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Enrique Amorim

Enrique Amorim (July 25, 1900 – July 28, 1960) was an Uruguayan novelist and writer, best known for his story Las quitanderas whose plot centers on rural prostitution; also known for his left-wing politics.

Biography
Enrique Amorim was born in Salto, Uruguay to parents who were wealthy cattle ranchers. His father was from a Portuguese background, his mother Basque. Amorim travelled extensively in Europe and Latin America, developing acquaintanceships and friendships with many of the leading literary figures of his time. He eventually had a house built in Salto, designed by Le Corbusier.

In the 1920s Amorim wrote for the Argentine leftist magazine Los Pensadores and published with the press Claridad, both associated with the left-leaning Buenos Aires-based Boedo group. In 1947 Amorim officially joined the Communist Party of Uruguay. He was also responsible for the erection of a monument in Salto to commemorate Federico García Lorca, the poet and playwright killed by Francisco Franco's forces in the opening weeks of the Spanish Civil War.

He is mentioned in Borges' story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius".

Novels

 * La carreta (1929)
 * El paisano Aguilar (1934)
 * La edad despareja (1938)
 * El caballo y su sombra (1941) (English translation The Horse and His Shadow (Scribner 1943))
 * La luna se hizo con agua (1944)
 * El asesino desvelado (1946)
 * Feria de farsantes (1952)
 * Eva Burgos (1960)

Books of short stories

 * Amorim (1923)
 * Horizontes y bocacalles (1926)
 * Tráfico (1927)
 * La trampa del pajonal (1928)
 * Del 1 al 6 (1932)
 * La plaza de las carretas (1937)
 * Después del temporal (1953)

Books of poems

 * Veinte años (1920)
 * Visitas al cielo (1929)
 * Poemas uruguayos (1935)
 * Dos poemas (1940)
 * Primero de Mayo (1949)
 * Quiero (1954)
 * Sonetos de amor en verano (1958)

Plays

 * La segunda sangre (1950)
 * Don Juan 38 (1958)

title: Enrique Amorim


text:
Phaseolus coccineus

Phaseolus coccineus, known as runner bean, scarlet runner bean, or multiflora bean, is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Another common name is butter bean,  which, however, can also refer to the lima bean, a different species.

It is grown both as a food plant and an ornamental plant.

Description
This species originated in the mountains of Central America. It was most likely cultivated in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala around 2000 BC. Most varieties have red flowers and multicolored seeds (though some have white flowers and white seeds) and are often grown as ornamental plants. The vine can grow to 3 m or more in length, its pods can get to 25 cm, and its beans can be up to 2.5 cm or more.

It differs from the common bean (P. vulgaris) in several respects: the cotyledons stay in the ground during germination, and the plant is a perennial vine with tuberous roots (though it is frequently treated as an annual in colder climates).

The knife-shaped pods are normally green; however, there are rare varieties bred by amateurs that have purple pods. An example of such a purple-podded runner bean is 'Aeron Purple Star'.

Runner beans have also been called "Oregon lima bean", and in Nahuatl ayocotl or in Spanish ayocote. Runner beans, like all beans, contain the toxic protein phytohaemagglutinin and thus should be cooked well before eating.

Usage
Runner beans were grown as food plants in North America and Europe from the 1600s, and also as ornamentals for their attractive flowers. However, they came to be used primarily as a garden ornamental plant in North America, including for temporary screening. The flowers attract hummingbirds, bees and other insects. In the UK and other European countries – where the vegetable is a popular choice for kitchen gardens and allotments – the flowers came to be ignored, or treated as an attractive bonus to cultivating the plant for the beans.

The seeds of the plant can be used fresh or as dried beans. The pods are eaten whole while young and not yet fibrous, though they tend to have a rougher surface than the common bean. The starchy roots of this perennial are eaten in Mesoamerica.

The beans are used in many cuisines. It is a popular side vegetable in British cuisine. A variety named 'Judión de la Granja' producing large, white, edible beans is cultivated in San Ildefonso, Spain. It is the basis of a Segovian regional dish also named Judiones de la Granja, in which the beans are mixed with pig's ears, pig's trotters, and chorizo, amongst other ingredients.

In Greece, cultivars of the runner bean with white blossom and white beans are known as fasolia gigantes (φασόλια γίγαντες). They are grown under protective law in the north of Greece within the regions of Kato Nevrokopi, Florina and Kastoria. The beans have an important role in Greek cuisine, appearing in many dishes (such as Gigantes plaki). In English, they are sometimes colloquially referred to as elephant beans. In Austria the coloured versions are cultivated and served as "Käferbohnen" ("beetle-bean"), a dish made of the dry beans with pumpkin seed oil. It is considered a typical dish of regional Austrian cuisine, but dried runner beans are also consumed to a small extent in Germany. In Turkey, runner beans are the main ingredient in bean Pilaki and Piyaz.

Greece and northern Africa are the sources of pods of the runner beans sold as "green beans" in European markets during the cold period. The pods can be identified by their big size and the rougher surface.

Cultivars include:
 * 'Aeron Purple Star' (not available commercially)
 * 'Black Runner'
 * 'Butler'
 * 'Case Knife'
 * 'Fasolia gigantes', a white bean which originated in Greece.
 * 'Hammond's Dwarf'
 * 'Japanese Runner', sold in Canada and USA under the names of "Akahana" or "Shinshu runner"
 * 'Painted Lady'
 * 'Pickwick Dwarf'
 * 'Polestar'
 * 'Scarlet Runner'
 * 'White Dutch Runner'

P. coccineus subsp. darwinianus  is a cultivated subspecies, commonly referred to as the botil bean in Mexico.

The related species considered most useful for interbreeding with P. coccineus to increase its genetic diversity are P. dumosus and P. vulgaris.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phaseolus coccineus


text:
Boedo

Boedo is a working-class barrio or neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The neighborhood and one of its principal streets were named after Mariano Boedo, a leading figure in the Argentine independence.

It is the home of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club.

Esquina Homero Manzi
The corner of San Juan and Boedo is mentioned in the opening verse of the tango Sur, one of the best-loved songs about Buenos Aires. The corner is now known as Esquina Homero Manzi after the author of the lyrics, and is the venue for several tango festivals.

Boedo Literary Group
The Boedo group were a group of left-leaning Argentine and Uruguayan writers in the 1920s. Notable members of the Boedo group included Enrique Amorim, Leónidas Barletta, Elías Castelnuovo, Roberto Mariani, Nicolás Olivari, Lorenzo Stanchina, César Tiempo, and Álvaro Yunque.

Magazines associated with the Boedo group included Dínamo, Extrema Izquierda and Los Pensadores, and Antonio Zamora's publishing house Claridad.

Olivari, who was a founder of the Boedo group, later became a member of the less political Florida group; Roberto Arlt was also associated with both groups.

Transportation
Boedo has access to many bus lines to the center and to the nearby Primera Junta transportation hub. It has also access to the E Line of the subte (subway).

The main streets of the neighborhood are: Boedo to the South, San Juan/Directorio to the east, and Independencia/Alberdi to the West.

Cultural References
The suburb is immortalized in the tango 'Boedo', written in 1928 by Julio De Caro and with lyrics by Francisco Bautista Rímoli. The lyrics personify it as a working-class suburb, a home of tango and a refuge for the poor who created it; the lyrics include a reference to the poets of the 'corner'.

title: Boedo


text: Talk:Fibrocartilage callus

title: Talk:Fibrocartilage callus


text:
Talk:Rugrats

Requested move 24 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus that the 1991 series remains the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. (closed by non-admin page mover) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 18:48, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

– There is a 2021 TV series called "Rugrats" (which already has a page), so the new primary topic appears to be the franchise and not the 1991 TV show 134.199.113.124 (talk) 22:42, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Rugrats → Rugrats (1991 TV series)
 * Rugrats (franchise) → Rugrats
 * Oppose, OP presents no evidence to support his/her case. The original series appears to be the primary topic, both by pageviews and long-term notability. 162 etc. (talk) 01:58, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Unrelated, but you know you can just use "their" instead of "his/her" when you don't know someone's gender, btw. It's not ungrammatical at all; English has been using the singular 'they' since the 1300s in sentences like "Someone left their umbrella. I'll try to find them but I don't know where they went." Paintspot Infez (talk) 15:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose - Similar to SpongeBob SquarePants with SpongeBob SquarePants (franchise) and Avatar: The Last Airbender with Avatar: The Last Airbender (franchise), there's really no point of a move. kpgamingz (rant me) 17:05, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support 1st oppose 2nd, move the DAB to the base name as no primary topic given the generic use. The 1991 one has 31,802 views, the 2021 one has 17,814, the film series has 1,220, the franchise has 764, the comic strip has 130, the band has 17 and Toddler has 14,114.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:49, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The original show is still the apex of the franchise, so there'd be no real point in a move unless the reboot lasts for years and years (not very likely). And anyway, as of right now, Rugrats (franchise) is mostly just a list of content already described at Rugrats, so it's not like swapping the pages around would really improve things. Nohomersryan (talk) 02:09, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Per all above. The 1991 show is clearly the most relevant topic. Svartner (talk) 14:19, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Agree with all aboveFan Of Lion King 🦁 (talk) 23:31, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rugrats


text:
Nick Smith (New Zealand politician)

Nicolas Rex Smith (born 24 December 1964) is a New Zealand politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the National Party from 1990 to 2021. He served as a Cabinet minister, holding various posts including Minister for Building and Housing, Minister for the Environment, Minister for Climate Change Issues, and Minister of Local Government. For a brief time between October and November 2003 he was the deputy leader of the National Party, then in opposition under Don Brash.

