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HMS Quality (G62)

HMS Quality (G62/D18) was a Q-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy. Entering service in 1942, the destroyer served in several theatres of World War II. Following the war's conclusion, the ship was transferred to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), commissioning as HMAS Quality (G62/D262) in late 1945. Unlike her sister ships, which were refitted as anti-submarine frigates, Quality was not modified, decommissioned after only 59 days of service, and was sold for scrap in 1958.

Design and construction
Quality was one of eight Q-class destroyers constructed as a flotilla under the War Emergency Programme. These ships had a standard displacement of 1,705 tons, and a deep load displacement of 2,424 tons. They were 358 ft long overall, and 339 ft long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 35 ft. Propulsion was provided by two Admiralty 3-drum boilers connected to Parsons Impulse turbines, which generated 40000 shp for the propeller shafts. The destroyers had a maximum speed of 31.5 kn, and a range of 4680 nmi at 20 kn. The ship's company consisted of 8 officers and 181 sailors.

Main armament consisted of four QF 4.7 inch Mk IX guns in single turrets. This was supplemented by a quadruple 2-pounder pom-pom, and six 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. Four depth-charge throwers were fitted, with a payload of 70 charges carried, and two quadruple 21-inch torpedo tube sets were fitted, although a maximum of eight torpedoes were carried.

Quality was laid down by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Limited at their Wallsend-on-Tyne shipyard on 10 October 1940. The destroyer was launched by the wife of the shipyard overseer on 6 October 1941. The destroyer was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 7 September 1942. Although commissioned as a Royal Navy vessel, a large portion of the ship's company were on loan from the RAN. Like all ships in the class, Quality was given a name starting with "Q": the ship's badge depicts an ingot of gold stamped with the Hallmarks of Quality from the assay offices at London and Edinburgh.

World War II
During World War II, the destroyer operated in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean. The destroyer was transferred to the British Pacific Fleet in 1945.

On 25 July 1944 Quality took part in Operation Crimson which was the naval bombardment and aerial strikes on Japanese airfields in the Indonesian cities of Sabang, Lhoknga and Kutaraja. At 0515, Quality along with the destroyers HMS Quilliam (G09), HMS Quickmatch and the Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp (1937) entered the harbour at Sabang and subsequently shelled and torpedoed Japanese positions and ships along the coast and quay. Quality was hit at 0711 by 3-inch anti-aircraft shell which exploded in the rigging, causing damage to the after-bridge, mast and HA Director. Quality suffered eight casualties, one of which proved fatal, a British Movietone news cameraman who was filming on board at the time.

Quality was awarded four battle honours for her wartime service: "North Africa 1942–43", "Sabang 1944", "Okinawa 1945", and "Japan 1945".

Transfer to RAN
On 8 October 1945, Quality became one of five Q-class ships transferred to the RAN on loan. The transfer allowed the return of four N-class destroyers to the RN. Quality was transferred on 8 October 1945, and commissioned into the RAN on 28 November. The ship spent most of her short career in Australian waters, apart from visits to Manus Island and New Guinea.

Decommissioning and fate
Quality paid off into reserve on 25 January 1946, 59 days after commissioning. The destroyer was to be converted into an anti-submarine frigate: to facilitate this, Quality and her four sister ships were gifted to the RAN in May 1950. Quality was designated as the last of the five ships to undergo the conversion. While waiting for conversion, the destroyer underwent refits in 1948 and 1950, and had to be docked for repairs to her hull in 1954. On 14 August 1956, one of the reserve fleet shipkeepers noticed that Quality was sitting lower in the water than normal. It was discovered that the hull had become corroded at the waterline, with the ship taking on water. Quality underwent an emergency dry docking that day at Garden Island, with the superstructure cut off to increase the ship's freeboard.

The deterioration of the ship while waiting for modernisation, combined with post-World War II reductions in RAN personnel numbers, the increases in both time and cost for the other four Q-class conversions, and the need for the RAN to cut back spending in order to support the navy's new aircraft carriers, meant that the conversion of Quality was cancelled and the ship was marked for disposal. Quality was sold for scrap to the Mitsubishi Company of Japan on 10 April 1958 for breaking up as scrap. The ship's bell was donated to a school in Nowra, New South Wales.

title: HMS Quality (G62)


text:
1803 in Canada

Events from the year 1803 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 3rd
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 3rd

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Morice Pole
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * Thomas Jefferson completes Louisiana Purchase extending U.S. control west of the Mississippi River; federal plans to resettle Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi soon begin.
 * John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
 * The XY Company is reorganized under Alexander Mackenzie's name.
 * First Canadian Paper Mill is built in Quebec.

Births

 * October 13 – Augustin-Norbert Morin, lawyer, judge, politician and Joint Premier of the Province of Canada (d.1865)
 * March 24 – Egerton Ryerson, politician, teacher, principal, Methodist minister (d.1882)
 * December 6 – Susanna Moodie, writer (d.1885)

Full date unknown

 * John Kinder Labatt, brewer and founder of the Labatt Brewing Company (d.1866)

Deaths

 * Nathaniel Pettit (1724 – March 9, 1803) a political figure in Upper Canada.
 * Rev. Johann Samuel Schwerdtfeger (1734–1803) The first Lutheran minister in Ontario.

Historical documents
War returns as British government orders naval ships as well as vessels commissioned by letter of marque to seize ships belonging to French Republic

Keeping troops "upon their present footing" in Canada and other northern colonies costs about £200,000, but "there are considerable colonial funds"

Trade is discouraged because colonies are not allowed to directly import wine, oil, fruit etc. in exchange for their fish, lumber etc.

U.S. envoy Robert R. Livingston has told French "it was necessary to interpose us between them and Canada [to prevent] an attack from that quarter"

Report in London says U.S.A. has purchased Louisiana from France for $40 million

Jurisdiction of courts of Upper and Lower Canada is extended to "Indian Territories or Parts of America [outside U.C., L.C. and U.S.A.]"

Lower Canada
With smallpox spreading through city, Gazette recommends "speedy" inoculation with cowpox matter possessed by Quebec City physician

Reading or writing is limited on average to 5 men in country parishes; only priests, clerks, notaries, attorneys and soldiers need those skills

All resident men 18–60 must enroll in militia and those 40 and under must muster annually and give account of all firearms they have

Government to pay bounties for hemp production (highest being $10 for ½ arpent, grown and dressed) and sets prices for hemp and hempseed

To Catholics considering us "Schismatics" and "Protestant Sectaries" thinking us "slaves of authority," Anglicans should offer "superior goodness"

Treason law is against subverting constitution and "introducing the horrible system of anarchy and confusion which has so fatally prevailed in France"

When required, "every Rector, Curate, Vicar, or other Priest or Minister doing the Parochial or Clerical duty of any Parish[...]" must read acts publicly

Suspecting arson in recent Montreal fires, government offers £500 reward for information leading to conviction of arsonist

Cargo going from Montreal to Michilimackinac includes 9 kegs gunpowder, 3 bags shot and 2 cases guns, all for export via "Ouisconsin" portage

At Kahnawake mass, "Indians sing or chant very well & the Women in particular have excellent Voices;" clothing has quillwork and beadwork

"Private Lectures on Geography &c. for Young Ladies only[...]with Globes, Maps, Charts &c. together with a Planetarium, Lunarium, Tellurium &c."

"A woman of colour lately arrived" advertises in Quebec City to "attend one or more Ladies to any part of Europe"

At Quebec City, "we were struck with the Grandeur & elevation of the Banks of the River especially where Upper Town's height commands the River"

Upper Canada
Among exports to Lower Canada in 1802 were 11,400+ barrels of flour and 18,500+ feet of black walnut boards and planks

Howard Township successful hemp production brings in $1,127 profit from 12 acres of hemp, comparable to income from 65 acres of wheat

Missionary reports "the 25,000 acres allotted by the British Government for the use of the Christian Indian Congregations [are to be] secured to them"

Print: "York, the New Capital of Upper Canada, As it appeared in the Autumn of 1803"

Drawing: Queenston, Upper Canada

Nova Scotia
House of Assembly resolution that £200 be paid to "distressed Indians" at £20 per county is not agreed to by Council

Our first fault "is that in the fall of Adam we lost [the] most prevailing characteristic of [God's] nature and essence, love"

Politician James DeLancey sues Halifax merchant for harbouring escaped enslaved man Jack, employing him and refusing to return him

Incoming University of King's College students must have knowledge of Greek and Latin, including Virgil, Horace, "the Greek Testament," Homer etc.

