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Paul Revere & the Raiders

Paul Revere & the Raiders (also known as Raiders) were an American rock band formed in Boise, Idaho, in 1958. They saw considerable U.S. mainstream success in the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s. The band was known for including Revolutionary War-style clothes in their attire.

Originally an instrumental rock combo called the Downbeats, the Raiders were formed in 1958 by organist Paul Revere, and included singer Mark Lindsay. After charting in 1961 with the minor hit "Like, Long Hair" and then in late 1963 just missing Billboard's Hot 100 with a cover of "Louie Louie", the band was signed to Columbia Records, under the tutelage of producer Terry Melcher. In January 1966 the single "Just Like Me"—propelled by exposure on Dick Clark's shows such as Where The Action Is—reached no. 11 on the Hot 100, followed by the consecutive Top Tens "Kicks" and "Hungry", thus establishing the band as national stars. Clark's TV shows showcased Lindsay as a teen idol and Revere as the "madman" of the group, and between 1966 and '69 they reached the top 30 with 12 hits. Bolstered by the success of the singles, the three 1966 albums Just Like Us, Midnight Ride and The Spirit of '67 all were gold-certified by the RIAA.

Mark Lindsay replaced Terry Melcher as the Raiders' producer, and the band scored with the US No. 20 hit "Let Me!" in 1969. In early 1970 the band's name was shortened to "Raiders" and one year later the hugely successful cover of the song "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)" reached number one in both the US and Canada and was eventually certified platinum in 1996. But the failure to continue the record's success led to the breakup of the band after being dropped by Columbia in 1975. In 1978, Revere went back to live performances with a show that mixed comedy and rock and roll. He died of cancer in 2014.

The group had many lineup changes, with their most well-known "classic" lineup being: Mark Lindsay (vocals and saxophone), Paul Revere (keyboards), Drake "Kid" Levin (guitar), Phil "Fang" Volk (bass), and Mike "Smitty" Smith (drums). This lineup recorded most of the material on the group's first five Columbia albums from 1965 to 1967.

Early years
Initially based in Boise, Idaho, the Raiders began as an instrumental rock band led by organist and founder Paul Revere (1938–2014). The band relocated to Portland, Oregon, when Revere returned from serving in the armed forces in 1962.

In his early 20s, Revere owned several restaurants in Caldwell, Idaho, and first met singer Mark Lindsay (b. 1942) while picking up buns from the bakery where Lindsay worked. The circumstance of their meeting was later referred to in the tongue-in-cheek song "Legend of Paul Revere", recorded by the group. Lindsay joined Revere's band in 1958. Originally called the Downbeats, they changed their name to Paul Revere & the Raiders in 1960 on the eve of their first record release for Gardena Records. The band garnered their first hit in the Pacific Northwest in 1961, with the instrumental "Like, Long Hair". The record had enough national appeal that it peaked at no. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 17, 1961. When Revere was drafted for military service, he became a conscientious objector and worked as a cook at a mental institution for a year and a half of deferred service. During the same time period, Lindsay pumped gas in Wilsonville, Oregon. On the strength of their Top 40 single, Lindsay toured the U.S. in the summer of 1961 with a band that featured Leon Russell taking Revere's place on piano.

By summer 1962, Revere and Lindsay were working together again in Oregon with a version of the Raiders that featured Mike "Smitty" Smith (1942–2001), a drummer who would spend two extended periods with the band. Around this time, KISN DJ Roger Hart, who was producing teen dances, was looking for a band to hire. Hart had a casual conversation with a bank teller who told him about a band called "Paul Revere-something". Hart obtained Revere's phone number and they met for lunch. Hart hired the band for one of his teen dances. Soon afterward, Hart became the group's personal manager. It was Hart who suggested they record "Louie Louie", for which Hart paid them about $50, producing the song and placing it on his Sandē label, ultimately attracting the attention of Columbia Records. According to Lindsay, the Raiders were a "bunch of white-bread kids doing their best to sound black. We got signed to Columbia on the strength of sounding like this." Whether the Raiders or the Kingsmen recorded "Louie Louie" first is not certain; however, both groups recorded it in the same studio NorthWestern Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings, Inc. (NWI) in Portland, Oregon, in April 1963. By then, the Raiders included Revere, Lindsay, Smith, guitarist Drake Levin (replacing Steve West), and bassist Mike "Doc" Holliday, who was replaced in early 1965 by Phil Volk.

Hits and promotion in the "Action" era
In 1965, the Raiders began recording a string of garage rock classics. Under the guidance of producer Terry Melcher, the group relocated to Los Angeles and increasingly emulated the sounds of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Dave Clark Five, and the Animals, while adding an American, R&B feel. Their first major national hit, "Just Like Me", was one of the first rock records to feature a distinctive, double-tracked guitar solo, performed by guitarist Drake Levin. A late 1965 release, the single peaked at no. 11 on Billboard's Hot 100 in January 1966 during a then-lengthy 15-week run.

Their Hot 100 hits from this period include "Kicks" (no. 4), "Hungry" (no. 6), "The Great Airplane Strike" (no. 20), "Good Thing" (no. 4) and "Him or Me – What's It Gonna Be?" (no. 5). Of these, "Kicks" emerged as their best-known hit – a hip-sounding record with an anti-drug message, written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil and originally earmarked for the Animals. (Mann later revealed in interviews that the song was written about their friend, fellow 1960s songwriter Gerry Goffin, whose ongoing drug problems were interfering with his career and his relationship with then wife Carole King.)

The band appeared regularly in the U.S. on national television, most notably on Dick Clark's Where the Action Is, Happening '68, and It's Happening, the latter two co-hosted by Revere and Lindsay. In November 1966, the band appeared as themselves performing a song on the popular Batman television series in the episode "Hizzonner the Penguin".

The Raiders had an endorsement deal with the Vox Amplifier Company through its U.S. distributor, the Thomas Organ Company, with Revere using the Vox Continental combo organ and Volk occasionally playing the Vox Phantom IV bass. When performing, the entire band was plugged into Vox Super Beatle amplifiers. The band was reported to be the first major band in history to tour with all members amplified, including sidemen such as horn players. When Levin left the group in 1966 to join the National Guard he was replaced by Jim Valley, another Northwest musician the Raiders had met during their days playing the Portland and Seattle music circuits. Valley was dubbed "Harpo" by the other Raiders due to a vague resemblance to the famous Marx brother.

By mid-1967, having released five albums in just over two years, the Raiders were Columbia's top-selling rock group. Their Greatest Hits album released that spring was one of two releases selected by Clive Davis to test a higher list price for albums expected to be particularly popular (along with Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits).

Major lineup change
At the height of the group's popularity, Valley, Volk, and Smith left the band. The split happened for a number of reasons, among them being the feeling that the group was prevented from evolving into a more egalitarian creative team, upset at being replaced by studio musicians on recordings (Volk denied this and said that The Wrecking Crew were hired by Melcher and Lindsay only to augment the band) and unhappy with a continued teen-oriented direction while a more serious rock 'n' roll style was emerging.

Valley was the first to leave. Levin completed his National Guard service and rejoined the band during its spring 1967 tour. In April, Levin, Volk, and Smith flew to New York together when the Raiders were booked to perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. Revere was upset about Valley, Volk, and Smith leaving the group, blaming Levin for their departures. Levin showed up at the Ed Sullivan Theater to perform with Volk and Smith for the very last time, but Revere refused to let him play. Unbeknownst to the group, Revere had hired a new guitar player, Freddy Weller, to perform that night. Levin held no grudges about this; he showed Weller the chords to the songs and watched from the wings as the Raiders made their one and only appearance on Sullivan's show on April 30, 1967. It was the only time that the lineup of Revere, Lindsay, Smith, Volk, and Weller performed together. The following month, Volk and Smith left, subsequently rejoining Levin to form a band called "Brotherhood". Charlie Coe, who had played guitar for the group in 1963, rejoined the band on bass, and Joe Correro Jr. was recruited as the new drummer.