Smith represented the Nelson electorate from 1996 to 2020 and, before that, was the member for Tasman from 1990 to 1996. Following his defeat in the Nelson electorate in the 2020 election, he served as a list MP for less than a year before retiring from parliament on 10 June 2021 after multiple allegations of bullying were made against him. Smith was elected Mayor of Nelson in the October 2022 New Zealand local elections.

Education and early career
Smith was born in Rangiora,Canterbury, in 1964, the son of John Smith and Anne Smith. His father was born in New South Wales and came to New Zealand to start a contracting business, building drains and bridges. He has seven siblings; three sisters and four brothers. His father and two brothers all own independent construction crane hire businesses.

Smith was educated at Rangiora High School and was an AFS Scholar to the U.S. He studied at the University of Canterbury where he earned a Bachelor of Engineering degree with first-class honours in civil engineering, and a PhD with a thesis titled The Residual Strength of Soils and Landslide Stability.

Before entering parliament, he worked as an engineer for the Rangiora County Council, and as director of his family construction company. He also served on the Rangiora District Council, unsuccessfully standing while still at secondary school in 1983, and successfully standing again in 1986 aged 21.

Fourth National Government, 1990–1999
Nick Smith has been involved in the National Party since his university days. He stood in the 1990 election as the party's candidate in the Tasman electorate. For the 1996 election, a large slice of Tasman was merged into the neighbouring Nelson electorate. Smith opted to contest Nelson and defeated Labour incumbent John Blincoe in the election. He held Nelson until the 2020 general election.

As well as the full ministerial posts mentioned below, Smith has also been an Associate Minister of the Immigration, Social Welfare and Treaty Negotiation portfolios.

Cabinet Minister
In 1996, after serving six years in parliament, Smith was elevated to Cabinet, becoming Minister of Conservation. With this appointment, he replaced the outgoing Minister, Denis Marshall, who had resigned as an eventual consequence of the Cave Creek disaster. In 1997 he gained the additional responsibility of Minister of Corrections. In early 1999, he dropped the Corrections portfolio and became Minister of Education. When National was defeated in the 1999 general election, Smith continued to serve as his party's education spokesperson.

Leadership struggles
Nick Smith was a supporter of Bill English's bid to replace Jenny Shipley as party leader. When English was successful, Smith's position within the party rose. When English was himself challenged by Don Brash, Smith was one of English's strongest defenders, working very hard to win support against Brash. Eventually, however, English was defeated.

Smith was appointed to the position of deputy leader, presumably to placate members of the English camp. He took up this position on 28 October 2003. Soon, however, he was challenged from within the party based on his behaviour after his elevation, which critics described as "irrational" and "paranoid". Smith's defenders said that the claims were exaggerated and that Smith was merely suffering from stress and exhaustion. Smith returned to Nelson on "stress leave".

When Smith returned to parliament, however, he found himself challenged for the deputy leadership by Gerry Brownlee. Smith and his supporters were angry at this, saying that Brownlee's supporters had taken advantage of Smith's absence to deliberately misrepresent Smith as unstable. Smith was also angry that neither Brownlee nor Brash (who appeared now to support Brownlee) had given any indication of the upcoming challenge. Smith was defeated and lost the deputy leadership on 17 November 2003.

Contempt of Court
In late March 2004, Smith was found guilty of contempt of court. He had been asked to assist a constituent with a Family Court case and made several public comments which broke the court's confidentiality rules and were also found to have pressured a witness in the case. Smith's defence was that he was exercising his responsibility as a constituency MP to aid a constituent and that his public utterances in the matter had served the public interest, but these claims were rejected by the court. The Speaker, Jonathan Hunt, held that contempt of court was insufficient to warrant expulsion from Parliament, as it did not fall within the statutory definition of a crime.

Smith considered seeking a renewed public mandate through a by-election, but no by-election was held after leaders of other parties criticised the idea. Smith stood again in the 2005 general election and kept his seat with a greatly increased majority, his personal share of the vote increasing from 46.8% to 54.9% and his overall majority from 4,232 to 10,226.

Fifth National Government, 2009–2017
When National and the new leader, John Key, won the 2008 general election, Smith was appointed Minister for the Environment, Minister Responsible for Climate Change Issues, and Minister for the Accident Compensation Corporation, and was ranked sixth in Cabinet.

Defamation case 2010
In April 2010, The New Zealand Herald reported that Smith had his legal fees for two separate defamation cases in 1999 and 2005 paid by the taxpayer. Smith stated that the legal fees for the 2005 case "totalled about $270,000."

In June 2010, the New Zealand Herald reported that preservatives producer Osmose New Zealand was taking a defamation case against Smith in the High Court in Auckland. Osmose New Zealand alleges that Smith's statements made in July 2005 about the timber product, T1.2, destroyed the product's reputation caused the company to lose more than $14 million in estimated profits. On 10 June 2010, Smith settled the case by issuing an apology and making an undisclosed payment. Smith was quoted by the Dominion Post as saying “No public money is involved in the settlement, although I have been very grateful to have received $209,000 of public money from the Parliamentary Service”.

Climate change
Smith has been the National Party's Climate Change spokesman when in opposition and has held the post of Minister for Climate Change Issues.

In May 2005, Smith, while criticising the Labour Government's proposed carbon tax, stated to Parliament that the National Party intended to move to a comprehensive emissions trading permit system.

In November 2005, Smith made several statements criticising the Labour Government's proposed policy of implementing a carbon tax:
 * “The madness of the Government’s new carbon tax is that New Zealanders will be the only people in the world paying it. It will drive up the costs of living and undermine the competitiveness of New Zealand business for negligible environmental gain."
 * “Labour Ministers may take pride in being toasted at International Climate conferences for being so bold and brave, but there is no justification for New Zealand going out in the cold by itself on this issue."
 * “New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions made up only 0.4% of the global total and on a per capita basis our emissions are half those of countries like Australia and the United States. We are the only Southern Hemisphere country with binding legal obligations under Kyoto and giants like China and India have got off scot-free.”

From January 2008, Smith was giving speeches as National's Climate Change Spokesman. In one speech, he stated there was no question that the destabilising of the Earth's climate, caused by increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, was the “number one environmental issue”.

After the 2008 general election, Smith was appointed Minister for Climate Change Issues. The Nelson Mail described the appointment as the logical choice given Smith's role as the National Party's climate change spokesman and his role in the National 'Blue-Green' group.

In December 2008, Smith announced a review of the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme which had only just been adopted in September via the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008.

On 24 September 2009, Smith introduced the Climate Change Response (Moderated Emissions Trading) Amendment Bill for its first reading in Parliament. This bill amended the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and it received the Royal assent on 7 December 2009.

In November 2009, Smith stated in a speech to Federated Farmers that climate change is a global tragedy of the commons. It has significant consequences and the harm will fall on future generations. Economically, in terms of trade access, and environment, New Zealand must do its fair share. As it is a complex diabolical problem with huge economic implications for societies based on fossil fuel use, climate change policies must be substantive and realistic.

In 2010, Smith was reported by The Press as saying the basic science of climate change was sound and that climate deniers who leapt on errors by the IPCC should subject their "flaky" research to the same level of scrutiny as the IPCC reports.

Resignation
Smith resigned from all his Cabinet portfolios on 21 March 2012, after admitting that he had written on Minister for Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) letterhead to the Chief Executive of the ACC on behalf of a former National Party activist. In accepting the resignation, John Key said "it's quite clear he should have made his conflict of interest also known, he shouldn't have had anything to do with the complainant, he should have delegated that responsibility as other ministers do".

Housing, conservation, and environment
On 22 January 2013, Smith was returned to the Cabinet and appointed to the Offices of Minister of Conservation and Minister of Housing.

Smith was re-elected in Nelson during the 2014 general election, defeating Labour candidate Maryan Street by 7,605 votes. Following the re-election of National, he served as Minister of Building and Housing and Minister of Environment.

Opposition, 2017–2021
Nick Smith was re-elected in Nelson during the 2017 general election, defeating Labour candidate Rachel Boyack by 4,283 votes. He became National's Spokesperson for Electoral Reform and State Services (including Open Government) portfolios in the Shadow Cabinet of Simon Bridges. Smith was named as the party's new spokesperson for Crown–Māori Relations in January 2019.

