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Iker Casillas

Iker Casillas Fernández (born 20 May 1981) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and currently works as a football commentator. Popularly dubbed "San Iker" ("Saint Iker") for his ability to produce miraculous saves, Casillas is widely considered to be one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time. He is known for his athleticism, quick reactions and outstanding shot-stopping ability. Having spent the majority of his career at Real Madrid, Casillas is one of the few players to achieve over 1,000 professional career matches, and also holds the record for the most clean sheets for the Spain national team. Currently, he works for RTVE, Movistar Plus+ and Azteca Deportes.

At club level, Casillas started his career with the Real Madrid youth team, eventually gaining promotion to the main team in 1999, where he became the youngest goalkeeper to play in the final of the Champions League, and to win the title, at 19 years and four days. Casillas became the first choice goalkeeper at Real Madrid, winning two Champions Leagues and La Liga titles in his first three seasons, establishing himself as one of the best goalkeepers in the world. During his highly successful career in Madrid, Casillas won all major club titles, including five La Liga titles, four Supercopa de España titles, two Copa del Rey titles, three UEFA Champions Leagues, two UEFA Super Cups, two Intercontinental Cups and the FIFA Club World Cup. After 25 years with Real Madrid, Casillas joined FC Porto in 2015 on a free transfer, where he won the Primeira Liga and a Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira title. While at Porto, he broke the record for most consecutive seasons played in the UEFA Champions League (20) and amassed the most appearances in the competition (177). He ended his playing career in February 2020, after almost a year on the sidelines following a heart attack he suffered during a training session with Porto in May 2019.

With 167 international caps, Casillas has the second most appearances for the Spain national team, making him the eighteenth-most capped footballer of all time. An unused substitute at UEFA Euro 2000, Casillas became the nation's first choice goalkeeper at the 2002 World Cup, and went on to play at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup. In 2008, he was made captain, and went on to lead the team to the European Championship title that year. Casillas also led Spain to their first World Cup win in 2010, where he kept a joint–record five clean sheets, winning the Yashin Award for the best goalkeeper of the tournament. Spain became the first nation to retain the European Championship, winning the title again in 2012, where he set the record for most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal in the competition (509). In 2014, Casillas became one of six players to represent Spain at four World Cups.

In 2008, Casillas placed fourth overall in the Ballon d'Or, and has been selected for the UEFA Team of the Year six consecutive times from 2007 to 2012, a record for a goalkeeper. Casillas was also selected in the FIFPro World XI a record five times for a goalkeeper, and was named as the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper a record five times, alongside Gianluigi Buffon and Manuel Neuer. He was named as the second-best goalkeeper of the 21st century, behind Gigi Buffon, and the second-best goalkeeper of the past 25 years by the same organisation.

Early life
Casillas was born on 20 May 1981 in Móstoles, province of Madrid, to José Luis Casillas, a civil servant in the Ministry of Education, and María del Carmen Fernández González, a hairdresser. Both his parents had moved from their home of Navalacruz, Ávila.

Casillas has a brother, seven years younger, named Unai, who used to play as a central midfielder for CD Móstoles. The brothers' forenames are of Basque origin due to a family connection to the region: their paternal grandfather – an officer in the Civil Guard – was posted to Bilbao and settled in the city, their father grew up there as a result and Iker also lived in the area as a small child before the family relocated to Madrid.

On one occasion as a young child, when he was seven or eight, Casillas forgot to post his father's football predictions for the weekend; his father had correctly predicted all 15 results, and the family lost out on an estimated €1.2 million (£1 million).

Early years
Casillas began his career in Real Madrid's youth system, known as La Fábrica, during the 1990–91 season. On 27 November 1997, at age 16 and still a junior, he was first called up to the senior team squad to face Rosenborg in the UEFA Champions League, although he remained on the bench throughout. After spending a season with the C-team in the fourth tier, during which they won their regional group, he came into contention as the club's first-choice between the posts. In starting the 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League group stage fixture against Olympiakos on 15 September 1999, he became the youngest goalkeeper ever to feature in the competition at the time, aged 18 years and 177 days; a record which was only broken in October 2017 by Mile Svilar. Three days earlier, Casillas had made his La Liga debut in a 2–2 draw against Athletic Bilbao at San Mamés Stadium. In May 2000, he became the youngest ever goalkeeper to play in and win a Champions League final when Real Madrid defeated Valencia 3–0, just four days after his 19th birthday.

2001–2010
Casillas lost his place in the side to backup César Sánchez after poor performances in the 2001–02 campaign, but redeemed himself when Sánchez suffered an injury in the final minutes of the 2002 Champions League Final. Casillas came on and pulled off several key saves to deny a rampant Bayer Leverkusen the Champions League crown. Real Madrid won 2–1.

The 2007–08 season was a fruitful season for Casillas, as he helped Real Madrid reclaim their 31st La Liga title and conceded only 32 goals in 36 matches to claim the Zamora Trophy. On 14 February 2008, he and club captain Raúl were awarded contracts for life; Casillas signed a contract extension that would keep him at the club until 2017, with an automatic extension if he played 30 competitive matches during the final season of the contract and a buy-out clause of £113 million. His performances earned him a spot in the UEFA Team of the Year for the second time.

In February 2009, Casillas equalled Paco Buyo's record of 454 matches played for a goalkeeper and has since surpassed it to become Real Madrid's most-capped goalkeeper of all time at only 27 years old. During the 2009 summer transfer window, some Spanish media reported that Manchester City had launched a record £129 million bid for the goalkeeper. The club denied the rumours, however, saying that no such offer had been made. Manchester United had been rumoured to have enquired about him, but no price was announced. He had been linked with other Premier League clubs before but Casillas himself stated that he "had no intention of leaving" his boyhood club.

During the 2009–10 season on 4 October in a game against Sevilla, Casillas made an extraordinary save, running from one side of his goal to the other to deny Diego Perotti in a one-on-one, close-range encounter. After the match, he received praise from fellow Spanish goalkeepers and England goalkeeper Gordon Banks, who stated, "Casillas' reflexes are incredible. If he continues to play this well he will become one of the best goalkeepers in the history of the game." Europa Press reported that Casillas was the second-most popular Spanish sportsman on the Internet in 2010. The study performed by company Vipnet360 examined the web presence on platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.

2010–2015
During the 2010–11 season, after the departure of first and second captains of Real Madrid, Raúl and Guti respectively, Casillas was selected as first captain with new vice-captains Sergio Ramos, Marcelo and Gonzalo Higuaín.

During the 2011–12 season, Casillas won the IFFHS Best Goalkeeper award, making him only the second goalkeeper behind Gianluigi Buffon to win it four times and the only goalkeeper to win the award four times in a row. Casillas played his 600th match for Real Madrid on 22 January 2012 in a 4–1 win against Athletic Bilbao. On 2 May 2012, Casillas clinched his fifth La Liga title and his first as a captain of Real Madrid, with a 3–0 win in Bilbao.

On 22 December 2012, Casillas was dropped by José Mourinho for a Liga match against Málaga in favour of Antonio Adán. This was the beginning of a series of sour disagreements between the Portuguese coach and the player, some of which, along with other internal affairs, were allegedly aired to the press by Casillas himself. This generated a shift in the opinion of certain sectors of Real Madrid's fans, who gave Casillas the nickname "topor" (a portmanteau of "topo", and "portero", Spanish for "mole" and "goalkeeper", respectively). During the 2012–13 season, Casillas won the IFFHS Best Goalkeeper Award for the fifth consecutive time, making him the only goalkeeper in history to have ever won that award five times (in a row).

In January 2013, after a serious injury to Casillas, Mourinho signed Diego López from Sevilla. López was named first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Adán and kept his place in the team even after Casillas had returned from injury. After the 2012–13 season, Mourinho left Madrid and soon after his departure, Spanish midfielder Andrés Iniesta criticised him for benching Casillas.

In the middle of 2013, it was announced that Carlo Ancelotti would be Real Madrid's head coach for the 2013–14 season. Real Madrid started the season with a 2–1 victory over Real Betis in which Casillas was benched once again. He made his first start in 238 days in the Champions League group stage match against Galatasaray, but was injured in the 14th minute after Sergio Ramos caught him with an accidental elbow as the goalkeeper came from his line to make a routine catch. Despite being the club's second-choice keeper in La Liga, behind Diego López, Casillas continued to be Madrid's first choice keeper in the Champions League and Copa del Rey, setting a new record of 962 minutes without conceding a goal in the latter competition. In February 2014, he became the first goalkeeper to play in every round of the Copa del Rey prior to the final without conceding a goal. On 16 April, he captained Madrid in the final as they beat rivals Barcelona 2–1 at Valencia's Mestalla Stadium. On 24 May 2014, Casillas captained Real Madrid in the 2014 Champions League final, winning the title for the third time in his career with a 4–1 win over Atlético Madrid in Lisbon; this was the tenth time Real Madrid had won the trophy. Although Diego Godín's opening goal resulted from an error by Casillas, Sergio Ramos tied the match for Real Madrid in injury time; the club went on to win the title in extra-time. In 2013–14 season Casillas kept 6 clean sheets, third most in a single season of Champions League.

