text:
Talk:João Goulart

Pronounce
Both IPA given pronounces of the middle name Belchior are wrong about the accent. Belchior is oxytone, so emphasis on BelchiOR. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.40.121.71 (talk) 09:12, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Request for Citation
I would really like to see some citations concerning CIA warships off the coast of Brazil during the military coup of 1964.P97dav45 22:33, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

A Short History of João Goulart
João Goulart was a farmer. He was born in São Borja, a very large but unpopulated town in Brazil-Argentina border. São Borja was a politically active city since the 1920s. The "Prestes Column" (some army batallions that wandered the country, fighting all kinds of unequalty and barbarisms, between 1925 and 1927), departed from São Borja. The man who overthrew the "Old Republic" (a corrupt and anachronic type of Republic, that existed in Brazil from 1889 to 1930), Getulio Vargas, was born in São Borja.

João Goulart was the same kind of man of Vargas - he was a rich farmer who involved in politics. He depended on popular support to keep his power. And he did some "populist" reforms, so the people would support him. And, just like Vargas, Goulart expected that, when he could not get something approved in the Senate, he could count on people pressure to make things work.

Goulart was always involved on polemics. He was the Minister of Labor durin the Vargas 1950-1954 government. Getúlio Vargas had to fire him after the "Minimum-wage scandal". The country almost crumbled in civil war, just because Jango wanted to give the workers a 100% salaries raise. All wages would double! But that was a good idea. By that time, Brazil had almost no inner-market - the consumers were too poor and could not buy anything. The salaries raising would be good for economy. But right-wing politicians were against the idea, and president Vargas had to fire João Goulart before the whole government was overthrown.

After Getulio´s death in 1954, João Goulart was elected vice-president, during the rule of president Juscelino Kubitschek. Both were almost overthrown by the military. But, in the last moment, general Henrique Teixeira Lott, commander of the 3rd Army (the Army of Rio Grande do Sul state), mobilized his forces, ready for war. The generals who commanded other states divisions did not wanted to start a bloodbath (the whole south population was going to join the 3rd Army).

Then Juscelino and Goulart stayed in power from 1955 to 1960. In 1960, the populist "fennomenon" Jânio Quadros was elected president. João Goulart was once again elected for vice-president. (At that time, brazilians could vote for president and vice-president of different parties).

Jânio Quadros was a phenomenon. He was elected with the greatest number of votes ever (until then, of course). But his "friends" did not have the same luck: He was the president, but had almost no power. He had no allies in the Senate. But Janio had his most weird idea: he gave the highest honor medal of Brazil to the communist leader Che Guevara, and sent João Goulart to China. Then, he renounced his power. Janio tought that, being Goulart suspect of communism, the military would call his back to presidency, with dictatorial powers.

But Janio´s plan failed. The military tried to avoid João Goulart from becoming president. Another civil war was almost started. The population of Rio Grande do Sul prepared for war, and the army tried to bomb the Piratini Palace (building of the Rio Grande do Sul state government). The population rushed to the palace and the bombers had to retreat. João Goulart became president, and started his populist Vargas-like way of ruling.

In March 1964, the situation of all people was not good. Payments were too short, and economic crisis was thrownig the entire country into the risk of civil war. But Goulart had the solution. He made a speech announcing that he would do land distribution, wages increasing and some updates on work and taxes laws.

The military did not like the João Goulart´s ideas and there were several talks in the generals´ rooms, all about a possible coup to overthrown Goulart. But nothing was really happening. the troops in Rio de Janeiro were ready for the attack, and even the general of Rio Grande do Sul was neutralized. Everything was ready. But the military did not advance on their intent. Maybe, the idea was just of scaring Goulart, forcing him to give up from his left-wing plans.

But, in Minas Gerais state, when no one expected, general Olimpio Mourão Filho started to march forth to Brasilia (the capital). When the generals in Rio de Janeiro knew of Mourão´s attack, they had no choice but joining him. There was no way back, and no way to stop the whole thing. Even the generals who were not ready for the coup had to put their troops to march. On April 1st 1964, João Goulart was overthrown. He feld to Porto Alegre, capital city of Rio Grande do Sul state.

In the south, Leonel Brizola, the governor, offered protection to Goulart. The people was ready or battle. And the 3rd Army also joined Goulart´s side. Porto Alegre became the new "legal" Brazil capital for a few days and the southern forces were ready to fight and resist the coup. But João Goulart did not wanted to start a civil war. He was also more "mature" than Brizola, who was willing to fight until falling death. This bloodbath was avoided. The 3d Army returned to the barracks and the people left their weapons in the closet.

João Goulart, Leonel Brizola and many left-wing politicians left Brazil on April 1964. Goulart died of heart attack in Uruguay.

Brizola returned to Brazil in 1982. It is said that Brizola still has João Goulart´s "President´s Belt".

--- Fábio Burch Salvador - Brazil —Preceding undated comment was added at 16:37, 12 March 2004.

Fifth paragraph sentence
From the 5th paragraph: "Also, the congressmen was ressented with loss of power and pressure made by Goulart in some occasions (like the "Comício das Reformas", Reform's rally)."

