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In the Country of Last Things

In the Country of Last Things is a dystopian epistolary novel written by American author Paul Auster, first published in 1987.

Plot summary
The novel takes the form of a letter from a young woman named Anna Blume. Anna has ventured into an unnamed city that has collapsed into chaos and disorder. In this environment, no industry takes place and most of the population collects garbage or scavenges for objects to resell. Anna has entered the city to search for her brother William, a journalist, and it is suggested that the Blumes come from a world to the East which has not collapsed.

Anna arrives in the city with William's address, and an address and photo for Samuel Farr, whom William's editor sent to the city after failing to receive word from William. However, in a turn of events she later understands to be typical of life in the city, she finds that not only has William's house been demolished, but the entire street where he lived has been reduced to rubble. Anna lives on the streets of the city as an 'object hunter', a job which involves scavenging for specific objects rather than collecting general waste.

One day, Anna saves the life of Isabel, an older woman. Isabel is, like Anna, an object hunter, despite her advanced age, and has an uncanny knowledge of where and when to find the objects they require. She lives with her husband, Ferdinand, a rude man who does not work, but makes ships in bottles from small waste materials he finds. Ferdinand tries to rape Anna, but she, trying to scare him away, starts to strangle him and gives up before he dies, while Isabel is supposedly asleep. Anna and Isabel discover that Ferdinand had died in the morning, hinting that Isabel had finished the job later that evening. Isabel and Anna, not wanting to simply leave his body in the street or carry it to a crematorium, throw it from the roof of their apartment building, making it seem as if Ferdinand had committed suicide. Soon after, Isabel becomes ill, and can no longer work. She dies, and after Anna has taken her body to be cremated, housebreakers arrive at her apartment and overpower her, making her homeless once again.

After having been homeless for a period, Anna is forced to run from a police officer, and goes through the first open door she sees, which turns out to be the city's national library. Parts of the library have been allocated by the government for academics and religious groups. She meets a rabbi, leading a small group of Jewish inhabitants of the city. Anna reveals that she too is a Jew, but no longer believes in God (see Jewish atheism). The group cannot help Anna on her mission to find William, but one of the rabbi's accomplices directs her to Samuel Farr, who it transpires is also living in the library.

Despite initial hostility, Sam accepts Anna into his life, and the two live together and become lovers. Sam is working on a book about the city, but is swiftly running out of money. Anna remedies the couple's financial situation with the money she has obtained from selling Isabel and Ferdinand's possessions, and the two are able to live in relative comfort and afford luxury items such as cigarettes. This period is described as one of Anna's happiest. However, the Jewish groups are forced to leave the library when the government decides to exert its authority, and are replaced by a man named Dujardin, of whom Anna is suspicious.

Anna's shoes start to wear out, and Sam refuses to let Anna leave their apartment until he has procured a new pair, especially because Anna is now pregnant. This takes time, however, and Anna is tempted by an offer from Dujardin to buy her a pair from his cousin, and, despite her initial dislike of him, she accepts his offer. She follows him to his cousin's house, but realizes she has been tricked, and that the house is a human slaughterhouse. Anna jumps from a window and escapes, and is taken in by the patrons of Woburn House, a homeless shelter. When she awakes, she lives in luxury, but is deeply distressed to hear that a fire has broken out at the library, Sam's whereabouts are unknown, and she has had a miscarriage. Anna takes a position at Woburn House, and becomes close to her colleagues; Victoria, the daughter of the House's founder, Dr. Woburn; Frick, an older man who serves as a driver and has a strange way of speaking; Willie, Frick's introverted fifteen-year-old grandson; and Boris Stepanovich, an enigmatic character responsible for procuring food and supplies for the House.

Anna enters a love affair with Victoria, which helps her recover from losing Sam. She is appointed to a position in which she interviews prospective residents of the House, which she finds emotionally draining. She vents her anger on an interviewee, then falls asleep, and awakes to find Sam sitting opposite her. He has lived in an abandoned railway station since the fire in the library, and has become almost unrecognizable. He is taken in immediately, though, and begins to make progress. When he returns to full health, Victoria asks him to contribute to the House by pretending to be a doctor: there is no longer any medical equipment except for painkillers and bandages, so the charade is unlikely to be uncovered, and people enjoy telling him their stories. However, Boris tells Anna that Woburn House is financially unsustainable, as it relies on a finite supply of items taken from Dr. Woburn's collection. She comes to realize that the House cannot continue forever, and cutbacks are made to the provisions granted to residents.

Frick dies, and is given a burial in the House's garden, against the city's laws. However, the burial is reported to the police by an unknown resident, and they arrive to dig up the body. The police are dissuaded by Boris Stepanovich from taking further measures, but Willie has been deeply affected by the events. He starts to act erratically, and eventually violently, taking a gun and murdering several residents of the House, before turning on Victoria, Sam and Anna. Sam shoots him before he can reach them, but too much damage has been done to the House and its reputation for it to continue.

The House closes down and, with the last of their money (taken from selling the remnants of the Woburn collection and Boris's personal wealth), the four obtain travel permits. The novel ends with Anna considering the best way for them to leave the city, and telling the unknown acquaintance to whom she is writing that she will write again. It is unknown whether the letter was sent, and whether Anna, Victoria, Sam and Boris were successful in their attempt to leave the city.

The 'last things' in the title of the book refers not only to the disappearance of manufactured objects and technology but also the fading of memories of them and the words used to describe them.

Film adaptation
A film adaptation directed by Alejandro Chomski was filmed in the Dominican Republic, and premiered on November 27 of 2020. The film has been picked up for release by Mbur Indie Film Distribution for Worldwide release

title: In the Country of Last Things


text:
Kigo

A kigo (季語) is a word or phrase associated with a particular season, used in traditional forms of Japanese poetry. Kigo are used in the collaborative linked-verse forms renga and renku, as well as in haiku, to indicate the season referred to in the stanza. They are valuable in providing economy of expression.

History
Representation of, and reference to, the seasons has long been important in Japanese culture and poetry. The earliest anthology of Japanese poetry, the mid-8th century, contained several sections devoted to the seasons. By the time of the first imperial Japanese anthology, the a century and a half later (AD 905), the seasonal sections had become a much larger part of the anthology. Both of these anthologies had sections for other categories such as love poems and miscellaneous poems.

The writing of the linked-verse form renga dates to the middle of the Heian period (roughly AD 1000) and developed through the medieval era. Over time, set rules developed for the writing of renga, and its formal structure specified that about half of the stanzas should include a reference to a specific season, depending upon their place in the poem. According to these rules, the (the opening stanza of the renga) must include a reference to the season in which the renga was written. Poets as early as Iio Sogi (1421-1502) introduced the concept of seasonal references with anthologies of seasonal topics.

A lighter form of renga called ("playful" linked verse) was introduced in the 16th century, and became a salon type recreation by the Tokugawa era. Poets soon began to compose independent of the longer, collaborative renga and it began to become an independent style. In the early twentieth century poets began experimenting with breaking the traditional elements of haiku, such as omitting the kigo entirely. This eventually led to the New Haiku and free verse haiku movements, which advocated more modern styles of haiku. Today most Japanese haiku include a kigo, though many haiku written in languages other than Japanese omit it (see for example Haiku in English).

Significance
Season words are evocative of images that are associated with the same time of year. For readers in New England, a poem about frost on a pumpkin evokes other sensations and traditions, like frosty air and apple cider. For Higginson writing in The Haiku Seasons, season words are a type of logopoeia--a word used not just for its meaning, but for its associations with other ideas.

Seasons
The association of kigo with a particular season may be obvious, though sometimes it is more subtle. In Japan, Pumpkins are a winter squash associated with the autumn harvest. It may be less obvious why the moon is an autumn kigo, since it is visible year round. In autumn the days become shorter and the nights longer, yet they are still warm enough to stay outside, so one is more likely to notice the moon. Often, the night sky will be free of clouds in autumn, with the moon visible. The full moon can help farmers work after the sun goes down to harvest their crops (a harvest moon).

