text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 5

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1852 – Frederick Douglass gave his speech known as "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?", arguing that positive statements about liberty, citizenship, and freedom, were an offense to the enslaved population of the United States because of their lack of those things.
 * 1937 – The Hormel Foods Corporation introduced Spam, the canned precooked meat product that would eventually enter into pop culture, folklore, and urban legend.
 * 1944 – Second World War: Canadian troops defeated the last German counterattacks against Carpiquet, Normandy, France.
 * 1946 – Named after Bikini Atoll, the site of the nuclear-weapons test Operation Crossroads in the Marshall Islands, the modern bikini was introduced at a fashion show in Paris.
 * 1950 – Korean War: In the first encounter between North Korean and American forces, an unprepared and undisciplined U.S. Army task force was routed at the Battle of Osan.
 * 1954 – Elvis Presley recorded his first single, "That's All Right", at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee.
 * 1973 – Juvénal Habyarimana (pictured) orchestrated a bloodless coup d'état of the Rwandan government and began a totalitarian dictatorship.
 * 1989 – United States National Security Council member Oliver North was given a suspended sentence, probation, and community service for his part in the Iran–Contra affair.
 * 2004 – Indonesia held its first direct presidential elections, which resulted in the election of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as President of Indonesia after the second round on September 20.
 * 2006 – The United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting hours after North Korea reportedly tested at least seven ballistic missiles.
 * 2009 – A series of violent riots broke out in Ürümqi, the capital city of Xinjiang in China.
 * 2012 – The Shard (pictured) in London was inaugurated as the tallest building in Europe, with a height of 310 m (1,020 ft), but was surpassed by Moscow's Mercury City Tower four months later.

 * Born/died: | Joan of the Tower |b|1321| Sarah Siddons |b|1755| Sylvester Graham |b|1794| Nicéphore Niépce |d|1833| W. T. Stead |b|1849| Wanda Landowska |b|1879| Thomas Playford IV |b|1896| Sophie Wyss |b|1897| Albrecht Kossel |d|1927| John Curtin |d|1945| Porfirio Rubirosa |d|1965| Kenji Ito|b|1968| Kate Gynther|b|1982| Kenneth Lay |d|2006| Lambert Jackson Woodburne |d|2013| Raffaella Carrà|d|2021|

July 5: Fifth of July in New York

 * 1841 – Thomas Cook, the founder of the British travel company Thomas Cook & Son, organised his first excursion, escorting about 500 people from Leicester to Loughborough.
 * 1924 – Brazilian Army rebels launched an uprising in São Paulo against President Artur Bernardes, who authorized the bombing of the city in response.
 * 1969 – Two days after the death of their founder Brian Jones, the Rolling Stones performed at a free festival in Hyde Park, London, in front of more than a quarter of a million fans.
 * 2009 – The Staffordshire Hoard, the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered, consisting of more than 1,500 items (examples pictured), was found near Hammerwich in Staffordshire.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 5


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 6

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1483 – The last monarch of the House of York and the Plantagenet dynasty, Richard III (pictured), was crowned King of England.
 * 1685 – Troops loyal to James II of England defeated those of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion.
 * 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: A Royal Navy squadron failed to eliminate a smaller French Navy squadron at Algeciras before they could join their Spanish allies.
 * 1916 – First World War: Russian troops won a victory in the Battle of Kostiuchnówka, with the Polish Legions playing a key role on the Austro-Hungarian side.
 * 1940 – The Story Bridge in Brisbane, the longest cantilever bridge in Australia, was opened by Sir Leslie Wilson, Governor of Queensland.
 * 1941 – Second World War: After a three-month siege, the Italian garrison of Saïo (in modern-day Ethiopia) surrendered to Belgian, British and Ethiopian troops.
 * 1957 – At a concert by the Quarrymen at the St. Peter's Church Woolton Garden fete, band member John Lennon met Paul McCartney, triggering a series of events that led to the forming of the Beatles.
 * 1962 – The Late Late Show, the world's longest-running chat show by the same broadcaster, aired on Irish television for the first time.
 * 1962 – The United States conducted the Sedan nuclear test as part of Project Plowshare, a program to investigate the use of nuclear explosions for civilian purposes.
 * 1971 – After visiting several Asian communist countries, Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu gave a speech on a number of neo-Stalinist and socialist-realist ideals, which became known as the July Theses.
 * 1989 – A Palestinian Islamic Jihad member carried out a suicide attack by hijacking a bus and forcing it into a ravine near Kiryat Ye'arim, Israel.
 * 1997 – The Troubles: In response to the Drumcree conflict, five days of unrest began in nationalist districts of Northern Ireland.
 * 2013 – Gunmen attacked a secondary school in Mamudo, Yobe State, Nigeria, killing 42 people, mostly students.
 * 2013 – In the first fatal accident involving a Boeing 777 airliner, Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashed on final approach to San Francisco International Airport, resulting in three deaths.
 * Born/died this day: | Godelieve |d|1070| Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca |b|1782| William Jackson Hooker |b|1785| Ethel Sands |b|1873| Eino Leino |b|1878| Frida Kahlo |b|1907 |Dorothy E. Smith |b|1926| 14th Dalai Lama|b|1935| Bessie Head |b|1937| George W. Bush |b|1946| Eva Green |b|1980| Jagjivan Ram |d|1986| Barry Winchell |d|1999|

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 6


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 7

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1575 – A dispute between Sir John Forster and Sir John Carmichael led to a Scottish raid on Northumberland, England, in which 27 men were killed.
 * 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces caught up with American troops withdrawing from Ticonderoga, capturing more than 200 men at the Battle of Hubbardton.
 * 1911 – Four countries signed the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention, which banned the hunting of seals in the pelagic zone.
 * 1937 – The Peel Commission published a report stating that the League of Nations' Mandate for Palestine had become unworkable and recommended the partition of British-administered Mandatory Palestine into two states.
 * 1983 – After writing a letter to Soviet premier Yuri Andropov, American schoolgirl Samantha Smith (pictured) visited the Soviet Union as Andropov's personal guest, becoming known as "America's Youngest Ambassador".
 * 2016 – A U.S. Army Reserve veteran ambushed and shot at police officers in Dallas, Texas, killing five of them and injuring nine others, before being killed by a bomb attached to a police robot.
 * Born/died this day: | Momchil |d|1345| Guru Har Krishan |b|1656| Jane Elizabeth Conklin |b|1831| Camillo Golgi |b|1843| Keanolani|b|1847| Gustav Mahler |b|1860| Mary Surratt |d|1865| Fernande Sadler |b|1869|Eiji Tsuburaya |b|1901| Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin |b|1905| Whitney North Seymour Jr.|b|1923| Arthur Conan Doyle |d|1930| Joe Sakic|b|1969| Francis Hagai |d|1974| Germaine Thyssens-Valentin |d|1987| Anne McLaren and Donald Michie |d|2007| Eduard Shevardnadze |d|2014| Peter Underwood |d|2014|

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 7


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 8

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1709 – Great Northern War: Swedish forces under Charles XII were defeated by Russian troops led by Peter the Great at the Battle of Poltava.
 * 1758 – French and Indian War: French forces defeated the British at Fort Carillon on the shore of Lake Champlain in the British colony of New York.
 * 1776 – The United States Declaration of Independence received its first formal public reading, in Philadelphia.
 * 1950 – Korean War: American troops withdrew from Cheonan, in modern-day South Korea, after suffering heavy casualties from a North Korean attack.
 * 1962 – Following student protests at Rangoon University, Burmese general Ne Win ordered the demolition of the historic students' union building.
 * 1965 – Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 was destroyed by a bomb near 100 Mile House, Canada, killing 52.
 * 1980 – Aeroflot Flight 4225 crashed near Almaty International Airport in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (present day Kazakhstan) killing all 166 people on board.
 * 2003 – Sudan Airways Flight 139 crashed near Port Sudan Airport during an emergency landing attempt, killing 116 of the 117 people on board.
 * 2021 – Head of a Bear (pictured) sold at auction in London for a total of £8.8 million, a record for a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci.

 * Born/died this day: | Saint Kilian |d|689| Qatr al-Nada |d|900| Ælfwynn |d|983| Carlos, Prince of Asturias |b|1545| Peter Sainthill |b|1593| Giorgio Pullicino |b|1779| James B. McCreary |b|1838| Eli Lilly |b|1838| Käthe Kollwitz |b|1867| Percy Grainger|b|1882| Hugo Boss |b|1885| George W. Romney |b|1907| Saprang Kalayanamitr|b|1948| Etta Lemon |d|1953| Tzipi Livni |b|1958| Yarden Gerbi |b|1989| Sky Ferreira |b|1992| Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud |d|2012| Tom Veryzer|d|2014| Abul Kalam Qasmi|d|2021|

July 8: Islamic New Year (2024, 1446 AH)

 * 1663 – Baptist minister John Clarke (pictured) was granted the Rhode Island Royal Charter, described as the "grandest instrument of human liberty ever constructed".
 * 1874 – Members of the North-West Mounted Police at Fort Dufferin began their March West, their first journey to the Canadian Prairies.
 * 1947 – Following reports of the capture of a "flying disc" by U.S. Army Air Forces personnel near Roswell, New Mexico, the military stated that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.
 * 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV of Burundi was deposed in a coup d'état by his son, Prince Charles Ndizi.
 * 2014 – German citizen Lars Mittank disappeared from Varna Airport, Bulgaria; his last known movements were widely watched on YouTube.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 8


