text:
Territorial waters

Territorial waters are informally an area of water where a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones ). In a narrower sense, the term is often used as a synonym for the territorial sea.

Vessels have different rights and duties when passing through each area defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), one of the most ratified treaties. States cannot exercise their jurisdiction in waters beyond the exclusive economic zone, which are known as the high seas.

Baseline
Normally, the baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts that the coastal state recognizes. This is either the low-water mark closest to the shore or an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land, provided that some portion of elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide (such as mud flats) is within 3 nmi of permanently exposed land.

Straight baselines can alternatively be defined connecting fringing islands along a coast, across the mouths of rivers, or with certain restrictions across the mouths of bays. In this case, a bay is defined as "a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation is not, however, regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation". The baseline across the bay must also be no more than 24 nmi in length.

Internal waters
Internal waters are landward of the baseline. The coastal state has sovereignty over internal waters, enforce domestic law on vessels in internal waters, including to prohibit innocent passage. Lakes, rivers and bays are considered internal waters.

"Archipelagic waters" within the outermost islands of an archipelagic state, such as Indonesia or the Philippines, are also internal waters, but the state must allow innocent passage through them. However, archipelagic states can limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes within these waters. Each island in the archipelago can have its own baseline.

Territorial sea

Territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nmi from the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is sovereign territory, although foreign ships (military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it, or transit passage for straits; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below. In international law, adjustment of these boundaries is called maritime delimitation.

A state's territorial sea extends up to 12 nmi from its baseline. If this overlaps with another state's territorial sea, the border is taken as the median point between the states' baselines, unless the states agree otherwise. A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea.

Conflicts have occurred when a coastal nation claims an entire gulf as its territorial waters while other nations only recognize the more restrictive definitions of the UNCLOS. Claims that draw the baseline at more than 24 nautical miles (two 12 nm limits) are judged excessive by the US. Two conflicts occurred in the Gulf of Sidra where Libya drew a line in excess of 230 nmi and claimed the entire enclosed gulf as its territorial waters. The US exercised freedom of navigation rights, resulting in the 1981 and 1989 Gulf of Sidra incidents.

Contiguous zone
The contiguous zone is a band of water extending farther from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nmi from the baseline. Inside, a state can exercise limited control to prevent or punish "infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea".

The zone is typically 12 nmi wide. However, it can be wider when a state claims a territorial sea of less than 12 nautical miles, or narrower if it would otherwise overlap with another state's contiguous zone. Unlike the territorial sea, there is no standard rule for resolving such conflicts and states must negotiate a compromise. The US invoked a contiguous zone out to 24 nmi from the baseline on 29 September 1999.

Exclusive economic zone
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends from the baseline to at most 200 nmi and therefore includes the contiguous zone. A coastal nation has control of all economic resources inside its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and pollution of those resources. However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above, on, or under the surface of the sea that complies with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal state in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention, within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea.

Before the convention, coastal nations arbitrarily extended their territorial waters to attempt to control activities that are now regulated by the exclusive economic zone, such as offshore oil exploration or fishing rights (see Cod Wars).

The EEZ is still popularly, but incorrectly, regarded as coastal nation's territorial waters.

Definition
Article 76 of the UN convention defines continental shelf of coastal countries. For the physical geographical definition, see the article continental shelf.

A state's continental shelf extends to the outer edge of the continental margin but at least 200 nmi from the baselines of the territorial sea if the continental margin does not stretch that far. Coastal states can explore and exploit the seabed and the natural resources on or beneath it. However, other states may lay cables and pipelines if authorized by the coastal state. The outer limit of a country's continental shelf cannot stretch beyond 350 nmi of the baseline or beyond 100 nmi from the 2500 m isobath, which is a line connecting the depths of the seabed at 2,500 meters.

The outer edge of the continental margin for the purposes of this article is defined as:

 * *a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nmi apart where the thickness of sedimentary rocks is at least 1% of the height of the continental shelf above the foot of the continental slope; or
 * *a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nautical miles apart that is not more than 60 nautical miles from the foot of the continental margin.

The foot of the continental slope is determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base.

The portion of the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit is also known as the extended continental shelf. Countries wishing to delimit their outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles have to submit scientific information for the basis of their claim to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The Commission then validates or makes recommendations on the scientific basis for the extended continental shelf claim. The scientific judgement of the Commission shall be final and binding. Validated extended continental shelf claims overlapping any demarcation between two or more parties are decided by bilateral or multilateral negotiation, not by the commission.

Countries have ten years after ratifying UNCLOS to lodge their submissions to extend their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, or by 13 May 2009 for countries where the convention was ratified before 13 May 1999. As of 1 June 2009, 51 submissions have been lodged with the commission, of which eight have been deliberated by the commission and have had recommendations issued. The eight are (in the order of date of submission): Russian Federation; Brazil; Australia; Ireland; New Zealand; the joint submission by France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom; Norway and Mexico.

For the full list, see below.

Rights over the continental shelf
Articles 77 to 81 define the rights of a country over its continental shelf.

A coastal nation has control of all resources on or under its continental shelf, living or not, but no control over any living organisms above the shelf that are beyond its exclusive economic zone. This gives it the right to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and drilling works.

Background
From the eighteenth century until the mid twentieth century, the territorial waters of the British Empire, the United States, France and many other nations were three nautical miles (5.6 km) wide. Originally, this was the distance of a cannon shot, hence the portion of an ocean that a sovereign state could defend from shore. However, Iceland claimed 2 nmi, Norway and Sweden claimed 4 nmi, and Spain claimed 6 nmi during this period. During incidents such as nuclear weapons testing and fisheries disputes some nations arbitrarily extended their maritime claims to as much as 50 nmi or even 200 nmi. Since the late 20th century the "12 mile limit" has become almost universally accepted. The United Kingdom extended its territorial waters from 3 to 12 nmi in 1987.

During the League of Nations Codification Conference in 1930, the issue of establishing international legislation on territorial waters was raised, but no agreement was reached.

Claims by legislation to the adjacent continental shelf and fishing was first made by the United States government immediately following the Second World War. On 28 September 1945, US President Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations that established government control of natural resources in areas adjacent to the coastline. One of these proclamation was titled "Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf", and stipulated in its operative clause: the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States, subject to its jurisdiction and control.

The second proclamation was titled "Policy of the United States With Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas", and stated in its operative clause: the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale.

Following the US presidential proclamation, the issue of legally determining territorial waters by international agreement was raised, and in its first session in 1949, the International Law Commission of the United Nations added the subject to its agenda.

The important issue of the breadth of territorial waters could not be resolved at either the UNCLOS I (1956-1958) or UNCLOS II (1960) conferences, with neither the two major contenders of a 3-mile or 12-mile limit reaching the required two-thirds support. This lack of agreement had the potential to lead to serious international disputes. It was only at the UNCLOS III (1973-1982) conference, whose provisions did not come into force until 1994, that this issue was resolved at twelve nautical miles.

Miscellaneous
Pirate radio broadcasting from artificial marine fixtures or anchored ships can be controlled by the affected coastal nation or other nations wherever that broadcast may originate, whether in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf or even on the high seas.

Thus a coastal nation has total control over its internal waters, slightly less control over territorial waters, and ostensibly even less control over waters within the contiguous zones. However, it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf.

Throughout this article, distances measured in nautical miles are exact legal definitions, while those in kilometres are approximate conversions that are not stated in any law or treaty.

Federal nations, such as the United States, divide control over certain waters between the federal government and the individual states. (See tidelands.)

Territorial sea claim
Maritime controversies involve two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which are a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries, which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea.
 * 6 nmi: Greece (in Aegean sea), Turkey (in Aegean sea)
 * 12 nmi: Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Bouvet Island, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, People's Republic of China, Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece (in Ionian sea), Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey (in Black sea and Mediterranean), Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.
 * 12 nautical miles/DLM: Slovenia.
 * 13 nmi: Italy-Tunisia
 * 15 nmi: Azerbaijan, Iran (Caspian Sea), Kazakhstan, Russia (Caspian Sea), Turkmenistan
 * 30 nmi: Togo.
 * 200 nmi: Benin, El Salvador, Peru, Somalia.

Special cases

 * Australia: A treaty with Papua New Guinea defines the territorial sea boundaries between the islands of Aubusi, Boigu and Moimi and Papua New Guinea on the one hand and the islands of Dauan, Kaumag and Saibai and Papua New Guinea on the other hand, as well as a section of the border of the territorial sea of Saibai. The territorial seas of the islands known as Anchor Cay, Aubusi Island, Black Rocks, Boigu Island, Bramble Cay, Dauan Island, Deliverance Island, East Cay, Kaumag Island, Kerr Islet, Moimi Island, Pearce Cay, Saibai Island, Urnagain Island and Turu Cay do not extend beyond 3 nautical miles from the baselines.
 * Belize: 3 nautical miles limit applies from the mouth of Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye.
 * Cameroon: See article 45 of Law 96-06 of 18 January 1996 on the revision of the Constitution of 2 June 1972.
 * Denmark: Act No. 200 of 7 April 1999 on the delimitation of the territorial sea does not apply to the Faroe Islands (the act applies to the Faroe Islands from 1 June 2002) and Greenland but may become effective by Royal Decree for those parts of the Kingdom of Denmark with the amendments dictated by the special conditions prevailing in the Faroe Islands and Greenland. As far as Greenland is concerned, the outer limit of the external territorial waters may be measured at a distance shorter than 12 nmi from the baselines.
 * Estonia: In some parts of the Gulf of Finland, defined by coordinates.
 * Finland: Extends, with certain exceptions, to 12 nmi, unless defined by geographical coordinates. In the Gulf of Finland, there is a strip of international waters regardless of the 12 nmi limit: the outer limit of the territorial sea shall at no place be closer to the midline than 3 nmi. Bogskär, a remote island, has only 3 nmi territorial waters.
 * Greece: 10 nmi limit applies for the purpose of regulating civil aviation (See also Aegean dispute)
 * India: 13 nmi limit includes Andaman, Nicobar Lakshadweep and SriLanka.
 * Japan: 3 nmi limit applies to the Soya Strait, the Tsugaru Strait, the eastern and western channels of the Korea Strait and the Osumi Straits only.
 * New Zealand: 12 nmi limit includes Tokelau.
 * Papua New Guinea: 3 nmi in certain areas.
 * Peru: The 200 nmi territorial sea is called "Maritime Dominion" in article 54 of the 1993 Constitution: "... In its maritime dominion, Peru exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction, without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication, in accordance with the law and the treaties ratified by the State ..."
 * The Philippines claims a rectangle, defined by coordinates; the total claim extends beyond 12 nautical miles.
 * Turkey: 6 nmi in the Aegean Sea, 12 nmi in the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
 * United Kingdom and British Crown: The limit remains at 3 nmi in some of its overseas territories: British Indian Ocean Territory, Gibraltar, Montserrat and Pitcairn; the limit is now at 12 nmi in the United Kingdom and its overseas territories of Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Turks and Caicos Islands, as well as in the Crown Dependencies (i.e. Isle of Man and the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Bailiwick of Guernsey).

