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Natalie Schafer

Natalie Schafer (November 5, 1900 – April 10, 1991) was an American actress, best known today for her role as Lovey Howell on the sitcom Gilligan's Island (1964–1967).

Early life and career
Natalie Schafer was born on November 5, 1900, in Red Bank, New Jersey. the eldest of the three children of Jennie (née Tim; family name originally Tein) and Charles Emanual Schafer, both of German-Jewish descent.

Schafer began her career as an actress on Broadway before moving to Los Angeles in 1941 to work in films. She appeared on Broadway in 17 plays between 1927 and 1959, often playing supporting roles. Most of those appearances were in short-run plays, with the exceptions of Lady in the Dark (1941–42), The Doughgirls (1942–44), and Romanoff and Juliet (1957–58). She was seen in a revival of Six Characters in Search of an Author, directed by Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1955–56). She also appeared in stock and regional productions, including the off-Broadway production The Killing of Sister George with Claire Trevor in the title role. She also guest-starred in TV productions beginning in the 1950s, such as an episode (“The Shy Ballerina”) of Sherlock Holmes, and in "The Charm School" episode of I Love Lucy, both in 1954.

Schafer performed in many films, usually portraying sophisticates. On TV, her roles included "Lovey Howell" on Gilligan's Island from 1964-67. She reprised her role in three made-for-television spin-off films after the show ended: Rescue from Gilligan's Island (1978), The Castaways on Gilligan's Island (1979), and The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island (1981). She also voiced Lovey Howell on the animated spinoffs, The New Adventures of Gilligan from 1974-77 and Gilligan's Planet from 1982-83.

In 1969, Schafer appeared in The Survivors—a high-profile prime time soap opera aired by the ABC television network. Despite the presence of movie stars like Lana Turner, Kevin McCarthy and George Hamilton, the show was a ratings failure and lasted only one season. For the 1971–1972 television season, Schafer joined the cast of the CBS daytime-serial, Search for Tomorrow, portraying Helen Collins, mother of Wade and Clay Collins. Immediately following that role, she played Augusta Roulland on another daytime soap, Love of Life. Her final performance was in the 1990 made-for-television horror film I'm Dangerous Tonight.

She guest-starred as well on many other television series, including Goodyear Playhouse/Philco Playhouse ("The Sisters", with Grace Kelly, 1951), I Love Lucy (1954), Producers' Showcase ("The Petrified Forest", 1955), Guestward, Ho! (1960), The Beverly Hillbillies (1964), Mayberry RFD (1970), Mannix (1972), The Brady Bunch (1974), Phyllis (1976), Three's Company (1978), and The Love Boat (1979).

Personal life
Schafer was married to actor Louis Calhern from 1933 to 1942; they had no children. Schafer and Calhern appeared together in the 1956 film Forever, Darling.

Schafer was secretive about her age. She reportedly never revealed her true year of birth to her husband during their marriage. For many years, her birth year was generally given as 1912. Few people believed this; yet her actual year of birth of 1900 (which was not discovered until after her death) surprised even her intimate friends. She was reportedly also a breast cancer survivor, which she withheld from her fans and friends.

At the time of her death, a family spokesman stated that Schafer's survivors included her longtime companion Maurice Hill.

Death
Schafer died of liver cancer in her Beverly Hills home at the age of 90. She was cremated; her ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean, off San Pedro's Point Fermin Light. She bequeathed between $1.5 million and $2 million to the Lillian Booth Actors Home to renovate the hospital's outpatient wing, which was renamed the Natalie Schafer Wing in 1993.

Partial filmography

 * The Body Disappears (1941) – Mrs. Lunceford
 * Reunion in France (1942) – Frau Amy Schroder
 * Marriage Is a Private Affair (1944) – Mrs. Irene Selworth
 * Keep Your Powder Dry (1945) – Harriet Corwin
 * Molly and Me (1945) – Kitty Goode-Burroughs
 * Wonder Man (1945) – Mrs. Hume
 * Masquerade in Mexico (1945) – Irene Denny
 * The Other Love (1947) – Dora Shelton
 * Dishonored Lady (1947) – Ethel Royce
 * Repeat Performance (1947) – Eloise Shaw
 * Secret Beyond the Door (1947) – Edith Potter
 * The Time of Your Life (1948) – Society Lady
 * The Snake Pit (1948) – Mrs. Stuart
 * Caught (1949) – Dorothy Dale
 * Payment on Demand (1951) – Mrs. Edna Blanton
 * Take Care of My Little Girl (1951) – Mother Cookie Clark
 * The Law and the Lady (1951) – Pamela Pemberson
 * Callaway Went Thataway (1951) – Martha Lorrison
 * Just Across the Street (1952) – Gertrude Medford
 * The Girl Next Door (1953) – Evelyn the maid
 * Casanova's Big Night (1954) – Signora Foressi
 * Female on the Beach (1955) – Queenie Sorenson
 * Forever, Darling (1956) – Millie Opdyke
 * Anastasia (1956) – Irina Lissemskaia
 * Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957) – Mrs. Day
 * Bernardine (1957) – Mrs. Madge Beaumont
 * Back Street (1961) – Mrs. Evans
 * Susan Slade (1961) – Marion Corbett
 * Route 66 (1962) - Emily Bridenbaugh
 * Gilligan's Island (1964–1967) - (Mrs. "Lovey" Howell)
 * 40 Carats (1973) – Mrs. Adams
 * The Day of the Locust (1975) – Audrey Jennings
 * Beverly Hills Brats (1989) – Lillian
 * I'm Dangerous Tonight (1990) – Grandmother

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Natalie Schafer


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Rainsville

Rainsville is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Rainsville, Alabama
 * Rainsville, Indiana
 * Rainsville, New Mexico

title: Rainsville


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Noureddine Morceli

Noureddine Morceli (نور الدين مرسلي, Nūr ud-Dīn Mursilī; born February 28, 1970) is a retired Algerian middle-distance runner. The winner of the 1500 metres at the 1996 Summer Olympics, Morceli won three straight gold medals at that distance at the World Championships in Athletics. He set world records in the 1500 m, mile, and 3000 metres.

In international competition, Morceli was twice the gold medallist in the mile at the Goodwill Games (1994 and 1998), the Arab champion in the 1500 m in 1988, the Millrose Games champion in the mile in 1992 and 1993, the 1500 m winner at the 1994 IAAF World Cup, and the overall champion in the 1994 IAAF Grand Prix series. He was Algerian national champion in the 1500 m in 1989.

Biography
At age seven Morceli was inspired by his brother Abderrahmane, a world-class runner who finished fourth in the 1,500 metres in the 1977 World Cup; later his brother would become Morceli's coach. In the early 1980s, Morceli came to idolize Saïd Aouita, a Moroccan who won the gold medal in the 5,000 metres in the 1984 Olympic Games. By age 17 Morceli had taken second place in the 1,500 metres in the world junior championships. A year later, he enrolled at Riverside Community College in California, which had been recommended for its coaching and track facilities. He spent two years there, at the end of which he had run the world's fastest 1,500 metres for 1990. At age 20 he was ranked first in the world in the 1,500 metres. In 1992 he added to his accomplishments the outdoor world record for the 1,500 metres, in 1993 for the mile, and in 1994 for the 3,000 metres. By the end of 1994, the Algerian track star's accomplishments had reached even greater proportions. In August, after breaking the outdoor world record for 3,000 metres (7 min 25.11 sec), he could claim five middle-distance world records, which also included (outdoor) the 1,500 metres (3 min 28.86 sec) and the mile (3 min 44.39 sec) and (indoor) the 1,000 metres (2 min 15.26 sec) and the 1,500 metres (3 min 34.16 sec).

Morceli was named Athlete of the Year by Track & Field News in 1993 and 1994 and by the International Athletic Foundation in 1994. In that two-year period, he lost only once, at 800 metres. As he set his sights on more records, most notably the 800-metre, 2,000-metre, and 5,000-metre events, his driving force was a deeply rooted dedication to bring glory to his country. As Morceli looked forward to the 1995 season, sportswriters unabashedly proclaimed him the greatest runner in the world or even the greatest of all time. Perhaps his spirit was best exemplified by his winning performance in the 1994 Grand Prix. Racked with flu, weakened and hacking, he not only ran but left the field behind at the finish. Morceli was soon tested by a new challenger, Moroccan Hicham El Guerrouj. Morceli bested El Guerrouj in the 1,500 metres at the 1995 outdoor world championships; however, the 1,500-metre race at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta the following year was considered one of the most dramatic contests in athletics history. Morceli and El Guerrouj led the field with 400 metres to go when the young Moroccan tripped on his rival's heel and fell to the ground, allowing Morceli to capture the gold medal in that event. At the Grand Prix final in Milan later that year, however, Morceli lost the 1,500-metre event for the first time in years—to El Guerrouj. Morceli competed in subsequent events, including the 2000 Games in Sydney, before his eventual retirement.

Early career
Born in Ténès, Morceli rose to athletic prominence after winning the silver medal in the 1500 m at the World Junior Championships in 1988. Morceli attended Riverside Community College in Riverside, California, and throughout his career, in winter, he would return there to enjoy the mild climate and train.

Morceli was coached by his brother Abderrahmane who ran for Algeria in the Moscow Olympics of 1980 and in Los Angeles in 1984.

1990–1992
In 1990, he moved up to senior class and set the season's best mark of 3:37.87 in 1500 m. He continued this dominance into 1991, when he broke the world indoor record for 1500 m at Seville on February 28, setting a new mark of 3:34.16. Only nine days later, on the same track, he won the 1500 m title at the World Indoor Championships. Throughout the outdoor season 1991 Morceli remained undefeated over 1500 m. At several Grand Prix meetings he ran times around 3:31 min. At the World Championships in Tokyo, Morceli was already a clear favourite for the 1500 m and he won easily. He set a new World Championships record (3:32.84) and finished with a remarkable two-second-lead between him and the silver medallist Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya).