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 9

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 551 – An estimated 30,000 people died when a massive earthquake struck the Roman province of Phoenice.
 * 1640 – The Virginia Governor's Council made John Punch the first legally recognized slave in England's North American colonies.
 * 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: French victory at the Battle of Melle enabled their subsequent capture of Ghent from the Austrian Netherlands.
 * 1790 – Russo-Swedish War: During the Battle of Svensksund in the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captured a third of the Russian fleet.
 * 1811 – British explorer David Thompson posted a notice at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers (in modern Washington state, U.S.), claiming the area for Great Britain.
 * 1850 – Following Zachary Taylor's death, Millard Fillmore became president of the United States, the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office.
 * 1868 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, including the Citizenship Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, was ratified by the minimum required twenty-eight states.
 * 1937 – Nitrate film being stored in a 20th Century Fox facility spontaneously combusted, destroying more than 40,000 reels of negatives and film prints.
 * 1955 – Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell (pictured) and nine other preeminent intellectuals and scientists issued the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, calling for a conference to assess the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction.
 * 1962 – The United States conducted the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test, the largest nuclear explosion in outer space.
 * 1981 – Nintendo released the arcade game Donkey Kong (cabinet pictured), which featured the debut of Mario, one of the most famous characters in video-game history.
 * 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: After advising civilians to take shelter in places of worship, the Sri Lanka Air Force bombed a church in Navaly, killing at least 147 people.
 * 2008 – Under the belief that Israel and the United States were planning to attack its nuclear program, Iran conducted the Great Prophet III missile test and war games exercise.
 * Born/died this day: | Anastasius I Dicorus |d|518| Ariwara no Narihira |d|880|Jan van Eyck |d|1441| Elizabeth of Austria |b|1526| Sebald Heyden |d|1561| Ann Radcliffe |b|1764| Anna Morandi Manzolini |d|1774| Edmund Burke |d|1797| Elias Howe |b|1819| John Archibald Wheeler |b|1911| Mercedes Sosa |b|1935| Svetolik Dragačevac|d|1942| Tom Hanks |b|1956| Courtney Love |b|1964| Shelton Benjamin |b|1975| Shin Jae-chul |d|2012| Toshi Seeger|d|2013| Fernando de la Rúa|d|2019| Ross Perot|d|2019|

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 9


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 10

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1372 – The Treaty of Tagilde was signed between Ferdinand I of Portugal and representatives of John of Gaunt of England, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which remains in effect today.
 * 1553 – Lady Jane Grey (pictured) was proclaimed the successor to King Edward VI of England, beginning her disputed reign as the "Nine Days' Queen".
 * 1806 – Indian sepoys mutinied against the East India Company at Vellore Fort.
 * 1913 – The air temperature in Furnace Creek, California, reached 134 °F (56.7 °C), recognized by the World Meteorological Organization as the highest recorded on Earth.
 * 1921 – Irish War of Independence: One day after a truce was agreed between the Irish Republican Army and British forces, violence broke out between Catholics and Protestants in Belfast.
 * 1925 – Indian mystic and spiritual master Meher Baba began his silence until his death in 1969, only communicating by means of an alphabet board or by unique hand gestures.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The Battle of Britain, in which the Royal Air Force defended the UK from attacks by the German Luftwaffe, began.
 * 1941 – The Holocaust: Ethnic Poles murdered at least 340 Jewish residents of Jedwabne in German-occupied Poland.
 * 1973 – John Paul Getty III, a grandson of the American oil magnate J. Paul Getty, was kidnapped in Rome.
 * 2011 – The Russian river cruise liner Bulgaria was caught in a storm in Tatarstan on the Volga River and sank in several minutes, resulting in 122 deaths.
 * 2011 – The last edition of the British tabloid News of the World was published, closing due to allegations that it hacked the voicemails of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, victims of the 7/7 attacks and relatives of deceased British soldiers.
 * 2018 – The last members of a junior association football team and their coach were rescued from Tham Luang Nang Non, a flooded cave in northern Thailand.
 * Born/died: | Hadrian |d|138| Ladislaus IV of Hungary |d|1290| Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham |d|1460| Catherine Cornaro|d|1510| Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo |d|1576| Joan Terès i Borrull |d|1603| Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey |b|1614| Eva Ekeblad |b|1724| Camille Pissarro |b|1830| Pong Tiku|d|1907| Ed Lowe |b|1920| Eunice Kennedy Shriver |b|1921|  Bobo Brazil|b|1924| Calogero Vizzini |d|1954| Berthe Meijer |d|2012|

July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973)

 * 1645 – English Civil War: The Parliamentarians destroyed the last Royalist field army at the Battle of Langport, ultimately giving Parliament control of the west of England.
 * 1942 – A downed Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero was discovered on Akutan Island, Alaska; it was later rebuilt and flown to devise tactics against the aircraft during World War II.
 * 1966 – Martin Luther King Jr. (pictured) led a rally in support of the Chicago Freedom Movement, one of the most ambitious civil-rights campaigns in the northern United States.
 * 1999 – The United States defeated China in the final match of the third FIFA Women's World Cup, setting records in both attendance and television ratings for women's sports.
 * 2006 – Typhoon Ewiniar made landfall in South Korea, causing damages across the country amounting to 2.06 trillion won (US$1.4 billion).


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 11

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1302 – Franco-Flemish War: Flemish infantry defeated a large French army near Kortrijk at the Battle of the Golden Spurs.
 * 1789 – French Revolution: Jacques Necker was dismissed as Director-General of Finances of France, sparking public demonstrations in Paris that led to the storming of the Bastille.
 * 1792 – The Belfast Harp Festival, an early event in the Gaelic revival, began at the Assembly Rooms.
 * 1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons co-discovered the first of his 37 comets, more than any other person in history.
 * 1833 – Yagan, a Noongar warrior wanted for leading attacks on British colonists in Western Australia, was killed, becoming a symbol of the unjust and sometimes brutal treatment of indigenous Australians by colonial settlers.
 * 1848 – Waterloo Bridge Station, which later became Britain's busiest railway station by passenger usage, was opened by the London and South Western Railway.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces under Jubal Early began an unsuccessful attempt to capture Washington, D.C..
 * 1960 – To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel by Harper Lee featuring themes of racial injustice and the loss of innocence in the Deep South of America, was published.
 * 1991 – Shortly after taking off from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 caught fire and crashed, killing all 261 people on board.
 * 2010 – The Islamist militia group Al-Shabaab carried out multiple suicide bombings in Kampala, Uganda, killing 74 people and injuring 85 others.
 * 2011 – An explosion at the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base killed 13 people, including the head of the Cyprus Navy.
 * Born/died: | Bardaisan |b|154| Rudolph II of Burgundy |d|937| Robert II, Count of Artois |d|1302| Nicole Oresme |d|1382| Thomas Bowdler |b|1754| Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine |b|1866| Eugenia Tadolini |d|1872| H. M. Brock |b|1875| Boris Grigoriev |b|1886| Kitty O'Brien Joyner|b|1916| Balaji Sadasivan |b|1955| Eusebia Cosme |d|1976| Alessia Cara |b|1996| Bronwyn Oliver |d|2006| Lady Bird Johnson|d|2007| Satoru Iwata|d|2015|

July 11: Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide in Poland (1943)

 * 1405 – An expeditionary fleet led by Zheng He set sail for foreign regions of the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, marking the start of Ming China's treasure voyages.
 * 1846 – British soldier Frederick John White died after a flogging, leading to a campaign to end the practice in the British Army.
 * 1864 – A riot broke out in Leicester, England, at the failed launching of a gas balloon (pictured).
 * 1928 – Archaeologist Ivan Borkovský discovered a medieval skeleton at Prague Castle; competing factions claimed the skeleton as Germanic or Slavic in origin.
 * 1936 – New York City's Triborough Bridge, the "biggest traffic machine ever built", opened to traffic.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 12

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1561 – Saint Basil's Cathedral (pictured), located in Red Square, Moscow, was consecrated.
 * 1843 – Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, is said to have received a revelation recommending plural marriage.
 * 1913 – Second Balkan War: The Serbian Army began the Siege of Vidin, which they abandoned six days later when an armistice between the Serbs and Bulgarians was signed.
 * 1916 – First World War: Second Lieutenant Kléber Dupuy defeated a German attack on Fort Souville at a key moment of the Battle of Verdun.
 * 1918 – An explosion in the ammunition magazine of the Japanese battleship Kawachi resulted in the deaths of more than 600 officers and crewmen.
 * 1920 – The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed, with Soviet Russia agreeing to recognize an independent Lithuania.
 * 1943 – World War II: German and Soviet forces engaged each other at the Battle of Prokhorovka (tanks pictured), one of the largest tank battles in military history.
 * 1963 – Sixteen-year-old Pauline Reade, the first victim of serial killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, disappeared in Gorton, England.
 * 1979 – Rowdy fans at Comiskey Park in Chicago stormed the field during a Major League Baseball promotional event at which a crate of disco records was blown up.
 * 1997 – Hayao Miyazaki's animated film Princess Mononoke is released, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan for a few months.
 * 2006 – Hezbollah forces crossed the Israel–Lebanon border and attacked Israeli military positions while firing rockets and mortars at Israeli towns, sparking a five-week war.
 * 2007 – Two U.S. Army AH-64 Apache helicopters conducted a series of air-to-ground attacks in Baghdad.
 * Born/died: | Bertrada of Laon |d|783| John Komnenos|d|1067| Margaret Theresa of Spain |b|1651|Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe |d|1691| Josiah Wedgwood |b|1730| George Eastman |b|1854| Mary Glen-Haig |b|1918| Gertrude Bell |d|1926| Elsie de Wolfe |d|1950| Sanjay Manjrekar |b|1965| Anne-Sophie Pic |b|1969| Eila Campbell |d|1994| Malala Yousafzai|b|1997| Mau Piailug|d|2010|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 13

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1260 – Livonian Crusade: Samogitian forces defeated Teutonic knights and the Livonian Order at the Battle of Durbe.
 * 1643 – English Civil War: Royalist forces defeated the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Roundway Down near Devizes, Wiltshire.
 * 1863 – Four days of rioting began in New York City in response to laws passed by the U.S. Congress to draft men to fight in the American Civil War.
 * 1913 – While on a campaign in Bulgaria, the Romanian Army suffered a cholera outbreak that led to around 1,600 deaths.
 * 1942 – World War II: The 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment was converted from a battalion to accommodate a larger number of volunteers spurred on by the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.
 * 1973 – Watergate scandal: Under questioning by Senate investigators, White House deputy chief of staff Alexander Butterfield revealed the existence of a secret taping system (tape recorder pictured) in the Oval Office.
 * 2003 – French Directorate-General for External Security personnel aborted an operation to rescue Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt from FARC guerrillas, resulting in a political scandal.
 * 2013 – Typhoon Soulik made landfall in East China and Taiwan, killing at least 20 people.
 * 2020 – After a five day search, the body of American actress and singer Naya Rivera was recovered from Lake Piru, confirming her death.

