text:
Spice trade

The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, nutmeg, star anise, clove, and turmeric were known and used in antiquity and traded in the Eastern World. These spices found their way into the Near East before the beginning of the Christian era, with fantastic tales hiding their true sources.

The maritime aspect of the trade was dominated by the Austronesian peoples in Southeast Asia, namely the ancient Indonesian sailors who established routes from Southeast Asia to Sri Lanka and India (and later China) by 1500 BC. These goods were then transported by land towards the Mediterranean and the Greco-Roman world via the incense route and the Roman–India routes by Indian and Persian traders. The Austronesian maritime trade lanes later expanded into the Middle East and eastern Africa by the 1st millennium AD, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar.

Within specific regions, the Kingdom of Axum (5th century BC–AD 11th century) had pioneered the Red Sea route before the 1st century AD. During the first millennium AD, Ethiopians became the maritime trading power of the Red Sea. By this period, trade routes existed from Sri Lanka (the Roman Taprobane) and India, which had acquired maritime technology from early Austronesian contact. By mid-7th century AD, after the rise of Islam, Arab traders started plying these maritime routes and dominated the western Indian Ocean maritime routes.

Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants to Europe until the rise of the Seljuk Turks in 1090. Later the Ottoman Turks held the route again by 1453 respectively. Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities to Europe.

The trade was changed by the Crusades and later the European Age of Discovery, during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa monopolized the trade between Europe and Asia. The Cape Route from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope was pioneered by the Portuguese explorer navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, resulting in new maritime routes for trade.

This trade, which drove world trade from the end of the Middle Ages well into the Renaissance, ushered in an age of European domination in the East. Channels such as the Bay of Bengal served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures as nations struggled to gain control of the trade along the many spice routes. In 1571 the Spanish opened the first trans-Pacific route between its territories of the Philippines and Mexico, served by the Manila Galleon. This trade route lasted until 1815. The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient routes, ports, and nations that were difficult to dominate. The Dutch were later able to bypass many of these problems by pioneering a direct ocean route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Sunda Strait in Indonesia.

Origins

People from the Neolithic period traded in spices, obsidian, sea shells, precious stones and other high-value materials as early as the 10th millennium BC. The first to mention the trade in historical periods are the Egyptians. In the 3rd millennium BC, they traded with the Land of Punt, which is believed to have been situated in an area encompassing northern Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and the Red Sea coast of Sudan.

The spice trade was associated with overland routes early on, but maritime routes proved to be the factor which helped the trade grow. The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the Austronesian peoples of Island Southeast Asia. They established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka from around 1500 BC to 600 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like catamarans, outrigger boats, lashed-lug and sewn-plank boats, and paan) and cultigens (like coconuts, sandalwood, bananas, and sugarcane), as well as spices endemic to the Spice Islands (cloves and nutmeg). It also connected the material cultures of India and China later on via the Maritime Silk Road. Indonesians in particular were trading in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia) with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued into historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.

In the first millennium BC the Arabs, Phoenicians, and Indians were also engaged in sea and land trade in luxury goods such as spices, gold, precious stones, leather of exotic animals, ebony and pearls. The sea trade was in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The sea route in the Red Sea was from Bab-el-Mandeb to Berenike, from there by land to the Nile, and then by boats to Alexandria. Luxury goods including Indian spices, ebony, silk and fine textiles were traded along the overland incense route.

In the second half of the first millennium BC the Arab tribes of South and West Arabia took control over the land trade of spices from South Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea. These tribes were the M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, Saba and Himyarite. In the north the Nabateans took control of the trade route that crossed the Negev from Petra to Gaza. The trade enriched these tribes. South Arabia was called Eudaemon Arabia (the elated Arabia) by the Greeks and was on the agenda of conquests of Alexander of Macedonia before he died. The Indians and the Arabs had control over the sea trade with India. In the late second century BC, the Greeks from the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt learned from the Indians how to sail directly from Aden to the west coast of India using the monsoon winds (as did Hippalus) and took control of the sea trade via Red Sea ports.

Spices are discussed in biblical narratives, and there is literary evidence for their use in ancient Greek and Roman society. There is a record from Tamil texts of Greeks purchasing large sacks of black pepper from India, and many recipes in the 1st-century Roman cookbook Apicius make use of the spice. The trade in spices lessened after the fall of the Roman Empire, but demand for ginger, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg revived the trade in later centuries.

Arab trade and medieval Europe

Rome played a part in the spice trade during the 5th century, but this role did not last through the Middle Ages. The rise of Islam brought a significant change to the trade as Radhanite Jewish and Arab merchants, particularly from Egypt, eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant to Europe. At times, Jews enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the spice trade in large parts of Western Europe.

The spice trade had brought great riches to the Abbasid Caliphate and inspired famous legends such as that of Sinbad the Sailor. These early sailors and merchants would often set sail from the port city of Basra and, after many ports of call, would return to sell their goods, including spices, in Baghdad. The fame of many spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon are attributed to these early spice merchants.

The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries. Arab traders — mainly descendants of sailors from Yemen and Oman — dominated maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the Far East and linking to the secret "spice islands" (Maluku Islands and Banda Islands). The islands of Molucca also find mention in several records: a Javanese chronicle (1365) mentions the Moluccas and Maloko, and navigational works of the 14th and 15th centuries contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas. Sulaima al-Mahr writes: "East of Timor [where sandalwood is found] are the islands of Bandam and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. The islands of cloves are called Maluku ....."