In the beginning of 1992, Morceli ran a new 1000 m indoor world record of 2:15.26. There seemed to be no greater certainty for a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Barcelona later that year than Morceli. But prior to the Olympic Games Morceli lost unexpectedly to Gennaro di Napoli in Rome and David Kibet in Oslo. There were signs that he was not in the same shape as the year before. However, in the Olympic semi-final he looked strong. The Olympic final was run at a woefully slow pace, with the field passing through the 800 m mark in a slower time than in the women's final. That was not the sort of pace to which Morceli had become accustomed, or that he was comfortable with, and when the frantic sprint for home began, he found himself unable to respond, eventually finishing a disappointing seventh. Only three days after the final Morceli set a world season's best in Monaco and a week later he broke his personal best to win in Zurich in 3:30.76. In September 1992 Morceli set a new 1500 m world record of 3:28.86 in Rieti.

1993–1995
In 1993 Morceli narrowly missed his own world record when he won the Mediterranean Games in Narbonne in 3:29.20 min. By that time Morceli had set himself a new aim: to break Steve Cram's eight-year-old record over the Mile (3:46.32). Throughout the season he was virtually without any serious competitors. In Monaco he narrowly missed the 3000 m world record. There was even talk that he might skip the World Championships in order to concentrate fully on the world-record hunt. However, in the end he decided to take part. At the World Championships in Stuttgart, the final of 1500 m started at a relatively slow pace, but Morceli was always in complete control, sprinting away in the last lap to win easily and retain his world title. In the following weeks he failed twice to set a new world record over the Mile in Berlin and Brussels. But just two days after the race in Brussels he astonished everyone by crushing the old record with a time of 3:44.39, the first mile ran at 16 mph.

In 1994, he set the new 3000 m world record, clocking 7:25.11. He also experimented successfully with the 5000 m. In Zurich he outsprinted the rest of the field to take the victory and also won the 5000 m race in Rieti. The only defeat of the season came when Morceli opted for an unusual 800 m appearance in Cologne. Morceli broke the 2000 m world record in the following season, setting a new mark of 4:47.88. Nine days later Morceli set the last world record of his magnificent career, when he lowered his own 1500 m record to 3:27.37 in Nice. Only a few days after this he almost broke the record again when he triumphed in 3:27.52 in Monaco. Later on that year he defended easily the 1500 m World Champion title in Gothenburg. Shortly after, Morceli tried to improve on his Mile record in Zurich but did not succeed.

1996–2000
At the start of the 1996 season, Morceli set a world season's best of 3:29.50. However, a new and serious opponent suddenly appeared on the scene, when Hicham El Guerrouj won in Hengelo in a time of 3:29.51. At the 1996 Summer Olympics, Morceli was under enormous pressure. The final was run at an average pace when his main rival, Hicham El Guerrouj, fell down on the final lap. Morceli accelerated and crossed the line first ahead of the defending Olympic champion, Fermín Cacho. At the end of 1996 Morceli suffered his first 1500 m defeat in four years at the hands of El Guerrouj in Milan. In the 1997 World Championships at Athens, Morceli was fourth in 1500 m and in 1999, at Seville, he qualified for his fifth straight 1500 m final at a World Championships, where he dropped out at the bell while well out of medal contention. Morceli's last appearance at a major international championships was at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney.

Since retirement
Currently, Morceli serves as an ambassador of the sport by assisting with the International Olympic Commission, the African Games, as well as assisting the development of young track and field athletes in Algeria.

In January 2020, he was appointed Secretary of State for Elite Sport (reporting to Minister of Youth and Sports) in the new government chosen by Algerian president Abdelmadjid Tebboune after the presidential election of December 2019. Morceli was replaced by Judo champion Salima Souakri in June 2020 following a government change. Morceli has no political affiliation to any party in Algeria and was chosen as an independent member in the first Djerad gouvernment.

title: Noureddine Morceli


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Live from Mars

Live from Mars is a two disc live concert(s) release from Ben Harper & the Innocent Criminals, which takes tracks from unnamed venues throughout his 2000 tour and places them on either an electric (disc 1) or acoustic (disc 2) disc. It was released in the year 2001.

Cover Featuring
The album features three covers, which Harper often performs in concert:
 * Marvin Gaye – "Sexual Healing"
 * Led Zeppelin – "Whole Lotta Love"
 * The Verve – "The Drugs Don't Work"

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Harper, except as noted.

Disc 1

 * 1) "Glory & Consequence"
 * 2) "Excuse Me Mr." (Ben Harper, Jean-Pierre Plunier)
 * 3) "Alone"
 * 4) "Sexual Healing" (Marvin Gaye, Odell Brown, David Ritz)
 * 5) "Woman in You"
 * 6) "Ground on Down"
 * 7) "Steal My Kisses"
 * 8) "Burn One Down"
 * 9) "Mama's Got a Girlfriend"
 * 10) "Welcome to the Cruel World"
 * 11) "Forgiven"
 * 12) "Faded/Whole Lotta Love" (Ben Harper/Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Willie Dixon)

Disc 2

 * 1) "Waiting on an Angel"
 * 2) "Roses from My Friends"
 * 3) "Power of the Gospel"
 * 4) "Pleasure and Pain"
 * 5) "Please Bleed"
 * 6) "The Drugs Don't Work" (Richard Ashcroft)
 * 7) "In the Lord's Arms"
 * 8) "Not Fire, Not Ice"
 * 9) "Beloved One"
 * 10) "Number Three"
 * 11) "Walk Away"
 * 12) "Another Lonely Day"
 * 13) "Like a King/I'll Rise" (Ben Harper/Maya Angelou, Ben Harper)

title: Live from Mars


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Fyffe

Fyffe may refer to:

 * Fyffe (surname)
 * Fyffe, Alabama, a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, in the United States

title: Fyffe


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Burn to Shine (album)

Burn to Shine is an album by Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals, released in 1999 on Virgin Records America. Harper's fourth album, it shows him working within many different genres, including blues, rock, soul, and folk. The songs "Steal My Kisses" and "Suzie Blue" became successful on college radio. Like most other Harper albums, different versions were released in different regions within varying bonus material.

Critical reception
The Washington Post wrote that "while the songs are seldom as interesting as the album's textured instrumental weave, Harper deserves credit for trying to break free of the cliches that have a stranglehold on the blues." Entertainment Weekly considered the album to be "mostly made up of leaden rootsy excursions." The Hartford Courant wrote that the album tackled "an overload of musical niches." Trouser Press called Harper "a thinking man's Lenny Kravitz".

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Harper.
 * 1) "Alone" – 3:58
 * 2) "The Woman in You" – 5:41
 * 3) "Less" – 4:05
 * 4) "Two Hands of a Prayer" – 7:50
 * 5) "Please Bleed" – 4:37
 * 6) "Suzie Blue" – 4:29
 * 7) "Steal My Kisses" – 4:05
 * 8) "Burn to Shine" – 3:34
 * 9) "Show Me a Little Shame" – 3:44
 * 10) "Forgiven" – 5:17
 * 11) "Beloved One" – 4:03
 * 12) "In the Lord's Arms" – 3:06

Musicians

 * Ben Harper – guitar, vocals
 * Richard Barnes – washboard
 * Bruce Bishop – guitar
 * Jim Bogen – clarinet
 * Eve Butler – violin
 * Dean Butterworth – drums, snare drums
 * Jon Clarke – English horn, oboe
 * Joel Derouin – violin
 * Tyrone Downie – keyboards
 * Michael Fay – banjo
 * David Firman – bass guitar
 * Matt Funes – viola
 * Suzie Katayama – cello
 * David Leach – percussion
 * James Leigh – trombone
 * David Lindley – banjo, fiddle, mandolin
 * Juan Nelson – bass
 * Real Time Jazz Band
 * Nick Rich – human beatbox
 * Eric Sarafin – piano, harmonium, recorder

Production

 * Producer: J.P. Plunier
 * Engineers: Eric Sarafin, Dan Steinberg
 * Assistant engineer: Dan Steinberg
 * Mixing: Eric Sarafin
 * Mixing assistant: Steve Gamberoni, Geoff Walcha
 * Mastering: Dave Collins
 * String arrangements: Suzie Katayama
 * Art direction: J.P. Plunier
 * Design: Tom Dolan, Mike King, J.P. Plunier
 * Photography: Annalisa
 * Illustrations: Mike King
 * Research: Ben Elder

title: Burn to Shine (album)


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Passive matrix addressing

Passive matrix addressing is an addressing scheme used in early LCDs. This is a matrix addressing scheme meaning that only m + n control signals are required to address an m × n display. A pixel in a passive matrix must maintain its state without active driving circuitry until it can be refreshed again.

The signal is divided into a row or select signal and a column or video signal. The select voltage determines the row that is being addressed and all n pixels on a row are addressed simultaneously. When pixels on a row are being addressed, a Vsel potential is applied, and all other rows are unselected with a Vunsel potential. The video signal or column potential is then applied with a potential for each m columns individually. An on-switched (lit) pixel corresponds to a Von, an off-switched (unlit) corresponds to a Voff potential.

The potential across pixel at selected row i and column j is
 * $$V_{ij} = V_\mathit{sel} - V_\mathit{on|off}$$

and
 * $$V_{ij} = V_\mathit{unsel} - V_\mathit{on|off}$$

for the unselected rows.

This scheme has been expanded to define the limits of this type of addressing typical LCDs.

Passive matrix addressed displays, such as ferroelectric liquid crystal displays, do not need the switch component of an active matrix display, because they have built-in bistability. Technology for electronic paper also has a form of bistability. Displays with bistable pixel elements are addressed with a passive matrix addressing scheme, whereas TFT LCD displays are addressed using active addressing.

title: Passive matrix addressing


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Diamonds On the Inside

Diamonds On the Inside is the fifth album by American singer-songwriter Ben Harper, released in 2003. Although he did not explicitly credit the Innocent Criminals for the first time in 10 years, all the touring members continue to support him on the album. On this album, Harper brought on several new additions to his band, the first being guitarist Nicky Panicci (a.k.a. Nicky P) in 2002 who is the first guitar player to be credited on a Ben Harper record. Panicci toured with Harper on the Diamonds on the Inside Tour for almost a year. After leaving Harper's band on his own accord, Marc Ford, formerly of The Black Crowes replaced Panicci and joined Harper's band.

