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Big Hole River

The Big Hole River is a tributary of the Jefferson River, approximately 153 miles (246 km) long, in Beaverhead County, in southwestern Montana, United States. It is the last habitat in the contiguous United States for native fluvial Arctic grayling and is a historically popular destination for fly fishing, especially for trout.

History
At the time the Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through the Big Hole River watershed, it was a buffer zone between several rival Native American tribes including the Nez Percé, Shoshone, Coast Salish, and Blackfeet. Lewis and Clark considered navigating up the Big Hole River, but chose the slower-flowing Beaverhead River instead. Trappers from both the Hudson's Bay Company, the North West Company and the American Fur Company exploited the region from about 1810 to the 1840s. Miners and homesteaders settled the area between 1864 and the early 1900s. The Montana Salish called the river Skʷumcné Sewɫkʷs, meaning "waters of the pocket gopher".

In 1877 the U.S. troops under John Gibbon fought the Nez Percé Indians along the Big Hole River, during the Nez Perce War in the Battle of the Big Hole. The site of the battle along the North fork of the Big Hole is preserved as the Big Hole National Battlefield.

The establishment of Butte, Montana as a mining center and the coming of the Northern Railroad in 1871 assured Big Hole ranchers and farmers of a steady market for their beef, horses, mules, hay and dairy products. Ranches grew along the river from railroad supply points such as Divide, Montana. As a great improvement for preserving the wild hay for winter feeding of cattle, Herbert S. Armitage and David J. Stephens filed for a "Hay-Stacker" patent in 1909, which was awarded in 1910. This device, commonly known as a "beaverslide" remained popular until the 1990s, when it was largely displaced by mechanized equipment for producing large round bales.

Watershed and course
The Big Hole River watershed drains 2,800 sqmi.

The source of the mainstem Big Hole River is Skinner Lake in the Beaverhead National Forest in the Beaverhead Mountains of the Bitterroot Range at the Continental Divide along the Montana-Idaho border in western Beaverhead County. However, Skinner Lake is in turn fed by Darkhorse Creek, which flows from Darkhorse and Cowbone Lakes, the former at 8691 ft. The Big Hole River flows northwest and north, past Wisdom and between the Anaconda Range to the northwest and the Pioneer Mountains to the east. It flows around the north end of the Pioneers where it forms the border between Beaverhead County and Deer Lodge County and then Silver Bow County, then southeast past the town of Wise River, Montana, where it is joined by the Wise River. Near Glen, Montana it turns northeast and joins the Beaverhead River near Twin Bridges to form the Jefferson, a tributary of the Missouri.

Ecology and conservation
Historic conflicts exist between ranchers in the valley who use the river for irrigation and recreationalists. In the early 1960s, the US Bureau of Reclamation proposed building the Reichle Dam near the town of Glen along the Big Hole River. Conservationist George F. Grant, Trout Unlimited and local ranchers combined forces to oppose the dam, successfully defeating the proposal in 1967.

Grayling
The Big Hole is the last habitat in the contiguous United States for native fluvial (river-dwelling) Arctic grayling (Thymallis arcticus). Fluvial Arctic grayling lived historically in the United States only in Michigan and the upper Missouri River above Great Falls, Montana. Adfluvial or lake-dwelling Arctic grayling, still thrive across the western half of Montana. The fluvial population comprises the Upper Missouri River distinct population segment (DPS) population. The two populations are commonly called Montana Arctic grayling. The Big Hole River Watershed Committee (BHWC) was formed in 1995 by several Big Hole ranchers and some factions of the conservation community who opposed an ESA listing for fluvial Arctic grayling. The Watershed Committee reached out to local and selected interested entities and developed a viable community-based consensus group to forge solutions to difficult problems that impact the river. The committee was criticized for exclusion of activist voices such as the Center for Biological Diversity and the Montana Wildlife Federation. In response, organizations such as the Big Hole River Foundation were formed, with the goal "to understand, preserve, and enhance the free flowing character of the Big Hole River and to protect its watershed, culture, community and excellent wild trout fishery."

After years of debate by all interests in the Big Hole watershed, in April 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) removed the fluvial Arctic Grayling from Endangered Species candidacy, which has resulted in a lawsuit by the Center for Biological Diversity and other interested parties, who have stated the view that the USFWS decision was politically mandated by Julie MacDonald, the former Department of Interior official who has since resigned. An Office of the Inspector General investigation found that "MacDonald has been heavily involved with editing, commenting on, and reshaping the Endangered Species Program's scientific reports." In the case of grayling, MacDonald ignored clear genetic differences between extremely rare fluvial (river) grayling and relatively common lacustrine (lake) grayling. In 2014, The USFWS again affirmed that local conservation efforts are sufficient to protect the grayling, and declined to list the DPS of the grayling as federally endangered.

