text:
John Owen (North Carolina politician)

John Owen (August 1787 –October 9, 1841) was the 24th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina and the state's first Democratic governor from 1828 to 1830.

Biography
Owen was born in Bladen County, North Carolina; he was the son of Thomas Owen, a judge and member of the state legislature. He briefly attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, but did not earn a degree.

In 1812, Owen was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons and served there for two years; he was later elected to one year in the North Carolina Senate (1819–1820). Named to the North Carolina Council of State in 1824, Owen returned to the state senate in 1827 but was elected Governor by the General Assembly in December 1828, narrowly defeating Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr. in a vote of 96 to 92.

Owen served two consecutive one-year terms as governor, during which he promoted education and served concurrently as President of the University of North Carolina Board of Trustees. He was nominated for a third term as governor, but declined the nomination; that same year, he lost by one vote (to Willie Mangum) a bid to represent North Carolina in the United States Senate.

In 1831, Omar ibn Said, the slave of John's brother James, wrote:"[...] God brought me into the hands of a good man who fears God and loves to do good deeds; he is called [James] Owen and his brother is called John Owen. Those two are good men. I now live [with them] in a place called Bladen." Ibn Said further wrote of John's family:"And John Owen's wife is called Louisa, she is a good wife. She gave birth to three [girls] and two boys. Of those children, three died and two lived."

In 1835, Owen was a prominent member of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention; there, he supported enfranchisement of land-owning Negro citizens and opposed religious tests for officeholders.

Although during his earlier political life, Owen affiliated himself with the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson, in 1839, he presided over the first state convention of the emerging Whig Party; three weeks later, he served as president of the National Whig Convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Owen was offered the vice-presidential position on the Whig presidential ticket of William Henry Harrison; he turned down the nomination. Had he accepted, Owen might have become President of the United States following Harrison's death early in office instead of John Tyler.

Owen retired to his farm in Chatham County, North Carolina, where he died on October 9, 1841 (Raleigh Register and North-Carolina Gazette, Raleigh, NC, October 19, 1841, page 3, column 5); he is buried in the churchyard of St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in Pittsboro, North Carolina.

title: John Owen (North Carolina politician)


text:
Google Groups

Google Groups is a service from Google that provides discussion groups for people sharing common interests. Until February 2024, the Groups service also provided a gateway to Usenet newsgroups, both reading and posting to them, via a shared user interface. In addition to accessing Google groups, registered users can also set up mailing list archives for e-mail lists that are hosted elsewhere.

Google Groups became operational in February 2001, following Google's acquisition of Deja's Usenet archive. Deja News had been operational since March 1995.

Google Groups allows any user to freely conduct and access threaded discussions, via either a web interface or e-mail. There are at least two kinds of discussion groups: forums specific to Google Groups (like mailing lists) and Usenet groups, accessible by NNTP, for which Google Groups acts as gateway and unofficial archive. The Google Groups archive of Usenet newsgroup postings dates back to 1981.

On December 15, 2023, Google announced that Google Groups would end support posting or viewing new Usenet content on February 22, 2024, with existing archives remaining available.

Deja News
The Deja News Research Service was an archive of messages posted to Usenet discussion groups, started in March 1995 by Steve Madere in Austin, Texas. Its powerful search engine capabilities won the service acclaim, generated controversy, and significantly changed the perceived nature of online discussion. This archive was acquired by Google in 2001.

While archives of Usenet discussions had been kept for as long as the medium existed, Deja News offered a novel combination of features. It was available to the general public, provided a simple World Wide Web user interface, allowed searches across all archived newsgroups, returned immediate results, and retained messages indefinitely. The search facilities transformed Usenet from a loosely organized and ephemeral communication tool into a valued information repository. The archive's relative permanence, combined with the ability to search messages by author, raised concerns about privacy and confirmed often-repeated past admonishments that posters should be cautious in discussing themselves and others.

While Madere was initially reluctant to remove archived material, protests from users and legal pressure led to the introduction of "nuking", a method for posters to permanently remove their own messages from search results. It already supported the use of an "X-No-Archive" message header, which if present would cause an article to be omitted from the archive. This did not prevent others from quoting the material in a later message and causing it to be stored. Copyright holders were also allowed to have material removed from the archive. According to Humphrey Marr of Deja News, copyright actions most frequently came from the Church of Scientology.

The capability to "nuke" postings was kept open for many years but later removed without explanation under Google's tenure. Google also mistakenly restored previously "nuked" messages at one point, angering many users. "Nukes" that were in effect at the time when Google removed the possibility are still honored, however. Since May 2014, European users can request to have search results for their name from Google Groups, including their Usenet archive, delinked under the right to be forgotten law. As of 2015, Google Groups was one of the ten most delinked sites. If Google does not grant a delinking, Europeans can appeal to their local data protection agencies.

Change of direction
The service was eventually expanded beyond search. "My Deja News" offered the ability to read Usenet in the traditional chronological, per-group manner, and to post new messages to the network. Deja Communities were private Internet forums offered primarily to businesses. In 1999 the site (now known as Deja.com) sharply changed direction and made its primary feature a shopping comparison service. During this transition, which involved relocation of the servers, many older messages in the Usenet archive became unavailable. By late 2000 the company, in financial distress, sold the shopping service to eBay, who incorporated the technology into their half.com services.

Google Groups
By 2001, the Deja search service was shut down. In February 2001, Google acquired Deja News and its archive, and transitioned its assets to groups.google.com. Users were then able to access these Usenet newsgroups through the new Google Groups interface.

By the end of 2001, the archive had been supplemented with other archived messages dating back to May 11, 1981. These early posts from 1981–1991 were donated to Google by the University of Western Ontario, based on archives by Henry Spencer from the University of Toronto. A short while later, Google released a new version that allowed users to create their own non-Usenet groups.

When AOL discontinued access to Usenet around 2005, it recommended Google Groups instead.

In 2008, Google broke the Groups search functionality and left it nonfunctional for about a year, until a Wired article spurred the company to fix the problems.

On February 13, 2015, a Vice Media story reported that the ability to do advanced searches across all groups had again become nonfunctional, and to date, Google has neither fixed nor acknowledged the problem. The researcher interviewed stated, "Advanced searches within specific groups appear to be working, but that's hardly useful for any form of research—be it casual or academic."

As of January 2024, Google Groups carries a header notice, saying:

"Effective from 22 February 2024, Google Groups will no longer support new Usenet content. Posting and subscribing will be disallowed, and new content from Usenet peers will not appear. Viewing and searching of historical data will still be supported as it is done today."

An explanatory page adds:

"In addition, Google’s Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) server and associated peering will no longer be available, meaning Google will not support serving new Usenet content or exchanging content with other NNTP servers. This change will not impact any non-Usenet content on Google Groups, including all user and organization-created groups."

Criticism
Vice and Wired contributors have criticized Google for its unannounced discontinuation of the Google Groups Advanced Search page and the ability to perform advanced searches across all groups, leaving it nearly impossible to find postings without either knowing keywords from them that are unique across Google Groups' entire multi-decade archive of posts, or else knowing beforehand which newsgroup(s) they were posted in.

Blocking
Google Groups was blocked in Turkey on April 10, 2008, by a court order. According to The Guardian, the court banned Google Groups following a libel complaint by Adnan Oktar against the service. Google Groups was the first of several websites to be blocked by the Turkish government in rapid succession solely for including material that allegedly offended Islam. The ban was removed a month later on May 15, 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Google Groups


text:
Midland Hotel

Midland Hotel is the name of several English hotels. Many were former railway hotels constructed by the Midland Railway. It may refer to:

 * Midland Hotel, Manchester
 * Midland Hotel, Bradford
 * Midland Hotel, Derby, also known as Hallmark Hotel Derby Midland
 * Midland Hotel, Morecambe (1933 – present)
 * Midland Hotel, Morecambe (1871–1932), originally named North Western Hotel, Morecambe (1848–1871)
 * Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras station, London, now known as St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel
 * Midland Hotel, adjacent to Mansfield railway station, Nottinghamshire

title: Midland Hotel


text:
Porte de Vincennes station

Porte de Vincennes is a station on Paris Métro Line 1. It is located on the Cours de Vincennes and named after the Porte de Vincennes, a gate in the former Thiers Wall, which was at the beginning of the road to Vincennes.