Japanese seasons
Japan is long from north to south, so the seasonal features vary from place to place. The sense of season in kigo is based on the region between Kyoto and Tokyo, because Japanese classical literature developed mainly in this area. In the Japanese calendar, seasons traditionally followed the lunisolar calendar with the solstices and equinoxes at the middle of a season. The traditional Japanese seasons are:

 * Spring: 4 February–5 May
 * Summer: 6 May–7 August
 * Autumn: 8 August–6 November
 * Winter: 7 November–3 February

Within season categories, kigo can denote early, middle, or late parts of a season, which are defined approximately as the first, second, or third month of the season. In linked haiku forms like renku, subsequent linked haiku must move forward in season temporally. There are other rules governing season words in renku, including the frequency of certain season words, and how many stanzas remain in a season, once mentioned.

Saijiki and lists of kigo
Japanese haiku poets often use a book called a, which lists with example poems. An entry in a usually includes a description of the kigo itself, together with a list of similar or related words, and some examples of haiku that include that kigo. The are divided into the four seasons (and modern  usually include a section for seasonless  words). Those sections are divided into a standard set of categories, and then the kigo are sorted within their proper category. Japan Great Saikiji uses the sub-categories of season words, the heavens, earth, humanity, observances, animals, and plants.

Examples of Japanese summer kigo are:

Summer
 * The Season: short night, burning, hot
 * The Sky and Heavens: rainy season, evening downpour, afterglow, drought
 * The Earth: waterfall, summer meadow, clear water
 * Humanity: switching clothes, straw mats, swimming, fireworks
 * Observances: Boys' Day (May 5), Gion festival (July)
 * Animals: fawn, mosquito, cuckoo
 * Plants: peony, lotus flower, orange blossoms, lily, sunflower

Outside Japan
Haiku started as a form of Japanese poetry and is now written in many different languages around the world. William J. Higginson's Haiku World (1996), which is the first international, contains more than 1,000 poems, by over 600 poets writing in 25 languages. The writing of haiku around the world has increased with the advent of the internet, where one can even find examples of haiku written in Latin, Esperanto, and Klingon, as well as numerous examples in more common languages.

International haiku poets have adapted the idea of kigo to their local conditions and culture. Many phenomena that might be used as kigo are similar throughout much of the world, such as the blooming of flowers and trees in the spring, and the migration of birds in the spring and autumn. Even if the trees and birds are not the same as in Japan, the concepts are still the same.

On the other hand, climatic conditions can often be very different from what the Japanese are used to. The tropics, for example, are very different from the temperate climate of Japan and usually only have a wet or Monsoon season, and a dry season. Tornado Alley area of the United States has its tornado season (peaking from late winter through mid summer, depending upon latitude). Areas with a Mediterranean climate, such as Western Australia, coastal California, and Spain have their summer Fire Season. On the other hand, in the Caribbean and the east coast of North America and surrounding areas, it is Hurricane Season during the summer and autumn months.

There are many local cultures around the world, with similarities and differences. One similarity is that many areas have harvest festivals with bonfires. One difference between locations is that migrating birds will be present in different locations at different times of year.

Different regions internationally have their own lists of kigo. The Southern California Haiku Study group created their own list, which includes regional weather like June gloom and smog, Forest fires, seasonal events like the Tournament of Roses Parade, and local flora like the Jacaranda.

Kigo and haiku: an example
In the famous haiku by Matsuo Bashō below, "frog" (蛙) is a for spring. Haiku had been traditionally written about the singing of mating frogs, but Bashō chose to focus on a very different sound.

Haiku without kigo
Haiku without kigo is possible, and are described as 無季 (no-season). Because of the practice of anthologizing haiku in saijiki, haiku that did not mention seasons were not as well-known, and many haiku writers assumed that haiku had to contain a kigo. Poems on non-seasonal topics appeared in the imperial anthology, such as love, travel, and religion. Usually about half the stanzas in a renku do not reference a season. In contemporary haiku composition, Japanese haiku writers disagree about if a haiku requires a kigo, while writers outside of Japan feel free to write haiku without kigo.

In the pre-Meiji era (before 1868), almost all haiku contained a kigo. For example, Japanese experts have classified only about 10 of Matsuo Bashō's (1644–1694) hokku in the miscellaneous category (out of about 1,000 hokku). As with most of the pre-Meiji poets, Bashō was primarily a renku poet (that is, he composed linked verse with other poets), so he also wrote plenty of miscellaneous and love stanzas for the interior lines of a renku.

The Meiji era poet Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902), who recommended several major reforms to the writing of hokku and tanka, including an expansion in subject matter and vocabulary, still included kigo in his revision of hokku, which he renamed haiku. Experts have classified a few hundred of Shiki's haiku in the miscellaneous category (out of the few thousand that he wrote). His follower Takahama Kyoshi, who was the most influential haiku poet in the generation after Shiki, also emphasized kigo. In the early part of the 20th century, there were a number of Japanese poets, such as Kawahigashi Hekigoto, Ogiwara Seisensui, Noguchi Yonejiro, Taneda Santōka, Ozaki Hōsai, Nakatsuka Ippekirō, and Ban'ya Natsuishi who were less concerned about some traditions of haiku such as the inclusion of kigo. Some, like Hekigoto and Seisensui, actively opposed the insistence on kigo, but even they often included kigo in their haiku.

Most Japanese and many western haiku written today still follow tradition by including a kigo. Many haiku groups and editors of haiku publications insist that haiku include a kigo. For some haiku traditionalists, anything that does not have a kigo is something else, either (comic haikai) or  (miscellaneous haikai). Until a few modern saijiki added the miscellaneous category, no seasonless haiku would have been included as examples in saijiki, which are the major references for haiku poets in Japan.

There are some reformers who have made suggestions such as using the idea of keywords (which would include kigo as a subset). Keywords are words such as dawn, birthday cake, ocean wave, beggar or dog, with strong associations, but which are not necessarily associated with a particular season. Birds that do not migrate, such as pigeons or sparrows, are additional examples of non-seasonal keywords. The Modern Haiku Association of Japan published a collection of kigo in 2004 which included non-seasonal kigo.

Print

 * 『入門歳時記』大野林火監修、俳句文学館編. 角川書店 、ISBN 4-04-063000-9. [Title: "Introductory Saijiki", editor: "Ōno Rinka", Publisher: Kadokawa Shoten]
 * (24 pp. A pocket kiyose listing over 700 Japanese kigo in English, ordered by season and category)
 * (24 pp. A pocket kiyose listing over 700 Japanese kigo in English, ordered by season and category)
 * (24 pp. A pocket kiyose listing over 700 Japanese kigo in English, ordered by season and category)

Online

 * Japanese Haiku — a Topical Dictionary at the Univ. of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative a work-in-progress based on the Nyu-mon Saijiki by the Museum of Haiku Literature in Tokyo, most translations by William J. Higginson and Lewis Cook
 * Haiku in Twelve Months by Inahata Teiko, on the Kyoshi Memorial Museum website

Online lists of season words

 * The Yuki Teikei Haiku Season Word List from the Yuki Teikei Haiku Society (Northern California)
 * Kiyose from the Shiki Internet Haiku Salon:
 * spring kigo
 * summer kigo
 * autumn kigo
 * winter kigo
 * Alaska Haiku Society Saijiki, with pictures and commentary for some kigo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kigo


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Talk:Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hutchidd.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Society and Culture
Isn't it fine to talk about the legal issues that MMORPGs. I know that there are already a video game controversies page, but since we're section this off from general video games, it should be talk about, especially in this small of a realm. Also the question about the new that was added, I had not finished editing it. I just had that place until I came back. I was going to change the title and bring in more facts about how we change MMORPGs into something else.Hutchidd (talk) 19:02, 19 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The problem is proper focus (Undue weight), tone and sourcing. You may want to review the list of reliable secondary sources at WP:VG/RS. "We" don't change MMORPGs into something else. Wikipedia reports what our reliable secondary sourcing is saying, we do not create our own original research. -- ferret (talk) 19:07, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

