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Changwon

Changwon is the capital and largest city of Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea (with a population of 1,025,702 ), and the 11th largest city of the country.

A port city, Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south, and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east. The city of Miryang lies to the northeast, and Jinju to the west.

The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history. In 1974, with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex, the three historically interdependent cities of Masan, Jinhae, and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development, growing into an important industrial centre. On 1 July 2010, the cities of Changwon, Jinhae, and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon.

As Korea's first planned city, modeled after Canberra, Australia, Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas. The city has also branded itself an "environmental capital" with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program, Nubija.

Early history
Populated since the early Bronze Age, the area surrounding Masan Bay would have been a wide open region between the ocean and the hilly lands of the coastal plain. Today ruins can be found in the area dating from the Iron Age. Typical Iron Age landmarks include Bangyedong monuments, dolmens, holy mounds, lower molar sites, and dolmens from Bronze Age settlements.

In 209 AD, during the Three Kingdoms period, the area was named Gulja-gun, a province of the Silla kingdom. During the Unified Silla Period, this region was renamed to Uian-gun in 739 AD, during the reorganization of all Silla provinces, then in the Goryeo Period, to Uichang-hyeon.

The name Changwon was first used in 1408 during the Joseon period, when King Taejong established the city as Changwon-bu. In 1415, he renamed Changwon-bu to Changwon-dohobu. Later during the King Sunjo Period (1601), it became Changwondae-do hobu.

In 1895, the country was reorganized into 23 divisions by King Gojong, and Changwondae-do hobu was split into Changwon-gun and Ungcheon-gun. In 1908 Ungcheon-gun merged with nearby Jinhae-gun. During the Japanese colonial period, the city became known as Masan-bu, and Masan Port was opened. Eventually, Changwon was separated from Masan-bu.

Post-Korean War
In 1970, the Masan Free Export Zone was opened to encourage foreign business to move to the area. In 1974, Changwon was selected to be an industrial and residential centre, as well as the provincial capital. The Changwon Industrial Complex was built in the south of the city, while Changwon began urban planning modelling itself after Canberra, Australia.

The country's longest straight road was constructed in Changwon, with a length of 15.27 km, with the industrial park to the south and residential complexes constructed to the north. This road, Changwon Daero, is meant to serve as an airplane runway in a state of emergency as Changwon was designed to be South Korea's emergency backup capital city. Underground walkways are able to serve as bomb shelters and roads and buildings in the planned city are numbered for efficient use in evacuation.

In 1985, the Korean War Monument in Changwon's Uichang gu was constructed. The 47.1 m monument is "dedicated to the 1,142 soldiers from Gyeongsangnam province that died in the Korean War."

On 1 July 2010, the three neighboring cities of Masan, Changwon and Jinhae unified to create Unified Changwon City, with a population of 1.04 million.

Geography
Changwon is located on the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, on the Nakdong River delta looking out onto Masan Bay. The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which are Mt. Bulmo (802 m), Mt. Jeongbyeong (567 m), and Mt. Jangbok (582 m).

The city also comprises several small islands in Masan Bay and along the coast including Dot island, Sokuri island, and several uninhabited islands.

The city has four distinct seasons. The climate of Changwon is a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) with very warm summers and cold winters. The average temperature ranged between 2.8 C in January to 26.5 C in August. The average annual precipitation is 1527 mm. Between 1980 and 1990 there was an annual average of around 116 sunny days a year (32% of the year), and between 1990 and 2000 an average of 135 (37%).

Administrative divisions
Changwon has 5 administrative districts (Gu) which are divided into 54 neighbourhoods (dong), 5 in Uichang-gu, 7 in Seongsan-gu, 12 in Masanhoewon-gu, 15 in Masanhappo-gu and 13 in Jinhae-gu.

Neighborhoods
The development of Changwon into an industrial city during the 1960s and 1970s has led to a city structure that is bisected by one main avenue called Changwon Daero, meaning Changwon big road. To the south are the factories, to the north are all of the residential areas. Changwon Daero also serves as emergency runway for military purposes.

The Financial district is located in the southern part of Jungang-dong and Sangnam-dong, while the government district located northern part of Youngho-dong and Shinwol-dong.

The Changdong Art Village has many murals and artwork on display throughout the streets. Originally Masan's old town, when businesses began to disperse, "ateliers, cafés, and galleries took over the vacant stores " transforming the area into a thriving art district.

The Sangnam neighborhood is the central part of greater Changwon. The main part of this neighborhood, the Sangnam Commercial District (상남상업지구), is the main nightlife area, with many bars, hotels, business bars, noraebangs, and restaurants. On every day of the month with a date that ends in 4 or 9 the market "Sangnam-sijang" is open and bustling for business. This is the largest farmer's market within the city, with vendors selling fresh seafood, vegetables, and other groceries as well as clothing and pottery. There is also a large-scale residential complex of high-rise apartments.

Jungan-dong, located just west of Sangnam, is the "old town" and extended central area of the city. There is more nightlife here than restaurants, and local English speaking expats often frequent the area for drinks and laughs, often living very nearby. This is the most likely place to meet one of the foreign English teachers, engineers and armed services residence of the area.

Economy
Changwon city owes its rapid growth since the 1970s primarily to the Changwon industrial Complex, a 25.302 km2 hub of factories dominated by heavy industry which employs 82,000 and leads the chemical, industrial, and heavy machinery sectors of the Korean economy. In September 2010, the Changwon Industrial Complex exceeded 2,000 tenant companies. The tenants are 97.8% (1,957) small-to-medium—sized businesses, while large corporations make up 2.2%(44) including Samsung Techwin, GM Korea, LG Electronics, Hyundai Rotem, Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, Doosan Infracore, Hyosung, Hyundai Wia and STX Corporation.

The defense industry of Changwon makes up a large part of its industrial output and the majority of South Korea's weapons manufacturing. 70% of South Korea's defense industry is based in Changwon. The city was chosen to host the military defense industry because of the city's natural basin shape and coastal access. Major defense companies like Hanwha Defense and Hyundai Rotem manufacturing the K9 Thunder and K2 Black Panther respectively are based out of Changwon.

As the provincial capital, Changwon is home to several government offices, and the Jinhae-gu district contains a large naval base housing various units of the Republic of Korea Navy.

Changwon's Gross Regional Domestic Product is 21.7 trillion won which is higher than that of Gwangju and Daejeon. It earned 29 billion dollars through exports in 2008, more than Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon or Daegu.

Schools
Students in Changwon can attend one of the six main post-secondary institutions: There are 46 high schools, 63 middle schools, 105 elementary schools and 193 kindergartens in Changwon, including two special-purpose high schools: Changwon Science High School and Changwon Mechanical Technical High School.
 * Changwon National University
 * Kyungnam University
 * Masan University
 * Korea Naval Academy
 * Chang Shin College
 * Changwon Polytechnic College

Healthcare
Although a growing divide between Changwon's vibrant, modern west side and its older east side, has been identified as a source of socioeconomic and health inequality among its citizens, Changwon's municipal government has responded with renewed commitment to ensuring the social determinants of health for all citizens. Changwon's Healthy City Initiative has undertaken several initiatives to promote better health including the implementation of a bike-sharing system, "the development of walking trails in apartment complex areas " accessible to 85% of its citizens, building a new publicly funded health centre in the east side, and the installation of defibrillators in public areas like shopping centres and apartment complexes, giving Changwon "tremendous potential as an international model " for cities wishing to encourage public health.

The Samsung Changwon's Hospital's Regional Emergency Medical Centre, the region's has been ranked as Gyeongsangnam-do's top emergency medical centre.

Culture and contemporary life
As a planned city, Changwon was built to include more natural space than many other cities in Korea including dozens of parks, gardens, trails, and plazas throughout the city. The city is also located on the coast, making it home to several beaches.

Some well known Changwon parks include Jinhae Dream Park, an ecological reserve; Junamjeosuji, a reservoir and bird sanctuary; House of Changwon, a hanok village and education centre; and Changwon Marine Park on Dotseom Island.

Changwon is also home to the Changwon Exhibition Convention Centre (CECO).

As the capital and largest city in Gyeongsannam-do, Changwon is a provincial centre for media production and home to television and radio broadcaster Changwon KBS that hosts the K-Pop World Festival each year and newspaper the Kyongnam Shinmun,

Festivals
Changwon is home to numerous festivals throughout the year, including:
 * K-Pop World Festival: a yearly singing and dancing competition in which contestants from all over the world perform live cover versions of K-Pop songs.
 * Jinhae Gunhangje Festival: a yearly 10-day event beginning on 1 April, which features cherry blossom viewing, fireworks, concerts, a parade and performances by international Military Bands & Honor Guard.
 * Changwon Sculpture Biennale: honoring the late Moon Shin
 * Changwon Food Culture Festival and National Indigenous Food Cooking Contest: the third Saturday of each October
 * Warty Sea Squirt Festival: a seafood festival held in April to celebrate the local mindeodeok and featuring a fireworks show.
 * Changwon National Folk Bullfighting Festival: a tournament held each October where entrants are determined by draw
 * Changwon Namsan Sangbongje Festival: a gathering held the weekend after Chuseok when locals gather on a mountain to perform an ancient harvest ceremony and drink, sing, & dance with their neighbours "as a way to seek the Chuseok traditions of our ancestors ".
 * Jillyesanseong Fortress Royal Azalea Festival: a flower viewing event held at an historical fortress on Bieumsan Mountain during the blooming season of Royal Azaleas.
 * Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival
 * Gyeongnam Science Competition(2023.10.27.~2023.10.29.)
 * Masan Chrysanthemum Festival(2023.10.28.~2023.11.06.)

