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Northern Territories

Northern Territories may refer to several geographic locations:
 * Northern Territories (北方領土), a term used by Japan in territorial disputes to refer to the parts of Kuril Islands claimed by Japan and occupied by Russia.
 * Historical name of part of Ghana, a former British Empire protectorate, itself divided into the Northern, Upper East and Upper West Regions of modern Ghana
 * Historical name for the regions of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland within the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

It may informally refer to:
 * Northern Territories of Canada, the Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
 * Northern territories of Israel, the Northern District and occupied Golan Heights

title: Northern Territories


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James Black

James, Jimmy or Jim Black may refer to:

Sportsmen

 * James Black (cricketer) (1873–1920), New Zealand cricketer
 * James Black (ice hockey) (born 1969), former NHL hockey player
 * Jim Black (footballer) (born 1943), Scottish footballer
 * Jimmy Black (footballer) (1899–1933), Scottish football defender
 * James Black (hurler) (born 1992), Northern Irish hurler
 * Jimmy Black (basketball) (born 1960), American basketball player
 * James Black (defensive end) (1956–2018), American football defensive end
 * James Black (rugby union) (born 1958), Australian rugby union player

Politicians

 * James Black (congressman) (1793–1872), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
 * James Black (prohibitionist) (1823–1893), American temperance movement leader and first Presidential candidate of the Prohibition Party
 * James A. Black (1793–1848), U.S. Representative from South Carolina
 * James B. Black (born 1935), Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives, 1999–2006
 * James C. C. Black (1842–1928), U.S. Congressman from Georgia and Confederate Army veteran
 * James D. Black (1849–1938), governor of Kentucky for part of 1919

Musicians, artists and entertainers

 * James Milton Black (1856–1938), American hymn composer
 * James Black (guitarist) (born 1975), Canadian guitarist in the band Finger Eleven
 * Jimmy Carl Black (1938–2008), American drummer and vocalist for the Mothers of Invention
 * James R. Black (born 1962), American actor and former professional American football player
 * Jim Black (born 1967), American jazz musician
 * James N. Black (1940–1988), American jazz drummer
 * James Black, Australian guitarist and keyboard player formerly with Mondo Rock and The Black Sorrows

Religious figures

 * James Black (bishop) (1894–1968), first bishop of Paisley, Scotland
 * James Black (clergyman) (1797–1886), Scottish-born clergyman in Canada
 * James Black (Moderator) (1879–1948), moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1938–1939

Doctors and scientists

 * James Black (pharmacologist) (1924–2010), British doctor and pharmacologist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine
 * James Gow Black (1835–1914), New Zealand chemist, mineralogist, lecturer and university professor
 * James Black (scientist) (1787–1867), English scientist who published "An Inquiry into the Capillary Circulation of Blood" in 1825
 * James R. Black (scientist), researcher in electromigration and for whom Black's equation is named
 * James F. Black (1919–1988), senior scientist at Exxon who reported the impact of fossil fuels on climate to company executives

Others

 * James Black (blacksmith) (1800–1872), creator of the Bowie knife
 * James Wallace Black (1825–1896), American photographer
 * James Black (educator) (1826–1890), President of the University of Iowa, 1868–1870
 * James Black (Case Closed), a character from Case Closed

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Black


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Eastern United States

The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River. It includes 17–26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital.

As of 2011, the Eastern United States had an estimated population exceeding 179 million, representing the majority (over 58 percent) of the total U.S. population.

The three most populous cities in the Eastern United States are New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.

Northeastern United States
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Northeastern United States coomprises nine states, including (north to south): Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

The present-day Northeast is significantly smaller than the Northeastern Woodlands cultural area. The pre-Columbian Northeast had three major areas: the Coastal area, Saint Lawrence Lowlands, and Great Lakes-Riverine zones. The Coastal area includes the Atlantic Provinces of Canada and the Atlantic seaboard of the United States south to North Carolina. The Saint Lawrence Llwlands area includes parts of Southern Ontario, upstate New York, much of the Saint Lawrence River area, and the Susquehanna Valley. The Great Lakes-Riverine area includes the remaining inland areas of the Northeast, which were home to Central Algonquian and Siouan speakers. The Great Lakes region is sometimes considered a distinct cultural area due to its large concentration of Native American tribes.

New England
New England is a subregion of the northeastern U.S. that is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada, and the state of New York. It includes six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

In one of the earliest British colonial settlements in the New World, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620 at Plymouth Colony in and around present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. In the late 18th century, the New England colonies were among the first North American British colonies to support an escalation in the American Revolution against Britain, launching the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, and later firing the first shots of the American Revolutionary War in the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775.

New England produced the first examples of American literature and philosophy and was home to the beginnings of free and compulsory public education. In the 19th century, the region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States. It was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution.

As of 2023, New England is home to two of the top ten universities in the nation, according to 2022-23 U.S. News & World Report rankings, Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (tied for third), and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts (tied for third).

Mid-Atlantic
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Middle Atlantic is a subregion of the northeastern U.S. that includes three states: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

The Middle Atlantic region includes New York City, the largest city in the U.S. and a global center of finance and culture, and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city and first capital, where the Declaration of Independence was signed at Independence Hall in 1776, formally launching the American Revolutionary War, and later where the U.S. Constitution was drafted and ratified at Independence Hall in Philadelphia in 1789.

As of 2023, the Mid-Atlantic region is home to four of the top twenty-five universities in the nation, according to 2022-23 U.S. News & World Report rankings: Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, Columbia University in New York, New York, and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

East North Central States
The East North Central area, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, can also be classified as a subregion of the Northeastern United States, as these states are in the Great Lakes-Riverine area. As one of two subregional divisions used to categorize the modern Midwest, the East North Central region closely matches the area of the Northwest Territory, excluding a portion of Minnesota. The East North Central states form a large part of the Great Lakes region, although the latter also includes Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania and the Canadian province of Ontario.

Culturally, the East North Central region of the U.S. has been historically influenced by the British and the French; Anglo-American culture permeated states covering the region following the westward expansion of the United States. Religiously, the East North Central states have been and remain predominantly affiliated with Christianity. Altogether, the five states are majority Catholic, non- and inter-denominational, Methodist, Lutheran, and Baptist. The largest non-Christian religion has been Islam.

Chicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Columbus, Ohio and Indianapolis. Chicago has the largest metropolitan statistical area, followed by Detroit, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan is the oldest city in the region, founded by French missionaries and explorers in 1668.

As of 2023, the East North Central States are home to one of the top ten universities in the nation, according to 2022-23 U.S. News & World Report rankings: the University of Chicago, which is ranked the sixth-best in the nation.

Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States is a large region of the country that includes a core of states that reaches north to Maryland and West Virginia, bordering the Ohio River and Mason–Dixon line, and stretches west to Arkansas and Louisiana.

Unlike the Northeast, there is no official U.S. government definition for the Southeast, and it is defined variably among agencies and organizations.

Its unique cultural and historic heritage includes the following aspects:
 * Distinct Native American cultures (Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands)
 * Early European settlements of English, Scotch-Irish, Scottish and German heritage
 * Rejection of the Anglican Church as instituted by Great Britain and resorting to other denominations of Protestantism
 * Helping partake in the American Revolutionary War
 * Importation of hundreds of thousands of enslaved black Africans
 * Growth of a large black population
 * Reliance on slave labor from early 1600s to mid-1800s
 * Southern yeoman farmers that differed from the planter class
 * Legacy of the Confederacy after the Civil War
 * Reconstruction Era
 * Jim Crow era and Great Migration
 * Civil rights movement
 * Emergence of the New South and New Great Migration

These aspects, among other things, led to "the South" developing distinctive customs, literature, musical styles, and varied cuisines that have profoundly shaped traditional American culture.

The shift from a mainly rural society to more cities and urbanized metropolitan areas picked up speed following World War II in the 1940s. Since the late 20th century, certain Southeastern states and areas have seen great economic growth. This growth has led to many migrants moving to Southeastern states. In 2020, Fortune 500 companies headquartered in southeastern states included: Virginia with 22, Georgia with 18, Florida with 18, North Carolina with 13, and Tennessee with 10.

