text:
Footfall

Footfall is a 1985 science fiction novel by American writers Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. The book depicts the arrival of members of an alien species called the Fithp that have traveled to the Solar System from Alpha Centauri in a large spacecraft driven by a Bussard ramjet. Their intent is conquest of the planet Earth.

Plot
The alien Fithp resemble baby elephants with multiple prehensile trunks. They possess more advanced technology than humans, but did not develop any of it on their own. In the distant past on their planet, another species was dominant. The predecessor species badly damaged the environment, rendering itself and many other species extinct, but left behind their knowledge inscribed on large stone cubes from which the Fithp gained their technology. An arms race between two rival herds threatened to render the species extinct, so they wagered to see who would depart in a starship and seek a new home elsewhere. The leadership of the loser formed the Chtaptisk Fithp ('Traveling Herd').

The herd was divided into "Sleepers" and the "Spaceborn", as the starship is both a generation ship and a sleeper ship. The original leaders are subordinate to the Spaceborn, who are prepared to start a space-based civilization, but are still dedicated to the generations-old goal of conquest.

The Fithp are herd creatures and fight wars differently from humans. When two herds meet, they fight until it is evident which is dominant. Fighting then ceases, and the losers are incorporated into the winning herd. The Fithp are confused by human attempts at peaceful contact. Upon arrival, they attack the Soviet space station, the country still being a world superpower, where Soviets and Americans wait to greet them. They proceed to destroy military sites and important infrastructure on Earth. US Congressman Wes Dawson and Soviet cosmonauts are captured from the ruins of the space station.

The human characters fall into two major groups: those on Earth and those who are taken aboard the Fithp spaceship as captives. Civilians are used to show the effects of the war on day-to-day life in the US, and military and government personnel convey a more strategic overview of events. Science fiction writers are employed as technical advisers on alien technology and behavior; the characters are based on real writers, including Niven ("Nat Reynolds"), Pournelle ("Wade Curtis"), and Robert Anson Heinlein ("Bob Anson").

After their initial assault, the Fithp land ground forces in the center of North America, primarily in and around Kansas. They initially repel attacks with orbital lasers and kinetic energy weapons, but a combined Soviet and US nuclear attack wipes out their beachhead. The Fithp, who are familiar with nuclear weapons, but prefer to use cleaner ones, are shocked by what they consider the barbarity of humans' willingness to "sow radioactive fire on their own croplands". The Fithp respond to the defeat of their invasion by dropping a large asteroid into the Indian Ocean, whose impact results in environmental damage on a global scale, particularly the almost total destruction of India. The Fithp then invade southern Africa, successfully subjugating most of its people. On numerous occasions, the Fithp are assisted by human leaders seeking to keep their power over the masses.

The US secretly builds a large, heavily armed spacecraft in Washington state that is propelled by nuclear bombs, a real concept known as Project Orion. The ship is named after the Biblical archangel Michael, who cast Lucifer out of Heaven. When there is a security leak, Michael launches prematurely and battles through small enemy "digit" ships, aided by one-man gunships and larger space shuttles carried aboard Michael and released as needed. Though seriously damaged, she pursues the alien mothership. One of the shuttles rams the Fithp ship, damaging it badly enough that it cannot escape Michael.

On Earth, US President David Coffey receives an offer of conditional surrender from the Fithp. Coffey is willing to let the Fithp withdraw into space and is reluctant to destroy their technology and cargo of females and children. He is opposed by his advisors, who feel that by allowing the Fithp to escape and regroup, he risks the whole of humanity. When Coffey seemingly folds under the pressure, National Security Adviser Admiral Carrell stages a bloodless coup d'état, circumventing the President and rejecting the aliens' proposal. An act of sabotage by the humans aboard the alien vessel disables the Fithp engines, allowing Michael to inflict heavy damage, which forces the Fithp to accept humanity as the stronger species and surrender themselves to become part of the human "herd". In the final scene, the Fithp leader lies on his back and allows the former captive Dawson to place his foot on his chest, which is the formal Fithp gesture of surrender.

Timeline

 * c. 1915: The Chtaptisk Fithp ("Traveler Herd") leave Alpha Centauri for Earth on their spacecraft, the Thuktun Flishithy ("Message Bearer").
 * c. 1919: The sleepers go into their death-sleep.
 * September 1976: Thuktun Flishithy swings around the Sun, maneuvering towards Saturn.
 * November 1976: Thuktun Flishithy reaches Saturn.
 * June 1980: Thuktun Flishithy has been resupplied.
 * June 1981: The Fithp have established themselves on the Foot, an asteroid colony.
 * April 1985: The Thuktun Flishithy begins its journey towards the Earth.
 * May 1985: Human astronomers in Hawaii realize that there is an alien ship on a trajectory towards the Earth.
 * June 1985: The initial attack of the Fithp. Kinetic weapons wreak havoc on the Earth, and satellites are shot down. The Soviet space station Kosmograd is destroyed and its surviving passengers captured.
 * July 1985: The Fithp launch an invasion of Kansas. Shortly thereafter the Jayhawk Wars begin, a conventional attack against Fithp forces that is rapidly destroyed using space support. About two weeks later, the Americans and Soviets co-operate in a combined nuclear retaliation that defeats the Fithp forces and wrecks much of Kansas in the process.
 * August 1985: Footfall. The Fithp drop the Foot into the Indian Ocean. Tsunamis devastate surrounding landmasses, and the entire globe is enveloped in an endless salty rainstorm. India is practically destroyed, and the Fithp successfully invade much of Africa.
 * July 1986: The flight of the Michael, ending with the formal surrender of the Chtaptisk Fithp to Wes Dawson.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews commented, "Overblown and largely underdone." It judged the novel to be "more tedious and less thoughtful" than previous joint Niven–Pournelle works, with "barely relevant" subplots and a "cumbersome cast of thousands" but praising the Fithp society as "particularly well worked-out."

Dave Langford reviewed Footfall for White Dwarf #71, and stated that "Their flaws are blockbuster flaws: momentum takes 100 pages to build, several of the teeming characters are dispensable, and megadeaths are glossed over. [...] All the same, I read most of it twice and ran out of adrenalin." James Nicoll found it to have "the mediocrity and tedium of a much longer novel," with a weak characterization and a scientifically-inaccurate portrayal of the effects of the asteroid's impact, but conceded that it was better than most other works in its subgenre and commended Niven for his portrayal of the Fithp.

Footfall was nominated for the 1986 Hugo Award for Best Novel and the 1986 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and was a No. 1 New York Times Bestseller.

title: Footfall


text:
Supercollider (disambiguation)

A supercollider is a high energy particle accelerator.

Supercollider may also refer to:

Science

 * The Superconducting Super Collider, planned 80 km particle collider project in Texas, cancelled in 1993
 * The Tevatron, at Fermilab in Illinois, in operation from 1983 to 2011
 * The Large Hadron Collider, at CERN, in operation from September 2008
 * The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (formerly the Super Large Hadron Collider), a proposed upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider
 * The Very Large Hadron Collider, a hypothetical future hadron collider with no target date
 * Tera-Large Electron–Positron Collider, a hypothetical 80 km future electron-positron collider to be based at CERN as an alternative to a future linear collider

Music

 * Super_Collider (band), an electronic and soul-revivalist musical group formed in 1998
 * "Supercollider" (song), a 2011 song by Radiohead
 * Super Collider (album), a 2013 album by the band Megadeth, and the album's title track
 * "Supercollider", a song by Fountains of Wayne from Welcome Interstate Managers
 * "Supercollider", a 1993 single by Tribe
 * Super Collider, 2010 musical piece by Christine Southworth written for the Kronos Quartet and Gamelan Elektrika
 * SuperCollider, a software platform for audio synthesis and algorithmic music composition

Other media

 * Supercollider, a video game character in Freedom Force
 * Supercollider, 2002 show by Keith Tyson at the South London Gallery
 * "Supercollider", a series of 35mm digital animations by Marc Swadel and Paul Swadel
 * Supercollider (film), a 2013 film directed by Jeffery Scott Lando starring Enzo Cilenti

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supercollider (disambiguation)


text:
Ubu Roi

Ubu Roi ("Ubu the King" or "King Ubu") is a play by French writer Alfred Jarry, then 23 years old. It was first performed in Paris in 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at the Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris). The production's single public performance baffled and offended audiences with its unruliness and obscenity. Considered to be a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms and conventions, it is seen by 20th- and 21st-century scholars to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century, and as a precursor to Dadaism, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd.

Overview
Ubu Roi was first performed in Paris on December 10, 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris), 15, rue Blanche, in the 9th arrondissement. The play – scheduled for an invited "industry" run-through followed by a single public performance the next night – caused a riotous response in the audience and denunciatory reviews in the days after. It is considered a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms, and conventions. To some of those who were in the audience on opening night, including W. B. Yeats and the poet and essayist Catulle Mendès, it seemed an event of revolutionary importance, but many were mystified and outraged by the work's seeming childishness, obscenity, and disrespect. It is now seen by some to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century. It is a precursor to Dada, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd. It is the first of three stylised burlesques in which Jarry satirises power, greed, and their evil practice – in particular the propensity of the complacent bourgeoisie to abuse the authority engendered by success.

