text:
Murder of Wendy Sewell

In 1974, 17-year-old Stephen Downing was convicted of murdering Wendy Sewell, a 32-year-old legal secretary, in the town of Bakewell in the Peak District in Derbyshire. Following a campaign by a local newspaper led by Don Hale, in which Sewell was purported to be promiscuous, Downing's conviction was overturned in 2002. The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British legal history, and attracted worldwide media attention.

Downing remains the prime (and only) suspect in the case, with police reinvestigations finding that all the alternative suspects suggested by Don Hale could be eliminated from inquiries. Downing, meanwhile, was the only suspect who could not be eliminated, and new forensic evidence indicated that he had committed the murder. He was also recorded confessing to the crime after he was released, although he refused to be re-interviewed by police. Don Hale's book was subsequently criticised for falsehoods and inaccuracies, and police considered bringing charges against him for its contents. When the law of double jeopardy was changed in England and Wales in 2005, allowing individuals who had previously been acquitted of a crime to be re-tried in certain circumstances, Derbyshire Police applied to the Crown Prosecution Service to re-charge Downing. However, as of July 2022, Downing has not been retried.

Assault
Wendy Sewell was attacked, in Bakewell Cemetery, at lunchtime on 12 September 1973. A witness, Charles Carman, saw her enter the cemetery at about 12:50 pm. She was beaten around the head seven times with the handle of a pickaxe, which had caused severe head injuries and fractures to her skull. She had been sexually assaulted, with her trousers, pants, plimsolls and parts of her bra removed by her killer. When help arrived the woman was still conscious and she then tried to stand up, before falling and banging her head on a gravestone. She died from her injuries in Chesterfield Royal Hospital two days later.

Trial
The 17-year-old cemetery groundskeeper who found the body, Stephen Downing, was immediately suspected of committing the attack. He told police he wanted to wash blood from his hands, at which point he was arrested. He later told police that he had found Sewell lying on the ground, covered in blood, and that her blood got on his clothes because she shook her head. He was a virgin and had never had a girlfriend. Despite having learning difficulties and a mental age of 11, he was not cautioned and was questioned for hours without a lawyer present. Officers questioning Downing shook him and pulled his hair to prevent him from going to sleep, and allegedly took bets on who would get him to confess. After several hours of this treatment, Downing agreed to sign a confession. At this point Sewell had not died, and he was only charged with the lesser crime of assault. After he confessed to the assault it was revealed that Sewell had died, and Downing's charge was elevated to murder. Downing retracted his confession soon after, claiming he was at home at the time of the attack. There was no evidence to support this claim.

Downing's trial took place between 13 and 15 February 1974 at the Crown Court at Nottingham before Mr Justice Nield and a jury. He pleaded not guilty to murder, although he admitted to sexually assaulting Sewell as she lay in the cemetery. A forensic scientist Norman Lee, gave evidence that the blood found on the accused could only have been present if he had been responsible for the assault. Lee described this evidence as "a textbook example ... which might be expected on the clothing of the assailant". Downing said at the trial that he had been using the murder weapon, the pickaxe handle, to break up firewood. No full transcript of the trial exists, but it is known that, in summing up, the judge drew attention to Downing's admission during the trial of having indecently assaulted Sewell as she lay injured in the cemetery. He had also only begun to claim his confession to the murder was not genuine several weeks after he was originally charged. He said he had only confessed because he thought that she had not been seriously injured and would not die.

By a unanimous verdict, and after only 1 hour of deliberations, the jury found Downing guilty of murder. He was sentenced to be indefinitely detained at Her Majesty's pleasure, with a stipulation that he should serve a minimum of seventeen years.

Claiming he was in an innocent prisoner's dilemma, Downing was unable to be paroled, as he did not admit to the crime. He was classified as "In Denial of Murder" and therefore ineligible for parole under English law.

The first appeal
A witness was found who said she saw Downing leaving the cemetery, and at that time she also saw Wendy Sewell alive and unharmed. Downing applied for leave to appeal on the grounds he had a new witness.

On 25 October 1974, the Court of Appeal heard the grounds for appeal and reached the conclusion that the witness' evidence of seeing Wendy Sewell walking towards the back of the consecrated chapel was unreliable due to some fully grown trees obstructing her line of sight. The witness had also only come forward months after the conviction and after police had previously visited her house to ask if she had seen anything. The court felt that her evidence was not credible and secure enough to allow an appeal against the conviction. After the appeal was rejected, it was widely accepted that Downing was guilty, and the case slipped into obscurity for many years.

During the Derbyshire Police's re-investigation in 2002, this witness was re-interviewed and accompanied back to the cemetery location. She reaffirmed that the fully grown trees, which have since been felled, would have obstructed her line of sight. She also revealed the knowledge that she is, and was at the time, short sighted. The witness, who was 15 years old at the time of the murder, was unable to give an adequate reason for why she came forward with her original evidence.

Campaign
Stephen Downing continued to deny committing the murder so his family attempted to get support for another retrial, saying "we just want him home". In 1994, they wrote to the local newspaper, the Matlock Mercury. The editor, Don Hale, took up the case and along with Downing's family ran a campaign. As part of the campaign Sewell was claimed to be promiscuous and dubbed the "Bakewell Tart".

Hale found that the murder weapon, a pickaxe handle, was on display at Derby Museum. He organised his own modern forensic examination to be made of it. Mr Downing's fingerprints were not found although there was a palm print from an as yet unidentified person. However, the print could have come to be on the handle at any point in time, with it being contaminated over the years it was stored. It had not been stored in protected conditions and had been handled by countless individuals, meaning the print could have been entirely unrelated to the crime.

As a result of this campaign, along with Downing's continued claims of innocence, the case was referred to the Criminal Cases Review Commission in 1997. He was released on appeal in 2001, after 27 years in prison. The following year, the Court of Appeal overturned Downing's conviction, finding the confession evidence to be unreliable.

The second appeal
During the second appeal, held on 15 January 2002, the Court of Appeal accepted many of the reasons that were put forward by Hale and others for believing the conviction was unsafe. Julian Bevan, counsel for the Crown, accepted two arguments put forward by the defence. The first was that Downing's confession should not have been allowed to go before a jury. The confession was deemed unsafe because Downing had been questioned for eight hours, during which the police shook him and pulled his hair to keep him awake; because he wasn't formally cautioned that what he said may be used in evidence against him; and because he wasn't given a solicitor. The Crown also agreed with the defence argument that more recent knowledge of blood-splattering patterns meant the prosecution's claim that the blood could only have been found on the clothes of the attacker was questionable. Blood-staining experts, however, disagreed on whether the blood-staining was not from Downing attacking Sewell, and one concluded in 2002 that: "The pattern of bloodstaining on Downing's clothing supports the assertion that Stephen Downing battered Mrs Sewell prior to handling and kneeling by her body".

Lord Justice Pill said that the Court of Appeal did not have to consider whether Downing had proved that he was innocent, but whether the original conviction was fair – "The question for [the Court of Appeal’s] consideration is whether the conviction is safe and not whether the accused is guilty". What the defence had proved was that there was reasonable doubt about the "reliability of the confessions made in 1973". His Lordship said: "The court cannot be sure the confessions are reliable. It follows that the conviction is unsafe. The conviction is quashed."

Police reinvestigation
Following the Court of Appeal overturning Stephen Downing's conviction, the Derbyshire Police reinvestigated the murder under the name Operation Noble. During 2002, they interviewed 1,600 witnesses, at an estimated cost of £500,000 – though Downing himself refused to be reinterviewed. A year after the conviction was overturned, in February 2003, Derbyshire police revealed the findings of their reinvestigation of the murder. 22 other possible suspects had been investigated, many of whom had been suggested by Don Hale during his campaign, and in his book Town Without Pity. One of the alternative suspects was Downing's father, who had been driving the bus that dropped Sewell near her workplace on the morning she was assaulted. All of these alternative suspects were cleared of any possibility of having murdered Wendy Sewell. Downing, meanwhile, was the only suspect who could not be eliminated. New forensic evidence also pointed to him having carried out the attack. The police had wanted to question Downing about three confessions he made to the murder since his release from prison, including one recorded on audio tape, but he refused to comply. A woman who he was in a relationship with had taped him confessing during an argument, and he was also alleged to have confessed to his father on two occasions in 2002 after his release. Although he had refused to be interviewed for the reinvestigation, Downing issued a formal complaint after the findings were announced, saying: "They said that they would do a thorough investigation into the matter - they have not done". An independent committee set up to oversee the police investigation later concluded that the inquiry had been completely fair and that they were satisfied with the integrity and rigour of the investigation. Downing's solicitor was among those on the committee and himself concluded that the investigation had been fair.

After failing to link any other person with the murder, and unable to eliminate Downing as the suspect, the police declared the case closed and said they were not looking for anyone else. Even though Downing remained the prime suspect, under the "double jeopardy" rules in place at the time a suspect could not be re-arrested and charged with a crime they had previously been acquitted of. The police said that, had the law been different, they would have applied to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to again charge Downing with the murder. The findings of the investigation led to public doubts over whether he should have been released.

