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List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001 had a significant impact on broadcast and venue entertainment businesses, prompting cancellations, postponements, and changes in content. In the United States and several other countries, planned television screenings of films and fictional programs where terrorism, plane crashes, bombs, or other related disasters that were the primary subject were postponed or cancelled.

Films
Numerous films that were in production were cancelled, and many films were edited. There were various reasons given for the alterations, including keeping material up-to-date, as a gesture of respect for those who died, and to avoid trauma for those emotionally affected by the attack. There are also many films which notably were not edited.

Roughly 45 films were edited or postponed because of the 9/11 attacks.

With the World Trade Center removed

 * Spider-Man (2002) – A teaser trailer of the film was removed from circulation, as it featured Spider-Man capturing a helicopter filled with criminals in a web spun between the Twin Towers. A poster with the World Trade Center reflected in Spider-Man's eyes was also recalled, while the short teaser trailer of the film also removed the towers from Spider-Man's eye reflection. Sony removed any mentions of the Twin Towers from the teaser images and trailer on the website. A shot of the World Trade Center (WTC) was deleted from the film, but it can be found on the Sony Stock Footage website. Two scenes were added to the film in response to the attacks: in the first, a group of New Yorkers attack the Green Goblin over the Queensboro Bridge, with one saying, "You mess with Spidey, you mess with New York!", and another saying "You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us!". The second, a scene of Spider-Man hanging onto a flagpole with a large American flag, was seen in later trailers and at the end of the film.
 * Zoolander (2001) – The WTC was digitally deleted from skyline shots in the film, which was theatrically released nearly three weeks after the attacks.
 * Don't Say a Word (2001) – The film was theatrically released nearly three weeks after the attacks, and the filmmakers contemplated delaying its release, but decided against it. However, they cut out and replaced shots of the towers from the edit, such as the opening shot, which shows Brooklyn instead.
 * Men in Black II (2002) – It originally featured a climax that included the WTC, but the scene was changed to the Statue of Liberty.
 * Changing Lanes (2002) – Director Roger Michell had the WTC towers digitally removed from the opening main title sequence in the film. In the DVD commentary, he admitted that it was a mistake to erase them, and pretend they did not exist.
 * Mr. Deeds (2002) – Shots of the World Trade Center were partially seen: one was shot in the helicopter for the scene where Longfellow Deeds arrives in New York City, and one was shot in the Upper West Side, which shows the entire Manhattan skyline. The towers were digitally removed in the scene where Deeds and Chuck Cedar play tennis, which was shot on Roosevelt Island in spring 2001.
 * Stuart Little 2 (2002) – Shots of the World Trade Center were digitally removed.
 * Serendipity (2001) — Shots containing the World Trade Center were removed.
 * Kissing Jessica Stein (2001) – Shots of the WTC were removed before the film's release.
 * People I Know (2002) – Scenes of the WTC were removed, but it can be found on the DVD release in the deleted scenes featurette.
 * Armageddon (1998) – The scene in which the World Trade Center gets hit by meteors and catches on fire was edited out of many television broadcasts of the film after the attacks.
 * Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) – It features a scene atop the WTC, which was edited out on several television channels. However, as of Christmas 2018, the scene with the WTC was restored.

Other changes related to the September 11 attacks

 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (2002 re-release) – The dialogue "You're not going as a terrorist" (spoken by the mother) was replaced with "You're not going as a hippie."
 * Meet the Parents (2000, aired on ABC Family) – The scene near the end in which Greg gets into an argument with the airline stewardess and his subsequent interrogation by an airline official removes all references to Greg mentioning the word bomb on the airplane.
 * Spy Game (2001) – The level of smoke shown following a bombing was reduced because of its similarity to the smoking WTC wreckage.
 * The Time Machine (2002) – A scene where debris from the destroyed moon crashes into a building was edited due to its resemblance to the attacks.
 * Lilo & Stitch (2002) – The film originally showed Stitch, Jumba, Pleakley, and Nani hijacking a Boeing 747 to chase down Captain Gantu and rescue Lilo through the streets of Honolulu. However, this scene was changed to show them taking Jumba's spaceship and chasing Gantu around Hawaii's mountains. The original scene was included on the special edition DVD.
 * An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000) – The scene where Max saves Tank from a burning fire was edited on post-9/11 versions and Disney Channel due to the fire being too similar to the attacks, however the original scene was still intact in the Disney+ version.
 * The Bourne Identity (2002) was extensively reshot due to the fear of the CIA as the antagonist being wrongly interpreted as anti-Americanism. Due to the insistence of Matt Damon and Doug Liman, the footage wasn't included. On the special edition DVD are descriptions of how and why the film was changed.
 * The Powerpuff Girls Movie (2002) – A scene resembling the tragedy, with people falling from a toppling building and being ultimately saved by the Powerpuff Girls, was rethought and adjusted to avoid making a direct reference to the World Trade Center.
 * Fox shelved previously scheduled airings of The X-Files movie (1998) and Independence Day (1996) on September 14 and 16, respectively. They were replaced by respective airings of Nine Months (1995) and There's Something About Mary (1998). The Peacemaker (1997) was also removed from ABC on the same day as Independence Day.
 * Die Another Day (2002) – The film was originally going to end with a North Korean satellite attack on Manhattan, which was moved to the Korean Demilitarized Zone after the attacks.
 * The Incredibles (2004) – Early versions of the film featured a scene where Mr. Incredible vents his emotions on an abandoned building, but ends up accidentally damaging a neighboring building as well. It was considered to be too reminiscent of the World Trade Center collapse and was replaced with a scene where Mr. Incredible and Frozone rescue trapped civilians from a burning building.
 * Monsters, Inc. (2001) – The film originally depicted the CDA blowing up a sushi restaurant as part of a decontamination effort, but the scene was replaced with the restaurant being quarantined under a dome of plasma instead. The filmmakers described the decision to alter the film in the Blu-ray "round-table discussion" bonus feature.
 * Sidewalks of New York (2001) – The WTC was removed from the promotional poster, but the buildings remained in the film itself.

Delayed films

 * View from the Top (2003) - was originally scheduled for Christmas 2001, but due to the fact that the story revolves around a flight attendant on numerous planes, the release was pushed back to March 21, 2003.
 * Collateral Damage (2002) – The film was postponed for four months, and features a terrorist bombing in front of a Los Angeles building. The film subsequently failed at the box office, which likely was a result of the public who felt the film (with its subject matter involving terrorists) was released too soon after the attacks.
 * Training Day (2001) - originally scheduled for release on September 21, but was delayed to October 5.
 * The Time Machine (2002) – The film was delayed by three months from its original December 2001 release, because of an eventually-deleted scene where a meteor shower destroys New York City.
 * Big Trouble (2002) – The film was postponed seven months because it involved a nuclear bomb being smuggled on board an aircraft; it was slated for September 21.
 * Bad Company (2002) - Its release date pushed back several months because the plot involved a criminal mastermind planning to detonate a bomb in the Grand Central Terminal.
 * Gangs of New York (2002) - The movie's release date was intended for Christmas 2001, but due to the September 11 attacks it was delayed until a year later.
 * Deuces Wild (2002) – Slated for release on September 2001 but was pushed back due to the attacks and storyline about violence in New York, and was eventually released in May 2002.
 * Buffalo Soldiers (2003) – Premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2001 but its wide release was pushed back two years until 2003 due to war themes.
 * Windtalkers (2002) – Originally slated for a Christmas 2001 release but due to its war theme it was pushed back until June 2002 and was re-edited for depictions of violence.
 * Hart's War (2002) – Originally planned for release in December 2001 due to war themes its release was postponed until February 2002.

Cancelled films

 * A Jackie Chan film called Nosebleed, about a window washer on the WTC who foils a terrorist plot, was due to start filming on September 11, 2001. Snopes questioned the suggestion that this was any kind of "narrow escape", pointing out the uncertain nature of film development and noting "it was almost certainly as part of a plan drawn up and abandoned long before September 2001".
 * James Cameron planned to make a sequel to True Lies, but canceled the project after the attacks, saying that "terrorism is no longer something to be taken lightly".
 * There were plans to have a sequel to Forrest Gump, but after the attacks, Eric Roth, Robert Zemeckis, and Tom Hanks said that the story was no longer "relevant" and it felt "meaningless".

Non-altered films
Some films released after 9/11 kept scenes of the WTC in them.
 * Vanilla Sky (2001) – Director Cameron Crowe retained shots of the buildings in the film's final cut as a tribute despite the producers asking for them to be removed. Crowe told the Associated Press "The idea of wiping them away by the computer — I couldn't do it [...] They've already been taken away once; they'll stay in the movie. Hopefully, the audience will understand it's a tribute."
 * Donnie Darko (2001) – The film contains scenes in which parts of a plane fall from the sky, and it has been suggested that the film's darker themes were responsible for its poor box office, but it nonetheless went on to become a cult classic in the years following.
 * Delivering Milo (2001) – The WTC is seen from Ellis Island, while he rides in the boat.
 * Crazy Little Thing (2002) - Shots of the WTC remained in the film.
 * Spider-Man – Once Upon a Time The Super Heroes! (2001 documentary) – A shot of the towers was retained as a tribute. It was not edited for the DVD release on June 17, 2002.
 * A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001) – released less than three months before the attacks, a scene set thousands of years in the future which features a badly damaged WTC was not edited for its video release.
 * Death to Smoochy (2002) – The North Tower is seen when Rainbow Randolph is dancing on the small bench in Duane Park. In the DVD commentary, Danny DeVito explained that it was the only shot in the movie that the WTC was in and he designed the shot. It means that this movie was filmed from January to May 2001, four months before the 9/11 attacks.
 * City by the Sea (2002) - The movie has some shots of the World Trade Center that were not edited out.
 * Gangs of New York (2002) – The film ends with the New York City skyline containing the Twin Towers. The filmmakers had filmed the shot before the 9/11 attacks and later debated whether have the towers dissolve out from the shot to signify their disappearance, or remove the sequence entirely.
 * Rush Hour 2 (2001) – Several scenes where a bomb explodes at the United States Consulate General were not edited for its video release.
 * It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) – Although shot after the September 11th attacks, one scene set in a version of 2003 where Kermit was never born shows the Twin Towers visible in the background. This was due to the backdrop used in the film being created prior to the attacks. Years after the film's release, this detail gained viral attention, inspiring jokes that the creation of Kermit the Frog somehow indirectly led to 9/11.