Mission schoolmaster, praised for his many years of devoted service, is said in early years to have slept on straw and eaten herring and potatoes

Sable Island commissioners request detailed report from its superintendent on likelihood of growing food and fishing and sealing there

New Englander, resident in Horton Township (Wolfville) since 1760, dies at age 107 and leaves more than 100 descendants

New Brunswick
Four "descendents of the Ancient Chiefs of the pockmouche tribe, which are now reduced to only two famillys," receive 200 acres of land each

Survey of Northumberland County gives population as 479 families (with about 100 in Miramichi) and status of hay crop, fishery, and timber resources

Legislature news includes bounty paid for hemp and Council voting down bills to finance schools and allow Methodist clergy to perform marriages

Charlotte County needs help supporting indigent people crossing U.S. border and "sick and maimed Seamen" left on shore "in a suffering condition"

£200 from Indian fund would spur "man of eminence" to be mathematics professor in proposed academy "of the highest importance to this Country"

Labrador
Moravian missionaries upset about "the injury [nearby Europeans] would do to our baptized Esquimaux" drawn to "their uncontrouled behaviour"

"Esquimaux[...]are not all so firmly rooted[...]in the faith, that they might not[...]enter into some of the ways of the heathen when left to themselves"

Cape Breton Island
"The Island of Cape Breton is replete with natural advantages far exceeding any other British settlement in North America"

Names of residents with property qualification for grand or petit jury will go on individual slips of paper to be drawn when needed for jury duty

Man fathering child with woman he is not married to must provide support or face fine or jail, and any woman making false claim faces whipping

Hudson's Bay Company
Churchill post blacksmith found walking in snow complains "of great lowness of Spirits" and "having but little sleep for 14 nights"

Gardens at Churchill post produce 6¾ tons of "excellent" turnips and 6-700 small but "very fine quality" cabbages

Elsewhere
Chief Maquinna's anger at insults from captain of British trading ship in Nootka Sound leads to his revenge on crew (Note: "savages" used)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1803 in Canada


text:
List of aircraft of Canada's air forces

This is a list of aircraft of Canada's air forces.

Aircraft are listed for the following organizations: This list only includes aircraft owned by the Canadian government, and excludes aircraft flown by Canadian pilots serving with the Royal Flying Corps, Royal Flying Corps Canada or Royal Air Force, including the Article XV squadrons.
 * Canadian Aviation Corps (1914–1915) which operated a single Burgess-Dunne tailless floatplane
 * Canadian Air Force (CAF) (1920–1924) while under the control of the Air Board.
 * Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) (1924–1968) until amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Army to form a unified Canadian Forces.
 * Canadian Forces (CAF/CF) (1968–2011) until Canadian Forces Air Command renamed Royal Canadian Air Force again
 * Royal Canadian Air Force (2011–current)

From 1917 to November 1918 the British government funded and operated the Royal Flying Corps Canada (later Royal Air Force Canada) which trained aviators on the approximately 1,210 Curtiss Canucks built in Canada, 120 Curtiss JN-4s built in the US, as well as two Avro 504s and one Airco DH.6 built in Canada.

In 1918 the Canadian government formed the Canadian Air Force in Europe which consisted of two wings integrated into the normal Royal Air Force command structure, equipped with Sopwith Dolphins, Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5as and Airco DH.9As supplied and owned by the RAF. It was disbanded in 1920. When the war ended some of these same types were offered to Canada as a part of the Imperial Gift, along with a batch of Fokker D.VIIs captured from Germany, which aside from some illicit flights were relegated primarily to storage and use as instructional airframes.

Independently of the RCAF, the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) also operated aircraft; upon unification, CAF/CF assumed operational responsibility for all remaining RCN Canadair CT-133 Silver Star, Grumman CS2F Tracker, Sikorsky HO4S-3, and Sikorsky CHSS-2 Sea King aircraft.

Designations
During the First World War no official standards existed for the naming of aircraft and so all designations at this time were assigned by the original manufacturer and both numbers and names were used. From 1918, aircraft were given names based on a set of rules, and individual variants designated numerically as mark I, mark II, etc. as per RAF practice, including aircraft purchased from American sources. For more information on specifics of the system, see British military aircraft designation systems. Aircraft purchased from local sources often retained their original commercial names such as with the Barkley-Grow T8P-1 or the Waco AQC-6, particularly if purchased in small numbers, impressed or not purchased from the original manufacturer. CF-100 and CF-105 were Avro Canada company designations that preceded similar RCAF designations that became the basis for the Canadian Forces designations instituted in February 1968. Unlike the US designation system, there is only a single sequence rather than separate sequences for each role, and numbering started at 100, prefixed with C (for Canada) and a role letter or letters. According to R. W. Walker. 102 and 103 were not used in the CF system to avoid confusion with Avro's use of those numbers for the cancelled Avro Canada C-102 Jetliner and the Avro Canada CF-103 interceptor project.

title: List of aircraft of Canada's air forces


text:
1802 in Canada

Events from the year 1802 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 3rd
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 3rd

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Morice Pole
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * The Tlingit start resisting Russian incursions into their territory.
 * First Nations massacre Russians at Old Sitka; only a few survive.
 * Alexander Mackenzie is knighted for his efforts in 1802 and becomes a member of the XY Company.
 * Saint Mary's University is founded at Halifax.

Births

 * January 9 – Catharine Parr Traill, writer (d.1899)
 * March 4 – Samuel Harrison, farmer, lawyer, mill owner, politician, judge and 1st Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (d.1867)
 * May 2 – Étienne Parent, journalist (d.1874)
 * July 9 – Edmond Baird, cabinet-maker and upholsterer (d.1859)
 * October 31 – Charles Dickson Archibald, lawyer, businessman and politician (d.1868)

Full date unknown

 * Henry Sherwood, lawyer, local politician and 4th Premier of Canada West (d.1855)

Deaths

 * April 3 – Philippe-François de Rastel de Rocheblave, soldier, businessman and political figure in Lower Canada (b. 1727)

Historical documents
War with France, Spain and Batavia is over following U.K.'s ratification of Definitive Treaty of Peace

U.S.A. is to pay U.K. £600,000 for benefit of British claimants of debts owed them from before American Revolution

"Missionary" tells "Indian" "[we] know much more of that Great Power above than you in your present State of Ignorance can possibly do"

Lower Canada
Hemp committee for District of Quebec publishes extensive instructions for growing hemp, saying it "is not so difficult as is imagined"

Montrealers petition Assembly over problems with "Apprentices, Journeymen and Servants" taking advantage of various benefits then leaving prematurely

"Several attempts to break open shops and cellars, a thing so unusual in this Country, are said to have been made"

New bilingual weekly British-American Register is to "instill into the minds of individuals sound Principles, a love of learning, of order and propriety"

"Choir of the [new] English Metropolitan Church" of Quebec City wants 12 boys and 8 young men who "will be taught singing by note gratis"

Upper Canada
Lease 200 acres of crown and clergy reserve land for 21 years at 10/- or 3 bushels wheat per year for first 7 years and higher for later 7-year periods

Nova Scotia
Author compiles opinions on "Negro Slavery" because its legality "has long occupied the attention both of the learned and unlearned among us"

Slave owner bequeaths to family enslaved "Negro Woman," "Prince," "Diana," "Jack," "Samuel," "James" and "Cloe" (last 4 valued at 90 (pounds?))

Funds needed by King's College for "an useful and extensive Library[...]highly conducive to the Success and Prosperity of this infant University"

New Brunswick
Member Ward Chipman finds Legislative Assembly disabled by members "as ignorant, as abandoned and wicked, [as should never] be again chosen"

With so many in Europe coming to Nova Scotia and Lower and Upper Canada, New Brunswick needs to state its qualities and "use[...]to the Empire"

Males 16–50 (except Quakers) must enroll in militia and muster with musket or fuzee, bayonet, cartouch box, 1 lb. gunpowder and 2 lbs. bullets

Queensbury Parish includes "a number of Poor People[...]desirous of giving their Children a small Share of Learning" and seeking Assembly's help

As prosecutor in court-martial, Edward Winslow is instructed by Lt. Gov. Carleton to "not only be firm and decisive, but [also] temperate and discreet"

British immigrant, though "farming for Maintenance to his family," owns under 1 acre and petitions for 150 acres between Maquapit and Grand Lake

Hudson's Bay Company
Abitibi House says its "lavishness of Spiritous Liquors (the chief article that gains the Natives affection) is nothing" compared with Canadians' supply

With "Mr. Best being constantly in Liquor," parcels containing "Liquor and Wine" are missing at Osnaburgh House; "Mr. Best must go home next Year"

"Capt'n. Monk and all his Gang [of Indigenous people] have been in much distress, the half of them are sick and[...]unable to hunt a long time"

Returning from Henley House, Fort Albany men bring "fine Wood for Boat building, fine Elm heels for Battaux, and a quantity of Ash for Floor timbers"

After forcing its way through Hudson Bay ice, bow of brig sailing to Churchill is lifted by rope running from masthead to pack ice to repair damage

Brig on Hudson Bay is struck by lightning, starting fire in cabin and hold and knocking men down - unhurt but "felt as if they had been Electrified"

Elsewhere
Church of England liturgy is "the fixed Form of Worship" in Prince Edward Island, but "dissenting [Protestants] shall have free Liberty of Conscience"

U.S. population is 5,172,000, with about 40% living in Virginia, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts; enslaved in those states: 347,000, 1,600 and none

Thomas Jefferson hears Alexander Mackenzie is going to "North West Country [with smallpox] Vaccine Virus for the benefit of the unfortunate natives"

Of 161 Moravian missionaries who are stationed in various places, 25 are in Labrador (in 3 settlements)

title: 1802 in Canada


text:
Boquerón, Paraguay

Boquerón is a department in the western region of Paraguay. It is the country's largest department, with an area of 91669 km2, but, according to the statistics for 2021 by INE, its population is only 68,080, being the second least populated department. The department includes the Russian Mennonite colonies of Fernheim, Menno and its administrative center Loma Plata and Neuland. The capital is Filadelfia. Other towns are General Eugenio A. Garay, Doctor Pedro P. Peña and Mariscal Estigarribia.

In 1945 Boquerón was split, with the northern portion separated off being renamed "Chaco". The reduced remaining area continued to be called "Boquerón", and the department's capital was moved to Filadelfia (the previous capital had been Doctor Pedro P. Peña). However, in 1992 the previous department Chaco was re-integrated into Boquerón, effectively re-forming the department as of 1945 when it was split, except that after 1992 the enlarged department's capital remained at Filadelfia.

