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Northern Rock

Northern Rock, formerly the Northern Rock Building Society, was a British bank. Based at Regent Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, Northern Rock was originally a building society. It demutualised and became Northern Rock bank in 1997, when it floated on the London Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol NRK.

During the early 2000s the company borrowed substantially to fund mortgages, with the aim of ambitious growth, and also donated large amounts to charitable purposes and communities directly and through sponsorships. The global banking crisis beginning around 2007–08 meant that it was unable to produce income as expected from its loans, and was at risk of being unable to repay the amounts it had borrowed. The news that the bank had approached the government for support with its liquidity led within 24 hours to a public lack of confidence and concerns that savings were at risk, and the bank failed following a bank run as people rushed to withdraw their savings. It was the first British bank in 150 years to fail due to a bank run.

Unable to find a commercial buyer or secure the further government support needed, it was taken into public ownership in 2008, as an alternative to insolvency. By that point the government had extended liquidity support of tens of billions of pounds to Northern Rock. An inquiry concluded that the board had failed to properly protect the bank from the risks inherent in its strategy, or to restrain the executive directors where required, therefore although the bank had sufficient assets, it had become vulnerable.

The branch operations were eventually returned to private ownership when the branches and other retail operations were acquired by Virgin Group in 2012, being rebranded as Virgin Money the same year. The mortgage book of higher risk assets was renamed Northern Rock (Asset Management) and later "NRAM plc", and remained in public ownership until it was sold to Cerberus Capital Management in 2016.

the Northern Rock Shareholder Action Group are continuing their campaign to obtain just compensation for the shares that were taken by the Government when the bank was nationalised during the 2007–2008 financial crisis.

History
Northern Rock Building Society was formed in 1965 by the merger of two North East of England building societies, both of which were based in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: the Northern Counties Permanent Building Society (established in 1850) and the Rock Building Society (established in 1865). During the following 30 years, Northern Rock expanded through the acquisition of 53 smaller building societies, most notably the North of England Building Society in 1994.

Along with many other UK building societies in the 1990s, Northern Rock chose to demutualise as a building society and float on the stock exchange as a bank. Throughout this period an argument against demutualisation was that the assets of a mutual society were built up by its members throughout its history, not just by current members, and that demutualisation was a betrayal of the community that the societies were created to serve. Northern Rock chose to address these concerns by establishing the Northern Rock Foundation, which funded community-based projects. At its Stock Exchange flotation on 1 October 1997 (when it converted from a building society to a bank), Northern Rock distributed shares to members with savings accounts and mortgage loans; the flotation share price was £4.51908. It joined the stock exchange as a minor bank.

In 2000, it was promoted to the FTSE 100 Index. After the 2007 crisis, it was demoted to the FTSE 250 in December of that year, before suspension upon nationalisation.

On 14 September 2007 the bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, following problems in the credit markets caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The bank was more exposed than others to restrictions in the supply of credit because of the way it had funded its expansion. It had borrowed short term on the wholesale money markets and lent long term for mortgages on property. This was a policy well known to cause failures (see Banking School Theory of Crises under Financial Crises) when short-term interest rates rose above long-term rates and insufficient hedging was in place.

The bank was nationalised at 00:01 on 22 February 2008 following two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers' money. In doing so, the Government effectively took ownership of the insolvent institution away from its shareholders, without reimbursement. The media reported cases where some shareholders had their life savings in the shares, which were taken from them. The shares had already lost over 90% of their value prior to nationalisation, and were valued at nil in an independent valuation process, as the government had not guaranteed aid. This would later form part of shareholder's action to seek compensation as, at that point, the aid was certain and the company had never stopped operating as a going concern.

A substantial reduction in the staff was announced in 2008, with 800 people made compulsorily redundant in July of that year, and another 500 taking voluntary redundancy. The bank planned to make another 700 redundant by 2011.

On 1 January 2010 the bank was split into two parts, assets and banking. In June 2011 the bank was officially put up for sale back to the private sector, and on 17 November 2011 it was announced that Virgin Money was going to buy Northern Rock plc for £747 million up front and other potential payments of up to £280 million over the next few years. The sale went through on 1 January 2012. The government said it had no plans to sell Northern Rock (Asset Management) and there would be no further job losses, except for those already announced. Virgin also pledged to keep the headquarters of the bank in Newcastle upon Tyne. The combined business now operates under the Virgin Money brand.

On 12 October 2012 Northern Rock plc was renamed Virgin Money plc, and Virgin Money Limited was renamed Northern Rock Limited. By this time the Northern Rock website had effectively become a 'soft redirect' to Virgin Money's website.

Background
Under non-executive chairman Matt Ridley and Chief Executive Adam Applegarth, Northern Rock had a business plan which involved borrowing heavily in the UK and international money markets, extending mortgages to customers based on this funding, and then re-selling these mortgages on international capital markets, in a process known as securitisation.

In 2007, there was much press attention given to the growing crisis due to subprime mortgage lending, particularly in the United States. Amid the resultant unease by August 2007, global demand from investors for securitised mortgages had fallen away, and Northern Rock was unable to raise funding by selling its securitised loan books, and therefore became unable to repay short-term loans from the money market. This problem had been anticipated by the financial markets, which drew greater attention to it. The major UK banks also faced the same problems raising funding, but as less of their business model was reliant upon securitisation, the effective freezing of the market in August 2007 was less critical.

2007 crisis and initial responses
On 14 September 2007, the bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, to replace funds it was unable to raise from the money market. Reporting of this complex scenario led to panic among individual depositors, who feared that their savings might not be available should Northern Rock go into receivership. The result was a bank run – the UK's first in 150 years – where depositors lined up outside the bank to withdraw all of their savings as quickly as possible, particularly since many other people were doing the same.

As the UK government provided the liquidity support facility, they also exerted pressure on the bank to create a longer-term recovery plan. Over the next few months, there were numerous changes to the board of directors and executive team.

On 19 October, chairman Matt Ridley resigned and was replaced by Bryan Sanderson, a former Managing Director of BP. Chief Executive Adam Applegarth's resignation was then announced in mid-November, with the caveat that he would remain with the group until it established independent funding or was purchased. Four non-executive directors, Sir Derek Wanless, Nichola Pease, Adam Fenwick and Rosemary Radcliffe also resigned. A month later, Applegarth left and former Marketing Director, Andy Kuipers, was appointed Chief Executive. Kuipers had been with the bank since the 1990s.

Notably, Dave Jones, the Group Finance Director through the crisis, had only been in his role since the retirement of Bob Bennett in January 2007. Alongside Applegarth, Bennett had been one of the architects of the bank's flotation in 1997 and its subsequent substantial growth. He had been wary of its continued aggressive growth strategy, which would continue up until summer 2007, despite the increasing volatility in the markets on which Northern Rock relied. Commentators later suggested that with Bennett's retirement, the executive board was dominated by Applegarth. A report by the Financial Services Authority conceded in February 2008 that it had been wrong to consider Northern Rock low risk, and as a result had given the company too little scrutiny.

The group was criticised when it emerged that they had begun to pay in excess of 150 senior staff members substantial retention bonuses. Northern Rock hoped the bonuses would enable them to retain critical staff members at risk of being poached by other companies. It had previously been criticised in 1998 when the pay of the executive team that led the flotation was 40% higher in the year following.

In late 2007, Virgin Money was named as the preferred bidder for the group, with Olivant Group later beginning talks around takeover.

Nationalisation
On 22 February 2008, the bank was taken into state ownership as a result of two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers' money within three years. The bank was managed at "arm's length" by the government through UK Financial Investments.

The bank planned to repay the government debt within three to four years, primarily by encouraging mortgage customers to take their mortgage to another lender. Costs were also reduced by reducing numbers of staff. As of 3 March 2009, the bank was repaying the loan well ahead of target, owing a net balance of only £8.9 billion of the loan which stood at £26.9 billion at the end of 2007.

By October, customers appeared to be regaining confidence in the bank, when it emerged that there had been a surge in the number of new accounts which had been opened. People perceived Northern Rock as a safe place to put their money, given that it was currently government owned. However, there was no guarantee that if Northern Rock was to fail that the government would top-up any compensation over and above the standard £85,000 offered by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

Former shareholders and hedge funds also took legal action in January 2009 to get compensation for their shares; the shareholders lost the case. They also lost their appeals in the British courts, but hoped to take the case to the European courts. However, on 8 December 2009, it was announced that the valuer Andrew Caldwell had decided that the Northern Rock shareholders should get no compensation.

On 23 February 2009, Northern Rock announced that they would be offering £14 billion worth of new mortgages, over the next two years, as a part of their new business plan. This new lending was partly funded by an increase in the government loan and a reversal of previous strategy to pay the loan off as quickly as possible by actively encouraging mortgage customers to leave when their mortgage deal matured. The reason for this change was government policy to increase the availability of credit. This £14 billion was to be split into £5 billion in 2009 and £9 billion in 2010.

Potential buyers for the bank included Virgin Money, National Australia Bank, NBNK, Santander, Blackstone, Tesco, TowerBrook, Yorkshire Building Society and Coventry Building Society. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling had stated that he was in no "hurry" to return the bank to the private sector.

The bank was split into two parts, assets and banking on 1 January 2010. On 15 June 2011, it was announced that the bank was to be sold to a single buyer in the private sector by the end of the year. On 22 March 2011, the bank issued its first mortgage securitisation since the 2007 recession which nearly brought the bank down.

Purchase by Virgin Money
On 17 November 2011, it was announced that Virgin Money was going to buy Northern Rock plc for £747 million. The sale was completed on 1 January 2012, and by July of that year a further £73 million deferred consideration was paid by Virgin. In 2014 Virgin Money repaid a further £154.5 million that it had received as part of the refinancing package.

Northern Rock Shareholder Action Group
The Northern Rock Shareholder Action Group (NRSAG) has been active since the Northern Rock crisis began in 2007, seeking fair compensation for the thousands of small shareholders who owned Northern Rock shares. The group is run by a committee of volunteers. The UK Shareholders Association provide administrative and advisory oversight to the group. The Committee reached the conclusion that HM Treasury has made a substantial amount of money from running down the loan book of the bank.

The NRSAG committee made several failed appeals to the Government previously, but the facts were not fully known then, but it is evident now that all loans to the taxpayer have been paid in full at penal rates of interest. That means compensation to shareholders will not be a charge on taxpayers or upon the general public because it is payable out of the surplus funds, built since nationalisation in 2008, as a result of asset disposals.

