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Talk:Audio game

Removed from article
I removed the following from the article:

 * (Actually, there are stranger games in this world, like scent games for dogs!)

 * written by Richard van Tol (SoundSupport)

The first paragraph is POV. The second is inappropriate—we don't take credit for articles on Wikipedia. Every article is a collaberation and can change continuously. —Frecklefoot 15:15, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The main problem with the first paragraph is not that it is POV (which could be fixed) but that it described an olfactory game and not a audio game. The concept is fascinating but inappropriate for this article. Does anyone have any ideas where this could fit? I checked to see if there was anything about television for pets (e.g. link1 or link2) on wiki, which seemed tangentially related, but there doesn't seem to be.
 * Another thing this brings up is the focus in gaming on the different senses. Tactile games have come to us through the force-feedback controllers, and games such as Rez target multiple senses (3 in Rez) to form a cohesive integrated experience. Are there any examples of human olfactory games? What about gustatory games? Other multi-sense-targeting games?
 * -Thibbs (talk) 19:36, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Move
80.127.96.19 changed all the uses of "audiogame" to "audio game." I realized this was more correct since "video game" is split and is not "videogame." So I moved the page to this new name. I also updated all the wikilinks to audiogame which is now a redirect page. —Frecklefoot 17:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Neither version is incorrect. "Videogame" is less common but widely used, e.g. National Videogame Museum, The Lego Movie Videogame, How to Talk About Videogames. The biggest forum for this type of game uses "audiogame" audiogames.net. Buckleyschance (talk) 06:05, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

No!
No, no, no, this is so wrong! The "Before the introduction of Microsoft Windows . . ." passage makes it sound like most games under DOS were text based! They weren't! Most games under DOS were very graphical and accessed the video hardware directly. . . after graphics display adapters became widespread starting circa 1983. MS-DOS was the market leading OS on the IBM-compatible PC platform until around 1991 (give or take up to two years) when Windows 3.1--from the same publisher--overtook it in popularity. It still didn't do very well in offering game-quality (high speed, high resolution) graphics services, and ran on top of DOS, so until Windows 95 became established--maybe even until Windows 98--most games were written for DOS, used DOS extenders such as DPMI and DOS4GW, and recommended NOT running them under Windows, because it tended to make them unstable and cause crashes, slowdowns, or video and sound glitches. So for at least 12 years (1984-1996,) most graphical PC games were DOS programs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.242.41.248 (talk • contribs) 21 September 2007

 * I agree the wording now isn't really clear. In the DOS days, especially the early DOS days, there were many text-based games (such as the excellent ones from Infocom).  By the time Windows arrived, they had largely disappeared.  That's what the wording needs to make clear. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 16:45, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have made what I believe are further improvements to this section. I agree it was pretty confusingly written. -Thibbs (talk) 16:33, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Category
Should we come up with a new category for audio games? Currently there is none so, for example, the audio game BBBeat is listed under simply. I realize that there are not a lot of articles on audio games and categories are not normally intended for small numbers of articles, but it seems like is overbroad. I wish were available for use, but there seems to be a large video-game bias to the electronic games. Electronic games is actually a redirect page for Video games... It seems like this would be a struggle to change but it probably should be done eventually. (It would also be cool to include audio games under something like but for all electronic games). In the mean time, though we could perhaps create. Thoughts? -Thibbs (talk) 16:33, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Creating an audio games category is pretty simple. All one has to do is create an article with  at the bottom.  All that's required then is someone to write a (brief) introduction for the page. But few audio games have articles written about them, so it is likely to remain sparsely populated for quite a while. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 14:51, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * OK I guess I will make the Category then. Hopefully nobody objects that it is too tiny.
 * -Thibbs (talk) 16:01, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:E-060-S-00640-A.jpg
The image Image:E-060-S-00640-A.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * File:ADVENT -- Will Crowther's original version.png

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Problem addressed. -Thibbs (talk) 14:08, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CSCW
— Assignment last updated by Dkell22 (talk) 19:33, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Bibliography of Sources to Improve This Article
I have collected a short list of sources that could potentially improve this article on the bibliography page in my sandbox. Does anyone have any advice on how to improve this list or suggestions on sources to look into?

~ SparksCap95 (talk) 19:02, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audio game


text:
Noisy-le-Grand

Noisy-le-Grand is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 15.2 km from the centre of Paris. The commune of Noisy-le-Grand is part of the sector of Porte de Paris, one of the four sectors of the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée.

Some of the postmodern architecture in the commune has been used as a shooting location in movies including Brazil and The Hunger Games.

Name
The name Noisy comes from Medieval Latin nucetum, meaning "walnut grove", after the walnut trees (noyers) covering the territory of Noisy-le-Grand in ancient times.

The epithet "le-Grand" (Medieval Latin: Magnum), meaning "the Great", was added in the Middle Ages, probably to distinguish Noisy-le-Grand from the smaller settlement of Noisy-le-Sec, which was sometimes referred to as Nucenum Minus ("Noisy the Small").

Demographics
Like a lot of other Seine-Saint-Denis cities, the commune is very cosmopolitan, home of many communities, with a lot of its locals coming from various continents and countries. It has a large African population, mostly from sub-Saharan countries (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast and many others) and East Asian countries, such as China, Vietnam and Cambodia. The city also includes significant, but less numerous, communities from Portugal and North African countries like Morocco and Algeria. Recently, the department, and the Parisian suburbs in general, has seen a new wave of immigration coming from Eastern Europe. Noisy-le-Grand now has communities from former Eastern Bloc countries like Romania, Bulgaria and Russia.

As of 1998 there were 2,700 East Asians in Noisy le Grand, making up about 5-6% of the city; many of them lived in the same complexes occupied by Africans and other foreigners, and Asians were widely distributed around the commune.

Administration
The canton of Noisy-le-Grand comprises two communes: Noisy-le-Grand and Gournay-sur-Marne.

Economy
Previously Star Airlines (now XL Airways France) had its headquarters in the Immeuble Horizon building in the commune. Cédric Pastrour, the founder of the airline, said that the company chose the Noisy site because the airline did not yet know which airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport or Orly Airport, would serve as the airline's base, and that the Noisy site was equidistant to both airports. Pastour added that the Noisy site had access to the A4 and the A86 autoroutes and was close to the Francilienne, and that the costs in the Noisy area were lower than the costs in the airport area.

Education
The commune has municipal preschools and elementary schools.

Junior high schools:
 * Collège du Clos Saint-Vincent
 * Collège François-Mitterrand
 * Collège Françoise-Cabrini
 * Collège international
 * Collège Jacques-Prévert
 * Collège Saint-Exupéry
 * Collège Victor-Hugo

Senior high schools/sixth form colleges:
 * Lycée Évariste-Galois (Noisy-le-Grand)
 * Lycée Flora-Tristan (Noisy-le-Grand)
 * Lycée Françoise-Cabrini (Noisy-le-Grand)
 * Lycée International de l'Est Parisien (Noisy-le-Grand)

Transport
Noisy-le-Grand is served by two stations on Paris RER line A: Noisy-le-Grand–Mont d'Est station and Noisy–Champs station.

Noisy-le-Grand is also served by Les Yvris–Noisy-le-Grand station on Paris RER line E.

Notable people

 * Alexis Claude-Maurice, footballer
 * Steve Hérélius, boxer
 * Steven Moreira, footballer
 * Johan Passave-Ducteil, basketball player
 * Théophile Poilpot, painter
 * Wesley Said, footballer
 * Jean-Marc Théolleyre, (1924–2001), French journalist, winner of the 1959 Prix Albert Londres, died in Noisy-le-Grand

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Noisy-le-Grand


text:
Bonnebosq

Bonnebosq is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bonnebosq


text:
Karen National Union

The Karen National Union (ကရင် အမျိုးသား အစည်းအရုံး; abbreviated KNU) is a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), that claims to represent the Karen people of Myanmar. It operates in mountainous eastern Myanmar and has underground networks in other areas of Myanmar where Karen people live as a minority group.

Some of the Karen, led primarily by the Karen National Union (KNU), have waged a war against the central government since early 1949. The aim of the KNU at first was independence. Since 1976 the armed group has called for a federal system rather than an independent Karen State.

The Karen conflict is the second longest internal war in the world after the Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines, having been waged for 85 years until 1829.