Geography
Boquerón Department is located in the Occidental Region of Paraguay, between the southern parallels 20° 06' and 23° 50' of latitude, and the western meridians 50° 20' and 62° 40' of longitude. It is the largest department of Paraguay, with an area of 91669 km2, slightly larger than Hungary or the province of South Sumatra.

Adjacent territories
North: Alto Paraguay Department, separated by an arbitrary straight line that goes from Hito IV Fort Tte. G. Mendoza to Fort Madrejón; and also by a railway from "km 220" to "km 160".

South: Argentina, separated by the Pilcomayo River, from Misión San Lorenzo to Hito I Esmeralda.

East: Presidente Hayes Department, separated by the road that connects Misión San Lorenzo with Fort Gral. Díaz, Ávalos Sánchez, Zenteno, Dr. Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Boquerón, Isla Po'í and Casanillo; and from this point, by an imaginary straight line until "km 160". It also borders Alto Paraguay Department, separated from it by a straight imaginary line from Fort Madrejón to Fort Carlos Antonio López and from there by another line to Fort Montanía.

West: Bolivia, separated by an imaginary line from Hito I Esmeralda until Hito IV Fort Tte. Gabino Mendoza.

Natural environment and climate
This is the most arid region of Paraguay; it has some small streams, but with dry riverbeds. The climate is in the transition between a warm semi-arid climate, a tropical savanna climate and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification BSh, Aw and Cfa) The rain is scarce during the dry season, but during the wet season it can cause flash floods. The average annual rainfall is about 350 mm a year in the north of the department and 850 mm a year in the south. On 14 November 2009, Pratts Gill, a small town in the Boquerón Department, recorded a temperature of 45.0 C. This is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Paraguay.

The trees in the area are short and thorny; there are brushwood and cactus, dunes and small hills, especially in the north of the department. Some species of trees in this region are endangered: the urunde'y, white and red quebracho, samu'u also known as palo borracho and palo santo.

Demographics
Boquerón presently has the fastest rate of population growth, about 12.4% annually. This department is characterized by its native population, the Mennonites, the Paraguayans, the Brazilians and other foreign residents in the country.

The National Census in 2002 registered 45,617 people living in Boquerón, mostly Native Americans (19,945, or 43.7%, distributed in the following ethnic groups: Nivaclé, Manjui, Guarayos, Angaité, Ayoreos, Guaraní-Ñandéva, Tapieté and Toba-Maskóy). The majority of Paraguay's native population lives in this department.

Population
The total Native population of the country is 87,099. The quantity in Chaco is 42,939. The total Boquerón population is 45,617, 19,945 of which are natives. Growth of the total population in Boquerón is 4.6% and in the Urban area alone is 12.4%.
 * Filadelfia: 7,750
 * Loma Plata: 6,500
 * Yalve Sanga: 4,200
 * Mariscal Estigarribia: 2,000
 * Neu-Halbstadt: 720
 * Choferes del Chaco: 600

District and departmental governments
The department is divided in 6 districts:
 * 1) Filadelfia
 * 2) Loma Plata
 * 3) Mariscal Estigarribia
 * 4) General Eugenio A. Garay
 * 5) Doctor Pedro P. Peña
 * 6) Neuland

Boquerón had only one district since December 18, 1944. In December 2006, Loma Plata and Filadelfia were added, and this last became the new capital of the department by Law 71/92. Boquerón now has 4 members and 40 councilors in the executive government. It is expected Neuland Colony will become a new district in the future. Most recently, a few new districts were added, which consist of the following: General E. A. Garay, Doctor P. P. Peña and Neuland.

The current governor of the department is David Sawatzky. The mayor of Mariscal Estigarribia is Eladio Alcaraz, the mayor of Filadelfia is Hermann Ratzlaff and the mayor of Loma Plata is Ernst Giesbrecht.

The government of the department administers two high schools, one agricultural school, a hospital and the Hydrological Resources Director (DRH for its initials in Spanish), that belongs to the Agriculture and Cattle Ministry. It has a Health and Education Secretary, a Natural Environment Secretary, a Secretary for Native-American Related Affairs, Public Construction, Women Related Affairs, Childhood and Youth Secretaries.

Education
The department has 160 educational institutions with 9,000 students and more than 450 teachers. These numbers include the private institutions and the one that provides professional skills education. Literacy instruction reaches 80%, according to the Census of 2002.

Distance is the main challenge for both students and teachers; it can be difficult to get to the educational institutions, leading people to drop out of school. There are some marginal areas with well-defined curricular norms set by the Occidental Region, but there are not enough teachers for the classes.

The total registered students is 8,932: 6,689 in elementary school and 2,243 in high school in a total of 103 schools. There are 384 registered teachers.

The literate population of 15 years and more is 21,482.

Health
This department has 4 private hospitals. The 17th Health Region, assisted by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Wellbeing, has a regional hospital in Mariscal Estigarribia. The government supports the Maternal and Childhood Center in Villa Choferes del Chaco. More than half of the population is in Filadelfia, Loma Plata, Yalve Sanga and Colonia Neuland.

The natives receive health care from the private sector. Some of them have Social Security, but not all. In this department are 23 health centers, which have 8.8 beds per 10,000 inhabitants.

Mennonites have private medical insurance and are well-organized in that sector. The health system is a basic necessity and is the one that needs more attention, considering that 22% of the population in the area lives in poverty.

Economy
Cattle ranches and dairy farms generate the greatest share of the income, with the dairy products and meat being exported. There are 4,500 owners of 900,000 cows. The area's daily dairy production is about 450,000 to 500,000 liters of milk; this forms 70% of the industry in the Central Chaco.

Leatherworking is a considerable portion of the local economy, with saddles and shoes the main products. In agriculture, the common products are: bananas, lemons, sweet and sour oranges, tangerines, beans, sweet potatoes, onions, pumpkins, corn, peanuts and sorghum.

Communications
Boquerón has 120 kilometers of paved roads, but also many that are not paved, which makes travel difficult in the rainy and dry seasons.

Traveling to and within Boquerón can be difficult. Logistical planning is often necessary, including taking drinking water, food, enough fuel, and an emergency kit.

The Mennonites in the area often perform their own road maintenance on approximately 3,800 kilometers of road every year. They also know the region very well.

The Mariscal Estigarribia district has an airport used by all kinds of planes.

In some districts, modern technology such as television, internet and cell phones are available. Nevertheless, there are places where communication is impossible because of the characteristics of the land. In addition most of the Ayoreo natives who still live in the interior have not yet adapted to civilization.

Radio stations serve a fundamental role as a means of communication. La Voz del Chaco Paraguayo AM, broadcasts to the entire Occidental Region, reaching places where communication is usually difficult.

There is another radio station, Radio Médano, which broadcasts in FM.

There are two community radio stations: one in Mariscal Estigarribia and another in Doctor Pedro P. Peña.

Tourism
Rural and ecological tourism has become very popular in the Central Chaco, where people can witness the life and process of adaptation of the colonial immigrants. Many tourists and students visit the native villages and colonies that are dedicate to cattle and some other industries; most of them leave very pleased by the experience.

The Boquerón, Toledo and Isla Po'í forts are very popular; in these places, traces remain of the Chaco War, an important part of Paraguayan history.

Symbols
Boquerón has a flag and badge. The musical theme Chaco Boreal is the anthem of the department. These symbols were presented in public on September 29, 1995, in Fort Toledo, in the presence of 200 students of the area.

title: Boquerón, Paraguay


text:
Marcelo Ríos

Marcelo Andrés Ríos Mayorga (born 26 December 1975) is a Chilean former world No. 1 tennis player. He became the first Latin American player to reach the top position on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles rankings in March 1998, holding the spot for six weeks. He also held the top ranking in juniors. At 1.75m, Ríos is the shortest man to hold the number 1 ranking in men's tennis.

Ríos was the first player to win all three clay-court Masters Series tournaments (Monte Carlo, Rome, and Hamburg) since the format began in 1990. He was also the third man in history (after Michael Chang and Pete Sampras) to complete the Sunshine Double (winning Indian Wells and Miami Masters in one year), which he achieved in 1998. Despite winning those five Masters titles, Ríos is also the only man in the Open Era to have been world No. 1 without ever winning a Grand Slam singles tournament. His best major result was as runner-up at the 1998 Australian Open, losing to Petr Korda in straight sets.

Ríos retired early from professional tennis in July 2004, after being overtaken by a back injury. He played his last ATP Tour level tournament while only 27 years old at the 2003 French Open.

Tennis career
Ríos turned professional in 1994 and finished 1997, 1998, and 1999 as a top-ten player. Ríos won a total of 18 top-level singles titles and one top-level doubles title during his career.

Early years
Ríos began playing tennis at the age of 11 at the Sport Francés golf club in Vitacura (Greater Santiago), adjacent to his house.

Junior career
As a junior, Ríos reached as high as No. 1 in singles and No. 141 in doubles.

Ríos reached the semifinals of the junior French Open in 1993 without dropping a set, where he was defeated by Roberto Carretero-Diaz in straight sets, and won the junior US Open in 1993 while only dropping one set during the entire tournament. He also won his first Satellite tournament in Chile.