An environmental DNA assay using tissue samples from grayling in the Bighole River can identify grayling with high specificity against other native and non-native salmonids in Montana.

Angling the Big Hole
The Big Hole river has been a destination for trout fisherman since the late 1880s when The Angler's Guide, an Eastern angling journal advertised the Big Hole as a national destination fishery for grayling and trout while promising daily 40 lb catches. Although the river still holds some native westslope cutthroat trout, their populations are almost non-existent. Instead, the river holds healthy wild populations of brook, rainbow and brown trout which were first introduced into the Big Hole in late 1880s as hatchery operations began in Butte and Bozeman, Montana. Native mountain whitefish are also prevalent in the river. In the 1980s, the state of Montana began stopping general stocking of all Montana rivers. The last hatchery fish were stocked in the Big Hole in 1990. Dozens of guides, outfitters and fishing lodges offer guided fishing on the Big Hole and its tributaries. The river is catch and release for brown trout (Dickey bridge to mouth)

The river is a Class I water from the Fishtrap fishing access site downstream from Wisdom to its confluence with the Jefferson River. This status affects the level of public access for recreational purposes.

title: Big Hole River


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Talk:Kosovo Force

Untitled
I removed the sentence "KFOR’s presence remains crucial to guarantee security and stability in Kosovo as the diplomatic process led by the United Nations to define its future status moves forward." because there can be no citation given. Whether or not it is crucial is a matter of opinion and speculation and so the sentence was removed as being an example of clear bias unless someone can turn it into 'and the UN general fred said "it is crucial etc."' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deathmare (talk • contribs) 23:34, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Most of the content to this article has been taken from NATO offical site. Shouldn't matter though, as they are very liberal with all media content. I guess that same is true for text, although I haven't found any notice about on the site. --Vikingstad 19:42, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * The above link, and almost all the links in the article, to the NATO web site were "broken" (page not found). I've tried to fix things up as best I could.

 * The second-last link under External references should probably be deleted. I included it as I feel more in the role of re-writer than censor, and the link (in a slightly different version) has been in the article since 15 March 2007. --RenniePet 23:03, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Cold War WikiProject and WikiProject Germany?
WikiProject Germany? Germany has next to nothing to do with Kosovo Force. It contributes 6,000 troops to the force, but you may as well use that as an excuse to make this part of the WikiProject Russia, Italy, etc.

And Cold War WikiProject? What does this have to do with the Cold War? Worldthoughts 22:54, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * They were both added by bots, no idea why. Narayanese (talk) 01:00, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Title
The general rule about titles is that you should use the full title unless it is more usual to refer to it by its acronym. So in this case, should this article be located at the Kosovo Force? Enochlau 04:41, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I would tend to think that this is an instance of a term where the acronym is used more often than the full name. To be frank, this must be about the first time I see "Kosovo Force" written (and I have some interest in the question). Rama 08:20, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Russia withdrew its troops in 2003 after KFOR refused to give them an own occupation zone. Dutch soldiers prevented them from entering their territories. You can delete this entry.

Derim Hunt

One should be able to reach the article also from the form "K-For" used by the BBC News. I am very old and don't know how to make the reference.Svato (talk) 02:58, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Doubts on this [|this edit]
concerning the number of soldiers, there are a series of strange edits here by an IP-adress. Especially if you look at countries like the Netherlands and Georgia. Need second opinion before I undo. Dorkules (talk) 09:36, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Contradictory
In August 2005, the North Atlantic Council decided to restructure KFOR, replacing the four existing multinational brigades with five task forces, to allow for greater flexibility with, for instance, the removal of restrictions on the cross-boundary movement of units based in different sectors of Kosovo. but map shows that there were 5 sectors/brigades already in 2002. And as far as I can remember, there were 5 sectors from very beginning. --  Bojan   Talk   06:27, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Changes in Battlegroups / Needs update
In the beginning of November 2010, there will be only two battlegroups, East and West. Operations of North, South and Central will cease/merge. Many nations are withdrawing their troops completely, for example Finland, Sweden, Czech and Slovakia. Intention is that KFOR will have mobile battlegroups in a few camps, instead of lot of troops in many camps. After planned withdrawals, amount of toops is about to be halved from 10 000 soldiers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.239.207.91 (talk) 11:41, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Incorrect image legend
One of the images on the right, which shows an emblem with the NATO symbol over the German flag on the background, is described as Ukrainian soldiers on foot, patrolling in a Kosovan village near Brezovica. I'm not sure what the correct description for that emblem is, or whether a usable image showing Ukrainian soldiers in Kosovo exists somewhere, but this should be corrected. LJ-38M (talk) 01:44, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move request withdrawn. bobrayner (talk) 14:43, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Kosovo Force → KFOR – KFOR is the WP:COMMONNAME. They even call themselves KFOR. I get 127000 Gbooks hits versus 9160 for "Kosovo Force". bobrayner (talk) 09:45, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * KFOR is a dab page. Do you have evidence that the peacekeeping force is better known under KFOR than the radio and TV station combined as per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC?--199.91.207.3 (talk) 14:33, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oops. That's a silly mistake on my part; how could I miss the existence of a dab page? Thanks for pointing out the obvious. :-) bobrayner (talk) 14:43, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Letters Cyrilic or Greek or Both?
I think KFOR is written in letters comprehensible both in Greek and Cyrilic. Perhaps some finetuning in the explanation might be useful. 85.58.164.113 (talk) 23:05, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123632/http://web.amnesty.org/actforwomen/stories-9-eng to http://web.amnesty.org/actforwomen/stories-9-eng

