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Lara Fabian

Lara Sophie Katy Crokaert (born 9 January 1970), known professionally as Lara Fabian, is a Belgian-Canadian singer and songwriter. She has sold over 20 million records worldwide   and is one of the best-selling Belgian artists of all time.

She was born in Etterbeek, Brussels, to a Flemish father and a Sicilian mother. She lived the first part of her childhood in Catania, Sicily, speaking Italian as her first language. She moved to Quebec in 1991 and since 1995, has held Canadian citizenship alongside her Belgian one. In 2003, she returned to Brussels to be close to her parents in Belgium and in 2015 lived in Walloon Brabant province in Belgium just outside Brussels. In 2017, she returned permanently to Montreal, Quebec, to be with her family.

Early life
Fabian is the only child of Pierre Crokaert, who is Flemish, and Maria Luisa Serio, a Sicilian. She was raised in the Belgian town of Ruisbroek. Fabian's parents recognized her talent early on and enrolled her in the Royal Conservatory of Brussels when she was eight years old; she studied there for 10 years.

1986–1993: Early music career
During the 1980s, Fabian entered a number of European competitions and won several prizes. She released her first single, "L'Aziza est en pleurs" / "Il y avait" in 1986.

In 1988, the RTL TV channel in Luxembourg invited Fabian to represent the country at the 33rd Eurovision Song Contest, held that year in Dublin, Ireland. The song was a composition by Jacques Cardona and Alain Garcia entitled Croire (Belief) which reached a respectable fourth place (while Celine Dion won the contest representing Switzerland). The single became a hit in Europe, selling nearly 500,000 copies.

In 1990, Fabian and musical collaborator Rick Allison moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada to embark on a career in North America. They started their own music label and publishing company, Productions Clandestines.

In August 1991, her self-titled French-language debut album, Lara Fabian, was released in Canada and sold over 100,000 copies. The success of upbeat dance-pop singles such as "Le jour où tu partiras", "Les murs", and "Qui pense à l'amour" gave Fabian radio exposure. She received several nominations at the 1993 ADISQ Awards, and a poll published around that time voted her Québec's most promising singer.

1994–1996: Breakthrough album: Carpe diem
Constant touring in Québec helped Fabian's 1994 album Carpe diem become her breakthrough album. The album went gold three weeks after its release, and spawned three hit singles: "Tu t'en vas", "Si tu m'aimes", and "Leïla". The following year, the album went double platinum.

Fabian received two Félix Awards at the 1995 ADISQ gala: Best Show of The Year and Best Female Singer of The Year (a category that is voted for by the public).

In 1996, Walt Disney Studios hired Fabian as the voice of the character of Esmeralda in the Canadian French version of the animated feature The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Disney also included "Que Dieu aide les exclus", Fabian's French version of the song "God Help The Outcasts", on the film's English soundtrack album alongside Bette Midler's version.

Since 1996 Lara Fabian has also held Canadian citizenship alongside her original Belgian passport.

1997–1999: Mainstream international success: Pure and Live
After the success of Carpe diem, Fabian signed a contract with the French Polydor label for several albums and Pure was released in June 1997. Pure sold more than two million copies in France; the album went platinum in less than two weeks, and spawned several hit singles: "Tout", "Je t'aime", "Humana", "Si tu m'aimes", and the anti-homophobia anthem "La Différence". The album won a Félix Award for Popular Album of the Year at the 1997 ADISQ gala and was nominated for two Juno Awards in the Best Selling French Album category, and for Fabian as Best Female Singer.

In February 1998, Fabian received the Discovery of the Year award during the Victoires de la Musique Gala. Also in 1998, Polydor released Carpe diem in Europe. In November 1998, she received the Félix Award for Artist with the Most Recognition Outside Quebec at the 'ADISQ Gala'. In December, she was named as Revelation of the Year by Paris Match, which put her on its cover to mark this occasion.

In March 1999, Fabian released her first live album, named Live, which debuted at #1 on the French charts. This helped seal an international recording contract with Sony Music. In May 1999, Fabian was honoured at the World Music Awards in Monaco as Best selling Benelux artist. In July 1999, with over six million records already sold across Europe, Polydor rereleased Fabian's self-titled debut album.

1999–2001: Extension of success to the US and Latin America: Lara Fabian
In the summer of 1999, Fabian recorded her first English-language album, Lara Fabian, in New York and San Francisco for the Sony label. The songs were written and produced with Rick Allison and Dave Pickell, Walter Afanasieff, Glen Ballard and Patrick Leonard.

The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 'Heatseekers' album chart, reached #1 on the French album chart and #2 on the Belgian album chart. For the Asian version of the album, Fabian collaborated with American-Taiwanese pop star Leehom Wang on the song "Light of My Life".

The dance-pop song "I Will Love Again", her first English single, reached #1 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play, and peaked #32 on the Billboard Hot 100, #10 Adult Contemporary, as well as appearing in several international charts. This included the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at #63. The follow-up ballad, "Love By Grace", entered the Adult Contemporary chart, peaking at #24. In February 2001, "Love By Grace" became the theme song of the lead couple in the Brazilian soap opera Laços de Família, broadcast by Rede Globo in Brazil and Portugal. For several weeks, the song was number 1 on most Brazilian and Portuguese radio stations. The third single, the dance-pop song "I Am Who I Am", remixed by Hex Hector, did not chart. In Europe, the single "Adagio" charted at #5 on the French singles chart and #3 on the Belgian singles chart.

During this period, Fabian recorded songs for several Hollywood motion picture soundtracks, including "The Dream Within" for the Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within soundtrack, and "For Always" for the AI:Artificial Intelligence soundtrack, which contained both a solo version and a duet with Josh Groban.

2001–2003: O Canada 2001 and return to French roots: Nue, Live 2002 and En toute intimité
Nue (Naked), Fabian's fourth French album, was released in the Fall of 2001 in both Québec and France. Nue is a documentation of her emotional ride in the years since success of the previous album. The album reached #1 in Belgium and #2 in France but had little impact in Québec. The album was also released in Portugal and reached the top 10 on the album charts during the Fall of 2001.

The first single, released in the summer of 2001, was the anthem "J'y crois encore" was a top 20 French hit. Other singles followed, including "Immortelle", "Aimer Déjà" and in 2002 "Tu es mon autre" (a duet with fellow Belgian, Maurane which was nominated for song of the year and reached the top 5 in France).

Also in 2001, she collaborated with David Foster and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra to record the Canadian national anthem, O Canada, in an English version, a French version, and a bilingual (French/English) version, for a promotion of the Government of Canada.

In 2002, Fabian contributed to the World Soccer Championship CD release, with the song World at Your Feet written and produced by Gary Barlow.

Towards the end of 2002, Fabian released her second live album, Live 2002, from her latest tour, together with a DVD showcasing concerts recorded in December 2001 in Belgium at the Forest National and at Le Zénith in Paris.

Her 2003 stint at the Casino de Paris every Monday night consisted of concerts to small audiences which were released as a live CD and DVD at the end of 2003, under the title En toute intimité.

2004: Second English language release: A Wonderful Life
In June 2004, Fabian released her second English album, A Wonderful Life.

The project was commercially unsuccessful but critically praised. The more organic sound on the album is attributed to the work of French guitarist Jean-Félix Lalanne, and producers Desmond Child, Anders Bagge and the British team True North (composed of Take That singer Gary Barlow and Elliot John Kennedy). "Review My Kisses", written by Desmond Child, was first recorded by LeAnn Rimes in 2002 for her album Twisted Angel.

The first single released for radio was "The Last Goodbye" in the US and a number of other countries (except France). In France, the song "No Big Deal" was the first single. Neither of the songs achieved success and the album was not promoted; and its release was cancelled in the United States.

In Brazil, the song "I Guess I Loved You" achieved moderate success when included on a soap opera entitled "Senhora do Destino" (Her own Destiny), a well-known Brazilian television series. The song also gained some popularity in Portugal, for the same reason, though it was never officially released or promoted.

In 2004, in the MGM film De-Lovely, Fabian performed the numbers "Another Openin', Another Show" (with chorus) and "So in Love" (with Mario Frangoulis) from the Cole Porter musical Kiss Me, Kate.

2005–2006: A new musical direction: 9 and Un Regard 9
After a sabbatical in 2004, Fabian returned to the music scene spring of 2005 with her fifth French album, 9. The album is performed in a new style, with smoothness, serenity and joy, a departure from the deep, dramatic style of earlier recordings.

9 yielded the hit single "La Lettre", a song co-written with her new partner, Jean-Félix Lalanne, with whom she produced the album's 11 tracks. Other singles released included "Ne lui parlez plus d'elle", "Un Ave Maria", "Il ne manquait que toi" and the gospel-infused "L'homme qui n'avait pas de maison".

