text:
Peter Sculthorpe

Peter Joshua Sculthorpe (29 April 1929 – 8 August 2014) was an Australian composer. Much of his music resulted from an interest in the music of countries neighbouring Australia as well as from the impulse to bring together aspects of Aboriginal Australian music with that of the heritage of the West. He was known primarily for his orchestral and chamber music, such as Kakadu (1988) and Earth Cry (1986), which evoke the sounds and feeling of the Australian bushland and outback. He also wrote 18 string quartets, using unusual timbral effects, works for piano, and two operas. He stated that he wanted his music to make people feel better and happier for having listened to it. He typically avoided the dense, atonal techniques of many of his contemporary composers. His work was often characterised by its distinctive use of percussion. As one of the compositional pioneers of a distinctively Australian sound, Sculthorpe and his music have been likened to the role played by Aaron Copland in America's musical coming of age.

Early life
Sculthorpe was born and raised in Launceston, Tasmania. His mother, Edna, was passionate about English literature and was the first woman to hold a driver's licence in Tasmania; his father, Joshua, loved fishing and nature. He was educated at the Launceston Church Grammar School.

He began writing music at the age of seven or eight, after having his first piano lesson, continuing in secret when his piano teacher punished him for this activity. By the age of 14, he had decided to make a career of music, despite many (especially his father) encouraging him to enter different fields, because he felt the music he wrote was the only thing that was his own. In his early teens he attempted to learn composition through studying Ernst Krenek's Studies in Counterpoint – "a pretty dreadful book" as he later described it. He studied at the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music from 1946 to 1950, then returned to Tasmania.

His Piano Sonatina was performed at the ISCM Festival in Baden-Baden in 1955 (the piece had been rejected for an ABC competition because it was "too modern").

He won a scholarship to study at Wadham College, Oxford, studying under Egon Wellesz. Through Wellesz he met Wilfrid Mellers, whose wide literary interests included many Australian writers, and who recommended Sculthorpe read D. H. Lawrence's Kangaroo. This led directly to the composition of Irkanda II (String Quartet No. 5). His song-cycle Sun, based on three Lawrence poems, was dedicated to Mellers. These works were later withdrawn, but Lawrence's words returned in a revised version of Irkanda IV and in The Fifth Continent. He left Wadham before completing his doctorate because his father was gravely ill. He wrote his first mature composition, Irkanda IV, in his father's memory.

Shortly afterwards, he made the acquaintance of the painter Russell Drysdale, who had recently lost his son to suicide, and the pair shared a working holiday in a house on the Tamar River. Not long after this, Drysdale's wife Bonnie, who had introduced him to Sculthorpe, also took her own life. His String Quartet No. 6 was dedicated to Bonnie Drysdale's memory. His Piano Sonata (later withdrawn and re-released under the title Callabonna) was dedicated to Russell Drysdale, who used Lake Callabonna in South Australia as the backdrop to some of his paintings.

Musical career
In 1963 he became a lecturer at the University of Sydney, and remained there more or less ever after, where he was an emeritus professor. In the mid-1960s he was composer in residence at Yale University. In 1965 he wrote Sun Music I for the Sydney Symphony Orchestra's first overseas tour, on a commission from Sir Bernard Heinze, who asked for "something without rhythm, harmony or melody". Neville Cardus, after the premiere of Sun Music I, wrote that Sculthorpe was set to "lay the foundations of an original and characteristic Australian music". In 1968 the Sun Music series was used for the ballet Sun Music, choreographed by Sir Robert Helpmann, which gained wide international attention. In the late 1960s, Sculthorpe worked with Patrick White on an opera about Eliza Fraser, but White chose to terminate the artistic relationship. Sculthorpe subsequently wrote an opera (music theatre), Rites of Passage (1972–73), to his own libretto, using texts in Latin and the Australian indigenous language Arrernte. Another opera Quiros followed in 1982.

In 2003, the SBS Radio and Television Youth Orchestra gave the premiere of Sydney Singing, a composition by Sculthorpe for clarinet solo (Joanne Sharp), harp solo (Tamara Spigelman), percussion solo (Peter Hayward) and string orchestra.

Sculthorpe was a represented composer of the Australian Music Centre and was published by Faber Music Ltd. He was only the second composer to be contracted by Faber, after Benjamin Britten.

Style and themes
Much of Sculthorpe's early work demonstrates the influence of Asian music, but he said that these influences dwindled through the 1970s as Indigenous Australian music became more important. He said that he had been interested in indigenous cultures since his teens, mainly because of his father "who told me many stories of past wrongs in Tasmania. I think he was quite extraordinary for that time, as was my mother". However, it was only with the advent of recordings and books on the subject around the 1970s that he started to incorporate indigenous motifs in his work.

Sculthorpe said he was political in his work – and that his work had also always been about "the preservation of the environment and more recently, climate change". His 16th String Quartet was inspired by extracts from letters written by asylum seekers in Australian detention centres.

Sculthorpe came to regard Russell "Tass" Drysdale as a role model, admiring the way he reworked familiar material in new ways. He said "In later years he was often accused of painting the same picture over and over again. But his answer was that he was no different from a Renaissance artist, striving again and again to paint the perfect Madonna-and-Child.  Since then, I've never had a problem about the idea of reusing and reworking my material.  Like Tass, I've come to look on my whole output as one slowly emerging work".

Personal life
In the early 1970s Sculthorpe was engaged to the Australian composer and music educator, Anne Boyd.

He was distantly related to Fanny Cochrane Smith, a Tasmanian Aboriginal woman whose wax cylinder recordings of songs are the only audio recordings of any of Tasmania's Indigenous languages. Her daughter Gladys married Sculthorpe's great-grandfather's nephew.

Recognition and honours

 * 1999: made one of Australia's 45 Icons

Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.

! Ref.
 * 1993 || Peter Sculthorpe || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award || awarded ||
 * 1993 || Peter Sculthorpe || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award || awarded ||

Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.

 * 2007
 * Peter Sculthorpe
 * Don Banks Music Award
 * awarded
 * awarded

Death and legacy
Sculthorpe died in Sydney on 8 August 2014 at the age of 85. His home in Holdsworth St, Woollahra was sold in May 2015 to the fashion identity and philanthropist Peter Weiss.

Peter Sculthorpe Fellowship
In 2014, the Government of New South Wales and the Sydney Conservatorium announced a new award worth A$30,000 to honour Sculthorpe's life. The Peter Sculthorpe Fellowship would be offered biennially to support the career of an emerging composer or instrumentalist based in New South Wales who performs and produces new Australian music.

 * Winners
 * 2015: Peggy Polias, a composer from south-west Sydney, enabling her record her 2009 piece, Picnic at Hanging Rock Suite; compose a new work; and broaden her professional development opportunities
 * 2017: Rhyan Clapham (known professionally as DOBBY ), Aboriginal Australian/ Filipino hip hop artist from Brewarrina, then aged 23

Orchestral

 * The Fifth Continent for speaker and orchestra (1963)
 * Sun Music I (1965)
 * Sun Music II (1969)
 * Sun Music III (1967)
 * Sun Music IV (1967)
 * Love 200 (a collaboration with Tully) (1970)
 * Music for Japan (1970)
 * Love 200 (a collaboration with Fraternity (1972)
 * Small Town for solo oboe, two trumpets, timpani and strings (1976) (see Thirroul, New South Wales)
 * Port Essington for string trio and string orchestra (1977) (see Port Essington)
 * Mangrove (1979)
 * Earth Cry (1986)
 * Kakadu (1988)
 * Memento Mori (1993)
 * Cello Dreaming (1998)
 * From Oceania (2003)
 * Beethoven Variations (2006)
 * Songs of Sea and Sky, also arranged for different instruments such as flute and clarinet
 * Mangrove, for orchestra
 * My Country Childhood
 * Shining Island (2011), for strings (remembering Henryk Górecki)