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Participation Bosnia and Herzegovina
I have searched everywhere on the Internet for information about the participation of the armed forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the KFOR mission, but I have not found any such information anywhere. Therefore, I am wondering whether to remove this country as there is no information about its participation in KFOR. KujKuń (talk) 15:45, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kosovo Force


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Talk:First Opium War

Aelmsu
I've reread the sources, to make sure I didn't miss anything (and perhaps I missed twice), but I came up short.

For starters, Gelber does not mention anything about where the women were in my reading, so I disagree with the use of "contrary to this view". I also rechecked volume 10 of the The Cambridge History of China (originally the cited source) and located the line about opium being the single most profitable commodity of the 19th century, but could not find anything about the British Empire's revenues (if it even makes sense to speak of such a thing). He says "Opium now flowed freely from all of India to Canton, and by 1836, total imports came to $18 million, making it the world's most valuable single commodity trade of the nineteenth century".

I have not read the entirety of Joanna's book, but I have checked each page referenced and find no mention of a ban. I'm welcome to this being a case of an incomplete citation, or differing edition, and a quote would be enough to budge me on this point.

Anti war views in Intro
To be fair, Britian didn't unanimously agree to a war. There was significant internal division within their gov about the ethics of forcing the Chinese to continue the opium imports through war, with some proponents arguing that it was unethical. Sir James Graham, Lord Phillip Stanhope, and William Ewart Gladstone led the anti-war faction in Britain, and denounced the ethics of the opium trade and opposed the war. I think that is noteworthy significant history that should be mentioned in the introduction chapter. Simpleshooter99 (talk) 10:45, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Free trade wasn't the Chinese laws
The intro was incredibly biased and making it seem like the Chinese were the ones in violation of "principles". The elephant in the room is that the Chinese didn't want the British to profit from opium whereas the British saw the Chinese refusal to let British to sell opium to them, as some kind of sleight. Like how dare the Chinese create their laws that make it inconvenient for the British to profit from opium. The most important context that should be emphasized is that the opium trade was illegal and the British ignored that. Yet the intro makes it seem like the Chinese were in the wrong here for violating the principle of free trade as if they were in breach of international laws. Such an extremely biased take to blame it on the Chinese despite they didn't break the laws. The British did break Chinese soverign laws and hence it should be noted in the intro clearly as what really occurred behind the onset of the war. Simpleshooter99 (talk) 15:48, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Do your objections still hold? This all seems to be covered in the lead. LastDodo (talk) 16:14, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Melbourne Foreign Secretary?
The following passage makes it seem like Melbourne became Foreign Secretary after Palmerston and for the remainder of the war:

''In Britain, changes in Parliament resulted in Lord Palmerston being removed from his post as Foreign Minister on 30 August. William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne replaced him, and sought a more measured approach to the situation in China. Lamb remained a supporter of the war.''

I believe this is not accurate, at least Melbourne is not listed as Foreign Seretary on the page about the office, rather it seems Lord Aberdeen replaced Palmerston when the Melbourne government fell and Peel became Prime Minister on 30 August 1841. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by LastDodo (talk • contribs) 11:17, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Opium War


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Place theory

Place theory is a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. By this theory, the pitch of a sound, such as a human voice or a musical tone, is determined by the places where the membrane vibrates, based on frequencies corresponding to the tonotopic organization of the primary auditory neurons.

More generally, schemes that base attributes of auditory perception on the neural firing rate as a function of place are known as rate–place schemes.

The main alternative to the place theory is the temporal theory, also known as timing theory. These theories are closely linked with the volley principle or volley theory, a mechanism by which groups of neurons can encode the timing of a sound waveform. In all cases, neural firing patterns in time determine the perception of pitch. The combination known as the place–volley theory uses both mechanisms in combination, primarily coding low pitches by temporal pattern and high pitches by rate–place patterns. It is now generally believed that there is good evidence for both mechanisms.