News coverage
The television coverage of the September 11 attacks and their aftermath was the longest uninterrupted news event in U.S. television history, with the major U.S. broadcast networks on the air for 93 continuous hours. From the moment the news was broadcast that the first plane hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center, all programs and commercials were suspended, with all four networks broadcasting uninterrupted news coverage. At the end of the night, Nielsen estimated that at least 80 million Americans watched the evening news, while an estimate by the University of Georgia held that about two billion people either watched the attacks in real time or through the news.

The 9/11 attacks were also the first time since the assassination of John F. Kennedy that television networks announced that there would be no television commercials or programs for an indefinite period of several days after the attacks, since it was widely felt that it was an inappropriate time for "fun and entertainment" programs to be shown when so much death and destruction was being seen live on television. During the week of the attacks, the networks' evening news broadcasts nearly doubled its average viewership audience, and it was estimated that American adults watched an average of eight hours of television a day, nearly doubling the average viewership audience. To keep up with the constant flow of information, many news networks began running continuous updates in a news ticker, which soon became a permanent fixture of many networks.

On the day of the attacks and afterwards, news broadcasters scrambled to report accurate information, though erroneous information was occasionally broadcast. An examination of CNN's coverage of September 11, 2001 (which was replayed online, virtually in its entirety, on the fifth anniversary of the attacks in 2006) revealed that after the attack on the Pentagon, the network had also reported that a fire had broken out on the National Mall, and that according to a wire report, a car bomb had exploded in front of the State Department. It also broadcast an interview with a witness to the Pentagon attack who said it was a helicopter (not a plane) that hit the building. CNN was not alone in airing these or similar inaccurate reports, as subsequent examinations of coverage by other networks has shown.

Reaction of various networks

 * The major television stations in New York City provided local coverage of the World Trade Center attacks, though primarily through local cable systems, as their transmission facilities atop the WTC were destroyed, and they had to deal with six station engineers killed in the attacks.
 * As WCBS-TV's and WXTV's transmitting facilities were atop the Empire State Building at the time, their signals remained accessible over the air.
 * Some cable networks suspended normal programming and simulcast news coverage from other networks. For example, Viacom-owned VH1 and MTV simulcast the feed from corporate sibling CBS, and Disney-owned ESPN and ESPN2 utilized the feed from corporate sibling ABC.
 * Some cable networks continued broadcasting their regularly scheduled programming without interruption, particularly those geared toward children's entertainment, such as Nickelodeon and AOL Time Warner-owned Cartoon Network. Several other networks such as Food Network, HGTV, along with shopping channels QVC and HSN, paused programming to display still images conveying sympathies and condolences.
 * At 12:00 pm, Brazil's Rede Globo broadcast a special edition of Jornal Hoje (afternoon national newscast). Normally the program would air after local newscasts and a sports news show. When Jornal Hoje ended, Globo decided to restart its normal programming for the second time, with occasional breaks for the news division to announce updates about the situation.
 * At 8:15 pm, Jornal Nacional (Globo's evening newscast) started a special edition. The program broke the record of most-watched newscast of the year. According to official numbers later released, for each 100 televisions being watched at the time, 74 were tuned into Jornal Nacional. The special edition had William Bonner and Fátima Bernardes as hosts and had the participation of correspondents in New York (live), Washington DC, London and Beirut. Correspondent Jorge Pontual was praised by critics after a memorable report right by the WTC. In October 2002, that edition of the Jornal Nacional was nominated for the 30th International Emmy Awards.

Use of pictures
When asked for her thoughts on the attacks, First Lady Laura Bush stated that "we need to be very careful about our children". She warned parents not to let their children see the frightening images of destruction in a constant loop, and recommended that parents turn off the television and do something constructive, reassuring, and calming with their children.

Programming
The most immediate impact to television was the loss of David Angell, a co-creator and co-executive producer from the NBC show Frasier, who with his wife, was among the passengers on American Airlines Flight 11.

In the United States, the start of the 2001–2002 television season was put on hold due to the extensive news coverage (several series, such as NBC's Crossing Jordan, were originally scheduled to debut on September 11), with mid-September premieres delayed until later in the month. Late-night talk shows such as The Tonight Show and Late Show with David Letterman were also off the air; Letterman was already dark for the week for a pre-season vacation. Even after regular programming resumed, several talk shows remained off the air for several more days as writers and hosts determined how best to approach the sensitive situation. David Letterman was quoted on CNN as questioning whether he would even continue hosting his show. Ultimately, Letterman, Jay Leno, Jon Stewart, and other talk show hosts based in New York and Los Angeles returned to the airwaves with emotional initial broadcasts, with Letterman punctuating his thoughts by asking his audience how the attacks "made any goddamn sense." This was the second of four instances where the start of the television season was delayed due to issues outside of the control of the major television networks; the other instances were the 1988–89 season (as a result of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike) the 2020–21 season (due to television production being halted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic), and the ongoing 2023–24 season (as a result of the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike and 2023 SAG-AFTRA strikes).

Several TV series, most notably The West Wing and Third Watch, produced special episodes addressing the attacks; Third Watch devoted an episode to interviewing first responders, many of whom were advisors to the series, while West Wing presented an off-continuity episode in which the characters discuss an unspecified but similar attack with a group of students. Law & Order and its spinoff series all began their fall season premieres with a tribute to the victims. Shows such as the military based JAG and Third Watch (a series about New York City first responders) made major changes to their ongoing storylines to incorporate the event's aftermath. The season eight premiere of the NBC sitcom Friends was dedicated to the "people of New York City". Characters in the HBO crime drama The Sopranos discussed the attacks in several episodes, and the overall mood of the show became darker; the twin towers were also removed from the opening credits. The HBO show Sex and the City removed the twin towers from its title sequence in the next season. Alias, a series set within the espionage world that debuted in the fall of 2001, began adding references to terrorism and the Department of Homeland Security (an entity created after 9-11).

On September 17, 2001, Politically Incorrect host Bill Maher's guest Dinesh D'Souza disputed President George Bush's label of the terrorists being "cowards", saying that the terrorists were warriors. Maher agreed and, according to a transcript, replied, "We have been the cowards, lobbing cruise missiles from 2,000 miles away. That's cowardly. Staying in the airplane when it hits the building, say what you want about it, it's not cowardly." The comments were widely condemned, and the show was cancelled the following June, which Maher and many others saw as a result of the controversy; however, ABC denied that the controversy was a factor, and said the show was cancelled due to declining ratings. Maher said that the show struggled for advertisers in its final months.

Family Guy creator and animator Seth MacFarlane was going to board Flight 11 to Los Angeles, but missed his flight due to drunkenness the night before.

Delayed or cancelled entertainment awards shows

 * The 53rd Annual Primetime Emmy Awards, scheduled for September 16, were delayed to October 7. However, the U.S. began to bomb Afghanistan on that day, and the Emmy Awards were again postponed. They finally aired on November 4, with a somewhat somber atmosphere after surviving rumors of cancellation. Due to the delay, the event was relocated from the originally scheduled Shrine Auditorium venue to the smaller Shubert Theatre. The 2006 drama Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip featured flashbacks to this time, where two of the characters on the show were fictionally nominated for awards at this event.
 * The 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, which was scheduled for September 11, was cancelled immediately after the attacks. After many discussions about rescheduling the ceremony, The Latin Recording Academy determined it would be impossible to do so. Instead, the winners were announced at a press conference on October 30 at the Conga Room. The cancellation of the event cost the organizers an estimate of $2 million in losses. Some of the winners were acknowledged at the 44th Grammy Awards. Furthermore, the attacks influenced the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to hold the 2003 Grammy Awards ceremony in New York City as part of the "healing process".

The postponements and cancellations of various entertainment programs sparked rumors that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences were postponing or even canceling the 74th Academy Awards ceremony. However, in a written statement released by president Frank Pierson, he denied any rumors that the attacks would affect the scheduling of the awards presentation saying that "the terrorists will have won" if they cancelled it. Nevertheless, the show went on as planned on March 24, 2002. The security was much tighter than in previous years, and the show had a more somber tone. According to New York Magazine, there were 26 references to the attacks during the telecast. On October 16, 2006, the awards event itself was designated a National Special Security Event by the United States Department of Homeland Security.

Reflecting the significant and enduring impact of September 11th on popular culture, months and years after the attacks, events were still impacted, with the 2003 Grammy Awards being held at Madison Square Garden instead of Staples Center as planned. Blockbuster Entertainment terminated their awards ceremony permanently shortly after the second delay of the Emmys.