Contiguous zone claims

 * None: Albania, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei, Cameroon, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Fiji, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Micronesia, Monaco, Montenegro, Nigeria, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Sweden, Togo, Tonga, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Tanzania
 * 14 nmi: Finland
 * 15 nmi: Venezuela
 * 18 nmi: Bangladesh, Gambia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan
 * 24 nmi: Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Gabon, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen
 * 30 nmi: Italy
 * 50 nmi: Democratic People's Republic of Korea; 50 nautical miles Military Boundary Zone. Army Command Announcement of 1 August 1977.

Extended continental shelf claims
As of 13 May 2009, 51 submissions by 44 countries have been lodged for claims over their extended continental shelf. Some countries have multiple submissions and joint submissions with other countries. Recommendations have been given for 8 of the submissions.

Submissions with recommendations
List with date of submission and adoption of recommendation by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
 * United Kingdom – Ascension Island (submission: 9 May 2008; recommendation: 15 April 2010) (application to extend beyond 200NM failed)
 * Australia (15 November 2004, 9 April 2008)
 * Barbados (submission: 8 May 2008; recommendation: 15 April 2010)
 * Brazil (17 May 2004, 4 April 2007)
 * France – in respect of the areas of French Guiana and New Caledonia (22 May 2007, 2 September 2009)
 * Joint submission by France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom – in the area of the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay (19 May 2006, 24 March 2009)
 * Ireland – Porcupine Abyssal Plain (25 May 2005, 5 April 2007)
 * Mexico – in respect of the western polygon in the Gulf of Mexico (13 December 2007, 31 March 2009)
 * New Zealand (19 April 2006, 22 August 2008)
 * Norway – in the North East Atlantic and the Arctic (27 November 2006, 27 March 2009)
 * Russia (20 December 2001, 27 June 2002)

Other submissions
List in order of date of submission, with date of submission.
 * Canada - Canada's Extended Continental Shelf Program (2003 - ongoing) to include Atlantic and Arctic Ocean as part of shelf the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) including the North Pole
 * France – areas of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands (5 February 2009)
 * Indonesia – North west of Sumatra Island (16 June 2008)
 * Japan (12 November 2008)
 * Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles – in the region of the Mascarene Plateau (1 December 2008)
 * Suriname (5 December 2008)
 * Myanmar (16 December 2008)
 * Somalia (17 April 2009)
 * Yemen – in respect of south east of Socotra Island (20 March 2009)
 * United Kingdom – in respect of Hatton Rockall Area (31 March 2009)
 * Ireland – in respect of Hatton-Rockall Area (31 March 2009)
 * Uruguay (7 April 2009)
 * Philippines – in the Benham Plateau region (8 April 2009)
 * The Cook Islands – concerning the Manihiki Plateau (16 April 2009)
 * Fiji (20 April 2009)
 * Argentina (21 April 2009)
 * Ghana (28 April 2009)
 * Iceland – in the Ægir Basin area and in the western and southern parts of Reykjanes Ridge (29 April 2009)
 * Denmark – in the area north of the Faroe Islands (29 April 2009)
 * Pakistan (30 April 2009)
 * Norway – in respect of Bouvetøya and Dronning Maud Land (4 May 2009)
 * South Africa – in respect of the mainland of the territory of the Republic of South Africa (5 May 2009)
 * Joint submission by the Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands – concerning the Ontong Java Plateau (5 May 2009)
 * Joint submission by Malaysia and Viet Nam – in the southern part of the South China Sea (6 May 2009)
 * Joint submission by France and South Africa – in the area of the Crozet Archipelago and the Prince Edward Islands (6 May 2009)
 * Kenya (6 May 2009)
 * Mauritius – in the region of Rodrigues Island (6 May 2009)
 * Vietnam – in North Area (of the South China Sea) (7 May 2009)
 * Nigeria (7 May 2009)
 * Seychelles – concerning the Northern Plateau Region (7 May 2009)
 * France – in respect of La Réunion Island and Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands (8 May 2009)
 * Palau (8 May 2009)
 * Côte d'Ivoire (8 May 2009)
 * Sri Lanka (8 May 2009)
 * Portugal (11 May 2009)
 * United Kingdom – in respect of the Falkland Islands, and of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (11 May 2009)
 * Tonga (11 May 2009)
 * Spain – in respect of the area of Galicia (11 May 2009)
 * India (11 May 2009)
 * Trinidad and Tobago (12 May 2009)
 * Namibia (12 May 2009)
 * Cuba (1 June 2009)
 * Angola (6 December 2013)

title: Territorial waters


text:
Castleman disease

Castleman disease (CD) describes a group of rare lymphoproliferative disorders that involve enlarged lymph nodes, and a broad range of inflammatory symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. Whether Castleman disease should be considered an autoimmune disease, cancer, or infectious disease is currently unknown.

Castleman disease includes at least three distinct subtypes: unicentric Castleman disease (UCD), human herpesvirus 8 associated multicentric Castleman disease (HHV-8-associated MCD), and idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD). These are differentiated by the number and location of affected lymph nodes and the presence of human herpesvirus 8, a known causative agent in a portion of cases. Correctly classifying the Castleman disease subtype is important, as the three subtypes vary significantly in symptoms, clinical findings, disease mechanism, treatment approach, and prognosis. All forms involve overproduction of cytokines and other inflammatory proteins by the body's immune system as well as characteristic abnormal lymph node features that can be observed under the microscope. In the United States, approximately 4,300 to 5,200 new cases are diagnosed each year.

Castleman disease is named after Benjamin Castleman, who first described the disease in 1956. The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network is the largest organization dedicated to accelerating research and treatment for Castleman disease as well as improving patient care.

Classification
Castleman disease (CD) can involve one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body (unicentric CD, UCD) or it can involve multiple enlarged lymph node regions (multi centric CD, MCD). Doctors classify the disease into different categories based on the number of enlarged lymph node regions and the underlying cause. There are four established subtypes of Castleman disease:

Unicentric Castleman disease
Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) involves a single enlarged lymph node or multiple enlarged lymph nodes within a single region of the body that display microscopic features consistent with Castleman disease. It is also sometimes called localized Castleman disease.

The exact cause of UCD is unknown, but appears to be due to a genetic change that occurs in the lymph node tissue, most similar to a benign tumor. In about half cases of UCD, individuals exhibit no symptoms (asymptomatic). Sometimes symptoms stem are secondary to compression of surrounding structures by rapidly enlarging lymph nodes.

Some UCD patients, however, experience systemic inflammatory symptoms such as fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and skin rash as well as laboratory abnormalities such as elevated C-reactive protein.

Surgery is considered by experts to be the first-line treatment option for all cases of UCD. Sometimes, removing the enlarged lymph node(s) is not possible. If surgical excision is not possible, treatment is recommended for symptomatic patients. If symptoms are due to compression, then rituximab is recommended. If symptoms are due to an inflammatory syndrome, then anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) therapy is recommended. If these treatments are not effective, then radiation may be needed.

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD)
In this form, patients have multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes with characteristic microscopic features, flu-like symptoms, and organ dysfunction due to excessive cytokines or inflammatory proteins. MCD is further classified into three categories based on underlying cause: POEMS-associated MCD, HHV-8-associated MCD, and idiopathic MCD (iMCD).

POEMS-associated MCD
A cancerous cell population found in patients with POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder, and skin changes) can cause MCD in a fraction of patients by producing cytokines that initiate a cytokine storm. In patients who have both POEMS-associated MCD, treatment should be directed at the POEMS syndrome.

HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease (HHV-8-MCD)
HHV-8-associated MCD patients have multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes and episodic inflammatory symptoms due to uncontrolled infection with HHV-8. HHV-8-associated MCD is most commonly diagnosed in HIV infected or otherwise immunocompromised individuals that are not able to control HHV-8 infection. Thus, HHV-8-associated MCD patients may experience additional symptoms related to their HIV infection or other conditions. First-line treatment of HHV-8-associated MCD is rituximab, a drug used to eliminate a type of immune cell called the B lymphocyte. It is highly effective for HHV-8-associated MCD, but occasionally antivirals and/or cytotoxic chemotherapies are needed.

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD)
Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), which is the most common form of MCD, occurs for an unknown cause. There is no evidence of POEMS syndrome, HHV-8, or any other cancer or infectious disease. Though all forms of MCD involve excessive production of cytokines and a cytokine storm, iMCD has important differences in symptoms, disease course, and treatment from POEMS-associated MCD and HHV-8-associated MCD. First line treatment for iMCD is anti-IL-6 therapy with siltuximab (or tocilizumab, if siltuximab is not available). Siltuximab is the only FDA-approved treatment for iMCD and patients who respond to siltuximab tend to have long-term responses. In critically ill patients, chemotherapy and corticosteroids are recommended if the patient is demonstrating disease progression while on siltuximab. Approximately half of iMCD patients do not improve with anti-IL-6 therapy. In patients where siltuximab is not effective, other treatments such as rituximab and sirolimus can be used.

iMCD can be further sub-classified into three clinical subgroups:

iMCD with TAFRO Syndrome (iMCD-TAFRO): characterized by acute episodes of Thrombocytopenia, Anasarca, Fever, Renal dysfunction or mylefibrosis, and Organomegaly.

iMCD with idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (iMCD-IPL): characterized by thrombocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a more chronic disease course.

iMCD, not otherwise specified (iMCD-NOS): is diagnosed in iMCD patients who do not have iMCD-TAFRO or iMCD-IPL.