1947 – 1959
The KNU was founded in 1947. Following Myanmar's independence in January 1948, KNU leaders instructed local organisers to establish local defence militias, collectively grouped under the Karen National Defence Organisation in their districts. The KNU launched its armed campaign against the Myanma government in early 1949.

By the early 1950s, factions within Karen politics were influencing the strategic posture of the KNU. In 1953, Mahn Ba Zan and other KNU leaders established the Karen National Unity Party (KNUP), a communist-influenced group that supported a shift leftward in KNU politics.

1960 – 1969
By 1960, KNUP members had become the dominant figures within KNU structures, despite the KNUP being a "minority" tendency within Karen politics, as described by Paul D. Kenny. The KNUP was strongest in the Irrawaddy Delta.

Under KNUP influence, the KNU was centralised, the KNLA was reorganised along Maoist lines, and agricultural cooperatives were created in some KNU-controlled villages.

By 1963, the KNU numbered approximately 10,000.

As the KNU trended leftward internally, its outward posture was complicated by the broader alignment of forces within Myanmar. Chinese support for the Communist Party of Burma – a rival of the KNU – led the organisation into a tacit understanding with the Kuomintang, which had been displaced into northern Myanmar following defeat in the Chinese Civil War.

Ideological and strategic disagreement precipitated the breaking away of senior figure Tha Hmwe in April 1963, with approximately 400 men, to found the Karen Revolutionary Council (KRC). The KRC was wound-up following Tha Hmwe's capture in 1964.

In KNU-controlled territory along the Thai border, a more successful reaction against the KNUP influence within the KNU took place. These areas, at some distance from KNUP strength in the Irrawaddy Delta, had come under the sway of S'gaw Karen figures, especially commanders Shwe Hser and Bo Mya.

In 1966, Bo Mya – then head of the Karen Armed Force's Eastern Division – seized control of the Dawna Range and much of the Thai border region and ordered KNUP cadres to leave his territory. Bo Mya was able to maintain an army approximately 10,000 men by taxing illegal trade along the border with Thailand.

In 1967, Mahn Ba Zan and four other senior KNUP officials reconciled with Bo Mya, forming the Karen National Unity Front (KNUF). This reconciliation paved the way both for Bo Mya's ultimate ascension to KNU presidency in 1976.

1970 – 1999
By 1970, following KNUP military defeats in the Irrawaddy Delta, the KNU had become the dominant representative body for the Karen Movement.

The 9th KNU congress was held in September 1974, and the 11th KNU congress was held in 1995.

Bo Mya dominated the KNU leadership for three decades from 1976 to 2000. For many years, the KNU was able to fund its activities by controlling black market trade across the border with Thailand, and through local taxation. After the failed 8888 Uprising of the Myanmar people in 1988, the Myanmar military government turned to China for help in consolidating its power. Various economic concessions were offered to China in exchange for weapons. The Myanmar Army was massively expanded and began to offer deals to groups fighting the government. The groups were offered the choice of co-operating with the military junta or being destroyed.

In 1994, a group of Buddhist soldiers in the KNLA, citing discrimination by the KNU's overwhelmingly Christian leadership against the Buddhist Karen majority, broke away and established the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA). They were led by U Thuzana, an influential Karen monk. The DKBA quickly agreed to a ceasefire with the Myanmar army and was granted business concessions at the expense of the KNU. The KNU and DKBA have since been in regular fighting, with the DKBA actively supported by the Myanmar army.

The KNU's effectiveness was severely diminished after its headquarters were captured in the Fall of Manerplaw, near the Thai border, in 1995.

2000 – 2009
The 12th KNU congress was held in 2000, the 13th KNU congress was held from 12 to 16 December 2005, and the 14th KNU congress was held from 6 to 20 October 2008.

Padoh Mahn Sha La Phan, the secretary-general of the union was shot dead in his home in Mae Sot, Thailand, on 14 February 2008, possibly by soldiers of the DKBA.

In 2009, the KNU's fighting force was reduced to around 3000 to 5000 soldiers, and on 25 June 2009 the KNLA's Brigade 7 headquarters was overrun.

2010 – present
On 2 November 2010, the Karen National Union became a member of an alliance which included the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP), the Chin National Front (CNF), the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), the New Mon State Party (NMSP) and the Shan State Army North (SSA-N).

In January 2012, Myanmar's military-backed civilian government signed a ceasefire deal with the KNU in Hpa-an, the capital of eastern Kayin State. Aung Min, the Railway Minister, and General Mutu Sae Poe of the KNU led the peace talks.

In March 2012, a senior political leader of KNU, P'doh Mahn Nyein Maung, was found guilty of high treason under the Illegal Association Act, for his involvement with the Karen rebellion and sentenced to 20 years. He was freed soon afterward and sent back to Thailand.

The Karen National Union held its 15th congress at Lay Wah on 26 November 2012. This meeting was held at a pivotal moment in the KNU's history, as it occurred at a time of political in-fighting in regards to how the KNU should negotiate a ceasefire agreement with the Myanmar government.

From 30 October to 2 November 2013, an unprecedented meeting took place at the Kachin Independence Organisation headquarters in Laiza. For the first time, representatives of 17 armed ethnic opposition groups were able to meet in Myanmar with the consent of the government. The conference resulted in the formation of a 13-member Nationwide Ceasefire Coordinating Team (NCCT) and the signing of an "11-Point Common Position of Ethnic Resistance Organisations on Nationwide Ceasefire" or the Laiza Agreement. The NCCT's current mandate was to take responsibility on writing the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement based on mutual understanding between the different armed groups in the NCCT. At the Law Khee Lah Conference, it was agreed that the NCCT had the mandate to discuss and change the document technically, except at the policy level. When the final document was ready, the respective ethnic organisation leaders decided and discussed with the Union Peacemaking Working Committee (UPWC) on the nationwide ceasefire.

On 15 October 2015, the KNU signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with the government of Myanmar, along with several other insurgent groups.

In September 2016, KNLA fighters began clashing with members of the Mon National Liberation Army (MNLA), the armed wing of the New Mon State Party (NMSP), in the Tanintharyi Region. Both the KNU and NMSP were signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) at the time of the fighting. A temporary bilateral truce was reached between the two groups on 14 March 2018.

Tensions between the KNU and the Tatmadaw increased as unrest swept the country following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. On 27 March 2021, KNU Brigade 5 overran a Myanmar Army base near the Thai border, killing ten soldiers including a deputy battalion commander. The Myanmar army launched multiple airstrikes on Karen villages in retaliation. In 2021, KNU became a member of the National Unity Consultative Council.

Following the coup, the KNU launched an investigation on Nerdah Bo Mya, a commander of the Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO), the KNU's other main armed wing, for his role in the extrajudicial execution of 25 men. He refused to cooperate with the investigation and instead formed a splinter group, the Kawthoolei Army. The Kawthoolei Army has since banded with two resistance units, the Venom Commando and the Lion Battalion, both of which had previously been supervised by the KNLA's Brigade 6.

Conditions of ceasefire
The group announced it will never enter into ceasefire talks with the military unless three conditions are met:
 * 1) The military must agree to leave politics completely.
 * 2) The military must face justice during the transition period – junta chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing should not get immunity for the offenses they committed.
 * 3) The military must accept a new constitution that is suitable for the establishment of a federal democratic union.

Leadership
The Karen National Union leadership is a democratically elected body with individuals elected at a four-yearly congress. The KNU Congress is recognised as the KNU's supreme legislative body and it is here that the President, vice-president, General Secretary, Joint Secretaries 1 and 2 and the Central Executive Committee (CEC), the Central Standing Committees (CSC) and candidate members are elected. The seven KNU districts are responsible for electing their own District Chairmen and District Standing Committee leaders every two years. As the District Chairmen and Brigade Commanders are elected at local levels, they are automatically appointed as Central Standing Committee Members. The District Chairmen and Brigade Commanders together with nominated District Standing Committee Members attend the KNU congresses. In addition, elected Central Standing Committee members would provide the ministers for 14 Departments including Culture, Defence, Education, Forestry, Foreign Affairs, Health, and Mining. The CEC comprises eleven members responsible for the day-to-day running of the KNU. The CSC meets annually when issues arise that directly affect the KNU policies and/or the existence of the KNU organisation, the CEC will call a CSC Emergency Meeting.