Other changes

 * 13 of the first 30 episodes of Power Rangers Time Force edited some of its footage after 9/11 due to some scenes sharing higher resemblance to the attacks.
 * The Absolutely Fabulous episode "Paris" had a joke about the Taliban's destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan removed from its original broadcast on September 14, 2001. However, the material was restored on home media and streaming versions of the episode.
 * The second episode of the first season of The Amazing Race was originally scheduled to air on September 12, but was delayed to September 19. Host Phil Keoghan admitted unease that what would become a long-running series would even last past its first season.
 * In the Friends episode "The One Where Rachel Tells...", Chandler and Monica could not get on their flight for their honeymoon because Chandler joked about a bombing in the airport. After the attacks, the story was rewritten and reshot. As the show was set in New York, a disclaimer reading "Dedicated to the People of New York City" was added to the end of the episode "The One After 'I Do'", which was the first episode of the series to be broadcast after the attacks. In several subsequent episodes, Joey and other members of the crew are seen wearing NYPD and FDNY apparel; Joey is seen wearing a T-shirt that says "Captain Billy Burke", referring to an NYC firefighter who died in the attack.
 * The opening credits of The Sopranos's first three seasons featured a shot of the Twin Towers visible in Tony Soprano's rearview mirror. It was replaced with a generic shot beginning in the show's fourth season.
 * New material was quickly added to PBS's Sesame Street following the attacks to address issues raised. The first episode of the season involves a grease fire at Hooper's Store which traumatizes Elmo until he meets some real-life firefighters. Big Bird has to deal with his xenophobic pen pal Gulliver, who does not believe birds should be friendly to other species.
 * The syndicated version of the Married... with Children episode "Get Outta Dodge" features a scene of two Arabs with a ticking bomb at the front door of Al Bundy's house offering to buy his Dodge clunker car for $40 and asking for directions to the Sears Tower.
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit had their opening credits modified at the start of their third season on September 28 to remove an establishing shot of the World Trade Center.
 * A shot of the New York City skyline in the opening montage of Saturday Night Live was altered to remove the Twin Towers when the new season began on September 29. A shot of an American flag was also added.
 * The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", which premiered roughly four years before the attacks and was partially set at the World Trade Center, was temporarily pulled from syndication by some carriers. The episode later returned to syndication in 2006.
 * In the Family Guy episode "Road to Rhode Island" (which aired a year before the attacks), Osama bin Laden distracts a security guard at the airport while the X-ray machine detects weapons. This scene was cut after the September 11 attacks and was also removed from the Family Guy: Volume 1 DVD; however, the episode remains intact on the Family Guy: The Freakin' Sweet Collection DVD. The episode "A Fish out of Water" was originally scheduled to premiere on September 12, 2001, but was delayed to September 19 following the attacks.
 * The King of the Hill episodes "Propane Boom" and "Death of a Propane Salesman" were temporarily pulled from syndication for the remainder of September, due to the depiction of the explosion of the Mega Lo Mart and the aftermath that followed, both episodes later returned to syndication in October 2001.
 * The SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Just One Bite" originally featured a scene in which Squidward Tentacles attempts to get to the "Patty Vault" by bypassing the Krusty Krab's security system, which consists of a bucket of gas and a match that eventually burns him. Despite this scene being removed after the episode's initial broadcast on October 5, 2001, it remains distributed internally among the fanbase. The episode re-aired in 2002 with the original scene replaced with a zoom-in towards the "Patty Vault" in the back of the Krusty Krab. This change was initially thought to have been made either out of respect the victims of the September 11 attacks (which occurred less than a month before the episode aired), or to prevent children from attempting to use and/or ignite gas. However, in 2018, Vincent Waller confirmed on Twitter that it was ultimately due to Nickelodeon, the show's network, being against the idea of a gag involving a match and gasoline.
 * The Invader Zim episode "Door to Door" was delayed from airing in the United States and edited to remove some scenes of a burning city after an Irken invasion. While the unedited version of the episode was aired in Australia, only the edited version has been released on DVD.
 * The Only Fools and Horses episode "The Sky's The Limit" was temporarily removed from repeat showings due to the final scene showing a plane nearly crashing into Nelson Mandela House.
 * According to the outtakes of Lizzie McGuire season 2, the director and other crew members put a flag sticker on the clapperboard during production as a tribute to the victims.
 * Sex and the City had a theme change where The Empire State Building replaced the Twin Towers as the opening credits with the name of Sarah Jessica Parker being shown.

TV shows with the WTC digitally added

 * Angels in America, set in 1985, had the WTC towers digitally re-inserted.
 * Life on Mars shows a digitally-inserted World Trade Center in several episodes.
 * Fringe depicted an intact World Trade Center in a parallel universe. The buildings were revealed in the finale of season one.
 * The episode "Adrift" from the ABC series Lost added the World Trade Center in the second airing of the episode in order to establish the timeframe of the flashback.
 * Selena: The Series showed the Twin Towers in two episodes: one with the Grammys as Selena Quintanilla was with her husband Chris Perez and sister Suzette, along with the latter's husband. Another episode called "When All the World is Sleeping" had the same towers seen again, but not before Selena's death.
 * The episode "Peter and Lois' Wedding" from Family Guy – the World Trade Center is seen constantly in the background throughout the episode, even in scenes not taking place in New York.

TV Shows unaltered after the attacks

 * Reruns of Wheel of Fortune showed the Twin Towers on Game Show Network, especially the nighttime scene, during the opening.
 * Reruns of Taxi, Caroline in the City, Cheers, and many other TV shows pre-9/11, even Friends (season 1-7) were also unaffected.

Music and radio

 * Program directors from radio stations throughout the United States retooled their playlists in response to the attacks. Common changes included the heavy rotation of songs such as "God Bless the USA" by Lee Greenwood and Whitney Houston's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" from Super Bowl XXV. Meanwhile, songs such as U2's "Sunday Bloody Sunday", Drowning Pool's Bodies and Dave Matthews Band's "Crash Into Me" were excluded from playlists. Additionally, Clear Channel (now known as iHeartMedia) came under scrutiny for distributing a list of 150 potentially sensitive songs that were not recommended for broadcast immediately after the attacks, including every Rage Against the Machine song.
 * NPR's weekly comedic news quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! did not record or broadcast a show for the weekend of September 15–16.
 * Christian rap metal band P.O.D. released their album Satellite on September 11, 2001, spurring success for the album and its lead single "Alive", which was seen as having a positive message in the aftermath of the attacks. Other bands associated with genres such as nu metal and rap metal experienced a downturn in sales due to the attacks; these genres continued to decline in popularity in the following years.
 * Thrash Metal band Slayer released their album God Hates Us All on September 11, 2001. Due to the name of the album and its lyrical themes and content, it has been interpreted by some as a premonition of the attacks.
 * According to Arrogant Worms band member Trevor Strong, the song "Worst Seat on the Plane" was never performed live due to Idiot Road (the album it was featured on) being released on September 18, 2001.
 * American alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World voluntarily changed the name of their album Bleed American, which was released on July 18, 2001, out of concern that the title may be misinterpreted. It was re-released as the eponymous Jimmy Eat World, and its title track was renamed "Salt Sweat Sugar". In 2008, a deluxe version of the album was released, reverting both the album and song to their original Bleed American title.
 * Hungarian composer Robert Gulya, who lived in the United States from 2000 to 2002, began to work on a guitar concerto shortly after the September 11 attacks. Gulya chose a theme for the concerto's first movement, which is reminiscent of the terror attacks.
 * The cover artwork of Dream Theater's live album Live Scenes from New York, released on September 11, 2001, originally depicted the skyline of New York City in flames. The album was recalled and re-released with a different cover. The band later performed "Sacrificed Sons" on the album Octavarium as a tribute to the victims of the attacks. Keyboardist Jordan Rudess even did the album 4NYC as a charity album for the tragedy. The band changed the name of one song from their 2002 album Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence: "The Great Debate", which discusses stem-cell research controversies, was originally titled "Conflict at Ground Zero" based on the lyrics in the chorus, but was renamed as news reports began to refer to the site of the attacks as "Ground Zero". The band was in a Manhattan studio conducting final mixes of the album on the day in question.
 * English rock band Bush changed the name of the lead single off their 2001 album Golden State from "Speed Kills" to "The People That We Love". Also changed was the original cover art for the album, which featured a commercial airplane.
 * The San Francisco Symphony continued with a previously planned program of Mahler's 6th Symphony, the "Tragic," on September 12–15. The subsequent recording was highly acclaimed and garnered the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance.
 * Janet Jackson postponed a concert in Tampa, Florida, scheduled for the day, and cancelled the entire European leg of her All for You Tour due to travel concerns after the attacks.
 * Before the 9/11 attacks, American DJ and media personality Khaled Mohamed Khaled often referred to himself as "DJ Khaled - The Arab Attack" before dropping the tag line out of concern about offending victims.
 * The American compact disc release of The Strokes' debut album, Is This It, was delayed from September 25 to October 9 and had its track list amended, with the song "New York City Cops" being removed and replaced with the newly written track "When It Started"
 * Hip-hop band The Coup's album Party Music originally featured art depicting two of the band's members apparently bombing the World Trade Center, and was scheduled for release in September 2001. The album was delayed to November so the band could create new cover art.
 * In London, the Last Night of the BBC Proms summer concert series, on Saturday September 15, was greatly toned down from its usual noisy and bombastic celebration, with major program revisions including the removal of John Adams's Short Ride in a Fast Machine.

