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State of Origin

A State of Origin competition is a type of sporting event between players representing their state or territory. State of Origin began in Australian rules football on 8 October 1977 between Western Australia (WA) and Victoria, at Subiaco Oval in Perth, the initial brainchild of Leon Larkin. The selection criteria for Australian football have varied, but they are generally applied to players who have played most of their juniors games in a particular state or territory, hence the name "State of Origin". In Rugby League the criteria are different, where players are selected for where they either first played senior Rugby League or where they played in the majority of senior competitions. The annual Rugby League State of Origin series is one of Australia's most popular sporting events. The name is also used in Australia for small sporting events which generally involve domestic representative teams.

It was devised to address the drift of most talented Australian rules players to the Victorian Football League (VFL) and the effect that this had on interstate matches. A similar situation existed in regard to the New South Wales Rugby League which attracted the best players from the Queensland Rugby League because of its far stronger and financially attractive competition. The latter was due to the increased funds of the New South Wales clubs, due to poker machines, which Queensland laws prohibited.

History
The first recorded call for 'state of origin' selection rules for interstate football was made in 1900. A journalist known as "The Cynic" writing for a rugby football periodical called The Referee, suggested that Stephen Spragg, who had moved to Queensland, should be able to play for his state of birth, New South Wales. The change did not eventuate, with residential selection rules prevailing both before and after the split into rugby league and rugby union until the concept was later resurrected for league. However, in rugby union the concept has never been used, as the Queensland and New South Wales teams ceased to be representative, instead becoming more like clubs.

Rugby league (Australia)
Traditionally, the basis for selecting players in representative international sides (i.e. their country of origin) did not extend to interstate sides in Australian rugby league. Instead players represented the state in which they played their club football as per the 'residency rule', in which they played for the club which represented the district they lived in. This gave a significant advantage to New South Wales, as the movement of players south was far greater than the movement north, especially beginning in the 1960s when the NSW state government allowed football clubs to install poker machine parlours at their social clubhouses. Flush with cash from their gambling interests, top Sydney clubs could easily pay lavish sums for Queensland talent that Brisbane clubs could not afford to match.

Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon, who had later become a journalist, was the first to suggest that Sydney-based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state. This would not eventuate until decades later, however, when New South Wales and Queensland played their first "state of origin" match on 8 July 1980. The Australian rules experience was echoed, with Queenslanders showing enormous interest in the game at Lang Park, Brisbane, although NSW-based players and journalists described it as "the non-event of the century". Queensland defeated New South Wales in that match, and State of Origin has grown into Australia's greatest sporting rivalry.

The popularity of State of Origin matches since then has not waned, and they remain one of Australia's (and indeed the region's) biggest sporting events. A record crowd of 91,513 attended a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in 2015. The record for the annual three-game series was set in 2015, when a total of 224,135 people attended. The 2005 series saw an attendance record for a series with two matches in Queensland, with 187,374. The record television audience was set during game 1 of the 2009 series and stands at 3.48 million. Queensland has won 18 series from 1982–2013, and NSW has won 13, with 2 drawn. Queensland has won the most series in a row. (8 Series from 2006–2013).

Australian international teams are often selected based on performance in the State of Origin series.

New South Wales play in sky blue jerseys and are known as "the Blues", a term dating from 1974 when a journalist used the name in an article. The Blues won that series, leading coach Jack Gibson to comment: "I thought they went pretty well for a bunch of cockroaches". The Queensland team plays in a maroon jersey, and are called "the Maroons". Both teams also have unbecoming nicknames – New South Wales: "the Cockroaches"; Queensland: "the Cane Toads".

Australian football
The first 'state of origin' game was an Australian Football game between Western Australia (WA) and Victoria, at Subiaco Oval in Perth on 8 October 1977. Leon Larkin, marketing manager of the Subiaco Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), negotiated with the VFL for two years, before arrangements for the game were finalised. In the words of football historian John Devaney:

"A Western Australian team comprisedentirely of [sic] home-based players had, on 25 June, taken on a Victorian team containing many of the same players who would return to Perth ... for the state of origin clash. The respective scores of the two matches offered a persuasive argument, if such were needed, of the extent to which the VFL had denuded the WAFL of its elite talent:

 * On 25 June 1977 Victoria 23.16 (154) defeated Western Australia 13.13 (91) – a margin of 63 points''
 * On 8 October 1977 Western Australia 23.13 (151) defeated Victoria 8.9 (57) – a margin of 94 points, representing an overall turn around of 157 points''

Western Australia's previous biggest winning margin against a Victorian state team had been a mere 38 points in 1948. Almost overnight, an inferiority complex was dismantled: Victoria, it seemed, was not intrinsically superior, only wealthier."

- Devaney

Games involving each of the other states soon followed. In 1989, a crowd of 91,960 people – a record for interstate games in Australian rules – attended a game between Victoria and South Australia at the MCG.

However, attendance and interest declined during the 1990s, due to a variety of factors, such as the VFL's ongoing conversion into a national club competition, the Australian Football League (AFL). The last official State of Origin game involving AFL players was held in 1999. However, a veterans' game was held annually from 1996 until 2019.

A one-off AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match between Victorian and Dream Team, a team representing the rest of Australia, was staged on 10 May 2008 to celebrate 150 years of Australian Football; another one-off game, a State of Origin for Bushfire Relief Match, between Victoria and All-Stars, a team representing the rest of Australia, was staged to raise money for the victims of the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.

Rugby league (England)
The success of the State of Origin series in Australian rugby league resulted in the revival of England's inter-county games in 2001, under the name Origin Series. However, the revival was scrapped in 2003 amid increasing fixture congestion and general apathy from league supporters.

The International Origin Match, held from 2011 to 2013, was more of an all-star game, as it pitted the England national team against Australian and New Zealand stars in the largely English-based Super League.

title: State of Origin


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Barbu Catargiu

Barbu Catargiu (26 October 1807 – 20 June 1862) was a conservative Romanian politician and journalist. He was the first Prime Minister of Romania, in 1862, until he was assassinated on 20 June that year. He was a staunch defender of the great estates of the boyars, and notably originated the conservative doctrine that "feudalism in Romania had never existed".

Early life
Barbu Catargiu was born on 26 October 1807 to Ștefan Catargiu, a political activist and Țița (Stanca) Văcărescu. He lived abroad in Paris from 1825 to 1834, where he studied law, history, and philosophy. He returned to Wallachia for a short time, and was a member of the Obsteasca Assembly of Wallachia. An opponent of violence and armed revolution, he resumed his world travels during the Revolutions of 1848, working primarily as a journalist and making a documentary.

Political life
After his return to Romania, Catargiu entered political life as a firm conservative. He believed that evolution, rather than violent revolution was the best way to modernize the Government, and would give the fledgling Romania the best chance at unity. He also advocated an aristocratic republic as the best form of governance, clearly believing in guarding the power of the boyars.

Catargiu was appointed to the position of minister of finances by Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He quickly gained acclaim for his oratorical skills, and became the focal point of the Conservative Party. He did very little to actually organize the party, instead depending on his own charisma and ideals to give the party focus. Cuza, despite not agreeing with the conservative doctrine and even seeing Catargiu as an adversary of sorts, recognized his abilities and the power of his followers and chose Catargiu as prime minister of the newly formed union between Wallachia and Moldavia.

On 15 February 1862, Catargiu was sworn in as the first prime minister of Romania, ruling from Bucharest. As prime minister, Catargiu hoped to reorganize and simplify the administration. He formed four administrative divisions, two in what had been Wallachia and two in Moldavia. He placed the four divisions under the supervision of a minister of the interior, and unified the financial and judicial departments under the central government. Arguably the most important act of his rule was his order to begin a railroad in Moldavia that would link the two provinces and greatly aided unification. He also continued his support for the "old order" and claimed that large estates were historically sanctioned and were solely the property of the boyars. He also clamped down on rioting in the cities, censored the press, and refused to allow large assemblies to meet. He denied the right of the people to meet on the Bucharest "Field of Liberty" to commemorate the Revolution of 1848, an act which garnered him much animosity.

Assassination
One week after the "Field of Liberty" Incident, on 20 June 1862, Catargiu was shot and killed at close range when leaving a parliamentary meeting. The assassin was never apprehended, despite the efforts of the police force. The killing left the Conservative Party without a strong leader or sense of direction. They quickly lost power, as Catargiu was replaced by Nicolae Crețulescu, a much more progressive politician.

Despite Catargiu's relative unpopularity, his memory was celebrated by the Romanians. A statue of him was placed opposite the Bibescu Vodă Park in Bucharest, near the Metropolitan Tower, close to where he was killed. It stood from 1900 until 1984; in 2001, it was restored, albeit without the original pedestal.

