text:
User talk:Matt Borak

Hello Matt, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 19:38, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Matt, glad to have you here. You mentioned that you're into meteorology and climatology. When you get a chance, you might look at the article on climate. I put a note on its talk page a while ago about how incomplete it was, and some things I thought needed to be in the article, but I don't really have the knowledge to flesh it out myself. If you could, that'd be great. Happy editing, Isomorphic 21:13, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Whenever you decide to tackle the project, I suggest that you start by moving most or all of the material on Koppen classification to a new article, perhaps Köppen classification or climate classification. That way you can write a balanced introduction to the subject without having to worry about how to integrate everything that's there now, and without deleting any useful content.  Isomorphic 00:10, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I am also glad to have you here!!)) Anyway nice work on Köppen and climate! When I read this I'm unsure if moved the Köppen scheme to its right place, perhaps it should rather have been Köppen climate classification. Anyway, if you think up a better title/name, it can be easily moved with the "Move this page" link in the left menu. ---Dittaeva 11:50, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ostrava Are you sure that there are some Czechoslovaks?? 217.185.196.74 15:32, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * You are probably right that using "Czechoslovakians" is not the best thing to do, as it might lead to a confusion. There indeed was NO official Czechoslovakian nation (and thus no Czechoslovakians either). On the other hand, the term Czechoslovakians was used commonly before, refering to the people living inside the borders of the former Czechoslovakia or originating from it.

 * The article mentions Czechoslovakians while talking about WWII so the term in the sentence Historically, among the most influencing ethnic groups besides Czechoslovakians in Ostrava were Polish people, Germans and Jews.  IMHO should be OK. The sence (in terms of time) of the second sentence in the same paragraph (Thus, the population of the city, has become a mixture of Czechoslovakians and Poles.) continues to present time, which is invalid, though. I changed the second occurence of the word to "Czechs and Slovaks" (the Slovak minority in the town is still important, which is reasonable considering that Ostrava being so close to the Slovak border).

 * If you or anybody else have any more objections, please feel free to incorporate them in the text. -- Matt Borak 17:27, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Matt. Thanks for the welcome. I'm in my second year of Czech at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, so that's my little connection to the Czech language. --Bkell 07:52, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip. --Bkell 20:14, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Unverified images
Hi. You uploaded Image:Czech Moravia-Silesian region.png but did not list any source and/or copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image_copyright_tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 18:26, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

Karlstejn
Yes, you are right about source for Karlstejn. Sorry. Thanks for your REAL wiki-work. mikes 06:09, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Neni zac
And thanks for fixing the one error I forgot to patch up. Don't worry -- your English is quite good. Mwalcoff 07:58, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Ostrava clubs #
I think the edit by 207.200.116.199 was vandalism because history of the guy: he happened to pick better number by chance. Thanks for actually checking this and for reference (something not seen often over here). Pavel Vozenilek 21:31, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Czech dispute
It's perfectly okay to edit someone's grammar and spelling. The messages on a talkpage are for others to read. Fixing minor mistakes is a courtesy, not an insult. Grace Note 23:17, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Well, you probably should get over that feeling. This is a wiki, not a newsgroup and your comments are liable to be refactored. They are not posts that necessarily stand as a permanent record of what you actually wrote. They are for the interest of people who come afterward as much as for communicating on the spot. Grace Note 07:14, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

České Budějovice and Plzeň
Nazdar Matt - I'll continue in English since this is an English speaking forum. I have noticed that NoPuzzleStranger initiated changes to both articles. He is pushing a wording change to foreign name references indicating that Pilsen and Budweis are not current English name alternatives.

I have found several examples of current use of both Pilsen and Budweis in English language texts by the local population, including the municipal web site of the City of Pilsen. Obviously, both names are used by foreigners as well - for historical or practical reasons.

I disagree with his changes and have noticed at least one other user who feels the same way. I remember your name from discussions with Juro and would value your opinion. Jbetak 1 July 2005 19:01 (UTC)

Usercat
You were listed in the Wikipedians/Czech Republic page as living in or being associated with Czech Republic. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Czech Republic for instructions.Rmky87 08:39, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Question about climate classification
Hi Matt, I just read your article about climate classification, very informative. But I have one question: If a city (actually, its my home town) has 3 months and 22 days where average 24h temperatures is 10 Centigrades or above, and average temperature the coldest month is -3 centigrades, what climate is that? Precipitation all year, but slighly more in the autumn.

What about a city with 4 months and 20 days with 10 or more centigrades, and the coldest month has an average of 1 centigrade? Again, precipitation pretty much all year, but slightly more in the autumn and winter. This would be cfb in the Köppen classification, right? Orcaborealis, september 10 2005, 12:30 GMT.

Weather on Article Improvement Drive
Hi Matt,

Based on your edit history, I was wondering if you might be interested in voting for weather on article improvement drive: WP:AID. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 01:35, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Czech Republic
We are estabilishing WikiProject Czech Republic, maybe you would like to participate, please see |this and vote for support.  ≈Tulkolahten≈ ≈talk≈ 10:40, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Czech Moravia-Silesian region.png
Thank you for uploading File:Czech Moravia-Silesian region.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 06:48, 8 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  F ASTILYsock (T ALK ) 06:48, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of CZK (disambiguation)

A tag has been placed on CZK (disambiguation) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G6 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an orphaned disambiguation page which either
 * disambiguates two or fewer extant Wikipedia pages and whose title ends in "(disambiguation)" (i.e., there is a primary topic); or
 * disambiguates no (zero) extant Wikipedia pages, regardless of its title.

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. Please see the disambiguation page guidelines for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. — KuyaBriBri Talk 00:26, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matt Borak


text:
Talk:Omics

Broken link
Removed Omics.org — The -omics wiki from links as it opens a blank page. --apers0n 07:54, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
(was Merge -ome?) Would -ome be better off merged here, since this has plenty of content already? My impression is that most -omes will have an -omics, and vice versa. - IMSoP 22:51, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes! There is no reason at all to have separate pages for omics and omes. Any ome will have a corresponding omics. Fences and windows (talk) 11:13, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Good idea 129.215.113.37 (talk) 17:18, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Pseudo-omics and Nonsensomics
The statement "For example, translationomics does not have any distincive value at the moment while it should correspond to transcriptomics." is wrong and should be removed. There are a lot of DNA sequences which are transcribed but do not code for proteins (e.g. siRNAs, miRNAs, snoRNAs). Thus the translationome doesn't correspond to the transcriptome.