1994: Turned Professional
This was Ríos' first year as a professional player, and he quickly began to acquire international fame after his participation at Roland Garros, where, at just 18 years of age, he faced Pete Sampras in the second round, fighting a hard battle before eventually losing 6–7, 6–7, 4–6. His left-handed ability, plus his novel long hair and backwards visor, drew the attention of the media. The same year he won his first Challenger in Dresden, Germany.

1995: Breakthrough
In May 1995, aged 19, Ríos won his first tournament title in Bologna defeating Marcelo Filippini of Uruguay 6–2, 6–4, and breaking into the world's top 50 for the first time. Then in June, he won at Amsterdam in both singles (against Jan Siemerink, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4) and doubles (with Sjeng Schalken) and won the tournament in Kuala Lumpur against Mark Philippoussis 7–6, 6–2. He also reached the final of his home country's ATP tournament in Santiago. Ríos ended the year ranked No. 25 in the world.

1996: Top 10 debut
His achievements this year included excellent performances in the Masters Series (then called Super 9) tournaments. He reached the quarterfinals in Masters Series of Stuttgart and Rome, and the semifinals in Indian Wells, Monte Carlo, and Canada. In Sankt Pölten, Austria, he won his fourth career title by defeating the Spaniard Félix Mantilla 6–1, 6–4. Ríos again reached the final in Santiago, and also reached the finals in Barcelona and Scottsdale. For much of the year Ríos would be ranked in the top 10, becoming the first Chilean in history to do so. He finished the year ranked number 11.

1997: Impending dominance
In 1997 for the first time in Ríos' career he reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament at the Australian Open and again at the US Open. He also won his first Masters title at Monte Carlo; after a first round bye, he beat Andrea Gaudenzi, Albert Costa, Carlos Moyá, Magnus Larsson, and, in the final, Àlex Corretja, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3. Two weeks later, he lost in the final of the Rome Masters against the same Spaniard. Other successes for the year included the quarterfinals (again) in the Stuttgart Masters and the finals in Marseille, Boston, and (for the third time) in Santiago. Ríos had a very consistent 1997 season, being the only player to reach the fourth round or better on all Grand Slams. Ríos went as high as No. 6 during the year, and ended the year in the top ten for the first time, being No. 10.

1998: World No. 1 in singles, first Grand Slam final
The year 1998 brought the peak of his career, when he reached the No. 1 spot in the world. He won the tournament (the first of the year) in Auckland, New Zealand, against Richard Fromberg, then reached the final of the Australian Open, beating Grant Stafford, Thomas Enqvist, Andrew Ilie, Lionel Roux, Alberto Berasategui and Nicolas Escudé before losing to Petr Korda in a lopsided 2–6, 2–6, 2–6 that lasted 1 hour and 25 minutes. The following months brought successes such as the title of the Super 9 (the current Masters Series) at Indian Wells, where he defeated British Greg Rusedski in the final.

The consummation came in the final at Key Biscayne, Florida, under the guidance of his coach Larry Stefanki. After victories over Hendrik Dreekmann, Tommy Haas, and Goran Ivanišević, Ríos beat Thomas Enqvist in the quarterfinals and Tim Henman in the semifinals. In the final on 29 March, Ríos defeated Andre Agassi 7–5, 6–3, 6–4. In Chile, thousands of people took to the streets to celebrate the triumph of the first Chilean, Latin and indeed Spanish speaking player to reach the sport's No. 1 ranking, grabbing the position from Pete Sampras (who had maintained 102 consecutive weeks at No. 1, and five years ending the season as the leader). In the days ahead, there was a crowded reception leading Ríos to then president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle on La Moneda Palace, with around 10,000 people cheering at the palace's surroundings. Ríos' No. 1 ranking lasted four weeks; he lost it after being unable to defend the title at Monte Carlo because of an injury suffered in the Davis Cup while defeating Hernán Gumy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In May, he reached the quarterfinals of the French Open losing to eventual champion Carlos Moyá.

In June, at Wimbledon, Ríos was upset in the first round by Francisco Clavet. However, on 10 August, Ríos regained the No. 1 spot for another two weeks. In September, he lost at third round of the US Open to Magnus Larsson. During this season, Ríos also won the Rome Masters against Albert Costa, who withdrew from the final, Sankt Pölten by defeating Vincent Spadea, the Grand Slam Cup against Andre Agassi, and Singapore by defeating Mark Woodforde. Furthermore, he reached the quarterfinals of the Stuttgart Masters and Paris Masters. In 1998, Ríos won seven titles, including three Masters Series titles, and reached the final of the Australian Open. On 27 July of that year, he reached the maximum number of points achieved throughout his career: 3719 (according to the scoring system used prior to the year 2000). He ended the year ranked No. 2 behind Pete Sampras, who topped the world rankings for a sixth consecutive year.

1999: Continued success and beginning of injuries
Ríos maintained a high level throughout 1999, although his game was interrupted by repeated injuries and surgeries. This prevented him from defending the points achieved by reaching the final of the Australian Open the previous year, so he fell several places in the rankings. He reached the final of the Monte Carlo Masters, but after trailing 4–6, 1–2, he had to retire due to a new injury, handing the tournament to Gustavo Kuerten. Ríos subsequently won the Hamburg Masters in a match that lasted more than four hours against Mariano Zabaleta; two weeks later he became champion in Sankt Pölten for the second consecutive time against the same Argentine, who, this time, had to retire during the first set at 4–4. In October, he won at Singapore and reached the final in Beijing, losing to Magnus Norman. He also reached the quarterfinals at Roland Garros and the Stuttgart Masters. Despite many injuries he suffered and surgeries he underwent, Ríos would complete his third consecutive year as a top-ten player, at world No. 9.

2000: Persistent injuries
Since 2000 until the end of Ríos' career on the main tour, he was not able to keep up his level of play to the standards he set in the previous decade, as it was marked by repeated and disabling injuries. He still won the tournament of Umag, Croatia beating the Argentine Mariano Puerta in the final. He also reached the semifinals at the Hamburg Masters losing to Marat Safin. Ríos finished the year No. 37 in the world.

2001–2002: Decline
In 2001, Ríos won the first tournament of the year in Doha. However, his performance in the following tournaments was weaker, weakened by an ankle operation, which resulted in him dropping out of the top 50 in the world for the first time since he was a teenager. In September, Ríos won another title, this time in Hong Kong, defeating Rainer Schüttler in the final. Ríos decided to return in October to play a Challenger event in Santiago in an effort to end his curse of not winning an ATP tournament in his home country. He won the title, beating Edgardo Massa in the final. He also reached a doubles final in Scottsdale. Ríos ended the year as No. 39 in the world.

In early 2002, Ríos had some good results, but a back injury prevented him from continuing the season successfully. It was the same injury that he had already had two operations on, and finally prevented him from returning to a competitive level. His best results were the quarterfinals at the Australian Open, the semifinals at the Miami Masters, and the final in the Stockholm tournament playing the Paradorn Srichaphan. Ríos would finish in the top 25 in the world for the first time since 1999 at No. 24, but without managing to recover from the injuries that beset him since late 1999.

2003: Long absence from tour and out of top 100
Ríos reached the final of the Viña del Mar tournament (formerly the Santiago tournament) but lost to Spaniard David Sánchez. This was the fourth final he has reached and lost in his home country but failed to win. However, representing Chile alongside Fernando González and Nicolás Massú, he won the World Team Cup in Düsseldorf. In the same year, he also won silver medals in singles and doubles with Adrián García in the 2003 Pan American Games. In May, Ríos played his last ATP-level match, losing in the first round of Roland Garros to Mario Ančić and retiring at 1–6, 0–1. In 2003, Ríos played in very few tournaments, most of which he had to withdraw from due to injuries. As a result, he ended the year at No. 105 in the world, his worst year-end ranking on the main tour yet.

2004: Retirement from main tour
In 2004, six years after claiming the world No. 1 ranking, and after a long absence from the tour, Ríos returned to competition with a victory at a Challenger Series tournament in Ecuador. He played his last competitive match in early April 2004 at a Challenger in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, where he retired in the round of 16.

Finally, on 16 July 2004, after years of constant injuries—and at just 28 years old—Ríos announced his retirement from tennis during a press conference in Santiago. He organized a farewell tour across his home country, travelling through several cities, meeting with fans, offering tennis clinics, and playing friendly matches with international and local tennis players such as Petr Korda and Goran Ivanišević. The tour ended on 22 December 2004, at a soccer stadium in Santiago, where he played his final tennis match of his career on the main tour against Guillermo Coria.

2015: ITF probe request
In 2015, it was announced that the Chile Tennis Federation and Ríos himself were to request a probe by the International Tennis Federation into his 1998 Australian Open final opponent Petr Korda's possible doping activity during the tournament.

2018: Desire for a comeback
Following successful elbow surgery in November 2018, Ríos announced a comeback as part of his desire to become the oldest ever winner of a Challenger tournament, though his plans ultimately did not come to fruition.

On 21 December 2018, Ríos defeated Nicolás Lapentti 6–4, 5–7, [11–9] in an exhibition in Chile.

2006
On 29 March 2006, Ríos, aged 30, debuted on the ATP Champions Tour, a tour for former tour players, having met the requirement of at least two years after retirement. At his first tournament on the tour in Doha, Qatar, he defeated Thomas Muster, Henri Leconte, Pat Cash, and Cédric Pioline to claim the title. The following week he repeated, this time winning the crown in Hong Kong, where he won the final against Muster. Ríos won six tournaments in a row, adding Algarve, Graz, Paris and Eindhoven to the above. His inclusion on the senior circuit caused mild controversy, as he was significantly younger than many of his fellow competitors. He ended the year as No. 1, winning a total of six tournaments and holding a winning streak of 25 matches, achieving the record of being the only player in history to be No. 1 in the world as a junior, professional and veteran.