The title is sometimes translated as King Turd; however, the word "Ubu" is actually merely a nonsense word that evolved from the French pronunciation of the name "Hebert", which was the name of one of Jarry's teachers, the satirical target and inspiration of the first versions of the play.

Jarry made some suggestions regarding how his play should be performed. He wanted King Ubu to wear a cardboard horse's head in certain scenes, "as in the old English theatre", for he intended to "write a guignol". He thought a "suitably costumed person would enter, as in puppet shows, to put up signs indicating the locations of the various scenes". He also wanted costumes with as little specific local colour reference or historical accuracy as possible.

Ubu Roi was followed by Ubu Cocu (Ubu Cuckolded) and Ubu Enchaîné (Ubu in Chains), neither of which was performed during Jarry's 34-year life. One of his later works, a novel/essay on "pataphysics", is offered as an explanation behind the ideas that underpin Ubu Roi. Pataphysics is, as Jarry explains, "the science of the realm beyond metaphysics". Pataphysics is a pseudo-science Jarry created to critique members of the academy. It studies the laws that "govern exceptions and will explain the universe supplementary to this one". It is the "science of imaginary solutions".

Synopsis
The story is a parody of Shakespeare's Macbeth and some parts of Hamlet and King Lear.

As the play begins, Ubu's wife convinces him to lead a revolution, and kills the King of Poland and most of the royal family. The King's son, Bougrelas, and the Queen escape, but the latter later dies. The ghost of the dead king appears to his son and calls for revenge. Back at the palace, Ubu, now King, begins heavily taxing the people and killing the nobles for their wealth. Ubu's henchman gets thrown into prison; who then escapes to Russia, where he has the Tsar declare war on Ubu. As Ubu heads out to confront the invading Russians, his wife tries to steal the money and treasures in the palace. She is driven away by Bougrelas, who is leading a revolt of the people against Ubu. She runs away to her husband, Ubu, who has, in the meantime, been defeated by the Russians, been abandoned by his followers, and been attacked by a bear. Ubu's wife pretends to be the angel Gabriel, in order to try to scare Ubu into forgiving her for her attempt to steal from him. They fight, and she is rescued by the entrance of Bougrelas, who is after Ubu. Ubu knocks down the attackers with the body of the dead bear, after which he and his wife flee to France, which ends the play.

The action contains motifs found in the plays of Shakespeare: a king's murder and a scheming wife from Macbeth, the ghost from Hamlet, Fortinbras' revolt from Hamlet, the reneging of Buckingham's reward from Richard III, and the pursuing bear from The Winter's Tale. It also includes other cultural references, for example, to Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (Œdipe Roi in French) in the play's title. Ubu Roi is considered a descendant of the comic grotesque French Renaissance author François Rabelais and his Gargantua and Pantagruel novels.

The language of the play is a unique mix of slang code-words, puns and near-gutter vocabulary, set to strange speech patterns.

Development
"The beginnings of the original Ubu", writes Jane Taylor, "have attained the status of legend within French theatre culture". In 1888, when he became a student at the Lycée in Rennes at the age of fifteen, Jarry encountered a brief farcical sketch, Les Polonais, written by his friend Henri Morin, and Henri's brother Charles. This farce was part of a campaign by the students to ridicule their physics teacher, Félix-Frederic Hébert (1832–1917). Les Polonais depicted their teacher as the King of an imaginary Poland, and was one of many plays created around Père Hébé, the character that, in Jarry's hands, eventually evolved into King Ubu. Les Polonais was performed as a marionette play by the students at their homes in what they called the "Theatre des Phynances", named in honor of Père Hébert's lust for "phynance" (finance), or money. This prototype for Ubu Roi is long-lost, so the true and complete details of the authorship of Ubu Roi may never be known. It is clear, however, that Jarry considerably revised and expanded the play.

While his schoolmates lost interest in the Ubu legends when they left school, Jarry continued adding to and reworking the material for the rest of his short life. His plays are controversial for their scant respect to royalty, religion and society, their vulgarity and scatology, their brutality and low comedy, and their perceived utter lack of literary finish.

Ubu
According to Jane Taylor, "the central character is notorious for his infantile engagement with his world. Ubu inhabits a domain of greedy self-gratification". Jarry's metaphor for the modern man, he is an antihero – fat, ugly, vulgar, gluttonous, grandiose, dishonest, stupid, jejune, voracious, greedy, cruel, cowardly and evil – who grew out of schoolboy legends about the imaginary life of a hated teacher who had been at one point a slave on a Turkish galley, at another frozen in ice in Norway and at one more the King of Poland. Ubu Roi follows and explores his political, martial and felonious exploits.

"There is", writes Taylor, "a particular kind of pleasure for an audience watching these infantile attacks. Part of the satisfaction arises from the fact that in the burlesque mode which Jarry invents, there is no place for consequence. While Ubu may be relentless in his political aspirations, and brutal in his personal relations, he apparently has no measurable effect upon those who inhabit the farcical world which he creates around himself. He thus acts out our most childish rages and desires, in which we seek to gratify ourselves at all cost". The derived adjective "ubuesque" is recurrent in French and francophone political debate.

Première
Both Ubu Cocu and Ubu Roi have a convoluted history, going through decades of rewriting and, in the case of the former, never arriving, despite Jarry's exertions, at a definitive version. By the time Jarry wanted Ubu Roi published and staged, the Morins had lost their interest in schoolboy japes, and Henri gave Jarry permission to do whatever he wanted with them. Charles, however, later tried to claim credit, but it had never been a secret that he had had some involvement with the earliest version. The music was composed and performed at the premiere by Claude Terrasse.

The first word of the play ("merdre", the French word for "shit", with an extra "r") may have been part of the reason for the response to the play in Paris. At the end of the performance a riot broke out, an incident which has since become "a stock element of Jarry biographia". After this, Ubu Roi was outlawed from the stage, and Jarry moved it to a puppet theatre.

Jarry said to the audience in a curtain speech just before that first performance in Paris: "You are free to see in M. Ubu however many allusions you care to, or else a simple puppet—a school boy's caricature of one of his teachers who personified for him all the ugliness in the world".

The poet W. B. Yeats, though he did not understand French, attended the premiere with a companion who interpreted the action for him. He recalled, in his memoir The Trembling of the Veil, his dismay that the play challenged the symbolist, spiritual-themed literature he advocated: "Feeling bound to support the most spirited party, we have shouted for the play, but that night at the Hotel Corneille I am very sad, for comedy, objectivity, has displayed its growing power once more. I say, 'After Stéphane Mallarmé, after Paul Verlaine, after Gustave Moreau, after Puvis de Chavannes, after our own verse, after all our subtle colour and nervous rhythm, after the faint mixed tints of Conder, what more is possible?  After us the Savage God.'”

20th century
In 1936 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, the great Polish modernist and prolific writer and translator created in Polish Ubu Król czyli Polacy ("King Ubu, otherwise, The Poles"). Some of his phraseology in the play has passed into the language. In 1990, at the invitation of the Munich Opera, Krzysztof Penderecki wrote an opera buffa on Jarry's theme entitled Ubu Rex, staged on 8 July 1991 for the opening of the Munich Opera Festival; the opera was later mounted in Poland in 2003.

The first English translation was ''Ubu Roi. Drama in Five acts followed by the Song of Disembraining'', by Barbara Wright, for which she wrote the preface. It was illustrated by Franciszka Themerson and published by the Gaberbocchus Press in 1951.

In 1964 the Stockholm Puppet theatre produced a highly popular version of Ubu Roi directed by Michael Meschke, with scenery by Franciszka Themerson.

Ubu Roi was translated into Serbian in 1964 by Ljubomir Draškić and performed at the Atelje 212 theatre in Belgrade for the next 20 years, until Zoran Radmilović, who played Père Ubu, died. The play was so successful that it was adapted into a movie in 1973.

Ubu Roi was translated into Czech by Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich as Král Ubu, and premiered in 1928 at Osvobozené divadlo. The play was banned in Czechoslovakia after the 1968 Soviet invasion.

The play was the basis for Jan Lenica's animated film Ubu et la Grande Gidouille (1976).

In 1976–1977 Oakley Hall III translated and adapted Ubu Roi (called Ubu Rex) and its sequels, and directed them in New York City Off-Off-Broadway and at the Lexington Conservatory Theatre in Lexington, New York. The adaptations starred Richard Zobel, who also produced the play and created the masks for it.

In Lithuania (then part of the USSR) the play was adapted as Karalius Ūbas by director Jonas Vaitkus in 1983. The play was adapted into an opera, with libretto by Michael Finnissy and Andrew Toovey and music by Toovey. It was produced by the Banff Centre Theatre, Canada, in collaboration with Music Theatre Wales, in May 1992, directed by Keith Turnbull.

A musical adaptation, Ubu Rock, book by Andrei Belgrader and Shelly Berc, music and lyrics by Rusty Magee, premiered at the American Repertory Theater in 1995 and was remounted at ART the following year.

The play was adapted for the Czech film Král Ubu, directed by F. A. Brabec in 1996. The film received three Czech Lion Awards.

Sherry C. M. Lindquist's adaptation was performed in Chicago, at The Public Theater in New York City, at the International Festival of Puppet Theater, and at the Edison Theater, St. Louis, Missouri, by Hystopolis Productions, Chicago, from 1996 to 1997.

