text:
User talk:Arvindn/crypto

Arvindn,

We seem to have been chasing each others' tails around various crypto articles (along with User:Imran) and all three of us (excepting the odd stylistic difference, including spelling) have been more or less pulling in the same direction. Since I'm in NY (USA), Imran appears to be in England (from some comments he has made), and you're clearly in India, this is pleasant convergence.

However, this note's purpose is less warm fuzziness than a request to you to make clear your disagreement that the cryptography article should not be featured. I am resposible for large hunks of the article as it now stands (and surely for most of the tone), and I certainly would like to remove any 'rant' quality -- completely aside from any effect on featured status. My choices of wording and approach are usually (modulo random electrical storms in the gray matter) reasoned and, I have learned to my distress, not always obvious to others though I trust/hope/imagine the intended effect is achieved. Rant has yet to be an intended effect (except perhaps with respect to comments related to The Curse afflicting the Boston Red Sox -- this year for sure!).

As I (somewhat dimly) follow the featuring process, there is a limited time it will remain a candidate with unresolved objections. Discussion may be best carried out, I suggest, on our Talk pages rather than on the candidate page.

Hope to hear from you.

ww 17:00, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Oi! Cool down! I'm not going to "make clear your disagreement that the cryptography article should not be featured", because I don't think it shouldn't be featured! The structure and content is fine; I only had a problem with the wording in certain places, that's all. I was going to jump right in and work on it, but I checked the history and saw you were working furiously on it, so I thought you were in the process of fixing those things and so I kept my hands off it. Now I see we don't see eye to eye on the appropriateness of the wording, so obviously it makes sense to work together to reach a mutually acceptable version. Just give me a few minutes so I can go through the article again and come up with a concrete list of objections. -- Arvindn 17:40, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought 'disagree' meant exactly that. It doesn't??? And 'rant' has a distinct negative denotation/connation in an environment devoted to NPOV. And thus you see how... ww

 * Well, I said "it needs a bit of work", with the implication that I would change my vote when the tone is changed.

Oh, BTW, I hadn't seen your note asking for explanation in the featured articles page. Really sorry!!! :(

 * and we overlapped there, so there is more that you haven't seen either. Probably too much. ww

 * I don't understand? My rough guess at what you're saying is that I haven't read much of the crypto related articles and so I'm not qualified to comment.

 * I was referring to my additional comments on merging cryptology and crypography which got in after an edit conflict with your comments, not to other crypto related articles or to your qualifications. That was the 'overlap' mentioned. Is this an 'American English' idiom I'm too close to see? As for the 'too much', the edit conflict material is a looong paragraph. ww 15:29, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, here goes:

 * I don't understand the sentence about Machavelli etc. in the first para. And the next sentence. What did these people to related to crypto, and what is this inherent conflict you speak of?
 * Actual use of crypto is a struggle between Alice/Bob and Eve/Mallory. Struggles inescapably have tactical / strategic aspects. An article of first resort which does not make this clear -- somehow -- allows/encourages readers to live in a fantasy land in which pixy-crypto software sprinkled on their security problems is an end to them. This is the security is a process not a product thing, of course. Not a responsible position for a writer (at the intro level like this) to take. so I didn't. Can you help? ww

 * Sure, I'll try.

 * I suggest we don't mention warnings right in the intro. Truncate that para with "Readers are cautioned to take care." preferably replacing "take care" with a synonym.
 * I too don't like prose or ideas with sharp edges, because they force me to think more than I'm too often wont to do. So I sympathize. I tried hard to inject a little humor (Sun Tzu!??), and to be brief while making the point inescapably for a reader actually paying any attention. It's been my experience (I'm a writer on several topics, and in particular on crypto and still further a tech writer for crypto software systems from design to implementational detail), and a painful one too, that too many readers read without 'mental penetration'. I was trying to get through here. ww

 * Cryptography and cryptology are not technically equivalent, the latter being more general, although the distinction has largely eroded in practice. This needs to be noted somewhere.
 * I agree that the terms have merged, but I'm not at all clear what the difference once was anyway. If we can get it across without taking too much space or adding too much distraction, well and good. Can you have at it? ww

 * Terminology section, second para, last 2 lines definitely need to be made more formal and more polite. 'sensible' and 'your' are both unacceptable.
 * I've found that informal and not quite so polite is sometimes understood while the opposite (especially what is reviled in the US, among those who can actually speak the language, as Pentagonese) usually is not. Or puts to sleep. And the lack often jumps out later on and bites -- someone. Maybe this will save some rabies injections? Since thinking clearly about crypto is a peculiarly contingent thing ('thinking' about it in easy comfortable terms/images is easy and maybe even somewhat familiar -- but almost always more or less (usually more) wrong), I erred when there was a choice on the side of increased probability of understanding. If you can improve without veering too far toward somnolence, ... ww

 * Could we drop the ellipses in the para beginning "When confusion on these points"?
 * I've been accused of too much "..." before. I use 'em because I hate repeating 'etc' or 'and so on' or other similar, and I don't want to leave the reader thinking the partial list given is a complete one. I've never found a solution. In each case here, I was trying to be 'brief while indicating there's more, so beware thinking you've got it all'. Otherwise, I've no objection. I'd love to find another trick, I hear about this one too darn much. ww

 * Last 3 paras of ==modern cryptography== need a little more formality.
 * Probably so, and two paragraphs to get across the idea that there's no pixie dust magic to rely on when using asymmetric algorithms is probably too much. In the last para, I was again trying to make sure a point got through by informal (and so perhaps a bit unexpected) tone. Do you want to have at it, or should I? ww

 * ==Further reading== definitely needs toning down! IMHO its also too long, which if anything decreases its effectiveness.
 * This was deliberately strongly phrased as an innoculation. It may be different elsewhere (though I expect not), but in the US (and perhaps UK), the only crypto material that can be uncritically taken is quite technical and so will not be seen nor probably tolerated by most readers. Until very recently, nearly all the rest (whihc is all most ever see, if that) was unreliable -- historically, technically, contextually, inferentially, .... My view, from one intermittently in the trench mud up to herpphggh, is a distinctly pessimistic one, though I believe a realistic one. For readers of this article (one of 'first resort'), the warnings here were seriously meant and were needed, in my view, to forestall folks Getting Infected With Crypto Nonsense. If the same effect can be had with less tone, I would be in favor by all means.
 * Note that since Imran removed the book list to 'books on crypto', which had been growing like a mushroom and mostly not well I fear, the warning para has looked quite disproportionate and just as long as you suggest. I'm loath to move it out of this article, because the innovulation effect will miss so many. I'm waiting for some response from Imran about putting back some of the titles, or removing all the titles, or something. See the appropriate talk pages for the state of play, which is mostly unbalanced as I write.
 * Let's see if we can strike a happy medium as between us, and much more importantly on behalf of the innocent reader/user/deployer with a security problem? ww

Hmmm.. we seem to have a fundamental difference here: I feel that our goal is merely to describe crypto (I agree that its much more than just the math, that's not where I differ), and that we don't care about protecting users from their own laziness or stupidity. Someone whose goal is to secure a 'production' system shouldn't be looking here. But its not a big deal, we can still reach a middle ground.

-- Arvindn 18:08, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It would appear that there is some disagreement -- I think. My position is that 1) this level of article should not be heavily mathematical/technical (there are other sources and indeed other atricles for that), but should suggest something of the background. We agree there. I also feel that 2) an article of first resort is not the place to be teaching crypto design/implementation/development techniques -- most readers would miss the content in such an article as this. We agree there as well. And 3) that crypto is not plain engineering. Many 'practicioners' miss this in concentrating on the neat technical issues, and most users don't have a clue and never get one. This is the place to give them a clue -- if not much more than that. The clues should include that there is no techincal crypto solution to any security problem and that such techniques as are available must be used and chosen -- by the end user! -- with care and thought. An uncomfortable conundrum not widely bruited about by crypto product suppliers for the obvious reasons. If this is actually conveyed in a reasonable way, readers -- even general readers -- will have learned an important, nay critical, fact about crypto, its choice, and its use. And that fact isn't overly technical either, which is nice from a 'writing for a general interest venue' perspective. We may not agree on this. And finally, 4) we ought to throw in enough (brief) history (it's interesting stuff, keeps the tone lighter, and gossip fans will appreciate it) and enough pointers to more info to be useful to even developers and other technical types, thus leaving whether to spend more time on the subject up to the reader. I expect we probably agree on this. As the lyric to some pop song had it, '3 out of 4 ain't bad'.

 * I agree with most of this, what I'm saying is that we should simply tell them and not force it on them. -- Arvindn

 * Which is, more or less, where I've been herding the article to the extent possible. Is there an expression in your corner of the universe about 'herding cats'?

 * There's no need to be sarcastic. If there's a mapping from 'overlap' to 'edit conflict' in your corner of the universe (which is, as I'm sure you know, an oxymoron accoring to current theories of the shape of the universe) then I was certainly unaware of it. -- Arvindn

 * Sarcastic?? To what are you referring? I included none and meant none.
 * As for the mapping comment, you've lost me. I was replying to you on Talk:Crypto and was in the middle of that long paragraph when there was a WP edit conflict. You had added some material 'in the middle of my edit'. It was thus, an overlap. I was not, and am still not sure you have seen that long paragraph. And have tried several times sinse to get us synch'd.
 * On the shape of the universe business, I'm just adrift on the World Sea and about to go aground on the Turtle's back. Help. What did you mean here? ww

 * Is your expectation that we can reach a middle ground confirmed or ... ? Note: please see the corrective note above in re overlap. There's been some confusion which needs to be straightened out.