Moluccan products were shipped to trading emporiums in India, passing through ports like Kozhikode in Kerala and through Sri Lanka. From there they were shipped westward across the ports of Arabia to the Near East, to Ormus in the Persian Gulf and Jeddah in the Red Sea and sometimes to East Africa, where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites. The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to trade with India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen.

Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentions the town of Puri where "merchants depart for distant countries."

From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. From the 8th until the 15th century, maritime republics (Republic of Venice, Republic of Pisa, Republic of Genoa, Duchy of Amalfi, Duchy of Gaeta, Republic of Ancona and Republic of Ragusa ) held a monopoly on European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium, made these Mediterranean city-states extremely wealthy. Spices were among the most expensive and in-demand products of the Middle Ages, used in medicine as well as in the kitchen. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Venetian and other navigators of maritime republics then distributed the goods through Europe.

The Ottoman Empire, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, barred Europeans from important combined land-sea routes.

Age of Discovery: a new route and a New World

The Republic of Venice had become a formidable power and a key player in the Eastern spice trade. Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability. Until the mid-15th century, trade with the East was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as middlemen.

In 1453, however, the Ottoman Empire took control of the sole spice trade route that existed at the time after the fall of Constantinople, and were in a favorable position to charge hefty taxes on merchandise bound for the west. The Western Europeans, not wanting to be dependent on an expansionist, non-Christian power for the lucrative commerce with the East, set out to find an alternative route by sea around Africa.

The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies, the Portuguese first rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. Just nine years later in 1497, on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama continued beyond to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast in Kerala in South India — the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade.

In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for Portugal, then the center of Asian trade. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent several diplomatic and exploratory missions, including to the Moluccas. Learning the secret location of the Spice Islands, mainly the Banda Islands, then the world source of nutmeg, he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to Banda, where they were the first Europeans to arrive, in early 1512. Abreu's expedition reached Buru, Ambon and Seram Islands, and then Banda.

From 1507 to 1515 Albuquerque tried to completely block Arab and other traditional routes that stretched from the shores of Western Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea, through the conquest of strategic bases in the Persian Gulf and at the entry of the Red Sea.

By the early 16th century the Portuguese had complete control of the African sea route, which extended through a long network of routes that linked three oceans, from the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) in the Pacific Ocean limits, through Malacca, Kerala and Sri Lanka, to Lisbon in Portugal.

The Crown of Castile had organized the expedition of Christopher Columbus to compete with Portugal for the spice trade with Asia, but when Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola (in what is now Haiti) instead of in the Indies, the search for a route to Asia was postponed until a few years later. After Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, the Spanish Crown prepared a westward voyage by Ferdinand Magellan in order to reach Asia from Spain across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. On October 21, 1520, his expedition crossed the Strait of Magellan in the southern tip of South America, opening the Pacific to European exploration. On March 16, 1521, the ships reached the Philippines and soon after the Spice Islands, ultimately resulting decades later in the Manila Galleon trade, the first westward spice trade route to Asia. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano took command of the expedition and drove it across the Indian Ocean and back to Spain, where they arrived in 1522 aboard the last remaining ship, the Victoria. For the next two-and-a-half centuries, Spain controlled a vast trade network that linked three continents: Asia, the Americas and Europe. A global spice route had been created: from Manila in the Philippines (Asia) to Seville in Spain (Europe), via Acapulco in Mexico (North America).

Cultural diffusion

One of the most important technological exchanges of the spice trade network was the early introduction of maritime technologies to India, the Middle East, East Africa, and China by the Austronesian peoples. These technologies include the plank-sewn hulls, catamarans, outrigger boats, and possibly the lateen sail. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, Tamil paṭavu, Telugu paḍava, and Kannada paḍahu, all meaning "ship", are all derived from Proto-Hesperonesian *padaw, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like Javanese perahu, Kadazan padau, Maranao padaw, Cebuano paráw, Samoan folau, Hawaiian halau, and Māori wharau.

Austronesians also introduced many Austronesian cultigens to southern India, Sri Lanka, and eastern Africa that figured prominently in the spice trade. They include bananas, Pacific domesticated coconuts, Dioscorea yams, wetland rice, sandalwood, giant taro, Polynesian arrowroot, ginger, lengkuas, tailed pepper, betel, areca nut, and sugarcane.

Hindu and Buddhist religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons, entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economies by estate management, craftsmanship, and promotion of trading activities. Buddhism, in particular, traveled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art, and literacy. Islam spread throughout the East, reaching maritime Southeast Asia in the 10th century; Muslim merchants played a crucial part in the trade. Christian missionaries, such as Saint Francis Xavier, were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the East. Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Moluccas. However, the natives of the Spice Islands accommodated to aspects of both religions easily.

The Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders such as the Gujarati banias, South Indian Chettis, Syrian Christians, Chinese from Fujian province, and Arabs from Aden involved in the spice trade. Epics, languages, and cultural customs were borrowed by Southeast Asia from India, and later China. Knowledge of Portuguese language became essential for merchants involved in the trade. The colonial pepper trade drastically changed the experience of modernity in Europe, and in Kerala and it brought, along with colonialism, early capitalism to India's Malabar Coast, changing cultures of work and caste.

Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast Asia, notably present day Malaysia and Indonesia, where spice mixtures and black pepper became popular. Conversely, Southeast Asian cuisine and crops was also introduced to India and Sri Lanka, where rice cakes and coconut milk-based dishes are still dominant.

European people intermarried with Indians and popularized valuable culinary skills, such as baking, in India. Indian food, adapted to the European palate, became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India. Opium was a part of the spice trade, and some people involved in the spice trade were driven by opium addiction.

title: Spice trade


text:
Straw poll

A straw poll, straw vote, or straw ballot is an ad hoc or unofficial vote. It is used to show the popular opinion on a certain matter, and can be used to help politicians know the majority opinion and help them decide what to say in order to gain votes.

Straw polls provide dialogue among movements within large groups. Impromptu straw polls often are taken to see if there is enough support for an idea to devote more meeting time to it, and (when not a secret ballot) for the attendees to see who is on which side of a question. However, in meetings subject to Robert's Rules of Order, motions to take straw polls are not allowed.

Among political bodies, straw polls often are scheduled for events at which many people interested in the polling question can be expected to vote. Sometimes polls conducted without ordinary voting controls in place (i.e., on an honor system, such as in online polls) are also called "straw polls".

The idiom may allude to a straw (thin plant stalk) held up to see in what direction the wind blows, in this case, the metaphorical wind of group opinion.

United States
A formal straw poll is common in American political caucuses. Such straw polls can be taken before selecting delegates and voting on resolutions. The results of straw polls are taken by the media to influence delegates in caucus later (as well as delegates to political conventions), and thus serve as important precursors. Straw polls are also scheduled informally by other organizations interested in the U.S. presidential election.

Well-known American straw polls include the Ames Straw Poll and the Texas Straw Poll, both conducted on behalf of their respective state Republican Party organizations. Being run by private organizations, they are not subject to public oversight or verifiability. However, they provide important interactive dialogue among movements within large groups, reflecting trends like organization and motivation.

The Ames straw poll achieved a reputation as a meaningful straw poll during the presidential campaign because of its large voter turnout and relatively high media recognition, as well as Iowa's being the first state to vote in caucuses before the primaries. In 2015 the Iowa Republican Party voted to abolish the poll, after a majority of presidential candidates declined to participate. The Iowa State Fair Straw Polls for both the Republican and Democratic races were conducted at the Iowa State Fair instead.

The U.S. territory of Guam holds a presidential straw poll during every presidential election, despite the island's having no official say in the election.

China
Since the 1990s, membership of the Chinese Politburo has been determined through deliberations and straw polls by incumbent and retired members of both the Politburo and the Standing Committee.

Other types of polls
Straw polls are contrasted with opinion polls, usually conducted by telephone and based on samples of the voting public. Straw polls can also be contrasted with honor-system polls (such as online polls), in which ordinary voting controls are absent. In an ordinary event-based straw poll, controls common to elections are enforced: voting twice is prohibited; polls are not open for inordinately long periods of time; interim results are not publicized before polls close; etc. Honor-system polls may be conducted wholly online, conducted at one location over a period of months, conducted with interim results publicized, or even conducted with explicit permission to vote multiple times.

The meaning of results from the varying poll types is disputed. Opinion polls are generally conducted with statistical selection controls in place and are thus called "scientific", while straw polls and honor-system polls are conducted among self-selected populations and are called "unscientific". However, as predictors of poll results among larger populations (i.e., elections), each method has known flaws.

A margin of error is intrinsic in any subset polling method, and is a mathematical function of the difference in size between the subset and the larger population; sampling error is constant across different poll methods with the same sample sizes. Selection bias, nonresponse bias, or coverage bias occurs when the conditions for subset polling significantly differ from the conditions for the larger poll or election; event-based straw polls, where registration often closely mirrors voter registration, suffer less from nonresponse bias than opinion polls, where inclusion generally means owning a landline phone, being the party that answers the phone, being willing to answer the poll questions, and being a "likely voter" based on pollster criteria. Response bias occurs when respondents do not indicate their true beliefs, such as in bias due to intentional manipulation by respondents, haste, social pressure, or confusion; such biases may be present in any polling situation. Wording of questions may also inject bias, although this is more likely in a telephone setting than in an event-based ballot setting.

