text:
Talk:Radio Caroline

Summary
What exactly is radio caroline; a radio station? One? Daniel Christensen (talk) 05:08, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Have you actually read the article ? 86.112.254.192 (talk) 14:50, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

How did Radio Caroline make its money?
While it was a "pirate" station? Who advertised on it? Were the advertisers comfortable with the unlicensed nature of the station?

 * In the 60s, what they did wasn't illegal, so they ran adverts like any commercial station would do today. By the 80s this had all changed; the UK had introduced 2 different Acts and it was impossible to advertise British companies. I was able to pick up Caroline 558 a few times and I only ever heard an advert for one company, an international brand of (if I recall correctly) vitamin pills. I've read that the 1980s operation was funded by renting studio space and airtime to Dutch broadcasters and through broadcasting religous programmes. A rich backer may or may not have been involved, too. This is all off the top of my head, so it's not an encyclopedic answer, nor was I around in the 60s :) --kingboyk 14:05, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Caroline had various sources of income post 1967. A big one was being paid to carry religious programming during off-peak listening hours and/or on secondary frequencies. Payola (payments by record promotors to play their records) was another particularly in the 1967/68 period when Phillip Solomon (one of the directors) owned a small record company (Solomon and Pears/Major Minor Records) and a chain of record shops (Caroline Music). It was initially hoped that multinational companies would advertise on the station but most of the advertisments turned out to be for overseas mail order businesses. The biggest advertiser during the 1980's was an agent engaged in the legally dubious practice of reselling Canadian lottery tickets by mail order. Apparently quite a lucrative business before the establishment of the UK national lottery. Another trick was to run two stations (one in English and one in Dutch) from the one ship and subsidise the loss making English service from the profitable (even post 1974) Dutch one.
 * It does beg the question though how after 1974 the Dutch service could continue to operate profitably when post 1967 the English one couldnt 80.229.222.48 14:06, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Video
a video taken aboard the ship at the time by Nigel Harris is widely available

I would like to see this video. I can't find it. Can we have a link to it? The Wednesday Island 14:00, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Registration of ship
Radio Caroline claimed their broadcasts were legal as they took place in international waters from Panamanian registered vessels (Despite the registration being revoked in 1964 at the British Governments request and in 1987 due to them neglecting payment of registration fees). However surely to be legal the broadcasts would have needed a licence from the Panamanian Government ? Also (Given that the UK Government did prosecute Radio Scotland and most of the Fort based stations when they found them inadvertently broadcasting in British waters) how come nobody raided the ship after the Panamanian Govt revoked the registration in 1964 ? And was the Mi Amigo registered in any country during the 1972-80 period ? 213.40.227.50 (talk) 22:06, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Because the vessel was in international waters? --kingboyk (talk) 14:23, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Well it didnt stop them in Aug 1989 did it ? A ship in international waters can still be boarded:
 * 1) By the state to whom the ship is registered
 * 2) By another state with the permission of the state to whom the ship is registered
 * 3) By any state if the Ship is unregistered. (As was the case for much of the time with the Caroline ships)
 * 4) By a state at war with the state to whom the ship is registered
 * 5) Other limited circumstances (Suspicion of piracy, slave trafficking etc) 86.112.94.153 (talk) 21:47, 26 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The Dutch courts ruled the boarding illegal, Caroline received compensation, which almost ironically helped them to stay on the air. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deke42 (talk • contribs) 01:41, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The Dutch courts didnt do anything of the sort because the matter never reached the courts. The authorities eventually agreed to return the records and studio equipment on condition that a waiver was signed indemnifying their officers against any court action. There was a previous incident (c.1981) where they had boarded another radio ship (M.V. Magda Maria/Radio Paradijs) which WAS registered in Panama (although the ships papers weren’t in order) where the courts ruled the boarding unlawful. 2.221.93.93 (talk) 23:08, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

It must be remembered that the law, in all relevant countries (UK, Holland, Panama) changed between 1964 and 1991. I would not try to explain the actual state at anyone time - 'cos I dont know. It must also be accepted that even though laws were enacted, some weren't enforced until a certain set of conditions were in place. The would answer why UK and Holland left their actions until much later. --Keith 19:03, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

1989 raid
Dutch staff were arrested and taken back to the Netherlands...Although the British staff were not arrested and were left on the ship

Were any of the Dutch staff (or the individuals caught up in the raids on land in the days/weeks prior) ever actually charged and if so what was the outcome? 213.40.104.250 (talk) 00:50, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Not as far as I can recall, I think Caroline's case against the Dutch government probably held them up pending the outcome if indeed any of them were to actually be charged.
 * Given that a lot of Dutch people are also very fluent English speakers did any of the Dutch staff attempt to avoid arrect by pretending to be British (or Irish etc) ? 213.40.128.2 (talk) 13:42, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Again this is only my recall, but I believe the Dutch authorities knew roughly who they were after, and the British representatives with the raiders would certainly have been able to help in this regard. It would seem like a sensible course of action to take, I've never read anything to suggest that it happened, but thinking about it I'd lay odds that someone somewhere tried it on. :) --Deke42 (talk) 01:48, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * It was always normal practice for all staff on offshore stations to carry passports with them when travelling to/staying on the ship (as they were technically leaving the country) and in case of any issues with customs or immigration authorities on their return. Therefore the authorities would have had little problem conclusively establishing peoples nationality. A lot of the staff on the "English" Caroline service were actually Irish (as was the owner) which made it difficult for the UK authorities to act against them. Ironically Radio 819 (The Dutch language service thought to have been the main reason for the raid) was rumoured to have been in financial difficulty and probably wouldn't have lasted much longer although the Dutch authorities had been planning the action since late 1987. Most (all ?) of the staff on the ship on 19/8/1989 seem to have been unaware the vessels registration was not in order despite the fact being publicised in some trade journals as far back as May 1987. 2A00:23C7:70C:EF00:F96A:4019:D799:41A (talk) 19:08, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Role of James Murphy
However, the following day James Murphy, an investigator for the Office of Official Solicitor acting on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry, led colleagues and counterparts from the Netherlands Radio Regulatory Authority to carry out an armed raid on the Ross Revenge.

Is this an exaggeration of the role of Mr Murphy in the raid ? The operation was in the main carried out by the Dutch RCD (Radio Controle Dienst) backed up by the Dutch Navy/Police and with some assistance from the British authorities. Murphy was working for the British authorities and was therfore hardly "leading" the raiding party. His main role seems to have consisted to have attempting to question the "English" crewmembers on board the Ross Revenge having bluffed/exaggerated his legal powers/authority to do so. The person in charge of the RCD operation appears to have been a guy called Martin Roumen #. 86.112.254.192 (talk) 15:19, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The paragraph was misleading. In effect it said a British official led a group of Dutch PTT people, backed by the Dutch Navy, which resulted in the British staff walking free, and the Dutch staff being arrested.   I think you will find Murphy was an observer, and his attempts to get the British staff to incriminate themselves was decidely useless. Changing one word "led" to "joined", and clarifying by adding the word UK twice made the context correct --Keith 16:01, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Alleged Shortwave Interference
The interference on short wave, however, did exist; and several times Caroline was warned about this by officials and offshore-radio fans.[citation needed] I know this doesnt amount to a verifiable citation but for what its worth I can recall the issue being discussed (several months prior to the raid) on another Shortwave pirate station (WLR). Given the nature of the pirate radio community at the time It is highly likely that word would have made its way back to at least some of the people involved in Caroline. While quite a few bad decisions were made at various stages throughout the stations history for a ship based station to broadcast on a marine frequency must rank as one of the most difficult to comprehend. And while it is likely that the severity of this interference was probably exaggerated by the authorities (Nothing was done about it for over a year and even the RCD statements issued in the aftermath of the raid indicated it was only a secondary concern although the British authorities made more of an issue of it) It is hard to fathom why the station (or those responsible for the choice of frequency) played into the hands of those who wanted rid of it. 86.112.51.161 (talk) 22:29, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Radio Caroline Ltd
Can we please clean up the article Radio Caroline Ltd and move the onshore era stuff there, or merge the contents of that article back into this one? (Note we previously forked to Radio Caroline (onshore) but ended up with one article again for some time).