--84.75.156.125 22:30, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

POV, Original research and unsourced statements
This article contains many statements with strong claims of "firsts", "early" events and so on. Much of it is not sourced and seems to present POV original research. I've tagged a good deal of what needs to be fixed, but overall, I don't think the article makes a strong enough case even for the idea that omics is a word (as opposed to the ending -omics). -Harmil 15:30, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Heavy edit
This page was full of unreferenced statements, speculation, waffle and was badly written and organised. I have slashed through it with a machete - hopefully it actually reads well now, and the excess content has been removed. Fences and windows (talk) 11:10, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Alternative explanation and related suffix
Since reference 2 is a link to a database, it's hard to verify that it really rules out the proposed meaning of the suffix. One example of -ome indicating something related to "collection of" is rhizome which the dictionaries state was a word first used in 1845 and derived from the greek word rhizōma meaning "mass of tree roots". It depends on rhizoun meaning "cause to strike root" and rhiza meaning "root".

In any case, the omics-issue has a possible parallell in the use of the -oma suffix in medicine. It is claimed that it was derived in a similar way from the word carcinoma. The pages on helkôma and helkos  may offer some further clues to someone more versed in grammar than myself. :-) 11:15, 15 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by EverGreg (talk • contribs)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was support for move. Note that the question of deletion, as raised below, is beyond the scope of the RM process.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 03:02, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

-omics → Omics — The sources referenced and some of the external links use the spelling Omics. This spelling is in line with Wikipedia naming conventions, which generally discourage non-alphanumeric characters and prefer initial capital letters. It also draws attention to the phenomenon among biologists, as opposed to discussing the suffix as a suffix. (That is already handled at Wiktionary.) Omics is currently a redirect to -omics. Cnilep (talk) 17:12, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Well said. — V = I * R  (talk to Ω) 04:46, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * support, from me too. Also, we need to establish WP:NOTE for this. It may be a case where "transwikiing" to wiktionary may be a good solution. --dab (𒁳) 10:29, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * after looking into this, I come to the conclusion that the case is complex enough to justify a full article, and that transwikification is therefore not advisable. --dab (𒁳) 11:05, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * After looking into this article which is based around a lexicographic pattern, this article meets the criteria for the wiktionary, and fails to meet that for the wikipedia, so copying this information to the wiktionary, followed by removal of the article here is essential whether it is 'advisable' or not.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 13:21, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * um, wheredo you get the idea that articles on lexicography "fail to meet the criteria for the wikipedia"? Wikipedia's scope is universal. We canrry articles on anything provided only the topic is notable wthin its respective field. In the case of lexicographic topics, "notable" within lexicographic literature. Your suggestion that "lexicographic, therefore transwiki" based on a clear misconception of Wikipedia's scope. --dab (𒁳) 17:33, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Where do you get the idea that it is allowed? There is NO policy that it is allowed, and the scope of the wikipedia is not universal. There are long lists of things that are not permitted here, including dictionary articles. Please give an example of another encyclopedia that actually has articles on specific suffixes. There are none at all that I am aware of, not one- Encyclopedia Britannica certainly doesn't. All the references from all of the suffix articles in the wikipedia (and there are few of those) contain references to dictionaries; that's because dictionaries nearly always permit suffixes and prefixes. 'THE WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A DICTIONARY''- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 18:06, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Cistromics
Consider adding cistromics to this page - the 'omics technique that measures genome wide DNA sequence occupancy by a specific trans-acting transcriptional regulatory factor - either a transcription factor or enzyme. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.249.96.13 (talk) 15:41, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

False etymology
The statement "The association with chromosome in molecular biology is by false etymology" looks dubious to me. Since the modern productivity of -omics in medical and biological sciences seems to bear little relationship to classical Greek grammar, it will be difficult to say there was not a particular route. I cannot see a source which says the combination of chromosome and gene to give genome did not happen, and plenty which say it did. The -ics extension to genomics is a standard adaptation and all the others seem to then be modelled on that. 09:50, 24 June 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:1482:A100:F4C4:EABC:3035:E0F6 (talk)

-omics VS Omics
Is this suffix really talked about in general terms as "Omics", or is it just a suffix? It seems to me that the more appropriate title (some 12 years later) is in fact -omics. I don't know much about the topic, and am a mere passer-by, seeking to make suffix articles consistent. Please inform me if I am on the wrong track. — HTGS (talk) 00:37, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Omics
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Omics's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Berg2020": From Plant microbiome: Berg, Gabriele; Daria Rybakova, Doreen Fischer, Tomislav Cernava, Marie-Christine Champomier Vergès, Trevor Charles, Xiaoyulong Chen, Luca Cocolin, Kellye Eversole, Gema Herrero Corral, Maria Kazou, Linda Kinkel, Lene Lange, Nelson Lima, Alexander Loy, James A. Macklin, Emmanuelle Maguin, Tim Mauchline, Ryan McClure, Birgit Mitter, Matthew Ryan, Inga Sarand, Hauke Smidt, Bettina Schelkle, Hugo Roume, G. Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin, Rafael Soares Correa de Souza, Leo van Overbeek, Brajesh K. Singh, Michael Wagner, Aaron Walsh, Angela Sessitsch and Michael Schloter (2020) "Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges". Microbiome, 8(103): 1–22. . Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. From Microbiome:  Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:12, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Omics


text:
Tarpan

The tarpan (Equus ferus ferus) was a free-ranging horse subspecies of the Eurasian steppe from the 18th to the 20th century. It is generally unknown whether those horses represented genuine wild horses, feral domestic horses or hybrids. The last individual believed to be a tarpan died in captivity in the Russian Empire in 1909.

Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding, called "breeding back" by advocates. The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse, the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse, and a derivation of the Konik breed, all of which have a primitive appearance, particularly in having the grullo coat colour. Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as "tarpans", although such animals are only domestic breeds and not the wild animal themselves.

Name and etymology
The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" derives from a Turkic language (Kazakh or Kyrgyz) name meaning "wild horse". The Tatars and the Cossacks distinguished the wild horse from the feral horse; the latter was called Takja or Muzin.

Taxonomy
The tarpan was first described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1771; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the district of Bobrov, near Voronezh. In 1784, Pieter Boddaert named the species Equus ferus, referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name Equus gmelini in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym. It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named Equus caballus by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the tarpan ought to be named E. caballus, or if considered a subspecies, E. caballus ferus. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used E. ferus for the tarpan to avoid confusion with the domesticated subspecies.

