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Vanishing point

A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective rendering where the two-dimensional perspective projections of mutually parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to converge. When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a picture plane, the construction is known as one-point perspective, and their vanishing point corresponds to the oculus, or "eye point", from which the image should be viewed for correct perspective geometry. Traditional linear drawings use objects with one to three sets of parallels, defining one to three vanishing points. Italian humanist polymath and architect Leon Battista Alberti first introduced the concept in his treatise on perspective in art, De pictura, written in 1435. Straight railroad tracks are a familiar modern example.

Vector notation
The vanishing point may also be referred to as the "direction point", as lines having the same directional vector, say D, will have the same vanishing point. Mathematically, let $q ≡ (x, y, f)$ be a point lying on the image plane, where $f$ is the focal length (of the camera associated with the image), and let $v_{q} ≡ (x⁄h, y⁄h, f⁄h)$ be the unit vector associated with $q$, where $h = √x^{2} + y^{2} + f^{2}$. If we consider a straight line in space $S$ with the unit vector $n_{s} ≡ (n_{x}, n_{y}, n_{z})$ and its vanishing point $v_{s}$, the unit vector associated with $v_{s}$ is equal to $n_{s}$, assuming both point towards the image plane.

When the image plane is parallel to two world-coordinate axes, lines parallel to the axis that is cut by this image plane will have images that meet at a single vanishing point. Lines parallel to the other two axes will not form vanishing points as they are parallel to the image plane. This is one-point perspective. Similarly, when the image plane intersects two world-coordinate axes, lines parallel to those planes will meet form two vanishing points in the picture plane. This is called two-point perspective. In three-point perspective the image plane intersects the $x$, $y$, and $z$ axes and therefore lines parallel to these axes intersect, resulting in three different vanishing points.

Theorem
The vanishing point theorem is the principal theorem in the science of perspective. It says that the image in a picture plane $π$ of a line $L$ in space, not parallel to the picture, is determined by its intersection with $π$ and its vanishing point. Some authors have used the phrase, "the image of a line includes its vanishing point". Guidobaldo del Monte gave several verifications, and Humphry Ditton called the result the "main and Great Proposition". Brook Taylor wrote the first book in English on perspective in 1714, which introduced the term "vanishing point" and was the first to fully explain the geometry of multipoint perspective, and historian Kirsti Andersen compiled these observations. She notes, in terms of projective geometry, the vanishing point is the image of the point at infinity associated with $L$, as the sightline from $O$ through the vanishing point is parallel to $L$.

Vanishing line
As a vanishing point originates in a line, so a vanishing line originates in a plane $α$ that is not parallel to the picture $π$. Given the eye point $O$, and $β$ the plane parallel to $α$ and lying on $O$, then the vanishing line of $α$ is $β ∩ π$. For example, when $α$ is the ground plane and $β$ is the horizon plane, then the vanishing line of $α$ is the horizon line $β ∩ π$.

To put it simply, the vanishing line of some plane, say $α$, is obtained by the intersection of the image plane with another plane, say $β$, parallel to the plane of interest ($α$), passing through the camera center. For different sets of lines parallel to this plane $α$, their respective vanishing points will lie on this vanishing line. The horizon line is a theoretical line that represents the eye level of the observer. If the object is below the horizon line, its lines angle up to the horizon line. If the object is above, they slope down.

Properties
1. Projections of two sets of parallel lines lying in some plane $π_{A}$ appear to converge, i.e. the vanishing point associated with that pair, on a horizon line, or vanishing line $H$ formed by the intersection of the image plane with the plane parallel to $π_{A}$ and passing through the pinhole. Proof: Consider the ground plane $π$, as $y = c$ which is, for the sake of simplicity, orthogonal to the image plane. Also, consider a line $L$ that lies in the plane $π$, which is defined by the equation $ax + bz = d$. Using perspective pinhole projections, a point on $L$ projected on the image plane will have coordinates defined as,

This is the parametric representation of the image $x′ = f·x⁄z = f·d − bz⁄az$ of the line $y′ = f·y⁄z = f·c⁄z$ with $L′$ as the parameter. When $L$ it stops at the point $z$ on the $z → −∞$ axis of the image plane. This is the vanishing point corresponding to all parallel lines with slope $(x′,y′) = (−fb⁄a,0)$ in the plane $x′$. All vanishing points associated with different lines with different slopes belonging to plane $−b⁄a$ will lie on the $π$ axis, which in this case is the horizon line.

2. Let $π$, $x′$, and $A$ be three mutually orthogonal straight lines in space and $B$, $C$, $v_{A} ≡ (x_{A}, y_{A}, f)$ be the three corresponding vanishing points respectively. If we know the coordinates of one of these points, say $v_{B} ≡ (x_{B}, y_{B}, f)$, and the direction of a straight line on the image plane, which passes through a second point, say $v_{C} ≡ (x_{C}, y_{C}, f)$, we can compute the coordinates of both $v_{A}$ and $v_{B}$

3. Let $v_{B}$, $v_{C}$, and $A$ be three mutually orthogonal straight lines in space and $B$, $C$, $v_{A} ≡ (x_{A}, y_{A}, f)$ be the three corresponding vanishing points respectively. The orthocenter of the triangle with vertices in the three vanishing points is the intersection of the optical axis and the image plane.

Curvilinear and reverse perspective
A curvilinear perspective is a drawing with either 4 or 5 vanishing points. In 5-point perspective the vanishing points are mapped into a circle with 4 vanishing points at the cardinal headings N, W, S, E and one at the circle's origin.

A reverse perspective is a drawing with vanishing points that are placed outside the painting with the illusion that they are "in front of" the painting.

Detection
Several methods for vanishing point detection make use of the line segments detected in images. Other techniques involve considering the intensity gradients of the image pixels directly.

There are significantly large numbers of vanishing points present in an image. Therefore, the aim is to detect the vanishing points that correspond to the principal directions of a scene. This is generally achieved in two steps. The first step, called the accumulation step, as the name suggests, clusters the line segments with the assumption that a cluster will have a common vanishing point. The next step finds the principal clusters present in the scene and therefore it is called the search step.

In the accumulation step, the image is mapped onto a bounded space called the accumulator space. The accumulator space is partitioned into units called cells. Barnard assumed this space to be a Gaussian sphere centered on the optical center of the camera as an accumulator space. A line segment on the image corresponds to a great circle on this sphere, and the vanishing point in the image is mapped to a point. The Gaussian sphere has accumulator cells that increase when a great circle passes through them, i.e. in the image a line segment intersects the vanishing point. Several modifications have been made since, but one of the most efficient techniques was using the Hough Transform, mapping the parameters of the line segment to the bounded space. Cascaded Hough Transforms have been applied for multiple vanishing points.

The process of mapping from the image to the bounded spaces causes the loss of the actual distances between line segments and points.

In the search step, the accumulator cell with the maximum number of line segments passing through it is found. This is followed by removal of those line segments, and the search step is repeated until this count goes below a certain threshold. As more computing power is now available, points corresponding to two or three mutually orthogonal directions can be found.

Applications

 * 1) Camera calibration: The vanishing points of an image contain important information for camera calibration. Various calibration techniques have been introduced using the properties of vanishing points to find intrinsic and extrinsic calibration parameters.
 * 2) 3D reconstruction: A man-made environment has two main characteristics – several lines in the scene are parallel, and a number of edges present are orthogonal. Vanishing points aid in comprehending the environment. Using sets of parallel lines in the plane, the orientation of the plane can be calculated using vanishing points. Torre and Coelho performed extensive investigation in the use of vanishing points to implement a full system. With the assumption that the environment consists of objects with only parallel or perpendicular sides, also called Lego-land, using vanishing points constructed in a single image of the scene they recovered the 3D geometry of the scene. Similar ideas are also used in the field of robotics, mainly in navigation and autonomous vehicles, and in areas concerned with object detection.

title: Vanishing point


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Lists of This American Life episodes

The following is a list of the yearly lists of This American Life radio episodes. This American Life is a weekly hour-long public radio program produced by Chicago Public Radio and hosted by Ira Glass. It began as a radio program in 1995.
 * List of 1995 This American Life episodes (#1–7)
 * List of 1996 This American Life episodes (#8–47)
 * List of 1997 This American Life episodes (#48–87)
 * List of 1998 This American Life episodes (#88–118)
 * List of 1999 This American Life episodes (#119–148)
 * List of 2000 This American Life episodes (#149–174)
 * List of 2001 This American Life episodes (#175–202)
 * List of 2002 This American Life episodes (#203–227)
 * List of 2003 This American Life episodes (#228–255)
 * List of 2004 This American Life episodes (#256–279)
 * List of 2005 This American Life episodes (#280–305)
 * List of 2006 This American Life episodes (#306–322)
 * List of 2007 This American Life episodes (#323–346)
 * List of 2008 This American Life episodes (#347–371)
 * List of 2009 This American Life episodes (#372–396)
 * List of 2010 This American Life episodes (#397–422)
 * List of 2011 This American Life episodes (#423–453)
 * List of 2012 This American Life episodes (#454–482)
 * List of 2013 This American Life episodes (#483–514)
 * List of 2014 This American Life episodes (#515–543)
 * List of 2015 This American Life episodes (#544–576)
 * List of 2016 This American Life episodes (#577–606)
 * List of 2017 This American Life episodes (#607–634)
 * List of 2018 This American Life episodes (#635–664)
 * List of 2019 This American Life episodes (#665–690)
 * List of 2020 This American Life episodes (#691–728)