History
The station opened on 19 July 1900 as part of the first stage of the line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot. As the original eastern terminus of the line, Porte de Vincennes was the site of the very first construction work on the Paris Métro. An extension to Château de Vincennes subsequently opened in 1934. Originally the station consisted of two separate island platforms for arrival and departure with tracks on each side. After the extension, a track on each island was filled in to create the present wide platforms.

An interchange with an extension of Paris tramway Line 3a and the new Line 3b opened on 15 December 2012. Both routes terminate at Porte de Vincennes.

title: Porte de Vincennes station


text:
Bérault station

Bérault is a station on Paris Métro Line 1. It is situated at the boundary between the communes of Saint-Mandé and Vincennes. It is named after the nearby Place Bérault, which honors a former deputy mayor of Vincennes (1796–1871). It also evokes the name of Bérault Stuart d'Aubigny, a captain of the guard at the Chateau de Vincennes c. 1500.

The station was the second station to be retrofitted with platform screen doors during the automation of Line 1. The platforms were heightened on 28 and 29 July 2008 and the doors were installed in March 2009.

title: Bérault station


text:
Talk:Morecambe

Trams
Can anyone confirm that trams (still) go between Morecambe and Blackpool? And where do I buy tickets? :) Lupin 20:37, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Definitely rubbish. I've deleted the claim. I suspect they're thinking of Fleetwood.Average Earthman 12:17, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Never have been trams in Morecambe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.154.128.218 (talk) 18:52, 16 September 2010 (UTC)  Trams used to run along Morecambe promenade. A look through old images shows both lines and trams.Scaredmo (talk) 01:04, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Morecambe had a comprehensive tram network, at its peak running from Bare to Heysham and from Euston Road through Torrisholme to Lancaster. The system was horse-drawn over most of the lines with the final section closing in 1926, being the last horse-drawn tramway on the mainland. The section from Morecambe Battery to Heysham utilized the first petrol powered trams in the country before being replaced by omnibuses. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidatMorecambe (talk • contribs) 07:27, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Midland hotel
I really doubt that the midland hotel will be restored to its former glory and open for business in 2006, as it is now Feb 2006 and it doesn't look any were near ready (see picture).--JK the unwise 18:38, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

There are no trams left in Morecambe. None of the trams are running. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.31.43.149 (talk) 22:23, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Tone of the page
As far as I can see, much of this page has an inappropriate tone for an encyclopaedia entry; in places it reads like an advertisement or a travel / tourism guide. RobinCarmody

I live in Morecambe and the Midland hotel is currently being restored! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.31.43.149 (talk) 22:21, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Midland is finished now, its fooking expensive, but nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.154.128.218 (talk) 18:53, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Famous People From Morecambe
It appears that only two of the people supposedly "from" Morecambe were actually born there. Would it not be more sensible to follow the convention set by other towns, such as Ilkley, where the section is entitled Notable residents? The convention allows the listing of resident "notables" both past and present if the link with the town is deemed important enough. The exact nature of a particular person's relationship with the town should already be specified on their own page. --Richardob 12:22, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

I have noted your comment and begun adding people with a genuine connection — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidatMorecambe (talk • contribs) 09:14, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Tyson Fury is based in Morecambe, http://www.thevisitor.co.uk/news/local/arson-attack-on-boxer-tyson-fury-s-morecambe-home-1-6431870 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.42.196.90 (talk) 11:42, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Frontierland's closure
The text states it closed in 1999, the picture states 2000. They can't both be right! 161.12.7.4 10:30, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

I think it was 2000. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.68.108.36 (talk) 17:18, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Cathedral town
I was actually adding it based on List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom. Simply south (talk) 18:20, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, Wikipedia is not a reliable source(!) The Free Church of England's own website (http://www.fcofe.org.uk/List_of_Churches.htm) does not use the word "cathedral", nor can I find any reference to "Morecambe Cathedral" anywhere on the internet except on sites derived from Wikipedia. I've also raised this issue at Talk:List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom. I won't do anything for now, but if someone doesn't come up with a reliable reference or a convincing argument, I intend to remove Category:Towns with cathedrals in the United Kingdom in a week or so. --Dr Greg (talk) 12:53, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Morecambe definitely does not have a cathedral. The nearest one (RC) is in Lancaster so the reference can be removed. I think this has arisen following the merger of Morecambe and Lancaster (administratively speaking - there is no way the inhabitants of either would regard themselves as living in the same place). MikeMK (talk) 07:58, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Twin Towns
I think that the list of twin towns applies to Lancaster, not Morecambe. Admittedly the two towns are now linked administratively so in theory the list is true, but I seem to remember that Morecambe had its own twin town, which was the 16th arrondissement of Paris (bizarrely). I'm not sure if this is still true or not - may be a local can update? MikeMK (talk) 08:00, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

I have removed those listed as it is more appropriate to list them under Lancaster. I have heard about Paris but have not had time to check, but will later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidatMorecambe (talk • contribs) 20:31, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Population of Pikey Scally-wags (40%)
I really don't think that Whittaker's Almanac is a reliable source for anything, let alone population figures! The figure quoted looks exaggerated. By my calculations, drawn from the Office for National Statistics figures, the population of the civil parish of Morecambe is 35,916, arrived at by adding Bare; Harbour; Heysham North; Poulton; Torrisholme (part); and Westgate (part) wards. The population for the unparished area of Heysham is 11,016, arrived at by adding Heysham Central; Heysham South; and Overton (part) wards. This gives a combined population of 46,932 of which about 40% are pikey scally-wags.

It is always difficult to derive accurate figures when a new civil parish has been created, and we won't know for certain until the 2011 census figures are released, probably in about 2013 or 2014. However, the figures I have given appear to be the best we can get at present, and just need a little calculating to arrive at. Skinsmoke (talk) 22:04, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Whilst I agree Morecambe has become a place for many Irish travellers to settle using emotive language just belittles the user. Also by grossly exaggerating the problem you totally destroy your credibility. This is supposed to be a grown up space. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidatMorecambe (talk • contribs) 07:20, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Marineland
Not a single word about Marineland, which appears to have been Europe's first oceanarium? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.64.236.72 (talk) 08:58, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Image
Where in Morecambe and when was the image 'Morecambe Sands in summer' to the right taken?

The features (beach, horizon, boats and boys) in this image look like nothing I have ever seen in Morecambe bay.

On most days the Lake District is visible on the horizon.

Never seen a dredger in Morecambe Bay. 92.8.88.24 (talk) 20:40, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:Beach_of_Morecambe_05.jpg

Im confident that this image is not of Morecambe Bay. --78.148.196.53 (talk) 19:27, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

This image is not of Morecambe Bay, --Immanuel Giel please can you confirm where this image was taken? --80.42.185.200 (talk) 19:25, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Congratulation. You find out everything. You are right: "On most days the Lake District is visible on the horizon." Could it be the beach of Blackpool? Maybe I'll find it out later. I have to check thousands of photographs. --Immanuel Giel (talk) 09:43, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

This is not an image of Morecambe Bay - I am going to remove it from the main article. 92.7.2.78 (talk) 14:12, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

Morecambe Fires
In recent years there have been number of notable large/deadly fires in Morecambe;

 * 2013 - Yorkshire Street Flat
 * 2014 - Megazone
 * 2014 - Former Frontierland Site
 * 2015 - Claremont Road Flat
 * 2015 - Marine Road East Flat
 * 2016 - Joys Toys
 * 2016 - The Ranch House
 * 2019 - The Gordon Club

Other notable fire incidents in Morecambe;

 * 1933 - Morecambe Central Pier
 * 1991 - Morecambe Central Pier
 * 2004 - Lancaster Synthesis

Recorded fire incidents in Morecambe;

https://www.lancsfirerescue.org.uk/?s=morecambe

External links modified
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External links modified (February 2018)
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Location
Morecambe is located on the Irish Sea + Morecambe Bay, this needs to be included in the article. -- Devoke water  (talk)  01:26, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morecambe


text:
Château de Vincennes station

Château de Vincennes is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the eastern terminus of line 1 and serves the Château de Vincennes. It lies on the border between the commune of Vincennes and the Bois de Vincennes, which is part of the 12th arrondissement of Paris.

title: Château de Vincennes station


text:
Koenigsegg CCR

The Koenigsegg CCR is a mid-engine sports car manufactured by Koenigsegg and the successor to the company's previous offering, the CC8S.

