text:
Talk:Sex show

[Untitled]
Discussion pasted from Votes for deletion -- Graham :) 21:14, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Live sex show -- a one-liner with no activity since June, 2003. Jay 22:17, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Make it a redirect to Sex worker. RedWolf 06:28, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Redirect to Sex worker is not appropriate. Better would be to sex show but that article doesn't exist. Lets just wait until someone knowledgeable about live sex shows comes around. BL 10:32, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't move to Wiktionary. Herbee 04:36, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Keep. Move to "needs work" page. Davodd 22:34, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * This fits in with the stubs Peep show and Private show. I'll combine them all into the (previously nonexistent) Sex show, with redirects. No need to delete anything. -- Toby Bartels 20:33, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Delineation
"Sex shows are distinguished from striptease in that sex show performers engage in sexual activity rather than simply undressing and dancing nude." Notionally, maybe. As I understand it, there are UK "strip shows" were the female audience masturbate and fellate the performers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.46.255.43 (talk) 19:34, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sex show


text:
Levi Boone

Levi Day Boone (December 6, 1808 – January 24, 1882) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1855–1856) for the American Party (Know-Nothings).

Early life
Boone was born near Lexington, Kentucky, the seventh son of Squire and Anna Grubbs Boone. Squire Boone, Sr. was Daniel Boone's father and Levi Boone's great-grandfather, making Levi Boone Daniel Boone's great-nephew. Young Levi lost his father at the age of 9 when Squire finally succumbed to wounds which he incurred at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Despite the poverty the family was plunged into by the death of Squire Boone, Levi graduated from the medical school of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1829 at the age of 21. He moved to Illinois and eventually established a practice in Hillsboro. In 1832, he served in the Black Hawk War, first in the cavalry and then as a surgeon. In 1833, Dr. Boone married Louise M. Smith, daughter of Theophilus W. Smith, Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, with whom he had 11 children.

Chicago years
Arriving in Chicago in 1835, he helped organize the Cook County Medical Board and served as the organization's first secretary. Boone had a medical practice with Charles V. Dyer. He was elected the first president of the Chicago Medical Society in 1850.

In 1843, he contributed to the rift in the congregation of Chicago's First Baptist Church by giving a lecture on the scriptural basis of slavery.

In 1850, Boone unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Chicago. He placed second, receiving 32.90% of the vote (losing to James Curtiss, who received 45.51% of the vote).

Running a second time, Boone was elected mayor in the 1855 Chicago mayoral election. Supported by a coalition of Know Nothings and temperance advocates, Boone ran for mayor on an anti-immigrant platform, along with 7 aldermen running on the same ticket. He defeated incumbent Isaac Lawrence Milliken with nearly 53% of the vote.

During his only year in office, he reorganized the Chicago police, combining the Day Police and the Night Watch into a single police force with 3 eight-hour shifts and requiring the police, for the first time, to wear uniforms. No foreign-born police were retained in the reorganization, and all new appointments were native-born Americans. He barred all immigrants from city jobs.

Though not a teetotaler, Boone was a temperance advocate and worked to prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol. Anticipating the passage by referendum of a Maine law to prohibit the sale of beverage alcohol in June 1855, he got the city council to pass an ordinance that raised the cost of liquor licenses from $50 to $300 a year, limited the term to three months, and attempted to enforce an old and disregarded ordinance to close taverns on Sundays. Many saw this as a means of attacking German immigrants, and on April 21, the move sparked the Lager Beer Riot after several tavern owners were arrested for selling beer on a Sunday. The referendum failed in June 1855, by a statewide vote of 54% to 46%.

Boone did not run for re-election in the mayoral election of 1856.

In 1862, Boone was arrested and briefly held in Camp Douglas on suspicion that he had helped a Confederate prisoner to escape.

He died in Chicago on January 24, 1882, and is buried in Rosehill Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Levi Boone


text:
Weary Dunlop

Colonel Sir Ernest Edward "Weary" Dunlop, (12 July 1907 – 2 July 1993) was an Australian surgeon who was renowned for his leadership while being held prisoner by the Japanese during the Second World War.

Early life and family
Dunlop was born in Wangaratta, Victoria, the second of two children of parents James and Alice. He attended Benalla High School for two years of his education. He started an apprenticeship in pharmacy when he finished school, and moved to Melbourne in 1927. There, he studied at the Victorian College of Pharmacy and then the University of Melbourne, where he obtained a scholarship in medicine. Dunlop graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1934 with first class honours in pharmacy and in medicine, and excelled as a sportsman at Melbourne University and Ormond College. The nickname "Weary" was a reference to his last name—"tired" like a Dunlop tyre.

Rugby union career
Although brought up playing Australian Rules football, when at university – and although still playing "Aussie Rules", as a ruckman for Ormond College – Dunlop took up rugby union; commencing as a fourth grade player with the Melbourne University Rugby Club in 1931. He rapidly progressed through the grades, to state, and then to the national representative level, becoming the first Victorian-born player to represent the Wallabies.

He made his national representative debut against the All Blacks at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 23 July 1932 as a number 8.

In the first Test of 1934 he again appeared for Australia, this time as a lock Australia won the match 25–11. Dunlop had broken his nose in a head clash in the Melbourne University boxing championships on 3 August 1934, and it was broken again in the first five minutes of the match.

Two weeks later the second and final match of that year's Bledisloe Cup series finished in a draw; and, although Dunlop missed that match – he was one of a number of players from both teams who were victims of influenza – he stands as a member of the first Wallaby squad to have won the Bledisloe Cup away from New Zealand.

In June 2008, he was honoured in the third set of inductees into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame. To date, he is the only Victorian so honoured.

Pre-war career
Dunlop had been a school cadet, and he continued his part-time army service until 1929, when his service ceased under pressure from his pharmacy studies. He re-enlisted in 1935 and was commissioned into the Australian Army Medical Corps on 1 July with the rank of captain. In May 1938 Dunlop left Australia for London on a ship, where he served as her medical officer. In London he attended St Bartholomew's Medical School and in 1938 became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. The distinguished medical mentors Dunlop met in London, Professor Grey-Turner and Sir Thomas Dunhill, impressed him with their dedication to their job and he resolved to emulate their example.

War and imprisonment
During the Second World War, Dunlop was appointed to medical headquarters in the Middle East, where he developed the mobile surgical unit. In Greece he liaised with forward medical units and Allied headquarters, and at Tobruk he was a surgeon until the Australian Divisions were withdrawn for home defence. His troopship was diverted to Java in an ill-planned attempt to bolster the defences there. On 26 February 1942, he was promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel. Dunlop became a Japanese prisoner of war in 1942 when he was captured in Bandung, Java, together with the hospital he was commanding.

Because of his leadership skills, he was placed in charge of prisoner-of-war camps in Java, and was later transferred briefly to Changi, and in January 1943 commanded the first Australians sent to work on the Thai segment of the Burma-Thailand railway where prisoners of the Japanese were being used as forced labourers to construct a strategically important supply route between Bangkok and Rangoon. Conditions in the railway camps were primitive and horrific—food was totally inadequate, beatings were frequent and severe, there were no medical supplies, tropical diseases were rampant, and the Japanese required a level of productivity that would have been difficult for fully fit and properly equipped men to achieve.

Along with a number of other Commonwealth Medical Officers, Dunlop's dedication and heroism became a legend among prisoners. A courageous leader and compassionate doctor, he restored morale in those terrible prison camps and jungle hospitals. Dunlop defied his captors, gave hope to the sick and eased the anguish of the dying. His example was one of the reasons why Australian survival rates were the highest.

He became, in the words of one of his men, the author Donald Stuart, "a lighthouse of sanity in a universe of madness and suffering".

He is depicted in a lighter moment during these terrible times on a birthday card painted by Ashley George Old for Major Arthur Moon and now held at the State Library of Victoria.

Post-war life
After 1945, with the darkness of the war years behind him, Dunlop forgave his captors and turned his energies to the task of healing and building. He was to state later that " in suffering we are all equal". He devoted himself to the health and welfare of former prisoners-of-war and their families, and worked to promote better relations between Australia and Asia.

He was active in many spheres of endeavour. He became closely involved with a wide range of health and educational organisations, and served as President of the Australian Drug Foundation for 13 years, and also on the board of Cancer Council Victoria. He was the first Australian Patron of St. Andrew's Ambulance Association (now St. Andrew's First Aid). His tireless community work had a profound influence on Australians and on the people of Asia. As well as numerous tributes and distinctions bestowed upon him in his own country, he received honours from Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, and the United Kingdom.

Dunlop was a Freemason.

