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Sky (English/Australian band)

Sky were an English/Australian instrumental rock group that specialised in combining a variety of musical styles, most prominently rock, classical and jazz. The group's original and best-known line-up featured two Australians - classical guitarist John Williams and electric guitarist Kevin Peek - alongside three Britons - bass player Herbie Flowers, drummer/percussionist Tristan Fry and keyboard player Francis Monkman.

Roots and prehistory
In 1971, John Williams released the fusion album Changes, his first recording of non-classical music and the first on which he played electric guitar. Among the musicians working on the album were Tristan Fry (an established session drummer who was also the timpanist for the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields, and had played Timpani on the Beatles' "A Day in the Life") and Herbie Flowers (a former member of Blue Mink and T. Rex, as well as a busy session musician who, among other things, had recorded the bassline for Lou Reed's "Walk on the Wild Side").

The three musicians became friends, kept in touch and continued working together on various projects during the 1970s. One of these was Williams' 1978 album Travelling, another substantially commercially successful cross-genre recording. As well as Fry and Flowers, the record featured former Curved Air member Francis Monkman (who, in addition to his progressive and psychedelic rock background as guitar and synthesiser player, was a trained and accomplished classical harpsichordist).

In 1979, Monkman performed on Louis Clark's album (per-spek-tiv) n., on which he collaborated with Australian session guitarist Kevin Peek. Peek was equally adept at classical guitar and pop/rock styles, having built a reputation both as a chamber musician and as a long-standing member of Cliff Richard's band, as well as from working with Manfred Mann, Lulu, Tom Jones, Jeff Wayne, Shirley Bassey and Gary Glitter.

First line-up, Sky and Sky 2: 1979–1980
The success of Travelling inspired Williams and Flowers to set up Sky, their own long-term cross-genre band. The band name Sky was suggested by flautist Pinuccia Rossetti, a member of the Carlos Bonell Ensemble, and a friend of Williams. Fry and Monkman were swiftly recruited, with Kevin Peek being the final addition. The band began writing and recording instrumental music drawing on their collective experience of classical, light pop, progressive and psychedelic rock, light entertainment and jazz. After a protracted search for a record company, Sky signed with the small European label Ariola Records.

Although Sky was run democratically (with all members contributing music and/or arrangements), the presence of John Williams in the line-up was regarded as the band's biggest selling point and was emphasised in publicity. Williams' concurrent solo instrumental hit – "Cavatina – Theme from The Deer Hunter" – also helped to raise the band's profile. However, this selling was counterbalanced by some negative reviews from critics accustomed to Williams' classical performances, who remained unimpressed by his new direction with Sky.

Sky's self-titled debut album (released in 1979) was highly successful in Britain and Australia, quickly reaching gold record status and eventually topping out as a platinum record. The album featured versions of Eric Satie's "Gymnopedie No. 1" and Antonio Ruiz-Pipò's "Danza", as well as original compositions by Monkman and Flowers. Monkman's 'Cannonball' was a minor hit single, and the keyboard player also contributed the twenty-minute second-side composition "Where Opposites Meet" (a piece remembered by Williams as "an absolute masterpiece" ), which was intended to combine and display the band's diverse influences. The band toured the UK in summer and autumn 1979, particular triumphs being sold-out concerts at the Royal Albert Hall and the Dominion Theatre in London (the latter a five-night sellout). In 2024, Williams recalled "we'd really go places. We'd play the Apollo venues in London, Glasgow, and Manchester. Those were in areas you wouldn't want to find yourself at two o’clock in the morning on your own. A lot of the audience were rough and ready, but with hearts of gold."

Sky managed to appeal to a surprising breadth of music fans, with Monkman recalling in 1999 that "the audiences contained a greater variety of people than you would believe possible - leather-clad youth refusing to sit next to their parents, that sort of thing. Amazing!", while Fry would add in 2024 "it was very mixed – we could get some lovely nuns as well as rockers." In 2024, Williams remembered "Francis would play Padre Antonio Soler's 'Fandango in D minor' and it would go on for twelve minutes. The rock and roll audience at the Apollo in Glasgow would jump up and down and go wild with enthusiasm. Culturally, this was really important. You wouldn’t get them into a normal harpsichord recital at a small hall. It was because of this setting. [Kevin Peek] and I would also play some Praetorius sixteenth-century pieces — just for five or six minutes — and the audience would hear them in a way they’ve never heard them before." The band were also technologically ambitious, with Williams noting "we were the first to combine acoustic and electronic instruments [in] the way we did. We coupled the harpsichord with a Fairlight CMI and Oberheim synths. So, when you played the harpsichord, it would have a half-organ sound with all the dynamics of the harpsichord."

In 1980, Sky recorded and released their second album, Sky 2. This was a double album that built upon its predecessor's success, becoming the tenth highest selling album in Britain that year. The album included Monkman's side-long rock suite "FIFO" (a piece inspired by computer information processing techniques, stands for "First In, First Out") and four classical pieces including three established chamber music pieces (played entirely straight) and the band's souped-up electric treatment of Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in D Minor". The latter was released as a single (under the name "Toccata") and reached number 5 in the national pop charts, giving the band the opportunity of performing on Top of the Pops. Other tracks included a Williams conflation of Spanish folk tunes, a Fry-penned tuned percussion piece, a cover of Curved Air's "Vivaldi", Peek's Arabic-influenced "Sahara", the psychedelic faux-Spanish folk dance "Hotta", and several cheerful Flowers compositions including his tuba showcase "Tuba Smarties" and "Scipio" (which Flowers described as "the first piece of music to have Parts I & II running simultaneously", although an unimpressed Monkman would later claim that it had been "motivated by a 'look, anyone can write a long piece' attitude" and refused "point blank" to ever play the piece live).

In 1980, the BBC produced the television series Great Railway Journeys of the World which included an episode set in Australia. The music for this programme was by Sky, featuring tracks from the first two albums.

Following further tours of Australia and the UK, Francis Monkman left the band in October 1980 to concentrate on his own projects (having scored success with his soundtrack to the film The Long Good Friday). Monkman had also become dissatisfied with the band's direction, commenting later in 1999 "all I can say is, there seemed to emerge (from where?) a need for Sky to re-invent itself, come the third album, as a 'true' MOR outfit... So, clearly outvoted in the dash for mediocrity that the third album, for me, represents, I quit." In 2014, Fry recalled, ruefully, "there was nothing personal as far as I know... one day he came in and said it wasn't for him any more - not quite those words, but something like that." In the same interview, Flowers added, more pointedly, "I think [he] felt a little bit that the music should all be completely original and serious... maybe by then the width of our material was too wide, you couldn't pin us down, and I think Francis might have felt that it was beginning to take a bit too much time."

The remaining Sky members, however, had no doubts about carrying on despite the fact that Monkman had been Sky's most prominent original composer and arranger.

Second line-up, Sky 3, Sky 4: Forthcoming, Sky Five Live and Cadmium: 1980–1984
Monkman was replaced as Sky's keyboard player by Steve Gray. Like most of the other band members, Gray was an established session musician: he had previously played with Back Door, Quincy Jones, Henry Mancini, Michel Legrand, Lalo Schifrin, Peggy Lee, Sammy Davis Jr and John Barry. More recently, he had led WASP, a studio-based jazz-fusion band specialising in high-quality library music. Recalling Gray's recruitment, Flowers asserted "there aren't many musicians to my mind with whom everything they play and everything they write is beautiful... but Steve Gray was," adding "Steve was the gentlest of men, and when he rolled up it was just wonderful from the start." Gray's jazz credentials also appealed to Flowers, who confessed to being "an old jazzer" at heart.

Despite Gray's initial reluctance to return to playing live, he was persuaded to join the band in time for their first European tour. This was followed by another UK tour and (on 24 February 1981) the "Sky at Westminster Abbey" concert. A benefit show to commemorate the 20th anniversary of human rights organisation Amnesty International, the latter was conceived by British producer Martin Lewis and was the first-ever rock concert held at the abbey. The landmark event resulted in Sky receiving considerable positive media coverage: it was also videotaped for a BBC TV special and subsequently released on home video and laserdisc.

The Westminster Abbey concert was also the launch event for the band's third album, Sky 3. A generally brighter and breezier album than its predecessors, the record demonstrated Steve Gray's new and prominent compositional role within Sky, moving away from the harpsichord-orientated and psychedelic elements of the Monkman years and taking the band towards a more jazz-influenced sound. Flowers jokingly described the recording sessions as having been "a lot of laughter with some music in between." Sky went on to tour Australia, Europe and the UK in support of the release.

The fourth Sky album, Sky 4: Forthcoming, was released in March 1982. Sky's first album to feature no original material, it consisted predominantly of arrangements of classical compositions and was marketed under the slogan "Genius Past, Genius Forthcoming". Flowers has spoken of having thought that "John [Williams] needed to be considered more. Perhaps the other albums had got a little too rocky and the idea of this [one] was to slide us a little bit nearer to where we were all very comfortable... John was keen to do 'Fantasy' by Bach." The band drew from a more diverse "classical" catalogue than might have been expected, with the pieces recorded varying from better-known classical/Romantic/Renaissance compositions (the aforementioned "Fantasy", part of Berlioz's "Symphonie Fantastique", one of Ravel's "Valses Nobles and Sentimentales",  and a Mubarra fantasia) to assorted twentieth century works by Khatchaturian, Villa-Lobos and Theodorakis. Although the band did record a tongue-in-cheek, mock-pomp version of Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", Flowers recalled the arrangements on the album as having been "quite thorough... Doing an arrangement of another composer's work, you have to pay deference to it." The record also featured a version of Hoagy Carmichael's 1940s pop hit "Skylark", arranged by Gray and Williams to suit Williams' approach.