Complaints against Hale and charges considered
Hale's book, Town Without Pity, came in for considerable criticism at this time, and it was accused of inaccuracy. A police report criticised Hale's book, saying that an analysis of it had showed discrepancies in his story. The man who wrote the report, Deputy Chief Constable Bob Wood, commented: "There are a number of anomalies contained within Mr Hale's documentation, and within Town Without Pity, that, taken in isolation, have the potential to detract the reader from the facts surrounding the case". The report further added: "A number of witnesses to whom Mr Hale attributed personal comment have told officers they have never spoken to him. Many witnesses who recalled speaking to Mr Hale say his written version is not their recollection of what was said". The report highlighted that speculation in the book that Sewell was meeting an illicit boyfriend at the time of her death was incorrect, and said that it was wrong of Hale to draw significance to Sewell's "missing bag" and claims that her personal effects were never found, since they had actually been returned to her husband shortly after the murder and never went missing. Police further investigated the book after complaints were raised, considering whether Hale could be prosecuted for its contents. However, it was announced in September 2003 that Hale would not be charged.

2004 arrest
In March 2004, Stephen Downing was arrested over allegations of intimidation, having apparently intimidated a female witness in the case. His arrest came four days before the screening of the BBC dramatisation of the case titled "In Denial of Murder", which concluded that Downing may have in fact committed the crime. As a result, Don Hale complained about the programme. The producers said that it was a more balanced and accurate account of the case than Hale's book Town Without Pity.

Double jeopardy law change
In 2005, the law on double jeopardy was changed so as to allow those who had previously been acquitted of murder to be re-tried if new and compelling evidence was found. This led to police to apply to the CPS to charge Downing, the prime and only suspect, once more. However, the CPS decided that the new evidence presented was not compelling enough for a retrial. Sewell's widower David attempted to get the CPS to reconsider their ruling. Downing declined to comment.

2008 conviction
In October 2008, Downing was convicted of wearing police clothing in public. He had been arrested in Buxton while dressed as a police officer, which, it was concluded, was "likely to deceive the public". His jacket had the name of Downing's freelance photographic company advertised on the back. He had worn the clothing on previous occasions, and he was fined a total of £1,062.

Yorkshire Ripper theory
In January 2014, Chris Clark, a former detective investigating 16 unsolved murders and possible links to the 'Yorkshire Ripper', obtained a pathology report which he claimed was buried by the police in 1973 within a few days of the attack on Wendy Sewell. He said it would have completely contradicted the so-called confession, exonerated Downing and prevented a miscarriage of justice, because he said that it revealed that she had bruising on her neck and so must have been strangled. The Home Office said that any new evidence would be sent to the police, and said that any evidence of police misconduct would be referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. Derbyshire Police dismissed the claims, saying that the murder had been thoroughly reinvestigated and this revealed that only Downing could not be eliminated as a suspect. They also stated that there was no evidence to suggest that Peter Sutcliffe was involved. Sutcliffe committed almost all of his attacks in west Yorkshire, some 40 miles from Bakewell, except for two attacks he committed in Manchester, which is also about 40 miles from Bakewell.

Yorkshire Ripper: The Secret Murders
In 2022, a documentary on Clark's book about Peter Sutcliffe's supposed links to other murders, titled Yorkshire Ripper: The Secret Murders, was aired. It claimed that Sutcliffe could be linked to the attack and that Downing must have been innocent, because he said in his confession that he had picked up the pickaxe handle he used to attack Sewell from the graveyard store, and it had actually not been kept there. It was suggested, therefore, that Downing had in fact not accessed the tool. However, Downing had actually said at his trial that he had been using the murder weapon that afternoon to break up firewood.

Stephen Downing
Stephen Downing worked for the local council as a gardener in the Bakewell cemetery where Wendy Sewell was murdered. He was 17 years old, with a reading age of an 11-year-old, when he was tried and found guilty of the murder of Sewell. He served 27 years in jail. He had to change prison eight times due to being assaulted by fellow prisoners as a sex offender. He was released from Littlehey Prison in Cambridgeshire in 2001.

Downing's release was reported by the BBC as being hailed as "a triumph for campaigning journalism... and an end to one of the worst miscarriages of justice in English legal history." Downing was reported as receiving celebrity treatment upon his release. He initially found employment as a trainee chef in a Bakewell restaurant, using the training he had been given whilst in prison. After his exoneration, Downing received an interim compensation payment of £250,000, as well as a final undisclosed sum said to be "less than" £500,000.

Popular culture
The case was featured in the 2004 BBC drama In Denial of Murder in which Jason Watkins played Stephen Downing and Caroline Catz played Wendy Sewell.

title: Murder of Wendy Sewell


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Talk Radio

Talk Radio may refer to:

Format

 * Talk radio, a call-in discussion format for radio broadcasts

Channels and stations

 * Talk Radio (XM), an XM radio channel with a talk radio format
 * Talkradio, a British national talk station
 * Talksport, a British radio station formerly called "Talk Radio"

Films

 * Talk Radio (film), a 1988 Oliver Stone film loosely based on the play and the life of Alan Berg

Plays

 * Talk Radio (play), a 1987 play written by Eric Bogosian

Television

 * "Talk Radio" (Sailor Moon), season 1, episode 3 of the anime Sailor Moon, used in the DiC/Optimum Productions English language dub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk Radio


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Nikolay Karamzin

Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (Никола́й Миха́йлович Карамзи́н; 12 December 1766 – 3 June 1826) was a Russian historian, romantic writer, poet and critic. He is best remembered for his fundamental History of the Russian State, a 12-volume national history.

Early life
Karamzin was born in the small village of Mikhailovka (modern-day Karamzinka village of Maynsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia) near Simbirsk in the Znamenskoye family estate. Another version exists that he was born in 1765 in the Mikhailovka village of the Orenburg Governorate (modern-day Preobrazhenka village of the Orenburg Oblast, Russia) where his father served, and in recent years Orenburg historians have been actively disputing the official version. His father Mikhail Yegorovich Karamzin (1724—1783) was a retired Kapitan of the Imperial Russian Army who belonged to the Russian noble family of modest means founded by Semyon Karamzin in 1606. For many years its members had served in Nizhny Novgorod as high-ranking officers and officials before Nikolay's grandfather Yegor Karamzin moved to Simbirsk with his wife Ekaterina Aksakova of the ancient Aksakov dynasty related to Sergey Aksakov. According to Nikolay Karamzin, his surname derived from Kara-mirza, a baptized Tatar and his earliest-known ancestor who arrived to Moscow to serve under Russian rule. No records of him were left. The first documented Karamzin lived as early as 1534.

His mother Ekaterina Petrovna Karamzina (née Pazukhina) also came from a Russian noble family of moderate income founded in 1620 when Ivan Demidovich Pazukhin, a long-time officer, was granted lands and a title for his service during the Polish–Russian War. His two sons founded two family branches: one in Kostroma and one in Simbirsk which Ekaterina Karamzina belonged to. Her father Peter Pazukhin also made a brilliant military career and went from Praporshchik to Colonel; he had been serving in the Simbirsk infantry regiment since 1733. As far as the family legend goes, the dynasty was founded by Fyodor Pazukh from Lithuanian szlachta who left Mstislavl in 1496 to serve under Ivan III of Russia. Ekaterina Petrovna was born between 1730 and 1735 and died in 1769 when Nikolay was only over 2 years old. In 1770 Mikhail Karamzin married for the second time to Evdokia Gavrilovna Dmitrieva (1724—1783) who became Nikolay's stepmother. He had three siblings — Vasily, Fyodor and Ekaterina — and two agnate siblings.

Nikolay Karamzin was sent to Moscow to study under Swiss-German teacher Johann Matthias Schaden; he later moved to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Ivan Dmitriev, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing for some time in Saint Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again took to literary work.

In 1789, he resolved to travel, visiting Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. These letters, modelled after Irish-born novelist Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, were first printed in the Moscow Journal, which he edited, but were later collected and issued in six volumes (1797–1801).

In the same periodical, Karamzin also published translations from French and some original stories, including Poor Liza and Natalia the Boyar's Daughter (both 1792). These stories introduced Russian readers to sentimentalism, and Karamzin was hailed as "a Russian Sterne".

As a writer
In 1794, Karamzin abandoned his literary journal and published a miscellany in two volumes entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other stories, The Island of Bornholm and Ilya Muromets, the former being one of the first Russian Gothic novels and the latter, a story based on the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. From 1797 to 1799, he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. Admired by Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Nabokov, the style of his writings is elegant and flowing, modelled on the easy sentences of the French prose writers rather than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Karamzin also promoted a more "feminine" style of writing. His example proved beneficial for the creation of a Russian literary language, a major contribution for the history of Russian literature.