Number of episodes produced (by year)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lists of This American Life episodes


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HMS Intrepid

Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Intrepid:
 * HMS Intrepid (1747) was a 64-gun third rate, previously the French ship Sérieux. She was captured in 1747 and broken up by 1765.
 * HMS Intrepid (1770) was a 64-gun third rate launched in 1770, used for harbour service from 1810 and sold in 1828.
 * HMS Intrepid (1780) was a 16-gun sloop launched in 1780. She foundered in 1800.
 * HMS Intrepid (1850) was a wood-hulled screw discovery sloop, previously the civilian Free Trade, launched in 1847 by R & H Green at Blackwall. The Navy purchased her on 28 February 1850 and briefly named her HMS Perseverance; she became HMS Intrepid in March 1850. She was abandoned, icebound, in the Arctic on 15 June 1854.
 * HMS Intrepid (1855) was a wooden screw gunvessel launched in 1855 and sold in 1864.
 * HMS Intrepid (1891) was an Apollo-class cruiser protected cruiser launched in 1891. She was converted to a minelayer in 1910 and was sunk as a blockship in the Zeebrugge raid in 1918.
 * HMS Intrepid (D10) was an I-class destroyer launched in 1936 and sunk by air attack in 1943.
 * HMS Intrepid (L11) was a Fearless-class landing platform dock launched in 1964. She was laid up in 1991 and used for spare parts before being sent for scrapping in 2008.

Battle honours
The ships named HMS Intrepid have amassed a sizeable number of battle honours.

 * Minorca 1756
 * Lagos 1759
 * Quiberon 1759
 * Havana 1762
 * Martinique 1780
 * Chesapeake 1781
 * St Kitts 1782
 * Toulon 1793
 * Martinique 1809
 * Zeebrugge 1918
 * Atlantic 1939–41
 * Dunkirk 1940
 * Norway 1940
 * Bismarck 1941
 * Arctic 1941–43
 * Malta Convoys 1942
 * Sicily 1943
 * Salerno 1943
 * Aegean 1943
 * Falkland Islands 1982

title: HMS Intrepid


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Ticker tape

Ticker tape was the earliest electrical dedicated financial communications medium, transmitting stock price information over telegraph lines, in use from around 1870 to 1970. It consisted of a paper strip that ran through a machine called a stock ticker, which printed abbreviated company names as alphabetic symbols followed by numeric stock transaction price and volume information. The term "ticker" came from the sound made by the machine as it printed.

The ticker tape revolutionized financial markets, as it relayed information from trading floors continuously and simultaneously across geographical distances. Paper ticker tape became obsolete in the 1960s, as television and computers were increasingly used to transmit financial information. The concept of the stock ticker lives on, however, in the scrolling electronic tickers seen on brokerage walls and on news and financial television channels.

Ticker tape stock price telegraphs were invented in 1867 by Edward A. Calahan, an employee of the American Telegraph Company who later founded The ADT Corporation.

History
Although telegraphic printing systems were invented by Royal Earl House in 1846, early models were fragile, required hand-cranked power, frequently went out of synchronization between sender and receiver, and did not become popular in widespread commercial use. David E. Hughes improved the printing telegraph design with clockwork weight power in 1856, and his design was further improved and became viable for commercial use when George M. Phelps devised a resynchronization system in 1858. The first stock price ticker system using a telegraphic printer was invented by Edward A. Calahan in 1863; he unveiled his device in New York City on November 15, 1867. Early versions of stock tickers provided the first mechanical means of conveying stock prices ("quotes"), over a long distance via telegraph wiring. In its infancy, the ticker used the same symbols as Morse code as a medium for conveying messages. One of the earliest practical stock ticker machines, the Universal Stock Ticker developed by Thomas Edison in 1869, used alphanumeric characters with a printing speed of approximately one character per second.

Previously, stock prices had been hand-delivered via written or verbal messages. Since the useful time-span of individual quotes is very brief, they generally had not been sent long distances; aggregated summaries, typically for one day, were sent instead. The increase in speed provided by the ticker allowed for faster and more exact sales. Since the ticker ran continuously, updates to a stock's price whenever the price changed became effective much faster and trading became a more time-sensitive matter. For the first time, trades were being done in what is now thought of as near real-time.

By the 1880s, there were about a thousand stock tickers installed in the offices of New York bankers and brokers. In 1890, members of the exchange agreed to create the New York Quotation Co., buying up all other ticker companies to ensure accuracy of reporting of price and volume activity.

Technology

Stock ticker machines are an ancestor of the modern computer printer, being one of the first applications of transmitting text over a wire to a printing device, based on the printing telegraph. This used the technology of the then-recently invented telegraph machines, with the advantage that the output was readable text, instead of the dots and dashes of Morse code. A special typewriter designed for operation over telegraph wires was used at the opposite end of the telegraph wire connection to the ticker machine. Text typed on the typewriter was displayed on the ticker machine at the opposite end of the connection.

The machines printed a series of ticker symbols (usually shortened forms of a company's name), followed by brief information about the price of that company's stock; the thin strip of paper on which they were printed was called ticker tape. The word ticker comes from the distinct tapping (or ticking) noise the machines made while printing. Pulses on the telegraph line made a letter wheel turn step by step until the correct symbol was reached and then printed. A typical 32-symbol letter wheel had to turn on average 15 steps until the next letter could be printed resulting in a very slow printing speed of one character per second. In 1883, ticker transmitter keyboards resembled the keyboard of a piano with black keys indicating letters and the white keys indicating numbers and fractions, corresponding to two rotating type wheels in the connected ticker tape printers.

Newer and more efficient tickers became available in the 1930s, but these newer and better tickers still had an approximate 15- to 20-minute delay. Ticker machines became obsolete in the 1960s, replaced by computer networks; none have been manufactured for use for decades. However, working reproductions of at least one model are now being manufactured for museums and collectors.

Simulated ticker displays, named after the original machines, still exist as part of the display of television news channels and on some websites—see news ticker. One of the most famous outdoor displays is the simulated ticker scrolling marquee called "The Zipper" located at One Times Square in New York City.

Ticker tapes then and now contain generally the same information. The ticker symbol is a unique set of characters used to identify the company. The shares traded is the volume for the trade being quoted. Price traded refers to the price per share of a particular trade. Change direction is a visual cue showing whether the stock is trading higher or lower than the previous trade, hence the terms downtick and uptick. Change amount refers to the difference in price from the previous day's closing. Many today include color to indicate whether a stock is trading higher than the previous day's (green), lower than previous (red), or has remained unchanged (blue or white).

Baseball
In the early days of baseball, before electronic scoreboards, manual score turners used a ticker to get the latest scores from around the league. Today, computers and electronic scoreboards have replaced the manual scoreboard and the ticker.

Parades
Used ticker tape was repurposed as confetti, to be thrown from the windows above parades either cut up into scraps or thrown as whole spools, primarily in lower Manhattan; this became known as a ticker tape parade. Ticker tape parades generally celebrated some significant event, such as the end of World War I and World War II, or the safe return of one of the early astronauts.

Ticker tape parades are still held in New York City, specifically in the "Canyon of Heroes" in Manhattan, most often when local sports teams win a championship. However, actual ticker tape is not used any longer during these parades; often, pieces of paper from paper shredders are used as a convenient source of confetti.

Art
Ticker tape was also incorporated into some of the weaver Dorothy Liebes' unusual art textiles.

title: Ticker tape


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Talk:Ticker tape

Related info
I intentionally included information about some related topics, such as "stock ticker machines", as I doubt there would be people interested in developing a full article on such a historic footnote. Niteowlneils 22:11, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Obscure artist advertisement
Can't believe this was inserted and not reverted. Did the artist herself contribute this? ″Ticker tape was also incorporated into some of the innovative weaver Dorothy Liebes' unusual art textiles." ConradArchguy (talk) 06:13, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Contradiction on source of "ticker"
From the History section

 * The origin of the term ticker tape come from the term tick, which refers to any movement, up or down, however small, in the price of a security or stock…

And from the Technology section:

 * …the word ticker comes from the distinct tapping (or ticking) noise the machines made while printing.