I'm trying to clean up the article, but I'm not sure what this sentence means. crazyeddie 18:25, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It is interesting, I do not believe that the "Reform Rally" as you called it is in the article at all at the moment. This is highly irregular.--Kiyarr lls- talk 19:45, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Parties and Conservative Quadros and Reforms
What political parties were involved? Could Quadros be described as a conservative? Also need more information on Goulart's reforms. crazyeddie 18:45, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Vargas created two parties Brazilian Labor Party, and the Social Democratic Party (Brazil. Opposed was the National Democratic Union (Brazil). The Brazilian Communist Party was influential especially because of Luis Carlos Prestes. Janio was from the opposition, his candidateship was launched by Sao Paulo's PTN, but supported by the UDN. Since voters could choose President and Vice-President separately, it was a man from a different party and ideology who would have the Vice Presidency, namely Joao Goulart from the Brazilian Labor Party strongly leftist as the name suggests.--Kiyarr lls- talk 17:44, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

If Quadros was a conservative? He was from the UDN (right-wing party that wanted even more liberal economics and supported the coup (Carlos Lacerda, governor of Guanabara, journalist and politician of the UDN, wrote mean articles about Goulart all the time, and revolted his state when the coup came)) and wanted to prohibit bikinis. So HELL YEAH! On the other hand, he did give a medal to Che, but I suppose that was his way of saying to the people: "Look, People, I'm your pal, see?" --200.222.30.9 15:51, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Quadros was a populist domestically but politically he advanced non alignment. His most significant characteristic was against the idea of adherence to either the Capitalist or Soviet blocks, and defended non alignment as advanced by the Asian-African Conference. It is the most important because it was the cause of attrition between the right wing establishment associated with capitalist block multinationals, who decried him as a communist for reopening diplomatic relations with the USSR and attempting to open a commercial relationship with countries of the socialist block.--Kiyarr lls- talk 20:07, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Jarbas Passarinho paragraph
I am removing this paragraph: According to senator Jarbas Passarinho, 1964 coup d´etat avoided the imminent communist threat represented by several world and local manifestations, such as: militar insubordination in 1963 in Brasilia, mariners in 1964; Fidel Castro´s, Che Guevarra´s, China, Soviet Union and Cold War. Even militaries wanted to move forward with democracy, since economy was growing and Medici was a very popular president. Passarinho states that Colombia still faces civil wars, and that Brasil could have had the same fate if it was not the military government. He also point out that although censorship was severe, it was Latin America´s softest since media[1] supported the coup and along with the Congress was still open and operating[2]. This public support was extended to entrepeneurs, business people, mid class, who also supported the National Renewal Alliance Party, the situationist party [3]. One could add a comment based in the country´s history which has a steady tradition of conservative governments and severe repression against social revolutions, since monarchy, right-wing republicanism and today´s neoliberalism .

In addition to the very poor English, it is an apologia for the coup and has little to do with the actual subject of the article. ---fzirp, 18 July 2007

 * Iam sorry, my english looks much better than that of the article --which is awfull. In the first paragraph it is said that artists, and ordinary people were exiled. It is true but it offers only one side of the history --there is the side of reality. There was public support, from media, people, etc. Chine is mentioned and I did just the same by giving a world view, a global context.
 * Anyway, I do look forward to see you speaking/wrting in portuguese, french, german, italian...any other laguage.
 * --Ludovicapipa yes? 12:50, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

removed Section justifying coup
I've removed:

 * According to senator Jarbas Passarinho, 1964 coup d´etat avoided the imminent communist threat represented by several world and local manifestations, such as: militar insubordination in 1963 in Brasilia, mariners in 1964; Fidel Castro´s, Che Guevarra´s, China, Soviet Union and Cold War. Passarinho states that Colombia still faces civil wars, and that Brasil could have had the same fate if it was not for the military government. He also point out that although censorship was severe, it was Latin America´s softest since media supported the coup and along with the Congress was still open and operating . This public support was extended to entrepreneurs, business people, mid class, who also supported the National Renewal Alliance Party, the situationist party . One could add a comment, based in the country´s history, that it has a steady tradition of conservative governments and severe repression against social revolutions, since the Monarchy, right-wing republicanism and today´s neoliberalism.