 * Yes I'm sure we can reach a middle ground, and to that end I've made several edits, resolving a majority of my objections about the tone; assuming that my edits are accetpable to you, I will change my vote to "neutral". -- Arvindn

 * ww 15:29, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Arvindn,
 * Another user/reader has seconded your objection to featuring. His reactions appear to primarily tone and informality thereof, with one exception. He apparantly sees crypto as mathematical, having to do with clean conceptual design, and objects to non-mathematical cruft mucking things up. I don;t think that either you or Imran (and certainly I) agree that crypto is more than its mathematical underpinings, but this user has very strong opinions. Inclusion in featured articles may be blocked as a result if sufficinet changes are not made. I'm at a loss how to proceed on the featuring problem. As for the revisions to a mutual standard problem, I suggest that we continue apace regardless. We are likely to end up with a better WP presence for the subject as a result and that would be a Good Thing. ww 15:30, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm.. I find it difficult to interpret the other person's statements in the manner you suggest; it looks to me like he's just arguing for a change in organization rather than on removing anything. The motivation and context could still stay. I do not happen to have a strong opinion on the matter of organization, and I do not intend to do anything about it.

 * I must also confess, even if it be somewhat ungenerous, that my interest is more in having a good article than on having it featured, so I do not see the matter as pressing.

 * If I might suggest it, it would be nice to have a ==principles== section which would incorporate some of the material in the current ==notes== section and would also explain (politely) things like why secrecy of algorithms is not good. The reason I'm not doing it myself is that to my technical mind, it is harrowing (no exaggeration, that's why I've been putting off these edits for days) to edit a large, general article. I must commend you for doing it.

 * Cheers, Arvindn 17:54, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Arvindn,
 * I agree that a major revamp is harrowing in your sense. I avoid them when possible as well. Thanks for the changes you've made. Some were improvements in my view, and I have some wording changes to suggest in other cases which I can't get to just now. So far, nothing worth much kerfluffle about.

 * I too am not committed to featured status, though it would be nice. But I find that my fingers have led me astray. I meant to say, immediately above, that I believe you and I and Imran _are_ in agreement that crypto is more than mathematics... Perhaps this clarifies some unclarity.

 * On your suggestion in an edit summary that 'mental penetration' is not a goal, it may be phrased otherwise as 'clarity to the intended reader', in which case you might react differently as to its desirability. I do not take this as 'forcing' something on a reader as you have intimated elsewhere in this confusion of comment and recomment (we've got to do better at this!). Writing is inevitably an advocacy process in that a writer must take some position and not some other. What is to be presented to the reader must be decided before presenting anything to any reader. This means no insult to any reader, save perhaps the case of "You, reader, are an idiot..." more or less which does not obtain anywhere here. The choice of which position to take while writing is not, I think, an agressive act, though perhaps not necessarily neutral or balanced. On the question of neutrality/balance, sanity is required. In a world in which conspiracy theories and theorists abound, no neutral position is possible when the observing perspective is a sufficiently conspiratorial one. The test must not therefore be, is there objection?, but rather is there sensible objection?. A writer or speaker must necessarily take the meta position that there are views which, being sufficiently conspiritorial/extreme/loony, can be neglected. This annoys some folks immensely as they feel their nearest and dearest has been skewered. There is no remedy. In the instant case, I (you/Imran/JDForrester/others) have positions about what crypto is, about what general readers should know about it to be in a beginning sense informed, and about what crypto is not. If these are sane positions, then stating them is not unreasonable, not NPOV in violation of WP policy (as conditioned here above), not forcing something on readers. You have remarked more than once on similar points which leads me to comment here (more than I would otherwise have) in an attempt to confirm we are not at cross purposes. The writer's problem here as everywhere is to decide the boundaries of 'reasonable' and how to be effective in presenting a case.
 * Perhaps the agonies of the judges in the German pre-WWI prize from an industiralist and amateur mathematician for proving (was it Fermat's Last Theorem? it just fell out of my head!) may illuminate the case in a more purely technical arena. They were subjected to innumerable purported proofs from every mathematical kook around, and seem to have undergone a Ninth Circle torture as a result. Even today, mathematics departments are routinely sent circle squaring exercises by the enthusiastic, if uninformed.

 * As you surely have surmised from my comments here and in prior exchanges, in this article I don't think technical completeness or exhaustive inclusion is particularly to be stressed as a goal. There are meta issues in the purpose/deployment/choice of crypto which are important to end users and their concerns, and thus important to designers and developers and even to theorists. Many of those considerations are persistently invisible to/missed by the end users, and regrettably, to designers/developers/theorists though perhaps not so persistently in those cases. They are sine qua nones in the crypto world, even if too often not treated as such. Are you and I out of congruence on this issue?

 * Give me a couple of days or so to respond to your edits and we'll see where we are.

 * Comments on my thoughts re merging ...raphy and ...ology articles? This is the long paragraph in talk:cryptography.

 * 'List of ...' are special index pages as I understand it (dimly). This may be their only special status. Just noticed I hadn't replied to that.

 * That's too much right now.
 * ww 19:37, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arvindn,

I've begun my responses to your edits along the lines I have outlined here, and have made a first pass for cryptographic engineering and crypto system. I'd appreciate your reaction as the changes settle down. Nothing done on merging cryptology yet.

And I'm still in the dark about your response to my remark about cats and your corner of the universe. ?? ww 15:46, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

hi dudes!!! :)

title: User talk:Arvindn/crypto


text:
Topogenic sequence

A topogenic sequence is a collective term used for a peptide sequence present at nascent proteins essential for their insertion and orienting in cellular membranes. The sequences are also used to translocate proteins across various intracellular membranes, and ensure they are transported to the correct organelle after synthesis. The position of the sequence may be at the end, e.g. N-terminal signal sequence, or in mid parts of the nascent protein, e.g. stop-transfer anchor sequences and signal-anchor sequences. If the sequence is at the end of the polypeptide, it is cleaved off after entering the ER-lumen (via a translocon) by a signal peptidase, and subsequently degraded.

As an example, the vast majority of all known complex plastid preproteins (an 'unactivated' protein) encoded in the nucleus possess a topogenic sequence.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Topogenic sequence


text:
Big Daddy (1999 film)

Big Daddy is a 1999 American comedy-drama film directed by Dennis Dugan, written by Steve Franks, Tim Herlihy, and Adam Sandler from a story conceived by Franks, and produced by Sid Ganis and Jack Giarraputo. The film stars Sandler, Joey Lauren Adams, Jon Stewart, Rob Schneider, Dylan Sprouse, Cole Sprouse, and Leslie Mann, with Allen Covert and Josh Mostel in supporting roles. The plot follows a 32-year-old man who gets dumped by his girlfriend for not accepting responsibility and then tries to be responsible by adopting a five-year-old boy who appears on his doorstep.

Produced by Giarraputo's Jack Giarraputo Productions in association with Out of the Blue... Entertainment, Big Daddy was released in the United States on June 25, 1999, by Columbia Pictures. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film was a success at the box office, grossing $235 million on a $34 million budget and becoming Sandler's highest-grosser domestically until Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015). The film was nominated for five Razzies and Sandler won the Worst Actor category.

Plot
In New York City, Sonny Koufax is a 32-year-old slacker and law school graduate who hasn't taken the bar exam, works one day a week as a toll booth attendant, has his food delivered by his friend Nazo, and lives off a $200,000 compensation from a minor accident. His girlfriend Vanessa threatens to break up with him unless he takes more responsibility. His roommate Kevin Gerrity proposes to his podiatrist girlfriend Corinne before he leaves for China to work on a case for his law firm and she accepts. Corinne vehemently dislikes Sonny because he constantly teases her about her former job at Hooters when she was in medical school.

The next day, Sonny wakes up to find Julian McGrath, a five-year-old left at their apartment. A note states that his mother is no longer able to care for him and that Kevin is his biological father. Sonny contacts Kevin who is puzzled by the news. Despite his selfishness and lack of parenting skills, Sonny assures him that he will take care of Julian until Kevin returns from China. To win Vanessa back, Sonny introduces her to Julian. However, he discovers that she is now dating Sid, whom – despite being much older than her – she reveres as more motivated and intelligent with a "five-year plan".

Becoming frustrated with parenting, Sonny poses as Kevin and takes Julian to his social worker Arthur Brooks telling him that Julian should return to his mother. However, Brooks informs Sonny that Julian's mother died of cancer and offers to place Julian into a foster home. After this, Sonny rants about it in a phone call to his father, Lenny, who is shocked and infuriated with Sonny for trying to raise a child, due to his irresponsibility. Sonny decides to raise Julian his own way. They develop a strong bond and Julian helps Sonny find a new girlfriend in Corinne's lawyer sister Layla. Brooks finds a foster home for Julian and leaves messages for Sonny, but is suspicious when he does not respond.

After a meeting at school where Julian's teacher complains about the bad habits he has developed due to Sonny's influence, Sonny rethinks his parenting methods and turns Julian's behavior around. Days later, Brooks arrives to find out Sonny impersonated Kevin and threatens to have him arrested if he does not hand over Julian. Sonny complies, but contacts Layla to help take legal action.

In court, Layla, Kevin, and Sonny's lawyer friends Phil and Tommy represent Sonny, while his friends and even Corinne provide positive testimony for Sonny. Julian also testifies and provides information regarding his birth in Toronto, which appears to spark Kevin's memory. Sonny then calls himself to the stand and asks his father to question him. Despite Lenny's fervent belief that he is not father material, Sonny convinces him that he will not fail at being a father. Impressed by Sonny's sincerity, Lenny vouches for him. Nonetheless, Judge Healy states that Sonny should be imprisoned for defrauding the city. However, Kevin refuses to press charges and admits to Corinne about his one-night stand during a past trip to Toronto. Judge Healy grants Kevin custody pending a DNA test. Sonny promises Julian that although he cannot be his father, he will always be there for him. He then passes Julian to Kevin and the two start to bond. Sonny still maintains contact with Julian through Kevin, often meeting up with him for activities such as basketball.