1862 Cabinet
During his premiership Catargiu's cabinet consisted of:

 * Constantin N. Brăiloiu/Dimitrie Cornea (Justice)
 * Alexandru Moruzi/Grigore Balș/Alexandru Catargi/Theodor Ghica (Finance)
 * Ion Ghica (War)
 * Apostol Arsache (Foreign Affairs)
 * Barbu Catargiu/Dimitrie Cornea/Alexandru Florescu (Public Works)
 * Barbu Catargiu/Apostol Arsache (Interior)
 * Grigore Balș/Barbu Bellu (Religion and Public Instruction)
 * Apostol Arsache/Alexandru Florescu (Control)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barbu Catargiu


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ASM

ASM may refer to:

Codes

 * American Samoa, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code
 * Asmara International Airport, IATA airport code
 * Assamese language, ISO 639 language code asm

Organizations

 * Aare Seeland mobil, a Swiss bus and train operator
 * Albanian School of Magistrates
 * ASM Clermont Auvergne France, a rugby union club
 * ASM Formule 3, a French motorsport team
 * ASM International (society), formerly the American Society for Metals, a professional organization for materials scientists and metallurgists
 * ASM International (company), a Dutch semiconductor company
 * ASM Team, a Portuguese motorsport team in the Le Mans Series
 * AS Monaco FC, a French association football club
 * Academy of Sciences of Moldova
 * Actuarial Society of Malaysia
 * American School of Milan
 * American Society of Mammalogists
 * American Society for Microbiology
 * American Society of Muslims
 * Associated Students of Madison, the student government of the University of Wisconsin- Madison
 * Assotsiatsia Sovremennoi Muzyki (Ассоциация Современной Музыки (АСМ) in Russian, Association for Contemporary Music in English), a Russian organization
 * Australian Society of Magicians
 * American Spirit Media

Military

 * Academy Sergeant Major, the senior warrant officer at the Australian Defence Force Academy
 * Air-to-surface missile
 * Anti-ship missile
 * Anti-Structures Munition
 * Artificer Sergeant Major, a warrant officer appointment in the British Army's Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
 * Australian Service Medal

Computer science

 * Assembly language
 * The keyword asm to use an inline assembler in C and related languages
 * ObjectWeb ASM, a Java library for bytecode modification and analysis
 * Abstract state machines
 * Active shape model, a deformable contour model used in computer vision
 * Algorithmic state machine, for designing finite state machines
 * Any-source multicast
 * asm.js, a subset of the Javascript programming language
 * Assembly (demo party), a demoscene event in Finland
 * Automatic Storage Management, in an Oracle database
 * Application Service Management
 * App Shell Model, An architectural approach in PWA

Transportation

 * Available seat miles of an airline, railroad, or bus route

Arts and media

 * Assistant stage manager in theater
 * Aktueller Software Markt, a German video game magazine
 * A State of Mind - a contemporary hip hop trio currently signed with Chinese Man records

Other

 * Acceleration Simulation Mode, a test used in automobile emissions control
 * Acid Sphingomyelinase, an enzyme also known as Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1
 * Activated sludge model, in sewage treatment
 * Alternating sign matrix
 * Ambulance Service Medal (Australia), a civil decoration for members of the Australian Ambulance Service
 * Asynchronous State Machine. Induction motor.
 * The ASM Consortium or Abnormal Situation Management Consortium was foundational in the development of alarm management
 * Assistant store manager, a management role in retail
 * asynchronous motor
 * Association Syndicale des Magistrats (ASM), Belgium

title: ASM


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Tokyo City

Tokyo City (東京市) was a municipality in Japan and capital of Tokyo Prefecture (or Tokyo-fu) which existed from 1 May 1889 until its merger with its prefecture on 1 July 1943. The historical boundaries of Tokyo City are now occupied by the special wards of Tokyo. The newly-merged government became what is now Tokyo, also known as the Tokyo Metropolis or, ambiguously, Tokyo Prefecture.

History
In 1868, the medieval city of Edo, seat of the Tokugawa government, was renamed Tokyo, and the offices of Tokyo Prefecture (-fu) were opened. The extent of Tokyo Prefecture was initially limited to the former Edo city, but rapidly augmented to be comparable with the present Tokyo Metropolis. In 1878, the Meiji government's reorganization of local governments subdivided prefectures into counties or districts (gun, further subdivided into towns and villages, later reorganized similar to Prussian districts) and districts or wards (ku) which were in ordinary prefectures cities as a whole, e.g. today's Hiroshima City (-shi) was then Hiroshima-ku; the three major cities of Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto were each subdivided into several such wards. In Tokyo Prefecture, this created 15 wards (listed below) and six counties/districts.

In 1888, the central government created the legal framework for the current system of cities (shi) that granted some basic local autonomy rights – with some similarities to Prussia's system of local self-government as Meiji government advisor Albert Mosse heavily influenced the organization of local government. But under a special imperial regulation, Tokyo City, like Kyoto City and Osaka City, initially did not maintain a separate mayor; instead, the (appointed) governor of Tokyo Prefecture served as mayor of Tokyo City. The Tokyo city council/assembly (Tōkyō-shikai) was first elected in May 1889. Each ward also retained its own assembly. City and prefectural government were separated in 1898., and the government began to appoint a separate mayor of Tokyo City in 1898, but retained ward-level legislation, which continues to this day in the special ward system. From 1926, the mayor was elected by the elected city council/assembly from its own ranks. The city hall of Tokyo was located in the Yūrakuchō district, on a site now occupied by the Tokyo International Forum.

Tokyo became the second-largest city in the world (population 4.9 million) upon absorbing several outlying districts in July 1932, giving the city a total of 35 wards.

In 1943, the city was abolished and merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which was functionally a part of the central government of Japan: the governor of Tokyo became a Cabinet minister reporting directly to the Prime Minister. This system remained in place until 1947 when the current structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government was formed.

title: Tokyo City


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Adachi

Adachi may refer to:

People

 * Adachi (surname)
 * Adachi clan, a family of samurai
 * Adachi Ginkō, 19th-century Japanese artist
 * Tohru Adachi, a fictional character from Persona 4

Places

 * Adachi, Tokyo, a special ward of Tokyo, Japan
 * Adachi District, Fukushima, Japan
 * Adachi, Fukushima, a town in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture

title: Adachi


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Arakawa

Arakawa (荒川) may refer to:

People

 * Arakawa (surname)

Geography

 * Places
 * Arakawa, Tokyo
 * Tokyo Sakura Tram (Arakawa Line), a streetcar system
 * Arakawa, Niigata
 * Arakawa, Saitama

 * Rivers
 * Arakawa River (Kanto), which flows from Saitama Prefecture and through Tokyo
 * Arakawa River (Fukushima), which starts and ends in Fukushima City, Fukushima
 * Arakawa River (Uetsu), which flows from Yamagata Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture in northern Japan

title: Arakawa


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Edogawa

Edogawa may refer to:
 * Edogawa, Tokyo
 * Edo River

People with the surname

 * Edogawa Ranpo (1894–1965), Japanese author
 * Conan Edogawa, the main character of the Case Closed manga
 * Keishi Edogawa, a pen name of author Takashi Nagasaki

title: Edogawa


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Talk:List of phobias

Semi-protected edit request on 25 January 2024
23.16.204.10 (talk) 01:04, 25 January 2024 (UTC) phobophobia
 * It's already on the list. RudolfRed (talk) 01:16, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Scoliodentosaurophobia
Hi there. I would like someone to add "Scoliodentosaurophobia", which is the fear of lizards, geckos (herpetophobia is the fear of reptiles in general, not lizards/geckos in particular). (How To Defeat The Fear Of Scoliodentosaurophobia / Fear of Lizards Revisited? --2804:2FB0:402:3600:DCE1:1E52:70B1:7170 (talk) 13:51, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

Arophobia?
I mean, Acephobia is here. Why not Arophobia, the fear/dislike of Aromantic people? Admittedly, I'm not familiar enough with the standards on here to know if I need to prove that it exists or something, but, anecdotally, I can confirm that it exists.

Maybe someone more knowledgeable than me could do whatever is necessary. I'm just making the suggestion.

<3 TheOneWhoAteTheCookies (talk) 08:00, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 March 2024
Escalaphobia the fear of escalators 98.54.182.240 (talk) 23:39, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Jamedeus (talk) 00:08, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 March 2024
41.122.82.254 (talk) 22:01, 26 March 2024 (UTC) Tachophobia = fear of speed
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Liu1126 (talk) 22:58, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Kenophobia
Kenophobia, the fear of empty spaces (like big warehouses or such). A page for this fear already (sorta) exists, under the term “horror vacui”, which is mainly used to refer to the art style.

I feel like this would be an appropriate addition to this list, especially compared to the only other “K” phobia (the fear of buttons). 72.177.104.148 (talk) 03:13, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2024
Meganumerophobia fear of big numbers 2601:2C5:C100:CF40:C0F7:4AED:7E0B:7232 (talk) 02:06, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Jamedeus (talk) 03:10, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 July 2024
Correct spelling from “triakaidekaphobia” to “triskaidekaphobia” wherever it occurs. 73.153.162.212 (talk) 04:24, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The only occurrence appears to be in the lead, and that's in a quote in which the cited source does write triakaidekaphobia. Cannolis (talk) 04:34, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of phobias


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Nakano

Nakano may refer to:

 * Nakano, Tokyo
 * Nakano, Nagano
 * Nakano (surname)
 * Nakano Corporation

title: Nakano


text:
William Pryor

William, Will or Bill Pryor may refer to:

 * William H. Pryor Jr. (born 1962), American politician, lawyer, and judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
 * William C. Pryor (1932–2020), Senior Judge, District of Columbia Court of Appeals
 * Will Pryor, American Dreams character
 * Bill Pryor (baseball), American baseball player

title: William Pryor


text:
North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia. It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which forms the natural border between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by the Sea of Azov and Black Sea to the west, the Caspian Sea to the east, and the Caucasus Mountains to the south. The region shares land borders with the South Caucasus countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan. Located in the south of the region, Mount Elbrus is the tallest peak in Europe. Among its urban centres, Krasnodar is the most populous.