By relying on identity information, such as that publicly traceable to telephone numbers or voter registration addresses and that voluntarily provided by respondents such as age and gender, polls can be made more scientific. Straw polls may be improved by: asking identity questions, tracing group-based trends, and publishing statistical studies of the data. Opinion polls may be improved by more closely mirroring the larger poll or election anticipated, such as in wording of questions and inclusion procedure. Honor-system polls may be improved by adding ordinary voting controls; for example, online polls may rely on established social-networking and identity providers for verification to minimize multiple voting.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Straw poll


text:
Talk:Geum River

Geum: silk not gold?
Dear All, the article suggests that the river's English "name" (and thus meaning?) is "gold". However, with respect, is this correct? I indicated on another occasion (quite rudely, I apologize for posting in the article! ^^) that the Hanja for the river was not 金, which has the 'meaning' of gold. I said that it was in fact 錦 and someone kindly changed it. As far as I am aware the character 錦 is one word for 비단 'silk', not 금 'gold'. Cheers, Mumun 23:37, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

thank you!Mumun 12:57, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Inaccurate length
In the presence of two differing data points, I am inclined to trust the more recent source.

http://eng.me.go.kr/docs_gg/geum_river/overview.jsp — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.199.59.72 (talk) 13:11, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

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Talk:Geumgwan Gaya

Kim/ Geum
Why does the Hangeul use Geum and not Gim/Kim? Is it a Gaya dialect? 2A00:23C5:C13C:9F01:2808:4A0:DEEA:630D (talk) 20:14, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Page needs major rework
I'll work on this page, but a lot of it seems poorly translate, not cited, a lot of the monarchs don't have list of dates when they were ruling, etc Sunnyediting99 (talk) 20:27, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geumgwan Gaya


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Talk:Gihwa

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Talk:Jizi

Untitled
I'm not sure I understand the rationale for the proposed move. After all, normally a ruler is separate from the country he or she ruled. Although things are murkier here in the semi-mythical past, it seems like that basic distinction should still apply. -- Visviva 16:25, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Argh.. I'm sorry I'd been confused. --Puzzlet Chung 18:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Restoration
I've restored this article to revert a cut-and-paste move from several months ago, which was followed by extensive POV-pushing and insertions of original research. There may be salvageable additions in the history of the Gija page, but I can't find them (see Talk:Gija for discussions of problems with that fork). -- Visviva 06:05, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

South Korean interpretation of Gija(Jizi)
There is a passage in this article where it says South Korean high school textbook describes Gija Joseon as a "Korean tribe". First, this is something I've never heard of. As far as I know, the mainstream scholarly consensus in Korea is that Gija Joseon is a myth. I've also asked some high school students to check their history textbooks to see if there is any mention of Gija Joseon. There is none, according to them. I'd like to know what source this passage is based upon so I can verify this. Cydevil38 02:55, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

I referred to South Korea's national history textbooks for high schools translated into Japanese and published by Akashi Shoten. As for the textbooks for the 5th and 6th Curriculum, Jizi is not mentioned in the main text but one footnote says:
 * 古朝鮮の発展と関連して箕子朝鮮についての記録がある. 中国の史書には周の武王が箕子を朝鮮を封じたことになっている. そしてその年代を紀元前12世紀頃してもいる. しかし箕子朝鮮を、朝鮮の発展過程で社会の内部に登場した新しい支配勢力を示すものとして、また東夷族の移動過程で箕子に成長したある部族が古朝鮮の辺境で政治勢力をつかんたものと見る見解が支配的である.

But after reading your comment, I checked the new textbook for the 7th Curriculum and noticed that this footnote had been dropped. This means Jizi is completely excluded from South Korean history education even though Jizi has had immense impact on Korean ideologies and perceptions of history. --Nanshu 00:09, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Romanization
Keep in mind that Wikipedia is NOT an encyclopedia for Korean history but an encyclopedia of all branches of knowledge. Jizi would be looked at from various standpoints. From the viewpoint of source-based history, in other words, as long as we concentrate on analyzing primary sources, we don't have to care about the application of the boundary of "Korean" to history, Korean nationalism or something related to modern Korea, and this standpoint is reflected in romanization. Of course, we don't exclude the modern Korean stuff because it is against our NPOV policy. It would be handled well if we carefully separate the nationalist view from history, and it is never acceptable to push the former into the latter. --Nanshu 22:35, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * We'll not need to have the country (Gojoseon) name translated into Chinese language. Because Joseon by reason of Korean kingdom. therefore must change with the Korean language. also Chinese nationalism too often assert they's rights. Sameness, why apply the chinese name? it's also NPOV policy Korea history 22:35, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Joseon by reason of Korean kingdom? Hopeless. Probably you are a dyed-in-the-wool nationalist indoctrinated with the minjok sagwan. It would be difficult for you to imagine there are approaches free of nationalism, but I think this is the first hurdle for us to achieve NPOV in history-related articles. --Nanshu 22:38, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Joseon is Korean by ethnically and linguistically for the Joseon legion, if this isn't the case, then why Chinese are claiming other ancient states that not even Chinese begin with? --Korsentry 04:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreanSentry (talk • contribs)

Adding onto this, I feel like because Gija (Jizi) is a controversial (yet also important) legendary figure in Korean identity in Korea, it might be better to call the wikipedia article title Gija? Obviously he was Chinese, but his (alleged) influence and impact are solely on Korea. It's kind of like how William the Conqueror was clearly Norman (and you could argue Viking or French hertiage) but his impact was almost exclusively on England, hence why he's not named "guillaume" in his wikipedia page. Of course, feel free to critique my thoughts. --Sunnyediting99 22:25, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Jizi's descendants?
The article talks about several families claiming to be descendants of Jizi, but states that they did so based on a typographical error. I checked the footnote, it only seems to mention the error in regards to the Han family, but not the other two. So was it only the Han family's claim that is based on the typographical error, or were the claims of the other two families also based on the same error or some other errors?