Pathology
Castleman disease is defined by a range of characteristic features seen on microscopic analysis (histology) of tissue from enlarged lymph nodes. Variations in the lymph node tissues of patients with CD have led to 4 histological classifications:
 * Plasmacytic: increased number of follicles with large hyperplastic germinal centers and sheetlike plasmacytosis (increased number plasma cells). Germinal centers may also show regressed features
 * Hyaline vascular: regressed germinal centers, follicular dendritic cell prominence or dysplasia, hypervascularity in interfollicular regions, sclerotic vessels, prominent mantle zones with an "onion-skin" appearance.
 * Hypervascular: similar to hyaline vascular features, but seen in iMCD rather than UCD. Includes regressed germinal centers, follicular dendritic cell prominence, hypervascularity in interfollicular regions, and prominent mantle zones with an "onion-skin" appearance.
 * Mixed: presence of a combination of hyaline vascular/hypervascular and plasmacytic features in the same lymph node.

UCD most commonly demonstrates hyaline vascular features, but plasmacytic features or a mix of features may also be seen. iMCD more commonly demonstrates plasmacytic features, but hypervascular features or a mix of features are also seen. All cases of HHV-8-associated MCD are thought to demonstrate plasmablastic features—similar to plasmacytic features, but with plasmablasts present. The clinical utility of subtyping Castleman disease by histologic features is uncertain, as histologic subtypes do not consistently predict disease severity or treatment response. Guidelines recommend against using histologic subtype to guide treatment decisions. Staining with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1), a marker for HHV-8 infection, should be measured in all forms of Castleman disease but is positive only in HHV-8-associated MCD.

Diseases other than Castleman disease can present with similar histologic findings in lymph node tissue, including:
 * Infectious causes: Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis
 * Autoimmune diseases: Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis
 * Lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphoma, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

History
Unicentric Castleman disease was first described in a case series by Benjamin Castleman in 1956. By 1984, a number of case reports had been published describing a multicentric variant of the disease and with some reports describing an association with Kaposi's sarcoma. In 1995, the association between HHV-8 and Castleman disease was described in patients with HIV. Formal diagnostic criteria and definition of the disease was established in 2016, which will allow for better understanding and the ability to appropriately track and research CD. In 2017, international consensus diagnostic criteria for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) were established for the first time. In 2018, the first treatment guidelines for iMCD were established. In 2020 the first evidence based diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines were established for unicentric Castleman disease.

World Castleman Disease Day was established in 2018 and is held every year on July 23. This date was chosen for Benjamin Castleman's initial case series describing Castleman disease, which was published in July 1956, and the diagnostic criteria for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, which were published in the journal Blood on March 23, 2017.

Castleman Disease Collaborative Network
The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network (CDCN), founded in 2012, is the largest organization dedicated to Castleman disease. It is a global initiative dedicated to research and treatment for Castleman disease (CD) and to improve survival for all patients with CD. The CDCN works to achieve this by facilitating collaboration among the global research community, mobilizing resources, strategically investing in high-impact research, and supporting patients and people supporting them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Castleman disease


text:
Dyveke Sigbritsdatter

Dyveke Sigbritsdatter or Dyveke Willomsdatter, (1490 – 21 September 1517), in Denmark normally known as "Dyveke" (in modern Dutch "duifje" means "little dove"), was the mistress to Christian II of Denmark.

Dyveke was a commoner, the daughter of the Dutch merchant Sigbrit Willoms, who lived in Bergen in Norway. Dyveke became the mistress to Christian II in 1507 or 1509. They met in Bergen, and Christian took Dyveke with him to Oslo, where he was regent, and to Copenhagen, when he became king in 1513. Their relationship has been the inspiration of many poets but in fact little is known about it. The mother of Dyveke, Sigbrit, acted as an advisor to the king, which was much disliked, especially by the nobility, and every effort was therefore made to separate Dyveke and Christian, which would ensure the departure also of Sigbrit from the court. Whether Dyveke herself had any political influence is unknown. Though Christian married Isabella of Austria and had her crowned in 1515, he refused to end his relationship with Dyveke. This created tension between him and his brother-in-law, the future Emperor Charles V. In 1516, the Emperor demanded that Dyveke and her mother be sent away, but Christian refused.

Dyveke died in the summer of 1517, possibly by eating poisoned cherries. Her death led to the execution of nobleman Torben Oxe but his guilt has never been proved, and both an initiative by the court of the Emperor Maximilian I or even an accidental poisoning have been suggested as an explanation. Her mother Sigbrit went on to become Christian II's financial advisor. Nothing is recorded for Sigbrit after 1523 although one assumption has her imprisoned for witchcraft, dying in 1532.

title: Dyveke Sigbritsdatter


text:
War in the Kitchen

War in the Kitchen (Război în bucătărie) is a Romanian film drama by Marius Theodor Barna. The film was produced in 2001 by Ager Film in collaboration with Televiziunea Română (TVR). It stars Gheorghe Dinică as the main actor.

title: War in the Kitchen


text:
BSAC

BSAC can stand for:
 * The British Screen Advisory Council
 * Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding, audio coding from MPEG-4 Part 3
 * British South Africa Company, 1889–1965
 * British Sub-Aqua Club
 * British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
 * Black Swamp Area Council, scouting organisation in Ohio
 * Benedictine Study and Arts Centre, Ealing, London

title: BSAC


text:
Didaktik

The Didaktik was a series of 8-bit home computers based on the clones of Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 processors produced by Didaktik in Skalica, in the former Czechoslovakia.

Initially the company produced PMD 85 compatible machines aimed at schools, then switching to the home market with ZX Spectrum clones.

Didaktik's glory diminished with the falling price of the 16-bit computers, such as the Atari and Amiga, around the middle of the 1990s until it was finally steam-rolled by the PC soon after. The production of Didaktik computers stopped in the year 1994.

Didaktik Alfa
Didaktik Alfa was produced in 1986, as a "more professional" clone of PMD 85. It featured 2.048 MHz Intel 8080 CPU, 48 KB RAM, 8 KB ROM with built-in BASIC, good keyboard (compared with PMD 85), monitor video output (but no TV output) with 288×256 resolution and four possible colours. Despite some changes in ROM, it was mostly compatible with PMD 85. Didaktik Alfa 1 was a clone of PMD 85-1, Didaktik Alfa 2 of PMD 85-2.

Didaktik Beta
Didaktik Beta was a slightly improved version of previous Didaktik Alfa, having almost identical hardware. Didaktik Alfa and Beta were mostly deployed in schools to replace older PMD 85 computers.

Didaktik Gama
Didaktik Gama was a ZX Spectrum clone with 80 KB RAM divided into two switched 32 KB memory banks and 16 KB of slower RAM containing graphical data for video output, while the size of ROM was 16 KB. A peripheral interface with a 8255 chip was added, providing centronics plotter and printer connections and a Kempston joystick port.

The case was similar to that of the ZX Spectrum+, a grey or black box in A5 size, with a flat plastic keyboard and connectors mounted on the rear side. The Gama uses a standard ULA chip made by Ferranti. All games developed for the ZX Spectrum 48K were generally compatible with this computer. An audio cassette was used as data storage and a TV served as a monitor. It is generally said the Gama was unreachable to buy and there were waiting lists several years long.

Didaktik Gama was produced in three variants: the first, Gama '87, fixed some bugs in the original ZX Spectrum ROM (thus breaking compatibility with some software) and introduced its own bugs effectively inhibiting the use of the second 32 KB memory bank from BASIC. Gama '88 fixed the original ZX Spectrum bugs in a more compatible way, and also fixed the memory switching bug. The final and the more compatible model was Gama '89.

The computer was expensive but available on the market and could be purchased in Czechoslovak currency outside specialized Tuzex stores, unlike other foreign home computers. Production of Didaktik Gama computers ceased in 1992.

Didaktik M
The Didaktik M introduced in 1990, was cheaper and simple in design than the Gama. The case was more modern, with an ergonomic-like shape and separate arrow keys (however, the keyboard was of poorer quality). Inside there was only 64 KB of total memory (16 KB ROM and 48 KB RAM) which was a disappointment in comparison to the Gama.

The computer was considerably redesigned. Instead of the original ULA, a custom circuit from Russian company Angstrem was used, giving a square screen aspect ratio, instead of a typical 4:3 rectangle. In addition, the whole RAM was implemented by a single set of 64 KB chips, from which only 48 KB were used. There was no difference between fast and slow memory regarding video content. System timings were different to the original ZX Spectrum, which prevented some software from displaying timing dependent visual effects.

There were two separated connectors for joysticks and one connector for additional hardware, such as a printer interface. Unlike the previous version of Didaktik, these connectors were proprietary, with no compatible peripherals available in Czechoslovakia. Thus, users were forced to develop and produce various homemade interfaces to satisfy their needs.

A 5.25-inch floppy disk drive, called D40, was introduced in 1992 and featured a "Snapshot" (see hibernation) button that stored the current memory contents on diskette. It was then possible to later load this memory image and continue the software from its previous state.

A 3.5-inch floppy disk drive, called D80, was also introduced later in 1992, simultaneously to the release of the Didaktik Kompakt.