Once again, the band toured the UK and Australia to promote the album (and followed this up with trips to Europe and Japan), as well as recording a live-in-the-studio set for the BBC's Night Music series which was broadcast in July 1982. The Australian autumn tour featured the debut of plenty of new material, much of which was included on a live double album, Sky Five Live, released in January 1983.

Sky released their sixth album, Cadmium, in December 1983. The album contained a classical-rock arrangement of Prokofiev's "Sleigh Ride" (from the "Lieutenant Kijé Suite"), alongside seven original compositions. It also featured the first examples of commissioned compositions from contemporary writers from outside the band: Alan Tarney (Kevin Peek's old friend and fellow Cliff Richard collaborator) provided two further original tunes. Two concerts at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London were filmed and broadcast on Christmas Eve, 1983, with songwriter and singer-songwriter Patrick Ros as special guest. Ros provided three seasonal compositions of his own on which he was backed by the band.

Having previously hinted that his work with Sky had been intended as a five-year stint, John Williams parted company with the band in February 1984, returning to a full-time classical career. Having favoured the approach and results on Sky's first two albums, in 2024 he would reflect on a certain dissatisfaction with the group's direction and musical development, commenting "when I think about the repertoire, I think about one-third to one-half of it was really good. But I think a lot of it, especially when I was leaving, was becoming a bit tame, like library music... [A lot of the] stuff was just entertainment. I don't think many pieces transferred to a pure listening experience as a recording. They didn’t stand up that well. They're okay, but they're not great... For me, Sky was a question of being on stage and how I approached that... There were a lot of great things about Sky and the band did very good shows... For that generation of people in their twenties and thirties when we were doing Sky, I know it led a lot of people into the guitar. And in retrospect, I'm pretty proud of that."

"John leaving was tragic in a way," Fry admitted in 2014, "but the band was capable of standing on its own by then, and it did have a track record. So, we decided to carry on. We felt that there were things we still wanted to do and pursue. Ultimately we were stil enjoying it all too much to give it all up just then."

Third line-up, The Great Balloon Race and Mozart: 1984–1990
Though Williams' departure had been amicable, his departure still came as a shock to Sky, since it happened just before the start of a scheduled, sold-out Australian tour. "John leaving did put us in a spot," noted Flowers, in 2015, "[but] we felt we couldn't let people down." The band quickly recruited two guest members to fill in on tour - session guitarist Lee Fothergill (an accomplished all-round musician who had first met Tristan Fry as part of the house band for 'The Val Doonican Show') and woodwind/keyboard player Ron Aspery (Steve Gray's former mentor in both Back Door and the Middlesbrough Municipal Junior Orchestra).

Both musicians joined the Sky live band at short notice and without much rehearsal, but used their quick-learning session player skills to excellent effect. Fry recalls Fothergill's performances in particular as having been "phenomenal... he was playing both John's and Kevin's parts - well, anyone would find it a little daunting, but Lee was just brilliant." In order to deal with potential audience disappointments at Williams' absence, since the guitarist had been considered to be Sky's biggest star and live draw, Flowers formally announced the news of Williams' departure at each concert and offered a full ticket price refund for anyone who was disappointed. Fry recalls that nobody actually took up the offer.

Fothergill and Aspery kept their guest player positions for Sky's European tour later in 1984, with Flowers commenting later "bringing in Ron and Lee broadened our horizons somewhat." While the duo were not eventually asked to join full-time, Sky also opted not to recruit a permanent replacement for Williams, remaining as a quartet with the option of including other musicians and instruments as desired. Despite the band's ongoing collective efforts to present themselves as a partnership of equals, concerns over the commercial impact of Williams' departure remained, and Sky released a stopgap "greatest hits" compilation called Masterpieces during 1984, released on mass-media label Telstar (and featuring a previously unreleased live version of the Beatles song "The Fool on the Hill", performed as a classical guitar duet by Williams and Peek).

In September 1984, Sky began recording their seventh album, The Great Balloon Race, in Kevin Peek's Tracks Studio in Western Australia. The Great Balloon Race was the first Sky album to feature entirely original material without any classical content, although two pieces ("Allegro" and "Caldando") were strongly classically inspired. Guests included Aspery, Fothergill, pan-pipe player Adrian Brett and former Jeff Beck Band keyboard player Tony Hymas (who contributed the unusual semi-spoken album opener "Desperate For Your Love", ultimately Flowers' favourite piece on the record). Flowers recalled "we had the opportunity to use voice, brass and other things... which led onto a few adventurous experiments. It's definitely the most varied of the Sky albums but I'm glad about that. It stopped us being bored. You have to stick your head out of the window sometimes and look for different things." During the mixing stage, the band learnt that they had been dropped by Ariola Records. The album was eventually released on Epic Records (coincidentally, also the label releasing John Williams' albums) in April 1985.

During April and May 1985, Sky toured the UK to promote the record, again performing with guest players – Nicky Hopkins (better known as keyboard player for the Rolling Stones) and multi-instrumentalist Paul Hart (a former composer for the National Youth Jazz Orchestra who had also played with John Dankworth and Cleo Laine). Despite some favourable reviews, sales of The Great Balloon Race had been significantly lower than they had been for previous Sky recordings, and the tour saw the band playing to smaller audiences than on previous tours.

From mid-1985 to 1986, the members of Sky worked on other projects. Sky returned in 1987 with another Australian tour (titled "A New Journey"), this time featuring former Yes keyboard player Rick Wakeman in the guest musician slot.

For the rest of 1987, the core quartet worked on the Mozart album, which united the band with the orchestra of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields. The project was initiated by Tristan Fry (due to his parallel work with both band and orchestra) and was inspired by the bicentenary of Mozart's death. The album contained full orchestral performances of Mozart's work with Sky incorporated into the arrangements (most of which were written by Steve Gray). The band and orchestra (with Paul Hart returning as guest musician) promoted the album with a one-off concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 November 1987. Although the album ultimately became Sky's most successful album in the United States, Mozart was roundly panned and dismissed by the press and the band took another two years off. A second compilation album, Classic Sky, was released in 1990.

Former member Francis Monkman has claimed that "in the late '80s, long after John Williams had left, it was suggested that I write another long piece [for Sky], in the manner of 'Opposites' and 'Fifo'. The first movement of this work (which I determined to call 'Another Dish for the Roof') exists in demo form... The other three movements were planned, but scarcely sketched."

Fourth and fifth line-ups, and final years: 1990–1995
When Sky returned to action in 1990, they had become a quintet again, having recruited Paul Hart as a full member. A skilled performer on a variety of instruments (including piano, keyboards, guitars, bass, mandolin, cello and violin), Hart had already proved his worth on the Great Balloon Race and Mozart concerts, broadening and reinforcing the band's sound. In 2024, Flowers would suggest that the band's first line-up change in 1981 had begun a process allowing the band's music and membership to broaden significantly over subsequent years: "when Steve [Gray] took over [on keyboards], that opened the door a bit for a little jazz lilt to the music... and that gave me a bit more authority to ask someone like Paul Hart – one of the world’s great jingle writers and violin players – to join."

The revived band played a one-off concert at the London Palladium on 24 June 1990, in part to promote the new Sky: Masterpieces compilation. Although the album did not contain any new recordings, the band were still creatively active. At the concert, new compositions by Paul Hart ("Reverie" and "Praeludium") and Kevin Peek ("Jehad") were premiered, alongside a revisiting of Francis Monkman's "Cannonball" (from the debut Sky album) and "Would You Say I'm In Love With You", a piece written by Herbie Flowers with his former Blue Mink colleague Roger Cook. The concert set was later recorded in the studio and also broadcast on television in 1991 as part of the Bedrock concert series on Central TV.

None of this work, however, made it to a studio-recorded album; and in 1991 Kevin Peek became the next member of the band to depart. Peek had been a full-time resident of Australia since 1982 and had become busy with multiple recording projects at Tracks Studio, all of which inhibited his practical ability to spend time in the UK working with Sky. Consequently, he no longer believed that he had enough time to commit to the band. Peek was replaced by classical/cross-discipline guitarist Richard Durrant (an associate of Herbie Flowers).

Durrant joined the band in time for a comeback concert in September 1992 at the Barbican in London. However, although Sky toured the UK again during spring 1993, they were playing notably smaller venues than they had in the 1980s. As gaps in band activity grew longer, and audiences shrank, the group's remaining momentum was gradually lost. The last performance by Sky was at an RAF tribute concert in May 1995. Flowers has commented that "the last two or three years were more for the sheer joy of being in that fantastic band. We were still filling out places but I think we knew it would fizzle out and we nipped it in the bud before it did."

Although the band never formally disbanded, Sky has never since returned to active recording and performance, with the increasing age of surviving members and the deaths of Steve Gray (in 2008), Kevin Peek (2013) and Francis Monkman (2023) making a band reunion unlikely. Despite this, Williams expressed interest in a possible reformation in 2016 with Fry adding in 2024 "I don't feel as though we took it as far as we could. It would be a bit difficult, but that’s not to say it wouldn't happen. I'd love to, and I know Herbie would too", In the same interview as Fry, Flowers commented "it's like when they ask, 'Are Oasis going to do Glastonbury?' I think, 'Bollocks!'... Sky were great at the time, but we all change. If I heard something [of theirs] I'd be like, 'Oh no, God, I didn't realise it was that bad!'"

After Sky: individual careers
After leaving Sky in 1980, Francis Monkman divided his time between experimental rock music, library music and classical music recordings of solo keyboard work (generally harpsichord or church organ). He died on 11 May 2023.