The place theory is usually attributed to Hermann Helmholtz, though it was widely believed much earlier.

Experiments to distinguish between place theory and rate theory are difficult to devise, because of the strong correlation: large vibrations with low rate are produced at the apical end of the basilar membrane while large vibrations with high rate are produced at the basal end. The two can be controlled independently using cochlear implants: pulses with a range of rates can be applied via electrodes distributed along the membrane. Experiments using implant recipients showed that, at low stimulation rates, ratings of pitch on a pitch scale were proportional to the log of stimulation rate, but also decreased with distance from the round window. At higher rates, the effect of rate was weaker, but the effect of place was strong.

title: Place theory


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Wise River

The Wise River is a tributary of the Big Hole River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in southwestern Montana in the United States. It rises in the Beaverhead National Forest in the Pioneer Mountains in Beaverhead County. It flows NNW through the mountains and joins the Big Hole near the town of Wise River. The river has also been known as Elkhorn Creek.

The river is a popular destination for fly fishing. The Wise is a Class II river for stream access for recreational purposes.

title: Wise River


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John Simpson (journalist)

John Cody Fidler-Simpson (born 9 August 1944) is an English foreign correspondent who is currently the world affairs editor of BBC News. He has spent all his working life with the BBC, and has reported from more than 120 countries, including thirty war zones, and interviewed many world leaders. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of Granta magazine.

Early life and education
Simpson was born on 9 August 1944 in Cleveleys, Lancashire, but was taken to his mother's "bomb-damaged house in London" the following week. He says in his autobiography that his father Roy, a property developer, was a Christian scientist. His parents separated when he was seven years old and he chose to remain with his father while his mother cared for his two half sisters. He spent ten years growing up in Dunwich in Suffolk. He was educated at Dulwich College Preparatory School and St Paul's School, followed by Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of Granta magazine. In 1965 he was a member of the Magdalene University Challenge team. A year later Simpson started as a trainee sub-editor at BBC radio news.

Career
Simpson became a BBC reporter in 1970. Early in his career, the then prime minister Harold Wilson, angered by being asked whether he was about to call an election, punched Simpson in the stomach.

Simpson was the BBC's political editor in 1980–81. He presented the Nine O'Clock News in 1981–82 and became diplomatic editor in 1982. He had also served as a correspondent in South Africa, Brussels and Dublin. He became BBC world affairs editor in 1988 and presented an occasional current affairs programme, Simpson's World.

Simpson's reporting career includes the following episodes:
 * In November 1969 he interviewed the exiled King of Buganda, Mutesa II, hours before the latter's death in his London flat from alcohol poisoning. The official cause was suicide but some suspected assassination. Simpson told the police the following day that the king, a fellow-graduate of Magdalene College, Cambridge, had been sober and in good spirits, but this line of enquiry was not pursued.
 * He travelled back from Paris to Tehran with the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini on 1 February 1979, a return that heralded the Iranian Revolution, as millions lined the streets of the capital.
 * In 1989 he avoided bullets at the Beijing Tiananmen Square massacre.
 * Simpson reported the fall of the Ceauşescu regime in Bucharest later that year.
 * He spent the early part of the 1991 Gulf War in Baghdad, before being expelled by the authorities.
 * Simpson reported from Belgrade during the Kosovo War of 1999, where he was one of a handful of journalists to remain in the Yugoslav capital after the authorities, at the start of the conflict, expelled those from NATO countries.
 * Two years later, he was one of the first reporters to enter Afghanistan in 2001, famously disguising himself by wearing a burqa, and subsequently Kabul in the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.
 * Simpson was hunted by Robert Mugabe's forces in Zimbabwe.
 * In 2002 he had an interview with the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn just four days before his assassination. Fortuyn was not happy with Simpson and his questions and so sent him away just five minutes after the start of the interview.
 * He was the first BBC journalist to answer questions in a war zone from internet users via BBC News Online.
 * While reporting on a non-embedded basis from Northern Iraq in the 2003 Iraq war, Simpson was injured in a friendly fire incident when a U.S. warplane bombed the convoy of American and Kurdish forces he was with. The attack was caught on film: a member of Simpson's crew was killed and he himself was left deaf in one ear.

In 2008 and 2009, Simpson participated in a BBC programme called Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice. It saw Simpson unite with fellow Britons Sir Ranulph Fiennes, the adventurer, and Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the round-the-world yachtsman. The team went on three trips, experiencing each other's adventure field. The first episode, aired on 27 March 2009, saw Simpson, Fiennes and Knox-Johnston go on a news-gathering trip to Afghanistan. The team reported from the Khyber Pass and the Tora Bora mountain complex. The three also undertook a voyage around Cape Horn and an expedition hauling sledges across the deep-frozen Frobisher Bay in the far north of Canada.

