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Toyotsu, Fukuoka

Toyotsu (豊津町) was a town located in Miyako District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2006, the town had an estimated population of 8,566 and a density of 442.92 persons per km2. The total area was 19.34 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Toyotsu, along with the towns of Katsuyama and Saigawa (all from Miyako District), was merged to create the town of Miyako.

title: Toyotsu, Fukuoka


text:
Miyako District, Fukuoka

Miyako (京都郡) is a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 58,747 and a density of 297.09 persons per km2. The total area is 197.74 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kanda
 * Miyako

Mergers

 * On March 20, 2006 the towns of Katsuyama, Saigawa and Toyotsu all merged to form the new town of Miyako.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miyako District, Fukuoka


text:
Takao Doi

Takao Doi (土井 隆雄) is a Japanese astronaut, engineer and veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions.

Doi holds a doctorate from the University of Tokyo in aerospace engineering, and has studied and published in the fields of propulsion systems and microgravity technology. He researched at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and was selected by NASDA as an astronaut candidate in 1985 for the Japanese crewed space program while also conducting research in the United States at NASA's Lewis Research Center and the University of Colorado at Boulder. Doi flew as a mission specialist aboard STS-87 in 1997, during which he became the first Japanese astronaut to conduct a spacewalk.

He received a Ph.D. in 1983 from the University of Tokyo, and also a PhD in Astronomy from Rice University in 2004.

Takao Doi visited the International Space Station in March 2008 as a member of the STS-123 crew. STS-123 delivered the first module of the Japanese laboratory, Kibō, and the Canadian Dextre robot to the space station. During this mission, he became the first person to throw a boomerang in space that had been specifically designed for use in microgravity during spaceflight.

In September 2009, Doi retired from astronaut duty and started working as the chief of Space Applications Section of United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.

In April 2016, he became a professor at the Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space of Kyoto University and then at the Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability (GSAIS) in April 2020.

As an avid amateur astronomer, he discovered supernovae SN 2002gw and SN 2007aa.

title: Takao Doi


text:
Shiida, Fukuoka

Shiida (椎田町) was a town located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,944 and a density of 231.03 persons per km2. The total area was 51.70 km2.

On January 10, 2006, Shiida, along with the town of Tsuiki (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Chikujō.

title: Shiida, Fukuoka


text:
Joe Fontana

Joseph Frank Fontana (born January 13, 1950) is an Italian-born  Canadian politician. He was a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1987 to 2006, and mayor of London, Ontario from 2010 until his 2014 convictions for fraud and forgery.

Life and career
Fontana was born in Cellara, Cosenza, Italy in 1950, and moved to Canada with his parents at the age of four.

He studied chemical engineering at the University of Waterloo, but left school after becoming the drummer in a rock band. He later moved to London and briefly returned to school at the University of Western Ontario, but left to work in real estate and the insurance industry.

He opposed the building of a federal prison in London and soon became involved in local politics. In 1976 he ran for city council, representing Ward 3, but lost; in 1978 he also lost the Liberal nomination for the federal riding of London-Middlesex, but was elected to London City Council later in the year and served there until 1988, sitting on London's Board of Control from 1985 to 1988.

As Member of Parliament
In 1988 he was elected to the House of Commons as a member of the opposition and served as Critic for Urban Affairs and Housing. He also formed the band "True Grit" with several Liberals including Roger Gallaway and future prime minister Jean Chrétien (who played trombone). He became the Ontario chair of the Liberal caucus and was involved in the Task Force on Via Rail and the Task Force on the Economy and Recession. In 1990 he supported Paul Martin's attempt to become leader of the Liberal Party.

He was re-elected in 1993 and became parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport, playing a key role in, among other things, the introduction of the National Airports Policy. From 1996 to 1999 he served a record three times as chair of the national Liberal caucus and in 1999 became chair of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration and the chair of the Southwestern Ontario Liberal caucus.

He served as Minister of Labour in Paul Martin's minority government until February 6, 2006, when Stephen Harper was sworn in as Prime Minister.

He was re-elected in 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006. Appointed as the critic for Science and Research within the Liberal shadow cabinet, Mr. Fontana was strongly speculated to be considering a run for leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, though he ultimately did not seek the post, supporting Gerard Kennedy instead.

Election as mayor
On September 8, 2006, Fontana announced that he would run for mayor in London against mayor Anne Marie DeCicco-Best. On September 20, 2006, Fontana formally resigned his seat in the House of Commons in order to run for mayor. He was unsuccessful, losing badly to Mayor DeCicco-Best.

He subsequently announced he would run in the 2010 London mayoral election, again against DeCicco-Best. Fontana won the mayoralty in that election.

As a member of the Privy Council of Canada, Fontana automatically received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012.

Criminal convictions
In October 2012, calls for Fontana's resignation as mayor were made amid allegations of misuse of government funds used to pay for his son's wedding. Some city councillors urged Fontana to step aside during the investigation.

On November 21, 2012, the London detachment of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police issued a press release announcing that Fontana had been charged with breach of trust by a public officer; fraud under $5,000; and uttering forged documents.

On November 22, 2012, Fontana offered to resign from the London Police Services Board and his resignation was formally accepted. Under municipal law governing Ontario, Police Services cannot allow an individual who is under investigation for a criminal offences to take part in any police function. At the next meeting of council's Finance and Administrative Services Committee, its councillors asked that Fontanta step aside, voting by a 3–1 vote margin that he resign his council seat and duties as mayor, however the committee decision was not binding under the Municipal Act. A council motion asking Fontana to leave office pending resolution of his criminal charges lost by a vote, 8–5.

Fontana was found guilty of the charges by the Ontario Superior Court on June 13, 2014, and sentenced to serve 4 months under house arrest and 18 months on probation.

On June 16, 2014, Fontana announced he would be stepping down as mayor of London. He formally resigned on June 19, and was temporarily succeeded by Ward 3 city councillor Joe Swan as acting mayor until a council vote the following week selected Joni Baechler as his formal successor until the 2014 municipal election.

Electoral record
London mayoral election, 2010

London mayoral election, 2006

^ Conservative change is from combined Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative totals.

^ Canadian Alliance change is from Reform

title: Joe Fontana


text:
Yoshitomi, Fukuoka

Yoshitomi (吉富町) is a town located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,617 in 3075 households, and a population density of 1200 persons per km². The total area of the town is 5.72 km2.

Geography
Yoshitomi is located in the far southeast corner of Fukuoka Prefecture. It borders Nakatsu City in Ōita Prefecture across the first-class river Yamakuni River to the east, Jomo Town to the south, and Buzen City to the west. With an area of 5.68 square kilometers, it is the smallest municipality in Kyushu and the 12th smallest in Japan. It is only about two kilometers east-west and three kilometers north-south, and the urban area is concentrated around Yoshitomi Station and has a relatively high population density.

Neighbouring municipalities
Fukuoka Prefecture Ōita Prefecture
 * Buzen
 * Kōge
 * Nakatsu

Climate
Yoshitomi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yoshitomi is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1623 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yoshitomi is as shown below

History
The area of Yoshitomi was part of ancient Buzen Province. During the Edo period it was under control of Nakatsu Domain. The village of Higashi-Yoshiomi within Kōgei District, Fukuoka was established on May 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. Kōgei District became Chikujō District in 1896. Higashi-Yoshitomi was raised to town status on May 19, 1942, changing its name to Yoshitomi. Efforts to merge with the town of Buzen have failed to secure popular support.

Government
Yoshitomi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Yoshitomi, collectively with Buzen and the other municipalities of Chikujō District contributes one member to the Fukuoka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Fukuoka 11th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Economically, Yoshitomi belongs to the Nakatsu metropolitan area, and according to the 2005 census, approximately 30% of all commuters commute to Nakatsu City. As factories such as Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd. are located here, there is a considerable influx of people from Nakatsu. Commercial fishing also plays a role in the local economy.

Education
Yoshitomi has one public elementary school operated by the town government and one public junior high school operated by a cooperative established between Yoshitomi and Buzen. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
JR Kyushu - Nippō Main Line
 * Yoshitomi

Highways
The town is not on any expressway or National Highway.

title: Yoshitomi, Fukuoka


text:
Tsuiki, Fukuoka

Tsuiki (築城町) was a town located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,448 and a density of 139.68 persons per km2. The total area was 67.64 km2.

On January 10, 2006, Tsuiki, along with the town of Shiida (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Chikujō.

title: Tsuiki, Fukuoka


text:
Shin'yoshitomi, Fukuoka

Shin'yoshitomi (新吉富村) was a village located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,081 and a density of 303.65 persons per km2. The total area was 13.44 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Shin'yoshitomi, along with the village of Taihei (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Kōge.

title: Shin'yoshitomi, Fukuoka


text:
Umberto Guidoni

Umberto Guidoni (born 18 August 1954 in Rome) is an Italian astrophysicist, science writer and a former ESA astronaut, being the first European to visit the International Space Station. He is a veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions. He was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2009, with the Group of the European United Left (GUE/NGL).

