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Boissey, Calvados

Boissey is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Boissey, Calvados


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Richard H. Truly

Richard Harrison Truly (November 12, 1937 – February 27, 2024) was an American fighter pilot, engineer and astronaut who served as a vice admiral in the United States Navy and as the eighth administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1989 to 1992. He was the first former astronaut to head the space agency.

After his departure from NASA, he led the Georgia Tech Research Institute from 1992 to 1997, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory from 1997 to 2005.

Early life and education
Born November 12, 1937, in Fayette, Mississippi, Truly attended segregated schools in Fayette and Meridian, Mississippi. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1959. He was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America, achieving its highest rank of Eagle Scout.

Being a member of the Navy ROTC at Georgia Tech, Truly entered the U.S. Navy, where he was ordered to flight school and was designated a naval aviator on October 7, 1960. His initial tour of duty was in Fighter Squadron 33 (VF-33) where he flew F-8 Crusaders aboard USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise. He made more than 300 carrier landings.

From 1963 to 1965, Truly was first a student and later an instructor at the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

NASA career
In 1965, Truly was among the first military astronauts selected to the United States Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program in Los Angeles, California. He joined NASA Astronaut Group 7 in August 1969 after the cancellation of the MOL program. At NASA, he was a member of the astronaut support crew and capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for all three of the crewed Skylab missions in 1973, and the Apollo–Soyuz mission in 1975. He flew twice on one of the two-man crews for the 1977 Approach and Landing Tests of the Space Shuttle Enterprise, and on the STS-2 mission in 1981, becoming the first man to be launched into space on his birthday. Truly then served as commander of STS-8 in 1983.

After STS-8, Truly left NASA to become the first commander of the Naval Space Command.

Return to flight
Three weeks after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Truly returned to NASA to become NASA's Associate Administrator for Space Flight on February 20, 1986. His primary task was to watch over the Space Shuttle's return to flight status. Along with that, he was also responsible for such long term issues as whether or not Challenger would be replaced, the role the Shuttle would play in the future and the mixture of expendable spacecraft and the shuttle for upcoming missions. While it only took a few days to determine the technical reason for the accident, sorting out the root cause was more difficult. In the end, it took Truly and NASA's "Return to Flight" program 31 months before the Space Shuttle Discovery successfully flew on September 29, 1988, with STS-26. In March 1986, Truly noted in a memo that there were several actions NASA needed to accomplish before launching another Shuttle flight. They included "Solid Rocket Motor joint redesign, Critical Items review, and Operations and Maintenance Instructions review".

NASA Administrator
Truly retired from the Navy as a vice admiral shortly before becoming NASA administrator. He was named to head NASA as its eighth administrator in May 1989, the first astronaut to do so. He held this position until May 1992. He was credited by Carl Sagan with interceding in an internal dispute regarding whether Voyager 1 should be commanded to take one last photograph of Earth before completing its primary mission. The resulting photograph has since become known as the Pale Blue Dot photograph.

On February 12, 1992, Truly was fired as Administrator. Two weeks before, Vice President Dan Quayle had met with Truly, requesting the Administrator step down and accept an ambassadorship. Truly considered the offer but ultimately declined.

When he was fired, Truly said, "I'm floored. I can't explain it". Senator Al Gore, who would succeed Quayle as vice president a year later, said he was concerned about the move, stating that Truly was "a good man who did a good job under difficult circumstances" and that "I view this as a very troubling sign that ... Quayle's space council may have forced Admiral Truly to leave this job because of the council's insistence on running NASA from the vice president's office."

Observers suggested the firing was due to Truly's focus on large-scale projects like extending the life of the Space Shuttle rather than smaller, faster missions favored by the administration. It was suggested "that he was captive of his bureaucracy and incapable of making the changes, the reforms, the administration wanted." Others pointed to the battle over the International Space Station, which unexpectedly ran into serious problems in Congress, requiring the administration to intervene to save it.

Post-NASA activities
After leaving NASA, Truly became Vice President and Director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute, part of the Georgia Institute of Technology, in Atlanta, Georgia. He served in this role from 1992 to 1997.

Then he served as director of the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory and as executive vice president of the MRIGlobal (formerly Midwest Research Institute) from 1997–2005.

In May 2007, Retired Vice Admiral Richard Truly testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations as a member of a military advisory board on the subject of the threats to U.S. national security posed by global climate change.

In 2010, Truly was appointed to the board of trustees of the Colorado School of Mines by Governor Bill Ritter. He served as the vice chairman of the board.

Personal life and death
Truly was married to Colleen "Cody" Hanner, and had three children. He died at his home in Genesee, Colorado, on February 27, 2024, at the age of 86.

Decorations
Truly was awarded the following military decorations and government awards:

In 1988, he was awarded the Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award. He also received that year the Collier Trophy for his role in assisting NASA's return to launching crewed missions after the Challenger disaster. He was awarded the Johnson Space Center Superior Achievement Award in 1972. He also received the American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award in 1977. In 1995, he was inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. He was awarded the General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy for 1981.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard H. Truly


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Slab

Slab or SLAB may refer to:

Physical materials

 * Concrete slab, a flat concrete plate used in construction
 * Stone slab, a flat stone used in construction
 * Slab (casting), a length of metal
 * Slab (geology), that portion of a tectonic plate that is subducting
 * Slab pull force, the tectonic plate force due to subduction
 * Slab suction, one of the major plate tectonic driving forces
 * Slab window, a gap that forms in a subducted oceanic plate
 * Slab (fossil) and counter slab, the two counterparts of a fossil impression
 * Slab hut, a kind of dwelling made from slabs of split or sawn timber
 * Slab of beer, a flat package containing a large number of cans of beer

Places

 * Slab Point, a rocky point in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

United States

 * Slab, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Ritchie County, West Virginia
 * Slab City, California, a locality in the Colorado Desert
 * Slab City, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Shawano County, Wisconsin
 * Slab Fork, a tributary of the Guyandotte River in southern West Virginia

Media and entertainment

 * Slab (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe
 * The Slab, a 2004 UK poetry anthology
 * Slab, a character in The Ripping Friends
 * SLAB!, 1980s industrial music group
 * The Slab, or Slabside Penitentiary, a metahuman prison in the DC Comics universe
 * Slab, a character in "Mr. Young"

Technology

 * Slab (unit), a 12-bit unit of computer memory on the NCR 315
 * Slab allocation, a computer memory management mechanism
 * Bar (form), a mobile phone form factor also known as a slab
 * Slab method, a ray-box intersection algorithm
 * Slab serif, a kind of typeface
 * Slab construction, a building method

Mathematics

 * Slab (geometry), the volume between two parallel planes

Organisations

 * Scottish Legal Aid Board
 * Silicon Laboratories (NASDAQ symbol)

Other uses

 * Coin slab is a coin holder which holds a coin that has been sealed in an acrylic or lucite holder
 * Slab of Bacon, a traveling trophy in American college football rivalry games
 * Thomas Murphy (Irish republican) (born 1946), nicknamed "Slab"
 * Student loan asset-backed security, an asset-backed security
 * "S.L.A.B. theory", a term coined by David Bordwell to refer to theories that use the ideas of Saussure, Lacan, Althusser, and/or Barthes
 * "Slab", a disc golf distance driver by Infinite Discs
 * Stupendously large black hole (SLAB), a hypothetical region of spacetime
 * Slab (car), a slang name to heavily customized and colorful cars associated with Texan rap culture

title: Slab


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Odon

Odon may refer to:

People

 * Odo of Gascony (French: Odon) (c. 1010–1039/1040), Duke of Gascony, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou
 * Odon de Bénac, Bishop of Oloron in France from 1083 to 1101
 * Odon de Châtillon (died c. 1102), French cardinal
 * Odon of Poznań (1149–1194), Duke of Greater Poland and of Kalisz
 * Odon or Eudes de Sully (died 1208), Bishop of Paris
 * Odon de Pins (1212–1296), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
 * Odón Alonso (1925–2011), Spanish conductor and composer
 * Odon Bacqué, American politician and non-fiction writer
 * Odón Betanzos Palacios (1925–2007), Spanish poet, novelist, literary critic and professor
 * Odón de Buen y del Cos (1863–1945), Spanish naturalist, politician and publicist
 * Odo Bujwid (1857–1942), Polish bacteriologist sometimes referred to as Odon Budwid
 * Odón Elorza (born 1955), Basque politician
 * Odon Godart (1913–1996), Belgian astronomer and meteorologist
 * Odon Guitar (1825–1908), Union Missouri State Militia brigadier general during the American Civil War
 * Odon Jadot (1884–1968) was a Belgian railway engineer and administrator who built more than 1,650 kilometres of railroad in the Belgian Congo
 * Odon Razanakolona (born 1946), Archbishop of Antananarivo, Madagascar
 * Ödön, a masculine given name of Hungarian origin, including a list of people so named

Places

 * Odon (Lydia), a town of ancient Lydia, now in Turkey
 * Odon (river), France
 * Odón, Aragon, Spain, a municipality
 * Odon, Indiana, United States, a town

Other uses

 * Separate Operational Purpose Division (ODON), a Russian rapid deployment, internal security division
 * Operation Epsom (or the First Battle of the Odon) and the Second Battle of the Odon, both of which took place on the Odon River
 * Odón Device, invented by Jorge Odón, which is used to assist in difficult child birth
 * "-odon", a suffix used in taxonomy

title: Odon


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Talk:Derry

Advice sought
Before even attempting to edit on this issue I'd like to seek advice from more experienced editors. I've read carefully through the naming convention material and understand perfectly the balance many sensible people are trying to strike. My issue is this:

It has always been my contention (and I promise I have no axe to grind) that everyone in Derry called it Derry. Just because it was easier to say and regardless of the fact that everyone knew the official name. My considered opinion is that this contretemps over the name started as a result of statements by prominent unionist politicians in the 1970's. My memory suggests that the well known Dr Paisley may well have been the originator.