Sports
Changwon hosts four professional sports teams: a basketball team, two association football clubs, and a baseball team. The city also hosted a Formula 3 race, the Korea Super Prix, from 1999 to 2003.

Foreign culture
Per capita, Changwon has one of the largest foreign populations in South Korea, largely due to the Masan Free Trade Zone, which was created to encourage foreign business to move to the area, the Korea Naval Base in Jinhae, which houses numerous American military professionals, and the prevalence of English academies known as hagwons throughout Korea which frequently employ teachers from a variety of English-speaking countries.

Changwonderful, a website created by two foreign residents of Changwon, was created in 2012 as a resource for those traveling and moving to the city from abroad, with a goal to "not only ease foreigner life in Changwon, but also strengthen ties between foreigners and the local community. " The website encourages reader participation in content creation and provides information on local business, attractions, culture, and infrastructure.

The Changwoner, a podcast with over 50 episodes as of 2017 and hosted by three foreign residents of Changwon, represents another project by foreign residents of Changwon to promote the city and build a common culture between residents, visitors, and ex-pats living in Changwon. The Changwoner also has a social media presence on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.

Bike sharing
Changwon, having been the first city in Korea to declare itself a cycling city, is now considered "one of the world's leading cities in terms of its public bicycle system". The Nubija bike sharing system was introduced in 2008 in an attempt to alleviate traffic and parking issues, encourage public health, and move away from car-dependent models of urban planning. The bike-share program also included infrastructural changes to the city, including 18 new bike lanes spanning 100.8 km, giving Changwon Korea's largest public bicycle rental system.

, Nubija had 4,704 bicycles available at 241 terminals throughout the Changwon area, which can be searched for using the Nubija app. Users access the bicycles using a small chip called a MyBi pass.

Nubija had over 68,823 registered users in 2012, and rented an average of 15,850 bicycles per day. The name Nubija comes from the Korean words nubida, which means "to travel" and jajeongeo, which means "bicycle."

Buses
As a planned city, Changwon "utilizes a grid style infrastructure which makes transportation more efficient than other cities of comparable size". Changwon and the surrounding area are served by over 80 city bus and express bus routes. Express and Inter-city buses connect Changwon to other cities throughout Korea from six bus terminals throughout the city. See Changwon Buses.

Rail
The city is on the Gyeongjeon Line (Gwangju-Samnangjin), which stretches along the southern coast and links the Jeolla and Gyeongsang regions feeding local traffic into adjacent major lines. , KTX trains began running from Changwon to Seoul; travel time is approximately three hours.

There are four Gyeongjeon line stations in the Changwon area:
 * Masan Station
 * Changwon Station
 * Changwon Central (JungAng) Station
 * Jinhae Station.

Ferries
Masan Ferry Terminal offers service to the city of Geoje to the southeast.

At Masan Dotseom Marine Park, a 10-minute ferry is available to Dotseom, a forested island in the centre of Masan Bay.

Airport
Gimhae International Airport (PUS) is the closest airport, 35 km east of Changwon in the city of Gimhae.

In 2016, the airport was the 4th busiest in South Korea, with 14,900,815 passengers passing through.

Tourist Attraction

 * Jinhae Dream Road (Course 2) – The Jinhae Dream Road in Changwon, South Gyeongsang used to be a forest trail, but then it turned into the Anmin Road, which is now used for hiking. It is made up of four sections, one of them being the Cheonjabong Haeoreum-gil (Course 2) which is a 10-kilometer (6.2-mile) trail that connects the Anmin rest area to the meeting plaza of Wigallim-gil. The road is surrounded by various kinds of trees, ranging from peach and bamboo to cherry trees. Starting from Mount Ung all the way to Cheonjabong Peak and Mount Jangbok, the glorious mountain ranges spread out like a folding screen. *Course: Anmin Road (Anmin rest area) – Pyeonbaek rest area – Dream Park Gallim-gil – Cheonjaam – Gallim-gil above the meeting plaza (6.2 miles, 4 hours 10 minutes. Level: Moderate)

Symbol and slogans
The municipal government of Changwon has also designated several official symbols:

Changwon's municipal flag depicts a tri-coloured pinwheel made of C-shaped wings. The white space between the wings forms the image of three people holding hands and spinning in unity, balance, and harmony. The three colours of the pinwheel are: blue, symbolizing the ocean, growth, and hope; orange, which represents the city, passion, and creation; and green for nature, life, and balance.

The official city mascot of Changwon is PIUMI, a childlike figure with a blooming flower on its head, representing the cities famous cherry blossoms.

The city's slogan, 빛나는 땅 창원, means "Bright Changwon."
 * City flower: the cherry blossom
 * City bird: the black-tailed gull
 * City tree: the pine tree

Twin towns – sister cities
Changwon has several international sister cities around the world, as well as designated "Friendship Cities"

Notable people from Changwon

 * Ahn Sang-soo, politician.
 * Cha Hak-yeon (stage name N), singer, entertainer, and leader of VIXX.
 * Gang Dong-won, actor; he was born in Busan but grew up in Changwon
 * Hwang Jung-min, actor and singer.
 * Je Jong-geel, politician.
 * Jeon Won-woo, singer, rapper and member of Seventeen.
 * Jung Byung-hee (stage name G.O), singer, actor, member of MBLAQ.
 * Kim Hyung-seo (stage name Bibi), singer.
 * Kim Jong Yang, member of the South Korean National Assembly, police officer, and former President of Interpol.
 * Lee Elijah, actress and model.
 * Lee Hye-in, actress.
 * Lee Joon-gi, actor; he was born in Busan but grew up in Changwon.
 * Noh Sa-yeon, singer, television personality, and radio DJ.
 * Park Jin-young, singer, rapper, member of Got7 and JJ Project.
 * Song Do-yeong, voice actress.

title: Changwon


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Talk:Collaboration

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 October 2021 and 9 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emilyyxx.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:00, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I find it sad that this article seems to totally ignore the vast literature on collaboration, making it sound like guesswork of people. How about the "Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Collaboration" article publish in the Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 27, No. 2, 139-162 (1991)? Or the many articles that specifically mention forms of collaboration (as interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, etc)? This article seems to be missing some validity. --Michalisa 06:04, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

I saw fit to remove the following:

 * == Collaboration with Soviet Union ==
 * As the result of Nazi-Soviet pact several countries of Central Europe
 * were occupied by Soviet Union:
 * collaboration of Polish communists
 * collaboration of Finish communists
 * collaboration of Lithuanian communists
 * collaboration of Latvian communists
 * collaboration of Estonian communists
 * collaboration of Jewish communists(all above countries)
 * collaboration of Jewish communists(all above countries)

This may seem a bit harsh, but, unless this is something I'm not getting, to above list would appear to be (sorry) perfectly pointless, and tinged with misappropriateness. Possibly someone had it in mind to expand it and forgot about it. ―Itai 19:25, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

redirection of collaborative decision making
'Collaborative decision making' used to link here, but I have changed it to link to Group decision making, are there any objections?'".

. Collaboration is a general term and that article is quite general -- it talks about kibbutzes, classical music written in collaboration, Black Mountain College, yadda yadda. And Collaborative decision making is a somewhat technical business term, and Group decision making is more focused on technical aspects of collaborative decision making. Tal.yaron (talk) 14:11, 25 September 2011 (UTC)
 * That sounds fair :) AdamCaputo (talk) 16:55, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Recursive?
the first sentence -- collaboration is a recursive process ... -- is it? not iterative? or any other kind of process? I'm going to mark it with a reference needed flag. Minitrue (talk) 14:34, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

"Recursive" is unnecessarily opaque. Should be dropped. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.245.33 (talk) 17:41, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

"Nuances" section
Hi! I've added to the main article on Collaboration, with a citation in "References", a "Nuances" subsection under "Etymology" as shown below. The historical use of the word in these two contexts gives it more than a pure neutral meaning of working together.

 * "Collaborate" implies "to work together on a project". When individuals work together as in an academic setting, "collaborate" includes the nuance "to be jointly accredited" for the work completed. When individuals and organizations work together, or organizations with other organizations, nuances include "usually willingly" and "with another organization with which one is not normally connected".

Glad to discuss! -- Sitearm | Talk 16:18, 2005 August 13 (UTC)

Musical collaboration
This section needs to expand and we more articles about this --Nerd42 15:38, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Companies like..
I removed this section on May 27, 2006:
 * companies like Philips and Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek (DAF) in the Netherlands continued their business with the Germans as usual, though the Phillips company for one tried to be as unproductive as they could get away with!