Career and spaceflights
Guidoni earned a doctorate in astrophysics from the University of Rome La Sapienza in 1978 and worked in the Italian Space Agency (ASI) as well as in the European Space Agency (ESA). One of his research projects was the Tethered Satellite System, which was part of the payload of the STS-46 mission. Guidoni trained as an alternate payload specialist for that mission and made his first spaceflight aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-75 in 1996, which included the second flight of the TSS system (TSS-1R).

In 2001, Guidoni participated in the Space Shuttle's STS-100 mission, being the first European on board International Space Station (ISS). On that flight, the Space Shuttle Endeavour carried the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module for its maiden flight as well as the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), the Canadian robotic arm used extensively to assemble the ISS.

ESA career
In September 2001, Guidoni was assigned to ESA's European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) as crew support for the payloads to be developed for the Columbus Laboratory. Columbus and its payloads are the European contribution to the scientific research performed on board the International Space Station. He retired from active astronaut status in June 2004.

Member of the European Parliament
In June 2004 Guidoni was elected to the European Parliament, in the Group of the European United Left (GUE/NGL). He was a member of the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), and substitute of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change. He has been rapporteur for the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for Research and Innovation. He also proposed the amendment 16 to protect the freedom of the press from the strict application of the EU directive (IPRED2) on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

Guidoni joined the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) around 2004. He led a tendency within PdCI called 'Unite the Left'. Guidoni left PdCI in 2009.

Present activity

In 2007 was the speaker of the radio program entitled “From the Sputnik to the Shuttle” (the series "At 8 in the evening" by Radio Rai 2), in which he retraced the main steps of the Space Era. In 2009, he presented another cycle of the same series where he narrated the epic history of the Apollo lunar missions. Starting from this program, in 2011, was published the book “From the Earth to the Moon”.

Guidoni is involved in popularizing science and organizes events related to space. He has written articles and books including books for children such as "Martino on Mars", "Astrolibro" and the most recent published in 2019: "Voglio la LUNA" and "Guida per Giovani Astronauti".

Honours
On 15 April 1996, Guidoni was appointed Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President of Italy.

On 11 May 2001, he was promoted to Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy.

For his first orbital flight (STS-75) in 1996, Guidoni also received the NASA Space Flight Medal

A second Space Flight Medal was awarded after his second space flight of 2001 (STS-100).

For his achievements in space, Guidoni received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 2002.

The asteroid 10605 Guidoni discovered by V. Giuliani e F. Manca on 1996.

title: Umberto Guidoni


text:
Taihei, Fukuoka

Taihei (大平村) was a village located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,075 and a density of 83.23 persons per km2. The total area was 48.96 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Taihei, along with the village of Shin'yoshitomi (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Kōge.

title: Taihei, Fukuoka


text:
Mamoru Mohri

Mamoru "Mark" Mohri (毛利 衛), AM is a Japanese scientist, a former NASDA astronaut, and a veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions. He is the first Japanese astronaut who was part of an official Japanese space program. The first Japanese person in space, Toyohiro Akiyama, was a journalist who was trained in the Soviet Union.

Biography
Born in Yoichi, Hokkaidō, Japan, Mohri earned both a BSc and MSc degree in chemistry from Hokkaido University in respectively 1970 and 1972, and a PhD degree in chemistry from Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, in 1976.

Most of Mohri's work has been in the field of materials and vacuum sciences. From 1975 to 1985, Mohri was a member of the nuclear engineering faculty of Hokkaido University, where he worked on nuclear fusion-related projects.

Mohri was selected by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (now JAXA) to train as a payload specialist for a Japanese materials science payload. He flew his first space mission aboard STS-47 in 1992 as chief payload specialist for Spacelab-J. Mohri subsequently made another trip into space as part of mission STS-99 in 2000.

As of 2001, Mohri is the Chief Executive Director Emeritus for the Miraikan, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo.

Honours
On 16 March 2006 Mohri was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), “for service to Australia-Japan education and science relations.”

title: Mamoru Mohri


text:
Southern Methodist University

Southern Methodist University (SMU) is a private research university in University Park, Texas, with a satellite campus in Taos County, New Mexico. SMU was founded on April 17, 1911, by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South—now part of the United Methodist Church—in partnership with Dallas civic leaders. However, it is nonsectarian in its teaching and enrolls students of all religious affiliations. It is classified among "R-2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity".

As of fall 2020, the university had 12,373 students, including 6,827 undergraduates and 5,546 postgraduates, representing the largest student body in SMU history. As of fall 2019, its instructional faculty is 1,151, with 754 being full-time.

In the 2020 academic year, the university granted over 3,827 degrees, including 315 doctorates, 1,659 master's and 1,853 bachelor's degrees and offers over 32 doctoral and over 120 masters programs from eight schools: the Edwin L. Cox School of Business, the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, the Dedman School of Law, the Bobby B. Lyle School of Engineering, the Algur H. Meadows School of the Arts, the Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Perkins School of Theology, and the Annette Caldwell Simmons School of Education and Human Development.

History
The university was chartered on April 17, 1911, by the southern denomination of the Methodist Episcopal Church. At the time of the charter, church leaders saw a need to establish a Methodist institution within a metropolitan area. Originally, this new institution was intended to be created in Fort Worth through a merger between Polytechnic College (now Texas Wesleyan University) and Southwestern University. However, the church's education commission instead opted to create a new institution in Dallas to serve this purpose after extensive lobbying by the Dallas Chamber of Commerce. Robert Stewart Hyer, previously president of Southwestern University, was appointed as the first president of the new university.

The effort to establish a new university in Dallas drew the attention of the General Conference of the Methodist Church, which was seeking to create a new connectional institution in the wake of a 1914 Tennessee Supreme Court decision stripping the church of authority at Vanderbilt University. The church decided to support the establishment of the new institution while also increasing the size of Emory University at a new location in DeKalb County, Georgia. At the 1914 meeting of the General Conference, Southern Methodist University was designated the connectional institution for all conferences west of the Mississippi River.

SMU named its first building Dallas Hall in gratitude for the support of Dallas leaders and local citizens, who had pledged $300,000 to secure the university's location. It remains the university's symbol and centerpiece, and it inspired "the Hilltop" as a nickname for the school. It was designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge after the Rotunda at the University of Virginia. Dallas Hall opened its doors in 1915 and housed the entire university along with a bank and a barbershop. The hall is registered in the National Register of Historic Places.

Classes were planned to officially begin in 1913, but construction delays on the university's first building prevented classes from starting until 1915. In the interim, the only functioning academic department at SMU was the medical college it had acquired from Southwestern University.

As the first president of Southern Methodist University, Hyer selected Harvard crimson and Yale blue as the school colors in order to associate SMU with the high standards of Ivy League universities. Several streets in University Park and adjacent Highland Park were named after prominent universities.

In 1927, Highland Park United Methodist Church, designed by architects Mark Lemmon and Roscoe DeWitt, was erected on campus.

During World War II, SMU was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

In 1987, the university football program's repeated, flagrant recruiting violations led to the NCAA administering what is called the death penalty against the program. The punishment included cancellation of the 1987 football season, most of the 1988 season, and a two-year ban from Bowl Games and televised sports coverage.

On February 22, 2008, the university trustees unanimously instructed President R. Gerald Turner to enter into an agreement to establish the George W. Bush Presidential Center on 23 acres on the southeast side of the campus. The center, which includes a presidential library, museum, institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation, was dedicated on April 25, 2013, in a ceremony which featured all living former U.S. Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and then-incumbent U.S. president, Barack Obama.

The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the independent public policy institute board. The project raised over $500 million for the construction and endowment of the George W. Bush presidential center, which has a 249-year ground lease from SMU, with extensions, and operates completely separate from SMU.

Split from the United Methodist Church
In light of the turmoil within the Methodist Church over what it described as "fundamental differences" over LGBTQ policies, the university decided to separate itself from control of the church.

In November 2019, the SMU board filed with the state of Texas amended articles of incorporation that eliminated the United Methodist Church's rights as listed in the 1996 articles. The amendment made it clear that SMU is solely maintained and controlled by its Board as the ultimate authority for the university and removed an overarching statement that the school would be "owned, maintained and controlled by the South Central Jurisdictional Conference." Within a month, the Church filed a lawsuit alleging that the trustees of SMU have no authority to amend the Articles of Incorporation without the prior approval and authorization of SCJC. In March 2021, Dallas County judge ruled in favor of Southern Methodist University in the lawsuit.

Historical Plano campus
From 1997 to 2020 Southern Methodist University operated a small campus, consisting of 16 acres and 4 buildings, in Plano, Texas, in Legacy Business Park. This campus hosted SMU's video game design school, SMU Guildhall, and other graduate-level programs. After the university sold the Plano campus to a developer in 2019, SMU Guildhall and all other programs housed there moved onto the main Dallas campus in the new Gerald J. Ford Hall for Research and Innovation on December 4, 2020.

Institutional organization

SMU has eight degree-granting schools each headed by a dean, with all undergraduates entering the university in the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences as pre-majors:
 * Cox School of Business
 * Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences
 * Dedman School of Law
 * Lyle School of Engineering
 * Meadows School of the Arts
 * Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies
 * Perkins School of Theology
 * Simmons School of Education and Human Development

Endowment and financial resources

Southern Methodist University's 2019 endowment of $1.664 billion ranked 67th largest among the endowments of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, and it was one of only 110 institutions with an endowment greater than $1 billion as of June 30, 2019.