Honours and awards
'Weary' Dunlop received many honours and awards throughout his life, including:
 * Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1947)
 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (1965)
 * Knight Bachelor (1969)
 * named Australian of the Year 1976
 * Companion of the Order of Australia (1987)
 * Knight Commander of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller) of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1992)
 * Knight Grand Cross (1st Class) of the Order of the Crown of Thailand (1993)
 * Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
 * Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
 * Honorary Fellow of the Imperial College London
 * Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
 * Honorary Life Member of the Returned and Services League of Australia
 * Life Governor of the Royal Women's Hospital and the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.

In 1988 Dunlop was named one of '200 Great Australians'. In June 2008, he was honoured in the third set of inductees into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame.

He received the posthumous honour of having the Canberra suburb of Dunlop named after him shortly after his death in 1993. His image is on the 1995 issue Australian fifty cent piece with the words "They Served Their Country in World War II, 1939 – 1945". The fifty cent piece is part of a set including the one dollar coin and the twenty cent piece. He has a platoon named after him in the Army Recruit Training Centre, Blamey Barracks, Kapooka. Weary Dunlop Platoon is a holding platoon to recruits that want to leave recruit training.

He was on one of 1995 Australia Remembers 45c stamps.

title: Weary Dunlop


text:
Talk:Antebellum

Old discussions
I believe that the following phrases compromise the neutrality of the article: this phrase means after the Civil War.

 * The Antebellum Period is often looked back on with nostalgia by whites in the US South, due in part to widespread destruction and occupation of the region by Union forces after the Confederacy was defeated.

 * Because of slavery and many other human rights abuses, this era is found offensive to some Americans, especially African Americans, than the adjoining Victorian Era.

The antebellum period was not exclusively a Southern period and there is no conclusive evidence of either the amount or skin color of people who would find the period, in totality, offensive. The edits of 12.7.120.9 were unnecessary, the controversy surrounding the period and reasons for why it was more lauded in the South than other regions was already addressed in a neutral manner. I propose that we revert the article to the last edit by Mulad.

JCarriker 21:18, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The page lacked sensitivity and the other side of the story. Of course, there are those who lament the passing of slavery in the U.S. and approve of this style of slanted writing. I would like to see this page completely rewritten to include both sides. How do most African Americans feel about this period? Here is a shallow quote from JCarrikers profile page "Antebellum - one of my favorite architectural styles and historic periods". This, I assume Caucasian southerner, is concerned that this article may soon contain a balanced report of this period. Here is the concise meaning from a dictionary, "belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War". There is nothing in the dictionary about how we all look back with nostalgia at this era.

12.7.120.9  10:28, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * To the Anon editor. Your opinion of JCarriker is a little bit harsh! How can you possibly conclude that he "laments the passing of slavery" based on "one of my favorite architectural styles and historic periods" ? It's clear that you feel strongly on the issue. This is a good thing, we should all be passionate about what we write. However by refraining from personal attacks and working together (By this I mean working with people with opposing viewpoints) we cdan get the best possible article. theresa knott 10:10, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I started from scratch with these two paragraphs for your enlarging and tweaking, in hopes we can achieve an NPOV balance. The difference between Antebellum and pre-Civil War is the essential I think. Wetman 10:42, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe we can work together to achieve NPOV, however I respectfully disagree with you're assertions, in the article, that the Antebellum Period is not a serious historic period. It is a period that is taught in schools and often includes much more emphasis on the evils of slavery than on Moonlight and Magnolias. In fact, I can recall a required reading about how African-Americans helped to influence and create the style that is synonymous with it. The Underground Railroad and the speeches of Frederick Douglas; and of course, memorizing Lincoln's Gettysburg Address were all part of the subject matter. The terms Antebellum and pre-Civil War are synonymous, and therefore cannot be seperated; the actuality of the Antebellum Period and the Romanticised View of the Antebellum Period can be, and that is what I have tried to do with my edit.
 * -JCarriker 03:39, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

The article has not been edited since March 2, should we consider the article to have reached NPOV?

--JCarriker 18:38, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well I reckon no edits in a week mean everyone is happy.So I've removed the NPOV header. theresa knott 20:07, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This is to explain why I reverted Guy Montag's 2/23/2005 edit: Guy, your desire for historical accuracy is admirable, but consider the following facts:
 * 1) South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Texas were five of the first seven states to secede from the Union. (See Confederate States of America).
 * 2) Each of the declarations issued by these states explaining why they were seceding (Alabama's was a speech by a leading member of its Senate) specifically mention their concerns about their continued rights to allow slavery.
 * 3) None of these declarations issued by these states mentions the word tariff.

Copies of these declarations can be found (assuming the links are still live) at the following sites:
 * James F. Epperson's Causes of the Civil War
 * Sons of the South's Formation of the Confederacy

I found these sites rather easily. I invite others to find and add web links to copies of the declarations for the other Confederate states here.

06:06, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)EcoMan

I understand the need for people to believe that the Civil War had mostly something to do with slavery rather than slavery bieng a periphery of states rights to protect the lively hood and state's jursidiction against federal power and north biased laws. There is a history in the Union of near succession by the South due to the North's tariffs. For example, Tariff of Abominations and nullification.

I'll get back to it. Just to make sure we are clear, my only interest is historical accuracy here.

Guy Montag 09:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Discussions of the origins of the Civil War should be in the article, "Origins of the American Civil War." Cheers, -Willmcw 19:41, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

The issues surrounding the Civil War and the structure of society in America during the antebellum period is not as simplistic as the author would have us believe. Slavery was the ostensible reason for the conflict where deeper issues were at play. Being no different from the justification of invading Iraq to free the Iraqi people, the issue of slavery in the South was nothing than demagoguery designed to swing national opinion in favor of the war over a 'feel good' sentiment.

During and after the Civil War, slavery existed in the North. Robert E. Lee did not own slaves while Ulysees S. Grant continued to own slaves after the war. The Emancipation Proclaimation did not proclaim that slavery is abolished, it stated that only the slaves in rebellious states were free. President Lincoln stated that, "If I could preserve the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it. If I could preserve the Union by freeing none of the slaves, I would do that too."

There were many propertied free black men who owned slaves.

White men were enslaved in the South, as they were previously in the North.

There were abolishonists in the South, as well as the North.

The Underground railroad began in the South.

The number of white men that owned slaves was very small percentage of the population.

The white planters were not popular with the yoemanry, (white freeman, many of whom were descended from white slaves) *White chattel slavery was very common in the colonies, despite the 'accepted acedemic viewpoint' which seeks to marginalize this history with the term endenture, ignoring that full white slavery existed along with, and even before black slavery in the Americas.

This entry is little more than a screed recited from the shallow brainwashing given to 3rd graders in public schools, and worse than avoiding 'the other side', it completely distorts the structure of society and nullifies any intelligent pondering of the issue. A clear indicator of the quality of this entry is the primary source that was cited, a Hollywood film based on a story written by a libertine housewife.

In short, the plantaion owners were a small slice of a society that held far different values. To characterize the antebellum South in that manner is like saying that current Americans are all ultra rich, greedy, environment destroying war mongering corporate elitists. While this element may exist in America today, it does not represent the 'mind' of the nation.

--198.6.46.11 4 July 2005 18:31 (UTC)

I have to agree with the previous author about parts of this article. And I must disagree with the following passage
 * In the romanticized view, the Antebellum Period is often looked back on with sentimental nostalgia by some whites in the U.S. South, as an idealized pre-industrial highly-structured genteel and stable agrarian society, in contrast to the anxiety and struggle of modern life. The issue of slavery is largely ignored. For example, a romanticized view of the Antebellum South would claim that the Civil War was fought over states' rights, when in actuality the war was fought predominantly over a state's right to allow slavery. Because of slavery, and the many human rights abuses it spawned, most African Americans find the romanticization of this era to be offensive, and often see a coded approving reference to the racism of the period in the term "Old South".

Most portions of the above are entirely opinion. I suggest that it be removed or changed to reflect fact and not opinion. Specifically the statements related to the Civil War.

--LordLinus 15 July 2005 15:02 (EDT)

I'm confused about the dates in this article. According to the first section, this period started as early as 1812, but in the second section it says that the period lasted from 1784 to 1860.

neutral?
i question the neutrality of this article —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.56.51.177 (talk) 08:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Contradiction
The reference to "scorched earth" here has a link to the scorched earth article but appears to contradict it, since the article describes a scorched earth policy as destroying one's own resources, not destroying an enemy's resources. Ken Arromdee 20:04, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Architecture
Why does antebellum architecture redirect to this article? The architecture section is a joke, including such helpful information as "The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland - although it is not in the South (nor is it an actual house), it still is an example of antebellum architecture" and some links - it has no pictures, no description of architectural elements, nothing. --Alphanum3r1c 11:48, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality / Unbased Claims
I dispute the following sentence: While the South was largely ruined after the Civil War, this had as much or more to do with the failed domestic polices of the Confederacy, notably its impressment of food supplies and thousands of uprooted civilians, as it did with the scorched earth policy of Sherman.