Concertante

 * Piano Concerto (1983)
 * Earth Cry, for didgeridoo and orchestra (1986)
 * Nourlangie, for solo guitar, strings and percussion (1989)
 * Sydney Singing, for clarinet, harp, percussion, and strings (2003)
 * Elegy, for solo viola and strings (2006)

Vocal/choral

 * Morning Song for the Christ Child (1966)
 * The Birthday of thy King (1988)
 * Requiem (2004)

Opera

 * Rites of Passage (music theatre; 1972–73)
 * Quiros (1982)

Chamber/instrumental

 * Sonata for Viola and Percussion (1960)
 * Requiem for cello alone (1979; commissioned and premiered by Nathan Waks)
 * Four Little Pieces for Piano Duet (1979)
 * Djilile for percussion ensemble (1986)
 * Djilile for viol consort (1995)
 * From Kakadu for solo guitar (1993)
 * Into the Dreaming for solo guitar (1994)
 * Earth Cry arr. for string quartet (1994)
 * From the River for piano and strings (2000)
 * Soliloquy and Cadenza for solo cello (2001)
 * Oh T.I. for guitar and strings (2012; commissioned and premiered by Canberra International Music Festival)
 * 18 string quartets (including 4 quartets with optional didgeridoo – No. 12 "From Ubirr", No. 14 "Quamby", No. 16, No. 18)

Piano

 * Between Five Bells
 * Callabonna (1963)
 * Djilile (1989)
 * Koto Music I (1973)
 * Koto Music II (1976)
 * A Little Book of Hours
 * Little Passacaglia (2004, written for the Indonesian pianist Ananda Sukarlan)
 * Mountains (1981)
 * Night Pieces: Snow; Moon; Flowers; Night; Stars (1971)
 * Nocturnal (1989)
 * Piano Sonatina (1954)
 * Riverina
 * Rose Bay Quadrilles (William Stanley, 1856, edited by Sculthorpe)
 * Song for a Penny (2000)
 * Simori
 * Thoughts from Home (intended to form part of the Gallipoli Symphony for Anzac Day 2015)
 * Two Easy Pieces: Left Bank Waltz (1958); Sea Chant (1971)

Film soundtracks

 * Age of Consent (1969)
 * Manganinnie (1980) – Winner AFI Award, Best Original Music Score
 * Burke & Wills (1985)

Recordings
Sculthorpe Complete String Quartets with didgeridoo (Del Sol String Quartet with Stephen Kent, didgeridoo) (released by Sono Luminus on 30 September 2014)

Tamara Anna Cislowska released the album Peter Sculthorpe – Complete Works for Solo Piano in September 2014.

title: Peter Sculthorpe


text:
Talk:Queer Nation

It
It's a very small point and, as the author of the article, you can make the decision, but I just think saying "the word" instead of "it" in that sentence is slightly clearer. There are two possible referents for "it" in that sentence (also "the way"), and saying "the word" again just seems slightly "cleaner" to me as a native English speaker. I imagine you think it's repetitive. I don't perceive it that way, but that's a valid perception. Like I say, a very small point.

Great article though! Thanks for creating it. Moncrief, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, it was Yacht who created it, but thanks anyway. You're right, I thought it was repetitive. But I am not a native speaker, so if you think it's better spelled 'the word', go ahead. -- Kimiko 09:45, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, that looks better, Dysprosia. Thanks. -- Kimiko 09:52, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * awful... Dysprosia is clever! :O --Yacht 09:57, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * How did u get that code? --Yacht 10:09, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * here. Works to protect your email address from spambots, too! (Use URL Decode/Encode). Dysprosia 10:12, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * thanks, that's useful. ;) --Yacht 10:30, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

Requested
Copied from my talk page:

do u have any ideas of Queer Nation, which is listed in the Requested articles? not a person's name, eh? a nationality or a country? weird. --Yacht 04:34, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Google gives lots of hits for "Queer Nation". I'll look into it later today. -- Kimiko 07:47, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Queer Nation is (was? I'm not sure if it still exists in any form) is neither a person nor a nationality, but rather an activist gay group, most effective and powerful in the late 80s and early 90s in the USA, that sought to aggressively fight for gay rights through protests (such as at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York against the homophobic then-archbishop of NYC), through the "outing" of closeted people who spoke against gay causes or were otherwise ineffectual in fighting for gay rights, and so forth. An entry on Queer Nation would definitely a worthwhile addition to Wikipedia. Moncrief, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Moncrief. I totally agree with you. --Yacht 09:03, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here are some useful links:
 * Manifesto (note: you'll probably have to edit the URLs of the parts a bit (replace \ with / and delete the final \))
 * some articles
 * article
 * http://www.4edu.info/LGBT/ESL_16.1_queer.htm
 * article by a former QN member
 * Hmm, an encyclopedia article :o)
 * -- Kimiko 16:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * After reading a little:
 * QN was founded in March 1990 by activists from ACT-UP.
 * Even though they never officially disbanded, most sources agree that QN is no more.
 * They are mostly praised for starting the reclaiming of the word queer.
 * Rumor has it that they once outed (one or more) public figures. I could not find confirmation of this and one source suggested that it was a misunderstanding.
 * Their slogan was "We're here. We're queer. Get used to it.".
 * Queer Nation is also:
 * A web comic
 * A TV show from New Zealand
 * A club in London
 * Chaucer's Queer Nation is the title of a book by Glenn Burger
 * Hmm, if someone could come up with an opening sentence, this could be the start of a new article. Don't look at me, I hate creative writing.
 * -- Kimiko 22:44, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I will try. but what u just mentioned is good enough to write an article. --Yacht 00:09, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm not very good at starting artices :o)
 * I think the outing incident should be included too. It's one of the things that got QN in the news and that they are remembered for (even if incorrectly). -- Kimiko 08:30, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Please just add that. i am always worrying if my broken English is readable for English speakers. ;) --Yacht 08:56, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * What's the language the website u added to the article? not English i think?--Yacht 09:51, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * eh... i went to the http://www.rfsl.se/?p=633 :(. sorry for that, 'cause i've never seen such strange a link form... --Yacht 09:54, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

Marxist, socialist, communist?
What are the references for the claims that QN were marxist/socialst/communist? It seems a little odd to me. ntennis 03:21, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK those untrue claims now removed. ntennis 14:20, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

"Sixty Queers"
Something strikes me. In the second paragraph it mentions "...sixty queers gathered..." (as well as additionally using the term throughout the article). Is this terminology that would be in an encyclopedia? I don't present this as any kind of pro- or anti- homosexual point, just more along the lines of, if a straight man was to say that in general conversation with an unfamiliar person, wouldn't it be considered offensive or maligning? Either way, in general, the term queer here is mildly ambiguous as queer itself means "strange." As way of reinforcing this, I cite the Wikipedia "Queer" article itself, which states the use of the term is controversial as many still consider it derisive. In summary, I believe it is still far more of a slang term at this point than any form of acceptable, specific jargon. Also questionable is the statement of Queer Nation "reclaiming" the word. There's a difference between reclamation and a group trying to turn an offensive term used to deride its members into part of said group's technical lexicon. Shipton 03:44, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreeed. This doesn't sound like an encyclopedia. NCdave 02:46, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

What is Queer Nation?
The article does not fulfill the primary goal of an encyclopedia to clarify in the first sentence what the lemma describes. As ist was founded it presumably is a group of people. What is its formal organisation? What are its goals? Both points should become clear in the first paragraph. Starting with a historical overview (Q. was founded...) is not the way to achieve this. - Sorry for my harsh wording. 134.147.233.155 15:59, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

"Four Activists"
More because I genuinely want to know, and not necessarily a direct criticism, but any idea which four were the founders? (this annonymous comment was added on 19 March 2007 by 72.75.223.229)

