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Fleadh Cheoil

The Fleadh Cheoil, or "music festival" in English, is an annual Irish arts festival and competition run by Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann ( Irish pronunciation: [ˈkoːl̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ ˈcoːl̪ˠt̪ˠoːɾʲiː ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ), or CCÉ, a non-profit organisation which aims to promote the learning of and performance of Irish traditional music and dance internationally and domestically, as the group maintains international branches in several countries.

Each year, a different town or city plays host to the Fleadh Cheoil, facilitating exposure to new musicians and styles, as well as opportunities to discover new repertoire, for all in attendance. Over the decades, the Fleadh has been held everywhere from large cities and towns to rural villages, such as Mullingar, Sligo, and Tullamore, among many others. The competition, arguably the most prestigious and "serious" portion of the event, is held alongside a parade, countless impromptu jam sessions and performing musicians—many of global renown and previous All-Ireland winners, themselves. The public music sessions—which occur spontaneously at the festival and throughout the hosting town—are often a highlight of the Fleadh for many, involving musicians on street corners, in pubs, restaurants, or other public places. Competitors and attendees of the Fleadh Cheoil come from across the whole of Ireland, as well as many European countries, the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and more.

There are various stages within the competition, with varying degrees of local, prerequisite titles one must accomplish before competing at the Fleadh. In Ireland, there are county and provincial competitions leading to the Fleadh.

Competitions are in solo and duo categories, and divided into the following age ranges: under 12, 12–15, 15–18, over 18 (senior),U,18, Any Age, U-18, U-9, 9-11, 11-13, 13-15, 15-18 (for Cómhra) and O-35.The Fleadh Cheoil (Irish pronunciation: [ˌfʲlʲaː ˈçoːlʲ]), or "music festival" in English, is an annual Irish arts festival and competition run by Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkoːl̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ ˈcoːl̪ˠt̪ˠoːɾʲiː ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]), or CCÉ, a non-profit organisation which aims to promote the learning of and performance of Irish traditional music and dance internationally and domestically, as the group maintains international branches in several countries.

The Holy Cross Accordion Band Attical at the Fleadh Cheoil in 2014

Great Britain
Since its establishment in 1957, Comhaltas in Britain holds regional fleadhanna followed by a national Fleadh called the All-Britain Fleadh, or Fleadh Cheoil na Breataine in Irish Gaelic, stages of qualification prior to the All-Ireland. The organisation's charitable status was recognised in 2019 in England and Wales, followed by charity registration in Scotland in 2024.

America
The North American branches of CCÉ oversee two regional, pre-All-Ireland qualifying events: the Mid-Atlantic Fleadh (for residents of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, as well as eastern Canada and the Maritimes) and the Midwest Fleadh (catering to most of the rest of North America). The latter event is not restricted to the American Midwest specifically, as it caters to regions with historically prominent Irish populations and associated music scenes, such as Atlanta, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco and St. Louis, among others. Upon winning in a respective category at any of these festivals, one may be considered for entry into the All-Ireland Fleadh Cheoil, the most prestigious level of the system.

History
The first national festival of Irish traditional music was held in Mullingar in 1951. At its inaugural meeting in September 1951, CCÉ came up with the title of Fleadh Cheoil, aiming to make this a great national festival of traditional music. The fleadh has been held in many different venues.

In the years that followed, the number of would-be competitors grew so large that qualifying stages had to be arranged at county and provincial levels. Since then, Fleadh Nua (the new fleadh), Fleadh na Breataine (an All-Britain fleadh) and regional Fleadhanna in Britain, and two major Fleadhanna in the USA have also become annual CCÉ events.

From its beginning, the goal of the Fleadh Cheoil was to establish standards in Irish traditional music through competition. The fleadh developed as a mainly competitive event, but it also included many concerts, céilíthe, parades, and sessions.

Today, nearly 55 years on, fleadhanna (plural of fleadh) at each level provide a platform and a meeting place for the thousands of musicians, singers and dancers who carry on the tradition. Around 20,000 performers compete in Fleadhanna each year.

The 2008 festival was held in Tullamore, County Offaly and attracted an estimated crowd of 250,000 people making it Ireland's largest festival, music or otherwise. The Fleadh came to Sligo in 2014 and 2015.

The 2016 festival was held in Ennis, County Clare and attracted an estimated crowd of 400,000 people over the nine days from 14 to 22 August. Among the visitors to the 2016 Fleadh was President Michael D Higgins, who went to school near Ennis. 10,000 musicians took part in 2016, with 6,000 of them participating in 180 All-Ireland competitions. An estimated €38 million was spent as 80,000 visitors were in Ennis at any one time. There were 28 concerts, with five held in the 2,000-seater Shannon Aerodome at Tim Smythe Park in the town. The 2017 Fleadh Cheoil returned to Ennis from 13 to 21 August. The 2017 festival was opened by Michael Flatley, and over 450,000 people attended, peaking on the Saturday.

The largest fleadh to date was 2023 in Mullingar, an event estimated to have attracted over 600,000 people. The 2018 Fleadh Cheoil in Drogheda is held the record before Mullingar.

Competition categories
According to CCÉ's official rules for 2005:

 * Solo competitions are held for the following instruments: fiddle, button accordion, flute, whistle, piano accordion, concertina, uileann pipes, Irish harp, mouth organ, banjo, mandolin, piano, melodeon, miscellaneous (instruments not named here), accompaniment, Bódhrán and Céilí Drums.
 * Solo competitions for slow airs shall be held for the following instruments: fiddle; uileann pipes, flute, whistle and Irish harp.

There are also competitions for the following ensembles: duet, trio, Céilí band, instrumental group (grupaí cheoil), accordion band, pipe band, flute band and miscellaneous ensemble.

The full rule set, which may change from year to year, is available from CCÉ web site in the Press Room section. Comhaltas has a constitution in the Irish language.

Application
Towns and cities wishing to host Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann must submit several applications to Ardchomhairle an Chomaltais – the highest committee within CCÉ. Certain members of the Ardchomhairle then inspect the applicant towns and the locations that have been proposed as competition venues, before coming to a final decision several weeks after the preceding fleadh, usually in September. Once a town has been chosen to host the Fleadh, it undertakes to host the festival for two consecutive years. However, Comhaltas has the right to deny any the successful town the Fleadh for the second year if poor venues, organisational problems, etc. are demonstrated on the town's first year of hosting. On 10 September 2011, the 2012 All-Ireland Fleadh Cheoil was awarded to Cavan, County Cavan, for the third year in succession. The other towns who applied for the 2012 festival were Ennis, County Clare; and Sligo, County Sligo. The Fleadh was held in Derry in 2013, the first time that it was held in Northern Ireland. One of the primary reasons for holding the Fleadh in Derry was due to that city being awarded the UK City of Culture for 2013. In 2014, it was confirmed that the Fleadh Cheoil would be held in Sligo for 2014 and 2015. Ennis hosted the Fleadh in August 2016 and 2017, with Drogheda hosting in 2018 and 2019. Mullingar were the planned hosts for 2020 and 2021 (cancelled due to COVID-19 in Ireland), and finally hosted in 2022, the first in-person Fleadh Cheoil since 2019. An online "FleadhFest" took place in 2021, with a showpiece in Sligo. The 2023 All-Ireland Fleadh is set to take place in Mullingar for a second consecutive year from 6 August to 14 August; Belfast and Wexford made unsuccessful bids to host the event in 2023.

title: Fleadh Cheoil


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John Ball (naturalist)

John Ball (20 August 1818 – 21 October 1889) was an Irish politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller.

Background and education
Ball was born in Dublin, the eldest son of Nicholas Ball, judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) and his wife Jane Sherlock. He was educated at Oscott College near Birmingham, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was 41st Wrangler but as a Roman Catholic could not be admitted to a BA degree. He showed in his early years a taste for natural science, particularly botany; and after leaving Cambridge he travelled in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe and North Africa, studying his favourite pursuits, and contributing papers on botany and the Swiss glaciers to scientific periodicals.

Political career
In 1846 Ball was made an assistant poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1847, and in 1848 stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for Sligo. In 1849 he was appointed second poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1852 and successfully contested the County Carlow constituency in the Whig interest. In 1854, while grave doubts were raised in well-informed quarters about entering a war with Russia, the voice of the people found expression in Ball who assured the government that justification of the Crimean war was vast, high and noble: 'the maintenance in civilised society of the principles of right and justice'. In the British House of Commons he attracted Lord Palmerston's attention by his abilities, and in 1855 was made Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, a post which he held for two years.

At the colonial office he had great influence in furthering the cause of natural science, particularly in connection with equipment of the Palliser Expedition in Canada (for his efforts, the Ball Range in the Canadian Rockies was named after him), and with William Jackson Hooker's efforts to obtain a systematic knowledge of the colonial floras.

Alpinist
In 1858 Ball stood for County Limerick, but was defeated, and he then gave up politics and devoted himself to natural history. He was the first president of the Alpine Club (founded 1857), and it is for his work as an alpinist that he is chiefly remembered. His well-known Alpine Guide (London, 1863–1868) was the result of innumerable climbs and journeys and of careful observation recorded in a clear and often entertaining style. Among his accomplishments, he was the first to climb a major Dolomites peak (Monte Pelmo in 1857). He also travelled in Morocco (1871) and South America (1882), and recorded his observations in books which were recognised as having scientific value.

Personal life
His wife was Elisa Parolini, daughter of the Italian naturalist Alberto Parolini. Ball died in London in October 1889, aged 71.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Ball (naturalist)


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John Ball (Puritan)

John Ball (October 1585 – 20 October 1640) was an English puritan divine.

Life
He was born in Cassington, Oxfordshire.