No source cited, blames atrocities committed by Northern leaders on "domestic policy." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.33.63.207 (talk) 15:38, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

It is stated in the article that Margaret Mitchell is an "American sexers" - the author should either clarify the meaning of "sexers" or correct the typo. If the implication here is that one of Mitchell's primary aims in "Gone with the Wind" was to portray the Antebellum South as "sexy," then the author may want to strongly consider using less biased wording. Mark2680 (talk) 23:17, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Antebellum days
The antebellum means befor the Civil war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.249.7.33 (talk) 23:08, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

"More than any other single American sexers, Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel, Gone with the Wind..."

Sexers? I'm pretty sure that's not supposed to be it... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.226.167.87 (talk) 12:59, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

I've never edited a Wiki page before, and I hope I haven't violated any Wikipedia rules of etiquette. IMHO "sexers" had to be either a typo, vandalism, or a literary term so obscure as to be meaningless. When I found two comments here about the same thing, I changed "sexers" to "author". I suppose I should have deleted the word "single" too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.166.132.204 (talk) 14:59, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

What does this mean?
The Industrial is mythically substituted for by the widespread destruction of Sherman's March to the Sea  - that makes no sense. Corvus cornix talk  20:56, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Date of Kansas-Nebraska Act
The date of the Kansas Nebraska Act should be 1854. 65.189.162.170 (talk) 01:51, 23 February 2009 (UTC)Andrea

Merge/split
I'm not sure what the intent was with a split tag here and a merge tag on History of the United States (1849–1865), but since there was no discussion area, I removed them. Antebellum (not unlike Ancien Regime) covers specific ideas and concepts that I wouldn't be at all comfortable with merging into the primary "History of..." article. If someone wishes to discuss this topic, please feel free to do so. Recognizance (talk) 20:26, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This article should be merged with Antebellum Age, since both articles are about exactly the same concept. Narthring (talk  • contribs) 19:38, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

I changed the period from 1849 to 1859. Why 1849. Unfortunately, this spoiled the link to a specific article. However I still think 1859 is the correct year.

This is a simple definition - up to to the Civil War....full stop.

New redirection of Antebellum and creation of Antebellum (disambiguation)
Because the overwhelming use of the term Antebellum in the English language is to denote the era in the Southern United States before the Civil War.

Merriam Webster defines "antebellum" as: existing before a war; especially : existing before the American Civil War

Oxford dictionary gives the definition as: occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the US Civil War: e.g. the conventions of the antebellum South

therefore, the main article Antebellum should be a redirect to History of the Southern United States

At History of the Southern United States there is now a "For" template directing users to the Antebellum (disambiguation) page in case they mean something else by "antebellum".

I have carried out the changes as described above. Keizers (talk) 17:17, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * First, the term "antebellum" is not specific to the Southern United States (as your definitions themselves show, and the phrasing "antebellum South"), so I have changed the redirect of Antebellum to History of the United States (1789–1849), which is also consistent with other redirects such as Antebellum period or Antebellum Age.
 * Second, this whole redirection strategy is questionable and incredibly US-centric. This is not the US Wikipedia. The Anglophone world is far larger than the US. It would be much better to redirect all these terms simply to Antebellum (disambiguation) as I do not at all think that it is virtually guaranteed that the reader is going to look for the US period. It depends highly on context. The term can equally refer to periods in European history, for example. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:01, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The overwhelming use of the term Antebellum in the English language is to denote the era in the Southern United States before the Civil War. Seems so, but please link, or pipe, e.g. the conventions of the antebellum South, to confirm the more specific topic. It's not so dominating so as to be the clear WP:primary topic, especially given that we don't have a full article on it, but rather are linking to a section of a broader article on Southern history. –wbm1058 (talk) 18:57, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Antebellum is an adjective, and WP:NOUN says Use nouns – "Nouns and noun phrases are normally preferred over titles using other parts of speech".
 * Postbellum is the opposite of antebellum, and it's a disambiguation.
 * Reconstruction Era is Wikipedia's article on the "postbellum South". Reconstruction is a disambiguation page, not a redirect to Reconstruction Era.
 * Post-war is a generic article, not about any particular war, and pre-war is a disambiguation.
 * We used to have two three articles about the "primary topic" for Antebellum. Now we have none just one:
 * Antebellum was merged into Antebellum Age in August 2009
 * 19:01, 22 November 2009, in the lead sentence Antebellum Age was changed to Antebellum Period. Reason: in history, we tend to use "antebellum period" not "antebellum age"
 * 23:21, 14 December 2009 Antebellum Age moved to Antebellum period
 * 05:43, 9 February 2010, it was suggested that Antebellum period be merged into Reconstruction era of the United States. Reason: "Same period, and this stub offers nothing that cannot be merged into the better-developed article, to which this article name should redirect." ?! Oh, OK.
 * 06:01, 9 February 2010, it was suggested that Antebellum period be merged into History of the United States (1789–1849). Reason: "This stub does not do anything not already done by the more developed article, and done better there. This article appears to be either a mistake or a POV fork and should simply redirect to the real article unless something from it actually needs to be merged in."
 * 08:06, 9 February 2010, the section Architecture of Antebellum period was split to Antebellum architecture.
 * 10:35, 9 February 2010 Antebellum period was redirected to History of the United States (1789–1849) (merge complete; redirecting, but retaining one category (since items in the category are by "era name" not year range)
 * What a speedy merge. 4 1⁄2 hours from proposal to completion. And without a single edit to the talk page! Unfortunately, since that merge, the word "Antebellum" has been removed from the body of the article (it's only found in the hatnote and "Further reading" section).
 * 10:35, 9 February 2010 Antebellum period moved to Antebellum era (to match category name): Category:Eras of United States history
 * From Category:Eras of United States history I now find: Plantation era, an article created in July 2005!! I need to stop and take my breath after finding (discovering?) that. I'm so excited. I just "discovered" the plantation era! Such an underlinked article. I trust that nobody will consider it a mistake or a POV fork. – wbm1058 (talk) 19:45, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

I see that after the February 9 merge of the antebellum age/era/period into the general History of the United States (1789–1849) article, the term didn't last a month there. A February 22 edit and a February 23 edit purged it. Rationales: "the term antebellum referred to the US Southern States, not the US as a whole; in any case, article does not go up to 1860" and "article is about more than the South". Gee, I didn't know that it was Latin for pre-war ("ante") American South ("bellum"), and that the American South wasn't part of America during this era. How was it that those Romans coined a word that meant "American South", any way? Seems very implausible. Sigh. wbm1058 (talk) 20:46, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

I just have a handful of links to Antebellum that I haven't yet disambiguated, e.g.: It seems to me that these links are just looking for a dictionary definition, not some detailed article about Southern plantations. Readers are not served by a link to an article that doesn't even use the word, because of some editor's POV on the matter. – wbm1058 (talk) 23:41, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * New York: "New York City and upstate textile mills did extensive business with the South during the antebellum years."
 * Lake Michigan: "90% of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years"
 * New Bedford, Massachusetts: "New Bedford had a small but thriving African-American community during the antebellum period.
 * Crystal Eastman: "This part of New York was in the so-called "Burnt Over District." During the Second Great Awakening earlier in the 19th century, its frontier had been a center of evangelizing and much religious excitement, which resulted in the founding of the Shakers and Mormonism. During the antebellum period, some were inspired by religious ideals to support such progressive social causes as abolitionism and the Underground Railroad."
 * Charlotte Forten Grimké: "Her diaries written before the end of the Civil War have been published in numerous editions in the 20th century and are significant as a rare record of the life of a free black woman in the North in the antebellum years."
 * Oyer and terminer: "oyer and terminer is the name either currently or formerly given to courts of criminal jurisdiction in some states, e.g. Pennsylvania and Georgia. New York had courts of Oyer and Terminer for much of the 19th Century... In the antebellum period, oyer and terminer courts heard criminal cases against slaves, Native Americans and other disenfranchised defendants."
 * After a month with no response to my comments here, I have made these edits to better integrate the Plantation era article into the encyclopedia. I trust that nobody will try to merge that into "history of the United States". – wbm1058 (talk) 15:34, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antebellum


text:
Wake (Dead Can Dance album)

Wake is a compilation album by Dead Can Dance, released in 2003. It contains 26 tracks over two discs. It includes the song "The Lotus Eaters" (previously released only on the Dead Can Dance (1981–1998) box set), recorded in 1998 as the last work by the band before their initial breakup.

