text:
Talk:Field extension

Bases containing 1
Given a finite extension L/K, can a basis of L over K always be chosen to contain 1? I think so, because one can simply choose any element x from the basis and multiply all of the elements from the basis by x-1. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 21:39, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

Introduction does not define or describe field extension
but extension fields — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.101.128.146 (talk) 15:21, 20 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Good point. Fixed. D.Lazard (talk) 16:51, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

"Purely transcendental extension" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Purely transcendental extension and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 10 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 10:47, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Transcendence degree which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:31, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

"Trivial extension" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trivial_extension&redirect=no Trivial extension] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 23:53, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Field extension


text:
Pillow fight

A pillow fight is a common game mostly played by young children (but also by teens and adults) in which they engage in mock physical conflict, using pillows as weapons.

Pillow fights often occur during children's sleepovers. Since pillows are usually soft, injuries rarely occur. The heft of a pillow can still knock a young person off balance, especially on a soft surface such as a bed, which is a common venue. In earlier eras, pillows would often break, shedding feathers throughout a room. Modern pillows tend to be stronger and are often filled with a solid block of artificial filling, so breakage occurs far less frequently.

Organized pillow fights
Pillow fighting has become a part of flash mob culture, with pillow fight flash mobs popping up in cities around the world. Social media is frequently used to initiate and advertise public pillow fight events.

World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), occasionally staged "pillow fight matches" between female wrestlers, then known as Divas, during the early 2000s. These were often booked as Lingerie Pillow Fights, in which women "compete" in lingerie or pajamas, with little or no actual wrestling taking place. The final match of this type was held in 2008.

In January 2007, Reuters reported on a Pillow Fight League that was operating in bars in Toronto. Pre-selected female "fighters" with stage personalities were paid small amounts to stage regular, unscripted fights. The rules called for "no lewd behavior, and moves such as leg drops or tickling or submission holds are allowed as long as a pillow is used." The league ceased operations in 2011, and a crowdfunding campaign created to facilitate its return was unsuccessful.

March 22, 2008, was the first World Pillow Fight Day, a day organized in the United States by Newmindspace, a group created by two University of Toronto students. The Wall Street Journal estimated that 5,000 people participated in a New York event coinciding with the day.

The Guinness World Record for the largest pillow fight was set in July 2015 at a St. Paul Saints baseball game, where 6,261 participated in an event sponsored by local manufacturer My Pillow. The record was later broken in May 2018 at an evangelical Christian concert. 7,861 people participated in the Minneapolis, Minnesota event, which was also sponsored by My Pillow.

September 25, 2021, Gladiatrix LLC, DBA FightPFC.com, Pillow Fight Championships, live streamed their second full card professional pillow fight event. The company announced plans to expand the franchise internationally and to develop pillow fighting as a national sport with standardized rules scoring and equipment. Real pillow fights between real fighters with real cash prizes at stake. Sports Writer Joe Capozzi reported the event as a "Fierce but wholesome combat sport".

October 5, 2021, NYPost reports that MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fighters were enjoying the new sport of professional pillow fighting.

In Japan
In Makura-Nage, a Japanese pillow fight variation, players throw pillows instead of swinging them.

In film
Pillow fights were a popular theme in early cinematography. 1897 saw the release of A Pillow Fight by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company followed by Pillow Fight from Edison Studios. In the same year Siegmund Lubin released New Pillow Fight. Lubin returned to the subject in 1903 with the film Pillow Fight, Reversed.

Other films to portray pillow fights include Animal House, Annie, and The Room.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pillow fight


text:
Brian Dickson

Robert George Brian Dickson (May 25, 1916 – October 17, 1998) was a Canadian lawyer, military officer and judge. He was appointed a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada on March 26, 1973, and subsequently appointed the 15th Chief Justice of Canada on April 18, 1984. He retired on June 30, 1990.

Dickson's tenure as chief justice coincided with the first wave of cases under the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which reached the Supreme Court from 1984 onwards. Dickson wrote several very influential judgments dealing with the Charter and laid the groundwork for the approach that the courts would take to the Charter.

Early life and family
Dickson was born to Thomas Dickson and Sarah Elizabeth Gibson, in Yorkton, Saskatchewan, in 1916, although the family lived at that time in Wynyard. His adolescence and young adulthood occurred during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl years, which hit the Canadian prairies particularly hard.

Dickson's father was a bank manager, and the family was eventually transferred to Regina, the capital of Saskatchewan. Dickson attended high school at the Central Collegiate, where two of his classmates were William Lederman and Alexander "Sandy" MacPherson. All three would go into law, with Lederman becoming one of Canada's leading constitutional scholars and MacPherson becoming a justice of the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench. In later years, Dickson would reminisce that "Bill was always first in our class, and Sandy and I were fighting for second and third".

Sandy MacPherson's father was M. A. MacPherson, the attorney general for Saskatchewan. When the Legislature was sitting in the evenings, Dickson and Sandy MacPherson would come in the evenings to the Attorney General's office to do their homework, and then sit in the galleries of the Assembly and listen to the debates. Dickson said that his interest in the law was triggered by that experience.

The Dickson family later moved to Winnipeg, where Dickson attended the University of Manitoba after graduating from Ridley College in 1934. He was a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity. In 1938, Dickson graduated with a Bachelor of Laws, earning the gold medal for his class. His first permanent job was with the Great-West Life Assurance Company, where he worked in the investment section for two years.

It was in Winnipeg as a young law student that Dickson met his future wife, Barbara Sellers. They married in Winnipeg in 1943, when Dickson was back from Europe to attend military staff training in Kingston.

Military career
Dickson was called to the bar in 1940, but before practising law, he enlisted in the Canadian armed forces for active service. He had joined the military reserve in 1939, on the outbreak of World War II. In June 1940, he and his friend from law school, Clarence Shepard, signed up for active duty as second lieutenants with the Royal Canadian Artillery, joining the 38th Field Battery in Winnipeg. In August 1940, he volunteered for overseas service.

Lieutenant Dickson sailed in February 1941 for Britain with the 3rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment. His abilities attracted notice and he was chosen for staff training, returning to Canada for a course in 1943, followed with a tour of duty in British Columbia as brigade major with the Royal Canadian Artillery. In 1944, Dickson volunteered to return to Europe as a captain. He was posted to the 2nd Canadian Army Group, Royal Canadian Artillery, and distinguished himself in Normandy, being mentioned in dispatches.

In August 1944, during the battle of Falaise Gap, Dickson was hit by friendly fire and severely wounded, leading to the amputation of his right leg. By coincidence, two of his friends, Bill Lederman and Clarence Shepard, were both serving in the area and witnessed the attack. They later remembered the frantic attempts to have the attack called off, not knowing at the time Dickson was in the target area. He was discharged from the army in April 1945.

Years later, when he came to Ottawa, Dickson renewed his ties to the military. In 1983, he accepted the honorary lieutenant-colonelship of the 30th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery, and was its honorary colonel from 1988 to 1992.

Legal career
Dickson returned to Winnipeg in 1945 at the end of the war, joining the law firm of Aikins, Loftus, MacAulay, Turner, Thompson & Tritschler. He became a successful corporate lawyer, and also lectured at the Faculty of Law of the University of Manitoba for six years, until 1954. In 1963, he was on a volunteer committee of the Canadian Bar Association ("CBA") which assisted the Manitoba government in preparing a new Companies Act. Two other volunteers on the committee were Lorne Campbell and Irwin Dorfman, both of whom would later serve as national president of the CBA.

Community involvement
In 1950, Dickson volunteered to be head of the Manitoba Red Cross, on the suggestion of a partner who told him it would only involve a few meetings per year. Instead, Dickson took the position just in time for the 1950 Red River flood, with the Red reaching the highest level since 1861. Winnipeg itself was inundated, 4 of 11 bridges were destroyed, and over 100,000 people had to be evacuated. Dickson took charge of the relief effort by the Red Cross, not seeing his law office for six weeks. Under his direction, the Red Cross mobilised 4,000 volunteers, evacuated thousands and provided support to the people working on the dykes. He later admitted he ran the Red Cross volunteers like an army.

Dickson also served as chancellor (legal advisor) for the Anglican Diocese of Rupert's Land.

Judicial career
In 1963, Dickson was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba and in 1967 was elevated to the Manitoba Court of Appeal. He was appointed a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada on March 26, 1973. On April 18, 1984, he was elevated to chief justice of Canada over the more senior Roland Ritchie, who was one year away from mandatory retirement at age 75 and was in ill health.

During his early years on the Supreme Court, Dickson frequently joined with Justice Laskin and Justice Spence on cases involving civil liberties, often in dissent from the more conservative majority on the Court. The grouping was colloquially referred to as the "LSD connection".

Having come from a corporate law background, Dickson often contributed to the judgments in that field. He also developed a reputation as an important authority on constitutional law, originally relating to law of Canadian federalism and later, the groundwork for the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Dickson participated in the 1981 Patriation Reference, which considered Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's attempt to have the federal government unilaterally patriate the Constitution of Canada without the consent of the provinces. By a 7–2 division, a majority of the Court held that Parliament had the legal authority to act unilaterally. However, by a division of 6–3, the Court also held that unilateral federal action would violate a constitutional convention that had emerged since Confederation, requiring substantial provincial agreement on constitutional amendments. Dickson, along with the three judges from Quebec, was in the majority on both issues: he agreed that Parliament had the legal authority to act unilaterally, but also agreed that a constitutional convention required a substantive degree of provincial agreement for major constitutional amendments.

With the introduction of the Charter in 1982, Dickson made many major contributions to the early standards of interpretation. Among his most famous decisions was that of R v Oakes, where he proposed the analytical framework for section 1 of the Charter now known as the "Oakes test". In R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd, he gave a broad interpretation to the guarantee of freedom of religion set out in section 2 of the Charter, and in R v Morgentaler, he found that the restrictions on abortions set out in the Criminal Code violated a woman's security of person, contrary to section 7 of the Charter.

Later life and death
Dickson served on the Supreme Court for 17 years before retiring on June 30, 1990. He died on October 17, 1998, at age 82.

Honours
In 1990, Dickson was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In addition to his military service and his ground-breaking judgments on the Charter, the citation mentions his Red Cross volunteerism and service in other humanitarian causes.

The Brian Dickson Law Library at the University of Ottawa is named for him. The library's reading room contains a full reproduction of his home office, artifacts and personal items representing his life.

title: Brian Dickson


text:
Heaven Earth & Beyond

Heaven, Earth & Beyond is an album by Swedish singer Lisa Ekdahl, released in 2002.