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Harper except as noted.
 * 1) "With My Own Two Hands" – 4:35
 * 2) "When It's Good" – 3:03
 * 3) "Diamonds On the Inside" – 4:27
 * 4) "Touch from Your Lust" – 4:28
 * 5) "When She Believes" – 5:20
 * 6) "Brown Eyed Blues" (Harper, Nelson) – 5:42
 * 7) "Bring the Funk" (Charles, Harper, Kurstin, Mobley, Nelson) – 4:07
 * 8) "Everything" – 3:04
 * 9) "Amen Omen" – 5:51
 * 10) "Temporary Remedy" – 3:11
 * 11) "So High So Low" – 3:44
 * 12) "Blessed to Be a Witness" – 4:11
 * 13) "Picture of Jesus" – 5:49
 * 14) "She's Only Happy in the Sun" (Dean Butterworth, Harper) – 3:57

Musicians

 * Ben Harper – organ, acoustic guitar, bass guitar, drums, electric guitar, vocals, synthesiser bass, tongue drum
 * Al Yasha Anderson – guitar solo on "With My Own Two Hands"
 * Carla Benson – background vocals
 * Ron Blake – trumpet
 * Leo Chelyapov – clarinet
 * John Ingram – background vocals
 * Greg Kurstin – synthesizer, piano, celeste, Hammond organ, electric piano, background vocals, clavinet, mellotron
 * Ladysmith Black Mambazo – vocals
 * Greg Leisz – pedal steel
 * Timothy Loo – cello
 * Misty Love – background vocals
 * Leon Mobley – percussion, sound effects, background vocals
 * Juan Nelson – bass, background vocals
 * Nicky Panicci (a.k.a. Nicky P.) – acoustic guitar, guitar, electric guitar
 * David Ralicke – trombone
 * Darrel Sims – viola
 * Amy Wilkins – harp
 * Rebecca Yeh – cello
 * Josef Zimmerman – upright bass

Production

 * Producer: Ben Harper
 * Engineers: Todd Burke, Rick "Soldier" Will
 * Assistant engineers: Kevin Dean, June Murakawa
 * Mixing: Todd Burke
 * Mastering: Gavin Lurssen
 * Arrangers: Ben Harper, Greg Kurstin
 * Assistants: Josh Florian, Rail Jon Rogut
 * Advisor: Ben Elder
 * Design: Mike King
 * Layout Design: Mike King
 * Photography: Warren Darius Aftahi, Blue Sky, Jon Shapiro
 * Research: Ben Elder

title: Diamonds On the Inside


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Comping (jazz)

In jazz, comping (an abbreviation of accompaniment; or possibly from the verb, to "complement") is the chords, rhythms, and countermelodies that keyboard players (piano or organ), guitar players, or drummers use to support a musician's improvised solo or melody lines. It is also the action of accompanying, and the left-hand part of a solo pianist.

Types
In a standard jazz combo, the pianist or guitarist typically comps during the horn and double bass solos by improvising chords and countermelodies.

The chordal accompaniment used in jazz is different from the chordal accompaniment style used in many types of popular music, such as rock and folk.
 * In a rock or folk band, a guitarist or piano player will accompany by playing primarily root-position triads consisting of the root, 3rd, and 5th. In the key of C, the G chord would include the notes G, B, and D (the root, 3rd, and 5th of the chord). In a hard rock or heavy metal music band, a guitarist often comps by playing power chords (root, fifth and octave, or for fast chord changes, just root and fifth).
 * In a jazz band a guitarist or pianist will comp by playing a variety of chords that include the 3rd, 7th, 9th, and 13th (jazz chord players often omit the root, because the bassist usually plays the root. The fifth of the chord is also omitted, except when the fifth is flattened or sharpened). In the key of C, the G7 chord in a jazz context might be performed by playing the notes B, E, F, and A (the 3rd, 13th, flat 7th, and 9th notes of the chord). As well, jazz compers may use altered chords that contain flattened or sharpened 5ths, sharp 11ths, flat or sharpened 9ths, and flat 13ths for some songs or soloists. For example, an altered G7 chord might be played with a basic voicing, often the 3rd (B) and 7th (F), along with some of the following notes A♭, A♯, C♯, and E♭ (♭9, ♯9, ♯11, ♭13), subject to the taste and style of the performer and/or the bandleader.

In combos with a guitar player, the guitar player usually comps for soloists. If there are both a pianist and a guitarist, as sometimes occurs in organ trios or big bands, they may either alternate comping or comp at the same time. Having two chordal instruments comp at the same time is difficult to do well. The two compers may make different, clashing interpretations of the same chord (e.g., the pianist may add a flat 13th, while the guitarist plays a natural 13th), or the texture may become overly cluttered. One solution is for the two comping instrumentalists to play sparsely.

Chords
Comping is almost always improvised by the comping musicians based on a chord chart, lead sheet (which contains the chords written above the melody), sheet music, or, in country music, the Nashville Number System. The exception is well-known progressions (e.g., 12 bar blues) and jazz standards such as "I Got Rhythm", known colloquially as "rhythm changes". For well-known progressions, the bandleader may simply say "solos on blues changes" or "solos on rhythm changes", and the comping musicians are expected to be familiar with these chord progressions. Top soloists playing with the most advanced comping musicians may simply call out the name of jazz standards, and the sidemen will be expected to know the chord progression. For example, the soloist may request "Autumn Leaves" without providing the compers with a chord chart or sheet music. The compers at the highest professional level would be expected to know this tune.

Since there are many variant versions of these chord progressions, the comping musicians will have to come to an unspoken consensus on which chords to use. For example, there are many different turnarounds used for the last two bars of a 12 bar blues; however, if the bandleader, playing Hammond organ, plays I/VI7/ii7/V7 for the turnaround, most skilled compers will hear these chords by ear and then replicate them in subsequent choruses (each full playing of the 12-bar progression is colloquially called a "chorus").

Drums
During swing-feel songs, drummers will usually comp with one hand on the snare drum while playing time on the cymbals, typically on the ride cymbal (see drum kit). More skilled drummers often comp with even all three limbs excluding their right-hand ride pattern (snare drum, bass drum, hi-hats). They will most likely develop the simple jazz drum pattern and add a few "bomb" bass drum notes for extra effect.

Horns
In small jazz ensembles ("combos") with more unusual instrumentation, horn players (e.g., saxophone, trumpet, etc.) can comp by playing the melody line in the background, or by playing a sequence of notes called "guide tones" which outline the harmonic framework. Guide tones are usually the 3rd, 7th, or 9th notes of a given chord. Guide tone lines are constructed by descending (or ascending) through the guide tones of the chart, normally by semitone or tone. For instance, in a duo for saxophone and bass, the saxophonist might comp during the bass solo by playing guide tones.

For example, during the standard jazz chord progression ii7/V7/I/VI7 (in the key of C Major, this would be Dm7/G7/C/A7), a horn player might play the guide tones, in whole notes, C (minor 7th of d minor), B (third of G7), A (sixth of C; sixths are added to major chords in jazz even when not specified) and G (minor 7th of A7). This is only one possible guide tone sequence. A second guide tone sequence (in whole notes) might be F (minor third of d minor), E (sixth of G7), D (ninth of C Major; as with sixths, ninths are often added to chord voicings even when not indicated), C# (major third of A7).

Drum solo
During a drum solo, the entire band may tacet (be silent, called "laying out" in jazz slang). Alternatively, the pianist (and possibly the bassist and/or guitarist or organist) sometimes comps, often using a predictable pattern of rhythmically played chords called "hits". A well-known example is the second half of "Take Five", with Dave Brubeck's piano vamp comping for Joe Morello's drum solo. During piano solos, pianists often comp for themselves, playing melodic lines and solos with the right hand while comping with the left hand.

Roles
While any jazz instrument can be used for comping, the chordal rhythm section instruments (piano, organ, and guitar) have developed the largest collection of pedagogical materials about comping. Since a jazz soloist has such wide-ranging harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic possibilities, chordal instrumentalists must have a similarly wide range of tools at their disposal to support the soloist properly.

Comping musicians must know many different types of chord voicings so that they can match the mood the soloist is trying to create. To support some soloists, a comper needs to use very simple voicings (such as the 3rd and 7th of a chord). However, for other soloists who play in a very dense, complicated style, compers may need to use chords with many additional extensions, such as 9ths, 13ths, and altered voicings; they may also re-harmonize chord progressions depending on the soloist, thus creating a feedback of idea exchange between the soloist and the comper. For the most sophisticated soloists, a comper may need to be able to respond in real time to newly improvised implied chord changes.

Compers must have an understanding of rhythm that allows them to respond to the rhythms and beat patterns the soloist plays, such as Latin or Afro-Cuban rhythms. As well, they must have a melodic sense based on a knowledge of a huge repertoire of different scales and scalar patterns, to be able to improvise countermelodies to supplement the soloist's melodies and fill in empty spaces.

By comping, pianists, organists, and guitarists provide the "glue" that holds the rhythm section together. They take the soloist's improvised solos and melodies and add harmonies (as a bass player does) and rhythms (as a drummer does). By doing this, the comper helps ensure that the band is always at the same energy level as the soloist. Wynton Kelly and Herbie Hancock are examples of pianists who are responsive when comping. Oscar Peterson usually comped busily, while Count Basie comped sparsely. There is no single appropriate way to comp for a soloist.

Adapting to soloist
A comper adapts his or her style to that of the soloist. In a jazz band with multiple soloists, this may require different styles for different soloists. For example, the saxophone player in a band may imply many extensions and altered chords in his soloing (e.g., b9, b13, etc.). For this soloist, a comper may decide to play altered dominants and dense harmonies. The next soloist, a jazz guitarist, may play sparse, delicate melody lines, with much space. For this soloist, the comper may use open voicings, omit passing chords, and try to play mainly in the space left by the soloist. If a soloist starts implying a certain style or feel in his solo, whether this is Afro-Cuban music or hard-driving swing, the entire rhythm section may shift to this style to support him.

