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National Liberal Party (Germany)

The National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire which flourished between 1867 and 1918.

During the Prussian-led unification of Germany, the National Liberals became the dominant party in the Reichstag. While supporting the common ideals of liberalism and nationalism, the party contained two wings, which reflected the conflicting claims of its Hegelian and idealistic heritage: one emphasized the power of the state through the Nationalstaat, and the other emphasized the civil liberties of the Rechtsstaat. Although that cleavage later proved fatal for its unity, the National Liberals managed to remain the pivotal party in the decades after unification by cooperating with both the Progressives and the Free Conservatives on various issues.

Origins
A first national liberal parliamentary group arose among right-wing deputies of the liberal German Progress Party in the Prussian House of Representatives during a constitutional conflict sparked by Minister President Otto von Bismarck: In 1862, he had overruled the Liberal opposition in parliament using the so-called Lückentheorie ("Gap Theory") to justify proceeding with taxes for military reforms of the Prussian Army, accompanied by his martial "Blood and Iron" speech. In the following years, he aimed to reconcile with his opponents by strengthening Prussian hegemony, which culminated in the Seven Weeks' War of 1866.

Upon the victory over the Austrian forces at the Battle of Königgrätz on 3 July, many of the liberals finally put aside their differences due to their support for Bismarck's highly successful foreign policy. Seizing the opportunity, he introduced a bill that subsequently formalized his circumvention of parliamentary budgetary rights.

At voting time on 3 September, the political division of the liberals was confirmed when 19 National Liberal deputies opted for his Indemnity Law. While the Liberals who opposed the bill argued that Bismarck was asking them to compromise on constitutional government, the bill’s supporters believed opposition was fruitless because Bismarck had the firm support of King Wilhelm I (under the constitution, the minister-president was responsible to the king, not parliament). They believed that if they accepted the Indemnity Law, they would be in a better position to press for greater freedom. This, the first National Liberal faction in the Prussian parliament was formed on 17 November around Eduard Lasker and Hans Victor von Unruh.

The National Liberal Party was founded in the course of the North German federal election held on 12 February 1867. They gathered support from the Prussian annexed territories of Hanover and Hesse-Nassau as well as from the other states of the Confederation, emerging as the largest faction in the North German Reichstag. An inaugural declaration was adopted on 12 June. The first party chairman was Rudolf von Bennigsen.

The party strongly advocated the interests of the Grand Burgher (German: Großbürger) dynasties and business magnates as well as nationalist-minded Protestant circles of the educated bourgeoisie (Bildungsbürgertum). The key points of the party manifesto focused on national unification and Bismarck's policies, which resulted in the emergence of a German nation state as a constitutional monarchy and highly industrialized country.

Dominance in the 1870s
The National Liberals' period of great dominance was between 1871 and 1879, when they were Bismarck's chief allies in the Reichstag where they were avid supporters of the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf measures and the Anti-Socialist Laws. In the first all-German federal election held on 3 March 1871, the party reached 30.1% of the votes, becoming the strongest group in the Reichstag parliament with 119 seats. The Reichstag faction remained the political centre of power as the party never attained a large number of members. Chairman of National Liberal Party was Rudolf von Bennigsen.

The stabilization of the new state was in a large degree only feasible because of National Liberals' support as de facto ruling party and their guidance of Bismarck's domestic policies, especially in regards to national economics and the legal foundations of the German Empire. Weights and measurements were standardized, a common German market and a national bank, the Reichsbank, created and the numerous regional currencies replaced with the Goldmark. The liberal economic policies, although temporarily unpopular in the recession of the 1870s, laid the groundworks for the economic boom the German nation experienced at the turn of the 19th century.

Decline
In 1879, Bismarck's alliance with the National Liberals broke over his abandonment of free trade by the adoption of a tariff. In the economic crisis following the Panic of 1873, several lobbying associations exerted pressure on Bismarck who increasingly favoured a more protectionist approach. However, these policies violated the liberal principles of both the National Liberals and the more left-leaning liberal German Progress Party. The shift was so important that it has been characterized as Bismarck's conservative turn. This meant an enduring shift of the Chancellor to the right, which changed the political climate of the fledgling nation and soured relations between Bismarck and a number of leading German liberals.

The National Liberals lost their status as the dominant party in 1880, when the left-wing represented by the Liberal Union split off and merged with the Progress Party into the German Free-minded Party by 1884. The remaining partisans approached to the Conservatives, later the strongest supporters of Alfred von Tirpitz's various Fleet Acts starting in 1898, which pushed Great Britain into an arms race with Germany until World War I. In the federal election of 1887, a right-wing cartel of National Liberals, Conservatives and Free Conservatives once again ensured a parliamentary majority for Bismarck until his resignation in 1890.

As for the Kulturkampf, Bismarck deserted the liberals, came to terms with a new less confrontational Pope and started working politically with the Catholic Centre Party. Historian Hajo Holborn examines the contradictions between the Kulturkampf and liberal values:
 * [O]nly those laws that separated state and church could be defended from a liberal point of view. Full state control over schools was a liberal ideal. It was also logical to introduce the obligatory civil marriage law and entrust civil agencies with the keeping of vital statistics. [...] But all the other measures constituted shocking violations of liberal principles. German liberalism showed no loyalty to the ideas of lawful procedure or of political and cultural freedom which had formerly been its lifeblood. With few exceptions the German liberals were hypnotized by the national state, which they wished to imbue with a uniform pattern of culture. They were unable to recognize that the Kulturkampf was bound to undermine the belief in the Rechtsstaat (government by law) and to divide the German people profoundly.

David Blackbourn says the liberal attacks on the Catholic Church "left a political legacy that was the opposite of what liberals wanted. It made them beholden to Bismarck; and helped consolidate political Catholicism in Germany".

Allies of big business
In 1905, Ernst Bassermann became chairman of National Liberal Party. He followed chairman Johannes von Miquel. The National Liberals came to be closely associated with the interests of big business, maintaining strong relations with mighty industrialist advocacy groups as well as with imperialist and nationalist associations like the Pan-German League. Increasingly threatened by the growing strength of the Social Democrats, the party gradually became more conservative, although it was generally split between a more liberal wing that sought to strengthen ties with the dissident liberals to their left and a right-wing that came to support more protectionist policies and close relations with the Conservatives and the imperial government.

World War I
During World War I, most of the National Liberals, including such leaders of their left wing as Gustav Stresemann, avidly supported the expansionist goals of the imperial government, although they also called for reform at home. Following the war, the party broke up. Stresemann led the main body of the party, including most of its moderate and conservative elements, into the conservative liberal German People's Party. Its left wing merged with the left-liberal Progressive People's Party to form the German Democratic Party. The far-right wing of the National Liberals joined the German National People's Party.

References and further reading

 * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany," American Historical Review (1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474 in JSTOR.
 * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany (2000).
 * Dorpalen, Andreas. "Emperor Frederick III and the German Liberal Movement," American Historical Review (1948) 54#1 pp. 1–31 in JSTOR.
 * Gross, Michael B. "Kulturkampf and unification: German liberalism and the war against the Jesuits." Central European History 30#4 (1997): 545-566. in JSTOR.
 * Krieger, Leonard. The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition (1957).
 * Mork, Gordon R. "Bismarck and the 'Capitulation' of German Liberalism," Journal of Modern History (1971) 43#1 pp. 59–75 in JSTOR.
 * O'Boyle, Lenore. "Liberal Political Leadership in Germany, 1867-1884." Journal of Modern History (1956): 338-352. in JSTOR.
 * Sheehan, James J. "Political Leadership in the German Reichstag, 1871-1918." American Historical Review (1968): 511-528. in JSTOR.
 * von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge. "Domestic origins of Germany's colonial expansion under Bismarck." Past and Present (1969): 140-159. in JSTOR.
 * Suval, Stanley. Electoral Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (1985) online.
 * White, Dan S. The Splintered Party: National Liberalism in Hessen and the Reich, 1867-1918 (Harvard University Press, 1976).

title: National Liberal Party (Germany)


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Endeavour Hills, Victoria

Endeavour Hills is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 31 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Casey local government area. Endeavour Hills recorded a population of 24,455 at the.

Endeavour Hills is bordered by the Monash Freeway and Dandenong Creek to the west, Police Road and Churchill Park Drive to the north, Hallam North Road to the east, and Eumemmerring Creek to the south.

History
The land in the area was home firstly to the Aboriginal people and was later settled by Europeans, who came after the 1830s. They mainly used the land for farming and cattle runs.

The earliest landowner of the area was Thomas Herbert Power who had owned the area from the 1850s extending from Power Road, almost to Berwick and north to Heatherton Road. The suburb was named after Captain James Cook's ship, 'The Endeavour'. Other suggested names at the time included Pine Hill and Piney Ridge, due to the number of pine trees in the area. In 1970, the name 'Endeavour Hills' was coined in honour of the two hundredth anniversary of Captain James Cook's arrival in Botany Bay. The estate was officially opened in 1974 under this name.

In 1974, houses, shops, schools and parks began to be established.

The suburb as known today began with the development of a small housing estate named Endeavour Hills. The estate was designed to have its own community services for every-day living, such as its own leisure centre, shopping centre, library, medical centres, child care centres, kindergartens, public and private schools. The suburb was created with plenty of parkland, bike paths, and safe playing areas for children. The developers of Endeavour Hills aimed to attract people by offering families a neighbourly and spacious place to live. The catch phrase was 'a better place to live' where everything looked green and the land looked like a sort of paradise.

