:

 * Oving, Buckinghamshire
 * Oving, West Sussex

title: Oving


text:
Elista

Elista (Элиста́, ;, Elst, ) is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.

It was known as Stepnoy (Степно́й) from 1944 to 1957.

History

Elista was founded in 1865 as a small settlement, the name is from Kalmyk els(e)n 'sand(y)'. In November 1920, Elista became the administrative center of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. By the early 1930s, Elista was transformed into a small city as the collectivization policies of Joseph Stalin forced many Kalmyks to abandon their traditional pastoral nomadic lifestyle in exchange for a modern, sedentary, and urban lifestyle. In October 1935, Elista was recognized as the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. In late 1942, the city was briefly occupied by the German army. Because of alleged collaboration between the ethnic Kalmyks and the Germans, on December 27, 1943, the Kalmyk ASSR was dissolved and its ethnic Kalmyk residents were forcibly exiled to Siberia. Russian people were brought in to repopulate Elista, whose name was changed to Stepnoy (Степно́й). It was called Stepnoy until 1957, when the survivors of the deportations were allowed to return from exile.

Some western tourists started to visit Elista from the mid-1990s, and more after it received publicity as the host city of the 1998 Chess Olympiad. The city is safe and has little traffic. On the outskirts of Elista, there are vast grasslands.

Geography
The city is located in the area of the Yergeni hills, in the upper part of the Elista valley. The sources of the river are located in the western part of the city. The Elista crosses the urban area from west to east, dividing it into two sections, a larger northern part and a smaller southern one.

Climate
Elista has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), although it has sometimes been described as a temperate semi-arid climate (Köppen classification BSk). Winters are cold with a January average high of -6.1 °C while summers are hot with a July average high of 24.5 °C. The average annual precipitation is 349 mm with winters being drier than summers. Record temperatures range from -34.0 °C in January 1935 to 43.3 °C in July 2011.

Administrative and municipal status
Elista is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated as the City of Elista—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Elista is incorporated as Elista Urban Okrug.

Features

Since 1991, the town has been characterized by the slow decay of Soviet-built institutions, and the large construction projects instigated by the republic's millionaire president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.

The town center has a number of renovated public parks focused on the main square, boasting statues to both Lenin and the Buddha. To the east of the town lies the Olympic village of the 1998 XXXIII Chess Olympiad, known locally as "City-Chess". The site has a public swimming pool and a museum of Kalmyk Buddhist art, which is also infrequently used as a conference center.

During his visit in 1998, the 14th Dalai Lama chose a location west of the town center to build the Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume, a Buddhist temple for city residents. It was opened in December 2005. It is the largest Buddhist temple in Europe.

Transportation
Elista has a small regional airport which is open daily during the week, providing flights to Moscow and various cities in the southern part of the Russian Federation. The airport was closed by the federal aviation authorities sometime in the fall of 2006, but was reopened sometime in 2007. Rail connections are available to Stavropol.

Due to the high cost of air travel, people usually prefer to take the bus between Elista and Moscow. The trip is approximately 18 hours and makes several rest stops along the route. Nowadays there is an airline, Azimuth, that provides air flights to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sochi, Crimea and Rostov on Don at affordable cost with direct flights from Elista airport. The price starts at 2500 rubles one way and it saves traveler a lot of time instead of traveling by bus as it was in the past.

Within Elista itself, a network of about a dozen marshrutka (minibus) routes is run by private companies. Minibuses are available around every five minutes. This is the preferred option of most Kalmykians because of the minimal cost (10 rubles).

Demographics
Population:

Ethnic composition (2021):
 * Kalmyks – 76.9%
 * Russians – 19.1%
 * Kazakhs – 0.6%
 * Others – 3.4%

Twin towns – sister cities
Elista is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇿 Aktau, Kazakhstan
 * Khoni, Georgia
 * 🇷🇺 Kyzyl, Russia
 * 🇨🇳 Lhasa, China
 * 🇲🇳 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
 * 🇷🇺 Ulan-Ude, Russia

Sport
Typhoon Elista were a motorcycle speedway team who regularly participated in the Soviet Union Championship from 15 April 1967 through to 1991. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the team disbanded. The team raced at the Elista Motordrome or Avtodrom located at (46.32056°N, 44.2625°W).

title: Elista


text:
Grand River (Michigan)

The Grand River (Ottawa: owashtanong, "Far-Flowing Water") is a 252 mi river in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The longest river in Michigan, the Grand River rises in Hillsdale County, and flows in a generally northwesterly direction to its mouth at Lake Michigan in the city of Grand Haven. The river flows through a number of cities, including Jackson, Lansing, Ionia, and Grand Rapids.

The river was famous for its mile-long, 300-yard-wide, and 10-to-15-foot-tall rapids, for which the city of Grand Rapids was named. These rapids were submerged following the construction of numerous dams, starting in 1835, and flooding of areas behind the dams. The river has not had any rapids for nearly a century.

Course
The headwaters of the Grand River begin from natural springs in Somerset Township in Hillsdale County near the boundary with Liberty Township in Jackson County. From there, the river flows through Jackson, Ingham, Eaton, Clinton, Ionia, Kent, and Ottawa counties before emptying into Lake Michigan. The river runs through the cities of Jackson, Eaton Rapids, Dimondale, Lansing, Grand Ledge, Portland, Ionia, Lowell, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven.

Hydrology
The Grand River is one of three major tributaries of Lake Michigan, including the Fox River (Green Bay tributary) on the western shore, and Kalamazoo River on the southeastern shore. It falls in elevation from 1260 ft. in the highlands of its headwaters to 577 ft. at its mouth on Lake Michigan. Its waters drain northward through the lake, then south and east through the Great Lakes waterways into the St. Lawrence River, which flows northeasterly into the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean. The Grand River discharges an estimated average 5,049 cuft/s.

Its watershed is the second-largest in the state, draining an area of 5572 sqmi, including 18 counties and 158 townships. Much of the basin is flat, and it contains many swamps and lakes. The basin is composed of four sub-basins: Upper Grand, Lower Grand, Thornapple, and Maple, where the four major tributaries flow: the Flat, Rogue, Thornapple, and Maple rivers.

Tributaries of the river include (beginning near river source and travelling downstream): Portage River, Red Cedar River, Looking Glass River, Maple River, Prairie Creek, Bellamy Creek, Flat River, Thornapple River, Rogue River, Coldbrook Creek, Plaster Creek, Bass River, Buck Creek and Crockery Creek.

Dams
There are fourteen dams on the main branch of the Grand River. Some 218 dams were built on its tributaries; these have divided the ecosystem into a set of dysfunctional local streams. 228 of these dams are registered with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.

The main branch dams are:

lower
 * Grand River (6th Street)
 * Grand River

middle
 * Lyons (removed in 2016)
 * Grand Ledge
 * Portland
 * North Lansing
 * Moores Park
 * Webber (hydroelectric)

upper
 * State Street
 * Moore's Park (hydroelectric)
 * Sanitation
 * Smithville (hydroelectric)

headwaters
 * Liberty Mills
 * Crystal Lake
 * Mirror Lake
 * Lake LeAnn North
 * Lake LeAnn South

Ecology
It is estimated that 22% of the pesticide usage in the Lake Michigan watershed occurs in the Grand River drainage, which accounts for only 13% of the lake's total watershed. The river is a trout and salmon stream for much of its length.