Jane Taylor adapted Ubu Roi as Ubu and the Truth Commission (1998), a play addressing the emotional complexities revealed by the process of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was formed in response to the atrocities committed during apartheid.

21st century
In Poland the play was adapted for the film Ubu Król (2003) by Piotr Szulkin, highlighting the grotesque nature of political life in Poland immediately after the fall of communism.

The play was translated by David Ball in The Norton Anthology of Drama in 2010, and performed at the University of Virginia the same year.

Inspired by the black comedy of corruption within Ubu Roi, the Puerto Rican absurdist narrative United States of Banana (2011) by Giannina Braschi dramatizes, with over-the-top grotesque flourishes of "pataphysics", the fall of the American Empire and the liberation of Puerto Rico.

The play was adapted and directed by Dash Kruck as part of Vena Cava Production's 2013 mainstage season. Performed in Brisbane, Australia, the adaptation made cultural political references to Queensland's Premier Campbell Newman, even including him in the show's promotional poster.

In 2013, the international theatre company Cheek by Jowl created a French-language production of Ubu Roi, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production was presented across Europe, Russia, the United-States and Mexico. It was live-streamed worldwide from the Lincoln Center in New York on 26 July 2015. According to The New York Times "the Cheek by Jowl production asks us to see Jarry’s play through the eyes of a sulky, moody, sexually tormented adolescent, who is pitilessly judgmental of his elders."

In 2014, Toronto's One Little Goat Theatre Company produced Ubu Mayor: A Harmful Bit of Fun, combining the merde-filled sensibilities of Ubu Roi with the internationally renowned antics, absurdities and obscenities of Toronto's mayor Rob Ford and his brother Doug.

In 2016, the play was adapted by Jared Strange into UBU ROY: An American Tale, an updated version of the original play through the lens of the 2016 United States presidential election. The show opened November 3, 2016, in Lubbock, Texas, as the Lubbock Community Theatre's first play in their "LCT After Dark" season.

In 2020, the play was adapted and set in modern-day Tasmania, taking place on a purpose-built stage in the Cataract Gorge.

In 2020, the play was also adapted into a musical by Kneehigh Theatre company.

In February 2020, the Vernal & Sere Theatre staged a world-premiere adaptation in Atlanta, Georgia called UBU, which imagined the titular character of King Ubu as a principal walking the halls of a quintessential American school and called into question the fundamental system by which the United States governs and instructs its citizenry.

References in popular culture
In 1923, the Dadaist pioneer Max Ernst produced a painting entitled Ubu Imperator.

Between 1952 and 1953, the King Ubu Gallery existed at 3119 Fillmore Street in San Francisco. Founded by Robert Duncan, Jess Collins, and Harry Jacobus, the gallery was an important institution until it was replaced by the Six Gallery, where Allen Ginsberg first read "Howl."

Alfred Jarry is one of the few real figures to appear among the many literary characters in Les Faux-Monnayeurs (The Counterfeiters, 1925), by André Gide. In Part III, Chapter 8, Jarry attends a literary banquet, where the fictional Comte de Passavant introduces him as the author of Ubu Roi, saying of the literary set, "They have dubbed him a genius because the public have just damned his play. All the same, it's the most interesting thing that's been put on the stage for a long time".

Joan Miró used Ubu Roi as a subject of his 50 lithographs in 1940 called the Barcelona Series. These pictures could be Ubu Roi but they also satirise General Franco and his generals after he had won the Spanish Civil War.

In her book Linda McCartney's Sixties: Portrait of an Era, Linda McCartney mentions that Paul had become interested in avant-garde theatre and immersed himself in the writings of Jarry. This is how McCartney discovered the word "pataphysical", which he used in the lyrics of his song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".

The American experimental rock group Pere Ubu is named after the main character. Their 2009 album Long Live Père Ubu! is an adaptation of Jarry's play.

Dead Can Dance's frontman Brendan Perry makes a reference to Père Ubu in the song "The Bogus Man" (on his second solo album Ark) with the line "Hail, Father Ubu, here comes the Grand Guignol".

The figure of Ubu Roi, particularly as depicted by Jarry in his woodcut, appears to have inspired the character Oogie Boogie in Tim Burton's animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas.

Television producer Gary David Goldberg named his dog Ubu and his production company Ubu Productions after Ubu Roi.

Australian band Methyl Ethel's song "Ubu" contains references to the play.

The protagonist of Walter Jon Williams' novel Angel Station is named Ubu Roy. One of the SCP Foundation's 001 proposals, "The Last Ride of the Day" features a creature named SCP-UBU after Ubu Roi. SCP-UBU is an invincible and sadistic entity that tortures humanity for centuries.

In Paul Auster’s last novel Baumgartner (2023) King Ubu is named on page 95 clearly referencing Donald J. Trump as “King Ubu in the White House”.

Cast

 * Personnages

 * Père Ubu
 * Mère Ubu
 * Capitaine Bordure
 * Le Roi Venceslas, La Reine Rosemonde
 * Boleslas, Bougrelas, Ladislas – leurs fils
 * Le général Lascy
 * Stanislas Leczinski
 * Jean Sobieski
 * Nicolas Rensky
 * L'Empereur Alexis
 * Giron, Pile, Cotice – Palotins
 * La Machine à décerveler
 * Le Commandant
 * Michel Fédérovitch
 * Nobles
 * Magistrats
 * Financiers
 * Conseillers
 * Toute l'Armée russe
 * Toute l'Armée polonaise
 * Les Gardes de la Mère Ubu
 * Un Capitaine
 * L'Ours
 * Le Cheval à Phynances
 * L'Equipage
 * Conjurés & Soldats
 * Peuple
 * Larbins de Phynances
 * Paysans

 * Characters

 * Papa Ubu
 * Mama Ubu
 * Captain Bordure
 * King Wenceslas and Queen Rosemonde
 * Their sons Boleslas, Boggerlas, and Ladislas
 * General Laski
 * Stanislas Leczinsky
 * Johannes Sobiesky
 * Nicholas Rensky
 * Emperor Alexei
 * Palotins: Giron, Pile, Cotice
 * The Disembraining Machine
 * The Ship's Captain
 * Michael Fedorovitch
 * Nobles
 * Magistrates
 * Phynanciers
 * Councilors
 * The Whole Russian Army
 * The Whole Polish Army
 * Mama Ubu's Guards
 * A Captain
 * A Bear
 * The Phynancial Horse
 * The Crew
 * Conspirators and Soldiers
 * Crowds
 * Lackeys of Phynance
 * Peasants

title: Ubu Roi


text:
Talk:Heavy metal genres

Add nu Metalcore and progressive Metalcore
As Wikipedia now has a pages on these subgenres they should be added to the subgenre page as derivatives of metalcore — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.21.58 (talk) 18:32, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Nu metalcore can’t be added; it links to a section in the Nu Metal article. However, progressive metalcore does have its own Wikipedia article, so I might consider adding it to this list. KevinML (talk) 00:13, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Nevermind, someone already added nu metalcore KevinML (talk) 00:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Thrash-derived genres
Why Corrosion of Conformity among thrash-derived bands?!? Ardashir (talk) 12:06, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

"Traditional heavy metal"???
To refer to the origin bands like Sabbath / Zep / Deep Purple etc. etc. as "traditional" sets a bad historical revisionist precedent. All these origin bands are different from each other as is, and at present (2019) the term "traditional metal" is not in common use at all. Can we avoid historical revisionism infecting metal? Most refer to the original bands as "classic" metal. Maybe "foundational" makes more sense, but even that's a stretch, as the foundations don't cleanly begin with the mid-to-late 1960s hard blues. ARobbo (talk) 23:06 30 December 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.203.184.3 (talk)

Orphaned references in Heavy metal genres
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Heavy metal genres's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "APaa": From Asking Alexandria:  From Electronicore:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 02:30, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

New Metalcore Subgenre
I added “Progressive metalcore” to metalcore subgenres.” KevinML (talk) 00:30, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Metalcore
When reading through this page I noticed it stated that metalcore is a genre consisting of hardcore and heavy metal. In my opinion this is wrong, metalcore is a fusion genre consisting of hardcore and extreme metal. That is a big difference. Thrash is a amalgamation of hardcore and heavy metal, metalcore simply isn’t. There are a lot of elements of extreme metal present in metalcore.

I would like the correct information to be written here. JinxTheFluffyFox (talk) 18:25, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heavy metal genres


text:
Banco Bradesco

The Banco Bradesco S.A. is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in Osasco, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest banking institution by assets in Brazil and Latin America. It is also one of fifty most valuable banks in the world. The bank is listed at the B3 in São Paulo, where it is part of the Índice Bovespa, in the New York Stock Exchange and in the Madrid Stock Exchange.

Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking, offering Internet Banking, insurance, pension plans, annuities, credit card services (including football club affinity cards for fans) for customers, and savings bonds. The bank also provides personal and commercial loans, as well as leasing services. Bradesco is a pioneer in using the ATM biometric reading system in Brazil, which enables customers to be identified using the vascular pattern of their hands, serving as a complementary password, available at its 31,474 own ATMs and 5,549 ATMs of Banco24Horas, a Brazilian third-party ATM network.

