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Concyclic points

In geometry, a set of points are said to be concyclic (or cocyclic) if they lie on a common circle. A polygon whose vertices are concyclic is called a cyclic polygon, and the circle is called its circumscribing circle or circumcircle. All concyclic points are equidistant from the center of the circle.

Three points in the plane that do not all fall on a straight line are concyclic, so every triangle is a cyclic polygon, with a well-defined circumcircle. However, four or more points in the plane are not necessarily concyclic. After triangles, the special case of cyclic quadrilaterals has been most extensively studied.

Perpendicular bisectors
In general the centre O of a circle on which points P and Q lie must be such that OP and OQ are equal distances. Therefore O must lie on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment PQ. For n distinct points there are n(n − 1)/2 bisectors, and the concyclic condition is that they all meet in a single point, the centre O.

Triangles
The vertices of every triangle fall on a circle called the circumcircle. (Because of this, some authors define "concyclic" only in the context of four or more points on a circle.) Several other sets of points defined from a triangle are also concyclic, with different circles; see Nine-point circle and Lester's theorem.

The radius of the circle on which lie a set of points is, by definition, the radius of the circumcircle of any triangle with vertices at any three of those points. If the pairwise distances among three of the points are a, b, and c, then the circle's radius is

 * $$R = \sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2c^2}{(a+b+c)(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}}.$$

The equation of the circumcircle of a triangle, and expressions for the radius and the coordinates of the circle's center, in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are given here.

Other concyclic points
In any triangle all of the following nine points are concyclic on what is called the nine-point circle: the midpoints of the three edges, the feet of the three altitudes, and the points halfway between the orthocenter and each of the three vertices.

Lester's theorem states that in any scalene triangle, the two Fermat points, the nine-point center, and the circumcenter are concyclic.

If lines are drawn through the Lemoine point parallel to the sides of a triangle, then the six points of intersection of the lines and the sides of the triangle are concyclic, in what is called the Lemoine circle.

The van Lamoen circle associated with any given triangle $$T$$ contains the circumcenters of the six triangles that are defined inside $$T$$ by its three medians.

A triangle's circumcenter, its Lemoine point, and its first two Brocard points are concyclic, with the segment from the circumcenter to the Lemoine point being a diameter.

Cyclic quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral ABCD with concyclic vertices is called a cyclic quadrilateral; this happens if and only if $$\angle CAD = \angle CBD$$ (the inscribed angle theorem) which is true if and only if the opposite angles inside the quadrilateral are supplementary. A cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d and semiperimeter s = (a + b + c + d) / 2 has its circumradius given by
 * $$R=\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)}},$$

an expression that was derived by the Indian mathematician Vatasseri Parameshvara in the 15th century.

By Ptolemy's theorem, if a quadrilateral is given by the pairwise distances between its four vertices A, B, C, and D in order, then it is cyclic if and only if the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of opposite sides:

 * $$AC \cdot BD = AB \cdot CD + BC \cdot AD.$$

If two lines, one containing segment AC and the other containing segment BD, intersect at X, then the four points A, B, C, D are concyclic if and only if
 * $$\displaystyle AX\cdot XC = BX\cdot XD.$$

The intersection X may be internal or external to the circle. This theorem is known as power of a point.

A convex quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (has perpendicular diagonals) if and only if the midpoints of the sides and the feet of the four altitudes are eight concyclic points, on what is called the eight-point circle.

Cyclic polygons

More generally, a polygon in which all vertices are concyclic is called a cyclic polygon. A polygon is cyclic if and only if the perpendicular bisectors of its edges are concurrent. Every regular polygon is a cyclic polygon.

For a cyclic polygon with an odd number of sides, all angles are equal if and only if the polygon is regular. A cyclic polygon with an even number of sides has all angles equal if and only if the alternate sides are equal (that is, sides 1, 3, 5, … are equal, and sides 2, 4, 6, … are equal).

A cyclic pentagon with rational sides and area is known as a Robbins pentagon. In all known cases, its diagonals also have rational lengths, though whether this is true for all possible Robbins pentagons is an unsolved problem.

In any cyclic $C$-gon with even $O$, the sum of one set of alternate angles (the first, third, fifth, etc.) equals the sum of the other set of alternate angles. This can be proven by induction from the $n = 4$ case, in each case replacing a side with three more sides and noting that these three new sides together with the old side form a quadrilateral which itself has this property; the alternate angles of the latter quadrilateral represent the additions to the alternate angle sums of the previous $P$-gon.

A tangential polygon is one having an inscribed circle tangent to each side of the polygon; these tangency points are thus concyclic on the inscribed circle. Let one $n$-gon be inscribed in a circle, and let another $n$-gon be tangential to that circle at the vertices of the first $n$-gon. Then from any point $n$ on the circle, the product of the perpendicular distances from $n$ to the sides of the first $n$-gon equals the product of the perpendicular distances from $n$ to the sides of the second $P$-gon.

Point on the circumcircle
Let a cyclic $P$-gon have vertices $A1, …, An$ on the unit circle. Then for any point $n$ on the minor arc $A1An$, the distances from $P$ to the vertices satisfy

 * $$\begin{cases}

\overline{MA_1} + \overline{MA_3} + \cdots + \overline{MA_{n-2}} + \overline{MA_n} < n/\sqrt{2} & \text{if } n \text{ is odd}; \\ \overline{MA_1} + \overline{MA_3} + \cdots + \overline{MA_{n-3}} + \overline{MA_{n-1}} \leq n/\sqrt{2} & \text{if } n \text{ is even}. \end{cases}$$

For a regular $n$-gon, if $$\overline{MA_i}$$ are the distances from any point $n$ on the circumcircle to the vertices $M$, then

 * $$3(\overline{MA_1}^2 + \overline{MA_2}^2 + \dots + \overline{MA_n}^2)^2=2n (\overline{MA_1}^4 + \overline{MA_2}^4 + \dots + \overline{MA_n}^4).$$

Polygon circumscribing constant

Any regular polygon is cyclic. Consider a unit circle, then circumscribe a regular triangle such that each side touches the circle. Circumscribe a circle, then circumscribe a square. Again circumscribe a circle, then circumscribe a regular pentagon, and so on. The radii of the circumscribed circles converge to the so-called polygon circumscribing constant

 * $$\prod_{n=3}^\infty \frac 1 {\cos\left( \frac\pi n \right)} = 8.7000366\ldots.$$

. The reciprocal of this constant is the Kepler–Bouwkamp constant.

Variations
In contexts where lines are taken to be a type of generalised circle with infinite radius, collinear points (points along a single line) are considered to be concyclic. This point of view is helpful, for instance, when studying inversion through a circle or more generally Möbius transformations (geometric transformations generated by reflections and circle inversions), as these transformations preserve the concyclicity of points only in this extended sense.

In the complex plane (formed by viewing the real and imaginary parts of a complex number as the x and y Cartesian coordinates of the plane), concyclicity has a particularly simple formulation: four points in the complex plane are either concyclic or collinear if and only if their cross-ratio is a real number.

Integer area and side lengths
Some cyclic polygons have the property that their area and all of their side lengths are positive integers. Triangles with this property are called Heronian triangles; cyclic quadrilaterals with this property (and that the diagonals that connect opposite vertices have integer length) are called Brahmagupta quadrilaterals; cyclic pentagons with this property are called Robbins pentagons. More generally, versions of these cyclic polygons scaled by a rational number will have area and side lengths that are rational numbers.

Let $θ_{1}$ be the angle spanned by one side of the cyclic polygon as viewed from the center of the circumscribing circle. Similarly define the central angles $θ_{2}, ..., θ_{n}$ for the remaining $n − 1$ sides. Every Heronian triangle and every Brahmagupta quadrilateral has a rational value for the tangent of the quarter angle, $tan θ_{k}/4$, for every value of $M$. Every known Robbins pentagon (has diagonals that have rational length and) has this property, though it is an unsolved problem whether every possible Robbins pentagon has this property.

The reverse is true for all cyclic polygons with any number of sides; if all such central angles have rational tangents for their quarter angles then the implied cyclic polygon circumscribed by the unit circle will simultaneously have rational side lengths and rational area. Additionally, each diagonal that connects two vertices, whether or not the two vertices are adjacent, will have a rational length. Such a cyclic polygon can be scaled so that its area and lengths are all integers.