Theme parks

 * The Walt Disney World attraction The Timekeeper, a 360-degree film presentation that featured a panoramic view of New York City (including the Twin Towers) closed on September 11, 2001, and updated the scene of New York City so that the titular character was sent to 2000, a year before the attacks, which caused all references to the WTC to be removed. The attraction closed five years later.

Sports
Many major sporting events in North America were cancelled. These included:
 * National Football League (NFL): In the wake of the attacks, the NFL's week 2 games (September 16 and 17) were postponed and rescheduled to the end of the regular season (the weekend of January 6 and 7, 2002). The playoffs began 5 days later on January 12 and ended on February 3, 2002, with the Super Bowl, making it the first time the NFL's championship game was played in the month of February.
 * Major League Baseball (MLB): Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called off games for one day, extended cancellations for three days, then eventually postponed all games through September 16, 2001. The New York Mets' home series against the Pittsburgh Pirates from September 17–19 was moved to Pittsburgh due to security concerns, with the Mets functioning as the series' designated home team. The games were tacked onto the end of the regular season, delaying the postseason until October 9. As a result, the 2001 World Series became the first World Series to extend into November. This was the third time in MLB history that games were cancelled due to war or national security reasons. Games were previously cancelled on D-Day, and the 1918 season was shortened due to World War I.
 * All Minor League Baseball championship series were cancelled. Teams that had led their respective series were awarded league championships, or teams which were scheduled to play in such series (such as the Midwest League, which utilizes half-season championships to position the championship series) were awarded co-championships.
 * The Major League Soccer (MLS)'s final two weeks of the 2001 season were cancelled, with some teams only playing 26 or 27 matches instead of the planned 28. The playoffs, whose spots were already decided, were played as scheduled, beginning on September 20 and ending with the MLS Cup on October 21.
 * The remaining three matches of the 2001 Women's U.S. Cup, featuring the United States women's national soccer team, were cancelled.
 * NCAA Division I college football games originally scheduled to be played on September 13 and 15, 2001 were called off.
 * USA Cycling cancelled the BMC Software Tour of Houston, a key event in that year's Pro Cycling Tour that had been scheduled for September 16. The decision was made in spite of athletes, staff, and equipment being actively en route to Houston from the inaugural San Francisco Grand Prix, which was held on September 9.
 * The Félix Trinidad vs. Bernard Hopkins world Middleweight championship boxing fight, which was to take place on September 15 at Madison Square Garden in New York, was postponed until September 29 due to the attacks. Also, a wrestling show was cancelled at the Madison Square Garden around the same date.

The following sports events were delayed:
 * The UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches that were scheduled for September 12 and 13 were postponed to October 10 and September 20, 2001, respectively. Matches scheduled on the September 11 proceeded for logistical reasons, with a minute's silence observed and black armbands worn at the matches.
 * World Wrestling Entertainment, then named the World Wrestling Federation, had a live taping scheduled for the upcoming episode of SmackDown! on September 11, 2001, however due to the events of September 11th, the taping was delayed until September 13, 2001, in Houston, Texas. The live episode of SmackDown was the first large public assembly since the attacks.
 * NASCAR delayed the 2001 New Hampshire 300, moving the race (and the entire weekend) from September 16th to November 23, 2001. Several cars ran American flag themed liveries for the race, which was won by Robby Gordon.

Sporting events that were not delayed despite the attacks include:
 * The 2001 American Memorial was a Championship Auto Racing Teams motor race held four days after the attacks at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz. It was not delayed, but was renamed from "German 500" by CART following the aftermath of the attacks.
 * Formula One's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, announced that the 2001 Italian Grand Prix would proceed as scheduled. Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo said that his team would approach the race as a normal racing event instead of a traditional Ferrari festival. Furthermore, di Montezemolo stated Formula One should continue its normal schedule and not cancel races. The Automobile Club d'Italia urged fans and spectators to behave "in keeping with the gravity of the situation and in collective participation in the pain of American citizens." Podium celebrations were cancelled and all pre-race ceremonies including a flypast by the Italian Tricolour Arrows display team were called off. Three teams altered their car's liveries as a mark of respect. Ferrari stripped their cars of all advertising and painted their nose cones black, Jaguar fitted black engine covers to their R2 cars on Saturday morning, and Jordan sponsor Deutsche Post replaced its branding with the American flag on the Jordan cars' engine covers on Sunday morning. Michael Schumacher was reluctant to take part in the race, and said in 2002 that he felt it was a "bad sign" to be driving after the September 11 attacks.

Video games

 * The release of Grand Theft Auto III was delayed almost a month to make last-minute changes, since the game was set in a city loosely based on New York City. Development was also delayed due to Rockstar's offices being based near Ground Zero. The paint scheme of the city's police cars was changed from a blue-and-white design reminiscent of the New York City Police Department to a black-and-white design reminiscent of the Los Angeles Police Department. Other relatively minor changes included altering an AI plane's flight path which went near skyscrapers, and removing a few lines of pedestrian dialogue and talk radio.
 * Syphon Filter 3 ' s cover art was changed before release. It originally had Gabe Logan, viewed from an angle, pointing a gun at the camera with a look of anger while Lian swung into frame, guns a-blazing and with the American flag prominently displayed. It was changed to a generic head-view of Gabe and Lian.
 * Activision halted production of Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro in order to remove references to buildings resembling the Twin Towers.
 * Neversoft quickly edited the Airport level in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 a month prior to its release as it previously depicted a terrorist plot involving a bombing of a passenger airplane. The terrorists were instead reskinned as pickpockets and certain objectives renamed for sensitivity reasons.
 * An art designer for the PlayStation 2 game Ace Combat 04: Shattered Skies realized an image that was about to release on the game's promotional website, depicting a battleship sinking near a populated cityscape, looked similar to the smoke plume from the Twin Towers' collapse. The designer discussed this with the staffer in charge of the website, and erased the city buildings from the image. Namco also suspended its broadcast of a Japanese TV spot for the game.
 * Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem was delayed as Joseph De Molay, a Templar Knight during the crusades, was removed from the game. Textures that had Arabic writing were also removed.
 * Metal Wolf Chaos was not localized into other languages and remained unreleased outside of Japan due to the political climate that followed the attacks. However, it was eventually re-released worldwide as Metal Wolf Chaos XD in 2019.
 * Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, which was released in North America and Japan two months after the attack, featured the Pentagon and the World Trade Center during its climax. After the Sept. 11 attacks, a scene showing the destruction of the Statue of Liberty and parts of Manhattan was cut from the game. Dialogue about terrorists targeting Manhattan was also removed.
 * The Game Boy Advance game Advance Wars was delayed in Europe, Japan, and Australia after having been released in North America. The game would release in Australia in 2001, Europe in 2002, and Japan in 2004.
 * The Dreamcast game Propeller Arena was completed and due to be released on September 19, 2001, but was cancelled and never officially released. The video game was about dogfighting in planes and one level takes place around a city of skyscrapers.
 * The PlayStation 2 game Savage Skies was originally conceived as a licensed tie-in game based on the music and likeness of heavy metal musician Ozzy Osbourne under the name Ozzy's Black Skies with a song written specifically for the game called "Black Skies". Developer iRock Interactive was later forced to drop the Osbourne branding and retool the game as Savage Skies both due to concerns about the game's original title and premise being in poor taste in the aftermath of the attacks as well as licensing expenses, finally releasing the game in 2002; Osbourne would later include the song "Black Skies" as a bonus track on the single "Dreamer".

Other

 * Mad magazine's issue No. 411 was already at the printer with a gag front cover depicting the mascot Alfred E. Neuman having taken a wrong turn away from the New York Marathon route (an event occurring in October, when the issue was to be released) and jogging into a murder scene, where he cluelessly broke through yellow crime scene tape in triumph. The cover, which depicted downtown Manhattan and a corpse, was no longer appropriate in light of the September 11 attacks, but the magazine had just one deadline day to produce a replacement cover. This was accomplished with a closely cropped headshot of Neuman, with his trademark tooth gap filled in by a small American flag.
 * The 2001 Boshears Skyfest was cancelled due to closed airspace following the attacks.
 * Broadway theatre went dark until September 13, 2001, when shows resumed with dimmed marquees.
 * Toys "R" Us in Times Square sold a Barbie doll exclusive to this location in 2001. The initial release featured a depiction of the Twin Towers on its packaging, but was revised to remove them following the September 11 attacks.
 * George Carlin's 17th album and twelfth HBO stand-up special, Complaints and Grievances, originally given the working title I Kinda Like It When a Lot of People Die, was heavily reworked and retitled following the September 11 attacks.


text:
Probotector

Probotector is an alternate title originally given to a number of Contra games in Europe. By itself, the title was affixed to three different games, and may refer to the European localizations of:

 * Contra (video game) for the Nintendo Entertainment System, 1987
 * Operation C (video game) for the Game Boy, 1991
 * Contra: Hard Corps for the Mega Drive, 1994

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Probotector


text:
Contra (video game)

Contra is a run and gun video game developed and published by Konami, originally developed as a coin-operated arcade video game in 1986 and released on February 20, 1987. A home version was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1988, along with ports for various home computer formats, including the MSX2. The arcade and computer versions were localized as Gryzor in Europe, and the NES version as Probotector in PAL regions and France.

The arcade game was a commercial success worldwide, becoming one of the top four highest-grossing dedicated arcade games of 1987 in the United States. The NES version was also a critical and commercial success, with Electronic Gaming Monthly awarding it for being the Best Action Game of 1988. Several Contra sequels were produced following the original game.