One year later, a more mature and responsible Sonny is now a successful lawyer. He is given a surprise birthday party at Hooters by his friends with Kevin, Corinne, and Julian in attendance. It is shown that he is now is married to Layla and they have a baby. With Nazo sticking around for a short time due to his other deliveries, Sonny encounters Vanessa working there as a waitress with Sid working as a cook, revealing that his "five-year plan" did not go as she had hoped. Sonny's friends and Layla celebrate Sonny's birthday.

Cast
In addition, Carmen De Lavallade appears as the judge during the custody hearing, Geoffrey Horne appears as Vanessa's current boyfriend Sid, while other Adam Sandler film repeat regulars include Edmund Lyndeck as an elderly bar patron named Mr. Herlihy who claims that Sonny "fights like a girl", Steven Brill as lawyer Ted Castellucci who assists Brooks at the custody hearing, Sandler's wife Jackie Sandler as a waitress at the bar Sonny frequents and his niece and nephew Jillian and Jared Sandler as two people named Jillian and Jared. Dennis Dugan has an uncredited appearance as a reluctant trick-or-treat giver.

Production
Principal photography took place in New York from September 24 to December 21, 1998. Pete Davidson auditioned for a role. The script was originally titled Guy Gets Kid and was considered for Chris Farley.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Big Daddy has an approval rating of 39% based on 93 reviews, and an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Adam Sandler acquits himself admirably, but his charm isn't enough to make up for Big Daddy's jarring shifts between crude humor and mawkish sentimentality." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100, based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+.

Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called it "Sandler's best movie", noting that "Sandler possesses an innocence that makes the mean-spiritedness inherent in much of his work surprisingly palatable." Robert Koehler of Variety called it "a step forward for Adam Sandler, as well as a strategy to expand his audience. While the loyal male-teen aud[ience] core will not be disappointed with the spate of gags just for them, story contains solid date-movie material."

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said: "There's no doubt Sandler is talented, but if he persists in believing that, like Elvis, his presence alone covers a multitude of omissions and inconsistencies, he will squander his gift and make a series of forgettable films in the process." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars, describing the main character as "seriously disturbed" and the story as "predictable", although he did praise Joey Lauren Adams's character as "entertaining".

Director Paul Thomas Anderson is a noted fan of the film, considering it one of his favorites.

Soundtrack
The film won a BMI Film Music Award. The soundtrack included the following:

 * Track listing
 * 1) "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Sheryl Crow (Guns N' Roses cover)
 * 2) "When I Grow Up" by Garbage
 * 3) "Peace Out" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 4) "Just Like This" by Limp Bizkit
 * 5) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" by Everlast (a Neil Young cover)
 * 6) "Ga Ga" by Melanie C
 * 7) "What Is Life" by George Harrison, covered in movie by Shawn Mullins
 * 8) "The Kiss" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 9) "Instant Pleasure" by Rufus Wainwright
 * 10) "Ooh La La" by The Wiseguys
 * 11) "Sid" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 12) "If I Can't Have You" by Yvonne Elliman
 * 13) "Smelly Kid" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 14) "Passin' Me By" by The Pharcyde (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 15) "Rush" by Big Audio Dynamite
 * 16) "Hooters" by Allen Covert (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 17) "Babe" by Styx
 * 18) "Overtime" by Adam Sandler (a sound clip from a scene in the movie)
 * 19) "The Kangaroo Song" by Tim Herlihy (made specifically for the movie)
 * 20) "The Best of Times" by Styx (only a portion of the song)

 * Other songs used in the film
 * "Dancing in the Moonlight" by The CrownSayers (originally done by King Harvest)
 * "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics
 * "Sweet Child o' Mine" a re-recorded version taken from a live version played by Guns N' Roses mixed with a recording with the 1999 Guns N' Roses lineup.
 * "Jump" by Van Halen background music on the answering machine message in Sonny's apartment
 * "Growin' Up" by Bruce Springsteen
 * "Save It For Later" by Harvey Danger (originally by The English Beat)
 * "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)" by Styx
 * "Night's Interlude" by Nightmares on Wax (Song played during opening credits)
 * "Fooled Around and Fell in Love" by Elvin Bishop

 * Songs from the theatrical trailer not in the film
 * "Doo Wa Ditty (Blow That Thing)" by Zapp and Roger
 * "You Get What You Give" by New Radicals

title: Big Daddy (1999 film)


text:
HMS Centurion

Eight ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Centurion, after the centurions of ancient Rome. A ninth ship was planned but never built.

Ships

 * HMS Centurion (1650) was a 34-gun ship launched in 1650 and wrecked in 1689.
 * HMS Centurion (1691) was a 48-gun fourth-rate launched in 1691 and broken up in 1728.
 * HMS Centurion (1732) was a 60-gun fourth-rate launched in 1732 and broken up 1769 after George Anson's voyage around the world
 * HMS Centurion (1774) was a 50-gun fourth-rate launched in 1774. She was reduced to harbour service in 1809, sank at her moorings in 1824, and was raised and broken up in 1825.
 * HMS Centurion was a 74-gun third-rate launched in 1812 as HMS Clarence (1812). She was renamed HMS Centurion in 1826 and was broken up in 1828.
 * HMS Centurion (1844) was an 80-gun third-rate launched in 1844. She was converted to screw propulsion in 1855, and sold in 1870.
 * HMS Centurion (1892) was a Centurion-class battleship launched in 1892 and sold in 1910.
 * HMS Centurion (1911) was a King George V-class battleship launched in 1911. She was converted to a target ship in 1926, rated as an escort ship in 1940, and was sunk off Arromanches as a breakwater in 1944.
 * HMS Centurion was to have been a 9,000 ton cruiser, planned in 1945, but cancelled in 1946.

Shore establishment

 * HMS Centurion (shore establishment) was the central drafting depot established at Haslemere in 1956, commissioned in 1957 and named in 1964. The base moved to Gosport, becoming a drafting depot and a pay and accounting centre, in 1970. It was paid off in 1994, becoming Centurion building, a tender to HMS Sultan (shore establishment), mainly responsible for personnel and Human Resources functions.

Battle honours
Ships named Centurion have earned the following battle honours:

 * Armada, 1588
 * Cadiz, 1596
 * Dover, 1652
 * Portland, 1653
 * Gabbard, 1653
 * Scheveningen, 1653
 * Santa Cruz, 1657
 * Lowestoft, 1665
 * Four Days' Battle, 1666
 * Orfordness, 1666
 * Barfleur, 1692
 * Velez Malaga, 1704
 * Marbella, 1705
 * Nuestra Senora de Covadonga, 1743
 * Finisterre, 1747
 * Louisbourg, 1758
 * Quebec, 1759
 * Havana, 1762
 * St. Lucia, 1778
 * China, 1900
 * Jutland, 1916
 * Normandy, 1944

title: HMS Centurion


text:
Escape from Noise

Escape from Noise is the fourth studio album by Negativland. It marked the band's first release on an established independent record label, SST Records. On the album, they continued to develop their experimental style, as well as incorporating elements of pop music with shorter tracks and more conventional melodies. "Christianity Is Stupid", a track featuring samples from the propaganda movie If Footmen Tire You, What Will Horses Do?, proved to be an enduring signature song: the band and the release gained widespread attention a year later due to an SST press release falsely implying that murderer David Brom had listened to the song before killing his family members.

Release
The original album came with a yellow bumper sticker with black letters reading "Car Bomb", and a booklet outlining the history of the band, along with photos of band members and reviews of previous releases. In the booklet, Crosley Bendix (Don Joyce) describes how Negativland's studio/apartment and recording equipment were destroyed in a two-alarm fire discovered by Negativland member Mark Hosler at 11:50 pm late on "Friday the 13th of February, 1987".

The fire started in Smart Laundry, a dry cleaning business located at street level below Negativland's apartment, 10028 San Pablo Avenue in El Cerrito, California. When he saw flames leaping up past their kitchen window, Hosler yelled to his friend Tera Freedman in the next room to call 9-1-1 to notify the fire department. Hosler and Freedman collected the finished master tapes and artwork for Escape from Noise and quickly left the building, just as fire crews arrived. Cleaning solvents in the laundry accelerated the fire and caused extensive damage to the building before fire crews gained control. Afterward, the band grimly assessed the total destruction of the recording equipment and the materials from previous releases. Together, they traveled to Los Angeles to meet with SST executives and "reaffirm their album commitment".

In 1999, Seeland Records reissued the album in a new "un-remixed" edition, adding no bonus tracks and blowing up the photo on the LP to fill the entire CD front cover and the original LP cover's words from Bendix were moved into the booklet. A sticker was placed on the album, saying:

An old album from Negativland: Digitally exacto-remastered 33$1⁄3$ rpm compact disc re-issue of Negativland's classic 1987 LP with no added bonus tracks of any kind!

Don't let the new cover design fool you – your audiophile friends might think that such classics as "Car Bomb" and "Christianity Is Stupid" sound crisper and cleaner on this newly un-remixed edition, but they're dead wrong! And even though there are no longer eleven time zones in the Soviet Union (and no Soviet Union, either) this re-release sounds exactly the same as the original. The only thing different is the sticker you are reading right now.

