text:
Talk:Saraiki language

Dialects of Saraiki Languages

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 39.37.36.15 (talk) 09:01, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

"Balochki language" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Balochki language and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:19, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Variety
May be an issue of reading /comprehension is visiable. It is a Language -variety. Read the section Saraiki variety in the source. There are numerous publications some claiming Dialect some as unrelated language. Context is important, Lahnda (Western Punjabi) is a linguistic reality. Western Punjabi link can not be ignored altogather. The term Language variety is a mid view accepted by linguistics across the globe. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 17:33, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Lahnda or Western Punjabi is not a single language. It's a group of Indo-Aryan language varieties and Saraiki is one of them. For clarification, see the Lahnda article. It is also clearly mentioned in the lede that it's a language variety of Lahnda group. Snusho (talk) 11:48, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 07:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please don't edit war. See how the language descriptions are written in case of Indo-Aryan languages. For example see the article of Sambalpuri language. The term "Indo-Aryan language variety" is added as it is sometimes considered dialect and sometimes distinct language. Although, the official census of Pakistan declared it as a distinct language. You can see the references of Masica and wagha, and ethnologue as well. Snusho (talk) 09:29, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please don't edit war. Baseline remains that Indo aryan is not a language in itself. It has many sub families east (Bengali) South (Marathi) central so on. Such broad or generalized family link can be misguiding. Nothing dening language variety and grouped in West Punjab (Pakistani Punjab). LingoSouthAsia (talk) 09:54, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Both of you, don't edit war. I have restored the stable version of the opening sentence from 8 Nov 2023.
 * @LingoSouthAsia: nothing is "misguiding" with linking to a well-established and easily recognizable mid-level subgroup such as Indo-Aryan.
 * @Snusho: I am not very commited about whether we say "language" or "language variety", but obviously, the former aligns better with the page title. Just in case we want to keep "language variety" in order to stay neutral in the dialect/language debate, I advise to link as follows: Indo-Aryan language variety . –Austronesier (talk) 14:15, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia's purpose is to benefit readers by presenting information on all branches of knowledge. It consists of freely editable content, whose articles also have numerous links to guide readers to more information.Anyone can edit Wikipedia's text, references, and images. What is written is more important than who writes it. The content must conform with Wikipedia's policies, including being verifiable by published sources. Editors' opinions, beliefs, personal experiences, unreviewed research. Most importantly its contributors enhance the quality and quantity of the articles and remove misinformation. Broad or generalized family link can be misguiding. Nothing dening language variety and grouped in West Punjab (Pakistani Punjab) so rounding up first para accordingly LingoSouthAsia (talk) 10:24, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Most importantly, Wikipedia is a collaborative project, and you want to unilaterally change the first sentence of the lede by all means. This is not how Wikipedia works. The WP:ONUS is on you to get consensus for these changes which according to you might "enhance the quality and quantity of the articles and remove misinformation", but not necessarily for everyone else. What I can see that you want to have the word "Punjabi" there, even though the article that you link to has the title "Lahnda". Obviously you should use the terminology of the target article, not your preferred one just to unduely stress the point that some consider Saraiki a mere dialect of Punjabi. I will restore the long-term stable version. Saying first the Saraiki is an Indo-Aryan language matches with the opening sentences of virtually all articles about Indo-Aryan languages (cf. Bengali language, Awadhi language, Marathi language, Sinhala language), including language varieties with a similarly debated status (e.g. Sylheti language). –Austronesier (talk) 11:55, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Please refrain from using personal attacks.Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Respect your fellow Wikipedians, even when you disagree. Apply Wikipedia etiquette, and do not engage in personal attacks. The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a dialect continuum, where languages are often transitional towards neighboring varieties. Because of this, the division into languages vs. dialects is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification. . Primary objective is correct information as per verifiable sources by adding more and may be changing dynamically so argument of well established or standard against what sources are clearly indicating is misleading. Very first use of title "Lahnda" was done by George A. Grierson as Western punjabi. Lahnda means western and all sources accept that Lahnda has no local currency hence it is more suitable to define it is western punjabi. Again the primary objective is clear and understandable and more elaborative information rather than using braod classifications as World language or Human language or Indo-Europian language or Indo-Aryan language. Lahnda / western punjabi is direct clear classification be it Cardona or Masica P Collin or  George A. Grierson or many others. Language variety is a mid path which suits transitional areas like Punjab. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 04:58, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Austronesier did not make any sort of personal attack (this is just WP:ASPERSIONS at this rate) and I agree with what they say. Moreover, you just attempted to the same at, which I just reverted. If you think that "Lahnda" shouldn't be used, then I suggest making a moving request with more convincing and detailed arguments. HistoryofIran (talk) 13:59, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. Exactly. And this is why using "Indo-Aryan" as a primary label is an elegant and neutral solution, since the Indo-Aryan subgroup itself is uncontroversial. And it is by no means "incorrect". –Austronesier (talk) 15:45, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * all sources accept that Lahnda has no local currency hence it is more suitable to define it is western punjabi. Yes, all sources confirm that "Lahnda" is a scholarly construct, but it doesn't appear unsuitable to Masica, Southworth and other scholars who freely use it, and not "Western Punjabi". –Austronesier (talk) 15:59, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you Austronesier and HistoryofIran for you feedback. I will put things in a very simple way.
 * Primary objective Vs Standard Why a person will visit Saraiki page? he dont know what is Saraiki ? He opens this page and is told that it is an Indo Aryan Language. He may think It is just like Maldivian language because that page also tell that it is an Indo Aryan Language. That is gross misleading that is because if you visit linguistic scholary data e.g. this one  you will find only 46% Lexical similarity of Multani (Southern Lahnda) currently named as Saraiki. Alternatively if you compare with Standard Punjabi its highest 90% even more than other Western Punjabi (Lahnda) varieties Hindko 87% Pothohari 82%. So why give wrong information to him and make it very clear in the Lead that it has very strong relation with if not with Punjabi but atleast western punjabi.
 * Dialect or Seprate Language or More nuetral Language variety and Concept of long standing Read article it says it was historically considered as dialect of punjabi (you can say LONG STANDING for centuries) and in 1960s (just recentaly= NOT LONG STANDING) claimed and standardized as seprate language and if you research the backdrop it is more political than linguistic (For new seprate province read article Saraikistan). Still if you search over internet then you may come up hundreds of results showing it as dialect of Punjabi.  So it is better to be nuetral and use a mid way like language variety.
 * Lahnda or western punjabi Very first use of title "Lahnda" was done by George A. Grierson as Western punjabi. On each page of his book he used only western punjabi in foot notes detailing Lahnda.Then you see my last two para above which clearly explain why it is more suitable to define it is western punjabi. And please be professional and dont play childish sock allegation game. I am not a cheater. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 04:27, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No response for weeks or reply not suppourted by reliable sources will lead me to revert the Leade to nuetral point of view. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 04:30, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not how the policies work here (read WP:POLSILENCE and WP:CONSENSUS). You got your responses, no one agrees with you, WP:COMMON NAME is still a thing - please WP:DROPTHESTICK. HistoryofIran (talk) 04:33, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Talk about content which needs to be correct as per primary objective of WP and not secondary behaviourial policies. If you lack knowledge on the content in hand then better move to other pages. For years there is history (recheck) many users dont accept stand alone language status. I am not a single one. Article history and sources wide internet show otherside. So better stay nuetral and dont take sides. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 06:36, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * For those curious, I've reported LingoSouthAsia to WP:ANI . HistoryofIran (talk) 14:21, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You forgot to mention WP:IDHT and WP:TRUTH. I can only advise every uninvolved page watcher to hat and archive this time sink. But before that, let's get this straight for the book: @LSA repeatedly claimed that we haven't presented reliable sources that support the long-standing version of the the opening lede sentence. This is wrong. I have mentioned the reliable source Masica (1991) (and could mention many others) that uses "Lahnda" to refer to the linguistic grouping in the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that Saraiki belongs to. Its a scholarly construct, and as long as we don't have a page move discussion for "Lahnda" to be replaced by "Western Punjabi", we can assume that it is the common name for this grouping in the relevant scholarly literature. Use linguistic sources and linguistic terminigology for linguistic concepts. Using recognizable labels (like "Punjabi") relates to sociolinguistic aspects, which are summarized in the third paragraph of the lede.
 * I have also presented a reliable source (the reference article "Saraiki" in JIPA, published by Cambridge University Press) that primarily labels Saraiki exactly the way we do, viz. "Saraiki is an Indo-Aryan language...". Like this encyclopedia, JIPA is a resource that addresses readers not specialized in South Asian affairs/studies; both use "Indo-Aryan" as a perfect mid-level label that gives you a rough idea where to place Saraiki language family-wise, and "language" as a neutral label that transcends political debates. "Lahnda" pins its classification further down in the tree. Finally, the third paragraph mentions the role of Punjabi as a contested dachsprache. –Austronesier (talk) 19:54, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Lahnda move
HistoryofIran ! Two users Snusho and Austronesier has accepted the Variety position proposed by me after a series of argument. HistoryofIran your only position was about use of Lahnda & You proposed to move Lahnda page. Why moving? We use | everywhere in such situations on WP. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 04:58, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Please show me the proof that they accepted your proposal, because the talk page and article history clearly says otherwise. If you can't do that, then please revert yourself. HistoryofIran (talk) 13:01, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually, why not ask directly  Sorry for bothering you guys, is this true? I can't find anything about it. --HistoryofIran (talk) 13:02, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Wrong assertion. There is no revert from both users after my last comment (4 Jan 2024) on Talk page section Variety. They are convinced so Dont get personal and if you have issue on the topic you may take this to dispute resolution if you like. I have valid sources on my suppourt. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 13:05, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * So because they didn't revert you again they agree with you... what. I'm taking this to WP:AN/3. HistoryofIran (talk) 13:06, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * When you dont have valid sources and arguments you will just rely on childish blame game approach and refer to Admin notice board rather than professional Dispute resolution. I knew it. LingoSouthAsia (talk) 13:10, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Speaking only for myself, I have not accepted the changes by @LingoSouthAsia. I don't see the merit of not displaying Lahnda as Lahnda (plus I have pointed out that numerous sources – including the very sources mentioned by @LingoSouthAsia, e.g. Masica (1991) – use "Lahnda" rather than "Western Punjabi". Also, I have pointed out that "Indo-Aryan" is a good primary classifier for Saraiki, following the example of every WP article about Indo-Aryan varieties (and if sources are needed, why not follow a gold standard source such as the Journal of the International Phonetic Association: Saraiki (ISO 639-3:skr) is an Indo-Aryan language widely used in Pakistan and India).