Disc 1

 * 1) "Frontier" (Demo) – 3:00 – (1981) from the 4AD compilation Lonely Is an Eyesore (1987); completed version was included on Dead Can Dance (1984)
 * 2) "Anywhere Out of the World" – 5:07 – from Within the Realm of a Dying Sun (1987)
 * 3) "Enigma of the Absolute" – 4:14 – from Spleen and Ideal (1985)
 * 4) "Carnival of Light" – 3:30 – from Garden of the Arcane Delights (1984)
 * 5) "In Power We Entrust the Love Advocated" – 4:10 – from Garden of the Arcane Delights (1984)
 * 6) "Summoning of the Muse" – 4:57 – from Within the Realm of a Dying Sun (1987)
 * 7) "Windfall" – 3:31 – from Within the Realm of a Dying Sun (1987)
 * 8) "In the Kingdom of the Blind the One-Eyed Are Kings" – 4:10 – from The Serpent's Egg (1988)
 * 9) "The Host of Seraphim" – 6:17 – from The Serpent's Egg (1988)
 * 10) "Bird" – 5:00 – from A Passage in Time (1991)
 * 11) "Cantara" – 5:58 – from Within the Realm of a Dying Sun (1987)
 * 12) "Severance" – 3:21 – from The Serpent's Egg (1988)
 * 13) "Saltarello" – 2:36 – from Aion (1990)
 * 14) "Black Sun" – 4:56 – from Aion (1990)

Disc 2

 * 1) "Yulunga (Spirit Dance)" – 6:57 – from Into the Labyrinth (1993)
 * 2) "The Carnival Is Over" – 5:42 – from Into the Labyrinth (1993)
 * 3) "The Lotus Eaters" – 6:42 – (1998) from Dead Can Dance (1981–1998) (2001)
 * 4) "Rakim" – 5:38 – from Toward the Within (1994)
 * 5) "The Ubiquitous Mr Lovegrove" – 6:14 – from Into the Labyrinth (1993)
 * 6) "Sanvean" – 3:46 – from Toward the Within (1994)
 * 7) "Song of the Nile" – 8:00 – from Spiritchaser (1996)
 * 8) "The Spider's Stratagem" – 6:41 – from Into the Labyrinth (1993)
 * 9) "I Can See Now" – 2:56 – from Toward the Within (1994)
 * 10) "American Dreaming" – 4:30 – from Toward the Within (1994)
 * 11) "Nierika" – 5:45 – from Spiritchaser (1996)
 * 12) "How Fortunate the Man with None" – 9:09 – from Into the Labyrinth (1993)

 * The tracks from Toward the Within are live tracks, but with crowd noise removed to make them sound like studio versions. They previously appeared in this form on the Dead Can Dance (1981–1998) box set.

title: Wake (Dead Can Dance album)


text:
Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah

Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah (عدنان شكري جمعة, ʿAdnān Shukrī Jumaʿah) (4 August 1975 – 6 December 2014) was a citizen of Saudi Arabia and a senior member of Al-Qaeda. He was born in Saudi Arabia and grew up in the United States.

In March 2003, a provisional arrest warrant was issued calling him a "material witness", and he was subsequently listed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on the Seeking Information - War on Terrorism list, and the United States Department of State, through the Rewards for Justice Program, offered a bounty of up to US$5 million for information about his location.

Last known to have lived with his family in Miramar, Florida, Shukrijumah was known to have a Guyanese passport but might also have used a Saudi, Canadian, or Trinidadian passport. Saudi Arabia has repeatedly denied that el Shukrijumah was a Saudi citizen. He was considered to be a high-ranking member of al-Qaeda.

His mother insisted that her asthmatic son had been wrongly accused. He also went by the names Abu Arif, and Jafar al-Tayyar, the latter translating to "Jafar the Pilot".

In 2014, Shukrijumah was killed in a military manhunt operation by Pakistan Army Special Forces in South Waziristan. The Pakistani Taliban confirmed Shukrijumah's death two days later. Al-Qaeda confirmed Shukrijumah's death in July 2016.

Early years
Shukriumah moved to the United States in the 1980s as a young teenager with his parents. His mother Zuhrah Abdu Ahmed still resides in Florida, while his father died following a career as an imam. In 2001, his father had attracted the interest of officials, as the Saudi embassy had sent him $19,200.

Shukrijumah learned English later in his youth. As a young adult in 1997, he attended "English as a Second Language" classes. The FBI obtained a videotape of Adnan G. El Shukrijumah from the period that shows him giving a presentation exercise to the class, in which he speaks at length on the subject of jump starting a car. U.S. authorities believe that he may have been trained at an Afghan training camp in the late 1990s. He is alleged to have received assistance from American neuroscientist Aafia Siddiqui. Shukrijumah enrolled at Broward Community College, and earned money on the side working as a freelance computer technician. Shukrijumah applied for a green card so as to have his permanent residence status in the United States recognized, but lied on his application about having ever been arrested in the past.

In March 2001, while investigating Imran Mandhai, who attended the same Florida mosque as Shukrijumah, authorities made a note that Mandhai had eyed Shukrijumah as a potential colleague in whom to confide his plans, although Shukrijumah had refused to associate with the militant Mandhai. Reports would later accuse Mandhai of plotting to destroy Mount Rushmore.

Shukrijumah left the United States in May 2001 and flew to Trinidad after receiving his degree in computer engineering. However Mandhai's testimony in court would indicate that he believed he had last seen Shukrijumah two months after his stated departure. Authorities tried to speak with Shukrijumah, appearing unannounced at his parents' home six times asking if he was available - only to be told that he had left the country.

Under torture, Jose Padilla claims to have been partnered with Shukrijumah in the summer of 2001, and that the pair were taught how to seal natural gas into apartment complexes and detonate explosives in a course they received at the Kandahar airport. Padilla claims that the two men constantly fought, and he eventually went to Mohammed Atef to complain that he could not work with Shukrijumah and the training was canceled.

In late 2002, Shukrijumah phoned his parents to tell them that he had found a wife, settled down and had a son, and was now teaching English in Morocco.

2003 worldwide alert
In March 2003, his family's Florida home was the subject of an FBI search which yielded no evidence of his location. A bulletin was released suggesting that he was wanted as a terrorist and posed a "grave danger" to "gas stations, fuel trucks, subway systems, trains, or bridges". A number of "sightings" were reported across the country - including at a sandwich shop in south Tampa.

In September 2003, the FBI issued an alert for four people they alleged "pose a threat to U.S. citizens", including Abderraouf Jdey, Shukrijumah and the previously unknown Zubayr al-Rimi and Karim el-Mejjati.

In October, author Paul Williams wrote a book titled Dunces of Doomsday in which he claimed that Amer el-Maati, Jaber A. Elbaneh and Anas al-Liby had all been seen around Hamilton, Ontario the previous year, and that Shukrijumah had been seen at McMaster University where he "wasted no time in gaining access to the nuclear reactor and stealing more than 180 lb of nuclear material for the creation of radiological bombs". He was subsequently sued by the university for libel, as there had been no evidence to suggest any part of his story was true. The publisher later apologised for allowing Williams to print statements which "were without basis in fact".

Summer 2004 terror alert
On 26 May 2004, United States Attorney General John Ashcroft and FBI Director Robert Mueller announced that reports indicated that el Shukrijumah was one of seven al-Qaeda members who were planning terrorist actions for the summer or fall of 2004. The other alleged terrorists listed on that date were Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani (who was later captured in Pakistan), Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, and Amer el-Maati, Aafia Siddiqui, Adam Yahiye Gadahn, and Abderraouf Jdey. The first two had been listed as FBI Most Wanted Terrorists since 2001, indicted for their roles in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings. Jdey had already been on the FBI's "Seeking Information" wanted list since inception on 17 January 2002, to which Shukrijumah had also been later added, and the other three as well. American Democrats labeled the warning "suspicious" and said it was held solely to divert attention from President Bush's plummeting poll numbers and to push the failings of the Invasion of Iraq off the front page. CSIS director Reid Morden voiced similar concerns, saying it seemed more like "election year" politics, than an actual threat - and The New York Times pointed out that one day before the announcement, they had been told by the Department of Homeland Security that there were no current risks.

Ashcroft alleged that Shukrijumah had specifically "scouted sites" in New York City and around the Panama Canal for possible terrorist attacks. On 30 June, it was announced by the Honduran Security Ministry that el Shukrijumah had been in Honduras during the previous month meeting with members of the Mara Salvatrucha street gang. That September, the Aviation Security Association claimed that a Japanese flight attendant had confronted Shukrijumah while he had been acting strangely at Kansai International Airport. In June 2007, the New York Post claimed that Shukrijumah was "Al Qaeda's operations leader on a nuclear terror plot targeting the United States" stating that Osama bin Laden had chosen him "to detonate nuclear bombs simultaneously in several U.S. cities."