It is debated if the small, free-roaming horses seen in the Russian steppes during 18th and 19th centuries and called "tarpan" were indeed wild, never-domesticated horses, hybrids of the Przewalski's horse and local domestic animals, or simply feral horses. Most studies have been based on only two preserved specimens and research to date has not positively linked the tarpan to Pleistocene or Holocene-era animals.

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming E. ferus for the undomesticated wild horse. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild horse should use Equus ferus caballus; the name Equus caballus remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species.

Appearance
Traditionally, two tarpan subtypes have been proposed, the forest tarpan and steppe tarpan, although there seem to be only minor differences in type. The general view is that there was only one subspecies, the tarpan, Equus ferus ferus. The last individual, which died in captivity in 1909, was between 140 and 145 cm tall at the shoulders, and had a thick, falling mane, a grullo coat colour, dark legs, and primitive markings, including a dorsal stripe and shoulder stripes.

A number of coat colour genotypes have been identified within European wild horses from the Pleistocene and Holocene: those creating bay, black and leopard complex are known from the wild horse population in Europe and were depicted in cave paintings of wild horses during the Pleistocene. The dun gene, a dilution gene seen in Przewalski's horse that also creates the grullo or "blue dun" coat seen in the Konik, has not yet been studied in European wild horses. It is likely that at least some wild horses had a dun coat.

Historical reports are ambiguous on whether tarpans had standing manes like wild equines, or falling manes like domestic horses.

The appearance of European wild horses may be reconstructed with genetic, osteologic and historic data. One genetic study suggests that bay was the predominant colour in European wild horses. During the Mesolithic, a gene coding a black coat colour appeared on the Iberian peninsula. This colour spread east but was less common than bay in the investigated sample and never reached Siberia. Bay in combination with dun results in the "bay dun" colour seen in Przewalski's horses; black with dun creates the grullo coat. A loss of the dun dilution may have been advantageous in more forested western European landscapes, as dark colours were a better camouflage in forests. Pangaré or "mealy" coloration, a characteristic of other wild equines, might have been present in at least some European wild horses, as historic accounts report a light belly.

Historic references report that most tarpans were black dun (grullo, "blue dun") colour. Some black individuals were reported to have domestic colours like white or grey legs. Authors, such as Peter Pallas, believed tarpans to be escaped farm horses.

History
Wild horses have been present in Europe since the Pleistocene and ranged from southern France and Spain east to central Russia. There are cave drawings of primitive predomestication horses at Lascaux, France and in Cave of Altamira, Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in southern Russia, where a horse of this type was domesticated around 3000 BC. Equus ferus had a continuous range from western Europe to Alaska; historic material suggests wild horses lived in most parts of Holocene continental Europe and the Eurasian steppe, except for parts of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.

Ancient equine DNA
Tarpan DNA shows its ancestry to be a mixture between horses native to Europe and found with the Corded Ware Culture, and horses closely related to the DOM2 population, the ancestors of modern domestic horses. (DOM2 horses originated from the Western Eurasia steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don, but not in Anatolia, during the late fourth and early third millennia BCE. Their genes may show selection for easier domestication and stronger backs). This is not consistent with tarpans as the wild ancestor of, or a feral version of, DOM2. Nor is the tarpan a hybrid with Przewalski's horses.

Forest tarpan
The "forest horse" or "forest tarpan" was a hypothesis of various 20th-century natural scientists, including Tadeusz Vetulani, who suggested that the continuous forestation of Europe after the last ice age created forest-adapted subtype of the wild horse, which he named Equus sylvestris. However, historic references do not describe any major difference between the populations, and therefore most authors assume there was only one subspecies of western Eurasian wild horse, Equus ferus ferus.

Nevertheless, a stocky type of horse living in forests and highlands was described during the 19th century in Spain, the Pyrenees, the Camargue, the Ardennes, Great Britain, and the southern Swedish upland. They had a robust head and strong body, and a long frizzy mane. The colour was described as faint brown or yellowish brown with eel stripe and leg stripes, or wholly black legs. The flanks and shoulders were spotted, some of them tended to an ashy colour. They dwelled in rocky habitats and showed intelligent and fierce behaviour. Yet, those horses were never colloquially called "tarpans".

Black wild horses were found in Dutch swamps, with a large skull, small eyes, and a bristly muzzle. Their mane was full, with broad hooves, and curly hair. However, it is possible that these were feral and not wild horses.

Herodotus described light-coloured wild horses in an area now part of Ukraine in the 5th century BCE. In the 12th century, Albertus Magnus stated that mouse-coloured wild horses with a dark eel stripe lived in the German territory, and in Denmark, large herds were hunted.

16th century free-ranging horses in Europe
Wild horses still were common in the east of Prussia during the 15th and early 16th centuries. During the 16th century, wild horses disappeared from most of the mainland of western Europe and became less common in eastern Europe as well. Belsazar Hacquet saw wild horses in the Polish zoo in Zamość during the Seven Years' War. According to him, those wild horses were of small body size, had a blackish brown colour, a large and thick head, short dark manes and tail hair, and a "beard". They were absolutely untameable and defended themselves harshly against predators.

Kajetan Kozmian visited the population at Zamość as well and reported that they were small and strong, had robust limbs and a consistently dark mouse colour. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin witnessed herds in Voronezh in 1768. Those horses were described as very fast and shy, fleeing at any noise, and as small, with small, pinned ears and a short frizzly mane. The tail was shorter than in domestic horses. They were typically mouse-coloured with a light belly and legs becoming black, although grey and white horses were mentioned as well. The coat was long and dense. The horses at Zamosc were never called "tarpan" back in their lifetime.

Peter Simon Pallas witnessed possible tarpans in the same year in southern Russia. He thought they were feral animals that escaped during the confusions of wars. These herds were important game of the Tatars and numbered between 5 and 20 animals. The horses he described had a small body, large and thick heads, short frizzly manes and short tail hair, as well as pinned ears. The colour was described as faint brownish, sometimes brown or black. He also reported of obvious domestic hybrids with light-coloured legs or grey coats.

The tarpans of 18th century Europe
The Natural History of Horses by 19th-century author Charles Hamilton Smith also described tarpans. According to Smith, the herds of free-ranging horses numbered from a few to hundred individuals. They often were mixed with domestic horses, and alongside pure herds there were herds of feral horses or hybrids. The colour of alleged pure tarpans was described as consistently brown, cream-coloured or mouse-coloured. The short frizzy mane was reported to be black, as were the tail and legs. The ears were of varying size, but set high on the skull. The eyes were small.

According to Smith, tarpans made stronger sounds than domestic horses and the overall appearance of these horses was mule-like.

