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Belgarion

Belgarion (also called Garion) is a fictional character and the chief protagonist in The Belgariad and The Malloreon, two fantasy epics written by David Eddings.

Garion is the distant nephew of Polgara the Sorceress and the distant grandson of Belgarath the Sorcerer, though in truth his lineage is many times removed from them, through Belgarath's other daughter and Polgara's twin sister, Beldaran, the wife of Riva Iron-Grip, the first king (and founder) of Riva. Garion's father was Geran, a stonecutter in the Sendarian village of Annath and hidden heir to the Rivan throne. His mother, Ildera, was the daughter of a clan chief of Algaria.

Geran and Ildera were killed after a Grolim sent her into premature labor while he had Pol out looking for Garions grandmother. After Garion's birth he set fire to their home, and he (Garion) was taken by his aunt to live on Faldor's farm. He lived there in ignorance for 14 years. He was watched all his life by Chamdar, the man who killed his parents, until he would be old enough to be coming into his talents and could be used as a pawn. However, after the "Orb of Aldur" was stolen, he was swept along as his aunt and grandfather left to search for it. Along the way he learned many things about himself and his family, including the fact he's an immortal sorcerer—and is eventually revealed to be the Heir to the Rivan Throne—after which he begrudgingly becomes king. He also falls in love with Ce'Nedra, the Tolnedran princess, who reciprocates, and is forced to marry him by treaty.

He then discovers his destiny—destroying the Dark God Torak—and to avoid a bloody war with the Angaraks, goes with his grandfather and Silk on a journey which ends in an epic duel that he ultimately wins by slaying Torak. He is then married to Ce'Nedra and has a baby boy.

Several years later, during which he matures considerably, his son, Geran, is kidnapped to be the bearer of a new Dark Prophecy. Garion follows his son's kidnapper on a trek across Mallorea, and during this time he conceives another child, meets his grandmother, befriends the Emperor of Mallorea and the King of the Murgos (who have been enemies of his allies for generations), and chooses his successor as the "Child of Light." His successor ends the eternal conflict, becoming a God in the process. He returns home for the birth of his daughter Beldaran, although he is told by the Prophecy to prepare for a few more children along the way, as he and Ce'Nedra have hugely increased lifespans, reproductive and otherwise.

During the two series, he collects various titles, which he tends to use only when it suits him. From the book Castle of Wizardry onwards, he holds the titles King of Riva, Overlord of the West, and Lord of the Western Sea, Keeper of the Orb of Aldur, and after Enchanter's End Game takes on the title of Godslayer. Through many of the books he also bears the title Child of Light (he also bears this name in the Mrin and Darine Codices)  Among his most important accomplishments are the slaying of the god Torak in Enchanters' End Game, and his decision to choose his successor for the term 'Child of Light'  at the Place Which Is No More in The Seeress of Kell.

Personality
Raised on Faldor's Farm, Garion demonstrates all the attributes of a Sendarian farmer, which he extends to ruling Riva with relative ease. He has a streak of solid common sense, honesty, and unassuming charm. As he matures, Garion uses these qualities to deal with more 'world-wise' monarchs and politicians in a manner they are unfamiliar with, thus making Garion one of the most powerful rulers. He's also grown duplicitous enough to use his rural background as a way of pointing that he has not had instruction in intricate proprieties of certain groups—the Mimbrate chivalry and the obscure Sorcerer's code of ethics—assuming there actually is one and Belgarath wasn't dodging questions. As he put it, "Let's agree I don't have very good manners, and you can answer me anyway."

He is very private with a strict sense of honor- his time among the Sendars has made him almost prudish, though in contrast he is very worldly and aware not everyone thinks like him. However, he has a tendency to act or speak without thinking, which can lead him into trouble. He is also ruled largely by his emotions, though this trait is much more controlled in the Malloreon. He is naturally loving and will go to any lengths to protect those he cares about, but when annoyed he has a fearsome temper. He is also highly stubborn and proud, often refusing to admit he's wrong even when he knows he is. He is also highly intelligent, though he was illiterate till he was 15, and he tends to hide this and use it as an advantage on people who think he's stupid.