The NRSAG claim that despite comparable conditions, no other failed bank was handled in this manner during the global financial crisis. Instead, other banks received full Government backing, bailouts and shareholders retained their shares. The Government has earned a sizable surplus in the years after nationalisation, even though any and all Government assistance was completely reimbursed in those years, including interest paid at penal rates at no expense to the UK public. The NRSAG asked the Government to review their original compensation decision, given that the updated and widely confirmed numbers prove a huge surplus. To request an appeal, the NRSAG wrote to the Treasury Select Committee. Also, the group wrote to each MP to back their campaign for fairness and justice.

Operations
Northern Rock has been one of the top five mortgage lenders in the United Kingdom in terms of gross lending according to Council of Mortgage Lenders statistics.

As well as mortgages, the bank also deals with savings accounts and insurance. Home and contents insurance was dealt with by AXA whilst Legal & General, whose mortgage book Northern Rock acquired, arranged life insurance investments.

The bank offered credit cards until 2003, when it sold the business to The Co-operative Bank in order to free capital for its rapid growth in mortgage lending, making a profit of more than £7 million. Northern Rock continued to sell credit cards under its own brand through The Co-operative Bank until November 2007; the decision to stop was made before the 2007 crisis.

In 2006 the bank had moved into sub-prime lending via a deal with Lehman Brothers. Although the mortgages were sold under Northern Rock's brand through intermediaries, the risk was being underwritten by Lehman Brothers. Mortgages with LTV ("Loan to Value") ratios of up to 130% were made.

At the time of being bought by Virgin the bank had 75 branches that have since been re-branded under the Virgin Money name. In 2012 Northern Rock began to provide Virgin-branded savings accounts.

Location
The bank was based on a large site at the Regent Centre in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne called Northern Rock House. It had customer contact centre operations at both North of England House in Doxford International Business Park in Sunderland and at its head office. The bank developed a site at Rainton Bridge, which it sold to Npower.

Gosforth site
Northern Rock completed the redevelopment of the Gosforth site, Northern Rock House, in the 2000s, which saw the development some new buildings as well as the demolition of their original 1960s tower block during Spring 2006.

A new tower block, simply known as The Tower, was completed in November 2008, originally intended to create 1500 jobs, and act as the main entrance and focal point of the company headquarters. The local council, Newcastle City Council, purchased the building for £22 million, and leased it to a green support services company, Eaga (now Carillion Energy), as it was surplus to the bank's requirements at the time.

The Kielder and Prudhoe buildings of the Gosforth site were completed in the early 1990s, behind which lies the distinctive glass-fronted Alnwick building. The main Atrium reception is adjacent to this, opening out onto Baker Street, a large covered atrium that housed a restaurant, shop and on-site branch. A number of other buildings, all named after North-Eastern castles are joined to Baker Street.

Outside the UK
A sub-division in Guernsey was established in February 1996, handling offshore savings and investment accounts. The Guernsey business was shut down on 2 September 2010.

Northern Rock opened a branch in Ireland on 16 November 1999 and the first branch in Northern Ireland followed on 4 April 2007. The first branch of the bank opened in Denmark on 7 February 2007; however as part of the Government restructuring, the Danish operations ceased on 18 June 2008. The €650 million worth of Irish deposits were sold to Permanent TSB in 2011.

Corporate image
In 2000 Northern Rock introduced a new corporate identity consisting of a magenta square containing the company name. This replaced the NR 'blocks' logo. The Northern Rock Foundation also changed its logo in 2003 from the NR 'blocks' inline with the main company, using the same new typeface. The Red Box Design Group designed all the currently standing buildings at the company's headquarters in Gosforth     and have contributed to many of the other design aspects of the company, such as the in-branch styling. From 1 October 1997 until the government nationalisation, the bank used the symbol NRK on the London Stock Exchange.

One of Northern Rock's final advertising campaigns before the purchase by Virgin was titled 'Works for Me' and featured local customers. Following the purchase by Virgin, the Northern Rock brand was gradually phased out during 2012. Upon buying Northern Rock, Virgin Money changed their logo to use both Virgin's red and Northern Rock's magenta colours.

Board of directors
Prior to the credit crisis the company had focused on developing its own staff, and most appointments, including the chief executive, were made internally.

At the time of the 2007 financial crisis Matt Ridley was the chairman and Adam Applegarth was the chief executive. Ridley resigned in October 2007 and Applegarth resigned in November 2007, although the latter stayed on in a caretaker role until December 2007. The chief financial officer was Andy Kuipers, who joined the company in 1987. After Applegarth's departure, Kuipers became the interim chief executive prior to the nationalisation before retiring on 31 August 2008.

In February 2008, Ron Sandler was appointed executive chairman by the government. Gary Hoffman became chief executive of Northern Rock in October 2008. With the appointment of Gary Hoffman, Ron Sandler changed to a non-executive chairman position.

Since the split of the bank into Northern Rock plc and Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc on 1 January 2010, each company had its boards of directors. On 4 November 2010 Northern Rock announced that Gary Hoffman had left the bank and was to move to NBNK Investments as CEO. One of the stipulations of Hoffman's appointment at NBNK was that they could not table a bid for Northern Rock for a period of 12 months.

Prior to being bought by Virgin the board of Northern Rock plc at 8 April 2010 was:
 * Chairman: Ron Sandler
 * Chief Executive: Gary Hoffman
 * Chief Financial Officer: Jim McConville
 * Executive Directors: Rick Hunkin
 * Non-Executive Directors: Laurie Adams, Richard Coates, Mike Fairey, Mark Pain, Mary Phibbs

Sponsorship
The company sponsored many local sports clubs and events, including Newcastle United Football Club, Newcastle Falcons (rugby union), Newcastle Eagles (basketball), Durham and Middlesex County Cricket clubs, professional golfer Paul Eales and the cycling festival Northern Rock Cyclone.

The sponsorship of Newcastle United began in 2003, and was set to expire in 2010, before an extension to 2014. However this extension included a get-out clause in June 2012, which was activated in November 2011. While under government control the bank continued their sponsorship agreement. The five-year deal from 2005 to 2010 was worth £25 million, and the 4-year extension was to be worth between £1.5 million and £10 million. In 2012 after Virgin bought the bank, Virgin Money signed a 2-year deal to sponsor Newcastle United initially using the remaining time of Northern Rock's deal that was cut short; this deal was again itself later cut short.

In 2005, to coincide with the Spirit of the Tall Ships Festival, Northern Rock enlisted the help of Red Box Interiors to create a temporary art installation at The Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art on the Gateshead Quay of the Tyne. The art entitled "Northern Rock @ Baltic" included mobile light stem sculptures and large scale external graphics.

Northern Rock sponsored the North East Premier League competition for recreational club cricket. In 2006 Northern Rock sponsored the All*Star Cup celebrity Golf match, which was shown on ITV. The bank also sponsors a junior golf tournament, The Northern Rock Junior Golf Festival, held at Matfen Hall.

In 2007, almost three weeks before the bank had to appeal to the Bank of England for an emergency loan, the bank bought the home ground of Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Kingston Park stadium for £15 million. In February 2008, documents relating to the sale came to light, attracting much criticism that the purchase has been made at a time of impending crisis. In late 2008 the bank sold Kingston Park Stadium to Northumbria University for an undisclosed fee. While under government control the bank continued to sponsor Newcastle Falcons; the sponsorship agreement with the Falcons came to an end before the start of the 2010/11 season.

Northern Rock Foundation
The company donated substantial amounts annually to its own independent charity, the Northern Rock Foundation.

The nationalisation of Northern Rock had a devastating impact on the local charity sector in the North East, which was funded almost entirely by dividends from Northern Rock. The largest shareholder in the bank was the Northern Rock Foundation, which owned 15% of the bank’s share capital. The charity did tremendous work with around £235 million spent on local charities and good causes.

The charity wound up after handing out some of its last grants to good causes across the North East and Cumbria in 2015.

title: Northern Rock


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Baytown

Baytown may refer to:

 * Baytown, Texas, a city in the United States near Houston, Texas
 * Baytown culture, an archaeological culture in the United States
 * Operation Baytown, British invasion of Italy in 1943 during World War II

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baytown


text:
Ulf Andersson

Ulf Andersson (born 27 June 1951) is a leading Swedish chess player. FIDE awarded him the International Master title in 1970 and the Grandmaster title in 1972.

Chess career
At his peak, Andersson reached number four on the FIDE rating list. Tournaments which he has won or shared first include the 1969 Swedish Chess Championship, Göteborg 1971, Dortmund 1973, Camagüez 1974, Cienfuegos 1975, Belgrade 1977, Buenos Aires 1978, Hastings 1978–79, Phillips & Drew 1980, Johannesburg 1981, Phillips & Drew 1982, Turin 1982, Wijk aan Zee 1983, Reggio Emilia 1985, Rome 1985, and Rome 1986. Andersson drew a six-game match against former world champion Mikhail Tal in 1983, and played top board in the second USSR versus The Rest of The World Match in 1984. He led the Swedish Chess Olympiad Team during the 1970s and 1980s, and reached his best personal result in the 23rd Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires 1978, where he finished in third place on first board, after Viktor Korchnoi and Orestes Rodríguez Vargas. Now in his seventies, Andersson still participates in tournaments from time to time.

Playing style
Andersson is a very solid. He draws a high percentage of his games against fellow grandmasters. He is renowned as a great player of endgames, especially rook endgames, and is famous for winning seemingly "unwinnable" endgames, often in very long games. Jacob Aagaard wrote about Andersson in his book Excelling at Chess, stating: "He is a very prophylactic player, seeing all kinds of tactics well in advance and avoiding pitfalls with great skill." Chess writer Dennis Monokroussos once remarked of Andersson's style, "For most of us, if we're playing a peer and major exchanges occur, a quick draw is the likely result ... for Andersson ... exchanges [are] often not the prelude to a quick draw but the signal that it [is] time for his opponent to start suffering."

Correspondence play
In 1995, Andersson began playing correspondence chess, this year becoming a grandmaster in that form of chess as well. In 2002, he reached the top of the correspondence chess rating list. His correspondence games tend to be very tactical, which contrasts sharply with his style of play. Very few players in history have been as successful as Andersson at both forms of chess.