History
As the glacial ice receded from what is the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan around 11,000 years ago, the Maple River and lower Grand River served as a drainage channel for the meltwater. The channel ran east to west, emptying into proglacial Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan.

About 2,000 years ago, the Hopewell Indians settled along the Grand River near present-day Grandville. Their presence is still seen in the preserved burial mounds.

By the late 17th century, the Grand River band of Odawa had established villages on the banks of the Grand River at the sites of what would later become several towns and cities, including Grand Rapids, Forest Hills, Lowell, Lyons, and Portland. For these peoples, as well as for later explorers, fur traders and settlers, the river served as an important navigational trade route and cultural hub.

The river formed part of a major demarcation of land ceded by Native Americans enabling U.S. settlers to legally obtain title to land in the area. In the 1821 Treaty of Chicago, the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi ceded to the United States all lands in Michigan Territory south of the Grand River, with the exception of several small reservations.

The city of Grand Rapids was built starting in 1826 on the site of a mile long rapids 40 miles upstream from the river's mouth, although these disappeared after the installation of a run-of-river dam in 1866 and five low-rise dams during a river beautification project in 1927.

The Grand was important to the rapid development of West-Central Michigan during the 1850s to 1880s, as logs from Michigan's rich pine and oak forests floated down the Grand River for milling. After the Civil War, many soldiers found jobs as lumberjacks cutting logs and guiding them down the river with pike poles, peaveys, and cant hooks. The men wore bright red flannel, felt clothes, and spiked boots to hold them onto the floating logs; these boots chewed up the wooden sidewalks and flooring of the local bars, leading one hotel owner to supply carpet slippers to all river drivers who entered his hotel. The "jacks" earned $1 to $3 per day and all the "vittles" they could eat, which was usually a considerable amount.

In 1883, heavy rains during June and July brought water levels on the river to record highs. The flooding was bad enough, but the rising water overwhelmed lumbering booms—river enclosures used to sort and organize logs for transport to saw mills—in Lowell, Grand Rapids as well as Grand Haven and Robinson townships. As water rose, the logs escaped the enclosures, much like cattle fleeing stockyards. Soon, Kent and Ottawa counties had a 'stampede', as millions of logs flowed uncontrolled down the river and became trapped in bends or against bridges. The result was a logjam of incredible proportions that clogged the river for 47 miles (10 million Feet of logs trapped in Lowell, 95 million Feet of logs trapped in the "Big Bend" northeast of Grand Rapids, 80 million Feet of logs trapped in Ottawa County).

Grand River Avenue (or Grand River Road) was built early in the settlement of Michigan and ran from the head of navigation on the Grand to downtown Detroit. It formed an important part of an early route between Chicago and Detroit, along with the Grand itself, from Grand Rapids to Grand Haven on Lake Michigan.

A fish ladder installed in 1974 replaced the West Side Water Power Canal headgates removed in 1960. In recent years, Grand Rapids Whitewater, a private nonprofit organization, is working toward restoring the rapids to the river in Grand Rapids. The project, which began in 2019, will remove five dams between Sixth street and Pearl street to restore an 18-foot drop in the Grand River's elevation.

Points of interest
Two of Grand Valley State University's campuses are located on the banks of the Grand River. The main campus in Allendale and the Pew Grand Rapids campus in Grand Rapids both border the river in separate locations miles from each other. The Grand is home to GVSU's rowing team, and the crew boathouse sits parallel to the river on the Allendale campus's north side.

Coast Guard Station Grand Haven is situated near the mouth of the river in Grand Haven. The station gives Grand Haven its nickname Coast Guard City USA.

Parks, docks and recreational facilities

 * Millennium Park (Grand Rapids), the largest park in western Michigan, larger than Central Park, NY

Crossings
At least 80 bridges cross the river's 250-mile span, with most bridge structures clustered in metropolitan/municipal areas along the river. County road and state highway crossings can be found in less densely populated areas along the waterway:

title: Grand River (Michigan)


text:
World Climate Research Programme

The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is an international programme that helps to coordinate global climate research. The WCRP was established in 1980, under the joint sponsorship of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Council for Science (ICSU), and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO since 1993.

The programme is funded by its three sponsors and additional contributions by nation states or other donors. WCRP uses these funds to organize science workshops or conferences and support collaboration between climate scientists at an international level. Its expert groups also develop international standards for climate data and propose future emphasis areas in international climate research, among others.

History
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) came into existence in 1980, with the International Science Council (ISC)—known as the International Council for Science (ICSU) until its reorganization in July 2018—and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) acting as its founding sponsors. The sponsorship circle widened in 1993 when the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO joined as a sponsor.

Over a span of more than 40 years, the WCRP has been instrumental in propelling the advancement of climate science. It has fostered the ability of climate scientists to monitor, simulate, and forecast the global climate with unparalleled accuracy. This has led to the provision of essential climate information that aids policy and decision-making, as well as supports various practical applications for end-users across multiple sectors. The significance of the WCRP's contributions is documented in celebratory publications such as the "25th Anniversary Brochure," the "WCRP Film: 40 years of international climate science," and articles like "The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) celebrates its 40th anniversary."

Mandate
WCRP's objective is stated as "a better understanding of the climate system and the causes of climate variability and change" and "to determine the predictability of climate; and to determine the effect of human activities on climate". In practice, the programme aims to foster initiatives in climate research which require or benefit from international coordination and which are unlikely to emerge from national efforts alone. The programme does not fund climate research directly, but may at times exchange views with research funding agencies on global research priorities.

Structure
The largest group of contributors to WCRP are several thousands of climate scientists from around the world who offer their expertise and time as volunteers to, for example, help organize workshops in key areas of research, lay out avenues for future research in white paper articles, and serve on WCRP science or advisory boards. Official scientific guidance for the programme is provided by a Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) consisting of 18 volunteer scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations. Everyday operations are supported by a secretariat of around 8 full-time staff, hosted by the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva.

Activities and projects
WCRP's largest activities are its four "Core Projects" (called SPARC, CLIVAR, CliC, and GEWEX), which support climate research on the global atmosphere, oceans, the cryosphere, and the land surface (together constituting the Earth's physical climate system) as well as interactions and exchanges between them. Each Core Project again has a structure similar to that of WCRP itself, namely contributing scientists, a scientific steering group, and a secretariat ("international project office") hosted by individual countries.

The programme further maintains topical working groups and advisory councils on climate data, climate modelling, subseasonal-to-decadal climate prediction, and regional climate modelling. Additional "Grand Challenges" target specific questions of societal interest within climate science.

One particular output by a WCRP task team is the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, which standardizes and coordinates regular comparisons of the world's climate models and which provides an important basis for the IPCC Assessment Reports' climate projections.

Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate
Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) is a core project of the programme. Founded in 1992, SPARC has coordinated high-level research activities related to understanding Earth system processes for over two decades. More specifically, SPARC promotes and facilitates cutting-edge international research activities on how chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere interact with climate and climate change.

title: World Climate Research Programme


text:
Ravenstone

A ravenstone is a place of execution, akin to gallows.