The "Happening" era
By 1968, changing musical tastes rendered the group and its matching revolutionary war costumes unfashionable, but they still continued to have modest hits through the rest of the decade, including "Peace of Mind", "I Had a Dream", "Too Much Talk", "Don't Take It So Hard", "Cinderella Sunshine", "Mr. Sun, Mr. Moon", and "Let Me!", which became their first gold record. On January 6, 1968, just four months after the cancellation of Where The Action Is, Revere and Lindsay returned to the air as hosts of a new Dick Clark-produced show in which the Raiders made several appearances, Happening '68 (later shortened to Happening). This weekly series was joined from July to September that year by a Clark-produced daily series It's Happening, also hosted by Revere and Lindsay. In August 1968, bassist Coe left the group again to get married and was replaced by former Action heartthrob Keith Allison. According to author Derek Taylor, the Raiders were seen as "irrelevances. . . . Nervous citizens felt reassured that some good safe things never changed".

Terry Melcher ended his association with the group to focus on other artists and Mark Lindsay produced and arranged all records beginning with the psychedelic album Something Happening. The band moved further away from its garage rock roots and adopted a more layered, complex sound on Something Happening and the follow-up albums Hard 'N' Heavy (with Marshmallow) and Alias Pink Puzz. (According to allmusic.com, Pink Puzz was the identity under which the Raiders first tried to get the album played on FM radio, a gambit that failed though the band kept the joke name for the album title.).

The success of "Let Me!" allowed Paul Revere and the Raiders to tour Europe with the Beach Boys in the summer of 1969 (they also recorded two songs for the long running German music program Beat-Club). The band also performed a specially written song and appeared in a television commercial for Pontiac's new GTO-branded muscle car, "The Judge". The group was also invited to appear at the Woodstock festival but reportedly turned down the invitation. Later in 1969, Happening ended its run on television and Lindsay released a hit single as a solo artist, "Arizona", written by Kenny Young, which peaked at number 10 on the Billboard chart.

The Raiders: early 1970s
In an effort to change the band's sound and image, its name was officially shortened to The Raiders (shown simply as Raiders on the singles), while the 1970 album Collage was an attempt to move in another musical direction. It drew a glowing review from Rolling Stone magazine, with critic Lenny Kaye singling out Lindsay for praise: "[He] never fails to give the impression that he knows what he's doing. Almost single-handedly, he's brought the Raiders to a stronger position than they've occupied in years". Collage proved to be a commercial failure (#154 on the Billboard 200) and Lindsay began to turn toward solo projects. Joe Correro departed after their spring tour ended and replaced by his predecessor Mike Smith.

The Raiders achieved their greatest success with their cover of John D. Loudermilk's "Indian Reservation", which was brought to the band by Columbia A&R man Jack Gold. Revere worked to promote the single and "Indian Reservation" peaked at No. 1 for one week in July 1971. It became Columbia's biggest-selling single for almost a decade, clearing over six million units. The success of the single was followed by the album of the same name that reached No. 19 and consisted mainly of covers. The group expanded to include drummer Omar Martinez and keyboardist Bob Wooley.

The last Raiders album, Country Wine (1972), failed to crack the Billboard 200. Later that year, they began preparation on follow up album, Love Music. The intended title track was released as a promotion for the project, but it reached only #97, marking the Raiders' final chart appearance and the album being shelved by Columbia. Without a chart presence, the band was relegated to playing lounges and state fairs as an "oldies" act, a situation Revere found pleasing, but not Lindsay. Weller and Smith departed in December 1972, Weller being replaced by guitarist Doug Heath.

The later 1970s
Lineup changes ensued in early 1975, with Mark Lindsay departing after a gig at Knott's Berry Farm. He recorded two final singles for Warner Bros. records in 1977, then turned his attentions to film scoring and commercials. He was also head of A&R (artists & repertoire) for United Artists Records in the 1970s. Keith Allison departed in April 1975, to be replaced by Ron Foos."

Country music was the choice of former guitarist Freddy Weller, who had much success on the country charts before, starting with his country version of Joe South's "Games People Play" in 1969 reaching no. 2 on the country charts as well as recording albums (his first two solo albums were produced by Mark Lindsay), and Top 10 singles on the country singles charts such as his covers of Chuck Berry's "Promised Land", the Cowsills' "Indian Lake", as well as "These Are Not My People" and "Another Night of Love" for Columbia during this time while with the Raiders, as well as after leaving the Raiders. (Freddy's stint was 1967–1973.)

In a memorable event, Revere married for the second time on July 4, Bicentennial Year 1976 onstage at a Raiders show. Revere announced his retirement from the music business at the end of 1976, but was back on the road by 1978 with a new cast of Raiders. Along with guitarist Doug Heath, Revere linked in this period with a group called "Louie Fontaine & the Rockets", and went on the road with them as "Paul Revere & the Raiders", featuring Blair Hill ("Louie Fontaine") as lead vocalist. This configuration even appeared as "Paul Revere's Raiders" without Paul, for a while in 1978. The "classic" lineup of Revere, Lindsay, Levin, Volk, and Smith reunited for a final time with Dick Clark on national television in 1979 and performed a medley of their biggest hits. The same year "Indian Reservation" was covered by the German group Orlando Riva Sound.

The 1980s to 2014
The punk rock and new wave eras saw a wave of interest in the Raiders' music; "I'm Not Your Stepping Stone" was covered by the Sex Pistols, Minor Threat, Berkeley's Fang, and Liverpool band the Farm – although the Monkees' version was better known than the Raiders'. "Just Like Me" was covered by the Circle Jerks, Joan Jett and Pat Benatar. David Bowie covered "Louie, Go Home". The Who recorded the song in 1965, changing the title and lyrics to "Lubie (Come Back Home)", and released it in 1985 on a rarities album and in 2002 on the deluxe edition reissue of their first album My Generation. "Hungry" was covered by Sammy Hagar. The Flamin' Groovies tackled three Raiders songs ("Him or Me – What's It Gonna Be?", "Sometimes" and "Ups and Downs") and The Morrells did a country-tinged arrangement of "Ups and Downs" as well. The Paisley Underground, garage rock revival, and grunge movements all acknowledged the Raiders' influence. "Kicks" was covered by Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork of the Monkees as one of three new recordings included on their 1986 compilation, Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees.

Mark Lindsay cut a version of "Ups And Downs" in 1994 with Carla Olson, which appeared on her Reap The Whirlwind album.

Revere continued with a relatively stable lineup through the 80's and 90's, featuring longtime members Omar Martinez (drums and vocals since 1972), Doug Heath (guitarist for the Raiders since 1973), Ron Foos (bass, Allison's replacement in 1975), Danny Krause (keyboards, vocals since 1980) and lead vocalist Carlo Driggs (who replaced Michael Bradley). New record releases included the self-produced Special Edition in 1983, with Michael Bradley on vocals, and Paul Revere Rides Again, released in 1983 through Radio Shack stores. They also recorded a home video for MCA Universal in 1996 titled "The Last Madman of Rock 'N' Roll". Revere's son Jamie joined the band on guitar for several years in the 1990s, featured on Generic Rock & Roll (1992) and Generic Rock 2 (1996).

On September 19, 1997, four of the group's classic lineup (Lindsay, Levin, Volk and Smith) reunited in full costume (without Revere) for a 30th anniversary performance in Portland. In 2000 Sundazed Records released a two-CD package entitled Mojo Workout that focused on the R&B and soul sounds from early in the Raiders' Columbia career. In 2001, the Raiders released Ride to the Wall, featuring several new songs, along with their versions of 1960s hits, with proceeds going to help veterans of the Vietnam War. They performed at Rolling Thunder's Memorial Day event in Washington D.C. in 2001 for POW-MIA's of the Vietnam era. A steady touring schedule kept Paul and his "new Raiders" in the public eye. Keith Allison, who played in the Raiders from 1968 to 1975, has since gone into acting, and appeared in the films Phantom of the Paradise and Gods and Generals among others.

On October 13, 2007, Paul Revere & the Raiders, along with their manager Roger Hart, were inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame. Lindsay, Volk, and Roger Hart were present to accept their awards. In 2010, the band was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. Revere announced his retirement from the band in August 2014; the group planned to tour without him as "Paul Revere's Raiders". In October 2014, the band's web site announced that Revere had died "peacefully" on October 4, 2014, at his Garden Valley, Idaho home, a "small estate overlooking a tranquil river canyon", from cancer. He was 76 years old.