During the 2011 Libyan civil war Simpson travelled with the rebels during their westward offensive, reporting on the war from the front lines and coming under fire on several occasions.

In 2016 Simpson presented a Panorama special, "John Simpson: 50 Years on the Frontline", revisiting the people and places that have impacted on him most, revealing his thoughts on the challenges for the future.

In 2018, he described how a previous head of BBC News had recently tried to force him out of the BBC. "I wasn't the only one: he did the same to several eminent broadcasters, on the grounds that the news department was clogged at the top by the aged. I was unsighted by being assured regularly how wonderful my contribution to the BBC was. 'I'd be distraught if you left', he said."

Since 2022 he regularly presents Unspun World with John Simpson for BBC, disecting political opinions from around the world as their world affairs editor.

Awards
Simpson has received various awards, including a CBE in the Gulf War honours list in 1991, an International Emmy for his report for the BBC Ten O'Clock News on the fall of Kabul, the Golden Nymph at the Cannes Film Festival, a Peabody award in the US, and three BAFTAs. He was appointed an honorary fellow of his old college at Cambridge, Magdalene, in 2000, and became the first Chancellor of Roehampton University in 2005.

Various universities have awarded him honorary doctorates: De Montfort, Suffolk College at the University of East Anglia, Nottingham, Dundee, Southampton, Sussex, St Andrews, Exeter and Leeds. He has received the Ischia International Journalism Award and the Bayeux-Calvados Award for war correspondents. In June 2011 he was made a Freeman of the City of London. Simpson was honoured by the City of Westminster at a Marylebone tree planting ceremony in May 2012.

Personal life
Simpson entered his first marriage in 1965 to American Diane Jean Petteys, with whom he has two daughters who were born in 1969 and 1971, respectively. Following divorce, he married Dee (Adele) Kruger, a South African television producer, in 1996. Their son Rafe was born in January 2006 when John was 61. Simpson, whose grandmother was born in Ireland, holds British and Irish citizenship; he moved back to London in 2005 after living in Ireland for several years.

In an interview with the Irish Independent Simpson admitted to using a legal tax avoidance scheme to purchase his London home in 2004, but stated that he would abandon the scheme and pay all applicable domestic taxes on its sale.

He is an Anglican and worships at Chelsea Old Church.

Novels

 * Moscow Requiem (1981)
 * A Fine and Private Place (1983)
 * Moscow, Midnight (2018)
 * Our Friends in Beijing (2021)

Non-fiction

 * The Disappeared: Voices from a Secret War, with Jana Bennett, (1985)
 * Behind Iranian Lines (1988)
 * Despatches from the Barricades (1990)
 * Strange Places, Questionable People (1998)
 * A Mad World, My Masters (2000)
 * News From No Man's Land (2002)
 * The Wars Against Saddam: Taking the Hard Road to Baghdad (2004)
 * Days from a Different World: A Memoir of Childhood (2005)
 * Not Quite World's End: A Traveller's Tales (2007)
 * Twenty Tales From The War Zone (2007)
 * Unreliable Sources (2010)
 * We Chose to Speak of War and Strife (2016)

title: John Simpson (journalist)


text: Talk:Multiple cross products

title: Talk:Multiple cross products


text:
Dwarfing

Dwarfing is a process in which a breed of animals or cultivar of plants is changed to become significantly smaller than standard members of their species. The effect can be induced through human intervention or non-human processes, and can include genetic, nutritional or hormonal means. Used most specifically, dwarfing includes pathogenic changes in the structure of an organism (for example, the bulldog, a genetically achondroplastic dog breed), in contrast to non-pathogenic proportional reduction in stature (such as the whippet, a small sighthound dog breed).

Animals
In animals, including humans, dwarfism has been described in several ways. Shortened stature can result from growth hormone deficiency, starvation, portal systemic shunts, renal disease, hypothyroidism diabetes mellitus and other conditions. Any of these conditions can be established in a population through genetic engineering, selective breeding, or insular dwarfism, or some combination of the above.

Dwarfing can produce more practical breeds that can fit in small accommodations, or may appeal aesthetically, as well as other associated side effects. Smaller stature may be a deliberate goal of breeding programs, or it may be a side effect of other breeding goals.

Nonpurposeful dwarfing
In some husbandry conditions, humans created dwarf breeds, or allowed them to develop, without specifically selecting for smaller animals. It is likely that the Shetland sheep breed, Shetland collie breed of dogs, and various pony breeds of horses developed in this manner. In the case of the Shetland sheep and collies, it is likely that environmental conditions, such as a lack of abundant fodder, led to farmers selecting smaller animals who continued to reproduce on limited food over larger animals who did not reproduce well on limited diets. In this case, the emphasis was on selecting for survival and reproduction, not size.

