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Rebecca St. James

Rebecca Jean Fink (Smallbone; born 26 July 1977), known professionally as Rebecca Jean or Rebecca St. James, is an Australian American contemporary Christian singer, songwriter and actress. She began performing in Australia in the late 1980s and released her first full-length studio album in 1991. She was signed to ForeFront Records in 1993, releasing her major label debut the following year.

St. James rose to fame in the late 1990s with her RIAA certified Gold albums God and Pray, the latter of which won a Grammy Award in 1999 for Best Rock Gospel Album, and her holiday album Christmas. The albums spawned multiple singles, including "God", "Go and Sin No More", and "Pray". Since then she has established herself as one of the most prominent musical artists in Contemporary Christian music (CCM), with five additional full-length studio albums: Transform, Worship God, If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, I Will Praise You, and Kingdom Come. Staple songs such as "Wait for Me", "Reborn", "Song of Love", "Alive", "Shine Your Glory Down", and "Battle Is the Lord's" have all been derived from these releases. She has earned nine No. 1 hits on Christian radio and has sold nearly two million albums since starting her career.

St. James is also an accomplished author and actress. To date, she has released over a dozen published books, narrated a documentary, and acted in nine films (including lead roles in Sarah's Choice and A Strange Brand of Happy), a musical stage show, and a VeggieTales episode ("An Easter Carol"). She is also an outspoken sexual abstinence and Pro-Life advocate, a spokesperson for Compassion International, the sister of Joel and Luke Smallbone, who comprise the band For King & Country, and the wife of Foster the People's former bassist Jacob "Cubbie" Fink.

Early life
Rebecca St. James was born Rebecca Jean Smallbone on 26 July 1977 in Sydney to parents David and Helen Smallbone.

Musical beginnings (1990–1995)
In 1990, at age 12, St. James opened shows for CCM artist Carman during his Australian tour. The following year she did an independent album, Refresh My Heart, in Australia under the stage name "Rebecca Jean". Soon after its release, her family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, United States, in 1991, where her father received a job offer. She and her family were in dire financial straits, but they were supported by neighbors who brought them food and their neighborhood Baptist church which gave them furniture after learning they were sleeping on the floor. In 1993, after singing at First Baptist Church of Franklin (now Church of the City), she signed with ForeFront Records and took her stage name at the label's request. In 1994 she released her major label debut: Rebecca St. James. She also released the Rebecca St. James: Extended Play Remixes EP in 1995.

God, Christmas, and Pray (1996–1999)
On 25 June 1996, St. James released her third studio album God, led by the title track. The album took her music in a new direction, focusing more on rock. It debuted to positive reviews and debuted at 200, and peaked at 168 on the Billboard 200. It also charted at No. 10 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 6 on Billboard's Contemporary Christian chart. In 1997, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album for God and in 2005 the album was RIAA certified gold for selling over 500,000 copies. To promote the album, St. James released a devotion book, 40 Days with God: A Devotional Journey, in 1996.

In 1997, St. James released the sequel to her devotional book: You're the Voice: 40 More Days with God. On 7 October of the same year, she released her fourth studio album and first holiday album, Christmas. The album charted at No. 12 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart and No. 14 on the Top Contemporary Christian chart.

On 20 October 1998, St. James released her fifth studio album, Pray, which debuted to mixed reviews. The album managed to chart at No. 168 on the Billboard 200, and No. 5 on both the Heatseekers Chart and the Contemporary Christian Chart. The album won a Grammy in 1999 for Best Rock/Gospel Album, and, in 2006, it was RIAA-certified gold for selling over 500,000 copies. Also in 1998, St. James contributed to the CCM compilation album Surfonic Water Revival with the song "Gold Coast".

In 1999, St. James released "Yes, I Believe In God" to radio only, in memory of the lives lost at the Columbine shooting. The song was later released on the album Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James. Also in 1999, St. James released a video on VHS, No Secrets, featuring interviews of her and her family, behind-the-scenes footage and the music video for the song "Pray". In addition to her own projects, St. James took part in a CD release, Heaven & Earth: A Tapestry of Worship, which featured female Christian artists such as Nichole Nordeman and Jennifer Knapp. The album was released in November 1999 and features two songs by St. James; "As We Wait" and "River of Life". She also contributed a remix of her song "Omega" to the CCM compilation Listen:Louder.

Transform, Worship God and Live Worship: Blessed Be Your Name (2000–2004)
In June 2000, St. James released a cover of the song "Shout to the Lord" on the CCM compilation album Eterne: Never Be the Same. The song was later made available on St. James' live record, Live Worship: Blessed Be Your Name, as an embedded hidden track.

On 24 October 2000, St. James released her sixth studio album, Transform. The album charted at No. 166 on the Billboard 200, No. 7 on the Heatseekers Chart, and No. 14 on the Contemporary Christian Chart. The album garnered positive reviews and featured the songs "Wait for Me" and "Reborn". Also in 2000, St. James made a cameo in the film Left Behind: The Movie. A year later, the devotional book, 40 Days with God was re-released with a new layout and five new devotions. Also in 2001, St. James contributed to the CCM compilation album The Prayer of a Jabez with the song "Lead Me Away", which is a duet with Michael Tait.

In 2002, to promote the single "Wait For Me" from Transform, St. James released the book Wait for Me: Rediscovering the Joy of Purity in Romance, which went on to sell over 100,000 copies and spawn a journal and study guide. The song and book promotes sexual abstinence before marriage, and St. James has since become a major spokesperson for the subject.

On 12 February 2002, St. James released a cover of the Keith Green song "Your Love Broke Through" on the compilation album Your Love Broke Through: The Worship Songs Of Keith Green. The song is a duet with Phil Keaggy. Two weeks later, on 26 February 2002, St. James released her seventh studio album, Worship God. The album debuted to extremely positive reviews and charted at No. 94 on the Billboard 200, marking St. James' first Top 100 album, and No. 5 on the Contemporary Christian chart. She released a DVD to promote the album 19 November 2002, that featured music videos, interviews, etc.

On 25 March 2003, after 10 years with ForeFront Records, St. James released her first compilation project, Wait for Me: The Best from Rebecca St. James, which features 16 of her most popular songs and two new ones, including "I Thank You" which managed to peak at No. 2 on Billboard's Hot Christian Songs chart. The album failed to make the Billboard 200, but charted at No. 16 on the Contemporary Christian chart.

On 24 February 2004, St. James released her first live album, Live Worship: Blessed Be Your Name, which included seven live songs and two studio-recorded songs. The album peaked at No. 187 on the Billboard 200 and No. 12 on the Top Christian Albums chart. Later that year, St. James released a compilation album, The Best of Rebecca St. James, and her book SHE: Safe, Healthy, Empowered: The Woman You're Made to Be. Also in 2004, St. James starred in the stage musical !Hero as a modern day Mary Magdalene (as Maggie). St. James later lent her voice to the VeggieTales episode "An Easter Carol" as Hope the Music Box Angel. She also took part in a pop/rock VeggieTales album, Veggie Rocks! and covered "The VeggieTales Theme Song" for the album. The same year, St. James appeared as a guest vocalist on records by Dennis Jernigan and Newsboys. She co-performed the songs "Faithful Friend" and "Blessed Be Your Name", respectively.