The university's endowment surpassed $2 billion for the first time in the university's history in 2021, having previously surpassed $1 billion in 2005.

On February 26, 2016, SMU announced that through its "Second Century Centennial Campaign" which concluded on December 31, 2015, had raised $1.15 billion, the largest fundraising campaign of any institution in North Texas's history, the largest total for a private Texas university, and the fourth largest of any university in Texas. The Centennial Campaign, coinciding with the 100-year anniversary of the university's founding in 1911 and opening in 1915 also made SMU one of only 34 private colleges and universities in the United States to complete a campaign of $1 billion or more.

Its previous fundraising campaign, "A Time to Lead", which concluded in April 2002 and raised $542 million was the largest fundraising campaign in the school's history at the time. Under R. Gerald Turner's leadership and through two successive campaigns in under 20 years, SMU has received well over $1.6 billion in commitments in support of institutional priorities.

By 1986 as the university neared the 75th anniversary of its founding, SMU's endowment had grown from $60 million a decade earlier in 1976 to nearly $325 million, at the time the 27th largest in the country. The previous "The Design for the Third Generation" fundraising campaign, which concluded in May 1983 raised nearly $120 million in gifts and pledges.

Main campus

The main campus of Southern Methodist University is mostly located in University Park, a municipality in Dallas County, Texas. The campus extends into the Dallas city limits, and into the city limits of Highland Park. It is located on 234 acres of land just west of US Route 75. Dallas Hall is the centerpiece for this campus and is the administrative center for the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences.

Most of the campus is centered around Bishop Boulevard, an elongated, tree-lined loop road that also serves as the site for "Boulevarding", SMU's version of the tailgating seen on many American college campuses. The campus was ranked as the most beautiful campus in America by Condé Nast Traveler in 2016 and also hosts the George W. Bush Presidential Center, located on the east side of the campus. The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the institute board.

Taos campus
Since 1973, the university has owned a 423-acre campus located at Fort Burgwin, just outside of Taos, New Mexico. This campus hosts classes during intersessions between semesters and during the summer. Along with the normal academic courses offered at the site, students attending classes at this campus during the winter can opt to attend wellness classes centered around winter sports. Other courses offered at this campus are sometimes adjusted to utilize the surrounding environment, such as a course in field botany offered during some summers.

Undergraduate admissions
For the class of 2024 (entering Fall 2020), 14,010 students applied, 7,379 (52.7%) were admitted, and 1,531 enrolled/matriculated (20.7%) – including 758 women and 773 men, and the 1 year retention rate (entering Fall 2019) was 92%. The average SAT was 1,343 while the average ACT was 30.6. The middle 50% SAT range for enrolled students was 630–710 for Evidence-Based Reading & Writing, 620–740 for math, while the ACT Composite range was 29–33.

University Honors Program
First-year undergraduate students admitted to SMU are automatically reviewed for admissions into the highly selective University Honors Program (UHP). Generally, first-year students that rank in the top 10% of their incoming class will receive a formal invitation to join the UHP. Students that do not receive an invitation must have completed at least one full-time semester on campus with a cumulative GPA of 3.5 or higher before formally applying for admissions. The University Honors Program is a liberal arts honors experience that serves to supplement the basic SMU University Curriculum. Students are required to take honors courses throughout their time at SMU, and the program culminates with a final senior project or experience. Each student's experience can be unique, and students are encouraged to pursue projects in their area of study or about their passions.

Reputation and rankings
In the 2023 edition, U.S. News & World Report SMU is tied for 89th in the rankings of national universities, with its highest ranking by the U.S. News & World Report being 56th in 2017, and 2011.

In spring 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked the Cox School's Executive M.B.A. program 27th in the nation.

U.S. News & World Report ranked the Dedman School of Law tied for 56th in the U.S. for 2021. and it ranks 23rd among the top 50 law schools with the highest average salaries of first-year graduates, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Education in April 2020 based on 2016 salaries.

In 2020, Condé Nast Traveler ranked SMU 6th among "The 50 Most Beautiful College Campuses in America".

In 2020 The Princeton Review in its 11th edition ranked SMU Guildhall as the No. 4 "Graduate Program for Game Design" in the world. Since the rankings debuted in 2010, the SMU Guildhall has ranked in the top 10, earning N0. 7 in 2013, No. 3 in 2014 and 2015, No. 2 in 2016 and 2019, and the No. 1 spot in 2017, and 2018 for two years in a row in a survey of over 150 institutions. The Princeton Review also ranked SMU as one of the "Best Western Colleges" and as eighth in "Lots of Greek Life."

In the 2019 edition, SMU was ranked 91st in by Forbes.

In 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the Cox School B.B.A. program No. 21 in the nation — the second consecutive ranking at No. 21 in that publication, and No. 5 in the nation for post-graduation B.B.A. salaries. The 2016 Bloomberg Businessweek undergraduate rankings survey, which the publication announced it will no longer conduct after this year, ranked 114 U.S. schools based heavily on career outcomes. Bloomberg Businessweek also ranked the SMU Cox Professional MBA program No. 7 in the nation; the SMU Cox Full-Time MBA program No. 31 in the nation; and ranked the SMU Cox Executive MBA program no. 3 in the world in 2013, the last year the publication ranked EMBA programs.

In 2015, Forbes named Southern Methodist University 14th among America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities.

In 2014, USA Today ranked SMU as the number 1 music college in the United States.

Research centers, institutes and related facilities
Among the university's research centers, institutes and related facilities are:
 * AT&T Center for Virtualization: housed within the SMU Lyle School of Engineering.
 * Bridwell Institute for Economic Freedom
 * Cary M. Maguire Center for Ethics and Public Responsibility
 * The Brierley Institute for Customer Engagement: at SMU Cox
 * Darwin Deason Institute for Cyber Security: housed within the SMU Lyle School of Engineering.
 * Southwestern Graduate School of Banking: based within the SMU Cox School of Business.
 * Temerlin Advertising Institute: based within the SMU Meadows School of the Arts.
 * John Goodwin Tower Center for Public Policy and International Affairs: Named after John Tower (MA 1953), United States Senator for Texas from 1961 to 1985.
 * SMU Guildhall: The university also awards the Master of Interactive Technology (MIT) in Digital Game Development, as well as the Professional Certificate in Digital Game Development, with specializations in Art, Design, Production, and Programming – the only graduate program in the country to offer all four pillars of game development and has been ranked as the #1 Graduate Program for Game Design in the world by the Princeton Review for two years in a row.'''
 * SMU DataArts: National Center for Arts Research
 * William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies
 * O’Donnell Data Science and Research Computing Institute

Libraries

 * Business Information Center (BIC) – Business school library. Some resources are available to the public.
 * Bridwell Library – Named for the philanthropist Joseph Sterling Bridwell of Wichita Falls, the Bridwell Library (established 1950) is one of the leading theological research collections in the United States.
 * Central University Libraries – Central University Libraries is the largest of the SMU library administrative units, with holdings of more than 2.1 million volumes. It comprises the Fondren Library Center, the Jake and Nancy Hamon Arts Library, the DeGolyer Library of Special Collections, the SMU Archives, the ISEM Reading Room (Institute for the Study of Earth and Man), the Norwick Center for Digital Services, and the Fred Wendorf Information Center at SMU-in-Taos, New Mexico.
 * CUL Digital Collections – Central University Libraries Digital Collections provide anyone around the world the ability to access a variety of text, videos and images. These collections are part of CUL's ongoing effort to digitize and make available SMU's unique special collections on the Web.
 * DeGolyer Library – The DeGolyer Library is the principal repository at SMU for special collections in the humanities, the history of business, and the history of science and technology. Dedicated to enhancing scholarship and teaching at SMU, the DeGolyer Library is charged with maintaining and building its various collections "for study, research, and pleasure." Established in 1957 by gifts from geophysicist Everette Lee DeGolyer, DeGolyer Library houses one of the strongest collections in the United States on the Trans-Mississippi West, Texas, the Spanish borderlands, transportation with an emphasis on railroads, and business history.
 * Fondren Library Center – The largest collection of resources on campus, Fondren Library houses materials in the humanities, social sciences and business, as well as government information resources. Fondren Library also houses the Science and Engineering Library which includes collections in biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences, mathematics, statistics, computer science, and civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. The library has particularly strong collections in the earth sciences, electronics, general science and technology. The Norwick Center for Digital Collections is also housed in Fondren. Fondren Library is open 24 hours, and is a common study place for students. Students have been known to call Fondren Library Center "Club Fondy" due to the social nature of the library. Fondren Library is also home to a Starbucks Cafe that serves faculty, staff, and students.
 * Edwin J Foscue Map Library – Located in Fondren Library Center, this is one of the largest map collections in the Southwest.
 * Fort Burgwin Library – The Fort Burgwin Library, located on the SMU-in-Taos campus in New Mexico, contains approximately 9,768 books and small collections of journals and maps.
 * Hamon Arts Library – Hamon Arts Library supports the undergraduate and graduate programs of the Meadows School of the Arts in the disciplines of art, arts administration, cinema, dance, music, and theater. The Library's circulating and reference collections contain more than 180,000 items relating to the visual and performing arts. In addition, the Library has some 300 subscriptions to arts periodicals and provides access to more than 40 online resources that are specific to the arts.
 * Norwick Center for Digital Services – The Center includes a student multimedia center and screening room and supports a full range of digital services, production services and collaborative technology support, including the CUL Digital Collections.
 * Underwood Law Library – The Underwood Law Library's more than 640,000 volumes support the instruction and research of the Dedman School of Law and the general SMU community. The Library's collection is particularly strong in the areas of international law, commercial law, securities, taxation, jurisprudence, oil and gas, and air and space law.