Following the Champions League win, the 2014–15 season saw Casillas return to being the club's first choice goalkeeper, despite competition from new arrival Keylor Navas, as he then went on to win the UEFA Super Cup, with Real Madrid defeating Sevilla 2–0 on 12 August 2014. He then also won the FIFA Club World Cup later that year, making his 700th appearance for Madrid on 20 December 2014, in the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final, as Real Madrid defeated San Lorenzo 2–0. In May 2015, Casillas played in the Champions League semi-finals against Juventus, in which his team lost 3–2 on aggregate.

2015–2019
After much speculation about his future, on 11 July 2015 Casillas signed with Portuguese Primeira Liga side Porto on a two-year deal with the option of a one-year extension. Real Madrid's conduct in his exit was criticised, with Casillas' parents claiming that he was being forced out of the club by president Florentino Pérez, who received calls to quit from fans. Former international teammate Xavi, who earlier that summer left Barcelona after a similarly long and successful career, claimed that Real Madrid were ungrateful of Casillas' service to the club.

Casillas made his Primeira Liga debut on 15 August, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães at the Estádio do Dragão. On 29 September 2015, he overtook Xavi to become the player with the most appearances in the Champions League, making his record 152nd Champions League appearance in a 2–1 home win over Chelsea. That season, Casillas also broke Edwin van der Sar's record for the most clean sheets in Champions League history, keeping his 51st clean sheet in the competition on 20 October 2015, in a 2–0 win over Maccabi Tel Aviv, as his team climbed top of Champions League Group G. In January 2016, he was blamed for the away loss at Vitória de Guimarães (1–0) in the league, following a high-profile error.

On 11 March 2017, Casillas set a new personal record for clean sheets in a single season with his sixteenth clean sheet in a 4–0 away win over Arouca. On 14 March, Casillas made his 175th appearance in UEFA club competitions in a 1–0 away defeat to Juventus in the second leg of the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, overtaking Paolo Maldini as the player with the most appearances in European club matches.

On 13 September, Casillas equalled Ryan Giggs's record of playing in 19 consecutive UEFA Champions League campaigns when he appeared in Porto's 3–1 home defeat to Beşiktaş in the 2017–18 edition of the tournament. On 2 April 2018, Casillas played his 1,000th match as a professional in Porto's 2–0 loss at Belenenses. In May, he won his first trophy with the club as they won the league title for the first time since 2013. The 2017–18 Primeira Liga title was confirmed after Sporting CP and Benfica tied their respective match. On 17 May 2018, he renewed his contract with Porto for another year.

On 4 August, Casillas started in Porto's 3–1 victory over Desportivo das Aves in the 2018 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. He surpassed Giggs' record during the 2018–19 season, appearing in his 20th consecutive UEFA Champions League campaign. On 11 December, Casillas, in a 3–2 away win over Galatasaray, became the first player to reach the knock-out stage 19 times, and become only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to win 100 Champions League matches. He made 31 league appearances throughout the season as Porto finished in second place, but his season was cut short after he suffered "an acute myocardial infarction" during training on 1 May 2019. He was discharged from hospital on 6 May, but commented that he was uncertain about his future.

2019–2020
In July 2019, following his heart attack two months earlier, Casillas returned for pre-season training. Later that month, Porto announced that he had been given a role with the club's coaching staff as he continued his recovery. In August, he was named in Porto's squad for the 2019–20 season. In September, he shared the results of his medical tests on social media; at the end of the month, he stated that he would wait until March of the following year to see how he is progressing with his recovery before deciding whether to return to playing or retire. In October, he posted a photo of himself working out in the club's gym on Instagram. He resumed training on 4 November.

Retirement
On 4 August 2020, Casillas officially announced his retirement from professional football. In July, he was reported to have returned to Real Madrid to work as an advisor for Florentino Pérez. In December 2020, he was appointed as the deputy to the Real Madrid Foundation CEO.

Youth career
Casillas debuted for Spain at the under-17 level. At age 16, he was the youngest player in the Spanish squad that placed third at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt. He was later made captain of the U17s. Two years later, he went on to win the FIFA World Youth Championship and the UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup that same year. Initially second-choice, he soon worked his way up to first-choice and eventually earned his first senior cap following some brilliant performances at club level.

Senior debut, Euro 2000 and 2002 World Cup
Casillas is currently the second most capped player in the history of the Spain national team. Following his full international debut at the senior level on 3 June 2000 against Sweden (at 19 years and 14 days), Casillas was an unused substitute at UEFA Euro 2000. He was part of the roster for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, initially as the understudy to Santiago Cañizares. Coincidentally, he became first-choice when Cañizares had to withdraw from the tournament due to injury from a freak accident. At 21, Casillas was one of the youngest first-choice goalkeepers in the tournament. He played an instrumental role in Spanish progression when he saved a penalty in regulation time and two more in the 3–2 shoot-out victory during the round of 16 match against the Republic of Ireland (1–1 after 120 minutes), earning him the nickname "The Saint". One of his saves during the quarter-final against co-hosts South Korea during the 2002 World Cup was rated by FIFA as one of the top ten saves of all time; however, Spain were eliminated following a 5–3 penalty shoot-out defeat to the Koreans (0–0 after 120 minutes).

Euro 2004 and 2006 World Cup
Casillas played in all eight Group six fixtures during Euro 2004 qualifying, conceding just four goals. He kept a clean sheet in the second leg victory of the playoff against Norway which ended 3–0 in Oslo, and started all of Spain's Euro 2004 matches. He was the first choice for the 2006 World Cup, captaining the team twice, but could not prevent La Roja from losing 3–1 to a Zinedine Zidane-inspired France in the Round of 16.

Euro 2008
With the exclusion of his Real Madrid teammate Raúl from the squad for Euro 2008, Casillas was given the captain's armband. He started the first two Group D games against Russia and Sweden before being rested in place of second-choice goalkeeper Pepe Reina for Spain's group stage elimination of Greece. Casillas saved two penalties from Antonio Di Natale and Daniele De Rossi as Spain eliminated Italy in the quarter-finals with a 4–2 shootout win following a goalless draw on 22 June. Spain later went on to win the competition with a 1–0 win over Germany in the final on 29 June. Casillas kept clean sheets in all of the quarter-final, semi-final and final matches, with Sweden's first round goal by Zlatan Ibrahimović being the last one scored against him. On 29 June 2008, Casillas became the first goalkeeper-captain to lift the UEFA European Championship trophy when Spain beat Germany in the final.

In October 2008, Casillas and back-up Pepe Reina broke the national record for the longest time spent without conceding a goal. The pair went unbeaten for 710 minutes, longer than Spain's longest-serving goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta and Paco Buyo. Wesley Sonck of Belgium ended their goalless streak when he scored against them a 2010 World Cup qualifying match.

Casillas was the highest-ranked goalkeeper (fourth place) in the 2008 Ballon d'Or, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and national teammate Fernando Torres. Also in 2008, Casillas was named the world's best goalkeeper by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS). He also came in third place in the best goalkeepers of all time ranking, beating Oliver Kahn.

2009 Confederations Cup and 2010 World Cup
Casillas was Spain's starting goalkeeper during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa, making four appearances as Spain finished the tournament in third place. On 5 September 2009, after a 5–0 win over Belgium in a qualifying match for the World Cup, Casillas equalled Andoni Zubizarreta's national record of 56 clean sheets, and during the team's next match, against Estonia on 9 September 2009, he surpassed Zubizarreta as the record holder for the most Spanish international clean sheets (this being achieved in Casillas' 98th appearance for the national team, while Zubizarreta made 126 before his retirement). Two months later, Casillas made his 100th appearance for Spain in its friendly win over Argentina, making him only the third player in history of Spanish football to ever reach this far internationally.

Although Casillas committed an error which led to a goal in Spain's 1–0 defeat to Switzerland in their opening match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, on 11 July 2010, Casillas captained Spain to their first ever World Cup title with a 1–0 win against the Netherlands in extra-time. In so doing, he became the third ever goalkeeper to captain a World Cup winning side (along with Gianpiero Combi in 1934 and Dino Zoff in 1982; the feat was later also achieved by Hugo Lloris in 2018). He was voted the tournament's best goalkeeper, being named to the 2010 World Cup Dream Team, and was also awarded the Golden Glove. In the course of the finals in South Africa, he kept a joint–record five clean sheets – including in all four games in the knock-out stages –, only conceded a joint–record two goals, and saved a penalty in regulation time in the quarter-final victory against Paraguay. In the final, he made two crucial stops from Netherlands' Arjen Robben with the score at 0–0 after the Dutchman had passed all the defenders. Before he went to pick up the World Cup trophy, Casillas would later state that images of the past captains doing the same was in his head, reeling them off in perfect order going back to the first World Cup he saw as a youngster:

"'From when I was small, I saw Matthäus lift it. I saw Dunga lift it, I saw Deschamps lift it, I saw Cafu lift it, Cannavaro... so to watch me lift it, I could watch it tomorrow, I could watch it within 10 years and it will always make me emotional because it's incomparable.'"