First, the end statement is clearly someone's personal opinion, and without citation or reference it is absolutely suspect. Second, many companies are responsible for differing amounts of 'collaboration' with the Nazi regime, and I think only citing three is an incomplete or haphazard gesture -- what about Monsanto, Coca-Cola (Fanta) or many others. Someone should build out this section as completely as possible.

-bcaddell

Link Issues
The following link does not work, at least for me. So, I moved it from the article page to this one. If you can fix it, please do. Keesiewonder 15:05, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Free Cooperation - Conference and resource about the art of online collaboration.

I spent several minutes trying to find this article at the IT Manager's Journal, and could not. Please advise. Keesiewonder 15:21, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Ten Steps Toward More Effective Collaboration - article in IT Managers Journal.

Collaboration in Graduate Work
An observation I have and that I've heard is that the ability to collaborate on projects, in person or in an online setting, is an expected skill for students as they begin their master's degree. However, little instruction is provided on how this collaboration is supposed to be accomplished for those who may not be accustomed to working this way. Somewhere, perhaps in one of the Wiki environments, it would be nice to find list of guidelines or resources for those of us who would like to become successful collaborators. Keesiewonder 18:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

moved from article
I move the 'questions' section here becasue it does not seem to be part of the standard wikipedia format for an article.

Questions
More research into the nature of collaboration is needed to answer such questions as:
 * How does collaboration differ from cooperation? (dictionary definitions are generally more or less equivalent)
 * What qualifies as a collaboration? (is Wikipedia a collaboration in the same way that a work of art is when two artists collaborate face-to-face? and for that matter, does a family, city, nation or species qualify? Is the vivid representation of collaborative activity on the internet inducing changes in the very definition of art and authorship? Just as the printing press, photography and the telegraph once inspired the Futurists, Cubists and Surrealists, we are beginning to see the emergence of new kinds of collective creative practice such as Wigglism, Submodernism, etc.)
 * What are the defining principles or elements of this process? (understanding these might help to draw conclusions on the previous questions)

Currently there exists no unifying general theory of collaboration.

 * In an attempt to answer the first question see comments below at Talk:Collaboration. Also see the Talk:General_theory_of_collaboration page. MLWilson 21:40, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

updated definition section and added a section that explains difference between management and collaboration
I agree there exists no unifying definition of collaboration. I think I have one....which I have added. I would also like to delete all the communication and co-ordination stuff as I think it distracts from what collaboration is.

Collaborative Art?
I have recently started an art project http://www.onesimplepixel.com - it is a collaborative art project. Furthermore, I now believe I will spend the next 10 years of my life pursuing collaborative art. To my surprise, there really isn't much on the subject or the history of it.

Given that music is listed here, shouldn't art? I would be more than happy to help find resources - given I am currently studying these concepts.

I'll make sure to watch this page.

Onesimplehuman 02:07, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

David George DeLancey (talk) 05:35, 16 July 2014 (UTC) == DeLancey's Wayt == In coherence with the above Collaborative Art : My specialty in research is Art Economics History, this I assure will explain this defining attempt towards the word and terming powers of Collaboration or Collaborative ~ Collectively Organizing Leadership Leniently Above Boundaries Overwhelmingly Receiving A Talented Invitation Owing Necessity ~ And so with - Collectively Owing Leadership Leniently Arising Benefit Over Reasoning Aware That Invitations Own Necessity |-\-/ ~ The End David George DeLancey David George DeLancey (talk) 05:35, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

crap
This article begins thus:

 * Collaboration is the process wherein units work together to achieve outcomes for shared stakeholders, quicker and more cost effectively than if they worked on their own, without having to change the "how" codes of any of the participating Units.

This is supposed to be English Wikipedia, written in English. Why all these buzzwords? Collaboration is not a concept understood ONLY by whichever freak communities are versed in buzzwords like this.

Are there really some people who take this kind of writing seriously? Is it beyond medical science to treat their condition? Michael Hardy 19:53, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Webster's 1913 dictionary defines collaboration as "The act of working together; united labor." This is how literate people write when they are trying to be clear, instead of showing off. There is no excuse for using a phrase like "recursive interaction of knowledge" or putting six footnotes in a single sentence. It is pretentious and it insults the reader. David Radcliffe 20:17, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Agree 1000%FeatherPluma (talk) 07:08, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

can I suggest a definition of god is Michael Hardy. He knows everything.
Collaboration is about people not maths. It is about people who see the world differently working together without attacking each other’s view of the world. Maybe you should try it? Or maybe you think you have the answers to everything in the world.....so that you can write all definitions on every word ever created.....and if anyone should disagree they cannot be taken seriously.....and are beyond medical help. Maybe you can then write a definition on god. I know....can I suggest a definition of god is Michael Hardy. He knows everything. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.149.26.185 (talk • contribs)

 * OK, you can be sarcastic too. But would you really suggest that "collaboration" should be defined only via the nomenclature of one relatively narrow field, when collaboration occurs everywhere? Michael Hardy 01:32, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

repugnant jargon
Seriously, the initial sentence seems calculated to incite feelings of revulsion in readers not initiated into an esoteric jargon. Michael Hardy 01:35, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

repugnant jargon
OK, I do see where you are coming from. I am as frustrated as you...in that people keep talking about collaboration.....often saying this website is a good example....but there is no definition of collaboration that is tight enough to stop people using it to sell software.

repugnant jargon
In an attempt to remove jargon I have updated the main page. I have removed the paragraph below I think coordination and cooperation can also by dynamic. For me ....what makes the difference is that collaboration is the process people with different points of view or different ways of seeing the world interact to learn from each other in order to get better at what ever those people are trying to do. Coordination and communication tends to be used by people who have the same point of view or ways of seeing the world.

"Collaboration is dynamic in its nature, as opposed to co-operation which is static. Its dynamicity lies in the fact that in collaboration the goal is set for achieving something completely new, improving an existing feature and building on each others competences in order to accomplish innovation".

collaboration occurs everywhere?
Collaboration does not occur everywhere.....and many people use the word to collaborate when they often mean they want to get a group of people to conform to their view of the world. In fact due to peoples desire to belong to a group the easiest and most common processes are communication and coordination. This is because they are used to build groups of people who see the world the same way. As a result collaborate does not occur everywhere. So...it is crucial to make sure that word collaborate is fundamentally different to the definitions of communicate and coordinate.

a rethink
In fact....having looked at the oxford english dictionary......collaborate is in fact people doing work....that is it. Coordination and cooperation are processes that have a wider reference....while collaboration is focussed on work only. So I have added that in....then moved on to the 2 distinct applications ie to force people to conform to a common way of working or to enable people to learn from each other. I think this is more accurate.
 * Actually, the Oxford English, Second Edition says 'Collaboration: United labour, co-operation; esp. in literary, artistic, or scientific work.' (Might be issues with abridged versions?..) The first etymological references of collaboration, collaborate and collaborator also are all in reference to literary collaboration - I'm of the impression that it is the creative component which distinguishes collaboration from cooperation. Also, I'm unclear as to what the reference to forcing people to conform means - are there examples? Mark Elliott 08:51, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * From my understanding, the difference between collaboration and cooperation may be best descibed by collaboration being a form of cooperation. To cooperate is to participate jointly via complementary action toward one end. Collaboration is such an action. What makes collaboration a separate concept is it is specifically the recursive interaction of knowledge and engagement between two or individuals toward an end. One that collaborates is one that mutually exchanges information and learns toward a goal. Collaboration is a cooperative form of behavior that is knowledge-focused. MLWilson 21:26, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'd think something along these lines would be very appropriate in the opening section of the article. Currently it doesn't seem to impart anything specific about the process or its outcomes - rather it seems focused on how collaboration can be employed as opposed to what it actually is. Mark Elliott 07:47, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

April 2007 updates
I will be editing collaboration and other related pages for an undergraduate thesis project. Because the project and pages are about collaboration, this would be a great place for us all to converse, please collaborate with me and provide feedback. --Parhamr 22:17, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

General Theory of Collaboration
Please watch the General theory of collaboration and it's discussion page. I am going to put a little time in compiling some of the integrative theories of collaboration by scholars. This page seems to miss the mark on what collaboration is and is not in my opinion. Will help contribute more later. MLWilson 05:47, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the summary paragraph of this article could be improved and better reflect what collaboration is. Perhaps we can discuss here first before changing. Any proposals, thoughts? MLWilson 21:36, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good—important things to express are that collaboration is constructed, collaboration requires pressure/competition to become high-performance, leadership is not critical. —Parhamr 07:04, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed—is this necessary?
I removed the following text; it rivals the content actually about collaboration, in size. Also, since it has a link at the top of the page, does the content belong on this page? --Parhamr 07:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

==Wartime collaboration== Main article: Collaborationism

As a pejorative term, the word "collaboration" can describe the treason of cooperating with enemy forces occupying one's country. As such it implies criminal deeds in the service of the occupying power, including complicity with the occupying power in murder, persecutions, pillage, and economic exploitation as well as participation in a puppet government.