South Atlantic states
The South Atlantic region of the United States is one of the nine Census Bureau Divisions of the country. This region corresponds to the Southern states/areas that were geographically part of the Thirteen Colonies, with the addition of Florida. It includes eight states and one federal district: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. The South Atlantic is also a recognized geographical division used by the United States Geological Survey. All entities within the region apart from the District of Columbia and West Virginia border the Atlantic Ocean.

As of 2010, the South Atlantic states had a combined population of 61,774,970. The South Atlantic region covers 292,589 sqmi. With the exception of West Virginia, the region has seen rapid population growth and economic development in recent decades.

As of 2023, the South Atlantic region is home to three of the top ten universities in the nation, according to 2022-23 U.S. News & World Report rankings: Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, which is ranked the tenth-best in the nation.

East South Central States
The East South Central region constitutes one of the nine U.S. Census Bureau divisions. Four states make up the division: Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama. Historically, the area has been colonized and influenced by the French, Spanish, British, early US, and Confederate governments. Distinct among these states, Alabama's French culture has been preserved through the Alabama Creoles, and Kentucky's French culture can be observed throughout Louisville. The East South Central states form the core of Old Dixie, one of the nine moral regions identified by James Patterson and Peter Kim in their acclaimed 1991 geopolitical best-seller, The Day America Told The Truth.

Politically and culturally, the East South Central is more conservative than the South Atlantic; Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee's governments have been described during 2012 to 2023 as some of the most conservative. Religiously, conservative Evangelical Protestantism dominates the East South Central region as a central part of the Bible Belt.

As of 2020, the East South Central states had a combined population of 19,430,030. The East South Central region covers 183,401 square miles of land. Within the region, Tennessee is the largest state by population, though Alabama is the largest by land area; Tennessee was also the East South Central's fastest growing state between 2010 and 2020, with Alabama second. Kentucky was the third-fastest growing state, and Mississippi experienced population decline; despite population decline, Mississippi did increase in diversity.

Major population centers
The following is a list of the 25 largest cities in the Eastern United States, based on 2021 population estimates:

title: Eastern United States


text:
Talk:Neutral zone (Star Trek)

Page Move
I wonder if this page should be moved to "Neutral Zone" (both words capitalized). This is for two reasons: First, the Neutral Zone in Trek refers to a specific, singular region. The Korean Demilitarized Zone is all-capitals, so why not the Trek Neutral Zone? Second, there is a "neutral zone" provided in the rules of American football, as the area between the two teams' lines. If we could split the pages and have "Neutral Zone" be about the Trek topic, and "neutral zone" be about the football topic, everything would be (IMO) more organized. -- Dan Carlson 02:30, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's an interesing idea, but the problem is that using "neutral zone" as a generic term, not referring to any one specific neutral zone, would require lowercase letters, and the meaning of that term refers both to the Star Trek-style neutral zone and the football term as well. That's why it's probably best to keep it this way. Someone who knows more about football is certainly

welcome to expand on the term in that section of the article, though.
 * To me this should be a disambiguation page that points to a (stub) article for the Saudi-Iraqi zone, mentions the sports usage, and points to Neutral Zone (Star Trek) with this article's contents. Any objections? Tim 20:16, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Time frame
''The Romulan Neutral Zone is still in effect. It was established in 2160.''

What exactly is meant by "is still in effect"? No timeframe for when this statement is supposedly written from is specified in the article. Someone needs to clarify this. — Adam Conover † 09:50, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Merger
This is probably about to be merged into a list of Star Trek regions of space, see Articles for deletion/Badlands (Star Trek) and Articles for deletion/Delphic Expanse. Excuse the lack of discussion, but - Fayenatic (talk) 19:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) this is already a list
 * 2) if those articles were not merged, the likely alternative was deletion.
 * Completed, following closure of those AFDs as Merge. - Fayenatic (talk) 09:55, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neutral zone (Star Trek)


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Franco Petracchi

Franco Petracchi (born September, 1937) is an Italian double bass soloist and teacher. He is a native of Pistoia, Tuscany, and the author of Simplified Higher Technique. In his method, he introduces some conventions to playing in the thumb-position. He uses names chromatic, semi-chromatic and diatonic for different hand positions. He plays a Gaetano Rossi bass, which is unusually large for a soloist.

title: Franco Petracchi


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Greenback

Greenback(s) may refer to:

Currency

 * Greenback (1860s money), a fiat currency issued during the American Civil War
 * United States Note, paper money issued from 1862 to 1971
 * Greenback, a nickname used for the United States dollar in the financial press in other countries

Fish

 * Greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias), the easternmost subspecies of cutthroat trout in the US
 * Greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina), a species of flounder found in Australasian waters
 * Greenback horse mackerel (Trachurus declivis), a species of jack found in Australasian waters
 * Greenback stingaree (Urolophus viridis), a stingray found in SE Australian waters

Music

 * "Greenbacks", a 1955 song by Ray Charles
 * "Greenbacks" (Once Upon a Time), an episode of the seventh season of Once Upon a Time

Other uses

 * Baron Silas Greenback, a fictional villainous toad in Danger Mouse (TV series)
 * Greenback, Tennessee, a city in the United States
 * Greenback Party, an American political party active between 1874 and 1884 which advocated non-gold-backed government currency

title: Greenback


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Drew Saunders

Drew Saunders may refer to:

 * Drew P. Saunders (born 1938), Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * Drew Saunders (MP) (died 1579), Member of Parliament (MP) for Brackley

title: Drew Saunders


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Underwater (disambiguation)

Underwater refers to the realm below the surface of a body of water.

Underwater may also refer to:

Film

 * Underwater!, a 1955 film starring Jane Russell
 * Underwater (film), a 2020 film starring Kristen Stewart

Music

 * Underwater (album), by Joshua Radin, 2012
 * "Underwater" (Delerium song), 2002
 * "Underwater" (Mika song), 2012
 * "Underwater" (Rüfüs Du Sol song), 2018
 * "Underwater", a song by Circa Zero from Circus Hero
 * "Underwater", a song by Lady Antebellum from Ocean
 * "Underwater", a song by Meghan Trainor from Treat Myself
 * "Underwater", a song by the National from I Am Easy to Find
 * "Underwater", a song by Switchfoot from The Legend of Chin

Other uses

 * Underwater (comics), a 1990s alternative comic by Chester Brown
 * Negative equity or "underwater", when an asset is worth less than the balance of the loan used to secure it

title: Underwater (disambiguation)


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Southern Cross Broadcasting

Southern Cross Broadcasting (Australia) Limited was a diversified Australian media company, that owned and operated a variety of media businesses, primarily in radio and television.

History
Tony Bell was managing director of the business between 1993 and 2007, when it was purchased to become Southern Cross Media Group, and retired from the subsequent company's board of directors in 2014.

 * September 1998 - Southern Cross Broadcasting announces it will purchase Adelaide's Channel Nine station (NWS-9) for $98 million, which led to redundancies for nearly half of the station's staff.
 * May 2001 - It announced a $217 million bid for Telecasters Australia, owner of television stations in regional Queensland, northern New South Wales, Darwin and Remote/Central Australia markets.
 * April 2002 - It purchased Spencer Gulf Telecasters, owner of regional South Australia's GTS/BKN stations.
 * 30 May 2007 - It announced its sale of Channel Nine Adelaide to WIN Corporation for A$105 million.
 * 3 July 2007 - Southern Cross Broadcasting recommended Macquarie Media Group's offer of A$1.35 billion, for a takeover of the corporation. The proposed Scheme is subject to approval by SCB shareholders at a Scheme Meeting expected to be held in October 2007.

 * 3 July 2007 - If the sale to Macquarie Media Group is successful, MMG have a separate arrangement directly with Fairfax Media to on-sell to them Southern Cross Broadcasting's radio assets, as well as the Southern Star Group, Satellite Music Australia and their digital media businesses. Only Southern Cross's television stations would remain with Macquarie Media Group. Conversely, Fairfax's radio assets would become part of Maquarie.
 * 5 November 2007 - The company's assets were officially acquired by the Macquarie Media Group.