Identified
A 2006 Summary of the High Value Terrorist Detainee Program, from the office of the Director of National Intelligence, asserted that Jafar al-Tayyar was identified as el Shukrijumah by waterboarded captive Abu Zubaydah. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, after also being waterboarded, was shown a photograph of Shukijumah and agreed it was Jafar al-Tayyar. Other captives held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp had stated that another man, whose photograph they identified from a collection, was Jafar al-Tayyar although the American authorities discarded their claims.

Linked to Najibullah Zazi plot and put on the FBI most wanted terrorists list
In June 2010, anonymous U.S. counter-terrorism officials told the Associated Press that Najibullah Zazi, who was arrested in September 2009 on charges that he planned to suicide bomb the New York City Subway system, had met with Shukrijumah in a camp in Pakistan. On 8 July 2010, he was put on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.

External operations council
Shukrijumah and two other leaders were part of an "external operations council" that designed and approved terrorism plots and recruits, but his two counterparts were killed in U.S. drone attacks, leaving Shukrijumah as the de facto chief and successor to Mohammed – his former boss. "He would be equated with being chief of operations," FBI special agent Brian LeBlanc told the US news network, adding that investigators believed Shukrijumah was "extremely dangerous."

However, according to the Long War Journal, Shukrijumah was al-Qaeda's operations chief for North America.

title: Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah


text:
Margaret Bourke-White

Margaret Bourke-White (June 14, 1904 – August 27, 1971) was an American photographer and documentary photographer. She was arguably best known as the first foreign photographer permitted to take pictures of Soviet industry under the Soviets' first five-year plan, as the first American female war photojournalist, and for taking the photograph (of the construction of Fort Peck Dam) that became the cover of the first issue of Life magazine.

Early life
Margaret Bourke-White, born Margaret White in the Bronx, New York, was the daughter of Joseph White, a non-practicing Jew whose father came from Poland, and Minnie Bourke, who was of Irish Catholic descent. She grew up in Middlesex, New Jersey (the Joseph and Minnie White House in Middlesex), and graduated from Plainfield High School in Union County. From her naturalist father, an engineer and inventor, she claimed to have learned perfectionism; from her "resourceful homemaker" mother, she claimed to have developed “an unapologetic desire for self-improvement." Her younger brother, Roger Bourke White, became a prominent Cleveland businessman and high-tech industry founder, and her older sister, Ruth White, became well known for her work at the American Bar Association in Chicago, Ill. Roger Bourke White described their parents as "Free thinkers who were intensely interested in advancing themselves and humanity through personal achievement", attributing the success of their children in part to this quality. He was not surprised at his sister Margaret's success, saying "[she] was not unfriendly or aloof".

Margaret's interest in photography began as a hobby in her youth, supported by her father's enthusiasm for cameras. Despite her interest, in 1922, she began studying herpetology at Columbia University, only to have her interest in photography strengthened after studying under Clarence White (no relation). She left after one semester, following the death of her father. She transferred colleges several times, attending the University of Michigan (where she was a photographer at the Michiganensian and became a member of Alpha Omicron Pi sorority), Purdue University in Indiana, and Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Bourke-White ultimately graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1927, leaving behind a photographic study of the rural campus for the school's newspaper, including photographs of her famed dormitory, Risley Hall. A year later, she moved from Ithaca, New York, to Cleveland, Ohio, where she started a commercial photography studio and began concentrating on architectural and industrial photography.

Architectural and commercial photography
One of Bourke-White's clients was Otis Steel Company. Her success was due to her skills with both people and her technique. Her experience at Otis is a good example. As she explains in Portrait of Myself, the Otis security people were reluctant to let her shoot for many reasons. Firstly, steel making was a defense industry, so they wanted to be sure national security was not endangered. Second, she was a woman, and in those days, people wondered if a woman and her delicate cameras could stand up to the intense heat, hazard, and generally dirty and gritty conditions inside a steel mill. When she finally got permission, technical problems began. Black-and-white film in that era was sensitive to blue light, not the reds and oranges of hot steel (In the words of her collaborator, the ambient red-orange light had no "actinic value"), so she could see the beauty, but the photographs were coming out all black. My singing stopped when I saw the films. I could scarcely recognize anything on them. Nothing but a half-dollar-sized disk marking the spot where the molten metal had churned up in the ladle. The glory had withered.

I couldn't understand it. "We're woefully underexposed," said Mr. Bemis. "Very woefully underexposed. That red light from the molten metal looks as though it's illuminating the whole place. But it's all heat and no light. No actinic value." She solved this problem by bringing along a new style of magnesium flare, which produces white light, and having assistants hold the flares to light her scenes. Her abilities resulted in some of the best steel-factory photographs of that era, which earned her national attention. "'To me... industrial forms were all the more beautiful because they were never designed to be beautiful. They had a simplicity of line that came from their direct application of purpose. Industry... had evolved an unconscious beauty – often a hidden beauty that was waiting to be discovered'"

In 1930, Bourke-White was hired to photograph the construction of what would become one of New York City's most elegant skyscrapers, the Chrysler Building. She was deeply inspired by the new structure and especially smitten by the massive eagle's-head figures projecting off the building. In her autobiography, Portrait of Myself, Bourke-White wrote, ‘On the sixty-first floor, the workmen started building some curious structures which overhung 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue below. When I learned these were to be gargoyles à la Notre Dame, but made of stainless steel as more suitable for the twentieth century, I decided that here would be my new studio. There was no place in the world that I would accept as a substitute.’

When the building's management initially refused to rent to a woman, Bourke-White secured a recommendation from Fortune magazine, her principal employer at the time, and opened her studio shortly thereafter. She hired John Vassos to design the deluxe interior, whose clean modern lines echoed the building's bold and graceful exterior. The Chrysler Building itself became the subject matter for Bourke-White, with the gargoyles a focal point (see).

Photojournalism
In the summer of 1929 Bourke-White accepted a job as associate editor and staff photographer for the new business-themed magazine Henry Luce was starting in the fall, Fortune magazine - a position she held until 1935.

In 1930 she became the first Western photographer allowed to enter the Soviet Union.

When Luce began his third magazine, the oversized, photograph-centered Life magazine, in 1936, he hired her as its first female photojournalist. Her photographs of the construction of the Fort Peck Dam featured in Life's first issue, dated November 23, 1936, including the cover. Though Bourke-White titled the photo, New Deal, Montana: Fort Peck Dam, "it is actually a photo of the spillway located three miles east of the dam", according to a United States Army Corps of Engineers webpage. This cover photograph became such a favorite that it was the 1930s' representative in the United States Postal Service's Celebrate the Century series of commemorative postage stamps.

She held the title of staff photographer at LIFE until 1940, but returned from 1941 to 1942, and again in 1945, after which she stayed through her semi-retirement in 1957 (which ended her photography for the magazine) and her full retirement in 1969.

During the mid-1930s, Bourke-White, like Dorothea Lange, photographed drought victims of the Dust Bowl. In the February 15, 1937, issue of Life magazine, her famous photograph of black flood-victims standing in front of a sign that declared, "World's Highest Standard of Living", showing a white family, was published. The photograph later would become the basis for the artwork of Curtis Mayfield's 1975 album, There's No Place Like America Today.

Bourke-White met the bestselling novelist Erskine Caldwell in the mid-thirties. Caldwell specialized in writing about poor communities in the rural south, and he invited her to collaborate on a photojournalist expedition through the south, which produced the book You Have Seen Their Faces (1937). She lived with Caldwell for several years before they married in 1939.

She also traveled to Europe to record how Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia were faring under Nazism.

Soviet Union
Bourke-White was "the first Western professional photographer permitted into the Soviet Union". She travelled there in consecutive summers from 1930 to 1932 to document the first Five-Year Plan. While in the USSR, she photographed Joseph Stalin, as well as making portraits of Stalin's mother and great-aunt when visiting Georgia. She also took portraits of other famous people in the Soviet Union, such as Karl Radek, Sergei Eisenstein, and Hugh Cooper. She noted that the trips and work there required a lot of patience, and generally had mixed, yet positive impressions of the USSR. Her photographs were first published in Fortune magazine in 1931 under the title Eyes on Russia, and then as a book with the same name by Simon and Schuster. These photos additionally became "a six-part series in The New York Times (1932), a deluxe photo portfolio (1934), and a set of photomurals for the Soviet consulate in New York (1934). Still other photographs circulated in exhibitions, books, and periodicals around the globe, especially in Soviet magazines and postcards of the early 1930s."

Bourke-White returned to the Soviet Union in 1941 during the Second World War. With five cameras, 22 lenses, four developing tanks and 3,000 flashbulbs, her luggage weighed in total 600 pounds. The resulting body of work was published in a book titled Shooting the Russian War in 1942.

World War II
Bourke-White was the first known female war correspondent, as well as the first woman to be allowed to work in combat zones during World War II. In 1941 she traveled to the Soviet Union just as Germany broke its pact of non-aggression. She was the only foreign photographer in Moscow when German forces invaded. Taking refuge in the U.S. Embassy, she then captured the ensuing firestorms on camera.