Purposeful dwarfing
Humans have encouraged the deliberate development of dwarf breeds of many domestic animals, including horses, cattle, dogs, and chickens. Some have been breeds of smaller animals that were not originally selected for size, but are now held to specific sizes by a breed standard. In many cases, the exact physiological mechanism that alters the growth of individuals in that breed is not well known, and some breeds have multiple mechanisms at play.

As the genetic mutations that cause dwarfing occur in many species, dwarf animals can be the offspring of normal-appearing animals. Even in breeds which have not been selected for dwarfing, some genetic lines may show a tendency to produce dwarfs, which may be encouraged by deliberate breeding. This often takes the form of in-breeding to concentrate recessive genes, and can result in other genetic abnormalities being established in the population.

Some animal breeds that have been formally subject to dwarfing include:

 * Rabbits (American Fuzzy Lop, Britannia Petite (US), Dwarf Hotot, Florida White Rabbit, Jersey Wooly, Lionhead Polish (UK), Holland Lop Netherland Dwarf, Mini Rex, Mini Satin, others)
 * Dogs (English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Chihuahua, Corgi, Whippet, Miniature Pinscher, others)
 * Poultry (Bantam chickens, Call Ducks)
 * Goats (Nigerian Dwarf, Pygmy Goat)
 * Cattle (Dwarf Brahman, Lowline cattle Guinea Cracker Cattle, Dexter cattle)
 * Equines (Miniature Donkey, Fell Pony, Hackney Pony Miniature horse, Shetland Pony, others)

Plants
As with animals, plants can be dwarfed through genetic engineering and selective breeding, but can also undergo natural, morphological changes to acclimatize to environmental stresses such as soil quality, light, drought, flood, cold, infection, and herbivory resulting in a dwarfed stature. Plants dwarfed due to environmental stress are said to be "stunted." The majority of dwarfing in plants occurs not from the damage environmental stresses inflict on them, but instead by hormones produced in response to the stress. Plant hormones act as a signal to the various tissues of plants inducing one or more responses, the class of plant hormone responsible for dwarfing in plants due to injury are called jasmonates. Such responses include, but are not limited to: less frequent cell divisions and reduction of cell elongation.

Dwarfing trees
In horticulture, dwarfing can be considered a desirable characteristic in modern orchards. This kind of dwarfing can be attained through selective breeding, genetic engineering, or more often, scions are grafted on to dwarfing rootstocks. Almost all modern apples in commercial use are propagated as dwarf or semi-dwarf trees for ease of picking and spraying.

Dwarfing fruit trees acts through a reduction in the nutrients which travel from the roots through the trunk to the leaves and buds. Many commercial orchards of various species use this technique to improve the overall health and productivity of the individual trees. An individual tree may be made up of three or more separate cultivars - one for the root system, which is generally selected for good stability and resistance to soil-borne diseases, one for the trunk, which modifies the overall height of the tree, and one for the productive limbs and buds, which actually produces the fruit. Frequently, the root system stock is the most resistant to cold damage - both by natural selection and by protection from the cold air by the earth. When frost severely damages a tree, the more productive branch and bud cultivar may be killed off, leaving the root to sprout new stalks. In the case of oranges and other citrus, this results in sweet orange trees being frozen back so that the more hardy, cold-tolerant sour orange rootstock puts out new growth.

Dwarfing grains
Dwarfing genes are widely used in creating more productive food plants, such as grains. One condition that results in loss of grain crops is called 'lodging', where heavy ears of almost ripe grain bend the stalk until the grain touches the ground, becomes wet, and spoils. During the Green Revolution, research that identified wheat reduced-height genes (Rht) and  a rice semidwarf gene (sd1) resulted in crops that yielded significantly more harvestable grain.

title: Dwarfing


text:
The Avenue (Milwaukee)

The Avenue (previously known as The Grand Avenue, The Shops of Grand Avenue and Shops of Grand Avenue) is an urban shopping plaza currently under renovation that spans three city blocks in the downtown neighborhood of Westown in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There is one store anchored by T.J. Maxx and GRAEF-USA Incorporated, and three vacant spaces last occupied by Old Navy, OfficeMax, and Linens 'n Things.

The Avenue has been the only major indoor shopping facility in the city of Milwaukee proper with the closing of Capitol Court in 2000 and the Northridge Mall in 2003 due to competition from newly renovated malls in nearby suburbs.

History
Grand Avenue opened in 1982 and hosted over 80 specialty stores, along with what was at one time the largest food court in Wisconsin.