Ravenstone may also refer to:

 * Ravenstone (brand), a destination gift shop and online retailer

 * Ravenstone, Buckinghamshire, City of Milton Keynes, England
 * Ravenstone, Leicestershire, England
 * Ravenstone with Snibston, a civil parish in Leicestershire
 * Ravenstone (band)

title: Ravenstone


text:
Claybank, Saskatchewan

Claybank is a small hamlet in the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan at the foot of the Dirt Hills. The community is named for the rich clay deposits found in the area. Claybank is best known for its National Historic Site of Canada, the Claybank Brick Plant, which closed in 1989 but remains one of the finest examples of 20th century industry. It is part of the RM of Elmsthorpe No. 100.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Claybank had a population of 15 living in 9 of its 11 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 15. With a land area of 0.18 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Claybank, Saskatchewan


text:
Red Cedar River (Michigan)

The Red Cedar River is a 51.1 mi river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river, which is a tributary of the Grand River in Michigan's Lower Peninsula, drains a watershed of approximately 461 sqmi in the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area and suburban and rural areas to the east. The river flows through the campus of Michigan State University, and is considered a cultural symbol of the school, including being mentioned in the school's fight song.

Name
The river was presumably named for the juniper species Juniperus virginiana, commonly known as red cedar, a plant native to the region. Prior to a 1966 decision by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, the river was shown as Cedar River on federal maps, despite being known as the Red Cedar River locally. The board's review was prompted by a 1962 letter from Milton P. Adams, then-secretary of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, who noted in his letter that "generations of M.S.U. students have solemnly and with hearts full sung the glories of their Alma Mater 'on the banks of the Red Cedar.' Countless great careers have been launched, lifelong romances have budded, and strong characters have been wrought in these environs, presumably on the banks of the 'Red' Cedar.

Course
The river's source is Cedar Lake in Marion Township in southern Livingston County. It flows for 51.1 mi, first northwestward through Fowlerville, then westward through northern Ingham County. In Ingham County it flows through Williamston, Okemos, East Lansing, and finally Lansing, where it empties into the Grand River. In East Lansing the river passes through the campus of Michigan State University.

The river is not navigable by boats larger than recreational size.

Watershed
The river's watershed is approximately 462 sqmi in size. Among the river's larger tributaries, ordered from its mouth to its source, are Sycamore Creek, Pine Lake Outlet (the outflow of Lake Lansing), Sloan Creek, Deer Creek, Doan Creek, Kalamink Creek, the West Branch Red Cedar River, and the Middle Branch Red Cedar River. The Red Cedar River Watershed (RCRW) contains a diverse mix of rural lands dominated by agricultural land use and small communities, suburban areas, and highly urbanized lands. The watershed is home to thousands of residents who live, learn, work, and recreate within its lands and waters. Farms, factories, and shopping malls are necessary for quality of life. Equally important are clean water for fishing, swimming, and drinking, and natural landscapes for aesthetic relief. The river and its watershed are also home for a myriad of plants and animals that rely on a clean, protected environment to flourish.

Water quality
Since the national Clean Water Act in 1972, the river has greatly improved and is safe for swimming 74% of the year (the exception usually being right after heavy rains which bring higher levels of E. coli from runoff waters). The Red Cedar is regularly monitored by MSU Water with the contaminant reports posted by the Michigan State University International Center. Despite these improvements, littering and pollution into the river and onto its banks is a common problem and includes bikes, parking barricades, general trash, and occasionally large items such as car tires and mopeds. To combat this problem, twice per year the undergraduate MSU Fisheries and Wildlife club holds a "Red Cedar Clean-Up" event that brings students, faculty, alumni, and community members together to remove and recycle items found in the river and its banks.

Michigan State University campus
The Red Cedar River is a familiar campus landmark at Michigan State University. The name of the river is featured in the first line of MSU's fight song, and MSU students can be found studying in the parkland along its banks. A number of student activities centered around the Red Cedar over the course of MSU's history, including freshman vs. sophomore "tug-o-war" spanning the river and a Water Carnival featuring student made floats drifting in procession. People on campus frequently feed the large community of mallard ducks that congregate near the river.

Alongside the river on MSU's campus is the W.J. Beal Botanical Garden, the oldest continuous botanical garden in the United States. The garden was started in 1873.

The river is popular in the summer for canoeing and kayaking. (The campus canoe dock is self-mockingly named Red Cedar Yacht Club.) During floods, the river forms a standing wave at the campus dam that can be surfed. In the winter, the river often freezes over and students walk or play on the ice despite the inherent danger. During its inaugural season in 1922, the MSU hockey team played games on the frozen river.

Fishing was banned on the campus in the 1960s; the ban was rescinded for a section of the river in 2013. Wildlife in the river includes 33 species of fish and various other aquatic animals, and study of the river and its ecosystem is incorporated into relevant areas of the university's curricula. From December 1979 to 1981, Dr. Patrick M. Muzzall from MSU's zoology department collected the following species: white sucker, northern hog sucker, spotted sucker, golden redhorse, silver redhorse, rock bass, green sunfish, pumpkin seed, warmouth, bluegill, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, black crappie, stoneroller, carp, hornyhead chub, common shiner, rosyface shiner, sand shiner, bluntnose minnow, western blacknose dace, creek chub, grass pickerel, brook stickleback, black bullhead, yellow bullhead, brown bullhead, rainbow darter, johnny darter, yellow perch, blackside darter, and central mudminnow.

title: Red Cedar River (Michigan)


text:
List of rivers of Wyoming

The following is a list of rivers in Wyoming, United States.

Missouri River watershed

 * Gallatin River
 * Madison River
 * Firehole River
 * Gibbon River
 * Yellowstone River
 * Gardner River
 * Lamar River
 * Slough Creek
 * Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River
 * Wind River/Bighorn River
 * Little Bighorn River
 * Little Wind River
 * North Fork Popo Agie River
 * Middle Fork Popo Agie River
 * Little Popo Agie River
 * Roaring Fork Creek
 * Shoshone River
 * Greybull River
 * Shoshone River
 * Gooseberry Creek (Wind River/Bighorn River)
 * Owl Creek
 * Muddy Creek
 * Nowood River
 * Tensleep Creek
 * Paint Rock Creek
 * Tongue River
 * Big Goose Creek (near Sheridan)
 * Little Goose Creek (near Sheridan)
 * Little Tongue River (Dayton)
 * Powder River
 * Clear Creek
 * Rock Creek
 * Little Missouri River
 * Cheyenne River
 * Belle Fourche River
 * Niobrara River
 * North Platte River
 * Encampment River
 * Medicine Bow River
 * Rock Creek
 * Little Medicine Bow River
 * Sweetwater River
 * Laramie River
 * Little Laramie River
 * North Fork Little Laramie River
 * Libby Creek
 * Middle Fork Little Laramie River
 * South Fork Little Laramie River
 * North Laramie River
 * Chugwater Creek

South Platte River watershed

 * Crow Creek
 * Lodgepole Creek

Colorado River watershed

 * Green River
 * Big Sandy River
 * Blacks Fork
 * Smiths Fork
 * Hams Fork
 * Yampa River
 * Little Snake River
 * Roaring Fork Little Snake River
 * North Fork Little Snake River
 * New Fork River

Columbia River watershed

 * Snake River
 * Henrys Fork (ID)
 * Fall River
 * Salt River
 * Swift Creek
 * Cottonwood Creek
 * Greys River
 * Little Greys River
 * Hoback River
 * Granite Creek
 * South Fork Hoback River
 * Gros Ventre River
 * Lewis River
 * Heart River
 * Wolverine Creek
 * Plateau Creek