Additionally, the Foreign Affairs Department appoints KNU representatives. These representatives are based among the Karen communities who support KNU's political goals and objectives in their respective countries.

The incumbent leaders elected at the 15th KNU Congress are:

Central Executive Committee
 * Chairperson: P'doh Saw Kwe Htoo Win
 * Vice-chairperson: P'doh Saw Hser Ghay
 * General Secretary: P'doh Ta Doh Moo
 * First Secretary: P'doh Saw Thaw Thi Bwe
 * Second Secretary: P'doh Saw La Htun
 * Other CEC members: General Saw Johny, Lieutenant General Saw Ta Mla Thaw, P'doh Naw Dah Dah, P'doh Saw Law Eh Moo, P'doh Saw Taw Nee, P' doh Saw Eh K'lu Say

Department heads:
 * Head of the Agriculture Department: P'doh Saw Lay Say
 * Head of the Alliance Affairs Department: P'doh Mahn Nyne Maung
 * Head of the Breeding and Fishery Department: P'doh Saw Mya Maung
 * Head of the Defense Department: Lt. Col. Saw Roger Khin
 * Head of the Education and Culture Department: P'doh Saw Lah Say
 * Head of the Finance and Revenue Department: P'doh Saw Thaw Thi
 * Head of the Forestry Department: P'doh Mahn Ba Tun
 * Head of the Foreign Affairs Department: P'doh Saw Tony
 * Head of the Health and Welfare Department: P'doh Saw Eh Kalu Shwe Oo
 * Head of the Interior and Religion Department: P'doh Saw Ah Toe
 * Head of the Organisation and Information Department: P'doh Saw Hla Tun
 * Head of the Justice Department: P'doh Naw Myne Poe
 * Head of the Mining Department: P'doh Saw Ker Ler
 * Head of the Transportation and Communication Department: P'doh Saw Kawkasar Nay Soe

title: Karen National Union


text:
Common Intermediate Format

CIF (Common Intermediate Format or Common Interchange Format), also known as FCIF (Full Common Intermediate Format), is a standardized format for the picture resolution, frame rate, color space, and color subsampling of digital video sequences used in video teleconferencing systems. It was first defined in the H.261 standard in 1988.

As the word "common" in its name implies, CIF was designed as a common compromise format to be relatively easy to convert for use either with PAL or NTSC standard displays and cameras. CIF defines a video sequence with a resolution of 352 × 288, which has a simple relationship to the PAL picture size, but with a frame rate of 30000/1001 (roughly 29.97) frames per second like NTSC, with color encoded using a YCbCr representation with 4:2:0 color sampling. It was designed as a compromise between PAL and NTSC schemes, since it uses a picture size that corresponds most easily to PAL, but uses the frame rate of NTSC. The compromise was established as a way to reach international agreement so that video conferencing systems in different countries could communicate with each other without needing two separate modes for displaying the received video.

Technical details
The simple way to convert NTSC video to CIF is to capture every other field (e.g., the top fields) of interlaced video, downsample it by 2:1 horizontally to convert 704 samples per line to 352 samples per line, and upsample it vertically by a ratio of 6:5 vertically to convert 240 lines to 288 lines. The simple way to convert PAL video to CIF is to similarly capture every other field, downsample it horizontally by 2:1, and introduce some jitter in the frame rate by skipping or repeating frames as necessary. Since H.261 systems typically operated at low bit rates, they also typically operated at low frame rates by skipping many of the camera source frames, so introducing some jitter in the frame rate tended not to be noticeable. More sophisticated conversion schemes (e.g., using deinterlacing to improve the vertical resolution from an NTSC camera) could also be used in higher quality systems.

In contrast to the CIF compromise that originated with the H.261 standard, there are two variants of the SIF (Source Input Format) that was first defined in the MPEG-1 standard. SIF is otherwise very similar to CIF. SIF on 525-line ("NTSC") based systems is 352 × 240 with a frame rate of 30000/1001 frames per second, and on 625-line ("PAL") based systems, it has the same picture size as CIF (352 × 288) but with a frame rate of 25 frames per second.

Some references to CIF are intended to refer only to its resolution (352 × 288), without intending to refer to its frame rate.

The YCbCr color representation had been previously defined in the first standard digital video source format, CCIR 601, in 1982. However, CCIR 601 uses 4:2:2 color sampling, which subsamples the Cb and Cr components only horizontally. H.261 additionally used vertical color subsampling, resulting in what is known as 4:2:0.

QCIF means "Quarter CIF". To have one quarter of the area, as "quarter" implies, the height and width of the frame are halved.

Terms also used are SQCIF (Sub Quarter CIF, sometimes Sub-QCIF), 4CIF (4 × CIF), 9CIF (9 × CIF) and 16CIF (16 × CIF). The resolutions for all of these formats are summarized in the table below.

xCIF pixels are not square, instead having a ″native″ aspect ratio (pixel aspect ratio (PAR)) of 12:11 (PAR = DAR : SAR = $4⁄3$ : $11⁄9$ = $12⁄11$), as with the standard for 625-line systems (see CCIR 601). On square-pixel displays (e.g., computer screens and many modern televisions) xCIF rasters should be rescaled so that the picture covers a 4:3 area, in order to avoid a "stretched" look: CIF content expanded horizontally by 12:11 results in a 4:3 raster of 384 × 288 square pixels (384 = 352 * 12/11). (This can happen on larger graphics displays of any aspect ratio in a window of square pixels or enlarged to full screen on any larger 4:3 graphic display.)

The CIF and QCIF picture dimensions were specifically chosen to be multiples of 16 because of the way that discrete cosine transform based video compression/decompression was handled in H.261, using 16 × 16 macroblocks and 8 × 8 transform blocks. So a CIF-size image (352 × 288) contains 22 × 18 macroblocks and a QCIF image (176 × 144) contains 11 × 9 macroblocks. The 16 × 16 macroblock concept was later also used in other compression standards such as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2, H.263, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.

title: Common Intermediate Format


text:
Bonnemaison

Bonnemaison is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bonnemaison


text:
The Warlocks

The Warlocks are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1998 by the guitarist/singer Bobby Hecksher. The band's music has ranged from psychedelic rock to drone music. There have been many changes in personnel since its formation, with Hecksher the only constant member.

Formation and signing to Bomp!
The band was founded in 1998 in Los Angeles by Bobby Hecksher, adopting a name used by both the Velvet Underground and the Grateful Dead in their early days. At the age of fifteen, Hecksher moved to Los Angeles from Florida with his family. Hecksher's first instrument was cello, eventually moving on to bass guitar. Hecksher's grandfather owned a radio station.

In the years before the formation of the band, Hecksher was busy with a number of other projects in Los Angeles, including Charles Brown Superstar, Don Knotts Overdrive (Hecksher left DKO in 1995 and the band eventually changed its name to Head Set due to legal threats from the actual Don Knotts), and Magic Pacer, played bass guitar with Beck on the Stereopathic Soulmanure album and also with The Brian Jonestown Massacre for a brief period.

The Warlocks played their first gig on July 4, 1998. Receiving comparisons with White Light/White Heat-era Velvet Underground and Spacemen 3, the band signed a two-album deal with the renowned indie label Bomp! in October 2000. Supposedly signed in Hecksher's blood, the contract with Bomp! yielded the band's first release in 2000, the mini-album The Warlocks. This was followed by the release of its first full-length record, Rise and Fall, in 2001. Rise and Fall received a four-and-a-half-star review from AllMusic, with Bryan Thomas describing it as a "solid effort". Hecksher worked as a games tester for DreamWorks until at least 2001.

Birdman and Mute contracts
After the release of Rise and Fall the band left Bomp! and signed with Birdman Records. The EP Phoenix was released by Birdman in 2002 and was followed by a full-length album also called Phoenix, which was also released in 2002, to positive acclaim. Phoenix included a collaboration with Peter Kember (Sonic Boom), of Spacemen 3 and Spectrum, on the song "Hurricane Heart Attack". "Shake the Dope Out" and "Baby Blue" were also released as singles. The group toured the US and overseas with Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, the Raveonettes and Interpol.