On 15 November 2011, Casillas became Spain's most capped player, breaking Andoni Zubizarreta's record after starting for Spain in their 2–2 draw against Costa Rica. On 29 February 2012, in Spain's 5–0 win over Venezuela, Casillas equalled Edwin van der Sar's record of 72 international clean sheets. On 30 May, in Spain's 4–1 win over South Korea, Casillas came on for Pepe Reina on the 82nd minute mark. This set the record for most international victories with 95 giving Casillas yet another record to his name. On 6 June, In Spain's 1–0 win over China PR, Casillas set the record for most international clean sheets with 74.

Euro 2012
Prior to Euro 2012, there had been growing tensions in the dressing room among Spain's players who played for rival clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid; this led manager Vicente del Bosque to declare that any player who carried this hostility with them at international level would be dropped from the team. As such, Casillas, Carles Puyol, and Xavi called a summit with the manager and the team's players, in order to ease tensions; Casillas was praised in the media for his role in successfully uniting the dressing room. On 1 July 2012, Casillas became the first player to reach 100 international wins for his country as Spain defeated Italy 4–0 in the Euro 2012 final, as Spain successfully defended their title to win their third consecutive major international trophy. He also set another record with his 509 minutes without conceding a goal in that year's European Championship, keeping five consecutive clean sheets and breaking the longstanding tally of 494 minutes set by Italian goalkeeper Dino Zoff. The only goal he conceded, scored by Antonio Di Natale, came in Spain's opening match of the tournament, a 1–1 draw against eventual runners-up Italy. Casillas then continued his new record unbeaten streak with Spain to 817 minutes, until it was finally broken by Olivier Giroud's injury-time goal on 16 October of that year, which came in a 1–1 home draw against France in a 2014 World Cup qualifying match.

2013 Confederations Cup and 2014 World Cup
In June 2013, Casillas represented Spain at the 2013 Confederations Cup in Brazil, making three appearances as Spain reached the final, only to be defeated 3–0 by the hosts Brazil on 30 June, at the Maracanã Stadium.

In June 2014, Casillas was selected to represent Spain in his fourth World Cup. In the team's opening match, he made two mistakes leading to goals from Stefan de Vrij and Robin van Persie as the champions were defeated 5–1 by the Netherlands. After the match, Casillas apologised for the defeat and called his performance the worst of his career. He also started in Spain's second group game against Chile, which they lost 2–0 and were subsequently eliminated from the World Cup. He received criticism for his role in Chile's second goal, where he punched Alexis Sánchez's free kick into the path of the goalscorer Charles Aránguiz. On 23 June, Casillas was left on the bench for Spain's final game against Australia, with Pepe Reina playing instead.

Euro 2016
On 5 September 2015, Casillas kept a clean sheet in his 100th game as Spain's captain, a 2–0 Euro 2016 qualifying win over Slovakia at the Estadio Carlos Tartiere in Oviedo. On 13 November, Casillas kept his 100th international clean sheet with Spain in a 2–0 friendly win over England, in Alicante, becoming the first goalkeeper ever – male or female – to reach this landmark. He equalled the Latvian Vitālijs Astafjevs' European record of 166 caps on 27 March 2016 by playing in a friendly against Romania.

On 31 May, Casillas was named to Vicente del Bosque's final 23-man Spain squad for Euro 2016. The following day, he became the most-capped European player by earning his 167th cap in a 6–1 friendly win over South Korea in Salzburg in a pre-tournament warm-up match; he was later replaced by debutant Sergio Rico in the second half. This was his final international appearance. During the tournament, he was the second-choice goalkeeper behind David de Gea; Casillas did not make an appearance during the tournament as Spain was eliminated in the Round of 16 following a 2–0 defeat to Italy.

2018 World Cup
On 21 May 2018, Casillas was left out of Julen Lopetegui's final 23-man Spain squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. In November, he hinted a return to the Spain football team and Real Madrid.

Style of play and recognition
"" Widely considered by pundits, as well as both former and current goalkeeping colleagues, as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time,  Casillas was given the nickname "San Iker" ("Saint Iker") throughout his career, for his precocious performances as a youngster, and due to his ability to produce acrobatic and decisive saves. In his prime, he was a spectacular, well-rounded, and athletic keeper, who was known in particular for his outstanding agility, reflexes, consistency and shot-stopping, as well as his foot-work, positioning between the posts, concentration, and speed when rushing off his line in one on one situations;     he has also stood out for his penalty-saving abilities. In spite of his reserved character, he has been highly regarded for his strong personality, calm composure under pressure, ability to organise his defence, and leadership from the back throughout his career, as well as his reading of the game. Gianluigi Buffon described Casillas as the best goalkeeper of his era with his hands. He was also known for his ability to save the ball with his feet, with former goalkeeper Manuel Almunia likening him to compatriot Luis Arconada, who also served as an inspiration to Casillas, and to whom he was often compared throughout his career, due to his quick reactions, movement, and excellent footwork. Regarding Casillas's playing style and goalkeeping ability, Almunia commented in 2017: "Iker's a strong goalkeeper, leaps well, good diving in either direction... between the posts he moves like a cat." In 2016, Casillas was named the fourth greatest goalkeeper in history by France Football.

A precocious talent in his youth, Casillas has drawn praise for his longevity and consistency at the top level,  as well as his discipline in training; despite his reputation and goalkeeping ability, however, due to his lack of notable height and strong physical attributes, he has been criticised at times by pundits for struggling to command his area, in particular against aerial threats, and for his unsteady handling and indecisiveness when coming out to claim crosses, as he often preferred to punch the ball away. He also received criticism in the media for a series of errors and less consistent performances in his later career, as he lost some of his speed and mobility with age due to his physical decline. Although he has occasionally been criticised by pundits for his limited skills with the ball at his feet in comparison to other Spanish goalkeepers, Casillas's distribution with both his hands and feet has generally been reliable throughout his career, and he is capable of sending the ball into deep areas of the pitch with his long throws and kicks with his left foot.

Sponsorship
In January 2012, Casillas agreed a sponsorship deal with Adidas to wear their Response goalkeeping gloves and Predator football boots. The move to Adidas ended a long running association for Casillas with Reebok, which started in 2004. In February 2005, Casillas was the football face of Reebok's "I Am What I Am" global integrated advertising campaign that linked all the brand's marketing efforts under one umbrella. Adidas has been the parent company of Reebok since 2005.

Personal life
Between 2004 and 2008, Casillas dated beauty pageant winner Eva González.

Casillas was in a relationship with sports journalist Sara Carbonero from 2009 to 2021. Their son Martín was born on 3 January 2014 in Madrid. In November 2015, the couple announced they were expecting their second child. On 20 March 2016, the couple married. On 2 June 2016, Sara gave birth to the couple's second child, Lucas.

On 1 May 2019, during Porto's morning training session, Casillas was rushed to hospital after suffering a heart attack at the club's training ground, where his situation was stabilized. Later that evening, Casillas, whose situation had improved, published a statement on Twitter with a picture of himself giving the thumbs up signal in which he thanked the people for the moral support they gave him. Later that month, it was announced that his wife was suffering from cancer. On 12 March 2021, Casillas and Carbonero announced their decision to separate.

In 2013, a street in the Móstoles municipality of Madrid was renamed Avenida de Iker Casillas in his honour.

On 17 February 2020, Casillas confirmed his intention to stand as a candidate in the RFEF presidential elections.

Charity
In 2011, Casillas was appointed as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme's Millennium Development Goals.

He has his own charitable foundation, the Fundación Iker Casillas.

In 2018, he attended the international social Football for Friendship forum in Moscow.

