text:
Talk:December 9

--mav 00:56, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why was my entry deleted? The Gwen Jacob court victory potentially affects the entire Canadian population. It was quoted by the Supreme Court of Canada in a later decision. It has influenced others around the world. It is far more impactful than a bridge in Ireland, a bomb in Moscow, or a plane crash in Mexico (all other events listed) naturist (talk) 18:39, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

Moved birth from article: Vanity. Lupo 11:09, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 1962 - Marcus Vasconcellos, engineer

Anna's Day?
Can anyone verify Anna's Day? Seems kind of fishy. DenisMoskowitz 17:05, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC) December 9 is Saint Anna/Anne's Day in the Greek Orthodox Calendar.

December 29th 2005 - I'm Finnish and we have a folklore tradition of Anna, St.Anne, mother of Virgin Mary, on December 9th. It is believed that she was adopted as Goddess Annikki from Karelien - to give in Finnish is "antaa" so "Annikki" means (loosely) "the Giver". She was believed to wear a green mantel and to be the daughter of the Forest God Tapio. Anyway, it was a tradition to bake on Anna's day and the beer had to be made the latest on this day. In Swedish Anna rhymes with "kanna", which means pitcher. So in Finland she was depicted with a tray of bread and in Sweden with a pitcher. "Anna med kannan" - Anne with the pitcher. But yes, the day is celebrated in Scandinavia, even when it's not very common day. It's mainly because the 10th of December is the Nobel day and the 9th is the Nobel day in Norway - and on 13th St.Lucy is being celebrated - and both these days are HUGE! [Ketutar]

jhaniz birthday!!! december 9 1989 was when she was born!!!

What's with "Anti - corruption day"? No details... DaveWF 04:46, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Adolf Eichmann
I deleted the entry about the end of Adolf Eichmann’s trial, as it was inconsistent with the Adolf Eichmann article

Cuddy2977 (talk) 17:52, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

1875 – The Massachusetts Rifle Association, "America's Oldest Active Gun Club", is founded.
Is this really noteworthy? I'm not gonna remove it now, but I'm throwing the idea out here.

title: Talk:December 9


text:
Talk:December 10

Add Doom? - Solved
Hello all, according to the wikipedia article, the first doom shareware release was released on this day in 1993. Considering the effect Doom had on the gaming and computing community and industry, should we at least mention it?

If there is no reason not to add it, I will add it.

Amdcrash (talk) 11:59, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

edit - i have read the tags prohibiting video game references from being inside December 10th "on this day" box.

Plant Lady

 * Do the two references to the "Plant Lady" on December 10 really meet the criteria for a historical event?--Silverhand 22:57, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Took out the birth of Meg white from the events thread, mainly because that belongs in the births thread. --Edwartica 09:12, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Women's Suffrage in Tasmania
I removed the following event:
 * 1902 – Women are given the right to vote in Tasmania.

I can't find a source for this. From what I can tell, Tasmanian women got the right to vote in Federal elections earlier in the year, and in state elections the following year. Can anybody verify this event? Alexbook (talk) 16:43, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

The Grateful Dead
Right …

It says here that the Grateful Dead’s first performance under the name ‘Grateful Dead’ was today in 1965.

The Wikipedia entry on the band say it was on 4th of December: at a Ken Kesey Acid Test.

Should I remove this: or can someone did up a reference, so we can clean it up?

Thanks … !

Cuddy2977 (talk) 15:20, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Births and Deaths
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I'm removing some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines. See discussions at Wikipedia_talk:Days_of_the_year.Deb (talk) 11:33, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Michael Schoeffling 174.213.145.90 (talk) 08:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

1932 - end of the Great Emu War
Emu War --134.153.14.13 (talk) 17:49, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

Dan Blocker Birth Year Error
The birth year for actor Dan Blocker, shown as 1910, is incorrect. It should be 1928. On Blocker's wikipedia bio page, both IMDB and Find-A-Grave (down in the External Links section) list Blocker's birthdate as December 10 1928 -NOT- 1910.

I have not attempted to edit the December 10th page here with the correct birthdate for two reasons -- (1) Wikipedia's requirement that a source reference be included on any day-of-the-year pages like December 10; and (2), I am uncertain as to how much faith Wikipedia puts in the IMDB and Find-A-Grave sites as reliable sources.

The present listed source for Blocker here on December 10 is a WordPress-powered page which appears to be missing images. It is possible that this particular webpage has not been attended to in sometime. If so, this may suggest (although unproven) that the nostalia049 domain itself may be in jeopardy of going down.

I am simply reporting the birth year error, and will leave it up to others to correct it.

Thanx-A-Lot. Stay Safe and Well. Fgf2007 (talk) 14:24, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Error in the 1993 entry
In describing the Wearmouth Colliery in Sunderland, the entry states that it “had been in operation since the Middle Ages." yet the article about it says it opened in 1835. TravelinTexan (talk) 00:00, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:December 10


text:
Talk:December 12

--mav 00:57, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Missing article 1787: Pennsylvania becomes the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.2600:1005:B12C:B6D:68E4:1404:9594:1D60 (talk) 09:25, 10 December 2020 (UTC) Pa.gov — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.223.10.77 (talk) 21:10, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Moved births from article: Both appear to exist, but also appear to be insignificant. If we start adding "web engineers" and web site designers unless they're really, really, really famous, we'll just clutter these date pages hopelessly. And the second one seems to be a minor Austrian artist who just happens to have a web page. Lupo 11:46, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 1969 - Andrey Spasibozhko, web engineer (Chelyabinsk, Russia)
 * 1979 - Philipp Ka Hummer, creator, designer, artist

Moved from article Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine who seems to have been born December 6, 1609. Return him if you have a better reference. --Wetman 18:54, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

I removed the item about the decline in the Dow on Dec 12, 1914. This error is discussed in The Numbers Guy blog at the Wall Street Journal. He specifically refers to the error on this page and two others which had already been corrected.

independence day (jamhuri) in kenya (1963). this is in the list but should be mentioned here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Domskitect (talk • contribs) 06:14, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon

Need proper reference to this =x sorry can't do it in classes =x —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.97.81.253 (talk) 18:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Hurricane Sandy concert
There is no reason under WP:DOY that this concert should be listed as an event on this page. It has no long term significance. It's been added and removed a couple of times and it should remain excluded. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 19:52, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

I think reference of Belo Horizonte needs to be changed
For 1897 it says: Belo Horizonte, the first planned city in Brazil, is founded.

On the Belo Horizonte Wikipedia page states that Belo Horizonte is actually the second planned city in Brazil. The first one, Teresina, is founded in the 1850s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte#History I'm not familiar neither with Brazilian history nor this category so I might have missed the point: I felt unsure to do the change myself. But I think it will have more sense to say: Belo Horizonte, the second planned city in Brazil, is founded. Jpardopardo (talk) 21:04, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, not Feast of the Apparition
The RC documents I can find all say Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, not Feast of the Apparition of OL of G. I'll change it unless someone has an authoritative source. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 14:55, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 12


text:
Talk:December 13

December 12, 2005
"2005 - Stanley Williams, Convicted murderer and Crips cofounder-turned-peace activist (b. 1953)" As December 13 2005 hasn't even started yet, it might be in better taste to wait a few more hours before adding Mr. Williams to this page. Vary 04:53, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

I do not think Williams' execution is any more significant that any of the other 1000s of state executions that take place in the world. I think it should not be listed as an event. List him among the deaths. Kingturtle 18:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Inconsistency
2005 - Stanley Williams (Stanley Tookie Williams III), Founder of the Crips street gang, convicted murderer and anti-gang activist (executed) (b. 1953)

Has a little POV to it, none of the other entries list the cause of death

 * 2001 - Chuck Schuldiner, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (Death) (b. 1967)
 * 2002 - Zal Yanofsky, American guitarist and singer (The Lovin' Spoonful) (b. 1945)
 * 2003 - William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senator (b. 1921)

mulder416 20:41, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

This appears to be some sort of inside joke, but I couldn't find the actual text on the list of deaths. "2006- Dan Paris, English testicle fondler of Chris Mills (b.[1991])" Anyone who knows Wikipedia a little better will probably want to delete that.

