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Speak & Spell (toy)

The Speak & Spell line is a series of electronic hand-held child computers by Texas Instruments that consisted of a TMC0280 linear predictive coding speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and a receptor slot to receive one of a collection of ROM game library modules. The first Speak & Spell was introduced at the summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978, making it one of the earliest handheld electronic devices with a visual display to use interchangeable game cartridges. The company Basic Fun brought back the classic Speak & Spell in 2019 with some minor changes.

The Speak & Spell was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.

Background
The Speak & Spell was created by a small team of engineers led by Paul Breedlove, himself an engineer, with Texas Instruments (TI) during the late 1970s. Development began in 1976 with an initial budget of $25,000, as an outgrowth of TI's research into speech synthesis. The completed proof version of the first console utilized TI's trademarked Solid State Speech technology to store full words in a solid state format similar to the manner in which calculators of the time stored numbers. Additional purchased cartridges (called expansion modules) could be inserted through the battery receptacle to provide new solid-state libraries and new games. This represented the first time an educational toy utilized speech that was not recorded on tape or phonograph record (as with Mattel's See 'n Say line or the earlier Chatty Cathy dolls).

The Speak & Spell console
The original Speak & Spell was the first of a three-part talking educational toy series that also included Speak & Read and Speak & Math. This series was a subset of TI's Learning Center product group and the Speak & Spell was released simultaneously with the Spelling B (a non-speech product designed to help children learn to spell), and the First Watch (designed to teach children to read digital and analog timepieces). The Speak & Spell was sold, with regional variations, in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

The toy was originally advertised as a tool for helping children ages 7 and up to learn to spell and pronounce over 200 commonly misspelled words. It shipped without a cartridge, in this configuration called simply the Basic Unit (containing the minigames Mystery Word, Secret Code, and Letter).

Later Speak & Spell models
Between its release and 1983, the Speak & Spell was redesigned twice under the name Speak & Spell. It was completely recreated in 1982 as the Speak & Spell Compact (a version lacking a visual display), and in 1989 the Super Speak & Spell was released to replace the original vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) with a liquid crystal display (LCD). Between 1989 and 1992 the Super Speak & Spell saw three redesigns as well. The 1992 Super Speak & Spell marked the last release of the series.

Regional variations with different speech libraries and different games were released in at least 9 countries with seven language variations. Because the linguistic aspect of the games played on the Speak & Spell are of central importance to Speak & Spell titles, separate cartridge libraries were developed for English (including American and British), Japanese, German, French, Italian, and Spanish markets. Beyond the natural disinclination of consumers to purchase games in foreign languages, however, regional lockout does not prevent the use of expansion module cartridges in consoles for which they were not designed. Since the layout of foreign editions is nearly identical (the only major differences being graphics, color, and placement of power/headset jacks), and the cartridges lacked a lockout, cartridges often bore instructions in multiple languages despite their designation for consumer groups that might not understand the language.

In 1980, the original Speak & Spell was redesigned to give it a membrane keyboard in place of raised buttons. This version was nearly identical to the first release and with backward compatible cartridge recognition common to all Speak & Spells except the first version of the Super Speak & Spell, the entire library of cartridges from the original release were available to the 1980 release. Outside of the United States, the 1980 release was marketed in the United Kingdom under the same name, in German as the Buddy (employing an umlaut in place of the Speak & Spell's apostrophe), and in French as La Dictée Magique ("The Magical Dictation").

In 1982, the Speak & Spell Compact was released at about half the size of the Speak & Spell and lacking the VFD screen. The Speak & Spell Compact was a dedicated console and only one other version, the Speak & Write, was released for English markets. Speak & Spell Compact sales were very poor in the United States, causing TI to send much of its excess stock abroad. UK Marketing Manager Martin Finn had the product retitled for the UK, and all existing units were recolored blue and repackaged as "Speak & Write".

In 1983, the Speak & Spell was again redesigned. The change was even more minute, however, representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. This version was marketed first in Italian as Grillo Parlante ("The Talking Cricket" as the character of the book for children The Adventures of Pinocchio), and then later in the United States and the United Kingdom as the Speak & Spell, and in France as the Dictée Magique again.

The Super Speak & Spell was released in 1989 with a number of major changes. The display screen was changed to an LCD screen instead of the former VFD screen. The keyboard layout was also altered to match the standard QWERTY keyboard rather than the ABC keyboard. The general structure of the console was also altered so that the handle which had come at the top of the screen in prior Speak & Spells was now found on the bottom of the toy and ergonomic features were added to the shape. Furthermore, game cartridges for the Super Speak & Spell were changed so that they were incompatible with prior Speak & Spells and the cartridge slot was similarly altered to prevent backward compatibility.

The following year the Super Speak & Spell was again majorly redesigned to return to a considerable degree to its prior Speak & Spell form. This version re-adopted the handle-on-top look of the previous models and resumed the use of the original cartridges. The use of the LCD screen and the QWERTY keyboard were retained; however, the keyboard gained an additional 5 letters (6 in some regions) to correspond with letters requiring diacritics. It was marketed first in Spanish as El Loro Parlanchín (The Chatty Parrot), and then later in the United States as the Super Speak & Spell, in French as La Super Dictée Magique, and in Italian as Grillo Parlante Più ("Speaking Cricket Plus").

In 1992, a third redesign of the Super Speak & Spell was made for the Spanish market only. The new version was nearly identical to the prior El Loro Parlanchín save for the name which became El Loro Profesor [sic] (Professor Parrot).

2019 Speak & Spell
In 2019, Basic Fun acquired rights to manufacture the Speak & Spell; however, the updated version introduced a number of changes. Primary among these is the replacement of the original microprocessor and classic synthesized voice chip (TMS1000 and TMC0280 respectively) with recorded dialog that is processed to sound as if it's synthesized. It also offers on-device instructions that weren't available on previous versions. The 2019 model Speak & Spell also replaces the VFD screen with a segmented LCD screen. The use of removable cartridges has also been eliminated.

Electronics
The Speak & Spell used the first single-chip voice synthesizer, the TMC0280, later known as the TI TMS5100, which utilized a 10th-order linear predictive coding (LPC) model by using pipelined electronic DSP logic. A variant of this chip with a very similar voice was eventually used in certain Chrysler vehicles in the 1980s as the Electronic Voice Alert.

Speech synthesis data (phoneme data) for the spoken words were stored on a pair of 128 Kbit metal gate PMOS ROMs. 128 Kbit was at the time the largest capacity ROM in use. Additional memory module cartridges could be interchangeably plugged into a slot in the battery compartment and selected via a button on the keyboard. The technique used to create the words was to have a professional speaker speak the words. The utterances were captured and processed. Originally all of the recording and processing was completed in Dallas. By 1982 when the British, French, Italian and German versions were being developed, the original voices were recorded in the TI facility near Nice in France and these full bit rate digital recordings were sent to Dallas for processing using a minicomputer. Some weeks later the processed data was returned and required significant hand editing to fix the voicing errors which had occurred during the process. The data rate was so radically cut that all of the words needed some editing. In some cases, this was fairly simple, but some words were unintelligible and required days of work and others had to be completely scrapped. The stored data were for the specific words and phrases used in the Speak & Spell. The data rate was about 1,000 bits per second.

The video display employed in the Speak & Spell was a vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) that was only capable of displaying 8 text characters at a time. The later Super Speak & Spell model had a slimmer case and an LCD screen which could display 16 characters.

The unit could use either 4 "C" batteries or 6-volt DC power adapter with positive tip polarity.

Cartridges
Cartridges (also known as expansion modules) are freely exchangeable ROM libraries that provide additional content without providing additional functionality. These cartridges are plugged into a slot near the battery compartment in order to introduce new software libraries. Word and game lists are of different lengths depending upon the cartridge and the word lists in models marketed for different languages reflect the language marketed for. Separate word lists also exist for regional variants such as the American and British English versions. The word list used in each of the regional models reflects the recommendations of educators in each country. The English, French, German and Italian versions were all created by a team of non-specialists, in TI's plant near Antibes, France, under the watchful eye of Larry Brantingham who had patented the underlying technology.

Examples of educational games that could be played using Speak & Spell cartridges include:
 * Say It – A word-spelling game where the player must spell ten words after hearing them "spoken" by the unit. The E.T. Fantasy Module tie-in (based on the toy's appearance in the movie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial) asked players to spell such words as "geranium", "universe", and "creature".
 * Mystery Word – An electronic version of hangman
 * Secret Code – A code-generating program in which the player enters a word on the Speak & Spell and the console returns the word in code.
 * Letter – Another algorithm that allows the player to change a word that has been entered by shifting its letters several spaces down the alphabet.
 * Drop It – A Super Speak & Spell game in which the player will see how new words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes.
 * Memory – A Super Speak & Spell game in which letter recognition and visual memory skills are tested.
 * Mystery – A Super Speak & Spell game in which letter patterns in words and visual memory are developed.
 * Mix Up – A Super Speak & Spell game in which word patterns and the relationships between letter sounds and spelling are tested.
 * Same As – A Super Speak & Spell game in which homophones are tested.
 * A.C.E. – A Super Speak & Spell game in which abbreviations, contractions, and word endings are tested.
 * Race – A Super Speak & Spell game in which fast recall, accurate spelling, and touch-typing skills are tested with time limits.

The "Secret Code" mini-game encrypted or decrypted "words" (really, any string of up to 8 letters) by matching up two sets of the alphabet, slightly askew, in the form of a Caesar cipher. In the game, both C and D and P and Q match up and run in opposite directions:

Home computer adaptations
Several commercial retailers offered hardware and software which allowed home computers to interface with the Speak & Spell's hardware and access its capabilities, and Larry Dighera was first to reveal how that might be accomplished.

Percom Data Company offered a PC Card named "Speak-2-Me-2" which was installed into the battery compartment of the Speak & Spell and connected via cable to a TRS-80.

East Coast Micro Products offered hardware to interface 6502-based computers such as the Commodore 64 and Apple IIe with the Speak & Spell. A program called "S.peek.uP" was marketed which could control this hardware.

The February 1983 issue of Computers & Electronics contained instructions for interfacing a Speak & Spell with a Sinclair ZX-80 a Sinclair ZX-81, or a Timex 1000.

Texas Instruments itself later adapted the Speak & Spell's technology into a speech synthesizer accessory for its popular TI-99/4A computer.

Emulation
The Speak & Spell (as well as the "Speak & Math" and "Speak & Read") are emulated, running the original code, by MESS.

A number of simulations of the Speak & Spell (not emulations, as they don't run the original code) have shown up online in recent years with varying degrees of functionality. Often programmed for Flash, these are often the result of nostalgic sentiment for the 1980s.

Examples of simulators generally available online include:
 * SASS – A fully functional non-Flash executable simulator created by Mike Green in 1999
 * Speak & Spell Online – a Flash-based web application with partial functionality created by Jake Smith in 2002
 * Speak & Spell Emulator – a Flash-based web application with full functionality created by Kevin St.Onge in 2006
 * Speak & Spell JS – a Javascript-based web application with partial functionality created by Shannon Carey in 2008

In commercial music
The Speak & Spell has been employed in recent years in commercial music as an instrument either in its original form or as a modified "bent" circuit instrument (see below). Artists like Kraftwerk have used the musical samples from the Speak & Spell's opening sequence in their songs, whereas most employed the non-musical vocal portions of the Speak & Spell to create vocal parts in their songs. Speak & Spell speech synthesis has featured in genres such as alternative rock (e.g. Beck, Limp Bizkit ), electronic music (e.g. Jean Michel Jarre, Röyksopp, and Robyn ), synthpop (e.g. Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, Plastics, Erasure, and Freezepop ), trance music (e.g. Sōta Fujimori ), electropop (e.g. TLC ), Christian rock (e.g. Resurrection Band, Family Force 5 ), pop (e.g. Cheetah Girls ), and hip hop (e.g. Naya Rivera ).

The English synthpop band Depeche Mode's 1981 debut album, Speak & Spell, is named after it.

Circuit bending
Some musicians have also used modified "circuit bent" (where electronic circuits are customised to create new effects) Speak & Spell units in their compositions. By opening the Speak & Spell's case, cross-wiring terminals, and installing electronic components such as switches and potentiometers, amateur hobbyists purposely disrupt the normal functioning of the Speak & Spell's membrane keyboard matrix circuit in order to create new sounds. These modifications act to overwhelm the unit's keyboard switch matrix to produce an effect known in the field of electronics as key jamming or ghosting. This effect can be triggered in the Speak & Spell without making modifications if more than 3 keys in the same row are depressed simultaneously; however, within the circuit bending culture, emphasis is given to the fact that these units are being used as instruments and thus externally manipulable components are often accentuated. Great attention may be given to enhancing the visual aesthetics of the units by adding decorations and repainting "bent" Speak & Spells, and these units have been traded and sold online and within the circuit bender community.

Examples of artists who have used circuit-bent Speak & Spells in their compositions include Beck, CocoRosie, Eisbrecher, Experimental Audio Research, Fantômas, Scrabbel, Venetian Snares, and Claude Woodward The Sonic Manipulator.

In popular culture
The Speak & Spell features in various electronics museums such as the Computer History Museum and the Smithsonian National Museum of American History due to its seminal influence in the field of modern speech synthesis. The Speak & Spell is also featured in the Game On exhibition as an example of a handheld video game. The Speak & Spell has shown up in various television shows, films, and game shows. A Speak & Spell has a prominent role as a key component of the alien creature's homebuilt interstellar communicator in the Steven Spielberg motion picture E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Speak & Spells also make appearances in movies such as Pixar's Toy Story and Toy Story 2 (where the game device is a character named "Mr. Spell"), Bride of Chucky (where the possessed doll, Chucky plays with one), in Poltergeist III (used by the character Carol Anne Freeling), and in the music videos for the songs "Playgirl" by the synthpop music group Ladytron, "Fireflies" by Owl City and "Dare" by Gorillaz. The speak and spell voice also appears in the video game Deltarune.

Speak & Read line
The Speak & Read was released in 1980 with a shape identical to the Speak & Spell but with different game features and a different color scheme. Where the American Speak & Spell had been colored red with yellow and orange accents, the American Speak & Read was yellow with blue and green accents. Game cartridges for the Speak & Read were identical in shape to those of the main Speak & Spell line, and they could be physically inserted into units from the wrong line; however, they did not function except in members of their own line. The Speak & Read was designed to focus on reading comprehension in children of ages 4–8 with a library of over 250 basic words.

The Speak & Read was very minutely redesigned in 1986, under the same name, with the new version representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. In 1988 the Super Speak & Read was released as a major redesign to feature a suitcase-like flip-open appearance. Cartridges were redesigned to be thinner and of a different shape, bearing some resemblance to the cartridges of TI's Touch & Discover line. Additionally, the keyboard was removed completely and a matrix of membrane buttons took its place similarly to the position-sensitive "keyboard" of the Touch & Discover consoles. Each cartridge came with a work-booklet that was laid out in an open position in the center of the Super Speak & Read. As questions were asked, the player pressed the appropriate portion of the work-booklet to depress the membrane button beneath. This was the last member of the Speak & Read line under this name; however, the Ready... Set... Read! (sharing a highly similar design layout ) and later Magic Reading Desk (featuring a modified Ready... Set... Read! layout ) are considered the Speak & Read's spiritual successors. Both Ready... Set... Read! and Magic Reading Desk cartridges are identical in design to the Super Speak & Read's cartridges.

Speak & Math line

The Speak & Math (sold as "Speak & Maths" in some countries) was released in 1980 with a shape identical to both the Speak & Spell and the Speak & Read but with a completely different keyboard layout, different game features, and a different color scheme. Where the American Speak & Spell had been colored red with yellow and orange accents, the American Speak & Math was gray with blue and orange highlights. The Speak & Math was designed to focus on mathematics in children of ages 6–12 with a library of over 100,000 random and preprogrammed problems. It was regarded as the spiritual successor to TI's earlier DataMan series, with the difference mainly relating to the addition of speech synthesizing software and the visual display. The Speak & Math was only released to American and British markets.

In 1982, a compact version of the Speak & Math was developed contemporaneously with the Speak & Spell Compact. This version was only released in France as Les Maths Magique (lit. The Magical Math). A redesigned version was developed in 1985 for British markets under the name of Maths marvel. This was later released in Italian as Dotto Conta-Parla, in French as le Calcul magique (lit. Magical Calculator), and in German as Mathe-Fix.

The Speak & Math was very minutely redesigned in 1986, under the same name, with the new version representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. In 1990 the Super Speak & Math was released as a major redesign similar to the first version of the Super Speak & Spell. As with the Super Speak & Spell, the display screen of the Super Speak & Math was changed to an LCD screen instead of the former VFD screen. The keyboard was also expanded and given more functions. The general structure of the console was also altered similarly to the Super Speak & Spell such that the handle which had come at the top of the screen in prior Speak & Math units was now found on the bottom of the toy and ergonomic features were added to the shape.

Other Solid State Speech products
Texas Instruments' Solid State Speech technology found its way into a number of other titles also related to the Speak & Spell line. Examples include:
 * Speak & Learn Magic Wand – A work-booklet-based electronic game featuring the use of infra-red barcode reader technology.
 * Speak & Music – A musical audio game allowing free-form and memory-based (rhythm memory, eidetic musical memory, etc.) gameplay.
 * Ready... Set... Read! – Considered the spiritual successor to the Speak & Read line.
 * Magic Reading Desk – Considered the spiritual successor to the Ready... Set... Read! and Speak & Read lines.
 * Little Maestro – A musical audio game aimed at younger children than the Speak & Music.

Other games
A number of TI's other game lines produced during the period when it was producing Speak & Spell games bore similar logically conjunctive titles and employed similar technology although they did not involve the use of Solid State Speech technology. Such games included:

 * Touch & Tell – A 1978 educational game aimed at children of ages 2 to 5 employing a position-sensitive keyboard. A synthesized voice asked children questions and kids touch the answers on the keyboard.
 * Teddy Touch & Tell – The next generation of the Touch & Tell game, Teddy Touch & Tell is shaped like a bear and educates children on the topics of the alphabet, numbers, colors, animals, and music.
 * Touch & Discover – An educational game employing a position-sensitive membrane matrix keyboard. The Touch & Discover is considered the precursor to the Super Speak & Read. Disney licensed their characters to Texas Instruments for this toy, and Touch & Discover employed the "first-ever" synthesized voices of Disney characters.
 * Touch & Discover School Edition – The next generation of the Touch & Discover console, the Touch & Discover School Edition is aimed at a slightly older audience.
 * Touch & Talkies – A dedicated handheld series, there were four versions of Touch & Talkies all aimed at very young players.
 * Listen & Learn – The first electronic, educational toys to be marketed to infants, the Listen & Learn toys were a series of three themed, electronic toys aimed at children of between 6 and 36 months. These toys were dodecahedron (12-sided) ball-shaped, were motion and directionally sensitive. The toy reacted to which side landed on top when rolled and produced a sound corresponding to the picture on top.

title: Speak & Spell (toy)


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Smax

Smax is a fictional character from the comic book series Top 10 written by Alan Moore, illustrated by Gene Ha, and published by America's Best Comics imprint of DC Comics. A Top-10 spin-off mini-series also called Smax focused on the character and provided him with more of a backstory.

Character history and description
Jeff Smax (born Jaafs Macksun) is a gigantic, blue-skinned, white-haired, super-powered, demi-ogre policeman who lives and works at Precinct 10, in a city populated by "science heroes". Smax originally hailed from a land based on fantasy myths and fairy tale legends but had left after a horrifying failure during his career as a dragon slayer. Smax is both extremely strong and invulnerable to most forms of harm, including radiation. He is gruff and guarded amongst his peers, mostly due to the frequent loss of loved ones he has experienced in life (most notably his dear friend and late partner, Stochastic Fats). Though initially reluctant to become friendly with his new partner, Robyn Slinger AKA Toybox, he eventually bonds with her, even feeling a need to protect her. The pair are not romantically involved, however; Smax has an intimate relationship with his twin sister, Rexa. This is not an unusual situation in Smax's home dimension, which has far different laws of physics and science. Rexa eventually comes to live with Smax; the details of their unique relationship is known to Robyn, who keeps it secret. Smax is fairly resourceful in the line of duty, but he has a quick temper and is not intellectually inclined, often not thinking things through. Smax has experience using weaponry, including his Singing Sword, but he most often prefers using his fists or his Strong Light energy (which emanates from his solar plexus).

Publishing history
The Smax miniseries was written by Alan Moore, and penciled by Zander Cannon, who also inked the first issue. Andrew Currie inked the rest of the miniseries.

Mini-series plot
The story deals with Smax and Toybox returning, via magical teleportation, to Jeff's magically enchanted homeworld. Smax, now a city dweller, seems embarrassed by his unsophisticated, sword-and-sorcery roots. They attend Smax's uncle's funeral where Jeff introduces Robyn as his wife, though no such relationship exists. At this point Jeff's sister Rexa Macksun is introduced, dressed in the typical garb of a female fantasy barbarian such as Red Sonja and just as tall and physically impressive as her brother with the same blue skin and white hair.

It is revealed Jeff has been away from home for some time, having originally left his world fleeing personal and literal demons. Once a great dragon slayer, a job needed to pay the bills for his adopted dwarven family, Smax fails to stop an extremely powerful, shape-shifting dragon named Morningbright from destroying a little girl. She was burned to ashes in front of him, forever leaving a white burn mark of a hand on his chest.

Further story developments reveal sexual tension between Smax and his sister. The two were born of an unwilling union between a monster and a human warrior woman with magical strength. Despite this, the pressure of twins kills her during childbirth. Her durability is passed on to her children. Their monstrous father would abuse them both and molest the sister, who would also find love and solace in her brother's arms. Smax would eventually kill his father so they could escape together. Though in their medieval homeworld their relationship wasn't particularly frowned upon, Smax developed conflicted feelings about the propriety of their love. For various reasons, Smax, Rexa, Robyn, and other heroes venture out to destroy Morningbright. Smax's heroic efforts cause the mark on his chest to be removed.

The series was collected into a hardcover edition (ISBN 1-4012-0325-6) in 2004 and in paperback (ISBN 1-4012-0290-X) on November 2, 2005.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Smax


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Warrnambool

Warrnambool (Maar: Peetoop or Wheringkernitch or Warrnambool) is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 census, Warrnambool had a population of 35,743. Situated on the Princes Highway, Warrnambool (Allansford) marks the western end of the Great Ocean Road and the southern end of the Hopkins Highway.

Origin of name
The name "Warrnambool" originated from Mount Warrnambool, a scoria cone volcano 25 kilometres northeast of the town. Warrnambool (or Warrnoobul) was the title of both the volcano and the clan of Aboriginal Australian people who lived there. In the local language, the prefix Warnn- designated home or hut, while the meaning of the suffix -ambool is now unknown. William Fowler Pickering, the colonial government surveyor who in 1845 was tasked with the initial planning of the township, chose to name the town Warrnambool. The traditional Indigenous owners of the land today are the Dhauwurd Wurrung people, also known as the Gunditjmara.

Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians have been occupying the site of Warrnambool for at least the last 35,000 years. The vicinity around the Merri River was inhabited by people known as the Merrigundidj, part of the larger Gunditjmara nation. They spoke a language called Bi:gwurrung, which was a dialect of the Dhauwurd Wurrung language. These people constructed large stone and timber weirs called yereroc across various waterways in the region in order to facilitate the trapping of eels. The area at the mouth of the Hopkins River was known as Moyjil. At the beginning of British colonisation of the region in 1841, there were approximately 400 Aboriginal people living around the coastal parts of the Merri River including a number of Koroitgundidj people residing in a village at what is now known as Tower Hill. There are several Maar placenames for locations in the area including: 'Kunang' referring to a waterhole on present-day Koroit Street which was a celebrated place for kangaroos to drink, 'Wirkneung' referring to the site of Warrnambool cemetery, 'Puurkar' referring to the Western Hill area of Warrnambool, and 'Peetoop' which is one of the names for the area meaning 'small sandpiper'.

European maritime exploration
A popular legend is that the first Europeans to visit the region were Cristóvão de Mendonça and his crew who surveyed the coastline nearby and were marooned near the site of the present town as early as the 16th century, based on the unverified reports of local whalers' discovery of the wreck of a mahogany ship. The ship's provenance has been variously attributed to France, China, Spain and Portugal. There is no physical evidence to suggest that it ever existed.

The first documented European exploration of the area occurred under Lieutenant James Grant, a Scottish explorer who sailed the HMS Lady Nelson (1798) along the coast in December 1800 and named several features. This was followed by that of the English navigator Matthew Flinders in the HMS Investigator (1798), and the French explorer Nicholas Baudin, who recorded coastal landmarks, in 1802. The area was frequented by whalers early in the 19th century.

British settlement
British settlement of the land in the region began in 1838 when Captain Alexander Campbell, a whaler based at nearby Port Fairy, took possession of 4,000 acres around the mouth of the Merri River. He set up a farm there and built his main hut where Warrnambool now stands. The township was planned and surveyed in 1845, with the first allotments being sold in 1847. A Post Office opened on 1 January 1849.

During the Victorian Gold Rush, Warrnambool became an important port and grew quickly in the 1850s, benefiting from the private ownership of nearby Port Fairy. It was gazetted as a municipality in 1855, and became a borough in 1863. Warrnambool was declared a town in 1883, and a city in 1918. Post Offices opened at Warrnambool South in 1937 (closed 1973), Warrnambool East in 1946, and Warrnambool North in 1947 (closed 1975).

Climate
Warrnambool has a mild Mediterranean climate (Csb) that closely borders the oceanic climate (Cfb), and is characterised by mild, dry, very swingy summers and cool, rainy winters with frequent cloud cover. Annual and especially winter rainfall is much higher than in Melbourne due to its westerly exposure.

During the heatwave in southeastern Australia, Warrnambool recorded a maximum temperature of 44.8 C on 7 February 2009.

Cityscape
The original City of Warrnambool was a 4x8 grid, with boundaries of Lava Street (north), Japan Street (east), Merri Street (south) and Henna Street (west). In the nineteenth century, it was intended that Fairy Street – with its proximity to the Warrnambool Railway Station – would be the main street of Warrnambool. However, Liebig Street has since become the main street of the central business district (CBD). The Warrnambool CBD is particularly notable for its number of roundabouts.

Outside the CBD, the Warrnambool Botanic Gardens feature wide curving paths, rare trees, a lily pond with ducks, a fernery, a band rotunda, and was designed by notable landscape architect, William Guilfoyle.

Eleven suburbs surround the CBD of Warrnambool: North, South, East and West Warrnambool, Brierly, Sherwood Park, Merrivale, Dennington, Woodford, Bushfield and Allansford, though only the four latter are recognised as localities of the city.

Culture
Wunta Fiesta, a festival held in Warrnambool over the first weekend of February annually, is one of south-west Victoria's major community festivals. It incorporates a wide range of entertainment (mostly music) for all ages.

The Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum is in Warrnambool built on Flagstaff Hill that also holds the original lighthouses and Warrnambool Garrison. Its most prized item in its collection is the Minton peacock salvaged from the Loch Ard. Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village is built around the original lighthouses and now operates as a heritage attraction and museum of shipwreck and maritime trade artefacts.

The Lady Bay Lighthouse complex is on the Victorian heritage register due to its significance as an example of early colonial development. There has been a flagstaff on top of Flagstaff Hill since 1848, and the current lighthouses were moved to the site in 1878. They still operate as navigation aids for the channel into Warrnambool harbour.

The Warrnambool foreshore is a popular swimming area, and is adjacent to the Lake Pertobe parklands. A number of caravan parks are also located in the area.

Baritone Robert Nicholson recorded the song Back to Warrnambool in 1924.

Warrnambool is the setting and filming location of the 2015 film Oddball, starring Shane Jacobson.

Warrnambool's Bathing History

Warrnambool has a rich history when it comes to outdoor bathing. The city has been a popular destination for beachgoers for over a century, with the first public bathing area built in 1876 on the south end of Gilles Street, and was later moved to the current location with the advent of the railway. The sea baths were filled with water drawn from Lady Bay, initially by windmill and later by gas pump.

Over the years, Warrnambool' s outdoor bathing facilities evolved, with the introduction of new amenities and features. In 1881, the sought after Hot Sea Baths opened, and people travelled to Warrnambool to receive the benefits of bathing- noting their 'wonderful creative powers', and a 'tonic for the feeble'.

Today, Warrnambool continues to be a popular destination for bathing, with world class facilities available for locals and tourists alike. The Deep Blue Hot Springs, offer two bathing experiences and although no longer using salt water drawn from the sea, their Indoor Bath House and Outdoor Bathing Sanctuary offers naturally warm geothermal water, drawn from the Dilwyn Aquifer, 850 metres below earths surface.

Media
Warrnambool is served by one daily newspaper, The Standard, which is owned by Australian Community Media. The local commercial radio stations are 94.5 3YB and 95.3 Coast FM, both owned by Ace Radio. There is also a community radio channel, 3WAY FM. The ABC also owns a radio station, ABC South West Victoria, which is based in Warrnambool.

Warrnambool is also served by local transmission of free-to-air television networks ABC, SBS, Seven, Southern Cross and WIN.

Out of those networks, WIN Television produces the only local television news bulletin, WIN News, which uses resources from their Ballarat and Warrnambool newsrooms.

Sport
Warrnambool is home to the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic, a race which attracts Australian and international drivers on the Australia Day long weekend, especially because of its position in the motorsport calendar.

The city is also the finishing point of the Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic cycle race. It is the longest one-day bicycle endurance race in the world, held every October since 1895 to be the world's second oldest bike race.

Warrnambool has a horse racing club, the Warrnambool Racing Club, which schedules around twenty race meetings a year including the Warrnambool Cup and Grand Annual Steeple three-day meeting in the first week of May. The Woodford Racing Club also holds one meeting at Warrnambool racecourse. The Grand Annual steeplechase has 33 jumps, more than any other horse race and is one of the longest steeplechases in the world.

The Warrnambool Greyhound Racing Club holds regular greyhound racing meetings on most Mondays and Thursdays. The Greyhound version of the Warrnambool Cup is held on the first Wednesday of May. The club also holds the Seaside Festival over the Christmas and New Year period providing great entertainment and value for money for both kids and kids at heart. The club is located centrally in the Warrnambool Showgrounds Precinct on Koroit Street and opened on 27 July 1978.

Warrnambool is home to the Premier Speedway, a 410 m dirt track oval speedway located approximately 5 km east of the town. As well as hosting various Victorian state championships, Premier Speedway has hosted Australian championships for Sprintcars, Super Sedans and Street Stocks. Premier Speedway has also regularly hosted rounds of the World Series Sprintcars, being one of only five tracks to host a round of every series run since its inception in 1987. Since 1973 the speedway has been home to the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic, the biggest single sprint car racing meeting in Australia, and on occasion has outdrawn the famed Knoxville Nationals in the United States for number of competitors entered, as better known drivers enter both races. The Classic is traditionally run the weekend before the national title meeting. The speedway has hosted the Classic / Australian Championship double on six occasions - 1979, 1986, 1994, 1999, 2003 and 2011, with Sydney's 10 time Australian Champion Garry Rush the only driver to win the double at Warrnambool in 1986 when he won his 6th Classic and a week later his 7th national title.

Gunditjmara Bulls and North Warrnambool Warriors play rugby league in NRL Victoria.

From 1 to 3 September 2008, the city hosted, along with Melbourne, the 2008 Australian Football International Cup, featuring 14 nations from around the world playing Australian rules football. The sport is highly popular in Warrnambool which has a competitive local league and is the origin of many high-profile AFL players. The city has three Australian Rules football teams playing in the Hampden Football League (North Warrnambool, South Warrnambool and Warrnambool), and many more in the Warrnambool District Football League

Golfers play either on the 18 hole course at the Warrnambool Golf Club a public access course ranked in Australia's top 100 courses, or at the 9 hole course at the Deakin University Warrnambool campus.(Deakin course not playable)

Economy
Warrnambool attracts many visitors each year, and is a comprehensive regional service centre. The town's tourism benefits from the views from the Great Ocean Road, and its nearby beaches, some of which are used for surfing. In the winter months, Southern Right whales can be seen in the waters near the city at the Logan's Beach nursery, and boats make whale-watching tours.

The mainstay of the economy is agriculture and its support industry – particularly dairy farming and associated milk processing. Other major industries and services include retail, education, health, meat processing, clothing manufacture and construction. The Fletcher Jones and Staff Pty Ltd clothing factory opened in 1948 and was closed in 2005.

Demographics
15.1% of Warrnambool residents were born outside Australia, which is significantly less than the Australian average of 33.1%. 89.1% speak only English at home and 2.0% are Indigenous.

Governance
The Local Government is the Warrnambool City Council.

At the state level, Warrnambool was within the electoral district of Warrnambool until it was abolished in 2002. Since then, Warrnambool has been in the South-West Coast electorate. This was held by former Premier Denis Napthine of the Liberal Party until his retirement in 2015, the resulting by-election electing Roma Britnell, also of the Liberal Party.

At the federal level, Warrnambool is the largest town in the division of Wannon, which has been a safe Liberal seat since 1955. However, Warrnambool booths typically receive a much stronger Labor vote than the rural areas that surround it. The seat was held by former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser for 28 years, before being held by former Speaker of the lower house David Hawker for 27 years.

Primary
There are many primary schools in Warrnambool, including:
 * Warrnambool Primary School
 * Warrnambool East Primary School
 * Warrnambool West Primary School
 * Merrivale Primary School
 * Allansford and District Primary School
 * Grassmere Primary School
 * Woodford Primary School
 * Our Lady Help of Christians Primary School (Catholic)
 * St Joseph's Primary School (Catholic)
 * St Pius X Primary School (Catholic)
 * St John's Primary School, Dennington (Catholic)
 * Kings College (primary and secondary)
 * Merri River School (formally Warrnambool Special Development School) (primary and secondary)

Secondary
Warrnambool has two public high schools:

 * Brauer College
 * Warrnambool College

In addition, there is:

 * Emmanuel College, a Catholic school
 * King's College, a private Presbyterian school

Tertiary
The city's only university facilities are at the Deakin University Warrnambool campus. The South West Institute of TAFE and SEAL both provide vocational education.

Environment
Logan's Beach on the eastern side of the city is recognised as a nursery site for the southern right whale Eubalaena australis, and many tourists have been attracted to opportunities for land-based observations. Most years one, two or three adult female whales arrive between late May and August, giving birth within days of their arrival. The young whale calf is then reared at the site, usually departing with its parent by mid to late September. Besides the southern right whale, the coastline is also visited by Australian fur seals, little penguins and common dolphins. During the winter and early spring albatross cruise along the coastline and can be sighted from Thunder Point, a popular coastal lookout in the town.

Middle Island has a colony of Australian little penguins (Eudyptula novaehollandiae). Fox predation reduced numbers significantly. In 2005 only four penguins were remaining in the colony. Warrnambool City Council introduced a world first program using Maremma dogs to guard the penguins. This program has supported the re-establishment of a colony of over one-hundred penguins in 2009. By 2015 the population had reached almost two-hundred. The film Oddball tells the story of the dogs saving the penguins.

Transport
Warrnambool is situated on the Princes Highway between Port Fairy to the west and Terang to the east as well as at the south-western terminus of the Hopkins Highway. The Great Ocean Road terminates 13 km east of Warrnambool, near Allansford.

Rail services operate to Melbourne and Geelong. V/Line passenger train services call at Warrnambool's two stations, Warrnambool in the city and Sherwood Park in the city's outer east, seven days a week. A daily container freight service is being run by Pacific National for local container handler Westvic.

Local buses under the Transit South West brand cover Warrnambool's city and suburbs and extend to the nearby towns of Port Fairy and Koroit. V/Line coaches connect Warrnambool with Mount Gambier, Ballarat, Ararat, Casterton and the Great Ocean Road to Geelong.

Health
There are two main hospitals in Warrnambool:

 * Warrnambool Base Hospital, run by South West Healthcare, founded in 1854 as Warrnambool Hospital & Benevolent Asylum, with further name changes and mergers over the years, including a name change to Warrnambool and District Base Hospital in 1925 and Stage 1 of a A$115 million redevelopment opened in 2011 as Warrnambool Base Hospital.

 * St John of God Warrnambool Hospital, a private hospital established in 1939 by the Sisters of St John of God and run by St John of God Health Care

Notable people

 * Airbourne, hard rock band
 * Tom Ballard (b. 1989), comedian
 * Ben Barber (b. 1984), actor
 * Smoky Dawson (1913–2008), country music performer (born in Collingwood, raised in Warrnambool)
 * Alex Dyson (b. 1988), radio presenter
 * Sir John Eccles (1903–1997), Nobel Prize winner in physiology or medicine, 1963
 * Brian Fitzpatrick (1905–1965), Australian economic historian
 * Danielle Green, Member of Victorian Parliament was raised and educated in Warrnambool
 * Dave Hughes (b. 1970), comedian
 * Paul Jennings (b. 1943), children's author – (resides in Warrnambool)
 * Sally Walker, Law Professor, Vice-Chancellor and President of Deakin University
 * Axle Whitehead (b. 1980), musician and TV personality

Sportspeople

 * Jonathan Brown (b. 1981), Leon Cameron (b. 1972), Paul Couch (1964–2016), Simon Hogan (b. 1988), Jordan Lewis (b. 1986), Brent Moloney (b. 1984), Noel Mugavin (b. 1956), Kevin Neale (b. 1945), Matt Maguire (b. 1984), Billie Smedts (b. 1992), Wayne Schwass (b. 1968), Michael Turner (b. 1954), Sam Dwyer (b. 1986), Martin Gleeson (b. 1994), John Burns (b. 1949) Australian rules football players
 * Marc Leishman (b. 1983), golfer
 * Christian Ryan (b. 1977), Olympic Silver Medallist, rowing 2000
 * Nathan Sobey (b. 1990), basketball player
 * Tim Ludeman, cricket player

Sister cities

 * Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
 * Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R.China
 * Knoxville, Iowa, United States of America

title: Warrnambool


text:
User talk:Muhamedmesic

''no talk? oh, folks...''

Yes, you know how autodidats are... Nothing meaningful to do, much time to waste... And suddenly they find themselves studying Icelandic! Ciacchi 16:19, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Kínverska? Þú átt að eiga meir tímann. It's not an easy language at all Ciacchi 16:50, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Greetings
Hello, I noticed that you were interested in some issues on Petar II Petrović Njegoš. What was it? --HolyRomanEmperor 18:32, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Здраво zemljak! Back in the time when it was a stub (or sort of), it used to only mention his Serb identity, not his Montenegrin one. And, well, as I am a fervent freak for all things Montenegrin, I started a wee discussion about who the guy actually was. But nothin really important - greetz from Austria nepTune 18:12, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Zdravo i tebi! Kako je u Austriji? Da li si i ti (porijeklom) Crnogorac? Dakle, najbolji nacin da shvatis zasto si Njegosi bili takvi je da skines narodnu himnu Petrovic-Njegosa: http://users.net.yu/~arakovic/onamo.mp3 Skini je i reci mi sto mislis. Pozdrav! --HolyRomanEmperor 14:09, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually prefer Oj svijetla majska zoro (and am eagerly awaiting the referendum and hoping for a positive outcome, alas!), but thanx for the link. Његош је збиља највећи српски изданак црногорске земље свих времена, no doubt to that. But he's not Svetozar Marovic! :) I am myself of Bosnian, Croatian and Montenegrin origin, duga priča! I actually think that there were quite a few variants of lyrics for Onamo, 'namo - weren't there? Pozdrav! nepTune 12:36, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Variants of Onamo, 'namo? Not really. There were two pragraphs that spoke anti-Turkish and they were never sang in reality (only in war-time). However, did you download itself? The music is national and much more cheerer, unlike Onamo. I would like to hear your (musical) opinion on it. Bog/Salejkum/Ćao! :D --HolyRomanEmperor 22:09, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yikes! I did download, indeed, and I have to admit that my favourite remains Oj svijetla majska zoro. True, Onamo, 'namo is more hymnical, solemn, but OSMZ has more of a Montenegrin spirit in it. Speaking of music, what's your view on the Evropjesma crisis? nepTune 22:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Andreas Ulmer
Hello, Thank you for your stub submission. You may wish to note that it is preferable to use a stub template from WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types instead of using simply, if you can. Thanks! Aaronw 14:34, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hiya! I know, but I sort of tend to forget the various stubs. But, I solemnly swear, I'll do my best to avoid using '' . Cheers! nepTune 16:58, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Evropjesma
Crisis? Are you refering to the withdrawal? I like Oj svijetla majska zoro too. I just don't like its fascist/nazi conotation (creation & all that). Do you know the story (not to repeat it to you if you do)? --HolyRomanEmperor 15:37, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * To the withdrawal, the Montenegrin voting, the audience in Sava centar and all that. And I did like the winning song, not just because I'm gay (yes, there are good-loking Montenegrins, but that's another issue). I like Oj svijetla majska zoro because it seems to incorporate all of what represents the Montenegrin musical spirit, or at least so to me. And I've heard the story about it, sort-of (do repeat it, if you don't mind!). But hey, you can always turn harmful things into harmless anthems, can't you? :) nepTune 20:30, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Crnogorska himna
The original lyrics were from 1863 were: Ој јунаштва свјетла зоро, : Мајко наша Црна Горо! : На твојим се врлетима, : Разби сила душманима. :Једина си за слободу : Ти остала српском роду. : Дат ће Бог и света Мати : Да се једном све поврати.. It was a folk song. In 1944, Sekula Drljević, the Nazi dictator of Montenegro for the Axis in World War II published a reworked version of it, making it the Montenegrin anthem as Vječna Naša Crna Goro: Vječna naša Crna Goro, : Tvoj Lovćen je car Jadrana, [...] : Otkada je Badnje Veče : Našu vjeru očistilo, : Među nama, seljacima, : Nevjernika nije bilo. : Dok lovćenskoj našoj misli : Naša sloga daje krila, :Bit će gorda, bit će slavna : Domovina naša mila. [...] : Glas nositi oceanu, : Da je vječna Crna Gora. It remained as a religious/national song to this very day in it's normal form, though: Ој свијетла мајска зоро, : Мајко наша Црна Горо, [...] : -Не, нека га, нек' се пјева : Заслуга је Његошева. So, this is the main reason for the present animosity. See how the lyrics changed to the present version? --HolyRomanEmperor 13:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Who was this Sekula Drljevic person? Do we have an article on him? I particularly like the Ocean bit. Sounds extremely romantic. Sort of reminds me of the Star-Spangled Banner... Greetings from Romania (don't ask!), nepTune 15:18, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, as you can see, we have an article on him. :) He was a fascist colaborator that ethnicly cleansed all Romas and Jews from Montenegro and avenged to the Chetnik by burning alive all of their relatives. The ocean was actually refering to the... ehm... "ocean of Jewish and Roma blood". And it deliberatly removed "Serb-", so that's why it's not popular among Serbs. Hope to hear from you soon! --HolyRomanEmperor 12:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Which, hence, makes me reconsider liking the ocean part. Баш је балкански to have fascists cleansing Roma and Jews and then avenging themselves on other fascists of a somewhat different shade. Alas, that's why I keep saying: learn Georgian history! Makes an awful lot more sense. Back to the topic of Montenegro, whaddya think, how'll the referendum go? Cheers! nepTune 18:46, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I would rather like to see the two states (Serbia and Montenegro) seperate. They would keep a strong union that would give them a free right-of-passage/economic/military advantages. Ironicly, both states would be independent, but in a much stronger bind than currently, an irony that I find both amusing & attractive. :) However, the referendum's surely to fail. UN polls say that 60% will vote oppose and 40% support. Additionally, Milo Djukanovich acused the Serbian government of mettling in the Montenegrin referendum, and strangely, the next day, a huge scandal surfaced. It turned out that the Montenegrin government is buying votes; and they have it filmed. If the situation goes on like this, the goverment of Montenegro (Milo Djukanovich) is bound to suffer a coup d' etat. --HolyRomanEmperor 16:50, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I hope that you do understand that all of this is completely unnecessary skirmish on behalf of quite a few "leading" elements in the Balkans, such as Mr Djukanovic and the abominable Government of the 'Republic' of Serbia. I just say: Phew. And yes, you do guess it right, where you write coup d'état you may freely read civil war and this in turn means yet another situation in which girls and boys like myself could end up losing their dearly beloved, just like yours truly did in 1995. Срање до кољена, po leđima naroda. nepTune 20:35, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes; I don't want to pass suffer through that again. Luckly, that won't happen. The current Montenegrin government is litterally occupying the Republic of Montenegro and Milo Djukanovich is the greatest criminal of SCG. That is bound to crumble one day... --HolyRomanEmperor 14:21, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, if you say so... Reminds me in a way of what a rather famous yet overtly commercial rapper used to sing... nepTune 20:16, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

The Chetniks. I didn't know that there was a lot of controversy around them, but appearently there is. When I listen to my partisan grandfather's war tales, he always brings out the worst of them, saying that they're traitors of the people; and after the most recent 1990s war, they've become fascists as well. I wonder how things change so fast?

P. S. Did you hear the anthem of SCG? It's a hybrid of Boze pravde and Oj, svijetla majska zoro. --HolyRomanEmperor 13:05, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

If you like Montenegrin national antherms...
...you'll most definately like this one: Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori, the original state anthem. It contains much more Montenegrin spirit and cheer than both Onamo, Onamo or Svijetla majska zoro. The music's almost the same like the Anthem of Saint Sava. Too bad that it wasn't kept over the ages. :( P. S. Where're you? --HolyRomanEmperor 22:02, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Horrendously sorry for not having answered, and pleased to anounce that I'm back from the undead and eagerly awaiting to download myself a recording of Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori, which I will then comment asap. Nadam se da si ti dobro & da te nije uhvatilo proljeće. Cheers, nepTune 20:49, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Eh, u'vatilo me je, jasta. :( >40 temperature. Ali bice dobro... Kak' si ti? Sto ne zelis komentirati my other recent mentions on your talk page? Selam Alejkum. --HolyRomanEmperor 16:40, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oj! That hurts! What other recent mentions? Himna je... bljak, u najkraćem rečeno. But, bolje išta nego ništa. Where are you actually currently writing from? (Nekako sam pravo znatiželjan)! Pozdrav, nepTune 20:26, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm writing from Belgrade. Ofcourse I'm not angry, why would I be? --HolyRomanEmperor 21:27, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No idea, you were simply - gone :) nepTune 21:33, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Hey
Lovely it is, hvala na pozdravu. Kseferovic 21:36, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Knowledge is the power - innit? nepTune 21:47, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Pozdrav
Pa covjece sta je s tobom ovih dana. Propo u zemlju? Ajd budi malo azurniji. Pozdrav
 * Bi, da imam vremena. A bi i da znam ko me pozdravlja. Otpozdrav, nepTune 17:06, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Posjeti svoj profil na jednoj .hr stranici, pa ces znat ko te pozdravlja, nista vise.

Languages
Hi There! Can you translate my name in what language you know please, and then post it Here. I would be very grateful if you do (if you know another language apart from English and the ones on my userpage please feel free to post it on) P.S. all th translations are in alpahbetical order so when you add one please put it in alpahbetical order according to the language. Thanks!!!  Abdullah Geelah 16:47, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

it is pronounced both ways Abdullah Geelah 15:00, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Rumunjski za samostudij
Počeo bih sa samostalnim učenjem rumunjskog dal mi preporučaš kaqu literaturu? Hvala i pozdrav! Luka Jačov 11:41, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Mulţumesc prijatelju! Vidim na Amazonu da i Teach Yourself Romanian dolazi sa audiom također. Inače do koje razine znanja se kad se prođu oba priručnika? Dal je o tebi pisala Arena prije nekih 6-7 godina (Tuzlak, bio u izbjeglištvu u Zagrebu i Pečuhu, pozna sve ulice u Zagrebu, Građevinska srednja škola u Tuzli)? Vidim da si se degradirao u mađarskom, how come? Pozdrav! Luka Jačov 10:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Ili to je ne vidim ili stvarno nema mejla napisanog na tvojoj user page:). Koristiš li koji mesendžer? Ne bih htio biti pain in the ass ali nisi mi odgovorio na prvo pitanje iz prethodnog upita:). Živio! Luka Jačov 21:22, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Pa pokušo sam to prije al kaže mi da nisi ostavio e-mail na wikipediji. Inače ne jebe me previše pravopis, znam ga prilično dobro al ga i ne koristim u nefromalnim prilikama jer smatram da bi ga se trebalo reformirati. Čujemo se onda na mesenđeru! Pozdrav! Luka Jačov 09:55, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Daj mi detalje tvog dolaska da se možemo nač. Vidimo se! Pozdrav! Luka Jačov 09:00, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Wow! Thanks!
Thanks for the comment. Look for a WikiSmile soon!  The RSJ   - SPEAK 21:27, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

All hail Romania!
(if you're still there!!!) --HolyRomanEmperor 13:31, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

AKZ
Zajebo si me...Čeko ja ko budala... Luka Jačov 13:42, 2 October 2006 (UTC) Gdje si ti čovječe? Luka Jačov 09:40, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Ajd mi se javi da se dogovorimo u vezi onih materijala... Luka Jačov 23:22, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Question
When you have so many language babels, why did you not put Serbo-Croatian (or Serbian)? Is it that you feel uncomfortable because of it, so you don't do it or what? --PaxEquilibrium 20:32, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Eh... are you there? --PaxEquilibrium 17:08, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Basque Portal?
Kaixo, I'm contacting you because you figure in Category:User eu, meaning that you speak some Basque. You must therefore be Basque yourself or have an intense connection with the Basque Country.

I am thinking that maybe was a good idea to create a Portal (or maybe a Wikiproject? or both?) on the Basque theme but I feel such kind of project requires more than just one person.

If you are interested, please comment in my talk page.

Enjoy, --Sugaar 10:31, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Zvornik coa.png, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 11:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

hey muhi :) guess who´s writing u :P
Hey.. Muhi... guess who :P i was looking after u a whole year.. maybe.. u won´t believe this.. but i can´t reach u on your email at brainswork, neither on the gmx one.. and none of ur phone nr. is working.. just give me an email.. juraj.trnovec@gmail.com ;) would be glad.. to hear from u xxx

JUri ;) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.248.126.14 (talk) 01:16, 10 January 2007 (UTC).

Hey
Where'd you go??? Why did you leave us? --PaxEquilibrium 20:12, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

de ba jesi nestao covjece pa sta je s tobom?

Sprachgenie
Hallo Muhamedmesic, könntest du mir vielleicht ein paar Tipps geben, wie du es geschafft hast, derart viele Sprachen zu lernen? Ich wäre dir sehr dankbar. Arolión Yolenda 10:32, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 15:11, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Currency Image:Bosniaconvmark50.jpg
Hi, To assist global anti-counterfeiting efforts you may wish to consider marking images of banknotes you upload as "Specimen" in some way, if those banknotes represent legal tender.ShakespeareFan00 10:33, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Sulejman.jpg
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text:
Ordovices

The Ordovīcēs (Common Brittonic: *Ordowīces) were one of the Celtic tribes living in Great Britain before the Roman invasion. Their tribal lands were located in present-day North Wales and England, between the Silures to the south and the Deceangli to the north-east. Unlike the latter tribes that appear to have acquiesced to Roman rule with little resistance, the Ordovices fiercely resisted the Romans. They were eventually subjugated by the Roman governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola in the campaign of 77–78CE when the Romans overran their final strongholds on Anglesey.

Etymology
The Celtic name *ordo-wik- hammer fighters, cognate with the words for 'hammer': ord, gordd (with a prothetic g-) and horzh (with a prothetic h-) and fichid- to fight (cf. Lemovices, Eburovices). John Edward Lloyd suggested that the name of this tribe is preserved as the element -orwig, -orweg in the place name Dinas Dinorwig ("Fort of the Ordovices") in North Wales, though Melville Richards rejected the idea.

Geology
In 1879 the pioneering English geologist Charles Lapworth named the Ordovician geological period after the Ordovices because the rocks he was studying were found in the tribe's former territories in North Wales.

Territory
South of the Brigantes, the geographer Ptolemy reported three tribes whose territories stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. The Ordovices occupied the westward lands and had two noteworthy cities, Branogenium which was located 195 Roman miles from London, most likely at Leintwardine, and Mediolanum which was located 200 Roman miles from London. Neither has been conclusively located. The boundaries of the tribal territory are also unknown; they have been taken to extend through modern Powys into what is now the English Midlands, or alternatively to be limited to the land north of the rivers Dyfi and Dee.

History
They were among the British tribes that resisted the Roman invasion. The initial resistance was mainly organised by the Celtic leader Caratacus, exiled in their lands after the defeat of his tribe in the Battle of the Medway. Caratacus became a warlord of the Ordovices and neighbouring Silures, and was declared a Roman public enemy in the 50s AD. In Caratacus' last battle, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula defeated Caratacus and sent him to Rome as a prisoner.

In the 70s, the Ordovices rebelled against Roman occupation and destroyed a cavalry squadron. This act of war provoked a strong response from governor Agricola. According to Tacitus, ''He collected a force of veterans and a small body of auxiliaries; then as the Ordovices would not venture to descend into the plain, he put himself in front of the ranks to inspire all with the same courage against a common danger, and led his troops up a hill. The tribe was all but exterminated.'' Agricola went on rapidly to conquer Anglesey. The location of this battle is unknown but the hill-fort Dinas Dinorwig encloses a hectare of land about 3 km from the Menai Strait.

title: Ordovices