Honours
Real Madrid C
 * Tercera División: 1998–99 (Group VII)

Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2011–12
 * Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14
 * Supercopa de España: 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012
 * UEFA Champions League: 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2013–14
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2002, 2014
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2014
 * Intercontinental Cup: 2002

Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 2017–18
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2018

Spain U16
 * UEFA European U-16 Championship: 1997

Spain U18
 * UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup: 1999

Spain U20
 * FIFA World Youth Championship: 1999

Spain
 * FIFA World Cup: 2010
 * UEFA European Championship: 2008, 2012

Individual

 * Bravo Award: 2000
 * La Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year: 2000
 * La Liga Zamora Trophy: 2007–08
 * La Liga Best Goalkeeper: 2009, 2012
 * La Liga Fair Play Award: 2012–13
 * Primeira Liga Fair Play Award: 2017–18
 * MARCA Fair Play Award – MARCA's 80th Anniversary: 2018
 * Dragões de Ouro Award – Porto Athlete of the Year: 2018
 * Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Month: October/November 2018
 * Primeira Liga Best Goalkeeper: 2018–19
 * Primeira Liga Team of the Year: 2018–19
 * Quinas de Ouro Award – Primeira Liga Best XI: 2018–19
 * Best European Goalkeeper: 2010
 * IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 * IFFHS Best Goalkeeper of the Decade 2001–2010: 2nd
 * IFFHS Best Goalkeeper of the Past 25 Years 1987–2012: 2nd
 * FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 * FIFA World Cup Golden Glove: 2010
 * FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2010
 * UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008, 2012
 * UEFA Team of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 * ESM Team of the Year: 2008
 * UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (published 2019)
 * Golden Foot: 2017
 * World XI: Team of the 21st Century
 * Globe Soccer Awards – Player Career Award: 2020
 * 11Leyendas Jornal AS: 2021

Records
 * Second-most appearances in the UEFA Champions League: 177 (behind Cristiano Ronaldo) (excluding 4 appearances in the qualifying rounds)
 * Second-most clean sheets in the UEFA Champions League: 57 (excluding 2 in the qualifying rounds) (behind Manuel Neuer)
 * Third-most victories in the UEFA Champions League: 101 (behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Thomas Müller)
 * Most consecutive seasons in the UEFA Champions League: 20
 * First player in UEFA Champions League history to reach the knockout phase 19 times
 * First goalkeeper to win 100 UEFA Champions League matches
 * Youngest goalkeeper to play in a UEFA Champions League final: 19 years and 4 days
 * Youngest goalkeeper to win a UEFA Champions League final: 19 years and 4 days
 * Most penalty kicks saved in the UEFA Champions League (excluding shoot-outs): 7 out of 23
 * Second-most UEFA Champions League titles won by a goalkeeper: 3 (behind Juan Alonso) (alongside Ray Clemence, Sepp Maier, Keylor Navas, Heinz Stuy, Víctor Valdés and Kiko Casilla)
 * Most appearances for Real Madrid in UEFA club competitions: 155
 * Most IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper Awards: 5 (alongside Gianluigi Buffon and Manuel Neuer)
 * Most appearances by a goalkeeper in the FIFPro World XI: 5
 * Most appearances by a goalkeeper in the UEFA Team of the Year: 6
 * Second-most appearances for the Spain national team: 167 (behind Sergio Ramos)
 * Most international clean sheets: 102
 * Third-most international victories: 121 (behind Sergio Ramos and Cristiano Ronaldo)
 * Fewest goals conceded by a FIFA World Cup-winning goalkeeper in a single edition of the tournament: 2 goals in 7 appearances (in 2010, alongside Gianluigi Buffon in 2006 and Fabien Barthez in 1998)
 * Most clean sheets in a single edition of the FIFA World Cup: 5 (in 2010, alongside Gianluigi Buffon, Pascal Zuberbühler, Oliver Kahn, Fabien Barthez and Walter Zenga)
 * Most FIFA World Cup tournaments played for Spain: 4 (alongside Xavi, Andoni Zubizarreta, Fernando Hierro, Andrés Iniesta, Sergio Ramos and Sergio Busquets)
 * Longest unbeaten run at the UEFA European Championship: 509 minutes
 * Most clean sheets at the UEFA European Championship: 9 (alongside Edwin van der Sar)
 * Most clean sheets in a single edition of UEFA European Championship: 5 (in 2012, alongside Jordan Pickford in 2020)
 * Fewest goals conceded in a single edition of the UEFA European Championship: 1 (in 2012, alongside Gianluigi Buffon, Thomas Myhre, and Dino Zoff)
 * Most penalty kicks saved in penalty shoot-outs at the UEFA European Championship: 3 (alongside Gianluigi Buffon)
 * Only goalkeeper to stop penalties in two different editions of the FIFA World Cup (excluding shoot-outs): 2002 (vs Ireland), 2010 (vs Paraguay)

Decorations

title: Iker Casillas


text:
Gerasim Izmailov

Gerasim Grigoryevich Izmaylov (Герасим Григорьевич Измайлов; circa 1745 – after 1795) was a Russian Empire navigator involved in the Russian colonization of the Americas and in the establishment of the colonies of Russian America in Alaska. He was responsible for the first detailed maps of the Aleutian Islands.

A native of Yakutsk, Izmaylov attended a navigation school in Okhotsk with Dmitry Bocharov, who became his lifelong business companion. In 1771, both were caught up in the Benyovszky mutiny at Bolsheretsk on Kamchatka. Izmaylov attempted to break away from the mutineers but, after being flogged, was marooned on the isle of Simushir, one of the uninhabited Kuril Islands. For a year he subsisted on "scallops, grass, and roots" before being rescued by yasak gatherers. He was investigated in Irkutsk on account of his association with Benyovszky, but was eventually cleared of all charges in 1774.

In 1775, Izmaylov assumed command of the boat St. Paul and set to work mapping the shores of the Aleutian Islands. In October 1778, while visiting Unalaska, he made the acquaintance of Captain James Cook who presented him with an octant in exchange for a letter of introduction to the Kamchatka authorities. Cook also handed over to Izmaylov a recently drawn map of the western coast of North America, which was to be delivered by the Russians to the British Admiralty.

In 1783–1785, Izmaylov and Grigory Shelikhov made their historic voyage from Okhotsk to Kodiak Island, where they founded the first Russian settlement in America. In 1789, Izmaylov became the first to explore and map the Kenai Peninsula. Three years later, he took up employment under Alexander Baranov, helping him withstand a sea attack by the Tlingit.

Having wintered in Unalaska, Izmaylov visited Saint Paul Island, where he discovered the crew of a Russian ship that had been missing since 1791. He brought them back to Okhotsk in June 1794. He is mentioned for the last time in 1795, when he accompanied to Alaska a group of Orthodox missionaries under Father Joasaph.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gerasim Izmailov


text:
Talk:The Rumble in the Jungle

Ali changed to Hardiman?
I noticed that suddenly every reference to Ali in the Rumble part is now Hardiman. It seems pretty consistent so is there a reasoning for this or is this some sort of vandalism?

- Wackjum 03:57, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

The legitimacy of the fight
I don't know too much about this, but isn't there some controversy over whether Ali won legitimately? If you've explored the subject you are aware that there was overwhelming support for Ali, and little for Foreman in that particular region. "Ali, kill him" became a common chant in the days before the fight. Also, if you watch the original footage, you'll see that foreman gets up immediately after having been punched. Perhaps they had different rules over there, but isn't there supposed to be a count? I would like to see an analysis over whether the support for Ali resulted in an over enthusiastic audience, which may have altered the reaction of those responsible for deciding the match. - Seg 22:36, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I've timed the knockdown several times. Referee Zack Clayton obviously did do the count. By my own timing with a stopwatch, over and over again, Foreman was down on the floor for approximately 11.1 to 11.3 seconds. I'm not aware of any controversy about who won. Famspear (talk) 03:08, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Exactly, if you count the seconds when Foreman was knocked out on the floor, Ali won legitimately. People think that Foreman get up before the 10 seconds because the noise and acclaim of the crowd don't allow to count the seconds well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.16.1.242 (talk) 15:28, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

Explain npov claim
Anyone can slap a npov tag on anything, but it is really not useful if the npov claim is not explained. --Ezeu 23:37, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

In any event, the tendency towards hyperbole ("microsecond") is undesirable if the purpose of an encyclopedia is accurate. -- I feel embarassed having to explain this (but I didn't slap on the NPOV), but the the language praising Ali is subjective, and the text read like a story with the purpose of creating exhilaration in anticipation of Ali's victory. I love Ali too. But I can describe his victories without sounding like a used-car salesman.

How?
It was to Ali's advantage that the people supported him. And also, Foreman did not get up immediatly. He may have got up right before 10, but it was too close. He would of been knocked out later anyways.

 * --Nugneant 06:59, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As noted elsewhere in this thread, I've run a stopwatch many times on the film of the fight, and the best I can come up with is that Foreman was down for at least 11.1 seconds. Most readings, I get 11.2 or 11.3 seconds. Famspear (talk) 03:10, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

ALI WON
theres no doubt he deseved to win and it would of happened anyways

This is an illegitimate comment. May the wikipedia community ignore it. --Zpobric 07:00, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you a Royal Prince? --Nugneant 07:01, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

May 9th Minor Cleanup
I'm not a boxing fan, just someone who likes sports trivia. It's my objective opinion that this article was an abominably written trainwreck. One uses the past tense when covering sporting events (unless one is captioning or annotating a photo-stream). It read sort of like one of those "Greatest Sports Heroes" books one would buy for $1.00 - the ones that are about the size of a baseball card and written for 3rd graders. And beyond all this, it's definitely biased towards Ali.

