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Durotriges

The Durotriges were one of the Celtic tribes living in Britain prior to the Roman invasion. The tribe lived in modern Dorset, south Wiltshire, south Somerset and Devon east of the River Axe and the discovery of an Iron Age hoard in 2009 at Shalfleet, Isle of Wight gives evidence that they may also have lived in the western half of the island. After the Roman conquest, their main civitates, or settlement-centred administrative units, were Durnovaria (modern Dorchester, "the probable original capital") and Lindinis (modern Ilchester, "whose former, unknown status was thereby enhanced" ). Their territory was bordered to the west by the Dumnonii; and to the east by the Belgae.

Name
The tribe's name is known from Ptolemy's Geography and from two inscriptions on Hadrian's Wall, both dating from after the Roman conquest of Britain. It is not known if anyone referred to them as the Durotriges before they arrived in the area now known as Dorset.

The name can probably be broken down into two parts. 'Duro', which means 'hard' or 'strong place' and was widely used for early Roman forts, and 'trig' means inhabitant. That would produce a meaning of 'fort dwellers', appropriate for the region's many hill forts (although these appear to have been largely abandoned by the time of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43). 'Duro' has also been derived from 'dubro', the British word for water ('dour' or 'dwr'), and the second element has been interpreted as 'riges', that is 'kings'.

Territory
The area of the Durotriges is identified in part by coin finds: few Durotrigan coins are found in the "core" area, where they were apparently unacceptable and were reminted. To their north and east were the Belgae, beyond the Avon and its tributary Wylye: "the ancient division is today reflected in the county division between Wiltshire and Somerset."

Their main outlet for the trade across the Channel, strong in the first half of the 1st century BC, when the potter's wheel was introduced, then drying up in the decades before the advent of the Romans, was at Hengistbury Head. Numismatic evidence shows progressive debasing of the coinage, suggesting economic retrenchment accompanying the increased cultural isolation. Analysis of the body of Durotrigan ceramics suggests to Cunliffe that the production was increasingly centralised, at Poole Harbour (Cunliffe 2005:183).

The Durotriges were possibly more of a tribal confederation than a discrete tribe. They were one of the groups that issued coinage before the Roman conquest, part of the cultural "periphery", as Barry Cunliffe characterised them, round the "core group" of Britons in the south. These coins were rather simple and had no inscriptions, and thus no names of coin-issuers can be known, let alone evidence about monarchs or rulers. Nevertheless, the Durotriges presented a settled society, based in the farming of lands surrounded by hill forts, the majority of which seem to have gone out of use by 100 BC, long before the arrival of the Roman II Legion, commanded by Vespasian in 43 or 44 AD. Maiden Castle is a preserved example of one of these earlier hill forts.

Settlements
The absorption of the Durotriges' ruling families into the Roman province of Britannia and the extent of Romanisation makes documenting the names of settlements occupied by the Durotriges before the Roman conquest difficult, but from a variety of sources several places are known. Ptolemy's Geography lists Dunium, speculated to be Hengistbury Head, as an important tribal centre near their Belgae neighbours, but it is unknown whether if it was considered the capital of the tribal confederation, especially as several other settlements appear to be equally important from archaeological evidence. Known places of pre-conquest settlement include:
 * Woolsbarrow Hillfort
 * Maiden Castle
 * Cadbury Castle
 * Ham Hill
 * Abbotsbury Castle, Allington, Dorset,
 * Badbury Rings, Banbury Hill, Bindon Hill, Buzbury Rings
 * Chalbury Hillfort, Coney's Castle,
 * Dungeon Hill,
 * Eggardon Hill,
 * Flower's Barrow,
 * Hambledon Hill, Hod Hill,
 * Lambert's Castle, Lewesdon Hill,
 * Pilsdon Pen, Poundbury Hill
 * Rawlsbury Camp
 * Duropolis

Culture
Burial of Durotriges was by inhumation, with a last ritual meal provided even under exiguous circumstances, as in the eight burials at Maiden Castle, carried out immediately after the Roman attack. Most Durotrigian burials are laid down in crouched positions within shallow, oval graves. One such inhumation of a young Durotrigian woman was found at Langton Herring in Dorset in 2010. The burial, which was laid down with a decorated mirror, had a radiocarbon date of between AD 25 – 53.