In a tune, if a soloist starts playing in a jazz-rock fusion style, the comping musicians may adapt and shift into a rock-influenced groove. A guitarist who is comping may turn on an overdrive pedal to add rock music-style "growl" to his tone. A guitarist may also use other effects units, such as a chorus effect. A keyboardist playing Fender Rhodes electric piano or Hammond organ may turn up his preamplifier to produce a natural tube overdrive tone for his sound. A drummer may shift to a rock style of drumming.

Soloing
In all but the largest big bands, the comping sidemen in a jazz show are often called upon by the bandleader to improvise a solo. Here, the comper takes centre stage and performs an improvised melody line. For 1920s Dixieland and some Swing era jazz, the comper may embellish the melody line and improvise by ear during his solo. For Bebop-style groups, the comper playing a solo will often base his improvisations on the chord progression of the song. Bebop tunes often have one, two or even three chord changes per bar and some tunes change keys every few bars; as such, it is hard to solo "by ear" on a Bebop song.

title: Comping (jazz)


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Live at the Hollywood Bowl (Ben Harper video)

Live at the Hollywood Bowl is the first full-concert DVD by Ben Harper & the Innocent Criminals. Recorded August 4, 2003 in Hollywood, California, it features a 15-song show, along with several extra music videos that Harper recorded. Released alongside this DVD was an EP of four or seven songs from the event.

DVD Tracks

 * 1) "Glory & Consequence"
 * 2) "Excuse Me Mr."
 * 3) "Brown Eyed Blues"
 * 4) "Temporary Remedy"
 * 5) "Gold to Me"
 * 6) "Sexual Healing"
 * 7) "Steal My Kisses"
 * 8) "Diamonds on the Inside"
 * 9) "Amen Omen"
 * 10) "Burn One Down"
 * 11) "With My Own Two Hands/War"
 * 12) "Walk Away"
 * 13) "Waiting on an Angel"
 * 14) "Blessed to Be a Witness"
 * 15) "Like a King/I'll Rise"

EP Tracks

 * 1) "Brown Eyed Blues"
 * 2) "With My Own Two Hands/War"
 * 3) "Sexual Healing"
 * 4) "Amen Omen"
 * !!Bonus Material!!
 * 1) "Walk Away"
 * 2) "Excuse Me Mr."
 * 3) "Temporary Remedy"


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Inclusion map

In mathematics, if $$A$$ is a subset of $$B,$$ then the inclusion map is the function ι|$\iota$ that sends each element $$x$$ of $$A$$ to $$x,$$ treated as an element of $$B:$$ $$\iota : A\rightarrow B, \qquad \iota(x)=x.$$

An inclusion map may also referred to as an inclusion function, an insertion, or a canonical injection.

A "hooked arrow" is sometimes used in place of the function arrow above to denote an inclusion map; thus: $$\iota: A\hookrightarrow B.$$

(However, some authors use this hooked arrow for any embedding.)

This and other analogous injective functions from substructures are sometimes called natural injections.

Given any morphism $$f$$ between objects $$X$$ and $$Y$$, if there is an inclusion map $$\iota : A \to X$$ into the domain $$X$$, then one can form the restriction $$f\circ \iota$$ of $$f.$$ In many instances, one can also construct a canonical inclusion into the codomain $$R \to Y$$ known as the range of $$f.$$

Applications of inclusion maps
Inclusion maps tend to be homomorphisms of algebraic structures; thus, such inclusion maps are embeddings. More precisely, given a substructure closed under some operations, the inclusion map will be an embedding for tautological reasons. For example, for some binary operation $$\star,$$ to require that $$\iota(x\star y) = \iota(x) \star \iota(y)$$ is simply to say that $$\star$$ is consistently computed in the sub-structure and the large structure. The case of a unary operation is similar; but one should also look at nullary operations, which pick out a constant element. Here the point is that closure means such constants must already be given in the substructure.

Inclusion maps are seen in algebraic topology where if $$A$$ is a strong deformation retract of $$X,$$ the inclusion map yields an isomorphism between all homotopy groups (that is, it is a homotopy equivalence).

Inclusion maps in geometry come in different kinds: for example embeddings of submanifolds. Contravariant objects (which is to say, objects that have pullbacks; these are called covariant in an older and unrelated terminology) such as differential forms restrict to submanifolds, giving a mapping in the other direction. Another example, more sophisticated, is that of affine schemes, for which the inclusions $$\operatorname{Spec}\left(R/I\right) \to \operatorname{Spec}(R)$$ and $$\operatorname{Spec}\left(R/I^2\right) \to \operatorname{Spec}(R)$$ may be different morphisms, where $$R$$ is a commutative ring and $$I$$ is an ideal of $$R.$$

title: Inclusion map


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Upper structure

In jazz, the term upper structure or "upper structure triad" refers to a voicing approach developed by jazz pianists and arrangers defined by the sounding of a major or minor triad in the uppermost pitches of a more complex harmony.

Examples
Example 1: Below, a common voicing used by jazz pianists is given for the chord C7♯9 (C major chord with a minor 7th, and extended with an augmented 9th).

In the lower stave the notes E♮ and B♭ are given. These form a tritone which defines the dominant sound, and are the major 3rd and minor 7th of the C7♯9 chord.

In the upper stave the notes E♭, G, and B♭ are given together: these form an E♭ major triad.

This E♭ major triad is what would be called the upper structure. Considered in relation to the root C, the notes of this E♭ major triad function, respectively, as the sharpened ninth (the root of the E♭ major chord), fifth, and seventh in relation to that root.

(Note: the root C is omitted here, and is often done so by jazz pianists for ease of playing, or because a bass player is present.)

Example 2: The following example illustrates the notes of an F♯ minor triad functioning as part of a C13♭9♯11 chord (C major chord with a minor 7th, minor 9th, augmented 11th, and major 13th):

In relation to the root of C, the C♯ (enharmonic with D♭) functions as the minor 9th, the F♯ as the augmented 11th, and the A as the major 13th, respectively.

Application
Determining which additional pitches can be juxtaposed with the chord is achieved by considering the relationship between a particular chord and the scale it implies. An example follows:

 * 1) The chord C13♭9♯11 contains the following notes, from the root upwards: C, E, G, B♭, D♭, F♯, A;
 * 2) The following octatonic scale contains all of these pitches, and fits/matches up with the C13♭9♯11 chord: C–D♭–D♯–E–F♯–G–A–B♭–C; these scale elements form a pool from which melodic and harmonic devices might be devised.

Shorthand notation
Common jazz parlance refers to upper structures by way of the interval between the root of the bottom chord and the root of the triad juxtaposed above it. For instance, in example one above (C7♯9) the triad of E♭ major is a (compound) minor 3rd away from C (root of the bottom chord). Thus, this upper structure can be called upper structure flat three, or US♭III for short.

Other possible upper structures are:

 * USII – e.g. D major over C7, resulting in C13♯11
 * US♭V – e.g. G♭ major over C7, resulting in C7♭9♯11
 * US♭VI – e.g. A♭ major over C7, resulting in C7♯9♭13
 * USVI – e.g. A major over C7, resulting in C13♭9
 * USi – e.g. C minor over C7, resulting in C7♯9
 * US♭ii – e.g. D♭ minor over C7, resulting in C7♭9♭13
 * US♭iii – e.g. E♭ minor over C7, resulting in C7♯9♯11

The second item in the list above (C7♭9♯11) has a related version called upper structure sharp four minor--with the written shorthand US♯iv--created with an F♯ minor triad. (See "Example 2" above.)

title: Upper structure


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 1

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 * 1068 – Having been pardoned by Eudokia Makrembolitissa, the regent of the Byzantine Empire, for attempting to usurp the throne, Romanos IV Diogenes married her to become Byzantine emperor.
 * 1739 – Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, the most remote island in the world, was discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.
 * 1773 – The hymn "Amazing Grace" was probably first used in a prayer meeting in Olney, England, without the music familiar to modern listeners.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The town of Norfolk, Virginia, was burned and destroyed by the combined actions of British and Whig forces.
 * 1785 – The Times began publication in London as The Daily Universal Register.
 * 1800 – Quasi-War: An American convoy of four merchant vessels escorted by a schooner was attacked by a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitians.
 * 1801 – Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the dwarf planet Ceres, naming it after the Roman goddess of agriculture and of motherly love.
 * 1892 – The immigration station on Ellis Island (pictured) in New York Harbor opened, and would process almost 12 million immigrants to the United States over the course of its existence.
 * 1915 – Russia withdraws from its occupation of northwestern Iran, enabling a subsequent Ottoman invasion and massacres of Assyrians and Armenians.
 * 1928 – Joseph Stalin's personal secretary, Boris Bazhanov, crossed the Iranian border and defected from the Soviet Union.
 * 1945 – World War II: In retaliation for the massacre of captured Americans by Waffen SS soldiers, U.S. Army personnel killed an estimated 80 Wehrmacht prisoners near Chenogne, Belgium.
 * 1945 – Second World War: The Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte in an attempt to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries.
 * 1965 – The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, which later helped the country become a republic, was founded.
 * 1998 – Argentinian physicist Juan Maldacena published a landmark paper initiating the study of AdS/CFT correspondence, which links string theory and quantum gravity.
 * 2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 crashed into the sea off Polewali, Indonesia, killing all 102 people on board, when the pilots inadvertently disconnected the autopilot.
 * 2010 – A suicide bomber killed 105 spectators at a volleyball game in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan.
 * 2011 – A suicide bombing took place outside a Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria, Egypt, following a New Year service, killing 23 people.
 * Born/died this day: | Lorenzo de' Medici |b|1449| Betsy Ross |b|1752| Maria Edgeworth |b|1768| Eugène-Anatole Demarçay |b|1852| Wilhelm Canaris |b|1887| Alfred Ely Beach |d|1896|  Gary Johnson |b|1953| Betty Archdale |d|2000| Shirley Chisholm |d|2005 Lhasa de Sela |d|2010| Nay Win Maung |d|2012