In March 2018, Smith became the Father of the House in March 2018, having served continuously since the 1990 general election. Following his resignation in June 2021, Smith was succeeded as "Father of the House" by Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard.

Smith, in his capacity as National's electoral reform spokesperson, criticised in March 2019 the Labour members of Parliament's Justice Select Committee for blocking China expert and political scientist Anne-Marie Brady from testifying at a select committee hearing about interference from the Chinese Communist Party and its local proxies in the 2017 general election. Raymond Huo, the Chair of the Justice Select Committee, had declined Brady's application on procedural grounds that she had submitted her application five months after the deadline in September 2018. Smith criticised the Labour members of the select committee for blocking Brady because it ignored Justice Minister Andrew Little's instruction that the committee considers the issue of foreign interference. As a result, the Labour Government reversed its initial decision to exclude Brady.

On 8 May 2019, Smith was named by Speaker Mallard for misconduct in the house. No MP had been named by the Speaker since 2006, when Smith was named by Assistant Speaker Ann Hartley. Smith had also been named on two earlier occasions: in 2001 by Chairperson of the Committee of the Whole House Geoff Braybrooke, and in 2003 by Speaker Jonathan Hunt.

On 25 June 2020, Smith was escorted out of the House of Representatives by the Serjeant-at-Arms for refusing to leave when asked to by the Assistant Speaker, Adrian Rurawhe, who was enforcing the earlier ejection of Smith because he was arguing with Speaker Mallard. As he was leaving, Smith shouted, "what sort of a Nazi establishment is running the place, seriously." Smith is the first person to be escorted out of the House by the Serjeant-at-Arms since the late 1980s, when Robert Muldoon was escorted out.

During the 2020 New Zealand general election, Smith lost his seat in Nelson to Labour candidate Rachel Boyack by a final margin of 4,525 votes. However, Smith was re-elected to Parliament on the National Party list.

Owing to the resignation of fellow National MP David Carter at the 2020 general election, Smith became the sponsor of a private member's bill seeking to repeal the controversial Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018. Smith's member's bill was defeated during its second reading on 9 June 2021 when the Labour Party used its parliamentary majority to block its passage. The second reading was deferred until 9 June 2021. The repeal bill was defeated by 65 (Labour) to 55 (National, Greens, ACT, and the Māori Party).

Retirement from Parliament
On 31 May 2021, Smith released a statement announcing his resignation from Parliament, to take effect on 10 June. In his statement he said that he had decided some time earlier that he would not serve the full parliamentary term, as following the loss of his electorate seat, he had found that being a list MP "is just not me," and there had also been "recent changes in family circumstances which require me to give greater support." Concerning the precise timing of his resignation, however, he said that "Parliamentary Services have been conducting a confidential inquiry into a verbal altercation in my Wellington office last July that has not concluded" and that he had been advised on 28 May that the existence of the inquiry and its details had been leaked to the media, and would be published on 1 June. He further said in his statement that "It is inappropriate for employment disputes to be litigated in public. I will put on the record that I regret the incident, I apologised at the time and I apologise again today. I have decided the best course of action for the parties involved, the National Party, my family and myself is to retire now." 1 News reported that "Smith had a complaint from a male staffer saying he was being bullied by the veteran MP," while the New Zealand Herald understood the altercation to be "with a young staff member who had worked there for less than a year prior to the incident." On 1 June, Stuff reported that the complaint that led to the inquiry had been made by a second staffer who overheard the alleged altercation and that this staffer had made an audio recording. Smith is seeking access to this recording, which has delayed the conclusion of the inquiry. Former staffers claimed that Smith's behaviour was well known to everyone in parliament, including all National Party leaders as far back as Jim Bolger. A former MP said that Smith had a "volatile personality" and was frequently "outright rude to officials and staffers." Newsroom later reported that the Parliamentary Service investigation had widened its scope from the July 2020 incident to look at Smith's treatment of his staff throughout his time in politics and that Smith believed that the resulting report would be "devastating for both him and his career."

The media story containing the full details of the incident anticipated by Smith's statement did not appear on 1 June, but the next day Richard Harman of Politik published an article alleging that National leader Judith Collins had been the one to tell Smith that the inquiry had been leaked to the media and would shortly be revealed to the public, and hence "It appears either by accident or intent that Collins forced Smith’s resignation because of her claims of the imminent publication of the story." Harman reported that Collins had told her caucus in early May 2021 that a scandal involving one of them would soon break, without naming the MP in question. He further suggested that Collins was likely to have known of the incident since it occurred in July 2020, and noted that Smith's presumptive replacement in Parliament, Harete Hipango, had told the Whanganui Chronicle that experienced political figures had briefed her that it was only a matter of time before she returned. Collins refused to confirm or deny having told Smith of the supposed leak, on the grounds that she did not discuss conversations that she had had with her MPs. She did acknowledge having learned of the alleged altercation in late 2020, and also questioned the legality of the recording of it. Newshub reported that Smith had been under the impression that its political editor Tova O'Brien was the reporter about to break the story, but that in fact, no such story existed.

Smith gave his valedictory speech on the afternoon of 10 June 2021, and his resignation from Parliament took effect at midnight that night.

In December 2021, Stuff and Newsroom obtained access to the draft version of the report on Smith's behaviour and described its contents, with responses from Smith and the allegedly bullied staffer.

Mayor of Nelson
On 8 October 2022, Nick Smith was elected as Mayor of Nelson during the 2022 New Zealand local elections, succeeding the outgoing incumbent Mayor Rachel Reese. Smith defeated second highest polling candidate Matt Lawrey by a margin of 9,302 votes. During the mayoral race, Smith campaigned against the Government's Three Waters reform programme. Following his election as Mayor, Smith stated that the Nelson City Council would focus on recovering from the August 2022 storms that damaged the city, and boosting the local economy.

In early April 2024, Smith opposed calls to ban alcohol advertising at sports games, telling AM "that the economic benefits for the region outweigh the "minor issue" of concerns about social harm."

In early May 2024, Smith stated that he had been reassured by Crown agency Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand) that changes to the long-awaited rebuild of Nelson Hospital would address the shortage of beds and seismic issues at the facility.

Political views
In 2003 Smith voted against the Death with Dignity Bill, a bill aiming to legalise euthanasia in New Zealand.

In 2004 Smith voted against the Civil Union Act 2004 and the Relationships (Statutory References) Act. Smith also voted for the Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill, which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and woman.

In 2012 Smith voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry in New Zealand. In his valedictory speech in 2021 he said that this vote was “an issue I got wrong,” a change of view that he credited in part to family circumstances, and he apologised "to New Zealand's LGBT+ community."

In 2018, Smith vocalised support for human and civil rights as enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689, during a debate on the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Bill.

title: Nick Smith (New Zealand politician)


text:
Merman

A merman (: mermen), the male counterpart of the mythical female mermaid, is a legendary creature which is human from the waist up and fish-like from the waist down, but may assume normal human shape. Sometimes mermen are described as hideous and other times as handsome.

Antiquity
Perhaps the first recorded merman was the Assyrian-Babylonian sea-god Ea (called Enki by the Sumerians), linked to the figure known to the Greeks as Oannes. However, while some popular writers have equated Oannes of the Greek period to the god Ea (and to Dagon), Oannes was rather one of the apkallu servants to Ea.

The apkallu have been described as "fish-men" in cuneiform texts, and if Berossus is to be believed, Oannes was indeed a being possessed of a fish head and man's head beneath, and both a fish tail and manlike legs. But Berossus was writing much later during the era of Greek rule, engaging in the "construction" of the past. Thus even though figurines have been unearth to corroborate this fish-man iconography, these can be regarded as representing "human figures clad in fish cloaks", rather than a being with a fish head growing above the human head. And the god Ea is also seen as depicted wearing a fish cloak by modern scholars.

Greco-Roman mythology
Triton of Greek mythology was depicted as a half-man, half-fish merman in ancient Greek art. Triton was the son of the sea-god Poseidon and sea-goddess Amphitrite. Neither Poseidon nor Amphitrite were merfolk, although both were able to live underwater as easily as on land.

Tritons later became generic mermen, so that multiple numbers of them were depicted in art.

Tritons were also associated with using a conch shell in the later Hellenistic period. In the 16th century, Triton was referred to as the "trumpeter of Neptune (Neptuni tubicen)" in Marius Nizolius's Thesaurus (1551), and this phrase has been used in modern commentary. The Elizabethan period poet Edmund Spenser referred to Triton's "trompet" as well.

Another notable merman from Greek mythology was Glaucus. He was born a human and lived his early life as a fisherman. One day, while fishing, he saw that the fish he caught would jump from the grass and into the sea. He ate some of the grass, believing it to have magical properties, and felt an overwhelming desire to be in the sea. He jumped in the ocean and refused to go back on land. The sea gods nearby heard his prayers and transformed him into a sea god. Ovid describes the transformation of Glaucus in the Metamorphoses, describing him as a blue-green man with a fishy member where his legs had been.