Television stations

 * Southern Cross Ten
 * CTC - Australian Capital Territory/Southern NSW (Canberra)
 * GLV/BCV - Victoria (Bendigo, Ballarat, Gippsland, Albury-Wodonga)
 * NRN - Northern NSW/Gold Coast QLD (Newcastle, Central Coast, North Coast, Northern Rivers, Gold Coast)
 * TNQ - Queensland (Toowoomba, Mackay, Rockhampton, Townsville, Cairns)
 * SGS/SCN - South Australia (Spencer Gulf region of South Australia and Broken Hill, New South Wales)
 * Southern Cross Television
 * TNT - Tasmania (Hobart and Launceston)
 * TND - Northern Territory (Darwin)
 * GTS/BKN - South Australia (Spencer Gulf region of South Australia and Broken Hill, New South Wales)
 * QQQ - Central Australia (Remote Eastern, Southern and Central Australia)
 * Tasmanian Digital Television (50% share with WIN Corporation)
 * Channel Nine Adelaide (NWS) (Channel Nine station located in Adelaide) (Purchased by WIN Corporation on 30 May 2007)
 * MyTalk

Radio stations

 * Talk stations
 * 2UE
 * 3AW
 * 4BC
 * 6PR
 * Music stations
 * 96fm
 * Magic 1278
 * 4BH

Other businesses

 * Southern Star Group
 * Southern Cross Telecommunications
 * Southern Cross Sales
 * Southern Cross View
 * Southern Cross Syndication
 * Southern Cross SMA
 * MyTalk.com.au

title: Southern Cross Broadcasting


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Underwater (Delerium song)

"Underwater" is a single by Canadian electronic music group Delerium, featuring Australian singer Rani Kamal (daughter of Kamahl) on vocals. It was the second single released from the album, Poem, and reached number nine on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the U.S.

Song
The album version of the song has a slow, ambient arrangement focused primarily on strings performances. Like nearly all Delerium singles to date since "Silence", the single release put greater emphasis on a number of trance remixes commissioned by Nettwerk Music Group to promote the song through club play.

Notable remixers featured on the various releases of the single include Above & Beyond, Rank 1, Hydrogen Rockers (an alias of Dirty Vegas), and Peter Luts (of Ian Van Dahl and Lasgo).

The music video for the song was directed by directors collective Twobigeyes. It was aired in two different edits, which were set to the Above & Beyond remix (the more common version) and the Rank 1 remix.

Track listing

 * UK CD Single 1 – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix Edit)" – 3:50
 * 2) "Underwater (MaUVe's Dark Vocal Mix)" – 8:32
 * 3) "Underwater (Album Version Edit)" – 3:59

 * UK CD Single 2 – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix)" – 8:17
 * 2) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Vocal Mix)" – 8:15
 * 3) "Underwater (Jim Skreech Remix Edit)" – 3:20

 * UK Vinyl 1 – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix)" – 8:17
 * 2) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Vocal Mix)" – 8:15

 * UK Vinyl 2 – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (MaUVe's Dark Vocal Mix)" – 8:32
 * 2) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Dub Mix)" – 7:40
 * 3) "Underwater (MaUVe's Reprise)" – 4:15

 * Benelux CD Single – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Rank 1 Radio Edit)" – 4:05
 * 2) "Underwater (Rank 1 Remix)" – 9:16

 * Benelux CD Maxi – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Rank 1 Remix)" – 9:16
 * 2) "Underwater (MaUVe's Dark Vocal Mix)" – 8:32
 * 3) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix)" – 8:17
 * 4) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Vocal Mix)" – 8:15
 * 5) "Underwater (Jim Skreech Remix)" – 6:39

 * Spain CD Maxi – 2001
 * 1) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix Edit)" – 3:50
 * 2) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix)" – 8:17
 * 3) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Vocal Mix)" – 8:15
 * 4) "Underwater (MaUVe's Dark Vocal Mix)" – 8:32
 * 5) "Underwater (Jim Skreech Remix)" – 6:39
 * 6) "Underwater (Hydrogen Rockers Dub Mix)" – 7:40
 * 7) "Underwater (Album Version Edit)" – 3:59

 * German CD Maxi – 2003
 * 1) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix Edit)" – 3:50
 * 2) "Underwater (Rank 1 Radio Edit)" – 4:08
 * 3) "Underwater (Peter Luts Mix)" – 7:56
 * 4) "Underwater (Above & Beyond 21st Century Mix)" – 8:17
 * 5) "Underwater (Rank 1 Remix)" – 9:16

title: Underwater (Delerium song)


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Chicago-style pizza

Chicago-style pizza is pizza prepared according to several styles developed in Chicago. It can refer to both the well-known deep-dish or stuffed pizzas and the lesser-known thin-crust tavern-style pizzas. The pan in which deep-dish pizza is baked gives the pizza its characteristically high edge, which provides ample space for large amounts of cheese and a chunky tomato sauce. Chicago-style deep-dish pizza may be prepared in the deep-dish style and as a stuffed pizza. Chicago-style thin-crust pizza dough is rolled for a thinner crispier crust than other thin-crust styles. The thin-crust pizza is cut in squares instead of slices, and is also referred to as a "tavern-style" pizza.

Deep-dish
Chicago-style deep-dish pizza was invented at Pizzeria Uno in Chicago, founded by Ike Sewell and Richard Riccardo in 1943. Riccardo's original recipe for a pizza cooked in a pie pan or cake tin was published in 1945 and included a dough made with scalded milk, butter, and sugar. The restaurant's cook Alice Mae Redmond later adjusted the recipe to be made with water and olive oil and a "secret dough conditioner" to make it stretch better. In the 1960s and '70s the dough ball became larger to cover the full sides of the pan, with a higher fat percentage. Redmond later worked at Gino's East, founded in 1966, where she made a fattier, biscuit-like dough.

Uno's original pizza chef Rudy Malnati has also been credited for development of the recipe. Rudy's sons Lou and Rudy Jr., who also worked at Pizzeria Uno, later respectively founded Lou Malnati's Pizzeria in 1971 and Pizano's in 1991, both also known for their deep-dish pizzas.

The thick pizza crust, sometimes made with cornmeal for texture, may be parbaked before the toppings are added to give it greater spring. In traditional recipes, the top of the crust is layered with meats and/or vegetables and mozzarella cheese while the sides rise to the top of the pan, and then a layer of crushed tomatoes is ladled over the top and the whole pizza is baked to completion. Deep-dish pizza is often eaten with a knife and fork, since its thickness and occasional messiness do not lend themselves to eating with the hands as is often the case for thin-crust pizza.

Stuffed pizza
By the mid-1970s, two Chicago chains, Nancy's Pizza, founded by Rocco Palese, and Giordano's Pizzeria, operated by brothers Efren and Joseph Boglio, began experimenting with deep-dish pizza and created the stuffed pizza. Palese based his creation on his mother's recipe for scarcedda, an Italian Easter pie from his hometown of Potenza in Basilicata at the far southern end of the Italian Peninsula, more commonly known in Italy as pizza rustica Lucana. The primary differences between a stuffed pizza and a deep dish pizza are that stuffed pizzas are typically deeper, have another layer of dough covering the toppings, and have more cheese than deep dish pizza, while deep dish tends to have more sauce.

Thin-crust pizza

There is also a style of thin-crust pizza found in Chicago and throughout the rest of the Midwest. The crust is thin and firm enough to have a noticeable crunch, unlike a New York–style pizza. While in New York, bakers who had immigrated from Italy made pizzas using the traditional method of tossing the dough by hand; the tavern owners who first developed Chicago's thin-crust pizza instead rolled their dough or used mechanical sheeters. This led to thinner crusts than those present in hand-tossed pizzas.

This pizza is cut into squares, also known as "tavern-style" or "party cut", as opposed to wedges. The name "tavern-style" comes from the pizzas originally being served in taverns, often as an enticement to drink alcohol. This origin in taverns is also linked to the pizza's shape, as the square shape of the slices made it possible for taverns that did not have plates to instead set them on napkins.