 * Born/died: | Wu Yuanheng |d|815| Hubert Walter|d|1205| Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal|d|1491| Cataldo Amodei|d|1693| Nathan Bedford Forrest|b|1821| Margaret Murray|b|1863| Stan Coveleski|b|1889| Tasunka Kokipapi|d|1893| Kenneth Clark|b|1903| Kate Sheppard|d|1934| Ernő Rubik|b|1944| Harrison Ford|b|1942| Frida Kahlo|d|1954| Ba Cụt |d|1956| Lucinda Ruh|b|1979| Leda Valladares|d|2012| Liu Xiaobo|d|2017|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 14

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1789 – The Bastille, a fortress and prison in Paris, was stormed by a crowd during the flashpoint of the French Revolution.
 * 1798 – The Sedition Act became law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the U.S. government.
 * 1881 – While on the run from a death sentence, American outlaw Billy the Kid was shot and killed by Sherriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
 * 1902 – The medieval St Mark's Campanile in Venice collapsed, also demolishing the Loggetta del Sansovino.
 * 1916 – The Battle of Delville Wood began as an action within the Battle of the Somme, lasting until 3 September 1916.
 * 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditched off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44.
 * 1987 – More than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain fell in a two-and-a-half-hour period in parts of Montreal, causing severe flooding.
 * 2016 – A man deliberately drove a truck into crowds in Nice, France, resulting in 86 deaths.

 * Born/died: Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester|d|1262| James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley |d|1774| Arthur de Gobineau |b|1816| Georgiana Hill |b|1825| Edward White Benson |b|1829| Estella Hijmans-Hertzveld|b|1837| Kate M. Gordon |b|1861| Juliette Wytsman |b|1866| Roy Inwood |b|1890| Paul Kruger|d|1904| Mihran Kassabian|d|1910| William Hanna |b|1910| Sixto Durán Ballén |b|1921|Alphonse Mucha |d|1939| Herbert Maryon |d|1965| Harry Atwood |d|1967| Howard Webb |b|1971| Samir Handanović|b|1984| Constance Stokes |d|1991| César Tovar |d|1994| Maryam Mirzakhani|d|2017|

July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789); Festino di Santa Rosalia begins in Palermo, Italy

 * 1791 – The Priestley Riots, targeting religious dissenters such as Joseph Priestley, began in Birmingham, England.
 * 1874 – A fire destroyed 812 structures and killed 20 people in Chicago, leading to reforms in the city's fire-prevention and firefighting efforts.
 * 1902 – An expedition led by Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovered the Incan city of Machu Picchu (pictured).
 * 1950 – Korean War: North Korean troops began attacking the headquarters of the American 24th Infantry Division in present-day Daejeon, South Korea.
 * 2003 – Valerie Plame's identity as a CIA operative was leaked to and published by journalist Robert Novak.


text:
Casey

Casey may refer to:

Antarctica

 * Casey Station
 * Casey Range

Australia

 * Casey, Australian Capital Territory
 * City of Casey, Melbourne
 * Division of Casey, electoral district for the House of Representatives

Canada

 * Casey, Ontario
 * Casey, Quebec, a village - see Casey Emergency Airstrip

United States

 * Casey, Illinois, a city
 * Casey, Iowa, a city
 * Casey County, Kentucky
 * Casey, Wisconsin, a town

People and fictional characters

 * Casey (given name)
 * Casey (surname)

Other uses

 * Casey (band), hardcore punk from South Wales
 * "Casey" (song), a 2008 song by Darren Hayes
 * Casey (typeface), a sans-serif typeface developed by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation for use in its railway system
 * Casey, the Japanese name for Abra, one of the fictional species of Pokémon
 * Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 1992 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld limited abortion rights
 * Casey's, a general store chain

title: Casey


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 15

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1410 – The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald, the decisive engagement of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
 * 1815 – Aboard HMS Bellerophon (1786), French emperor Napoleon (pictured) surrendered to Royal Navy captain Frederick Lewis Maitland, concluding the Napoleonic Wars.
 * 1983 – Sega's first home video game console, the SG-1000, was released in Japan.
 * 1983 – Armenian extremist organization ASALA bombed the Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport, killing 8 and injuring 55, as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian genocide.
 * 2016 – The Peace at Home Council, a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces, staged a coup d'état attempt against the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
 * Born/died this day: | Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots|d|1445| Rembrandt|b|1606| Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps|bd|1793; 1884| Manuel Torres|d|1822| Jean-Antoine Houdon|d|1828| Vilfredo Pareto|b|1848| Anton Chekhov|d|1904| Lisa Kahn|b|1921| Nugroho Notosusanto|b|1930| Betty Wagoner|b|1930| Nigel Williams|b|1944| Nina Bari|d|1961| Cherry|b|1975| Donald Mackay |d|1977| Ebrahim Desai|d|2021|

July 15: Marine Day in Japan (2024)

 * 1799 – French soldiers at Fort Julien, near the Egyptian port city of Rashid, uncovered the Rosetta Stone, which was essential in the decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts.
 * 1870 – Following the transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company, Manitoba was established as a province of Canada.
 * 1943 – The all-female Emilia Plater Independent Women's Battalion was formed in the Soviet Union's First Polish Army.
 * 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashed in northwestern Iran, killing all 168 people aboard.
 * 2012 – South Korean rapper Psy (pictured) released his hit single "Gangnam Style".


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 16

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1232 – Muhammad ibn Yusuf, who later established the Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim state in Spain, was elected the ruler of Arjona.
 * 1790 – President George Washington signed the Residence Act, selecting a new permanent site along the Potomac River for the capital of the United States, which later became Washington, D.C.
 * 1931 – Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie promulgated the nation's first modern constitution.
 * 1951 – The Catcher in the Rye, an American coming-of-age novel by J. D. Salinger, was first published.
 * 1965 – South Vietnamese Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo—an undetected communist spy—was reported dead due to injuries sustained during his capture, but it is generally assumed he was killed on the orders of military officials.
 * 1983 – A Sikorsky S-61 helicopter operated by British Airways crashed in thick fog in the Celtic Sea, killing 20 of the 26 people on board.
 * 2007 – An earthquake of magnitude struck Niigata Prefecture, Japan, causing a leak of radioactive gases from the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant.
 * 2008 – A tainted milk powder scandal broke in China which ultimately involved an estimated 300,000 victims, the vast majority infants, with 54,000 hospitalized with kidney problems and 6 deaths.
 * 2013 – At least 23 students died and dozens more fell ill at a primary school in the Indian state of Bihar after consuming a Midday Meal that was contaminated with pesticide.
 * Born/died: | Charles I of Hungary |d|1342| Al-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt|d|1344| Meinhardt Schomberg|d|1719| Philip Wodehouse|b|1773| Sarah Allen |d|1849| Mildred Lewis Rutherford|b|1851| Ellen Oliver|b|1870| Agnes Weinrich|b|1873| Anna Vyrubova|b|1884| Ellen G. White|d|1915| Évariste Kimba|b|1926| Assata Shakur|b|1947| Alexis Herman |b|1947| Albert Kesselring|d|1960| Vecihi Hürkuş|d|1969| Julia Kronlid |b|1980| Carli Lloyd|b|1982| Gareth Bale|b|1989| Evelyn Ebsworth |d|2015|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 17

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1453 – The Battle of Castillon, the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War, ended with the English losing all holdings in France except the Pale of Calais.
 * 1771 – Dene men, acting as guides to Samuel Hearne on his exploration of the Coppermine River in present-day Nunavut, Canada, massacred a group of about twenty Copper Inuit.
 * 1863 – The New Zealand Wars resumed as British forces led by General Duncan Cameron began the invasion of the Waikato.
 * 1918 – RMS Carpathia, which had rescued survivors of the 1912 Titanic sinking, was sunk by a German U-boat with the loss of five crew.
 * 1968 – Led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party overthrew Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif in a bloodless coup.
 * 1981 – A structural failure caused a walkway at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S., to collapse (damage pictured), killing 114 people and injuring 216 others.
 * 1992 – The Manchester Metrolink, the first modern street-running light-rail system in the United Kingdom, was officially opened.
 * 1996 – TWA Flight 800 exploded in mid-air and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York.
 * 2007 – TAM Airlines Flight 3054 overran the runway at Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, killing 199 people.

 * Born/died this day: | Edward the Elder|d|924| Empress Dowager Du |d|961| Sverker II of Sweden |d|1210| Jadwiga of Poland|d|1399| Eunice Newton Foote |b|1819| Maurycy Gottlieb |d|1879| James Somerville |b|1882| Rainilaiarivony|d|1896| Eleanor Hadley |b|1916| Tatiana Nikolaevna |d|1918| Mary Osborne |b|1921|  Florence Fuller |d|1946| Queen Camilla|b|1947| Barbara Rae-Venter|b|1948| Angela Merkel|b|1954| Wong Kar-wai |b|1958| António Costa |b|1961| David Kelly|d|2003| Otto Piene|d|2014|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 18

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1290 – King Edward I issued an edict to expel all Jews from England.
 * 1723 – Johann Sebastian Bach directed the first performance of his cantata Erforsche mich, Gott, und erfahre mein Herz in Leipzig.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: Led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the first African-American military units in the Union Army, spearheaded an assault (pictured) on Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
 * 1936 – Nationalist rebels attempted a coup against the Second Spanish Republic, sparking the Spanish Civil War.
 * 1966 – Angered by racism and poverty, African American residents of the Hough neighborhood of Cleveland began to riot for six days.
 * 1976 – At the Olympic Games in Montreal, Nadia Comăneci (pictured) became the first person to score a perfect 10 in a modern Olympics gymnastics event.
 * 1984 – Parts of the dismembered body of Swedish prostitute Catrine da Costa were found in Stockholm.
 * 1989 – American actress Rebecca Schaeffer was shot and killed by Robert John Bardo, eventually prompting the passage of anti-stalking laws in California.
 * 1995 – Selena's album Dreaming of You, instrumental in popularizing Tejano music, was released posthumously.
 * 2012 – A suicide bomber attacked an Israeli tour bus at Burgas Airport, Bulgaria, resulting in the military branch of Hezbollah being designated a terrorist organization by the European Union.
 * 2014 – The conviction of former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, who had been found guilty of paying for an underage prostitute, was overturned on appeal.
 * Born/died this day: Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat|d|924| John Horsefield|b|1792| Jane Austen|d|1817| Lucy Smith Millikin|b|1821| Maria von Linden|b|1869| Clare Stevenson|b|1903| Beatrice Aitchison|b|1908| Nelson Mandela|b|1918| Aaron Beck|b|1921| Inge Sørensen |b|1924| M.I.A.|b|1975| Priyanka Chopra|b|1982 Hailie Deegan|b|2001| Amy Gillett|d|2005