Notable games
In the following game, using the "hedgehog" formation he in part originated (characterized by a half-open c- and pawns on a6, b6, d6, and e6, knights on d7 and f6, bishops on b7 and e7, a rook on c8, and castling), Andersson inflicts upon Anatoly Karpov the latter's first loss as world champion:

Karpov vs. Andersson, Milan 1975 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nb5 d6 6.c4 Nf6 7.N1c3 a6 8.Na3 Be7 9.Be2 0-0 10.0-0 b6 11.Be3 Bb7 12.Rc1 Re8 13.Qb3 Nd7 14.Rfd1 Rc8 15.Rd2 Qc7 16.Qd1 Qb8 17.f3 Ba8 18.Qf1 Nce5 19.Nab1 Nf6 20.Kh1 h6 21.Rdd1 Bf8 22.Nd2 Rcd8 23.Qf2 Ned7 24.a3 d5 25.cxd5 exd5 26.exd5 Bd6 27.Nf1 Rxe3 (an exchange sacrifice) 28.Nxe3 Bxh2 29.Nf1 Bf4 30.Rc2 b5 31.Bd3 Nb6 32.Be4 Nc4 33.a4 Re8 34.axb5 axb5 35.Re2 Be5 36.Qc5 Nd6 37.Na2 Ndxe4 38.fxe4 Bd6 39.Qc2 Re5 40.g3 Qe8 41.Rde1 Bb7 42.Kg1 Nh7 43.Nc1 Ng5 44.Nd2 Bb4 45.Kf2 Bxd2 46.Rxd2 Nxe4+ 47.Rxe4 Rxe4 48.Ne2 Bc8 49.Nc3 Re1 50.Ne2 Ra1 51.Rd4 Qd8 52.Qc6 Bd7 53.Qd6 Qe8 54.Qf4 Qc8 55.b4 Bh3 56.Qe4 Bf5 57.Qe3 Qc2 58.g4 Bd7 59.Qe4 Qb3 60.Qd3 Qb2 61.Qe4 Ra8 62.Qe3 Ra2 63.d6 Ra8 64.Re4 Bc6 65.Qd4 Qb1 66.Re7 Qh1 67.Qf4 Qg2+ 68.Ke1 Ra1+ 69.Kd2 Qd5+ 70.Qd4 Ra2+ 71.Kc3 Qf3+ 72.Re3 Ra3+ 73.Kd2 Ra2+ 74.Ke1 Qh1+ 75.Kf2 Qg2+ 76.Ke1 Qh1+ 77.Kf2 Ra1 78.Rc3 Qg2+ 79.Ke3 Qf3+

title: Ulf Andersson


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Wolfhound

Wolfhound or Wolfhounds may refer to:

Dogs

 * A dog bred or trained for wolf hunting with dogs

Specific breeds

 * Bankhar Dog, a livestock guarding dog also known as the Mongolian wolfhound
 * Borzoi, a sighthound dog breed formerly known as the Russian wolfhound
 * Irish wolfhound, a sighthound dog breed
 * Saarloos wolfdog (German: Saarlooswolfhund), a wolf-dog breed

Entertainment

 * Wolfhound (1992 film), a Soviet action film directed by Mikhail Tumanishvili
 * Wolfhound (2002 film), an American film directed by Donovan Kelly and shot in Ireland
 * Wolfhound (2006 film), Russian fantasy film based on the 1995 novel
 * Wolfhound (novel), a 1995 Russian fantasy novel by Maria Semyonova
 * Young Wolfhound, a 2006–2007 television series and prequel to the 2006 film
 * The Wolfhounds, an English noise pop group

Military

 * C-146A Wolfhound, an American variant of the Dornier 328 aircraft
 * HMS Wolfhound (L56), a Royal Navy escort destroyer of World War II
 * M38 Wolfhound, a 6×6 armoured car of the U.S. military
 * Wolfhound (Heavy Tactical Support Vehicle), a 6×6 variant of the Cougar (MRAP)
 * Wolfhounds, nickname of the 27th Infantry Regiment (United States)
 * Wolfhound, a COMINT device

Sports

 * Boston Irish Wolfhounds, an American rugby union team.
 * Ireland Wolfhounds, Ireland's "A" (second-level) national rugby union team
 * Limavady GAC or Limavady Wolfhounds, a Gaelic Athletic Association club
 * Wolfhounds, nickname of the Ireland national rugby league team

Other uses

 * Wolfhound (horse) (1989–2009), a Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Wolfhound, a planned enlargement of the Armstrong Siddeley Deerhound aero-engine

title: Wolfhound


text:
List of rivers of the Baltic Sea

This is a list of rivers that drain into the Baltic Sea (clockwise from Öresund):

Sweden

 * Svartån (at Svarte near Ystad)
 * Tommarpaån (at Simrishamn)
 * Helgeå (at Nyehusen near Kristianstad)
 * Hemån (at Karlskrona)
 * Ljungbyån (at Ljungby near Kalmar)
 * Emån (at Em manor house near Kalmar)
 * Göta Canal (at Mem near Söderköping)
 * Motala ström (at Norrköping)
 * Nyköpingsån (at Nyköping)
 * Dalälven (at Gävle)
 * Ljusnan (at Söderhamn)
 * Indalsälven (at Sundsvall)
 * Ångermanälven (at Härnösand)
 * Ume älv (at Umeå)
 * Skellefte älv (at Skellefteå)
 * Pite älv (at Piteå)
 * Lule älv (at Luleå)
 * Kalix älv (at Kalix)
 * Torne älv (at Haparanda/Torneå)

Finland

 * Tornionjoki (at Haparanda/Tornio)
 * Kemijoki (at Kemi)
 * Simojoki (at Simo)
 * Iijoki (at Ii)
 * Kiiminkijoki (at Haukipudas)
 * Oulujoki (at Oulu)
 * Siikajoki (at Siikajoki)
 * Pyhäjoki (at Pyhäjoki)
 * Kalajoki (at Kalajoki)
 * Kyrönjoki (near Vaasa)
 * Kokemäenjoki (at Pori)
 * Aurajoki (at Turku)
 * Vantaanjoki (at Helsinki)
 * Porvoonjoki (at Porvoo)
 * Kymijoki (at Kotka and near Ruotsinpyhtää)

Russia

 * Neva (at St Petersburg)
 * Pregolya (Pregel) at Kaliningrad (Königsberg)
 * Neman at Neman (Kaliningrad Oblast)

Estonia

 * Narva (at Narva-Jõesuu)
 * Jägala (at Jõesuu)
 * Pirita (at Tallinn)
 * Keila (at Keila-Joa)
 * Kasari (at Matsalu)
 * Pärnu (at Pärnu)

Latvia

 * Gauja, (between Carnikava and Gauja)
 * Daugava (at Riga)
 * Lielupe (at Jūrmala)
 * Venta River (at Ventspils)

Lithuania

 * Nemunas at Šilutė

Poland

 * Pasłęka at Braniewo
 * Nogat between Gdańsk and Elbląg
 * Vistula at Gdańsk
 * Radunia at Gdańsk
 * Reda near Wejherowo
 * Łeba at Łebsko Lake
 * Słupia at Ustka
 * Wieprza at Darłowo
 * Parsęta at Kołobrzeg
 * Rega near Trzebiatów
 * Oder (Polish Odra) at Szczecin
 * Swelinia near Sopot

Germany

 * Uecker at Ueckermünde
 * Peene at Anklam
 * Recknitz at Ribnitz-Damgarten
 * Warnow at Warnemünde near Rostock
 * Trave at Travemünde near Lübeck
 * Schwentine at Kiel

title: List of rivers of the Baltic Sea


text:
Bay Village

Bay Village may refer to:

 * United States
 * Bay Village, Boston, Massachusetts, a neighborhood
 * Bay Village, Ohio, a city

 * Australia
 * Stockland Bay Village, a shopping centre in Bateau Bay, New South Wales

title: Bay Village


text:
John II

John II may refer to:

People

 * John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (1455–1499)
 * John II Casimir Vasa of Poland (1609–1672)
 * John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (died 1302)
 * John II Doukas of Thessaly (1303–1318)
 * John II Komnenos (1087–1143), Byzantine emperor
 * John II of Alençon (1409–1476)
 * John II of Amalfi (died 1069)
 * John II of Aragon and Navarre (1397–1479)
 * John II of Brienne, Count of Eu (died 1302)
 * John II of Castile (1405–1454)
 * John II of Cyprus, King from 1432 until his death in 1458
 * John II, Count of Dreux (1265–1309)
 * John II of France (1319–1364)
 * John II of Gaeta (died 963)
 * John II, Count of Gorizia (1438–1462)
 * John II of Jerusalem (1259–1285)
 * John II, Count of Ligny (1392–1440)
 * John II, Marquis of Montferrat (1321–1372)
 * John II of Naples (died 919)
 * John II of Portugal (1455–1495), King of Portugal and of the Algarves
 * John II of Salerno (died c. 994)
 * John II of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch in 631–648
 * John II of Trebizond (c. 1262–1297)
 * John II of Werle (after 1250–1337)
 * John II Orsini (died 1335), Count of Cephalonia and ruler of Epirus
 * John II Platyn (died 702), Exarch of Ravenna
 * John II Stanley of the Isle of Man (c. 1386–1437)
 * John II (bishop of Jerusalem) (c. 356–417)
 * John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg (c.1309–1357)
 * John II, Count of Blois (died 1381)
 * John II, Count of Holland (1247–1304)
 * John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein (died 1513)
 * John II of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1423-1472)
 * John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen (died 1443)
 * John II, Count of Nevers (1415–1491)
 * John II, Count of Saarbrücken (before 1325–1381)
 * John II, Count of Ziegenhain (died 1450)
 * John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1584–1635)
 * John II, Duke of Bavaria (1341–1397)
 * John II, Duke of Bourbon (1426–1488)
 * John II, Duke of Brabant (1275–1312)
 * John II, Duke of Brittany (1239–1305)
 * John II, Duke of Lorraine (1425–1470)
 * John II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1370–1416)
 * John II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor (after 1365–1424)
 * John II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1570–1605)
 * John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (1521–1580)
 * John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (1545–1622)
 * John II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1382)
 * John IV of Portugal (1603–1656), known as John II, Duke of Braganza before becoming king in 1640
 * John of Cappadocia (died 520), Patriarch of Constantinople
 * John II, King of Denmark (1455–1513), King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (John II of Sweden)
 * John of Islay, Earl of Ross (1435–1503)
 * John Papa ʻĪʻī, 19th century politician and historian in the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * John Sigismund Zápolya or Szapolyai (1540–1571), King of Hungary as John II, and later the first Prince of Transylvania
 * John the Fearless (1371–1419), Duke of Burgundy
 * John, Duke of Randazzo (died 1348)
 * John II Codonatus (ruled in 477), a patriarch of Antioch
 * Pope John II, Pope from 533 until his death in 535
 * Yohannes II of Ethiopia (died 1769)
 * Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1685–1746)
 * John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1590–1636)
 * John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1627–1683)
 * John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (1529–1595)
 * Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (born 1945)