, according to Grubhub data and the company Chicago Pizza Tours, thin-crust outsells the more widely known deep-dish style among locals, with GrubHub stating that deep-dish comprises only 9% of its pizza deliveries. In response, Technomics food industry researcher Darren Tristano questioned GrubHub's conclusion on the basis of the delivery service's user demographics, saying that its younger users can not afford deep dish pizza, while NPR noted that the data would not include information on two particular deep-dish chains (though with just 20 restaurants in the city of 2.7million) that are not on GrubHub.

Toppings
The typical toppings commonly found on pizzas in most of North America (such as sausage, pepperoni, onions, and mushrooms) are also standards in Chicago-area pizzerias. A survey in 2013 indicated that while the most popular pizza topping in most of the United States is pepperoni, in Chicago the most popular topping is Italian sausage.

title: Chicago-style pizza


text:
Scott LaFaro

Rocco Scott LaFaro (April 3, 1936 – July 6, 1961) was an American jazz double bassist known for his work with the Bill Evans Trio. LaFaro broke new ground on the instrument, developing a countermelodic style of accompaniment rather than playing traditional walking basslines, as well as virtuosity that was practically unmatched by any of his contemporaries. Despite his short career and death at the age of 25, he remains one of the most influential jazz bassists, and was ranked number 16 on Bass Player magazine's top 100 bass players of all time.

The syllable "Far" in the bassist's last name is correctly pronounced like the word "fair," not, as is commonly done, like the word "far."

Early life
LaFaro was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of a big band musician. He was five when his family moved to Geneva, New York. He started playing piano in elementary school, bass clarinet in middle school, and tenor saxophone when he entered high school. He took up double bass at 18 before entering college because learning a string instrument was required of music education majors. After three months at Ithaca College, he concentrated on bass. He played in groups at the College Spa and Joe's Restaurant on State Street in downtown Ithaca.

Career
Beginning in 1955, he was a member of the Buddy Morrow big band. He left that organization to work in Los Angeles. LaFaro spent most of his days practicing his instrument. He practiced from sheet music for the higher-pitched clarinet to improve his facility with the upper register for bass. Fellow bassist Red Mitchell taught him how to pluck strings with both the index and middle fingers independently. For much of 1958, LaFaro was with pianist/vibraphonist Victor Feldman's band.

In 1959, after working with trumpeter Chet Baker, bandleader Stan Kenton, vibraphonist Cal Tjader, and clarinetist Benny Goodman, LaFaro returned east and joined Bill Evans, who had recently left the Miles Davis Sextet. With Evans and drummer Paul Motian he developed the counter-melodic style that would come to characterize his playing. Evans, LaFaro, and Motian were committed to the idea of three equal voices in the trio, working together for a singular musical idea and often without any musician explicitly keeping time.

By late 1960, LaFaro was in demand as a bassist. He replaced Charlie Haden as Ornette Coleman's bassist in January 1961. For a time, Haden and LaFaro shared an apartment. He also played in Stan Getz's band between jobs with the Bill Evans trio. Around this time he received a greeting card from Miles Davis suggesting that Davis wanted to hire him.

In June 1961, the Bill Evans trio began two weeks of performances at the Village Vanguard in New York City. The trio attracted attention for its style. The last day was recorded for two albums, Sunday at the Village Vanguard and Waltz for Debby.

Death
LaFaro died in an automobile accident on July 6, 1961, in Seneca, New York, on U.S. Route 20 between Geneva and Canandaigua, four days after accompanying Stan Getz at the Newport Jazz Festival. According to Paul Motian, the death of LaFaro left Bill Evans "numb with grief," "in a state of shock," and "like a ghost." Obsessively, he played "I Loves You, Porgy," a tune that had become synonymous with him and LaFaro. Evans stopped performing for several months.

Evans said that LaFaro had been "one of the most, if not the most outstanding talents in jazz." Legendary bassist Ray Brown added, "This was one of the most talented youngsters I've seen come up in a long time. For his age, he really had it covered. ... It's a shame, really a shame. It's going to set the instrument back ten years." Motian noted, "We were supposed to make a record date with Miles [Davis]: the trio, Bill, myself and Scott. ... We were talking to Miles about it, it was all set up, and then Scott got killed and the whole thing got forgotten."

Instruments
LaFaro started his professional career playing a German-made Mittenwald double bass, but it was stolen in the spring of 1958.

Shortly after, he acquired a bass made in 1825 in Concord, New Hampshire, by Abraham Prescott. The top of the instrument is a three-piece plate of slab-cut fir; the back is a two-piece plate of moderately flamed maple with an ebony inlay at the center joint; the sides are made of matching maple. It has rolled corners on the bottom and very sloped shoulders on the top, making it easier to get in and out of thumb position. LaFaro continued to play this bass until his death. The bass was badly damaged in the automobile accident that killed him, but was eventually restored and is sporadically used in performance to honor LaFaro.

Bill Evans said of LaFaro's Prescott bass: "It had a marvelous sustaining and resonating quality. He would be playing in the hotel room and hit a quadruple stop that was a harmonious sound, and then set the bass on its side and it seemed the sound just rang and rang for so long."

In 2008, Evans's final bassist, Marc Johnson, played LaFaro's bass on an Evans tribute album recorded by Johnson's wife, Eliane Elias, titled ''Something for You: Eliane Elias Sings & Plays Bill Evans.

Posthumously released items
In 1988, Insights label of RVC Corporation in Japan released Memories for Scotty. The album included five tracks recorded in New York City during 1961 with pianist Don Friedman and drummer Pete LaRoca.

In 2009, Resonance Records reissued five tracks from Memories for Scotty on Pieces of Jade, together with twenty-two minutes of LaFaro and Bill Evans practising "My Foolish Heart" during a rehearsal in 1960. Also in 2009, Helene LaFaro-Fernandez' biography of her brother Scott, titled Jade Visions, was published by the University of North Texas Press, with an extensive discography.

Honors
On March 5, 2014, the Geneva, New York City Council approved making April 3 Scott LaFaro Day. On April 4, 2014, a ceremony to rename a downtown street Scott LaFaro Drive took place.

According to Joachim Berendt, LaFaro's innovative approach to the bass caused "emancipation," introducing "so many diverse possibilities as would have been thought impossible for the bass only a short time before."

Bassist Charlie Haden recalled:

"When I was in L.A., Scotty LaFaro and I roomed together. He would practice for hours: he had all these Sonny Rollins solos he had written out in bass clef! I remained close friends with Scotty in New York, and would go over there to see and admire them, and Scotty and Paul would come over to the Five Spot, too. When Scotty was killed at age 25 (I was 24), I was devastated—I couldn't play for months. I never knew how Scotty felt about my playing until Paul told me later that the first time Paul heard me it was because Scotty had dragged him out in a snowstorm, "You've got to hear this great bass player with Ornette!""

As co-leader

 * 1960 with Steve Kuhn, Pete La Roca (PJL, 2005) – recorded in 1960

As sideman
With Ornette Coleman
 * Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation (Atlantic, 1961)
 * Ornette! (Atlantic, 1962)
 * The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic, 1970) – recorded in 1959-60
 * Twins (Atlantic, 1971) – recorded in 1959-61

With Bill Evans
 * Portrait in Jazz (Riverside, 1960)
 * Explorations (Riverside, 1961)
 * Sunday at the Village Vanguard (Riverside, 1961)
 * Waltz for Debby (Riverside, 1962) – recorded in 1961
 * The Complete Village Vanguard Recordings, 1961 (Riverside, 2005) – recorded in 1961
 * The 1960 Birdland Sessions (Fresh Sound, 2005) – recorded in 1960

With Victor Feldman
 * The Arrival of Victor Feldman (Contemporary, 1958)
 * Latinsville! (Contemporary, 1960)

With Don Friedman
 * Memories for Scotty (Insights, 1988) – five tracks reissued on Pieces of Jade (Resonance, 2009)

With Stan Getz and Cal Tjader
 * Cal Tjader-Stan Getz Sextet (Fantasy, 1958)

