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F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead

Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, (12 July 1872 – 30 September 1930) was a British Conservative politician and barrister who attained high office in the early 20th century, in particular as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. He was a skilled orator, noted for his staunch opposition to Irish nationalism, his wit, pugnacious views, and hard living and drinking. He is perhaps best remembered today as Winston Churchill's greatest personal and political friend until Birkenhead's death aged 58 from pneumonia caused by cirrhosis of the liver.

Early life and schooling
Smith was born at 38 Pilgrim Street, Birkenhead in Cheshire, the eldest son and second of five surviving children of Frederick Smith (1845–1888), a barrister-at-law, and Elizabeth (1842–1928), daughter of Edwin Taylor a rate collector, of Birkenhead. His father had joined the family business as an estate agent, later becoming a barrister and local Tory politician. Frederick Smith senior died at the age of forty-three, only a month after being elected mayor of Birkenhead.

Smith was educated first at a dame school in Birkenhead, then at Sandringham School in Southport (where he announced, at the age of ten, his ambition to become lord chancellor), and then, having failed the entrance exam for Harrow School, at Birkenhead School (1887–1889).

Oxford
Smith won a scholarship to University College, Liverpool, where he spent four terms (a fact he subsequently suppressed).

He won a scholarship to Wadham College, Oxford, in 1891. Smith made his name as an Oxford "swell", distinguishing himself by his dark good looks, his energy, his unashamed ambition and his scathing wit. He was the dominant figure of a group of Wadham contemporaries including the athlete C. B. Fry, the future Liberal politician John Simon, and the Liberal economist Francis Hirst. Between them they dominated both the rugby field and the Oxford Union Society.

Smith was already active in national politics as a Tory speaker in the July 1892 general election. Announced initially as his father's son, he spoke all over Lancashire, stirring up Orange opinion against the Liberal policy of Irish home rule.

He obtained a Second Class in Classical Mods before switching to Law. He often debated against Hilaire Belloc at the Oxford Union, where a bust of him now stands, and became President in Trinity term 1894. By massive last-minute cramming he graduated with a first class BA degree in law in 1895.

To his disappointment, he only obtained a Second in his Bachelor of Civil Law degree. In 1896 he won the Vinerian law scholarship and was elected a fellow of Merton College (1896–9), and also a lecturership at Oriel College. The F. E. Smith Memorial Mooting Prizes nowadays commemorate him at Merton. In later life his depth of legal learning often surprised critics.

Smith added to his Oxford reputation in May 1897, when he went to see the Prince of Wales open the new Oxford Town Hall. A detachment of the Metropolitan Police Mounted Branch had been drafted in to reinforce the small Oxford City Police force against a large demonstration of university undergraduates. The Metropolitan police, who were unused to boisterous Oxford undergraduates, attacked them with batons, causing several serious injuries. The crowd unhorsed and trampled one policeman. Smith took no part in the disorder, but was arrested when he tried to rescue his college servant, who was being manhandled by the police. Smith became the first prisoner in the police station in the new Town Hall. Before being locked in, Smith raised his hands for silence and declared "I have great pleasure in declaring this cell open". He was tried for obstructing the police in the lawful execution of their duty, but was found not guilty after defending himself in court.

Career as a barrister
Having eaten his dinners at Gray's Inn and passed his bar finals with distinction in the summer of 1899, Smith was called to the Bar and finally left Oxford, and quickly built up a brilliant and lucrative practice on the Northern Circuit, initially basing himself in Liverpool.

Formidable style and high-profile court cases
Smith rapidly acquired a reputation as a formidable advocate, first in Liverpool and then, after his election to Parliament in 1906, in London. He was junior counsel during the prosecution of John McKeever tried at Liverpool Assizes for the murder of the Protestant activist John Kensit. Although McKeever was acquitted, Smith kept the weapon, a file or chisel and a photograph of where the incident took place in his chambers.

In 1907 he was asked to give an opinion on a proposed libel action by the Lever Brothers against newspapers owned by Lord Northcliffe concerning the latter's allegations of a conspiracy to raise the price of soap by means of a 'soap trust'. He checked into the Savoy and, after working all night reading a pile of papers nearly four feet thick and consuming a bottle of champagne and two dozen oysters, Smith wrote a one-sentence opinion: "There is no answer to this action in libel, and the damages must be enormous". The newspapers subsequently paid Lever £50,000, more than four times the previous record for a defamation action or out-of-court published settlement in the country.

In February 1908, Smith was made a King's Counsel by Lord Loreburn, on the same day as his friend and rival from Wadham College, future Home Secretary Sir John Simon. At the Bar, he became one of the best known and most highly paid barristers in the country, making over £10,000 per year before the First World War. His spending was commensurate with this income even after he took less well-paid government positions in later years, something of which he would bitterly complain. Part of his income funded the purchase of a country house, The Cottage at Charlton, Northamptonshire, in 1907. The house was greatly enlarged in 1911–1912.

In one of the best-known cases in which Smith was involved he successfully defended Ethel le Neve, mistress of Hawley Harvey Crippen ("Dr. Crippen"), against a charge of murder. Le Neve was accused of killing Crippen's wife. Crippen was tried separately and convicted.

Member of Parliament
Ambitious to enter Parliament, Smith cultivated the local Tory boss Archibald Salvidge.

In 1903, Smith gave a dazzling speech in Liverpool in support of Joseph Chamberlain, who was campaigning for Tariff Reform. On the strength of this, he was selected three months later as candidate for the working-class constituency of Walton division. He campaigned as the champion of hard-drinking, patriotic working men (Liberals tended to favour temperance and more pacific foreign policy) and in the 1906 election he narrowly held the seat despite the national Liberal landslide. He held the seat until the redrawing of boundaries in 1918.

He attracted attention by a brilliant maiden speech, "I Warn the Government..." After this speech, Tim Healy, the Irish Nationalist, a master of parliamentary invective, sent Smith a note, "I am old, and you are young, but you have beaten me at my own game." In his maiden speech he argued that advocating tariffs had not hurt the Tories at the recent election. Smith also opposed the Trade Disputes Act 1906 arguing that intimidatory picketing should not be allowed. The Conservative leadership, unwilling to antagonise organised labour, did not oppose the Act very hard.

Smith did not support restriction on the powers of the House of Lords, fearing that tyranny could result from an unchecked unicameral parliament.

He was soon a prominent leader of the Unionist wing of the Conservative Party, especially in the planned Ulster resistance to Irish Home Rule. He attended the Blenheim Palace rally on 27 July 1912, at which Bonar Law advocated forcible resistance. From the signing of the Ulster Covenant in September 1912 onwards, he was often at Edward Carson's side on horseback, hence the derisive nickname "Galloper Smith".

A vociferous opponent of the Disestablishment of the Welsh part of the Church of England, he called the Welsh Disestablishment Bill "a bill which has shocked the conscience of every Christian community in Europe". This prompted G. K. Chesterton to write a satirical poem, "Antichrist, Or the Reunion of Christendom: An Ode", which asked if Breton sailors, Russian peasants and Christians evicted by the Turks would know or care of what happened to the Anglican Church of Wales, and answered the question with the line "Chuck it, Smith". The bill was approved by Parliament under the provisions of the Parliament Act 1911, but was stalled by the outbreak of the First World War. When it was finally implemented in 1920, Smith was part of the Lloyd George Coalition that did so.

First World War
Smith had joined the Territorial Army by commission into the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, in which Churchill was already an officer, in 1913, and was a captain in the regiment before the outbreak of the First World War. On its outbreak he was placed in charge of the Government's Press Bureau, with rank of full colonel and responsibility for newspaper censorship. He was not very successful in this role, and in 1914–1915 served in France as a staff officer with the Indian Corps with ultimate temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. He and his successor as 'recording officer' (a Colonel Merewether) later collaborated on an official history entitled The Indian Corps in France (published 1917).

In May 1915, he was appointed Solicitor General by H. H. Asquith and knighted. He soon after (in October 1915) succeeded his friend Sir Edward Carson as Attorney General, with the right to attend Cabinet. Early in 1916 he was briefly placed under military arrest for arriving at Boulogne without a pass, and had to be 'appeased' by a meeting with General Sir Douglas Haig.

As Attorney General, it was his responsibility to lead the prosecution for the Crown in major cases such as the trial in 1916 of the Irish nationalist Sir Roger Casement for treason. Sir Roger had been captured after landing from a Kaiserliche Marine U-boat on Banna Strand in Tralee Bay in north County Kerry, south-west Ireland, just a few days before the Easter Rising in late April 1916. His prosecution of Casement (and Wheeldon in 1917) contributed to Smith's reputation as a spectacular advocate at the time.

Smith was made a baronet in 1918. Following abolition of the Walton seat in constituency boundary changes, Smith was returned at the December 1918 general election for neighbouring West Derby Division, only to be elevated to the House of Lords two months later.

Postwar Coalition: Lord Chancellor
In 1919, he was created Baron Birkenhead, of Birkenhead in the County of Chester following his appointment as Lord Chancellor by Lloyd George. At the age of 47, he was the youngest Lord Chancellor since Lord Cowper in 1707 and possibly since Judge Jeffreys (John Simon would have been younger had he accepted the post in 1915). The Morning Post commented that his appointment as Attorney-General had been amusing but that his further promotion was "carrying a joke beyond the limits of pleasantry", while the King urged Lloyd George to reconsider. Birkenhead proved an excellent Lord Chancellor, but tales of his drunkenness begin from this time, very likely as he grew bored with the job and as it dawned on him that he had probably ruled himself out from the premiership by accepting a peerage.