The use of "collaboration" to mean "traitorous cooperation with the enemy," dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Regime in France, the French civilians who sympathised with Nazi Germany's doctrine, and voluntary troops (LVF) who fought against the Free French and later De Gaulle's French Force. Since then, the words collaboration and collaborateur have this very pejorative meaning in French ( and the abbreviation collabo has only this pejorative and insulting meaning).

During World War II, those accused of collaboration with Axis Powers included: See also Non-German cooperation with Nazis during World War II.
 * Wang Jingwei and his government (China)
 * Vidkun Quisling (Norway)
 * The Ustaše (Croatia)
 * The government of Vichy France
 * The successive governments of Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis in Greece
 * Léopold III of Belgium (found innocent)
 * Anton Mussert (Netherlands)
 * Milan Nedić (Serbia)
 * Jozef Tiso (Slovakia)
 * Pierre Laval (France)
 * Maurice Papon (France)
 * Andrei Vlasov (USSR)
 * Reza Shah Pahlavi (Iran)
 * P. G. Wodehouse (only informally accused)
 * SS units recruited in occupied countries

The term on this negative meaning is also used for German individuals and institutions cooperating with the Nazi regime, though in their case it was not a foreign occupation, and later to people cooperating with or helping other dictatorial regimes in their own countries, even when foreign occupation was not involved.

Piaget's contributions
|00:00, June 7, 2007 User:87.228.129.57 made this change: (→Academia - Piaget in fact did theorise cooperation. See Piaget, J. (1997/1995) "Sociological Studies" and Piaget, J. (1932) The Moral Judgment of the child)
 * I appreciate your contribution but your argument is not clear enough. The Piaget assertion comes from learning community; I had read it to say that his direct contribution to constructivism asserted the "individual was the 'unit of instruction' and the focus of research." Also, please note that cooperation and collaboration are related but distinctly different—all collaboration requires cooperation but not all cooperation requires collaboration.
 * I see three possible outcomes to this:

 * 1) Your change is accepted: this means that Piaget's direct contribution to constructivism did not assert the above (the appropriate changes should also be made to learning community)
 * 2) A clarifying statement is added: what do you think it should say? I am guessing it might say "however, Piaget's work outside constructivism included cooperation"
 * 3) No change: if the current statement is accurate
 * —Parhamr 09:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Collaboration research document
I just discovered a research document that may be of great use to this article: Globalisation in the network of science in 2005: The diffusion of international collaboration and the formation of a core group. I will try to read it and synthesize some prose for this article. I encourage you all to do the same! —Parhamr 17:30, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Worldwide view needed
As a major contributor to this article, I have—by default—introduced systematic bias. It would be excellent if more non-western (and particularly non-US) views and events were added to this article; well-cited, of course! —Parhamr 00:11, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Collaboration Definition in Summary
The changes made to the "definition" of collaboration September 13, 2007-September 22, 2007 both added to and took away from the definition. For example, the previous version better highlighted the interaction of knowledge itself and mutual learning which is so central to collaboration and separates it from just cooperation or knowledge sharing. However, the changes made with the September 22 version simplify the theoretical definition making it easier to understand. The latest changes I made to it here were an attempt to have it read better while again highlighting the learning component. I also moved building consensus after sharing knowledge since this is typically the result. Three points I would like to discuss:
 * 1) I am not sure we need to have "structured" in the definition. Personally, I have not seen this as a central tenet or attribute that describes what collaboration is. Must collaboration be structured?
 * 2) In regards to the idea that collaboration is a process and that this is not contentious -- true, however, some define it different such as a function. This is why I thought it may be a good idea to reference this as the definition develops. Maybe we are past this, however.
 * 3) The definition may be able to be improved by somehow better highlighting the central attributes of collaboration: recursive interaction of knowledge and mutual learning. MLWilson 15:50, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Excellent edits! Thank you for your contributions. Regarding #1—yes, it is structured. This is a primary difference between cooperation and collaboration. This word alludes to the establishment of goals and objectives as structure of the process. The structure does not have to be terribly formal, but it is structure nonetheless. —Parhamr 19:28, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I have a few more minor thoughts based on what you said: My understanding of the primary differences between cooperation and collaboration is that collaboration is a form of cooperation. It is also a recursive, knowledge-intensive process. Cooperation, however, does not necessarily include collaboration, i.e., the recursive knowledge interaction among individuals. In other words, one might say cooperation is a necessary condition to collaboration but not vice versa. Also, it is my opinion, based on definitions of collaboration, that collaboration as a process could be informal and not "structured" -- at least in the sense of formalization. Look at Wikipedia for example, or even this running dialogue. Again, maybe the concept I am using of "structured" is not the same. Look forward to the continued discussion on collaboration -- the article has come a long way! MLWilson 01:02, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep. Don't forget that Wikipedia has rules, though. Our actions are loosely organized but we subscribe to the overall idea. Even the most basics—social and cultural structures—are cause for some level of structure. You are reading into it too literally :-) —Parhamr 03:36, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation
This article needs a "disambiguation" page. "Collaborators" is also the name of a Battlestar Galactica episode. As there are also two disambiguation links at the top of the page, this would already warrant a separate page to redirect to other articles.

I have no idea how to do it myself, unfortunately. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.132.76.119 (talk) 02:00, 3 April 2008 (UTC) kk--205.217.249.51 (talk) 19:57, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

interwiki links
I removed the link to the Swedish article sv:Kollaboratör. First of all, the swedish word kollaboratör is translated collaborator and not collaboration. But more importantly; the term is only used in a derogatory fashion. The swedish article states: "A collaborator is a person that is cooperating with an occupying power, or another, towards the own country, hostile military force". As I understand it, this can be expressed in English as well, but it can have a much wider meaning.

I also suspect that this is the case with other interwiki links in the article.
 * The same problem with the Dutch page: collaboration is translated as 'samenwerken' (this wiki does not exist) Timboliu (talk) 10:03, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

As I said, I removed the Swedish link, but a bot replaced it. Kollaboratör and collaboration needs to be isolated for this to be solved. --Gunst (talk) 09:19, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Military Industrial Complex?
Military industrial complex as a concept is out of place in a definition/exploration of "collaboration." There's no analytical purpose for using that category to define collaboration. You might just as easily include the category "literary-publishing juggernaut" and explore how collaboration is used in that realm, etc etc ad infinitum et ad nauseum. Let's get rid of it and just include a list of examples.

75.68.245.33 (talk) 17:45, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I realize I'm a bit late to answer, but yes, military-industrial complex is out of place here. Most people who use the term have no clue what Eisenhower was really talking about.
 * If anybody wants to defend this, please do.
 * -- Randy2063 (talk) 01:23, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

additional entry into the community organization
I was thinking of adding an additional entry into the community organization section. I'm going to try to incorporate various examples of indigenous American community forms of organization, so as to show how collaboration is seen across different cultural contexts. I have a fair amount of sources to back up these claims as well, so feel free to let me know what any of you think about this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nbaratza (talk • contribs) 21:21, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

General theory of collaboration
Please have a look and see if there is anything salvageable for use in this article. ~Kvng (talk) 18:27, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Collaboration


text:
Brooklyn Cyclones

The Brooklyn Cyclones are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the New York Mets. They are based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, and play at Maimonides Park, just off the Coney Island Boardwalk. From their founding in 2001 through 2020, the Cyclones competed in the Class A Short Season New York–Penn League (NYPL).

Brooklyn won six division titles and two NYPL championships. In 2001, the Cyclones were declared co-league champions with the Williamsport Crosscutters, being forced to prematurely end their championship series due to the September 11 attacks, despite the Cyclones leading the series one game to none. Their second NYPL championship came in 2019, representing the first title for a professional sports team based in Brooklyn since the 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers.

History
The Cyclones began as the St. Catharines, Ontario, St. Catharines Blue Jays (later St. Catharines Stompers) in 1986 as a team in the New York–Penn League. They were named for their parent club, the Toronto Blue Jays. In 1995, the team was sold by the city of Toronto to a group of local investors which included former Toronto catcher Ernie Whitt.

In 1999, New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani announced a deal that would bring two minor league baseball teams to the boroughs outside Manhattan. New ballparks would be constructed for the Staten Island Yankees and the Cyclones. Prior to the 2000 season, the team was bought and moved to Queens, becoming known as the Queens Kings. The club played its 2000 season at Jack Kaiser Stadium on the St. John's University campus in Jamaica, in the borough of Queens, remaining a Blue Jays affiliate for one last season.

A "name-the-team" contest was held to determine a new name for the franchise. The winning selection, Cyclones, refers to the famous Coney Island Cyclone roller coaster at nearby Astroland amusement park on Coney Island. The Mets' Double-A affiliate, the Binghamton Rumble Ponies, are also named after amusement park rides, specifically, the 6 antique carousels found in or near Binghamton, New York.