I have evidence to support my views in the shape of a video from the BBC which clearly shows loyalist graffiti from the 1960's which states "Derry Says No Surrender, Britannia Rule".

What would the wisdom of more experienced users be on the use of this evidence. How would one word the text which could go with it?

I've struggled with this issue for months but don't want to make the mistake of editing the information in for it to cause nothing but a pile of trouble as I can see from this, and other pages, that the issue is a sensitive one. Leitrim Lad (talk) 16:16, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The video of the graffiti would be a primary source, whereas adding something along the lines of "prior to the 1970s, it was common for the majority of the city's residents to use the name Derry" would require secondary sources (i.e. those that provide a survey of the primary evidence such as the graffiti you mention, placing it in context). Cordless Larry (talk) 21:26, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * What should I select as copyright for the video or any stills from it? Leitrim Lad (talk) 16:15, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I've had to forgo editing for a few weeks because of other things however I've now uploaded an image which I intend to use. I am however struggling with the copyright issues so please bear with me.  It does transpire however that the original film footage was taken by British Pathe c 1920. Leitrim Lad (talk) 18:27, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Done, with some help from the Copyright Team. Should I now await the death threats? Leitrim Lad (talk) 16:06, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It's a really interesting image, but the text you've added to the article needs a secondary source (as suggested above). The image doesn't establish that "it was common to most of the city's population to use the shorter name" (it's just one instance) and the idea that it "is well illustrated" needs to be attributed to a source. Who is saying that this is a good illustration? Such an assertion can't be made in Wikipedia's voice. Cordless Larry (talk) 16:16, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. The claim that it was common on both sides prior to the 1970s isn't in any way supported by any of this. I think it's fascinating, don't get me wrong, and have a feeling it may well be true but we can't make that claim without references to back it up. Canterbury Tail talk 16:19, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Agreed, just as the way that Birmingham is often called Brum, it does mean that the official name of Birmingham is Brum. Yet, on the wikipedia entry for Birmingham, the title is Birmingham. Londonderry is shortened to Derry just because it is easier to say and quicker, the name is used by both unionists and republicans. Also, does this not also imply that Wikipedia has a political bias for the troubles/republicans? By using a made up name this could indirectly be seen as support for one side, not a very good look for wikipedias end... Sochonthis (talk) 15:44, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * my thought would be, I and many people from Birmingham call home " Brum " and we call ourselves " Brummies " . But I would expect Wikipedia to refer to Birmingham as Birmingham. 94.173.17.182 (talk) 15:53, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Consider that Wikipedia is a stickler for officialdome. For instance George Floyd was official "murdered" since a jury found Derek Chavin guilty of murder, even though all the evidence was against that. Consider as well that anyone who saw how the US presidential election as having been stolen have "falsely claimed" that is was stolen, I see no reason for Wikipedia to stray from officialdom. If the formal name of Derry is Londonderry, then it should be called Londonderyy. Full stop. Facts on the ground be damned. 2A02:2454:985E:8900:8DEA:ED60:87CE:54DB (talk) 21:28, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think a criminal trial finding someone guilty of murder is substantial evidence to say the victim was murdered. And there is no credible evidence to say the US presidential election was stolen; to not label these claims as false would be to legitimise a baseless conspiracy theory. Timceharris (talk) 12:52, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

"Doire Cholmcille"
The footnote next to the name "Londonderry" in the lede seems to suggest that "Doire Cholmcille" is the Irish equivalent of "Londonderry". Is this really accurate? – filelakeshoe (t / c) 🐱 20:27, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No, "Doire Cholmcille" is not an equivalent of "Londonderry". It is an alternative to "Doire" though rare, in the same way that "Londonderry" and "Derry" are alternatives in English.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:899F:8F22:E22A:4EC0 (talk) 11:21, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

James burke.
bbc tv presenter.Specialising in moon.landings.and space craft and Nasa. Just look at his presentation of spacerocket takeoff..on utube. Had to be done perfect. No retakes here. should be included in famous people. Should be given feedom of the City 2A04:4A43:89AF:FE67:C5B5:E5F2:9520:33C3 (talk) 20:05, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I have included him. Canterbury Tail talk 20:36, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 February 2024
Change Londonderry to Derry 89.125.5.66 (talk) 00:56, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Not done. See WP:DERRY. Canterbury Tail talk 00:58, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

"(London)derry" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(London)derry&redirect=no (London)derry] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Okmrman (talk) 19:03, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derry


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Wiglaf of Mercia

Wiglaf (died 839) was King of Mercia from 827 to 829 and again from 830 until his death in 839. His ancestry is uncertain: the 820s were a period of dynastic conflict within Mercia and the genealogy of several of the kings of this time is unknown. Wigstan, his grandson, was later recorded as a descendant of Penda of Mercia, so it is possible that Wiglaf was descended from Penda, one of the most powerful seventh-century kings of Mercia.

Wiglaf succeeded Ludeca, who was killed campaigning against East Anglia. His first reign coincided with the continued rise of the rival Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex under Ecgberht. Ecgberht drove Wiglaf from the throne in 829, and ruled Mercia directly for a year. Wiglaf recovered the kingdom in 830, probably by force, although it may be that Wiglaf remained subject to Ecgberht's overlordship. Mercia never regained the south-eastern kingdoms, but Berkshire and perhaps Essex came back into Mercian control. The causes of the fluctuating fortunes of Mercia and Wessex are a matter of speculation, but it may be that Carolingian support influenced both Ecgberht's ascendancy and the subsequent Mercian recovery. Although Wiglaf appeared to have restored Mercia's independence, the recovery was short-lived, and later in the century Mercia was divided between Wessex and the Vikings.

Wiglaf died in about 839, and was eventually succeeded by Beorhtwulf, though one tradition records his son, Wigmund as having reigned briefly. Wiglaf is buried at Repton, near Derby.

Historical context

Mercia had been the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom for most of the 8th century, with Offa, who died in 796, the most powerful king of his time. Coenwulf, who took the Mercian throne shortly after Offa's death, was able to retain Mercian influence in the kingdoms of Kent, East Anglia and Essex, and made frequent incursions across Offa's Dyke into what is now Wales. Coenwulf's death, in 821, marked the beginning of a period in which the political map of England was dramatically redrawn. Although one eleventh-century source claims that Coenwulf's son, Cynehelm, briefly succeeded to the throne, it is more likely that Ceolwulf, Coenwulf's brother, was the next king. He reigned for only two years before being deposed.

The next king, Beornwulf, was of no known royal line, though it has been conjectured on the basis of the common initial letter B that he was connected to the later kings Beorhtwulf and Burgred. It was probably Beornwulf whose defeat of the kingdom of Powys and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy are recorded in a Welsh chronicle, the Brut y Tywysogion, in 823, and it is clear that Mercia was still a formidable military power at that time. In 825 Beornwulf was decisively defeated by Ecgberht, King of Wessex, at the battle of Ellendun, and died the next year in an unsuccessful invasion of East Anglia. His successor, Ludeca, of unknown lineage, also invaded East Anglia, and, like Beornwulf, died while campaigning there, in 827. These defeats, in rapid succession, are likely to have exacerbated the apparent dynastic contention for Mercian royal authority. Outside Mercia, the power of the kingdom of Wessex to the south was strong and growing when Wiglaf came to the throne.

Ancestry
Wiglaf's ancestry is not known for certain. There are two main theories regarding the ancestry of Mercian kings of this period. One is that descendants of different lines of the royal family competed for the throne. In the mid-7th century, for example, Penda had placed royal kinsmen in control of conquered provinces. A Wigheard, who witnessed a charter in the late 7th century, was possibly a member of this line. The other theory is that a number of kin-groups with local power-bases may have competed for the succession. The sub-kingdoms of the Hwicce, the Tomsæte, and the unidentified Gaini are examples of such power-bases. Marriage alliances could also have played a part. Competing magnates, those called in charters "dux" or "princeps" (that is, leaders), may have brought the kings to power. In this model, the Mercian kings are little more than leading noblemen.

A medieval tradition preserved at Evesham records that Wiglaf's grandson Wigstan was a descendant of Coenred, who was a grandson of Penda. Wigstan's grandfathers were Wiglaf and Ceolwulf I; the tradition might be interpreted to mean that Wiglaf descended from Penda, but it might also be Wiglaf's wife, Cynethryth, who was descended from Penda. Cynethryth's name is known from two of Wiglaf's charters, dated 831 and 836, and historian Pauline Stafford notes that her name "seems to hark back to the kin of Coenwulf if not earlier royal lines", but as with Wiglaf himself, nothing certain is known of her ancestry. A different connection is mentioned in the medieval Life of St. Wigstan, which asserts that the "B" and "W" families were related.