Marmennill
A merman is called marmennill in Old Norse, attested in the Ladnámabók. An early settler in Iceland (c. 11th century) allegedly caught a merman while fishing, and the creature prophesied one thing: the man's son will gain possession of the piece of land where the mare Skálm chooses to "lie down under her load". In a subsequent fishing trip the man was drowned, survived by the boy who stayed behind.

Hafstrambr
The hafstrambr is a merman, described as a counterpart to the hideous mermaid margýgr in the Konungs skuggsjá ("King's mirror", c. 1250). He is said to generally match her anthropomorphic appearance on the top half, though his lower half is said to have been never been seen. In actuality, it may have been just a sea-mammal (hooded seal, Cystophora cristata), or the phenomenon of some sea creature appearing magnified in size, caused by mid-range mirage.

Medieval Norsemen may have regarded the hafstrambr as the largest sorts of mermen, which would explain why the word for marmennill ('little mer-man') would be given in the diminutive.

Other commentators treat the hafstrambr merely as an imaginary sea-monster.

Early cartography
A twin-tailed merman is depicted on the Bianco world map (1436). A merman and a mermaid are shown on the Behaim globe (c. 1490–1493).

Gesner's sea-satyr

Konrad Gesner in his chapter on Triton in Historia animalium IV (1558) gave the name of "sea-Pan" or "sea-satyr" (Pan- vel satyrus marinus) to an artist's image he obtained, which he said was that of an "ichthyocentaur" or "sea-devil".

Gesner's sea-devil (Meerteufel) has been described by a modern commentator as having "the lower body of a fish and the upper body of a man, the head an horns of a buck-goat or the devil, and the breasts of a woman", and lacks the horse-legs of a typical centaur. Gesner made reference to a passage where Aelian writes of satyrs that inhabit Taprobana's seas, counted among the fishes and cete (κήτη, "sea monsters").

This illustration was apparently ultimately based on a skeletal specimen and mummies. Gesner explained that such a creature was placed on exhibit in Rome on 3 November 1523. Elsewhere in Gesner's book it is stated the "sea monster (monstrum marinum)" viewed on this same date was the size of a 5-year-old child. It has been remarked in connection to this by one ichthyologist that mermen created by joining the monkey's upper body with a fish's lower extremity have been manufactured in China for centuries; and such merchandise may have been imported into Europe by the likes of the Dutch East India Company by this time (cf. Bartholin's siren). Mummies (Feejee mermaids) were certainly being manufactured in Japan in some quantity by the 19th century or even earlier (cf. §Hoaxes and sideshows).

The "sea-satyr[e]" appears in Edmund Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene (1590), and glossed by Francis J. Child as a type of "ichthyocentaur", on the authority of Gesner.

Marbendill
Icelandic folklore beliefs speak of sea-dwelling humans (humanoids) known as marbendlar (sing. ), which is the later Norse, and modern Icelandic form of marmennill.

Jón lærði Guðmundsson ('the Learned', d. 1658)'s writings concerning elves includes the merman or marbendill as a "water-elf". This merman is described as seal-like from the waist down. Jón the Learned also wrote down a short tale or folktale concerning it, which has been translated under the titles "The Merman" and "Of Marbendill".

Jón Árnasson, building on this classification, divided the water-elves into two groups: the male marbendill vs. the female known variously as hafgýgur, haffrú, margýgur, or meyfiskur. But in current times, hafmey i the common designation of the mermaid. This gender classification however is not in alignment with the medieval source described above, which pairs the margýgr with the (hafstrambr).

Havmand
According to Norwegian folklore dating back to the 18th century,  takes the mermaid (havfrue) as wife, and the offspring or young they produce are called marmæler (sing. marmæle).

Norwegian mermen (havmænd) were later ascribed the general characteristic that they are of "a dusky hue, with a long beard, black hair, and from the waist upwards resemble a man, but downwards are like a fish."

While the marmæler does literally mean 'sea-talker', the word is thought to be a corruption of marmenill, the aforementioned Old Norse term for merman.

Prophesying
An alleged marmennill prophesying to an early Icelandic settler has already been noted (cf. §Medieval period). In the story "The Merman", a captured marbendill laughs thrice, and when pressed, reveals to the peasant his insight (buried gold, wife's infidelity, dog's fidelity) on promise of release. The peasant finds wonderful gray milk-cows next to his property, which he presumes were the merman's gift; the unruly cows were made obedient by bursting the strange bladder or sac on their muzzle (with the stick he carried).

Abductions
In Sweden, the superstition of the merman (hafsman) abducting a human girl to become his wife has been documented (Hälsingland, early 19th century); the merman's consort is said to be occasionally spotted sitting on a holme (small island), laundering her linen or combing her hair.

There is a Swedish ballad (Visa (verse)) entitled "Hafsmannen" about a merman abducting a girl; the Danish ballad "Rosmer Havmand" is a cognate ballad based on the same legend.

"Agnete og Havmanden" is another Scandinavian ballad work with this theme, but it is of late composition (late 18th century). It tells of a merman who had been mated to a human woman named Agnete; the merman unsuccessfully pleaded with her to come back to him and their children in the sea.

English folklore
English folklorist Jacqueline Simpson surmises that as in Nordic (Scandinavian) countries, the original man-like water-dwellers of England probably lacked fish-like tails. A "wildman" caught in a fishnet, described by Ralph of Coggeshall (c. 1210) was entirely man-like though he liked to eat raw fish and eventually returned to the sea. Katharine Mary Briggs opined that the mermen are "often uglier and rougher in the British Isles".

Mermen, which seldom frequent American folklore, are supposedly depicted as less beautiful than mermaids.

Celtic folklore
The Irish fakelore story of "The Soul Cages" features a male merrow named Coomara, a hideous creature with green hair, teeth and skin, narrow eyes and a red nose. The tale was created by Thomas Keightley, who lifted the plot from one of the Grimms' collected tales (Deutsche Sagen No. 25, "Der Wassermann und der Bauer" or "The Waterman and the Peasant").

In Cornish folklore into early modern times, the Bucca, described as a lonely, mournful character with the skin of a conger eel and hair of seaweed, was still placated with votive offerings of fish left on the beach by fishermen. Similarly vengeful water spirits occur in Breton and Gaelic lore, which may relate to pre-Christian gods such as Nechtan.

China and Japan
In China and in Japan, there are various accounts of "human-fish" (人魚, Chinese: renyu, Japanese: ningyo), and these presumably occurred in male forms also.

However, Chinese human-fish have been described (and illustrated) as resembling a catfish, and not quite so human-like (cf. merfolk).

Illustrated depictions of male ningyo do exist from the Edo Period (cf. Ningyo§Male ningyo). One example is the picture of male human-fish (男人魚) hand-copied by the young lord of Hirosaki Domain. Another is the illustrated sheet of kawaraban newspaper carrying news of the "ningyo from Holland" (阿蘭陀渡り人魚), bearing the face of an old man.

Hairen or kaijin
In China and Japan there are also accounts of the "sea human" (海人, Chinese: hairen, Japanese: kaijin), some of these accounts are of European origin.

A known description of the hairen occurs in a work in Chinese called Zhifang waiji (職方外紀), actually written by a European. Here Ai Rulüe (Giulio Aleni) stated that there are two kinds of hairen. The example of the first kind had a beard.

The second type of hairen described by Aleni was actually a female woman, identifiable as the captured in 1403, with drooping skin, as if she were dressed in [a pao 袍 type of robe].

Later, a Japanese source (Nagasaki bunkenroku) gave description of the kaijin encompassing features of both types: it had chin hair as well as a skin flap around the waist similar to a hakama. These trouser-like hakama was worn by men, as well as women in some cases.

An older (though perhaps lesser known) account of hairen occurs in Shaozi or Shao Yong's work called Caomuzi (草木子), which describes the creature as having the shape of a (Buddhist) priest, though diminutive in stature. It has been equated with the umibōzu ("sea-priest, sea acolyte priest") yōkai of Japan.

Folklore elsewhere
In Finnish mythology, a Vetehinen (folklore), a type of neck, is sometimes portrayed as a magical, powerful, bearded man with the tail of a fish. He can cure illnesses, lift curses and brew potions, but he can also cause unintended harm by becoming too curious about human life.

In the Inuit folklore of Greenland and northern Canada, the Auvekoejak is a furry merman.

In an Italian folktale with medieval roots, Cola Pesce (Nicholas Fish) was a human boy until his mother cursed him to become part fish. As a merman, he occasionally assisted fishermen, but was summoned by a king who ordered him to explore the seabed and bring back items. Cola Pesce reluctantly went on the king's errands, only to disappear.

The boto (river dolphins) of the Amazon River regions of northern Brazil, is described according to local lore as taking the form of a human or merman, also known as encantado ("enchanted one" in Portuguese) and with the habit of seducing human women and impregnating them.

