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Shock rock

Shock rock is the combination of rock music or heavy metal music with highly theatrical live performances emphasizing shock value. Performances may include violent or provocative behavior from the artists, the use of attention-grabbing imagery such as costumes, masks, or face paint, or special effects such as pyrotechnics or fake blood. Shock rock also often includes elements of horror.

History
Screamin' Jay Hawkins was arguably the first shock rocker. After the success of his 1956 hit "I Put a Spell on You", Hawkins began to perform a recurring stunt at many of his live shows: he would emerge from a coffin, sing into a skull-shaped microphone and set off smoke bombs. Another artist who performed similar stunts was the British singer-songwriter Screaming Lord Sutch.

The 1960s brought several proto-shock rock artists. In the UK, the Who often destroyed their instruments, the Move did the same to television sets, and Arthur Brown wore vivid makeup and a flaming headpiece. In the US, Jimi Hendrix set his guitar alight at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967. Detroit musician Iggy Pop of the Stooges adopted a violent, erratic onstage persona which drew widespread recognition, as Pop would often throw his body about the stage, frequently injuring his band members. Pop was known to wear a dog collar during some performances, along with arm length silver lamé gloves, exemplifying both shock and glam rock sensibilities. At at least one show in 1970, Pop smeared peanut butter on his body and threw it into the crowd as well.

On seeing Arthur Brown, Alice Cooper stated, "Can you imagine the young Alice Cooper watching that with all his make-up and hellish performance? It was like all my Halloweens came at once!"

The Plasmatics were an American punk rock band formed by Yale University art school graduate Rod Swenson with Wendy O. Williams. The band was a controversial group known for wild live shows. In addition to chainsawing guitars, blowing up speaker cabinets and sledgehammering television sets, Williams and the Plasmatics blew up automobiles live on stage. Williams was arrested in Milwaukee by the Milwaukee police before being charged with public indecency. Jim Farber of Sounds described the show: "Lead singer/ex-porn star/current weight lifter Wendy Orleans Williams (W.O.W. for short) spends most of the Plasmatics' show fondling her family size breasts, scratching her sweaty snatch and eating the drum kit, among other playful events".

From the late 1970s to his death in 1993, GG Allin was known less for his music than for his wildly transgressive antics, which included indecent exposure (stripping and performing naked was one of Allin's most common rituals), on-stage defecation, coprophagia, self-mutilation, and attacking audience members.

In the 1980s in Richmond, Virginia, Gwar formed as a collaboration of artists and musicians. The band members make their own lavish monster costumes, which they claim are inspired by many of the creatures from H. P. Lovecraft's literary multiverse, the Cthulhu Mythos. Gwar frequently incorporates extravagant theatrics into their shows, such as mock jousts and pretending to murder each other.

The Mentors cultivated a shock-rock image by wearing executioners' hoods in concert and making deliberately outlandish statements to the press. In the 1990s, vocalist Eldon Hoke also began incorporating onstage sex acts into the band's repertoire.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Marilyn Manson became perhaps the most notable and well known act in shock rock. He was once dubbed by former US Senator Joseph Lieberman (D-Conn) as "perhaps the sickest group ever promoted by a mainstream record company." Manson's stage antics, such as burning the American flag and ripping pages out of the Bible, have been the focus of protests throughout his career. Manson argued that every artist has their means of presentation and that his visual and vocal styles are merely a way for him to control the angle that his audience and the general public view and interpret what he is trying to convey artistically.

title: Shock rock


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Nick Fury

Colonel Nicholas Joseph "Nick" Fury Sr. is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/artist Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee, he first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), a World War II combat series that portrayed the cigar-chomping man as leader of an elite U.S. Army Ranger unit.

The modern-day character, initially a CIA agent, debuted a few months later in Fantastic Four #21 (December 1963). In Strange Tales #135 (August 1965), the character was transformed into a James Bond-like spy and leading agent of the fictional espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. The character makes frequent appearances in Marvel books as the former head of S.H.I.E.L.D., and as an intermediary between the U.S. government or the United Nations and various superheroes. It is eventually revealed that he takes a special medication called the Infinity Formula that halted his aging and allows him to be active despite being nearly a century old, later leading to him becoming The Unseen, herald of Uatu the Watcher, and forming a new team of Exiles.

Nick Fury appears in several Marvel series set in alternate universes, as well as multiple animated films, television shows, and video games based on the comics. The character was first portrayed in live-action by David Hasselhoff in the television film Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (1998), with Andre Braugher portraying General Hager, a character based on Fury, in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007). Jeff Ward also portrayed Deke Shaw, a character based on the original Fury, from the fifth to the seventh season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2017–20).

A version of the character appearing in Marvel's 2001 Ultimate Marvel imprint was based on Samuel L. Jackson's appearance and screen persona. When the character was introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2008's Iron Man, Jackson was cast in the role, which he has played in eleven films, the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–14), and the Disney+ series What If...? (2021) and Secret Invasion (2023). The recognizability of the character portrayed by Jackson in the films later led Marvel in 2012 to retire the original character from his role with S.H.I.E.L.D., replacing him with his son Nick Fury Jr., who is also patterned on Jackson.

Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos
Fury first appeared in the World War II combat series Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos, as the cigar-chomping NCO who led a racially and ethnically integrated elite unit. The series ran 167 issues (May 1963 – December 1981), though only in reprints after issue #120 (July 1974). Following several issues by creators Lee and Kirby, penciller Dick Ayers began his long stint on what would be his signature series; John Severin later joined as inker, forming a long-running, critically acclaimed team. Roy Thomas succeeded Lee as writer, followed by Gary Friedrich, who became a signature series as well. Annuals featured the "Howlers" called back to fight in the Korean War and Vietnam War.

The Howling Commandos encountered Office of Strategic Services agent Reed Richards (later Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four) in #3 (September 1963) and fought alongside Captain America and Bucky in #13 (December 1964).

Strange Tales and solo series
In Strange Tales #135 (August 1965), Fury, now a colonel, became a James Bond-esque Cold War spy, with Marvel introducing the covert organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Supreme Headquarters International Espionage Law-enforcement Division) and its nemesis Hydra.

The 12-page feature was initially created by Lee and Kirby, with the latter supplying such inventive and enduring gadgets and hardware as the Helicarrier – an airborne aircraft carrier – as well as human-replicant LMDs (Life Model Decoys), and even automobile airbags. Lee recalled in 2005:

"[T]here was a very popular television show called The Man from U.N.C.L.E., sort of a James Bond type of thing. And I thought, just for fun, I'm going to bring Sgt. Fury back again. But it's now years later and I'm going to make him a colonel, and I'm going to make him the head of an outfit like U.N.C.L.E., a secret military outfit. So I had to think of a name, and I love names, so I came up with the name S.H.I.E.L.D. ... [A]nd I think this was Jack's idea, and it was a wonderful idea – they were headquartered in a floating helicarrier, which was like a super-dirigible."

Writer-penciller-colorist Jim Steranko began on the feature in Strange Tales #151 (December 1966), initially over Kirby layouts. He quickly became one of comic books' most acclaimed and influential artists. In some of the creative zeniths of the Silver Age, Steranko established the feature as one of comic books' most groundbreaking and innovative. He popularized in comic books such art movements of the day as psychedelia and op art; built on Kirby's longstanding work in photomontage; and created comic books' first four-page spread. All the while, he spun plots of intense intrigue, barely hidden sensuality, and hi-fi hipness—and supplied his own version of Bond girls, pushing what was allowable under the Comics Code at the time.

The 12-page feature ran through Strange Tales #168 (sharing that "split book" with the occult feature "Doctor Strange" each issue), after which it was spun off into its own series, titled Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. This ran 15 issues (June 1968 – November 1969), followed by three all-reprint issues beginning a year later (November 1970 – March 1971). Steranko wrote and drew issues #1–3 and #5 and drew the covers of #1–7.

Fury continued to make appearances in the other Marvel books, from Fantastic Four to The Avengers. In 1972, Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos celebrated its 100th issue with a present-day reunion of the squad, sponsored by Stan Lee and the creative team behind the title. (Lee, like other comic books professionals, has made occasional cameos in his own books, in a tradition going back to the 1940s Golden Age of Comic Books). The matter of Fury apparently not aging significantly since his term of service in World War II was justified in "Assignment: The Infinity Formula" by the writer Jim Starlin and artist Howard Chaykin in Marvel Spotlight #31 (December 1976), revealing Fury's age-retarding medication treatment.

A six-issue miniseries, Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. (June–November 1988) was followed by Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 2. The latter series lasted 47 issues (September 1989 – May 1993); its pivotal story arc was "the Deltite Affair", in which many S.H.I.E.L.D. agents were replaced with Life Model Decoys in a takeover attempt.

A year after that series ended, the one-shot Fury (May 1994), using retroactive continuity, altered the events of those previous two series. The Fury one-shot had cast them as a series of staged events designed to distract Fury from the resurrection plans of HYDRA head Baron von Strucker. The following year, writer Chaykin and penciller Corky Lehmkuhl produced the four-issue miniseries Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. (April–July 1995). Various publications have additionally focused on Nick Fury's solo adventures, such as the graphic novels and one-shots Wolverine/Nick Fury: The Scorpio Connection (1989), Wolverine/Nick Fury: Scorpio Rising (October 1994), Fury/Black Widow: Death Duty and Captain America and Nick Fury: Blood Truce (both February 1995), and Captain America and Nick Fury: The Otherworld War (October 2001). He starred in the 2004–2005 Secret War miniseries.

In the 2018 Exiles series "The Unseen" will recruit characters to combat an unknown galactic threat.

In May 2023 Marvel published a double sized one-shot Fury made to commemorate the character's 60th anniversary.