Publications
Field & Laboratory was a scientific journal published semiannually, then quarterly, sponsored by the science departments of the university. It was established November 1, 1932, and had a total of 27 volumes. With volume 17 in 1949, quarterly publication commenced. The final issue was published in October 1959. Articles are available in PDF format at SMU Scholar, a partnership between SMU Libraries, the Office of Research and Graduate Studies, and the Office of Information Technology.

Museums

 * George W. Bush Presidential Center – Located on 23 acres on the east side of the SMU main campus, the center includes a presidential library, museum, institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the independent public policy institute board. The center serves as a resource for the study of the George W. Bush presidency and includes a full-size replica of the White House Oval Office, as it was during his presidency, together with over 43,000 artifacts, almost 70 million pages of textual materials, over 3.8 million photographs, 80 terabytes of electronic records, and overt 200 million email messages.
 * Meadows Museum – The Meadows Museum's collection was assembled by its founder, Algur H. Meadows. It houses several collections including a collection of Spanish art from the tenth to the 21st centuries. The museum holds different exhibits for periods of time every year. In 2018 it held the exhibition "Dali: Poetics of the Small, 1929–1936", followed by Mariano Fortuny y Masal's artwork in the "Fortuny: Friends and Followers" exhibit. This exhibit will run from February 19 to June 6. It also includes a sculpture collection including works by David Smith, Henry Moore and Claes Oldenburg, as well as by contemporary sculptors such as James Surls. Important figural sculptures by Rodin, Maillol, and Giacometti are also housed within the museum. It is also responsible for the university's art collection, including work by several important regional artists.
 * Pollock Gallery – The Pollock Gallery provides an ever-changing display of works by the faculty and students of the Meadows School of the Arts, as well as by outside artists. It is located in the Hughes–Trigg Student Center.

Student demographics

 * As of the Fall 2020 semester, the university's 12,373 students are 6,827 undergraduates and 5,546 postgraduates from all 50 states and 83 countries. The leading 10 states of origin of U.S. residents in descending order of the total undergraduate population are Texas (2,932), California (858), Florida (264), Illinois (194), Georgia (155), New York (155), Connecticut (149), Missouri (131), Tennessee (114), Arizona (98), Colorado (91), Louisiana (91), New Jersey (91), and Arkansas (84).
 * As of the Fall 2020 semester, the university's international student population of 1,117 (9%) comes from 83 countries and includes 392 undergraduate and 725 graduate students. The leading 10 countries of origin in descending order for undergraduates are China (204), Mexico (26), Canada (12), Vietnam (10), Korea (9), United Kingdom (8), Brazil (8), Australia (6), India (6), Panama (5), Spain (5), Côte d'Ivoire (4), France (4), Germany (4), Honduras (4), Taiwan (4), United Arab Emirates (4), Venezuela (4), El Salvador (3), Nigeria (3), Peru (3), and Saudi Arabia (3). In descending order for Graduate students, the countries are China (288), India (115), Saudi Arabia (49), Mexico (39), Iran (25), Korea (19), Taiwan (18), Canada (14), Italy (9) and South Africa (8)
 * As of the Fall 2020 semester, 31.4% of the student body are members of a minority group, while females constitute 49% of the undergraduate and 48% of the graduate student populations, respectively.
 * As of the Fall 2020 semester, SMU's female to male ratio is approximately 1:1 and its student-faculty ratio is 11:1. The average age of undergraduate students is 20, while that of graduate and professional students is 30, and the total average student age is 25.
 * Among students reporting a religious affiliation, 25% are Catholic, 13% are Methodist, 38% are from other Protestant denominations, and 15% are from other religions including Judaism and Hinduism.

Undergraduate housing

Since the autumn of 2014, Southern Methodist University's undergraduate housing system has operated on a residential commons model rooted in similar systems at Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England. Undergraduate students are required to live on campus for their first two years, and they must live their first year in one of the eleven residential commons that they are randomly sorted into after enrollment. Each commons houses a faculty-in-residence and a residential community director that organize events and interact with the residents. The eleven residential commons are Armstrong, Boaz, Cockrell-McIntosh, Crum, Kathy Crow, Loyd, Mary Hay-Peyton-Shuttles, McElvaney, Morrison-McGinnis, Virginia-Snider, and Ware. Built in 1926, Virginia-Snider Commons is the oldest of the current residence halls. It served as a women's dormitory in the university's early years, and it later served as the common residence hall for students in the University Honors Program before the implementation of the residential commons model. The youngest commons are those that opened in 2014: Armstrong, Kathy Crow, Ware, Loyd, and Crum.

Student organizations
Southern Methodist University is home to almost three hundred student organizations, including academic, professional, fraternal, sporting, ethnic themed, religious, service, and political diversity groups. Notable examples include the Feminist Equality Movement (FEM), the service organization Mustang Heroes, one of the largest organizations on campus, and the Embrey Human Rights Program. Student organizations such as Student Foundation and Program Council frequently sponsor all-student events on various weekdays and weekends as well as boulevard tents. Student Foundation helps put on popular events such as Family Weekend, the Tate lectures, Celebration of Lights, Homecoming, and Perunapalooza.

Religious life
The Office of the Chaplain and Religious Life house religious organizations on campus. There are multiple Christian organizations, Hillel, and a Muslim Students Association. The South Asian Student Association hosts a Diwali celebration yearly. There is a Catholic Center on campus.

Student media
The Daily Campus was the independent student newspaper between 1915 and 2018. The frequency of the publication changed throughout the years and with the change in semesters. Publishing less frequently over the summer, for example. The board of directors of The Student Media Company, the independent nonprofit that at one time oversaw all student media, including KSMU and Rotunda, voted to dissolve due to a lack of funds in April 2018. Although still publishing in digital format, the newspaper lost its independent status in May 2018.

Other student media include:
 * The Rotunda, the official SMU yearbook
 * SMU-TV, a student-run television station serving the Park Cities community
 * The Daily Update, a weekday morning newscast that airs on SMU-TV and smudailymustang.com
 * Hilltopics, a publication sponsored by the University Honors Program that publishes periodically
 * The Muddler, a satirical newspaper
 * SMU LOOK, a student-run fashion magazine, website, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube channel
 * SMU Style, a student-run fashion and lifestyle blog

As of May 2018, The Daily Campus was placed under the control of the school's journalism department.

KSMU, a student-radio station, operated from 1964 to 1989. It broadcast as a carrier-current and FM station; in the 1980s, it was restricted to broadcasting within the student center and via local cable. The call letters were changed to KPNI, which operated from 1995 to 2011. In the latter days, it was a digital streaming station and moved from management under the auspices of the Student Media Co. to the department of journalism. The university radio station was shuttered in 2011 due to a lack of funding.

Greek life
Southern Methodist University has approximately 43% of its undergraduate student body affiliated with its Greek system.

Starting in 2010, the NPC sororities began updating and rebuilding their older sorority houses. The multi-million dollar projects was received critically by some, praised by others. The first house rebuilt was Pi Beta Phi, followed by Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta, Alpha Chi Omega.

SMU has a zero tolerance stance against hazing and has suspended organizations for violations. Alpha Phi Alpha was suspended in 2004 due to hazing rituals during which a student went into a coma; four members of the fraternity were expelled from SMU as a result. In 2018, Phi Gamma Delta was ordered to cease all organizational activity pending a university investigation into hazing. Pi Kappa Alpha received a similar notice that year. On March 26, 2018, Pi Kappa Alpha was officially suspended by the university until the fall of 2022. This was the second suspension of a Greek Life organization in the 2017–2018 academic year after Kappa Alpha Order was suspended in October 2017.

Kappa Alpha Theta was suspended in 2022 and entered a mutual agreement with SMU through May 2025, after allegations of hazing new members. New members were pressured to consume large amounts of alcohol on February 10, 2022, and were exposed to other activities that endangered their safety and mental health. After Kappa Alpha Theta's suspension, members established the 501(c)(3) nonprofit, The Society. The Society recruits new members, has a house (off-campus), and participates in mixers with fraternities, just as Kappa Alpha Theta did. SMU added a provision to its Student Code of Conduct, warning of disciplinary action towards students who affiliate with unrecognized student organizations, such as The Society.

Athletics
Southern Methodist University's athletic teams are known as the Mustangs and participate in the NCAA's Division I, with the football team competing as a member of Division I FBS. The football team plays at Gerald J. Ford Stadium on the SMU campus. The Mustangs compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) as of the 2024-25 season. Prior to that, the Mustangs played in the American Athletic Conference (previously named the Big East Conference), the now-defunct Southwest Conference, and the Western Athletic Conference.