Overview
Contra employs a variety of playing perspectives, which include a standard side view, a pseudo-3D view (in which the player proceeds by shooting and moving towards the background, in addition to left or right) and a fixed screen format (in which the player has their gun aimed upwards by default). Up to two people can play simultaneously, with one player as Bill (the blond-haired commando wearing a white tank top and blue bandana), and the other player as Lance (the shirtless dark-haired commando with a red bandana).

Controls
The controls consists of an eight-way joystick and two action buttons for shooting (left) and jumping (right). When one of the protagonists jumps, he curls into a somersault instead of doing a conventional jump like in other games. The joystick controls not only the player's movement while running and jumping, but also his aiming. During side view stages, the player can shoot leftward, rightward or upward while standing, as well as horizontally and diagonally while running. The player can also shoot in any of eight directions, including downwards, while jumping. Pressing the joystick downwards while standing will cause the character to lie down on his stomach, allowing him to avoid enemy fire and shoot low targets. When the jump button is pressed while crouching on a higher platform, the character will drop down to a lower level.

Weapons
The player's default weapon is a rifle with unlimited ammunition that can be upgraded into one of four other guns. These can be obtained by destroying the pill box sensors and flying item capsules containing them, or by defeating the red-clad guards in the enemy bases. These consist of a machine gun that fires rapidly when the fire button is held down, a laser gun that shoots a powerful beam, a fireball gun that shoots its rounds in a corkscrew pattern, and a spread gun that shoots five individual bullets in individual directions. There are also two auxiliary power-ups that only appear in certain areas when the character is armed with his default gun: a rapid-bullets upgrade that increases the firing speed of the gun's shots and a barrier that makes the character invulnerable for a limited period. With the exception of the machine gun and the laser gun, each item comes in the form of a Falcon-shaped symbol marked with a letter representing its function (F, S, R, and B).

Player lives
The player loses a life if their character (Bill or Lance) comes into contact with enemies or their missiles, fails to complete a base stage before the time limit, or falls into a bottomless pit. When that happens, the character will revert to his default weapon on his next life. After losing all lives, the player can continue by inserting more coins (if necessary) and pressing Start, but only up to three times. A second player can join in anytime, but if one player loses all of their lives, they must wait until the other player loses their lives as well to continue together.

Stages
The arcade version of Contra consists of seven stages (the number of stages and level structures vary in later versions). The first stage is a side-scrolling level where the player character is dropped into the jungle and must fend off the enemy's initial line of defense until he reaches the entrance of the first base, where he must destroy a large sensor to enter the base. The game switches to a 3D view for the second stage, where the player character must fight his way through a series of passageways inside the base before time runs out (a display at the top of the screen shows the map of the base and the time remaining). The player must destroy a generator at the other side of each passageway in order to deactivate the electric current preventing access. The third stage is set in the core of the base in a fixed screen, where the player must destroy the enemy's defense system in order to expose the final target, a giant eyeball that shoots fireballs.

Stages 4 through 6 proceed similarly to the first three stages. Stage 4 is a vertically-scrolling level where the player must jump their way to the top of a waterfall until reaching the entrance of the second base, where the player must destroy a large diamond-shaped sensor guarded by a defense system in order to clear the stage. Stage 5 is another 3D stage set inside another base, while Stage 6 is another boss battle, this time against a pair of heads that split into two images each. The heads can only be damaged when their split images align together.

The seventh and final stage returns to the side-scrolling format of the first stage, as the player fights through the enemy's final line of defense (which includes a hovercraft, armored trucks, and giant helmeted soldiers) while proceeding through areas such as a snowfield, an energy plant and a hangar, to eventually reach the alien's lair, where the regular enemy soldiers are replaced with otherworldly creatures. The player must fight a giant alien head that spawns larvae from its mouth before reaching the final target, a cardiac creature that must be destroyed in order to complete the mission.

Releases
The arcade game was released in three versions. The Japanese and American versions are virtually identical, aside from the Japanese version using kanji characters to spell the game's title. However, the European version, titled Gryzor, only allows two players to play the game alternating rather than simultaneously.

Plot
Contra is set in the distant future of the year 2633 A.D., when the evil Red Falcon Organization have set a base on the fictional Galuga archipelago near New Zealand in a plot to wipe out humanity. Two commandos, Bill Rizer and Lance Bean of the Earth Marine Corp's Contra unit (an elite group of soldiers specializing in guerrilla warfare), are sent to the island to destroy the enemy forces and uncover the true nature of the alien entity controlling them.

Differences in the US release
The promotional materials for the US arcade version downplays the futuristic setting of the game, with the manual for the later NES and home computer versions changing the game's setting from the future to the present day and the location from Galuga to the Amazon Jungle.

Home computers
Under license from Konami, Ocean Software produced ports under the title of Gryzor (the European arcade title) for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC, which were released in Europe in 1988. The Commodore 64 version was released in North America under the Contra title. Ocean's ports were patterned after the original arcade version of the game. An IBM PC version was developed by Banana Development Inc and released in North America. This version was released in Europe under the Gryzor name. The cover illustration of Ocean's Gryzor ports by Bob Wakelin was inspired by the upcoming film Predator starring actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. The illustration was later used for the packaging of the NES version. The Japanese MSX2 version had an exclusive photo cover; despite that, Wakelin's illustration was used in the back cover. The other character was inspired by the 1982 film Rambo

Nintendo Entertainment System

Contra was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in February 1988. This version was produced in-house by Konami, and features several differences from the arcade release in order to better suit the NES's hardware.

Graphics
For example, sprites for effects (like explosions) are shown at 30fps instead of 60fps to work around the sprite limitations of the system. Another game to use this technique is Recca.

The game can be played by one or two players, but due to the graphical limitations of the NES, Bill and Lance lost their individualized character designs. Instead, they are both depicted as shirtless commandos distinguished by the colors of their pants (blue for Bill and red for Lance). When one player loses all of their lives, they are given the option to use the other player's stock to keep fighting.

Weapons
The power-up icons for the Machine Gun and Laser Gun were also changed and are now represented by letter-based falcon symbols (M and L) used by the other weapons. The Rapid Bullets and Barrier power-ups are also more common in this version, since unlike the arcade game, the flying item capsules now appear regardless of which weapon the player character currently possesses. The NES version introduces a seventh item that clears the screen of all on-screen enemies when obtained.

Reworked Stages
The NES version recomposes the seven stages of the arcade version into eight stages. Stages 2 and 3 were combined into one stage, resulting in the renumbering of the Waterfall level from Stage 4 to Stage 3, while Stages 5 and 6 were combined into the new Stage 4. The final four stages of the NES version (the Snowfield, Energy Zone, Hangar, and Alien Lair) are based on the different areas featured in the arcade version's final stage.

The level designs themselves are drastically different from the arcade version too. The two base stages for example (Stage 2 and 4), no longer have their mazelike structures, nor is there any time limit involved. The boss of the waterfall stage was also changed from a diamond-shaped sensor to an alien statue.

The Konami Code
Contra was one of the early NES games to feature the Konami Code. Inputting the code at the title screen starts the player with thirty lives instead of the usual three. The cheat remains in effect when the player runs out of lives and uses a continue to retry a stage.

Famicom version
Contra was released for the Famicom in Japan on February 9, 1988. While the gameplay remains identical to the NES version released around the same month, the Famicom version has a custom-made Multi-Memory Controller that Konami produced called the VRC2 (in contrast to the UNROM board used by its NES counterpart). This allowed for the inclusion of cutscenes and a few graphical effects that were not possible in the NES version. Additionally, the Famicom version contains cutscenes, an additional music track, and environment effects which are not included in the NES version.

The game begins with a prologue sequence explaining the game's backstory, followed by a map of the Galuga archipelago, which is shown at the start of every stage to indicate the player's progress. Cutscenes are also shown between stages, depicting Bill (or Lance) giving a status report of his current situation to headquarters, and, in later stages, shooting his gun towards the screen.

The ending sequence is also slightly different. And if the player holds the select and start buttons during the credits sequence, a secret message will be displayed after the Konami logo. Other differences include the addition of a sound test mode, added background animations in certain stages (such as windblown palm leaves in Stage 1 and a snowstorm in Stage 5), a different stage clear jingle when the player clears the final stage, and a level select cheat code.

PAL version
Probotector is a modified version of the NES Contra that was released for the PAL region and France on December 28, 1990. This version redesigns the human protagonists and some of the enemy characters to give them a robotic appearance. This was done to circumvent the BPjM's censorship laws in Germany, which prohibits the sales of violent video games to minors. Subsequent Contra games for home consoles followed suit, all being released in the PAL region under the Probotector title and featuring similar modifications. Beginning with Contra: Legacy of War, Konami abandoned the Probotector title and localized most of the further games with minimal changes.

MSX2
An MSX2 version of Contra was released by Konami exclusively in Japan on May 26, 1989. The MSX2 version greatly differs from the arcade and NES versions. Due to hardware limitations of the MSX2, the game does not scroll but instead uses flip-screens like other MSX2 games such as Metal Gear and Vampire Killer. The game uses the SCC sound chip.

Rather than one-hit kills, there is an energy gauge, which allows Bill Rizer to take more than one shot or hit before losing a life. There are two main power-ups in the MSX2 version, a Falcon-shaped power-up that increases the player's running and shooting speed, as well as a gun-shaped power-up which allows the player to change their current weapon. After picking up the weapon power-up, the player can choose between the default Normal Gun or four other weapons. The Spread Gun is not featured in this version, replaced by the Rear Gun similar to the tailgun in Gradius II, which fires in two directions at the same time.