After taking his BA degree from St Mary Hall, Oxford, in 1608, he went into Cheshire to act as tutor to the children of Lady Cholmondeley. He adopted Puritan views, and after being ordained without subscription, was appointed to the small curacy of Whitmore in Staffordshire. He was soon deprived by John Bridgeman, the high church bishop of Chester, who put him to much suffering.

He became a schoolmaster and earned a wide and high reputation for his scholarship and piety. He died on 20 October 1640.

Works
The most popular of his numerous works was A Short Catechisme, containing all the Principal Grounds of Religion (14 editions before 1632). His Treatise of Faith (1632), and Friendly Trial of the Grounds tending to Separation (1640), the latter of which defines his position with regard to the church, are also valuable. His A Tryall of the New-Church Way in New-England and Old, written in 1637 but published in 1644, was a reply to the responses of the New England puritans to nine questions which he had posed to them concerning the constitution and doctrine of their churches. His Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (1645) was also published posthumously.

Works reprinted

 * A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (1645) ISBN 1-84685-278-1

title: John Ball (Puritan)


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John Ball (priest)

John Ball  (c. 1338 – 15 July 1381) was an English priest who took a prominent part in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Although he is often associated with John Wycliffe and the Lollard movement, Ball was actively preaching "articles contrary to the faith of the church" at least a decade before Wycliffe started attracting attention.

Biography
It is possible that John Ball was the son of William and Joan Ball of Peldon near Colchester. He was born c. 1338 and it has been suggested that his name is first mentioned in the Colchester Court Rolls of 30 January 1352, when, on coming of age in 1350 he acknowledged the tenancy of a tenement between East and West Stockwell Street in the town. Whether this is the John Ball from the Peasants' Revolt is not clear and others see this among the "speculative attempts" at reconstructing Ball's early life.

Ball trained as a priest in York and referred to himself, according to Thomas Walsingham, as "Seynte Marie priest of York". He later moved to Norwich and to Colchester. At that time, England was exhausted by death on a massive scale and crippling taxes. The Black Death was followed by years of war, which had to be paid for. The population was nearly halved by disease, and overworked, and onerous flat-rate poll taxes were imposed.

Ball was imprisoned in Maidstone, Kent, at the time of the 1381 Revolt. What is recorded of his adult life comes from hostile sources emanating from the religious and political social order. He is said to have gained considerable fame as a roving preacher without a parish or any link to the established order by expounding the doctrines of John Wycliffe, and especially by his insistence on social equality. He delivered radical sermons in many places, including Ashen, Billericay, Bocking, Braintree, Cressing Temple, Dedham, Coggeshall, Fobbing, Goldhanger, Great Baddow, Little Henny, Stisted and Waltham.

His utterances brought him into conflict with Simon of Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, and he was thrown in prison on several occasions. He also appears to have been excommunicated; owing to which, in 1366 it was forbidden for anyone to hear him preach. These measures, however, did not moderate his opinions, nor diminish his popularity, and he took to speaking to parishioners in churchyards after official services.

Shortly after the Peasants' Revolt began, Ball was released by the Kentish rebels from his prison. He preached to them at Blackheath (the peasants' rendezvous to the south of Greenwich) in an open-air sermon that included the following:

"When Adam d and Eve, Who was then the gentleman? "When Adam delved and Eve span,/Who was then the gentleman" Sources
 * Webster's online Dictionary
 * The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
 * The Columbia World of Quotations. 1996
 * BBC: Voices of the Powerless – Readings from Original Sources
 * English Literature by William Joseph Long
 * Other versions
 * "When Adam delved and Eve span, / Where was then the pride of man?" Richard Rolle de Hampole. Little Oxford Dictionary of Quotations online claims that this is the original source for Ball's version.
 * "When Adam Dalf, and Eve span, / Who was then a gentleman?" from Thomas Walsingham's Historia Anglicana (Paul H. Freedman. Images of the Medieval Peasant, Stanford University Press, 1999 ISBN 0804733732. p. 60)
 * "When Adam Dolve, and Eve span, / Who was then the gentleman?" John Bartlett, comp. Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. 1919. p. 871 from Hume: History of England, vol. i. chap. xvii. note 8.
 * "When Adam dug and Eve span, / Who was then a nobleman?" Literature of Richard II's Reign and the Peasants' Revolt. Edited by James M. Dean
 * Notes and Queries, Vol. 7 3rd S. (171) Apr 8, 1865, p. 279, Oxford University Press, 1865, "Delved Dolve or Dalf?" by N.N. From the beginning all men by nature were created alike, and our bondage or servitude came in by the unjust oppression of naughty men. For if God would have had any from the beginning, He would have appointed who should be bond, and who free. And therefore I exhort you to consider that now the time is come, appointed to us by God, in which ye may (if ye will) cast off the yoke of bondage, and recover liberty."
 * Notes and Queries, Vol. 7 3rd S. (171) Apr 8, 1865, p. 279, Oxford University Press, 1865, "Delved Dolve or Dalf?" by N.N. From the beginning all men by nature were created alike, and our bondage or servitude came in by the unjust oppression of naughty men. For if God would have had any from the beginning, He would have appointed who should be bond, and who free. And therefore I exhort you to consider that now the time is come, appointed to us by God, in which ye may (if ye will) cast off the yoke of bondage, and recover liberty."

When the rebels had dispersed, Ball was taken prisoner at Coventry, given a trial in which, unlike most, he was permitted to speak. He was hanged, drawn and quartered at St Albans in the presence of King Richard II on 15 July 1381. His head was displayed stuck on a pike on London Bridge, and the quarters of his body were displayed at four different towns. Called by Froissart "the mad priest of Kent," Ball seems to have possessed the gift of rhyme. He voiced the feelings of a section of the discontented lower orders of society at that time, who chafed at villeinage and the lords' rights of unpaid labour, or corvée.

John Ball in popular culture
Historian James Crossley has shown that Ball was largely portrayed negatively for four centuries after his death in theological works, plays, poems, and popular histories. After the 1790s, Ball became a hero for radicals, revolutionaries, socialists, and communists as well as becoming a more respected figure in English history and a recurring figure in novels.

Ball is also mentioned at John Gower's Vox Clamantis line 793. Morley translates this as:

Ball was the preacher, the prophet and teacher, inspired by a spirit of hell, And every fool advanced in his school, to be taught as the devil thought well.

Ball appears as a character in the anonymous play The Life and Death of Jack Straw, published in London in 1593, which deals with the events of the Peasants' Revolt.

William Morris wrote a short story called "A Dream of John Ball", which was serialised in the Commonweal between November 1886 and February 1887. It was published in book form in 1888.

Ball appears in the historical novel Robert Annys: A Poor Priest (1901) by Annie Nathan Meyer. Ball appears as a sympathetic character in the novel Long Will (1903) by Florence Converse.

There is a steep hill on the A5199 road in Leicestershire, between Shearsby and Husbands Bosworth, that is colloquially called "John Ball Hill".

A tower chapel at the parish church of Thaxted in Essex was dedicated to John Ball under the Anglo-Catholic socialist vicar, Conrad Noel (1910–1942).

The Bedfordshire on Sunday, a free local newspaper based in Bedford, runs a weekly column by a fictional journalist called "John Ball's Diary", which features behind-the-scenes life in the office of the newspaper. The column is written by all the members of the editorial staff.

John Ball appears in the 1954 historical novel Katherine by Anya Seton.

Ball made an appearance in the Newbery Medal-winning 2002 novel Crispin: The Cross of Lead. He was a priest, as he usually is, and was assisting a character by the name of Bear in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.

John Ball is referenced several times in T. H. White's The Once and Future King, most prominently in the fourth book, The Candle in the Wind. In the final chapter (14), King Arthur muses on his failure to unite England. King Arthur tries to understand what forces are at work that make mankind fight wars and references the "communism" of John Ball as a precursor to Mordred's Thrashers.

John Ball's line, "When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman?" serves as the epigraph to Zadie Smith's 2012 novel NW, which follows characters who grew up on a council estate in northwest London.

In Act V Scene 1 of Hamlet, Shakespeare has the Gravedigger (First Clown) discuss the line "When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman?" with a bit of a reversed sense: in Adam's time there were none but gentlemen.

First Clown: ... Come, my spade. There is no ancient gentleman but gardeners, ditchers, and grave-makers: they hold up Adam's profession.

Second Clown: Was he a gentleman?

First Clown: He was the first that ever bore arms.

Second Clown: Why, he had none.

First Clown: What, art a heathen? How dost thou understand the Scripture? The Scripture says 'Adam digged:' could he dig without arms?

English songwriter Sydney Carter wrote an eponymously titled song about Ball that has been recorded by a number of artists. 'Sing John Ball' is regularly performed in the UK by folk musicians including The Young'uns, The Melrose Quartet, and in 2015 the group Sweet Liberties performed the song in the Houses of Parliament.

title: John Ball (priest)


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1981 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1981.

February

 * 5 – Toronto police raid city bathhouses, arresting 286 people and charging 20 for operating a brothel (see Operation Soap). No sex work was uncovered.
 * 6 – About 3,000 protestors stage the largest-ever sit in protests in Toronto streets to decry city police raids on bath houses. This became seen as Toronto's version of the Stonewall Riots.
 * 10 – In the United States, Christian advocacy group Moral Majority announces a $3 million fund to fight against homosexuality in San Francisco, California.
 * 20 – Protest crowds in Toronto swell to 4,000 in the fight to stop police crackdown on bathhouses.

March

 * 1 – The Billy DeFrank Lesbian and Gay Community Center first opens its doors in a two-room store front in downtown San Jose, California.
 * 6 – Toronto Gay Community Council holds first meeting.