Track listing

 * 1) "Rivers Of Love"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 2) "Open Door"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 3) "Deep Inside Your Dreams"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 4) "When Did You Leave Heaven?"  (Richard A. Whiting, Walter Bullock)
 * 5) "All I Really Want Is Love"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 6) "It's Oh So Quiet"  (Hans Lang, Erich Meder)
 * 7) "Daybreak"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 8) "Cry Me a River"  (Arthur Hamilton)
 * 9) "Now Or Never"  (Curtis Reginald Lewis, Billie Holiday)
 * 10) "My Heart Belongs To Daddy"  (Cole Porter)
 * 11) "The Color Of You"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 12) "Nature Boy"  (Eden Ahbez)
 * 13) "Sunny Weather"  (Salvadore Poe)
 * 14) "I Can't Get Started"  (Vernon Duke / Lyrics: Ira Gershwin)
 * 15) "But Not For Me"  (George Gershwin / Lyrics: Ira Gershwin)
 * 16) "Stranger On Earth"  (Sid Feller, Rick Ward)
 * 17) "Open Door"  (Salvadore Poe)

title: Heaven Earth & Beyond


text:
Yokosuka D4Y

The Yokosuka D4Y Suisei (彗星) is a two-seat carrier-based dive bomber developed by the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. Development of the aircraft began in 1938. The first D4Y1 was complete in November 1940 and made its maiden flight at Yokosuka the following month.

While the aircraft was originally conceived as a dive bomber, the D4Y was used in other roles including reconnaissance, night fighter and special attack (kamikaze). It made its combat debut as a reconnaissance aircraft when two pre-production D4Y1-Cs embarked aboard the Sōryū to take part in the Battle of Midway in 1942. It was not until March 1943 that it was accepted for use as a dive bomber. The early D4Y1 and D4Y2 featured the liquid-cooled Aichi Atsuta engine, a licensed version of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601, while the later D4Y3 and D4Y4 featured the Mitsubishi MK8P Kinsei radial engine.

Like many other Japanese aircraft of the time, the D4Y lacked armor and self-sealing fuel tanks and it was not until the final variant, the D4Y4, that the aircraft was given bulletproof glass and armor protection for the crew and fuel tanks. Nevertheless, the D4Y was one of the fastest dive bombers of the war, particularly the D4Y4 whom Max Gadney said was the "fastest dive-bomber of World War II" and that it was "faster than the Zero". Only the delays in its development hindered its service while its predecessor, the slower fixed-gear Aichi D3A, remained in service much longer than intended. In October 1944, an attack by a lone D4Y resulted in the sinking of light carrier USS Princeton in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Similarly in March 1945, a single D4Y managed to hit the carrier USS Franklin with two bombs, nearly sinking Franklin and resulting in the loss of almost 800 of her crew. Famously, a D4Y was used in one of the final kamikaze attacks in 1945, hours after the surrender of Japan, with Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki in the rear cockpit.

Design and development
Development of the aircraft began in 1938 at the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal when the Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau (Kaigun Kōkū Hombu) issued requirements of a Navy Experimental 13-Shi Carrier Borne specification for an aircraft carrier-based dive bomber to replace the Aichi D3A. Its design was inspired by the Heinkel He 118 which the Japanese Navy had acquired from Germany in early 1938. The aircraft was a single-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane, with a wide-track retractable undercarriage and wing-mounted dive brakes. It had a crew of two: a pilot and a navigator/radio-operator/gunner, seated under a long, glazed canopy which provided good all-round visibility. The pilot of bomber versions was provided with a telescopic bombsight. The aircraft was powered by an Aichi Atsuta liquid-cooled inverted V12 engine, a licensed copy of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601, rated at 895 kW (1,200 hp). The radiator was behind and below the three-blade propeller, as in the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.

The aircraft had a slim fuselage that enabled it to reach high speeds in horizontal flight and in dives, while it had excellent maneuverability despite high wing loading, with the Suisei having superior performance to contemporary dive bombers such as the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. In order to conform with the Japanese Navy's requirement for long range, weight was minimized by not fitting the D4Y with self-sealing fuel tanks or armour. Subsequently, the D4Y was extremely vulnerable and tended to catch fire when hit.

Bombs were fitted under the wings and in an internal fuselage bomb bay. It usually carried one 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb but there were reports that the D4Y sometimes carried two 250 kg (550 lb) bombs.} The aircraft was armed with two 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 97 aircraft machine guns in the nose and a 7.92 mm (.312 in) Type 1 machine gun – selected for its high rate of fire – in the rear of the cockpit. The rear gun was replaced by a 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine gun. This armament was typical for Japanese carrier-based dive-bombers, unlike "carrier attack bombers" (torpedo bombers) like the Nakajima B5N and B6N, which were not given forward-firing armament until the late-war Aichi B7A, which was expected to serve as both a dive-bomber and torpedo-bomber and was given a pair of 20mm Type 99-2 cannon. The forward machine guns were retained in the kamikaze version.

The first (of five) prototypes was complete in November 1940 and made its maiden flight in December 1940. After the prototype trials, problems with flutter were encountered, a fatal flaw for an airframe subject to the stresses of dive bombing. Until this could be resolved, early production aircraft were used as reconnaissance aircraft, as the D4Y1-C, which took advantage of its high speed and long range while not over-stressing the airframe. Production of the D4Y1-C continued in small numbers until March 1943, when the increasing losses incurred by the D3A resulted in production switching to the D4Y1 dive-bomber, the aircraft's structural problems finally being solved. Although the D4Y could operate from the large fleet carriers that formed the core of the Combined Fleet at the start of the war, it had problems operating from the smaller and slower carriers such as the Hiyō class, which formed a large proportion of Japan's carrier fleet after the losses of the Battle of Midway. Catapult equipment was fitted, giving rise to the D4Y1 Kai (or improved) model.

Early versions of the D4Y were difficult to keep operational because the Atsuta engines were unreliable in front-line service. From the beginning, some had argued that the D4Y should be powered by an air-cooled radial engine which Japanese engineers and maintenance crew had experience with, and trusted. The aircraft was re-engined with the reliable Mitsubishi MK8P Kinsei 62, a 14-cylinder two-row radial engine as the Yokosuka D4Y3 Model 33.

Although the new engine improved ceiling and rate of climb to over 10,000 m, and climb to 3,000 m in 4.5 minutes, instead of 9,400 m and 5 minutes, the higher fuel consumption resulted in reduced range and cruising speed and the engine obstructed the forward and downward view of the pilot, hampering carrier operations. These problems were tolerated because of the increased availability of the new variant.

The last version was the D4Y4 Special Strike Bomber, a single-seat kamikaze aircraft, capable of carrying one 800 kg bomb, which was put into production in February 1945. It was equipped with three rocket boosters for terminal dive acceleration. This aircraft was an almost ideal kamikaze model: it had a combination of speed (560 km/h/350 mph), range (2,500 km/1,550 mi) and payload (800 kg/1,760 lb) probably not matched by any other Japanese aircraft.

The D4Y5 Model 54 was a planned version designed in 1945. It was to be powered by the Nakajima NK9C Homare 12 radial engine rated at 1,361 kW (1,825 hp), a new four-blade metal propeller of the constant-speed type and more armour for the crew and fuel tanks.

Ultimately, 2,038 of all variants were produced, mostly by Aichi Kokuki.

Operational history

Lacking armor and self-sealing fuel tanks, the Suiseis did not fare well against Allied fighters. They did, however, cause considerable damage to ships, including the carrier USS Franklin (CV-13) which was nearly sunk by an assumed single D4Y and the light carrier USS Princeton (CVL-23) which was sunk by a single D4Y.

The D4Y was operated from the following Japanese aircraft carriers: JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chitose, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chiyoda, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiyō, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Junyō, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shinyo, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sōryū, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Taihō, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Unryū, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Unyō and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku.

The D4Y1-C reconnaissance aircraft entered service in mid-1942, when two of these aircraft were deployed aboard Sōryū at the Battle of Midway, one of which was lost when Sōryū was bombed. The other had been launched on a scouting mission and returned to Hiryū; it was then lost when Hiryū was bombed.

Marianas
During the Battle of the Marianas, the D4Ys were engaged by U.S. Navy fighters and shot down in large numbers. It was faster than the Grumman F4F Wildcat, but not the new Grumman F6F Hellcat, which entered combat in September 1943. The Japanese aircraft were adequate for 1943, but the rapid advances in American materiel in 1944 (among them, the introduction in large numbers of the Essex-class aircraft carrier) left the Japanese behind. Another disadvantage suffered by the Japanese was their inexperienced pilots.

The U.S. Task Force 58 struck the Philippine airfields and destroyed the land air forces first before engaging Japanese naval aircraft. The result was what the Americans called "The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot", with 400 Japanese aircraft shot down in a single day. A single Hellcat pilot, Lieutenant Alexander Vraciu, shot down six D4Ys within a few minutes.

One D4Y was said to have damaged the battleship USS South Dakota (BB-57).

Leyte and Philippines
The D4Y was relegated to land operations where both the liquid-cooled engine D4Y2, and the radial engine D4Y3 fought against the U.S. fleet, scoring some successes. An unseen D4Y bombed and sank the Princeton on 24 October 1944. D4Ys hit other carriers as well, by both conventional attacks and kamikaze actions. In the Philippines air battles, the Japanese used kamikazes for the first time, and they scored heavily. D4Ys from 761 Kōkūtai may have hit the escort carrier USS Kalinin Bay (CVE-68) on 25 October 1944, and the next day, USS Suwannee (CVE-27). Both were badly damaged, especially Suwannee, with heavy casualties and many aircraft destroyed. A month later on 25 November, USS Essex (CV-9), USS Hancock (CV-19), USS Intrepid (CV-11) and USS Cabot (CVL-28) were hit by kamikazes, almost exclusively A6M Zero fighters and D4Ys, with much more damage. D4Ys also made conventional attacks. All these D4Ys were from 601 and 653 Kōkūtai.

In defense of the homeland
Task Force 58 approached southern Japan in March 1945 to strike military objectives in support of the invasion of Okinawa. The Japanese responded with massive kamikaze attacks, codenamed Kikusui, in which many D4Ys were used. A dedicated kamikaze version of the D4Y3, the D4Y4, with a non-detachable 800 kg bomb attached in a semi-recessed manner, was developed. The Japanese had begun installing rocket boosters on some Kamikazes, including the D4Y4, in order to increase speed near the target. As the D4Y4 was virtually identical in the air to the D4Y3, it was difficult to determine the sorties of each type.

The carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Yorktown (CV-10) were damaged by D4Ys of 701 Wing on 18 March. On 19 March, the carrier USS Franklin (CV-13) was hit with two bombs from a single D4Y. Franklin was so heavily damaged that she was retired until the end of the war. Another D4Y hit the carrier USS Wasp (CV-18).

On 12 April 1945, another D4Y, part of Kikusui mission N.2, struck Enterprise, causing some damage.

During Kikusui N.6, on 11 May 1945, USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) was hit and put out of action by two kamikazes that some sources identify as D4Ys. This was the third Essex-class carrier forced to retire to the United States to repair.

Night fighter
The D4Y was faster than the A6M Zero, and some were employed as D4Y2-S night fighters against Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers late in the war. The night fighter conversions were made at the 11th Naval Aviation Arsenal at Hiro. Each D4Y2-S had its bombing systems and equipment removed and replaced by a 20 mm Type 99 cannon installed in the rear cockpit, with the barrel slanted up and forwards in a similar manner to the German Schräge Musik armament fitting (pioneered by the IJNAS in May 1943 on the Nakajima J1N). Some examples also carried two or four 10 cm air-to-air rockets under the wings; lack of radar for night interceptions, inadequate climb rate and the B-29's high ceiling limited the D4Y2-S effectiveness as a night fighter. Little is known of their operations.

Last action
At the end of the war, D4Ys were still being used operationally against the U.S. Navy. Among the last of these were 11 aircraft led by Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki on a suicide mission on 15 August 1945, of which all but three were lost.

Operators

 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 * Aircraft carrier
 * Sōryū, equipped prototype #2 and #3.
 * Shōkaku, supplied from 601st Kōkūtai.
 * Zuikaku, supplied from 601st Kōkūtai.
 * Taihō, supplied from 601st Kōkūtai.
 * Jun'yō, supplied from 652nd Kōkūtai.
 * Battleship
 * Ise, supplied from 634th Kōkūtai.
 * Hyūga, supplied from 634th Kōkūtai.
 * Naval Air Group
 * Himeji Kōkūtai
 * Hyakurihara Kōkūtai
 * Kaikō Kōkūtai
 * Kanoya Kōkūtai
 * Kantō Kōkūtai
 * Kinki Kōkūtai
 * Kyūshū Kōkūtai
 * Nagoya Kōkūtai
 * Nansei-Shotō Kōkūtai
 * Ōryū Kōkūtai
 * Tainan Kōkūtai
 * Taiwan Kōkūtai
 * Tōkai Kōkūtai
 * Tsuiki Kōkūtai
 * Yokosuka Kōkūtai
 * 12th Kōkūtai
 * 121st Kōkūtai
 * 131st Kōkūtai
 * 132nd Kōkūtai
 * 141st Kōkūtai
 * 151st Kōkūtai
 * 153rd Kōkūtai
 * 201st Kōkūtai
 * 210th Kōkūtai
 * 252nd Kōkūtai
 * 302nd Kōkūtai
 * 352nd Kōkūtai
 * 501st Kōkūtai
 * 502nd Kōkūtai
 * 503rd Kōkūtai
 * 521st Kōkūtai
 * 523rd Kōkūtai
 * 531st Kōkūtai
 * 541st Kōkūtai
 * 552nd Kōkūtai
 * 553rd Kōkūtai
 * 601st Kōkūtai
 * 634th Kōkūtai
 * 652nd Kōkūtai
 * 653rd Kōkūtai
 * 701st Kōkūtai
 * 721st Kōkūtai
 * 722nd Kōkūtai
 * 752nd Kōkūtai
 * 761st Kōkūtai
 * 762nd Kōkūtai
 * 763rd Kōkūtai
 * 765th Kōkūtai
 * 901st Kōkūtai
 * 951st Kōkūtai
 * 1001st Kōkūtai
 * 1081st Kōkūtai
 * Aerial Squadron
 * Reconnaissance 3rd Hikōtai
 * Reconnaissance 4th Hikōtai
 * Reconnaissance 61st Hikōtai
 * Reconnaissance 101st Hikōtai
 * Reconnaissance 102nd Hikōtai
 * Attack 1st Hikōtai
 * Attack 3rd Hikōtai
 * Attack 5th Hikōtai
 * Attack 102nd Hikōtai
 * Attack 103rd Hikōtai
 * Attack 105th Hikōtai
 * Attack 107th Hikōtai
 * Attack 161st Hikōtai
 * Attack 251st Hikōtai
 * Attack 263rd Hikōtai
 * Kamikaze
 * Chūyū group (picked from Attack 5th Hikōtai)
 * Giretsu group (picked from Attack 5th Hikōtai)
 * Kasuga group (picked from Attack 5th Hikōtai)
 * Chihaya group (picked from 201st Kōkūtai)
 * Katori group (picked from Attack 3rd Hikōtai)
 * Kongō group No. 6 (picked from 201st Kōkūtai)
 * Kongō group No. 9 (picked from 201st Kōkūtai)
 * Kongō group No. 11 (picked from 201st Kōkūtai)
 * Kongō group No. 23 (picked from 201st Kōkūtai)
 * Kyokujitsu group (picked from Attack 102nd Hikōtai)
 * Suisei group (picked from Attack 105th Hikōtai)
 * Yamato group (picked from Attack 105th Hikōtai)
 * Kikusui-Suisei group (picked from Attack 103rd Hikōtai and Attack 105th Hikōtai)
 * Kikusui-Suisei group No. 2 (picked from Attack 103rd Hikōtai and Attack 105th Hikōtai)
 * Koroku-Suisei group (picked from Attack 103rd Hikōtai)
 * Chūsei group (picked from 252nd Kōkūtai and Attack 102nd Hikōtai)
 * Mitate group No. 3 (picked from Attack 1st Hikōtai and Attack 3rd Hikōtai)
 * Mitate group No. 4 (picked from Attack 1st Hikōtai)
 * 210th group (picked from 210th Kōkūtai)
 * Niitaka group (picked from Attack 102nd Hikōtai)
 * Yūbu group (picked from Attack 102nd Hikōtai)
 * Yūbu group (picked from Attack 102nd Hikōtai)

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Navy operated captured aircraft for evaluation purposes.

Variants

 * D4Y1 Experimental Type 13 carrier dive-bomber (十三試艦上爆撃機, 13-Shi Kanjō Bakugekiki)
 * 5 prototypes were produced. #2 and #3 were rebuilt to reconnaissance plane and carried on aircraft carrier Sōryū, and used the Battle of Midway. #4 was rebuilt to reconnaissance plane also, and carried on aircraft carrier Shōkaku, and used the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.
 * D4Y1-C Type 2 reconnaissance aircraft Model 11 (二式艦上偵察機一一型, Nishiki Kanjō Teisatsuki 11-Gata)
 * Reconnaissance version produced at Aichi's Nagoya factory. Developed on 7 July 1942.
 * D4Y1 Suisei Model 11 (彗星一一型, Suisei 11-Gata)
 * First batch of serial produced dive bomber aircraft. Powered by 895 kW (1,200 hp) Aichi AE1A Atsuta 12 engine. Developed in December 1943.
 * D4Y1 KAI Suisei Model 21 (彗星二一型, Suisei 21-Gata)
 * D4Y1 with catapult equipment for battleship Ise and Hyūga. Developed on 17 March 1944.
 * D4Y2 Suisei Model 12 (彗星一二型, Suisei 12-Gata)
 * 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) Aichi AE1P Atsuta 32 engine adopted. Developed in October 1944.
 * D4Y2a Suisei Model 12A (彗星一二甲型, Suisei 12 Kō-Gata)
 * D4Y2 with the rear cockpit 13 mm (.51 in) machine gun. Developed in November 1944.
 * D4Y2-S Suisei Model 12E (彗星一二戊型, Suisei 12 Bo-Gata)
 * Night fighter version of the D4Y2 with bomb equipment removed and a 20 mm upward-firing cannon installed.
 * D4Y2 KAI Suisei Model 22 (彗星二二型, Suisei 22-Gata)
 * D4Y2 with catapult equipment for battleship Ise and Hyūga.
 * D4Y2a KAI Suisei Model 22A (彗星二二甲型, Suisei 22 Kō-Gata)
 * D4Y2 KAI with the rear cockpit 13 mm (.51 in) machine gun.
 * D4Y2-R Type 2 reconnaissance aircraft Model 12 (二式艦上偵察機一二型, Nishiki Kanjō Teisatsuki 12-Gata)
 * Reconnaissance version of the D4Y2. Developed in October 1944.
 * D4Y2a-R Type 2 reconnaissance aircraft Model 12A (二式艦上偵察機一二甲型, Nishiki Kanjō Teisatsuki 12 Kō-Gata)
 * D4Y2-R with the rear cockpit 13 mm (.51 in) machine gun.
 * D4Y3 Suisei Model 33 (彗星三三型, Suisei 33-Gata)
 * Land-based bomber variant. 1,163 kW (1,560 hp) Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 radial engine adopted. Removed tailhook also.
 * D4Y3a Suisei Model 33A (彗星三三甲型, Suisei 33 Kō-Gata)
 * D4Y3 with the rear cockpit 13 mm (.51 in) machine gun.
 * D4Y3 Suisei Model 33 night-fighter variant (彗星三三型改造夜戦, Suisei 33-Gata Kaizō yasen)
 * Temporary rebuilt night-fighter version. Two planes were converted from D4Y3. Equipment a 20 mm upward-firing cannon installed. This was not naval regulation equipment. Development code D4Y3-S (or Suisei Model 33E) was not discovered in the IJN official documents.
 * D4Y4 Suisei Model 43 (彗星四三型, Suisei 43-Gata)
 * Final production variant. Bomb load increased to 800 kg (1,760 lb) with the main bomb semi-recessed in the bomb bay. It had 75 mm bullet-proof glass in front of the canopy, plus 5mm and 9mm thick armour plates fore and aft of the cockpit. The fuel tanks were also given added protection, and the movable rear machine gun was removed. The addition of five RATO boosters was considered: three in the lower-bottom part of the fuselage and two on both sides below the engine. Generally, the D4Y4 is often recognized as being purpose-built for special attack operations.
 * D4Y5 Suisei Model 54 (彗星五四型, Suisei 54-Gata)
 * Planned version with Nakajima Homare radial engine, four-blade propeller, and more armor protection.