This content is already duplicated in the 1964 coup article. There's no reason to try to add opinion justification to the coup in an article about João Goulart. This is one of those clear "Main Article" sections.--Dali-Llama 04:35, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I don´t agree. I find very imporant to offer a local and global overview. Ludovicapipa yes? 06:58, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * How is this a local or global viewpoint? This is the opinion of a man who was part of the dictatorship. It shouldn't be part of an article about a man who was deposed by the very same dictatorship, but certainly part of the article on the coup itself. You see no conflict of interest and lack of a neutral point of view in doing so?--Dali-Llama 08:16, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A local and global historical overview, porvided by his statement. I think he didn´t state his opinion, quite the contrary, he talked abt historical facts (local and global). As for his guessing abt Colombia, it is assumed he is someone from the system. Ludovicapipa yes? 11:08, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That's his opinion. Not that the facts happened, but rather that these events justified the coup. That's his rationale. So would you have a problem if I added a similar paragraph from someone opposing the coup saying that it wasn't justified?--Dali-Llama 17:43, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No I don´t care if you add, as long as you cite and it looks proper and linked to the article. I fixed the link and it looks Ok. Ludovicapipa yes? 10:31, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I will reinsert Passarinho´s statements. I think you rare inserting Gapari´s point of view and I don´t agree with that. Gaspari is someone who opposes militars --he is a communist and his point of view is that of someone against militars. Ludovicapipa yes? 11:44, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I was very careful not to insert opinion, just narrative. I'm not trying to justify the coup or condemn it: just to explain the sequence of events. There's no opinion in what he's saying. When there is opinion, it should be clearly stated and prefaced (as is done in the passarinho quote).--Dali-Llama 12:40, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Goulart, left-wing?
I know Goulart is populist, but do populist=left-wing in English? He was capitalist n' lovin' it, from what I know, being friends with Vargas (fascist sympathizer populist). He wasn't even a social-democrat! He fully supported the United States government diplomatically during the missile crisis, and he was a wealthy landowner. He was, at most, a centrist, and that's only because he promised (we can't even know for sure if that would really happen) to modernize the country's (capitalist) economy to avoid economical collapse, and give some benefits to workers in exchange for political support. Hardly the Godless commie-lovin' dictator-wannabe anti-American bastard the supporters of the coup wanted the world to believe he was. --200.222.30.9 15:51, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Don't mind it anymore, problem solved. --200.222.30.9 20:01, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Left wing and right wing first of all have different meanings in different times and in different places. In the temporal context of the Cold War the world was polarized, approximation to the Soviet Union meant "Communist", nationalism was seen as anti-USA and therefore pro-Soviet Union. Furthermore in regards to the location, Brazil had an oligarchical past which was opposed most stringently by the dictatorship. Thus while "Varguismo" seems to carry the right-wing aspects of dicatorship and industrialism, in the context of Brazil it does represent Left-Wing politics.--Kiyarr lls- talk 01:16, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Jango's son claims:His father was murdered
This Brazilian site: [Carta Capital] from a Brazilian magazine writes that Jango's son claims Jango was murdered. I don't believe that Jango was murdered.Agre22 (talk) 20:05, 12 December 2009 (UTC)agre22

Jango was arrested, because he was drunk and naked?
I read in a Brazilian book that Jango was arrested in 1944, because he was drunk and naked. Is this true?Agre22 (talk) 20:05, 12 December 2009 (UTC)agre22

Violation of Neutral Point of View
I don't know enough about this topic to be comfortable making edits, but the last two paragraphs of the "military coup" section definitely do not adhere to a neutral point of view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.162.103.75 (talk) 10:03, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * No they don't, and they are also redundant. I removed them. — McDutchie (talk) 09:44, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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JFK was basically the leader of the coup
Interesting transcript of an Oval Office conversation which took place on October 7, 1963 Details about his plans for Brazil have been confirmed.2601:447:4101:41F9:2D6B:2FC6:661E:168B (talk) 19:59, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

Jango's son article
Jango's son, João Goulart Filho is notable enough to have an English article? He was State Deputy from Rio Grande do Sul between 1982-1986 and disputed the elections in 2018 as part of the Free Fatherland Party. Erick Soares3 (talk) 16:36, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Reader's Digest article
An article in Reader's Digest which appeared a few years after the coup was effusive in its praise for the coup and its leaders. If it were not written by the coup leaders propagandists, it could have been. It was entitled, "Brazil: The Country That Saved Itself". Does anyone with access to back issues of RD and an interest know what number it was that contains this. It should somehow be mentioned in the article, or perhaps even more, the article devoted to the coup. 72.105.77.31 (talk) 20:26, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:João Goulart


text:
Alpinia

Alpinia is a genus of flowering plants in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Species are native to Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, where they occur in tropical and subtropical climates. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants.

Taxonomy
The genus was erected by the Scottish botanist William Roxburgh in 1810, and published in the journal Asiatic Researches It is named after Prospero Alpini, a 17th-century Italian botanist who specialized in exotic plants. Species of the genus are known generally as shell gingers.

Description
These herbs lack true stems, but have pseudostems usually up to about 3 m long which are composed of the overlapping leaf sheaths. A few species have been known to reach 8 m. They grow from thick rhizomes. The leaves are lance-shaped to oblong. The inflorescence takes the form of a spike, a panicle, or a raceme. It may be hooded in bracts and bracteoles. The flower has a shallowly toothed calyx which is sometimes split on one side. The flower corolla is a cylindrical tube with three lobes at the mouth, the middle lobe larger and hoodlike in some taxa. There is one fertile stamen and two staminodes, which are often joined into a petal-like labellum, a structure that is inconspicuous in some species and quite showy in others. The fruit is a rounded, dry or fleshy capsule. The plants are generally aromatic due to their essential oils.

Species
This is the largest genus in the ginger family, with 248 species and 2 hybrids accepted by Plants of the World Online. A number of those are commonly grown for their flowers, including red ginger, and others are used as spices, including Galangal.