 * The first and second paragraphs seem to contradict each other.
 * First: ''"[It]was founded in March 1990... [by] four founders..."
 * Second: ''"March 20, 1990, sixty queers gathered... to create a direct-action organization."
 * So, how many founders were there? Four or 60?  NCdave 02:52, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

"One of the four was a survivor of anti-gay violence."
"One of the four [founders] was a survivor of anti-gay violence." A claim like that needs documentation. Who was he? Where's the reliable source? NCdave 02:43, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it seems unlikely that only one of the founders would have suffered from anti-gay violence. Hyacinth (talk) 02:53, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Should This...
Be added?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxGQzs22K3s

It was public, it was broadcast, it involved a major celebrity. I just can't nail down a date or any more information besides this video. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.131.221.143 (talk) 12:19, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * As it happens, I was just now looking up Wikipedia articles on Queer Nation and Arsenio Hall to see what the fall-out, if any, from that appearance was. Paul Hogan is the guest in that clip, and IMDB lists him appearing in the Arsenio Hall Show episode dated Dec. 14, 1990.  Since he was promoting Almost an Angel (US release date of Dec. 19, 1990), that seems reasonable.   68.113.73.180 (talk) 22:23, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Shouting slogan... I remember one differently
"We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous, get used to it!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.215.115.31 (talk) 23:26, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

My name is Richard Noble. I was the queeer national Arsenio Hall came out to the audience to speak to. I was the first person on national television talk shows to say, "I'm Gay". That was our objective. We would have stormed the stage and been arrested had it not been for Arsenio Hall's courage. Remember Andrew Dice Clay was who we were after, not Arsenio. He was a gay bashing womanizer we were all sick of and his jokes weren't funny anymore especially after thousands of our gay young white male brothers were and had been dying systematically from AIDS. We weren't going to be told to shut up and be intimidated any longer. The slogan was, "We're here. We're queer. Get use to it." But let me tell you as a queer national, I'd say any damn thing I pleased at that point despite possibilities of jail. We weren't the population of blacks in the civil rights movement or when the millions of people moved for Ghandi. We were a small population and nice tactics weren't working. There was a holocaust going on and it was either eat or be eaten. This time is was militancy. And, I have no apology for it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Richardnoble (talk • contribs) 01:52, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

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"practice of outing"
I'm not sure what was meant by this in the introduction. "Outing" suggests outing other people as queer, but the only thing I can find is Queer Nation advocating being out and visible. the citation doesn't mention anything about outing. Lindseyta (talk) 21:40, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it’s still up too. Only opinion from Queer Nation i dug up is an angry refusal to answer a question about outing in a 1991 Newsweek article.
 * “The new gay radicalism has produced its own pernicious double standards, demanding protection for some and total exposure for others. At a recent meeting in San Francisco of Queer Nation, a gay group in the extremist vanguard (page 24), a NEWSWEEK reporter asked for a show of hands on two questions: how many members supported outing and how many were "out" to their parents. The queries met with angry refusal.”
 * Aug 11th, “The Age Of ‘Outing,’” Bill Turque, Newsweek 2601:43:C201:1EE0:8486:45A0:CD38:D318 (talk) 05:19, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that it might be referencing the "Queer Nights Out" as discussed in the third paragraph Is it possible that within the cultural context 'outing' was also used to describe this style of direct action at the time? If so, it might be a good idea to add a footnote explaining the different meaning. Otherwise, I agree that the usual meaning of 'outing' does not suit here. Norahqueen (talk) 12:03, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Queer Nation


text:
Talk:Peter Sculthorpe

Untitled
Dysprosia, yes you're right, music evokes, scores simply direct, I was a bit sloppy there. As to most famous, maybe? One of the most famous, definitely. Clarkk

Most famous in Aus, I mean... I mean you think of Australian composer, you think of Sculthorpe... Dysprosia 10:05, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I rated this article as mid-importance, as Sculthorpe is Australia's best-known living composer, one of its National Treasures, etc. The article has some good information in it, but is (1) not very thorough and (2) is very informally written. Ckerr 15:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Private Life
I've read a lot about Sculthorpe, but have never seen a single word about his private life. Is he married? Does he have children? Is he gay? Is there anything on the public record about this? JackofOz 10:15, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

He is married, he does have children but zealously guards his privacy and never submits to interviews about his family and loved ones. There has been speculation about Sculthorpe having homosexual preferences, but this is unsubstantiated and is not more than rumour. Meow meow - purr purr (talk) 03:38, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Actually I just found an article by Tasmanian Gay Rights Advocate Rodney Croome who got in some hot water over publicly that Sculthorpe and another unconnected Tasmanian Artist were actually homosexual. After receiving written complaints from both artists he printed his retraction on his website: http://www.rodneycroome.id.au/weblog?id=C10_23_1 Meow meow - purr purr (talk) 03:46, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Very interesting.  --  JackofOz (talk) 23:48, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Limelight (May 2009) has an interesting feature on him, in honour of his 80th birthday later this month. He talks about his broken engagement to Anne Boyd, among other things. I've added some pertinent details to the article. -- JackofOz (talk) 02:00, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Let's set the record straight: Peter has never been married and does not have children. And is not gay.Guyburns (talk) 14:39, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Port Essington
It isnt listed anywhere in this. A piece for chamber orchestra and string quartet? Isnt even mentioned in his work section...wtf?--GunshotGlitter 09:45, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Fixed. And - enough of the "wtf" stuff please. If there isn't information there, do your research and ADD it! Meow meow - purr purr (talk) 03:57, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Left Bank Waltz
I've redirected Left Bank Waltz to this article. It came in at number 65 in the Classic 100 piano (ABC) countdown, but I can find no mention of it in the list of works. Could someone please add it, or if you like, could you provide me with a URL of Sculthorpe's complete works so I can update the list of works on this page? Cheers. GFHandel ♬ 09:02, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

A few problems
It's under-referenced, and there appears to be too much reliance on a few sources.

Is FC Smith relevant?

Hasn't Graham Skinner written a biography?

This might be useful in the first instance. I don't intend to work on the article myself.

Tony  (talk)  13:27, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

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Narasimha Rao

Narasimha Rao or Narasimharao is an Indian surname. It may refer to:
 * P. V. Narasimha Rao (1921–2004), ninth prime minister of India
 * Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao (1865–1940), Telugu writer
 * Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1887–?), Indian stage actor and Telugu-Sanskrit pandit
 * Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1902–1971), Indian stage artist
 * Sistla Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1911–2006), senior advocate and trade union activist
 * Kovvali Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1912–1975), Indian novelist
 * M. V. Narasimha Rao (born 1954), Indian cricketer
 * Garikapati Narasimha Rao (born 1958), Telugu writer and avadhani

title: Narasimha Rao


text:
Inverse iteration

In numerical analysis, inverse iteration (also known as the inverse power method) is an iterative eigenvalue algorithm. It allows one to find an approximate eigenvector when an approximation to a corresponding eigenvalue is already known. The method is conceptually similar to the power method. It appears to have originally been developed to compute resonance frequencies in the field of structural mechanics.

The inverse power iteration algorithm starts with an approximation $$\mu$$ for the eigenvalue corresponding to the desired eigenvector and a vector $$b_0$$, either a randomly selected vector or an approximation to the eigenvector. The method is described by the iteration

$$ b_{k+1} = \frac{(A - \mu I)^{-1}b_k}{C_k}, $$

where $$C_k$$ are some constants usually chosen as $$C_k= \|(A - \mu I)^{-1}b_k \|. $$ Since eigenvectors are defined up to multiplication by constant, the choice of $$C_k$$ can be arbitrary in theory; practical aspects of the choice of $$C_k$$ are discussed below.