Surviving aircraft
In 1988, a restored D4Y1 (serial 4316) was donated to the Yasukuni Shrine Yūshūkan Museum in Tokyo, where it remains on display. The wreck was recovered from Colonia Airfield on Yap Island and restored at Kisarazu Air Field from 1979 to 1980.

An engineless D4Y3 was recovered from Babo Airfield, Indonesia in 1991. It was acquired and restored to non-flying status by the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California. It was restored to represent a radial engined D4Y3, using an American Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine. The engine is in running condition and can be started to demonstrate ground running and taxiing of the aircraft.

title: Yokosuka D4Y


text:
Kryptonian

Kryptonians are a fictional extraterrestrial race within the DC Comics universe that originated on the planet Krypton. The term originated from the stories of DC Comics superhero, Superman. The stories also use "Kryptonian" as an adjective to refer to anything created by or associated with the planet itself or the cultures that existed on it.

Members of a dominant sentient species of the planet Krypton are indistinguishable from Terran humans in terms of their appearance in their physiology and genetics, but they are vastly different. In some continuities Kryptonians are difficult to clone because their DNA is so complex that human science is not advanced enough to decipher it. The cellular structure of Kryptonians allows for solar energy to be absorbed at extremely high levels. On the planet Krypton, whose parent star has often been depicted as an ancient red supergiant with a relatively low energy output, their natural abilities were the same as humans. When exposed to a young yellow star like Earth's Sun, which is much smaller than their own sun and with a vastly higher energy output, their bodies are able to absorb and process so much energy that it manifests as vast superhuman powers (such as superhuman strength, superhuman speed, invulnerability, flight, x-ray vision, heat vision and superhuman senses).

Almost all Kryptonians were killed when the planet exploded shortly after the infant Kal-El was sent to Earth. In some continuities, he is the planet's only survivor. In other versions of canon, there is a last daughter of Krypton Kara Zor-El. She is a cousin of Superman and known as Supergirl. Krypto was the family dog in Jor-El's home and was used for a test flight of the rocket that ultimately brought baby Kal-El to Earth. These three were the surviving Kryptonians, who became Earth's heroes.

Physiology and powers
Kal-El can lead an alter ego as Clark Kent because Kryptonians appear identical to humans. Also, in both Silver Age and Modern Age continuity, Kryptonians have more than one ethnic group, such as dark-skinned Kryptonians from Krypton's Vathlo Island that resemble Earth humans of Sub-Saharan African, Negrito, Melanesian, and Indigenous Australian descent and a group from the continent of Twenx that resemble Earth humans of North African, Middle Eastern, Asian, Micronesian, Polynesian, Native American, and Latino descent. This is all due to convergent evolution. In the first stories about Superman's origins, all Kryptonians possess on their homeworld the same powers Superman has on Earth. In later depictions, their abilities are attributed to the differences between Earth's gravity and that of Krypton and the different radiation of the stars they orbit. Kryptonians use solar energy from yellow, blue, orange or white stars on the cellular and molecular levels to gain superhuman abilities. The light of dwarf stars, pulsars, and quasars also grants Kryptonians different abilities. Some stories also maintain that Kryptonians have bioelectric fields that surround their bodies and protect them from harm and which are the means by which Kryptonians fly. Certain individuals (including Conner Kent, Chris Kent, and some Phantom Zone criminals) have sometimes been depicted with "tactile telekinesis" which allows Kryptonians to lift and manipulate large objects whose own structural strength might not otherwise survive the process. The abilities of Kryptonians evolve and grow more powerful as Kryptonians age and develop.

In some continuities, mating between Kryptonians and other species is difficult because Kryptonian DNA is so complex as to be nearly incompatible with that of other species. The only notable exception is represented by the original native Daxamite population (the race that bore that name before intermingling with the Kryptonian explorers, who later adapted the name for themselves). Breeding between Kryptonian explorers and this race created a new Kryptonian hybrid race that could interbreed with a larger number of humanoid races—including Earth humans. No other races are yet known to exhibit the same degree of compatibility of the native Daxamites. However, in some continuations humans are not only able to reproduce with Kryptonians, but are able to create fertile offspring with them.

Superpowered Kryptonians are vulnerable to kryptonite, radioactive remnants of Krypton, magic and solar radiation from red and orange suns. They are also vulnerable to physical attacks from beings native to Krypton essentially in proportion to their vulnerability in non-powered situations. In addition Kryptonian beings are vulnerable to infection from viruses or bacteria native to Krypton.

Culture and technology in the comics
Kryptonians are a highly culturally and technologically advanced people. Self-grown crystals, both natural and synthetic, which covered the vast majority of their planet's surface gave their homeworld a bluish hue when viewed from space and underlay Kryptonian technology. Relatively small crystals can hold vast amounts of information. The Fortress of Solitude is often portrayed as a recreation of Krypton's surface and a storehouse for all the knowledge that the Kryptonian race had obtained.

A pictographic crest or symbol represents each Kryptonian family, or House; the head of the House usually wears it. According to the Superman movie and sequels, a shape similar to the Latin letter "S" represents the House of El, for example. Superman wears this same symbol on his costume, which therefore serves a dual purpose: it displays his Kryptonian heritage, as well as functioning as the "S" for Superman. Male Kryptonians are identified by hyphenated names, which identify both them and their houses, such as "Jor-El" and "Kal-El" (of the House of El). Female Kryptonians have one given name but take their father's name as their last name. For example, Kal-El's mother is named Lara Lor-Van, taken from her father's name (Lor-Van).

The different Houses were also broken up into a loosely-based caste system as well. The Religious, Artist, Military and Science castes had representation on the ruling council, while the Worker caste did not. The different castes lived in buildings with different architectural styles that represented various styles throughout Krypton's history.

The severe xenophobia of Kryptonian society conveniently explains Kal-El's being the first Kryptonian to leave the planet. Non-superpowered Kryptonians are genetically dependent to their home planet; as such, Kal-El was sent to Earth as a newly conceived embryo within a birthing matrix in order to survive in Earth's atmosphere. He was also devoid of any Kryptonian minerals, because any such minerals would turn to kryptonite upon leaving Krypton's atmosphere. Kryptonians are evolutionarily related to the also-severely xenophobic Daxamites. The Daxamites remain that way up through the 31st century.

Kryptonian law did not believe in capital punishment. Instead, the worst criminals were sent to the Phantom Zone, despite a lack of understanding of the nature of the zone, its danger to the imprisoned and the presence of exits.

Krypton's red sun was named Rao. It was worshiped by the Kryptonians as a deity (albeit in a more scientific and rational way as the giver and sustainer of all life on the planet). Other deities include Nightwing and Flamebird, dragon-like deities who have inspired a number of superhero teams as well as notable dynasties of Krypton e.g., the House of El.

While many Kryptonians wear brightly colored clothes on a daily basis, formal occasions such as funerals and certain council meetings require everyone to wear white. The white formal clothes are often luminescent. It is also seen as a sad, scary, ghostly, faded colour as is depicted in many similar cultures around the world on Earth.

Just like humans domesticating their animals on Earth, Kryptonians also domesticate their own animals as well; which some of them look very similar to Earth's animals, due to parallel evolution, e.g., birds, felids, canids, simians, etc., as seen in Krypto, and Beppo; while others look very different, due to divergent evolution, e.g., fish/snake/eel-like hybrid creatures called "fish-snakes", goat-like creatures called "Zuurt", bovine-like creatures called "Rondor", rhino/ceratopsian-like hybrid creatures called "Thought-Beasts", and dragon-like creatures called "H'Raka".

Culture and technology in television
The Kryptonian society, as described in Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (at least, according to what was seen of its surviving colony) is ruled by aristocracy. Arranged marriages between the members of nobility are common, sometimes as early as birth (as was revealed to be the case with Kal-El), and numerous concubines are allowed. Settling of noble disputes by private duels is fully legal (although highly uncommon) and apparently gives advantages in terms of reputation. Criminals are punished for capital crimes by having their bodies dispersed across the universe (the process is reversible, at least until a certain stage). All Kryptonians are capable of long range telepathic communication. The society is highly pragmatic and the Kryptonians were surprised and displeased with Clark's unwillingness to kill. Unlike in the comics, the main clothing color seen is black.

In Supergirl, some of the elements, like their black clothing and telepathy, was retained except that the shields featured a different letter, indicating a different House other than Zor-El's. This shield is worn on the right shoulder. Like in Smallville, a number of criminals imprisoned by the Kryptonians in the Phantom Zone are from other planets and have different powers from those of either Superman or Supergirl.

In My Adventures with Superman, some Kryptonian technology was left on Earth after a previous invasion by an as-yet-unidentified Kryptonian that was codenamed "Nemesis Omega". Having lost their fellow soldiers, Sam Lane and Amanda Waller salvaged the Kryptonian technology where they formed Task Force X under Checkmate to prepare for its return. Some of its technology was later stolen by Livewire who gained possession of a super-suit that later granted her electrokinesis. She sold the Kryptonian technology on the black market that include but are not limited to an unidentified technology that enables Mist to turn into vapor enough to become invisible and intangible, Kryptonian gauntlets that enhance Rough House's strength, a sound-amplifying Kryptonian helmet worn by Silver Banshee, the unspecified Kryptonian technology that was in Anthony Ivo's possession at AmazoTech, and Kryptonian flamethrowers wielded by Heat Wave. This led to Task Force X sending their operative Slade Wilson to target the different buyers and reclaim the Kryptonian technology. Season Two showed some other Kryptonian technology like a special Kryptonian armor that enables Agent Ethan Avery to bulk up and get super-strength and a special Kryptonian armor that gives Agent Joseph Martin his skull-headed appearance and atomic abilities.

Language and alphabet in the comics
For most of Superman's published history, Kryptonian writing was represented by random, alien-looking squiggles. In the 1970s, E. Nelson Bridwell attempted to rationalize these squiggles into a 118-letter alphabet, referring to the language as "Kryptonese". This standardized alphabet was then used by DC Comics until John Byrne's 1986 "reboot" of the Superman universe.

In 2000, DC introduced a transliteration alphabet for the written language, dropping the "Kryptonese" moniker in favor of the more commonly assumed "Kryptonian". All such writing appearing in the comic books is actually just the language of publication (English in the US and UK, French in France, etc.) written using this transliteration alphabet to replace the native alphabet with a one-to-one correspondence, in a similar fashion to Interlac in Legion of Super-Heroes.