Bradesco has 5,314 branches, 4,834 service branches and 38,430 banking correspondents. Bradesco customers can also use 34,859 automatic teller machines and 12,975 ATMs of the Banco24Horas. Internationally, Bradesco have one branch in New York, two branches in Grand Cayman, and banking or financial subsidiaries or affiliates in London, Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Buenos Aires, Grand Cayman, Tokyo and Mexico.

Banco Bradesco is constantly expanding and has recently acquired Banco do Estado do Maranhão, Banco Mercantil de São Paulo, Banco Ibi S.A., and the Brazilian operations of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA), J.P. Morgan Fleming Asset Management, American Express and HSBC Brasil. Banco Bradesco grew its value by more than 50 percent compared with 2017.

Currently the bank is on the top 3 of the most valuable Brazilian brands.

Slogan
Entre nós, você vem primeiro means "Between us, you come first" in Portuguese.

History

 * March 10, 1943: Banco Brasileiro de Descontos S.A. founded by Amador Aguiar in Marília, in the state of São Paulo. The bank targets small landowners, retailers, and government employees.
 * 1946: Banco Bradesco moves headquarters to São Paulo.
 * 1951: Banco Bradesco grows to become the largest private bank in Brazil.
 * 1953: Banco Bradesco moves headquarters to Cidade de Deus, Osasco, São Paulo.
 * 1956: Amador Aguiar creates Fundação Bradesco, the biggest education program in Brazil.
 * 1962: Banco Bradesco is the first Latin American company to buy a computer.
 * 1968: Banco Bradesco launches the first credit card in Brazil.
 * 1970s: Banco Bradesco acquires 17 banks throughout the country.
 * 1978: Banco Bradesco branch no. 1000 is inaugurated in Chuí at the southern tip of Brazil.
 * 1991: Amador Aguiar died at 86 in São Paulo.
 * 1996: Banco Bradesco the first Latin American Internet Banking system.
 * 1997: Banco Bradesco Banco BCN
 * 2000: Banco Bradesco Argentina commences operations in Buenos Aires. Bradesco Securities commences operations in New York.
 * 2010: Banco Bradesco buys Ibi Mexican (Ibi Services S. de R. L. México) subsidiary, also controlled by C&A.
 * 2011: Banco Bradesco is ranked fourth among the world's 500 greenest companies and first among Brazilian companies, according to a list disclosed by Newsweek, prepared in partnership with the consulting firms Trucost and Sustainalyctis.
 * 2015: Banco Bradesco buys HSBC Brazilian unit for $5.2 billion.
 * 2019: Banco Bradesco buys american BAC Florida Bank from Nicaraguan Grupo Pellas for $500 million. Lázaro de Mello Brandão, President for 36 years, died aged 93.
 * 2020: Banco Bradesco reaches agreement to acquire JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s Brazilian private banking clients. JPMorgan will continue to provide Brazilian clients with products and services abroad.
 * 2021: Banco Bradesco buys minority stake in american fintech BCP Global.
 * 2022: Banco Bradesco reaches agreement to acquire BNP Paribas Brazilian wealth management operations. BNP Paribas will continue to provide Brazilian clients with products and services abroad. BAC Florida Bank renamed Bradesco Bank.
 * 2023: Bradesco celebrates 80th Anniversary

title: Banco Bradesco


text:
Miss Puerto Rico

Miss Puerto Rico is a national title bestowed on the women representing Puerto Rico in international beauty pageants.

In 1987, Puerto Rico became the ninth nation to win the Big Three pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International. In 2019, Puerto Rico won Miss Earth, becoming the fourth nation to win the Big Four pageants. Having also won Miss Supranational, Miss Grand International, and Miss Intercontinental by 2019, Puerto Rico became the first nation—and only one as of —to win the Big Six or Grand Slam and the Big Seven pageants.

As the second Ibero-American nation and fourth nation globally with the most titles in the Big Three, Big Four, Grand Slam, and Big Seven pageants, Puerto Rico, which has won 16 major titles as of 2023, is considered a powerhouse in the industry of beauty pageants, alongside Venezuela, United States, Philippines, and India.

In Puerto Rico, beauty queens are an important part of the culture. The businesswoman in the modeling and beauty industry in charge of many Puerto Rican representatives in international pageants between 1952 and 1998, Anna Santisteban, popularly known as the Hacedora de Reinas (Maker of Queens), is recognized as the figure who established the fervent enthusiasm for beauty queens in Puerto Rico. As the holder of the Miss Universe franchise in Puerto Rico, Santisteban produced three international winners in 1970, 1985 and 1993.

Despite being an American territory as a commonwealth (estado libre asociado) with democratic self-governance, Puerto Rico competes in international beauty competitions as a separate and independent nation from the United States since 1952, as it does in the Olympic Games since 1948 and the Pan American Games since 1955.

Big Three world ranking by year of complete achievement
As of, the following 14 nations, in order of achievement year, have won Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International, or the three oldest and most prestigious international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Three:

Big Three Ibero-American ranking by number of titles won
As of, the 23 nations of Ibero-America, in order of number of titles won, have performed as follows in Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International, or the three oldest and most prestigious international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Three:

Big Three world ranking by number of titles
As of, the following nations, in order of number of titles won, have won more times in Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International, or the three oldest and most prestigious international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Three:

Big Four world ranking by year of complete achievement
As of, the following 5 nations, in order of achievement year, have won Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, or the four most historically important international beauty pageants, known collectively as the Big Four:

Big Four Ibero-American ranking by number of titles won
As of, the 23 nations of Ibero-America, in order of number of titles won, have performed as follows in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, or the four most historically important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Four:

Big Four world ranking by number of titles won
As of, the following nations, in order of number of titles won, have won more times in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, or the four most historically important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Four:

Grand Slam world ranking by year of complete achievement
As of, the following nation, in order of achievement year, has won Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, and Miss Grand International, or the six most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Six or Grand Slam:

Grand Slam Ibero-American ranking by number of titles won
As of, the 23 nations of Ibero-America, in order of number of titles won, have performed as follows in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, and Miss Grand International, or the six most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Six or Grand Slam:

Grand Slam world ranking by number of titles won
As of, the following 69 nations, in order of number of titles won, have managed to win at least once in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, or Miss Grand International, or one of the six most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Six or Grand Slam:

Big Seven world ranking by year of complete achievement
As of, the following nation, in order of achievement year, has won Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, Miss Grand International, and Miss Intercontinental, or the seven most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Seven:

Big Seven Ibero-American ranking by number of titles won
As of, the 23 nations of Ibero-America, in order of number of titles won, have performed as follows in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, Miss Grand International, and Miss Intercontinental, or the seven most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Seven:

Big Seven world ranking by number of titles won
As of, the following 75 nations, in order of number of titles won, have managed to win at least once in Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, Miss Grand International, or Miss Intercontinental, or one of the seven most important international beauty pageants, collectively known as the Big Seven:

Major titles won
Hundreds of beauty contests are held every year, but those known as the Big Four are considered the most prestigious, widely covered and broadcast by the international media. These three competitions are: Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International.

Puerto Rico has won Miss Universe five times: 1970 with Marisol Malaret, 1985 with Deborah Carthy-Deu, 1993 with Dayanara Torres, 2001 with Denise Quiñones, and 2006 with Zuleyka Rivera; Miss World twice: 1975 with Wilnelia, Lady Forsyth-Johnson, and 2016 with Stephanie Del Valle; and Miss International twice: 1987 with Laurie Simpson, and 2014 with Valerie Hernández. In 1987, Puerto Rico became the ninth nation globally to win all three competitions. With 9 titles, Puerto Rico is the fourth nation globally with the most titles won in these pageants.

Miss Earth is historically considered the next most important pageant. Puerto Rico has won the title once with Nellys Pimentel in 2019. Along with the three aforementioned competitions, Miss Earth composes Big Four (Big Four) pageants. In 2019, Puerto Rico became the fourth nation to win the four contests. With 10 titles, Puerto Rico is the fourth nation globally with the most titles won in these pageants.

The two most prestigious and relevant pageants after the Big four are: Miss Supranational and Miss Grand International. Puerto Rico has won both competitions once, winning Miss Supranational in 2018 with Valeria Vázquez Latorre, and Miss Grand International in 2013 with Janelee Chaparro Colón in the first edition of the pageant.

These six beauty competitions—Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, and Miss Grand International—are considered the Big Six or Grand Slam, as they are the most important in the world of beauty pageants. In 2019, Puerto Rico became the first nation in the world to win all six. As of, Puerto Rico is the only nation to have achieved this feat. With 12 titles, Puerto Rico is the fourth nation globally with the most titles won in these pageants.

Together with Miss Intercontinental, the oldest minor international beauty competition, these major pageants are collectively known as the Big Seven. Puerto Rico has won Miss Intercontinental four times: 1986 with Elizabeth Robinson, 1991 with Carmen Lynda Díaz, 2010 with Maydelise Columna, and 2016 with Heylimar Rosario. In 2019, Puerto Rico became the first nation in the world to win all seven. As of, Puerto Rico is the only nation to have achieved this feat. With 16 titles, Puerto Rico is the fourth nation globally with the most titles won in these pageants.