As the war progressed, she was attached to the U.S. Army Air Force in North Africa, then to the U.S. Army in Italy and later in Germany. She repeatedly came under fire in Italy in areas of fierce fighting. On January 22, 1943, Major Rudolph Emil Flack piloted the lead aircraft with Margaret Bourke-White (the first female photographer/writer to fly on a combat mission) aboard his 414th Bombardment Squadron B-17F and bombed the El Aouina Airdrome in Tunis, Tunisia.

"The woman who had been torpedoed in the Mediterranean, strafed by the Luftwaffe, stranded on an Arctic island, bombarded in Moscow, and pulled out of the Chesapeake when her chopper crashed, was known to the Life staff as 'Maggie the Indestructible. The incident in the Mediterranean refers to the sinking of the England-Africa bound British troopship SS Strathallan that she recorded in an article, "Women in Lifeboats", in Life, February 22, 1943. Though disliked by General Dwight D Eisenhower, she became friendly with his chauffeur/secretary, Irishwoman Kay Summersby, with whom she shared the lifeboat.

In the spring of 1945 she traveled throughout a collapsing Germany with Gen. George S. Patton. She arrived at Buchenwald, the notorious concentration camp, and later said, "Using a camera was almost a relief. It interposed a slight barrier between myself and the horror in front of me." After the war she produced a book entitled Dear Fatherland, Rest Quietly, a project that helped her come to grips with the brutality she had witnessed during and after the war.

The editor of a collection of Bourke-White's photographs wrote: "To many who got in the way of a Bourke-White photograph—and that included not just bureaucrats and functionaries but professional colleagues like assistants, reporters, and other photographers—she was regarded as imperious, calculating, and insensitive."

Recording the India–Pakistan partition violence
Bourke-White is known equally well in both India and Pakistan for her photographs of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar at his home Rajgriha, Dadar in Mumbai on the occasion of a third impression of his book which was published in December 1940 as Thoughts on Pakistan (the book was republished in 1946 under the title India's Political What's What: Pakistan or Partition of India). These photographs were published on the Life magazine cover. She also photographed M. K. Gandhi (at his spinning wheel) and Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (upright in a chair).

She was "one of the most effective chroniclers" of the violence that erupted at the 1947 independence and partition of India and Pakistan, according to Somini Sengupta, who calls her photographs of the episode "gut-wrenching, and staring at them, you glimpse the photographer's undaunted desire to stare down horror". She recorded streets littered with corpses, dead victims with open eyes, and refugees with vacant eyes. "Bourke-White's photographs seem to scream on the page", Sengupta wrote.

Sixty-six of Bourke-White's photographs of the partition violence featured in a 2006 reissue of Khushwant Singh's 1956 novel about the disruption, Train to Pakistan. In connection with the reissue, many of the photographs in the book were displayed at "the posh shopping center Khan Market" in Delhi, India. "More astonishing than the images blown up large as life was the number of shoppers who seemed not to register them", Sengupta wrote. No memorial to the partition victims exists in India, according to Pramod Kapoor, head of Roli, the Indian publishing house coming out with the new book.

She had a knack for being at the right place at the right time: she interviewed and photographed Mohandas K. Gandhi just a few hours before his assassination in 1948. Alfred Eisenstaedt, her friend and colleague, said one of her strengths was that there was no assignment and no picture that was unimportant to her. She also started the first photography laboratory at Life magazine.

Korean War
She served as a photographer for Life during Korean War of 1950–1953.

Awards

 * Honorary Doctorate: Rutgers University, 1948
 * Honorary Doctorate: University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), 1951
 * Achievement Award: US Camera, 1963
 * Honor Roll Award: American Society of Magazine Photographers, 1964

Later years
In 1953, Bourke-White developed her first symptoms of Parkinson's disease. She was forced to slow her career to fight encroaching paralysis. In 1959 and 1961 she underwent several operations to treat her condition, which effectively ended her tremors but affected her speech. Bourke-White wrote an autobiography, Portrait of Myself, which was published in 1963 and became a bestseller, but she grew increasingly infirm and isolated in her home in Darien, Connecticut. A pension plan set up in the 1950s, "though generous for that time", no longer covered her health-care costs. She also suffered financially from her personal generosity and from "less-than-responsible attendant care".

Personal life
In 1924, during her studies, she married Everett Chapman, but the couple divorced two years later. Margaret White added her mother's surname, "Bourke", to her name in 1927 and hyphenated it. Bourke-White and novelist Erskine Caldwell were married from 1939 to their divorce in 1942.

Death
In 1971 she died at Stamford Hospital in Stamford, Connecticut, aged 67, from Parkinson's disease.

Works

 * Eyes on Russia (1931)
 * You Have Seen Their Faces (1937; with Erskine Caldwell), ISBN 0-8203-1692-X
 * North of the Danube (1939; with Erskine Caldwell), ISBN 0-306-70877-9
 * Shooting the Russian War (1942)
 * They Called it "Purple Heart Valley" (1944)
 * Halfway to Freedom; a report on the new India (1949)
 * Interview with India,(1950)
 * Portrait of Myself. Simon Schuster (1963), ISBN 0-671-59434-6
 * Dear Fatherland, Rest Quietly (1946)
 * The Taste of War (selections from her writings edited by Jonathan Silverman), ISBN 0-7126-1030-8
 * Say, Is This the USA? (republished 1977), ISBN 0-306-77434-8
 * The Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White, ISBN 0-517-16603-8

Biographies and collections

 * Margaret Bourke-White: Photography of Design, 1927–1936, ISBN 0-8478-2505-1
 * Margaret Bourke-White, ISBN 0-8109-4381-6
 * Margaret Bourke-White: Photographer, ISBN 0-8212-2490-5
 * Margaret Bourke-White: Adventurous Photographer, ISBN 0-531-12405-3
 * Power and Paper, Margaret Bourke-White: Modernity and the Documentary Mode, ISBN 1-881450-09-0
 * Margaret Bourke-White: A Biography by Vickie Goldberg (Harper & Row, 1986), ISBN 0-06-015513-2
 * Bourke-White: A Retrospective, Collected and Circulated by the International Center of Photography, New York. Exhibition catalog United Technologies Corporation, 1988
 * Margaret Bourke-White: Twenty Parachutes, Nazraeli Press, 2002, ISBN 1-59005-013-4
 * Margaret Bourke-White: The Early Work, 1922–1930. Selected, with an essay by Ronald E. Ostman and Harry Littel (David E Godine, 2005), ISBN 9781567922998
 * For the World to See: The Life of Margaret Bourke-White by Jonathan Silverman, ISBN 0-670-32356-X
 * Down North: John Buchan and Margaret Bourke-White on the Mackenzie by John Brinckman, ISBN 978-0-9879163-3-4
 * Witness to Life and Freedom: Margaret Bourke-White in India & Pakistan by Pramod Kapoor (Roli & Janssen, 2010), ISBN 9788174366993

Legacy
Photographs by Bourke-White are in the Brooklyn Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the New Mexico Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as in the collection of the Library of Congress. A 160-foot-long photomural she created for NBC in 1933, for the Rotunda in the broadcaster's Rockefeller Center headquarters, was destroyed in the 1950s. In 2014, when the Rotunda and Grand Staircase leading up to it were rebuilt, the photomural was faithfully recreated in digital form on the 360-degree LED screens on the Rotunda's walls. It forms one of the stops on the NBC Studio Tour.

Many of her manuscripts, memorabilia, photographs, and negatives are housed in Syracuse University's Bird Library Special Collections section.

Exhibitions
Group
 * John Becker Gallery, New York: 1931 (Photographs by Three Americans, with Ralph Steiner and Walker Evans)
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York:1949 (Six Women Photographers, 1951 (Memorable Life Photographs))

Solo
 * Annual Exhibition of Advertising Art, New York: 1931 (with Anton Bruehl; art works by others)
 * Little Carnegie Playhouse, New York: 1932
 * Rockefeller Center, New York: 1932
 * Art Institute of Chicago: 1956
 * Syracuse University, NY: 1966
 * Carl Siembab Gallery, Boston: 1971
 * Witkin Gallery, New York: 1971
 * Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca: 1972 (retrospective)

Public collections

 * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 * Brooklyn Museum
 * Cleveland Museum of Art
 * Library of Congress
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York City
 * New Mexico Museum of Art
 * Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Art Market
In April 2023, Phillips NY auctioned Gargoyle, Chrysler Building, New York City (c1930) for an above-high estimate $127,000.

Posthumous accolades

 * In 1990 she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She was designated a Women's History Month Honoree in 1992 and again in 1994 by the National Women's History Project.
 * In 2016 Bourke-White was inducted into International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.