Known descendants of Wiglaf include his son, Wigmund, and his grandson, Wigstan, both of whom share the "Wig-" at the start of his name; alliterative family names are frequent in Anglo-Saxon dynasties and are often thought to suggest possible kinship. Other possible descendants of Wiglaf include the last Mercian king, Ceolwulf II. A large number of duces or praefecti (ealdormen) with similar names are found as witnesses in Mercian charters of the late 8th and early 9th centuries, including Wigbald, Wigberht, Wigcga, Wigferth, and Wigheard, but there is no evidence that these nobles were related beyond the similarity of their names.

First reign and defeat by Wessex

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records Wiglaf's accession in the entry for 827 (erroneously recorded under the year 825). The entry reads "Her Ludecan Myrcna cing 7 his fif ealdormenn mid him man ofsloh, 7 Wiglaf feng to rice", which means "Here Ludeca, King of Mercia, was killed, and his five ealdormen with him, and Wiglaf succeeded to the kingdom". In 829, Ecgberht of Wessex successfully invaded Mercia and drove Wiglaf from his throne. The immediate consequence of Ecgberht's defeat of Beornwulf in 825 at the battle of Ellendun had been the loss of Mercian control over the south-eastern kingdoms of Kent, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia; Beornwulf's and Ludeca's disastrous military expeditions against East Anglia in 826 and 827 also confirmed Mercia's loss of control of that kingdom. Ecgberht's defeat of Wiglaf in 829 completed his domination of southern England, and Ecgberht went on to receive the submission of Eanred of Northumbria at Dore, on the northern border of Mercia, later that year. These events led the anonymous scribe who wrote the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to describe Ecgberht as the eighth bretwalda, or 'Ruler of Britain'.

Ecgberht remained in control of Mercia until some time in 830. He was in power there long enough to issue coins (struck in London) bearing the title "Rex M", for "Rex Merciorum", or "King of Mercia".

Second reign
The Chronicle reports that in 830, Wiglaf "obtained the kingdom of Mercia again". Wiglaf's return to the throne has generally been taken by historians to indicate the end of Ecgberht's overlordship of Mercia. In particular, historian Frank Stenton argued that the wording of the Chronicle makes it probable that Wiglaf recovered the kingdom by force, and that if Ecgberht had given the kingdom to Wiglaf this would have been recorded. A charter of 836 has also been cited as evidence that Wiglaf was acting as an independent ruler at that time; it records a council at Croft, in Leicestershire, attended by the Archbishop of Canterbury and eleven bishops, including some from West Saxon sees. Wiglaf refers to the assembly as "my bishops, duces, and magistrates", indicating not only a recovery of control over his own territory, but some level of authority over the southern church. It is significant that Wiglaf was still able to call together such a group of notables; the West Saxons, even if they were able to do so, held no such councils. Essex, which had been a Mercian dependency, may have been brought back under Mercian overlordship: a King Sigeric of the East Saxons, described as a minister of Wiglaf's, witnessed a charter in Hertfordshire at some point between 829 and 837. London, where Ecgberht apparently lost control of the mint, remained a Mercian town through Wiglaf's second reign and beyond. Berkshire also appears to have returned to Mercian control, though it is possible that this did not occur until after Wiglaf's reign. Perhaps more surprisingly, given the new strength of Wessex, it appears that the territory along the middle Thames which had formed the heartland of the Gewisse (the precursor people of the 9th-century West Saxon state) remained firmly in Mercian hands. In the west, either Wiglaf or his successor, Beorhtwulf, brought the Welsh back under Mercian control at some point prior to 853, when a rebellion against Mercia is recorded.

A charter of 831, which Wiglaf calls "the first year of my second reign", was issued at Wychbold near Droitwich; it is significant that Wiglaf makes no reference to any overlordship of Ecgberht's in this charter, issued within a year of his recovery of power, and that he acknowledges his temporary deposition. In East Anglia, King Æthelstan minted coins, possibly as early as 827, but more likely c. 830 after Ecgberht's influence was reduced with Wiglaf's return to power in Mercia. This demonstration of independence on East Anglia's part is not surprising, as it was probably Æthelstan who was responsible for the defeat and death of both Beornwulf and Ludeca.

Both Wessex's sudden rise to power in the late 820s, and the subsequent failure to retain this dominant position, have been examined by historians looking for underlying causes. Dynastic uncertainty has been suggested as the reason for Mercia's collapse; the 820s were certainly years of instability in the royal line. The lack of detailed information about Mercian and Wessex administration makes other theories hard to evaluate: for example, it has been suggested that the West Saxons had a stable tributary system that contributed to its success, or that Wessex's mixed Saxon and British population, natural frontiers, and capable administrators were key factors.

Another proposed explanation for the events of these years is that Wessex's fortunes were to some degree dependent on Carolingian support. The Rhenish and Frankish commercial networks collapsed at some time in the 820s or 830s, and in addition, a rebellion broke out in February 830 against Louis the Pious, the first of a series of internal conflicts that lasted through the 830s and beyond. These distractions may have reduced Louis's ability to support Ecgberht. In this view, the withdrawal of Frankish influence would have left East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex to find a balance of power not dependent on outside aid.

Wiglaf's recovery was not complete. Ecgberht's influence was certainly reduced after 830, but Mercia never recovered control of the south-east, except possibly for Essex, and East Anglia remained independent. It appears that Wulfred, the archbishop of Canterbury at the time of Ecgberht's victory, remained loyal to Mercia: his coinage terminates when Ecgberht's Kentish coinage begins; and, since a charter of 838 shows Ecgberht agreeing to return property to the church in Canterbury, it is evident that he had seized property from the church earlier. Æthelwulf, Ecgberht's son, was king of Kent during his father's reign, and fear of continuing Mercian influence in Kent may have been the reason he gave estates to Christ Church, Canterbury.

Coinage and charters
Coins from Wiglaf's reign are very rare. They can be divided into portrait and non-portrait types, and, of these, only the two non-portrait coins may be from Wiglaf's second reign. Other than these, there is no evidence of any Mercian coinage until the reign of Wiglaf's successor, Beorhtwulf, which began in about 840. This may show that Wiglaf remained subject to Ecgberht's overlordship after 830, though most historians consider Wiglaf to have recovered his independence at that time.

Charters survive from Wiglaf's reign; these were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. One such charter of Wiglaf's, granting privileges to the monastery of Hanbury in 836, does not exempt the monks from the duty of constructing ramparts, indicating a concern for defence. Wessex charters do not begin to show such exemptions until 846. These clauses are explained by the increasing Viking presence throughout Britain: Viking raids had begun at least as early as 793, Viking armies were in Kent by 811, and from 835 Viking raids were a concern for the kings of Wessex.

The 836 charter also contains an early reference to the trimoda necessitas, the set of three obligations that kings of the era placed on their subjects. These duties were the building of royal residences, the obligation to pay feorm, or food rent, to the king, and hospitality to the king's servants. The privileges granted came at a cost: Wiglaf and one ealdorman received life interests in estates, and another ealdorman was paid six hundred shillings in gold. It is perhaps notable that, in common with many other Mercian charters of the 9th century, this grant is of privileges rather than land: the chronicler Bede had commented a century earlier that excessive grants of land to monasteries were leaving kings without land to grant to the nobility, and the Mercian kings may have been responding to this problem.

Succession

The date of Wiglaf's death is not given directly in any of the primary sources, but it can be determined from the known chronology of his successors. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Burgred was driven out of Mercia by the Vikings in 874, after a reign of twenty-two years, and charter evidence indicates that Burgred succeeded in the first half of 852. A regnal list credits his predecessor, Beorhtwulf, with a reign of thirteen years, which is consistent with date references in his charters. Hence it would appear that Wiglaf's reign ended in 839. A tradition records the death of Wigstan in 849, and refers to Wigstan's father, Wigmund, the son of Wiglaf, as having been king, but this is the only evidence for Wigmund having reigned and must be regarded with suspicion. The descent of Beorhtwulf is not known, but it appears that dynastic tension was a continuing factor in the Mercian succession, in contrast to Wessex, where Ecgberht established a dynasty that lasted with little disturbance throughout the 9th century.