Then would the section be fine if I rewrote the ending sentence to make it more formal and informational? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hutchidd (talk • contribs) 19:21, 19 October 2018 (UTC)
 * As Izno noted, it's still undue weight to have this section anchored entirely to a sole author's opinions. -- ferret (talk) 15:58, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Not even just a sole author's opinion; it's trying to scrunch any kind of controversy into the article when that's not the point of the article. We have others (as noted in the edit itself) that can and should capture concerns about video games. Video game captures it at a WP:SUMMARY level and Video game addiction/Video game controversies capture it at a more-detailed level; it shouldn't be injected into a genre article or even specific video games. As you have been reverted multiple times, you should stop making the attempted change until there is consensus. --Izno (talk) 16:20, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Then, if talking about the legal issues is a problem then it shouldn't be talked or have it's own section. Instead I should link this page to the main page about video game controversies. Is that correct or should I not worry about the legal issues whatsoever?Hutchidd (talk) 16:35, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Adding to Licenses Section
I want to add to the Licenses Section about how small groups of people acquire the right to bring back a game from another company or the franchise.Hutchidd (talk) 02:36, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I reverted your edits for now. While we haven't discussed geekreply.com at WT:VGRS, I doubt it would ever be considered a reliable source. The authors don't appear to have any degrees or credentials or experience in games journalism (in fact, they're looking for more writers and state "you don’t even need to have prior experience"), there are no published editorial standards, the site is filled with advertisement and SEO "articles", and they don't appear to be cited by other reliable sources which points to a lack of a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Now the Game Revolution article, while a reliable source, is simply a roundup of MMOs that they like. It doesn't make the claim that "MMORPGs have been showing up with no shortage of stopping", which is a ridiculous WP:CRYSTALBALL-ish assertion that we shouldn't make on Wikipedia. If you can locate reliable sources that talk about games licenses—like sources listed at WP:VG/RS—we can certainly discuss how to add to the article. I hope this helps! Cheers! Woodroar (talk) 03:23, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * That makes sense. It seems hard to find sources that are giving me information that answer or give me the information that I want to add to the page. Hutchidd (talk) 16:41, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 22 May 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to not move. (non-admin closure) —  Young Forever (talk)   20:32, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Massively multiplayer online role-playing game → MMORPG – It is much easier to link to MMORPG. 14bauhr (talk) 18:19, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Most reliable sources tend to spell out the term—at least the first time—and searches for "massively multiplayer online role-playing game" tend to give more scholarly sources than "MMORPG". Besides, if the issue is linkability, you can always link to MMORPG and it will redirect to this article. Woodroar (talk) 18:49, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose as the Massively multiplayer online role-playing game name is more appropriate and understandable for any reader ~Amkgp ✉  19:19, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Ease of linking" is not a valid reason to move a topic, especially since you can already link that way as a redirect. -- ferret (talk) 19:41, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. "It is much easier to link to" in the nomination gives the game away. Links are not here for editors' convenience. No evidence has been provided that "|MMORPG" is the common name. 94.21.219.127 (talk) 22:12, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose. This is a good point. MMORPG is arguably the most common moniker. I wouldn't mind a move. Still, I slightly prefer the longer, more descriptive title. Cheers, Manifestation (talk) 12:27, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Merge - April 2023
The fork looks like the result of some languages lacking a proper translation for the term. Every native translation of it should involve creating an acronym in the target language, since that expresses a fundamental aspect of internet culture plus the media genres which MMORPG'es actually base themselves on. Nira gliro (talk) 02:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. MMORPGs are a type of MMO. There are also Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games, Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy games, and any kind of game where the server allows for hundreds or thousands of players. Reliable sources regularly cover those other genres, too. Woodroar (talk) 06:59, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Neither article mentions any notable much less real-time strategy games. Nira gliro (talk) 18:16, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter game includes a link to List of massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games, and List of massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games includes a link to List of massively multiplayer online real-time strategy games. Woodroar (talk) 18:33, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose Woodroar already covered it. I get the sense that there some sort of right-great-wrongs at work here. This is English Wikipedia, so the articles reflect the English names for these genres and sub-genres. -- ferret (talk) 18:34, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose There are MMOs that are not MMORPGs (MMOFPS, MMORTS, etc.). ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 12:54, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Can anyone find one example where the term is mutually exclusive? Global Agenda for example is an MMORPG as well as MMOFPS, since the game takes a story-driven role-playing approach. Nira gliro (talk) 20:52, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * MMORPG.com is NOT a reliable website. Also, I think you can't call World of Warcraft, Guild Wars 2 or Final Fantasy XIV as MMOFPS/MMORTS. Za9941 (talk) 12:31, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Even if an MMOG might have RPG elements, they're not necessarily MMORPGs. - Cukie Gherkin (talk) 02:56, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Theres enough here to keep them separate.Blue Pumpkin Pie (talk) 14:46, 2 June 2023 (UTC)


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Katharina von Bora

Katharina von Bora (29 January 1499? – 20 December 1552), after her wedding Katharina Luther, also referred to as "die Lutherin" ('the Lutheress'), was the wife of the German reformer Martin Luther and a seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation. Although little is known about her, she is often considered to have been important to the Reformation, her marriage setting a precedent for Protestant family life and clerical marriage.

Ancestry
Katharina von Bora was the daughter to a family of Saxon lesser nobility. According to common belief, she was born on 29 January 1499 in Lippendorf, but there is no evidence of this in contemporary documents. Due to there being multiple branches in her family and the uncertainty of her birth name, there are diverging theories about her place of birth. One of them proposes that she was born in Hirschfeld and that her parents were Hans von Bora zu Hirschfeld and his wife, born Anna von Haugwitz. It is also possible that Katharina was the daughter of Jan von Bora auf Lippendorf and his wife Margarete, both of whom were only mentioned in 1505.

Early life
Her father sent then five-year-old von Bora to a Benedictine convent in Brehna in 1504 to be educated, according to a letter Laurentius Zoch sent to Martin Luther in 1531. At the age of nine, she was moved to Nimbschen Abbey, Cistercian community named Marienthron ('Mary's Throne') near Grimma, where her maternal aunt was a nun. Von Bora's presence is in the financial accounts of 1509/10. After years of being a nun, von Bora became interested in the growing reform movement and grew dissatisfied with cloistered life. Conspiring with several other sisters, she contacted Luther and begged for his assistance. On 4 April 1523, Holy Saturday, Luther sent Leonhard Köppe, a merchant and councillor of Torgau who regularly delivered herring to the convent. The nuns escaped by hiding in his covered wagon among the fish barrels, and fled to Wittenberg.

Luther asked the family of the nuns to admit them into their houses, but they declined, possibly because this would have made them accomplices to a crime under canon law.

Within two years, Luther was able to arrange marriages or find employment for all of the escaped nuns except von Bora. She was first housed with the family of Philipp Reichenbach, the municipal clerk of Wittenberg, then with Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife, Barbara. Von Bora had a number of suitors, including Hieronymus Baumgartner from Nuremberg, and a pastor, Kaspar Glatz from Orlamünde, but none of the proposals resulted in marriage. She told Luther's friend and fellow reformer, Nicolaus von Amsdorf, that she would be willing to marry only Luther or von Amsdorf.

Marriage to Luther
Martin Luther, as well as many of his friends, was at first unsure of whether he should marry. Philip Melanchthon thought that this would hurt the Reformation by causing scandal. Luther eventually decided that his marriage would 'please his father, rile the pope, cause the angels to laugh, and the devils to weep'. 26-year-old Von Bora and 41-year-old Luther married on 13 June 1525, before witnesses including Justus Jonas, Johannes Bugenhagen, and Barbara and Lucas Cranach. A small wedding breakfast was held the next morning, and a more formal, public ceremony on 27 June, presided over by Bugenhagen.

The couple took up residence in the former dormitory and educational institution of Augustinian friars studying in Wittenberg (known as the 'Black Monastery'), a wedding gift from John, Elector of Saxony, brother of Luther's protector Frederick III, Elector of Saxony. Katharina immediately took on the task of managing the monastery's vast holdings. She bred and sold cattle and ran a brewery to provide for their family, the numerous students who boarded with them, and her husband's visitors. In times of epidemics, she operated a hospital with nurses, working alongside them. Luther called her the 'boss of Zulsdorf', after the farm they owned, and the 'morning star of Wittenberg' for her habit of rising at 4 a.m.

Based on Luther's descriptions, his wife, whom he nicknamed 'Herr Käthe', exerted much control over his life. She might have even influenced his decisions to a degree; Luther said that his wife 'convince[d] [him] of whatever' she pleased', and explicitly afforded her 'complete control' over the household, as long as 'his rights' were 'preserved', since '[f]emale government has never done any good'. She thus assisted her husband with running their estate and directed renovations when necessary. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Katharina Luther played a wife's role as taught by her husband's movement: she depended on him financially (although she also increased their estate's profits), and respected him as a 'higher vessel', always calling him 'Herr Doktor'. He reciprocated by occasionally consulting her on church matters.