If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, film debut, and aLIVE in Florida (2005–2010)
After taking a hiatus from recording music, St. James returned to the studio in early 2005 to record new songs. On 24 October 2005, the first single from the album, "Alive", was released. The song managed to chart at No. 3 on R&R's CHR Chart and No. 13 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs Chart. Her eighth studio album, If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something, was released on 22 November 2005. The album debuted to fairly positive reviews. It charted at No. 14 on Billboard's Top Christian Albums Chart, but failed to make the Billboard 200.

On 1 July 2005, St. James released a Teen Edition of her book, SHE and on 1 October 2005, she released another book: Sister Freaks: Stories of Women Who Gave Up Everything For God. Also in 2005, St. James contributed a song, "Lion", to the album Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and released a cover of the Christmas carol "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing".

In early 2006, St. James embarked on her If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something Tour with fellow Christian group BarlowGirl. She also recorded "America", the theme song for the National Day of Prayer, co-written by singer/songwriter Phil Laeger. It was released to iTunes on 2 May 2006. She also recorded a cover of Chris Tomlin's song "Forever" for the album WOW Worship: Aqua. The same year, ForeFront Records put together a compilation album, The Early Years, that covered ten songs from her earliest releases: Rebecca St. James, GOD and Pray. Aside from music, St. James made her major character film debut in Unidentified as Colleen in 2006.

In 2007, ForeFront Records took live footage and recordings from the If I Had One Chance... Tour and released aLIVE in Florida, a CD/DVD collection on 20 March. The album features 14 live songs and an exclusive remix of "You Are Loved". The album charted at No. 43 on Billboard's Top Christian Albums Chart. At the time of the album's release, it was announced that St. James has sold over 1.8 million albums to date.

In the midst of a musical hiatus, ForeFront Records put together a two-disc compilation album, The Ultimate Collection, which was released 11 March 2008. Another compilation, Greatest Hits, was released later that year on 18 October 2008. On 3 September 2008, St. James released another book: Pure: A 90-Day Devotional for the Mind, Body, & Spirit.

In late 2008, St. James announced she would star as the lead role in Sarah's Choice, a film that was released to DVD on 17 November 2009. It includes "Little One", a song by St. James. The song was released almost two years later on 2 September 2011. The film received good reviews from Christian movie critics.

Although on musical hiatus, on 16 April 2009, St. James released "You're Alive" to iTunes as an advance single for her Resurrection Worship: Songs of Hope album. Then, in June 2009, she released "Wish" to her MySpace page. Aside from these brief musical endeavours, St. James' book Loved: Stories of Forgiveness was released on 1 September 2009.

On 19 August 2009, Christian Cinema reported that St. James had wrapped up filming a new film, Rising Stars, which was released on 22 October 2010. On 19 October 2010, St. James released her version of "O Little Town of Bethlehem" on the album The Essential Christmas Collection.

I Will Praise You, continued film career, and first novels (2011–2016)
On 18 November 2010, St. James announced that she had parted ways with ForeFront Records and would be releasing a new worship album in April 2011 via Beach Street/Reunion Records. Her ninth studio album, I Will Praise You, was released on 5 April 2011. It was preceded by the single "Shine Your Glory Down", which was released to Christian radio on 11 February. The album was met with positive reviews from Christian music critics and was highly successful, debuting at No. 18 on Billboard's Hot Christian Albums chart and later peaking at No. 9. It also peaked at No. 153 on the Billboard 200, her highest charting effort after Worship God. Her ninth book, What Is He Thinking?, hit shelves on 26 September 2011.

St. James continued her film career in 2011 with Suing the Devil. The Frontier Boys followed in 2012.

St. James starred in A Strange Brand of Happy, a romantic comedy film that was released on 13 September 2013. The film revolves around Joyce, a single Christian life coach who falls for an agnostic client. It began filming on 15 August 2011 in Cincinnati, and was released on 13 September 2013.

On 12 March 2013, St. James announced via Facebook that she was publishing The Merciful Scar, her first Christian novel, co-authored with Nancy Rue. It was released on 10 September 2013. She also narrated the documentary Mother India: Life Through the Eyes of the Orphan, which was released on 23 April 2013.

ForeFront Records released a compilation album on 7 January 2014. The CD was released as Icon, while the iTunes Store version was released as Best of Rebecca St. James. Her second novel, Sarah's Choice, an adaptation of the 2009 film of the same name in which St. James starred, was released on 27 May 2014, while her third novel, One Last Thing, was released on 10 March 2015. Both books were co-authored by Nancy Rue.

St. James' film career continued into 2015 with Faith of Our Fathers, which featured St. James portraying a car-stealing Australian hitchhiker. She also made a brief cameo in the 2016 film Priceless, which was written, produced, and edited by her brother Joel Smallbone, who also starred in the film.

Return to touring, Dawn, and Kingdom Come (2017–present)
After several years of musical hiatus, St. James recorded and released a cover of "Amazing Grace", with her brothers Joel and Luke Smallbone of the band for King & Country. The song was released in October 2017. She also toured with for King & Country and Casting Crowns on a Christmas tour, and released a live duet with for King & Country of their song "The Proof of Your Love". St. James later joined the "Greatest Hits Live" tour from November 2018 and continued through May 2019, with Point of Grace, Avalon, Nicole C. Mullen, Bob Carlisle and NewSong.

On 10 January 2019, St. James announced that she was writing music for a new album with frequent collaborator Tedd T. and that she had signed with Heritage Music Group, an imprint of Bethel Music. On 29 April 2020, St. James announced via Facebook live that her new album would be titled Dawn, although she later clarified in an Instagram post that Dawn would be an EP rather than a full-length record. The EP's first single, "Battle Is the Lord's", was released on 12 June 2020 and features guest artist Brandon Lake. Dawn was released on 24 July 2020. On 28 August 2020, St. James was featured on the acoustic version of For King & Country's single "Together", which also featured Cory Asbury.

On 22 October 2021, St. James released the single "Kingdom Come" featuring her brothers For King & Country. The song is the lead single from her tenth studio album, Kingdom Come, which was released on 25 March 2022. The second single from the album, "Praise", was released on 18 February 2022.

Unsung Hero, a film based on the lives of St. James and her family, was released via Lionsgate in April 2024.

Personal life
At age 19, she became a member of the City Church of Franklin (formerly known as the First Baptist Church of Franklin).

Two of her brothers, Joel and Luke Smallbone, formed the band For King & Country in 2007.