April

 * 4 – First Gay Pride Parade takes place in Paris.

May

 * In France, the government of François Mitterrand repeals Mirguet Amendment. A reform of the sex offences law equalises the age of consent (effect August 4 the following year).
 * 14 – The Reagan administration cancels the White House's subscription to The Advocate.

June

 * 5 – The United States Centers for Disease Control receives the first known reports of what would come to be known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), found in the gay communities of Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.

July

 * 3 – The New Democratic Party of Canada calls for amending the "bawdyhouse" section of the Canadian Criminal Code, which is often used to raid gay bathhouses.

October

 * 22 — European Court of Human Rights judgment in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom evaluates Northern Ireland's criminalisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults as contrary to the right to respect to private life.

December

 * 1 – The legislature of the Canadian province of Ontario defeats an amendment which would have added "sexual orientation" to the human rights code.

title: 1981 in LGBT rights


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Talk:Candela

Older comments
I would add a graphic representing a candela. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.203.89.187 (talk • contribs) 16:20, 27 February 2004

Maybe include a comparison of how much a candela is? For instance, I was told by grenade that a flashbang produces a light of one million candela. Now I know by a combination of context and common sense that this is extremely bright, but if I had no context it could just as easily suggest the brightness of, say, a dim light bulb (one million of a unit isn't necessarily much; a million nanometers isn't remarkably big to the eye, if it can even see it). Moreover it doesn't show me how extremely bright it is. It's a million times brighter than...something. Or five hundred thousand times brighter than...something.

--Furrykef 08:37, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

This topic is simple enough to be easily understandable, however it is so poorly organized, useful information is there if you care to follow the almost circular reasoning. Profoundly weak information about I am looking for a comparison of sunlight vs artificial lights. A greenhouse's natural  lighting  needs  supplimental artifical  lighting. That would be in lux, dependendent on distance from source, it  may be here, but  not very clear. Typical W-pedia nonesense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.104.125.26 (talk) 17:16, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * natural sunlight,
 * distance from  light source and effects,

 * Perhaps you want the article Lux?--Srleffler (talk) 23:19, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Fundamental unit
Could someone please clarify: Is the Candela a fundamental unit or not?

What I find is the following:
 * SI claims candela to be a SI base unit
 * Fundamental unit claims candela to be a SI base unit and a fundamental unit
 * Candela however, claims that it is not a fundamental unit — anymore; but that it is a SI base unit.

\Mikez 07:35, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The page Fundamental unit was wrong, as was the page SI base unit. I have corrected both. This page is correct. The candela is by definition a "base unit", but is no longer a fundamental unit.--Srleffler 23:54, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm confused too. The article says it's not fundamental because the definition contains the watt. But it says it used to be fundamental when its definition contained the square centimetre.  I fail to see the distinction. Indefatigable 22:31, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC).

 * It is still defined as a base unit. Read:  .  My guess is that it is based on, but not proportional to, the watt. -- Pgabolde 15:53, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a base unit but no longer a fundamental unit, because it is entirely definable in terms of other SI base units. Previously, to determine what a candela was, you had to observe the brightness of a specified amount of platinum, heated to its melting point. Every possible SI measurement of luminous intensity would be made by comparing the brightness of something to the brightness of melting platinum, or comparing to something else that had been compared to heated platinum, or comparing to something that had been compared to something that had been compared to heated platinum, etc. True measurement is always a chain of measurements back to some defined standard.

 * Under the new definition, the chain of measurements ultimately goes back to the definitions of kg, m, and s. In principle, if you had available to you means of comparing masses, lengths, and times to the SI standards, you could construct an experiment in which you could make true candela measurements with no other references.

 * The candela was kept as a "base unit" primarily for historical reasons. I guess nobody wanted to eliminate a "base unit". It seems to me that one ought to also be able to eliminate one of {mole, second, ampere} as well, but that would be similarly unpalatable.--Srleffler 23:34, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You are not wright. It is defined on other SI units (Just like ampere or some other units are defined), but to calculate it you must know eye sensitivity at some particular waveleight, and it is not included in SI. Stijak 03:41, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You don't need to know the sensitivity of an actual human eye. That would be meaningless. The sensitivity of the eye as a function of wavelength differs from person to person. The candela is based on a defined response curve, that attempts to represent the average response of people's eyes. This is a static mathematical function. It's completely possible to obtain a fully-calibrated luminous intensity measurement using only calibrated measures of power, area, and wavelength or frequency. The candela is therefore, not a fundamental unit, although it remains a "base unit" by definition.

 * This is not the same as the ampere, which is defined in terms of a specific physical measurement, not in terms of a general combination of other units and simple mathematics. The BIPM acknowledges this difference in status for the candela in their description of it: --Srleffler 04:01, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that we use sensitivity of defined response curve(luminosity function), doesn't change anything. The only thing I don't understand is why luminosity function wasn't included in the definition od Candela. Thinking in your logic, it seams to me that mole for instance wouldn't be fundamental unit, since it can be calculated knowing the number of molecules, using simple mathematic and knowing Avogadro number(in case of candela we have to know $$V(\lambda)$$). Stijak 04:47, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

It is base unit, because it is connected with waveleight, and sensitivity of human eye at that waveleight. Corect formula is $$1Cd= \frac {1W/683}{V(l)}$$ where V(l) is the relative sensitivity of the eye at wavelength l. Values of V(l), defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), are available online from the Color and Vision Research Laboratories of the University of California at San Diego and the University of Tübingen, Germany. read Stijak 18:59, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you mean [DELETED] . --Srleffler 23:36, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I deleted the formula I had put here, because it was confusing and perhaps incorrect. A better statement would be that a 1 cd source of wavelength $$\lambda$$ must have a radiant intensity given by $$I(\lambda)= \frac {1}{683 V(\lambda)} \ \mathrm{W/sr}$$--Srleffler 17:09, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, thank you. I tried to edit some other pages contaning this misfacts about Candela. Stijak 03:32, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have reversed your edits. The candela is a base unit by definition, but is in fact completely defined in terms of other units and an arbitrary mathematical curve (the luminosity function). One can construct an experiment to measure a light source in candelas purely using instruments calibrated to other SI base units, with no reference to a standard SI luminous intensity reference. This makes the candela definitely not a fundamental unit.--Srleffler 03:50, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Add the Nit
The chart should add the term "Nit" to the "Candela/m²" entry, this term is used extensively in industry.

Karl Lang

Nits are not an SI unit, so they do not belong in that chart. They are mentioned in the article on luminance, though, and they have their own article too.--Srleffler 22:58, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Formula
Can somebody check the formula? I have the impression it contradicts the one in luminosity function. Shouldn't the luminous intensity be proportional to y(λ), not inversely proportional? Thanks. -- Pgabolde 14:55, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was wrong. I took the formula from User:Stijak's formula above without thinking it through carefully.--Srleffler 17:03, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

My contribution to the correction of the formula is only a question. I am really looking for help. I need a quick ( perhaps approximate ) but fundamentally correct method to convert Lumen to Candelas.( when beam angle is known )and back to lumen when Candelas and Beam Angle are known. The conversion table does not seem to be doing the trick for me. Here is why. I took a PAR38 90 watt 30 degrees lamp and measured the lumen using my integrated lumen sphere. Testing protocol IESNA LM20. My finding was 1270 lumen. According to the conversion "factor table" referenced here should I expect to have 5930 candelas ? ( 1270 lumen times 4.67 ) My bench gonio only reads this lamp at about 2400 candelas Can any one please explain why the conversion table is not working for me? PS All my instruments are calibrated and traceable to NIST —Preceding unsigned comment added by The old Athenian (talk • contribs) 18:53, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

multiples
Please don't remove multiples, for consistency they are in all seven base SI units. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.5.62.208 (talk • contribs) 10:25, September 6, 2006.
 * This has got to be the longest-running slow edit war on Wikipedia. At least the table of prefixes is smaller and less obtrusive than the complete list of multiples.--Srleffler 00:22, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

The Sun
I moved the following here from the article, because I dispute it as both factually incorrect and Original Research:

The Sun shines with about 9000 Ycd .

Urhixidur seems to have found a value for the Sun's luminance in the literature, and has tried to convert it to luminous intensity by multiplying by the Sun's surface area. This is incorrect. While it has the correct dimensions, you can't get a luminous intensity from a luminance in this manner. I'm also confused by the comment that the sun "shines with" 9000 Ycd, but puts out "3000 Ycd in the astronomical V band". Candelas are explicitly a measure of luminous intensity, evaluated with respect to the CIE standard photopic luminosity function. Nothing else can be correctly quoted as a value in candelas. One can measure the Sun's output with any detector response function one chooses, but if the detector response isn't spectrally resolved and doesn't match the CIE curve, the result cannot be expressed in or converted to candelas.

The confusing edits here and at Talk:Sun are a good example of the importance of the policy on Original Research, and indicate that this is a good case in which to apply the policy strictly. You may not derive new quantities from published sources, and include the results in Wikipedia. If you can't find a published value for the luminous intensity of the Sun, then you can't give a value for it here.--Srleffler 23:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Candlepower
The traditional candlepower is different form the candela (about .981 candela), we should say something about this. Chamberlian 01:31, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, given that candlepower redirects here. The article does already mention that candlepower is a similar but distinct unit, and briefly indicates how it was defined.--Srleffler 19:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

The article Automotive_lighting points here with Mean Spherical Candlepower, but that term is not explained here. 75.72.170.97 02:34, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with that unit, but it seems to be the candlepower you would have if the light from the bulb (in lumens) were evenly distributed in all directions. If you take the values given in the article in lumens and divide by 4π steradians, you get the values they give for "mean spherical candlepower". I removed those units from the article, because this is a dumb way to characterize the light output of a lightbulb. --Srleffler 03:15, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I restored the description of candlepower to the article. It had been deleted some months ago.--Srleffler 03:28, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

convert footcandles and lux to candelas
"Candelas are equal to the square of the distance multiplied by the number of footcandles. For example, if your meter is ten feet away from the light source and your meter reading is 10 footcandles, the equivalent candelas equals 10 feet squared (e.g. 100) times 10 -- which equals 1,000 candelas.