Didaktik Kompakt
The Didaktik Kompakt from 1992 was basically a Didaktik M with a built-in 3.5-inch 720 KB floppy drive and a parallel printer port.

title: Didaktik


text:
Karthaus

Karthaus may refer to the following:

 * Karthaus Township, Pennsylvania, a township in Clearfield County
 * Kartuzy, a town in Poland, known in German as Karthaus
 * Jim Karthaus, an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond
 * Olaf Karthaus, a German polymer chemist
 * Karthaus/Certosa, a frazione of the municipality of Schnals/Senales in South Tyrol

title: Karthaus


text:
Canapé

A canapé is a type of starter, a small, prepared, and often decorative food, consisting of a small piece of bread (sometimes toasted) or cracker, wrapped or topped with some savoury food, held in the fingers and often eaten in one bite.

Name
The name comes from the French word for sofa, drawing on the analogy that the garnish sits atop the bread as people do a sofa.

Details

Because they are often served during cocktail hours, it is often desired that a canapé be either salty or spicy, in order to encourage guests to drink more.

A canapé may also be referred to as finger food, although not all finger foods are canapés. Crackers or small slices of bread or toast or puff pastry are cut into various shapes, used as the base for savory butters or pastes, and often topped with other savory foods such as meat, cheese, fish, caviar, foie gras, purées or relish.

Traditionally, canapés are built on stale bread (although other foods such as puff pastry, crackers, or fresh vegetables may be used as a base) cut in thin slices and then shaped with a cutter or knife into circles, rings, squares, strips or triangles. These are then deep fried, sautéed, or toasted, then topped or piped with highly processed and decoratively applied items. Colorful and eye-pleasing garnishes often complete the presentation.

The canapés are usually served on a canapé salver and eaten from small canapé plates.

Composition
The composition of a canapé consists of a base (e.g., the bread or pancake), a spread, a main item, and a garnish.

The spread is traditionally either a compound butter, made by creaming butter with other ingredients such as ham or lobster, or a flavored cream cheese. Mayonnaise salads can also be prepared as spreads.

Common garnishes can range from finely chopped vegetables, scallions, and herbs to caviar or truffle oil.

According to Lowney's Cook Book (1912):

"Canapés are made from white, graham, and brown bread, sliced very thin and cut in various shapes. They may be dipped in melted butter, toasted or fried."

They could be served hot or cold, spread with anchovy, crab or caviar paste, served with garnishes like green and red peppers, paprika, and lemon juice.

Bread triangles can be sauteed in bacon fat, deep fried, or just buttered and browned in the oven.

Mustard can be use as a spread for canapés garnished with chopped bacon, grated cheese, or chopped olives.

title: Canapé


text:
Lou Barlow

Louis Knox Barlow (born July 17, 1966) is an American alternative rock musician and songwriter. A founding member of the groups Dinosaur Jr., Sebadoh and The Folk Implosion, Barlow is credited with helping to pioneer the lo-fi style of rock music in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His first band, which was formed in Amherst, Massachusetts, was Deep Wound.

Barlow has released four solo albums.

Early life
Barlow was born in Dayton, Ohio, and raised in Jackson, Michigan, and Westfield, Massachusetts.

Dinosaur Jr.
Barlow attended high school in Westfield, Massachusetts, where he met Scott Helland. The two formed the Massachusetts-based hardcore punk band Deep Wound. J Mascis joined the band after answering their ad for a "drummer wanted to play really fast". After becoming disillusioned with the constraints of hardcore, Deep Wound broke up in 1984. Mascis and Barlow reunited that year to form Dinosaur, later Dinosaur Jr. Mascis and Barlow had personality conflicts throughout Dinosaur Jr.'s early existence, and after the 1988 release of their third album, Bug, and the initial supporting tour, Barlow was kicked out of the band.

In 2005, Barlow rejoined the band alongside the original drummer, Murph. Since then, the band has reissued its first three records, toured extensively worldwide and released five new records, Beyond, Farm, I Bet on Sky, Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not, and Sweep It Into Space .

Sebadoh, Sentridoh and the Folk Implosion
After his dismissal from Dinosaur Jr., Barlow turned his attention to his band Sebadoh, which he had formed earlier with multi-instrumentalist Eric Gaffney. The project featured low fidelity recording techniques and combined Barlow's introspective, confessional songwriting with Gaffney's discordant noise collages. Bassist and songwriter Jason Loewenstein was added to the line-up in 1989. Sebadoh's early releases include The Freed Man (1989) and Weed Forestin' (1990), the latter of which was originally self-released under the name Sentridoh in 1987. Both albums were officially released by Homestead Records, as was the band's third album, Sebadoh III (1991), which helped establish the "lo-fi" subgenre and became a defining album of 90s indie rock. The band released several studio-recorded albums on Sub Pop Records throughout the 1990s.

As Sebadoh grew in popularity and critical acclaim, Barlow continued work on the Sentridoh side project, which featured mostly home-recorded material similar to his output on the first three Sebadoh albums, but often recorded solo and with a less consistent sound quality. Sentridoh released a trio of cassette-only albums on Shrimper Records in the early 1990s, with the highlights later being collected on CD and vinyl compilations like Winning Losers: A Collection of Home Recordings 89–93 (1994) and Another Collection of Home Recordings (1994). In 1993, Sentridoh released a popular single for the song "Losercore," on the label Smells Like Records founded by Steve Shelley of the American rock band, Sonic Youth. Barlow has called it "the most finely executed of all my releases" thanks to Shelley, who "made sure this looked and sounded great." Numerous other Sentridoh releases on a variety of record labels followed, including releases on his own Loobiecore label.

In 1994, Barlow formed the Folk Implosion with singer-songwriter John Davis. The band released several singles and EPs, and in 1995 reached the Top 40 with the song "Natural One", from the soundtrack to the film Kids by Larry Clark. It remains Barlow's biggest commercial hit.

After the release of Sebadoh's eighth album, The Sebadoh, in 1999, the band went on hiatus and its members went on to pursue other projects. Barlow continued to work with the Folk Implosion, releasing One Part Lullaby in 1999. Barlow took a break from the Folk Implosion in 2000 to collaborate on the album Subsonic 6 with Belgian musician, Rudy Trouvé. In 2003, Barlow released The New Folk Implosion featuring Imaad Wasif on guitar and Sebadoh drummer Russ Pollard on drums. The same year, he appeared as a musician in the film Laurel Canyon. In the spring of 2004, Barlow briefly reunited with Loewenstein for the "Turbo Acoustic" Sebadoh tour. During this tour, he also reunited with J Mascis for a performance of the song "Video Prick" with former Deep Wound vocalist Charlie Nakajima. This performance led to a full-fledged Dinosaur Jr. reunion in 2005, with original members Barlow, Mascis and Murph performing "The Lung" on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on April 15, 2005, and a show at Spaceland in Los Angeles the following night. The band then played well-received tours of the U.S. and Europe throughout the rest of the year, and in 2006 headed to Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In 2007, Barlow reunited with Loewenstein and Gaffney to perform the first Sebadoh shows with the "classic" lineup in 14 years. In June 2013, Sebadoh released their first new music in 14 years; the music was released as an EP precursor to their new album, "Defend Yourself," which was released in September 2013. Both of the new EP and LP albums were released through Joyful Noise Recordings.

Other collaborations

 * Released the instrumental split album Subsonic 6 (2000) with Belgian musician, Rudy Trouvé
 * Sings on the track "Some" by Sharon Stoned, on the album License to Confuse (1995)
 * Sings on the tracks "My Brother Moves" and "Everything You Know Is Wrong" by Production Club, from the album Follow Your Bliss (2003)
 * Sings on the track "In the City in the Rain" by the 6ths on Wasps' Nests 6 6/6"
 * Plays bass on the track "Strange Song" by Supreme Dicks, on the album The Unexamined Life (1993)

Solo work
Barlow released the first album under his own name, Emoh, in January 2005 on Merge Records. It featured long-time collaborators such as Sebadoh members Jason Loewenstein and Russ Pollard and Lou's sister Abby Barlow, and featured a higher production value than many of his previous solo releases. Jason Crock of Pitchfork called it "the most consistently strong record he's released since The Folk Implosion's One Part Lullaby" and wrote that "even if much of it was recorded at home, Emoh's 14 unassuming folk songs sound like they were created in a professional setting." In November 2005, Barlow toured the Iberian Peninsula to promote the album.

Barlow released his second solo album, Goodnight Unknown, in October 2009 on Merge. It was produced by Andrew Murdock and featured numerous guest musicians, including Imaad Wasif on guitar and Dale Crover of the Melvins and Murph on drums. Barlow toured the album in the U.S. in the fall of 2009, opening for Dinosaur Jr. and backed by The Missingmen of Mike Watt + the Missingmen.

Barlow's third solo album, Brace the Wave, was released on September 4, 2015, on Joyful Noise Recordings. It was recorded in six days with Justin Pizzoferrato, who also worked as a sound engineer for Dinosaur Jr. at Sonelab Studios in Massachusetts. The tracks from Brace the Wave feature Barlow's ukulele playing. Barlow also took 100 original Polaroid selfies to accompany the VIP vinyl edition of the album.

On October 28, 2016, Barlow released a 5 track EP entitled Apocalypse Fetish on Joyful Noise Recordings

In April 2021, it was announced that a solo album entitled Reason to Live would be released on May 28 via Joyful Noise.

Personal life
Barlow's first marriage was to Kathleen Billus, with whom he has two children, Hendrix and Hannelore.

In May 2015, he married knitwear designer Adelle Louise Burda, with whom he has a daughter, Izetta.

with Dinosaur Jr

 * Dinosaur (1985)
 * You're Living All Over Me (1987)
 * Bug (1988)
 * Beyond (2007)
 * Farm (2009)
 * I Bet on Sky (2012)
 * Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not (2016)
 * Sweep It Into Space (2021)

Tribute
(2012) Just Gimme Lou Barlow (A Paperheart Tribute to)

title: Lou Barlow


text:
Bristol Myers Squibb

The Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, doing business as Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), is an American multinational pharmaceutical company. Headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, BMS is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and consistently ranks on the Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. corporations. For fiscal 2022, it had a total revenue of $46.2 billion.