A region of Russia since the 19th century, the North Caucasus is today politically divided between a number of Russian republics and krais. It lies north of the Main Caucasian Range, which separates it from the South Caucasus. As part of Russia, the territory falls within the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts and consists of Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and the constituent republics, approximately from west to east: the Republic of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia–Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Republic of Dagestan and to the north: Kalmykia.

Geographically, the term North Caucasus also refers to the northern slope and western extremity of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, as well as a part of its southern slope to the West. The Pontic–Caspian steppe area is often also encompassed under the notion of a Ciscaucasus region, thus the northern boundary of the Forecaucasus steppe or Nogai steppe is generally considered to be the Manych River. Owing to its mild climate compared to much of Russia, the region has been described as Russia's "sunbelt".

History
Ancient cultures of the Northern Caucasus are known as Klin-Yar community, with one of the most notable cultures being the ancient Koban culture.

Ciscaucasus was historically covered by the Pontic–Caspian steppe, mostly on fertile calcareous chernozyom soils, which has been almost completely tilled and grazed. It is bounded by the Sea of Azov on the west, and the Caspian Sea on the east. According to the Concise Atlas of the World, Second Edition (2008), the Ciscaucasus region lies on the European side of the "commonly-accepted division" that separates Europe from Asia.

Russia completed the conquest of the North Caucasus by 1864. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims, including Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Ossetians, and others, became refugees in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government settled North Caucasian refugees in territories of modern-day Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Greece, Cyprus, and North Macedonia, creating a large North Caucasian diaspora.

Much of the Northern Caucasus seceded from Russia in March 1917 as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, taking advantage of the instability caused by the February Revolution and becoming a minor participant in the Russian Civil War. Mountainous Republic troops engaged in fierce clashes against the invading White General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army, before the latter's defeat at the hands of the Red Army. The region was informally occupied by the Soviet Union shortly afterwards, and the republic was forced into accepting a nonviolent annexation in January 1921. It was reformed into the Mountainous ASSR, which was later dissolved in October 1924, replaced by a series of autonomous Okrugs and Oblasts.

The outer border of the Soviet Union's North Caucasus Krai was the same as that of present-day North Caucasus Economic Region (Raion) which includes an oblast (Rostov Oblast), two krais (Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai), and seven republics. The former North Caucasus Military District (Okrug) also included Astrakhan Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, and the Republic of Kalmykia. Its administrative center was Rostov-on-Don until 10 January 1934, Pyatigorsk until January 1936, then Ordzhonikidze (today Vladikavkaz) and, from 15 December 1936, Voroshilovsk (today Stavropol).

Unrest
The North Caucasus region experienced widespread unrest and insurgency after the fall of the Soviet Union, including a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State.

The insurgency became relatively dormant in its later years. During its peak, the violence was mostly concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Occasional incidents happened in surrounding regions, such as North Ossetia–Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai, and Volgograd Oblast.

While the insurgency was officially declared over on 19 December 2017 when FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov announced the final elimination of the insurgent underground in the North Caucasus, counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus have not ended. In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to the North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus, due to terrorism, kidnapping and risk of civil unrest.

Other paramilitaries active in the region have included the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, an anti-Georgian organization and a participant in the 1992–1993 Abkhaz conflict that based its flag and political agenda directly on those of the Mountainous Republic.

Population
The North Caucasus, especially in its mountainous territories, has the highest life expectancy in Russia. The region is known for a large number of centenarians.

Administrative divisions
Russian political subdivisions associated with the region include:
 * Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Under RSFSR)
 * North Caucasian Federal District
 * North Caucasian Soviet Republic
 * North Caucasus economic region
 * North Caucasian Krai
 * North Caucasian Military District
 * Southern Federal District

title: North Caucasus


text:
Shibuya (disambiguation)

Shibuya is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. Named after it are:

 * Shibuya Station, a train station located in Shibuya, Tokyo
 * Shibuya River, a river in Tokyo, Japan
 * Shibuya-kei, a subgenre of Japanese pop music

People

 * Shibuya (surname)

title: Shibuya (disambiguation)


text:
Zeroisation

In cryptography, zeroisation (also spelled zeroization) is the practice of erasing sensitive parameters (electronically stored data, cryptographic keys, and critical security parameters) from a cryptographic module to prevent their disclosure if the equipment is captured. This is generally accomplished by altering or deleting the contents to prevent recovery of the data.

Mechanical
When encryption was performed by mechanical devices, this would often mean changing all the machine's settings to some fixed, meaningless value, such as zero. On machines with letter settings rather than numerals, the letter 'O' was often used instead. Some machines had a button or lever for performing this process in a single step. Zeroisation would typically be performed at the end of an encryption session to prevent accidental disclosure of the keys, or immediately when there was a risk of capture by an adversary.

Software
In modern software based cryptographic modules, zeroisation is made considerably more complex by issues such as virtual memory, compiler optimisations and use of flash memory. Also, zeroisation may need to be applied not only to the key, but also to a plaintext and some intermediate values. A cryptographic software developer must have an intimate understanding of memory management in a machine, and be prepared to zeroise data whenever a sensitive device might move outside the security boundary. Typically this will involve overwriting the data with zeroes, but in the case of some types of non-volatile storage the process is much more complex; see data remanence.

As well as zeroising data due to memory management, software designers consider performing zeroisation: Informally, software developers may also use zeroise to mean any overwriting of sensitive data, not necessarily of a cryptographic nature.
 * When an application changes mode (e.g. to a test mode) or user;
 * When a computer process changes privileges;
 * On termination (including abnormal termination);
 * On any error condition which may indicate instability or tampering;
 * Upon user request;
 * Immediately, the last time the parameter is required; and
 * Possibly if a parameter has not been required for some time.

Tamper resistant hardware
In tamper resistant hardware, automatic zeroisation may be initiated when tampering is detected. Such hardware may be rated for cold zeroisation, the ability to zeroise itself without its normal power supply enabled.

Standards
Standards for zeroisation are specified in ANSI X9.17 and FIPS 140-2.

title: Zeroisation


text:
Tuned radio frequency receiver

A tuned radio frequency receiver (or TRF receiver) is a type of radio receiver that is composed of one or more tuned radio frequency (RF) amplifier stages followed by a detector (demodulator) circuit to extract the audio signal and usually an audio frequency amplifier. This type of receiver was popular in the 1920s. Early examples could be tedious to operate because when tuning in a station each stage had to be individually adjusted to the station's frequency, but later models had ganged tuning, the tuning mechanisms of all stages being linked together, and operated by just one control knob. By the mid 1930s, it was replaced by the superheterodyne receiver patented by Edwin Armstrong.

Background
The TRF receiver was patented in 1916 by Ernst Alexanderson. His concept was that each stage would amplify the desired signal while reducing the interfering ones. Multiple stages of RF amplification would make the radio more sensitive to weak stations, and the multiple tuned circuits would give it a narrower bandwidth and more selectivity than the single stage receivers common at that time. All tuned stages of the radio must track and tune to the desired reception frequency. This is in contrast to the modern superheterodyne receiver that must only tune the receiver's RF front end and local oscillator to the desired frequencies; all the following stages work at a fixed frequency and do not depend on the desired reception frequency.

Antique TRF receivers can often be identified by their cabinets. They typically have a long, low appearance, with a flip-up lid for access to the vacuum tubes and tuned circuits. On their front panels there are typically two or three large dials, each controlling the tuning for one stage. Inside, along with several vacuum tubes, there will be a series of large coils. These will usually be with their axes at right angles to each other to reduce magnetic coupling between them.

A problem with the TRF receiver built with triode vacuum tubes is the triode's interelectrode capacitance. The interelectrode capacitance allows energy in the output circuit to feedback into the input. That feedback can cause instability and oscillation that frustrate reception and produce squealing or howling noises in the speaker. In 1922, Louis Alan Hazeltine invented the technique of neutralization that uses additional circuitry to partially cancel the effect of the interelectrode capacitance. Neutralization was used in the popular Neutrodyne series of TRF receivers. Under certain conditions, "the neutralization is substantially independent of frequency over a wide frequency band." "Perfect neutralization cannot be maintained in practice over a wide band of frequencies because leakage inductances and stray capacities" are not completely canceled. The later development of the tetrode and pentode vacuum tubes minimized the effect of interelectrode capacitances and could make neutralization unnecessary; the additional electrodes in those tubes shield the plate and grid and minimize feedback.

How it works

The classic TRF receivers of the 1920s and 30s usually consisted of three sections:
 * one or more tuned RF amplifier stages. These amplify the signal of the desired station to a level sufficient to drive the detector, while rejecting all other signals picked up by the antenna.
 * a detector, which extracts the audio (modulation) signal from the radio carrier signal by rectifying it.
 * optionally, but almost always included, one or more audio amplifier stages which increase the power of the audio signal.

Each tuned RF stage consists of an amplifying device, a triode (or in later sets a tetrode) vacuum tube, and a tuned circuit which performs the filtering function. The tuned circuit consisted of an air-core RF coupling transformer which also served to couple the signal from the plate circuit of one tube to the input grid circuit of the next tube. One of the windings of the transformer had a variable capacitor connected across it to make a tuned circuit. A variable capacitor (or sometimes a variable coupling coil called a variometer) was used, with a knob on the front panel to tune the receiver. The RF stages usually had identical circuits to simplify design.