I suppose the important thing is: is there any connection between the current "Radio Caroline" and the old pirate station other than the name? --kingboyk (talk) 19:46, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

 * In answer to your two points:
 * 1) Yes you may. It was creatd by User:Fk27jh who tried to rewrite the station history, and as such is an orphaned article - it would be better deleted.  Apart from one link which you placed, no other article relates to it.  That will be removed shortly, as irrelevant.
 * 2) Please read article. Due to the legality of the station, no official/legal continuing connection may be traced from 1964 to 2010.  However Ronan O'Rahilly, as originator, although now getting on in years, is still connected and supports the operation.   --Keith 20:27, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I've read (and edited) the article many times but this question has always bugged me :) Do we have any documentary evidence of O'Rahilly's support or indeed any evidence other than the name that the modern day station is a successor to the offshore Caroline and not just branding? (see Team Lotus and Lotus Racing for an example of the latter :)). I'm not doubting your word or wanting to cause trouble but just wish to be clear that these two "Radio Caroline"s belong in the same article. Thanks again. --kingboyk (talk) 09:13, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not possible to prove any financial or legalistic continuity, as said above. However, it is also not feasible to prove seperate entities.   It can be said there is a distinct turning point at the time the operation became "legal", in the 1990's, when Pete Moore assumed overall control, but as can be seen from the stations own history, he has the backing of O'Rahilly.  See .--Keith 11:44, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Righto, I'll have a read of that some time. Hadn't realised there were links on that page! Some independent sources would be nice though. Thanks again. --kingboyk (talk) 14:24, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

The entire first section needs a revamp...
Why does the editor and author refuse to admit that the BBC music policies had as much to do with the creation of Radio Caroline as did the record company restrictions on Radio Luxembourg. I have tried to edit this into the first two lines but was censored. So much for Wikipedia accuracy!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ercjncpr (talk • contribs) 18:01, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

It is not a case of not accepting what you say - it's a case of what you are saying!!. The BBC Policy of the time (which extended after 1968) did not affect Radio Luxembourg, nor the other pirate stations that came on stream. What was more "relevant" was the policy of the record companies - hence the removal of the BBC comment which wasnt valid. Wikipedia acuracy has been restored! --Keith 20:39, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

I have tried repeatedly to wikify the first section of this article, but a 'nanny' user refuses to allow anyone else to make modifications. The entire first section is riddled with weasel words, POV issues, no citations, vague dates and awkward phrasing. My attempts to help clean up the article have been reverted. At this point I give up. If the nanny user "keith" wishes to have the article his way and no other, I don't care. I have pointed out there are issues in the article. -- Brian ( view my history )/( How am I doing? ) 06:18, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * This "nanny" does not like being reffered to as such, nor do I wish to have the article my own way. There are plenty of edits to disprove this innuendo.  What I do take exception to, is the unconstructive nature of his edits.  If he, Brian or bschott, cares to research the article and provide constructive input, then I wouldn't have any problem! --Keith 06:42, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have no idea about the factual accuracy or otherwise of the "Chronology" section, if that is the part of the article being discussed. But there are clearly issues in that section - a general lack of verifiable references, unencyclopedic wording, and formating issues such as the use of very short paragraphs and unnecessary bolding of words.  The section seems anomalous anyway - parts of it would be better in the Introduction, and other parts in the main text, perhaps with an additional timeline.  If more references were provided for that section, it would be easier to undertake proper copy-editing of the section, to everyone's satisfaction.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 08:30, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Ghmyrtle, I have no problem with anyone editing this article as long as the information that is there currently, or is subsequently placed there, is correct. Most of the "citation needed"'s placed by Bschott, were in fact covered by the references given at the bottom of the article. When you get down to the level of "citations" needed, I think a line needs to be drawn. If a comment is made about the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act, and is taken from a printed article that is already reasonably well cited, do we really need to provide the relevant citation here again. My problem against the edit done by Bschott is that it asked for all these and then complained on the tone (weasel words), without making "one" single contribution to the article. (It is almost irrelevant that in his revert, he removed valid informmation and corrections to the text). The online article (here) could actually be used for nearly every single "citation". This reference is actually used within the article already! It is bad enough when people openly opposed to what the station stands for, try rewriting history, quoting obviously dubious material, and mixing up the history of one station with another!! --Keith 10:22, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the problem relates to WP:CITE: "If a source supports a significant amount of the material in an article, it may sometimes be acceptable to simply add the citation at the end. It serves as a general reference, not linked to any particular part of the article. This is more likely to be appropriate for relatively undeveloped articles or those covering a very simple or narrow topic. Any material challenged or likely to be challenged requires an inline citation, as does contentious material about a living person" (my emphasis). Inline citations are clearer and more easily verifiable.  In any case, my comment on the "Chronology" section remains - is it intended as a summary of later sections, in which case it should be placed in the introduction, or is it a free-standing section, in which case it should be better referenced?  From an outsider's perspective, I must question the over-use of www.radiocaroline.co.uk - partly because it is clearly a commercial link, there may be conflict of interest issues, and more generally because it is always unwise to rely largely on a single source.  If some reliance is placed on that source, and if there are facts on which more than one interpretation can be placed, other (perhaps more independent} sources should be used as well.  I stress I'm not taking one side or another here - it's an interesting article, and it needs to be properly referenced and balanced.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:34, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Admittedly the use of a singular ref point may be of dubious value. However, much of what is contained in this article and the single source can be verified from other "printed material" references already used, and possibly a number of online sources which are now available. (Though it can be said that some of these are very personal POV's).  As said previously, if someone wishes to make a valid contribution then I havent a problem.  I do not have the time nor inclination to start going over the material I do have, (which are already listed in the references), to find the exact point and then place such as an "inline citation". (Its bad enough expending time and effort removing dubious material.)  Others are welcome to, but not just to punctuate the article with "citation needed" or "weasel words" - that is not a reasonable contribution! --Keith 07:46, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I understand the problem - but it seems to me that it's quite appropriate for other editors to ask for those sources to be spelled out in the text, with page references, per WP:CITE. If a point of accuracy is questioned, adding a tag is the right way forward (indeed, a "reasonable contribution") - and it seems to me that it is then up to the person who has access to the published sources to provide the detailed reference, including page numbers and so forth, or to provide other verifiable references.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:05, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Removal of random POV-check-section  template by unsourced IP Edit
I have removed a random  POV-check-section  posting from article on the grounds it has been placed by a single edit IP address. The location it was placed did state "felt by many", so didnt indicate it was a consensula opinion. Unconstructive IP edits of this sort are seen as vandalisim and as such will be removed. Constructive edits are welcomed. --Keith 10:48, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Removal of film connection comment
A line  Radio Caroline's popularity was enhanced by the recent film "The Boat that Rocked" (other titles were used in some countries) which was loosely based on its time as a pirate radio ship.  has been removed.
 * It is definitely a POV, as the film itself is, pardon the pun, thought to have sunk without further trace. What was initially a good idea, turned out to be an over hyped comedic parody of a number of incidents in the sixties.  The Caroline organisation gladly provided technical support for filming and initial promotion of the film, but subsequently it has been quietly forgotten.   A tale is that although only loosely based on the offshore pirate scene of the sixties, it was heavily re-edited for the US market --Keith 13:39, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Despite the fact that I keep screaming at her "It wasn't like that!! ... and that Incredible String Band album is really good!!!", my daughter thinks the film is "cool". Aarrgh!  Ghmyrtle (talk) 18:42, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The film while not a huge box office success hasnt exactly "sunk without further trace" either. DVD copies are widely available in Supermarkets and video shops in the UK (2010) 86.112.94.153 (talk) 21:41, 26 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The "sunk without trace" was a "topical" pun. Its appearance on DVD means nothing - it is common practice to have sold the DVD rights in a particular region, before the film is even completed production, flop or blockbuster.  No doubt it will appear on a TV channel, with multitudinous repeats,  in due course, as again it was probably pre-sold --Keith 21:54, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

NY Times story
The Crouch EDM efort is the subject of a story in today's NY Times. I didn't immediately see any new info. Perhaps a more expert editor would like to check? Wwwhatsup (talk) 20:02, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

The NYT story does not offer any new detail except possibly personal quotes from MP's supporting the EDM. The section of "our" article dealing with this EDM, has yet to be written. I am not "au fait" with the full details, but would not attempt anything with the outcome still awaiting. --Keith 21:02, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Canadian Pretender organsiation
Apparently in January 2011 an article appeared, no source given except Toronto, so presumed in some Canadian publication.

This laid claim that Radio Caroline does not continue as a station BUT acknowledges the existence of an operation in the UK.

A web site ([www.radiocaroline.org]} has appeared purporting to be a group behind a return to the air by the original Caroline.  This group has no connection with the people who run the current Caroline operation - which has connections going back to the originator, Ronan O'Rahilly, numerous staff members, and continuity.