Powers and abilities
Garion has an exceptional talent as a sorcerer being able to use the Will and the Word, and like his aunt and grandfather has a drastically extended lifespan (being the disciple of a God allows them to live an infinite amount of time.) However, he is initially unaware of the consequences of his actions e.g. he almost triggers an Ice Age whilst creating a thunderstorm; almost dies when he attempted to revive the colt in the 'Cave of the Gods' and sinking into mud when trying to throw a boulder - though this is usually because of his lack of education and not thinking things all the way through. This aptitude is (in part at least) because of his lineage, which includes Polgara and Belgarath - though it is subtly hinted he is at least as strong, if not stronger than his grandfather. The first measure of his power is shown in Queen of Sorcery when Maas says to Salmissra his power is "untried and undirected but is very strong. He could destroy you quite by accident." In the Belgariad he mainly uses "spontaneous sorcery" meaning he does it without consciously gathering and releasing his will. The Prophecy also acts through him on many occasions when he is incapable of protecting himself. In the Malloreon his powers are more mature and he has much greater control, though he tends to only do small things with it, leaving the more complicated things to his family as they have more experience.

Being the "Child of Light", he has the Prophecy of the Light in his head who tells him how and when to use his power, as well as providing information that is necessary. This voice is quite separate from him with its own personality, and it often leaves him for long periods. It has protected him on a number of occasions, and has developed a fondness for him - often acting like a family member with unwanted advice and criticism.

As the keeper of the Orb of Aldur, and one of the only remaining descendants of Riva Iron-Grip, Belgarion was one of three people able to touch it without being destroyed - an ability he now shares only with Eriond (a God) and his only son Geran (named after Garion's father). This in itself grants him huge magical power, allowing him to destroy continents if he deems it necessary; however, he rarely uses it, as the childlike mind of the Orb is enthusiastic and eager to please Garion, and as such has a tendency to overdo things (such as when it empowered Garion to knock over the gates of Jarviksholm during the attack on the city, or one point when the Orb, due to misinterpreting a stray thought as a literal request, began enthusiastically explaining to Garion how he could rearrange the stars in the sky to spell out his name, implying that Garion with the Orb has enough power to simultaneously move multiple stars across interstellar distances.) He is also, due to his connection with the Prophecy, able to recite the Book of Alorn from memory, despite having never actually read it. In fact, Belgarath claims he could have done so from the cradle if he'd been asked.

His companions on his adventures have taught him many skills, and on these journeys he has gained a great deal of practical experience. His tutorship under Silk has rendered him capable of moving silently when needed, as well as to lie effectively and he is good at gathering information from local sources. He is also adept in the Drasnian secret language, which is practised using hand signs. He has also learned how to use a variety of different weapons, and as he is a student of Hettar, Mandorallen, and Barak, he is a master swordsman, capable of taking out entire battalions single handed. His use of the "Sword of the Rivan King" has caused him to be feared in most parts of the world; as his son puts it: "when Father got his sword out, most sensible people ran for cover."

His extensive travels have given him contacts in all parts of the world, including the Emperor of Mallorea and the King of the Murgos. His upbringing also makes him aware of the common people. He has a shopkeeper friend in Riva who he periodically visits to listen to what's troubling commoners. Rather than use this to ferret out secrets, he usually applies what he learns to smoothing out injustices, such as an unfair tax.

title: Belgarion


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Polgara

Polgara may mean:

 * Polgara the Sorceress, a 1997 novel by David and Leigh Eddings, and the main character in this and other books by the same authors
 * Polgara, a type of demon in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polgara


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File:Arms-chingford.jpg

Arms of Chingford Borough Council. From civicheraldry.co.uk, with permission.

About the civic heraldry images...

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Bocking

Bocking or Böcking may refer to:

 * Bocking, Essex, a village near Braintree, Essex, England
 * Bocking 14, a cultivated strain of the plant Comfrey
 * Powerbocking, the use of powered stilts patented by Alexander Böck
 * Adolf Böcking (1831–1898), German-born ornithologist
 * Bill Bocking (1902–1985), English footballer
 * Edward Bocking (died 1534), English monk during the reign of King Henry VIII
 * Eduard Böcking (1802–1870), German legal scholar
 * Henry Bocking (1835–1907), English cricketer
 * Kai Böcking (born 1964), German television presenter
 * Ralph Bocking (died 1270), English Dominican
 * Richard Bocking (1931–2012), Canadian filmmaker
 * Stuart Bocking (born 1969), Australian radio presenter

title: Bocking


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Pappy Boyington

Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. A Marine aviator with the Pacific fleet in 1941, Boyington joined the "Flying Tigers" (1st American Volunteer Group) of the Republic of China Air Force and saw combat in Burma in late 1941 and 1942 during the military conflict between China and Japan.