With Hampton Hawes
 * For Real! (Contemporary, 1961) – recorded in 1958

With Booker Little
 * Booker Little (Time, 1961)

With Pat Moran McCoy
 * This Is Pat Moran (Audio Fidelity, 1958) – recorded in 1957

With Marty Paich
 * The Broadway Bit (Warner Bros., 1959)

With Gunther Schuller
 * Jazz Abstractions (Atlantic, 1960)

With Tony Scott
 * Sung Heroes (Sunnyside, 1959)

title: Scott LaFaro


text:
John Rhodes

John Rhodes may refer to:

Politics and law

 * Sir John Rhodes, 2nd Baronet (1884–1955), British businessman and MP
 * John Q. Rhodes Jr. (1892–1959), American politician in Virginia
 * John Jacob Rhodes (1916–2003), U.S. Representative from Arizona
 * John Rhodes (Canadian politician) (1929–1978), Canadian politician in Ontario
 * John Jacob Rhodes III (1943–2011), U.S. Representative from Arizona
 * John W. Rhodes (fl. 2003–2007), American politician in North Carolina

Sports

 * John Rhodes (sailor) (1870–1947), English sailor and Olympic gold medalist
 * John Rhodes (coach) (1902–1951), American football and baseball player and coach
 * Gordon Rhodes (John Gordon Rhodes, 1907–1960), American baseball player
 * John Rhodes (racing driver) (born 1927), British Formula One driver
 * John Rhodes (cricketer) (born 1962), English cricketer
 * John Rhodes (basketball) (born 1965), American basketball coach and player
 * John Rhodes (baseball) (born 2000), American baseball player

Others

 * John Rhodes (17th century) (fl. 1624–1665), English theatrical figure
 * John Milson Rhodes (1847–1909), English general practitioner and pioneer of social reform
 * John Harold Rhodes (1891–1917), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * John Rhodes (mathematician) (born 1937), American mathematician, co-developer of Krohn–Rhodes theory
 * John M. Rhodes, United States National Guard general

title: John Rhodes


text:
Social influence

Social influence comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. Typically social influence results from a specific action, command, or request, but people also alter their attitudes and behaviors in response to what they perceive others might do or think. In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence.

 * 1) Compliance is when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their dissenting opinions private.
 * 2) Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity.
 * 3) Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately.

Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of others. These include our need to be right (informational social influence) and our need to be liked (normative social influence). Informational influence (or social proof) is an influence to accept information from another as evidence about reality. Informational influence comes into play when people are uncertain, either from stimuli being intrinsically ambiguous or because of social disagreement. Normative influence is an influence to conform to the positive expectations of others. In terms of Kelman's typology, normative influence leads to public compliance, whereas informational influence leads to private acceptance.

Types
Social influence is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena. Listed below are some major types of social influence that are being researched in the field of social psychology. For more information, follow the main article links provided.

Kelman's varieties
There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in a 1958 paper published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution. The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity (behavior) from private acceptance (personal belief).

Compliance
Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request offered by others. Technically, compliance is a change in behavior but not necessarily in attitude; one can comply due to mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to social pressures. According to Kelman's 1958 paper, the satisfaction derived from compliance is due to the social effect of the accepting influence (i.e., people comply for an expected reward or punishment-aversion).

Identification
Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this phenomenon. According to Kelman, the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or attitude change.

Internalization
Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding. It is congruent with the individual's value system, and according to Kelman the "reward" of internalization is "the content of the new behavior".

Conformity
Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity (also called social proof, or "internalization" in Kelman's terms ) and normative conformity ("compliance" in Kelman's terms).

Minority influence
Researchers have been studying social influence and minority influence for over thirty years. The first publication covering these topics was written by social psychologist Serge Moscovici and published in 1976. Minority influence takes place when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs or behaviors of a minority. Minority influence can be affected by the sizes of majority and minority groups, the level of consistency of the minority group, and situational factors (such as the affluence or social importance of the minority). Minority influence most often operates through informational social influence (as opposed to normative social influence) because the majority may be indifferent to the liking of the minority.

Self-fulfilling prophecy
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A prophecy declared as truth (when it is actually false) may sufficiently influence people, either through fear or logical confusion, so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once-false prophecy. This term is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton from an article he published in 1948.

Social contagion
Social contagion involves the spontaneous spread of behaviors or emotions through a group, population or social network. Social contagion consists of two categories, behavioral contagion and emotional contagion. Unlike conformity, the emotion or behavior being adopted may not represent a social norm.

Anxiety is a problem some have social however in this case it can be economic relating to social contagion, also depression deteriorates many making confidence lower as it important to stay up to date on the science and issues mental health has on so many, are two examples of social contagion as behaviors can spread through the population especially similarly effecting those in the same economic status.

Reactance
Reactance is the adoption of a view contrary to the view that a person is being pressured to accept, perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms. This phenomenon has also been called anticonformity. While the results are the opposite of what the influencer intended, the reactive behavior is a result of social pressure. It is notable that anticonformity does not necessarily mean independence. In many studies, reactance manifests itself in a deliberate rejection of an influence, even if the influence is clearly correct.

Obedience
Obedience is a form of social influence that derives from an authority figure, based on order or command. The Milgram experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and the Hofling hospital experiment are three particularly well-known experiments on obedience, and they all conclude that humans are surprisingly obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate authority figures.

Persuasion
Persuasion is the process of guiding oneself or another toward the adoption of an attitude by rational or symbolic means. US psychologist Robert Cialdini defined six "weapons of influence": reciprocity, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity to bring about conformity by directed means. Persuasion can occur through appeals to reason or appeals to emotion.

Psychological manipulation
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive. Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.

Abusive power and control
Controlling abusers use various tactics to exert power and control over their victims. Tactics may include coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and more. The goal of the abuser is to control and intimidate the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.

Abuse in power is unfortunately a reoccurring problem in some countries, with Venezuela being a key example. The article I linked is relating to the abuse of power from Chaves is Venezuela where drugs have run the borders and nation for a while now.

Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.

Hard power
Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. Hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.

Antecedents
Many factors can affect the impact of social influence.

Social impact theory
Social impact theory was developed by Bibb Latané in 1981. This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person's likelihood to respond to social influence:

 * Strength: The importance of the influencing group to the individual
 * Immediacy: Physical (and temporal) proximity of the influencing group to the individual at the time of the influence attempt
 * Number: The number of people in the group

Cialdini's "weapons of influence"
Robert Cialdini defines six "weapons of influence" that can contribute to an individual's propensity to be influenced by a persuader:
 * Reciprocity: People tend to return a favor.
 * Commitment and consistency: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing their minds without good reason.
 * Social proof: People will be more open to things that they see others doing. For example, seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well.
 * Authority: People will tend to obey authority figures.
 * Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like.
 * Scarcity: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand.

Unanimity
Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of obedience experiments, 65% of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer "maximum shocks" to a confederate. In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks (two of whom were confederates), once one confederate disobeyed, only ten percent of subjects administered the maximum shocks.

Status
Those perceived as experts may exert social influence as a result of their perceived expertise. This involves credibility, a tool of social influence from which one draws upon the notion of trust. People believe an individual to be credible for a variety of reasons, such as perceived experience, attractiveness, knowledge, etc. Additionally, pressure to maintain one's reputation and not be viewed as fringe may increase the tendency to agree with the group. This phenomenon is known as groupthink. Appeals to authority may especially effect norms of obedience. The compliance of normal humans to authority in the famous Milgram experiment demonstrate the power of perceived authority.

Those with access to the media may use this access in an attempt to influence the public. For example, a politician may use speeches to persuade the public to support issues that he or she does not have the power to impose on the public. This is often referred to as using the "bully pulpit." Likewise, celebrities do not usually possess any political power, but they are familiar to many of the world's citizens and, therefore, possess social status.

Power is one of the biggest reasons an individual feels the need to follow through with the suggestions of another. A person who possesses more authority (or is perceived as being more powerful) than others in a group is an icon or is most "popular" within a group. This person has the most influence over others. For example, in a child's school life, people who seem to control the perceptions of the students at school are most powerful in having a social influence over other children.