On October 10, 2014, at the Los Angeles Forum, Tom Petty performed "I'm Not Your Stepping Stone", dedicating it to Revere, acknowledging his death that week.

Former Raiders and legacy
Phil Volk tours with his own band, Fang & The Gang. He was married to Where The Action Is regular Tina Mason from 1967 until her death in 2021.

After leaving the Raiders in 1967, Jim Valley continued to perform and hone his songwriting skills in a variety of acts. He was signed as a solo artist by Dunhill Records and released two singles. He subsequently moved back to his native Northwest, playing with several rock acts including Sweet Talking Jones and the Shoestring Orchestra & Choir. He became an acclaimed and award-winning children's music artist and educator, traveling the world as an emissary of the "Rainbow Planet". Valley continues to work with children, write and record his own albums, as well as perform live.

Joe Correro Jr., the Raiders' drummer from 1967 to 1971, performs as part of the Los Angeles-based Richard Sherman Trio jazz combo. Bassist Mike "Doc" Holiday and guitarist/bassist Charlie Coe made a special guest appearance with Mark Lindsay at a show in Boise, Idaho in 1996. They both reside in Idaho. Righteous Brothers Bill Medley's son, Darrin, sang and performed with Paul Revere & the Raiders.

Another Darren, Darren Dowler, followed Darrin Medley as lead vocalist of the Raiders. Coincidentally, Darren Dowler also sang with Darrin Medley's father's group, the Righteous Brothers Band singing the parts formerly sung by tenor, recording great Bobby Hatfield. Dowler, the current vocalist, has also performed with the Lettermen, the Jordanaires, the Fifth Dimension, Gary Puckett, Mitch Ryder and was the first guitarist for the Backstreet Boys in 1991 before they hit mega stardom. Dowler, also an actor and filmmaker, appeared in such films as Eagle Eye with Billy Bob Thornton and Hancock with Will Smith. In 2014 he starred in, wrote, and directed the films Rock and Roll the Movie and Christmas In Hollywood. In 2014, Revere commissioned Dowler to compose an album of original songs for a new Raider album, the first all original album in 35 years.

After ending his second stint with the Raiders in 1972, drummer Mike "Smitty" Smith moved to Kona, Hawaii and continued performing for several groups in that region. He died of natural causes on March 6, 2001, at age 58.

Drake Levin became an accomplished blues guitarist, playing in and forming numerous groups in the San Francisco Bay Area. He died at his home in San Francisco on July 4, 2009, at the age of 62 after a long battle with cancer.

The group's founder, vocalist and keyboard player Paul Revere died of cancer at his home in Garden Valley, Idaho on October 4, 2014, aged 76. His funeral, held at the Cathedral of the Rockies in Boise, Idaho, was attended by, amongst others, former Idaho Governor Dirk Kempthorne. The group then became "Paul Revere’s Raiders", continuing to perform until April 3, 2022, after which the name was retired.

Carl "Carlo" Driggs, Paul Revere & the Raiders' longest-serving lead singer (a 20-year-plus span), was formerly lead vocalist for Kracker, a band that toured Europe as an opening act for (and had their albums distributed outside America by) the Rolling Stones. He followed this with his tenure in the Latin/disco group Foxy, who scored a no. 1 hit on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (no. 9 on Billboard's Hot 100) with "Get Off", which was co-written by Driggs. On May 31, 2017, Driggs died of a heart attack at his home in Miami, Florida, at the age of 67.

Keith Allison, who was a member of the Raiders from 1968 to 1975, died at his home in Sherman Oaks, California on November 17, 2021, at the age of 79.

Musical style and influences
Paul Revere & the Raiders were classified as a garage rock, proto-punk, rock and roll and pop band. The band's early sound combined fast-paced, guitar-and-vocal-dominated rock with an intimidating R&B flavor. before shifting to a psychedelic pop sound.

1970's Collage saw the band make an effort to distance themselves from their former image as an AM radio singles band, utilizing "fuzzy guitar noodling, time signature changes, groovy horn charts à la Blood, Sweat & Tears, trippy headphone cross-fading, and other hip production techniques of the time," according to AllMusic's Cub Koda. Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the album saw Mark Lindsay "pushing the Raiders toward a harder rock, part way between the fuzz guitars of Grand Funk and horns of Chicago, accentuated by lingering affection for country-rock and soul."

Legacy
Paul Revere & the Raiders and their manager Roger Hart were inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame on 13 October 2007. In 2010 the band was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. The garage rock revival and grunge movements—and individual acts such as the Paisley Underground—have cited the Raiders as an influence.

In 2004, "Kicks" ranked no. 400 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Additionally, "Just Like Me" is included among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

Quentin Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, set in 1969, featured three of the band's top 20 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 —"Hungry" (1966), "Good Thing" (1966) and "Mr. Sun, Mr. Moon" (1969)—and the 1968 B-side "Theme From It's Happening".

Former members

 * Paul Revere – keyboards (1958–1977; 1978–2014; his death)
 * Mark Lindsay – vocals, saxophone (1958–1975)
 * Robert White – guitar (1958–1961)
 * Richard White – guitar (1958–1961)
 * William Hibbard – bass guitar (1958–1961)
 * Dick Mcgarvin – drums (1958)
 * Red Hughes – vocals (1958)
 * David Bell – drums (1958–1959)
 * Jerry Labrum – drums (1959–1961)
 * Andrea Loper – vocals (1960)
 * Mike "Smitty" Smith – drums (1962–1967, 1971–1972; died 2001)
 * Ross Allemang – bass guitar (1962–1963)
 * Steve West – lead guitar (1962)
 * Pierre Ouellette (1963)
 * Dick Walker – lead guitar (1962–1963)
 * Charlie Coe – lead guitar (1963), bass guitar (1967–1968)
 * Drake "Kid" Levin – lead guitar (1963–1966, 1967; died 2009)
 * Mike "Doc" Holliday – bass guitar (1963–1965)
 * Phil "Fang" Volk – bass guitar (1965–1967)
 * Jim "Harpo" Valley – lead guitar (1966–1967)
 * Freddy Weller – lead guitar (1967–1973)
 * Joe Correro Jr. – drums (1967–1971)
 * Keith Allison – bass guitar (1968–1975, died 2021)
 * Omar Martinez – drums, vocals (1971–1977, 1980–2006)
 * Robert Wooley – keyboards (1972–1977)
 * Doug Heath – lead guitar (1973–1976, 1978, 1980–2021)
 * Ron Foos – bass guitar (1975–1976, 1980–2022)
 * Blair Hill – vocals (1978–1980)
 * Michael Bradley – vocals (1980–1983)
 * Carlo Driggs – vocals (1983–2004; died 2017)
 * Jamie Revere – guitar (1991–1997, 2013–2020)
 * Darrin Medley – vocals, drums (2004–2008)
 * Matt Fasekas – drums (2004–2009)
 * Danny Krause – Keyboards, vocals (1980–2022)
 * Darren Dowler – Vocals, Guitar (2008–2019)
 * Tommy Scheckel – Drums (2009–2022)
 * David Huizenga – Vocals (2018–2022)
 * Arny Bailey – Lead Guitar (2021–2022)