Following his own departure from Sky in 1984, John Williams continued his original career as one of the world's leading classical guitarists. He would also commission two guitar concertos from other members of Sky, performing and recording Paul Hart's "Concerto For Guitar & Jazz Orchestra" with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 1987, and Steve Gray's "Guitar Concerto" with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1989 (although the latter was not released on record until 1996).

After leaving Sky in 1991, Kevin Peek continued to work as a musician and producer in Australia. In his later years, he underwent two bankruptcies, the first of which resulted in a three-year prison sentence. In 2010, he was linked to a "Ponzi" style investment scheme. In November 2011, he was back in court, bailed on 227 charges of gaining benefit by fraud: a trial date was scheduled for 27 January 2012, but abandoned due to Peek's ill health. He died in Perth, Western Australia, on 11 February 2013, from metastatic skin cancer.

Following Sky's last known collaborative work in 1995, Steve Gray continued his career as a respected composer (which he had been carrying out in parallel to his work with Sky). His compositions include two operas, a requiem mass for jazz big band and choir, the guitar concerto for John Williams and the LSO, and a piano concerto written for French jazz pianist Martial Solal. Gray also provided a full orchestration of the works of Brian Eno (in collaboration with the original composer). From 1991, he worked closely with the North German Radio (NDR) Big Band in Hamburg (at the invitation of singer and composer Norma Winstone) and from 1998 he worked as guest professor of composition and arrangement in the Hanns Eisler jazz department of Berlin Hochschule für Musik. Steve Gray died on 20 September 2008.

Post-Sky, Tristan Fry continued his work as a classical percussionist. He still works with the Orchestra of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, as well as the Tristan Fry Percussion Ensemble.

As well as branching out as a light entertainment raconteur, Herbie Flowers continues to work as a high-profile session musician and has collaborated with Jools Holland, Clannad, Mike Hatchard and Paul McCartney. He also played in the band for the first live tour of Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds show (having performed on the original studio album) and again in 2018. He frequently collaborates with Sky's final guitarist, Richard Durrant, on various musical projects (including a trio with former Gentle Giant drummer Malcolm Mortimore).

Richard Durrant has continued to develop his own career as a classical guitarist, as well as composing film and television music and working as a record producer (notably for the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain). Durrant is also the founder of the acoustic record label LongMan Records.

Paul Hart went on to a career in film, television and commercial music and has written concert music for the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the King's Singers. His Concerto for Classical Guitar and Jazz Orchestra was revived for performance in 2008 by the Towson University Jazz Orchestra and guitarist Michael Decker.

Post-split releases and reissues
In 1993, Arista reissued the band's first five albums on CD, although cuts were made to certain albums to suit CD running times (a shorter edit of "Scipio" on Sky 2 and the complete removal of the twenty-minute suite "The Animals" from Sky Five Live). [The complete "Sky Five Live", with "The Animals", was issued as a double CD on Esoldun, with four bonus tracks from the four earlier studio albums. These were "Carillon" (Sky, listed as "Carillion"), "Toccata" (Sky 2), "Westwind" (Sky 3) and "Fantasia" (Sky 4).

In 2001, the band began a reissue programme of their back catalogue on Sanctuary Records, beginning with the Anthology compilation album. After four years wait, Sky reissued their debut album on the label in 2005 (with Sky 2 following on a different label, Castle Music). After this the reissues plan stalled (although occasional brief runs of the first two Sky albums would appear intermittently on small labels). It would be nine more years before a full Sky reissue programme was carried out properly.

In 2002, a live Sky album, Live in Nottingham, was released on Classic Rock Productions, drawing on the 1990 live-in-the-studio concert with the Peek/Flowers/Gray/Fry/Hart line-up, which had followed the band's lone Palladium concert in the same year.

In 2005, Quantum Leap Productions issued a live DVD, Live in Bremen, featuring the original Sky line-up and recorded at a German television show in either 1979 or 1980.

The entire Sky back catalogue was eventually reissued by Esoteric Recordings (a progressive-rock-friendly subsidiary of Cherry Red Records). On 27 October 2014, fully remastered versions of Sky and Sky 2 were released as CD/DVD packages, each containing a DVD of Sky's television appearances (in 1979 and 1980 respectively). Remastered versions of Sky 3 and Sky 4: Forthcoming were released on 26 January 2015, each with new sleevenote essays and companion live DVDs (the former featuring a companion DVD of the Sky at Westminster Abbey concert, the latter featuring the band's July 1982 live set for the BBC TV programme Night Music). Remastered versions of The Great Balloon Race and Mozart followed on 30 March 2015 (with new essays but no bonus DVDs). The reissue set was completed by 27 April 2015 release of the remastered Sky Five Live (as a double CD with new sleevenote essay and with "The Animals" restored to the running order) and Cadmium (as a double set with three bonus tracks, a new sleevenote essay and a DVD combining a previously unreleased BBC recording of Sky at Drury Lane and a rare performance of the piece "Troika" on the Val Doonican Show from December 1983).

In 2016, the band's entire output was reissued on coloured vinyl.

Members

 * Herbie Flowers – bass guitar, double-bass, tuba (1978–1995)
 * Tristan Fry – drums, percussion, trumpet (1978–1995)
 * John Williams – guitars (1978–1984)
 * Francis Monkman – harpsichord, synthesisers, organ, guitars (1978–1980; died 2023)
 * Kevin Peek – guitars (1978–1991; died 2013)
 * Steve Gray – keyboards, saxophone (1980–1995; died 2008)
 * Paul Hart – keyboards, guitars, mandolin, cello (1990–1995)
 * Richard Durrant – guitars (1992–1995)

Discography

 * Sky (1979)
 * Sky 2 (1980)
 * Sky 3 (1981)
 * Sky 4: Forthcoming (1982)
 * Cadmium (1983)
 * The Great Balloon Race (1985)
 * Mozart (1987)

title: Sky (English/Australian band)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 17

- Battle of Munda is signaled in Talk, but is not here. Shall i put this here or in Media Wiki 17 March? Muriel 11:22, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 1673 - Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet begin their exploration of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi river.
 * Marquette article says they left on 17 May and the Jolliet article says 18 May.  howcheng  {chat} 16:52, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * 2003 - Military preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq with 270,000 men in the order of battle
 * Article now redirects to 2003 invasion of Iraq.  howcheng  {chat} 16:52, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

 * It is already there - in an HTML comment. --mav

Change of Image
It seems like File:Golda_Meir_03265u.jpg would be more beneficial to the main page as there is already a picture of Discovery featured and Vanguard I is a bit redundante. This could be changed throughout the day. ERK talk 23:46, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg DoneValley2 city ‽ 04:00, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The picture of Discovery has been replaced, and now we have enough portrait images. --BorgQueen (talk) 04:02, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:01, 16 March 2012 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (there has been a spate of Arab Spring articles on in recent months, giving rise to WP:RECENT concerns)
 * Omitted: SS Utopia, Belzec extermination camp, Richard Riot, 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash
 * Included: Californium (4th appearance, last in 2010), Mount Agung (first appearance), Battle of Afabet (first appearance), Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (3rd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Siege of Boston (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 16 March 2013 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Soviet Union referendum, 1991; 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires
 * Omitted: Siege of Boston; Californium; Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
 * Included: Petronius Maximus (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; moved from May 31); SS Utopia (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Golda Meir (8th appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Mount Agung (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 50th anniversary); Battle of Afabet (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 25th anniversary)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:43, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Edward, the Black Prince; Battle of Los Alporchones; Richard Ramirez (not really new—had made an appearance back in 2004, but was later removed)
 * Omitted: Petronius Maximus; SS Utopia; Mount Agung; Golda Meir; Battle of Afabet
 * Included: Kingdom of Butuan (first appearance); First Taranaki War (2nd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Burst of Joy (first appearance); United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (first appearance)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:40, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Kingdom of Butuan; First Taranaki War; 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash; Burst of Joy; United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
 * Included: Edward, the Black Prince (first appearance); Battle of Los Alporchones (first appearance); Siege of Boston (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Richard Riot (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 60th anniversary); Richard Ramirez (2nd appearance, last in 2004; 30th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:12, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Edward, the Black Prince; Battle of Los Alporchones; Siege of Boston; Richard Riot; Richard Ramirez
 * Included: Petronius Maximus (3rd appearance, last in 2013); First Taranaki War (3rd appearance, last in 2014); SS Utopia (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 125th anniversary); Californium (5th appearance, last in 2012); Soviet Union referendum, 1991 (first appearance; 25th anniversary)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:14, 17 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Mount Agung; Golda Meir; 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires; Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
 * Omitted: Petronius Maximus; First Taranaki War; SS Utopia; Californium; Soviet Union referendum, 1991
 * Included: Rajahnate of Butuan (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Siege of Boston (4th appearance, last in 2015); Bełżec extermination camp (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 75th anniversary); 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash (3rd appearance, last in 2014; 60th anniversary); 2004 unrest in Kosovo (4th appearance, last in 2010); Jocelin of Glasgow (first appearance); Pattie Boyd (first appearance); William Gibson (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:17, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Edward the Black Prince (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Golda Meir
 * Omitted: History of Song; Siege of Boston; 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash; 2004 unrest in Kosovo (ineligible—maintenance); Jocelin of Glasgow; Pattie Boyd; William Gibson
 * Included: Battle of Los Alporchones (2nd appearance, last in 2015); SS Utopia (4th appearance, last in 2016); Richard Riot (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Dugway sheep incident (first appearance; 50th anniversary); Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (4th appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); Emily Sartain (first appearance); Margaret Bondfield (2nd appearance, last in 2016; normally appears on June 8); Shu Xiuwen (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:48, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Rajahnate of Butuan (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Edward the Black Prince
 * Omitted: Battle of Los Alporchones; SS Utopia; Richard Riot; Dugway sheep incident; Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God; Emily Sartain; Margaret Bondfield (returned to her normal date of June 8)
 * Included: Petronius Maximus (4th appearance, last in 2016); Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77) (first appearance); First Taranaki War (4th appearance, last in 2016); Golda Meir (9th appearance, last in 2013; 50th anniversary); Penmanshiel Tunnel (first appearance; 40th anniversary); Edith New (first appearance); Toni Preckwinkle (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Shu Xiuwen (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 50th anniversary)