The team's new park, which was then called KeySpan Park, was completed in time for the 2001 season. Brooklyn had been without professional baseball since the Brooklyn Dodgers left Ebbets Field for Los Angeles, California in 1958. After approximately three weeks of play, additional seats had to be added to the stadium to accommodate fans.

The Cyclones managed by Edgar Alfonzo played well in their opening season with the best record in the league (52–24), where they led the NY Penn-League with a 2.35 team ERA. They defeated the Staten Island Yankees in a classic NYPL opening playoff round. The deciding game won by the Cyclones 4–1 featured trickery by Catcher Brett Kay who faked giving up on a play only to receive a laser throw from John Toner to tag out a runner at the plate. advancing to the championship series against the Williamsport Crosscutters. The Cyclones traveled to Bowman Field in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, winning the series opener on September 10, 2001 by a score of 8–4. The potential championship clincher was scheduled for September 11 in Brooklyn. However, due to the September 11 attacks, all minor league baseball playoffs were canceled. The Cyclones and Crosscutters were declared co-champions.

The 2002 season was filled with inconsistent play and questionable pitching decisions by manager Howard Johnson leading to a .500 season. Scott Kazmir pitched to a 0.50 ERA in five starts and had 34 strikeouts in only 18 innings pitched.

In 2003, the Cyclones managed by Tim Teufel won the McNamara division title with brilliant pitching led by starters, soon to be major leaguers, Matt Lindstrom and Brian Bannister and by relievers Robert Paulk and Carlos Muñiz. Despite a drop in run production, the Cyclones pitching staff willed their way into the playoffs, beating the Oneonta Tigers 2 games to 1 only to lose in the NYPL Championship to the Williamsport Crosscutters 2 games to none.

The 2004 season brought the most complete Cyclones team ever. Managed by Tony Tijerina, three batters hit over .300 and five starting pitchers made their starts in rotation for the last 55 games of the season except one game. The Cyclones won the McNamara division title only to lose to the Tri-City ValleyCats in controversial fashion. With the series tied, the Cyclones were leading 3–0 in the 3rd inning when the games was held up and eventually cancelled by rain, which wiped out the score. After another rainout, Game 3 was played from the beginning where the Cyclones lost the deciding game 7–1. A new rule was placed by the NY-Penn League that any games suspended because of rain, if a team or teams have scored runs in the game, the suspended game will be picked from the inning when the game was called. The 2005 season managed by Mookie Wilson was hampered by inconsistent relief pitching that hampered games in the later innings despite a good offense. The Cyclones finished third and missed the playoffs. On August 23, 2005, The Cyclones and KeySpan Park hosted the first-ever New York–Penn League All-Star Game, which was won by the National League-affiliated team. The winning pitcher was Bobby Parnell. Also that year, the Cyclones became a major partner of Brooklyn's High School of Sports Management, a small school located down the block from KeySpan Park on West 19th Street and Mermaid Ave.

The 2006 season managed by George Greer mirrored the team name. A 7-game losing streak to start the season was followed by a 10-game winning streak which led the streaky Cyclones to the NYPL Playoffs in a dramatic extra-inning victory against the Vermont Lake Monsters in the final game of the season. The Cyclones would lose to the SI Yanks in the NYPL opening playoff round 2 games to none. On July 20, 2006, the Cyclones and the Oneonta Tigers took part in the longest game in the history of the New York–Penn League, a 26-inning marathon that the Cyclones lost, 6–1. The game took 6 hours and 40 minutes to complete. The Cyclones scored their lone run in the first inning; Oneonta tied the game in the fourth and then did not score again until they scored five runs in the top of the 26th inning. Cyclones manager George Greer was ejected from the contest in the first inning for arguing an umpire's call on a force play at second base.

The 2007 season managed by Edgar Alfonzo had the second most successful season in team history with a 49–25 record. With a consistent offense, great pitching and the best defense in the league, the Cyclones powered their way to winning its fourth McNamara division title and sweeping the SI Yankees in two straight games in the NYPL opening playoff round. Game One produced the best road win in team history when the Cyclones beat the SI Yanks, 8–4. However, the Cyclones went on to getting swept in disappointing fashion by the Auburn Doubledays for the NYPL Championship. After giving up a leadoff home run to shortstop Matt Bouchard, future Toronto Blue Jays starting pitcher Brett Cecil pitched one hit ball in 7 innings as the Doubledays won the game 4–1. On September 7, 2007, during the final regular season game (a 5–4 victory over the Lowell Spinners), the Cyclones set an all-time single-game attendance record of 10,073—2,573 more than the stadium's seating capacity in 2001. That season, the team won its fourth McNamara division title.

The 2008 season, managed again by Edgar Alfonzo, was marred by a poor start but recovered with a torrid finish at 45–30, narrowly missing the playoffs after losing the final game of the season to the Aberdeen Ironbirds 5–3 in extra innings. The team produced major leaguers and future New York Mets Ike Davis and Jenrry Mejía. But the team was marred with an inconsistent offense with less than average results with runners in scoring position.

On August 23, 2009, Cyclones pitcher Brandon Moore threw a 7-inning no-hitter in the first game of a doubleheader against the Aberdeen IronBirds, 5–0, at Ripken Stadium. Moore walked three and hit one batter, with only one IronBird reaching second base. This came seven years to the day Miguel Pinango threw a nine-inning one-hitter for the Cyclones, pitching $8 2/3$ innings of no-hit ball.

On February 4, 2010, the team announced that the new name of their home would be called Municipal Credit Union (MCU) Park, replacing KeySpan as the naming right sponsor, which had held the naming rights from the opening of the stadium in 2001. In addition to the naming rights, MCU and the Cyclones entered into a comprehensive 11-year marketing partnership that launches the Cyclones’ 10th season in Brooklyn. The partner agreement is scheduled to last until 2020.

The 2010 season saw the Cyclones, under the leadership of Wally Backman, lead the league with a record of 52–24, but the Cyclones fell in the Championship series to Tri-City ValleyCats. The Cyclones would make the playoffs as the wild card team in 2011 and 2012, but would not make it out of the semifinals. The Cyclones failed to make the playoffs in 2013 and lost a tie-breaker in 2014 on and missed the playoffs on the last day of the season.

Since 2014, the Cyclones have dedicated one night a year as a tribute to the popular sitcom Seinfeld, featuring various show tributes such as an "Elaine Benes dancing contest", determining if a fan had either picked or scratched their nose, the Cyclones wearing "Puffy Shirt"-styled jerseys, appearances from former actors and giveaways honoring the show. This game has since become one of the Cyclones' most popular events, regularly selling out in advance and drawing fans of both baseball and Seinfeld from near and far.

The 2015 season was the first time in franchise history the Brooklyn Cyclones finished below .500. The Cyclones would go on to have losing records in 2016 and 2017, but lost the tie-breaker and once again missed out on the playoffs on the last day of the season in 2018.

The Brooklyn Cyclones returned to the New York-Penn League playoffs in 2019, thanks to a strong finish to end the season, which included a series sweep of the Staten Island Yankees in what would be the final match-up between the longtime rivals. In the semi-finals, the Cyclones faced division rival and wild card winner in the Hudson Valley Renegades. The Cyclones fell to the Renegades 5–4 in Game 1. The Cyclones took Game 2 in Brooklyn by a score of 1–0, thanks to a solo homer from Jed Lowrie, who was on a rehab assignment from the Mets. The Cyclones won Game 3 on a walkoff double from Ranfy Adon, sending them to the New York-Penn League Championship.

The Cyclones faced the Lowell Spinners in a series that was dubbed "An MiLB Rematch of 1986", as the Spinners were a Red Sox farm team. The Cyclones took Game 1 in Lowell by a score of 2–1, before dropping game 2 in Brooklyn by a score of 3–1. Game 3 saw the Cyclones take a 2–0 lead in the bottom of the 2nd, but the Spinners tied it up the next half inning. After a solo homer by Marino Campana in the Top of the 7th put Lowell up 3–2, the Cyclones staged a rally to take a 4–3 lead, en route to winning the 2019 New York-Penn League Championship. The Cyclones were managed by former Met Edgardo Alfonzo, whose brother, Edgar, managed the Brooklyn Cyclones in 2001. Other coaches on the team included Pitching Coach Josue Matos, Hitting Coach Delwyn Young and Bench Coach Endy Chavez

The Cyclones would be the final New York-Penn League champions, as the COVID-19 Pandemic cancelled the 2020 season and the ensuing MiLB realignment led to the dissolving of the New York-Penn League.

In October 2020, Steve Cohen bought the New York Mets, Syracuse Mets, St. Lucie Mets & Brooklyn Cyclones from the Wilpon family. This has led to a unique situation, as the longtime Vice President of the Brooklyn Cyclones is also named Steve Cohen, but unrelated to the new owner.