In the folklore of the Dogon of Mali, ancestral spirits called Nommo had humanoid upper torsos, legs and feet, and a fish-like lower torso and tail.

In heraldry
Mermen or "tritons" see uncommon use in British heraldry, where they appear with the torso, head and arms of a man upon the tail of a fish. They are typically used as supporters, and are rarely used as charges.

Hoaxes and sideshows

A stuffed specimen of the merfolk was exhibited in London in 1822 was later billed "Fiji mermaid" by P.T. Barnum and put on display in the Barnum's American Museum, New York, in 1842. Although billed as a "mermaid", this has also been bluntly referred to as a "Barnum's merman" in one piece of journalism. This specimen was an example of fake mermaids posed in "The Scream" style, named after Edvard Munch's painting; mermaids in this pose were commonly made in the late 18th and early 19th century in Japan.

A similar fake "mermaid" at the Horniman Museum has also been relabeled by another curator as a "merman", where "mermen" or "feejee mermaids" are used as generic terms for such concocted mummies. DNA testing was inconclusive as to species (and nothing on gender was disclosed), but despite being catalogued as a "Japanese Monkey-fish", it was determined to contain no monkey parts, but only the teeth, scales, etc. of fish.

Another "merman" specimen supposedly found in Banff, Alberta, is displayed at the Indian Trading Post. Other such "mermen", which may be composites of wood carvings, parts of monkeys and fish, are found in museums around the world; for example, at the Booth Museum in Brighton.

Such fake mermaids handcrafted from monkeys and fish were being made in China and the Malay Archipelago, and imported by the Dutch since the mid-16th century, according to ichthyologist E. W. Gudger. Several natural history books published around this time (c. 1550s) carried entries on the mermaid-like monk-fish (sea monk) and the bishopfish (sea bishop), and Gudger suspected these were misinformation based on the aforementioned hoax mermaids from the East.

Gudger also noted that the mermaid-like bishopfish could well be simulated by a dried specimen of a ray. A dried ray bears a vaguely anthropomorphic shape, and can be further manipulated to enhance its desired monstrous look. Such figures made of sharks and rays eventually came to be known as Jenny Hanivers in Great Britain.

Literature and popular culture
Matthew Arnold wrote a poem called "The Forsaken Merman" about a merman whose human wife abandoned him and their children. Mermen may feature in science fiction and fantasy literature. The Merman's Children by American writer Poul Anderson is inspired by the ballad Agnete og Havmanden. Science fiction writer Joe Haldeman wrote two books on Attar the Merman in which genetically enhanced mermen can communicate telepathically with dolphins. Samuel R. Delany wrote the short story Driftglass in which mermen are deliberately created surgically as amphibious human beings with gills, while in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter, a race of merpeople live in a lake outside Hogwarts.

Mermen sometimes appear in modern comics, games, television shows and films. Although they were once depicted largely as being unattractive in some traditions as described in previous sections, in some modern works, mermen are portrayed as handsome, strong and brave. In the 1977–1978 television series Man from Atlantis, the merman as played by Patrick Duffy is described as a survivor from Atlantis. In the DC Comics mythology, mermen are a common fixture of the Aquaman mythos, often showing a parochialistic rivalry with humanoid water-breathers. The mermen or merfolk also appear in the Dungeons & Dragons game. Three mermen are featured in the music video for Madonna's 1989 song "Cherish".

The Australian TV series Mako: Island of Secrets (2013–2016), a spin-off of H2O: Just Add Water, includes a teenage boy named Zac (played by Chai Hansen) who turns into a merman. The 2006 CG-animated film Barbie: Mermaidia features a merman character named Prince Nalu.

The monster known as the Gill-man from the film Creature from the Black Lagoon could be seen as a modern adaptation of the merman myth.

title: Merman


text:
Shankarrao Chavan

Shankarrao Bhavrao Chavan (14 July 1920 – 26 February 2004) was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of Maharashtra twice from 1975 until 1977 and from 13 March 1986 until 26 June 1988. He was the finance minister of India from 1988 to 1989 in Rajiv Gandhi ministry. He also served as the home minister of India twice, from 31 December 1984 to 12 March 1986 in the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet, and from 21 June 1991 to 16 May 1996 in the P. V. Narasimha Rao cabinet.

Early life and family
Chavan was born at Paithan Village, Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.

Chavan completed his Bachelor of Arts from Madras University and LL.B. from Osmania University. He started his career as an advocate. He initiated the Student's Movement and gave up practice of law during the 'Quit Court' Movement in the former Hyderabad State.

He was elected to Bombay State Assembly from Dharmabad in 1957 and to Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha from Dharmabad during the 1962 election and from Bhokar during 1967, 1972 and 1978 elections.

His son Ashok Chavan served as chief minister of Maharashtra. His daughter-in-law and Ashok Chavan's wife, Ameeta Ashokrao Chavan represented Bhokar in Maharashtra Vidhan sabha.

Membership in legislative and parliament bodies

 * Bombay State Legislative Council, 1956
 * Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, 1960–80
 * Lok Sabha, 1980–84 and 1985–86
 * Maharashtra Legislative Council, 8 July 1986 – 21 October 1988
 * Rajya Sabha from Maharshtra 28 October 1988 – 2 April 1990, April 1990 – April 1996 and April 1996 – April 2002
 * Committee on Rules, Rajya Sabha, 1992–96

Leadership in Rajya Sabha

 * Congress(I) Party in Rajya Sabha 2 July 1991 – 15 May 1996
 * Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha from 2 July 1991 to 15 May 1996 elected to the Rajya Sabha in October 1988, re-elected in April 1990 and again in April 1996

Chief Minister
Shankarrao served as chief Minister of Maharashtra on two occasions.

The Emergency]] declared by prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. Sanjay Gandhi, the son of the prime minister became the power behind the throne and Chavan had to meet Sanjay first to get an appointment with the prime minister
 * 21 February 1975 – 16 May 1977: This coincided with [[The Emergency (India)|
 * 12 March 1986 – 26 June 1988

Union Cabinet Minister, Government of India

 * Culture and Social Welfare & Education (HRD), 17 October 1980 – 8 August 1981
 * Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, 8 August 1981 to 18 July 1984
 * Defence, 2 August 1984 to December 30, 1984
 * Home, 31 December 1984 – 12 March 1986
 * Finance 25 June 1988 – 2 December 1989
 * Home, 21 June 1991 to 16 May 1996

Chancellor

 * Tilak Maharashtra University, Pune (Deemed University)

President

 * The Bharat Scouts and Guides, New Delhi (April 1983 to November 1998)
 * Maratha Mitra Mandal, New Delhi

Chairman

 * Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi(1981-2004)
 * Shri Sharda Bhavan Education Society, Nanded
 * Committee on Human Resource Development, Parliament of India
 * Ethics Committee, Rajya Sabha

Member

 * Business Advisory Committee, Rajya Sabha
 * General Purposes Committee, Rajya Sabha
 * Executive Committee of the Indian Parliamentary Group
 * Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Railways
 * Parliamentary Affairs Committee of Congress(I) Party in Parliament
 * All India Congress Committee (A.I.C.C.)
 * Central Cooperative Union, Hyderabad

In Memory
Shankarrao Chavan Vidyalaya and Jr College, Khaparkheda dist. Nagpur
 * Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College & Hospital, Nanded
 * MMM's Shankarrao Chavan Law College, Pune
 * NWCMC's Dr.Shankarrao Chavan Auditorium, Near SGGS Stadium
 * SBES's Shankarrao Chavan Memorial, VIP Road
 * Shankarrao Chavan Chowk, Kamtha-Nanded
 * Shankarrao Chavan Chowk, Chimegaon Nanded
 * Dr.Shankarrao Chavan Garden & Library, CIDCO, नांदेड

title: Shankarrao Chavan


text:
Tournament selection

Tournament selection is a method of selecting an individual from a population of individuals in a genetic algorithm. Tournament selection involves running several "tournaments" among a few individuals (or "chromosomes") chosen at random from the population. The winner of each tournament (the one with the best fitness) is selected for crossover. Selection pressure, a probabilistic measure of a chromosome's likelihood of participation in the tournament based on the participant selection pool size, is easily adjusted by changing the tournament size. The reason is that if the tournament size is larger, weak individuals have a smaller chance to be selected, because, if a weak individual is selected to be in a tournament, there is a higher probability that a stronger individual is also in that tournament.

The tournament selection method may be described in pseudo code:

choose k (the tournament size) individuals from the population at random choose the best individual from the tournament with probability p choose the second best individual with probability p*(1-p) choose the third best individual with probability p*((1-p)^2) and so on

Deterministic tournament selection selects the best individual (when p = 1) in any tournament. A 1-way tournament (k = 1) selection is equivalent to random selection. There are two variants of the selection: with and without replacement. The variant without replacement guarantees that when selecting N individuals from a population of N elements, each individual participates in exactly k tournaments. An algorithm is proposed in. Note that depending on the number of elements selected, selection without replacement does not guarantee that no individual is selected more than once. It just guarantees that each individual has an equal chance of participating in the same number of tournaments.