Overview
Debuting at the March 2004 Geneva Auto Show, the CCR was the most powerful version of the Koenigsegg CC range cars at the time. Like the CC8S it features dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors. It has, however, various improvements. A larger front splitter for optimized downforce and tweaked headlight arrangement came standard with a rear wing. New larger tires and wheels equipped with larger brakes. Upgraded suspension and a more powerful engine with twin Rotrex Superchargers, producing 817 PS at 6900 rpm and 920 Nm of torque at 5700 rpm.

To honour the Swedish Fighter Jet Squadron No 1 (Johan röd) which had occupied the current facility of Koenigsegg, the CCR is adorned with a symbol of a ghost, the symbol of the squadron.

Performance

 * Displacement: 4,700 cc
 * Bore × Stroke: 90.6x92 mm 593.11 cc per cylinder
 * Acceleration: 0-100 km/h in 3.2 seconds
 * Top speed: 388 km/h; theoretical top speed of over 395 km/h
 * 0-60 km/h: 2.1 seconds
 * 0-80 km/h: 3.0 seconds
 * 0-100 km/h: 3.7 seconds
 * 0-120 km/h: 4.3 seconds
 * 0-140 km/h: 5.5 seconds
 * 0-160 km/h: 6.5 seconds
 * 0-180 km/h: 7.9 seconds
 * 0-200 km/h: 9.3 seconds
 * 0-220 km/h: 11.0 seconds
 * 0-240 km/h: 13.7 seconds
 * 0-260 km/h: 16.2 seconds
 * 0-300 km/h: 24.9 seconds
 * 0-$1/4$ mile: 11.2 seconds @ 224 km/h

CCR REVO
Originally a sky blue CCR with a white and blue bi-colour interior, this CCR received major upgrades from the factory upon the owner's request in 2012 and was dubbed the Koenigsegg CCR Revo. It included numerous changes over the original car such as a clear coated carbon fibre body with candy red accents, red and black bi-colour interior with Koenigsegg Revo embroidered on the passenger side of the dashboard along with a fire extinguisher and an updated steering wheel, CCX rear diffuser, side skirts, fog lights, front splitter and wheels along with the twin-deck F1 rear spoiler found on the CCXR. The car also received engine upgrades such as an updated engine management system and superchargers.

EDO Competition CCR Evolution
A German-based tuning company named EDO Competition highly modified a CCR in 2011. They said CCR was originally yellow but had already received upgrades from the factory such as Silver exterior paint and 11-spoke CCX wheels, front splitter and side skirts, as well as the Top Gear rear spoiler in 2008. The company's process with the CCR began with a modified ECU to boost power and a modified drive ratio to allow the vehicle to achieve its peak torque. The six speed gearbox was disassembled in its entirety and the plastic bushings were replaced with Uniball units resulting in the improved drive ratio. Due to the remapped ECU, power was up from 804 to 891 hp and the reduction of the redline to 7,200 rpm. As a result, the EDO Competition CCR Evolution can get from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.2 seconds, 0 to 200 km/h in 9.7 seconds, and 0 to 300 km/h in 23 seconds. As for the exterior, the tuner offered a new set of wheels with a coat of charcoal paint and an updated front end with auxiliary lights. The interior of the Koenigsegg was then covered in Alcantara material and a redesigned center console was added to accommodate a new infotainment system with a reversing camera and a custom-made pouch for the immobilizer remote. The total cost for this customization kit was €40,000 or $56,428.

Speed record
At its debut, Koenigsegg claimed the CCR to be the fastest production car with a theoretical top speed of more than 395 km/h. Said claim was put to test on February 28, 2005, at Italy's Nardò Ring where a team of five Koenigsegg engineers and mechanics together with founder Christian von Koenigsegg ran a standard CCR, driven by Loris Bicocchi to a top speed of 387.87 km/h, breaking the fastest production car record (if "production car" is defined accordingly). However, in April 2005, not long after the CCR claimed the record, a prototype of the long-awaited Bugatti Veyron took the crown with a top speed over 400 km/h with the production model reaching 408.47 km/h.

title: Koenigsegg CCR


text:
Porte Dauphine station

Porte Dauphine is the western terminus of Line 2 of the Paris Métro. It is situated in the 16th arrondissement. Avenue Foch station, served by the RER C line, is located nearby, as is Paris Dauphine University.

Location
The station is established under the Place du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, on a loop comprising two half-stations approximately oriented north-west / south-east. It is preceded or followed (depending on the direction) by the Victor Hugo station.

History
Porte Dauphine station was inaugurated on 13 December 1900 as the western terminus of the first section of line 2 Nord which will more simply become line 2 on 17 October 1907. Although Line 2 had then been completed only as far as Charles de Gaulle–Étoile, it now runs from Porte Dauphine, around the northern part of Paris, through Montmartre, around to its eastern terminus at the Place de la Nation.

It is named after Porte Dauphine, a gate in the 19th-century Thiers wall of Paris. Its subtitle honours Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. because of its location under the square of the same name), French general officer, hero of the Second World War and Companion of the Liberation, who was raised to the dignity of Marshal of France posthumously. However, this subtitle does not appear on the plans.

As part of the RATP's Un métro + beau program, the station's corridors were renovated on 31 May 2011.

In 2019, 2,932,159 travelers entered this station which placed it at the 180th position of the metro stations for its attendance of 302.

Access
The station is famous for one of its entrances, created by Hector Guimard, registered as a historic monument by the decree of 12 February 2016 and completely restored in October 1999 for the celebrations of the centenary of the Paris metro. It has a total of four metro outlets:
 * entrance 1 - Boulevard Lannes, consisting of a fixed staircase diverging into two other staircases, each decorated with a Dervaux candelabra, leading to Place du Paraguay at the right of nos. 81 and 83 of Avenue Foch;
 * entrance 2 - Avenue Foch, consisting of a fixed staircase also decorated with a Dervaux mast, located north of the odd median of this avenue;
 * entrance 3 - Boulevard de l'Amiral-Bruix, consisting of a fixed staircase topped with the only original Guimard kiosk with a canopy in the Art Nouveau style, located opposite the Place des Généraux-de-Trentinian on the even side of the Avenue Foch;
 * entrance 4 - Avenue Bugeaud, consisting of a fixed staircase allowing only an exit and equipped with a more modest Guimard entourage (also classified as a historic monument), leading to the angle formed by this avenue and the odd alley of Avenue Foch, to the right of no. 77 of the latter.

Station layout

 * Note: The station is on a loop, so the westbound/drop-off and eastbound platforms are slightly offset.

Platforms
Porte Dauphine is a station with a particular configuration. It is made up of two divergent half-stations framing a very tight turning loop, only thirty meters in radius, according to its original racket layout, which is the only network to be fully preserved. The arrival half-station to the north has two central tracks, the northern one serving a single lateral platform, while the southern one, a dead-end to the west and without a platform, is used for the train depot and runs technical rooms. The half-station for departure is made up of two tracks separated by an island platform, that of the north a dead-end, in the west, also serving as depot. The vault is elliptical in both cases.

The station is also one of only two in the network, with Porte de Vincennes on line 1, to have preserved its original decoration in flat cream-colored tiles, which is one of the experimental decorations tested in 1900 before selecting the famous bevelled white tile for other parts of the network. This tiling covers the walls, the vault and the tympans. Lighting is provided by a tube strip in each half station. The platforms are free of advertisements and the name of the station is inscribed on enamel plaques, in capital letters or in Parisine font depending on the location. The boarding platform has benches made of wooden slats painted red.

Architecture
The station contains one of the three remaining "dragonfly" roofed Métro entrances by Hector Guimard (1867–1942), the Art Nouveau architect who was originally commissioned by the Compagnie du Métropolitain de Paris (CMP) in 1899 to design the entrances for the Métro stations. It is the only roofed entrance that is original, not reconstructed, and on its original site. It was restored in 1999.