That year, in the House of Lords debate on the Amritsar Massacre, he courageously denounced Tories who declared General Dyer (the responsible officer) a hero. He played a key role in the passage of several key legal reforms, including the Law of Property Act 1922, which began the reform of English land law which was to come to fruition in the mid-1920s. He also unsuccessfully championed a reform of the divorce laws, which he judged caused great misery and which favoured the wealthy.

Despite his Unionist background, Smith played an important role in the negotiations that led to the signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which led to the formation of the Irish Free State the following year. Much of the treaty was drafted by Smith. His support for this, and his warm relations with the Irish nationalist leaders Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins, angered some of his former Unionist associates, notably Sir Edward Carson. Upon signing the Treaty he remarked to Collins, "I may have just signed my political death warrant", to which Collins dryly and with prescient accuracy replied, "I have just signed my actual death warrant". Collins was killed by opponents of the treaty eight months after the signing, during the Irish Civil War.

Also in 1921, he was responsible for the House of Lords rejecting a proposal, put forward by Frederick Alexander Macquisten, MP for Argyllshire, to criminalise lesbianism. During the debate, Birkenhead argued that 999 women out of a thousand had "never even heard a whisper of these practices".

Smith was created Viscount Birkenhead, of Birkenhead in the County of Chester, in the 1921 Birthday Honours, then Viscount Furneaux, of Charlton in the County of Northampton, and Earl of Birkenhead in 1922. By 1922 Birkenhead and Churchill had become the leading figures of the Lloyd George Coalition. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, the attempt to go to war with Turkey over Chanak (which was later vetoed by the governments of the Dominions) and a general whiff of moral and financial corruption which had come to surround the Coalition were all hallmarks of his tenure in office.

A scandal erupted in 1922 when it became known that Lloyd George, through the agency of Maundy Gregory, had awarded honours and titles such as a baronetcy to rich businessmen in return for cash in the range of £10,000 and more. At an earlier meeting before Parliament broke up for the summer, and more famously at the Carlton Club meeting in October 1922, Birkenhead's hectoring of the junior ministers and backbenchers was one of the factors leading to the withdrawal of support from the Coalition.

Out of office: 1922–24
Like many of the senior members of the Coalition, Birkenhead did not hold office in the Bonar Law and Baldwin governments of 1922–24. Unlike the others Birkenhead was rude and open in his contempt for the new governments. He bore no grudge against Bonar Law but criticised Leslie Wilson and Lord Curzon. He sneered that Wilson and Sir George Younger were "the cabin boys" who had taken over the ship, he referred to Lords Salisbury and Selborne as "the Dolly Sisters" after two starlets of the era and remarked that the new Cabinet was one of "second-class brains", to which came the reply from Lord Robert Cecil that this was better than "second-class characters". He remarked that he had lost the Woolsack but was still "captain of [his] own soul" to which a wag retorted that this was "a small command of which no-one will want to deprive him".

In the House of Lords, on 7 December 1922, he read out a letter dated 15 February 1922 in which the Greek leader Dimitrios Gounaris had begged the Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon (who had deserted the Coalition in its final hours and thus retained his office under Bonar Law) for British help in her war against Turkey. Since then, Gounaris had been executed as a scapegoat for the catastrophic Greek defeat. Birkenhead claimed that he had no knowledge of this letter, a claim which was soon echoed by Lloyd George and other leading coalitionists Austen Chamberlain, Robert Horne and Worthington-Evans. The accusations, if true, might have forced Curzon's resignation and jeopardised the ongoing negotiation of the Treaty of Lausanne. Cabinet Secretary Maurice Hankey located the letter, and the reply urging Gounaris to "hold on", which Curzon had circulated to the Cabinet, and which Birkenhead had initialled as read. On 11 December Birkenhead was forced to apologise ("frigidly received" by the Lords, according to "The Times") and Lady Curzon retaliated by cutting him at a ball, but as she remarked to her husband in a letter, he was "too drunk to notice" the snub.

In May 1923, Stanley Baldwin succeeded Bonar Law as Prime Minister. He remarked to his new Cabinet, referring to Birkenhead's exclusion, that they were "a Cabinet of faithful husbands" – this referred to Birkenhead's general character rather than simply his marital infidelities.

Even a famous speech, the Rectorial Address to the University of Glasgow on 7 November 1923, in which Birkenhead told undergraduates that the world still offered "glittering prizes" to those with "stout hearts and sharp swords", now seemed out of kilter with the less aggressive and more self-consciously moral style of politics advocated by the new generation of Conservative politicians such as Stanley Baldwin and Edward Wood, the future Lord Halifax. Birkenhead regarded the League of Nations as idealistic nonsense, and thought that international relations should be guided by "self-interest", lest Britain decline like Imperial Spain. Rather, he believed that the power of nations would still be determined by their military strength.

By this time Birkenhead was regarded with distaste by much of the grassroots Conservative Party. J. C. C. Davidson reported back to Central Office (18 November 1923) on his recent re-adoption as candidate for Hemel Hempstead that many members were unwilling to support him without an assurance that he would not support Birkenhead's return to the Cabinet, lest this cost local votes at the upcoming election. He commented that this was proof that Puritanism was deep in the English blood, and not just in that of Nonconformist chapel-goers. Neville Chamberlain recorded in his diary (18 November 1923) that Birkenhead had "so often and so deeply shocked the moral sense of the country by his drunkenness and loose living character that our Govt which rests largely on public confidence in our character would be seriously tarnished by association with such a man".

After the December 1923 General Election, at which Baldwin lost his majority and a hung Parliament was returned, Birkenhead briefly intrigued for another Lloyd George coalition government. In order to discourage them from associating with Lloyd George, Baldwin quickly invited former coalitionists Austen Chamberlain, Birkenhead and Balfour to join the Shadow Cabinet. Birkenhead persuaded his friend Churchill to stand (unsuccessfully, as an independent "Constitutionalist") in the March 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election. This was part of Churchill's move back towards rejoining the Conservative Party.

A 1924 entry in Evelyn Waugh's diary states that an English High Court judge, presiding in a sodomy case, sought advice on sentencing from Lord Birkenhead. "Could you tell me," he asked, "what do you think one ought to give a man who allows himself to be buggered?" Birkenhead replied without hesitation, "Oh, thirty shillings or two pounds; whatever you happen to have on you."

Personal life and affair
Smith married Margaret Eleanor Furneaux, daughter of classical scholar Henry Furneaux, in April 1901. They had three children:

 * Lady Eleanor Furneaux Smith (born 7 August 1902, died 20 October 1945)
 * Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead (born 7 December 1907, died 10 June 1975)
 * Lady Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Smith (born 16 May 1914, died 7 January 1982), married Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell.

In around 1919, Birkenhead began an affair with Mona Dunn, the then seventeen year old daughter of the Canadian financier James Hamet Dunn, a friend of Lord Beaverbrook's (it is unclear how much her father knew of the affair). Beaverbrook, in so far as can be discerned from the limited surviving evidence in letters, appears to have provided a cover for sexual liaisons between the two of them, and for womanising by others of their social circle. She appears to have been genuinely in love with Birkenhead, whereas he was mildly fond of her but regarded her as no more than a mistress. The affair attracted the fury of Birkenhead’s daughter, a friend of Mona's, a state of affairs likened by Campbell to the relations between Lloyd George, his mistress Frances Stevenson, and his daughter Megan.

In 1926 Arnold Bennett published a novel, Lord Raingo, about a self-made millionaire who becomes a peer and a Cabinet Minister (under a Prime Minister clearly based on Lloyd George), and who keeps a young mistress. The character was actually largely based on Lord Rhondda and Beaverbrook himself. Birkenhead gave an angry interview to the Daily Mail in which he criticised both the novel and the recent practice of Colonel Repington, Colonel House and Margot Asquith in publishing political secrets so close in time to the events. Bennett replied that the character was not based on any single person and anyway that it was not for Birkenhead, who had recently published a potboiler called Famous Trials, to criticise others for writing books to make money. The two men, who were both members of The Other Club, remained on friendly terms.

Mona Dunn had married "Bunny" Tattersall in February 1925. She had a daughter, then died in Paris aged 26 on 19 December 1928, officially of peritonitis. The original text (1983) of John Campbell's biography states that there is no evidence for the tales that she died of a failed abortion. However, later editions contain a footnote adding that it had since come to the author's attention that her husband had been paid off by Birkenhead to enter into a marriage of convenience with her as a cover for their continued affair, and that, the affair now over, she then fled to Paris with a third man, where she died of "appendicitis and drink" (inverted commas in the original). Birkenhead wrote a poem in her memory, which Beaverbrook declined to publish in the Daily Express at the time, but eventually published three decades later in his life of Sir James Dunn.

Secretary of State for India: 1924–28
Despite winning a large majority at the 1924 election, Baldwin formed a broad new (second) government by appointing former coalitionists such as Birkenhead, Austen Chamberlain and former Liberal Winston Churchill to senior Cabinet posts; this was to discourage them from associating with Lloyd George to revive the 1916-22 Coalition. Birkenhead and Chamberlain lobbied Baldwin to reappoint another former coalitionist, Robert Horne, to the Exchequer, but Baldwin refused and appointed Churchill instead.