Each RF stage had to be tuned to the same frequency, so the capacitors had to be tuned in tandem when bringing in a new station. In some later sets the capacitors were "ganged", mounted on the same shaft or otherwise linked mechanically so that the radio could be tuned with a single knob, but in most sets the resonant frequencies of the tuned circuits could not be made to "track" well enough to allow this, and each stage had its own tuning knob.

The detector was usually a grid-leak detector. Some sets used a crystal detector (semiconductor diode) instead. Occasionally, a regenerative detector was used, to increase selectivity.

Some TRF sets that were listened to with earphones didn't need an audio amplifier, but most sets had one to three transformer-coupled or RC-coupled audio amplifier stages to provide enough power to drive a loudspeaker.

The schematic diagram shows a typical TRF receiver. This particular example uses six triodes. It has two radio frequency amplifier stages, one grid-leak detector/amplifier and three class ‘A’ audio amplifier stages. There are 3 tuned circuits T1-C1, T2-C2, and T3-C3. The second and third tuning capacitors, C2 and C3, are ganged together (indicated by line linking them) and controlled by a single knob, to simplify tuning. Generally, two or three RF amplifiers were required to filter and amplify the received signal enough for good reception.

Advantages and disadvantages
Terman characterizes the TRF's disadvantages as "poor selectivity and low sensitivity in proportion to the number of tubes employed. They are accordingly practically obsolete." Selectivity requires narrow bandwidth, but the bandwidth of a filter with a given Q factor increases with frequency. So to achieve a narrow bandwidth at a high radio frequency required high-Q filters or many filter sections. Achieving constant sensitivity and bandwidth across an entire broadcast band was rarely achieved. In contrast, a superheterodyne receiver translates the incoming high radio frequency to a lower intermediate frequency which does not change. The problem of achieving constant sensitivity and bandwidth over a range of frequencies arises only in one circuit (the first stage) and is therefore considerably simplified.

The major problem with the TRF receiver, particularly as a consumer product, was its complicated tuning. All the tuned circuits need to track to keep the narrow bandwidth tuning. Keeping multiple tuned circuits aligned while tuning over a wide frequency range is difficult. In the early TRF sets the operator had to perform that task, as described above. A superheterodyne receiver only needs to track the RF and LO stages; the onerous selectivity requirements are confined to the IF amplifier which is fixed-tuned.

During the 1920s, an advantage of the TRF receiver over the regenerative receiver was that, when properly adjusted, it did not radiate interference. The popular regenerative receiver, in particular, used a tube with positive feedback operated very close to its oscillation point, so it often acted as a transmitter, emitting a signal at a frequency near the frequency of the station it was tuned to. This produced audible heterodynes, shrieks and howls, in other nearby receivers tuned to the same frequency, bringing criticism from neighbors. In an urban setting, when several regenerative sets in the same block or apartment house were tuned to a popular station, it could be virtually impossible to hear. Britain, and eventually the US, passed regulations that prohibited receivers from radiating spurious signals, which favored the TRF.

Modern usage
Although the TRF design has been largely superseded by the superheterodyne receiver, with the advent of semiconductor electronics in the 1960s the design was "resurrected" and used in some simple integrated radio receivers for hobbyist radio projects, kits, and low-end consumer products. One example is the ZN414 TRF radio integrated circuit from Ferranti in 1972 shown below

title: Tuned radio frequency receiver


text:
PTC

PTC may refer to:

Education

 * Pacific Theological College, in Suva, Fiji
 * Parent-teacher conference
 * Pilot Training College, a former organisation in Ireland and the US
 * Pittsburgh Technical College, a 2-year college in Pittsburgh, PA, US
 * Police Training Centre, Bangladesh
 * Portage Trail Conference, an association of public schools in Ohio, US
 * Presbyterian Theological College, Victoria, Australia
 * RAF Personnel and Training Command, 1994–2007

Medicine

 * Papillary thyroid cancer, the most common type of thyroid cancer
 * Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, an X-ray technique for the biliary tract
 * Pseudotumor cerebri or idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a brain disorder

Organizations

 * Pacific Telecommunications Council, a telecommunications industry trade association for the Pacific Rim
 * Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd, KSE code
 * Pakistan Tobacco Company
 * Partido Trabalhista Cristão (Christian Labour Party), a political party in Brazil
 * Partit del Treball de Catalunya (Party of Labour of Catalonia), a communist party in Catalonia, Spain
 * Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa, formal name of T-Mobile Polska
 * PTC India, an Indian energy trading company
 * PTC Punjabi, a television network in India
 * PTC Punjabi (Canada)
 * PTC Punjabi Film Awards
 * Public Services, Tax and Commerce Union, UK, 1996–1998
 * Public Transport Commission, in New South Wales, Australia
 * Public Transport Corporation, in Victoria, Australia
 * Public Transport Council, in Singapore
 * Radio Television of Serbia (Радио-телевизија Србије), a public broadcaster in Serbia

United States

 * Parents Television Council, a U.S.-based advocacy group
 * Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
 * Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters, roller coaster manufacturer, formerly Philadelphia Toboggan Company
 * Philadelphia Transportation Company, 1940–1968
 * Pioneer Theatre Company, Utah
 * a type of patrol boat, for example Patrol torpedo boat PT-41
 * PTC (software company), formerly Parametric Technology Corp., Massachusetts, a software company
 * PTC Therapeutics, a pharmaceutical company

Places

 * Pakuwon Trade Center, a shopping center in Indonesia
 * Pitcairn Islands (by ITU country code)
 * Punggol MRT/LRT station, Singapore (by LRT code)

Science and technology

 * Passive thermal control, a slow roll of a spacecraft on its horizontal axis to stabilize the thermal response to solar heating
 * Patched, a protein receptor
 * Peptidyl transferase centre, associated with protoribosomes and the possible origin of ribosomes and abiogenesis
 * Phase-transfer catalyst, that facilitates interphase migration
 * Phenylthiocarbamide, an organosulfur thiourea
 * Poly(trimethylene carbonate), a derivative of trimethylene carbonate
 * Positive temperature coefficient, of materials which increase resistance with temperature
 * Polymeric positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) device or resettable fuse
 * PTC heating element, a type of self-regulating heater
 * PTC thermistor, a type of resistor

 * Positive train control, a type of train protection system
 * Potential tropical cyclone, a term used since 2017 in NHC advisory products to describe a disturbance that is not yet a tropical cyclone

Other uses

 * Paid to click, payment for viewing advertisements
 * Pass-Through Certificates, evidence of ownership of multiple Equipment Trust Certificates
 * Piece to camera, spoken directly to a film or TV camera
 * Players Tour Championship, in snooker
 * Premium Tax Credit, Affordable Care Act provision
 * Production tax credit, US, for renewable energy production

title: PTC


text:
Sumida

Sumida may refer to:

 * Sumida, Tokyo, one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan
 * Sumida River, which flows through Tokyo, Japan
 * Sumida (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Japanese gunboat Sumida (1903), a Japanese gunboat launched in 1903 and stricken in 1935
 * Japanese gunboat Sumida (1939), a Japanese gunboat launched in 1939 and ceded to China as a war prize at the end of World War II
 * Sumida, a series of Japanese cars manufactured from 1933-1937 by Jidosha Kogyo Co., Ltd. (later to become Isuzu)
 * 1090 Sumida, a minor planet orbiting the Sun

title: Sumida


text:
Shadoof

A shadoof or shaduf is an irrigation tool that is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin. It is highly efficient, and has been known since 3000 BCE.

The mechanism of a shadoof comprises a long counterbalanced pole on a pivot, with a bucket attached to the end of it. It is generally used in a crop irrigation system using basins, dikes, ditches, walls, canals, and similar waterways.

History

One theory states that the shadoof was invented in prehistoric times in Mesopotamia as early as the time of Sargon of Akkad (around 24th and 23rd centuries BCE). The earliest evidence of this technology is a cylindrical seal with a depiction of a shadoof dating back to about 2200 BCE. Then, it is believed that the Minoans adopted this technology; evidence suggests the use of shadoofs as early as around 2100-1600 BCE. The shadoof appeared in Upper Egypt sometime after 2000 BC, most likely during the 18th Dynasty. Around the same time, the shadoof reached China.

Some historians believe the Egyptians were the original inventors of the shadoof. The theory states that the shadoof originated along the Nile, using tomb drawings illustrating shadoofs at Thebes dating from 1250 BCE as evidence.

An alternative origin theory states that shadoof originated from India around the same time as in Mesopotamia. This theory owes to the fact that the shadoof was well spread in India; however, there is little to no other evidence that makes this theory any stronger.

It is still used in many areas of Africa and Asia and is very common in rural areas of India and Pakistan, such as the Bhojpuri belt of the Ganges plain, In Europe, they remain common in Germany and Hungary's Great Plain, where they are considered a symbol of the region. They are also well widespread throughout Eastern Europe in countries like Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states.

Design, construction, and efficiency
The shadoof is easy to construct and is highly efficient in use. It consists of an upright frame on which is suspended a long pole or branch, at a distance of about one-fifth of its length from one end. At the long end of this pole hangs a bucket, skin bag, or bitumen-coated reed basket. The bucket can be made in many different styles, sometimes having an uneven base or a part at the top of the skin that can be untied. This allows the water to be immediately distributed rather than manually emptied. The short end carries a weight made of clay, stone, or a similar material, which serves as the counterpoise of a lever. The bucket can be lowered by the operator using their own weight to push it down; the counterweight then raises the full bucket without effort.