In September 1942, Boyington rejoined the Marine Corps. In early 1943, he deployed to the South Pacific and began flying combat missions in the F4U Corsair fighter. On August 14, 1943, he took command of Marine fighter squadron VMF-214 ("Black Sheep").

In January 1944, Boyington, outnumbered by Japanese "Zero" planes, was shot down into the Pacific Ocean after downing one of the enemy planes. He was captured by a Japanese submarine crew and was held as a prisoner of war for more than a year and a half. He was released shortly after the surrender of Japan.

The television series Baa Baa Black Sheep was inspired by Boyington and his men in the "Black Sheep" squadron. It ran for two seasons in the late 1970s.

Early life
Born on December 4, 1912, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, he moved with his family to the logging town of St. Maries at age three and lived there until age 12. He is of part Brulé Sioux descent. He then lived in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a wrestler at Lincoln High School. He took his first flight at St. Maries when he was six years old, with Clyde Pangborn, who later became the first pilot to fly over the Pacific Ocean non-stop.

After graduation from high school in 1930, Boyington attended the University of Washington in Seattle, where he was a member of the Army ROTC and joined the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He was on the Husky wrestling and swimming teams, and for a time he held the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middleweight wrestling title. He spent his summers working in Washington in a mining camp and at a logging camp and with the Coeur d'Alene Fire Protective Association in road construction. He graduated in 1934 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. Boyington married shortly after graduation and worked as a draftsman and engineer for Boeing in Seattle.

Military career
Boyington began his military training in college as a member of Army ROTC and became a cadet captain. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Reserve in June 1934, and then served two months of active duty with the 630th Coast Artillery at Fort Worden, Washington. In the spring of 1935, he applied for flight training under the Aviation Cadet Act, but he discovered that it excluded married men. Boyington had grown up as Gregory Hallenbeck, and assumed his stepfather, Ellsworth J. Hallenbeck, was his father. When he obtained a copy of his birth certificate, he learned that his father was actually Charles Boyington, a dentist, and that his parents had divorced when he was an infant. As there was no record of any Gregory Boyington ever being married, he enrolled as a U.S. Marine Corps aviation cadet using that name.

United States Marine Corps
On June 13, 1935, he transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. He returned to inactive duty on July 16. On February 18, 1936, Boyington accepted an appointment as an aviation cadet in the Marine Corps Reserve. He was assigned to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training. Boyington was designated a Naval Aviator on March 11, 1937, then transferred to Marine Corps Base Quantico for duty with Aircraft One, Fleet Marine Force. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve on July 1, 1937, in order to accept a second lieutenant's commission in the Marine Corps the following day. Boyington attended The Basic School in Philadelphia from July 1938 to January 1939. On completion of the course, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Group at the San Diego Naval Air Station. He took part in fleet problems off the aircraft carriers USS Lexington (CV-2) and USS Yorktown (CV-5). Promoted to first lieutenant on November 4, 1940, Boyington returned to Pensacola as an instructor in December.

Flying Tigers
While serving as an instructor at Pensacola, Boyington punched another officer during a disagreement and was informed by his superiors that he likely faced a court-martial. At this time, representatives looking for volunteer fighter pilots to fight in China visited Pensacola. Boyington quickly resigned his commission in the Marine Corps on August 26, 1941, to accept a position with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was a civilian firm that contracted to staff a Special Air Unit to defend China and the Burma Road. This later became known as the American Volunteer Group, the famed Flying Tigers in Burma. During his time with the Tigers, Boyington became a flight leader. He was frequently in trouble with the commander of the outfit, Claire Chennault and reportedly was disliked and distrusted by the other pilots in the organization, who considered Boyington a "liar and a drunk." Boyington was officially credited with two Japanese aircraft destroyed in the air and one and a half on the ground. Boyington always claimed that he shot down six in the air, a claim accepted by the Marine Corps. In April 1942, he broke his contract with the American Volunteer Group and returned on his own to the United States.

Return to the Marine Corps
On September 29, 1942, he rejoined the Marine Corps and took a major's commission. The Marine Corps needed experienced combat pilots, and in early 1943 he was assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 11 of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and deployed to the South Pacific as executive officer of Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 122 (VMFA-122) operating from Guadalcanal until April 1943. While assigned to VMFA-122, Boyington shot down no enemy aircraft. From July to August 1943, he commanded Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 112. In September 1943, he became commanding officer of Marine Fighter Squadron 214 (VMF-214), better known by its nickname, the "Black Sheep Squadron".