2007
Ríos did not take part at the Champions Tour in 2007.

He actually intended to return to the ATP Tour in February at the Viña del Mar tournament (Movistar Open), but he defaulted because of the same back injury that made him retire from the tour.

On 30 March 2007, Ríos played an exhibition match in the Movistar Arena against Andre Agassi, both as a way to commemorate the match where Ríos rose to world No. 1 and as a way of having the American play in Chile.

2008
In 2008, Ríos came back to veteran's tour where he won the tournaments in Barcelona and Algarve. On 22 June 2008, he was defeated by Pete Sampras in the final of a seniors tournament in São Paulo, Brazil. Ríos ended the year as No. 3 in the veteran's world rankings.

On 24 June 2008, Ríos defeated Sampras in an exhibition match that commemorated the 10-year anniversary of having reached the No. 1 ranking in the world.

Personal life
Ríos was born in Santiago, Chile to Jorge Ríos Jarvis, an engineer and businessman, and Alicia Mayorga, a teacher. He has an older sister, Paula.

Ríos met the 14-year-old Costa Rican Giuliana Sotela in September 1998 while he was training at the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in Florida. Ríos and Sotela got married in December 2000 in Santiago. They have a daughter, Constanza, who was born in June 2001. In March 2004, the marriage ended in divorce, which legally took place in Costa Rica, as Chile did not allow married couples the right of divorce until November 2004. During 2004, Ríos worked as a sports commentator for a radio station in Chile.

In April 2005, Ríos married model María Eugenia "Kenita" Larraín, a former fiancée of football player Iván Zamorano. The couple subsequently experienced a very public break-up in September of the same year after an incident in Costa Rica in which Larraín was injured when Ríos allegedly threw her out of his car while he was driving to visit his daughter. Ríos claimed that marrying Larraín was "the biggest mistake of my life." Ríos had previously been in a relationship with Larraín's cousin, Patricia Larraín, from 1995 to 1998.

In May 2008, Ríos married Paula Pavic. They have five children together, daughter Isidora (born December 2008), daughter Colomba (born June 2010), and also triplets, which are a son named Marcelo jr. and two daughters named Antonella and Agustina (all born December 2011). Ríos and Pavic divorced in 2023.

In March 2008, on the tenth anniversary of Ríos reaching the No. 1 ranking, journalist Nelson Flores published a book in Spanish titled El extraño del pelo largo (The strange man with long hair), recounting his experiences following the player from his junior days up to his ascent to the top of the ATP singles ranking.

In May 2014, Ríos said in an interview with El Mercurio that he could have Asperger's syndrome. On 17 November 2016, he confirmed in an interview with Chilevisión that he was diagnosed with Asperger's twice in his life, as a child and during a Davis Cup tie, but he did not care that much until the 2014 interview.

He relocated his family to Sarasota, Florida, in late 2018, according to the website tennis-prose.com.

Controversies
Ríos' career was marked by a number of controversies.
 * In 1998, he fired his coach Larry Stefanki shortly after he became world No. 1, claiming that he wanted to go in a different direction.
 * After achieving number one in singles, an Argentine reporter asked him what it felt like to be at the same status as Guillermo Vilas; he answered, "I've been compared to Vilas for a while now. I do not know him. All I know is that he was No. 2, and I'm No. 1."
 * He was fined US$10,000 for speeding during the 1998 Stuttgart Indoor tournament.
 * In a confusing incident, he ran over his physical trainer, Manuel Astorga, in his jeep, causing serious foot injuries. Astorga was later fired as trainer.
 * After a magazine published some photos of him dancing seductively with a woman at a Paris disco, his girlfriend (later to be his first wife), Giuliana Sotela, broke up with him. During a Davis Cup press conference, Ríos read a letter, asking Sotela for forgiveness. He ended the press conference in tears.
 * He was accused by his second wife, María Eugenia Larraín, of throwing her out of his car while driving to visit his daughter in Costa Rica. Larraín arrived at Santiago's airport in a dramatic fashion, in a wheelchair, and showing multiple bruises on her legs. He claimed that the bruises were not caused by him but were from a skiing accident.
 * He was disqualified from the 2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup tennis tournament in Los Angeles, California during a first-round match with Gouichi Motomura of Japan and fined US$5,000 for saying "fuck you" to the chair umpire.
 * He was arrested in Rome in 2001 after he punched a taxi driver on the nose and then had a fight with the policemen arresting him.
 * In 2003, while training for a Davis Cup tie with Ecuador, he allegedly urinated on some men in a La Serena bar's bathroom and was later expelled from his hotel after being accused of swimming nude. As a consequence, the Chilean team missed a flight to Ecuador the following day. He later apologized for the incidents.
 * In 2003, he and a friend were expelled from a Santiago bar after insulting other clients and being involved in a brawl with some waiters. Both were arrested and later released.
 * In 2018, Rios was fined $2,500 by the ITF after refusing to be interviewed in his then duty as an assistant to the Chilean Davis Cup team, and instead insulting journalists during a Davis Cup tie vs. Ecuador. He responded to the questions with: "As my personal friend Diego Maradona says, I never speak to reporters as you can all suck it."
 * In 2021, during an Instagram livestream, he accused Pamela Jiles, a Chilean deputy, of having tried to rape him as a 14-year-old, claiming that she had attempted to "take a shower" with him after an interview.

Singles performance timeline
''Davis Cup matches are included in the statistics. Walkovers are neither official wins nor official losses.''

1''At the 1998 ATP Tour World Championships (Tennis Masters Cup), Ríos withdrew at round robin stage after playing the first match. He was replaced by then world No. 11 Greg Rusedski.''

2At the 1998 Eurocard Open (Stuttgart Masters), Ríos withdrew prior to quarterfinals.

3At the 2001 Monte Carlo Masters, Ríos withdrew prior to second round.

Records

 * Ríos has the record for being the only player in history to have been world No. 1 as a junior, as a professional and as a senior
 * He was the first Latin American to reach the world No. 1 ranking, first achieved on 30 March 1998
 * He was the first player to win all three clay-court ATP Masters Series since the format started in 1990
 * He is the only ATP-ranked No. 1 player not to win a Grand Slam title

title: Marcelo Ríos


text:
1804 in Canada

Events from the year 1804 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 3rd (until June 13)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 3rd (until March 9)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Erasmus Gower
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Edmund Fanning then Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres

Events

 * October 8 – HMS Speedy (1798) sinks during a snowstorm.
 * David Thompson works in Peace River country.
 * Lewis and Clark start up the Missouri River.
 * Merger of the North West Company and XY Fur Companies. The XY Company is absorbed by the North West Company.
 * 1,400 American ships are fishing off Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
 * The earliest Fraktur paintings appear in Lincoln County, Upper Canada.
 * Russians return to Sitka and attack Kiksadi fort on Indian River. Russians lose the battle, but Natives are forced to flee. Baranov re-establishes trading post.
 * Locks are placed at Coteau, the Cascades and at Long Sault.

Full date unknown

 * McTavish Column completed

Births

 * February 29 – Antoine Plamondon, artist (d.1895)
 * May 12 – Robert Baldwin, politician (d.1858)
 * December 13 – Joseph Howe, Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1873)

Deaths

 * July 6 – Simon McTavish, fur trader and dealer in furs, militia officer, office holder, landowner, seigneur, and businessman (b.1750)

Historical documents
In France "no tyrant could ever be so cruel in his own name as in that of 'the people;' [we see the greatest impostor] throw away the last of his masks"

"No two countries in the world, at this moment, feel a more natural inclination to remain at peace with each other than Great Britain and America"

Map: northern North America with "areas of Native American habitation, some major settlements, and coastal configuration of major waterways"

With order that military provisions be product of North American colonies, commissary calls for proposals for supplying flour, pork and pease

New women's biographical dictionary briefly mentions Frances Brooke's novel Emily Montague, considered first novel written in Canada Glass dress satisfies "lover's eye with the sight of charms hitherto invisible" yet protects from "wind and weather" - satire of sheer fabric in dresses

Lower Canada
Sermon claims "the present war is not merely [about] a right to certain extent of territory [but] a contest between civil order and confusion"

"The greatest attention must be given to the marching, which is the fundamental and essential part of military instruction" - militia manual

Bishop consecrates new Anglican cathedral in Quebec City before lieutenant governor "and many respectable persons of the Congregation"

After failures, Gaspé JP experiments on children to show neighbours that cowpox inoculation protects against smallpox, and then treats newborns

Death notice for Simon McTavish notes "His talents and exertions had secured him fortune [and he was] a man of a generous and dignified character"

People suggesting James Wolfe epitaph "wish'd it not to reflect on the nation he opposed [because] this might not only hurt feelings" but be inelegant

Defence of missionary Clark Bentom against prosecution for practicing as clergyman without authorization

"From Quebec to Montreal [are] beautiful landscapes, the banks being in many places very bold and steep, and shaded with lofty trees"

"A Course of Chemistry, in eighteen Lectures, will commence at Doctor Blanchet's;" admission: ½ guinea each

School will prepare "Young Men, in the shortest time, for the Counting house and business in general" (with free classes evenings and Sundays)

School for young ladies will teach "French and English grammatically with Plain and Muslin Work" and writing, arithmetic, geography, arts etc.