Great Salt Lake watershed

 * Bear River (Great Salt Lake)

Alphabetically

 * Bear River (Great Salt Lake)
 * Belle Fourche River
 * Big Goose Creek (near Sheridan)
 * Big Sandy River
 * Bighorn River
 * Blacks Fork
 * Cheyenne River
 * Chugwater Creek
 * Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River
 * Clear Creek
 * Cottonwood Creek
 * Crow Creek
 * Dead Indian Creek
 * Encampment River
 * Fall River
 * Firehole River
 * Gallatin River
 * Gardner River
 * Gibbon River
 * Gooseberry Creek
 * Granite Creek
 * Green River
 * Greybull River
 * Greys River
 * Gros Ventre River
 * Hams Fork
 * Heart River
 * Henrys Fork
 * Hoback River
 * Lamar River
 * Laramie River
 * Lewis River
 * Libby Creek
 * Little Bighorn River
 * Little Goose Creek (near Sheridan)
 * Little Greys River
 * Little Laramie River
 * Little Medicine Bow River
 * Little Missouri River
 * Little Snake River
 * Little Tongue River (near Dayton)
 * Little Wind River
 * Lodgepole Creek
 * Madison River
 * Medicine Bow River
 * Middle Fork Little Laramie River
 * Middle Fork Little Snake River
 * Middle Fork Popo Agie River
 * Muddy Creek
 * New Fork River
 * Niobrara River
 * North Fork Little Laramie River
 * North Fork Little Snake River
 * North Fork Popo Agie River
 * North Laramie River
 * North Platte River
 * Nowood River
 * Owl Creek
 * Paint Rock Creek
 * Plateau Creek
 * Powder River
 * Roaring Fork Creek
 * Roaring Fork Little Snake River
 * Rock Creek (Clear Creek)
 * Rock Creek (Medicine Bow River tributary)
 * Salt River
 * Shell Creek
 * Shoshone River
 * Slough Creek
 * Smiths Fork
 * Snake River
 * South Fork Hoback River
 * South Fork Little Laramie River
 * South Platte River
 * Sweetwater River
 * Swift Creek
 * Tensleep Creek
 * Tongue River
 * Wind River
 * Wolverine Creek
 * Yellowstone River

title: List of rivers of Wyoming


text:
Nalchik

Nalchik (Нальчик ; Kabardian: НалщӀэч ; Нальчик ) is the capital city of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, situated at an altitude of 550 m in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains; about 100 km northwest of Beslan (Beslan is in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). It covers an area of 131 km2. Population:

History
The territory of modern-day Nalchik was formerly known as Sloboda. The modern city dates from the early 19th century when the expanding Russian Empire built a fort there in 1818.

In 1838, a Russian military settlement was founded in the city, and after the Russian Revolution of 1917, in the year 1921, Nalchik was given the status of administrative center of Kabardin Autonomous Oblast. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Nalchiksky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.

The word "Nalchik" literally means "small horseshoe" in Kabardian (or Circassian, a Northwest Caucasian language) and Karachay-Balkar (a Turkic language). It is a diminutive of na'l, a common Middle Eastern word (Arabic, Persian, Turkish) for "horseshoe", possibly from the ancient Scythian, 'nalak" (horseshoe). The city of Nalchik was named this way because of how it is shaped as surrounded by the mountains of the land, and the Nalchik River is named after the city it runs across.

During World War II, on 2 November 1942, Nalchik was occupied by Romanian mountain troops (Vânători de munte) under the command of Brigadier General Ioan Dumitrache, its capture earning the Romanian General the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The city was heavily damaged during the conflict. General Dumitrache went to great length ordering his troops to protect local population during the time Nalchik was occupied by Romanian forces. Professor A. N. Dainaco, the Mayor of Nalchik at that time, thanked General Dumitrache for liberating the city. Although he was accused of war crimes, General Dumitrache was fully exonerated after the war by a joint Soviet and Romanian judicial commission.

In 1990, there was a 6.0 magnitude earthquake in Nalchik.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Nalchik and the Kabardino- Balkaria region become a federal republic of Russia.

On October 13, 2005, Nalchik was attacked by a large group of Yarmuk Jamaat militants led by Shamil Basayev and Anzor Astemirov. Buildings associated with the Russian security forces were targeted, killing at least 14 civilians and wounding 115. Thirty-five policemen died in the fighting. Eighty-nine militants, including their leader Ilias Gorchkhanov, were killed, and another fifty-nine arrested.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Nalchik—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Nalchik is incorporated as Nalchik Urban Okrug.

Ethnic groups

The population of the city in 2021 included the following breakdown by ethnicity:
 * Kabardians (Circassian) (49.2%)
 * Russians (22.8%)
 * Balkars (Taulu) (18.2%)
 * Cherkess (3.6%)
 * Ossetians (1.3%)
 * others (13.2%)

2002 census data is as follows:
 * Kabardians (47.3%)
 * Russians (31.8%)
 * Balkars (11.4%)
 * Ossetians (1.9%)
 * Ukrainians (1.0%)

Economy and education
Nalchik is a balneological and mountain climatotherapy resort, with several sanatoriums. It also serves as an industrial center of the republic (non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, construction materials manufacturing, machine building).

Nalchik is home to the following facilities of higher education:
 * Kabardino-Balkarian State University
 * North Caucasian State Institute of Arts
 * Kabardino-Balkarian State Agricultural Academy

Climate
Nalchik has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa) with hot summers and no dry season. The warm season lasts from late May to mid-September and the cold season from December to March. Most forms of precipitation are light rain and thunderstorms, as well as light snow and moderate snow. Wind speeds are typically calm to a light breeze through the year.

Sports
PFC Spartak Nalchik is an association football club based in Nalchik, playing in the Russian Premier League. The 2008 World Women's Chess Championship has also been held in Nalchik on August 28–September 18, 2008.

Notable people

 * Khadzhimurat Akkayev, Olympic weightlifter, born 1985
 * Astemir Apanasov, Circassian singer, musician, composer, and actor
 * Viktor Belenko, Soviet pilot who defected with a MiG-25, landing in Hakodate, Japan
 * Dima Bilan, singer, born 1981
 * Felix Frankl (1905–1961), Austrian and Soviet mathematician, physicist and aerodynamics
 * Lyalya Chyornaya, actress
 * Andre Geim, Soviet, British and Netherlands physicist; Nobel laureate
 * Vladislav Goldin, basketball player born in 2001, currently playing US college basketball at Michigan University
 * Mark Ifraimov (born 1981), Israeli former member of the Knesset and Deputy Mayor of Sderot
 * Muhadin Kishev, Soviet and Spanish artist, born 1938
 * Andrei Kolkoutine painter, born 1957
 * Alim Kouliev, actor, theater director, born 1959
 * Azamat Kuliev, painter, born 1963
 * Eldar Kuliev, film director, screenwriter, born 1951
 * Katya Lel, singer, born 1974
 * Alexander Litvinenko, ex-FSB officer turned anti-Putin activist, born 1962, poisoned with polonium-210 and died 2006.
 * Leo Mol (1915–2009), Soviet and Canadian artist and sculptor
 * Nikolay Pavlov, professional footballer, born 1987
 * Albert Sarkisyan, former Armenian professional footballer
 * Yuri Temirkanov, orchestra conductor, born 1938
 * Mikhail Zalikhanov, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, born 1939

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇯🇴 Amman, Jordan
 * 🇹🇷 Kayseri, Turkey
 * Vladikavkaz, Russia
 * 🇺🇸 Reno, Nevada, United States

title: Nalchik


text:
Ringshall

Ringshall is the name of more than one place.