Boyington received the nickname "Gramps", because at age 31, he was a decade older than most of the Marines serving under him. The name "Gramps" was changed to "Pappy" in a variation on "The Whiffenpoof Song" whose new lyrics had been written by Paul "Moon" Mullen, one of his pilots, and this version was picked up by war correspondents. Boyington is best known for his exploits in the Vought F4U Corsair in VMF-214. During periods of intense activity in the Russell Islands-New Georgia and Bougainville-New Britain-New Ireland areas, he shot down 14 enemy fighter planes in 32 days. By December 27, 1943, his record had climbed to 25.

A typical feat was his attack on Kahili airdrome at the southern tip of Bougainville on October 17, 1943. Boyington and 24 fighters circled the field, where 60 hostile aircraft were based, goading the enemy into sending up a large force. In the fierce battle that followed, 20 enemy aircraft were shot down, while the Black Sheep returned to their base without loss. Boyington's squadron, flying from the island of Vella Lavella, offered to down a Japanese Zero for every baseball cap sent to them by major league players in the World Series. They received 20 caps and shot down more than that number of enemy aircraft.

On January 3, 1944, he beat World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker's record of 26 enemy planes destroyed, before Boyington was shot down, though his last two kills for a total of 28 were confirmed after his return. On that mission, 48 American fighters, including four planes from the Black Sheep Squadron (plus planes from VF-33 and VMF-211), were sent on a sweep over Rabaul. Boyington was tactical commander of the flight and arrived over the target at 8:00 am. He was seen to shoot down his 26th plane, but he then became mixed in the general melee of dogfighting planes and was not seen or heard from during the battle, nor did he return with his squadron. Boyington's wingman, Captain George Ashmun, was killed in action. In later years, Masajiro "Mike" Kawato claimed to have been the pilot who shot down Boyington. He described the combat in two books and numerous public appearances (often with Boyington), but this claim was eventually "disproven", though Kawato repeated his story until his death. Kawato was present during the action in which Boyington was shot down, as one of 70 Japanese fighters which engaged about 30 American fighters. The IJN Forces were the 204th Kōkūtai and 253d Kōkūtai (Naval Aviation Group Formations). The 204th Kōkūtai losses are unknown; however the 253d Kōkūtai reported 1 Zero shot down and Pilot slightly injured

Prisoner of war
Following a determined but futile search, Boyington was declared missing in action (MIA). He had been picked up on 3 January 1944 by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-181 and taken to Rabaul, becoming a prisoner of war. (I-181 was sunk 13 days after picking him up. ) According to Boyington's autobiography, he was never accorded official POW status by the Japanese, and his captivity was not reported to the Red Cross.

He spent the rest of the war, some 20 months, in Japanese prison camps. After being held temporarily at Rabaul and then Truk, where he survived the massive U.S. Navy raid known as "Operation Hailstone", he was transported first to Ōfuna and finally to Ōmori Prison Camp near Tokyo. During that time, he was selected for temporary promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel. A fellow American prisoner of war was Medal of Honor recipient submarine Captain Richard O'Kane. At Ōfuna, Boyington was interned with the former Olympic distance runner and downed aviator Lieutenant Louis Zamperini.

On August 29, 1945, after the atomic bombs and the Japanese capitulation, Boyington was liberated from Japanese custody at Omori Prison Camp. Boyington returned to the United States at Naval Air Station Alameda on September 12, 1945, where he was met by 21 former squadron members from VMF-214. That night, a party for him was held at the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco that was covered by Life in its issue October 1, 1945. The coverage of the party marked the first time that the magazine had ever shown people consuming alcohol. Prior to his arrival, on September 6, he accepted his temporary lieutenant colonel's commission in the Marine Corps.

Postwar
Shortly after his return to the U.S., as a lieutenant colonel, Boyington was ordered to Washington, DC, to receive the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—from the president. The medal had been awarded by the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1944 and held in the capital until such time as he could receive it. On October 4, 1945, Boyington received the Navy Cross from the Commandant of the Marine Corps for the Rabaul raid. On October 5, "Nimitz Day", some other sailors, marines, and he who were also awarded the Medal of Honor were presented their medals at the White House by President Harry S. Truman.

Following the receipt of his Medal of Honor and Navy Cross, Boyington made a Victory Bond tour. Originally ordered to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, he was later directed to report to the commanding general, Marine Air West Coast, Marine Corps Air Station, Miramar, San Diego, California. He retired from the Marine Corps on August 1, 1947, and because he was specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat, he was promoted to colonel.