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Comp

Comp, COMP or Comps may refer to:

Places
In England: In France:
 * Comp, Kent
 * Comps, Drôme
 * Comps, Gard
 * Comps, Gironde
 * Comps-la-Grand-Ville
 * Comps-sur-Artuby

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Music
 * Accompaniment, especially in jazz
 * Comping (jazz)
 * Compilation album
 * Comping (post-production), an edited recording from the best parts of multiple takes

Business and finance

 * Comps (casino), complimentary items or services given by casinos to patrons to encourage gambling
 * Comparable company analysis
 * Comparables, in real estate
 * Comprehensive layout, in advertising and marketing, a proposed design presented to a client
 * Same-store sales
 * Workers' compensation, compensation for work-related injuries and diseases

Computing and technology

 * Comp (command), a command in some computer operating systems which compares two or more files
 * Comp.*, a class of Usenet groups devoted to computers and related technology
 * Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), a wireless communication technology

Education

 * College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, an osteopathic medical school in Pomona, California
 * Composition studies, writing instruction emphasizing content and structure, as opposed to handwriting
 * Comprehensive examination, in higher education
 * Comprehensive school, a type of school in the United Kingdom

Science

 * Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, or COMP
 * Comparettia, an orchid genus

Other uses

 * Comp cards, used by modeling agencies in promoting models
 * Competition Eliminator, a drag racing class commonly called Comp or Comp Eliminator
 * Recoil compensator, a mechanism on a firearm
 * Sweepstakes, called competitions or comps in Australia and the United Kingdom

title: Comp


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 2

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 * 533 – Mercurius, a Roman priest, was elected Pope John II; he was apparently the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.
 * 1680 – Trunajaya rebellion: Amangkurat II of Mataram of Java and his courtiers stabbed Trunajaya to death a week after the rebel leader surrendered to VOC forces.
 * 1860 – French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier (pictured) announced the putative discovery of the planet Vulcan at a meeting at the French Academy of Sciences in Paris.
 * 1865 – Uruguayan War: Brazilian and Colorado Party forces captured the city of Paysandú from its Uruguayan defenders.
 * 1920 – Under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Department of Justice agents launched a series of raids against radical leftists and anarchists in more than 30 cities and towns across 23 states.
 * 1941 – Second World War: Llandaff Cathedral in Cardiff, Wales, was severely damaged by German bombing during the Cardiff Blitz.
 * 1944 – World War II: United States and Australian forces successfully landed in Papua New Guinea in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.
 * 1963 – Vietnam War: The Viet Cong won its first major victory at the Battle of Ap Bac.
 * 1991 – Sharon Pratt Dixon was sworn in as the mayor of Washington, D.C., becoming the first African-American woman to hold the position.
 * 2004 – The Stardust space probe flew by the comet Wild 2 and collected particle samples from its coma, which were later returned to Earth.
 * 2016 – Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent Shia cleric in Saudi Arabia, was executed by the Saudi government along with 46 other people.
 * Born/died this day: | Lodomer |d|1298| Salima Sultan Begum |d|1613| Queen Emma of Hawaii |b|1836| Mily Balakirev |b|1837| Bob Marshall |b|1901| Michael Tippett |b|1905|  Tex Rickard |b|1870|  Lynn Conway |b|1938|  Edgar Martínez |b|1963 |Dnyaneshwar Agashe  |d|2009


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Phillip Hagar Smith

Phillip Hagar Smith (April 29, 1905 – August 29, 1987) was an American electrical engineer, who became famous for his invention of the Smith chart.

Smith was born in Lexington, Massachusetts in 1905, and graduated from Tufts College in 1928 with a BS degree in electrical engineering. While working for Bell Telephone Laboratories, he invented his eponymous Smith chart   (which was also invented independently in 1937 by Tōsaku Mizuhashi (水橋東作)  and in 1939 by Amiel Rafailovich Volpert (Амиэ́ль Р. Во́льперт) ).

When asked why he invented the chart, Smith explained, "From the time I could operate a slide rule, I've been interested in graphical representations of mathematical relationships." In 1969 he published the book Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart: In Waveguide, Circuit, and Component Analysis, a comprehensive work on the subject. He retired from Bell Labs in 1970. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1952.

Although best known for his Smith chart, he made important contributions in a variety of fields, including radar, FM, and antennas (including use of the Lüneburg lens).

The IEEE History Center conducted an interview with Smith in 1973, the edited transcript and audio clips from which are on the web.

Smith died in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey in 1987.

title: Phillip Hagar Smith


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 3

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 * 250 – Emperor Decius ordered everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the Roman gods, resulting in widespread persecution of Christians.
 * 1521 – Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, excommunicating Martin Luther for refusing to retract 41 alleged errors found in his 95 Theses and other writings.
 * 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under General George Washington defeated British troops at the Battle of Princeton.
 * 1888 – The 36-inch (91 cm) refracting telescope (pictured) at the Lick Observatory near San Jose, California, the largest in the world until 1897, was used for the first time.
 * 1911 – A gun battle in the East End of London left two dead and sparked a political row over the operational involvement of Winston Churchill, then Home Secretary.
 * 1973 – CBS announced the sale of the New York Yankees professional baseball team to a group of investors headed by American businessman George Steinbrenner.
 * 1976 – The multilateral International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, part of the International Bill of Human Rights, came into effect.
 * 2002 – Israeli forces seized MV ''Karine A, which was carrying 50 tonnes of smuggled weapons on behalf of the Palestinian National Authority.
 * Born/died this day: | George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle |d|1670| William Leslie |d|1777| Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie |b|1810| Savitribai Phule |b|1831| William Harrison Ainsworth |d|1882|Clement Attlee |b|1883|Cyril Bassett |b|1892| J. R. R. Tolkien |b|1892| Anna May Wong |b|1905 | Frenchy Bordagaray |b|1910| Joy Adamson |d|1980


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 4

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 * 1853 – Solomon Northup regained his freedom after having been sold into slavery in the American South; his memoir Twelve Years a Slave later became a bestseller.
 * 1909 – British explorer Aeneas Mackintosh (pictured), a member of the Nimrod Expedition, escaped death by fleeing across ice floes.
 * 1951 – Korean War: Chinese and North Korean troops captured Seoul from United Nations forces.
 * 1972 – Rose Heilbron (pictured) became the first female judge to sit at the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales.
 * 1973 – Last of the Summer Wine, the longest-running sitcom in the world, premiered as an episode of the BBC's Comedy Playhouse.
 * 1977 – The English punk-rock band Sex Pistols lewd and disruptive behaviour at Heathrow Airport prompts the record label EMI to end their contract with them
 * 2007 – Nancy Pelosi became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, becoming the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government.
 * 2010 – The Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest structure, officially opened in Dubai.
 * 2018 – A passenger train collided with a truck and derailed in the Free State, South Africa, killing 21 people and injuring 254 others.
 * 2020 – Sembawang Hot Spring Park in Singapore reopened after being redeveloped by the National Parks Board.

 * Born/died this day: | Moses Mendelssohn |d|1786| Louis Braille |b|1809|  George Tryon |b|1832| Johanna Westerdijk |b|1883| Doreen Valiente |b|1922| Erwin Schrödinger |d|1961| T. S. Eliot |d|1965|  David Berman |b|1967| Brian Horrocks |d|1985 |Tom Acker |d|2021

January 4: Colonial Repression Martyrs' Day in Angola (1961)

 * 1698 – Most of London's Palace of Whitehall, the main residence of English monarchs since 1530, was destroyed by fire.
 * 1798 – After his appointment as Prince of Wallachia, Constantine Hangerli arrived in Bucharest to assume the throne.
 * 1936 – Billboard published its first music hit parade.
 * 1989 – Two American F-14 Tomcats shot down two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers that appeared to be attempting to engage them over the Gulf of Sidra.
 * 2004 – Spirit (artist's impression depicted), the first of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission, successfully landed on Mars.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 5

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 * 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: French troops defeated Austrian and Brandenburg forces at the Battle of Turckheim in Alsace.
 * 1922 – Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton (pictured) died of a heart attack during his final expedition.
 * 1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross was inaugurated as Governor of Wyoming, the first woman to serve as governor of a U.S. state.
 * 1941 – Second World War: Australian and British troops defeated Italian forces in Bardia, Libya, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation took part.
 * 1953 – Waiting for Godot by Irish playwright Samuel Beckett, termed the "most significant English language play of the 20th century", premiered in Paris.
 * 1970 – An earthquake registering Mw 7.1 struck Tonghai County in southern China, killing at least 10,000 people and eventually spurring the creation of the nation's largest earthquake monitoring system.
 * 1975 – The bulk carrier Lake Illawarra struck a bridge over the River Derwent in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, causing the deaths of seven of the ship's crewmen and five motorists on the bridge.
 * 1976 – The Troubles: In response to the killings of six Catholics the night before, South Armagh Republican Action Force gunmen killed ten Protestants in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.
 * 1991 – The United States Embassy to Somalia in Mogadishu was evacuated by helicopter airlift days after violence enveloped Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War.
 * 1991 – Georgian troops attacked Tskhinvali, the South Ossetian capital, beginning the First South Ossetia War.
 * 2000 – Sri Lankan Tamil politician Kumar Ponnambalam was killed in an assassination suspected to have been sanctioned by President Chandrika Kumaratunga.
 * 2005 – The dwarf planet Eris was discovered by a team using images from the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory.
 * 2007 – The Taiwan High Speed Rail opened, connecting Taipei and Kaohsiung.
 * 2008 – Mikheil Saakashvili was decisively re-elected as President of Georgia in "the first genuinely competitive presidential election" in the history of the country.
 * 2009 – In Eng Foong Ho v Attorney-General, the Court of Appeal of Singapore held that equality before the law was satisfied by a "reasonable nexus" between state action and the object of the law.
 * Born/died: | Philippa of England |d|1430|Simon Marius |d|1625| Elizabeth of Russia |d|1762| George Johnston |d|1823|Konrad Adenauer |b|1876| Herbert Swope |b|1882| Henri Herz |d|1888|  Hayao Miyazaki|b|1941| Bradley Cooper |b|1975| Deepika Padukone |b|1986

January 5: Twelfth Night (Western Christianity)

 * 1757 – King Louis XV survived an assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens, who later became the last person in France to be executed by drawing and quartering.
 * 1869 – Te Kooti's War: After surviving a five-day siege in the pā at Ngātapa, Māori leader Te Kooti escaped from New Zealand's Armed Constabulary.
 * 1919 – The German Workers' Party, the precursor of the Nazi Party, was founded by Anton Drexler.
 * 1949 – In his State of the Union speech, U.S. president Harry S. Truman (pictured) announced: "Every segment of our population, and every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal."
 * 2003 – The Metropolitan Police arrested six people in conjunction with an alleged terrorist plot to release ricin on the London Underground, although no toxin was found.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 6

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 * 1066 – Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon monarch before the Norman Conquest, was crowned King of England.
 * 1322 – Stefan Dečanski was crowned King of Serbia, succeeding his half-brother Stefan Konstantin, whom he later defeated in battle.