Although it was previously thought that the Durotriges strongly resisted the Roman invasion of AD 43/44, the historian Suetonius recording some battles fought between tribes of southern Britain and the second legion Augusta, then commanded by Vespasian, we do not know if the Durotriges, in particular, were involved. Mortimer Wheeler, who reported on the excavation of Maiden Castle conducted by himself and Tessa Wheeler between 1934 and 1938, interpreted a cemetery uncovered in the hill fort's east gate as evidence for a savage Roman assault. Later examination of Maiden Castle by Niall Sharples in 1985-6 and geophysical survey conducted in 2015 by Dave Stewart have shown that Wheeler's interpretation of a siege and subsequent massacre is unlikely. By 70 AD, the tribe was already starting to be Romanised and securely included in the Roman province of Britannia. In the tribe's area, the Romans explored some quarries and supported a local pottery industry.

The Durotriges, and their relationship with the Roman Empire, form the basis for an ongoing archaeological research project directed by Paul Cheetham, Ellen Hambleton and Miles Russell of Bournemouth University. The Durotriges Project has, since 2009, been reconsidering the Iron Age to Roman transition through a detailed programme of field survey, geophysical investigation and targeted excavation. To date the programme of work has concentrated upon an enclosed late Iron Age banjo enclosure containing round houses, work surfaces and storage pits, a Late Iron Age cemetery, two Roman villas and a large Late Iron Age roundhouse settlement referred to as Duropolis.

title: Durotriges


text:
West Middletown

West Middletown may refer to:

 * Middletown, Ohio
 * West Middletown, Pennsylvania (borough)
 * West Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Middletown


text:
Codimension

In mathematics, codimension is a basic geometric idea that applies to subspaces in vector spaces, to submanifolds in manifolds, and suitable subsets of algebraic varieties.

For affine and projective algebraic varieties, the codimension equals the height of the defining ideal. For this reason, the height of an ideal is often called its codimension.

The dual concept is relative dimension.

Definition
Codimension is a relative concept: it is only defined for one object inside another. There is no “codimension of a vector space (in isolation)”, only the codimension of a vector subspace.

If W is a linear subspace of a finite-dimensional vector space V, then the codimension of W in V is the difference between the dimensions:
 * $$\operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V) - \dim(W).$$

It is the complement of the dimension of W, in that, with the dimension of W, it adds up to the dimension of the ambient space V:
 * $$\dim(W) + \operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V).$$

Similarly, if N is a submanifold or subvariety in M, then the codimension of N in M is
 * $$\operatorname{codim}(N) = \dim(M) - \dim(N).$$

Just as the dimension of a submanifold is the dimension of the tangent bundle (the number of dimensions that you can move on the submanifold), the codimension is the dimension of the normal bundle (the number of dimensions you can move off the submanifold).

More generally, if W is a linear subspace of a (possibly infinite dimensional) vector space V then the codimension of W in V is the dimension (possibly infinite) of the quotient space V/W, which is more abstractly known as the cokernel of the inclusion. For finite-dimensional vector spaces, this agrees with the previous definition
 * $$\operatorname{codim}(W) = \dim(V/W) = \dim \operatorname{coker} ( W \to V ) = \dim(V) - \dim(W),$$

and is dual to the relative dimension as the dimension of the kernel.

Finite-codimensional subspaces of infinite-dimensional spaces are often useful in the study of topological vector spaces.

Additivity of codimension and dimension counting
The fundamental property of codimension lies in its relation to intersection: if W1 has codimension k1, and W2 has codimension k2, then if U is their intersection with codimension j we have

 * max (k1, k2) ≤ j ≤ k1 + k2.

In fact j may take any integer value in this range. This statement is more perspicuous than the translation in terms of dimensions, because the RHS is just the sum of the codimensions. In words

 * codimensions (at most) add.
 * If the subspaces or submanifolds intersect transversally (which occurs generically), codimensions add exactly.