The original estate sales office was located in what is now the Joseph Banks Medical Centre. A statue of explorer James Cook stood outside; new streets were named around the explorer James Cook, his ship the Endeavour, and fellow sailors and explorers. These include James Cook Drive, Thomas Mitchell Drive, Matthew Flinders Avenue, John Fawkner Drive, Arthur Phillip Drive and others.

Endeavour Hills Post Office opened on 5 September 1983.

On 24 September 2014, an 18-year-old man, Numan Haider, was shot and killed by police outside Endeavour Hills police station.

In May 2023, local resident Monique Lezsak was stabbed to death. Her daughter was also injured in the incident.

Suburb profile
Endeavour Hills is a hilly and leafy residential suburb with many parks, gardens and a variety of trees and birdlife. It has underground utilities (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) street lighting, wide roads, footpaths and an abundance of native trees have been planted on naturestrips.

Many houses have been built on steep land blocks and have distant views of the surrounding suburbs, some as far away as Frankston, Chadstone, Pakenham, Port Philip Bay and in some cases the CBD.

Endeavour Hills consists of modern low-density residential housing – single, double and triple level brick houses – built on 1/4, 1/2, 1 or more acre blocks. A meagre of ground-level townhouses and units exist. There are no high-rise buildings and no industries. There are a total of 8,551 dwellings with average people per household of 03.

Endeavour Hills Police Station is located on Heatherton Road, near the main shopping centre. The Police Station is no longer open for 24 hours.

Population
In the 2016 Census, 46.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were Sri Lanka 5.5%, India 4.5%, China 2.7%, Afghanistan 2.6% and England 1.8%. 44.7% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.9%, Sinhalese 3.4%, Arabic 3.1%, Greek 2.6% and Serbian 2.5%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 26.2%, No Religion 18.3% and Islam 9.8%.

Facilities
The main shopping area is Endeavour Hills Shopping Centre, located on the corner of Matthew Flinders Avenue and Heatherton Road. There are 86 retail stores all undercover, including three large supermarkets and a Kmart Discount department store. The shopping centre consists of a multi-level carpark with over 1800 car park spaces.

Around this area is The Endeavour Hills Leisure and Function Centre with a Basketball Court, Health & Wellness Club. .

The Endeavour Hills Library (part of the Casey-Cardinia Library Corporation) and the Endeavour Hills Police Station are also within this area. The library has recently been expanded.

Endeavour Hills Uniting Care Neighbourhood Centre is located next to the Library complex close to the shopping centre. The Neighbourhood Centre is a not for profit organisation under the auspices of the Uniting Church. It is an adult learning centre that delivers a range of classes and support services. There is also a State Government Department of Human Services and The Rotary Club of Endeavour Hills.

Medical
Endeavour Hills has many medical centres, including a variety of specialist services, dental, pathology and diagnostic radiology.

A 24-hour ambulance station is located in Endeavour Hills.

Recreation
Endeavour Hills has its own skate park located just outside the Leisure Centre. There are also tennis courts at Sydney Parkinson Reserve (Endeavour Hills Tennis Club. 8 clay carpet courts with 4 under lights) and also Tennis Courts on Matthew Flinders Avenue (St.Paul's), Football/Cricket Oval at James Cook Drive and the suburb boasts an abundance of parks.

Golfers play at the Churchill Park Golf Club on Churchill Park Drive.

The Casuarina Forest is located within James Alexander Reserve, and the reserve has lookouts and views as far as Port Phillip Bay. In the original plans for Endeavour Hills, the Casuarina Forest was to be cleared to make way for housing. However, a campaign run by locals was successful in ensuring that the forest was preserved.

Endeavour Hills is a short walk to Lysterfield Park, Churchill National Park, the Dandenong Police Paddocks and Eumemmerring Creek.

Education
The first school, James Cook Primary School, opened in 1979.

There are two high schools in Endeavour Hills: a campus of Maranatha Christian School and Gleneagles Secondary College, (formerly a campus of Eumemmerring College). Endeavour Hills Secondary College, another former campus of Eumemmerring College, was closed at the end of 2012.

The primary schools in the area are: Chalcot Lodge Primary School, James Cook Primary School, Mossgiel Park Primary School, Southern Cross Primary School, St. Paul Apostle North, St. Paul Apostle South and Thomas Mitchell Primary School.

The kindergartens in the area are: Allara Kindergarten, Chalcot Lodge Kindergarten, David Collins Kindergarten, Hartley Ridge Kindergarten, James Cook Kindergarten, Reema Kindergarten. FiRST Early Learning Centre and Kindergarten, Rose Garden, Endeavour Hills Early Learning Centre.

Transport
There are no train stations in Endeavour Hills. The nearest train line to Endeavour Hills is the Pakenham line, which serves many of the City of Casey suburbs including Berwick, Hallam, Hampton Park and Narre Warren. The suburb is situated closest to Hallam station, although many residents prefer to go to Dandenong (located on the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines).

There are also five bus routes servicing the area including route 842

Sport
Soccer is popular with three clubs located in the suburb; Dandenong City Soccer Club who play in the top tier of the Victorian Premier League, Endeavour United SC and Endeavour Hills Fire SC both fielding teams in the division 4 and division 5 of the Victorian State League respectively.

Also common is Australian Rules, represented in the seniors by the Endeavour Hills Falcons, and in the juniors by rivals the Endeavour North Hawks (formerly Mossgiel Park) and the Endeavour Hills Eagles.

Endeavour Hills also plays cricket in the Victorian Sub District Cricket Association. Their home ground is at Sydney Pargeter Reserve just off Power Road.

Endeavour Hills are also represented in Victorian Rugby Union, and also the Casey Spartans in Gridiron Victoria.

Places of worship

 * Australian Christian Church
 * Australian Christian Channel
 * Assemblies of God
 * Calvary Christian Chapel
 * Catholic Archdiocese (Endeavour Hills)
 * Church of Christ
 * Grace Community Bible Church
 * First Romanian Baptist Church
 * St. Andrew's Vineyard Church
 * St. Matthew's Community Church
 * St. Paul Apostle Catholic Church
 * South Eastern Christian Centre
 * Uniting Church
 * Holy Family Church

Notable people

 * Chris Ciriello, field hockey player
 * Jay Kennedy Harris, Australian rules footballer
 * Paulo Retre, Footballer for Sydney FC

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Endeavour Hills, Victoria


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Arousal

Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire, mobility, and reactivity.

Arousal is mediated by several neural systems. Wakefulness is regulated by the ARAS, which is composed of projections from five major neurotransmitter systems that originate in the brainstem and form connections extending throughout the cortex; activity within the ARAS is regulated by neurons that release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine.

Activation of these neurons produces an increase in cortical activity and subsequently alertness.

Arousal is important in regulating consciousness, attention, alertness, and information processing. It is crucial for motivating certain behaviours, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity (the arousal phase of Masters and Johnson's human sexual response cycle). It holds significance within emotion and has been included in theories such as the James–Lange theory of emotion. According to Hans Eysenck, differences in baseline arousal level lead people to be extraverts or introverts.

The Yerkes–Dodson law states that an optimal level of arousal for performance exists, and too little or too much arousal can adversely affect task performance. One interpretation of the Yerkes–Dodson Law is the "Easterbrook cue-utilisation hypothesis". Easterbrook's hypothesis suggests that under high-stress conditions, individuals tend to focus on a narrower set of cues and may overlook relevant information, leading to a decrease in decision-making effectiveness.

Neurophysiology

Wakefulness is regulated by the ascending reticular activating system, which is composed of five major neurotransmitter systems – the norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine, systems (each considered in the paragraphs below) – that originate in the brainstem and form connections which extend throughout the cerebral cortex. When stimulated, these systems produce cortical activity and alertness.

The noradrenergic system is a bundle of axons that originate in the locus coeruleus and ascends up into the neocortex, limbic system, and basal forebrain. Most of the neurons are projected to the posterior cortex which is important with sensory information, and alertness. The activation of the locus coeruleus and release of norepinephrine causes wakefulness and increases vigilance. The neurons that project into the basal forebrain impact cholinergic neurons that results in a flood of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex.

The acetylcholinergic system has its neurons located in the pons and in the basal forebrain. Stimulation of these neurons result in cortical activity, shown from EEG records, and alertness. All of the other four neurotransmitters play a role in activating the acetylcholine neurons.

Another arousal system, the dopaminergic system, releases dopamine produced by the substantia nigra. The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is important for control of mood, and the nucleus accumbens signal excitement and arousal. The path terminating in the prefrontal cortex is important in regulating motor movements, especially reward oriented movements.

The serotonergic system has almost all of its serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei. This system projects to the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. Stimulation of these axons and release of serotonin causes cortical arousal and impacts locomotion and mood.

The neurons of the histaminergic system are in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons send pathways to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and the basal forebrain, where they stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex.

All of these five systems are linked and show similar redundancy. The pathways described are ascending pathways, but there also arousal pathways that descend. One example is the ventrolateral preoptic area, which release GABA reuptake inhibitors, which interrupt wakefulness and arousal. Neurotransmitters of the arousal system, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, work to inhibit the ventrolateral preoptic area.

Importance
Arousal is important in regulating consciousness, attention, and information processing. It is crucial for motivating certain behaviors, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity (see Masters and Johnson's human sexual response cycle, where it is known as the arousal phase). Arousal is also an essential element in many influential theories of emotion, such as the James–Lange theory of emotion or the Circumplex Model. According to Hans Eysenck, differences in baseline arousal level lead people to be either extraverts or introverts. Later research suggests that extroverts and introverts likely have different arousability. Their baseline arousal level is the same, but the response to stimulation is different.