In the United Kingdom:

 * Ringshall, Berkhamsted, a hamlet on the border between Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire
 * Ringshall, Suffolk
 * Ringshall Stocks, Suffolk

title: Ringshall


text:
Nazran

Nazran (Назра́нь; Наьсаре) is the largest city in Ingushetia, Russia. It served as the republic's capital from 1991 to 2000, until it was replaced by Magas, which was built for this purpose. It is the most populous city in the republic:

Etymology
The name of the town, possibly, derives from the name of the legendary first settler Nyasar (Наьсар, also referred as Närt-Näsar Наьрт-Наьсар).

The town is associated by some scholars like Leonid Lavrov with the Arabic word "al nasaraa" (النصارى), meaning "Christian", thus explaining that the name was gotten from the fact that supposedly Christianity held on for longer in Nazran unlike in other neighboring places in Ingushetia. Although author explains that Muslims already were present here in 1405–1406. Vladimir Markovin also stated that the name of Nazran has an Arabic origin while quoting Lavrov.

18th–20th centuries

The aul of Nazran was founded in the late 18th century, with the official date of the foundation being considered 1781. This is based on the report of L. L. Shteder, who during his expedition to Caucasus in 1781, noticed Ingush outposts on the river of Nazranka. After becoming a military fortress in 1817, Nazran saw large numbers of Ingush population moving into it. It was granted town status in 1967.

During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Nazranovsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast. During the Soviet period, Nazran was the administrative center of Nazranovsky District within the Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic were separated in 1991, the town became the republic's capital. This brought about a sharp increase in population: while counting 18,246 inhabitants according to the 1989 Census, during the 2002 Census Nazran had as many as 125,056 inhabitants.

2004 rebel raid on Nazran
In 2004, a group of Chechen and Ingush militants carried out a large-scale raid on Ingushetia, led by Shamil Basayev. The overnight attacks targeted fifteen official buildings in Nazran, and at least three towns and villages located on the Baku-Rostov highway that crosses the republic from east to west.

The raid lasted nearly five hours, and the assailants - said to number 200 to 300 - withdrew almost unscathed; the raiders apparently lost only two men during the attacks. The rebels killed 67 members of security forces, including the republic's Interior Minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiev, top prosecutors, and other officials; they also captured and looted the MVD's armory and police depots. 25 civilians, including a local United Nations worker, were killed in the crossfire.

Federal Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliyev met with General Vyacheslav Tikhomirov, the commander of Russia's Interior Ministry forces, and blamed them for the high number of deaths. Tikhomirov decided to resign after the meeting.

2008 protests
Widespread protests erupted in January 2008, with a strong government response. The disturbances appear to have been fueled by heavy-handed government and para-military activity, including abductions, arrests and murders. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Zyazikov.

2009 bombing
In August 2009, a suicide bomber drove a truck filled with explosives into the Nazran police headquarters. Russian news agencies reported that 25 were killed in the attack, and roughly 140 were wounded. It is believed that more bodies may still be in the rubble, yet to be found. The police headquarters was completely destroyed in the attack, including up to 30 police vehicles and munition stores.

Location
Nazran is located in the western area of Ingushetia, at the borders with Prigorodny Raion of North Ossetia-Alania. It also borders the raion of Nazranovsky; and the nearest settlements are Ekazhevo, the new town of Magas, and Barsuki. It is 27 km from the North Ossetian-Alanian capital city, Vladikavkaz, 19 from Karabulak and 54 from Malgobek.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nazran serves as the administrative center of Nazranovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of republic significance of Nazran—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Nazran is incorporated as Nazran Urban Okrug.

Climate
Nazran has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb).

Transportation
Nazran is located on the M29 federal highway and has a railway station on the Rostov-on-Don–Baku line. Magas Airport serves the city and the near town of Magas.

Sport
FC Angusht Nazran is the city's association football club. Its home ground is the Rashid Aushev Central Stadium.

Twin cities

 * 🇷🇺 Kislovodsk, Russia.

title: Nazran


text:
List of rivers of Montana

The following is a partial list of rivers of Montana (U.S. state).

East of Continental Divide
Water in these rivers flows east and south from the Continental Divide of the Americas, also known as the Great Divide, into the Gulf of Mexico via the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.

Missouri River watershed

 * Missouri River
 * Jefferson River
 * Beaverhead River
 * Blacktail Deer Creek
 * Ruby River
 * Red Rock River
 * Big Hole River
 * Wise River
 * Boulder River
 * Roe River (one of the shortest rivers in the world)
 * Madison River
 * Gallatin River
 * East Gallatin River
 * Sixteen Mile Creek
 * Dearborn River
 * Smith River
 * Sun River
 * Belt Creek
 * Marias River
 * Cut Bank Creek
 * Two Medicine River
 * Birch Creek
 * Dupuyer Creek
 * Teton River
 * Cottonwood Creek (Liberty County, Montana)
 * Arrow Creek
 * Cow Creek
 * Birch Creek
 * Judith River
 * Dry Wolf Creek (Judith Basin County, Montana)
 * Dry Wolf Creek (Fergus County, Montana)
 * Musselshell River
 * Sacagawea River
 * North Fork Musselshell River
 * South Fork Musselshell River
 * Milk River
 * Big Sandy Creek
 * Frenchman River
 * Battle Creek
 * Redwater River
 * Poplar River
 * Big Muddy Creek
 * Little Muddy Creek
 * Yellowstone River
 * Gardner River
 * DePuy Spring Creek
 * Shields River
 * Boulder River
 * Sweet Grass Creek
 * Stillwater River
 * Clarks Fork Yellowstone River
 * Bighorn River
 * Beauvais Creek
 * Big Bull Elk Creek
 * Black Canyon Creek
 * Dry Head Creek
 * Grapevine Creek
 * Little Bighorn River
 * Alligator Creek
 * Lodge Grass Creek
 * Pass Creek
 * Reno Creek
 * Shoulder Blade Creek
 * West Fork Little Bighorn River
 * Little Bull Elk Creek
 * Rotten Grass Creek
 * Soap Creek
 * War Man Creek
 * Woody Creek
 * Tongue River
 * Pumpkin Creek
 * Powder River
 * Little Powder River
 * East Fork Little Powder River
 * Crow Creek
 * Timber Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Ash Creek
 * Mizpah Creek
 * Sheep Creek
 * Locate Creek
 * O'Fallon Creek
 * Cabin Creek
 * Little Missouri River
 * Thompson Creek

Laurentian Divide
Waters in these rivers flow north and east from the Laurentian Divide into Hudson Bay, a tributary of the Arctic Ocean, via the Saskatchewan and Nelson rivers.
 * Belly River
 * St. Mary River
 * Waterton River

West of Continental Divide
Water in these rivers flow west from the Continental Divide of the Americas into the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River.