Edward
The anniversary of Edward becoming the first duke in England strikes me as very trivial. There is no practical difference between dukes and earls so this is not exactly an earth-shattering moment in English history, let alone global history. It looks particularly silly next to blurbs about wars, mass murder, and the discovery of a chemical element. And on top of it all, Edward is the one pictured. Surtsicna (talk) 17:14, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the late reply, but do you have a suggestion for a better date to put Edward on? — howcheng  {chat} 16:07, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:12, 19 March 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): William F. Raynolds (TFA for 2020)
 * Omitted: Petronius Maximus; Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77); First Taranaki War; Golda Meir; Penmanshiel Tunnel; Edith New; Toni Preckwinkle; Shu Xiuwen
 * Included: Edward the Black Prince (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Siege of Boston (5th appearance, last in 2017); Californium (6th appearance, last in 2016; 70th anniversary); Battle of Afabet (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (5th appearance, last in 2018; 10th anniversary); Gertrude of Nivelles (first appearance); Menno van Coehoorn (first appearance); Stormy Daniels (first appearance)

Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
Can it be added, after "Saint Patrick's Day (Christianity)", Anniversary of the Unification of Italy (1861) ? --LukeWiller (talk) 13:33, 16 March 2021 (UTC).
 * Would you be able to help with this? Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 15:02, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Maybe? Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 17:08, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not familiar with the standards for this section of the main page, and I am at work right now. Cullen328  Let's discuss it  17:58, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * No worries. I just realized User:Howcheng is the admin who follows these—perhaps you can address this? Vaselineeeeeeee</b>★★★ 18:01, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, the article is not good enough. There are too many paragraphs that have no footnotes. — howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 17 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, thanks anyway. --LukeWiller (talk) 13:08, 17 March 2021 (UTC).
 * I improved the article with the addition of footnotes: now could it be okay? --LukeWiller (talk) 14:35, 17 March 2021 (UTC).
 * Nice work, I've put it in. — howcheng  {chat} 18:46, 17 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks... :-) --LukeWiller (talk) 19:55, 17 March 2021 (UTC).

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:56, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Edward the Black Prince; Siege of Boston; Californium; Battle of Afabet; Battle of Afabet; Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God; Gertrude of Nivelles; Menno van Coehoorn; Stormy Daniels
 * Included: Anniversary of the Unification of Italy (first appearance); Battle of Los Alporchones (3rd appearance, last in 2018); First Taranaki War (5th appearance, last in 2019); 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash (4th appearance, last in 2017); 1991 Soviet Union referendum (2nd appearance, last in 2016; 50th anniversary); United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 10th anniversary); William F. Raynolds (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Walter Rudolf Hess (first appearance); Margaret Whitlam (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:31, 18 March 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Chuck Muncie
 * Omitted: Battle of Los Alporchones; First Taranaki War; 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash; 1991 Soviet Union referendum; United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973; William F. Raynolds; Walter Rudolf Hess
 * Included: Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677) (2nd appearance, last in 2019); SS Utopia (5th appearance, last in 2018); Belzec extermination camp/Operation Reinhard (Belzec: 3rd appearance, last in 2019; Operation: first); Richard Riot (4th appearance, last in 2018); Richard Ramirez (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Rosina Heikel (first appearance); Toni Preckwinkle (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 75th birthday)
 * Repeats: Margaret Whitlam (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 10th anniversary)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Common operator notation

ي

[Untitled]
Do programming languages actually exist where sin is a prefix operator? As far as I know, it's always a function requiring parentheses around its argument sin(x), thus avoiding the ambiguity mentioned in the article. —Herbee 11:37, 2004 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * Yes. Haskell has such a function, as well as sin appearing as a postfix operator in the PostScript programming language. Dysprosia 11:55, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Not to mention several BASIC dialects (not only Sinclair's or Hewlett Packard's) or ordinary scientific calculators (Canon, Sharp, most CASIOs etc) where sin 2π = 0, just as in mathematics (i.e. implicit multiplication goes before prefix operators).

 * Also, operators may well be regarded as functions in their own right... and many function-oriented ("functional") languages demand no parenthesis-syntax for an ordinary prefix-operator/function. You simply write sin x, just as in mathematics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.253.247.136 (talk) 19:08, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Is Common operator notation really a term in Computer Science? There's only 125 Google references, and almost all of those are to copies of this page. There is a commonality of operator notation among the computer languages descendent mostly from Fortran, but this page rambles on for quite a while without really capturing the essence of the idea. (Sorry for being vague, but this article's vague approach to its topic gave me a vague impression of vagueness.) Tom Duff 19:49, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

The example at the end of -3! hints at how the uniry minus binds later than the !. I wonder if an example such as

-2^2 (or -2**2, depending on what plain ASCII notation one wants to follow), along with some sort of authoratative reference, would be useful to add to the page.

I wonder this because the algebraic result of -4 is not necessarility obvious to people who read the notation (I know that I've seen arguments in web forums/newsgroups/mailing lists over whether this should be -(2*2) or (-2*-2). It seems like specifically noting the correct algebraic interpretation would be worthwhile in the context of operation precendence and notation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.243.209.109 (talk) 14:10, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common operator notation


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 27

 * 1964 - The Good Friday Earthquake, the most powerful earthquake in U.S. history at a magnitude of 9.2 strikes South Central Alaska killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.

--- An earthquake that inflict a massive damage to an entire city, and an aircrash that kills 583 people, and you call it Good Friday Earthquake and probably also Good Friday Tenerife disaster? How cruel can one be! You should be there when it happened, LOL.

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:11, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Goliad massacre; 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing
 * Omitted: Cincinnati riots of 1884; Nikita Khrushchev; Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System; 1981 warning strike in Poland; Situ Gintung
 * Included: Typhoid Mary (first appearance); Tenerife airport disaster (6th appearance, last in 2010); Silver Thursday (first appearance); Sildenafil (3rd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Addendum: 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing (first appearance) added later for balance. — howcheng  {chat} 16:14, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:27, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Added and deleted: Grey's Anatomy (not significant enough to appear)
 * New articles (unused): San Diego; Washington Metro
 * Omitted: Armed Forces Day in Burma (ineligible—maintenance); Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham; Typhoid Mary; Tenerife airport disaster; Silver Thursday; Sildenafil; 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing
 * Included: Goliad massacre (first appearance); Battle of Marilao River (first appearance); Nikita Khrushchev (6th appearance, last in 2011); Passover massacre (5th appearance, last in 2010); Situ Gintung (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

Edit request on 27 March 2013
Khrushchev became President following Nikolai Bulganin. Stalin had died five years previously!.--Smerus (talk) 05:25, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Apparently, it's been like that since 2008 and nobody noticed. Thanks for catching that. — howcheng  {chat} 05:58, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Goliad massacre; Battle of Marilao River; Nikita Khrushchev
 * Included: Meister Eckhart (first appearance); San Diego (first appearance); 1981 warning strike in Poland (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Jiang Zemin (2nd appearance, last in 2004; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (5th consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:25, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Aelia Eudoxia (moved to April 27)
 * New articles (unused): Yugoslav coup d'état
 * Omitted: San Diego; 1981 warning strike in Poland; Jiang Zemin
 * Included: Typhoid Mary (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible; 100th anniversary); Operation Starvation (first appearance; 70th anniversary); Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 40th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Meister Eckhart (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (6th consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:18, 25 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham; Typhoid Mary; Operation Starvation; Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
 * Included: Naval Act of 1794/Original six frigates of the United States Navy (Act: first appearance; Frigates: 2nd appearance, last in 2010); Yugoslav coup d'état (first appearance; 75th anniversary); Washington Metro (first appearance; 40th anniversary); Situ Gintung (3rd appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Meister Eckhart (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:22, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): 1964 Alaska earthquake
 * Omitted: Meister Eckhart; Naval Act of 1794/Original six frigates of the United States Navy; Yugoslav coup d'état; Washington Metro; Situ Gintung
 * Included: Goliad massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); Cincinnati riots of 1884 (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Nikita Khrushchev (7th appearance, last in 2013); Tenerife airport disaster (7th appearance, last in 2012; 40th anniversary); 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Domenico Lalli (first appearance); Simon Bradstreet (first appearance); Julia Alvarez (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:29, 27 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Meister Eckhart (maintenance); Jiang Zemin (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): 1999 F-117A shootdown
 * Omitted: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (ineligible—maintenance); Cincinnati riots of 1884; Tenerife airport disaster; 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing; Domenico Lalli; Simon Bradstreet; Julia Alvarez
 * Included: San Diego (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Battle of Marilao River (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Yugoslav coup d'état (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Sildenafil (4th appearance, last in 2012; 20th anniversary); Rosa Campbell Praed (first appearance); Kick Kelly (first appearance); Mariah Carey (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Nikita Khrushchev (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total; 60th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:09, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Sigismund Báthory
 * Omitted: San Diego; Yugoslav coup d'état; Nikita Khrushchev; Sildenafil; Rosa Campbell Praed; Kick Kelly; Mariah Carey
 * Included: Original six frigates of the United States Navy (3rd appearance, last in 2016); 1981 warning strike in Poland (3rd appearance, last in 2014); 1999 F-117A shootdown (first appearance; 20th anniversary); Situ Gintung (4th appearance, last in 2016; 10th anniversary); Jane Colden; (first appearance) Jan van Beers (artist) (first appearance); Elisheva Bikhovski (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Marilao River (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:30, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Original six frigates of the United States Navy; Battle of Marilao River; 1981 warning strike in Poland; 1999 F-117A shootdown; Situ Gintung; Jane Colden; Jan van Beers (artist); Elisheva Bikhovski
 * Included: Cincinnati riots of 1884 (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Yugoslav coup d'état (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Operation Starvation (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Nikita Khrushchev (9th appearance, last in 2018); Silver Thursday (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 40th anniversary); Sigismund Báthory (first appearance); Virginia Minor (first appearance); Michael Joseph Savage (first appearance; 80th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:52, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Cincinnati riots of 1884; Operation Starvation; Nikita Khrushchev; Silver Thursday; Sigismund Báthory; Virginia Minor; Michael Joseph Savage
 * Included: Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania (first appearance); Goliad massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); 1981 warning strike in Poland (4th appearance, last in 2019; 40th anniversary); Passover massacre (6th appearance, last in 2013); Domenico Lalli (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Alexander Vostokov (first appearance); Mother Angelica (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Yugoslav coup d'état (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 80th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:14, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Goliad massacre; Yugoslav coup d'état; 1981 warning strike in Poland; Domenico Lalli; Alexander Vostokov; Mother Angelica
 * Included: 1638 Calabrian earthquakes (first appearance); San Diego (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Mary Mallon (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Tenerife airport disaster (8th appearance, last in 2017); Simon Bradstreet (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 325th anniversary); Thomas Graham Brown (first appearance); T. Sailo (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Passover massacre (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total; 20th anniversary)