This statement is called dimension counting, particularly in intersection theory.

Dual interpretation
In terms of the dual space, it is quite evident why dimensions add. The subspaces can be defined by the vanishing of a certain number of linear functionals, which if we take to be linearly independent, their number is the codimension. Therefore, we see that U is defined by taking the union of the sets of linear functionals defining the Wi. That union may introduce some degree of linear dependence: the possible values of j express that dependence, with the RHS sum being the case where there is no dependence. This definition of codimension in terms of the number of functions needed to cut out a subspace extends to situations in which both the ambient space and subspace are infinite dimensional.

In other language, which is basic for any kind of intersection theory, we are taking the union of a certain number of constraints. We have two phenomena to look out for:

 * 1) the two sets of constraints may not be independent;
 * 2) the two sets of constraints may not be compatible.

The first of these is often expressed as the principle of counting constraints: if we have a number N of parameters to adjust (i.e. we have N degrees of freedom), and a constraint means we have to 'consume' a parameter to satisfy it, then the codimension of the solution set is at most the number of constraints. We do not expect to be able to find a solution if the predicted codimension, i.e. the number of independent constraints, exceeds N (in the linear algebra case, there is always a trivial, null vector solution, which is therefore discounted).

The second is a matter of geometry, on the model of parallel lines; it is something that can be discussed for linear problems by methods of linear algebra, and for non-linear problems in projective space, over the complex number field.

In geometric topology
Codimension also has some clear meaning in geometric topology: on a manifold, codimension 1 is the dimension of topological disconnection by a submanifold, while codimension 2 is the dimension of ramification and knot theory. In fact, the theory of high-dimensional manifolds, which starts in dimension 5 and above, can alternatively be said to start in codimension 3, because higher codimensions avoid the phenomenon of knots. Since surgery theory requires working up to the middle dimension, once one is in dimension 5, the middle dimension has codimension greater than 2, and hence one avoids knots.

This quip is not vacuous: the study of embeddings in codimension 2 is knot theory, and difficult, while the study of embeddings in codimension 3 or more is amenable to the tools of high-dimensional geometric topology, and hence considerably easier.

title: Codimension


text:
Diane Dufresne

Diane Dufresne, (born 30 September 1944) is a French Canadian singer and painter, and is known for singing a large repertoire of popular Quebec songs.

Dufresne was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She lived in Paris from 1965 to 1967 where she studied voice with Jean Lumière and dramatic art with Françoise Rosay. While there, she performed in noted boîtes à chansons such as l'Écluse, l'Échelle de Jacob, and le Caveau de la Bolée.

On her return to Montreal, she began a collaboration with composer François Cousineau, and lyricist Luc Plamondon.

In March 2019, she was one of 11 singers from Quebec, alongside Ginette Reno, Céline Dion, Isabelle Boulay, Luce Dufault, Louise Forestier, Laurence Jalbert, Catherine Major, Ariane Moffatt, Marie Denise Pelletier and Marie-Élaine Thibert, who participated in a supergroup recording of Renée Claude's 1971 single "Tu trouveras la paix" after Claude's diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease was announced.

In 2023, she was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.

Awards and recognition

 * 1987 – Félix Award, best pop show: Top Secret
 * 2001 – Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts
 * 2002 – Made a knight of the National Order of Quebec
 * 2006 – Félix Hommage for her lifetime achievements
 * 2008 – Legion of Honour by France
 * 2015 – Appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada
 * 2023 – Inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame

Discography

 * 1969 – L'initiation
 * 1972 – Tiens-toé ben, j'arrive
 * 1973 – À part de d'ça, j'me sens ben
 * 1974 – 12 succès pop
 * 1975 – Sur la même longueur d'ondes
 * 1975 – Mon premier show (en public)
 * 1977 – Maman, si tu m'voyais... tu s'rais fière de ta fille!
 * 1978 – Olympia '78, volume 1 et 2
 * 1978 – Starmania
 * 1979 – Starmania, le spectacle
 * 1979 – Striptease
 * 1982 – Turbulences
 * 1984 – Dioxine de carbone et son rayon rose
 * 1984 – Magie rose (en public)
 * 1985 – Chanteurs sans frontières (special participation)
 * 1986 – Follement vôtre
 * 1987 – Top secret
 * 1988 – Master série en 2 volumes (compilation album)
 * 1991 – Sans dessous dessus (compilation album)
 * 1993 – Détournement majeur
 * 1997 – Diane Dufresne
 * 2000 – Merci (compilation album: Quebec)
 * 2002 – Merci (compilation album: France)
 * 2005 – Diane Dufresne chante Kurt Weill, with Yannick Nézet-Séguin
 * 2007 – Effusions, accompanied by Alain Lefèvre
 * 2018 – Meilleur Après

Shows

 * 1987 – Top Secret
 * 2002 – En liberté conditionnelle
 * 2004 – Symphonie de Kurt Weill (single concert)
 * 2006 – Plurielle en Quatre Tableaux

title: Diane Dufresne


text:
Talk:J. S. Woodsworth

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 20 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JoYKuhn.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Should this be at J. S. Woodsworth? RickK | Talk 02:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I'll do it - SimonP 03:10, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

"James Woodsworth" seems to redirect here. Is there no article about JS's dad? - Arctic.gnome 22:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Not yet, apparently. Isn't his father in the DCB, though?  CJCurrie 23:10, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Where did someone find that J.S.'s grandfather was named Harold Richard? I've always just seen it as Richard. Arctic Gnome 17:53, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Who came up with the idea that he had 6999 siblings? That doesn't seem reasonable. I undid that edit. 72.12.138.2 (talk) 06:33, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Needs citations desperately
This article is now a stub, because almost everything in this article is unsupported by citations. This is a disgrace! Look at other CCF/NDP leaders' biographies on Wikipedia like: M.J. Coldwell, T.C. Douglas, or FEATURED ARTICLE David Lewis. Shame on whomever wrote this article, as they were so careless with referencing it. I would ask for it to be deleted, but I know much of what is written here is, more or less, correct, even if it is unsupported by citations. Fix it. I don't have the time to fix this now.--Abebenjoe (talk) 04:45, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This article was written eight years ago. Wikipedia standards in those days were vastly different than they are today. The standards of referencing only came about due to the popularity of Wikipedia and some high profile criticism about inaccurate statements. It is pointless to compare text from those days to that of today. Be constructive and add some refs. EncyclopediaUpdaticus (talk) 21:17, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Hi, is this any use to you?

There's a new document online about Woodsworth, OCR here:

https://anticommunistarchive.wordpress.com/2017/10/11/james-shaver-woodsworth-untypical-canadian/

Original scan can be downloaded here:

https://my.pcloud.com/publink/show?code=XZVIyX7ZkJGLTUuQnMV66B2xxEj8Jzth9XS7

There's a discussion here that mentions it:

https://nosnowinmoscow.wordpress.com/2017/12/24/canadas-tax-exempt-foundations-a-look-at-the-ontario-woodsworth-memorial-foundation-the-praxis-research-institute-and-the-roots-of-the-federal-ndp/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.177.140.7 (talk) 22:27, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Rewriting the lead and adding references
Hello! I have gone through the article and done some preliminary editing. This includes formatting the section headings, fixing a couple of spelling errors, adding citations from sources already in the references and rewriting some sentences so that they flow better. I have also, on the recommendation of the article's peer review, amalgamated the childhood and early ministry sections. I will also be rewriting the lead to include two paragraphs, the first on Woodsworth's personal life and social work and the second on this political life, as is again suggested by the peer review. I will also be adding some more information on his activities as leader of the CCF as well as making sure all the sections are properly cited. Cheers, JoYKuhn (talk) 21:49, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:J. S. Woodsworth


text:
Districts of China

The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China.

In the modern context, district, formally city-governed district, city-controlled district, or municipal district , are subdivisions of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. The rank of a district derives from the rank of its city. Districts of a municipality are prefecture-level; districts of a sub-provincial city are sub-prefecture-level; and districts of a prefecture-level city are county-level.