On 3 January 2011, she announced her engagement to Foster the People's former bassist Jacob "Cubbie" Fink, a Colorado native and a missionary to South Africa. Fink proposed on Christmas Day 2010 at St. James' family's farm in Franklin. They married on 23 April 2011, at the Junípero Serra Museum in San Diego, California. On 4 October 2013, St. James announced that they were expecting their first child and on 18 February 2014, she gave birth to their daughter Gemma Elena Fink. St. James gave birth to a second daughter, Imogen Watson Fink, on 11 May 2018. St. James announced on 29 April 2020 that she was 21 weeks pregnant with her third child. In August 2020, St. James gave birth to a son, River Jack.

Awards

 * 2000: Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album – Pray
 * 2002: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Prayer of Jabez
 * 2004: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – !Hero
 * 2006: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Discography

 * 1991: Refresh My Heart
 * 1994: Rebecca St. James
 * 1996: God
 * 1997: Christmas
 * 1998: Pray
 * 2000: Transform
 * 2002: Worship God
 * 2005: If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something
 * 2011: I Will Praise You
 * 2022: Kingdom Come

title: Rebecca St. James


text:
Kaita, Hiroshima

Kaita (海田町) is a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 30,608 in 14085 households and a population density of 2200 pd/sqkm. The total area of the town is 13.79 sqkm.

Geography
Kaita is located is located in the southwestern part of Hiroshima Prefecture, on the east side of Hiroshima Bay. The old Kaita town center is located at the mouth of the Seno River and has a lot of flat land, while the former Higashi Kaita town is located in a mountainous area with elevations of around 500 to 600 meters.

Adjoining municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Aki-ku, Hiroshima
 * Kumano
 * Saka

Climate
Kumano has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Kumano is 14.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1543 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kaita has been steady for the past 40 years.

History
The area of Kaita was the part of ancient Aki Province. In the Edo Period, it was part of the holdings of Hiroshima Domain. People started living in this area during the Jomon period, and the coastline was further inland than it is today. The place name 'Kaita' first appeared in records around the end of the Heian period, when there was a shōen manor owned by the imperial family called 'Kaita-sō' which existed into the Nanboku-chō period. A market town called 'Kaitaichi' developed around the mouth of the Seno River and became a post station on the Sanyōdō highway which connected Kyushu with the Kinai region. Following the Meiji restoration, the town of Kaitaichi and the village of Okukaita were established within Aki District, Hiroshima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The two municipalities were merged on September 30, 1956 to form the town of Kaita.

Government
Kaita has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Kaita, collectively with the other municipalities of Aki District contributes three members to the Hiroshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Hiroshima 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Kaita has a strong industrial base, with many automotive component suppliers related to Mazda located in the town. The town is also a commuter town for neighboring Hiroshima. The town is home to the 13th Brigade Headquarters of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.

Education
Kaita has four public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education., and one national public high school.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - San'yō Main Line, Kure Line
 * Kaitaichi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kaita, Hiroshima


text:
Kumano, Hiroshima

Kumano (熊野町) is a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 23,479 in 10728 households and a population density of 700 pd/sqkm. The total area of the town is 33.76 sqkm. Kumano-cho is famous for the manufacture of brushes called "Kumano-fude" (Kumano-brush).

Geography
Kumano is located in south-central Hiroshima, along the Kumano River, which flows through the Kumano Basin, which is surrounded by mountains on all sides.

Adjoining municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Aki-ku, Hiroshima
 * Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima
 * Kure, Hiroshima

Climate
Kumano has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Kumano is 15.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1543 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 25.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kumano has been steady for the past 40 years.

History
The area of Kumano was the part of ancient Aki Province. In the Edo Period, it was part of the holdings of Hiroshima Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, the village of Kumano was established within Aki District, Hiroshima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Kumano was raised to town status on October 1, 1918.

Government
Kumano has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Kumano, collectively with the other municipalities of Aki District contributes three members to the Hiroshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Hiroshima 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Kumano-cho is traditionally known for production of Japanese brush pens. The town commemorated its 90th anniversary since its establishment in 2008, and announced “The Brush Pen Day” on Spring Equinox for the purpose of reviving brush pen culture and the further development of brush pen industries. The town is increasingly a commuter town for neighboring Hiroshima and Kure.

Education
Kumano has four public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
The San'yō Shinkansen passes through Kumano via a tunnel, but the town itself has no passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Yano on the JR West Kure Line.

Highways
Kumano is not on any national highway or expressway.

title: Kumano, Hiroshima


text:
Saka, Hiroshima

Saka (坂町) is a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,853 in 5879 households and a population density of 820 pd/sqkm. The total area of the town is 15.69 sqkm.

Geography
Saka is located on the coast of Hiroshima Bay in south-central Hiroshima. A sits name implies, the area is very hilly and despite dense urbanization, forests cover over 50% of the town area.

Adjoining municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Aki-ku, Hiroshima
 * Minami-ku, Hiroshima
 * Kure
 * Kaita

Climate
Saka has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Saka is 15.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1543 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Saka has been steady for the past 60 years.

History
The area of Saka was the part of ancient Aki Province. In the Edo Period, it was part of the holdings of Hiroshima Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, the village of Saka was established within Aki District, Hiroshima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Saka was raised to town status on August 1, 1950.

Government
Saka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Saka, collectively with the other municipalities of Aki District contributes three members to the Hiroshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Hiroshima 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Saka is a regional commercial center and a commuter town for neighboring Hiroshima.

Education
Saka has three public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education. The Hiroshima Prefectural Police Academy is located in Saka.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - Kure Line
 * Koyaura - Mizushiri - Saka

Highways

 * JP Expressway E31.svg Hiroshima-Kure Road

title: Saka, Hiroshima


text:
Etajima, Hiroshima

Etajima (江田島市) is a city (formerly a town) located on the island of Etajima in Hiroshima Bay in southwestern Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

The modern city of Etajima was established on November 1, 2004, from the merger of the town of Etajima (from Aki District) absorbing three towns from Saeki District: Nōmi, Ōgaki, and Okimi.

As of December 31, 2016, the city has an estimated population of 24,596 and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area is 100.97 km2.

A naval museum and the Naval Academy Etajima is located in the portion of the city that was the town.

Etajima holds two annual marathons, the Orange Marathon and the Oyster Marathon.

The Orange Marathon has been held for more than two decades. It is held every year in October, at the beginning of the orange season. Each participant is rewarded for their efforts with a bag of locally grown oranges. The 23rd Annual Orange Marathon in 2008 had over 2000 participants for 1K, 3K, 5K, and 10K runs, and a half-marathon.

The Oyster Marathon is relatively a smaller scale marathon. Participants are rewarded with oysters.

On March 14, 2013, a man went on a stabbing rampage in Etajima, killing two co-workers and wounding six others.

title: Etajima, Hiroshima


text:
Talk:Larnaca

Untitled
I removed this external link:
 * Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: Citium.