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 19

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars: After initial Byzantine gains at the Battle of Apamea, a lone Kurdish rider killed Byzantine commander Damian Dalassenos, allowing Fatimid troops to turn the tide of the battle.
 * 1553 – Mary I was proclaimed Queen of England, deposing Lady Jane Grey after nine days of de facto rule.
 * 1702 – Great Northern War: Polish–Saxon forces were defeated by a Swedish army half their size at the Battle of Kliszów.
 * 1817 – Georg Anton Schäffer was forced to depart for China after his unsuccessful attempt to seize the Hawaiian Kingdom for the Russian Empire.
 * 1843 – SS Great Britain, the first ocean-going ship with both an iron hull and a screw propeller, was launched (pictured) in Bristol, England.
 * 1845 – A fire in Manhattan, New York, destroyed 345 buildings, killed 30 people, and caused at least $5 million in damage.
 * 1848 – The two-day Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's-rights and feminist convention held in the United States, opened in Seneca Falls, New York.
 * 1903 – French cyclist Maurice Garin won the first edition of the Tour de France.
 * 1919 – Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of the First World War, English ex-servicemen unhappy with unemployment and other grievances rioted and burned down Luton Town Hall (pictured).
 * 1976 – Environmental activists bombed the port facilities in Bunbury, Western Australia, in an attempt to disrupt the woodchipping industry.
 * 1992 – A car bomb killed the anti-Mafia judge Paolo Borsellino and five policemen in Palermo, Italy, less than two months after the murder of Borsellino's friend and colleague Giovanni Falcone.
 * 1997 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced that it would resume its ceasefire, ending its 28-year campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland.
 * 2013 – The NASA spacecraft Cassini took a photograph of Saturn with Earth in the distance (detail pictured), for which people were invited to "wave at Saturn".
 * Born/died: | Damian Dalassenos|d|998| Jacopo Tiepolo|d|1249| Philippa of Lancaster|d|1415| Richard Leveridge|b|1670| Giuseppe Castiglione|b|1688| Thomas Talbot|b|1771| William McSherry|b|1799| Mangal Pandey |b|1827| Margaret Fuller|d|1850| David Hillhouse Buel|b|1862| Florence Foster Jenkins|b|1868| Khawaja Nazimuddin|b|1894| Chetana Nagavajara|b|1937| Han Sai Por|b|1943| Yekaterina Budanova|d|1943| Kgalema Motlanthe|b|1949| Nicola Sturgeon|b|1970| Sylvia Daoust|d|2004| J. Gordon Edwards|d|2004| Galina Prozumenshchikova|d|2015|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 20

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1333 – Second War of Scottish -: The Scottish-held town of Berwick-upon-Tweed surrendered to English forces, ending a siege led by King Edward III.
 * 1793 – Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie reached the Pacific coast at Bella Coola, British Columbia, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico.
 * 1807 – French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion engines.
 * 1950 – Korean War: After a month-long campaign, much of the North Korean air force was destroyed by United Nations forces.
 * 1968 – The first games of the Special Olympics (athletes pictured), for athletes with intellectual disabilities, were held at Soldier Field in Chicago.
 * 1976 – The Viking 1 lander became the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission.
 * 1977 – Rain from a stalled thunderstorm caused six dams to fail, flooding Johnstown, Pennsylvania, resulting in 84 deaths and $340 in damages.
 * 1982 – Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated two bombs in Hyde Park and Regent's Park in London, killing eleven British Army personnel and seven horses.
 * 1997 – USS Constitution, one of the United States Navy's original six frigates, sailed for the first time in 116 years after a full restoration.
 * 2001 – The animated film Spirited Away, written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, was released, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japanese history until 2020.
 * 2001 – Twenty-three-year-old Italian anti-globalist Carlo Giuliani was shot dead by a police officer while protesting outside the 27th G8 summit held in Genoa, Italy.
 * 2012 – A gunman carried out a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
 * 2015 – A suicide attack in Suruç, Turkey, for which Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility, killed 34 people and injured 104 others.
 * Born/died this day: | Alexander the Great |b|356 BC| Ibn Muqla |d|940| Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray |d|1332| Robert Wallop |b|1601| Anne Hutchinson|baptised|1591| Peregrine White|d|1704| Gregor Mendel |b|1822| Clements Markham |b|1830| Patriarch Miron of Romania |b|1868|Tom Crean |b|1877| Wiley Rutledge|b|1894| Maurice Leyland|b|1900| Felix Dzerzhinsky|d|1926| Heather Chasen|b|1927| Panagiotis Kavvadias|d|1928| Anna Vyrubova|d|1964| Chris Cornell|b|1964| Amanda Clement|d|1971| Birgitta Ohlsson|b|1975| |Gisele Bündchen|b|1980|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 21

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 230 – Pope Pontian began his pontificate, succeeding Urban I.
 * 365 – A large earthquake occurred near Crete, triggering a tsunami, and causing widespread destruction around the eastern Mediterranean region.
 * 905 – Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, was captured and blinded during his attempt to restore Carolingian power over Italy by King Berengar I.
 * 1877 – Much of central Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was burned and looted during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
 * 1918 – World War I: An Imperial German Navy U-boat opened fire on a small convoy of barges and defending aircraft near the American town of Orleans, Massachusetts.
 * 1925 – American high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution in class.
 * 1952 – An earthquake registering 7.3 Mw struck the southern San Joaquin Valley in California, causing 12 deaths and an estimated $60 million in property damage.
 * 1960 – Sirimavo Bandaranaike (pictured) was elected the prime minister of Ceylon, becoming the world's first democratically elected female head of government.
 * 1972 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated twenty-two bombs throughout Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 * 1990 – The Taiwanese military ordered the deportation of dozens of illegal immigrants from mainland China in sealed boat holds, causing 25 deaths due to suffocation.
 * 2007 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the popular Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling, was released and sold 15 million copies in its first 24 hours, making it the fastest-selling book in history.
 * 2013 – Nour Ahmad Nikbakht, an Iranian diplomat in Yemen, was kidnapped by al-Qaeda militants and held hostage for the next two years.
 * 2019 – People returning from anti-extradition bill protests were attacked (pictured) by suspected triad members in Yuen Long, Hong Kong, leaving 45 people injured.
 * Born/died: | Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou|d|987| Henry Percy|d|1403| Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon|b|1783|Simion Bărnuțiu|b|1808| Paul Reuter|b|1816| Sophie Aberle|b|1896| Hart Crane|b|1899| Russell Lee|b|1903| Fiammetta Wilson|d|1920| Philomena Franz|b|1922| Johnny Peirson|b|1925| Louis Vauxcelles|d|1943| John Atta Mills|b|1944| Claus von Stauffenberg|d|1944| Hirini Melbourne|b|1949| Jimmie Foxx|d|1967| Ruth St. Denis|d|1968| Anthony Annan|b|1986| Rilwanu Lukman |d|2014|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 22

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1209 – A crusader army captured Béziers, France, and massacred the city's inhabitants in the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.
 * 1298 – First War of Scottish Independence: English forces led by Edward I defeated William Wallace's Scottish troops at the Battle of Falkirk.
 * 1691 – Williamite forces defeated the Jacobites at the Battle of Aughrim, the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland.
 * 1802 – Gia Long (pictured) conquered Hanoi and unified modern-day Vietnam, which had experienced centuries of feudal warfare.
 * 1963 – The United Kingdom granted self-government to Sarawak.
 * 1975 – Stanley Forman took the Pulitzer Prize–winning photo Fire Escape Collapse, which spurred action to improve the safety of fire escapes across the United States.
 * 1991 – American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, after police discovered human remains in his apartment.
 * 1997 – Written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda, One Piece, the best-selling manga series in history, debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump.
 * 2002 – The Israel Defense Forces bombed the home of Salah Shehade, the leader of the military arm of the Palestinian organization Hamas, killing him, his family and neighboring civilians.
 * Born/died: | Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton|b|1552| Anthony Browne |b|1552| Thomas Macnamara Russell|d|1824| Emma Lazarus |b|1849| Augusta Fox Bronner |b|1881| Edward Hopper |b|1882| James Whale|b|1889| James Whitcomb Riley |d|1916| Indra Lal Roy|d|1918| Bob Dole |b|1923| Albertus Soegijapranata|d|1963| Selena Gomez |b|1992| Harold Larwood |d|1995| George Armitage Miller |d|2012| Johann Breyer|d|2014| Ursula Franklin|d|2016|

July 22: Feast day of Saint Mary Magdalene (Christianity)

 * 838 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The forces of the Abbasid Caliphate defeated Byzantine troops led by Emperor Theophilos at the Battle of Anzen, near present-day Dazman, Turkey.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces unsuccessfully attacked Union troops at the Battle of Atlanta.
 * 1894 – Jules-Albert de Dion (pictured) finished first in the world's first motor race, but did not win as his steam-powered car was against the rules.
 * 1944 – World War II: In opposition to the government-in-exile based in London, the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation was proclaimed to govern territory recaptured from Germany.
 * 1954 – A limited state of martial law was declared in Russell County, Alabama, due to organized crime.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 23

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1319 – A fleet led by the Knights Hospitaller sank 22 of 28 ships of the Turkish Aydinid emirate.
 * 1829 – William Austin Burt was awarded a patent for the typographer, the first practical typewriting machine.
 * 1891 – During a visit of the French Navy to Kronstadt in Russia, the two nations reached a secret agreement on a joint response to any future war in Europe.
 * 1921 – The first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opened in a house in Shanghai.
 * 1940 – Sumner Welles, U.S. Under Secretary of State, issued a declaration that the U.S. government would not recognize the Soviet Union's annexation of the Baltic states.
 * 1968 – A shootout between police and a Black power group began in Cleveland, Ohio, sparking three days of rioting.
 * 1982 – A helicopter crashed during the filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie in Valencia, California, killing three people and leading to new safety standards.
 * 1984 – Vanessa Williams, the first African-American Miss America, was forced to resign after the magazine Penthouse published nude photos of her without consent.
 * 1995 – Hale–Bopp (pictured), one of the most widely observed comets of the 20th century, was independently discovered by astronomers Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp.
 * 2001 – Megawati Sukarnoputri (pictured) became the first female president of Indonesia after her predecessor Abdurrahman Wahid was removed from office.