The original LP is still in print on SST Records, even though the band re-released the record in 1999 on Seeland.

In 1988, the group released a press release suggesting that the song "Christianity Is Stupid" was connected to murders by David Brom, and that the group was forced to cancel a planned tour in support of Escape from Noise. However, there were no connections with the murders, and the tour was cancelled only due to shortage of funds and free time. Their next album, Helter Stupid, made use of the event by sampling news reports of the claims made in the press release.

Track listing

 * A hidden track is after "Endscape". It is performed on the No Other Possibility video compilation as "Fire Song".

 * On the 1999 CD release, the "Announcement" track is split into a short 13 second Track 1, and a 1:39 pregap to Track 2.

Personnel

 * Mark Hosler: Singing, synthesizers, guitars, voice tapes, percussions, rhythm loops, bomb parts, David manipulation, tiny metal banjo, recorder, many other noises, mix
 * Don Joyce: Yelling, talking tapes, electric tympani, synthesizer, lyrics, singing, Booper bee, bomb parts and assembly, noises everywhere, mix
 * Chris Grigg: Drums, synthesizer, singing, computer & software, field recordings, mix
 * David Wills: Talking, shortwave, family tape, bomb parts, regular Booper
 * Richard Lyons: Singing, lyrics, voice

 * With contributions from:
 * Ian Allen: Helicopter (on "Sycamore"), Rhythm Loop (on "Car Bomb"), Bell (on "Time Zones")
 * Jello Biafra c/o Dead Kennedys: Toilet Flushing (on "The Playboy Channel")
 * Das c/o Big City Orchestra: Voice Tapes (on "Quiet Please")
 * Dina Emerson: Wordless Vocals (on "You Don't Even Live Here")
 * Steve Fisk: Optigan and Voice Tapes (on "Michael Jackson")
 * Tera Freedman: Voice Tape (on "Backstage Pass")
 * Phil Freihofner: Bomb Parts (on "Car Bomb")
 * Ray Briem: radio talk show host (on "Time Zones")
 * Ed Markmann: Paid Voice
 * Fred Frith: Urban Drum and Halfspeed Violin (on "Michael Jackson")
 * Jerry Garcia c/o Grateful Dead: Mouth Sounds and Chimes (on "Backstage Pass")
 * Alexander Hacke c/o Einstürzende Neubauten: Metal Noises (on "Christianity Is Stupid")
 * Mickey Hart c/o Grateful Dead: Percussion and Processed Animals (on "Backstage Pass")
 * Tom Herman c/o Tripod Jimmie: Torture Guitars (on "Methods of Torture")
 * Henry Kaiser: Doublespeed Disco Guitars (on "Quiet Please")
 * Louisa Michaels c/o Step One Nursery School: Singing (on "Over the Hiccups")
 * Mark Mothersbaugh c/o Devo: Jazz Bass, Jimi Hendrix, E-cussion, Saxophone and Noises (on "The Playboy Channel")
 * The Residents Hoots and Clanging (on "You Don't Even Live Here")
 * Rev. Ivan Stang c/o The Church of the SubGenius: Larynx (on "Christianity Is Stupid")
 * Rand Weatherwax c/o CBS: Orchestra Hits and E-cussion (on "Quiet Please")
 * Rob Wortman c/o Kingshouse: Leaf blower (on "You Don't Even Live Here")

title: Escape from Noise


text:
Asialoglycoprotein

If terminal sialic acid residues are removed from glycoproteins, the resulting proteins are known as asialoglycoproteins.

In rats, the exposure of subterminal galactose or GalNAc residues may assist in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins by asialoglycoprotein receptors on Kuppfer cells. The human ortholog of this gene is non-functional, but hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptors are functional in both humans and rats.

title: Asialoglycoprotein


text:
User:3.141592653

This was a public account, but this has been fixed

David's Pyramid
How it works There are three main aspects to my pyramid. The first aspect is all the numbers that make up all the rows, diagonals, and platforms of my pyramid. The second part would be having all the a’s b’s and c’s in the right spots on the inside and outside of the pyramid. The very last but one of the most important parts of this pyramid is exponents to all the letters and numbers. 1 Aspect Row 0					1 Row 1				1		1 Row 2			1		2		1 Row 3		1		3		3		1 Row 4	1		4		6		4		1 Pascal’s Triangle How to get the numbers on the outside of each row and platform? The outside numbers are the ones that are highlighted in the color yellow. The outside numbers to the pyramid co inside with the row numbers of Pascal’s triangle. Where row three on Pascal’s triangle is the same as the outside numbers on Platform three of my Pyramid. The diagram on the left shows Pascal’s triangle up to			1 3		3			3				3	1		3		3		1 Row four. And the diagram on the right shows how Platform 3 of my pyramid co-insides with row three of Pascal’s Triangle. This works for all the outside numbers of any Platform on my Pyramid. To get the inside numbers of any Platform is a little bit more tricky. There is a complicated relation ship between ehach number in the pyramid, wich is very close to the samae relation ship as pascal’s triangle. This relation ship can easily be expressed as a formula. The formula is  This formula is very easy to use, all you do is plug in all the information into the calculator and you get the answer. Example 1									5		5							10		20		10					10		30		30		10			   5		20		x		20	    5 1	5		10		10		5	1	X = row- diagonal + 1/ Diagonal *20 X = 4 – 2 + 1/ 3 * 20 X=30 This formula works throughout all of the pyramid.

Second Aspect

The second part is really simple. It’s on how you get all the letters in the right spots on the inside of the pyramid. It goes like this, all the corners of the pyramid are there single letter. All the very outside numbers are a mixture as in the out side numbers between a and b are ab, all the numbers between a and c are ac, all the numbers between b and c are bc. All of the inside are abc’s (theses are the only parts of the pyramid left to fill out.)

Third Aspect

The last part in filling out the pyramid is putting in all of the exponents. This can be easily done with the formula a(-r+p)b(r-d)c(d) This formula is a great way to get all the exponents. After you do this you may observe that all of the exponents of a get less and less as you get farther from it and all the exponents of b get lass and less as you get farther from it and all the exponents of c get less and less as you get farther from it.

The Final Formula

This is the final Formula to the Pyramid It works in the same way as all the other parts of the pyramid that I just explained. Except for the very first formula instead of using r – d +1 /d, we use the formula that is like a modified version of Pascal’s formula for Pascal’s triangle. I then adapted the trinomial formula to my pyramid, so that instead of just being able to find out the coefficient of one term you can find out every coefficient to the trinomial plus the letters and the exponents.

title: User:3.141592653


text:
Territory (animal)

In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal consistently defends against conspecific competition (or, occasionally, against animals of other species) using agonistic behaviors or (less commonly) real physical aggression. Animals that actively defend territories in this way are referred to as being territorial or displaying territorialism.

Territoriality is only shown by a minority of species. More commonly, an individual or a group of animals occupies an area that it habitually uses but does not necessarily defend; this is called its home range. The home ranges of different groups of animals often overlap, and in these overlap areas the groups tend to avoid each other rather than seeking to confront and expel each other. Within the home range there may be a core area that no other individual group uses, but, again, this is as a result of avoidance.

Function
The ultimate function of animals inhabiting and defending a territory is to increase the individual fitness or inclusive fitness of the animals expressing the behaviour. Fitness in this biological sense relates to the ability of an animal to survive and raise young. The proximate functions of territory defense vary. For some animals, the reason for such protective behaviour is to acquire and protect food sources, nesting sites, mating areas, or to attract a mate.

Types and size
Among birds, territories have been classified as six types.

 * Type A: An 'all-purpose territory' in which all activities occur, e.g. courtship, mating, nesting and foraging
 * Type B: A mating and nesting territory, not including most of the area used for foraging.
 * Type C: A nesting territory which includes the nest plus a small area around it. Common in colonial waterbirds.
 * Type D: A pairing and mating territory. The type of territory defended by males in lekking species.
 * Type E: Roosting territory.
 * Type F: Winter territory which typically includes foraging areas and roost sites. May be equivalent (in terms of location) to the Type A territory, or for a migratory species, may be on the wintering grounds.

Reports of territory size can be confused by a lack of distinction between home range and the defended territory. The size and shape of a territory can vary according to its purpose, season, the amount and quality of resources it contains, or the geography. The size is usually a compromise of resource needs, defense costs, predation pressure and reproductive needs.

Some species of squirrels may claim as much as 10 ha of territory. For European badgers, a home range may be as small as 30 ha in a good rural habitat, but as large as 300 ha in a poor habitat. On average, a territory may be approximately 50 ha, with main setts normally at least 500 m apart. In urban areas, territories can be as small as 5 ha, if they can obtain enough food from bird tables, food waste or artificial feeding in suburban gardens. Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) have highly variable territory sizes, ranging from less than 4000 ha in the Ngorongoro Crater to over 100000 ha in the Kalahari.

In birds, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) have territories of 9000 ha, least flycatchers' (Empidonax minimus) territories are about 600 m2 and gulls have territories of only a few square centimetres in the immediate vicinity of the nest.

Territories can be linear. Sanderlings (Calidris alba) forage on beaches and sandflats. When on beaches, they feed either in flocks or individual territories of 10 to 120 metres of shoreline.

The time to develop territories varies between animals. The marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) is a lekking reptile. Males start to establish small display territories two months ahead of the mating season.