In comparison with the (stochastic) fitness proportionate selection method, tournament selection is often implemented in practice due to its lack of stochastic noise.

Tournament selection has several benefits over alternative selection methods for genetic algorithms (for example, fitness proportionate selection and reward-based selection): it is efficient to code, works on parallel architectures and allows the selection pressure to be easily adjusted. Tournament selection has also been shown to be independent of the scaling of the genetic algorithm fitness function (or 'objective function') in some classifier systems.

title: Tournament selection


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/February 29

 * 1704 - Native Americans destroyed Deerfield, Massachusetts.
 * Added. -- PFHLai 05:51, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * 1938 - Superman celebrates his birthday.
 * Unable to confirm. Not added. We avoid doing birthdays, anyway... -- PFHLai 05:51, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * 1996 - A court ruled that book publisher Random House owed British actress and author Joan Collins over US$1 million for breach of contract over an unpublished manuscript. Randor1980 (talk) 07:31, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

February 29, 2013??
This article makes a notice referring to the date February 29, 2013. This date will not exist. 2013 is not a leap year. --HGK745 (talk) 03:41, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, because those dates are calculated artificially. But it doesn't matter because the point of those sections is to help coordinate the selection of events for this page, and since there will be no February 29 next year, it doesn't do any harm to have weird dates there. — howcheng  {chat} 05:17, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:50, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Joan Collins (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Playboy Club
 * Included: Admiralty Islands campaign (first appearance), Jean-Bertrand Aristide (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Raid on Deerfield (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total), Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total), Hattie McDaniel (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Link to following day
The link to the following day should say "March 1" instead of "March 2". GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 15:16, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:27, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Desmond Tutu (featured on September 7)
 * New articles (ineligible): La Bougie du Sapeur (stub)
 * Omitted: Raid on Deerfield; Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden; Hattie McDaniel; 2004 Haitian coup d'état (blurb previously featured Jean-Bertrand Aristide, which is currently ineligible)
 * Included: Alaungpaya (first appearance); Bar Confederation (first appearance); 1960 Agadir earthquake (first appearance); Tokyo Skytree (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Admiralty Islands campaign (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

 * I’ve expanded La Bougie du Sapeur beyond stub status and moved it back into eligible. — LLarson (said & done) 15:31, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it's still too short for inclusion. — howcheng  {chat} 23:15, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

 * How long do you think is sufficient if the threshold isn’t stub? — LLarson (said & done) 23:34, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I think ideally it should meet the DYK criteria (1,500 characters), and even then I really only go for short articles when we're desperate. — howcheng  {chat} 01:09, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:57, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden (maintenance); Hattie McDaniel (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Gioachino Rossini (POTD for 2020)
 * New articles (unused): Emmeline B. Wells
 * Omitted: Leap year (ineligible—maintenance); Alaungpaya (ineligible—maintenance); Admiralty Islands campaign; Tokyo Skytree
 * Included: Raid on Deerfield (3rd appearance, last in 2012); La Bougie du Sapeur (first appearance; 40th anniversary); Misha Defonseca/Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years (both: first appearance); Oswald of Worcester (first appearance); Ina Coolbrith (first appearance); Pedro Sánchez (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Bar Confederation (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); 1960 Agadir earthquake (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 60th anniversary)

2024 notes
Can we perhaps include the birth of Rossini, now that we have a leap year? -- Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:00, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Any editor is welcome to add new entries to the "Eligible" section of the template for consideration. When that date approaches, an OTD prepper will decide which hooks will run. Z1720 (talk) 18:04, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't dare because he is - as far as I can interpret the code - under ineligible, and I don't see why. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 18:16, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It looks like he was 2020's picture of the day, which means he couldn't be in the template that year. I have moved the entry back to eligible. Z1720 (talk) 18:58, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Rossini was not included in the hook set because their birthday is not cited in the article. Typically, this can be solved by adding the birthday to the first sentence of the "Early life" section if the date is verified by the source. If this is fixed, please ping me and I can swap it in. Z1720 (talk) 19:25, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Z1720. Problem: it's not "my" article. The source for the first sentence where the date would go, is a book, offline. I looked at other refs in the article: offline or without birthday (at least at a glance). Britannica has the date,, among many others, but isn't used so far in the article. I could of course place the date in the first sentence, almost sure that the source will support it, but hesitate. Calling Tim riley for help. This is about having Rossini listed in the "On this day" section of the Main page on his birthday. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:31, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * any reliable source can be used to cite the birthday, as long as it is cited in the article. Feel free to add it yourself and then ping me. Z1720 (talk) 20:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I added it, expecting that it will be replaced by one already in the article in proper format, therefore kept it simple, Z1720. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I just now realised that Rossini was featured in OTD in October 2023, which means it is normally not to be featured again for at least a year, so I don't think it should be moved into the set this year. I am sorry that I did not realise this before you did all this work. However, I will move it back to eligible and hopefully it can be used in future years. Z1720 (talk) 01:12, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you realize that it is odd to have had him featured in a year when his birthday didn't even occur in the calendar but not when it does. The next "good" year will be 2028. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:26, 28 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
Rupert Hamer

Sir Rupert James Hamer, (29 July 1916 – 23 March 2004), also known as Dick Hamer, was an Australian politician who served as the 39th premier of Victoria from 1972 to 1981, and prior to that, the 18th deputy premier of Victoria from 1971 to 1972. He held office as the leader of the Victorian division of the Liberal Party of Australia (LPA) and a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the division of Kew.

Early years
Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, a solicitor. His three siblings all achieved success in their fields: his sister was Alison Patrick (1921–2009), an internationally known historian of the French Revolution; his brothers were David Hamer (1923–2002), a federal Liberal politician, and Alan, a Rhodes Scholar, chemist and managing director of ICI Australia.

Hamer was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team, and was Secretary of the Student Club. He joined the Melbourne University Regiment of the Australian Army in 1935 and served with them until 1939. He was commissioned as an officer in August 1940 in 2nd/43rd Battalion AIF and served at Tobruk, Syria, El Alamein, New Guinea and in Normandy. He was Mentioned in Dispatches in 1945 for "distinguished service in the South-West Pacific". After the war he became a partner in his family's law firm and was active in the Liberal Party. In 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. He continued his military service and remained active in the Citizens Military Force joining the Victorian Scottish Regiment in 1948, of which he was Commanding Officer from 1954 to 1958.

Parliamentary career
Hamer was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province in 1958. He was appointed to the cabinet of the Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government from 1964 to 1971.

After Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah's retirement, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylah's Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne. He immediately assumed Rylah's portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary. Although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader.

Premier of Victoria
By the 1970s, the Liberal government was losing its appeal to younger, urban voters in Melbourne. Realizing that the Liberals had a year at most to retool their image before a statutory general election, Bolte retired in 1972 and endorsed Hamer as his successor. Despite opposition from the conservative wing of the party, Bolte's support was enough for Hamer to prevail in the ensuing leadership ballot, and he was sworn in as premier on 23 August.

Hamer represented such a sharp change from the Bolte era that he was able to campaign in the 1973 election as a new, reformist leader, despite the fact that the Liberals had been in power for 18 years. Employing the slogan "Hamer Makes It Happen", he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his party's already large majority. He won an even larger victory in 1976, defeating Holding yet again.

Hamer, assisted by key allies such as Planning Minister Alan Hunt, Conservation Minister Bill Borthwick, Attorney-General Haddon Storey, Social Welfare Minister Vasey Houghton, Housing and Youth Sport and Recreation Minister Brian Dixon and Community Welfare Services Minister Walter Jona moved to modernise and liberalise government in Victoria. Environmental protection laws were greatly strengthened, the death penalty was abolished, Aboriginal communities were given ownership of their lands, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalised and anti-discrimination laws were introduced.

Hamer began the modernisation of Melbourne's moribund tramway system (now the world's biggest by route length), ordering 100 new trams immediately with further orders following, and approving the extension of the Burwood tram line from Warrigal Road to Middleborough Road. These were the first new trams and first new tram line since 1956, when Bolte stopped further expansion of the system and cancelled an order for 30 extra W7 class trams.

Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased. A major new centre for the performing arts, the Arts Centre Melbourne, was built in the centre of the city. These measures won the support of middle-class voters, and the Melbourne daily The Age, which had been critical of Bolte during his later years in power, strongly supported Hamer's government.

Hamer was instrumental in the introduction of the Historic Buildings Act 1974 and made significant moves in 1977 which guaranteed the protection of several significant buildings including the Windsor Hotel and Regent Theatre in Melbourne and Shamrock Hotel in Bendigo.

By 1979, however, the gloss was wearing off the Hamer image, as Victoria was beset by increasing economic difficulties, rising unemployment, industrial unrest and a decline in Victoria's traditional manufacturing industrial base. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a stronger challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, and took Labor into the 1979 election with a realistic chance of winning government for the first time since 1955. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to only one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party.