Wiglaf was buried at Repton, in a crypt which still can be seen. The monastery church on the site at that time was probably constructed by Æthelbald of Mercia to house the royal mausoleum; other burials there include that of Wigstan, Wiglaf's grandson. The vault and columns in the crypt are not original and may date from Wiglaf's time rather than Aethelbald's.

title: Wiglaf of Mercia


text:
Talk:Common ostrich

Requested move 15 September 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved L293D (☎ • ✎) 03:03, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Common ostrich → Ostrich – I think Common ostrich should be moved to Ostrich because it already redirects here and seems to be the primary use although other animals called ostriches are not common ostriches. Christiancardenas732 (talk) 05:07, 15 September 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Flooded  with them hundreds  14:47, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I assume it redirects as it is the primary ostrich topic someone will be searching for, however, calling this article by that name will enlarge the scope of the article to talk about all species of ostrich, which this article should not be doing. --Gonnym (talk) 09:28, 15 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose the concept of 'ostrich' surely includes the Somali ostrich, and 'ostrich' isn't used much to refer to the common species to the exclusion of others. It might make sense to move Struthio to ostrich or create a separate article for the three (two extant) ostrich species. —innotata 00:16, 16 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Support, Ostrich redirects here. Per common name and common sense the topic is "ostrich". If it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, it's an ostrich. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:27, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. There's no reason why this move should increase the scope of the article. Rreagan007 (talk) 20:40, 23 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Do you think 'ostrich' means the common ostrich to the exclusion of the Somali ostrich? I would argue the term encompasses both species (plus the extinct species). I think making ostrich a new, separate article would make sense instead. —innotata 17:57, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Don't look at me, I've got my head in the sand. Like an everyday common kind of common ostrich. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:03, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Somebody fix the nonsensical lead already. It says that the "common ostrich (Struthio camelus) is either of two species", which makes no sense. 216.8.184.122 (talk) 15:37, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Done, and I'm ready to make the ostrich page too. —innotata 18:17, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose moving common ostrich; support 's alternate suggestion of moving Struthio to Ostrich. This way, Ostrich can be a WP:BROADCONCEPT article covering both species without excluding any. This is the solution used at, for instance Gorilla and Orangutan, which are broad concept articles on the genus with coverage of and links to the species articles.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:02, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I have a little hesitation over whether to call all the extinct species in Struthio ostriches, but that was my original inclination, and I definitely think there should be a broad concept article. Gorillas and orangutans are good analogies, since for some time they were each classified as a single species, which is now acknowledged as mistaken. —innotata 22:57, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I didn't know they were classified at one time as a single species. Kind of unobservant of the classifiers. Randy Kryn (talk) 23:56, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, though I would suggest that maybe ostrich should redirect to the family rather than the genus? Sabine's Sunbird  talk  20:46, 29 September 2018 (UTC)
 * That might make sense. —innotata 19:33, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, support 's alternative suggestion — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jimfbleak (talk • contribs) 15:45, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Speed
can run for a long time at a speed of 55 km/h (34 mph) or even up to about 70 km/h (43 mph) -- yes, both have sources, but either one is correct or the other. Which is it? --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 15:56, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

I have clarified that the higher speed is for short bursts (the other is for periods like 30 minutes).Elroch (talk) 12:03, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Variety of English
Until a few weeks ago, the article had used some mixed American and British English spelling, with, as far as I can tell, American spelling being more dominant. With this edit: by, about twenty instances of words ending in -ize were changed to -ise. I would like to propose that this be reverted, and the article be updated to use American spelling consistently.

The explanation given for the change was: "This is not an American species." According to MOS:ENGVAR, "The English Wikipedia prefers no national variety of the language over any other." Unless a subject "has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation", as described in MOS:TIES, articles may be written in any variety. The common Ostrich is found across large regions of Africa, and doesn't have strong ties to any particular British-English-speaking nation, so this isn't a valid reason to establish or change the variety of English used in the article.

According to MOS:RETAIN:

Although the word "behaviour" was present in the article early on, it was still a stub:. The first post-stub revision clearly established American spelling with the use of "color", "fertilized", "organization", etc.:. Therefore I propose retaining American spelling in accordance with MOS:RETAIN, and changing any remaining British spelling in accordance with MOS:CONSISTENCY. --IamNotU (talk) 13:51, 12 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - my 'native' English variant is British, but I support this firstly because of the excellent rationale above and secondly because I find indiscriminate mass changes to English variants contrary to MOS:RETAIN extremely irritating (especially as part of a behavioural 'pattern'). See... I used 'behavioural', yet I still support... -- Begoon 14:21, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Since there were no objections, I reverted the change. I also changed a few other things I found, hopefully it's consistent now. --IamNotU (talk) 17:35, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I've only just seen this strange change based on a single !vote. You have decided to Americanise the spelling on the spurious basis that there is no connection to BE. The species really doesn't occur in the wild in the US, but its range includes many English-speaking countries, all of which use BE. These include the core countries of South Africa, Botswana and Namibia, but also Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana amongst several others. I'm prepared to assume good faith here, and ask you to revert to BE, or if you don't want to do it yourself, let me know and I'll fix it. Jimfbleak - talk to me?  05:45, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * User:IamNotU just repinging, made a mistake in ping above Jimfbleak - talk to me?  05:51, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, if it helps (and even if it doesn't), I don't particularly care which version of spelling is decided on, so long as one is decided on, and we can prevent people swooping in and arbitrarily changing it. I care more about consistency and stability than which variety is used. I just hope the poor bird isn't tugged in half in the process by jingoistic language squabbles which arose long after it did. . Incidentally, I think, these days, lots of -ize/-ise variants are commonly used and accepted interchangeably in both ENGVARs, but that's a hunch and memory of looking a few up, not deep research. -- Begoon 06:35, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * , thanks. You are right about -ise/-ize, but gray, color and behavior are not used in African English. I'm sorry that you think it's jingoistic to request that the article be written in the variety of English used in the countries where it occurs rather than US English. I suspect that if I rewrote bald eagle in BE, it's just possible one or two Americans might be equally jingoistic Jimfbleak - talk to me?  15:26, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Heh. I'm sure they would. Perhaps jingoistic was too emotive a term, but as I say, to me, stability and consistency are more important. I was schooled educated in an English grammar school, and sometimes shudder at what is done to the language I love and grew up with, but I recognize recognise that wikipedia is an international project and prefer stability where it can be achieved. Again, as I say, I don't particularly care which version of spelling is decided on, so long as one is decided on, and we can prevent people swooping in and arbitrarily changing it. I doubt the ostriches care much, either... -- Begoon 15:43, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks to both of you for the comments., I also don't have strong feelings about the use of one variety or another in general, but find "indiscriminate mass changes to English variants contrary to MOS:RETAIN" to be irritating. It does seem to have been part of a behavioral pattern of the editor whom I reverted, who has received numerous complaints on their talk page (see also MOS:VAR). That includes one from about this particular article, and also on their own talk page here:.
 * , I'm sorry you found my edits strange, I'd hoped that I'd made the policy-based reasons for them clear. I do understand your points about the varieties of English used in Africa. However, I believe that the current guidelines don't support establishing the variety of this article on that basis. I should note that I was not making a proposal to change the article from one established variety to another. I intended to revert two recent undiscussed bold edits that appeared to conflict with the guidelines, and after that, to make the existing AE spelling consistent, in accordance with the "first post-stub revision" rule. I don't believe any !votes were required for that, but I decided to open a discussion about it anyway.
 * As noted above, this edit: changed about twenty instances of "-ize" endings to "-ise". As far as I know, there's no basis in any policy to change this established usage without consensus, as "-ize" is acceptable in both AE and BE (Oxford spelling) articles. That edit has been reverted, and a couple of remaining "-ise" endings changed to match. I don't think there's any question about that, is there?
 * The second recent edit by the same editor that was reverted was this:, which "de-Americanized" gray to grey, and color to colour. At that point the article had contained mixed spelling, so it did need to be made consistent with one or the other. But which? The question of whether a particular variety should be chosen based on a connection to the article's subject is determined by . The test is not whether "there is no connection to BE", but whether it is a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation, a more stringent requirement. The examples given are of articles about cities, military, citizens, or events, that clearly belong to specific countries. I firmly believe that MOS:TIES does not support the position that all articles about "things found in Africa" should be written in BE, and that it does not empower editors to go around changing established usage on that basis.
 * Although editors may change the variety by consensus, at the moment I'm not inclined to support such a consensus for BE for that reason; I think it would be a dangerous precedent. I believe that the ostrich, or any other random thing that exists generally in Africa, doesn't have sufficiently strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation to justify it, that Africa as a whole can't be considered an "English-speaking nation", it is debatable whether English is a primary language anywhere in Africa, and even the countries within it, such as Ethiopia, don't necessarily use BE. When MOS:TIES doesn't apply unambiguously, or editors don't agree, then MOS:RETAIN says that when discussion does not resolve the issue, use the variety found in the first post-stub revision that introduced an identifiable variety, which in this case is AE, in 2004.
 * Relevant discussion can be found at:, , etc. If there is still any question about whether MOS:TIES mandates that all articles about "things found in Africa" be written in or changed to BE, we could open a new discussion there, but I'm fairly certain what the outcome would be.
 * Thanks again for the comments, and for considering my response, I hope it's reasonably clear. --IamNotU (talk) 13:47, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid that I've just finished changing back to a relevant spelling variety before I saw this (I checked here before I started). I've kept the -ize endings, but I can't understand how you can justify using AE spelling rather than the spelling used in all the countries in its range. It's close to insulting to African English speakers to suggest that American English is more suitable to write about a bird that occurs in their countries that the spelling they use Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:06, 27 July 2019 (UTC) IamNotU, I forgot to ping, apologies Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  14:09, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * On your argument I would be justified in changing red-breasted nuthatch or most other North American birds/mammals etc to BE, since they are not tied to one country, and the fact that Canada and the US have similar spelling is, according to you, irrelevant. But of course, the US has special status, so AFAIK, there isn't a single article for any animal or plant that occurs only in North America that isn't written in the spelling favoured by the US. Jimfbleak - talk to me?  14:18, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * , the justification is the very first sentence of : The English Wikipedia prefers no national variety of the language over any other. Editors are free to write an article in whichever variety of English they prefer, and I agree with that. Unless there are clear strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation, there is in general no valid reason for changing from one acceptable option to another. I think the guidelines are quite clear, including the "tie-breaker" rule when editors disagree, to use the first post-stub variety, in order to avoid protracted disputes. I don't see that it's an insult to Africans to write an encyclopedia article in AE about something found in Africa, and I don't think that there really is any such thing as a standard "African English" - as I mentioned, Ethiopia, Nigeria, etc., often use AE spelling - but in any case, the requirements of MOS:TIES are not met, and there is no consensus to use BE in this article.
 * The red-breasted nuthatch article is written in Canadian English, with "grey" and "colour", and was from the beginning. So no, you wouldn't be justified in changing it to BE. Nor would anyone be justified in changing it - or any other article about a general North American subject - unilaterally to AE. If you want to write a new article about a North American bird in BE, you can. If you did so, then MOS:TIES couldn't be used to justify changing it to either American or Canadian English - any change would require discussion and consensus.
 * I'm a little surprised that you went ahead with that edit without waiting for my answer. According to MOS:VAR, Edit-warring over style is never acceptable, so I'll ask you to revert it yourself. If you disagree that the tie-breaker rule applies here, and want to pursue this further, perhaps with a question at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style or through some form of dispute resolution, I'm open to that. --IamNotU (talk) 16:43, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I thought I'd waited long enough, clearly not. I'm not prepared to grit my teeth and have what is essentially an African article written in the spelling of a country where it doesn't occur. Why am I not surprised that it apparently has to be in AE? If you revert me I'll leave this little bit of the US-in-Africa as it is, so no edit war. Jimfbleak - talk to me?  16:52, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * , ok, I'll do the revert. I'm not completely unsympathetic to what you've said, but there are other things to take into consideration too, and given the situation with the other editor, sticking to the guidelines seems to make the most sense here. Thanks for your understanding. --IamNotU (talk) 20:16, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:36, 12 September 2019 (UTC)
 * چرم شترمرغ.jpg