The Yerkes–Dodson law states that there is a relationship between arousal and task performance, essentially arguing that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, and too little or too much arousal can adversely affect task performance. One interpretation of the Yerkes–Dodson law is the Easterbrook cue-utilisation theory. It predicted that high levels of arousal will lead to attention narrowing, during which the range of cues from the stimulus and the environment decreases. According to this hypothesis, attention will be focused primarily on the arousing details (cues) of the stimulus, so that information central to the source of the emotional arousal will be encoded while peripheral details will not.

In positive psychology, arousal is described as a response to a difficult challenge for which the subject has moderate skills.

Introversion and extraversion
Eysenck's theory of arousal describes the different natural frequency or arousal states of the brains of people who are introverted versus people who are extroverted. The theory states that the brains of extroverts are naturally less stimulated, so these types have a predisposition to seek out situations and partake in behaviors that will stimulate arousal. Whereas extroverts are naturally under-stimulated and therefore actively engage in arousing situations, introverts are naturally overstimulated and therefore avoid intense arousal. Campbell and Hawley (1982) studied the differences in introverts versus extroverts responses to particular work environments in the library. The study found that introverts were more likely to choose quiet areas with minimal to no noise or people. Extroverts were more likely to choose areas with much activity with more noise and people. Daoussiss and McKelvie's (1986) research showed that introverts performed worse on memory tasks when they were in the presence of music compared to silence. Extroverts were less affected by the presence of music. Similarly, Belojevic, Slepcevic and Jokovljevic (2001) found that introverts had more concentration problems and fatigue in their mental processing when work was coupled with external noise or distracting factors. The level of arousal surrounding the individuals greatly affected their ability to perform tasks and behaviors, with the introverts being more affected than the extroverts, because of each's naturally high and low levels of stimulation, respectively.

Emotional stability vs. introversion-extraversion
Neuroticism or emotional instability and extroversion are two factors of the Big Five Personality Index. These two dimensions of personality describe how a person deals with anxiety-provoking or emotional stimuli as well as how a person behaves and responds to relevant and irrelevant external stimuli in their environment. Neurotics experience tense arousal which is characterized by tension and nervousness. Extroverts experience high energetic arousal which is characterized by vigor and energy. Gray (1981) claimed that extroverts have a higher sensitivity to reward signals than to punishment in comparison to introverts. Reward signals aim to raise the energy levels. Therefore, extroverts typically have a higher energetic arousal because of their greater response to rewards.

Four personality types
Hippocrates theorized that there are four personality types: choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic. (See Galen.)

Put in terms of the five factor level of personality, choleric people are high in neuroticism and high in extraversion. The choleric react immediately, and the arousal is strong, lasting, and can easily create new excitement about similar situations, ideas, or impressions. Melancholic people are high in neuroticism and low in extraversion (or more introverted). The melancholic are slow to react and it takes time for an impression to be made upon them if any is made at all. However, when aroused by something, melancholics have a deeper and longer lasting reaction, especially when exposed to similar experiences. Sanguine people are low in neuroticism (or more emotionally stable) and high in extraversion. The sanguine are quickly aroused and excited, like the cholerics, but unlike the cholerics, their arousal is shallow, superficial, and shortly leaves them as quickly as it developed. Phlegmatic people are low in neuroticism and low in extraversion. The phlegmatic are slower to react and the arousal is fleeting.

The contrasts in the different temperaments come from individuals variations in a person's brain stem, limbic system, and thalamocortical arousal system. These changes are observed by electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings which monitor brain activity. Limbic system activation is typically linked to neuroticism, with high activation showing high neuroticism. Cortical arousal is associated with introversion–extraversion differences, with high arousal associated with introversion. Both the limbic system and the thalamocortical arousal system are influenced by the brainstem activation. Robinson's study (1982) concluded that melancholic types had the greatest natural frequencies, or a "predominance of excitation", meaning that melancholics (who are characterized by introversion) have a higher internal level of arousal. Sanguine people (or those with high extraversion and low neuroticism) had the lowest overall levels of internal arousal, or a "predominance of inhibition". Melancholics also had the highest overall thalamocortical excitation, whereas cholerics (those with high extraversion and high neuroticism) had the lowest intrinsic thalamocortical excitation.

The differences in the internal system levels is the evidence that Eysenck used to explain the differences between the introverted and the extroverted. Ivan Pavlov, the founder of classical conditioning, also partook in temperament studies with animals. Pavlov's findings with animals are consistent with Eysenck's conclusions. In his studies, melancholics produced an inhibitory response to all external stimuli, which holds true that melancholics shut out outside arousal, because they are deeply internally aroused. Pavlov found that cholerics responded to stimuli with aggression and excitement whereas melancholics became depressed and unresponsive. The high neuroticism which characterizes both melancholics and cholerics manifested itself differently in the two types because of the different levels of internal arousal they had.

Cannon–Bard theory
The Cannon–Bard theory is a theory of undifferentiated arousal, where the physical and emotional states occur at the same time in response to an event. This theory states that an emotionally provoking event results in both the physiological arousal and the emotion occurring concurrently. For example, if a person's dear family member dies, a potential physiological response would be tears falling down the person's face and their throat feeling dry; they are "sad". The Cannon–Bard theory states that the tears and the sadness both happen at the same time. The process goes: event (family member dies) → physiological arousal (tears) and emotion (sadness) simultaneously. The fact that people can experience different emotions when they have the same pattern of physiological arousal is one argument in favor of the Cannon-Bard theory. For example, a person may have a heart racing and rapid breathing when they are angry or afraid. Even though not completely in accordance with the theory, it is taken as one piece of evidence in favor of the Cannon–Bard theory that physiological reactions sometimes happen more slowly than experiences of emotion. For example, if you are in the forest or woods, a sudden sound can create an immediate response of fear, while the physical symptoms of fear follow that feeling, and do not precede it.

James–Lange theory
The James–Lange theory describes how emotion is caused by the bodily changes which come from the perception of the emotionally arousing experience or environment. This theory states that events cause the autonomic nervous system to induce physiological arousal, characterized by muscular tension, heart rate increases, perspiration, dryness of mouth, tears, etc. According to James and Lange, the emotion comes as a result of the physiological arousal. The bodily feeling as a reaction to the situation actually is the emotion. For example, if someone just deeply insulted a person and their family, the person's fists might ball up and they might begin to perspire and become tense all around. The person feels that their fists are balled and that they are tense. The person then realizes that they are angry. The process here is: event (insult) --> physiological arousal (balled fists, sweat, tension) --> interpretation ("I have balled fists, and tension") --> emotion (anger: "I am angry"). This type of theory emphasizes the physiological arousal as the key, in that the cognitive processes alone would not be sufficient evidence of an emotion.

Schachter–Singer two-factor theory
The Schachter–Singer two-factor theory or the cognitive labeling theory takes into account both the physiological arousal and the cognitive processes that respond to an emotion-provoking situation. Schachter and Singer's theory states that an emotional state is the product of the physiological arousal and the cognition regarding the state of arousal. Thus, cognition determines how the physical response is labeled; for example, as "anger", "joy", or "fear". In this theory, emotion is seen as a product of the interaction between the state of arousal and how one's thought processes appraise the current situation. The physiological arousal does not provide the label for the emotion; cognition does. For example, if a person is being pursued by a serial killer, the person will likely be sweating and their heart will be racing, which is their physiological state. The person's cognitive label will come from assessing their quickly beating heart and sweat as "fear". Then they will feel the emotion of "fear", but only after it has been established through cognition. The process is: the event (serial killer chasing the person) --> physiological arousal (sweat, heart racing) --> cognitive label (reasoning; "this is fear") --> emotion (fear).

Memory
Arousal is involved in the detection, retention, and retrieval of information in the memory process. Emotionally arousing information can lead to better memory encoding, therefore influencing better retention and retrieval of information. Arousal is related to selective attention during the encoding process by showing that people are more subject to encode arousing information than neutral information. The selectivity of encoding arousing stimuli produces better long-term memory results than the encoding of neutral stimuli. In other words, the retention and accumulation of information is strengthened when exposed to arousing events or information. Arousing information is also retrieved or remembered more vividly and accurately.

Although arousal improves memory under most circumstances, there are some considerations. Arousal at learning is associated more with long-term recall and retrieval of information than short-term recall of information. For example, one study found that people could remember arousing words better after one week of learning them than merely two minutes after learning them. Another study found that arousal affects the memory of people in different ways. Eysenck found an association between memory and the arousal of introverts versus extroverts. Higher levels of arousal increased the number of words retrieved by extroverts and decreased the number of words retrieved by introverts.

Preference
A person's level of arousal when introduced to stimuli can be indicative of their preferences. One study found that familiar stimuli are often preferred to unfamiliar stimuli. The findings suggested that the exposure to unfamiliar stimuli was correlated to avoidance behaviors. The unfamiliar stimuli may lead to increased arousal and increased avoidance behaviors.

On the contrary, increased arousal can increase approach behaviors as well. People are said to make decisions based on their emotional states. They choose specific options that lead to more favorable emotional states. When a person is aroused, they may find a wider range of events appealing and view decisions as more salient, specifically influencing approach-avoidance conflict. The state of arousal might lead a person to view a decision more positively than they would have in a less aroused state.

The reversal theory accounts for the preference of either high or low arousal in different situations. Both forms of arousal can be pleasant or unpleasant, depending on a person's moods and goals at a specific time. Wundt's and Berlyne's hedonic curve differ from this theory. Both theorists explain a person's arousal potential in terms of their hedonic tone. These individual differences in arousal demonstrate Eysenck's theory that extroverts prefer increased stimulation and arousal, whereas introverts prefer lower stimulation and arousal.