Early life and wartime
Nicholas Joseph Fury is the eldest of three children born to Jack Fury in New York City. His father is a United States citizen who enlists in the United Kingdom's Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Jack enlists in 1916 and is stationed in France. He shoots down Manfred von Richthofen early in his flying career and is a highly decorated combat aviator by the end of the War in 1918.

Discharged after the War, Jack returns home, marries an unnamed woman, and becomes the father of three children. Nick, probably born in the late 1910s or early 1920s, is followed by his brother Jake Fury (later the supervillain Scorpio who co-founded the Zodiac cartel), and their sister Dawn.

All three children grow up in the neighborhood known as Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York. Nick is an amateur boxer through the New York City Police Athletic League where he learns marksmanship. As a teenager in 1937, he went overseas for the first time to fight with the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. He was on leave in Guernica when the fascists bombed it.

After he returns to America, Fury and his friend Red Hargrove leave the neighborhood to pursue their dreams of adventure, eventually settling on a daring wing walking and parachuting act. In the early 1940s, their death-defying stunts catch the attention of Lieutenant Samuel "Happy Sam" Sawyer, who was then training with the British Commandos, who enlists them for a special mission in the Netherlands. Nick and Red later join the U.S. Army, with Fury undergoing Basic Training under Sergeant Bass. Nick and Red are stationed together at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii when the Imperial Japanese Navy ambushes the base on December 7, 1941. Red is among the many killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor, with Fury swearing vengeance against both the Japanese and the Nazis.

Sawyer, now a captain, assigns Fury command of the First Attack Squad, a unit of U.S. Army Rangers, who are awarded the honorary title of Commandos by Winston Churchill after their first missions. They are nicknamed the "Howling Commandos" and stationed at a military base in the United Kingdom to fight specialized missions, primarily but not exclusively in the European Theatre of World War II. During this period, Fury falls in love with a British nurse, Lady Pamela Hawley, who dies in a bombing raid on London before he can propose to her.

C.I.A.
At the end of World War II in Europe, Fury is severely injured by a land mine in France, and is found and healed by Berthold Sternberg, who uses him as a test subject for his Infinity Formula. After making a full recovery, Fury begins working for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Six months into his service, he learns the extent of Sternberg's life-saving operation: the Infinity Formula has stopped his aging, but if he does not receive annual doses, he will age rapidly and die. The doctor begins a 30-year period of extorting large sums of money from Fury in exchange for the injections.

Fury segues into the CIA as an espionage agent, gathering information in Korea. During this time the Howling Commandos are reformed, and Fury receives a battlefield commission to lieutenant. He later reaches the rank of colonel. During this time, he recommends the recruitment of married agents Richard and Mary Parker, who will go on to become the parents of Fury's occasional superhero ally Spider-Man. Much later, the CIA uses him as a liaison to various super-powered groups that have begun appearing, including the Fantastic Four, whom CIA agent Fury first encounters in Fantastic Four #21 (Dec. 1963).

During his time with the CIA, Fury begins wearing his trademark eyepatch. Sgt. Fury #27 (Feb. 1966) revealed that he had taken shrapnel to one eye during World War II, which caused him to slowly lose sight in it over the course of years.

S.H.I.E.L.D.
Fury becomes the second commander of S.H.I.E.L.D. as its Public Director. The ultimate authority of S.H.I.E.L.D. is revealed to be a cabal of 12 mysterious men and women who give Fury his orders and operational structure, leaving Fury to manage the actual implementation of these orders and stratagems. The identities of these people have never been revealed; they appear only as shaded figures on monitors. Initially, his organization's primary nemesis is the international terrorist organization Hydra, created by Fury's worst enemy of World War II, Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (after retconning of the original continuity). Under Fury, S.H.I.E.L.D. grows into one of the world's most powerful organizations, reaching covertly into national governments and forming strategic alliances with the Avengers and other superhero groups, while always maintaining independence and deniability. Fury soon becomes the superhero community's main contact when government-related information is required in order to deal with a crisis.

After years at the helm, Fury discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra have both fallen under the control of a group of sentient Life Model Decoy androids known as Deltites. Betrayed, Fury goes underground and is hunted by his fellow agents, many of whom are later revealed to have been replaced with Deltites. Although Fury ultimately exposes and overcomes the Deltite threat, the conflict is so destructive to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s personnel and infrastructure, and leaves Fury so disillusioned, that he disbands the agency to prevent it from again being subverted from within.

Fury rebuilds S.H.I.E.L.D. from the ground up, initially as a more streamlined agency small enough for him to personally oversee and protect from being corrupted. This new incarnation changed the acronym to stand for "Strategic Hazard Intervention, Espionage and Logistics Directorate".

Sometime later, Frank Castle, the vigilante known as the Punisher, is captured and sent to a maximum-security facility with a S.H.I.E.L.D. escort. During a hypnosis session with Doc Samson, a character named Spook interferes with the session and has the Punisher conditioned to believe Fury is responsible for the murder of the Punisher's family. An escaped Punisher eventually kills Fury, who is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The Fury that the Punisher has "killed" is later revealed to have been a highly advanced Life Model Decoy android.

Returned to his post as S.H.I.E.L.D. director, Fury independently enlists the superheroes Captain America, Spider-Man, Luke Cage, Wolverine, Daredevil, and the Black Widow to launch a covert assault on the leadership of Latveria, which is plotting a massive attack on the U.S. One year afterward, Latveria launches a counterattack that results in Fury's removal as S.H.I.E.L.D. commander, forcing him again into hiding with numerous international warrants out for his arrest. His successors as Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. are first Maria Hill and then Tony Stark. Both Hill and Stark, keeping Fury's disappearance secret from the S.H.I.E.L.D. rank and file, use Life Model Decoys to impersonate Fury on occasion.

Fury is the only "33rd-degree" S.H.I.E.L.D. officer (meaning he is the only member of S.H.I.E.L.D., present or past, to know of the existence of 28 emergency, covert bases scattered across the globe) secretly providing the Anti-Registration faction in the subsequent superhuman civil war with bases where they can rally their forces without worrying about their Pro-Registration enemies finding them.

Secret Invasion
During the time Fury spends in hiding, he learns that Valentina Allegra de Fontaine has been plotting to extract S.H.I.E.L.D. passcodes from him and kill him. Fury kills her first, after which she reverts to the form of an extraterrestrial shapeshifter from the hostile Skrull race, which has mounted an invasion of Earth. He recruits Spider-Woman to be his mole inside both Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D., and to watch for further Skrull impostors. Unbeknownst to him, she's replaced shortly after by Skrull Queen Veranke herself. He later instructs former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Daisy Johnson to recruit superpowered children of various heroes and villains to help combat the Skrull invasion; these include Phobos, the 10-year-old son of Ares and himself the young god of fear; Yo-Yo, a misunderstood mutant speedster; Hellfire, a relative of Phantom Rider with supernatural powers; Druid, a magician and son of Doctor Druid; and Stonewall, a young man who can grow bigger at will and has super strength. Fury dubs them his "Commandos".

Soon after the attack on Earth, Fury and his new team are seen counter-attacking the Skrull attack in Times Square, Manhattan. They manage to repel and kill the invaders in the area significantly, whilst saving the downed Initiative cadets and the Young Avengers. He, along with his team and the rescued heroes, are next seen working and planning their next move in one of the scattered 28 covert S.H.I.E.L.D. bases. He has been seen talking to Deadpool, while Deadpool was on a Skrull ship after pretending to join them. It is revealed that Fury hired Deadpool to infiltrate Skrull ranks by pretending to defect, with the intention of obtaining biological information of the Skrulls that Fury can use to stop them. When Deadpool attempts to transmit the data, it is intercepted by Norman Osborn.

Fury leads the survivors of the Young Avengers and Initiative back to the fight in New York, where they are joined by Thor, the new Captain America, the New Avengers and the Mighty Avengers, the Hood's gang, and the Thunderbolts, to take on Veranke's army of Super Skrulls.

Dark Reign and Secret Warriors
During an infiltration and elimination of a covert S.H.I.E.L.D. base in Chicago, Fury discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. is, and always has been, secretly controlled by Hydra. A distraught Fury now plans to use his Secret Warriors to combat the renewed Hydra threat, spearheaded by his old nemesis, Baron Strucker. He hires the new Howling Commandos, a private military company formed by 1200 former S.H.I.E.L.D. agents who refused to join Norman Osborn's H.A.M.M.E.R., to employ them in his fight against Hydra and Osborn. He has a number of inside men to assist in his raids, including Natasha Romanova posing as Yelena Belova who is in command of the Thunderbolts. Eventually, he and his men commandeer decommissioned Helicarriers, as well as forcing the H.A.M.M.E.R. agents at the dock to follow him. Natasha brings Songbird to Fury, but she is followed and the three are captured by the Thunderbolts. Osborn then shoots Fury in the head. It was not the real Fury who was shot, but a Life Model Decoy in his image, which the Fixer reveals to Songbird and Black Widow later after they escape the Thunderbolts.

On a solo mission soon after, Fury teams with Norman Osborn to interrogate a lower-level H.A.M.M.E.R. agent. The conversation (and materials obtained afterwards) reveal there may be an organization much like Hydra, installed in the upper levels of world governments, called "Leviathan". This organization appears to have been founded by the Soviet government for reasons as yet unclear. Fury later introduces Daisy Johnson to prominent members of the Howling Commandos including Alexander Pierce, leader of the second caterpillar team, and Mikel, Fury's son and leader of the "gray" team.