Deriving tacit agreement from my rejection to engage in an edit war is absurd. Instead, I have invited them to self-revert to follow our soft rules of good practice in a dispute—with known result: continued edit-warring leading to a block.

My first edit ever to this article was when I intervened in the slow edit war between @LingoSouthAsia and @Snusho in December, and restored the status quo ante. Actually, @Snusho already made a slight compromise with this version: In my first comment in this talk page, I have basically agreed with this slight change (and only this change), although I have suggested to adjust the wiki-links. –Austronesier (talk) 20:26, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Saraiki ... is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Lahnda group, thus accepting the change from "language" to "language variety".

title: Talk:Saraiki language


text:
Ernst Busch (actor)

Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Busch (22 January 1900 – 8 June 1980) was a German singer and actor.

Biography
Busch originated from a Kiel worker family. He started in life as a shipyard worker before he decided to make use of his acting and singing talent.

Busch first rose to prominence as an interpreter of political songs, particularly those of Kurt Tucholsky, in the Berlin Kabarett scene of the 1920s. He starred in the original 1928 production of Bertolt Brecht's The Threepenny Opera, as well as the subsequent 1931 film by Georg Wilhelm Pabst. He also appeared in the movie Kuhle Wampe.

A lifelong communist, Busch fled Nazi Germany in 1933, accompanied by his wife, Eva Busch, and with the Gestapo on his heels, initially settling in the Netherlands. By 1938 they had divorced, without acrimony, as their lives diverged. Eva settled in Paris while Ernst initially made his home in the Soviet Union where he worked with Gustav von Wangenheim on the 1935 film "Kämpfer" ("Fighters"). In 1937 he joined the International Brigades to fight against the nationalists in Spain. His wartime songs were then recorded and broadcast by Radio Barcelona and Radio Madrid. After the Spanish Republic fell to General Franco, Busch migrated to Belgium where he was interned during the German occupation and later imprisoned in Camp Gurs, France and Berlin. Freed by the Red Army in 1945, he settled in East Berlin, where he acted in the first play to be produced in the American-occupied zone, Robert Ardrey's Thunder Rock. He would go on to start his own record label and work with Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator at the "Berliner Ensemble". A beloved figure in the German Democratic Republic, he is best remembered for his performance in the title role of Brecht's Life of Galileo and his recordings of workers songs, including many written by Hanns Eisler. He also made a memorable recording of "Peat Bog Soldiers".

Recordings of Spanish Civil War songs (incomplete list)
From "Canciones de las Brigadas Internacionales" and "Solidarität".

 * Adelante Campesinos
 * Am Rio Jarama – "On the Jarama Front"
 * / Lied von der XI Brigade – "Song of the XIth Brigade"
 * Los Campesinos – "The Peasants"
 * Las Compañías de Acero
 * Los Cuatro Generales
 * Himno de Riego / Riego Hymne – "Colonel Riego's Hymn"
 * Hans Beimler
 * Des Lied von der Einheitsfront' / Einheitsfrontlied
 * Lied der Internationalen Brigaden' / Lied Der Interbrigaden – "Song of the International Brigades"
 * Mamita Mia
 * Die Moorsoldaten – "Peat Bog Soldiers"
 * Nuestra Bandera – "Our Flag"
 * Peter, Mein Kamerad – "Peter, My Comrade"
 * "Spaniens Himmel" or "Die Thälmann-Kolonne" – "Spain's Heaven" or "The Thälmann Battalion" (Page 30f)

Recordings of Second World War and other songs (incomplete list)

 * Ach Ihr Wege
 * Alle Waffen gegen Hitler
 * Ami go home
 * Aufbaulied
 * Die Armeen Europas
 * Ballade von den Säckeschmeißern
 * Der Barrikaden
 * Dank Euch Ihr Sowjetsoldaten
 * Das Lied vom SA-Mann
 * Diplomaten
 * Der Graben
 * Der heimliche Aufmarsch
 * Es Kommt der Tag
 * Einheitsfrontlied
 * Frieden der Welt
 * Kämpfen wie Lenin
 * Kampflied gegen den Faschismus
 * Korea
 * Lenin
 * Lied der Bergarbeiter
 * Lied der Interbrigaden
 * Lied der Partei
 * Lied der Werktätigen
 * Lied vom Adler Stalin
 * Lied vom Vaterland
 * Linker Marsch
 * Links Rechts
 * Lob des Kommunismus
 * Marsch der Antifaschisten
 * Der Marsch Ins Dritte Reich
 * Matrosen von Kronstadt
 * Der rote Wedding
 * Sehnsucht nach der Heimat
 * Solidaritätslied
 * Stalin Freund Genosse
 * Trotz alledem
 * Vorwärts Bolschewik
 * Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen

Awards, medals, and recognition
Germany's most prestigious school for stage acting and directing is named after the actor, the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts (Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch", HFS) in Berlin. Busch was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize for 1970–71.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ernst Busch (actor)


text:
Kanke

Kanke is a census town in the Kanke CD block in the Ranchi Sadar subdivision of Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Kanke has a large water reservoir called Kanke Dam, which is used to supply water to Ranchi city.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Kanke had a total population of 17,560, of which 9,166 (52%) were males and 8,394 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,862. The total number of literate persons in Kanke was 13,837 (88.14% of the population over 6 years).

India census, Kanke had a population of 16,396. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kanke has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Kanke, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Location
Kanke is located at 23.43°N, 85.32°W. It has an average elevation of 611 metres (2004 feet).

Area overview
The map alongside shows a part of the Ranchi plateau, most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over Silli, Rahe, Sonahatu and Tamar CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the Subarnarekha, originates near Ratu, flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at Hundru Falls. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map. A major part of the North Karanpura Area and some fringe areas of the Piparwar Area of the Central Coalfields Limited, both located in the North Karanpura Coalfield, are in Ranchi district. There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence. Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Education
Birsa Agricultural University,Institute for Coal Management, and few other institutions are located in Kanke.

Healthcare
The Kanke Mental Asylum (one of the largest in India) and Central Institute of Psychiatry (formerly known as European Mental Hospital) was started by the British who thought that the cooler climate of Ranchi would be salubrious to mental health.

Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi, Kanke covered an area of 4.9 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 23 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tap water from treated source. It had 2,631 domestic electric connections, 12 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 3 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 10 maternity and child welfare centres, 10 maternity homes, 1 nursing home, 7 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 12 primary schools, 11 middle schools, 7 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were bakery items, furniture, leaf plates. It had the branch offices of 4 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank.

title: Kanke


text:
Territories of the United States

Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions overseen by the federal government of the United States. The various American territories differ from the U.S. states and Indian reservations as they are not sovereign entities. In contrast, each state has a sovereignty separate from that of the federal government and each federally recognized Native American tribe possesses limited tribal sovereignty as a "dependent sovereign nation". Territories are classified by incorporation and whether they have an "organized" government through an organic act passed by the Congress. American territories are under American sovereignty and, consequently, may be treated as part of the United States proper in some ways and not others (i.e., territories belong to, but are not considered to be a part of, the United States). Unincorporated territories in particular are not considered to be integral parts of the United States, and the Constitution of the United States applies only partially in those territories.