text:
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari

Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (c. 838 – c. 870 CE; also given as 810–855 or 808–864 also 783–858 ), was a Persian Muslim scholar, physician and psychologist, who produced one of the first Islamic encyclopedia of medicine titled Firdaws al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom"). Ali ibn Sahl spoke Syriac and Greek, the two sources of the medical tradition of Antiquity which had been lost by medieval Europe, and transcribed in meticulous calligraphy. His most famous student was the physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi (c. 865–925). Al-Tabari wrote the first encyclopedic work on medicine. He lived for over 70 years and interacted with important figures of the time, such as Muslim caliphs, governors, and eminent scholars. Because of his family's religious history, as well as his religious work, al-Tabarī was one of the most controversial scholars. He first discovered that pulmonary tuberculosis is contagious.

Outside the rational sciences, as a convert from Christianity to Islam he was also involved in interreligious polemics, writing two works critical of his former religion, al-Radd ´alā l-Nasārā (The Refutation of the Christians) and Kitāb al-dīn wa-l-dawla (The Book of Religion and Empire), both of which having been published by Brill in 2016 in a single book, The Polemical Works of ʿAlī al-Ṭabarī.

Life
Ali came from a Persian or Syriac family of Tabaristan Amol (hence al-Tabari – "from Tabaristan"). Hossein Nasr states that he was a convert to Islam from Zoroastrianism, however Sami K. Hamarneh and Franz Rosenthal state he was a convert from Christianity. His father Sahl ibn Bishr was a state official, highly educated and well respected member of the Syriac community. Rabbān received his educational bases in the medical field, natural sciences, calligraphy, mathematics, philosophy and literature from his father Sahl.

The Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim (833–842) took him into the service of the court, which he continued under al-Mutawakkil (847–861). Ali ibn Sahl was fluent in Syriac and Greek, the two sources for the medical tradition of antiquity, and versed in fine calligraphy.

Works
Although few of them are still found today, al-Tabarī left 12 books to mankind. Most of them were about medicine. In addition to medicine, he was known as a scholar of philosophy, mathematics and astronomy.
 * 1) His Firdaws al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom"), which he wrote in Arabic called also al-Kunnash was a system of medicine in seven parts. He also translated it into Syriac, to give it wider usefulness. The information in Firdaws al-Hikmah has never entered common circulation in the West because it was not edited until the 20th century, when Mohammed Zubair Siddiqui assembled an edition using the five surviving partial manuscripts. There is still no English translation.  A German translation by Alfred Siggel of the chapters on Indian medicine was published in 1951.
 * 2) Tuhfat al-Muluk ("The King's Present")
 * 3) a work on the proper use of food, drink, and medicines.
 * 4) Hafzh al-Sihhah ("The Proper Care of Health"), following Greek and Indian authorities.
 * 5) Kitab al-Ruqa ("Book of Magic or Amulets")
 * 6) Kitab fi al-hijamah ("Treatise on Cupping")
 * 7) Kitab fi Tartib al-'Ardhiyah ("Treatise on the Preparation of Food")

Firdaws al-Hikmah
Firdaws al-Hikmah or Paradise of Wisdom is one of the oldest encyclopedias of Islamic medicine, based on Syriac translations of Greek and Indian sources (Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides, and others).It is divided into 7 sections and 30 parts, with 360 chapters in total.
 * Part I. general philosophical ideas, the categories, natures, elements, metamorphosis, genesis and decay.subdivided into I2 chapters, treats of general philosophical ideas, mostly following Aristotle.
 * On the Name of the Book and its Composition. The author mentions among his sources Hippocrates, Galen and Aristotle Hunayn ibn Ishaq
 * On Matter Shape, Quantity and Quality
 * On simple and compound Temperaments
 * On the Antagonism of these Temperaments and the Refutation of the Opinion of those who allege that the Air is cold (of temper.). diagram of the four temperaments and their antagonistic action.
 * On the Genesis of Temperaments one from another.
 * On Metamorphosis Plato is quoted.
 * On Genesis and Decay.
 * On Activity and Passivity
 * On the Genesis of Things from the Elements, the Action of the Celestial Sphere and the Luminous Bodies therein.
 * On the Effects of the Action of the Elements on the Air and subterranean Conditions
 * On shooting Stars and the Colors which are generated in the Air. (rainbows)
 * Part II embryology, pregnancy, the functions and morphology of different organs, ages and seasons, psychology, the external and internal senses, the temperaments and emotions, personal idiosyncrasies, nervous affections, tetanus, torpor, palpitation, nightmare, the evil eye, hygiene and dietetics.
 * Book I
 * Book II
 * Book III
 * Book IV
 * Book V
 * Part III. Treats of nutrition and dietetics. 3 chapters
 * Part IV. (The longest, 107 out of 276 folios and 152 chapters. Each chapter is short, often less than one page and seldom more than two. There is little beyond the signs and symptoms of each disease and the treatment recommended there are no references to actual cases, or clinical notes. ) general and special pathology, from the head to the feet, and concludes with an account of the number of muscles, nerves and veins, and dissertations on phlebotomy, the pulse and urinoscopy.
 * Book 1 (9 chapters) on general pathology, the signs and symptoms of internal disorders, and the principles of therapeutics.
 * Book 2 (14 chapters) on diseases and injuries of the head; and diseases of the brain, including epilepsy, various kinds of headache, tinnitus, vertigo, amnesia, and nightmare.
 * Book 3 (12 chapters) on diseases of the eyes and eyelids, the ear and the nose (including epistaxis and catarrh), the face, mouth and teeth.
 * Book 4 (7 chapters) on nervous diseases, including spasm, tetanus, paralysis, facial palsy, etc.
 * Book 5 (7 chapters) on diseases of the throat, chest and vocal organs, including asthma.
 * Book 6 (6 chapters) on diseases of the stomach, including hiccup.
 * Book 7 (5 chapters) on diseases of the liver, including dropsy.
 * Book 8 (14 chapters) on diseases of the heart, lungs, gall-bladder and spleen.
 * Book 9 (19 chapters) on diseases of the intestines (especially colic), and of the urinary and genital organs.
 * Book 10 (26 chapters) on fevers, ephemeral, hectic, continuous, tertian, quartan and semi-quartan; on pleurisy, erysipelas, and smallpox; on crises, prognosis, favorable and unfavorable symptoms, and the signs of death.
 * Book 11 (13 chapters) on rheumatism, gout, sciatica, leprosy, elephantiasis, scrofula, lupus, cancer, tumours, gangrene, wounds and bruises, shock, and plague. The last four chapters deal with anatomical matters, including the numbers of the muscles, nerves and blood-vessels.
 * Book 12 (20 chapters) on phlebotomy, cupping, baths and the indications of the pulse and urine.
 * Part V. of tastes, scents and colors. 1 book, 9 chapters
 * Part VI materia medica and toxicology.
 * Part VII. climate, waters and seasons in their relation to health, outlines of cosmography and astronomy, and the utility of the science of medicine: and a summary of Indian Medicine in 36 chapters.

Legacy
In 2013 a statue of al-Tabari was revealed at the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

title: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari


text:
Koori

Koori (also spelt koorie, goori or goorie) is a demonym for Aboriginal Australians from a region that approximately corresponds to southern New South Wales and Victoria. The word derives from the Indigenous language Awabakal. For some people and groups, it has been described as a reclaiming of Indigenous language and culture, as opposed to relying on European titles such as "Aboriginal". The term is also used with reference to institutions involving Koori communities and individuals, such as the Koori Court, Koori Radio and Koori Knockout.

The Koori region is home to the largest proportion of Australia's Indigenous population (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people), with 40.7% of Indigenous Australians living in either New South Wales or Victoria. Within the region however, Koori-identifying people make up only 2.9% and 0.8% of the overall populations of New South Wales and Victoria respectively. Most of this Koori population speak English in the home, although a small number do report continued usage of traditional Indigenous languages.