Following Phoenix, the Warlocks signed to Mute and released Surgery in 2005, produced by Tom Rothrock. The record represents a departure from their earlier psychedelic sound into dreamier pop territory, while retaining the band's hard-edged brand of rock. The songs on this record are shorter and more structured than some of their previous work. "Come Save Us" was released as a single. Surgery received a mixed reception from critics; A PopMatters review by Stephen Haag rated it at 6 out of 10, while a Pitchfork review gave the album only a 1.7 out of 10 rating, with Nick Sylvester describing the album as "A mopey bunch of trite sap O.D.-type tales almost as unstomachable as the band's former crapothecary hymns." Prefix gave the album 8.0 out of 10, describing it as "far more approachable" than their earlier releases. The album's lack of commercial success led to the end of their deal with Mute.

Later releases
In the years after Surgery, the band toured internationally and sustained changes to the lineup, leading up to the 2007 release of Heavy Deavy Skull Lover on Tee Pee. The album was, according to Hecksher, recorded over a single weekend, with the band members quitting afterwards. The album is considered darker than their previous work, with the band exploring a more experimental direction. A review in Spin described the album as "funereal" and "sluggishly unrealised", while AllMusic called it "uneven". Heavy Deavy Skull Lover was recorded as a four-piece and marks a brief hiatus from the band for founding member John Christian Rees, who later returned before work began on their 2009 album, The Mirror Explodes. The Mirror Explodes was released in 2009 by Tee Pee. Production of the record was assisted by Joey Santiago of the Pixies.

The years following The Mirror Explodes saw two online releases by the band, available through Bandcamp, as well as a reissue of Rise and Fall via Zap Banana/Cargo in October 2010 which included previously unreleased rarities and artwork by Darren Grealish. The first of the online releases, the highly experimental EXP, was released on January 1, 2010. The second, Enter At Your Own Skull: Unreleased Volume One, a compilation of B-sides, demos and outtakes, was released on June 9, 2011. Besides the online releases and Rise and Fall reissue, the years after The Mirror Explodes were filled with intermittent touring and more line-up changes, resulting in the band solidifying as a five-piece.

The band provided another commercial release in 2013 with Skull Worship, also via Zap Banana/Cargo (distribution). Skull Worship was released on November 26, 2013.

The Warlocks' seventh studio album, Songs from the Pale Eclipse, was released on September 2. A single, "Lonesome Bulldog", was released in promotion for the album in June 2016.

The Warlocks' eighth studio album, Mean Machine Music, was released onMay 31, 2019.

The Warlocks' ninth studio album, The Chain, was released on April 3, 2020.

The Warlocks' tenth studio album, In Between Sad was released on September 22, 2023.

Musical style
The band's music has been described as psychedelic rock. In 2008, Hecksher said of the band's sound "...even though it's seemingly chaotic, achieving our sound is a really specific process. We need all these big, hollow-bodied guitars going through old Fender amps with reverb, or it won’t work."

In 2007, the bass guitarist Jenny Fraser described the songwriting process: "Hecksher writes the skeleton of the songs and everyone writes their own parts. He always draws the picture and we paint it in."

Hecksher acknowledges influences including The Velvet Underground, Spacemen 3, Spiritualized and The Jesus and Mary Chain.

Personnel

 * Current members

 * Bobby Hecksher – vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar
 * John Christian Rees – guitar, feedback
 * Earl V. Miller – guitar, drone machine
 * Christopher DiPino – bass guitar
 * Jason Anchondo – drums

 * Former members

 * Ryan McBride – guitar
 * Bob Mustachio – drums
 * Suzanne Jana Risher – bass guitar
 * Mimi Star – bass guitar
 * Bobby Martine – bass guitar
 * Jenny Fraser – bass guitar
 * Corey Lee Granet – guitar, piano
 * Jeff Levitz – guitar, lap steel, sitar
 * Jen Chiba – bass guitar
 * Caleb Sweazy – bass guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Laura Grigsby – organ, tambourine
 * George Serrano – drums
 * Hunter Crowley – drums
 * Bobby Tamkin – drums
 * Anton Newcombe – drums
 * Theresa Saso – drums
 * Danny Hole – drums

Discography
Studio albums

Live albums

Online albums and compilations

Mini-albums/EPs

Singles
 * "Baby Blue" (2003), Mute
 * "Shake the Dope Out" (2003), Mute
 * "Hurricane Heart Attack" (2003), City Rockers
 * "It's Just Like Surgery" (2005), Mute
 * "Come Save Us" (2005), Mute
 * "Isolation"/"Red Camera" (2006), Bomp!

title: The Warlocks


text:
Equality feminism

Equality feminism is a subset of the overall feminism movement and more specifically of the liberal feminist tradition that focuses on the basic similarities between men and women, and whose ultimate goal is the equality of both genders in all domains. This includes economic and political equality, equal access within the workplace, freedom from oppressive gender stereotyping, and an androgynous worldview.

Feminist theory seeks to promote the legal status of women as equal and undifferentiated from that of men. While equality feminists largely agree that men and women have basic biological differences in anatomy and frame, they argue that on a psychological level, the capability of using of rationality or reason is equal between men and women. For equality feminists, men and women are equal in terms of their ability to reason, achieve goals, and prosper in both the work and home front.

Equality feminism was the dominant version of feminism following Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Wollstonecraft made the case that women's equality to men manifests itself in education and worker's rights and further produced a proverbial roadmap in order for future women to follow in terms of activism and feminist theorizing. Since then, active equality feminists have included Simone de Beauvoir, the Seneca Falls Convention Leaders, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Coffin Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Betty Friedan, and Gloria Steinem.

While equality feminism was the dominant perspective of feminism during the 19th and 20th century, the 1980s and 1990s brought about a new focus in popular feminism on difference feminism, or the essential differences between men and women. In opposition to equality feminism, this view advocates for the celebration of the "feminine" by focusing on traditionally viewed female traits, such as empathy, nurturing, and care. While equality feminists view human nature as essentially androgynous, difference feminists claim that this viewpoint aligns the "good" with male-dominated stereotypes, thus operating within the patriarchal framework of society.

History
In both law and in theology, women were portrayed as both physically and intellectually inferior. One of the first feminist documents that set the stage for feministic movements occurred when Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. While this literature was seen as rebellious at the time, it echoed the feelings of women throughout France as women's republican clubs demanded that liberty, equality, and fraternity should be applied to both genders. While this movement gained notoriety, it was eventually extinguished by Napoleon Bonaparte's Code Napoleon that established that the husband had complete control over the family.

While much of the equality feminism movements that occurred in France were not successful, they influenced much of the movements that occurred in North America in the 1800s. Both Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren fought for woman's emancipation to be included in the constitution of 1776, to no avail. However, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Coffin Mott, along with thousands of other women, forever changed the dynamics of equality feminism with the women's convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Here, along with independence, they demanded full legal equality in all aspects of life (education, commercial opportunities, compensation, voting rights, etc.). With the influence of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, this movement expanded into Europe. In 1869, John Stuart Mill published The Subjection of Women, in which he argued that equality between the sexes would translate to more moral and intellectual advancement, which in turn would result in more human happiness for everyone.

After its expansion into Europe, the movement's growth slowed until 1920, when the woman suffrage movement occurred; many women were divided on the issue of whether or not women were on equal standing with men. This continued until the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1946 to secure equal political, economic, and educational opportunities for women throughout the world. In 1949, French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir published the work The Second Sex, in which she debunks many of the claims made regarding women and the fight for gender equality. In 1963, another literature pertaining to equality feminism arose, Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, in which she discussed "the problem that has no name," referring to the widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s. She uses this information to describe many of the gender inequalities that society has created that have resulted in this unhappiness, citing the personal example of giving up her psychology career to tend to her children. Using these literatures as a guide, feminism once again arose in the United States with the development of the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed in 1966. This organization fought for the removal of all legal and social barriers placed upon women to once again influence true equality between men and women. In 1972, women leaders such as Bella Abzug, Betty Friedan, and Gloria Steinem pushed the Equal Rights Amendment through Congress; however, it fell short of ratification by 1982.

Equality feminist theory
Equality feminist theory is the extension of the equality of the male and female into theoretical and philosophical fields of thought. At its core, equality feminist theory advocates for the equal standing of both men and women in terms of desires, wants, goals, and achievement. Thus, from this viewpoint, the basis of human nature outside of culture is androgynous, neutral, and equal.