The United States currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean. Five territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) are permanently inhabited, unincorporated, territories; the other nine are small islands, atolls, and reefs with no native (or permanent) population. Of the nine, only one is classified as an incorporated territory (Palmyra Atoll). Two additional territories (Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) are claimed by the United States but administered by Colombia. Historically, territories were created to administer newly acquired land, and most eventually attained statehood. The most recent territories to become U.S. states were Alaska on January 3, 1959, and Hawaii on August 21, 1959.

Politically and economically, the territories are underdeveloped. Residents of United States territories cannot vote in United States presidential elections, and they have only non-voting representation in the United States Congress. According to 2012 data, territorial telecommunications and other infrastructure are generally inferior to that of the continental United States and Hawaii. Poverty rates are higher in the territories than in the states.

Definition
Organized territories are lands under federal sovereignty (but not part of any state or the federal district) which were given a measure of self-governance by Congress through an organic act subject to the Congress's plenary powers under the territorial clause of the Constitution's Article Four, section 3.

historical practice
The term unorganized was historically applied either to a newly acquired region not yet constituted as an organized incorporated territory (e.g. the Louisiana Purchase prior to the establishment of Orleans Territory and the District of Louisiana), or to a region previously part of an organized incorporated territory left "unorganized" after part of it had been organized and achieved the requirements for statehood (e.g. a large portion of Missouri Territory became unorganized territory for several years after its southeastern section became the state of Missouri). The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, bringing organized government to the region once again. The creation of Kansas and Nebraska left the Indian Territory as the only unorganized territory in the Great Plains. In 1858, the western part of the Minnesota Territory became unorganized when it was not included in the new state of Minnesota; this area was organized in 1861 as part of the Dakota Territory. In 1890, the western half of the Indian Territory was organized as Oklahoma Territory. The eastern half remained unorganized until 1907, when it was joined with Oklahoma Territory to form the State of Oklahoma. Additionally, the Department of Alaska was unorganized from its acquisition in 1867 from Russia until organized as the District of Alaska in 1884; it was organized as Alaska Territory in 1912. Hawaii was also unorganized from the time of its annexation by the U.S. in 1898 until organized as Hawaii Territory in 1900.

Regions that have been admitted as states under the United States Constitution in addition to the original thirteen were, most often, prior to admission, territories or parts of territories of this kind. As the United States grew, the most populous parts of the organized territory would achieve statehood. Some territories existed only a short time before becoming states, while others remained territories for decades. The shortest-lived was Alabama Territory at two years, while New Mexico Territory and Hawaii Territory both lasted more than 50 years.

Of the current 50 states, 31 were at one time or another part of an organized, incorporated U.S. territory. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states never were: Kentucky, Maine, and West Virginia were each set off from an already existing state; Texas and Vermont were both sovereign states (only de facto sovereignty in Vermont's case, as the region was claimed by New York) at the time when they entered the Union; and California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War.

Current practice
All of the five major U.S. territories are permanently inhabited and have locally elected territorial legislatures and executives and some degree of political autonomy. Four of the five are "organized", but American Samoa is technically "unorganized". All of the U.S. territories without permanent non-military populations are unorganized.

Federal administration
The Office of Insular Affairs coordinates federal administration of the U.S. territories and freely associated states, except for Puerto Rico.

On March 3, 1849, the last day of the 30th Congress, a bill was passed to create the U.S. Department of the Interior to take charge of the internal affairs of United States territory. The Interior Department has a wide range of responsibilities (which include the regulation of territorial governments, the basic responsibilities for public lands, and other various duties).

In contrast to similarly named Departments in other countries, the United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and island dependencies administered by the Office of Insular Affairs.

Permanently inhabited territories
The U.S. has five permanently inhabited territories: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean. American Samoa is in the Southern Hemisphere, while the other four are in the Northern Hemisphere. In 2020, their combined population was about 3.62 million, over 90% of which is accounted for by Puerto Rico alone.

People born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands acquire U.S. citizenship by birth, and foreign nationals residing there may apply for U.S. citizenship by naturalization. People born in American Samoa acquire U.S. nationality but not U.S. citizenship by birth if they do not have a U.S. citizen parent. U.S. nationals without U.S. citizenship may hold U.S. passports and reside in any part of the United States without restriction. However, to become U.S. citizens they must apply for naturalization, like foreigners, and may only do so while residing in parts of the United States other than American Samoa. Foreign nationals residing in American Samoa cannot apply for U.S. citizenship or U.S. nationality at all.

Each territory is self-governing with three branches of government, including a locally elected governor and a territorial legislature. Each territory elects a non-voting member (a non-voting resident commissioner in the case of Puerto Rico) to the U.S. House of Representatives. Although they cannot vote on the passage of legislation, they can introduce legislation, have floor privileges to address the house, be members of and vote in committees, are assigned offices and staff funding, and may nominate constituents from their territories to the Army, Naval, Air Force and Merchant Marine academies.

As of the 118th Congress, the territories are represented by Aumua Amata Radewagen (R) of American Samoa, James Moylan (R) of Guam, Gregorio Sablan (D) of Northern Mariana Islands, Jenniffer González-Colón (R-PNP) of Puerto Rico and Stacey Plaskett (D) of U.S. Virgin Islands. The District of Columbia's delegate is Eleanor Holmes Norton (D); like the district, the territories have no vote in Congress and no representation in the Senate. Additionally, the Cherokee Nation has delegate-elect Kimberly Teehee, who has not been seated by Congress.

Every four years, U.S. political parties nominate presidential candidates at conventions which include delegates from the territories. U.S. citizens living in the territories can vote for presidential candidates in these primary elections but not in the general election.

The territorial capitals are Pago Pago (American Samoa), Hagåtña (Guam), Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands), San Juan (Puerto Rico) and Charlotte Amalie (U.S. Virgin Islands). Their governors are Lemanu Peleti Mauga (American Samoa), Lou Leon Guerrero (Guam), Ralph Torres (Northern Mariana Islands), Pedro Pierluisi (Puerto Rico) and Albert Bryan (U.S. Virgin Islands).

Among the inhabited territories, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is available only in the Northern Mariana Islands; however, in 2019 a U.S. judge ruled that the federal government's denial of SSI benefits to residents of Puerto Rico is unconstitutional. This ruling was later overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, allowing for the exclusion of territories from such programs. In the decision, the court explained that the exemption of island residents from most federal income taxes provides a "rational basis" for their exclusion from eligibility for SSI payments.

American Samoa is the only U.S. territory with its own immigration system (a system separate from the United States immigration system). American Samoa also has a communal land system in which 90% of the land is communally owned; ownership is based on Samoan ancestry.

History

 * American Samoa: territory since 1900; after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War, the Samoan Islands were divided into two regions. The U.S. took control of the eastern half of the islands. In 1900, the Treaty of Cession of Tutuila took effect. The Manuʻa islands became part of American Samoa in 1904, and Swains Island became part of American Samoa in 1925. Congress ratified American Samoa's treaties in 1929. For 51 years, the U.S. Navy controlled the territory. American Samoa is locally self-governing under a constitution last revised in 1967. The first elected governor of American Samoa was in 1977, and the first non-voting member of Congress was in 1981. By jus soli, people born in American Samoa are U.S. nationals, but not U.S. citizens. American Samoa is technically unorganized, and its main island is Tutuila.
 * Guam: territory since 1899, acquired at the end of the Spanish–American War. Guam is the home of Naval Base Guam and Andersen Air Force Base. It was organized under the Guam Organic Act of 1950, which granted U.S. citizenship to Guamanians and gave Guam a local government. In 1968, the act was amended to permit the election of a governor.
 * Northern Mariana Islands: A commonwealth since 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands together with Guam were part of the Spanish Empire until 1899 when the Northern Marianas were sold to the German Empire after the Spanish–American War. Beginning in 1919, they were administered by Japan as a League of Nations mandate until the islands were captured by the United States in the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian (June–August 1944) and the surrender of Aguigan (September 1945) during World War II. They became part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947, administered by the United States as U.N. trustee. The other constituents of the TTPI were Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. Following failed efforts in the 1950s and 1960s to reunify Guam and the Northern Marianas, a covenant to establish the Northern Mariana Islands as a commonwealth in political union with the United States was negotiated by representatives of both political bodies; it was approved by Northern Mariana Islands voters in 1975, and came into force on March 24, 1976. In accordance with the covenant, the Northern Mariana Islands constitution partially took effect on January 9, 1978, and became fully effective on November 4, 1986. In 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands formally left U.N. trusteeship. The abbreviations "CNMI" and "NMI" are both used in the commonwealth. Most residents in the Northern Mariana Islands live on Saipan, the main island.
 * Puerto Rico: unincorporated territory since 1899; Puerto Rico was acquired at the end of the Spanish–American War, and has been a U.S. commonwealth since 1952. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S. citizenship. Puerto Rico was organized under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 (Public Law 600). In November 2008, a U.S. District Court judge ruled that a series of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status from unincorporated to incorporated. The issue is proceeding through the courts, however, and the U.S. government still refers to Puerto Rico as unincorporated. A Puerto Rican attorney has called the island "semi-sovereign". Puerto Rico has a statehood movement, whose goal is to make the territory the 51st state. See also Political status of Puerto Rico.
 * U.S. Virgin Islands: purchased by the U.S. from Denmark in 1917 and organized under the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands in 1954. U.S. citizenship was granted in 1927. The main islands are Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix.