Discography

 * 1961: Like, Long Hair
 * 1963: Paul Revere & the Raiders
 * 1965: Here They Come!
 * 1966: Just Like Us!
 * 1966: Midnight Ride
 * 1966: The Spirit of '67
 * 1967: Greatest Hits
 * 1967: Revolution!
 * 1967: A Christmas Present...And Past
 * 1968: Goin' to Memphis
 * 1968: Something Happening
 * 1969: Hard 'N' Heavy (with Marshmallow)
 * 1969: Alias Pink Puzz
 * 1970: Collage
 * 1971: Indian Reservation
 * 1972: Country Wine
 * 1972: All-Time Greatest Hits
 * 1982: Special Edition
 * 1983: The Great Raider Reunion
 * 1983: Paul Revere Rides Again
 * 1985: Generic Rock & Roll
 * 1990: The Legend of Paul Revere (2-CD)
 * 1992: Generic Rock & Roll (a.k.a. Live NOT)
 * 1995: The Essential Ride (1963-67)
 * 1996: Generic Rock 2 (a.k.a. Live NOT)
 * 2000: Time Flies When You're Having Fun
 * 2000: Mojo Workout (2-CD)
 * 2001: Ride to the Wall
 * 2005: Ride to the Wall 2
 * 2009: Hungry for Kicks
 * 2010: The Complete Columbia Singles (3-CD)
 * 2011: The Essential Paul Revere and The Raiders (2-CD)
 * 2011: Flower Power, produced by vocalist Darren Dowler

title: Paul Revere & the Raiders


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Amos Dolbear

Amos Emerson Dolbear (November 10, 1837 – February 23, 1910) was an American physicist and inventor. Dolbear researched electrical spark conversion into sound waves and electrical impulses. He was a professor at University of Kentucky in Lexington from 1868 until 1874. In 1874 he became the chair of the physics department at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. He is known for his 1882 invention of a system for transmitting telegraph signals without wires. In 1899 his patent for it was purchased in an unsuccessful attempt to interfere with Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraphy patents in the United States.

Biography
Amos Dolbear was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on November 10, 1837. He was a graduate of Ohio Wesleyan University, in Delaware, Ohio. While a student there, he had made a "talking telegraph" and invented a receiver containing two features of the modern telephone: a permanent magnet and a metallic diaphragm that he made from a tintype. He invented the first telephone receiver with a permanent magnet in 1865, 11 years before Alexander Graham Bell patented his model. Later, Dolbear couldn't prove his claim, so Bell kept the patent. Dolbear lost his case before the U. S. Supreme Court, (Dolbear et al. v. American Bell Telephone Company). The June 18, 1881, edition of Scientific American reported: "[...] had he been observant of patent office formalities, it is possible that the speaking telephone, now so widely credited to Mr. Bell would be garnered among his own laurels."

In 1876, Dolbear patented a magneto electric telephone. He patented a static telephone in 1879.

In 1883, Dolbear was able to communicate over a distance of a quarter of a mile without wires in the Earth. His device relied on conduction in the ground, which was different from later radio transmissions that used electromagnetic radiation. He received a U.S. patent for a wireless telegraph in March of that year. His set-up used phones grounded by metal rods poked into the earth. His transmission range was at least as much as a half a mile and he received a patent for this device,, in 1886. (He did not patent his system in Europe.)

In 1899, The New England Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Company, a subsidiary of the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, purchased Dolbear's 1886 patent, and filed a suit against Marconi for infringement. However, in March 1901, a United States Circuit Court dismissed the suit. In April 1902, American Wireless petitioned Congress to extend the 1886 patent by ten years, but was unsuccessful, so it duly expired on October 4, 1903. In 1905, the New York Circuit Court further noted that the Dolbear patent was "inoperative, and that, even if operative, it operates by virtue of radically different electrical laws and phenomena" than the radio signaling used by Marconi.

In 1868 Dolbear (while a professor at Bethany College) invented the electrostatic telephone. He also invented the opeidoscope (an instrument for visualizing vibration of sound waves, using a mirror mounted on a membrane) and a system of incandescent lighting. He authored several books, articles, and pamphlets, and was recognized for his contributions to science at both the Paris Exposition in 1881 and the Crystal Palace Exposition in 1882.

In 1897, Dolbear published an article "The Cricket as a Thermometer" that noted the correlation between the ambient temperature and the rate at which crickets chirp. The formula expressed in that article became known as Dolbear's Law.

In 1899, after the demonstration by Ernest A. Hummel of the telediagraph, an apparatus allowing the transmission of pictures by wire, Dolbear claimed to have invented such an apparatus in 1864 (Norwich Bulletin, 26 April 1899).

He died at his home in Medford on February 23, 1910.

Books

 * Dolbear, A. E. The Art of Projecting: A manual of experimentation in physics, chemistry, and natural history, with the porte lumière and magic lantern, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1877
 * Dolbear, A. E. The Telephone, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1877
 * Dolbear, A. E. The Telephone and how to make it, London, Sampson Lowe, 1878
 * Dolbear, A. E. Matter, Ether, and Motion, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1892
 * Dolbear, A. E.  First Principles of Natural Philosophy, Boston, Ginn and Co., 1897
 * Dolbear, A. E. Modes of Motion: Mechanical conceptions of physical phenomena, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1897

Journal articles

 * "The Cricket as a Thermometer". The American Naturalist, Vol. 31, No. 371 (November 1897), pp. 970–971. Published by The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists

Patents

 * Apparatus for transmitting sound by electricity April 5, 1881.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amos Dolbear


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A Day at the Races

A Day at the Races can refer to:
 * A Day at the Races (film), a 1937 film featuring the Marx Brothers
 * A Day at the Races (album), a 1976 album by the rock group Queen
 * A Day at the Races (video), a DVD of a 2001 live performance by the rock band Stereophonics
 * "A Day at the Races", a song by the hip-hop group Jurassic 5 on the 2002 album Power in Numbers

title: A Day at the Races


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Jill Sobule

Jill Sobule (born January 16, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter best known for the 1995 single "I Kissed a Girl", and "Supermodel" from the soundtrack of the 1995 film Clueless. Her folk-inflected compositions alternate between ironic, story-driven character studies and emotive ballads, a duality reminiscent of such 1970s American songwriters as Warren Zevon, Harry Nilsson, Loudon Wainwright III, Harry Chapin, and Randy Newman. Autobiographical elements, including Sobule's Jewish heritage and her adolescent battles with anorexia and depression, frequently occur in Sobule's writing.

In 2009, she released California Years, an album funded entirely by fan donations, making her an early pioneer of crowdfunding.

History and studio recordings
To date Sobule has released eight studio albums of original songs, four EPs, and a greatest hits compilation album. Sobule's output also includes original songs available only via the Internet, a cover of Robert Earl Keen's Christmas novelty track "Merry Christmas from the Family," and a version of the late Warren Zevon's "Don't Let Us Get Sick" included on both Sobule's acoustic album and on a posthumous Zevon tribute record.

1990s
Sobule's debut album Things Here Are Different was released in 1990. Produced by pop legend Todd Rundgren, the album failed to sell. During this period a follow-up record was produced by British New Wave rocker Joe Jackson (for whom she opened during 1991) but Sobule was dropped from her label and the second record was never released. It was five years before Sobule landed another recording contract.

Her 1995 album Jill Sobule established Sobule as part of a fruitful mid-90s movement of female singer-songwriters that included such artists as Lisa Loeb, Juliana Hatfield and Alanis Morissette. The album contains Sobule's best-known composition "I Kissed a Girl", a story-song about a lesbian flirtation between two suburban girlfriends which became an unlikely radio success thanks in part to a comedic music video featuring beefcake model Fabio. "Supermodel" (sample lyric: "I didn't eat yesterday ... and I'm not gonna eat today ... and I'm not gonna eat tomorrow ... 'Cause I'm gonna be a supermodel") managed to both send up and celebrate American teenage lifestyles, and became well known after its inclusion in 1995's hit teen comedy film Clueless.

The Jill Sobule album seemed to establish Sobule's commercial prospects, but her third album slowed that momentum while setting what has so far been the musical and production patterns for the rest of her career. 1997's Happy Town featured Sobule's most elaborate pop productions to date and contains songs about an eclectic range of topics including reactionary Christianity ("Soldiers of Christ"), the negative impact of anti-depressant medication on the libido ("Happy Town"), and a track that uses Anne Frank's enforced Nazi-era hibernation as the metaphor for a love song ("Attic"). Though embraced by record reviewers from publications as diverse as The Advocate and Entertainment Weekly, Happy Town sold poorly, simultaneously solidifying Sobule's critical reputation while stalling her commercial momentum.