The MSX2 version Contra is composed of 19 stages. Stages 1 through 6 are drawn directly from the arcade version, whereas Stages 7 through 9 are based on the different areas featured in the final stage of the arcade version in a matter similar to the final four stages of the NES version. Stages 10 through 19 are new to this version and take place primarily in an underground facility underneath the Galuga Archipelago.

Unlike the arcade and NES versions, the MSX2 version is single-player only (Lance Bean does not appear in any form), and has no continuation feature; if a player loses all lives, the game will end immediately. However, the Game Master II utility cartridge can be used to save progress via its S-RAM backup feature.

Later releases

 * A PlayStation 2 port of the arcade version of Contra was released in Japan on May 25, 2006, as part of the Oretachi Gēsen Zoku series of retro game ports by Hamster.
 * A second re-release was made for the Xbox 360's Live Arcade on November 8 of the same year, with Digital Eclipse handling the conversion. The same version was also released on December 15, 2009, as part of the Konami Classics Vol. 2 compilation.
 * The arcade version was also included in Konami's classic game compilation Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits for the Nintendo DS.
 * During Konami Mobile's tenure, several variations of Contra were released for different mobile phones, based on the arcade version.
 * The NES version of Contra is included in the video game compilation Konami Collector's Series: Castlevania & Contra for Microsoft Windows, released in North America in 2002, which also includes Super C and the three Castlevania games released for the NES.
 * The NES Contra and Super C are included in the Nintendo DS game Contra 4 as hidden bonuses.
 * The MSX2 version of Contra was released for the Virtual Console in Japan on February 2, 2010 for the Wii and on October 15, 2014 for the Wii U.
 * The arcade version of Contra was released for the PlayStation 4 as part of Hamster's Arcade Archives digital releases in 2016. It includes the option to play both the Japanese and US versions.
 * The arcade, NES, and Famicom versions are included in Contra Anniversary Collection, which was released in June 2019 for Konami's 50th anniversary.
 * On July 15, 2019, My Arcade announced its acquisition of the Contra license for its line of Micro Player mini arcade machine replicas, and Pocket Player portable video game players.

Reception
In Japan, the arcade game topped the Game Machine chart for table arcade cabinets in April 1987. In the United Kingdom, Gryzor was a blockbuster hit in the arcades and the home computer versions topped the Gallup charts. In the United States, Contra became one of the top four highest-grossing dedicated arcade games of 1987, and then the 1988 Nintendo Entertainment System port became and remained widely popular and remembered. Much of the game's popularity came from its two-player simultaneous co-op gameplay.

The arcade game received generally favorable reviews from critics upon release. Peter Shaw of Your Sinclair called Gryzor one of his "favourite" games at the time. Clare Edgeley of Computer and Video Games said "Lots of shooting and no time for a breather makes Gryzor one hell of a tiring game to play."

The NES version received a positive reception from critics. Arnie Katz, Bill Kunkel and Joyce Worley of Computer Gaming World called Contra on the NES "a truly outstanding action epic" set on a "scrolling and beautifully drawn playfield". Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu gave the Famicom (NES) version of the game a score of 27 out of 40. Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded it for being the Best Action Game of 1988. AllGame editor Skyler Miller praised Contra, touting that the game "became the standard by which future platform shooters would be judged". The MS-DOS version of the game received a negative review in Dragon by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column in 1989; they criticized Konami's copy protection which prevented the game from booting up on their computer.

In 2004, the NES version of Contra was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. Contra was voted by gaming website IGN as being the "Toughest Game to Beat". Nintendo Power ranked it as the seventh best NES game, calling it one of the best multiplayer NES games. Electronic Gaming Monthly listed the NES version as the 45th best console video game of all time, similarly saying that it "set the standard for all two-player simultaneous action games to follow." GamesRadar ranked it the 10th best NES game ever made, considering it possibly superior to the arcade version. Game Informer also included it in their list of best games ever at number 13. The staff noted that while not revolutionary, it was fun. In 2017, Contra ranked 82nd in "The Scientifically Proven Best Video Games of All Time", a statistical meta-analysis compiled by Warp Zoned of 44 "top games" lists published between 1995 and 2016.

Legacy
Contra was followed by Super Contra later the same year. It is the only Contra sequel for the arcades developed in-house by Konami. Following the success of the NES adaptations of both the original and its sequel (which was retitled Super C in its American release), subsequent sequels were produced specifically for the home console market such as Contra III: The Alien Wars for the Super NES and Contra: Hard Corps for the Genesis, becoming one of Konami's flagship series. , the series has 12 installments.

The music from the arcade version of Contra is one of the soundtracks included in the video game album Konami Game Music Vol.4: A Jax, which was released by Alfa Records on May 10, 1988, in CD (catalog no. 28XA-201), cassette (ALC-22922), and vinyl (ALR-22922).

In April 2017, Beijing Starlit Movie and TV Culture announced they were producing a live-action film version of Contra in China. Wei Nan is listed as the screenwriter. The project was scheduled for release on June 6, 2018, but it did not meet that release date.

While the Konami code was first introduced with the home versions of Gradius, larger awareness of the code's existence in Konami's games grew significantly with its inclusion in the home versions of Contra (where it gave the player 30 extra lives to help complete the difficult game).

A board game adaptation was developed by Blacklist Games and Kess Co. and was released in 2022.

title: Contra (video game)


text:
Jy

Jy may refer to:

 * Jansky (symbol Jy), non-SI unit of spectral electromagnetic flux density in radio astronomy
 * JY cell line, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immortalised b cell lymphoblastoid line

title: Jy


text:
One More Car, One More Rider

One More Car, One More Rider is the eighth live album by Eric Clapton, released on 5 November 2002 on Duck / Reprise Records. It is also his third double live album. The album contains songs performed during Clapton's 2001 world tour. The recordings on this album are from two nights at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, 18 & 19 August 2001. Accompanying Clapton on this album are guitarist Andy Fairweather-Low, drummer Steve Gadd, bassist Nathan East and keyboardists Billy Preston, Greg Phillinganes and David Sancious (who also plays guitar and melodica). Clapton claimed that this would be his last world tour, making this album initially more valuable. However, he has since toured the world several times, both on his own and with Steve Winwood.

There is also a DVD version of this album. The DVD features "Will It Go Round in Circles" sung by Billy Preston, which is not included on the CD. The DVD was directed by Brian Lockwood and Danny O'Bryen.

The album was released on vinyl for the first time on Record Store Day in 2019, on Limited Edition 3-LP clear vinyl. The first 4 songs of the CD were on side one, with 3 songs on each of the other 5 sides of the 3 albums, the full 19 songs from the 2-CD set appearing across the 6 sides.

Disc One
Acoustic: Electric:
 * 1) "Key to the Highway" (Broonzy, Charles Segar) – 3:41
 * 2) "Reptile" (Eric Clapton) – 5:59
 * 3) "Got You on My Mind" (Howard Biggs, Joe Thomas) – 3:51
 * 4) "Tears in Heaven" (Clapton, Will Jennings) – 4:34
 * 5) "Bell Bottom Blues" (Clapton) – 5:02
 * 6) "Change the World" (Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick, Tommy Sims) – 6:16
 * 1) "My Father's Eyes" (Clapton) – 8:34
 * 2) "River of Tears" (Clapton, Simon Climie) – 8:59
 * 3) "Going Down Slow" (Saint Louis Jimmy) – 5:34
 * 4) "She's Gone" (Clapton, Climie) – 6:58

Disc Two
Electric: Acoustic:
 * 1) "I Want a Little Girl" (Murray Mencher, Billy Moll) – 4:38
 * 2) "Badge" (Clapton, George Harrison) – 6:02
 * 3) "Hoochie Coochie Man" (Willie Dixon) – 4:30
 * 4) "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles) – 7:53
 * 5) "Cocaine" (J. J. Cale) – 4:20
 * 6) "Wonderful Tonight" (Clapton) – 6:42
 * 7) "Layla" (Clapton, Jim Gordon) – 9:16
 * 8) "Sunshine of Your Love" (Jack Bruce, Clapton, Pete Brown) – 7:11
 * 1) "Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen, E. Y. Harburg) – 6:33

Track listing (DVD)

 * 1) "Key to the Highway" (Broonzy, Segar) – 3:41
 * 2) "Reptile" (Eric Clapton) – 5:59
 * 3) "Got You on My Mind" (Biggs, Thomas) – 3:51
 * 4) "Tears in Heaven" (Clapton, Will Jennings) – 4:34
 * 5) "Bell Bottom Blues" (Clapton) – 5:02
 * 6) "Change the World" (Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick, Tommy Sims) – 6:16
 * 7) "My Father's Eyes" (Clapton) – 8:34
 * 8) "River of Tears" (Clapton, Simon Climie) – 8:59
 * 9) "Going Down Slow" (Saint Louis Jimmy) – 5:34
 * 10) "She's Gone" (Clapton, Climie) – 6:58
 * 11) "I Want a Little Girl" (Mencher, Moll) – 4:38
 * 12) "Badge" (Clapton, George Harrison) – 6:02
 * 13) "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man" (Willie Dixon) – 4:30
 * 14) "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles) – 7:53
 * 15) "Cocaine" (J. J. Cale) – 4:20
 * 16) "Wonderful Tonight" (Clapton) – 6:42
 * 17) "Layla" (Clapton, Jim Gordon) – 9:16
 * 18) "Will It Go Round in Circles" (Billy Preston) – 3:31
 * 19) "Sunshine of Your Love" (Peter Brown, Jack Bruce, Clapton) – 7:11
 * 20) "Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen, E. Y. Harburg) – 6:33

Personnel

 * Eric Clapton – guitar, lead vocals
 * Andy Fairweather-Low – guitar, backing vocals
 * Billy Preston – Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards, backing vocals
 * David Sancious – piano, keyboards, melodica, guitar, backing vocals
 * Greg Phillinganes - Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards/synthesizers
 * Nathan East – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Gadd – drums

Certifications
!colspan="3"|Video sales

title: One More Car, One More Rider


text:
Kumite

Kumite (組手, literally "grappling hands") is one of the three main sections of karate training, along with kata and kihon. Kumite is the part of karate in which a person trains against an adversary.