Statistics
Except for Guam, the inhabited territories lost population in 2020. Although the territories have higher poverty rates than the mainland U.S., they have high Human Development Indexes. Four of the five territories have another official language, in addition to English.

The territories do not have administrative counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts Puerto Rico's 78 municipalities, the U.S. Virgin Islands' three main islands, all of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands' four municipalities, and American Samoa's three districts and two atolls as county equivalents. The Census Bureau also counts each of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands as county equivalents.

For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau has a defined area called the "Island Areas" which consists of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (every major territory except Puerto Rico). The U.S. Census Bureau often treats Puerto Rico as its own entity or groups it with the states and D.C. (for example, Puerto Rico has a QuickFacts page just like the states and D.C.) Puerto Rico data is collected annually in American Community Survey estimates (just like the states), but data for the other territories is collected only once every ten years.

Governments and legislatures

The five major inhabited territories contain the following governments and legislatures:

Political party status
The following is the political party status of the governments of the U.S. territories following completion of the 2022 United States elections. Instances where local and national party affiliation differs, the national affiliation is listed second. Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands have unicameral territorial legislatures.

Courts

Each of the five major territories has its own local court system:

 * High Court of American Samoa
 * Supreme Court of Guam
 * Supreme Court of the Northern Mariana Islands
 * Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
 * Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands

Of the five major territories, only Puerto Rico has an Article III federal district court (i.e., equivalent to the courts in the fifty states); it became an Article III court in 1966. This means that, unlike other U.S. territories, federal judges in Puerto Rico have life tenure. Federal courts in Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands are Article IV territorial courts. The following is a list of federal territorial courts, plus Puerto Rico's court:
 * District Court of Guam (Ninth Circuit)
 * District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands (Ninth Circuit)
 * District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (not a territorial court) (First Circuit)
 * District Court of the Virgin Islands (Third Circuit)

American Samoa does not have a federal territorial court, and so federal matters in American Samoa are sent to either the District court of Hawaii or the District court of the District of Columbia. American Samoa is the only permanently inhabited region of the United States with no federal court.

Demographics
While the U.S. mainland is majority non-Hispanic White, this is not the case for the U.S. territories. In 2010, American Samoa's population was 92.6% Pacific Islander (including 88.9% Samoan); Guam's population was 49.3% Pacific Islander (including 37.3% Chamorro) and 32.2% Asian (including 26.3% Filipino); the population of the Northern Mariana Islands was 34.9% Pacific Islander and 49.9% Asian; and the population of the U.S. Virgin Islands was 76.0% African American. In 2019, Puerto Rico's population was 98.9% Hispanic or Latino, 67.4% white, and 0.8% non-Hispanic white.

Throughout the 2010s, the U.S. territories (overall) lost population. The combined population of the five inhabited territories was 4,100,594 in 2010, and 3,569,284 in 2020.

The U.S. territories have high religiosity rates—American Samoa has the highest religiosity rate in the United States (99.3% religious and 98.3% Christian).

Economies
The economies of the U.S. territories vary from Puerto Rico, which has a GDP of $104.989 billion in 2019, to American Samoa, which has a GDP of $636 million in 2018. In 2018, Puerto Rico exported about $18 billion in goods, with the Netherlands as the largest destination.

Guam's GDP shrank by 0.3% in 2018, the GDP of the Northern Mariana Islands shrank by 19.6% in 2018, Puerto Rico's GDP grew by 1.18% in 2019, and the U.S. Virgin Islands' GDP grew by 1.5% in 2018. In 2017, American Samoa's GDP shrank by 5.8%, but then grew by 2.2% in 2018.

American Samoa has the lowest per capita income in the United States—it has a per capita income comparable to that of Botswana. In 2010, American Samoa's per capita income was $6,311. As of 2010, the Manu'a District in American Samoa had a per capita income of $5,441, the lowest of any county or county-equivalent in the United States. In 2018, Puerto Rico had a median household income of $20,166 (lower than the median household income of any state). Also in 2018, Comerío Municipality, Puerto Rico had a median household income of $12,812 (the lowest median household income of any populated county or county-equivalent in the U.S.) Guam has much higher incomes (Guam had a median household income of $48,274 in 2010.)

Minor Outlying Islands
The United States Minor Outlying Islands are small uninhabited islands, atolls, and reefs. Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island are in the Pacific Ocean while Navassa Island is in the Caribbean Sea. The additional claimed territories of Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank are also located in the Caribbean Sea. Palmyra Atoll (formally known as the United States Territory of Palmyra Island) is the only incorporated territory, a status it has maintained since Hawaii became a state in 1959. All are uninhabited except for Midway Atoll, whose approximately 40 inhabitants (as of 2004) were employees of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and their services provider; Palmyra Atoll, whose population varies from four to 20 Nature Conservancy and Fish and Wildlife staff and researchers; and Wake Island, which has a population of about 100 military personnel and civilian employees. The two-letter abbreviation for the islands collectively is "UM".

The status of several islands is disputed. Navassa Island is disputed by Haiti, Wake Island is disputed by the Marshall Islands, Swains Island (a part of American Samoa) is disputed by Tokelau, and Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank (both administered by Colombia) are disputed by Colombia and Jamaica.

Claimed territories
The following two territories are claimed by multiple countries (including the United States) and are not included in ISO 3166-2:UM. However, they are sometimes grouped with the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. According to the GAO, "the United States conducts maritime law enforcement operations in and around Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo [Bank] consistent with U.S. sovereignty claims."

Incorporated vs. unincorporated territories

Pursuant to a series of Supreme Court rulings, Congress decides whether a territory is incorporated or unincorporated. The U.S. Constitution applies to each incorporated territory (including its local government and inhabitants) as it applies to the local governments and residents of a state. Incorporated territories are considered to be integral parts of the U.S., rather than possessions.

In unincorporated territories, "fundamental rights apply as a matter of law, but other constitutional rights are not available", raising concerns about how citizens in these territories can influence politics in the United States. Selected constitutional provisions apply, depending on congressional acts and judicial rulings according to U.S. constitutional practice, local tradition, and law. As a result, these territories are often considered colonies of the United States.

All modern inhabited territories under the control of the federal government can be considered as part of the "United States" for purposes of law as defined in specific legislation. However, the judicial term "unincorporated" was coined to legitimize the late-19th-century territorial acquisitions without citizenship and their administration without constitutional protections temporarily until Congress made other provisions. The case law allowed Congress to impose discriminatory tax regimes with the effect of a protective tariff upon territorial regions which were not domestic states. In 2022, the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Vaello Madero held that the territorial clause of the constitution allowed wide congressional latitude in mandating "reasonable" tax and benefit schemes in Puerto Rico and the other territories, which are different from the states, but did not address the incorporated/unincorporated distinction. In a concurrence with the court's overall ruling on the propriety of the differential tax structures, one of the justices opined that it was time to overrule the incorporation doctrine, as wrongly decided and founded in racism, the dissent agreed.

Insular Cases
The U.S. Supreme Court, in its 1901–1905 Insular Cases opinions, ruled that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore (i.e., of its own force) to the continental territories. The Court also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation, in which the Constitution applies fully to incorporated territories (such as the then-territories of Alaska and Hawaii) and partially in the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and, at the time, the Philippines (which is no longer a U.S. territory).

In the 1901 Supreme Court case Downes v. Bidwell, the Court said that the U.S. Constitution did not fully apply in unincorporated territories because they were inhabited by "alien races".