 * Clark Fork River
 * Bull River
 * Thompson River
 * Little Thompson River
 * Vermilion River
 * Queer Creek
 * Flathead River
 * Jocko River
 * Little Bitterroot River
 * Spotted Bear River
 * White River
 * Whitefish River
 * Stillwater River
 * South Fork Flathead River
 * Graves Creek
 * Aeneas Creek
 * St. Regis River
 * Bitterroot River
 * Blackfoot River
 * Little Blackfoot River
 * Kootenai River
 * Yaak River
 * Fisher River
 * Ninemile Creek
 * Tobacco River
 * Wigwam River
 * Swan River

Multiple streams with same name

 * Willow Creek, there are 45 streams named Willow Creek in Montana

title: List of rivers of Montana


text:
Thornborough

Thornborough may refer to:

Places

 * Thornborough, Buckinghamshire, England
 * Thornborough, North Yorkshire, England
 * Thornborough Henges
 * Thornborough, Queensland, Australia

Ships

 * HMS Thornborough (K574), a frigate in Royal Navy service 1943–1945

title: Thornborough


text:
Sparty

Sparty is the mascot of Michigan State University. Sparty is usually depicted as a muscular male Spartan warrior/athlete dressed in stylized Greek costume. After changing the team name from "Aggies" to "Spartans" in 1925, various incarnations of a Spartan warrior with a prominent chin appeared at university events and in university literature. In 1943, MSU art professor Leonard D. Jungwirth designed a statue for the university, which had to be cast in terra cotta because of World War II rationing. In 2005, the university replaced Jungwirth's original statue with a bronze replica, moving the original indoors to protect it from the elements.

Sparty appears in several other incarnations. In printed literature, the university uses a copyrighted cartoon Spartan, usually drawn with a grimace and several days worth of whiskers, lending the nickname of "Gruff" Sparty. Finally, Sparty appears as a foam rubber mascot with an oversized head. The mascot costume, worn by an anonymous student, appears at most university sporting, alumni, and fundraising events; he is often portrayed in MSU notices and materials.

History
Though MSU is now a large university, in the 19th century it was a small agricultural college known as the State Agricultural College of Michigan. Thus, when the college fielded its first intercollegiate sports teams in the 1880s, the teams were appropriately named the "Aggies". By 1925, the school had expanded beyond agriculture, becoming Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. To reduce the emphasis on agriculture, the college held a contest to choose a new team name. The chosen entry was the "Michigan Staters." George S. Alderton, then sports editor of the Lansing State Journal, and Dale Stafford, sportswriter for the Lansing Capitol News, felt the name was too unwieldy for newspaper headlines and searched the contest entries for a better choice. They settled on the "Spartans", a name submitted by former Aggie athlete Perry J. Fremont. Alderton and Stafford began using the name in their game accounts, and it soon caught on as the de facto team name. Michigan State's teams have been the Spartans ever since.

Costumed mascot
While MSU students and alumni often refer to the Spartan statue as Sparty, the incarnation of Sparty with national visibility is that of a costumed mascot who appears at athletic events and other university-related functions. The first mascot appeared in 1955 and was a papier-mâché Spartan head made by Theta Xi fraternity brothers Donald Pais, Kenneth Roberts, and Don Bauer. By the 1956 Rose Bowl Game, the papier-mâché head had been replaced by a fiberglass version that was thirty pounds lighter. In 1985, MSU Alumni Association Graphic Designer Dave Giordan was asked to draw a muscular Sparty in full body armor. Four years later, in 1989, a group came together to design and revamp the Sparty mascot. Character designer Tom Sapp of Real Characters, Inc. was hired to design and create a new Sparty character and costume. Research was conducted on Michigan State’s mission, community, and traditions. The result was an “approachable, fierce yet kind, man for all seasons” mascot. Sparty would reflect the university’s strength and character. To introduce MSU's new mascot, six billboards designed by Tom Sapp were positioned around East Lansing announcing his Spartan Stadium debut. The costume, with a cartoonishly oversized head, bulging muscles, and a facial expression that treads a fine line between cute and pugnacious, was introduced to MSU fans during the 1989 football season. Sparty was an immediate hit, in part because the foam-rubber body parts, vinyl breastplate, and skirt have a freedom of movement that allow the anonymous student who portrays Sparty to be quite expressive despite the costume's fixed stare. The student that portrays Sparty is a volunteer, despite rumors of financial compensation or a full scholarship. Early every calendar year, tryouts are held for the student to portray Sparty for the upcoming school year. Sparty represents an ancient Spartan warrior, but wears a late Imperial-style Roman legionary's helmet, which was not invented until several centuries after Sparta was subdued by the Roman Republic.

Sparty can be found entertaining MSU sporting event crowds with his antics during games. He is even lifted upon the shoulders of cheerleaders and does one-handed push ups. Besides sporting events, Sparty also attends many events around campus, the community, and the country throughout the year: alumni functions, charity events, weddings, bar mitzvahs, parades, and many other university events. Any revenues generated go to the upkeep of the Sparty Mascot Program, which is funded mainly by the MSU Alumni Association.

Sparty came to national prominence in the mid-1990s with his appearance in a series of television ads promoting ESPN's SportsCenter. One advertisement depicted Sparty carrying gymnast Kerri Strug in the manner of Beauty and the Beast—or, more to the point, Béla Károlyi, who carried the injured Strug to the medal platform to accept her team gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He also appeared in ESPN ads with background cameos, such as eating in a diner booth or browsing the shelves of a bookstore. In 2004, Sparty won the Best Mascot National Championship at the Universal Cheer Association/Universal Dance Association College Nationals, becoming the first Big Ten Conference mascot to do so. He won Best Mascot for the second year in a row after securing the honor again the following year. In addition to his title of "best mascot", Sparty was voted the "Buffest Mascot" by Muscle and Fitness magazine. Sparty was even found in the refrigerators of local stores and many alumni when Sparty was featured on a series of Jones Soda bottles in late 2004, and he appeared again in 2005. Sparty was one of six college mascots nominated for the Mascot Hall of Fame in July 2006. In the summer of 2006, Alltel Wireless aired a commercial featuring ESPN's Lee Corso and Sparty.

Three years after winning top honors for the first time, Sparty was again named best mascot. It was Sparty's third title in just four years. His skit, "Sparty's Spectacular", featured music from many different genres, including rock, country, and Riverdance. To qualify for nationals, Sparty submitted a video showcasing his performances at athletic events and community service events.

Sparty appeared on the cover of the Wii version of NCAA Football 09, the first time a non-athlete was featured on it. EA Sports had a poll to see which mascot would appear on the cover, and Sparty won by over 75,000 votes.

Statues
When John Hannah became president of Michigan State College in 1941, he commissioned assistant professor of art Leonard D. Jungwirth to design a statue of an athletic Spartan warrior. Jungwirth sculpted a statue known simply as The Spartan, which soon gained the nickname of "Sparty". Though Jungwirth originally designed The Spartan as a bronze statue, it had to be cast in terra cotta due to World War II rationing of bronze. The terra cotta statue stood on the banks of the Red Cedar River, until 2005, when the university replaced it with a bronze replica. The original Spartan was moved into the stadium, where it remains on display to this day.

1945 terra cotta statue
Dedicated on June 9, 1945, the terra cotta Spartan is made of five large glazed terra cotta sections fired from red Ohio clay. These pieces were joined by mortar joints, with a poured concrete core over a steel frame. The statue stands 9’ 7" high and weighs approximately 3,000 pounds. When the statue was erected, popular media claimed that it was the tallest free-standing ceramic sculpture in the world, though that record remains unconfirmed. Though the statue's pose recalls classic Greek sculpture, Jungwirth's stylized design is closer to the mid-20th century modernist design, borrowing heavily from Cubism, Futurism, and depression-era civic art.