In October 2006, Fabian released a CD and DVD of this associated tour, both titled Un regard 9 Live and recorded during the concert of 29 March 2006, at Le Zénith in Paris. The CD presents 15 live performances and a new song, "Aime", recorded in a studio in Montreal, Quebec.

2006–2007: An Italian collaboration and live concerts in Europe
In June 2007 Fabian worked in Rome and Los Angeles to record tracks for her next studio album.

In the meantime, the single "Un Cuore Malato" (with Gigi D'Alessio) reached the top of the Italian charts and #16 in France.

In Los Angeles, Fabian worked with Dave Stewart on a multilingual album, reputed to include songs in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and a few other languages. This album was planned for release in late 2008.

Also in 2007, Fabian was in Québec to perform a two night concert at the Olympia de Montreal. In October she was a surprise guest a concert Gigi D'Alessio gave in France at the Olympia in Paris. Soon after, her daughter was born.

2009: Return to the music scene: Toutes les femmes en moi
A few months after her daughter's birth, Fabian carried out a tour of Ukraine, Russia and Greece. She also made a few TV appearances (such as 60th Anniversary of Israel where Fabian performed a Hebrew song and duetted with Israeli singer Noa).

During 2008, Fabian was in Belgium preparing to record a French album with pianist Mark Herskowitz. The album, Toutes les femmes en moi, was partly recorded in Montreal, and was released in May 2009. The first single, Soleil, Soleil, is a cover of the Nana Mouskouri song. The second single was Toutes les Femmes en moi, the only original song on the album.

2010: "Tour Les Femmes Font Leur Show", Mademoiselle Zhivago
Throughout the first half of 2010, Fabian embarked on a European tour of concerts, throughout France, Switzerland, and Belgium, incorporating the main repertoire of her last album Toutes Les Femmes En Moi along with some classic and fan favorites. She also performed again in Eastern Europe, with a more acoustic set (piano-voice), and included English recordings from the album Every Woman in Me. In September 2010, she finally released her 2009 album Toutes Les Femmes En Moi in Québec. She also recorded the album "Nuit Magique" with Canadian singer Coral Egan.

Later in 2010, Fabian released a concept album in Russia and Ukraine called Mademoiselle Zhivago which achieved success in Russia. It features 11 songs in different languages by Russian composer Igor Krutoy. It features stories about a woman who experiences several lives over the years and centuries. Eleven music videos, one each song, were combined to create a full-length film, produced and directed by Ukrainian film producer Alan Badoev. The album itself, containing a CD and a DVD, was first released in Ukraine in October 2010 and in Russia in November.

The whole set of songs composed by Fabian with Igor Krutoy is in English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian. She first introduced one of these songs in 2009 during the New Wave Festival in Latvia, performing "Demain n'existe pas". Later, in 2010, she returned to that same stage performing new songs from the already finalized project. She has been promoting this project in both countries both on television and by performing a series of concerts presenting the new songs live to the eastern European public. Fabian was a guest performer on the show of 30 October of the Ukrainian X Factor, singing "Mademoiselle Hyde" and "Demain n'existe pas", taken from the album and also her longtime classic "Adagio".

In 2012 she sang "Ma Solitude", a duet with Greek singer George Perris, on his album Un Souhait.

2013: Le Secret
Fabian released her new album Le Secret on 15 April 2013, which consists of 17 brand new songs. On the same day of the album release she showcased her new songs at the Théâtre de Paris. Her first single is "Deux ils, Deux elles", released 20 February 2013. The song talks about the love between two men and two women, speaks about tolerance and acceptance of the LGBT community – just like her previous song "La Différence".

2014: "Make Me Yours Tonight" / "Al Götür Beni"
Planned tour dates in early 2014 were cancelled and recording delayed while Fabian recovered from ear damage. In August she released a duet with Turkish Artist Mustafa Ceceli. The title, "Make Me Yours Tonight" written by Anthony James and Yiorgos Bellapaisiotis was released as an EP in English and Turkish versions ("Al Götür Beni"), as well as in additional "acoustic" versions.

2015: Performer at the 65th Sanremo, Essential Lara Fabian and Greatest Hits Tour 2015
On 14 December 2014, during L'Arena, broadcast on the Italian channel Rai 1, presenter Massimo Giletti and guest Carlo Conti revealed the names of the new performers at the 65th Sanremo Music Festival. Fabian was announced as being one of the 20 singers in the "Big" (main) category. It was the second time she has appeared on the Ariston stage (since her guest featuring in 2007 with Gigi D'Alessio) and the first time as a solo competitor. In several interviews, she dedicated her performance to her mother. Fabian called the song she decided to submit "A hymn to lightness, to enthusiasm".

On the evening show on 10 February 2015, Fabian performed her new single "Voce" for the Italian market. It is to be included in a new greatest hits album, Essential Lara Fabian, specifically released in the country by Warner Italy.

On the evening of 12 February 2015, a visibly moved Fabian sang on the same stage "Sto male", Ornella Vanoni's Italian version of her already popular rendition of "Je Suis Malade". This was the night of the Sanremo sub-competition for cover versions; she eventually lost to Nek and his "Se telefonando" formerly popularized by Mina.

On the evening of 13 February she performed "Voce", once more, before losing the entire competition. She was already pending since the premiere. An article in the local San Remo Festival publication, "Farewell to foreigners at Sanremo", written by Erika Cannoletta, maintained that a lack of meritocracy and obscure political issues backstage had contributed to the reasons that led to the elimination of the artist. Before this, the Italian audience and press were generally rather cold towards Fabian, especially in relation to her fame in the country. In a fairly scathing and controversial article titled "Sanremo 2015, who is Lara Fabian? The international star whom nobody ever heard of", writer and music critic Michele Monina (of Il Fatto Quotidiano) questioned the fame, career and quality of the singer, generating a heated debate on its comment section.

On 15 February she performed one last time on Domenica In, Rai 1, receiving a standing ovation. The singer will reprise her tour in support of her new release beginning from 21 February 2015, by performing at the Nokia Arena, Tel Aviv, Israel.

2015: Ma vie dans la tienne
In November 2015, Lara released her 9th studio album, titled Ma vie dans la tienne ("My Life In Yours"), consisting of songs she co-wrote and co-composed with David Gategno and Elodie Hesme. The album, which was released under license by Warner Music France, included the singles "Quand je ne chante pas", "Ma vie dans la tienne", "L'oubli" and "Ton désir". The album was certified "Platinum" in France, Gold in Belgium, and has sold over 150,000 copies worldwide.

2016–2018: Camouflage and world tour
In 2016 Fabian began work on a new English album, her 13th studio album, planned for release in 2017 under the title Camouflage, with a Swedish-American music production team. The album consists of 12 titles and was available for pre-order on 4 August 2017. A first single, "Growing Wings", was released on the same date. The second single of the album was "Choose What You Love Most (And Let It Kill You)." The Camouflage World Tour, produced by her new producer and manager Matt Ersin, started in Miami on 2 February 2018. She toured throughout the world, making 40 appearances, ending the tour in Paris, in June 2018. During the concert dates in Russia, producer Matt Ersin's refusal to exclude the track "La Différence", which depicts images of same-sex couples in the stage visuals, from the show, causes a legal quagmire with the Russian authorities.

2018–2020: Papillon & World Tour
In September 2018 Fabian announced the release of her new single, "Papillon". Written by Fabian, Moh Denebi and Sharon Vaughn. The single was released on 5 October 2018. It's the first single from her fourteenth album, also titled Papillon, released on 8 February 2019. To support the release of the album, Lara Fabian embarked upon the 50 World Tour with a concert in New York at the Beacon Theatre on 16 September 2019, before moving on to visit over 20 other locations across the USA, Russia and Europe. The tour celebrates her 50th birthday, three decades in the music industry and 14 studio albums. Lara Fabian claims 20 million records sold. However, according to various media, her official record sales are estimated at 12 million worldwide.

In February 2019, Fabian separated from the management company Odacity and producer/manager Matt Ersin, who managed her career since 2015. Subsequently, she entrusted the coordination of the upcoming "50 World Tour" to the Romanian company "ICT Agency" (International Creative Talents). Payment issues between Fabian and ICT culminated in her cancelling of various concerts. The remaining dates of the tour were postponed following the escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020–present: Lockdown Sessions
On 16 December 2020, Lara Fabian discreetly unveiled a collection of 12 experimental musical tracks, the fruit of her introspection and her isolation during the COVID-19 lockdown. Lockdown Sessions came out in a limited edition without a label, and offers a unique journey of the singer accompanied again by Moh Denebi.

She takes on the role of director of sixième saison de Star Académie on TVA in 2021.

She has also had occasional roles as an actress, most notably in the 2022 film Arlette.

Artistry
Fabian is a soprano with a vocal range that spans three octaves from C3 to G5 in live performances.

She is multilingual, and speaks Italian, French, Spanish, Sicilian, English and some Flemish. She has also sung in Azerbaijani, German, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, and Turkish.