 * Born/died: | He Ning |d|955| John Day|d|1584| Bonaventura Peeters the Elder|b|1614| Henry Norris|b|1865| Louis T. Wright|b|1891| Red Dutton|b|1897| John Babcock|b|1900| Tajuddin Ahmad|b|1925| Vera Rubin|b|1928|Saulius Skvernelis|b|1970| Judit Polgár|b|1976| Olivia Manning|d|1980| Daniel Radcliffe|b|1989| Lauren Mitchell|b|1991| Hassan II of Morocco|d|1999| Amy Winehouse|d|2011|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 24

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1411 – Scottish clansmen led by Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, fought the Battle of Harlaw (monument pictured) near Inverurie, Scotland.
 * 1920 – Franco-Syrian War: At the Battle of Maysalun forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria were defeated by a French army moving to occupy the territory allocated to them by the San Remo conference.
 * 1923 – The Treaty of Lausanne was signed to settle part of the partition of the Ottoman Empire, establishing the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey.
 * 1967 – During a speech in Montreal, French president Charles de Gaulle (pictured) declared "Long live free Quebec!", a statement that was interpreted as support for Quebec independence from Canada.
 * 1948 – Australia set a world record for the highest successful run-chase in Test cricket history during the Fourth Test of the Ashes series against England.
 * 1987 – Iran–Iraq War: In opposition to the American plan to protect Kuwaiti tankers, Iran laid mines and damaged the SS Bridgeton, resulting in a propaganda victory for Iran.
 * 1998 – A gunman entered the United States Capitol and opened fire, killing two police officers.

 * Born/died: | Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid|d|946| John Salusbury |d|1612| Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury|b|1660| Prince William, Duke of Gloucester|b|1689| Simón Bolívar|b|1783| Princess Charlotte of Prussia|b|1860| Martin Van Buren|d|1862| Robert Graves|b|1895| Zelda Fitzgerald|b|1900| John William Finn|b|1909| Bella Abzug|b|1920| Ada Baker|d|1949| Kini Kapahu Wilson|d|1962| Jennifer Lopez|b|1969| James Chadwick|d|1974| Torrie Wilson|b|1975| Marjorie Cameron|d|1995| Ingrid Sischy|d|2015|

July 24: Pioneer Day in Utah, United States (1847)

 * 1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, who became James VI.
 * 1959 – Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. vice president Richard Nixon held an impromptu debate at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow.
 * 1974 – The Metapolitefsi period began with Konstantinos Karamanlis (pictured) taking office as Prime Minister of Greece after the collapse of the military junta.
 * 1980 – The Australian swimming team, nicknamed the Quietly Confident Quartet, won the men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay at the Moscow Olympics.
 * 2014 – Air Algérie Flight 5017 disappeared from radar shortly after take-off from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; its wreckage was found the following day in Mali with no survivors.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 25

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * Feast of Saint James - a commemoration of the apostle James the Great
 * 1261 – Nicaean–Latin wars: Alexios Strategopoulos led Nicaean forces to recapture Constantinople, leading to the reestablishment of the Byzantine Empire and the end of the Latin Empire.
 * 1547 – Henry II was crowned King of France at Reims Cathedral.
 * 1591 – Eighty Years' War: Dutch and English forces relieved the siege of Knodsenburg in the Spanish Netherlands, having defeated the Duke of Parma's army in the field.
 * 1893 – The Corinth Canal was formally opened, bisecting the narrow Isthmus of Corinth in Greece to connect the Ionian Sea's Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea's Saronic Gulf.
 * 1950 – Korean War: After American troops withdrew, North Korean forces captured the village of Yongdong in South Korea.
 * 1965 – Bob Dylan, who had previously been known for folk music, gave a controversial performance at the Newport Folk Festival playing songs with an electric guitar.
 * 1976 – The orbiting spacecraft Viking 1 took a photograph of an apparent face on Mars in a classic example of pareidolia.
 * 2000 – Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde en route from Paris to New York, crashed in Gonesse, France, killing all 109 passengers on board and four people on the ground.
 * 2007 – Pratibha Patil (pictured) was sworn in as the first female president of India.
 * 2010 – WikiLeaks published 75,000 classified documents about the War in Afghanistan in one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
 * Born/died this day: | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|d|1190| Henry Percy|b|1421| Elliott Fitch Shepard|b|1833| James Barry |d|1865| Maxfield Parrish|b|1870| Francis Chan|b|1913| Enriqueta Legorreta|b|1914| Rosalind Franklin|b|1920| Nestor Makhno|d|1934| Guillermo Mota|b|1973| Louise Brown|b|1978| Sarah Geronimo|b|1988| Randy Pausch|d|2008| Meg Donnelly|b|2000| Michael Johnson|d|2017| Azimzhan Askarov|d|2020|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 26

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1778 – On the orders of Catherine the Great the first of tens of thousands of Greek and Armenian Christians were removed from Crimea and resettled in Pryazovia.
 * 1882 – Boer mercenaries established the Republic of Stellaland (later flag pictured) in land claimed by the United Kingdom as part of British Bechuanaland.
 * 1953 – In Short Creek, Arizona, police conducted a mass arrest of approximately 400 Mormon fundamentalists for polygamy.
 * 1968 – After coming second to Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in a rigged presidential election, Trương Đình Dzu was jailed by a South Vietnamese military court for illicit currency transactions.
 * 1993 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashed into a mountain during a failed attempt to land at Mokpo Airport, South Korea, leading to the deaths of 68 of the people on board.
 * 2012 – The New Irish Republican Army was formed from a merger of a number of dissident republican militant groups.
 * 2016 – A former employee carried out a mass stabbing at a care home for disabled people in Sagamihara, Japan, killing 19 people and wounding 26 others.
 * Born/died this day: | Armand de Gontaut|d|1592| Justin Holland|b|1819| George Bernard Shaw|b|1856| Carl Jung |b|1875|Daniel J. Callaghan |b|1890| Charlotte Serber |b|1911| Hoyt Wilhelm|b|1922| Ana María Matute|b|1925| Bloeme Evers-Emden|b|1926| Robert Todd Lincoln|d|1926| Howard Vernon |d|1921|Stanley Kubrick |b|1928| Winsor McCay|d|1934| Mick Jagger|b|1943| Betty Davis|b|1944| Asif Ali Zardari|b|1955| Sandra Bullock|b|1964| Ancelma Perlacios|b|1964| Kate Beckinsale|b|1973| Liz Truss|b|1975| Jacinda Ardern|b|1980| Ed Gein|d|1984| Tetsuji Takechi|d|1988| George W. Romney|d|1995|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 27

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 678 – Unable to penetrate the city's defences, the Sclaveni gave up their siege of the Byzantine city of Thessalonica.
 * 1225 – Saint Mary's Church on Gotland, later to become Visby Cathedral, was consecrated.
 * 1302 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars: The Ottoman sultanate gained its first major victory against the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Bapheus in Bithynia.
 * 1689 – First Jacobite rising: Scottish and Irish Jacobites defeated Williamite forces at Killiecrankie, Scotland.
 * 1778 – The Battle of Ushant, the first encounter between the French and British fleets in the American Revolutionary War, ended indecisively and led to political disputes in both countries.
 * 1919 – Red Summer: Race riots erupted in Chicago after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries.
 * 1942 – Second World War: Allied forces halted the Axis invasion of Egypt at the First Battle of El Alamein.
 * 1943 – As the Surprise Hurricane struck Texas, a United States Army Air Forces pilot made the first reconnaissance flight into a hurricane.
 * 1953 – An armistice was signed (pictured) to end hostilities in the Korean War, officially making the division of Korea indefinite by creating a 4 km wide (2.5 mi) demilitarized zone across the Korean Peninsula.
 * 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty came into effect, ending the Allied occupation of Austria, although the country was not free of Allied troops until October.
 * 1955 – After straying into Bulgarian airspace, El Al Flight 402 was shot down by two MiG-15 fighter jets, resulting in the deaths of all 58 on board.
 * 1983 – American musician Madonna released her self-titled debut album, which set the standard for the genre of dance-pop for decades.
 * 2007 – While covering a police pursuit in Phoenix, Arizona, two news helicopters collided in mid-air, killing both crews.
 * 2010 – Police in Tokyo found the mummified remains of Sogen Kato, thought to have died in 1978, leading to widespread inquiries into the status of isolated elderly people in Japan.
 * 2016 – The last nine Aston Martin DB9 units rolled off the production line, marking the end of a twelve-year manufacturing period.
 * Born/died: | Conrad II of Italy |d|1101| Frances Stewart, Duchess of Lennox|b|1578| Jeanne Baret|b|1740| Elizabeth Plankinton|b|1853| Iwane Matsui|b|1878| Joe Tinker|bd|1880; 1948| Kenneth Bainbridge|b|1904| Emil Theodor Kocher|d|1917| Wu Zhonghua|b|1917| Norman Lear|b|1922| Ferruccio Busoni|d|1924| Neil Brooks|b|1962| Alfred Duraiappah|d|1975| Shannon Moore|b|1979| Elizabeth Rona|d|1981| Max Scherzer|b|1984| Maya Ali|b|1989| A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|d|2015|


text:
Late termination of pregnancy

Late termination of pregnancy, also referred to politically as third trimester abortion, describes the termination of pregnancy by inducing labor during a late stage of gestation. In this context, late is not precisely defined, and different medical publications use varying gestational age thresholds. in the United States, more than 90% of abortions occur before the 13th week, 1.3% of abortions in the United States took place after the 21st week, and less than 1% occur after 24 weeks.

Reasons for late terminations of pregnancy include circumstances where a pregnant woman's health is at risk or when birth defects, such as lethal fetal abnormalities, have been detected.

In the United States, the mortality rate for legal abortions overall is less than 1:100,000. The rate of mortality and morbidity increases with the gestational age of the fetus, so patients who have decided to have an abortion are strongly encouraged to get it early. Still, later abortion is not associated with any greater net negative physical or mental health outcomes (including mortality) than full-term pregnancy and childbirth in the United States.

Late termination of pregnancy is more controversial than abortion in general. All countries in Europe only permit abortion later in pregnancy (after 10-14 weeks in most countries, 18 weeks in Sweden and Iceland, and 24 weeks in the Netherlands and Great Britain) if specific circumstances are present, generally when the pregnancy represents a serious danger to the life, or to the physical or mental health of the woman, or when a serious malformation or anomaly of the fetus is diagnosed.

Definition
A late termination of pregnancy often refers to an induced ending of pregnancy after the 20th week of gestation, i.e. after a fetal age (time since conception) of about 18 weeks. The exact point when an abortion is considered late-term, however, is not clearly defined. In three articles published in 1998 in the same issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), two chose the 20th week of gestation and one chose the 28th week of gestation as the point where an abortion procedure would be considered late-term. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines a late term pregnancy as 41 weeks 0 days through 41 weeks 6 days, which differs from how the term is used in the abortion context.