Extinction
The human-caused extinction of wild horses in Europe began in Southern Europe, possibly in antiquity. While humans had been hunting wild horses since the Paleolithic, during historic times horse meat was an important source of protein for many cultures. As large herbivores, the range of the tarpan was continuously decreased by the increasing human population of the Eurasian landmass. Wild horses were further targeted because they caused damage to hay stores and often took domestic mares from pastures. Furthermore, interbreeding with wild horses was an economic loss for farmers since the foals of such matings were intractable.

Tarpans lived in the southern parts of the Russian steppe. In 1879 the last scientifically confirmed individual was killed. After that, only dubious sightings were documented. As the tarpan horse died out in the wild between 1875 and 1890, the last free-ranging mare considered a tarpan was accidentally killed during an attempt at capture. The last captive tarpan died in 1909 in a Russian zoo.

The horses at Zamosc survived until 1806, when they were allegedly donated to local farmers of Poland and bred to their horses. The Konik is claimed to descend from these hybrid horses, as recent research has highlighted a significant degree of anatomic difference between free-roaming Konik in the Netherlands and other modern domesticated horses.

Tarpans interbreeding with domestic horses
The oldest archaeological evidence for domesticated horses is from Kazakhstan and Ukraine between 6,000 and 5,500 YBP (years before present). The diverse mitochondrial DNA of domestic horses contrasts sharply with the very low diversity of the Y chromosome; that suggests that many mares but only a few stallions were used, and local use of wild mares or even secondary sites of domestication are likely. Therefore, the European wild horse may well have contributed to the domestic horse.

Wild horses vs. feral horses
Some researchers consider the tarpans to be mixed wild and feral population or completely feral horses. Few consider the more recent animals historically called "tarpans" to be genuine wild horses without domestic influence. Historic references to "wild horses" may actually refer to feral domestic horses or hybrids.

Some 19th century authors wrote that local "wild" horses had hoof problems that led to crippled legs; therefore, they assumed these were feral horses. Other contemporary authors claimed all "wild" horses between the Volga River and the Ural were actually feral. However, others thought that this was too speculative and assumed that wild, undomesticated horses still lived into the 19th century. Domestic horses used in warfare often were turned loose when they were no longer needed. Also, remaining wild stallions could steal domestic mares. There are some accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries of wild herds with typical wild horse features such as large heads, pinned ears, short frizzy mane and tail, but mentioned animals with domestic influence as well. The only known individual to be photographed was the so-called Cherson tarpan, which was caught as a foal near Novovorontsovka in 1866. It died in 1887 in the Moscow Zoo. The nature of this horse was dubious in its lifetime, because it showed almost none of the wild horse features described in the historic sources. In 2021, a study found that the so-called 'Shatilov' tarpan, a museum specimen from the Kherson region of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that died in 1868, was a hybrid between two horse lineages, with two thirds of its genetics representing the same ancestral lineage as modern horses, and the remaining third related to a distinct lineage of European horses found at an archaeological site associated with the late-Neolithic Corded Ware culture.

Breeding back the tarpan
Three attempts have been made to use selective breeding to create a type of horse that resembles the tarpan phenotype, though recreating an extinct subspecies is not genetically possible with current technology. In 1936, Polish university professor Tadeusz Vetulani selected Polish farm horses that were formerly known as Panje horses (now called Konik) and that he believed resembled the historic tarpan and started a selective breeding program. Although his breeding attempt is well known, it made only a minor contribution to the modern Konik stock, which clusters genetically with other domestic horse breeds, including those as diverse as the Mongolian horse and the Thoroughbred.

In the early 1930s, Berlin Zoo Director Lutz Heck and Heinz Heck of the Munich Zoo began a program crossbreeding Koniks with Przewalski horses, Gotland ponies, and Icelandic horses. By the 1960s they produced the Heck horse. In the mid-1960s, Harry Hegard started a similar program in the United States using mustangs and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse.

Assessment
While all three breeds have a primitive look that resembles the tarpan in some respects, they are not genetically tarpans and the wild, predomestic European horse remains extinct. However, this does not prevent some modern breeders from marketing horses with these features as a "tarpan".

In spite of sharing primitive external features, the Konik and Hucul horses have markedly different conformation with differently proportioned body measurements, thought in part to be linked to living in different habitats.

Other breeds sometimes alleged to be surviving wild horses include the Exmoor pony and the Dülmen pony. However, genetic studies do not set any of these breeds apart from other domestic horses. On the other hand, there has not yet been a study comparing domestic breeds directly with the European wild horse.

title: Tarpan


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General Jumbo

General Jumbo is a British adventure story character from the comic magazine The Beano. He starred in the eponymous adventure story series, as well as the 1971 spin-off series Admiral Jumbo, and was illustrated by a variety of Beano usual illustrators, including Paddy Brennan. Jumbo is a well-known Beano character with numerous references in popular culture, and was the last character to have an adventure stories series.

Synopsis
Alfie Johnson is a 12-year-old boy playing football with his friends when their ball flies over a nearby wall. When Johnson retrieves it, Professor Carter's remote control model army attacks him. He and the professor bond after he saves Carter from being killed in a potential bus accident, so Carter shows his gratitude by giving him the models, which Johnson uses to play pretend and solve crimes.

Johnson (nicknamed "Jumbo" by his friends) is a pudgy boy who is usually shown wearing an army general cap with a mock general uniform: a shirt and tie, as well as his shorts, long socks and shoes. He is based in Dinchester.

Official stories
The General Jumbo series debuted in issue 584 with artwork by Irish DC Thomson artist Paddy Brennan. He drew for the first series and the third, his last story appearing in issue 1073. Dave Sutherland took over the third series, and drew for the fourth and fifth, which ended in issue 1271. John Nichol drew for series two (issues 732 to 739) and Sandy Calder drew the rest, as well as the stories from Admiral Jumbo (1971).

Jumbo's stories were episodic, like some stories of Beano adventure genre. Each story was about him problem solving, playing pretend, rescuing people or catching criminals, all successful with the help of Carter's giant sets of model army figures. Admiral Jumbo was a short-lived spin-off where Carter unveils Jumbo's new navy.

The Beano
Although Jumbo's stories discontinued in the 1970s, his "painting" would feature in issue 2000's Hall of Fame, and he would reappear in issue 2924 in 1998 for The Beano 60th-birthday issue. Jumbo's stories appeared frequently in other Beano media, notably having stories in every Beano Annual from 1990 to 2006, as well as having frequent Annual stories in every decade except the 1980s. 2008's edition revealed him as the antagonist of Billy the Cat three-part adventure story, the plot twist revealing one of his army models, Private Pike, had become sentient and was mind-controlling him. The saga would continue in the following annual in a General Jumbo story where Pike (disguised as a teddy bear) plans his revenge as Jumbo attends a fête. He joined 254 other Beano characters in the double-page spread of 2019's Annual to celebrate the 80th anniversary, and also made a notable appearance in 2005's Beano Action Special alongside Tim Henman and Roger Federer.