Anyway. I went in and did my best to change it to past tense, as the present tense was majorly annoying - but let prosterity show that yes, this article needs clean-up. --Nugneant 07:06, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And you've done a nice job! I believe that some judicious snipping here and there of over-the-top comments about Ali are in order.  The article is entirely too long on breathless description and short on historical data.  I'll come back to this later this week and trim it a bit.  I am looking to add some internal links as well to try and tie the Fight in with important world events and culture.  Nugneant deserves out thanks. Lisapollison 21:59, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Article Quality
Seems to be biased and I agree with Lisapollison.

A terrible/great (however you want to say it) example is under Reactions: "Also, when Ali walking to the stage at the Oscars to be part of the group receiving the Oscar for When We Were Kings, a documentary of the fight in Zaire, he has trouble doing so because of the effects of Parkinson's disease and Foreman helps him up the steps."

It is horribly simple and grammatically mutated.

I agree, this article needs cleaning, and less opinion is required.

Overall it is very superficial.

Rambling in the Jungle
This article really has very little to do with an encyclopedia entry. I'm tempted to throw 75% of the text out and leave just the basic facts on the fight and make some more connections like those now under Reactions and Cultural influence. But then again, maybe I'd better leave this to a real boxing fan. --Stefan29 19:58, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I've done quite a bit of editing, but I need a boxing expert to help me. My knowledge only does so far.--FrasierC 23:05, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

If somebody can get a boxing expert on here, ask them to add the reason there was no rematch to the article.

 * I'm not sure if I count as an expert, (although I probably know more than most, being a fan of boxing and fairly knowledgeable about its history), but from what I know it ultimately comes down to two things. On Foreman's side, his confidence, mentality and desire to fight were all shattered by the loss. With Foreman no longer the invincible monster and looking very sloppy and lackluster in what should have been easy fights after the fight in Zaire, the public lost interest in him. His people tried a bunch of things to get Foreman's confidence back, including an exhibition where Foreman fought and KOd 5 different boxers back to back, but it just didn't work. In 77 Foreman was beat by the light hitting boxer Jimmy Young and retired.

 * On Ali's side, just a year after the fight with Foreman Ali went into the ring for the 3rd time Frazier for the Thriller in Manila, a brutal bout that took a lot of what Ali had left as a fighter. (Ali always said the Thriller was the closest he came to dying in the ring). Afterwards Ali seemed to prefer taking on fights that were not quite so taxing or dangerous. Make no mistake, he took on a lot of good fighters, (the same Jimmy Young that ended Foreman's first career, Ron Lyle, Earnie Shavers, et al), but also a lot of bums and guys who didn't belong in the same ring with Ali. (See Jean-Pierre Coopman, generally considered to be the most undeserving and unqualified fighter to ever get a shot at a world title). So basically, Foreman was shot mentally and Ali was running out of tricks and miracles physically. Wandering Man

From a boxing fan's POV one thing that's missing from the entry is that it underestimates how often, and how hard, Ali hit Foreman. Ali caught Foreman coming in and beat him to the punch nine time out of ten. Foreman's defense was poor and he walked right into shots, increasing the damage. In retrospect, it isn't that surprising that Ali won; he was a much better boxer and threw straighter punches. The only fighters Ali ever had trouble with in his prime were hook-shot artists like Frazier, who would get inside his guard.Mumblio 21:45, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

From a boxing fan's POV another thing missing from the entry is the round-by-round scoring. This is like reading a long article about a baseball game without ever hearing who got a hit or was struck out, only color commentary followed by the final score. Round-by-round scoring would provide a neutral descriptor of how the fight progressed up to the moment of the (controversial) TKO. 149.101.1.129 17:51, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

The description of the fight is not only terrible, it's not accurate. I just watched again, Ali didn't use the ropes util halfway through the fifth. I know it's strylish to talk about rope-a-dope but in fact, it was a minor part of the strategy. Ali pretty much annihilated Foreman throughout the fight. Every round was a boxing lesson. The emotional context of the fight seems to have eclipsed the fact that Ali was a technical wizard and gave a perfect performance in this fight. Watch it on youboob, it's amazing. 172.58.43.131 (talk) 08:03, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

I am a serious student of Ali's fights; I will try to fix this article up; it's a mess from start to finish. It reads like somebody with a passing knowledge of the fight typed it up in a few minutes.RaulGroom 21:09, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm setting up a new page called Rumble in the Jungle - UPDATED. Anyone who's interested can come by and discuss it while it's under construction; it will probably take me about a week before I can replace this page with that one.RaulGroom 21:12, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Copies of articles aren't allowed in article space, but you can feel free to work on a new version in your user space. Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 03:34, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Image
The image used in this article is very strange. It seems to bear no relation to the article's contents. Clicking the image leads to an explanation that it is a video cover, but even so I don't think it illustrates the article at all well. Bobo12345 15:01, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

I think what we need is the fight poster, especially since Ali married one of the poster models, and an image from the fight. The picture we have right now really doesn't belong here, aside from the fact that it's very small and very low on the page. --ChandlerH 14:03, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ali-Foreman.jpg
Image:Ali-Foreman.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:38, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:When We Were Kings.jpg
Image:When We Were Kings.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 15:33, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Intro
10 line intro with 7 lines about the promotion for the fight? That should be further down the article in my opinion, with more on the background to the fight or how it panned out in the intro. You know, stuff about the actual sport of boxing. 72.201.194.38 (talk) 21:36, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

POV claim
It has been called "arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century" ..in an obscure American sports blog. Why is this there? Bataaf van Oranje (Prinsgezinde) (talk) 08:29, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I have found two reliable sources for the quote, Jay Caspian Kang and Christopher McDougall. It appears Kang was already referenced in the article years ago, but was removed, so I restored the Kang reference while also adding McDougall. Maestro2016 (talk) 18:19, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Viewership numbers
The claimed viewership of over 1 billion is both frequently found and dubious in the extreme, as the global population at the time was only 4 billion, many of whom had no access to, nor likely interest in, ways to view the fight. The sources linked to support this claim are a passing and unsupported mention in a 1995 issue of Jet magazine and a retrospective article in USA Today, neither of which offer their own sources or substantial explanations. In fact, viewership numbers for the event have never been verified, and the only primary reference to the number comes from Don King, viz: “More people will see Foreman and Ali mix styles than any previous sporting event in history. A “total audience at more than a billion people is not a gross exaggeration.” (Cited in Erenburg, L.A., "The Rumble in the Jungle," 2021). Since King, particularly at the time, could hardly be considered impartial enough to project realistic viewership figures, let alone before the fight was even held, the figure should be struck from the page unless a more reliable, independently verified source is given. WhampoaSamovar (talk) 18:42, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You make some convincing arguments. Has any reliable source made these arguments? For what it's worth, Don King stated that 1 billion people watched, after the fight too.--Jahalive (talk) 22:32, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Revisionist history
I think the idea the Ali was seen as a symbol of the people struggle needs better evidence. Foreman as destructive champ had a lot of local fans. 47.60.43.78 (talk) 22:41, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

George Foreman's Height
Foreman's height is listed as "6 ft 11 in (211 cm)" and that has to wrong. On his Wikipedia page he's listed at "6 ft 4 in (193 cm)" which is more realistic. 209.102.199.3 (talk) 14:34, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Who won?
I looked this article up to see who won, and I still don't know. 2A00:23CC:4D80:1101:90AF:4FC6:8593:90CE (talk) 21:26, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Rumble in the Jungle


text:
Talk:Thutmose I

Old comments
There is definitely still confusion over Egyptian dates. E.g. Reeves' "Valley of the Kings" uses the same dates as Wikipedia (which it says come from Baines' "Atlas of Ancient Egypt"), but Clayton's "Chronology of the Pharaohs" (a recent work) gives Tuthmosis I's reign as 1524-1518 (using a system which the author followed from Mumane's "Penguin Guide to Ancient Egypt"). Noel 01:06, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

None of the other pharoahs use "of Egypt," so I am moving this page. -- Emsworth 00:00, Jul 10, 2004 (UTC)

GA Nomination
This article looks to be in fair shape to me as a student of this discipline, so now I think it's time to run it past the laypersons. If it fails, at least it can be shaped up in thin areas. Thanatosimii 21:14, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've passed it (after some minor copyrighting). Well-written, well-sourced, and deserving of Good Article status. --JerryOrr 02:28, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Thutmose I Paternity
There has been DNA testing done on eighteenth Dynasty mummies. The conclusion was that it is highly probable that Amenhotep I is the father of Thutmose I.

http://www.egyptologyonline.com/using_dna.htm Welsh4ever76 06:16, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Everything I'Ve read is the to the contrary, he clearly was not of the existing Royal family, he just married into it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.144.33.65 (talk) 23:06, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