Katharina bore six children: Hans (1526–1575), Elisabeth (1527–1528), Magdalena (1529–1542), Martin (1531–1565), Paul (1533–1593), and Margarete (1534–1570). She also suffered a miscarriage on 1 November 1539. The Luthers raised four orphaned children, including Katharina's nephew, Fabian.

Significance of the marriage
The marriage of von Bora to Luther is very important in the history of Protestantism, specifically in regard to the development of its views on marriage and gender roles. While Luther was not the first cleric to marry because of Reformation ideas, he was one of the most prominent. As he argued publicly for clerical marriage and produced much anti-Catholic propaganda, his marriage became a natural target for his enemies.

After Luther's death
When Martin Luther died in 1546, Katharina was left in difficult financial straits without Luther's salary as professor and pastor, even though she owned land, properties, and the Black Cloister. She had been counselled by Martin Luther to move out of the old abbey and sell it after his death, and move into much more modest quarters with the children who remained at home, but she refused. Luther had named her his sole heir in his last will. His will could not be executed, however, because it did not conform with Saxon law.

Almost immediately after, Katharina had to leave the Black Cloister, now called Lutherhaus, by herself, at the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War, fleeing to Magdeburg. After she returned, the approaching war forced another flight in 1547, this time to Braunschweig. In July 1547, at the close of the war, she was able to return to Wittenberg.

After the war, the buildings and lands of the monastery had been torn apart and laid waste. Cattle and other farm animals had been stolen or killed. If she had sold the land and the buildings, she could have had a good financial situation. Financially, they could not remain there. Katharina was able to support herself thanks to the generosity of John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, and the princes of Anhalt.

She remained in Wittenberg in poverty until 1552, when an outbreak of the Black Plague and a harvest failure forced her to leave the city once again. She fled to Torgau, where she was thrown from her cart into a watery ditch near the city gates. For three months, she went in and out of consciousness, before dying in Torgau on 20 December 1552, at the age of 53. She was buried at Torgau's Saint Mary's Church, far from her husband's grave in Wittenberg. She is reported to have said on her deathbed, 'I will stick to Christ as a burr to cloth.'

By the time of Katharina's death, the surviving Luther children were adults. After Katharina's death, the Black Cloister was sold back to the university in 1564 by his heirs.

Margareta Luther, born in Wittenberg on 27 December 1534, married into a noble, wealthy Prussian family, to Georg von Kunheim (Wehlau, 1 July 1523 – Mühlhausen [now Gvardeyskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast], 18 October 1611, the son of Georg von Kunheim [1480–1543] and wife Margarethe, Truchsessin von Wetzhausen [1490–1527]) but died in Mühlhausen in 1570 at the age of thirty-six.

Commemoration
Katharina von Bora is commemorated on 20 December in the Calendar of Saints of some Lutheran churches in the United States. In 2022, she was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 20 December.

In addition to a statue in Wittenberg and several biographies, an opera of her life now keeps her memory alive.

title: Katharina von Bora


text:
Wikipedia:List of article series

This is a list of Wikipedia "series" or "groupings" that use the table format described at Article series. This is not a comprehensive listing of all article groups on Wikipedia.

See also Navigational templates.

National history series

 * History of Afghanistan
 * History of Albania
 * History of Algeria
 * History of Australia
 * History of Brazil
 * History of Canada
 * History of Cambodia
 * History of China
 * History of Egypt
 * History of France
 * French Revolution (a series within a series)
 * History of Germany
 * History of India
 * History of Mongolia
 * History of Poland
 * History of Romania
 * History of Russia
 * History of Sweden
 * History of the United Kingdom
 * History of the United States

Other history series

 * Cold War
 * Dreyfus Affair
 * History of computing
 * History of the English penny
 * History of New York City
 * History of Seattle
 * History of South Asia
 * New Imperialism
 * Timeline of the September 11, 2001 Attacks

Social-historical issues

 * European colonization of the Americas
 * Indigenous rights
 * Norse colonization of North America
 * Same-sex marriage

Politics

 * Anarchism
 * Anarcho-Communism
 * Anarcho-Syndicalism
 * Basic forms of government
 * Communism
 * Conservatism
 * Conservatism in the United States
 * Green anarchism
 * Fascism
 * Left Communism
 * Liberalism
 * Libertarianism
 * Libertarianism in the United States
 * Libertarian Socialism
 * Leninism
 * Maoism
 * Marxism
 * Marxism-Leninism
 * Nazism
 * Neo-fascism
 * Neoliberalism
 * New Democrats
 * Party Politics
 * Political revolution
 * Platformism
 * Social Democracy
 * Socialism
 * Syndicalism
 * Trotskyism
 * Weapons of mass destruction

Religion and philosophy

 * Eastern philosophy
 * History of the English Bible
 * Indic religions
 * Philosophy
 * Epistemology

Culture and the arts

 * Culture of Cambodia
 * Culture of India
 * Culture of the United States
 * History of art
 * History of animation
 * Native Americans in the United States
 * Poetry groups and movements
 * Taiwanese indigenous peoples
 * Western dress codes

Music

 * Andean music
 * Celtic music
 * Central American music
 * Classical guitar
 * Classical music
 * Electronic music
 * Fiddle & Violin
 * Heavy metal music
 * Indian classical music
 * Jazz
 * Lusophone music
 * Music of Canada
 * Music of India
 * Music of Spain
 * Music of the United Kingdom
 * Music of the United States
 * Nordic music

Language

 * English suffixes
 * Linguistics
 * Major English dialects

Science

 * Genetics
 * Genomics
 * Geologic timescale
 * Medicine
 * Organelle
 * Classical Mechanics
 * Physical cosmology
 * Quantum Mechanics
 * General Relativity

Ripe for development

 * History of the United States National Security Council
 * History of Japan
 * New Zealand Wars
 * Revolutions of 1848

title: Wikipedia:List of article series


text:
Talk:Why We Fight

About Tanaka Memorial
Please check out the entry of "Tanaka, Giichi" of Encyclopaedia of Britannica, The Columbia Encyclopedia, and so on.

They say Tanaka Memorial "has been shown to be a forgery", "proven to be a forgery", and so on.Kadzuwo 22:47, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"the seven films"
There are eight films listed. The Negro Soldier was the last added, so I guess it wasn't actually one of the originals? --Kiand 16:49, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

I have never heard of "The Negro Soldier." I bought a boxed set of these, which contained seven films. Desegregation is never mentioned in the seven, and I know that the army was not desegregated until 1948, after the war was over.

"The Negro Soldier" was a 1944 War Department film encouraging African-Americans to enlist. It is unrelated to the "Why We Fight" series.- mobo85

The Internet Archive has 8 Why We Fight films available for download here: http://www.archive.org/details/cinemocracy. They also have 5 other related films from other directors. -- Hoosemon (talk) 11:56, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Missed essential subjects
The article includes the word "propaganda" 15 times, in the body and from the sources. However, the purpose of the films as described by Capra, Chief of Staff Marshall, and most of the other sources involved with the creation, making, and distribution of the films never used that word. Nor are their statements cited anywhere. They generally and consistently used terms "war training films" and "war information films." Neither the word "training" or "information" is mentioned in the article. In fact, the stated purposes for the films, according to them, was to "counter" the hundreds of real propaganda films created by the Axis powers after WWI. Is there some need for balance in the use of the more subjective purposes, verses the objective impressions that the article focuses on, including the first sentence? --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 22:07, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've changed the it back to "documentary" from propaganda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.15.243.98 (talk) 08:39, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Totally disagree. How many times do you see the word "propaganda" in Pravda's stated purpose? Yet I doubt anyone would disagree Pravda was a propaganda outlet for the Kremlin. The owners of a spade will never call it a spade. I don't think referencing it as propaganda every time it's mentioned is apt, but treating American "war information films" as Holy Gospel is very, very silly and shows a strong American bias. 96.54.86.78 (talk) 04:19, 22 July 2014 (UTC)
 * It's fine to disagree and state your personal opinion. But unless it's cited, labeling something as "propaganda" needs a source, otherwise it's OR. Especially if used in the lead. --Light show (talk) 20:34, 22 July 2014 (UTC)
 * And if someone asked for a citation that the Volkswagen Jetta was indeed a car? There's nothing OR about calling "a film series intended to convince a population of the "neccessity of fighting a war"" propoganda — that's a synonym. Of course, if that doesn't please your highness, perhaps the citations later in the article stating that the series was essentially in lockstep with Soviet propoganda? You don't need a citation that the sky is blue, and right now this article has massive POV issues from the American side. 96.54.86.78 (talk) 09:02, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The films were made by the U.S., which was then in the war, hence the title, Why We Fight. Had it been on the sidelines, a title like, Why We Sit and Watch, would have been from a different POV. The POV is implied. --Light show (talk) 17:15, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Statement needing verification
This sentence from the first paragraph in the lead has some issues that should be clarified before it's used due to its importance:

""Most Scholars agree the film is a prime example of ethical propaganda.""