2005 bronze statue
By the late 20th century, Michigan's harsh winters had taken a toll on the terra cotta statue, as had vandalism by fans of MSU's rival school, the University of Michigan. While annual repair work helped stem the damage done by precipitation, extreme cold, and vandalism, the statue needed more intensive repair.

In 1989, the Save Our Sparty (SOS) campaign helped restore the statue. When they finished, restorers made fiberglass molds of the refurbished "Sparty". New molds were made in 2004, because the 1989 molds had deteriorated, to cast an identical bronze replica that would better stand up to bad weather and vandalism.

The terra cotta Spartan was removed from its base on May 12, 2005. During MSU's 2005 summer semester, the intersection at which the statue stood was completely redesigned to allow for safer traffic interaction with pedestrians. On Thursday, August 25, 2005, an unveiling of the new bronze Spartan took place. In addition, a Sesquicentennial parade on Saturday, October 8, 2005, concluded with a dedication ceremony at the statue. Meanwhile, the original terra cotta Spartan was moved to a new Spartan Stadium annex where it could be displayed safely indoors. Though most members of the MSU community agree that the original statue needs to be sheltered, some alumni and faculty have criticized the inaccessibility of the original statue.

Traditions
It is tradition for some alumni and other Spartan fans to have a picture taken with the Spartan statue to mark major life events. During graduation season there is a steady stream of recent graduates and their families posing with the statue. On weekends it is not uncommon to see newlywed couples doing the same. During the week before the annual football game against the University of Michigan Wolverines, members of the marching band take turns each guarding the statue against vandalism by fans of the rival school. The tradition is known as "Sparty Watch"; a similar vigil takes place at the Michigan Diag, where the inlaid "M" is defended against MSU fans. During the full team walk from Kellogg Center to Spartan Stadium that takes place prior to each home football game, players and coaches toss or place pennies at the statue as they proceed past it. After the final home football game the Spartan Marching Band circles the statue once before heading home to Adams Field.

title: Sparty


text:
Cherokee Park

Cherokee Park is a 409 acre municipal park located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States and is part of the Louisville Olmsted Parks Conservancy. It was designed in 1891 by Frederick Law Olmsted, the father of landscape architecture along with 18 of Louisville's 123 parks. Beargrass Creek runs through much of the park, and is crossed by numerous pedestrian and automobile bridges.

According to The Trust for Public Land, Cherokee Park has 500,000 visitors annually, making it tied for the 69th most popular municipal park in the United States.

The park features a 2.4 mile Scenic Loop through the park's pastoral setting featuring rolling hills, open meadows and woodlands with separate lanes for vehicle traffic (one-way) and recreational users. The park was closed to vehicular traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic, with cars being allowed again after September 2021.

History
Cherokee Park opened in 1891, has always been a major draw, and was a key factor in sparking development in nearby parts of town.

Pre-development

The land comprising Cherokee Park was originally part of a 4000 acre military land grant in 1773 to James Southall and Richard Charlton.

A 43 acre portion of the land passed to Judge Joshua Fry Bullitt, who sold it in 1868 to foundry magnate Archibald P. Cochran. Cochran established an estate there called Fern Cliff, which operated as a museum for a while but has since been demolished.

As the land was located around Beargrass Creek, it was hilly and ill-suited to farming. Prior to its conversion as a park, the land was used primarily for animal grazing, although much of it was wooded. By 1893 the land was carved into six estates, including Cochran's (which was sold to the city after his death in 1889). The other estates belonged to the Bonnycastle 63 acre, Barret 20 acre, Morton & Griswold 106 acre, Alexander 25 acre families, respectively. Those and two small lots under 1 acre were bought by 1891. Additional land from the Longest, Barringer and Belknap families would be added to expand the park to its modern size.

Park development
In 1887, a city park system was proposed with three large suburban parks: east, west and south. The initial name of the eastern park was to be Beargrass Park, but in 1891, as was fashionable in the late 19th century, a name that evoked the romantic imagery of Native Americans was chosen.

Cochran's name lives on in Cochran Hill, which became notable in the late 1960s when two tunnels were dug under it at a cost of $1.9 million so that I-64 would not have as extreme an impact on the park as it was run through it. The twin tunnels remain, running for about 425 ft in length under the hill. Various groups, including one called Save Our Parks, formed as early as the 1940s to oppose running highways through the parks, and were largely responsible for forcing a tunnel as a compromise.

The tunnels, which opened in 1970, are one of three sites in Kentucky deemed "exceptionally significant" by the Federal Highway Administration. This designation, in turn, means it will be very difficult for the stretch of interstate running through the park ever to be widened.

In 2010, a proposal by the city to replace the Hogan's Fountain Pavilion with two smaller structures created public opposition that led to a citizen fundraising effort to repair the existing structure, rather than replace it.

Tornado damage in 1974
Much of the park was heavily damaged in the April 3, 1974, tornado Super Outbreak. The tornado was an F4 on the Fujita scale. A city forester surveying the aftermath said, "I don't believe that anyone alive today will see Cherokee Park as it was before the storm."

Because of the loss of thousands of mature trees, a massive re-planting effort was undertaken, financed in large part by a grant from the United States government under the Disaster Relief Act of 1974. However, to qualify for these funds, the park had to be restored to its pre-tornado design as faithfully as possible. The original Olmsted plans were consulted for the park's "rebirth" (as it was called at the time), with 2,500 trees and 4,600 shrubs planted in the restoration effort.

Crime
Vandalism and petty crime has long plagued Cherokee Park. Vandalism was reported as early as 1936. In the 1950s into the mid-1960s newspapers reported with amusement on the serial theft of elements of the Hogan's Fountain monument – especially a bronze turtle – with headlines such as "Cherokee Park Turtle on the Loose Again" and "Bronze Turtle Steps Lively – Flees Cherokee Park Nest". According to a park commissioner, after the vandals saw the stories in print, they would always deposit the stolen pieces, which weighed about 100 pounds, somewhere in the park. Eventually, they were all bolted down from beneath such that vandals were unable to remove them. More seriously, the Daniel Boone statue at the park's Eastern Parkway entrance was toppled on May 21, 1962, causing severe damage to it. Park officials claimed police had seen but not arrested a crowd of youths drinking openly near the statue earlier in the day, police denied the charge.

A 1970 newspaper article looked back on the tradition of turtle thievery with nostalgia, reporting that Hogan's Fountain had by the 1970s become a nightly gathering place for hundreds of teenagers, who openly sold and used drugs, despite an increasing police presence, usually arresting youths on loitering charges and chasing out dealers of more serious drugs such as heroin.

Portions of the park were redesigned both to remove popular loitering locations and to increase the park's usability to families and individuals for recreation. Combined with an increased police presence, these tactics greatly deterred drug use and gay cruising, however vandalism remains a minor problem. During periods of good weather, the park is invariably full of local residents engaged in a wide range of fitness activities as well as leisurely strolling or picnicking. On those rare occasions that two or more inches of snow fall, hundreds of locals take to the parks hills for informal sledding and snowboarding.

Landmarks

Cherokee Park contains many landmarks and points of interest. Many are self-contained areas within the larger park, set apart from each other by the natural terrain and creative use of landscaping. Because of the size and design of the park, many events can occur at the same time without interrupting each other.