The shopping center was named after a bustling merchant street during the 19th century, Grand Avenue (the portion of the present day Wisconsin Avenue west of the Milwaukee River). A main portion of The Shops of Grand Avenue encompasses the former Plankinton Arcade with many of its original features still intact including the statue of John Plankinton in the center of the circular atrium. The Arcade replaced the Plankinton House Hotel on the same site.

Grand Avenue was opened during a time when many downtown retail centers in major cities were shutting down. It sought to avoid these problems by relying on locally owned shops that cater to the "urban" tastes of the nearby populace, in addition to the national chain-stores it houses such as the anchor T.J. Maxx. Because of limited street/surface parking, an adjacent south ramp provides hourly fee parking, costs heavily offset by mall purchase validation.

At one time, the mall also featured Marshall Field's (Gimbels until 1986) on the east edge of the mall, but the location closed in 1997. The building that housed it, now ASQ Center, is still connected to The Avenue by a skywalk and features a Residence Inn, although it is not technically part of The Avenue. With the east addition of the downtown YMCA, their circling walking track has views down to Grand Plankinton Concourse through skylights.

TJ Maxx and Linens 'n Things were added in 2002.

In 2005, New York-based Ashkenazy Acquisition Corp purchased The Shops of Grand Avenue for $31.7 million. Due to the economic downfall and its impact on the Milwaukee metropolitan area, by 2009 the mall had lost many key tenants. In 2012 the mall was foreclosed upon and was put up for auction in October 2013. New York based real estate firm Alliance Capital Invest won with a final bid of $16.5 million. After struggling to improve performance, the mall was sold to a local ownership group for $24.6 million in December 2015.

On December 6, 2018, new plans for the existing space were announced as well as the space's new name, The Avenue. The former third floor food court will become office space for GRAEF-USA Incorporated. A new food hall will open on the ground floor named 3rd Street Market Hall, late in 2019. In addition, the 52 unit Plankinton Clover Apartments will replace some of the former retail space.

title: The Avenue (Milwaukee)


text:
Gordon Square

Gordon Square is a public park square in Bloomsbury, London, England. It is part of the Bedford Estate and was designed as one of a pair with the nearby Tavistock Square. It is owned by the University of London.

History and buildings
The square was developed by master builder Thomas Cubitt in the 1820s, as one of a pair with Tavistock Square, which is a block away and has the same dimensions. As with most London squares the central garden was originally for the private use of the residents of the surrounding houses, but it now belongs to the University of London and is open to the public. The square is named after the second wife of the 6th Duke of Bedford, Lady Georgiana Gordon, daughter of Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon. The university owns many of the buildings in the square and in early 2005 it submitted an application for a refurbishment of the square, including the reinstatement of railings similar to the originals. The work was completed in 2007. The west side of the square is dominated by the listed church of Christ the King and next to it the home of Dr Williams's Library.

The Institute of Archaeology, a department of University College London, is on the north side of the square. The Campaign for Science and Engineering and UCL Urban Laboratory resides in Gordon House, at the square's north-west corner. Gordon Street leads from the north-west corner with the Bloomsbury Theatre close by. The Warburg Institute (part of the School of Advanced Study) is located on the south-west corner of the square, across Tavistock Place.

Nos. 16–26, on the western side of the square, were not completed until 1855, and they represent some of the last buildings created by Thomas Cubitt. They now mostly house UCL academic departments. For example, No. 22 houses the Department of Science and Technology Studies.

Passfield Hall, a halls of residence for undergraduates at the London School of Economics, is on the north side of the square.

Notable residents

The economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) lived at 46 Gordon Square, marked by a blue plaque. Before Keynes moved in, the same house was occupied by a young Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) and her siblings (including the noted painter and interior designer Vanessa Bell) and frequented by other members of the Bloomsbury Group. The writer and biographer Lytton Strachey lived at No. 51. Houses 43 to 46 are now occupied by the School of Arts, Birkbeck, University of London.

title: Gordon Square


text:
User:Staack117

Height: 6'6½"

Weight: 220lbs ~ 230lbs

Token Moves: STF (many variations), Victoria Driver, Fishermans Suplex, Manji Gatame, Argentine Backbreaker, Standing Crossface, Queen Angelito Stretch (aka Virus Stretch) and Corkscrew Plancha (stopping use).