Jizi in Korean Classics (raw original text only)
《三國遺事》 "都平壤城（今西京）始稱朝鮮. 又移都於白岳山阿斯達. 又名弓（一作方）忽山. 又今彌達. 御國一千五百年. 周虎王即位己卯封箕子於朝鮮. 壇君乃移於藏唐京"

《三國史記，高句麗本紀》 "黄門侍郞裴矩説帝曰:'高句麗本箕子所封之地,漢晋皆爲郡縣,今乃不臣.'"

《朝鮮王朝實錄》 “平壤府……本三韓舊都. 唐堯戊辰歲，神人降於檀木之下，國人立爲君，都平壤，號檀君，是爲前朝鮮. 周武王克商，封箕子於此地，是爲後朝鮮. ”

尹行恁《辭弘文館副校理疏》 “箕子遂東出，誕敷九疇之化，用敘八條之教，剔荒穢而布聲明. 君臣父子、親上事長之義，衣服宮室、養生送死之禮，靡不燦然煥然，廩廩有中華之風. 是聖人之不幸，而東土之幸也. 式至今幾千百年，斯民永賴，豐功盛烈，於戲不忘. ”

李穡《婆娑府》 "綿歷夏商不純臣，箕子受封師道新. 九疇森列照天下，當時親炙知何人. "

李穡《終場》 "東方世教盡悠悠，箕子封來又幾秋. 禹範九疇明似日，蒼生萬古倚洪休. "

李民宬《箕子廟》 "萬古明夷垂大訓，九疇洪範敘彝倫. 東國君臨中國聖，至今文物動華人. "

李塥《讀東史箕子紀》 "殷恪於周已作賓，漸漸麥秀獨傷神. 三韓未屬周天下，被發東來定不臣. 洛畫敷陳道已傳. 更爲八教化朝鮮. 東人報答知無替，遺廟千年尚儼然"

崔錫鼎《次董天使韻》 "八條流化浹民深，班固書稱俗不淫. 懇惻同歸仁者事，艱貞直契聖人心. "

徐居正《黃州近體詩十律，承雅教奉酬》 "箕子封來履大東，五畝田桑姬制日. 八條治化禹疇風，龍蛇分戰曾三國. " 尹鬥壽《平壤志序》： “平壤，箕子之舊都. 城之南，有井地，區畫分明，溝塍方正. 千載以下，猶可見其三代之制焉. ”

韓百謙《箕田遺制說》， "箕子，殷人，其畫野分田，宜仿宗國，其與周制不同，蓋無疑矣. "

李萬敷《錦繡》 “城北有箕子廟，東有箕子宮古址，外城有箕子田阡陌. ” 河演《井田》 "平蕪千里井田痕，流水浮雲八九村. 日暮牛馬南畝上，勤耕遺化至今存. "

沈彥光《井田》 "井畝有遺基，依然三代制. 緬懷聖者遠，良法悲久廢. "

成倪《陪巡察使李相公看審外城田畝》 "鎬京文物舊繁華，箕子遺風代代誇. 膴膴田原分八井，毿毿楊柳蔭千家. 生靈不耐耕耘苦，廟議皆思賦稅加. " 河演《箕子井》 "井字田中十長淵，靈源一脈湧涓涓. 無來清濁關治亂，何讓周家潤德泉. "

車天輅《箕子井》 "百尺寒泉徹地清，汲深分碧轆轤聲. 一桮頓解相如渴，卻勝衢撙酌萬生. "

沈銪《箕子井》 "貪泉一酌懷千金，此語雖迂或可諶. 水味如能移素性. 我與箕子亦同心. "

金世弼《箕城感古》 "邈矣仁賢萬古風，般商文物化吾-東. 江山百劫消沈後，閭井當時漫滅空. 幾處樓臺登倦客，一丘松標認頹宮. 平陽蒲坂今何似，落日箕城思不窮. "

李睟光《箕城感古》 "少年豪氣壓梨園，處處樓臺歌吹喧. 萬古山川箕子國，一城花柳莫愁村. "

李珥《箕子殿》 "麥秀悲殷祚，彝倫敘我東. 轉深微禹歎，只有變荑功. 罔殿苔昏畫，宏庭柳拂空. 井田今有址，安得挽遺風. " 《高麗史》 “禮部奏：我國教化禮儀，自箕子始，而不載祀典，乞求其墳塋，立祠以祭. ” 河演《箕子墓》 "清秋埋玉此山深，白馬朝天恨莫尋. 千古浿江霜後月，也明當日不臣心. "

金時習《箕子陵》 "峨峨陵墓壯，寂寂有松楸. 八教垂千古，三仁競一丘. 草生翁仲沒，花發鬣封幽. 往事無因問，孤城暮靄收."