Writing for other artists
Fabian has written for other artists such as French female singers Chimène Badi, Nolwenn Leroy and Myriam Abel. She also composed for Daniel Lévi and is said to be currently working with a former contestant from "Nouvelle Star 3", Roland. She has often praised the voice and talent of successful female singer Amel Bent, who was also a contestant on that show. She wrote "Dis-moi comment t'aimer" for Greek singer George Perris on his album Un Souhait. "Imaginer" was originally written in English, under the name 'Broken Vow', by Fabian and songwriter Walter Afanasieff. They rewrote the lyrics especially for Jackie Evancho, in French, for her album Dream with Me. The original meaning of the song, about a sad love, is completely changed in the French version to describe a dream of a beautiful world without war or hunger. She wrote the English lyrics for the song "Your Love", music by Igor Krutoy and interpreted by Dimash Qudaibergen.

Personal life
Fabian was in a relationship with Rick Allison, with whom she wrote her greatest hits, for 14 years until their separation in March 2003.

Fabian was in a relationship with French director, producer, and composer Gérard Pullicino that lasted from 2006 to 2012. They have a daughter together, born in 2007.

She married Sicilian magician Gabriel Di Giorgio in 2013.

Discography

 * Lara Fabian (1991)
 * Carpe Diem (1994)
 * Pure (1996)
 * Lara Fabian (1999)
 * Nue (2001)
 * A Wonderful Life (2004)
 * 9 (2005)
 * Toutes les femmes en moi (2009)
 * Every Woman in Me (2009)
 * Mademoiselle Zhivago (2010)
 * Le Secret (2013)
 * Ma vie dans la tienne (2015)
 * Camouflage (2017)
 * Papillon (2019)
 * Lockdown Sessions (2020)

Tours & residencies

 * En Toute Intimité (2003)
 * Un regard 9 Live (2006)
 * Tour Les femmes font leur show (2010)
 * Greatest Hits Tour (2015)
 * Ma vie dans la tienne Tour (2016)
 * Camouflage World Tour (2018)
 * 50 World Tour (2019-2020)
 * The Best of Lara Fabian - World Tour (2022)

Awards

 * Etoile Cherie FM Awards
 * 2005 – Best Female Star of the Year
 * Félix Awards
 * 1995 – Best Show of the Year – Songwriter/Performer
 * 1995 – Female Vocalist of the Year
 * 1997 – Popular Album of the Year – Pure
 * 1998 – Artist with most Recognition Outside of Quebec
 * 2000 – Quebec Artist Having Biggest Success in a Language Other Than French
 * IFPI Platinum Europe Awards
 * 1999 – Award for Sales Over 2 Million Units
 * NRJ Music Awards Nomination
 * 2000 – Francophone Female Artist of the Year
 * Victoires de la Musique
 * 1998 – Revelation of the Year
 * Women to Women Without Borders
 * 2000 – Gold Medal
 * World Music Awards
 * 1999 – Best Selling Benelux Recording Artist of the Year
 * 2001 – Best Selling Benelux Artist of the Year
 * Juno Award Nominations
 * 1996 – Best New Solo Artist of the Year
 * 1996 – Best Selling Francophone Album of the Year – Carpe Diem
 * 1998 – Best Female Vocalist of the Year
 * 1998 – Best Selling Francophone Album of the Year – Pure
 * 2001 – Best Female Artist
 * SOCAN Awards
 * 1995 – Pop/Rock Music – Il suffit d'un éclair
 * 1996 – Pop/Rock Music – Leila
 * 1998 – Pop/Rock Music – Humana
 * 2004 – International Achievement Award

title: Lara Fabian


text:
Sedgefield (borough)

Sedgefield District was, from 1974 to 2009, a local government district and (from 1996), borough in County Durham, in North East England. It had a population of about 87,000 (2001 UK census). It was named after Sedgefield, but its largest town was Newton Aycliffe. Other places included Shildon, Ferryhill and Spennymoor.

The borough was formed (as Sedgefield District), in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by the merger of Sedgefield Rural District, Spennymoor and Shildon urban districts and part of Darlington Rural District.

The borough was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England.

From 1983 to 2007, most of the district was represented in parliament by Tony Blair, who became Leader of the Labour Party in 1994, and Prime Minister in 1997.

Electoral divisions of the district in pre-2009 Durham County Council

 * Aycliffe East  Aycliffe Village, Neville and Shafto St Mary's parish wards of Great Aycliffe parish
 * Aycliffe North  Woodham ward; Woodham South parish ward of Great Aycliffe parish
 * Aycliffe West  West ward; Simpasture parish ward of Great Aycliffe parish
 * Chilton  Chilton ward; Cornforth parish; Merrington parish ward of Spennymoor parish
 * Ferryhill  Broom ward; Ferryhill ward
 * Sedgefield  Sedgefield ward; Bishop Middleham parish
 * Shildon East  Greenfield Middridge ward; Thickley ward
 * Shildon West  Byerley ward; Sunnydale ward
 * Spennymoor and Middlestone  Spennymoor ward; Byers Green and Middlestone parish wards of Spennymoor parish
 * Trimdon  Fishburn and Old Trimdon ward; New Trimdon and Trimdon Grange ward
 * Tudhoe  Low Spennymoor and Tudhoe Grange ward; Tudhoe ward

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sedgefield (borough)


text: User talk:199.71.141.254

title: User talk:199.71.141.254


text:
User talk:Mirek~enwiki

Gen. Pinochet may have saved the country not only from Marxist dictatorship but also from a civil war. There is, I think, only one way how to deal with extremists such as Communists or Fashists.They should be opposed at ALL COSTS. A leader that cares about his country should not hesitate to act decisively. For all Pinochet's excesses he did just that.

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title: User talk:Mirek~enwiki


text:
Dell EMC

Dell EMC (EMC Corporation until 2016) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, and Round Rock, Texas, United States. Dell EMC sells data storage, information security, virtualization, analytics, cloud computing and other products and services that enable organizations to store, manage, protect, and analyze data. Dell EMC's target markets include large companies and small- and medium-sized businesses across various vertical markets. The company's stock (as EMC Corporation) was added to the New York Stock Exchange on April 6, 1986, and was also listed on the S&P 500 index.

EMC was acquired by Dell in 2016. At that time, Forbes noted EMC's "focus on developing and selling data storage and data management hardware and software and convincing its customers to buy its products independent of their other IT buying decisions" based on "best-of-breed." It was later renamed to Dell EMC. Dell uses the EMC name with some of its products.

EMC acquired Iomega in 2008, and a 2013 partnership with Lenovo resulted in the rebranding of Iomega as LenovoEMC. The joint venture was dissolved due to the acquisition of EMC by Dell.

History

EMC, founded in 1979 by Richard Egan and Roger Marino (the E and M of EMC), introduced its first 64-kilobyte (65,536 bytes) memory boards for the Prime Computer in 1981. EMC continued to develop memory boards for other computer types. In the mid-1980s, the company expanded beyond memory to other computer data storage types and networked storage platforms. EMC began shipping its flagship product, the Symmetrix, in 1990.

While some of EMC's growth is credited to acquisitions of smaller companies, Symmetrix was the main factor in EMC's rapid growth during the 1990s, from a firm valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars to a multi-billion dollar company.

In 2009 EMC signed a two-year deal to be the principal shirt sponsor for English Rugby Union club London Wasps in a deal worth £1 Million. This was later extended until the end of the 2013 season.

Michael Ruettgers joined EMC in 1988 and served as CEO from 1992 until January 2001. Under Ruettgers' leadership, EMC revenues grew from $120 million to nearly $9 billion 10 years later, and the company shifted its focus from memory boards to storage systems. Ruettgers was named one of BusinessWeeks "World's Top 25 Executives"; one of the "Best Chief Executive Officers in America" by Worth magazine; and one of Network Worlds "25 Most Powerful People in Networking".

Ahead of their acquisition by Dell, EMC gained a reputation for oppressive non-compete agreements and non-compete lobbying through AIM (Associated Industries of Massachusetts)

Acquisition by Dell

On October 12, 2015, Dell Inc. announced its intent to acquire EMC in a cash-and-stock deal valued at $67 billion, which as of 2021 remains the largest-ever acquisition in the technology sector. The combination of Dell's enterprise server, personal computer, and mobile businesses with EMC's enterprise storage business was a significant vertical merger of IT giants. Dell offered $24.05 per share of EMC, and $9.05 per share of tracking stock in VMware.

On September 7, 2016, Dell Inc. completed the merger, which involved the issuance of $45.9 billion in debt and $4.4 billion common stock. At the time, some analysts claimed that Dell's acquisition of the former Iomega could harm the LenovoEMC partnership.

Products and services
In addition to those of the majority-owned Pivotal company, Dell EMC sells products and services, including products from other Dell Technologies companies, designed to allow IT departments to move to a cloud computing model and to analyze big data. LenovoEMC, formerly Iomega, sells storage products.