Much of equality feminism focuses on the relation of reason as the central tenet of both men and women equally. Mary Wollstonecraft in A Vindication on the Rights of Women (1792) claimed that women should enjoy the same legal and political rights as men on the grounds that they are human beings. Specifically, Wollstonecraft argues for "[a]sserting the rights which women in common with men ought to contend for". In this way, both men and women should have equal access to rights because they have an equal access to the capacity to reason. Similarly, The Subjection of Women (1869), John Stuart Mill advocated that society ought to be arranged according to reason and that 'accidents of birth' is irrelevant. Thus, because both men and women are governed by principles of reason, then the biological elements such as sex, gender, and race are not contributing factors to the essence of the individual. Mill notes that within a patriarchal society, "Men hold women in subjection by representing to them meekness, submissiveness resignation of all individual will into the hands of a man as an essential part of sexual attractiveness". In this way, to say that women have essential characteristics of submission by nature of their sex is an oppressive measure that contradicts the basic principle of reason that governs all human nature.

Mary Wollstonecraft
In 1792 Wollstonecraft wrote one of the earliest works in feminist philosophy and though she does not explicitly state that men and women are equal she does call for equality in various realms of life which set the stage for future equality feminist works. In her piece A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, Wollstonecraft argues that women should have an education comparable to their position in society. She articulates her argument by claiming that since women were the primary care givers they could be able to better educate their own children and be seen as "companions" to the husband rather than wives if they were given this opportunity. Instead of being considered "property" that were exchanged through marriage, Wollstonecraft maintains that women are human beings and therefore deserve equal fundamental rights as men.

John Stuart Mill
In 1869, John Stuart Mill with the help of his wife Harriet Taylor Mill published The Subjection of Women, in it he argued for equality between the sexes. John Stuart Mill was able to draw off of some of the arguments his wife made in her essay The Enfranchisement of Women, in which she opened the door of favoring equality for both men and women. Mill believe that the moral and intellectual advancement from giving women the opportunity to be considered equal would translate to greater happiness for everyone involved. He believed that all humans had the capability of being educated and civilized, with which he argued women should be given the right to vote. Throughout the book Mill continues to argue that both men and women should be able to vote to defend their rights and be able to have the opportunity to stand on their own two feet morally and intellectually, and constantly used his position in Parliament to advocate for women's suffrage.

Mill attacks many of the arguments that women are inferior at certain activities and therefore be forbidden from doing them by saying that women are not given the opportunities and therefore we do not know what women are capable of. He claims that males are making an authoritative statement without evidence, an argument solely based on speculation. Mill claims that by giving women this opportunity to figure out exactly what they were capable of would double the mass of mental faculties to serve humanity, and could produce a great impact on human development.

Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir played a large role in equality feminism with the publishing of her book The Second Sex, broken into three parts. In the first part, "Destiny", de Beauvoir discusses the relationship of male to female in a variety of creatures before comparing human beings. This physiological data along with psychoanalytical data help her come to the conclusion that there was not a historical defeat of the female sex. Part two, "History", outlines the two factors in the evolution of women's condition: participation in production and freedom from reproductive slavery. In these chapters, de Beauvoir compares being a woman to being like an animal, similar to the way male animals dominated a female. Finally in part three, "Myths", de Beauvoir discusses the perceived "everlasting disappointment" of women from a male heterosexual point of view. She then comes back and discusses full reality of the situation to show the discrepancies between perception and reality. Throughout her literary career, de Beauvoir helped unravel some of the "myths" associated with perceptions in gender and set forth a strong message that men and women should be treated equal with equal rights.

Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan became one of the most recognized equality feminists after writing the book The Feminine Mystique, in which she discusses "the problem that has no name", female unhappiness in the 1950s and 1960s. It was through this book that Friedman was able to address many of the problems and the widespread recognition allowed her to later become president of the National Organization for Women (NOW).

Throughout the piece Friedan addressed the problem that women had "wanting more than a husband, children, and a home". Friedan discusses the societal expectations of raising children and how this caused many women to not be able to do what they wanted. Many decisions that were made for women were made by men and this had worn out many women. She discusses the problem of education and that many families solely focused on education for the male children and women were instead "assigned to be married to fulfill child-bearing expectations". It was through the impact of this piece of literature that women were finally given a voice to say it was okay to not want to conform to societal expectations and fight for equality of opportunities, choices, marriage, education, and voting.

Objections
The main objection raised to equality feminism comes in the form of difference feminism, the belief that emphasizes the differences between men and women. This viewpoint, as championed by such feminists such as Carol Gilligan, Joan Tronto, Eva Feder Kittay, Genevieve Lloyd, Alison Jaggar, and Ynestra King, developed out of the rejection of the androgynous view of human nature as emphasized in equality feminism. Begun largely in the 1980s, this viewpoint makes the case that equality feminism fails to account for the uniquely female experience, and thus creates the male perspective as the dominant aspiration.

title: Equality feminism


text:
User-centered design

User-centered design (UCD) or user-driven development (UDD) is a framework of processes (not restricted to interfaces or technologies) in which usability goals, user characteristics, environment, tasks and workflow of a product, service or process are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. These tests are conducted with or without actual users during each stage of the process from requirements, pre-production models and post production, completing a circle of proof back to and ensuring that "development proceeds with the user as the center of focus." Such testing is necessary as it is often very difficult for the designers of a product to understand intuitively the experiences of first-time users, and what each user's learning curve may look like. User-centered design is based on the understanding of a user, their demands, priorities and experiences and when used, is known to lead to an increased product usefulness and usability as it delivers satisfaction to the user. User-centered design applies cognitive science principles to create intuitive, efficient products by understanding users' mental processes, behaviors, and needs.

The chief difference from other product design philosophies is that user-centered design tries to optimize the product around how users can, want, or need to use it so that users are not forced to change their behavior and expectations to accommodate the product. The users thus stand in the center of two concentric circles. The inner circle includes the context of the product, the objectives of developing it, and the environment it would run in. The outer circle involves more granular details of task detail, task organization, and task flow.

History
The term "User-Centered Design" was coined by Rob Kling in 1977 and later adopted in Donald A. Norman's research laboratory at the University of California, San Diego. The concept became widely popular as a result of the publication of the book User-Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction in 1986. The concept gained further attention and acceptance in Norman's seminal book The Design of Everyday Things (originally called The Psychology of Everyday Things ). In this book, Norman describes the psychology behind what he deems 'good' and 'bad' design through examples. He exalts the importance of design in our everyday lives and the consequences of errors caused by bad designs.

The two books include principles for building well-designed products. His recommendations are based on the user's needs, leaving aside what he considers secondary issues like aesthetics. The main highlights of these are:

 * 1) Simplifying the structure of the tasks such that the possible actions at any moment are intuitive.
 * 2) Make things visible, including the conceptual model of the system, actions, results of actions and feedback.
 * 3) Getting the mappings right between intended results and required actions.
 * 4) Embracing and exploiting the constraints of systems.

In a later book, Emotional Design, Norman returns to some of his earlier ideas to elaborate what he had come to find as overly reductive.

Models and approaches
For example, the User-Centered Design process can help software designers fulfill the goal of a product engineered for their users. User requirements are considered right from the beginning and included in the whole product cycle. These requirements are noted and refined through investigative methods including: ethnographic study, contextual inquiry, prototype testing, usability testing and other methods. Generative methods may also be used including: card sorting, affinity diagramming and participatory design sessions. In addition, user requirements can be inferred by careful analysis of usable products similar to the product being designed.

User-Centered Design takes inspiration from the following models:
 * Cooperative design: involving designers and users on an equal footing.This is the Scandinavian tradition of design of IT artifacts and it has been evolving since 1970. This is also called Co-design.
 * Participatory design (PD), a North American term for the same concept, inspired by Cooperative Design, focuses on the participation of users. Since 1990, there has been a bi-annual Participatory Design Conference.
 * Contextual design, "customer-centered design" in the actual context, including some ideas from Participatory design

Here are the principles that help in ensuring a design is user-centered:

 * 1) Design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments.
 * 2) Users are involved throughout design and development.
 * 3) Design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation.
 * 4) Process is iterative.
 * 5) Design addresses the whole user experience.
 * 6) Design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives.