This reverse relationship gives a way to generate cyclic polygons with integer area, sides, and diagonals. For a polygon with $n$ sides, let $0 < c_{1} < ... < c_{n−1} < +∞$ be rational numbers. These are the tangents of one quarter of the cumulative angles $θ_{1}$, $θ_{1} + θ_{2}$, ..., $θ_{1} + ... + θ_{n−1}$. Let $q_{1} = c_{1}$, let $q_{n} = 1 / c_{n−1}$, and let $qk = (ck − ck−1) / (1 + ckck−1)$ for $k = 2, ..., n−1$. These rational numbers are the tangents of the individual quarter angles, using the formula for the tangent of the difference of angles. Rational side lengths for the polygon circumscribed by the unit circle are thus obtained as $s_{k} = 4q_{k} / (1 + q_{k}^{2})$. The rational area is $A = ∑k 2qk(1 − qk2) / (1 + qk2)2$. These can be made into integers by scaling the side lengths by a shared constant.

Other properties
A set of five or more points is concyclic if and only if every four-point subset is concyclic. This property can be thought of as an analogue for concyclicity of the Helly property of convex sets.

Minimum bounding circle
A related notion is the one of a minimum bounding circle, which is the smallest circle that completely contains a set of points. Every set of points in the plane has a unique minimum bounding circle, which may be constructed by a linear time algorithm.

Even if a set of points are concyclic, their circumscribing circle may be different from their minimum bounding circle. For example, for an obtuse triangle, the minimum bounding circle has the longest side as diameter and does not pass through the opposite vertex.

title: Concyclic points


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Heavens Gate (band)

Heavens Gate was a German power metal band from Wolfsburg. They were, together with German bands Helloween, Gamma Ray, Grave Digger, Running Wild, and Rage, the pioneers in German power metal, taking their influences mainly from Helloween as well as from Judas Priest.

They started out as a band called Steeltower in 1982, releasing their first record Night of the Dog in 1984.

Before signing with No Remorse records, they were known under the name of Carrion and several of their songs ended up re-worked on their debut album In Control. They changed their name to Heavens Gate in 1987. Their first record as Heavens Gate was released in 1989.

Heavens Gate were taken under the wing of Frank Bornemann (Eloy) and soon after releasing In Control, they were embraced by the German metal audience and had an enthusiastic response in Japan.

They also did a metal cover of "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" by Monty Python, from the movie The Life of Brian, for the Hell for Sale! album.

Last known lineup

 * Thomas Rettke – vocals (1982–1999)
 * Sascha Paeth – guitars (1987–1999)
 * Bonny Bilski – guitars (1986–1999)
 * Robert Hunecke-Rizzo – bass (1996–1999)
 * Thorsten Müller – drums (1982–1999)

Former members

 * Bernd Kaufholz – guitars (1982–1986)
 * Ingo Millek – guitars (1982–1987)
 * Manni Jordan – bass (1987–1995; died 2023)

Studio albums

 * Night of the Dog – 1984 (As Steeltower)
 * In Control – 1989
 * Livin' in Hysteria – 1991
 * Hell for Sale! – 1992
 * Planet E. – 1996
 * Menergy – 1999

Live albums

 * Live for Sale! – 1993

EPs

 * Open the Gate and Watch! – 1990
 * More Hysteria – 1992
 * In the Mood – 1997

Compilations

 * Boxed – 1999
 * Best for Sale! – 2015

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heavens Gate (band)


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Riquet station

Riquet is a station of the Paris Métro and located in the 19th arrondissement of Paris.

History
Riquet opened on 5 November 1910 with the commissioning of the first section of line 7 between Opéra and Porte de la Villette with service provided by all trains on the line until 18 January 1911, when a branch opened from Louis Blanc to Pré-Saint-Gervais, resulting in 1 of every 2 trains serving this branch. It was once again served by all trains on the line when the branch from Louis Blanc to Pré-Saint-Gervais was split to form an independent line, line 7bis, on 3 December 1967. As part of the Un métro + beau programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 28 January 2003.

It was named after French engineer Pierre-Paul Riquet (born Béziers, 1609; died Toulouse, 1680), who conceived and carried out the construction of the Canal du Midi from 1666. This work was completed by his sons in 1681.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,312,581 passengers, making it the 223rd busiest of the Métro network, out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,226,397 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 210th busiest of the Métro network, out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 2 entrances:
 * Entrance 1: Rue Riquet
 * Entrance 2: Avenue de Flandre

Platforms
Riquet has a standard configuration with two tracks surrounded by two side platforms, although the lower part of the walls are vertical instead of a typical elliptical shape. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two red luminous lighting canopies and Motte seats whose colour, changed from red to blue, breaking the colorimetric uniformity of said style. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the wall, vault, tunnel exits and outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 45 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N42 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * la Villette Basin
 * Canal de l'Ourcq.

title: Riquet station


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Bretteville

Bretteville may refer to:

Places

 * in the Manche département, France:
 * Bretteville, Manche
 * Bretteville-sur-Ay
 * in the Calvados département, France:
 * Bretteville-sur-Dives
 * Bretteville-sur-Laize
 * Bretteville-sur-Odon
 * Bretteville-le-Rabet
 * Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse
 * in the Seine-Maritime département, France:
 * Bretteville-du-Grand-Caux
 * Bretteville-Saint-Laurent
 * Varneville-Bretteville

People

 * Bretteville family
 * Alma de Bretteville Spreckels (1881–1968), an American socialite and philanthropist
 * Christian Zetlitz Bretteville (1800–1871), a Norwegian politician
 * Sheila Levrant de Bretteville (living), an American graphic designer, artist and educator

title: Bretteville


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Louis Blanc station

Louis Blanc is a Paris Métro station on line 7 and 7bis (serving as the western terminus of Paris Métro Line 7bis). The station is named after rue Louis Blanc, which honours Louis Blanc (1811–1882), who published political works, which led to the foundation of the French Socialist Party. He was a member of the Provisional Government of 1848 and had exiled himself to London during the Second Empire from 1848 to 1870. He was then elected to the French National Assembly in 1870.

The station has two island platforms and two side platforms, a layout rarely found elsewhere in the Métro.

History
Louis Blanc opened on 23 November 1910, 18 days after the commissioning of the first section of line 7 between Opéra and Porte de la Villette with the branch from Louis Blanc to Pré Saint-Gervais only opening on 18 January 1911 due to difficulties during its construction. On 3 December 1967 the branch to Pré Saint-Gervais was separated as 7bis, terminating at this station, with Louis Blanc becoming its western terminus as a result of an imbalance in traffic between the two branches – the branch to Porte de la Villette having significantly higher traffic due to its role as an important terminus for many suburban buses. This enabled a higher frequency of trains services that could run on the branch to Porte de la Villette than before where 1 of every 2 trains went to each branch.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 11 July 2014.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,272,326 passengers, making it the 228th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations. In 2020, the station was used by 1,226,441 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 209th busiest of the Métro network, out of 305 stations.

Access
Louis Blanc has a single entrance with a Guimard kiosk, registered as a historical monument since 29 May 1978, at the intersection of Rue La Fayette and Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin.

Station layout

 * Note: The northbound and southbound platforms run under different streets that intersect at the station's northern end.

Platforms
Louis Blanc consists of two underground stations built on different levels. The shallowest is nicknamed the upper station, the other the lower station. They have the same particular configuration with a side platform, described as "dead" because of its non-use, and an island platform bordered on both sides by the subway tracks. One of the two tracks is therefore framed by the two platforms, while the other runs along the right wall. The upper station is served, from the central track, by the trains of line 7 running to Mairie d'Ivry or Villejuif - Louis Aragon and, from the side track, by the trains of line 7 bis from or to Pré-Saint-Gervais, of which it previously provided only arrivals. The lower station is served, from the side track, by the trains of line 7 to La Courneuve, while its central track, previously ensuring the departure of trains of line 7 bis towards Pré-Saint-Gervais, is no longer used in normal service.

Both stations are decorated in the Ouï-dire style, yellow for the upper station and in green for the lower station. Thus, the lighting canopies are supported by curved hangers in the form of a scythe are yellow and green respectively. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the vault, is multi-coloured. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the right wall, vault and tunnel exits, but the technical room at the western end of the upper station is treated with classic bevelled white tiles. The advertising frames are yellow or green (matching the lighting banners) and cylindrical, while the name of the station is inscribed on enamelled plates with the Parisine font for the upper station, and in capital letters as in Parisine typography for the lower station. The Motte style seats are yellow in the upper station and grey in the lower station.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 26, 46, and 54 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N13, N41, N42, and N45 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Louis Blanc station


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Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse

Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.

title: Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse


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Cadet station

Cadet is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro. It is named after rue Cadet, itself named after M. Cadet de Chambine, owner of much of the land through which the street passes. The street was called rue de la Voirie before being renamed.