The Cyclones' main rivals prior to the 2021 restructuring of Minor League Baseball were the Staten Island Yankees, a rivalry often called the "Battle of the Boroughs", after the boroughs of Brooklyn and Staten Island, or the "Battle for the Bridge", after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge which separated the two teams. Only 13 mi apart, the two teams had the closest proximity in the Minor Leagues. The two teams generally sold out the games which pitted them against each other. A major contribution to this intense rivalry was the fact that both parent teams were also based in New York (the Mets in Queens, and the Yankees in the Bronx). Other regional rivals included the Hudson Valley Renegades and the Tri-City ValleyCats.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Cyclones were organized into the 12-team High-A East. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Alumni
The first Cyclone to break into the major leagues was infielder Danny Garcia, who made his debut with the New York Mets on September 2, 2003 at Shea Stadium. Scott Kazmir, who played with Brooklyn in 2002, made his major league debut with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2004. Still with the Rays in 2008, Kazmir was tagged with the loss in Game 1 of the 2008 World Series. He is the first former Cyclone to reach the World Series, though Lenny DiNardo, who pitched with the Cyclones in 2001, won a World Series ring with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 while on the Disabled List.

Mike Jacobs, who was a member of the inaugural 2001 Cyclones team, made his Mets debut on August 21, 2005, hitting a three-run pinch-hit home run off Washington Nationals pitcher Esteban Loaiza. In 30 games with 100 at bats for the Mets, Jacobs hit 11 home runs and had 23 RBI before being traded to the Florida Marlins after the season.

In April 2006, Brian Bannister became the first Cyclone pitcher to make his debut with the Mets in a game against the Washington Nationals at Shea. The following April, sidearm reliever Joe Smith, who pitched for the Cyclones in 2006, made his major league debut on opening day for the Mets against the St. Louis Cardinals. Smith pitched a scoreless third of an inning in the Mets win. First baseman/outfielder Nick Evans was called up on May 24, 2008 as an injury replacement. Evans, who played with the Cyclones in 2005, had 3 doubles in his first major league game. Ike Davis played for the Cyclones in 2008. In 2012, Davis led the Mets with 32 home runs. Daniel Murphy made his Mets debut in 2008. In 2015, Murphy was the NLCS MVP in the Mets series victory against the Chicago Cubs. Juan Lagares was called up by the Mets in 2013 and won a Gold Glove in 2014. In 2015, Michael Conforto was called up by the Mets and hit two home runs in Game 4 of the 2015 World Series, becoming the third youngest player to hit two home runs in a World Series game. The Mets would lose the World Series as former Cyclone Wilmer Flores struck out to make the final out. The strike out was caught by former Cyclone Drew Butera of the Royals. Pete Alonso made his Mets debut in 2019. Alonso broke the rookie home run record with 53 home runs and won the NL Rookie of the Year.

As of 2022, the Cyclones had sent 60 players to the Major Leagues. The current major leaguers who are former Brooklyn Cyclones are:

 * Pete Alonso, first baseman for the New York Mets
 * Matt Bowman, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds
 * Drew Butera, catcher for the Colorado Rockies
 * Robinson Canó, second baseman for the Atlanta Braves
 * Juan Centeno, catcher for the Boston Red Sox
 * Luis Cessa, pitcher for the New York Yankees
 * Michael Conforto, free agent outfielder
 * Wilmer Flores, infielder for the San Francisco Giants
 * Phillip Evans, infielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates
 * John Gant, pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals
 * Robert Gsellman, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
 * Eric Hanhold, pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles
 * Adam Kolarek, pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Juan Lagares, center fielder for the San Diego Padres
 * Jed Lowrie, infielder for the New York Mets
 * Seth Lugo, pitcher for the New York Mets
 * Collin McHugh, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox
 * Rafael Montero, pitcher for the Texas Rangers
 * Tomás Nido, catcher for the Chicago Cubs
 * Brandon Nimmo, outfielder for the New York Mets
 * Corey Oswalt, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies
 * Tim Peterson, pitcher for the New York Mets
 * Yusmeiro Petit, pitcher for the Oakland Athletics
 * Kevin Plawecki, catcher for the Boston Red Sox
 * T.J. Rivera, infielder for the Washington Nationals
 * Hansel Robles, pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
 * Amed Rosario, shortstop for the Cleveland Guardians
 * Paul Sewald, pitcher for the Seattle Mariners
 * Joe Smith, pitcher for the Houston Astros
 * Wilfredo Tovar, infielder for the Minnesota Twins
 * Brad Wieck, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs

Yearly results, managers & coaches
NOTES:
 * Bob Ojeda, Howard Johnson, Tim Teufel, Mookie Wilson, and Wally Backman all played on the 1986 World Champion NY Mets.
 * Frank Viola, Edgardo Alfonzo, Royce Ring, Marlon Anderson & Endy Chavez played for the Mets during their careers.
 * Bobby Malek, Yunir Garcia, Sean Ratliff, Rafael Fernandez & Luis Rivera played for the Brooklyn Cyclones.
 * Edgar Alfonzo & Edgardo Alfonzo are brothers & the only managers to lead the Brooklyn Cyclones to NYPL championships.
 * Leon Lee was named Manager for the 2004 season, but resigned during Spring Training due to an indecent exposure incident.
 * Tom Signore left the team in July 2014 due to a concussion & was replaced by Dave LaRoche. Signore was named the pitching coach for 2015, but was forced to miss the season due to the concussion and LaRoche filled in.
 * David Davalillo joined the Cyclones late in the 2014 season after the DSL Mets finished their season.

Retired and honored numbers
A total of 10 numbers hang on the press level of Maimonides Park.

Brooklyn Dodgers: 4: Duke Snider; 14: Joan & Gil Hodges 17: Carl Erskine; 36: Don Newcombe; 42: Jackie Robinson;

Brooklyn Cyclones: 6: Danny Garcia; 19: Brian Bannister; 20: Dillon Gee; 35: Ángel Pagán;

NOTE: A Cyclones player may still wear these numbers, with the exception of 14, & 42. The numbers that may not be worn by Cyclones players are numbers that have been retired by the Mets.

On August 22, 2011, the Brooklyn Cyclones also honored Pia Toscano, who sang the anthem prior to a game in 2003 by putting a plaque on the press level.

On August 15, 2014, the Cyclones added Joan Hodges, the widow of Gil Hodges, to the ring of Honored Numbers.

Mascots
The Cyclones have two mascots, Sandy the Seagull and Pee-Wee. Sandy, the primary mascot, has been with the team since the inaugural Cyclones season in 2001. Pee-wee was introduced in 2003 as Sandy's adopted son. Sandy is named for Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Sandy Koufax, while Pee-Wee was named after Brooklyn Dodgers shortstop Pee Wee Reese. Even though Hurricane Sandy damaged MCU Park and Coney Island, the Cyclones kept the name Sandy on their mascot.

In 2006, the team introduced a new unnamed mascot: a blow-up "ZOOperstars!" type pelican. Despite a contest to name the character, it was never given an official name. The Pelican has not made an appearance since the 2006 season. In 2008, Maverick the Wonder Dog was introduced. He was a real Chocolate Labrador Retriever who was owned by one of the Cyclones staff members. The goal was to have Maverick learn tricks like picking up baseballs and bats. Like the Pelican, Maverick lasted only one season.

A Hot Dog race is held at every game at Maimonides Park, which is sponsored by Nathan's Famous. The first Nathan's store is located two blocks away from the ballpark. The three hot dogs currently racing are Ketchup, Mustard, and Relish. For many years Relish has become the loveable loser because he either wins very few races or none at all during the season.

On field entertainers
MCs

2001–2003: "Party Marty" Haber, a member of the Cyclones front office.

2003–2019, 2022-present: King Henry A local entertainer. In 2013, King Henry became the main on field entertainer. He was not brought back for the 2021 season before returning in 2022.

2007–2010: Jay Moran, who had served as PA Announcer in 2006.

2011: Jason Negron

2012: Dan Pecoraro, a member of the Cyclones front office.

2021: Christina Moore, a member of the Cyclones front office.

In 2013, Bucky the Buccaneer was introduced. Every time the Brooklyn Cyclones would score a run, this pirate themed mascot would run around the field from one dugout to the next, waving his rally flags in excitement. Bucky was played by a first year intern, Daniel DePasquale. He worked with the Brooklyn Cyclones for 2 seasons.

Beach Bums and Surf Squad

The original "Cyclones Beach Bums" were a promotional team of men and women who entertained the ballpark from 2003 through 2008, were seen all over the ballpark dancing, interacting with fans, and handing out promotional items. In 2009, the team decided to hire an all women dance team to replace the Beach Bums, but still retaining the Beach Bum name. The dance team is similar to that of the New York Knicks, New York Dragons and New York Islanders.

Following the 2016 season, the all women's dance team was done away with & the team was reverted to what it was in the past. The team was rebranded as the Surf Squad.

Public address announcers
2001–2005: Dom Alagia.

2006: Sean Howard for 1 month, replaced by Jay Moran a PA Announcer at St. John's.

2007 – July 2010: David Freeman, who had served as PA Announcer for the Queens Kings. Freeman left to become an MLB Scorer with the Mets & Yankees.