The conversion of footcandles and lux to candelas is most accurately achieved in the context of a single point source of light measured in the dark. If the light source is diffused, you should take several readings at different angles in order to calculate an "average" candela measurement." -69.87.200.181 16:17, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You can't really "convert" footcandles or lux to candelas. They are measures of different physical quantities. If you define what your source is (e.g. a point source), then you can calculate the value of one from a measurement of the other. If the source is not exactly as described, you may or may not get a decent approximation to the correct value, depending on your assumptions.--Srleffler (talk) 23:28, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I got to this article from bicycle lighting where the link to here was highly unhelpful for figuring which lamp would help avoid a pothole and which would help avoid being run over by a truck. Knowing more about bicycling than light, I fixed the problem there with a rough elementary introduction to the theory as far as it relates to that context.  What suprizes me about the present article and its discussion page is, nobody has found a good place in their text for a link to Photometry (optics) which, so far as my dim understanding can see, is where the relations amomg flux, lux, radiance, intensity, brightness and other concepts are explained, or ought to be explained.  Jim.henderson (talk) 00:17, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing that out. I edited the article to make it clearer and more correct, and tried to put things in less technical language. The full technical treatment is best kept for articles like this one, with a simpler approach in more general-interest articles.--Srleffler (talk) 02:48, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

About the Chart
Because I am new to this subject, I usually find it difficult to translate what some of these graphs mean. Specifically, the chart on the very top of this page. It goes on extensively about the different elements constituting it, however it leaves out what the value of the y-axis is inside the descriptor box. What I want to know is: What is the simple value of the y-axis? Can somebody please edit the article such that this information is privy throughout it. Dark Observer 21:21, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a dimensionless value, normalized to one at the peak of the curve. The curves represent the relative response of the human eye to light, as a function of wavelength.--Srleffler (talk) 23:31, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Planck radiator
I restored the link to Planck radiator, and redirected the latter to Planck's law. This is a more appropriate link than to Planck.--Srleffler 17:22, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

"luminous efficiency function"
In the chart and opening parragraph it should read "luminous efficiency function" NOT "luminosity function"

In all reference texts I use, CIE and NIST standards this is called the "luminous efficiency function." It portrays a standard human observer's efficiency at converting light of various wavelengths to a signal. I would also argue steadfastly that the entry for "luminosity function" be redirected to "luminous efficiency function" with a mention that this term is an arcane term derived from astronomy.

See

Wyzecki, G. and Stiles, W.S., 1982. Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae

See also the direct link in the current chart text to the stockman, sharp data.

http://www.cvrl.org/database/text/lum/ssvl2.htm

Illuminant (talk) 20:16, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * A quick survey of books finds about 200 each way, and a few with both. I've added an "also known as" in the lead to make the connection. Dicklyon (talk) 21:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Examples (Watts)
This page should include some examples. In particular, how many candela per watt does a typical incandescent bulb produce. This seems particularly relevant because compact fluorescent bulbs and LED light bulbs describe the light output in incandescent-equivalent watts. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 21:51, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * How about a mention with link to luminous efficacy? Dicklyon (talk) 23:44, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * My mistake: this request should really be on lumen (unit). With that in mind, the various light-unit pages should have some pictures to make it clear which is which. e.g., a picture of a big an a little light source with the same lumen output and with the same candela output. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 02:23, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * My mistake. It's lumens, not candela -- a standard incandescent bulb is about 15 lm/W so that's roughly conversion between lumens and watts that CFL makers use. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 02:23, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * If you found a source that indicates that they use 15 lm/W to rate CFLs, that would be good to add some place. Dicklyon (talk) 03:47, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I didn't find any specific references saying that's what's used for CFL; I just took a nice round number in the middle of the pack of 120V incandescents from luminous efficacy. That page does have citations, but not to "this is how they rate CFLs". —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 10:35, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I doubt that they use a single number, since the efficacy of incandescent bulbs varies with wattage. They design the CFL to have output (in lumens) comparable to one size of standard incandescent bulb, and then report the CFL as a suitable replacement for that size bulb. No "standard efficacy" of incandescents is needed—only typical ranges for how much luminous flux is produced by bulbs in standard sizes (25, 40, 60, 100 W, etc.). --Srleffler (talk) 16:04, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Which luminosity function?
There is one thing that strikes me: The SI standard does not say, on which of the many luminosity functions the unit is based. Considering that V (1931) and VM (1978) differ by a factor of 7 (!) at 400 nm, this makes me really wonder. Well, I guess, since the standard is from 1979, they wouldn’t have used the highly inaccurate function from 1931, but I can nowhere find the answer to the question whether the definition of the unit has been updated in 2005, and if so, if the 2° or the 10° version is used and if the corrections of CIE (2008) are applied. These questions can still account for uncertainties of a factor about 2 at some wavelengths. —Quilbert (talk) 04:05, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Good point. I'm pretty sure the SI specifies the Vλ 1931 photopic luminosity function some place, but I'm not sure where, and our articles don't seem to say. Dicklyon (talk) 04:31, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * This book says the 1931 is basis of the current standards in the United States, but I think that really applied to the SI. It also says that the CIE says the 1978 "would be the preferred function" sometimes. Dicklyon (talk) 04:44, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I found those links: an appendix to the SI brochure and this one. They give some clues, but still no definite answer …
 * “The 1979 definition gives no prescription as to how the candela should be realized, which has the great advantage that new techniques to realize the candela can be adopted without changing the definition.”
 * “the CIE’s responsibility for the standardization of the action spectra of the human eye”
 * CIE: “… the 75 year old photometric system is still the internationally accepted basis for all visually significant light measurements. It defines one of the base units of the SI system, the candela, and as such it should have a permanent status also in the future.”
 * Now, the former suggests that the CIE has the authority over any changes to V(λ) as used for the SI unit, and the latter suggests that they still recommend CIE 1931. But that is only a side note and not very reliable. Maybe “photometric system” does not include V(λ) … —Quilbert (talk) 02:49, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Considering this page, I now tend to be convinced that the candela still uses CIE 1931. —Quilbert (talk) 03:02, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

The comparatively recent CIE TN 004:2016 [TECHNICAL NOTE: The Use of Terms and Units in Photometry – Implementation of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry] provides excellent clarification, which would be valuable in clarification of measurements in terms of the candela. It references CIE 191:2010 (which is behind a paywall) for the full detail. —Quondum 20:21, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Hefner Unit
One of the units previously (late 19th – early 20th centurie) used was the Hefner unit

"A unit of luminous intensity, late 19th – early 20th centuries, equal to the horizontal intensity of the light from a lamp developed by the German engineer Friedrich Franz von Hefner-Alteneck (1845-1904) in 1884. Abbreviation, HK. Mainly used in Germany before 1942. One hefner unit is approximately 0.903 candela. [..]" http://www.sizes.com/units/hefner.htm

Since I'm not sure on how to site the above, could someone please incorporate it to the main page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.134.77.189 (talk) 10:33, 24 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks, this is a great addition. I inserted a comment about the Hefner lamp into several relevant articles.--Srleffler (talk) 05:50, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Forumla
I am usually not a big fan of formulas in articles, but why is there a table and not also a formula for seeing relation between angle°, candela and lumens?Dorit82 (talk) 11:29, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is a good reason; the editor who added that section just happened not to have given the formula. The table was originally much shorter. I think it has become too long. Rather than tabulate so many entries, we should just give the formula and an example.--Srleffler (talk) 05:43, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Candles vs candela
It says "A common candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela." Then later says the word means "Candle" in Latin and Italian. Can we correct this to show it is EXACTLY one candela? or do our new fangle candles show a better light therefore causing us to change the way we measure the power of one candela???? Wait, that would mean they would still be the same.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TruXter (talk • contribs) 16:07, 15 March 2010

 * Candles are not all the same. As the article says, a common candle emits roughly (i.e. approximately) one candela. Some emit a little more, some a little less. A candela is a specific, well-defined amount of luminous intensity.