In 1802 and 1803, Karamzin edited the journal the Envoy of Europe (Vestnik Evropy). It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his 12 volume History of the Russian State. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years at Simbirsk.

When Emperor Alexander learned the cause of his retirement, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. He was a strong supporter of the anti-Polish policies of the Russian Empire, and expressed hope that "there would be no Poland under any shape or name". In 1816, he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander I and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tsarskoye Selo.

He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on 22 May (old style) 1826, in the Tauride Palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845.

As a linguist and philologist
Karamzin is credited for having introduced the letter Ë/ë into the Russian alphabet some time after 1795. Prior to that simple E/e had been used, though there was also a rare form patterned after the extant letter Ю/ю. Note that Ë/ë is not an obligatory letter, and simple E/e is still often used in books other than dictionaries and schoolchildren's primers.

As a historian
Until the appearance of his work, little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Vasily Tatishchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of interesting information. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be criticized for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals; in this respect his work is reminiscent of that of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings were at that time creating a great sensation throughout Europe and probably influenced Karamzin.

Karamzin wrote openly as the panegyrist of the autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the Epic of Despotism and considered Ivan III as the architect of Russian greatness, a glory that he had earlier (perhaps while more under the influence of Western ideas) assigned to Peter the Great. (The deeds of Ivan the Terrible are described with disgust, though.)

In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians.

Also, Karamzin is sometimes considered a founding father of Russian conservatism. Upon appointing him a state historian, Alexander I greatly valued Karamzin's advice on political matters. His conservative views were clearly expounded in The Memoir on Old and New Russia, written for Alexander I in 1812. This scathing attack on reforms proposed by Mikhail Speransky was to become a cornerstone of official ideology of imperial Russia for years to come.

Commemoration
Several places in Russia were named after the writer:
 * Karamzina village (it is part of Ulyanovsk nowadays);
 * Proyezd Karamzina (a road in Moscow);
 * Nikolay Karamzin street (a street in Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Mayna, Ulyanovsk Oblast);
 * A monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin in Ulyanovsk;
 * Another monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin at Ostafyevo Museum-Estate near Moscow Ring Road.
 * In Veliky Novgorod the monument Millennium of Russia, showing 129 statues of the most outstanding people in Russian history (by 1862), includes a statue of Nikolay Karamzin;
 * The Karamzin Public Library in Simbirsk, created in honor of the famous countryman, was opened to readers on April 18, 1848;
 * In 2016 the Dvorets knigi (Russian Дворец книги, a close translation - Book Palace) - the Ulyanovsk State Regional Scientific Library with the support of the Ministry of Art and Cultural Policy of the Ulyanovsk Region, the Ulyanovsk branch of the Union of Russian Writers and the literary magazine "Simbirsk" (Russian Симбирскъ) organized an open literary competition «Tebe, nash dobriy, chistiy geniy…» (Russian «Тебе, наш добрый, чистый гений…», a close translation - To you, our kind, pure genius..), dedicated to the 250 years anniversary of the birth of Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin. For this competition only poems about Karamzin and poems based on his works were accepted.

In 2016 on the occasion of the 250th birthday of the writer, the Central Bank of Russia issued a silver 2-ruble coin in the series “Outstanding People of Russia”: N.M. Karamzin, writer.

Two commemorative stamps were issued depicting N.M. Karamzin: in 1991 in the USSR as part of the Russian Historians stamp series, face value of 10 Russian kopeks, and in 2016 as part of the Outstanding Russian historians stamp series, face value of 25 Russian rubles.

Fiction

 * Evgenyi i Yuliya (Евгений и Юлия), English translation: Evgeniy and Julia (1789)
 * Bednaya Liza (Бедная Лиза), English translation: Poor Liza (1792)
 * Natalya, boyarskaya doch (Наталья, боярская дочь), English translation: Natalya the Boyar's Daughter (1792)
 * Prekrasnaia tsarevna i schastlivyi karla (Прекрасная царевна и счастливый карла), English translation: The Beautiful Princess and the Happy Dwarf (1792)
 * Ostrov Borngolm (Остров Борнгольм), English translation: Island of Bornholm (1793)
 * Afinskaya zhizn (Афинская жизнь), English translation: Athenian Life (1794)
 * Melodor k Filaletu (Мелодор к Филалету), English translation: Melodor to Filalet (1794; paired with a sequel, Filalet to Melodor)
 * Yuliya (Юлия), English translation: Julia (1796)
 * Marfa-posadnitsa (Марфа-посадница), English translation: Martha the Mayoress (1802)
 * Moya ispoved (Моя исповедь), English translation: My Confession (1802)
 * Chuvstvitelnyi i kholodnyi (Чувствительный и холодный), English translation: The Sensitive and the Cold (1803)
 * Rytsar nashego vremeni (Рыцарь нашего времени), English translation: A Knight of Our Times (1803)

Non-fiction

 * Pisma russkogo puteshestvennika (Письма русского путешественника), English translation: Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791–92)
 * Zapiska o drevney i novoy Rossii (Записка о древней и новой России), English translation: Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (1811)
 * Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo (История государства Российского), English translation: History of the Russian State (1816–26)

Poetry

 * Poetry (Поэзия), 1787
 * Darovaniya (Дарования), English translation: Gifts (1796)
 * Solovey (Соловей), English translation: Nightingale (1796)
 * Protey, ili Nesoglasiya stikhotvortsa (Протей, или Несогласия стихотворца), English translation: Proteus, or Inconsistencies of a Poet (1798)
 * Ego imperatorskomu velichestvu Alexandru I, samoderzhtsu vserossiyskomu, na vosshestvie ego na prestol (Его императорскому величеству Александру I, самодержцу всероссийскому, на восшествие его на престол, English translation: To His Imperial Highness Alexander I, All-Russian Autocrat, on the Occasion of His Rise to the Throne (1801)
 * Gimn gluptsam (Гимн глупцам), English translation: Hymn to the Fools (1802)
 * K Emilii (К Эмилии), English translation: To Emilie (1802)
 * K dobrodeteli (К добродетели), English translation: To Virtue (1802)
 * Osvobozhdenie Evropy i slava Alexandra I (Освобождение Европы и слава Александра I), English translation: The Freeing of Europe and the Glory of Alexander I (1814)

title: Nikolay Karamzin


text:
Ōshima, Fukuoka

Ōshima (大島村) was a village located in Munakata District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The village consisted of the island of Okinoshima and an island also named Ōshima.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 873 and a density of 107.25 persons per km2. The total area was 8.14 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Ōshima was merged into the expanded city of Munakata.

title: Ōshima, Fukuoka


text:
Green River (Duwamish River tributary)

The Green River is a 65 mi long river in the state of Washington in the United States, arising on the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Interstate 90.

The upper Green River valley forms the western approach to Stampede Pass, and was once home to many small railroad and logging towns such as Weston, Lester, Green River Hot Springs, Nagrom, Maywood, Humphreys, Eagle Gorge, Lemolo, and Kanaskat. Shortly before World War I, the City of Tacoma, Washington, filed for water rights on the Green River. Today, much of the upper valley has become a gated water supply watershed for Tacoma and access is heavily restricted, creating controversy among recreation enthusiasts.

Between 1880 and 1888, the Northern Pacific Railway explored and surveyed the Green River. The railway constructed the first direct rail link across Washington's Cascade Range with the opening of their Stampede Tunnel in 1888.

History
Until 1906, the Green River flowed into the White in downtown Auburn. In 1906, however, the White River changed course above Auburn following a major flood and emptied into the Puyallup River as it does today. The lower portion of the historic White River—from historic confluence of the White and Green Rivers to the historic confluence with the Black River at Tukwila that forms the Duwamish—is now considered part of the Green River. Then, with the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, the lake's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up. From that time forward, the point of the name change from Green to Duwamish is no longer a confluence of rivers, though it has not changed location. Thus, the Green River now becomes the Duwamish River, flowing into the industrialized estuary known as the Duwamish Waterway and thence Elliott Bay in Seattle. By contrast, the White turns south at Auburn, and flows into the Puyallup River and later Commencement Bay in Tacoma.

In October 2009, giant sandbags were placed along the levee from Fort Dent through Kent and the Green River Trail was closed to cyclists. The sandbags mitigated the flood potential due to a weakness discovered in the Howard A. Hanson Dam following a January 2009 storm. Repairs strengthening the partially earthen dam by the Army Corps of Engineers have reduced this flood threat significantly. In September 2012, the Green River Trail was reopened following the removal of all giant sandbags.

Course
Most of the river above and including Eagle Gorge Reservoir are part of the Green River Watershed, which is closed to public access, creating controversy among recreation proponents for some time. West of the Green River Watershed at Kanaskat, the river passes through the Green River Gorge with cliffs rising sharply as much as 300 ft from the riverbed. Flaming Geyser State Park, Nolte State Park, and Kanaskat-Palmer State Park are located in this area. The river is a popular tubing spot in the Summer.