We don't normally link to other encyclopaedias -_^. More seriously, this isn't a web site about Citium or related to Citium in any particular way. We might fill all of our articles with links to other encyclopaedias' articles, but the other links will be much clearer if we just let people search out other encyclopaedias on their own.

But I left the link here in case somebody planned to use it as a resource for our version. That's a perfectly good plan! -- Toby Bartels 04:41, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Untitled
I thought it necessary to correct the confusion: Kimon is not Zenon, Zenon did not die in battle, see my edit history. Quite important really! user:Aristophanes 23:13 GMT 13 November 2004

Israel Lebanon Conflict Evacuations
Several american news companies, cnn, nbc etc had reporters in larnaca during the conflict to cover the evacuation of american (and maybe other countries) citizens from lebanon by the military. The evacuees were brought via boat to larnaca. Is this important enough to include in the article. SpokaneWilly 05:15, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I (being one of those evacuees) think that should definately be included, specifically because Larnica's port has been used strategically like that in the past. This article has been ignored for quite some time! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DMCer (talk • contribs) 09:30, 10 March 2007 (UTC).

Kornos
Does Kornos belong to Greek or Turkish Cyprus? Wiki-uk 14:57, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Notable people
It is rather sad that the name of an ancient Greek philosopher features alongside the names of some unknown ball kickers. Larnaca has many dozens of really notable people, and I will be adding to this list in due time.Mazkyri (talk) 15:38, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Climate diagram
Can somebody change the climate diagram anyhow. You can't see october to december. --Van Peter (talk) 12:52, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Constructiction year of promenade
When was Foinikoudes Promenade constructed? --The long road homw (talk) 18:29, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Colloquially known—past or present
"The city is colloquially known as "Skala" (Greek: Σκάλα) meaning "ladder" or "landing stage", referring to the town's status in history as an important port".

Larnaca is—or was—colloquially known as Skala? By Greek speaking people of Cyprus' past? This needs a citation. (Skala (neighborhood in Larnaca) was once the main commercial area of Larnaca, possibly for most of the period of Ottoman rule.) --The long road homw (talk) 13:36, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, nearly everything in this article is unsourced--are we picking cherries? ;P tags come after a statement, not before it. --Lfdder (talk) 13:58, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I have slapped on a handful of references. You have picked away some rotten "language fruits" in the article. If there is no current notable use of the name Skala—for the city, as opposed to one of the city's neighborhoods—then I will gladly pick that cherry. (If Skala was the colloquial name for the old port (?), south of Larnaca Castle, then someone might mention that here, or in the article.) --The long road homw (talk) 14:28, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * You could say that it's "increasingly infrequently referred to as Skala" or something along those lines, I suppose. I've heard "Skala" being used to refer to the city on a few occasions, for what's worth. --Lfdder (talk) 14:45, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The Skala neighborhood is a Turkish Cypriot neighborhood. Do people who are not Tyrkish Cypriot refer to the city as "Skala"? - What does the greek page say, without citation: Ως σημαντικό λιμάνι, η Λάρνακα παρέμεινε και κατά την περίοδο της Τουρκοκρατίας (1570-1878), οπότε τμήμα της πόλης ήταν γνωστό και με την ονομασία Σκάλα, επειδή εκεί έκαναν σκάλα (σταθμό) τα καράβια. --The long road homw (talk) 19:47, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, some do.
 * More of a transliteration than a translation:
 * "Larnaca remained an important port in the Ottoman times, when part of the town was known as 'Skala', because ships 'made skala' (stopped) there."
 * Wiktionary page for "skála" in Greek: σκάλα. --Lfdder (talk) 20:51, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html to http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html

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Some asshole changed all climate data, and made Larnaca hotter than real
and nobody corrected it back

New Imaging
Hello,

I have added new images to the page's infobox, consisting of the following images of:

Finikoudes, Hala Sultan Tekke, Larnaca Marina, Larnaca Castle, St Lazarus Church, Larnaca District Administration, Kamares Aqueduct

 * In italics: these places were also found in the previous image collage of the page

I've added these images after seeing which places best fit the city, as well as the fact that new, updated images are needed to ensure that the page stays up to date and can visually inform the readers of the current state of the city. Lomaine (talk) 19:17, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larnaca


text:
Ondo, Hiroshima

Ondo (音戸町) was a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,294 and a density of 763.16 persons per km2. The total area was 18.73 km2.

On March 20, 2005, Ondo, along with the towns of Kurahashi and Kamagari (all from Aki District), and the towns of Yasuura, Toyohama and Yutaka (all from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Kure and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Ondo, Hiroshima


text:
C. Gordon Fullerton

Charles Gordon Fullerton (October 11, 1936 – August 21, 2013) was a United States Air Force colonel, a USAF and NASA astronaut, and a research pilot at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, California. His assignments included a variety of flight research and support activities piloting NASA's B-52 launch aircraft, the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), and other multi-engine and high performance aircraft.

Fullerton logged more than 380 hours in space flight, and was a NASA astronaut from September 1969 until November 1986 when he joined the research pilot office at Dryden. In July 1988, he completed a 30-year career with the U.S. Air Force and retired as a colonel. He continued in his position of NASA research pilot as a civilian. Fullerton, his wife, and their two children lived in Lancaster, California.

Early years and education
Born October 11, 1936, in Rochester, New York, Fullerton graduated from Ulysses S. Grant High School, Portland, Oregon, in 1953. He received Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in mechanical engineering from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, in 1957 and 1958, respectively.

Air Force career
Fullerton entered the U.S. Air Force in July 1958 after working as a mechanical design engineer for Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, California.

After primary and basic flight school, he was trained as an F-86 interceptor pilot, and later became a B-47 bomber pilot at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. In 1964 he was chosen to attend the Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School (now the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School), Edwards Air Force Base, California. Upon graduation he was assigned as a test pilot with the Bomber Operations Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. In 1966, Fullerton was selected for and served as a flight crew member for the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program until its termination in 1969.

NASA career
Fullerton was part of NASA Astronaut Group 7 in September 1969 after the cancellation of the MOL program. After assignment to the NASA Johnson Space Center as an astronaut, Fullerton served on the support crews for the Apollo 14, 15, 16, and 17 lunar missions.

In 1977, Fullerton was assigned to one of the two-man flight crews which piloted the Space Shuttle prototype Enterprise during the Approach and Landing Tests Program at Dryden that same year.

Fullerton was the pilot on the eight-day STS-3 Space Shuttle orbital flight test mission March 22–30, 1982. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, the mission exposed the orbiter Columbia to extremes in thermal stress and tested the 50 ft Canadarm used to grapple and maneuver payloads to orbit. STS-3 landed at Northrup Strip, White Sands, New Mexico, because Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards AFB was wet due to heavy seasonal rains.