User-centered design process
The goal of user-centered design is to make products that have very high usability. This includes how convenient the product is its usage, manageability, effectiveness, and how well the product is mapped to the user requirements. Below are the general phases of User-Centered Design process: The above procedure is repeated in the next steps to finish the product further. These phases are general approaches and factors like design goals, team and their timeline, and environment in which the product is developed, determine the appropriate phases for a project and their order. You can either follow a waterfall model, agile model or any other software engineering practice.
 * 1) Specify context of use: Identify who the primary users of the product are, why they will use the product, what are their requirements and under what environment they will use it.
 * 2) Specify requirements: Once the context is specified, it is time to identify the granular requirements of the product. This is an important phase which can further facilitate the designers to create storyboards, and set important goals to make the product successful.
 * 3) Create design solutions and development: Based on product goals and requirements, start an iterative process of product design and development.
 * 4) Evaluate product: Product designers do usability testing to get users' feedback for the product at every stage of User-Centered Design.

Purpose
UCD asks questions about users and their tasks and goals, then uses the findings to make decisions about development and design. The UCD of a web site, for instance, seeks to answer the following questions:
 * Who are the users of the website?
 * What are the users' tasks and goals?
 * What are the users' experience levels with the website, and the similar websites?
 * What functions do the users need from the website?
 * What information might the users need, and in what form do they need it?
 * How do users think the website should work?
 * What are the extreme environments in which website can be accessed in?
 * Is the user multitasking?
 * Does the interface utilize different input modes, such as touch, speech, gestures or orientation?

Elements
As an example of UCD viewpoints, the essential elements of UCD of a website usually are the considerations of visibility, accessibility, legibility and language.

Visibility
Visibility helps the user construct a mental model of the document. Models help the user predict the effect(s) of their actions while using the document. Important elements (such as those that aid navigation) should be emphatic. Users should be able to tell from a glance what they can and cannot do with the document.

Accessibility
Users should be able to find information quickly and easily throughout the document, regardless of its length. Users should be offered various ways to find information (such as navigational elements, search functions, table of contents, clearly labeled sections, page numbers, color-coding, etc.). Navigational elements should be consistent with the genre of the document. ‘Chunking' is a useful strategy that involves breaking information into small pieces that can be organized into some meaningful order or hierarchy. The ability to skim the document allows users to find their piece of information by scanning rather than reading. Bold and italic words are often used to this end.

Legibility
Text should be easy to read: Through analysis of the rhetorical situation, the designer should be able to determine a useful font-family and font style. Ornamental fonts, text in all capital letters, large or small body text can be hard to read and should be avoided. Text-colouring and bolding can be helpful when used in text-heavy scenarios. High figure-ground contrast between text and background increases legibility. Dark text against a light background is most legible.

Language
Certain types of languages are needed depending on the rhetorical situation. Short sentences are helpful, as are well-written texts used in explanations and similar bulk-text situations. Unless the situation calls for it, jargon or heavily technical terms should not be used. Many writers will choose to use the active voice, verbs (instead of noun strings or nominals), and a simple sentence structure.

Analysis tools
There are a number of tools that are used in the analysis of User-Centered Design, mainly: personas, scenarios, and essential use cases.

Persona
During the UCD process, a Persona representing the user may be created. A persona is a user archetype used to help guide decisions about product features, navigation, interactions, and even visual design. In most cases, personas are synthesized from a series of ethnographic interviews with real people, then captured in 1-2 page descriptions that include behavior patterns, goals, skills, attitudes, and environment, with a few fictional personal details to bring the persona to life.

For each product, or sometimes for each set of tools within a product, there is a small set of personas, one of whom is the primary focus for the design. There is also what is called a secondary persona, where the character is not the main target of the design, but their needs should be met and problems solved if possible. They exist to help account for further possible problems and difficulties that may occur even though the primary persona is satisfied with their solution. There is also an anti-persona, which is the character for which the design is specifically not made.

Personas are useful because they create a common shared understanding of the user group that the design process is built around. Also, they help prioritize the design considerations by providing a context of what the user needs and what functions are nice to add and have. They can also provide a human face and existence to a diversified and scattered user group and help create empathy and add emotions when referring to the users. However, since personas are a generalized perception of the primary stakeholder group from collected data, the characteristics may be too broad and typical or too much of an "average Joe". Sometimes, personas can have stereotypical properties, which may hurt the entire design process. Overall, personas can be a useful tool to be used by designers to make informed design decisions, as opposed to referring to a set of data or a wide range of individuals.

Personas can also be modified all through the UCD of a product, based on user testing and changing environment. This is not an ideal way to use Personas but should not be a taboo either, particularly when it becomes apparent that variables surrounding a product's development have changed since the design started and current persona/s may not cater well to the changed conditions.

Scenario
A scenario created in the UCD process is a fictional story about the "daily life of" or a sequence of events with the primary stakeholder group as the main character. Typically, a persona created earlier is used as the main character of this story. The story should be specific to the events that relate to the problems of the primary stakeholder group, and, normally the main research questions the design process is built upon. These may turn out to be a simple story about an individual's daily life. Still, small details from the events should imply details about the users, and may include emotional or physical characteristics. There can be the best-case scenario, where everything works out best for the main character, the worst-case scenario, where the main character experiences everything going wrong around him or her, and an average-case scenario, which is the typical life of the individual, where nothing really special or depressing occurs, and the day moves on.

Scenarios create a social context in which the personas exist and create an actual physical world, instead of imagining a character with internal characteristics from gathered data and nothing else, there is more action involved in the persona's existence. A scenario is also more easily understood by people since it is a story and is easier to follow. Yet, like the personas, these scenarios are assumptions made by the researcher and designer and is also created from a set of organized data. It is important to ensure that scenarios are created as close as possible to real world scenarios. Nevertheless, it can sometimes be difficult to explain and inform how low level tasks occur, for ex- the thought process of a persona before acting.

Use case
In short, a use case describes the interaction between an individual and the rest of the world. Each use case describes an event that may occur for a short period of time in real life but may consist of intricate details and interactions between the actor and the world. It is represented as a series of simple steps for the character to achieve his or her goal through a cause and effect scheme. Use cases are normally written in the form of a chart with two columns: first column labelled actor, second column labelled world, and the actions performed by each side written in order in the respective columns. The following is an example of a use case for performing a song on a guitar in front of an audience.

The interaction between actor and the world is an act that can be seen in everyday life, and we take them as granted and don't think too much about the small detail that needs to happen for an act like performing a piece of music to exist. It is similar to the fact that when speaking our mother tongue, we do not overthink about grammar and how to phrase words; they just come out since we are so used to saying them. The actions between an actor and the world, notably, the primary stakeholder (user) and the world in this case, should be considered in detail. Hence, use cases are created to understand how these tiny interactions occur.

An essential use case is a special use case, also called an abstract use case. Essential use cases describe the essence of the problem, and deals with the nature of the problem itself. While writing essential use cases, no assumptions about unrelated details should be made. In additions, the goals of the subject should be separated from the process and implementation to reach that particular goal. Below is an example of an essential use case with the same goal as the former.

Use cases are useful because they help identify useful levels of design work. They allow the designers to see the actual low level processes that are involved in a certain problem, which makes the problem easier to handle, since certain minor steps and details the user makes are exposed. The designers' job should be to take into consideration these small problems in order to arrive at a final solution that works. Another way to say this is that use cases break complicated tasks into smaller bits, where these bits are useful units. Each bit completes a small task, which then builds up to the final bigger task. Like writing code on a computer, it is easier to write the basic smaller parts and make them work first, and then put them together to finish the larger more complicated code, instead of tackling the entire code from the very beginning.

The first solution is less risky because if something goes wrong with the code, it is easier to look for the problem in the smaller bits, since the segment with the problem will be the one that does not work, while in the latter solution, the programmer may have to look through the entire code to search for a single error, which proves time-consuming. The same reasoning goes for writing use cases in UCD. Lastly, use cases convey useful and important tasks where the designer can now see which one are of higher importance than others. Some drawbacks of writing use cases include the fact that each action, by the actor or the world, consist of little detail, and is simply a small action. This may possibly lead to further imagination and different interpretation of action from different designers.

Also, during the process, it is really easy to oversimplify a task, since a small task derived from a larger task may still consist of even smaller tasks which were missed. Picking up a guitar may involve thinking of which guitar to pick up, which pick to use, and think about where the guitar is located first. These tasks may then be divided into smaller tasks, such as first thinking of what colour of guitar fits the place to perform the piece, and other related details. Tasks may be split further down into even tinier tasks, and it is up to the designer to determine what is a suitable place to stop splitting up the tasks. Tasks may not only be oversimplified, they may also be omitted in whole, thus the designer should be aware of all the detail and all the key steps that are involved in an event or action while writing use cases.