History
Cadet opened on 5 November 1910 with the commissioning of the first section of line 7 between Opéra and Porte de la Villette. In 1982, a mosaic by the French artist, Hervé Mathieu-Bachelot, Lumière en éclats, was installed in the corridor leading to the platform towards La Courneuve–8 mai 1945. As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 28 May 2003.

On 12 February 2016, the Guimard entrance on Rue Mathis was listed as a historical monument.

On 1 April 2016, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP as part of April Fool's Day, along with 12 other stations. It was humorously renamed "Rousselle", a nod to the nursery rhyme by Cadet Rousselle (1743-1807) to evoke a sense of childhood.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,042,484 passengers, making it the 168th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,240,692 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 204th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
Cadet has a single entrance along rue Cadet with a Guimard entrance.

Platforms
Cadet has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The platforms are decorated using the colours and patterns of the flag of the United States, due to its location under rue La Fayette, which pays homage to the general who had fought alongside the Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Hence, white, blue, and red beveled ceramic tiles line the walls of the vault, the ceilings, and at the ends of the platforms.

Other connections
The station is served by lines 26, 32, 43, 45, 48, and 85 of the RATP bus network.

title: Cadet station


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Le Peletier station

Le Peletier is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 9th arrondissement, it was belatedly opened on June 6, 1911, seven months after the inauguration of Line 7. It is named after the nearby Rue le Peletier, which was named after Louis Peletier, who was the last but one Prévôt des marchands de Paris (provost of the merchants of Paris) between 1784 and 1789. This feudal position was abolished in the French Revolution.

The Opéra National de Paris was located in the Salle Le Peletier, on Rue le Peletier, between 1821 and 1873, when it was destroyed by fire. It was the first theatre to use gas lighting to illuminate the stage. The station is located a short walk from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette station on Line 12, but no free transfer is permitted.

title: Le Peletier station


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Cover band

A cover band (or covers band) is a band that plays songs recorded by someone else, sometimes mimicking the original as accurately as possible, and sometimes re-interpreting or changing the original. These remade songs are known as cover songs. New or unknown bands often find the format marketable for smaller venues, such as pubs, clubs or parks. The bands also perform at private events, for example, weddings and birthday parties, and may be known as a wedding band, party band, function band or band-for-hire. A band whose covers consist mainly of songs that were chart hits is often called a top 40 band. Some bands, however, start as cover bands, then grow to perform original material. For example, the Rolling Stones released three albums consisting primarily of covers and then recorded one with their own original material.

Cover bands play several types of venues. When a band is starting out, they might play private parties and fundraisers, often for little or no money, or in return for food and bar privileges, although many professional musicians refuse to do this. With enough experience, a band will begin to "play out" professionally at bars and night clubs. Some cover bands are made up of full-time professional musicians. These bands are usually represented by an entertainment agency.

When cover bands consist of professional musicians, they often do not have a fixed lineup; rather, they are often made up of a flexible lineup of session musicians, utilizing "dep" (deputy, that is, stand-in) musicians where necessary. The music industry is considered by many musicians as a relatively difficult industry to make an income in, and cover bands can be a good source of income for professional musicians alongside other work.

Music
Cover bands play songs written and recorded by other artists, usually well-known songs (as compared to "original" bands which play music they themselves have written). There are a wide variety of cover bands – some cover bands play material from particular decades, for example, a 1980s cover band. Others focus exclusively on the music of a particular group, usually iconic groups, and are called tribute bands. It is not uncommon to find tribute bands performing the songs of The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Kiss, Pink Floyd, Oasis, Duran Duran, Aerosmith, or U2. Some cover bands will play a variety of song styles, from different artists, genres, and decades. Another type of cover band is one that plays songs in a different genre or style than that of the original composition (e.g., jazz versions of what were originally hard rock songs).

Some cover bands perform covers that are of a different musical genre from the originals. For instance:

 * Richard Cheese covers rock and rap songs in the style of lounge music.
 * Gregorian covers pop and rock songs in the style of Gregorian chant.
 * Gabba covers the pop songs of ABBA in the punk style of the Ramones (the name is also a reference to the chant "Gabba Gabba Hey" from the Ramones' song "Pinhead" from their Leave Home album).
 * Nouvelle Vague covers new wave-era bands with a bossa nova twist.
 * Me First and the Gimme Gimmes is known for punk covers of other artists, with each album picking a different genre or era (i.e. hits of the 1970s, showtunes, etc.)
 * Dread Zeppelin specialized in reggae versions of Led Zeppelin songs, with an Elvis impersonator on lead vocals.
 * Hayseed Dixie started as a "hillbilly tribute to AC/DC" and has become a bluegrass tribute band covering many well-known rock bands in their own "rockgrass" style.
 * Run C&W performed bluegrass arrangements of 1960s soul music, primarily classics from the Motown catalog.
 * Turetsky's Choir, a former synagogue choir from Moscow is famous for its remakes of music pieces from different styles, ranging from opera classic to pop hits. The band's repertoire usually includes covers only. Some of them are arranged into medleys.
 * The Baseballs are a German band, known for doing rockabilly covers of 2000s pop songs, like "Bleeding Love" and "Umbrella".
 * UB40 were an English band best known for reggae versions of 1950s and 1960s pop songs.
 * Mallavoodoo, a Brazilian band from Recife, plays instrumental covers of hard rock with keyboards and saxophone.
 * DMK, a Colombian band featuring Dicken Schrader and his children Milah and Korben, plays Depeche Mode songs using an old keyboard, toys and various household items as instruments.
 * Taco is most famous for his Great American Songbook show tune covers, rearranged as synthpop.
 * Ray Charles, particularly from the 1960s onward, devoted much of his recording career to soul covers of pop, jazz and country music.
 * Postmodern Jukebox reimagines popular music in classic pre-rock era styles such as jazz, gospel and rhythm and blues.

Examples of cover acts

 * Apocalyptica – Finnish metal band with covers of Metallica, Faith No More, Sepultura, Slipknot, David Bowie, and Pantera performed by four cellists and a drummer, among original music.
 * Billy Murray – One of the early 20th century's most prolific recording artists, his covers of popular songs and show tunes of the time serve as some of the earliest recordings of popular music
 * Blue Swede – Swedish cover band, active between 1973 and 1975, best known for their international hit cover of "Hooked on a Feeling"
 * Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods – American band whose greatest success came with covers of British hits that failed to chart in the United States
 * Camp Freddy – Cover band featuring Dave Navarro of Jane's Addiction, and several other successful musicians.
 * Clout – Late 1970s South African cover band, best known for their international hit cover of "Substitute"
 * Danny Marino - Finnish singer, who in addition to his own English language songs regularly covered hits in the Finnish language
 * Dark Star Orchestra – Grateful Dead cover band that recreates the feel of individual Grateful Dead performances.
 * Donny Osmond – 1970s teen idol whose greatest hits as a solo artist (and with duets with sister Marie Osmond) came from re-recordings of 1950s and 1960s pop songs. (In contrast, The Osmonds as a whole typically recorded their own music.)
 * Engelbert Humperdinck – English singer who spent much of his early career as a cover artist, including a string of covers of American country songs.
 * The Happenings – A 1960s cover band who charted several covers on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.
 * The Human Beinz – A 1960s blue-eyed soul cover band, one-hit wonders in the U.S. for their version of The Isley Brothers' "Nobody but Me"
 * Jimmy and the Soulblazers – Covers of 1960s and 1970s Soul music.
 * Joe Cocker – The "Sheffield Soul Shouter" has covered music by many artists including The Beatles, Dave Mason, and The Lovin' Spoonful.
 * Joe Dassin – American singer who was a major success in France through his French-language covers of English language hits.
 * Johnny Rivers – A substantial portion of Rivers's hit discography came from covers of blues and R&B songs.
 * Kidz Bop – Children cover pop songs. Songs with explicit lyrics are adjusted to be more kid-appropriate.
 * Liquid Blue – Cover band from San Diego, California that mixes covers and originals and has performed in over 100 countries.
 * Lt. Dan Band – a cover band founded by Kimo Williams and actor Gary Sinise. The band is named after the character Lieutenant Dan Taylor, whom Sinise portrayed in the film Forrest Gump.
 * Richard Cheese and Lounge Against The Machine - a parody cover band created by comedian Mark Jonathan Davis. The band performs popular songs (typically from rock bands) in a lounge, big band, or swing style.
 * Sha Na Na – Another 1960s and 1970s rock band that plays rock and roll music from the 1950s and early-1960s. They burst onto the scene in 1969 when they performed at the Woodstock music festival and went on to have their own variety show similar to the Monkees.
 * Three Dog Night – 1960s and 1970s rock band that almost exclusively recorded covers of songs by many different artists and genres.
 * Ty Taylor – Ty Taylor and the Powder River Band, a Top 40 country music cover band.
 * Vicious White Kids – a short-lived punk rock band founded by former Sex Pistols members, Sid Vicious and Glen Matlock, that mainly covered songs by Sex Pistols, the Stooges and most notably Frank Sinatra's "My Way".
 * Michael Bublé and Susan Boyle are internationally successful and most of their music consists of covers.
 * Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain – A ukulele cover band parodying an orchestra who have performed at the 50th anniversary VE day celebrations before an estimated audience of 170,000 and at WOMAD, Glastonbury festival, New York's Carnegie Hall, the Sydney Opera House and at the BBC Proms 2009 Season at London's Royal Albert Hall which was broadcast live on BBC Radio 3.      A typical UOGB concert is an eclectic mixture of songs ranging from the Sex Pistols, David Bowie, Blur, Hawkwind, Grace Jones, Clean Bandit, Nirvana to Bach and Beethoven to Spaghetti Western soundtracks; a mix of music genres, from classical music to punk, grunge, rock and roll, and the whole range of popular music, with parody, musical humour and mixing genres long being part of their act.
 * William Shatner - infamous for his spoken word covers of popular songs