In spite of the setback, Hamer continued in office. He promoted some new younger ministers such as Lou Lieberman (Planning), Norman Lacy (Educational Services and The Arts) and Jeff Kennett (Housing) who continued to pursue a reformist liberal agenda particularly in human services, education, environment protection, planning and the arts. It reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools. It introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. Also, it completed the construction of the Victorian Arts Centre, established the Australian Children's Television Foundation, established the Meat Market Craft Centre, acquired and established the Heide Museum of Modern Art, created Film Victoria and reconstituted the Victorian College of the Arts. These changes were not enough to prevent Labor from taking seven seats off the Coalition in Victoria at the 1980 federal election, over half of its nationwide 12-seat swing.

During this period the conservative wing of the Liberal Party, which had always disliked Hamer's social liberalism, began to undermine his position. The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981. He was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May. It was apparent by this stage that Hamer had lost the support of his party. He resigned in June, and was succeeded by Deputy Premier Lindsay Thompson. The following month he resigned from Parliament, and was knighted, becoming Sir Rupert Hamer. At the ensuing by-election, Prue Sibree retained his seat for the Liberals. At the election the following year the Liberals were defeated after 27 years in power.

Hamer is the last non-elected Victorian Premier to have subsequently been elected in his own right.

Later career
Hamer remained active in public and community affairs after his retirement. He was chairman of the Victorian State Opera from 1982 to 1995, president of the Victorian College of the Arts from 1982 to 1996 and a patron of the Public Transport Users Association from 1989. He died of heart failure in his sleep on 23 March 2004, and his family accepted the offer of a state funeral from the Labor Premier, Steve Bracks. Hamer was praised by Victorians of all political views. The former Labor federal president, Barry Jones (and was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly between 1972 and 1977 serving alongside then Premier Hamer), called him "the finest flower in the Victorian Deakinite tradition.".

Despite being a knight, Hamer was a staunch republican and a member of the Australian Republican Movement's advisory committee.

Hamer Hall
Shortly after his death in 2004, the main concert hall of the Melbourne Arts Centre, of which Hamer had played a significant role in its development and the arts in Victoria generally, known as the Melbourne Concert Hall, was renamed the Hamer Hall.

Family
In March 2024, his 31-year-old grand-niece Amelia Hamer was selected as the Liberal candidate for the Division of Kooyong in the 2025 Australian federal election.

title: Rupert Hamer


text:
User:Maroux

I am a European male.

Before creating this username I made about 1,000 edits anonymously.

My contributions to Wikipedia, in order of importance:
 * Removing POV
 * Reverting vandals
 * Rewriting confusing articles

Overall I am a style nazi.

I will, in time, specialise in a subject, but I have yet to decide what that will be. In the meantime, I try to be as much a Homo Universalis Wikipedia as possible.

title: User:Maroux


text:
Envelope (disambiguation)

An envelope is the paper container used to hold a letter being sent by post.

Envelope may also refer to:

Mathematics

 * Envelope (mathematics), a curve, surface, or higher-dimensional object defined as being tangent to a given family of lines or curves (or surfaces, or higher-dimensional objects, respectively)
 * Envelope (category theory)

Science

 * Viral envelope, the membranal covering surrounding the capsid of a virus
 * Cell envelope of a bacterium, consisting of the cell membrane, cell wall and outer membrane
 * , the fabric skin covering the airship
 * Building envelope, the exterior layer of a building that protects it from the elements
 * Envelope (motion), a solid representing all positions that an object may occupy during its normal range of motion
 * Envelope (music), the variation of a sound over time, as is used in sound synthesis
 * Envelope (radar), the volume of space where a radar system is required to reliably detect an object
 * Envelope (waves), a curve outlining the peak values of an oscillating waveform or signal
 * Envelope detector, an electronic circuit used to measure the envelope of a waveform
 * Flight envelope, the limits within which an aircraft can operate

Entertainment

 * Envelopes (band), an indie/pop band from Sweden and France, based in the UK
 * Envelope (film), a 2012 film
 * "Envelopes", a song by Frank Zappa from his 1982 album Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch

Other uses

 * Envelope (military), attacking one or both of the enemy's flanks to encircle the enemy
 * The envelope of an internet email, its SMTP routing information
 * Envelope system, a method of personal budgeting where money is allocated for specific purposes
 * Gaza envelope, a region in southwestern Israel adjacent to the Gaza Strip

title: Envelope (disambiguation)


text:
Lima bean

A lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), also commonly known as butter bean, sieva bean, double bean or Madagascar bean, is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans.

Origin and uses
Phaseolus lunatus is found in Meso- and South America. Two gene pools of cultivated lima beans point to independent domestication events. The Mesoamerican lima bean is distributed in neotropical lowlands, while the other is found in the western Andes. They were discovered in Peru and may have been the first plant that was brought up under civilization by the native farmers.

The Andes domestication took place around 2000 BC and produced a large-seeded variety (lima type), while the second, taking place in Mesoamerica around 800 AD, produced a small-seeded variety (Sieva type). By around 1300, cultivation had spread north of the Rio Grande, and, in the 1500s, the plant began to be cultivated in the Old World.

The small-seeded (Sieva) type is found distributed from Mexico to Argentina, generally below 1600 m above sea level, while the large-seeded wild form (lima type) is found distributed in the north of Peru, from 320 to 2030 m above sea level.

The Moche culture (1–800 CE) cultivated lima beans heavily and often depicted them in their art. During the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, lima beans were exported to the rest of the Americas and Europe, and since the boxes of such goods had their place of origin labeled "Lima, Peru", the beans got named as such. The term "butter bean" is widely used in North and South Carolina for a large, flat and yellow/white variety of lima bean (P. lunatus var. macrocarpus, or P. limensis ). In the United States Sieva-type beans are traditionally called butter beans, also otherwise known as the Dixie or Henderson type. In that area, lima beans and butter beans are seen as two distinct types of beans, although they are the same species. In the United Kingdom and the United States, "butter beans" refers to either dried beans which can be purchased to rehydrate, or the canned variety which are ready to use. In culinary use there, lima beans and butter beans are distinct, the former being small and green, the latter large and yellow. In areas where both are considered to be lima beans, the green variety may be labelled as "baby" (and less commonly "junior") limas.

In Spain, it is called garrofón, and constitutes one of the main ingredients of the famous Valencian paella.

In India, they are called double beans. Dried beans are soaked overnight and pressure-cooked as ingredients in curries.

Domestication
The lima bean is a domesticated species of economic and cultural importance worldwide, especially in Mexico. The species has two varieties. The wild variety is silvester and the domesticated one is lunatus.

Crop
In the U.S, it is a warm-season crop, grown mainly in Delaware and the mid-Atlantic region for processing and in the Midwest and California for dry beans. Baby lima beans are planted in early June and harvested about 10–12 weeks later. In western New York State, baby lima bean production increased greatly from 2011 to 2015.

Cultivation
In Oaxaca, Mexico, the main rainy season lasts from June to August and most of the above-ground parts die during dry season. Germination or budding occurs in June or July. The first inflorescence is in October or November. The production of flowers and fruits usually ends between February and April.

Cultivars
Both bush and pole (vine) cultivars exist; the latter range from 1 to 5 m in height. The bush cultivars mature earlier than the pole cultivars. The pods are up to 15 cm long. The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm long and oval to kidney-shaped. In most cultivars, the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" cultivars, the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange, and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green. Lima beans typically yield 2900 to 5000 kg of seed and 3000 to 8000 kg of biomass per hectare.

The seeds of the cultivars listed below are white unless otherwise noted. Closely related or synonymous names are listed on the same line.

Bush types

 * 'Henderson' / 'Thorogreen', 65 days (heirloom)
 * 'Eastland', 68 days
 * 'Jackson Wonder', 68 days (heirloom, seeds brown mottled with purple)
 * 'Dixie Butterpea', 75 days (heirloom, two strains are common: red speckled and white seeded)
 * 'Fordhook 242', 75 days, 1945 AAS winner

Pole types

 * 'Carolina Sieva', 75 days (heirloom, suffered a seed crop failure in the years 2011 and 2012 causing this variety to still not be widely sourced ten years later)
 * 'Christmas' / 'Chestnut' / 'Giant Speckled' / 'Speckled Calico', 78 days (heirloom, seeds white mottled with red)
 * 'Big 6' / 'Big Mama', 80 days
 * 'Willow Leaf', 80 days (heirloom, there are white-seeded and variously mottled strains)
 * 'Mezcla', 82 days
 * 'King of the Garden', 85 days (heirloom)

Pathogens/disease
Phytophthora phaseoli is one example of a pathogen of the lima bean. It is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes downy mildew of lima bean during cool and humid weather conditions. To combat this pathogen, developing lima bean cultivars with resistance is a relatively cost-efficient method that is also environmentally safe as compared to using pesticides.