SMU's closest rival in athletics is Texas Christian University (TCU) in Fort Worth, Texas. In football, SMU and TCU compete annually (with the exception of 2006) for the Iron Skillet. In 2005, a nationally unranked SMU beat then 24th-ranked TCU for SMU's first win against a ranked team in 19 years (since October 1986). SMU also competes annually with Rice University in football for the Mayor's Cup, a traveling trophy that has been created to enhance the Rice-SMU rivalry, which dates back to 1916. SMU has won seven more games (48-41-1) than Rice in their rivalry.

From 1980 to 1985, SMU had one of the strongest programs in Division I-A (now FBS). They posted a record of 55–14–1, and finished these seasons ranked No. 21, No. 7, No. 2, No. 19, and No. 8 in the nation. These "winningest" years concluded with the Death Penalty on February 25, 1987, due to repeated violations conducted by boosters. The NCAA administered the "death penalty" for repeated, flagrant recruiting violations. Components included cancellation of the entire 1987 season, a two-year ban from bowl appearances, a two-year ban from television appearances, a limit of seven games, all on road, in the 1988 season, a loss of three assistant coaching positions for two years and a loss of 55 new scholarships over four years. Players were allowed to transfer without sitting out one season, per standard requirement. SMU responded to the combination of these conditions by canceling the 1988 season outright.

The Doak Walker Award is an annual collegiate award given to the nation's "most outstanding college running back" for his accomplishments on the field, achievement in the classroom and citizenship in the community. It was established in 1989 and is named after SMU Heisman Trophy winner Doak Walker.

June Jones was named the head football coach at SMU in 2008. He brought a record of 76–41, all at the University of Hawaii, where he won more games than any other coach in school history. Jones stepped down in 2014 as Head Coach after a 0–2 start to the 2014 season, in which the team was outscored 88–6. He was succeeded by former Clemson assistant Chad Morris. Chad Morris led SMU to the Frisco Bowl in 2017 in his third season before departing for the University Of Arkansas. Current head coaches of the men's football and basketball programs are Rhett Lashlee and Tim Jankovich, having started in 2021 and 2016 respectively.

The SMU football program has produced many professional football standouts, such as Don Meredith, Doak Walker, Kyle Rote, Eric Dickerson, Jerry Ball, and Craig James. As of May 2021, nineteen Mustangs were active in the National Football League, including wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders (Buffalo Bills), wide receiver Cole Beasley (Buffalo Bills), tackle Kelvin Beachum (Pittsburgh Steelers), wide receiver Courtland Sutton (Denver Broncos), and wide receiver Trey Quinn (Washington Football Team).

Marching Band
SMU's marching band plays at football and basketball games, performing big band and jazz music. The approximately 80-member ensemble is nicknamed "The Best Dressed Band in the Land" due to its variety of uniform combinations. In 2001, the band performed at the first inauguration of George W. Bush.

title: Southern Methodist University


text:
Hans Schlegel

Hans Wilhelm Schlegel (Überlingen, 3 August 1951) is a German physicist, a former ESA astronaut, and a veteran of two NASA Space Shuttle missions.

Early life and education
Schlegel, born and raised in Germany, graduated as an international exchange student from Lewis Central High School in Council Bluffs, Iowa and Hansa Gymnasium in Cologne before studying physics at RWTH Aachen University in his home country. After having received his university degree, he conducted research in semiconductor physics before being trained as an astronaut in the late 1980s by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). He flew as a DLR payload specialist in 1993 aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-55, which included the German-sponsored Spacelab D-2 research module.

ESA career
From 1995 to 1997, he trained as the backup crew member for the German-Russian Mir'97 mission, and afterwards received additional training in Russia to become qualified as a second board engineer for the Mir space station. In 1998, he became a member of the European Astronaut Corps.

Schlegel was a mission specialist on the STS-122 Space Shuttle mission. The mission was charged with carrying the Columbus laboratory into orbit and connecting it to the International Space Station.

Hans was to perform a spacewalk on the first EVA (EVA1) of STS-122, on Sunday, 10 February 2008, in preparation for attaching the Columbus laboratory to the ISS. The EVA was postponed until Monday 11 February 2008 due to an undisclosed medical issue allegedly affecting Schlegel. Stanley G. Love performed the spacewalk instead of Schlegel. However, Schlegel did perform the second EVA on Wednesday 13 February 2008. During the spacewalk, he completed the replacement of the Nitrogen Tank Assembly on the P1 truss of the International Space Station, and installed trunnion covers on the Columbus module.

title: Hans Schlegel


text:
Chikujō District, Fukuoka

Chikujō (築上郡) is a district located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 36,695 and a density of 195.79 persons per square kilometer. The total area is 187.42 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Chikujō
 * Kōge
 * Yoshitomi

Timeline

 * 1896 Formed by the merger of both Tsuiki and Kōge Districts.
 * On October 11, 2005 the villages of Shin'yoshitomi and Taihei merged to form the new town of Kōge.

 * On January 10, 2006 the towns of Shiida and Tsuiki merged to form the new town of Chikujō.

title: Chikujō District, Fukuoka


text:
Koichi Wakata

Koichi Wakata (若田 光一) is a Japanese engineer and an astronaut working for Axiom Space. He retired from JAXA in 2024. Wakata is a veteran of four NASA Space Shuttle missions, a Russian Soyuz mission, and a long-duration stay on the International Space Station. During a nearly two-decade career in spaceflight, he has logged more than five hundred days in space. During Expedition 39, he became the first Japanese commander of the International Space Station. Wakata flew on the Soyuz TMA-11M/Expedition 38/Expedition 39 long duration spaceflight from 7 November 2013 to 13 May 2014. During this spaceflight he was accompanied by Kirobo, the first humanoid robot astronaut. As of 2023, he is the longest active astronaut in the world.

Career
Wakata was born in Ōmiya, Saitama, Japan, earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering in 1987, a Master of Science degree in Applied Mechanics in 1989, and a Doctorate in Aerospace Engineering in 2004 from Kyushu University. He worked as a structural engineer for Japan Airlines.

JAXA career
Wakata was selected by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (now JAXA) as an astronaut candidate in 1992, and trained at NASA's Johnson Space Center. Wakata has held a number of assignments, and during STS-85, Wakata acted as NASDA Assistant Payload Operations Director for the Manipulator Flight Demonstration, a robotic arm experiment for the Japanese Experiment Module of the International Space Station (ISS). In December 2000, he became a NASA robotics instructor astronaut. In July 2006, he served as commander of the 10th NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) mission, a seven-day undersea expedition at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Aquarius laboratory located off the coast of Florida. In August 2006, he started flight engineer training for Russian Soyuz spacecraft in preparation for a long-duration stay on the ISS.

Spaceflight experience
Wakata first flew aboard STS-72 in 1996, and then returned to space on STS-92 in 2000. Wakata launched to the International Space Station (ISS) for a long-duration mission as part of Expeditions 18, 19, and 20 on STS-119 on March 15, 2009 and returned to the earth aboard Endeavour with the STS-127 crew four and a half months later on July 31, 2009. On November 7, 2013 Wataka returned to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-11M for a six-month mission covering Expeditions 38 and 39. He became the ISS commander for the last two months of that mission on Expedition 39.

STS-72
On STS-72, Wakata became the first Japanese mission specialist. STS-72 retrieved the Space Flyer Unit (launched from Japan ten months earlier), deployed and retrieved the OAST-Flyer, and evaluated techniques to be used in the assembly of the International Space Station.

During STS-72, Wakata and fellow astronaut Dan Barry became the first people to play the game Go in space. Wakata and Barry used a special Go set, which was named Go Space, designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow.

STS-92
Wakata became the first Japanese astronaut to work on the assembly of the International Space Station during STS-92. The crew attached the Z1 truss and Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA3) to the station using Discovery’s robotic arm. STS-92 prepared the station for its first resident crew.

Expedition 18/19/20
In February 2007, Wakata was assigned as a flight engineer to ISS Expedition 18, scheduled to begin in winter of 2008. He launched with the crew of STS-119 and was the first resident station crew member from the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). He served as flight engineer 2 on Expedition 18, Expedition 19 and Expedition 20, before returning home as a mission specialist on STS-127.

Wakata was the first Japanese astronaut to take part in a long-duration mission on the station.

Wakata is the first person to serve on five different crews without returning to Earth: STS-119, Expedition 18, Expedition 19, Expedition 20 and STS-127.

During his time on the station, he took part in experiments suggested by the public, including flying a "magic carpet", folding laundry and doing pushups.

As an experiment on the station, he wore the same special underpants for a month without washing them. Wakata returned to Earth in July 2009 aboard Endeavour with the STS-127 crew after being a flight engineer on the station. American and Canadian astronauts aboard STS-127 delivered and installed the final two components of the Japanese Experiment Module: the Exposed Facility (JEM-EF), and the Exposed Section (JEM-ES).

Expedition 38/39
Wakata launched on Soyuz TMA-11M to the International Space Station in November 2013. During Expedition 38 and Expedition 39, Kirobo—who had the mission to serve as a companion robot to the astronaut —worked closely with Wakata, conducting experiments in space through verbal orders from the astronaut. One of the experiments was the first-ever human-robot conversation in space. Wakata arrived on the International Space Station as part of Expedition 38 in late 2013. He became the commander of the International Space Station with Expedition 39, in March 2014. This marked the first time a Japanese astronaut became ISS station commander, and only the third time an astronaut of neither Russian nor American citizenship served as station commander. Wakata returned to Earth on May 13, 2014.