DC Thomson
He also appeared in Nutty in the early 1980s, reprints of stories originally from his Beano appearances. The Dandy featured him in issue 2381 as part of a series where readers were allowed to choose certain Beano characters to have short stories between November 1986 and March 1988.

Reception and legacy
Jumbo became The Beano last adventure story character, ending the adventure story genre for good in`1975 and making issue 1735 the first Beano magazine to contain comic strips. He was extremely popular, noted by having seven series to his name without reprinted stories, and a lot of fan mail from the readers praised the character for his entertaining episodes. Although General Jumbo was the nickname of Henry Maitland Wilson, it has not been revealed whether Jumbo's nickname is a reference to this. A General Jumbo series appeared in Buddy magazine in the early 1980s, but starring Jimmy "Jumbo" Johnson.

Influence on other strips
General Jumbo appears to be the inspiration of several other strips and characters in British comics, including:
 * The Toys of Doom (Buster, 1965–1968) — Criminal scientist Doctor Droll escapes from Garstone Prison with the aid of an army of remote-controlled mechanical toys he has constructed.
 * The House of Dolmann (Valiant, 1966–1970) — crime-fighting inventor Eric Dolmann creates a roster of remote-controlled robots that looked like puppets, each with special abilities, and uses them to combat crime where he finds it
 * The parodies Drill-Sergeant Jumbo and Danny's District Council in Viz (from 1979)
 * Colonel Tusker, killed by the Fury in Alan Moore's Captain Britain series during the "Jaspers' Warp" storyline (1981–1984)
 * An unnamed character killed by the Lloigor in Zenith, in 2000 AD (from 1987)
 * General Tubbs in Jack Staff
 * Colonel Liliput in Alan Moore's Top 10 series (1999–2001)

title: General Jumbo


text:
User talk:93samanthaliu

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
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Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 19:39, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:93samanthaliu


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Phantazia

Phantazia (Eileen Harsaw) is a fictional mutant supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in X-Force #6 (1992).

Fictional character biography
Phantazia was recruited by Toad into his lineup of the Brotherhood of Mutants. She was one of the more powerful members of the group, possessing a mutant ability that allowed her to manipulate and disrupt not only the electronic systems and weaponry of her opponents, but their physical senses and superhuman powers as well. Her first mission with the Brotherhood led her to battle the mutant strike force called X-Force. There, she easily located the team's hidden bunker, shut off Cable's weaponry, and disrupted Cannonball's blast field, allowing Sauron to stab him in the chest.

After Thornn's defeat, Phantazia fled, leaving Masque to be killed by Shatterstar's sword. Other missions set the Brotherhood up against X-Factor, Darkhawk, Spider-Man, and Sleepwalker. Eventually, Phantazia was invited to Avalon, a mutant sanctuary, by Exodus. She rejected the offer and stayed with the Brotherhood. Pyro's sickness was getting to him, so they stayed with the mutant Empyrean, who could ward off Pyro's pain. The X-Men eventually found out what was going on and during the battle, Phantazia was defeated by a strike from Psylocke's psychic blade. After the skirmish, Phantazia departed the island with her teammates. Though the Brotherhood would make several appearances after this, she was not seen among their roster.

Phantazia was next seen in the altered reality of the 2005 "House of M" storyline. After the timeline was restored, she was confirmed as one of the many mutants who lost their powers on M-Day. She is held in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s psychological ward, apparently having been reduced to a partial catatonic state by the trauma of the reality shift. S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Maria Hill states in a conversation with Iron Man (Tony Stark) that Eileen has been muttering the words "House of M" repeatedly in her cell for some time after losing her powers.

Years later, with her sanity and powers seemingly both regained, Phantazia is at Madelyne Pryor's recently established Embassy of Limbo in Manhattan, granted sanctuary there.

Powers and abilities
Phantazia is a mutant who possesses the ability to sense and manipulate electromagnetic energy fields.

Phantazia referred to her energy-based powers as "harmonizing." Phantazia was able to sense, manipulate, influence, and disrupt various fields along with various forms of energies and energy wavelengths to varying degrees. Though the upper limits of her powers were never clearly defined or fully explored, it is inferred that Phantazia could use her powers and abilities to create various electromagnetic phenomenon. Likewise, she can disrupt anything of an electromagnetic nature. Her mutations grant her the ability to levitate herself, presumably by creating an anti-gravity field around herself.

By disrupting the electrical fields of machinery, Phantazia could completely short-circuit the mechanical function, or control them to some degree; opening computer-locked doors, jamming weapon and targeting systems, and more. Phantazia is able to disrupt the bioelectric energy fields and nervous systems of living beings as well, resulting in pain, paralysis, and loss of physical coordination. In case of superhuman, her attacks can result in others powers spewing out uncontrollably as well as their inability to control their powers, causing them to fluctuate in strength, intensity, or even cease functioning altogether. She has, for example, disrupted the blast field of Cannonball, making him vulnerable, and also caused the superhero Sleepwalker to temporarily lose control of his reality-warping ability.

Phantazia could also generate a masking effect, rendering herself and others near her undetectable to human senses and electronic surveillance. Her power grants her the ability to sense various forms of naturally occurring energy in her environment, such as electronic devices and the atmospheric distortion preceding a teleportation event.

Phantazia's powers required her conscious will to activate, as she was once caught off guard by a surprise energy blast from Darkhawk.

Age of Apocalypse
Phantazia had a very brief appearance in the Age of Apocalypse storyline, in which she was one of the prisoners of Sinister's Breeding Pens. She was one of the countless victims of the Dark Beast's genetic experiments, to the point that she lost her hair and was too weak to use her powers. She tried to escape with other prisoners, but was quickly recaptured, being too weak to defend herself. She and her companions were returned to Dark Beast, who killed them by dissolving them into his genetic "soup".

House of M
Phantazia was seen as part of Magneto's elite guard. Phantazia was one of but a few people to remember the events of House of M, although this led to her going insane.