Which definition is right? If both,lol that needs to be clarified. If only one, the other needs to be removed. me_and 14:03, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The on-line Marriam-Websters dictionary says that it comes from the sound the machine made. So I have changed it accordingly.
 * Nick Beeson 21:53, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Faulty Link?
The 'Universal Stock Ticker' link points back to the same page! 81.130.114.232 12:26, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Stockticker.gif
Image:Stockticker.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:37, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

More technical information?
This article is too shallow. It does not cover the printing mechanism at all, nor how the data was transmitted over the lines, even though both were very key innovations of the machine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.222.185.11 (talk) 13:47, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll try to do something about that. Early (pre-1930) tickers really were "tickers", with pulses to advance a wheel to the appropriate character, then a "print" pulse.  Synchronization was a big problem. Edison's first big success was in solving that problem.  See patents on "unison devices".
 * The "high speed ticker" (the "Western Union Ticker 5-A Stock Quotation Machine") introduced in 1930 was a form of Teletype machine, made by Teletype. It used a 6-bit start-stop code, polar (polarity reversal) signaling, and printed on paper tape, with numbers displaced vertically from letters. So the output looked like a classic stock ticker, and the electrical interface (although not the code) was compatible with the older tickers. It didn't "tick". It hammered out characters like a Teletype, at 500 chars/minute. Since it was a 6-bit machine, it didn't need the LTRS and FIGS shift characters of the Teletype page printers.  The 6th bit did that. Stock quotations alternate figures and letters, so using Baudot would have been a bottleneck. . --John Nagle (talk) 18:29, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Some good information can be found at http://www.stocktickercompany.com/ that makes historically accurate reproductions of these 1870's ticker machines. These reproductions are so accurate, that if they were to travel through time to 1875 and hooked into the original telegraph lines, they would still work!   Their FAQ and other pages, have a lot of useful information that simply must be added to this article.  Maybe ask them for permission to use one of their beautiful ticker-machine images on this Wikipedia page. Mdrejhon (talk) 05:21, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Stock volume
I am not sure but I believe that the stock volume that shows on the tape is not the number of shares transacted but the number of hundreds of shares bought or sold. Am I correct? Does the article need to be corrected? TIA, markSonador21 (talk) 16:44, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * In the days of "tickers", the major exchanges traded only "round lots", multiples of 100 shares. Ticker volumes reflected that.  Sales of less than 100 shares were handled by "odd lot houses", which carried a small inventory of each stock and bought and sold at a markup.. That's obsolete, and the odd lot houses are gone. --John Nagle (talk) 01:17, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Stock quote redirects here
Moved from Talk:Stock quote - better chance of seeing it here. Astronaut (talk) 10:11, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

This redirect is patently inappropriate. 76.85.197.106 (talk) 06:00, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think 76.85. has a point. Astronaut (talk) 10:14, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

I concur regarding stock volume, should there be mention of types of transactions which do not show on the composite tape? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.175.182.141 (talk) 13:35, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Definition of "ticker tape machine"?
Is there an agreed definition of which machines are, and aren't?

I'd suggest that "ticker tape machine" would be:

 * An early telegraphic recording reader device
 * That "ticks", i.e. not syphon recorders
 * That doesn't require a telegraphist's skill to read
 * That prints on continuous paper tape
 * That prints as alphanumeric text.

This doesn't limit it to stock market information, or subscription commercial information. Although those are the best known, there are machines by Muirhead, Siemens & Halske that were used for general messaging, before the commercial broadcast systems.

Nor does it exclude transmitter devices that did require a skilled telegrapher to send.

Thoughts? Andy Dingley (talk) 00:22, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * With the preface that I am no expert in the technology, your suggestion sounds reasonable to me. Infrogmation (talk) 03:01, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The trouble is that it's something of a back formation. I'm sure that the popular phrase "ticker tape" didn't appear until Wall St was using enough of the stuff to start throwing it from the windows, long after the "telegraph that doesn't need a telegrapher" had been supplanted by the telephone. So do we restrict the machine's defined by the phrase to those in popular use at that period (easily citable) or do we push it backwards to encompass the comparable machines that may not have ever been described under that term, in the period? A social definition, or a technical definition? Andy Dingley (talk) 09:45, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's complicated. There were two lines of development. "Tickers" used step by step advance mechanisms with a mechanism much like a clock escapement, which is why they "ticked". They were rather slow, maybe 20 words per minute . Edison is noted for making those reliably self-synchronizing, so they didn't need an operator at the receiving end.. Separately, there were "printing telegraphs", like the House and Phelps machines, which were synchronous machines able to achieve about 60 words per minute, but those were fussy devices and needed an operator at the receiving end to start them in sync.  The telegraph side of the industry switched over to start-stop teleprinter technology in the 1920s, which has the speed of the printing telegraphs without the sync problems, and those machines would reliably print unattended.
 * The stock quotation industry switched over to teleprinter technology in the 1930s with the Western Union Ticker 5-A Stock Quotation Machine, built by Teletype Corporation . This was called at the time the "High Speed Ticker". It used a 6-bit start-stop code system like a teleprinter but had the print format of a stock ticker.  This didn't "tick", but it replaced the machines that did, so it was generally called a "ticker" in the financial industry. Unlike the earlier machines, which were cute little brass machines under a glass dome, the 5-A was a rather ugly black box. (The brass ticker machines are valuable collectables. Nobody seems to like the 5-A any more, not even Teletype collectors.)
 * All these machines printed on a long paper tape. Page printers came a bit later. The first page printer dates from 1900, but it wasn't until the Teletype Model 15 in 1930 that they became solidly reliable.
 * So that's the distinction between the technical definition and the social definition.
 * There were many, many other variations. See for a list of all known stock ticker/printing telegraph patents. --John Nagle (talk) 18:28, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

"the earliest digital electronic communications medium"
The claim "the earliest digital electronic communications medium" strikes me as odd, seeing that it was run using older telegraph technology. The only thing in the phrase that might introduce something new compared to existing technology would be "electronic"; however, then the article should demonstrate more clearly that the (early) tickers were electronic and that other telegraph technology was not.

My recommendation would be to rewrite the sentence entirely, considering additionally that the phrase as it stands is unlikely to be understandable to most laymen. (Most people will have no idea what "digital" actually means and the difference between e.g. "electronic" and "electric" will be a puzzler too. While I broadly speaking know electronics (and porn) when I see it, I am far from certain that I, myself, could give an accurate formal definition without looking it up. Further, it is becoming hard to find electric devices that are not also electronic, even for items that were electric or electro-mechanical in the past.) 80.226.24.8 (talk) 12:11, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It's certainly not the first "electronic" medium as radio was using active electronic devices at the time printing telegraphs were still electromechanical. I would support "digital" though, as multi-bit codes like Baudot have moved away from analogue. Even the earlier "clock" automatic telegraphs using a single pulse and pulse position modulation had quantised this pulse timing. One might even make the case that the very early five-needle telegraph was using a directly manually entered multi-bit digital code. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:53, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Almost all telegraph systems are digital, being on/off devices. "Electronic" implies the use of tubes or transistors, which are considered "electron devices". See IEEE Electron Devices Society. "Ticker tape" came from digital signal, electromechanical, non-electronic machines. John Nagle (talk) 18:48, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Use as a computer storage media
In the 1970's these were used to store data (such as programs) at the university of Southampton Computing centre, pretty sure they must have been fairly widespread at that point for such use, although magnetic media were making them obsolete by before 1978. Still have a small tape (rolled on a spool) in my presence, so I guess they outlast magnetic media ;-). In a way they were complimentary to punched cards, which could store larger amounts of data but were vulnerable to "shuffling". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.48.215 (talk) 11:26, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

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Present Day Usage
Ticker tape is still used in Science classrooms today to analyse motion.

A ticker timer machine has a metal bar that oscillates at the AC electricity frequency and strikes carbon paper which leaves a dot on the ticker tape every 0.02 seconds (for a 50 Hz supply).

The tape is attached to a moving object so the ticker timer leaves a trail of dots on the paper. The distance between the dots can be measured to allow the velocity and acceleration of the object to be determined.

124.168.124.86 (talk) 20:56, 23 July 2020 (UTC)Paul

title: Talk:Ticker tape


text:
User:Henrygb

In accordance with the following Arbitration decision, Henrygb shall remain banned from editing until he contacts the Arbitration Committee and confirms that no more abusive sockpuppetry has taken place.

title: User:Henrygb


text:
Lorenzo's oil

Lorenzo's oil is a liquid solution made of 4 parts glycerol trioleate and 1 part glycerol trierucate, which are the triacylglycerol forms of oleic acid and erucic acid. It is prepared from olive oil and rapeseed oil. It is used in the investigational treatment of asymptomatic patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a nervous system disorder.