Until the identity and intentions of the this "Canadian Pretender" are established, the article as it stands is accepted by most people as being correct. --Keith 22:16, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * For much of radio Caroline's history there were multiple factions both within and outside the organisation (a term which is something of a misnomer) which claimed that the station had at some point (none of them really agree on exactly when) had somehow drifted from its true purpose (none of them fully agree on exactly what) Most of these had their roots in disagreements over music policy, personality clashes and (after 1990) the decision (again a misnomer as it was something forced upon them by circumstance) to pursue a course as a landbased (or river-based) licenced broadcaster. A lot of folk insist anything other than an unlicensed ship offshore broadcaster can never the "true" radio Caroline even though all available evidence suggests such a thing would never be a legal, economic or practical feasibility in the 21st century. While some of them raise interesting questions about the manner in which the organisation (that misnomer again) was managed -particularly in its latter days at sea these are questions which have with the passage of time become pretty moot. 2A00:23C7:70C:EF00:F96A:4019:D799:41A (talk) 19:53, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

RadioCaroline.org
The website has an address in Vancouver which upon further checking reveals it is located in a hotel owned by the main investor in the 80s Radio Caroline - Nelson Skalbania. For research/reference purposes a link to the RadioCaroline.org would be useful. It seems odd to have a link to an unidentified "hoax" website Caroline1395.com and yet ignore the website of a main shareholder of the last offshore Caroline. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.180.18.219 (talk) 11:08, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

See this article. enough said --Keith 12:55, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Quote "Nelson Skalbania, a Canadian entrepreneur who owns everything from luxury hotels to hockey teams, as well as having the controlling stake in Radio Caroline" If that is the case why isn't his website (RadioCaroline.org) being listed in the links area ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.181.3.55 (talk) 12:29, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I understand Nelson Skalbania has not had any legal or financial connection to the Caroline organisation for over 25 years. He does not have a stake in the operation currently (that AMFM.org article was written 26 years ago.)  His Wikipedia profile does not show any relevant connections either (i.e. no broadcast, or European connections)

Radio Caroline is an English radio station, based in England, with a  (offshore) history  going back to 1964. It is now a LEGAL operation.

The Canadian website, whilst not admitting it, envisages an illegal operation. Please read, and explain how else it would operate in a regulated world. Also please can you indicate how the connection to Skalbania is made to the website, as no names are mentioned. --Keith 14:44, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

A lot of what is written on this radiocaroline.org site seems very similar to the radiocaroline.eu site that was up two or three years ago. If they are beyond question, why do they not even identify themselves? 86.155.104.167 (talk) 20:42, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Raison d'etre
The opening sentence reads: Radio Caroline is an English radio station founded in 1964 by Ronan O'Rahilly to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom" - I don't have a copy of the source ref but, surely, it wasn't the record companies who controlled broadcasting it was the BBC? Programming choices aside, the BBC itself suffered from the Musicians Union mandated 'needle-time' constraints. The labels did control Radio Luxembourg, but that wasn't technically a UK broadcaster. Wwwhatsup (talk) 06:48, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

You said "it wasn't the record companies who controlled broadcasting it was the BBC" - Correct - true, as to what you said. However, at that time, the record companies, via industry & trade bodies, ultimately controlled what amount of music was played (across the whole BBC Radio and TV), and, to this day, it still does through the payments made by all UK broadcasting companies. Needletime was severley restricted. There was of course "freedom" to play what they wanted within the limit, but you then have to think about what other stations (Radio Luxembourg and AFN were the only real choice) were playing, AND the payola scandal of the time. There is a massive difference between the broadcast scene then, now, here in the UK, and the US.

(There is also Ronan O'Rahilly, who used that phrase as the reason he set the station up)

--Keith 08:42, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Clean-up, copy-edit etc.
Hi all, I've been cleaning up this article and I'm hoping to get it to Good article standard eventually. I may require help in certain areas, especially post-1984 Caroline/Monique etc., as my main sources (Henry/von Joel, 1984 and Noakes, 1984) don't extend to this period. Otherwise I'll plug on with it. Cheers, Baffle gab1978 (talk) 20:50, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

suggestion .... Take information already in article, then read the history, as told by station ([here]). Then look for some Monique material???. There is a lot of POV stuff around which can be used when edited. Sorting out wood from chaff should be easy having already done the previous 30 years!!! lol - --Keith 21:38, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'll have a look there, although I'd rather avoid 'official' and amateur material. Sorting wheat from chaff is easy - telling fact from un-fact isn't when sources are limited. :-) Thanks again, Baffle gab1978 (talk) 04:00, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

MV Imagine Section
This section is bugging me as there is no reference material for it.

Firstly, I have shifted it from its previous location as it had nothing to do with the station - albeit it happened at the timepoint it appeared at. I moved it to the International section at the end.

I have searched hi/lo online for reference material on this item, and so far found nothing. There is also nothing in the books I have (but thats not extensive!!).

Finally I decided to look where it appeared first in these edits - 2003-10-15T04:00:26. The edit there does not mention a fraud case, or Wolfman Jack, but does mention MV Imagine and some legal problems

Since there was no connection with the station - just using the idea to defraud, and the possibility that the media company and Wolfman Jack were not actually involved, but had their names used as they were involved with the station, I feel it might be wise to remove it totally until some source material can be validated. --Keith 21:15, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, please remove it; I couldn't find any online material either, except that the Stuart Henry / Mike von Joel book says the Ross Revenge had been re-named 'Imagine' but doesn't mention a fraud. If references are later found it can always be added back. Cheers, Baffle gab1978 (talk) 03:19, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Done --Keith 06:12, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Radio Caroline New Zealand
There is a single reference for this. The station's size can be guessed by its website content, although other links predominately promote "Caroline" as part of the name. The station makes no reference on air to "Caroline". However, an overnight automated service inserts "Caroline" idents every x minutes. --Keith 08:46, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

The press report is incorrect and should not be used as a reliable source. The accurate situation is as presented in my modification to the Radio Caroline New Zealand section. How do I know ? I am the owner of the licence. (Mosmania (talk) 08:54, 14 September 2011 (UTC))

On a personal level, your assertion of ownership is not questioned. However, it is not an acceptable nor verifiable source for Wikipedia. Whilst I also see the quoted ODT article as being poor, that article and the other ref are the only generally available information I can find. It is noted the name Andrew Yeates was not mentioned in the article - only the spokesman for Puketapu, Lawrence McCraw, is named --14:42, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

Fake pirate DJ
Is this worth a brief mention anywhere? Paul MacDermott (talk) 13:48, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't know, but it is certainly very interesting! Thank you for linking to it, I wouldn't have found it otherwise. 2.31.164.13 (talk) 18:25, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/charter88archive/pubs/other/mcgann.html

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Planet Sales Ltd
Who are "Planet Sales Ltd" and how has this single-director/single-shareholder company come to own "Radio Caroline"? When and why did O'Rahilly's involvement end? (The Ross Revenge section suggests he was still involved - or possibly responsible for - the Ross Revenge era).

 * I'm still left with the same impression (possibly false) that I posted about many years ago, that the current onshore operation has nothing to do with the offshore station. It would be really nice if the narrative of the period following the grounding of the Ross through to becoming a legal station came about, with references. Surely this is documented now - e.g. in a book - given that the illegal operations are ancient history? Surely if O'Rahilly were still involved, he'd be a director as the operation is now legal? Questions, questions, and not enough of them are answered in this article :( --kingboyk (talk) 19:51, 23 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting now that 'Planet Sales Ltd' is now dissolved as at 13 October 2020 https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/11981692 46.208.99.238 (talk) 14:17, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Given that Ronan spent the last few years of his life in an Irish nursing home reportedly suffering from vascular dementia any notion that he may have been involved in a London based company founded in 2019 seem extremely fanciful ? 2A00:23C7:70C:EF00:705D:54A2:627F:BD4 (talk) 20:40, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

The present page needs to be deleted.
I spent some time alerting fellow editors to the problem with this page by writing a new introduction and removing some of the most obvious and glaring and unsupported rubbish. Then someone came along and simply reverted the new text to the old text.

This page is a classic example of why academia has warned students not to cite Wikipedia!

It is not that there are errors on this page, the entire page is an error. I am not exaggerating. To begin with, this page is influenced by a body of people who wish to create the impression that Radio Caroline began in 1964 on a ship, and over the following years it disappeared and reappeared on a variety of ships, satellites and now it is a UK licensed station affiliated to a charity. That synopsis is entirely false.

Radio Caroline came on the air in 1964 and it ended when its financial backers pulled out prior to the 1967 Marine Offences Act becoming law. Then amateurs took over and tried to continue but they ran out of money a few months later in March 1968 and that was it. No more Radio Caroline.

The backers who began it are not the ones cited, and even the financial details are a joke because none of that section is true at all.

The other entities that have used the eponymous name of Radio Caroline are all unrelated to the original.

However, I do not intend to waste my time by adding information only to have it removed in a blanket revision. The person who performed this switch asked no questions, and is asking no questions now, but seems to be quite content to allow the rubbish that is presently on this page to remain there, and thus confirm to everyone in academia that Wikipedia is a joke edited by people who either want to sell a fake story, or by people who love being able to write story-tales as a joke and then watch them being published by Wikipedia as fact.