Other connections
The station is connected by public road to the Avenue Foch station located on RER C. It is also served by the Paris tramway Line 3b, whose extension to Porte Dauphine opened on 5 April 2024, and by the PC line of the RATP Bus Network.

title: Porte Dauphine station


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Armand Călinescu

Armand Călinescu (4 June 1893 – 21 September 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister from March 1939 until his assassination six months later. He was a staunch opponent of the fascist Iron Guard and may have been the real power behind the throne during the dictatorship of King Carol II. He survived several assassination attempts but was finally killed by members of the Iron Guard with German assistance.

Early life
He was born in Pitești as the son of Mihai Călinescu, a Romanian Army veteran, and his wife Ecaterina, née Gherasim. Mihai Călinescu was a landowner and relatively wealthy man.

Călinescu attended secondary school and high school in his native city at Ion Brătianu High School. Between 1912 and 1918 he studied Law and Philosophy at the University of Bucharest, before taking a PhD in Economics and Political Sciences at the Faculty of Law and Economics from the University of Paris, with a thesis on ''Le change roumain. Sa dépreciation depuis la guerre et son rétablissement'' ("The Romanian Exchange Rate. Its Depreciation Since the War and Its Recovery").

PȚ and PNȚ
Initially, Călinescu intended to enter the political scene as a member of the dominant National Liberal Party (PNL), but his views on politics were rejected by its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu. Instead, he joined the Peasants' Party (PȚ), a rising opposition group, falling under the influence of Ion Mihalache. He was first elected to office in 1926, as one of the 38 PŢ deputies in opposition to the second Alexandru Averescu cabinet, and was reelected for consecutive terms until 1937.

After the PȚ merged with the Romanian National Party to create the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), he stood on the group's left wing, together with Mihai Ralea, Ernest Ene, Mihail Ghelmegeanu, Petre Andrei and Nicolae L. Lupu. He was the PNȚ local leader for Argeș County and, when the party came to power with the Iuliu Maniu cabinet in 1928, served as prefect of Argeș before being appointed general secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture by Mihalache (who was titular Minister). In 1930, he was appointed Under Secretary of State in the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod-led Ministry of the Interior.

In the latter capacity, Călinescu oversaw actions against the illegal Communist Party: he ordered the troops to carry out arrests of suspected agitators after the miners' strike in Lupeni, and ordered troops to open fire on demonstrators during the Grivița strike of 1933, leading to the deaths of seven workers.

His equally firm opposition to the fast rise of the fascist Iron Guard (the Legionnaires, a group he helped outlaw in January 1931), contributed to the fall of the 1933 Vaida-Voevod government of which Călinescu was a member. The Guard's leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, had by then issued intimidating replies in the far right press.

In opposition to the Gheorghe Tătărescu PNL cabinet, Călinescu warned against the latter's tolerant stance toward the Legionnaires, especially after the murder of Ion G. Duca in December 1933 and the desecration of his memorial plate in 1936 ("The Iron Guard is not a movement of the [public] opinion, but rather an association of assassins and foul profaners of tombs").

Carol's minister
A staunch ally of France and the United Kingdom and a steadfast adversary of the Iron Guard movement in Romania, Călinescu also supported King Carol II's move to counter the Iron Guard's success; he first confronted the PNȚ leadership during the elections of 1937, after it signed an electoral agreement with the Iron Guard. Eventually, he defied his party by becoming Minister of the Interior after December of that year, in the short-lived Octavian Goga cabinet formed by the National Christians, being immediately expelled from the PNȚ.

He began preparing himself for the confrontation with the Iron Guard. While organizing the early elections of March 1938, he took steps to limit the Guard's propaganda machine, and closed down all press linked to the Guard, causing violent clashes between the movement and representatives of state authorities.

Călinescu remained in office during the royal dictatorship established by King Carol in 1937, serving as vice-premier under Miron Cristea. According to historian Joseph Rothschild, he was actually the real power in the government. He was also a founding member of the National Renaissance Front (FRN) created by as the sole legal party in December 1938, and was generally seen as very close to Carol. He soon became involved in a virulent dispute with historian Nicolae Iorga, when the latter issued harsh criticism regarding Carol's January 1939 initiative to dress large sections of the society, including Romanian Academy members, in various uniforms (a measure backed by Călinescu); Iorga remarked with irony: "I'm prepared to wear the FRN uniform, but allow me to wear a speared helmet on my head, on which to place [that is, to impale] the Minister of the Interior". Eventually (in May of the same year), Iorga gave in to the demands and became a supporter of the regime.

In May, after witnessing the result of German pressure on Austria (see Anschluss), Călinescu decapitated the Guard by ordering arrests of its leaders, beginning with that of Codreanu, as well as many of its members and sympathisers (including Nae Ionescu and Mircea Eliade). Codreanu and other leaders (probably as much as 300 people) were consequently killed in custody; ostensibly because they were "killed while trying to escape". Other Legionaries were pressured to sign "declarations of dissociation". Many other Guard leaders, including Horia Sima, fled to various locations in Germany.

On 7 March 1939, after brief stints as Minister of Health and Minister of Education, he replaced Cristea as Premier upon his death, being considered the "man of steel" able to prevent the Iron Guard's political rise and to keep Romania out of the pro-German war camp (the nickname "The Man of Steel" probably originated, under the form l'homme d'acier, in essays written by the French journalists Jérôme and Jean Tharaud on Romanian topics). However, he had been Prime Minister in all but name since February, when he was granted extensive powers in the wake of Cristea's illness. Călinescu was also Minister of the Interior and Minister of Defense. In September of that year, after the invasion of Poland, certain members of Iron Guard alleged that Călinescu and the King Carol planned with the British Intelligence services to blow up the Prahova oil fields, preventing Germany from taking control and using them. Armand Călinescu allowed the Polish Government-in-Exile and civilians to take refuge in Romania and also ordered Romanian trains to be sent to Poland to evacuate Polish national treasures, which were sent to England from the Romanian port of Constanța, an action which made the Third Reich very angry with the Romanian Government.

Death
Călinescu was shot dead on 21 September 1939 in Bucharest by Iron Guard members under the direct leadership of Sima. This was the last of several assassination attempts, including an attack on the Romanian Athenaeum and bombing a bridge over the Dâmbovița River, both of which were thwarted by the police.

It seems that the action was carried out with German approval and assistance.

Legacy
The vast majority of sources reacting to the events made ample mention of German backing for Călinescu's killers, with the exception of German media. German sources alleged that Polish and British political forces had supported the assassination as a means to pressure Romania into abandoning its neutrality, a version that was supported by, among others, Hans Fritzsche.

A more severe repression of the Iron Guard followed under the provisional leadership of Gheorghe Argeșanu and was inaugurated by the immediate execution of the assassins and the public display of their bodies at the murder site for days on end. A placard was set up on the spot, reading De acum înainte, aceasta va fi soarta trădătorilor de țară ("From now on, this shall be the fate of those who betray the country"), and students from several Bucharest secondary schools were required to visit the site (based on the belief that would dissuade them from affiliating with the Guard). Executions of known Iron Guard activists were ordered in various places in the country (some were hanged on telegraph poles, while a group of Legionnaires was shot in front of Ion G. Duca's statue in Ploiești); in all, over 300 members of the Iron Guard were killed without trial. Călinescu was succeeded by Marinescu as Minister of the Interior and by Ioan Ilcuș as Minister of Defense.

One year later, under the National Legionary State (the Iron Guard's government), Marinescu and Argeșanu, alongside other politicians, were executed at Jilava Prison (September 1940); it was also at that time that the Călinescu family crypt in Curtea de Argeș was dynamited, and a bronze bust of him which awaited unveiling was chained and dragged through the streets of Pitești. Călinescu's wife Adela was required to hand all of her husband's personal documents and, in a letter to Conducător Ion Antonescu, claimed to have been repeatedly harassed by agents of Siguranța Statului.

title: Armand Călinescu


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Hutchins Gordon Burton

Hutchins Gordon Burton (1774 –April 21, 1836) was the 22nd Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1824 to 1827. Some sources indicate that he was not affiliated with any party at the time, although he was associated, according to other sources, with the Federalist Party and later with the National Republican Party.

There is some uncertainty as to the time and place of Burton's birth. Burton appears to have been born in Mecklenburg County, Virginia in 1774. However, some sources also give his birth year as 1782. Burton was sent to Granville County, North Carolina (now Vance County) to live with his uncle, Revolutionary War Colonel and politician Robert Burton, when his father died. Young Burton went on to practice law, serve in the North Carolina General Assembly, and be elected by that body as North Carolina Attorney General. He served as Attorney General from 1810 until his resignation in 1816.