The term was also formerly used to refer to obsolete county-controlled districts (also known as district public office).

However, if the word district is encountered in the context of ancient Chinese history, then it is a translation for xian, another type of administrative division in China.

Before the 1980s, cities in China were administrative divisions containing mostly urban, built-up areas, with very little farmland, except for the immediate suburbs in order to ensure a large supply of food or raw materials. As a result, districts were also mostly urban or suburban in nature.

After the 1980s, prefectures began to be replaced with prefecture-level cities. From then on, "cities" in mainland China became just like any other administrative division, containing urban areas, towns, villages, and farmland. These cities are subdivided into districts, counties, autonomous counties, and county-level cities. At the same time, counties and county-level cities began to be replaced with districts, especially after 1990. From then onwards, districts were no longer strictly urban entities—some districts today are just like counties, with large towns and townships under them governing rural areas.

Regular districts
A regular district under a municipality or prefecture-level city.

Ethnic districts
A type of city districts that are specially created for ethnic minorities. Currently there are five such "ethnic districts": three in Henan, one in Heilongjiang, and one in Inner Mongolia.

 * Chanhe Hui District
 * Guancheng Hui District
 * Shunhe Hui District
 * Meilisi Daur District
 * Huimin District (the term Huimin refers to the Hui people)

Special district
One county-level special district, located in Guizhou.

 * Liuzhi Special District, Liupanshui

Forestry district
One special sub-prefectural-level forestry district, located in Hubei.

 * Shennongjia

County-controlled districts (obsolete)
A county-controlled district, sometimes translated as county-governed district; county district; or sub-county is a sub-county in China. A branch of a county government, a district public office is the administrative office in a district; it is not a local government. A county-controlled district was once an important subdivision of a county all over China from the 1950s to 1990s. It was common for there to be about five to ten districts in a county, then about three to five towns and townships in a district. After the 1990s, county-controlled districts began to be phased out, and their role was taken over by larger towns or townships created by merging smaller ones.

At the end of 2014, there was just one county-controlled district left in China:
 * Nanshan District (Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei)

(See Administrative divisions of China for how these two types of districts fit into the general administrative hierarchy of mainland China.)

Ancient sense
If the word "district" is encountered in the context of ancient Chinese history, then the word is a translation for xian, another type of administrative division in China.

Xian has been translated using several English terms. In the context of ancient history, "district" and "prefecture" are commonly used, while "county" is used for more contemporary contexts.

(See Counties of China for more information on the xian of China.)

title: Districts of China


text:
Billy Breathes

Billy Breathes is the sixth studio album by American rock band Phish, released by Elektra Records on October 15, 1996. The album was credited with connecting the band, known for its jam band concerts and devoted cult following, with a more mainstream audience. The first single, "Free", was the band's most successful song on two Billboard rock charts, peaking at #11 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart and at #24 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks Chart. The album itself became the band's highest-charting album on the Billboard 200, where it peaked at number seven.

Billy Breathes was produced by Steve Lillywhite and recorded at Bearsville Studios in Bearsville, New York between February and June 1996, following Phish's landmark fall 1995 tour. The songs "Free", "Taste", "Cars Trucks Buses", "Theme from the Bottom", "Billy Breathes" and "Prince Caspian" were debuted in concert by Phish over the course of 1995, with the remaining songs not appearing in the band's concert repertoire until after the album's release. "Bliss" was not played live by the band until December 30, 2018, 22 years after the release of the album.

The album and its title song were named after guitarist Trey Anastasio's daughter Eliza, who was nicknamed "Billy" as an infant. The album's cover is a close-up shot of bass guitar player Mike Gordon, the first time that any member of Phish had appeared on an album cover. Phish frontman Trey Anastasio recalled in a 1997 interview that the cover came together very quickly on the last day of recording.

Upon release, Rolling Stone said that Billy Breathes is "a quiet gem of an album" that confirms Phish "is much more than a jam band from Burlington, Vermont." The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on January 8, 1999. The album was reissued on LP by Phish's label JEMP Records for Record Store Day in 2018.