Accepted species

 * Alpinia abundiflora Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia acuminata R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia adana C.K.Lim
 * Alpinia aenea B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia albipurpurea (P.Royen) R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia amentacea R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia apoensis Elmer
 * Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
 * Alpinia arctiflora (F.Muell.) Benth.
 * Alpinia arfakensis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia argentea (B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.) R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia arundelliana (F.M.Bailey) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia asmy C.K.Lim
 * Alpinia assimilis Ridl.
 * Alpinia athroantha Valeton
 * Alpinia austrosinense (D.Fang) P.Zou & Y.S.Ye
 * Alpinia bambusifolia C.F.Liang & D.Fang
 * Alpinia beamanii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia biakensis R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia bodenii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia boia Seem.
 * Alpinia boninsimensis Makino
 * Alpinia borraginoides K.Schum.
 * Alpinia brachyantha Merr.
 * Alpinia brevilabris C.Presl
 * Alpinia breviligulata (Gagnep.) Gagnep.
 * Alpinia brevis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia caerulea (R.Br.) Benth.
 * Alpinia calcarata (Andrews) Roscoe
 * Alpinia calcicola Q.B.Nguyen & M.F.Newman
 * Alpinia calycodes K.Schum.
 * Alpinia capitellata Jack
 * Alpinia carinata Valeton
 * Alpinia carolinensis Koidz.
 * Alpinia celebica K.Schum.
 * Alpinia chaunocolea K.Schum.
 * Alpinia chinensis (Retz.) Roscoe
 * Alpinia chrysorachis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia coeruleoviridis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia conchigera Griff.
 * Alpinia condensata Valeton
 * Alpinia conferta B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia congesta Elmer
 * Alpinia conghuaensis J.P.Liao & T.L.Wu
 * Alpinia conglomerata R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia copelandii Ridl.
 * Alpinia coriacea T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia coriandriodora D.Fang
 * Alpinia corneri (Holttum) R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia cumingii K.Schum.
 * Alpinia cylindrocephala K.Schum.
 * Alpinia dasystachys Valeton
 * Alpinia dekockii Valeton
 * Alpinia densibracteata T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia densiflora K.Schum.
 * Alpinia denticulata (Ridl.) Holttum
 * Alpinia diffissa Roscoe
 * Alpinia divaricata Valeton
 * Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer
 * Alpinia domatifera Valeton
 * Alpinia elegans (C.Presl) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia elmeri R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia emaculata S.Q.Tong
 * Alpinia epiphytica Meekiong, Ipor & Tawan
 * Alpinia eremochlamys K.Schum.
 * Alpinia euastra K.Schum.
 * Alpinia eubractea K.Schum.
 * Alpinia fax B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia flabellata Ridl.
 * Alpinia flagellaris (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia formosana K.Schum.
 * Alpinia foxworthyi Ridl.
 * Alpinia fusiformis R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia gagnepainii K.Schum.
 * Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
 * Alpinia gigantea Blume
 * Alpinia glabra Ridl.
 * Alpinia glabrescens Ridl.
 * Alpinia glacicaerulea R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia globosa (Lour.) Horan.
 * Alpinia gracillima Valeton
 * Alpinia graminea Ridl.
 * Alpinia guinanensis D.Fang & X.X.Chen
 * Alpinia haenkei C.Presl
 * Alpinia hagena R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia hainanensis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia hansenii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia havilandii K.Schum.
 * Alpinia hibinoi Masam.
 * Alpinia himantoglossa Ridl.
 * Alpinia hirsuta (Lour.) Horan.
 * Alpinia hoangviet D.D.Nguyen & V.C.Nguyen
 * Alpinia hongiaoensis Tagane
 * Alpinia horneana K.Schum.
 * Alpinia hulstijnii Valeton
 * Alpinia hylandii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia illustris Ridl.
 * Alpinia inaequalis (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia intermedia Gagnep.
 * Alpinia janowskii Valeton
 * Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Miq.
 * Alpinia javanica Blume
 * Alpinia jianganfeng T.L.Wu
 * Alpinia jingxiensis D.Fang
 * Alpinia juliformis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia kawakamii Hayata
 * Alpinia kiungensis R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia klossii (Ridl.) R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia koidzumiana Kitam.
 * Alpinia koshunensis Hayata
 * Alpinia kusshakuensis Hayata
 * Alpinia kwangsiensis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia lalashanensis S.S.Ying
 * Alpinia laosensis Gagnep.
 * Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
 * Alpinia lauterbachii Valeton
 * Alpinia laxisecunda B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia leptostachya Valeton