 * "It is the day of the birth of the second coming of Christ, born again in the form of a child with red hair." -- Could someone specify in the article which religion(s) hold(s) this belief and where this information came from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.67.59.69 (talk) 15:34, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Deleted: Jon Elliott,talk radio host, born 1979
I deleted this line from the "December 13" article, because it's unlikely he was born in 1979. Though I could not find his actual birth year, at http://jonelliottshow.com/bio.html it states "From 1988 through 2002 Jon served as CEO of three publicly traded companies in the broadcasting, gaming, and Internet industries." I do not believe he was an eight year old CEO! SkyllaLaFey (talk) 02:30, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Talctott Parsons
Talctott Parsons was born in 1902, not 1903. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 00:23, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

London Agreement 1906
The arabic wikipedia has an entry here of an agreement between Britain, France and Italy, and Its fourth article concerns the Nile river. I'm unable to find corresponding article to it in english wikipedia, but thought I'll leave a note here.--Uwe a (talk) 10:32, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 13


text:
Talk:December 14

Music and film releases not notable enough
regarding the removal of the release of london calling: why is it not considered relevant enough? saturday night fever's release is on the list... nsw photo cards are there... why not?

Deleted the release of I am Legend from events. Reads like marketing to me. In any case, the release of a film is not notable enough for this page. Millichip 17:22, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Yearly recurring meteor shower "Geminids" usually peaks on the morning of December 14th. It is not obvious to me how or where this would be added to the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.14.175 (talk) 16:28, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Saddam Hussein capture date
Most available sources cite the date of capture as December 13 and the event is listed on that page. There might be conflicts in the date based on local times. It should be listed on the date that the capture took place in local time (Tikrit time). I'll survey some sources to see what it was. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:04, 29 March 2008 (UTC) I think that is enough to support December 13 as the date. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:11, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * this source says 8:30PM local time today in an article dated December 14.
 * this source says December 13.
 * this source says Saturday which was December 13.
 * this source says December 13.
 * this source says Saturday December 13.
 * this source says Saturday December 13.
 * this source says Saturday December 13.
 * I agree and have contacted the BBC to see if they wish to correct their news article. Tiddly  -  Tom  16:29, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Natascha McElhone
I’ve taken Natascha McElhone off this page. The date given for her birth — 14th December, 1969 — was radically wrong.

The article about her gives 23rd March, 1971!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cuddy2977 (talk • contribs) 14:54, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Geminids highest intensity being the morning of December 14
Hallo everyone, I don't know who's fond of astronomy or not... but the early morning of the 14th of December is usually the time of the Geminids meteor shower highest intensity. Said that... in which section this info is supposed to be inserted in the article? Duh!?   M  aurice   09:59, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

monkey day
Monday day is unofficial and a private initiative. Does not qualify for entry here. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 16:13, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 14


text:
Talk:December 15

Zamenhof's nationality
This page states that Zamenhof, was a Russian born on this date. He was born in Poland although at the time Poland was part of the Russian Empire. Should this be noted on this page, or is the link to the article about Zamenhof which includes this information suficient? Silverclodhopper 04:51, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Silverclodhopper. Generally speaking, the nationality listed with each entry represents the nationality to which that person aligns himself or herself to.  I visited Zamenhof's page and could not get a clear idea of which nationality he aligned himself to, but if indeed it was Polish and not Russian, feel free to change it on this page.  If this is just a technicality, it could go either way, though I would say to keep it at "Russian" since at the time, Zamehof's place of birth was considered to be Russia.  Fabricationary 06:46, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Format Problem on This Page
In this page "1939 – Dave Clark, English musician and songwriterCite error: A (see the help page)."

Proposed correction :Adding a tag. Eason Y. Lu (talk) 02:14, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * This error appeared in the Brith - 1901–present section Eason Y. Lu (talk) 02:15, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Eason Y. Lu - thanks for pointing this out, I have now fixed it. Cheers, Kiwipete (talk) 04:52, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 15


text:
Talk:December 17

Allen
Allen (deaths 17 december), isn't he died 2 november 1991???? see link   * 1987 - Irving Allen, producer. Or is it a wrong link?? 82.161.83.69 11:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Possible confusions. See Internet movie database :
 * 1. Irwin Allen (I) (Producer, The Towering Inferno (1974))
 * 2. Irwin Allen (II) (Writer, Panic Year (2002))"
 * and Broadway database : Irving Lee, also known as: Irving Allen Lee ... but I do not know them! -- Harvestman 22:46, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Metalocalypse
"2006 - The Metalocalypse begins" - isn't this advertising? Luke Parks 00:16, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Rome
"1973 - 32 are killed in an attempt at the Rome Fiumicino Airport."

Attempt to do what??? GreatWhiteNortherner (talk) 04:15, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Redsky85 edits
Redsky85, why do you keep changing my contribution for the death of Frank Pastore? It is a verified fact that Frank Pastore was a radio personality. He had a talk show on KKLA radio (http://www.kkla.com/frankpastore.aspx) If you edit this out again I will report you as a vandal.

User98432 (talk) 20:26, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Project for Awesome
An anonymous editor is continually adding the event Project for Awesome without any explanation as to why it is notable. Rather than edit war over the item, a discussion here is appropriate. I do not feel that this event meets the long-term global notability requirements per WP:DOY. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 01:15, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

The event is notable because it conforms to the following section of the Wikipedia:Days of the year code. Specifically, section 1.1.2 "Founding or first occurrence of global events, such as the Olympic Games"

The Project For Awesome was a worldwide event that altered You Tube permanently. It was organised in such a way that it essentially manipulated the "most commented", "most watched/viewed" and "most rated" you tube videos to make them all about charity. The first incident of this occurred on December 17, 2007, and it has been an annual event that has continued since then. I would argue that given the size of the event and its global nature, as well as some of the events that occurred as a result of it, it is more than worthy of inclusion on the Days of the year link. MST1987 (talk) 01:23, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem that it is known outside the YouTube community. It also is a very minor event when you consider how much money it has raised. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 01:34, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

The fact that it's not well known outside the YouTube community shouldn't in itself disqualify it. The YT community is huge (millions strong) and while the amount of money raised in the first P4A was relatively small, the subsequent ones have been rather impressive, to say the least (notably 2012, with several hundred thousand dollars being raised). Also, you have mentioned the sinking of a ship which was a relatively small news story. While some people died, I would argue that the money raised by the P4A has saved several lives. Furthermore, later P4As resulted in huge amounts of money going to Kiva.Org, an international microfinance company. Given the international impact there, I would hope that we can include significant incidents of great charity, as well as incidents of great sadness and tragedy (such as a ship sinking).MST1987 (talk) 01:45, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * "The fact that it's not well known outside the YouTube community shouldn't in itself disqualify it." Unfortunately, yes it should.  Your statement sums it up.  It isn't globally notable outside it's own community.  That's the qualifier.  And as for the funds raised, a local Girl Scout troop could raise as much as this event (only a slight exaggeration).  For comparison, the 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief raised $50 million.  That's one event, one time, for one regional disaster.  If this annual event, in ten years, has grown to a wide international success, maybe the event can be listed here.  It isn't even an established charitable organization.  And you are correct, the ship sinking should be removed.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 02:13, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

I disagree. There are events listed that are not known widely outside of the communities they directly affected. For example, the 1983 car bombing, the 1981 abduction of the Italian general, the 1961 Brazilian circus tragedy, and the 1837 fire at the Winter Palace. All of these only affected the intimidate community around them (the Irish, Italian, Russian and Brazilian communities - and even in these examples, not all of the communities IE the circus tragedy and the winter palace tragedy). Also, the comic relief incident was a single event. It's not comparable, because the qualification I referenced was "Founding or first occurrence of global events, such as the Olympic Games". The P4A is global, its first event was in 2007 on December 17th, and it is an annual event. A girl scouts cookie drive could not raise $483,000 (as the P4A did in 2012) unless it was national. If it is national, and annual, I would be more than happy to see a girls scouts cookie drive as an event on this list. I would argue that the P4A is also significant in its uniqueness. It took social media and used it for charity in a way that had not been seen on a large scale before. It used tactics that were normally applied by trolls etc and used them for good. This is worthy of a mentionMST1987 (talk) 02:40, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Please don't use other entries to support inclusion of another. We miss many that should be removed.  New additions are usually the ones that get noticed.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 10:48, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but that's a standard debating tactic. You prove a point about a case based on precedent. Are you going to suggest that all of the examples I suggested should in fact be removed? I was under the impression that you went through this same level of discussion for each one. Furthermore, you haven't explained yet how what I have suggested fails to meet the criteria, despite my specific citing of the WP:DOY in section 1.1.2. which states that a day may be included if it is the "Founding or first occurrence of global events, such as the Olympic Games". The P4A is a global event, and December 17th 2007 was its first occurrence. You've also conveniently ignored my points about the amount of money it raised, and the uniqueness of the event. Both of which are things that make it worthy to be included here. So to sum up in bullet point form,

 * The P4A fits the criteria stated in section 1.1.2 of the WP:DOY. It is the inaugural launching of a regular, global event that is part of a movement.
 * The P4A, while starting small, has become far larger than many more mainstream charity events.
 * The YouTube community which takes part in this event is in the millions in terms of number.
 * The YouTube community is transcending of national boundaries.
 * The P4A is significent, in that it is one of the very first instances of the use of social media for charitable purposes that was not linked to a wider mainstream media event.
 * Other events that are included are of lesser significance than the P4A.