Fictional cover acts

 * Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg who had a small group that performs cover songs from a fictional band called Steel Dragon. He eventually became the lead singer of the said band when a recorded performance was seen by the band members.
 * Detroit Rock City is the story of four teenagers in the 1970s who are in a Kiss cover band called "Mystery."
 * Full House the character, Jesse Katsopolis is the frontman and guitarist for "Jesse and the Rippers" which was a local rock band who mostly did Beach Boys and Elvis Presley covers. John Stamos, who played Jesse on the series, has been an on-and-off drummer for the Beach Boys touring lineup.
 * Saving Silverman features three friends who are diehard Neil Diamond fans, and they form a cover band called "Diamonds in the Rough."

title: Cover band


text:
Bretteville-le-Rabet

Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bretteville-le-Rabet


text:
Bretteville-sur-Dives

Bretteville-sur-Dives (, literally Bretteville on Dives) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Bretteville-sur-Dives


text:
Belsen trials

The Belsen trials were a series of several trials that the Allied occupation forces conducted against former officials and functionaries of Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. British Army and civilian personnel ran the trials and staffed the prosecution and judges.

The Belsen trials took place in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, in 1945 and the defendants were men and women of the Schutzstaffel as well as prisoner functionaries who had worked at various concentration camps, notably Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen.

The first trial generated considerable interest around the world, as the public heard for the first time from some of those responsible for the mass murder in the eastern extermination camps. Some later trials are also referred to as Belsen trials.

First trial

Officially called the "Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 others", the trial began in a Lüneburg gymnasium on 17 September 1945, within the British occupation zone.

The defendants were 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps. Josef Kramer had been camp commandant at Bergen-Belsen and before that at Auschwitz. Of the other defendants, 12 were kapos, 16 female SS members and 16 male SS members. Although the SS was an all-male organisation, women were able to enlist as members of the SS-Gefolge, a form of civilian employee. One prisoner functionary, Ladisław Gura, who was also an SS member under arrest, was found to be too ill to stand trial after the trial had started. Three others had been excluded from the list of indicted for the same reason before the trial began. Three SS members had been shot trying to escape after the British took over the camp and one had committed suicide. Out of a total of 77 SS men and women arrested by the British in April, another 17 had died of typhus by 1 June 1945.

Next to Kramer, the most high-profile defendants were Fritz Klein, who had been camp doctor at Belsen, and Franz Hössler, deputy camp commandant. Elisabeth Volkenrath had been Oberaufseherin (head warden or supervising wardress) at Auschwitz before she came to Belsen. Many of the defendants had arrived in Bergen-Belsen only after February 1945, some as late as two days before liberation. However, most had been active in similar functions in other concentration camps before that. The trial took place before a British military tribunal. The judges were Major-General H.M.P. Berney-Ficklin (presiding), Brigadier A. de L. Casonove, Colonel G.J. Richards, Lt.-Colonel R.B. Moriush and Lt.-Colonel R. McLay. C.L. Stirling was Judge Advocate. Colonel T.M. Backhouse, Major H.G. Murton-Neale, Capt. S.M. Stewart and Lt.-Col. L.J. Genn were Counsel for the Prosecution. Counsel for the Defence were also members of the British Army — in the case of the five Polish defendants a Polish officer, Lt. Jedrezejowicz.

As this was a military court, it was legally based on the Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals made under Royal Warrant of 14 June 1945. All the charges related to international law, which applied at the time the crimes were committed, so this was not a case of retroactive justice. Due to the nature of the court, the only charges that could be brought were war crimes and crimes against citizens of the Allied countries. "Crimes against humanity" and "crimes against peace", which featured in the later trials at Nuremberg, were not among the charges at Lüneburg.

Charges
The official charges were grouped into crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen and were as follows:"At Bergen-Belsen, Germany, between 1st October, 1942, and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to the ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Keith Meyer (a British national), Anna Kis, Sara Kohn (both Hungarian nationals), Heimech Glinovjechy and Maria Konatkevicz (both Polish nationals) and Marcel Freson de Montigny (a French national), Maurice Van Eijnsbergen (a Dutch national), Maurice Van Mevlenaar (a Belgian national), Jan Markowski and Georgej Ferenz (both Polish nationals), Salvatore Verdura (an Italian national), and Therese Klee (a British national of Honduras), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals and particularly to Harold Osmund le Druillenec (a British national), Benec Zuchermann, a female internee surnamed Korperova, a female internee named Hoffmann, Luba Rormann, Isa Frydmann (all Polish nationals) and Alexandra Siwidowa, a Russian national and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown."

and

"...at Auschwitz, Poland, between 1st October, 1942,and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Auschwitz Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Rachella Silberstein (a Polish national), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals, and particularly to Ewa Gryka and Hanka Rosenwayg (both Polish nationals) and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown."

All of the defendants pleaded not guilty.

Overview of the trial
The trial lasted 54 days in court. It began on 17 September with the indictment and the opening speech for the prosecution. Brigadier Glyn Hughes was the first witness for the prosecution on 18–19 September.

On 20 September, the British Army screened a film they had made of the conditions at Belsen immediately after liberation. On 21 September, the court visited Bergen-Belsen. Evidence for the defence began on 8 October with the opening speech for the defendant, Kramer, who also testified. Closing speeches were made from 7–12 November, followed by the closing arguments by the prosecution on 13 November. Sentencing took place four days later, on 17 November 1945.

Since the trial was conducted in English, translations into German and Polish were necessary. This was one of the factors which prolonged the trial, which had initially been expected to last for two to four weeks. In retrospect, the prosecution has been criticised as hasty and ill-prepared. None of the SS guards who had fled the camp after the ceasefire on 13 April had been searched for. Instead of eyewitness testimony, in some cases only affidavits were available at the trial. Some witnesses contradicted themselves on cross-examination, while others failed to identify the defendants as the perpetrators of the crimes in question. One former inmate, Oskar Schmitz, was erroneously charged as an SS man, and had no chance to clarify this before the trial began.

The defence claimed that the arrest of the defendants had been illegal, as it contravened the promise of free withdrawal contained in the ceasefire agreement. However, the wording on this point was only clear for members of the Wehrmacht at Belsen. Moreover, according to the prosecution, the burning of the camp files by the SS and the firing of shots on 15 April had voided the agreement. In fact, the relevant section of the ceasefire agreement read: "SS guard personnel [...] will be treated as PW. SS Adj personnel will [...] remain at their posts and carry on with their duties (cooking, supplies, etc) and will hand over records. When their services can be dispensed with, their disposal is left by the Wehrmacht to the British authorities."

On 17 November, the court sentenced 11 of the defendants to death by hanging. Another 18 were found guilty and sentenced to prison sentences of one to 15 years. One defendant, Erich Zoddel, was sentenced to life in prison, but was then executed 13 days later. Zoddel had been sentenced to death in a separate military trial in August 1945 for murdering a female prisoner after the liberation. None of the sentenced were only found guilty of the "conspiracy" of working within the concentration camp system, but rather all of them were sentenced for individually committed crimes. 14 defendants were acquitted (the final defendant was too sick to stand trial). Due to clemency pleas and appeals, many prison sentences were eventually shortened considerably. By mid-1955, all those sentenced to prison had been released.