At every iteration, the vector $$b_k$$ is multiplied by the matrix $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}$$ and normalized. It is exactly the same formula as in the power method, except replacing the matrix $$A$$ by $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}. $$ The closer the approximation $$\mu$$ to the eigenvalue is chosen, the faster the algorithm converges; however, incorrect choice of $$\mu$$ can lead to slow convergence or to the convergence to an eigenvector other than the one desired. In practice, the method is used when a good approximation for the eigenvalue is known, and hence one needs only few (quite often just one) iterations.

Theory and convergence
The basic idea of the power iteration is choosing an initial vector $$b$$ (either an eigenvector approximation or a random vector) and iteratively calculating $$Ab, A^{2}b, A^{3}b,...$$. Except for a set of zero measure, for any initial vector, the result will converge to an eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue.

The inverse iteration does the same for the matrix $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}$$, so it converges to the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue of the matrix $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}$$. Eigenvalues of this matrix are $$(\lambda_1 - \mu)^{-1},...,(\lambda_n - \mu)^{-1}, $$ where  $$ \lambda_i $$ are eigenvalues of $$A$$. The largest of these numbers corresponds to the smallest of $$(\lambda_1 - \mu),...,(\lambda_n - \mu). $$ The eigenvectors of $$A$$ and of $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}$$ are the same, since

$$ Av=\lambda v \Leftrightarrow (A-\mu I)v = \lambda v - \mu v \Leftrightarrow (\lambda - \mu)^{-1} v = (A-\mu I)^{-1} v $$

Conclusion: The method converges to the eigenvector of the matrix $$A$$ corresponding to the closest eigenvalue to $$\mu .$$

In particular, taking $$\mu=0$$ we see that $$(A)^{-1}b_k $$ converges to the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue of $$A^{-1}$$ with the largest magnitude $$\frac{1}{\lambda _N}$$ and thus can be used to determine the smallest magnitude eigenvalue of $$A$$ since they are inversely related.

Speed of convergence
Let us analyze the rate of convergence of the method.

The power method is known to converge linearly to the limit, more precisely:

$$ \mathrm{Distance}( b^\mathrm{ideal}, b^{k}_\mathrm{Power~Method})=O \left(   \left| \frac{\lambda_\mathrm{subdominant} }{\lambda_\mathrm{dominant} } \right|^k \right), $$

hence for the inverse iteration method similar result sounds as:

$$ \mathrm{Distance}( b^\mathrm{ideal}, b^{k}_\mathrm{Inverse~iteration})=O \left(   \left| \frac{\mu -\lambda_{\mathrm{closest~ to~ }\mu}   }{\mu - \lambda_{\mathrm{second~ closest~ to~} \mu} } \right|^k \right). $$

This is a key formula for understanding the method's convergence. It shows that if $$\mu$$ is chosen close enough to some eigenvalue  $$\lambda $$, for example $$ \mu- \lambda = \epsilon $$ each iteration will improve the accuracy $$ |\epsilon| /|\lambda +\epsilon - \lambda_{\mathrm{closest~ to~} \lambda} |  $$  times. (We use that for small enough $$\epsilon$$ "closest to $$\mu$$" and "closest to $$\lambda $$" is the same.) For small enough $$ |\epsilon|$$ it is approximately the same as  $$ |\epsilon| /|\lambda  - \lambda_{\text{closest to } \lambda}|  $$. Hence if one is able to find $$\mu $$, such that the $$ \epsilon $$ will be small enough, then very few iterations may be satisfactory.

Complexity
The inverse iteration algorithm requires solving a linear system or calculation of the inverse matrix. For non-structured matrices (not sparse, not Toeplitz,...) this requires $$O(n^{3})$$ operations.

Implementation options
The method is defined by the formula:

$$ b_{k+1} = \frac{(A - \mu I)^{-1}b_k}{C_k}, $$

There are, however, multiple options for its implementation.

Calculate inverse matrix or solve system of linear equations
We can rewrite the formula in the following way: $$ (A - \mu I) b_{k+1} = \frac{b_k}{C_k}, $$

emphasizing that to find the next approximation $$ b_{k+1} $$ we may solve a system of linear equations. There are two options: one may choose an algorithm that solves a linear system, or one may calculate the inverse $$(A - \mu I)^{-1}$$ and then apply it to the vector. Both options have complexity O(n3), the exact number depends on the chosen method.

The choice depends also on the number of iterations. Naively, if at each iteration one solves a linear system, the complexity will be k O(n3), where k is number of iterations; similarly, calculating the inverse matrix and applying it at each iteration is of complexity k O(n3). Note, however, that if the eigenvalue estimate $$\mu$$ remains constant, then we may reduce the complexity to O(n3) + k O(n2) with either method. Calculating the inverse matrix once, and storing it to apply at each iteration is of complexity O(n3) + k O(n2). Storing an LU decomposition of $$(A - \mu I)$$ and using forward and back substitution to solve the system of equations at each iteration is also of complexity O(n3) + k O(n2).

Inverting the matrix will typically have a greater initial cost, but lower cost at each iteration. Conversely, solving systems of linear equations will typically have a lesser initial cost, but require more operations for each iteration.

Tridiagonalization, Hessenberg form
If it is necessary to perform many iterations (or few iterations, but for many eigenvectors), then it might be wise to bring the matrix to the upper Hessenberg form first (for symmetric matrix this will be tridiagonal form). Which costs $\frac{10}{3} n^3 + O(n^2)$ arithmetic operations using a technique based on Householder reduction), with a finite sequence of orthogonal similarity transforms, somewhat like a two-sided QR decomposition.   (For QR decomposition, the Householder rotations are multiplied only on the left, but for the Hessenberg case they are multiplied on both left and right.) For  symmetric matrices this procedure costs $\frac{4}{3} n^3 + O(n^2)$  arithmetic operations using  a technique based on Householder reduction.

Solution of the system of linear equations for the tridiagonal matrix costs $$O(n)$$ operations, so the complexity grows like $$O(n^3) + kO(n)$$, where $$k$$ is the iteration number, which is better than for the direct inversion. However, for few iterations such transformation may not be practical.

Also transformation to the Hessenberg form involves square roots and the division operation, which are not universally supported by hardware.

Choice of the normalization constant $C_{k}$
On general purpose processors (e.g. produced by Intel) the execution time of addition, multiplication and division is approximately equal. But on embedded and/or low energy consuming hardware (digital signal processors, FPGA, ASIC) division may not be supported by hardware, and so should be avoided. Choosing $$C_k = 2^{n_k}$$ allows fast division without explicit hardware support, as division by a power of 2 may be implemented as either a bit shift (for fixed-point arithmetic) or subtraction of $$k$$ from the exponent (for floating-point arithmetic).

When implementing the algorithm using fixed-point arithmetic, the choice of the constant $$C_k$$ is especially important. Small values will lead to fast growth of the norm of $$b_k$$ and to overflow; large values of $$C_k$$ will cause the vector $$b_k$$ to tend toward zero.

Usage
The main application of the method is the situation when an approximation to an eigenvalue is found and one needs to find the corresponding approximate eigenvector. In such a situation the inverse iteration is the main and probably the only method to use.

Methods to find approximate eigenvalues
Typically, the method is used in combination with some other method which finds approximate eigenvalues: the standard example is the bisection eigenvalue algorithm, another example is the Rayleigh quotient iteration, which is actually the same inverse iteration with the choice of the approximate eigenvalue as the Rayleigh quotient corresponding to the vector obtained on the previous step of the iteration.

There are some situations where the method can be used by itself, however they are quite marginal.

Norm of matrix as approximation to the dominant eigenvalue
The dominant eigenvalue can be easily estimated for any matrix. For any induced norm it is true that $$\left \| A \right \| \ge |\lambda|, $$ for any eigenvalue $$\lambda$$. So taking the norm of the matrix as an approximate eigenvalue one can see that the method will converge to the dominant eigenvector.