I will leave it to the person who reverted the text, to make the first move now by asking his/her own questions regarding the present text and trying verify what is on the page. But it cannot be verified because it is untrue.

I await this for other person to spend some of their time investigating the present text on this page before I spend any more of my time on it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DEC3063 (talk • contribs) 16:31, 30 October 2021 (UTC)
 * , what are the sources that support your claims? Schazjmd   (talk)  22:06, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Why should I waste more of my time if you are not going to check-up and see if the fake claims made on the now reverted page are true? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DEC3063 (talk • contribs) 11:32, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You have made some bold claims about the veracity of the facts in this article. When challenged for sources, you huff and argue that we should do our own fact-checking. That's not really how things work here at Wikipedia. If you think the presented (and cited) facts are wrong, please present your evidence. Otherwise, the cited article as it stood before your intervention will be the preferred version. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 12:18, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment - I regularly listened to Radio Caroline in the 1970s. Therefore the claim that Radio Caroline ceased in 1968 is demonstrably false. Mjroots (talk) 13:54, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * All the photos of Ronan O'Rahilly in the 70s and 80s involved with Caroline ships and personnel must be fake too... if the demander-of-deletion is to be believed. 2.31.164.13 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:32, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

PLEASE DELETE THIS ENTIRE ARTICLE
This article lacks any foundation in fact and as originally written it cannot be supported by genuine academic sources. The first reference comes from a US newspaper long after the station came on the air and is a self-promotion for George Drummond who had no connection to Jocelyn Stevens and the creation of Radio Caroline in 1964. In fact, after the closure of Radio Caroline for good in 1968, George Drummond engaged in a criminal conspiracy involving theft for which he was arrested in Germany and brought back to the United Kingdom for trial and imprisonment. Drummond was eventually released and after inheriting some money from his mother he went to Barbados where he totally changed his name from George Drummond). The part played by Ronan O'Rahilly was on behalf of Jocelyn Stevens and O'Rahilly's father who was short of money and allowed the masts to be fitted on to the original two Caroline ships. The 'Jimmy' story comes from a novel and the Caroline name had absolutely nothing to do with the Kennedy family. That myth began in March 1965. The name came from fashion editor Beatrix Miller. The article is such a self-promoting item on behalf of self-publisher Paul Rusling who is selling books to make money, and Malcolm Smith who is using this story to give credibility to his own recently formed business and a charity for which he hopes to solicit Lottery money. Therefore the only solution is to delete this article and demand proof of connectivity in any new article that is submitted under this name. As it is, it supports the notion that Wikipedia cannot be relied upon for any academic purpose as a citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DEC3063 (talk • contribs) 12:24, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * And your reliable sources for these comments and allegations are....   ??   Ghmyrtle (talk) 12:59, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * PS: Of course, you are absolutely correct to say that "Wikipedia cannot be relied upon for any academic purpose as a citation".  That has always been true, per WP:CW.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 13:02, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You are asking for a negative to be proved as a positive or fiction to proved as fact. Either you have no interest in the truth of this matter because you have a vested interest in the commercial side of this article, or you enjoy causing trouble. Clearly you want the article to be left alone and I will. I have now proved once again that this subject (article) is toxic because too many people have an interest in preserving this myth, and that only goes to once again destroy any credibility that Wikipedia might be seeking as an institution. This article adds to its image as an unreliable source. If you have a change of mind I suggest you begin with the origins of the name and then move on to the origins of the 'Jimmy' myth. You should be able to find both without too much effort.DEC3063 (talk) 13:31, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * If you want the article changed, you need to provide reliable, published sources - rather than expecting other editors to assume that what you say is true, without providing any evidence. Ghmyrtle (talk) 13:34, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * For info, I have partially blocked from editing the article indefinitely. Mjroots (talk) 13:51, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You have essentially proved my point on two counts - (1) You accept that what is cited is true, and (b) you have no intention of bothering to discover whether it is true. You also avoided responding to my lengthy response above and so it is pointless repeating myself here. All of this suggests (not proves, but suggests) that you have a personal interest in this topic along with two individuals who are masterminding this deceit. The first is vanity publisher Paul Rusling who has a Wikipedia page and is promoting a book called 'The Radio Caroline Bible' which is in part the work of copyright theft and plagerism, and the other person is Malcolm Smith who hides behind the name of Peter Moore and who has filed false papers with Companies House in order to promote the myth that his new and tiny operation is linked to the original Radio Caroline of 1964. Unfortunately both these individuals know that is not worth the money to go after them in court because they do not have any worthwhile assets. However, this article as original written which should be deleted immediately is in furtherance of these financial ambitions of these two individuals. If you are genuinely neutral then delete the article and demand strict and credible sourcing proof for any new article. But I am not going to war with you because so far you have not demonstrated the open mind of a scholar who is seeking the truth of the matter, but hinting that you might have something to gain by this hoax remaining on Wikipedia. Your move next because I won't be on Wikipedia to respond. DEC3063 (talk) 14:15, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * What I have done is to prevent disruptive edit warring to the article. We are not interested in "the truth". What we are interested in is what can be verified by reliable sources. if you leave Wikipedia that is your decision. I'm pretty sure we'll manage just fine without you. Mjroots (talk) 14:21, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * (e/c)  I'd never heard of Paul Rusling - for what it's worth, I think his article should be deleted.  You need to read WP:TRUTH.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:23, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Raised at WP:AN, proposed for a speedy under G11. Mjroots (talk) 15:42, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Paul Rusling doesn't really qualify for speedy deletion under G11 because a) it's not blatantly promotional; and b) it's a very old article. I would recommend taking to WP:AFD if that's the direction you think it needs to go. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 16:11, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

George Drummond
The lede previously had a citation to this archived 1966 Daytona Beach newspaper article, which refers to George Drummond as "one of the four directors of Radio Caroline". Drummond's name doesn't appear anywhere else in our article so, whatever his involvement may or not have been, it doesn't seem appropriate to either name him, or use the citation, in the opening sentence. Ghmyrtle (talk) 07:41, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Radio Caroline North
Radio Caroline North. Read about this on https://mediumwave.info/2023/01/27/united-kingdom-241/ 82.170.17.19 (talk) 15:40, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Grammar corrected keeps getting changed back
What moron keeps changing back the poor grammar i keep corecting? like no space between Mi Amigo and sinks. And MiAmigorescued. 86.19.163.39 (talk) 06:25, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This seems to be a technical problem affecting markup in some browsers. See Village_pump_(technical). The headers were actually correct before you "fixed" them, and display correctly for me. The issue is being fixed at source, so I'll revert your well-meant changes. Jean-de-Nivelle (talk) 07:31, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I’ve tried 3 different mobile browsers including safari and it looks wrong on all of them! 86.19.163.39 (talk) 08:28, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm using Google Chrome (Windows 7) and the headers display correctly. It's a problem that needs to fixed at source though, so please leave the wikitext alone for now, and the Tech crew will deal with it. It's clearly affecting many pages. Jean-de-Nivelle (talk) 08:54, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * According to Village_pump_(technical), this problem should be fixed today. —Bruce1eetalk 09:05, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radio Caroline


text:
Michael Mauldin (producer)

Michael Thomas Mauldin (born October 30, 1953) is an American media proprietor, talent manager and record executive. He is former President of Columbia Records' Black Music Division and former Senior Vice President of Columbia Records Group, and is the father of So So Def Recordings label founder Jermaine Dupri. He founded Mauldin Brand AC/VC in 2019, and launched the Black American Music Association in 2018, a 501(c)(6) trade association for which he also serves as chairman. He is also the Managing Director for 2475 AtVille Entertainment, the owner of Air Control Music publishing, and the founder of Scream Nation, a concert tour launched in 2013 as a joint venture with Live Nation, which is known for its "Scream Tour."

In 1993, Mauldin helped Jermaine Dupri (his then 19-year-old son) establish the label and was instrumental in helping Dupri and its artists achieve worldwide success. Mauldin served as executive producer for albums including JE Heartbreak II by Jagged Edge, Timeless, Uncovered/Covered, and Things That Lovers Do by Kenny Lattimore & Chante' Moore, Comin' from Where I'm From: Live & More by Anthony Hamilton, Beware of Dog (album), Doggy Bag, and Heartthrobs Live by Bow Wow, Jump/Lil Boys in Da Hood by Kris Kross, Off the Hook by Xscape, 12 Soulful Nights of Christmas, and Like Mike (soundtrack). In 2020, he served as an executive producer for Amplified; a digital entertainment show addressing the state of Black American Music; its foundation, preservation and innovation.

Early life
Born and raised in Murphy, North Carolina, Mauldin later left Murphy for Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 20.