With a decade of history, a high quality production, and more than sixty competing delegates, Miss Global is one of the most relevant international beauty pageants following the seven mentioned above. Puerto Rico earned its first Miss Global crown with Ashley Meléndez, who won the title in the pageant’s 2023 edition.

As of, Puerto Rico has won the following important international titles:

Placements in major pageants
In 2006, Puerto Rico placed for the first time in all Big Three pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International. In 2010, Puerto Rico placed for the first time in all Big Four competitions of Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth. In 2019, Puerto Rico placed for the first time in all Big Six or Grand Slam pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, and Miss Grand International. In 2023, Puerto Rico placed for the first time in all Big Seven pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, Miss Grand International, and Miss Intercontinental.

As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements in the most important international pageants:

History
In its various forms, the Miss Puerto Rico beauty pageant has been held almost every year since the 1930s. The winner of the contest represents Puerto Rico at the Miss Universe pageant each year.

The selection of Miss Universe Puerto Rico commences the year before the winner advances to participate in the Miss Universe pageant. Each Puerto Rican municipality may choose a representative who then enters the Miss Puerto Rico finals, traditionally held at a San Juan area hotel. The winner is crowned at the conclusion of the final competition.

There have been several changes to the pageant's ownership and name. Miss Puerto Rico was held from 1952 until 1998 under the direction of Anna Santisteban. From 1996 to 1998, Telemundo organized the contest under the name Miss Universe Puerto Rico. From 1999 to 2002, TeleOnce (now Univision Puerto Rico) obtained the franchise, renaming it Miss Puerto Rico Universe. Magali Febles organized the pageant between 2003 and 2009 and the pageant title remained the same. In 2009, Luisito Vigoreaux and Desireé Lowry obtained the franchise and renamed the pageant Miss Universe Puerto Rico. In 2018, WAPA-TV obtained ownership of the franchise, keeping the name of Miss Universe Puerto Rico and hiring Denise Quiñones as the pageant’s director. In 2022, host, motivational speaker, Miss Puerto Rico Petite 2000 (national title), and Miss Global Petite 2000 (international title), Yizette Cifredo Hernández, became the new national director of the pageant.

Puerto Rico has held the following Miss Universe editions:

Miss Universe world ranking by number of finalists and semifinalists
As of, the following nations, in order of number of finalists and semifinalists, have placed more times in the final night of the competition:

Miss Universe world ranking by number of finalists
As of, the following countries or territories, in order of number of finalists, have placed more times in the final group of finalists:

Miss Universe world ranking by number of titles
As of, the following countries or territories, in order of number of titles, have earned the largest number of titles:

Puerto Rico placements in Miss Universe
As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements in Miss Universe:

Puerto Rico has placed consecutively in the last six editions of the international competition, becoming the longest uninterrupted streak in the history of Puerto Rico, and the second longest uninterrupted streak in the international competition currently after United States, which has consecutively placed for the last 13 years.

Representatives
Winner of Miss Universe
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 3, Top 5, or Top 6

Finalist in the Top 10 or Top 12

Semifinalist in the Top 16 or Top 20

History
Puerto Rico debuted in Miss World in 1959, then it was absent from 1960 to 1969. In 1970, a new organization took the responsibility of sending contestants until 1985 via castings. Puerto Rico did not compete in Miss World from 1986 to 1988. The Miss Puerto Rico organization, directed by Anna Santisteban, obtained the Miss World franchise in 1989, Tania Collazo was her first Miss World delegate. Santisteban produced Miss World Puerto Rico until 1995.

In 1996, Delia Cruz, mother of Miss World Wilnelia Merced, Lady Forsyth-Johnson, obtained the franchise and began organizing the Miss Mundo Puerto Rico pageant with Tania Collazo as organizer for a few years before Desiree Lowry, and later on Shanira Blanco. Currently, the pageant is headed by Wilnelia Merced and Fernando Allende.

Miss World 2021 was held in Puerto Rico in the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum.

Placements
Puerto Rico has two winners in Miss World 1975 and Miss World 2016. As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss World
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 3 or Top 8

Finalist in the Top 10 or Top 17

Semifinalist in the Top 20 or Top 25

Quarterfinalist in the Top 30 or Top 40

History
This contest is considered the third most important female beauty event in the world. The Miss Puerto Rico pageant had the rights to this franchise from 1960 to 1997. Then, from 1998 to 2003, the Miss Puerto Rico Tourism pageant, led by Jorge Manrique, and later by former Miss Puerto Rico Tourism and Miss World Puerto Rico Tania Collazo. In 2004, the new Bellezas del Turismo (Tourism Beauties) pageant, also directed by Tania Collazo, obtained the rights until 2006. From 2007 to 2015, the firm Creative Options Inc. chaired by Fernando Oquendo Vega, was in charged of the franchise, which was directed for a while by Desireé Del Río De Jesús, Miss International Puerto Rico 2011.

Currently, Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico (Our Beauty Puerto Rico) organization chaired by Miguel R. Deliz has ownership of the franchise with Miss Supranational Puerto Rico, and Miss Grand Puerto Rico, and Miss Charm Puerto Rico.

Placements
Puerto Rico has two winners in Miss International 1987 and Miss International 2014. As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss International
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 5

Finalist in the Top 8

Semifinalist in the Top 12 or Top 15

History
The Miss Puerto Rico Universe organization sent representatives to Miss Earth between 2001 and 2004 under Magaly Febles. From 2005 to 2013, Puerto Rico's representative to Miss Earth was selected through the Miss Puerto Rico Earth pageant. Under the direction of Shanira Blanco in 2014, the representative was selected through the Miss Mundo Puerto Rico pageant with the 1st Runner-Up being sent to Miss Earth. In 2018, Vanessa de Roide and Joe Amhed took control of the franchise. Currently, Amhed is the sole national director of Miss Earth Puerto Rico.

Placements
Puerto Rico conquered the crown of Miss Earth with Nellys Pimentel in 2019. In winning, Puerto Rico became one of only five countries to win the four most recognized pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth. Puerto Rico also became the first—and the only country as of —to win the six most important beauty international competitions: Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Supranational, and Miss Grand International.

As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
For a complete list of the representatives to Miss Earth

Winner of Miss Earth
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 4

Finalist in the Top 8

Semifinalist in the Top 12 or Top 15

Semifinalist in the Top 20

Big Four titleholders
Puerto Rico's performance in the Big four international beauty pageants of Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth, which are historically considered the most important, as of :

Miss Universe winner
 * Color key

Miss World winner

Miss International winner

Miss Earth winner

Ended as Runner-up

Ended as Semi-finalist or Quarter-finalist

History
The Miss Supranational representative from Puerto Rico is chosen at the Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico (Our Beauty Puerto Rico) national beauty pageant. Miss Supranational was established in 2009, but Puerto Rico did not send a representative for the pageant’s first edition.

Placements
Puerto Rico has one winner in Miss Supranational 2018. As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Supranational
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 5

Finalist in the Top 10 or Top 12

Semifinalist in the Top 20 or Top 25

History
Miss Grand International Puerto Rico is the title of the female beauty contest in Puerto Rico created since 2013 to compete at Miss Grand International. The winner of the title carries it for a period of about a year, and they give meaning and importance to this beauty competition by promoting a stop to war and violence, a campaign which is the slogan of the pageant. The Miss Grand International candidate from Puerto Rico is chosen at the Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico (Our Beauty Puerto Rico) national beauty pageant.

Placements
The first Puerto Rican delegate to win the international title of Miss Grand International was Janelee Chaparro in 2013 at the pageant’s first edition.

In 2023, there were two candidates of full Puerto Rican descent participating: Cristina Ramos of Puerto Rico, who finished in the top 20, and Sthephanie Miranda of United States of America, who finished as 3rd runner-up.

As of, Puerto Rico is the only nation to have placed in all editions of the pageant, producing the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Grand International
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 5

Finalist in the Top 10

Semifinalist in the Top 20

History
Currently, a pageant is not being held to choose the representative of Puerto Rico for Miss Intercontinental. In recent years, the delegate has been chosen from the group of semifinalists in Miss World Puerto Rico.

Placements
Puerto Rico has won Miss Intercontinental four times in 1986, 2010, and 2016, but the current organization of the pageant only recognizes three winners. Miss Intercontinental does not include Puerto Rico’s 1991 win in their official archive.

Miss Intercontinental was held twice in 1991. Carmen Lynda Díaz from Puerto Rico won the first edition held in Lagos, Nigeria by Nigerian owners of the pageant, Silverbird Productions, which held the franchise from 1986 to 1991, and Elena Ivanova from Russia won the second edition held in Bonn, Germany by organizers working under the direction of the new owners of the pageant, a company from Germany, which held the competition in Europe from 1991 to 2003. Despite not being included in the official archive of the pageant by the current owners, Puerto Rico irrefutably won the first edition of 1991 in Nigeria, thus achieving its second Miss Intercontinental crown.

Having produced four winners as of, Puerto Rico is the second country with the most crowns. Venezuela and United States have the most winners with 5 each.

Since it began to be awarded in 2008, Puerto Rico is the country with the most Miss North America titles, winning it six times as of.