In the United States, the point at which an abortion becomes late-term is often related to fetal viability (ability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus). Thus, late-term abortions are sometimes referred to as post-viability abortions.

Viability
There is no sharp limit of development, age, or weight at which a fetus becomes viable. A 2015 study found that even with active treatment, no infants born at less than 22 weeks survived, but an infant born at 21 weeks and one day in April of 2021 did survive his premature birth. At 23 weeks survival without severe impairment is less than 2%, and at 25 weeks, up to 30% might survive without severe impairment. According to studies between 2003 and 2005,  20 to 35 percent of babies born at 24 weeks of gestation survived, while 50 to 70 percent of babies born at 25 weeks, and more than 90 percent born at 26 to 27 weeks, survived. Because the chance of survival is variable based on interventions available and the weight and sex of the fetus, there is no consensus on viability. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reports that 23% of abortion providers offer abortions at 20 weeks of gestation and later, most often using a method called dilation and evacuation (D&E).

Incidence

 * Australia:, South Australia is the only Australian state or territory to keep reliable abortion statistics. During 2012, 92% of abortions were performed before 14 weeks' gestation, 6% between 14 and 20 weeks, and 2% (n=96) at a later stage. Of the 96 abortions carried out beyond 20 weeks, 53 were due to actual or probable fetal abnormality.
 * Canada: During the year 2019, approximately 87% of abortions occurred by 12 weeks, with 1.17% occurring after 21 weeks.
 * England and Wales: In 2015, 8% of abortions occurred after 12 weeks; 0.1% occurred at or over 24 weeks.
 * New Zealand: In 2003, 2.03% of induced abortions were done between weeks 16 and 19, and 0.56% were done over 20 weeks.
 * Norway: In 2005, 2.28% of induced abortions were performed between 13 and 16 weeks, 1.24% of abortions between 17 and 20 weeks, and 0.20% over 21 weeks. Between February 15, 2010, and December 1, 2011, a total number of ten abortions were performed between 22 and 24 weeks. These have been declared illegal by The Norwegian Directorate of Health. Women who seek an abortion after the 12-week time limit must apply to a special medical assessment board – called an "abortion board" (Norwegian: abortnemnd or primærnemnd) – that will determine whether or not to grant them an abortion.
 * Scotland: In 2005, 6.1% of abortions were done between 14 and 17 weeks, while 1.6% were performed over 18 weeks.
 * Sweden: In 2005, 5.6% of abortions were carried out between 12 and 17 weeks, and 0.8% at or greater than 18 weeks.
 * Switzerland: In 2016, 10% of abortions performed after the legal term were carried out after week 21 (a total of 36 cases). Of these cases 86% were carried out due to physical problems with the child or mother.
 * United States: In 2003, from data collected in those areas that sufficiently reported gestational age, it was found that 6.2% of abortions were conducted between 13 and 15 weeks, 4.2% between 16 and 20 weeks, and 1.4% at or after 21 weeks. In 2014, the CDC reported that 1.3% of reported abortions (5,578) were performed at 21 weeks of gestation or later.

United States
Reasons for late terminations of pregnancy include when a pregnant woman's health is at risk or when lethal fetal abnormalities have been detected.

A 2013 study found, after excluding abortion "on grounds of fetal anomaly or life endangerment", that women seeking late abortions "fit at least one of five profiles: They were raising children alone, were depressed or using illicit substances, were in conflict with a male partner or experiencing domestic violence, had trouble deciding and then had access problems, or were young and nulliparous". The study concluded that "bans on abortion after 20 weeks will disproportionately affect young women and women with limited financial resources".

England and Wales
The NHS records the reasons given for abortions at all stages of development. In 2015, 2,877 abortions were performed at 20 weeks or above, and only 230 of these at or beyond 24 weeks gestation. Of all abortions at 20 weeks or above, 23 (0.8%) were performed to save the life of the pregnant woman, 1,801 (63%) were performed for mental or physical health reasons, and 1046 (36%) were performed because of fetal abnormalities.

Legal restrictions
As of 1998, among the 152 most populous countries, 54 either banned abortion entirely or permitted it only to save the life of the pregnant woman.

On the other hand, as of 1998, 49 of the 152 most populous countries allowed abortion without restriction as to reason, but 44 of these required specific justification after a particular gestational age:

 * 12 weeks (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)
 * 13 weeks (Italy)
 * 14 weeks (Argentina, Austria, Cambodia, France, Germany, Hungary, Romania and Spain)
 * 18 weeks (Sweden)
 * 22 weeks (North Macedonia)
 * 24 weeks (Singapore, Netherlands )
 * viability (to some extent the United States)
 * no limit unless the child is born during said attempted abortion (Canada, some states in the United States, China, and North Korea)

Dutch Criminal Code defines the "viability" of a fetus to 24 weeks, but doctors de facto limit on-request abortions to 22 weeks as a margin of error.

As of 2011 among those countries that allowed abortion without restriction as to reason, the gestational limits for such abortions on request were: 37 countries set a gestational limit of 12 weeks, 7 countries of 14 weeks, 4 did not set limits, 3 at viability, 3 at 10 weeks, one at 90 days, one at 8 weeks, one at 18 weeks, and one at 24 weeks. In addition, Abortion in Australia, and, to a certain extent, Abortion in the United States, is regulated at state/territory level, and laws vary by region.

In these countries, abortions after the general gestational age limit are allowed only under restricted circumstances, which include, depending on country, risk to the woman's life, physical or mental health, fetal malformation, cases where the pregnancy was the result of rape, or poor socio-economic conditions. For instance, in Italy, abortion is allowed on request up until 90 days, after which it is allowed only if the pregnancy or childbirth pose a threat to the woman's life, a risk to physical health of the woman, a risk to mental health of the woman; if there is a risk of fetal malformation; or if the pregnancy is the result of rape or other sexual crime. Denmark provides a wider range of reasons, including social and economic ones, which can be invoked by a woman who seeks an abortion after 12 weeks.

Abortions at such stages must in general be approved by a doctor or a special committee, unlike early abortions which are performed on demand. The ease with which the doctor or the committee allows a late term abortion varies significantly by country, and is often influenced by the social and religious views prevalent in that region.

Some countries, like Canada, China (mainland only) and Vietnam have no legal limit on when an abortion can be performed.

United States
The United States Supreme Court decisions on abortion, including Roe v. Wade, allow states to impose more restrictions on post-viability abortions than during the earlier stages of pregnancy.

As of December 2014, forty-three states had bans on late-term abortions that were not facially unconstitutional under Roe v. Wade or enjoined by court order. In addition, the Supreme Court in the case of Gonzales v. Carhart ruled that Congress may ban certain late-term abortion techniques, "both previability and postviability", as it had done in banning intact dilation and extraction with the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.

The Supreme Court has held that bans must include exceptions for threats to the woman's life, physical health, and mental health, but four states allow late-term abortions only when the woman's life is at risk; four allow them when the woman's life or physical health is at risk, but use a definition of health that abortion-rights organizations believe is impermissibly narrow. Note that just because a portion of a state's law is found to be unconstitutional does not mean that the entire law will be deemed unconstitutional: "[I]nvalidating the statute entirely is not always necessary or justified, for lower courts may be able to render narrower declaratory and injunctive relief," meaning the court could declare that only those parts of the law that are violative of the Constitution are invalid (declaratory relief), or that the court can prohibit the state from enforcing those portions of the law (injunctive relief).

Eighteen states prohibit abortion after a certain number of weeks' gestation (usually 22 weeks from the last menstrual period). The U.S. Supreme Court held in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services that a statute may create "a presumption of viability" after a certain number of weeks, in which case the physician must be given an opportunity to rebut the presumption by performing tests. Because this provision is not explicitly written into these state laws, as it was in the Missouri law examined in Webster, abortion-rights organizations believe that such a state law is unconstitutional, but only "to the extent that it prohibits pre-viability abortions".

Ten states (although Florida's enforcement of such laws are under permanent injunction) require a second physician's approval before a late-term abortion can be performed. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a requirement of "confirmation by two other physicians" (rather than one other physician) because "acquiescence by co-practitioners has no rational connection with a patient's needs and unduly infringes on the physician's right to practice". Abortion-rights organizations, such as the Guttmacher Institute, posit that some of these state laws are unconstitutional, based on these and other Supreme Court rulings, at least to the extent that these state laws require approval of a second or third physician.

Thirteen states have laws that require a second physician to be present during late-term abortion procedures in order to treat a fetus if born alive. The Court has held that a doctor's right to practice is not infringed by requiring a second physician to be present at abortions performed after viability in order to assist in the case of a living fetus. It is not common for live infants to be born after an abortion at any stage in pregnancy.

Live birth
In 2019, a US Senate Bill entitled the "Born-Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act" raised the issue of live birth after abortion. The bill would mandate that medical providers resuscitate neonates delivered showing signs of life during an abortion process. During the debate around this issue, US Republicans alleged that medical providers "execute" live-born babies. Existing US laws would punish execution as homicide. Furthermore, US abortion experts refute the claim that a "born-alive" fetus is a common event and oppose enactment of laws that would mandate resuscitation against the wishes of the parents.

1.3% of abortions occur after 21 weeks of pregnancy in the US. Although it is very uncommon, women undergoing surgical abortion after this gestational age sometimes give birth to a fetus that may survive briefly. The periviable period is considered to be between 20 and 25 weeks gestation. Long-term survival is possible after 22 weeks. However, odds of long-term survival between 22 and 23 weeks are 2–3 percent and odds of survival between 23 and 24 weeks are 20 percent. "Intact survival", which means survival of a neonate without subsequent damage to organs such as the brain or bowel is 1% at 22 weeks and 13% at 23 weeks. Survival odds increase with increasing gestational age.

If medical staff observe signs of life, they may be required to provide care: emergency medical care if the child has a good chance of survival and palliative care if not. Induced fetal demise before termination of pregnancy after 20–21 weeks gestation is recommended by some sources to avoid this and to comply with the US Partial Birth Abortion Ban. Induced fetal demise does not improve the safety of an abortion procedure and may incur risks to the health of the woman having the abortion.