 * 1536 – The oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, the Colegio de Santa Cruz, was founded in Tlatelolco, Mexico City.
 * 1540 – King Henry VIII of England married his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves; the marriage was annulled six months later.

 * 1839 – The worst storm to impact Ireland in 300 years damaged or destroyed more than 20 per cent of houses in Dublin with 100-knot (190 km/h) winds.
 * 1907 – Italian educator Maria Montessori (pictured) opened her first school and day-care centre for working-class children in Rome, employing a philosophy of education that now bears her name.
 * 1941 – During his State of the Union address, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt presented his Four Freedoms as fundamental freedoms that all people ought to enjoy.
 * 1960 – National Airlines Flight 2511, traveling from New York City to Miami, exploded in mid-air due to a bomb placed by an unknown party, resulting in the deaths of all 34 people on board.
 * 1994 – Two-time American Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan was hit on the leg with a police baton by an assailant hired by the ex-husband of her rival Tonya Harding.
 * Born/died this day: Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares |b|1587| Jedediah Smith |b|1799| Ion Heliade Rădulescu |b|1802| Clarence King |b|1842| Gustav Bauer |b|1870| Kahlil Gibran |b|1883| Vecihi Hürkuş |b|1896| Early Wynn |b|1920|  Joseph Sonnabend |b|1933| Nigella Lawson |b|1960|  Alan Wiggins |d|1991| Qiyu Zhou |b|2000

January 6: Little Christmas

 * 1449 – Four years before the fall of Constantinople, Constantine XI Palaiologos (pictured) assumed the throne as the last Byzantine emperor.
 * 1724 – Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, a Bach cantata for Epiphany, was first performed in Leipzig.
 * 1912 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener presented his theory of continental drift, the precursor of plate tectonics.
 * 1953 – The inaugural Asian Socialist Conference, an organisation of socialist political parties, opened in Rangoon with 177 delegates, observers and fraternal guests.
 * 2014 – The first episode of the documentary series Benefits Street aired on Channel 4, prompting discussion in the United Kingdom about welfare dependency.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 7

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 * 1610 – Through his telescope, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei made the first observation of Jupiter's Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, although he was not able to distinguish the first two until the following night.
 * 1782 – The Bank of North America (pictured) opened in Philadelphia as the de facto first central bank of the United States.
 * 1931 – Australian aviator Guy Menzies (pictured) flew from Sydney to New Zealand's West Coast, making the first solo trans-Tasman flight.
 * 1948 – Air National Guard pilot Thomas Mantell, flying in pursuit of an alleged UFO, was killed when his P-51 Mustang crashed near Fort Knox, Kentucky.
 * 1955 – Marian Anderson became the first African-American to perform with the Metropolitan Opera in New York.
 * 1978 – An article entitled "Iran and Red and Black Colonization" was published in the newspaper Ettela'at attacking Ruhollah Khomeini, then in exile in Iraq.
 * 1989 – Representatives of Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini delivered a letter to Mikhail Gorbachev, inviting him to consider Islam as an alternative to communism, and predicting the dissolution of the Soviet Bloc.
 * 1989 – In one of the most famous upsets in FA Cup history, Sutton United, a team in the fifth tier of English league football, defeated top-tier Coventry City.
 * 1993 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana was inaugurated with Jerry Rawlings, the country's former military ruler, as president.
 * 2010 – In Nag Hammadi, Egypt, Muslim gunmen opened fire on a crowd of Coptic Christians leaving church after attending Christmas Liturgy, killing eight of them, as well as one Muslim bystander.
 * 2012 – A hot air balloon flight from Carterton, New Zealand, collided with a power line while landing, causing it to crash and killing all eleven people on board.
 * Born/died this day: | Charles I of Anjou |d|1285| Nicholas Hilliard |d|1619| Joseph Dennie |d|1812| E. Louisa Mather |b|1815| Albert Bierstadt |b|1830| Eliezer Ben-Yehuda |b|1858| Anna Murray Vail |b|1863| Edmund Barton |d|1920| James Humphreys |b|1930| Li Shengjiao |b|1935| Juan Gabriel |b|1950|Helena Válková |b|1951| Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers |d|1960| Zara Cisco Brough |d|1988| Caster Semenya |b|1991|  Amanda Asay |d|2022


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 8

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 * 1198 – Lotario dei Conti was elected as Pope Innocent III; he later worked to restore papal power in Rome.
 * 1735 – George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante premiered at the Covent Garden Theatre in London.
 * 1790 – George Washington delivered the first State of the Union address in New York City, then the provisional capital of the United States.
 * 1889 – American statistician Herman Hollerith received a patent for his electromechanical tabulating machine for punched-card data.
 * 1918 – U.S. president Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points for a moral cause and for post–World War I peace in Europe.
 * 1936 – Reza Shah issued the Kashf-e hijab decree, ordering Iranian police to remove hijabs from any women in public.
 * 1956 – Five Evangelical Christian missionaries from the United States were killed by the Huaorani in the rainforest of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them.
 * 1972 – Following Pakistan's defeat in the Bangladesh Liberation War, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto released Bangladeshi politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (pictured) from prison in response to international pressure.
 * 1991 – Jeremy Wade Delle committed suicide in his high-school class in Richardson, Texas, an event that inspired the Pearl Jam song "Jeremy".
 * 2010 – Gunmen from an offshoot of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda attacked the bus transporting the Togo national football team to the Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, killing three people.

 * Born/died: | Athelm |d|926| Marco Polo |d|1324| Kadi Burhan al-Din |b|1345| Nicholas Biddle |b|1786| James Longstreet |b|1821| Fanny Bullock Workman |b|1859| Nikolay Nekrasov |d|1878| Mór Kóczán |b|1885| Bronislava Nijinska |b|1891| Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell |d|1941 |  David Bowie |b|1947|


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Truly Madly Deeply (song)

"Truly Madly Deeply" is a song by Australian pop duo Savage Garden, released in March 1997 as the third single from their self-titled debut album (1997) by Roadshow and Warner Music. It won the 1997 ARIA Music Award for both Single of the Year and Highest Selling Single and was nominated for Song of the Year. Written by bandmates Darren Hayes and Daniel Jones, the song is a reworking of a song called "Magical Kisses" that the pair wrote together during the recording of their debut album.

The song reached No. 1 in Australia, Canada, and the United States; in the latter country, Billboard ranked it the most successful song of all time on their Adult Contemporary chart. Two music videos were filmed for the track: one for its original Australian release and another for the international market, shot in Paris, France. In November 2019, the song was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's selection of recordings. The songs added to the list provide a snapshot of Australian life and have "cultural, historical, and aesthetic significance and relevance".

Background and composition
Having got their breakthrough with the single "I Want You", Darren Hayes and Daniel Jones were sent to Sydney for eight months to record material for a debut album. For Hayes, it was his first time in life being away from his family and his native Brisbane. The longing for his family and his then-wife pushed him towards writing a song that would express those feelings. The sheet music for "Truly Madly Deeply" indicates the key of C major with a tempo of 83 bpm.

Versions
There are two versions of the song. The first was made available on the Australian version of the group's album, whereas the second version appears on the release of the album in Europe and America. This version was composed in 1997 and features a drum machine track instead of the more acoustic-sounding music featured on the Australian version. The European version also features on the group's greatest hits compilation, "Truly Madly Completely" and "The Singles".

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "this is the single that should help affirm that Savage Garden is more than a one-hit wonder." He described the song as a "percussive ballad" and complimented it for revealing "vocal skills and charisma not previously displayed". He noted further that "with its romantic lyrics and plush, guitar-etched instrumentation, this song "truly madly deeply" deserves as much airplay as the top 40 programmers can heap upon it." Insider described it as "a truly sweet song, written out of homesickness; this love ballad has total staying power and is still played over 20 years later." Pan-European magazine Music & Media stated, "This Australian duo possesses a fine knack for writing excellent mainstream pop with top flight radio appeal." They added, "This track [...] is no exception—as proven by its recent two-week stay at the top of Billboard's Hot 100 Singles chart." A reviewer from Music Week gave "Truly Madly Deeply" three out of five, remarking that the song had been successful in both Australia and the US, while the UK "is a little less keen. But this luscious pop ballad should attract airplay and sales." In 2018, Stacker placed the song at No. 21 on their list of the "Best pop songs of the last 25 years," noting it as "a quintessential '90s pop song". In 2019, they ranked it No. 9 on their list of the "Best 90s pop songs".