Retaining a territory
Rather than retaining a territory simply by fighting, for some animals this can be a 3-stage process. Many animals create "sign-posts" to advertise their territory. Sometimes these sign-posts are on the boundary thereby demarcating the territory, or, may be scattered throughout the territory. These communicate to other animals that the territory is occupied and may also communicate additional information such as the sex, reproductive status or dominance status of the territory-holder. Sign-posts may communicate information by olfactory, auditory, or visual means, or a combination of these. If an intruder progresses further into the territory beyond the sign-posts and encounters the territory-holder, both animals may begin ritualized aggression toward each other. This is a series of stylised postures, vocalisations, displays, etc. which function to solve the territory dispute without actual fighting as this could injure either or both animals. Ritualized aggression often ends by one of the animals fleeing (generally the intruder). If this does not happen, the territory may be defended by actual fighting, although this is generally a last resort.

Scent marking
Scent marking, also known as territorial marking or spraying when this involves urination, is a behaviour used by animals to identify their territory. Most commonly, this is accomplished by depositing strong-smelling substances contained in the urine, faeces, or, from specialised scent glands located on various areas of the body. Often, the scent contains pheromones or carrier proteins such as the major urinary proteins to stabilize the odours and maintain them for longer. The animal sniffing the scent frequently displays a flehmen response to assist in detecting the mark. Scent marking is often performed by scent rubbing in many mammals. In many mammal species, scent marking is more frequent during the breeding season.

Felids such as leopards and jaguars mark by spraying urine   or by rubbing themselves against vegetation. Prosimians and New World monkeys also use scent marking, including urine washing (self-anointing the body with urine), to communicate. Many ungulates, for example the blue wildebeest, use scent marking from two glands, the preorbital gland and a scent gland in the hoof.

Territorial scent marking may involve behaviours specific to this activity. When a wolf marks its territory, it lifts a hind leg and urinates on a scent post (usually an elevated position like a tree, rock, or bush). This raised leg urination is different from normal urination, which is done while squatting. This posture is exclusive to alpha wolves of either sex, although the alpha male does this most often. The alpha female usually urinates on a scent post that her breeding partner has just urinated on, although during the mating season, the female may first urinate on the ground. All other females in the pack, and also young wolves and low-ranking male wolves, urinate while squatting. Similar urination postures are used by coyotes and golden jackals.

Males and female ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) scent-mark both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their anogenital scent glands. To do this, they perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with their feet while applying the scent.

In the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, both sexes have glands that evolved for marking the nest. Males, although they have the gland, are unable to produce the marking substance. Females secrete it near the nest site entrance to establish their territory.

Wombats use feces to mark their territory. They have evolved specialized intestinal anatomy to produce cubical feces to ensure the feces do not roll away.

Visual
Visual sign-posts may be a short-term or long-term mode of advertising a territory. Short-term communication includes the colouration or behaviour of the animal, which can only be communicated when the resident is present. Other animals may use more long-term visual signals such as faecal deposits, or marks on the vegetation or ground. Visual marking of territory is often combined with other modes of animal communication.

Some animals have prominent "badges" or visual displays to advertise their territory, often in combination with scent marking or auditory signals. Male European robins are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They attack other males that stray into their territories, and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. Such attacks sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas. The red breast of the bird (i.e. badge) is highly visible when it sings (vocal marking) at the boundary of its territory. The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) advertises its territory with urine scent marks. When it is urinating for marking purposes, it holds its extremely distinctive tail high in the air adding a visual component to the advertisement; when it is urinating for eliminative purposes, its tail is only slightly raised. Rhinoceros have poor vision but may use visual marking. Dominant white rhino bulls mark their territory with faeces and urine (olfactory marking). The dung is laid in well defined piles. There may be 20 to 30 of these piles to alert passing rhinoceroses that it is occupied territory. Other males may deposit dung over the piles of another and subsequently the sign-post grows larger and larger. Such a dung heap can become up to five metres wide and one metre high. After defecating, greater one-horned rhinos scratch their hind feet in the dung. By continuing to walk, they "transport" their own smell around the paths, thus establishing a scent-marked trail. Another method of visually marking their territory is wiping their horns on bushes or the ground and scraping with the feet, although this is likely combined with the smell of the marking animal. The territorial male scrape-marks every 30 m or so around its territory boundary.

After leaving a urination mark, some animals scrape or dig the ground nearby, thereby leaving a visual advertisement of the territory. This includes domestic dogs.

Several species scratch or chew trees leaving a visual mark of their territory. This is sometimes combined with rubbing on the tree which may leave tufts of fur. These include the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and the American black bear (Ursus americanus). Many animals have scent glands in their paws or deposit fur during tree-marking, so tree-marking may be a combination of both visual and olfactory advertising of the territory. The male ring-tailed lemur has a specialised adaptation to assist in leaving visual/olfactory territorial marks. On their inner forearm (antebrachial) is a scent gland which is covered by a spur. In a behaviour called "spur marking", they grasp the substrate, usually a small sapling, and drag the spur over it, cutting into the wood and spreading the gland's secretions. When on the ground, ring-tailed lemurs preferentially mark small saplings and when high in the trees, they usually mark small vertical branches.

European wildcats (Felis silvestris) deposit their faecal marks on plants with high visual conspicuousness that enhances the visual effectiveness of the signal.

Auditory
Many animals use vocalisations to advertise their territory. These are short-term signals transmitted only when the animal is present, but can travel long distances and over varied habitats. Examples of animals which use auditory signals include birds, frogs and canids.

Wolves advertise their territories to other packs through a combination of scent marking and howling. Under certain conditions, wolf howls can be heard over areas of up to 130 km2. When howling together, wolves harmonize rather than chorus on the same note, thus creating the illusion of there being more wolves than there actually are. Wolves from different geographic locations may howl in different fashions: the howls of European wolves are much more protracted and melodious than those of North American wolves, whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable.

Ritualized aggression
Animals use a range of behaviours to intimidate intruders and defend their territories, but without engaging in fights which are expensive in terms of energy and the risk of injury. This is ritualized aggression. Such defense frequently involves a graded series of behaviours or displays that include threatening gestures (such as vocalizations, spreading of wings or gill covers, lifting and presentation of claws, head bobbing, tail and body beating) and finally, direct attack.

Defense
Territories may be held by an individual, a mated or unmated pair, or a group. Territoriality is not always a fixed behavioural characteristic of a species. For example, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode. Territories may vary with time (season). For example, European robins defend territories as pairs during the breeding season but as individuals during the winter. Resource availability may cause changes in territoriality. For example, some nectarivores defend territories only during the mornings when plants are richest in nectar. In species that do not form pair bonds, male and female territories are often independent, i.e. males defend territories only against other males and females only against other females. In this case, if the species is polygynous, one male territory probably contains several female territories, while in some polyandrous species such as the northern jacana, this situation is reversed.

Strategies
Animals may use several strategies to defend their territories.

The first game theory model of fighting is known as the hawk-dove game. This model pits a hawk strategy (always try to injure your opponent and only withdraw from the contest if an injury is received) against a dove strategy (always use a non-injurious display if the rival is another dove and always withdraw if the rival is a hawk).

Another strategy used in territory defence is the war of attrition. In this model of aggression, two contestants compete for a resource by persisting while constantly accumulating costs over the time that the contest lasts. Strategically, the game is an auction in which the prize goes to the player with the highest bid, and each player pays the loser's low bid.

Some animals use a strategy termed the dear enemy effect in which two neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive toward one another once territorial borders are well-established and they are familiar to each other, but aggression toward unfamiliar animals remains unaffected. The converse of this is the nasty neighbour effect in which a territory-holder shows heightened aggression toward neighbouring territory-holders but unaffected aggression to unfamiliar animals or distant territory-holders. These contrasting strategies depend on which intruder (familiar or unfamiliar) poses the greatest threat to the resident territory-holder.

In territory defence by groups of animals, reciprocal altruism can operate whereby the cost to the benefactor in helping defend the territory is less than the gains to the beneficiary.

Resources defended
An animal chooses its territory by deciding what part of its home range it will defend. In selecting a territory, the size and quality play crucial roles in determining an animal's habitat. Territory size generally tends to be no larger than the organism requires to survive, because defending a larger territory incurs greater energy, time and risk of injury costs. For some animals, the territory size is not the most important aspect of territoriality, but rather the quality of the defended territory.

Behavioural ecologists have argued that food distribution determines whether a species is territorial or not, however, this may be too narrow a perspective. Several other type of resource may be defended including partners, potential mates, offspring, nests or lairs, display areas or leks. Territoriality emerges where there is a focused resource that provides enough for the individual or group, within a boundary that is small enough to be defended without the expenditure of excessive effort. Territoriality is often most strong towards conspecifics, as shown in the case of redlip blenny. This is because the conspecifics share exactly the same set of resources.

Several types of resource in a territory may be defended.

Food: Large solitary (or paired) carnivores, such as bears and the bigger raptors require an extensive protected area to guarantee their food supply. This territoriality only breaks down when there is a glut of food, for example when grizzly bears are attracted to migrating salmon.

Food related territoriality is least likely with insectivorous birds, where the food supply is plentiful but unpredictably distributed. Swifts rarely defend an area larger than the nest. Conversely, other insectivorous birds that occupy more constrained territories, such as the ground-nesting blacksmith lapwing may be very territorial, especially in the breeding season during which they not only threaten or attack many kinds of intruders, but have stereotyped display behaviour to deter conspecifics sharing neighbouring nesting spots.

The owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) is a large (up to 8 cm in length) limpet. It lives in association with an approximately 1,000 cm^2 area of algal film in which its grazing marks can be seen, whereas the remainder of the rock surface is usually free of any visible film. These areas of algal film represent the territories of the Lottia; within them the animals do all their grazing. They keep their territories free of other organisms by shoving off any intruders: other Lottia, grazing limpets of the genus Acmaea, predatory snails, and sessile organisms such as anemones and barnacles.