Fullerton was commander of the STS-51-F "Spacelab 2" mission, launched from Kennedy Space Center on July 29, 1985. This mission, with the orbiter Challenger, was the first pallet-only Spacelab mission and the first to operate the Spacelab Instrument Pointing System (IPS). It carried 13 major experiments in the fields of astronomy, solar physics, ionospheric science, life science, and a super fluid helium experiment. The mission ended August 6, 1985, with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base.

Research test pilot career
Fullerton served as project pilot on the NASA/Convair 990 aircraft which has been modified as a Landing Systems Research Aircraft to test Space Shuttle landing gear components. Additionally, Fullerton was also project pilot on F-18 Systems Research Aircraft, a test bed to develop new flight control actuators, fiber optic control systems, and other advanced aircraft technology.

As the project pilot on the Propulsion Controlled Aircraft program, he successfully landed an F-15 and an MD-11 with all control surfaces fixed, using only engine thrust modulation for control.

In addition to these activities, Fullerton was a project pilot on a number of other research programs at Dryden. Among them were the C-140 Jetstar Laminar Flow Control, F-111 Mission Adaptive Wing, F-14 Variable Sweep Flow Transition, Space Shuttle orbiter drag chute and F-111 crew module parachute tests with the B-52, and X-29 vortex flow control. As project pilot on the B-52 launch aircraft, Fullerton was involved in tests to develop a new F-111 crew module recovery system. He also flew the B-52 for the first six mid-air launchings of the commercially developed Pegasus space vehicle.

Fullerton was one of two NASA pilots who flew the Russian-built Tu-144LL supersonic aircraft used in a joint high speed research program.

With over 16,000 hours of flying time, Fullerton piloted 135 different types of aircraft, including full qualification in the T-33, T-34, T-37, T-39, F-86, F-101, F-106, F-111, F-14, X-29, KC-135, C-140, and B-47. After joining Dryden as a research pilot, Fullerton piloted nearly all the research and support aircraft flown at the facility, including the T-38, F-18, F-15, B-52, NASA/Convair 990, 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, and the DC-8.

Later years and death
Fullerton retired in 2007. He suffered a stroke in 2009 and was cared for in a facility in Lancaster, California, where he died from complications on August 21, 2013, aged 76.

Other awards and honors

 * Iven C. Kincheloe Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, 1978
 * U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, 2005 inductee
 * General Thomas D. White Space Trophy, 1977
 * Haley Space Flight Award from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1982
 * Certificate of Achievement Award from the Soaring Society of America
 * Ray E. Tenhoff Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots in 1992 and 1993.
 * Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots
 * Member, Tau Beta Pi
 * Honorary member of the National World War II Glider Pilot Association
 * Fellow of the American Astronautical Society

Fullerton was inducted with Lousma into the International Space Hall of Fame during a ceremony with the governor of New Mexico in 1982 for their involvement in the STS-3 mission. The governor also presented them with the International Space Hall of Fame's Pioneer Award, and were the second group to receive this award.

title: C. Gordon Fullerton


text:
Kurahashi, Hiroshima

Kurahashi (倉橋町) was a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It was located on the Kurahashi-jima island and surrounding islets.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,193 and a density of 132.13 persons per km2. The total area was 54.44 km2.

On March 20, 2005, Kurahashi, along with the towns of Ondo and Kamagari (all from Aki District), and the towns of Yasuura, Toyohama and Yutaka (all from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Kure and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kurahashi, Hiroshima


text:
Kamagari, Hiroshima

Kamagari (蒲刈町) was a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,532 and a density of 133.97 persons per km2. The total area was 18.90 km2.

On March 20, 2005, Kamagari, along with the towns of Ondo and Kurahashi (all from Aki District), and the towns of Yasuura, Toyohama and Yutaka (all from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Kure and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Geography
The town of Kamagari is the main settlement of the Kamagari Islands.

title: Kamagari, Hiroshima


text:
Papilio polyxenes

Papilio polyxenes, the (eastern) black swallowtail, American swallowtail or parsnip swallowtail, is a butterfly found throughout much of North America. An extremely similar-appearing species, Papilio joanae, occurs in the Ozark Mountains region, but it appears to be closely related to Papilio machaon, rather than P. polyxenes. The species is named after the figure in Greek mythology, Polyxena (pron.: /pəˈlɪksɨnə/; Greek: Πολυξένη), who was the youngest daughter of King Priam of Troy. Its caterpillar is called the parsley worm because the caterpillar feeds on parsley.

The Papilio polyxenes demonstrates polyandry and a lek mating system, showing no male parental care and display sites. Females are therefore able to choose males based on these sites and males are the only resource the females find at these sites.

Taxonomy
Papilio polyxenes is part of the tribe Papilionini of the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae. The members of this tribe all have tails on the hindwings, and therefore include species named swallowtail. P. polyxenes is part of the genus Papilio, which is the biggest group of the family Papilionidae. Subspecies polyxenes, once found in Cuba, is now considered likely extinct. Members of this genus typically feed on plants of the family Lauraceae, Rutaceae and Umbelliferae.

Distribution
Papilio polyxenes are found from southern Canada through to South America. In North America they are more common east of the Rocky Mountains. They are usually found in open areas like fields, parks, marshes or deserts, and they prefer tropical or temperate habitats.

Eggs and larvae
Eggs are pale yellow. Young larvae are mostly black and white with a saddle, and older larvae are green with black transverse bands containing yellow spots.

Caterpillar and chrysalis
This caterpillar absorbs toxins from the host plants, and therefore tastes poor to bird predators. The black swallowtail caterpillar has an orange "forked gland", called the osmeterium. When in danger, the osmeterium, which looks like a snake's tongue, everts and releases a foul smell to repel predators.

The pupae may be green or brown, but not depending on surroundings or the background on which they have pupated. The color of the chrysalis is determined by a local genetic balance that ensures the majority of pupae will blend in. A section of the green pupae will turn a much darker green at the very end of the pupae stage. This color change occurs a few hours to a full day before hatching. Unusually, this butterfly's chrysalis is girdled with a loop, with its feet attached to the silk pad, which helps the butterfly to unfold its very large wings when crawling out.

Sexual dimorphism
The black swallowtail has a wingspan of 6.9–8.4 cm, and females are typically larger than males. The upper wing surface is black with two rows of yellow spots – these spots are large and bright in males and smaller and lighter in females. Females have a prominent blue area between these two rows, while males have a much less prominent blue area. These differences give rise to effective Batesian mimicry of Battus philenor seen in females.

Both sexes show a red spot with a black bullseye on the inner hind margin of the hindwings and an isolated yellow spot on the front edge of the wings. The ventral side of wings of males and females are essentially identical: forewings have two rows of pale yellow spots, and hindwings have rows of bright orange spots separated by areas of powdery blue. The ventral side also acts as an effective mimic for both males and females for protection against predators.