Biblical

 * John 2, the second chapter of the Gospel of John
 * Second Epistle of John or 2 John

title: John II


text:
Bay City

Bay City may refer to:

Australia

 * Westfield Bay City, a shopping centre in Geelong, Victoria

Philippines

 * Bay City, Metro Manila, the reclamation area of Metro Manila in the Philippines

United States

 * Bay City, Pope County, Illinois
 * Bay City, Michigan
 * Bay City Town Center, a shopping mall in Bay City, Michigan
 * Bay City, Oregon
 * Bay City, Texas
 * Bay City, Washington
 * Bay City, Wisconsin
 * a nickname for San Francisco
 * a nickname for Santa Monica, California

Canada

 * a nickname for Hamilton, Ontario

Fictional

 * Bay City (TV series), a 1993 Australian children's television series set in Bay City
 * Bay City, a fictional city in 1930 California Marlowe
 * Bay City, a fictional midwestern town in the NBC soap Another World
 * Bay City, a fictional town in the American television series Cobra
 * Bay City, a place visited by Crypto in Destroy All Humans! 2, a parody of San Francisco
 * Bay City, California, a community in the 1970s Starsky & Hutch television series and film
 * Bay City, California, the location of the team in the 1970s minor-league baseball-themed series Bay City Blues
 * Bay City, a megalopolis developed over historic San Francisco in the Netflix series Altered Carbon
 * Bay City, a fictional town in the television series Renegade
 * Bay City, California, a pseudonym used by Raymond Chandler in several short stories and novels; see Raymond Chandler bibliography
 * Bay City, California, a community mentioned in "Exit Prentiss Carr" (the sixth episode of the first season) and "The Girl in the Bay City Boys Club" (thirteenth episode of season two) of The Rockford Files

Other uses

 * Bay City (album), by David Thomas
 * Bay City Rollers, Scottish pop band

title: Bay City


text:
Alaric

Alaric may refer to:

People and fictional and legendary characters

 * Alaric (name), a Germanic name, including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Alaric I (c. 370–410), king of Visigoths, who sacked Rome, and many Greek cities
 * Alaric II (c. 458–507), king of the Visigoths
 * Alaric and Eric, legendary kings of the Swedes

Other uses

 * HMS Alaric (P441), a British Royal Navy submarine

title: Alaric


text:
Vigilius

Vigilius may refer to:
 * Pope Vigilius (died 555), Pope 537-555
 * Vigilius of Trent (c. 353-405), bishop, martyr and saint
 * Church of Saint Vigilius of Trent (Pinzolo)
 * Vigilius of Thapsus, 5th-century bishop and writer
 * Vigilius Eriksen (1722-1782), Danish painter
 * Vigilius (amphibian), an extinct genus of amphibian

title: Vigilius


text:
John III

John III may refer to:

People

 * John III (bishop of Jerusalem) in 516–524
 * Pope John III, Pope from 561 to his death in 574
 * John Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople from 565 to his death in 577
 * John III Rizocopo, Exarch of Ravenna from 710 to 711
 * John III of the Sedre, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 631 to his death in 648
 * John III of Naples, Duke from 928 to his death in 968
 * John III of Gaeta, Duke from 984 to his death in 1008
 * John III of Amalfi, Duke in 1073
 * John III Doukas Vatatzes (c. 1192 – 1254), Emperor of Nicaea
 * John III Comyn of Badenoch (died 1306)
 * John III, Duke of Brittany (1286–1341)
 * John III, Duke of Brabant (1300–1355)
 * John III Megas Komnenos (c. 1321 – 1362), Emperor of Trebizond
 * John III of Montferrat (c. 1362 – 1381)
 * John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (c. 1369 – 1420)
 * John III, Count of Auvergne (1467–1501)
 * Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Grand Duke of Russia since 1462
 * John III of Navarre (1469–1516)
 * John III Crispo, Duke of the Archipelago (1480–1494)
 * John III, Duke of Cleves (1490–1539)
 * John III of Portugal (1502–1557), King of Portugal and of the Algarves
 * John III of Sweden (1537–1592)
 * John III Sobieski (1629–1696), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
 * Yohannes III of Ethiopia (c. 1824 – c. 1873), Emperor several times between 1840 and 1851
 * Prince Jean, Duke of Guise, pretended to the title John III, King of the French, 1926–1940
 * Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, pretended to the title Juan III, King of Spain, 1941–1977
 * John Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1664–1707)
 * John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony (1538–1565)
 * John William III, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1666–1729)

Biblical

 * John 3, the third chapter of the Gospel of John
 * Third Epistle of John or 3 John
 * Ioannes III (disambiguation)

title: John III


text:
Benedict I

Benedict I may refer to:
 * Benedict I of Jerusalem (1892–1980), Patriarch of Jerusalem of the Greek Orthodox Church
 * Benedict I, Archbishop of Esztergom (died 1055)
 * Pope Benedict I (died 579), Pope of the Catholic Church

title: Benedict I


text:
Pentax

Pentax Corporation (ペンタックス株式会社) was a Japanese camera and optical equipment manufacturer, and currently, it exists as the Pentax Life Care Business Division of Hoya's medical endoscope business, as well as the digital camera brand of Ricoh Imaging, a subsidiary of Ricoh.

Pentax, founded in 1919 as a town workshop specializing in polishing eyeglass lenses, developed Japan's first single-lens reflex camera, the Asahiflex, in 1952. By 2006, Pentax's domestic market share in digital cameras had declined to 4%. In 2007, Pentax was acquired by Hoya and subsequently merged with the company the following year. In 2011, Hoya spun off the Pentax brand's digital camera business, which was then acquired by Ricoh, leading to the establishment of Pentax Ricoh Imaging (current Ricoh Imaging).

In June 17, 2024, as a response to the ever-growing interest in film photography, Pentax launched the Pentax 17, a half-frame film camera. This launch marks Pentax first film camera in over two decades.

Early history
The original company was founded as Asahi Optical Co Asahi Kogaku Goshi Kaisha in November 1919 by Kumao Kajiwara, at a shop in the Toshima suburb of Tokyo, and began producing spectacle lenses (which it still manufactures).

In 1938 it changed its name to Asahi Optical Co., Ltd. (旭光学工業株式会社), and by this time it was also manufacturing camera/cine lenses. In the lead-up to World War II, Asahi Optical devoted much of its time to fulfilling military contracts for optical instruments. At the end of the war, Asahi Optical was disbanded by the occupying powers, being allowed to re-form in 1948. The company resumed its pre-war activities, manufacturing binoculars and consumer camera lenses for Konishiroku and Chiyoda Kōgaku Seikō (later Konica and Minolta respectively).

Early 1950s to 2007
The period around 1950 marked the return of the Japanese photographic industry to the vigorous level of the late 1930s, and its emergence as a major exporter. The newly reborn industry had sold many of its cameras to the occupation forces (having had far more disposable income than the Japanese), which were well received. The Korean War saw a huge influx of journalists and photographers to the Far East, where they were impressed by lenses from companies such as Nikon and Canon for their Leica rangefinder cameras, and also by bodies by these and other companies to supplement and replace the Leica and Contax cameras they were using.

In 1952 Asahi Optical introduced its first camera, the Asahiflex (the first Japanese SLR using 35mm film). The name "Pentax" was originally a registered trademark of the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon (from "Pentaprism" and "Contax") and acquired by the Asahi Optical company in 1957. Since then the company has been primarily known for its photographic products, distributed 35mm equipment under the name "Asahi Pentax" and medium format 120 6x7cm equipment under the sub brand "Pentax 6x7" (from 1969 to 1990) and "Pentax 67" (from 1990 to 1999). Equipment was exported to the United States from the 1950s until the mid-1970s; being imported by Honeywell Corporation and branded as "Heiland Pentax" and later "Honeywell Pentax". The company was renamed Pentax Corporation in 2002. It was one of the world's largest optical companies, producing still cameras, binoculars, spectacle lenses, and a variety of other optical instruments. In 2004, Pentax had about 6000 employees.

Merger with Hoya
In December 2006, Pentax started the process of merging with Hoya Corporation to form 'Hoya Pentax HD Corporation'. Hoya's primary goal was to strengthen its medical-related business by taking advantage of Pentax's technologies and expertise in the field of endoscopes, intraocular lenses, surgical loupes, biocompatible ceramics, etc. It was speculated that Pentax's camera business could be sold off after the merger. A stock swap was to be completed by October 1, 2007, but the process was called off on April 11, 2007. Pentax president Fumio Urano resigned over the matter, with Takashi Watanuki taking over as president of Pentax. However, despite Watanuki's previously stated opposition to a Hoya merger, on May 16 it was reported that Pentax had accepted "with conditions" a sweetened offer from Hoya, according to a source familiar with the matter. Pentax was under increasing pressure from its major shareholders, Sparx Asset Management in particular, to accept Hoya's bid.

On August 6, 2007, Hoya completed a friendly public tender offer for Pentax and acquired 90.59% of the company. On August 14, 2007, the company became a consolidated subsidiary of Hoya. On October 29, 2007, Hoya and Pentax announced that Pentax would merge with and into Hoya effective on March 31, 2008. Hoya closed the Pentax-owned factory in Tokyo, and moved all manufacturing facilities to Cebu, Philippines and Hanoi, Vietnam.

Ricoh Imaging Company
Japanese optical glass-maker Hoya Corporation stated on July 1, 2011, that it would sell its Pentax camera business to copier and printer maker Ricoh, in a deal the Nikkei business daily reported was worth about 10 billion yen ($124.2 million). On July 29, 2011, Hoya transferred its Pentax imaging systems business to a newly established subsidiary called Pentax Imaging Corporation. On October 1, 2011, Ricoh acquired all shares of Pentax Imaging Corp. and renamed the new subsidiary Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company, Ltd. Hoya will continue to use the Pentax brand name for their medical related products such as endoscopes. On August 1, 2013, the company name was changed to Ricoh Imaging Company Ltd.

Products
Asahi Optical Co Ltd is best known for Asahi Pentax 6x7 medium format film cameras and the later Pentax Corporation is best known for Pentax 67 medium format film cameras.