The U.S. had no unincorporated territories (also known as overseas possessions or insular areas) until 1856. Congress enacted the Guano Islands Act that year, authorizing the president to take possession of unclaimed islands to mine guano. The U.S. has taken control of (and claimed rights on) many islands and atolls, especially in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, under this law; most have been abandoned. It also has acquired territories since 1856 under other circumstances, such as under the Treaty of Paris (1898) which ended the Spanish–American War. The Supreme Court considered the constitutional position of these unincorporated territories in 1922 in Balzac v. People of Porto Rico, and said the following about a U.S. court in Puerto Rico: "The United States District Court is not a true United States court established under article3 of the Constitution to administer the judicial power of the United States... It is created... by the sovereign congressional faculty, granted under article 4, 3, of that instrument, of making all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory belonging to the United States. The resemblance of its jurisdiction to that of true United States courts, in offering an opportunity to nonresidents of resorting to a tribunal not subject to local influence, does not change its character as a mere territorial court."

In Glidden Company v. Zdanok, the Court cited Balzac and said about courts in unincorporated territories: "Upon like considerations, Article III has been viewed as inapplicable to courts created in unincorporated territories outside the mainland... and to the consular courts established by concessions from foreign countries". The judiciary determined that incorporation involves express declaration or an implication strong enough to exclude any other view, raising questions about Puerto Rico's status.

In 1966, Congress made the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico an Article III district court. This (the only district court in a U.S. territory) sets Puerto Rico apart judicially from the other unincorporated territories, and U.S. district judge Gustavo Gelpí has expressed the opinion that Puerto Rico is no longer unincorporated:

"The court ... today holds that in the particular case of Puerto Rico, a monumental constitutional evolution based on continued and repeated congressional annexation has taken place. Given the same, the territory has evolved from an unincorporated to an incorporated one. Congress today, thus, must afford Puerto Rico and the 4,000,000 United States citizens residing therein all constitutional guarantees. To hold otherwise, would amount to the court blindfolding itself to continue permitting Congress per secula seculorum to switch on and off the Constitution."

In Balzac, the Court defined "implied": "Had Congress intended to take the important step of changing the treaty status of Puerto Rico by incorporating it into the Union, it is reasonable to suppose that it would have done so by the plain declaration, and would not have left it to mere inference. Before the question became acute at the close of the Spanish War, the distinction between acquisition and incorporation was not regarded as important, or at least it was not fully understood and had not aroused great controversy. Before that, the purpose of Congress might well be a matter of mere inference from various legislative acts; but in these latter days, incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration, or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view."

On June 5, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled 3–0 in Tuaua v. United States to deny birthright citizenship to American Samoans, ruling that the guarantee of such citizenship to citizens in the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to unincorporated U.S. territories. In 2016 the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the appellate court's decision.

In 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit upheld the District Court decision in Segovia v. United States, which ruled that former Illinois residents living in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands did not qualify to cast overseas ballots according to their last registered address on the U.S. mainland. (Residents of the Northern Marianas and American Samoa, however, were still allowed to cast such ballots.) In October 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the 7th Circuit's decision.

On June 15, 2021, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled 2–1 in Fitisemanu v. United States to deny birthright citizenship to American Samoans and not to overrule the Insular Cases. The court cited Downes and ruled that "neither constitutional text nor Supreme Court precedent" demands that American Samoans should be given automatic birthright citizenship. The case was denied certiorari by the U.S. Supreme Court. On April 21, 2022, in the case United States v. Vaello Madero, Justice Gorsuch urged the Supreme Court to overrule the Insular Cases when possible as they "rest on a rotten foundation" and called the cases "shameful".

In analyzing the Insular Cases, Christina Duffy Ponsa (Juris Doctor, Yale Law School, 1998; former law clerk for Justice Stephen Breyer ) wrote in the New York Times: "To be an unincorporated territory is to be caught in limbo: although unquestionably subject to American sovereignty, they are considered part of the United States for certain purposes but not others. Whether they are part of the United States for purposes of the Citizenship Clause remains unresolved. "

Supreme Court decisions about current territories
The 2016 Supreme Court case Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ruled that territories do not have their own sovereignty. That year, the Supreme Court declined to rule on a lower-court ruling in Tuaua v. United States that American Samoans are not U.S. citizens at birth.

The Supreme Court ruled in 2022 in United States v. Vaello-Madero that Congress is not required to extend all benefits to Puerto Ricans, and that the exclusion of Puerto Ricans from the Supplemental Security Income program was constitutional.

Supreme Court decisions about former territories
In Rassmussen v. U.S., the Supreme Court quoted from Article III of the 1867 treaty for the purchase of Alaska:

"'The inhabitants of the ceded territory... shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States...' This declaration, although somewhat changed in phraseology, is the equivalent... of the formula, employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States, especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary."

The act of incorporation affects the people of the territory more than the territory itself by extending the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Constitution to them, such as its extension to Puerto Rico in 1947; however, Puerto Rico remains unincorporated.

Alaska Territory
Rassmussen arose from a criminal conviction by a six-person jury in Alaska under federal law. The court held that Alaska had been incorporated into the U.S. in the treaty of cession with Russia, and the congressional implication was strong enough to exclude any other view:

"That Congress, shortly following the adoption of the treaty with Russia, clearly contemplated the incorporation of Alaska into the United States as a part thereof, we think plainly results from the act of July 20, 1868, concerning internal revenue taxation... and the act of July 27, 1868... extending the laws of the United States relating to customs, commerce, and navigation over Alaska, and establishing a collection district therein... And this is fortified by subsequent action of Congress, which it is unnecessary to refer to."

Concurring justice Henry Brown agreed:

"Apparently, acceptance of the territory is insufficient in the opinion of the court in this case, since the result that Alaska is incorporated into the United States is reached, not through the treaty with Russia, or through the establishment of a civil government there, but from the act... extending the laws of the United States relating to the customs, commerce, and navigation over Alaska, and establishing a collection district there. Certain other acts are cited, notably the judiciary act... making it the duty of this court to assign... the several territories of the United States to particular Circuits."

Florida Territory
In Dorr v. U.S., the court quoted Chief Justice John Marshall from an earlier case: "The 6th article of the treaty of cession contains the following provision: 'The inhabitants of the territories which His Catholic Majesty cedes the United States by this treaty shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution and admitted to the enjoyment of the privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the United States...' This treaty is the law of the land and admits the inhabitants of Florida to the enjoyment of the privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the United States. It is unnecessary to inquire whether this is not their condition, independent of stipulation. They do not, however, participate in political power; they do not share in the government till Florida shall become a state. In the meantime Florida continues to be a territory of the United States, governed by virtue of that clause in the Constitution which empowers Congress 'to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States'."

In Downes v. Bidwell, the court said: "The same construction was adhered to in the treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida... the 6th article of which provided that the inhabitants should 'be incorporated into the Union of the United States, as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution'."

Southwest Territory
Justice Brown first mentioned incorporation in Downes: "In view of this it cannot, it seems to me, be doubted that the United States continued to be composed of states and territories, all forming an integral part thereof and incorporated therein, as was the case prior to the adoption of the Constitution. Subsequently, the territory now embraced in the state of Tennessee was ceded to the United States by the state of North Carolina. To ensure the rights of the native inhabitants, it was expressly stipulated that the inhabitants of the ceded territory should enjoy all the rights, privileges, benefits, and advantages set forth in the ordinance of the late Congress for the government of the western territory of the United States."

Louisiana Territory
In Downes, the court said: "Owing to a new war between England and France being upon the point of breaking out, there was need for haste in the negotiations, and Mr. Livingston took the responsibility of disobeying his (Mr. Jefferson's) instructions, and, probably owing to the insistence of Bonaparte, consented to the 3d article of the treaty (with France to acquire the territory of Louisiana), which provided that 'the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which they profess.' [8 Stat. at L. 202.] This evidently committed the government to the ultimate, but not to the immediate, admission of Louisiana as a state..."

Modern Puerto Rico
Scholars agreed as of 2009 in the Boston College Law Review, "Regardless of how Puerto Rico looked in 1901 when the Insular Cases were decided, or in 1922, today, Puerto Rico seems to be the paradigm of an incorporated territory as modern jurisprudence understands that legal term of art". In November 2008, a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated. In 2022, the United States Supreme Court held that the territorial clause of the constitution allowed wide congressional latitude in mandating "reasonable" tax and benefit schemes in Puerto Rico and the other territories that are different from the states, but did not address the incorporated/unincorporated distinction. In a concurrence, one of the justices opined that it was time to overrule the Insular Cases and the incorporation doctrine, as wrongly decided.

Former unincorporated territories and administered areas
{{anchor|{anchor|Classification of former U.S. territories and administered areas}}

Former unincorporated territories

 * Swan Islands (1863–1972): claimed under the Guano Islands Act; sovereignty ceded to Honduras in a 1972 treaty.
 * Philippines: military government, 1899–1902; insular government, 1902–1935; commonwealth government, 1935–1942 and 1945–1946 (islands under Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 and puppet state, 1943–1945); granted independence on July 4, 1946, by the Treaty of Manila.