The book "Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt" puts forward the idea that Thutmose's father is Ahmose-Sipairi (page 128). Ahmose Sipairi is a son of tao ii. tao ii is known to be the father of ahmose i. kahmose, often depicted as the brother of ahmose, is (based on his age) the brother of tao ii and holds the throne until his nephew ahmose comes of age. kahmose 'marries' the widow of tao ii (mother of ahmose) when he takes the throne. the eldest son of ahmose and his wife ahmose-nefertiry is ahmose-ankh. he dies young and his brother amenhotep i takes the throne instead. the dna evidence may indicate they are from the same family, but doesn't demonstrate parentage. the crux of the issue, is that the mother of thutmose i, senisonbe, was only noted as a king's mother and not as a king's wife (as she would have been had her husband been amenhotep i. 76.3.171.21 (talk) 00:56, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Thutmosis I Mummy Image
The mummy that was thought to be Thutmosis I is not him. This mummy died when he was thirty, he died of an arrow wound and his arms were not crossed as a King's position. This was the conclusion of Dr. Zahi Hawass. There is a DNA match between Amenhotep I and Thutmosis II and III indicating that they share a common ancestor. Welsh4ever76 08:08, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, for what it's worth, mind adding that info to the article instead of just removing the mummy image? Captmondo 10:23, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

GA Sweeps
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject bad articles/Project quality task force in an effort to ensure all listed Good articles continue to meet the Good article criteria. In reviewing the article, I have found there are some issues that may need to be addressed. I will check back in no less than seven days. If progress is being made and issues are being addressed, the article will remain listed as a Good article. Otherwise, it may be delisted (such a decision may be challenged through WP:GAR). If improved after it has been delisted, it may be nominated at WP:GAN. Feel free to drop a message on my talk page if you have any questions, and many thanks for all the hard work that has gone into this article thus far. Regards, Jackyd101 (talk) 17:18, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The only issue here is the unsourced final sentance about the mummy. Can someone please source and expand this? Once done I'd be happy to pass.

 * I think I have a source for this. Give me a day or two. -- Secisek (talk) 02:08, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

I cited it but I think the lead needs to be improved for this to stay GA. Please look over WP:LEAD. -- Secisek (talk) 19:39, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Taking a peek at the section in question, there is insufficient context to understand the transition from Maspero's initial findings to the latest development. I think we need to add information regarding the subsequent examination by G. Elliot Smith which cast doubt on Maspero's identification, as well as the study conducted by Harris and Hussein (1991) on all the cached mummies. Also, I believe the mummy was finally withdrawn after the last CT scans in connection with Hatshepsut's mummy were made (at least that's how I'm interpreting the information in that link). — Zerida  ☥   20:21, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have decided to keep this at GA.--Jackyd101 (talk) 10:10, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Wrong Cities (fixed)
It switched around the cities in the section on the heliacal rise of Sothis. The majority of egyptologists believe that the observation was made from Thebes, in 1517 BCE, and a minority of them believe that the observation was made from Memphis or Heliopolis in 1537 BCE. The article claimed that the majority believed it was made in Memphis or Heliopolis in 1517, and a minority believed it was made in Thebes in 1537. This directly contradicts the pages on Ahmose I and Amenhotep I. I have therefore edited it to read correctly. Lionboy-Renae (talk) 03:38, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Changes to Thutmose I Biography
I made the following change to the bio of Thutmose I, because it is in fact rather common knowledge and the previous Bio was incorrect, stating that Thutmose II suceeded him in rulership when in fact Hatshepsut followed him and ruled as regent because Thutmose II was only a small boy at the time. Here is the change, if anyone has an issue with this change, please discuss

Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thothmes, Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, meaning Thoth-Born) was the third Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. He was given the throne after the death of the previous king Amenhotep I who, speculation exists, may have been of no blood relation, however Thutmose I is thought to have been the general of his armies. During his reign, dated by some Egyptologists as being from 1526 BCE to 1513 BCE or by others as being from 1506 BCE to 1493 BCE, he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia, pushing the borders of Egypt further than ever before. He also built many temples in Egypt and built a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings; he is the first king confirmed to have done this (though Amenhotep I may have preceded him). He was succeeded by his daughter from his primary wife Hatshepsut, who ruled as regent in a co-rulership with Thutmose I son from a secondary wife. After marrying Thutmose II and ruling with him for three years Hatshepsut is thought to have orchestrated his death and continued to rule as Pharaoh, even wearing a fake beard and dress of a man. The reign of Hatshepsut was followed by that of her son Thutmose III who is thought to have torn down and defaced all images of her in an attempt to erase her rulership from Egyptian history.

Thanks98.92.244.28 (talk) 15:29, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Your assertion that it is common knowledge is unestablished, and your record of attempting to use fringe material casts significant doubt on your claims. In any case, Wikipedia requires sources for any disputed points. If it is "common knowledge", it should be especially easy for you to provide one.-- Jeffro 77 (talk) 21:53, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Nefrubity
Wikipedia can't even be consistent with itself. This page states it as a fact she died as an infant, but her own Wikipedia page admits it's merely assumed by lack of reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.92.229.89 (talk) 05:54, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

"PETA Amenhotep I"?
"He was given the throne after the feast of the PETA Amenhotep I." What on Earth does PETA mean in this context? Even if it's not a mistake, it should be replaced with something more generally comprehensible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.91.105.74 (talk) 02:41, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Thutmose I DNA results -- 15 years later
https://www.academia.edu/27375879/THE_RISE_OF_THUTMOSE_I_AND_TWO_THEBAN_PRINCES

"Recently published DNA results2 place this mummy even farther away from being Thutmose I. If all the pharaohs of Dynasty 18 are truly the sons of their fathers, they should all have the y-haplogroup R1b, passed on from father to his sons in an unbroken chain going back indefinitely. Amenhotep III, KV 55 [probably Akhenaten] and Tutankhamen all have it, according to the study. But the mummy who was thought to be Thutmose I has a different haplogroup―L. [or L-M20] 3

So he cannot be the founder of the 18th Dynasty.But, for now, we don't know the y-haplogroup of the kings of Dynasty 17, including Seqenenre Tao, Ahmose, and Amenhotep I. Is it L? If not, then I don't know whose son the small mummy could have been―or what he was doing in the royal cache. Who is this prince not likely to be? Wadjmose or Amenmose, two sons of Thutmose I who died young. They would have had R1b, as well. If L is the y-haplogroup of the 17th Dynasty, then the mummy is not excluded from being the other Ahmose, son of Seqenenre Tao II.However, given the opinion of Prof. Scott Woodward, the preponderance of the evidence appears to point to Ahmose-Sipair being identified."

2 Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass [2020] "Maternal and Paternal Lineages in King Tutankhamun's Family", Yehia Z. Gad et al.

3 L-M20 was not reported in the modern Egyptian population. This mummy was used as a control in the cited study."

title: Talk:Thutmose I


text:
Dvorak (game)

Dvorak is a customizable card game that begins with a deck of blank index cards. These index cards (or pieces of paper or cardboard) are written and drawn upon by players before or during the game. Alternatively, games of Dvorak can be played online via a MUSH or the Thoth card game engine.

Rules
The game revolves around two types of cards: Actions, which are discarded when played, and Things, which remain in play on the table in front of whoever played them.

The winner is determined by the rules of the deck being used. Winning often requires a player to achieve a certain goal or play a certain card, but every deck is different. Some decks allow players to be eliminated; in these, the winner is usually the last player remaining.

Creating cards

Decks are made either before or during a game. When a card is created it is immediately shown to all players for their approval, halting play if necessary. A card is shuffled into the draw pile if it's accepted unanimously; if not, it is rejected and is set aside without affecting the game. If opposing sides refuse to approve individual cards, multiple cards may be lumped together into a single approve-or-reject vote.

Playing
To start a game, shuffle the cards into a face-down draw pile and clear a space for the face-up discard pile to come. Deal five cards to each player, then decide who goes first, via rock paper scissors, flipping a coin, rolling a die, etc. Play proceeds clockwise (unless the deck or a card states otherwise) until someone wins.

A player draws one card to begin their turn. They may then play an Action and/or a Thing. Their turn is then over and they must discard down to five cards if they have more than five.

If the draw pile is ever empty when someone needs to draw from it, the discard pile is shuffled to form a new one. If the discard pile is also empty, however, players must simply continue without drawing anything. When all the cards are played and there are none left, anyone without cards is out of the game, occasionally resulting in a draw.

Special rules
Some decks contain "special rules" which alter the basic ones. These may decrease hand sizes to three cards, for example, or may even create a card type other than Actions and Things. While infinitely versatile, these are most often used to tell players how to win.

When created, special rules are proposed and accepted as normal cards are. However, they are set aside, not shuffled into the draw pile, if they are accepted. They do not count as "cards" for the purposes of interpreting rules.