 * At one time, scientists used specially-made "standard candles", that produced light with well-defined luminous intensity, for use as a reference when measuring other light sources. One could certainly still make standard candles that produce exactly one candela, but we don't do that anymore since we now have better ways to measure luminous intensity, and better (electric) light sources.--Srleffler (talk) 02:00, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Definition
"a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz"

i am no expert here, and i have a question: why is it that the definition is based on monochromatic radiation of freaquency 540 × 1012 hertz rather than 540 x 1012 Hz and the appropriate number of significant figures? what is the relevance of mentioning that it is monochromatic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eandronic (talk • contribs) 21:20, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The light source has to have very narrow spectral width. Specifying the peak wavelength to many significant figures is not the same as specifying that the spectrum must be narrow. You can have a broad peak with a very precisely defined peak wavelength.--Srleffler (talk) 05:06, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Dimensions
The Table says dimension of candela is Joule, but according to the text it is Watts (the text refers to power emitted by a light source). Also the formula below suggests its Watts. I think Watts is correct. Maybe someone should fix the table. --MArras (talk) 14:41, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The "J" in the table is not Joules. The table distinguishes between units and dimensions. "Joule" is a unit, not a dimension. "J" is the dimension symbol for the dimension of luminous intensity, for which the SI unit is the candela. Yes, this is confusing.--Srleffler (talk) 18:36, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Why does an SI unit depend on the human eye?
Can someone explain why the Candela has what appears to be such a ridiculous definition? Whereas all the other units have sensible numbers, and are defined in terms of physical constants, the Candela isn't; it seems to me unsuited to be a base unit. The luminosity function isn't well defined; it's just an approximate average of the human eye's response. Furthermore, a UV or IR source cannot be measured in candelas. It just doesn't seem like it ought to belong in SI at all, any more than the Cubit (the length of a man's forearm) would be a good SI unit of length. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.171.29 (talk) 14:11, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Unlike the cubit for length, in this case the physical quantity being measured itself depends on the properties of human vision. Luminous intensity is entirely a feature of human vision. A UV or IR source can certainly be measured in candelas. The luminous intensity of either is exactly 0 cd. If you want to do measurements that don't depend on the characteristics of human vision, you measure radiant intensity, which is measured in watts per steradian.--Srleffler (talk) 01:27, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect example here?
"A 25 W compact fluorescent light bulb puts out around 1700 lumens; if that light is radiated equally in all directions, it will have an intensity of around 135 cd. Focused into a 20° beam, it will have an intensity of around 18 000 cd."

Fairly sure that is incorrect, and the quoted figure of 18,000cd is too high. 84.92.87.70 (talk)
 * Actually, it might be too low. From Solid angle, I get that the solid angle of a 20° (full angle) cone is 0.0477 sr, so the beam would have an intensity of 35,600 sr. --Srleffler (talk) 19:32, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * There is no way that a solid angle of 20 degrees is 0.0477 sr - 1 sr is just short of a 30 degree solid angle 89.168.209.236 (talk) 13:14, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I made an error somehow. I now get that a full angle of 20° gives a solid angle of 0.0955 sr, so the beam's intensity would be 17,800 cd, in agreement with the article. For comparison, I get that a 30° half-angle cone subtends 0.84 sr. A solid angle of 1 sr corresponds to a half-angle slightly larger than 30° (32.8°).--Srleffler (talk) 02:36, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

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LED brightness
Part of the article says that ""ultra-bright" LEDs can reach 15,000 mcd (15 cd), or higher." Possibly this should be updated to include modern high-power LEDS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jazzlw (talk • contribs) 21:39, 29 November 2018 (UTC)
 * The statement was not supported by any reference, so I simply removed it.--Srleffler (talk) 03:48, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Platinum
"This made it easy for anyone to measure the standard, as high-purity platinum was widely available and easily prepared." Surely this is a jest? How could high purity platinum be widely available to anyone, much less be prepared easily compared to previous methods that used wax or some other combustible? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.148.146.18 (talk) 16:33, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
 * It doesn't say that it was easy compared to previous methods. As the paragraph says "It became clear that a better-defined unit was needed." The platinum standard was more accurately repeatable than wax, and the required material was widely available, and easier to prepare than any alternative that would have been as accurate.--Srleffler (talk) 12:35, 20 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Is there a citation for that claim? At what point in history has platinum ever been "widely available" by any reasonable standard? 157.93.254.217 (talk) 17:32, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Platinum is available in any developed country, and probably most others as well. You can order some high-purity platinum online right now if you like. You can even get high-purity platinum wire and sheets on Amazon. Are you confusing "widely available" with "cheap"? They are not the same thing.--Srleffler (talk) 17:14, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

What is "W"?
I find this:
 * when expressed in the unit lm W–1

what is this unit called "W"? And why doesn't it say what it is? Michael Hardy (talk) 22:24, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * W is the symbol for watt. Jc3s5h (talk) 22:52, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you. (I actually realized that just after I posted.) Michael Hardy (talk) 00:19, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Whatt 155.4.128.66 (talk) 21:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:38, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * International System of Units Logo.png

Dimension of Luminous Flux
Surely the dimension for Luminous Flux (and all derived quantities) should be Watts (ie Joules per second)? It even says "Luminous energy per unit time" in the notes. 62.3.117.190 (talk) 08:10, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Did you read the [nb 2] at the top of the column in that table?Jc3s5h (talk) 20:15, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Luminous flux can't in general be converted to watts. It's a distinct quantity. If you know the full spectrum of the light you can calculate how many watts there are from the luminous flux at each wavelength, but if all you know is the luminous flux, you don't know how much power there is. Luminous energy is measured in lumen seconds, not Joules.--Srleffler (talk) 17:26, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Candela


text:
Talk:Flatness

Untitled
I think mathematical part of this article is completely useless and should be removed

Tosha 21:21, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Maths section seems fine to me, but the last link (http://journals.iranscience.net:800/www.newscientist.com/www.newscientist.com/lastword/article.jsp@id=lw801) gives me connection refused. 192.171.162.101 15:27, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I am against the merger of Flatness into Thicknesser, the articles have very little to do with each other. JMiall 19:07, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Yet another meaning of flatness
I added a section on flatness in dynamical systems theory. Unfortunately, no one has created an article on this interesting property. Anyone out there who can do it? --JanHRichter 20:25, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

liquid flatness
The "flatness" of a liquid surface is not dependent on the local curvature of the earth's surface, but upon the distance of the surface from the center of gravity with additional small perturbations due to the earth's rotation, position of the moon, etc. Likewise, the curvature of the earth (barring any local deformations) is dependent upon its distance from the center of gravity (with similar perturbative influences). This should be made clear in the article. The local curvature of the earth and the curvature of a liquid surface are similar because of a similar underlying cause - one is NOT caused by the other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.202.227.61 (talk) 18:25, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flatness


text:
Assendelft

Assendelft is a town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad. Assendelft was a separate municipality until 1974, when the municipality of Zaanstad was formed. However, Assendelft didn't want to be part of Zaanstad and pled together with Krommenie to be part of a new municipality called Assendelft-Krommenie. Zaanstad is part of the Amsterdam Agglomeration (GA).

The North Sea Canal connects Assendelft with Amsterdam and Velsen, and it lies about 13 km northeast of Haarlem and about 15 km south of Alkmaar.

History
Assendelft is one of the oldest settlements in North Holland, with signs of settlement dating from as early as 500BC. The earliest written form of the name appears as 'Ascmannedilf' in 1063. The name is derived from the old Germanic word for Norsemen, 'Ascomanni', 'dilf' most likely meaning 'dug by'.

Train services
The town is served by Krommenie-Assendelft railway station. From here, there are four trains an hour to Amsterdam, with a journey time of 25 minutes.

Rural culture
Known is the local chicken breed, called "Assendelfter". It is an ancient pencilled breed, related to the pencilled Hamburg chicken.

title: Assendelft


text:
Koog aan de Zaan

Koog aan de Zaan is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad, and lies about 11 km northwest of Amsterdam.

History
Koog aan de Zaan developed in the 16th century on the western bank of the Zaan River from Westzaan. In 1867, the Koog aan de Zaan railway station opened and in the 1870s, it started to industrialise and fill-in the area before the river and the station.

The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless cruciform church which was built in 1685. The tower burnt down in 1920, and the church was restored between 1920 and 1922.

Koog aan de Zaan was a separate municipality until 1974, when the municipality of Zaanstad was created. Koog aan de Zaan is one of the smallest submunicipalities in Zaanstad, having a surface area of 320 hectare.

A8ernA, an urban renewal project for the space under the A8 motorway as it passes through Koog aan de Zaan, was a joint winner of the 2006 European Prize for Urban Public Space.

Trains
There are two small stations within the borders of Koog aan de Zaan. These are:

 * Koog aan de Zaan railway station, which serves Koog aan de Zaan itself.
 * Zaandijk Zaanse Schans railway station, which mainly serves Zaandijk and the Zaanse Schans, an open-air museum nearby in Zaandijk.

Zaandam railway station is the nearest main station. For Purmerend, Hoorn and Enkhuizen use Zaandam Kogerveld railway station.

title: Koog aan de Zaan


text:
Talk:History of Korea

Misrepresentation of source
In User:Eddal's recent edit, he cited Park Yu-ha in The New York Times 2015 as stating that "there is no objective evidence the Japanese treated Korean prostitutes working at comfort stations for the Japanese like 'sex slaves'." I chose to focus on this source because it is the most recent and reputable source in the edit, which also includes original research nominally cited to a 1926 book by a British admirer of Japanese imperialism. Ignoring the fact that Park's views are not exactly mainstream, the cited source patently fails to support the language that Eddal attributed to her—namely, that all of the Korean "comfort women" were willing "prostitutes," none were coerced in any way, and "there is no objective evidence the Japanese treated Korean prostitutes working at comfort stations for the Japanese like 'sex slaves'." Here is what the source actually says: In her book, she emphasized that it was profiteering Korean collaborators, as well as private Japanese recruiters, who forced or lured women into the "comfort stations," where life included both rape and prostitution. There is no evidence, she wrote, that the Japanese government was officially involved in, and therefore legally responsible for, coercing Korean women.