Former U.S.-administered areas

 * American Concession in Shanghai (1848–1863): A former enclave in modern-day Shanghai China.
 * Philippines (1898–1899): annexed as unincorporated, unorganized territories on April 11, 1899, when the Treaty of Paris took effect.
 * Cuba (1898–1902): granted independence on May 20, 1902.
 * Panama Canal (1903–1999): Canal Zone abolished on October 1, 1979, after the signing of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties in 1977. The U.S. retained a military base on the former Canal Zone until December 31, 1999, when joint U.S.-Panama control of the Panama Canal ended.
 * Corn Islands (1914–1971): leased for 99 years under the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty, but returned to Nicaragua after the treaty was annulled in 1970.
 * Canton and Enderbury Islands (1939–1979): Condominium jointly administered by the United States and the United Kingdom.
 * Nanpō Islands and Marcus Island (1945–1968): Occupied after World War II and returned to Japan by mutual agreement.
 * Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947–1986): U.N. trust territory administered by the U.S.; included the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau, which are sovereign states (that have entered into a Compact of Free Association with the U.S.), along with the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
 * Ryukyu Islands and Daitō Islands (1952–1972): returned to Japan in an agreement.

Former U.S. military occupations

 * Provisional Government of Cuba (1906–1909)
 * United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933)
 * United States occupation of Veracruz (1914)
 * United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934)
 * United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
 * Sugar Intervention (1917–1922)
 * Participation in the Occupation of Austria-Hungary (1918–1919)
 * Participation in the Occupation of the Rhineland (1918–1921)
 * Participation in the Occupation of Constantinople (1918–1923)
 * Occupation of Greenland in World War II (1941–1945)
 * Occupation of Iceland in World War II (1941–1946): military base retained until 2006.
 * Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories, in Allied-controlled sections of Italy from the July 1943 invasion of Sicily until the September armistice with Italy. AMGOT continued in newly liberated areas of Italy until the end of the war, and also existed in France.
 * Clipperton Island (1944–1945): occupied territory, returned to France on October 23, 1945.
 * United States Army Military Government in Korea: Occupation south of the 38th parallel from 1945 to 1948.
 * American zones of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
 * Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) after World War II
 * American occupation zones in Allied-occupied Austria and Vienna (1945–1955)
 * American occupation zone in West Berlin (1945–1990)
 * Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954): The U.S. co-administered a portion of the territory (between the Kingdom of Italy and the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia) with the United Kingdom.
 * Dominican Civil War (1965–66)
 * Grenada invasion and occupation (1983)
 * Panama invasion and occupation (1989–1990)
 * Operation Uphold Democracy (1994–1995)
 * Coalition Provisional Authority (Iraq, 2003–2004)
 * Green Zone, Iraq (March 20, 2003 – December 31, 2008)

Flora and fauna
The territories of the United States have many plant and animal species found nowhere else in the United States. All U.S. territories have tropical climates and ecosystems.

Forests

The USDA says the following about the U.S. territories (plus Hawaii): "[The U.S. territories, plus Hawaii] include virtually all the Nation's tropical forests as well as other forest types including subtropical, coastal, subalpine, dry limestone, and coastal mangrove forests. Although distant from America's geographic center and from each other—and with distinctive flora and fauna, land use history, and individual forest issues—these rich and diverse ecosystems share a common bond of change and challenge."

Forests in the U.S. territories are vulnerable to invasive species and new housing developments. El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico is the only tropical rain forest in the United States National Forest system.

American Samoa has 80.84% forest cover and the Northern Mariana Islands has 80.37% forest cover—these are among the highest forest cover percentages in the United States (only Maine and New Hampshire are higher).

Birds
U.S. territories have many bird species that are endemic (not found in any other location).

Introduction of the invasive brown tree snake has harmed Guam's native bird population—nine of twelve endemic species have become extinct, and the territorial bird (the Guam rail) is extinct in the wild.

Puerto Rico has several endemic bird species, such as the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot, the Puerto Rican flycatcher, and the Puerto Rican spindalis. The Northern Mariana Islands has the Mariana swiftlet, Mariana crow, Tinian monarch and golden white-eye (all endemic). Birds found in American Samoa include the many-colored fruit dove, the blue-crowned lorikeet, and the Samoan starling.

The Wake Island rail (now extinct) was endemic to Wake Island, and the Laysan duck is endemic to Midway Atoll and the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Palmyra Atoll has the second-largest red-footed booby colony in the world, and Midway Atoll has the largest breeding colony of Laysan albatross in the world.

The American Birding Association currently excludes the U.S. territories from their "ABA Area" checklist.

Other animals
American Samoa has several reptile species, such as the Pacific boa (on the island of Ta‘ū) and Pacific slender-toed gecko. American Samoa has only a few mammal species, such as the Pacific (Polynesian) sheath-tailed bat, as well as oceanic mammals such as the Humpback whale. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands also have a small number of mammals, such as the Mariana fruit bat; oceanic mammals include Fraser's dolphin and the Sperm whale. The fauna of Puerto Rico includes the common coquí (frog), while the fauna of the U.S. Virgin Islands includes species found in Virgin Islands National Park (including 302 species of fish).

American Samoa has a location called Turtle and Shark which is important in Samoan culture and mythology.

Protected areas
There are two National Parks in the U.S. territories: the National Park of American Samoa, and Virgin Islands National Park. The National Park Service also manages War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam. There are also National Natural Landmarks, National Wildlife Refuges (such as Guam National Wildlife Refuge), El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument (which includes the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands).

Public image

In The Not-Quite States of America, his book about the U.S. territories, essayist Doug Mack said: "It seemed that right around the turn of the twentieth century, the territories were part of the national mythology and the everyday conversation... A century or so ago, Americans didn't just know about the territories but cared about them, argued about them. But what changed? How and why did they disappear from the national conversation? The territories have made us who we are. They represent the USA's place in the world. They've been a reflection of our national mood in nearly every period of American history."

Representative Stephanie Murphy of Florida said about a 2018 bill to make Puerto Rico the 51st state, "The hard truth is that Puerto Rico's lack of political power allows Washington to treat Puerto Rico like an afterthought." According to Governor of Puerto Rico Ricardo Rosselló, "Because we don't have political power, because we don't have representatives, [no] senators, no vote for president, we are treated as an afterthought." Rosselló called Puerto Rico the "oldest, most populous colony in the world".

Rosselló and others have referred to the U.S. territories as American "colonies". David Vine of The Washington Post said the following: "The people of [the U.S. territories] are all too accustomed to being forgotten except in times of crisis. But being forgotten is not the worst of their problems. They are trapped in a state of third-class citizenship, unable to access full democratic rights because politicians have long favored the military's freedom of operation over protecting the freedoms of certain U.S. citizens." In his article "How the U.S. Has Hidden Its Empire", Daniel Immerwahr of The Guardian writes, "The confusion and shoulder-shrugging indifference that mainlanders displayed [toward territories] at the time of Pearl Harbor hasn't changed much at all. [...] [Maps of the contiguous U.S.] give [mainlanders] a truncated view of their own history, one that excludes part of their country." The 2020 U.S. Census excludes non-citizen U.S. nationals in American Samoa—in response to this, Mark Stern of Slate said, "The Census Bureau's total exclusion of American Samoans provides a pertinent reminder that, until the courts step in, the federal government will continue to treat these Americans with startling indifference."

More detail on all current territories

 * Article indexes: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * Congressional districts: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * Geography: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * Geology: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * List of museums in the unincorporated territories of the United States
 * List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks in the U.S. territories
 * Outlines: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * Per capita income: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
 * Territories of the United States on stamps
 * U.S. National Historic Places: AS, GU, MP, PR, VI, UM

Related topics

 * Colony of Liberia, established by Americans but never under administration of the United States
 * Enabling act (United States)
 * Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a military base of the United States Navy in Cuba under a perpetual lease
 * Historic regions of the United States
 * Insular area
 * List of extreme points of the United States
 * List of states and territories of the United States
 * Organic act
 * Organized incorporated territories of the United States
 * Territorial evolution of the United States
 * U.S. territorial sovereignty
 * U.S. Caribbean region
 * 51st state

title: Territories of the United States


text:
Death: The Time of Your Life

Death: The Time of Your Life is a three-issue comic book mini-series written by Neil Gaiman, one of many spinoffs from his series The Sandman. It was illustrated by Chris Bachalo and Mark Buckingham, and features an introduction by Claire Danes. The series ran from April to July 1996 and has been collected into a single volume.

This story brings back characters Donna Foxglove and her partner Hazel McNamara from a previous Sandman series of stories, A Game of You.