Finishing Moves: Michinoku Driver, Coast-to-Coast Swanton Bomb Combo and Deathlock with Bridge

Ask Me About: Mixed Martial Arts, Metal Gear, Pro Wrestling, World Wrestling Entertainment, Turrican, Tekken and Guilty Gear.

title: User:Staack117


text:
User talk:Database~enwiki

Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for your note on the new user log. Hope you like it here and stick around.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome, newcomers is a good place to start.
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You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 19:57, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Re: IPSC
I don't know of any such article. Doesn't seem to be in the history. Can't think of any reason it would have been deleted. ??? Tualha 00:10, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Database~enwiki


text:
Providence Place

Providence Place is an American shopping mall in Providence, Rhode Island. With 1400000 ft2 of gross leasable area, it has been the largest shopping mall in Rhode Island since it opened in 1999. As of 2022, the mall is anchored by Macy's and Boscov's, and features premier brands such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Adore Me, J.Crew, Brooks Brothers, Tiffany & Co., and Free People.

History
Providence Place opened in 1999 with original anchors Lord & Taylor, Filene's, and Nordstrom. Lord & Taylor was repositioned and shuttered entirely in June 2004. The space was later filled by JCPenney in February 2005. Filene's became Macy's in 2006.

In September 2015, JCPenney closed down as part of a company decision to close 40 stores nationwide.

Throughout 2016, the mall underwent major renovations. The area that JCPenney once occupied was converted into parking, and a guidance system was later added in the garage to direct customers to open spots. Stateside Parking was renamed to "North Garage", and Cityside Parking was renamed to "South Garage".

On October 9, 2018, it was announced that Boscov's would replace Nordstrom, which closed on January 4 of the following year, when its lease expired.

On June 1, 2020, Providence Place suffered damage after people protesting the murder of George Floyd broke in and looted 12-18 stores.

Illegal apartment
Michael Townsend, Adriana Yoto and six other artists covertly built an apartment in a 750 sqft empty space in one of the mall's parking garages in 2003 after hearing an advertisement which imagined living in the mall. The group lived there for up to three weeks at a time while documenting mall life. A cinderblock wall was built to keep the living space hidden. The apartment was burglarized at one point, with the occupants' PlayStation 2 game console being stolen. Some sources report that the mall's security guards took the console in an attempt to identify the occupants. The apartment had no running water, so the residents all used the mall bathrooms. Townsend was caught in 2007 after Jaffa Lam, an artist from Hong Kong, visited and was detected by security guards. After the fully furnished apartment was discovered by mall security, Townsend, the head of the artists’ cooperative, was initially charged with breaking and entering, but his charges were reduced to trespassing. The story received national attention. Prior to the discovery, he was planning on building a kitchen, installing wooden flooring, and adding a second bedroom. He pleaded no contest to trespassing and was sentenced to probation on October 2, 2007. The mall banned him from entering for life.

In 2024, it was announced that a feature documentary film on the secret apartment had been completed, titled Secret Mall Apartment and directed by filmmaker Jeremy Workman.

Architecture
The mall was built on land previously occupied by a dirt parking lot called "Ray's Park & Lock." The proposed design was met by opposition from residents on the city's East Side; developers changed the initial design to fit better into the neighborhood. The new design included more red and yellow brick and turrets on the roof, to reflect Providence's industrial past.

The design of the mall was partly done by the architect Friedrich St. Florian. He also built the skybridge that connected the mall with the Omni Providence Hotel (formerly the Westin Hotel).

In total, Providence Place consists of fifteen levels. The lowest three are labeled P1-P3 (formerly C-A). Level P1 consists of Parking-Only North Garage (Stateside), and Street Level Restaurants Cityside. There was also a level D in the North Garage. Level P2 consists of DSW shoes and Restaurants, Old Navy at the North Garage, and CVS Pharmacy at the South Garage, and The Skybrige to the Omni Hotel. Bed Bath & Beyond at the South Garage was open from 1999 until its closure in 2019. Level P3 consists of parking only, both at the North and South garages. Levels 1.5 and 2.5 also consist of parking only, both at the North and South garages. The South Garage is at the mall's southern end, facing Downtown. The North Garage is at the mall's northern end, facing state office buildings including the State Capitol.

The fifth through ninth levels are labeled 1, 1.5 (formerly 1M), 2, 2.5 (formerly 2M) and 3, which feature the indoor galleria (excluding the .5 levels). There is a Dave & Buster's, an IMAX theatre, and a 16-screen Showcase Cinemas on the seventh level. The mall also hosts two large parking garages labeled North Garage and South Garage, one stateside and the other cityside, anchored to its back end. Bridges connect the two sides over the Woonasquatucket River.

The mall's Winter Garden is a noticeable architectural feature. The four-level structure in the center of the mall spans the Woonasquatucket River and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line. The area features large expanses of glass providing views of the city. The third level of the Winter Garden contains the food court and access to its fourth level, serving as the entrance to Dave and Buster's, the IMAX theater, and the cinema. Although not directly connected to the mall, Amtrak's Providence Station is located approximately 200 yards east of the mall, providing Acela Express and Northeast Regional service to Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C.

title: Providence Place