The development of the oil was led by Augusto and Michaela Odone after their son Lorenzo was diagnosed with the disease in 1984, at the age of five. Lorenzo was predicted to die within a few years. His parents sought experimental treatment options, and the initial formulation of the oil was developed by retired British scientist Don Suddaby (formerly of Croda International). Suddaby and his colleague, Keith Coupland, received a U.S. patent (since expired) for invention of the oil. The royalties received by Augusto were paid to The Myelin Project which he and Michaela founded to further research treatments for ALD and similar disorders. The Odones and their invention obtained widespread publicity in 1992 because of the film Lorenzo's Oil.

Research on the effectiveness of Lorenzo's oil has seen mixed results, with possible benefit for asymptomatic ALD patients but of unpredictable or no benefit to those with symptoms, suggesting its possible role as a preventative measure in families identified as ALD dominant. Lorenzo Odone died on May 30, 2008, at the age of 30; he was bedridden with paralysis and died from aspiration pneumonia, likely caused by having inhaled food.

Treatment cost
In 2012, Lorenzo's oil cost approximately $400 USD for a month's treatment.

Proposed mechanism of action
The mixture of fatty acids purportedly reduces the levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are elevated in ALD. It does so by competitively inhibiting the enzyme that forms VLCFAs.

Effectiveness
Lorenzo's oil, in combination with a diet low in VLCFA, has been investigated for its possible effects on the progression of ALD. Clinical results have been mixed and the use of Lorenzo's oil has been controversial due to uncertainties regarding its clinical efficacy and the clinical indications for its use.

Hugo Moser played a prominent role in both the treatment of Lorenzo Odone and the scientific evaluation of Lorenzo's oil. In 2005, Moser published a controlled study concluding that Lorenzo's oil does not alter the course of the illness in symptomatic patients, but asymptomatic patients had a reduced risk of developing ALD while on the dietary therapy. Moser appraised Lorenzo's oil again in a 2007 report.

Moser's findings, that Lorenzo's oil did not help symptomatic ALD patients, are consistent with prior studies published in 2003 and 1999.

A study by Poulos published in 1994 found that Lorenzo's oil is of limited value in correcting the accumulation of saturated VLCFAs in the brain of patients with ALD. Comparative autopsies showed that treatment enriched erucic acid in plasma and tissues, but not in the brain.

Side effects
The oil has been shown to cause a lowered platelet count, which can lead to thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia.

There are no reports of toxicity from dietary consumption of erucic acid.

Current state
Dietary manipulation using Lorenzo's oil has been shown to lower blood levels of very long chain fatty acids, but it is ineffective in symptomatic ALD. Moser's 2005 study has found "strongly suggestive, albeit not fully definitive, evidence of a preventive effect" of Lorenzo's oil on the onset of symptoms when used by asymptomatic patients.

title: Lorenzo's oil


text:
Octagonal number

An octagonal number is a figurate number that gives the number of points in a certain octagonal arrangement. The octagonal number for n is given by the formula 3n2 − 2n, with n > 0. The first few octagonal numbers are

 * 1, 8, 21, 40, 65, 96, 133, 176, 225, 280, 341, 408, 481, 560, 645, 736, 833, 936

The octagonal number for n can also be calculated by adding the square of n to twice the (n − 1)th pronic number.

Octagonal numbers consistently alternate parity.

Octagonal numbers are occasionally referred to as "star numbers," though that term is more commonly used to refer to centered dodecagonal numbers.

Applications in combinatorics
The $$n$$th octagonal number is the number of partitions of $$6n-5$$ into 1, 2, or 3s. For example, there are $$x_2=8$$ such partitions for $$2\cdot 6-5=7$$, namely
 * [1,1,1,1,1,1,1], [1,1,1,1,1,2], [1,1,1,1,3], [1,1,1,2,2], [1,1,2,3], [1,2,2,2], [1,3,3] and [2,2,3].

Sum of reciprocals
A formula for the sum of the reciprocals of the octagonal numbers is given by $$ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n(3n-2)} = \frac{9\ln(3)+\sqrt3\pi}{12}. $$

Test for octagonal numbers
Solving the formula for the n-th octagonal number, $$x_n,$$ for n gives $$n= \frac{\sqrt{3x_n+1}+1}{3}.$$ An arbitrary number x can be checked for octagonality by putting it in this equation. If n is an integer, then x is the n-th octagonal number. If n is not an integer, then x is not octagonal.

title: Octagonal number


text:
Vytas Brenner

Vytas Brenner (19 September 1946 – 18 March 2004) was a German-born Venezuelan musician, keyboardist, guitarist and composer.

Biography
He was born in Tübingen, Germany, but his family migrated to Venezuela in 1949 when he was 2 years old. His mother, Margarita Brenner, was an Opera singer.

Brenner began his musical studies in Caracas at "Colegio Emil Friedman" school, a prestigious institution heavily oriented toward musical education. When he was 12 years old he moved to Italy and then to Spain, where he founded the group "Brenner's Folk", the precursor of the successful band Pic-Nic. When he was 21 years old, Vytas moved to Tennessee to study at the University of Tennessee's Music Conservatory, where he was a pupil of David Van Vactor. Later, at college in Nashville, Vytas took post-graduate courses in Electronic music with Professor Gilbert Trythall, and graduated with honors in 1972. In 1971 he started a duo named "Vytas & Mafe" with Venezuelan singer María Fernanda Márquez.

In 1972 Brenner formed his own band, "La Ofrenda" (The Offering) and recorded 5 very successful LPs until 1979. With "Ofrenda" he started his pioneer work with compositions for combinations of electric and electronic instruments (synthesizers) with acoustic instruments and piano; and blending Progressive-Symphonic Rock, Latin rhythms, and Venezuelan traditional themes, with astounding results.

Brenner recorded several remarkable LPs, each one a breakthrough, as he was in fact developing a new genre in giant leaps. In 1982 a somewhat reunited "Ofrenda" performed at the "Teatro de Bellas Artes de Maracaibo", but was coldly received by the public, followed by strong press criticism. In 1989 the Venezuela Symphony Orchestra performed his work "Oro Negro" ("Black Gold") at the Caracas' famed Teatro Teresa Carreño. In 1989 he released the CD album entitled "Amazonia". He was commissioned to compose works for "Viajando con Polar", a series of short documentaries about Venezuela's regions, depicting their beautiful landscapes and rich folklore. He created music for various films, such as "Adiós Alicia", "Se llamaba SN", and playwright Román Chalbaud's "Carmen la que contaba 16 años". All the while, Brenner was a very successful studio musician, composing and performing in countless radio jingles, TV commercials and presidential campaigns. At the international level, his old and rare vinyl records sell for between US$70 to US$220.

Brenner died on 18 March 2004 of a heart attack in Salzburg, Austria at the age of 57, while recording music for an upcoming CD.

Discography

 * La Ofrenda de Vytas (1973). Tracks: Morrocoy, Ofrenda de Miguel, Tormenta de Barlovento, Frailejon, La Sabana, Tragavenado, Araguaney, Canto de Pilón.
 * Hermanos (1974). Tracks: Agua Clara, Madrugada, Amanecer, Danzas de los Pájaros, Gavilán, Pastos, Ganado, Estampida, Ana Karina Rote, Sentado en una Piedra.
 * Jayeche (1975). Tracks: Cariaco, Sancocho de Médula, La Restinga, Playa de Agua, Cachunchú Florido, 6 por Electron, Jayeche, Catatumbo, Caracas para Locos, Ávila.
 * En Vivo (1977). Tracks: Interludio, Morrocoy, Cachunchú Florido, La Restinga, Playa de Agua, Ganado, Cariaco, Ávila, Frailejón, Interludio.
 * Ofrenda (1978). Tracks: Armonías para cantar, Mandingo, San Agustín, Acuesta, Princesa, Aguacero.
 * I Belong (1981) with Paulette Dozier Tracks: I belong, I gotta feeling, I'm gonna climb that mountain, Sweet Zita, Decisions, Are you the one?, Feeling much calmer.
 * Estoy Como Quiero (1982). Tracks: Dorado I, Ponte a valer, 15 partes por millón, Estoy como quiero, Acuesta (grabado en vivo, Maracaibo), Canchunchu florido (grabado en vivo, Maracaibo), Dorado II.
 * Vytas (1983). Tracks: Playa Sombrero, Un amigo mas, La Chinita, Cristofue, Adicora, Hasta cuando, Amuay.
 * El Vals del Mar (1986). Tracks: El vals del mar, Eres tu, Los espejos, Sentado en una piedra, Agua clara, Una rosa roja, Dos viajeros, Escalas y armonías, Estoy como quiero.
 * Amazonia (1990). Tracks: Ofrenda, Karibik, A Bolívar, Techos Rojos (1er Movimiento), Techos Rojos (2do Movimiento), Aruanda, Mestizo, Guacamaya, Autana, Orinokia, Amazonia.

title: Vytas Brenner


text:
Soroca

Soroca is a city and municipality in Moldova, situated on the Dniester River about 160 km north of Chișinău. It is the administrative center of the Soroca District. Before the Holocaust, most of the population was Jewish.