Plot
As the story opens, Foxglove is a very successful singer-songwriter currently on a very important tour. Her relationship with Hazel is slowly unravelling, due mainly to the building pressures of her newfound fame. One night, Hazel's son, Alvie (an accidental result of Hazel's one and only heterosexual encounter), dies. When Death, personified as a teenage girl in a goth dress, shows up to take him, Hazel makes a promise in desperation. The promise is that either Hazel or Fox will take Alvie's place when Death returns, if only she will let Alvie live for a while longer. The story touches upon the pressures of living private and public lives, as well as fidelity, love, and duty.

Awards
The original miniseries was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Limited Series for 1997. The series also was awarded the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book in 1997, the first year the category was competitive.

Other Sandman spin-offs

 * Death: The High Cost of Living
 * Destiny: A Chronicle of Deaths Foretold

title: Death: The Time of Your Life


text:
Skew-Hermitian matrix

In linear algebra, a square matrix with complex entries is said to be skew-Hermitian or anti-Hermitian if its conjugate transpose is the negative of the original matrix. That is, the matrix $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian if it satisfies the relation

where $$A^\textsf{H}$$ denotes the conjugate transpose of the matrix $$A$$. In component form, this means that

for all indices $$i$$ and $$j$$, where $$a_{ij}$$ is the element in the $$i$$-th row and $$j$$-th column of $$A$$, and the overline denotes complex conjugation.

Skew-Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex versions of real skew-symmetric matrices, or as the matrix analogue of the purely imaginary numbers. The set of all skew-Hermitian $$n \times n$$ matrices forms the $$u(n)$$ Lie algebra, which corresponds to the Lie group U( n ). The concept can be generalized to include linear transformations of any complex vector space with a sesquilinear norm.

Note that the adjoint of an operator depends on the scalar product considered on the $$n$$ dimensional complex or real space $$K^n$$. If $$(\cdot\mid\cdot) $$ denotes the scalar product on $$ K^n$$, then saying $$ A$$ is skew-adjoint means that for all $$\mathbf u, \mathbf v \in K^n$$ one has $$ (A \mathbf u \mid \mathbf v) = - (\mathbf u \mid A \mathbf v)$$.

Imaginary numbers can be thought of as skew-adjoint (since they are like $$1 \times 1$$ matrices), whereas real numbers correspond to self-adjoint operators.

Example
For example, the following matrix is skew-Hermitian $$ A = \begin{bmatrix} -i & +2 + i \\ -2 + i & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$ because $$ -A = \begin{bmatrix} i & -2 - i \\ 2 - i & 0 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \overline{-i}   & \overline{-2 + i} \\ \overline{2 + i} & \overline{0} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \overline{-i}    & \overline{2 + i} \\ \overline{-2 + i} &    \overline{0} \end{bmatrix}^\mathsf{T} = A^\mathsf{H} $$

Properties

 * The eigenvalues of a skew-Hermitian matrix are all purely imaginary (and possibly zero). Furthermore, skew-Hermitian matrices are normal. Hence they are diagonalizable and their eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues must be orthogonal.
 * All entries on the main diagonal of a skew-Hermitian matrix have to be pure imaginary; i.e., on the imaginary axis (the number zero is also considered purely imaginary).
 * If $$A$$ and $$B$$ are skew-Hermitian, then $aA + bB$ is skew-Hermitian for all real scalars $$a$$ and $$b$$.
 * $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian if and only if $$i A$$ (or equivalently, $$-i A$$) is Hermitian.
 * $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian if and only if the real part $$\Re{(A)}$$ is skew-symmetric and the imaginary part $$\Im{(A)}$$ is symmetric.
 * If $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian, then $$A^k$$ is Hermitian if $$k$$ is an even integer and skew-Hermitian if $$k$$ is an odd integer.
 * $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian if and only if $$\mathbf{x}^\mathsf{H} A \mathbf{y} = -\overline{\mathbf{y}^\mathsf{H} A \mathbf{x}}$$ for all vectors $$\mathbf x, \mathbf y$$.
 * If $$A$$ is skew-Hermitian, then the matrix exponential $$e^A$$ is unitary.
 * The space of skew-Hermitian matrices forms the Lie algebra $$u(n)$$ of the Lie group $$U(n)$$.

Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian

 * The sum of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose $$\left(A + A^\mathsf{H}\right)$$ is Hermitian.
 * The difference of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose $$\left(A - A^\mathsf{H}\right)$$ is skew-Hermitian. This implies that the commutator of two Hermitian matrices is skew-Hermitian.
 * An arbitrary square matrix $$C$$ can be written as the sum of a Hermitian matrix $$A$$ and a skew-Hermitian matrix $$B$$: $$C = A + B \quad\mbox{with}\quad A = \frac{1}{2}\left(C + C^\mathsf{H}\right) \quad\mbox{and}\quad B = \frac{1}{2}\left(C - C^\mathsf{H}\right)$$

title: Skew-Hermitian matrix


text:
User talk:Daniel Brockman

Thanks, and keep contributing... Dysprosia 05:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey Daniel, about WUSC...it's perfect (alright, so one parenthesis wasn't closed. That was probably me). If it wasn't five in the morning when I wrote it, I probably would've done it that way. And thanks for the props. --Billfred 00:54, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Timeline of unfulfilled Christian Prophecy
I have noticed your interest in this article. I would like to encourage you to cast a vote for the alternative names that are currently being proposed. Thanks for your help on this matter --T-rex 04:15, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The voteing for renaming this article has gone into a second round. I would like to ask you to continue to vote and stay involved in the discussion.  Thanks --T-rex 22:51, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

The final round of voting is in progress. Your opinion would be welcome. Best, Tex 00:08, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Generation X: Tales For An Accelerated Culture
There was no need to move Generation X: Tales For An Accelerated Culture. The name appears on the book that way. -- LGagnon 17:34, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * That is a formatting decision made by the cover designer. Do you suggest we should also try to imitate the typeface and color used on the book cover? — Daniel Brockman 17:50, Jun 18, 2004 (UTC)

Typewriter vs. typographic punctuation
I noticed that you recently changed the punctuation for Sigur Rós and one of their potential albums. The problem is that the change you did was to change the apostrophes and quotation marks into their typographic versions. This appear to be in conflict with Manual of Style. Do you mind changing it back? Sebras (talk)
 * Thanks, I was wondering what the policy on that was nowadays, so I figured I’ll just try to change it somewhere and see if anybody complains. :-) I’ll put it back. P.S. Is it customary to reply like I’m doing right now or should I reply on your talk page? —Daniel Brockman (talk)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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title: User talk:Daniel Brockman


text:
Frida (2002 film)

Frida is a 2002 American biographical drama film directed by Julie Taymor which depicts the professional and private life of the surrealist Mexican artist Frida Kahlo.

Starring Salma Hayek in an Academy Award–nominated portrayal as Kahlo and Alfred Molina as her husband, Diego Rivera, the film was adapted by Clancy Sigal, Diane Lake, Gregory Nava, Anna Thomas, Antonio Banderas and unofficially by Edward Norton from the 1983 book Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo by Hayden Herrera. Frida received generally positive reviews from critics, and won two Academy Awards for Best Makeup and Best Original Score among six nominations.

Plot
In 1925, Frida Kahlo suffers a traumatic accident at the age of 18 on board a wooden-bodied bus that collides with a streetcar. Impaled by a metal pole, the injuries she sustains plague her for the rest of her life. To help her through convalescence, her father brings her a canvas to paint on.

Once regaining the ability to walk with a cane, Frida visits muralist Diego Rivera, demanding an honest critique of her paintings. Rivera falls in love with her work, and they begin a dysfunctional relationship. When he proposes, she tells him she expects loyalty from him, if not fidelity. Throughout the marriage, Rivera has affairs with a wide array of women. At the same time, the bisexual Kahlo takes on male and female lovers, including, in one case, the same woman as Rivera.

The couple travels to New York City in 1934, so Rivera may paint the mural Man at the Crossroads, at the behest of the Rockefeller family, inside Rockefeller Center. While living in the United States, Kahlo suffers a miscarriage and travels back to Mexico for her mother's funeral. Rivera refuses to compromise his communist vision of the work to the needs of the patron, Nelson Rockefeller; as a result, the mural is destroyed. The pair return to Mexico, with Rivera more reluctant.

Kahlo's sister, Cristina, moves in with them at their San Ángel studio home as Rivera's assistant. Soon afterward, Kahlo discovers Rivera is sleeping with her. Leaving him, she subsequently sinks into alcoholism after moving back to her family's Coyoacán home. They reunite during a Día de los Muertos celebration where he asks her to welcome and house Leon Trotsky, who has been granted political asylum in Mexico. Trotsky expresses his love for Kahlo's work during an excursion to Teotihuacan, and they begin an affair. Soon, Trotsky's wife learns of the affair, forcing the couple to leave the safety of Kahlo's home.