If you do not wish to include it, please refute the relevance of these points. MST1987 (talk) 12:58, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I might suggest that all of the events you mention should be removed, but I haven't reviewed them. I don't have the time or inclination to do so.  Those events must be ignored when debating this one because stuff gets missed.  It would be imprudent to expand the discussion to include all possible events.  I did review the event you added and I don't feel that it meets the criteria.  It may indeed be global in scope, but it is not global in notability.  $400,000 is peanuts in contemporary fundraising terms.  Especially for something that you claim is so wide in scope.  I'd expect YouTube to have much more reach and I would chaulk this up as almost a PR failure for YouTube.  I haven't seen any evidence that the participation was in the millions as you suggest but that alone wouldn't change my opinion.  This evidently can't be decided by you and me.  We'll need to wait for additional input to form consensus.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 18:12, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

The fact that you would consider this a "PR failure for youtube" shows me that you really don't understand the nature of this event, and why it is so impressive. You don't seem to appreciate that it is NOT organised by youtube. It is organised ON youtube. Youtube is used as a means to do this, but none of the people who are organising and running this event are employees of Youtube. They are all volunteers, all people who create content for youtube in their spare time. There is ZERO overhead. There is no external organisational structure or permanent employees. This is a purely grassroots organisation which has global scope. While YouTube the company has helped on occasions, this is something where they are the means, not the creators. Furthermore, if you actually read the source, it was $483,000 as estimated, but the final total is not yet known. And that money can do a great deal when there are no overheads, which brings me to the global nature of this event. You have yet to explain what constitutes a "globally" significant event. I would argue that since this event has raised money for micro-financiers all across the planet, that constitutes a global event, with global impact. Because of its nature as a positive event, it is much harder for it to become newsworthy, but I would definitely suggest that it is global in impact as well as scope (its just that the impact happens to lots of people on the bottom of the global ladder, so its not something that news stories make a big thing of). Please provide a definition of what constitutes a "globally noteworthy" event. I would argue that because of the cumulative nature of microfinance, this is very much a globally noteworthy event. Also, your argument "These other events are staying, but yours isn't" is kind of unfair. So if I'd put in my event earlier, and it had been there longer, you'd accept it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MST1987 (talk • contribs) 19:22, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The existence of other events is not relevant. I have not put an ounce of thought in to any other events for the purpose of this discussion.  They don't matter.  I'm not making a judgement right now whether they belong or not.  The article on this event is very short and doesn't provide enough detail about the claims that you make.  There is no mention of where the money has gone and who has been helped.  No mention of participation.  No mention of who is talking about it.  Build a better article that supports the notability you claim and then we can talk.  Global notability is somewhat subjective, but to make a claim at least a marginal effort to support it must be made.  Your support for notability can't be contained here on this page, it must be in the topic article, supported by various reliable sources.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 20:37, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Frank Pastore
Frank was more than just a "host". The Frank Pastore show became among the largest Christian talk shows in the United States. He had a talk show on KKLA radio (http://www.kkla.com/frankpastore.aspx) This gave him prominence and notoriety. User98432 (talk) 15:29, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you mean? the show is called "The Frank Pastore show" that makes him the host it's not wrong so stop edit waring Dman41689 (talk) 17:58, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Yes he was the host, but he was notorious, highly recognizable because of his popularity. News of his death was covered in the media internationally. I am willing to compromise and include host and radio personality. User98432 (talk) 15:25, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Oh, and I apologize for the warning, but you changed my post without explanation.User98432 (talk) 15:26, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The lead in his bio article says "radio personality and Major League baseball player". In the context of the date pages, the description should reflect whatever it says in the bio article.  The description should be "American radio personality and baseball player."  If you wish to change it, get consensus for change in the bio article.  End of conflict.   -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 16:07, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 17


text:
Talk:December 18

Moved birth from article
I found quite a few Jiří Hofman's, but none born 1978... Lupo 11:57, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 1978 - Ji&, scientist

Ahead by one day? Behind?
These dates, what time zone do they correlate to? To time that the event happened per the country. Japan and Korea are ahead by one day. And there are people who are behind by one day as well. It would be nice if this was clarified. Because if someone dies in the Soviet Union, versus Christina Aguilera being born, those are different "days" for us... So is it by sunlight or relative time? --Hitsuji Kinno 16:06, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It is the official time of the event at the place it happened. Qzm (talk) 23:31, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

It is either new or first but not both
Today's page says "1898 - Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat sets the new land speed record going 39.245 mph, in a Jeantaud electric car. This is the first recognized land speed record. Address : " It is either new or first but not both. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.56.241.75 (talk) 08:27, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

18 dec my son arav birth  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.163.236.59 (talk) 14:50, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Questionable date for the Trebia 218 BC
Polybius 3.72.3 dated the battle to "around the winter solstice" --Al-Nofi (talk) 16:43, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Ebonics
At 0440 17 December 2012, I made the judgement call that "1996 – The Oakland, California school board passes a resolution officially declaring "Ebonics" a language or dialect." is not historically relevant. (Botched the explanation for the change and signature there, my bad.) Any one who thinks otherwise, please feel free to discuss and/or undo.DarrenM here (talk) 04:45, 18 December 2012 (UTC)DarrenM here

"Our Lady of Expectation"
"Our Lady of Expectation" is linked to a Wiki article but is not mentioned there, so should be removed. It is also somewhat redundant as the Expectation of Our Lady is mentioned (and correctly linked to a Wiki article). Shall I remove it? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 17:53, 18 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Sure, per MOS. Quis separabit?  00:27, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 18


text:
Talk:December 20

DVD releases
There are at least two movies to be released on DVD on this day. One of them is Serenity. What else? I saw a commercial announcing another movie (on DVD and PSP), but I can’t remember what it was. —Frungi 23:03, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Sorry for the last double edit, I accedently hit undo before hitting submit and had to do it again. --Anthonysenn 00:30, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Mayan calandar starts over?
Can this event which will occur in 2012 be added even though it has not happened yet? KyNephi

Abolition of slavery in Réunion
I have removed this from the Events section, and removed the reference to it in the Holidays and Observances section. The refs look good, and I think the event is notable enough for inclusion, but references shouldn't be included on these pages, rather each entry should have an internal link to an article that contains the ref. The observance already has this, but I couldn't find a good article to link to in the Events section. Abolitionism is an option, but that list seems to be just for nations. It probably should be added to Abolition of slavery timeline (shouldn't that be an "–" instead of a "-" in the section header?), but that page only lists years, not exact dates. Without a link to an article supporting the exact date of the event I don't think this entry should be included in the Events section. The entry in the Holidays and Observances section could probably use some tweaking as well. Winston365 (talk) 19:51, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Births and Deaths
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I'm removing some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines. See discussions at Wikipedia_talk:Days_of_the_year.Deb (talk) 23:42, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

Gasoline/Petrol
The item "1984 – The Summit Tunnel fire is the largest underground fire in history, as a freight train carrying over 1 million liters of gasoline derails near the town of Todmorden, England, in the Pennines." uses the American term Gasoline. Surely, as it was a British train, crashing in a British tunnel, the British term "Petrol" should be used? John Turner, Burgh House (talk) 09:20, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