Culture
Culture appears to play a role in the willingness of an individual to conform to the standards of a group. Stanley Milgram found that conformity was higher in Norway than in France. This has been attributed to Norway's longstanding tradition of social responsibility, compared to France's cultural focus on individualism. Japan likewise has a collectivist culture and thus a higher propensity to conformity. However, a 1970 Asch-style study found that when alienated, Japanese students were more susceptible to anticonformity (giving answers that were incorrect even when the group had collaborated on correct answers) one third of the time, significantly higher than has been seen in Asch studies in the past.

While gender does not significantly affect a person's likelihood to conform, under certain conditions gender roles do affect such a likelihood. Studies from the 1950s and 1960s concluded that women were more likely to conform than men. But a 1971 study found that experimenter bias was involved; all of the researchers were male, while all of the research participants were female. Studies thereafter found that the likelihood to conform almost equal between the genders. Furthermore, men conformed more often when faced with traditionally feminine topics, and women conformed more often when presented with masculine topics. In other words, ignorance about a subject can lead a person to defer to "social proof".

Emotions
Emotion and disposition may affect an individual's likelihood of conformity or anticonformity. In 2009, a study concluded that fear increases the chance of agreeing with a group, while romance or lust increases the chance of going against the group.

Social networks
A social network is a social structure made up of nodes (representing individuals or organizations) which are connected (through ties, also called edges, connections, or links) by one or more types of interdependency (such as friendship, common interests or beliefs, sexual relations, or kinship). Social network analysis uses the lens of network theory to examine social relationships. Social network analysis as a field has become more prominent since the mid-20th century in determining the channels and effects of social influence. For example, Christakis and Fowler found that social networks transmit states and behaviors such as obesity, smoking, drinking and happiness.

However, important flaws have been identified in the contagion model for social influence which is assumed and used in many of the above studies. In order to address these flaws, causal inference methods have been proposed instead, to systematically disentangle social influence from other possible confounding causes when using observational data.

Provisional introduction
As described above, theoretical approaches are in the form of knowledge clusters. A global theory of influence is missing for an easy understanding and an education to protect from manipulators. A first tentative was published in 2012. The first pages of Influence & Systems explain why a global approach is necessary.

title: Social influence


text:
Joe Kiser

Joe Kiser may refer to:

 * Joe L. Kiser, politician
 * Joe Kiser (musician)

title: Joe Kiser


text:
Franklin Mitchell

Franklin Mitchell may refer to:
 * Franklin Mitchell (Wisconsin politician) (1824–1911), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * W. Franklin Mitchell, American politician in North Carolina
 * Frank Mitchell (politician) (1925-2021), politician in British Columbia, Canada

title: Franklin Mitchell


text:
MPL

MPL may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * MPL Communications (or McCartney Publishing Limited), a music publisher
 * Patrologia Latina, a collection of manuscripts compiled in the 19th century
 * Puri Lukisan Museum, a gallery of Balinese art in Bali, Indonesia
 * Mobile Premier League, an Indian online gaming platform

Library bodies

 * Markham Public Library, Ontario, Canada
 * Memphis Public Library, Memphis, US
 * Minneapolis Public Library, Minnesota, US
 * Milwaukee Public Library, Wisconsin, US
 * Milton Public Library, Wisconsin, US

Biology and medicine

 * MPL (gene), which encodes the myeloproliferative leukemia protein (thrombopoietin receptor)
 * Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
 * Medial patellar luxation, a medical condition in dogs
 * Monophosphoryl lipid A, a derivative of the lipid A molecule

Copyright licenses

 * Microsoft Public License
 * Mozilla Public License

Programming

 * Computer multitasking Limit, the degree of multiprogramming
 * Matplotlib, a Python plotting library
 * MIDI Programming Language
 * PL/I, programming language
 * Metaprogramming library, in Boost (C++ libraries)
 * .mpl, a type of Perl module
 * Mathematical Programming Language, for high-level optimization modeling

Other uses in computing

 * Messenger Plus! Live, a software add-on for Windows Live Messenger
 * .mpl, a Maconomy print layout file

Other uses in science and technology

 * Magnetic path length
 * Mars Polar Lander, a robotic spacecraft launched by NASA
 * Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
 * Maximum parcel level, in meteorology and climatology
 * Multi-photon lithography, a process used in microfabrication
 * Walther MP, a series of submachine guns produced in Germany from 1963 to 1987

Sports

 * Malaysia Premier League, a second-tier association football league in Malaysia
 * Mexican Pacific League, a winter baseball league in Mexico
 * Miyazaki Phoenix League, an autumnal baseball league in Japan
 * Mangalore Premier League, a cricket league in Karnataka, India

Transportation

 * Marple railway station, England (GBR code: MPL)
 * Minnesota Prairie Line, a railroad in Central Minnesota
 * Montpellier-Méditerranée Airport, Montpellier, France (IATA code: MPL)
 * Multi-crew Pilot Licence, an airline training program

Other uses

 * Malian Party of Labour, a political party in Mali
 * Marginal product of labor (MPL), in economics
 * Movimento Passe Livre, a Brazilian social movement

title: MPL


text:
Michael Decker

Michael Decker may refer to:

 * Michael P. Decker (born 1944), former member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * Michael H. Decker, current Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight
 * Michael Decker, historian known for his views on the Arab Agricultural Revolution

title: Michael Decker


text:
William McGee

William McGee may refer to:

 * William J. McGee, American consumer advocate
 * William C. McGee (born 1936), American politician, Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * William D. McGee (1923–1945), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * William John McGee (1853–1912), American geologist and anthropologist
 * William Sears McGee (1917–2006), Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas
 * William McGhee (1930–2007), African-American actor (also known as Bill McGee)
 * Bill McGee (1909–1987), baseball player
 * Bill McGee (Manitoba politician)
 * Billy McGee (footballer) (1878–1939), Australian rules footballer

title: William McGee


text:
George Holmes

George Holmes may refer to:

Academics

 * George Holmes (archivist) (1662–1749), English archivist; deputy Keeper of Records in the Tower of London
 * George Frederick Holmes (1820–1897), American university professor and administrator
 * George Holmes (historian) (1927–2009), Welsh professor of medieval history at the University of Oxford
 * George Holmes (vice-chancellor), British academic administrator; vice-chancellor of the University of Bolton

Arts and entertainment

 * George Holmes (musician) (c.1680–1720), English organist
 * George Augustus Holmes (1826–1911), English painter
 * George Holmes (actor) (1918–1985), American film and television actor

Others

 * George Bax Holmes (1803–1887), English fossil collector
 * George Holmes (bishop) (1858–1912), English-born Canadian Bishop of Athabasca
 * George Holmes (footballer) (1892–?), English soccer player
 * George H. Holmes (1898–1965), American airman; last enlisted pilot in the USAF
 * George Holmes (civil servant) (born 1926), British forester and public official
 * George M. Holmes (1929–2009), American politician in the North Carolina General Assembly

title: George Holmes


text:
James Harrell

James Harrell may refer to:
 * James A. Harrell III (born 1971), aka Jim Harrell, Democratic politician
 * James Harrell (American football) (born 1957), former American college and professional football player
 * James Harrell (actor) (1918–2000), American actor
 * Jim Harrell Jr., Democratic nominee

title: James Harrell


text:
Mark Hilton

Mark Hilton may refer to:

 * Mark K. Hilton (born 1966), North Carolina politician
 * Mark Hilton (Australian footballer) (born 1979), played for North Melbourne
 * Mark Hilton (English footballer) (born 1968), English football midfielder
 * Mark Hilton (rugby league) (born 1975), English rugby league footballer
 * Mark Hilton (tennis) (born 1981), British tennis player

title: Mark Hilton


text:
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen

Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen (, 27 May 1946 – 19 April 2005), also known by his abbreviated nickname NHØP, was a Danish jazz double bassist.