Video

 * Human Centered Design, IDEO’s David Kelley
 * User Centered Design, Don Norman

title: User-centered design


text:
Heather

Heather may refer to:

Plants

 * The heather family, or Ericaceae, particularly:
 * Common heather or ling, Calluna
 * Various species of the genus Cassiope
 * Various species of the genus Erica

Name

 * Heather (given name)
 * Heather (surname)

Arts and media

 * Heathers, a 1989 film directed by Michael Lehmann
 * Heathers: The Musical, a musical by Laurence O'Keefe based on the film
 * Heathers (TV series), a 2018 television series based on the film
 * "Heather" (The Secret Circle), a television episode

Music

 * Heathers (band), an acoustic singing duo from Ireland
 * "Heather" (Beatles song), an unreleased 1968 song by Paul McCartney and Donovan
 * "Heather" (Conan Gray song), a 2020 song by American singer Conan Gray
 * "Heather", a song from fusion drummer Billy Cobham's 1974 album Crosswinds
 * "Heather", a 2001 song by Paul McCartney from the album Driving Rain
 * "Heather", a song from Patent Pending by Heavens
 * "Heather", a version of the Johnny Pearson song, "Autumn Reverie", which appeared on the Carpenters album Now & Then
 * ”Heather”, a song from I Know Leopard’s album Love is a Landmine

Places

 * Heather, Leicestershire, a village in England
 * Heather Preceptory, a preceptory of the Knights Hospitaller, established in the above village
 * Heather St John's Football Club, an English football club based in the above village
 * Heather, Missouri, a community in the United States
 * Heather, Washington, an unincorporated community in the United States

Other uses

 * Heather (fabric), interwoven yarns of mixed colours producing muted greyish shades with flecks of colour
 * Heather (yacht), the original name of the yacht USS Sea Gull, built in 1902
 * Heather, brand name of a progestogen-only pill containing norethisterone (norethindrone)

title: Heather


text:
Bonneville

Bonneville may refer to:

People

 * Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (1796–1878), French-born officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West
 * Gerard Bonneville, fictional character in Book of Dust
 * Hugh Bonneville (born 1963, English actor
 * Nicholas Bonneville (born 1760), French writer

Places in Belgium

 * Bonneville, Namur, former municipality in the province Namur, now part of Andenne

Places in France

 * Bonneville, Charente, in the Charente département
 * Bonneville, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute Savoie département
 * La Bonneville, in the Manche département
 * Bonneville, Somme, in the Somme département
 * Bonneville-Aptot, in the Eure département
 * Bonneville-et-Saint-Avit-de-Fumadières, in the Dordogne département
 * La Bonneville-sur-Iton, in the Eure département
 * Bonneville-la-Louvet, in the Calvados département
 * Bonneville-sur-Touques, in the Calvados département

Places in the United States

 * Bonneville, California, former name of Boonville, California
 * Lake Bonneville, a prehistoric pluvial lake that covered much of North America's Great Basin region
 * Bonneville Salt Flats, an ancient lake bed of Lake Bonneville in Utah often used by early auto racers and the site of most of the world land speed record runs
 * Bonneville Dam, on the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon states
 * Bonneville Reservoir, known also as Lake Bonneville, the reservoir impounded by the Bonneville Dam
 * Bonneville, Oregon, the site of Bonneville Dam
 * North Bonneville, Washington, across the Columbia River from Bonneville, Oregon
 * Bonneville County, in Southeastern Idaho

Vehicles

 * Triumph Bonneville, a motorcycle named after the Salt Flats
 * Pontiac Bonneville, the name of an up-scale, full-size Pontiac known for performance, produced from 1958 to 2005
 * Pontiac Bonneville Special, a concept or experimental car that debuted at the General Motors Motorama in 1956

Other uses

 * Bonneville (film), a 2006 drama film
 * Bonneville (crater), a Martian crater visited by the Mars Exploration Rover in 2004
 * Bonneville International, a media and broadcasting company
 * Bonneville High School (disambiguation)

title: Bonneville


text:
Annual dry season offensive

Annual dry season offensive is a type of low intensity warfare typically practiced by national governments against ethnic insurgent groups fighting for independence or autonomy. This type of warfare usually occurs in countries with poor transportation infrastructure and a climate that makes fighting battles or even holding territory during parts of the year very difficult.

The governments of Myanmar and Sudan have engaged in annual dry season offensives in the 21st century. Cambodia and Vietnam have engaged in such offensives during their war against Cambodian insurgent groups in the past. North Vietnam historically engaged in such offensives during a proxy war between irregular groups in Laos during the Vietnam War.

Mechanism
Such an offensive is carried out by focusing troop movement and supply to the dry season. Government forces usually move out of well-established base areas into insurgent territory where they attempt to take and hold as much territory as possible while inflicting as many casualties as possible on the insurgent army. The army will also typically inflict as much material damage as possible in areas supporting the insurgency. The offensive also typically extends to collective punishments of the civilian population of the country. At the end of the offensive, the army gives back all of the territory taken and returns to its base areas until the next dry season.

The strategy behind annual dry season offensives is to slowly wear down an insurgency or to at least contain it. It can also prevent insurgent groups from gaining de facto independence from the government. The strategy has never on its own defeated an insurgent movement, but it can pressure insurgent groups into political negotiations. It is often used against groups that demand independence from a government and have a large base of local ethnic support.

title: Annual dry season offensive


text:
Bonneville-la-Louvet

Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is located in the heart of the Pays d'Auge, 12 km east of Pont-l'Évêque and 18 km southeast of Honfleur.

title: Bonneville-la-Louvet


text: Template:Space Odyssey

title: Template:Space Odyssey


text:
Chipko movement

The Chipko movement (चिपको आन्दोलन) is a forest conservation movement in India. Opposed to commercial logging and the government's policies on deforestation, protesters in the 1970s engaged in tree hugging, wrapping their arms around trees so that they could not be felled.

Today, beyond its eco-socialist reputation, the movement is seen increasingly as an ecofeminist one. Although many of its leaders were men, women also had significant participation, as they were the ones most affected by the rampant deforestation, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and irrigation. Over the years they also became primary stakeholders in a majority of the afforestation work that happened under the Chipko movement. In 1987, the Chipko movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award "for its dedication to the conservation, restoration and ecologically-sound use of India's natural resources".

Background
Inspired by Karan Singh and the Jyoti Kumari movement, in the year 1964 Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh ("Dasholi Society for Village Self-Rule"), was set up by Gandhian social worker Chandi Prasad Bhatt in Chamoli Gopeshwar, with an aim to set up small industries using the resources of the forest. Their first project was a small workshop making farm tools for local use. Its name was later changed to DGSM from the original Dashauli Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) in the 1980s. Here they had to face restrictive forest policies, a hangover of colonial era still prevalent, as well as the "contractor system", in which these pieces of forest land were commodified and auctioned to big contractors, usually from the plains, who brought along their own skilled and semi-skilled laborers, leaving only the menial jobs like hauling rocks for the hill people, and paying them next to nothing. On the other hand, the hill regions saw an influx of more people from the outside, which only added to the already strained ecological balance.

Hastened by increasing hardships, the Garhwal Himalayas soon became the centre for a rising ecological awareness of how reckless deforestation had denuded much of the forest cover, resulting in the devastating Alaknanda River floods of July 1970, when a major landslide blocked the river and affected an area starting from Hanumanchatti, near Badrinath to 320 kilometers (200 miles) downstream till Haridwar, further numerous villages, bridges and roads were washed away. Thereafter, incidents of landslides and land subsidence became common in an area which was experiencing a rapid increase in civil engineering projects.

Event
Villagers including women began to organise themselves under several smaller groups. It was started in 1973, taking up local causes with the authorities, and stand up against commercial logging operations that threatened their livelihoods. In October 1971, the Sangha workers held a demonstration in Gopeshwar to protest against the policies of the Forest Department. More rallies and marches were held in late 1972, but to little effect, until a decision to take shaurya direct action was taken. The first such occasion occurred when the Forest Department turned down the Sangh's annual request for ten ash trees for its farm tools workshop, and instead awarded a contract for 300 trees to Simon Company, a sporting goods manufacturer in distant Allahabad, to make tennis racquets. In March 1973, the lumbermen arrived at Gopeshwar, and after a couple of weeks, they were confronted at village Mandal on 24 April 1973, where about a hundred villagers and DGSS workers were beating drums and shouting slogans, thus forcing the contractors and their lumbermen to retreat.