Main Page errors
This appeared on the Main Page today: "The Zodiac Killer murdered the first of his five confirmed victims in Vallejo, California, a case which remains unsolved" But it was the first two killings, there were at least seven victims of his attacks, and these two people were killed in Benicia. All of which was very clear from the Zodiac Killer page. How is so much inaccuracy allowed in one short sentence on the Main Page? Kevin McE (talk) 12:36, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * You're in the wrong place to ask that question. I believe that wording would have been taken from the Zodiac Killer page. W are working on ensuring that all entries on DOTY pages have references, but it will be a long job. Deb (talk) 18:42, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * My knowledge that there were 2 deaths in Benicia and 7 confirmed victims came from the Zodiac Killer page: the issue is where did all the errors come from? How is this stuff checked before it is put forward for a high profile outing? Kevin McE (talk) 20:01, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd ask the question here if I were you. Deb (talk) 20:39, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

2019 US Space Force established
Here is another link "When President Donald Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act into law Friday, he also created the newest military service and the first new service since the US Air Force came into being in 1947." ""The law states that Air Force Space Command will be re-designated the United States Space Force, that will happen immediately," Gen. John Raymond, the commander of US Space Command and Air Force Space Command, told reporters at the Pentagon Friday. " Why did the person removed and then locked the page until March?... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.127.35.111 (talk) 23:10, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

another  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.127.35.111 (talk) 23:20, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

Error
The 1808 entry for the (Covent) Garden Theatre fire should be revolved. It occurred on 20SEP not 20DEC that year, as is well documented (included on Wikipedia....). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.13.64 (talk) 10:37, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, removed. Deb (talk) 11:00, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Solstice date
In some years, the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere can occur on December 20, in 2052 all of the United States will experience the winter solstice on December 20 and in 2080 in the Greenwich Mean Time Zone. Also during the June Solstice (Summer Solstice), in some time zones by the end of the 21st century will have a June 19 solstice. So in 2096 in the western United States the March Equinox, June Solstice, September Equinox, December Solstice will experience it two days earlier than in 2007 in the Greenwich Mean Time Zone.

--2603:6011:E02:E4D4:7409:49B9:4A98:1196 (talk) 00:30, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

Wrong Priscus
The Priscus who entered Rome to claim the throne for Vespasian is not the Priscus linked on the page. That Priscus Lived in the 5th Century, while Vespasian took the throne in the 1st Century — Preceding unsigned comment added by Romanvs91 (talk • contribs) 16:54, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 20


text:
Talk:Bo Derek

Political Affiliation:
I was looking at Chuck guest stars, and was reading up on Bo Derek. Saw that she was listed as a Republican conservative, and decided to look this up on the web in general. I found this video of her taken on the 19th of January, 2012. She states at 1:02 in the video that "...I'm independent. People think...I'm Republican, I'm independent.  So...I voted for Obama." Toni Goodman (talk) 03:15, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * In fact, I just read the article suggesting that Bo Derek is a conservative Republican, and there's nothing in there about Ms. Derek's political affiliation. There's only a picture of hear labeling her as a "beard" to California Republican Representative David Dreier.  I'd edit everything myself, but I'm new to this, and not sure how to site things properly.  (I'm reading the Wikipedia page on citing now.) --Toni Goodman (talk) 03:30, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

"Inappropriate" content
The sexual nature of the film, along with substantial nude and inappropriate content,

What's "inappropriate" content? Inappropriate to what? This seems like a value judgment, inappropriate to Wikipedia. Consider the NPOV policy. Omc (talk) 04:31, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * What film does that refer to in the article? Anyway I dont see anything wrong with it.  Caden  cool  00:58, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Cycle Magazine Cover (1972 or 1973)
Cycle Magazine was doing a photo session on the beach in 1972, I believe, and a walk-on volunteer was photographed with the new Honda 500 four-cylinder. This was Bo Derek at 15, and apparently a valid release was obtained because it became a cover photo. There is another photo on the WWW, apparently from the same photo shoot, with another motorcycle new at the time, the infamous three-cylinder Kawaski 500. After her breakout movie "10" came out, Cycle had a one-page article noting the old cover. -motorfingers- 17:37, 21 October 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Motorfingers (talk • contribs)

Image of Bo
Not sure I understand how this works - basically, I posted an owned image of Bo and it was immediately taken down ass a copyright violation and yet anyone else seems to be able to insert one bad photo after the next of her. Understand this is supposed to be an unbiased site but why does one have to endure the way others wish to portray them. At least use an old classic photo of her that the vast majority of people looking for her here would recognize. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malibum11 (talk • contribs) 19:02, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Age
She is now 61 years old as of 11-20-17. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38.189.88 (talk) 22:48, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Check the article again after 23:59.59 (UTC). -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 22:53, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

Pati Behrs
Bo Derek was John Derek's fourth wife, but has erroneously been described as his third wife by various publications. John's first wife and mother of his children, Pati Behrs, was often omitted from the publicity that was spread during Bo's peak years of fame. In a 2006 interview with Larry King, Linda Evans corrected the talk show host when he wrongly stated that John Derek had three wives instead of four.

The misconception is prevalent and thus warrants an explanatory footnote. I've worded it as neutrally as possible here. The user(s) removing the note, which consists of sourced factual content, will have to explain why they want this disregarded.

Pati, a brunette four years John's senior, didn't fit the "Doppelganger Wives" notion the media wanted to perpetuate, and that's why she was omitted. What's ironic is that her marriage to John had been the subject of much fanfare in the 1940s and '50s, receiving far more contemporaneous coverage than his subsequent marriages to Ursula and Linda. When Bo came to fame in the late 1970s, Pati was erased from the narrative.

The omission continues to this day and is evident if you look at the comments section of any social media post about the Dereks. Editor140 (talk) 02:41, 21 August 2023 (UTC) Editor140 (talk) 02:41, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * None of these sources talk about Pati Behrs being ignored by the media. Instead, the proferred sources are demonstrations of Pati being ignored, which you have noticed and highlighted. You have assembled a violation of WP:SYNTH.
 * Wikipedia is not your personal publishing platform. The purpose of Wikipedia is to summarize the literature about a topic and present it to the reader. Your goal is to find an author talking about Pati being ignored by the media. Binksternet (talk) 03:10, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bo Derek


text:
Talk:December 24

Inca
what about the end of the 5th incan epoch? where would that go? we don't know

Last son of...
Is Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith more than trivia? Last descendant of Lincoln, yadda yadda yadda... The man is of no interest as far as I can see. I will remove him if no-one protests here within a week or so. Greswik 17:29, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

1979
There appears to be some dispute over whether the Soviets invaded Afghanistan on Dec 23 or 24. The first launch of the Europe rocket or whatever is correct on December 23 1979. And the Soviet invasion is listed on the December 23 page while on its own page Soviet war in Afghanistan it has December 24. EdEColbert 0585 04:51, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, the Soviet War in Afghanistan lists it as Dec 27. EdEColbert 0585  04:56, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Want to add someone
I want to add someone who doesn't have his Wikipedia yet Sriiiija (talk) 19:59, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

Michael Curtiz
According to http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/42547%7C111394/Michael-Curtiz/ and his own wikipedia page, Michael Curtiz was born in 1886 not 1888 Elspooky (talk) 12:02, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Adam and Eve
According to a non-citable source, December 24 was feasted by Eastern Christians and medieval Germans as Saint Adam and Eve. --Error (talk) 20:51, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 24


text:
Talk:December 26

Christmas
there is a disagreement on this page about whether Dec 26 is the first or second day of christmas. in my mind it makes sense that it is the 2nd day...can someone explain to me why some say it is the first? Kingturtle 15:15, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Fix needed
Re: "Second day of Christmas in Denmark, Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Suriname and Scandinavia - a holiday without work. The celebration is more or less the same as first day of Christmas, including the option going to Mass." Could someone fix this who knows about Dec. 26? Denmark, Scandanavia, Netherlands, and parts of Germany are protestant. While Lutherans may have kept the Mass, I never knew of a Lutheran who said they were going to mass. Other protestant religions have not kept the mass. I would fix this, but I don't know the proper answer. 99.145.23.242 (talk) 01:50, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think this should also be fixed. In the heading it says'There are five remaining until the end of the year.' It makes it sound like there are 5 26ths of Decembers left. I think it meant 5 days. :)195.49.180.146 (talk) 10:09, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It clearly says and has always said "There are five days remaining until the end of the year." -- Drappel (talk) 12:10, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * No, I just fixed that in response to this user's note. I just forgot to leave a reply.  There was a template problem for dates from December 22-29.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 12:16, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Then my apologies to the IP as well, I looked at the IP's talk page and suspected he/she had invented a new sort of talk page vandalism, it never dawned on me that the underlying template might have changed. I obviously need fresh coffee. -- Drappel (talk) 12:40, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Friangle?
Someone remove this vandalism, please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.160.228.162 (talk) 09:04, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Done ... thanks for bringing it to our attention. —Bruce1eetalk 09:16, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