In 1990 the Asahi Optical Co. Ltd renamed the sub-brand from "Pentax 6x7" to Pentax 67. The company produced Pentax 67 cameras until 1999 and ceased trading in 2002.

The success of the "Pentax" series was such that the business eventually renamed itself "Pentax Corporation" after the 35mm product line. Although the corporation ultimately merged into Hoya Corporation, it eventually was purchased by Ricoh, which continues to develop and market digital cameras under the Pentax brand. Currently, Pentax DSLRs are manufactured in Cebu, Philippines, while digital Pentax lenses are manufactured in Hanoi, Vietnam, under Pentax Ricoh Imaging Products.

In June 17, 2024, Pentax launch their most anticipated product yet, the Pentax 17. The Pentax 17 is a premium half-frame camera with a fixed zone focusing lens, a magnesium alloy body, and a price tag of only $500. The Pentax 17 is the company's first film camera in over two decades.

Corporate cooperation and competition
In 2005, Pentax Corporation partnered with Samsung to share work on camera technology and recapture market ground from Nikon and Canon. Pentax and Samsung subsequently released new DSLR siblings from this agreement. The Pentax *ist DS and *istDL2 also appeared as the Samsung GX-1S and GX-1L, while the jointly developed (90% Pentax and 10% Samsung) Pentax K10D and K20D gave birth to the Samsung GX-10 and GX-20 respectively. Some Pentax lenses are also rebranded and sold as Samsung Schneider Kreuznach D-Xenon and D-Xenogon lenses for Samsung DSLRs. However, both brands are completely compatible with Pentax and Samsung DSLRs. In 2017, Samsung announced its departure of the camera market.

Hoya is focusing its main business on the following areas: information technology, eye care, life care, optics, imaging systems. Pentax’s main competitors include Canon, Nikon, Olympus, Panasonic, Sony (imaging/camera business), Fujifilm, Sangi, Kyocera (life care business).

Europe and Asia
Asahi Pentax (all 35mm equipment) Pentax 6x7 (medium format 120 6x7cm equipment from 1969 to 1990) Pentax 67 (medium format 120 6x7cm equipment from 1990 to 1999)

North America
Honeywell Pentax (medium format 120 6x7cm equipment from 1969 to 1990)

Asia

 * Pentax Industrial Instruments Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax Optotech Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax Service, Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax Fukushima Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax Tohoku Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
 * Pentax (Shanghai) Corporation
 * Pentax Hong Kong Ltd.
 * Pentax Cebu Philippines Corporation
 * Pentax VN Co., Ltd.

Europe

 * Pentax Europe GmbH
 * Pentax U.K. Ltd.
 * Pentax France S.A.
 * Pentax Schweiz AG
 * Pentax Scandinavia AB
 * Pentax Nederland B.V.
 * Pentax Europe n.v.

North America

 * Pentax of America Inc. (Pentax Medical Company)
 * Pentax of America Inc. (Pentax Imaging Company)
 * Pentax of America Inc.
 * Pentax Medical Company
 * Pentax Imaging Company
 * Microline Pentax Inc.
 * Pentax Canada Inc.
 * KayPentax (Pentax Medical Company)
 * Pentax Teknologies.

title: Pentax


text:
Deusdedit

Deusdedit or Deodatus (literally "God has given") is the name of several ecclesiastical figures of the Middle Ages:

 * Pope Deusdedit or Pope Adeodatus I (died 618)
 * Deusdedit of Canterbury (died 664)
 * Deodatus of Nevers or Deodatus of Jointures (died c. 679)
 * Deusdedit of San Pietro in Vincoli (fl. 11th century), cardinal and canon lawyer
 * Deusdedit of San Lorenzo in Damaso (fl. 12th century), cardinal and papal legate
 * Teodato Ipato or Deusdedit, Doge of Venice 742-751
 * Deodatus of Nola, a saint in the 5th century
 * Deodatus of Blois, a saint in the 6th century
 * (998–1017), a bishop of Prague

title: Deusdedit


text:
Severinus

Severinus is a name held by multiple people.

 * Severinus (consul 461), Roman politician
 * Severinus, Exuperius, and Felician, saints
 * Severinus of Bordeaux, saint
 * Severinus of Cologne, saint
 * Severinus of Noricum, saint
 * Severinus of Sanseverino, saint
 * Severinus Boethius, Roman consul and philosopher (and saint)
 * Pope Severinus, pope
 * Severinus of Saxony, prince
 * Severinus Desiré Emanuels

title: Severinus


text:
Alexander Zaytsev

Alexander Zaytsev is the name of:

 * Alexander Zaytsev (artist) (1903–1982), Russian painter and art educator
 * Alexander Zaytsev (pilot) (1911–1965), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Alexander Zaitsev (pair skater) (born 1952), Russian figure skater
 * Alexander Zaitsev (astronomer) (1945–2021), Russian scientist in radar astronomy and SETI
 * Alexander Zaytsev (chemist) (1841–1910), Russian chemist
 * Alexander Zaitsev (chess player) (1935–1971), Russian chess grandmaster

title: Alexander Zaytsev


text: Talk:Universal Product Code

title: Talk:Universal Product Code


text:
John IV

John IV may refer to:
 * Patriarch John IV of Alexandria, Patriarch between 569 and 579
 * John IV of Armenia, Catholicos of Armenia between 833 and 855
 * John IV of Constantinople (died 595), Patriarch from 582
 * Pope John IV (died 642), Pope from 640
 * John IV (bishop of Naples) (died 835)
 * John IV of Naples, Duke from 997 to after 1002
 * John IV of Gaeta (died 1012)
 * John IV of Ohrid, Archbishop of Ohrid in 1139/43–1157/64
 * John IV, Count of Soissons (died 1302)
 * John IV Laskaris (1250–1305), Emperor of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261
 * John IV, Duke of Brittany (1339–1399), Count of Montfort, 7th Earl of Richmond
 * John IV, Lord of Arkel (died 1360)
 * John IV, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg (died 1414)
 * John IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (died 1414)
 * John IV, Duke of Mecklenburg (died 1422)
 * John IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen (died 1444)
 * John IV, Count of Armagnac (1396–1450), Count of Armagnac, Fézensac, and Rodez
 * John IV, Duke of Brabant (1403–1427)
 * John IV of Trebizond (1403–1460), Emperor of Trebizond
 * John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1410–1475), Count of Nassau, Vianden and Diez
 * John IV, Marquess of Montferrat (1412–1464)
 * Jan IV of Oświęcim (1426/1430–1497), Duke of Gliwice
 * John IV, Duke of Bavaria (1437–1463)
 * John IV, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg (1470–1531)
 * John IV, Duke of Krnov (died 1483), Duke of Wodzisław Śląski
 * John IV of Chalon-Arlay (1443–1502), prince of Orange
 * Ivan IV the Terrible (1530–1584), Czar of Russia
 * John IV, Count of Nassau-Idstein (1603–1677)
 * John IV of Portugal (1604–1656), known as John II, Duke of Braganza, before 1640
 * Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (1837–1889)
 * Jean, Count of Paris (born 1965), Orléanist pretender to the French throne as Jean IV

title: John IV


text:
Talk:Provincial Rights Party

Untitled
You don't want to mention what it IS? You have an objection to saying that it's a Canadian political party? Freaky.... Moncrief

Redirecting
Given that the PR name was a re-branding of Haultain's Conservative Association that was subsequently reverted to the Conservative name, I think belongs in the Sask PC Party article, where it is already adequately covered. Other justin (talk) 16:02, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Provincial Rights Party


text:
Wang Yung-ching

Wang Yung-ching (18 January 1917 – 15 October 2008), also called YC Wang, was a Taiwanese businessman. He was best known for being at the chairman of Formosa Plastics Corporation, one of Taiwan's foremost plastic manufacturing establishments until is retirement in June 2006, where he stepped down at the age of 89.

In 2008, Forbes ranked him as the 178th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of US$5.5 billion.

Despite lacking any formal schooling beyond elementary school, he was ranked 2nd in the Forbes list of Taiwan's Richest in 2008.

Early life and career
Wang was born in Chyokutan jō, Shinden ku, Shinden shichō, Taihoku Chō (modern-day Chitan Village, Xindian District, New Taipei City) in then-Japan-ruled-Taiwan.

In 1995, Wang signed a contract with Marco Terragni (chairman of Italproducts) to create Inteplast, the biggest company in the world for the production of Cartonplast.

Wang served as the chairman of the board of Formosa Plastics Corporation, one of the largest plastic manufacturers in the world, until June 2006, when he stepped down at the age of 89. He remained chairman of the boards of Nan Ya Plastics Corporation, Formosa Chemistry & Fibre Corporation, and Cyma Plywood & Lumber Co. Ltd, but indicated his intention to gradually resign from these positions to focus on his retirement. He was chairman of Ming-chi Institute of Technology, and Chang Gung Medical Foundation. After his death, Wang's position at Chang Gung was taken over by his younger brother Wang Yung-tsai, and then third wife Lee Pao-chu. He had been a vocal supporter of the Three Links between Taiwan and Mainland China.

Wang's first marriage was to Wang (née Guo) Yueh-lan, with whom he had no children. His second marriage to Yang Chiao produced Wang's first child, making a total of five. Wang later married a third time in 1935 to Lee Pao-chu. Wang and Lee had another five children; Wang fathered a total of ten. His eldest son from his second marriage with Yang Chiao, Winston Wang, founded Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing with Jiang Mianheng, the son of former Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin in 2000. A daughter from his second marriage, Charlene Wang founded Taiwan-based First International Computer, Inc. Another daughter, Cher Wang, founded High Tech Computer (HTC) and VIA Technologies. Among the Wang siblings, Cher has come closest to rivaling her father's wealth. In 2011, Forbes estimated Cher Wang's personal fortune at $8.8 billion, making her the wealthiest individual in Taiwan at the time.

Wang passed away in his sleep on October 15, 2008 at his home in Short Hills, New Jersey. He was 91 years old.

The family struggles which followed his death led to the discovery that he had engaged in extensive tax evasion and had stashed billions of dollars offshore.

title: Wang Yung-ching


text:
Gypsy language

Gypsy may refer to any of the several languages of the Gypsies:

 * The various Romani languages of Europe
 * The Para-Romani languages descending from them
 * The Domari language of the Middle East
 * The Seb Seliyer language of Iran
 * The Lomavren language of Armenia

title: Gypsy language


text:
Basil III

Basil III may refer to:

 * Vasily III of Moscow, grand prince from 1505 to 1535
 * Basil III of Constantinople, patriarch from 1925 to 1929
 * Basil III (Coptic archbishop of Jerusalem) ((r. 1925 – 1935))

title: Basil III


text:
Grimsay

Grimsay (Griomasaigh) is a tidal island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.