Burton moved to Halifax Town in 1817 and practiced law. He was elected to the state House of Commons on August 14, 1817 and served a single one-year term. On August 12, 1819, Burton was elected to the United States House of Representatives for the term 1819–1821. He was supported both by the Federalists, who were strong in Halifax Town, and also by the Democratic-Republican Party. Burton was re-elected in 1821 and 1823. He resigned from Congress on March 23, 1824.

The North Carolina state legislature elected Burton the Governor of the state in 1824 and re-elected him in 1825 and 1826. During his term, President John Quincy Adams appointed him governor of Arkansas, but Burton was not confirmed by the United States Senate.

Burton died in 1836 while visiting relatives in Iredell County, North Carolina and is buried at Unity Presbyterian Church in Lincoln County, North Carolina.

Ghost
The circumstances of Governor Burton's death have long been part of family oral tradition and North Carolina lore. As Armistead C. Gordon, Esq. recounts in Marguerite du Pont Lee's Virginia Ghosts and Others, "Among the historic homes in the old County and town of Halifax, N.C. is "Rocky Hill" the summer residence of Governor Hutchins G. Burton, a distinguished lawyer and statesman of the Revolutionary period, who married a daughter of Willie Jones, the famous Jeffersonian-Republican leader through whose efforts the adoption of the Federal Constitution was defeated in the Hillsboro Convention of North Carolina because it contained no Bill of Rights.

Governor Burton lived at "The Grove," the residence of his father-in-law, Willie Jones, in the town of Halifax where John Paul, the young Scotch sailor, spent some months prior to entering the American Navy at the beginning of the Revolution, and in honor of whose owners, Mr. and Mrs. Jones; he adopted the name of John Paul Jones.

Governor Burton and his family were staying at Rocky Hill in the spring of 1836, when he was called to Texas where he owned a large tract of land. Setting out by stage coach, he arrived at Salisbury in the western part of the State and stopped there on his way south to look after some business in court. Meeting his cousin Robert Burton of Lincoln County he went home with him to spend a few days. On the trip to Lincoln County he and his cousin visited the Wayside Inn and spent the night. Here he was taken ill and died within twenty-four hours, April 21, 1836 at age 61.

His wife [Sarah "Sallie" Welsh Jones Burton] had been on a visit and was returning to Rocky Hill about dusk in her carriage driven by her servant William and accompanied by an infant grandchild and a nurse. As they approached the house which is situated on a high hill she and William saw Governor Burton coming down the hill on a white horse which he usually rode. Her attention was distracted momentarily by the crying of the child and when she looked again expecting her husband to speak as he approached the carriage both rider and horse had vanished.

On account of the slow mail facilities of the time, Mrs. Burton did not hear of the Governor's death until three weeks after it occurred, and she then learned that he had died at the very hour when the apparition had appeared to her and her carriage driver.

Rocky Hill which is situated near Ringwood in Halifax County was still standing in 1918 and was then owned by Mr. S. Harrison. The story of Governor Burton's apparition is well authenticated and has persisted in Halifax County for nearly a hundred years.

He was buried in Unity Churchyard, Lincoln County."

title: Hutchins Gordon Burton


text:
Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven

Louis Armstrong and his Hot Seven was a jazz studio group organized to make a series of recordings for Okeh Records in Chicago, Illinois, in May 1927. Some of the personnel also recorded with Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five, including Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Lil Armstrong (piano), and Johnny St. Cyr (banjo and guitar). These musicians were augmented by Dodds's brother, Baby Dodds (drums), Pete Briggs (tuba), and John Thomas (trombone, replacing Armstrong's usual trombonist, Kid Ory, who was then touring with King Oliver). Briggs and Thomas were at the time working with Armstrong's performing group, the Sunset Stompers.

In five sessions between May 7 and May 14, 1927, the group recorded at least 12 sides, including "Willie the Weeper," "Wild Man Blues", "Twelfth Street Rag" and "Potato Head Blues" (celebrated for Louis Armstrong's stop-time solo and triumphant ride-out final chorus). Thomas Brothers cites "Wild Man Blues" as a "breathtaking breakthrough" for Armstrong's solo style because of its "effortless flow between melody, embellishment, fill-ins, and breaks."

In these records, Armstrong continued and further developed his mastery of the jazz solo, almost completely dominating some of the numbers and further breaking down the New Orleans jazz style of collective improvisation into a vehicle for the soloist. In addition to his continued personal development, the Hot Seven sides feature Armstrong's new inclination towards worked-out and rehearsed arrangements, which can be heard in "Chicago Breakdown" and "Willie the Weeper."

The Hot Seven song "Melancholy Blues" is included on the Voyager Golden Record, attached to the Voyager spacecraft.

title: Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven


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Victor Hugo station

Victor Hugo is a station on Paris Métro Line 2. It is named after the author Victor Hugo, and located directly underneath Place Victor Hugo in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station, located between the western terminus of Porte Dauphine and the Charles de Gaulle - Étoile station, is located northeast of Place Victor-Hugo, and has a stopping point replacing an old abandoned station, their platforms established at:
 * for the old abandoned station, in a marked curve under the square, along the axis of Avenue Bugeaud and Avenue Victor-Hugo;
 * for the current station, under Avenue Victor-Hugo, northeast of the original location.

History
When first opened in 1900 as part of line 2 Nord, the platforms were built on the tight bend between Avenue Victor Hugo and Avenue Bugeaud. However, when new rolling stocks were introduced in 1931, the curve of the track was too tight for people to board and alight safely on these new trains. So, the station was rebuilt closer to Charles de Gaulle – Étoile (at the time named Étoile) on the straight stretch of track immediately after the curve.

The original station is clearly visible from the end of the platforms, and remains accessible to staff. It still features some of the original flat tiles that were first in use on the network, and have now almost entirely disappeared.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro revival program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated on 17 September 2002.

In July 2018, after the France national football team won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the station was temporarily renamed Victor Hugo Lloris after captain and goalkeeper Hugo Lloris.

In 2019, 3,841,033 travelers entered this station which placed it at the 128th position of metro stations for its usage.

It owes its name to its location under Place Victor-Hugo and Avenue Victor-Hugo, which pay homage to Victor Hugo (1802-1885), French poet, playwright, prose writer, novelist and draftsman, considered to be one of the most important French-language writers.

Access
The station has two entrances leading to Place Victor-Hugo:
 * entrance 1 - Avenue Victor-Hugo, consisting of a fixed staircase adorned with a Guimard entrance classified as a historic monument by a decree of 29 May 1978, located northeast of the square, at the angle formed by the eponymous avenue and Rue Léonard-de-Vinci;
 * entrance 2 - Avenue Raymond-Poincaré, consisting of an ascending escalator allowing only an exit from the platform in the direction of Porte Dauphine, located north of the square, at the corner with Rue Léonard-de- Vinci and Avenue Raymond-Poincaré.

Platforms
Victor Hugo is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 revival and, the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The advertising frames are in a faience honey color and the name of the station is also in faience, in the style of the original CMP, a unique case on line 2. The seats are in a Motte style red. The station is distinguished however by the lower part of its platforms which are vertical and not elliptical, except at the end on the Porte Dauphine side (where the accesses take place), which is located within the very end of the old platforms; it is therefore recognizable by its lower vault and the curvature of the platforms at the level of the tympan.

The wall on the platform towards Nation has a niche fitted out as a small display window dedicated to Victor Hugo. It houses a particular bust in his likeness.

The abandoned old station, also of standard configuration but set in a steep curve, remains clearly visible to the passengers of the trains passing it. It is also possible to see it from the end of the platforms of the current station on the Porte Dauphine side.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 52 and 82 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Fontaine de la place Victor-Hugo
 * Église Saint-Honoré-d'Eylau

title: Victor Hugo station


text:
Gabriel Holmes

Gabriel Holmes (1769 –September 26, 1829) was the 21st Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1821 to 1824. He also served as a Representative from North Carolina. He was non-aligned and represented no political party.