From 1924 to 1928 Birkenhead served as Secretary of State for India. His views on pre-partition India's independence movement were gloomy. He thought India's Hindu–Muslim religious divide insurmountable and sought to block advances in native participation in provincial governments that had been granted by the 1919 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. His parliamentary private secretary recalled much time ostensibly on India Office business seemed to be spent playing golf. It was in his government role that in October 1927 he unveiled the Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial to Indian Army soldiers of no known grave killed on the Western Front in the 1914–18 War.

Birkenhead endorsed his old political opponent H. H. Asquith, rather than his Cabinet colleague Lord Cave, in the 1925 University of Oxford Chancellor election. He wrote to The Times on 19 May, describing Asquith as the "greatest living Oxonian", but his support may have done more harm than good, because of his association with the discredited Lloyd George Coalition, and because of his open scepticism both of religion and of the League of Nations. It was quipped that Asquith was "a warming-pan” for Birkenhead's views (a learned Oxford joke, referring to the legend that the Old Pretender had been an impostor baby rather than a rightful heir to the throne). Lord Cave was elected.

He was engaged outside the office in negotiating for the government with the Trades Union Congress to try to avert the 1926 General Strike and he strongly supported the 1927 Trades Disputes Act which required union members to contract into the political levies.

Baldwin remained suspicious of the activities of Birkenhead and the former coalitionists. Beatrice Webb recorded (diary 14 March 1928) him remarking "the future Coalition" when he saw Churchill, Lloyd George and Birkenhead chatting at the end of a state dinner. Lord Cave resigned as Lord Chancellor early in 1928. Birkenhead apparently did not want to return to his old job, but neither did Baldwin offer it to him. According to Neville Chamberlain's diary (28 March 1928), this was because "he might be seen drunk in the street" (Lord Hailsham was appointed instead). Birkenhead retired from the Cabinet in October 1928 to make money in business.

In 1928 he was appointed Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India.

Later life and assessments
Birkenhead's increasingly pompous oratory caused David Low to caricature him in the 1920s as "Lord Burstinghead". After retiring from politics, he became Rector of the University of Aberdeen, a director of Tate & Lyle, a director of Imperial Chemical Industries, and High Steward of the University of Oxford. In a 1983 biography review, William Camp – who had written a 1960 biography of the man – opined that "F.E. was the quintessential male chauvinist who, almost with his dying breath, dragged himself to the Lords in July 1930 to attack the right of peeresses to take their seats."

Birkenhead wrote a series of articles (later republished in Last Essays: 1930) about "The peril to India", in which he criticised the Indian Nationalist leaders as "a collection ... of very inferior Kerenskis" and asserted that it was widely accepted that without British rule India would collapse into anarchy. He attacked the Irwin Declaration as "so ambiguous that it is impossible to select from it any clear and unambiguous proposal".

In the opinion of Winston Churchill, who was a friend: "He had all the canine virtues in a remarkable degree – courage, fidelity, vigilance, love of chase." As for Margot Asquith, who was not a friend, she thought: "F. E. Smith is very clever, but sometimes his brains go to his head." Of Birkenhead's loyalty, Churchill added: "If he was with you on Monday, he would be the same on Tuesday. And on Thursday, when things looked blue, he would still be marching forward with strong reinforcements."

Gilbert Frankau recalled in his own autobiography Self Portrait, that in 1928 Sir Thomas Horder confided: "Birkenhead's pure eighteenth-century. He belongs to the days of Fox and Pitt. Physically, he has all the strength of our best yeoman stock. Mentally, he's a colossus. But he'll tear himself to pieces by the time he's sixty."

In 1930 he published his utopian The World in 2030 with airbrush illustrations by E. McKnight Kauffer. The book was the subject of considerable controversy as several passages were alleged to have been copied from earlier works by J. B. S. Haldane.

Birkenhead died in London in 1930, aged 58, from pneumonia caused by cirrhosis of the liver. After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes were buried in the parish churchyard at Charlton, Northamptonshire.

Screen portrayals
As "Lord Birkenhead", he is dramatised in the film Chariots of Fire, as an official of the British Olympic Committee. He is played by actor Nigel Davenport.

His role in the Anglo-Irish treaty negotiations was featured in the penultimate episode of the 1981 BBC Wales biographical series The Life and Times of David Lloyd George,where he was portrayed by Morris Perry.

Works

 * International Law in the Far East, 2nd ed. 1908.
 * The Licensing Bill, 1908.
 * International Law, 4th ed. 1911.
 * Poems by Samuel Johnson, LLD.
 * Toryism until 1832.
 * Speeches, 1906–1909 (2nd ed.).
 * The Destruction of Merchant Ships, 1917.
 * My American Visit, 1918 (2nd edition).
 * The Indian Corps in France (2nd edition).
 * The Story of Newfoundland, 1920.
 * Points of View, 1922.
 * Contemporary Personalities, 1924.
 * America Revisited, 1924.

 * Fourteen English Judges, 1926.
 * Famous Trials of History, 1926.
 * Law, Life and Letters, 1927.
 * More Famous Trials, 1928.
 * The Speeches of Lord Birkenhead, 1929.
 * The World in 2030, 1930.
 * Turning Points in History, 1930.
 * Last Essays, 1930.
 * (Editor) The Five Hundred Best English Letters, 1931.
 * Fifty Famous Fights in Fact and Fiction, 1932.

As counsel

 * R v Casement [1917] 1 KB 98, prosecution of Sir Roger Casement for high treason

As judge

 * Viscountess Rhondda's Claim [1922] 2 AC 339, right of peeresses to sit in the House of Lords
 * R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien [1923] AC 691, legality of British policy of internment in Ireland

title: F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead


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Les Gobelins station

Les Gobelins is a station on line 7 of the Paris Métro on the edges of the 5th and 13th arrondissements.

This station is named after Avenue des Gobelins, which honoured the Gobelin family who manufactured dyes from the mid 15th century on the banks of the nearby river Bièvre (now covered in the area). The family manufactured tapestries from 1662 until its factory (adjacent to the station) was acquired by Louis XIV. It is located is at the crossroads of four main roads: avenue des Gobelins, Boulevard Saint Marcel, Boulevard Arago, and Boulevard de Port-Royal.

History
The station opened on 15 February 1930 as part of line 10's extension from Odéon to Place d'Italie. On 26 April 1931, it was transferred to line 7 when its under-Seine crossing from Pont de Sully (now known as Sully–Morland) to Place Monge was completed.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 21 April 2005.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,377,372 passengers, making it the 149th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,733,427 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 142nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,365,942 passengers, making it the 143rd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 5 accesses:

 * Access 1: Boulevard Saint-Marcel
 * Access 2: Boulevard Arago
 * Access 3: rue Le Brun
 * Access 4: Manufacture des Gobelins (an exit only escalator from the southbound platform)
 * Access 5: rue des Gobelins

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 24, 27, 47, 59, 83, and 91 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N01, N02, N15, and N22 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Manufacture des Gobelins
 * Mobilier National
 * Place en Hommage-aux-Femmes-Victimes-de-Violences
 * Square René-Le Gall

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Les Gobelins station


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Conditional probability distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given two jointly distributed random variables $$X$$ and $$Y$$, the conditional probability distribution of $$Y$$ given $$X$$ is the probability distribution of $$Y$$ when $$X$$ is known to be a particular value; in some cases the conditional probabilities may be expressed as functions containing the unspecified value $$x$$ of $$X$$ as a parameter. When both $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are categorical variables, a conditional probability table is typically used to represent the conditional probability. The conditional distribution contrasts with the marginal distribution of a random variable, which is its distribution without reference to the value of the other variable.

If the conditional distribution of $$Y$$ given $$X$$ is a continuous distribution, then its probability density function is known as the conditional density function. The properties of a conditional distribution, such as the moments, are often referred to by corresponding names such as the conditional mean and conditional variance.

More generally, one can refer to the conditional distribution of a subset of a set of more than two variables; this conditional distribution is contingent on the values of all the remaining variables, and if more than one variable is included in the subset then this conditional distribution is the conditional joint distribution of the included variables.

Conditional discrete distributions
For discrete random variables, the conditional probability mass function of $$Y$$ given $$X=x$$ can be written according to its definition as:

Due to the occurrence of $$P(X=x)$$ in the denominator, this is defined only for non-zero (hence strictly positive) $$P(X=x).$$

The relation with the probability distribution of $$X$$ given $$Y$$ is:

 * $$P(Y=y \mid X=x) P(X=x) = P(\{X=x\} \cap \{Y=y\}) = P(X=x \mid Y=y)P(Y=y).$$

Example
Consider the roll of a fair and let $$X=1$$ if the number is even (i.e., 2, 4, or 6) and $$X=0$$ otherwise. Furthermore, let $$Y=1$$ if the number is prime (i.e., 2, 3, or 5) and $$Y=0$$ otherwise.

Then the unconditional probability that $$X=1$$ is 3/6 = 1/2 (since there are six possible rolls of the dice, of which three are even), whereas the probability that $$X=1$$ conditional on $$Y=1$$ is 1/3 (since there are three possible prime number rolls—2, 3, and 5—of which one is even).

Conditional continuous distributions
Similarly for continuous random variables, the conditional probability density function of $$Y$$ given the occurrence of the value $$x$$ of $$X$$ can be written as

where $$f_{X,Y}(x,y)$$ gives the joint density of $$X$$ and $$Y$$, while $$f_X(x)$$ gives the marginal density for $$X$$. Also in this case it is necessary that $$f_X(x)>0$$.

The relation with the probability distribution of $$X$$ given $$Y$$ is given by:
 * $$f_{Y\mid X}(y \mid x)f_X(x) = f_{X,Y}(x, y) = f_{X|Y}(x \mid y)f_Y(y). $$

The concept of the conditional distribution of a continuous random variable is not as intuitive as it might seem: Borel's paradox shows that conditional probability density functions need not be invariant under coordinate transformations.