Alterations to building near Hope Gate, Quebec City will complete Patagonian Theatre, which will open with opera "The Castle of Andalusia"

"The Excellent Comedy of "Speed the Plough"[...]is to be presented on Tuesday evening for the benefit of the Poor"

Upper Canada
"Persons of respectability" (including solicitor general, judge and members of legislature) are assumed lost with schooner on Lake Ontario

Newcomers may be arrested "to protect His Majesty's subjects[...]from the insidious attempts or designs of evil minded and seditious persons"

John Norton's translation of Gospel of John into Kanien'keha has English version on opposite pages

Woman convicted for keeping "disorderly house for reception of loose, vicious and lewd persons" gets 6 months in jail, including 4 hours in pillory

Nova Scotia
"'Tis not the province of unqualified individuals to inquire whether any act of power be abusive or not; [...]simple obedience is their indispensable duty"

Simeon Perkins' schooner uninsured because he had agent seek insurance at 7–8% premium at most when French privateers make 15% lowest rate

"The country swarms with Anabaptist + Methodist preachers," some backed by man with status one would assume favoured established church

Wanting his children educated, Perkins puts his daughter in school to "give the others an Opportunity to gain Something from her to advantage"

New Brunswick
"Enormity of their Ignorance" and "Poor distressed and discontented" state mean more Indigenous people's schooling needed (note: "savages" used)

Men walk to Quebec City (including 300 miles on snowshoes) where, despite uncooperative officials, they recruit 100 men for military service

Labrador
"Fire from the Lord" begins in Hopedale and spreads through Labrador Inuit, causing them to more genuinely accept missionaries' teachings

Missionaries urge Inuit to love, know and "devote themselves to [Jesus] with soul and body as his blood-bought property"

Inuk writes that he has changed from being "bad" to turning "with my whole heart to Jesus" and feeling "His forgiveness is my only comfort"

Elsewhere
Profile of agricultural and other resources of Prince Edward Island includes one property for sale there -			Country from Lake Superior "to the Stony or Chipewan mountains" has cold of Siberia, and wells are impracticable because land is frozen year-round

Fort Albany staff barely contain fire spread by sparks from chimney of large "Mens" fireplace, which is pulled down afterward and replaced with stove

title: 1804 in Canada


text:
Yakuts

The Yakuts or Sakha (саха, saxa; plural: сахалар, saxalar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to North Siberia, primarily the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts of the Krasnoyarsk region. They speak Yakut, which belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages.

Etymology
According to, the Russian word yakut was taken from the Evenki , while Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer claims the Russian word is actually a corruption from the Tungusic form. According to ethnographer Dávid Somfai, the Russian yakut derives from the Buryat yaqud, which is the plural form of the Buryat name for the Yakuts, yaqa. The Yakuts call themselves Sakha, or Urangai Sakha (Yakut: Уран Саха, Uran Sakha) in some old chronicles. All of these are derived from a word related to Turkish yaka (geographical edge, collar) referring to the Yakuts' remote position in Siberia.

Early scholarship
An early work on the Yakut ethnogenesis was drafted by the Russian Collegiate Assessors I. Evers and S. Gornovsky in the late 18th century. At an unspecified time in the past certain tribes resided around the western shore of the Aral Sea. These peoples later migrated eastward and settled near the Tunka Goltsy mountains of modern Buryatia. Pressure from the expansionist Mongolian Empire later made many of those around the Tunka Goltsy relocate to the Lena River. Several additional Altai-Sayan region tribes later arrived on the Lena to flee from the Mongols. The subsequent cultural melding that occurred between these incoming migrants eventually created the Yakuts. The Sagay Khakas of Abakan River were presented as the origin of the ethnonym Sakha by Evers and Gornovsky.

In the mid-19th century Nikolai S. Schukin wrote "A Trip to Yakutsk” based on his experiences visiting the area. He presented a somewhat different origin of the Yakuts based upon local oral histories. Groups of Khakas inhabiting the southern Yenisey watershed migrated north to the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River to the Lena Plateau and finally onward to the Lena River. Schukin is credited as introducing the concept of Yenisey Khakas as the ancestors of the Yakut into Russian historiography. The most authoritative account in support of the Yenisey origin hypothesis was written by Nikolai N. Kozmin in 1928. He concluded that some Khakas moved from the Yenisey to the Angara River due to difficulties in the regional economy. In the 12th century Buryats arrived at Lake Baikal and through military force pushed the Khakas to the Lena.

Lake Baikal
In 1893, Turkologist scholar Vasily Radlov connected the Kurykans or Gǔlìgān (骨利干) Tiele people from Chinese historical accounts with the Yakuts. They are mentioned as 7th-century tributaries of the Tang dynasty, reportedly living on the Angara and around Lake Baikal. Radlov hypothesized they were a mixture of Tungusic and Uyghur peoples and the forebears of the Yakut.

Khoro
The Khoro (Khorin, Khorolors) Yakut maintain their progenitor was Uluu Khoro, rather than Omogoy or Ellei. Scholarship has not definitively established their ancestral ethnic affiliations. Their homeland was somewhere in the south and called Khoro sire. When the Khorolors arrived in the Middle Lena remains uncertain, with scholars estimating from the first millennium to the 16th century AD.

Among scholars a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the Khoro Yakut originate from the Khori Buryat of Lake Baikal, and therefore spoke a Turko-Mongolic language. This is largely based on their similar ethnonyms. Proponents see the word Khoro as arising from the Tibetan word hor (ཧོར). For example, according to G. N. Runyanstev, during the 6th through 10th centuries CE the inhabitants of Lake Baikal were called Chor. Okladnikov guessed that Khoro sire was near China and adjacent to the X.

This premise is not universally accepted and has been challenged by some researchers. George de Roerich has argued that the word is based on the Chinese word hu (胡), a term used as general reference by the Chinese to refer to various Iranian or Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Central Asia. In contemporary Tibetan hor is used to describe any pastoralist "nomad of mixed origin" regardless of their ethnonym. After researching their origins, Ksenofontov concluded that while the Khorolors were "formed from parts of some alien tribe that mixed with the Yakuts", there was no compelling evidence connecting them with the Khori Buryat.

A more recent argument by Zoriktuev proposes that the Khorolors were originally Paleo-Asians from the Lower Amur River. In contrast to their Yakut relatives, Khoro folklore focuses largely on the Raven, with some tales about the Eagle as well. In the mid 18th century Lindenau noted the Khorolors focused their religious devotion on the Raven, who was alternatively referred to as “Our ancestor”, "Our deity", and “Our grandfather" by the Khorolors. This reverence arises from the Raven enabling a struggling human (either the first Khoro man or his mother) to survive by giving a flint and tinder box. Their mythos is similar to cultures from both sides of the Bering Sea; the Haida, Tlingit, Tshisham of the North American Pacific Northwest Coast and the Paleoasians of the Siberian Coast like the Chukchi, Itelmen, and Koryaks all share reverence for the Raven.

Autochthonous ancestry
Many researchers have concluded that the Yakut ethnogenesis was an admixture of Turko-Mongols migrating from Lake-Baikal and native Yukaghir and Tungusitic peoples residing around the Lena River. Okladnikov detailed this conceived admixture process as the following:"'...the Turkic-speaking ancestors of the Yakuts not only pushed out the aborigines but also subjected them to their influence by peaceful means; they assimilated and absorbed them into their mass... With this, the local tribes lost the former ethnic name and a proper ethnic consciousness, no longer separating themselves from the mass of Yakuts, and [were] not opposed to them... Consequently, as a result of the mixing with Northern aborigines, the southern ancestors of the Yakuts supplemented their culture and language with new features distinguishing them from other steppe tribes.'"

In 1996 Aleksei N. Alekseev and S. I. Nikolaeva-Somogotto alternatively proposed that Paleo-Asian and Samoyedic peoples populations instead intermarried with the incoming Turko-Mongols, for which there is some evidence.

Traditional Yakut histories contain stories of the aboriginal peoples of Yakutia. From the subarctic Bulunsky and Verkhoyansky Districts accounts state that the Black Yukaghir (Yakut: хара дъукаагырдар) descended from migrants pushed north from the Lena River. Related stories recorded in Ust'-Aldanskiy Ulus and Megino-Kangalassky District mention certain tribes leaving the region due to rising pressure from the incoming Yakuts. While some remained and intermarried with the newcomer, most went to the northern tundra.

Ymyyakhtakh
The Ymyyakhtakh are an ancient people of the Lena River. A burial ground was excavated and anthropologists I.I. Gokhman and L.F. Tomtosova studied the human remains and published their results in 1992. They concluded that some of the Late Neolithic population took part in the formation of the modern Yakuts. The consistency of related artistic embellishments on the traditional clothing of the Buryat, Samoyed, and Yakut led one scholar to conclude they are related. Toponymic data of Yakutia indicates there was once a presence of Paleoasian and Samoyed habitation in the region. Vilyui Tumats reportedly practiced anthropophagy and seen as an "ethnocultural marker" of the Samoyedic peoples.

Tumats
The Tumat stand out in Yakut tradition as a numerous and powerful society, with constant conflict once happening with them on the Vilyuy River. Their households were semi-subterranean with sod roofing and are comparable to traditional Samoyed dwellings. The term Doubo (都播) was used in medieval Chinese historical works in reference to the Sayano-Altai forest peoples. Vasily Radlov concluded that Doubo referred to the Samoyedic peoples. Doubo is additionally seen as the origin of the ethnonym "Tumat" by L. P. Potapov.