Media portrayals

 * Candice Bergen played her in the 1982 film Gandhi.
 * Farrah Fawcett played her in the 1989 television movie, Double Exposure: The Story of Margaret Bourke-White.
 * Megan Fox played a fictional character based on Margaret Bourke-White in the 2019 South Korean war film The Battle of Jangsari.

title: Margaret Bourke-White


text:
2000 (number)

It is:
 * the highest number expressible using only two unmodified characters in Roman numerals (MM)
 * an Achilles number
 * smallest four digit eban number
 * the sum of all the nban numbers in the sequence

2001 to 2099

 * 2001 – sphenic number
 * 2002 – palindromic number in decimal, base 76, 90, 142, and 11 other non-trivial bases
 * 2003 – Sophie Germain prime and the smallest prime number in the 2000s
 * 2004 – Area of the 24th crystagon
 * 2005 – A vertically symmetric number
 * 2006 – number of subsets of {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11} with relatively prime elements
 * 2007 – 22007 + 20072 is prime
 * 2008 – number of 4 X 4 matrices with nonnegative integer entries and row and column sums equal to 3
 * 2009 = 74 − 73 − 72
 * 2010 – number of compositions of 12 into relatively prime parts
 * 2011 – sexy prime with 2017, sum of eleven consecutive primes: 2011 = 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211
 * 2012 – The number 8 × 102012 − 1 is a prime number
 * 2013 – number of widely totally strongly normal compositions of 17
 * 2014 – 5 × 22014 - 1 is prime
 * 2015 – Lucas–Carmichael number
 * 2016 – triangular number, number of 5-cubes in a 9-cube, Erdős–Nicolas number, 211-25
 * 2017 – Mertens function zero, sexy prime with 2011
 * 2018 – Number of partitions of 60 into prime parts
 * 2019 – smallest number that can be represented as the sum of 3 prime squares 6 different ways: 2019 = 72 + 112 + 432 = 72 + 172 + 412 = 132 + 132 + 412 = 112 + 232 + 372 = 172 + 192 + 372 = 232 + 232 + 312
 * 2020 – sum of the totient function for the first 81 integers
 * 2021 = 43 * 47, consecutive prime numbers, next is 2491
 * 2022 – non-isomorphic colorings of a toroidal 3 × 3 grid using exactly three colors under translational symmetry, beginning of a run of 4 consecutive Niven numbers
 * 2023 = 7 * 172 – multiple of 7 with digit sum equal to 7, sum of squares of digits equals 17
 * 2024 – tetrahedral number
 * 2025 = 452, sum of the cubes of the first nine positive integers (and therefore square of the sum of the first nine positive integers), centered octagonal number; least number with 15 odd divisors
 * 2026 = Number of hyperforests spanning 10 unlabeled nodes without isolated vertices
 * 2027 – super-prime, safe prime
 * 2028 = 133 – 132
 * 2029 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 * 2030 = 212 + 222 + 232 + 242 = 252 + 262 + 272
 * 2031 – centered pentagonal number
 * 2032 = number of binary Lyndon words of length 16 with an even number of 1's
 * 2033 – the fractional part of $$\left(\frac{3}{2} \right) ^{2033}$$ decreases monotonically to zero
 * 2039 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime
 * 2045 – number of partially ordered set with 7 unlabeled elements
 * 2047 – super-Poulet number, Woodall number, decagonal number, a centered octahedral number, 2047 = 211 - 1 = 23 × 89 and is the first Mersenne number that is composite for a prime exponent
 * 2048 = 211
 * 2050 – sum of 2 consecutive odd squares (31² + 33²)
 * 2053 – star number
 * 2056 – magic constant of n × n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 16
 * 2060 – sum of the totient function for the first 82 integers
 * 2063 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime, super-prime
 * 2068 – number of 16-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 * 2069 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2070 – pronic number
 * 2080 – triangular number
 * 2081 – super-prime
 * 2093 – Mertens function zero
 * 2095 – Mertens function zero
 * 2096 – Mertens function zero
 * 2097 – Mertens function zero
 * 2099 – Mertens function zero, super-prime, safe prime, highly cototient number

2100 to 2199

 * 2100 – Mertens function zero
 * 2101 – centered heptagonal number
 * 2107 – member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2108 (first definition)
 * 2108 – member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2107 (first definition)
 * 2109 – square pyramidal number, the sum of the third and last trio of three-digit permutable primes in decimal: 199 + 919 + 991
 * 2112 – The break-through album of the band Rush
 * 2113 – Mertens function zero, Proth prime, centered square number
 * 2116 = 462
 * 2117 – Mertens function zero
 * 2119 – Mertens function zero
 * 2120 – Mertens function zero, Fine number
 * 2122 – Mertens function zero
 * 2125 – nonagonal number
 * 2127 – sum of the first 34 primes
 * 2129 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2135 – Mertens function zero
 * 2136 – Mertens function zero
 * 2137 – prime of the form 2p-1
 * 2138 – Mertens function zero
 * 2141 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2142 – sum of the totient function for the first 83 integers
 * 2143 – almost exactly 22$\pi$4
 * 2145 – triangular number
 * 2153 – with 2161, smallest consecutive primes that have the same sum of digits as each other's prime indices
 * 2161 – with 2153, smallest consecutive primes that have the same sum of digits as each other's prime indices
 * 2162 – pronic number
 * 2166 – sum of the totient function for the first 84 integers
 * 2169 – Leyland number
 * 2171 – Mertens function zero
 * 2172 – Mertens function zero
 * 2175 – smallest number requiring 143 seventh powers for Waring representation
 * 2176 – pentagonal pyramidal number, centered pentagonal number
 * 2178 – first natural number whose digits in its decimal representation get reversed when multiplied by 4
 * 2179 – Wedderburn–Etherington prime
 * 2184 – equals both 37 − 3 and 133 − 13 and is believed to be the only such doubly strictly absurd number
 * 2187 = 37, vampire number, perfect totient number
 * 2188 – Motzkin number
 * 2197 = 133, palindromic in base 12 (133112)
 * 2199 – perfect totient number

2200 to 2299

 * 2201 – only known non-palindromic number whose cube is palindromic; also no known fourth or higher powers are palindromic for non-palindromic numbers
 * 2203 – Mersenne prime exponent
 * 2205 – odd abundant number
 * 2207 – safe prime, Lucas prime
 * 2208 – Keith number
 * 2209 = 472, palindromic in base 14 (B3B14), centered octagonal number
 * 2211 – triangular number
 * 2221 – super-prime, happy number
 * 2222 – repdigit
 * 2223 – Kaprekar number
 * 2230 – sum of the totient function for the first 85 integers
 * 2232 – decagonal number
 * 2236 – Harshad number
 * 2245 – centered square number
 * 2254 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 * 2255 – octahedral number
 * 2256 – pronic number
 * 2269 – super-prime, cuban prime
 * 2272 – sum of the totient function for the first 86 integers
 * 2273 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2276 – sum of the first 35 primes, centered heptagonal number
 * 2278 – triangular number
 * 2281 – star number, Mersenne prime exponent
 * 2287 – balanced prime
 * 2294 – Mertens function zero
 * 2295 – Mertens function zero
 * 2296 – Mertens function zero
 * 2299 – member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2300 (first definition)

2300 to 2399

 * 2300 – tetrahedral number, member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2299 (first definition)
 * 2301 – nonagonal number
 * 2304 = 482
 * 2306 – Mertens function zero
 * 2309 – primorial prime, twin prime with 2311, Mertens function zero, highly cototient number
 * 2310 – fifth primorial
 * 2311 – primorial prime, twin prime with 2309
 * 2321 – Mertens function zero
 * 2322 – Mertens function zero
 * 2326 – centered pentagonal number
 * 2328 – sum of the totient function for the first 87 integers, the number of groups of order 128
 * 2331 – centered cube number
 * 2338 – Mertens function zero
 * 2339 – Sophie Germain prime, twin prime with 2341
 * 2341 – super-prime, twin prime with 2339
 * 2346 – triangular number
 * 2347 – sum of seven consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331 + 337 + 347 + 349 + 353)
 * 2351 – Sophie Germain prime, super-prime
 * 2352 – pronic number
 * 2357 – Smarandache–Wellin prime
 * 2368 – sum of the totient function for the first 88 integers
 * 2372 – logarithmic number
 * 2378 – Pell number
 * 2379 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 * 2381 – super-prime, centered square number
 * 2383 (2384) – number of delegates required to win the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries (out of 4051)
 * 2393 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2397 – sum of the squares of the first ten primes
 * 2399 – Sophie Germain prime