Bristol Myers Squibb manufactures prescription pharmaceuticals and biologics in several therapeutic areas, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psychiatric disorders.

BMS's primary research and development (R&D) sites are located in Lawrence, New Jersey (formerly Squibb, near Princeton), Summit, New Jersey, formerly HQ of Celgene, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Redwood City, California, and Seville in Spain, with other sites in Devens and Cambridge, Massachusetts, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, Tokyo, Japan, Hyderabad; Bangalore India and Wirral, United Kingdom. BMS previously had an R&D site in Wallingford, Connecticut (formerly Bristol-Myers).

Squibb
The Squibb corporation was founded in 1858 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. Squibb was known as an advocate of quality control and high purity standards early within the pharmaceutical industry. He went on to self-publish an alternative to the U.S. Pharmacopeia titled Squibb's Ephemeris of Materia Medica, after failing to convince the American Medical Association to incorporate higher purity standards.

Materia Medica, Squibb products, and Edward Squibb's opinion on the fundamentals of pharmacy are found in many medical papers of the late 1800s. The American Journal of Pharmacy published more than one hundred papers of Squibb's research surrounding the industry.

The sons of Edward Squibb sold the company to Lowell M. Palmer and Theodore Weicker in 1905, who incorporated the company. Around this time, the Squibb logo was developed, which represented the company's products of "uniformity, purity, efficacy, and reliability based on research."

Squibb Corporation served as a major supplier of medical goods to the Union Army during the American Civil War, providing portable medical kits containing morphine, surgical anesthetics, and quinine for the treatment of malaria (which was endemic in most of the Eastern United States at that time).

In 1944, Squibb opened the world's largest penicillin plant in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Bristol-Myers
In 1887, Hamilton College graduates William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers purchased the Clinton Pharmaceutical company of Clinton, New York. In May 1898, they decided to rename it Bristol, Myers and Company. Following Myers' death in 1899, Bristol changed the name to the Bristol-Myers Corporation.

During the 1890s, the company introduced its first nationally recognized product Sal Hepatica, a laxative mineral salt, followed by Ipana toothpaste in 1901. Other divisions were Clairol (hair colors and haircare) and Drackett (household products such as Windex and Drano).

In 1943, Bristol-Myers acquired Cheplin Biological Laboratories, a producer of acidophilus milk in East Syracuse, New York, and converted the plant to produce penicillin for the World War II Allied forces. After the war, the company renamed the plant Bristol Laboratories in 1945 and entered the civilian antibiotics market, where it faced competition from Squibb.

Penicillin production at the East Syracuse plant ended in 2005, when it became less expensive to produce overseas. As of 2010, the facility was used for the manufacturing process development and production of other biologic medicines for clinical trials and commercial use.

Merger
In 1989, Bristol-Myers and Squibb merged and became Bristol-Myers Squibb.

In 1999, then-U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Bristol-Myers Squibb the National Medal of Technology, the nation's highest recognition for technological achievement, "for extending, and enhancing human life through innovative pharmaceutical research and development and for redefining the science of clinical study through groundbreaking and hugely complex clinical trials that are recognized models in the industry."

2000 to 2010
In 2002, the company was involved in a lawsuit of illegally maintaining a monopoly on Taxol, its cancer treatment, and it was again sued for the antitrust lawsuit five years later, which cost the company $125 million for settlement.

Also in 2002, Bristol-Myers Squibb was involved in an accounting scandal that resulted in a significant restatement of revenues from 1999 to 2001. The restatement was the result of an improper booking of sales related to "channel stuffing" as the practice of offering excess inventory to customers to create higher sales numbers. The company has since settled with the United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay $150 million, while neither admitting nor denying guilt.

On October 24, 2002, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. restated earnings downward for parts of 2000 and 2001, while revising 2002 earnings upward because of its massive inventory backlog imbroglio that spurred two government investigations. On March 15, 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. adjusted upward its fourth-quarter and full-year 2003 results after reversing an earlier decision about how to deal with accounting errors made in prior years.

As part of a deferred prosecution agreement, the company was placed under the oversight of a monitor appointed by the U.S. attorney in New Jersey. In addition, the former head of the Pharma group, Richard Lane, and the ex-CFO, Fred Schiff, were indicted for federal securities violations.

In July 2006, an investigation of the company was made public, and the FBI raided the company's corporate offices. The investigation centered on the distribution of Plavix and charges of collusion. On September 12, 2006, the monitor, former Federal Judge Frederick B. Lacey, urged the company to remove then-CEO Peter Dolan over the Plavix dispute. Later that day, BMS announced that Dolan would indeed step down.

The deferred prosecution agreement expired in June 2007 and the Department of Justice did not take any further legal action against the company for matters covered by the DPA. Under CEO Jim Cornelius, who was CEO following Dolan until May 2010, all executives involved in the "channel-stuffing" and generic competition scandals have since left the company.

In 2009, the company began a major restructuring focusing on the pharmaceutical business and biologic products, along with productivity initiatives and cost-cutting and streamlining business operations through a multiyear program of on-going layoffs. This was part of a business strategy launched in 2007 to transform the company from a large, diversified pharmaceutical company to a specialty biopharma company, which also included the closure of half of their manufacturing facilities. As another cost-cutting measure, Bristol-Myers Squibb also reduced health-care subsidies for retirees and planned to freeze their pension plan at the end of 2009.

BMS is a Fortune 500 Company (#114 in 2010 list). Newsweek's 2009 Green Ranking recognized Bristol-Myers Squibb as eighth among 500 of the largest United States corporations. Also, BMS was included in the 2009 Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index of leading sustainability-driven companies.

Lamberto Andreotti was named CEO in 2010; he had previously served as "president and COO responsible for all pharmaceutical operations worldwide."

2010 onward
In 2010, Lou Schmukler joined Bristol-Myers Squibb as the president of global product development and design. Schmukler led the team that completed the company's strategic transformation to a specialty biopharmaceutical company that had begun in 2007. As of 2011, the company had a dozen manufacturing facilities and six product development sites.

Citing major developments and a market capitalization of US$87 billion and stock appreciation of 61.4%, Bristol-Myers Squibb was ranked as the best drug company of 2013 by Forbes magazine.

In December 2014, the company received FDA approval for the use of the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) in treating patients whose skin cancer cannot be removed or have not responded to previous drug therapies. In February 2015, the company initiated a research partnership with Rigel Pharmaceuticals which could generate more than $339 million. In March, the company obtained an exclusive opportunity to both licence and commercialise PROSTVAC, Bavarian Nordic's phase III prostate-specific antigen targeting cancer immunotherapy. Bavarian Nordic would receive an upfront payment of $60 million and incremental payments up to $230 million, if the overall survival of test patients exceeds that seen in Phase II tests. Bavarian could also receive milestone payments of between $110 million and $495 million, dependent on regulatory authorization, and these payments have the potential to total up to $975 million.

In May 2015, Dr. Giovanni Caforio became CEO of the company; Caforio was formerly the company's COO and succeeded Andreotti upon his retirement. Andreotti subsequently succeeded James Cornelius as executive chairman upon his retirement.

In late February 2017, The Wall Street Journal and Fortune, among others, reported that activist investor Carl Icahn had taken a stake in the company, signaling a potential future takeover from the likes of Gilead Sciences.

In April 2018, the company reported net income of $1.5 billion, or 91 cents per share, for the first quarter of the year, thanks to the increased sales of their cancer drug Opdivo.

Corporate acquisitions and divestments as Bristol Myers Squibb
In August 2009, during a major restructuring activity, BMS acquired the biotechnology firm Medarex as part of the company's "String of Pearls" strategy of alliances, partnerships, and acquisitions. In November 2009, Bristol Myers Squibb announced that it was "splitting off" Mead Johnson Nutrition by offering BMY shareholders the opportunity to exchange their stock for shares in Mead Johnson. According to Bristol Myers Squibb, this move was expected to further sharpen the company's focus on biopharmaceuticals.

In October 2010, the company acquired ZymoGenetics, securing an existing product, as well as pipeline assets in hepatitis C, cancer, and other therapeutic areas.

Bristol Myers Squibb agreed to pay around $2.5 billion in cash to buy Inhibitex Inc. in attempt to compete with Gilead/Pharmasset to produce hepatitis C drugs. The settlement will be finished in 2 months for its Inhibitex's shareholders acceptance of 126% premium price of its price over the previous 20 trading days ended on January 6. On June 29, BMS extended its portfolio of diabetes treatments when it agreed to buy Amylin Pharmaceuticals for around US$5.3 billion in cash and pay US$1.7 billion to Eli Lilly to cover Amylin's debt and its outstanding collaboration-related obligations. AstraZeneca, which already collaborated on several diabetes treatments with BMS, agreed to pay US$3.4 billion in cash for the right to continue development of Amylin's products. Two years later, the company divested Amylin to AstraZeneca.

In April 2014, BMS announced its acquisition of iPierian for up to $725 million.

In February 2015, the company acquired Flexus Biosciences for $1.25 billion. As part of this deal, BMS will gain full rights to Flexus' lead small molecule IDO1-inhibitor, F001287. In November, the company acquired the cardiovascular disease drug developer Cardioxyl for up to $2.075 billion. The deal strengthens the BMS' critical pipelines with the phase II candidate for acute decompensated heart failure, CXL-1427.

In March 2016, the company announced it would acquire Padlock Therapeutics for up to $600 million. In early July, the company announced it would acquire Cormorant Pharmaceuticals for $520 million, boosting BMS' oncology offering through Cormorants monoclonal antibody targeted against interleukin-8.

In August 2017 the company acquired IFM Therapeutics for $300 million upfront, with contingency payments of $1.01 billion due on certain milestones – allowing BMS to better compete against Merck & Co's cancer rival treatment, Keytruda.