Individual defendants and sentences
List of SS-defendants

(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen) Not able to stand trial due to illness: Nikolaus Jänner, Paul Steinmetz, Walter Melcher, Ladisław Gura (who was both an SS member and a prison functionary).

List of Kapos

(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen)

Public reaction
The Belsen Trial attracted substantial national and international media interest. Significantly, more than 100 representatives of the news media reported at length on the trial's progress.

Through them, the world learned not just about the thousands of deaths by hunger and disease at Belsen, communicated especially forcefully by the film and photo evidence produced by the British Army. Possibly even more importantly, the Belsen trial also was the first time that the organised mass murder at Auschwitz Birkenau received a public airing, with some of those responsible describing the selection process, the use of the gas chambers and the crematoria. In Great Britain, the trial was mostly viewed positively, as a triumph of the rule of law, given the fairness and meticulousness with which it had been conducted. However, in some other countries, notably the Soviet Union and France, the verdicts were criticised as too mild. Many survivors also felt this way.

Executions
All the executions were carried out on 13 December 1945 by hanging at Hamelin Prison. The executioner was Albert Pierrepoint, aided by an assistant.

Second trial
A second Belsen trial was conducted at Lüneburg from 13 to 18 June 1946 by a British military tribunal.

Third trial
The British held a third Belsen trial in April 1948. There was only one defendant, Ernst Julius Curt Meyer. Meyer had been arrested in May 1945, but was erroneously released in September 1947. He was re-arrested in February 1948. Meyer was found guilty of war crimes for non-fatal abuse and sentenced to life in prison. His sentence was reduced to 21 years in 1950, and he was released from prison on 24 December 1954.

title: Belsen trials


text:
Pyramides station

Pyramides station is a station on lines 7 and 14 of the Paris Métro.

Location
The Pyramides metro station is located halfway between the Palais Garnier and the Comédie-Française theatre. The line passes under Avenue de l'Opéra and under the tunnel of line 7.

History
The station was opened on 1 July 1916 during the extension of line 7 from Opéra to Palais-Royal. Due to the shortage of earthenware linked to the First World War, the station was temporarily equipped with a simple masonry coating.

In the 1990s, the secondary station became a transfer station as part of the Line 14 project. A new connection hall was set up on the south side, above the tracks of line 7. The station for line 14 opened with the rest of the line on 15 October 1998.

It is named after the Rue des Pyramides, which commemorates the victory in 1798 of Napoleon's Armée d'Orient over the Mamluks of Murad Bey in the Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt.

In 2020, with the COVID-19 crisis, 3,048,580 passengers entered this station, which places it in 55th position among metro stations for its attendance.

Access

 * Access 1 - Avenue de l'Opéra, a staircase;
 * Access 2 - Rue de l'Échelle, a staircase and an elevator;
 * Access 3 - Rue des Pyramides, a staircase.

Platforms
The platforms of line 7 are of standard configuration. Two in number, they are separated by the tracks located in the centre, and the vault is elliptical. They are equipped with benches made of slats. Lighting is provided by two tube strips. The vault is covered with flat white tiling and the advertising frames are made of cylindrical white ceramic of the Ouï-dire type. The name of the station is inscribed on enamel plates in Parisine font.

The platforms of line 14 are also of standard configuration. The fittings are those specific to this line. The vault is equipped with a work by the French artist Jacques Tissinier created at the same time as the station: Tissignalisation no. 14. This is an installation using a thousand embedded discs in coloured enamelled steel. Each disc measures 16 cm in diameter and represents a stylized papyrus sheet coloured in red, white, blue and orange. The same work is present at the Madeleine station on the same line.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 21, 27, 68 and 95 of the RATP Bus Network.

title: Pyramides station


text:
Bretteville-sur-Laize

Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

The scene of heavy fighting following the Normandy landings, much of the town is of post-World War II construction.

International relations
Bretteville-sur-Laize is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Maßbach, Germany (since 1989)
 * 🏴 Chagford, England (since 1975, but twinning activity lapsed in the 1990s)

title: Bretteville-sur-Laize


text:
Pont Neuf station

Pont Neuf is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro. Located in the heart of old Paris, it is connected to the Île de la Cité by the nearby Pont Neuf after which it is named. It opened in 1926 with the line's extension from Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre to Pont Marie.

Location
The station is located under the start of the Quai du Louvre, on the right bank of the Seine, at the level of the Pont Neuf. Oriented roughly along an east/west axis, it is located between the Palais-Royal - Musée du Louvre and Châtelet metro stations.

History
The station was opened on 16 April 1926 with the commissioning of the extension of line 7 from Palais-Royal (now Palais-Royal - Musée du Louvre) to Pont Marie. It owes its name to the Pont Neuf, to the north of which it is established and which, despite its name, is the oldest existing bridge in Paris. Built at the end of the sixteenth century and completed in the early seventeenth century, it was then a revolutionary bridge, hence its name, being the first without houses and equipped with sidewalks protecting pedestrians from mud and the passage of horses.

The station bears as a subtitle La Monnaie, because of its immediate proximity to the Rue de la Monnaie, where the Hôtel de la Monnaie was located before its reconstruction in 1776 on the left bank of the Seine at 11 Quai de Conti. The current building, which gave its name to the Monnaie district (6th arrondissement), houses the Monnaie de Paris as well as the Musée de la Monnaie (renamed The Musée du 11 Conti since its reopening in 2017).

The station is with Ledru-Rollin on line 8 and Voltaire on line 9 one of the three stopping points chosen as prototypes of the decorative style Andreu-Motte, which was tested there in 1974. It is the model of those of orange colour. As part of RATP's Renouveau du métro renovation programme, its corridors were renovated on 18 August 2004.

Since 2005 and the closure of the La Samaritaine department store for long renovation and reconstruction works, the number of visitors to the metro station has decreased from 1.68 million admissions, before the closure (from September 2004 to June 2005), to 1.32 million admissions, after it (from September 2005 to June 2006).

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 605,030 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 283rd position out of 304 metro stations for its attendance.

Access
The station has three accesses, each consisting of a fixed staircase with a Dervaux-type balustrade:
 * access 1 - Rue de la Monnaie, decorated with a Dervaux candelabrum, leading to the Quai du Louvre at the corner with Rue de la Monnaie, opposite the department store La Samaritaine;
 * access 2 - Quai du Louvre located opposite the previous one on the said quay, on the Seine side at the corner with the Pont Neuf;
 * access 3 - Pont Neuf, also decorated with a Dervaux mast, located at the same angle in the immediate vicinity of access 2.

Platforms
Pont-Neuf is a station with a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two orange light strips. The benches and tunnel exits are covered in flat orange tiles as well as Motte seats in the same colour. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the side walls, the vault and the outlets of the corridors, at the eastern end. The advertising frames are in earthenware in a honey colour and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the style of the original CMP. This decoration is complemented by a cultural arrangement on the theme of the Monnaie de Paris. In the centre of the platforms are presented reproductions of different coins of large dimensions. These representations begin on one side of the platform and reach the other via the vault. The platforms also include an old monetary pendulum as well as two showcases displaying real coins.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 21, 27, 58, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74 and 85 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N11, N15, N16 and N24 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * the Pont Neuf, the oldest bridge in Paris, opened in 1607, although much renovated over the years
 * La Samaritaine department store
 * the Conciergerie, a former prison where much of the Reign of Terror was carried out during the French Revolution
 * Bibliothèque Mazarine

title: Pont Neuf station


text:
Pont Marie station

Pont Marie is a station of the Paris Métro opened in 1926 with the extension of Line 7 from Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre. It is named after the nearby bridge over the Seine, the Pont Marie, which connects to Île Saint-Louis.

Location
The station is located on the banks of the Seine, on the Quai de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, near the Place du Bataillon-Français-de-l'ONU-en-Korea, west of the Pont Marie and the Rue des Nonnains-d'Hyères. Oriented along an east-west axis, it is located between the Châtelet and Sully-Morland stations.

History
The station opened on April 16, 1926. It was until 3 June 1930, the southern terminus of line 7 from Porte de la Villette and Pré-Saint-Gervais, replacing the previous terminus at Palais Royal (now Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre station), when the line was extended with an additional station at Pont Sully (which soon became Sully - Morland).