As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Intercontinental
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 3 or Top 5

Finalist in the Top 10, Top 15 o Top 20

Big Seven titleholders
Puerto Rico's performance in the two international beauty pageants of Miss Supranational and Miss Grand International, which together with the Big Four—Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth—make up the Big Six, or the Grand Slam. Also included is the oldest minor international pageant, Miss Intercontinental, which together with the six previously mentioned, compose the Big Seven. In addition, Miss Global is included, which is one of the most important international pageants to follow these seven. As of, Puerto Rico has performed in these as follows:

Miss Supranational winner
 * Color key

Miss Grand International winner

Miss Intercontinental winner

Miss Global winner

Ended as Runner-up

Ended as Semi-finalist or Quarter-finalist

History
The Miss Global candidate from Puerto Rico is chosen at the Miss Earth Puerto Rico national beauty pageant, which is directed by Joe Amhed.

Placements
The first Puerto Rican delegate to win the international title of Miss Global was Ashley Meléndez in January of 2024 at the pageant’s 2023 edition, where she competed against 72 other delegates. She was the first candidate from Puerto Rico to have participated in the pageant, making her one of the few women in history who have won an international beauty pageant title as a debuting delegate.

As of, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Global
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 3 or Top 5

Finalist in the Top 10 or Top 15

Semifinalist in the Top 20 or Top 25

History
The Miss Cosmo candidate from Puerto Rico is chosen in the national beauty pageant Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico (Our Beauty Puerto Rico) presided by Miguel René Deliz and directed by Valeria Vázquez Latorre.

Placements
The representative of Puerto Rico for Miss Cosmo will be part of the first edition of the pageant, which will be held in 2024.

Until, Puerto Rico has produced the following classifications:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Cosmo
 * Color Key

Runner-up as First-Runner Up

Finalist in the Top 5

Semifinalist in the Top 10

Semifinalist in the Top 21

History
The Miss Charm candidate from Puerto Rico is chosen by the Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico (Our Beauty Puerto Rico) organization, which is presided by Miguel René Deliz and directed by Valeria Vázquez Latorre.

Placements
Until, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Miss Charm
 * Color Key

Runner-up in the Top 3

Finalist in the Top 6

Semifinalist in the Top 10

Semifinalist in the Top 20

History
The representative for Universal Woman from Puerto Rico is elected by the organization of "Universal Woman Puerto Rico" presided and directed by David Díaz Villegas.

Placements
Until, Puerto Rico has produced the following placements:

Representatives
Winner of Universal Woman

Finalist in the Top 5

Semifinalist in the Top 12

Semifinalist in the Top 24

Crossovers

 * Miss Universe
 * 2023 – Karla Guilfú (Top 5)
 * 2019 – Madison Anderson (1st Runner-Up)
 * 2016 – Brenda Jiménez (Unplaced)
 * 2014 – Gabriela Berrios (Unplaced)
 * 2008 – Ingrid Marie Rivera (Unplaced)
 * 1998 – Joyce Giraud (2nd Runner-Up)
 * 1997 – Ana Rosa Brito (Top 10)
 * 1994 – Brenda Robles (Unplaced)
 * 1993 – Dayanara Torres (WINNER)
 * 1987 – Laurie Simpson (4th Runner-Up)
 * 1986 – Elizabeth Robison (Top 10)
 * Miss World
 * 2005 – Ingrid Marie Rivera (2nd Runner-Up)
 * 1994 – Joyce Giraud (Unplaced)
 * 1993 – Ana Rosa Brito (Unplaced)
 * Miss International
 * 2016 – Gabriela Berrios (Unplaced)
 * 2003 – Dignelis Jiménez (Unplaced)
 * 1993 – Brenda Robles (Unplaced)
 * 1992 – Dayanara Torres (Top 15)
 * 1990 – Ana Rosa Brito (Unplaced)
 * 1987 – Laurie Simpson (WINNER)
 * 1986 – Elizabeth Robison (Top 15)
 * Miss Earth
 * 2009 – Dignelis Jiménez (Unplaced)
 * Miss Latin International US
 * 2010 – Gabriela Berrios (WINNER)
 * Miss Tourism Intercontinental
 * 2010 – Gabriela Berrios (WINNER)
 * Miss Supranational
 * 2021 – Karla Guilfú (1st Runner-Up)
 * 2012 – Gabriela Berrios (Top 20)
 * Miss Grand International
 * 2017 – Brenda Jiménez (3rd Runner-Up)
 * 2016 – Madison Anderson (3rd Runner–Up)

Miss Puerto Rico Scholarship Program
Puerto Rico sends a delegate to the Miss America competition. 2010 was the first time Puerto Rico had done so since 1961.

title: Miss Puerto Rico


text:
Talk:Portland, Maine

Population
Many cities north of Boston have a population larger than that of Portland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.116.205.150 (talk) 20:19, 1 March 2004 (UTC)

 * According (mostly?) to 2000 census data:

 * 1) Manchester, NH (107,006)
 * 2) Lowell, MA (105,167)
 * 3) Cambridge, MA (101,355)
 * 4) Lynn, MA (89,050)
 * 5) Nashua, NH (86,605)
 * 6) Somerville, MA (77,478)
 * 7) Lawrence, MA (72,043)
 * 8) Portland, ME (64,249)
 * I guess we could say it's the eighth largest city north of Boston in New England. (If I've missed any more feel free to add 'em!)

 * mj — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.30.63.254 (talk) 21:31, 25 March 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe the Greater-Portland metropolitan area (population ~250,000) is larger than the greater Manchester metropolitan area (population ~198,000), greater Nasua metropolitan area (~191,000), Cambridge is part of the Boston Metropolitan area... I think on that list only the greater Lowel metro area may be larger that greater Portland...
 * Many people say Portland has a population of 250,000 because all the cities in the greater Portland metro area are economically and socially interdependant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.99.187.92} (talk) 23:56, 12 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Somerville, MA is an adjacent suburb of Boston and Cambridge, MA. Lawrence and Lowell, MA are adjacent sister cities.
 * Portland's population count is not proportional to the city's importance in the region and an inaccurate way to compare the city with other cities when it comes to measuring its cultural significance. The abstract concept is hard to quantify, but Portland is much bigger than a head count of the people living there makes it seem. It might have to do with the medium densitiy of Greater Portland in Southern Maine and the fact that the city is the cultural center of a much larger area. For example, the greater portland commerce and cultural activity is much higher than Greater Portsmouth and Greater Manchester in New Hampshire. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.224.173.73 (talk) 14:14, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Technically Miineapolis/St. Paul and Seattle are north of Boston. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.198.87.220 (talk) 16:12, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * But not in New England. (See above) :-) Ken Gallager (talk) 19:26, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

Portland Head Light
I've taken the step of replacing the image of Portland Head Light at the top of the article with one of the waterfront (which is less scenic, definitely). The image is awesome, much superior to the ones I took of the lighthouse, but the problem is that the light is not actually in Portland, but rather in Cape Elizabeth. I realize it's a symbol of the area, but it doesn't seem quite appropriate as the introductory image of the article on Portland itself. -- Decumanus 00:26, 2004 Oct 29 (UTC)

Geography section discussion (general to all city articles)
I recommend renaming the demographics section "Demographics & Geography" and moving geography to the end of demographics in a seperate paragraph but realize that this would be a huge undertaking to maintain compatibility with the other ~300,000 city articles. Can this be automated? Any thoughts? This section is a poorly written stub and being tabular in nature; does not belong above History (which is the foundation of the (non-stub) city articles).

Also, a project needs to be set up to write meaningful and well-written history sections for every US city.

Does anyone have any objections to me re-writting and adding to the geography section and maybe even working it into the demographics section? I realize the consistancy issues. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.70.194 (talk) 03:57, 12 April 2005 (UTC)

County Map Incorrect
The map wikipedia is using for Cumberland County is incorrect. It shows Portland as land-locked when in fact it is a peninsela in the atlantic ocean. The shape isn't even correct. Perhaps the map is intending to show boundaries around waterways and so forth but this is not clear by the drawing. This is probably a pretty major "correctness" issue for an encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.244.207.140 (talk) 05:37, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

In The Bedroom?
Wasn't the 2001 film In The Bedroom filmed or partly filmed in Portland? Shploo 16:37, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Portland Public Schools
Added a link to the Portland Public Schools Website. Shploo 16:42, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation link?
Does there need to be a "disambiguation" link here? Not sure how this might be created, though. There does seem to be a good page on the "Portland" topic, but no "headline link" here. --Quartic 14:17, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Poverty statistics
Are those poverty statistics accurate? They seem rediculously high...172.161.84.248 12:23, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

I appreciate
the time and effort the recent major additions to this article took. But there are a few things that don't belong here. Anecdotal does not equal encyclopedic. In fact, that's exactly the type of thing I get the sense we are supposed to try to avoid here. The paragraph on the Italian sandwich, while no doubt accurate and informative, does not belong here; it's simply too much space devoted to a relatively minor subject in what is supposed to be a general overview of the city of Portland. If anything, it wouldn't hurt to have its own article, if one doesn't exist already. Respectfully, JamesofMaine 00:00, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