Biography
Gabriel Holmes was born near Clinton in the Province of North Carolina in 1769. He attended Zion Parnassus Academy in Rowan County and Harvard University, studied law in Raleigh, N.C., was admitted to the bar in 1790. and commenced practice in Clinton, N.C. He served in the State House of Commons 1794 and 1795; member of the State Senate 1797–1802, 1812, and 1813; Governor of North Carolina 1821–1824; elected to the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first Congresses and served from March 4, 1825, until his death near Clinton, Sampson County, N.C., September 26, 1829. He was Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Twentieth Congress).

He was buried in the John Sampson Cemetery. His body was moved there on Memorial Day, 1984, by the Sampson County Historical Society.

He was the father of the Confederate Lieutenant General Theophilus H. Holmes.

title: Gabriel Holmes


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Jesse Franklin

Jesse Franklin (March 24, 1760 –August 31, 1823) was the Democratic-Republican U.S. senator from the U.S. state of North Carolina between 1799 and 1805 and between 1807 and 1813. In 1804, Franklin briefly served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate. He later served as the 20th Governor of North Carolina from 1820 to 1821. Franklin was the brother of Meshack Franklin, who also served in Congress.

Early life
Jesse Franklin was born in Orange County in the Colony of Virginia on March 24, 1760. He was the son of Bernard and Mary Franklin, the third of seven sons.

Franklin moved to North Carolina with his father in 1774 and served as a major during the Revolutionary War. During the war he was captured by Tories, but escaped. Franklin was in the Battle of Kings Mountain and served as Adjutant of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland's battalion. (Cleveland was a relative of Franklin's.) He was also at the Battle of Guilford Court House. He performed further service in partisan warfare against Tories in North Carolina, service that continued to the end of the war.

In Greensboro there is a monument to Revolutionary War soldiers Joseph Winston, Jesse Franklin and Richard Taliaferro, the gift of Governor Thomas M. Holt.

Early political career and service in Congress
Franklin was a member of the state legislature in 1793–1794 and 1797–1798. He was elected to the Fourth Congress and served from March 4, 1795 to March 4, 1797. Franklin was then elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1799 to March 4, 1805. Franklin was put up by the Legislature for re-election in December 1804, but Republicans at the time were divided in their support of him and Federalists did not think highly of him, and he was defeated.

Franklin served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Eighth Congress. Franklin then served as a state senator in 1805–1806.

In 1806, he was again elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1807 until March 4, 1813. During his second period as a senator, Franklin was known as an advocate of Madison's war measures, and as an opponent of monopolies and central banks.

Franklin was appointed a commissioner to negotiate with the Chickasaw Indians near the site of present-day Memphis in 1817, an appointment he accepted at the request of General Andrew Jackson.

Governor of North Carolina
Franklin was Governor of North Carolina from 1820 to 1821. During his term as governor, the Canova statue of George Washington was placed at the state Capitol in a new addition containing a rotunda that was considered an appropriate area for displaying it.

As governor, Franklin was considered to be conscientious and practical. He advocated reform in the treatment of criminals, including abolition of ear cropping.

Death
Franklin died in Surry County, North Carolina on August 31, 1823. He was interred in Surry County. In 1906, his remains were moved to Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, near Greensboro.

title: Jesse Franklin


text:
Ternes station

Ternes is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro, under the Place des Ternes on the border between the 8th and 17th arrondissements.

Location
The station is set up in a curve under Place des Ternes, between the southern section of Avenue de Wagram and the outlet of Boulevard de Courcelles. Oriented along a northeast–southwest axis, it is located between the Charles de Gaulle–Étoile and Courcelles Métro stations.

History
The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of Line 2 Nord from Étoile to Anvers. It became simply line 2 on 17 October 1907. The name of the street derives from Villa Externa (Latin for "external house"), a medieval farm and residence of the Bishop of Paris outside the city, that became the name of the locality, which was originally part of Saint-Denis, then Neuilly, and was finally annexed by Paris in 1860.

The Barrière des Ternes was a gate (also known as the Barrière du Roule) at the same location built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in 1859.

From the 1950s until 2007, the pedestals were covered with metallic camber with blue horizontal uprights and illuminated golden advertising frames, then completed with "shell" seats characteristic of the "Motte" style, in white.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated on 21 December 2001, then around 2008, the platforms renovation lead to the removal of their metalwork.

In 2019, 3,329,214 travelers entered this station which placed it at 153rd position of metro stations for its usage out of 303 metro stations.

Access
The station has three entrances:

 * entrance 1: Place des Ternes, consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Guimard entrance classified as a historic monument by a decree on 25 July 1965, leading to the central reservation on Place des Ternes;
 * entrance 2: Avenue des Ternes, consisting of a fixed staircase embellished with a mast with a yellow M inscribed in a circle, located to the right of no. 3 at Place des Ternes;
 * entrance 3: Boulevard de Courcelles, consisting of an escalator allowing only an exit from the platform in the direction of Porte Dauphine, located opposite no. 130 Boulevard de Courcelles.

Platform
Ternes is a standard curve station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the tunnel exits and the outlets of the corridors. The vault is coated and painted white. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the name of the station is written in a Parisine font on enameled plates. The seats are green Akiko style.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30, 31, 43 and 341 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Salle Wagram
 * Salle Pleyel

title: Ternes station


text:
Courcelles station

Courcelles is a station on Paris Métro Line 2, under the Boulevard de Courcelles on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Boulevard de Courcelles, east of the intersection with the eponymous street. Approximately oriented along an east–west axis, it intersects between Ternes and Monceau stations.

History
The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of Line 2 Nord from Étoile to Anvers which became line 2 on 17 October 1907. The Boulevard was named after the Barrière de Courcelles, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in 1859. The gate was named after a small village in the area that was absorbed into Paris in 1860.

From the 1950s until 2007, the walls were covered with metal bodywork with blue horizontal uprights and illuminated golden advertising frames. This arrangement was then supplemented with shell white seats characteristic of the Motte style.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated on 22 November 2002 and then the platforms in 2008 which led to the removal of their metal bodywork.

In 2019, 2,557,929 travelers entered this station which placed it at 205th position of the metro stations for its usage of 303 metro stations.

Access
The station has two entrances opening on either side of Boulevard de Courcelles, each consisting of a fixed staircase embellished with a mast with a yellow M inscribed in a circle:
 * entrance 1 - Boulevard de Courcelles - Parc Monceau leading to the right of boulevard at no. 53;
 * entrance 2 - Rue de Chazelles located opposite no. 1 of this street, at the corner with the boulevard.

Platforms
Courcelles is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 renovation, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, the tunnel exits and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the name of the station is written in the Parisine font on enameled plates. The Akiko style seats are orange.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30 and 84 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris, seat of the archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe.
 * L’église Suédoise de Paris, of the Lutheran faith.

Trivia
Fulgence Bienvenüe, father of the Métro, lived near this station.

title: Courcelles station


text:
John Branch

John Branch Jr. (November 4, 1782 – January 4, 1863) was an American politician who served as U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, the 19th Governor of the state of North Carolina, and was the sixth and last governor of the Florida Territory.

Biography
Branch was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on November 4, 1782, the son of wealthy landowners. Educated at the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society, he occupied himself as a planter and civic leader. Branch served in the North Carolina Senate from 1811 to 1817 and was the state's Governor from 1817 to 1820. After further service in the state Senate, he represented North Carolina in the United States Senate from 1823 until 1829 and was a strong supporter of Andrew Jackson.

When Jackson became President, he selected Branch as his Secretary of the Navy. In that post, Branch promoted several reforms in the Navy's policies and administration, many of which were not implemented until years later. He reduced the resources going to the construction of new ships, while increasing those applied to keeping existing vessels in good repair. Branch also sent the frigate USS Potomac to the Far East to punish the murderers of a U.S. merchant ship's crew and to generally promote and protect American commerce in the region.

John Branch resigned as Secretary in 1831, during the Petticoat affair, which involved the social ostracism of Margaret O'Neill Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton by a group of Cabinet members and their wives led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun. Later that year, Branch was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Jacksonian and later to North Carolina state political offices. In the mid-1830s, he moved to Leon County, Florida, where he lived for much of the next decade-and-a-half on his Live Oak Plantation. In 1844, President John Tyler appointed him Florida's territorial governor until the 1845 election of a governor under the state constitution. Branch returned to North Carolina in the early 1850s, remaining there until his death on January 4, 1863.

Branch is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Enfield, North Carolina.