Estimates based on statistics
In some real-time applications one needs to find eigenvectors  for matrices with  a speed of millions of matrices per second. In such applications, typically the statistics of matrices is known in advance and one can take as an approximate eigenvalue the average eigenvalue for some large matrix sample. Better, one may calculate the mean ratio of the eigenvalues to the trace or the norm of the matrix and estimate the average eigenvalue as the trace or norm multiplied by the average value of that ratio. Clearly such a method can be used only with discretion and only when high precision is not critical. This approach of estimating an average eigenvalue can be combined with other methods to avoid excessively large error.

title: Inverse iteration


text:
Hazuri Bagh

Hazuri Bagh is a garden in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, bounded by the Lahore Fort to the east, Badshahi Mosque to the west, the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh to the north, and the Roshnai Gate to the south. The garden was built during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in the style of Mughal gardens. In the centre of the garden stands the Hazuri Bagh Baradari, built by the Maharaja in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813. The Serai Alamgiri caravanserai formerly stood where Hazuri Bagh is now located.

History
The Hazuri Bagh garden was planned and built under the supervision of Faqir Azizuddin in the traditional Mughal style layout. After its completion, it is said, Ranjit Singh, at the suggestion of Jamadar Khushhal Singh, ordered that marble vandalized from various mausoleums of Lahore to construct a baradari (pavilion) here. This task was given to Khalifa Nooruddin. Elegant carved marble pillars support the baradari's delicate cusped arches. The central area, where Ranjit Singh held court, has a mirrored ceiling. Both the garden and the baradari, originally a 45-foot, three-storey square with a basement approached by fifteen steps, suffered extensive damage during the Sikh wars and was only reclaimed and laid out according to the original plan during the British period. On 19 July 1932, the top story collapsed and was never rebuilt or restored. The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal, completed in 1951, as well as of Sikandar Hayat Khan, the last Premier of the Punjab, lies across from the garden outside of the Badshahi Mosque.

Every Sunday afternoon, people gather in the garden to hear story tellers recite traditional Punjabi Qisse, such as Heer Ranjha and Sassi Punnun, and other Punjabi Sufi poetry.

title: Hazuri Bagh


text:
Talk:Uniform Resource Identifier

Untitled

 * For discussions before content was merged into this article in 2015, see Talk:URI scheme.

Syntax diagram
The syntax diagram added to the section General syntax, Definition was generated by the Railroad Diagram Generator using the following code:

based on the code in the two boxes above it.

--Ennex2 (talk) 14:46, 21 September 2018 (UTC)

Suggestion
Suggest URI resolution redirect here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.40.48.159 (talk) 11:00, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅ Good idea. —  Scott  •  talk  12:56, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * @Scott 46.213.81.83 (talk) 23:43, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

Change syntax diagram
Shouldn't we changes the syntax diagram? For relative URIs the scheme part is optional. I mean "img/button.jpg" is a valid (relative) URI. Something like: If the scheme is absent, the first path segment is not allowed to contain a ":" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grandswiss (talk • contribs) 11:02, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Schemes all still have to get resolved at some point. I would almost even assert that scheme alone is URI. It's a naming scheme for resources. Check out the syntax diagram syntax diagram. Going straight across from end to start, the line connects; data as a path, to a name or identifier. The IANA keeps records of the resource names. Simillarly to how ICANN connects hostnames to ip-addresses. And finally since everything is all uniform like using HTTP we can just assume all requests are HTTP not include it, and do little resolving if needed. --Flybird.dev (talk) 15:09, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

based on the https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3.2 : The authority component is preceded by a double slash ("//") and is  terminated by the next slash ("/"), question mark ("?"), or number sign ("#") character, or by the end of the URI.

However a path dosen't have to start with "/".

I feel that the article diagram is misleading and suggest that / isn't a must between the authority and path. Also part of the misleading is that according to the diagram path must be included but it can be empty.

suggested solution: change the diagram to something like: URI ::= 'scheme' ':' ('//' (userinfo '@')? host (':' port)? ('/' path)? | path) ('?' query)? ('#' fragment)?

Or maybe add a clarification in the paragraphs after the scheme. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Avizipi (talk • contribs) 07:31, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Syntax Section
Usually when I see tags on articles like this that say "this may be too technical" I roll my eyes and think "this is a technical topic, what do you expect?" but the whole section on the syntax of URIs seems to be really gory detail. I work with URIs (actually IRIs now which is the more recent term but essentially the same thing) every day and I've never gotten into that kind of detail. I haven't read the section carefully but my initial reaction was is it even necessary to get into that much detail? That kind of detail seems more relevant to a wikibook or blog not an encyclopedia that is for a general audience. I'm going to look at the whole article in more detail and try to address some of the tags but I just wanted to see if other people had opinions on that syntax section, if it should even be kept? --MadScientistX11 (talk) 20:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I just noticed at the top that this article was listed as a Good Article by the Engineering task force. Also, as I read the syntax section it looks well written, I actually learned some things so my preference now is to keep it unless others strongly disagree. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:57, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree about the fact of keeping all technical details because URIs are something that nowadays more than one billion of people surfing Internet / the web have to manage. I mean that even a non technical user using only a browser might find very useful certain explanations in order to avoid mistakes or misunderstandings (i.e. many products have references / links to web sites using URIs, etc.). I have added a "NOTE" to "path" item about the "pathinfo" sub-part of an http URI in order to make more understandable the links to "clean URL" and "slug". --Ade56facc 15:30, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Changed intro
I rewrote the intro to hopefully make it more understandable to a non-technical audience and to use a 3rd party reference. Here is the original text that I replaced:

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters that unambiguously identifies a particular resource. To guarantee uniformity, all URIs follow a predefined set of syntax rules, but also maintain extensibility through a separately defined hierarchical naming scheme (e.g. ).

Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI. The most common form of URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), frequently referred to informally as a web address. More rarely seen in usage is the Uniform Resource Name (URN), which was designed to complement URLs by providing a mechanism for the identification of resources in particular namespaces.

 * I think the problem with the intro as it now stands is that it says a URI "provides a unique address" where a "resource may be found". This isn't true of all URIs. Many URN schemes provide names only, no addressing mechanism. Even a URL can be a valid URI without resolving to a resource. -- Phil Barker 11:11, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * If I'm understanding you correctly you are saying one can have a valid URI even though there is no resource there. Which is true but seems to me to be a point of detail that would confuse non-technical people and belongs somewhere in the article not in the introduction. Why would you ever have such a URI to begin with? It seems to me it would virtually always be an error and discussing errors or outliers to a topic belongs in the details of the article not the introduction. I can imagine writing a program where you construct the URI first and then link it to the resource later (or maybe you discard it because it turns out you don't need the resource). But again that seems like a very detailed point not appropriate to the introduction. If I'm missing your point please give me a bit more detail or an example. Thanks. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 19:06, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * What I am saying is that the URI does not have to resolve to a resource. It doesn't even have to try--not all URIs are URLs, see [Uniform_Resource_Name]. URN:ISBN:0471597821 is a valid URI, with no associated protocal. And yes, even http URIs don't need to resolve to the resource they identify: mine is http://people.pjjk.net/phil/#id which identifies me (NB: not my webpage) but will never resolve to me (it redirects to my webpage, but would still identify me even if it didn't). This is key to the use of URIs in RDF. If there is an error, it is a 404 error, i.e. an error on the part of the browser, not the identifier. Phil Barker 14:52, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I made some edits which I hope keep the introduction simple and I think avoid misleading oversimplifications. Phil Barker 13:00, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

DOCTYPE Puzzle
Readers of this page may be interested in thw following discussion: --Guy Macon (talk) 22:37, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Reference desk/Computing

Parsoid
This page cannot be properly rendered with Parsoid, particularly in the 'Example URIs' section. Plantaest (talk) 18:39, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uniform Resource Identifier


text:
Intelligence assessment

Intelligence assessment, or simply intel, is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information (intelligence). Assessments develop in response to leadership declaration requirements to inform decision-making. Assessment may be executed on behalf of a state, military or commercial organisation with ranges of information sources available to each.