Rule and card conflicts
Some cards can bend the rules. For example, if someone plays a card that says "draw three cards to start your turn", the basic "draw one" rule no longer applies to them.

Beyond that, if one card denies something and another permits it, the denial takes precedence (e.g., "nobody can draw cards" trumps "draw a card"). If cards contradict each other on the same issue, the more specific one takes precedence (e.g., "this player's hand size is seven" trumps "everyone's hand size is four"). Finally, if contradictory cards are equally specific, the last-played one takes precedence.

Special rules count as cards for conflict resolution purposes. As such, they always take precedence over the basic rules, but they may be overruled by other cards.

title: Dvorak (game)


text:
Talk:Emperor Yūryaku

Untitled
"He corrsponds to Bu in Chinese records."

Any source to confirm this ? 大将军, 都督中外诸军事 (talk) 01:09, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It is deduced from the comparison between Nihonshoki and 宋書. --Nanshu 00:35, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Image of Imperial symbol
The Imperial mon (emblem) was added in the Notes section in 2010. In 2012, the image was removed from this and other articles about Japanese emperors -- compare here. Zenwort's edit summary is clear and reasonable --img of Imperial seal removed, this was not used before the Muromachi era

The use of this symbol is justified because this article is an important part of a grouping of articles about the emperors of Japan -- see Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 雄略天皇 (21). Does this rationale provide a good enough reason for it to be restored? --Enkyo2 (talk) 20:29, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Excess info from lead
No firm dates can be assigned to this Emperor's life or reign, but he is conventionally considered to have reigned from 456 to 479.

"Yūryaku" (雄略) is a name posthumously assigned to him by a much later era, literally meaning "Magnificent Plan".

Additional sources

 * - Frank Brinkey
 * - Kojiki 1
 * - Kojiki 2
 * - Kojiki 3
 * - Kojiki 4
 * - Kojiki 5
 * - Kojiki 6
 * - Kojiki 7
 * - Kojiki 8
 * - Kojiki 9
 * - Kojiki 10
 * - Kojiki 11
 * - Kojiki 12
 * - Kojiki 13

- Knowledgekid87 (talk) 16:40, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emperor Yūryaku


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Lamassu

Lama, Lamma, or Lamassu (Cuneiform:, ; Sumerian: lammař; later in Akkadian: lamassu; sometimes called a lamassus) is an Assyrian protective deity.

Initially depicted as a goddess in Sumerian times, when it was called Lamma, it was later depicted from Assyrian times as a hybrid of a human, bird, and either a bull or lion—specifically having a human head, the body of a bull or a lion, and bird wings, under the name Lamassu. In some writings, it is portrayed to represent a goddess. A less frequently used name is shedu (Cuneiform:, ; Sumerian: alad; Akkadian, šēdu), which refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu. Lamassu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars or constellations.

Goddess Lama
The goddess Lama appears initially as a mediating goddess who precedes the orans and presents them to the deities. The protective deity is clearly labelled as Lam(m)a in a Kassite stele unearthed at Uruk, in the temple of Ishtar, goddess to which she had been dedicated by king Nazi-Maruttash (1307–1282 BC). It is a goddess wearing a ruffled dress and wearing a horned tiara symbolizing the deity, with two hands raised, in sign of prayer. Agnès Spycket proposed that similar female figures appearing in particular in glyptics and statuary from the Akkadian period, and in particular in the presentation scenes (common especially in the Paleo-Babylonian era) were to be considered as Lam(m)a. This opinion is commonly followed and in artistic terminology these female figures are generally referred to as Lam(m)a. From Assyrian times, Lamma becomes a hybrid deity, half-animal, half-human.

Iconography
From Assyrian times, lamassu were depicted as hybrids, with bodies of either winged bulls or lions and heads of human males. The motif of a winged animal with a human head is common to the Near East, first recorded in Ebla around 3000 BC. The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in Assyria during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser II as a symbol of power.

Assyrian sculpture typically placed prominent pairs of lamassu at entrances in palaces, facing the street and also internal courtyards. They were represented as "double-aspect" figures on corners, in high relief. From the front they appear to stand, and from the side, walk, and in earlier versions have five legs, as is apparent when viewed obliquely. Lumasi do not generally appear as large figures in the low-relief schemes running round palace rooms, where winged genie figures are common, but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs, apparently protecting the Assyrians.

The colossal entrance figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal in scale and in high relief. In the palace of Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the "throne room", "a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power." They also appear on cylinder seals. Notable examples include those at the Gate of All Nations at Persepolis in Iran, the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq were destroyed in the 2010s by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant when they occupied the area, as were those in the Mosul Museum.

Terminology
Lamassu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars, or constellations. They are depicted as protective deities because they encompass all life within them. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, they are depicted as physical deities as well, which is where the lamassu iconography originates, physical representations or embodiments of divine higher principles associated with specific celestial origins. Although lamassu had a different iconography and portrayal in the culture of Sumer, the terms "lamassu", "alad", and "shedu" evolved throughout the Assyro-Akkadian culture from the Sumerian culture to denote the Assyrian-winged-man-bull symbol and statues during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Eventually, female lamassu were identified as "apsasû".

The motif of the Assyrian-winged-man-bull called Aladlammu and Lamassu interchangeably is not the lamassu or alad of Sumerian origin, which were depicted with different iconography. These monumental statues were called aladlammû or lamassu which meant "protective spirit". In Hittite, the Sumerian form is used both as a name for the so-called "tutelary deity", identified in certain later texts with the goddess Inara, and a title given to similar protective deities.

Mythology
The lamassu is a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, symbolising intelligence, a bull's body, symbolizing strength; and wings of an eagle to symbolize freedom. Sometimes it had the horns and the ears of a bull. It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art. The lamassu and shedu were household protective spirits of the common Assyrian people, becoming associated later as royal protectors, and were placed as sentinels at entrances. The Akkadians associated the god Papsukkal with a lamassu and the god Išum with shedu.

To protect houses, the lamassu were engraved in clay tablets, which were then buried under the door's threshold. They were often placed as a pair at the entrance of palaces. At the entrance of cities, they were sculpted in colossal size, and placed as a pair, one at each side of the door of the city, that generally had doors in the surrounding wall, each one looking toward one of the cardinal points.

In modern culture
The British 10th Army, which operated in Iraq and Iran in 1942–1943, adopted the lamassu as its insignia. A bearded man with a winged bull body appears on the logo of the United States Forces – Iraq.

A man with a bull's body is found among the creatures that make up Aslan's army in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch "with a great bellowing voice". In the film Alexander (2004), lamassu are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney film Aladdin (1992), a gold lamassu can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp.

Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice, won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the Lamassu that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from 700 BC until it was destroyed by ISIS in 2015. Rakowitz's sculpture was displayed in London's Trafalgar Square from 2018 to 2020.

Lamassu appear in the novel Magic Rises, the 6th book of the Kate Daniels series by Ilona Andrews.

Games
Lammasu [sic] and shedu are two distinct types of good-aligned creatures in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, with lammasu having the bodies of winged lions and shedu depicted as human-headed winged bulls.

Lammasu appear in the Magic: The Gathering trading card game as the white card Hunted Lammasu in the Ravnica expansion, as well as the white card Venerable Lammasu found in the Khans of Tarkir expansion.

In the Games Workshop miniatures wargame, Warhammer Fantasy Battle, the Lamasu was a mount for the Chaos Dwarf army. It has since returned as part of the Storm of Magic expansion release.

A lammasu briefly appears in the Fablehaven series.

In the video game Heroes of Might and Magic VI, the lamasu [sic] is a recruitable elite creature of the necropolis faction (undead).

Lamassu is an enemy in the Neo Babylon levels of Spelunky 2, and in the Neo Babylon level set in the Cosmic Ocean section.

A Lamassu appears in Axiom Verge 2 as a godly machine, designed to protect against interlopers.

A Lamassu appears in Prince of Persia 3D at the end of the Floating Ruins level, where the prince rides on it to the Cliffs. It is also appears in the ending of the game, where the Prince and Princess ride it to an unknown destination.

The Lamassu is one of the character backgrounds in the role-playing game Troika!.

Lamassu is the name of a spell card in the MMO Wizard101.

General references

 * Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561072

title: Lamassu


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User:Kkilian72~enwiki

While doing my Ph.D. at the University of St. Gallen, I am currently working part-time as a lecturer in business administration at several universities in Germany. In addition, I am responsible for the content of a German portal on brand management called Markenlexikon.

title: User:Kkilian72~enwiki


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Henry Wade

Henry Menasco Wade (November 11, 1914 – March 1, 2001) was an American lawyer who served as district attorney of Dallas County from 1951 to 1987. He participated in two notable U.S. court cases of the 20th century: the prosecution of Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald, and the U.S. Supreme Court case that held abortion was a constitutional right, Roe v. Wade. In addition, Wade was district attorney when Randall Dale Adams, the subject of the 1988 documentary film The Thin Blue Line, was wrongfully convicted in the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer.