Didymella is a foliar disease found in baby lima beans first reported in New York State. Symptoms include small necrotic tan spots with red to reddish brown irregular margins that come together to eventually cover the entire leaf. Lesions occur after around 3–4 weeks of planting and increase until there is considerable defoliation. Lesions are usually observed on the stems. Two pynidial fungi were found on leaves included Didymella sp. And Boeremia exigua var. exigua which is pathogenic on baby lima bean and plays a role in the foliar disease complex. Other fungal diseases on lima beans with similar symptoms are B. exigua var. exigua, pod blight caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum, and leaf spots caused by Phyllosticta sp. and Phoma subcircinata.

Predators/hosts
The two-spotted spider mites or Tetranychus urticae lay eggs on lima bean leaves. It prefers lima bean plants as a host food source over other plants such as tomato or cabbage plants.

Spider mites pose the greatest threat to the lima bean plants as compared to other species such as the Common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) that are also known to feed on lima bean plants. They are host plants for their larvae.

One herbivore of lima bean is Spodoptera littoralis, the African cotton leafworm. An attack by this herbivore induces hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. This may be also advantageous to defend against pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, as they can easily invade herbivore-infected leaves.

Other predatory insects include ants, wasps, flies and beetles.

Defenses
Lima beans use extrafloral nectar (EFN) secretion when exposed to volatiles from other plants infested by herbivore species. Producing EFN can be an indirect defense since it supplies enemies of herbivores with an alternative food source. The predator of lima bean, spider mites, also have their own predators, the carnivorous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. These predatory mites use EFN as an alternative food source and thus the production of this by the lima bean can attract P. persimilis and thus deter their herbivore hosts.

The main induced defense of the lima bean is the Jasmonic acid pathway. Jasmonic acid induces production of extrafloral nectar flow or induces it when herbivory occurs such as when attacked by spider mites.

One direct chemical defense involves cyanogenesis which is the release of hydrogen cyanide when the cell senses damage. Cyanide acts as a repellent on leaves of the lima bean.

Plant behavior
Phaseolus lunatus has adapted to live in many different climates around the world. One of these adaptations includes a particularly effective induced herbivory defense. The lima bean is able to signal to the carnivorous natural enemy of herbivores, the carnivorous mite, mediated by HIPVs (Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles) in an attempt to save itself from further predation.

The lima bean plant does this as an induced defense when being eaten by herbivorous predators. It is the mechanical wounding and chemical elicitors from insect oral secretions that first begin the signaling pathway to induce HIPV production. Once this pathway is induced, the plant produces HIPVs which are released in to the air and can be received by any organisms that have receptors capable of receiving HIPVs, which includes: carnivores, conspecific and heterospecific herbivores, as well as neighboring plants. It is this signaling of the carnivorous natural enemy of herbivores that is of particular interest, as they become attracted to the plant and will then come and prey upon the plant's herbivorous enemy, thereby reducing herbivory of the plant.

One particular experiment in which this was made apparent was in the understanding of the tritrophic system between the lima bean plant, two-spotted spider mite, and the carnivorous mite. Here experimenters noticed an increase in HIPVs when the lima bean plant was preyed on by the two-spotted spider mite. Then, when the carnivorous mite was introduced, it had increased prey searching efficacy and overall attraction to the lima bean plant, even once the two-spotted spider mite was removed, but the HIPVs remained high.

Toxicity
Like many beans, raw lima beans are toxic (containing e.g. phytohaemagglutinin) if not boiled for at least 10 minutes. Canned beans can be eaten without having to be boiled first, as they are pre-cooked.

The lima bean can contain anti-nutrients like phytic acids, saponin, oxalate, tannin, and trypsin inhibitor. These inhibit absorption of nutrients in animals and can cause damage to some organs. In addition to boiling, methods of roasting, pressure cooking, soaking, and germination can also reduce the antinutrients significantly.

Nutrition
The most abundant mineral in the raw lima bean is potassium, followed by calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and iron. When lima beans germinate, there is increased bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus. Additionally, it is a good source of vitamin B6.

Culinary
Lima beans, like many other legumes, are a good source of dietary fiber, and a virtually fat-free source of high-quality protein.

Lima beans contain both soluble fiber, which helps regulate blood sugar levels and lowers cholesterol, and insoluble fiber, which aids in the prevention of constipation, digestive disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticulitis.

Blood sugar level
The high fiber content in lima beans prevents blood sugar levels from rising too rapidly after eating them due to the presence of those large amounts of absorption-slowing compounds in the beans, and the high soluble fiber content. Soluble fiber absorbs water in the stomach, forming a gel that slows down the absorption of the bean's carbohydrates. They can therefore help balance blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow-burning energy, which makes them a good choice for people with diabetes suffering with insulin resistance.

title: Lima bean


text:
User:Methylsoy

Methyl soyate is a chemical byproduct of soybean oil, and is used as an additive in diesel fuels. (See biodiesel.) It interests me as a symbol whose ethos is connected with two contradictory politics.

I live in Bloorcourt Village, an area of Toronto, Ontario in the Dominon of Canada. My husband and I moved to the neighbourhood in June, 2004, and discovered it over-run with mice. We lived in Parkdale for three years prior, vermin-free. I was originally born in Markham, Ontario, to parents and Grandparents who are also native Ontarians.

I identify with the group Queer Wikipedians, and my gender is male. The hospital down the way asks me what my religion is, but I politely decline to answer.

I attend the Ontario College of Art & Design, four kilometres down the road from my home. When it's warm, I prefer to make my commute on a bicycle. In winter, long-johns, hats and parkas make walking more practical.

This year I battled Hodgkin's Disease, and am now in remission.

Given my vocation, my interests naturally include:

 * Fine Art
 * Art History
 * Graphic design
 * Post-Modern Theory
 * Semiotics
 * Language

My other interests include:

 * Language
 * Politics
 * Urban planning
 * Geography
 * Environmentalism
 * Produce Shopping
 * Cycling

It is Hadal's fault that I am here.

title: User:Methylsoy


text:
Windsor knot

The Windsor knot, sometimes referred to as a full Windsor (or misleadingly as a double Windsor) to distinguish it from the half-Windsor, is a knot used to tie a necktie. As with other common necktie knots, the Windsor knot is triangular, and the wide end of the tie drapes in front of the narrow end. The Windsor is a wider knot than most common knots, and while not truly symmetric is more balanced than the common four-in-hand knot. The Windsor's width makes it especially suited to be used with a spread or cutaway collar.

History and adoption
The knot is named after the Duke of Windsor. He is sometimes credited with its invention alongside his London shirtmaker. It is however the case that the Duke achieved the wide knot that was his signature by wearing ties of thicker cloth that produced a wider knot from the conventional four-in-hand, and hence the Windsor knot was likely invented to emulate the Duke's wide knots using ties of normal thickness.

The Windsor knot is the only tie knot that is to be used by all personnel in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Air Force Air Cadets (comprising the ATC and CCF(RAF)) in the UK when wearing their black tie while in uniform. It is also the only accepted knot for the SD tie of the RAAF and AAFC in Australia. However, it is often frowned upon in other Armed Services or Regiments of the British Forces through its association with the Duke, who as King Edward VIII famously abdicated in order to marry American divorcee Wallis Simpson.

The Windsor and four-in-hand knots are authorized for use by all services of the Canadian Forces.

Specification
In the 1999 book The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie, by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao, the Windsor knot is knot 31 and described in that book's notation as:
 * Li Co Ri Lo Ci Ro Li Co T

This notation encodes the following series of steps:
 * 1) Start with the tie draped over the neck, with the seam inward and the wide end of the tie to the right.
 * 2) Cross the wide end over the narrow end.
 * 3) Bring the wide end inward and up so that it passes under the intersection and out under the neck.
 * 4) Bring the wide end over to the right.
 * 5) Bring the wide end inward and left so that it passes under the intersection and out to the left.
 * 6) Bring the wide end up to the center.
 * 7) Bring the wide end inward and down so that it passes under the intersection and out to the right.
 * 8) Bring the wide end over to the left.
 * 9) Bring the wide end inward and up so that it passes under the intersection and out under the neck.
 * 10) Bring the wide end down and thread it between the front-most horizontal segment and the rest of the knot. Pull both ends gently to tighten.

Common variations on the Windsor include:
 * Li Co Li Ro Ci Lo Ri Co T (knot 32) (the "Persian Knot")
 * Li Co Ri Lo Ci Lo Ri Co T (knot 33)
 * Li Co Li Ro Ci Ro Li Co T (knot 35)

In fiction
In Ian Fleming's novel From Russia, with Love, Chapter 25 is entitled "A tie with a Windsor knot". James Bond, traveling on the Orient Express, is met by a supposed fellow British agent, who wears "the dark blue and red zigzagged tie of the Royal Artillery, tied with a Windsor knot.[...] Bond mistrusted anyone who tied his tie with a Windsor knot. It showed too much vanity. It was often the mark of a cad."

title: Windsor knot