In regard to Dr StrangeHat's compromise: I can live with that; it's acceptable. I don't feel so passionately about it-- or anything else here for that matter, that I'm willing to pick a fight about it. I'm just being a nerd, that's all. JamesofMaine 01:24, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Understandable...being a passionate local, I just felt the Italian sandwich was truly a big part of the history of Portland and should have been noted. It's been edited down to take up much less space.  As for the anecdotal nature of some of the additions I made, they are still facts and facts to me are encyclopedic.  It is a fact that there was once a large skyscraper proposed for that site.  It is a fact that there was a recent development proposed there.  There are a lot of people like myself that consider a city's buildings to be a prominent and important part of a city.  Whenever I'm surfing around Wikipedia looking at various cities across the U.S., I'm always interested in reading things about the city's skyline, historical buildings, etc.  The way I see it, what may not seem important and encyclopedic to one person may be to another.  That being said, I'll bite the bullet and edit down that section a little. Dr StrangeHat 14:35, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Citation in opening section
For the third paragraph in where someone noted that citation is needed, is there any way to quickly reference down to the "Honors" section of the article? That section right there should be enough to justify the sentence that needs citation. Dr StrangeHat 14:28, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Maine Mall
Under Sites of interest, the Maine Mall should probably not be listed since it is not in the city of Portland. --Andy 03:37, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The mall is in South Portland, and contrary to the misconception of many folks who aren't from the area, South Portland is not part of Portland. —BMRR (talk) 17:02, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

The Old Port
Has anyone put any thought into creating an article on the Old Port or maybe adding a section to this article about it? It seems to pop up quite a bit within this article and other articles on Maine, yet there doesn't appear to be any article or major reference to it. It's a pretty major part of City of Portland. I'd do it, but I'm not very knowledgable about the history of the Old Port and how it came to be as it is today. Anyone want to take a stab at it? Dr StrangeHat 18:31, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Geography and Climate table
The temperatures and precipitation amounts in the table were inaccurate, so I corrected them. There was color coding before on the table, but the colors no longer correspond with the temperatures. I don't know if there is a standard set of colors used, but I just made the cells with a white background. If anyone wants to change it later, feel free. Wikieditor06 22:06, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

The Forest City
I've lived in Portland my entire life and I've never once heard it referred to as the Forest City. I suppose it could be as theres a automobile dealership named that. However, if a city is going to have a nickname it should sometimes be referred to as it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 153.90.116.240 (talk) 18:16, 24 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I've heard it referred to the Forest City many times. The nickname was much more common back before Dutch Elm Disease killed much of the city's trees. Dr StrangeHat 03:16, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Better pictures?
How about some better pictures of the city (downtown maybe?) as it is now. How many east end and historic pictures does this page need? Jeez. The top photo of Munjoy Hill is not exactly flattering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.224.210.134 (talk • contribs)

 * What's wrong with the photo exactly? Does its ass look big in it? - Dudesleeper · Talk 00:23, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I do photography around Portland and upload photos (while I took the East End photos, I did not post them to the main page). If you have something in mind you'd like to see, please request it :) -- Auto ( talk / contribs ) 03:26, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The picture as is makes portland look like a small New England fishing town. Portland feels much bigger when your actually there. This picture at http://www.mereda.org/photo2.htm gives a much more accurate representation of Portland (though I assume it is copyrighted and thus cannot be used here).  There defiitely needs to be a better picture. I apologize for not being formatting correctly but I am unsure how to do that.---May 11 12:38 AM —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.160.246.20 (talk • contribs).

 * I would truly love to put up a photo like that, but I don't have access to a helicopter / small aircraft :( —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Autocracy (talk • contribs) 18:58, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

 * I agree that the East End picture from the top of the Observatory isn't exactly a good representation and "first impression" image of the city, and I even live on the East End about a block to the right of that picture. I think a skyline photo taken around sunset from across Back Cove near Payson Park would be a perfect picture to put up top in the info box.Dr StrangeHat 03:14, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately only one is not a severe landscape resolution. Thoughts? I'm also thinking of including 295 snaking through taken from near Exit 8. Autocracy 17:07, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I put one of the images in its own "cityscape" section in wide image format until a better image is found for the infobox.Rigby27 (talk) 14:27, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I just uploaded a pretty good aerial picture of Portland with Mount Washington in the background to the honors section (PWM2.jpg). If anyone thinks it should replace the current picture in the infobox, go for it!V1 Rotate (talk) 02:11, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

islands
I believe that all the islands are no longer a part of Portland and now belong to Casco bay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.246.196.20 (talk) 20:35, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Maps
This article needs maps. It needs a map of Portland proper, and also maps of the metro area, showing us where these 500,000 people are supposed to live. -69.87.203.220 (talk) 11:58, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well volunteered. - Dudesleeper · Talk 12:20, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Government
I don't know what others think, but I think a section on the structure of the city government would be a good expansion for this article. Rigby27 (talk) 20:33, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Added the government section. Comments/Suggestions?Rigby27 (talk) 19:02, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Review needed
The following series of edits were made by an IP with a history of vandalism. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portland%2C_Maine&diff=207132135&oldid=206789550

I would request that someone familiar with the topic and source cited review the edits to verify that the edits are indeed valid and not subtle vandalism. Thanks!TheRedPenOfDoom (talk) 00:19, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Any Portland in a storm
I started International Automobile Construction Company & wanted to tag the talk page for Portland. Isn't there a Project for it? BTW, anybody who's got shares from Scripophily or somewhere, or any info, please add to the page. It's pretty short... Trekphiler (talk) 14:02, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

The Shining
When Jack talks to the bartender he tells him that he's the best from *I forget where now* to Portland, Maine! —Preceding unsigned comment added by M sher (talk • contribs) 02:22, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Move proposal
Editors here may be interested in the proposal to move Portland, Oregon to Portland. See Talk:Portland. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:13, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Note that the proposal isn't to move Portland, Oregon to Portland, but rather to move Portland, a dab page, to Portland (disambiguation) and then redirect "Portland" to the Portland, Oregon article. Cheers, Rai • me  02:25, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Demographics estimates 2005-2007
What numbers are you saying don't match the source?

Look at the section Race alone or in combination with one or more other races/Total population:

'''Race alone or in combination with one or more other races

Total population'''  62,986   +/-1,637   100%   (X)

White  55,593   +/-1,793   88.3%   +/-1.5

Black or African American  4,147   +/-542   6.6%   +/-0.8

American Indian and Alaska Native  546   +/-219   0.9%   +/-0.4

Asian  2,596   +/-520   4.1%   +/-0.8

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander      N/A

Some other race  1,011   +/-545   1.6%    +/-0.9  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.121.10.24 (talk) 16:22, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * My bad. I was looking at the first part of the reference page, the "RACE" section, which has different numbers than the "Race alone or in combination with one or more other races" section, which I guess is the section you're drawing those numbers from. Sorry! —BMRR (talk) 16:39, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Portland metropolitan area - OR/ME?
You may wish to join the conversation at Talk:Portland metropolitan area. Buaidh 19:54, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Fire department
This article really doesn't need a long table with the locations of every single fire station in the city. If this information is to be in wikipedia, it should be in a breakout article. I've removed it pending further discussion. R0uge (talk) 15:40, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm not even sure we need an article on the Fire Department, but I agree the information doesn't need to be here. 331dot (talk) 21:57, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Timeline of Portland, Maine
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 08:21, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Sea Cucumbers??????
"...Portland is currently home to about 230 restaurants. Many of these institutions cater to niche markets in the culinary world, perhaps most notably the harvest of local sea cucumbers that are primarily exported to Asian markets.[40]"

That second sentence is just nuts. I don't know if there is a single restaurant in the Portland area that serves sea cucumber. This needs fixing. 72.224.232.142 (talk) 15:32, 10 July 2016 (UTC)anon

 * It doesn't say they serve it, it says they export it. 331dot (talk) 15:37, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

Lead section
Does anyone think that the lead section should be rewritten to reduce choppy paragraphs and remove stuff about the seal? Moxhay (talk) 15:40, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I think that instead of simply removing the information about the seal that the line should be rewritten to focus on the fires which are reflected in the seal, and not the other way around as it is currently. 331dot (talk) 19:54, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Yeah I have a little about the fires in there right now. Moxhay (talk) 20:03, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 8 external links on Portland, Maine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Wrong State
The Portland, Maine article is populated with content about Portland, Oregon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.77.158.113 (talk) 20:05, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

 * It was vandalism that has been addressed. Thanks 331dot (talk) 23:03, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 16 external links on Portland, Maine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Newbie edit
I made one of my first Wikipedia edits by updating the presidential election results table on this page. It looks ok to me, but please let me know if I made any mistakes.