Career
Beginning in 1976, Mauldin was a roadie for the disco, jazz, funk band "Brick". He later helmed a successful tour production & management business, with acts & clients including Cameo, The S.O.S. Band, Sister Sledge, The Reddings, Earth, Wind & Fire, Anita Baker, The original "New York City Fresh Fest", Luther Vandross. and more.

As President of Columbia Records, Mauldin directed the early careers of "Destiny's Child" (adding "Child" to be used in their stage name) and "Alicia Keys" (adding "Keys" to Alicia's stage name). Mauldin oversaw numerous multi-platinum releases from artists including Maxwell, Fugees, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean, Nas, Men In Black soundtrack, Love Jones soundtrack and more.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Mauldin (producer)


text:
Flagellin

Flagellins are a family of proteins present in flagellated bacteria which arrange themselves in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. Flagellin has a mass on average of about 40,000 daltons. Flagellins are the principal component of bacterial flagella that have a crucial role in bacterial motility.

The gene that encodes for flagellin has a different name in different bacterial species such as flaA (Helicobacter pylori for example), fliC, fljB.

Structure
The structure of flagellin is responsible for the helical shape of the flagellar filament, which is important for its proper function. It is transported through the center of the filament to the tip where it polymerases spontaneously into a part of the filament. In E. coli it is unfolded by the flagellar secretion chaperone FliS during transport. The filament is made up of eleven smaller "protofilaments", nine of which contains flagellin in the L-type shape and the other two in the R-type shape.

The helical N- and C-termini of flagellin form the inner core of the flagellin protein, and is responsible for flagellin's ability to polymerize into a filament. The middle residues make up the outer surface of the flagellar filament. While the termini of the protein are quite similar among all bacterial flagellins, the middle portion is wildly variable and can be absent in some species. The flagellin domains are numbered from the helical core (D0/D1) to the outside (D2, ...); when viewed from the amino-acid sequence, D0/D1 appears on the two termini. Flagellin-like structural proteins are found in other portions of the flagellum, such as the hook (flgE; ), the rod at the base, and the cap at the top.

The middle part of  E. coli (and related) flagellin, D3, displays a beta-folium fold and appears to maintain flagellar stability.

In mammals
Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses) to flagellated bacterium, which occur frequently to flagellar antigens. Flagellin has also been shown to directly interact with TLR5 on T cells and TLR11. Some bacteria are able to switch between multiple flagellin genes in order to evade this response.

Flagellins contain a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) epitope, a region recognized by the immune receptor TLR5. There are variations in the strength of flagellin binding and its ability to activate TLR5. Flagellins can be classified into three groups based on these characteristics: silent flagellins, evaders and stimulators. Silent flagellins bind to TLR5 but do not induce signaling. Evaders are incapable of binding and, consequently, do not trigger TLR5 activation. Stimulators exhibit variable binding capabilities to TLR5 yet possess the ability to activate TLR5.

The propensity of the immune response to flagellin may be explained by two facts:

 * Flagellin is an extremely abundant protein in flagellated bacteria.
 * There exists a specific innate immune receptor that recognizes flagellin, Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5).

In plants
In addition, a 22-amino acid sequence (flg22) of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin is known to activate plant defence mechanisms. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis thaliana functions via the receptor-like-kinase FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2). Upon flg22 detection, FLS2 quickly binds to BAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1) to initiate signalling by reciprocal transphosphorylation of their kinase domains. Both flagellin and UV-C act similarly to increase homologous recombination, as demonstrated by Molinier et al 2006. Beyond this somatic effect, they found this to extend to subsequent generations of the plant. Mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (MAPK) acts as downstream signalling compounds, leading ultimately to PAMP-triggered immunity in which more than 900 genes are up-/down-regulated upon flg22 treatment.

Pre-stimulation with a synthetic flg22-peptide led to enhanced resistance against bacterial invaders.

title: Flagellin


text:
User talk:Mean Mr Mustard

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 03:33, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mean Mr Mustard


text:
Raduga

Raduga (Радуга:'rainbow') can refer to :

 * MKB Raduga, a Russian maker of missile systems formerly known as OKB Raduga
 * VBK-Raduga, an uncrewed reentry capsule used to return material from the Russian Mir space station
 * Raduga (satellite), a series of Russian communications satellites
 * Raduga Publishers, a publishing house of the Soviet Union
 * Rainbow (1944 film), a 1944 film directed by Mark Donskoy
 * Raduga (radio), a Russian-language music radio station in Lithuania
 * Raduga (nuclear test) a Soviet nuclear test

title: Raduga


text:
Thermogenin

Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in babies which would otherwise occur due to their high surface area-volume ratio.

Mechanism
UCP1 belongs to the UCP family which are transmembrane proteins that decrease the proton gradient generated in oxidative phosphorylation. They do this by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing protons that have been pumped into the intermembrane space to return to the mitochondrial matrix and hence dissipating the proton gradient. UCP1-mediated heat generation in brown fat uncouples the respiratory chain, allowing for fast substrate oxidation with a low rate of ATP production. UCP1 is related to other mitochondrial metabolite transporters such as the adenine nucleotide translocator, a proton channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane that permits the translocation of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1 is restricted to brown adipose tissue, where it provides a mechanism for the enormous heat-generating capacity of the tissue.

UCP1 is activated in the brown fat cell by fatty acids and inhibited by nucleotides. Fatty acids are released by the following signaling cascade: Sympathetic nervous system terminals release Norepinephrine onto a Beta-3 adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. This activates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, causing its active C subunits to be freed from its regulatory R subunits. Active protein kinase A, in turn, phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase, thereby activating it. The lipase converts triacylglycerols into free fatty acids, which activate UCP1, overriding the inhibition caused by purine nucleotides (GDP and ADP). During the termination of thermogenesis, thermogenin is inactivated and residual fatty acids are disposed of through oxidation, allowing the cell to resume its normal energy-conserving state.

UCP1 is very similar to the ATP/ADP Carrier protein, or Adenine Nucleotide Translocator (ANT). The proposed alternating access model for UCP1 is based on the similar ANT mechanism. The substrate comes in to the half open UCP1 protein from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, the protein closes the cytoplasmic side so the substrate is enclosed in the protein, and then the matrix side of the protein opens, allowing the substrate to be released into the mitochondrial matrix. The opening and closing of the protein is accomplished by the tightening and loosening of salt bridges at the membrane surface of the protein. Substantiation for this modelling of UCP1 on ANT is found in the many conserved residues between the two proteins that are actively involved in the transportation of substrate across the membrane. Both proteins are integral membrane proteins, localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and they have a similar pattern of salt bridges, proline residues, and hydrophobic or aromatic amino acids that can close or open when in the cytoplasmic or matrix state.

Structure
The atomic structure of human uncoupling protein 1 UCP1 has been solved by cryogenic-electron microscopy. The structure has the typical fold of a member of the SLC25 family. UCP1 is locked in a cytoplasmic-open state by guanosine triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner, preventing proton leak.

Evolution
UCP1 is expressed in brown adipose tissue, which is functionally found only in eutherians. The UCP1, or thermogenin, gene likely arose in an ancestor of modern vertebrates, but did not initially allow for our vertebrate ancestor to use non-shivering thermogenesis for warmth. It wasn't until heat generation was adaptively selected for in placental mammal descendants of this common ancestor that UCP1 evolved its current function in brown adipose tissue to provide additional warmth. While UCP1 plays a key thermogenic role in wide range placental mammals, particularly those with small body size and those that hibernate, the UCP1 gene has lost functionality in several large-bodied lineages (e.g. horses, elephants, sea cows, whales and hyraxes) and lineages with low metabolic rates (e.g. pangolins, armadillos, sloths and anteaters). Recent discoveries of non-heat-generating orthologues of UCP1 in fish and marsupials, other descendants of the ancestor of modern vertebrates, show that this gene was passed on to all modern vertebrates, but aside from placental mammals, none have heat producing capability. This further suggests that UCP1 had a different original purpose and in fact phylogenetic and sequence analyses indicate that UCP1 is likely a mutated form of a dicarboxylate carrier protein that adapted for thermogenesis in placental mammals.

History
Researchers in the 1960s investigating brown adipose tissue, found that in addition to producing more heat than typical of other tissues, brown adipose tissue seemed to short circuit, or uncouple, respiration coupling. Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1976 by David G. Nicholls, Vibeke Bernson, and Gillian Heaton, and the discovery was published in 1978 and shown to be the protein responsible for this uncoupling effect. UCP1 was later purified for the first time in 1980 and was first cloned in 1988.

Uncoupling protein two (UCP2), a homolog of UCP1, was identified in 1997. UCP2 localizes to a wide variety of tissues, and is thought to be involved in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the past decade, three additional homologs of UCP1 have been identified, including UCP3, UCP4, and UCP5 (also known as BMCP1 or SLC25A14).