Example

The graph shows a bivariate normal joint density for random variables $$X$$ and $$Y$$. To see the distribution of $$Y$$ conditional on $$X=70$$, one can first visualize the line $$X=70$$ in the $$X,Y$$ plane, and then visualize the plane containing that line and perpendicular to the $$X,Y$$ plane. The intersection of that plane with the joint normal density, once rescaled to give unit area under the intersection, is the relevant conditional density of $$Y$$.

$$Y\mid X=70 \ \sim\ \mathcal{N}\left(\mu_Y+\frac{\sigma_Y}{\sigma_X}\rho( 70 - \mu_X),\, (1-\rho^2)\sigma_Y^2\right).$$

Relation to independence
Random variables $$X$$, $$Y$$ are independent if and only if the conditional distribution of $$Y$$ given $$X$$ is, for all possible realizations of $$X$$, equal to the unconditional distribution of $$Y$$. For discrete random variables this means $$P(Y=y|X=x) = P(Y=y)$$ for all possible $$y$$ and $$x$$ with $$P(X=x)>0$$. For continuous random variables $$X$$ and $$Y$$, having a joint density function, it means $$f_Y(y|X=x) = f_Y(y)$$ for all possible $$y$$ and $$x$$ with $$f_X(x)>0$$.

Properties
Seen as a function of $$y$$ for given $$x$$, $$P(Y=y|X=x)$$ is a probability mass function and so the sum over all $$y$$ (or integral if it is a conditional probability density) is 1. Seen as a function of $$x$$ for given $$y$$, it is a likelihood function, so that the sum (or integral) over all $$x$$ need not be 1.

Additionally, a marginal of a joint distribution can be expressed as the expectation of the corresponding conditional distribution. For instance, $$ p_X(x) = E_{Y}[p_{X|Y}(x \ |\ Y)] $$.

Measure-theoretic formulation
Let $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, P)$$ be a probability space, $$\mathcal{G} \subseteq \mathcal{F}$$ a $$\sigma$$-field in $$\mathcal{F}$$. Given $$A\in \mathcal{F}$$, the Radon-Nikodym theorem implies that there is a $$\mathcal{G}$$-measurable random variable $$P(A\mid\mathcal{G}):\Omega\to \mathbb{R}$$, called the conditional probability, such that$$\int_G P(A\mid\mathcal{G})(\omega) dP(\omega)=P(A\cap G)$$for every $$G\in \mathcal{G}$$, and such a random variable is uniquely defined up to sets of probability zero. A conditional probability is called regular if $$ \operatorname{P}(\cdot\mid\mathcal{G})(\omega) $$ is a probability measure on $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F})$$ for all $$\omega \in \Omega$$ a.e.

Special cases:

Let $$X : \Omega \to E$$ be a $$(E, \mathcal{E})$$-valued random variable. For each $$B \in \mathcal{E}$$, define $$\mu_{X \, | \, \mathcal{G}} (B \, |\, \mathcal{G}) = \mathrm{P} (X^{-1}(B) \, | \, \mathcal{G}).$$For any $$\omega \in \Omega$$, the function $$\mu_{X \, | \mathcal{G}}(\cdot \, | \mathcal{G}) (\omega) : \mathcal{E} \to \mathbb{R}$$ is called the conditional probability distribution of $$X$$ given $$\mathcal{G}$$. If it is a probability measure on $$(E, \mathcal{E})$$, then it is called regular.
 * For the trivial sigma algebra $$\mathcal G= \{\emptyset,\Omega\}$$, the conditional probability is the constant function $$\operatorname{P}\!\left( A\mid \{\emptyset,\Omega\} \right) = \operatorname{P}(A).$$
 * If $$A\in \mathcal{G}$$, then $$\operatorname{P}(A\mid\mathcal{G})=1_A$$, the indicator function (defined below).

For a real-valued random variable (with respect to the Borel $$\sigma$$-field $$\mathcal{R}^1$$ on $$\mathbb{R}$$), every conditional probability distribution is regular. In this case,$$E[X \mid \mathcal{G}] = \int_{-\infty}^\infty x \, \mu(d x, \cdot)$$ almost surely.

Relation to conditional expectation
For any event $$A \in \mathcal{F}$$, define the indicator function:

 * $$\mathbf{1}_A (\omega) = \begin{cases} 1 \; &\text{if } \omega \in A, \\ 0 \; &\text{if } \omega \notin A, \end{cases}$$

which is a random variable. Note that the expectation of this random variable is equal to the probability of A itself:

 * $$\operatorname{E}(\mathbf{1}_A) = \operatorname{P}(A). \; $$

Given a $$\sigma$$-field $$\mathcal{G} \subseteq \mathcal{F}$$, the conditional probability $$ \operatorname{P}(A\mid\mathcal{G})$$ is a version of the conditional expectation of the indicator function for $$A$$:

 * $$\operatorname{P}(A\mid\mathcal{G}) = \operatorname{E}(\mathbf{1}_A\mid\mathcal{G}) \; $$

An expectation of a random variable with respect to a regular conditional probability is equal to its conditional expectation.

Interpretation of conditioning on a Sigma Field
Consider the probability space $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$$ and a sub-sigma field $$\mathcal{A} \subset \mathcal{F}$$. The sub-sigma field $$\mathcal{A}$$ can be loosely interpreted as containing a subset of the information in $$\mathcal{F}$$. For example, we might think of $$\mathbb{P}(B|\mathcal{A})$$ as the probability of the event $$B$$ given the information in $$\mathcal{A}$$.

Also recall that an event $$B$$ is independent of a sub-sigma field $$\mathcal{A}$$ if $$\mathbb{P}(B | A) = \mathbb{P}(B)$$ for all $$A \in \mathcal{A}$$. It is incorrect to conclude in general that the information in $$\mathcal{A}$$ does not tell us anything about the probability of event $$B$$ occurring. This can be shown with a counter-example:

Consider a probability space on the unit interval, $$\Omega = [0, 1]$$. Let $$\mathcal{G}$$ be the sigma-field of all countable sets and sets whose complement is countable. So each set in $$\mathcal{G}$$ has measure $$0$$ or $$1$$ and so is independent of each event in $$\mathcal{F}$$. However, notice that $$\mathcal{G}$$ also contains all the singleton events in $$\mathcal{F}$$ (those sets which contain only a single $$\omega \in \Omega$$). So knowing which of the events in $$\mathcal{G}$$ occurred is equivalent to knowing exactly which $$\omega \in \Omega$$ occurred! So in one sense, $$\mathcal{G}$$ contains no information about $$\mathcal{F}$$ (it is independent of it), and in another sense it contains all the information in $$\mathcal{F}$$.

title: Conditional probability distribution


text:
Tolbiac station

Tolbiac is a station of the Paris Métro. It is at the crossroads of two main roads, the Avenue d'Italie and the Rue de Tolbiac. It is near the Asian Quarter and the Parc de Choisy.

Location
The station is located under Avenue d'Italie, north of the intersection with Rue de Tolbiac. Oriented approximately along a north-south axis, it is located between the Place d'Italie and Maison Blanche stations, the latter marking the end of the common line before it branches to Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif-Louis Aragon.

History
Tolbiac opened as part of a planned section of Line 7, which was temporarily operated as part of Line 10 until the completion of the under-Seine crossing of line 7 from Pont de Sully to Place Monge. On 7 March 1930 the line was extended from Place d'Italie to Porte de Choisy, including Tolbiac. The station was integrated into line 7 on 26 April 1931. It is named after the Rue de Tolbiac. Tolbiac was the site of a battle near Cologne, where the Franks under Clovis I beat the Alamanni in 496.

As part of RATP's Renouveau du métro  program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated by 29 June 29, 2005. It saw 3,191,066 travellers enter in 2019, which places it at the 157th position of metro stations for its attendance.

Access
The station has four entries divided into seven metro entrances, each with a Dervaux-type balustrade and leading to Avenue d'Italie:
 * Entrance 1: Rue de Tolbiac, made up of two fixed staircases established back-to-back, one of which is adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, located to the right of no. 76 Rue de Tolbiac;
 * Entrance 2: Avenue d'Italie, an escalator going up allowing only the exit from the platform in the direction of Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif-Louis Aragon, located opposite no. 72 Avenue d'Italie;
 * Entrance 3: Rue Toussaint-Féron, comprising two fixed back-to-back staircases, one of which has a Dervaux mast, leading to the right of numbers 55 and 57 on the avenue;
 * Entrance 4: Rue de la Maison-Blanche, also made up of two fixed back-to-back staircases, one of which has a Dervaux totem, located opposite numbers 61 and 63 on the avenue.

Platforms
Tolbiac is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the upright walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are in honey-coloured faience and the name of the station is also in faience in the style of the original CMP. The Motte style seats are red.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 47 and 62 and by the urban service La Traverse Bièvre Montsouris of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Quartier Asiatique
 * Parc de Choisy
 * Lycée Claude-Monet

title: Tolbiac station


text:
Shirley Manson

Shirley Ann Manson FRSA (born 26 August 1966) is a Scottish musician and actress. She is the lead singer of the Scottish-American rock band Garbage. Manson gained media attention for her forthright style, rebellious attitude, and distinctive deep voice. For the majority of her career, Manson commuted between her home city of Edinburgh and the U.S. to record with Garbage, which originally formed in Madison, Wisconsin; she now lives and works primarily in Los Angeles, while maintaining a second home in Edinburgh.