The implementations vary from region to region. The frame can consist of a single pole or a pair, and the buckets can be attached in multiple different ways, from being tied to a rope to being attached to a thinner stick.

With an almost effortless swinging and lifting motion, the waterproof vessel can be used to scoop up and carry water from a body of water (typically, a river or pond) onto land or to another body of water. At the end of each movement, the water is emptied out into runnels that convey the water along irrigation ditches in the required direction. The device is capable of lowering the force levels required of operators to the extent that the performance tends to be limited by the energy processing capacity of the operator and not necessarily muscle fatigue.

The shadoof has a lifting range of 1 to 6 meters. A study of efficiency in various sites in Chad has shown that one man can lift 39 to 130 liters per minute over heights of 1.8 to 6.2 m, resulting in water-lifting power levels of 26.7 to 60.1 W. Its efficiency has been calculated at 60%.

A study done in Nigeria also indirectly assessed energy usage through heart rate, serving as the physiological metric. Through this approach, it was discovered that making suitable adjustments to the shadoof decreased energy consumption from approximately 109 to 71 watts (equivalent to 6.56 to 4.27 kilojoules per minute). This reduction enables a farmer to engage in prolonged work without necessitating frequent rest breaks.

Social effects
Across numerous cultures, shadoofs have symbolized collective effort. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, for instance, the multi-tiered shadoof systems allowed the movement of water to higher levels through teamwork. Together with other irrigation technologies, shadoofs not only helped establish reliable methods of agriculture for growing civilizations but also influenced cultural elements. The accessibility and utilization of shadoofs have been linked to class. During the Egyptian Middle Empire and the New Kingdom, pleasure gardens featuring shadoof irrigation became a hallmark of luxury residences and consequently a status symbol. Although not directly, shadoofs contributed to creating a class system, a barrier for some. At the same time, shadoofs have remained essential for those with limited resources to support their livelihoods on large-scale farms around the Nile. Even in the present day, many communities worldwide lack access to more sophisticated water technologies, making shadoofs an indicator of socio-economic standing and a certain measure of societal development. The technology's reliability, despite its antiquity, often gets overlooked.

The geographic spread of shadoofs is impressive. In regions where irrigation is imperative, such as Egypt, India, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa, shadoofs have played a crucial role in enabling agriculture to thrive in water-scarce areas. Shadoofs have empowered marginalized communities by providing them with the means to secure their sustenance, breaking the barrier of food insecurity even in the modern age.

Gender roles have also undergone a transformation, with women frequently assuming shadoof operation. The ease of use of the shadoof empowered women to play a more active role in farming. It is fair to acknowledge that shadoofs contributed to normalizing women's increased independence and participation in less physically demanding, and therefore more “socially acceptable”, aspects of food production.

The ease of use of the shadoof is perhaps its most important feature. Studies have shown that it is impressively efficient, given the simplicity of its design. Still, it is essential to recognize that shadoofs, while easing the physical demands of water retrieval, require manual labor, posing a barrier for individuals with certain physical disabilities. This underscores the need for more inclusive adaptations of this ancient technology.

Names

 * Shadoof or shaduf comes from the Arabic word شادوف, šādūf.
 * It is also called a lift, well pole, well sweep, or simply a sweep in the US. A less common English translation is swape.
 * Picotah (or picota) is a Portuguese loan word.
 * It is also called a jiégāo (桔槹) in Chinese.
 * The Tamil name is thulla (துலா), while the Telugu name is ethaamu (ఏతాము) or ethamu (ఏతము).
 * It was also known by the Ancient Greek name kēlōn (κήλων) or kēlōneion (κηλώνειον); this term (קילון) is also borrowed in Mishnaic Hebrew.
 * In Ukrainian, it is called krynychnyi zhuravel (криничний журавель, "well crane") for its shape; it is also known as zvid (звід).
 * In Hungarian, is known as gémeskút (literally, "heron wells").

In heraldry
The use of shadoofs in certain areas influenced heraldry. Below are some examples of heraldic elements of various subdivisions.

title: Shadoof


text:
Toshima (disambiguation)

Toshima (豊島区) is a ward in Tokyo, Japan.

Toshima may also refer to:

 * To-shima, Tokyo (利島), a village in Ōshima Subprefecture, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan
 * Toshima, Kagoshima (十島村), a village in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
 * Toshima clan, a Japanese samurai clan
 * Toshima Station, a railway station in Tahara, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
 * Tōshima Station, a railway station in Nanbu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan

title: Toshima (disambiguation)


text:
Taito (disambiguation)

Taito may refer to:

Places

 * Japan
 * Taitō, a special ward located in Tokyo, Japan
 * Taitō Station, a railway station in Japan

 * Taiwan
 * Taitō Prefecture, administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule (now called Taitung County)
 * Taitung City, formerly Taitō City, the capital of the administrative division

 * Hong Kong
 * Tai To Yan (大刀屻; Tai-to Hill), New Territories, Hong Kong; a mountain
 * Pak Tai To Yan (北大刀屻; North Tai-to Hill), New Territories, Hong Kong; a mountain

Other uses

 * Taito, a Japanese developer of video game software and arcade hardware
 * Taito of Brazil, a former Brazilian subsidiary for pinball machines
 * Taito, also known as matai, paramount chiefs according to Fa'a Samoa
 * Taito (kanji), the 84-stroke Japanese character Taito 1.png
 * Taito (harvestman), a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae

title: Taito (disambiguation)


text:
Sunday Mirror

The Sunday Mirror is the Sunday sister paper of the Daily Mirror. It began life in 1915 as the Sunday Pictorial and was renamed the Sunday Mirror in 1963. In 2016 it had an average weekly circulation of 620,861, dropping markedly to 505,508 the following year. Competing closely with other papers, in July 2011, on the second weekend after the closure of the News of the World, more than 2,000,000 copies sold, the highest level since January 2000.

Sunday Pictorial (1915–1963)
The paper launched as the Sunday Pictorial on 14 March 1915.

Lord Rothermere – who owned the paper – introduced the Sunday Pictorial to the British public with the idea of striking a balance between socially responsible reporting of great issues of the day and sheer entertainment.

Although the newspaper has gone through many refinements in its near 100-year history those original core values are still in place today.

Ever since 1915, the paper has continually published the best and most revealing pictures of the famous and the infamous, and reported on major national and international events.

The first editor of the Sunday Pictorial, or the Sunday Pic as it was commonly known, was F.R Sanderson.

His launch edition led with three stories on the front page, two of which reported from the front line of the war: "THE TASK OF THE RED CROSS" and "ALL THAT WAS LEFT OF A BIG GUN".

From day one the paper was a huge success and within six months of launch the Sunday Pictorial was selling more than one million copies.

One of the reasons for this early success was due to a series of articles written by Winston Churchill. In 1915, Churchill, disillusioned with government, resigned from the Cabinet. The articles he then wrote for the Sunday Pictorial attracted such high levels of interest that sales lifted by 400,000 copies every time his stories appeared.

A further reason for the paper's success was its political influence. As a popular paper that always spoke its mind, the Sunday Pictorial struck a chord with millions.

Sport was also a key ingredient of the Sunday Pictorial's success. Football, even then, made it onto the front pages, and for many of the same reasons it does today: "WEMBLEY STADIUM STORMED BY EXCITED CUP FINAL CROWDS" dominates a front page from 1923.

Although the paper's early life started with a flourish, by the mid-1930s its success began to flounder. That, however, all changed when the editorship was given to 24-year-old Hugh Cudlipp in 1937. Within three years of taking over he saw the circulation of the paper rise to more than 1,700,000 by the time he went to fight in World War II in 1940.

On resuming the editorship in 1946, Cudlipp successfully developed the Sunday Pic to reflect the greater social awareness of the post-war years. In all, Cudlipp edited the title for three long spells. After his final editorship in 1953 he became editor-in-chief and then editorial director of Mirror Group, where he pushed the daily title, the Daily Mirror, to a circulation in excess of five million copies.

Sunday Mirror (1963 to date)
In 1963 the newspaper's name was changed to the Sunday Mirror.

One of the earliest stories covered by the newly named paper was the Profumo affair, which was catastrophic for the government of the day. While frontbenchers involved in sleaze scandals exposed in the British press have often led to reshuffles, contemporary accounts and later research has credited the coverage, associating the involved young socialite to a Russian senior attaché, for triggering the replacement of the Conservative prime minister with another, Alec Douglas-Home. This leader was less popular, and alongside many press reports of scandals in the Macmillan Ministry, this led to the party's election defeat of 1964 and to the establishment of the second Labour government after World War II led by two-time prime minister Harold Wilson.

In 1974, following a succession of editors, Robert Edwards took the chair and within a year, circulation rose to 5.3 million. Edwards remained for a record 13 years, and ended as deputy chairman of Mirror Group in 1985.

By the end of his time in charge Edwards oversaw the introduction of colour to the paper (in 1988). The paper also introduced the Sunday Mirror Magazine which had an extra-large format and was printed on glossy paper. It had the best of big name stories, star photographs, money-saving offers and glittering prizes for competition winners. Today's incarnation of the magazine is Notebook.

In 1992 the Sunday Mirror was criticised and challenged by attorneys of Mel Gibson for reporting what was said in confidential Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.

In 2001 Tina Weaver was appointed editor of the Sunday Mirror, a position she held for 11 years until her sacking. Since its launch the paper has had 25 editors in total including current editor-in-chief Lloyd Embley.