No More Humans
An alternate Earth version of Phantazia, with powers intact, assisted Raze's Brotherhood against the X-Men.

title: Phantazia


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Patrick Abercrombie

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie (6 June 1879 – 23 March 1957) was an English architect, urban designer and town planner, best known as the man who created London. Abercrombie was an academic during most of his career, and prepared one city plan and several regional studies prior to the Second World War. He came to prominence in the 1940s for his urban plans of the cities of Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Bournemouth, Hong Kong, Addis Ababa, Cyprus, Edinburgh, Clyde Valley and Greater London.

Early life
Patrick Abercrombie was born in Ashton-upon-Mersey, one of the nine children of Sarah and William Abercrombie, a stockbroker and businessman who had wide artistic interests, particularly of the Arts and Crafts school. In 1887, the family moved to a new home in Sale, designed by a Leicester architect, Joseph Goddard, with interiors influenced by designer John Aldam Heaton. Abercrombie was educated at Uppingham School, and spent a year at the Realschule in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Career
In 1897, he was articled to the architect Charles Heathcote, while studying at the Manchester School of Art. After four years, he started work under Arnold Thornely in Liverpool, and set up home in Birkenhead, which remained his home until 1936. After a year working in Chester with architect Philip Lockwood, son of renowned architect T.M Lockwood, in 1907 he was offered a post as junior lecturer and studio instructor at the University of Liverpool School of Architecture. In 1914 he won a town planning competition for Dublin, and the following year was appointed as Lever Professor of Civic Design at Liverpool, soon becoming a nationally-known authority on town planning and the garden city movement. In 1920 he went into partnership with architect Philip Lockwood and F.C. Saxon, as Lockwood Abercrombie and Saxon, a firm which still operates in Chester as Lovelock Mitchell, one of the world's oldest architecture firms.

He was later appointed as Professor of Town Planning at University College London, and gradually asserted his dominance as an architect of international renown, which came about through the replanning of Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth, among others. Of his post-war replanning of Plymouth, Sir Simon Jenkins has written:
 * Poor Plymouth. It was badly blitzed in the Second World War and then subjected to slash and burn by its city fathers. The modern visitor will find it a maze of concrete blocks, ill-sited towers and ruthless road schemes. Most of this damage was done by one man, Patrick Abercrombie, in the 1950s. The old Barbican district would, in France or Germany, have had its façades restored or rebuilt. Here new buildings were inserted with no feeling for the texture of the old lanes and alleys.

Throughout his life, he generously devoted his time to civic bodies. He was a founding member of the Town Planning Institute (TPI) formed in 1914 and became its president in 1925. In the 1920s and 1930s, Abercrombie developed a specialty in regional planning. He became chairman of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England in 1926, and was on the Council of the Town and Country Planning Association.

In 1937, he served as President of the Geographical Association. His Presidential Address was entitled 'Geography - the Basis of Planning'.

Greater London planning
He is best known for the post-Second World War replanning of London. In 1943 he created the County of London Plan, and in 1944 the Greater London Plan, together commonly referred to as the Abercrombie Plan. The latter document was an extended and more thorough product than the 1943 publication. The Greater London Plan proposed that physical growth of London should be stopped by a green belt and that over a million people should move out to expanded towns beyond it. Abercrombie conceived the Ringways scheme of London in 1944, proposing four ringroads around Greater London.

In 1945 he published A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, with the assistance of Sir Edwin Lutyens. Lutyens had died the year before publication whilst much of the plan was being finalised, and the plan was ultimately rejected by the Councillors of Hull.

New towns movement
From the Abercrombie Plan came the New Towns movement which included the building of Harlow and Crawley and the largest 'out-county' estate, Harold Hill in north-east London. He produced the Clyde Valley Regional Plan in 1946 with Robert Matthew that proposed the new towns of East Kilbride and Cumbernauld. In 1949 he published with Richard Nickson a plan for the redevelopment of Warwick, which proposed demolition of almost all the town's Victorian housing stock and construction of a large inner ring road.

International projects
During the postwar years, Abercrombie was commissioned by the British government to redesign Hong Kong, for which he submitted plans in 1947. In 1956 he was commissioned by Haile Selassie to draw up plans for the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa; he submitted the plan in 1957 but its major aspects were not carried out.

Awards
Abercrombie was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1945 New Year Honours. He was the most celebrated British planner of his generation. In 1946 he received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal - the highest honour awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects. In 1948 he became the first president of the newly formed group the International Union of Architects, or the UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes). The group now annually awards the Sir Patrick Abercrombie Prize, for excellence in town planning. In 1950 he received the AIA Gold Medal, the highest architectural honour in America, making him one of the few architects who have won both the prestigious RIBA Gold Medal and AIA Gold Medal, alongside renowned names such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Frank Gehry, Richard Rogers, and Norman Foster.

Legacy
The Abercrombie Building at Oxford Brookes University is home to the Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment. He appears in the film The Proud City presenting his plan to the public.

He died in 1957. A blue plaque has been erected at a house where he lived from 1915 to 1935, on Village Road, Oxton, Merseyside. In July 2023, a blue plaque was erected at a house in Aston Upthorpe, where he lived from 1945 to 1957.

He was the architect of the North East Wales Institute of Higher Education (NEWI) in Wrexham.

Family
Abercrombie married Emily Maud Gordon in 1908; they had one son and one daughter. He was widowed in 1942. Abercrombie was the brother of the poet and critic Lascelles Abercrombie, and uncle to Michael Abercrombie.

Publications

 * Patrick Abercrombie, Sydney Kelly and Arthur Kelly, Dublin of the future: the new town plan, being the scheme awarded first prize in the international competition, University Press of Liverpool, Liverpool, 1922.
 * Patrick Abercrombie and John Archibald, East Kent Regional Planning Scheme Survey, Kent County Council, Maidstone, 1925.
 * Patrick Abercrombie, The Preservation of Rural England, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1926. The book that lead to the foundation of the CPRE.
 * The Earl of Mayo, S. D. Adshead and Patrick Abercrombie, The Thames Valley from Cricklade to Staines: A survey of its existing state and some suggestions for its future preservation, University of London Press, London, 1929
 * The Earl of Mayo, S. D. Adshead and Patrick Abercrombie, Regional Planning Report on Oxfordshire, Oxford University Press, 1931
 * Patrick Abercrombie and Sydney A. Kelly, East Suffolk Regional Scheme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool and Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1935 (prepared for the East Suffolk Joint Regional Planning Committee).
 * Patrick Abercrombie (ed), The Book of the Modern House: A Panoramic Survey of Contemporary Domestic Design, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1939
 * J. H. Forshaw and Patrick Abercrombie, County of London Plan, Macmillan & Co. 1943.
 * J. Paton Watson and Patrick Abercrombie, A Plan for Plymouth, Underhill, (Plymouth). Ltd., 1943.
 * Edwin Lutyens & Patrick Abercrombie, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, Brown (London & Hull), 1945.
 * Sir Patrick Abercrombie, John Owens & H. Anthony Mealand, A Plan for Bath, Sir Isaac Pitman (London) 1945
 * Sir Patrick Abercrombie & R. H. Matthew, Clyde Valley Regional Plan, His Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh, 1946.
 * Patrick Abercrombie, Hong Kong Preliminary Planning Report, Government Printer, Hong Kong, 1948.
 * Patrick Abercrombie and Richard Nickson, Warwick: Its preservation and redevelopment, Architectural Press, 1949.
 * Sir Patrick Abercrombie, Revised by D. Rigby Childs, Town and Country Planning, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1959, Reprinted 1961 and 1967.