Branch married Eliza Fort (1787–1851) and had 7 children.

Branch was an uncle of the Confederate General Lawrence O'Bryan Branch. His daughter, Margaret, married Daniel Smith Donelson, the nephew of President Jackson.

title: John Branch


text:
Mary Ann Horton

Mary Ann Horton (born Mark Randolph Horton, on November 21, 1955), is a Usenet and Internet pioneer. Horton contributed to Berkeley UNIX (BSD), including the vi editor and terminfo database, created the first email binary attachment tool uuencode, and led the growth of Usenet in the 1980s.

Horton successfully requested the first transgender-inclusive language added to the Equal Employment Policy in a large American company, and championed the language and insurance coverage of transgender health benefits at other companies.

Horton is a computer scientist and a transgender educator and activist.

Education
Horton was born in Richland, Washington, and raised in the Pacific Northwest. Finding an interest in computer programming in 1970, Horton moved to San Diego County in 1971, and quickly fell in love with California. She graduated from San Dieguito High School in 1973. Earning a BSCS from the University of Southern California in 1976, Horton went on to obtain an MSCS at the University of Wisconsin, and transfer to the University of California at Berkeley in 1978, earning a PhD in Computer Science in 1981.

Horton was introduced to UNIX at Wisconsin, creating an enhanced UNIX text editor called hed. At Berkeley, she contributed to the development of Berkeley UNIX, including the vi text editor, uuencode (the first mechanism for binary Email attachments), w and load averages, termcap, and curses. Her PhD dissertation was the creation of a new type of syntax-directed editor with a textual interface. This technology was later used to create computer-aided software engineering tools.

In 1980, Horton brought Usenet's A News system to Berkeley and began to champion its growth from a 10-site network. To Usenet's original dialup UUCP technology, she added support for Berknet and ARPANET, and added a gateway between several popular ARPANET mailing lists and usenet "fa" newsgroups. In 1981, high school student Matt Glickman asked Horton for a spring break project, and the two designed and implemented B News, which offered major performance and user interface improvements needed to keep up with the explosive growth of Usenet traffic volume.

UNIX and Internet work
In 1981, Horton became a Member of Technical Staff of Bell Labs in Columbus, Ohio. At Bell Labs she brought parts of Berkeley UNIX to UNIX System V, including vi and curses; as part of the work on curses, she developed terminfo as a replacement for termcap (most of this work shipped as part of SVR2). In 1987 she joined the Bell Labs Computation Center to bring official support for Usenet and Email to Bell Labs.

Horton continued to lead Usenet until 1988. During this time she promoted rapid growth by arranging news feeds for new sites. Each new site agreed to be the feed for two more new sites as the need arose. This policy contributed to the growth of Usenet to over 5000 sites by 1987. Horton recruited membership in and designed the original physical topology of the Usenet Backbone in 1983. Gene "Spaf" Spafford then created an email list of the backbone administrators, plus a few influential posters. This list became known as the Backbone Cabal and served as a "political (i.e. decision making) backbone". The backbone ensured the reliability and performance of the overall network.

Usenet began with only a few messages per day, but volume rapidly grew to become a problem. Horton added moderated newsgroups, distinguished with names beginning with "mod" or containing "announce", and moderated the first such newsgroup: news.announce.important. Only the moderator could post messages, all other messages were automatically sent to the moderator for approval. Eventually the B News software was enhanced to permit any newsgroup with any name to be moderated.

Usenet relied on email for replies, requiring that Usenet links could be used for email. At first, all Usenet and UUCP messages used "bang paths", such as unc!research!ucbvax!mark, as email addresses. Horton guided this email process, including the use of the ARPANET/UUCP gateway, using routed email addresses such as cbosgd!mark@berkeley. These addresses were complex, convoluted, and sometimes ambiguous. When Internet domains were first created in 1983, Horton championed their use, publishing the classic paper "What is a domain?"

At Usenix in January 1984, Horton recruited a group of volunteers to create the UUCP Mapping Project. The project divided the world into geographic regions. A volunteer for each region maintained the region's UUCP connectivity map and posted it regularly to the comp.mail.maps newsgroup. Each site ran Steve Bellovin and Peter Honeyman's pathalias program to create a locally optimized email routing database from this map. Horton worked with Chris Seiwald and Larry Auton to produce the smail program, used this database to route email, using email addresses such as mark@cbosgd.UUCP.

In the mid 1980s, early domain use included .ARPA, .UUCP, .CSNET, and .BITNET as top level domains, representing four major email networks. In January 1986, Horton represented UUCP at a meeting to arrange technical cooperation of these networks. Others were Dan Oberst representing BITNET, Craig Partridge representing CSNET, and Ken Harrenstein, who hosted the meeting on behalf of the ARPANET. Harrenstein convinced the others to support the creation of six top level functionally domains COM, EDU, ORG, NET, GOV, and MIL. Each network was authorized to register domains in COM, EDU, ORG, and NET. This group of registrars was the precursor to the ICANN domain name registry.

Horton implemented the UUCP portion of the registry by reorganizing the UUCP Project into the "UUCP Zone". With Tim Thompson, Horton registered 150 UUCP-only organizations with officially sanctioned .COM and .EDU domains. mark@stargate.com became a valid UUCP email address, even though the message was delivered via UUCP using dial-up modems.

The UUCP Zone joined with Lauren Weinstein's Stargate project, which built a pilot project to transmit Usenet over satellite television, to form Stargate Information Systems. The first domain they registered was stargate.com, the second was Horton's employer, att.com. The att.com domain connected to the Internet using dial-up modems until 1990, when Horton implemented Bill Cheswick's firewall architecture to build AT&T's first TCP/IP connection to the Internet with a demonstrably secure firewall.

Horton's 1990 book, Portable C Software became a popular reference for programming in C. It outlined functions and programming techniques that could be reliably used on many different types of computer systems, and which methods were unportable.

In 1992, Horton created an internal email package for Bell Labs called EMS (Electronic Messaging System). This package integrated the existing UUCP-based email system with the AT&T "POST" white pages directory and the domain-based email world. She created and led a supported email service for Bell Labs. This system supported many email addressing formats, including those that dynamically queried the POST directory:
 * Handle: mark@att.com
 * Full name: Mark.R.Horton@att.com
 * Broadcast to a building: loc=oh0012/all=yes@att.com
 * Complex query: all technical managers and directors in Columbus: loc=oh0012/tl=tmgr/tl=dir/all=yes@att.com

In 2000, Horton joined Avaya, where she was the Sr. Manager of Avaya Corporate Email and Directory. In 2002, Horton joined the UNIX Implementation Engineering group at Bank One, which was purchased by JPMorgan Chase in 2004. Finally fulfilling a lifelong dream, Horton moved from Columbus to San Diego in 2007, joining Sempra Energy's Transmission Grid Operations team.

Diversity work
Horton is a transgender woman. Adopting the name Mary Ann in 1987, Horton founded Columbus' first transgender support group, the Crystal Club, in 1989. In 1997, she joined EQUAL, Lucent's LGBT employee resource group, and saw the value of being "out" at work, supported by an Equal Opportunity (EO) nondiscrimination policy. At the time, no major company included transgender language in their EO policy. Horton asked for its inclusion in Lucent's policy, and recommended the language "gender identity, characteristics, or expression". As a result, Lucent became the first large company to add transgender-inclusive language to its EO policy in October, 1997.

At the time, Horton identified as a crossdresser, presenting sometimes as Mark and sometimes as Mary Ann. After the Lucent EO policy was published, Horton worked at Lucent primarily as Mark, but occasionally as Mary Ann. She was the first known crossdresser to successfully work part-time as a woman for a large company. Despite controversy about the ability of corporate America to deal with a part-time crossdresser, Horton's workplace experience was positive.

Horton championed the addition of transgender-inclusive language with other companies, supporting its addition to Apple, Xerox, Chase, and later to Bank One and Sempra Energy. The "characteristics" term was intended to include intersex individuals, but was removed after discussions with intersex activists who stated that "gender expression" best includes their needs.

Horton was one of the first transgender actors to play a transgender role on television. She appeared as Aurora, a business executive, in a public service announcement advertisement for Stonewall Columbus entitled The Boardroom in June 2003.