 * Big Rock – A large rock in Beargrass Creek, which also lends its name to a picnic area and playground nearby. The rock itself is used for picnics, and as an ill-advised jumping spot (its flat surface offers about an 8 ft drop into the shallow creek water below). There is an open shelter building at Big Rock which was built in 1910 as a memorial to George Gaulbert, it was designed by William J. Dodd.
 * Scenic Loop – A 2.43-mile (3.9-km) mixed-use road around much of the park, with separate lanes for pedestrians and motorized vehicles.
 * Frisbee Field – A large open field used for many purposes, most commonly soccer and Ultimate.
 * Baringer Hill – Commonly called "Dog Hill", "Kite Hill", or "Hill Number One". Once popular for kites, after a renovation in the late 1990s it has become better known as a gathering point for dog owners. A fenced dog park located at the top of Cochran Hill opened in 2007.
 * Hogan's Fountain – A dog- and horse-watering fountain located atop a hill on the Scenic Loop, Hogan's Fountain was financed by the Hogan Family of Anchorage, Kentucky, in 1905. The fountain was sculpted by Enid Yandell, and features the Greek God Pan. It was officially unveiled on August 31, 1905. The name Hogan's Fountain is also often extended to the nearby hilltop area, which includes a large gazebo, baseball diamond, children's fountains and a basketball court. This spot was once known as Bonnycastle Hill. Hogan's Fountain is a popular place for group meetings, family reunions and picnics.
 * Lover's Lane – A secluded, heavily forested stretch of scenic loop just past Hogan's Fountain.
 * Cochran Hill – A hillside between Frisbee Field and Lexington Road, and site of a dog park.
 * Christensen Fountain – A recently restored fountain near the Lexington Road entrance.
 * Nettleroth Bird Sanctuary – Located in a quiet corner of the park, between Scenic Loop and a residential neighborhood.
 * Belknap Bridge – When Lily Buckner Belknap died in 1893, her husband Col. Morris Burke Belknap constructed a stone bridge in Cherokee Park in her honor.

Entrances
The park is situated in the Highlands. As the city of Louisville expanded around the park, many developers donated land to the park in exchange for the right to connect roads to it. The numerous entrances have made navigating the park notoriously confusing to visitors. Neighborhoods with entrances to the park include Cherokee Triangle, Bonnycastle, Highlands-Douglass, Crescent Hill and Seneca Gardens.

Features

 * Archery range – Near Beals Branch Road
 * Ballfield – At Hogan's Fountain
 * Baringer Spring – Rustic stream crossed by several wide wooden bridges and scenic walkways, entrances at Frisbee Field and at Baringer Hill
 * Fullcourt basketball – At Hogan's Fountain
 * Bike trail – Throughout park, crosses the scenic loop in many places. The scenic loop itself, with two moderately steep hills, is popular with road bikers.
 * Bridle trail
 * Golf course & clubhouse (9 holes). Opened in 1907.
 * Hiking trails – All are mixed-use trails
 * Horseshoe pits – At Hogan's Fountain
 * Picnic pavilions – Large pagoda-style structure at Hogan's Fountain (demolished July 2023)
 * Picnic tables – At and near Hogan's Fountain
 * Playgrounds – At Hogan's Fountain, Big Rock and Baringer Hill
 * Rugby field – Also used for Frisbee and Soccer
 * Restrooms – At Baringer Hill, Hogan's Fountain and Big Rock
 * Spray pool – At Hogan's Fountain
 * Willow Pond – Off Grinstead Drive, next to golf course (sometimes referred to incorrectly by locals as "Cherokee Lake"). Features in holes 5 and 6 on the golf course, and is crossed by the tee shot on hole 6. Stocked with bass, bluegill, carp, catfish and is seasonally stocked with trout by the state fish & wildlife agency.
 * Gravity hill – On the Scenic Loop between Eastern Parkway and Barney Street.
 * Dog run – Opened August 2007, located atop Cochran Hill

Activities

 * Walking and hiking
 * Running and jogging
 * Golf
 * Dog walking (Baringer Hill – aka "Dog Hill")
 * Bike riding (trails and road)
 * Fishing (willow pond)
 * Sledding
 * Picnics
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Football
 * Rugby
 * Soccer
 * Ultimate frisbee
 * Geocaching
 * Archery
 * Weddings (occasionally)
 * Live action role-playing
 * Ham radio, ARRL Field Day – 4th full weekend in June

Plants and animals
Cherokee Park is home to a surprising diversity of wildlife and plants. Eastern white tail deer, raccoon, gray fox, opossum, groundhogs, Eastern cottontail, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, snapping turtles, eastern box turtle, garter snakes, red tailed hawk, crows, beaver, the Louisville crayfish, and a handful of salamander varieties. Many different songbird species have been seen in the parks by the Beckham Bird Club and other naturalists. A flora of Cherokee Park and other Frederick Law Olmsted Parks was released in 2014 by Louisville botanist Patricia Dalton Haragan.

More recently, reports of coyotes in the park have become more widespread. A 2016 Louisville Magazine article noted that "Cherokee Park acts as Costco for coyotes: squirrels, mice and chipmunks in bulk for eating, water to drink and hollow tree trunks or dense thickets galore for shelter."

Main

 * Cherokee Park – Olmsted Parks Conservancy
 * Cherokee Park – Olmsted Parks Conservancy

Informational

 * Olmsted History
 * Cherokee Park – The Cultural Landscape Foundation
 * Bike Trail Information
 * Images of Cherokee Park (Louisville, Ky.) in the University of Louisville Libraries Digital Collections
 * Save Hogan's Fountain Teepee Pavilion

Maps

 * Map from Louisville
 * Trail map from Louisville
 * Trail map from Olmsted Parks

title: Cherokee Park


text:
CAW

CAW may refer to:
 * Canadian Auto Workers, a former trade union in that country (now merged into Unifor)
 * Carbon arc welding, a process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a nonconsumable carbon electrode and the work-piece
 * Center for Asymmetric Warfare, a U.S. Navy entity dedicated to supporting American military forces
 * Church of All Worlds, an American neopagan religious group
 * Community Archives Wales, a website of digital content

Caw may refer to :
 * Caw (bull), a legendary bull in Meitei mythology of Manipur
 * Kallawaya language ISO 639-2 code
 * Caw (hill), a hill in the south of the English Lake District, England
 * Caw (sound), bird call of the genus Corvus
 * Caw, County Londonderry, a townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland

title: CAW


text:
User:Nick04

Welcome
Welcome to my little sanctuary in the big Wikipedia world...please redirect any comments or questions to my talk page. The talk page gets scrubbed occasionally, so check the history if you can't find the discussion you're looking for.

Current Projects
Currently, I'm very slowly but surely creating Landsat articles for every satellite launched. Currently Landsats 1-2 remain, with 3-7 completed, at least for the time being.

I generally hang around the VFD pages, and proof new articles when I can.

Recent Articles

 * Four new articles completed on 3/3/05: Serum sickness, Crepitus, Gastroenterostomy, and Retinal haemorrhage - not particularly thrilling topics, I'll admit. :)
 * Managed to complete Landsat 5, Landsat 4, and Landsat 3 on the 27/2/05, all with nice pictures.

I must, I must...
My list of "things I really should do" based on experience:

 * ...I must use edit summaries...

title: User:Nick04