Kumite can be used to develop a particular technique or a skill (e.g. effectively judging and adjusting one's distance from one's opponent) or it can be done in competition.

Types
Since the word "kumite" refers to forms of sparring, it covers a vast range of activities. In traditional Shotokan karate, the first type of kumite for beginners is gohon kumite. The defender steps back each time, blocking the attacks and performing a counterattack after the last block. This activity looks nothing like the jiyu kumite (or "free sparring") practiced by more advanced practitioners.

Types:
 * Ippon kumite - one step sparring, typically used for self-defense drills
 * Sanbon kumite - three-step sparring, typically used to develop speed, strength, and technique
 * Gohon kumite - five-step sparring, pre-arranged attack and counter exercises
 * Kiso kumite - structured sparring drawn from a kata
 * Jiyu kumite - free sparring
 * Jiyu ippon kumite - one step semi-free sparring
 * Iri Kumi - free sparring in Okinawan dialect, used in Gōjū-Ryū
 * Jiyu Kobo - old version of Jiyu Kumite in Uechi-Ryū used by Uechi Kanbun's Wakayama dojo

Delivering strikes
Many schools feel it is important that karateka "pull their punches". Karate training is designed to give its practitioners the ability to deliver devastating power through techniques like punches and kicks. Often the aim of training is that each single strike should be enough to subdue the opponent. However, this clearly would make it difficult to train due to the possibility of injury. Many beginners, while sparring, will be instructed to develop control and accuracy first, then speed and power later. In doing this, it may seem like the student is pulling his punches, when actually, he is developing technique first. For injury purposes, certain targets are discouraged, like strikes to the knee and face contact for low ranks. Many schools prohibit strikes to the groin, while others allow it completely. Some schools might limit contact to light contact all around, while others may employ power usage at higher grades.

All types of sparring allow the martial artist to develop both control and experience in delivering powerful strikes against an opponent. In full contact karate, punches are often "pulled" to some slight extent in training, to minimize the occurrence of injuries that would interrupt practice. However, some karate schools use protective gear in free sparring, so that strikes can be delivered closer to their full power. Most karate clubs and most styles of karate combine some controlled full-contact sparring and some sparring with protective gear (from gloves to feet pads and up to full head and even chest guards such as in taekwondo).

However, a few more traditional clubs that never use protective gear for sparring (except groin and mouth guards that protect against accidental injuries) argue that a karateka will not be able to make their most powerful strike when sparring in the dojo (against a friend whom they no doubt do not want to injure) even if this opponent is wearing protective clothing. Therefore, the karateka will still be using some level of control, as is obviously necessary, and cannot truly capture the spirit of one lethal strike whilst sparring. Except for a life or death self-defense situation, the spirit and power of the single lethal strike can only be achieved when a karateka does not have to avoid injuring their training partner. The traditionalists therefore argue that there is no benefit to sparring with more forceful strikes.

However, in Kyokushin Karate no padding is used and fighters don't "pull their punches" as fights are finished by knockdown.

Competition
In some forms of competition kumite, punching ("tsuki") and kicking ("keri") techniques are allowed at the head ("jodan") and abdomen ("chudan"). In some tournaments, face contact is allowed, sometimes limited to senior practitioners. One example of a scoring system is that the first competitor to take eight points in three minutes wins the bout.

Kumite is an essential part of karate training, and free sparring is often experienced as exciting, because both opponents have to react and adapt to each other very quickly.

In tournaments kumite often takes place inside of a 'ringed' area similar to that of a boxing ring. If a karateka steps out of the ring, they are given a warning. If they step out of the ring two times, the other person gains a point. Many international tournaments use a "point sparring" form of kumite that requires control ('pulling punches') and therefore warnings can be dealt for excessive force on techniques to the head, or sensitive areas. Full contact is permitted to the torso area of the body only. Some tournament rules allow for light contact to the head, whereas other rules do not allow this.

Kumite also includes a series of guidelines that, if followed correctly, result in a clean and safe fight. These are some of those guidelines:

 * A karateka must remain in some form of proper fighting stance and in the "kamae-te" position (hands up, ready to fight position)
 * A karateka must be aware of all obstacles around him/her
 * A karateka must never deliberately endanger themselves by turning their back to their opponent
 * A practiced and well trained karateka must concentrate on stance and footwork

For the last point about stance and footwork: it is often taught that a karateka who wishes to be fast and agile while competing in kumite should always be 'pulsing'. Pulsing is where the karateka remains almost bouncing on the balls of their feet to maintain minimal frictional contact with the ground, allowing them to move quickly.

Another aspect of kumite which is often seen in international tournaments, as well as many local competitions is what is referred to as clashing. Clashing is where both opponents throw techniques against each other at the same time, often resulting in both getting hit with the techniques. This creates a problem for referees as they are unable to make out which technique was quick, on target and recoiled - all the things that constitute a clean technique that is scored. Because of clashing, most modern day karateka are taught to practice kumite in a 'one for one' situation where one attacks, then the other attacks and so on. However, due to the speed of these techniques, and the speed of the footwork of each karateka, to the casual observer it may appear that they are still clashing when in fact they are not. When opponents are considered to be clashing, the head referee should declare "aiuchi" which means "simultaneous hit". When a winner is decided, the referee will announce "~ no kachi" which means "~'s win".

The tournament rules of full contact or "knockdown" styles of karate often don't award any points for controlled techniques delivered to the opponent. In fact, they usually don't award points for full-force techniques delivered to the opponent either. Instead, points are only awarded for knocking, sweeping, or throwing your opponent to the floor. Kyokushinkai and its "offshoot" karate organizations are the styles usually known to promote knockdown tournament rules. They believe this type of tournament competition is closer to "real life" personal combat, although still in a tournament setting with rules.

There are three criticisms to date. First, is the quickness versus skill argument. The tournament fighter learns how to shoot in quickly but deliver an unimpressive strike that gains him or her a point. Also, the question of discoloration of face due to contact, which can allow for disqualification. It is often difficult to gauge the true intensity of the attack, so this could cause questioning. Last, it is seen as sport and sport alone. Traditionalists may dismiss it as "useless", but modern dojos often band with other dojos to form organizations that utilize a tournament circuit as a way to promote their dojos.

WKF Kumite Ruleset
International competition under the World Karate Federation (also known as the WKF) also includes the following point scoring:

 * 1 point ("YUKO"): A straight punch to the face or torso of the opponent (but not to the back of their head or body)
 * 2 points ("WAZARI"): A kick delivered to the adversary's torso (including the back, sides and front).
 * 3 points ("IPPON" - A) : Any scoring technique (such as a stomp or punch) to a grounded opponent. A "grounded opponent" is defined by the WKF as having any body part (except for the feet) touching the ground, and includes an opponent who has been knocked down by a legal strike or swept/taken down. (Any sweep/takedown that is not followed up with a technique may be ruled to be a dangerous technique that can result in a warning against the instigator of that sweep/takedown.) OR a kick delivered to the head of a standing opponent.
 * 3 points ("IPPON" - A) : Any scoring technique (such as a stomp or punch) to a grounded opponent. A "grounded opponent" is defined by the WKF as having any body part (except for the feet) touching the ground, and includes an opponent who has been knocked down by a legal strike or swept/taken down. (Any sweep/takedown that is not followed up with a technique may be ruled to be a dangerous technique that can result in a warning against the instigator of that sweep/takedown.) OR a kick delivered to the head of a standing opponent.
 * 3 points ("IPPON" - A) : Any scoring technique (such as a stomp or punch) to a grounded opponent. A "grounded opponent" is defined by the WKF as having any body part (except for the feet) touching the ground, and includes an opponent who has been knocked down by a legal strike or swept/taken down. (Any sweep/takedown that is not followed up with a technique may be ruled to be a dangerous technique that can result in a warning against the instigator of that sweep/takedown.) OR a kick delivered to the head of a standing opponent.

If the opponent is rendered unable to continue the fight due to a legal technique, then the one who delivered this technique should be announced the winner of the bout by KIKEN (or forfeiture) of the fight.

Bouts are 3 minutes long for men, and 2 minutes long for Junior competitors and women. If, at any point during the bout, a competitor accumulates an 8 point lead over their opponent, or if their opponent is disqualified then they will also be declared as the winner of the fight.