Manson's musical career began in her teens when she was approached to perform backing vocals and keyboards for the band Goodbye Mr Mackenzie. She developed a formidable stage presence, and was later approached by the band's record label with the idea of launching her as a solo artist. She recorded an album with her band under the name Angelfish. After seeing Manson in an Angelfish music video broadcast only once on MTV's 120 Minutes, Garbage invited her to audition - although Manson revealed in later press releases that they did not click initially, she did eventually join. In 1995, Garbage released their self-titled debut album, which was a critical and commercial success. The band has released seven studio albums, including the multiple Grammy Award-nominated Version 2.0 and a greatest hits album. Garbage has toured worldwide and sold over 17 million records as of 2017.

In 2006, Manson began to write and record solo material after Garbage went on hiatus. In 2008, she played a liquid metal T-1001 Terminator named Catherine Weaver in the second season of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. She returned to the recording studio in 2010 to write and produce material for Garbage's fifth studio album, Not Your Kind of People, released in 2012. The band followed up with Strange Little Birds in 2016 and No Gods No Masters in 2021. From 2019–2021, Manson hosted the music podcast The Jump with Shirley Manson.

Early life
Shirley Ann Manson was born in Edinburgh on 26 August 1966, the daughter of Muriel Flora (née MacKay) and John Mitchell Manson. Her father, a descendant from the fishing community of Northmavine, was a university lecturer, while her mother was a big band singer who had been adopted by a Lothian-based family at an early age and took on the family name MacDonald. Manson was named after an aunt, who was herself named after Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley. She has two sisters: Lindy-Jayne who is two years older and Sarah who is two years younger. They were brought up in the Comely Bank and Stockbridge areas of Edinburgh in an old Victorian three-storey house. She attended Broughton High School and her childhood education was informed by the Church of Scotland (her father was her Sunday school teacher) until age 12.

Despite not having considered herself an artist until her forties and still not considering herself a musician, Manson's first experiences with music are rooted in her childhood and she received education in playing many instruments. Her first public performance was in 1970, at age four, singing "Never Smile at a Crocodile" with her older sister in an amateur show held at the local Church Hill Theatre. Enrolled at Flora Stevenson Primary School, she received instruction in recorder, clarinet, and fiddle, and learned ballet and piano from extramural classes at age seven, when she also joined a choir. Manson was a member of Girlguiding UK throughout this period of her youth as a Brownie and a Girl Guide. She attended the City of Edinburgh Music School, the music department of Broughton High School. At about age nine, Manson joined the school orchestra. While at Broughton, she became an active member of its drama group, performing in amateur dramatic and musical performances such as The American Dream and The Wizard of Oz, while also singing with the Waverley Singers, a local girl choir. A 1981 Edinburgh Festival Fringe production of Maurice the Minotaur, in which Manson played a prophet, was awarded a Fringe First award by The Scotsman newspaper.

While she enjoyed primary school, Manson was bullied while in her first year at secondary school, causing her to suffer from depression and body dysmorphic disorder and engage in self-injury: she carried sharp objects in the laces of her boots and would cut herself when she felt low self-esteem, stress, or anxiety. The bullying stopped when Manson associated herself with a rebel crowd, which resulted in her rebelling herself. She was absent for most of her final year at school and began smoking cannabis, sniffing glue, drinking alcohol, shoplifting, and on one occasion breaking into Edinburgh Zoo. Manson had teenage ambitions to become an actress, but was rejected by the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD). Her first job was volunteer work in a local hospital's cafeteria, then as a breakfast waitress at a local hotel, before spending five years as a shop assistant for Miss Selfridge. She started on the shop's makeup counters, but was eventually moved into stockrooms because of her attitude toward customers. She became well known throughout Edinburgh's clubbing scene; making use of free samples from Miss Selfridge, she styled hair for a number of local bands. She also briefly modelled clothing for Jackie magazine.

Goodbye Mr Mackenzie (1987–1994)
Manson's first musical experiences came from briefly singing with local Edinburgh acts The Wild Indians and performed backing vocals with Autumn 1904. While she was performing with her group, Manson was approached by Goodbye Mr Mackenzie's lead Martin Metcalfe to join his band. Manson was in a relationship with Metcalfe initially, but remained working with the band after splitting from him and became a prominent member, performing keyboards, backing vocals and becoming involved in the band's business side. Manson's first release with the Mackenzies was a YTS release of "Death of a Salesman" in 1984. The group signed a major-label record deal with Capitol Records in 1987, and they released their first album Good Deeds and Dirty Rags, and their only UK top 40 entry "The Rattler". In 1990, the group's contract was transferred to Parlophone, another EMI label, but after two singles failed to chart Parlophone declined to release the group's second album Hammer and Tongs.

Gary Kurfirst, who managed Talking Heads and Debbie Harry, bought the Mackenzies contract and issued their second album through his own label Radioactive Records, a subsidiary of MCA Records. After another single failed to chart, the group were persuaded to leave Radioactive by their management. The Mackenzies continued to write material; Manson was also given the opportunity to record lead vocals on a number of tracks planned for the band's third album. Although MCA had no desire to further their commitments to Goodbye Mr. Mackenzie, the label expressed interest in recording an album with Manson, and after hearing several demos, Kurfirst signed Manson to Radioactive as a solo artist, with the remaining Mackenzies performing as her backing band to circumvent the band's existing deal with MCA. Manson's contract obliged her to deliver at least one album and, at the sole option of Radioactive, up to six additional albums.

Angelfish (1994–1995)
Recording under the name Angelfish, and using some of the newly written material and a previously released Mackenzie b-side, Manson and the group recorded the tracks that would make up the Angelfish album in Connecticut with Talking Heads' Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth. A lead in track "Suffocate Me" was sent to college radio where it was well received. Angelfish and second single "Heartbreak to Hate" followed in 1994. Angelfish toured Belgium, Canada, France, and the U.S. The band co-supported Live on a tour of North America, along with Vic Chestnutt. The music video for "Suffocate Me" was aired once on MTV's 120 Minutes. Producer and musician Steve Marker caught the broadcast and thought Manson would be a great singer for his band, Garbage, which also featured producers Duke Erikson and Butch Vig.

Garbage (1995–2007; 2010–present)

Vig invited Manson to Smart Studios to sing on a couple of tracks. After an unsuccessful audition, she returned to Angelfish. Manson admitted she felt intimidated showcasing herself to Vig, who produced bands she admired such as Nirvana, Sonic Youth, and The Smashing Pumpkins, and Vig added that the audition's disorganized nature along with the Americans not understanding Manson's Scottish accent caused communication problems. At the end of the Live tour, Angelfish imploded and Manson returned to Smart for a second try. She began to work on the then-skeletal origins of some songs and the band invited her to become a full-time member and finish the album; she co-wrote and co-produced the entire album with the rest of the band. In August 1994, Radioactive gave their permission for Manson to work with Garbage. The band's debut album Garbage was released in August 1995, and went on to sell over 4 million copies, buoyed by a run of high charting singles including "Only Happy When It Rains" and "Stupid Girl." Manson quickly became the public face of the band over the course of a tour that took the band through to the end of 1996. Echo & the Bunnymen had asked Manson to sing on their 1997 comeback album.

Manson became the band's chief songwriter for the follow-up record Version 2.0 which equalled the success of the band's debut record after its May 1998 release. During the two-year tour in support of the record, Manson modelled for Calvin Klein. Manson lived in hotels throughout the recording periods of the debut and Version 2.0. The group recorded the theme song to the James Bond movie The World Is Not Enough, and Manson became the third Scotswoman to sing a Bond theme after Lulu and Sheena Easton. In the accompanying video, she portrays an android assassin. For the recording of Garbage's third record throughout 2000, Manson became one of the first high-profile artists to write a blog online, while she decided to improve her guitar playing for the band's next tour. Their third album, Beautiful Garbage, featured Manson's most forward and personal lyrics to date. The album did not sell as well as its predecessors, but Garbage performed a successful world tour in support of it. During a concert at the Roskilde Festival, Manson's voice gave out. She afterwards discovered a vocal fold cyst, and had to undergo corrective surgery.

Manson's lyrics became more overtly political for Garbage's fourth record, 2005's Bleed Like Me, which after the surprise success of lead-in single "Why Do You Love Me", posted some of the band's highest chart positions upon release. Garbage began an extended hiatus in October 2005. During this period, in 2007, Garbage reformed to perform a short set at a benefit show to raise cash to pay for Wally Ingram's medical treatment, shared song ideas via the internet, recorded new material, and filmed a music video to promote the band's Absolute Garbage greatest hits compilation. Garbage returned to the studio in 2010 to write and record material for a fifth album, entitled Not Your Kind of People and subsequently released in May 2012, thus ending the band's seven-year hiatus from recording.

In 2021, Garbage supported Alanis Morissette's 2020 World Tour: Celebrating 25 Years of Jagged Little Pill, which had been postponed due to COVID-19. At several performances, Manson wore a variation on "Garden Witch Overalls", popularised by feminist poet Kate Baer through her interview on the podcast Gee Thanks, Just Bought It, hosted by Caroline Moss. Manson paired the overalls with knee-high boots and assorted t-shirts. On March 30, 2021, Garbage released the song "The Men Who Rule the World", the lead single from their seventh studio album, No Gods No Masters, which was released on June 11, 2021. On April 28, the album's title track "No Gods No Masters" was released as the second single, followed by "Wolves" on May 19. No Gods No Masters was supported in summer 2021 with an arena concert tour with Garbage as guests of Alanis Morissette. The tour went on to become the most successful female-fronted tour of the year, selling more than 500,000 tickets.

