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Temperate rainforest

Temperate rainforests are rainforests with coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rain.

Temperate rainforests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rainforests of North American Pacific Northwest as well as the Appalachian temperate rainforest in the Appalachian region of the United States; the Valdivian temperate rainforests of southwestern South America; the rainforests of New Zealand and southeastern Australia; northwest Europe (small pockets in Great Britain and larger areas in Ireland, southern Norway, northern Iberia and Brittany); southern Japan; the Black Sea–Caspian Sea region from the southeasternmost coastal zone of the Bulgarian coast, through Turkey, to Georgia, and northern Iran.

The moist conditions of temperate rainforests generally support an understory of mosses, ferns and some shrubs and berries. Temperate rainforests can be temperate coniferous forests or temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.

Definition
For temperate rainforests of North America, Alaback's definition is widely recognized: However, required annual precipitation depends on factors such as distribution of rain over the year, temperatures over the year and fog presence, and definitions in other regions of the world differ considerably. For example, Australian definitions are ecological-structural rather than climatic: Australian definitions would exclude some temperate rainforests of western North America that are Coast Douglas-fir dominant, such as parts of the Klamath Mountains in southern Oregon and northern California, the Puget Lowlands of western Washington and the Georgia Depression in British Columbia, as their dominant tree species, the Coast Douglas-fir, requires stand-destroying disturbance to initiate a new cohort of seedlings. The North American definition would in turn exclude a part of temperate rainforests under definitions used elsewhere.
 * Annual precipitation over 140 cm (KJ)
 * Mean annual temperature is between 4 and 12 C.
 * Closed canopy of trees excludes at least 69% of the sky.
 * Forest is composed mainly of tree species which do not require fire for regeneration, but with seedlings able to regenerate under shade and in natural openings.

Canopy level
For forests, canopy refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.). The canopy level is the third level of the temperate rainforest. The trees forming the canopy, conifers, can stand as tall as 100 meters or more. A variety of species survive in the canopy. The tops of these trees collect most of the rain, moisture, and photosynthesis that the rainforest takes in. They form a canopy over the forest, covering about 95% of the floor during the summer.

The canopy's coverage affects the shade tolerance levels of forest floor plants. When the canopy is in full bloom, covering about 95% of the floor, plant survival decreases. Some plant species have become shade tolerant in order to survive. The treetops take in the heavy amount of rain and keep the lower levels of the forest damp.

The canopy survives through photosynthesis. The leaves provide energy and nutrients for the trees, which provide homes and food for the forest. Through satellite data, the radiation use efficiency (RUE) calculates the annual amount of photosynthesis that occurs in temperate rainforests. A diverse amount of photosynthesis occurs based on the location and microclimates of the forest.

Pacific temperate rainforests
A portion of the temperate rain forest region of North America, the largest area of temperate zone rainforests on the planet, is the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which occur on west-facing coastal mountains along the Pacific coast of North America, from Kodiak Island in Alaska to northern California, and are part of the Nearctic realm. In the different system established by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, this same general region is classed as the Pacific Maritime Ecozone by Environment Canada and as the Marine West Coast Forest and Northwestern Forested Mountains Level II ecoregions by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In terms of the floristic province system used by botany, the bulk of the region is the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region but a small southern portion is part of the California Floristic Province.

Sub-ecoregions of the Pacific temperate rainforest ecoregion as defined by the WWF include the Northern Pacific coastal forests, Haida Gwaii ecoregion, Vancouver Island ecoregion, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Central Pacific coastal forests, Cascades forests, Klamath-Siskiyou coastal forests, and Northern California coastal forests ecoregions. They vary in their species composition, but are all predominantly coniferous, sometimes with an understory of broadleaved trees and shrubs. Most of the precipitation occurs in winter, similar to Mediterranean climates, but in summer, fog moisture is extracted by the trees and produces a fog drip keeping the forest moist. The Northern California coastal forests are home to the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), the world's tallest tree. In the other ecoregions, Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis), Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) are the most important tree species. A common feature of Pacific temperate rainforests of North America is the Nurse log, a fallen tree which as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. Trees such as the Coast Douglas-fir, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Pacific Yew, and Vine Maple are more closely related to coniferous and deciduous trees in the temperate forests of East Asia.

Some of the largest expanses of old growth are found in Olympic National Park, Mount Rainier National Park, Tongass National Forest, Mount St. Helens National Monument, Redwood National Park, and throughout British Columbia (including British Columbia's Coastal Mountain Ranges), with the coastal Great Bear Rainforest containing the largest expanses of old growth temperate rainforest found in the world.

British Columbia's Rocky Mountains, Cariboo Mountains, Rocky Mountain Trench (east of Prince George) and the Columbia Mountains of Southeastern British Columbia (west of the Canadian Rocky Mountains that extend into parts of Idaho and Northwestern Montana in the US), which include the Selkirk Mountains, Monashee Mountains, and the Purcell Mountains, have the largest stretch of interior temperate coniferous rainforests. These inland rainforests have more continental climate with a large proportion of the precipitation falling as snow. Being closer to the Rocky Mountains, there is more of a diverse mammalian fauna. Some of the best interior rainforests are found in Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park (Canada) in the Columbia Mountains.

Appalachian temperate rainforests
Temperate rainforests are located in the southern Appalachian Mountains where orographic precipitation increases precipitation of weather systems coming from the west and from the Gulf of Mexico. Temperate rainforest extends through the Appalachian areas of western North Carolina, southeastern Kentucky, southwest Virginia, eastern Tennessee, northern South Carolina, and northern Georgia.

Red spruce and Fraser fir are dominant canopy trees in high mountain areas. In higher elevation (over 1,980 m), Fraser fir is dominant, in middle elevation (1,675 to 1,890 m) red spruce and Fraser fir grow together, and in lower elevation (1,370 to 1,650 m) red spruce is dominant. Yellow birch, mountain ash, and mountain maple grow in the understory. Younger spruce and fir and shrubs like raspberry, blackberry, hobblebush, southern mountain cranberries, red elderberry, minniebush, southern bush honeysuckle are understory vegetation. Below the spruce-fir forest, at around 1200 m, are forests of American beech, yellow birch, maple birch, and oak. Skunk cabbage and ground juniper are northern species that were pushed into the areas from the north.

The mild and wet environment supports the high diversity of fungi. Over 2,000 species live in this area and scientists estimate many unidentified fungi may be there.[10]

Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests
The temperate rainforests of South America are located on the Pacific coast of southern Chile, on the west-facing slopes of the southern Chilean coast range, and the Andes Mountains in both Chile and Western Argentina down to the southern tip of South America, and are part of the Neotropical realm. Temperate rainforests occur in the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregions. The Valdivian rainforests are home to a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, like Aextoxicon punctatum, Eucryphia cordifolia, and southern beech (Nothofagus), but include many conifers as well, notably Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), one of the largest tree species of the world.

The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rainforests in South America. Together they are the second largest in the world, after the Pacific temperate rainforests of North America. The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the Antarctic flora, and share many plant families and genera with the temperate rainforests of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia. Fully half the species of woody plants are endemic to this ecoregion.

In the Valdivian region the Andean Cordillera intercepts moist westerly winds along the Pacific coast during winter and summer months; these winds cool as they ascend the mountains, creating heavy rainfall on the mountains' west-facing slopes. The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. The tree line is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35°S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the Valdivian region. In the summer the temperature can climb to 16.5 C, while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 C.

Knysna-Amatole coastal rainforests (South Africa)
The temperate rainforests of South Africa are part of the Knysna-Amatole forests that are located along South Africa's Garden Route between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth on the south-facing slopes of South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains facing the Indian Ocean. There are several coniferous podocarps that grow here. This forest receives a lot of moisture as fog from the Indian Ocean, and resembles not only other temperate rainforests worldwide, but also the montane evergreen Afromontane forests that occur at higher elevations in southern and eastern Africa. A fine example of this forest is in South Africa's Tsitsikamma National Park.

Europe
Temperate rainforest occurs in fragments across the north and west of Europe in countries such as southern Norway (see Scandinavian coastal conifer forests) and northern Spain. Other temperate rainforest regions include areas of south eastern Europe such as mountains on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, surrounding North Western Bulgaria along with the Black Sea.

Atlantic Oakwood forest (Britain and Ireland)
The woodlands are variously referred to in Britain as Upland Oakwoods, Atlantic Oakwoods, Western Oakwoods or Temperate Rainforest, Caledonian forest, and colloquially as 'Celtic Rainforests'. They are also listed in the British National Vegetation Classification as British NVC community W11 and British NVC community W17 depending on the ground flora. The majority of surviving fragments of Atlantic Oakwoods in Britain occur on steep-sided slopes above rivers and lakes which have avoided clearance and intensive grazing pressure. There are notable examples on the islands and shores of Loch Maree, Loch Sunart, Loch Lomond and one of the best preserved sites on the remote Taynish Peninsula in Argyll. There are also small areas on steep-sided riverine gorges in Snowdonia and Mid Wales, such as found at the Dolmelynllyn Estate in Gwynedd.

In England, they occur in the Lake District (Borrowdale Woods) and steep sided riverine and estuarine valleys in Devon and Cornwall and the Microclimate disused slate & granite quarries in these counties. This includes the Fowey valley in Cornwall and the valley of the river Dart which flows off Dartmoor and has rainfall in excess of 2 metres per year.

Derrycunnihy Wood, located in the Killarney National Park, is the best example of the ancient damp-climate oceanic forest that covered an estimated 80 percent of Ireland prior to the arrival of humans in 7,000 BCE.

Guy Shrubsole's Lost Rainforests of Britain attempts to find, map, photograph, and restore them.