Siege
Fury and the Secret Warriors are later summoned by Captain America to his hideout along with the New and Young Avengers, when Rogers, seeking to aid his long-time comrade Thor in his plight during the Siege of Asgard launched by Norman Osborn, gathered all his allies to strike back against Osborn and rescue Thor whilst simultaneously ending Osborn's Dark Reign. Fury insists on Phobos remaining behind due to an unwillingness for him to battle his father Ares and his youth, and later opens a wormhole aboard an ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. jet which brings the combined forces of the three teams to Oklahoma. They then intercept Norman Osborn's siege and with the help of Iron Man, who receives a variation of his suit from Speed, they shut down Norman's suit. Their victory is cut short when Sentry, now fully possessed by the Void, begins attacking them. Loki attempts to help Fury and the other heroes by empowering them with the Norn Stones, but Void kills him before long. Iron Man then uses the ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier as a bullet on the Void. Robert Reynolds regains control of his body and begs the Avengers to kill him. Thor refuses but ends up killing him anyway when Void begins to take over again. The Avengers are reunited, and the press declares that a new "Heroic Age" has begun.

Heroic Age
While Fury remains underground, allowing Steve Rogers to take official command of the super-spy side of things, he remains in contact with Earth's heroes and monitors their activities. He provides the New Avengers with a special serum, created as a combination of the Super-Soldier serum and the Infinity Formula, to help Mockingbird when she was shot during a raid on a H.A.M.M.E.R. base. Fury later expends the last sample of the Infinity Formula to save Bucky's life. He remains immortal due to trace amounts of the formula in his body.

Battle Scars
In 2012, the six-part series Battle Scars introduces Nick Fury's secret son, Sgt. Marcus Johnson who is an African American and ends up losing one eye in the series. The character has been described as looking like Samuel L. Jackson, just as the Nick Fury of the Ultimate Universe does. Nick Fury retires at the end of the series, and his son joins S.H.I.E.L.D. Upon joining S.H.I.E.L.D., Johnson changes his name to his original birth name of Nick Fury Jr., as he and Agent Coulson appear on the Helicarrier in the final page.

Original Sin
During the Original Sin storyline, Nick Fury is called upon to help investigate the murder of Uatu the Watcher. Fury is attacked and beheaded by the Winter Soldier. When the investigating teams – including Black Panther, Emma Frost, Doctor Strange and the Punisher – attempt to pursue Bucky, they find a space station of unknown origin. "Fury" is revealed to be a highly advanced Life Model Decoy, with the space station containing the real, elderly, Nick Fury and several LMDs. Fury relates an account from 1958, when as a member of U.S. Army Intelligence, he encountered an invasion of alien Tribellians in Kansas. He witnessed Woodrow McCord destroying the home planet of the aliens, before himself being fatally injured. When McCord's partner Howard Stark arrived on the scene, he decided to recruit Fury to continue his work as defender of the planet. Nick Fury accepted and explains that over the decades he defended the Earth against threats through virtually any means whatsoever, including systematic torture against aliens, genocide against planetary civilizations, and warmongering spanning entire galaxies. The corpses discovered recently by the superhero investigators were threats that Fury had neutralized. Fury reveals that he has rapidly grown elderly and is dying because the Infinity Formula in his body has been depleted. He explains that he chose each of the heroes assembled so that one of them can replace him. His refusal to answer the Black Panther's demand for an explanation of what happened to Uatu leads to a battle between the heroes and the LMDs, during which Fury activates Uatu's eyes. Fury fights off most of the attacking heroes – including revealing an undisclosed secret to Thor that causes him to lose the ability to wield his hammer. Fury confesses that he killed Uatu in potential self-defense after Doctor Midas and the Orb had first attacked him. Fury took one of Uatu's eyes, needing to know who mounted the assault and Uatu's oath preventing him from revealing that information directly. After killing Midas, Fury is shown wandering the Moon in chains and wearing long robes that hide his face from view and unable to interfere as "The Unseen", becoming Uatu's replacement while the Winter Soldier takes his place as Earth's "Man on the Wall".

The Unseen
Following the continuity-changing events of the 2015 miniseries Secret Wars, Fury returned as "the Unseen", advising Odinson of the existence of another hammer. He muses later that, while he is essentially another person from Nick Fury now, he still retains Fury's regret at destroying Thor with a whisper, hoping that the news of the new hammer will help Odinson recover what he once was. Odinson also admits that the secret that made him unworthy was "Gorr was right", referencing how Gorr the God-Butcher believed that no gods were worthy of worship, although Odinson's ally Beta Ray Bill assures him that his willingness to continue fighting for others proves that this does not apply to Odinson.

Later while the Unseen still cannot interfere with the events he is observing, he is able to summon Blink to him and tells her of things going on in the greater multiverse, terrible creatures that are destroying time, space and dimension, and tells her that she is chosen by the device to act as protector of the very fabric of the Multiverse. However, due to this interference in the timestream, a faction of Watchers assaulted him with the objective of ending his involvement, even if it means the end of the Multiverse.

He has also continued Uatu's tradition of observing parallel universes, including observing a reality where Flash Thompson became Spider-Man only to turn himself in after accidentally killing Peter Parker. It is also revealed that the Maker is aware of the Unseen's existence.

After the "Empyre" event, the Unseen observes as the Avengers, Fantastic Four, Kree/Skrull Alliance, and Cotati end the oldest war in the universe. As Quoi is held captive, Wolverine detects a presence nearby, and Thor notes that they are being watched. Later, the Unseen retrieves ancient weapons from the First Race, predating the Elders of the Universe, Asgardians, and Celestials. Examining them, the Unseen discovers their origin and is overwhelmed with energy as the one-eyed Uatu is resurrected. Uatu only says, "There shall be...a reckoning" when asked how he came back to life.

Reckoning War
While reconstructing his home, Uatu learns of how Nick Fury became Unseen by tapping into the Cyclopedia Universum. It revealed that three of Uatu's brothers and sisters broke their non-interference vow by judging Nick Fury and fusing what's left of Uatu with Nick Fury making him a Human/Watcher hybrid that they chained to a rock. After viewing some of the good things that Unseen did and the weapons used by the Cotati which caused Uatu to be revived, he states that the technology did not belong to the Cotati. While he cannot commute Nick Fury's sentence, he does release him from his punishment by removing the chains on him since he needs an operative to get the job done and makes Nick Fury his herald. The first war is coming and Uatu states that everything and everyone is in peril as Nick Fury accepts his offer to aid him.

During the "Reckoning War" storyline, Nick Fury and Uatu meet up with Mister Fantastic to inform them about the Reckoning. When Uatu tries to appeal to the other Watchers for help, he is condemned to watch the "What If" scenario he never looked at himself in the form of a world where he never interfered by alerting the FF to the coming of Galactus, which ended with the team suffering serious injuries but driving Galactus back and reverse-engineering Galactus's technology to create a new power source for Earth. Uatu is left condemned to watch this world in a loop for the rest of his life as punishment for his interference, but Nick Fury followed the Watchers and managed to release Uatu from the chair. At the same time, Fury was able to reveal to Uatu that the vision he was being shown ended just before it was revealed that Reed's new energy generator would overload and erase the universe, leaving Uatu shaken but assured that his interference was right after all.

In the conclusion, Uatu builds a new Watchtower for Fury and entrusts him to secure the Ultimate Nullifier as the Unseen and humanity's shield.

Powers, abilities, and equipment
According to the comic books, Nick Fury's aging has been slowed greatly by the Infinity Formula, a serum created by Dr. Berthold Sternberg. Fury was first inoculated with the serum in the 1940s. Fury took the serum annually for many years. Originally Fury had to take the formula annually or the effects would be reversed, allowing his body to reach its actual chronological age. Nick Fury is depicted as an active athletic man despite his advanced chronological age, though writers have sometimes portrayed Fury as being past his prime despite the Infinity Formula as in the Fury and Wolverine graphic novel. As of the "Original Sin" story arc, it is revealed that at some point the Infinity Formula stopped working for him and Fury has only pretended to stop aging by using LMDs.

Fury's injured left eye, though initially minimally affected by a grenade blast during World War II, has over the decades resulted in a 95% loss of vision in this eye. Despite some comments to the contrary, Fury has not had the eye removed, nor bionically enhanced, and he merely covers it with a cosmetic eye-patch to prevent depth perception distortion. He has explained that when needing to disguise himself, he only needs to remove the eyepatch, slip in a contact lens and darken his hair, as everyone always looks for a one-eyed man.

Fury is a seasoned unarmed and armed combat expert, was a heavyweight boxer in the army (during World War II) and holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and a brown belt in Jiu Jitsu. He has further honed his unarmed combat skills sparring with Captain America. The character is a combat veteran of three wars, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, as well as numerous "military adviser" missions and clandestine operations ("a dozen conflicts you've never even heard of"). He is trained as a paratrooper, Ranger, a demolitions expert, vehicle specialist (including aircraft and seagoing vessels), and a Green Beret.

Fury has access to a wide variety of equipment and weaponry designed by S.H.I.E.L.D. technicians. He wears a S.H.I.E.L.D. uniform made of 9-ply Kevlar (able to withstand ballistic impact up to .45 caliber bullets) and a Beta cloth (type C), a fire-resistant material, which has a kindling temperature of 1700 °F. Fury uses various types of handguns, including a .15 caliber needle gun, a government issue .45 caliber automatic, a captured German Luger in 9mm Parabellum, a modified semi-automatic Walther PPK in 9 mm Parabellum, and the Ingram MAC-10 machine pistol in .45 ACP.

As the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., Fury has access to the entire S.H.I.E.L.D. highly advanced arsenal of weaponry; various air, land, and sea craft provided by S.H.I.E.L.D.; and numerous S.H.I.E.L.D. paraphernalia, including a radio-link tie and a bulletproof suit. Due to his high-ranking status, even when S.H.I.E.L.D. is directed by Tony Stark, Norman Osborn and Steve Rogers, Fury retains access to several S.H.I.E.L.D. warehouses and paraphernalia that are unknown to anyone else but him.