Methods
There are at least four medical procedures associated with late-term abortions:
 * Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
 * Early labor induction (sometimes called "induction abortion")
 * Intact dilation and extraction (IDX or D&X), sometimes referred to as "partial-birth abortion"
 * Hysterotomy abortion

title: Late termination of pregnancy


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 28

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1148 – Crusades: The siege of Damascus ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims, leading to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
 * 1821 – Peruvian War of Independence: Argentine general José de San Martín declared the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.
 * 1917 – In New York City, the NAACP and church and community leaders organized a silent march of at least 8,000 people to protest violence directed towards African Americans.
 * 1940 – At the Salzburg Conference, German dictator Adolf Hitler demanded the replacement of much of Slovakia's cabinet.
 * 1945 – A B-25 bomber crashed into the Empire State Building in New York City, killing 14 people and causing an estimated $1 million in damage.
 * 1976 – An earthquake registering 7.6 Mw, one of the deadliest in history, devastated Tangshan, China, and killed at least 240,000 people.
 * 1995 – Two followers of the Indian mystic Rajneesh were convicted of a 1985 plot to assassinate Charles Turner, the U.S. attorney for the District of Oregon.
 * 2001 – At the World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, Australian Ian Thorpe became the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single FINA world championship.
 * Born/died: | Athanasius I Gammolo|d|631| Judith Leyster|baptised|1609| Marguerite Louise d'Orléans |b|1645| Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|d|1794| Edward Drinker Cope|b|1840| George Law Curry|d|1878| Lucy Burns|b|1879| R. A. B. Mynors|b|1903| Baruch Samuel Blumberg|b|1925| Richard Johns|b|1939| Bill Bradley|b|1943| Richard Wright|b|1943| Vida Blue|b|1949| Ray Kennedy|b|1951| Clara Ng|b|1973| Manu Ginóbili|b|1977| Michael Carrick|b|1981| Zach Parise|b|1984| Huma Qureshi|b|1986| Dulquer Salmaan|b|1986| Ahmed Sofa|d|2001|


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 29

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1900 – Italian-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci assassinated King Umberto I of Italy in Monza.
 * 1914 – The first shots of World War I were fired by the Austro-Hungarian river monitor SMS Bodrog on Serbian defences near Belgrade.
 * 1922 – The Yomiuri Shimbun reported that up to 100 Korean workers who were constructing a hydroelectric plant on the Shinano River in Japan had been murdered and thrown into the river.
 * 1938 – The Essential Commodities Reserves Act, which allowed the British government to build up reserves of essential commodities in anticipation of war, received royal assent.
 * 1950 – Korean War: Over fears that North Korean soldiers were infiltrating refugee columns, U.S. forces concluded a four-day massacre of hundreds of civilians through shootings and air attacks near the village of No Gun Ri.
 * 1981 – An estimated worldwide television audience of 750 million watched the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
 * Born/died: | Pupienus|d|238| Offa of Mercia|d|796| Ladislaus I of Hungary|d|1095| Francesco Mochi|b|1580| Philip Charles Durham|b|1763| Alexis de Tocqueville|b|1805| Ivan Aivazovsky|b|1817| Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|b|1846| Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz|b|1859| Isidor Isaac Rabi|b|1898| Foster Furcolo|d|1911| Nancy Kassebaum|b|1932| Jaojoby|b|1955| Sanjay Dutt|b|1959| Ronald Fisher|d|1962| Virginia S. Baker|d|1998| Edward Gierek|d|2001| Oliver Dragojević|d|2018|

July 29: Torch Festival in China (2024)

 * 1014 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Byzantine forces defeated troops of the Bulgarian Empire at the Battle of Kleidion in the mountains of Belasica near present-day Klyuch.
 * 1693 – Nine Years' War: French troops defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance led by William III of England at the Battle of Landen in present-day Neerwinden, Belgium.
 * 1818 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submitted a memoir on the diffraction of light to the Royal Academy of Sciences, providing strong support for the wave theory of light.
 * 1914 – The Cape Cod Canal (pictured), connecting Cape Cod Bay and Buzzards Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, opened on a limited basis.
 * 1954 – The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of J. R. R. Tolkien's high-fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, was published by Allen & Unwin.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 30

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1865 – Off the coast of Crescent City, California, the steamer Brother Jonathan (depicted) struck an uncharted rock and sank, killing 225 people; its cargo of gold coins was not retrieved until 1996.
 * 1916 – World War I: German agents sabotaged U.S.-made munitions in New York Harbor that were to be supplied to the Allies.
 * 1930 – In Montevideo, the Uruguay national football team won the first FIFA World Cup.
 * 1950 – At the height of a political crisis known as the royal question, four workers were shot dead by the Belgian Gendarmerie at a strike in Grâce-Berleur.
 * 1975 – American labor-union leader Jimmy Hoffa disappeared after last being seen outside a restaurant near Detroit.
 * 1981 – Amid a widespread economic crisis and food shortages in Poland, up to 50,000 people, mostly women and children, took part in the largest of nationwide hunger demonstrations in Łódź.
 * 2006 – Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force attacked a three-story building near the Lebanese village of Qana, killing at least 28 civilians, including 16 children.
 * 2012 – A train fire killed 32 passengers and injures 27 on the Tamil Nadu Express in Andhra Pradesh, India.
 * Born/died this day: | Jacob Baradaeus|d|578| Tatwine|d|734| Giorgio Vasari|b|1511| Emily Brontë|b|1818| Lê Văn Duyệt|d|1832| George Pickett|d|1875| Smedley Butler|b|1881| Casey Stengel|b|1890| Gerald Moore|b|1899| Joyce Kilmer|d|1918| Walter Schuck|b|1920| C. T. Vivian|b|1924| Harold Davidson|d|1937| Kate Bush|b|1958| Hope Solo|b|1981| Katherine Reutter|b|1988| Claudette Colbert|d|1996| Maeve Binchy|d|2012|

July 30

 * 1724 – Bach chorale cantata, Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178, based on Justus Jonas 1524 hymn by the same title, a paraphrase of Psalm 124, was first performed in Leipzig.
 * 1811 – Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (depicted), leader of the Mexican War of Independence, was executed by Spanish forces in Chihuahua City, Mexico.
 * 1871 – The boiler of the Staten Island Ferry Westfield II exploded at South Ferry in New York City, killing at least 45 people.
 * 1990 – British Conservative Member of Parliament Ian Gow was killed outside his home in a car bombing by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
 * 2014 – More than 150 people died after heavy rains triggered a landslide in the village of Malin in Maharashtra, India.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 31

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1009 – Sergius IV became the 142nd pope, succeeding John XVIII.
 * 1200 or 1201 – John Komnenos the Fat briefly seized the throne of the Byzantine Empire, but was captured and executed that night.
 * 1667 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda.
 * 1777 – The Second Continental Congress passed a resolution commissioning the Marquis de Lafayette as a major general in the American revolutionary forces.
 * 1917 – First World War: The Battle of Passchendaele began near Ypres, Belgium, with the Allies aiming to force German troops to withdraw from the Channel Ports.
 * 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring authorised SS General Reinhard Heydrich to handle preparations for "the Final Solution of the Jewish question".
 * 1966 – The pleasure cruiser MV Darlwyne disappeared off the coast of Cornwall with the loss of all 31 people aboard.
 * 1971 – Apollo program: The Lunar Roving Vehicle was first used during the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon.
 * 1972 – The Troubles: Hours after the British Army's Operation Motorman brought an end to the self-declared autonomous area of Free Derry (Free Derry Corner pictured) in Northern Ireland, three car bombs exploded in the village of Claudy.
 * 1975 – The Troubles: In a botched paramilitary attack, three members of the popular Miami Showband and two Ulster Volunteer Force gunmen were killed in County Down, Northern Ireland.
 * 1991 – Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit troops killed seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai in the most serious attack of their campaign against Lithuanian border posts.
 * 2000 – Three years after being hit by a mudslide, the Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery in Hong Kong fully reopened.
 * 2002 – Hamas detonated a bomb at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, killing nine students and injuring about 100 more.
 * 2006 – Following intestinal surgery, Fidel Castro provisionally transferred the duties of the Cuban presidency to his brother Raúl.
 * 2007 – The Troubles: Operation Banner, the British Armed Forces' operation in Northern Ireland, ended after 38 years with a military stalemate and ceasefire.
 * 2012 – The largest power outage in history occurred across 22 Indian states, affecting more than 620 million people, or about 9 percent of the world's population.
 * Born/died: | Feng Xingxi|d|910| William Courtenay|d|1396|Roger Wilbraham|d|1616| Jean-Gaspard Deburau|b|1796| Friedrich Wöhler|b|1800| William S. Clark |b|1826| Marion Talbot|b|1858| Charles Inglis|b|1875| Fred Keenor|b|1894| Doris Zinkeisen|b|1898| Gubby Allen|b|1902| Bill Brown|b|1912| Hilary Putnam|b|1926| José Santamaría|b|1929| David Norris|b|1944| Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd|d|1948| Cho Ki-chon|d|1951| J. K. Rowling|b|1965| Isamu Kamikokuryo|b|1970| Lola Álvarez Bravo|d|1993| Nabarun Bhattacharya|d|2014|

July 31: Lā Hae Hawaiʻi (Flag Day) and Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (Sovereignty Restoration Day) in Hawaii (1843)

 * 1874 – Patrick Francis Healy was inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, becoming the first African-American president of a predominantly white university in the United States.
 * 1924 – A private senator's bill by Herbert Payne to introduce compulsory voting in Australia became law.
 * 1954 – A team of Italian climbers became the first to reach the summit of K2, the world's second-highest mountain.
 * 1964 – The space probe Ranger 7 captured thousands of close-up photographs of the Moon (example pictured) over its final minutes of flight and transmitted them to Earth before crashing on the lunar surface.
 * 2014 – Gas explosions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, killed 32 people and injured 321 others.


text:
Frankston

Frankston can refer to:
 * Frankston, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
 * Frankston City, a local government area in the same city
 * Electoral district of Frankston, an electoral district in Victoria, Australia
 * Frankston railway station
 * Frankston, Texas, a small town in eastern Texas
 * Bob Frankston, co-creator of the first spreadsheet program, VisiCalc

title: Frankston


text:
Wheels (novel)

Wheels (1971) is a novel by Arthur Hailey, concerning the automobile industry and the day-to-day pressures involved in its operation.

Novel
The book's plot lines follow many of the topical issues of the 1970s, including race relations, corporate politics, and business ethics. The auto company of the novel, National Motors Corporation, is the little-disguised American Motors Corporation (AMC) that is the smallest domestic automaker. Adam Trenton is the ambitious executive in charge of project development with the goal of moving the company into making "cutting-edge" cars of the future. The characters are company insiders with "passions" of those "caught up in the world's fiercest power game."