It takes its name from its proximity to the Marie Bridge, built in 1614 on the initiative of the engineer-entrepreneur Christophe Marie, who gave it its name.

The subtitle of the station is Cité des Arts because of its proximity to one of the two sites of the Cité internationale des arts, an artistic residence inaugurated in 1965, welcoming artists of all specialties and nationalities.

As part of the RATP's "Metro Renewal" programme, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and inaugurated on 25 March 2008.

In 2021, 1,101,482 passengers entering this station, which placed it in 275th position among metro stations for ridership out of 304.

Access
The station has two entrances made up of fixed stairs built back-to-back, each embellished with a Dervaux-type balustrade and leading to the central embankment of the Place du Bataillon-Français-de-l'ONU-en-Korea, opposite the Cité des Arts:
 * Access 1 - Quai de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, located at 18 Rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville;
 * Access 2 - Pont Marie - Île Saint-Louis is located slightly further east, to the right of Square Albert-Schweitzer.

Platform
Pont Marie is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used in most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, the tunnel exits and the corridor openings. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also made of earthenware in the style of the original CMP, while the subtitle underneath is inscribed in Parisine font on small, enamelled plates. The Akiko style seats are yellow in colour.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 67 and 72 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Pont Marie
 * Cité internationale des arts
 * Mémorial de la Shoah
 * Square Albert-Schweitzer
 * Hôtel de Sens
 * Jardin de l'Hôtel-de-Sens
 * Jardin Roger-Priou-Valjean
 * Square Marie-Trintignant
 * Île Saint-Louis

title: Pont Marie station


text:
Bretteville-sur-Odon

Bretteville-sur-Odon (, literally Bretteville on Odon) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It lies on the river Odon, about 5 km west of Caen.

Twin towns

 * Woodbury, Devon, UK since 1978
 * Glattbach, Germany since 1987
 * Ouonck CR, Sénégal since 1997

title: Bretteville-sur-Odon


text:
Le Breuil-en-Auge

Le Breuil-en-Auge (, literally Le Breuil in Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Breuil-en-Auge


text:
Jussieu station

Jussieu is a station on lines 7 and 10 of the Paris Métro in the eastern part of the Latin Quarter in the 5th arrondissement.

History
The station was opened on 26 April 1931 with the extension of line 7 from Pont de Sully to Place Monge and its incorporation of part of Line 10 from Place Monge to Porte de Choisy. At the same time the remaining section of line 10 was extended from the new station of Cardinal Lemoine to Jussieu.

It was formerly called Jussieu - Halle-aux-vins, but today only the name of Jussieu remains, because the small Halle aux Vins, created by Napoleon I, has disappeared and in its location is now (since 1957) the Jussieu Campus (now Campus Pierre-et-Marie-Curie). The station is under and named after the Place Jussieu, which was named after the De Jussieu family of famous botanists and historians of the natural world, several of whom have been associated with the nearby Jardin des Plantes.

The platforms for the two lines were renovated in the Andreu-Motte style in 1975, but for the first time with flat tiling instead of the traditional bevelled tiling.

During the first half of 2020, work was undertaken to provide the station with a second escalator to exit the station. This was parallel to the main entrance and directly connects the ticket hall to the road network. The operation was accompanied with a redevelopment of Place Jussieu.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 1,891,986 travellers entered this station, which places it in 127th position among metro stations for its usage.

In 2021, attendance is gradually increasing, with 2,889,642 travellers entering this station, which places it in 114th position among metro stations for usage.

Access
The station has three entrances all located on Place Jussieu. The first two lead to Rue Linné, one of which has an escalator only for entering, the other a staircase. The third, also equipped with an escalator, is used as an exit only from the station.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. Two platforms per stopping point ar separated by the metro tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical. The two stations are positioned at the same level in parallel and in a slight curve on the east side. However, the platforms of line 10 are 75 meters long while those of line 7 are 105 meters long. Access corridors in the right wall common to the two stations allow a direct connection between the platform of line 10 in the direction of Gare d'Austerlitz and that of line 7 in the direction of Mairie d'Ivry or Villejuif - Louis Aragon. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two light canopies, with the tunnel exits covered with flat coloured tiling and Motte seats are in orange for line 7 and blue for line 10. This layout is combined in the two cases with the flat white ceramic tiles that cover the side walls, the vault and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamel plates.

Bus connections
The station is served by the 67 and 89 lines of the RATP Bus Network (towards Gare de Vanves only) as well as by line 87 (from the Jussieu - Minéraux stop located approximately 200 meters away and serving as the terminus and departure point for partial services specific to this line from Monday to Friday at peak times and at the start of the evening).

Nearby attractions

 * The Université Pierre et Marie Curie
 * The Arènes de Lutèce, an ancient Roman amphitheatre
 * The Jardin des Plantes
 * The Institut du Monde Arabe (Institute of the Arab World)

title: Jussieu station


text:
Le Breuil-en-Bessin

Le Breuil-en-Bessin (, literally Le Breuil in Bessin) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Breuil-en-Bessin


text:
Place Monge station

Place Monge is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro and located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located in the middle of the 5th arrondissement of Paris, under the Rue Monge to the north-east of the Place Monge. Oriented along a north-south axis, it is interspersed between the Jussieu and Censier - Daubenton metro stations. In the direction of Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif - Louis Aragon, it was preceded by a connection with line 10, which was in commercial service for a year, from 1930 to 1931, when this line had as its terminus Porte de Choisy.

History
It opened on 15 February 1930 as part of a planned section of the line, which was temporarily operated as part of Line 10 until the completion of the under-Seine crossing of Line 7 from Pont de Sully. This former arrangement can still be seen at the north of the station where a non-revenue track diverges on the left, leading to Cardinal Lemoine (now on Line 10). The station was integrated into Line 7 on 26 April 1931.

It serves Place Monge, named after Gaspard Monge (1746–1818), a French mathematician who is best known as the inventor of descriptive geometry. The station is located in the eastern part of the Latin Quarter. Nearby are the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden), the Roman remains of the Arènes de Lutèce and the Rue Mouffetard, a street with restaurants and a lively street market.

Access
The station has two accesses divided into three metro entrances:
 * access 1 - Place Monge consisting of a fixed staircase adorned with a balustrade and a Dervaux-type candelabrum, located to the north-east of the square, and an exit with an entourage designed by Joseph Cassien-Bernard comprising two escalators leading to the southeast of said square;
 * access 2 - Rue de Navarre, with an original kiosk with two entrances whose architecture echoes that of the Arènes de Lutèce, located on the even sidewalk of Rue de Navarre, adjoining the Square des Arènes de Lutèce and Square Capitan.

Platforms
Place Monge is a station with a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two brown light canopies, benches covered in flat brown tiles and orange Motte seats. These fittings are combined with the bevelled white ceramic tiles that cover the side walls, the vault, the tunnel exits and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are in honey-coloured earthenware with plant motifs and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the Interwar period of the original CMP.

The platforms were designed to accommodate trains 105 meters long, but only 75 meters are actually used. A track device is located at the north end of the station in the unused part of the platforms, a very rare case on the network that was also found at the Saint-Lazare station on line 14.

Bus connections
The station is served by line 47 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N15 and N22 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Square des Arènes de Lutèce and Square Capitan
 * Arènes de Lutèce
 * Rue Mouffetard
 * Jardin des plantes

title: Place Monge station


text:
Le Brévedent

Le Brévedent is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Brévedent


text:
Botafogo

Botafogo ( local/standard alternative Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: ) is a beachfront neighborhood (bairro) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a mostly upper middle class and small commerce community, and is located between the hills of Mundo Novo, Dona Marta (which separates it from Laranjeiras) and São João (which separates it from Copacabana). The word Botafogo also refers to a Latin American ballroom dance move that originated in this area.

Etymology
Botafogo was named after João Pereira de Sousa Botafogo (1540–1627), who was responsible for the galleon Botafogo's artillery. Because of that, he received the nickname "Botafogo" and included it in his family name. When he went to live in Brazil, the Portuguese Crown granted him the land known today as Botafogo. The name literally means "set it on fire" in Portuguese (a reference to the Botafogo galleon's artillery power). In the mid-19th century, English language speakers also called it Boto Fogo.

History
The neighborhood dates back to 1702, when the process of distributing lands began with the establishment of three large farms on the outskirts of newly-minted Rio. By 1808, the city's elite had begun to build mansions in the parish of Botafogo, giving rise to a small collective of nobles, merchants, and court officials. By 1820 several roads through the swampy area had been established that remain to this day, including Rua Marquês de Abrantes, São Clemente, Rua da Passagem, Rua General Polidoro, and the eponymous Praia de Botafogo. With the establishment of a ferry and animal-drawn trams in the 1867 and 1871 respectively, the neighborhood began expanding inland and becoming more dense alongside the introduction of amenities like running water and gas lighting.