Language and alphabet in Smallville
On the television series Smallville, depictions of the written Kryptonian language began, primarily, with English transliterated into the official Kryptonian transliteration font, mirroring the practice of the comics. The style of these depictions evolved over the life of the series from decipherable transliterated writing to a more stylized (and indiscernible) form. In the process, an increasing amount of logographic components have been added with symbols that have been explained to represent words, ideas, or names.

In the episode "Gemini", a character muttering in an unconscious state is revealed to be speaking Kryptonian.

Language and alphabet in Superman/Batman: Apocalypse
In the Superman/Batman: Apocalypse film, a mix of gibberish and Esperanto is used to depict Kryptonian dialogue spoken by both Superman and Supergirl.

Language and alphabet in Man of Steel
The 2013 film Man of Steel featured Kryptonian writing created by graphic designer Kirsten Franson. The mechanics of the writing system (an abugida), as well as the Kryptonian language that it depicts (which was not spoken in the film), were created by Dr. Christine Schreyer, a linguistic anthropologist and professor of anthropology working at the University of British Columbia, Okanagan. The writing can be seen in several places on Superman's suit in the subsequent films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Justice League (2017).

Language and alphabet in the Arrowverse
On the Arrowverse television series Supergirl the official Kryptonian transliteration font is used for depictions of the Kryptonian language in various scenes throughout the series. In season 3, episodes 2, 6, 7, 13, 20, and 22 and season 5 episode 10 featured a few short lines of Kryptonian dialogue using the language created by Darren Doyle, citing the first time a constructed Kryptonian language (as opposed to gibberish) has been spoken in any official media.

The 2021 television series Superman & Lois featured characters speaking the Doyle version of Kryptonian in the season 1 episodes "Man of Steel", "Loyal Subjekts", and "O Mother, Where Art Thou?". Doyle is credited in "Through the Valley of Death", but no Kryptonian was used.

Calendar
In the 1970s and 1980s, details about the Kryptonian calendar as it existed in the Earth-One universe were revealed. The Kryptonian time units were defined as follows:

 * 100 thribo (Kryptonian seconds) per dendar (Kryptonian minute).
 * 100 dendaro (Kryptonian minutes) per wolu (Kryptonian hour).
 * 10 woluo (Kryptonian hours) per zetyar (Kryptonian day).
 * six zetyaro (Kryptonian days) per fanff (Kryptonian week).
 * 73 zetyaro (Kryptonian days) per lorax (Kryptonian month).
 * 438 zetyaro (Kryptonian days) per amzet (Kryptonian year).
 * 73 fanffo (Kryptonian weeks) per amzet (Kryptonian year).
 * six loraxo (Kryptonian months) per amzet (Kryptonian year).
 * The six loraxo (months) were: Belyuth, Ogtal, Ullhah, Eorx, Hefralt and Norzec.

Note: In the Kryptonian language, the suffix "o" indicates the plural form of a noun.

According to one story, in which the Phantom Zone prisoner Quex-Ul had served his full sentence, 18 Kryptonian sun-cycles (amzeto) is about 25 Earth years. It can be demonstrated that one Kryptonian sun-cycle is approximately 1.37 Earth years, as follows:

 * Superman was born on 35 Eorx 9998, which occurred on February 29 in the Earth calendar.
 * Krypton exploded early on 39 Ogtal 10000, which occurred on June 16 in the Earth calendar (Superman arrived on Earth two days later, on June 18).
 * Therefore, there were 734 Kryptonian days (1.676 Kryptonian years) between the two events.
 * Since 18 Kryptonian years is about 25 Earth years, then there were approximately 2.3 Earth years between the two events.
 * The exact number of days between February 29, and June 16 two years later, is 838 (or 2.294 years).
 * Thus, 1.676 Kryptonian years equals 2.294 Earth years, or 1 Kryptonian year equals roughly 1.37 Earth years.

Using this ratio of 1.37 Earth years per Kryptonian year (amzet), and ignoring any potential Kryptonian leap day and any differences in time of day, one can approximate other units of time:

 * 1.37 years per amzet
 * 0.99 seconds per thrib (31,556,952 seconds/year * 1.37 years/amzet * one amzet/43,800,000 thrib)
 * 1.65 minutes per dendar (525949.2 minutes/year * 1.37 years/amzet * one amzet/438,000 dendar)
 * 2.74 hours per wolu (8765.82 hours/year * 1.37 years/amzet * one amzet/4,380 wolu)
 * 1.14 days per zetyar (365.2425 days/year * 1.37 years/amzet * one amzet/438 zetyar)

Major events in the Kryptonian calendar include:
 * Jor-El and Lara were married on 47 Ullhah 9997.
 * The city of Kandor was stolen by Brainiac on 33 Ogtal 9998.
 * Kal-El (Superman) was born to Jor-El and Lara on 35 Eorx 9998.
 * The Phantom Zone became an official method of punishment, and Jax-Ur became its first prisoner, on 67 Eorx 9999.
 * Kal-El's pet dog, Krypto the Superdog, was lost in space on 54 Belyuth 10000.
 * Jor-El launched the Phantom Zone projector into space on 30 Ogtal 10000.
 * Lar Gand of Daxam landed on Krypton and met Jor-El on 34 Ogtal 10000.
 * Kal-El was sent in an interstellar rocketship towards Earth and Krypton exploded on 39 Ogtal 10000.

Survivors in the comics
When Krypton was destroyed, it was thought that the entire Kryptonian race was destroyed. This was untrue – the scientist Jor-El managed to send his newborn son, Kal-El, off-planet to Earth right before Krypton's demise. Kal-El grew up on Earth as Clark Kent and eventually discovered his Kryptonian origins. Superman's cousin Supergirl also survived Krypton's destruction, as did Kristin Wells, who had been on the run in space at the time of the planet's destruction. Kryptonian survivors of alternate worlds, such as Power Girl (Kara Zor-L), the dog Krypto the Superdog, and the monkey Beppo the Super-Monkey, also reside on Earth. Kryptonians General Zod and Ursa are among the many criminals had been imprisoned within the Phantom Zone prior to Krypton's destruction and even went on to have a child, who would later be adopted as Christopher Kent. Jor-El's delinquent neighbor, Dev-Em believed his warnings enough to build a shelter that survived the destruction of Krypton and was propelled through space. Eradicator, a robot built by the Kryptonian council, departed the planet with a group of colonists, survived their decimation, and would later encounter Superman.

The Kryptonian city Kandor was also spared from destruction, as it was shrunken and collected by Brainiac. Kryptonian people live there in standard but microscopic, non-superpowered lives. Also, the inhabitants of the planets Daxam and New Phaelosia are descendants of Kryptonians who long ago ventured into space and settled on another planet. As such they possess similar powers and abilities to traditional Kryptonians when exposed to a yellow sun. The people of Argo (which is often portrayed as a city on Krypton itself that is protected from destruction by a forcefield but in some continuities is a Kryptonian colony on a moon or neighboring planet) also survive Krypton's destruction due to an energy field surrounding the city, although in most universes they either die out soon afterward or are captured and immersed into Kandor's population by Brainiac.

The monster Doomsday is the last of the prehistoric Kryptonians.

On Earth-Two, the Kryptonian Val-Zod (Superman) survive Krypton, along with Kara Zor-L/Karen Starr (Supergirl).

The New 52 introduces a survivor named H'El, a Kryptonian clone who piloted a prototype of the rocket Jor-El uses to save his son and departed Krypton with the planet's historical records.

Survivors in the film
In Superman, teenage Clark discovers who he is in the Fortress of Solitude, where a hologram of Jor-El tells him, "You are the only survivor of the planet Krypton". This remark appears to prove untrue in Superman II, as prisoners of the Phantom Zone, such as General Zod, also survive the destruction of Krypton. However, Zod and his lieutenants only survived because they were at that time incarcerated within the Phantom Zone and were not in fact on Krypton at the time of its destruction. The film Supergirl shows inhabitants of Argo City who also survived by fleeing to a parallel dimension, including Superman's cousin Supergirl. In Superman Returns, it is revealed that Clark is father to the half-Kryptonian child Jason White.

In Man of Steel, part of the DC Extended Universe, Kryptonians are depicted as a genetically engineered race of beings. They are artificially grown in "genesis chambers" using information from the Codex, a skull containing the entire genetic code of the Kryptonian race. With this method, Kryptonians are designated pre-determined roles in society at their conception – for example, Jor-El is a Scientist, whereas General Zod is a Warrior. In ancient times, they were a race in the midst of an era of expansion, travelling to other worlds via scout ships in order to colonize them. Kal-El is the first (and technically, last) naturally-born Kryptonian in centuries, as Jor-El and Lara believed that Krypton had lost the freedom of choice and wanted their son to choose to become who he wanted to be. As in the comics, Kal-El's powers are depicted as being superior to other Kryptonians, due to his spending a far greater period of time exposed to Earth's yellow sun and atmosphere, though some have an advantage over him in terms of combat experience (e.g. Zod, Faora and Nam-Ek). While the other Kryptonians receive great strength and speed from Earth's sun, they require solar-suits to regulate the radiation and avoid being stricken by pain. In addition, it is shown that without some form of training, Kryptonians are left vulnerable to their own abilities, as was the case with Zod when Superman destroyed his solar-visor and caused him to develop a sensory overload. In The Flash, after Barry Allen accidentally creates an alternate timeline, he discovers the existence of Kal's cousin Kara Zor-El, while Kal-El was killed as an infant in escape pod from Krypton by General Zod.

In the animated film Superman: Unbound Brainiac abducted and shrunk the people of both Kandor and Argo City from Krypton. They are eventually rescued and restored to normal size by Superman and Supergirl, who were sent to Earth in rockets as in other versions of the story.

The animated adaptation of All-Star Superman features the inhabitants of Kandor, and a pair of surviving Kryptonian astronauts named Bar-El and Lilo. The Phantom Zone also makes an appearance, implying that prisoners inside it survived Krypton's destruction like in so many other continuities. The ending reveals that Lois Lane will be artificially inseminated with Superman's child and that their descendants will remain super-power heroes centuries into the future.

In the DC Animated Movie Universe, Kal-El as Superman is the only survivor of Krypton's destruction. Following the battle between Kal-El and Doomsday in The Death of Superman, in the next film Reign of the Supermen, Lex Luthor steals the corpse of Superman to create his genetic clone Superboy. After Superman's return from the "death" and the fight with Cyborg Superman, Superboy defects from Lex Luthor and Superman accepts him as part of his family. Kal takes him to his adoptive parents, the Kents, and Superboy goes under the new name Conner Kent. Additionally, the Eradicator, a program from Superman's ship matrix who posed as Superman, was created to protect and serve as a guardian to him.