Arsinoe II statue
The reference linked to the comment about the statue of Arsinoe II doesn't appear to mention her likeness riding an ostrich anywhere in the text -- it just describes a statue of her head. Is the ostrich statue mentioned elsewhere in the journal? 73.241.224.141 (talk) 22:42, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common ostrich


text:
FHC

FHC may refer to:

Education

 * Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School, in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
 * Flat Hat Club, an American fraternity
 * Forest Hill College, in Australia
 * Forest Hills Central High School, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
 * Francis Howell Central High School, in St. Charles, Missouri, United States

Other uses

 * Family History Center (LDS Church), a branch of the Family History Library of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), 34th President of Brazil from 1995 to 2003
 * Field Hockey Canada, a sports organization
 * Financial holding company, a bank holding company or company which owns several finance-industry companies
 * Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome, a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease
 * Fixed-head coupé, an automobile form
 * Flying Heritage Collection, an American aviation museum
 * Free Hugs Campaign, a social movement
 * Frölunda HC, a Swedish ice hockey club
 * Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), an enzyme
 * Fremont Hotel and Casino, in Las Vegas

title: FHC


text:
VISCII

VISCII is an unofficially-defined modified ASCII character encoding for using the Vietnamese language with computers. It should not be confused with the similarly-named officially registered VSCII encoding. VISCII keeps the 95 printable characters of ASCII unmodified, but it replaces 6 of the 33 control characters with printable characters. It adds 128 precomposed characters. Unicode and the Windows-1258 code page are now used for virtually all Vietnamese computer data, but legacy VSCII and VISCII files may need conversion.

History and naming
VISCII was designed by the Vietnamese Standardization Working Group (Viet-Std Group) led by Christopher Cuong T. Nguyen, Cuong M. Bui, and Hoc D. Ngo based in Silicon Valley, California in 1992 while they were working with the Unicode consortium to include pre-composed Vietnamese characters in the Unicode standard. VISCII, along with VIQR, was first published in a bilingual report in September 1992, in which it was dubbed the "Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange". The report noted a proliferation in computer usage in Vietnam and the increasing volume of computer-based communications among Vietnamese abroad, that existing applications used vendor-specific encodings which were unable to interoperate with one another, and that standardisation between vendors was therefore necessary. The successful inclusion of composed and precomposed Vietnamese in Unicode 1.0 was the result of the lessons learned from the development of 8-bit VISCII and 7-bit VIQR.

The next year, in 1993, Vietnam adopted TCVN 5712, its first national standard in the information technology domain. This defined a character encoding named VSCII, which had been developed by the TCVN Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCVN/TC1), and with its name standing for "Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange". VSCII is incompatible with, and otherwise unrelated to, the earlier-published VISCII. Unlike VISCII, VSCII is a "Vietnamese Standard" in the sense of a national standard.

VISCII and VIQR were approved as the informational-status, attributed to the Viet-Std group and dated May 1993. As is the case with IETF RFCs, RFC 1456 notes them to be "conventions" used by overseas Vietnamese speakers on Usenet, and that it "specifies no level of standard". In spite of this, it continues to call VISCII the "VIetnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange" (the same name taken by VSCII). The labels  and   are registered with the IANA for VISCII, with reference to RFC 1456. (There is, on the other hand, no official IANA label for TCVN 5712 / VSCII, although  was previously supported by Mozilla Firefox. )

Design
A traditional extended ASCII character set consists of the ASCII set plus up to 128 characters. Vietnamese requires 134 additional letter-diacritic combinations, which is six too many. There are (short of dropping tone mark support for capital letters, as in VSCII-3) essentially four different ways to handle this problem:
 * 1) Use variable-width encoding (as does UTF-8)
 * 2) Include combining diacritical marks for tone marks (as do VSCII-2 and Windows-1258) or for diacritics in general (as do ANSEL and VNI)
 * 3) Replace some ASCII punctuation, preferably punctuation which is not invariant in ISO 646 (as does VNI for DOS)
 * 4) Replace at least six of the basic ASCII control characters (as do VPS and VSCII-1)

VISCII went for the last option, replacing six of the least problematic (e.g., least likely to be recognised by an application and acted on specially) C0 control codes (STX, ENQ, ACK, DC4, EM, and RS) with six of the least-used uppercase letter-diacritic combinations. While this option may cause programs that use those control codes to malfunction when handling VISCII text, it creates fewer complications than the other two options (the designers note that non-8-bit clean transmission had been found to pose more difficulty in practice than the control character re-use). Nonetheless, locations of both C0 or C1 control characters and the codes used for the non-breaking space in ISO-8859-1, Mac OS Roman and OEM-US were deliberately assigned to uppercase letters, with the intention of making use of lowercase codepoints with an all-capital font a serviceable workaround if graphical characters could not be displayed for those codes.

However, using up all the extended code points for accented letters left no room to add useful symbols, superscripted numbers, curved quotes, proper dashes, etc., like most other extended ASCII character sets.

Location of characters deliberately mostly follows ISO-8859-1 where there are characters in common between the two code pages (the uppercase Õ being noted as an exception), motivated by user friendliness concerns.

Support
VISCII is partially supported by the TriChlor Software Group in California, which has released various VISCII-compliant software packages, libraries, and fonts for MS-DOS and Windows, Unix, and Macintosh. VISCII-compliant software is available at many FTP sites.

VISCII was historically offered as an encoding for outgoing email by Mozilla Thunderbird. It was also supported by the Windows Vietnamese keyboard software, WinVNKey, created by Christopher Cuong T. Nguyen and later upgraded through various Windows versions by Hoc D. Ngo and others.

VISCII was mostly used by overseas Vietnamese speakers, with VSCII (TCVN) being more popular in northern Vietnam and VNI being more popular in southern Vietnam.

Character set
{{legend|#FFD|Differences from ISO-8859-1}}

title: VISCII


text:
User:Lothie

Lothie (Alexander Herrmann) is a Cybersecurity architect and owner of Cyberlance LLC. He lives in Berkshire County MA (USA) with his husband and two cute cats.

title: User:Lothie


text:
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Ньойски договор) required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

The treaty required Bulgaria:
 * to cede Western Thrace to the Entente (which awarded it to Greece at the San Remo conference) thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea.
 * to sign a convention on population exchange with Greece.
 * to cede a further area of 2,563 km² on its western border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia).
 * to return Dobruja, which according to the Treaty of Bucharest was partially ceded to Bulgaria and partially to the Central Powers (who later, on 25 September 1918, transferred this joint condominium to Bulgaria), to Romania, thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).
 * to return property removed from the foreign territory occupied by Bulgarian forces to its rightful owners, or to make compensation.
 * to reduce its army to 20,000 men.
 * to pay reparations of £100 million.
 * to recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The signing ceremony was held in Neuilly's town hall (hôtel de ville).

In Bulgaria, the results of the treaty are popularly known as the Second National Catastrophe. Bulgaria subsequently regained Southern Dobruja as a result of the Treaty of Craiova. During World War II, together with Nazi Germany, it temporarily reoccupied most of the other territories ceded under the treaty.