SpaceX Crew-5
Wakata trained as backup for JAXA astronaut and SpaceX Crew-1 mission specialist Soichi Noguchi ahead of his long duration stay aboard of the ISS as part of Expedition 64. Shortly after Noguchi's launch in November 2020, JAXA announced that Wakata would return to the ISS for another long-duration mission in 2022. On 21 May 2021 NASA announced JAXA astronaut Koichi Wakata as the fourth member of the crew, in cooperation with JAXA as NASA's international partner. In October 2021, Wakata was reassigned to the SpaceX Crew-5 flight.

Post-JAXA Career
Wakata retired from JAXA at the end of March 2024. On April 8, 2024, it was announced that Wakata had joined Axiom Space as an astronaut and Chief Technical Officer for the Asia-Pacific Region.

Honors and awards
Minor planet 6208 Wakata is named after him.

Personal information
Wakata is married to Stefanie von Sachsen-Altenburg of Bonn, Germany, and has a son. He is a multi-engine and instrument-rated pilot, and has logged over 2100 hours in a variety of aircraft.

title: Koichi Wakata


text:
Green River (soft drink)

Green River is a bright green, lime-flavored soft drink. It was created by Richard C. Jones in Davenport, Iowa, sold widely by the Chicago-based Schoenhofen Edelweiss Brewing Company in 1919, subsequently sold by other vendors, and is currently manufactured by Sprecher Brewery.

History
Green River soda was first created in 1916 in Davenport, Iowa, by Richard C. Jones, who owned a local confectionary shop. In 1919, Jones sold his recipe to the Schoenhofen Edelweiss Brewing Company of Chicago. Prior to 1920, the brewery produced the popular Edelweiss beer. Schoenhofen began manufacturing Green River and other soft drinks in order to survive the Prohibition Era. It was also made by the Sweetwater Brewery in Green River, Wyoming. In 1928 Green River soda was produced by Spokane Bottling Works of Spokane, Washington, and in 1935 was of several products produced by the Everett Bottling Works of Everett, Washington, which also produced Orange Crush, Hires and Wy-an sodas. Green River soda's popularity is still remembered in Everett in the form of a "Green River milkshake" at Ray's Drive-In, which opened in 1962.

It was popular as a soda fountain syrup, trailing only Coca-Cola in popularity throughout the Midwest. After Prohibition ended in 1933, the Schoenhofen Brewery continued to manufacture Green River, while resuming the production of alcoholic beverages. The brewery closed in 1950.

The Green River brand continued to be produced by a series of other manufacturers after the closing of Schoenhofen Edelweiss, including Clover Club Beverages of Chicago, which produced Green River in the 1980s. By 1992, Green River had shrunk to the point of only being sold in Chicago. According to one source, WIT Beverage Company acquired the brand in 2011, while a vendor indicates it was offering it still via an expanding Clover Club in 2013.

Sprecher Brewery acquired the Green River brand from Wit Beverage in October of 2021.

Green River is frequently marketed as a nostalgia item, and its sales increase in March due to the association of the color green with St. Patrick's Day. While not widely commercially available, it can be purchased at some Chicago area restaurants and retailers and Menards as well as ordered directly from Sprecher Brewery.

In popular culture
Early 20th century entertainer Eddie Cantor, while with the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918, penned a jingle for the soft drink entitled "Green River". The ditty was performed by Cantor and the singing duo Van and Schenck. The refrain was:

The name of the Creedence Clearwater Revival song "Green River", and accordingly the name of the album Green River, were inspired by the drink according to John Fogerty.

In Zen Studios' digital recreation of the Williams pinball tables The Party Zone and The Champion Pub in the game Pinball FX 3, all depictions of beer are replaced with Green River as a precautionary act of censorship to avoid repercussions of having the game's ESRB rating of Everyone 10+ changed.

Season 3 Episode 7 of the television show Las Vegas the 1962 character played Mike Leasure orders a Green River at the Jubilee Casino restaurant.

title: Green River (soft drink)


text:
Aerial Experiment Association

The Aerial Experiment Association (AEA) was a Canadian-American aeronautical research group formed on 30 September 1907, under the leadership of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell.

The AEA produced several different aircraft in quick succession, with each member acting as principal designer for at least one. The group introduced key technical innovations, notably wingtip ailerons and the tricycle landing gear.

According to Bell, the AEA was a "co-operative scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art and doing what we can to help one another." Although the association had no significant commercial impact, one of its members, Glenn Curtiss, later established a commercial venture that would ultimately become the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. The AEA was disbanded on 31 March 1909.

Origins
The AEA came into being when John Alexander Douglas McCurdy and his friend Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin, two recent engineering graduates of the University of Toronto, decided to spend the summer in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. McCurdy had grown up there, and his father was the personal secretary of Bell. He had grown up close to the Bell family and was well received in their home. One day, as the three sat with Bell discussing the problems of aviation, Mabel Bell, Alexander's wife, suggested they create a formal research group to exploit their collective ideas. Being independently wealthy, she provided a total of US$35,000 (equivalent to $0 in ) to finance the Association, with $20,000 made available immediately by the sale of property.

Curtiss, the American motorcycle designer and manufacturer and a recognized expert on gasoline engines, was recruited as a member of the association, and his associate Augustus Post assisted as representative from the Aero Club of America. Curtiss had visited the Wright brothers to discuss aeronautical engineering and offered them use of a 50 hp engine. Wilbur cordially declined, saying that a motor of their own development met their power needs, unaware that the AEA was about to become a serious competitor in powered flight. Bell wrote to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to have an interested young officer who had volunteered his help, U.S. Army Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, officially detailed to Baddeck. Selfridge was assigned to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 3 August 1907, two days after its formation, and was sent to Nova Scotia. A year later, on 17 September 1908, while riding as a passenger with Orville Wright on a demonstration flight for the U.S. Army, he became the first person killed in an aircraft accident.

First experiments
In 1898, Bell experimented with man-lifting tetrahedral kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both uncrewed and crewed (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Later AEA designs
The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. The AEA collaboration led to very public success. Casey Baldwin became the first Canadian and first British subject pilot on 12 March 1908 flight of Red Wing.

Its successor, White Wing, also of 1908, was the first airplane to have Bell's ailerons. The following design, the June Bug, also of 1908 and piloted by Curtiss, won the Scientific American Trophy by making the first official one-kilometer flight in North America, although the Wrights had already accomplished this in 1904.

Their fourth flying machine, the Silver Dart, also constructed in 1908, made the first controlled powered flight in Canada on 23 February 1909 when it was flown off the ice of Bras d'Or Lake near Baddeck by McCurdy, who had been one of its designers. On 10 March 1909, McCurdy set a record when he flew the Silver Dart on a circular course over a distance of more than 32 km, a feat that the Wrights had already accomplished in 1905. The Association made the first passenger flight in Canada on 2 August, also in the Silver Dart.

Much development also took place in Hammondsport, New York, where in 1908 pioneering experimentation was done on seaplane carried out by Curtiss. In France Henri Fabre successfully flew the first powered seaplane in history, the Fabre Hydravion, in March 1910.

Organization's dissolution
Bell's organization was established with a fixed term mandate, which was extended to March 31, 1909, by joint agreement of all its members, with Mrs. Bell contributing an additional $10,000 of financing. After Lt. Selfridge's death in September 1908, McCurdy became the organization's secretary and Bell's cousin, Charles J. Bell, became the Association's legal trustee. In March 1909, strained relations arose between Curtiss and the Association's other members. A request for him to attend the association's meeting and resolve the issue went unanswered.

It was also in March that Curtiss abruptly announced a new commercial venture—in partnership with Augustus Moore Herring and backed by wealthy members of the Aero Club of America—called the Herring-Curtiss Company. This new development, plus the fact that it effectively displaced the AEA's headquarters at Curtiss' own facility in Hammondsport, resulted in the AEA's mandate expiring without further extension on March 31.

Aircraft designed and constructed

 * AEA Glider (1907), biplane hang glider based on the designs and data shared by Octave Chanute
 * Aerodrome No. 1 Red Wing (1908), Selfridge design, single-seat powered biplane
 * Aerodrome No. 2 White Wing (1908), Baldwin design, single-seat powered biplane
 * Aerodrome No. 3 June Bug (1908), Curtiss design, single-seat powered biplane
 * Aerodrome No. 3A Loon (1908), June Bug modified as a floatplane
 * Aerodrome No. 4 Silver Dart (1909), McCurdy design, powered biplane
 * Aerodrome No. 5 Cygnet II & Cygnet III (1909), Bell design, single-seat powered aircraft with unorthodox wing
 * Bell Oionus I (1910), tetrahedral triplane built after the AEA had disbanded, constructed at Baddeck Kite House, Nova Scotia, and Bell's final aviation pursuit.

title: Aerial Experiment Association


text:
HowStuffWorks

HowStuffWorks is an American commercial infotainment website founded by professor and author Marshall Brain, to provide its target audience an insight into the way many things work. The site uses various media to explain complex concepts, terminology, and mechanisms—including photographs, diagrams, videos, animations, and articles.