2004 Tsunami not included
The 2004 Earthquake-Tsunami, which killed 2,30,000 people, is not included in 'Selected aniversaries'. Somebody please correct this glaring omission. (And no, it is not because the relevant article is small, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami is 86,850 bytes long as of 06:02, 27 December 2014.) Jose Mathew C (talk) 16:19, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Twelve Days of Christmas
Dear John,

When I answered the door today the postman left me another gift from you. Just imagine, not one... but TWO turtledoves! I am delighted with your thoughtful gift. They are absolutely adorable.

With deepest love and affection,

Agnes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.177.161 (talk) 19:34, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Wat the Floofer7010 (talk) 00:01, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Maybe let us know if Dec 26th is also cleberated as a Christmas day?!? Thanks!
Thanks!Eddson storms (talk) 04:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

Not surprised Czechia got changed back
I am not surprised it was changed back from to but isn't it funny how the short form can be used for all except Czechia.
 * "St. Stephen's Day (public holiday in Alsace, Austria, Catalonia, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland), and its related observances: "
 * St. Stephen's Day (public holiday in Alsace, Austria, Catalonia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland), and its related observances:

 * It's not about long or short form, it's about the term that is most commonly used, which as far as I can tell is "the Czech Republic". Mikenorton (talk) 17:13, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 26


text:
Talk:December 28

Twelve Days of Christmas
Dear John,

Today the postman left me four colly birds. Now really, they're beautiful, but don't you think enough is enough? You're being much too romantic.

Affectionately,

Agnes70.89.177.161 (talk) 19:45, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 28


text: Talk:December 29

title: Talk:December 29


text:
Talk:December 30

Third casino
Here is an excerpt from the recent page history:
 * 19:18, 14 December 2006 m (Re-Reverted CalendarWatcher Reversion. Please stop. You have been previously warned by admins in your talk page to stop unnecessarily removing info. If you continue you will be edit blocked.)
 * 11:19, 14 December 2006  (re-revert: who would actually care about the third of something?)
 * 04:51, 14 December 2006 Misterrick m (Rev. Last Edit by CalendarWatcher to last edit by CalendarWatcher on 12 Dec 2006. Yes the Park Place Casino was only the third casino to open on that day.)
 * 22:27, 13 December 2006 CalendarWatcher (→Events - del "1979 - Atlantic City's third casino the Bally's on Park Place opens." Third?)

I think discussion should take place here and not only in the summaries. As I understand Calendarwatcher, the opening of the first casino (first in the USA? first in New Jersey? first in Atlantic City?) could be a noteworthy event, but the third is not. I also could not find any mention of this casino in Gambling in the United States; perhaps there is an article about history of gambling in the United States?

Since I do not see an argument from Misterrick, I think that calendardwatcher is right, and will revert again to his/her version. --Austrian 22:03, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Eid ul-Adha
I think the Eid ul-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) should be added. Christian holidays are references, so Islam should be as well. The Eid ul-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) or Eid-e Qurban (Persian: عید قربان) which is celebrated to commemorate Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son for God. by 208.58.196.156 10:15, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we do not list holidays (such as Easter, Yom Kippur, Eid ul-Adha) that have a movable date relative to the Gregorian calendar on these pages. --Austrian 23:13, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

15,000th Premiership goal
I think we need to add the fact that the 15000th FA Barclays Premiership goal by Moritz Volz. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.6.18.199 (talk • contribs) 16:10, 30 December 2006
 * Was this really an "event"? Who shot the 10000th goal? Who shot the 12345th goal?  Who shot the 1000th goal in a world championship?--Austrian 23:13, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Exactly, things like this are trivia, not internationally notable world events. Fans might want to put down who scored the 1,000th, 2,000th, 3,000th goal etc in various kinds of sports. Lkjhgfdsa 0 (talk) 02:44, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Gasden Purchase was not on this date
Should be moved to June 24, 1853 (treaty signed), or April 25, 1854 (ratified) Mt1955 (talk) 23:29, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

No mention of Green Energy Day dec 30th
Dec 30th marks CLEAN GREEN ENERGY DAY! too!Seigvictory (talk) 19:28, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It does not have an article, hence it should not be on this article. Lkjhgfdsa 0 (talk) 22:43, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Twelve Days of Christmas
Dear John,

When I opened my door this morning there were six geese a-laying on my front porch. So you're back to the birds again, eh? These geese are huge! Where will I keep them? The neighbors are beginning to complain about the noise and the smell, and I can't sleep a wink. Please stop. Cordially,

Agnes

70.89.177.161 (talk) 19:53, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Ferdinand Marcos
Marcos' first inauguration in 1965 wasn't remarkable. December 30 was, for the longest time, inauguration day, so someone has to be inaugurated on this day every four years. Is there something else we could replace it with? – H T  D  16:33, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée birthdate mistake
the Dec 30 1724 birthdate listed here for Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée does not agree at all with the article on him.

--23.119.204.117 (talk) 00:50, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Death's
2021: Betty White ( American Actresses) 1922-2021 Greyson LaBerge (talk) 15:19, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 30


text:
Talk:List of EGOT winners

Mel Brooks Double EGOT
With Mel Brooks receiving an honorary Academy Award in January 2024, It should be noted in this article that Mel Brooks is both the second double EGOT winner, and the first to reach both competitive and non-competitive EGOT status at the same time. VCJunkie (talk) 06:22, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

"Competitive" award?
The article neither explains the distinction between a competitive and a non-competitive award, nor does it as far as I could see refer to any other source that explains it. I have no idea what it means myself, and I also can't find it with googling at the moment. Shouldn't the article describe this? Ifrit (Talk) 02:53, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Mel Brooks PEGOT winner
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Rz2ZkwDFBw&feature=shared Indexcard88 (talk) 05:02, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Woody Allen EGOT
Per his Wikipedia article, he is an EGOT. “He has won four Academy Awards, ten BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and a Grammy Award, as well as nominations for a Emmy Award and a Tony Award.[14]”

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen

2603:8001:3200:E67E:8C6A:1C22:8:2D70 (talk) 04:59, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

BEGOOTS WINNERS
Has anyone ever won the BAFTA, EMMY, GRAMMY, OSCAR, OLIVIER, TONY and SAG to form the BEGOOTS category? 2601:484:C000:A94:7111:1B5F:51F5:A70E (talk) 17:26, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of EGOT winners


text:
Spheroplast

A spheroplast (or sphaeroplast in British usage) is a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme. According to some definitions, the term is used to describe Gram-negative bacteria. According to other definitions, the term also encompasses yeasts. The name spheroplast stems from the fact that after the microbe's cell wall is digested, membrane tension causes the cell to acquire a characteristic spherical shape. Spheroplasts are osmotically fragile, and will lyse if transferred to a hypotonic solution.

When used to describe Gram-negative bacteria, the term spheroplast refers to cells from which the peptidoglycan component but not the outer membrane component of the cell wall has been removed.

Antibiotic-induced spheroplasts
Various antibiotics convert Gram-negative bacteria into spheroplasts. These include peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors such as fosfomycin, vancomycin, moenomycin, lactivicin and the β-lactam antibiotics. Antibiotics that inhibit biochemical pathways directly upstream of peptidoglycan synthesis induce spheroplasts too (e.g. fosmidomycin, phosphoenolpyruvate).