On September 7, 2022, Garbage announced their third greatest hits album Anthology, released on October 28. The compilation features 35 newly remastered tracks celebrating three decades of career, including "Witness To Your Love", which was released as a single. Early in 2022, Garbage started writing for their upcoming eighth studio album. In October, after fulfilling their touring obligations, Garbage resumed writing for the album. In February 2023, Garbage announced their Summer 2023 co-headline North American tour with Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds featuring Metric as special guests. On 4 March 2024, Garbage announced a UK and European tour, marking their first UK tour in five years. The headlining tour includes dates in Germany, Italy, France, Denmark, and a date at the Wembley Arena in England. Two dates were confirmed in Manson's native Scotland – a main stage slot at the TRNSMT festival in Glasgow, and a date at the Usher Hall in Edinburgh.

Garbage's alternative musical style fuses various genres including electronic rock, industrial rock, punk, grunge, trip hop and shoegaze.

Solo work and unreleased album (2006–2010)

Manson confirmed in March 2006 that she had begun work on a solo album, working with musician Paul Buchanan, producer Greg Kurstin, and film composer David Arnold, stating that she had "no timetable" for completing the project. In 2007, Manson collaborated with Rivers Cuomo of Weezer. Manson presented some of her work to Geffen Records in 2008, who found it "too noir", prompting Manson and Geffen to terminate her contract by mutual agreement. Manson later elaborated, "[Geffen] wanted me to have international radio hits and 'be the Annie Lennox of my generation'. I kid you not; I am quoting directly." "I made a quiet, very dark, non-radio-friendly record," she recalled. "I'm not interested in writing nursery rhymes for the masses."

Manson continued to write material while without a record deal and had been in talks with David Byrne and Ray Davies about a potential collaboration. In 2009, Manson posted three demos on her Facebook profile, written by her and Kurstin, titled "In the Snow", "Pretty Horses" and "Lighten Up". "Pretty Horses" was later featured in the pilot episode of the show Conviction. 14 additional songs co-written with Kurstin and registered on copyright and performance rights societies included Don't Want To Pretend, Don't Want Anyone Hurt, Gone Upside, Hot Shit, Kid Ourselves, Little Dough, Pure Genius, Sweet Old World, Spooky, So Shines A Good Deed, The Desert, No Regrets, Stop, To Be King.

In 2009, Manson announced she was stepping away from music, saying she got sick of the music industry's new practices and had found more excitement in acting. Manson said she thought about abandoning the music business in 2008, when her mother developed dementia, and later died, saying that "I didn't want to make music, didn't feel creative. I could barely function." Later that year she reconsidered her words and went back into performing after being asked by friends to sing David Bowie's "Life on Mars?" at their son's memorial. According to Manson, "we were all in so much pain, but it meant so much to them that I could sing that song and so much to me that I was able to do something. It made me realise how much music sustains people. I don't know why I'd turned my back on it."

Manson also worked with a number of artists outside of her solo project, reciting a verse of a long poem for a Chris Connelly album, co-writing and recording a duet with Eric Avery for his solo debut recording with Debbie Harry. Although not recording material with them, Manson also performed on-stage with The Pretenders, Iggy Pop, Incubus and Kings of Leon in Atlantic City, with Gwen Stefani and twice with No Doubt in Universal City. Manson also performed in an uncredited role as a dominatrix in the music video for She Wants Revenge's single "These Things". Most recently Manson performed vocals on a track written by Serj Tankian entitled "The Hunger", a single from the rock musical Prometheus Bound.

In January 2012, Manson confirmed that work on her solo album had been cancelled, stating the album "[is] dead and buried. We had the funeral. It was sad and I cried a lot but it made such a beautiful corpse that we had an open casket."

Voice
Although trained as a soprano when singing in the choir as a child, Manson never identified as one, saying "I don’t think I’m a soprano. I don’t know what the hell I am". Critics agree she possesses a contralto vocal range, which has been noted for its distinctive qualities as well as her emotive delivery. Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times stated "one of Garbage's most compelling features is a force of nature: Manson's vocals, which can convey a multitude of emotions without ever coming across as melodramatic".

Reviewing a live Garbage performance, Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented, "Temptress, lover, sufferer, scrapper – those have been Ms. Manson's personae since Garbage started in 1995. In other eras she might have been a pop torch singer, a soul belter or a new-wave frontwoman: a Shirley Bassey, a Dusty Springfield, or a Chrissie Hynde. There's a little of each of them in her voice" also stating "In the course of each song she let her voice rise in anger, contempt or passion". Green Left Weekly, in a review of Garbage, remarked that Manson "vocalist and guitarist, has a powerful voice, which soars and dips like a bird. It can plead or demand. It can sound dreamy or psychotic." Reviewing a 2012 live Garbage performance, Catherine Gee of The Daily Telegraph noted that Manson "remains a striking performer whose distinctive contralto snarl can still raise the hairs on the back of your neck." In a review of Garbage, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Manson's voice as "thin and airy", whilst Mike Diver of the BBC stated Manson owned "a snarl in her voice but [was] equally capable of a purr to melt away any resistance." also adding "even at her most vulnerable, Manson maintains her controlling condition".

Influences and impact

Manson's earliest musical memories were of her mother, who sang with a big band when Manson was a child. Manson was exposed to classic jazz records as she grew up and work by Nina Simone, Cher, Peggy Lee and Ella Fitzgerald. One of Manson's earliest musical memories is of ABBA winning the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest and becoming a fan of the group. She was particularly drawn to Anni-Frid Lyngstad as she felt she embodied 'the outsider' and her stage presence made an impression. At 14, she became a fan of Siouxsie and the Banshees albums The Scream and Kaleidoscope, and taught herself how to sing listening to those albums, later stating "many of the songs of those two albums were massive loves of my life". Vocalist Siouxsie Sioux embodied how Manson aspired to be as a teen, and "has remained a touchstone for me throughout my career and is still inspiring to me."

At nineteen, Manson discovered Patti Smith, specifically her Horses album, which made a "strong impact" on her. Manson was inspired to learn guitar by Chrissie Hynde, who is an admirer of Manson, while also appreciating the style of Toyah Willcox and Debbie Harry, whose 2006 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction speech was delivered by Manson. The majority of Manson's influences were female musicians; however she also notes David Bowie as an inspiring male musician. Manson also grew up listening to Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Frank Sinatra, The Clash, The Sugarcubes, Cocteau Twins, Iggy and the Stooges, Echo & the Bunnymen, and The Velvet Underground.

Manson's lyrics deal with darker themes, often in a mocking manner. She credits that to her Scottish psyche that leads to a preference for depressing themes, and the fact she always felt like an outsider, even within Garbage – "I'm the odd one out by default. I'm the only girl, I'm younger than they are, they've all known each other for 40 years, or something crazy like that. So I always felt, like, off the centre of things."

Manson has been credited with inspiring later female artists; including Amy Lee, Florence Welch, Taylor Momsen, Liz Anjos of RAC and The Pragmatic, Screaming Females' Marissa Paternoster, Dee Dee Penny of Dum Dum Girls, Skylar Grey,  Paramore's Hayley Williams, Ritzy Bryan (lead singer and guitarist of The Joy Formidable), Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Potty Mouth's Ally Einbinder, Billie Eilish,  Peaches, Radiator Hospital's Cynthia Schemmer, The Great Wilderness' Paola Rogue, Marina and the Diamonds, and Lana Del Rey. Manson is also considered a style icon, influencing various other female artists, and inspiring fashion designers and stylists.

Acting
Manson was cast in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles in May 2008, after being asked to appear by series creator Josh Friedman and enduring a multiple audition process, beating out other actresses including Julie Ann Emery. She debuted in the season two premiere episode "Samson and Delilah" as Catherine Weaver, CEO of a technology company, ZeiraCorp. At the conclusion of the episode, Weaver is revealed to be a liquid-metal T-1001 Terminator. Manson also performed and co-arranged a rock and blues version of the gospel song "Samson and Delilah" for the episode's score. Manson cites actress Glenn Close and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher as her acting influences for the ambiguous character. Manson also played the human Weaver in archive footage viewed by the T-1001 in the episode "The Tower Is Tall, But the Fall Is Short".

In 2009, Manson made her first venture into the video game industry as an avatar of herself for the Guitar Hero franchise. In the fifth game in the series, Manson is an unlockable character, while the game also features a licensed Garbage track.

The next year, Manson was one of the final guests to appear on the cult US children's show Pancake Mountain. Featured in a segment titled "Around the World with Shirley Manson", she talked about music from other countries. She filmed five such segments but none aired before creator Scott Stuckey and producer J. J. Abrams canceled the show. One segment, featuring Germany, was eventually released and featured an original theme song sung by Manson and written by Stuckey.

In 2019, Manson travelled to Santiago, Chile, to participate in the making of Peace Peace Now Now, a documentary telling "stories of women who challenged armed conflicts around the world." The first season of the documentary came out on 23 November 2022 on Star+.

Podcast
From 2019 to 2021, Manson hosted the music podcast The Jump with Shirley Manson, co-produced by Mailchimp Presents and Little Everywhere, with executive producers Dann Gallucci, Jane Marie and Hrishikesh Hirway. In each episode, Manson interviewed a guest musician about a defining song that represented a breakthrough in the artist's own career and “the moments in an artist’s career where they decide to take a leap into something new.”