The Yakuts called the Tumat people "Dyirikinei" or "chipmunk people" (Yakut: Sдьирикинэй), arising from the Tumatian "tail-coat." Bundles of deer fur were dyed with red ocher and sewn into Tumatian jackets as adornments. Tumat hats were likewise dyed red. This style was likely spread by the Tumatians to some Tungusic peoples. Similar clothing has been reported during the 17th century for the Evenks on the upper Angara and for Evens residing on the lower Kolyma in the early 19th century. Additionally there are many similarities between the clothing of the Tumats and Altaic cultures. Archeological work on Pazyryk culture sites have turned up both hats dyed red and tail-coats made of sables. While the "tails" were not dyed red, they were sewn with red dyed thread. Stylistic and design choices are also comparable to traditional Khakas and Kumandin clothing.

Some peaceable interactions including intermarriage did occur with the Tumats. One such example is the life of Džaardaakh (Джаардаах), a Tumatian woman. She was renowned for her physical strength and martial repute as an archer. However Džaardaakh eventually married a Yakut man and is considered a notable ancestor of the local Vilyuy Yakut. The origin of her name has been linked to a Yukaghir word for ice (Yukaghir: йархан).

The ancestors of Yakuts were Kurykans who migrated from Yenisey river to Lake Baikal and were subject to a certain Mongolian admixture prior to migration in the 7th century. The Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal. Beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena, the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols. The northern Yakuts were largely hunters, fishermen and reindeer herders, while the southern Yakuts raised cattle and horses.

Imperial Russia
In the 1620s the Tsardom of Muscovy began to move into their territory and annexed or settled down on it, imposed a fur tax and managed to suppress several Yakut rebellions between 1634 and 1642. The tsarist brutality in collection of the pelt tax (yasak) sparked a rebellion and aggression among the Yakuts and also Tungusic-speaking tribes along the River Lena in 1642. The voivode Peter Golovin, leader of the tsarist forces, responded with a reign of terror: native settlements were torched and hundreds of people were killed. The Yakut population alone is estimated to have fallen by 70 percent between 1642 and 1682, mainly because of smallpox and other infectious diseases.

In the 18th century the Russians reduced the pressure, gave Yakut chiefs some privileges, granted freedom for all habitats, gave them all their lands, sent Eastern Orthodox missions, and educated the Yakut people regarding agriculture. The discovery of gold and, later, the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway, brought ever-increasing numbers of Russians into the region. By the 1820s almost all the Yakuts claimed to have converted to the Russian Orthodox church, but they retained (and still retain) a number of shamanist practices. Yakut literature began to rise in the late 19th century, and a national revival occurred in the early 20th century.

Russian Civil War
The last conflict of the Russian Civil War, known as the Yakut Revolt, occurred here when Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov, a White Russian officer, led an uprising and a last stand against the Red Army.

Soviet Union
In 1922, the new Soviet government named the area the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the late 1920s through the late 1930s, Yakut people were systematically persecuted, when Joseph Stalin launched his collectivization campaign. It is possible that hunger and malnutrition during this period resulted in a decline in the Yakut total population from 240,500 in 1926 to 236,700 in 1959. By 1972, the population began to recover.

Russian Federation
Currently, Yakuts form a large plurality of the total population within the vast Republic of Sakha. According to the 2010 Russian census, there were a total of 466,492 Yakuts residing in the Sakha Republic during that year, or 49.9% of the total population of the Republic.

Culture

The Yakuts engage in animal husbandry, traditionally having focused on rearing horses, mainly the Yakutian horse, reindeer and the Sakha Ynagha ('Yakutian cow'), a hardy kind of cattle known as Yakutian cattle which is well adapted to the harsh local weather. There is a widespread notion among other ethnic minorities in Russia based on their experience (for example, among geographically close Mongolic Buryats) that the Sakha (i.e. Yakuts) are the least russified ethnic group in Russia and that the knowledge of the native language is widespread, particularly (as is often said) due to the cold and freezing nature of their geographical habitat, and Russians’ general avoidance of colonizing those lands.

Certain rock formations named Kigilyakh, as well as places such as Ynnakh Mountain, are held in high esteem by Yakuts.

Cuisine
The cuisine of Sakha prominently features the traditional drink kumis, dairy products of cow, mare, and reindeer milk, sliced frozen salted fish stroganina (строганина), loaf meat dishes (oyogos), venison, frozen fish, thick pancakes, and salamat—a millet porridge with butter and horse fat. Kuerchekh (Куэрчэх) or kierchekh, a popular dessert, is made of cow milk or cream with various berries. Indigirka is a traditional fish salad. This cuisine is only used in Yakutia.

Language
According to the 2010 census, some 87% of the Yakuts in the Sakha Republic are fluent in the Yakut (or Sakha) language, while 90% are fluent in Russian. The Sakha/Yakut language belongs to the Northern branch of the Siberian Turkic languages. It is most closely related to the Dolgan language, and also to a lesser extent related to Tuvan and Shor.

DNA and genetics analysis

The primary Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup for the Yakut is N-M231. While found in around 89% of the general population, in northern Yakutia it is closer to 71%. N-M231 is shared with various other Eastern Siberian populations. The remaining haplogroups are approximately: 4% C-M217 (including subclades C-M48 and C-M407), 3.5% R1a-M17 (including subclade R1a-M458), and 2.1% N-P43, with sporadic instances of I-M253, R1b-M269, J2, and Q.

According to Adamov, haplogroup N1c1 makes up 94% of the Sakha population. This genetic bottleneck has been dated approximately to 1300 CE ± 200 ybp and speculated to have been caused by high mortality rates in warfare and later relocation to the Middle Lena River.

The primary mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are various East Asian lineages, making up 92% of the total: haplogroup C at 36% to 45.7% and haplogroup D at 25.7% to 32.9% of the Yakut. Minor Eastern Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups include: 5.2% G, 4.49% F, 3.55% M13a1b, 1.89% A, 1.18% Y1a, 1.18% B, 0.95% Z3, and 0.71% M7. According to Fedorova, besides East Asian maternal lineages, "the mtDNA pool of the native populations of Sakha contains a small (8%), but diverse set of western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, mostly present among Yakuts and Evenks", the most common being H and J.

Academia

 * Georgiy Basharin, professor at the Yakutsk State University
 * Zoya Basharina, professor at Yakutsk State University

Arts

 * Evgenia Arbugaeva, photographer

Cinema and Television

 * Anna Kuzmina, actress

Military

 * Vera Zakharova, was a Po-2 air ambulance pilot in the Soviet Air Force during World War II
 * Valery Kuzmin, Soviet pilot
 * Fyodor Okhlopkov, was a Soviet sniper

Models

 * Natalya Stroeva, Miss Russia 2018

Musicians

 * Kjuregej, painter, actor, musician
 * Sarantuya, mezzo-soprano singer

Politicians

 * Yegor Borisov
 * Aysen Nikolayev
 * Mikhail Nikolayev

Rulers

 * Tygyn Darkhan, king of the Yakuts

Sports

 * Georgy Balakshin, boxer
 * Vasilii Egorov, boxer
 * Pavel Pinigin, former Soviet wrestler and Olympic champion
 * Roman Dmitriyev, former Soviet wrestler and Olympic champion

Writers

 * Anastasia Syromyatnikova, writer

Diaspora
The Sakha American Cultural Association, a non-profit organization established in Seattle, Washington in 2024

"The Sakha people had made a temporary footprint in the U.S. in 1820 at Fort Ross in Jenner, California. According to the 1820 census, five Sakha men lived in the fort with 260 people, working for the Russian-American Company, a fur-trading business. This fort became a melting pot of different cultures, including Russians, Native Alaskans and local Native American tribes, such as the Kashaya Pomo. The Sakha were part of the diverse workforce that supported the fort operations in areas, such as hunting, trapping, farming and construction. By 1860, there were at least 20 Sakhas living at Fort Ross before the Russian-American Company ended its North American operations in the early 1880s." - Lynnwood Today

title: Yakuts


text:
User talk:Eric Harris-Braun

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your work on Ecuador and related stuff. Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 03:59, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your note. I've been to Ecuador, but it's been a few years. Quito is a rather pretty city. Anyway, enjoy the Wikipedia, and if you need anything don't hesitate to ask. Isomorphic 05:37, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Welcome from another newbie.

If you are keen to use your Ecuador knowledge in more places, the partly-self-organising community of volunteers at Zeal would be pleased to see you:

http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=560175

Kind regards

Robin in New Zealand :robinp 05:01, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eric Harris-Braun


text:
1805 in Canada

Events from the year 1805 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 4th (starting January 9)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 4th (starting February 1)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes then Thomas Dunn
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Erasmus Gower
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres
 * Governor of Upper Canada: Peter Hunter (until 21 August)

Events

 * January 29 – 4th Parliament of Lower Canada session starts, ends April 27, 1808
 * February 1 – 4th Parliament of Upper Canada session starts, ends May 21, 1808
 * 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) arrives in Nova Scotia
 * Vermont passes an act to establish the line between it and Canada.