2000s
The 2000 record Pink Pearl may be Sobule's most characteristic set. It is anchored by three female character studies: "Lucy at the Gym", about an anorexic exercise addict; "Claire", about an aging lesbian aviator succumbing to Alzheimer's disease; and "Mary Kay", about Mary Kay Letourneau, the notorious real-life schoolteacher who became impregnated and was imprisoned as the result of the statutory rape of a 13-year-old male student, whom she married when he reached the age of consent.

Pink Pearl also contains some of Sobule's most directly confessional songwriting, especially the atheist's prayer "Somewhere in New Mexico" and the insomniac's lullaby "Rock Me To Sleep". Don Henley contributed a promotional quotation to the ad campaign for the album and selected Sobule to open for him during his solo tour that year.

In 2004, Sobule self-released an album of acoustic tracks titled The Folk Years 2003–2003. In addition to some of her rarer compositions and several tracks that would later receive fuller arrangements on Sobule's next major-label release, Sobule performed offbeat cover versions of such standards as the Doris Day theme song "Que Sera Sera" and "Sunrise, Sunset" from the Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof.

The more elaborately recorded Underdog Victorious, also released in 2004, was one of the last albums distributed by legendary personal manager and media entrepreneur Danny Goldberg's now-defunct Artemis Records. The liquidation of Artemis Records led Sobule to extend her experiments with online music distribution and to relocate from New York City to Los Angeles. She continued to write and perform prolifically and to compose original music for television, including for the popular Nickelodeon series Unfabulous.

Sobule also acted and performed her songs in writer-director Eric Schaeffer's 2004 film Mind the Gap, as a street musician in Astoria, Queens with a heart condition, who aspires to play in Manhattan.

In mid-January 2008, Sobule launched a website, jillsnextrecord.com, which sought to raise $75,000 through fan donations in order to produce, manufacture, distribute and promote an upcoming studio album. In exchange for their donations, Sobule offered her patrons an assortment of rewards with values commensurate with the amount of the donation. These ranged from a free download of the album upon its release ($10) to the opportunity to attend a recording session and sing on the record ($10,000).

On March 8, 2008, 53 days after the public launch of the site, Sobule reached her target through donations from more than 500 people in 44 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 11 foreign countries. The subsequent album, California Years, was released on April 14, 2009 on Sobule's own label, Pinko Records.

On Sobule's next record "Dottie's Charms" in 2014, she put music to lyrics of her friends and favorite authors including David Hajdu, Jonathan Lethem, Vendela Vida and Lucy Sante, with each song relating to individual charms on an antique charm bracelet she had been given.

In 2018, Sobule again used crowd funding to assist with the production of her next album, "Nostalgia Kills". Rolling Stone listed the first single from the album, "Island of Lost Things", among the 10 best new country and Americana songs.

Since 2020, Sobule has acted as musician-in-residence at the Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice, an LGBTQIA community center.

Collaborations
In the late 90s, Sobule toured with Richard Barone as "The Richard & Jill Show". Together they wrote "Bitter" on Happy Town, "Rock Me To Sleep" on Pink Pearl, "Big Shoes" on I Never Learned to Swim, and "Waiting for the Train" on Barone's Clouds Over Eden album. They also appeared together (as Mr. and Mrs. Sobule) in the underground film Next Year in Jerusalem, which featured another of their compositions, "Everybody's Queer". The pair continue to collaborate, including "Odd Girl Out" for Barone's 2010 album, Glow (Bar/None Records), and to perform together. Their songs have been used on The West Wing. Felicity, Dawson's Creek, South of Nowhere and other television shows. In 2018, Barone produced and sang backing vocals on "Island of Lost Things" on Sobule's album Nostalgia Kills.

In 1997-1998, Sobule joined Lloyd Cole's short-lived band The Negatives.

In 2004, she played one of the five leads in the film Mind The Gap with six of her songs featured on the soundtrack.

In 2005, Sobule contributed music to Unfabulous, a popular Nickelodeon TV series about a 13-year-old aspiring songwriter, including a title song performed by Sobule under the program's opening credits. Four Sobule compositions or co-compositions appear on the series star's debut album, Unfabulous and More: Emma Roberts: credits a Roberts cover version of "Mexican Wrestler" from Sobule's album Pink Pearl; "Punch Rocker" and "94 Weeks (Metal Mouth Freak)," both written by Sobule for Roberts' character to "compose" on the program; and "New Shoes," a track co-written by Sobule with Unfabulous series creator Sue Rose.

In 2006, Sobule met Julia Sweeney, the actress, writer and comedian, and started performing the "Jill and Julia Show", a compilation of songs and stories. They performed at the James Randi Educational Foundation meeting in Las Vegas on January 19, 2007, as well as at regular showings for the Groundlings Theater in Los Angeles. Also in 2006, Sobule created a theme song for blogger Arianna Huffington's self-help book On Becoming Fearless.

In 2007, Sobule teamed up with John Doe to produce and record a cover of Neil Young's "Down by the River" for the American Laundromat Records benefit CD Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity. Other contributing artists included Lori McKenna, Tanya Donelly, Josie Cotton, Kristin Hersh, Britta Phillips, and The Watsons Twins.

Also in 2007, Sobule's song "San Francisco" became the first single released by Don Was as part of his Wasmopolitan Cavalcade of Recorded Music, an advertiser-sponsored means for the recording and distribution of new music, part of the multimedia website mydamnchannel.com. The pair also collaborated on a 16-minute concert video entitled "Jill Sobule's Dance Party," distributed for free in two parts on both mydamnchannel.com and YouTube.

In May 2008, Sobule released a CD of music from Prozak and the Platypus, a multi-media collaboration of Sobule, playwright Elise Thoron, and graphic artist KellyAnne Hanrahan. The play, written by Thoron (book, lyrics) and Sobule (music) and illustrated in a graphic novella by Hanrahan, tells the story of a fierce young woman, Sara (a musician) and her father Arvin, a neuroscientist, who relocates his family from Los Angeles to Brisbane, Australia to study REM sleep in the platypus, a unique species native to Australia. Shattered by her mother's recent suicide and unhappy with the side-effects of her own treatment for depression, Sara renames herself "Prozak," rages through her songwriting, and rebels. Meanwhile, in her father's lab, Sara finds an unexpected confidant in her father's current lab subject, a jaunty platypus who speaks to her and calls himself "Frankie". In the piece, according to its website, "Music club and science lab become testing grounds in which angry teen and scientist father pit aboriginal mythology against modern neuroscience research. The dreams of a platypus prove to be the link between the two."

In 2009-10, Sobule performed with Julia Sweeney in a revue called "Jill and Julia". Sobule and Sweeney originally met at a TED (conference) and performed together at TED in 2008. They brought the show on the road in 2009 and 2010, performing in New York and Denver among other locations. The show is an autobiographical mix of music, stories and commentary.

Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl"
In 2008, Katy Perry issued her own "I Kissed a Girl" for her debut album One of the Boys. The song received mixed reviews but skyrocketed to #1. Sobule shared her feelings about Perry's song and use of the title in a July 2009 interview with The Rumpus:

"When Katy Perry's song came out I started getting tons of inquiries about what I thought. Some folks (and protective friends) were angry, and wondered why she took my title and made it into this kind of 'girls gone wild' thing. ... As a musician I have always refrained from criticizing another artist. I was, 'Well, good for her.' It did bug me a little bit, however, when she said she came up with the idea for the title in a dream. In truth, she wrote it with a team of professional writers and was signed by the very same guy that signed me in 1995. I have not mentioned that in interviews as I don't want to sound bitter or petty ... Okay, maybe, if I really think about it, there were a few jealous and pissed-off moments. So here goes, for the first time in an interview: Fuck you Katy Perry, you fucking stupid, maybe 'not good for the gays' title-thieving, haven't heard much else, so not quite sure if you're talented, fucking little slut. God that felt good."

Days later, in an article she wrote for The Huffington Post, Sobule stated:

"I thought maybe this time I would have fun with it and goof on what many of my fans were hoping to hear over the last year. I prefaced my reply with a wink, and then rambled on with a string of over the top dumb-ass profanities, purposely out of character and completely in jest ... I may be a touch cynical about the business, but I have never really been angry or had ill feelings towards Katy herself. I was actually in a small way happy to not be the 'Kissed a Girl' girl anymore."