title: Patrick Abercrombie


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Ping the Elastic Man

Ping the Elastic Man (also named Here Comes Ping the Elastic Man) was British comic strip that appeared in The Beano from 1938 to 1940. The comic was about a boy who could stretch his limbs as if they were made of elastic. It was created by Hugh McNeill.

Background
Hugh McNeill responded to R. D. Low's newspaper ad hoping to be hired as a new artist for a developing comic. After samples of his work were sent to the Kayebon Press advertising agency, Low saw McNeill's potential and hired him immediately. The story of Ping was developed and McNeill began designing for the series, which was published in the first issue of The Beano.

In the early stages of development, Ping was called Indy and the strip was called "Indy the Rubber Man". McNeill's work allowed him to create other comic strips, most notably Pansy Potter.

Common strips
Ping varied from being helpful to being too cocky for his own good. In the first issue, his boasting leads to people in the area playing with his limbs and dragging him out of shape. In another story, he uses his elastic arm to catch a vandal trying to break his elderly friend's fence.

Declining appearances
McNeill would depart in the 1940s to join the Second World War. The comic was quietly discontinued after he left, although, like many Beano comic strips, Ping had Blitz-themed strips either encouraging the young readers to help the grown-ups, or mocking Nazis.

Cameos
After an absence of several decades, he met Minnie the Minx in issue 3185, a special 65th Anniversary issue. His head and neck also appeared in the inner cover of the 2019 Beano Annual with 254 other characters.

title: Ping the Elastic Man


text:
Abercrombie Plan

Abercrombie Plan may refer to any one of a number of urban planning proposals written or co-written by Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie, including:

 * County of London Plan (1943, with John Henry Forshaw)
 * Greater London Plan (1944)
 * A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull (1945, with Sir Edwin Lutyens)
 * Abercrombie Plan (Edinburgh) a plan for Edinburgh
 * A Plan for Plymouth (1943)

title: Abercrombie Plan


text:
Omomyidae

Omomyidae is a group of early primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch between about (mya). Fossil omomyids are found in North America, Europe & Asia, making it one of two groups of Eocene primates with a geographic distribution spanning holarctic continents, the other being the adapids (family Adapidae). Early representatives of the Omomyidae and Adapidae appear suddenly at the beginning of the Eocene (56 mya) in North America, Europe, and Asia, and are the earliest known crown primates.

Characteristics
Features that characterize many omomyids include large orbits (eye sockets), shortened rostra and dental arcades, loss of anterior premolars, cheek teeth adapted for insectivorous or frugivorous diets, and relatively small body mass (i.e., less than 500 g). However, by the late middle Eocene (about 40 mya), some North American omomyids evolved body masses in excess of 1 kg and frugivorous or folivorous diets. The largest omomyids were Macrotarsius and Ourayia, both at 1.5 - 2 kg in weight. Large orbits in genera such as Tetonius, Shoshonius, Necrolemur, and Microchoerus indicate that these taxa were probably nocturnal. At least one omomyid genus from the late Eocene of Texas (Rooneyia) had small orbits and was probably diurnal.

Like primates alive today, omomyids had grasping hands and feet with digits tipped by nails instead of claws, although they possessed toilet claws like modern lemurs. Features of their skeletons strongly indicate that omomyids lived in trees. In at least one genus (Necrolemur), the lower leg bones, the tibia and fibula, were fused as in modern tarsiers. This feature may indicate that Necrolemur leaped frequently. Most other omomyid genera (e.g., Omomys) lack specializations for leaping, and their skeletons are more like those of living dwarf and mouse lemurs.

Omomyid systematics and evolutionary relationships are controversial. Authors have suggested that omomyids are either:
 * 1) stem haplorhines [i.e., basal members of the group including living tarsiers and anthropoids].
 * 2) stem tarsiiformes [i.e., basal offshoots of the tarsier lineage].
 * 3) stem primates more closely related to adapids than to living primate taxa.

Recent research suggests the Omomyiformes are stem haplorhines, making them likely a paraphyletic grouping.

Attempts to link omomyids to living groups have been complicated by their primitive (plesiomorphic) skeletal anatomy. For example, omomyids lack the numerous skeletal specializations of living haplorhines. These haplorhine adaptations - absent in omomyids - include:
 * 1) significant reduction of the canal for the stapedial branch of the internal carotid artery.
 * 2) route of the canal to house the promontory branch of the internal carotid artery through the auditory bulla of the temporal bone, i.e. "perbullar"  (rather than across the promontory of tympanic cavity, "transpromontorial").
 * 3) contact between the alisphenoid and zygomatic bones.
 * 4) presence of an anterior accessory cavity confluent with the tympanic cavity.

Omomyids further demonstrate a gap between the upper central incisors, which presumably indicates the presence of a rhinarium and philtrum to channel fluids into the vomeronasal organ. Omomyids as a group also lack most of the derived specializations of living tarsiers, such as extremely enlarged orbits (Shoshonius is a possible exception), a large supra-meatal foramen for an anastomosis between the posterior auricular and middle meningeal circulation (again, Shoshonius is a possible exception, but the contents of the foramen in this extinct taxon are unknown), and extreme postcranial adaptations for leaping.

Among primates, omomyids have a uniquely derived characteristic. This is the presence of an aphaneric (not visible or readily distinguishable, due to its position), or "intrabullar" (within the bullae), ectotympanic bone, connected to the lateral wall of the auditory bulla by an unbroken annular bridge.