Births

 * February 16 – Edmund Walker Head, Governor General (d.1868)
 * August 26 – Joseph-Bruno Guigues, first bishop of the diocese of Bytown (Ottawa) (d.1874)
 * December 8 – Amand Landry, farmer and politician (d.1877)

Full date unknown

 * John Kent, Premier of Newfoundland (d.1872)

Deaths

 * March 23 – Richard Dobie, an early Canadian businessman and a sometimes partner of Benjamin Frobisher (born 1731)

Historical documents
Settler writes to Scottish Highlands friends "I never knew what actual freedom or the spirit of equality was till I came to Canada"

"This country derives little credit from the young men it sends abroad into the world;" Why?: "too little restraint in the bringing up"

Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry is recruiting in Lower and Upper Canada for service "in America and not elsewhere;" enlistment bounty: £5 -/6

U.S. Secretary of State James Madison purchases George Heriot's The History of Canada from its first discovery

Lower Canada
Call for road to be built from Quebec City through "New Settlements" to U.S.A., which will allow more trade and encourage population growth

"Vendor or Lendor" has preference over any other creditor when they provide grain (seed or "bread") or potatoes to grower suffering poor harvest

Ceremonial presentation of colours to Quebec City militia battalion is "grand and impressive beyond any thing usually witnessed in this country"

Montreal merchants call for laws to raise water level in Lachine Rapids, regulate pilots there and stop theft of lumber when rafts are wrecked

No sale of goods or alcoholic drinks on Sundays, except that latter can be sold to sick people and to travellers at meals

Post office calls for proposals to carry mail between Montreal and Burlington, Vt. on 100-mile route; £100 security required from contractor

Editorial describes "folly [and] depravity" of young criminals, especially where "the soil [and] far extended commerce" offer so much opportunity

Orchardists in Parish of Montreal must tie cloth around trunk of each apple tree and cover it with tar to stop spread of inchworms

Surveyor will teach branches of mathematics as applied to mensuration, gauging, navigation, gunnery, fortification, architecture, surveying etc.

Dr. S. Solomon's Guide to Health offers remedies for diseases under several headings, including Dancing, Heavy suppers, Timidity, and Virgins

Quebec City theatre to be built for "several Young Men [who] possess strong Theatrical qualifications, particularly in the comic cast of Characters"

Opera by "Mr. Quesnel of Boucherville[...]is perhaps the first piece of the kind that has been written and performed in this province" -			New "Bottled Beer Business" will sell 3 kinds (brewed in St. Roch) ranging in price from 8/6 to 10/6 per dozen, with 3/- paid when bottles returned

Benjamin Rush reluctantly allows his daughter to marry British army officer she met while visiting her married sister in Montreal

Upper Canada
Profile of U.C. includes produce, trade, York and various townships, towns and waterways

"Indenture" of original 1787 Toronto Purchase agreement transferring Mississaugas' land to government has borders not corrected until 2010 settlement

After watching "old drunken Indian and his squaw" be refused liquor, visitor hears "greatest part" of Indigenous people's presents is traded for liquor

Creditor is to maintain their jailed debtor at 5 shillings per week if such debtor swears they are not worth £5

Methodist women ensure conversion at Hay Bay, Upper Canada revival meeting

"The authority, the love of a husband even out does that of a parent" - immigrant visits parents on Long Island, N.Y., but feels pull to return home

"This heroine" - Pitcairn Township (near York) woman chases bear that had carried off neighbour's sow into forest and shoots it through head

English traveller finds Niagara Falls' roar and mist make them seem closer than they are, and learns constant earth tremor shakes window glass

"Aspect terrible" - Perhaps 150-foot snake chases rowboat crossing Lake Ontario from Kingston

Nova Scotia
Fishery revival to come following order to West Indian governors to largely close ports to U.S. imports and charge them same duty "these colonies" pay

With Nova Scotia–U.S.A. trade ended (except in case of grain crop failure), N.S. feels Lower Canada should remove extra duty L.C. puts on trade

During war, £90 will not buy what £50 could pre-war and 5% income tax and 10% depreciation in "Government Bills" depress wealth

Signs of "poverty & distress among the people when we See So many of [them] go off and leave their Creditors without making any provision to pay them"

Units of Royal Newfoundland Regiment, "a very fine body of" about 550 men, arrive in Halifax

Captain of ship out of N.S. tells of being captured by French fleet in West Indies and avoiding burning by claiming to be U.S. ship

With aid of British consul in Boston, Salem, Massachusetts party successfully gets release in Halifax of fishermen impressed on board frigate

People lacking Episcopalian schoolhouse or church are open to "stro[l]ling fanatical teachers" turning them against established church and government

Privateer out of Liverpool "has about 30 Negroes and to the value of about £3,000" and will "dispose" of them as soon as possible

Liverpool has "rumpus" over feared press by warship; 3 Black men go into hiding and officer struck with cutlass before misunderstanding is cleared up

Ice damages flume at Simeon Perkins' sawmill, halting production which had yielded him $4/day and possibly preventing loading of brig for Newfoundland

As ship departs, Perkins is less sad seeing his son leave than watching another man say goodbye to his son who will go seafaring and rarely come home

New Brunswick
N.B.'s resources listed; loyal population ignored by government but not privateers, and quit-rents "in this moment of their depression" are ruinous

Edward Winslow says "broken" Council president will not be recalling General Assembly, affecting trade and causing "gloom sulkiness + despondency"

Grammar school is to be set up in Saint John plus two schools in each county, rotating schools to different parish each year

Hudson's Bay Company
In letter to Moose Factory, Fort Albany chief calls "Canadians[...]indefatigable to push on in the (HBC's) territories"

Letter from Moose Factory to Fort Albany reports threats and abuse by Canadians against HBC employee "Quatchimay" and his wife and women fishing

Painting: "East View of Moose Factory"

Fort Albany replies to Moose Factory request for help that its trade (much larger at "20,000" as opposed to "7000") requires every man it can get

Painting: "A South East View of Albany Factory: A Winter View"

Jobs that are done at Churchill for its success and survival; it has poor location and shaky construction from use of Prince of Wales Fort ruins

Six-day sea voyage in bateau from Churchill toward York Factory and back with load of liquor

Northwest Company trader going to Cross Lake with Indigenous people reverses travel-direction marks they leave for traders at "English House"

Northwest coast
U.S. claim to North America's northwest coast defied by Russian traders as near as Haida Gwaii and likely to try to usurp even Spanish-claimed lands

John Jewitt rescued from two years of slavery in Nootka Sound by brig captain out of Boston holding Chief Maquinna hostage

"Natives came out of their houses with lighted sticks, beating upon a plank[...]and singing to the moon" - Indigenous people observe lunar eclipse

Elsewhere
"To make the Island more generally known" - Brief profile of Prince Edward Island

Louisiana governor suggests putting military posts on Wisconsin and Missouri rivers to control importation from Montreal and Assiniboine River

Map: Louisiana, including adjacent British and Spanish territory

Fire destroys most of Detroit, "seat of government of the Michigan Territory, [with] upwards of 300 houses, built of wood, in a compact manner"

Moravian missionaries in Labrador claim Jesus has melted "the hard hearts of the Esquimaux, harder by nature than the rocks they inhabit"

Chipewyans hold on to their religion (called "a state of the darkest superstition and ignorance") and believe they are superior to whites in knowledge

"How dreadfully afflicting my situation" - Disabled man is lost for 40 days on Manitoba prairies

Mention of "the lamented death of our illustrious Hero, Lord Nelson"

title: 1805 in Canada


text:
User talk:Datapacrat

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your work on stuff related to Canada. Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 04:02, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Could you possibly Wikify the stuff you are adding to Years in Canada? It would save us from having to follow you around making links.... Adam Bishop 04:26, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Adam, I apologize for the lack of wikification to the Canadian timeline. It seemed a better idea, to me, according to the philosophy posted in the help pages I've read so far, to post the raw data now, while I'm still learning, and improve it once I learn how.

-- DataPacRat 1:09AM (EST)

 * About signing, try or ~ . Dori | Talk 06:12, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

Okay, Dori; let's give it a shot. DataPacRat DataPacRat 06:19, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

Greetings
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User Categorisation
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Nomination of Quantum electrodynamic threshold for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Datapacrat


text:
1806 in Canada

Events from the year 1806 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 4th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 4th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Erasmus Gower then John Holloway
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres

Events

 * Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal.
 * Russian-American Company Company collects otter pelts from Alaska to Spanish California.
 * Mungo Park killed by natives on Niger River in Africa.
 * On return trip John Colter is released from the Lewis and Clark Expedition to join Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson (Dixon) to trap the Yellowstone River.
 * Le Canadien, a Quebec nationalist newspaper, is founded.

Births

 * April 12 – Peter Rindisbacher, painter (d.1834)
 * May 6 – Charles Dewey Day, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1884)
 * August 12 – George Ryan, politician (d.1876)
 * November 2 – Henry Kellett, officer in the Royal Navy, oceanographer, Arctic explorer (d.1875)
 * December 9 – Jean-Olivier Chénier, physician and Patriote (d.1837)

Deaths

 * May 31: Louis Dunière, politician (b. 1723)
 * July: Robert Gray, merchant sea-captain and explorer (b.1755)
 * October 26: John Graves Simcoe, first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada (b.1752)
 * December 31: Deborah Cottnam, schoolmistress and poet (b. c.1725–1728)

Historical documents
"Saakies" (Sauks?) and Potawatomi seek help against encroachment on their lands from U.S.A.; their request is deferred

Chief Joseph Brant asks to welcome new Upper Canada lieutenant governor with "leading chiefs and principal warriors" of Grand River

title: 1806 in Canada