Associated problems
Altered experiences of arousal are associated with both anxiety and depression.

Depression can influence a person's level of arousal by interfering with the right hemisphere's functioning. Arousal in women has been shown to be slowed in the left visual field due to depression, indicating the influence of the right hemisphere.

Arousal and anxiety have a different relationship than arousal and depression. People with anxiety disorders tend to have abnormal and amplified perceptions of arousal. The distorted perceptions of arousal then create fear and distorted perceptions of the self. For example, a person may believe that he or she will get sick from being so nervous about taking an exam. The fear of the arousal of nervousness and how people will perceive this arousal will then contribute to levels of anxiety.

Abnormally increased behavioral arousal
This is caused by withdrawal from alcohol or barbiturates, acute encephalitis, head trauma resulting in coma, partial seizures in epilepsy, metabolic disorders of electrolyte imbalance, intra-cranial space-occupying lesions, Alzheimer's disease, rabies, hemispheric lesions in stroke and multiple sclerosis.

Anatomically this is a disorder of the limbic system, hypothalamus, temporal lobes, amygdala and frontal lobes. It is not to be confused with mania.

Effects of physiological arousal on cognition
The effects of physiological arousal on cognition cause individuals to be active, attentive, or excited. The term "physiological" refers to physiology and concerns the normal functioning of an organism. Physiological arousal refers to features of arousal reflected by physiological reactions, such as escalations in blood pressure and rate of respiration and lessened activity of the gastrointestinal system. These terms are what allow for the effects physiological arousal has on cognition itself.

Cognition is internal mental representations best characterized as thoughts and ideas- resulting from and involved in multiple mental processes and operations including perception, reasoning, memory, intuition, judgement and decision making. While cognition is not directly observable, it is still amenable to study using the scientific method. Cognition is also something that plays a fundamental role in determining behavior. Goes into explaining cognitive functions and how they are internal and inferred from behavior using measure like accuracy in performing a task like recalling a list of words of the time taken to find some word on a page of text. The study of cognitive functions derive from the information processing approach which argues that these functions involve operations occurring at various processing stages is typically based on a model of cognitive function of interest.

Physiological comes from physiology which is the study of the functioning of living organisms, animal or plant, and of the functioning of their constituent tissues or cells. This word was first used by the Greeks to describe a philosophical inquiry into the nature of things. The use of the term with specific reference to vital activities of healthy humans, which began in the 16th century, also applicable to many current aspects of physiology. Physiological responses to fight or flight: When the body is initially challenged by a stressor it responds with physiological activation (also known as arousal) of a defense system to deal with the immediate stressor. "If a stimulus is perceived as a threat, a more intense and prolonged discharge of the locus ceruleus which is the major nor adrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibers innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Also referred as the Neuroaxis, is the axis in the central nervous system.  activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (Thase & Howland 1995)" (psychologistworld.org, n.d.) The activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of non-epinephrine from nerve endings acting on the heart, blood vessels, respiratory centers, and other sites. The ensuing physiological changes constitute a major part of the acute stress response. Which can often lead to as the fight or flight response. Anticipated behaviors are actions that are foreseen or predicted to happen in a specific situation due to different environmental factors. Furthermore, they are decided by one's past experiences and knowledge.

Anticipated behaviors examples
 * Someone sitting in the same seat every day during class
 * Someone reaching their hand out towards you would indicate they are wanting to shake hands
 * While driving a car you would anticipate people braking therefore you would brake as well
 * When a loud unexpected noise is created you are startled and flinch
 * When a person sneezes you say "bless you"

A real-life example of cognition is used whenever decision making is involved; for example, a real-life scenario of a cognitive decision would be when a traffic light is changing from green to yellow. One would either make a cognitive decision to run through the yellow light in hopes you could clear the intersection before the light turned red. However, one could make a different cognitive decision to stop when they see the yellow light to not run the light before it turned red.

A real-life example of the effects of physiological arousal on cognition is when you're walking through the woods and you notice a rattlesnake in front of the walkway on the ground. You would feel alarmed and scared (physiological arousal). Your past experience and knowledge of poisonous snakes and dangerous predators provides the (cognition) of the situation. Based on your analysis of your position you label your arousal as fear. Fear is explained to be an emotion that one might expect with alarm, it is also known as something to be afraid of or the feelings of apprehensiveness. Fear works when one senses danger, the brain reacts instantly, sending signals that activate the nervous system. This causes physical responses, such as a faster heartbeat, rapid breathing, and an increase in blood pressure. Blood pumps to muscle groups to prepare the body for physical action like running or fighting. Skin sweats to keep the body cool. Some people might notice sensations in the stomach, head, chest, legs, or hands. These physical sensations of fear can be mild or strong. A study done by Joan Vickers and Mark Williams analyzed how a group of elite biathlon shooters handled an experimental task. The goal was to determine why there might be a failure to perform in high pressure situations. Difficulties come about when trying to test performance pressure, physiological workload, anxiety, and visual attention in a controlled setting. Which is why they decided to test these elite biathlon shooters, due to the easy ability to stimulate the controlled experiment. In the low pressure stimulation the subjects were only told that the purpose of the test was to simply provide feedback and the fixation on the target at different power output levels. In the high pressure situation the shorter were told that the national team coach was going to observe the shooters, and their shooting percentages would be used to make the national team selections. Both groups were told that prizes would be rewarded to the most accurate shooters. To test physiological arousal that was being used, Vickers and Williams measured each shooter's heart rate as well as the perceived exertion. Trying to determine if the failure to perform to whatever level of skill or ability the person has at the time, also known as choking; was indeed a factor in this test. Physiological arousal was measured and recorded through the athlete's heart rate and rate of perceived exertion. The findings showed that the biathletes developed the ability to decelerate their heart rate just before they shoot, most only shoot when HR is 80% or lower. Whereas the test was designed for shots to be taken with a heart rate 100% or above. The expectations were for the low-pressure and high-pressure groups to be more prone to choking compared to those who were able to maintain their heart rates. The findings showed exactly what was expected, the only exception was that the pressure applied did not necessarily have much of an effect. While it was clear that high pressure stimulations did appear far more anxious than those of low-pressure stimulations.

Problem solving is the cognitive process that someone uses to achieve a goal whenever a solution cannot be determined by others.

For example, you are with your buddies on a trip and get a flat tire. Everyone looks around nervously because nobody knows how to change a flat. But then you remember that you took an automotive class in college where you learned to change flat tires. You change the tire and solve the issue with your cognitive problem solving. Cognitively, the utilization of logical analysis and problem solving has been associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, better health, and lower depression in caregivers. A realistic appraisal and acceptance of the difficult situation is healthy and allows the caregiver to live his or her own life while accommodating the needs of the recipient. Less effective cognitive coping styles include avoidant-evasive, regressive, and an increased use of wishfulness and fantasizing by the caregiver, all of which have been related to higher levels of care burden (Hayley et al., 1987; Quayhagen & Quayhagen, 1988).

Cognitive appraisal is the stress perceived as imbalance between demands place on the individual and the individual and the individual's resources to cope. Lazarus argued that the experience of stress differs significantly between individuals depending on how they interpret an event and the outcome of a specific sequence of thinking patterns called appraisals.

It also refers to the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful, process of assessing whether a situation or event threatens our well-being, whether there are sufficient personal resources available for coping with the demand of the situation of whether our strategy for dealing with the situation is effective.

The three parts that it can be divided into are primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal. Primary Appraisal is an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity, also including that no heightened physiological arousal occurs it means no stress will either. Secondary Appraisal considers one's ability to cope or take advantage of the situation. Cognitive Appraisal is a personal interpretation of a situation and possible reactions to it.

Their secondary appraisal determines what the person will do, and involves their perception of their options and resources.

These appraisals can be accurate or inaccurate, and helping a person arrive at more apt appraisals is a goal of some modes of cognitive behavioral therapy, This is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence based practice for improving mental health guided by empirical research cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognition, behaviors, and emotional regulation. Also known as regulation of emotion; is the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed. It can also be defined as Extrinsic and Intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions. Emotional self-regulation belongs to the broader set of emotion-regulation processes, which includes the regulations of one's own feelings and the regulations of other people's feelings.

title: Arousal


text:
BPO

BPO can refer to:

Orchestras

 * Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Boston Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Boston Pops Orchestra
 * Brisbane Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra

Business and finance

 * British Post Office former postal and telephone service provider
 * Bank Payment Obligation
 * Broker's Price Opinion in real estate
 * Business process outsourcing

Science

 * Benzoyl peroxide

title: BPO


text:
Talk:Bloc Québécois leadership elections

Untitled
When do votes have to be held? 7 years seems like a long mandate. -- stewacide 04:53, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Second ballot in the 1997 election
It sounds to me like the scrutinization for second preferences was only done for Duceppe preferences. Once he surpassed 50%, there was no need to check for second preferences for the other candidates. That would be why all of the second preferences seem to go to Duceppe -- the count for the other two candidates simply wasn't done. If others agree with my conclusion, I will adjust the article accordingly. Ground Zero 15:35, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This makes more sense than any other possibility. Would anyone have confirmation that this is what happened?  CJCurrie 19:29, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:British Columbia Liberal Party leadership contest, 2011 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 02:16, 7 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
Jean Blanchet (Quebec politician)

Hon. Jean Gervais Protais Blanchet (February 10, 1843 – December 11, 1908) was the second eldest of eleven children of Cyprien Blanchet, notary public of St. Francois, Beauce and his wife, Marie Gosselin. He was a descendant of one of Quebec’s oldest families who settled in Quebec in 1667. Born in St. Gervais, he was educated at Nicolet College. He entered Laval University to study law and was called to the Bar of Lower Canada in 1863. He practised law with the firm of Henri-Elzear Taschereau. He was created a Q.C. by the government of Quebec in 1876 and had the same honour conferred on him by the Canadian government in 1880. He was elected and served as batonnier of the Quebec section of the Bar from 1889-1891 and batonnier-general of the province 1890-1891.