An intelligence assessment reviews available information and previous assessments for relevance and currency. Where there requires additional information, the analyst may direct some collection.

Intelligence studies is the academic field concerning intelligence assessment, especially relating to international relations and military science.

Process
Intelligence assessment is based on a customer requirement or need, which may be a standing requirement or tailored to a specific circumstance or a Request for Information (RFI). The "requirement" is passed to the assessing agency and worked through the intelligence cycle, a structured method for responding to the RFI.

The RFI may indicate in what format the requester prefers to consume the product.

The RFI is reviewed by a Requirements Manager, who will then direct appropriate tasks to respond to the request. This will involve a review of existing material, the tasking of new analytical product or the collection of new information to inform an analysis.

New information may be collected through one or more of the various collection disciplines; human source, electronic and communications intercept, imagery or open sources. The nature of the RFI and the urgency placed on it may indicate that some collection types are unsuitable due to the time taken to collect or validate the information gathered. Intelligence gathering disciplines and the sources and methods used are often highly classified and compartmentalised, with analysts requiring an appropriate high level of security clearance.

The process of taking known information about situations and entities of importance to the RFI, characterizing what is known and attempting to forecast future events is termed "all source" assessment, analysis or processing. The analyst uses multiple sources to mutually corroborate, or exclude, the information collected, reaching a conclusion along with a measure of confidence around that conclusion.

Where sufficient current information already exists, the analysis may be tasked directly without reference to further collection.

The analysis is then communicated back to the requester in the format directed, although subject to the constraints on both the RFI and the methods used in the analysis, the format may be made available for other uses as well and disseminated accordingly. The analysis will be written to a defined classification level with alternative versions potentially available at a number of classification levels for further dissemination.

Target-centric intelligence cycle
This approach, known as Find-Fix-Finish-Exploit-Assess (F3EA), is complementary to the intelligence cycle and focused on the intervention itself, where the subject of the assessment is clearly identifiable and provisions exist to make some form of intervention against that subject, the target-centric assessment approach may be used.

The subject for action, or target, is identified and efforts are initially made to find the target for further development. This activity will identify where intervention against the target will have the most beneficial effects.

When the decision is made to intervene, action is taken to fix the target, confirming that the intervention will have a high probability of success and restricting the ability of the target to take independent action.

During the finish stage, the intervention is executed, potentially an arrest or detention or the placement of other collection methods.

Following the intervention, exploitation of the target is carried out, which may lead to further refinement of the process for related targets. The output from the exploit stage will also be passed into other intelligence assessment activities.

Intelligence Information Cycle Theory
The Intelligence Information Cycle leverages secrecy theory and U.S. regulation of classified intelligence to re-conceptualize the traditional intelligence cycle under the following four assumptions:

 * 1) Intelligence is secret information
 * 2) Intelligence is a public good
 * 3) Intelligence moves cyclically
 * 4) Intelligence is hoarded

Information is transformed from privately held to secretly held to public based on who has control over it. For example, the private information of a source becomes secret information (intelligence) when control over its dissemination is shared with an intelligence officer, and then becomes public information when the intelligence officer further disseminates it to the public by any number of means, including formal reporting, threat warning, and others. The fourth assumption, intelligence is hoarded, causes conflict points where information transitions from one type to another. The first conflict point, collection, occurs when private transitions to secret information (intelligence). The second conflict point, dissemination, occurs when secret transitions to public information. Thus, conceiving of intelligence using these assumptions demonstrates the cause of collection techniques (to ease the private-secret transition) and dissemination conflicts, and can inform ethical standards of conduct among all agents in the intelligence process.

title: Intelligence assessment


text:
Hazuri Bagh Baradari

The Hazuri Bagh Baradari is a baradari of white marble located in the Hazuri Bagh of Lahore, Pakistan. It was built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of Punjab to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813. Its construction was completed in 1818.

The pillars support delicate cusped arches. The central area, where Maharaja Ranjit Singh held court, has a mirrored ceiling. The pavilion consisted of two storeys until it was damaged by lightning in 1932.

title: Hazuri Bagh Baradari


text:
Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in both non-human animals and plants despite controversy as to whether some of these forms of life exhibit intelligence. Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.

Etymology
The word intelligence derives from the Latin nouns intelligentia or intellēctus, which in turn stem from the verb intelligere, to comprehend or perceive. In the Middle Ages, the word intellectus became the scholarly technical term for understanding and a translation for the Greek philosophical term nous. This term, however, was strongly linked to the metaphysical and cosmological theories of teleological scholasticism, including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the active intellect (also known as the active intelligence). This approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by early modern philosophers such as Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and David Hume, all of whom preferred "understanding" (in place of "intellectus" or "intelligence") in their English philosophical works. Hobbes for example, in his Latin De Corpore, used "intellectus intelligit", translated in the English version as "the understanding understandeth", as a typical example of a logical absurdity. "Intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories that it now implies) in more contemporary psychology.

Definitions
The definition of intelligence is controversial, varying in what its abilities are and whether or not it is quantifiable.

In 1994 the "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" was published, as an op-ed statement in the Wall Street Journal, as a response to controversy over the book The Bell Curve which proposed policy changes based on purported connections between race and intelligence. It was signed by fifty-two researchers, out of 131 total invited to sign, with 48 explicitly refusing to sign. The op-ed described intelligence thus: "A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—'catching on', 'making sense' of things, or 'figuring out' what to do."

From Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association, also in response to controversy over The Bell Curve: "Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of 'intelligence' are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions."

Besides those definitions, psychology and learning researchers also have suggested definitions of intelligence such as the following:

Human
Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness. Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, innovate, plan, solve problems, and employ language to communicate. These cognitive abilities can be organized into frameworks like fluid vs. crystallized and the Unified Cattell-Horn-Carroll model, which contains abilities like fluid reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal abilities, and others. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think.

Intelligence is different from learning. Learning refers to the act of retaining facts and information or abilities and being able to recall them for future use. Intelligence, on the other hand, is the cognitive ability of someone to perform these and other processes. There have been various attempts to quantify intelligence via testing, such as the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test. However, many people disagree with the validity of IQ tests; stating that they cannot accurately measure intelligence.

There is debate about if human intelligence is based on hereditary factors or if it is based on environmental factors. Hereditary intelligence is the theory that intelligence is fixed upon birth and does not grow. Environmental intelligence is the theory that intelligence is developed throughout life depending on the environment around the person. An environment that cultivates intelligence is one that challenges the person's cognitive abilities.

Emotional
Emotional intelligence is thought to be the ability to convey emotion to others in an understandable way as well as to read the emotions of others accurately. Some theories imply that a heightened emotional intelligence could also lead to faster generating and processing of emotions in addition to the accuracy. In addition, higher emotional intelligence is thought to help us manage emotions, which is beneficial for our problem-solving skills. Emotional intelligence is important to our mental health and has ties to social intelligence.

Social
Social intelligence is the ability to understand the social cues and motivations of others and oneself in social situations. It is thought to be distinct to other types of intelligence, but has relations to emotional intelligence. Social intelligence has coincided with other studies that focus on how we make judgements of others, the accuracy with which we do so, and why people would be viewed as having positive or negative social character. There is debate as to whether or not these studies and social intelligence come from the same theories or if there is a distinction between them, and they are generally thought to be of two different schools of thought.

Moral
Moral intelligence is the capacity to understand right from wrong and to behave based on the value that is believed to be right. It is considered a distinct form of intelligence, independent to both emotional and cognitive intelligence.