Chart performance
The song was a major and sustained success in the US beginning in 1997. Entering the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at No. 26 on 6 December 1997, It peaked at No. 1 for two weeks in January 1998 and lingered for a full year on the chart. It became the first song in the chart's history to spend its first 52 weeks inside the top 30. The song spent half a year in the top 10. It hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and No. 2 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. It also entered the top 10 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. On the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart, the song reached No. 1 for one week on 31 January before dropping to No. 2 as Celine Dion assumed the top spot with the theme to the hit film Titanic, "My Heart Will Go On". Savage Garden's single held at No. 2 for 10 weeks before returning to the No. 1 spot on the week of 18 April.

The song eventually set a record for the most weeks of any single in history on the US Hot Adult Contemporary chart. In 1998, the song logged 11 weeks at No. 1 on this chart, but its full chart span lasted 123 weeks. That record would stand for just under two years, when another of the group's ballads spent its 124th week on the chart. The song was "I Knew I Loved You", from the album Affirmation. After leaving the main Adult Contemporary chart, the song entered the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart where it charted for another 202 weeks. The song was so popular that it re-entered Billboard's Hot Singles Sales chart in March 2002 and—four and a half years after its release—again became a U.S. Top 30 bestseller, remaining on that chart until late July 2002. The original version logged its final week on the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart on 17 June 2006. This combined with sales still makes it the #1 Billboard AC song of all time. In 2013, the song was listed at No. 35 on Billboard's All Time Top 100.

The song also reached No. 1 in their home country of Australia, and in Canada. It reached No. 2 in Norway, Sweden, Austria and Ireland, and went top ten in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK. In 1998, the song was certified a Gold single in France, for sales of 200,000 copies. In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), as part of its 75th Anniversary celebrations, named "Truly Madly Deeply" as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time.

Music video
Two music videos were made for the song. The original Australian video, which presents Hayes with long hair, features the band in a white room with several other people. Hayes is on a red sofa singing the song while Daniel performs on the piano. It was directed by Tony McGrath. The video used for the European market, which presents Hayes with short hair, was filmed in Paris, France. It was directed by Adolfo Doring. The video depicts the story of two lovers, a young man and a lady, who have been separated by circumstances. The woman arrives in Paris at Gare de l'Est station, in search of her lover, who is also waiting for her. He is wandering in various places within the Montmartre area, including the Soleil de la Butte restaurant. In between the scenes involving the two lovers, Hayes can be seen walking around Paris, in locations such as the Place de la Concorde and the Jardin des Tuileries. He is singing, thereby acting as a narrator to the story involving the two lovers. Towards the end of the video, Hayes enters a small concert hall where Daniel Jones is playing guitar. Shortly afterwards, the young lady manages to find her lover, right in the centre of Paris, at the feet of the Tour Saint-Jacques. They are both filled with emotion on seeing each other again. The video ends with Hayes and Jones coming out of the concert hall, and coming across the two lovers who are rejoicing in their reunion.

Australia

 * CD single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply"
 * 2) "Promises"
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (night radio mix)

 * Maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply"
 * 2) "Promises"
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (night radio mix)
 * 4) "I Want You" (Bastone club mix)
 * 5) "I Want You" (I Need I Want mix)

Europe

 * CD1
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:37
 * 2) "I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 4:58

 * CD2
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Australian version) – 4:38
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (night radio mix) – 4:35
 * 4) "This Side of Me" – 4:09
 * 5) "Love Can Move You" – 4:47

United Kingdom

 * CD1
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:38
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Australian version) – 4:38
 * 3) "This Side of Me" – 4:09
 * 4) "Love Can Move You" – 4:47

 * CD2
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:38
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (night radio mix) – 4:35
 * 3) "I Want You" (album version) – 3:52
 * 4) "I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 3:58

 * Cassette
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:38
 * 2) "I Want You" (album version) – 3:52

United States

 * CD, 7-inch, and cassette single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:37
 * 2) "I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 4:58

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the Savage Garden album booklet.

Studios
 * Mixed at Whitfield Street Studios (London, England)
 * Mastered at Sony Music Studios (New York City)

Personnel

 * Darren Hayes – writing, lead vocals, background vocals, vocal arrangement
 * Daniel Jones – writing, additional vocals, additional guitars, keyboards, sequencing
 * Rex Goh – guitar
 * Alex Hewitson – bass
 * Terepai Richmond – drums, percussion
 * Charles Fisher – production, vocal arrangement
 * Jim Bonnefond – vocal arrangement
 * Mike Pela – mixing
 * Vlado Meller – mastering

In popular culture
The song was featured in the Paramount+/Nickelodeon animated series Big Nate.

The song was also featured in a commercial for Puma and Google Home Mini.

Sandy and Junior version
The song was covered in 1998 by Brazilian brother-sister singing duo Sandy & Junior. The Portuguese-language version, "No Fundo Do Coração" ("From the Bottom of the Heart"), was released as the third single from the teens' eighth album, Era Uma Vez (Ao Vivo). The album was certified Diamond in Brazil in 1999 by the Brazilian Association of Discs Producers (ABPD) for sales of over 1.8 million copies in Brazil alone. The album was their last for PolyGram Records before moving to Universal Music Group.

Cascada version
German Eurodance group Cascada covered "Truly Madly Deeply" on their debut album, Everytime We Touch (2007), and released it as the second single in the UK and Germany. Although the album version of the song is a ballad, there is also an up-tempo version of the song that is the main single version. Both versions are featured on the UK edition of the album. First released in the United States exclusively in the iTunes Store on 27 February 2006, the US physical release was 13 March 2007. The single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 17 solely on downloads and peaked at number four the following week, after its physical release. In Ireland, it remained in the top 4 for four weeks.

Track listing

 * UK CD single part 1
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:57
 * 2) "Everytime We Touch" – 3:19

 * UK CD single Part 2
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:57
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:14
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (club mix) – 4:34
 * 4) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze remix) – 5:03
 * 5) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold remix) – 8:32
 * 6) "Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor remix) – 6:49
 * 7) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Frisco Remix) – 6:07

 * German 12-inch single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves Remix) – 6:00
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 8:29

 * German CD single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:55
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold radio edit) – 3:36
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves radio edit) – 3:27
 * 4) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:12
 * 5) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Candy radio edit) – 3:18

 * US CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:58
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:12
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold radio edit) – 3:38
 * 4) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! radio edit) – 2:58
 * 5) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold remix) – 8:30
 * 6) "Truly Madly Deeply" (UK club mix) – 4:34
 * 7) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! remix) – 4:35
 * 8) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze remix) – 4:58
 * 9) "Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor remix) – 6:48
 * 10) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Frisco remix) – 6:00

 * Australian single 2007
 * 1) "Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves Radio Edit) – 3:30
 * 2) "Truly Madly Deeply" (UK radio edit) – 2:54
 * 3) "Truly Madly Deeply" (radio pop mix) – 4:14
 * 4) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Ivan Filini Radio Edit) – 3:07
 * 5) "Truly Madly Deeply" (album version)
 * 6) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze Remix) – 5:03
 * 7) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! Remix) – 4:35
 * 8) "Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor Remix) – 6:49
 * 9) "Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 8:30

Other remixes
 * "Truly Madly Deeply" (Alex K Remix) – 6:15
 * "Truly Madly Deeply" (original dance remix, Asian edition)
 * "Truly Madly Deeply" (original dance edit, Asian edition)

title: Truly Madly Deeply (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 9

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 * 1857 – An earthquake registering 7.9 Mw ruptured part of the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California.
 * 1970 – The Presidential Council for Minority Rights, an appointed body to review legislation and prevent discrimination against minorities, was created in Singapore.
 * 1972 – Seawise University, formerly RMS Queen Elizabeth, an ocean liner that sailed the Atlantic for Cunard Line, caught fire in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong.
 * 1978 – Iranian Revolution: Protests took place in Qom after an article insulting Ruhollah Khomeini was published.
 * 1981 – U.S. representative Raymond Lederer was convicted of bribery and conspiracy for his role in the Abscam scandal, but continued to serve his term for three more months.
 * 1991 – Representatives from the United States and Iraq met at the Geneva Peace Conference to find a peaceful resolution to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
 * 1992 – Radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two pulsar planets orbiting PSR B1257+12 (depicted), the first confirmed detection of exoplanets.
 * 1996 – First Chechen War: Chechen separatists launched raids in the city of Kizlyar, Dagestan, which turned into a massive hostage crisis involving thousands of civilians.
 * 2015 – Contaminated beer served at a funeral in Tete Province, Mozambique, killed 75 people and made at least 230 others ill.
 * Born/died: | Demetrios Chalkokondyles |d|1511| William Dugard |b|1606| Caleb Strong |b|1745|  Laure Conan |b|1845 Samuel Gridley Howe |d|1876 | John B. Watson |b|1878 | Joseph Parker |b|1992| Makinti Napanangka |d|2011|Brigitte Askonas |d|2013


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Talk:Sperner's lemma

The other lemma
Note to Axel - the other Lemma is an unrelated result proved earlier by Sperner, rather than the result of Borsuk et al.

Charles Matthews 09:07, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Off-hand, I'm not so sure about the above comment. Sperner proved two lemmas on his way to Lebesgue's theorem. The second one is in Lyusternik Convex Figures and Polyhedra, along with Sperner's proof of Lebesgue's theorem. I'd have to find the reference.

As it is, I removed this line:

 * For the 'other' Sperner lemma dealing with set systems, see antichain.

In fact, it's known as Sperner's theorem, not lemma, see Sperner family and my comments in Talk:antichain. Perhaps a disambiguation remark at the top would be appropriate.--192.35.35.36 00:15, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dimension of a subface
In the article it says at this time: "The vertices of T located on any given k-dimensional subface
 * $$A_{i_1}A_{i_2}\ldots A_{i_k}$$

are colored[...]"