He was defeated in his first try at politics losing the Beauce seat in the federal election of 1872. He represented the riding of Beauce from 1881 to 1892. Acclaimed as a Conservative member of the National Assembly in 1881, he resigned his position when we was appointed to the Cabinet on July 31, 1882. Acclaimed in a by-election of August 14, 1882, he was re-elected in 1886 and 1890. He held the office of Provincial Secretary and Registrar in the Mousseau, Ross and Taillon administrations. He served as Conservative leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1890 to 1891. He became leader of the Opposition after Conservative leader Louis-Olivier Taillon failed to win a seat in losing the 1890 Quebec election. He took part in all the important debates, including the provincial autonomy question, the exercise of the veto power and the Riel affair. He was one of the commissioners selected in 1887 to revise the statute law of the province. He resigned his seat and the post of leader of the Opposition when he was appointed a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench on September 19, 1891. He received the honorary degree of LL.B from Laval University in 1891.

Later that same year, the Liberal government of Honoré Mercier was deposed by the Lieutenant Governor and the Conservative Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville became Premier.

He was a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He married Jeanie, youngest daughter of Gen. Silas Seymour of New York, on August 5, 1878 at the Anglican Cathedral in Quebec. The couple had three children: Seymour, Florence (Mrs. Norman Craik Ogilvie, and by her second marriage, Mrs. Herbert A. Laurie), and Maurice.

He was an honorary member of the Historical Society of Montreal, of L'Athénée Louisianais and of the Geological Society of Bordeaux, France. He was for many years president of the Asbestos Mining and Manufacturing Society and of the Artisans’ Permanent Building Society. He was a member of the Garrison Club, the Union Club and the St. James Club. He is buried in the cemetery of Saint–Francois in Beauceville.

title: Jean Blanchet (Quebec politician)


text:
Smith River

Smith River may refer to:

Canada

 * Smith River (Liard River tributary), British Columbia
 * Smith River (Montmorency River tributary), Québec
 * Petite rivière Smith, a tributary

Jamaica

 * Smith River (Jamaica)

United States

 * Smith River (California)
 * North Fork Smith River (California), that begins in Oregon
 * Smith River (Montana)
 * Smith River (Pemigewasset River tributary), New Hampshire
 * Smith River (Umpqua River tributary), Oregon
 * Smith River (McKenzie River tributary), Oregon
 * Smith River (Virginia), in Virginia and North Carolina

Places

 * Smith River, British Columbia, Canada
 * Smith River, California, United States

title: Smith River


text:
South Coast Plaza

South Coast Plaza is a regional shopping mall in Costa Mesa, California. The largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States, its pre-COVID sales of over $1.5 billion annually were the highest in the United States. Its 275 retailers represent the highest concentration of design fashion retail in the U.S., with the second highest sales-volume in California at 800 $/sqft—second only to Westfield Valley Fair in San Jose-Santa Clara, at 809 $/sqft. The national average is 411 $/sqft. The mall is anchored by three Macy's stores, Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue. South Coast Plaza is the largest shopping mall in California and the 4th largest in the United States.

History
In March 1967, members of the Segerstrom family, most notably, Harold (Hal) T. Segerstrom, Jr. and cousin, Henry Segerstrom opened a shopping center called "South Coast Plaza" in one of the family's lima bean fields in rapidly growing Orange County. Originally anchored by a May Company that had opened in late 1966 and Sears, the initial phase of the center was designed by Victor Gruen. It was built the same year as The Irvine Company's nearby Fashion Island in Newport Beach.

The success of the center brought rapid expansion: an additional wing with Bullock's in 1973, I. Magnin in 1977, Nordstrom in 1978, and Saks Fifth Avenue in 1979. The opening of the Nordstrom store is considered a seminal event as it was the first Nordstrom store outside of the Pacific Northwest and marked the West Coast and later the nationwide expansion of its chain.

In 1986, the center began opening its largest expansion, with Nordstrom replacing its store with a new location twice the size of the original in May, and the addition of a free-standing wing across Bear Street, identified as "Crystal Court" and anchored by The Broadway and J. W. Robinson's, which opened in the Fall. These two stores were anchors at nearby Fashion Island, but were willing to cannibalize sales at that location due to the strong drawing power of South Coast Plaza. This signified South Coast Plaza's elevation from a regional shopping center to a national shopping destination. The expansion continued in fall 1987 with an enlargement of Bullock's and the redevelopment of the former Nordstrom as additional center space, including a Tiffany's that opened in fall 1988. The Crystal Court standalone wing never performed as well as the original center, its separation due both to land restrictions and the fact that May Co. and The Broadway routinely refused to allow each other to build stores at their existing centers, which explains the proximity of so many competing malls throughout Southern California.

In 1991, the I. Magnin location was closed by I. Magnin's new owner, Federated Department Stores and reopened as the first standalone Bullock's Men's store, also owned by Federated. May Co. and Robinson's merged in 1993 to form Robinsons-May, retaining both locations as separate full-line stores, while the two Bullock's locations and Broadway store were all renamed Macy's in early 1996, with again like Robinsons-May, separate stores being maintained on either side of Bear Street. In 1995, prior to the Federated Department Stores/Broadway Stores merger, Bloomingdale's was in negotiations to build a location at South Coast Plaza, but other anchor tenants would not give permission for its construction. When Federated merged all the stores into its Macy's West division in 1996, it opted to not convert Broadway's Crystal Court location to Bloomingdale's.

Another $100,000,000 renovation and reconfiguring of the center came in 2000, with Robinsons-May closing its Crystal Court location and expanding the original May Co. store. The separate Crystal Court name was dropped and the free-standing wing, now called the west wing, was joined to the original center by a 600 ft-long pedestrian bridge across Bear Street. The west side was reoriented toward home furnishings, anchored by the former Broadway store, which was refurbished as Macy's Home and Furniture. The former J. W. Robinson's store was redeveloped as center space at the time, housing primarily Crate & Barrel, Borders Books and Music, and Sport Chalet.

In March 2006, the Robinsons-May store, historically the first store at South Coast Plaza as the May Company, was closed as part of its merger with Macy's and re-opened as Bloomingdale's in May 2007.

South Coast Plaza is still privately held by the Segerstrom family (and the second largest family-owned center in the United States behind the Mall of America), and so is one of the few shopping centers in the United States that have not been purchased by a Real estate investment trust/REIT.

Sandra (Sandy) Segerstrom Daniels a Managing Partner of C. J. Segerstrom & Sons, founded the Festival of Children Foundation in 2002. The foundation hosts the annual Festival of Children at South Coast Plaza each September.

Festival of Children coincides with the foundation's efforts to recognize September as National Child Awareness Month.

Architecture
South Coast Plaza has always had a strong design element in its building. One of the most striking additions to the mall was the angular 1973 Bullock's wing designed by Welton Becket and the 1977 I. Magnin wing designed by Frank Gehry. In 1982, Henry Segerstrom commissioned the sculptor, Isamu Noguchi, to design a small plaza at one end of the South-Coast facility. The result, "California Scenario" was an international prizewinner and is enjoyed by visitors and workers from the surrounding office buildings alike. The 1986–1987 expansion introduced postmodern architecture to the mall with a recurring pyramid motif. Chandeliers took the shape of inverted pyramids, and the escalator atrium leading to the center's third floor is loosely modeled after the Grand Gallery of the Pyramid of Khufu. The original Mid-Century modern exteriors of Sears and May Company were redesigned shortly thereafter. In 2000, the pedestrian bridge, known as Bridge of Gardens, and accompanying Garden Terrace were completed by landscape architect Kathryn Gustafson. There are also carousels placed in wide rest areas.

In 2006, Anton Segerstrom decided that the center was well overdue for a remodeling and brought in Bentley Management Group as the project manager and Gruen Associates as the architect. Howard S. Wright was selected as the general contractor and construction began in summer 2006 on a $30 million remodeling project to update the center. South Coast Plaza underwent an intense makeover, with Italian ivory marble replacing the original burgundy tile floors, and travertine to surround new water and fountain features. Modern and contemporary oil-rubbed bronze replaced the dated brass side railings and all door/elevator hardware including a glass elevator. Construction began in the Bloomingdale's wing, and was completed in time for the 40th anniversary of South Coast Plaza, in the Fall of 2007, just one year later. This is the largest remodel for the center since the construction of the Bridge of Gardens connecting the main building with the Crystal Court in 1999, and the exterior/interior remodel of the West building.

Today

South Coast Plaza continuously brings in approximately 24 million visitors annually. The shopping center has about 2.8 e6sqft of gross leasable area and over 270 stores, making it one of the largest shopping centers in the United States. Its stores generate revenue of nearly 1.5 billion dollars per year, making it the highest-grossing center in the United States.

In 2004, South Coast Plaza received the Federal Trademark as "The Ultimate Shopping Resort".

A number of luxury brands have chosen South Coast Plaza as one of their few (and for some brands, their only) store locations. Zara made its debut in the California market opening their first California store in South Coast Plaza in 2004. In 2005, French luxury design house Chloé opted to open their second United States boutique at South Coast Plaza. Watch Manufacturer Rolex opened their flagship U.S. location at South Coast Plaza. Purveyor of modern furniture Room & Board also opened a 40000 sqft showroom in 2002.