 * Alpinia ligulata K.Schum.
 * Alpinia ludwigiana R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia maclurei Merr.
 * Alpinia macrocephala K.Schum.
 * Alpinia macrocrista Ardiyani & Ardi
 * Alpinia macroscaphis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia macrostaminodia Chaveer. & Sudmoon
 * Alpinia macrostephana (Baker) Ridl.
 * Alpinia macroura K.Schum.
 * Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe
 * Alpinia manii Baker
 * Alpinia manostachys Valeton
 * Alpinia martini R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia maxii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia melichroa K.Schum.
 * Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
 * Alpinia mesanthera Hayata
 * Alpinia microlophon Ridl.
 * Alpinia modesta F.Muell. ex K.Schum.
 * Alpinia mollis C.Presl
 * Alpinia mollissima Ridl.
 * Alpinia monopleura K.Schum.
 * Alpinia multispica (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia murdochii Ridl.
 * Alpinia musifolia Ridl.
 * Alpinia mutica Roxb.
 * Alpinia myriocratera K.Schum.
 * Alpinia nantoensis F.Y.Lu & Y.W.Kuo
 * Alpinia napoensis H.Dong & G.J.Xu
 * Alpinia nelumboides Nob.Tanaka, T.T.K.Van & V.Hoang
 * Alpinia newmanii N.S.Lý
 * Alpinia nidus-vespae A.Raynal & J.Raynal
 * Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton
 * Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt
 * Alpinia nobilis Ridl.
 * Alpinia novae-hiberniae B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia novae-pommeraniae K.Schum.
 * Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe
 * Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata
 * Alpinia odontonema K.Schum.
 * Alpinia officinarum Hance
 * Alpinia oligantha Valeton
 * Alpinia orientalis Docot & Banag
 * Alpinia orthostachys K.Schum.
 * Alpinia oui Y.H.Tseng & Chih C.Wang
 * Alpinia ovata Z.L.Zhao & L.S.Xu
 * Alpinia ovoidocarpa H.Dong & G.J.Xu
 * Alpinia oxymitra K.Schum.
 * Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.
 * Alpinia padacanca Valeton ex K.Heyne
 * Alpinia pahangensis Ridl.
 * Alpinia papuana Scheff.
 * Alpinia parksii (Gillespie) A.C.Sm.
 * Alpinia penduliflora Ridl.
 * Alpinia petiolata Baker
 * Alpinia pinnanensis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia platychilus K.Schum.
 * Alpinia platylopha (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia polyantha D.Fang
 * Alpinia porphyrea R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia porphyrocarpa Ridl.
 * Alpinia pricei Hayata
 * Alpinia psilogyna D.Fang
 * Alpinia ptychanthera K.Schum.
 * Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia pulchella (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia pulcherrima Ridl.
 * Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia pumila Hook.f.
 * Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia pusilla Ardi & Ardiyani
 * Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker
 * Alpinia regia K.Heyne ex R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia rigida Ridl.
 * Alpinia romblonensis Elmer
 * Alpinia romburghiana Valeton
 * Alpinia rosacea Valeton
 * Alpinia rosea Elmer
 * Alpinia roxburghii Sweet
 * Alpinia rubricaulis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia rubromaculata S.Q.Tong
 * Alpinia rufa (C.Presl) Náves
 * Alpinia rufescens (Thwaites) K.Schum.
 * Alpinia rugosa S.J.Chen & Z.Y.Chen
 * Alpinia salomonensis B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia samoensis Reinecke
 * Alpinia sandsii R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves
 * Alpinia schultzei Lauterb. ex Valeton
 * Alpinia seimundii Ridl.
 * Alpinia sericiflora K.Schum.
 * Alpinia sessiliflora Kitam.
 * Alpinia shimadae Hayata
 * Alpinia shoukaensis S.S.Ying
 * Alpinia siamensis K.Schum.
 * Alpinia sibuyanensis Elmer
 * Alpinia singuliflora R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia smithiae M.Sabu & Mangaly
 * Alpinia stachyodes Hance
 * Alpinia stenobracteolata R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia stenostachys K.Schum.
 * Alpinia strobilacea K.Schum.
 * Alpinia strobiliformis T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen
 * Alpinia subfusicarpa Elmer
 * Alpinia submutica K.Schum.
 * Alpinia subspicata Valeton
 * Alpinia subverticillata Valeton
 * Alpinia superba (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia suriana C.K.Lim
 * Alpinia tamacuensis R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnep.
 * Alpinia tonrokuensis Hayata
 * Alpinia trachyascus K.Schum.
 * Alpinia tristachya (Ridl.) Loes.
 * Alpinia unilateralis B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia uraiensis Hayata
 * Alpinia valetoniana Loes.
 * Alpinia velutina Ridl.
 * Alpinia velveta R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia versicolor K.Schum.
 * Alpinia vietnamica H.Ð.Trần, Luu & Škorničk.
 * Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.
 * Alpinia vitiensis Seem.
 * Alpinia vittata W.Bull
 * Alpinia vulcanica Elmer
 * Alpinia warburgii K.Schum.
 * Alpinia wenzelii Merr.
 * Alpinia werneri Lauterb. ex Valeton
 * Alpinia womersleyi R.M.Sm.
 * Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.