Colchian (Colchis) rainforests (Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia)
The Colchian rainforests are found around both the southeast and west corners of the Black Sea starting in Bulgaria all the way to Turkey and Georgia and are part of the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion, together with the drier Euxine forests further west. The Colchian rainforests are mixed, with deciduous black alder (Alnus glutinosa), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) together with evergreen Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana, the tallest tree in Europe at 78 m), Caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian/ near Eastern region. The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog, Caucasian salamander, Robert's snow vole and Caucasian grouse; they are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. Genetic data suggest that the Colchis temperate rainforest, during the Ice Age, was fragmented into smaller parts; in particular, evolutionary lineages of the Caucasian Salamander from the central and south-western Colchis remained isolated from one another during the entire Ice Age.

Fragas do Eume (Spain)
The Fragas do Eume is a natural park situated in Galicia, north-western Spain. Fraga is a Galician word for 'natural woodland', (old-growth forest) and the park is an example of a temperate rainforest in which oak (Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica) is the climax vegetation. The protected area extends along the valley of the river Eume within the Ferrolterra municipalities of Pontedeume, Cabanas, A Capela, Monfero and As Pontes de García Rodríguez. Some 500 people reside within the park. The monastery of Monastery of San Xoán de Caaveiro also lies within the park.

The area was declared a natural park (a level of protection lower than national park) in 1997. It is one of six natural parks in Galicia. The European Union has recognised the park as a Site of Community Importance. There are a number of species of ferns. Invertebrate species include the Kerry slug and it is an important site for amphibians.

Vinatovača rainforest (Serbia)
The Vinatovača rainforest, alternatively spelled vintovača, is the only rainforest in Serbia. It has been left undisturbed for centuries due to strict conservation laws starting in the 17th century.

Vinatovača is situated in the central Kučaj mountains in the Upper Resava region, at an altitude between 640 m and 800 m. It is isolated and hard to reach which helped its preservation. It is believed that trees have not been cut in Vinatovača since about 1650. Being under strict protection means not only that the trees that die of old age are not being cleared or removed, but even picking herbs or mushrooms is forbidden. It is considered as an example of what central and eastern Serbia's natural look is. Beech trees are up to 45 m tall and some specimens are estimated to be over 300 years old.

Caspian Hyrcanian forest (Iran and Azerbaijan)
The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion in northern Iran contains a jungle in the form of a rainforest which stretches from the east in the Khorasan province to the west in the Ardabil Province, covering the other provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan. The Elburz or Alborz mountain range is the highest mountain range in the Middle East which captures the moisture of the Caspian Sea to its north and forms subtropical and temperate rainforests in the northern part of Iran. The Iranians call this forest and region Shomal which means north in Persian. This forest was known for most of the history for being home to the now extinct Caspian Tiger.

In southeast Azerbaijan, this ecoregion includes the Lankaran Lowland and the Talysh Mountains, the latter being evenly divided with Iran to the south. They are deciduous forests containing tree species such as black alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis), Caucasian wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia), chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia), Caucasian oak (Quercus macranthera), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), Persian ironwood (Parrotia persica) and Persian silk tree (Albizia julibrissin).

The existing protected areas in Azerbaijan include:

 * Gizil-Agach State Reserve – 88.4 km2
 * Hirkan National Park – 427.97 km2
 * Zuvand National Park – 15 km2
 * Girkan State Reserve – 3 km2

High elevation mountain rainforests (Taiwan)
These forests are found in eastern Taiwan and Taiwan's Central Mountain Ranges, part of the Taiwan subtropical evergreen forest region covering the higher elevations. Most of the lower elevations are covered by subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, dominated by Chinese Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya chinensis), Castanopsis hystrix and Japanese Blue Oak (Quercus glauca). Higher elevations give way to temperate forests with large stands of old growth Taiwan Cypress (Chamaecyparis taiwanensis), Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), maple (Acer spp.), Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis), Taiwan Hemlock (Tsuga chinensis), and Taiwan Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sinensis var. wilsoniana). These higher elevation forests include also giant conifers Formosan Cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis) and Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) Some fine examples of forests are found in Yushan (Jade Mountain) National Park and Alishan.

Baekdu Mountain Range (Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain Ranges) and South Sea forests (Korea)

The forests that cover the mountains and valleys of the Baekdu Mountain Range – from Mt. Baekdu, in the north, to Mt. Jiri, in the southwest, forming the spine of the Korean Peninsula – and the southern coast and islands of the peninsula – including Jeju Island – feature a wide variety of conifers and broadleaf trees. Much of these forests are protected in mountain and marine national forests, such as in Hallyeohaesang National Park, which encompasses 150.14 km2 of mountainous forests spread out over 69 uninhabited islands and 30 inhabited islands in Korea's South Sea that provide a home to 1,142 plant species, including major species such as red pine, black pine, common camellia, serrata oak, and cork oak, as well as rare species such as nadopungnan (sedirea japonica), daeheongnan (cymbidium nipponicum) and the Korean winter hazel. Major animals species, such as otters, small-eared cats, and badgers also call Hallyeohaesang National Park home, and overall there are 25 mammal species, 115 bird species, 16 reptile species, 1,566 insect species, and 24 freshwater fish species found among the forested, mountains islands.

Seoraksan National Park covers 398.539 km2 of mountainous forests near the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, and is a UNESCO designated Biosphere Preservation District. Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan, including the Korean goral, musk deer, and there are also more than 1,400 rare plant species, such as the edelweiss.

Taiheiyo (Pacific) rainforests (Japan)
Southwestern Japan's Taiheiyo evergreen forests region covers much of Shikoku and Kyūshū Islands, and the Southern/Pacific Ocean-facing side of Honshu ("Taiheiyo" is the Pacific Ocean, in Japanese). Here the natural forests are mainly broadleaf evergreen in lower elevations and deciduous in higher elevations. The Hydrangea hirta species is an endemic deciduous species that can be found in this area. The limit occurs at 500–1000 metres depending on latitude. The main tree species are members of beech family (Fagaceae). In lower altitudes these include evergreen oaks (Quercus spp.), Japanese Chinquapin (Castanopsis cuspidata) and Japanese Stone Oak (Lithocarpus edulis), and in higher altitudes Japanese Blue Beech (Fagus japonica) and Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata).

Some of the best preserved examples of forest are found in Kirishima-Yaku National Park on the Island of Yakushima off of Kyūshū in a very wet climate (the annual rainfall is 4,000 to 10,000 mm depending on altitude). Because of relatively infertile soils on granite, Yakushima's forests in higher elevations are dominated by a giant conifer species, Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), rather than deciduous forests typical of the mainland. Other areas include Mount Kirishima near Kagoshima in southern Kyūshū. On Southern Honshū, there is a forest with the Nachi Falls located in Yoshino-Kumano National Park. This particular area of Honshū has been described as one of the rainiest spots in Japan.

Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal)
It is a temperate broadleaf forest ecoregion found in the middle elevations of the eastern Himalayas, including parts of Nepal, India, and Bhutan.

Australian temperate rainforests

In Australia rainforests occur near the mainland east coast and in Tasmania. There are warm-temperate and cool-temperate rainforests. They are broadleaf evergreen forests with the exception of montane rainforests of Tasmania. Eucalypt forests are not classified as rainforests although some eucalypt forest types receive high annual rainfall (to over 2000 mm in Tasmania ), and in the absence of fire they may develop to rainforest. If these widespread wet sclerophyll forests were considered rainforests, the total area of rainforest in Australia would be much larger.

Warm-temperate rainforest replaces subtropical rainforest on poorer soils or with increasing altitude and latitude in New South Wales and Victoria. Cool-temperate rainforests are widespread in Tasmania (Tasmanian temperate rainforests ecoregion) and they can be found scattered from the World Heritage listed Border Ranges National Park and Lamington National Park on the NSW/Queensland border to Otway Ranges, Strzelecki Ranges, Dandenong Ranges and Tarra Bulga in Victoria. In the northern NSW they are usually dominated by Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei), in the southern NSW by Pinkwood (Eucryphia moorei) and Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and in Victoria and Tasmania by Myrtle Beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii), Southern Sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum) and Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans). The montane rainforests of Tasmania are dominated by Tasmanian endemic conifers (mainly Athrotaxis spp.). They are dominated by Ferns such as Cyathea cooperi, Cyathea australis, Dicksonia antarctica, Cyathea cunninghamii and Cyathea leichhardtiana.

New Zealand temperate rainforests
The temperate rainforests of New Zealand occur on the western shore of the South Island and on the North Island. The forests are made up of coniferous podocarps and broadleaf evergreen trees. The podocarps are abundant at lower elevations, while southern beech (Nothofagus) can be found on higher slopes and in the cooler southernmost rainforests. Ecoregions include the Fiordland temperate forests and Westland temperate rainforests.

title: Temperate rainforest


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Charlie Kaufman

Charles Stuart Kaufman (born November 19, 1958) is an American screenwriter, film director, and novelist. He wrote the films Being John Malkovich (1999), Adaptation (2002), and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004). He both wrote and directed the films Synecdoche, New York (2008), Anomalisa (2015), and I'm Thinking of Ending Things (2020). In 2020, Kaufman released his first novel, Antkind.

One of the most celebrated screenwriters of his era,   Kaufman has received an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Independent Spirit Awards, and a Writers Guild of America Award. Film critic Roger Ebert called Synecdoche, New York "the best movie of the decade" in 2009. Three of Kaufman's scripts appear in the Writers Guild of America's list of the 101 greatest movie screenplays ever written.

Early life and education
Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family  on November 19, 1958, the son of Helen and Myron Kaufman. He grew up in Massapequa, New York, before moving to West Hartford, Connecticut, where he graduated from high school. In high school, Kaufman was in the drama club, performing in numerous productions before landing the lead role in a production of Play It Again, Sam during his senior year.

After high school graduation, Kaufman attended Boston University before transferring to New York University, where he studied film. While attending NYU, Kaufman met Paul Proch, with whom he wrote many unproduced scripts and plays.

Early comedy work (1983–1997)
Between 1983 and 1984, Kaufman and Proch wrote comedic articles and spoofs for National Lampoon. His work included parodies of Kurt Vonnegut and the X-Men. Kaufman and Proch tried to get their screenplays produced, sending them to many people in the film industry. The only response the two ever received was a supportive letter from Alan Arkin about their screenplay Purely Coincidental. In hope of finding a talent agent, he wrote a portfolio of spec scripts based on television series such as Married... with Children, Newhart, It's Garry Shandling's Show and The Simpsons. While pursuing his writing career, he began working odd jobs in customer service to support himself and his wife, Denise. During the late 1980s, Kaufman lived and worked in Minneapolis, answering calls about missing newspapers at the Star Tribune.

In 1991, one of Kaufman's spec scripts finally got attention, and he gained a talent agent. The agent suggested Kaufman move from Minneapolis to Los Angeles in search of more job prospects. He moved to Los Angeles alone for two months, interviewing for a variety of different television writing jobs. The only offer he got was a Comedy Central series titled Access America, hosted by actor Fred Willard, which coincidentally was being filmed in Minneapolis. Kaufman was prepared to accept the job and move back to Minneapolis until he was offered a job by David Mirkin, writing for the second season of his and Chris Elliott's sitcom Get a Life, starring Elliott. He wrote two episodes of Get a Life before its cancellation in 1992. At first, Kaufman found the experience of working on a writing staff nerve-wracking and did not speak in the writer's room for the first few weeks. After his work was well received by other members of the staff, Kaufman overcame his timidity and became more amenable to showing others his work.

After Get a Life's cancellation, Kaufman tried to get work on series such as Seinfeld, The Larry Sanders Show, The Simpsons and Mr. Show, but was not hired by any of them. He continued to work on other comedic series: Fox's sketch comedy show The Edge, The Trouble with Larry and Ned and Stacey, the last of which he also produced. The most notable series he worked on in this period was The Dana Carvey Show, which featured writers and performers such as Louis C.K., Robert Smigel, Greg Daniels, Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell. On all these series, Kaufman struggled to keep his material from being adulterated or not produced at all, because of his unconventional writing and his quiet nature.

Kaufman also wrote some pilot scripts of his own, but none of them was produced. These included two pilots for Disney, Depressed Roomies and Rambling Pants (the former a surrealist take on the "buddy sitcom" and the latter focused on the adventures of a time-travelling poet named Pants) and a pilot for HBO, In Limbo, a naturalistic look at a romantic relationship devoid of the usual tropes of romantic films. Before Being John Malkovich was released, he was hired to pitch and write scripts for film projects that were never produced. These unproduced projects included a script for an adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel A Scanner Darkly, a pitch for a star vehicle for Don Rickles and Rodney Dangerfield in which they would play a washed-up, murderous comedy duo (an idea Kaufman used in Antkind), and a pitch for a R-rated version of the TV series Gilligan's Island.

Transition to films (1999–2004)
Kaufman first came to mainstream notice as the writer of Being John Malkovich, directed by Spike Jonze, earning an Academy Award nomination for his effort and winning a BAFTA. He wrote the script on spec in 1994, sending it to many companies and studios, all of which turned it down. The script eventually reached Francis Ford Coppola, who passed it on to his then-son-in-law Jonze, who agreed to direct the film.

After the success of Being John Malkovich, another of Kaufman's screenplays was produced: Human Nature, which was directed by Michel Gondry and produced by Kaufman and Jonze.

Kaufman and Jonze reunited yet again as the screenwriter and director of Adaptation, which earned him another Academy Award nomination and his second BAFTA. Adaptation featured a fictionalized version of Kaufman and his fictional brother, Donald, who is credited as writer of the film along with Kaufman. The idea came to Kaufman while attempting to adapt Susan Orlean's book The Orchid Thief into film. Struggling with writer's block, Kaufman turned the script into an exaggerated account of his struggles with adapting the screenplay.

Kaufman wrote the screenplay for Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, a biopic based on the "unauthorized autobiography" of Chuck Barris, the creator of such popular game shows as The Dating Game and host of The Gong Show. The film focuses on Barris's claim to have been a CIA hit man. It was George Clooney's directorial debut. Kaufman criticized Clooney for making drastic alterations to the script without consulting him (instead, Clooney consulted Barris). Kaufman said in an interview with William Arnold: "The usual thing for a writer is to deliver a script and then disappear. That's not for me. I want to be involved from beginning to end. And these directors [Gondry and Jonze] know that, and respect it."

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, released in 2004, was Kaufman's second pairing with director Michel Gondry. Kaufman won his first Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and third BAFTA for the film together with Gondry and French artist Pierre Bismuth. The trio also received the prestigious PEN American Center 2005 prize for screenplay for the film. David Edelstein described the film in Slate as "The Awful Truth turned inside-out by Philip K. Dick, with nods to Samuel Beckett, Chris Marker, John Guare—the greatest dramatists of our modern fractured consciousness. But the weave is pure Kaufman."

Directorial debuts and career struggles (2005–2014)
After agreeing to participate in Carter Burwell's Theater of the New Ear, a double bill "sound play", Kaufman wrote and directed the audio play Hope Leaves the Theater, while the other play in the production, Sawbones, was written and directed by the Coen Brothers. Hope Leaves the Theater follows a middle-aged woman, dissatisfied with her life and relationships, watching a play-within-the-play, and featured performances by Hope Davis, Peter Dinklage and Meryl Streep. Theater of the New Ear debuted in April 2005 at St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York. Due to scheduling conflicts, later productions of Theater of the New Ear did not feature the Coens' play, replacing it with Anomalisa, which Kaufman wrote under the pseudonym "'Francis Fregoli". Anomalisa centers on a man (David Thewlis) who perceives everyone in the world to be the same person (Tom Noonan) until he meets an exception (Jennifer Jason Leigh).

Kaufman made his directorial film debut with the postmodern film Synecdoche, New York, starring an ensemble cast led by Philip Seymour Hoffman. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2008. The idea for the film came when Kaufman and Spike Jonze were approached to direct a horror film. Rather than make a conventional horror film, the two agreed to have the film deal with things they found frightening, such as mortality and life's brevity. Kaufman decided to direct the film after Jonze left the project to direct Where the Wild Things Are instead. The film premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival where it split critics, with some calling it the best film of the year and others finding it pretentious. In the years since its release, it has appeared on multiple lists ranking the best films of the 21st century. The film's poor box office resulted in Kaufman finding it difficult to gain funding for scripts to which he has attached himself as director.

Kaufman was slated to write and direct a film with the working title Frank or Francis. Few details have been confirmed about the plot, except that it is a musical comedy about internet anger culture and was set to star Jack Black, Nicolas Cage, Steve Carell, Kevin Kline, Catherine Keener, Paul Reubens, Jacki Weaver and Elizabeth Banks. In July 2012, Black said that funding for the project had fallen through, as the studio was unsure about its chances for success after the financial failure of Synecdoche, New York. Although the future of the project is not certain, Kaufman says "It could still happen. It would have to be reinvented, though. We had a whole cast and we were headed into pre-production. So, I'd have to get people back and who knows if they would be interested anymore. But at this point, we don't have any money, so that's a secondary concern."

Trying to make a return to television when the funding for Frank or Francis fell through, Kaufman sold a series to HBO in the May 2012 with Catherine Keener attached to star, but the series did not get past the scripting stage. Kaufman also directed and wrote a pilot for FX titled How and Why in 2014. The plot was described as being about a "man (played by John Hawkes) who can explain how and why a nuclear reactor works but is clueless about life". Along with Hawkes, the pilot co-starred Michael Cera, Sally Hawkins, Catherine Keener and Tom Noonan. FX decided to not pick up the pilot.

While struggling to get his directorial work made, Kaufman continued to work as a writer for hire, writing numerous unproduced screenplays. These included a satire set on a planet inhabited by everyone who ever lived, to be directed by Spike Jonze; an adaptation of George Saunders's book CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, to be directed by Ben Stiller; and an adaptation of Arthur Herzog's novel IQ 83, starring Steve Carell. He later attempted to develop his IQ 83 screenplay into a limited series for HBO, to no avail. He also did uncredited rewrites on films such as Kung Fu Panda 2 and Ad Astra.

In April 2012, Kaufman was hired to adapt Patrick Ness's Chaos Walking book series, of which he wrote the first draft before leaving the project. After multiple rewrites by other writers, the film was released in 2021 with Kaufman uncredited.

Continued film work and debut novel (2015–present)
Dino Stamatopoulos, a former colleague of Kaufman's from The Dana Carvey Show, became interested in adapting Kaufman's Anomalisa play script into a stop motion animated film. With Kaufman's permission, Stamatopoulos turned to the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund the film. The Kickstarter page was set up in August 2012 and by the time funding had ended $406,237 was pledged. The rest of the $8 million budget was funded by the film's production company, Starburns Industries. Kaufman co-directed the film with Duke Johnson, who had previous experience in stop motion filmmaking, and the original cast of the play production returned to reprise their roles. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4, 2015, receiving universal acclaim from critics. The film went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, but like Synecdoche, it did poorly at the box office. Kaufman's debut novel, Antkind, was released in July 2020. Kaufman said in 2016 that the novel was being written so as to be unfilmable, and is itself about "an impossible movie". In Antkind, film critic B. Rosenberg attempts to recall a three-month long stop-motion animation film that perished in a fire. Believing the film to be his last chance at achieving the respect and admiration of his peers, B. embarks on an absurdist journey that explores comedy, film theory, philosophy, and social commentary across Antkind 's 706 pages.

In January 2018, it was announced that Kaufman was working on writing and directing an adaptation of Iain Reid's 2016 novel I'm Thinking of Ending Things. In December 2018, it was announced that Brie Larson and Jesse Plemons were signed to co-star as the leads; the film was described as "the story of a woman's trip to a family farm that leads to an unexpected detour leaving her stranded, [and] a twisted mix of palpable tension, psychological frailty and sheer terror ensues." The project began filming in March 2019, with Jessie Buckley having replaced Larson, and Toni Collette and David Thewlis joining the cast, and was released on Netflix in September 2020 to positive reviews.

In 2023, Kaufman directed his first short film, Jackals & Fireflies. Based on a poem by Eva H.D., who also portrays the lead character, the film was shot entirely on a Samsung Galaxy S22 smartphone by cinematographer Chayse Irvin.

Kaufman has written a script about dreams for Ryan Gosling's production company that Gosling may star in and an adaptation of the novel The Memory Police that Reed Morano is slated to direct.

Themes and influences
Kaufman's works explore such universal themes as identity crisis, mortality, and the meaning of life through a metaphysical or parapsychological framework. While his work resists labels, it is sometimes described as surrealist. He uses metafiction as a literary device, and sometimes includes fictionalized "facts" about his life in his work, notably Adaptation., Hope Leaves the Theater, and Antkind. Gender identity is also a recurrent theme in his work.

Apes recur in Kaufman's early work: in Being John Malkovich, Lotte has a pet chimp named Elijah; in Human Nature, Puff was raised as an ape; in Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, Penny dreams about an ape; and in Adaptation, the original deus ex machina was a swamp ape.

Some writers and directors Kaufman has named as favorites of his, or as influences, are Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Stanisław Lem, Flannery O'Connor, Shirley Jackson, Philip K. Dick, Patricia Highsmith, Stephen Dixon, David Lynch, Lars von Trier, Roy Andersson, Woody Allen, and the Coen brothers. He has also mentioned Tom Noonan's What Happened Was... as a favorite of his.

Personal life
, Kaufman lives in Manhattan, having lived in Pasadena, California, since 1998. He is married to Denise Monaghan, with whom he has a daughter, Anna.

Film
 Executive producer only
 * Darkest Miriam (2024)
 * The Actor (TBA)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charlie Kaufman


text:
Talk:Free Democratic Party of Switzerland

Just about the translation:
Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei clearly means in English Freethinking Democratic Party. The translation to Free is not accurate, Free in German is Frei (Freie). If one translates the French name it would be Radical Democratic Party. If one translates the Italian name it would be Radical Liberal Party. --Gangulf 09:54, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The German name may have ment that, but it's not a version used in English by Swiss institutions, , , the Media , or other organisations . Not sure, which one the party prefers though. -- User:Docu

Moved to German name
Since there can be discussion about the translation of the party name, I moved the page to the German version of the party name, since that is the most spoken language in Switzerland. Gangulf 16:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The party doesn't seem to choose between the language versions see article 3. It seems odd that Wikipedia would do that for this one, when party names of monolingual countries are generally translated. -- User:Docu

 * We still do no agree. Yes the party uses all three names, though the Italian version is only used in Ticino. German is the largest language in Switzerland. I could live with one of the following titles for the article: Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei, Radical Democratic Party (that is the translation used in the famous book Political Parties of the World), Freethinking Democratic Party or the combination Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei/Parti Radical Démocratique. Free Democratic Party is simple not a good translation and in all my contacts with FDP Switzerland they never used this translation.
 * I have just send an email to the party to learn which translation they use. I suggest to follow their answer Gangulf 18:47, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Today I received an email from the FDP confirming that they want to be named Free Democratic Party of Switzerland in English. So I rest my case. Gangulf 19:23, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to suggest to use "Radical Democratic Party" as . It would be nice if FDP/PRD would bother having the translation there updated or at least, make use of theirs on their website. Anyways, the current solution has the advantage of being the initial one. -- User:Docu
 * it's pointless to literally translate "free-thinking", "liberal" or "radical" if these terms have different connotations in english (read Liberalism, Radical Party). I started a history section, briefly explaining why the party is called that. dab 17:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I can see, that in an earlier stage the party has expressed its wish to be translated as "Free Democratic Party of Switzerland", but the name of the article remains as "Free-thinking Democratic Party of Switzerland". So, if their own wish doesn't count, I'd like to support the translation "Radical Democratic Party" (from French) instead of "Free-thinking Democratic Party" (translated from the German name). Many sources, such as Swissinfo, use as an English translation "Radical Party" or "Radical Democratic Party". I think this would be a better solution, as "Free-thinking" in English refers more often to a religious than political position.--82.181.26.77 23:43, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Liberal is not a synonym of left wing. See the discussion on the diverse relevant pages. --Gangulf 20:53, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Both terms, Freisinnig and Radikal were used in 19th century switzerland to describe liberal politicians.

I dont get it
I dont get how with the rise of SP it came to the centre right, or even how its on the centre right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agtrheeeinsm (talk • contribs) 12:28, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't get your objection. Most classical liberal parties are described as centre-right nowadays. Bastin 18:34, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It probably was regarded as 'leftist' historically, as being to the left of conservatives at the time. --Miacek (talk) 19:53, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Move to separate article
The merger of the Free Democratic Party and the Liberal Party created a completely new party, and was not just a continuation of the old Free Democrats/Radicals. This is borne out by the new name and the fact that Liberal Parties still exist in Geneva, Vaud, and part of Valais.

French, Dutch, and Spanish Wikipedias have separate articles for the new party and old party, and I believe that English should, too. Opinions, please. Bastin 00:28, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American science fiction romantic drama film directed by Michel Gondry, based on Charlie Kaufman's screenplay developed from a story by Gondry, Kaufman, and Pierre Bismuth. Starring Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet, along with supporting roles from Kirsten Dunst, Mark Ruffalo, Elijah Wood, and Tom Wilkinson, it follows two individuals who undergo a memory erasure procedure to forget each other after the dissolution of their romantic relationship. The title of the film is a quotation from the 1717 poem Eloisa to Abelard by Alexander Pope. It uses elements of psychological drama, science fiction, and a nonlinear narrative to explore the nature of memory and love.

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind opened in cinemas in the United States on March 19, 2004, to widespread acclaim from critics and audiences, who hailed the visual style, editing, writing, score, themes, Gondry’s direction, and the performances of the cast, especially Carrey and Winslet. The film was a box office success, grossing $74 million on a $20 million budget, and was named by the American Film Institute one of the Top 10 Films of 2004. At the 77th Academy Awards, Bismuth, Gondry and Kaufman won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and Winslet received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

In the years since its release, the film has become a cult classic; it is considered by some critics as being one of the best films of the 2000s. The film has been the inspiration behind several music projects, such as Jay Electronica's 2007 piece "Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge)", Bastille’s 2022 single "Remind Me" and Ariana Grande's 2024 album Eternal Sunshine.

Plot
Joel Barish discovers that his estranged girlfriend, Clementine Kruczynski, has undergone a procedure to have her memories of him erased by the New York City firm Lacuna. Heartbroken, he decides to undergo the same procedure. In preparation, he records a tape recounting his memories of their volatile relationship.

The Lacuna employees work on Joel's brain as he sleeps in his apartment so that he will wake up with no memory of the procedure. One employee, Patrick, leaves to see Clementine. Since her procedure, he has been using Joel's and Clementine's memories as a guide for seducing her. While the procedure runs on Joel's brain, the technician, Stan, and the secretary, Mary, take drugs, party and have sex.

Joel re-experiences his memories of Clementine as they are erased, starting with their last fight. As he reaches earlier, happier memories, he realizes that he does not want to forget her. His mental projection of Clementine suggests that Joel hides her in memories that do not involve her. This halts the procedure, but Stan calls his boss, Howard, who arrives and restarts it. Joel comes to his last remaining memory of Clementine: the day they first met, on a beach in Montauk. As the memory crumbles around them, Clementine tells Joel to meet her in Montauk.

In Joel's apartment, while Stan is outside, Mary tells Howard she is in love with him and they kiss. Howard's wife arrives and sees them through the window. Furious, she tells Howard to tell Mary the truth: that Mary and Howard previously had an affair, and that Mary had her memories erased. Disgusted, Mary steals the Lacuna records and mails them to the patients, including Joel and Clementine.

Joel wakes up, his memories of Clementine erased. He impulsively goes to Montauk and accidentally meets Clementine on the train ride home. They are drawn to one another, and go on a date to the frozen Charles River in Boston. Joel drives Clementine home and Patrick sees the two of them, realizing they have found each other again. Joel and Clementine receive their Lacuna records and listen to their tapes. They are shocked by the bitter memories they had of each other and almost separate again, but agree to try again.

Cast

 * Jim Carrey as Joel Barish: A bookish introvert who enters a two-year relationship with Clementine Kruczynski. After their relationship ends, Clementine erases Joel from her memory, and he erases her from his mind in response. Charlie Kaufman depicted Joel with some of his autobiographical personality traits. Producers cast Carrey against type for his role as Joel, selecting him for his everyday appearance, as well as his comedic ability. According to Gondry, this was because "It's hard to be funny. It's far easier to take someone really funny and bring them down than do the opposite." To induce Carrey, an actor who typically portrayed high-energy roles, to portray a restrained character, Gondry would not allow him to improvise, a restriction he did not place on the other cast members (Carrey objected). Gondry also put Carrey off balance by giving misleading orders or by rolling the camera at the wrong time. Gondry believed this would make Carrey forget what he should do to be Joel, allowing him to go in character. In the 2017 Netflix documentary Jim & Andy, Carrey mentions a conversation with Gondry one year before shooting began for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, shortly after Carrey had a breakup with an unspecified woman. Gondry saw that Carrey's emotional state at the time was "so beautiful, so broken" that he asked him to stay that way for one year to fit the character. In the documentary, Carrey commented, "That's how fucked up this business is." Nicolas Cage was Gondry's original choice to play Joel, but Cage was unavailable as he was in high demand from independent directors after his performance in Leaving Las Vegas.
 * Kate Winslet as Clementine Kruczynski: A spontaneous extrovert who, after breaking up with him after a two-year relationship, erases Joel Barish from her mind. Producers cast Winslet against type for her part as Clementine, as Winslet had previously featured heavily in period pieces. She received the role after she was the only actress to offer criticism on the script instead of pandering to the writers. After another actress won an Oscar, the studio attempted to make Gondry use her instead of Winslet for the role of Clementine, but Gondry threatened to walk from the project if that occurred. During filming, Gondry took Winslet to a separate room to coach her, and she wore wigs instead of dying her hair. Some commentators note how Clementine's character criticizes the Manic Pixie Dream Girl stock character several years before film critic Nathan Rabin coined the phrase. Most commentators discuss one particular example to demonstrate this criticism, wherein Clementine warns Joel she is flawed: "Too many guys think I'm a concept, or I complete them, or I'm gonna make them alive. But I'm just a fucked-up girl who's looking for my own peace of mind. Don't assign me yours." With her impulsiveness, emotional intensity (extreme mood changes), alcohol consumption, turbulent relationships, reckless behavior, and hasty idealization or devaluation of Joel, Clementine seems to exhibit traits of borderline personality disorder, although it is not clear whether Kaufman wrote her character with this specific diagnosis in mind. Gondry had earlier thought of casting Björk for the role of Clementine. She feared she would be emotionally affected and rejected the invitation after reading the script.
 * Kirsten Dunst as Mary Svevo: The receptionist for Lacuna who, while dating Stan Fink, has a crush on Howard Mierzwiak. While erasing Joel's memory, Howard's wife catches her kissing Howard. Howard's wife reveals Mary previously had a relationship with Howard, which Howard erased from her mind. She reacts to this information by quitting her job and mailing Lacuna's company records to its customers. In the script, Mary and Howard's relationship resulted in an unplanned pregnancy, leading to Howard pressuring Mary into an abortion, which Howard also erased from her memory.
 * Mark Ruffalo as Stan Fink: A technician for Lacuna who is in a relationship with Mary Svevo until the reveal of her previous relationship with Howard Mierzwiak. Ruffalo received the role of Stan after providing an "unexpected take on the role" to Gondry when he suggested Stan be a fan of the Clash and resemble Joe Strummer.
 * Elijah Wood as Patrick Wertz: Patrick is a technician for Lacuna who enters a relationship with Clementine by imitating Joel. They break up when Joel and Clementine begin dating for the second time. Seth Rogen auditioned for the role.
 * Tom Wilkinson as Dr. Howard Mierzwiak: Howard runs Lacuna. Before the film's events, he had an affair with Mary, which ended with the relationship's erasure from her mind. Wilkinson reportedly did not enjoy the shooting of the film and clashed with Gondry.
 * Jane Adams as Carrie Eakin: Joel Barish's friend. She is in a troubled relationship with Rob Eakin.
 * David Cross as Rob Eakin: Joel Barish's friend. In a troubled relationship with Carrie Eakin.
 * Deirdre O'Connell as Hollis Mierzwiak: Howard Mierzwiak's wife
 * Thomas Jay Ryan as Frank: Joel Barish's neighbor
 * Debbon Ayer as Joel Barish's mother
 * Ellen Pompeo as Naomi, Joel Barish's girlfriend (deleted scene)

Development
The concept of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind came from conversations between director Michel Gondry and co-writer Pierre Bismuth in 1998. The pair had met and become friends in the early 1980s during Gondry's drumming career in the French pop group Oui Oui. Bismuth had conceived of the idea of erasing certain people from people's minds in response to a friend complaining about her boyfriend; when he asked her if she would erase that boyfriend from her memory, she said yes. Bismuth originally planned to conduct an art experiment involving sending cards to people saying someone they knew had erased the card's recipient from their memory. When he mentioned this to Gondry, they developed it into a story based on the situations that would arise if it were scientifically possible. Bismuth never carried out his experiment idea.

Gondry approached writer Charlie Kaufman with this concept, and they developed it into a short pitch. While the writers did not believe the concept was marketable, a small bidding war began over the idea. Steve Golin of Propaganda Films purchased it on June 12, 1998, for a low seven-figure sum. Kaufman, who was responsible for writing the screenplay, did not begin immediately, instead opting to suspend writing while he was working on Adaptation, Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, and Human Nature, the last of which Gondry directed as his directorial debut.

During this time, filmmaker Christopher Nolan released his film Memento (2000), which similarly deals with memory. Due to the similarities, Kaufman became worried and tried to pull out of the project, but Golin made him complete it. During writing, the pitch's ownership changed several times resulting in Kaufman not having to deal with the studios until the end of the scriptwriting process. The final script made the studios nervous.

Kaufman did not want to make the film a thriller and wanted to downplay the science fiction aspects of memory erasure, focusing on the relationship. He had an "enormous struggle" while writing the script, particularly encountering two problems: showing "the memories, Joel's reactions to the memories, and Joel interacting with Clementine outside of the memories in the memories," and the fact that characters could refer in later scenes to already erased memories.

Kaufman resolved the first problem by making Joel lucid and able to comment on his memories and solved the second by making the memories degrade instead of immediately erasing, with complete erasure occurring at awakening. Kaufman's original name for the screenplay was 18 words long, as he had wanted a title that "you couldn't possibly fit on a marquee." He eventually decided on Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, a title originating from the 1717 poem Eloisa to Abelard by Alexander Pope.

1968 French film Je t'aime, je t'aime directed by Alain Resnais has been cited as an influence on the film.

Filming and post-production

The shooting of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind began in mid-January 2003 after six weeks of preparation, lasting for three months on a budget of $20 million mostly in and around New York City. The film was shot on Fuji Reala 500D. The production crew recreated some key scenes, such as Joel's Rockville Centre apartment and the 1950s-style kitchen, in a New Jersey former U.S. Navy base. The shoot was difficult, sometimes shooting for 17 hours per day in harsh environments.

The shoot was challenging for cinematographer Ellen Kuras, due to the difficulty of filming Gondry's vision for the film, which aimed to "blend location-shoot authenticity with unpredictable flashes of whimsy". According to this vision, Gondry wanted available light used exclusively for the shoot. Kuras disagreed and worked around this idea by lighting the room instead of the actors and by hiding light bulbs around the set to increase light levels. Another issue the cinematographers encountered was that due to the frequent improvisation, the lack of marks and the few rehearsals completed, the cinematographers often did not know where the actors would be. Two handheld cameras filmed near 360-degree footage at all times, shooting 36,000 feet of film a day to deal with this. Gondry called back to the work of French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard by filming using wheelchairs as well as using sled and chariot dollies instead of traditional dollies. When using wheelchairs, the shot was not consistently smooth; however, as Kuras liked the aesthetic of the low-angle, wobbly movement, the final film contains the footage.

The film used minimal CGI, with many effects accomplished in-camera, through forced perspectives, hidden space, spotlighting, unsynchronized sound, split focus and continuity editing. A notable example is the ocean washing away the house in Montauk; the production team accomplished this by building the corner of a house on the beach and allowing the tide to rise. Executing this effect was difficult, as the special team hired to place the set in the water refused due to perceived dangers. In response, Gondry fired the team and had the production team, including the actors and producers, place the set in the water. In retaliation for Gondry's actions, the chief of the union reprimanded Gondry in front of the crew.

Kaufman rewrote some of the script during production; thus, several differences exist between the production script and the final film. A fundamental difference is that in the production script, with the erasure of each memory, Clementine's behavior is increasingly robotic. In the final film, Winslet plays Clementine straight, and degradation of settings and the intrusion of settings upon each other establish memory degradation visually. Another script component that did not make it into the final film was the appearance of Naomi, Joel's girlfriend, played by Ellen Pompeo. Against Kaufman's insistence on Naomi's inclusion, the production team cut her already filmed scenes. Tracy Morgan was also cut from the film.

Icelandic editor Valdís Óskarsdóttir edited the film, and she reportedly clashed with Gondry during editing. Kaufman was also very involved in the editing of the film. Editing was a long process as there was no requirement to rush it. There were a few test screenings of the film, which elicited positive reactions.

Music
The soundtrack album for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was composed by American musician Jon Brion, also featuring songs from artists including The Polyphonic Spree, The Willowz, and Don Nelson. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack in March of 2004. A cover version of The Korgis' "Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime" with instrumentation by Brion and vocals by Beck operates as the soundtrack's centerpiece, setting the film's tone in the opening credits, and closing the film.

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind's soundtrack received generally positive reviews. AllMusic described it as "nearly as deft", and described Brion's score as "intimate" and "evocative of love and memories". Other positive reviews noted the ambient nature of the music and lauded Beck's cover of "Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime". The soundtrack's detractors criticized the album's lack of identity and its depressive atmosphere. Even among the detractors, the score's ability to mesh with the plot was lauded, an appraisal common to many reviews.

Analysis
Author Carol Vernallis, writing in Screen, argued that Gondry's experience in directing music videos contributed to the film's mise-en-scène and sound design. Vernallis describes some threads of the visual, aural, and musical motifs throughout the film, and how some motifs can work in counterpoint.

Philosopher Christopher Grau, in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, discussed how he perceived the film to have its own defined philosophy, beyond addressing ideas of a philosophical nature.

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind has been aligned with a greater inspection, distinctly related to the 21st century, of memory, longing and nostalgia in science fiction films like Code 46 and 2046. The film showcases memory as fragmented and unreliable, evident by its non-linear structure.

Box office
Produced on a budget of $20 million, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind opened on March 19, 2004, in the United States, earning $8.2 million in its opening weekend from 1,353 cinemas. The film placed seventh in the weekend's box office, and remained in cinemas for 19 weeks, earning $34.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $39.6 million in international markets, for a total of $74 million worldwide.

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 257 reviews, with an average score of 8.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Propelled by Charlie Kaufman's smart, imaginative script and Michel Gondry's equally daring directorial touch, Eternal Sunshine is a twisty yet heartfelt look at relationships and heartache." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 41 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times in his initial 2004 review gave the film three and a half out of four. He revisited the film in 2010 when he referred to Kaufman as "the most gifted screenwriter of the 2000s" and revised the rating to a full four out of four, adding it to his "Great Movies" list. A. O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being "cerebral, formally and conceptually complicated, dense with literary allusions and as unabashedly romantic as any movie you'll ever see". Time Out summed up their review by saying, "the formidable Gondry/Kaufman/Carrey/Winslet axis works marvel after marvel in expressing the bewildering beauty and existential horror of being trapped inside one's own addled mind, and in allegorising the self-preserving amnesia of a broken but hopeful heart". In 2017, The New York Times ranked the film as the 24th best film of the 21st Century so far.

Winslet and Carrey received widespread praise for their performances. Winslet's as Clementine received multiple award nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role and a Golden Globe Award nomination. Premiere magazine placed her performance 81st in their 2008 list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. Claudia Puig in a review for USA Today said of her performance "Winslet is wonderful as a free spirit whose hair color changes along with her moods. She hasn't had such a meaty role in a while, and she plays it just right".

Ann Hornaday in a review for The Washington Post said "Even when forced to wear costumes and wigs that make her look like Pippi Longstocking after an acid-fueled trip to the thrift market, Winslet maintains a reassuring equilibrium. It takes an actor of her steadiness to play someone this unhinged."

Carrey's performance as Joel also received multiple award nominations, including a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role and a Golden Globe Award nomination. Many reviewers noted his casting against type. Jason Killingsworth in a review for Paste magazine said of his performance "Carrey nails the part, winning audience sympathy from the opening moments of the film".

Moira MacDonald in a review for The Seattle Times stated "[Jim Carrey is] not bad at all — in fact, it's the most honest, vulnerable work he's ever done", while David Edelstein of Slate said "It's rarely a compliment when I refer to an actor as "straitjacketed", but the straitjacketing of Jim Carrey is fiercely poignant. You see all that manic comic energy imprisoned in this ordinary man, with the anarchism peeking out and trying to find a way to express itself." The supporting cast also received acclaim, with several reviews, such as Ann Hornaday of the Washington Post and Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail singling out Ruffalo's performance for praise.

Critics praised Kaufman and his ambition, and he won numerous awards, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay. In Slate, David Edelstein claimed Kaufman had "move[d] the boundary posts of romantic comedy," and Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times called Kaufman "one of the few creative screenwriters working today." Kaufman's writing also was the recipient of criticism, with some, including from John Powers of the LA Weekly, claiming it lacked passion and Andrew Sarris of Observer criticizing the film's "nonexistent character development."

Gondry, like Kaufman, also received praise, with The Washington Post acclaiming "the results [of Gondry using primarily live-action effects], in their intricate detail and execution" as "nothing short of brilliant". The Seattle Times in their review stated "Gondry ... makes it all a melancholy fun house, with camera work and visual tricks that rival the screenplay in invention". Cinematographer Ellen Kuras received praise for her work on the film, such as in a Salon magazine, where, in an overall negative review, reviewer Stephanie Zacharek praised Kuras for her giving "the movie a look of dreamy urgency that's perfect for the story".

Home media
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was released on VHS and DVD by Universal Studios Home Video on September 28, 2004, selling a combined total of over 600,000 units on the first day. Among the add-ons included were deleted scenes. It debuted at number 11 on the VHS rental chart, as well as number three on the DVD sales chart.

A two-disc Collector's Edition was later released on January 4, 2005. It was later released on HD DVD on April 24, 2007, and on Blu-ray on January 25, 2011. On July 26, 2022, Kino Lorber Studio Classics released Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind on 4K Ultra HD Blu-Ray. This release included a new color grading supervised by cinematographer Ellen Kuras.

Music
American singer-songwriter Halsey sampled dialogue from the film for her song "Ashley", the opening track on her 2020 album, Manic, as well as the following track "Clementine" being titled after and lyrically inspired by Winslet's character.

American post-hardcore band Circa Survive released their first record, Juturna, in 2005. While the album is primarily about lead singer Anthony Green (musician)'s battle with addiction and substance abuse, the film is referenced both directly and indirectly in its lyrics.

American rapper and record producer Jay Electronica sampled five different tracks of Jon Brion's film score for his 2007 debut mixtape Act 1: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge).

American rapper and record producer Mac Miller sampled a track of Jon Brion's film score for his 2013 song "The Quest".

American singer-songwriter Jhené Aiko said the film inspired the songs "Eternal Sunshine" and "Spotless Mind" on her 2014 debut album, Souled Out.

South Korean singer-songwriter Taeyeon took inspiration from the film in the music video for her song "What Do I Call You", the title track on her 2020 EP with the same name.

South Korean rapper and singer-songwriter B.I said that the film inspired his song "Tangerine", the fourth track on his 2022 release Love or Loved Part.1.

American singer-songwriter Ariana Grande titled her 2024 album Eternal Sunshine after the film. Her music videos for the songs "Yes, And?" and "We Can't Be Friends (Wait for Your Love)", as well as the rest of the album's songs, contain references to the film.

Video games
Kan Gao, founder of Freebird Games, said his video game To the Moon, which is about two doctors traversing through the memory of an old man to fulfill his last wish, was inspired by the film.

title: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind


text:
List of mathematical topics in quantum theory

This is a list of mathematical topics in quantum theory, by Wikipedia page. See also list of functional analysis topics, list of Lie group topics, list of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions.

Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

 * bra–ket notation
 * canonical commutation relation
 * complete set of commuting observables
 * Heisenberg picture
 * Hilbert space
 * Interaction picture
 * Measurement in quantum mechanics
 * quantum field theory
 * quantum logic
 * quantum operation
 * Schrödinger picture
 * semiclassical
 * statistical ensemble
 * wavefunction
 * wave–particle duality
 * Wightman axioms
 * WKB approximation

Schrödinger equation

 * quantum mechanics, matrix mechanics, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
 * particle in a box
 * particle in a ring
 * particle in a spherically symmetric potential
 * quantum harmonic oscillator
 * hydrogen atom
 * ring wave guide
 * particle in a one-dimensional lattice (periodic potential)
 * Fock symmetry in theory of hydrogen

Symmetry

 * identical particles
 * angular momentum
 * angular momentum operator
 * rotational invariance
 * rotational symmetry
 * rotation operator
 * translational symmetry
 * Lorentz symmetry
 * Parity transformation
 * Noether's theorem
 * Noether charge
 * Spin (physics)
 * isospin
 * Aman matrices
 * scale invariance
 * spontaneous symmetry breaking
 * supersymmetry breaking

Quantum states

 * quantum number
 * Pauli exclusion principle
 * quantum indeterminacy
 * uncertainty principle
 * wavefunction collapse
 * zero-point energy
 * bound state
 * coherent state
 * squeezed coherent state
 * density state
 * Fock state, Fock space
 * vacuum state
 * quasinormal mode
 * no-cloning theorem
 * quantum entanglement

Dirac equation

 * spinor, spinor group, spinor bundle
 * Dirac sea
 * Spin foam
 * Poincaré group
 * gamma matrices
 * Dirac adjoint
 * Wigner's classification
 * anyon

Interpretations of quantum mechanics

 * Copenhagen interpretation
 * locality principle
 * Bell's theorem
 * Bell test loopholes
 * CHSH inequality
 * hidden variable theory
 * path integral formulation, quantum action
 * Bohm interpretation
 * many-worlds interpretation
 * Tsirelson's bound

Quantum field theory

 * Feynman diagram
 * One-loop Feynman diagram
 * Schwinger's quantum action principle
 * Propagator
 * Annihilation operator
 * S-matrix
 * Standard Model
 * Local quantum physics
 * Nonlocal
 * Effective field theory
 * Correlation function (quantum field theory)
 * Renormalizable
 * Cutoff
 * Infrared divergence, infrared fixed point
 * Ultraviolet divergence
 * Fermi's interaction
 * Path-ordering
 * Landau pole
 * Higgs mechanism
 * Wilson line
 * Wilson loop
 * Tadpole (physics)
 * Lattice gauge theory
 * BRST charge
 * Anomaly (physics)
 * Chiral anomaly
 * Braid statistics
 * Plekton

Computation

 * quantum computing
 * qubit
 * qutrit
 * pure qubit state
 * quantum dot
 * Kane quantum computer
 * quantum cryptography
 * quantum decoherence
 * quantum circuit
 * universal quantum computer
 * measurement based Quantum Computing
 * timeline of quantum computing

Supersymmetry

 * Lie superalgebra
 * supergroup (physics)
 * supercharge
 * supermultiplet
 * supergravity

Quantum gravity

 * theory of everything
 * loop quantum gravity
 * spin network
 * black hole thermodynamics

Non-commutative geometry

 * Quantum group
 * Hopf algebra
 * Noncommutative quantum field theory

String theory
See list of string theory topics

 * Matrix model


text: Template:Rogaland

title: Template:Rogaland


text:
Talk:Murder of Yvonne Fletcher

Title of article
Despite its title, the last sentence of the intro tells us that no one has been convicted of this crime.

Then it is not a murder ... yet. It is a homicide. I have made this point on a couple of articles about unsolved or unresolved killings here in the US, and I do not know if English law handles this differently (I wouldn't imagine that it does), but here the killing of one person by another or others is not officially a murder until someone charged with that offense is convicted by a trier of fact or pleads guilty (I do not know if "no contest" yields the same result even though the defendant gets punished as if they had pled guilty) in court. Only after a judicial proceeding resulting in those outcomes is the crime considered a murder, as in the convict is established to have acted with sufficiently sound-minded intent and without justification to have caused the death of the decedent.

A few years ago the AP Stylebook was changed to reflect this distinction. I do not know if the British media, at any level, similarly distinguish the two terms; I would hope that some of them do (by which I do not mean, of course, the Daily Mail).

So it just galls me to see the article titled this way. I have tried in the past to argue this point on other articles and met with a lot of resistance. But I have not wavered one bit from the certainty that as long as we title articles about unsolved killings "Murder of ..." because COMMONNAME, we are doing immense violence to BLP, NPOV and OR by essentially convicting unknown (or not) individuals of crimes they have not even been charged with.

I'm not asking for a move here, just for this issue to be considered by others in the case of this particular article. But since this appeared on the Main Page, I feel I need to do more than just grit my teeth. Daniel Case (talk) 20:33, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The reliable sources describe it as a murder, which is the common term in British English. "Homicide", while recognisable in BrEng, has heavy American overtones, and is not a classification of unlawful killing in British law. - SchroCat (talk) 20:39, 17 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The Office for National Statistics seems to have no problem with using it. Further down, it defines "homicide" thus:

"The term "homicide" covers the offences of murder, manslaughter and infanticide1. Murder and manslaughter are common law offences that have never been defined by statute, although they have been modified by statute."

 * So if they've "never been defined by statute", how can we say there is any classification of unlawful killing in English law? Further down, the same page says:

"a person who has been arrested in respect of an offence initially classified as homicide$6$ and charged with homicide, including those who were subsequently convicted"

 * The footnote tells us that a homicide "may no longer be recorded as such if all the suspects were acquitted."

 * The Crown Prosecution Service also seems to have no problem using "homicide" in its guidance pages for prosecutors:

"''Murder and manslaughter are two of the offences that constitute homicide."

 * It seems two key British governmental agencies agree on this. Common usage does not, IMO, change the fact that it's prejudicial usage. We could call this article "Killing of Yvonne Fletcher" if people think that "homicide" is too American-sounding.

 * Again, I'm not saying we need to change it right now, just that the issue should be discussed. Daniel Case (talk) 05:05, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It was discussed at the FAC, if you want to look at there. I'll say again (which is the most important point) that the reliable sources use the word "murder". When charges were brought against someone, it was the charge of "conspiracy to murder". You can do semantic dances if you want, but Fletcher was murdered (the reliable sources and the police say), and we reflect that. You've already said you've pushed this point elsewhere and met with resistance: do you think that maybe it's time to stop flogging dead horses? – SchroCat (talk) 11:32, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, then, if it was discussed at the FAC (and I did read that discussion, which seems to have been short-circuited by the editor who raised the issue since he didn't want it tanking the nomination as he (correctly IMO) thought the article was FA-quality otherwise), I would have preferred to have been referred there first rather than have this discussion. I do not see it as flogging a dead horse; the AP is right, and eventually Wikipedia will be too. Daniel Case (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The AP have an opinion – neither "right" nor "wrong", and many other news organisations (and Wiki editors) obviously don't agree with that stance. – SchroCat (talk) 08:17, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Response to edit challenge
Please explain your reversions here: Abductive  (reasoning) 09:27, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 1. Don't go round making such idiotic accusations when things have been reverted for good reason
 * 2. The article is about Fletcher's murder. Can you explain how the inclusion of her nickname enlightens readers as to her murder? It's not a well-known name, and was only used by her colleagues and not in a wider sense.
 * 3. The earlier reversion was because of two things: unnecessarily changing spacing (there's no need, so don't it) and because you introduced the incorrect co-ordinates. That's sloppy. - SchroCat (talk) 09:32, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Open to persuasion that it's relevant but the ibx is a summary of the article which is about the murder. Not sure what the nickname adds to a reader's understanding of the murder. HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 09:36, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I note that you continue to be abusive. Abductive  (reasoning) 09:43, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * When you continue to be abusive to me, with unwarranted accusations of ownership, I am not sure you have much of a leg to stand on. Stop with the baseless accusation and you'll see that it is not responded to. - SchroCat (talk) 09:48, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * What's the source on the coordinates? The picture in the article seems to point to roughly the same spot as the memorial. Abductive  (reasoning) 09:43, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * As I said in the edit summary, the co-ordinates are where she was shot, not where the memorial now is. - SchroCat (talk) 09:46, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Clearly incorrect. She was shot around the curve, opposite what is now the Coach Health Club. Abductive  (reasoning) 09:53, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Not according to the sources. - SchroCat (talk) 09:54, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you provide the source? Or was she moved after getting shot to the position in all the photos? Abductive  (reasoning) 09:58, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll have to dig up the sources again, where there was a map with the position shown. It was no-where near the co-ordinates you added, nor does it back your assertion that "The picture in the article seems to point to roughly the same spot as the memorial", which is patently untrue. - SchroCat (talk) 10:45, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, the coordinates I entered of the memorial are not those of the diagram or the site where she fell. But the coordinates previously in the article are also not those of the site; the source you mention is either wrong or misinterpreted. The exact site can be ascertained from the photos; it is on the outside of the curving parking space directly opposite 3 St James’s Square, at 51°30'28.2"N, 0°8'5.9"W. Abductive  (reasoning) 18:02, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Nope. Trying to guess from a photograph is OR (it depends where the photographer is standing as to what is visible in the background, so it's only your guesswork). Given the map was based on published sources, that trumps your guesswork. Either way, I'm glad you've finally admitted that the coordinates that you added to the article were wrong. The map and co-ordinates are either on or within a metre or so of where she was shot. Again, the published sources trump guesswork. - SchroCat (talk) 18:18, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Published source(s) that you cannot provide, using a map made by a Wikipedian "following request by SchroCat". The OR argument means the article should display the coordinates of the memorial from OSM, which is what you reverted. The coordinates currently in the article are off by 13 m from the actual site. Abductive  (reasoning) 19:07, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You really are trying hard to make a mountain out of a molehill here, aren't you? 1. "Published source(s) that you cannot provide": who says I can't provide them? I have said that I will have to dig the source up again - that's a long way from "cannot provide". 2. Yes, I requested someone with graphics skills do up the map, and it was based on the information from the source. 3. No, no no: the memorial is not where she was shot. Even you have managed to admit this, and this whole brouhaha is widely over-exaggerating what you claim it to be. 4. You are unclear in your meaning here: 13m from what exactly? The memorial is certainly some distance from where she was shot, but I'm not sure what that has to do with anything. - SchroCat (talk) 19:31, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * If you think it is a molehill, why not look over your source(s) and see if perhaps I am correct? The current coordinates point 13 m away from the actual site she fell. You can see this best in this image. Abductive  (reasoning) 19:41, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * When I get a chance, I will, but certainly not just because you want instant answers. The photograph doesn't show what you want it to show - it depends where the photographer is standing as to the building behind in the background. That's why we don't go on the guesswork of your OR, but on better sources. Again, your 13m claim is based on nothing related to reality, just pointless guesswork. - SchroCat (talk) 19:51, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll bet that your source either points at or very close to 51°30'28.2"N, 0°8'5.9"W, or doesn't point anywhere. As for "pointless guesswork", that can be dispensed with if you were to accept the memorial as close enough. Abductive  (reasoning) 05:14, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The article isn't about the memorial, it's about her murder. - SchroCat (talk) 05:48, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Found it: The Times, 18 April 1984; pg. 2 - SchroCat (talk) 07:58, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murder of Yvonne Fletcher


text:
Talman

Talman may refer to:

 * Ibanez Talman, an electric guitar
 * Talman (surname), a surname
 * Talman Gardner (born 1980), American football player
 * The Speaker of the Parliament of Sweden (the Riksdag)

title: Talman


text:
User:Cost

I'm from Switzerland and live in the german speaking part. My main interests are linguistics and computational linguistics. I also studied history --Cost (talk)

de:Benutzer:Cost fr:utilisateur:cost nl:gebruiker:cost

title: User:Cost


text:
Talk:Bengali poetry

Complaint about missing categories
This is the worst collection page for Bengali Poetry.

I do not find three most important types of Bengali Poems

1 Patriotic Poems of Pre '47 era 2. Political poems of Peasant movement of Bengal called Tebhaga Movement 3. Poems of Sixties and Seventies till nineties mainly related to the NAxalite days.

No collection would have an honour value without these.

 * I agree. I also find a total lack of Bangladeshi poets, or any poet from East Bengal, or any Muslim poets. I added reference to 4 poets, but definitely there are a lot more notable poets to be added here. --Ragib 17:06, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Alaol
Which part of Alaol's work makes him classified under "Islamic Literature"? His magnum opus is Padmaboti. Just as other poets are not under "Hindu literatrue", Alaol shouldn't be under "Islamic Literature". Thanks. --Ragib 19:56, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

What is this?
Is this an article, or a wild collection of redlinks? Guys, do something about the article. It has become one of the biggest eyesores on Wikipedia. Aditya Kabir 12:00, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I second the above. This is one of the least useful articles I've encountered in years. I'm going to remove all the lists of unsourced names, image metadata, etc., that make up the huge text blocks. I don't have time at the moment but I'll do it soon. I'm reluctant to stumble into an edit war, judging from some past edits, but the current condition of the page renders it unusable. Matttoothman (talk) 03:01, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

 * পুরো পেইজটা অকল্পনীয় ছ্যাবলামী কম্পিটিশনে পরিনত হইসে। লজ্জাজনক অবস্থা!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.4.65.62 (talk) 19:02, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

Samar Sen
Could Samar Sen be considered among the krittibas? I used to think Samar Sen belongs to a totally different era just before the krittibas.Jeroje 17:45, 16 July 2007 (UTC)jeroje

To Kobi or not to Kobi and the case of Taslima Nasrin
Who are these people putting out all the names attached to all the publications in all the villages of West Bengal?That's surely an incredible identity crisis since the capital of the Raz is transfered to Delhi.But why this page would be used to treat the complexity of Raj politics?The page about poets of different districts of West Bengal should be called "Lost in Raj politicks:The Dwarfs!"I would only stop wiping it out if the mentioning the magazine "Kobi" and related group is not deleted!A cheap trade off with cast away poets!

Why the mention of little magajine Kobi edited by Abid Ajad getting censored again and again?Why the goup that became a voice through Kobi are subject to descretion is beyond my grasp?Why Altaf Hossein is mentioned as poet of Eighties when he had his publications even before Abid Ajad!

I understand somebody or a group of editor here is personaly motivated against me!But how could they deny me when poets they are mentioning such as Kajal Shaahnewaz, Sumon Rahman has mentioned me in their works.If you want to omit me, omit, but omiting me wont realy wipe out the contribution of "Kobi" and the influence it had in shaping Eighties and Nineties poetry.Same is happening when the Magazine "Free" edited by Kajal Shahnewaz is geting mentioned or name like Kofil Ahmed, Shamset Tabreji, Buland Javir, Raju Alauddin is mentioned!

I have gone public about it.If you have honesty why not come out!I would know for whome to save my punches!If Mr Adytta Kabir or Mr Rakib is doing this things why won't you guys give a call to Kajal Shaahnewaz and have citations from him as he has been in Dhaka for a while!If after all this you still omit me I would take it at least as real sincere hate, not a pseudo one!How obscene!

I have also added and cited that there should be a diffrent page to substantiate the abuse Taslima Nasrin suffered in Both Bangladesh and West Bengal for her writing.French don't face their history by wiping out the fate of Joan of Arch!Shame!

After investigating I came to the conclusion that one Ketan Panchal with the help of individuals or a group in West Bengal is vandalizing the Bengali Poetry page.When it comes to Bangladesh he is becoming selective and sensorial, but in treating West Bengal Mr Panchal is using random names almost with hysteria.

Choyon Khairul Habib 20th July 2008 20.45 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.43.137.126 (talk) 20:27, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Ketan Panchal- Salvaging or vandalizing Bengali Poetry
Now Mr Panchal has wiped out Kofil Ahmeds name from "Kobi" group.Mr Panchal has not even agreeing that the abuse Taslima Nasrin suffered in Bangladesh and West Bengal needs to be mentioned in an elaborated article.He is only bothered about the cosmetic value of his name and of his dear Indian flag!I believe now I have to write a poem to immortalize Mr Panchal!

Choyon Khairul Habib

July 2008 22.30 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.43.137.126 (talk) 21:35, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Removed huge list of poets
I have removed the huge, seemingly random, and non-notable list of poets. See WP:NOT. This is NOT the place or directory of obscure poets of Bengal. This is about poetry, and a small section can list notable poets of each generation. Thank you. --Ragib (talk) 07:11, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I would support this deletion being done again.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   14:11, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Shame! Shame! Shame!
Is wikipedia an encyclopedia or a stage to perform absurd dramas? Watching this article, it seems we Bengalis are yet cross the prehistoric period of human culture. We, Bengalis have few things which we can be proud of and poetry is one of them, but if someone from outside of our countries see this, they will deem us as an underdeveloped nations not only economically and politically but culturally. Only one thing that we know is to quarrel and fight among ourselves. What a shame! -- Smmmaniruzzaman (talk) 06:44, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

Where are the Bauls?
How can a page of Bengali Poetry not refer to the oldest living tradition of bengali poetry? The Bauls and Fakirs. The Wikipedia Page on Bauls is quite robust - can we not refer to some of that?

Taniade (talk) 05:10, 21 April 2017 (UTC)taniadeTaniade (talk) 05:10, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bengali poetry


text:
Talk:Stargazy pie

Served with clotted cream?
I have serious doubts about this. I just asked my Cornish friend Gail whether she'd ever heard of this, and she didn't stop laughing for several minutes. Her opinion: "Clotted cream goes on scones, and that's about it. I think someone's having someone on here." So - reputable citation, please! Kay Dekker (talk) 11:37, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Is your friend really Cornish or does she just live in Cornwall? To say that "clotted cream goes on scones and that's about it" demonstrates that she knows next to nothing about Cornish food and its history. Using the traditional method, clotted cream takes about 36 hours to make; do we really think that our forebears would go to all that time and effort to prepare something just to smear on a scone? By the way of course, the traditional cream tea used splits not scones, scones being a more recent variant as they are quicker and easier to make than splits which are basically a soft, slightly sweet bread roll. In less heath-conscious times, clotted cream was extensively used in Cornish cookery, not just as a topping for pies, tarts and puddings, but as an ingredient in pasties and pies. Additionally, people did put cream onto food in ways that we would now find unpalatable; my grandfather always put a spoonful of cream on a pasty and an uncle always put a dollop onto his breakfast fried eggs...in farmhouse kitchens such as my grandmother's, there was almost always a bowl of clotted cream on the table at meal times and everyone had their favourite way of eating it. We should not forget that the past is definitely "another country" and they did do things differently there; we should be aware that they did not, for a variety of reasons, share our prejudices and practices about food. Personally I would not eat stargazy pie with or without clotted cream (and it was in any case more of a celebratory or festival dish than an everyday meal, but we cannot state with any certainty that nobody ever put clotted cream on a helping of stargazy pie, just because we in the 21st century find the idea disgusting. (Maryjane22 (talk) 11:22, 4 March 2014 (UTC))

Yuck?
Honestly I feel as if the "opinion" presented in that NY news article is wholly misguided. They have Stargazy pie on the same list as scorpion on a stick and deep-fried river frog - perhaps someone forgot to mention to our dear American cousins that you don't actually eat the heads (well some might). Does this opinion belong in the article at all? I can also think of plenty more disgusting foods than what's on the list. They even listed a totally normal-looking squid. --Porthenys (talk) 14:55, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

 * One urban legend, if the term can be applied to Cornwall, has it that the dish is just an elaborate practical joke inflicted by the locals on unsuspecting tourists, and that no self-respecting Cornish type would actually eat it themselves, except as the result of a drunken wager. Mr Larrington (talk) 22:39, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stargazy pie


text:
Acacia aneura

Acacia aneura, commonly known as mulga or true mulga, is a shrub or small tree native to arid outback areas of Australia. It is the dominant tree in the habitat to which it gives its name (mulga) that occurs across much of inland Australia. Specific regions have been designated the Western Australian mulga shrublands in Western Australia and Mulga Lands in Queensland.

Description
Mulga trees are highly variable, in form, in height, and in shape of phyllodes and seed pods. They can form dense forests up to 15 m high, or small, almost heath-like low shrubs spread well apart. Most commonly, mulgas are tall shrubs. Because the mulga is so variable, its taxonomy has been studied extensively, and although Acacia aneura is likely to be split into several species eventually, there is as yet no consensus on how or even if this should be done. Although generally small in size, mulgas are long-lived, a typical life span for a tree undisturbed by fire is of the order of 200 to 300 years.

Mulga has developed extensive adaptations to the Australian desert. Like many other Acacia species, it has thick-skinned phyllodes. These are optimised for low water loss, with a high oil content, sunken stomata, and a profusion of tiny hairs which reduce transpiration. During dry periods, mulgas drop much of their foliage to the ground, which provides an extra layer of mulch and from where the nutrients can be recycled.

Like most Australian Acacia species, mulga is thornless. The needle-like phyllodes stand erect to avoid as much of the midday sun as possible and capture the cooler morning and evening light. Any rain that falls is channelled down the phyllodes and branches to be collected in the soil immediately next to the trunk, providing the tree with a more than threefold increase in effective rainfall. Mulga roots penetrate far into the soil to find deep moisture. The roots also harbour bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and thus help deal with the very old, nutrient-poor soils in which the species grows.

Aboriginal peoples of the Coober Pedy area in South Australia refer to mulga trees as Umoona, which means "long life".

Habitat and ecology
Mulga savanna and mulga codominant tussock grasslands cover roughly 20% of the Australian continent, or about 1.5 million square kilometres. The mean rainfall for much of the habitat for A. aneura in Australia is roughly 200–250 mm/year, but it goes to as high as 500 mm/year in New South Wales and Queensland. The lowest mean rainfall where it grows is about 50–60 mm/year. Both summer and winter rainfall are necessary to maintain mulga, and the species is absent from semiarid regions that experience summer or winter drought.

Mulga scrub is distinctive and widespread, with the Mulga Lands of eastern Australia defined as a specific bioregion. The dominant species in these woodlands is mulga, with poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea) forming an increasingly important codominant in the eastern districts. The extent of ground cover in mulga woodlands varies with canopy density of the overstorey, becoming almost nonexistent in extremely dense stands. In more open stands, the herbaceous layer consists of wire grasses (Aristida spp.), mulga oats (Monocather sp.), mulga mitchell (Thyridolepis sp.), wanderrie (Eriachne spp.), finger grasses (Digitaria spp.) and love grasses (Eragrostis spp.). Various other woody species are also significant in mulga woodlands, particularly hop bushes (Dodonaea spp.), Eremophila and cassia (Senna  spp.).

In contrast to the eucalypt woodlands that dominate much of Australia, mulga woodlands are not well adapted to regular fire and species in mulga communities vary in their ability to survive fires. Many species, including mulga, have a very limited ability to resprout after fire, and rely instead on mechanisms of seed production for species survival. Many plants produce hard, woody fruits or seeds, which can not only survive intense heat, but also may require the stimulus of fire to scarify and promote germination. Long-lived seed stores in soil is also common in these woodlands.

The recognised varieties are:
 * A. a. var. aneura (nominotypic variety)
 * A. a. var. argentea (As of July 2023, A. a. var. argentea is considered to be a synonym of Acacia caesaneura)
 * A. a. var. fuliginea
 * A. a. var. intermedia
 * A. a. var. macrocarpa
 * A. a. var. major
 * A. a. var. microcarpa
 * A. a. var. pilbarana
 * A. a. var. tenuis

Agriculture
Mulga can be planted with sandalwood in plantations as a host tree. The tree's flowers provide forage for bees, especially when there is enough water available.

Mulga is of great economic importance to the Australian pastoral industry. Despite containing considerable amounts of indigestible tannins, mulga leaves are a valuable fodder source, particularly in times of drought, as they are palatable to stock and provide up to 12% crude protein.

The seeds of Acacia aneura are traditionally used to make seedcakes. The mulga apple is an insect gall commonly eaten by Aboriginal people. Mulga tree gum (ngkwarle alkerampwe in the Arrernte language) is a type of lerp scale found on mulga branches. It provides a tasty, honey-like treat.

Wood
Wood from Acacia aneura stands up very well to being buried in soil, so it is used for posts. The wood has a density of about 850–1100 kg/m3. It is also good as firewood, and good-quality charcoal can be produced from it.

Mulga is a vital tree to Aboriginal Australians in central and Western Australia; the wood is a good hardwood for making various implements, such as digging sticks, woomeras, shields and wooden bowls.

title: Acacia aneura