Mimicry
Female markings are similar to those of B. philenor, allowing females to engage in dorsal mimicry to reduce risk of predation by birds that preferentially prey on the black swallowtail. Females have evolved dorsal mimicry because they spend more time revealing their dorsal wing side during oviposition. The ventral wing surface of the black swallowtail also mimics that of B. philenor, so both males and females are protected when their ventral wing surface is displayed.

Intrasexual selection
Male black swallowtails can sometimes mimic the female wing-back pattern, and therefore succeed in reduced predation as well. However, males of the typical coloration are more successful in intrasexual competition for mating territories compared to the males who mimic the female wing pattern. Females have no preference based on wing markings, and are equally likely to mate with a typical versus an alternative coloration. Therefore, male-male intrasexual selection is of greater importance than female mate choice in maintaining the classic male wing-back coloration and pattern.

Life cycle
Females lay single eggs on host plants, usually on the new foliage and occasionally on flowers. The eggs stage lasts 4–9 days, the larval stage 10–30 days, and the pupal stage 18 days. The duration of these stages may vary depending on temperature and the species of the host plants.

Feeny et al., 1985 finds that survival of eggs and larvae of P. polyxenes varies depending on the location (near Ithaca, New York) where the eggs were laid. Eggs laid on wild carrot or parsnip plants were more likely to survive to the fifth instar than were eggs laid on poison hemlock. Eggs laid on plants at elevations of 300 to 435 m above sea-level were more likely to survive than eggs laid at 120 meters above sea-level. There were also significant differences in survival rates between early and late broods in a year, and between years. In all cases, the primary cause of mortality was predation.

Emergence
Winter is spent in the chrysalis stage, and adults will emerge in the spring to seek out host plants. Adults will emerge in the mornings on a daily basis. First brood adults will fly from mid-May until late June, second brood adults will fly from early July until late August, and occasionally a partial third brood will occur that will emerge later in the season.

Life expectancy
Members of the black swallowtail are long lived compared to other butterflies that inhabit temperate zones. They encounter little predation and are quick and agile if they are disturbed. However, mortality from predators will occur during roosting and during unfavorable weather due to the associated increase in predation. Adult butterflies are at the highest risk for predation when they are incapable of flight or are starved from poor weather.

Food plants
Papilio polyxenes use a variety of herbs in the carrot family (Apiaceae), but will choose the food plants for their larvae based on visual and chemical variations. Host plant odor is one of the cues involved in the selection of landing sites for oviposition. The responses to these cues are innate, and feeding on a host plant as a larva does not increase the preference for that plant as an adult.

Species of host plants include:
 * American angelica, Angelica atropurpurea
 * Hairy angelica, Angelica venenosa
 * Dill, Anthem graveolens
 * Cutleaf waterparsnip, Berula erecta
 * Spotted water hemlock, ''Cicuta maculata'
 * Canadian honewort, Cryptotaenia canadensis
 * Queen Anne's lace, Daucus carota
 * Wedgeleaf eryngo, Eryngium cuneifolium
 * Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare
 * Cow parsnip, Heracleum maximum
 * Lovage, Levisticum officinale
 * Cucumber magnolia, Magnolia acuminata
 * Sweetbay magnolia, Magnolia virginiana
 * Sweet cicely, Osmorhiza claytonii
 * Long-styled sweet cicely, Osmorhiza longistylis
 * Canby's dropwort, Oxypolis canbyi
 * Water cowbane, Oxypolis filiformis
 * Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa
 * Parsley, Petroselinum crispum
 * Mock bishopweed, Ptilimnium capillaceum
 * Rue, Ruta graveolens
 * Water parsnip, Sium suave
 * Roughfruit scaleseed, Spermolepis divaricata
 * Yellow pimpernel, Taenidia integerrima
 * Northern prickly ash, Zanthoxylum americanum
 * Golden alexanders, Zizia

Thermoregulation
Core body, or thoracic temperatures of around 24 degrees Celsius are necessary for flight. Therefore, the black swallowtail will regulate thoracic temperatures by behaviorally changing their abdomen position, wing position, orientation to the sun, perching duration, and perching height. In lower temperatures, butterflies will raise their abdomens above flattened wings, and will perch relatively close to the ground. In higher temperatures, butterflies will lower their abdomens in the shade of their wings. Higher temperatures are also associated with shorter perch durations, greater flight durations and higher perch heights.

Territorial defense
Male butterflies secure territories to use in mate location and courtship. These territories contain no significant concentration of nectar sources, larval host plants or night settling sites. Once secured, a male will maintain exclusive use of a territory 95% of the time. Males will aggressively chase other males who approach their territory, and then return to their territory. Success in defending a territory depends on the number of competitors and his previous success, but the size of the male is not a contributing factor. Males that emerge early in the brood are more likely to defend a female-preferred territory. These males will have early access to available territories, and will choose the ones that are most preferred by females. What makes a territory desirable by females remains unknown, and is only measured by the number of aggressive encounters between males and the overall mating frequency at these sites.

Male territories are generally of high relative elevation and topographic distinctness. This feature serves as an advantage to the lek mating system described later, as males will be concentrated in predictable locations and will be easy to encounter by females.

Aggression
In previous studies, nearly 80% of successful courtship flights were confined to a male's territory. Because a preferred territory site is crucial in mating success, males are extremely aggressive in maintaining their territory. Black swallowtails have a 4:1 male biased sex ratio, and a low female mating frequency which leads to intense male-male competition.

Protandry
The black swallowtail is protandrous, meaning males emerge before females. This emergence pattern is advantageous, because males that emerge earlier have a greater success in competing for superior territories, indicated by female preference. These superior territories will most likely still be available for early emerging males, and securing one of these territories is highly predictive of mating success. Furthermore, female fertility is directly correlated with their weight at emergence. This favors larger females, and explains why they emerge later to prolong the larval feeding period. Male success is not dependent on size, so selection favors early emergence to get the best territories preferred by females, though this will most likely result in smaller males. However, there is a drawback to this emergence system. For biological reasons, overall male mating frequency decreases as the mating season goes on. Therefore, early emerging males with early access to preferred territories will not be able to mate as often later in the mating season when female emergence is at its peak.

Lek mating
This type of territorial organization leads the black swallowtail to engage in a lek mating system. These butterflies satisfy the four criteria for lekking behavior, as defined by J.W. Bradbury: (1) there is no male parental care, (2) males aggregate at specific sites for display, (3) the only resource females find at the lek are the males themselves and (4) females can select their mates.

The territory that has the most male-male encounters can be seen as being the most desirable to both males and females, and is also the territory that has the highest female visitation rate. Hilltop leks give the advantage to females because they make it easy to locate mates, and competition for superiority creates an array of males who have already demonstrated their quality as a mate.