Koori culture is characterised by a commitment to the Dreaming, an overall worldview that believes in and values interconnectedness between the land and community. Koori art and literature continue to be produced in contemporary Australia, often with reference to traditional Indigenous artistic techniques.

The first recorded meeting between Koori people and Europeans occurred in 1770. Kooris have since experienced a sharp population decline, influenced by the colonisation of Australia by Europeans. The legacy of colonisation is still strongly felt, and has had ongoing ramifications for Koori life and wellbeing.

Etymology
"Koori" comes from the word gurri, meaning "man" or "people" in the Indigenous language Awabakal, spoken on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. On the far north coast of New South Wales, the term may still be spelt "goori" or "goorie" and pronounced with a harder "g". The term's first documented usage occurred in 1834 in An Australian Grammar as "Ko-re", translated to mean man or mankind.

Geography and subgroups
Koori Indigenous Australians inhabit the broad region of southern New South Wales and Victoria. Indigenous subgroups within this region are numerous, including the Eora nation of modern-day Sydney, Ngunnawal nation of Canberra and Woiwurrung nation of Melbourne.

Art
Like archetypal Indigenous painting, Koori painting is based largely on dot work, done in "earthy colours" such as blacks, whites, reds and browns. Some Koori elders identify this style as a means of reconnecting with traditional Indigenous culture and ancestry.

More unique to the Koori population is the prevalence of artistic "shell craft", using shells found in the coastal environment to decorate ornamental pieces. Documents from the 1880s detail Koori women selling shell craft baskets and decorative shoes to settler women at markets in La Perouse and Circular Quay, a practice that appears unique to the Sydney area.

Shell craft has continued to be of importance to the modern Koori population, with a 2008 exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney incorporating Indigenous shell craft. In 2005, Koori shell artist Esme Timbery won the Parliament of New South Wales Indigenous Art Prize for her shell-adorned model of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The economic prevalence of Koori shell craft, too, has increased in contemporary Indigenous art history. While in 2005, shell craft shoes retailed for approximately AUD$20, a pair sold for AUD$140 at a Sydney gallery in 2009.

Also unique to the Koori region were possum-skin cloaks, traditionally gifted to Koori newborns. The cloaks were embellished with the markings of the newborn's clan and family, and were added to as the child grew, to represent a kind of Koori "autobiography". Although the craft of possum-skin cloaks has declined, it is being revived by contemporary Koori artists such as Kelly Koumalatsos.

Language
The Koori region is home to a number of traditional Indigenous languages. The state of Victoria has speakers of 38 Aboriginal languages, while New South Wales has historically been home to more than 70. However, the number of Kooris who report speaking an Indigenous language at home is low. Only 0.8% of New South Wales and 1% of Victorian Kooris speak an Indigenous language in the home, being the lowest rates of Indigenous language usage outside of Tasmania.

There are some attempts to revive Koori languages. In New South Wales, the number of Koori families speaking an Indigenous language at home is on the rise. Census data indicates that the number of New South Wales Indigenous language speakers increased by 123% between 2006 and 2016. The New South Wales Government's Aboriginal Languages Act was enacted in 2017 in an attempt to preserve Indigenous languages.

In addition to traditional languages, Kooris may also speak "Koori English", the dialect of English spoken by Kooris within their communities. The dialect developed from the pidgin English used by Kooris to communicate with settlers at the time of colonisation. It employs nonverbal language cues such as silences, gestures and lip pursing. Some grammatical elements of Koori English may persist from traditional Indigenous languages, such as distinct ways of marking plural nouns.

Birthing rituals
Historical records show Koori birthing rituals involving song, dance and ceremonial practices. Gunditjmara Kooris of south west Victoria record the ritualistic use of sand, heated by fire both to warm the infant and welcome it to country. Records also exist detailing Koori use of medical techniques such as natural pain management, and the teaching of these techniques to European settler women.

Historically, "birthing trees" were essential to Koori birthing rituals. These were trees used as the sites of births, where mothers, families and communities could congregate to deliver the baby and welcome it to country. Sometimes, the placenta would be buried under the birthing tree to symbolise the newborn's connection to country. A Koori birthing tree in Western Victoria has received status as a significant tree on the Australian Register of the National Trust in recognition of its importance to the Koori population.

Before European colonisation
Radiocarbon dating has identified evidence of Indigenous inhabitancy in the Koori region as early as 50,000–45,000 years ago. Ancient Koori artefacts including human remains and tools have been found at Lake Mungo in New South Wales, dated to be between 50,000 and 46,000 years old. In Western Victoria, structures from ancient Koori populations have been discovered, including stone-walled fishing traps measuring up to six metres in height and three kilometres in length. The traps date to approximately 6,600 years old, making them one of the world's oldest known fish-trapping system. Similarly aged "village" sites have been found in South-Eastern Victoria, featuring wooden structures, garden areas and agricultural wetlands.

In New South Wales, small tools used for processing plants and hunting have been discovered to be approximately 10,000 years old. Fishhooks appear to have been widely used across the Koori coastline as early as 1000 years ago. These fishhooks appear to originate from outside of Australia, possibly from the Torres Strait or Polynesia, indicating a system of regional trade.

Early contact
The first documented contact between Indigenous Australians and Europeans on Koori territory occurred in 1770 during James Cook's HMS Endeavour expedition. In his journals, Cook documents interactions with Indigenous groups at Botany Bay near modern-day Sydney. During this initial contact, two Indigenous men resisted Cook's landing, causing Cook to open fire and wound one of the men. Endeavour remained docked in the bay for the subsequent seven days, meaning that interactions between the explorers and Indigenous Kooris were conducted from a distance.

Koori material culture was observed, such as the use of watercraft, weaponry and tools, but there was little European documentation of Koori religious and cultural life during this voyage. The Indigenous groups of Botany Bay did not accept Cook's trade offerings and resisted farther encroachment of the explorers onto Koori territory.

European colonisation and population decline
Following this initial contact, Great Britain established a penal colony at Botany Bay in New South Wales. The first settlers of this colony arrived in 1788 aboard the First Fleet, beginning the official colonisation of Australia by Europeans.

Over the century following colonisation, there occurred a steep decline in the Aboriginal population. Approximations of overall Indigenous population decline range from 80 to 96%, with estimates of around 80% in the Koori region in the first 20 years of contact. Generally accepted estimates approximate that 2000 non-Aboriginals (mostly Europeans) and 20,000 Aboriginals were killed in armed conflict between the two groups. This included the Waterloo Creek massacre on New South Wales Koori territory in 1837, during which an estimated 200–300 Kooris were killed. In the 1830s and 40s, the Western District of Victoria was recorded as one of the two worst regions for violence. Sexual violence also occurred, particularly towards Koori women and children, sometimes resulting in death or infertility.

Many Kooris also died from epidemics of European diseases to which they had no tolerance. In 1791, all but two of the Koori inhabitants of inner Sydney died of smallpox or chickenpox. Another smallpox epidemic affected the New South Wales and Victoria regions in 1830. Deaths also occurred due to sexually transmitted infections, transported to Australia by the settlers. In Port Phillip, Victoria, two-thirds of the Koori population died of sexually transmitted infections.

20th century
The Aborigines Protection Board of New South Wales and Victoria enabled the segregation of Kooris onto government-run missions and reserves. In the 1910s, the Board's powers were extended to allow for the removal of Koori children from their families for assimilation into the non-Indigenous population. Some Koori children were placed into white families, while others were sent to labour schools such as the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls and Kinchela Aboriginal Boys' Training Home. This process of segregation and child-removal was common throughout Australia and became known as the Stolen Generations.

In 1937, New South Wales Koori activist William Ferguson founded the Aborigines Progressive Association in Sydney to protest the oppression of the Aborigines Protection Board. Approximately 1000 Indigenous Australians attended the organisation's first rally in Sydney on 26 January 1938.

From the 1970s, the policies of segregation and assimilation began to shift. New South Wales adopted the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle in 1987, mandating that an Indigenous family be chosen for the rehoming of Koori children wherever possible. In 1997, the premiers of both New South Wales and Victoria apologised for the historic mistreatment of Indigenous Australians, including an apology for the Stolen Generation, and affirmed their commitment to reconciliation.

Current issues
Statistics indicate ongoing divergences between Koori and non-Koori Australians in areas such as health, education, income levels, and incarceration rates. The Australian National University's Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research ties these statistical divergences to the Indigenous experience of colonialism.

Health
Statistics show that Koori Australians have poorer health than their non-Koori counterparts, reflected in their lower life expectancy. Across New South Wales and Victoria, non-Koori individuals were expected to live 8–10 years longer than Koori individuals between 2015 and 2017. Thus, the Koori population is younger in demographic, with the median age of the New South Wales Koori community being 22, in contrast to 38 for the non-Koori population.

In New South Wales, 7.6% of the Indigenous population are profoundly or severely disabled, compared to 5.6% of non-Indigenous individuals, and this gap is widening. Additionally, New South Wales Kooris with a disability tend to be younger: 36% of the Indigenous disabled population in New South Wales is under 25, compared to 12.7% of the non-Indigenous.

Education
Koori Australians also have lower levels of education than their non-Koori counterparts. In New South Wales, Koori children are half as likely to have completed secondary school. In Victoria, only 56.5% of Koori 25–34 year olds have some form of tertiary education, compared to 74.9% of non-Koori individuals.

Income
Koori Australians are more likely to be living below or near the poverty line. Approximately 32.4% of Koori households in New South Wales earn below A$500/week, compared to 22.3% of non-Indigenous. Less than half of New South Wales Kooris own their homes, compared to 70% of non-Koori residents.