After his transformation into The Unseen, Nick Fury now possesses the same Cosmic Awareness as the Watchers, which grants him the ability to observe different timelines, allowing him to see the past, present and even possible futures of every alternate timeline.

1602
In the 1602 miniseries, Nick Fury appears as Sir Nicholas Fury, Queen Elizabeth I's chief of intelligence. His character was modeled after Queen Elizabeth's real-life spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham.

Avataars
In the Avataars: Covenant of the Shield miniseries Nick Fury appears as Regent Nicholas, who watches over the throne of Avalon "with his elite guard as its shield".

Back in the USSA
In the alternate history novel Back in the USSA by Eugene Byrne and Kim Newman, Fury is mentioned as being among a group of military officers hoping to take power from President J. R. Ewing after the collapse of the United Socialist States of America.

Deadpool Merc with a Mouth
Deadpool visits a universe where the Wild West still exists, and Nick Fury is the sheriff of a town there.

Earth X
In the Earth X universe, Nick Fury is dead. Several LMDs still exist and fight against Cold War-era communists, such as the current leader of Russia, Piotr Rasputin. One attacks Piotr when he is meeting with Captain America's party.

Ennis
In the Marvel MAX-imprint miniseries Fury vol. 2, by writer Garth Ennis and penciller Darick Robertson, Fury is a burned-out Cold War veteran unable to cope with the modern world. He is swiftly drawn into a conflict with an old Hydra enemy and the new bureaucratic version of S.H.I.E.L.D. This version continues to appear in Ennis' Punisher series. A 2012 sequel series named Fury: My War Gone By followed Fury's involvement in 1960's anti-Communist military action, including Vietnam and Cuba.

A six-part prequel miniseries named Fury: Peacemaker, written by Ennis, was published in 2006 under the Marvel Knights imprint. It portrays a young Sergeant Fury during World War II, who learns the art of war in the deserts of North Africa with the newly formed British SAS and ultimately joins them on a mission to assassinate an important German general.

House of M
In the alternate reality of the crossover story arc House of M, Nick Fury has vanished some time ago. During the mutant purges of the armed forces (which involved outright executions of most of the human field-officers) Nick Fury is kept on as a subservient Drill Instructor, because his talents are too valuable. He makes an enemy of one of his soldiers, Earshot, who has the power to throw his voice with precision over long distances. Earshot uses this power to trick Nick Fury into a trap, seemingly killing him. It is hinted that the trap was actually planned by Wolverine, another of Fury's soldiers.

Marvel Mangaverse
In the Marvel Mangaverse imprint, Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., disappears for a time to mastermind the death of 99% of the superhuman population. He is assisted by that universe's Black Cat. It is said, by his mind-controlled victim, Sharon Carter, that the motivation for the superhero deaths is jealousy.

Marvel Zombies
In Marvel Zombies, Nick Fury organizes a resistance against the zombies but is eventually devoured by the zombified Fantastic Four on the Helicarrier. Shortly before he dies, Fury orders Thor to destroy the teleporter built by Tony Stark, despite the fact that the small group of heroes in the room could use it to escape, in order to prevent the Fantastic Four from escaping to other dimensions, effectively saving the multiverse from the zombie plague.

MC2
In the alternate reality known as the MC2 Universe, Nick Fury is alive and well and is still running S.H.I.E.L.D.

Mutant X
In the alternate reality of the X-Men-related miniseries Mutant X, Fury leads S.H.I.E.L.D., an anti-mutant policing organization. It is corrupt, and brainwashes its personnel to violently hate all mutants. Fury himself is an extreme megalomaniac, and kills his own men at the slightest questioning of his orders.

Ruins
In the Ruins universe, claiming to still be a government agent, Nick Fury was stationed in Washington, D.C., which had fallen into a state of disrepair after "President X" moved the White House to New York. He met Philip Sheldon, who asked for an interview for a book he was writing. Fury assaulted Sheldon thinking he was a political writer, and insisted that he had no connection with the recently deceased Avengers, then telling him that it was Captain America that introduced him to eating human meat during World War II. After shooting a rabid dog, Fury sat on the corpse until approached and solicited by Jean Grey, a prostitute. Killing her, then igniting a nearby car, he told Sheldon he needed to take a short nap, then put the gun under his chin and pulled the trigger.

The Transformers
Fury and Dum Dum Dugan appear in the alternate universe toy-license series The Transformers #3 (Jan. 1985).

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, General Nick Fury is African American born in Huntsville, Alabama, with his look and personality closely tailored after actor Samuel L. Jackson who eventually went on to play the live-action adaptation of Nick Fury within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Nicholas Fury fought for the United States in World War II. During the invasion of Sicily, he, along with Private Fisk (the grandfather of Wilson Fisk) and Canadian paratrooper Corporal Howlett, attempted to loot a house. American military police arrived to arrest them, and all three were subdued. Fisk was grazed by a bullet, while Fury was imprisoned in an unknown location alongside several other black men, and Howlett, despite protests that he was Canadian, was also shipped to an unknown location. Fury was selected to be the next test subject for Project: Rebirth, as his blood work most closely matched that of Subject #22, the most successful of the previous test subjects. He was injected with a serum that gave him super-strength, which he used to free himself and the other prisoners, who then escaped. The scientists who were working on him let him escape, deciding that they have all the information that they needed for now.

After attending college in India, Fury enlisted in the U.S. military, where he was deployed into various conflicts such as the Kosovo War. He was later assigned to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Weapon X program in the original Gulf War. While transporting the mind wiped Wolverine in an adamantium cage, an Iraqi guerrilla ambushed and killed his team, inadvertently freeing Wolverine from his prison. After slaughtering the Iraqi guards, Wolverine discovered Fury, the only survivor of the ambush, and transported him back through the desert to the Allied forces. Although Wolverine was summarily subdued and re-imprisoned by his handlers, a bond between the two men was formed. The next day, Fury, already mostly healed, was confronted by General Thaddeus Ross. The General had discovered much was unusual about Fury and questioned him at length, prompting him to reexamine where he was going in life.

Years later, the X-Men were abducted and imprisoned by the Weapon X program. This program was overseen at the time by Wraith, who had previously staged a coup against General Ross. This coup had prevented Ross from dismantling the Weapon X program altogether. Wolverine, the only X-Man who eludes capture, later asks Fury for help in freeing the other X-Men and bringing down the Weapon X program. During the operation, which also involves the Brotherhood of Mutants, Wraith was about to kill Nightcrawler, but was shot dead by Fury.

Fury is summarily promoted to General and resumes the duties of the Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. He was tasked with forming a team to battle posthuman threats and resurrecting the Super-Soldier program, two objectives that resulted in the formation of the Ultimates. Fury operates as the commander of the team, at times leading them into action, though he often shares duties with the revived World War II hero Captain America and billionaire genius Iron Man. Nick Fury is also responsible for monitoring superhumans who are not affiliated with the U.S. Military, including Peter Parker and the X-Men.

Nick Fury lost his right arm in a battle against the Liberators in The Ultimates 2. He replaced it shortly thereafter with a bionic one.

Nick Fury has also been involved in the Ultimate Spider-Man comics. In them, he meets Peter after Norman Osborn returns. He states that S.H.I.E.L.D. was able to figure out who Peter was because of the security shots of the OZ Spider biting Peter, as well as Doctor Octopus screaming that Peter Parker is Spider-Man while in jail. Nick Fury has been watching Peter and informs him that, due to his illegal genetically altered status, he will become the property of S.H.I.E.L.D. when he turns eighteen. Although Fury wants him to be part of the Ultimates, this may have changed because the Ultimates broke apart. Peter and Fury's relationship became strained after the "Hobgoblin" arc. Peter punches Fury for ignoring his questions for why Harry Osborn became the Hobgoblin. At that point, Fury told one of his scientists that he wanted to know everything about OZ and that it was time for Peter Parker to lose his spider powers. This follows on to the Ultimate Clone Saga, in which it is revealed by Fury that the Tinkerer's Spider-Slayers were developed to handle Peter if and when he ever went insane. Mary Jane Watson, upon discovering Fury's intentions, tells him that Peter looks up to him like a father. This convinced Fury to let Peter keep his powers, and he apologizes to Peter, stating that in his line of work he's been trained to expect someone in Peter's position to crack under stress.

During Ultimate Power, Fury was judged to be at least partially responsible for the devastation of much of Earth-31916 along with Emil Burbank. Burbank had sought a means to defeat the Hyperion of that universe. An alien organism, unleashed in an attempt to achieve this, spread throughout the United States, causing widespread devastation. A probe sent by Reed Richards provided evidence that an "invasion from another universe" was responsible. The Squadron Supreme was dispatched to the Ultimate Universe in order to arrest Richards so that he could stand trial for his "crimes". A lengthy battle ensued between the Squadron on one side and the Ultimates, Spider-Man, the X-Men, and the Fantastic Four on the other. Richards, believing himself to be responsible when the Squadron produced his probe as evidence, surrendered himself. Fury was unwilling to accept this and convinced Thor to create a bridge to Earth-31916, through which the Helicarrier was able to travel. Once there, another battle between the Squadron and the Ultimate Universe heroes began. Spider-Man learns that Fury had an ulterior motive - the retrieval of the probes and their data, and had conspired with Doctor Doom to do so. In addition, Fury had brought insurance in the form of the Hulk. It took the combined power of the Ultimate Universe heroes, the Earth-31916 Squadron Supreme, and their counterparts from Earth-712 to defeat the Hulk, but Doom had proven to be simply a Doombot. To stop the fighting, the Ultimates agreed to turn over Fury to the Earth-31916 Squadron and to allow Power Princess to return with them to their universe. Fury tries to convince them that they are making a mistake, but his pleas are ignored.