Copulation
Males can only mate twice a day, but females will mate more than once to replace a sperm supply that has deteriorated with time. P. polyxenes has a long mating period due to females tendency to mating multiple times and having a broad emergence period. This allows males to mate several times during their lifetime, despite only being able to copulate twice on the same day. The black swallowtail engages in brief courtship flights, and copulations will last around 45 minutes.

Similar species

 * Old World swallowtail (Papilio machaon)
 * Indra swallowtail (Papilio indra)
 * Short-tailed swallowtail (Papilio brevicauda)
 * Anise swallowtail (Papilio zelicaon)

title: Papilio polyxenes


text:
Aki District, Hiroshima

Aki (安芸郡) is a district, and is within the Minami-ku, Hiroshima ward, Ward (electoral subdivision), one of the eight wards that comprise the Hiroshima Prefecture, in Japan. 'Minami', is Japanese for 'South'. 'Ku', is loosely suggestive of a division, such as 'compartment', 'boundary', etc..

It is the location of Mazda's automobile factory which has been on the site since the early 1930s.

As of 1798 population data but counting decreases due to the March 20, 2005 merger, the district has an estimated population of 116,573 and a density of 1588 persons per km2. The total area is 73.41 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Fuchū
 * Kaita
 * Kumano
 * Saka

Mergers

 * On April 1, 2003, the town of Shimokamigari was merged into the city of Kure.
 * On November 1, 2004, the town of Etajima absorbed the towns of Nōmi, Ōgaki and Okimi, from Saeki District, to become the new city of Etajima.
 * On March 20, 2005, the towns of Ondo, Kurahashi and Kamagari were merged into Kure.

title: Aki District, Hiroshima


text:
Ōno, Hiroshima

Ōno (大野町) was a town located in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 26,363 and a density of 372.62 persons per km2. The total area is 70.75 km2.

On November 3, 2005, Ōno, along with the town of Miyajima (also from Saeki District), was merged into the expanded city of Hatsukaichi.

title: Ōno, Hiroshima


text:
Miguel Figueroa

Miguel Figueroa (born July 29, 1952) is a Canadian political activist who was the leader of the Communist Party of Canada from 1992 to 2015. He is known for the landmark Figueroa case, which redefined the role of small parties and Canadian Parliamentary democracy, as well as his role re-establishing the Communist Party of Canada in the post-Soviet era.

Early political career
Figueroa was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He attended Dawson College, McGill and Concordia in Montreal, before joining the staff of the National Union of Students in 1975 as a national field organizer.

Figueroa joined the Communist Party in 1977. In 1978, he became the party's Greater Vancouver organizer. From 1986 to 1992, Figueroa served as regional correspondent for the Canadian Tribune and the Party's Atlantic region leader.

Leadership of the Communist Party of Canada
The dissolution of the Soviet Union produced sharply different assessments within the CPC.

The protracted ideological, political, organizational and legal battle created much confusion and disorientation within the ranks of the Party, and paralysed both its independent and united front work for over two years. Ultimately, the Hewison-led majority in the party's Central Committee and Central 28th Convention voted to abandon Marxism-Leninism. An orthodox minority, led by Elizabeth Rowley, Figueroa and former leader William Kashtan, resisted this effort. As the inner-party conflict intensified, the Hewison leadership expelled Rowley and 10 other leading opponents of the reformist orientation being imposed, and the moves to liquidate the party entirely. In August 1991, Rowley and the other expelled members took the Communist Party to court. An out-of-court settlement resulted in the Hewison leadership relinquishing the name "Communist Party of Canada", and in return split the party's assets with the Hewison group under the umbrella of the Cecil-Ross Society, a publishing and educational foundation previously associated with the party.

A convention was held in December 1992 in which delegates declared themselves to be the continuation of the Communist Party (thus the meeting was titled the 30th CPC Convention). Delegates rejected the changes instituted by Hewison and reaffirmed the CPC as a Marxist-Leninist organization. Since half of the old party's assets were now the property of the Hewison-led Cecil Ross Society, the CPC convention decided to launch a new newspaper, the People's Voice, to replace the Canadian Tribune and Pacific Tribune.

Elected leader in December 1992 at the 30th Party Convention, Figueroa was re-elected to that office until his resignation in January 2016, for health reasons. Over his 23-year term, Figueroa led the party through eight federal election campaigns, touring and speaking across the country. As part of a new collective leadership, he worked to help achieve what the Party considers the clarification of its revolutionary orientation as well as its ideological identity based on Marxism-Leninism. In particular, Figueroa participated in the elaboration of the Party's new political program, Canada’s Future is Socialism!, a process which began in the mid-1990s and culminated in the adoption of the final version at the 33rd Central Convention in February 2001.

His leadership also saw the consolidation and rebuilding of the Communist Party across the country — helping to launch People’s Voice and, later, Clarté, as well as The Spark!, the CPC's theoretical and discussion journal. The Party re-established several clubs and committees, including the Party's Quebec component the Communist Party of Quebec, as well as the youth organization known as the Young Communist League. The Party continues to play a role in many labour, peace, environmental, aboriginal, women's, student, immigrant and other people's movements.

Figueroa chaired the international commission of the Party and represented the CPC around the world, including Greece, Portugal, India, China, Vietnam, South Africa, Cuba, Venezuela and the United States. He was regularly present at the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties where, on behalf of the Party, he advocated for efforts to build greater cooperation, political cohesion, and unity of action among Communist and Workers’ parties to deal with the growing dangers of imperialism and urgent problems of peace, solidarity and protection of the global environment.

The 38th Central Convention of the CPC was held May 21–23, 2016 in Toronto. The Convention included a tribute to Miguel Figueroa for his lengthy service as party leader; it also elected Elizabeth Rowley as the new national leader. Figueroa was elected to the new 23-member Central Committee.

Recent History
In October 2016, Figueroa was invited to join the Executive of the Canadian Peace Congress, and was subsequently appointed "interim President" in early 2017. He organized several speaking tours with Eva Bartlett and Canadian author Stephen Gowans in the winter and spring of 2017, and undertook a Canada-wide tour in the fall of 2017, which covered 13 cities across the country. He also represented the Peace Congress in solidarity missions to Venezuela and Syria during that year. In 2018 he participated in a hemispheric conference of peace organizations held in Moca, Dominican Republic in September, and the Executive Meeting of the World Peace Council in Damascus, Syria in October.

In November 2018, the Peace Congress convened a country-wide Convention in Toronto, at which time Figueroa was elected President, leading an 11-member Executive Committee elected at the Convention.

Figueroa v. Canada
In 1993, the fledgling CPC was still recovering from its crisis and split. The Party now had only a few hundred members, and had lost a number of assets, including the party's headquarters at 24 Cecil Street in Toronto. As a result, the CPC was not in a position to run fifty candidates in the 1993 federal election, the number required to maintain official party status because of recent changes to Canada's Elections Act. As a result, the newly relaunched CPC was deregistered by Elections Canada, and its remaining assets were seized by the government. A prolonged legal battle, Figueroa v. Canada ensued, resulting in a Supreme Court of Canada ruling in 2003 that overturned a provision in the Elections Act requiring fifty candidates for official party status (the number had been increased by an act of parliament in the intervening years). Earlier in the legal battle, the party had its deregistration overturned and its seized assets restored.