New South Wales Kooris are less likely to be in the labour force, with an underemployment rate of 43% compared to 35.9% of non-Koori residents. The professional services industry has the highest divergence, with non-Koori employees three times as likely to work in this sector.

Incarceration rates
Koori Australians are more likely to be incarcerated in both New South Wales and Victoria. In 2019, Koori adults were 9.3 times more likely to be incarcerated in New South Wales than their non-Koori counterparts. In Victoria, they were 14.5 times more likely.

These statistics are mirrored in youth detention. In New South Wales, Koori children aged 10–17 were sixteen times more likely to be in detention on an average day in 2018 and 2019. In Victoria, they were 10 times as likely.

Government initiatives
New South Wales and Victoria have both introduced initiatives to address these divergences between Koori and non-Koori individuals. In March 2019, both states established a formal partnership with the Australian Federal Government to address the goals of the Closing the Gap initiative. The partnership also includes representatives from Indigenous activist groups.

Koori Courts
A Koori Court is a division of the Magistrates' Court of Victoria that sentences Indigenous Australians who plead guilty, operational since 2002.

New South Wales has several Youth Koori Courts, the first of which was established in Parramatta in 2015.

Koori Radio
Koori Radio, a community radio-station based in Redfern, broadcasts to Sydney on a citywide licence. It forms part of the Gadigal Information Service and is the only radio station in Sydney providing full-time broadcasting to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community.

Koori Mail
Koori Mail is a national Indigenous newspaper based in Lismore, New South Wales.

Koori Knockout
The NSW Koori Rugby League Knockout is one of the largest gatherings of Indigenous people in Australia. A modern-day corroboree for the Koori people of NSW, it has been held annually over the October long weekend since 1971.

Koorie Heritage Trust
The Koorie Heritage Trust in Melbourne holds over 100,000 artistic artefacts from Indigenous South-Eastern Australia. The Trust's collection includes prehistoric tools, 19th Century art by Koori artists William Barak and Tommy McRae, and pieces by contemporary Koori artists.

Other names used by Australian Indigenous people
There are a number of other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography:
 * Anangu in northern South Australia, and neighbouring parts of Western Australia and Northern Territory
 * Pama in northern Queensland
 * Murri in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales
 * Nunga in southern South Australia
 * Nyoongar in southern Western Australia
 * Palawa (or Pakana) in Tasmania

title: Koori


text:
Talk:Mom and pop

Please advise where this term is used. It may be well-known in Malaysia, but I've never heard it used in Australia. Cheers JackofOz 11:54, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I took the redirect back out, because just redirecting to small business leaves the reader wondering why on earth it's called "mom and pop". Maybe we could put a list of which countries this is used in. Dullfig

title: Talk:Mom and pop


text:
Maruti

Māruti may refer to:

 * Hanuman or Maruti, a Hindu god, son the wind deity Maruta
 * Maruti Suzuki, an Indian automobile manufacturer
 * Maruti Indian Restaurant, Portland, Oregon US
 * Maruti (cultivar), a pea cultivar developed from a landrace crop

title: Maruti


text:
Pirbright

Pirbright is a village in Surrey, England. Pirbright is in the borough of Guildford and has a civil parish council covering the traditional boundaries of the area. Pirbright contains one buffered sub-locality, Stanford Common near the nation's farm animal disease research institute. The village's grade II* listed medieval church has a large Boulder grave for explorer Henry Morton Stanley. The nearby section of Hodge Brook is also known as the Congo Stream, between Ruwenzori Hills and Stanley Pool.

Geography
Pirbright has two communities: army training barracks and designated homes are north of a London main axis (south-west) railway and the slightly dispersed village is south. The village is almost entirely surrounded by heathland, much of it owned by the Ministry of Defence and used by the Army Training Centre Pirbright. The south and south-east of the parish is mostly woodland and has three small farms. The south-west of the parish has a large military training area, Pirbright Common. Near to the church are several features due to Stanley's association with the village: Hodge Brook is equally marked as Congo Stream, between Ruwenzori Hill and Stanley Hill. Mazamboni Farm is next to Aruwimi Wood.

Name
Its name had three medieval variants (each involving the letter 'f' where there is currently a 'b'). It came from Anglo-Saxon (Old English) Pirige-fyrhþ = "sparse woodland where peartrees grow".

Medieval and Tudor periods
The manor of Pirbright does not seem to occur earlier than the 13th century, when it was reported to be held of the honour of Clare by Peter de Pirbright. John Trenchard died seised of it (holding) under the Earl of Gloucester in 1301–2. In this time it had a medieval deer park, disparked under Richard II. During the reign of Henry VIII the manor changed hands several times: it formed part of the marriage portion of Queen Katharine of Aragon and was successively in the possession of Sir Thomas Boleyn and Sir William Fitz William. Finally it was granted to Sir Anthony Browne, afterwards Viscount Montagu, with whose family it remained until the middle of the next century.

18th century and afterwards
The locality saw development in the form of brick labourers' cottages with a few Georgian large homes, some with modest estates of land. Of the last sort, Vice-Admiral the Hon. John "Foulweather Jack" Byron, explorer, grandfather of George Gordon Byron, 6th Lord Byron (usually known as 'the poet, Lord Byron') planted in the late 18th century an avenue of Scotch pines to the foot of a tower hill, Crown Prince Hill, in the woods, still called Admiral's Walk or 'road', which extends for 1 mi, half within the Danger Area owned by the Ministry of Defence of Pirbright Common.

Heatherside was the early 20th century home of F. C. Selous, the African big-game hunter, and contained a "remarkable collection of hunting spoils and native African curiosities."

Pirbright's traditional churchyard contains the large block of granite, 11-feet high, marking the grave of British Empire soldier and explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who died in London aged 63. This is partly inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley Bula Matari 1841–1904 Africa". Bula Matari was another of his names and translates as "Breaker of Rocks" or "Breakstones" in Kongo.

A large fire occurred in the area in April 2022.

Pirbright Institute
The Pirbright Institute is a research establishment, based at Pirbright, that investigates diseases in farm animals. (A second site at Compton, Berkshire was closed in 2016 with research being transferred to the Pirbright site.) It is one of eight UK research institutes supported by the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The Pirbright site includes international reference laboratories for the diagnosis of livestock diseases exotic to the UK, including the World Reference Laboratory for foot and mouth disease. The site also conducts research on viruses including foot and mouth disease and bluetongue virus.

On Saturday 4 August 2007 it was announced that the strain of foot-and-mouth disease detected in cattle three miles (5 km) away was similar to that in use at the Pirbright site. Professor Brian Spratt's report found that more likely than not the strain of the virus understandably came from the Merial vaccine production facility or the Pirbright Institute laboratory: whose shared "effluent pipes [leading to final small treatment plant were] not contained, as they should be as part of Category 4 containment at Pirbright." This poor condition of pipes and incursion of trees in the site has since been rectified and significant investment (over £170 million) is taking place at Pirbright to provide new laboratory and animal facilities.

Education
There are three schools in Pirbright, including two on School Lane, and a small all-through school, Knowl Hill School, for children with dyslexia which provides education for around fifty pupils. The largest school is the centrally located Pirbright Village Primary School, which educates children from the age of 4 to 11.

Youth outreach
The Normandy Youth Centre serves the wider area by sponsoring community-based programmes targeting youth in the area for the purpose of increasing exposure to educational opportunities and building a stronger community.

Church of St Michael and All Angels
The small church stands by Church Cottage in the meadows directly west of the village centre. It is built of brick dressings to a galleted 'heathstone' walls to its Nave, with a galleted heathstone tower to west and chancel to east. Plain tiled roof with lead spike over tower. Box nave with square tower to west, gabled porch to south, aisle to north, chancel to east with vestry to north and organ bay to south.

Moated 'manor house' which held the manorial courts
The manorial courthouse was renamed in the 19th century and has a moat, and a great proportion of the building was built in the 16th century, is timber-framed however the building is partially clad in red and blue brick and in brown and red brick on its non-timber framed cross wing.

Sport
Cricket has been played on the village green since 1780. The principal cricket club is Pirbright Cricket Club which has a 1st XI, and a Sunday team.

Pirbright is the home of Pirbright Tennis Club which was formed in 1976. Initially playing in the Burrow Hill part of the village, the club soon moved to its ground on School Lane. Pirbright Tennis Club has over 300 members and five adult teams; the courts are also used by students from the local schools.

Famous residents

 * Ross Lowis Mangles, first civilian recipient of the Victoria Cross who has a brass memorial on the north wall of St Michael and All Angels Church, Pirbright.
 * James Pearce, presenter for BBC Sport
 * Henry de Worms, Lord Pirbright PC, DL, JP, FRS chose to relate his peerage to his later life home when elevated to the peerage in 1895 however he died without male heirs in 1903.
 * Sir G. A. H. Branson (1871–1951), a High Court judge and the grandfather of Richard Branson, lived at Bullswater House, Pirbright.
 * Sir Edmund Thiele, a famous geologist, lived out his later years with his wife until he died in 1971.

Demography and housing
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%; the average that was apartments was 22.6%.

The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).

Twinning
Pirbright is twinned with :
 * 🇫🇷 Cagny, Calvados, France

title: Pirbright


text:
Talk:Eric Kandel

Untitled
Looks like this page needs some reworking for factual accuracy (e.g., Kandel wasn't so much interested in learning theory/machine learning as he was in human learning). Also, the article's treatment of Kandel's history seems to hop around a bit rather than presenting it chronologically. Putting this on my to-do list. --Diberri 12:19, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Also, might want to mention his book, Principles of Neural Science (Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel) which is pretty important reference book for many.