In Superman: Man of Tomorrow, part of the Tomorrowverse series, the bounty hunter Lobo claims that Superman is the only survivor of Krypton's destruction, but he later admits that this was a ploy to negotiate a higher bounty on Superman and there are probably other surviving Kryptonians. Another film titled Legion of Super-Heroes reveals that Kal's cousin, Kara Zor-El, is another survivor from Krypton and that her mother tried to build an evacuation fleet to save everyone in Argo City but was only able finish one ship for Kara before the cataclysm occurred.

Survivors in television
In Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, it was shown that a sizable Kryptonian colony (called New Krypton) has survived the destruction of the planet. Clark had to go to the colony as its official ruler, but returned to Earth soon after.

In Smallville, Clark Kent initially believes himself to be the last survivor of Krypton. However, his father Jor-El's memories remain sentient in the mysterious Kawatche Caves and Fortress of Solitude has a disembodied AI, and the disembodied spirit of Zod is similarly sentient albeit trapped in the Phantom Zone. In season five, Clark discovers that the Disciples of Zod: Nam-Ek & Aethyr and a Kryptonian artificial intelligence: Brain-Interactive-Construct aka Brainiac arrive on Earth, serving Zod's trapped spirit. In season six, Clark discovers his father's assistant Raya was spared by being placed in the Phantom Zone, with her body intact. She helped Clark on Earth until her death a short time after her escape from the Phantom Zone. Season seven introduces Kara Zor-El, having been sent to Earth at the same time as Clark but trapped in suspended animation since then. Later, through schemes put into practice before his death, Clark's uncle Zor-El and mother Lara are resurrected with powers intact for a time. Another Kryptonian, the scientist Dax-Ur, has been living on Earth for over a hundred years, using blue kryptonite to render himself powerless, and has even fathered a son with his human wife. Dax-Ur is killed soon after by Brainiac. In season 8, it is revealed that Zod's wife Faora, also a disembodied wraith, was sent into the Phantom Zone with her husband, but not before they genetically engineered their son, fusing genetic material taken from the most violent Kryptonian life-forms with their own. The child was attached to Clark's ship in the form of a cocoon; on Earth it assumed a human form and became known as Davis Bloome, but would periodically assume its true form: the monster Doomsday. In the season finale, Zod makes his first full bodied appearance on the series, along with a large number of other Kryptonians who are later revealed to be clones created as part of an old experiment. Initially powerless due to their cells having been treated with blue kryptonite radiation, these clones later gain powers when Clark is forced to provide Zod with a sample of his blood to heal him after he is shot, Zod using this blood to empower his followers. The clones are relocated to a new world that they designate 'New Krypton' at the conclusion of season nine, with Clark Kent remaining on Earth and Zod being sent to the Phantom Zone to merge with his original self when the clones learn that Zod killed his lover Faora for objecting to his plans. Kara also mentions a rumor that Kandor survived the destruction of their home planet, but it is never revealed whether this is true.

In Superman: The Animated Series and later Justice League Unlimited, the only survivors of Krypton are Clark and two Phantom Zone criminals (Jax-Ur and Mala, introduced in "Blasts From the Past", parts 1 and 2). Kara In-Zee, alias Supergirl, is the lone survivor of Argos, Krypton's sister planet knocked out by the planet's explosion; however, in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Fearful Symmetry", Doctor Emil Hamilton, who has examined Superman, calls her DNA "Kryptonian", indicating that Argosians are genetically related to Kryptonians. Failed clones of Superman (the mentally handicapped Bizarro and the monstrous Doomsday) and Supergirl (the sociopathic Galatea) are later created.

In Legion of Super Heroes, the citizens of Kandor, Superman and his clone Superman-X, might all be considered surviving Kryptonians. The Phantom Zone also appears in one episode. While it isn't explicitly stated that its prisoners are Kryptonian by birth, one resembles General Zod, and another has powers similar to Superman.

In the Super Friends, Kandor appears inside Superman's Fortress of Solitude in one episode of "The World's Greatest Super Friends" and several of its miniaturized (yet still super-powered) inhabitants provide aid to the titular group of heroes. Two episodes of this franchise also feature a trio of Phantom Zone prisoners.

In Justice League Action, Superman, Krypto, the Phantom Zone prisoners, Supergirl (whether she came to Earth in Kandor, directly from Krypton, or from Argo City is never revealed), the people of Kandor, and Streaky the Supercat are all survivors from Krypton. After Kandor is rescued from Brainiac, attempts are made to re-enlarge the city and its people, but it is unconfirmed whether they succeed. General Zod, Faora, and Quex-Ul are implied to be the only three prisoners of the Phantom Zone.

Krypton has the events that trigger Krypton's destruction being stopped by a time-traveler, something which is never undone before the show's cancellation, allowing the planet's whole population to survive what would have destroyed them. Even before the timeline changed, Brainiac would have taken Kandor and its people.

In the Arrowverse TV series Supergirl, another Kryptonian House was revealed, this one led by Alura Zor-El's twin sister, General Astra. Her shield featured a "Q" on her uniform, indicating that besides her niece Kara, she and her house survived the destruction of Krypton, along with the Kryptonian prisoners sentenced by Alura (and who are working under Astra) that crash-landed on Earth via the prison ship Fort Rozz. One of Astra's operatives, Vartox, was ordered to sabotage the Department of Extra-Normal Operations by causing a plane crash that was thwarted by Supergirl (when she realized her sister Alex Danvers, a DEO member, was on board), and to alert Astra that Kara survived the explosion and now has come into discovering her powers. In "Hostile Takeover" more Kryptonians, led by Astra's husband Non, surfaced on Earth preparing for take over of the planet, and came prepared to counter the kryptonite weapons with anti-kryptonite body armor. The third season reveals that Alura and the populace of Argo City survived Krypton's destruction due to Alura's husband Zor-El's energy shield. Argo City is destroyed during the "Crisis on Infinite Earths", but is resurrected following the Anti-Monitor's defeat. The show's final season reveals that Zor-El (who was unable to be at Argo City during Krypton's destruction) also survived by sending himself to the Phantom Zone as his planet was destroyed.

In the world of Superman & Lois (which takes place on an unnamed Earth that is different from Prime-Earth), Superman's older maternal half-brother Tal-Rho (operating with the alias of Morgan Edge) was also sent to Earth by his father Zeta-Rho in an evacuation rocket but became embittered by his negative first contacts with humanity and became a villain. Tal-Rho comes into possession of a Kryptonian invention called the Eradicator which survived the planet's destruction and contains the consciousnesses of many Kryptonians like Lara Lor-Van and General Zod. Under the guidance of Zeta-Rho's A.I. and with the aid of Dabney Donovan, Tal-Rho used the Eradicator combined with X-Kryptonite to give those survivors physical bodies by having them possess inhabitants of Earth like inhabitants of Smallville like he did with his personal assistant Irma Sayres (who used the alias of Leslie Larr), his one-time minion David Fuglestad, and a select number of Smallville inhabitants.

In Young Justice, it was believed that Superman (Kal-El) was the sole survivor of Krypton's destruction by its exploding star Rao with exceptions being his half-Kryptonian, half-human clone Superboy and his son with Lois Lane Jonathan. However, in the fourth season Phantoms, after Superboy gets accidentally transported to an unknown dimension after being presumed dead after an explosion on Mars, Superboy meets General Dru-Zod and his followers Ursa Zod, Faora Hu-Ul, Non, Kru-El, Jax-Ur, and Vor-Kil and learns that he is in the Phantom Zone. Towards the end of the season, after Dru and Ursa's son from the future Lor-Zod frees them from the zone, they try to conquer Earth with their Kryptonian allies but fail and most are sent back to the Phantom Zone except Ursa who was saved by the Eye of Ekron and taken to Daxam (a surviving Kryptonian colony where Zod and Ursa would have built an army of conquest in an alternate future) and Lor-Zod who was killed. The Light has Klarion hunt down all the Kryptonians in the zone and has the dozens of them in stasis aboard The Warworld with Apokolips acquiring Kara Zor-El as a member of their army.

In My Adventures with Superman, Kal-El was the first Kryptonian survivor seen. Other confirmed survivors in the show include Kara Zor-El and an as-yet-unidentified Kryptonian who Task Force X dubs "Nemesis Omega".

Survivors in the video games
In the One Earth Regime universe featured in Injustice: Gods Among Us and Injustice 2, Krypton is attacked by the rogue Coluan scientist Brainiac. The Kryptonians find themselves at the mercy of Brainiac's forces and Kara Zor-El barely escapes the destruction of Argo City. Her mother Alura rescues her from Brainiac's drones and reveals she and Jor-El have both been working to create two ships, one for Kara and the other for her baby cousin Kal-El. Kara and Kal-El escape Krypton as it is destroyed by Brainiac, though Kara's ship is damaged by the explosion knocking it off course and putting Kara into hyper sleep. Kal-El is raised on Earth as Clark Kent and becomes Superman. As Superman he forms the Justice League and befriends Batman, but the Joker ends up tricking Superman into attacking Lois Lane, who was pregnant with Superman's child. This results in her death which triggers a nuclear explosion that destroys Metropolis. Superman murders the Joker and establishes a tyrannical government called the One Earth Regime. Batman, who opposed to Superman's methods, forms the Insurgency to overthrow the Regime. With the aid of the Justice League from another universe, the Regime is defeated and the Insurgency works to rebuild, but Superman's ally, Black Adam, finds Kara's ship and brings her to Earth.

Together they free Superman's current lover Wonder Woman from imprisonment on Themyscira. Wonder Woman and Black Adam hide the tyrannical nature of the Regime from Supergirl and train her to use her powers in secret, though Brainiac attacks Earth after being alerted to Kal-El's survival due to his Regime's supporting the Sinestro Corps in a war with the Green Lantern Corps. Supergirl and the Regime try to break Superman out of prison, but are stopped by Batman and his allies, though Batman decides to release Superman, calling a temporary truce between the Regime and the Insurgency to combat Brainiac. During Brainiac's attack on Metropolis, Supergirl witnesses Wonder Woman's brutal attack on their ally Harley Quinn after Harley tried to stop Wonder Woman from killing the Cheetah, as it violated Batman's no-killing policy. Supergirl saves Harley's life and confronts her cousin at the Fortress of Solitude. Supergirl is horrified to learn that her cousin approves of Wonder Woman's actions, though he believes it would be best to deal with Harley after Brainiac is dealt with. Supergirl compares his methods to General Zod's and briefly fights Superman and his allies, though Brainiac's attack forces them to focus on dealing with him first. Superman and Supergirl work together to attack Brainiac's ship, but are stopped by its barrier. Brainiac destroys Metropolis reminding Superman of his past failure, causing him to attack the ship with all his might, only to be seemingly killed by Brainiac. Batman confronts the grieving Supergirl and reveals that Superman was once his friend. Believing Kara is the last surviving Kryptonian, Brainiac offers to spare Earth if they hand over Kara Zor-El as he wishes to study the effects of yellow sun radiation on Kryptonian cells, though Batman refuses. Batman, his allies and the remaining Regime members manage to overload the shields protecting Brainiac's ship. Batman and Supergirl manage to infiltrate the ship, but Supergirl is captured, though Batman discovers that Superman is still alive and the two join forces to defeat Brainiac and free Supergirl.