 * "Most scholars" needs explanation. What kind of scholars? Was a survey made to conclude it was "most" of them?
 * The term "ethical propaganda" is not quoted, but should be if it was used by someone, and that person should be named. Otherwise it reads as OR.
 * The sources are a problem: the first one can't be accessed and the second one is a dead link.
 * The concept of "ethical propaganda" should first be incorporated into the body, and probably expanded to explain more about this unique term, since the lead is used to summarize text already covered in the body. --Light show (talk) 08:07, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

It's an absurd statement. Why We Fight is FULL of misrepresentations, from beginning to end.

For one thing, it relies heavily on Hermann Rauschning's Conversations with Hitler, which was exposed as a fraud by Wolfgang Haenel in 1983.

Beyond that, Capra also misrepresents film-clips. For example, he uses a scene of the Kuomintang executing some Communists as an alleged representation of Japanese atrocities. This was not a Japanese atrocity; it was Chinese killing other Chinese. Here's a video that somebody made to prove it. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LbVeadjSbo

It is certain that Capra also used actors for some scenes. The Japanese officer spliced into the scene of Chinese shooting Chinese has to be an actor.

There's nothing "ethical" about Capra's propaganda. Your Buddy Fred Lewis (talk) 16:32, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Propaganda Films
These are clearly propaganda films, intended to convey a political message to the audience. It follows that they are called such in this article.

Frank Capra does its utmost to disconnect the series from dastardly "propaganda" films, calls them documentary. Could someone so inclined please correct the mistake? - 91.10.20.193 (talk) 23:31, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

Some Footnotes, unrelated to the section above this
n/t — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.10.20.193 (talk) 23:32, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

== In order to justify the Western Allies' alliance with the Soviet Union, the series omitted many facts, which could have cast doubts on the "good guy" status of the Soviets, such as the Nazi–Soviet alliance, Soviet invasion of Poland; but it shows the the pact signing and the USSR  invasion of Poland  ==

at 24:83 it shows the the molotov-ribbentrop pact sighing and at 37:54 it shows the Soviet invasion of Poland to so its not a ww2 propaganda film so I will fix this page up Jack90s15 (talk) 03:33, 30 November 2018 (UTC) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-y_oz06_cQ&index=2&list=PLugwVCjzrJsXwAiWBipTE9mTlFQC7H2rU Jack90s15 (talk) 03:50, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

To exonerate the Soviets, the series casts even less important Allies, like the Poles, in the bad light, even repeating Nazi propaganda claims such as the Tuchola Forest myth or false claims about the Polish Air Force being destroyed on the ground but at 29:33 they say that planes did get of the ground and fight and does not show at in the Why We Fight: The Nazis Strike polish Cavalry charging at Tanks so I will fix this all and the only one that To exonerate the Soviets is the Why We Fight: The Battle of Russia that one does not talk about Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, Winter War Jack90s15 (talk) 04:06, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrKDBFJoo2w&t=4251s Jack90s15 (talk) 05:30, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

the full film the battle of Russia is in 3 parts can not find the full film
I added the full film the battle of Russia it is in 3 parts not find the full film — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jack90s15 (talk • contribs) 04:52, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Why We Fight


text:
Background music

Background music (British English: piped music) is a mode of musical performance in which the music is not intended to be a primary focus of potential listeners, but its content, character, and volume level are deliberately chosen to affect behavioral and emotional responses in humans such as concentration, relaxation, distraction, and excitement. Listeners are uniquely subject to background music with no control over its volume and content. The range of responses created are of great variety, and even opposite, depending on numerous factors such as, setting, culture, audience, and even time of day.

Background music is commonly played where there is no audience at all, such as empty hallways, restrooms and fitting rooms. It is also used in artificial space, such as music played while on hold during a telephone call, and virtual space, as in the ambient sounds or thematic music in video games. It is typically played at low volumes from multiple small speakers distributing the music across broad public spaces. Music has proven to improve cognitive processes, enabling the brain to process more information. The widespread use of background music in offices, restaurants, and stores began with the founding of Muzak, or light background music, in the 1930s and was characterized by repetition and simple musical arrangements. Its use has grown worldwide and today incorporates the findings of psychological research relating to consumer behavior in retail environments, employee productivity, and workplace satisfaction.

Due to the growing variety of settings (from doctors' offices to airports), many styles of music are utilized as background music. Because the aim of background music is passive listening, vocals, commercial interruptions, and complexity are typically avoided. In spite of the international distribution common to syndicated background music artists, it is often associated with artistic failure and a lack of musical talent in the entertainment industry. There are composers who write specifically for music syndication services such as Dynamic Media and Mood Media, successors of Muzak, and MTI Digital. Multiple studies have correlated the presence of background music with increased spending in retail establishments.

Incidental music
The use of incidental music dates back at least as far as Greek drama. A number of classical composers have written incidental music for various plays, with the more famous examples including Henry Purcell's Abdelazer music, George Frideric Handel's The Alchemist music, Joseph Haydn's Il distratto music, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Thamos, King of Egypt music, Ludwig van Beethoven's Egmont music, Carl Maria von Weber's Preciosa music, Franz Schubert's Rosamunde music, Felix Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream music, Robert Schumann's Manfred music, Georges Bizet's L'Arlésienne music, and Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt music. Parts of all of these are often performed in concerts outside the context of the play. Vocal incidental music, which is included in the classical scores mentioned above, should never be confused with the score of a Broadway or film musical, in which the songs often reveal character and further the storyline. Vocal incidental music sets the tone for a film through using various beats or sounds, portraying the emotions of certain scenes. Since the score of a Broadway or film musical is what actually makes the work a musical, it is far more essential to the work than mere incidental music, which nearly always amounts to little more than a background score; indeed, many plays have no incidental music whatsoever, allowing the actors to express their characters solely through words and their expressions.

Furniture music
The term furniture music was coined by Erik Satie in 1917, and demonstrated by him in three sets of compositions: Musique d'ameublement (1917), Sons industriels (1920) and Tenture de cabinet préfectoral (1923). It fell into disuse when the composer died a few years later, and the genre was revived several decades later. After his death, furniture music was reinterpreted and programmed in concerts; many individuals found that it filled the awkward pauses, allowing audiences to become better immersed into the performance. Typical of furniture music are short musical passages, with an indefinite number of repeats.

Muzak / Elevator music
Elevator music (also known as Muzak, piped music, or lift music) is a more general term indicating music that is played in rooms where many people come together (that is, not for the explicit purpose of listening to music), and during telephone calls when placed on hold. There is a specific sound associated with elevator music, but it usually involves simple instrumental themes from "soft" popular music, or "light" classical music being performed by slow strings. More recent types of elevator music may be computer-generated, with the actual score being composed entirely algorithmically.

The term can also be used for kinds of easy listening, piano solo, jazz or middle of the road music, or what are known as "beautiful music" radio stations.

Corporate music
Corporate music (or corporate production music) is a term for background music, made to work with company presentations: rather subtle, understated and unobtrusive. However, it should not be confused with "corporate pop" - pop music produced by corporations and that "blurs the line between independent and mainstream".

Video game music
Video game music (VGM) is a soundtrack for video games. Songs may be original and composed specifically for the game, or preexisting music licensed for use in the game. Music in video games can be heard over a game's title screen, menus and during gameplay. Sometimes, a soundtrack from a videogame can be released separately, as it happened with GTA V's in-game "radiostations"

Website music
The early social media website Myspace has supported a feature where specific songs chosen by the user would automatically play on their profile pages.