Biography
Pedersen was born in Osted, near Roskilde, on the Danish island of Zealand, the son of a church organist. As a child, Ørsted Pedersen played piano, but from the age of 13, he started learning to play upright bass and at the age of 14, while studying, he began his professional jazz career in Denmark with his first band, Jazzkvintet 60 (Danish for Jazz Quintet 60). By the age of fifteen, he had the ability to accompany leading musicians at nightclubs, working regularly at Copenhagen's Jazzhus Montmartre, after his debut there on New Year's Eve 1961, when he was only 15. When seventeen, he had already turned down an offer to join the Count Basie orchestra, mainly because he was too young to get legal permission to live and work as a musician in the United States.

The Montmartre was a regular stop-off for touring American Jazz stars, and as a member of the house band, the young Ørsted Pedersen performed with saxophonists such as Booker Ervin, Sonny Rollins, Dexter Gordon, Rahsaan Roland Kirk and Stan Getz, and pianist Bill Evans, with whom he toured in Europe in 1965. During the 1960s, Pedersen played with a series of other important American jazzmen who were touring or resident in Denmark, including Ben Webster, Brew Moore, Bud Powell, Count Basie, Roy Eldridge, Dizzy Gillespie, Jackie McLean, and vocalist Ella Fitzgerald.

He is perhaps best known for his extensive collaboration with Oscar Peterson from 1972 to 1987. His predecessor, Ray Brown, thought highly of the Dane and regarded him as the only upright bassist equal to the task of keeping up with the pianist. He was awarded Best Bass Player of the Year by DownBeat Critics' Poll in 1981.

Ørsted Pedersen worked in duo and trio arrangements with pianist Kenny Drew, recording over 50 albums together. He also worked with Stéphane Grappelli and Joe Pass and recorded extensively as a leader. His best known songs are "My Little Anna", "Jaywalkin'", and "The Puzzle", as well as jazz arrangements of traditional Danish folk songs. A duo performance with Rune Gustafsson at Vossajazz 1980, concluded on the album Just The Way You Are on the label Sonet Gramofon, recorded half a year after this first meeting. He was awarded the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1991.

Pedersen had a particular ability to interpret Danish songs and folk melodies. He often played within trio ensembles, partly collectively with the trumpeter Palle Mikkelborg and the keyboard player Kenneth Knudsen, and partly under his own name, usually with guitarists like Philip Catherine and Ulf Wakenius. In 1999, he co-led a duo with pianist Mulgrew Miller, touring Europe, Japan, Australia, and Korea. This format was later enlarged into a trio featuring drummer Alvin Queen. This trio remained intact until Pedersen's death.

Death
Ørsted Pedersen died of heart failure in 2005 at the age of 58 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was survived by his wife, Solveig, and his three children. Oscar Peterson wrote:

Awards and honors

 * 1974: Grammy Award. Best Jazz Performance by a Group, The Trio – Oscar Peterson, Joe Pass and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
 * 1981: Best Bass Player of the Year by Downbeat Critics' Poll
 * 1991: Nordic Council Music Prize

As leader

 * Paul Bley/NHØP with Paul Bley (SteepleChase, 1973)
 * Duo with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1973)
 * Duo 2 with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1974)
 * Two's Company with Joe Albany (SteepleChase, 1974)
 * Jaywalkin' (SteepleChase, 1975)
 * Duo Live in Concert with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1975)
 * Movability with Martial Solal (MPS, 1976)
 * Double Bass with Sam Jones (SteepleChase, 1976)
 * Pictures with Kenneth Knudsen (SteepleChase, 1977)
 * In Concert with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1979)
 * Dancing on the Tables (SteepleChase, 1979)
 * Goin' Straight with Edgar Wilson (MPS, 1979)
 * Tania Maria & Niels Henning Orsted Pedersen (Medley, 1979)
 * Four Keys (MPS) with Martial Solal, Lee Konitz, John Scofield (MPS, 1979)
 * Chops with Joe Pass (Pablo, 1979)
 * Just the Way You Are with Rune Gustafsson (Sonet, 1980)
 * Northsea Nights with Joe Pass (Pablo, 1980)
 * Looking at Bird with Archie Shepp (SteepleChase, 1981)
 * The Viking with Philip Catherine (Pablo, 1983)
 * Trinity with Boulou Ferre, Elios Ferre (SteepleChase, 1983)
 * Face to Face with Tete Montoliu (SteepleChase, 1984)
 * With a Little Help from My Friend(s) with Claes Crona (Skivbolaget, 1985)
 * With Joy and Feelings with Ulla Neumann (Four Leaf Clover, 1985)
 * The Eternal Traveller (Pablo, 1984)
 * Threesome with Monty Alexander, Grady Tate (Soul Note, 1986)
 * Heart to Heart with Palle Mikkelborg, Kenneth Knudsen (Storyville, 1986)
 * Play with Us with Louis Hjulmand (Olufsen, 1987)
 * Duologue with Allan Botschinsky (MA Music, 1987)
 * Latin Alley with Alain Jean-Marie (IDA, 1988)
 * Copenhagen Groove with Moller/Clausen/Cobb (Stunt, 1989)
 * Three for the Road with Guitars Unlimited (Sonet, 1989)
 * Homage/Once Upon a Time with Palle Mikkelborg (Sonet, 1990)
 * Uncharted Land (Pladecompagniet, 1992)
 * Spanish Nights with Philip Catherine (Enja, 1992)
 * Art of the Duo with Philip Catherine (Enja, 1993)
 * Ambiance with Danish Radio Big Band (Dacapo, 1994)
 * Misty Dawn with Doky/Riel (Columbia, 1994)
 * Scandinavian Wood (Caprice, 1995)
 * Those Who Were (Verve, 1996)
 * Elegies Mostly with Dick Hyman (Gemini, 1996)
 * Friends Forever featuring Renee Rosnes (Milestone, 1997) – recorded in 1995
 * This Is All I Ask (Verve, 1998)
 * In the Name of Music with Trio Rococo (BMG, 1998)
 * The Duets with Mulgrew Miller (Bang & Olufsen, 1999)
 * Breaking the Ice with Floris Nico Bunink (BV Haast, 1999)
 * Grundtvigs Sang Til Livet with Ole Kock Hansen (Vartov, 2000)
 * The Unforgettable NHØP Trio Live (ACT Music, 2007)
 * The Duo Live! with Mulgrew Miller (Storyville, 2016)

title: Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen


text:
Perspective distortion

In photography and cinematography, perspective distortion is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length, due to the relative scale of nearby and distant features. Perspective distortion is determined by the relative distances at which the image is captured and viewed, and is due to the angle of view of the image (as captured) being either wider or narrower than the angle of view at which the image is viewed, hence the apparent relative distances differing from what is expected. Related to this concept is axial magnification – the perceived depth of objects at a given magnification.

Perspective distortion takes two forms: extension distortion and compression distortion, also called wide-angle distortion and long-lens or telephoto distortion, when talking about images with the same field size. Extension or wide-angle distortion can be seen in images shot from close using a wide-angle lens (with an angle of view wider than a normal lens). Objects close to the lens appear abnormally large relative to more distant objects, and distant objects appear abnormally small and hence farther away – distances are extended. Compression, long-lens, or telephoto distortion can be seen in images shot from a distance using a long focus lens or the more common telephoto sub-type (with an angle of view narrower than a normal lens). Distant objects look approximately the same size – closer objects are abnormally small, and more distant objects are abnormally large, and hence the viewer cannot discern relative distances between distant objects – distances are compressed.

Note that linear perspective changes are caused by distance, not by the lens per se – two shots of the same scene from the same distance will exhibit identical perspective geometry, regardless of lens used. However, since wide-angle lenses have a wider field of view, they are generally used from closer, while telephoto lenses have a narrower field of view and are generally used from farther away. For example, if standing at a distance so that a normal lens captures someone's face, a shot with a wide-angle lens or telephoto lens from the same distance will have exactly the same linear perspective geometry on the face, though the wide-angle lens may fit the entire body into the shot, while the telephoto lens captures only the nose. However, crops of these three images with the same coverage will yield the same perspective distortion – the nose will look the same in all three. Conversely, if all three lenses are used from distances such that the face fills the field, the wide-angle will be used from closer, making the nose larger compared to the rest of the photo, and the telephoto will be used from farther, making the nose smaller compared to the rest of the photo.