However, after Brainiac's defeat, Superman and Batman argue over Brainiac's fate, leading to an end to their truce. Despite Brainiac being responsible for Krypton's destruction, Supergirl sides with Batman and choose to spare Brainiac so he can help them restore the worlds and cities he has collected. Supergirl tries to reason with her cousin by telling him of how his father opposed General Zod, only for Superman to reveal he agrees with Zod's methods, believing that if Jor-El had been more like Zod, then he would have been able to save Krypton. In Superman's story mode ending, Batman is defeated, though Superman spares him due to not wanting him to become a martyr. Superman merges with Brainiac's ship and imprisons Supergirl in his former cell. He reveals that all the cities have been restored and Earth is once again under the control of the Regime. Superman reveals there is still a place for her and that he is creating an army using beings freed from Brainiac's collection. Supergirl refuses to join him, though Superman reveals he has used Brainiac's technology to turn Batman into a brainwashed slave and threatens to do the same to Kara if she continues to resist.

In Batman's story mode ending, Superman is defeated by Batman after Kara leads him to the Batcave. Batman apologizes to Kara for not being able to save her cousin. Superman is taken prisoner and Batman decides to imprison him in the Phantom Zone. Superman vows to escape and is hurt by Supergirl's betrayal. Supergirl reveals to Batman the House of El's S symbol is supposed to be a symbol of hope; though her cousin turned it into a symbol of fear, Batman, however, states that its meaning is determined by the one who wears it and tells her of how he and Superman used to fight for justice as members of the Justice League, before offering her a chance to do the same, having earned Batman's trust. In Supergirl's character ending, she joins Batman's Justice League, working with them to restore Kandor and cities collected by Brainiac. Supergirl notes that while she could not save her cousin, it will not stop her from trying to bring people hope. She is last shown flying with other Kryptonian survivors in the sky of a restored Kryptonian city. In Sub-Zero's ending, Superman joins forces with Kryptonian criminals General Zod, Ursa and Non after escaping the Phantom Zone through a portal accidentally created by the Batman's Justice League while trying to create a portal to Earthrealm. Sub-Zero confronts Superman, while Supergirl faces General Zod, and Batman battles Ursa and Non. In Injustice: Gods Among Us, General Zod appears as a DLC character, though he plays no role in the game's story. In Injustice 2, Power Girl appears as an alternate character skin for Supergirl, though she does not appear in the main story and originates from Earth-2.

Survivors in literature
In The Last Days of Krypton by Kevin J. Anderson, young Kal-El and the people of Argo City (along with refugees from another city living there after General Zod destroyed their home) are the only survivors of Krypton's actual destruction. Other Kryptonians not present at the time are the people of Kandor (who were abducted by Brainiac) and Zod and at least two of his minions (who are confined to the recently created Phantom Zone).

title: Kryptonian


text:
Judy

Judy is a short form of the name Judith.

Judy may refer to:

Places

 * Judy, Kentucky, village in Montgomery County, United States
 * Judy Woods, woodlands in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom

Animals

 * Judy (dog) (1936–1950), Royal Navy Second World War ship's dog awarded the Dickin Medal
 * Judy of Punch and Judy (dogs) (fl. 1946), British dog awarded the Dickin Medal
 * Judy the Beauty (foaled 2009), Canadian-American racehorse

People and fictional characters

 * Judy (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Judy (surname)

Music

 * Judy (Judy Garland album) (1956)
 * Judy (Judy Rodman album) (1986)
 * "Judy" (Elvis Presley song) (1961)
 * "Judy" (The Pipettes song) (2005)
 * "Judy" (Thomas Anders song) (1980)
 * "Judy", a song from the album Lost & Found (1961–62) by The Beach Boys
 * "Judy", a song from the album On the Double by Golden Earring
 * "Judy", a song from Tony Bennett's album When Lights Are Low by Hoagy Carmichael and Sammy Lerner

Magazines

 * Judy (satirical magazine), extant 1867–1907
 * Judy (girls' magazine), extant 1960–1991

Other uses

 * Judy (film), a 2019 biopic about the life of Judy Garland
 * Judy, Allied codename for the Japanese Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber aircraft during World War II
 * Judy, a colloquial name for a dress form
 * Judy's, a defunct chain of clothing stores based in Los Angeles
 * Judy, British slang for a girl or woman
 * Typhoon Judy, tropical cyclones with the name
 * Judy, Canadian name for the Jucika comic series

title: Judy


text:
System Management Bus

The System Management Bus (abbreviated to SMBus or SMB) is a single-ended simple two-wire bus for the purpose of lightweight communication. Most commonly it is found in chipsets of computer motherboards for communication with the power source for ON/OFF instructions. The exact functionality and hardware interfaces vary with vendors.

It is derived from I²C for communication with low-bandwidth devices on a motherboard, especially power related chips such as a laptop's rechargeable battery subsystem (see Smart Battery System and ACPI). Other devices might include external master hosts, temperature sensor, fan or voltage sensors, lid switches, clock generator, and RGB lighting. PCI add-in cards may connect to an SMBus segment.

A device can provide manufacturer information, indicate its model/part number, save its state for a suspend event, report different types of errors, accept control parameters, return status over SMBus, and poll chipset registers. The SMBus is generally not user configurable or accessible. Although SMBus devices usually can't identify their functionality, a new PMBus coalition has extended SMBus to include conventions allowing that.

The SMBus was defined by Intel and Duracell in 1994. It carries clock, data, and instructions and is based on Philips' I²C serial bus protocol. Its clock frequency range is 10 kHz to 100 kHz. (PMBus extends this to 400 kHz.) Its voltage levels and timings are more strictly defined than those of I²C, but devices belonging to the two systems are often successfully mixed on the same bus.

SMBus is used as an interconnect in several platform management standards including: ASF, DASH, IPMI.

SMBus is used to access DRAM configuration information as part of serial presence detect. SMBus has grown into a wide variety of system enumeration use cases other than power management.

SMBus/I²C Interoperability
While SMBus is derived from I²C, there are several major differences between the specifications of the two busses in the areas of electricals, timing, protocols and operating modes.

Input Voltage (VIL and VIH)
When mixing devices, the I²C specification defines the input levels to be 30% and 70% of the supply voltage VDD, which may be 5 V, 3.3 V, or some other value. Instead of relating the bus input levels to VDD, SMBus defines them to be fixed at 0.8 and 2.1 V. SMBus 2.0 supports VDD ranging from 3 to 5 V. SMBus 3.0 supports VDD ranging from 1.8 to 5 V and VIH = 1.35 V.

Sink Current (IOL)
SMBus 2.0 defines a ‘High Power’ class that includes a 4 mA sink current that cannot be driven by I²C chips unless the pull-up resistor is sized to I²C-bus levels.

NXP devices have a higher power set of electrical characteristics than SMBus 1.0. The main difference is the current sink capability with VOL = 0.4 V. SMBus ‘high power’ devices and I²C-bus devices will work together if the pull-up resistor is sized for 3 mA.
 * SMBus low power = 350 μA
 * SMBus high power = 4 mA
 * I²C-bus = 3 mA

Frequency (FMAX and FMIN)
The SMBus clock is defined from 10 to 100 kHz while I²C can be 0–100 kHz, 0–400 kHz, 0–1 MHz and 0–3.4 MHz, depending on the mode. This means that an I²C bus running at less than 10 kHz will not be SMBus compliant since the SMBus devices may time out. Many SMBus devices will however support lower frequencies.

SMBus 3.0 adds 400 kHz and 1 MHz bus speeds.

Timing

 * SMBus defines a clock low time-out, TIMEOUT of 35 ms. I²C does not specify any timeout limit.
 * SMBus specifies TLOW:SEXT as the cumulative clock low extend time for a slave device. I²C does not have a similar specification.
 * SMBus specifies TLOW:MEXT as the cumulative clock low extend time for a master device. Again I²C does not have a similar specification.
 * SMBus defines both rise and fall time of bus signals. I²C does not.
 * The SMBus time-out specifications do not preclude I²C devices co-operating reliably on the SMBus. It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that I²C devices are not going to violate these bus timing parameters.

ACK and NACK usage
There are the following differences in the use of the NACK bus signaling: In I²C, a slave receiver is allowed to not acknowledge the slave address, if for example it's unable to receive because it's performing some real time task. SMBus requires devices to acknowledge their own address always, as a mechanism to detect a removable device's presence on the bus (battery, docking station, etc.)

I²C specifies that a slave device, although it may acknowledge its own address, may decide, some time later in the transfer, that it cannot receive any more data bytes. I²C specifies that the device may indicate this by generating the not acknowledge on the first byte to follow.

Other than to indicate a slave's device-busy condition, SMBus also uses the NACK mechanism to indicate the reception of an invalid command or datum. Since such a condition may occur on the last byte of the transfer, it is required that SMBus devices have the ability to generate the not acknowledge after the transfer of each byte and before the completion of the transaction. This is important because SMBus does not provide any other resend signaling. This difference in the use of the NACK signaling has implications on the specific implementation of the SMBus port, especially in devices that handle critical system data such as the SMBus host and the SBS components.

SMBus protocols
Each message transaction on SMBus follows the format of one of the defined SMBus protocols. The SMBus protocols are a subset of the data transfer formats defined in the I²C specifications. I²C devices that can be accessed through one of the SMBus protocols are compatible with the SMBus specifications. I²C devices that do not adhere to these protocols cannot be accessed by standard methods as defined in the SMBus and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specifications.