In 1903 the last of the original farmland was turned over to build a new home for St. Ignatius School as Botafogo completed its transformation from elite hideaway to mostly-middleclass stronghold. In this time the construction of the New and Old Tunnels also marked a new chapter in the city's expansion, as Botafogo became the connective tissue between the old city center and new developments in Ipanema and Copacabana.

Attractions and amenities
Botafogo's beach is within Guanabara Bay, sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean by the Urca peninsula and Sugarloaf Mountain. Attractions include the Home of Ruy Barbosa, the Museu do Índio—which explores the culture and history of the major indigenous peoples of Brazil—and the Villa-Lobos Museum. The Public Archive for the State of Rio de Janeiro (APERJ) is also located in Botafogo.

Sports
Botafogo is the home of Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, a multi-sport club whose football team is one of Brazil's biggest.

Infrastructure
The neighborhood is served by Botafogo/Coca-Cola Station on the Rio de Janeiro Metro.

Education
The Deutsche Schule Rio de Janeiro (Escola Alemã Corcovado) is located in Botafogo.

title: Botafogo


text:
La Brévière

La Brévière is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.

title: La Brévière


text:
Talk:Constitutional debate in Canada

Restructuring
How should this article be restructured?

Currently, it does not provide room to develop a lot of the concepts that need to be defined in order to penetrate the debate and make sense of it.

 * Theory of the two founding peoples
 * Centralization / Decentralization
 * Symmetrical and Asymmetrical federalism
 * Status quo / Reform / Secession
 * Historical demands of Quebec
 * Provincial jurisdictions
 * Nation State / Multinational State
 * Binationalism / Bilingualism / Biculturalism
 * Assimilation of Francophones
 * Self determination right of Quebecers and Aboriginal peoples

Also, a lot of things are left out like the various commissions called in by the federal government:

 * Rowell-Dafoe-Sirois Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1940)
 * Laurendeau-Dunton Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1963)
 * The Pépin Robarts Commission - Task Force on Canadian Unity (1978)

and the Quebec government:

 * Tremblay Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (1953)
 * The Gendron Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec (1972)
 * The Bélanger-Campeau Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Québec (1991)
 * Parliamentary Commitee to Examine Matters Relating to the Accession of Québec to Sovereignty (1992)

I would like to start a serious discussion on this. All opinions welcomed. Mathieugp 15:57, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I think this article needs to include a different perspective, one that will help explain the difficulties of making any sort of constitutional change in Canada. Currently it is largely focused on the Ontario-Quebec perspective, and thus oversimplifies the multiple complexities of the country as a whole.

This said, I think the popular dichotomies presented here can serve as a good structural framework. What is necessary though, is to show the broader perspective. In this vein, I would remove any reference to pre-1867 Canada as that starts things out with the limiting Ontario-Quebec perspective, which essentially dismisses the viewpoints of others in the country. While the political rows of Canada East and West are not without significance, the histories of other regions leading up to Confederation would also have to be included; that would then quickly become an unwieldy sidetrack from the article's real subject.

Admittedly, from a demographic and thus parliamentary power viewpoint, only Ontario and Quebec have ever mattered in this country. But, with some minimal Constitutional guarantees, other provinces are necessary pieces of reaching an accommodation. AnthroGael (talk) 06:22, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is centred on the Quebec-Ottawa relationship, but that is because the initial article was started when I cut & pasted a section on the "National Unity" debate from I believe the Politics of Canada article. Maybe the problem is the name of the article itself. The word "Canada" is quite ambiguous because it was not always synonymous with "British North America" as it is now, and for most of its history had nothing to do with many of the provinces that are today part of the federal union.

 * Since I think that you are making a valid point, relative to the current article name, I suggest we either place the whole contents of the current article under a section of its own, possibly named "Quebec" or find a new name for the article, one more precisely reflecting its contents. The first option is probably the easiest. It would make room for all the other points of debate that are not covered because they have nothing to do with the central issue of Quebec. -- Mathieugp (talk) 14:30, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, a more precisely named section would be an easy way to improve/fit the article. However, although generally ignored in Quebec (& Ontario), the complexity of so-called "English Canada" plays a significant role in the ultimate policy options Quebec is faced with on a federal Constitutional level. To detail this would certainly be a more ambitious undertaking, but one that presents an opportunity to flesh out a more complete picture. And, as I mentioned in my first posting, I don't think it would require a complete makeover of the article, just the addition of other points of view and how their streamlining into traditional Canadian mythology makes for a more wrangled debate. AnthroGael (talk) 04:27, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * If you believe you can reshape the article to introduce some of the other points, go ahead. While we are at it, we might as well do a good job and introduce some references to this article. It has been sitting without any source for the past four years! -- Mathieugp (talk) 16:47, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Proposed structure
Here is the structure I propose for the article:

Historical overview

 * Brief overview of major political/constitutional events

The status quo

 * Current constitution of Canada
 * Provincial jurisdictions
 * Linguistic and cultural portrait of Canada and Quebec
 * Federal and provincial language legislations
 * First Nations

International comparisons

 * United Kingdom / Scotland
 * Spain / Catalonia

Significance of the British North America Act

 * Pact between two founding peoples
 * Foundation of the Nation
 * Just another British Act

Nature of Canadian federalism

 * Federal provincial powers
 * Confederation / federation
 * Symmetrical and Asymmetrical federalism

Nationalisms

 * Binationalism / Bilingualism / Biculturalism
 * Multicultural Nation State / Multinational State

Communication problems

 * Language barrier
 * Negative self-image

All comments welcomed. Mathieugp 20:03, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Comments on the article structure proposed above
It is possible to approach fundamental political arrangements (ie, Constitutions) in at least two ways. That given above is essentially developmental / historical. To wit, we were this way, this changed thus and so, proposals were made about this and that, reactions were this way about those things, etc.

Another is to look at the purpose of bothering with such arrangements at all. To achieve opportunity equality as between , or to enact this or that theoretical structure (eg, Marxism, or fascism, or monarchism, or parliamentarianism, or some religious position, ...), or to continue some existing/formerly existing condition (eg, dominance by or favorable treatment for this or that group or interest), ...

The first approach necessarily includes much encrustation by existing or formerly existing arrangements or attempted arrangements. It has the (Burkean) virtue of forcing attention on custom and precedent that worked, or at least worked well enough to get to the stage of discussing possibilities, however unsatisfactory to whomever. Constrast the case of Genghis Khan's polity in which discussion of how things ought to be were, pretty much, not possible as the would be discusants promptly would have become former would be discusants.

The second has the virtue of avoiding all that (if it's possible to do so at all -- people seem to work most comfortably not by starting with a blank slate but by starting with some known (or supposedly known) situation), but the disadvantage of making those with some stake in the existing (or some psychic stake in some formerly existing) circumstance apprehensive. It was to avoid such problems that the Framers of the US constitution decided, almost as the first order of business at he Convention in Philadephia in 1787, to make their discussions secret, and that Madison directed that his notes of the Convention (the only even somewhat complete account of it) be kept secret until decades after his death. Actually leaving 'all that exists' behind also invites problems as no brakes on 'invention' will remain: the Girondists and the Jacobins (and Napoleon too -- eg, the famous 'whiff of grapeshot') demonstrated that.

Burke foresaw it, or something like it, and he's been right far more often than not.

Revolutions are dicey things, by almost all experience. Consider Thucydides 3.82 (the Revolution at Corcyria section especially; the Crawley translation is the most riveting I've found -- read it aloud slowly and feel your flesh crawl) for an even earlier example. The Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, the slaughter in Rwanda of the mid 90s, Idi Amin (although that seems to have been perhaps more personal than not), conditions in Liberia since the 'Revolution', the conversion of Rome from Republic to Empire (and what went on before: eg, Marius and Sulla, and well after), most (all?) changes of dynasty in China (and apparently in ancient Egypt also), Hitler in Germany (recall that he was not elected; some thought they could 'control' him), the establishment of Christian 'orthodoxy' here and there (consider that the Library at Alexandria had been pillaged and plundered for centuries before the Arabs famously burned it; remember Hypatia?), the consequences of Peter the Great's rule in Russia (at least to his opponents), the 'young officer' movement in Japan especially after WWI, the 'young Turks' in the Ottoman Empire before WWI, and so on and on. There are few exceptions. The US Revolution, perhaps, or the Costa Rican rearrangement after WWII, Bernadotte in Sweden, and maybe Cincinnatus in old Roman Republic.