Canadian federal elections since 2000
Figueroa has run in nine Canadian general elections and at least two provincial elections:
 * 1979 British Columbia general election: Figueroa ran in the two-member riding of Vancouver Centre, and finished eighth in a field of eight candidates with 237 votes. Gary Lauk and Emery Barnes of the New Democratic Party of British Columbia won.
 * 1984 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Vancouver East, and finished last with 259 votes. Margaret Mitchell of the New Democratic Party won.
 * 1988 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Halifax, and finished 5th in a field of 7 candidates with 151 votes. Mary Clancy of the Liberal Party of Canada won.
 * 1993 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran as an independent in the riding of Parkdale—High Park, and finished 9th out of a field of 11 with 105 votes. Jesse Flis of the Liberals won.
 * 1995 Ontario general election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Beaches—Woodbine, and finished 5th in a field of six candidates with 169 votes. Frances Lankin of the New Democratic Party of Ontario won.
 * 1997 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran as an independent in the riding of Davenport, and finished 7th in a field of 8 with 194 votes. Charles Caccia of the Liberals won.
 * 2000 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Toronto—Danforth, and finished 9th in a field of 10 with 129 votes. Dennis Mills of the Liberals won.
 * 2004 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Beaches—East York in Toronto, and finished 7th in a field of 8 with 62 votes. Maria Minna of the Liberals won.
 * Between 2006 and 2015, Figueroa ran in every federal election in the riding of Davenport, placing fifth or sixth in each.

title: Miguel Figueroa


text:
Yuki, Hiroshima (Saeki)

Yuki (湯来町) was a town located in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,618 and a density of 46.77 PD/km2. The total area was 162.87 km2.

On April 25, 2005, Yuki was merged into the expanded city of Hiroshima, specifically at Saeki-ku.

title: Yuki, Hiroshima (Saeki)


text:
Miyajima, Hiroshima

Miyajima (宮島町) was a town located on the island of Itsukushima in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2019, the town had an estimated population of 1,564 and a density of 51.46 persons per km2. The total area was 30.39 km2.

On November 3, 2005, Miyajima, along with the town of Ōno (also from Saeki District), was merged into the expanded city of Hatsukaichi.

Merger with Hatsukaichi
In August 2004, both Hatsukaichi and the city of Hiroshima expressed an interest in annexing the town. The people in Miyajima supported Hatsukaichi. A committee for discussing the merger was created as soon as possible and the town was amalgamated with the city of Hatsukaichi on November 3, 2005.

title: Miyajima, Hiroshima


text:
Nōmi, Hiroshima

Nōmi (能美町) was a town located in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

On November 1, 2004, Nōmi, along with the towns of Ōgaki and Okimi (all from Saeki District), and the former town of Etajima (from Aki District), was merged to create the city of Etajima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,979 and a density of 360.62 persons per km2. The total area was 16.58 km2.

title: Nōmi, Hiroshima


text:
Okimi, Hiroshima

Okimi (沖美町) was a town located in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

On November 1, 2004, Okimi, along with the towns of Nōmi and Ōgaki (all from Saeki District), and the former town of Etajima (from Aki District), was merged to create the city of Etajima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,849 and a density of 139.46 persons per km2. The total area was 27.60 km2.

title: Okimi, Hiroshima


text:
Ōgaki, Hiroshima

Ōgaki (大柿町) was a town located in Saeki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

On November 1, 2004, Ōgaki, along with the towns of Nōmi and Okimi (all from Saeki District), and the former town of Etajima (from Aki District), was merged to create the city of Etajima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,765 and a density of 329.76 persons per km2. The total area was 26.58 km2.

title: Ōgaki, Hiroshima


text:
Saeki District, Hiroshima

Saeki (佐伯郡) was a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 54,592 and a density of 163.07 PD/km2. The total area was 334.77 km2.

Towns and villages
At the time of discontinuation of the district, there were two towns and no villages in the district.
 * Miyajima
 * Ōno

Mergers

 * On March 1, 2003 - the town of Saeki, and the village of Yoshiwa were merged into the expanded city of Hatsukaichi.
 * On November 1, 2004 - the towns of Nōmi, Ōgaki and Okimi, along with the former town of Etajima (from Aki District), were merged to create the city of Etajima.
 * On April 25, 2005 - the town of Yuki was merged into Saeki-ku, Hiroshima.
 * On November 3, 2005 - the towns of Miyajima and Ōno were merged into the expanded city of Hatsukaichi. Therefore, Saeki District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Saeki District, Hiroshima


text:
Kake, Hiroshima

Kake (加計町) was a town located in Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,315 and a density of 44.91 persons per km2. The total area was 96.09 km2. The town was the birthplace of Imperial Japanese Navy aviator and later politician Minoru Genda.

On October 1, 2004, Kake, along with the town of Togouchi, and the village of Tsutsuga (all from Yamagata District), was merged to create the town of Akiōta.

title: Kake, Hiroshima


text:
Tsutsuga, Hiroshima

Tsutsuga (筒賀村) was a town located in Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It has abundant forest resources.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,193 and a density of 22.06 persons per km2. The total area was 54.07 km2.

History

 * 1 April 1889 (Meiji 22) - Upon the enforcement of the municipal system, the Uezunuga village merged with Nakagonuga village, and Tsutsuga was established.
 * On 1 October 2004, Tsutsuga, along with the towns of Kake and Togouchi (all from Yamagata District), was merged to create the town of Akiōta.

Rivers

 * Ōta River
 * Tsutsuga River - tributary of Ōta River

title: Tsutsuga, Hiroshima


text:
Togouchi, Hiroshima

Togouchi (戸河内町) was a town located in Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,057 and a density of 15.91 persons per km2. The total area was 192.09 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Togouchi, along with the town of Kake, and the village of Tsutsuga (all from Yamagata District), was merged to create the town of Akiōta.

title: Togouchi, Hiroshima


text:
Geihoku, Hiroshima

Geihoku (芸北町) was a town located in Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,838 and a density of 11.19 persons per km2. The total area was 253.63 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Geihoku, along with the towns of Chiyoda, Ōasa and Toyohira (all from Yamagata District), was merged to create the town of Kitahiroshima.

The town of Geihoku revolves around its location on Route 191 which links southern Hiroshima prefecture to the Japan Sea coast at Masuda in Shimane prefecture. It's a popular road for driving with various spots to visit, such as Lake Hijiriko and the Sandankyo Gorge and is the access to a majority of the ski resorts in the region.

title: Geihoku, Hiroshima