Early life
Wade, one of 11 children, was born in Rockwall County, Texas, outside Dallas. Wade, along with five of his seven brothers, entered the legal profession. Shortly after graduating from the University of Texas at Austin, in 1939, Wade joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation, headed by J. Edgar Hoover. Wade's assignment as special agent was to investigate espionage cases along the US East Coast and in South America. Wade served in the US Navy during World War II, participating in the invasions of the Philippines and Okinawa.

Career
He was first elected Rockwall County Attorney. In 1947, Wade joined the Dallas County District Attorney's Office. He won election to the top job four years later, a position he held for 36 years, until his retirement in 1987.

John Kennedy assassination

On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in downtown Dallas, just blocks from Wade's office in the Dallas County Courthouse.

Wade lost the opportunity to try Lee Harvey Oswald for Kennedy's murder when a Dallas nightclub operator, Jack Ruby, shot the suspect just two days later, but he became known nationally for prosecuting Ruby for Oswald's murder. Wade closely supervised the Ruby trial, but he appointed his assistant, William Alexander, to conduct the courtroom proceedings.

Wade and Alexander confronted Ruby's lawyers, famed trial lawyer Melvin Belli and Texas counsellor Joe Tonahill, in a lengthy trial that concluded on March 14, 1964, with a verdict for Ruby of "guilty of murder with malice." The jury had deliberated for less than three hours before arriving at its decision, and it recommended a death penalty.

Roe v. Wade
Wade, as Dallas County district attorney, was the named defendant when attorneys Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee mounted a 1970 constitutional challenge to the Texas criminal statutes prohibiting doctors from performing abortions. Norma McCorvey ("Jane Roe"), a single woman, was signed up as the representative plaintiff. The challenge sought both a declaratory judgment that the Texas criminal abortion statutes were unconstitutional on their face, and an injunction restraining the defendant from enforcing the statutes. The lower court refused to grant Roe's desired injunction, but declared the criminal abortion statutes were void.

Both sides cross-appealed. The case worked its way through the appellate process, culminating in the Supreme Court's landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that made all first trimester abortions legal throughout the United States.

Later life
Despite the loss of Roe v. Wade and its unpopularity with conservative voters, Wade himself was not blamed, and his political career did not suffer. He continued to serve in office for an additional 14 years, and he remained a fixture around the new Crowley Courts Building, where members of the Dallas Bar called him "the Chief". In 1995, the Henry Wade Juvenile Justice Center was named in his honor, and in 2000, shortly before his death from Parkinson's disease, Texas Lawyer magazine named him as one of the 102 most influential lawyers of the 20th century.

Legacy
Wade once again gained national attention in 1988 with the release of Errol Morris's documentary film The Thin Blue Line. The documentary tells the story of Randall Dale Adams' 1977 conviction for the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer. Adams was sentenced to death for the crime. The execution was scheduled for May 8, 1979, but US Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., ordered a stay only three days before the scheduled date. Instead of conducting a new trial, Governor Bill Clements commuted Adams's sentence to life in prison. Adams was exonerated in 1988, after serving 12 years in prison. Similar cases of exonerated men have recently arisen, putting the legality of Wade's practices in question.

As of July 2008, 15 persons convicted during Wade's term as Dallas County district attorney have been exonerated of the crimes of which they were convicted in light of new DNA evidence. Because of the culture of the department to "convict at all costs," more innocent people are suspected to have been falsely imprisoned. Project Innocence Texas has more than 250 cases under examination.

title: Henry Wade


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Alain Poher

Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996) was a French politician who served as President of the Senate from 1968 to 1992. Under this capacity, he was twice briefly acting President of France, in 1969 and 1974 following the resignation of Charles de Gaulle and the death of Georges Pompidou respectively. Poher was affiliated with the Popular Republican Movement (MRP) until 1966 and later with the Democratic Centre (CD) and Centre of Social Democrats (CSD), which he joined in 1976.

A native of Ablon-sur-Seine south of Paris, Poher was a longtime member of the Senate (1946–1948; 1952–1995), where he sat first for Seine-et-Oise until 1968 and then Val-de-Marne. He also served as President of the European Parliament from 1966 to 1969. As the longest-serving President of the Senate and the sole unelected President of France under the Fifth Republic, Poher remained an influential figure in 20th-century French politics. He ran in the 1969 presidential election, but was defeated by Pompidou in the second round.

Poher died at the age of 87 in December 1996, a year after his retirement from the Senate.

Early career
Poher was born in Ablon-sur-Seine, current-day Val-de-Marne, to a family from Brittany.

He graduated from the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the Lycée Saint-Louis in Paris and later studied law. On 19 August 1938 he married Henriette Tugler (1907–2004) in La Baule-Escoublac, with whom he had two daughters, Marie-Agnès (born 1940) and Marie-Thérèse (1944–2002).

His administrative career began in 1938, when he became a junior executive officer at the Ministry of Finance. In World War II, he was wounded in combat after being sent to the front lines to defend against the German invasion. Later, he became a member of the French Resistance against Nazi Germany.

In the aftermath of the Liberation of France, he served in several political positions prior to entering the Senate: chairman at the Ministry of Finance's Liberation Committee (from 20 July 1944); head of Social Services, Ministry of Finance (from 1 January 1945); and Mayor of Ablon-sur-Seine (from 18 May 1945).

He was also General Commissioner for German and Austrian Affairs (1948–1950); Secretary of State for the Budget in the second government of Prime Minister Robert Schuman and first government of Prime Minister Henri Queuille (1948); Secretary of State for the Armed Forces (Navy) in the government of Prime Minister Félix Gaillard (1957–1958); and president of the Association des maires de France or AMF (1974–1983).

A longtime ally and political protégé of Schuman, Poher was reelected to the Senate in 1952, where he remained for over 40 years, until 1995. As a Senator he continued to serve in government (as Secretary of State for the Armed Forces, tasked with the Navy, in the government of Prime Minister Félix Gaillard in the late 1950s), in addition to his duties as mayor of his home town, Ablon-sur-Seine. Like Schuman, he was known for strongly pro-European integration positions; he served as President of the European Parliament from 1966 to 1969.

President of the Senate
During his tenure, Poher served with the Gaullist government of Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville, Charles de Gaulle's close ally. Some even referred to this period as the first cohabitation. Despite sharp political differences, Poher was widely credited for model cooperation with the government.

Acting President of France
According to the order of succession established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, the President of the Senate assumes the nation's presidential powers and duties following the president's death or resignation; the officeholder thus becomes ad interim head of state until the next early presidential election.

Poher's first service as interim president came on 29 April 1969, when Charles de Gaulle resigned. Previously he was one of Charles de Gaulle's most notable political opponents and played a key role in the successful "no" campaign in the final referendum of his presidency.

During his interim presidency Poher continued to serve as Senate President. However, he resided during this time in the Élysée Palace as acting president.

Initially Poher tried to recruit General Marie-Pierre Kœnig as a candidate for the presidency and offered him his full support. Kœnig, however, declined to run, citing his poor health and stating that one general should not replace another general as the head of state. After Kœnig's refusal, Poher himself announced his candidacy.

Due to favourable polls he was viewed as the strongest opponent of Georges Pompidou and the only non-Gaullist candidate who had a real opportunity to win the election. The lack of a longstanding party machine nevertheless hurt his chances.

During his short term in office Poher's main task was overseeing the incoming election, in which he himself participated. However, during his tenure he took some major initiatives; notably, he fired longtime Charles de Gaulle confidant Jacques Foccart, a Secretary-General for African Affairs as well as, unofficially, the chief of the Gaullist secret services, who returned to the Élysée after Pompidou's election.

Poher also ordered the directors of France's state-controlled radio and television networks to keep public media politically neutral and refrain from acting in the interest of any particular party. His successors followed this precedent. He also ordered the redeployment of a large police force in Paris in the wake of the May 68 events.

His accomplishments helped Poher, previously largely unknown to the public, develop significant popularity during his interim presidency, despite his defeat in the election.

He served again as ad interim head of state in 1974 after Pompidou died in office. This time, however, he did not run for his own term and stepped down after Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was elected against François Mitterrand.

Political career

 * Interim President of the French Republic: 28 April – 20 June 1969, 2 April – 27 May 1974

Government functions
 * Secretary of State for the Budget: 5 September – 20 November 1948
 * Secretary of State for the Navy: 11 November 1957 – 14 May 1958

Electoral mandates

European Parliament

 * President of the European Parliament: 1966–1969

Senate

 * Senator for Seine-et-Oise, Val-de-Marne: 1946–1948, 1952–1995
 * President of the Senate of France: 1968–1992

Local

 * Mayor of Ablon-sur-Seine: 1945–1983

title: Alain Poher