Major acquisitions
The following table includes the listing and timeline of EMC Corporation's major acquisitions of other companies since 1996.

Big data projects
In 2012, EMC sponsored The Human Face of Big Data, a globally crowdsourced media project focusing on the ability to collect, analyze, triangulate and visualize vast amounts of data in real-time. The Human Face of Big Data, produced by Rick Smolan and Jennifer Erwitt, includes "a number of fascinating stories ... [that] represent some of the most innovative applications of data that are shaping our future".

title: Dell EMC


text:
Talk:Michel de Montaigne

religion
he was jewish

 * His mother was of Jewish origin, but he himself clearly was a Catholic. Mjklin 07:37, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

He wasn't a Jewish. He was an agnostic. He didn't belong to any religion.--Starnold 08:23, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Let's see some citations. The claim his mother was Jewish is currently nothing more than assertion. Without any citations, it doesn't even rise to the level of folklore. 174.28.120.176 (talk) 20:32, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Montaigne's religion has been a matter of contention among scholars ever since he died. He professed devotion to Catholicism, but it is VERY possible that he was actually agnostic, as his motto would suggest, "Que sais-je?" (which translates to mean: what do I know?)

Now, one can reasonably assert that if Montaigne was a genuine believer in any religion, he would have asserted at least that portion of knowledge as something he could "know." Alas, not only does Montaigne embrace his skeptical motto, he barely mentions religion at all in a thousand-page book wherein he bears his mind and soul (almost) entirely.

Another reasonable assertion one can make is that Montaigne HAD to claim a certain level of belief, as without it, the Catholic censors would have prohibited the publication of his book. But as Donald Frame says in the introduction to his translation of the essays, "Everyone makes Montaigne their own." If you read Screech's introduction to HIS translation you will see that M A Screech very much wants Montaigne to be religious, and he has little difficulty making him so (Although one of his primary pieces of evidence- the travel journals of Montaigne- doesn't corroborate his assertion that Montaigne was a devoted Catholic. When Montaigne travels, he acts more like a proto-anthropologist or sociologist than a religious person. He investigates all places of worship, be they Lutheran, Catholic, or Jewish).

So I, as an agnostic, will make Montaigne an agnostic too. But I do think I have far more evidence than someone like Screech has. I can find evidence for Montaigne's agnosticism on practically every page of his text- a text consistently full of doubt and uncertainty, while people like Screech have to stretch the limited evidence available to them.

Montaigne was hugely influenced by both Sextus Empiricus and Socrates. BOTH of those ancient sages recommended adopting the laws and customs of one's time and place. It seems safe to believe that is all that Montaigne was doing. Today, in France, non-believers outnumber Catholics in polls. There is no reasonable way to believe that Montaigne would be a Catholic today; and hence, there should be little reason to believe his ostensible "religion" was anything other than a necessary convenience which allowed him to live in peace and publish his works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.70.152.96 (talk) 03:56, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Solitarium Library
How did he get to be so well-read? He retired at age 38 to his library in his "Solitarium." The library contained over 1,000 volumes.

Michel de Montaigne
What's up with the 'critical essay' by some college student that's linked? Is there any reason for it to be there? Wilhelm Ritter

Date correction?
It says that Montaigne went to study law at Toulouse in 1539...he was six years old then? (if he was born in 1533). Was he actually a child prodigy or is this a typo? 65.95.1.85 22:09, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Montaigne started in a child's school called the College de Guyenne, in Bordeaux, at this year. He did not start law school, in Toulouse, until 1546. This looks like a typo. John K, July 15, 2006

Spanish jew or portuguese jew?
My uncle, a professor, told me that this person was not a descendant of spanish jews but of portuguese jews. he is studied in english, spanish, french and portuguese. says hgis mother was loppes or lopes. does anyone know if this is true or have anymore information about that? thank you.

--Lusitano Transmontano 00:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

His maternal grandfather was a Spanish converso.

We need some citations to back up the claim that his mother was of Jewish descent. Such claims are so far mere assertion, and therefore not up to Wiki's standards. 174.28.120.176 (talk) 20:33, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

I somewhat agree. Though I don't doubt the validity of the sources, at the same time, do scholars really know for a fact that his grandfather was a marrano or is that something they just assumed because the name Lopez was adopted by Spanish Jews? I doubt anyone living today has seen any birth record, or anything, that definitively show he was a marrano. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:69C1:2A00:25B1:BF2D:2057:47E2 (talk) 02:06, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Citations needed (Specifically Shakespeare)
"Montaigne's book of essays is one of the few books scholars can confirm Shakespeare had in his library; the essay On Cannibals was a direct source for The Tempest." In view of current controversy about Shakespeare's sources of education and the origins of The Tempest citations are needed for both assertions. Xxanthippe 22:07, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I've read about Shakespeare, there is no information whatsoever about any books that Shakespeare had in his "library," or whether he had a library at all. Many things have been asserted as true only by implication. The famous "little Latin and lesser Greek" quotation merely suggests that Shakespeare must have known French, since it was a much more accessible language. Wikipedia really ought to refrain from re-writing history.

 * From Montaigne's Of Cannibals: for clever people observe more things and more curiously, but they interpret them; and to lend weight and conviction to their interpretation, they cannot help altering history a little. They never show you things as they are, but bend and disguise them according to the way they have seen them; and to give credence to their judgment and attract you to it, they are prone to add something to their matter, to stretch it out and amplify it. We need a man either very honest, or so simple that he has not the stuff to build up false inventions ...

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.196.77.76 (talk) 15:28, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * There are no specific books he is known to have owned, but he clearly knew Ovid, Holinshead and other works. He is more likely to have known Italian than French, from the sources he used, and the tendency now is to think he had good reading Latin. I'm adding an online ref. Johnbod (talk) 03:38, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

"but he clearly knew Ovid, Holinshead and other works" OK, we're in agreement. That's what I'm calling implication. Good idea to add a link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.196.77.76 (talk) 16:00, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

The attribution is more cited than it is confirmed. Shakespeare may have drawn on Montaigne, or Montaigne and Shakespeare may have drawn on the same sources (the same way Cervantes and Shakespeare often happen upon the same philosophies). I am going to put in a parallel text thing. Anybody in opposition, please mention it here.--Artimaean (talk) 00:09, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Rousseau and Nietzsche
just citing an influence is not the most appropriate if we cannot trace the link back from them... There is no link on Montaigne in Rousseau's article fro instance.. Daedalus2100 19:00, 20 January 2007 (UTC) Agreed his influences section seems way to big and very speculative. Just because someone says they admire a person does not mean that they were a major influence on their thought.

Opinion
' Michel de Montaigne perhaps thinks very highly of himself, thus the quote, ""I have never seen a greater monster or miracle than myself." as said in "Essays."'

This should be removed. Taken out of context, it's completely baseless. Pure opinion.

--Totally agree. If there was ever an ironic writer who could make light of himself, and was very humble, it was this one. John K, April 18, 2007

language
I think it would be interesting to highlight that besides Latin, Motaigne's mother tongue was Gascon; this is important since French (langue de Oi) was his third tongue, being this essential to understand the importance of his writtings. I would also add that while in Rome his literary production is on the local language. --195.252.86.16 21:41, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

theres spam at the end--Ghkj2 (talk) 16:39, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

more quotes
I think some more quotes should be included. "It is putting a high value on opinions to burn men on their account", criticizing the Inquisition. And isn't "All things come to him who knows how to wait" from the Essays also? CharlesTheBold (talk) 02:16, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

LEGACY:

The legacy of Montaigne is profound and often overlooked. Many scholars cite Descartes as the father of Modern Philosophy, but it is difficult to imagine Descartes entire project of doubting being possible without Montaigne's doubting paving the way for him. Montaigne asks, "What do I know?" And Descartes, a few decades later, sets out to answer Montaigne's challenge. Sarah Bakewell, in her book "How to Live: A Life of Montaigne," agrees that Descartes philosophy is difficult to imagine without Montaigne's prompt.

Montaigne's influence has also been found in Shakespeare's works. Scholars have traced a passage from Montaigne's essay "On Cannibals" to a passage from Shakespeare's "The Tempest." The language from Florio's translation of Montaigne is too close a match to be a coincidence. Hence, scholars are certain that Shakespeare read Montaigne, and was influenced by him.

Pascal, Emerson, Nietzsche, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Virginia Woolf: all profoundly influenced by Michel de Montaigne.

Montaigne is one of the unsung heroes of humanity, and possibly one of the coolest people to ever live!

That is extremely overly laudatory. And lots of speculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:69C1:2A00:D94B:6AF3:23EA:B411 (talk) 22:17, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Mayorship of Bordeaux.
The article currently states that Montaigne served as Mayor of Bordeaux from 1581 to 1585, and implies that that period was a single term of office. I'm afraid that I have to rely on fallible memory here, not having my copy of the Essays to hand, but I am sure that Montaigne mentions therein that he was elected for two successive terms - expressing some surprise that the citizens had been satisfied enough with him to ask him to serve a second term.