Group fitness music
With the proliferation of boutique fitness classes in the late 2010s, a new emphasis is being placed on properly licensing music to be used by instructors in a group fitness environment. As it is more interactive than traditional background music, the licensing and cost structures differ.

Internet delivered background music
Internet-delivered background music was delivered by companies as Mood Media (which had acquired Trusonic, which had acquired Muzak). This allowed the retailer to instantly update music and messages which were deployed at the store level as opposed to using older compact disc and satellite technologies. Using this technique enables the creator to include more meaning in their work and effectively convey their messages. Playing music that affects the mood of the audience urges many emotions, making the work more memorable.

Business audio
Business audio, also known as copyrighted material, refers to a type of service that provides audio content that is licensed for use in a commercial setting.

Business news can be one example. The term background music is another example. Providers of the latter include:
 * Cloud Cover Media, Inc.
 * StoreStreams Inc
 * Muzak Holdings LLC
 * DMX
 * PlayNetwork
 * MTI Digital
 * XM for Business
 * Music Choice
 * CUSTOMtronics Sound
 * Applied Media Technologies Corporation
 * Trusonic
 * Couture Media, Inc.

In the United States, the terms "elevator music" and "Muzak" are commonly used to refer to business audio services that provide background music in retail settings.

History
Founded in 1934, Muzak was among the early background music providers.

Business audio is produced off-site and delivered to the client via a number of methods including DBS satellite, SDARS satellite, coaxial cable, FM radio subcarrier, leased line, internet broadband, compact disc, and tape.

Most audio content is licensed for personal and home use only. Business audio services allow clients to use audio content in public and commercial settings by paying appropriate royalties to performing rights organizations like ASCAP, BMI, SESAC and GEMA in Germany.

Historical devices

 * The 1959 Seeburg 1000 was a stack record player, playing both sides continuous and repeating up to 1000 songs and up to 25 special 9" vinyl records with a 2" center bore at 16⅔ RPM.
 * The Rowe Customusic was an endless tape cartridge player, loading simultaneous six C-type Fidelipac cartridges.
 * The 1964 3M Cantata 700 played continuous and auto-reversing one of its large and proprietary magnetic tape cartridges, containing up to 26 hours of music.
 * Rediffusion’s Reditune system was popular in the 1960s UK.

title: Background music


text:
Hollingworth

Hollingworth is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, in Greater Manchester, England. It is about 11 miles (19 km) east of Manchester on the Derbyshire border near Glossop. Historically part of Cheshire, it gave its name to a family who owned much of the surrounding area from before the time of the Norman conquest.

Toponymy
Hollingworth was recorded Holisvrde before 1059 and in 1086. Its name is derived from the Old English holegn, for holly and worð an enclosure. In 1059, Hollingworth was surrounded by dense forests.

Early history
An ancient pagan religious site known as Wedneshough Green was in Hollingworth. A grassy knoll opposite the Gunn Inn was anciently called Wedenshaw or Woden's Hawe after the pagan god Woden. The region was populated by Celts, the Pecsaetans a southern branch of the Brigantes. The group became a distinct ethnic tribe in the Mercian Kingdom of the West Angles. The tribes living in the Longdendale valley were pagans until around 627AD when the surrounding districts started converting to Christianity.

Hollingworth was in the ancient Hundred of Hamestan before 1000 AD which is believed to be the ancient boundaries of the Pecsaetan tribesmen. After the Norman conquest in 1086, the Hundred of Hamestan was redefined and renamed the Hundred of Macclesfield.

Manor
Hollingworth was an ancient manor governed by a local lord. Members of a single family, the Hollingworths, were lords of the manor for more than 700 years. In this part of Cheshire, local lords assumed the name of their manor as their surname. Some were granted arms by the Earl of Chester. The family's ancient arms are three holly leaves.

In 1059 when the Saxons ruled Cheshire, Hollingworth was held by a freeman who owed his rights to his senior lord; Edwin the Earl of Chester. Edwin was the chief lord of all the manors in the Hamestan Hundred. He leased the manor of Hollingworth to a freeman and his descendants for an annual rent and military service. In 1059, Hollingworth had 30 acres of productive farmland. The Saxon freeman in possession of the manor was removed sometime before 1086 by the Normans.

After the Norman conquest of England, Earl Edwin's lands were forfeited. The Domesday Book in 1086 shows that Hollingworth manor was barren and worthless. Paul Howson and William Booth wrote that 'No population is recorded for the area covered by the later forest of Macclesfield or the Lordship of Longdendale ...'. The Lordship of Longdendale was a term that came into common use around 1359, to describe a parcel of manors which includes Hollingworth. The wholesale ejectment of the Saxons from manors in Longdendale appears to have specific to those lands under the control of Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. He replaced the Saxon freeman on the Cheshire side of Longdendale with Normans and Saxon farmers under the control of a local Saxon chieftain called Wulfric (pronounced Uluric). On the Derbyshire side of Longdendale, which was controlled by the king, many ancient Saxon families remained in control of their lands.

The Domesday Book shows that Hollingworth was held by the Earl of Chester with no local lord in control of the manor. The Saxon chieftain Wulfric managed manors in Longdendale on behalf of the Earl of Chester. Heavily wooded and dangerous because of wolves in the forests, Hollingworth and the manors of Mottram, Matley, Tintwistle and Stayley appear to have been wilderness until 1211. By 1140 local farmers assumed the name of their manor as their surname. Sometime before 1211, Sir William De Neville (De NovaVilla), took up residence at Bucton Castle in Tintwistle, and was installed as over-lord to manage the local lords in possession of Hollingworth, Wolley, Broadbottom, Hattersley, Wernet, Matley, Stayley, Mottram-in-Longdendale and Tintwistle.

In 1211, William De Neville gave his son-in-law, Thomas de Burgh or Burgo, control of all the manors in Longdendale as the supreme over-lord. Around 1222, Thomas de Burgh took the neighbouring manor of Godley from Albinus and gave it to Adam, son of Reginald de Bredbury. Witness to this deed was a 'Tomas de Holinwurthe'.

The earliest recorded Hollingworths are Tomas de Holinwurthe circa 1222, 1246; and Henry de Holenwart in 1222. The ancient manor of Hollingworth including the minor manors of Thorncliffe and Wolley was held by the de Holynworths of Hollingworth Hall by 'knight's service'. By 1359, the manor was owned by different scions of the Hollingworth family. Greater Hollingworth was owned by the senior branch living at Hollingworth Hall. Little Hollingworth was inherited by a younger brother who lived at Old Mottram Hall; he married the heiress to Matley Hall. A younger sister held a share of Thorncliffe Manor, also called Little Hollingworth manor, and was at Thorncliffe Hall in 1359.

The ancient family of Hollingworth migrated to Devon, London, Lincoln, Maidstone in Kent and Dale Abbey in Derbyshire. A pedigree for the family shows they descended in a continuous male line from the Lords of Hollingworth to the present day.

Hollingworth Hall is no longer standing, but the family's chapel remains.

Transport
The village is served by the A628 road (leading to the Woodhead pass to Barnsley) and the A57 road (leading to the Snake Pass to Sheffield). Going west, the A57 joins the M67 motorway a couple of miles from the village.

Hollingworth is also served by Stagecoach Bus Service 237 from Glossop to Ashton-under-Lyne, passing every 30 minutes until 6pm then every hour thereafter.

Education
There are two schools in Hollingworth:
 * Hollingworth Primary and Nursery School, for children up to aged 11
 * Longdendale High School, a comprehensive school for children aged 11–16.

Culture and community

 * Hollingworth Cricket Club plays in the Derbyshire and Cheshire League.
 * Hollingworth Brass Band rehearses at Longdendale Community Language College.
 * Etherow Bowling Club is located just off the Boulevard at the bottom of Taylor Street. They have 6 teams (5 Men's & 1 Ladies') who play Crown Green Bowls.
 * 1st Longdendale Scouts troop night is held at the Cannon Street Community Centre weekly.

Notable people

 * Fashion designer Vivienne Westwood (1941–2022) was born at 6, Millbrook in the village.

title: Hollingworth


text:
SS Atlantic Conveyor

Atlantic Conveyor was a British merchant navy ship, registered in Liverpool, that was requisitioned during the Falklands War.

She was hit on 25 May 1982 by two Argentine air-launched AM39 Exocet missiles, killing 12 sailors. Atlantic Conveyor sank whilst under tow on 28 May 1982.