Book smart and street smart
Concepts of "book smarts" and "street smart" are contrasting views based on the premise that some people have knowledge gained through academic study, but may lack the experience to sensibly apply that knowledge, while others have knowledge gained through practical experience, but may lack accurate information usually gained through study by which to effectively apply that knowledge. Artificial intelligence researcher Hector Levesque has noted that:

"Given the importance of learning through text in our own personal lives and in our culture, it is perhaps surprising how utterly dismissive we tend to be of it. It is sometimes derided as being merely 'book knowledge', and having it is being 'book smart'. In contrast, knowledge acquired through direct experience and apprenticeship is called 'street knowledge', and having it is being 'street smart'."

Nonhuman animal

Although humans have been the primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species, and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as numerical and verbal reasoning abilities. Some challenges include defining intelligence so it has the same meaning across species, and operationalizing a measure that accurately compares mental ability across species and contexts.

Wolfgang Köhler's research on the intelligence of apes is an example of research in this area, as is Stanley Coren's book, The Intelligence of Dogs. Non-human animals particularly noted and studied for their intelligence include chimpanzees, bonobos (notably the language-using Kanzi) and other great apes, dolphins, elephants and to some extent parrots, rats and ravens.

Cephalopod intelligence provides an important comparative study. Cephalopods appear to exhibit characteristics of significant intelligence, yet their nervous systems differ radically from those of backboned animals. Vertebrates such as mammals, birds, reptiles and fish have shown a fairly high degree of intellect that varies according to each species. The same is true with arthropods.

g factor in non-humans
Evidence of a general factor of intelligence has been observed in non-human animals. The general factor of intelligence, or g factor, is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on a wide range of cognitive abilities. First described in humans, the g factor has since been identified in a number of non-human species.

Cognitive ability and intelligence cannot be measured using the same, largely verbally dependent, scales developed for humans. Instead, intelligence is measured using a variety of interactive and observational tools focusing on innovation, habit reversal, social learning, and responses to novelty. Studies have shown that g is responsible for 47% of the individual variance in cognitive ability measures in primates and between 55% and 60% of the variance in mice (Locurto, Locurto). These values are similar to the accepted variance in IQ explained by g in humans (40–50%).

Plant
It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent based on their ability to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their morphology, physiology and phenotype accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction.

A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories as opposed to computation that does not involve learning. If this is accepted as definitive of intelligence, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of "machine learning", but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of "learning" (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated cost–benefit analysis and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors.

Artificial
Scholars studying artificial intelligence have proposed definitions of intelligence that include the intelligence demonstrated by machines. Some of these definitions are meant to be general enough to encompass human and other animal intelligence as well. An intelligent agent can be defined as a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. Kaplan and Haenlein define artificial intelligence as "a system's ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation". Progress in artificial intelligence can be demonstrated in benchmarks ranging from games to practical tasks such as protein folding. Existing AI lags humans in terms of general intelligence, which is sometimes defined as the "capacity to learn how to carry out a huge range of tasks".

Mathematician Olle Häggström defines intelligence in terms of "optimization power", an agent's capacity for efficient cross-domain optimization of the world according to the agent's preferences, or more simply the ability to "steer the future into regions of possibility ranked high in a preference ordering". In this optimization framework, Deep Blue has the power to "steer a chessboard's future into a subspace of possibility which it labels as 'winning', despite attempts by Garry Kasparov to steer the future elsewhere." Hutter and Legg, after surveying the literature, define intelligence as "an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments". While cognitive ability is sometimes measured as a one-dimensional parameter, it could also be represented as a "hypersurface in a multidimensional space" to compare systems that are good at different intellectual tasks. Some skeptics believe that there is no meaningful way to define intelligence, aside from "just pointing to ourselves".

title: Intelligence


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles

This page describes the earliest edits and articles that are in the current English Wikipedia database.

Explanation
Wikipedia originally used UseModWiki (also known as Phase I software), which did not keep page history reliably, and often deleted it after a couple of weeks. It originally used CamelCase for making links, rather than the "free links" surrounded by brackets that are used today. Many pages were moved by cut and paste from CamelCase to regular titles, and some very early edits survive at these CamelCase titles; an example is this edit to SabBath by Larry Sanger. Some users have contributions under a CamelCase version of their username, such as JimboWales.

No history was imported from the UseModWiki era of Wikipedia when it migrated to the Phase II software, the predecessor to MediaWiki. Brion Vibber later imported all existing edits from UseModWiki to the current Wikipedia database (see Usemod article histories). There is a copy of the Wikipedia database, with history up to 20 December 2001 UTC, at the Nostalgia Wikipedia, which contains several edits that cannot be found in the current Wikipedia database. In December 2009, it became possible to import revisions from the Nostalgia Wikipedia directly to the English Wikipedia.

Earliest surviving edits and other data
In December 2010, Wikipedia backups containing all edits from Wikipedia's inception to 17 August 2001 were [//lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-December/063088.html discovered] by Tim Starling, although many of these edits are not present in the current database. The earliest edit found was made to HomePage on 15 January 2001 at 19:27:13 (UTC), reading "This is the new WikiPedia!" However, in December 2008, Jimmy Wales stated that he made Wikipedia's first edit, a test edit to the homepage with the text "Hello, World!", after installing UseModWiki. This edit is not present in the older archives, and in 2011 Starling speculated that it [//lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2011-January/108198.html may have been made on a test wiki that was later deleted]. The HomePage edit was re-imported in 2019, and, upon being informed of this, Wales clarified that the "Hello, World!" edit was deleted manually from a hard drive; it remains unclear whether it had been made to a test wiki or to the modern Wikipedia. In December 2021, Wales announced that he would be auctioning the edit as a non-fungible token (NFT), along with the strawberry iMac G3 that he used when Wikipedia was created. In the auction posting and on an accompanying website Wales made "that recreates his first edit to the homepage", the timestamp of the "Hello, World!" edit is given as "January 15, 2001 6:29 pm". Also see his comment about the edit as part of discussion on his talk page about the auction.

Before the importation in 2019, no edits survived in the database from 15 January 2001, the day that Wikipedia was founded. Here is a list of edits that survive from the next day, 16 January. The list was compiled from an SQL query on the live database made in March 2004. The oldest such edit is listed first:

 * UuU found here and [//nostalgia.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UuU&oldid=50893 in Nostalgia Wikipedia]
 * Transport found here, former oldest surviving edit still in the main namespace
 * User:ScottMoonen found here

The oldest article for which there is no break in the history, either because of being changed into a redirect or a lack of surviving revisions, is Nupedia, which has an edit from 00:08, 17 January 2001 (UTC), after a history merge with the old title of "NuPedia" and imports from the Nostalgia Wikipedia and the August 2001 database dump. The oldest article that has this property without the use of old Wikipedia database dumps is William Alston, which has a revision from 00:13 (UTC) on the same day, five minutes later, after a history merge with the title "WilliamAlston". The oldest page where this occurred without intervention was List of female tennis players, which has a version from 6 February 2001.

The first consecutively-numbered revisions, such as Revision #1 and Revision #5, were among the first edits made after Wikipedia converted from UseModWiki to the Phase II software. (Edits made before Revision #1 have higher revision ID numbers, because they were imported later, as discussed above.)

Special:AncientPages lists those pages that haven't been edited for the longest time. , the page was being updated periodically, and the oldest article listed was last edited in January 2013, meaning the article had remained unchanged for over ten years. Because it uses MediaWiki, all modern special pages work on the Nostalgia Wikipedia. The oldest entry on the ancientpages list on the Nostalgia Wikipedia is StandardPoodle, which has an entry from 17 January 2001. Similar functionality can also be found at Database reports/Forgotten articles.

Archived copies of Wikipedia articles from early 2001
The appearance of some Wikipedia articles in early 2001 has been preserved by the Wayback Machine. Early examples include GNUFreeDocumentationLicense and AccessibleComputing; Wayback's preserved versions are those of January 20. The front page from February 28 can also be viewed.