Television miniseries
The novel was made into a TV miniseries in 1978 directed by Jerry London and starring Rock Hudson (as Adam Trenton), Lee Remick (as Erica Trenton), Blair Brown (as Barbara Lipton), Ralph Bellamy (as Lowell Baxter), Anthony Franciosa (as Smokey Stevenson), John Beck (as Peter Flodenhale), Scott Brady (as Matt Zaleski), Tim O'Connor (as Hub Hewitson), Gerald S. O'Loughlin (as Rusty Horton), Jessica Walter (as Ursula), Lisa Eilbacher (as Jody Horton), James Carroll Jordan (as Kirk Trenton), Howard McGillin (as Greg Trenton), Marj Dusay (as Caroline Horton), Fred Williamson (as Leonard Wingate), and Harold Sylvester (as Rollie Knight).

The car presented in Hailey's novel, the Orion, was called the "Hawk" in the miniseries. The 1978 mini-series used a 1968 AMC Javelin as the basis for the fictional car. The rear end of the Javelin was shortened and filled with foam to a new design while the doors were changed to gull-wing types.

title: Wheels (novel)


text:
List of communes of Haiti

The commune is the third-level divisions of Haiti. The 10 departments have 42 arrondissements, which are divided into 144 communes and then into 571 communal sections.

Communes are roughly equivalent to civil townships and incorporated municipalities.

Administration
Each commune has a municipal council (conseil municipal) compound of three members elected by the inhabitants of the commune for a 4-year term. The municipal council is led by a president often called mayor.Each commune has a municipal assembly (assemblée municipale) who assists the council in its work. The members of the assembly are also elected for 4 years.

Each commune is ruled by a municipality.

Artibonite

 * Dessalines Arrondissement
 * Dessalines
 * Desdunes
 * Grande-Saline
 * Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
 * Gonaïves Arrondissement
 * Gonaïves
 * Ennery
 * L'Estère
 * Gros Morne Arrondissement
 * Gros-Morne
 * Anse-Rouge
 * Terre-Neuve
 * Marmelade Arrondissement
 * Marmelade
 * Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye
 * Saint-Marc Arrondissement
 * Saint-Marc
 * La Chapelle
 * Liancourt
 * Verrettes
 * Montrouis

Centre

 * Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement
 * Cerca-la-Source
 * Thomassique
 * Hinche Arrondissement
 * Hinche
 * Cerca-Carvajal
 * Maïssade
 * Thomonde
 * Lascahobas Arrondissement
 * Lascahobas
 * Baptiste
 * Belladère
 * Savanette
 * Mirebalais Arrondissement
 * Mirebalais
 * Boucan-Carré
 * Saut-d'Eau

Grand'Anse

 * Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement
 * Anse-d'Hainault
 * Dame-Marie
 * Les Irois
 * Corail Arrondissement
 * Beaumont
 * Corail
 * Pestel
 * Roseaux
 * Jérémie Arrondissement
 * Jérémie
 * Abricots
 * Bonbon
 * Chambellan
 * Marfranc
 * Moron

Nippes

 * Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement
 * Anse-à-Veau
 * Arnaud
 * L'Asile
 * Petit-Trou-de-Nippes
 * Plaisance-du-Sud
 * Baradères Arrondissement
 * Baradères
 * Grand-Boucan
 * Miragoâne Arrondissement
 * Miragoâne
 * Fonds-des-Nègres
 * Paillant
 * Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes

Nord

 * Acul-du-Nord Arrondissement
 * Acul-du-Nord
 * Milot
 * Plaine-du-Nord
 * Borgne Arrondissement
 * Borgne
 * Port-Margot
 * Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement
 * Cap-Haïtien
 * Limonade
 * Quartier-Morin
 * Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement
 * Grande-Rivière-du-Nord
 * Bahon
 * Limbé Arrondissement
 * Limbé
 * Bas-Limbé
 * Plaissance Arrondissement
 * Plaisance
 * Pilate
 * Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement
 * Saint-Raphaël
 * Dondon
 * La Victoire
 * Pignon
 * Ranquitte

Nord-Est

 * Fort-Liberté Arrondissement
 * Fort-Liberté
 * Perches
 * Ferrier
 * Ouanaminthe Arrondissement
 * Ouanaminthe
 * Capotille
 * Mont-Organisé
 * Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement
 * Trou-du-Nord
 * Caracol
 * Sainte-Suzanne
 * Grand-Bassin et Terrier-Rouge
 * Vallières Arrondissement
 * Vallières
 * Carice
 * Mombin-Crochu

Nord-Ouest

 * Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement
 * Môle-Saint-Nicolas
 * Baie-de-Henne
 * Bombardopolis
 * Jean-Rabel
 * Port-de-Paix Arrondissement
 * Port-de-Paix
 * Bassin-Bleu
 * Chansolme
 * Lapointe
 * La Tortue
 * Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement
 * Saint-Louis-du-Nord
 * Anse-à-Foleur

Ouest

 * Arcahaie Arrondissement
 * Arcahaie
 * Cabaret
 * Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement
 * Croix-des-Bouquets
 * Cornillon
 * Fonds-Verrettes
 * Ganthier
 * Thomazeau
 * La Gonâve Arrondissement
 * Anse-à-Galets
 * Pointe-à-Raquette
 * Léogâne Arrondissement
 * Léogâne
 * Grand-Goâve
 * Petit-Goâve
 * Port-au-Prince Arrondissement
 * Port-au-Prince
 * Carrefour
 * Cité Soleil
 * Delmas
 * Gressier
 * Kenscoff
 * Pétion-Ville
 * Tabarre

Sud-Est

 * Bainet Arrondissement
 * Bainet
 * Côtes-de-Fer
 * Belle-Anse Arrondissement
 * Belle-Anse
 * Anse-à-Pitres
 * Grand-Gosier
 * Thiotte
 * Jacmel Arrondissement
 * Jacmel
 * Cayes-Jacmel
 * La Vallée
 * Marigot

Sud

 * Aquin Arrondissement
 * Aquin
 * Cavaillon
 * Saint-Louis-du-Sud
 * Fond des Blancs
 * Les Cayes Arrondissement
 * Les Cayes
 * Camp-Perrin
 * Chantal
 * Île-à-Vache
 * Maniche
 * Torbeck
 * Chardonnières Arrondissement
 * Chardonnières
 * Les Anglais
 * Tiburon
 * Côteaux Arrondissement
 * Côteaux
 * Port-à-Piment
 * Roche-à-Bateaux
 * Port-Salut Arrondissement
 * Port-Salut
 * Arniquet
 * Saint-Jean-du-Sud

title: List of communes of Haiti


text:
Kohtalon kirja

Kohtalon kirja (The Book of Fate, though the website also uses The Booke of Fate ) is a Finnish film released in 2003. The movie was a DVD release, though it premiered in a theater.

The film is a multi-genre episode movie. It's frequently described as a "Horror/Western/War/Action/Sci-fi" movie, as it covers all of those genres in different episodes. The frequent themes are horror and fantasy, too.

The movie was conceived and directed by Tommi Lepola and Tero Molin. Many of the makers, including Lepola and the producer Ilkka Niemi, jointly made the movie as their graduation work from Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu. The lead roles were given to freshly graduated acting students. As a graduation work, it is vastly larger than most such projects.

In addition to these, many well-known Finnish actors, such as Vesa Vierikko, Santeri Kinnunen and Åke Lindman came to make an appearance in the movie. Many of them found it interesting to work on a movie like this, because such movies are not typically made in Finland.

Plot
The movie is divided into five distinct episodes, each representing a different genre and having their own subplot.

Opening narration explains how the Book of Fate came to be. It is a book that is somehow able to change reality. Another civilization beyond the stars got it, and made a pen to control the future - by writing to the book, things could change. This led to a war, but the book vanished. It later reappeared on Earth in order to give another chance to a chosen soul.

The movie starts with a horror episode in Transylvania, where brothers, one of whom is a priest, are looking for a cross that can cure their sister who has been bitten by a vampire. As they find the cross, the priest also finds an ancient, strange book. Then they are suddenly assaulted by vampires. Just as everything seems to be lost and the vampire is about to defeat him, the book gives the priest another chance, and the scene changes.

The next scene starts with a gunfight duel in a typical Western setting. A lonesome bounty hunter - who quite resembles in appearance the priest - defeats a crook and finds the book again. He goes to a town to collect the money, and ends up in a gunfight where he's unable to save an innocent bystander who gets caught in crossfire. Three more crooks arrive to the town to pressure the sheriff to release their friend from the prison. The bounty hunter ends up in a massive gunfight, and it appears that he's getting killed, but once again, the book intervenes.

The next appearance of the book - and a soldier who again resembles the priest - is in the Winter War - Battle of Kollaa, Christmas Day 1939, to be specific. The soldier tries to sneak past a Soviet post, but gets pinned down in an enemy fire. The book intervenes just as a hand grenade is thrown at him.

The next scene opens in modern-day Tampere, in a typical action movie setting. A mad professor has developed a virus that kills everyone once released. The special agents, led by another familiar figure, steal it and its vaccine, but end up roughed up and detained in a distant manor where one of the mad professor's underlings is studying the Book of Fate. After a heroic escape attempt, and accidentally shooting his friend who was on the line of fire with an enemy, he gets stuck in Särkänniemi where the mad professor is about to release the virus.

The next scene, set on a space freighter, starts in virtual reality; a cyborg, again resembling the priest of the past, is playing a video game. This time, however, the priest's spirit is able to appear in the VR projection, and tries to warn the cyborg that the book can be used to prevent the deaths of innocent people - as has happened before. The cyborg's job is to take the book to a group of aliens and he spends good time studying it as he prepares for the journey. As he goes in cryosleep, an alien lady appears in the ship, and the priest's spirit awakens the cyborg, and he is able to stop the alien lady from defacing the book. A representative of the aliens whom the book is being delivered to calls, and tells how dangerous this lady is, and the cyborg is to kill her by depressurizing the ship - sacrificing himself in the process to save millions of lives. The priest's spirit notes too late that, as the cyborg is about to die, he has made the wrong choice again. The alien representative who contacted them earlier were the true antagonists, and the book, and the pen, are about to fall in his hands. The cyborg is, however, able to write a change of reality to the book at the very last moment.

The story then unravels itself: The cyborg reunites with his long-dead wife who lives again, the special agent stops the mad professor, the soldier saves the day, the gunfight is won, and the priest is able to destroy the vampire and save his sister.

Awards
The movie won the Best International Feature Film award in the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival in September 2003.

title: Kohtalon kirja