Recording
Early song ideas came from a scuba diving trip that Trey Anastasio and Tom Marshall went on in the Cayman Islands in January 1996. They then produced a demo which was given to the other band members at the start of the Billy Breathes sessions. Other songs such as "Free" and "Taste" had already been in the band's live rotation since 1995.

The album was recorded between February and June 1996 at the now defunct Bearsville Studios in the Catskills region of New York state. Early recording started February 1, with the band intending to produce the album themselves with engineering by John Siket. The first recording project was an attempt to create a sonic "blob" that filled an entire reel of tape. Each band member contributed on several instruments. This idea was later abandoned but elements were used on the tracks "Swept Away" and "Steep".

Rough mixes of songs were made after recording for most of February and March. The band took a break from recording beginning on March 20, and each listened to the rough mixes during their time off. Rough mixes included the songs "Free", "Grind", two versions of "Strange Design", "Swept Away/Steep", "Talk", "Waste" and "Weekly Time". Phish performed at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in April and then returned to Bearsville on May 1 to resume recording.

With the resumption of recording, Steve Lillywhite joined as producer on the recommendation of Dave Matthews. Lillywhite had never heard of Phish before he joined the Billy Breathes sessions. He reflected in February 2011:

"'Phish, for me, are the musical equivalent of watching a flock of birds fly across the sky: They don't scatter every which way, but rather, they move with each other; they dip and dive, they go up and down; but at all times, they seem to have this radar, this instinct, for where the bird in front or in back of them is going. Musically, each member of Phish knows what the other is doing, which then carries over to the whole. The band can play anything, which then raises the question: Well, what should they play? With Billy Breathes, it's the closest they got to making what I would say is a good stoner album. You know what I mean: you put on the CD, you fire up a big one and you just go down that road. There hadn't been a good stoner record since Dark Side Of The Moon. Billy Breathes got close. I keep telling Trey Anastasio we can make a better one.'"

After Lillywhite joined, many of the songs were recorded in the early morning hours. "We did a lot of that album at five in the morning, when the sun was coming up. It kind of sounds like that, especially the stuff on side two like 'Billy Breathes' and 'Prince Caspian', 'Swept Away' all that stuff was recorded as the sun was coming up," said Trey in a 1997 interview. On June 6, 1996, near the end of the sessions, the band played a surprise show in the neighboring town of Woodstock at a local bar called Joyous Lake.

In a 2011 interview, Anastasio recalled his method for composing the guitar solo for the track "Billy Breathes":

"On the song 'Billy Breathes' there's a guitar solo I like a lot. That's a composed solo. I didn't labor over it. What I did is, I walked around the kitchen—my daughter had just been born and we were living out in the woods in Vermont. I was in my union suit, chopping wood. I was not thinking about anything, and then I just started singing [sings melody] the first four notes of the solo. I had a cassette player and I'd run over and get it recorded. Then I'd forget about it. And then the next part came. It was a lot of wearing headphones while walking around. Cassette player in my pocket. Change a diaper, go to the store, and whenever I can disconnect from whoever I'm talking to in the room, I'd put on my headphones. So the point I'm making is that it still felt like improv.'"

The song "Strange Design", which the band had been playing live since May 1995, was recorded during the Billy Breathes sessions but was left off the album. The band recorded several versions of the track before settling on a final version. This was later included on the Free European single CD release. Phish lyricist Tom Marshall spoke of the "Strange Design" outtake in 1996:

"'It was scrapped at the last second. The band was touring in Europe at the time and made the painful decision there – in Italy or France I think. The album was complete and about to be mastered. 'Design' was to be the last song on the album – after Caspian. It was a bizarre version that no one ever really got used to. It was funny though – the second they got back to the States and played it in their new acoustic setup it was as strong as ever. It just couldn't be captured in the studio for whatever reason. Cutting it was one of those great decisions – after working so long and hard on the song, sacrificing it for the good of the album took a very wide focus – as much thought went into cutting it as went into recording it.'"