Geography
Grimsay is the largest of the low-lying stepping-stones which convey the Oitir Mhòr (North Ford) causeway, a 5 mi arc of single track road linking North Uist and Benbecula via the western tip of Grimsay. Until it opened in 1960, a ferry linked Carinish (on North Uist) with Gramsdale (on Benbecula), but could only operate at high tide. There was also a ford which could only be crossed close to low water, usually only with a guide. For significant parts of each day the North Ford was too wet to ford and not wet enough to cross by ferry. East of Grimsay lie several smaller islands including Ronay which was inhabited until 1931.

Inhabitants
The island's population was 169 as recorded by the 2011 census a drop of over 15% since 2001 when there were 201 usual residents. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. The main settlements are Baymore (Bàgh Mòr) and Kallin (Ceallan) at the eastern end of the island. Grimsay has a harbour at Kallin, which is the base to a sizeable shellfish industry, the island's main industry, mostly for lobster, prawns and scallops. Also in Kallin is The Boatshed, a marine repair facility which promotes traditional skills, and employs a full-time boatbuilder and trainee. Three generations of Stewart family built as many as 1,000 boats from three sheds on Grimsay. Grimsay is encircled by a single-track road that links most of the island's small croft and fishing settlements together.

History
There is a fine example of an Iron-Age wheelhouse on the northeast coast of the island at Bàgh nam Feadag. It is one of the best examples of a wheelhouse on North Uist but does not appear on Ordnance Survey maps.

title: Grimsay


text:
Wikipedia talk:Sockpuppetry

Multiple use of accounts
I am hoping to get some feedback on this SPI. I was told that use of multiple accounts is is not prohibited, only the abuse of multiple accounts. The accounts reported are "contribut[ing] to the same page or discussion in a way that suggests they are multiple people" which is a violation in my opinion. However, I was told that if they are being disruptive that this is an ANI issue. Just looking for clarification on 1) is using multiple accounts (undisclosed) to edit the page to avoid scrutiny a violation and 2) should this be an ANI issue or an SPI issue? CNMall41 (talk) 02:36, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Sockpuppetry


text:
Talk:Brugada syndrome

Untitled
There is a problem with the lower EKG image and its legend. The legend refers to two panels, one after treatment. The figure shows three panels for three different classes of the syndrome.

98.64.68.45 (talk) 12:24, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

I agree with the poster below that the subjects should not be merged because their definitions differ. In addition, the disorders described as SUD (or SUNDS, Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome) such as Bangungot can be classified as ethnomedical disorders. The description of the phenomena and traditional cures will undoubtedly differ in each case. To lump any or all of them together as Brugada seems reductionist and ethnocentric. Doing so would probably not only be scientifically wrong, but gives precedence to a biological cause and Western medical remedy (as found in the Brugada article) rather than allowing for a focus on the psycho-social reality of each disorder and valuable discussions of traditional remedies. I would suggest that there should be a section on linked ethnomedical disorders in the main Brugada article and that there should be links to each of the disorders' articles at the end of the Brugada article.

This link should take you to a 2002 article in Human Molecular Genetics which indicates a genetic link between SUNDS and Brugada: hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/3/337.pdf

On a related note, More information on some of the ethnomedical disorders linked to SUNDS (particularly in Hmong men) can be found below. SUNDS has long been linked to sleep paralysis. See:

1) Hufford, David J. The Terror That Comes in the Night. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. 2) Adler, Shelly R.  "The Role of the Nightmare in Hmong Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome: A Folkloristic Study of Belief and Health." Ph.D. diss., University of California--Los Angeles, 1991, 48-61. 3) Adler, Shelly R. "Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome among Hmong Immigrants: Examining the Role of the 'Nightmare'," Journal of American Folklore 104 (1991): 54-71 Lorist 21:34, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

..one may call that an amateur page...

... and just what have _you_ written?

Brugada syndrome is a well defined entity, whereas the other ones are more ill-defined. There is no doubt that Brugada syndrome is a part of the others but other diseases is also part of SUDS and sudden death in asia. Therefore the subjects should not be merged.

A good reference:

1. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, Di Mario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, Zipes DP. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001 Aug;22(16):1374-450. (Medline abstract)

Ksheka 11:54, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I am an ICD patient myself as a result of going into ventricular fibrillation in my sleep in 2004. This is also known as SADS (Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome).

I have been genetically tested for the genes related to Brugada in 2005. The result was negative but I am having more genetic tests done. I have just recently had a blood sample taken for the second time. Hopefully they can research more into this. I have more information regarding brugada syndrome and my doctor has already met Dr. Brugada himself.

I would like to add more information about testing for Brugada. There is a drug called "ajmaline" which I was tested with to see if any abnormalities in my ECG showed up. Perhaps I could add this to the article and other information too?Smsmasters 09:02, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Ajmaline and other drugs for diagnosis of BS
All Class Ic "sodium current blocking agents" could be used to reveal hidden ECG abnormalities to diagnose this entity. However, prognostic significance of this test is quite questionable, indeed people without any VF episodes or spontaneous ECG changes has very little chance to develop a sudden cardiac death. Also, a new "old" drug is currently popular in treatment of Brugada syndrome: Quinidine. So I added some info about this topic with reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lord Xar (talk • contribs) 22:15, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Drugs associated with Brugada syndrome
You could add a link to [www.brugadadrugs.org] on the wiki, a site discussing drugs associated with Brugada syndrome and lists of drugs to avoid.

Petertje puk (talk) 19:16, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Revision of lead
Hi, I have just realised that the edits I made to the Brugada page yesterday inadvertently deleted the infobox, sorry.

I see that you in addition to restoring the infobox, you reverted the changes I made to the lead, with your comment being MEDMOS. I'd be grateful if you could help me understand in what way my version of the lead (pasted below) falls foul of MEDMOS - I felt it was an improvement as it avoided technical terms like 'vagal tone' which may be challenging for a lay reader to understand, while summarising the key points in the main body of the article below. I appreciate that you have a lot of Wiki experience and welcome your feedback. Thanks PeaBrainC (talk) 21:49, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

, PeaBrainC (talk) 20:07, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic condition which results in abnormal electrical activity within the heart, increasing the risk of abnormal heart rhythms and sudden cardiac death. These abnormal heart rhythms often occur at rest or after a heavy meal, and can be triggered by a fever, excessive alcohol, or certain medications. The symptoms of Brugada syndrome include fainting but those affected may not have any symptoms at all.

As an inherited condition, about a quarter of those affected by Brugada syndrome will have a relative who also has the condition. It may be caused by mutations in the SCN5A gene responsible for the cardiac sodium channel, although mutations causing the condition have also been found in other genes.

Brugada syndrome is typically diagnosed using an electrocardiogram (ECG), although medications such as ajmaline may be required to produce the characteristic ECG pattern. There is no cure for Brugada syndrome, but the condition may be treated using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Medications to help control the abnormal heart rhythms include isoproterenol in those who are acutely unstable, and quinidine. The family members of a patient with Brugada syndrome may require testing for the condition.

 * The ordering of sections is described at WP:MEDMOS.

 * Why did you remove epidemiology from the lead? Why did you remove this "Some cases may be due to a new mutation or certain medications. ", why did you remove the year it was discovered?

 * Often the lead follows the ordering of the body which it did before.

 * This text was unreferenced. "It may be caused by mutations in the SCN5Agene responsible for the cardiac sodium channel, although mutations causing the condition have also been found in other genes." Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 23:47, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that clarifies things. I'll try to rewrite my version incorporating your advice as I still believe the lead as it stands can be improved.  PeaBrainC (talk) 21:45, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Also you will note that every sentence in the lead is referenced to a decent source.
 * The body of the article needs more work than the lead. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:47, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

References in the lead
Were does this ref mention after meals or during sleep?

Not seeing "while quinidine may be used in the longer term" in https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/brugada-syndrome/ Found the ref and added it to the sentence in question.

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:49, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

abnormal heart rhythm
Sentence 4 begins: The abnormal heart rhythm often occurs. The The implies that the reader is to know which abnormal hear rhythm we are talkin about. But no abnormal heart rhythm has been mentioned, I think. That is, I think that there are heart disorders that are not abnomal heart rhythms. Even if there aren't, we should not assume that all readers know this.--Ettrig (talk) 20:57, 12 July 2018 (UTC) ✅ PeaBrainC (talk) 17:06, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * This is referring to the abnormal heart rythmns that these people get. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 13:34, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

Technical language, accuracy and precision of statements
Hi Yanping, I wonder if we could have a discussion on the talkpage about our differences of opinion regarding the best form of language to use in the article. I don't want to edit war and am loathe to change your edits again without consensus, so I'm bringing it to the table here.

In your recent edit summaries you have suggested that "this page should be written for academics and professionals, if laypeople don’t know what sodium channels are they’re supposed to follow wikilinks" and that "this is a science article, not a brochure for patients". All the manuals of style suggest that articles should be written in a style suitable for a non specialist. From WP:BATTLE - "Texts should be written for everyday readers, not just for academics", and "While wikilinks should be provided for advanced terms and concepts in that field, articles should be written on the assumption that the reader will not or cannot follow these links, instead attempting to infer their meaning from the text."

In addition to our differences of opinion on writing style there are questions to be raised regarding the accuracy of what you have changed. Whether the prose is more or less technically oriented, it needs to be correct. For example, SCN5A is a gene. NaV1.5 is the protein forming the alpha subunit of the cardiac sodium channel that SCN5A encodes. INa is the current that NaV1.5 carries. These terms should not be mixed up as was done in your recent set of edits. Furthermore, Brugada has nothing to do with the late sodium current - increased late INa is responsible for the LQT3 form of long QT syndrome. Brugada is an oligogenic disorder but the association with sodium is entirely to do with a reduction in the peak current. It is wrong to say that BrS is due to mutations in SCN5A - a proportion of cases of BrS are associated with SCN5A mutations but in the majority no causative gene can be found.