Personal life
Sobule identifies as bisexual.

Studio albums

 * Things Here Are Different (1990)
 * Jill Sobule (1995)
 * Happy Town (1997) – AUS No. 83
 * Pink Pearl (2000)
 * The Folk Years 2003–2003 (2004)
 * Underdog Victorious (2004)
 * Jill Sobule Sings Prozak and the Platypus (2008)
 * California Years (2009)
 * Dottie's Charms (2014)
 * Nostalgia Kills (2018)

Live albums

 * Live at Joe's Pub 2008 (2008)
 * A Day at the Pass (2011)

DVD

 * Live in Pittsburgh (2003)

Compilations

 * I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000 (2001)

EPs

 * Jill's Holiday Songs 2000 (2000)
 * It's the Thought That Counts (2001) – re-issued in 2005
 * Be Mine... Please (2001)
 * It's the Thought That Counts (2005)
 * The Pinko Record Junior Executive EP (2012)

Soundtrack appearances

 * 1987: "There is More to Love" from Mind Killer
 * 1995: "Supermodel" from  Clueless
 * 1996: "Where Do I Begin" from  The Truth About Cats & Dogs
 * 1996: "Truth Is You Lied" from  Grace of My Heart
 * 1996: "The Secretive Life" from  Harriet the Spy
 * 1999: "Rainy Day Parade" from Mystery Men
 * 2003: "Tel Aviv," "Nothing Natural," "Bitter," "Somewhere in New Mexico," "Freshman," and "Vrbana Bridge" from Mind the Gap
 * 2005: "Love Is Never Equal" from Jenny McCarthy's Dirty Love

Various artist compilations

 * 1992: "Too Cool to Fall in Love" from An Elpee's Worth of Productions
 * 1995: "The Jig Is Up" from Grooves: Volume 8
 * 1995: "Good Person Inside" and "The Man in the Boat" from Spew
 * 1995: "Merry Christmas from the Family" from You Sleigh Me
 * 1997: "Stoned Soul Picnic" from Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro
 * 1997: "I Will Survive" from In Their Own Words and from Hard Rock Live
 * 1998: "Saddest Day of the Year" from A Christmas to Remember
 * 1999: "Just a Little Lovin'" from Forever Dusty
 * 1999: "Sunrise, Sunset" from Knitting on the Roof
 * 2000: "Rainy Day Parade" from New Talent Spotlight Volume 2
 * 2000: "I Kissed a Girl" from K-TEL Pop Alternative
 * 2004: "Don't Let Us Get Sick" from Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon
 * 2007: "Down by the River" with John Doe from Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity

B-sides

 * 1995: "Queen of Spades" (from the "Supermodel" single)
 * 1997: "Loveless Motel" (from the "Bitter" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)
 * 2000: "Lucy at the Gym" (from the "When My Ship Comes In" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)
 * 2004: "Almost Fell" (bonus track on the Borders edition of Underdog Victorious)

Other

 * Clouds Over Eden (1994) – Richard Barone
 * Glow (2010) - Richard Barone
 * The Negatives (2000) – Lloyd Cole and The Negatives
 * Unfabulous – TV show soundtrack
 * So Jill – Tribute song written & performed by Jane Wiedlin, Lloyd Cole & Charlotte Caffey
 * Lumberjill (2019) – Song written and performed for The Simpsons episode “Marge the Lumberjill”.

title: Jill Sobule


text:
Krishna district

Krishna district is a district in the coastal Andhra Region in Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with Machilipatnam as its administrative headquarters. It is surrounded on the East by Bay of Bengal, West by Guntur, Bapatla and North by Eluru and NTR districts and South again by Bay of Bengal.

Etymology
Krishna District with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There are no changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala Paragana). Further Again in 2022 Krishna District was divided into Krishna and NTR Districts. It was named after the Krishna River (also known as Krishnaveni in literature) the third longest river in India. The river flows through the district before it empties itself into Bay of Bengal, near Hamsaladevi village.

History
The history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the Satavahanas (230 BC – AD 227); Pallavas (AD 340 – AD 500), Chalukyas (AD 615 – 1070 AD) and later by Cholas, Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Reddy dynasty and Gajapati kings of Odisha.

Satavahana period (230 BC – AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikakulam, at present a village in Ghantasala mandal of the district. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries.

Pallava Kingdom (AD 340 – AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at Venginagar near Eluru and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa. Bruhitpalayanas, the contemporaries of Pallavas ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (AD 6th century) rulers created cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli.

Eastern chalukyas (AD 615 – AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli, rock cut shrines, and Shiva temples.

Cholas ruled this region with their capital located at Rajamahendri. It was during Rajaraja Narendra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata into Telugu. Kakatiyas ruled this region up to the early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital. They are followed by Musunuri Nayaks who rebelled against Delhi sultanate and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including Hampi and ruled many states of India independently. Reddy dynasty a subordinate of Musunuri Kapaya Naidu established himself in the hill fort of Kondaveedu. The Kondaveedu Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in-law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court.

Gajapathis of Odisha: Kapileswarapuram named in honour of Kapileswara Gajapathi now in Pamidimukkala mandal exists to this day. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli. Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara empire conquered this region in the early 16th century. Then this region became part of the Kingdom of Golconda in 1550 which was founded by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah as part of the Qutb Shahis in 1512. Abu-l-Hussain Shah known as Tanisha was the last ruler of Qutab Shahi dynasty.

Medieval period
Aurangazeb ruled this region as part of the province of Golconda. Asaf Jah who was appointed as subedar or viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). This region was part of the Nawab of Rajahmundry.

The British: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which remained their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748, his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761, the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.

The Krishna District was formed from the district of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included Guntur and West Godavari districts of united Andhra Pradesh. Guntur district was created from Krishna district in 1904. Similarly West Godavari district was created from Krishna district in 1925.

After 1947
Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971. In 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas. In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district. In 2022 Krishna district was divided into Krishna and NTR districts.

Historical demographics
census of India, the district had a population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km2. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 1,843,660 (40.81%). There are 3,009,718 literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%.

Geography
Krishna district is surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal, west by Guntur and Bapatla districts and north by Eluru and NTR districts and south by Bay of Bengal. The Krishna district occupies an area of 3775 km2. It has a total coastline of 88 km.

Flora and fauna
The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total undivided district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Machilipatnam and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.

Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.

Climate
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1047.68 mm and 66% of it is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.

Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent), Red loams (19.4 percent), and sandy soils account for balance 0.7% in the district.

Demographics
After reorganization the district had a population of 17,35,079, of which 482,513 (27.81%) live in urban areas. Krishna district has a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 73.75%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 346,989 (20.00%) and 37,716 (2.17%) of the population respectively.

Based on the 2011 census, 93.30% of the population spoke Telugu and 5.97% Urdu as their first language.

Politics
The parliamentary constituency is Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency

It comprises the following legislative assembly segments: The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: Gudivada, Machilipatnam and Vuyyuru, which are further subdivided into a total of 26 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.

Mandals
The list of 26 mandals in Krishna district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.

 * 1) Gudivada revenue division
 * 2) Bapulapadu
 * 3) Gannavaram
 * 4) Gudivada
 * 5) Gudlavalleru
 * 6) Nandivada
 * 7) Pedaparupudi
 * 8) Unguturu
 * 9) Machilipatnam revenue division
 * 10) Avanigadda
 * 11) Bantumilli
 * 12) Challapalli
 * 13) Ghantasala
 * 14) Guduru
 * 15) Koduru
 * 16) Kruthivennu
 * 17) Machilipatnam North
 * 18) Machilipatnam South
 * 19) Mopidevi
 * 20) Nagayalanka
 * 21) Pedana
 * 22) Vuyyuru revenue division
 * 23) Kankipadu
 * 24) Movva
 * 25) Pamarru
 * 26) Pamidimukkala
 * 27) Penamaluru
 * 28) Thotlavalluru
 * 29) Vuyyuru

Cities and Towns
There are one municipal corporation and four municipalities in the district.