Accepted hybrids

 * Alpinia × ilanensis S.C.Liu & J.C.Wang
 * Alpinia × okinawaensis Tawada

Distribution
The genus Alpinia is native to the countries (and regions) of; Andaman Islands, Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Bonin Islands, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, southern China, East Himalaya, Fiji, Hainan, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Queensland, Ryukyu Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vanuatu, Vietnam and Volcano Islands.

Ecology
Most Alpinia are plants of forest understory habitat. Most are pollinated by large bees, but some are pollinated by birds and bats.

Uses
According to a research team of National Chung Hsing University, Alpinia was found to have anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-tumor and other effects.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alpinia


text:
Elettaria

Elettaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Zingiberaceae. They are native to India and Sri Lanka, but cultivated and naturalized elsewhere. One member of the genus, E. cardamomum, is a commercially important spice used as a flavouring agent in many countries.

In 2018, several species were removed from Elettaria and placed in a new genus called Sulettaria. These species are recognized as of October 2018:

 * Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton - India
 * Elettaria ensal (Gaertn.) Abeyw . - Sri Lanka

These former species from Malaysia and Indonesia were reclassified into Sulettaria in 2018:

 * Elettaria brachycalyx S.Sakai & Nagam. - Sarawak
 * Elettaria kapitensis S.Sakai & Nagam. - Sarawak
 * Elettaria linearicrista S.Sakai & Nagam. - Sarawak, Brunei
 * Elettaria longipilosa S.Sakai & Nagam. - Sarawak
 * Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum - Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
 * Eulettaria multiflora (Ridl.) R.M.Sm. - Sumatra, Sarawak
 * Elettaria rubida R.M.Sm. - Sabah, Sarawak
 * Elettaria stoloniflora (K.Schum.) S.Sakai & Nagam. - Sarawak
 * Elettaria surculosa (K.Schum.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. - Sarawak

title: Elettaria


text:
Zingiber

Zingiber is a genus of flowering plants in the family Zingiberaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, China, the Indian Subcontinent, and New Guinea. It contains the true gingers, plants grown the world over for their culinary value. The most well known species are Z. officinale and Z. mioga, two garden gingers.

Culinary
Each ginger species has a different culinary usage; for example, myoga is valued for the stem and flowers. Garden ginger's rhizome is the classic spice "ginger", and may be used whole, candied (known commonly as crystallized ginger), or dried and powdered. Other popular gingers used in cooking include cardamom and turmeric, though neither of these examples is a "true ginger" – they belong to different genera in the family Zingiberaceae.

Species
Plants of the World Online currently includes:

 * 1) Zingiber acuminatum Valeton
 * 2) Zingiber aguingayae Docot
 * 3) Zingiber albiflorum R.M.Sm.
 * 4) Zingiber album Nurainas
 * 5) Zingiber anamalayanum Sujanapal & Sasidh.
 * 6) Zingiber angustifolium C.K.Lim & Meekiong
 * 7) Zingiber apoense Elmer
 * 8) Zingiber argenteum Mood & Theilade
 * 9) Zingiber arunachalensis A.Joe, T.Jayakr., Hareesh & M.Sabu
 * 10) Zingiber atroporphyreum Škornick. & Q.B.Nguyen
 * 11) Zingiber atrorubens Gagnep.
 * 12) Zingiber aurantiacum (Holttum) Theilade
 * 13) Zingiber banhaoense Mood & Theilade
 * 14) Zingiber barbatum Wall.
 * 15) Zingiber belumense C.K.Lim & Meekiong
 * 16) Zingiber bipinianum D.K.Roy, D.Verma, Talukdar & Dutta Choud.
 * 17) Zingiber bisectum D.Fang
 * 18) Zingiber brachystachys Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 19) Zingiber bradleyanum Craib
 * 20) Zingiber brevifolium N.E.Br.
 * 21) Zingiber bulusanense Elmer
 * 22) Zingiber callianthus Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 23) Zingiber capitatum Roxb.
 * 24) Zingiber cardiocheilum Škornick. & Q.B.Nguyen
 * 25) Zingiber castaneum Škornick. & Q.B.Nguyen
 * 26) Zingiber caudatum Biseshwori & Bipin
 * 27) Zingiber cernuum Dalzell
 * 28) Zingiber chantaranothaii Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 29) Zingiber chengii Y.H.Tseng, C.M.Wang & Y.C.Lin
 * 30) Zingiber chlorobracteatum Mood & Theilade
 * 31) Zingiber chrysanthum Roscoe
 * 32) Zingiber chrysostachys Ridl.
 * 33) Zingiber citriodorum Theilade & Mood
 * 34) Zingiber clarkei King ex Baker
 * 35) Zingiber cochleariforme D.Fang
 * 36) Zingiber collinsii Mood & Theilade
 * 37) Zingiber coloratum N.E.Br.
 * 38) Zingiber corallinum Hance
 * 39) Zingiber cornubracteatum Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 40) Zingiber curtisii Holttum
 * 41) Zingiber cylindricum Thwaites
 * 42) Zingiber densissimum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
 * 43) Zingiber discolor Škornick., H.Ð.Tran & Rybková
 * 44) Zingiber diwakarianum R.Kr.Singh
 * 45) Zingiber eberhardtii Gagnep.
 * 46) Zingiber eborinum Mood & Theilade
 * 47) Zingiber elatius (Ridl.) Theilade
 * 48) Zingiber elatum Roxb.
 * 49) Zingiber ellipticum (S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia) Q.G.Wu & T.L.Wu
 * 50) Zingiber engganoense Ardiyani
 * 51) Zingiber fallax (Loes.) L.Bai, Juan Chen & N.H.Xia
 * 52) Zingiber flagelliforme Mood & Theilade
 * 53) Zingiber flammeum Theilade & Mood
 * 54) Zingiber flaviflorum C.K.Lim & Meekiong
 * 55) Zingiber flavofusiforme M.M.Aung & Nob.Tanaka
 * 56) Zingiber flavomaculosum S.Q.Tong
 * 57) Zingiber flavovirens Theilade
 * 58) Zingiber fragile S.Q.Tong
 * 59) Zingiber fraseri Theilade
 * 60) Zingiber georgeae Mood & Theilade
 * 61) Zingiber gracile Jack
 * 62) Zingiber gramineum Noronha ex Blume
 * 63) Zingiber griffithii Baker
 * 64) Zingiber guangxiense D.Fang
 * 65) Zingiber gulinense Y.M.Xia
 * 66) Zingiber hainanense Y.S.Ye, L.Bai & N.H.Xia
 * 67) Zingiber idae Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 68) Zingiber incomptum B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * 69) Zingiber inflexum Blume
 * 70) Zingiber integrilabrum Hance
 * 71) Zingiber integrum S.Q.Tong
 * 72) Zingiber intermedium Baker
 * 73) Zingiber isanense Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 74) Zingiber jiewhoei Škornick.
 * 75) Zingiber junceum Gagnep.
 * 76) Zingiber kangleipakense Kishor & Škornick.
 * 77) Zingiber kawagoii Hayata
 * 78) Zingiber kelabitianum Theilade & H.Chr.
 * 79) Zingiber kerrii Craib
 * 80) Zingiber kunstleri King ex Ridl.
 * 81) Zingiber lambii Mood & Theilade
 * 82) Zingiber laoticum Gagnep.
 * 83) Zingiber larsenii Theilade
 * 84) Zingiber latifolium Theilade & Mood
 * 85) Zingiber lecongkietii Škornick. & H.Ð.Tran
 * 86) Zingiber leptorrhizum D.Fang
 * 87) Zingiber leptostachyum Valeton
 * 88) Zingiber leucochilum L.Bai, Skornick. & N.H.Xia
 * 89) Zingiber ligulatum Roxb.
 * 90) Zingiber limianum Meekiong
 * 91) Zingiber lingyunense D.Fang
 * 92) Zingiber loerzingii Valeton
 * 93) Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade
 * 94) Zingiber longiglande D.Fang & D.H.Qin
 * 95) Zingiber longiligulatum S.Q.Tong
 * 96) Zingiber longipedunculatum Ridl.
 * 97) Zingiber longyanjiang Z.Y.Zhu
 * 98) Zingiber macradenium K.Schum.
 * 99) Zingiber macrocephalum (Zoll.) K.Schum.
 * 100) Zingiber macroglossum Valeton
 * 101) Zingiber macrorrhynchus K.Schum.
 * 102) Zingiber malaysianum C.K.Lim : black ginger
 * 103) Zingiber marginatum Roxb.
 * 104) Zingiber martini R.M.Sm.
 * 105) Zingiber matangense Noor Ain, Tawan & Meekiong
 * 106) Zingiber matupiense M.M.Aung & Nob.Tanaka
 * 107) Zingiber matutumense Mood & Theilade
 * 108) Zingiber mawangense Noor Ain & Meekiong
 * 109) Zingiber meghalayense Sushil K.Singh, Ram.Kumar & Mood
 * 110) Zingiber mekongense Gagnep.
 * 111) Zingiber mellis Škornick., H.Ð.Tran & Sída f.
 * 112) Zingiber microcheilum Škornick., H.Ð.Tran & Sída f.
 * 113) Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe
 * 114) Zingiber mizoramense Ram.Kumar, Sushil K.Singh & S.Sharma