Clinical relevance
Methods of delivering UCP1 to cells by gene transfer therapy or methods of its upregulation have been an important line of enquiry in research into the treatment of obesity, due to their ability to dissipate excess metabolic stores.

title: Thermogenin


text:
Sinbad of the Seven Seas

Sinbad of the Seven Seas is a 1989 Italian fantasy film produced and directed by Enzo G. Castellari from a story by Luigi Cozzi, revolving around the adventures of Sinbad the Sailor. Sinbad must recover five magical stones to free the city of Basra from the evil spell cast by a wizard, which his journey takes him to mysterious islands and he must battle magical creatures in order to save the world.

Plot
The film is narrated by a mother who tells her daughter a bedtime story from a large book: In the city of Basra, the evil vizier Jaffar has clouded the caliph's mind and imprisoned his daughter, Princess Alina in order to marry her. Jaffar has four of the town's five sacred gems sent to dangerous and evil places where they will be carefully guarded by magical forces. Sinbad and his crew arrive at the caliph's palace, only to be captured by the hypnotised soldiers. Jaffar sentences Sinbad's crew to the torture chamber while the mighty sailor is to be locked in a pit full of snakes. Sinbad gets out of the snake pit using some snakes tied together into a rope and later rescues his companions from the torture chamber. As they flee the controlled Basra, Jaffar grants power from evil forces to help him kill Sinbad, this summons an evil cloud over Sinbad's ship and the Legions of Darkness, undead warriors. Together with the help of his friends, Sinbad manages to defeat the undead and the leader.

Sinbad then heads to a mysterious island to seek the help of a wise Oracle, who tells them the location of the four sacred gems of Basra. Then, he sails to an island and finds the gem by himself, he destroys a towering rock monster and retrieves the gem. Jaffar is joined by another ally, Soukra, a sorceress, and they prepare Jaffar's scheming plan. The second gem is on the island of the Amazons, the Amazons hypnotise Sinbad's crew and their leader, Queen Farida takes Sinbad with her. The Bald Cook and Poochie the dwarf save Sinbad, and he retrieves the second gem, the Queen's necklace. Next, Sinbad and his team head to the Isle of the Dead, where they battle Ghost Knights who have risen from the dead to fulfill their destiny. Sinbad goes for the Ghost King while his companions battle the Knights. Jaffar casts Sinbad's ship and his crew in the middle of the sea, leaving the sailor alone on the Isle of the Dead. Jaffar gives life to the Ghost King using his evil powers, and it weakens Sinbad, but he resists and destroys the Ghost King with his own sword and takes the third sacred gem.

Later, Sinbad meets Kira, and her father, Nadir the wizard, two survivors on the Isle of the Dead who came there on a flying balloon. Sinbad agrees to help them get rid of the vicious monsters of the island and is aided by Kira, they encounter a group of ghouls, Sinbad fights them, but they capture Kira. Sinbad rescues Kira, but has to face a terrible monster known as the Lord of Darkness, which is able to fire bolts of energy from its wrists guarding the last sacred gem of Basra, Sinbad defeats the evil creature with the gems he has and retrieves the last one and they, along with Nadir, escape the island on a balloon.

Sinbad meets up with his companions and they go off to face Jaffar, Sinbad's men face off with the soldiers while Sinbad battles Jaffar. The wizard creates an exact Sinbad clone to battle the sailor, but he manages to defeat it. Eventually, Jaffar is captured by Sinbad and Princess Alina is rescued. Peace has been restored to the world with the sacred gems.

Production
Sinbad of the Seven Seas claims to be based on Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade," though no similarity can be found between its plot and the story. It borrows some elements and characters from the 1940 version of The Thief of Bagdad. The film was made with a largely Italian cast and crew. Like most Italian movies, it was filmed on location without sound equipment and all dialogue and sound effects were dubbed later.

Screenwriter Luigi Cozzi was originally going to direct the film back in 1986 but he was replaced at the last minute by the producers with Enzo G. Castellari. Castellari changed Cozzi's script drastically and several million dollars later, wound up submitting three hours of non-releasable footage to the producer, who shelved the whole project. In 1989, Cozzi was hired back to try to fix up the picture via re-editing and shooting additional scenes, the producer spending an additional half million dollars finishing it.

Reception and legacy
The film's low production values, over-the-top acting, and inept plot have made it a cult favorite among those who enjoy bad cinema for its unintentional humor. Lou Ferrigno has stated during an interview that Sinbad of the Seven Seas was one of his favourite films he made.

The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.

title: Sinbad of the Seven Seas


text:
Waltham

Waltham may refer to:

Business

 * Waltham Watch Company, American watch manufacturer, pioneer in the industrialisation of the manufacturing of watch movements
 * The Waltham system, industrial efficiency system

Music

 * Waltham (band), American rock band

Canada

 * Waltham, Quebec

England

 * Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire
 * Great Waltham, Essex
 * Little Waltham, nearby
 * London Borough of Waltham Forest
 * including Walthamstow
 * that includes Walthamstow Village
 * Waltham, Kent
 * Waltham, Lincolnshire
 * New Waltham, nearby
 * Waltham Abbey, Essex, the town
 * taking its name from Waltham Abbey (abbey)
 * Waltham Bury, Essex
 * Waltham Chase, Hampshire
 * Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire
 * Waltham Holy Cross Urban District, a former urban district in Essex
 * Waltham (hundred), a former hundred in Essex
 * Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire
 * Waltham transmitting station, nearby
 * Waltham St Lawrence, a small village in Berkshire
 * White Waltham, a village in Berkshire

New Zealand

 * Waltham, New Zealand

United States

 * Waltham, Maine
 * Waltham, Massachusetts, home of Bentley University and Brandeis University
 * Waltham, Minnesota
 * Waltham, Vermont
 * Waltham Township, Minnesota

Transportation

 * Waltham (automobile), a defunct automobile manufacturer
 * Waltham station, a railroad station in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
 * Waltham railway station (England), a former station in Waltham, Lincolnshire, England
 * Waltham Cross railway station, in Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, England
 * Waltham-on-the-Wolds railway station, a former station in Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, England

title: Waltham


text:
Tea Tree Gully, South Australia

Tea Tree Gully (TTG) is a suburb in the greater Adelaide, South Australia area, under the City of Tea Tree Gully. Tea Tree Gully is in the City of Tea Tree Gully local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Newland and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Makin.

History
The suburb acquired its name from the white flowered 'tea trees' (Leptospermum lanigerum) that grew in the gully. Their leaves were brewed as a tea substitute by early settlers. John Stevens originally purchased land in the area, subdividing it in 1850 and naming the settlement Steventon. By 1867 the settlement was known variously as Tea Tree Gully or Steventon, but Steventon had dropped from common usage by 1900. It was also sometimes known as "Teatree Gully".

Steventon Post Office opened around January 1859, was renamed Tea Tree Gully in 1872, Teatree Gully in 1925, Tea Tree Gully again in 1966 and St Agnes in 1969.

The gully is a notable one, as it provided a gradient negotiable by bullock wagons travelling through the Mount Lofty Ranges and it had permanent springs which promoted the growth of tea tree.

The historic Highercombe Hotel in Perseverance Road and the Old Tea Tree Gully Council Chambers in Haines Road are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

Highercombe Hotel
The Highercombe Hotel was built in 1854. Its first licensee was William Haines, who served as District Clerk of Tea Tree Gully council for 37 years and Member of Parliament for 6 years. The State Government purchased the building in 1879 and it was used from 1880 to 1963 as a post and telegraph office. During this period part of the building was used as a school classroom, and accommodation for Headmasters' and the Postmasters' families. From 1963 to 1967 the Tea Tree Gully Council used it as an office and library. The National Trust took over the building in 1967 and their Tea Tree Gully branch restored it and converted it to a heritage museum.

title: Tea Tree Gully, South Australia


text:
Trapper (disambiguation)

A trapper is a person who engages in animal trapping.