The wrecksite is designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

History
Atlantic Conveyor was a 14,950 ton roll-on, roll-off container ship owned by Cunard. She was built along with six other container ships, each named with the prefix Atlantic, and each sailing under different national flags by different companies for the Atlantic Container Line consortium.

Along with her sister ship, Atlantic Causeway, Atlantic Conveyor was requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence at the beginning of the Falklands War through the STUFT – Ships Taken Up From Trade – system. Because of the short time available, the decision that the ship was not "a high-value unit", and a controversy over whether arming auxiliaries was legal, Atlantic Conveyor was not fitted with either an active or a passive defence system.

The ships were used to carry supplies for the Royal Navy Task Force sent by the British government to retake the Falkland Islands from Argentine occupation. Sailing for Ascension Island on 25 April 1982, Atlantic Conveyor carried a cargo of six Wessex helicopters from 848 Naval Air Squadron and five RAF Chinook HC.1s from No. 18 Squadron RAF. At Ascension, she picked up eight Fleet Air Arm Sea Harriers (809 Squadron) and six RAF Harrier GR.3 jump jets.

One Chinook of B flight No. 18 Squadron RAF left Atlantic Conveyor to support operations on Ascension. With the aircraft stored she then set sail for the South Atlantic. On arrival off the Falklands in mid-May, all of the Harriers were off-loaded to the carriers; the GR.3s going to HMS Hermes while the Sea Harriers were divided amongst the existing squadrons on Hermes and HMS Invincible. With the additional aircraft on Hermes a Lynx HAS.2 helicopter was flown and parked on Atlantic Conveyor on 20 May 1982.

On 25 May 1982 (the same day as the loss of HMS Coventry) Atlantic Conveyor was hit by two AM39 Air Launched Exocet missiles fired by two Argentine Navy Super Étendard jet fighters. The mission was led by Corvette Captain Roberto Curilovic (call sign 'Tito'), flying Super Etendard 0753/3-A-203, and his wingman, Warship Lieutenant Julio Barraza, (call sign 'Leo') flying in 0754/3-A-204 —both from 2da Escuadrilla Aeronaval de Caza y Ataque.

Both Exocets struck Atlantic Conveyor on the port quarter of the ship. There are conflicting accounts on whether the warheads exploded after penetrating the ship's hull, or on impact. Witness Prince Andrew reported that debris caused "splashes in the water about a quarter of a mile away". He said that the incident "was an experience I shall never forget ... horrific". All the survivors were taken to HMS Hermes.

Because both fuel and ammunition were stored below decks, the incendiary effect of the unburnt propellant from the missiles caused an uncontrollable fire. When the fire had burnt out, the ship was boarded but nothing was recovered. While under tow by the requisitioned tug Irishman, Atlantic Conveyor sank in the early morning of 28 May 1982. Six Westland Wessexes, three Boeing Chinooks, and a Westland Lynx were destroyed by fire; only one Chinook (ZA718 'Bravo November') and one Westland Wessex, were saved. The loss of these helicopters meant that British troops had to march on foot across the Falklands to recapture Stanley.

Twelve men died in Atlantic Conveyor, including the ship's master, Captain Ian Harry North, who was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). The ship was the first British merchant vessel lost at sea to enemy fire since World War II.

The ship's replacement was built on Tyneside.

Crew
The vessel carried a Merchant Navy crew of 33. This included 12 officers (master, chief officer, second officer, third officer, radio officer, chief engineer, second engineer, two third engineers, fourth engineer, electrician and purser), 10 petty officers (bosun, four mechanics, two first cooks, second cook and baker, second cook and second steward) and 11 ratings (five seamen, three greasers and three assistant stewards). Of the 12 men killed in the sinking of Atlantic Conveyor six were from the Merchant Navy, three from the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and three sailors from the Royal Navy.

As the last resting place of the remains of those who died, the wreck is designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

The officers' bar on M/V Atlantic Conveyor, built 1984 in Swan Hunter, Wallsend is named "The North Bar" after Captain Ian North.

title: SS Atlantic Conveyor


text:
Talk:Quadratic function

Why _quad_ratic?
Silly question perhaps, but why are they called quadratic? Highest power is _two_, number of terms is _three_; where's the four come from?

 * It's the same reason that x2 is called "x-squared". Back when geometry was all of mathematics, a common problem people wanted to solve was quadrature,  i.e. turning things into squares.  Algebraically, problems involving squares and turning things into squares are always second power (because the area of a square with side x is x2).  So call x2 "x-squared" because it is the square associated with x, and call any equation involving this squared quantity a quadratic equation.  Similarly, third degree functions are called cubic, rather than "ternary" or some other such -Lethe | Talk 18:06, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Hello Lethe, kindly refer to "Etymology" section of this article for your question. Also Talk pages are not forums. - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 21:08, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Section ordering.
Would it be an a good idea to move the 'Roots' section below the 'Graph' section in the body.

I think the article would flow better that way and since the 'Graph' section contains the first part of the derivation of the equation for the roots as well. (As I remember them).

I'm asumming the derivation is not spelt out to stop people just copy the page for thier homework. ;-).

I think we should add a new article that discusses quadratic factoring. We also need better organization with this article because the sections are very randomly ordered. After organizing this article, let's add a paragraph about all the methods of factoring. Then we can provide a link to the new article (about factoring), which will go into the whole schmellalagang of factoring in detail. Anyone with me on this?

Matrix formulation
I think you should mention the matrix formulation of multivariate quadratics. Your formula is equivilant to $$ \mathbf x^T \mathbf A \mathbf x + \mathbf b^T \mathbf x + c $$, $$\mathbf A$$ is a symetric 2 by 2 matrix, $$\mathbf b$$ and $$\mathbf x$$ are 2-vectors, and $$c$$ is a scalar. I think the vertex is where the gradient ($$2\mathbf A \mathbf x+ \mathbf b$$) is zero: so $$2 \mathbf A \mathbf x = \mathbf b$$, which can be solved easily by Cramers rule. The hessian matrix is everywhere $$2 \mathbf A$$, which is the shape operator of the plot-surface at the vertex. The quadratic can be rotated by a givens rotation to make $$\mathbf A$$ into a diagonal matrix (call it $$\mathbf D$$) and put the quadric in a standard orientation. I think the elements of $$\mathbf D$$ are half the the principle curvatures of the plot at the vertex. I would add to the page directly, but I dont have time to double-check my facts first. The page probably should list the fundamental forms (I think they turn out to be very simple for quadratics).

Yeah I agree. ~Claire — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.118.134.25 (talk) 00:16, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

It needs to be $$2 \mathbf A \mathbf x = -\mathbf b$$. Dunbur (talk) 00:12, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Java render
In package java.awt.geom, there are classes QuadCurve2D, QuadCurve2D.Double, QuadCurve2D.Float. We can use them to draw a quadratic curve. In order to construct such an object, we need two points on the curve, and one control point. What does this control point mean? Jackzhp 19:09, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't the documentation say what it means? But it probably has the obvious meaning: the line from this point to either of the other points is a tangent to the curve at that point. See the stuff on quadratic curves in the Bézier curve article. --Zundark 10:03, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * JDK's documentation doesn't say anything about the control point. However, your information gives the way to understand the stuff. Thanks. Furthermore, if we know y=ax^2+bx+c goes through point A & B, we need a formula to get the control point C. Conversely, if we know the point A,B, & C, we should have a formula to find a,b,& c. Can somebody post the fomulas here?Jackzhp 01:42, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * What makes you think the curve is given by $$y=ax^2+bx+c$$? The way you describe the classes, the axis of the parabola needn't be vertical. --Zundark 18:47, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your responding. ok. suppose the curve is ax^2+bxy+cy^2+dx+ey+f=0 goes through point A(xA,yA) & B(xB,yB). we need a formula to get the control point C(xC,yC). then we can use these three points to draw the segment between point A&B. What is the formula? Conversely, if we know the points A,B,C, we need the formula to find a,b,c,d,e,f. What is this formula again? Thanks. Jackzhp 21:11, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Explanation of A and other variables
Nowhere in this article does it explain what the variables A, B, C, D, E, and F are for the Bivariate quadratic function. 69.119.189.202 23:27, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Vertex
Gah! I went around thinking that the vertex of a parabola is (h, -k) because of this article. The vertex should be just (h, k) Am I wrong??68.149.9.65 00:27, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