Three seasons of the podcast were produced, for a total of 28 episodes. Discussing the future of the podcast, Manson is unsure whether the show will be renewed for a fourth season. Manson credits the show for the personal growth of her as an artist and an interviewer. Some episodes of the show also directly inspired the writing and production of songs of Garbage's seventh studio album, No Gods No Masters.

Charity work
Manson has used Garbage's profile and her own to raise awareness and secure funds for a number of causes. She commissioned a Garbage branded lipgloss online, with all proceeds from the sales split between Grampian Children's Cancer Research and cancer treatment institutions at Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital in Scotland and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York.

In 2001, Manson became an ambassador for the M•A•C AIDS Fund, fronting their fourth two-year charity lipstick marketing campaign alongside Elton John and Mary J. Blige, beginning with the launch of the VIVAMAC IV lipstick in March 2002, in which all proceeds of the sale of the lipstick goes to help fund AIDS charities and initiatives. While touring, Manson visited several AIDS charities in Amsterdam, Edinburgh, Toronto, New York, San Francisco and Madison to make several donations totalling over $300,000 on behalf of the M•A•C AIDS Fund.

In 2003, the M•A•C AIDS Fund linked with the Elton John AIDS Foundation to produce the White Bedroom campaign, where both Elton John and Manson recorded PSAs promoting condom use and stating facts on AIDS. By 2007, the combined six VIVAMAC campaigns had raised over $100 million U.S. dollars, and as a former ambassador Manson accepted a cheque for £51,000 on behalf of HIV charity Waverley Care from the M•A•C AIDS Fund on 10 April 2008 at Harvey Nichols Edinburgh store. Manson had become a patron of Waverley Care in October 2002 and previously hosted a fund raiser auction to raise funds for the charity in January 2004 which raised £45,000. A Fender guitar owned by Manson raised £1,050, while other items auctioned included contributions sourced by Manson herself, from Elton John and Kylie Minogue.

Manson has also adopted a rescue dog, a terrier-mix named Veela, named after the veelas from the Harry Potter books.

In 2008, Manson became involved with The Pablove Foundation, a charity founded by Dangerbird Records head Jeff Castelaz, whose son Pablo succumbed to cancer the following year. Castelaz, whose family Manson had befriended in the 90s, had asked Manson to sing "Life on Mars?" at their sons' memorial. Funds raised for The Pablove Foundation fund pediatric cancer research and educational and quality of life programming for families dealing with childhood cancer. Manson reformed Garbage to contribute an exclusive track, "Witness to Your Love", to a charity album for the Foundation; signed off a Pablove poster for auction on eBay; Manson also hosted a fundraiser headlined by the Silversun Pickups, and performed acoustically on-stage at a second fundraiser with Butch Vig and Laura Jane Grace (for a rendition of "Witness...") and with Greg Kurstin (for a cover of Pablo's favourite song, David Bowie's "Life on Mars?").

In 2010, Shirley Manson donated two hand-decorated T-shirts to Binki Shapiro's (of the band Little Joy) online charity auction "Crafts for a Cause" to raise money for victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The two T-shirts raised a total of $1522.00, which was donated to the Artists for Peace and Justice organisation.

In January 2015, Manson headlined Pablove 6, the sixth-annual fundraiser for the Pablove Foundation. She made a special appearance with Chicago-based David Bowie tribute band Sons of the Silent Age, featuring Matt Walker and Chris Connelly.

Family and marriage
Manson was married to Scottish artist Eddie Farrell from 1996 to 2003. In 2008, Manson became engaged to record producer and Garbage sound engineer Billy Bush. They were married at a Los Angeles courthouse in May 2010. They continue to reside in Los Angeles, while Manson maintains a second home in the Edinburgh suburb of Joppa.

Religion and beliefs
Manson has distanced herself from organized religion but has long been interested in spirituality. She recalled, "When I was very small, I was very besotted with the church, absolutely. I loved the theatre of it and I got very involved in all the stories we were taught." When she was about 12, she had an argument with her father at the dinner table, screaming at him, "Religion's a sham and I'm not going to church anymore, it's just bullshit." She stopped going to church but continued to have theological debates with him every Sunday. She became disenchanted with organised religion and although she maintained an interest in spirituality, she complained that she has "brushed up against too many examples of hypocritical spiritualists".

Manson identifies as a feminist and has been hailed as a feminist icon.

Health
Manson is asthmatic. She quit smoking in the early 90s, when she was around the age of 25. In 1998, Manson had a benign tumor removed from her breast. After the surgery, which she said was "really botched" and left her "in a lot of pain", she kept on touring wearing a sling.

Voice issues
During the Beautiful Garbage tour, Manson started having trouble with her voice, losing her voice completely at the Roskilde Festival, in Denmark, on 30 June 2002: "I got on stage and opened my mouth to sing, and about 30 seconds in, there was no voice at all. It was a fucking nightmare," she recounted Spin magazine in 2005. Believing it was due to fatigue or stress, she kept on touring until Gwen Stefani pointed her towards a vocal specialist, who diagnosed her with "a large-sized cyst on one of my vocal cords, which was also causing considerable damage to the vocal cord opposite." A specialist informed Manson the operation could damage her singing ability permanently, so initially she desisted. She underwent surgery in 2003 after seeing another doctor in New York and recuperated her voice after three weeks of rehabilitation, including a week of total silence. Manson described the experience as "torture": "speech is my absolute lifeline and I felt like I’d lost my personality, been stripped completely of me… I felt invisible," she explained.

Disorders
Manson has declared of suffering of various mental disorders on multiple occasions, including body dysmorphic disorder and depression, exacerbated by the media scrutiny and misogyny she encountered during Garbage's breakthrough years. She received psychiatric help on the advice of her trainer during the making of Garbage's third album Beautiful Garbage whilst also going through a divorce, a time when she was admittedly "crying literally for like four hours in the bathtub every night." She said the psychiatrist she went to "saved [her] life" and taught her "how to turn all the noise down and allow a healthier voice to emerge. Start to make sense of the world and start to control how you respond to it."

Manson has admitted she has learnt to manage her condition with time, saying "It’s a constant dialogue, and you just learn to be more powerful than that other voice." She also credited her photo shoot with no make up on for Calvin Klein, in 1999, to have helped considerably in facing her own perception of herself. "If everyone had seen me with no make-up on, there was nothing to hide. And, I like the photograph. I looked… sweet. I actually wrote to Calvin Klein telling him that he'd done something incredible for me" she told Glamour magazine in 2001.

Appearance
Manson has spoken of her aversion to resorting to cosmetic surgery, stating that it wouldn't solve her body dysmorphia: "I know that even if I did get something fixed it is not going to last very long and I am still going to be back to square one, and I'm going to have to face myself in the morning", she told The Herald in 2008. She also added "I don't want to set an example for the younger generation of women who come up and think they have to fix their faces. I don't want to pass that on to other girls. I don't want to be responsible for that."

Manson has also spoken openly about struggling with self-harm. In 2018, she wrote an article on self-harm for The New York Times called "The First Time I Cut Myself", in which she detailed the experience of cutting for the first time when she was thirteen years old whilst in an unhealthy relationship. She said the self-harming lasted up until she was fifteen, although she has felt the impulse to cut again during the Version 2.0 tour due to the media pressure, an urge she resisted. Manson admitted not knowing to this day the reason behind her self-harming, "but I'm sure there was a lot of unexpressed anger, a lot of hormones, and a lot of emotions that I was unable to process as a young person", she explained.

Injuries
At the first date of the Garbage tour promoting Strange Little Birds, whilst singing "Special", Manson fell off the stage into the pit at KROQ Weenie Roast on 14 May 2016. She immediately stood back up, apparently unhurt, and continued performing for the rest of the set. In November 2022, she said she injured her right hip in the incident, causing her "so much pain" and requiring hip replacement surgery, which took place on 16 January 2023 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

Discography
Below is a list of studio albums featuring Manson as a member of Goodbye Mr Mackenzie (1989–1994), Angelfish (1994) and Garbage (1995–present):

 * Good Deeds and Dirty Rags (1989)
 * Hammer and Tongs (1991)
 * Five (1994)
 * Angelfish (1994)
 * Garbage (1995)
 * Version 2.0 (1998)
 * Beautiful Garbage (2001)
 * Bleed Like Me (2005)
 * Not Your Kind of People (2012)
 * Strange Little Birds (2016)
 * No Gods No Masters (2021)

title: Shirley Manson


text:
Maison Blanche station

Maison Blanche station is a station of the Paris Métro, serving lines 7 and 14. South of this station, Line 7 forks into two branches, one leading to Villejuif–Louis Aragon and the other to Mairie d'Ivry. Since June 2024, it is an interchange with Line 14 running southwards to Aéroport d'Orly.

Location
The line 7 station is located under Avenue d'Italie, between Rue Caillaux and Rue Bourgon, near Porte d'Italie, a gate in the former Thiers Wall. Towards the south, this is the last station on the common trunk of line 7 before the branches separate, thanks to an underground grade-separated junction located after the station, one towards Mairie d'Ivry and the other towards Villejuif-Louis Aragon. Oriented approximately along a north-south axis, it is positioned between Tolbiac on the one hand and Porte d'Italie (towards Ivry) or Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (towards Villejuif) on the other. On line 14, the station is between Olympiades and Hôpital Bicêtre.

The line 14 station is located about 21 m deep between Rue Caillaux and Rue Tagore, along Avenue d'Italie, east of the current metro station of Line 7.