Downstream from the Green River Gorge is the half-mile wide Green River Valley, where farmland has been protected from development. An attempt to locate a bike trail along the valley walls has encountered fierce resistance from farmers. As a result, bikes must share the road with autos as it winds through the pastoral landscape.

At Auburn, the Green River emerges from the Green River Valley and enters the much larger Auburn/Kent Valley, which was created by glacial action during the Pleistocene ice ages, then filled in by river sediments and lahars from Mount Rainier. After flowing generally west from its source, at Auburn the river turns north, entering a zone of light-industrial and retail development. A public multiuse trail runs along the river through most of this valley.

Tributaries

 * Big Soos Creek
 * Covington Creek
 * Crisp Creek
 * Jenkins Creek
 * Little Soos Creek
 * Longfellow Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Newaukum Creek
 * Springbrook Creek

Green River Killer
The Green River is infamous as the location where the first victims of serial killer Gary Ridgway were found in the early 1980s. Most of these victims were sex workers that worked an active "stroll" along Pacific Highway South. Although only a few bodies were found in the river, the unidentified killer was known as the "Green River Killer". These murders went unsolved for over 20 years. For many years, Dave Reichert led the investigation as a detective of the King County Sheriff's Office. Ridgway made a plea agreement with King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng to cooperate with police in order to escape execution. In November 2003, Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of Aggravated First Degree Murder. King County Superior Court Judge Richard A. Jones sentenced Ridgway to 48 consecutive life sentences. Ridgway will never be eligible for parole.

title: Green River (Duwamish River tributary)


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List of television shows set in Washington, D.C.

This is a list of television shows set in Washington, D.C.


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Portage Bay

Portage Bay is a body of water, often thought of as the eastern arm of Lake Union, that forms a part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Seattle, Washington.

To the east, Portage Bay is connected with Union Bay—a part of Lake Washington—by the Montlake Cut, over which spans the Montlake Bridge carrying State Route 513. To the north is the campus of the University of Washington. To the west, Portage Bay is spanned by the University Bridge, which carries Eastlake Avenue between Eastlake and the University District. Its westernmost limit can be said to be the Ship Canal Bridge, which carries Interstate 5 over the water; past this bridge, the body of water is deemed to be Lake Union. In the southern portion, Portage Bay is spanned by the Portage Bay Viaduct, which carries State Route 520 from the Eastlake/Capitol Hill district to Montlake.

Portage Bay was named in 1913 because of the portage across the Montlake Isthmus that used to be necessary to move logs from Union Bay to Lake Union before the construction of the Ship Canal. The bay is home to two yacht clubs, the Seattle and the Queen City, and many houseboats, as well as the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service and the University of Washington's College of Ocean and Fishery Science.

History
In 1860 (or, more likely, some time slightly later ), landowner Harvey Pike tried to cut the first ditch connecting Lake Washington's Union Bay and Lake Union's Portage Bay, but gave up and deeded his land to the Lake Washington Ship Canal Company, which built a transiting rail line for portaging goods between the lakes. This rail line continued use until 1878. In 1883, David Denny and Thomas Burke had a canal built for floating logs.

Cheshiahud lived and carved canoes on the shores of Portage Bay for many years from 1885. In 1909, the Pay Streak, a vaudeville and sideshows section of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, ended in a gondola ramp and esplanade on the north shores of Portage Bay.

For 14 years following World War II, the Fantome was stranded in Portage Bay pending payment to King County of back taxes.

A university police station was located on the north shore of Portage Bay until the 2010s, when it was demolished to make way for a public park. Fritz Hedges Waterway Park opened in October 2020, using funding from the Washington State Department of Transportation as part of remediation for the State Route 520 expansion program.

Neighborhood
The small residential neighborhood of Portage Bay is located on the southwestern shore of the bay. It is bounded on the south by State Route 520 and on the west by Interstate 5, and features one of the larger remaining enclaves of Houseboats in Seattle.

title: Portage Bay


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Munakata District, Fukuoka

Munakata (宗像郡) was a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Description
The cities once part of the district: Now dissolved towns located in Munakata District:
 * Munakata
 * Fukutsu
 * Fukuma - Now part of the city of Fukutsu
 * Genkai - Now part of the city of Munakata
 * Ōshima - Now part of the city of Munakata
 * Tsuyazaki - Now part of the city of Fukutsu

District Timeline

 * On April 1, 2003 - the town of Genkai was merged into the expanded city of Munakata.
 * On January 24, 2005 - the towns of Fukuma and Tsuyazaki were merged to create the city of Fukutsu.
 * On March 28, 2005 - the village of Ōshima was merged into the expanded city of Munakata. Munakata District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Munakata District, Fukuoka


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Ashiya, Fukuoka

Ashiya (芦屋町) is a town located in Onga District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,930 in 6450 households, and a population density of 1100 persons per km². The total area of the town is 11.60 km2.

Geography
Ashiya is located at the mouth of the Onga River in north-central Fukuoka Prefecture, and is part of the Kitakyushu metropolitan area. The urban area is on both banks of the mouth of the Onga River, with the town hall and urban center are located on the west bank, along with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force Ashiya Base and Ashiya Boat Race Course. Furthermore, the Onga River has a large water area, and the actual habitable area is only 7.37 km2. Therefore, the number of medium- and high-rise residential areas is high relative to the population. The north side of the town faces the Gulf of Hibiki, and is with the borders of  the Genkai Quasi-National Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Kitakyūshū
 * Okagaki
 * Onga
 * Mizumaki

Climate
Ashiya has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ashiya is 16.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1715 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ashiya is as shown below

History
The area of Ashiya was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. Shell middens left by the Jomon people are scattered around the midstream to the mouth of the ancient Onga River, and among these shell middens, one known as the Yamaga Shell Midden is particularly famous nationwide. In the late Yayoi period, the area was called "Oka no Tsu" and was famous as one of the three major military ports, along with Toyotsu and Usa. At that time, it was a deep and vast bay, but due to the accumulation of earth and sand from the Onga River over the years and land reclamation, there is no trace of what it once was. The name "Ashiya" appears in mid-Heian period documents. In 1185, it was the site of the Battle of Ashiyaura in the Genpei War. In the Kamakura period, the port was regards as equal to that of Shimonoseki. From the Edo period, it prospered as a post town on the highway to Karatsu and was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the village of Ashiya was established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to town status on June 10, 1891. However, railway lines bypassed the area (due to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula and the Sea of Japan, construction was avoided from a defense perspective), and the area gradually became isolated.

Government
Ashiya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Ashiya, collectively wth the other municipalities of Onga District, contributes two members to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Ashiya has developed as a commercial center around the military base, with some residual agriculture and commercial fishing. The town is increasingly a commuter town for neighboring Kitakyushu.

Education
Ashiya has three public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
Ashiya does not have any commercial railway services. The nearest train stations are Ongagawa or Mizumaki on the JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line.

title: Ashiya, Fukuoka


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Mizumaki, Fukuoka

Mizumaki (水巻町) is a town located in Onga District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 27,571 in 13687 households, and a population density of 2500 persons per km². The total area of the town is 11.01 km2.

Geography
Mizumaki is located in north-central Fukuoka Prefecture, bordered by Kitakyūshū City on the east and the Onga River on the west.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Kitakyūshū
 * Nakama
 * Ashiya
 * Onga

Climate
Mizumaki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Mizumaki is 16.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1560 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mizumaki is as shown below

History
The area of Mizumaki was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. About 3000 years ago, the large Ko-Onga Bay covered the area where the town of Mizumaki now lies. Soil and silt carried by the Onga River gradually built up until a flat plain was built up in the area. People began living and planting rice crops on that ground. Terrible floods continually plagued the area. During the Edo Period the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the village of Mizumaki was established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. Mizumaki was raised to town status on February 1, 1940.

Mizumaki was the site of "Japan Coal Mining Company, Onga Coal Mine" which used forced laborers in the mine, particularly Dutch, American and British POWs in World War II. A memorial called "The Memorial Cross " commemorates the allied POWs who died during the war.

Government
Mizumaki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Mizumaki, collectively wth the other municipalities of Onga District, contributes two members to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
During the Meiji period, Mizumaki, along with the municipalities of the Chikuho area, developed with the Kitakyushu industrial zone through coal mining, and is still considered part of to the Greater Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area. However, as the demand for coal decreased due to the energy revolution, the coal mines that had sponsored prosperity have closed, leading to depopulation. The population continued to decline as coal mines closed. However, as the city began to develop as a commuter town by taking advantage of its location near Kitakyushu City,

Education
Mizumaki has five public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Kagoshima Main Line
 * Mizumaki

JR Kyushu - Chikuhō Main Line
 * Higashi-Mizumaki

title: Mizumaki, Fukuoka


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Okagaki, Fukuoka

Okagaki (岡垣町) is a town located in Onga District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 31,553 in 14376 households, and a population density of 490 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 48.64 km2.