History
It is known for its well-preserved stronghold, established by the Moldavian prince Stephen the Great (Ștefan cel Mare in Romanian) in 1499. The origins of the name Soroca are not fully known. Soroca (сорока) is the East Slavic word for magpie. Its location is only a few kilometers from the Moldova–Ukrainian border.

The original wooden fort, which defended a ford over the Dniester, was an important link in the chain of fortifications which comprised four forts (e.g., Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, then known as Akkerman, and Khotyn) on the Dniester, two forts on the Danube, and three forts on the north borders of medieval Moldavia. Between 1543 and 1546, under the rule of Peter IV Rareș, the fort was rebuilt in stone as a perfect circle with five bastions situated at equal distances.

During the Great Turkish War, John III Sobieski's forces successfully defended the fort against the Ottomans. It was of vital military importance during the Pruth River Campaign of Peter the Great in 1711. The stronghold was sacked by the Russians in the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39). The Soroca Fort is an important attraction in Soroca, having preserved cultures and kept the old Soroca to the present day.

The locality was greatly extended in the 19th century, during a period of relative prosperity. Soroca became a regional center featuring large squares, modernized streets, hospitals, grammar schools and conventionalized churches. During the Soviet period, the city became an important industrial center for northern Moldova.

Soroca was known for producing grapes, wheat, maize, and tobacco in 1919.

Demographics
According to the 2014 census, the population of Soroca amounted to 22,196 inhabitants (making it the eight largest city in Moldova), a decrease compared to the previous census in 2004, when 28,362 inhabitants were registered. Of these, 10,575 were men and 11,621 were women.

Footnotes:

* There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians.

* ''Moldovan language is one of the two local names for the Romanian language in Moldova. In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova interpreted that Article 13 of the constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence, thus giving official status to the name Romanian. ''

The population was estimated at 35,000 in 1919. It consisted mainly of Jews. Romanians, Germans, and Russians also lived in the city. Before the Holocaust, the city had a Jewish population of around 18,000, but there are only 100 today and 20 of them are considered Jewish according to the halakha.

The city has a sizable Romani minority and is popularly known as the "Romani capital of Moldova".

Mayor
The Mayor of Soroca is head of the executive branch of Soroca City Council.

Climate
The climate in Soroca is a warm-summer subtype (Köppen: Dfb) of the humid continental climate.

Media

 * Observatorul de Nord, a newspaper from Soroca, founded in 1998
 * Vocea Basarabiei, 67,69 and 103.1

Natives

 * Samuel Bronfman (1889–1971), a Jewish-Canadian entrepreneur, former owner of Seagram
 * Alexandru Cimbriciuc
 * Arkady Gendler (1921–2017), Jewish-Ukrainian Yiddish Singer
 * Sofia Imber, a Venezuelan journalist, founder of the Contemporary Art Museum of Caracas
 * Isaac Kitrosser, French Jewish photojournalist
 * Anna Mincovschi, mother of Robert Hossein
 * Kira Muratova, a Soviet and Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress
 * David Seltzer (1904–1994), New York Yiddish language Jewish writer, journalist and poet
 * Marina Shafir, a Moldovan mixed martial arts and professional wrestler currently works for All Elite Wrestling.
 * Nicolae Șoltuz, a member of Sfatul Țării
 * Robert Steinberg, a Jewish-Canadian mathematician
 * Leonte Tismăneanu, a Romanian communist activist
 * Eugen Ţapu (1983–2009), a protester in the post-election riots in Chișinău who died while in police custody
 * Gheorghe Ursu (1926–1985), a Romanian construction engineer and dissident
 * Mark Tkaciuk, historian, politician

Twin towns – Sister cities
Soroca is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇺 Bryansk, Russia
 * 🇷🇴 Flămânzi, Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Suceava, Romania

title: Soroca


text:
Talk:Equation solving

Line 8
line 8 seems very strange (incorrect even), with a's on the left and x's on the right; how was this really meant to be ?

Below the bold section title 'solution set' there is an invitation to the link 'solution set'; this seems not quite sensefull  at that location

 * Whoops! Fixed line 8. Thanks Dysprosia 22:32, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fractional Expression Equations
Where can I find solving fractional expression equations? This (equations with algebraic expressions in the denominator) is an Algebra II topic. I have a merger algorithm to combine fractions from Vedic Mathematics. Larry R. Holmgren 05:46, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

In principal, there should be a link to Unification_(computer_science), where equation solving in term algebras is discussed. However, it may be wise to wait until that article is better structured. Jochen Burghardt (talk) 06:40, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Po-Shen Loh: A different method to solve any quadratic equation ...
I recently ran across this interesting video on what appears to be a NEW method to solve ANY quadratic equation which I think is interesting: youtube/ZBalWWHYFQc

This guy, Po-Shen Loh, is a professor (PhD) of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University so "not a crackpot" apparently. I also went to his website (www.poshenloh.com) where there is another video in which he explains the process in much more detail including all the underlying logic and foundational knowledge required to think about the process: youtube/XKBX0r3J-9Y

If the claims in this video are correct (and I have no reason to doubt it at this time) then Po-Shen Loh has discovered something both elementary and foundational that has apparently eluded discovery for a long time due to its utterly simple nature. You might say this was a method hiding in plain sight.

He mentions on his website that he subsequently was informed that another person apparently discovered almost (but not quite) the exact same idea in 1989 but even 1989 is rather recent in the entire history of algebra so again I think it is interesting it has taken so long for somebody to discover this particular method.

172.88.130.119 (talk) 13:44, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

 * It wouldn't be an appropriate addition to this article as it only works on quadratic equations and isn't even a particularly common method for solving them, and so it isn't important enough to be in this broad article. I also believe the videos exaggerate how important the finding is, which is one reason for the policy of WP:SECONDARY. A more plausible reason that it "eluded discovery" is that nobody was looking for it - there are already methods to solve quadratic equations that work every time so this isn't important to mathematicians at all. Worth a mention on Po-Shen Loh due to its potential utility in teaching (as it feels less arbitrary than other methods) but here it is irrelevant. TWM03 (talk) 14:07, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It eluded discovery because it was already considered as a well known or obvious variant. I don't think it ever fails to work, as it's another way to organize completing the square and gives the same end result. Sesquivalent (talk) 23:24, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equation solving


text:
Talk:Ignorant native

The "ignorant native" might be a figure in someone's parable or allegory, but such a rhetorical trope is in no way an element of theology, Christian, heretical or otherwise. Wetman 22:24, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

 * How this bizarre page got ignored for a couple of years is a true mystery. The term "ignorant native" appears to be entirely a fabrication of the original editor, appears nowhere in LDS theology, and doesn't belong on Wikipedia. Twenty-four hours to see whether ANYONE objects. Then it's going buh-bye.The Editrix 14:13, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ignorant native


text:
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge

Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge, (30 March 1785 – 24 September 1856) was a British Army officer and politician. After serving in the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign he became Secretary at War in Wellington's ministry. After a tour as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1830 he became Secretary at War again in Sir Robert Peel's cabinet. He went on to be Governor-General of India at the time of the First Anglo-Sikh War and then Commander-in-Chief of the Forces during the Crimean War.

Early life
The son of the Rev, Henry Hardinge, Rector of Stanhope, and his wife Frances Best, he was educated at Durham School and Sevenoaks School. Hardinge entered the British Army on 23 July 1799 as an ensign in the Queen's Rangers, a corps then stationed in Upper Canada. He was promoted to lieutenant by purchase in the 4th Regiment of Foot on 27 March 1802 and transferred to the 1st Regiment of Foot on 11 July 1803 before becoming a captain of a company by purchase in the 57th Regiment of Foot on 21 April 1804. In February 1806 he was sent to the newly formed Staff College at High Wycombe.

Peninsular War
He saw action at the Battle of Roliça on 17 August 1808, at the Battle of Vimeiro on 21 August 1808, where he was wounded, and at Corunna on 16 January 1809 where he was by the side of Sir John Moore when the latter was killed. He was promoted to major on 13 April 1809 and appointed deputy-quartermaster-general in the Portuguese army and was present at many of the battles of the Peninsular War. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1811, he saved the day for the British at Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 by taking responsibility at a critical moment and strongly urging General Cole's division to advance. He took part in the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813, where he was wounded again, and was also present at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 and the Battle of Nivelle on 10 November 1813. He commanded the Portuguese brigade at the Battle of Orthez on 27 February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse on 10 April 1814. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1815.

Hundred Days campaign
When war broke out again in 1815 after Napoleon's escape from Elba, Hardinge returned to active service as a brigadier. Attached to the staff of the allied Prussian Army under Marshal Blucher, he was present at the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815, where he lost his left hand by a shot, and thus was not present at Waterloo two days later. Wellington presented him with a sword that had belonged to Napoleon. Hardinge remained attached to the Prussian army of occupation in France until 1818.

He was promoted to brevet colonel on 19 July 1821 and to major-general on 22 July 1830.