In addition to the above antibiotics, inhibitors of protein synthesis (e.g. chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, several aminoglycosides) and inhibitors of folic acid synthesis (e.g. trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole) also cause Gram-negative bacteria to form spheroplasts.

Enzyme-induced spheroplasts
The enzyme lysozyme causes Gram-negative bacteria to form spheroplasts, but only if a membrane permeabilizer such as lactoferrin or ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is used to ease the enzyme's passage through the outer membrane. EDTA acts as a permeabilizer by binding to divalent ions such as Ca2+ and removing them from the outer membrane.

The yeast Candida albicans can be converted to spheroplasts using the enzymes lyticase, chitinase and β-glucuronidase.

Antibiotic discovery
From the 1960s into the 1990s, Merck and Co. used a spheroplast screen as a primary method for discovery of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis. In this screen devised by Eugene Dulaney, growing bacteria were exposed to test substances under hypertonic conditions. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis caused growing bacteria to form spheroplasts. This screen enabled the discovery of fosfomycin, cephamycin C, thienamycin and several carbapenems.

Patch clamping

Specially prepared giant spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria can be used to study the function of bacterial ion channels through a technique called patch clamp, which was originally designed for characterizing the behavior of neurons and other excitable cells. To prepare giant spheroplasts, bacteria are treated with a septation inhibitor (e.g. cephalexin). This causes the bacteria to form filaments, elongated cells that lack internal cross-walls. After a period of time, the cell walls of the filaments are digested, and the bacteria collapse into very large spheres surrounded by just their cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The membranes can then be analyzed on a patch clamp apparatus to determine the phenotype of the ion channels embedded in it. It is also common to overexpress a particular channel to amplify its effect and make it easier to characterize.

The technique of patch clamping giant E. coli spheroplasts has been used to study the native mechanosensitive channels (MscL, MscS, and MscM) of E. coli. It has been extended to study other heterologously expressed ion channels and it has been shown that the giant E. coli spheroplast can be used as an ion-channel expression system comparable to the Xenopus oocyte.

Cell lysis
Yeast cells are normally protected by a thick cell wall which makes extraction of cellular proteins difficult. Enzymatic digestion of the cell wall with zymolyase, creating spheroplasts, renders the cells vulnerable to easy lysis with detergents or rapid osmolar pressure changes.

Transfection
Bacterial spheroplasts, with suitable recombinant DNA inserted into them, can be used to transfect animal cells. Spheroplasts with recombinant DNA are introduced into the media containing animal cells and are fused by polyethylene glycol (PEG). With this method, nearly 100% of the animal cells may take up the foreign DNA. Upon conducting experiments following a modified Hanahan protocol using calcium chloride in E. coli, it was determined that spheroplasts may be able to transform at 4.9x10−4.

title: Spheroplast


text:
The Appointments of Dennis Jennings

The Appointments of Dennis Jennings is a 1988 American short comedy film, starring, co-written and co-produced by Steven Wright, which won the Oscar for Best Live Action Short Film at the 61st Academy Awards in 1988.

Plot
Dennis Jennings (Steven Wright) is an introvert, showing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, paranoia, and a troubled youth. He works as a waiter and has an indifferent girlfriend, Emma, who only seems to patronize him. The "appointments" are with his psychiatrist (Rowan Atkinson), who is annoyed with him and uninterested in what he has to say. After finding his doctor sharing Dennis's intimate secrets with a group of fellow psychiatrists at a bar, and then finding that his girlfriend is cheating on him with the doctor, Dennis decides he has had enough. He hunts the doctor, shoots him, and goes to jail afterwards.

title: The Appointments of Dennis Jennings


text:
Homosexuality and Quakerism

The views of Quakers around the world towards homosexuality encompass a range from complete celebration and the practice of same-sex marriage, to the view that homosexuality is sinfully deviant and contrary to God's intentions for sexual expression. The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) is a historically Christian religious movement founded in 17th-century England; it has around 350,000 members. In Britain, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, many Quakers are supportive of homosexual relationships, while views are divided among U.S. meetings. Many Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends, both of which have retained traditional Quaker practices such as plain dress, along with Evangelical Friends, view homosexual acts as sinful. 49% of Quakers live in Africa, and though views may differ, the Kenyan Church of Friends does not support homosexual relationships.

Friends' policy and decision-making
Since Quaker decision making is generally based on seeking "unity" at the level of a Monthly meeting (convened periodically for business, and more often for worship, and is the basic unit of Quakerism – a meeting is equivalent to a single congregation, sometimes to a parish or group of churches in an area), determining a particular Quaker attitude is difficult on this or any topic. Monthly meetings are organized into larger groups such as Yearly meetings or other "umbrella" groups, but often these larger groups have conflicting stances on particular issues. Some groups, for example the 57th Street Meeting in Chicago, may have joint membership in umbrella groups that have mutually contradictory stances on the issues. In the end, the true "Quaker view" on homosexuality is probably best analysed meeting by meeting (or, better, Friend by Friend). However, there are some general patterns, and for reasons of space and completeness this article deals mainly with the largest organizations on a country-by-country basis. Until the 1960s the topic of homosexuality was untouched among Quakers. London Yearly Meeting's publication of Towards a Quaker View of Sex, including norms for sexual relations that were inclusive of equitable same-sex relations, provoked on-going questioning. By the time the first same-sex relationship was taken under the care of a Friends meeting in 1982 (University MM, North Pacific Yearly Meeting, Seattle, Washington) the scene was set for ongoing discernment and disagreement.

Quakers as a whole do not have a specific, set creed. The Richmond Declaration is a confession of faith that expresses the experience of two branches of American Quakerism, but does not reflect the views of others.

Australia
Quakers in Australia are overwhelmingly accepting of homosexuality and will celebrate same sex marriages as they would an opposite sex marriage. In 1975 Australia Yearly Meeting officially stated:

"The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia calls for a change in the laws ... to eliminate discrimination against homosexuals. This statement is made in the light of the Society's desire to remove discrimination and persecution in the community. The Society also calls on all people to seek more knowledge and understanding of the diversity of human relationships and to affirm the worth of love in all of them."

Australian Quakers have supported the celebration of same sex and different sex commitment ceremonies since 1994 and recognize them on an equal basis with other committed and loving relationships. In January 2010, Quakers meeting in Australia Yearly Meeting in Adelaide agreed to treat all requests for marriages in accordance with Quaker traditions, regardless of the sexual orientation or gender of the partners. Before this Australia-wide decision, Canberra Regional Meeting celebrated the first same sex marriage among Australian Quakers on 15 April 2007.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the yearly meeting Te Hāhi Tūhauwiri, in 1992, resolved "to seek formal ways of recognizing a variety of commitments, including gay and lesbian partnerships".

Ireland
Ireland Yearly Meeting, which includes meetings in Northern Ireland, permits same-sex marriages to take place within their meetings. However, no individual Friend or Meeting is required to take part in these marriages if it offends their conscience.

United Kingdom

Britain Yearly Meeting formally minuted support for same-sex marriage in 2009 and began to centrally lobby the government for the necessary legal changes. The decision was taken 22 years after being first raised at Meeting for Sufferings, and 46 years after the publication of "Towards a Quaker View of Sex". Controversial in its day, the book forms one of the first Quaker statements regarding sexuality, and includes affirmation that gender or sexual orientation are unimportant in a judgement of an intimate relationship and that the true criterion is the presence of "selfless love"; further consideration arose from Harvey Gillman's Swarthmore Lecture, in 1988.

Before the legalisation of same-sex marriage, some Friends (both opposite-sex and same-sex) celebrated their relationships in a Meeting for Worship with a Celebration of Commitment. Britain Yearly Meeting supported the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which legalised secular and religious same-sex marriages in England and Wales.

United States
Quakers in the United States are divided on the issue of homosexuality, with some (mostly Friends affiliated with programmed meetings) not approving of either homosexuality or the legalization of same sex unions. Friends associated with Friends General Conference (FGC), the more liberal group of Friends encompassing a large number of yearly meetings and approximately a fifth of all Quakers in the country, are the most tolerant with many monthly meetings and some yearly meetings providing full equality for homosexuals including marriage. FGC itself in 2004 made a statement on including LGBT quakers as equals in worship and acknowledging their past contributions to the conference. The largely FGC-based FLGBTQC (Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Concerns) group holds meetings twice a year.