Territories ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Four minor regions (historiographically referred to by Bulgarians as the Western Outlands) had been part of Bulgaria from its inception as a principality in 1878, except for the region around Strumitsa, which became part of Bulgaria in 1912. Bulgaria was internationally recognised as an independent country in 1908 and controlled these territories until 1919 when they were ceded to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Treaty of Neuilly. The cession of the region was partly a compensation for the occupation of the southern and eastern part of Serbia by Bulgarian troops between 1915 and 1918, and was partly motivated by strategic reasons. The old political boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia followed a chain of high mountain ridges, whereas the new one gave significant military and strategic advantages to the Serbs: it dangerously exposed the Bulgarian capital of Sofia and significantly reduced the military threat to eastern Serbia in case of a Bulgarian invasion (see also Balkan Wars and World War I).

The Treaty of Neuilly was one of the series of treaties after World War I, which included the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the Treaty of Trianon, and the Treaty of Sèvres, which were intended to diminish the military and political strength of the defeated members of the Central Powers.

Area and population
Territories ceded by the treaty to the then Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes cover an area of 1,545 km² in what is now Serbia and 1,028 km² in what is now North Macedonia.

In Serbia, to which the term generally applies in Bulgaria, the territory ceded is split between the modern Serbian District of Pirot (municipality of Dimitrovgrad and smaller parts of the municipalities of Pirot and Babušnica) and District of Pčinja (municipality of Bosilegrad and a small part of the municipality of Surdulica). It also includes a small section along the Timok River in the municipality and District of Zaječar, composed by eight localities (seven populated by Romanians and one populated by Bulgarians).

In 1919, the area corresponded to the following parts of the Bulgarian okrugs: Kyustendil, 661 km², Tzaribrod 418 km², Tran 278 km², Kula 172 km² and Vidin 17 km². Bulgarian sources claim that the Bulgarian population made 98% of the population in Bosilegrad and 95% of the population in Tzaribrod at the time. In the Yugoslav census of 1931, all South Slavs were simply counted as Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgarians) so a comparison could not be made. According to the last Census in Serbia from 2002, Bulgarians made 50% and 71% of population in Dimitrovgrad and Bosilegrad respectively.

title: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine


text:
Windows-1258

Windows-1258 is a code page used in Microsoft Windows to represent Vietnamese texts. It makes use of combining diacritical marks.

Windows-1258 is compatible with neither the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5712 / VSCII), nor the various other encodings in use in practice (VISCII, VNI, VPS). Rather, it is very similar to Windows-1252, with the differences being that s-caron and z-caron (which were added to Windows-1252 later) are missing, five of the letters with diacritics have been replaced by combining diacritics for Vietnamese tone marks, one has been replaced with the đông sign, and eight others (four per case) have been changed to four otherwise-unsupported Vietnamese letters.

Use of combining diacritics means that Windows-1258 can cover the large number of combinations of letters and tone marks in Vietnamese without compromising coverage of control codes or symbols. However it also means that software must be careful to handle conversions between precomposed characters and combining sequences correctly when converting to/from other encodings and makes determining user-visible length of a string more difficult.

IBM uses code page 1258 (CCSID 1258 and euro sign extended CCSID 5354) for Windows-1258.

UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for Vietnamese in modern applications. Windows-1258 may not always round-trip Unicode encoded Vietnamese due to changes caused by Unicode normalization. Combining diacritics are encoded after the letter in both Windows-1258 and Unicode (like VNI, unlike ANSEL).

Character set
The following table shows Windows-1258. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent.

Code page 1129
IBM's code page 1129 (CCSID 1129 and euro sign extended CCSID 1163)  is similar to code page 1258, but with the following differences:

title: Windows-1258


text:
Ef (Cyrillic)

Ef or Fe (Ф ф; italics: Ф ф ) is a Cyrillic letter, commonly representing the voiceless labiodental fricative, like the pronunciation of $⟨f⟩$ in "fill, flee, or fall". The Cyrillic letter Ef is romanized as $⟨f⟩$.

History
The Cyrillic letter Ef was derived from the Greek letter Phi (Φ φ). It merged with and eliminated the letter Fita (Ѳ) in the Russian alphabet in 1918.

The name of Ef in the Early Cyrillic alphabet is (fr̥tŭ or frĭtŭ), in later Church Slavonic and Russian form it became фертъ (fert).

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Ef has a value of 500.

Appearance and usage in Slavic languages
The Slavic languages have almost no native words containing. This sound did not exist in Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It arose in Greek and Latin from PIE (which yielded Slavic ). In some instances in Latin, it represented historical th-fronting and derived from Proto-Indo-European. In the Germanic languages, the f sound arose from PIE via Grimm's law, which remained unchanged in Slavic. The letter ф is thus almost exclusively found in words of foreign origin, especially Greek (from φ and sometimes from θ), Latin, French, German, Dutch, English, and Turkic languages

Example borrowings in Russian:
 * from Greek: катастрофа, "catastrophe" (from φ); Фёдор, "Theodore" (from θ)
 * from Latin: федерация, "federation"; эффект, "effect"
 * from German: картофель, "potato" (from Kartoffel); фунт, "pound" (from Pfund)
 * from Dutch: флаг, "flag"

The few native Slavic words with this letter (in different languages) are examples of onomatopoeia (like Russian verbs фукать, фыркать etc.) or reflect sporadic pronunciation shifts:
 * from пв : Serbian уфати 'to hope' (cf. Church Slavonic уповати 'to hope')
 * from хв : Macedonian сфати '(he) understands' (cf. Church Slavonic схватити 'to take, to catch'), Russian дрофа 'bustard' (cf. Ukrainian дрохва 'bustard')
 * from кв : Russian филин 'eagle-owl' (cf. Ukrainian квилити 'to cry')
 * from х : Russian toponym Фили 'Fili' (from хилый 'sickly')

Slavic languages
Ef is the 21st letter of the Bulgarian alphabet; the 22nd letter of the Russian alphabet; the 23rd letter of the Belarusian alphabet; the 25th letter of the Serbian and Ukrainian alphabet; and the 26th letter of the Macedonian alphabet. It represents the consonant unless it is before a palatalizing vowel, when it represents.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Φ φ/ϕ : Φ|Greek letter Phi
 * Ѳ ѳ : Ѳ|Cyrillic letter Fita
 * F f : F|Latin letter F
 * Փ փ : Armenian letter Piwr
 * Q q Q|Latin letter Q
 * Ჶ ჶ Fi (letter)

Cultural references
The phraseologism "стоять фертом", "to stand as fert" means "to stand with arms akimbo".

title: Ef (Cyrillic)


text:
Levi Strauss & Co.

Levi Strauss & Co. is an American clothing company known worldwide for its Levi's  brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when German-Jewish immigrant Levi Strauss moved from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, California, to open a West Coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business. Although the corporation is registered in Delaware, the company's corporate headquarters is located in Levi's Plaza in San Francisco.

Origin and formation (1853–1890s)
German-Jewish immigrant Levi Strauss began business at 90 Sacramento Street in San Francisco, then moved to 62 Sacramento Street. In 1858, the company was listed as Strauss, Levi (David Stern & Lewis Strauss) importers clothing, etc. 63 & 65 Sacramento St. (today, on the current grounds of the 353 Sacramento Street Lobby ) in the San Francisco Directory with Strauss serving as its sales manager and his brother-in-law, David Stern, as its manager.

Jacob Davis, a Latvian-Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Nevada, tailor who frequently purchased bolts of denim cloth from Levi Strauss & Co.'s wholesale house. After one of Davis's customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he thought of using copper rivets to reinforce points of strain, such as on pocket corners and the base of the button fly. Davis lacked sufficient funds to obtain a patent, so he wrote to Strauss proposing a business partnership. After Strauss accepted Davis's offer, the two men received from the United States Patent and Trademark Office on May 20, 1873. The copper rivet was incorporated into the company's jean design and advertisements. Contrary to an advertising campaign suggesting that Levi Strauss sold his first jeans to gold miners during the California Gold Rush (which peaked in 1849), the manufacturing of denim overalls began in the 1870s. In 1890, the rivet patent went into the public domain; the same year, lot numbers were assigned to company products, and "501" was used to designate the famous copper-riveted waist overalls. The company lost its records in the 1906 earthquake and there is no information why that number was chosen.

There are urban legends claiming that the first pair of Levi's jeans were made of hemp, despite being made from cotton by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. This misinformation was likely spread by Jack Herer. The first hemp jeans from Levi's were manufactured in March 2019.

Growth in popularity (1910s–1960s)
Modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western US, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. Levi's jeans were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned home with tales (and usually examples) of the hard-wearing riveted denim pants. Another boost came in World War II when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and sold only to people engaged in defense work.

Between the 1950s and 1980s, Levi's jeans became popular among a wide range of youth subcultures, including greasers, mods, rockers, and hippies. Levi's popular shrink-to-fit 501s were sold as labeled, sized as manufactured, and had substantial shrinkage upon laundering. Although popular lore (abetted by company marketing) holds that the original design remains unaltered, the crotch rivet, watch pocket rivets, and waist cinch were removed during World War II to conform with War Production Board metal conservation rules and only the watch pocket rivets restored after. Additionally, the back pocket rivets, which had been covered in denim since 1937 to prevent scratching furniture, were removed in the 1950s (and replaced by bar tacks) as they eventually wore through and caused the problem anyway.