Fury is seen still stranded in Earth-31916 in Squadron Supreme (Vol. 2) #1. He has apparently fulfilled the prophecy made by Hyperion in Ultimate Power #9.

Fury returns to the Ultimate Universe in Ultimatum #4 and is instrumental in defeating Magneto. Jean Grey telepathically relays the information discovered by Fury in Ultimate Origins that mutants are not the next stage in human evolution, but are in fact the result of experimentation done by humans. This revelation causes Magneto to reverse the damage done to the Earth's magnetic poles.

Following the events of Ultimatum, Fury is informed by Hawkeye about how Captain America discovered the secret of the Red Skull. Fury asks head of S.H.I.E.L.D. Carol Danvers for permission to start up a "death squad" in order to catch the Red Skull and Cap, which he then carries out with the help of Hawkeye, Dr. Gregory Stark, and the rest of the Ultimate Avengers.

In Ultimate Comics: Avengers Fury returned to S.H.I.E.L.D. again. After learning that Captain America went rogue after discovering that the Red Skull was his biological son, Fury re-activated "Project Avenger" and recruited a team of questionable super humans to find Captain America. Following Captain America's capture, Fury briefed the Avengers of AIM's purpose of creating the Cosmic Cube to build their visioned utopia and readied his team to thwart the organization's plans.

Fury guided his team of Avengers from headquarters, with the secret intent to go ahead with "Plan B", which is to detonate a nuclear warhead that was built into War Machine's armor by Gregory Stark in case the mission failed.

Captain America managed to arrive at the location of the battle between the Red Skull and the Avengers and teleported the jet to the exact location where the Red Skull was standing, impaling him through the chest with one of the rods that protrudes from its nose. The Red Skull was taken to a hospital and kept alive long enough for Gail, his mother, to say her goodbyes. Red Skull explained to Fury that all he wanted to do with the Cosmic Cube was turn back time and prevent Steve Rogers from being lost during the war so that he could grow up with him and lead a normal life, rather than the one he was given. Petra Laskov, dressed as a doctor, then entered the room and shot Red Skull in the head, killing him.

A short time later, Fury is fixing his damaged prosthetic arm while speaking with Gregory Stark. Gregory concludes that it was in fact Fury himself who hired the Red Skull to come out of retirement, in some sort of plot to resurrect Project Avengers, securing him a position in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s employment and eventually regaining his old title as Director. Fury told him that was how he got the job the first time, and expects the same outcome this time as well. Fury and his Avengers later faced threats from the Ghost Rider and a vampiric menace. In Ultimate Avengers vs. New Ultimates, Stark would end up framing Fury for selling information to North Korea and stealing his position as S.H.I.E.L.D. Director and charging Fury's ex-assistant Carol Danvers' New Ultimates to apprehend him, ending in a standstill when Stark caught Fury, revealing he was manipulating both. Fury and his Avengers take down Stark's forces with Thor landing a strike from his hammer, killing Gregory.

In "Ultimate Enemy", approximately six months after Ultimatum, Fury is Black OPS and is "Off the Grid". He was enjoying a meal while under cover when the restaurant he was at was attacked by a creature with energy powers. Fury manages to hold the creature at bay until Spider-Man and Human Torch arrive at the scene to investigate. The creature vanishes after a short battle with the three of them. Peter is surprised to see Fury alive, as he has not seen him for months.

Nick breaks into the Triskelion and confronts Carol Danvers in the ladies' room and points a gun to her head, exclaiming that she is the only person who knew he was alive and would have motive to have him killed. The two fight before being interrupted by a female S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, informing Danvers that an attack has been made in Queens, which Fury knows is where the Parker residence is located. Simultaneously, the two order a Battalion of Hulkbuster agents to get to Queens to intercept the attacker, where they succeed in apprehending the monster attacking superhumans.

Attempting to atone for his mistakes with Peter, Fury has taken on a more direct mentor role for Miles Morales as the new Spider-Man.

When the Peter Parker of Earth-616 is sent to the Ultimate Universe, Fury interrogates him for information about his presence in this universe, accepting Peter's story that he came from another universe as nobody would come up with something that insane as a lie. Peter also notes that Ultimate Nick Fury is a lot cooler than the version Peter knows. Attempting to atone for his mistakes with his Peter, Fury allows the other Peter to visit his counterpart's family, and is satisfied when Peter gives Miles his blessing to become that world's new Spider-Man.

Nick joined HYDRA using a bio-camouflage to change his appearance under the name of "Scorpio" (resembling his classic mainstream look), stating that his motivations were to destroy the government that took everything away from him, although he still had a different agenda apart from Hydra's. The Ultimates managed to track him and tried to capture him, believing he was the traitor who provided Hydra with S.H.I.E.L.D. weapons. During an attack to Hydra's Death's Head camp, it was revealed Nick Fury was trying to destroy Hydra from the inside, while the S.H.I.E.L.D. traitor was actually Hydra leader Commander Crimson who used an Infinity Gem to battle her enemies, until a burst of energy made her disappear along with the artifact.

In the aftermath of the battle, Nick told Monica Chang he was planning to create his own team, the Howling Commandos, to battle Hydra the way the Ultimates couldn't, along ex-Hydra agent Abigail Brand. Before leaving, Chang told Fury he would be under her supervision.

As the final Incursion of Earth-1610 and Earth-616 begins, the Maker (Reed Richards of Earth-1610) urges Fury to defend his world by attacking Earth-616. Despite not trusting the Maker, Fury sends every weapon and hero in his arsenal against the Marvel Universe's heroes. His invasion fails against the might of the defending forces, but it buys time for the Maker to launch his doomsday weapon.

Reception
In 2011, Fury was ranked 33rd in IGN's "Top 100 Comic Book Heroes", and 32nd in their list of "The Top 50 Avengers".

Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos

 * Marvel Masterworks: Sgt. Fury
 * Vol. 1 collects Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1–13, 320 pages, February 2006, ISBN 978-0-7851-2039-1
 * Vol. 2 collects Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #14–23 and Annual #1, 240 pages, June 2008, ISBN 978-0-7851-2928-8
 * Vol. 3 collects Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #24–32 and 'Annual #2, 224 pages, August 2010, ISBN 978-0-7851-4212-6
 * Essential Sgt Fury Vol. 1 collects Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1–23 and Annual #1, 544 pages, November 2011, ISBN 978-0-7851-6395-4

Strange Tales / Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.

 * Son of Origins of Marvel Comics includes Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. story from Strange Tales #135, 249 pages, October 1975, ISBN 978-0-671-22166-9
 * Marvel Masterworks: Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * Vol. 1 collects Strange Tales #135–153, Tales of Suspense #78, and Fantastic Four #21, 288 pages, September 2007, ISBN 978-0-7851-2686-7
 * Vol. 2 collects Strange Tales #154–168 and Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1–3, 272 pages, December 2009, ISBN 978-0-7851-3503-6
 * Vol. 3 collects Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #4–15, The Avengers #72, and Marvel Spotlight #31, 320 pages, December 2011, ISBN 978-0-7851-5034-3
 * S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Complete Collection Omnibus collects Strange Tales #135–168, Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1–15, Fantastic Four #21, Tales of Suspense #78, The Avengers #72, and Marvel Spotlight #31, 960 pages, October 2015, ISBN 978-0-7851-9852-9

Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D.

 * Marvel Comics Presents: Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. collects Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. #1–6, 1989
 * S.H.I.E.L.D.: Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. collects Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. #1–6, 304 pages, December 2011, ISBN 978-0-7851-5901-8

Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 3

 * Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Classic
 * Vol. 1 collects Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 3 #1–11, 272 pages, July 2012, ISBN 978-0-7851-6064-9
 * Vol. 2 collects Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 3 #12–23, 288 pages, February 2015, ISBN 978-0-7851-9345-6
 * Vol. 3 collects Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 3 #24–38, 288 pages, June 2015, ISBN 978-0-7851-9408-8

Secret Warriors

 * Secret Warriors Vol. 1: Nick Fury, Agent of Nothing collects Secret Warriors #1–6, 184 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-0-7851-3999-7

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nick Fury


text:
Richard Lyons

Richard Lyons may refer to:

 * Richard Lyons (Warden of the Mint) (1310–1381), royal councillor who was imprisoned by the Good Parliament in 1376 on suspicion of embezzlement
 * Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons (1817–1887), British diplomat
 * Richard Lyons (writer) (1920–2000), American poet, and Professor of English
 * Richard Lyons (mathematician) (born 1945), American mathematician, specializing in finite group theory. Namesake of the Lyons group
 * Dicky Lyons (born 1947), former American football player
 * Richard Lyons (business professor) (born 1961), American academic and Dean of the Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley
 * Richard Lyons (racing driver) (born 1979), British racing car driver
 * Richard Lyons (poet) (fl. 1984 – present), American poet and teacher
 * Richard J. Lyons (1895–1959), American lawyer and politician

title: Richard Lyons


text:
Åmmeberg

Åmmeberg is a locality situated in Askersund Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with 590 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated at an estuary by a fjord of lake Vättern. It existed as early as the 12th century and had a mill owned by the convent in Riseberga. It was the regional centre of trade until the founding of Askersund.

The first Swedish female aviator, Elsa Andersson, died at age 24 outside Åmmeberg during a parachute jump 22 January 1922 (her third ever).

According to local tradition Queen Christina of Sweden was to confer upon Åmmeberg city privileges, but her carriage broke down in Askersund, and the queen who preferred not travel any further decided that Askersund was to have the city rights.

It was the port of the mining industry in Zinkgruvan, an industry started by a Belgian company Vieille Montagne 1857. The mine belongs to Lundin Mining since June 2004.

It is the summerhome of former Sweden's ambassador to Switzerland, the novelist Jan Mårtenson, and has a small harbour and a seaside-golf course.