Classification

 * Family Omomyidae
 * Altanius
 * Kohatius
 * Subfamily Anaptomorphinae
 * Tribe Trogolemurini
 * Trogolemur
 * Subfamily Microchoerinae
 * Sphacorhysis
 * Walshina
 * Tribe Anaptomorphini
 * Anaptomorphus
 * Absarokius
 * Anemorhysis
 * Arapahovius
 * Aycrossia
 * Chlororhysis
 * Gazinius
 * Mckennamorphus
 * Pseudotetonius
 * Strigorhysis
 * Tatmanius
 * Teilhardina
 * Tetonius
 * Indusomys
 * Nannopithex
 * Pseudoloris
 * Necrolemur
 * Microchoerus
 * Vectipithex
 * Melaneremia
 * Paraloris
 * Subfamily Omomyinae
 * Brontomomys
 * Diablomomys
 * Ekwiiyemakius
 * Gunnelltarsius
 * Huerfanius
 * Mytonius
 * Palaeacodon
 * Tribe Rooneyini
 * Rooneyia
 * Tribe Steiniini
 * Steinius
 * Tribe Uintaniini
 * Jemezius
 * Uintanius
 * Tribe Hemiacodontini
 * Hemiacodon
 * Tribe Omomyini
 * Chumachius
 * Omomys
 * Saskomomys
 * Tribe Macrotarsiini''
 * Yaquius
 * Macrotarsius
 * Tribe Washakiini
 * Loveina
 * Shoshonius
 * Washakius
 * Dyseolemur
 * Tribe Utahiini
 * Asiomomys
 * Utahia
 * Stockia
 * Chipetaia
 * Ourayia
 * Wyomomys
 * Ageitodendron

title: Omomyidae


text:
Frond

A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group. Other botanists allow the term frond to also apply to the large leaves of cycads, as well as palms (Arecaceae) and various other flowering plants, such as mimosa or sumac. "Frond" is commonly used to identify a large, compound leaf, but if the term is used botanically to refer to the leaves of ferns and algae it may be applied to smaller and undivided leaves.

Fronds have particular terms describing their components. Like all leaves, fronds usually have a stalk connecting them to the main stem. In botany, this leaf stalk is generally called a petiole, but in regard to fronds specifically it is called a stipe, and it supports a flattened blade (which may be called a lamina), and the continuation of the stipe into this portion is called the rachis. The blades may be simple (undivided), pinnatifid (deeply incised, but not truly compound), pinnate (compound with the leaflets arranged along a rachis to resemble a feather), or further compound (subdivided). If compound, a frond may be compound once, twice, or more.

Pinnate fronds
In a frond which is pinnate (feather-shaped), each leafy segment of the blade is called a pinna (plural pinnae), the stalk bearing the pinna is termed a petiolule, and the main vein or mid-rib of the pinna is referred to as a costa (plural costae).

If a frond is divided once into pinnae, the frond is called once pinnate. In some fronds the pinnae are further divided into segments, creating a bipinnate frond. The segments into which each pinna are divided are called pinnules, and the extensions of the rachis that support these pinnules, are called rachillae. Rarely, a frond may even be tripinnate, in which case the pinnule divisions are known as ultimate segments.

Pinnae may be arranged along the rachis either directly opposite one another or alternating up the stem. The arrangement may change from the base of a blade to the tip, as in the example of Blechnum shown below (from base to tip: pinnae opposite to alternate, and pinnatisect to pinnatifid).

Non-pinnate fronds
Some fronds are not pinnately compound (or simple), but may be palmate, costapalmate, or bifurcate.

There is a spectrum from costapalmate to palmate. Costapalmate fronds are shaped like the palm of a hand and have a short midrib or costa. Palmate fronds are also shaped like the palm of the hand, but all ribs or leaflets arise from a central area. A hastula is a flap of tissue borne at the insertion of the blade on the petiole on the upper, lower, or both leaf surfaces

Bifurcate fronds may also develop. The extinct Devonian seed plant Cosmosperma polyloba demonstrated the early evolutionary diversification of frond branching patterns, presenting both bifurcate and trifurcate types.

Some ferns, like members of the group Ophioglossales have a unique arrangement -- such as a single fleshy or amorphous leaf.

Sporangia
Fern fronds often bear sporangia, where the plant's spores are formed, usually on the underside (abaxial surface) of the pinnae, but sometimes marginally or scattered over the frond. The sporangia are typically clustered into a sorus (pl., sori). Associated with each sorus in many species is a membranous protective structure called an indusium, which is an outgrowth of the blade surface that may partly cover the sporangia. Some fern species feature frond dimorphism, in which fertile and sterile fronds differ in appearance and structure.

Fern fronds
Fern fronds, as with all leaves, arise from the stem, either directly, or on an outgrowth from the stem termed a phyllopodium. The stem of a typical (leptosporangiate) fern is subterranean or horizontal on the surface of the ground. These stems are called rhizomes. Many fern fronds are initially coiled into a fiddle-head or crozier (see circinate vernation), although cycad and palm fronds do not have this pattern of new leaf growth.

Fronds may bear hairs, scales, glands, and, in some species, bulblets for vegetative reproduction.

Related concepts
Fronds may describe several "frondose" structures in non-plant organisms -- such as the entire bodies of thalloid organisms, or the superficially leaf-like structures developed by some animals and fungi. Examples include frondose colonial bryozoans, extinct Ediacaran biota such as rangeomorphs, and some macroalgae and lichens.

In paleontology of Ediacaran marine organisms, a frond may be defined as "a rangeomorph unit with a growth tip that can generate primary branches". A frond may also refer to the entire frondose organism, including any stem or basal disc. To classify rangeomorph taxa, the frond is generally subdivided into segments as are those of a fern, and categorized by six factors: polarity, rows of branches, inflation, display/furling, alignment of branches, and presence of a basal disc.

Frondescence is the production of leaves; it can also refer to the abnormal development of floral parts into leafy structures, though this is usually called phyllody.

Cultural significance
The palm frond has been a symbol of victory, triumph, peace, and eternal life originating in the ancient Mediterranean world. For example, in some Christian traditions, during Palm Sunday, Jesus’ entrance into Jerusalem is celebrated by carrying palm leaves.

During the Victorian phenomenon of Pteridomania or "fern craze", fern fronds became wildly popular symbols. Because fronds are somewhat flat, they could be used for decoration in ways that many other plants could not be. They were glued into collectors' albums, affixed to three dimensional objects, used as stencils for "spatter-work", inked and pressed into surfaces for nature printing, and so forth.

The fern flower is a magic flower in Polish folklore. As ferns are non-flowering plants, this technically refers to "fertile fronds". Certain true ferns, e.g., Osmunda regalis have sporangia in tight clusters which may appear flower-like.

title: Frond