Member of Parliament
At the 1820 general election, Hardinge was returned to parliament as member for Durham. On 4 April 1823 he was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance a post he held until May 1827, and then again from January to May 1828. On 9 June 1828 he accepted the office of Secretary at War in Wellington's ministry, and was appointed a privy councillor. At the 1830 general election he transferred to the pocket borough of St Germans.

In July 1830 he exchanged portfolios with Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland, but relinquished the post in November following the collapse of the Wellington–Peel ministry. He resigned his seat at St Germans in December and was elected for Newport, another Tory pocket borough, a week later. He held Newport at the 1831 general election and in 1832, after Newport was disenfranchised, stood in Launceston and was re-elected. He would remain in this seat until he stood down in May 1844.

Chief Secretary for Ireland
He was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland from December 1834 to April 1835, and then was Secretary at War once again in Sir Robert Peel's cabinet from 1841 to 1844. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1841. At this time he had a London home at Whitehall Gardens, Westminster.

Governor-General of India
In May 1844 he succeeded Lord Ellenborough as Governor-General of India. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 1 July 1844. Following the death of Maharajah Ranjit Singh tribal war broke out and the first Sikh War ensued in 1845. Hardinge, waiving his right to the supreme command, offered to serve as second in command under Sir Hugh Gough. At the Battle of Mudki on 18 December 1845 Gough commanded the right flank and Hardinge commanded the left flank. After further British successes at the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846, the Battle of Ferozeshah on 21 December 1845 and the Battle of Aliwal on 28 January 1846, Hardinge concluded the campaign with the Treaty of Lahore with Maharajah Duleep Singh on 9 March 1846 and the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharajah Gulab Singh on 16 March 1846. He was created Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and of King's Newton in Derbyshire on 7 April 1846.

Recognising an annuity of £5,000 being paid by the East India Company, Parliament provided that Viscount Hardinge should continue to receive his full salary as Governor General. Under a subsequent Act, in recognition of his "great and brilliant services", Parliament settled an annuity of £3,000 on Lord Hardinge and the next two heirs male of his body, although this was not to be paid if the East India Company paid an annuity.

Commander-in-Chief
Hardinge returned to England in 1848, and became Master-General of the Ordnance on 5 March 1852; he succeeded the Duke of Wellington as commander-in-chief of the British Army on 28 September 1852. While in this position he had responsibility for the direction of the Crimean War, which he endeavoured to conduct on Wellington's principles — a system not altogether suited to the changed mode of warfare. He was promoted to brevet general on 20 June 1854 and field marshal on 2 October 1855. A commission was set up to investigate the failings of the British military during the Crimean campaign. As Hardinge was delivering the report of the commission to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he collapsed with a stroke. Albert helped him to a sofa, where despite being paralysed on one side, he continued to deliver his report, apologizing for the interruption.

He was also colonel of the 97th Regiment of Foot from 4 March 1833 and of the 57th Regiment of Foot from 31 May 1843.

Hardinge resigned his office of commander-in-chief in July 1856, owing to failing health, and died on 24 September 1856 at South Park near Tunbridge Wells. There is a memorial to him at St John the Baptist, Penshurst. He is buried in the churchyard at St. Peter, Fordcombe.

Family
In 1821 he married Lady Emily Jane, seventh daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry. They had two sons, and two daughters:

 * Charles Stewart Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton (2 Sep 1822 – 28 July 1894)
 * Arthur Edward Hardinge (2 Mar 1828 – 15 July 1892) married Mary Georgina Frances Ellis, daughter of Lt.-Col. Hon. Augustus Frederick Ellis. They had two sons, and three daughters, one of whom being Arthur Henry Hardinge.
 * Hon. Frances Elizabeth Hardinge (d. 9 July 1894) married Gen. Sir Arthur Cunynghame, son of Sir David Cunynghame, 5th Baronet. They had two sons, and three daughters.
 * Hon. Emily Caroline Hardinge (d. 4 Sep 1876). Unmarried, a lady-in-waiting to Princess Alice of the United Kingdom.

His elder son, Charles Stewart, who had been his private secretary in India, was the 2nd Viscount Hardinge. The younger son of the 2nd Viscount, Charles Hardinge (b. 1858), became a prominent diplomat, and was appointed Viceroy of India in 1910, being created Baron Hardinge of Penshurst.

His stepson was Walter James, 1st Baron Northbourne, (1816–1893).

title: Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge


text:
Talk:Soroca

Which King Stephen is this? Stephen I of Hungary died in 1038. RickK | Talk 22:25, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It´s not a king - it´s a voivod. Just follow the links.

The picture is wrong. Look here: http://www.iatp.md/monument/ Nicolae Bulat could tell a lot of "his" castle. He speaks very good english.

If the link doesn´t work, try here: http://soroca-fortress.nflame.net/_en/gal_colour.htm

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title: Talk:Soroca


text:
Open communion

Open communion is the practice of some Protestant Churches of allowing members and non-members to receive the Eucharist (also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper). Many but not all churches that practice open communion require that the person receiving communion be a baptized Christian, and other requirements may apply as well. In Methodism, open communion is referred to as the open table, meaning that all may approach the Communion table.

Open communion is the opposite of closed communion, where the sacrament is reserved for members of the particular church or others with which it is in a relationship of full communion or fellowship, or has otherwise recognized for that purpose. Closed communion may refer to either a particular denomination or an individual congregation serving Communion only to its own members.

Affirmation
Generally, churches that offer open communion to other Christians do not require an explicit affirmation of Christianity from the communicant before distributing the elements; the act of receiving is an implicit affirmation. Some churches make an announcement before communion begins such as "We invite all who have professed a faith in Christ to join us at the table."

Open communion is generally practiced in churches where the elements are passed through the congregation (also called self-communication). However, it is also practiced in some churches that have a communion procession, where the congregation comes forward to receive communion in front of the altar; such is the case in the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church, most Anglican churches, and some Lutheran churches.

Supporting belief
Those practising open communion generally believe that the invitation to receive communion is an invitation to Christ's table, and that it is not the province of human beings to interfere between an individual and Christ. Some traditions maintain that there are certain circumstances under which individuals should not present themselves for (and should voluntarily refrain from receiving) communion. However, if those individuals were to present themselves for communion, they would not be denied. In other traditions, the concept of being "unfit to receive" is unknown, and the actual refusal to distribute the elements to an individual would be considered scandalous.

Practitioners
Most Protestant churches practise open communion, although many require that the communicant be a baptized Christian. Open communion subject to baptism is an official policy of the Church of England and churches in the Anglican Communion. Other churches allowing open communion (with or without the baptism requirement) include the Church of the Nazarene, the Evangelical Free Church, the Church of God, Community Churches, the Presbyterian Church (USA), Presbyterian - ECO,  the Presbyterian Church in America, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, the United Church of Canada, United Church of Christ, United Methodist Church, the Free Methodist Church, Global Methodist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church, Foursquare Gospel Church, Association of Vineyard Churches, Metropolitan Community Church, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Churches of Christ, Assemblies of God, the Reformed Church in America, Seventh-day Adventists, Free Will Baptists, Seventh Day Baptists, and most churches in the Southern Baptist Convention. All bodies in the Liberal Catholic Movement practise open communion as a matter of policy. The official policy of the Episcopal Church is to only invite baptized persons to receive communion. However, many parishes do not insist on this and practise open communion. Among Gnostic churches, both the Ecclesia Gnostica and the Apostolic Johannite Church practise open communion. The Plymouth Brethren were founded on the basis of an open communion with any baptized Christian: today, following John Nelson Darby, Exclusive Brethren practise closed communion, and Open Brethren practise open communion on the basis of "receiving to the Lord's table those whom He has received, time being allowed for confidence to be established in our minds that those who we receive are the Lord's."

Most churches in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America practise their own form of open communion, offering the Eucharist to adults without receiving catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the Real Presence. The Christian churches and the Calvary Chapel as well as other nondenominational churches also practise open communion. The Uniting Church in Australia practises open communion, inviting all attending to participate.

The Churches of Denmark, Norway and Sweden are open communion churches.

Notable exceptions include the Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Reformed Seventh Day Adventists, traditional Lutheran churches, and some Reformed Protestant or Calvinist denominations (in which you must be a baptized member). All these typically practise some form of closed communion.

Churches of Christ, though holding to a closed communion view, in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion, on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11:28 the visitor must "examine himself" and decide to partake or decline (i.e. it is not for the minister, elders/deacons, or members to decide who may or may not partake); thus, the practice is more akin to open communion.

Assemblies of God, Baptist and other churches that practise congregational polity, due to their autonomous nature, may (depending on the individual congregation) practise open or closed communion.

Other groups that practise open communion are the Moravian Church Wesleyans, and the Christian and Missionary Alliance.

Within the Latter Day Saint movement, the Community of Christ practices open communion. The LDS Church, on the other hand, views its corresponding ceremony (known as the Sacrament) as having meaning only for church members (though without actually forbidding others from participating).