車天輅《箕子墓》 "百世師先聖，千年國故墟. 明夷傳易繇，洪範入周書. 古墓殘碑在，荒山拱木餘. 浿江流不盡，遺化共何如. " 金時習《箕子廟》 "古廟丹青剝，尊崇歲月深. 堪嗟顛社日. 可忍不臣心. 設位裝香火，雕瑉記德音. 至今民仰慕，蕉荔獻誠忱. "

宋相琦《次副使箕子墓韻》 “浿江何似一清河，聖人來辟檀王都. 先將九法敘彝倫，一派東漸畫井區. 山無盜賊女貞信，八條歷落民風敷. ”

沈銪《謁箕子廟》 "松檜深嚴覆短牆，門前立馬拜中堂. 冠峨服古瞻真像，遺澤千年山水長. " 李崇仁《謁箕子祠》 "臺山山下碧松陰，箕子祠堂靜且深. 洪範九疇敷帝訓，遺風萬古感民心. 鬼神阿衛森如在，蕉荔芬芳尚必歆. 多少華人頻動問，愀然東望每謳吟. "

徐居正《箕子祠》 "歎息殷王子，荒涼獨此祠. 西周陳範後，東國化民時. 荔子春秋謹，碑文日月垂. "

沈彥光《箕子祠》 "高義非周臣，邦之遼海外. 千秋念明德，山下荒祠在. "

Please add more if you find any. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.203.129.18 (talk) 18:10, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Academic consensus

 * "The continuing popularity of Tan'gun studies (Yun I-hum et al. 1994) clearly reflects the progressively ultra-nationalistic trend in Korean historical and archaeological scholarship today."
 * "The continuing popularity of Tan'gun studies (Yun I-hum et al. 1994) clearly reflects the progressively ultra-nationalistic trend in Korean historical and archaeological scholarship today."

 * "Consequently, Korean studies that address topics such as the emergence of ancient Korean civilization, statehood, religion, and identity are inexplicable without reference to a complex jumble of contradictory narratives filled with Tan'gun fiction, competing dynastic myths, and hypothetical invasions of tribes, as well as unaccountable archaeological data. This state of confusion has rendered it virtually impossible to distinguish fact from fiction in studies on ancient Korea."
 * "Consequently, Korean studies that address topics such as the emergence of ancient Korean civilization, statehood, religion, and identity are inexplicable without reference to a complex jumble of contradictory narratives filled with Tan'gun fiction, competing dynastic myths, and hypothetical invasions of tribes, as well as unaccountable archaeological data. This state of confusion has rendered it virtually impossible to distinguish fact from fiction in studies on ancient Korea."

 * "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
 * "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."

 * "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
 * "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."

 * "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."
 * "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."

 * "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
 * "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."

 * "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."--219.111.109.7 (talk) 16:16, 31 March 2015 (UTC)
 * "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."--219.111.109.7 (talk) 16:16, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Disclaimer: the above message was originally posted by me here. The anom user (who uses many different IPs) has reposted my message on several talk pages, all without attribution. I have absolutely no connection with the user. -Zanhe (talk) 17:40, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jizi


text:
Talk:Gija Joseon

How can books written so much later be quoted as sources of authority?
I continue to be amazed at all the historians for continuing to quote from the Samguk Yusa as if it was Gospel Truth. A book written in 13th Century CE with political justification in mind would be suspect by any criteria. However, Korean national pride has prevented an unbiased assessment of the past. Although all the East Asian states are guilty of such biase, it appears the Koreans are much more rigidly so.Wayne Leigh 10:32, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, Koreans are one of the most nationalistic people in the world, partly due to a very nationalist educational system, to the point that they spend significant effort to alter many accepted histories to satisfy a nationalist bend.

The removal of the former first paragraph of the "Controversy of Gija Joseon" section
Please justify why the existence of that former paragraph adds anything to the article. The paragraph is POV and unnecessary given the better-stated reasons arguing against the historicity of Gija Joseon above and below it. Further, it is internally logically inconsistent:

 * 1) It argues against Gija Joseon's existence by assuming that a lack of archaeological evidence for its existence.
 * 2) It then argues that a tomb in Shandong is Jizi/Gija's tomb.
 * 3) Further, it cites, for support, a Web site that I've looked at; nothing on that Web page supports the assertion.

That doesn't work logically. First, there is no conclusive -- or even persuasive -- evidence that it was Jizi's tomb (and there is really no archaeological evidence that the person of Jizi even existed -- which I'd say is a much better argument for the non-existence of Gija Joseon). Second, assuming that it is Jizi/Gija's tomb, then it would actually tend to support the existence of Gija Joseon's existence, by extension of other Korean legends that stated that the Shandong Peninsula was at one point Korean-ruled. (See, e.g., Chi You.) The paragraph's statements are analogous to assertions that Yang Guifei fled to Japan because there was a tomb claiming to be hers in Japan. That simply makes no sense. If it's going to be reinserted, it needs to be cleaned up and re-attributed with better citation, while at the same time justified. --Nlu (talk) 17:03, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

RfC has been filed. , please stop reverting without discussion and without justifying your reasons. I am, and other editors are, making good faith efforts to try to discuss the reasons for the edits. You are not. Please at least try to engage in a discussion. --Nlu (talk) 15:27, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * If, as you claimed before, your English isn't good enough to engage in a discussion, then I think you have to seriously consider whether you are truly adding to the quality of English Wikipedia with your edits. Further, even if that is the case, you can and should write comments in Korean and ask someone else to translate it.  --Nlu (talk) 15:33, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

RfC
The reasons why I believe the paragraph should be removed are listed above. Please make comments. Thanks. --Nlu (talk) 15:27, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there any paragraph base on a fact in this article ...? I doubt there is any true story. I wonder where is the article before the day 16.10.2006. Jtm71 09:17, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Requesting re-direction from Jizi to Gija of Gojoseon
Since we have Wiman of Gojoseon, Jizi should be Gija or Kija of Gojoseon. Considering we are dealing with Korean monarch. --Korsentry 03:46, 5 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreanSentry (talk • contribs)