Cheers. Machigonne (talk) 15:03, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Looks fine to me. 331dot (talk) 15:13, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

Sea level rise
A section on Portland's vulnerability to rising sea levels was recently removed as the opinion of one source, but there are many sources which agree. For example, the Gulf of Maine Research Institute and the State of Maine itself.--User:Namiba 18:23, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I reverted my edit until I do more research. Magnolia677 (talk) 18:36, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

Original indigenous name
The earliest attested name is Aucocisco (place of herons)https://www.legendsofamerica.com/tribe-summary-a/ which was conflated to 'Casco', and was noted by the Spanish who mapped the area in the 1500's. The name cited in the article, which has no attestations at all, is a French word supposedly derived from the Mik'Mak for 'great neck,' though some sources cite 'bent knee' - but the mic'mak words for neck or knee are nowhere remotely hinted at by the French word 'machigonne'. Furthermore, 'great neck' or 'bent knee' represent cartographically-derived imagery and the indigenous bands did not produce maps so the idea that a spit of land might be shaped like a bent knee was completely outside their frame of reference. Perhaps there is an Abenaki language scholar who can straighten this out? Machigonne sounds like a name imposed by French explorers or traders who sailed back out the St Lawrence from Michigan, then traversed the Atlantic coast south and thought it would make a nice name for the Portland promontory. Blauschwein (talk) 13:25, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:21, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Commerical Street Portland Maine.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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Downtown
I think there should be a downtown Portland, Maine article, just like there's a downtown Portland, OR article GamerKlim9716 (talk) 13:38, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portland, Maine


text:
Talk:Washington Commanders

Player record longest field goal needs to be changed
The player record for the longest field goal needs to be altered. The new record has been set by Joey Slye at 61 yards in the game between the Washington Commanders and the Philadelphia Eagles on October 29, 2023.

Source: https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/commanders-kicker-pulls-off-nfl-rarity-by-drilling-61-yard-field-goal-sets-franchise-record-for-distance/ 213.124.175.176 (talk) 13:57, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ ~ Dissident93 (talk) 14:40, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

"Football Team (NFL Team)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_Team_(NFL_Team)&redirect=no Football Team (NFL Team)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hey man im josh (talk) 19:25, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Why were Walter Wetzel and Two Guns White Calf omitted?
Why is there no mention of the instigator of the original logo, Walter Wetzel, from the Blackfeet Nation?

https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/dec/07/a-native-american-designed-washingtons-logo-now-his-family-want-it-back

And no mention either of the person who was the inspiration for the illustration.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Two_Guns_White_Calf

Seems wikipedia wants to completely erase Native Americans' connections to the franchise. Hayden41 (talk) 11:29, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, feel free to add material if you think it is appropriate. That's what is great about Wikipedia; anyone can edit. meamemg (talk) 14:03, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid the page is protected and cannot be edited, at least I have no such privileges. Hayden41 (talk) 16:13, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Hayden41 A mention of Mr Wetzel was added to the section "Redskins name and logo controversy" on May 16, apparently as a result of Senator Daines' testimony on the subject at a Senate hearing. I have added the link to John Two Guns White Calf and added an extra sentence based on the Guardian link you provided. Thanks for the suggestion. rbrwr± 20:51, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much! Hayden41 (talk) 05:20, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 June 2024
atmospher = atmosphere 2603:8000:D300:3650:2810:CA2F:BB22:D291 (talk) 06:49, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Done. rbrwr± 07:26, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Washington Commanders


text:
BBD

BBD may stand for:

Finance

 * Banco Bradesco, by NYSE ticker symbol
 * Bombardier Inc., by Toronto Stock Exchange symbol
 * Barbadian dollar, by ISO 4217 code

Music

 * Bell Biv DeVoe, an R&B group
 * BBD (album), 2001
 * "B.B.D. (I Thought It Was Me)?", a song from Poison
 * B.B.D. (The Poison Tour)
 * "BBD" (song), 2013, by Azealia Banks
 * Be-Bop Deluxe, a rock band
 * Big Black Delta, an electronic music project

Other uses

 * B. B. D. Bagh, a business district in Kolkata
 * B.B.D. Bag railway station
 * Beech bark disease, a tree pathogen
 * Big black dog, a type of mixed-breed subject to black-dog bias
 * Birmingham Blitz Dames, an English roller derby team
 * Bucket-brigade device, an analogue delay line in electronics

title: BBD


text:
Links Market

The Links Market in Kirkcaldy, Fife is Europe's longest street fair and the oldest in Scotland. Established in 1304, the annual six-day event attracts between 200,000 and 300,000 visitors to the town. 2004 was the 700th anniversary of the event, with 225 attractions and an estimated attendance of more than half a million visitors. The Links Market is held along the town's seafront.

A regular market on the site is recorded from 1304.

title: Links Market


text:
Equivalent series resistance

Capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance. However, they can be treated, to a very good degree of approximation, as being ideal capacitors and inductors in series with a resistance; this resistance is defined as the equivalent series resistance (ESR). If not otherwise specified, the ESR is always an AC resistance, which means it is measured at specified frequencies, 100 kHz for switched-mode power supply components, 120 Hz for linear power-supply components, and at its self-resonant frequency for general-application components. Additionally, audio components may report a "Q factor", incorporating ESR among other things, at 1000 Hz.

Overview
Electrical circuit theory deals with ideal resistors, capacitors and inductors, each assumed to contribute only resistance, capacitance or inductance to the circuit. However, all components have a non-zero value of each of these parameters. In particular, all physical devices are constructed of materials with finite electrical resistance, so that physical components have some resistance in addition to their other properties. The physical origins of ESR depend on the device in question. One way to deal with these inherent resistances in circuit analysis is to use a lumped-element model to express each physical component as a combination of an ideal component and a small resistor in series, the ESR. The ESR can be measured and included in a component's datasheet. To some extent it can be calculated from the device properties.

Q factor, which is related to ESR and is sometimes a more convenient parameter than ESR to use in calculations of high-frequency non-ideal performance of real inductors, is quoted in inductor data sheets.

Capacitors, inductors, and resistors are usually designed to minimise other parameters. In many cases this can be done to a sufficient extent that parasitic capacitance and inductance of a resistor, for example, are so small as not to affect circuit operation. However, under some circumstances parasitics become important and even dominant.

Component models
Pure capacitors and inductors do not dissipate energy; any component which dissipates energy must be treated in an equivalent circuit model incorporating one or more resistors. Actual passive two-terminal components can be represented by some network of lumped and distributed ideal inductors, capacitors, and resistors, in the sense that the real component behaves as the network does. Some of the components of the equivalent circuit can vary with conditions, e.g., frequency and temperature.

If driven by a periodic sinewave (alternating current) the component will be characterised by its complex impedance Z(ω) = R + j X(ω); the impedance can involve several minor resistances, inductances and capacitances in addition to the main property. These small deviations from the ideal behavior of the device can become significant under certain conditions, typically high frequency, where the reactance of small capacitances and inductances can become a significant element of circuit operation. Models of lesser or greater complexity can be used, depending upon the accuracy required. For many purposes, a simple model with an inductance or capacitance in series with an ESR is good enough.

These models, however simple or complex, can be inserted into a circuit to calculate performance. Computer tools are available for complex circuits; e.g., the SPICE program and its variants.

Inductors
An inductor consists of a conducting insulated wire coil usually wound around a ferromagnetic core. Inductors have resistance inherent in the metal conductor, quoted as DCR in datasheets. This metallic resistance is small for small inductance values (typically below 1Ω). The DC wire resistance is an important parameter in transformer and general inductor design because it contributes to the impedance of the component, and current flowing through that resistance is dissipated as waste heat, and energy is lost from the circuit. It can be modeled as a resistor in series with the inductor, often leading to the DC resistance being referred to as the ESR. Though this is not precisely correct usage, the unimportant elements of ESR are often neglected in circuit discussion, since it is rare that all elements of ESR are significant to a particular application.

An inductor using a core to increase inductance will have losses such as hysteresis and eddy current in the core. At high frequencies there are also losses in the windings due to proximity and skin effects. These are in addition to wire resistance, and lead to a higher ESR.

Capacitors
In a non-electrolytic capacitor and electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte, the metallic resistance of the leads and electrodes and losses in the dielectric cause the ESR. Typically quoted values of ESR for ceramic capacitors are between 0.01 and 0.1 Ω. ESR of non-electrolytic capacitors tends to be fairly stable over time; for most purposes real non-electrolytic capacitors can be treated as ideal components.

Aluminium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors with non solid electrolyte have much higher ESR values, up to several ohms; electrolytics of higher capacitance have lower ESR. ESR decreases with frequency up to the capacitor's self-resonant frequency. A very serious problem, particularly with aluminium electrolytics, is that ESR increases over time from evaporation and more importantly from oxygen being depleted in the electrolyte with use. ESR can increase enough to cause circuit malfunction and even component damage, although measured capacitance may remain within tolerance. While this happens with normal aging, high temperatures and large ripple current exacerbate the problem. In a circuit with significant ripple current, an increase in ESR will increase heat accumulation, thus accelerating aging.

Electrolytic capacitors rated for high-temperature operation and of higher quality than basic consumer-grade parts are less susceptible to become prematurely unusable due to ESR increase. A cheap electrolytic capacitor may be rated for a life of less than 1000 hours (6 weeks) at 85 °C. Higher-grade parts are typically rated at a few thousand hours at maximum rated temperature, as can be seen from manufacturers' datasheets. If ESR is critical, specification of a part with higher temperature rating, "low ESR" or larger capacitance than is otherwise required may be advantageous. There is no standard for "low ESR" capacitor rating.

Polymer capacitors usually have lower ESR than wet-electrolytic of same value, and stable under varying temperature. Therefore, polymer capacitors can handle higher ripple current. From about 2007 it became common for better-quality computer motherboards to use only polymer capacitors where wet electrolytics had been used previously.

The ESR of capacitors larger than about 1 μF is easily measured in-circuit with an ESR meter.

title: Equivalent series resistance