Geography
Okagaki is located in the northern part of Fukuoka Prefecture, approximately 30 kilometers west of Kitakyushu and approximately 40 kilometers northeast of Fukuoka City. The northern part of the town faces the Gulf of Hibiki, and in the western part of the town, on the border with Munakata City, there is a series of mountains with heights of 300 to 400 meters called the Munakata Yotsuzuka.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Munakata
 * Onga
 * Ashiya

Climate
Onga has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Onga is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1560 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Okagaki is as shown below

History
The area of Okagaki was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. During the Edo Period, the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the villages of Okaken and Yahagi were established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The two villages had many similarities in geography and customs, and had also worked together to attract a railway station (which culminated in Ebitsu Station in 1910), increasing the momentum for a merger, and in 1907, the two villages merged. Okagaki was raised to town status on October 1, 1962.

Government
Okagaki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Okagaki, collectively with the other municipalities in the Onga District, contributes two members to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Okagaki is largely a commercial center and commuter town for nearby Kitakyushu and Fukuoka. In terms of agriculture, the town is known within the region for its production of the loquat fruit.

Education
Okagaki has five public elementary schools and two public junior high school by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Kagoshima Main Line
 * Ebitsu

title: Okagaki, Fukuoka


text:
Onga, Fukuoka

Onga (遠賀町) is a town located in Onga District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 18,970 in 8712 households, and a population density of 860 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 11.01 km2.

Geography
Onga is located in north-central Fukuoka Prefecture, approximately halfway between Kitakyūshū City and Fukuoka City. The Onga River flows through the eastern edge of the tow.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Nakama
 * Munakata
 * Okagaki
 * Mizumaki
 * Ashiya
 * Kurate

Climate
Onga has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Onga is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1560 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Onga is as shown below

History
The area of Onga was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. About 3000 years ago, the large Ko-Onga Bay covered the area where the town of Ong now lies. Soil and silt carried by the Onga River gradually built up until a flat plain was built up in the area. People began living and planting rice crops on that ground. Terrible floods continually plagued the area. During the Edo Period the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the villages of Shimamon and Asaki were established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The villages merged on April 1, 1929 to form the village of Onga, which was raised to town status on February 1, 1964.

Government
Onga has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Onga, collectively with the other municipalities of Onga District, contributes two members to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Agriculture, notably the production of rice, forms the backbone of the local economy. Due to its proximity to the two large urban centers of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, the town is increasingly a commuter town with a substantial portion of its working labor force commuting daily to either city.

Education
Onga has three public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Fukuoka Prefectural Board of Education.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Kagoshima Main Line
 * Ongagawa

Notable people from Onga

 * Asahiko Mihara, politician

title: Onga, Fukuoka


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Green River (Colorado River tributary)

The Green River, located in the western United States, is the chief tributary of the Colorado River. The watershed of the river, known as the Green River Basin, covers parts of the U.S. states of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. The Green River is 730 mi long, beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course, except for a short segment of 40 mi in western Colorado. Much of the route traverses the arid Colorado Plateau, where the river has carved some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States. The Green is slightly smaller than Colorado when the two rivers merge but typically carries a larger load of silt. The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River, Utah is 6121 cuft per second.

The status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about mainly for political reasons. In earlier nomenclature, the Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River. Above the confluence, Colorado was called the Grand River. In 1921, U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River. On July 25, 1921, the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress, over the objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey, which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River, although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green.

The Green River is the subject of the song "Green River" by C.W. McCall.

Description

The headwaters of the Green River is in western Wyoming, in northern Sublette County, on the western side of the Continental Divide in the Wind River Range and the Bridger–Teton National Forest. It flows south through Sublette County and western Wyoming in an area known as the Upper Green River Valley, then southwest and is joined by the Big Sandy River in western Sweetwater County. At the town of La Barge, it flows into Fontenelle Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam. Below the dam, it flows through open sage-covered rolling prairie where it is crossed by the Oregon, California and Mormon emigration trails, and then further south past the town of Green River, Wyoming and into the Flaming Gorge Reservoir in southwestern Wyoming, formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam in northeastern Utah. Before the reservoir's creation, the Blacks Fork joined the Green River south of the town of Green River, but today the mouth of Blacks Fork is submerged by the reservoir.

South of the dam, it is forced to turn sharply eastward by the uplift of the Uinta Mountains, looping around the eastern tip of the range as it travels from Utah into northwestern Colorado and through Browns Park before turning west and then south into Dinosaur National Monument, where it passes through the Canyon of the Lodore (otherwise known as the Gates of Lodore) and is joined by the Yampa River at Steamboat Rock. It turns westward back into Utah along the southern edge of the Uintas in Whirlpool Canyon. In Utah, it meanders southwest across the Yampa Plateau and through the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation and the Ouray National Wildlife Refuge. Two miles south of Ouray, Utah, it is joined by the Duchesne River, and three miles (5 km) farther downstream by the White River. Ten miles farther downstream, it is joined by the Willow River.

South of the plateau, it is joined by Nine Mile Creek, then enters the Roan Cliffs where it flows south through the back-to-back Desolation and Gray canyons, with a combined length of 120 mi (192 km). In Gray Canyon, it is joined by the Price River. South of the canyon, it passes the town of Green River, Utah and is joined by the San Rafael River in southern Emery County. In eastern Wayne County it meanders through Canyonlands National Park, where it joins Colorado.

The Flaming Gorge Dam in Utah is a significant regional source of water for irrigation and mining, as well as for hydroelectric power. Begun in the 1950s and finished in 1963, it was highly controversial and opposed by conservationists. Originally, a dam was to be built in Whirlpool Canyon, but the conservationist movement traded the Flaming Gorge Dam for halting that proposal.

The Green is a large, deep, powerful river. It ranges from 100 to 300 feet (30 to 100 m) wide in the upper course and from 300 to 1500 ft wide in its lower course, and from 3 to 50 ft in depth. It is navigable by small craft throughout its course and by large motorboats upstream to Flaming Gorge Dam. Near the areas where the Oregon Trail crosses the river, it is 400 to 500 ft wide and averages about 20 ft deep at normal flow.

History

Archaeological evidence indicates that the tributary canyons and sheltered areas in the river valley were home to the Fremont Culture, which flourished from the 7th century to the 13th century. The Fremont were semi-nomadic people who lived in pithouses and are best known for the rock art on canyon walls and in sheltered overhangs.

In later centuries, the river basin was home to the Shoshone and Ute peoples, both nomadic hunters. The Shoshone inhabited the river valley north of the Uinta Mountains, whereas the Utes lived to the south. The current reservation of the Utes is in the Uintah Basin. The Shoshone called the river the Seeds-kee-dee-Agie, meaning "Prairie Hen River."

In 1776, the Spanish friars Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domínguez crossed the river near present-day Jensen, naming it the Rio de San Buenaventura. The map-maker of the expedition, Captain Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, erroneously indicated that the river flowed southwest to what is now known as Sevier Lake. Later cartographers extended the error, representing the Buenaventura River as flowing into the Pacific Ocean. At least one charted the Buenaventura as draining the Great Salt Lake. Later, Spanish and Mexican explorers adopted the name Rio Verde, meaning "Green River" in Spanish. Exactly when the Spanish started using this name and why is unknown. Explanations of the name "Green" include ideas about the color of the water (though it is usually just as red as that of the Colorado), the color of soapstone along its banks, the color of the vegetation, and the name of a trapper. No explanation can be verified. Wilson Hunt of John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company called it The Spanish River in 1811. By that time it was clear to the trappers that Miera's map (if they had seen it) was wrong, for they had learned from the Native Americans that the Green River drained to the Colorado River and the Gulf of California. When Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado in 1826, he first called it the Seedskeedee, as the Green/Colorado River was commonly known among the trappers. By the time of Bonneville's expedition in 1832, the names "Seeds-kee-dee", "Spanish River", "Green River", and even "Colorado River" were used interchangeably by the trappers and American explorers.

While it was known that the Green River drained to Colorado, the exact course was not known. Miera's map showed the Colorado River branching into two major streams – the Nabajoo (San Juan) and the Zaguananas. It also showed the Zaguananas branching into four heads, including the Dolores and the Rafael (the latter of which Escalante's journal equates with Colorado per information from the Native Americans). A map of 1847 redirects the course of the Rafael to the north and labels it as Green River. It would be some time before the true confluence of the Green and Colorado Rivers would be known.

The Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico to California crossed the river just above the present-day town of Green River, Utah.

In the early 19th century, the upper river in Wyoming was part of the disputed Oregon Country. It was explored by trappers from the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, such as Donald Mackenzie who pioneered the area from 1819. In 1825, the American William Ashley and a party of American explorers floated down the river from north of the Uintah Mountains to the mouth of the White River. The valley of the river became increasingly used as a wintering ground for American trappers in the next decades, with trading posts established at the mouth of the White near Whiterocks, Utah, and Browns Park. The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site near Pinedale, Wyoming was a popular location for annual mountain man rendezvous during the 1820s and 1830s, with as many as 450 to 500 trappers attending during its heyday in the 1830s.