Source: Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies

Villages

 * Gurazada
 * Vadali

Economy
Agriculture is the main stay of economy. Paddy is the main food crop cutivated. Based on 2019–20 data, the gross cropped area of the district was 3.76 Lakh Hectares of which gross irrigated area was 2.42 lakh Hectares. Other products produced include sugarcane, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries.

Road
NH 65 from Pune to Machilipatnam, NH 165 from Pamarru to Palakollu, NH 216 from Ongole to Kathipudi pass through the district.

Rail
There exists 97 km of rail network in the district. Gudivada Junction railway station and Machilipatnam railway station are prominent railway stations in the district. Nearest major railway station is Vijayawada Junction railway station at a distance of 80Km from Machilipatnam by train.

Water
The Machilipatnam Port is currently under construction. The Port will have an initial cargo capacity of 35 million tonnes (35 MMTPA), through four berths-three general cargo berths and one coal terminal. The Port is scheduled to be completed in two years. In the future, the capacity of the four-berth deep water port will be increased to 116 million tonnes (116 MMTPA) as the cargo traffic increases gradually.

Air
Krishna district is served by Vijayawada International airport located in Gannavaram at a distance of 67.9 km from Machilipatnam.

Education
Dr.Gururaju Government Homoeo Medical college and Regional Research Institute for Homoeopathy are located in Gudivada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam.

Culture

The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in Gudivada and Machilipatnam. It is also famous as the birthplace for Indian classical dance named Kuchipudi. The dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu.

Sports
Kabbadi is the most popular sport, followed by cricket, volleyball, badminton, basketball and tennis.

NTR Stadium is the main sports venue in Gudivada. It is used for several sports, like athletics, volleyball, cricket practice, kho kho, kabaddi, badminton, tennis and basketball. It is also the stadium for Krishna District Cricket Association.

Tourism
There are several places of tourist interest in the district. Some of them are given below.
 * Kolleru lake (Kaikaluru Mandal): largest freshwater lake
 * Manginapudi beach: Natural beach
 * Movva: Sri Movva Venugopala Swamy temple. Kshetrayya is said to have composed his famous lyrics here.
 * Kuchipudi:the birth place of Siddhendra Yogi, the originator of the Kuchpudi dance
 * Ghantasala: once upon a time, a port and a halting place for Buddhist pilgrims and merchants travelling from Kalinga to Ceylone. Hindu and Buddhist Sculptures can be seen here
 * Srikakulam (Ghantasala Mandal): the historical capital of Andhra Empire of Goutamiputra Satakarni (AD 102–123). This is famous for the temple of Andhra Mahavishnu
 * Hamsaladeevi(Koduru Mandal): river Krishna drains into the Bay of Bengal at this place
 * Gudivada: famous for Jain temple of Parswandha Swamy

Notable people

 * Kakarla Subba Rao was born in Pedamuttevi of Movva mandal and became the first director of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
 * Tripuraneni Ramaswamy born in Angaluru of Gudlavalleru mandal was a poet and social reformer
 * Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao was born in Pesaramilli village of Gudlavalleu mandal, was the founder of (Andhra Patrika, first telugu newspaper and also company which manufactures ayurvedic pain balm called Amrutanjan.
 * Pingali Venkayya was born in Bhatlapenumarru,near Machilipatnam, was a freedom fighter and was known as designer of Indian National Flag.
 * Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu was born in Machilipatnam. He served as the first-ever captain of the Indian national cricket team.
 * N. T. Rama Rao popularly referred to by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, filmmaker and a Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in Nimmakuru of Gudivada mandal.
 * Narla Venkateswara Rao was a Telugu language writer, journalist and politician from Andhra Pradesh in India. He was Rajya Sabha member twice from 3 April 1958 to 2 April 1970, and wrote a satakam in Telugu along with several other books.
 * Narla Tata Rao was a prominent person in the power sector of India and a former chairman of the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board. He was born in Kavutaram
 * Patcha Ramachandra Rao was a distinguished metallurgist and administrator. He was born in Kavutaram in Krishna District
 * Kaikala Satyanarayana was an Indian actor, producer, director, and politician who predominantly worked in Telugu cinema. He was born in Kavutaram village in Krishna district.

title: Krishna district


text:
Daana Veera Soora Karna

Daana Veera Soora Karna is a 1977 Indian Telugu-language Hindu mythological film co-written, produced and directed by N. T. Rama Rao under his banner, Ramakrishna Cine Studios. Based on the life of Karna from the Mahabharata, it stars Rama Rao in three roles: the title character, Duryodhana, and Krishna. It also stars Rao's sons Nandamuri Harikrishna and Nandamuri Balakrishna, who play the roles of Arjuna and Abhimanyu, respectively. Music for the film was composed by Pendyala Nageswara Rao.

Made on a budget of ₹10 lakhs (one million Indian rupees), the film was a commercial success and became the highest-grossing Telugu film at the time, grossing ₹1.5–2 crore (15–20 million rupees). It is regarded as one of the greatest films of Telugu cinema.

Plot
A baby has been rescued from the Ganga river by charioteer Adhiratha, who adopts the boy and names him Karna. Years later, Karna witnesses the scene of Dronacharya taking off Ekalavya 's thumb so that Arjuna could surpass him as an archer. At this injustice, Karna swears a rivalry against Arjuna.

Karna studies under Parasurama to become an expert archer. One day, Karna is bitten by Indra as an insect and bears the pain not to disturb a sleeping Parasurama. When Parasurama awakens and sees the blood, he believes Karna to be of the "kshatriya" caste and curses that his skills remain futile. Parasurama later recognizes Karna as Sutaputra, but cannot return his curse.

While traveling, Karna tries to save a Brahmin's cow from Indra in the form of a lion; he fails, and the Brahmin curses Karna to die in a helpless situation. Later, moved by a young girl's tears, Karna squeezes spilled "ghee" (butter) from the soil and Bhudevi curses him that his chariot wheel crushed into her in his last stage of life.

Dronacharya praises Arjuna for winning an archery tournament at the fort of Hastinapuram when Karna arrives to challenge him but is insulted due to his low birth. Duryodhana saves his pride by making him king of Anga, and Karna dedicates his life to Duryodhana, and they become soulmates. Dharmaraja invites Duryodhana to join, who suffers a series of misfortunes at the hands of Shakuni, which forces them into years of exile. Lord Krishna attempts to negotiate and reveals Karna's birth secret. Out of loyalty, Karna remains with Duryodhana while tensions escalate toward the Kurukshetra War with the Pandavas.

Chief military commander Bhishma insults Karna by recognizing him as "Ardharatha," and Karna swears not to enter the battlefield before Bhishma. Bhishma collapses as the war begins and makes a contrition to Karna on an arrow bed. Karna takes Bhishma's blessing and enters the battlefield. To protect the Pandavas' honor, Abhimanyu enters the battlefield and single-handedly defeats most of the army; to stop him, Duryodhana orders Karna to destroy his bow, after which Abhimanyu is overwhelmed and killed. That evening, Karna weeps over the body of his defeated adversary and declares that Abhimanyu is immortal, but he is the one who has perished.

The following day, Krishna sends Kunti to request Karna join the Pandavas or swear not to kill them. Karna blames Kunti, the mother who abandoned him, for the destruction but swears not to kill anyone except Arjuna on the condition that Kunti has five sons if either he or Arjuna dies. The next day on the battlefield, Karna tries to kill Arjuna, protected by Lord Krishna. He later defeats all the Pandavas after the deaths of his sons at their hands, but every time, he remembers his promise to Kunti and does not kill them. After sparing the Pandavas, he announces to Kunti in the middle of the battle that 'he had sacrificed his sons for hers.' Krishna sends Indra as a Brahim to trick Karna into giving up the divine breastplate that protects him. Karna does so, even knowing the truth, and Indra gifts him a powerful weapon for one-time use. While wishing to use it against Arjuna, Karna's situation forces him to use it when the camp is under attack that night.