In 2012 the Sunday Mirror broke the world exclusive that one of the two Moors murderers, Ian Brady, had died but been resuscitated, brought back to life against his will.

The Sunday Mirror also ran a campaign to make Twitter take action to prevent paedophiles using it to contact each other and trade obscene pictures. As a result of this story and others, Twitter agreed to make changes to its policies.

A former Sunday Mirror investigations editor, Graham Johnson, pleaded guilty to intercepting voicemail messages in 2001. Johnson is the first Mirror Group Newspapers journalist to admit to phone hacking. He voluntarily contacted police in 2013.

Editors

 * The Sunday Pictorial

 * 1915: F. R. Sanderson
 * 1921: William McWhirter
 * 1924: David Grant
 * 1928: William McWhirter
 * 1929: David Grant
 * 1938: Hugh Cudlipp
 * 1940: Stuart Campbell
 * 1946: Hugh Cudlipp
 * 1949: Philip Zec
 * 1952: Hugh Cudlipp
 * 1953: Colin Valdar
 * 1959: Lee Howard
 * 1961: Reg Payne

 * The Sunday Mirror

 * 1963: Michael Christiansen
 * 1972: Bob Edwards
 * 1984: Peter Thompson
 * 1986: Mike Molloy
 * 1988: Eve Pollard
 * 1991: Bridget Rowe
 * 1992: Colin Myler
 * 1994: Paul Connew
 * 1995: Tessa Hilton
 * 1996: Amanda Platell (acting)
 * 1997: Bridget Rowe
 * 1998: Brendon Parsons
 * 1998: Colin Myler
 * 2001: Tina Weaver
 * 2012: Alison Phillips
 * 2016: Gary Jones
 * 2018: Peter Willis
 * 2020: Paul Henderson
 * 2021: Gemma Aldridge

title: Sunday Mirror


text:
Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis

Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) was a public research university in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It was a collaboration between Indiana University and Purdue University that offered undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees from both universities. Administered primarily through Indiana University as a core campus and secondarily through Purdue University as a regional campus, it was Indiana's primary urban research and academic health sciences institution. IUPUI was located in downtown Indianapolis along the White River and Fall Creek.

Among more than 550 degree programs, the urban university hosted the primary campuses for both the Indiana University School of Medicine, with more than 2,000 students, and the Indiana University School of Dentistry, the only dental school in the state. Also, the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law is one of the two Indiana University law schools. After excluding the research budget of the IU School of Medicine, IUPUI was classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity."

The IUPUI Jaguars compete in the NCAA's Division I in the Horizon League. Several athletics venues are located on the campus, including the IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium and Indiana University Natatorium, the largest indoor pool in the United States with a seating capacity of 4,700.

On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both Purdue and IU announced that IUPUI would split into two separate universities, Indiana University Indianapolis and Purdue University in Indianapolis. The split was finalized on July 1, 2024.

Founding
Founded in 1969, IUPUI was an urban campus in Indianapolis, the 15th largest city in the United States, with a population of two million in the metropolitan statistical area. The campus was just west of downtown, within walking distance of the state capitol and other governmental offices, and the site of numerous nationally renowned businesses and art, sports, education, and health facilities.

In 1968, Dr. Maynard K. Hine, dean of the IU School of Dentistry began working with then-Mayor of Indianapolis Richard Lugar, IU President Joseph L. Sutton, Purdue President Frederick L. Hovde, and others to establish IUPUI in 1969 through the merger of the Indianapolis extension programs of both IU and Purdue. Some schools, however, were established before the merger, including the IU School of Medicine, IU School of Dentistry, IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law, IU School of Liberal Arts, and IU Herron School of Art.

The student-run newspaper of the former IU extension campus, the Onomatopoeia, and that of the former Purdue University extension campus, the Component, merged in 1971 to form The Sagamore, which operated until 2009. Archives are available online. That publication was replaced by The Campus Citizen in 2011. A second student newspaper known as The Collegiate Commons was formed in 2023. It is a Christian publication and is part of the Collegiate Network.

Later history
IUPUI's research expenditures for fiscal year 2014 totaled $271,093,483 with the federal government as the largest sponsor of the research at 61 percent of the total.

IUPUI CyberLab, a lab in the School of Engineering and Technology that provides research and intellectual support for the design, development, and implementation of innovative educational technology, was established in 1996 by Dr. Ali Jafari and funded by William Plater, the Executive Vice-Chancellor of IUPUI at the time. Ali Jafari, David Mills, Brian Ho, and Amy Warner was the first team at the CyberLab to start working on the development of the very first online (based on the Internet) on an Indiana University campus. The team received $160,000 from Indiana University to continue to implement Oncourse for all courses at IUPUI. Starting in 1998, Indiana University - Purdue University was the first IU campus to put all courses online. The CyberLab continued to develop and has now launched several projects, including; Sakai, ANGEL Learning, Epsilen, and the current project called CourseNetworking.

In 2012, the Indiana Commission for Higher Education approved IU's proposal to create what is believed to be the world's first school dedicated to the study and teaching of philanthropy. The school has built on the strengths of the Center of Philanthropy at IU, a pioneer in philanthropy education, research and training. In 2013, the School was named the Indiana University Lilly School of Philanthropy in honor of the Lilly family's philanthropic leadership, as well as their profound contributions to education, research, and the well-being of society. Dr. Gene Tempel was named founding dean of the school.

In 2013, IUPUI opened a School of Public Health named in honor of Richard M. Fairbanks. The Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health will focus on the areas of urban health, health policy, biostatistics, and epidemiology. Dr. Paul K. Halverson was named founding dean of the school.

Split
On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both Purdue and IU announced that IUPUI would split into two separate universities, with completion of the split set to be finished by the fall 2024 semester. The School of Science will be operated by IU along with its other programs, including business, law, nursing, and social work. The computer science, engineering, and technology programs will be operated by Purdue as the new Purdue University in Indianapolis, a fully integrated extension of its West Lafayette campus. IU will add new computer science programs to its School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, and Purdue intends to open a branch of its applied research institute on or near the IUPUI campus, and plans to house several other programs in various locations throughout Indianapolis. IU will provide certain administrative services to both academic organizations, and the IUPUI athletic program will transfer to the new IU Indianapolis.

In 2023, Purdue University created a separate tenure system called "University Tenure" for the IUPUI faculty affected by the split, which gave rise to concerns about unequal treatment and potential discrimination. The IUPUI Faculty Council said that IU President Pamela Whitten and Board of Trustees "undermined" shared governance.

Academics
IUPUI is one of nine campuses of Indiana University and one of five campuses of the Purdue University system. The campus offers more than 550 degree programs provided by 17 different schools, two of which are Purdue University schools.

IUPUI has more students from the state of Indiana than any other campus in the state, the largest number of underrepresented minorities in the Indiana University system, and the largest population of graduate and professional students of any university in Indiana. Almost 75 percent of IUPUI classes have 25 or fewer students.

IUPUI has more than 3,800 full-time faculty members. With research funding of more than $629 million in 2024, IUPUI is the second-largest site for research in Indiana.

IUPUI includes the nation's largest nursing school, the main campus of the largest medical school in the country, the only dental school in the state, and the country's oldest school of physical education. IUPUI is among the top 20 campuses in the nation for graduate professional degrees conferred.

As a core campus of Indiana University, IUPUI is primarily governed by the IU Board of Trustees. Purdue University degree-granting programs are governed by the Purdue University Board of Trustees. While integrated into the Indiana University system budget, IUPUI is semi-autonomous in that it retains some independent control of its own academic curricula.

IUPUI has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1972. Many individual programs at IUPUI are accredited by discipline-specific accreditors.

Indiana University programs

 * Herron School of Art and Design
 * Departments of: Fine Arts (Art Education, Art History, Art Therapy, Ceramics, Furniture Design, Painting, Photography, Printmaking and Sculpture) · Visual Communication Design
 * Kelley School of Business
 * School of Dentistry
 * Departments of: Endodontics · Oral Biology · Oral Pathology, Medicine, and Radiology · Oral Surgery and Hospital Dentistry · Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics · Pediatric Dentistry · Periodontics and Allied Dental Programs (composed of Periodontics, Dental Hygiene, and Dental Assisting) · Preventive Community Dentistry/Oral Health Research Institute · Restorative Dentistry (composed of Prosthodontics, Operative Dentistry, and Dental Biomaterials)
 * School of Education
 * Departments of Elementary Education (includes Physical Education and Music Education) • Secondary Education (includes Natural Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Social Sciences, Language Arts, and Foreign Languages)
 * IU Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health
 * Departments of:Biostatistics and Health Data Science · Epidemiology · Global Health · Health Policy & Management · Social & Behavioral Sciences
 * IU School of Health and Human Sciences
 * Departments of: Health Sciences · Nutrition and Dietetics · Occupational Therapy · Physical Therapy · Kinesiology · Military Science · Physician Assistant Studies · Tourism, Event & Sport Management
 * IU School of Informatics and Computing
 * Departments of: Human-Centered Computing, BioHealth Informatics, and Library and Information Science.
 * IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law
 * IU School of Liberal Arts
 * Departments of: Anthropology · Communication Studies · Economics · English · General Studies · Geography · History · Journalism and Public Relations · Philosophy · Political Science · Religious Studies · Sociology · World Languages and Cultures · Museum Studies
 * IU School of Medicine
 * Departments of: Anatomy and Cell Biology · Anesthesia · Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · Cellular and Integrative Physiology · Dermatology · Family Medicine · Medical and Molecular Genetics · Internal Medicine · Pediatrics · Microbiology and Immunology · Neurology · Obstetrics and Gynecology · Ophthalmology · General Surgery and other Surgical specialties · Otolaryngology · Pathology and Laboratory Medicine · Pharmacology and Toxicology · Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Psychiatry · Radiation Oncology · Radiology · Urology
 * IU School of Nursing
 * O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs
 * Departments of: Public Affairs · Criminal Justice and Public Safety · Indiana University Public Policy Institute · SPEA Executive Education Program
 * IU School of Social Work
 * offering a BSW, MSW, and PhD program. MSW concentrations include school social work; child welfare; leadership; mental health and addictions; children and families; and healthcare social work.
 * IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
 * Offering a BA, MA,, PhD and PhilD program.
 * Houses the Lake Family Institute on Faith and Giving, the Women's Philanthropy Institute, and the Mays Family Institute on Diverse Philanthropy