Kahlo leaves for Paris when Diego realizes she was unfaithful to him with Trotsky. However, Rivera had little problem with Kahlo's other affairs, as Trotsky was too important to be intimately involved with his wife. When she returns to Mexico, he asks for a divorce. In 1940, Trotsky is murdered in Mexico City. Initially, Rivera is suspected by police of orchestrating the assassination. When they fail to locate him, Kahlo is arrested. Cristina arrives and escorts Kahlo out of prison, explaining that Rivera convinced President Cárdenas to release her.

Kahlo has her toes removed when her doctor notices they have become gangrenous. Rivera remorsefully asks Kahlo to remarry him, and she agrees. Her health worsens, leading to the amputation of a leg and bronchopneumonia, which leaves her bedridden. In 1953, Kahlo's bed is carried from her home to a museum to attend her first solo exhibition in her native country.

Cast

 * Salma Hayek as Frida Kahlo
 * Alfred Molina as Diego Rivera
 * Geoffrey Rush as Leon Trotsky
 * Mía Maestro as Cristina Kahlo
 * Ashley Judd as Tina Modotti
 * Antonio Banderas as David Alfaro Siqueiros
 * Edward Norton as Nelson Rockefeller
 * Diego Luna as Alejandro Gómez Arias
 * Margarita Sanz as Natalia Sedova
 * Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Matilde Kahlo
 * Roger Rees as Guillermo Kahlo
 * Valeria Golino as Lupe Marín
 * Omar Rodriguez (aka Omar Chagall) as André Breton
 * Felipe Fulop as Jean Van Heijenoort
 * Saffron Burrows as Gracie
 * Karine Plantadit-Bageot as Josephine Baker

Allusions and paintings
The passengers in the bus Kahlo rides in that crashes with a streetcar are based on subjects in the painter's 1929 portrait, The Bus. Other Kahlo paintings either shown directly or depicted in the film by the characters include Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931), What the Water Gave Me (1938), The Two Fridas (1939), The Broken Column (1944), and The Wounded Deer (1946).

The film's stop motion animation sequence (created by The Brothers Quay) depicting the initial stages of Kahlo's recovery at the hospital after the accident is inspired by the Mexican holiday Day of the Dead. The gown Valeria Golino wears at Kahlo's 1953 Mexican solo art exhibition is a replica of the dress that her character, Lupe Marín, wore in Rivera's 1938 portrait of her.

Production
The film version of Frida Kahlo's life was initially championed by Nancy Hardin, a former book editor and Hollywood-based literary agent, turned early "female studio executive", who, in the mid-1980s wished to "make the transition to independent producing." Learning of Hayden Herrera's biography of Kahlo, Hardin saw Kahlo's life as very contemporary, her "story ... an emblematic tale for women torn between marriage and career." Optioning the book in 1988, Hardin "tried to sell it as an epic love story in the tradition of Out of Africa, attracting tentative interest from actresses such as Meryl Streep and Jessica Lange, but receiving rejection from the film studios.

Kahlo's art gained prominence, and "in May 1990 one of Kahlo's self-portraits sold at Sotheby's for $1.5 million, the highest price ever paid at auction for a Latin American painting." Madonna "announced her plans to star in a film based on Frida's life", and Robert De Niro's Tribeca Productions reportedly "envisioned a joint biography of Rivera and Kahlo." In the spring of 1991, director Luis Valdez began production on a New Line feature about Frida Kahlo starring Laura San Giacomo in the lead. San Giacomo's casting received objections due to her non-Hispanic ethnicity, and New Line complied with the protesters' demands, and left the then-titled Frida and Diego in August 1992 citing finances. Hardin's project found itself swamped by similar ones:

"When I first tried to sell the project ... there was no interest because nobody had heard of Frida. A few years later, I heard the exact opposite – that there were too many Frida projects in development, and nobody wanted mine."

Valdez was contacted early on by Salma Hayek, then unknown in the U.S., who sent "her [promo] reel to the director and phoned his office", but was ultimately told she was then too young for the role. By 1993, Valdez had retitled the film The Two Fridas with San Giacomo and Ofelia Medina both playing the portraitist. Raúl Juliá was cast as Diego Rivera, but his death further delayed the movie. At the same time, Hardin approached HBO, and with "rising young development executive and producer" Lizz Speed (a former assistant to Sherry Lansing) intended to make a television movie, hopeful that Brian Gibson (director of "What's Love Got to Do With It, the story of Tina Turner" and The Josephine Baker Story) would direct. Casting difficulties proved insurmountable, but Speed joined Hardin in advocating for the project, and after four years in development, the two took the project from HBO to Trimark and producer Jay Polstein (with assistant Darlene Caamaño). At Trimark, Salma Hayek became interested in the role, having "been fascinated by Kahlo's work from the time she was 13 or 14" – although not immediately a fan:

"At that age I did not like her work ... I found it ugly and grotesque. But something intrigued me, and the more I learned, the more I started to appreciate her work. There was a lot of passion and depth. Some people see only pain, but I also see irony and humor. I think what draws me to her is what Diego saw in her. She was a fighter. Many things could have diminished her spirit, like the accident or Diego's infidelities. But she wasn't crushed by anything."

Hayek was so determined to play the role that she sought out Dolores Olmedo Patino, longtime-lover of Diego Rivera, and, after his death, administrator to the rights of Frida and Rivera's art, which Rivera had "willed ... to the Mexican people", bequeathing the trust to Olmedo. Hayek personally secured access to Kahlo's paintings from her, and began to assemble a supporting cast, approaching Alfred Molina for the role of Rivera in 1998. According to Molina, "She turned up backstage [of the Broadway play Art] rather sheepishly, and asked if I would like to play Diego". Molina went on to gain 35 pounds to play Rivera. When producer Polstein left Trimark, however, the production faltered again, and Hayek approached Harvey Weinstein and Miramax, and the company purchased the film from Trimark; Julie Taymor came onto the project as director. Meanwhile, in August 2000 it was announced that Jennifer Lopez would star in Valdez ' s take on the story, The Two Fridas, by then being produced by American Zoetrope. Nonetheless, it was Hayek and Miramax who began production in Spring, 2001 on what was to become simply titled Frida. Edward Norton rewrote the script at least once but was not credited as a writer.

Sexual misconduct by producer Harvey Weinstein
In a December 2017 op-ed for The New York Times, Hayek stated that Weinstein attempted to thwart the making of the film because Hayek had refused to grant him sexual favors and that he had threatened to shut down the film unless Hayek agreed to include a full-frontal nude sex scene with herself and another woman. In response, Weinstein claimed that none of the sexual allegations made by Hayek was accurate and that he did not recall pressuring Hayek "to do a gratuitous sex scene."

Release
On August 29, 2002, Frida made its world premiere opening at the Venice International Film Festival. Frida's American premiere was at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles on October 14 of that year. It had its Mexican premiere on November 8, 2002, at Mexico City's Palace of Fine Arts.

Box office
Frida grossed $25.9 million in the United States and Canada and $30.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $56.3 million, against a production budget of $12 million. It was initially shown in five theaters and earned $205,996 upon its opening weekend in the United States. The following week the film expanded to forty-seven theaters, earning $1,323,935. By late December 2002, Frida was playing in 283 theaters and had earned over $20 million.

Critical reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 75% of 158 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6.88/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Frida is a passionate, visually striking biopic about the larger-than-life artist." Metacritic, which assigns a score of 1–100 to individual film reviews, gives the film an average rating of 61 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Stella Papamichael from the BBC gave the film three out of five stars and stated "Julie Taymor's biography of Mexican painter Frida Kahlo connects the dots between art and anguish. The disparity lies in the fact that Frida settles for tickling a fancy where it should be packing a punch. Although involving and sprightly, it offers the kind of guilty pleasure a Fine Arts student might derive from a glossy cartoon strip."

Film critic Roger Ebert awarded Frida three and a half stars and commented: "Sometimes we feel as if the film careens from one colorful event to another without respite, but sometimes it must have seemed to Frida Kahlo as if her life did, too." Ebert thought Taymor and the writers had "obviously struggled with the material", though he called the closing scenes "extraordinary."

The New York Post's Jonathan Foreman praised the score and Taymor's direction, saying that she "captures both the glamorous, deeply cosmopolitan milieu Kahlo and Rivera inhabited, and the importance Mexico had in the '30s for the international left." He added that the odd accents adopted by the likes of Judd and Rush let the authenticity down.

Andrew Pulver from The Guardian gave the film three stars and proclaimed that it is "a substantial film, its story told with economy and clarity."

Accolades
The American Film Institute included Frida in their Movies of the Year 2002, Official Selection. Their rationale was:

"Frida is a movie about art that is a work of art in itself. The film's unique visual language takes us into an artist's head and reminds us that art is best enjoyed when it moves, breathes and is painted on a giant canvas, as only the movies can provide."

Soundtrack

 * Frida (soundtrack)

title: Frida (2002 film)