Later life
Boyington was a tough, hard-living character known for being unorthodox. He was also a heavy drinker, which plagued him in the years after the war and possibly contributed to his multiple divorces. He freely admitted that during the two years he spent as a POW his health improved because of the enforced sobriety. He worked various civilian jobs, including refereeing and participating in professional wrestling matches.

Author
Boyington wrote his autobiography, Baa Baa, Black Sheep, published in 1958. He wrote a novel about the American Volunteer Group, Tonya, a spy story with characters based on real individuals. Some of the character names were derived by transposing the syllables of the names of the people who inspired them ("Ross Dicky" for Dick Rossi, for example).

TV series
Many people know of him from the mid-1970s television show Baa Baa Black Sheep, a drama about the Black Sheep squadron based very loosely on Boyington's memoir, with Boyington portrayed by Robert Conrad. Boyington had a short walk-on role as a visiting general for two episodes in the first season ("The Deadliest Enemy of All: Part 2" and "The Fastest Gun") and one episode in the second season ("Ten'll Get You Five") of the show.

Many of Boyington's men were irate over the show, charging it was mostly fiction and presented a glamorized portrayal of Boyington. On the television show, Boyington was depicted as owning a Bull Terrier dog, named "Meatball", although Boyington did not own a dog while deployed in the South Pacific Theater. Boyington frequently told interviewers and audiences that the television series was fiction and only slightly related to fact, calling it "hogwash and Hollywood hokum".

Publicity
While paintings and publicity photographs often show Boyington with aircraft number 86 LuluBelle covered in victory flags, he had not flown this in combat. In fact, he rarely flew the same aircraft more than a few times. Reportedly, he would choose the F4U in the worst shape, so that none of his pilots would be afraid to fly their own aircraft. A publicity photo taken of Boyington in F4U-1A Corsair number 86 was taken at Espiritu Santo (code named BUTTON), in the New Hebrides on 26 November 1943. It was taken while VMA-214 was on leave between their first and second combat tours with Boyington as the commanding officer. Though Boyington claimed after the war that the name of the plane was LuluBelle, according to Bruce Gamble's analysis, it was most likely called LucyBelle.

Boyington was part of the 1981 Black Sheep reunion in Washington, DC, hosted by the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum. Reunion planning was initiated by Boyington's namesake Gregory Tucker, son of Black Sheep pilot Burney Tucker. The reunion was scheduled to coincide with the dedication of a restored F4U-1 Corsair exhibit. The dedication program was attended by 18 Black Sheep veterans, museum dignitaries, and astronaut Michael Collins representing the Ling-Temco-Vought Company (successor to Corsair manufacturer Vought). The program included a banquet recognizing all of the Black Sheep veterans. At the request of museum personnel, Boyington climbed into the cockpit for pictures, confirmed the accuracy of the cockpit restoration, and answered a question from a young fan: "Yeah, I could fly it today, if it was airworthy." He autographed the Corsair with a marker pen in one of the landing gear wells, saying, in effect, that it was a Corsair in the best condition he had ever seen. The Corsair hangs from the ceiling at the museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Dulles Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.

In 1957, he appeared as a guest contestant on the television panel show To Tell the Truth. In 1976, Boyington appeared on NBC's The Today Show with actor Robert Conrad and was interviewed about the drama Baa Baa Black Sheep.

Family
Boyington had three children with his first wife Helen Clark. They married after his graduation from the University of Washington in 1934. She was 17 years old. One daughter (Janet Boyington) took her own life; one son (Gregory Boyington, Jr.) graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1960 and retired from the U.S. Air Force as a lieutenant colonel. His youngest child was Gloria Boyington.

During World War II, his three children were placed in the charge of their aunt and grandmother after Boyington divorced Helen when he returned to America in 1941 after serving with the Flying Tigers. He charged his ex-wife with neglecting the children. Boyington married Frances Baker, 32, of Los Angeles on January 8, 1946.

His third marriage was to Delores Tatum, 33, on October 28, 1959. It was the second marriage for Tatum, and the third for the 46-year-old Boyington. Boyington and Delores had one adopted child. He married Josephine Wilson Moseman of Fresno in 1978. This marriage was his fourth.