The website was acquired by Discovery Communications in 2007, but was sold to Blucora in 2014. The site has since expanded out into podcasting, focusing on factual topics. In December 2016, HowStuffWorks, LLC became a subsidiary of OpenMail, LLC, later renamed System1. In 2018, the podcast division of the company, which had been spun-off by System1 under the name Stuff Media, was acquired by iHeartMedia for $55 million.

History
In 1998, North Carolina State University instructor Marshall Brain started the site as a hobby. In 1999, Brain raised venture capital and formed HowStuffWorks, Inc. In March 2002, HowStuffWorks was sold to the Convex Group, an Atlanta-based investment and media company founded by Jeff Arnold, founder and former chief executive officer (CEO) of WebMD. The headquarters moved from Cary, North Carolina, to Atlanta. HowStuffWorks originally focused on science and machines, ranging from submarines to common household gadgets and appliances. After adding a staff of writers, artists, and editors, content expanded to a larger array of topics.

On October 20, 2004, Stuffo.com was created, and HowStuffWorks moved its entertainment section over to the new website. In 2005, the team disbanded Stuffo.

The domain HowStuffWorks.com attracted at least 58 million visitors annually by 2008, according to a Compete.com survey.

There have been four HowStuffWorks books—two illustrated hardcover coffee table books, HowStuffWorks and More HowStuffWorks, and two un-illustrated paperbacks, How Much Does the Earth Weigh? and What If?. HowStuffWorks previously put out an educational magazine, HowStuffWorks Express, for middle-school students. The company has also released a series of HowStuffWorks trivia "LidRock" discs—CD-ROMs sold on fountain drink lids at Regal Theaters.

In 2005, HowStuffWorks became the exclusive online publisher for Publications International, Ltd., Consumer Guide and Mobil Travel Guide.

Howstuffworks.com spun off its international division when it went public (Nasdaq:HSWI) via an acquisition of INTAC, a China-based company. In March 2007, HSW International launched its Portuguese website with headquarters in São Paulo, Brazil. The Portuguese name of the site is Como Tudo Funciona ("how everything works"). In June 2008, the Chinese site was launched with new headquarters in Beijing, China. The URL roughly translates to "Knowledge Information Web".

On October 15, 2007, Discovery Communications announced it had bought HowStuffWorks for $250 million. The company later chose to use the name HowStuffWorks as the title of a television series on its Discovery Channel. The series, which focuses on commodities, premiered in November 2008 and is similar in style and content to other "how it works" programs, like Modern Marvels.

On November 2, 2009, HSW International co-founded Sharecare, developing a social QA platform through which users ask health and wellness-related questions, receiving answers from industry experts. Other co-founders in Sharecare include Jeff Arnold, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Harpo Productions, Discovery Communications, and Sony Pictures Television.

On April 21, 2014, Discovery Communications announced that it had sold HowStuffWorks to Blucora for $45 million. In July 2016, Blucora announced the sale of its Infospace business, including HowStuffWorks, to OpenMail for $45 million. OpenMail was later renamed System1.

In 2014, HowStuffWorks moved its headquarters from Buckhead to Ponce City Market, a new mixed-use development in the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood of Atlanta. In June 2017, it announced the hiring of Cracked.com founder and former editor-in-chief Jack O'Brien for its new comedy podcasting division.

In 2017, System1 spun off the podcast department of HowStuffWorks as Stuff Media, retaining the HowStuffWorks website. In September 2018, Stuff Media announced its sale to radio broadcaster iHeartMedia for $55 million.

Podcasts
HowStuffWorks maintained a large number of podcasts, hosted by its staff writers and editors, but now all former HSW podcasts are owned and operated by iHeartRadio.

 * Stuff You Should Know: an audio podcast and video series on various topics from all fields of interest
 * TechStuff: dedicated to demystifying technology and discussing its impact on society, originally hosted by technology editor Chris Pollette and senior staff writer Jonathan Strickland. In January 2013, Chris Pollette was replaced as co-host by Social Media Editor Lauren Vogelbaum. Vogelbaum left the program in 2015 and Strickland became a solo host.
 * Atlanta Monster: in cooperation with Tenderfoot TV, a crime podcast about the Atlanta murders of 1979–81. Hosted by Payne Lindsey of podcast Up and Vanished.
 * Behind the Bastards: is a weekly comedic history podcast hosted by Robert Evans exploring the lives of deplorable historical figures.

title: HowStuffWorks


text:
Talk:2

Conway joke
The bit I removed... Guy and Conway wrote: "Two is celebrated as the only even prime, which in some sense makes it the oddest prime of all." This is a joke, because of the incongruousness of applying the ordinary meaning of "odd" to an even number. This does not mean that the number 2 is ever actually referred to using the expression "the oddest prime". Of course JHC and RKG are as impeccable a source as you could have for a maths article, but I do not think this adds anything in an elementary exposition of the properties of 2. Imaginatorium (talk) 04:24, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Humor can aid the learning process. People are capable of differentiating terms, especially when described appropriately. Memory improves drastically when information is diversified properly, without lending to confusion, and when the information is tied to things not directly related to what is being presented at hand that others might find meaningful. I would prefer to re-include this in a note, since it is a historically valuable quotation from a reliable source, however I see your point and it is valid, though I believe it can still be incorporated in a more indirect way. Radlrb (talk) 17:03, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, but Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia. It is supposed to give an overview of a topic to the general reader (at least as far as this is possible within the constraints of necessary technical background). It is not supposed to include everything anyone can find in a Wreliable source that might have some connection with the topic. As I said at 5 I do not think that the huge amounts of sometimes extremely technical content that you have been adding to these articles is an improvement. Absolutely nothing personal, but I will start an RFC somewhere to see if everyone disagrees with me. Imaginatorium (talk) 18:07, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Alright. Please move forward with it. This quote relates entirely, which is why it has lasted so long, relevant to your point. I'd like to point out that you are not being constructive in seeking amendments, and are firing away immediately toward an Rfc. Inclusive, of me writing in your talk page a while back, yet you chose to not give a response, whatever it may mean . Radlrb (talk) 21:11, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Writing as a great admirer of the late Professor Conway, I must sadly agree that his comment is unsuited to this page. It might be used in his own article as an example of his humour, but it's not helpful in explaining the properties of the number 2. Certes (talk) 22:43, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Its actually useful in amplifying the property of it being the singular even prime number, if one can get accustomed to the idea of being presented both a true statement and a humorous juxtaposition at once, and generate a stronger first impression. That's deeper philosophy of psychology of learning, here being a great example of this; of course it can backfire, but I rather tend on the end of generating an article suitable for all audiences on an elementary property, that might bring to light some joy, even if it is a challenge to bring together if not ready. Again, a note is actually harmless, and it being a note too would let the reader understand the nuance; esp. when including explicitly a statement about the infinitude of odd numbers. Radlrb (talk) 23:39, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

The pool ball 2
"2" is the notable number of the second pool ball. Its color is blue.

191.255.194.29 (talk) 10:01, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Please see related discussion at Talk:15 (number). Certes (talk) 12:42, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * For any n from 1 to 15(?), the nth pool ball is marked n. The colour is not notable, and any generic n statement is not notable. Therefore these should not go in. Imaginatorium (talk) 13:47, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I am asking myself: would the typical reader look for this information in 2, or in Pool (cue sports)? However, without a good source, I'm not sure it belongs even in the latter. Certes (talk) 14:46, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It belongs in the latter, with a source. Polyamorph (talk) 14:56, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 February 2024
2 is the second number in the number line 74.142.90.6 (talk) 16:39, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: There are numerous number lines. It is not the second number in the real number line, the integer number line, or even the natural number line if you include zero (which is often the case). This would also be self-referential and so not helpful to a reader. Tollens (talk) 17:38, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

Why is this page semi protected?
and 3 is not 120.21.89.235 (talk) 22:38, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Some Wikipedia articles, such as those for political leaders, are routinely permanently protected because they would otherwise be frequent targets for vandalism. Others are protected temporarily when the level of vandalism becomes too high. That's the case here. It's perhaps time to lift the protection here. HiLo48 (talk) 02:25, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Transcendental numbers
In this section you added the following paragraph - I have removed the reference clutter, and included the "efn" bits in the text, to attempt to make it readable. The problem is that despite being a native speaker of English and holder of a maths degree I can make no sense of it at all...

"In decimal representation, after the first two, three, four and five digits in the approximation of $\pi (\approx 3.14159)$ the number 2 is the only digit greater than zero not yet represented (overall, up to the largest appearing digit). [Where also, operations of strings $1 \times 2^{2} = 4$ and $ 5 - 3 = 2$ are collectively satisfied.]"