Access to the Line 14 and Line 7 platforms is from the centre of a large forecourt where the entrance to the metro is located. Travelers can use escalators or elevators to access the platforms. From the platforms, the connections are via the mezzanine.

The surface forecourt provides access to the T3a tram line or the Porte d'Italie bus hub. It also hosts a Véligo station.

Original station
It opened as part of a planned section of Line 7, which was temporarily operated as part of Line 10 until the completion of the under-Seine crossing of Line 7 from Pont de Sully to Place Monge. On 7 March 1930, the line was extended from Place d'Italie to Porte de Choisy, including Maison Blanche. The station was integrated into line 7 on 26 April 1931. The station is named after the district, which got its name from a hotel of the same name, which is French for "White House".

Along with Place des Fêtes, a prototype air raid shelter was added to the station in 1935 to protect it from chemical attacks and was fitted with airtight doors to allow the people to take refuge inside in the event of an attack. They were chosen because of their proximity to the heavily-populated working-class districts.

An attack was perpetrated by a terrorist group (GIA) near the station on 6 October 1995. A gas cylinder placed in a trash can was discovered by a postman, but it exploded while the police set up a security perimeter; the toll was 18 injured. The place was chosen to reference the circumstances of the arrest of Khaled Kelkal, one of the main instigators of the RER B attack in Saint-Michel. A few days earlier, on 29 September 1995, the police had shot Kelkal during his arrest at a place called Maison Blanche, near Vaugneray (Rhône).

As part of RATP's Renouveau du métro renewal program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated on 4 October 2006.

In 2019, 1,803,381 travellers entered this station, which placed it at the 259th position of 302 among the metro stations for its number of visitors.

Extension of line 14

Early plans to extend Line 14 south from Paris included the possibility of taking over the existing Line 7 branch from the station to Villejuif – Louis Aragon, which opened in the early 1980s.

In the 2010s, discussions took place regarding whether to extend Line 14 further south to Orly Airport. The declaration of public utility was in 2016, allowing construction on the extension to begin. The extension was originally planned to be completed in 2027, however delivery was accelerated to 2024 following the awarding of the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

The preparatory work at Maison Blanche took place from November 2016 until the end of 2017. The construction of the station began in 2018 for commissioning in 2024. It was awarded in March 2018 to Léon Grosse in a consortium with Soletanche Bachy France. Tunnelling work was completed in March 2021, with the arrival of a tunnel boring machine at Maison Blanche. In April 2023, testing of trains on the Line 14 extension began, with an opening date of 24 June 2024 set.

Maison Blanche is the only station built in Paris as part of the Grand Paris Express, under the contracting authority of RATP.

The design of the station is entrusted to the consortium led by the engineers SETEC TPI and SYSTRA as well as to Mark Wilson of the Groupe-6 architecture firm.

Architecture and art
Californian artist and environmentalist sculptor Ned Kahn created an art installation overlooking the station in coordination with Mark Wilson. The work called River of Air is made of stainless steel and flexible sheets of ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) which will wave and reflect the sunlight above the two of the station entrances. The height of the masts supporting the structure will be 10-12 m and the sail will be 65 m long and 11 m wide.

Access
The station has three entrances in front of no's 103, 144 and 162 in the Avenue d'Italie.

A fourth entrance, located at no. 119, was closed in November 2019 to allow the construction of the line 14 station. In return, the entrance located at no. 162 was rebuilt from 2016 to 2019 and provided with a escalator to exit the station.

Platforms
Maison Blanche is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 renewal, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the upright wall, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are in honey-coloured faience and the name of the station is also in earthenware. The seats are Motte style in a blue colour.

Bus connections
The station is served by line 47 and by the urban service La Traverse Bièvre Montsouris of the RATP Bus Network.

Culture
The station serves as the backdrop for an important scene from Günter Grass's novel The Tin Drum (1960), in which the hero, Oscar Matzerath, sees the inspectors coming to arrest him as he walks towards the exit using the escalator.

Nearby

 * Quartier asiatique
 * Quartier de la Maison-Blanche

title: Maison Blanche station


text:
Porte d'Italie station

Porte d'Italie is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro, and a stop on tramway T3a in the 13th arrondissement. It is named after the Porte d'Italie, a gate in the 19th century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the south and Italy.

History
The station opened on 7 March 1930 as part of line 10's extension from Place d'Italie to Porte de Choisy. On 26 April 1931, it was transferred to line 7. Along with Porte de Bagnolet (line 3), Porte Dorée (line 8), and Porte de Pantin (line 5), it is one of four stations built at the former gates of Paris without having been a terminus.

On 23 March 1973, a carriage of an MF 67 train caught fire, causing it to be completely destroyed and damaging part of the station. The release of toxic fumes intoxicated two passengers.

The service, then provided by all trains on the line, is now only provided by one out of every two trains when a second branch to Le Kremlin–Bicêtre (now further extended to Villejuif–Louis Aragon) opened on 10 December 1982.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 12 January 2005.

On 6 September 2014, a knife fight between two passengers on a train continued after alighting at the station at around 6 am, with one of them stabbed at the side. A cleaner at the station was also injured.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,363,639 passengers, making it the 218th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,458,709 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 180th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,507,152 passengers, making it the 235th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has four accesses:

 * Access 1: Square Hélène-Boucher (two staircases)
 * Access 2: Boulevard Masséna
 * Access 3: avenue d'Italie
 * Access 4: rue Fernand Widal (with an ascending escalator) (exit only)

Platforms
The slightly curved station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Tramway
The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 as part of its initial section between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry.

Bus
The station is also served by lines 47, 131, 184, 185, and 186 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N15, N22, and N144 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Jardin du Moulin-de-la-Pointe - Paul Quilès
 * Parc Kellermann
 * Porte d'Italie
 * Square Hélène-Boucher
 * Square Robert-Bajac

title: Porte d'Italie station


text:
Breuil

Breuil may refer to the following:

People

 * Beta Breuil (1876 – after 1918), American script editor and screenwriter
 * Henri Breuil (1877–1961), French archeologist and ethnographer
 * Alphonse du Breuil (1811–1885), French botanist
 * Christophe Breuil (born 1968), French mathematician

France

 * Breuil, Somme, in the Somme département
 * Breuil-Barret, in the Vendée département
 * Breuil-Bois-Robert, in the Yvelines département
 * Breuil-la-Réorte, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Breuil-le-Sec, in the Oise département
 * Breuil-le-Vert, in the Oise département
 * Breuil-Magné, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Breuil-sur-Vesle, in the Marne département

Italy

 * Breuil-Cervinia, in the Aosta Valley

title: Breuil


text:
Porte de Choisy station

Porte de Choisy is a station on line 7 of the Paris Métro, a stop on tramway T3a as well as the northern terminus of tramway T9 in the 13th arrondissement. It is named after the Porte de Choisy, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to Choisy-le-Roi.

History
The station opened on 7 March 1930 as part of line 10's extension from Place d'Italie, then serving as its eastern terminus (from Invalides). On 26 April 1931, it was transferred to line 7 and ceased to be a terminus when it was extended to Porte d' Ivry to the south.

The service, then provided by all trains on the line, is now only provided by one out of every two trains when a second branch to Le Kremlin–Bicêtre (now further extended to Villejuif–Louis Aragon) opened on 10 December 1982.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 22 September 2005.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,598,026 passengers, making it the 200th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In anticipation of the increased traffic expected at the station after tramway T9 opens, a new access towards it was constructed in two phases, with it consisting of two new staircases, including an escalator. In the first phase, tramway T3a was temporarily closed between Porte d'Ivry and Porte d'Italie from 22 July to 23 August 2019 to facilitate the construction under its tracks, with RATP bus line 27 extended to service the closed stops. In the second phase, the line 7 station was closed from 6 January to 29 June 2020 (with trains passing without stopping) to enable a new corridor towards the new access to be built. Station equipment was also modernised.

In 2020, the station was used by 647,656 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 282nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,592,144 passengers, making it the 221st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has four accesses:

 * Access 1: avenue de Choisy
 * Access 2: Boulevard Masséna
 * Access 3: avenue de la Porte-de-Choisy
 * Access 4: rue Alfred Fouillée

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Tramway
The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 and by tramway T9 since 10 April 2021, serving as its northern terminus.

It is one of four métro stations on the network that are located at one of the former gates of Paris and are served by two tram lines; the other three are Balard (line 8), Porte de Versailles (line 12), and Porte de Vincennes (line 1). Basilique de Saint-Denis (line 13) is the only station served by two tram lines not located at one of the gates of Paris.

Bus
The station is also served by line N31 of the Noctilien bus network at night.

Nearby

 * Halle Georges Carpentier

title: Porte de Choisy station


text:
Porte d'Ivry station

{{Infobox station }} Porte d'Ivry is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 7 and Tramway Line 3a. It is named after the Porte d'Ivry, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris on the road that led to Ivry-sur-Seine.
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 * type               = Paris Métro  station
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 * other_name         =
 * address            = 13th arrondissement of Paris
 * borough            = Île-de-France
 * country            = France
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 * owned              = RATP
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 * opened             = {{start date and age|1931|04|26|df=y}}}
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 * map_type           = France Paris

The station opened on 26 April 1931, when Line 7 took over the Line 10 route from Place Monge to Porte de Choisy and was extended to Porte d'Ivry. Porte d'Ivry was the terminus of Tramway Line 3 when it opened on 16 December 2006. It was extended to Porte de Vincennes on 15 December 2012 and renamed 3a.

title: Porte d'Ivry station