In early January 2019, the company announced it would acquire Celgene (NASDAQ:CELG) for $74 billion ($95 billion including debt ), in a deal that would become the largest pharmaceutical-company acquisition ever. The Celgene acquisition aimed to be a refresher to the company's pipeline, helping to overcome from declining sales of Opdivo relative to competitor Keytruda. Under the terms of the deal, Celgene shareholders would receive one BMS share as well as $50 in cash for each Celgene share held, valuing Celgene at $102.43 a share; representing a 54% premium to the previous days closing price. Investor opposition to this acquisition, leading into an April 12 shareholder vote, appeared when BMS's second-largest investor, Wellington Management, voiced its opposition, followed by investor Starboard Value. In April 2019 BMS announced that 75% of its shareholders voted to approve the pending merger with Celgene. Transaction to close in the third quarter of 2019, subject to regulatory approvals. Newly issued BMS shares and CVRs will commence trading on the New York Stock Exchange, with the CVRs trading under the symbol 'BMYRT'.

The strategic divestment of the company's consumer health business, UPSA, to Taisho completed in 2019. UPSA focused product delivery on France and the rest of Europe. As early as 2005, the company had divested individual consumer products, and its US- and Canada-focused consumer products business.

In August, the Amgen announced it would acquire the Otezla drug programme from Celgene for $13.4 billion, as part of Celgene and BMS's merger deal.

In February 2020, BMS and partner Biomotiv launched a new company called Anteros Pharmaceuticals, which focuses on creating inflammation and fibrosis medicines. In August, the business announced it would acquire Forbius and its TGF-beta 1 & TGF-beta 3 inhibitors. In October, BMS announced it would acquire cardiology company MyoKardia for $13.1 billion ($225 per share) gaining control of mavacamten, a cardiovascular drug for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and the development of two key treatments: danicamtiv (MYK-491) and MYK-224.

In June 2022, BMS announced it would acquire Turning Point Therapeutics Inc for $4.1 billion in cash ($76 per share, a 122.5% premium to its last closing price), helping to boost its complement of cancer drugs, specifically repotrectinib. That same month, the company announced it would be investing $180m in French AI company Owkin, to design potentially more precise and efficient clinical trials. The collaboration will initially focus on cardiovascular diseases, and has the potential to extend into projects in other therapeutic areas.

In August 2023, Bristol Myers Squibb partnered with Cellares for the robotic production of CAR-T treatments of which it has two approved. In September 2023, BMS announced it would pay Zenas BioPharma $50m upfront for a strategic license and collaboration to develop and commercialise obexelimab, a novel, bi-functional antibody for autoimmune diseases.

In October 2023, BMS agreed to acquire Mirati Therapeutics, an American biotechnology company that develops targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer, in an all-cash deal worth $4.8 billion, and an additional $1 billion in milestone payment. The acquisition was completed in January 2024.

In December 2023, BMS signed an agreement for the acquisition of Karuna Therapeutics for an equity value totaling $14 billion. The acquisition included Karuna's lead asset, KarXT, an investigational muscarinic antipsychotic combination of Xanomeline and Trospium. In November 2023, the FDA accepted Karuna Therapeutics' NDA for KarXT, for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. The acquisition of Karuna Therapeutics was completed in March 2024.

The company entered into an agreement to purchase RayzeBio, for approximately $4.1 billion, in December 2023.

List of mergers and acquisitions
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:

 * Bristol-Myers Squibb (Formed by the merger of Squibb Corporation (Est 1858) and Bristol-Myers (Est 1887))
 * Adnexus Therapeutics
 * ConvaTec
 * Kosan Biosciences
 * Medarex (Acq 2009)
 * ZymoGenetics (Acq 2010)
 * Amira Pharmaceuticals
 * Inhibitex Inc (Acq 2012)
 * Amylin Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012 jointly with AstraZeneca)
 * iPierian (Acq 2014)
 * Flexus Biosciences (Acq 2015)
 * Cardioxyl (Acq 2015)
 * Padlock Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
 * Cormorant Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2016)
 * IFM Therapeutics (Acq 2017)
 * Celgene (Acq 2019)
 * Signal Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Acq 2000)
 * Anthrogenesis (Acq 2002)
 * Pharmion Corporation (Acq 2008)
 * Gloucester Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2009)
 * Abraxis BioScience Inc (Acq 2010)
 * Avila Therapeutics, Inc (Acq 2012)
 * Quanticel (Acq 2015)
 * Receptos (Acq 2015)
 * EngMab AG (Acq 2016)
 * Delinia (Acq 2017)
 * Impact Biomedicines (Acq 2018)
 * Juno Therapeutics (Acq 2018)
 * AbVitro (Acq 2016)
 * RedoxTherapies (Acq 2016)
 * Forbius (Acq 2020)
 * MyoKardia (Acq 2020)
 * Turning Point Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
 * Mirati Therapeutics (Acq 2024)
 * Karuna Therapeutics (Acq 2024)
 * RayzeBio (Acq pending)

Finances
For the fiscal year 2018,Bristol Myers Squibb reported earnings of US$1.007 billion, with an annual revenue of US$20.776 billion, an increase of 6.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Bristol-Myers Squibb's shares traded at over $55 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$81.6 billion in October 2018. In 2018, 85% of the company's revenues came from just five products. In 2018, Bristol-Myers Squibb spent 36% of its total revenue on R&D expenses. Bristol-Myers Squibb ranked 145th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue in 2018.

Carbon footprint
Bristol Myers Squibb reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 278 Kt (-6 /-2.1% y-o-y). The company aims to become net neutral carbon by 2040.

Pharmaceuticals
The following is a list of key pharmaceutical products:

Cardiovascular diseases
 * Avalide (irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide) – comarketed with Sanofi
 * Avapro (irbesartan) – comarketed with Sanofi
 * Coumadin (warfarin)
 * Eliquis (apixaban) – comarketed with Pfizer
 * Plavix (clopidogrel) – comarketed with Sanofi
 * Pravachol (pravastatin)

Diabetes mellitus
 * Bydureon (exenatide extended-release) – marketed by BMS only in some countries
 * Byetta (exenatide) – marketed by BMS only in some countries, such as Russian Federation
 * Farxiga/Forxiga (dapagliflozin)
 * Glucophage (metformin) – marketed by BMS only in USA
 * Glucophage XR (metformin extended release) – marketed by BMS only in USA
 * Glucovance (Glyburide/metformin) – marketed by BMS only in USA
 * Kombiglyze XR/Komboglyze (saxagliptin/metformin extended release) – comarketed with AstraZeneca
 * Onglyza (saxagliptin) – comarketed with AstraZeneca

Infectious diseases, including HIV infection and associated conditions
 * Atripla (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) – comarketed with Gilead Sciences
 * Azactam (aztreonam)
 * Baraclude (entecavir)
 * Daklinza (daclatasvir)
 * Evotaz (atazanavir/cobicistat)
 * Megace (megestrol acetate)
 * Reyataz (atazanavir)
 * Sustiva/Stocrin (efavirenz)
 * Videx (didanosine)
 * Videx EC (didanosine delayed-release)
 * Zerit (stavudine)

Inflammatory disorders
 * Kenalog-10 (triamcinolone acetonide)
 * Kenalog-40 (triamcinolone acetonide)

Oncology
 * Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel)
 * BiCNU (carmustine)
 * Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel)
 * CeeNU (lomustine)
 * Droxia/Hydrea (hydroxycarbamide)
 * Empliciti (Elotuzumab)
 * Erbitux (cetuximab)
 * Etopophos (etoposide)
 * Ixempra (ixabepilone)
 * Lysodren (mitotane)
 * Megace (megestrol acetate)
 * Opdivo (nivolumab) is a programmed death receptor blocking antibody used for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma and metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung carcinoma. In contrast to traditional chemotherapies and targeted anti-cancer therapies, which exert their effects by direct cytotoxic or tumor growth inhibition, nivolumab acts by inducing the immune system to attack the tumor.
 * Sprycel (dasatinib)
 * Taxol (paclitaxel). At one time, BMS held the solitary contract to harvest the bark of endangered yew trees on United States territory for the manufacture of chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (Taxol). Current paclitaxel production comes from renewable sources. BMS also held the original paclitaxel license, but there are now multiple generic producers.
 * Vumon (teniposide)
 * Yervoy (ipilimumab)

Psychiatry
 * Abilify (aripiprazole comarketed with Otsuka Pharmaceutical)

Rheumatic disorders
 * Orencia (abatacept)

Transplant rejection
 * Nulojix (belatacept)

Out of production

 * Sal Hepatica
 * Ipana

Divested brands
(Former Bristol-Myers brands, now divested)
 * Bufferin
 * Excedrin
 * Ban Deodorant
 * Vitalis (hair tonic)
 * Ammens (medicated powder)
 * Final Net (hair spray)
 * Comtrex (cold relief capsules)
 * Keri (lotion)

Products under development
The following is a selective list of investigational products under development, as of 2023:
 * Luspatercept - phase III: On 28 August 2023, BMS' drug Reblozyl has received FDA label expansion, making it a first-line treatment option for anemia in adults with low- to intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who may need regular blood transfusions. This decision, supported by data from the Phase III COMMANDS study, highlights Reblozyl's superiority over erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in treating MDS-related anemia, potentially driving the drug's sales towards its $4 billion sales goal by 2030. The drug's efficacy in patients both with and without specific symptoms further widens its scope of application.
 * Beclabuvir (BMS-791325) – phase III
 * BMS-906024 – phase I
 * BMS-955176 – phase II
 * Brivanib alaninate (BMS-582664) – development terminated
 * Elotuzumab (BMS-901608) – phase III
 * Fostemsavir (BMS-663068) – approved in the United States in July 2020
 * Lirilumab (BMS-986015)
 * Lulizumab pegol (BMS-931699) – phase II

Public-private engagement
Bristol-Myers Squibb engages with the public and private sectors through the promotion of research and development, academic funding, event sponsorship, philanthropy, and political lobbying.

Academia and education

 * Institute for Advanced Study - Gift matching and direct donor.
 * Mentoring in IBD - Sponsor.
 * Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) - Donor.
 * Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) at McMaster University Medical School - Partner.
 * University of Toronto - Donor.
 * University of Washington - Donor.