The next day, Shalya, an uncle of the Pandavas, is appointed Karna's charioteer and demoralizes him on Krishna's instructions. The accumulated curses work together, and Karna collapses. Krishna explains Karna's glory to Arjuna, then appears to Karna as a Brahim begging for alms. Karna breaks out his golden tooth as a donation. Kunti arrives and declares Karna's birth secret, angering Dharmaraja, who curses the women against keeping secrets.

Karna dies in Kunti's lap, and his soul enters Surya, the Sun God. Duryodhana attempts to abandon the war to grieve, but Pandavas forces him back. He chooses his opponent to settle the war, but Krishna reveals Duryodhana's weak point, which, in a dishonorable manner, gets hit. As he dies, Duryodhana questions Krishna's piety. Duryodhana and Karna then meet in heaven, displaying an immortal friendship.

Cast

 * N. T. Rama Rao as Srikrishna, Karna, and Duryodhana
 * Nandamuri Balakrishna as Abhimanyu
 * Nandamuri Harikrishna as Arjuna
 * Satyanarayana as Bhima
 * S. Varalakshmi as Kunti
 * Gummadi as Parashurama
 * Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry as Shakuni
 * Mikkilineni as Bhishma
 * Mukkamala as Shalya
 * Rajanala as Drona
 * M. Prabhakar Reddy as Dharma Raju
 * P. J. Sarma as Vidura
 * Chalapathi Rao as Indra, Adhiratha, Jarasandha and Dhrishtadyumna
 * Jagga Rao as Dushasana
 * Jaya Bhaskar as Ekalavya and Surya
 * Sharada as Draupadi
 * Kanchana as Subhadra
 * B. Saroja Devi as Vrishali
 * Prabha as Bhanumati
 * Rajasree
 * Deepa as Uttara
 * Jayamalini as Dancer
 * Helen as Dancer

Chalapathi Rao performed four roles and also appeared in two other costumes as disguises of Indra, while Jaya Bhaskar did a dual role.

Production
Daana Veera Soora Karna was launched on 7 June 1976 at Ramakrishna Cine Studios, Hyderabad by M. G. Ramachandran who also clapped the first shot of the film. Ramarao initially wanted Akkineni Nageswara Rao to play the role of Krishna as he was already playing the roles of Suyodhana and Karna however Rao said that the "Pandavas should appear shorter when shown by his side, and that'd spoil the overall screen presence" so it was also portrayed as Ramarao. Kondaveeti Venkatakavi who was a principal of Sanskrit college was chosen to write the film's dialogues.

When Ramarao was planning this film, the same time Krishna planned to make Kurukshetra, another film based on Mahabharata which lead Ramarao to start this immediately with an intent to release the film on Sankranti sooner. The film was completely shot in 43 working days at Ramakrishna Cine Studios thus becoming the first film to be shot there.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Pendyala Nageswara Rao.

S. Rajeswara Rao was initially the music director for the film, and set the songs "Ye Thalli Ninu Kannadho" and the verses were to music. The rest of the soundtrack was completed by Pendyala Nageswara Rao. However, the title card shows only Pendyala's name.

The film has ten songs and 35 verses. Most of the verses are taken from Paandavodyoga Vijayam and Sree Krishna Raayabaram by the poet duo Tirupati Venkata Kavulu. Pundareekakshayya secured the rights to use the verses when working on the film Sreekrishnaavataaram. They were sought for the competing film Kuruskshetram but Pundareekakshayya instead gave the rights to Rama Rao.

S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Peesapati Raghuramayya sang initial versions of the Raayabaram verses, which were re-recorded by V. Ramakrishna.

Padmalaya Studios secured the rights of Ghantasala's Bhagavadgeeta audio after his death and used those verses in Kurukshetram, while DVS Karna used "prosaic" Bhagavadgeeta for the most part.

The dialogues of the film also became very popular, and were released as LP and audio cassettes by HMV.

Release
The film was approved by censors on 12 January 1977 and released on 14 January. Gemini film labs was unable to print all 30 orders of the film in the time available, so its premiered was limited to 14 cinemas on the day of its release. The film ran for 100 days in 9 cinemas and 250 days at the Hyderabad Shanti Theatre.

With a budget of less than ₹10 lakhs (one million Indian rupees), the film earned more than ₹1 crore (ten million rupees) in its first run. It was sold for ₹60 lakhs (6 million rupees) for a 1994 re-release, with 30 prints earning more than ₹1 crore.

It was the second Telugu film after Lava Kusa to gross ₹1 crore (ten million rupees) and the first Telugu film to collect ₹2 crores (with an average ticket price being ₹1 in 1977).

In the first twenty years after its release, the film sold the highest number of tickets, beating all the new releases for the year in 13 different years.

Awards

 * P. Susheela won Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Ye Thalli Ninu Kannado"

title: Daana Veera Soora Karna


text:
USS Wake

USS Wake (PR-3) was a United States Navy river gunboat operating on the Yangtze River. Originally commissioned as the gunboat Guam (PG-43), she was redesignated river patrol vessel PR-3 in 1928, and renamed Wake 23 January 1941. She was captured by Japan on 8 December 1941 and renamed Tatara. After her recapture in 1945, she was transferred to Chinese nationalists, who renamed her Tai Yuan. Communist forces captured her in 1949. On 1 May 1949 Tai Yuan was sunk by Nationalist aircraft in the Caishiji River.

U.S. Navy
She was launched on 28 May 1927 as Guam by the Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works in Shanghai, China, and commissioned on 28 December 1927. Her primary mission was to ensure the safety of American missionaries and other foreigners. Later, the ship also functioned as a "radio spy ship," keeping track of Japanese movements. However, by 1939, she was "escorted" by a Japanese warship wherever she went, as China fell more and more under Imperial Japanese control.

In 1930 when it was nearing Yochow it was shot at by rebels, which killed one crew.

On 23 January 1941, she was renamed Wake, as Guam was to be the new name of a large cruiser being built in the U.S. On 25 November 1941, LCDR Andrew Earl Harris, the brother of Field Harris, was ordered to close the Navy installation at Hankou, and sail to Shanghai. On 28 November 1941, LCDR Harris and most of the crew were transferred to gunboats and ordered to sail to the Philippines. Columbus Darwin Smith—an old Chinese hand who had been piloting river boats on the Yangtze River—was asked to accept a commission in the U.S. Navy and was appointed captain of Wake with the rank of Lt. Commander.

When Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7th, 1941. Shanghai had been under Japanese occupation since the 1937 Battle of Shanghai. Smith was in command on 8 December 1941 (7 December in Hawaii), with a crew of 14, when the Japanese captured the ship, which was tied up at a pier in Shanghai. Smith had received a telephone call the night before from a Japanese officer he knew. The officer asked where Smith would be the next morning as he wanted to deliver some turkeys for Smith and his crew. The Japanese did the same to other American officers and officials to determine where they would be on 8 December. However, Commander Smith received word from his quartermaster about the Pearl Harbor attack and rushed to the ship only to find it under guard by the Japanese. Surrounded by an overwhelming Japanese force, the crew attempted unsuccessfully to scuttle the craft. Wake surrendered, the only U.S. ship to do so in World War II.

Commander Smith and his crew were confined to a prison camp near Shanghai, where the U.S. Marines and sailors captured on Wake Island were also later imprisoned.

Japanese service
The Japanese gave Wake to their puppet Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing, where she was renamed Tatara (多多良). The following activities are known to have occurred during the war.

The ship was part of Sasebo Naval District for China Area Fleet.

Post-war
In 1945, at the end of the war, she was returned to the U.S. when the Japanese troops surrendered (VJ Day). The U.S. gave the ship to the Chinese nationalists, who renamed her Tai Yuan (太原). Finally, the ship was captured by Communist Chinese forces in 1949. On 1 May 1949 Tai Yuan was sunk by Nationalist aircraft in the Caishiji River.

As of 2019, no other ship of the U.S. Navy has been named Wake, though a Casablanca-class escort carrier launched in 1943 was named USS Wake Island (CVE-65). Wake Island is a remote Pacific island used as a US military base, and the site of a WW2 Battle in December 1941 (Battle of Wake Island).

Awards

 * Yangtze Service Medal
 * China Service Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * ROCS Tai Yuan (Chinese: 太原; DE-27)

title: USS Wake