 * 115) Zingiber molle Ridl.
 * 116) Zingiber monglaense S.J.Chen & Z.Y.Chen
 * 117) Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep.
 * 118) Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. (synonyms: Z. cassumunar; Z. purpureum)
 * 119) Zingiber multibracteatum Holttum
 * 120) Zingiber murlenica Ram.Kumar, Sushil K.Singh & S.Sharma
 * 121) Zingiber nanlingense Lin Chen, A.Q.Dong & F.W.Xing
 * 122) Zingiber natmataungense S.S.Zhou & R.Li
 * 123) Zingiber nazrinii C.K.Lim & Meekiong
 * 124) Zingiber neesanum (J.Graham) Ramamoorthy
 * 125) Zingiber neglectum Valeton
 * 126) Zingiber negrosense Elmer
 * 127) Zingiber neotruncatum T.L.Wu, K.Larsen & Turland
 * 128) Zingiber nigrimaculatum S.Q.Tong
 * 129) Zingiber nimmonii (J.Graham) Dalzell
 * 130) Zingiber nitens M.F.Newman
 * 131) Zingiber niveum Mood & Theilade
 * 132) Zingiber odoriferum Blume
 * 133) Zingiber officinale Roscoe
 * 134) Zingiber oligophyllum K.Schum.
 * 135) Zingiber olivaceum Mood & Theilade
 * 136) Zingiber orbiculatum S.Q.Tong
 * 137) Zingiber ottensii Valeton
 * 138) Zingiber pachysiphon B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
 * 139) Zingiber panduratum Roxb.
 * 140) Zingiber papuanum Valeton
 * 141) Zingiber pardocheilum Wall. ex Baker
 * 142) Zingiber parishii Hook.f.
 * 143) Zingiber pauciflorum L.Bai, Skornick., D.Z.Li & N.H.Xia
 * 144) Zingiber pellitum Gagnep.
 * 145) Zingiber pendulum Mood & Theilade
 * 146) Zingiber petiolatum (Holttum) Theilade
 * 147) Zingiber pherimaense Biseshwori & Bipin
 * 148) Zingiber phillippsiae Mood & Theilade
 * 149) Zingiber phumiangense Chaveer. & Mokkamul
 * 150) Zingiber pleiostachyum K.Schum.
 * 151) Zingiber plicatum Škornick. & Q.B.Nguyen
 * 152) Zingiber popaense Nob.Tanaka
 * 153) Zingiber porphyrochilum Y.H.Tan & H.B.Ding
 * 154) Zingiber porphyrosphaerum K.Schum.
 * 155) Zingiber pseudopungens R.M.Sm.
 * 156) Zingiber pseudosquarrosum L.J.Singh & P.Singh
 * 157) Zingiber puberulum Ridl.
 * 158) Zingiber purpureum Roscoe
 * 159) Zingiber pyroglossum Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 160) Zingiber raja C.K.Lim & Kharuk.
 * 161) Zingiber recurvatum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
 * 162) Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe
 * 163) Zingiber rubens Roxb.
 * 164) Zingiber rufopilosum Gagnep.
 * 165) Zingiber sabuanum K.M.P.Kumar & A.Joe
 * 166) Zingiber sabun C.K.Lim
 * 167) Zingiber sadakornii Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 168) Zingiber salarkhanii M.A.Rahman & Yusuf
 * 169) Zingiber shuanglongense C.L.Yeh & S.W.Chung
 * 170) Zingiber simaoense Y.Y.Qian
 * 171) Zingiber singapurense Škornick.
 * 172) Zingiber skornickovae N.S.Lý
 * 173) Zingiber smilesianum Craib
 * 174) Zingiber spectabile Griff.
 * 175) Zingiber squarrosum Roxb.
 * 176) Zingiber stenostachys K.Schum.
 * 177) Zingiber striolatum Diels
 * 178) Zingiber subroseum Docot
 * 179) Zingiber sulphureum Burkill ex Theilade
 * 180) Zingiber tenuifolium L.Bai, Škornick. & N.H.Xia
 * 181) Zingiber tenuiscapus Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 182) Zingiber thorelii Gagnep.
 * 183) Zingiber tuanjuum Z.Y.Zhu
 * 184) Zingiber ultralimitale Ardiyani & A.D.Poulsen
 * 185) Zingiber vanlithianum Koord.
 * 186) Zingiber velutinum Mood & Theilade
 * 187) Zingiber ventricosum L.Bai, Škornick., N.H.Xia & Y.S.Ye
 * 188) Zingiber vinosum Mood & Theilade
 * 189) Zingiber viridiflavum Mood & Theilade
 * 190) Zingiber vittacheilum Triboun & K.Larsen
 * 191) Zingiber vuquangense N.S.Lý, T.H.Lê, T.H.Trinh, V.H.Nguyen & N.D.Do
 * 192) Zingiber wandingense S.Q.Tong
 * 193) Zingiber wightianum Thwaites
 * 194) Zingiber wrayi Prain ex Ridl.
 * 195) Zingiber yersinii Škornick., H.Ð.Tran & Rybková
 * 196) Zingiber yingjiangense S.Q.Tong
 * 197) Zingiber yunnanense S.Q.Tong & X.Z.Liu
 * 198) Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. : shampoo ginger

title: Zingiber


text:
User:Matt Borak/wikilinks/boilerplate

 * Dobry den,

 * nasel jsem Vas velice zajimavy web o Ottove encyklopedii. Rad bych pouzil jeden z obrazku na strankach v projektu, ktereho se v soucasne dobe ucastnim, projektu Wikipedia, pro coz bych rad ziskal Vase svoleni.

 * Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) je svobodna internetova encyklopedie, ktera je prubezne editovana vzajemne spolupracujicimi prispevateli z celeho sveta.

 * Chtel bych pouzit jeden z Vasich obrazku screenshotu z Ottovy enclyklopedie, nejspise tenhle (http://www.aion.cz/otta/screenshots/ptaci2.gif) a zaclenit jej do prislusne stranky Wikipedie, jejiz text je jiz hotovy, a to zde:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%27s_encyclopedia. Minim na stranku pridat zmensenou verzi obrazku, s pripadnym prokliknutim na vetsi verzi. Pokud chcete, muzete ziskat predstavu o svobode Wikipedie treba tim, ze na clanku neco upravite (neni treba ani registrace)...

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 * Dekuji za Vas cas a preji hezky den,

title: User:Matt Borak/wikilinks/boilerplate