References on Gija Joseon on the "Gija" page
Just to tell interested editors that a lot of referenced information now found on the Gija wiki could be used to improve this page. I have no time to do it myself in the next few weeks, but if some brave soul is willing... Madalibi (talk) 07:04, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

NPOV tag
This article has been tagged with an NPOV concern since 2007 (!). Is there still an active problem that needs to be addressed, or can the tag be removed? --Elonka 05:11, 28 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'll remove it. Tags like this which are added should be followed up with discussion on the talk page.  It's amazing how many of those tags outlast the issues they were designed to report. --j⚛e deckertalk 04:59, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Disputed tag, article is a mess
I included a "disputed tag" for now, as many parts are unsourced or possibly violate WP:RS. Also the whole artile is about the controversy if Gija was real (or Chinese or whatever). If I have time I will include neutral sections about Gija Joseon itself. If someone has suggestions please write them here. Thank you.--AsadalEditor (talk) 20:37, 20 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Some references that may be usefull for other editors:, , --AsadalEditor (talk) 20:41, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gija Joseon


text:
Talk:Gimhae International Airport

SQ, Singapore Airlines
Is this SIN-PUS flight chartered or a yearly seasonal flight?? 173.54.13.112 (talk) 05:35, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

LH, Lufthansa German Airlines
Are they really discontinuing flights (via Seoul) to Munich?173.54.3.162 (talk) 03:13, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Gimhae International Airport
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Gimhae International Airport's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Route Map": From Cebu Pacific destinations: Cebu Pacific Air - Route Map From Singapore Airlines destinations:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 11:22, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gimhae International Airport


text:
Talk:Gimpo

Han river
It is a streach to say that Gimpo looks across the Han river into north Korea, as the downstream Han river is entirely within South Korea.

 * Gimpo is bordered by Incheon on the south, the Han River on the East and North, and the sea on the West. It's city limits extend to cover then entire part of the peninsula it is located on. Within these limits is Aegibong Peak. Hence, it would be of no stretch to say one can peer across the Han River into North Korea. Liberum.philologus (talk) 10:20, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gimpo


text: Talk:Gimpo Line

title: Talk:Gimpo Line


text:
Talk:GM Korea

Untitled
The original name of this South Korean automaker was in fact Daewoo Motors; however, the operational parts bought out by General Motors were reincorporated as GM Daewoo Auto & Technology company with a short name of GM Daewoo, GM DAT (or GMDAT) being even shorter and informal name - see GMDAT.com. These official and short names are listed right at the beginning of the GM Daewoo Motors article, clearly conflicting with Motors in the title name. --DmitryKo 09:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought GMDAT was a different company. But if you're sure that they changed the name, then I support the move.  Thanks for bringing the discussion here.  --SFoskett 15:46, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co. has been the company name right from the start - see the official PR on its public launch (the same text reformatted to a much better layout can be found at AutoIntell news). It makes a specific mention of "design, engineering, research & development" branches of the newly-formed company.

 * All of the three names are used interchangeably by GM staff, as shown by GM Asia Pacific Operations and GM Daewoo builts diesel plant. The source of confusion could be the fact that Koreans use GM Daewoo as short name for the company, emphasizing its history and somewhat equal partnership with GM, while Americans are also using GMDAT abbreviation widely, effectively downplaying the importance of Daewoo brand. Both of these short names still refer to GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co., established in 2002 by GM (through its Holden branch), Suzuki and SAIC on the assets of then-bancrupt Daewoo Motors Co. --DmitryKo 18:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Resume: On a second thought, I think shorter GM Daewoo title suits the purpose of naming the article much better than full company name, so I'll just relocate it and fix the double redirects myself. This discussion is copied to the Talk:GM Daewoo. --DmitryKo 15:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

the "crash"
Shouldn't there be some discussion of the failure of the Daewoo brand in the US and the issues surrounding it? (eg, leasing companies refusing to allow consumers to buy them before they "went under", lack of availability of parts and repairs) This is not to mention quality issues.

I agree 100%. In June of 2006 I acquired a 2000 Daewoo Lanos, and I absolutely love it. Unfortunately, the parts issue is a real problem. My car has sat in a repair shop for two weeks now because it needs an intake manifold gasket ($20.00 part. The repair shop has been unable to find a domestic source for this part and was advised by a "Daewoo Dealership" (don't know which one) that it had to be ordered from the factory (Korea? I assume). If you (or anyone) know anything about sources for parts it would be great if it was included in this article or a separate article generated covering this issue.

Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles
Why Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle page is redirected to GM Daewoo? GM bought only passanger car division of Daewoo Motor. The truck division aquired by Tata Motors. So there is not any relation between GMDAT and Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle. -- Anonymous 17:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Daewoo rebranding as Chevrolet
It might be helpful to add a section on the rebranding of Daewoo as Chevrolet in many markets. In the UK the Daewoo brand was associated with good value reliable pseudo-Japanese products, while Chevrolet was associated with nothing at all - or maybe with huge American 1970s gas guzzlers to anyone that had actually heard of the name. The rebranding seems to be a marketing mistake to many observers, reflecting a Detroit-centric view of the world. --80.176.142.11 (talk) 10:28, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * UK is not the world. In many parts of the world Chevrolet has more brand recognition, and respect, than Daewoo ever would or could. --Aizuku (talk) 11:55, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

2009 update
I am currently trying to update all the GM Daewoo/Daewoo Motor articles, do you have any suggestions? I started by the passenger car list, and also updated the Daewoo Lacetti page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.17.6.194 (talk) 19:09, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I've had a look at your edits, you have added some great content, so thank you. As a side note, regarding the Lacetti; this car is called the "Daewoo Lacetti" not "GM Daewoo Lacetti". It's like how GM Holden's Commodore is a "Holden Commodore" and not a "GM Holden Commodore".

 * As for suggestions, the Maepsy, Royale and Prince articles are currently in need of work. Are you from South Korea? If so, that would be really helpful. OSX (talk • contributions) 12:41, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

I am currently updating the whole page, so please don't mind a few problems tonight! I reorganise everything and will add some extra content too. Just leave me some time and I think this page will gain a lot in quality. Thanks everybody! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daewooarca (talk • contribs) 23:40, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Split Daewoo from GM Daewoo?
I think we should split this article. What does every one else think? --Aizuku (talk) 12:22, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

I went ahead and moved the list of daewoo cars into a separate article, I still think this article needs cleanup and maybe a split. I think the sections Badge Engineering ad Daewoo cars outside S. Korea are unnecessary, and could probably be either removed or merged in some way. --Aizuku (talk) 19:55, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

As for the cleanup, you are right about Badge Engineering ad Daewoo cars outside S. Korea - they are maybe not unnecessary but I did not update them when I re-did almost the whole DM history. I'll try tomorrow to merge them into an article about GM's first "adventures" in S. Korea (till '92) and nowadays GM's strategy of rebranding GM DAT products, etc... .

And I also think it might be a good idea to create separated "Daewoo Motor" and "GM Daewoo" articles. What do other people think? Daewooarca 93.17.6.194 (talk) 16:48, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. Daewoo Motors' history qualifies for its own article. --Aizuku (talk) 12:13, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Here's another reason to split. Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle is independent from GM Daewoo. They have no place in an article about GM Daewoo. --Aizuku (talk) 12:18, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What do you think of this Daewoo Motor --Aizuku (talk) 12:34, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I must check it because the summary at the beginning must be more complete I think (Daewoo remains a major part of Korean auto history), promise to do it tomorrow! Remember that "Daewoo Motor" is the official name, "Daewoo Motors" is not correct.Daewooarca (talk) 15:16, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

You are totally right! What do you think about the new sub section "Daewoo cars outside S. Korea"? I re-did it including DM past strategies outside S.Korea and nowadays GM Chevrolet brand strategy plus other badge engineered products...Daewooarca (talk) 15:16, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it is really good. All we need now is to split the Daewoo related sections into their own article. Daewoo Motor's previous overseas engagements today can be part of said article. I've added it to my proposed Daewoo Motor article. If you can write a summary for it, please feel free to do so. You are free to edit my sandbox. I also have an idea what the article about GM Daewoo article should be like. --Aizuku (talk) 17:29, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Doesn't anyone care? Should I go ahead with it? I believe that this article would be better served by having a separate article for Daewoo Motor (pre GM acquisition). --Aizuku (talk) 11:59, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

"Latest news and future products" section doesn't belong on a Wikipedia article
Wikipedia is not a crystal ball --Aizuku (talk) 18:49, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Created new article Daewoo Motors
Created new article Daewoo Motors and moved some of the relevant sections to that article. --Aizuku (talk) 19:01, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

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Daewoo Motors in Poland
This article doesn't even mention Daewoo's expansion in Poland in the beginning of 1990s. At that time most of their European cars were produced there and they had some of the best seeling cars in their portfolio. You also didn't consider the Tico car. You can find it's photos on Polish wikipedia. Daewoo also build the tallest building in Poland - the Warsaw Trade Centre, which is commonly known as the Daewoo Tower. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Internex (talk • contribs) 12:43, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Moved Daewoo cars outside South Korea section

 * Daewoo cars outside South Korea section has been moved to Daewoo Motors --Aizuku (talk) 12:50, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111011122732/http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/gmmcc/damas_labo_gate.jsp to http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/gmmcc/damas_labo_gate.jsp

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:31, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on GM Korea. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140902130114/http://www.kama.or.kr/eng/PS/pdf/Total2014.pdf to http://www.kama.or.kr/eng/PS/pdf/Total2014.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:41, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:36, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Chevy.aveo.2018.png
 * Chevy.camaro.2018.png
 * Chevy.equinox.korea.png
 * Chevy.impala.korea.png
 * Chevy.malibu.2016.png
 * Chevy.spark.the.new.png
 * Chevy.trax.2016.png

 * Thanks for the heads up, will restore non-copyvio images if available.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  03:17, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

GM Korea (1972-1975)
I propose that we can expand the GM Korea (1972-1975) to the history section to this article. More information can be found at Shinjin Motors: GMK models section. Rjluna2 (talk) 17:13, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:GM Korea