Purdue University programs

 * Purdue School of Engineering and Technology
 * Biomedical Engineering · Computer Engineering · Electrical Engineering · Energy Engineering · Interdisciplinary Engineering · Mechanical Engineering
 * Computer Engineering Technology · Computer and Information Technology · Computer Graphics Technology · Construction Management · Electrical Engineering Technology · Healthcare Engineering Technology Management · Interior Design Technology · Mechanical Engineering Technology · Motorsports Engineering · Music Technology · Music Therapy · Organizational Leadership · Technical Communications
 * Purdue School of Science
 * Departments of: Biology · Chemistry and Chemical Biology · Forensic & Investigative Sciences Program · Computer and Information Science · Earth Sciences · Mathematical Sciences · Physics · Psychology (including Neuroscience)

Rankings

 * The U.S. News & World Report 2022 edition of "Best Colleges" ranked the university tied for 196th among national universities and tied for 99th among public universities, tied for 46th in the "Most Innovative Schools" category, 67th in "Best Value Schools", and tied for 114th in "Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs"
 * The 2022 Niche College Rankings ranked the university 187th among public universities in America.
 * The Washington Monthly 2021 edition of "National University Rankings" ranked the university tied for 190th among national universities.
 * The 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked the university 301st-400th internationally and 90th-110th nationally.
 * The 2021 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 387th internationally and 114th nationally.

Campus
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The IUPUI campus covers 536 acres and is located in downtown Indianapolis along the Indianapolis Cultural Trail just two blocks west of the Indiana Statehouse and adjacent to White River State Park. The entire campus is located in the 46202 zip code.

The campus offers several new buildings including:
 * University Hall (opened July 2015) – University Hall is the home of the IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy and also offers additional space for the IU School of Social Work. It also serves as the home to the IUPUI administration, the IUPUI Office of Alumni Relations, and the IU Foundation.
 * Engineering Science & Technology Building – The first nonmedical science building to open on the IUPUI campus in 20 years contains more than 35,000 assignable square feet for research and teaching spaces. The first phase will include space for biomedical engineering, psychobiology, renewable energy research programs, and biology and chemistry labs. The second phase will provide space for teaching labs, meeting rooms, additional expansions, additional research laboratories, and administrative offices for the School of Science administration.
 * Eskenazi Fine Arts Center at Herron School of Art and Design (opened May 2013) – An expansion of a 12-year-old facility formerly known as the Herron Sculpture and Ceramics Building, the facility includes a large multi-purpose studio for the creation of public art projects, as well as graduate studios, classrooms, galleries, and a computer lab.
 * Hine Hall (opened January 2013) and University Tower and Tower Dining (opened August 2013) – The former University Place Conference Center and Hotel was transformed into a multi-use facility designed to provide student housing, residential and campus dining and additional classroom space. The conversion of the facility began after nearly a yearlong study of the complex's viability by campus and Indiana University officials. Hine Hall offers 15 additional classrooms, University Tower offers residential space for 560 students and Tower Dining can seat 470 simultaneously.
 * Campus Center (opened spring 2008) – The Campus Center is a 179 ft bell tower made of limestone and glass. The Campus Center houses Enrollment Services and the Offices of Financial Aid and Student Scholarship, as well as a Barnes & Noble bookstore, cultural arts gallery, game room, movie theater, bank, food court, coffee shop, meeting rooms, study spaces, and more.

The IUPUI campus is home to several nationally renowned hospitals and research entities including Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Eskenazi Health, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Regenstrief Institute, and the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute.

More than 20 works of sculpture are located outdoors on the IUPUI campus, and the list of public art at IUPUI currently consists of 31 artworks. Additional sculptures are located on private property adjacent to IUPUI including the Indiana Avenue cultural district, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, and the J.F. Miller Foundation.

Sustainability
Sustainability efforts began at IUPUI in the early 1990s with the development of a paper-recycling program. In 2005, the efforts became more formal through the development of an interdisciplinary campus coalition, with the formation of the IUPUI Office of Sustainability in 2011. The Office of Sustainability was formed to create a culture of campus sustainability and to make IUPUI a place where students, faculty and staff are engaged in research, teaching, and learning about urban sustainability and its best practices. IUPUI has been named a Tree Campus USA for its campus forest management.

The Office of Sustainability conducts recycling and waste reduction programs; initiated energy savings projects including LEED Gold Certification achieved by the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute and solar photovoltaic panels on the IU Kelley School of Business; implemented pollution prevention programs; created sustainable transportation on campus including the installation of bike maintenance stations and additional bike racks, supporting the development of a bike hub and establishing a partnership with Zip Cars; and developed an IUPUI Sustainability Certificate for students.

Student life
IUPUI offers student organizations, fraternities and sororities, cultural heritage month celebrations, as well as Division I athletics, Jagapalooza, and others including IUPUI's signature event, The IUPUI Regatta.

With an enrollment of more than 30,000, IUPUI's student body (undergraduate, graduate/professional) consists of 56% female and 44% male students, with 89% of students from Indiana. Demographically, the student body is 71% White, 10% African American, 4% Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 5% Hispanic, 6% International, 3% two or more races, less than 1% American Indiana/Alaska Native and 1% unknown.

Residence life
On-campus housing can currently accommodate approximately 2,400 students and includes Ball Residence Hall, University Tower, Riverwalk Apartments, The Townhomes at IUPUI and the newest addition, North Residence Hall.
 * Ball Hall and University Tower are traditional co-ed halls that house 324 students and 650 students, respectively, in single, double, and triple rooms and are dedicated to the housing and development of first-year students.
 * The Townhomes at IUPUI houses sixty residents in one- or two-bedroom fully furnished units averaging between 650 and 800 square feet and feature private individual residences.
 * Riverwalk Apartments feature one-, two-, and four-bedroom fully furnished units and house 750 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students.
 * North Hall, which was completed during the summer of 2016, is located on North Street near University Tower. The first new residence building on campus, it accommodates 700 undergraduates along with spaces to support student life activities, fitness programs, a computer lab, game rooms, and laundry.

Ball Hall, University Tower, Riverwalk Apartments, and North Hall offer Residential Based Learning Communities on designated floors, areas, or buildings where students request to live near others who are interested in a particular social cause or academic area. There are twelve themes including International House, Living Your Freshman Experience, Women in Science, Purdue House, and others.

IUPUI also offers a dining hall in the heart of campus inside of the University Tower. Tower Dining is open to students, faculty, staff, and the general public and seats 470 simultaneously. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are served Monday through Friday, and brunch on Saturday and Sunday. Tower Dining offers six different dining options, including special dietary menus such as vegetarian and low-fat.

Student organizations
IUPUI offers more than 400 organizations in which students can get involved. Students can join an existing organization, start their own organization and/or plan, work at or attend a campus activity. Campus Center and Student Experiences helps students find matching activities outside of the classroom to their coursework, as well as to their academic and career goals. The Spot is a one-stop-shop portal that contains a comprehensive list of student organizations, events, FAQs, and grant information.

Student government
At IUPUI, there are two recognized university student organizations representing graduate, professional, and undergraduate students.

 * Undergraduate Student Government, which consists of elected executive officers and student representatives from student organizations serving as liaisons to the student body, campus partners, and university officials.
 * Graduate and Professional Student Government, are elected executive officers from the General Assembly and each academic school as representatives that serve the graduate and professional student experience.

Fraternity and sorority life
IUPUI is home to 24 nationally recognized fraternities and sororities that span across four governing councils and include the National Pan-Hellenic Council, the College Panhellenic Council, the Multicultural Greek Council, and the Interfraternity Council. Student membership in IUPUI's fraternities and sororities has tripled since fall 2010.

 * The National Pan-Hellenic Council consists of six of the Historically Black Greek-Letter-Organizations from the National Pan-Hellenic Council: Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, Delta Sigma Theta sorority, Phi Beta Sigma fraternity, Zeta Phi Beta sorority, and Sigma Gamma Rho sorority.
 * The Panhellenic Council currently consists of six National Panhellenic Conference sororities: (Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Delta Zeta, Phi Mu, Sigma Kappa, and Zeta Tau Alpha)
 * The Interfraternity Council consists of six North American Interfraternity Conference fraternities (Alpha Sigma Phi, Delta Sigma Phi, Phi Delta Theta, Phi Gamma Delta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, and Tau Kappa Epsilon)
 * The Multicultural Greek Council consists of five organizations Delta Kappa Delta sorority, Gamma Phi Omega, La Unidad Latina/Lambda Upsilon Lambda fraternity, Sigma Lambda Upsilon/Senoritas Latinas Unidas sorority, and Sigma Psi Zeta sorority.