Although often brutalized in a "slavelike condition" in their brothels, Ms. Park added, the women from the Japanese colonies of Korea and Taiwan were also treated as citizens of the empire and were expected to consider their service patriotic. They forged a "comradelike relationship" with the Japanese soldiers and sometimes fell in love with them, she wrote. She cited cases where Japanese soldiers took loving care of sick women and even returned those who did not want to become prostitutes. ... "Korean comfort women were victims, but they were also collaborators as people from a colony," Ms. Park wrote in one of the redacted sentences in her book. In other words, Park draws a distinction between "women rounded up as spoils of battle in conquered territories like China" and "comfort women" "from the Japanese colonies of Korea and Taiwan," emphasizing that the latter received better treatment. In her analysis, Korean women were recruited and sold by "profiteering Korean collaborators, as well as private Japanese recruiters" and "there is no evidence" that this was an official policy sanctioned by the highest levels of the Japanese government. Japanese colonialism, "patriarchal societies, statism and poverty" all played a role in creating the conditions for the "comfort women" phenomenon, and many Korean "comfort women" could be said to have been willing prostitutes given the lack of other options available to them at the time, whereas others endured "rape" and "slavelike condition[s]." Nowhere in The New York Times source, as cited by Eddal, does Park say anything like "there is no objective evidence the Japanese treated Korean prostitutes working at comfort stations for the Japanese like 'sex slaves'." Arguably, the source supports the opposite conclusion, with the caveat that conditions varied widely and so women would have had different experiences. I'm concerned that, unless Park made this statement in a different source, Eddal appears to be misrepresenting an easily-checked, reputable citation in his edit. Note that the misrepresentation does not have to be deliberate to be concerning—if Eddal honestly misunderstood "There is no evidence, she wrote, that the Japanese government was officially involved in, and therefore legally responsible for, coercing Korean women" to mean that there is no evidence of coercion at all, that still raises very serious WP:COMPETENCE concerns.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 19:54, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

Neutral dating system change
Given that this is an article on ancient KOREAN history and not western history or Christian history, the dating format used should be BCE/CE (Before Common Era/Common Era). This would help promote the neutral point of view in the article as a whole. I will be making these changes in the next few days if there is no discussion on the topic.
 * Object, no real reason to change. MOS:ERA and MOS:STYLEVAR says we should have a reason and consensus. Korea doesn't have strong ties to BCE/CE either. Altering to a preferred form just invites future edit wars, maintain the status quo and the originally written version just like we would for an English variation. There is no strong connection either way, and official Korean government sites in English use both. Canterbury Tail talk 15:48, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. No reason to change. Masterhatch (talk) 17:47, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Change dating system to Common Era
I will be changing the dating system on this article away from the biased, Christian based AD/BC to the common era system next week. This will bring the article into alignment with secular usage such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India. If you object, please state why you are ok with the biased system here. Eupnevma (talk) 19:14, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Sounds like you just don't like AC BC. That's not a reason to change it. It was discussed in August. If you change it, you must get consensus here 1st otherwise it will be reverted. 19:44, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Before you go changing AC BC please read Manual of Style, specifically MOS:VAR. Also, as User:Eupnevma brought this up on multiple pages, instead of hundreds of discussions regarding the changes on hundreds of different talk pages, get a conversation going here: Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. Thanks! Masterhatch (talk) 21:10, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Lead length
reminder that as per MOS:LEAD, lead should be four paragraphs. I think there's some wiggle room in this article, as the history of Korea is so long, but I think with skilled thoughtful writing it should be possible to do it in four. toobigtokale (talk) 17:48, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

The Usage of Phoenicia analogy
Hi, I am not familiar with Wikipedia editing standards but I'd like to suggest a change for someone who's familiar. On this page the term "Phoenicia of East Asia" appeared twice, which is hard to understand as I have not heard of Phoenicia before. I suggest just saying what it is instead of using a somewhat obscure analogy. MichaelKim0407 (talk) 07:28, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Korea


text:
Krommenie

Krommenie is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad, and lies about 15 km northeast of Haarlem.

History
Krommenie developed in the 11th century as a peat excavation settlement. In 1702, it severely damaged by fire. During the 19th century, Krommenie started to industrialise.

The Dutch Reformed church is a single aisled church from the 15th century. It was severely damaged in 1574 by fire and extensively modified and restored between 1657 and 1658. The Old Catholic Church was built in 1602 as a clandestine church in a farm. It was enlarged in 1633 and modified in 1826.

Krommenie was a separate municipality until 1974, when the new municipality of Zaanstad was created.

Krommenie is the first town in the world to have a solar bikepath (SolaRoad), a path made of a transparent surface over solar cells to generate electricity fed back to the grid. The path, over 70 meters long, was to test engineering feasibility.

Train services
The town is served by Krommenie-Assendelft railway station. From here there are 4 trains an hour to Amsterdam in one direction and Uitgeest – Alkmaar in the other, with a journey time of 25 minutes.

title: Krommenie


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Westzaan

Westzaan is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad, and lies about 13 km northeast of Haarlem. It is located west of Zaandam, Koog aan de Zaan and Zaandijk, southwest of Wormer, southeast of Krommenie and south and southeast of Assendelft.

Westzaan developed in the 12th century as a peat excavation settlement. The Dutch Reformed church is a cruciform church with quarter round extensions in each corner. It was built between 1740 and 1741 and designed by Jan van der Streng. Originally the 1573 tower from the old church was retained, but it collapsed in 1843.

Westzaan was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of Zaanstad.

Westzaan has the only wind powered paper mill in the world.

title: Westzaan


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John Ball (pioneer)

John Ball (November 12, 1794 – February 5, 1884) was a settler, educator, lawyer and member of the Michigan State Legislature.

Early life
Ball was born at Tenny Hill, Hebron, Grafton County, New Hampshire. He had a common school education that he got from short times at winter with a local clergyman when his father would let him leave his tough labors at the farm. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1820, having started there as a student when he was 21. He studied law two years at Lansingburgh, New York and then went to Darien, Georgia where he was shipwrecked and taught school for the winter of 1822–23 to earn his passage back to New York. He was admitted to the bar in 1824.

Ball's sister Deborah married William Powers who set up an oil cloth factory in New York. When William Powers died Deborah continued to run the factory and hired Ball as foreman who at that point left his law practice.

Oregon
As a member of Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth's first expedition, in 1832 he traveled to the Oregon Country. While overwintering at Fort Vancouver from 1832 to 1833, he was employed by John McLoughlin to teach the children of the fort. The Chief Factor told the New Englander that "you will have the reputation of teaching the first school in Oregon", making him the first white teacher of Oregon. In the spring of 1833 McLoughlin tried to convince the American to continue running the school, but Ball desired to begin practicing agriculture.

McLoughlin gave Ball farming equipment, potatoes, corn, 25 bushels of wheat. Ball and a friend departed in March to the Salem, Oregon area and temporarily resided with retired HBC employee Jean Baptiste Depatie McKay. With help from his white neighbors and a "wild Indian" he planted, raised and harvested a wheat crop. This made him the first American to farm on the French Prairie, several French-Canadians having already begun farming operations some years prior. By September he described being tired of living a "primitive life" and interacting with the Kalapuya people. To afford passage back to the United States of America, Ball sold his wheat crop to McLoughlin to travel aboard a HBC vessel, the Dryad. He returned via the Hawaiian Islands and Cape Horn in 1833–34.

Later life
Despite returning to his hometown of Lansingburgh, Ball settled at Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1837. He opened a law office and partnered with, among others, the George Martin, formerly Chief Justice of Michigan and Solomon Lewis Withey, late United States District Judge. Ball represented eastern capitalists in locating lands during the "wildcat banking" era.

In 1842 he was appointed by Governor John Barry to select 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) of the 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) of land granted to Michigan by Congress for internal improvements. These were mainly selected about Grand Rapids and were mostly taken up with internal improvement warrants, and as these warrants could be bought for about forty cents on the dollar, it resulted in a speedy settlement of the Grand River Valley. Ball was a strong promoter of Grand Rapids. He was interested in schools, geology, lyceums and all local enterprises; he provided the first written account of the geology of Oregon. Ball was a key figure in creating Michigan's public school system.

In politics he was a conservative Democrat and served in the Michigan State Legislature.

He donated the land in Grand Rapids, Michigan that is now John Ball Park and John Ball Zoo.

title: John Ball (pioneer)


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Wormerveer

Wormerveer is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad, and lies about 13 km (8 miles) northwest of Amsterdam.

Wormerveer developed in the 15th century on the west bank of the Zaan river. It started to industrialise with windmills in the 17th century, however none of the windmills exist any more. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1639 to replace the medieval church which was destroyed in 1574 by Spanish troops.

Wormerveer was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad.

Transport

 * Railway station Wormerveer

There are 4 trains per hour from Monday to Friday to Amsterdam.

2 trains per hour operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

Notable people

 * Herman Gorter
 * Wolter Kroes
 * Gerrit Mannoury
 * Christian Supusepa

title: Wormerveer


text:
1982 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1982.

February

 * 17 — A Pennsylvania judge rules that two people of the same sex cannot enter into a common-law marriage.
 * 25
 * Wisconsin becomes the first U.S. state to ban anti-gay discrimination. It would be nine years before any other state enacted such a statute.
 * A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirms the lower court ruling in Adams v. Howerton that the marriage of Australian Anthony Sullivan and Richard Adams, under a license issued by Boulder County, Colorado, in 1975, is not valid for purposes of Sullivan's immigration.

April

 * 2 — The United Nations Human Rights Committee, in the case Hertzberg et al. v. Finland, refuses to "question the decision of the responsible organs of the Finnish Broadcasting Corporation that radio and TV are not the appropriate forums to discuss issues related to homosexuality, as far as a programme could be judged as encouraging homosexual behaviour".

June

 * 28 — The Supreme Court of the United States denies certiorari in the case of Adams v. Howerton.

July

 * 12 — France removes homosexuality from its official list of mental illnesses.

August

 * 17 — United States district court Judge Jerry Buchmeyer rules in Baker v. Wade that the sodomy law of the state of Texas violates the right to privacy and due process.

October

 * 25 — Northern Ireland decriminalizes consensual homosexual acts between adults, the last jurisdiction within the United Kingdom to do so.