Would someone with source access please spare a moment to check that my memory is not faulty, and amend the article to clarify the situation if necessary? --Kay Dekker (talk) 20:34, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

-- I checked in "How to Live," and that's right. Two terms. I added that in the text. -- ReillyCapps

Location of his grave
It is said that "the Bordeaux Tourist Office says that Montaigne is buried at the Musée Aquitaine, Faculté des Lettres, Université Bordeaux 3 Michel de Montaigne, Pessac. His heart is preserved in the parish church of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne." I'm afraid Musée d'Aquitaine and Université Bordeaux 3 are different locations in different cities (the museum is in downtown Bordeaux whereas the university is in Pessac, fr.wikipedia.org says so too). Unfortunately french wiki doesn't say where he is currently buried. Addden (talk) 07:15, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

The above comment from 2010 is correct! (I am from Bordeaux and can confirm this.) Can someone correct the article? It has to be the museum, by the way, not the university campus Bordeaux 3, because the university buildings are all modern buildings, from the 20th century; I studied there and never saw anywhere any indication that Montaigne would be buried in these 20th century university buildings... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.71.131.117 (talk) 06:47, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

Etienne de la Boétie
This article fails to even mention in passing Etienne de la Boétie, one of the most-important people in Montaigne's life! Good grief. The article also needs a list of Montaigne's most-important/popular essays. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 12:37, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I love this 154.117.104.151 (talk) 06:33, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You are saying the truth go on 154.117.104.151 (talk) 06:35, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Littérature secondaire : la critique
What is the purpose of this section? Does it belong on the English page for Montaigne? Inoculatedcities (talk) 03:04, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Change made to picture caption

"Lord"
Are we the first to call him "Lord"? If so, we shouldn't do it -- certainly not in the first sentence. We should follow the usual style of encyclopedias, unless there's a strong reason to differ. Others call him "Michel de Montaigne" or "Michel Eyquem de Montaigne", no Lord, no Seigneur. His greatness is as a writer, not as a petty landowner. And rew D alby 17:18, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, this apparently was just taken care of by someone today. However, as far as I can check, the article now says that his grand-father and his father were Lords of Montaigne, but it does not clarify if Michel de Montaigne himself inherited the title or not. If he did, the article should at least state the fact somewhere in the "Life" section. warshytalk 16:04, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Of course we are not the first to refer to him as such. He is always referred to as Seigneur de Montaigne, in his lifetime and in the subsequent French sources. That's simply his title. But whether or not we should translate to the English term is another question. Avaya1 (talk) 16:49, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Thanks. In any case, since the article had already translated the title for his great-grandfather and father, I just added that he also inherited it in the proper section. warshytalk 17:06, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

What was his religion?
Are you sure he was a Roman Catholic? I am sure that I heard the programme "In Our Time" on April 25 2013 describe him as an atheist - although I could be wrong. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 08:39, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

I'll have to listen to that show, but anyone who calls Montaigne an atheist is extremely ignorant. He was a Catholic in name, but many people believe, with very good reason, that he was actually agnostic- as his text is full of doubt and uncertainty. I wrote a bit more about this above under "religion." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.70.152.96 (talk) 04:01, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Interest in cannibalism
What the programme In Our Time on April 25 2013 definitely did say was that he had an interest in cannibals - this should go in the article. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 08:42, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

The original pronunciation of the surname
It used to be mentioned somewhere in the articles about French, now everything I can find is this: http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/jardin/chataigne.html (¶ 5.), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Circeus#poigne -- the ɛ is spelling pronunciation, it used to be homophonous with simple la monta(i)gne "the mountain".176.221.120.207 (talk) 00:44, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Catholic philosophy
Someone has somewhat recently made this page "Part of a series on Catholic philosophy," and included a template at the bottom of the page about Catholic philosophy. This is wildly misleading, and I hope will be removed. Was Montaigne Catholic? Yes. Was he a philosopher? Sure. Does that mean he was doing specifically Catholic philosophy? No.

If you wanted to debate the religious character of his philosophy or the impact it has had on Catholic thinking, we could do that. But even more significant, I think, is the fact that his purported role in Catholic philosophy is not what he is known for, and the template and inclusion in a series indicate otherwise. Of the other categories listed at the bottom of the page, the ones that would make the most since to emphasize include French essayists, Early Modern Philosophers, Skeptics, French Renaissance Humanists, and maybe French Philosophers.

Perhaps the person who made this change is trying to make up for the Catholic Church putting Montaigne's book on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum? 75.73.165.234 (talk) 07:46, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Education
In the section "Child education", there were citations at the end of a sentence, without a space before the next sentence. This meant a run-on "word" which would not be broken between lines; so the whole thing would go to the next line; which didn't look right. I fixed this. Said section also needs citations for verification. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 03:49, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Influenced
Section in article 216.186.213.249 (talk) 16:48, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Judith N. Shklar 216.186.213.249 (talk) 16:49, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michel de Montaigne


text:
Siamese

Siamese describes something of or related to Siam (now called Thailand), or more specifically the region of Central Thailand, usually including Southern Thailand.

Siamese may refer to:

Animals

 * Siamese cat, a domestic cat breed
 * Siamese crocodile, a species of crocodile
 * Siamese mud carp, a species of freshwater fish in the carp family, Cyprinidae
 * Siamese algae eater, a species of freshwater fish in the carp family, Cyprinidae
 * Siamese fighting fish, a species of fish from genus Betta
 * Siamese fireback, Lophura diardi, the national bird of Thailand
 * Siamese tigerfish, a species of fish from genus Datnioides, tiger perch

Other uses

 * Conjoined twins or Siamese twins, identical twins joined in utero
 * Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins", Siamese-American conjoined twin brothers from whom the term derives
 * Siamese (band), formerly Siamese Fighting Fish, Danish rock and metal band
 * Siamese connection or a splitter in fire protection engineering
 * Siamese method, a mathematical method described by Simon de la Loubère
 * Sukhothai language, a kind of Thai topolect, by the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Central Thai and Southern Thai.
 * Central Thai language or Siamese language, the sole official language of Thailand and first language of most people in Central Thailand and include Thai Chinese in Southern Thailand (Known in Southern Thai as Leang Ka Luang (แหลงข้าหลวง)).
 * Southern Thai language, or Southern Siamese language, or Tambralinga language, language of Southern Thailand first language of most people in Southern Thailand
 * Thai people, Siamese people, Central/Southern Thai people or Thai noi people, an ethnic group from Central Thailand and Southern Thailand
 * Khorat Thai, ethnic groups in Nakhon Ratchasima Province.
 * Malaysian Siamese, ethnic groups in Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
 * Koh Kong people, ethnic groups in Koh Kong.
 * Tanintharyi Thai, Thai minority in Tanintharyi.
 * Yodaya people, Bamar with Thai ancestry in Central Myanmar.

title: Siamese


text:
Roaring Fork River

Roaring Fork River is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately 70 mi long, in west central Colorado in the United States. The river drains a populated and economically vital area of the Colorado Western Slope called the Roaring Fork Valley or Roaring Fork Watershed, which includes the resort city of Aspen and the resorts of Aspen/Snowmass.

It rises in the Sawatch Range in eastern Pitkin County, on the west side of Independence Pass on the continental divide. It flows northwest past Aspen, Woody Creek, and Snowmass. It receives the Fryingpan River at Basalt. 1.5 mi below Carbondale, it receives the Crystal River from the south. It joins the Colorado in Glenwood Springs. The entire area that drains into the Roaring Fork River is known as the Roaring Fork Watershed. This area is 1451 sqmi and about the same size as the state of Rhode Island. The river flows through canyons along most of its route and is a popular destination for recreation whitewater rafting. The river supplies water through the Sawatch Range to the Twin Lakes Reservoir via the Twin Lakes Tunnel. Roaring Fork Conservancy is the watershed conservation organization for the Roaring Fork River and its tributaries.

The Roaring Fork is a swift, deep, powerful river with very clear water. It is navigable by small craft throughout most of its length to its confluence with the Colorado. The mean annual flow is 1206 cuft/s.

title: Roaring Fork River


text: Talk:Outline of public relations

title: Talk:Outline of public relations


text:
Roaring Fork

Roaring Fork may refer to:

 * Roaring Fork, Virginia, USA
 * Roaring Fork Mountain (Wyoming) — a mountain in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA
 * Roaring Fork River — a river in west central Colorado, USA
 * Roaring Fork (Great Smoky Mountains) — a stream and National Historic District in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park of east Tennessee, USA
 * Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado, USA
 * Roaring Fork (Cherrystone Creek tributary), a stream in Pittsylvania County, Virginia

title: Roaring Fork


text:
Kelvinside Academy

Kelvinside Academy is a private day school in Glasgow, Scotland, founded in 1878. It has a capacity of over 600 pupils and spans two years of Nursery, six years of Junior School (primary school), a transition year of Senior Preparatory, and six years of Senior School (secondary school), comprising fifteen years in all. Kelvinside was founded as a private school and remained so until the late 1940s when, like many similar schools, it became 'grant-aided' until 1985 when it reverted to its fully independent roots once more. Formerly for boys only, the school became fully co-educational in 1998.