August 2010 – 2021: Mark Fratto, who also serves as the PA Announcer for NYCFC, the Washington Wizards, the Westchester Knicks & Sky Blue FC.

2021 Colin Cosell, who also serves as the New York Mets PA Announcer.

Media
WKRB (90.3 FM) was the official radio station of the Cyclones. It served as radio home for every Cyclones season through 2016, with the exception of 2012 when WSOU was the official radio station of the Cyclones. Cyclones games will air occasionally on BCAT & SNY.

2001–2011: Warner Fusselle and Reginald Armstrong served as radio voices of the Brooklyn Cyclones for the first two years and Warner continued until his death on June 10, 2012, a week prior to the 2012 Cyclones season.

2012: David Rind, Vincent Coughlin and Chris Paizis, who all called Seton Hall baseball, split the broadcasting duties, with Rind serving as the road announcer.

2013: David Greenwald served as the radio voice of the Cyclones for 1 year on WKRB.

2014–2017: Stu Johnson. In addition to Brooklyn Cyclones games, Stu also announced Brooklyn Bolts games on WKRB. Jake Eisenberg joined Johnson in the booth for the 2017 season.

2018–2022: Keith Raad, along with Dom Savino (2018–2021) and Nick DeLuca (2022). Raad left the Cyclones in 2023 to join the Mets radio broadcast team.

Print Media 2001–present: The Brooklyn Paper has covered every Cyclones game since the team's inception. Columnists for The Paper following the team through the years include Gersh Kuntzman and Ed Shakespeare. The Paper's Cyclones section is edited by Vince DiMiceli.

title: Brooklyn Cyclones


text:
Conrad Hilton Jr.

Conrad Nicholson "Nicky" Hilton Jr. (July 6, 1926 – February 5, 1969) was an American socialite, hotel heir, and businessman. He was the eldest son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton and the first husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor.

Life and career
Conrad Nicholson Hilton Jr. was born in Dallas, Texas. His parents were Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotels, and Mary Adelaide Barron. Hilton had three younger siblings: Barron, Eric, and Francesca. He is a grand-uncle of Paris Hilton and Nicky Hilton.

Growing up he did not take interest in the family business and he dropped out of Loyola University in Los Angeles to join the Navy. His father enrolled him at École hôtelière de Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland but he was suspended after six months. In 1951, he became the vice president of the Hilton Corporation and manager of the Bel Air Hotel. In his later years, he was a director and chairman of the executive committee of the Hilton International Company.

Hilton died at the age of 42 from a sudden heart attack due to alcoholism on February 5, 1969. His funeral was held at St. Paul's Church in Los Angeles. He is interred in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Personal life
Hilton dated various Hollywood starlets and gained a reputation for being a playboy.

Hilton had an affair with his stepmother, Zsa Zsa Gabor, according to claims made by Gabor after his death. Gabor stated in her 1991 autobiography One Lifetime Is Not Enough, that their affair began when her marriage to Hilton's father was on the rocks and ended during his marriage to Elizabeth Taylor.

In October 1949, Hilton met Taylor at Mocambo nightclub in Los Angeles. The couple were married in a highly publicized ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6, 1950. They had a tempestuous 8-month marriage due to his gambling, drinking, heroin addiction, and abusive behavior. During one of his violent outbursts, Hilton kicked Taylor in the stomach and caused her to have a miscarriage. Taylor announced their separation in December 1950; she was granted a divorce on grounds of mental cruelty on January 29, 1951.

In September 1951, actress Betsy von Furstenberg announced her engagement to Hilton. They planned to marry the following spring but they were never married.

In May 1954, Hilton was arrested on drunk charges and received two years of probation.

In the 1950s, Hilton dated actresses Terry Moore, Mamie Van Doren, Arlene Solof, and Jeanne Carmen. In 1957, he dated actresses Natalie Wood and Joan Collins at the same time. Shortly after, he dated Mexican actress Silvia Pinal, whom he met at the opening of a hotel in Acapulco.

In 1958, Hilton married Patricia McClintock, an oil heiress from Oklahoma. They had two sons, Conrad Nicholson Hilton III and Michael Otis Hilton. Their marriage deteriorated as Hilton became addicted to the sleeping pill Seconal and mixed it with hard liquor. McClintock sued for divorce on February 10, 1964. She charged Hilton with "causing her extreme mental and physical suffering" but they later reconciled. In August 1967, McClintock filed for divorce again, accusing Hilton of "repeated acts and threats of violence." The divorce was never granted but they were separated at the time of Hilton's death.

title: Conrad Hilton Jr.


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Johan Henrik Nebelong

Johan Henrik Nebelong (20 July 1817 – 2 March 1871) was a Danish architect. He worked in Norway from 1840 to 1853 and was best known for interior design work on Oscarshall (1847–1852). Nebelong also taught at the Royal Academy of Arts in Copenhagen.

Biography
He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Johan Henrik Nebelong and Anna Christine Schreyber and was a younger brother of architect Niels Sigfried Nebelong. Nebelong was a student of Professor Gustav Friedrich Hetsch in Copenhagen. He later enrolled at the Royal Academy of Arts. At the Academy, he won the prestigious silver medal in 1839. The accolade was followed immediately by a proposal to come to Christiania (now Oslo) and assist the architect Hans Linstow. Nebelong was hired to assist Linstow in drawing interior works of the Norwegian Royal Palace. In 1842, he received a government grant to study in Germany.

His buildings include the customs house (Tollpakkhuset), Commanders living quarters at Akershus festning (Kommandantboligen) and De naturhistoriske samlinger at Bergen Museum. He was also involved in renovation projects including the excavations of the Hovedøya monastery and reconstruction on Heddal Stave Church (Heddal stavkirke) in Telemark (1851).

Nebelong also worked closely with architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer, decorative painter Peter Frederik Wergmann (1802–1869), and painter Johannes Flintoe. This quartet worked under the guidance of Hans Linstow. Although Linstow's influence stimulated much in Nebelong, the latter soon developed his signature designs and style. Nebelong is often associated with the new Swiss style and the unique style with which he infused his refurbished masonry designs such as the large apartment building for Danish builder Nestor Malthe.

Buildings
The apartment building (Heiberggården) of Professor Christen Heiberg was the first building Nebelong designed in Swiss style. The building on the corner of Karl Johans gate and Rosenkrantz gate in Oslo was erected in 1844. The swiped brick building, featured a protruding, post borne roof over a porch. It had two wings with low brick tiled gable roof.

In 1847 Nebelong designed the Santa's Boys School in Rosenkrantz. It had a brick facade with round arched window openings.

title: Johan Henrik Nebelong


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Captain (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice. At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains (usually two or three) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench. Captains wear a "C" on their sweaters, while alternate captains wear an "A".

Officially captains have no other responsibility or authority, although they may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game. As with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a team leader.

Responsibilities and importance
According to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and National Hockey League (NHL) rules, the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain, or, if the captain is not on the ice, an alternate captain.

Although the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and their teammates, the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team, particularly in North American professional hockey. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players' concerns to management.

The captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public, and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team's social functions and performing ceremonial on-ice functions, such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs.

Selection
NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. When Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired, Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team for the 1985–86 season. Middleton wore the "C" during home games and Bourque for road games during the season's first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain. Some teams name two (such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NHL seasons) or three (such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990–91 season) captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time (the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009–10 season, when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise's inception). During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain.

Captains are usually veteran players, though on occasion younger players are chosen. The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team, and one that can affect the team's (and newly appointed captain's) performance. Captains are selected by different means: in some instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions, the choice was made by team management. Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains. Though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial, more so than the other North American professional sports leagues. For instance, in Canada men's national ice hockey team, then-General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Winter Olympics, considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer-tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman, Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky, Clarke was also general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally. In 2000, when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team's handling of Lindros' injuries, the team captaincy was issued to Eric Desjardins. Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier after disagreements about the player's skills and conditioning practices. In 1980, Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the "C" from his Toronto Maple Leafs jersey with scissors, in protest of Harold Ballard's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald, Ballard likened Sittler's actions to flag burning.

The rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains, due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season (see § Goaltender captains below).

Alternate captains
Teams may designate alternate captains (often erroneously called "assistant captains"). Alternate captains wear the letter "A" on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the "C".

In the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and thus no captain. A team with a player-coach may also have no captain or alternate captains. A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game. In the National Hockey League, it is common for a team to have three alternate captains if no one is assigned captain, the current captain is absent, or a goaltender is named as the captain. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this; they stipulate that "each team must appoint a captain and not more than two alternate captains" In the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), Western Hockey League (WHL) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada, teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains. If the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain's official role as liaison to the referees.

NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season. In North America, alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain. In the 1969–70 season, the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains (Johnny Bucyk, Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall) instead of a captain sporting the "C". However, as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains, he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972.

In the NCAA, a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain, should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty.