Address Resolution Protocol
The SMBus uses I²C hardware and I²C hardware addressing, but adds second-level software for building special systems. In particular its specifications include an Address Resolution Protocol that can make dynamic address allocations. Dynamic reconfiguration of the hardware and software allow bus devices to be ‘hot-plugged’ and used immediately, without restarting the system. The devices are recognized automatically and assigned unique addresses. This advantage results in a plug-and-play user interface. In both those protocols there is a very useful distinction made between a System Host and all the other devices in the system that can have the names and functions of masters or slaves.

Time-out feature
SMBus has a time-out feature which resets devices if a communication takes too long. This explains the minimum clock frequency of 10 kHz to prevent locking up the bus. I²C can be a ‘DC’ bus, meaning that a slave device stretches the master clock when performing some routine while the master is accessing it. This will notify to the master that the slave is busy but does not want to lose the communication. The slave device will allow continuation after its task is complete. There is no limit in the I²C-bus protocol as to how long this delay can be, whereas for an SMBus system, it would be limited to 35 ms. The SMBus protocol just assumes that if something takes too long, then it means that there is a problem on the bus and that all devices must reset in order to clear this mode. Slave devices are not then allowed to hold the clock LOW too long.

Packet Error Checking
SMBus 1.1 and later define optional Packet Error Checking (PEC). In that mode, a PEC (packet error code) byte is appended at the end of each transaction. The byte is calculated as CRC-8 checksum, calculated over the entire message including the address and read/write bit. The polynomial used is x8+x2+x+1 (the CRC-8-ATM HEC algorithm, initialized to zero).

SMBALERT#
The SMBus has an extra optional shared interrupt signal called SMBALERT#, which can be used by slaves to tell the host to ask its slaves about events of interest. SMBus also defines a less common "Host Notify Protocol", providing similar notifications but passing more data and building on the I²C multi-master mode.

Support
SMBus devices are supported by FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Linux, Windows 98 and newer and Windows CE.

title: System Management Bus


text:
Husky

Husky is a general term for a dog used in the polar regions, primarily and specifically for work as sled dogs. It refers to a traditional northern type, notable for its cold-weather tolerance and overall hardiness. Modern racing huskies that maintain arctic breed traits (also known as Alaskan huskies) represent an ever-changing crossbreed of the fastest dogs.

Huskies have continued to be used in sled-dog racing, as well as expedition and trek style tour businesses, and as a means of essential transportation in rural communities. Huskies are also kept as pets, and groups work to find new pet homes for retired racing and adventure-trekking dogs.

History
Nearly all dogs' genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture. However, several Arctic breeds also show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture: the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog (which are also historically associated with Arctic human populations) and to a lesser extent, the Shar Pei and Finnish Spitz. An admixture graph of the Greenland Dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material; however, an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and 27.3% is consistent with the data and indicates admixture between the Taimyr wolf and the ancestors of these four high-latitude breeds.

This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment, contributing significantly to the development of the husky. It also indicates that the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.

Etymology

The term "husky" first came into usage in the mid to late 1700s. At this time, "Esquimaux" or "Eskimo" was a common term for pre-Columbian Arctic inhabitants of North America. Several dialectal permutations were in use including Uskee, Uskimay and Huskemaw. Thus, dogs used by Arctic people were the dogs of the Huskies, the Huskie's dogs, and eventually simply the husky dogs. Canadian and American settlers, not well versed on Russian geography, would later extend the word to Chukotka sled dogs imported from Russia, thus giving rise to the term Siberian husky.

Characteristics
Huskies are energetic and athletic. They are distinguished by their hardiness and cold-weather tolerance, in contrast to many modern sprint sled dogs derived from hound and pointer crossbreeds and purebred sprinting dogs which do not have or retain these qualities. Likewise, they are distinguished from laika, as they were not developed for the primary purpose of hunting game and prey animals.

Huskies typically have a thick double coat that may come in a variety of colors. The double coat generally protects huskies against harsh winters and, contrary to what most believe, they can survive in hotter climates. During the hotter climates, huskies tend to shed their undercoat regularly to cool their bodies. In addition to shedding, huskies control their eating habits based on the season; in cooler climates, they tend to eat generous amounts, causing their digestion to generate heat, whilst in warmer climates, they eat less. Their eyes are typically pale blue, although they may also be brown, green, blue, yellow, or heterochromic. Huskies are more prone to some degree of uveitis than most other breeds.

Breeds
''This is a list of dog breeds which contain "husky" in their name. To see a complete list of sled breeds, see Sled dog.''

Alaskan husky
The most commonly used dog in dog sled racing, the Alaskan husky is a mongrel bred specifically for its performance as a sled dog. The modern Alaskan husky reflects 100 years or more of crossbreeding with English Pointers, German Shepherd Dogs, Salukis and other breeds to improve its performance. They typically weigh between 18 and 34 kg and may have dense or sleek fur. Alaskan huskies bear little resemblance to the typical husky breeds they originated from, or to each other.

Labrador Husky
The Labrador Husky originated in the Canadian region of Labrador. The breed probably arrived in the area with the Inuit who came to Canada around 1300 AD. Despite the name, Labrador huskies are not related to the Labrador retriever, but in fact most closely related to the Canadian Eskimo Dog. There are estimated to be 50–60 Labrador huskies in the world.

Mackenzie River Husky
The term Mackenzie River husky describes several overlapping historical populations of Arctic and sub-Arctic sled dog-type dogs, none of which constituted a breed. Dogs from the Yukon Territory were crossed with large European breeds such as St. Bernards and Newfoundlands to create a powerful freighting dog capable of surviving harsh arctic conditions during the Klondike Gold Rush.

Sakhalin Husky
The Sakhalin Husky is a critically endangered landrace and sled laika associated with Sakhalin Island and adjacent areas. They are also known Karafuto Ken, Sakhalin Laika, or Gilyak Laika. While bred primarily as a sled dog, Sakhalin Huskies are also used for hunting bear and fishing. There are approximately 20 Sakhalin Huskies remaining on Sakhalin Island.

Siberian Husky
The Siberian Husky is smaller than the similar-appearing Alaskan Malamute. They are descendants of the Chukotka sled dogs bred and used by the native Chukchi people of Siberia, a people of Paleosiberian origin, around the year 2000 BC. Imported to Alaska in the early 1900s, they were used as working dogs and racing sled dogs in Nome, Alaska throughout the 1910s, often dominating the All-Alaska Sweepstakes. They later became widely bred by recreational mushers and show-dog fanciers in the U.S. and Canada as the Siberian Husky, after the popularity garnered from the 1925 serum run to Nome. Siberians stand 20–23.5 inches, weigh between 35 and 60lbs (35-50 for females, 45-60 for males), and have been selectively bred for both appearance and pulling ability. They are still used regularly today as sled dogs by competitive, recreational, and tour-guide mushers.

title: Husky


text:
Suisei

Suisei is Japanese for "comet" and the Japanese name for the planet Mercury. It may also stand for:
 * Hoshimachi Suisei, Japanese virtual YouTuber
 * Suisei (spacecraft), a Japanese space probe to Halley's Comet
 * Yokosuka D4Y Suisei, a Japanese dive bomber

title: Suisei


text:
Assizes (disambiguation)

Assize or Assizes, in Old French originally "meeting, conference", may refer to judicial institutions or legal measures taken by those.

Judicial institutions

 * Courts of Assizes, a former judicial institution in England and Wales
 * Assize (Scotland), in Scots law a trial by jury
 * Assizes (Ireland), an obsolete judicial inquest (Court of Assize)
 * Cour d'assises, French court in charge of felonies
 * Corte d'Assise, Italian court
 * Council of Assizes, lawmaking body in New York after its capture from the Dutch
 * Court of assizes, criminal court in Belgium
 * European Assizes, a one-time assembly of the European Parliament and the national parliaments in 1990

Legal regulations and measures

 * Assize of Bread and Ale, an obsolete English statute regulating the price, weight, and quality of the bread and beer
 * Assize of Clarendon, 1166 act taken by King Henry II of England
 * Assize of darrein presentment, action over right to appoint to a benefice
 * Assize of mort d'ancestor, an obsolete action over inheritance of land
 * Assize of novel disseisin, an obsolete action to recover lands after dispossession
 * Assize of Northampton, additional legal measures taken by Henry II of England
 * Grand Assize, 1179 English law about land disputes
 * Assizes of Ariano, laws of the Kingdom of Sicily (1140)
 * Assizes of Jerusalem, collection of medieval legal treatises used by the Crusaders
 * Assizes of Romania, laws of the Latin Empire of Constantinople

Christianity

 * Great Assize, term for the Last Judgment

title: Assizes (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:They Might Be Giants

Jonathan Coulton
Should this article include something about Jonathan Coulton collaboration with They Might Be Giants? Benjamin (talk) 06:35, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Added to associated acts. Thanks for the suggestion.Yogibeera (talk) 12:14, 27 July 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on They Might Be Giants. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060901184346/http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release341.html to http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release341.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100727170444/http://www2.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/51st_show/list.aspx to http://grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.aria.com.au/Issue612.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:31, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Lede
The article looks pretty good. I'm just wondering if the lede needs so much detail on awards received. Any other opinions? Ragity (talk) 20:27, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

A stretch?
i am fan of TMBG but this sentence is a huge stretch and an opinion: "The duo has been credited as vital in the creation of the prolific DIY music scene in Brooklyn in the mid-1980s" -- even if a writer from Rolling Stone thinks so, the entire idea of DIY music is DIY, musicians were DIY-ing it themselves way before and way after TMBG -- even in Brooklyn! 98.167.186.78 (talk) 21:42, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Quibble re Twisting
I noticed looking at the TMBG singles chronology that "Twisting" is listed in the discography as the second single off of Flood, but in other places "Istambul Not Constantinople" is listed as the second single. Looking at the TMBG wiki (https://tmbw.net/wiki/Twisting), I see that, according to that, "Twisting" never received a commercial single release, only promo and test releases (which would explain why it had no chart appearances). I don't usually meddle with these technical matters, so I'm not sure whether promo and test releases count as a "release as a single", but at the least someone might want to figure out whether "Twisting"'s single release(s) were before "Istambul..." and make our information on that point consistent.Brianyoumans (talk) 17:17, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

Citation in History section
I noticed that for a good 3-4 sections in History, there is little to no sources, I added a marker at the top of the history page, but it would be great to get an expert on Dial-a-Song or whatever working on that. Adeeta (talk) 20:29, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Johns picture dupe
The same picture of the Johns from 2020 is used at the top and bottom of the articles. Is there a better pic that could be used for the start? Adeeta (talk) 20:35, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:They Might Be Giants


text: Template:They Might Be Giants

title: Template:They Might Be Giants