The School
Kelvinside Academy is in the Kelvinside area of the north of Glasgow, near the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. It has a large main building, which is category A listed and was designed by James Sellars, with some modern additions. The original building was opened on 2 September 1878 and cost £21,698 11s; this included the construction of both roads and sewers.

The School crest shows Minerva with the motto ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ which translates as "Ever To Be The Best". This has also been given a "modern" translation of "The Best You Can Be". Minerva appears prominently in carved stone above the main entrance, and in a bronze medallion set in the perimeter wall. Unlike many of the surrounding buildings, the School retains much of its original cast iron fences despite the metal shortages during the Second World War.

There is a well-established house system, which divides all the pupils into four different houses, each represented by a colour: red for Stewart House, yellow for Buchanan House, green for MacGregor House and blue for Colquhoun.

The School opened a new Nursery at its Balgray Campus in August 2013.

In 2018, Kelvinside merged with Craigholme School to form the Glasgow Schools Trust, which was created to share resources between both schools and preserve both schools due to falling pupil numbers.

Notable alumni and staff

 * John Joy Bell, journalist and author
 * Robert Browning, Byzantinist
 * Brigadier General John Charteris
 * Sir Hugh Fraser, 2nd Baronet, of the House of Fraser department store chain (1936–1987)
 * Richie Gray, Scottish International Rugby Union player currently playing for Glasgow Warriors
 * Brigadier Alastair Pearson, Parachute Regiment, DSO***, MC
 * Air Vice Marshal Sandy Johnstone
 * James Broom Millar – first Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1954–1960)
 * Boyd Muir, EVP & CFO, President of Operations, Universal Music Group
 * Ian Livingston, Baron Livingston of Parkhead
 * Sir George Macdonald, archaeologist, teacher at the school 1887–1892
 * Sir Donald MacDougall, economist
 * Donald Orr, cricketer
 * Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry (1944–2011)
 * Craig Wright, cricketer.
 * Sandy Wylie, Lord Kinclaven, Judge of the Supreme Courts
 * Scott Cummings, Scottish International Rugby Union player currently playing for Glasgow Warriors
 * Douglas Gairdner, paediatrician
 * Rennie Keith, cricketer
 * Lorne Crerar, Chair and founding partner Harper Macleod Professor of Banking Law University of Glasgow
 * Colin Neill, Former President Cricket Scotland, Current Chairman of The Forty Club
 * Craig Whyte, former owner of Rangers FC

Related publications

 * Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1978 by Colin Mackay
 * Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1923 by William Brodie
 * Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1928 by David Morrice Low
 * Minerva, termly newsletter

title: Kelvinside Academy


text:
Pokey

Pokey, Poky or Pokie may refer to:

In entertainment

 * Pokey (Mario), a recurring enemy from the Super Mario series
 * Pokey (Gumby character), a character from the Gumby television series
 * Pokey the Penguin, a surrealistic online comic strip and its eponymous title character
 * Pokey, the nickname for "Clyde", the orange ghost, in the arcade game Pac-Man
 * Pokey Minch (Porky Minch), a character in the Super NES video game EarthBound (Mother 2), and the Pig King in Mother 3
 * The Poky Little Puppy, a fictional character whose name is sometimes shortened to just Poky
 * Poky (Yoko Tsuno), a character in comic album series Yoko Tsuno
 * Poky (device), a casino gambling machine

Nickname

 * Pokey Allen (1943–1996), football player and head coach
 * Pokey Chatman (born 1969), Women's National Basketball Association general manager and head coach
 * Pokey LaFarge (born 1983), American musician and songwriter
 * Pokey Reddick (born 1964), retired National Hockey League goaltender
 * Pokey Reese (born 1973), former Major League Baseball player
 * Lillian Watson (born 1950), American former world record holder in swimming

Surname

 * Diana Pokie (born 1979), politician in Suriname
 * Gregory Pokie (born 1987), footballer in Suriname - see Suriname national football team

Slang

 * Pokey, a slang expression for prison
 * Pokie or nipple poking, an erect nipple visible beneath clothing. Usually in the plural.
 * Pokies, Australian slang for slot machines

Other uses

 * POKEY, a digital audio chip in Atari 8-bit computers and many arcade games
 * Any of several species of Poecilotheria, a genus of spiders
 * "Pokey Award" by the Straphangers Campaign for the slowest bus route, by vehicle average miles per hour, in New York City.
 * Poky, a reference distribution of the Yocto Project

title: Pokey


text:
Fryingpan River

The Fryingpan River is a tributary of the Roaring Fork River, approximately 42 mi long, in Eagle and Pitkin counties in Colorado, United States.

History
The reason for the unusual name of the river is that when a group of trappers were attacked by a band of Ute Native Americans, only two men survived, one of whom was injured. Leaving his wounded friend in a cave close by, the last man left to summon help, but not before hanging a frying pan in a tree so that he could find the cave again on his return.

Geography
It rises in northeastern Pitkin County, in the White River National Forest in the Sawatch Mountains along the western side of the continental divide. It flows westward along the county line between Pitkin and Eagle County. Below Meredith, it is dammed to form the Ruedi Reservoir. It joins the Roaring Fork below Basalt. A portion of the river's water is diverted to the east side of the continental divide for irrigation and drinking water via the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project.

title: Fryingpan River


text:
Crystal River

Crystal River may refer to the following places in the United States of America:

 * Crystal River, Florida, a small city in Florida
 * Crystal River (Florida), a river near the small city of the same name
 * Crystal River (Colorado), a tributary of the Roaring Fork River in Colorado
 * Crystal River (Michigan), a stream located in northern Michigan's Lower Peninsula
 * Crystal River Archaeological State Park in Florida
 * Crystal River Energy Complex in Florida
 * Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida, a part of the Crystal River Energy Complex
 * Crystal River, a river and tributary of the Tomorrow/Waupaca River, in Central Wisconsin

title: Crystal River


text:
MCGA

MCGA may refer to:

 * IBM Multi-Color Graphics Array
 * Maritime and Coastguard Agency, in the United Kingdom
 * Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard, a fantasy novel series by Rick Riordan.

title: MCGA


text:
The Void

The Void may refer to:

Film and TV

 * The Void (2001 film), a 2001 American film directed by Gilbert M. Shilton
 * The Void (2016 film), a 2016 Canadian film
 * "The Void", an episode of the American animated TV series Sonic the Hedgehog
 * "The Void" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 2001 episode of the American TV series
 * "The Void", a 2014 episode of Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
 * "The Void", a 2014 episode of The Amazing World of Gumball
 * The Void, a 2021 British game show

Literature

 * The Void (Middle-earth), an uninhabited region of nothingness in J. R. R. Tolkien's cosmology
 * Location in the Void Trilogy series of books by British author Peter F. Hamilton

Video games

 * The Void (video game), a 2008 adventure computer game by Ice-Pick Lodge

Music

 * The Void (musician), alias of composer Oumi Kapila

Albums

 * The Void album by Weesp (band)
 * The Void (EP), by British band Hologram, released in 2014

Songs

 * "The Void", song by Cage
 * "The Void", song by Meat Puppets from Monsters
 * "The Void", song by The Raincoats from their 1979 self-titled album
 * "The Void", song from One Fast Move or I'm Gone
 * "The Void", song by Whitechapel from Mark of the Blade
 * "The Void", song by Nick Oliveri from Leave Me Alone
 * "The Void", song by Mike Gordon from Moss
 * "The Void", song by Parkway Drive from their album Reverence
 * "The Void", song by MC Vinnie Paz with Buckwild and Eamon from album Cornerstone of the Corner Store 2016
 * "The Void", song by Muse from Simulation Theory
 * "The Void", song by Metric from Synthetica
 * "The Void", song by Martha from Love Keeps Kicking
 * "The Void", song by Kid Cudi from Man on the Moon III

Other

 * The Void (philosophy), the philosophical concept of nothingness manifested
 * The Void (virtual reality), a virtual-reality business
 * The Void (artwork), immaterial artwork by Yves Klein

title: The Void


text:
Crystal River (Colorado)

The Crystal River is a tributary of the Roaring Fork River. It is approximately 40 mi long and is located in Gunnison, Pitkin and Garfield counties in Colorado, United States.

The river is a popular fly fishing and outdoor tourism destination.