Designation on uniform
The letter "C" or "A" is attached to the jersey of the team's captain and alternate captains (commonly sewn at higher levels of play, though removable insignia exist so the "C" or "A" designation can be easily changed). The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater, though the IIHF, NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a "conspicuous location on the front" of the player's sweater. Four teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter: the Detroit Red Wings, who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007–08 season, while the Arizona Coyotes, Carolina Hurricanes, and New Jersey Devils all have alternate jerseys where the captain's patch is on the right.

In the World Hockey Association's final season of 1978-79, Paul Shmyr, the captain of the Edmonton Oilers, wore a "K" (for kapitan) on his sweater instead of a "C", as a salute to both his personal, and the city of Edmonton's, Ukrainian heritage.

Records
Steve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years/19 seasons (1986–87 to 2005–06) and 1,303 games during that time, the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games. The Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque was previously the longest-tenured captain in NHL history from 1985–86 to 1999–00, being co-captain for the first three seasons. Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest-serving European captain serving for 14 years/13 seasons (1999–00 to 2012–13) as captain of the Ottawa Senators. Alfredsson's record was tied by Zdeno Chara, who served as the captain of the Boston Bruins also for 14 seasons between 2006–07 and 2019–20. Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history, serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January to May 1984, during Craig Hartsburg's absence from the lineup, due to injury. The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid, announced as captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5, 2016, at the age of 19 years and 266 days.

 * Player is still active as captain of their team.

Table Notes:

† An exact date for Brian Bellows' interim captaincy has not yet been determined. The North Stars captain, Craig Hartsburg, was injured on January 3, 1984, and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984.

** Stan Smyl resigned as Canucks captain at the end of the 1989-90 season. Trevor Linden, Dan Quinn, and Doug Lidster were named "Tri-Captain" for the 1990-91 season. Dan Quinn would be traded to the St. Louis Blues at the 1991 trade deadline. Trevor Linden would retain captaincy and became permanent captain for the start of the 1991-92 season. Exact dates for announcements and first game wearing the "C" in "Tri-Captaincy" rotation could not be determined. Date listed is Linden's first game of the 1991-92 regular season as permanent captain.

Stanley Cup Finals
Jean Béliveau is the only one to have captained his team to win five Stanley Cup championships, doing so with the Montreal Canadiens between 1961 and 1971. The following captains all won four, three of them in consecutive years: Maurice Richard (1957–1960) with the Canadiens, George Armstrong with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Yvan Cournoyer (1976–1979) with the Canadiens, Denis Potvin (1980–1983) with the New York Islanders and Wayne Gretzky with the Edmonton Oilers. Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title (1934). Derian Hatcher became the first American-born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999. Daniel Alfredsson was the first European-born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Finals (2007), while Nicklas Lidström was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title (2008). Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams: the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994. Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months. The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.

Minority captains
Dirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989. Jarome Iginla, who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003, has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history. Bryce Salvador captained the New Jersey Devils from 2013 to 2015. Kyle Okposo is captain of the Buffalo Sabres from the 2022–2023 season.

Goaltender captains
In NHL history, there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains:

 * John Ross Roach (Toronto St. Patricks): 1924–25 season
 * George Hainsworth (Montreal Canadiens): 1932–33 season
 * Roy Worters (New York Americans): 1932–33 season
 * Alex Connell (Ottawa Senators): 1932–33 season
 * Charlie Gardiner (Chicago Black Hawks): 1933–34 season
 * Bill Durnan (Montreal Canadiens): latter half of 1947–48 season

Prior to the 1948–49 season, the NHL made a change to the rules, prohibiting goaltenders from being captains or alternate captains. This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens, who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games, resulting in unscheduled timeouts. This rule is sometimes referred to as the "Durnan Rule."

Although the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as team captain for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, since he could not be his team's official captain during games, Willie Mitchell was the on-ice captain, serving as liaison to the officials, and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Ohlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs.

title: Captain (ice hockey)


text:
Mitchell College

Mitchell College is a private college in New London, Connecticut. In fall 2020 it had an enrollment of 572 students and a faculty of 68. Admission rate was 70%. The college offers associate and bachelor's degrees in fourteen subjects.

History
The college was originally established in 1938 under the name New London Junior College. The school adopted its current name, Mitchell College, in 1950. The college is named after Alfred Mitchell, whose wife Annie Olivia Tiffany Mitchell was a daughter of jeweler and businessman Charles Lewis Tiffany and whose summer home in New London now serves as part of the college's campus.

Academics
Mitchell College reports having 23 full-time faculty, 73 part-time faculty, and 57% of classes having between 10 and 19 students. The college offers degrees in business, communication, education, environmental studies, human development and family studies, liberal arts, psychology, criminal justice, and sports and fitness.

Performing Arts

The Performing arts department consists of a dance and cheer team, select choir assemble, and a drama society. The department puts on 2 concerts per academic year for the choir which is free of charge. The dance and cheer team performs at various campus events and has at least 2 showcases per year. Lastly the drama society puts on 2 performances per academic year.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Alvin Young (basketball player)
 * Rita Williams (basketball player)
 * Dan Mara (coach)
 * Charlie Kadupski (soccer player)
 * Derrick Levasseur (TV personality)
 * John Ellis (baseball player)
 * Christopher Annino (filmmaker)
 * Edward Belbruno (mathematician)

title: Mitchell College


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Decoder pen

The decoder pen, yes-no pen, yes-know pen or magic pen book is a combination of decoder pen or marker specially designed to reveal invisible ink-encoded pictures or writing, in the form of answers to questions or hidden parts of pictures, with specially created children's books with hidden words and pictures. They were most popular in the 1970s, but continue to be sold at gift shops. Often they were in the form of trivia games, which enabled the player to guess before revealing the answer. Brands of books for use with decoder pens include Yes & Know, and surprise Ink.

However, the pen and paper can be damaged easily if excessive rubbing is used. Therefore, most invisible ink books contain an advisory saying to use a very gentle back and forth motion - not a circular grinding motion, when using the books.

Fans of the adventure games released by Sierra Entertainment in the 1980s such as King's Quest and Space Quest are also familiar with the decoder pen, which was used to reveal the answers to hints in the hints book sold for each game. Eventually these were replaced by a colored translucent plastic window, which eliminated a visually interfering red pattern.

Infocom sold similar hint books called "Invisiclues" for their interactive fiction games.

title: Decoder pen


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Buggy (carriage)

A buggy refers to a lightweight four-wheeled carriage drawn by a single horse, though occasionally by two. Amish buggies are still regularly in use on the roadways of America. The word "buggy" has become a generic term for "carriage" in America.

Historically, in England a buggy was a two-wheeled vehicle.

American buggy
A buggy is a four-wheeled American carriage made on a rectangular pattern, the body resembling a shallow box. There is a vertical leather dash with a metal rein rail on top. A single seat for two people is mounted in the middle of the box leaving room behind the seat for luggage. It is suspended by two sideways elliptic springs, one over the front axle and the other over the rear axle. The wheels are near equirotal, with the front wheels slightly smaller than the rear. Its turning radius is large, achieving only a quarter-lock before the front wheels touch the sides of the buggy body. There were many varieties built, such as adding a collapsible hood. The auto seat buggy had a curved seat similar to early motor cars.

The simple and lightweight American buggy was mass produced, manufactured inexpensively, sold at modest prices, and widely distributed through the United States. It became the most common carriage in North America. According to the Museums at Stony Brook, "Trade journals praised the American system that allowed the production of the 'cheapest and best light vehicles for the money that are produced in the world' and boasted that 'every man among us who can afford to keep a horse can afford to have a good buggy'."

The buggy was so ubiquitous that the word "buggy" became the generic term for "carriage" in the US lexicon.

Other American vehicles patterned on the same "boxy" style include the Surrey (two or more seats, with or without a canopy or hood), and the spring wagon or road wagon (one or more seats, longer body, two elliptic springs on the rear axle instead of one sideways spring).

Amish buggy
In the 21st century, the buggy is still used as normal, everyday means of transportation by Anabaptists like the Amish, parts of the Old Order Mennonites, a few Old Order River Brethren and parts of the German-speaking "Russian" Mennonites in Latin America but also by the Old Order German Baptist Brethren and Old Brethren German Baptists (both are conservative Schwarzenau Brethren). The different styles of their buggies and the colors of the tops (black, grey, brown, yellow, white) can be used to distinguish one community from another, and even become part of a group's identity.

The Amish continue to manufacture buggies for their daily transportation; both open and enclosed designs are made. The open design is similar to how buggies across America have been made for well over a century. The enclosed version is unique to their communities and is enclosed on three sides with leather screens or rolldown blinds. Amish buggies are usually fitted with lamps for night driving and are driven by a single horse, predominantly Standardbreds.

English buggy
Parry and Walrond (both 1979) tell us that in England a gig fitted with a folding leather hood was sometimes called a buggy. According to William Felton (1796), a buggy is a chaise made to carry a single person. Adams (1837) suggests "Buggy", along with Stanhope and Tilbury, is one of the few English-named carriages, compared to the many French named carriage types such as Cabriolet and Vis-à-vis.

title: Buggy (carriage)