Similar positions from other unprogrammed Quaker meetings not affiliated with FGC include that taken by North Pacific Yearly Meeting and Pacific Yearly Meeting, which support same-sex marriage.

On the other hand, Friends associated with the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (CYMF), Friends United Meeting (FUM) and Evangelical Friends Church International (EFCI), which represent mostly programmed Quaker meetings, have taken stands condemning gay marriage and homosexual relationships altogether. Indiana and Western Yearly Meetings (members of FUM) issued a statement of "core values" which includes both an insistence on abstinence outside of marriage, and a definition of marriage to heterosexual relationships only, as does the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends in its Manual of Faith and Practice. Evangelical Friends Church - Southwest, a yearly meeting and a member of EFI, states in its Faith and Practice that homosexuality is a sin and grounds for termination of employment in the church.

However, there is dissension within the Evangelical groups. The Friends of Jesus Community, some of whose members were affiliated with EFCI, took a public stance in favor of the equal worth of same-sex relationships. In Northwest Yearly Meeting of Friends Church (EFCI), one Portland-area Monthly Meeting has minuted its support of same-sex unions, creating a discussion on their statement of human sexuality. This led to a number of other Quaker churches discussing this matter, which has led to a split within the Quaker Church.

Most monthly meetings of Baltimore Yearly Meeting (BYM, a member of both FGC and FUM) have taken a similar position. Similarly, although perhaps to a lesser extent, some meetings associated with groups on the other side of the issue have dissented. Swansea Monthly Meeting, under care of New England Yearly Meeting, is one of two meetings in that group to publicly oppose same-sex marriage.

In 2002, FUM and BYM began a dialogue on homosexuality and same-sex relationships. At the 2002 FUM Triennial, Clerk Lamar Matthew was excluded from leading a worship sharing group because he was in a relationship with another man. FUM has affirmed in a minute of its General Board that its policy that anyone in sexual relationships outside of marriage – "which is understood to be between one man and one woman" – cannot be in paid leadership positions (a minute approved in 1988) also applies to those in other leadership positions and to their overseas workers. Since that time, BYM has had a program of intervisitation with other Yearly Meetings on the issue of same-sex relationships. This policy of FUM has been in constant discussion in the FUM board ever since it was originally proposed. BYM is not the only dual-membership Yearly Meeting (membership in both FUM and FGC). Many members of the New England and New York Yearly Meetings have also been struggling with the FUM position.

Canada
In Canada, the main "umbrella" Quaker body, Canadian Yearly Meeting, shares a similar view to the more liberal American Quaker groups, and stated in 2003 that Canadian Quakers "support the right of same-sex couples to a civil marriage and the extension of the legal definition of marriage to include same-sex couples." Since then a number of same-sex marriages have been performed at Canadian Monthly Meetings. CYM is a member of both FUM and FGC. As a result of FUM's position on homosexuality, there is ongoing debate within Canadian Yearly Meeting about CYM's relationship with FUM. Canadian Yearly Meeting in 2007 approved a letter to be sent to FUM stating that CYM has appointed a committee "to review the involvement and participation of CYM in FUM". In the meantime, CYM's financial contribution was earmarked for a specific purpose.

In other countries
The majority of Quakers live in countries not mentioned above. Kenya, for example, has a Quaker population larger than that of any other country. The Friends Church in Kenya "condemns homosexuality".

Generally in Africa and Latin America, most meetings are programmed and under the care of either FUM or EFI although meetings in Central and Southern Africa are unprogrammed; in Asia, many of the meetings are unprogrammed and have connections with more liberal groups elsewhere in the world.

African Friends in general are supportive of the position taken by FUM. In 2007, at the first meeting of FUM held in Africa, the clerk of Uganda Yearly Meeting delivered a devotional in which he quoted Romans 1:8–32, saying that "homosexuals and even those who support them are worthy of death." Although in a later letter of apology he said that he was referring to spiritual death, many more liberal Quakers found his comments hateful.

Australia and New Zealand

 * Gay and Lesbian People in the Society of Friends (Quakers) (pdf)

Ireland and the United Kingdom

 * Ireland Yearly Meeting's statement of principles
 * Quaker Faith & Practice: The book of Christian discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. Chapter 22 "Close Relationships" downloadable as a pdf file.
 * Quaker Lesbian and Gay Fellowship

North America

 * Canadian Yearly Meeting's 2003 statement
 * Evangelical Friends Church – Mid America "Position Paper on Homosexuality" Published in current Faith and practice
 * FUM "core values for Indiana and Western Yearly Meetings" statement
 * EFCSW statement on homosexuality
 * Newspaper article on a split between Friends in the Northwest
 * NEYM minutes on same-sex marriage
 * Patuxent Friends on their membership in FUM
 * Quaker Electronic Archive Contains some historical materials on same-sex relationships including minutes from Monthly and Yearly Meetings regarding same-sex unions

title: Homosexuality and Quakerism


text:
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Deoxyribonuclease

Deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) refers to a group of glycoprotein endonucleases which are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading DNA. The role of the DNase enzyme in cells includes breaking down extracellular DNA (ecDNA) excreted by apoptosis, necrosis, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) of cells to help reduce inflammatory responses that otherwise are elicited. A wide variety of deoxyribonucleases are known and fall into one of two families (DNase I or DNase II), which differ in their substrate specificities, chemical mechanisms, and biological functions. Laboratory applications of DNase include purifying proteins when extracted from prokaryotic organisms. Additionally, DNase has been applied as a treatment for diseases that are caused by ecDNA in the blood plasma. Assays of DNase are emerging in the research field as well.

Types
The two main types of DNase found in animals are known as deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II). These two families have subcategories within them.

The DNase I Family: DNase I, DNase1L1, DNase 1L2, DNase1L3
The first set of DNases is DNase I. This family consisted of DNase I, DNase1L1, DNase 1L2, and DNase1L3. DNase I cleaves DNA to form two oligonucleotide-end products with 5’-phospho and 3’-hydroxy ends and is produced mainly by organs of the digestive system. The DNase I family requires Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations as activators and selectively expressed. In terms of pH, the DNAses I family is active in normal pH of around 6.5 to 8.

The DNase II Family: DNase II ɑ and DNase II ꞵ
The second set of DNAases is DNase II. This family consisted of DNase II ɑ and DNase II ꞵ. Like DNAase I, DNAase II cleaves DNA to form two oligonucleotide-end products with 5’-hydroxy and 3’-phospho ends. This type of DNAase is more widely expressed in tissues due to high expression in macrophages but limited cell-type expression. Unlike DNAase I, they do not need Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations as activators. In terms of pH, the DNAase II family is expressed in acidic pH. The cleavage pattern of DNase II is altered in the presence of Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), which significantly affects the structure of DNA.

Structure
Although both DNase I and II are glycoprotein endonucleases, DNase I has a monomeric sandwich-type structure with a carbohydrate side chain whereas DNase II has a dimeric quaternary structure. DNase I Structure: DNase I is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 30,000 Da and a carbohydrate chain of 8-10 residues attached to Asn18 (orange). It is an 𝛼,𝛽-protein with two 6-stranded 𝛽-pleated sheets which form the core of the structure. These two core sheets run parallel, and all others run antiparallel. The 𝛽-pleated sheets lie in the center of the structure while the 𝛼-helices are denoted by the coils on the periphery. DNase I contains four ion-binding pockets, and requires Ca2+ and Mg2+ for hydrolyzing double-stranded DNA. Two of the sites strongly bind Ca2+ while the other two coordinate Mg2+. Little has been published on the number and location of the Mg2+ binding sites, although it has been proposed that Mg2+ is located near the catalytic pocket and contributes to hydrolysis. The two Ca2+ are shown in red in the image. They are bound to DNase I under crystallization conditions and are important for the structural integrity of the molecule by stabilizing the surface loop Asp198 to Thr204 (cyan), and by limiting the region of high thermal mobility in the flexible loop to residues Gly97 to Gly102 (yellow).