Nests and offspring: Many birds, particularly seabirds, nest in dense communities but are nonetheless territorial in defending their nesting site to within the distance they can reach while brooding. This is necessary to prevent attacks on their own chicks or nesting material from neighbours. Commonly the resulting superimposition of the short-range repulsion onto the long-range attraction characteristically leads to the well-known roughly hexagonal spacing of nests. One gets a similar hexagonal spacing resulting from the territorial behaviour of gardening limpets such as species of Scutellastra. They vigorously defend their gardens of particular species of algae, that extend for perhaps 1–2 cm around the periphery of their shells.

The desert grass spider, Agelenopsis aperta, often engages in fights over its territory and the most combative spiders have the largest territories.

Some species of penguin defend their nests from intruders trying to steal the pebbles from which the nest is constructed.

Mating opportunities: The striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) is group living with one single breeding male and up to 4 communally breeding females per group. Groups typically contain several philopatric adult sons (and daughters) that are believed not to breed in their natal group and all group members participate in territorial defence. Males defend their territory using a nasty neighbour strategy. Group-living male breeders are nearly five times more aggressive towards their neighbours than towards strangers, leading to the prediction that neighbours are the most important competitors for paternity. Using a molecular parentage analysis it has been shown that 28% of offspring are sired by neighbouring males and only 7% by strangers. In certain species of butterflies, such as the Australian painted lady butterfly and the speckled wood butterfly, the male defends territories that receptive females are likely to fly through such as sunny hilltops and sunspots on a forest's floor.

Territory defence in male variegated pupfish (Cyprinodon variegatus) is dependent on the presence of females. Reduced aggression consistent with the dear enemy effect occurs between conspecific neighbours in the absence of females, but the presence of a female in a male's territory instigates comparably greater aggression between the neighbours.

In the Skylark (Alauda arvensis), playbacks of neighbour and stranger songs at three periods of the breeding season show that neighbours are dear enemies in the middle of the season, when territories are stable, but not at the beginning of the breeding season, during settlement and pair formation, nor at the end, when bird density increases due to the presence of young birds becoming independent. Thus, this dear enemy territoriality relationship is not a fixed pattern but a flexible one likely to evolve with social and ecological circumstances.

Some species of bees also exhibit territoriality to defend mating sites. For example, in Euglossa imperialis, a non-social bee species, males have been observed to occasionally form aggregations of fragrance-rich territories, considered to be leks. These leks serve only a facultative purpose for this species, in which the more fragrance-rich sites there are, the greater the number of habitable territories. Since these territories are aggregated, females have a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate within the aggregation, giving females the power of mate choice. Similar behaviour is also observed in the Eulaema meriana orchid bee. Males in this species of bee show alternative behaviours of territoriality and transiency. Transient male bees did not defend territories, but instead flew from one territory to the other. They also did not engage in physical contact with the territorial males. On the other hand, territorial males patrolled an area around a tree and used the same territory for up to 49 days. It also appeared that they gave up territories to new males without violence. Males defend territories solely for mating, and no other resources such as fragrances, nests, nest construction materials, nectar, or pollen are found at these territories.

Single resource territories
Although most territories contain multiple (potential) resources, some territories are defended for only one purpose. European blackbirds may defend feeding territories that are distant from their nest sites, and in some species that form leks, for example in the Uganda kob (a grazing antelope) and the marine iguana, males defend the lek site which is used only for mating.

Polyterritoriality
Many species demonstrate polyterritoriality, referring to the act of claiming or defending more than one territory. In the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), researchers assert that males exhibit polyterritoriality to deceive females of the species into entering into polygynous relationships. This hypothesis, named the deception hypothesis, claims that males have territories at distances sufficiently great that females are unable to discern already-mated males. The observation that males travelled long distances, ranging from 200m to 3.5 km, to find a second mate supports this argument. The debate about polyterritoriality in this species may initiate research about the evolution and reasons for polyterritoriality in other unrelated species.

title: Territory (animal)


text:
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol or glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a phosphoglyceride that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification. The resulting GPI-anchored proteins play key roles in a wide variety of biological processes. GPI is composed of a phosphatidylinositol group linked through a carbohydrate-containing linker (glucosamine and mannose glycosidically bound to the inositol residue) and via an ethanolamine phosphate (EtNP) bridge to the C-terminal amino acid of a mature protein. The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl-inositol group anchor the protein to the cell membrane.

Synthesis
Glycosylated (GPI-anchored) proteins contain a signal sequence, thus directing them to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The protein is co-translationally inserted in the ER membrane via a translocon and is attached to the ER membrane by its hydrophobic C terminus; the majority of the protein extends into the ER lumen. The hydrophobic C-terminal sequence is then cleaved off and replaced by the GPI-anchor. As the protein processes through the secretory pathway, it is transferred via vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and finally to the plasma membrane where it remains attached to a leaflet of the cell membrane. Since the glypiation is the sole means of attachment of such proteins to the membrane, cleavage of the group by phospholipases will result in controlled release of the protein from the membrane. The latter mechanism is used in vitro; i.e. membrane proteins released from membranes in enzymatic assays are glypiated proteins.

Cleavage
Phospholipase C (PLC) is an enzyme known to cleave the phospho-glycerol bond found in GPI-anchored proteins. Treatment with PLC will cause release of GPI-linked proteins from the outer cell membrane. The T-cell marker Thy-1 and acetylcholinesterase, as well as both intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatases, are known to be GPI-linked and are released by treatment with PLC. GPI-linked proteins are thought to be preferentially located in lipid rafts, suggesting a high level of organization within plasma membrane microdomains.

In humans
Defects in the GPI-anchor synthesis occur in rare acquired diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and congenital diseases such as hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome (HPMRS). In PNH a somatic defect in blood stem cells, which is required for GPI synthesis, results in faulty GPI linkage of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 in red blood cells. The most common cause of PNH are somatic mutations in the X-chromosomal gene PIGA. However, a PNH case with a germline mutation in the autosomal gene PIGT and a second acquired somatic hit has also been reported. Without these proteins linked to the cell surface, the complement system can lyse the cell, and high numbers of RBCs are destroyed, leading to hemoglobinuria. For patients with HPMRS, disease-causing mutations have been reported in the genes PIGV, PIGO, PGAP2 and PGAP3.

In other species
The variable surface glycoproteins from the sleeping sickness protozoan Trypanosoma brucei are attached to the plasma membrane via a GPI anchor.

title: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol


text:
Sinus Meridiani

Sinus Meridiani (Latin Sinus meridiani, "Meridian Bay") is an albedo feature on Mars stretching east-west just south of the planet's equator. It was named by the French astronomer Camille Flammarion in the late 1870s.

In 1979-2001, the vicinity of this feature (with size about 1600 km and coordinates of the center -7.12°N, 4°W) was named Terra Meridiani.

Observational history
The name Sinus Meridiani was given to a classic albedo feature on Mars by the French astronomer Camille Flammarion in the late 1870s. Prior astronomers, notably the German team of Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich von Mädler and then the Italian Giovanni Schiaparelli, had chosen a particular point on Mars as being the location of its prime meridian when they charted their observations. Accepting suggestions that dark areas on the surface of Mars were seas or oceans, Flammarion named a dark area at that point "Sinus Meridiani," literally "Meridian Bay," when he worked on his compilation and analysis of all prior observations of Mars. In 1958, this name was approved by International Astronomical Union.

Since the 1960s, when flybys and access to orbital spacecraft imagery of Mars began to become commonplace, many relief features were named in addition to previously named albedo features. In 1979, a region of Sinus Meridiani was named Terra Meridiani, literally "Meridian Land." In 2001, boundaries of regional features were redefined, and this name was dropped.

Meridiani Planum
The name Meridiani Planum, literally "Meridian Plain," is used to refer specifically to the landing site of Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, in the western portion of Sinus Meridiani. This site was chosen by the Mars Exploration Rover team both for its characteristic as a flat and mostly rock-free plain (and hence a safe landing site), and also as a site which showed the spectral signature of the mineral hematite, which is often a sign of deposition in an aqueous environment.

Analysis by Opportunity

The Opportunity rover found that the soil at Meridiani Planum was very similar to the soil at Gusev crater and Ares Vallis; however, in many places at Sinus Meridiani, the soil was covered with round, hard, gray spherules, dubbed "blueberries." These blueberries were found to be composed almost entirely of the mineral hematite. It was decided that the spectra signal spotted from orbit by 2001 Mars Odyssey was produced by these spherules. Further studies found that the blueberries were concretions formed in the ground by water. Over time, these concretions weathered from what was overlying rock, and then became concentrated on the surface as a lag deposit. The concentration of spherules in bedrock could have produced the observed blueberry covering from the weathering of as little as one meter of rock. Most of the soil consisted of olivine basalt sands that did not come from the local rocks, and is thus speculated to have come from elsewhere.

Minerals in dust
A Mössbauer spectrum was made of the dust that gathered on Opportunity's capture magnet. The results suggested that the magnetic component of the dust was titanomagnetite, rather than just plain magnetite, as was once thought. Trace amounts of olivine were also detected, which indicated a long arid period on the planet. On the other hand, a small amount of hematite that was present meant that there may have been liquid water for a short time in the early history of the planet. Because the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) found it easy to grind into the bedrocks, it is thought that the rocks are much softer than the rocks at Gusev crater.