Some Independent Catholic Churches, such as the American Catholic Church in the United States, American National Catholic Church, and Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church practice open communion, sometimes even allowing non-baptized and non-Christians receive commission.

In the Anglican Communion, as well as in many other traditional Christian denominations, those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion. This practice is also used in the Roman Catholic church at funeral masses, where attendees frequently include non-Catholics.

Within the Nontrinitarian groups, the Church of God General Conference practices open communion, as well as many Unitarian and Universalist Christian churches such as Kings Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.

Position of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church does not practise or recognise open communion. In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics. Catholics can only receive Holy Communion if they are in a state of grace, this is without any mortal sin: "A person who is conscious of grave sin (mortal sin) is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."

In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes invite non-Catholics to come forward in the line, with their arms crossed over their chest, and receive a blessing from the priest. However, Canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church and the parallel canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.

Thus it permits Eastern Christians who are not in full communion with the Catholic Church (Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Church of the East) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the Holy See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments.

On 15 November 2015, while at Christuskirche in Rome Pope Francis answered a Lutheran woman wishing to be able to participate in Holy Communion with her Catholic husband: "It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward".  In the following year at Lund Cathedral, in a joint Lutheran-Catholic service commemorating the Reformation, Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan (the head of the Lutheran World Federation) "jointly pledged to remove the obstacles to full unity between their Churches, leading eventually to shared Eucharist."

Recognizing that "that everyone in a marriage that binds denominations," the Catholic Church in Germany in 2018 produced a pastoral handout allowing Lutheran spouses of Catholics to receive Communion from Catholic ministers in certain cases, 'provided they "affirm the Catholic faith in the Eucharist".'   Thus far, Archbishop Hans-Josef Becker (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn), Archbishop Stefan Heße (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg), Archbishop Ludwig Schick (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and Bishop Franz Jung (Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg) have implemented the pastoral document, in addition to Bishops Gerhard Feige of Magdeburg and Franz-Josef Bode of Osnabrück declaring their intention to implement the pastoral document well. Bishop Franz Jung, while celebrating a Jubilee Mass on 5 July 2018 at Würzburg Cathedral, called inter-denominational marriages "denomination-uniting" and thus "especially invited" couples in which one spouse is Protestant to receive the Eucharist during his sermon.

For other baptized Christians (such as Anglicans, Methodists and other Protestants) under the jurisdiction of other episcopal conferences, the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgment of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be invited to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have the catholic faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed.

Catholic priests have sometimes not observed these rules, giving Holy Communion to non-Catholics sometimes unknowingly. Notably, Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion to Brother Roger, a Reformed pastor and founder of the Taizé Community, several times; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist. Moreover, after Brother Roger's death, at the Mass celebrated for him in France, "communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately, regardless of denomination".

The Catholic Church does not allow its own faithful to receive Communion from non-catholic ministers in whose Churches these sacraments are valid, apart from in extreme cases, such as danger of death, and only if it recognizes the validity of the sacraments of that Church. Other conditions are that it be physically or morally impossible for the Catholic to approach a Catholic minister, that it be a case of real need or spiritual benefit, and that the danger of error or indifferentism be avoided.

Position of the Lutheran Church
The Lutheran Church has a variety of practices, depending on denominational polity. Some branches of Lutheranism, such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, do not practice open communion; they exclude non-members and require catechetical instructions for all people before receiving the Eucharist. This generally stems from an understanding that sharing communion is a sign of Christian unity; where that unity is not present, neither should Eucharistic sharing be present. Some Lutheran church bodies use the term "altar and pulpit fellowship" to refer to their specific practices.

Other parts of the Lutheran Church, including the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and many members of the Lutheran World Federation, practice open communion and welcome all Baptized Christians to commune while ensuring that Lutheran belief on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is declared orally or in writing. Guests are then left to decide whether they should or should not receive the Eucharist. The ELCA has specific communion sharing agreements with a number of other Christian denominations, encouraging the sharing of the sacrament across belief system boundaries. The understanding that lies behind this practice is that Communion is both a foretaste of eschatological Christian unity as well as an effective means of fostering that unity.

The Evangelical Church in Germany, which is a federation of Lutheran and Reformed churches, has an open communion.

title: Open communion


text:
French Territory of the Afars and the Issas

The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI; Territoire français des Afars et des Issas) was the name given to present-day Djibouti between 1967 and 1977, while it was still an overseas territory of France. The area was formerly known as French Somaliland (Côte française des Somalis). Its name derives from the Afar people of Djibouti and the Somali Issa clan.

History
From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura was called Obock and ruled by Somali and Afar Sultans, local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to gain a foothold in the region. In 1894, Léonce Lagarde established a permanent French administration in the city of Djibouti and named the region Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland), a name which continued until 1967.

In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There were also allegations of widespread vote rigging. The majority of those who had voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. In October 1960, he and several of his associates died in a plane crash under mysterious circumstances on a return trip from China to Somalia.

In 1966, France rejected the United Nations' recommendation that it should grant French Somaliland independence. In August of the same year, an official visit to the territory by then French President, General Charles de Gaulle, was also met with demonstrations and rioting. In response to the protests, de Gaulle ordered another referendum. On 19 March 1967, a second plebiscite was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident Somalis generally voting for independence, with the goal of eventual reunion with Somalia, and the Afars largely opting to remain associated with France. However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities, with some 10,000 Somalis deported under the pretext that they did not have valid identity cards. According to the UN, there was an inordinate number of invalid ballots in Somali districts, which it suggested implied that the plebiscite had been manipulated. Although the territory was at the time inhabited by 58,240 Somali and 48,270 Afar, official figures indicated that only 14,689 Somali were allowed to register to vote versus 22,004 Afar. Somali representatives also charged that the French had simultaneously imported thousands of Afar nomads from neighboring Ethiopia to further tip the odds in their favor, but the French authorities denied this, suggesting that Afars already greatly outnumbered Somalis on the voting lists. Announcement of the plebiscite results sparked civil unrest, including several deaths. France also increased its military force along the frontier.

In 1967, shortly after the referendum was held, French Somaliland was renamed Territoire français des Afars et des Issas. This was both in acknowledgement of the large Afar constituency and to downplay the significance of the Somali composition (the Issa being a Somali subclan).

The French Territory of Afars and Issas also differed from French Somaliland in terms of government structure, as the position of Governor General changed to that of High Commissioner. A nine-member council of government was also implemented.

With a steadily enlarging Somali population, the likelihood of a third referendum appearing successful for the French had grown even dimmer. The prohibitive cost of maintaining the colony, France's last outpost on the continent, was another factor that compelled observers to doubt that the French would attempt to hold on to the territory.

On 8 May 1977, a third vote took place. A landslide 99.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking Djibouti's independence. Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as the nation's first president (1977–1999).


text:
Albert Bigelow

Albert Smith Bigelow (1 May 1906 – 6 October 1993) was a pacifist and former United States Navy Commander, who came to prominence in the 1950s as the skipper of the Golden Rule, the first vessel to attempt disruption of a nuclear test in protest against nuclear weapons.

Early life
Bigelow (1906-1993) was the son of Albert Francis Bigelow (1880-1958), and Gladys Williams. Albert's father was a partner in the Boston law firm Warren, Hogue & Bigelow from 1908 to 1914. His sister was Martha Bigelow, who married Theodore L. Eliot, the grandson of Charles William Eliot, president of Harvard.

Bigelow was a graduate of both Harvard University, in 1929, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a degree in architecture. While at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770, Stylus, Iroquois and Fly Clubs, as well as a member of the Harvard hockey team.

Navy Service
Bigelow served in the United States Navy during World War II, first as commander of a submarine chaser patrolling the Solomon Islands, and later as captain of the destroyer escort USS Dale W. Peterson (DE-337) On August 6, 1945, Bigelow was on the bridge of the Peterson as it sailed into Pearl Harbor, when he heard news of the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima. He resigned from the US Naval Reserve a month before becoming eligible for his pension.

Involvement in peace movement
In 1948, Bigelow's wife, Sylvia, joined the Religious Society of Friends. Bigelow joined in 1955. It was through the Society of Friends that Albert and Sylvia came to house two of the Hiroshima Maidens: young Japanese women, severely disfigured by the effects of the atomic bomb, who were brought to the United States to undergo plastic surgery in 1955. Bigelow was humbled by the experience, in particular by his realization that the two young women "harbored no resentment against us or other Americans".

Bigelow became involved with the American Friends Service Committee in the mid-1950s, attempting to deliver a 17,411 signature petition, opposing atmospheric nuclear tests, to the White House via Maxwell M. Rabb, Cabinet Secretary. Repeated attempts to gain an appointment with Rabb were unsuccessful, leading Bigelow to conclude that other measures must be taken.