Since 2007, South Coast Plaza has held "Fashion Plates", an annual 10-day Restaurant Week-like promotion of its high-end restaurants at discounted rates.

In 2014, Taiwan-based chain Din Tai Fung opened a location in the Sears Wing.

In 2016, Italian designer brand, WEEKEND MaxMara, opened its freestanding store in California.

In July 2017, the Sears store was sold to the mall owners.

On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide. The Sears anchor was closed permanently on January 1, 2019, making it the last original anchor store to close in the mall.

In 2019, Furla opened a new store at South Coast Plaza. This was the company’s first store to open in California.

In August 2020, South Coast Plaza reopened after an extended closure due to COVID-19 with additional safety measures, including social distancing requirements and more frequent cleaning of this.

In 2021, new stores that opened included Thom Browne, Ganni, Untuckit, Louis Vuitton California Dream, Psycho Bunny, Loewe, Sock Harbor, and Nectar Bath Treats.

In late 2023, Balmain opened its flagship store in the mall. In November, Paris-based brand Balenciaga also unveiled its flagship location in the mall, with the new store occupying over 9,500 square feet of space across two stories.

In early 2024, it was announced that over thirty new brands, including Alaia, Amiri, Mejuri, and Santa Maria Novella, would open locations in the mall. A new Giorgio Armani boutique was also announced alongside plans for an Armani/Caffè location to replace the Antonello Espresso Cafe. In February 2024, Palm Angels opened a location in the former Sears Wing, now known as the Din Tai Fung Wing.

Location
The center is adjacent to Interstate 405 in an area called South Coast Metro, which includes portions of the cities of Costa Mesa and Santa Ana.

title: South Coast Plaza


text:
Monroe Community College

Monroe Community College (MCC) is a public community college in Monroe County, New York. It is part of the State University of New York. The college has two campuses; the main campus in the town of Brighton, and the Downtown Campus in the City of Rochester. The college also has off-site learning at the Applied Technologies Center, Monroe County Public Safety Training Facility, and offers online classes. , MCC has enrolled more than a half a million students.

History
In 1961, community leaders, led by local physician Samuel J. Stabins, established the college to prepare students to work in healthcare. That same year, MCC became part of the SUNY system, and its program offerings were expanded to prepare graduates for employment, or transfer to a four-year institution. Initially, the college was lodged in East High School located at 410 Alexander Street. The location was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, forcing the school to make renovations. On September 9, 1962, the original campus re-opened with the first class of 720 students.

In June 1965, MCC became the first college in the nation to receive accreditation within three years of its founding. Due to increasing enrollment, the college overflowed its first location's capacity. In 1968, the college moved to its main campus on East Henrietta Road in Brighton. In 1991, the college announced plans for a second campus. The Damon City Campus, named in honor of longtime Trustee E. Kent Damon, opened its doors the following year in downtown Rochester. In 2003, MCC opened the Alice Holloway Young Commons, its on-campus housing.

Campuses
MCC occupies two campuses: the 300 acre main campus on 1000 East Henrietta Road in the Town of Brighton, New York and the Downtown Campus on 321 State Street near Frontier Field and Kodak Tower. MCC also offers classes at the Applied Technologies Center on West Henrietta Road which includes automotive technologies, heating/cooling ventilation, and precision tooling and machinery. In addition, the college trains law enforcement, fire safety, and emergency medical services personnel at the county Public Safety Training Facility.

Academics
Monroe Community College offers 100+ degree and certification programs.

Of the approximately 25,000+ students who take classes through Monroe Community College annually, 65 percent are under 25 years old, and more than half are women. The majority of students are enrolled in certificate and degree programs. In addition, the college trains the area's workforce through open enrollment and corporate training programs, serving small to mid-size employers.

MCC offers a "2+2" transfer program, in which students enroll in a program to earn their associate degree in two years with the intent of transferring to a college or university — such as the University of Rochester, Rochester Institute of Technology, Saint John Fisher College, Roberts Wesleyan College, SUNY Geneseo, SUNY Brockport, Nazareth College, or the Eastman School of Music — to complete a bachelor's degree.

Student life
MCC is home to over 60 chartered clubs and organizations, including an online radio station (WMCC) and a regular newspaper, The Monroe Doctrine. The newspaper includes both a print version and an online version.

The Student Association, of which all currently enrolled students are members, is governed by the Brighton Campus Student Government Association (SGA) and the Downtown Campus Student Events and Governance Association (SEGA).

The Campus Activities Board (CAB) is the events organization at MCC. The CAB sponsors on-campus activities such as Freestyle Fridays, Fall Fest and Spring Fling. CAB also brings in Guest Speakers to present on various current issues of interest to students.

Phi Theta Kappa, the international honor society of two-year colleges and academic programs, has a chapter on the MCC campus. The chapter also participates in the Honors in Action Study Topic and the College Project to remain a 5-star chapter.

MCC offers smart classrooms, interactive videoconferencing capabilities, eight electronic learning centers, the Warshof Conference Center, dental clinic, fitness and dance studios, a synthetic turf field, and a variety of dining and restaurant options. The Brighton Campus, along with the Applied Technologies Center on West Henrietta Road and the Downtown Campus is completely wireless. A 56000 sqft. athletics facility – the PAC Center – is also located on the Brighton Campus.

MCC provides residence halls for on-campus living. The Alice Holloway Young Residence Halls opened on the Brighton Campus in 2003, in honor of Alice Holloway Young, a trustee of the college. There are four residence halls: Alexander Hall, Canal Hall, Pioneer Hall, and Tribune Hall.

Athletics
The Monroe Community College athletics program, commonly known as the MCC Tribunes, competes in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) in Region 3. MCC's athletics program began in 1962 with a men's basketball team coached by George C. Monagan, the school's athletic director from 1962 to 1988. Men's soccer and baseball teams were added the following year. the Tribunes' website lists 12 active programs (5 men's teams, 6 women's teams, and a co-ed esports team).

The school's athletic facilities include an indoor recreational center with a turf field and running track, an aquatic center, a basketball court, and outdoor fields for baseball, softball, and soccer/lacrosse. John L. DiMarco Field, a 1,500-seat outdoor venue used by MCC's soccer and lacrosse teams, also served as the home of professional soccer team Rochester New York FC in 2022. The team folded afterwards.

Title IX
On April 27, 2016, the U.S. Department of Education opened a federal Investigation to investigate if MCC had violated Title IX.

Alumni

 * Kelly Brannigan, model (Deal or No Deal)
 * Alyssa Lane (2012), professional wrestler performing in WWE as Kayden Carter.
 * Robert Duffy (1975, 1988), Mayor of the City of Rochester, Lieutenant Governor of New York
 * Marcus Feagin, professional basketball player
 * Kimika Forbes, association football goalkeeper for Trinidad and Tobago women's national football team
 * Lou Gramm (1971), original lead singer of Foreigner
 * Travis McCoy, lead singer of Gym Class Heroes
 * Tim Redding, former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Dave Sarachan, assistant coach, LA Galaxy; former head coach, Chicago Fire, and U.S. soccer player
 * Jeff Sluman (1977), professional golfer
 * Cathy Turner (1984), Olympic gold medalist

Faculty

 * Otis Young, first black actor to star in a television western, The Outcasts; former assistant professor of Communications and head of the Drama Department at MCC from 1989 to 1999. Professor Young died in 2001.

title: Monroe Community College


text:
User:JohnOwens/Sedna orbit

With reference to Orbital variables. I may tack on a few more significant digits in places than are really warranted. To consider also: 4179 Toutatis

$$M_{Sun} = 1.989\times10^{30} \mbox{kg}$$ $$\mu \equiv M_{Sun}G = 1.327178\times10^{20} {\mbox{m}^3 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$ $$590,000 \mbox{m} \le r_{Sedna} \le 1,180,000 \mbox{m}$$ $$1,180,000 \mbox{m} \le d_{Sedna} \le 2,360,000 \mbox{m}$$ Assuming density equal to Pluto, $$1.76\times10^{21} \mbox{kg} \le M_{Sedna} \le 1.41\times10^{22} \mbox{kg}$$ $$a = 463 \mbox{AU} = 6.93\times10^{13} \mbox{m}$$ $$T = 10,500 \mbox{yr} = 3.31\times10^{11} \mbox{s}$$ $$\left|\mathbf{h}\right| = 5.263\times10^{16} {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{orbital} = -958,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$

$$R_{peri} = 76\pm7 \mbox{AU} = 1.137\times10^{13}\pm0.105\times10^{13} \mbox{m}$$ $$v_{peri} \equiv {\left|\mathbf{h}\right| \over R_{peri}} = 4629 {\mbox{m} \over \mbox{s}}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{grav,peri} = 11,700,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{kinetic,peri} = 10,700,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$

$$R_{ap} = 850 \mbox{AU} = 1.27\times10^{14} \mbox{m}$$ $$v_{ap} \equiv {\left|\mathbf{h}\right| \over R_{ap}} = 414 {\mbox{m} \over \mbox{s}}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{grav,ap} = 1,040,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{kinetic,ap} = 85,700 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$

$$R_{now} = 90 \mbox{AU} = 1.35\times10^{13} \mbox{m}$$ $$v_{now} = 4,219 {\mbox{m} \over \mbox{s}}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{grav,now} = 9,857,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$ $$\mathcal{E}_{kinetic,now} = 8,899,000 {\mbox{m}^2 \over \mbox{s}^2}$$

Unrelated, I just need a place to stick it: (c*dT)^2 = (1-2*G*M/c^2/r)*(c*dt)^2 - (1-2*G*M/c^2/r)^-1*dr^2 - r^2*dtheta^2 - r^2*sin^2(theta)*dphi^2 $$(c\,dT)^2 = \left( 1-2{G\,M \over c^2\,r}\right)(c\,dt)^2 - \left( 1-2{G\,M \over c^2\,r}\right)^{-1}dr^2 - r^2\,d\theta^2 - r^2\,\sin^2\theta\,d\phi^2$$

title: User:JohnOwens/Sedna orbit


text:
Talk:Koppa (letter)

Bad External Links
both the external links are 404'd. Normally, I'd just look at the Wayback Machine (http://web.archive.org) and redirect the links to there, but it's offline at the moment. Wfh (talk) 01:40, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
Qoppa, San, Sampi, and Digamma are all displayed as boxes. I tried encoding it in Greek, but the same result.