Is the "efn" supposed to be a qualifying clause on the end of the preceding sentence? I understand "after the first n digits", for some n, but your sentence baffles me. Can you explain? Imaginatorium (talk) 07:37, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The note is not a qualifying clause for the sentence. Just, 5 - 3 = 2 and one times the square of two as four (or conversely) in between, as an addendum (both operations on strings can only be true when inputting 2). There could be a simpler way to write this. Radlrb (talk) 12:22, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for replying. First an English problem: "where" is a relative pronoun, so it cannot normally start a sentence, particularly followed by a comma. Perhaps it could be "Here, ..." -- but I still have no idea of the relevance of the trivial numerical identities. I really do not understand at all what you are trying to say. Is one example of the facts implied by the sentence that "after after the first three digits of $$\pi$$ there are representations of the digits 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9"? Is that right? What does "representation" mean? (I looked at the various linked topics, and wondered if the relevant one was "strings" in computer science, which I am familiar with, but I have no idea how that could be relevant.) Imaginatorium (talk) 13:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Followup: just made an edit summary: "This is not true. 6,7, and 8 are all also numbers greater then 0 that aren't represented in the first 6 digits." I assumed that anyone would see that, and that somehow there was some other meaning conveyed by "represent" other than simply "these digits appear in the decimal representation." Hoping for some clarification eventually. Imaginatorium (talk) 16:21, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I removed the part that I meant to remove in the first place, until it can be clarified, if needed. Dhrm77 (talk) 16:35, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, the point was, if you read carefully, up the the highest digit represented, or appearing from that base. I.e., and I guess it is not obvious: first in up to the first two digits, in 3.1 only 2 is not yet represented in the set covering set of what would be {1,2,3}; in 3.14 2 is not represented in (1,2,3,4), and at both 3.141 also 2 is not represented in {1,2,3,4}, as with at 3.1415; the only digit in {1,2,3,4,5} not yet represented is 2. Then, comes 9, in 3.14159... (which is the sum of the second prime and composite), which is where you two are referring to, and what I was not referring to, which is why I added the specific wording alluding to this (up to the "LARGEST"-yet appearing digit). Radlrb (talk) 18:16, 14 June 2024 (UTC) Then after these comes 2, at the seventh position. Radlrb (talk) 18:33, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * So if I understand correctly, we are comparing the digits of pi to the list of integers at each step. This is a very arbitrary thing to do, and what is the point? Is there a purpose to it? Will the reader actually learn something useful from that? Dhrm77 (talk) 18:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that in base ten (i.e. with digits 0;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), the number 2 is the only digit missing up to these points. Then followed by 2,6,7,8 which add to 23 (the ninth prime, at this location, ALSO the sum of the digits "3.1415"!!; come on). Then followed by two. It's cool, more than just cool...incredibly interesting and telling if you have the sensitivity to understand how immensely useful and absolute most unlikely to be trivial, if you don't think its meaningful then you don't think so, but if you have any hope for something in mathematics that makes sense, instead of fronting the same arguments over and over, over "trivialities" that I am adding (meaning you are not really clicking with what is going on here), then you will noot want it removed. I don't, we can vote on it. Then let it to history to see if these sort of things were worthwhile, when our world is dying and we need so many things to save us from absolute asynchronous boredom and shitdom. Radlrb (talk) 19:19, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * PI is interesting, no matter what base it is expressed in. When you look at PI in a specific base, play with its digits, and try to find meaning in that, it borders on numerology. I would also point out that it is unsourced, and can be considered original research. See OR. Dhrm77 (talk) 19:44, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, the first mathematicians were numerologists by modern standards, in deep thought and in practice. That's how you have modern mathematics (see most brilliant mathematicians reference God at some point as the highest ideal, or the Self; and how it is pure mathematics). People trying to find symmetry when er'yone else said "no". Today is just a more technical re-manifestation of the same prejudice that mathematics "cannot have true and complete meaning" in all manifestations of existence (i.e., lower the power of mathematics onto the real world, because it seems too "chaotic", or in other words, too complicated for simple minds to see the enormous and extensive symmetry that does NOT necessarily easily appear in minute scales of approximation, large or small). That will pass like it has each and every time there is a full and complete revolution in knowledge, which we are currently going through (for the first time in many Millennia). Radlrb (talk) 19:48, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And yes, people don't play around enough, that's exactly what the problem is here, everything is still so stagnant (and stoic) in society, that it has putrefied the keys to understanding how to dig into truth *(and suffer through it openly as it undoes misunderstandings, unafraid Radlrb (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2024 (UTC))*, which requires exploring paths of novelty. Like a l w a y s. Never has doing nothing new led to new information, except in the emanation of nothingness itself that generates All. Radlrb (talk) 19:54, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Recreational mathematics can be fun and stimulate interest in the subject, but Wikipedia isn't the place to play. This looks like original research to me.  Even if it were supported by a reliable source, I don't see how it would enhance even a relevant section like Pi, let alone an article about the number 2. Certes (talk) 16:47, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Well I can’t help you on any of that Certes, to me Wikipedia is an extremely fun place, but that’s because I enjoy knowledge and find life like a game of love. I guess when you take away the element of joy in Wikipedia, you can’t see how it stimulates the game of learning. But that’s because in the West we don’t understand what gaming really even is, since it’s rooted in notions of “winning” and “losing”. I’ll take it out then, glad it was shown here, as it is a key to understanding pi, and connections with the circle as being defined with two points (for a circular diameter and as a digon), very naturally (so pi better have something to do with 2 very directly at the fundamental numeric level - here one a base-ten rep. with 9 as a largest digit - and, with the unit, aside from being a direct expression of pure space and zero; this is an extremely useful elementary connection). Radlrb (talk) 19:13, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Any property that only works in base 10 raises a small red flag for me, because there's nothing mathematically special about the number of fingers our species typically has. Pi has one 2 in its first ten decimal places, and one 2 in the next ten: exactly the expected number, which is unremarkable. Certes (talk) 20:12, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * How is that the expected number? If anything, the fact that it hits 23 at the first six digits with an end in 9, links the prime index with the base itself (where 9 IS THE SUM of the second prime and composite, where nine is the largest numeral represented in base ten). That is remarkable. I’m going to check and see in which of the first 100 bases this happens in. Again, linking digits, with prime indices, in two different ways (sum of digits at the sixth decimal place, and sum of digits absent, coincide). Actually, there are three notions being tied at once: digit sum, appearing digits, and absence of digits. Not trivial, no matter how one looks at it. In fact, at that point, you’d have to define triviality and a measure of triviality, before throwing that word around without care (meaning, preventing a revelation of something deeper, simply because of being used to ignore the possibility). Again, opening doors rather than closing them. The first 0 in pi occurs at the 33rd decimal place, and the next two at the 165th and 168th place, indices that add to 333 and have a difference of 3. Unremarkable, huh, when the first digit is also 3? Seems like nothing will ever be enough (0 then violates your “expectation” in this example for pi, yet likely still not worth your interest). Radlrb (talk) 21:36, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I mean "expected" in the sense that the expected value of the number of 2s in ten random digits is 1, so finding precisely one 2 in a ten-digit sequence is no surprise. Of course, the digits of pi are not random, but they follow no obvious pattern and pass most statistical tests of randomness. Certes (talk) 21:49, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You cannot claim an “expected value” on the decimal expansion of a transcendental number, since a formula for it will naturally yield a value whose strings of digits have a variation that is not ordered in any way (since it is not a quotient of rational numbers, and more deeply, not the root of a non-zero polynomial of finite degree with rational coefficients). However, patterns inside could come in other forms, such as partial sums of strings, and other arithmetic properties deeper inside. That’s yet to be really studied, however. We can’t claim anything on it. Your last sentence was not logical, it is self-contradicting. (Not random, but yet random?) Radlrb (talk) 21:58, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think you are showing you are out of your depth here. The probability of finding the entire text of the King James translation of the Old Testament in pairwise decimal digits read as decimal ASCII in the digits of pi is surely 1. Anyway, that's enough really. Imaginatorium (talk) 03:22, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah? Surely you don’t expect the 33rd location string of pi to be the first zero string right? Yet it is. What nonsense are you uttering right now? (Yes, the probability of finding the entire spatial metrics - in whichever measure - of the multiverse inside digits of pi will also be very likely be 1, if those metrics are coordinates fixed on a two-dimensional complex plane; but why bring this up?) Because I said nothing on the probability of finding two twos in the first 20 digits of pi, as Certes pointed. No, while you can “mathematize” a “probability”, that will only give you a mean average of what to expect, which is different than what you will actually see in given ranges; moreover, look at the placement of zeroes or any other digit and your “probability” function will actually tell you nothing of whether that does pan out in a given range, and with what population of other digits. In some ranges it will be much closer, and some far out. Of course, when mathematicians today are so inclined to rely on probability rather than true mathematical behavior, you will confuse the two, or even worse, forget about looking for the latter. Radlrb (talk) 04:13, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Let me add here one thing: pi is not yet proven a normal number... expected (pun intended), but not proven; this is also not a singular value, but a range of 10 numbers, so by expected value I meant something far stronger than just a mere "average of averages". Radlrb (talk) 07:31, 16 June 2024 (UTC) And, even then, the idea that all possible strings of numbers exist within pi (or that any digit appears an infinite amount of times) is still not proven to be absolutely true. Radlrb (talk) 07:41, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Have you ever added new material to number articles? Or did you just join the Numbers Project so that you can frustrate the hard work that others make, where you can’t seem capable of adding material yourself. Radlrb (talk) 04:20, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * But yes, enough, actions speak louder than words. Radlrb (talk) 06:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:2