On August 6, 1957, on the 12th anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima, Bigelow and twelve other members of the newly formed Committee for Non-Violent Action were arrested when they attempted to enter the Camp Mercury nuclear test site in Nevada, as part of a nonviolent vigil against the testing. The following day, they returned and sat with their backs towards the site as the nuclear test took place.

Sailing The Golden Rule
In February, 1958, Bigelow set sail for the Eniwetok Proving Ground, the Atomic Energy Commission's atmospheric test site in the Marshall Islands, in the Golden Rule, a 30 ft ketch. He was accompanied by crew members James Peck, George Willoughby, William R. Huntington, and Orion Sherwood. The voyage had been deliberately and widely publicized, and while the Golden Rule was en route to Hawaii, the Atomic Energy Commission hastily issued a regulation banning US citizens from sailing into the Proving Grounds.

When they arrived in Hawaii, the crew of the Golden Rule were issued a court summons, resulting in a temporary injunction against any attempt to sail to the test site. Bigelow chose to break the injunction on May 1, but the Golden Rule was intercepted by the US Coast Guard only 5 nmi from Honolulu. A second attempt on June 4 was also unsuccessful – the crew were arrested, charged with contempt of court and sentenced to sixty days in jail.

But while the Golden Rule was docked in Honolulu, Bigelow and crew had met Earle and Barbara Reynolds. Earle L. Reynolds was an anthropologist who had visited Hiroshima to study the effects of the atomic bomb on Japanese society. Hearing of the plight of the Golden Rule, Earle and Barbara were inspired to take their own nonviolent action, and later that year their yacht, the Phoenix of Hiroshima became the first vessel to enter a nuclear test zone in protest when they sailed sixty-five nautical miles into the test area at Bikini Atoll. Earle was arrested and sentenced to six months in jail.

In 1959, Bigelow published a book, Voyage of the Golden Rule which documented his journey. Bigelow's story would go on to inspire fellow Quaker Marie Bohlen to suggest the use of a similar tactic to members of the Vancouver-based Don't Make a Wave Committee (later to become Greenpeace) in 1970.

Bigelow continued to take part in non-violent protests during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and was a participant in the Freedom Rides organized by the Congress on Racial Equality in 1961.

In his later years, from 1971 to 1975, he was a trustee to The Meeting School, a Quaker school in Rindge, New Hampshire.

Personal life
Bigelow married his first wife, Josephine Rotch, the daughter of Arthur and Helen (née Ludington) Rotch, on June 21, 1929. She was a debutante of 1927 and was a member of the Junior League and Vincent Club of Boston. She, however, had resumed her affair with Harry Crosby within two months of their marriage, and then, on 10 December that year she and Crosby were found dead in an apparent murder suicide.

Two years later, Albert married Sylvia Weld, daughter of Rudolph and Sylvia Caroline (née Parsons) Weld, on September 10, 1931. Sylvia was a granddaughter of Gen. William Barclay Parsons (1859–1932), the chief engineer of New York's first subway. Her great-grandparents were William Barclay Parsons (1828–1887) and Eliza (née Livingston) Parsons. Together, they had three daughters, Lisa, Kate, and Mary, their youngest, who died when she was seven months old.

Bigelow died, aged 87, at a nursing home in Walpole, Massachusetts in 1993.

title: Albert Bigelow


text:
Talk:Beachcomber (pen name)

Untitled
does anyone know who the current Beachcomber really is? (User:Lee M)

Private Eye
Couldn't this article do with a link to Private Eye? Richard W.M. Jones 08:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Why? No Beachcomber ever wrote for it an d the only tenuous link is the performances by Wells and Ingrams on the radio shows.62.31.13.100 23:31, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I meant all the references to Ugandan affairs & Chief Justice Cocklecarrot, etc. which appear in Private Eye Richard W.M. Jones 08:45, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see what you mean, yes. I'll have a look at it. 193.138.107.181 12:16, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Beachcombers in the South Pacific
I was a bit surprised to find this meaning of the word stowed away in Other uses. I was under the impression that this was the primary meaning of the word, having lived in New Caledonia and to some extent familliarised myself with its history. I'll add this article to my watchlist and do some research (or have my father do it) on the subject. - GSchjetne 09:23, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Hijacking of the word
I think to centralise the meaning of this world on a column in a newspaper and pointing out that this word can have other meanings is not right. On reading the page was under the impression that this is the only thing this word was used for and that the true meaning of the word itself is lost.

What was Orwell's criticism based on?
George Orwell acknowledged Morton's skill as a humorist (among "the best comic writers of our time" in Funny Not Vulgar, Leader, Dec 1944).

Elsewhere Orwell is strongly critical of Morton - along with Wyndham Lewis - for championing "reactionary causes" and "conducting endless propaganda against Socialism, The League of Nations and scientific research" (in As I Please, Tribune, 23 June 1944).

Was this criticism based on an interpretation of the "Beachcomber" columns or did Morton write elsewhere about such issues? Are there political columns not included in Ingram's and Frayn's collections? Orwell says Morton & Wyndham Lewis had together championed "Pilsudski, Mussolini, appeasement, flogging, Franco, literary censorship": can this really be found in the goings-on of Strabismus, Cocklecarrot et al?

I've always believed Morton's "Beachcomber" columns were a series of hilarious entertainments, nothing more, but have I missed something? Lyn50

 * If you look at the original volumes, as opposed to the Ingrams and Frayn selections, there is a fair amount of what Orwell calls "political Catholicism", Belloc-style, plus general Peter Simple-style lampooning of anything trendy. Orwell does over-state his case, though, for example by taking a column making fun of the Brains Trust as an attack on free speech.  I suppose you could interpret the Strabismus columns as an attack on scientific research, but you'd have to be pretty humourless. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 08:44, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Other uses of Beachcomber
I removed the section on the other use of the word beachcomber since this article's title now makes it clear we're talking about the pen name only. There is now a disambiguation page at Beachcomber that list this and all other uses. --Cab88 15:59, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Please excuse me for not properly following etiquette I am just learning and am trying but will no doubt get it wrong.

I don't think there is any problem with Beachcomber being an article itself as long as it is disambiguated from those who comb beaches.

I can look up the Orwell references if you wish, in particular he disliked him as a "catholic apologist" but I think that would be the time of D. B. Wyndham Lewis, not J. B Morton. I could be wrong I would have to check, if you think it worthwhile.

Sorry I told you I am just getting used to it the Orwell referenes ar in Collected essays, various editions I have the penguins in paperback but I think they were originally published by Secker & Warburg. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.40.64.87 (talk) 12:03, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

I think the reference to Mrs Justice Cocklecarrot is extraneous though I imagine it is  a jibe at Cherie Blair/Booth. Worth mentioning?

BTW There is a book "The best of Beachcomber 'Selected and introduced by' Michael Frayn" (quotes as you prefer) ISBN 0-434-797606-5. Beachcomber I never liked much but I read widely. I have it here if you want a cover pic or anything not sure how copuright rules would work on that. This edition is published 1988 but copyright J B Morton 1963

I'll leave the autosign cos I have still not got this quite right but I am SiTrew username and trewy@live.co.uk email. Just not quite got the hang of it yet.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.171.129.72 (User SiTrew) 10:03, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Mrs Justice Cocklecarrot was the wife of a judge, not a lawyer or a judge in her own right, and was mentioned fifty years before Cherie Blair was ever heard of. So nice try, but I don't think so. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 08:46, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Lede
Currently the lede says: 'Beachcomber was the nom de plume used by two humorous columnists, D. B. Wyndham-Lewis and, chiefly, J. B. Morton as authors of the Daily Express column "By the Way" in the period 1919–1975. Two other authors have also used the name: Major John Bernard Arbuthnot MVO, the column's founder, and William Hartston, the current author of the column its revived form.'

Why not 'Beachcomber has been the nom de plume used by four humorous columnists on the Daily Express, between 1917 and the present day, with an interval between 1975 and 1996'? Valetude (talk) 19:37, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Excellent article
This is a fine piece of writing, a good tribute to its author. Can I nominate it for any awards going? 83.217.122.76 (talk) 14:33, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Removed bold
The phrase "twelve red-bearded dwarfs" was in bold in this section. Could anyone please tell me if I did the right thing by removing it?--Thylacine24 (talk) 08:15, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Overlap?
It was then passed to Morton during 1924, though it is likely there was a period when they overlapped.
 * Wyndham-Lewis passed it on to Morton because he was moving to the Daily Mail. I don't see how an overlap would have happened. Valetude (talk) 17:45, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

"By the Way" column
"By the Way" was originally a column in The Globe, consisting of unsigned humorous pieces; P. G. Wodehouse was assistant editor of the column from August 1903...
 * Not clear enough that the column dated back before 1903.

After the Globe's closure, it was reestablished as a society news column in the Daily Express from 1917 onwards...
 * The Globe did not fold until 1921. Valetude (talk) 23:32, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beachcomber (pen name)