December

 * 11 — San Francisco mayor Dianne Feinstein vetoes a domestic partnership bill.

title: 1982 in LGBT rights


text:
File:Doom ingame 1.png

Summary
This image is a screenshot of the Doom computer game. It is taken in level six ("Central Processing") of the game's first episode. The player is walking along a pathway surrounded by radioactive ooze, holding a chainsaw as a weapon. A sergeant can be seen ahead. Zombie people obscured in the shading can be seen in the distance.

Image information
PNG, 320×240, 8-bit indexed colour (157 entries + hIST chunk), gamma of 0.45455, sBIT chunk denoting 6 bits for red, 6 bits for green, 6 bits for blue.

Fair Use Rationale for Doom (1993 video game)

 * 1) Depicts the subject discussed in article.
 * 2) The image is not intended to hinder the copyright holders' ability to market and sell its games.
 * 3) It is of low resolution.
 * 4) The photo is only being used for informational purposes.

Fair Use Rationale for id Software

 * 1) Depicts the subject discussed in article.
 * 2) The image is not intended to hinder the copyright holders' ability to market and sell its games.
 * 3) It is of low resolution.
 * 4) Illustrative image of the game developed by this company.
 * 5) The photo is only being used for informational purposes.

Fair Use Rationale for Texture mapping

 * 1) Depicts the subject discussed in article.
 * 2) The image is not intended to hinder the copyright holders' ability to market and sell its games.
 * 3) It is of low resolution.
 * 4) Illustrative image of this graphics technique in a video game.
 * 5) The photo is only being used for informational purposes.

title: File:Doom ingame 1.png


text: File:Doom ingame 2.png

title: File:Doom ingame 2.png


text:
1986 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1986.

Events

 * In New Zealand, the Homosexual Law Reform Act equalizes the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16, the legal age for heterosexual acts. The law was signed by the governor-general July 11, and came into effect August 8.
 * Davis, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.
 * Sacramento, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.

March

 * 20 — New York City passes its first anti-discrimination bill.

June

 * 30 — The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the constitutionality of the Georgia state sodomy law in Bowers v. Hardwick.

July

 * 7 — The United States Supreme Court denies certiorari in the case of Baker v. Wade, a constitutional challenge to the sodomy law of Texas.

October

 * 22 — In the battle against AIDS, Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop, publishes the first government publications for the public on gay safer sex practices.

December

 * 11 — Austin, Texas, passes an ordinance that prohibits discrimination against people with HIV or AIDS.

Deaths

 * December 28 — Terry Dolan, U.S. activist against gay rights and closeted gay man, dies at 36 from an AIDS-related illness.

title: 1986 in LGBT rights


text:
Position line

A position line or line of position (LOP) is a line (or, on the surface of the Earth, a curve) that can be both identified on a chart (nautical chart or aeronautical chart) and translated to the surface of the Earth. The intersection of a minimum of two position lines is a fix that is used in position fixing to identify a navigator's location.

There are several types of position line:
 * Compass bearing – the angle between north and the line passing through the compass and the point of interest
 * Transit – a line passing through the observer and two other reference points
 * Leading line – the line passing through two marks indicating a safe channel
 * Leading lights – the line passing through two beacons indicating a safe channel
 * Sector lights – the lines created by masked colored lights that indicate a safe channel

title: Position line


text:
1990 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1990.

Events

 * Reunification of West and East Germany — reunification treaty has an article to prevent West Germany's higher age of consent for sex between men taking effect in the former East Germany.
 * San Diego, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.

February

 * 2 — The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office uses rational basis review and rules that the federal government can deny security clearances to homosexuals.

March

 * Queer Nation, a direct action group is founded in New York City by activists from the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP).

May

 * 10 — Direct action group OutRage! is formed in the United Kingdom

October

 * 27 — The U.S. Congress repeals a law prohibiting gays from being admitted into the country.

November

 * 6
 * Voters in Seattle, Washington, reject Initiative 35, which would have repealed an ordinance granting domestic partnership rights for medical leave and bereavement leave.
 * By a margin of two to one, voters in Tacoma, Washington, reject a ballot initiative which would have reinstated a gay civil rights law repealed by voters in November 1989.
 * Deborah Glick becomes the first openly gay or lesbian individual elected to the legislature of the U.S. state of New York.

December

 * 10 — Colorado Governor Roy Romer issues an executive order prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.
 * 17 — Connecticut state legislator Joseph Grabarz comes out, becoming the state's first openly gay state legislator.

title: 1990 in LGBT rights


text:
1994 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1994.

Events

 * In Germany, a new Article 182 introduces a common age of consent of 14. Previously, the age of consent was 18 in the former West Germany (for sex between men), and 14 in the former East Germany for all.
 * In the United Kingdom, the age of consent for gay men is reduced to 18, still two years more than that for heterosexuals.

January

 * 12 — In Texas v. Morales, the Texas Supreme Court finds that an appellate court erred in considering a challenge to the state's sodomy law since none of the plaintiffs in the case had lost employment because of the law.

February

 * 21 — The House of Commons of the United Kingdom rejects a motion to equalize the age of consent at 16, but supports an amendment to reduce the age for gay men to 18.
 * 28 — The Louisiana Supreme Court reinstated the state's sodomy law, ruling that the plaintiff lacks standing to challenge it.

March

 * 11 — Rather than comply with a court order that it allow an LGBT contingent to march, the South Boston Allied War Veterans Council cancels the Boston, Massachusetts St. Patrick's Day parade, the first time in 92 years that the city will not have a parade.
 * 25 — The Washington School Board adopts a policy prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in the state's public schools.

April

 * 4 — Toonen v. Australia is decided by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.
 * 26 — The United States Coast Guard makes public a memo issued by Commandant Thomas Fisher barring anti-gay discrimination against the service's civilian employees. Uniformed personnel are still subject to discharge under "don't ask, don't tell".
 * 27 — The Interim Constitution of South Africa comes into force, including a clause explicitly prohibiting discrimination (both government and private) on the basis of sexual orientation. A subsequent court decision in 1998 will establish that the crime of sodomy was legally invalid from this date.

May

 * 2 — Wayne County, Georgia commissioners vote to bar the use of county funds to "promote" homosexuality.

June

 * 6 — The United States Supreme Court in the case of Farmer v. Brennan orders a lower court to consider whether failure to protect a male-to-female transgender prisoner in an all-male institution from rape violates the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
 * 7 — The Parliament of Sweden approves registered partnerships for same-sex couples, effective January 1, 1995. Same-sex couples will not receive the right to a church wedding, the right to adopt children or the right to artificial insemination.
 * 26 - The first Pride March in Asia was held in the Philippines. It was organized by the Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines and was supported by the Metropolitan Community Church.

August

 * 9 — District judge S. Arthur Spiegel voids Cincinnati's Ballot Issue 3, which repealed the city's gay rights ordinance.

October

 * 11 — The Colorado Supreme Court affirms a lower district court's ruling that Amendment 2 is unconstitutional.

December

 * 6 — The American Medical Association declares its opposition to treatments intended to cure homosexuality.

Deaths

 * July 26 — W. Dorr Legg, early homophile activist and co-founder of One, Inc.

title: 1994 in LGBT rights


text:
1998 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1998.

February

 * 10 – Voters in the US state of Maine reject a law enacted in 1997 banning sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector with 51.5 percent against.

May

 * 21 – The House of Representatives of Cyprus repeals Section 171 of the Criminal Code, which used to criminalize homosexual acts between consenting male adults.
 * 28 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 13087 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce.

September

 * 23 – The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Abel v. United States of America rules that the government's proffered reasons for passing "don't ask, don't tell" pass rational basis review, reversing the District Court.

October

 * 6 – Matthew Shepard is beaten and pistol-whipped and tied to a fence and left to die in a gay bashing incident near Laramie, Wyoming.
 * 9 - The Constitutional Court of South Africa strikes down the country's sodomy law in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others; the decision applies with retroactivity to April 27, 1994, the day on which the Interim Constitution came into force.
 * 12 – Matthew Shepard dies from his injuries.
 * 13 – The United States Supreme Court refuses an appeal in Equality Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, et al. v. The City of Cincinnati, in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit had twice found the city's anti-gay Issue 3 constitutional despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Romer v. Evans that struck down a state constitutional amendment that used substantially the same language.
 * 28 – In Canada, Glen Murray is elected as mayor of Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is the first openly gay man to be elected mayor of a major North American city.

November

 * 3
 * Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) is elected to the United States House of Representatives. She is the first open lesbian and the first non-incumbent gay candidate to be elected to federal office.
 * Voters in Hawaii approve Amendment 2, giving the Hawaii State Legislature the power to restrict marriage to mixed-sex couples.
 * 20 – In the U.S. state of Texas, John Lawrence and Tyrone Garner are fined US$125 each after being arrested for having sex in their home. They refuse to pay the fine, resulting in a challenge of the Texas sodomy law which would eventually lead to the 2003 nationwide repeal of sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas.
 * 23 – The Supreme Court of the U.S. state of Georgia rules 6 to 1 to invalidate that state's sodomy law.
 * 28 – In Allston, Massachusetts, transgender woman of color Rita Hester is murdered. The ensuing candlelight vigil a few days later was attended by 250 people and inspired the Transgender Day of Remembrance, observed each Nov 20 worldwide.

December

 * 1 – Officials in Miami, Florida, vote 7–6 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment and housing.
 * 18 – The Maryland Court of Appeals rules that a parent's access to his or her children cannot be restricted due to his or her sexual orientation.
 * 22 – In New Zealand, Minister of Immigration Tuariki Delamere announces equality for gay and lesbian couples applying for permanent residency, to take effect on March 29, 1999.