For Proper Display
You may find reading Code2000 useful. At the bottom there is an external link to the Code2001 website where you can download a current version of the software. It should solve your problems. JH 2004.12.28

Labio-Velar Plosive?
How would a labio-velar plosive be even pronounced? Labio means lips, velar means of the velum, or the soft palette.

The meaning of labio-velar would seem to indicate the lips forming a plosive with the soft palette. Last I checked, the human body can't articulate such a sound.

I'm removing the reference, and any replacement of it in the future should be accompanied with the IPA representation for the sound, or at least a short explanation as to its articulation. --dfoesch

I found an explanation on Labial-velar consonant. I've returned the page, and gave a link to that article. --dfoesch

Q sound
Can anyone clarify what "Q sound" means in this article?? Georgia guy 23:50, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 16 August 2022
Please place a comma after "which lacked such a sound", before the citation-needed template, and remove the one that comes just after the template. 123.51.107.94 (talk) 03:21, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅, thanks. DanCherek (talk) 04:37, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Add Character's Position in Alphabet
If this character was in early forms of the Greek alphabet, where was it positioned? Please add this information to the article with a reference if known. Thank you. 1.127.110.14 (talk) 04:18, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Suggest move to Koppa (Greek)
There is another letter called Koppa in Cyrillic, so I think this page should be moved to Koppa (Greek) like Psi (letter) to Psi (Greek) (please don't hack me) 47.154.122.64 (talk) 23:11, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Suggest renaming of article to "Qoppa"
I find it much more intuitive to call the letter from which our modern Qq descends from with the name Qoppa. Plus, this may eliminate some confusion with Cyrillic Koppa, though an argument could be made to change that one's name as well. I think just renaming Greek Koppa to Qoppa is a good idea, but this is not really necessary. DdeWylvyn (talk) 14:42, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Koppa (letter)


text:
Battelle Memorial Institute

Battelle Memorial Institute (or simply Battelle) is a private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. The institute opened in 1929 but traces its origins to the 1923 will of Ohio industrialist Gordon Battelle which provided for its creation and his mother Annie Maude Norton Battelle who left the bulk of the family fortune to the institute after her death in 1925. Originally focusing on contract research and development work in the areas of metals and material science, Battelle is now an international science and technology enterprise that explores emerging areas of science, develops and commercializes technology, and manages laboratories for customers. It has 3,200 employees, and manages another 29,500 in ten United States Department of Energy National Laboratories.

Nonprofit status
Battelle is a charitable trust organized as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of Ohio and is exempt from taxation under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code because it is organized for charitable, scientific and educational purposes.

From 1969 to 1975, the institute was involved in a lawsuit over whether it was "neglecting its philanthropic promises" as a nonprofit organization. It reached an $80 million settlement in 1975, used to demolish Union Station, build Battelle Hall at the Columbus Convention Center, refurbish the Ohio Theatre and create Battelle-Darby Creek Metro Park. The institute lost its nonprofit status in the 1990s, though regained it by 2001.

Contract research business
Battelle serves the following:
 * Agribusiness: cannabis research, encapsulation, formulation, environmental fate, spray drift and droplet characterization
 * Ecology and environment: scientific data packages for researchers, air, water and soil analysis, assessment and remediation
 * Health: genomics, life sciences research, medical device development, neurotechnology, public health studies
 * Materials science: analytical chemistry, characterization, coatings, compounds and structures, corrosion studies, nanoparticles and materials
 * National security: aviation and aerospace technologies, chemical and biological defense systems, cyber innovations, ground tactical systems, maritime technologies
 * Research infrastructure: Biosafety Laboratory 3 (BSL3) operations, chemical demilitarization facilities, National Ecological Observatory Network, national laboratory management
 * STEM education: BattelleEd, STEMX, Battelle Arts Grant, STEM Learning Networks

In addition to its Columbus, Ohio headquarters, Battelle has offices in Aberdeen, Maryland; West Jefferson, Ohio; Seattle, Washington; Arlington, Virginia; Norwell, Massachusetts; Charlottesville, Virginia; Baltimore, Maryland; Boulder, Colorado; and Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey.

National laboratories
In addition to operating its own research facilities, as of 2022, Battelle managed or co-managed on behalf of the United States Department of Energy the following national laboratories:
 * Brookhaven National Laboratory (through Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle and Stony Brook University)
 * Idaho National Laboratory (through the Battelle Energy Alliance – a collaboration between Battelle, BWX Technologies, Inc., Washington Group International, Electric Power Research Institute and an alliance of universities)
 * Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (through Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle, BWX Technologies, Inc., Washington Group International, the University of California, Bechtel National, and The Texas A&M University System)
 * Los Alamos National Laboratory (through Triad National Security, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle, the University of California, and The Texas A&M University System)
 * National Renewable Energy Laboratory (in partnership with MRIGlobal as part of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC)
 * Oak Ridge National Laboratory (through UT-Battelle, LLC – a collaboration between Battelle and the University of Tennessee)
 * Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
 * Savannah River National Laboratory (through the Battelle Savannah River Alliance)

Homeland Security
On behalf of the Department of Homeland Security:
 * National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center

National Science Foundation projects

 * In March 2016, Battelle was selected to manage the completion of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) for the National Science Foundation.

Battelle Center for Science and Technology Policy (OSU/Glenn)
Battelle provides funds for a public policy research center at the John Glenn College of Public Affairs of Ohio State University to focus on scholarly questions associated with science and technology policy. The Battelle Center for Science and Technology Policy at Ohio State in July 2011.

Notable projects

Notable Battelle projects include:

 * Dry copying - In the 1940s, Battelle's Vice-President of Engineering, John Crout made it possible for Battelle researchers, including William Bixby and Paul Andrus, to develop Chester Carlson's concept of dry copying. Carlson had been turned down for funding by more than a dozen agencies including the U.S. Navy.  Work led to the first commercial xerographic equipment, and the formation of Xerox corporation.

 * Nuclear fuel rod - Battelle developed the first nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors, including the first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), as well as numerous advances in metallurgy that helped advance the United States space program

 * Optical digital recorder - Algorithms and coatings that led to the first optical digital recorder developed by James Russell, which paved the way for the first compact disc, and the first generation jet engines using titanium alloys.

 * Armor plating for tanks in World War II.

 * Correction fluid - Snopake, the first correction fluid, developed in 1955;

 * Universal Product Code - Development of the Universal Product Code (UPC) in 1965;

 * Cruise control - for automobiles in 1970;

 * Photovoltaic cell - the first all-sputtered photovoltaic cell for solar energy in 1974.

 * Fiber optics - In 1987 PIRI, a fiber optics venture with Mitsubishi and NTT, was launched, which resulted in a $1.8 billion market.

 * "No-melt" chocolate - In conjunction with Kevin M. Amula, Battelle Geneva developed "No-melt" chocolate in 1988.

 * Medical advances - Including a 1972 breakthrough development of special tubing to prevent blood clots during surgical procedures, and more recently, the development of reusable insulin injection pen, including dose memory, with Eli Lilly and Company

 * Digital voting - Battelle was the contractor for a computer system on which the Voter News Service relied for tallying exit polling data in the November 2002 U.S. Congressional and Senate elections; the system failed and results were not reported until ten months after the election. The failure led to the disbanding of the VNS and the formation of its replacement, the National Election Pool.

 * Covid rapid test - In April 2020, Battelle Memorial Institute partnered with Ohio State University to distribute rapid tests for Covid-19, with results in less than 5 hours.

 * N95 respirator decontamination - On March 29, 2020, Battelle announced that it had received an Emergency Use Authorization to deploy a system to decontaminate N95 respirators for healthcare providers. Battelle received a $400 million contract from the Defense Logistics Agency for the project, known as the Critical Care Decontamination System (CCDS). Following the conclusion of the program in May 2021, Battelle invoiced $155 million, with 5 million masks decontaminated and an average cost of $31 per mask.

title: Battelle Memorial Institute


text:
Talk:Hypostasis

Nixdorf, That doesn't look like an upsilon to me. Unless there is something wrong with the font I have.

 * There is something wrong with the font you have :-)

 * The first letter is an accentuated upsilon named U+1F51 (GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA) as found in the apropriate unicode table (Greek Extended: http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf). Several web browsers/operating systems have problems with the Extended Greek characters however. Nixdorf 18:02, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

--

What the hell use is it using unicode characters that only work for some people, when you can use unicode characters that work for ALL people? The codes I put in happen to work for everybody, whereas yours apparently only work for you. Not to mention that it's easier to read the pnemonic codes than the numeric. You got your rough breathing, what more do you want? Just to be "right"?