Trey Anastasio recalled in a 1997 interview that the cover came together very quickly on the last day of recording.

"'We finished Billy Breathes and our manager kept saying, 'What are you going to do about the cover?' So, finally, it was the LAST day, and it was, like three in the morning. They (management) said, 'We NEED a cover tomorrow.' You know all those pictures on the back?  We cut them out and stuck them on with scotch tape.  Mike was on the cover he just shot a picture of himself.  The whole thing took like five minutes!'"

In a 2007 interview, Tom Marshall said that Trey Anastasio thought the album cover of Mike Gordon's face ruined the entire album, a feeling Marshall himself shared as well.

Personnel
Phish:
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals, co-lead vocals on "Train Song", art direction
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Train Song", cover photo, art direction
 * Jon Fishman – drums, backing vocals, percussion on "Train Song", co-lead vocals on "Taste", art direction
 * Page McConnell – keyboards, backing vocals, art direction

Additional personnel
 * Danny Clinch – photography
 * Chris Laidlaw – assistant engineering
 * Steve Lillywhite – mixing, production
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Jon Siket – mixing, recording
 * David Welker – painting

title: Billy Breathes


text:
Togodumnus

Togodumnus (died AD 43) was king of the British Catuvellauni tribe, whose capital was at St. Albans, at the time of the Roman conquest. He can probably be identified with the legendary British king Guiderius. He is usually thought to have led the fight against the Romans alongside his brother, but to have been killed early in the campaign. However, some authorities now argue that he sided with the Romans and is one and the same person as the client-king Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose original name may have been Togidubnus or Togodumnus.

Career
Togodumnus is known only from Cassius Dio's Roman History, according to which he was a son of Cunobelinus. He probably succeeded his father to the kingship of the Catuvellauni, who were the dominant kingdom in the south-east of Britain at this time. Their territory took in the lands of several other nations, including their neighbours the Trinovantes, and possibly the Dobunni further west.

He had two notable brothers, Adminius and Caratacus. In Cunobelinus's later days Adminius gained control of the Cantiaci in Kent, but was driven from Britain in 40 AD, seeking refuge with the Roman emperor Caligula. Caligula planned an invasion of Britain in response, but called it off at the last minute.

Based on coin distribution it appears that Caratacus, following in the footsteps of his uncle Epaticcus, completed the conquest of the Atrebates, the main rival to the Catuvellauni, in the early 40s. The Atrebatian king, Verica, fled to Rome and gave the new emperor, Claudius, a pretext to conquer Britain in 43.

Death
According to Dio's account, Togodumnus led the initial resistance to the invasion alongside Caratacus, but was killed after the battle on the Thames. The Roman commander Aulus Plautius then dug in at the Thames and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final march on the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Dio says that this was because the resistance became fiercer as the Britons tried to avenge Togodumnus, and Plautius needed the emperor's help to complete the conquest; however, as Claudius was no military man and in the end spent only sixteen days in Britain, it is likely the Britons were already as good as beaten. Leadership passed to Caratacus, who took the fight outside Roman-controlled territory and remained at large until 51.

Togodumnus and Togidubnus
Tacitus mentions a king who ruled several territories as a loyal ally of Rome into the later part of the first century, called Cogidumnus in most manuscripts but Togidumnus in one. A damaged inscription, naming him "..gidubnus", places him in Chichester. The similarity of name has led some, including Barry Cunliffe of Oxford University, to suggest that they may be one and the same. John Hind argues that Dio was mistaken to write that Togodumnus died after the battle on the Thames: that the Greek word φθαρεντὸς, "perished", may be Dio's mistranslation of a more ambiguous Latin word, amisso, "lost", in one of his hypothetical sources, that in fact Togodumnus was defeated rather than killed, and that the Britons wanted to avenge his defeat rather than his death. He goes on to propose that Togodumnus, having submitted to the Romans, was appointed by them as a friendly king over the territories of the Regini, the Atrebates, the Belgae and the Dobunni, becoming the loyal king referred to by Tacitus.

title: Togodumnus