Outside photography, extension distortion is familiar to many through side-view mirrors (see "objects in mirror are closer than they appear") and peepholes, though these often use a fisheye lens, exhibiting different distortion. Compression distortion is most familiar in looking through binoculars or telescopes, as in telescopic sights, while a similar effect is seen in fixed-slit strip photography, notably a photo finish, where all capture is parallel to the capture, completely eliminating perspective (a side view).

Optics
Consider an idealised Gaussian optical system, with the image and the object in the same medium. Thus, for an object in focus, the distance between the lens and image plane $s_\mathrm{i}$, the distance between lens and the object $s_\mathrm{o}$, and the focal length $$f$$ are related by the thin-lens equation:

$$\frac{1}{s_\mathrm{i}} + \frac{1}{s_\mathrm{o}} = \frac{1}{f}\,.$$

The transverse magnification $$M$$ is related by

$$M = \frac{s_\mathrm{i}}{s_\mathrm{o}}\,.$$

The axial magnification $$M_\text{ax}$$ of an object at $$s_\mathrm{o}$$ is the rate of change of the lens–image distance $$s_\mathrm{i}$$ as the lens–object distance $$s_\mathrm{o}$$ changes. For an object of finite depth, one can conceive of the axial magnification as the ratio of the depth of the image and the depth of the object:

$$\begin{align} M_\text{ax} &= \left| \frac{\mathrm{d}s_\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{d}s_\mathrm{o}} \right| = \left| \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}s_\mathrm{o}} \left(\frac{1}{f} - \frac{1}{s_\mathrm{o}}\right)^{-1} \right| \\ &= \left| -\left(\frac{1}{f} - \frac{1}{s_\mathrm{o}}\right)^{-2} s_\mathrm{o}^{-2} \right| \\ &= \frac{s_\mathrm{i}^2}{s_\mathrm{o}^2} = M^2\,. \end{align}$$

As the magnification increases, the ratio of axial to transverse magnification also increases. For example, if $M = 2$, then $M_\text{ax} = 4$, and the image will be twice as tall and four times as deep as the object.

Influencing factors
Perspective distortion is influenced by the relationship between two factors: the angle of view at which the image is captured by the camera and the angle of view at which the photograph of the subject is presented or viewed.

Angle of view of the capture
When photographs are viewed at the ordinary viewing distance, the angle of view at which the image is captured accounts completely for the appearance of perspective distortion. The general assumption that "undoctored" photos cannot distort a scene is incorrect. Perspective distortion is particularly noticeable in portraits taken with wide-angle lenses at short camera-to-subject distances. They generally give an unpleasant impression, making the nose appear too large with respect to the rest of the face, and distorting the facial expression. Framing the same subject identically while using a moderate telephoto or long focus lens (with a narrow angle of view) flattens the image to a more flattering perspective. It is for this reason that, for a 35 mm camera, lenses with focal lengths from about 85 through 135 mm are generally considered to be good portrait lenses. It does however make difference, whether the photograph is taken landscape or portrait. A 50 mm lens is suitable for photographing people when the orientation is landscape. Conversely, using lenses with much longer focal lengths for portraits results in more extreme flattening of facial features, which also may be objectionable to the viewer.

Photograph viewing distance
Photographs are ordinarily viewed at a distance approximately equal to their diagonal. When viewed at this distance, the distortion effects created by the angle of view of the capture are apparent. However, theoretically, if one views pictures exhibiting extension (wide angle) distortion at a closer distance, thus widening the angle of view of the presentation, then the phenomenon abates. Similarly, viewing pictures exhibiting compression (telephoto) distortion from a greater distance, thus narrowing the angle of view of the presentation, reduces the effect. In both cases, at some critical distance, the apparent distortion disappears completely.

Examples
Below, a series of three photos shows the same scene shot from the same position with three different lenses: a wide-angle lens, a normal lens, and a telephoto lens. Notice that because the proportions in the image do not change with the angle of view, if the photos made with the wide-angle lens and the normal lens were cropped to contain the same scene as the photo made with the telephoto lens, then the image content would be exactly the same. The apparent difference in proportions results solely from the content added around the edges of the frame in the normal lens photo and the wide-angle photo.

Technical background
Although perspective distortion is often annoying when unintended, it is also intentionally used for artistic purposes. Extension (wide angle) distortion is often implemented to emphasize some element of the scene by making it appear larger and spatially removed from the other elements. Compression (telephoto) distortion is often used to give the appearance of compressed distance between distant objects, such as buildings or automobiles in order to convey a feeling of congestion. Longer lenses magnify the subject more, apparently compressing distance and (when focused on the foreground) blurring the background because of their shallower depth of field. Wider lenses tend to magnify distance between objects while allowing greater depth of field.

Another result of using a wide-angle lens is a greater apparent perspective distortion when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a normal lens, but converge more due to the wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot.

Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve the size of a subject, changing the angle of view can indirectly distort perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and background. If identical field size is maintained, wide-angle lenses make subjects appear larger by introducing size differences along with the converging lines mentioned above, and they make rooms and spaces around the subject appear more vast by increasing the distance between subject and background (expanded perspective).

Mood effect and famous uses
The mood effect of perspective distortion achieved by rectilinear extreme wide-angle lenses is that the resulting image looks grotesque and unsettling, while not looking as unrealistic as curvilinear fisheye lenses which display barrel distortion. The effect is especially noticeable the closer the camera is to the subject, as its amount increases the shorter the focal length is at the same field size.

One notable director that frequently employs rectilinear ultra wide angle lenses in order to achieve a distinctive signature style defined by extreme perspective distortion is Terry Gilliam. Also Stanley Kubrick (in Paths of Glory, and Dr. Strangelove, among others) as well as Orson Welles (in The Trial, partly Orson Welles' London, segment Four Clubmen), Sam Peckinpah (in Straw Dogs), and Sidney Lumet (in The Offence) have occasionally done the same in the past, though mostly in moderation, for single shots or sequences only, while Gilliam hardly ever uses any lens longer than 14 mm, which has garnered lenses of that particular focal length the informal nickname "The Gilliam" among film-makers. Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro, two French filmmakers influenced by Gilliam, adopted his typical wide-angle photography in their two most "Gilliamesque" features, Delicatessen and The City of Lost Children. Orson Welles's The Trial is notable for heavily influencing Gilliam's signature style years before the American ex-patriate joined the Monty Python comedy troupe while only being a one-feature style for Welles.

Due to the grotesque, unsettling mood effect peculiar to wide-angle lenses, films making use of such perspective distortion can often be placed in one of two categories: Grotesque and surreal satire and fantasy, also to some extent black comedy (Gilliam, Jeunet & Caro, Orson Welles, Dr. Strangelove) on the one hand, and serious, more realistic films with a particular edge for social criticism on the other, whereas social conventions, collective society, and/or the motives and acts of leaders are portrayed as grotesque and absurd, and often also feature tyrannical characters with conformist values who act out in an extremely hostile and prejudiced way towards individualism and outsiders (Paths of Glory, Straw Dogs, The Offence).

On the other end of the focal length spectre, Leni Riefenstahl used extreme telephoto lenses to compress large crowds in Triumph of the Will while the Führer Adolf Hitler is seen through normal lenses and often from a low angle to appear tall in comparison.

In cinematography, perspective distortion also has bearing on the in-camera special effect known as the dolly zoom, in which a zoom lens zooms out at the same time as the camera moves toward the subject, in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame while the background "changes size" relative to the subject. This effect was made popular in the films Vertigo and Jaws. Another example of this can be seen in the first Lord of the Rings film, just before the Black Rider comes down the road. The dolly zoom is used to create a compression effect in the road.

Examples
The photo below of the gondolas is an illustration of the use of extension distortion, and the photo of the buildings below it is an example of compression distortion.

title: Perspective distortion


text:
Walter Church

Walter Church may refer to:

 * Walter G. Church Sr., member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * Walter Church (American football), American football quarterback
 * Walter Church (Australian politician) (1829–1901), New South Wales politician

title: Walter Church