The region was explored by John C. Fremont on several of his expeditions in the 1840s. Fremont corrected the cartographic error of Miera, establishing firmly that the river did not drain the Great Salt Lake. In 1869, the river was surveyed and mapped by John Wesley Powell as part of the first of his two expeditions to the region. During his two voyages in 1869 and 1871, he and his men gave most of the current names of the canyons, geographic features, and rapids along the river. For example, "we sweep around another great bend to the left, making a circuit of nine miles, and come back to a point within 600 feet of the beginning of the bend. In the two circuits, we describe almost in figure 8. The men call it a `bowknot' of a river; so we name it Bowknot Bend." (Powell, 1869)

From the 1840s through the 1860s, hundreds of thousands of emigrants made their way west along the Oregon, California, and Mormon emigration trails. Nearly all primary emigration routes had to cross the Green River. The main trail crossed near where the Big Sandy River joins the Green River in Wyoming. The river is too big and much too deep to ford at any time of the year and is the largest, most dangerous river crossed by the Oregon Trail. For that reason, ferries were commonly run on this stretch of the river. Some popular ferries included the Lombard and Robinson ferries at the main crossing and the Mormon, Mountain Man, and Names Hill ferries where the popular Sublette-Greenwood cutoff crossed the river further upstream.

In 1878 the first permanent settlement in the river valley was founded at Vernal by a party of Mormons led by Jeremiah Hatch. The settlement survived a diphtheria epidemic its first winter, as well as a panic caused by the Meeker Massacre in Colorado.

Most of the land in the valley of the river today is owned and controlled by the federal government. Private holdings are largely limited to bottoms. Until the 1940s, the valley's economy was based largely on ranching. Tourism has emerged as the dominant industry in the region in the last several decades.

A proposed nuclear power plant, the Blue Castle Project, is set to begin construction near Green River in 2023. The plant will use 53500 acre-ft of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned.

Natural resources
The La Barge oil field was discovered in 1924. Oil was produced from Tertiary sandstones (Wasatch Formation and Green River Formation), within an anticline 600 to 1200 feet deep. The Big Piney-La Barge complex has produced gas since 1956 and oil since 1960. Cumulative production by 1976 was 65 million bbl of oil and over 1.2 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) of gas. Production includes the Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation and Frontier Formation.

The discovery of petroleum at the Ashley Field after World War II has led to the exploitation of oil and natural gas in the region. The oil at Ashley Field is trapped in Aeolin deposits of "coversands and loess," while there is a larger deposit of oil shale in the Green River formation. The Equity Oil Company currently has 17 wells in declining production of oil near Ashley Field and is looking to inject carbon dioxide into the Weber reservoir to increase the rate of oil flow through their pipelines.

At the time of its discovery (2005), the Green River Formation was said to have the world's largest fossil fuel deposits in the form of a solid rock resource called oil shale. There is estimated to be between 500 billion and 1.1 trillion barrels (80 and 175 km3) of potentially recoverable oil in the basin, however; this estimated amount of recoverable oil in the form of kerogen is challenged, and in doubt, as currently there is no economically feasible technology to convert rock into a permeable oil. Kerogen is an uncooked form of hydrocarbon that nature did not convert into actual oil. The cost of converting Green River oil shale into actual oil at the moment would be higher than what it could be sold for. The EROI for oil shale is very low while having a very high destructive environmental impact.

The Green River Basin contains the world's largest known deposit of trona ore near Green River, Wyoming. Soda ash mining from trona veins 900 and 1600 feet (300 and 500 m) deep is a major industrial activity in the area, employing over 2000 persons at four mines. The mining operation is less expensive for the production of soda ash in the United States than the synthetic Solvay process, which predominates in the rest of the world.

The area has been mined for uranium.

title: Green River (Colorado River tributary)


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Green River (Kentucky)

The Green River is a 384 mi tributary of the Ohio River that rises in Lincoln County in south central Kentucky. Tributaries of the Green River include the Barren River, the Nolin River, the Pond River and the Rough River. The river was named after Nathanael Greene, a general of the American Revolutionary War.

Route
The river rises from south of Miracle, Kentucky in central Lincoln County, and follows a meandering path, collecting several smaller streams along its way to its impoundment by a dam at Green River Lake near Campbellsville. It then continues in a westerly direction and is joined by the Little Barren River before entering the Mammoth Cave National Park. At the western end of the park, it receives the tributary Nolin River which exits Nolin River Lake. Then continuing westward it is joined by the Barren River. It then takes a more northwesterly turn as it proceeds through western Kentucky. The river provided cooling water for the TVA's now-shutdown Paradise Fossil Plant near Drakesboro, in Muhlenberg County. Near Sebree it provides coolant water for Robert Reed Power Station, a coal fired power plant, before it finally empties into the Ohio River at Spottsville.

History
Following the Revolutionary War, many veterans staked claims along the Green River as payment for their military service. The river valley also attracted several vagrants, earning it the dubious nickname Rogue's Harbor.

In 1842, the Green River was canalized, with a series of locks and dams being built to create a navigable channel as far inland as Bowling Green, Kentucky. Four locks and dams were constructed on the Green River, and one lock and dam was built on the Barren River, a tributary that passed through Bowling Green.

In 1901, two additional locks and dams were opened on the Green River, which allowed river traffic to Mammoth Cave.

The 1937 Ohio River flood caused Green River to back up, inundating much of McLean County. In 1941, Mammoth Cave National Park was established, and the two upper locks and dams closed in 1950. In 1965, Lock and Dam #4 at Woodbury that locked both the Green and Barren rivers failed.

In 1969, the United States Army Corps of Engineers impounded a section of the river, forming 8200 acre Green River Lake. The lake is now the primary feature of Green River Lake State Park.

The Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky, an unrecognized tribe of persons claiming Cherokee ancestry, is located in Henderson County, near the lower Green River.

Locks and dams
The Green River flows through Mammoth Cave National Park, located along river miles 188 to 210. The river drains the cave and controls the master base level of the Mammoth Cave system: the construction of a 9 ft dam at Brownsville in 1906 raised the water level in some parts of the cave system by as much as 6 ft above its natural value. The heightened level of Green River probably kept the connection of Mammoth Cave and the nearby Flint Ridge Cave system underwater until a drought partially exposed it and made connection a reality, increasing the length of Mammoth Cave to over 360 miles in length. In 2017, multiple agencies along with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers closed Green River Lock and Dam #6 and dismantled it after a hydraulic hole was discovered in the dam. Green River is now free-flowing throughout Mammoth Cave National Park though water levels are impacted by releases from Green River Lake upstream. This has allowed for increased canoeing and kayaking opportunities from Nolin Dam to Brownsville, and has added more land to the National Park on the west bank of Green River. The 2022 removal of Lock and Dam #5 near Reedyville will allow more opportunities for canoeing and kayaking along the river from Mammoth Cave to Rochester.

The 384 mi Green River, an important transportation artery for the coal industry, is open to traffic up to the closed Lock and Dam #3 (known as the Rochester Dam) at mile 108.5. In 2019, plans were underway at Lock and Dam #3 to repair the dam and potentially raise the slack water pool held behind it by as much as three feet. Muhlenberg County, once the largest coal-producing county in the nation, benefits greatly from access to the river, as does the aluminium industry in Henderson County. In 2002, more than 10 million short tons were shipped on the river, primarily sub-bituminous coal, petroleum coke, and aluminium ore.

Biology
The Green River is home to more than 150 fish species and more than 70 mussel species. This includes some of Kentucky's largest fish and some of the world's rarest species of mussels.

Mussels
Endangered species:
 * Ring Pink Obovaria retusa
 * Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum
 * Northern riffleshell Epioblasma torulosa rangiana

Threatened species:
 * Long solid Mussel Fusconaia subrotunda
 * Pink Mucket Lampsilis abrupta
 * Pyramid Pigtoe Pleurobema rubrum

In popular culture
In summers as a child, singer John Prine would go with his parents to visit family in Muhlenberg County near Paradise, Kentucky. The visits, and seeing the devastation to the area brought by strip mining for coal, inspired his song "Paradise", which also references the River and the Rochester Dam. In the song, Prine asks to have his ashes dispersed on the Green River. After his death in 2020 from COVID-19, this wish was fulfilled, and in 2022, the John Prine Memorial Park of Rochester Dam was officially opened.

title: Green River (Kentucky)


text:
Onga District, Fukuoka

Onga (遠賀郡) is a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

According to 2005 Japanese Census data, the district has a population of 97,537 and a density of 1,045.73 persons per km2. The total area is 93.10 km2.