Riksdag elections
Åmmeberg is forming an electoral ward with nearby Zinkgruvan. While historically the area has been left-wing with an industrial and mining heritage, this has gradually been eroded in the 21st century, with the electoral ward going to the right-leaning parties for the first time in 2018.

title: Åmmeberg


text:
NKVD prisoner massacres

The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states and Bessarabia. After the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, NKVD troops were supposed to evacuate political prisoners to the interior of the Soviet Union, but the hasty retreat of the Red Army, a lack of transportation and other supplies, and general disregard for legal procedures often led to prisoners being simply executed.

Estimates of the death toll vary by location; nearly 9,000 in the Ukrainian SSR, 20,000–30,000 in eastern Poland (now part of Western Ukraine), with the total number reaching approximately 100,000 extrajudicial executions in the span of a few weeks.

Background
Operation Barbarossa surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in territories annexed by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were crowded with political prisoners. In occupied eastern Poland, the NKVD was given responsibility for liquidating or evacuating over 140,000 prisoners (NKVD evacuation order No. 00803). In Ukraine and Western Belorussia, 60,000 people were forced to evacuate on foot. The official Soviet count had more than 9,800 reportedly executed in prisons, 1,443 executed in the process of evacuation, 59 killed for attempting to escape, 23 killed by German bombs and 1,057 deaths from other causes.

"It was not only the numbers of the executed", wrote historian Yury Boshyk, who was quoted by Orest Subtelny, of the murders, "but also the manner in which they died that shocked the populace. When the families of the arrested rushed to the prisons after the Soviet evacuation, they were aghast to find bodies so badly mutilated that many could not be identified. It was evident that many of the prisoners had also been tortured before death; others were killed en masse".

Approximately two thirds of the 150,000 prisoners were murdered; most of the rest were transported into the interior of the Soviet Union, but some were abandoned in the prisons if there was no time to execute them, and others managed to escape.

Massacres
The NKVD killed prisoners in many places from Poland to Crimea. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD started to execute large numbers of prisoners in most of their prisons, and it evacuated the remainder in death marches. Most of them were political prisoners, who were imprisoned and executed without a trial. The massacres were later documented by the occupying German authorities and were used in anti-Soviet and anti-Jewish propaganda. After the war and in recent years, the authorities of Germany, Poland, Belarus, and Israel identified no fewer than 25 prisons whose prisoners were killed and a much larger number of mass execution sites.

Belarus

 * Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road in Berezwecz (present-day part of Hlybokaye): on the night of June 23–24 the NKVD executed at least several dozen inmates. The next day, the remaining prisoners were rushed towards Vitebsk. During the 120-kilometer march, they died en masse due to exhaustion, hunger and thirst, as well as at the hands of the guards. The last stop on the 'road of death' was the Taklinovo kolkhoz (present-day Mikalajeva), where on June 28, the Soviets executed almost all the prisoners. Approximately 1-2 thousand people were murdered in the evacuation of the prison in Berezwecz.
 * Chervyen massacre near Minsk: in late June, the NKVD started evacuating all prisons in Minsk. Between June 24 and June 27, at least 1,000 people were killed in Chervyen and in the death marches.
 * Hrodna (Grodno in pre-war Poland): on June 22, 1941, the NKVD executed several dozen people at the local prison. Execution of the remaining 1,700 prisoners was not possible due to the advance of the German army and hurried retreat of the NKVD executioners.
 * Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road: on June 24, 1941, the NKVD executed at least 28 prisoners held in Vileyka (Wilejka in pre-war Poland). Remaining prisoners, over 1,000 men and women, were forcibly marched eastward towards Barysaw. During the march, an estimated 500 to 800 prisoners died at the hands of guards.
 * Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road: in late June, the NKVD evacuated prisoners from Valozhyn (Wołożyn in pre-war Poland). After marching on foot for two days, approximately 100 prisoners were executed by the NKVD near the village of Tarasovo.

Estonia

 * Tartu massacre: on July 9, 1941, 193 detainees were shot in Tartu prison.

Lithuania

 * Vilnius (Wilno in pre-war Poland): after the German invasion, the NKVD murdered a large number of prisoners of the infamous Lukiškės Prison.
 * Rainiai massacre near Telšiai: up to 79 political prisoners were killed on June 24 and 25.
 * Pravieniškės prison near Kaunas: in June 1941, the NKVD murdered 260 political prisoners and all Lithuanian personnel in the prison.
 * Lithuanian prisoners were evacuated to Belarus and some of them were murdered, e.g., in the Chervyen massacre and near Bigosovo.

Poland
By 1941, much of the ethnically Polish population living under Soviet rule in the eastern half of Poland had already been deported to remote areas of the USSR. Others, including a large number of Polish civilians of other ethnicities (mostly Belarusians and Ukrainians), were held in provisional prisons in the region, where they awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in Moscow or to the Gulag. It is estimated that out of 13 million people living in eastern Poland, roughly half a million were jailed, and more than 90% of those were men. Thus approximately 10% of adult males were imprisoned at the time of the German offensive. Many died in prisons from torture or neglect. Methods of torture included scalding victims and cutting off their ears, noses and fingers. Timothy Snyder estimates that the NKVD shot some 9,817 imprisoned Polish citizens following the German invasion of the USSR in 1941.
 * NKVD massacre sites in pre-war Poland are now in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Ukraine
In Soviet-occupied western Ukraine, under the threat of German invasion NKVD committed various mass murders of prison inmates, including: "'From the courtyard, doors led to a large space, filled from top to bottom with corpses...Among them were many women. On the left wall, three men were crucified, barely covered by clothing from their shoulders, with severed male organs. Underneath them on the floor in half-sitting, leaning positions – two nuns with those organs in their mouths...most were stabbed in the stomach with a bayonet. Some were naked or almost naked, others in decent street clothes. One man was in a tie, mostly likely just arrested.'"These massacres were followed by the Lviv pogroms, committed by the German military and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists after the German takeover of the city. Jewish residents of the city were targeted by German soldiers, OUN members, and local citizens. In some instances, the pogroms and violence against Jewish residents was framed as justified revenge for the murders committed by the NKVD.
 * Berezhany massacre (Brzeżany in pre-war Poland): between June 26 and 30 June 1941 the crew of the NKVD prison executed from 174 to 300 Polish citizens. Among them were many Ukrainians.
 * Chortkiv (Czortków in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 100 to 200 prisoners held in the local prison. The remaining prisoners were evacuated further east, either by train or on foot, while hundreds died due to the inhumane conditions of transport or at the hands of guards. At the end of July 1941, 767 prisoners evacuated from Chortkiv were executed by Soviets in Uman (the Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison).
 * Donetsk Rutchenkovo Field
 * Dubno massacre (in pre-war Poland): between 23 and 25 June 1941, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 550 prisoners held in the Dubno prison. Only a few individuals survived the massacre.
 * Ivano-Frankivsk (Stanisławów in pre-war Poland): Over 500 Polish prisoners (including 150 women and dozens of children) were shot by the NKVD and buried in several mass graves at Dem'ianiv Laz.
 * Kharkiv tragedy: 1,200 prisoners were burned alive.
 * Lutsk massacre (Łuck in pre-war Poland): After the prison was hit by German bombs, Soviet authorities promised amnesty to all political prisoners to prevent escapes. As they lined up outside they were machine-gunned by Soviet tanks. They were told: "Those still alive get up." Some 370 stood up and were forced to bury the dead, after which they were murdered as well. The Nazi foreign ministry claimed 1,500 Ukrainians were killed while the SS and Nazi military intelligence claimed 4,000.
 * Lviv (Lwów in pre-war Poland, Executions in Lviv (June 1941): the massacres in this city began immediately after the German attack, on June 22, and continued until June 28. The NKVD executed several thousand inmates in a number of provisional prisons. Among the most common methods of extermination were shooting prisoners in their cells, throwing grenades into the cells or starving them to death in the cellars. Some were simply bayoneted to death. It is estimated that over 4000 people were murdered that way, while the number of survivors is estimated at 270. A Ukrainian uprising briefly forced the NKVD to retreat, but it soon returned to kill the remaining prisoners in their cells. In the aftermath, medical students described the scene at one of the prisons:
 * Sambir massacre (Sambor in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners in the Sambir prison. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives.
 * Simferopol: on October 31, the NKVD shot a number of people in the NKVD building and the city prison.
 * Yalta: on November 4, the NKVD shot all the prisoners in the city prisons.
 * Zolochiv massacre (Złoczów in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed all inmates at Zolochiv prison, an estimated 650 to 720 individuals.

Soviet statistics for 78 Ukrainian prisons:
 * evacuated 45,569
 * killed inside the prisons 8,789
 * killed runaways 48
 * killed legally 123
 * killed illegally 55
 * left alive 3,536

Russia

 * Oryol: In September 1941, over 150 political prisoners (among them Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva, and Dmitri Pletnyov) were executed in Medvedevsky Forest near Oryol.
 * Kuybyshev: On 28 October 1941, 20 high ranking ex-Red Army officers and party officials were shot without trial in the village of Barbysh, Kuybyshev.

title: NKVD prisoner massacres


text:
Perl module

A Perl module is a discrete component of software for the Perl programming language. Technically, it is a particular set of conventions for using Perl's package mechanism that has become universally adopted. A module defines its source code to be in a package (much like a Java package), the Perl mechanism for defining namespaces, e.g. CGI or Net::FTP or XML::Parser; the file structure mirrors the namespace structure (e.g. the source code for Net::FTP is in Net/FTP.pm). Furthermore, a module is the Perl equivalent of the class when object-oriented programming is employed.

A collection of modules, with accompanying documentation, build scripts, and usually a test suite, composes a distribution. The Perl community has a sizable library of distributions available for search and download via CPAN.