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles


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Gamelan jegog

Jegog is a form of gamelan music indigenous to Bali, Indonesia, played on instruments made of bamboo. The tradition of jegog is centered in Jembrana, a region in Western Bali. In recent years jegog has started to become popular in other regions of Bali with a few groups being established in central Bali to entertain tourists. International interest has been spread by tourists visiting Bali and by recordings. There are virtually no ensembles outside of Bali with the exception of at least two groups in Japan (Sekar Sakura and Geinoh Yamashirogumi, the latter's having been used in 4 of the tracks in their score for the film Akira as well as on the final track of Ecophony Rinne ), one in the United States (Sekar Jaya) and one in Germany. Jegog music is very fast, loud, rhythmic and precise. Pieces last from a few minutes to as long as thirty minutes.

Instruments
Jegog instruments have a four-note scale that roughly corresponds to the four pitches of a dominant 7th chord in Western music. All instruments have eight bamboo keys. Some instruments have two keys for each pitch slightly detuned so that the pitches beat when they are played together. Other instruments have a two octave range with four pitches in a low octave and the same four pitches an octave higher. In this case the instrument will be paired with another instrument that is slightly detuned. Taken together the ensemble has a range of five octaves.

Most Jegog ensembles have instruments that have keys that are made of bamboo that are split at one end and then half of the tube is removed. The other end remains intact and functions as a resonator for the split part. The keys are suspended on a wooden frame and struck with mallets (called pangguls), made out of wood or rubber. There are also Jegog ensembles with instruments called Jegog Tingklik. These smaller instruments are used primarily with children. The keys are made of bamboo slats mounted above a resonator box.

Jegog
The lowest instrument in a Jegog ensemble is also called a Jegog. The ensemble gets its name from this instrument. The keys of the Jegog instrument are as long as 3 meters in length and a pitch as low as 60 hertz. The instrument is so large, and the mallets are so heavy that it takes two people to play it. The players crouch on a platform on the top of the instrument and alternate playing the keys. The Jegog instrument has the lowest octave of the ensemble. Each pair of pitches are detuned by as much as 7 hertz. In this octave, that is almost a whole tone. The keys are arranged 1' 2' 3' 4' 1 2 3 4, one being the lowest pitch and 4 being the highest. The four keys on the left are the higher pitches of the detuned pairs and the four on the right are the lower ones.

Melody Instruments
One octave higher than the Jegog is an instrument called the Undir, and an octave above that is the Kuntung. In recent years the Kuntung is often called a Celuluk. The instruments are small enough to be played by one person each. The Undir is still big enough that the player needs to crouch on a platform on the top of it to play it. There are two Undir and two Kuntung. The Undir and Kuntung have the same arrangement of keys as the Jegog but in higher octaves. These five instruments together play the melody (called the bun). Some ensembles have a high pitch flute called a suling that also plays the melody.

Kotekan instruments
Each of the remaining 9 instruments span two octaves and are arranged 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 where 5 through 8 is an octave above 1 to 4. The lowest of these instruments, called the Barangan, span the same octaves as the Undir and the Kuntung. The next higher is the Kancil which begins with the octave of the Kuntung and extends an octave higher. The next higher—the highest in the ensemble—is the Suir, likewise, extending one octave higher. There are three Barangan, three Kancil, and three suir.

The Barangan often plays the melody twice as fast as the other melody instruments. Since this is often very fast, the players alternate playing the notes. The Kancil and Suir play interlocking patterns called Kotekan, sometimes the Barangan play these patterns as well. The Barangan are the front line of the ensemble. The center of the three Barangan is the leader of the ensemble. Other players watch the leader for cues and tempo changes.

Instrumentation variations
A smaller version of a gamelan jegog might not have the 2 kuntung and the 3 suir. This smaller ensemble has a longer history than the one outlined above.

If a gamelan jegog is accompanying dance, it may be augmented by kendang (drums), ceng-ceng (cymbals) and tawa-tawa (a beat-keeping small gong).

title: Gamelan jegog


text: Template:Lists of Swedes

title: Template:Lists of Swedes


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Vicki Peterson

Victoria Anne Theresa Peterson Cowsill (born January 11, 1958) is an American rock musician and songwriter. She has been the lead guitarist for the Bangles since their founding in 1981. After their first disbandment in 1989, she has returned to the band for all subsequent reunions. In intervening years, she has performed with other artists, most extensively with the Continental Drifters.

Early life
Peterson described herself as a solo artist in her early years – "I was a kid who brought her guitar to every sleep-over and summer afternoon in the park to play her newest creation to anyone who would listen…" In high school she formed a band that went through various incarnations as Crista Galli, Aishi, the Muze, the Fans, and Those Girls from 1976 to 1980.

Music career
In 1981, she founded the Bangs, later renamed the Bangles, with her sister Debbi Peterson and Susanna Hoffs.

After the Bangles disbanded in 1989, Peterson played with the Continental Drifters and the Psycho Sisters, in both cases with Susan Cowsill. In addition to performing their own material, the Psycho Sisters freelanced as backing singers (Steve Wynn's Fluorescent, Giant Sand's Center of the Universe), and Peterson has contributed harmony vocals to recordings by the Hoodoo Gurus, John Doe, Tom Petty and Belinda Carlisle. Additionally, she filled in for a pregnant Charlotte Caffey on the 1994–1995 Go-Go's reunion tour. In 1999 the Bangles reformed and have recorded and played sporadically.

Peterson married musician John Cowsill, brother of her Continental Drifters and Psycho Sisters bandmate Susan Cowsill, on October 25, 2003. The couple have no children together. An earlier relationship had ended when her fiancé Bobby Donati died of leukemia in 1991.

Peterson lived for several years in New Orleans before relocating back to Los Angeles.

In August 2014, after playing together as the Psycho Sisters for more than 20 years, Peterson and Susan Cowsill released their first album, titled Up on the Chair, Beatrice. In 2017, she and John Cowsill joined Bill Mumy as the band Action Skulls to release an album (also including posthumous contributions from the bassist Rick Rosas) titled "Angels Hear".

Gear
Vicki Peterson's first guitar was a plastic guitar from Sears. She “got serious” when, at age nine, she became the proud owner of an Electro ES-17 guitar and an 8-watt Rickenbacker amp. Her next few guitars would be a double cutaway Univox Ripper, a 1972 Gibson Les Paul Custom and a 1967 Fender Stratocaster, which she used on many of the Bangles early recordings. She has also been known to use Carvin guitars and amps, and by the time the Bangles reformed, Vicki also used a Gibson mandolin, a pink Fender Telecaster Thinline, several Daisy Rock Girl Guitars, and Gretsch guitars. When her 72 Les Paul Custom was stolen, Vicki eventually replaced it with a burgundy Les Paul Custom. Vicki's primary amps were Carvin amps, as well as a Marshall combo, a Fender Twin, a 1965 Fender Deluxe Reverb, and a Fender Super Reverb, but as for pedals, she used an Ibanez Tube Screamer. She lists among her influences Paul Simon, Bonnie Raitt, Joni Mitchell, George Harrison, and Nancy Wilson.

title: Vicki Peterson


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ADQ

ADQ may refer to:

 * Abductor digiti quinti (disambiguation), a muscle on the outer border of foot or hand
 * Action démocratique du Québec, defunct political party in Quebec, Canada
 * Agotime language, a Kwa language of Ghana
 * American Dairy Queen Corporation, American franchiser of Dairy Queen restaurants
 * Average daily quantity, a measure of drug consumption, similar to 'defined daily dose'
 * Kodiak Airport, Kodiak, Alaska, United States
 * Abu Dhabi Developmental Holding Company (branded as ADQ), a sovereign wealth fund in Abu Dhabi

title: ADQ