Which of these two (or some other, I suppose) approaches is most sensible by some standard (which?) depends on purposes, what people can be gotten to agree to, and other circumstances. It is unlikely, for instance, that any discussion of fundamental political arrangements in the Levant could make any progress if its deliberations are kept secret. There is simply too much suspicion about everything there now. After 100 years of rabble rousing, demogoguing (sp?), propaganda, and general obsfucation, most everyone is too suspicious to 'let anything by'. And, of course, any public discussion will be promptly (has repeatedly been anyway) attacked as some sort of sell out by one group or another. Which killed an Israeli Prime Minister??

How to organize the discussion for this article? I don't know. But there are meta considerations. ww

 * You wrote so much there that I don't know how I could possibly reply to all of it! ;-) There are lot of things to consider in this debate indeed. Philosophy, history, culture and other big words. However, since this article aims at explain what the constitutional debate of Canada is, and not an abstract debate of any constitution, we can easily narrow our scope: it will have to deal with the sequence of events which lead to the debate, the steps taken by all parties involved in it and the stated reasons for the conflicts by the interested parties. We will have to let people click on the links themselves if they desire more background on other similar conflicts past or present. After reading it, the visitor should get a sense of what has been going on, what happened in the facts, who was involved, who said what. Everything else would be off topic, would involve speculation, would involve claiming to know what others think or what secret intentions they supposedly have. Mathieugp 19:00, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There are basically three positions in our everlasting debate: those who don't want anything to change (establishement, currently winning, a minority in Quebec, a majority in the Rest of Canada), those who want constitutional reforms (very broad coalition, failed attempts at reform multiple times of the past century, seem to gather support of the majority in Quebec, but not in the ROC), those who want secession (Quebec nationalist coalition, reject reforms, failed to gain majority support in two referendums). There are millions of different reasons for an individual to support either one of the three camps, but nevertheless the three positions originated from somewhere before gaining media attention and gain the approval or the disapproval of Mister and Madam Everyone in Canada. Most people will recognize themselves somewhere inside the three groups. We will have to be very careful in defining the camps. It will have to be very abstract and include only the stated goals of each, otherwize it will soon degenerate into a battle of insults. Mathieugp 19:00, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The most difficult task will be to pinpoint all sources of opinions, ie, who said/wrote what and when. Who propaged the idea and who supported it in reality. Hopefully, as the article evolves, things will become clearer. The idea of course is to allow the truth to emerge from the fog so that people can forge their own opinion on the matter if they care to. Mathieugp 19:00, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, looks like I misunderstood the purpose here. You are committed to the historical/developmental approach and an explanatory mode, not debate on what should be/might be/ideally would be and so on. My mistake. Don't bother to reply to most of it. Unless, you might find some of it interesting in its own right. ww 20:07, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I do actually. I have a passion for politics. A popular class who cares about the affairs of the State. Such is the only good thing that came out of the British Conquest of our country. :-) Mathieugp 21:22, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The article says "This, as Lord Durham had recommended in his report, resulted in English political control over the French-speaking part of Canada, and ensured the colony's loyalty to the British crown." However, legislative deadlock between English and French led to the movement for a federal union. The traditional joint premiership also seems inconsistent with the idea of the English controlling the French. Trontonian 23:52, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I decided there's no contradiction between these statements as long as "English political control" means "political control by England." And disagreement is the soul of democracy, eh? So I added a sentence about the movement for a federal union. Trontonian 23:58, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

And in the end I decided there's no contradiction no matter what "English political control" means. Perhaps the idea could be expanded upon, though. For example, the control of the Lower Canadian Tories was certainly weakened, eventually, by union. But English political control persists to this day in areas of federal responsibility. Trontonian 16:32, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Franco-Quebecer's presence in the United States
The fact that hundreds of thousands of Franco-Quebecers emigrated to New England, settled there and lived there is very relevant, otherwize people can get the impression that French Canadians could have only existed inside the Canadian federation. In fact, for a long while, there were literally more Francophones of Quebec origin in the United States than in Canada. These people were still calling themselves Canadiens, as they had always done, even a few generations after their arrival. The Franco-Americans were eventually assimilated and it accelerated when they stopped battling to keep their own cultural institutions. They integrated the great American melting-pot and are today regular American citizens. Mathieugp 04:10, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

In Quebec history, the exile to the US was the source of great worries among Quebec's elites. After the Riel affair, Francophones didn't feel welcomed in the West and many chose the United States instead. The Church tried to workaround what they saw as the source of the problem by opening new lands north of the St. Lawrence inside Quebec (Abitibi, Saguenay regions etc) at the same time the British Canadians were expanding westward (like the Americans). That socio-historical reality partly explains why Quebec nationalists such as Mercier and Bourassa for example were trying to get the Canadian federation to become a bi-national, bi-lingual, bi-cultural country from 1867 until the 1960s. They understood the confederation as a pact between two founding peoples and demanded the respect of the constitutional deal. They were trying to stop the "bleeding" (la grande saignée) to the US and give a permanant home to these exiled in other Canadian provinces. Mathieugp 04:10, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

All those historical references are relevant to understanding the arguments used by all sides. The fundamental law of a State has everything to do with what people or peoples live in the country. It could even be argued that had it not been for that, Francophones may have occupied all parts of Canada like English Canadians and have developped a pan-Canadian nationalism just like them. Under those considitions, Quebec nationalism may have never existed at all. Mathieugp 04:10, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Stats
I added numbers for Francophones and Anglophones from Statscan:

http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/popula.htm#lan

I add up the single responses with the multiple responses to get the numbers I typed in. I find this better than not counting people born in bilingual families at all. Mathieugp 14:55, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Introduction
I am confused about the recent draft changes to the introductory passage. For example, "the place of French-speaking Canadians and the predominantly French-speaking province of Quebec" has been deleted. Surely the place of Quebec and French-speaking Canadians has been a key issue in the constitutional debate and should not be deleted.

Several vague passages have been added. For example, I am not sure what "The significance of the British North America Act" is supposed to mean.

The specific and clear passage on federal provincial relations ("the division of powers between the federal and provincial governments") has been replaced by one that is vague ("The relation between the provinces and the Dominion").

I assume these changes were made for a reason and am reluctant to revert without giving the opportunity for a discussion here. Does anyone have a strong opinion one way or the other on this? HistoryBA 02:04, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello. As you may have noticed, the page in fact did not change. What changed is In development section which I started a while ago. I recently started to contribute again. I was hoping to merge the changes soon. Basically, what we have right now will be moved to Constitutional history of Canada and hopefully will evolved on its own there. Meanwhile, Constitutional debate of Canada will present the debate. It will focus on the post-1867 debate, as the previous debates are of a different nature and over different legal documents and they would make this article a mess of confusion. I favor having the debates over the Constitutional Act, the Quebec Act, the Proclamation Act etc inside there respective articles.

 * I agree that the word "relation" is vague. However, I wanted to include "the division of powers between the federal and provincial governments" and the question of symmetry / asymmetry under the same title. I really can't think of a better word than "relation". Any suggestion? (I guess we would also need to change "the relation between the United Kingdom and the Dominion" also.)

 * For the "The significance of the British North America Act", I meant how the Act itself was interpreted, what it meant to Canadians and Quebecers (who were formerly the Canadiens as you know). I had already written these three global views of the Act:

 * Pact between two founding peoples

In Canada East (Quebec), the confederation project was promoted by the Parti bleu and opposed by all other parties. George-Étienne Cartier supported and promoted the project as a way to regain the political autonomy that Lower Canada had lost with the forced Union. The Catholic clergy supported confederation.

 * Foundation of the Nation

In Canada West (Ontario), it was promoted as the act of foundation of a new British nation. The project generally received wide support. The Anti-Confederation movement was strong in Nova Scotia. After the passing of the BNA Act, 36 out of 38 seats of the provincial legislature went to the anti-Confederation candidates. A majority of candidates also opposed the project in New Brunswick.

 * Just another British Act

The Parti rouge (Quebec) opposed the confederation, just as they had opposed the Union. The rouges demanded that the project be submitted to a vote by the people, convinced it would be rejected.

 * All your comments are welcomed. -- Mathieugp 14:22, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

List of documents
The list of documents is quite long. Should we create a List of documents in the consitutional history of Canada?

-- Mathieugp 20:56, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constitutional debate in Canada