Contact to the body is allowed from all ages during competition. When a competitor turns 16 years old, then they will be allowed a "skin touch" (light contact) to the opponents head for both punches or kicks, which stays the same from this age upwards. Prior to this age, no head contact is permitted whatsoever. Ages below 14 years old are required to stop their kicks at least 10 cm away from the opponents head, whereas during the ages between 14 years old and 16 years old, this distance is reduced to 5cm away from the head. Punches for both age groups must be stopped just before the head/ face and not make contact. As previously mentioned, light contact to the head/ face is permitted from the age of 16 years old and upwards.

The rule of KIKEN (or forfeiture) is commonly only found with blows to the body. If a (legal) punch or kick is delivered to the body, and causes an athlete to forfeit the bout (as they cannot continue), then the opposition is announced as the winner. '''When an athlete is legally downed (if they fall or are knocked down by their opponent) and does not immediately get up after the referee calls "YAME" (stop) then the referee will call for the tournament doctor and count to 10 out loud in English (identical to the 10 count in boxing) for the athlete to rise. If they do not rise within 10 seconds, then the opponent wins the bout by KIKEN (or forfeiture).''' However, blows to the head rarely ever win by forfeiture, as it is normally deemed as excessive contact which results in a disqualification.

There are a list of 15 possible fouls or penalties recognised by the WKF; should a competitor receive a total of four of these warnings, then they will be disqualified from the match, or (depending on the severity of the offences) perhaps even the whole competition by the referee. A full, up to date list of competition regulations (including forbidden techniques) is available on the official WKF website.

title: Kumite


text:
Bernard T. Feld

Bernard Taub Feld (December 21, 1919 – February 19, 1993) was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He helped develop the atomic bomb, and later led an international movement among scientists to banish nuclear weapons.

Early life
Feld was born in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from the City College of New York with a bachelor of science degree in 1939. He began graduate school at Columbia University, but suspended his studies to join the American war effort. He spent the war serving as an assistant to Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd working on the Manhattan Project. After World War II, he returned to Columbia University to receive his PhD in 1945 with thesis advisor Willis Lamb.

Career
I was involved in the original sin, and I have spent a large part of my life atoning for it. – Bernard T. Feld

Feld was on the faculty of MIT from 1948 until he retired in 1990. During this time, he was President of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation, editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and head of the American Pugwash Committee.

Feld was a Ford Foundation Fellow and a visiting scientist at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.

The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995. Feld was a leader in these conferences, serving as U.S. Chairman from 1963 to 1973 and as International Chairman from 1973 to 1978. It was in this role that he attracted the anger of Richard Nixon's White House. He was eleventh on Nixon's list of enemies, a fact that pleased him tremendously.

"One month after the election of Ronald Reagan, Feld being an editor of 'Bulletin of the American Atomic Scientists' reported that his publication had decided to move the hands on the Doomsday Clock featured on its cover from seven to four minutes to midnight, because, as 'the year drew to a close, the world seemed to be moving unevenly but inexorably closer to nuclear disaster.' "

title: Bernard T. Feld


text:
Talk:Jansky

Untitled
The material formerly here appeared to be a copy of information from http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictJ.html, so I have replaced it by a stub.

Not quite correct to say 1Jy is bright - it wouldn't have made 3C! - altered slightly.Linuxlad 12:42, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Plural form
In the texts I've read, the plural form of 'jansky' is hardly ever written 'janskies'. In most cases, the singular form is retained, especially in phrases like '22 jansky' or '450 microjansky'. Any thoughts on a convention that should be adopted in this article?

MHD 20:07, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

AB
You need a link out to this (I presume it's absolute brightness/magnitude). Linuxlad 11:10, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll check whether this is indeed the kind of magnitude that should be linked to in this context, there are tons of different ways to determine the magnitude of a system. I'll be around some real astronomers during the rest of the day, I'll get back to this. MHD 10:52, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Well the exponent (M/2.5) is clearly right so it's just the constant (for some given assumptions on the effective bandwidth?). I read somewhere that zeroth Magnitude is 630 Jy, (in which case this could be about a factor 2 out?) Linuxlad

 * Correct, the exponent is the same. AB magnitudes, as I understand it, is a different kind of magnitudes scale, based on the fact that one particular star (Vega), has a magnitude of 0 in every color band. In this way, the color of every other object in the sky can be related to the 'zero-color' based on Vega. There is not an article on Wikipedia yet about AB magnitudes. MHD 12:31, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

OK, I've edited to provide a lead-in sentence, and a redlink to AB magnitude. Over to you (I've done enogh damage for today :-))Linuxlad

AB magnitudes are not based on Vega. In the Vega magnitude system, Vega's flux density in any color band defines magnitude of zero. In the AB magnitude system, magnitude of zero always corresponds to 3.631e-20 erg/s/cm^2/Hz, which is 3631 Jy. 68.231.145.131 05:34, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Flux Density
Radiometric flux generally refers to a unit like Watts, similar to Luminosity. Flux density is specific in terms of frequency/wavelength. See Rieke's Detection of Light, for example.
 * Don't know about nowadays, but many years ago they were definitely called 'flux units'. Bob aka Linuxlad
 * Hmm, I guess it's most important to be consistent with Wikipedia, I should look around and see what wikipedia says.
 * Though I agree that flux density unit would be a better name (since it is a flux per unit wavelength (or frequency)), I have never seen or heard anyone (in the field of astronomy/astrophysics) refer to this unit as flux density unit. I think we should stick with the historical name flux unit (sometimes abbreviated fu, seriously). People who look this up in an encyclopedia or on Wikipedia will want to know what the 'experts' mean when they talk about flux units. I don't know about other fields of science, but I am pretty sure that astronomers used to say flux unit (it's kind of a deprecated term now I guess), not flux density unit. Cheers, MHD 10:08, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 'Flux unit' is an archaic synonym for Jansky. However, Janskys are a unit of flux density (flux per frequency or flux per wavelength), in the same way that ergs are a unit of energy.  Janskys are not a unit of flux.  Does that make it clearer?  68.231.145.131 05:29, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Stub
I don't think it still deserves a stub label, should they be removed? - Eoin 20:15, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and changed it to start class. → Σ σ  ς . (Sigma) 03:34, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Checking the calculations in the table
I think there is an error in the examples table. The first entry, about the cell phone interference, provides all the data to do the calculation, and it turns out a factor 2 larger. Maybe this is due to taking into account the reflection on the ground or that the emission is not spherical? This should be explicitated. - 165.132.36.156 (talk) 03:10, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

Orders of magnitude table
This is a request for someone with the relevant knowledge and/or sources to add some lines to the table for lower orders of magnitude that cover the usual objects of radio astronomy. List of fast radio bursts, for example, gives values between 0.3 and 30 Jy. Beorhtwulf (talk) 19:13, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

What's the motivation?
What's the "reason" for using Janskys? The article points out that they are non-SI, so I was wondering what makes them convenient or useful, "why" use them? I'm not saying they are not useful, asking what makes them convenient. Was it the 1-100 scale for redio sources? Feldercarb (talk) 21:05, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Historically, many of the earliest detected astronomical radio sources had a brightness of about a jansky. These days, we can detect sources in the nanojansky range (the single 30s image depth for the Rubin Observatory LSST in optical bands will be about 575 nJy, while JWST's deep fields will be in the 10s of nJy or better). We should get a citation or two (probably needs to be a textbook) with some of that history in here. - Parejkoj (talk) 15:48, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jansky


text:
Talk:Raisa Gorbacheva

Untitled
I redirected "Raisa Gorbacheva" here ("Raisa Gorbachev"), as that was copy and pasted from the pre-existing "Raisa Gorbachev", and all articles link to "Gorbachev". If it is decided that "Gorbacheva" or something else is the more proper name for the article, please do a proper move and fix the redirects to the right page. -- Infrogmation 00:04, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I have a good friend that is Russian, and she previously told me that the traditional standard is for men's last names to end with the letter 'v', and the women in the family use the same last name, except add an 'a' to the end (EG my friend uses the last name Telnova, because her father's last name is Telnov). However, A) I don't know if Raisa followed this standard, and B) Most people looking for the article probably wouldn't know about the difference, anyway, so I think it's probably OK as is. Niteowlneils 00:16, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

However the Raisa Gorbacheva article has had several updates since it was created -- it would have been nice if they'd been applied to this version too, which I shall now do. Arwel 01:00, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This is technically correct, although in English Russian names are usually not feminised in such cases. Also the "yo" transliteration, while fashionable amongst linguists, is not so amongst the general public. --MacRusgail 20:08, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Alcoholic?
Wasn't there media reports that she drank heavily after the break-up of the USSR?

Gorbacheva/Gorbachova
If Gorbachev's page is not Gorbachov, then this should be Gorbacheva, not Gorbachova. --Simfan34 (talk) 19:58, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

First lady?
1. What is the basis for saying she was first lady?

2. "She was one of the few wives of a communist party leader to have a high public profile of her own." Really? What about Nadezhda Krupskaya, Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva, Jiang Qing, Elena Ceaușescu, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Sung-ae, Margot Honecker etc?--Jack Upland (talk) 06:01, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raisa Gorbacheva


text:
Blue Ball

Blue Ball may refer to:

Populated places

 * In the United States
 * Blue Ball, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
 * Blue Ball, Delaware, an unincorporated community
 * Blue Ball Village, Maryland, an unincorporated community
 * Blue Ball, Ohio, a community in Middletown
 * Blue Ball, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community

 * Elsewhere
 * Blue Ball, County Offaly, Ireland

Other meanings

 * The Blue Ball, a 1995 play by Paul Godfrey
 * Blue balls, testicular discomfort
 * Blue Ball Inn, a pub in Cambridgeshire, England

title: Blue Ball