Service learning
Through the Center for Service & Learning and Division of Student Affairs, IUPUI gives students the opportunity to volunteer on campus and in the Indianapolis community through numerous campus-wide service and civic engagement events. During the 2014–2015 academic year, 8,750 students participated in 303,061 hours of service to 438 community partners.

Campus recreation
Campus Recreation provides activities that facilitate healthy lifestyles for a diverse population of students, faculty, and staff at IUPUI. Membership provides access to swimming at the world-class IU Natatorium, fitness classes, three weight and fitness rooms, recreational open gym, access to the new IUPUI Outdoor Recreational Complex (outdoor basketball courts) and participation in the intramural program, which includes basketball, broomball, dodgeball, flag football, golf, inner tube water polo, kickball, racquetball, soccer, softball, ultimate Frisbee and volleyball.

IUPUI also has a partnership with the National Institute for Fitness and Sport and offers discounted fitness opportunities to NIFS for all full- and part-time IUPUI students. Through this partnership, the NIFS initiative fee will be waived and the monthly membership dues will be reduced for full and limited memberships.

Athletics
Before IUPUI was dissolved, the IUPUI Jaguars competed at the NCAA Division I level in the Horizon League in 16 men's (7) and women's (9) sports. The Jaguars have earned NCAA Tournament bids in volleyball, NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, women's soccer, men's golf, NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship and women's tennis, as well as The Summit League championship in volleyball, men's tennis and women's soccer. Nine athletes have been recognized as Summit League Athletes of the Year, with seven coaches earning Coach of the Year honors. Prior to 1995, IUPUI athletic teams were known as the Metros and competed in NCAA Division II.

IUPUI is home to the Indiana University Natatorium, host of numerous national swimming championships including the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials-Diving, and the IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium, host of the 1987 Pan American Games, the 2006 and 2007 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships, and several NCAA Championships. Additionally, the stadium serves as the home field for the Indy Eleven soccer team of the USL Championship.

Upon the split of IUPUI in 2024, the IUPUI athletic program transferred to the new IU Indianapolis with an athletic brand name of IU Indy.

Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus (IUPUC)
Closely affiliated with IUPUI, Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus was established in 1970 and is located one hour south of Indianapolis in Columbus, Indiana—an area known for its collection of modern architecture with an estimated population of more than 45,000. The growing campus serves more than 1,700 undergraduate and graduate students who live primarily in Bartholomew, Brown, Decatur, Jennings Jackson, Johnson, Ripley, and Shelby counties and offers a broad range of undergraduate degree programs in business, communication studies, elementary education, English, general studies, mechanical engineering, nursing, psychology, and sociology, as well as two graduate degree programs – Master of Business Administration and Master of Arts in Mental Health Counseling. IUPUC is administered through IUPUI as a regional campus.

By July 1, 2024, IUPUC transitioned completely to Indiana University Columbus (IUC) and is now administered through IU Indianapolis. The only two Purdue degree-granting programs at IUPUC were biology and mechanical engineering; the biology degree continues to be offered at IUC through Indiana University, but the engineering degree was discontinued.

Notable alumni

 * Norman Bridwell (Herron 1950), author and illustrator of Clifford the Big Red Dog
 * Bettie Cadou (English 1957), journalist and photographer
 * Julia Carson (Law 1963), former member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Vija Celmins (Herron 1961), fine art painter and printmaker
 * Dan Coats (Law 1971), 5th Director of National Intelligence, former member of the U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and U.S. Ambassador to Germany
 * George Hill, professional NBA basketball player
 * Samuel D. Jackson (Law 1917), a former member of the U.S. Senate
 * Mike Pence (Law 1986), 48th Vice President of the United States, 50th Governor of Indiana, and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
 * Dan Quayle (Law 1974), 44th Vice President of the United States, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate
 * Arthur Raymond Robinson (Law 1910), former member of the U.S. Senate
 * Charles Stanley Ross (JD, 1994), Literary scholar
 * Victoria Spartz (Master of Accountancy), member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Frederick Van Nuys (Law 1900), former member of the U.S. Senate
 * Samuel E Vázquez (Herron 2010), abstract expressionist painter
 * David Wolf, astronaut


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Dunbrody Abbey

Dunbrody Abbey (Mainistir Dhún Bróithe) is a former Cistercian monastery in County Wexford, Ireland. The cross-shaped church was built in the 13th century, and the tower was added in the 15th century. With a length of 59m the church was one of the longest in Ireland. The visitor centre is run by the current Marquess of Donegall and has one of only two full sized hedge mazes in Ireland.

The abbey was dissolved under Henry VIII. The last Abbot of Dunbrody was Alexander Devereux, who became Bishop of Ferns in 1539.

History
In 1169 a contingent of Anglo-Norman knights led by the King of Leinster, Dermot MacMurrough, invaded Ireland, first conquering the Irish province of Leinster then all of Ireland. In 1171 Henry II led a much larger force into Ireland, taking control and making Ireland a territory of England. Richard de Clare, one of the important figures in the Norman Conquest, instructed his uncle Herve de Montmorency to found a Cistercian monastery in the County Wexford. Montmorency donated the allotted land to the English Cistercian Abbey of Buildwas. The Abbey of Buildwas sent a lay brother to survey the land and, after an unfavorable report, Buildwas turned down the gift. The property was then offered to St. Mary’s Cistercian Abbey in Dublin, which was in the filial line of Clairvaux. The monks of St. Mary’s were delighted with their new land and they soon sent a community to the site in 1182. Due to its position near a major maritime transportation route, the abbey was placed under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, with the name Port of St. Mary’s, because of the safety the abbey offered to people in trouble.

The middle of the 13th century was a boom period for the Anglo-Norman colony in Ireland and the Cistercian order shared in this prosperity. The scale and quality of the 13th century buildings constructed at Dunbrody gives a general hint of confidence and well being. The spacious early Gothic church was built sometime around 1210–1240 for the monks of Dunbrody Abbey. Dunbrody, though a relatively small abbey, was very successful until the 16th century and the rise of King Henry VIII. Following his split with the Church of Rome, Henry VIII issued the Dissolution of the Monasteries through a series of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541. Dunbrody was part of the first round of suppressions in Ireland and was officially dissolved in 1536. The abbey was plundered and made unfit for monks to return. The lead from the roof was melted down by using the wood from the roof. Nine years later, Sir Osborne Ichyngham was given the land and the monastery which he converted into a residence. Owing to the neglect of the private owners of Dunbrody, a massive collapse occurred on Christmas Eve 1852, destroying the south wall of the church and some of the monastery. The abbey lies in ruins until this day.

Architecture
The church is in the form of a cross on plan, as is usual in Cistercian Abbeys, and has a nave, side aisles, north and south transepts, and choir. Apartments were formed in the roof over the chapels in the transepts (each transept has three chapels), one over the north transept (left transept on the plan) was approached by the circular stairs and a passage across the triforium of the north transept. There is also evidence of a floor having at one time been carried over the whole of the north transept. The space over the side chapels of the south transept contained a fireplace and five windows, and over it another floor, probably divided into two apartments, as it contains two fireplaces and has also five windows.

The nave was separated from the aisles by an arcade of five bays. In the north aisle are four large buttresses; it is entirely owing to these buttresses that this wall is preserved. The south arcade and the wall of the south aisle fell in a storm on Christmas Eve 1852. The nave was lit by a row of clerestory windows and also three lights that formed the large west window.

A very remarkable feature is shown in the construction of the bell tower. The rules of the Order did not originally permit the erection of a tower, but this prohibition was later removed. In many other similar structures the original transept arches have been used to carry the walls of a tower, however in this case the old arches were not built upon, but new piers were built alongside the old, and new arches were formed at the nave and choir, and in this way the stability of the tower was secured. There were seven bells in the tower plan, indicated by the seven openings for the bell ropes to the ringing chamber through the vault carrying the floor of the tower. There was also a large opening square through which the bells were hoisted. The range of buildings east of the cloister garth and south of the church comprises the sacristy and an inner room opening off it. There is here a small apartment with a door giving access from the cloister walk. This apartment, which is usually found in monasteries of this Order, is sometimes described as a prison, but is more likely to have been the book store, a convenient place for keeping books to read in the cloisters. There were several more apartments southwards including the parlour and chapter room, and over the whole of this range the dormitories extended, approached by the night stairs in the south transept, and at the other end by the stairs in the passage at the south-east angle of the cloister enclosure.

In the southern range of buildings there is evidence of the position of the refectory by the indication of the reader's desk at one of the windows in south side wall. Although this range is not now divided by cross walls, it is likely that the eastern end was occupied by the calefactory, or warming house, and the western end by the butteries and kitchen. Excavation in the cloister garth has revealed the foundations of the lavabo, occupying the usual position near the door of the refectory.

Present day
Osborne Ichyngham's great-great-grandson, John, built Dunbrody Castle, a fortified house, but it was never fully completed. His daughter Jane, married Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall, and so the property came into the Chichester family. The premises has a visitor centre opened by the Earl of Belfast, with brochures from area tourist attractions and services, and a craft shop.

title: Dunbrody Abbey