DNase II Structure: DNase II contains a homodimeric quaternary structure that is capable of binding double-stranded DNA within a U-shaped clamp architecture. The interior of the U-shaped clamp is largely electropositive, capable of binding negatively-charged DNA. Similar to DNase I, DNase II structure consists of a mixed 𝛼/𝛽 secondary structure with 9 𝛼-helices and 20 𝛽-pleated sheets. Although unlike DNase I, DNase II does not require divalent metal ions for catalysis. The structure consists of protomer A (cyan) and protomer B (green). Each structure consists of two catalytic motifs, which are labeled on protomer B for simplicity: His100 and Lys102 compose the first motif (blue) and His279 and Lys281 compose the second catalytic motif (red).

Mechanism
Some DNases cut, or "cleave", only residues at the ends of DNA molecules. This type of exonuclease is known as exodeoxyribonucleases. Others cleave anywhere along the chain, known as endodeoxyribonucleases (a subset of endonucleases.) Some DNases are fairly indiscriminate about the DNA sequence at which they cut, while others, including restriction enzymes, are very sequence-specific. Other DNases cleave only double-stranded DNA, others are specific for single-stranded molecules, and others are active toward both.

The action of DNase occurs in three phases. The initial phase introduces multiple nicks in the phosphodiester backbone. The second phase produces acid-soluble nucleotides. The third phase, which is the terminal phase, consists of reduction of oligonucleotides, causing a hyperchromic shift in the UV data.

DNase I Mechanism
DNase I predominantly targets double-stranded DNA, and to a lesser extent, some single-stranded DNA for cleavage. DNase I catalyzes nonspecific DNA cleavage by nicking phosphodiester linkages in one of the strands. Its cleavage site lies between the 3′-oxygen atom and the adjacent phosphorus atom, yielding 3′-hydroxyl and 5′-phosphoryl oligonucleotides with inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The DNase enzyme relies on the presence of a divalent cation, which is usually Ca2+, for proper function. The active site of DNase I includes two histidine residues (His134 and His252) and two acidic residues (Glu78 and Asp 212), all of which are critical for the general acid-base catalysis of phosphodiester bonds.

DNase II Mechanism
Deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II) is also known as acid deoxyribonuclease because it has optimal activity in the low pH environment of lysosomes where it is typically found in higher eukaryotes. Some forms of recombinant DNase II display a high level of activity in low pH in the absence of divalent metal ions, similar to eukaryotic DNase II. Unlike DNase I, DNase II cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the 5'-oxygen atom and the adjacent phosphorus atom, yielding 3΄-phosphorylated and 5΄-hydroxyl nucleotides.

Laboratory applications
DNase is commonly used when purifying proteins that are extracted from prokaryotic organisms. Protein extraction often involves the degradation of the cell membrane. It is common for the degraded and fragile cell membrane to be lysed, releasing unwanted DNA and the desired proteins. The resulting DNA-protein extract is highly viscous and difficult to purify, in which case DNase is added to break it down. The DNA is hydrolyzed but the proteins are unaffected and the extract can undergo further purification.

Treatment
Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) is DNA that is found in blood circulation. It appears as a result of apoptosis, necrosis, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-osis of blood and tissue cells, but can also arise from the active secretion from living cells. EcDNA and their designated DNA binding proteins are able to activate DNA-sensing receptors, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are able to stimulate pathways that cause an inflammatory immune response. As a result, several studies of inflammatory diseases have found that there are high concentrations of ecDNA in blood plasma. For this reason, DNase has proven to be a possible treatment for the reduction of ecDNA in the blood plasma. DNases can be excreted both intracellularly and extracellularly and can cleave the DNA phosphodiester bond. This function can be used to maintain a low ecDNA concentration, therefore treating inflammation. Illnesses that result from DNA residue in blood have been targeted using the "breaking-down properties" of DNase. Studies have shown DNase to be able to act as a treatment by decreasing the viscosity of mucus. Administration of DNase varies dependent on the disease. It can and has been administered orally, intrapleurally, intravenously, intraperitoneally, and via inhalation. Several studies continue to examine the application of DNase as treatment as well as ways to monitor health. For example, recently, DNase derived from pathogenic bacteria has been used as an indicator for wound infection monitoring.

Respiratory diseases
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the production of mucus, sweat, and digestive fluids, causing them to become more viscous rather than lubricant. DNase enzymes can be inhaled using a nebulizer by cystic fibrosis sufferers. DNase enzymes help because white blood cells accumulate in the mucus, and, when they break down, they release DNA, which adds to the 'stickiness' of the mucus. DNase enzymes break down the DNA, and the mucus is much easier to clear from the lungs. Specifically, DNase I, also known as FDA approved drug Pulmozyme (also known as dornase alfa) is used as a treatment to increase pulmonary function.

Other respiratory illness such as asthma, pleural empyema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have also been found to be positively affected by DNases properties.

Furthermore, recent studies show that intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a protein that is responsible for the breakdown of blood clots, combined with deoxyribonuclease increase pleural drainage, decreases hospital length of stay, and decreases the need for surgery in parapneumonic effusions and empyema.

Other diseases
Sepsis is a life-threatening inflammatory disease caused by the body's extreme response to an infection. The body begins to attack itself as an inflammatory response encompasses the human body. As a result, high levels of ecDNA have been associated with the bloodstream and therefore, researchers have looked to DNase as an appropriate treatment. Studies have shown that DNase was successful in disrupting NETs and decreasing inflammatory responses. More research on the type and time of administration is needed to further establish DNase as an official treatment.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in auto-antibody generation causing inflammation that results in damage to organs, joints, and kidneys. SLE has been linked with low levels of DNase I as apoptotic cells become self-antigens in this disease. DNase I has been investigated as a possible treatment to decrease the amount of apoptotic debris in the human system. It has been suggested that their difficulty might be due to the inability for the enzyme to break down the cell membrane of chromatin. Studies have shown conflicting results on this treatment, however, further research is being conducted to examine the therapeutic benefits of DNase I.

Anti-tumor treatment. DNase is known to hold anti-tumor effects due to its ability to break down DNA. High levels of DNA are found to be in cancer patients' blood, suggesting that DNase I might be a possible treatment. There is still a lack of understanding as to why there are such high levels of ecDNA and whether or not DNase will act as an effective treatment. Several mice studies have shown positive results in anti-tumor progression utilizing intravenous DNase I. However, more investigations need to be carried out before being introduced to the public.

Assays
DNA absorbs ultraviolet (UV) light with a wavelength of maximal absorbance near 260 nm. This absorption is due to the pi electrons in the aromatic bases of the DNA. In dsDNA, or even regions of RNA where double-stranded structure occurs, the bases are stacked parallel to each other, and the overlap of the base molecular orbitals leads to a decrease in absorbance of UV light. This phenomenon is called the hypochromic effect. When DNase liberates nucleotides from dsDNA, the bases are no longer stacked as they are in dsDNA, so that orbital overlap is minimized and UV absorbance increases. This increase in absorbance underlies the basis of the Kunitz unit of DNase activity. One Kunitz unit is defined as the amount of enzyme added to 1 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA that causes an increase in absorbance of 0.001 per minute at the wavelength of 260 nm when acting upon highly polymerized DNA at 25 °C in a 0.1 M NaOAc (pH 5.0) buffer. The unit's name recognizes the Russian-American biochemist Moses Kunitz, who proposed the standard test in 1946.

A standard enzyme preparation should be run in parallel with an unknown because standardization of DNA preparations and their degree of polymerization in solution is not possible.

Single Radial Enzyme Diffusion (SRED) This simple method for DNase I activity measurement was introduced by Nadano et al. and is based on the digestion of DNA in the agarose gel by DNase, which is present in samples punched into the gel. DNase activity is represented by the size of a dispensed circular well in an agarose gel layer, in which DNA stained by ethidium bromide is uniformly distributed. After the incubation, a circular dark zone is formed as the enzyme diffuses from the well radially into the gel and cleaves DNA. SRED underwent many modifications, which led to an increase in sensitivity and safety, such as the replacement of ethidium bromide with SYBR Green I or other DNA gel stains.

Colorimetric DNase I Activity Assay

Kinetic colorimetric DNase I activity assay is developed for the assessment of the stability of the human recombinant DNase I (Pulmozyme). The method was adjusted from a colorimetric endpoint enzyme activity assay based on the degradation of a DNA/methyl green complex.

title: Deoxyribonuclease