His textbook was very important in his career. I think it needs to be expanded on a bit to give readers a better idea of his writing. --hhearst —Preceding undated comment added 19:59, 25 June 2011 (UTC).

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:49, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Note on "Continuing Work at Columbia University"
I am employed as a Research Scientist by the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), at the Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). As part of my duties, I work as an editor in the Department of Psychiatry in CUMC. The text I am contributing is biographical material about faculty members in the Department contained in the profiles of faculty members, our Annual Reports, or elsewhere on the Department's website (http://www.columbiapsychiatry.org).

The material does not express a point of view or an opinion. Rather, as noted above, it consists only of facts. Psychiatry777 (talk) 15:31, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Klestil
This edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Kandel&action=historysubmit&diff=369893313&oldid=369878680

(→Early years: replacing source that is not accessible by an accessible source, an interview with K in which he, actually, doesn't exactly say the same things)

deleted the following section, and replaced with a less detailed story from Bloomberg: (When Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000, he said it was "...certainly not an Austrian Nobel, it was a Jewish-American Nobel." After that, he got a call from then Austrian president Thomas Klestil asking him, "How can we make things right?" Kandel said that first, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed. Karl Lueger was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in Mein Kampf. Second, he wanted the Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.[1])

Science is unequivocally a WP:RS, and you can find it in any mid-sized library. It's more accessible than his published biography, which is cited in this article. In any case, here's a short excerpt from the interview with Kandel from a longer feature in Science, so now it's accessible:

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5881/newsmakers.full Science Magazine > 6 June 2008 > 320 (5881): 1269 THREE Q'S VIENNA, AUSTRIA—On a visit here last week, Nobelist Eric Kandel attended the debut of In Search of Memory, a film about his life and work, dined with Austrian President Heinz Fischer, and urged officials to rename a boulevard that bears the name of a 19th century mayor known for his anti-Semitic views. Kandel, who fled Nazi-controlled Austria in 1938 at the age of 9, is now a member of the newly built Institute of Science and Technology Austria. Q: How did Austria lure you back? Of course, I had distrust of the Viennese. The Catholics here nearly took my life. Unlike Germany, where they've confronted their [anti-Semitic] history very transparently, Austria has never dealt with it. I remember a Viennese woman said to me at the time, in a very typical comment, “You know, they weren't all bad.” So when I won the Nobel, I stuck it to the Austrians by saying that it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel; it was a Jewish-American Nobel. After that, I got a call from the [former] Austrian president [Thomas Klestil], asking me, “How can we make things right?” Q: What are your goals here? First, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed. Lueger was mayor of Vienna [1897 to 1910] and a notorious anti-Semite. Hitler even cited him in Mein Kampf. The fact that the University of Vienna is on this street is offensive. Second, I would like to see the Jewish intellectual community brought back to Vienna. There need to be scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.

I think the story from Science is a better story, because it expresses Kandel's views on anti-Semitism, it gives the example of the anti-Semitism of Lueger that still offends him, it gives his positive responses, and it gives his ideas about the the Jewish community in Vienna, themes which he elaborated in his book. Unless anybody has any objection, I'm going to replace it with the original story. --Nbauman (talk) 23:28, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * You should add that one but leave the Bloomberg story, IMO.--Insert coins (talk) 08:20, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I finally added it back, but the Science and Bloomberg story are (1) redundant and (2) contradictory on some points. I would go with Science. --Nbauman (talk) 00:18, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Copyedit & a bit of rework
I did a top-to-bottom CE and removed the CE-needed template. Didn't exhaustively research Wikipedia style for how to do particular things (like Selected Publications), so please forgive any lapses, but it should be pretty reasonable overall. Substantive changes:

 * Removed Category:Austrian Orthodox Jews and Category:American Orthodox Jews. I have not researched the matter deeply, but I don't see a kipah (yarmulke) in any of his photos, which is prima facie evidence that he doesn’t follow core Orthodox practices.
 * Changed link to point to "learning" instead of "Learning theory (education)|learning" -- the latter is not what is meant by "learning and memory" in this context.
 * Deleted Kavli Prize committee website from Ext Refs, changed to in-text citation & added a 2nd citation for the 2009-10 yrs.
 * Deleted Amazon link for Principles of Neural Science from the Ext Refs (inapproriate to link to a for-profit ecommerce company, which outweighs the editorial value of any content there); the ISBN in the Further Reading will bring up the Wiki booksource tool.
 * Added info on renaming of street in Vienna.

Still needs work, incl better org & refs... Gould363 (talk) 04:25, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

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Gerolstein
Whats the "Gerolstein" mentioned here ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joaquin89uy (talk • contribs) 13:57, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Kandel


text:
Brahui people

The Brahui, Brahvi, or Brohi are an ethnic group of pastoralists principally found in Pakistan, and to a smaller extent in Afghanistan and Iran. They speak Brahui, which belongs to the Dravidian language family.

Etymology
The origin of the word "Brahui" is uncertain. Mikhail Andronov hypothesised a derivation from Dravidian (lit. Northern hillmen). However, Josef Elfenbein found it unconvincing and hypothesised a derivation from Saraiki (Jaṭki) brāhō, referring to the prophet Abraham; the term perhaps served to distinguish the neo-Muslim nomadic pastoralists — who had migrated into Sindh from the Western Deccan c. a millennium ago and adopted Islam.

Pakistan
The Brahuis predominantly inhabit a narrow belt in Pakistan, from Quetta in the north through Mastung, Kalat, and Nushki to Las Bela in the south. Kalat separates the area into a northern part, known as Sarawan, and a southern part, known as Jhalawan.

Other countries
Large numbers of nomadic and semi-nomadic Brahui speakers are found in Afghanistan, primarily in the Shorawak desert, in an area extending west of Nushki along the Helmand river into Iranian Sistan. In Iran, Brahui are restricted to the north of Sistan; in 1909, G. P. Tate did come across a few Brahui as far south as Khash, but they appear to have assimilated into the neighbouring Baloch. Some Brahui are also found in Turkmenistan, mainly in the Merv oasis, where their ancestors migrated from British-administered Balochistan and Afghanistan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in search of employment.

Tribes and population
The number of Brahui tribes have fluctuated across the centuries. At the time of Nasir Khan I, when the Khanate of Kalat was at its zenith, the Brahuis had eight nuclear tribes and seven peripheral tribes; by the time of the last Khan, twelve peripheral tribes had been added. The 1911 census was the only attempt to enumerate the Brahui as an ethnic group. However, since most Brahui describe themselves as Baloch to outsiders, the recorded count is an underestimate. Elfenbein, referencing estimations from 1996, speculates that there are c. 700,000 Brahui tribesmen.

Origins
The origins of the Brahuis remain unclear. Brahui lore, which speaks of a migration from Syria to Kalat followed by the overthrow of one Sewa dynasty, is a piecemeal borrowing from Baloch traditions; historical ballads, etc., are nonexistent in the language. Thus, says Elfenbein, reconstructions of Brahui pre-history can only depend on linguistics and genetics.

The fact that other Dravidian languages only exist further south in India has led to two hypotheses — either the Brahuis are a relict population of Dravidians remaining from a time when Dravidians were more widespread or they migrated to Baluchistan from South India sometime in the last two millennia. Noting extensive phonological similarities with Malto and Kurukh, Dravidian languages spoken as geographical isolates across Eastern India, most linguists speculate the three groups to have shared a common stage before migrating along different directions. Additionally, both Kurukhs and Maltos speak of an eastward migration from Karnataka in their lore, and Brahuis' self-identification as migrants from Syria can be interpreted as an Islamized version of the same event. However, the Brahuis do not have any significant Dravidian genetic component and are largely indistinguishable from surrounding Indo-European populaces; this suggests the passage of sufficient time since the admixture event, thereby supporting the relict hypothesis.

History
The Brahuis have traditionally been nomads; the state-formation — in the form of a confederacy, the Khanate of Kalat — appears to have been a response to the increasing penetration of Mughal governance, especially under Shah Jahan, into their traditional grazing lands and migratory routes. The Khanate was established by Ahmad Khan I, a Brahui chieftain, in the 1660s and derived its power from a complex system of inter-tribal alliances with the Balochs and Dehwaris; notwithstanding nominal suzerainties to Persia and Afghanistan at times, the kingdom gained in size and reached its zenith under Nasir Khan I in the late eighteenth century. However, British incursion into the subcontinent coupled with territorial losses to Persia compelled Kalat to accept a protectorate status; in the aftermath of the Partition, the Khanate was absorbed into Pakistan notwithstanding popular protests.

Language and literature
According to Elfenbein, only about 15% of the Brahui tribesmen are primary speakers of the Brahui language; only two nuclear tribes speak Brahui as a primary language. Half of the rest may be secondary speakers of Brahui with Balochi as the primary language, while the other half are estimated to speak no Brahui "at all". The language belongs to the Dravidian language family and is, hence, a geographical isolate. It has extensively borrowed from Balochi and other languages of the area; linguist David W. McAlpin characterised it as an "etymological nightmare". There are three dialects with no significant variation: Sarawani (spoken in the north), Jhalawani (spoken in the southeast), and Chaghi (spoken in the northwest and west).

No significant corpus of Brahui literature exists; the earliest extant work is Tuḥfat al-aja īb (lit. Gift of Wonders), a translation from Persian by Malikdad Gharsin Qalati, c. 1759-1760, a court poet of Nasir Khan I. The Perso-Arabic script currently in use was developed c. 1900 out of the efforts of Mulla Nabo-Jan and Maulana Fazl Mohammed Khan Darkhani for spreading Islamic revivalist ideas. Literacy rates among Brahuis remained very low as the late as 1990s.

title: Brahui people