Blue jeans era (1960s–1980s)
From the early 1960s through the mid-1970s, Levi Strauss experienced significant business growth as the casual look of the 1960s and 1970s ushered in the "blue jeans craze". Levi's, under the leadership of Walter Haas, Peter Haas Sr., Paul Glasco, and George P. Simpkins Sr., expanded the firm's clothing line by adding new fashions and models, such as "stone-washed" jeans through the acquisition of Great Western Garment Co. (GWG), a Canadian clothing manufacturer, a technique still in use by Levi Strauss. Simpkins is credited with the company's record-paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from 16 plants to more than 63 in the US – and 23 overseas – from 1964 to 1974.

In the 1980s, the company closed approximately 60 manufacturing plants because of financial difficulties and strong competition.

The Dockers brand, launched in 1986 and sold primarily through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to wane. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1996 and led by CEO Jorge Bardina. Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the company's $2.6 billion outstanding debt.

Brand competition (1990s)
By the 1990s, Levi's faced competition from other brands and cheaper products from overseas and began accelerating the pace of its US factory closures and its use of offshore subcontractors. In 1991, Levi Strauss became implicated in a scandal involving pants made in the Northern Mariana Islands: some 3% of Levi's jeans sold annually with the "Made in the USA" label were shown to have been made by Chinese laborers under what the U.S. Department of Labor called slave-like conditions. , only a few of the costlier higher-end styles are made domestically.

Cited for sub-minimum wages, seven-day work weeks with 12-hour shifts, poor living conditions, and other workplace abuses, Tan Holdings Corporation, Levi Strauss' Marianas subcontractor, paid what were then the largest fines in US labor history, distributing more than $9 million in restitution to some 1,200 employees. Levi Strauss claimed no knowledge of the offenses, severed ties to the Tan family, and instituted labor reforms and inspection practices in its offshore facilities.

The activist group Fuerza Unida (United Force) formed following the January 1990 closure of a plant in San Antonio, Texas, in which 1,150 seamstresses – some of whom had worked for Levi Strauss for decades – saw their jobs exported to Costa Rica. During the mid-and late 1990s, Fuerza Unida picketed the Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco and staged hunger strikes and sit-ins in protest of the company's labor policies.

The company took on multibillion-dollar debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of private leveraged stock buyouts among family members determined to consolidate the company under their ownership. At the time, shares in Levi Strauss stock were not publicly traded. As of 2016, the firm was owned almost entirely by indirect descendants and collateral relatives of Levi Strauss, whose four nephews inherited the San Francisco dry-goods firm after their uncle died in 1902. The corporation's bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the company's Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K.K.

In June 1996, the company offered to pay its workers an unusual dividend of up to $750 million in six years, having halted an employee-stock plan during the internal family buyout. However, the company failed to make cash-flow targets, and no worker dividends were paid.

The annual sales of the brand increased in 1997 to $7.1 billion.

Later developments (2000–present)

In 2002, Levi Strauss began a close business collaboration with Walmart, producing a line of "Signature" jeans and other clothes for sale only in Walmart stores until 2006.

In 2002, the company closed its Valencia Street plant in San Francisco, which opened in 1906, the year of the city's devastating earthquake. By the end of 2003, the closure of Levi's last U.S. factory in San Antonio ended 150 years of jeans made in the United States. Production of a few higher-end, more expensive styles of jeans resumed in the U.S. several years later.

In 2002, Levi Strauss closed several factories worldwide and took control of GWG's operations. Attempts to make the GWG brand profitable again were unsuccessful, and the Edmonton GWG factory, along with all remaining Levi Strauss factories in North America, closed in 2004.

By 2007, Levi Strauss was again profitable after declining sales in nine of the previous ten years. Its total annual sales of just over $4 billion were $3 billion less than during its peak performance in the mid-1990s. After more than two decades of family ownership, rumors of a possible public stock offering appeared in the media in July 2007.

, Levi Strauss leads the apparel industry in trademark infringement cases, filing nearly 100 lawsuits against competitors over six years from 2001. Most cases center on the alleged imitation of Levi's back pocket double arc stitching pattern (U.S. trademark No. 1,139,254), which Levi's filed for a trademark in 1978. Levi's has successfully sued Guess, Polo Ralph Lauren, Esprit Holdings, Zegna, Zumiez, and Lucky Brand Jeans, among other companies.

In 2010, the company partnered with Filson, an outdoor goods manufacturer in Seattle, to produce a high-end line of jackets and workwear.

In 2011, the firm hired Chip Bergh as the president and chief executive of the brand. In that same year, they established more than 20 different waterless manufacturing techniques, reducing the exceptionally high amounts of water used to create denim. Levi's is now the world's most sustainable brand of jeans in terms of water usage.

On May 8, 2013, the NFL's San Francisco 49ers announced that Levi Strauss & Co. had purchased the naming rights to their new stadium in Santa Clara, California. The naming rights deal called for Levi's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and the 49ers over 20 years, with an option to extend the agreement for another five years for around $75 million.

, Levi Strauss Signature jeans were sold in 110 countries. In 2016, the company reported revenues of $4.6 billion.

On July 13, 2017, Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California.

In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a "smart jacket", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350.

In March 2019, Levi's debuted on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker "LEVI". Levi Strauss was valued at $6.6 billion as its IPO priced above the target.

In September 2019, Levi's won a final judgment on a trademark infringement in Guangzhou, China. The case centered on the "arcuate design on two pockets at the back of jeans", which has been protected in China since its registration there in 2005. The company won damages and costs in addition to a ban on future infringements. The infringer's ignorance of the trademark was no bar to punishment.

In 2019, Levi's became one of only two major clothing companies with commitments in line with the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

In 2020, Levi Strauss & Co. was expected to have completely replaced chemical usage as well as using lasers to cut, and design ripped parts of jeans. In December 2019, the Engage for Good (formerly Cause Marketing Forum) organization awarded the company the Golden Halo Award for 2020 for their advancements in corporate social impact.

On August 5, 2021, Levi Strauss & Co. announced the acquisition of Beyond Yoga, entering the activewear market. They expect the acquisition will contribute more than $100 million in net revenue per year. It was announced senior executives are to speak with AI expert Blake Van Leer at the LA eCommerce Summit about their digital strategies and AI in 2023. It was announced in January 2023 that Levi would begin accepting old pairs of jeans to recycle into more denim in a campaign to go green. Levi's Autumn/Winter 2023 WellThread capsule aimed to show the brand's engagement to sustainability as it included items made from 100% transitional cotton as well as plant-based natural dyes.

Cultural impact
Levi's have been worn by people of all backgrounds – from miners to actors to Nobel Prize recipients. Marlon Brando and Albert Einstein wore Levi's, and Einstein wore a 1930s-era Levi's leather jacket, which sold at auction house Christie's in July 2016 for £110,500.

Levi's is aggressive in advertising, marketing, and trademark protection. It has used its signature arched stitching on the back pockets of its jeans since 1873. In 1943, the firm trademarked the design in the U.S. and has done so in more than 100 total jurisdictions as of 2019. It has also trademarked various word marks, including "Levi's", "Red Tab", "Orange Tab", "Silvertab", "501", "505", "517", "550", "569": and "Dockers".

During the Cold War, Levi's became a symbol of the west in the Soviet Union. According to historian Kristin Roth-Ey, the association stemmed from the 1957 World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow: Americans wore Levi's jeans to the event, resulting in widespread interest within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that prompted the Soviet government to condemn the brand as a symbol of western decadence. Continued demand for the jeans resulted in both genuine articles and bootlegs becoming commonplace in Soviet black markets, and in 1979, the Soviet government struck deals with Levi's and the VF Corporation to manufacture jeans for consumers in the region; however, this deal fell through due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott following the onset of the Soviet–Afghan War.

In 2022, it was reported that a pair of Levi's jeans from the 1880s found in an abandoned mine shaft was sold for $87,400 at an auction in New Mexico. The vintage Levi's bore a label with the inscription "the only kind made by white labor", a detail which helped date the jeans to the period between 1882, which was after the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, banning Chinese laborers seeking to immigrate to the U.S., and the 1890s, when the company "reversed [its] policy and company leaders began speaking out against the nation's racist policy".

Corporate structure and staff

Levi Strauss & Co. is a worldwide corporation organized into three geographic divisions: Levi Strauss Americas (LSA), which is headquartered in San Francisco; Levi Strauss Europe (LSE), which is based in Brussels; and Levi Strauss Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa.

Strauss passed the company to his nephews, the sons of David Stern, upon his death in 1902. Walter A. Haas, who married the daughter of David's fourth son, Sigmund Stern, became president in 1928, and the company remained under the ownership of the Stern-Haas family until first going public in 1971. However, in 1985, the Haas family recaptured ownership of the company, taking it private once again for the next 34 years. In February 2019, the company filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for an initial public offering to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol LEVI. It was held on March 21, 2019, selling for $17 per share.

The company is also well known for promoting progressive causes. It was one of the earliest private sector institutions to support LGBTQ causes and, during the 2016 presidential campaign, donated $1 million to support immigration and LGBTQ rights. In 2018, CEO Chip Bergh published an op-ed in Fortune magazine, speaking out against gun violence.