Towns currently in this district

 * Ashiya-machi（芦屋町）
 * Mizumaki-machi（水巻町）
 * Okagaki-machi（岡垣町）
 * Onga-chō（遠賀町）
 * The word roots "machi" and "chō" (both written as 町) mean "town." Onga is the only town in Fukuoka Prefecture for which 町 is pronounced "chō." For all other towns it is pronounced "machi."

Towns and Villages formerly in this district

 * Katsuki（香月町）- Merged to Yahata City (八幡市. described below) in 1955, currently Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū（北九州市八幡西区）
 * Kōjaku Village（上津役村）- Merged to Yahata City in 1937, currently Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū
 * Kurosaki（黒崎町）- Merged to Yahata City in 1926, currently Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū
 * Nakama（中間町）- Upgraded to City（中間市）status in 1958
 * Orio（折尾町）- Merged to Yahata City in 1944, currently Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū
 * Tobata（戸畑町）- Upgraded to City status in 1924, currently Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū（北九州市戸畑区）
 * Wakamatsu（若松町）- Upgraded to City status in 1914, currently Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū（北九州市若松区）
 * Yahata（八幡町）- Upgraded to City（八幡市）status in 1917, currently Yahata Higashi-ku, Kitakyūshū（北九州市八幡東区）

title: Onga District, Fukuoka


text:
Kotake, Fukuoka

Kotake (小竹町) is a town located in Kurate District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6983 in 3374 households, and a population density of 490 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 14.28 km2.

Geography
Kotake is located in the northern part of the Chikuho district in central Fukuoka Prefecture, sandwiched between Nogata City and Iizuka City. It is located approximately 40 kilometers northeast of the center of Fukuoka City and approximately 40 kilometers southwest of the center of Kitakyushu City. The Onga River flows north-south through the center of the town. The area around the intersection of Japan National Route 200 and Fukuoka Prefectural Route 74 at the southern end of the town is the central urban area.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Nōgata
 * Iizuka
 * Miyawaka

Climate
Kotake has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kotake is 15.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1560 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kotake is as shown below

History
The area of Kotake was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. During the Edo Period, the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the village of Katsuno was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Katsuno was raised to town status on January 1, 1928, and was renamed Kotake.

Government
Kotake has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Kotake, collectively with the city of Miyawaka and town of Kurate, contributes one member to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
During the Meiji period, Kotake, along with the other municipalities of the Chikuho area, developed with the Kitakyushu industrial zone through coal mining, and is still considered part of to the Greater Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area. However, as the demand for coal decreased due to the energy revolution, the coal mines that had sponsored prosperity have closed, leading to depopulation. The last coal mine closed in 1976. Efforts are being made to revitalize the former sites by reusing them as industrial parks.

Education
Kotake has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Chikuhō Main Line
 * Kotake - Katsuno

Heisei Chikuhō Railway - Ita Line
 * ■ Akaji

title: Kotake, Fukuoka


text:
Talk:List of particles

Parton
Thank you for not mentioning the parton, which is Feynman's name for the parts of baryons and mesons. They should always be known as quarks, not partons.

And not "aces" either. Both George Zweig "aces" and Richard Feynman "partons" lost out to Murray on this one. But quarks are real; QCD a masterwork, no doubt.

Feynmann diagrams were originally invented to promote graphical understanding of quantum electrodynamic exchanges and processes, and then Murray comes along and decides that mathematical notations need to be compactified in order to obscure their meaning ref: "Quark and the Jaguar". Quite the joker, Murray.Danshawen (talk)danshawen —Preceding undated comment added 02:03, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

congrats
outstanding, the only time i have ever understood diff between fermions etc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:6:3880:CC8:74AD:FC04:7B31:EAAD (talk) 03:05, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

Higgs is not yet Confirmed
The listing of the Higgs Boson in the list of Boson present as being confirmed is misleading. A new particle has been found at the LHC which acts similar to some aspects of the predicted Higgs but is not within other predicted ranges of the Standard Model. Most particle physicists believe this new particle to be the Higgs, but it is not yet "confirmed" to be the Higgs as is suggested by this article, since many of the predictions of this new particle have not yet been observed, such as imparting mass. Until this has been confirmed to be the Higgs, it should not be listed as "confirmed" but rather "tentative" or some other indicator that more accurately reflects the current state of the particle discovered. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.122.237.162 (talk • contribs) 20:47, 2016 July 12 (UTC)

 * Complaining that, although already observed, the Higgs is not yet confirmed while ignoring a mention of "tachyons" which have never been observed, speaks volumes.
 * A particle six times as massive as the Higgs that is the requisite spin +2 for a graviton has also been observed, but has no place in the standard model, because gravitons were supposed to be numerous, but not "massive". This is the definition of something that doesn't "fit" any model yet.  It is real, nonetheless.Danshawen (talk)danshawen  —Preceding undated comment added 02:14, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * A particle six times as massive as the Higgs that is the requisite spin +2 for a graviton has also been observed, but has no place in the standard model, because gravitons were supposed to be numerous, but not "massive". This is the definition of something that doesn't "fit" any model yet.  It is real, nonetheless.Danshawen (talk)danshawen  —Preceding undated comment added 02:14, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

New Boson?
Just reading on the Madala Boson predicted by the LHC to 3 sigma. Any movement on this? It seems worthwhile to add it to the theoretical particles list as there seems to be enough legitimate reference material out there as of today (IMO). Here's one: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-boson-that-interacts-dark-matter-has-been-predicted-by-scientists-1580132?yptr=yahoo Davidl9999 (talk) 04:57, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Are graviton spin and charge reversed in error? Feb 24, 2020.
I noticed that graviton spin is listed as 0 and charge is 2. This is the exact opposite of the [Graviton] page. Why is this? Error?

J Mark Morris (talk) 18:32, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

Lifetime of particles?
Not one mention of the lifetime of the particles? Why? 2600:8802:6400:13:4C7F:739A:CC4F:3739 (talk) 03:59, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of particles


text:
Kurate, Fukuoka

Kurate (鞍手町) is a town  located in Kurate District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 14,988 in 7442 households, and a population density of 420 persons per km². The total area of the town is 35.60 km2.

Geography
Kurate is located is located in the Munakata region in the northwest of Fukuoka Prefecture, approximately 20 kilometers southwest of Kitakyushu (central Kokura) and 60 kilometers northeast of Fukuoka City, at the northern tip of the Chikuho region. The Onga River flows through the eastern end of the town. The area from the center to the northern and eastern parts of the town is relatively flat, but the area from the northwest to the western and southern parts is mountainous.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Kitakyushu
 * Nōgata
 * Munakata
 * Nakama
 * Miyawaka
 * Onga

Climate
Kurate has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kurate is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1560 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kurate is as shown below

History
The area of Kurate was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. Jomon period shell middens have been found within the town borders. During the Kofun period the area was the seat of the kuni no miyatsuko of Tsukushi, and the name "Kurate" is said to derive from a title given to the local prince by Emperor Kimmei for his exploits in a war to assist the Kingdom of Baekje. The Furutsuki Cave Tombs were built between the end of the 6th and early 7th century, and are now a National Historic Site. During the Edo Period, the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the villages of Tsurugi, Nishikawa, and Kozuki was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Tsurugi was raised to town status on August 1, 1952. On January 1, 1955 Tsurugi merged with, Nishikawa and Kozuki villages to form the town of Kurate.

Government
Kurate has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kurate, collectively with the city of Miyawaka and town of Kotake, contributes one member to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
During the Meiji period, Kurate, along with the municipalities of the Chikuho area, developed with the Kitakyushu industrial zone through coal mining, and is still considered part of to the Greater Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area. However, as the demand for coal decreased due to the energy revolution, the coal mines that had sponsored prosperity have closed, leading to depopulation. The last mine closed in 1971. An industrial park has been constructed to replace the former coal industry in an effort to attract manufacturing industries.The attraction has had a positive effects, with the percentage of residents engaged in secondary industries far exceeding the average for Fukuoka Prefecture as a whole, and the number of residents commuting to work within the town exceeding 40%.

Education
Kurate has six public elementary schools and one public junior high school by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Fukuoka Board of Education..

Railways
JR Kyushu - Chikuhō Main Line
 * Kurate

Highways

 * JP Expressway E3.svg Kyushu Expressway

title: Kurate, Fukuoka


text:
Daniel Massey (manufacturer)

Daniel Massey (24 February 1798 – 15 November 1856) was an American-born Canadian blacksmith and businessman in what is now Newcastle, Ontario. A member of the Massey family and a farm machinery pioneer, Massey began production of agricultural implements in 1847 and established what grew into Massey-Ferguson.

Early life
Massey was born in Windsor, Vermont in 1798 to Daniel Massey Sr. and Rebecca Kelley. The family relocated to Upper Canada sometime between 1802 and 1807, likely to acquire cheap land, as many Americans were doing at the time. They settled on a farm in Haldimand Township near present-day Grafton. As a child, Massey was sent to live with relatives in Watertown, New York, where he attended school. He returned to Upper Canada by age 14, at which point he took over the family farm while his father and older brothers joined the Upper Canadian Militia to fight in the War of 1812. He had two older brothers, one of whom died in the war, and at least one sister.