However, it should be (k-1) dimensional subface, or we should speak of k+1 points and colors. Am I wrong? Joerg Bader (talk) 15:20, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Please note that the dimension of the whole simplex is n, not k. k is a free variable; it can be anything less than n. So offsetting its value by one makes no difference. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:25, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I understand. Maybe I'm missing something, but for any fixed k, 1<=k<=n, the k points here form a k-1 dimensional simplex/subface, I think. Joerg Bader (talk) 16:43, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, it's a mismatch between the number of points and the dimension of the subspace. Another way to fix it would be to start indexing the points at 0, I suppose... or, we don't really need the extra variable k because the condition only needs to be true for the (n-1)-dimensional faces (and the rest follow automatically). —David Eppstein (talk) 16:58, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Question's about the proof
What is the "degree of a triangle"? I was able to find a definition of the degree of a vertex, but no luck with the degree of a triangle. Without understanding the term, I do not find it to be "easily seen . . ." Thanks. Maurice Fox (talk) 00:56, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * As the text at the start of the section describes, each triagle corresponds to a vertex in G. It is the degree of that vertex. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:08, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Can someone help clear the ambiguity in this for me? what is capital A and B the proof is referring to? is it the regions "small" a and b ? also doesn't this proof need some citations? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MVDVPRSD (talk • contribs) 14:35, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Ok.. it seem to be referring to the vertices of the triangle; if someone could label the image and find a citation for this proof that'd be grt MVDVPRSD (talk) 12:07, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

"Random colouring" left unexplained
One illustration's caption reads as follows:

"A random Sperner-colouring of a regular triangularisation. Each cul-de-sac is an RGB-triangle".

That *might* be interesting or worth inclusion in Wikipedia — or not, it's hard to be sure.

Especially since a "random colouring" suggests that each vertex is coloured R, G, or B independently with 1/3 probability each.

But this says nothing about how the edges are determined.

Without a better reason for inclusion forthcoming, I hope that this illustration can be deleted from Wikipedia. 2601:200:C000:1A0:8936:A4D9:37CE:3D84 (talk) 02:13, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sperner's lemma


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 10

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 * AD 9 – The Western Han dynasty of China ended after the throne was usurped by Wang Mang, who founded the Xin dynasty.
 * 976 – After the death of his guardian John I Tzimiskes, Basil II became the effective ruler and senior emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
 * 1430 – Philip the Good established the Order of the Golden Fleece, referred to as the most prestigious, exclusive, and expensive order of chivalry in the world.
 * 1475 – Moldavian–Ottoman Wars: Stephen the Great led Moldavian forces to defeat an Ottoman attack under Hadım Suleiman Pasha near Vaslui in present-day Romania.
 * 1776 – Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine denouncing British rule in the Thirteen Colonies, was published.
 * 1863 – Service began on the Metropolitan Railway (construction depicted) between Paddington and Farringdon Street, today the oldest segment of the London Underground.
 * 1901 – The first great gusher of the Texas oil boom was discovered in the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont.
 * 1917 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party were rescued after being stranded for several months.
 * 1923 – Lithuanian residents of the Klaipėda Region began a revolt, ahead of a League of Nations decision on their future which they expected to be against their interest.
 * 1927 – The science fiction film Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, was released in Germany.
 * 1941 – Greco-Italian War: The Greek army captured the strategically important Klisura Pass in Albania.
 * 1946 – The first session of the United Nations General Assembly convened at the Methodist Central Hall in London with representatives from 51 member states.
 * 1966 – India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration to end the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.
 * 1985 – Sir Clive Sinclair launched the Sinclair C5 personal electric vehicle, "one of the great marketing bombs of postwar British industry", which later became a cult collectable despite its commercial failure.
 * 2007 – A general strike began in Guinea as an attempt to force President Lansana Conté to resign, eventually resulting in the appointment of two new prime ministers.
 * Born/died this day: | Husayn ibn Ali |b|626| Hugh I of Cyprus |d|1218| Carl Linnaeus |d|1778|  Leleiohoku II |b|1855| Katharine Burr Blodgett |b|1898|  Joseph Massino |b|1943 | Kalki Koechlin |b|1984|Tao Li|b|1990 | David Bowie|d|2016


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 11

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 * 1055 – Theodora Porphyrogenita (pictured) became the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire after the death of her brother-in-law Constantine IX Monomachos.
 * 1787 – German-born British astronomer William Herschel discovered two Uranian moons, later named Oberon and Titania by his son John.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Arkansas Post concluded with the Union Army capturing a fort from Confederate forces near the mouth of the Arkansas River.
 * 1912 – Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, went on strike in response to a pay cut corresponding to a new state law shortening the working week.
 * 1923 – Troops from France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr to force the Weimar Republic to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I.
 * 1927 – Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, hosted 36 people involved in the film industry at a banquet, where he announced the creation of what would become the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
 * 1943 – Italian-American journalist and trade-union activist Carlo Tresca, a leading public opponent of the Mafia infiltration of unions, was assassinated in New York City.
 * 1946 – The People's Republic of Albania was proclaimed, with Enver Hoxha as the country's de facto head of state.
 * 1961 – Students at the University of Georgia rioted in an attempt to prevent two African American students from attending the school.
 * 1986 – The Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, opened as the largest prestressed-concrete, single-box bridge in the world.
 * 2013 – French special forces failed in an attempted rescue of a DGSE agent, who had been taken hostage in 2009 by al-Shabaab, in Bulo Marer, Somalia.
 * Born/died: |Domenico Ghirlandaio |d|1494| Nicolas Steno |b|1638| Vincenzo Borg |b|1777| Bayard Taylor |b|1825| John Molson |d|1836| Alice Paul |b|1885|  Peter Badcoe |b|1934 | Roberta Fulbright |d|1953| Emile Heskey |b|1978| Tom Parry Jones |d|2013


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 12

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 * 475 – Basiliscus became Byzantine emperor after Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople.
 * 1554 – Bayinnaung, who later assembled what was probably the largest empire in the history of mainland Southeast Asia, was crowned as the king of the Burmese Toungoo dynasty.
 * 1777 – Mission Santa Clara de Asís (pictured), a Spanish mission in California that formed the basis of both the city of Santa Clara and Santa Clara University, was established by the Franciscans.
 * 1808 – John Rennie's scheme to defend St Mary's Church in Reculver from coastal erosion was abandoned in favour of demolition, despite the church being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture.
 * 1865 – The foundation stone of Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral in Cork was laid.
 * 1895 – The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, was founded.
 * 1916 – Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann became the first German aviators to be awarded the Pour le Mérite, Germany's highest military honour.
 * 1918 – An underground explosion at a coal mine in Staffordshire, England, killed 155 men and boys.
 * 1964 – Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown by rebels led by John Okello, ending 200 years of Arab dominance in Zanzibar.
 * 1967 – Seventy-three-year-old psychology professor James Bedford became the first person to be cryonically preserved with intent of future resuscitation.
 * 2010 – An earthquake registering 7.0 Mw struck Haiti, killing more than 100,000 people.
 * 2010 – Iranian physicist Massoud Ali-Mohammadi was assassinated while leaving his home for the University of Tehran, where he was a professor.
 * Born/died: | John Winthrop |b.or|1587; 1588| Rosalba Carriera |b|1673| Étienne Lenoir |b|1822| John Singer Sargent |b|1856| Spyridon Louis |b|1873|  Hermann Göring |b|1893| Austin Chapman |d|1926 | Nikolai Podgorny |d|1983| Zhansaya Abdumalik|b|2000| Daniel Bensaïd |d|2010 Olga Ladyzhenskaya |d|2004|

January 12: Zanzibar Revolution Day in Tanzania (1964)

 * 1659 – The fort at Allahabad was surrendered to the forces of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
 * 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: Natal Native Contingent and British troops defeated Zulu forces in the Action at Sihayo's Kraal.
 * 1899 – During a storm, the crew of Lynmouth Lifeboat Station transported their 10-ton lifeboat 15 mi overland in order to rescue a damaged schooner.
 * 1969 – British rock band Led Zeppelin released their first album, Led Zeppelin, in the United States.
 * 2007 – Comet McNaught (pictured) reached perihelion, becoming the brightest comet in over 40 years, with an apparent magnitude of −5.5.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 13

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 * 1435 – Pope Eugene IV promulgated the papal bull Sicut dudum, forbidding the enslavement of the native Guanche of the Canary Islands by the Spanish.
 * 1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle off the coast of Brittany between two British frigates and a French ship of the line ended with hundreds of deaths when the latter ran aground.
 * 1815 – War of 1812: British troops captured Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, in the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
 * 1842 – First Anglo-Afghan War: William Brydon, an assistant surgeon in the British Army, was the sole European of the 14,000 people retreating from Kabul to Jalalabad who evaded capture or death.
 * 1847 – The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed, informally ending the fighting of the Mexican–American War in California.
 * 1915 – About 30,000 people were killed when an earthquake struck the Province of L'Aquila in Italy.
 * 1963 – Togo's first president, Sylvanus Olympio (pictured), was assassinated by military officers in a coup d'état led by Emmanuel Bodjollé, Étienne Eyadéma, and Kléber Dadjo.
 * 1972 – Bernice Gera won a sex-discrimination lawsuit against the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, allowing her to become the first female professional baseball umpire.
 * 2001 – The first of two large earthquakes struck El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and destroying over 100,000 homes.
 * 2012 – The Italian cruise ship Costa Concordia ran aground on a reef and capsized off Isola del Giglio, Tuscany.
 * Born/died: | Æthelwulf, King of Wessex |d|858| Lucy Filippini |b|1672| George Fox |d|1690/1691|  Salmon P. Chase |b|1808| Brynhild Olivier |d|1935|   Nate Silver |b|1978 |Maon Kurosaki|b|1988 | Guido Dessauer |d|2012

January 13: Saint Knut's Day in Finland and Sweden

 * 1884 – Welsh physician William Price (pictured) was arrested for attempting to cremate his deceased infant son; this eventually led to the United Kingdom cremation act becoming law.
 * 1953 – Nine Moscow doctors were accused of a plot to poison members of the Soviet political and military leadership.
 * 1968 – American singer Johnny Cash recorded his landmark album At Folsom Prison live at Folsom Prison in California.
 * 1972 – Ghanaian military officer Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup to overthrow Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia and President Edward Akufo-Addo.
 * 2000 – Steve Ballmer replaced Bill Gates as the chief executive officer of Microsoft.