However, the company is alleged to make use of Uyghur forced labor provided by the China-based supplier Beijing Guanghua Textile Group from a report by the Helena Kennedy Center for International Justice, the socialists and democrats in the European Parliament. Levi's has disputed these claims.

In the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the company experienced a 62% drop in sales and recorded a $364 million loss. Some 700 office jobs were pared to reduce expenses by $100 million.

Current products
As of 2019, Levi's are made in many developing countries, including Bangladesh, India, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico. Some top-end styles in the "Levi's Premium" and "Levi's Vintage Clothing" lines are produced in the United States.

In addition to jeans, Levi's sells a full line of shirts, jackets, sweaters, underwear, socks, eyeglasses, accessories, dresses, skirts, and leather products. All jeans and pants are categorized by fit – skinny, slim, straight, bootcut, taper, relaxed, flare, and "big & tall" – identified by trademarked three-digit numbers. The 501, the company's original modern design, is available in styles for both men and women. The rest of the 500 series is designed for men, and the 300, 400, 700, and 800 series for women.

title: Levi Strauss & Co.


text:
Talk:Jack Chick

Carol Chick date of death incorrect?
Sorry I'm new at this.

This article lists his daughter Carol's death as 1998, not 2001.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/25/jack-chick-christian-comic-cartoonist-death — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmschilling (talk • contribs) 14:26, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

Picture
The SPLC has a picture of Jack Chick at https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/ir162_briefs_mrchick.jpg should we use it here? 50.58.161.98 (talk) 17:20, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Anti-Catholicism category
Regarding this edit: it doesn't matter that Chick's anti-Catholicism is reliably sourced in the article text (and self-evident from his body of work): there is consensus against categorising individuals by their [alleged] biases. Please see the 2011 "bias categories" RfC; see also the guidance at Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United States, This category must not include articles about individuals, groups or media that are allegedly anti-Catholic. Cheers, gnu 57 22:57, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, and it doesn't matter that lots of articles get added to the categories contrary to the consensus either. On the other hand, it is completely appropriate that Chick tract be included in the category. StAnselm (talk) 23:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes. But I think that sources matters. He is a notorious anticatholic and his tracts too. We do not need weasel words nor wikilawyering here. Ixocactus (talk) 00:20, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Agree StAnselm - Chick's anti-catholic bent is well established - So why did you revert the edit to add the category back in? Ckruschke (talk) 19:06, 20 August 2020 (UTC)Ckruschke

I'm not sure why there's such a debate about adding Jack Chick to Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United States. He seems to fit the bill. There are other evangelical authors like Dave Hunt who have been placed in that category. Dustytumble (talk) 23:28, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There's longstanding consensus against grouping people in categories like "Antisemites", "Islamophobes", "Homophobes", "Racists", etc. (Here are some past discussions: ). The 2011 RfC concluded that biographical articles should be omitted from "bias categories" more generally. I know various other biographical articles are in these categories right now (thank you for pointing out Dave Hunt); I've been checking through them gradually, as I have time. Cheers, gnu 57 02:59, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * gnu - thanks for the clarification! Ckruschke (talk) 17:58, 21 August 2020 (UTC)Ckruschke

No. These past discussions don't clarify anything. They are about ugly deleted categories. This category will be not deleted. Sources matters. Ixocactus (talk) 21:52, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

His name is Jack T. Chick.
"Jack T. Chick" is name that Jack T. Chick inscribed on every Jack T. Chick tract he wrote. That's the name he used. It's the only name I ever knew him by. I can't bring myself to say or write "Jack Chick". He seemed to want the specificity of "Jack T. Chick", to avoid cross-coupling with possible other [in]famous Jack Chicks (even if there weren't any).

Searching Truepeoplesearch.com lists 20 people named "Jack Chick" in the USA, including the "Jack T Chick", Age 96, in Glendora CA (they register many deaths, but they also miss many). There could be many more nicknamed "Jack". ("While Jack is now a proper name in its own right, in English, it was traditionally used as a diminutive form of John. It can also be used as a diminutive for: Jacob, Jason, Jonathan, Jan, Johann, Johannes, Joachim, and sometimes for James, from French Jacques.") Truepeoplesearch counts 190 people named "John Chick" and 10 people named "Jacob Chick". (That's a lot of Jack Chicks.)

Findagrave.com lists 18 named "Jack Chick", including the "Jack Thomas Chick" (no grave photo). Also 171 named John Chick and 3 named Jacob Chick.

Move history (not one of which was discussed):
 * 2002-08-12 Egoinos created page Jack Chick (397 bytes)
 * 2008-02-25 Benjiboi moved page Jack Chick to Jack T. Chick over redirect (name of person used on all his publications)
 * 2016-10-24 JasonAQuest moved page Jack T. Chick to Jack Chick over redirect: (most common way it's referred to WP:NAME)
 * 2020-12-30T14:55:03 A876 moved page Jack Chick to Jack T. Chick over redirect: ("Jack T. Chick" is the author's name inscribed on every Jack T. Chick tract. it's the name he used and the only name i ever knew him by.')
 * 2020-12-30T15:27:59 StAnselm moved page Jack T. Chick to Jack Chick over redirect: (reverted undiscussed move - we go with the common name rather than the published name, and "Jack Chick" is most common in news results)

Nondiscussion is not an offense, so why mention it first? You evaluated the move and decided that it made the article worse (which is actually the only valid reason for reverting). Finally, "we" is a dangerous euphemism for "you" (pedantry), "I" or royal "we" (autocracy), or editorial "we" (spokesman and gatekeeper).

Is it that simple? It's tempting to make something as simple as "the most common way it's referred to" or "most common in news results" the arbiter. But "most common" by whose count? Google is no arbiter; sometimes Bing inverts the preponderance. (Bing finds 13,500 results intitle:"Jack T. Chick" -Wikipedia, but it give no count for intitle:"Jack Chick" -Wikipedia because it thinks "Jack Chick" is his name (featuring the Wikipedia article (circular reference)).

And whose references should count? And does a newspaper article's title reflect what the newspaper deems his real name? Some articles list his name 2 or 3 ways – do I count the title name, the first mention, or every mention? One could survey people who've heard of the guy (like most people did, by finding his sordid tracts), given that my "survey of one" and our survey of five are inadequate. All his books, on chick.com and Amazon, are by Jack T. Chick. Books about him are split between Jack T. Chick and Jack Chick. Were they trying to put him down? Due weight? I'm not about to search gigabytes of discussion to find a "precedent".

I know his name. I assume a lot of other people do too. How about a statistic for type-in searches, on engines or on Wikipedia – how many "Jack T. Chick" and how many "Jack Chick"?

A consequence of deciding by a statistic is that writing his name the way he liked on every work simply wasn't enough.

If his name really mattered to him, I suppose it was his responsibility to campaign harder to get more "news results" to come up his way – at least statistically most of the time.

Counts:
 * Google News: "Jack T. Chick": About 135
 * Google News: "Jack T. Chick" -"Jack Chick": About 120
 * Google News: "Jack Chick": About 947
 * Google News: "Jack Chick" -"Jack T. Chick": About 1,460 (Subtraction adds in Google Search.)
 * Google News: intitle:"Jack T. Chick": 9 results (NYTimes, WaPo, Comics Alliance)
 * Google News: intitle:"Jack Chick": 36 results (LATimes, Smithsonian, Guardian, Vox, New Republic, Daily Beast, Vice)
 * Google: intitle:"Jack T. Chick" (verbatim): About 2,110
 * Google: intitle:"Jack T. Chick" -Wikipedia (verbatim): About 1,830
 * Google: intitle:"Jack Chick" (verbatim): About 4,270
 * Google: intitle:"Jack Chick" -Wikipedia (verbatim): About 3,600

WP:INITS: Middle names and initials: "Generally, use the most common format of a name used in reliable sources: if that is with a middle name or initials, make the Wikipedia article title conform to that format. Examples: John F. Kennedy, Thomas John Barnardo, George H. W. Bush, J. P. Morgan."

MOS:INITIALS: Initials: "Use initials in a personal name only if the name is commonly written that way." (Commonly written by whom? The person themself? Or editors and typesetters? (due weight?))

MOS:FULLNAME: First mention: "While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name, if known, should usually be given in the lead sentence (including middle names, if known, or middle initials)." (And if he never used his middle name?)

Bottom line: If I'm right about how people think of him, and/or what weight should be given to what he called himself and how people remember him, I think this article should be named "Jack T. Chick", notwithstanding that numerically more media content calls him "Jack Chick". In conversation, people probably addressed him as "Jack" and introduced him as "Jack Chick", but I don't see a good reason or excuse for authors to shorten his written name when writing about him. -A876 (talk) 00:12, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

KJV Only People/Not 1611, it is a newer Version 1769
“…almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford, and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title "King James Version" usually indicates this Oxford standard text.” - Wikipedia The 1611 KJV version to the today’s 1769 KJV, reads more different than 1769 KJV to the 1984 NKJV. I have all three versions, the NKJV is based on a newer “Textus Receptus” than Erasmus or Stepen’s 1550.Easeltine (talk) 21:08, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Chick