2400 to 2499

 * 2400 – perfect score on SAT tests administered after 2005
 * 2401 = 492 = 74, centered octagonal number
 * 2415 – triangular number
 * 2417 – super-prime, balanced prime
 * 2425 – decagonal number
 * 2427 – sum of the first 36 primes
 * 2431 – product of three consecutive primes
 * 2437 – cuban prime, largest right-truncatable prime in base 5
 * 2447 – safe prime
 * 2450 – pronic number
 * 2456 – sum of the totient function for the first 89 integers
 * 2458 – centered heptagonal number
 * 2459 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime
 * 2465 – magic constant of n × n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 17, Carmichael number
 * 2470 – square pyramidal number
 * 2471 – number of ways to partition {1,2,3,4,5,6} and then partition each cell (block) into subcells
 * 2477 – super-prime, cousin prime
 * 2480 – sum of the totient function for the first 90 integers
 * 2481 – centered pentagonal number
 * 2484 – nonagonal number
 * 2485 – triangular number, number of planar partitions of 13
 * 2491 = 47 * 53, consecutive prime numbers, member of Ruth–Aaron pair with 2492 under second definition
 * 2492 – member of Ruth–Aaron pair with 2491 under second definition

2500 to 2599

 * 2500 = 502, palindromic in base 7 (102017)
 * 2501 – Mertens function zero
 * 2502 – Mertens function zero
 * 2503 – Friedman prime
 * 2510 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 * 2513 – member of the Padovan sequence
 * 2517 – Mertens function zero
 * 2519 – the smallest number congruent to 1 (mod 2), 2 (mod 3), 3 (mod 4), ..., 9 (mod 10)
 * 2520 – superior highly composite number; smallest number divisible by numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12; colossally abundant number; Harshad number in several bases. It is also the highest number with more divisors than any number less than double itself . Not only it is the 7th (and last) number with more divisors than any number double itself but is also the 7th number that is highly composite and the lowest common multiple of a consecutive set of integers from 1 which is a property the previous number with this pattern of divisors does not have (360). That is, although 360 and 2520 both have more divisors than any number twice themselves, 2520 is the lowest number divisible by both 1 to 9 and 1 to 10, whereas 360 is not the lowest number divisible by 1 to 6 (which 60 is) and is not divisible by 1 to 7 (which 420 is). It is also the 6th and largest highly composite number that is a divisor of every higher highly composite number.
 * 2521 – star prime, centered square number
 * 2522 – Mertens function zero
 * 2523 – Mertens function zero
 * 2524 – Mertens function zero
 * 2525 – Mertens function zero
 * 2530 – Mertens function zero, Leyland number
 * 2533 – Mertens function zero
 * 2537 – Mertens function zero
 * 2538 – Mertens function zero
 * 2543 – Sophie Germain prime, sexy prime with 2549
 * 2549 – Sophie Germain prime, super-prime, sexy prime with 2543
 * 2550 – pronic number
 * 2552 – sum of the totient function for the first 91 integers
 * 2556 – triangular number
 * 2567 – Mertens function zero
 * 2568 – Mertens function zero, number of digits in the decimal expansion of 1000!, or the product of all natural numbers from 1 to 1000
 * 2570 – Mertens function zero
 * 2579 – safe prime
 * 2580 – Keith number, forms a column on a telephone or PIN pad
 * 2584 – Fibonacci number, sum of the first 37 primes
 * 2592 – 3-smooth number (25×34)
 * 2596 – sum of the totient function for the first 92 integers

2600 to 2699

 * 2600 – tetrahedral number, member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2601 (first definition)
 * 2600 Hz is the tone used by a blue box to defeat toll charges on long distance telephone calls
 * 2600: The Hacker Quarterly is a magazine named after the above
 * The Atari 2600 was a popular video game console
 * 2601 = 512, member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2600 (first definition)
 * 2609 – super-prime
 * 2620 – telephone number, amicable number with 2924
 * 2625 = a centered octahedral number
 * 2626 – decagonal number
 * 2628 – triangular number
 * 2632 – number of consecutive baseball games played by Cal Ripken Jr.
 * 2633 – sum of twenty-five consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167)
 * 2641 – centered pentagonal number
 * 2647 – super-prime, centered heptagonal number
 * 2652 – pronic number
 * 2656 – sum of the totient function for the first 93 integers
 * 2665 – centered square number
 * 2674 – nonagonal number
 * 2677 – balanced prime
 * 2680 – number of 11-queens problem solutions
 * 2683 – super-prime
 * 2689 – Mertens function zero, Proth prime
 * 2693 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2699 – Sophie Germain prime

2700 to 2799

 * 2701 – triangular number, super-Poulet number
 * 2702 – sum of the totient function for the first 94 integers
 * 2704 = 522
 * 2707 – strong prime, model number for the concept supersonic airliner Boeing 2707
 * 2719 – super-prime, largest known odd number which cannot be expressed in the form x2 + y2 + 10z2 where x, y and z are integers. In 1997 it was conjectured that this is also the largest such odd number. It is now known this is true if the generalized Riemann hypothesis is true.
 * 2728 – Kaprekar number
 * 2729 – highly cototient number
 * 2731 – the only Wagstaff prime with four digits, Jacobsthal prime
 * 2736 – octahedral number
 * 2741 – Sophie Germain prime, 400th prime number
 * 2744 = 143, palindromic in base 13 (133113)
 * 2747 – sum of the first 38 primes
 * 2749 – super-prime, cousin prime with 2753
 * 2753 – Sophie Germain prime, Proth prime
 * 2756 – pronic number
 * 2774 – sum of the totient function for the first 95 integers
 * 2775 – triangular number
 * 2780 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 * 2783 – member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2784 (first definition)
 * 2784 – member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 2783 (first definition)
 * 2791 – cuban prime

2800 to 2899

 * 2801 – first base 7 repunit prime
 * 2803 – super-prime
 * 2806 – centered pentagonal number, sum of the totient function for the first 96 integers
 * 2809 = 532, centered octagonal number
 * 2813 – centered square number
 * 2816 – number of parts in all compositions of 10
 * 2819 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime, sum of seven consecutive primes (383 + 389 + 397 + 401 + 409 + 419 + 421)
 * 2821 – Carmichael number
 * 2835 – odd abundant number, decagonal number
 * 2843 – centered heptagonal prime
 * 2850 – triangular number
 * 2862 – pronic number
 * 2870 – square pyramidal number
 * 2871 – nonagonal number
 * 2872 – tetranacci number
 * 2875 — number of lines on a quintic threefold
 * 2879 – safe prime
 * 2897 – super-prime, Markov prime

2900 to 2999

 * 2902 – sum of the totient function for the first 97 integers
 * 2903 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime, balanced prime
 * 2909 – super-prime
 * 2914 – sum of the first 39 primes
 * 2915 – Lucas–Carmichael number
 * 2916 = 542
 * 2924 – amicable number with 2620
 * 2925 – magic constant of n × n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 18, tetrahedral number, member of the Mian-Chowla sequence
 * 2926 – triangular number
 * 2939 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2944 – sum of the totient function for the first 98 integers
 * 2963 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime, balanced prime
 * 2964 – number of parallelogram polyominoes with 11 cells
 * 2965 – greater of second pair of Smith brothers, centered square number
 * 2969 – Sophie Germain prime
 * 2970 – harmonic divisor number, pronic number
 * 2976 – centered pentagonal number
 * 2988 – number of reduced trees with 20 nodes
 * 2989 – in hexadecimal, reads as "BAD"
 * 2997 – 1000-gonal number
 * 2999 – safe prime

Prime numbers
There are 127 prime numbers between 2000 and 3000:
 * 2003, 2011, 2017, 2027, 2029, 2039, 2053, 2063, 2069, 2081, 2083, 2087, 2089, 2099, 2111, 2113, 2129, 2131, 2137, 2141, 2143, 2153, 2161, 2179, 2203, 2207, 2213, 2221, 2237, 2239, 2243, 2251, 2267, 2269, 2273, 2281, 2287, 2293, 2297, 2309, 2311, 2333, 2339, 2341, 2347, 2351, 2357, 2371, 2377, 2381, 2383, 2389, 2393, 2399, 2411, 2417, 2423, 2437, 2441, 2447, 2459, 2467, 2473, 2477, 2503, 2521, 2531, 2539, 2543, 2549, 2551, 2557, 2579, 2591, 2593, 2609, 2617, 2621, 2633, 2647, 2657, 2659, 2663, 2671, 2677, 2683, 2687, 2689, 2693, 2699, 2707, 2711, 2713, 2719, 2729, 2731, 2741, 2749, 2753, 2767, 2777, 2789, 2791, 2797, 2801, 2803, 2819, 2833, 2837, 2843, 2851, 2857, 2861, 2879, 2887, 2897, 2903, 2909, 2917, 2927, 2939, 2953, 2957, 2963, 2969, 2971, 2999

title: 2000 (number)