Perl is a language allowing many different styles of programming. A developer is as likely to find a module written in a procedural style (for example, Test::Simple) as object-oriented (e.g. XML::Parser), both are considered equally valid according to what the module needs to do. Modules might also be used to mixin methods (DBIx::Class) or be a pragma (strict.pm) which has an effect immediately upon being loaded. Modules can even be used to alter the syntax of the language. The effect of Perl modules are usually limited to the current scope in which it was loaded.

It is common for Perl modules to have embedded documentation in Perl's Plain Old Documentation format. POD imposes little structure on the author. It is flexible enough to be used to write articles, web pages and even entire books such as Programming Perl. Contrast with javadoc which is specialized to documenting Java classes. By convention, module documentation typically follows the structure of a Unix man page.

The language of Perl is defined by the single implementation (referred to as "perl") and is added to (and in rare occasions taken away from) each new release. For this reason it is important for a module author to be aware what features they're making use of and what the minimum required version of perl is. The code on this page requires perl 5.6.0 which is considered rather old by now.

Examples
What follows are examples of "Hello, World" implemented in different styles of modules. It must be understood that a module is not necessary in Perl; functions and code can be defined and used anywhere. This is just for example purposes. Contrast with Java where a class is always necessary. A real "Hello, World" function would be written like so: or simply printed in one line:

Procedural example
Here is "Hello, World" implemented as a procedural module with a customizable target for the greeting, just to make things interesting. Also included is a short script to illustrate the module's use.

Hello/World.pm
Since Hello/World.pm is not in your @INC path, you must specify. on the command line to run the above example:

perl -I. hello_world.pl

Object-oriented example
Here's an example of the same thing done in an object-oriented style. The advantage of an OO module is that each object can be configured independently from other objects.

Perl packages and namespaces
A running Perl program has a built-in namespace called " ", which is the default name. For example, a subroutine called  can be called as   or. With a variable the appropriate sigil is placed in front of the namespace; so a scalar variable called  can also be referred to as , or even. Other namespaces can be created at any time.

Package declarations apply package scope till the next package declaration or the end of the block in which the declaration is made.

Packages and modules
Conventionally, namespaces are associated with modules; in practice, there is usually one namespace per module and vice versa, but that's not mandated by the language. For example, the 'standard' module CGI.pm has the following declaration at its top: This module, and its functionality, would commonly be invoked as follows: A 'missing' subroutine could be added from the using program's namespace. and invoked as below: However, though technically feasible, that would be dubious programming practice. You might just as well define the sub in the calling namespace, and call it from that namespace.

title: Perl module


text:
Talk:Hubert Humphrey

Primaries
Was it true in '68 that HHH had not only failed to win any primaries but had not even entered any? — Preceding unsigned comment added by JeremyToday (talk • contribs) 05:03, 28 June 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that's correct. Humphrey, who was serving as Johnson's VP, would not have challenged Johnson, so Humphrey's campaign didn't even begin until April, soon after Johnson's announcement that he wouldn't be a candidate.  There were many fewer primaries then, and I think that, by the time Humphrey got in, all the filing deadlines had passed. JamesMLane 28 June 2005 09:57 (UTC)

Until 1972 presidential candidates did not necessarily have to campaign in the primaries to win their party's presidential nomination. There were only about 15 or 16 presidential primaries, not enough to actually win the nomination. In most states the delegates were chosen by party leaders (governors, senators, and mayors of large cities) and many presidential candidates appealed directly to these "bosses" for delegate support instead of competing in primaries. In those days the primaries were usually seen as "beauty contests" in which poorly-known or underdog candidates could demonstrate their popularity with voters and thus impress the state bosses who actually controlled most of the delegate votes. However, Humphrey was the last presidential candidate from either party to win a nomination without competing in any primaries; after the disastrous 1968 Democratic Convention the party would change its nominating process so that the only way to win the nomination was through the primaries. 70.145.229.162 (talk) 03:38, 26 January 2013 (UTC) Beginning in 1972 the number of state primaries increased dramatically, and by the 1980s the old practice of having state "bosses" choose delegates to the national conventions was virtually extinct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.145.229.162 (talk) 14:42, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

Tom Lehrer song
The song by Tom Lehrer is mentioned three separate times: in the 1968 Presidential election section, the Trivia section, and the See Also section. Each one mentions pretty much the same thing and so I think it is redundant to mention it three times. Where is the proper place for it to be mentioned in the text? Tommy11111 03:36, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Name change?
It was proposed at WP:RM that this article be renamed to Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr.. I disagree with the move, per WP:NAME. I'm posting here, anyway, to create a place for discussion of the proposal. -GTBacchus(talk) 18:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Contradicts WP:NAME. --Serge 19:30, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry - I misunderstood the desired convention. I've withdrawn the request.  --Appraiser 19:41, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

"But not Senator Goldwater"
That speech deserves mention.71.178.239.117 04:24, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a nice speech. I added a quote from Time about it.--Appraiser 13:14, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Presidential and Vice-Presidential ambitions (1952–1964)
The start of the 2nd paragraph reads: "Although a life-long opponent of bigotry, Humphrey used Kennedy's Catholicism against him in the West Virginia primary." The wording strongly implies that Humphrey attacked Kennedy on the basis of his religion. If this is the case, it should be noted; if not, the sentenced should be rephrased.Plazak 22:54, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I had thought that Humphrey intentionally had rallied the anti-Catholic sentiment, but in a quest to find a citation for that, I found that he did not do that. He was frustrated though that Kennedy was using the issue to imply that people who voted for Humphrey were bigots.  So, I changed the first sentence and added a citation, which really covers the whole topic.--Appraiser 13:52, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Durham-Humphrey amendment
I think that HHH's most lasting legacy is his co-authorship of the legislation that created the category of prescription-only medications. (Ironic, that. He wanted to go back to college to get degrees in poly-sci, and turns out that he needed that three-year Ph.G. degree in his political career as well...) Shalom S. (talk) 16:32, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Two Attempts to Join the Military?
Given the intense conscription pressure and the enormous manpower needs during WW II, it seems very unlikely that Humphrey -- who campaigned so vigorously later in life -- would have been rejected by the military for a hernia. It seems quite likely that Humphrey came up with that explanation for his lack of service during a big, popular war, but just speaking as a person who has been drafted, I know that excuses such as hernias or poor hearing were routinely brushed aside and the people were indeed drafted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.44.145.224 (talk) 00:50, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Humphrey did suffer from a hernia for many years, and in fact sometimes had to wear a truss (medicine), so he wasn't making that up as an excuse. As to whether he could still have served in the military in some capacity during the war, I of course don't know. 70.145.229.162 (talk) 07:25, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Solberg's bio says HHH had both a hernia (reported by most sources) and calcified lungs. It also describes his as a very unhealthy adolescent and young adult who used to pass out regularly. So there's more here than just the hernia. However, hernias were potentially disqualifying. I Don't recall just off hand what kind of hernia he had, but when I stumble over the information again I'll compare it to what's already here. Also, at the time people were sometimes removed from the draft roles because they had failed a previous physical when applying to serve. This means that some people got disqualified for some demanding form of service they were requesting, and this automatically disqualified them from serving elsewhere even though they might have been able to pass that less stringent physical. I know this sounds silly, But it did happen back then.Fydorpetrovich (talk) 01:27, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Humphrey failed an Army physical in December 1944 for a double hernia, color blindness, and calcification of the lungs. He also had fainting spells when he worked at his dad's drugstore, so he clearly had some medical/health issues that could legitimately have kept him from military service. Of course, some men found creative ways to enter military service anyway, like Harry Truman, who knew his poor eyesight would fail him on a physical, so he memorized the eye chart to pass, and did serve in World War One. At least two Humphrey biographies feature numerous letters from Humphrey to local draft boards and friends in which he states that he wants to serve because he knows a lack of military service during the war could hurt his future career in politics. It may not sound very noble, but the letters do confirm that Humphrey did try repeatedly to enter military service, as he knew a lack of service could adversely affect his career, and this proved to be the case, as the Kennedys used the inaccurate draft-dodger charge with great effectiveness against him in the 1960 West Virginia primary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.154.64.244 (talk) 19:04, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Pro-Life Democratic
This should be mencioned. He appears like that in the Democrats for Life of America article.85.244.52.62 (talk) 16:54, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Daniel Schorr
The section "The Vice Presidency" contains this one-sentence paragraph:
 * "Humphrey, as Vice President, was regarded as being on particularly good terms with CBS journalist Daniel Schorr."