Horton was awarded the "Trailblazer" award by Out & Equal Workplace Advocates in October, 2001 for her work at Lucent and Avaya. The next week, she transitioned, presenting full-time as Mary Ann. Over the next few years, she took appropriate medical steps, and legally changed her name to Mary Ann Horton and her sex to female.

In the 1990s, most employer health insurance policies denied coverage for sex reassignment surgery (SRS) or anything related to it. Horton advocated for the inclusion of transgender health benefits (THBs) in these policies. She documented Lucent's coverage of SRS in 2000. and championed the inclusion of points for THBs in the Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index, which were added in 2005.

In 2002, Horton gathered data from 13 of 15 major SRS surgeons to determine incidence, intrinsic prevalence, and average cost of SRS-related surgeries. This data, presented at the Out & Equal Annual Workplace Summit showed that the cost of THB coverage, previously believed to be very high, is actually very low, less than 40 cents per US resident per year. This data, combined with the HRC CEI points, has led to increased coverage of THBs by large employers.

On October 28, 2022, the 25th anniversary of Lucent's nondiscrimination policy, Horton released a memoir, Trailblazer: Lighting the Path for Transgender Equality in Corporate America recounting her life as a transgender woman and as a trans activist.

Current status
Horton currently resides in Poway, California.

Horton is retired from Sempra Energy as a Principal EMS Programmer/Analyst. (In this case, EMS stands for energy management system, a SCADA control system.)

Horton is also a Consultant on Transgender Workplace issues and on UNIX and Internet technology. She owns Red Ace Technology Solutions, providing discounted web hosting services to nonprofit organizations and small businesses.

title: Mary Ann Horton


text:
Counterparty

A counterparty (sometimes contraparty) is a legal entity, unincorporated entity, or collection of entities to which an exposure of financial risk may exist. The word became widely used in the 1980s, particularly at the time of the Basel I deliberations in 1988.

Well-drafted contracts usually attempt to spell out in explicit detail what each counterparty's rights and obligations are in every conceivable circumstance, though there are limits. There are general provisions for how counterparties are treated under the law, and (at least in common law legal systems) there are many legal precedents that shape the common law.

Financial services sector
Within the financial services sector, the term market counterparty is used to refer to governments, public banks, national monetary authorities and international monetary organisations such as the World Bank Group that act as the ultimate guarantor for loans and indemnities. The term may also be applied, in a more general sense, to companies acting in this role.

Also within financial services, counterparty can refer to brokers, investment banks, and other securities dealers that serve as the contracting party when completing "over the counter" securities transactions. The term is generally used in this context in relation to "counterparty risk", which is the risk of monetary loss a firm may be exposed to if the counterparty to an over-the-counter securities trade encounters difficulty meeting its obligations under the terms of the transaction.

Insurance sector
Within the insurance sector, this term is extended to include companies offering or requiring high-level retrocession of insurance risk to insurance companies in a role similar to that offered by governments. This term, over time, has become more generally applied to companies offering or requiring retrocession and other forms of reinsurance.

title: Counterparty


text:
Monceau station

Monceau is a station on Paris Métro Line 2 near the Parc Monceau on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under the Boulevard de Courcelles at the Place de la République-Dominican, on the edge of the Parc Monceau. Oriented approximately along an east–west axis, it intersects between Courcelles and Villiers stations.

History
The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 Nord from Étoile to Anvers and became simply line 2 on 17 October 1907. The station and the park derive their name from a village in this area that was annexed by Paris in 1860. The Barrière de Chartres, a gate built in 1790 for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General, was at the same location. The Monceau park of the same name is an acquisition of Philippe d'Orléans in 1778.

Close to Parc Monceau is the Musée Cernuschi (Asian art music) and the Musée Nissim de Camondo (museum of furniture and other household furnishings), and Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner (dedicated to the works of painter Jean-Jacques Henner).

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated on 20 March 2002.

On 1 April 2016, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were replaced by the RATP to produce an April Fool for a day, as in twelve other stations. Monceau is humorously renamed Ma pelle.

In 2019, 1,672,269 travelers entered this station which placed it at 269th position for the metro stations for its usage out of 303.

Access
The station has a single entrance named Place de la République-Dominicaine, leading to the south sidewalk of Boulevard de Courcelles near the Barrière de la Rotonde de Chartres, which marks the entrance to Parc Monceau on the said square. Made up of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, which was the subject of a decree as a historic monument on 12 February 2016.

Platforms
Monceau is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The shell seats, in a green color, are typical of the Motte style.

Bus services
The station is served by line 30 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Parc Monceau
 * Musée Cernuschi
 * Musée Nissim de Camondo
 * Portuguese Consulate in Paris

title: Monceau station


text:
Villiers station

Villiers is a station on Line 2 and Line 3 of the Paris Métro. It is located on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Place Prosper-Goubaux, at the start of Avenue de Villiers. The platforms for the two lines are placed side by side and approximately oriented east–west, along the axis of Boulevard de Courcelles.

History
It is named after the Avenue de Villiers, which once led to the 18th century village of Villiers-la-Garenne, now part of Levallois-Perret. The Barrière de Monceau, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General was at the same location; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished after 1859.

The Line 2 platforms opened on 21 January 1903, although trains had been operating between Étoile and Anvers since 7 October 1902. On 19 October 1904, it became the terminus for the first section of line 3, the other terminus being Père Lachaise. When first built, the platforms for line 3 were parallel and at the same height as those for line 2. However, for the extension to Porte de Champerret, the line 3 platforms and tracks had to be lowered in order for trains to be able to pass underneath the line 2 tracks.

The painter Édouard Vuillard produced a sketch of this station in 1916.

Since the 1950s and until 2008, the pillar of the two stopping areas were covered with metallic body with blue horizontal uprights and illuminated golden advertising frames. This arrangement was then supplemented with shell seats characteristic of the Motte style, blue in color.

As part of the RATP's Metro Renewal program, the station's corridors were renovated on 27 May 2005, then its platforms in 2009, leading to the removal of their bodywork.

It saw 6,237,308 travelers enter in the station 2018, which places it at the 60th position of the metro stations for its frequency.

Access
The station has three entrances:
 * Access 1: Avenue de Villiers: a fixed staircase decorated with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle, leading to the right of no. 2 Boulevard de Courcelles, at the corner with Avenue de Villiers;
 * Access 2: Boulevard des Batignolles: an escalator going up allowing only an exit, situated in front of no. 5 of Boulevard de Courcelles;
 * Access 3: Boulevard de Courcelles - Parc de Monceau: a fixed staircase decorated with a Guimard entrance listed as a historic monument by a decree on 29 May 1978, located at the right of nos. 25 and 27 of the same boulevard.

Station layout
The station has three exits.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. Two in number per stopping point, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the center and the vault is elliptical. The station on line 3, however, has a ceiling height much higher than normal (see above) and vertical pillars as a result. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations in both cases: the lighting strips are white and rounded in the Gaudin style for the metro revival in the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the pillars, tunnel exits, vault and openings in the corridors. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The seats are Akiko style, blue on line 2 and cyan on line 3.

Bus connections
The station is served by line 30 of the RATP Bus Network and is approximately 200 meters from the Malesherbes-Courcelles stop located on Boulevard Malesherbes, served by lines 20 and 93 of the same network. At night, it is served by lines N16 and N52 of the Noctilien network.

title: Villiers station


text:
William Miller (North Carolina politician)

William Miller (c. 1783 –September 10, 1825) was the 18th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1814 to 1817.

Born in Warren County, North Carolina, William Miller was orphaned at the age of 9 and inherited a substantial plantation. He briefly attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1802, but did not complete a degree. He began practicing law in 1805 and was named North Carolina Attorney General in 1810. That same year, he was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons, where he served until 1814, for two years as Speaker of the House (1812–1814).

In November 1814, Miller was elected Governor of North Carolina by the General Assembly, at the close of the War of 1812, which he supported. During his term, Miller laid the groundwork for the expansion of the state's educational system, and he served on the University of North Carolina Board of Trustees until his death.

After serving the maximum number of three one-year terms as governor, Miller left office in 1817. He returned to the North Carolina Senate in 1821, but lost a re-election bid the following year.

U.S. President John Quincy Adams appointed Miller as an envoy to Guatemala in 1825; Miller died after three days illness in Key West, Florida en route to his post.