Bedrock minerals

Few rocks were visible on the surface where Opportunity landed, but bedrock that was exposed in craters was examined by the suite of instruments on the Rover. Bedrock rocks were found to be sedimentary rocks with a high concentration of sulfur in the form of calcium and magnesium sulfates. Some of the sulfates that may be present in bedrocks are kieserite, sulfate anhydrate, bassanite, hexahydrite, epsomite, and gypsum. Salts, such as halite, bischofite, antarcticite, blödite, vanthoffite, or glauberite may also be present.

The rocks contained the sulfates had a light tone compared to isolated rocks and rocks examined by landers/rovers at other locations on Mars. The spectra of these light toned rocks, containing hydrated sulfates, were similar to spectra taken by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor. The same spectrum is found over a large area, so it is believed that water once appeared over a wide region, not just in the area explored by Opportunity.

The Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) found rather high levels of phosphorus in the rocks. Similar high levels were found by other rovers at Ares Vallis and Gusev crater, so it has been hypothesized that the mantle of Mars may be phosphorus-rich. The minerals in the rocks could have originated by acid weathering of basalt. Because the solubility of phosphorus is related to the solubility of uranium, thorium, and rare-earth elements, they are all also expected to be enriched in rocks.

When Opportunity traveled to the rim of the impact crater Endeavour, it found a white vein that was later identified as being pure gypsum. It was formed when water was discovered to harbor a then-unknown gypsum formation, at the time dubbed "Homestake," deposited the mineral into a crack in the rock.

Evidence for water

Examination of bedrocks in Sinus Meridiani showed evidence of the mineral jarosite, which forms only in water. This discovery proved that water once existed in Sinus Meridiani In addition, some rocks showed small laminations with shapes only created by gently flowing water. The first such laminations were found in a rock called "The Dells." Geologists would say that the cross-stratification showed festoon geometry from transport in subaqueous ripples.

Box-shaped holes in some rocks were caused by sulfates forming large crystals, and then when the crystals later dissolved, holes, called vugs, were left behind. The concentration of the element bromine in rocks was highly variable probably because it is very soluble. Water may have concentrated it in places before it evaporated. Another mechanism for concentrating highly soluble bromine compounds is frost deposition, which, at night, would form very thin films of water that would concentrate bromine in certain spots.

Rock from impact
One rock, dubbed "Bounce Rock," was discovered sitting on the sandy plains. It was later found to be ejecta from an impact crater, known as tektites. Its chemistry was different from the bedrock's. Containing mostly pyroxene and plagioclase with no olivine, it closely resembled a part, Lithology B, of the shergottite meteorite EETA 79001, a meteorite known to have come from Mars. Bounce rock received its name by being near an airbag bounce mark.

Meteorites
Opportunity found multiple meteorites on the plains of Sinus Meridiani. The first one analyzed with Opportunitys instruments was named "Heatshield Rock," as it was found near where Opportunitys headshield landed. Examination with the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES), Mossbauer spectrometer, and APXS, lead researchers to classify it as an IAB meteorite. The APXS determined it was composed of 93% iron and 7% nickel. The cobble named "Fig Tree Barberton" is thought to be a stony or stony-iron meteorite (mesosiderite silicate), while "Allan Hills" and "Zhong Shan" may be iron meteorites.

Geological history
Observations at the site have led scientists to believe that the area was flooded with water a number of times and was subjected to evaporation and desiccation. In the process, sulfates were deposited. After sulfates cemented the sediments, hematite concretions grew by precipitation from groundwater. Some sulfates formed into large crystals, which later dissolved to leave vugs. Several lines of evidence point toward an arid climate in the past billion years or so, but a climate supporting water, at least for a time, in the distant past.

title: Sinus Meridiani


text:
Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten    ) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides can have many functions including cell recognition and cell adhesion.

They are normally present as glycans: oligosaccharide chains are linked to lipids or to compatible amino acid side chains in proteins, by N- or O-glycosidic bonds. N-Linked oligosaccharides are always pentasaccharides attached to asparagine via a beta linkage to the amine nitrogen of the side chain. Alternately, O-linked oligosaccharides are generally attached to threonine or serine on the alcohol group of the side chain. Not all natural oligosaccharides occur as components of glycoproteins or glycolipids. Some, such as the raffinose series, occur as storage or transport carbohydrates in plants. Others, such as maltodextrins or cellodextrins, result from the microbial breakdown of larger polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose.

Glycosylation
In biology, glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to an organic molecule, creating structures such as glycoproteins and glycolipids.

N-Linked oligosaccharides
N-Linked glycosylation involves oligosaccharide attachment to asparagine via a beta linkage to the amine nitrogen of the side chain. The process of N-linked glycosylation occurs cotranslationally, or concurrently while the proteins are being translated. Since it is added cotranslationally, it is believed that N-linked glycosylation helps determine the folding of polypeptides due to the hydrophilic nature of sugars. All N-linked oligosaccharides are pentasaccharides: five monosaccharides long.

In N-glycosylation for eukaryotes, the oligosaccharide substrate is assembled right at the membrane of the endoplasmatic reticulum. For prokaryotes, this process occurs at the plasma membrane. In both cases, the acceptor substrate is an asparagine residue. The asparagine residue linked to an N-linked oligosaccharide usually occurs in the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X can be any amino acid except for proline, although it is rare to see Asp, Glu, Leu, or Trp in this position.

O-Linked oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides that participate in O-linked glycosylation are attached to threonine or serine on the hydroxyl group of the side chain. O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgi apparatus, where monosaccharide units are added to a complete polypeptide chain. Cell surface proteins and extracellular proteins are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation sites in O-linked oligosaccharides are determined by the secondary and tertiary structures of the polypeptide, which dictate where glycosyltransferases will add sugars.

Glycosylated biomolecules
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are by definition covalently bonded to carbohydrates. They are very abundant on the surface of the cell, and their interactions contribute to the overall stability of the cell.

Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins have distinct Oligosaccharide structures which have significant effects on many of their properties, affecting critical functions such as antigenicity, solubility, and resistance to proteases. Glycoproteins are relevant as cell-surface receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and tumor antigens.

Glycolipids
Glycolipids are important for cell recognition, and are important for modulating the function of membrane proteins that act as receptors. Glycolipids are lipid molecules bound to oligosaccharides, generally present in the lipid bilayer. Additionally, they can serve as receptors for cellular recognition and cell signaling. The head of the oligosaccharide serves as a binding partner in receptor activity. The binding mechanisms of receptors to the oligosaccharides depends on the composition of the oligosaccharides that are exposed or presented above the surface of the membrane. There is great diversity in the binding mechanisms of glycolipids, which is what makes them such an important target for pathogens as a site for interaction and entrance. For example, the chaperone activity of glycolipids has been studied for its relevance to HIV infection.

Cell recognition
All cells are coated in either glycoproteins or glycolipids, both of which help determine cell types. Lectins, or proteins that bind carbohydrates, can recognize specific oligosaccharides and provide useful information for cell recognition based on oligosaccharide binding.

An important example of oligosaccharide cell recognition is the role of glycolipids in determining blood types. The various blood types are distinguished by the glycan modification present on the surface of blood cells. These can be visualized using mass spectrometry. The oligosaccharides found on the A, B, and H antigen occur on the non-reducing ends of the oligosaccharide. The H antigen (which indicates an O blood type) serves as a precursor for the A and B antigen. Therefore, a person with A blood type will have the A antigen and H antigen present on the glycolipids of the red blood cell plasma membrane. A person with B blood type will have the B and H antigen present. A person with AB blood type will have A, B, and H antigens present. And finally, a person with O blood type will only have the H antigen present. This means all blood types have the H antigen, which explains why the O blood type is known as the "universal donor".

How do transport vesicles know the final destination of the protein that they are transporting?

Vesicles are directed by many ways, but the two main ways are:
 * 1) The sorting signals encoded in the amino acid sequence of the proteins.
 * 2) The Oligosaccharide attached to the protein.

The sorting signals are recognised by specific receptors that reside in the membranes or surface coats of budding vesicles, ensuring that the protein is transported to the appropriate destination.

Cell adhesion
Many cells produce specific carbohydrate-binding proteins known as lectins, which mediate cell adhesion with oligosaccharides. Selectins, a family of lectins, mediate certain cell–cell adhesion processes, including those of leukocytes to endothelial cells. In an immune response, endothelial cells can express certain selectins transiently in response to damage or injury to the cells. In response, a reciprocal selectin–oligosaccharide interaction will occur between the two molecules which allows the white blood cell to help eliminate the infection or damage. Protein-Carbohydrate bonding is often mediated by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.

Dietary oligosaccharides
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are found in many vegetables, are short chains of fructose molecules. They differ from fructans such as inulin, which as polysaccharides have a much higher degree of polymerization than FOS and other oligosaccharides, but like inulin and other fructans, they are considered soluble dietary fibre. Using fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) as fiber supplementations is shown to have an effect on glucose homeostasis quite similar to insulin. These (FOS) supplementations can be considered prebiotics which produce short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS).  Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in particular are used to create a prebiotic effect for infants that are not being breastfed.

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), which also occur naturally, consist of short chains of galactose molecules. Human milk is an example of this and contains oligosaccharides, known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are derived from lactose. These oligosaccharides have biological function in the development of the gut flora of infants. Examples include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose. These compounds cannot be digested in the human small intestine, and instead pass through to the large intestine, where they promote the growth of Bifidobacteria, which are beneficial to gut health.