Notable deaths

 * October 12 – Matthew Shepard, 21, gay-bashing victim
 * November 28 – Rita Hester, transgender murder victim
 * November 30 – Simon Nkoli, South African gay-rights and anti-apartheid activist. He was one of the "first Black anti-apartheid activists to publicly identify as gay and HIV-positive".

title: 1998 in LGBT rights


text:
2002 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2002.

Events

 * Sweden legalizes adoption for same-sex couples, making Sweden's registered partnership nearly identical to marriage, with the exception of the right to marriage in a church.
 * US state of New York bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.
 * Tony Knowles, governor of the U.S. state of Alaska, issues an executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.

April

 * 28 – Homosexuality is decriminalized in the People's Republic of China, as the newly amended Marriage Law avoids this topic.

May

 * 6 – Openly gay Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated by Volkert van der Graaf.
 * 10 – In Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board, Canadian gay teenager Marc Hall wins an injunction permitting him to bring his boyfriend to his prom.
 * 17 – In Germany, the Bundestag passes a supplement to the Act of Abolition of National Socialism (NS-Aufhebungsgesetzes), vacating Nazi-era convictions of homosexuals.

July

 * The United Nations Human Rights Committee in case Joslin et al. v. New Zealand concludes that ICCPR does not foresee a right to same-sex marriage.
 * 25 – In Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa, the Constitutional Court of South Africa rules that the same-sex partner of a High Court judge is entitled to the same financial benefits that the spouse of a judge would receive.

August

 * Austria's Article 209 of the Penal Code was removed equalising the age of consent at 14.

September

 * 4 – In Hungary, the Constitutional Court repeals §199 of the penal code, equalising the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual activity at 14.
 * 10 – In Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development, the Constitutional Court of South Africa rules that same-sex couples must be allowed to adopt children jointly.
 * 22 – In Switzerland, voters in the canton of Zurich vote 63% to 37% to give same-sex couples the same legal rights as married opposite-sex couples. This includes tax, inheritance, and social security benefits. These rights are only given to same-sex couples who live in Zurich canton and who register with the government, promising to live together and support each other for six months.

October

 * 18 – In South Africa, in the case of Fourie v Minister of Home Affairs, the Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court dismisses an application by a lesbian couple to require the government to recognise their partnership as a marriage. The decision is appealed to the Supreme Court of Appeal.

Deaths

 * October 24 – Harry Hay, 90, leader in the early gay rights movement in the United States, co-founder of the Mattachine Society and the Radical Faeries.

title: 2002 in LGBT rights


text:
2004 North Carolina Council of State election

Elections to choose members of the North Carolina Council of State (who head executive branch departments) were held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004.

In all but two races (Superintendent of Public Instruction and Labor Commissioner), incumbent Democrats sought re-election.

The U.S. Presidential election, U.S. House election, U.S. Senate election, North Carolina gubernatorial election, North Carolina General Assembly election, and North Carolina judicial elections were all held on the same day. Note that the Governor and Lt. Governor are also members of the Council of State, but their elections are covered in the article on the 2004 gubernatorial election.

On a national level, Republican George W. Bush captured the state's electoral votes while incumbent Democratic governor Mike Easley won a second term.

Secretary of State
Incumbent Democratic Secretary of State Elaine Marshall defeated both a primary challenge from Doris A. Sanders and from Republican challenger Jay Rao.

State Auditor
Les Merritt, a former Wake County commissioner, and 2000 candidate, narrowly defeated 3-term incumbent State Auditor Ralph Campbell.

Attorney General
North Carolina's incumbent Attorney General, Roy Cooper, defeated Republican challenger Joe Knott.

State Treasurer
Incumbent State Treasurer Richard H. Moore defeated Republican challenger Edward Meyer by an eight-point margin.

General Assembly vote of August 24, 2005
With the resignation of Mike Ward, the Superintendent of Public Instruction race was the only 2004 Council of State contest in which there was no incumbent; consequently both major parties saw contested primaries. On the Republican side, former Wake County board of education member Bill Fletcher easily bested retired professor Jeanne Smoot. The Democratic primary between state Department of Instruction official June Atkinson, North Carolina Board of Education member J. B. Buxton and state agricultural education coordinator Marshall Stewart led to a second primary. Stewart polled narrowly ahead of Atkinson in the first primary, but failed to capture the 40% support needed to take the nomination. In a statewide runoff primary, Atkinson captured the Democratic nomination.

The race, along with the race for Agriculture Commissioner (see below) was caught up for nearly a month in a statewide recount because of the narrow margin. Fletcher argued that provisional ballots, required under the Help America Vote Act of 2002 for federal races, were improperly counted in state races under North Carolina law. However, on 30 November 2004, the State Board of Elections certified Atkinson the winner. Fletcher appealed the recision to the North Carolina Supreme Court. Atkinson, in turn, petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to resolve the disputed election. On August 24, 2005, the General Assembly met in a joint session to vote on the disputed election, as the state constitution called for. Atkinson won this vote and was sworn-in that afternoon.

The election of the Superintendent of Public Instruction was the last American election from 2004 to be decided.

North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture
Interim Agriculture Commissioner Britt Cobb defeated former state representative Tom Gilmore to take the Democratic nomination; Steve Troxler, the 2000 candidate for this position, was unopposed for the Republican nomination.

Due to the loss of about 4,000 votes in Carteret County, North Carolina, the race for State Agriculture Commissioner could not be resolved for several months. Although the North Carolina Board of Elections certified the close race for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 30 November 2004, they reached an impasse on the Agriculture Commissioner Race, splitting 3-2 in favor of calling a new statewide election for the seat over calling a new election in Carteret County alone; 4 votes would have been required to take action on either option.

In early December, the North Carolina Board of Elections ordered a new election for January 11, 2005, in Carteret County alone, for voters whose ballots had been lost or who had not voted in the November 2 election. Both candidates appealed the decision, Cobb arguing that a statewide revote should be held, Troxler arguing that a revote should be limited to those voters whose votes were lost. A Wake County superior court judge overturned this decision on December 17, calling it "arbitrary and capricious" and "contrary to law", requiring the State Board of Elections to revisit the issue.

On December 29, the State Board of Elections ordered a new statewide election for the post. On January 13, 2005, the superior court invalidated this order as well, and sent the contest back to the Elections Board for resolution. Following this ruling, Cobb conceded defeat. On February 4, the State Board of Elections officially certified Troxler as the winner of the 2004 election.

Commissioner of Labor
Incumbent Cherie Berry, the only sitting Republican on the Council of State, defeated both a primary challenge from Lloyd T. Funderburg and a general election challenge from state representative Wayne Goodwin.

State Insurance Commissioner
Five-term incumbent Jim Long defeated a challenge from Republican C. Robert Brawley to win the greatest number of votes for any candidate in the 2004 Council of State elections.


text:
Working dog

A working dog is a dog used to perform practical tasks, as opposed to pet or companion dogs.

Definitions vary on what a working dog is, they are sometimes described as any dog trained for and employed in meaningful work; other times as any dog whose breed heritage or physical characteristics lend itself to working irrespective of an individual animal's training or employment; and other times again it is used as a synonym for herding dog.

Working dog types
Roles performed by dogs that sometimes sees them classified as working dogs include:
 * Assistance or Service dog trained to help a disabled person in some way, such as guiding a visually impaired person, providing mobility assistance, and psychiatric service. Often overlap with Therapy dog used to provide companionship or to help people rehabilitate from injuries.
 * Carriage dog historically used to provide protection to carriage passengers or merchandise
 * Detection dog or sniffer dog, trained to detect for example drugs or land mines.
 * Drafting dog traditionally used to pull dog carts. Now survive in modern age as a novelty or in Carting sport.
 * Guard dog used to protect buildings or livestock
 * Herding dog
 * Hunting dog used to hunt wildlife or assist hunters. Are split into several varieties, including hounds, terriers, dachshunds, cur type dogs, catch dogs, bay dogs, or gun dogs.
 * Military working dog trained in combat, or used scouts, sentries, messengers, mercy dogs, and trackers
 * Search and rescue dog
 * Sled dog

Working dogs in Australia
Working dogs are known as an Australian icon. They are prevalent in Australia due to the large agricultural industry. Working dogs can be seen herding cattle or sheep and are also used to guard poultry from foxes and cats. A report in 2019 stated that there were over 270,000 stock herding dogs in Australia. Some popular breeds for farm work include Border Collies, Kelpies, Maremmas and Australian Cattle Dogs.

Events to showcase the skills of working dogs are held through Australia alongside key local festivals and events. Trials and performances include high jumps, sheepdog speed trials and sled or weighted pulls.

Kennel club classification
When competing in conformation shows, a number of kennel clubs classify various pedigree dog breeds into a "working group" or "working dogs group", although it varies between kennel club what breeds are so classified. The Kennel Club classifies mastiff, pinscher, sled dog, select livestock guardian dog and some other breeds in their working group. The American Kennel Club's working group and the Canadian Kennel Club's working dogs group are very similar to The Kennel Club's except they include all livestock guardian dog breeds and all full sized spitz breeds (not just sled dogs) recognised by the clubs. Both the Australian National Kennel Council's and New Zealand Kennel Club's working dogs groups comprise herding dog breeds and select livestock guardian dog breeds recognised by those clubs. The Fédération cynologique internationale has no working group.

title: Working dog


text:
Talk:Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt

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Mücheln Error
Wuschelhase (talk) 08:15, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Mücheln near Wettin was not affected by any bombings in WWII.
 * This town is certainly mixed up with Mücheln (Geiseltal) which indeed had chemical facilities and lignite coal mines.

title: Talk:Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt