text:
Will Oldham

Joseph Will Oldham (born January 15, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. From 1993 to 1997, he performed and recorded in collaboration with dozens of other musicians under variations of Palace (Palace, Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, and Palace Music). After briefly publishing music under his own name, in 1998 he adopted Bonnie "Prince" Billy as the name for most of his work.

Early life and education
Oldham was born on January 15, 1970, in Louisville, Kentucky. His mother, Joanne Lei Will Tafel Oldham, was a teacher and artist. His father, Joseph Collins Oldham, was an attorney and photographer. Oldham graduated from the J. Graham Brown School in 1988. He attended Brown University sporadically while pursuing a career as an actor, and living between Brooklyn, Los Angeles, and Bloomington, Indiana. He began making music during this time, initially as a project for his professor Jeff Todd Titon, an ethnomusicologist at Brown University.

Career
Oldham is known for his "do-it-yourself punk aesthetic and blunt honesty", and his music has been likened to Americana, folk, roots, country, punk, and indie rock. He has been called an "Appalachian post-punk solipsist", with a voice that has been described as "a fragile sort-of warble frittering around haunted melodies in the American folk or country tradition."

Oldham first performed and recorded under various permutations of the Palace name, including Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, Palace Music, and simply Palace. Regarding the name changes during this period (1993–1997), Oldham said: I guess the idea is that when you have a name of a group or an artist, then you expect that the next record, if it has the same name, should be the same group of people playing on it. And I just thought we were making a different kind of record each time, with different people, and different themes, and different sounds. So I thought it was important to call it something different so that people would be aware of the differences.

Will stated in a 1995 interview with KCRW that the name Palace Flophouse was inspired by reading John Steinbeck's Cannery Row. Beginning in 1998, Oldham has primarily used the moniker Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, which draws inspiration from several sources: [T]he name has so many different references that it could almost have a life of its own. Bonnie Prince Charlie has such a beautiful ring to it, and I was very conscious of appropriating that mellifluous sound. And I was also thinking about the name Nat King Cole. But it wasn't until later, and this may have been subconscious, that I remembered that Billy the Kid was William Bonney or Billy Bonney.

He has explained that "the primary purpose of the pseudonym is to allow both the audience and the performer to have a relationship with the performer that is valid and unbreakable."

Critical reception
Some of his albums, such as There Is No-One What Will Take Care of You (1993), Viva Last Blues (1995), and I See a Darkness (1999),  have appeared on greatest albums lists. Johnny Cash recorded a version of "I See a Darkness" on his American Recordings disc American III: Solitary Man (2000). Oldham provided backing vocals. Spanish singer Rosalía also recorded a version of "I See a Darkness" for her debut album Los Ángeles. Marianne Faithfull included Oldham's "A King at Night" on her 2003 Kissin Time tour. Steve Adey also covered "I See a Darkness" on his 2006 LP All Things Real. Mark Kozelek recorded a version of Oldham's "New Partner" on his 2008 disc, The Finally LP. Katatonia covered "Oh How I Enjoy the Light" on their 2001 EP Tonight's Music, and their song "Don't Tell a Soul" is about and contains an interpolation of the Palace Brothers song "You Will Miss Me When I Burn". In 2009 Mark Lanegan and Soulsavers recorded a cover version of "You Will Miss Me When I Burn". The release is a split single, backed with the Lanegan-penned "Sunrise" featuring vocals by Oldham. In 2011, Deer Tick's cover of Oldham's song "Death to Everyone" appeared in an episode of Hell On Wheels. Cadaverous Condition covered "Black" on their To the Night Sky album (2006).

Film and television
Oldham's first film acting role was as the teen preacher in John Sayles's film Matewan (1987), a dramatization of the life of Appalachian mining community in the 1920s and the Battle of Matewan. Following this, he moved to Hollywood to pursue a career as an actor. He played the role of Chip McClure (father of Baby Jessica) in Everybody's Baby: The Rescue of Jessica McClure (1989), and the role of Miles in the film Thousand Pieces of Gold (1991). Oldham also played minor roles in Julien Donkey-Boy (1999), Junebug (2005), and The Guatemalan Handshake (2006).

In 2004, Oldham appeared as himself in the short documentary film Tripping With Caveh, wherein he took psilocybin mushrooms with autobiographical filmmaker Caveh Zahedi. The project was intended as the pilot episode of a reality/documentary series, with the concept being that Zahedi would take psychedelics in the company of a different celebrity in each episode. The project was never picked up by a television network, but the short with Oldham finally saw official release in the 2015 retrospective box set Digging My Own Grave: The Films of Caveh Zahedi.

Oldham played a lead role as Kurt in Kelly Reichardt's film Old Joy (2006), and had a brief role in the director's next film Wendy and Lucy (2008). Oldham played Pastor Pigmeat in the "Horse Apples" episode of the second season of the MTV children's show parody Wonder Showzen and appeared in an episode of Chatman and Lee's subsequent television show, Xavier: Renegade Angel as a Reverend. In 2007, he starred alongside Zach Galifianakis in a music video for Kanye West's "Can't Tell Me Nothing".

Also in 2010, Oldham appeared in Jackass 3D as a gorilla trainer. As part of an agreement to play that role, he wrote a theme song, in the style of a Saturday-morning cartoon show, for filmmaker Lance Bangs.

In 2011, Oldham played a father telling a bedtime story to his son in David Lowery's short film Pioneer. In 2017, he appeared as "Prognosticator" in the feature film A Ghost Story, also directed by David Lowery.

Voice work
In 2009, Oldham narrated Madam and Little Boy, a documentary film about atomic weapons, directed by Swedish artist Magnus Bärtås. In 2010, Oldham narrated Music Makes a City, a documentary about the formation of the Louisville Orchestra, directed by Owsley Brown III and Jerome Hiler. Oldham provided voice work and inspiration for the character "Will" in the video game Kentucky Route Zero, released in 2013.

Personal life
Oldham married the textile artist Elsa Hansen Oldham in 2016. They had a child together in 2018.

Studio albums

 * There Is No-One What Will Take Care of You – Palace Brothers (1993)
 * Days in the Wake – Palace Brothers (1994)
 * Viva Last Blues – Palace Music (1995)
 * Arise Therefore – Palace Music (1996)
 * Joya – Will Oldham (1997)
 * I See a Darkness – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (1999)
 * Ease Down the Road – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2001)
 * Master and Everyone – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2003)
 * Sings Greatest Palace Music – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2004) (reworkings of earlier songs)
 * Superwolf – Matt Sweeney & Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2005)
 * The Brave and the Bold – Tortoise & Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2006) (covers album)
 * The Letting Go – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2006)
 * Lie Down in the Light – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2008)
 * Beware – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2009)
 * The Wonder Show of the World – Bonnie "Prince" Billy and the Cairo Gang (2010)
 * Wolfroy Goes to Town – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2011)
 * Bonnie "Prince" Billy – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2013) (EP)
 * Singer's Grave – A Sea of Tongues – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2014) (reworkings of songs from Wolfroy Goes to Town)
 * Epic Jammers and Fortunate Little Ditties – Bitchin Bajas and Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2016)
 * Best Troubador – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2017) (covers of Merle Haggard songs)
 * Wolf of the Cosmos – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2017) (cover of Sonata Mix Dwarf Cosmos by Susanna)
 * Songs of Love and Horror – Will Oldham (2018) (reworkings of earlier songs)
 * I Made a Place – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2019)
 * Superwolves – Matt Sweeney & Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2021)
 * Blind Date Party – Bill Callahan & Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2021)
 * Keeping Secrets Will Destroy You – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2023)

title: Will Oldham


text:
The American Conservative

The American Conservative (TAC) is a magazine published by the American Ideas Institute which was founded in 2002. Originally published twice a month, it was reduced to monthly publication in August 2009, and since February 2013, it has been published once every two months.

The publication states that it exists to promote a conservatism that opposes unchecked power in government and business, promotes the concept of the nuclear family, free markets, and supports realism and restraint in foreign affairs based on America's national interests, otherwise known as paleoconservatism.

History
The American Conservative was founded by Pat Buchanan, Scott McConnell and Taki Theodoracopulos in October 2002. The magazine took a paleoconservative character, aiming to counter the neoconservative positions of the National Review and The Weekly Standard. It was critical of the Bush administration and in particular of its invasion of Iraq.

In the first issue, dated 7 October 2002, the editorial by Buchanan and Taki stated that the new publication aimed "to ignite the conversations that conservatives ought to have engaged in since the end of thr Cold War, but didn't." It continued that much of what then passed for conservatism was "wedded to a kind of radicalism – fantasies of global hegemony, the hubristic notion of America as a universal nation for all the world's peoples, a hyperglobal economy." In the same issue, an article by Buchanan challenged the Iraq War, asking "What comes after all the celebratory gunfire when wicked Saddam is dead?"

Until early 2005, Buchanan and Taki served as the magazine's editors, with McConnell as executive editor, while Taki was its publisher. Kara Hopkins was the next executive editor.

In its early years, the magazine called for an amendment to the US Constitution to ban same-sex marriage.

Before the 2006 midterm elections, The American Conservative urged its readers to vote for Democrats: "It should surprise few readers that we think a vote that is seen—in America and the world at large—as a decisive “No” vote on the Bush presidency is the best outcome".

Buchanan and Taki retired as editors, and Taki as publisher, in 2005, although Buchanan continued to write for it. Ron Unz was the publisher as of 2007. In 2011, Wick Allison became the magazine's publisher, followed in 2013 by Jon Basil Utley, the current publisher.

In 2010, Daniel McCarthy succeeded Hopkins as editor. In September 2011, the magazine introduced an editorial redesign of its print publication and in May 2012 a redesign of its website. In October 2014, Benjamin Schwarz, the former national and literary editor of The Atlantic, was named national editor of the magazine.

In November 2016, Robert W. Merry succeeded McCarthy as editor, with Lewis McCrary and Kelley Beaucar Vlahos as Executive Editors. After Merry's retirement in July 2018, W. James Antle III was named editor.

In April 2020, Johnny Burtka, executive director and acting editor of The American Conservative, said that the publication's ambition is to "become The Atlantic of the right" and said its online page views had "grown significantly" under the Trump administration.

The American Conservative is a member of the advisory board of Project 2025, a collection of conservative and right-wing policy proposals from the Heritage Foundation to reshape the United States federal government and consolidate executive power should the Republican nominee win the 2024 presidential election.

Reception
In 2004, Peter Carlson wrote in The Washington Post that for scathing attacks on Bush and the invasion of Iraq, The American Conservative might have the edge over The Nation, Mother Jones, and The Progressive.

In 2009, Reihan Salam, National Review editor, wrote that the publication had "gained a devoted following as a sharp critic of the conservative mainstream".

In 2012, David Brooks, columnist at The New York Times, called The American Conservative "one of the more dynamic spots on the political Web" and said its "writers like Rod Dreher and Daniel Larison tend to be suspicious of bigness: big corporations, big government, a big military, concentrated power and concentrated wealth."

Contributors
Contributors to The American Conservative have included Helen Andrews, Andrew Bacevich, Doug Bandow, Pat Buchanan, Andrew Cockburn, Rod Dreher, Paul Gottfried, Leon Hadar, James Kurth, Christopher Layne, Michael Lind, William S. Lind, Douglas Macgregor, Eric Margolis, Scott McConnell, Robert W. Merry, Rand Paul, Mark Perry, Scott Ritter, Steve Sailer, Paul W. Schroeder, Benjamin Schwarz, Roger Scruton, Taki Theodoracopulos, and Ron Unz.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The American Conservative


text:
Talk:Gyanendra of Nepal

Picture
Is there a reason the only picture of this person is a drawing? A quick googling shows many color photographs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.147.28.77 (talk) 14:46, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

Nation
Rss International 45.123.221.216 (talk) 06:12, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * What exactly are you trying to say? 82.176.221.176 (talk) 11:16, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyanendra of Nepal


text:
Ludger Duvernay

Ludger Duvernay (January 22, 1799 – November 28, 1852), born in Verchères, Quebec, was a printer by profession and published a number of newspapers including the Gazette des Trois-Rivières, the first newspaper in Lower Canada outside of Quebec City and Montreal, and also La Minerve, which supported the Parti patriote and Louis-Joseph Papineau in the years leading up to the Lower Canada Rebellion.

Biography
Duvernay was one of several journalists imprisoned early in 1832 for criticizing the non-elected legislative council that represented the interests of the Château Clique. Duvernay, editor of La Minerve and Daniel Tracey, another editor of the English language The Vindicator newspaper were arrested for libel and imprisoned together for 40 days for writing articles that said that "it is certain that before long all of America must be republican." They were released after much public support and condemnation of the arrests. He was arrested by the authorities on four separate occasions.

On April 5, 1836, he fought in a duel with Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury, which ended with him being shot in the right knee.

On June 9, 1834, Duvernay founded the Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste (today, the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste and designated June 24 a day of celebration of Canadien history and culture. The society was previously known as the Société Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera ("help yourself and Heaven will help you"), founded by Duvernay on March 8, 1834.

Duvernay was briefly a member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada representing Lachenaie in 1837. When on November 16 Governor Gosford issued warrants for the arrest of 26 patriot leaders, Duvernay was on the list. He had however been warned that his arrest was imminent and fled in time to Burlington, Vermont.

He returned to Montreal in 1842 to resume publication of a more moderate La Minerve, which was at first sympathetic to Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and then later, George-Étienne Cartier.

In 1922, June 24 became a public holiday in Quebec, and since 1977 it has been the national holiday of Quebec.

On his death in Montreal in 1852, 10,000 people attended his funeral. Duvernay was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges.

Newspapers, reviews

 * Gazette des Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, 1817
 * L'Ami de la religion et du roi, Trois-Rivières, 1820
 * Le Constitutionnel, Trois-Rivières, 1823
 * L'Argus, Trois-Rivières, 1826–1828
 * Canadian Spectator, Montreal 1822-1829
 * La Minerve, Montreal, 1826–1837 and 1842–1899
 * Le Guide du cultivateur, ou Nouvel almanac de la température pour chaque jour de l'année, Montreal, 1830–1833
 * Le Patriote Canadien, Burlington, Vermont, 1839-1840
 * La Revue canadienne, Montreal, 1845–1848

Other

 * "Liste des journaux publiés dans le Bas-Canada depuis 1764", in La Canadienne, Montreal, October 22, 1840 : 3–4

In English

 * Abidor, Mitch. "The Patriotes Rebellion", in Marxists.org
 * Abidor, Mitch. "The Patriotes Rebellion", in Marxists.org

In French

 * Donald Prémont. "Duvernay, Ludger (1799-1852)", in the site Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, May 20, 2000
 * Denis Monières. Ludger Duvernay et la révolution intellectuelle au Bas-Canada, Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1987, 231 p.
 * Jean-Marie Lebel. Ludger Duvernay et La Minerve. Étude d'une entreprise de presse montréalaise de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, Université Laval, 1982, 212 p.
 * Robert Rumilly. Histoire de la Société Saint-Jean Baptiste de Montréal. Des patriotes au fleurdelisé, Montréal : Éditions de l'Aurore, 1975, 564 p.

title: Ludger Duvernay


text:
BioRuby

BioRuby is a collection of open-source Ruby code, comprising classes for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics. It contains classes for DNA and protein sequence analysis, sequence alignment, biological database parsing, structural biology and other bioinformatics tasks. BioRuby is released under the GNU GPL version 2 or Ruby licence and is one of a number of Bio* projects, designed to reduce code duplication.

In 2011, the BioRuby project introduced the Biogem software plugin system, with two or three new plugins added every month.

BioRuby is managed via the BioRuby website and GitHub repository.

BioRuby
The BioRuby project was first started in 2000 by Toshiaki Katayama as a Ruby implementation of similar bioinformatics packages such as BioPerl and BioPython. The initial release of version 0.1 was frequently updated by contributors both informally and at organised “hackathon” events; in June 2005, BioRuby was funded by IPA as an Exploratory Software Project, culminating with the release of version 1.0.0 in February 2006. Between 2009 and 2012, BioRuby was the focus of a number of Google Summer of Code projects to improve the codebase. BioRuby Version 2.0.0 was released in 2019.

Biogem
Biogem provides a set of tools for bioinformaticians who want to code an application or library that uses or extends BioRuby's core library, as well as share the code as a gem on rubygems.org. Any gem published via the Biogem framework is also listed at biogems.info.

The aim of Biogem is to promote a modular approach to the BioRuby package and simplify the creation of modules by automating process of setting up directory/file scaffolding, a git repository and releasing online package databases.

title: BioRuby


text:
Talk:Infix

[Untitled]
I'm curious about the chemical infixes. How are they used? Examples? Quincy 07:12, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How the Chemical Infixes Are Used
I quote from Infix itself:

English has only a few arcane infixes that are listed in dictionaries. Chemical nomenclature includes the minuscule infixes -pe-, signifying complete hydrogenation (from piperidine) and -et- (from ethyl), signifying the ethyl radical C 2 H 5. Thus, from picoline, we can derive pipecoline and from lutidine, we can derive lupetidine; from phenidine, we can derive phenetidine. One word that contains -et- but is not a word when the -et- is removed is xanthoxyletin.
 * The latter comment has been removed. If ?xanthoxyl is not a word, then xanthoxyletin is not an example of an infix, as is claimed now. kwami 12:27, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation??????
This page is said to be a disambiguation page, however, it gives full meanings of both words without links to seperate sectiopns for each. Surely it is NOT a disambiguation page. Should the tage be removoed? I'm so convinced I HAVE removed it. Fork me 11:25, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Shiznit
Is that an infix? I heard it was an abbreviation of "shit isn't it", as in "that's the shit, isn ' t it?" ("that's the shiznit?") VolatileChemical 03:45, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Regardless of where it came from, if -izn- is inserted into other words where it doesn't have such a history, then it's become an infix. The only question would be its staying power in the English language, which is one reason why slang doesn't always get a lot of respect. kwami 19:10, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

The -ma- Infix
[...] as in sophistimacated, saxomaphone, and edumacation

I think this is misdiagnosed as an infix, and is in fact formed in imitation of whadyamacallit - unless that is itself an infix.

Nuttyskin 01:05, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Same response as for shiznit: if that's where it's come from (and no, what-you-may-call-it is a lexicalized clause, no infixes), then we are in the lucky position of knowing the history of infixing morphology in English. It's not uncommon for a common word or set phrase to be imitated in other words, but the fact remains that words are altered by putting a morpheme (ma) inside them rather than at the end, which is all an infix is. Also, I doubt that most people who do this have any awareness of the historical origins of what they're doing. kwami 12:23, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Another English Infix
In a fundamentals of language structures class a few years ago the professor cited "abso-f--kin-lutely" or "fan-f--ki-tastic" as examples of f--k as an infix in English. It seems like this case should be noted as it is certainly well used by English speakers. Crazynorvegian 03:59, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It's already there. kwami 06:46, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Infixes in English Irregular Nouns and Verbs
The vowel infixes change according to tense or plural> Examples: English Irregular Verbs: (pres.) (past) write → wrote swim → swam break → broke awake → woke English Irregular Nouns: (sing.) (plur.) man → men tooth → teeth —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mozwa (talk • contribs) 00:55, 12 April 2010 (UTC) Mozwa (talk) 03:35, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Let us also not forget "stand" - "stood". R3hall (talk) 01:09, 8 January 2012 (UTC)R3hall

 * That's ablaut, not infixation. — kwami (talk) 06:46, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Pianissimo
Does the word "pianissimo" count as an example of an infix in English? It's borrowed from Italian, but it appears in English dictionaries, so it certainly should count as an English word. It's formed from the adjective "piano", with the string "-issim-" inserted. If it does count, I suggest we mention the word "pianissimo" in this article, as another example of an infix in English. Navigatr85 04:11, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No, because although pianissimo is an English word, by itself isn't an affix in English. It's merely borrowed Italian morphology, and is actually a suffix, as in generalissimo. There just aren't that many infixes in European languages. kwami (talk) 05:26, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

A Whole 'Nother
Would the phraise "a whole 'nother" be an example of an infix, where whole is placed in between another. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.255.254.238 (talk) 04:02, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Sorry, that was by me. I forgot to sign in. Richardkselby (talk) 04:04, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Usually when a word is inserted rather than an affix, it's called tmesis. But I think what's going on here is that an other has been jokingly reanalyzed as a nother, and the rest is just a normal phrase. I've heard roughly similar things with napple for apple. kwami (talk) 06:48, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * As someone who natively uses "a whole nother," I take umbrage with it being labeled a joke. I assure you that we in Texas do not consider it a joke. "A whole other" sounds like "a apple" to me—like you forgot to add a sound that you're required by grammar to add. Kylegoetz (talk) 17:12, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm going to take it out. It's just a variant of a whole other. kwami (talk) 09:49, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, the example of "a whole nother" shouldn't be included in this article. There's no split of "another" into "a" and "other" and subsequent insertion of "whole" between those two items. Rather, the "n-" added to "other" is just a variant pronunciation. "Whole" is just behaving like a standard adverb in that example, not like an infix. Jk180 (talk) 18:50, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Band?
No mention of the J-rock band Infix? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Victory_Gundam - theme song "Winners Forever". 174.46.172.13 (talk) 07:03, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Passerby, Passersby
I think this qualifies as a true, non-slang, infix. Passerby started as a compound hyphenated word, where the first word of the pair was pluralized as passers-by. The Penguin Dictionary of English Grammar has this to say:

"English has no true infixes, but the plural suffix -s behaves something like an infix in unusual plurals like passers-by and mothers-in-law." http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/infixterm.htm

I would note however that the single word form passerby is now more common in English language searches than passer-by and that both Merriam-Webster and Oxford list passerby as a proper word, not a slang form of a hyphenated compound word. Thoughts? Shawn (talk) 02:26, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that an infix must go inside a word. In the example of "mothers-in-law," the "-s" is put at the end of the word "mother," making it a suffix, not an infix. The "in-law" are two subsequent words and also don't help make "-s" an infix. Jk180 (talk) 18:57, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Whether or not it's hyphenated in a dictionary means little. English orthography is not a good guide to much of anything. — kwami (talk) 04:47, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

slightly better example?
I think "abso-bloody-lutely" is a better example of an infix in English than "un-fucking-believable", if only for the fact that "bloody" is less vulgar than "fucking". besides, "un-fucking-believable" is really just "believable" with two prefixes. Change it? 173.180.24.7 (talk) 07:10, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not two prefixes, it's unbelievable with a lexical infix, but you're right that absolutely can't be mistaken. — kwami (talk) 17:04, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree that bloody is less vulgar than fucking. Fucking is a generic swear word. Bloody, as a contraction of "by our lady" (see []), is sacrilegious or at least blasphemous. Is this the kind of hand-wringing that WP engages in? You wouldn't see linguists using certain words over others just because some are more "bad words" than the other. Kylegoetz (talk) 17:18, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

the Arabic example - not sure about it
I think someone misunderstood the Arabic verb system. It is weird to claim that the verb form "iftaʻala" is a result of  infix with epentetic . Examining the present form "yaftaʻilu" reinforces the view of it as an indepndant verb form. Just like Hebrew "Hitpa'el". Think about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.235.119.74 (talk) 15:20, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The point is that the "t" in infixed in the root, which is f-ʻ-l. This is not the case in the Hebrew example (though there are some examples in Hebrew as well, if I'm not mistaken). The analysis is correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.201.0.62 (talk) 22:32, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Constructed languages?
I think that a section on infixes in constructed languages would help, especially considering the fact that the Na'vi language has a complete tense and mood system based on infixes.

-ma- infix
The word 'educamation' was used regularly by an 'old rural character' called Walter Gabriel in a long-running UK radio soap opera, The Archers, as early as the late 50s. The scriptwriters must have been familiar with this sort of formation from somewhere. I had the feeling that it was meant to be some sort of malapropism or perhaps reflected a sort of contempt for people who had a certain amount of it. I can see no reason why it should not be described as an 'infix' (Pamour (talk) 14:40, 11 September 2013 (UTC)).

Adverbs in English +
I was writing / editing some material for English learners, and I was editing my "the rules of turning adjectives into adverbs" entry that I had written months ago. One of the rules was, how I wrote it, for adjectives that end in  (C = any consonant letter), to "delete" the  [i], and then add [ɪli] to the end. But it just occurred to me that this is actually an infix, no?

crazy to crazily lazy to lazily dandy to dandily ready to readily wacky to wackily weary to wearily

Anyone disagree that these are infixes? If not, here is a write up I think I could add to the wiki article.

Adverbs
In English, the vast majority of adjectives can be morphed into adverbs by attaching the suffix {-ly} to the adjective, for example: bad becomes badly, annoying becomes annoyingly, and rapid becomes rapidly. However, there is one phonetic enviroment that a handful of adjectives contain which take an infix instead of a suffix. If the adjective (a) is multi-syllabic and (b) ends in the vowel sound [i] (the sound that the letter  represents in the word ), then the infix {-il-} is inserted before the word-ending [i] sound. For example: crazy becomes crazily, ready becomes readily, and weary becomes wearily.

B23Rich (talk) 03:58, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I don’t think so, rather that the terminal y changes to i when the suffix -ly is added, possibly reflecting the ‘shortened’ sound of the vowel. The supposed infix -il- occurs in no other context AFAICT—what do you suppose its etymology to be? At any rate you’d need a reference to support such a claim.—Odysseus 1 4 7  9  07:09, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

That's fair. It's more likely something like apophony than an infix, thinking about it now. B23Rich (talk) 03:43, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Not an interfix, not really an infix either, so what is it?
In German, you have the diminutive Kindchen ("little child"), formed from Kind ("child") + -chen (diminutive suffix). The plural may be unchanged, but there's also Kinderchen, which is Kind + -er- + -chen. What is -er- in this form? Some might say it's an infix because it is inserted into the existing word, but of course it is inserted between two morphemes, not into the stem. Is there a term for this? (The same thing also exists in Dutch, Luxembourgish, and other varieties of continental West Germanic.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.201.0.62 (talk) 22:38, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

 * If the productive (cognitive) derivation is Kindchen + -er > Kinderchen, then yes, it is an infix. If however it's Kinder + -chen > Kinderchen, then it's just a series of two suffixes -- which I suspect is its historical derivation. This may be one way that infixes could form -- imagine that -chen looses it's productivity, so it's only found in lexicalized expressions -- and maybe Kind as a separate root is lost as well. Since "Kindchen" is now the stem, -er- would simply be an infix. Of course, without the conservative influence of a written tradition, the word would probably be leveled to *Kindchen-er or something.
 * Read the thread above on English 'Passersby', which is similar. — kwami (talk) 04:41, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Just want to say that "passers-by" is similar, but not quite the same, because "passer" and "by" exist as individual words, while German "-chen" exists only a suffix. But all right, could be an infix or not, depending on the analysis. 2.203.201.104 (talk) 12:58, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

Needed: Difference between infix and interfix
Both articles need a paragraph in the introduction to differentiate between the two terms, because I have seeing so many different uses of these two terms looking around that my head is spinning. Sorry that I can't research it myself, but my real-life limitations are getting in the way. Thanks! —Geekdiva (talk) 09:47, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Spanish diminutive
Is the Spanish diminutive -it- an infix not not a suffix? Its distribution in Spanish dialects doesn't reach far, and the only examples found in the reference provided in the article refer to particular names, which could be the result of some morphological reanalysis. Riveram881 (talk) 18:58, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * If you're referring to '-ito' as in 'bonito', 'amiguito', that is of course a suffix. But in the examples here, it's an affix inserted into the word: Osquítar rather than standard Oscarito. Dyḗwsuh₃nus (talk) 19:49, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * So then the claim is that there are two ways the diminutive can be incorporated to names in these dialects: one as a suffix (for the case of "-ito", is it not the case that the "-o" is a marker for masculine singular while "-it" is the diminutive?) like in Miguelito or Angelito, and one as an infix like in Osquítar? Riveram881 (talk) 21:09, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Bantu Infixes
Many Bantu languages use infixes. For example, in Kinyarwanda, infixes are used in verbs to accord with the noun class of the verb's object. Infixes are an integral part of the grammatical structure. Thus, I think there should be a section on Bantu infixes. 41.186.78.114 (talk) 20:57, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Infix


text:
Coquina

Coquina is a sedimentary rock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments of mollusks, trilobites, brachiopods, or other invertebrates. The term coquina comes from the Spanish word for "cockle" and "shellfish".

For a sediment to be considered to be a coquina, the particles composing it should average 2 mm or greater in size. Coquina can vary in hardness from poorly to moderately cemented. Incompletely consolidated and poorly cemented coquinas are considered grainstones in the Dunham classification system for carbonate sedimentary rocks. A well-cemented coquina is classified as a biosparite (fossiliferous limestone) according to the Folk classification of sedimentary rocks.

Coquinas accumulate in high-energy marine and lacustrine environments where currents and waves result in the vigorous winnowing, abrasion, fracturing, and sorting of the shells that compose them. As a result, they typically exhibit well-developed bedding or cross-bedding, close packing, and good orientation of the shell fragments. The high-energy marine or lacustrine environments associated with coquinas include beaches, shallow submarine raised banks, swift tidal channels, and barrier bars.

Composition and distribution
Coquina is composed mainly of the mineral calcite, often including some phosphate, in the form of seashells or coral. Coquinas dating from the Devonian period through to the much more recent Pleistocene epoch are a common find all over the world, with the depositional requirements to form a coquina being a common thing in many marine facies.

Australia
Adjacent to Shark Bay Road 45 km southeast of Denham is an approximately 110 km long stretch of coastline composed of billions of tiny shells of the Shark Bay cockle (Fragum erugatum), averaging less than 14 mm in length. The shell deposit, between 8 and 9 m thick, has compacted and cemented in some areas into solid masses of limestone that formerly was quarried and cut into blocks used in local construction.

St Andrew's Anglican Church, the Old Pearler Restaurant, and parts of the Shark Bay Hotel in Shark Bay were built from coquina shell blocks. The church, built in 1954, has walls infilled with coquina shell blocks between a light steel frame and a shell facing, while the Old Pearler was built in 1974–1977 with buttressed coquina shell block walls.

Brazil
Recently discovered petroleum-bearing formations off the coast of northeastern Brazil hold coquina reservoirs of oil. The coquinas are generally heterogeneous in their porosity and permeability, but like other lacustrine carbonates, they are uncommonly reservoirs. Corbett et al. (2015) in their discussion of the reservoirs say the finding of the Badejo Field (Campos Basin) in 1975 was the first hydrocarbon discovery in the coquinas of the Lagoa Feia, followed by that of the Pampo and Linguado Fields in 1978. The coquinas of the Morro do Chaves Formation were formed by non-marine bivalves and ostracods. The shells of the bivalves, which lived in shallow oxygenated water, were transported and deposited as washout over stream fans and beaches by storms and long-shore drift.

The palynological record of coquinas of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin has been analyzed and the sediments dated to the late Barremian age; the results suggest a marine and/or brackish environment. Daniel Thompson (2013) asserts that the coquinas of the Morro do Chaves Formation include a wide range of marine mollusca characteristic of brackish environmental conditions, suggesting periodic marine ingression during the Early Cretaceous.

According to a paper by Senira Kattah published in The Sedimentary Record, the discovery of the Lula Field by Petrobras and partners in 2006 opened petroleum exploration in the Barremian/Aptian pre-salt play in the offshore Santos and Campos basins, and consequently deeper coquina reservoirs have become important targets. He says the two main reservoir targets recognized for the pre-salt within the study areas are: "late rift coquinas, lacustrine facies deposited at the Late Barremian to Early Aptian, and the younger rift/sag microbial limestones deposited during the Aptian, just before the establishment of the major evaporitic sag basin between South America and Africa." There are abundant beds of coquina in the Outer High of the Santos Basin, similar to those from the neighboring Campos. Pre-salt stratigraphy of the Santos Basin shows lacustrine sediments composed of coarse pelecypod (bivalve) coquina during the Barremian and Aptian sag phase of the continental crust subsidence.

Florida
Coquina deposits in Florida occur mostly along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This coquina is named the Anastasia Formation after Anastasia Island, where the Spanish quarried the rock to construct the Castillo de San Marcos, the fortress they built to defend St. Augustine. The Anastasia Formation stretches from just north of St. Augustine in St. Johns County to southern Palm Beach County. The formation and associated sand form part of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, a Pleistocene barrier island chain that extends from Duval County to Dade County. Other coquina deposits are found in the state, but only in limited areas. The Anastasia Formation is naturally exposed in a number of places along the east coast including Washington Oaks Gardens State Park, Gilbert's Bar House of Refuge, Hutchinson Island in Martin County and Blowing Rocks Preserve, owned by The Nature Conservancy, in Martin County.

Still occasionally quarried or mined, and used as a building stone in Florida for over 400 years, coquina forms the walls of the Castillo in St. Augustine. The stone made a very good material for building forts, particularly those built during the period of heavy cannon use. Because of coquina's softness, cannonballs would sink into, rather than shatter or puncture the walls. The first Saint Augustine lighthouse, built by the Spanish, was also made of coquina.

Coquina was used as building stone in St. Augustine as early as 1598 for construction of a powder house. This was the beginning of a building tradition that extended into the 1930s along Florida's Atlantic Coast. In the St. Augustine vicinity, the Castillo de San Marcos, Fort Matanzas, the old city gates, the Cathedral, Spanish and British Period residential structures, property line walls and tombs were constructed of coquina quarried on Anastasia Island. To the south in New Smyrna, a large storehouse and wharf were constructed of coquina at the 1770s Andrew Turnbull colony. Around 1816, John Addison constructed a kitchen house of coquina on his plantation on the Tomoka River. The material was also used in the construction of sugar mill buildings on sugar plantations in the 1820s and 1830s. Examples are the Bulow, Dunlawton and New Smyrna sugar mills. In these early structures, the porous coquina was protected by lime plaster. With the exception of a few residences that have been restored in St. Augustine, the coquina masonry of these structures is today exposed to the elements and is slowly deteriorating.

Mexico
Overlying the fossiliferous sands and sandy clays of the upper San Fernando River in northeastern Mexico is a bed of coquina limestone dating probably to the Cenozoic era. Coquina deposits also occur in the Baja California peninsula, including submerged "reefs". So-called coquina "reefs" occur at Punta Borrascosa, San Felipe and Coloraditos on the northeast coast of Baja California. These have been uranium-thorium dated to the Pleistocene epoch, with an age estimated at 130,000 ybp. Semi-continuous coquina outcrops have been found 13 km east of Puerto Peñasco, in the shallow subtidal zone or partly submerged under intertidal sands.

Other Pleistocene outcrops occur along both coastlines of the upper Gulf of California. On the Vizcaino Peninsula of western Baja California, the informally named "Tivela stultorum" coquina is abundant in shells of the Pismo clam. Until analysis of the shells by U-series and amino-acids methods is concluded, this marine transgression is assigned an approximate age of 200,000 ybp. Outcrops in Bahía de San Hipolito and Bahía de Asunción are loosely consolidated, sandy beachrock a few meters thick, found 15 to 20 m above present mean sea level.

The ancient Maya built their city of Toniná in the highlands of what is now Chiapas in southern Mexico using native rocks to construct its masonry buildings, among them large coquina flagstones from which they made blocks and bricks for floors, walls, and stairways.

North Carolina
Coquina has a very limited distribution in southeastern North Carolina. The best known outcrop is located in New Hanover County, near Fort Fisher, along the southern tip of North Carolina's coast. It is one of the few naturally occurring outcrops in the coastal plain region of North Carolina, described as “a low-relief plain underlain by beds of shallow-marine, estuarine, shoreline, and fluvial sediments" in The Geology of the Carolinas. These sediments were deposited during numerous episodes of sea level rise and fall over hundreds of thousands of years. The coastlines of the Tidewater region of North Carolina change constantly in response to wind and wave action, sedimentary deposition, tidal movements, and changes in sea level. Although the inner coastal plain is considered to be more stable, the coastal plain was inundated by repeated marine transgressions due to fluctuating sea levels during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene.

Historical records and extant buildings, foundations, basements, and retaining walls indicate that coquina was being mined in North Carolina by at least 1760, evidenced by the extant architectural ruins at the colonial-era Clear Springs Plantation near New Bern.

Sedgeley Abbey, an 18th-century plantation house on the lower Cape Fear River was built of locally quarried coquina. The house that once stood on a vast tract of land directly across the river from Orton was described by local historian and author James Sprunt as "the grandest colonial residence of the Cape Fear". Sprunt compared Sedgeley Abbey in dimensions and appearance to the two-story, cellared, Governor Dudley mansion that still stands in Wilmington. Like many southern plantations, Sedgeley Abbey was abandoned after the Civil War. The vacant house was demolished in the 1870s and the coquina rubble was burned and spread on the fields as fertilizer. A cellar eight feet deep carved into solid coquina was located during archaeological investigations on the site of the former plantation in 1978.

Other uses
In the past coquina was used for the construction of buildings in Denham, Western Australia, but quarrying is no longer permitted in the World Heritage Site.

When first quarried, coquina is extremely soft. This softness makes it very easy to remove from the quarry and cut into shape. However, the stone is also at first much too soft to be used for building. In order to be used as a building material, the stone is left out to dry for approximately one to three years, which causes the stone to harden into a usable, but still comparatively soft, form.

Coquina has also been used as a source of paving material. It is usually poorly cemented and easily breaks into component shell or coral fragments, which can be substituted for gravel or crushed harder rocks. In the 1930s, large-scale mining of coquina for use in highway construction began at Fort Fisher in North Carolina. Large pieces of coquina of unusual shape are sometimes used as landscape decoration.

Because coquina often includes a component of phosphate, it is sometimes mined for use as fertilizer.

Notable exposures

 * Blowing Rocks Preserve (and along Country Club Road), Palm Beach County, Florida
 * Kure Beach, New Hanover County, North Carolina
 * Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, England
 * Odesa Catacombs, Ukraine
 * Shell Beach, Shark Bay, Western Australia
 * Washington Oaks State Gardens, Flagler County, Florida

In architecture

 * Bok Tower, Florida
 * Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine, Florida
 * Fort Matanzas National Monument, Florida
 * North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, displays a "Coquina Outcrop Touch Pool"

title: Coquina


text:
John Butler Trio

The John Butler Trio were an Australian roots-rock band led by guitarist and vocalist John Butler, an APRA and ARIA-award-winning musician. They formed in Fremantle in 1998 with Jason McGann on drums, Gavin Shoesmith on bass and John Butler on vocals. By 2009, the trio consisted of Butler with Byron Luiters on bass and Nicky Bomba on drums and percussion, the latter being replaced by Grant Gerathy in 2013. After both Luiters and Gerathy exited the trio in early 2019, bassist OJ Newcomb and drummer Terepai Richmond (also of The Whitlams) joined the band, accompanied by touring musician Elana Stone on keyboards, percussion and backing vocals.

The band's second studio album, Three (2001) reached the top 30 in the Australian album charts and achieved platinum sales. The band's subsequent studio albums: Sunrise Over Sea (2004); Grand National (2007); and April Uprising (2010) all debuted at the number one position on the Australian album charts, with all three albums reaching platinum sales status. Living 2001–2002 (2003), the band's first live album, reached the top ten and also achieved platinum status in Australia. The band's second live album, Live at St. Gallen (2005), also achieved gold record status. The band's releases since 2002 have been marketed independently by Jarrah Records, which Butler co-owns with West Australian folk band the Waifs and manager of both acts, Philip Stevens. Their final studio album, Home, was released in 2018.

Early career
The John Butler Trio is fronted by John Butler on vocals and guitars. He started his career as a busker in Fremantle, Western Australia and released a self-recorded cassette, Searching for Heritage in 1996. Gavin Shoesmith on double bass and bass guitar founded Katamaran in Darwin with Mark Hoffman on didgeridoo and Grant Smith on percussion. With Butler, Shoesmith and Jason McGann on drums, John Butler Trio was formed in Fremantle in 1998 and independently released the John Butler album in December. It was produced by Butler and included re-recorded versions of two tracks from his Searching for Heritage.

The trio toured throughout Western Australia in 1999, then The Waifs invited Butler to perform solo on their Australian tour – he also performed his own gigs. The John Butler Trio then launched their own tour where Butler met his future wife Danielle Caruana in Broome.

The John Butler Trio released the four-track extended play, JBT, in April 2000 with songs short enough to win radio play. It was produced by Butler and Shaun O'Callaghan. Radio station Triple J chose the track "Pickapart" to put on high rotation. The band began to develop a wider reputation with a performance at the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival in Byron Bay in 2000. Butler recalled that his first gig had about 50 people, the second gig started the same way when "it absolutely pissed with rain and 3000 people ran into our tent. And the show just went berserk. It was like a suffocated fire – you lift the lid and it explodes". The John Butler Trio has become a regular artist at the annual event.

Three
In April 2001, John Butler Trio released Three and relocated to Melbourne to promote the record on the east coast. The track, "Betterman", was on high rotation by Triple J. Three peaked at No. 24 on the ARIA Charts. It also remained on the alternative charts for nine months reaching No. 3. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001 the album won an award for 'Best Independent Release'. "Betterman" reached No. 5 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2001.

Shoesmith left the trio to form his own band, The Groovesmiths, Butler replaced him with 19-year-old Rory Quirk, who was on their first tour of the United States in 2001. Quirk, in turn, left in 2002 to pursue a career with his band, Quirk. Andrew Fry joined as the next bass player.

The success of Three led to its release in the US in 2002 and two tours of the US followed. The band supported the Dave Matthews Band and John Mayer as well as playing at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and the South by Southwest Festival. The band also played at the Splendour in the Grass Festival in Australia. Butler, his manager Phil Stevens and fellow Western Australian folk artists, The Waifs, founded Jarrah Records in July 2002.

As a result of intensive touring, the band developed a great live reputation in Australia. The band released Living 2001-2002 in February 2003, a double live album which had a top ten debut in the ARIA album charts and went on to achieve platinum sales. Butler took a brief break after five years of solid work since 1997 for the birth of his daughter Banjo.

Sunrise Over Sea
In late 2003, John Butler entered Woodstock Studios in Melbourne owned by Joe Camilleri, the leader of Jo Jo Zep and the Black Sorrows. He had a new band consisting of percussionist Nicky Bomba and upright-bass player Shannon Birchall. After recording the album, Bomba returned to his own reggae band and was replaced by drummer/percussionist Michael Barker.

John Butler told the Australian edition of Rolling Stone released in April 2004 that he wanted greater freedom to pursue his vision. "Essentially what I learnt out of this process was, more so than ever, I'm the keeper of the music. I have the intuition and the foresight to pick the right players to my music. I've learned it's not always about having the same players for five, six or 10 years, it's having the right chemistry for these songs at this time. Some of my favourite Jimi Hendrix music is off-the-cuff stuff with Band of Gypsies."

The title Sunrise Over Sea is taken from the lyrics to the second track, Peaches and Cream. The album debuted at number one in the national album charts on 15 March 2004 and achieved gold record status in its first week of release.

The Zebra EP was released in December 2003 and made the ARIA singles charts in early 2004. The song was voted No. 7 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2004 and also was the first John Butler Trio single to gain significant airplay on commercial FM radio across Australia, although it was still quite popular on Triple J. John Butler would win an Australasian Performing Right Association award for Song of the Year in March 2004. On 20 October 2006, the track also appeared as the opening music for the episode 'Traffic' (Season 3, Episode 5) of the popular US Crime drama Numb3rs.

In 2005 John Butler and co-founder Danielle Caruana (his wife) inaugurated the JB Seed grant program. "The Seed aims to help Australian artists from any background, creating art and music across any genre, to establish themselves as self-sustained, professional artists." Caruana also plays independent music, she plays under the name Mama Kin.

Following the Boxing Day Tsunami, the John Butler Trio appeared at the Wave Aid fundraising concert in Sydney, to raise funds for aid organisations working in disaster affected areas.

The John Butler Trio played at all venues for the Big Day Out music festival, starting in Auckland, New Zealand on 19 January 2007, and finishing in Perth Western Australia on 4 February.

Grand National
Their fourth studio album, entitled Grand National, was released on 24 March 2007 in Australia and New Zealand, and released on 27 March 2007 in the United States and France. The first single off the album, titled "Funky Tonight", reached a high of No. 15 on the ARIA charts and No. 12 on Triple J Hottest 100 for 2006. A second single, "Better Than," was also released. In conjunction with the American release, the trio scheduled a small American Tour consisting of five cities starting in Los Angeles and ending in New York.

In April 2007 Grand National was the initial album nominated for a J Award by national youth broadcaster Triple J. "Better Than" which was released as the first overseas single from Grand National, reached No. 1 on the Triple A format charts in United States in June 2007. It also reached the top ten international songs at Japanese Radio and has been a major radio hit in France where the video made MTV's video of the week.

On 7 July 2007 they performed at the Australian leg of Live Earth in Sydney. On 31 July 2007 the John Butler Trio performed their song, "Better Than" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. On 4 August 2007 they performed at Newport Folk Festival playing a set that included "Used to Get High", "Better Than", "Ocean", "Funky Tonight", and "Good Excuse".

In 2007, the John Butler Trio won the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Award for Best Performing Independent Album as well as Best Independent Release and Best Blues and Roots Album at the ARIA Awards.

On 3 August 2008 they performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago. The John Butler Trio concluded the summer of 2008 touring the U.S. with G. Love and Special Sauce.

In July 2009 "Betterman" was voted number 47 by the Australian public in Triple J Hottest 100 of all time.

On 26 March 2009 John Butler announced that the current bass and drum musicians of the John Butler Trio, Shannon Birchall and Michael Barker are separating from the band. For purely artistic reasons, John feels that it is necessary to change the line up in an attempt by John to discover new inspirations with new members. John stated in his announcement; "Michael and Shannon have been by far the best line up I have performed with in The John Butler Trio to date. They have been a pleasure to live, love, learn, record and tour with. Their professionalism, musicianship, and commitment have been unwavering and for that and a whole lot more I am truly thankful."

- John Butler

Michael Barker went on to form Swamp Thing with guitarist/singer Grant Haua, based in New Zealand. Their first album Balladeer was released in May 2011.

April Uprising
On 30 June 2009 John Butler announced the new bass and drum musicians of the John Butler Trio to be Byron Luiters as the bassist and Nicky Bomba as the drummer and percussionist. Bomba, Butler's brother-in-law, had previously been a member of the John Butler Trio.

The new line-up has spent the last few months in a studio in Fremantle, recording the band's fifth studio album, which was released 26 March 2010. The album will be called April Uprising, named after Butler's voyage to find his ancestors on SBS Television's genealogy series, Who Do You Think You Are?. The recording process for the new album has been shared with fans via a special studio sessions page on the band's website. The first single from the album, "One Way Road", was released on 4 December 2009. Butler described the song as being "the combination of pretty much most of my musical influences; dancehall, roots & rock. Some how we found a way to bring all these feels in a way that sounds natural and not too contrived or cerebral. I'm really happy with how we captured the vibe of this song."

The band, according to billboard.com, recorded twenty two songs at Butler's home based studio in Fremantle, this was eventually cut down to the fifteen that appear on the album. The album was released in Australia, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and The Netherlands on 26 March 2010, in New Zealand and France on 29 March, in the UK on 5 April, and in the USA / Canada on 6 April.

April Uprising debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA albums chart on 5 April and whilst the first two singles from the album, "One Way Road" and "Close to You", charted at No. 15 and No. 36 on the Australian ARIA singles charts they both reached the top five in the Spins radio airplay charts, the former reaching No. 1.

On 4 June 2010 John Butler Trio played a show at Red Rocks Amphitheatre, which was streamed live to fans around the world at Livestream.

In 2010, the John Butler Trio received the award for Most Popular Independent Artist at the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Awards while April Uprising was nominated at the ARIA Awards for 'Best Blues and Roots Album' and 'Best Independent Release'.

In February 2012, John Butler recorded a studio version of the Trio's instrumental single "Ocean", at The Compound in Fremantle, and uploaded it to the band's YouTube channel later in that year. The 12-minute video clip went viral, and has accumulated over 35 million views online.

On 31 August 2013, it was announced by John Butler that Nicky Bomba (drums and percussion) will be leaving the band. Subsequently, on 8 October, Butler announced that Grant Gerathy of Ray Mann Three will be the new drummer for the Trio.

Flesh & Blood
Flesh & Blood, produced by Jan Skubiszewski, was released on 7 February 2014, with the initial single "Only One" released on 15 November 2013. While the single ranked 87th in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2013, the album itself received the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, debuted at No. 2 on the Australian charts, and reached No. 7 in the Hungarian charts. The trio also undertook a large national tour in February and March 2014 to support the release of the new album.

Singles from Flesh & Blood were performed by the Trio on the American late-night talk show Conan on 24 February 2014, and for Triple J's Like a Version on 11 April 2014. Their roots rock cover of Pharrell Williams' "Happy" features on the CD and DVD releases of Like a Version's Volume Ten.

Home and split
John Butler Trio released the first single and title track "Home" in August 2018 ahead of the album, Home, which was released on 28 September.

On March 11, 2019, John Butler Trio announced that Byron Luiters and Grant Gerathy would be leaving the band.

In April 2024, with the release of his solo album Running River, Butler confirmed that the John Butler Trio had dissipated following the conclusion of the Home tour in late 2019.

Political activism
The band performed at The Wilderness Society's Save the Kimberley concert on 5 October 2012, alongside Clare Bowditch and Missy Higgins. The concert was part of a long-running campaign to protest against a proposal to industrialise the James Price Point area in Broome, Western Australia, and also featured an address from former leader of the Australian Greens, Dr Bob Brown.

Members
Final line-up
 * John Butler – lead vocals, guitar (1998–2019)
 * Owen "OJ" Newcomb – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (2019)
 * Terepai Richmond – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2019)

Former members
 * Gavin Shoesmith – bass (1998–2001)
 * Jason McGann – drums, percussion (1998–2003)
 * Rory Quirk – bass (2001–2002)
 * Andrew Fry – bass (2002–2003)
 * Shannon Birchall – bass, backing vocals (2003–2009)
 * Nicky Bomba – drums, percussion (2003–2004, 2009–2013)
 * Michael Barker – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2004–2009)
 * Byron Luiters – bass, backing vocals (2009–2019)
 * Grant Gerathy – drums (2013–2019)

Former touring musicians
 * Lozz Benson – percussion, backing vocals (2018–2019)
 * Ben Corbett – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2018–2019)
 * Elana Stone – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2019)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums Live albums
 * John Butler (1998)
 * Three (2001)
 * Sunrise Over Sea (2004)
 * Grand National (2007)
 * April Uprising (2010)
 * Flesh & Blood (2014)
 * Home (2018)
 * Living 2001–2002 (2003)
 * Live at St. Gallen (2005)
 * One Small Step (2009)
 * Live at Red Rocks (2011)
 * Tin Shed Tales (2012)
 * Live In Paris (2023)

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

 * rowspan="2" | 2006
 * Live at St. Gallen
 * Best Performing Independent Album
 * Nominated
 * themselves
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2007
 * rowspan="2"|Grand National
 * Best Performing Independent Album
 * Won
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * themselves
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Funky Tonight"
 * Best Performing Independent Single/EP
 * Nominated
 * 2010
 * themselves
 * Most Popular Independent Artist
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" | 2014
 * Flesh & Blood
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * themselves
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2019
 * Home
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * themselves
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2019
 * Home
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

 * 2004 || "Zebra" || Song of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2006 || "Somethings Gotta Give" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work || Won
 * "What You Want" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2008 || "Better Than" || Song of the Year || Nominated
 * "Funky Tonight" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Nominated
 * "Good Excuse" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * 2010
 * "One Way Road"
 * Song of the Year
 * rowspan="5"| 2011 || "Revolution" || Song of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "Close to You" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * Most Played Australian Work ||Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "One Way Road" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Nominated
 * Most Played Australian Work ||Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2014
 * rowspan="2"| "Only One"
 * Song of the Year
 * Blues & Roots Work of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2015 ||rowspan="2"| "Livin' in the City" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Nominated
 * Song of the Year ||
 * 2019
 * "Home"
 * Song of the Year
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * Most Played Australian Work ||Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2014
 * rowspan="2"| "Only One"
 * Song of the Year
 * Blues & Roots Work of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2015 ||rowspan="2"| "Livin' in the City" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Nominated
 * Song of the Year ||
 * 2019
 * "Home"
 * Song of the Year
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * Song of the Year ||
 * 2019
 * "Home"
 * Song of the Year
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * Song of the Year
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won
 * 2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year || Won

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The John Butler Trio have won six awards from twenty-eight nominations.ARIA Music Awards for John Butler Trio:
 * Search Results 'John Butler Trio':
 * 2001 winners and nominees:
 * 2003 winners and nominees:
 * 2004 winners and nominees:
 * 2005 winners and nominees:
 * 2006 winners and nominees:
 * 2007 winners and nominees:
 * 2008 winners and nominees:
 * 2010 winners and nominees:
 * 2011 winners and nominees:
 * 2014 winners and nominees:
 * 2014 winners:
 * 2019 winners and nominees:

 * rowspan="4"| 2001 || Three || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * Three || Best Independent Release || Won
 * Three || Breakthrough Artist – Album || Nominated
 * John Butler Trio EP || Breakthrough Artist – Single || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2003 || Living 2001-2002 || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * Living 2001–2002|| Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * rowspan="7"| 2004 || Sunrise Over Sea || Best Cover Art || Nominated
 * Sunrise Over Sea || Engineer of the Year || Nominated
 * Sunrise Over Sea || Producer of the Year || Nominated
 * Sunrise Over Sea || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * Sunrise Over Sea || Best Independent Release || Won
 * "Zebra" || Single of the Year || Nominated
 * Sunrise Over Sea || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2005 || "Somethings Gotta Give" (Ben Joss and Tribal) || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2006 || Live at St. Gallen || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2007 || Grand National || Best Independent Release || Won
 * Grand National || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * "Funky Tonight" || Single of the Year || Nominated
 * Grand National || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2008 || Live at Federation Square || Best Music DVD || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2010 || April Uprising || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * April Uprising || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2011 || Live at Red Rocks || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * Live at Red Rocks || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2014 || Flesh & Blood || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * Flesh & Blood Tour || Best Australian Live Act || Nominated
 * "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * 2006 || Live at St. Gallen || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2007 || Grand National || Best Independent Release || Won
 * Grand National || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * "Funky Tonight" || Single of the Year || Nominated
 * Grand National || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2008 || Live at Federation Square || Best Music DVD || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2010 || April Uprising || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * April Uprising || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2011 || Live at Red Rocks || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * Live at Red Rocks || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2014 || Flesh & Blood || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * Flesh & Blood Tour || Best Australian Live Act || Nominated
 * "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * April Uprising || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2011 || Live at Red Rocks || Best Independent Release || Nominated
 * Live at Red Rocks || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2014 || Flesh & Blood || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * Flesh & Blood Tour || Best Australian Live Act || Nominated
 * "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2014 || Flesh & Blood || Best Blues & Roots Album || Won
 * Flesh & Blood Tour || Best Australian Live Act || Nominated
 * "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated
 * 2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album || Nominated

J Awards
The J Awards are presented annually from 2005 by the Australian national youth radio broadcasting station, Triple J.

 * 2007 || Grand National || Album || Nominated
 * 2018
 * himself
 * Double J Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Double J Artist of the Year
 * Nominated

National Live Music Awards
The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.

 * 2018
 * John Butler Trio
 * Live Blues and Roots Act of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Western Australian Music Industry Awards
The Western Australian Music Industry Awards (commonly known as WAMis) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). John Butler /John Butler Trio has won five awards.

(wins only)
 * rowspan="3"| 2002
 * John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Local Original Folk Act
 * rowspan="2"| John Butler
 * Most Popular Male Original Vocalist
 * Most Popular Male Original Guitarist
 * 2003
 * John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Local Original Blues & Roots Act
 * 2014
 * "Only One" by John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Video
 * 2003
 * John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Local Original Blues & Roots Act
 * 2014
 * "Only One" by John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Video
 * 2014
 * "Only One" by John Butler Trio
 * Most Popular Video

title: John Butler Trio


text:
Orell Füssli

Orell Füssli is a Swiss banknotes printing and bookselling company, established by Christoph Froschauer in 1519 as a book printer and publisher. It is currently operating in many print-related segments, such as security printing, bookselling and publishing, with security printing being a primary contemporary product of company. Company's shares are traded on SIX Swiss Exchange (swx: OFN) since 1897. It is the oldest continuously publicly traded company of Switzerland.

From Froschauer Druckerei (1519) to "Orell, Gessner, Füssli & Cie." (1770)
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Imperial free city of Zürich became increasingly important as a location holding the Federal Diet of Switzerland. After the position of the Leutpriestertum (people's priest) of the Grossmünster at Zürich became vacant in late 1518, the canons of the foundation in charge of the Grossmünster elected Ulrich Zwingli to become the stipendiary priest and on 27 December 1519 he moved permanently to Zürich from where he subsequently initiated the Swiss Reformation.

Around the same time, a book printer Christoph Froschauer relocates from Altötting in Bavaria to Zürich to be granted the rights of citizen of Zürich in 1519. The city commissioned him with the task of setting up a printing press along with further assignments that would result in the establishment and expansion of the printers. Froschauersche Druckerei received the status of a state printer and ultimately published the works of Erasmus von Rotterdam, Martin Luther and Zwingli. Subsequently, Froschauer Druckerei expanded its product range to include historical, medical and scientific writings.

From 1530 to 1585, the Druckerei emerged as one of the most prominent publishers in the German-speaking field and in the years to follow, the business would change owners within the Zürich wealthy elite. Among the families involved were Escher, Wolf, Bodmer, Heidegger and Rahn with the Druckerei also changing its name after being acquired by one family from another. In consequence of the progress of Counter-Reformation in Germany, the Druckerei was to scale down its product range to offer mainly theological writings and Sittenmandate. It is not until 1744, as the Zürich Ratsherr Johann Rudolf Füssli joined the company as a partner and shifted the focus to the areas of theology, natural sciences, history and arts. In 1766, he becomes the sole owner of the business which from then on is referred to as "Füssli & Cie.".

Hans Conrad von Orelli and his uncle Johann Jakob Bodmer run "Orell & Cie.", a publishing house with a Druckerei. The Gessner family who also operated a Druckerei since 1670 and later a bookshop joined "Orell & Cie." in 1761. Consequently, the business was renamed to "Orell, Gessner & Cie."

In 1770, both businesses - "Füssli & Cie." and "Orell, Gessner & Cie." - merged to become "Orell, Gessner, Füssli & Cie."

In 1780 the company expanded its product range by entering into the newspaper business with the publication of the "Zürcher Zeitung" that was to become "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" in 1821. Almost 90 years upon expansion, the newspaper business was spun off in form of a separate Aktiengesellschaft in 1868.

At the end of the 18th century, it was notable for its bookshop in Zürich. It specialized in disseminating literature of the French Enlightenment by means of written orders through the publishing house Société typographique de Neuchâtel (STN), which was known to print banned books.

From 1793 to 1794, Orell Füssli published Marianne Ehrmann's Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen, the first magazine published by a woman in Switzerland.

19th century
Upon the end of Napoleonic Wars, the appeal of Zürich as a publishing location sharply diminished. As the competitive pressure increases on the market in Germany, the publishing program moves back to Switzerland related topics and the focus of the business shifts to printing.

The evidence for the first printing of securities dates back to 1827 and the first share certificates for Escher Wyss are printed in 1839. In line with the developments of industrialisation in Switzerland, Orell Füssli becomes one of the first printers to introduce high-speed newsprint press and would use it in production of NZZ which from 1843 on is published daily.

On 1 March 1843, the canton of Zürich released the Zürich 4 and 6 printed by Orell Füssli, the first postage stamps in Switzerland, and the second series worldwide, following the Penny Black issued in the UK in 1840. Upon the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848, the prerogative for operating postal services passes to the federal government in 1849 and the company did not further pursue this line of business.

The second half of the century provides Orell Füssli with enormous growth opportunities.

Switzerland's first advertisement office ("Annoncenbüro") is established which would subsequently turn into ofa Orell Füssli Werbe AG. Railway advertising starts at a large scale requiring posters of all kinds alongside the emergence of tourist information offices who are looking for mass-printed travel brochures and timetables. Orell Füssli is able to accommodate for these demands. Upon introduction of the 10-colour Photochrom process for colour reproductions in 1880, Orell Füssli further expanded its range of product offerings to include reproductions of all kinds and, in particular, series of maps of foreign territories. In quick succession, the company opens numerous branches on the European continent and in the USA.

On 15 February 1870, the "bank of the citizens of Zürich", Zürcher Kantonalbank founded by the canton of Zürich, opened its first bank counter. The mandate to print banknotes is assigned to Orell Füssli and the company begins to specialise in this field.

A descendant company, Orell Füssli Filialen, still exists.

Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's historical predecessors:

Products and services
Orell Füssli has printed some of Switzerland's banknotes for the Swiss National Bank since 1911.

Group structure
After the Group's reorganization into a holding structure in 1999, the following companies are wholly owned subsidiaries of the Group:
 * Orell Füssli Security Printing Ltd;
 * OF IP Sicherheitsdruck Ltd;
 * OF IP Verlag Ltd; and
 * Orell Füssli Dienstleistungs Ltd.

In 2013, as a result of the merger between the book retailing activities of Thalia Bücher Ltd and Orell Füssli Buchhandlungs Ltd, a new company, Orell Füssli Thalia Ltd was created with each parent company holding a 50% interest. The Orell Füssli Holding AG holds 51% of the capital of
 * Orell Füssli Buchhandlungs Ltd,

while the Hugendubel Holding Ltd holds the remaining 49%.

The Zeiser Group is another wholly owned subsidiary of the Orell Füssli Holding AG. The parent company of the Zeiser Group is with registered address in Emmingen, Germany and incorporated pursuant to German laws. Zeiser Group's wholly owned subsidiaries include Zeiser Inc.(domiciled in Fairfield, NJ, US), and Zeiser Ltd. (Andover, GB).
 * Zeiser GmbH

The Orell Füssli Holding AG also holds a 24% interest in
 * Orell Füssli Kartographie Ltd.

Company's auditor is PwC in Zürich.

Shareholders
The share capital of the Orell Füssli Holding AG consists of 1'960'000 registered shares with a par value of CHF 1.00 each with shareholdings allocated as follows:

title: Orell Füssli