HMOs can also protect infants by acting as decoy receptors against viral infection. HMOs accomplish this by mimicking viral receptors which draws the virus particles away from host cells. Experimentation has been done to determine how glycan-binding occurs between HMOs and many viruses such as influenza, rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The strategy HMOs employ could be used to create new antiviral drugs.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are widely used in animal feed to improve gastrointestinal health. They are normally obtained from the yeast cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mannan oligosaccharides differ from other oligosaccharides in that they are not fermentable and their primary mode of action includes agglutination of type-1 fimbria pathogens and immunomodulation.

title: Oligosaccharide


text:
Talk:Steven Hawley

Talk
What are astromaterials? Moon rock? Meteorites? Mr. Jones 15:12, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Honors
This reads WAAAY too much like a personal page. Shouldn't this be limited to the NASA awards? 66.115.217.67 (talk) 21:13, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
 * In a nutshell, no. But you should feel free to contribute and edit away.  Anyone can edit Wikipedia articles.  Think it can be better?  WP:SOFIXIT.--Paul McDonald (talk) 21:32, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

time in space
time in infobox does not match what's in text! 2601:19C:527E:56C0:4580:F690:FFE2:7300 (talk) 20:59, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steven Hawley


text:
Talk:Tokyo Imperial Palace

World War II
"It was destroyed during the Second World War by bombing, but was rebuilt in the same style in 1968." It was? —wwoods 05:41, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It most certainly was not. The destroyed main keep was never rebuilt. Uly 01:26, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Was the main keep standing before WWII? Fg2 01:31, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I vaguely remember that Edo Castle, in its fully expanded form, was standing up until WWII. It was destroyed in the firebombing campaigns and never rebuilt because the US saw it as a possibly dangerous nationalist symbol.  I'm not absolutely sure when the main keep is destroyed, though, and the reason it's not rebuilt is also possibly just an opinion of some historian. Uly 20:19, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The main keep was destroyed in the 1657 Meireki fire and never rebuilt. LordAmeth 09:30, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Name
Should this not be moved to Kōkyo? I'd be perfectly happy with "Japanese imperial palace" or the like, but if we're going to use the Japanese name, should we not represent the accurate romanization? LordAmeth 16:05, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd be happier with an English name. As you suggested, "Japanese Imperial Palace" would be fine. But if the article title is to be in Japanese, then Kōkyo is Wikipedia style. Fg2 22:28, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, I'd be perfectly happy with "Japanese Imperial Palace" if others wanted. But I think the primary argument against that is the fact that we don't have articles named "British Royal Palace" or "American Presidential Residence" - they're called by their actual names. In any case, what do you think? Should we make a vote out of this, or should we simply go with either Japanese Imperial Palace or Kōkyo? LordAmeth 02:02, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Is "Kōkyo" really a name? Or is it simply a word meaning "Imperial residence"? There are names for some of the buildings within the grounds, such as the Fukiage Palace; Kōkyo doesn't seem to be a name in this sense. The Kunaicho calls it the "Imperial Palace." Since there are other imperial palaces in the world (even if there aren't many kings who are styled "emperor" nowadays), "Japanese Imperial Palace" or "Imperial Palace of Japan" or "Imperial Palace of Tokyo" seems fine. Certainly, "Kōkyo Imperial Palace" is redundant, so I think I changed that recently. Anyhow, I'm willing to live with some other title.

 * Regarding a vote, let's first see if there are any other opinions. If nobody expresses an opinion, there's hardly any point in a vote. Fg2 04:14, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * My pref would be Imperial Palace Tokyo, since there are/were also palaces in Kyoto and Nara -- Chris 73 | Talk 10:01, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course, that being the case, those articles are at Kyoto Gosho and Heijō Palace, not "Imperial Palace Kyoto" or "Nara Imperial Palace." LordAmeth 21:08, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It might be worth moving Kyoto Gosho to Kyoto Imperial Palace (I think the city name should come first). Again, that's the IHA's terminology.

 * Incidentally, I had not known that they conduct tours of the Tokyo palace. I've added it to the article. Fg2 21:19, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this pages need to be renamed. There are good points for both Kōkyo and Imperial Palace. In modern Japan, Kōkyo generally only refers to the imperial palace in Tōkyō. However, more precisely Kōkyo is the usual residence of the emperor. Is the intent of this page to be about imperial palaces in general or just one imperial palace in particular: the one in Tōkyō? As the article minimally points out, there have been many such places historically (and may be more in the future). In a broader context, they are all Kōkyo. Assuming the name "Imperial Palace", then merely adding a adding the suffix "Tokyo" [=Tōkyō] is not really very precise. "Imperial Palace, Japan" seems a little awkward too. I think this page could do a better job discussing historical Kōkyo. In the end, perhaps "Kōkyo" is best. There is already a disambiguation page at Imperial Palace. At the moment, I am leaning in favor of Kōkyo. By the way, it's a beautiful place to visit. Bendono 12:17, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think "Imperial palace of Japan" or "Imperial palace, Japan" is fine. The other imperial palaces in Japan can have names such as "Imperial palace at Kyoto, Japan" or Heijo Palace. When someone refers to "The imperial palace" in Japan, it's perfectly obvious that one is referring to the main residence and palace in the middle of Tokyo. One should use the most common name, pages for places like Buckingham palace or the White House use those names because it is the most-known name. If someone says "The White House", it is not necessary to be more specific, unless one is referring to a white house other than the most famous one in DC, such as "White_House%2C_Moscow", or "White_House%2C_Bishkek". Likewise, the Air Force One article is mostly on the specially-built presidential planes, although any Air Force plane carrying the president can be called that. The Japanese WP page on palaces simply lists it as the "Imperial palace"(kokyo), with the other sites described by location. Also, "Kokyo" is just the word for "Palace of the Japanese Imperial Family" in Japanese, so I don't see why we have to use it in the English WP. Do you know any official or journalist that refers to it as "the Kokyo"? Every historical or official record in English I've seen refers to it as the "Imperial palace" of Japan or Tokyo. Identity0 20:27, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

(question)
Does it have an actual mailing address? Identity0 19:45, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Description
Is there anyone living in Tokyo who could possibly provide a detailed description of the palace? --WoodElf 07:24, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean the actual building itself, or the imperial palace gardens (including multiple buildings), or the whole area including the accessible east garden etc.? See commons:Category:Edo Castle and subcategories for a whole list of images. -- Chris 73 | Talk 07:55, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, a writeup on the different buildings and gardens in the palace compound would be nice.--WoodElf 07:31, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * There's some material at the Japanese wikipedia article we can use. --WoodElf 06:25, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Can someone maybe add the lat/long of the palace so it can be found in google earth easily? one site lists lat=35.6833; long=139.7667 which is off to the east of it a bit.

How big? Moved question from article
User:202.154.136.146 asked, "How big are the Imperial Palace Grounds?" Fg2 03:05, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Rice Crop
Does anyone know anything about the rice crop at the imperial palace, tended to by the Emperor?

My understanding is that this is very important to the Japanese. I'd love to see it reflected in the article.

LionKimbro (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 08:57, 25 January 2009 (UTC).
 * I have no idea what your talking about, but it sounds interesting, and I would like to know about it! --Pstanton (talk) 03:32, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The Japanese Wikipedia article has the following text: 「生物学御研究所昭和天皇が生物学の研究を行うために建設された施設. 現在は今上天皇がハゼを始めとする魚類学の研究を行ったり、その年の新嘗祭を執り行う際に用いられる新穀米を栽培するなど多岐に亘って供用されている. 」It says that

 * The biology research laboratory was built by the Emperor Shōwa for biological research. Now, the facility has a variety of uses: the present emperor conducts research into gobies and other fishes, and it is used for growing rice for use on the occasion of niiname-sai.

 * Fg2 (talk) 04:03, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Post War History
Were any parts of the grounds used by military (either US or allied) after the end of the war? I just noticed on Japanese mapping service Goo that you can bring up historical aerial photos, as well as current satellite. The photos from 1947 and 1963 show what looks like a very large housing complex in the East garden area. Could this be similar to the Washington Heights housing area for the army in Yoyogi Park?

Link to goo historical picture here then click where it says 昭和38 (showa-38 - the year 1963) just above the top edge of the map. You can also click 衛星・航空 (which is 4 links to the left of showa-38) to see present satellite. Jeffcutter (talk) 07:45, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Recent edits
I've changed the layout of the article to match the layout on the map provided; it should make things a bit easier. I've also divided the history section, as there is more than one palace to talk about; and the connection between the palace and the Edo castle was a bit obscure. I trust everyone is OK with this. Moonraker12 (talk) 17:06, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Area?
The article says the palace grounds are 7.41 square km, but looking at a map or satellite view, the whole area fits in a 2 x 2 km square with room to spare, so it's more likely closer to 3 square km. Anyway, a source would be good. --KFP (contact - edits) 22:13, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Post War Palace
It would be nice to have more information and pictures about the actual modern palace that was erected after the war in the sixties. From what i could see it seems to be an interesting (if maybe somewhat bland) mix of sixties architecture/style and traditional japanese aesthetics. Does anyone know more? Apart from the official palace there is also the private residence of the current emperor that was built in the early nineties, but the only pictures i could find are of the outside from official state visits. 141.48.182.175 (talk) 15:27, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tokyo Imperial Palace. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080212045945/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp:80/e07/ed07-01-02-01.html to http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e07/ed07-01-02-01.html

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:52, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:51, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Kyuchu-Sanden.jpg

"Present palace" section image
is there a reason this article is using the PNG version, instead of the available SVG version of the same graphic?--91.64.37.35 (talk) 17:04, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Map in infobox doesn't cover full area
The outline shape on the infobox map encloses only the Nishinomaru/Fukiage area, whereas this article covers the larger area that includes the East Garden, Kōkyo-gaien and Kitanomaru Park. I don't know how to fix it. Nurg (talk) 08:26, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokyo Imperial Palace