Comparing your most recent version of the first paragraph of the causes section:

"The individual cells of the heart communicate with each other with electrical signals, and these electrical signals are disrupted in those with Brugada syndrome due to mutations in SCN5A, a cardiac sodium channel which is responsible for depolarizing the cardiomyocyte during phase 0 of the cardiac action potential by permitting the early component of the sodium current as well as permitting a residual current lasting throughout the low-conductance phases of repolarization, known as the late sodium current. Many of the genetic mutations that have subsequently been described in association with Brugada syndrome influence the early and late components of the sodium current in some way, often differentially, or affect other ionic currents."

to the previous version:

"The individual cells of the heart communicate with each other with electrical signals, and these electrical signals are disrupted in those with Brugada syndrome. As a genetic condition, the syndrome is ultimately caused by changes to a person's DNA, known as genetic mutations. The first mutations described in association with Brugada syndrome were in a gene responsible for a protein or ion channel that controls the flow of sodium ions through the cell membrane of heart muscle cells – the cardiac sodium channel. Many of the genetic mutations that have subsequently been described in association with Brugada syndrome influence the sodium current in some way, or affect other ionic currents."

I feel that the earlier version was more accurate and worded in a way more appropriate to a non-specialist audience. Like I say, I'm not going to revert again, but would appreciate the opinions of others who have previously shown an interest in the article. . Thanks, PeaBrainC (talk) 17:00, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks User:PeaBrainC Yes we are to write in easier to understand language.
 * Also this "This disruption is due to mutations in SCN5A, a cardiac sodium channel which is responsible for depolarizing the heart muscle cells during phase 0 of the cardiac action potential by permitting the early component of the sodium current as well as permitting a residual current lasting throughout the low-conductance phases of repolarization, known as the late sodium current." is an indepth description of the mechanism rather than a cause per say. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:15, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi Yanping, if I've understood your intentions correctly, you would like there to be some mention of the relationship between SCN5A mutations, the sodium current, and the subsequent effects on the action potential. I agree that this would be useful information to add to the article, probably in the Mechanisms section. How about splitting the paragraph concerning conduction, and adding something like this to it:

 * "The genetic variants associated with BrS support the concept that slowed conduction could be responsible for generating these arrhythmias. SCN5A, the gene most commonly associated with BrS, along with SCN10A, SCN1B, SCN2B and SCN3B, all directly affect the sodium current INa. This current is a major contributor to the characteristic flow of electrical charge across the membrane of heart muscle cells that occurs with each heartbeat known as the action potential.  The sodium current causes the initial rapid upstroke of the action potential (phase 0), and decreasing this current, as occurs in BrS-associated genetic variants, leads to slowing of the electrical conduction through the heart muscle." (with references to one of the reviews already cited).

 * It's tricky to convey this information in a non-technical way but would this work? PeaBrainC (talk) 09:50, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes. And then we could also address the late current and the interaction of LQTS3 and BrS in a separate paragraph. (This is the context in which I was first acquainted with Brugada.) Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 17:17, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Placing the content in the mechanism section and using easier to understand language addresses my concerns. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:35, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The pathophysiology is interlinked with the genetic causes. Sometimes certain exceptions apply to the MOS. The section headers should be organized after the content that adequately informs the reader of BrS, rather than organizing the section headers first, and then the content to the headers. That would be the tail wagging the dog. For example, in Long_QT_syndrome the discussion of genetic risk factors adequately sets up the article for pathophysiological discussion in the next section. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 17:57, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * For ease of understanding IMO the causes and pathophysiology should be kept mostly separate.
 * Causes can generally be provided in easier to understand language than pathophysiology and thus are better going first. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:25, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

History text
"As early as December 1981, the Center for Disease Control described sudden cardiac death during sleep of predominantly male Southeast Asian refugees. According to the CDC report, "The abruptness of the deaths reported here is compatible with a cardiac dysrhythmia ... but the underlying mechanism remains unclear." This syndrome was called sudden arrhythmic death syndrome or sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS). Brugada syndrome was described as a cause for SUNDS seen in Thai men in 1997. Brugada syndrome has been determined to be "phenotypically, genetically and functionally identical" to SUNDS in Thailand, where it is known as Lai Tai and Japan where it is known as Pokkuri and it has been proposed that there is similar equivalence between Brugada syndrome and Filipino subset of SUNDS, locally known as Bangungut ("nightmare"). These cultures had been familiar with Brugada-linked SUNDS well before Occidental physicians had become acquainted with the pattern, with a Philippine medical journal noting "Such ‘deadly dreams’ are well known among the lay people, many of whom view them with sullen respect, if not frank terror." "

This is all the Wikipedians interpretation of primary sources. Please use high quality secondary sources. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 22:32, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The secondary source linking them is here. This is not my interpretation. We also have a separate article for SUNDS. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 22:36, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * That is not a suitable secondary source.  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:38, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Certainly it's not OR. The intention here is to counter systemic bias, especially where western physicians are eager to claim credit for the groundwork of medical providers in Asia. I have access to plenty of sources, if you would stop reverting my edits and also changing redirects to already-established articles. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 22:43, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

Here are three secondary sources that cover the history of the condition

 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764071
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26627541
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11969284

Please use these. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 22:55, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

What's wrong with this AHA 2018 review? Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 23:11, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * That one would be fine aswell. You however need to self revert your last edits and wait for consensus. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 23:32, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I won't revert you if you revert back, I have to leave class now. I haven't been given a preferred revision to revert to. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 23:33, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

Removing of secondary source
"Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome, bangungut, pokkuri death syndrome "

Why was this removed? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 22:33, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * This source already exists. Furthermore, Brugada is NOT the same as sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome, which we have separate article for. Are you proposing an article merger? Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 22:34, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * One already redirects to the other... We DO NOT have a separate article.
 * We do have high quality secondary sources that that name is also used for this condition. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:36, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Doc James, you changed the redirect yourself. That's disingenuous. See sudden arrhythmic death syndrome, which is the true synyonym for SUNDS. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 22:41, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah yes in October 28 of 2017.
 * The same name can be used for multiple conditions. This occurs relatively commonly.
 * And serious one is a subtype of the other Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:47, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

Brugada syndrome is not the same as SUNDS
See this 2018 review in JAHA: In the following decades, investigators have been engaged in revealing the relationship between SUNDS and BrS, but there still has not been a definitive conclusion.25, 32 Nevertheless, it is commonly recognized that VA is a major cause of SUNDS.32, 33 The following risk factors presumed to be involved in SUNDS may also trigger VA. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 23:28, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The same name can be used for multiple conditions. Ref also says "SUNDS then appears to be the same disorder as BrS in epidemiology and phenotype. The initial molecular genetic study proposed that SUNDS was the same as BrS in genotype and function defects. However, patients enrolled in this study were more likely to be diagnosed as BrS. Thus, whether SUNDS is allelic to BrS in genetics and functional defects requires further evaluation." Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:08, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * If you think the NIH is incorrect feel free to reach out to them.
 * They are not claiming that the conditions are exactly the same just that the term SUNDS is sometimes used for Brugada. Not an extra ordinary claim. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:18, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Could we address this issue in-article? The link between SUNDS and Brugada, as well as the contextual history tying them together, shouldn't just be relegated to synonyms, dabs and redirects. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 17:14, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * What reference would you like to use? And what text would you like to add based on that text?
 * We already have "In these countries Brugada syndrome is likely to be responsible for many cases of sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS)." in the epidemiology section. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:33, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The history text which you sought to remove, and was justified by the presence by half a dozen references. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 17:50, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Okay so you insist upon using the three primary sources you mentioned? Rather than using recent secondary sources to support the text in question? Well I oppose than. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:45, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The AHA source is a secondary source, and ties the primary sources together. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 23:43, 16 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay so do you plan to use it instead of the primary sources? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:24, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I still plan to include the other sources, since they're tied together by AHA secondary source. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 17:02, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * We generally just use the secondary sources and not the primary sources. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:49, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The works are directly or indirectly referred to (through intervening sources) -- for example, I see no reason to exclude the original 1917 citation, for the curious reader. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 23:09, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * That's something I always found interesting about Wikipedia; that is, being able to find some citations to the primary sources intertwined to secondary sources, which often cite that same primary source anyway. If your AHA secondary source discusses/analyses/synthesizes the results of those primary sources, I do not see the relevance of including them, unless you believe the secondary source is weak, perhaps through the inclusion of weak primary sources. Just my two cents on sources. Spyder212 (talk) 00:18, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm a researcher / (new) grad student / premed (and sort of long-term patient who brings medical literature to her medical providers), and I've always found primary sources attached to secondary sources extra helpful. Yes, we should write for a general audience, but we shouldn't exclude a technical audience or informed lay audience either. Yanping Nora Soong (talk) 18:15, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * It's awesome to have you as a contributor! Is there any way I can see the way you use those primary sources in the text? It's one thing to have primary sources support claims in the text and yet another to simply put them next to a secondary source that cites them anyway. Generally, those who want to have access to primary sources know that they can simply go through the secondary source and find supporting literature there. And if they are not aware of this, then we would not necessarily want them to fall upon primary sources that have not yet been analyzed in light of other findings, which may support or contradict the results. Spyder212 (talk) 18:27, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brugada syndrome


text:
Ivan II

Ivan II may refer to:

 * Ivan II of Bulgaria (c. 1290 – c. 1329)
 * Ivan II of Moscow (1326–1359; patronymic Ivanovich, styled "the Fair")
 * Ivan II Draskovic, Croatian viceroy (1550–1613)

title: Ivan II


text:
List of sunken nuclear submarines

Nine nuclear submarines have sunk, either by accident or scuttling. The Soviet Navy lost five (one of which sank twice), the Russian Navy two, and the United States Navy (USN) two.

Three submarines were lost with all hands – the two from the United States Navy (129 and 99 lives lost) and one from the Russian Navy (118 lives lost), and are amongst the largest losses of life in a submarine (along with the non-nuclear USS Argonaut (SM-1) with 102 lives lost and FRENCH SUBMARINE Surcouf with 130 lives lost). All sank as a result of accident except for SOVIET SUBMARINE K-27, which was scuttled in the Kara Sea when proper decommissioning was considered too expensive. The Soviet submarine SOVIET SUBMARINE K-129 carried nuclear ballistic missiles when it was lost with all hands, but as it was a diesel-electric submarine, it is not included in the list. (K-129 was partly recovered by the U.S. Project Azorian.)

The two USN submarines belonged to Submarine Force Atlantic, in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. All five of the Soviet/Russian nuclear submarines that remain sunken belonged to the Northern Fleet, while the refloated SOVIET SUBMARINE K-429 was in the Pacific Fleet.