Conferences and events

 * Women in Medicine Summit - Sponsor.
 * World Neuroscience Innovation Forum - Sponsor.

Healthcare

 * Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) - Donor.
 * Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PMCC) - Foundation donor and sponsor for the PMCC Conference.
 * Scarborough Health Network (SHN) - Donor to the Scarborough Health Foundation.
 * SickKids - Donor to the SickKids Foundation.
 * Sinai Health System - Donor to the Sinai Health Foundation.
 * Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre - Donor.

Media

 * National Geographic Society - Donor.
 * National Press Foundation - Funder.

Medical societies

 * American Society of Hematology (ASH) - Corporate supporter.
 * Arthritis Society - National corporate partner.
 * Canadian Society of Internal Medicine - Sponsor.
 * European Society of Cardiology - Sponsor.
 * Spanish Cardiac Society - Partner.

Political lobbying

 * BIOTECanada - Member company. BIOTECanada lobbies the Canadian government for policies favorable to the pharmaceutical industry.
 * Innovative Medicines Canada - Member.
 * International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) - Member.
 * National Health Council - Member.
 * National Pharmaceutical Council - Member.
 * Personalized Medicine Coalition - Member.
 * Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board - Client.
 * Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America - Member.
 * Research!America - Member.

Professional associations

 * Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) - Corporate partner.
 * Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA) - Corporate sponsor.
 * CARE Faculty - Sponsor. CARE is a Canadian coalition of medical specialists based in Oakville, Ontario. BMS was a sponsor for their 2021 Winter Hematology Update event.
 * Colorectal Cancer Canada (CRC) - Sponsor.
 * Health Products Stewardship Association - Member.

Research and development

 * Lung Health Foundation - Partner.
 * Multiple Sclerosis International Federation - Partner.
 * Pinnacle Research Group - Sponsor.
 * Radcliffe Cardiology - Industry partner.

Scandals
Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis". A previous suit against the United States government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S.

title: Bristol Myers Squibb


text:
Rudy Trouvé

Rudy Trouvé (born 28 January 1967 in Wilrijk) is a Belgian musician from Antwerp. In the early nineties he founded the Heavenhotel record label and released dozens of records since. Between 1993 and 1995 he was part of Deus, quitting the band in favour of focusing on his own solo career, exploring obscure music groups and temporary collaborations.

Since 1995, he scored most success with Kiss My Jazz and Dead Man Ray, and recorded a split album with Lou Barlow on the Sub Rosa label.

Rudy Trouvé is regarded highly as an improvisor; in jam sessions and experimental concerts he has shared the stage with Mauro Pawlowski, Zeitkratzer Ensemble (Germany), Marc Ribot (US), Pierre Bastien, Pierre Berthet, members of DAAU, Zita Swoon, among others.

As a former student at St-Lucas in Ghent, Rudy Trouvé is also famous for his artwork: figurative paintings and blow-ups which can be found on the record sleeves of most of his self-produced records and the bands he performed with. One of them was Worst Case Scenario by dEUS.

Selected discography

 * Rudy Trouvé / Lou Barlow – Subsonic 6 (Split album, 2000)
 * Rudy Trouvé – Une Chanson (EP, 2002)
 * Rudy Trouvé – 1999 – 2002 a.k.a. Rather quiet songs (2002)
 * Rudy Trouvé – Cartoon Moon (EP, 2002)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Sextet – 2002 – 2003 a.k.a. In an introvert but danceable mood (2004)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Sextet – Tu Sais a.k.a. The French EP (EP 2004 ltd. 100 copies)
 * Rudy and The Unforgettable Wally's – We met on an airport and went through tape (CDR 2007)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Septet – Songs and Stuff Recorded Between 2003 and 2007 Part One (2007)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Septet – Songs and Stuff Recorded Between 2003 and 2007 Part Two (2009)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Septet – Allright (EP, 2009)
 * The Rudy Trouvé Septet – 2007 – 2009 (2009)

Band history

 * Dead Man Ray
 * dEUS
 * Gore Slut
 * Kiss My Jazz
 * The Love Substitutes
 * Rudy Trouvé Sextet/Septet
 * Rudy and the Unforgettable Wally's

title: Rudy Trouvé


text:
Battle of Fitjar

The Battle of Fitjar (Slaget ved Fitjar på Stord) took place in 961 in Fitjar at Stord in the county of Hordaland, Norway.

Battle and aftermath
The Battle of Fitjar at Stord was the last battle in a war between the sons of Eric Bloodaxe and their uncle King Haakon the Good for power over Norway. It also formed part of a contest between Norway and Denmark to control the area of Oslofjord.

Erling Eiriksson, Sigurd Sleva and Harald Greycloak, three of the sons of Eric Bloodaxe (Eirikssønnene) landed unnoticed on Hordaland in 961 and surprised the king at Fitjar. The battle was won by the forces of King Haakon, but he was wounded and eventually died. According to Snorri Sturluson, the king wanted the Norwegians to accept the sons of Eric Bloodaxe to succeed him as king and thus end the war.

After Haakon's death, Harald Greycloak and his brothers became kings of Norway, but they had little authority outside western Norway. The third son of Eric Bloodaxe, Harald was the most powerful of the brothers by right of being the eldest surviving son. The succession issue was finally settled after Harold ascended the throne as Harald II of Norway. However, the Norwegians were severely tormented by years of war. After the assassination of Harald II, Harald Bluetooth (Harald I of Denmark) managed to force the people of Norway into temporary subjection.

Legacy
Hákonarmál is a skaldic poem which the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir composed about the fall of  king Haakon the Good at the battle of Fitjar and his reception in Valhalla. At Håkonarparken in Fitjar, a statue of King Haakon serves as a memorial to the Battle of Fitjar.

The coat-of-arms of the municipality of Fitjar show a golden helmet. This is derived from the fact that King Haakon wore a golden helmet at the Battle of Fitjar.

Other sources

 * Enstad, Nils-Petter Sverd eller kors? Kristningen av Norge som politisk prosess fra Håkon den gode til Olav Kyrre (Kolofon forlag, 2008)
 * Krag, Claus (1995) Vikingtid og rikssamling 800-1130 (Aschehoug's History of Norway, 2.(Oslo: 1995)

title: Battle of Fitjar


text:
Talk:Johan Bernhard Hjort

Untitled
Moved here from main article:

Who wrote the above? I disagree with most of it. (1) Yes, Johan Bernhard Hjort (1895-1969) was a member of the (perfectly legal) Nasjonal Samling party from 1933 to 1937, when he broke with Quisling. (2) He was arrested by Gestapo in 1941 and sent to Germany, where he after leaving prison carried out important resistance work, contributing to the saving of many Scandinavian lives. (3) After the war he fought for the artistic freedom of controversial artists and for the natural legal rights of homosexuals. (4) "Riksmålsforeningen" was not right-wing in any political sense of the word, and they did not at all oppose "nynorsk", which, incidentally, does not make any claim of being "the real national language". Hjort's fight was for free evolution of the Norwegian language, as opposed to state-controlled artificial restrictions on its use.(5) Hjort was neither nazi nor particularly anti-national. (6) Being "nazi and anti-national" is not a common combination in our time. -- See e.g. Ivo de Figueiredo's 2002 biography on Johan Bernhard Hjort, "Free man". >>

It seems that in this article, Hjort gets away scot free on his anti-semitic attitudes and his status as a founding member of NS second only to Quisling himself. Hjort was hirdleader! Be aware that Quisling called Hjort's group as representing a dangerous right-wing branch of national socialism, either from opinion or propaganda. Fallout from NS with Ragnarok magazine was partly due to Ragnarok circle's 'militant anti-christianism'. Hero-worship this bloke all you want, it doesn't change that there were homosexuals among the racist brownshirts, nor does it change that he had some despicable remarks on jews, the soviet "race" and nynorsk users. It's also odd how norges-lexi casually mentions his ties to German national socialism as brother in law (through his sisters) of two national socialist ideologists. You would think a politically acceptable democrat and minority-champion would be ostracised from such a family. Hjort argued for bookburnings of samnorsk-books while he led riksmålsforbundet. --Krekling (talk) 21:48, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Johan Bernhard Hjort. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6EpJBbV6n?url=http://www.redcross.se/Documents/Specifikation_antalet_raddade_Vitabussarna.pdf to http://www.redcross.se/Documents/Specifikation_antalet_raddade_Vitabussarna.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:27, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johan Bernhard Hjort


text:
Rift valley (disambiguation)

A rift valley is a linear lowland formed by the action of a geologic rift.

Rift Valley may also refer to:

Education

 * Rift Valley Academy, Christian boarding school in Kijabe, Kenya
 * Rift Valley University College, private university in Ethiopia
 * Rift Valley Institute, non-profit research and training organization in East Africa

Organizations

 * Rift Valley Railways, manages the state-run railways of Kenya and Uganda
 * Rift Valley Resources, mineral exploration company focusing on Tanzania
 * Rift Valley United F.C., association football club based in Eldoret, Kenya

Other

 * Rift Valley Province, former province of Kenya
 * Rift Valley lakes, group of lakes in the East African Rift
 * Rift Valley fever, mild to severe viral disease

title: Rift valley (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Mille Bornes

2 or 4 players
I don't understand the section '2 player game'. Since the default is the 2 player game, why should any hazards be removed? It seems to contradict what's being said at the 3-player game variant. Abigail 12:32, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, the 'default' version of Mille Bournes is the 4 player game. That's at least how any instruction manual I've ever found is written, having more emphasis on the 4 player game than 2 player.  The name of the game also makes more sense that way, as 4 player lacks the Extension rule by default (games must go to 1000 miles, not 700 with an Extension afterward).  A game called Sept Cents Bournes would just be silly. :-) CaptainSpam 16:37, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Seconded: the four player game is the default, per Parker Brothers. DanielCristofani 11:27, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Safety Card Questions
I don't think this article is right about this bullet point about the Safety Card rules: "Safety cards are four special cards that can be played to avoid a certain type of hazard for the remainder of the game. These cards are also worth 100 points."