Trapper may also refer to:

Places

 * Trapper Lake (disambiguation), several lakes
 * Trapper Mountain, Washington, United States
 * Trapper Peak (Canada), a mountain in the Waputik Range, on the border between Alberta and British Columbia
 * Trapper Peak (Montana), United States, a mountain in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area

Fictional characters

 * Trapper (Dungeons & Dragons), monster type found in some fantasy role-playing games
 * Trapper John McIntyre, a character in the M*A*S*H franchise

Sports

 * Trapper (ice hockey), goaltending equipment
 * Tilburg Trappers, a Dutch hockey team
 * Edmonton Trappers, a Canadian former minor league baseball team
 * Fitchburg Trappers, a defunct American minor league ice hockey team
 * Salt Lake City Trappers, an short-lived American former minor league baseball team
 * Trapper, the mascot for Fort Vancouver High School, Vancouver, Washington

Other uses

 * Chris Trapper (born 1971), American songwriter
 * Trapper Nelson (1909–1968), American trapper, hunter and founder of a zoo in Florida
 * Trapper Schoepp, American singer-songwriter
 * Coal trapper, a person who operates a trap door in a coal mine
 * Trapper hat, a fur hat similar to an ushanka
 * Trapper, a slang term for a person who partakes in the illegal drug trade
 * Trapper, a pattern of pocketknife
 * Trapper, file folder storable in a Trapper Keeper

title: Trapper (disambiguation)


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Glory (1989 film)

Glory is a 1989 American historical war drama film directed by Edward Zwick about the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the Union Army's earliest African-American regiments in the American Civil War. It stars Matthew Broderick as Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the regiment's commanding officer, and Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes, and Morgan Freeman as fictional members of the 54th. The screenplay by Kevin Jarre was based on the books Lay This Laurel (1973) by Lincoln Kirstein and One Gallant Rush (1965) by Peter Burchard and the personal letters of Shaw. The film depicts the soldiers of the 54th from the formation of their regiment to their heroic actions at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner.

Glory was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions, and distributed by Tri-Star Pictures in the United States. It premiered in limited release in the United States on December 15, 1989, and in wide release on February 16, 1990, grossing $27 million worldwide on an $18 million budget. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three, including Best Supporting Actor for Washington. It also won awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the Golden Globe Awards, the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, the Political Film Society, and the NAACP Image Awards.

Plot
After being wounded at Antietam, Captain Robert Gould Shaw is sent home to Boston on medical leave. His well-connected father obtains for him a promotion to colonel of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the first all-black regiments in the Union Army. Shaw appoints his friend and fellow soldier Cabot Forbes as his second-in-command. Their first volunteer is Thomas Searles, a bookish, free African-American who works as the Shaw family's secretary. Other recruits include John Rawlins, Jupiter Sharts, Silas Trip, and a mute teenage drummer boy whom Rawlins refers to as "Honey".

The men learn that in response to the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy has issued an order that captured black men are to be returned to slavery. Black soldiers found wearing uniforms will be executed as well as their white officers. Shaw offers honorable discharges to any man who does not want to fight, but no one takes his offer. The men undergo rigorous training from Sergeant-Major Mulcahy, who is particularly hard on Searles. Despite Mulcahy's treatment of his friend and the abuse he inflicts on the other recruits, Shaw reluctantly accepts that tough discipline is needed to prepare them for the coming challenges the regiment must face.

Trip deserts and is caught, and Shaw orders him flogged in front of the regiment. He then learns that Trip left to find proper shoes because his men are being denied these supplies. Shaw confronts the base's racist quartermaster on their behalf and gets the supplies. He also supports his men in a pay dispute; the federal government decrees that black soldiers will only be paid $10, not the $13 per month all white soldiers receive. When the men, led by Trip, begin tearing up their pay vouchers in protest of this unequal treatment, Shaw tears up his own voucher and declares that none of the white officers will accept pay. In recognition of the leadership he has displayed, Rawlins is promoted to the rank of sergeant major.

Once the 54th completes its training, the unit is transferred to serve under the command of Brigadier General Charles Harker. On their first mission, the 54th is ordered by Colonel James Montgomery to sack and burn Darien, Georgia with Montgomery's own poorly disciplined black soldiers. Shaw initially refuses to obey an unlawful order but reluctantly agrees under threat of facing a court-martial and being relieved of his command.

Shaw continues to lobby his superiors to allow his regiment to fight after weeks of having nothing to do but backbreaking manual labor, finally getting the 54th a combat assignment after blackmailing Harker and Montgomery by threatening to inform the War Department of their involvement in illegal profiteering. In its first battle at James Island, South Carolina, the 54th successfully repels a Confederate attack that had routed other units. During the battle, Searles is wounded but saves Trip from being stabbed in the back. Shaw offers Trip the honor of bearing the regimental flag in battle. He declines, unsure if winning the war would result in a better life for ex-slaves like himself.

General George Strong informs Shaw along with his fellow commanders of a major campaign to secure a foothold at Charleston Harbor. This involves assaulting Morris Island and capturing Fort Wagner, whose only landward approach is a strip of open beach; a charge is certain to result in heavy casualties. Shaw volunteers the 54th to lead the attack. The night before the battle, the black soldiers conduct a religious service. Several make emotional speeches, including Trip, who finally embraces his fellow soldiers. On its way to the battlefield, the 54th is cheered by the same Union troops who had scorned them earlier.

The 54th leads the charge on the fort at dusk, suffering serious losses. As night falls, the regiment is pinned down against the fort's walls. Attempting to encourage his men forward, Shaw is struck by several bullets and killed. Trip, despite his previous assertion that he would not do it, lifts the flag and tries to rally the men before he himself is shot dead. Forbes and Rawlins take charge, and the soldiers break through the fort's outer defenses. Seemingly on the brink of victory, the 54th realize that the enemy has cannons pointed directly at them. The morning after the battle the Confederate flag is raised again over the fort. The beach is littered with the bodies of black and white Union soldiers; they are buried in a mass grave, with Shaw's and Trip's bodies next to each other.

A textual epilogue reveals that the regiment lost over half its number during the assault and that Fort Wagner never fell to the Union Army. However, the courage demonstrated by the 54th spurred Congress to authorize the raising of black soldiers throughout the Union. Over 180,000 volunteered and President Abraham Lincoln credited them with helping to turn the tide of the war.

Cast

 * Matthew Broderick as Colonel Robert Gould Shaw
 * Denzel Washington as Private Silas Trip
 * Cary Elwes as Major Cabot Forbes
 * Morgan Freeman as Sergeant Major John Rawlins
 * Andre Braugher as Corporal Thomas Searles
 * Jihmi Kennedy as Private Jupiter Sharts
 * Cliff DeYoung as Colonel James Montgomery
 * Alan North as Governor John Albion Andrew
 * John Finn as Sergeant Major Mulcahy
 * Mark Margolis as 10th Connecticut Soldier
 * RonReaco Lee as Mute Drummer Boy
 * Donovan Leitch as Captain Charles Fessenden Morse
 * Bob Gunton as General Charles Garrison Harker
 * Jay O. Sanders as General George Crockett Strong
 * Raymond St. Jacques as Frederick Douglass
 * Richard Riehle as Quartermaster
 * JD Cullum as Henry Sturgis Russell
 * Christian Baskous as Edward L. Pierce
 * Peter Michael Goetz as Francis Shaw
 * Jane Alexander as Sarah Blake Sturgis Shaw (uncredited)

Development and script
The title of the film recalls the "glory" for which the July 28, 1863, edition of the weekly Columbus Enquirer reported that First-Sergeant Robert John Simmons, mortally wounded at Battery Wagner, came to fight (Simmons himself wrote, in an account of the Battle of Grimball's Landing that was published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863: "God has protected me through this, my first fiery, leaden trial, and I do give Him the glory").

Lincoln Kirstein had first approached Lloyd Fonvielle to write the script. Fonvielle was too in awe of Kirstein to collaborate effectively with him and introduced Kirstein to his friend, Kevin Jarre, who had worked on Rambo: First Blood Part II; they were originally going to write the script together, but Fonvielle got tied up in another project, leaving Jarre to write the script on his own.

A Civil War buff since he was a child, Jarre met with Kirstein and talked about the 54th. As Jarre stated: "Lincoln’s interest was deeper. It related to his whole philosophy about surrendering yourself to something bigger, some larger cause. He’d always wanted to make a movie about the 54th".

Jarre's inspiration for writing the film came from viewing the monument to Colonel Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in Boston Common. His screenplay was based on several sources, including the books Brave Black Regiment - History of the fifty-forth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (1891) by the 54th's Captain Luis F. Emilio, Lincoln Kirstein's Lay This Laurel (1973), and Peter Burchard's One Gallant Rush (1965), as well as the personal letters of Robert Gould Shaw.

Jarre moved into Room 421 at the Gramercy Park Hotel and worked around the clock, writing the script in a few weeks on spec.

Kirstein showed the script to producer James Ivory of Merchant Ivory Productions. Ivory liked the script but wanted Ruth Prawer Jhabvala to give it a rewrite. According to Fonvielle, Kirstein then got up, shook Ivory’s hand warmly, pulled him to his feet, said, “Jim, thanks so much for coming down,” and ushered him out the front door.

The script was then sent to director Bruce Beresford, who committed to do it and brought in producer Freddie Fields, who then set up a deal at Columbia Pictures. , but when David Puttnam left Columbia, pre-production had stopped. Beresford left the project, and Fields then took the script to Tri-Star. The studio agreed to do the film and hired Edward Zwick as director.