Massey was a seventh-generation North American, descended from Puritans from Cheshire, England. Geoffrey Massy arrived in America around 1630, first in Essex, Massachusetts, and later in New Hampshire and Watertown, New York.

Career
Massey left home in 1817 at age 19 and spent several years clearing land for farms, which he then sold. In 1930, he settled down in Haldimand to care for his own farm. The same year, he brought a mechanical thresher, "one of the first... if not the very first imported into Upper Canada", back from a visit to Watertown; this was the start of his work on and fascination with farm implements.

In 1844, Massey's son Hart took over the farm, while Massey himself tinkered with repairing implements in a workshop on the property. He sold the farm to Hart in 1847 and moved to the Newcastle area, where he partnered with Richard F. Vaughan, owner of a struggling foundry and blacksmith shop in Bond Head. In 1849, he bought Vaughan's share of the company and moved to a larger facility in Newcastle, where he set up the Newcastle Foundry and Machine Manufactory. His son Hart joined the company as a superintendent in 1851, becoming a partner in 1853 and sole owner in 1856 when his father retired.

Though Massey and his business were not prominent during his lifetime, the Newcastle Foundry and Machine Manufactory thrived. In 1870, Massey Manufacturing Company outgrew its Newcastle workshop and moved to Toronto. The firm merged with its main competitor, A. Harris, Son and Company Limited in 1891, at which point it became Massey-Harris,  which produced the world's first commercially successful self-propelled combine harvester in 1938. Massey-Harris purchased the Ferguson Company in 1953 to form Massey-Harris-Ferguson, which was shortened to Massey-Ferguson in 1958. The company continued to grow and remains a top multinational farm implement manufacturer. The business was headed by Hart and his descendants until 1926.

Massey was inducted into the Ontario Agricultural Hall of Fame in 1981 after being nominated by Massey-Ferguson.

Personal life
Massey married his childhood sweetheart Lucina Bradley in 1820. A Methodist family, they had three sons and seven daughters. He died on 15 November 1856 in Newcastle and is buried at Bowmanville Cemetery in Clarington, Ontario.

Lillian Massey Treble was Massey's granddaughter. His great-grandchildren included Vincent Massey and Raymond Massey, and his great-great-grandchildren included actors Daniel and Anna Massey, architect Geoffrey Massey, and civil servant Lionel Massey.

title: Daniel Massey (manufacturer)


text:
Miyata, Fukuoka

Miyata (宮田町) was a town located in Kurate District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 20,984 and a density of 399.77 persons per km2. The total area was 52.49 km2.

On February 11, 2006, Miyata was merged with the town of Wakamiya (also from Kurate District) to create the city of Miyawaka.

title: Miyata, Fukuoka


text:
Wakamiya, Fukuoka

Wakamiya (若宮町) was a town located in Kurate District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,889 and a density of 113.02 persons per km2. The total area was 87.50 km2.

On February 11, 2006, Wakamiya, along with the town of Miyata (also from Kurate District), was merged to create the city of Miyawaka.

title: Wakamiya, Fukuoka


text:
Daniel Massey

Dan or Daniel Massey may refer to: *Daniel Massey (manufacturer) (1798–1856), farm implement manufacturer
 * Daniel Massey (actor) (1933–1998), British Canadian actor
 * Dan Massey (1942–2013), American LGBT rights/sexual freedom activist

title: Daniel Massey


text:
Kurate District, Fukuoka

Kurate (鞍手郡) is a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 59,006 and a density of 310.97 persons per km2. The total area is 189.75 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kotake
 * Kurate

Merger

 * On February 11, 2006 the towns of Miyata and Wakamiya merged to form the new city of Miyawaka.

title: Kurate District, Fukuoka


text:
Keisen, Fukuoka

Keisen (桂川町) is a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,832 in 6250 households, and a population density of 640 people per km2. The total area of the town is 20.14 km2.

Geography
Keisen is located in the central part of Fukuoka Prefecture, at the southern end of the Chikuho region. It is located approximately 25 kilometers east of Fukuoka City, and approximately 55 kilometers southwest of Kitakyushu City.

Neighboring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Iizuka
 * Kama

Climate
Keisen has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Keisen is 15.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1678 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Keisen is as shown below:

History
The area of Keisen was part of ancient Chikuzen Province. Stone tools from the Japanese Paleolithic and numerous burial mounds from the Kofun period indicate that the area has been inhabited for many thousands of years. It was ruled by the Asakura clan during the Sengoku period. During the Edo Period, the area was under the control of Fukuoka Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the village of Keisen was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Keisen was raised to town status on April 17, 1940. Keisen was home to Fukuoka POW Camp in 1944 during World War II. The last coal mine closed in 1972.

Government
Keisen has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 10 members. Keisen, collectively with the city of Iizuka, contributes two members to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Fukuoka 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
During the Meiji period, Keisen, along with the other municipalities of the Chikuho area, developed with the Kitakyushu industrial zone through coal mining, and is still considered part of to the Greater Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area. However, as the demand for coal decreased due to the energy revolution, the coal mines that had sponsored prosperity have closed, leading to depopulation. Efforts are being made to revitalize the former sites by reusing them as industrial parks.

Education
Keisen has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Fukuoka Prefectural Board of Education.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Chikuhō Main Line
 * Keisen

JR Kyushu - Sasaguri Line
 * Keisen

Local attractions

 * Ōzuka Kofun, near Keisen Station, is designated as a Special National Historic Site, and has its own museum. Ozuka was built in the 6th century AD and is a decorated kofun. It was closed to the public for preservation in 1967, but is now open twice a year. The museum has a full size reconstruction of the tomb with information in Japanese and English.

title: Keisen, Fukuoka


text:
Inatsuki, Fukuoka

Inatsuki (稲築町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,535 and a density of 1,126.59 persons per km2. The total area was 17.34 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Inatsuki, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Kaho and Usui (all from Kaho District), was merged to create the city of Kama.

title: Inatsuki, Fukuoka


text:
Usui, Fukuoka

Usui (碓井町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,287 and a density of 744.02 persons per km2. The total area was 8.45 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Usui, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Inatsuki and Kaho (all from Kaho District), was merged to create the city of Kama.

title: Usui, Fukuoka


text:
Kaho, Fukuoka

Kaho (嘉穂町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,965 and a density of 114.09 persons per km2. The total area was 87.34 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Kaho, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Inatsuki and Usui (all from Kaho District), was merged to create the city of Kama.

title: Kaho, Fukuoka


text:
Chikuho, Fukuoka

Chikuho (筑穂町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

, the town had an estimated population of 11,009 and a density of 147.16 persons per km2. The total area was 74.81 km2.

On March 26, 2006, Chikuho, along with the towns of Honami, Kaita and Shōnai (all from Kaho District), was merged into the expanded city of Iizuka.

Primary and secondary schools
The city formerly had a North Korean school, Chikuho Korean Elementary School (筑豊朝鮮初級学校).

title: Chikuho, Fukuoka


text:
Honami, Fukuoka

Honami (穂波町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 26,268 and a density of 1,041.14 persons per km2. The total area was 25.23 km2.

On March 26, 2006, Honami, along with the towns of Chikuho, Kaita and Shōnai (all from Kaho District), was merged into the expanded city of Iizuka.

title: Honami, Fukuoka


text:
Shōnai, Fukuoka

Shōnai (庄内町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,980 and a density of 427.40 persons per km2. The total area was 25.69 km2.

On March 26, 2006, Shōnai, along with the towns of Chikuho, Honami and Kaita (all from Kaho District), was merged into the expanded city of Iizuka.

title: Shōnai, Fukuoka


text:
Kaita, Fukuoka

Kaita (頴田町) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,043 and a density of 424.28 persons per km2. The total area was 16.60 km2.

On March 26, 2006, Kaita, along with the towns of Chikuho, Honami and Shōnai (all from Kaho District), was merged into the expanded city of Iizuka.

title: Kaita, Fukuoka


text:
Kaho District, Fukuoka

Kaho (嘉穂郡) is a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Demographics
As of 2006, the district has an estimated population of 14,648 and a density of 729.85 persons per km2. The total area is 20.07 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Keisen

Mergers

 * On March 26, 2006 the towns of Chikuho, Honami, Kaita and Shōnai merged with the former city of Iizuka to form the new city, also called Iizuka.
 * On March 27, 2006 the towns of Inatsuki, Kaho and Usui merged with the old city of Yamada to form the new city of Kama.

title: Kaho District, Fukuoka


text:
Haki, Fukuoka

Haki (杷木町) was a town located in Asakura District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,372 and a density of 186.13 persons per km2. The total area was 44.98 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Haki, along with the former town of Asakura (also from Asakura District), and the city of Amagi, was merged to create the city of Asakura.

title: Haki, Fukuoka