As it stands, this is a disconnected bit of trivia. Any reason to leave it in? Plazak (talk) 01:04, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Smoking
Is it worth mentioning that Humphrey believed his smoking habit had caused his cancer? (92.3.231.108 (talk) 18:52, 20 January 2011 (UTC))

Moral Test of Government
I think someone needs to find out which speech and what date Hubert Humphrey said this with a source and cite it, or remove it from the article. I Googled the quote and general fractions of it and all I find are other random quote sites with a copy/paste of the quote Wikipedia has, but no YT clip of the speech or any reliably official-looking source. For all I can tell, it's just a popular myth and wasn't actually ever said, or at least not by Humphrey. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.195.230.26 (talk) 00:31, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Bartleby's Quotations states that Humphrey delivered these lines in a speech dedicating the new Hubert H. Humphrey building in Washington, DC on November 1, 1977, shortly before his death from cancer. Their source is the Congressional Quarterly, which is certainly legitimate. Additionally, I also found an article on the Georgetown University Health Policy Institute website which includes the quote. I do think it's legit, although if someone could find the Congressional Quarterly article it would be conclusive. The link to Bartleby's is here: http://www.bartleby.com/73/724.html. 70.145.229.162 (talk) 06:58, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

contributions of $500 or less
The "The 1968 Presidential election" section ends with an out of place single-line comparing the percentage of Humphrey's campaign fundraising to Wallace's. It seems essentially irrelevant to an encyclopedic article, but it may just be poorly integrated into the body of the article. Thoughts? Pro-Apocalyptic (talk) 00:33, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I think similar numbers about Nixon should be there also. Why compare two of the three candidates in the race, without mentioning the third? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.143.202.206 (talk) 03:47, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree and have deleted the sentence. It is completely irrelevant to the rest of the section and seems totally out of place, and the fact that it only compares Humphrey's funding to George Wallace and not Nixon also makes it oddly placed. If someone wants to add Nixon's fundraising and somehow connect it to the rest of the section then it can be returned. 2602:304:691E:5A29:2C02:4037:343A:9B90 (talk) 15:32, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Willkie Republican?
Humphrey biographies I have read (Solberg, etc) do say that he said he voted for Wilkie in '40, But voting for someone doesn't make you a member of their party. (That's why we have the well-known term Reagan Democrats)

These biographies are also quite clear on Humphrey's life-long dedication to the Ideals of the democratic party. I think some confusion arises from the fact that Humphrey ran for only Non-partisan offices before his Senate race in 48. (by statute, no affiliation could be listed on the ballot for his Mayoral races)

However He was approached after his 48 loss by a group of wealthy Republicans who offered him both political support, and a large house (!), if he would become a Republican.(From Solberg)

He has also been described as a life-long Democrat by various sources. I'll find specific page citations some time soon, but wanted to post this here first to see if there's going to be any major resistance to this change. I might also point out in this context that the source used for claiming he was a 'Wilkie republican' is a general book about politics, not a biography of HHH.Fydorpetrovich (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 19:57, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Frankly, I have a problem with the entire quote. It is cited, but the citation is from The American Conservative, a right-wing journal, so it is a biased, non-neutral source. Not only is the source's claim that Humphrey was a "Willkie Republican" in error, but it is also in error when it states that Humphrey was opposed to "Bryanism" (William Jennings Bryan), as Humphrey repeatedly expressed his admiration for many of Bryan's ideals as a graduate student and political leader. In fact, his biographer Solberg, and other biographies, all argue that Humphrey was a Midwestern prairie populist in the Bryan tradition. The source, in short, gets several of its facts wrong regarding Humphrey, and is obviously written from a slanted, biased viewpoint. I would suggest that the entire quote simply be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.154.53.244 (talk) 19:36, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Dan Cohen's biography of Humphrey, Undefeated: The Life of Hubert H. Humphrey, clearly states that Humphrey supported FDR, not Willkie, in the 1940 campaign, and he even debated a Willkie supporter on a Minneapolis radio station. Combined with the error from the quote regarding Humphrey not following in William Jennings Bryan's footsteps, I have deleted the quote from The American Conservative and replaced it with cited statements from Cohen's more neutral (and accurate) biography. The passages from Cohen regarding Humphrey's support of FDR is on pages 66-67 of his book. 2602:304:691E:5A29:91B7:A767:28BA:7C3C (talk) 01:53, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I have read Solberg's biography, and I don't remember reading anywhere that Humphrey voted for Willkie in '40. Maybe I missed it, but the gist of Solberg's writing was that Humphrey was a committed New Deal, FDR Democrat in all four of FDR's elections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.154.64.244 (talk) 16:35, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Solberg writes that a prominent Minnesota Republican claimed that Humphrey told him that he voted for Willkie in 1940, but given the evidence presented by Solberg, Cohen, and other biographers this appears to be highly unlikely. The Minnesota Republican was one of those who was trying to get Humphrey to enter Minnesota politics as a Republican rather than a Democrat, and was "disappointed" when Humphrey refused and did join the Democratic-Farmer-Labor party. In other words, the only claim that Humphrey voted for Willkie comes from a highly suspect source, not Humphrey himself, and all other evidence - such as Cohen's mention that Humphrey supported FDR against Willkie in a debate on a Minneapolis radio station - pretty clearly negates that assertion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.154.64.244 (talk) 16:07, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Religion
Was he:

United Church of Christ or United Methodist?

because its quite relevant, both are Protestant but its:

Calvinism/Reformed (Congregationalist tradition) vs. Methodism

which is a significant difference.Ernio48 (talk) 02:44, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

Statue of HHH
In the article, there is a link to a panoramio featuring the statue of Hubert H Humphrey in front of the Minneapolis City Hall. Panoramio will be permanently unavailable following November 4th, 2017, as it was closed with promise of a year of access the year previous. I'm not well-versed in how Panoramio works, but it would be excellent if someone could either grab the image from that site or get a new one in person before it becomes inaccessible. - A HHH Job Corps Student - 173.165.233.165 (talk) 17:34, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

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 * HumphreyHHBust.jpg

A week later
What happened to the statement that he could have won if the election had been held a week later.

There is no valid reason for its removal. 114.73.110.224 (talk) 00:15, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I assume it was removed because it was unverifiable speculation. He could've won if he had gotten more votes. – Muboshgu (talk) 00:28, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/hubert-h-humphrey
 * https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hubert-Humphrey
 * The latter states: "Many observers concluded that he would have won the election had it been held a week later." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.73.110.224 (talk) 04:48, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 February 2020
Under "Fifth Senate term", line 2 "economic surplus" should be "economic stimulus", according to paragraph 15 of the cited source https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/04/archives/democrats-criticize-carter-on-priorities-congressional-leaders.html C Lewison (talk) 23:38, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done Passes verification, that was indeed stated incorrectly in the prior version. Thanks for the correction. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 21:49, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 July 2020
Please add the category Category:People who died in office. 2601:241:300:B610:ADA4:D47B:9B35:3DF2 (talk) 03:45, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. Thanks for the note. Binksternet (talk) 03:55, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 June 2021
The article cites January 5, 1977 as the date on which Senator Humphrey became Deputy President Pro Tempore of the Senate. However, the office wasn't actually created and assumed until January 10, 1977, and should be changed to reflect that Senator Humphrey did not take office as Deputy President Pro Tempore until that date.

See page 12 of the Senate Record of January 10, 1977, S. Res. 17:

For further reference, Congress.gov, S. Res 17, 95th Congress, 1977-78: 24.151.83.95 (talk) 05:30, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

George Wallace
Strange to me that there is no real background on George Wallace running in the 1968 election. He is mentioned, but only by his surname. Surely we can add his first name and create a hyperlink to his wiki page.

I would do this myself, but I'm not certain how it's done.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace 2605:A000:BFC0:21:94E6:7356:1FEF:7D78 (talk) 00:00, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi protected edit request
Humphrey is notable far more for being a politician, not for being a pharmacist. Politician should be placed first in the lede paragraph. I would be bold and add it myself but I don't have the permissions. 82.35.44.68 (talk) 04:25, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed--it was a minor role to help the family and he disliked the role & rejected proposals to make it a career. I just dropped it. Rjensen (talk) 06:24, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Management
— Assignment last updated by Elvtf99 (talk) 03:53, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Error on Hubert Humphrey
These page incorrectly states the Humphrey was the 38th Vice President when in fact he was 36th. 2601:481:8600:3CC0:7D9D:320F:DFE3:407A (talk) 08:23, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Humphrey was the 38th vice president. Perhaps your mistake comes from the fact that he served under LBJ, the 36th president. – Muboshgu (talk) 16:30, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

New photo?
I found an actual color version of Hubert Humphrey's 1965 Vice Presidential portrait (top), should we use it as his Wikipedia photo? – Helloguyswhatisup (talk) 15:37, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I think somebody made a better version, which corrects the color degredation of the original. Should we hold a vote on whether to use the color version or the B&W version? – Helloguyswhatisup (talk) 13:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * A vote should not be held because, as I have said multiple times, just because there is a colored image doesn’t means it is the better option. Image 1 and Image 2 are very low quality images and blurry and we don’t even know if they were actually produced by the US Government, while Image 3 is of better quality, doesn’t have sunmarks on the image and more accurately shows what Humphrey looked like in 1965 HistorianL (talk) 15:24, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I won't speak to the quality of the color picture or my edit since I'm obviously biased, but at the very least I do think it's pretty clear that this is a work of the U.S. Government. Source credits the U.S.S.S. and even if we disregard that it appears as though both photographs are from the same shoot. PequodOnStationAtLZ (talk) 16:10, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, the website where I found it is the personal collection of a Secret Service agent, where the Secret Service is directly cited as the author of the photo. – Helloguyswhatisup (talk) 16:24, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Due to the vote being held, I submit my vote for Option 3 HistorianL (talk) 18:06, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I will submit my vote for Option 2 – Helloguyswhatisup (talk) 19:09, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 3 is my preference. Sandcherry (talk) 03:06, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Since it has been almost a week since the start of the vote, i am assuming that this vote has now concluded, with Option 3 winning 2-1. I also believe that we should add the discussion closed template, since the vote has concluded. HistorianL (talk) 22:14, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I disagree, we should keep discussion open in the event a better version of the color portrait is found Helloguyswhatisup (talk) 22:51, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * If that happens, a new vote can be proposed. In terms of this talk page, the vote was 2-1 for the B&W Image, even after almost more then a week and a half after the intial vote had started.
 * It would simply be to close the discussion at this point in time, and it can always be reopened in the future HistorianL (talk) 00:30, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Agree to close the discussion and reopen it if needed.Sandcherry (talk) 17:11, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2024
"and statesman" in the very first sentence. Statesman is in the eye of the beholder. He was a politician who ran for many political offices. If he was a "statesman," provide ample details. His political views do not confer statesmanship. BlackKnightGC (talk) 16:57, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. PianoDan (talk) 21:39, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hubert Humphrey