The vertex of a parabola is (h, k).156.34.177.71 17:29, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal with Quadratic polynomial

 * Support. Move relevant content from Quadratic polynomial into Quadratic equation and keep this one as the master. DVdm (talk) 20:03, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The proposal seems to be to merge quadratic function with quadratic polynomial, which apparently would not affect quadratic equation.Anythingyouwant (talk) 07:33, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I.m.o. best to move function and polynomial together into quadratic equation. - DVdm (talk) 15:18, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * It might be best to start by merging two of those articles, and then we can start a discussion about merging with the third. Can we start by merging poly and func? Wikipedia isn't really set up to merge three at once. Plus, I think quadratic equation is already pretty long.Anythingyouwant (talk) 15:22, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

 * In the Quadratic polynomial article "polynomial" takes on various meanings, including polynomial expression, polynomial equation, and polynomial function. What is the specific "relevant content" proposed to be moved / merged? Thelema418 (talk) 04:16, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I support the proposal that this article be merged with Quadratic polynomial. The material is closely related, and the articles are short enough to allow a single merged article.Anythingyouwant (talk) 14:21, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Restoring a curve having three distinct points
We should say that it is possible to restore a quadratic curve having three disticnct points (and to explain how it can be done). VictorPorton (talk) 21:14, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Do you have any particular book (author, title, publisher, isbn, page) in mind that we can use as a source? - DVdm (talk) 22:34, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry
This article has had several edits from an IP address used by blocked user Glkanter that were reverted as being vandalism. Please keep an eye out for further abuse. Also see: Sockpuppet investigations/Glkanter/Archive, Sockpuppet investigations/Glkanter and Arbitration/Requests/Case/Monty Hall problem. --Guy Macon (talk) 08:23, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Discussion about inappropriate external link
Discussion about my revert of this edit at Talk:Quadratic_equation. - DVdm (talk) 18:54, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Improving last September's merge
Last September's merge seems to have simply copy-and-pasted the other article into the bottom of this one, leaving a lot of redundancy. I'm going to complete the merge by cutting from the bottom whatever is better covered earlier, and moving the better things in the lower part to the upper part. Please bear with me if this process creates some temporary roughness, which should only last for a few minutes. 208.50.124.65 (talk) 17:01, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Clarifying univariate vs. multivariate
It looks like the article began in terms of only the univariate case, and then the multivariate case was added here and there without adding the qualifier "univariate" to the univariate sections. I'm going to work on it to make it flow better in this regard. Loraof (talk) 14:37, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

"Declivity"?
WTF is "declivity", as in

The coefficient b alone is the declivity of the parabola as y-axis intercepts

???

The definitions I find say "downward slope"; does that just mean the slope time -1? Or should this just say "slope at the y intercept"? In any case, "declivity" doesn't really seem to be a math term, as far as I can tell, e.g. wiktionary lists it as a geology term:

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/declivity — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:B:AD00:8B31:D03F:EBDF:2B35:BCD7 (talk) 14:28, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Are all graphs of quadratic functions parabolas?
If all graphs of quadratic functions are parabolas, then that would be a very important information to add to the article (assuming there are citations). - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 16:06, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

 * This is already in the article: D.Lazard (talk) 17:16, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

This article probably needs some protection
Due to recurring vandalism, do you people consider semi-protecting the article? - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 00:24, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem necessary to me. YMMV. –jacobolus (t) 02:11, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quadratic function


text:
Wikipedia:Incumbent series

Biographies of incumbents (monarchs, popes, presidents, prime ministers) are often linked together by boxes, including the predecessor and successor. For other series of articles, see Article series.

A sample from Moritz Leuenberger, as discussed on Talk:List of members of the Swiss Federal Council:

Source:

This structure can also work for any long chain of items:

Source:

title: Wikipedia:Incumbent series


text:
Flowery Field

Flowery Field is an area of Hyde, Greater Manchester, England.

It is a mainly residential area once dominated by Ashton Brothers Textile Mill.

Cricket
The area is home to Flowery Field Cricket Club, one of the foremost amateur clubs in the Tame Valley. They were champions of the Saddleworth and District Cricket League in 2003 and moved into the Lancashire County League for 2004 and then into the Greater Manchester Cricket League in 2016. An early member and very young player for Flowery Field Cricket Club was Warren Bradley who later played football for Manchester United and scored in the F.A. Cup.

Education
Schools in the area include Hyde High School and Flowery Field Primary School and Nursery.

Hyde Community College is a secondary school in the area. It is noted for its ICT teaching. The school has a rich history in the area and has been on its current site since the 1940s. As part of the governments building schools for the future programme, the school was completely rebuilt and was opened in November 2012.

Flowery Field infants and junior schools are now in a combined building on the original site which opened in January 2015.

Transport
Flowery Field railway station is located on the Glossop/Hadfield Line, running from Manchester Piccadilly to Hadfield. Trains run in each direction at least twice per hour. In the peak times this increases to 3/4 every hour in each direction.

There is another station nearby, Hyde North railway station. Hyde North accommodates the Manchester Piccadilly to Rose Hill Marple line, which runs slightly less regularly than the Hadfield/Glossop line. There is no service from Hyde North on Sundays and in the evenings after 20:30.

Buses include the 330 Stockport to Ashton via Hyde and Woodley, Greater Manchester. This service is run by Stagecoach Manchester and operates every 8 mins each way 7am - 8pm Monday to Saturday and every 20 mins each way on Sundays and evenings past 8pm.

343 Runs from Hyde to Stalybridge via Dukinfield. This service is run by Stotts Coaches and Stagecoach Manchester and operates every 60 mins each way everyday from 7.30am - 11.30pm.

There are numerous other bus routes and services running throughout the region.

Facilities
Flowery Field Church is a Tudor Gothic style building, designed by the architect Thomas Worthington, and was completed in 1878. Thomas Ashton (who owned the cotton mill across the road) built the church at his own expense and donated it to the congregation as a sacred trust. During the build the congregation were tasked with raising £1000, which was a huge amount at that time. Upon completion Thomas Ashton then made a magnificent gesture by returning this sum on condition that the money be invested and the interest used to augment a Minister's stipend. The church still has weekly services and an active social calendar, and is open to any denomination as a Free Christian Fellowship 'We uphold the right of everyone to practise the Christian faith in their own personal way'.

There is also a local surestart/children's centre.

title: Flowery Field


text:
Millbrook

Millbrook may refer to:

Australia

 * Millbrook, Victoria

Canada

 * Millbrook First Nation, including the community Millbrook 27, Nova Scotia
 * Millbrook, Ontario

New Zealand

 * Millbrook Resort, a luxury resort near Queenstown

United Kingdom

 * Millbrook, Bedfordshire, a village
 * Home to the Millbrook Proving Ground
 * Millbrook, Cornwall, a village
 * Home to Millbrook AFC, who play at Jenkins Park
 * Millbrook, Axminster, an area of Axminster, Devon
 * Millbrook, North Molton, a location in Devon
 * Millbrook, Greater Manchester, an area of Stalybridge
 * Millbrook, Southampton, a district of Southampton, England

United States

 * Millbrook, Alabama
 * Millbrook, Illinois
 * Millbrook, Kansas
 * Millbrook, Missouri
 * Millbrook, New Jersey
 * Millbrook, New York
 * Millbrook, North Carolina
 * Millbrook, Ohio
 * Millbrook, West Virginia
 * Millbrook, Wyoming

Other

 * Millbrook, common designation for the Hitchcock Estate in Millbrook, New York, associated with Timothy Leary
 * Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, a programme of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed at Millbrook Resort
 * Millbrook (Crewe, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Nottoway County, Virginia
 * Millbrook High School (disambiguation)
 * Millbrook, Indiana, fictional town in the 2005 film A History of Violence
 * Millbrook Primary School, Grove, Oxfordshire, England
 * Millbrook, Toowoomba, a heritage house in Queensland, Australia
 * Millbrook Winery, a winery and restaurant at Jarrahdale, in the Perth Hills wine region of Western Australia
 * Millbrook Press, an American children's book publisher

title: Millbrook


text:
User:Pswnet

Me :

To Do :
 * 1. Read "How to think like Leonardo Da Vinci"
 * 2. Write article in German and English
 * 3. Practicing my spoken German
 * 4. Read more philosophy

title: User:Pswnet