The Crystal River remains one of the few rivers in Colorado that is undammed along its length, making the segments that are upstream of large ranching irrigation diversions outside of Carbondale eligible for federal Wild and Scenic River protection.

The Crystal Valley historically was a seasonal home and hunting ground of the Parianuche and Yampa bands of the Ute people.

Description
The watershed includes a series of prehistorically glaciated valleys on the west side of the Elk Mountains such as Avalanche Creek, Silver Creek, Yule Creek and the North and South Forks of the Crystal. It also drains southern portions of the east side of the Thompson Divide via Coal Basin, Perham Creek, and Thompson Creek. The village of Redstone and Coal Basin was historically a center of coal mining, while quarrying for Yule Marble in Marble continues presently. It rises in northern Gunnison County on the north side of Schofield Pass near the Maroon Bells and passes through the ghost town of Crystal City, still inhabited by a few summer residents and known for the Crystal Mill photographic attraction. It then flows north past Marble into Pitkin County and past Redstone. It joins the Roaring Fork below Carbondale in Garfield County. State Highway 133 follows the river along much of its route from Carbondale until several miles below Marble, where 133 turns southwest and crosses McClure Pass towards Paonia and Delta, Colorado.

From Crystal City to Marble the river flows through the Crystal River Canyon, a narrow valley with numerous snowslide runs, rockfalls, and other hazardous terrain. Although it is locally known as a fishing and hiking attraction the unpaved and largely un-maintained mining road, designated Gunnison County Road 3 on Mapquest, is nearly impassable to vehicles other than ATVs and off-road motorcycles. A four-wheel-drive Jeep tour is operated out of Marble, but only operates during the summer when the road is not blocked by snow, mud, or rock slides.

title: Crystal River (Colorado)


text:
Fungicide

Fungicides are pesticides used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Fungicides are also used to control oomycetes, which are not taxonomically/genetically fungi, although sharing similar methods of infecting plants. Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upward. Most fungicides that can be bought retail are sold in liquid form, the active ingredient being present at 0.08% in weaker concentrates, and as high as 0.5% for more potent fungicides. Fungicides in powdered form are usually around 90% sulfur.

Safety
Fungicide residues have been found on food for human consumption, mostly from post-harvest treatments. Some fungicides are dangerous to human health, such as vinclozolin, which has now been removed from use. Ziram is also a fungicide that is toxic to humans with long-term exposure, and fatal if ingested. A number of fungicides are also used in human health care.

Types of fungicides
Like other pesticides, fungicides are numerous and diverse. This complexity has led to diverse schemes for classifying fungicides. Classifications are based on inorganic vs organic, chemical structures, and, most successfully, mechanism of action (MOA). These respective classifications reflect the evolution of the underlying science.

Traditional
Traditional fungicides are simple inorganic compounds like sulfur, and copper salts. While cheap, they must be applied repeatedly and are relatively ineffective. Other active ingredients in fungicides include neem oil, rosemary oil, jojoba oil, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and the beneficial fungus Ulocladium oudemansii.

Nonspecific
In the 1930s dithiocarbamate-based fungicides, the first organic compounds used for this purpose, became available. These include ferbam, ziram, zineb, maneb, and mancozeb. These compounds are non-specific and are thought to inhibit cysteine-based protease enzymes. Similarly nonspecific are N-substituted phthalimides. Members include captafol, captan, and folpet. Chlorothalonil is also non-specific.

Specific
Specific fungicides target a particular biological process in the fungus.

Nucleic acid metabolism

 * bupirimate
 * metalaxyl

Cytoskeleton and motor proteins

 * carbendazim
 * pencycuron

Respiration
Some fungicides target succinic dehydrogenase, a metabolically central enzyme. Fungi of the class Basidiomycetes were the initial focus of these fungicides. These fungi are active against cereals.
 * azoxystrobin
 * binapacryl
 * boscalid
 * carboxin
 * cyazofamid
 * pydiflumetofen

Amino acid and protein synthesis

 * blasticidin-S
 * kasugamycin
 * pyrimethanil

Signal transduction

 * fludioxonil
 * procymidone

Lipid synthesis / membrane integrity

 * propamocarb
 * pyrazophos
 * tecnazene

Melanin synthesis in cell wall

 * tricyclazole

Sterol biosynthesis in membranes

 * fenpropimorph
 * hexaconazole
 * imazalil
 * myclobutanil
 * propiconazole

Cell wall biosynthesis

 * dimethomorph
 * polyoxins

Host plant defence induction

 * acibenzolar
 * fosetyl-Al
 * phosphorous acid

Mycoviruses
Some of the most common fungal crop pathogens are known to suffer from mycoviruses, and it is likely that they are as common as for plant and animal viruses, although not as well studied. Given the obligately parasitic nature of mycoviruses, it is likely that all of these are detrimental to their hosts, and thus are potential biocontrols/biofungicides.

Resistance
Doses that provide the most control of the disease also provide the largest selection pressure to acquire resistance.

In some cases, the pathogen evolves resistance to multiple fungicides, a phenomenon known as cross resistance. These additional fungicides typically belong to the same chemical family, act in the same way, or have a similar mechanism for detoxification. Sometimes negative cross-resistance occurs, where resistance to one chemical class of fungicides increases sensitivity to a different chemical class of fungicides. This has been seen with carbendazim and diethofencarb. Also possible is resistance to two chemically different fungicides by separate mutation events. For example, Botrytis cinerea is resistant to both azoles and dicarboximide fungicides.

A common mechanism for acquiring resistance is alteration of the target enzyme. For example, Black Sigatoka, an economically important pathogen of banana, is resistant to the QoI fungicides, due to a single nucleotide change resulting in the replacement of one amino acid (glycine) by another (alanine) in the target protein of the QoI fungicides, cytochrome b. It is presumed that this disrupts the binding of the fungicide to the protein, rendering the fungicide ineffective. Upregulation of target genes can also render the fungicide ineffective. This is seen in DMI-resistant strains of Venturia inaequalis.

Resistance to fungicides can also be developed by efficient efflux of the fungicide out of the cell. Septoria tritici has developed multiple drug resistance using this mechanism. The pathogen had five ABC-type transporters with overlapping substrate specificities that together work to pump toxic chemicals out of the cell.

In addition to the mechanisms outlined above, fungi may also develop metabolic pathways that circumvent the target protein, or acquire enzymes that enable the metabolism of the fungicide to a harmless substance.

Fungicides that are at risk of losing their potency due to resistance include Strobilurins such as azoxystrobin. Cross-resistance can occur because the active ingredients share a common mode of action. FRAC is organized by CropLife International.

title: Fungicide


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Talk:Franco-Ontarians

Hello, I don't have the 2001 figures at hand so I can't correct the numbers myself.

Here are the 1996 numbers:

French as mother tongue: 500 073 (the 548,940 is probably the 2001 figure of this stat.)

French as language of use(1): 311 854

Assimilation rate(2): 39 %.

This means that there are roughly 300 000 Francophones in Ontario.

(1) = Language most often spoken at home.

(2) = Assimilation rate is calculated as the percentage of people no longer using French at home compared to the number of native French speakers.

Source: Statistics Canada.

Language
Franco-Ontarians who include English words in their everyday vocabulary aren't really doing so because of influence, they just don't know better. It is in Northern Ontario where people will talk like that yet it is in Northern Ontario where there is the most Francophones who can't speak English. Heck, Northern-Ontarian Francophones say Ottawa-Region Francophones (who pretty much all know how to speak English) talk like French Frenchmen! Many Franco-Ontarians will use English words because they don't know what the French word is. I once saw a documentary where a guy was saying "Comment s'qu'on dit ca 'windshield' en Anglais?" —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.51.229.129 (talk) 00:03, 22 May 2007 (UTC).
 * Yup, my cousins in Kapuskasing would say I talk like a Frenchman. One also asked me what was the english word for "safety pin"! --Dandin1 02:25, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm sure some Francophones use English words for this simple reason. But it is not the case for most. Code-switching is usually the reason IMHO. They live in a Anglo society. This is a normal phenomenon.--Wjserson (talk) 19:50, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

What documentary was that? I will watch it. KennedyBros —Preceding undated comment added 17:31, 27 March 2010 (UTC).

Un truck is not unique to Ontario.

University de Hearst is a completely french university. The education section should reflect this. website

 * It is completely French, but it's a federated school of Laurentian University, not a university in its own right. Bearcat 03:36, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Just because Embrun isn't incorporated, that doesn't mean that the town doesn't exist
Just because Embrun is part of Russell Township, that doesn't mean that Embrun doesn't exist. Some people (I'm not making accusations, although as I've discussed this with you before, you know who you are) always seem to think that a town has to be incorporated to exist. Embrun has a population of 6,770 (2001 census figures, source at Embrun, Ontario article) and it is a major Franco-Ontarian cultural hub and is one of the four major Franco-Ontarian small communities in the East (the others being Rockland, Hawkesbury and Cumberland). To leave Embrun out is quite harsh. --FreshFruitsRule 16:54, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Nobody thinks a community has to be incorporated to exist; a community does, however, have to be incorporated to be a town or a city. If it's not incorporated, it's a community. You'd get a lot farther if you weren't so persistently misrepresenting or misunderstanding what's being said to you — nobody ever said that unincorporated communities don't even exist, just that they're not municipalities. Bearcat 20:47, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I have assessed this as a B, although it desperately needs more references and inline citations, and of low importance, as it is a highly specific topic within Canada. Cheers, CP 03:31, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

peut aussi écrire qu'on a des expressions pareille comme les acadiens comme exemple "itou" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.51.140.80 (talk) 13:16, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Franco-Ontarians


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Talk:Hair follicle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Oni1981. Peer reviewers: Jeralynn805.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:59, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The image used here was a copyvio from http://www.follicle.com/1.html. - Texture 19:00, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

As articles about other animals refer to hair follicles, some effort should be made to discuss these systems in other animals (mammals, insects, etc.) if they are different there. Vivacissamamente 13:58, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Can we get photos of real hairs and diagrams of the different stages, like ? — Omegatron 04:07, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

What is club hair? 82.139.85.220 (talk) 12:07, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Mention Follicular bundles? Had a scalp treatment yesterday, they used a camera to look at my scalp and I was surprised to see 1, 2 or three hairs from each pore. I've look for some time for information of this and found only one reference to it. It seems it is common while all pictures show one hair emerging and no other site mention this. Gwen4598 (talk) 14:50, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

DNA testing of hair
CSI (forget which particular series) suggests that only a specific part of the hair (guessing sheath near root) contains testable genetic material. Is there any factual basis? — Nahum Reduta [ talk | contribs ] 09:09, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No. Until a year or two ago, current technology only allowed DNA to be harvested from the sheath near the root. That doesn't mean that there isn't DNA in the hair strand itself, just that that particular technology couldn't harvest it from the strand. New breakthroughs allow DNA to be harvested from hair strands. CSI is a really, really bad place to get your science from. --NellieBly (talk) 01:21, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Wonderful reference article to add

 * First, there is a wonderful NEJM article that I referenced a few times in this article, and I think if someone has more time, more content could be cited from it. The article is: Paus, Ralf; Cotsarelis, George. "The Biology of Hair Follicles." The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 341(7): 491-497. .  I can email it to you if you contact me.

 * Second, if you are interested in the skin, adnexa, or dermatology, I would love some help over at WP:DERM... just fyi. kilbad (talk) 05:19, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi! Thank you for all your hardwork on creating a Wiki-page on the hair follicle! I'm a 4th year Medical Student interested in Dermatology and feel I can contribute positively to improving the information presented on this topic. Please see my workplan below and I'm open to any suggestions to my edits!

Work plan
Hi! I'm a 4th year Medical student at UCSF interested in Dermatology and I have chosen to edit this page as part of the Wikiproject Medicine elective at UCSF. This is a C-class quality article of High Importance in Dermatology. My workplan is as follows: Between 11/27/17-12/15/17 I will improve the lead section, add discussion of differences in hair follicle and appearance of hair, add section on diseases of the hair follicle, add section on treatment of diseases of the hair follicle.Oni1981 (talk) 18:47, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Hello! Here are my peer review comments, organized by section. I will email you a document with proposed grammatical edits.
 * Lead: (1) I have made some changes to the list of stages in the first paragraph of the lead to edit for parallel structure, which I have emailed to you in a separate document. (2) In the second paragraph, I think you could provide a little less detail about the role of hair in society as that section is a little wordy and distracts from the main focus of the article, the follicles themselves. I have provided a sample edit in the attached document.

 * Skin Anatomy: I think that your language becomes a bit too technical for a typical wikipedia audience. When you give examples of the difference in distribution/density of hair follicles, your point is very clear. However, the use of the word "topographical" in the preceding sentence is probably more technical than necessary.

 * Diseases of the hair follicle: (1) I think that it would be appropriate to add a short lead section here stating that there are a variety of diseases affecting the follicle and maybe giving some broad categories, as the pictures in the section only show a few diseases. (2) Adding links to these different diseases listed would be useful.

 * General comments: This article is lacking more treatments for diseases affecting the follicle. However, this is an article about the hair follicle itself, not diseases of the hair follicle, so further discussion of treatments for diseases of the hair follicle may be better left to a separate wiki page. If that is the direction that you go, I think a better title for the section about hair transplantation would be something like "Uses/roles in medical treatment of disease."
 * Jeralynn805 (talk) 23:39, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Hair growth cycle times
Can someone add more? Is this possible? It would be good for the readers to know the average phase or time of hair growth in other parts of the body. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Talaga87 (talk • contribs) 07:28, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ This issue was addressed at some point prior to today • Bobsd •  (talk) 19:07, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Image:Skin.jpg
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Club Hair
The link to define "club hair" is external. The guidelines state that an article should be understandable without having to leave the site (paraphrased). I can understand the general idea of the article, but to say that the hair is converted to a club hair, without us knowing what a club hair is, leaves a hole in that understanding, and, I think, indicates one in this article. Lriley47 (talk) 16:41, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ This issue was addressed at some point prior to today • Bobsd •  (talk) 19:06, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Feathers
I was reading about birds (great article by the way!) and when I got to the part about feather follicles, I went What's That? So I clicked on the link and here it is talking about hair and not a feather in sight!

I'm thinking we should create a new section.

Rubypc123 (talk) 03:11, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 20:07, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

Ethnicity
Removed "african-american" from ethnicity. Unless you are going to exclude the list to include Carribbean, Afro-Carribbean, Black British, French African, etc etf this is ap ointless and american-centric — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.185.51.254 (talk) 20:23, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

Merge Human hair growth into this?
The section "Hair Growth" has basically everything in Human hair growth except for the part about chemotherapy, which could easily be incorporated under "Disease". Non-human hair growth isn't even discussed in this article. I propose turning that article into a redirect to this, more complete, one. SilverbackNet talk 21:54, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Mapleholistics.com citation for hair loss is promotional and unreliable
"More than 60% of men and 10% of women suffer from hair loss." This section cites https://www.mapleholistics.com/blog/clarifying-shampoo-explained/, which is a post promoting clarifying shampoo on the manufacturer's webstore. The percentage figures themselves are included on the page but there is no source provided. Therefore, this is probably WP:SPS (promotional), WP:NOTRS.

Somebody more knowledgeable should either find a reliable source for the percentages, or remove the mention entirely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:14BA:300:0:C097:D906:B508:903D (talk) 11:34, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ - I researched actual percentages from medical journals and it's all across the board. Removed mention entirely.  • Bobsd •  (talk) 18:57, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Order of phases
In the lede, it states "The first stage is called anagen and is the active growth phase, telogen is the resting stage, catagen is the regression of the hair follicle phase, exogen is the active shedding of hair phase and lastly kenogen is the phase between the empty hair follicle and the growth of new hair."

In the Hair Growth section, it states: "Hair grows in cycles of various phases: anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent phase". Also, "At the end of the anagen phase an unknown signal causes the follicle to go into the catagen phase. "

I believe that the categen phase comes after the anagen phase and the list of phases in the lede should be adjusted to match.

If no objections, I'll make that change in a week or so. • Bobsd • (talk) 00:01, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ • Bobsd •  (talk) 18:48, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hair follicle


text:
Rumsen language

The Rumsen language (also known as Rumsien, San Carlos Costanoan and Carmeleno) is one of eight Ohlone languages, historically spoken by the Rumsen people of Northern California. The Rumsen language was spoken from the Pajaro River to Point Sur, and on the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as on the Salinas and Carmel Rivers, and the region of the present-day cities of Salinas, Monterey and Carmel.

History
One of eight languages within the Ohlone branch of the Utian family, it became one of two important native languages spoken at the Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo founded in 1770, the other being the Esselen language.

The last fluent speaker of Rumsen was Isabel Meadows, who died in 1939. The Bureau of American Ethnology linguist John Peabody Harrington conducted very extensive fieldwork with Meadows in the last several years of her life. These notes, still mostly unpublished, now constitute the foundation for current linguistic research and revitalization efforts on the Rumsen language. The Costanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe has been in the process of reestablishing their language. They have begun efforts to teach their tribal members Rumsen and are working to complete a revised English - Rumsen Dictionary.

Rumsen-speaking tribes
Dialects of the Rumsen language were spoken by four independent local tribes, including the Rumsen themselves, the Ensen of the Salinas vicinity, the Calendaruc of the central shoreline of Monterey Bay, and the Sargentaruc of the Big Sur Coast. The territory of the language group was bordered by Monterey Bay and the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Awaswas Ohlone to the north, the Mutsun Ohlone to the east, the Chalon Ohlone on the south east, and the Esselen to the south.

title: Rumsen language