Filming
Exterior filming took place primarily in Massachusetts and Georgia. The culminating battle scene of Fort Wagner was filmed on the beaches of Jekyll Island, GA. Opening scenes meant to portray the Battle of Antietam show volunteer military reenactors filmed at a major engagement at the Gettysburg battlefield. The scenes depicting the Battle of Grimball's Landing were filmed at Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park. Later in the war, the 54th Massachusetts did fight at the this battle, but it is not depicted in the movie. Zwick did not want to turn Glory "into a black story with a more commercially convenient white hero". Actor Morgan Freeman noted: "We didn't want this film to fall under that shadow. This is a picture about the 54th Regiment, not Colonel Shaw, but at the same time the two are inseparable". Zwick hired the writer Shelby Foote as a technical adviser. Foote later became widely known for his contributions to Ken Burns' PBS nine-episode documentary, The Civil War (1990).

Glory was the first major motion picture to tell the story of black U.S. soldiers fighting for their freedom from slavery during the Civil War. The 1965 James Stewart film Shenandoah also depicted black soldiers fighting for the Union, but the script suggested the Union army at that time was integrated.

On February 16, 1989, the body of a middle-aged man was discovered on the film's set in Savannah, about a day after his death. Described as having a Middle Eastern appearance, with no apparent signs of suffering a violent death, he was never positively identified.

Music
Glory's original motion picture soundtrack was released by Virgin Records on January 11, 1990. The score for the film was composed and orchestrated by James Horner in association with the Boys Choir of Harlem. Jim Henrikson edited the film's music, while Shawn Murphy mixed the score.

Monograph
A nonfiction study of the regiment first appeared in 1965 and was republished in paperback in January 1990 by St. Martin's Press under the title One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment. The book, by Peter Burchard, expands on how the 54th Massachusetts developed as battle-ready soldiers. Summarizing the historical events, the book provides events surrounding the aftermath of the first Black Union regiment and how it influenced the outcome of the war.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95%, based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's consensus states: "Bolstered by exceptional cinematography, powerful storytelling, and an Oscar-winning performance by Denzel Washington, Glory remains one of the finest Civil War movies ever made."

Film critic Vincent Canby's review in The New York Times stated, "[Broderick] gives his most mature and controlled performance to date ... [Washington is] an actor clearly on his way to a major screen career ... The movie unfolds in a succession of often brilliantly realized vignettes tracing the 54th's organization, training and first experiences below the Mason-Dixon line. The characters' idiosyncrasies emerge". Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it "a strong and valuable film no matter whose eyes it is seen through". He believed the production design credited to Norman Garwood and the cinematography of Freddie Francis paid "enormous attention to period detail".

"Watching 'Glory,' I had one recurring problem. I didn't understand why it had to be told so often from the point of view of the 54th's white commanding officer. Why did we see the black troops through his eyes — instead of seeing him through theirs? To put it another way, why does the top billing in this movie go to a white actor?"

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone was not impressed at all with the overall acting, calling Broderick "catastrophically miscast as Shaw". Alternatively, Richard Schickel of Time described the picture by saying, "the movie's often awesome imagery and a bravely soaring choral score by James Horner that transfigure the reality, granting it the status of necessary myth". Desson Howe of The Washington Post, pointed out some flaws that included mentioning Broderick as "an amiable non-presence, creating unintentionally the notion that the 54th earned their stripes despite wimpy leadership".

James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews, called the film "without question, one of the best movies ever made about the American Civil War", noting that it "has important things to say, yet it does so without becoming pedantic". Rating the film four stars, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that it was "grand, moving, breathtakingly filmed (by veteran cinematographer Freddie Francis) and faultlessly performed", calling it "one of the finest historical dramas ever made".

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a thumbs up review, saying, "like Driving Miss Daisy, this is another admirable film that turns out to be surprisingly entertaining". He thought the film took on "some true social significance" and felt the actors portrayed the characters as "more than simply black men". He explained: "They're so different, that they become not merely standard Hollywood blacks, but true individuals".

American Civil War historian James M. McPherson stated the film "accomplished a remarkable feat in sensitizing a lot of today's black students to the role that their ancestors played in the Civil War in winning their own freedom".

Accolades
The film was nominated and won several awards in 1989–90. A complete list of awards the film won or was nominated for are listed below.

American Film Institute Lists
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #31

Box office
The film premiered in cinemas on December 14, 1989, in limited release within the US. During its limited opening weekend, the film grossed $63,661 in business showing at three locations. Its official wide release began in theaters on February 16, 1990. Opening in a distant eighth place, the film earned $2,683,350 (~$ in ) showing at 801 cinemas. The film Driving Miss Daisy soundly beat its competition during that weekend opening in first place with $9,834,744. The film's revenue dropped by 37% in its second week of release, earning $1,682,720. For that particular weekend, the film remained in 8th place screening in 809 theaters not challenging a top five position. The film Driving Miss Daisy, remained in first place grossing $6,107,836 in box office revenue. Glory went on to top out domestically at $26,828,365 (~$ in ) in total ticket sales through a 17-week theatrical run. For 1989 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 45.

Home media
Following its release in theaters, the film was released on VHS video format on June 22, 1990. The Region 1 DVD widescreen edition of the film was released in the United States on January 20, 1998. Special DVD features include: interactive menus, scene selections, 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen, along with subtitles in English, Italian, Spanish and French. A Special Edition DVD of the Film was released on January 30, 2001.

A special repackaged version of Glory was also officially released on DVD on January 2, 2007. It includes two discs featuring: widescreen and full screen versions of the film; Picture-in-Picture video commentary by director Ed Zwick and actors Morgan Freeman and Matthew Broderick; a director's audio commentary; and a documentary entitled, The True Story of Glory Continues narrated by Morgan Freeman. Also included are: an exclusive featurette entitled, Voices of Glory, an original featurette, deleted scenes, production notes, theatrical trailers, talent files, and scene selections.

The Blu-ray disc version of the film was released on June 2, 2009. Special features include: a virtual civil war battlefield, interactive map, The Voice of Glory feature, The True Story Continues documentary, the making of Glory, director's commentary, and deleted scenes. The film is displayed in widescreen 1.85:1 color format in 1080p screen resolution. The audio is enhanced with Dolby TrueHD sound and is available with subtitles in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. A UMD version of the film for the Sony PlayStation Portable was also released on July 1, 2008. It features dubbed, subtitled, and color widescreen format viewing options.

Historical accuracy

 * Aside from Shaw, none of the other members of the regiment seen in the movie are real people.
 * The film portrays the 54th as having significant numbers of former slaves. In real life, the regiment was composed mostly of freedmen already living in the North, although some came from Canada and the West Indies. Many of these freed men were from prominent families, including two sons of Frederick Douglass, one of whom, Lewis, became the Sergeant Major.
 * The film portrays Shaw as accepting the commission to command the 54th quickly, when in reality he initially rejected the Governor's commission, not wanting to leave his regiment and questioning whether the position would advance his career in the army.
 * Although Shaw was an abolitionist, he nevertheless expressed racist viewpoints toward Black people, repeatedly referring to them by racial slurs in his letters.
 * The regiment did not struggle with being equipped properly. As a favored project of the Massachusetts governor, the regiment was provided everything it required from the outset.
 * In the movie a soldier is whipped. Flogging was not permitted in the Union army and no such event ever occurred involving the USCT.
 * In terms of the unequal pay, Shaw had already been informed that Black soldiers would only receive $10 while in South Carolina, and protested to his father and to the governor, not by tearing up his voucher. This issue was not resolved at the time as shown in the film, and problems arising from the unfair pay continued for the remainder of the war.
 * Although not depicted in the film, Shaw married Annie Kneeland Haggerty just before the regiment departed for service in South Carolina.
 * The soldiers are depicted as celebrating Christmas in the snow, however the 54th began recruitment in February 1863, and Shaw died at Fort Wagner in July 1863, meaning there was no possibility of Christmas during that period.
 * In the final assault on Fort Wagner, the 54th is shown attacking southward, with the ocean on their left. In reality, they attacked northward with the ocean on their right.
 * Although the post-script claims that Fort Wagner never fell to Union troops, this is inaccurate as Confederate troops abandoned the fort after bombardment and shelling from the Union Navy in September 1863.
 * Although the fictional Cabot Forbes is portrayed as being Shaw's best friend and second-in-command, the real second-in-command was Edward Hallowell, who became commander of the 54th after Shaw's death.
 * Charles Garrison Harker was ranked Major General in the film. In reality, he never attained that rank nor was involved in the campaigns around Charleston. Additionally, the real life Harker was only 25 in 1863, not in his early 40s as portrayed in the movie.

title: Glory (1989 film)