1. I think the Safety Cards last for the rest of the hand, not the rest of the game.

2. I don't think you get 100 points for playing them.

Can anyone confirm that?

Thanks, Throbblefoot 06:25, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The deafening silence compels me to continue. Additional research indicates that you not only don't get 100 points, you also get to draw a card immediately after playing the Safety Card. Here's a source: :http://www.centralconnector.com/GAMES/Milleborne.html

 * I'll let the article stand for a few more days, then make the changes. Thanks Throbblefoot 01:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've got the Parker Brothers rulebook here (copyright 1962) and you got 2 out of 3 right: they last for the rest of the hand, you do get 100 for playing them, and you get a new turn right after. I've updated the article. DanielCristofani 11:27, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update.... I'm chagrined to have let it stand so long... -Throbblefoot 22:33, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I always thought they lasted the whole game. Whaddya know. Ouuplas 07:00, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A hand is an entire race, or probably what you referring to as a whole game (see Hasbro Rules). A match usually consists of several hands.

Jeu des mille bornes
I placed the link to the French wiki so you can change the name of this article. Marc Venot 23:48, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Major refactor
I've shuffled the sections a little, mostly to expand the outline, demoting most sections to subsections. The page as it stands is almost all about playing the game but there is much more to be said about it. Gameplay can be condensed and reorganized, too. I'm not finished working.

Coming up:

 * Untangle the text formerly under Types of cards into discussion of the Deck and explanation of the Play. The game should be explained as other card games: Deck, Play, Scoring, Strategy.

 * Deck information should be presented in table form.

 * Condense all the minor sections under With larger or smaller groups into a single bullet list. Four-player play is the "default", the way that the game should be explained under the previous sections -- no need for recap here.

 * More history of the game, particularly of the different deck versions.

 * I'd like to see the French names for the cards in the English version of the article -- once only, in table form. This is en, but much of the charm of the game comes from the French terms. I wouldn't play with someone who slapped down a Right-of-Way card without shouting "coup fourré".

 * Discussion of the game outside the context of the game itself. MB has been around for a long time and millions of people have played it, no? What might a little research discover?

This article cries out for graphics. At least half the fun is in the beautiful cards of the 1962 deck. I think we can claim fair use on a card or two from each deck, but for obvious reasons we need one complete deck. We can solve this along both dimensions by contacting Parker Brothers for permission; who knows what we might get? For the time being, a symbolic deck can be whipped up shortly. John Reid 18:28, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Bornes vs Bournes
I won't enter into any discussion of which name is "more correct"; but the official Hasbro deck I have at hand now is titled "Mille Bornes". Google gives 9830 hits for "mille bournes" with a did you mean: mille bornes; 648,000 hits for the latter. John Reid 04:09, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Versions
Such a popular game has been released in many different versions. I suggest that variants in which the style of the cards is different are notable; however let's not clog up the article by attempting to list every variation in packaging. The sole notable exception is the "race car" package. Somebody get a photo of that? John Reid 06:38, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Mille Bornes/work
This is a work page of source material, images, and text-in-process, only rudely sorted. We may have copyright issues to deal with before some of it can be moved to the article itself.

Four Safety bonus
The versions of the game I have says the 700 for having all four safeties is total, that is one only gets an additional 300 points for having all four. This means by my math that the most points one can get in a hand is 4600 (1000 miles + 400*4 coup-fourees + 300 bonus + 400 finish + 300 delayed + 500 shutout + 300 safe trip + 200 extension if played). Could someone check that? Jonpin 00:50, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll confirm that. DanielCristofani 10:57, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That seems correct and I've made the edit -- good notice, Jonpin. John Reid 23:36, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Grass
The card game Grass should get a mention somewhere... John Reid 23:39, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Done. --Fullobeans (talk) 03:47, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Strategy
Say, I just thought I should say as a courtesy: although I (obviously, from my edits) think that the "strategy" section of the Mille Bornes article is at the extent where it is best suited to the WikiBooks leisure bookshelf, I also think it looks like the makings of a good WikiBook, and certainly appreciate the work you've obviously put into it.

As a little further background, I'll note that the proper resolution of strategy sections in game articles vs. WP:NOT (specifically with respect to advice, suggestions, and such) has been a topic of discussion over at WikiProject Board and table games, which might be of interest to you. -Stellmach 14:00, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This page is like one of those half-wit cousins who keeps following you around town, dribbling snot, never asking for anything but so desperately in need of attention you're distracted from your own pursuits. You secretly wish to push him in front of the nearest streetcar but you end up wiping his nose for him and buying candy from your own pocket money. You kick him and tell him to go home but he doesn't understand and just stands there in the rain. You wonder where the hell his mother is.

 * This is a wiki; I don't OWN any articles here. I've sown far too much seed in this rocky soil as it is. You wanted sources, I got you sources. Not good enough? Edit this page. Make it a book. No need to make it personal. Have fun. John Reid 16:50, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Nor did I mean to imply that you thought you owned this article, though I now see you clearly have (or had) an attachment to it of a much less pleasant sort than the caring one I had assumed. Your use of simile is certainly vivid. Sorry to hear it became such a burden. I hope nobody else is discouraged by this. -Stellmach 01:25, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

As far as the extension strategy goes - it fails to mention the 400 points available for "Trip Completed" Statalyzer (talk) 18:29, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

History
Why is there no history section, no story about when it was created, when first translated, how many languages it's in? There's nothing here that you can't get from reading the rules and playing a few hands. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 00:08, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I second this request for information. This type of information would be very encyclopedic. Val42 20:53, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I saw that need a long time ago and put some research on the workpage. Check it out. John Reid 18:32, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Notice of import
A copy of this article was moved to wikibooks using the Import tool (with all revisions). If this article was marked for copy to wikibooks or as containing how-to sections, it can now be safely rewritten.

If contributors are interested in expanding on the practical information that was in this article, please do so on the wikibooks side. For pointers on writing wikibooks, see Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikipedians.

(Looks like a fun game, BTW) -- SB_Johnny |talk|books 23:13, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Prevention Safety Question
The Wiki article says that playing a Safety (not as a Coup Fourre) corrects the corresponding Hazard. The 1962 Parker Brothers rulebook never says that the three non-Right-of-Way Safeties correct the Hazard, but says repeatedly that they prevent further attacks. A webpage quotes the 1962 rulebook, including the section "Safety Cards". Can someone explain why the Wiki article says what it does? --Dwallis459 20:38, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Card images
I have removed all the templates from the card images. The images are original designs by User:John Reid, released under the GNU FDL, and are not part of any published Mille Bornes deck. LordRM (talk) 17:40, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

I have also vectorized all the card images, and replaced them in the article. LordRM (talk) 20:14, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

The designs for the safeties there are totally diff from the last 3 sets I have owned (US, bilingual versions, c. 1970-2000). A comment on design variations and/or changes thru the ages would be a lot more useful than the ENDLESS details about the rules. My word. Does all that belong in an "encyclopedia" article?!

Really a mess. Would an entry on Hamlet paste in the entire text?! 66.3.106.6 (talk) 03:13, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

English to French translation
The Stop card is improperly translated to "Roulez" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.126.254.202 (talk) 17:15, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

New Form Article
The excellent previous article has been forked over to wikibooks. There is a link to it from the confines of this article. This article will continue to be about the game, but not necessarily how to play the game. I have been admiring the original article for some time, but today decided to embark on the requested changes. K3vin (talk) 23:14, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Rule and terminology variations
I recently acquired a copy of this game published by Hasbro Canada and dated 2011. In this edition:

 * If you're playing in English it's a "Go" card, not "Roll", and you play it on the "Drive Pile", not the "Battle Pile". (In French, by the way, it's "Roll" and "Obstacle Pile" — "roulez" and "pile d'obstacles".)

 * Nothing explicit is said about discarding when you can make a legal play, but the wording of the rules in both English and French implies that it is illegal: "On your turn... play one card... if you can't play a card, then you must discard".

 * If you have a Hazard on top of your Drive Pile and you play the corresponding Safety, the Hazard is always discarded; you don't need to do a Coup Fourré to get that benefit. This is explicit in the rules.

 * A Hazard card can only be played on top of your opponent's Go card (or on a Remedy if the opponent has played Right of Way). This is explicit in the Hasbro rules, whereas in the Parker Brothers rules linked from the article, it explicitly says that you can play a Hazard on top of another Hazard (superseding it).

These variations should be put into the article, and possibly should be given priority over the existing rules and terminology if they are the only version now being published.

--76.69.139.64 (talk) 08:56, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Possibly the BSD version can also be mentioned:
 * It is "Go" rather than "Roll", as you mention, but it is the "Battle Pile" in the BSD version, not the "Drive Pile" (or "Obstacle Pile").
 * Each hazard card is one less than what the article says: two each of "Out of Gas", "Flat Tire", and "Accident"; four "Stop"; three "Speed Limit".
 * Discarding is allowed even if you can play.
 * You can't play a hazard card on top of another hazard card; they are only valid if your opponent can go (i.e. is allowed to play numbered cards). Speed Limit is allowed even if opponent can't go (but not on top of another Speed Limit or if opponent has Right of Way).
 * A safety always recovers from the corresponding hazard, like you mention (Coup Fourré is not required).
 * --Zzo38 (talk) 03:29, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

What was the last bilingual (English/French) printing?
Apparently what's sold in the states is now totally devoid of French (which was a critical aspect of the game's theme). Would be nice to know the publisher / print run history including significant changes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.90.146.184 (talk) 04:18, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Colors of the km cards
Does anyone know if there is a specific logic to the coloration of the km cards? For instance, the 25 km card has red digits in a green outline, while the 75 has green digits and a red outline. Perhaps just random? Maybe this was the original colors? Is there any pattern I'm missing here? Maury Markowitz (talk) 14:48, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mille Bornes