 * Now you're being rude. Plese stop it, I have done nothing that deserves that you resort to that kind of manners. Plese be polite and constructive.

 * Unicode is a standard specified to be used in HTML version 4 and XHTML, and thus valid for use on Wikipedia. I work regularly with greek text and view pages using Mozilla and the accentuation works just fine. Web browsers / operating systems having problems with it are not complying to standards, i.e. they are broken.

 * Of course we can avoid using that (correct) character if it is a large population having problem with it, but I have not seen any substantial evidence that this would be the case. Nixdorf 16:48, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

Well it is rude when I fix a problem and you just reverse it out for no reason.

 * OK I see your point. Anyway, please discuss incidents (whether from my shortcomings or not) first instead of resorting to harsh language, so that we understand each other and stay friends at all times.

Look, I checked your codes in Mozilla (latest version) as well as Internet explorer (latest version) on a standard installation of Windows XP, and it doesn't work on any of them.

 * OK that's fine, we'll keep the characters this way until the flawed implementation on IE+Windows catch up. No problem, see. Nixdorf 11:28, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, this is not a problem with the implementation of Explorer, and probably also not with Mozilla. The question is one of the font that is in use. Both page versions work fine for me using IE 6.0.28 if I use the "Arial Unicode MS" font. If I use other fonts, it results in an empty box for the numeric code. See Unicode and HTML.
 * -Rholton 01:52, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

On a completely different topic, hypostatsis is a singular noun, correct? Shouldn't we use the Latin singular persona instead of the plural personæ? (I would just fix this, but it's been way too long since I took Latin, and I'm not 100% sure persona is the singular.)
 * -Rholton 02:01, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This sentence is incorrect:

The etymologically corresponding Latin word is substantia, i.e. substance; however especially in the context of Christian theology it is usually translated into Latin as persona, i.e. person

greek->latin->english

hypostasis->substantia->hypostasis (hidden spiritual reality)

prosopa->persona->person (persona would be more correct)

Correction: substantia corresponds to the Greek ousios (substance)

I don't know how hypostasis was translated into Latin, it may have been taken directly as a technical word which it is, its meaning in Greek is vague and a subject of great debate.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hypostasis (philosophy and religion) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:15, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypostasis


text:
Mall of Georgia

Mall of Georgia is an enclosed super-regional shopping mall located in unincorporated Gwinnett County, Georgia, near the city of Buford, 30 mi northeast of Atlanta. Opened in 1999, it is currently the largest shopping mall in both the Atlanta Metropolitan Area and the state of Georgia, consisting of 188 stores on three levels. Featured in the mall is a large village section, comprising lifestyle tenants and restaurants in an outdoor setting, as well as a 500-seat amphitheater. In 2017 the Mall of Georgia renovated the indoor food court area by updating the seating arrangements, furniture styles, and color schemes. Mall of Georgia was built by and is still owned by Simon Property Group. A portion of the Ivy Creek Greenway runs along the shopping mall area. The mall features the traditional retailers JCPenney, Belk, Dick's Sporting Goods, Macy's, Dillard's, and Von Maur, in addition to a 20-screen Regal Cinemas which also features IMAX. The anchor stores are Von Maur, Macy's, Dillard's, Belk, JCPenney, Havertys Furniture, Barnes & Noble, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Regal Cinemas.

History
The Mall of Georgia officially opened August 13, 1999 drawing shoppers away from Gwinnett Place Mall, and featured Dillard's, JCPenney, Lord & Taylor, and Nordstrom as its anchor stores, with Bed Bath & Beyond, Haverty's, and Galyan's (now Dick's Sporting Goods) as additional junior anchors. Lord & Taylor, Dillard's, and JCPenney opened on August 11, 1999, two days before the official opening of the mall. The Mall of Georgia also has a 20-screen Regal Cinemas and an IMAX Theater. In 2000, Atlanta-based Rich's was added on, and many more mall stores were added, bringing the total number of stores in the mall to more than 200. Lord & Taylor was repositioned and shuttered entirely; it was replaced with Belk in 2005. Following Federated Department Stores' (now Macy's, Inc.) decision to consolidate nameplates in 2003, the Rich's store at Mall of Georgia was dual-branded as Rich's-Macy's, and the Rich's name was dropped entirely in 2005. In 2015, it was announced Von Maur would be joining the center, replacing Nordstrom.

Current anchors

 * Belk (2005-present)
 * Dillard's (August 11, 1999-present)
 * JCPenney (August 11, 1999-present)
 * Macy's (March 6, 2005-present)
 * Von Maur (2016-present)

Former anchors

 * Lord & Taylor (August 11, 1999-2003)
 * Nordstrom (August 13, 1999-2015)
 * Rich's (2000-March 6, 2005)

Statue
The statue atop the mall is of Button Gwinnett, one of the first men to sign the United States Declaration of Independence and for whom its location of Gwinnett County is named.

title: Mall of Georgia


text:
Jamestown Community College

Jamestown Community College is a public community college with campuses in Jamestown and Olean, New York. It is part of the State University of New York system. JCC also has extension centers in Dunkirk, New York and Warren, Pennsylvania. The college offers more than 60 degree and certificate programs.

Founded in 1950, Jamestown Community College was the first locally sponsored community college in the State University of New York system. The college has grown from an enrollment of 169 students attending classes held at Jamestown High School to an enrollment of 2,484 in 2019-20 among its sites.

JCC is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Its curricula are approved by the State University of New York and are registered by the New York State Department of Education. JCC's nursing program is accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing, Inc. JCC's occupational therapy assistant program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

History
Founded in 1950 as a predominantly transfer, liberal arts oriented institution, JCC was among the first community colleges within the State University of New York.

JCC has remained committed to the humanities and liberal arts while expanding to meet the social imperatives of workforce development and community service. The college serves students desiring transfer programs, provides technical and career programs for those seeking employment immediately after graduation, and offers the community workplace and personal enrichment programs.

Student life
Student clubs and organizations that focus on a variety of interests provide opportunities for creative expression, community service, and cultural diversity. Students are also able to engage in campus life programs, intercollegiate athletics, and intramural activities to develop social connections.

The Jamestown Campus provides on-campus living for 340 students in three residence halls.

Student government
The officially recognized student governing body is the Student Senate. Students have a direct voice in all student affairs and many college activities through active participation in student government.

Campus Activity Board
The Campus Activity Board (CAB) and the College Program Committee are the two organizations that are responsible for bringing activities (speakers, artists, musicians, etc.) to campus. CAB is composed of only students. The College Program Committee includes faculty, staff and student representatives.

Athletics
JCC is a member of the Western New York Athletic Conference and Region III of the National Junior College Athletic Association. The Jayhawk is the team mascot. Intercollegiate teams include:
 * Men's Soccer
 * Women's Soccer
 * Men's Baseball
 * Men's Basketball
 * Women's Basketball
 * Men's and Women's Golf
 * Men's and Women's Swimming/Diving
 * Women's Volleyball
 * Men's Wrestling
 * Men's and Women's Cross Country

The arts at JCC
Weeks Gallery The Weeks Gallery, located on the Jamestown Campus, and the Center Gallery on the Cattaraugus County Campus present significant visual, performing, and interdisciplinary art programs. In 2011, the Weeks Gallery received two significant donations – Ken and Lois Strickler donated Andy Warhol’s Marilyn Monroe serigraph and Larry Diggs donated a small-untitled bronze by Louise Nevelson.

Scharmann Theatre Located on the Jamestown Campus, the Scharmann Theatre hosts several cultural events and programs. It's also home to the JCC Uncommoners, a student theatre group that presents at least two productions per academic year. The theatre is named for Robert Lee Scharmann, who taught English and drama at JCC from 1956 until his death in 1976.

Museum Without Walls Hallways and open spaces at each of JCC's sites feature works from the college's permanent art collection.

On-campus housing
JCC provides on-campus living for 340 students in its three Hillside Suites residence halls. The halls offer students suite-style living, including four to five fully furnished bedrooms, a living room, kitchen, dining area, and two full bathrooms. The suites contain primarily single bedrooms, with a limited amount of double bedrooms available. All buildings are alcohol- and tobacco-free. Meal plans are available for residence hall students at the college's café.

Notable alumni

 * Samuel Teresi, former mayor of Jamestown
 * Natalie Merchant, recording artist
 * William Parment, former New York State Assemblyman
 * Bryan Hodgson, assistant men's basketball coach, University of Alabama

title: Jamestown Community College


text:
Smith River (Montana)

Smith River is a tributary of the Missouri River, in central Montana, in the United States. It rises in southern Meagher County in the Castle Mountains and flows northwest in the valley between the Big Belt and Little Belt mountains, past White Sulphur Springs and past Smith River State Park. It turns north-northwest (NNW), and is joined by Hound Creek in Cascade County, and joins the Missouri approximately 9 mi southwest of Great Falls.

The Smith is a Class I river from the Camp Baker Fishing Access site near Ft. Logan to its confluence with the Missouri River for public access for recreational purposes.

Noted for its spectacular scenery and blue-ribbon trout fishery, the Smith River is unique in that it has only one public put-in and one public take-out for the entire 59 mi segment of river. Boat camps located along the remote river canyon help preserve the unique quality of this area. The Smith River between Camp Baker and Eden Bridge is the only river corridor managed by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks as a permitted river. Permits for private floats on the Smith River are allocated to the public via a lottery system prior to the spring season. Permit applications are typically available the first week of January each year, with an application deadline of mid-February.

Areas near the Smith River are currently under review as nearby Meagher County and state agencies investigate construction of the Black Butte Copper Project.

title: Smith River (Montana)