Of the nine sinkings, two were caused by fires, two by weapon explosions, two by flooding, one by bad weather, and one by scuttling due to a damaged nuclear reactor. Only USS Scorpion (SSN-589)'s reason for sinking is unknown. Eight of the submarines are underwater wrecks in the Northern Hemisphere, five in the Atlantic Ocean and three in the Arctic Ocean. The ninth submarine, K-429, was raised and returned to active duty after both of her sinkings.

United States

 * USS Thresher (SSN-593), the first submarine in her class, sank April 10, 1963 during deep-diving trials after reactor scram, loss of propulsion, and a failed attempt to blow the emergency ballast tanks, causing it to exceed crush depth. All 129 on board died, including shipyard personnel supporting the deep-diving tests. Location: 350 km east of Cape Cod.
 * USS Scorpion (SSN-589), a Skipjack-class submarine, sank May 22, 1968, evidently due to implosion upon reaching crush depth. The results of the U.S. Navy's various investigations into the loss of Scorpion are inconclusive. There are various theories about the loss. All 99 men on board died. Location: 740 km southwest of the Azores.
 * USS Guitarro (SSN-665): sank May 15, 1969 while pier-side in shipyard due to improper ballasting. The submarine was eventually completed and commissioned.

Soviet Union

 * SOVIET SUBMARINE K-27: The only Project 645 submarine (a variant of the Project 627 November-class submarine, with liquid metal cooled reactors), K-27 was decommissioned in 1979 after many years of difficulty with its reactor. On September 6, 1982, the Soviet Navy scuttled it in shallow water (108 ft) in the Kara Sea after sealing the reactor compartment. This sinking in shallow water was contrary to the recommendation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
 * SOVIET SUBMARINE K-8: A Project 627 November-class submarine was lost on April 11, 1970 while being towed in rough seas after a fire on board. The submarine's crew was initially evacuated to a surface vessel, but 52 re-boarded the surfaced submarine for the towing operation. All 52 sailors died when the submarine flooded and sank, for total losses of 60 crew when counting the 8 who perished on April 8 in the initial fire. Location: Bay of Biscay, 490 km northwest of Spain in the North Atlantic Ocean.
 * SOVIET SUBMARINE K-219: A Project 667A Yankee I-class submarine was damaged by a fire in a missile tube and explosion on October 3, 1986. It then sank suddenly while being towed after all surviving crewmen had transferred off. Six crew members were killed. Location: 950 km east of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean.
 * K-278 Komsomolets: The only Mike-class sub built sank due to a raging fire April 7, 1989. All but five crewmen evacuated before it sank. A total of 42 crew died, many from smoke inhalation and exposure to the cold waters of the Barents Sea, while 27 crew members survived.
 * SOVIET SUBMARINE K-429: A Project 670A Charlie I-class sub sank twice, once at sea from flooding during a test dive (23 June 1983), then two years later (13 September 1985), from flooding at her moorings. Sixteen crew died in the first incident. K-429 was raised after both sinkings, and was decommissioned two years after the second.

Russia

 * RUSSIAN SUBMARINE Kursk: The Oscar II-class sub sank in the Barents Sea on August 12, 2000 after an explosion in the torpedo compartment. See Kursk submarine disaster. All 118 men on board were killed. All except the bow section was salvaged.
 * SOVIET SUBMARINE K-159: Left to rust for 14 years after being decommissioned, this Soviet-era November-class submarine sank in the Barents Sea on August 28, 2003, when a storm ripped away the pontoons necessary to keep it afloat under tow. Nine of the ten salvage men on board were killed.

General

 * C. Tingle, "Submarine Accidents: A 60-Year Statistical Assessment", Journal of Professional Safety, American Society of Safety Engineers, September, 2009, pages 31–39. Ordering full article: Error-404; or Reproduction less graphics/tables.

title: List of sunken nuclear submarines


text:
Alexander Zaitsev (pair skater)

Alexander Gennadyevich Zaitsev (Александр Геннадьевич Зайцев, born 16 June 1952 in Leningrad) is a retired pair skater who represented the Soviet Union. With partner Irina Rodnina, he is a two-time (1976, 1980) Olympic champion, six-time World champion and seven-time European champion. They were coached by Stanislav Zhuk and later Tatiana Tarasova in Moscow.

From 1973 to 1980 they won every event they entered and are, to date, the most decorated pair team of all time.

Career
In April 1972, Zaitsev was recommended by Stanislav Zhuk to Irina Rodnina as a potential partner. She was already a four-time World champion and 1972 Olympic gold medalist with her previous partner Alexei Ulanov, who had left her to skate with Lyudmila Smirnova. Zaitsev was three years younger than Rodnina and was much less seasoned but learned quickly. He was from Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) while she was from Moscow.

Rodnina / Zaitsev's music stopped during their short program at the 1973 World Championships, possibly due to a Czech worker acting in retaliation for the suppression of the Prague Spring. Known for intense concentration, they finished the program in silence, earning a standing ovation and a gold medal upon completion, ahead of Smirnova / Ulanov, whom they again defeated in 1974.

In 1974, Rodnina / Zaitsev left Zhuk, with whom the working relationship had become strained, to train with Tatiana Tarasova. They won six consecutive World titles together, as well as seven European gold medals, and won their first Olympic title together in 1976. Rodnina / Zaitsev did not compete during the 1978–79 season because she was pregnant with their son, who was born on February 23, 1979. They returned in 1980 to capture their second Olympic title together and Rodnina's third. They then retired from competitive skating. In 2023, Zaitsev's medal for the 1980 Olympics was sold at the RR Auction auction house for $93,000 (including the buyer's premium). Zaitsev himself said that he had nothing to do with the sale, the medal was kept by the parents of his ex-wife.

After retiring from competition, Zaitsev became a coach and for a time was involved in the administration of the sport.

Personal life
Rodnina and Zaitsev were married in April 1975. Their son, also named Alexander, was born in 1979. The pair later divorced.

Results
Pairs with Irina Rodnina

title: Alexander Zaitsev (pair skater)


text:
Oil City

Oil City may refer to:

Canada

 * Oil City (Alberta)
 * Oil City, Ontario

United States

 * Casper, Wyoming, nicknamed "The Oil City"
 * Oil City, California, community in Kern County, California
 * Oil City, Kentucky, community in Barren County, Kentucky
 * Oil City, Louisiana, town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
 * Oil City, Maryland, small community in Caroline County, Maryland
 * Oil City, Michigan, small community in Midland County, Michigan
 * Oil City, Missouri, community in Chariton County, Missouri
 * Oil City, Mississippi, community in Yazoo County, Mississippi
 * Oil City, Oklahoma, small community in Carter County, Oklahoma
 * Oil City, Stephens County, Oklahoma, community in Stephens County, Oklahoma
 * Oil City, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, small community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania
 * Oil City, Pennsylvania, city in Venango County, Pennsylvania
 * Oil City, Texas, community in Hutchinson County, Texas
 * Oil City, Washington, community in Jefferson County, Washington
 * Oil City, Wisconsin, small community in Monroe County, Wisconsin

title: Oil City


text:
Barrie (disambiguation)

Barrie is a city in Ontario, Canada.

Barrie may also refer to:

 * Barrie (company), a fashion company owned by Chanel
 * Barrie (name)
 * Barrie (band) a dream-pop band
 * Barrie (federal electoral district), a former Canadian federal electoral district
 * Barrie (provincial electoral district), a former Canadian provincial electoral district
 * Barrie (train line), a train line in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada
 * Barrie School, a private school in Silver Spring, Maryland
 * HMCS Barrie, a Royal Canadian Navy corvette

title: Barrie (disambiguation)


text:
John V

John V may refer to:

 * Patriarch John V of Alexandria or John the Merciful (died by 620), Patriarch of Alexandria from 606 to 616
 * John V of Constantinople, Patriarch from 669 to 675
 * Pope John V (685–686), Pope from 685 to his death in 686
 * John V of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem in 706–735
 * John V the Historian or Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi, Catholicos of Armenia from 897 to 925
 * John V of Gaeta (1010–1040)
 * John V of Naples (died 1042), Duke from 1036 to 1042
 * John V, Count of Soissons, (1281–1304)
 * John V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (1302–1317)
 * John V Palaiologos (1332–1391), Byzantine Emperor from 1341
 * John V, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg (1359–1437), German nobleman
 * John V, Lord of Arkel (1362–1428)
 * John V, Duke of Brittany (1389–1442), Count of Montfort
 * John V, Duke of Mecklenburg (1418–1443)
 * John V, Count of Hoya (died 1466), nicknamed the Pugnacious or the Wild
 * John V, Count of Armagnac (1420–1473)
 * John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1439–1507)
 * John V, Count of Oldenburg (1460–1526)
 * John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1504–1551), German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of Anhalt-Dessau
 * John V of Portugal (1689–1750), King of Portugal and the Algarves

title: John V


text:
Theodore I

Theodore I may refer to:

 * Patriarch Theodore I of Alexandria, Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (607–609)
 * Pope Theodore I (died 649)
 * Theodore I Calliopas, Exarch of Ravenna (643–645 and 653 – c. 666)
 * Patriarch Theodore I of Constantinople (ruled 677–679)
 * Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221 or 1205–1222)
 * Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, 1254–1258
 * Teodor I Muzaka, Albanian despot
 * Theodore I Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea in 1383-1407
 * Tewodros I of Ethiopia, Emperor of Ethiopia (1413–1414), sometimes known as Theodore I
 * Theodore I of Corsica, King of Corsica (1736)

title: Theodore I


text:
Adeodatus

Adeodatus or Adeodato are given names meaning "gift from God". Notable people with these names include:

 * Pope Adeodatus I (also known as Pope Deusdedit I), pope from 614 to 618
 * Pope Adeodatus II (sometimes referred to as Pope Adeodatus I), pope from 672 to 676
 * Deodatus of Nevers (died 679), saint and Bishop of Nevers, also called Adeodatus
 * Adeodatus (372–388), son of Augustine of Hippo
 * Adeodato Giovanni Piazza (1884–1957), Italian friar and cardinal
 * Guglielmo Adeodato (died 1540), Italian bishop
 * Adeodato Malatesta (1806–1891), Italian painter
 * Adeodato Barreto (1905–1937), Luso-Goan poet
 * Adeodato López (1906–1957), Mexican footballer

title: Adeodatus


text:
Donus

Donus may refer to:
 * Donus (beetle), a genus of beetles in the tribe Hyperini
 * Pope Donus (died 678)

title: Donus