This was the first confrontation of the movement, The contract was eventually cancelled and awarded to the Sangh instead. By now, the issue had grown beyond the mere procurement of an annual quota of the ash trees and encompassed a growing concern over commercial logging and the government's forest policy, which the villagers saw as unfavourable towards them. The Sangh also decided to resort to tree-hugging, or Chipko, as a means of non-violent protest.

But the struggle was far from over, as the same company was awarded more ash trees, in the Phata forest, 80 km (50 miles) away from Gopeshwar. Here again, due to local opposition, starting on 20 June 1974, the contractors retreated after a stand-off that lasted a few days. Thereafter, the villagers of Phata and Tarsali formed a vigil group and watched over the trees until December, when they had another successful stand-off when the activists reached the site in time. The lumbermen retreated leaving behind the five ash trees that felled.

A few months later, the final flashpoint began when the government announced an auction scheduled in January 1974, for 2,500 trees near Reni village, overlooking the Alaknanda River. Bhatt set out for the villages in the Reni area and incited the villagers, who decided to protest against the actions of the government by hugging the trees. Over the next few weeks, rallies and meetings continued in the Reni area.

On 25 March 1974, the day the lumbermen were to cut the trees, the men of Reni village and DGSS workers were in Chamoli, diverted by the state government and contractors to a fictional compensation payment site, while back home labourers arrived by the truckload to start logging operations. A local girl rushed to inform Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mangal Dal, at Reni village (Laata was her ancestral home and Reni adopted home). Gaura Devi led 27 of the village women to the site and confronted the loggers. When all talking failed, and the loggers started to shout and abuse the women, threatening them with guns, the women resorted to hugging the trees to stop them from being felled. The women kept an all-night vigil guarding their trees against the cutters until a few of them relented and left the village. The next day, when the men and leaders returned, the news of the movement spread to the neighbouring Laata and other villages including Henwalghati, and more people joined in. Eventually, after a four-day stand-off, the contractors left.

Effect
The news soon reached the state capital, where the state Chief Minister, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, set up a committee to look into the matter, which eventually ruled in favour of the villagers. This became a turning point in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the world.

The struggle soon spread across many parts of the region, and such spontaneous stand-offs between the local community and timber merchants occurred at several locations, with hill women demonstrating their new-found power as non-violent activists. As the movement gathered shape under its leaders, the name Chipko movement was attached to their activities. According to Chipko historians, the term originally used by Bhatt was the word "angalwaltha" in the Garhwali language for "embrace", which later was adapted to the Hindi word, Chipko, which means to stick.

Over the next five years, the movement spread to many districts in the region, and within a decade throughout the Uttarakhand Himalayas. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised. The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given to outsiders and local communities should have effective control over natural resources like land, water, and forests. They wanted the government to provide low-cost materials to small industries and ensure development of the region without disturbing the ecological balance. The movement took up economic issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage. Globally Chipko demonstrated how environment causes, up until then considered an activity of the rich, were a matter of life and death for the poor, who were all too often the first ones to be devastated by an environmental tragedy. Several scholarly studies were made in the aftermath of the movement. In 1977, in another area, women tied sacred threads, called Rakhi, around trees destined for felling. According to the Hindu tradition of Raksha Bandhan, the Rakhi signifies a bond between brother and sisters. They declared that the trees would be saved even if it cost them their lives.

Women's participation in the Chipko agitation was a very novel aspect of the movement. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues. The movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, until the green cover was fully restored. One of the prominent Chipko leaders, Gandhian Sunderlal Bahuguna, took a 5,000 kilometre (3000 mile) trans-Himalaya foot march in 1981–83, spreading the Chipko message to a far greater area. Gradually, women set up cooperatives to guard local forests, and also organized fodder production at rates conducive to local environment. Next, they joined in land rotation schemes for fodder collection, helped replant degraded land, and established and ran nurseries stocked with species they selected.

Participants
One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers. As the backbone of Uttarakhand's Agrarian economy, women were most directly affected by environmental degradation and deforestation, and thus related to the issues most easily. How much this participation impacted or derived from the ideology of Chipko has been fiercely debated in academic circles.

Despite this, both female and male activists did play pivotal roles in the movement including Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam Raturi, the Chipko poet, whose songs are still popular in the Himalayan region. Chandi Prasad Bhatt was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982, and Sunderlal Bahuguna was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2009.

Legacy
In Tehri District, Chipko activists would go on to protest limestone mining in the Doon Valley in the 1980s, as the movement spread through the Dehradun district, which had earlier seen deforestation of its forest cover leading to heavy loss of flora and fauna. Finally quarrying was banned after years of agitation by Chipko activists, followed by a vast public drive for afforestation, which turned around the valley, just in time. Also in the 1980s, activists like Bahuguna protested against construction of the Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi River, which went on for the next two decades, before founding the Beej Bachao Andolan, the Save the Seeds movement, that continues to the present day.

Over time, as a United Nations Environment Programme report mentioned, Chipko activists started "working a socio-economic revolution by winning control of their forest resources from the hands of a distant bureaucracy which is only concerned with the selling of forestland for making urban-oriented products". The Chipko movement became a benchmark for socio-ecological movements in other forest areas of Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar; in September 1983, Chipko inspired a similar, Appiko movement in Karnataka state of India, where tree felling in the Western Ghats and Vindhyas was stopped. In Kumaon region, Chipko took on a more radical tone, combining with the general movement for a separate Uttarakhand state, which was eventually achieved in 2001

In recent years, the movement not only inspired numerous people to work on practical programmes of water management, energy conservation, afforestation, and recycling, but also encouraged scholars to start studying issues of environmental degradation and methods of conservation in the Himalayas and throughout India.

On 26 March 2004, Reni, Laata, and other villages of the Niti Valley celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Chipko movement, where all the surviving original participants united. The celebrations started at Laata, the ancestral home of Gaura Devi, where Pushpa Devi, wife of late Chipko Leader Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Chipko leader of Henwalghati, Tehri Garhwal, and others were celebrated. From here a procession went to Reni, the neighbouring village, where the actual Chipko action took place on 26 March 1974. This marked the beginning of worldwide methods to improve the present situation. Recently, by following the legacy of the Chipko movement, in 2017 rapid deforestation over the century-old trees, forming almost a canopy in Jessore Road of the district of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, has also sparked a huge movement in the form of the campaign of saving 4000 trees by the local masses.

On 26 March 2018, a Chipko movement conservation initiative was marked by a Google Doodle on its 45th anniversary.

General bibliography

 * J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: "The Chipko Movement Against Limestone Quarrying in Doon Valley" in: Lokayan Bulletin, 5:3, 1987, pp. 19–25 online
 * Somen Chakraborty: A Critique of Social Movements in India: Experiences of Chipko, Uttarakhand, and Fishworkers' Movement, Indian Social Institute, 1999. ISBN 81-87218-06-1.
 * Guha, Ramachandra: The Unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya, Berkeley, Calif. [etc.]: University of California Press, Expanded edition 2000.
 * Dr. Sindhu Mary Jacob, Satyendra Tripathi: Chipko movement: Uttarakhand women's bid to save forest wealth. Pub. by public Action, 1978.
 * JShiva: Chipko: India's Civilisational Response to the Forest Crisis. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. Pub. by INTACH, 1986.
 * Anupam Mishra, Satyendra Tripathi: Chipko movement: Uttarakhand women's bid to save forest wealth. Pub. by public Action, 1978.
 * Rangan, Haripriya: Of Myths and movements: rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history, London [etc.]: Verso, 2000. ISBN 1-85984-305-0. Excerpts
 * Shepard, Mark Chapter 4 – "Hug the Trees". Gandhi today: a report on Mahatma Gandhi's successors. Published by Shepard Publications, 1987. ISBN 0-938497-04-9.
 * Shiva, Vandana. Chapter 4 – "The Chipko movement" Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India. United Nations University Press. Sage Publications. 1991. ISBN 0-8039-9672-1.
 * Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story of the Chipko movement, Viking, 1988.

title: Chipko movement


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