Death
A heavy smoker throughout his adult life, Boyington died of lung cancer on January 11, 1988, at age 75, in Fresno, California. Boyington is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His January 15 interment included full military honors accorded to a Medal of Honor recipient, including a missing man fly-by conducted by the F-4 Phantom IIs of VMFA-321 "Hells Angels" of the Marine Air Reserve Training Detachment based at the Naval Air Facility located on Andrews Air Force Base. Before his flight from Fresno, VMA-214 (the current incarnation of the Black Sheep Squadron) did a flyby. They intended to perform a missing man formation, but one of the four aircraft suffered a mechanical problem. After the burial service for Boyington, one of his friends, Fred Losch, looked down at the headstone next to which he was standing, that of boxing legend Joe Louis, and remarked that "Ol' Pappy wouldn't have to go far to find a good fight."

Military awards
Boyington's military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
Boyington's Medal of Honor citation reads:

"The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to MAJOR GREGORY BOYINGTON UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

For extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO FOURTEEN in action against enemy Japanese forces in Central Solomons Area from September 12, 1943, to January 3, 1944. Consistently outnumbered throughout successive hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile territory, Major Boyington struck at the enemy with daring and courageous persistence, leading his squadron into combat with devastating results to Japanese shipping, shore installations and aerial forces. Resolute in his efforts to inflict crippling damage on the enemy, Major BOYINGTON led a formation of twenty-four fighters over Kahili on October 17, and persistently circling the airdrome where sixty hostile aircraft were grounded, boldly challenged the Japanese to send up planes. Under his brilliant command, our fighters shot down twenty enemy craft in the ensuing action without the loss of a single ship. A superb airman and determined fighter against overwhelming odds, Major BOYINGTON personally destroyed 26 of the many Japanese planes shot down by his squadron and by his forceful leadership developed the combat readiness in his command which was a distinctive factor in the Allied aerial achievements in this vitally strategic area.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

Source:

Navy Cross citation
Citation:
 * The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (MCSN: 0-5254), United States Marine Corps Reserve, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer and a Pilot of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED FOURTEEN (VMF-214), Marine Air Group ELEVEN (MAG-11), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, during action against enemy aerial forces in the New Britain Island Area on 3 January 1944. Climaxing a period of duty conspicuous for exceptional combat achievement, Major Boyington led a formation of Allied planes on a fighter sweep over Rabaul against a vastly superior number of hostile fighters. Diving in a steep run into the climbing Zeros, he made a daring attack, sending one Japanese fighter to destruction in flames. A tenacious and fearless airman under extremely hazardous conditions, Major Boyington succeeded in communicating to those who served with him, the brilliant and effective tactics developed through a careful study of enemy techniques, and led his men into combat with inspiring and courageous determination. His intrepid leadership and gallant fighting spirit reflect the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service.

Honors
Boyington's honors include:

Airport renaming
In August 2007, the Coeur d'Alene airport was renamed the "Coeur d'Alene Airport–Pappy Boyington Field" in his honor and dedicated the following month. An independent documentary film called Pappy Boyington Field was produced by filmmaker Kevin Gonzalez in 2008, chronicling the grassroots campaign to add the commemorative name. The film showcases many of the local veterans who were involved with the campaign, as well as the personal insights into Boyington's life provided by his son, Gregory Boyington, Jr., and the actor Robert Conrad, who portrayed him in the television series.

University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial
In February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated at the University of Washington (Boyington's alma mater). Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial and questioned the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting. One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the university already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial Sioux ancestry and was not rich); another questioned whether the university should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce." After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor. On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed. Privately funded, it was completed in time for a Veterans Day dedication in November 2009. In addition to Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Bruce Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle.

Naval Aviation Hall of Honor
Boyington was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 1994, located at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.

NROL-82 Mission Patch
Boyington was the inspiration for the NROL-82 mission patch that launched in April 2021. ("GPB" on the shoulder patch and an F4U Corsair in the background)

National Aviation Hall of Fame
In 2019, Boyington was inducted into The National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

title: Pappy Boyington


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Torch (German rapper)

Frederik Hahn  (born September 29, 1971 in Heidelberg), better known by his stage name Torch, is a German rapper. He is also known as DJ Haitian Star. He was among the first German rappers who began rapping in German in the mid-1980s in Heidelberg, laying the foundation for the success of German hip hop music. In 1985, Afrika Bambaataa named him king of the first German chapter of the Zulu Nation and also gave him the title: Overlord of Sound & Culture.

Career
In 1987, Torch founded the group Advanced Chemistry with Toni L, Linguist, Gee-One and DJ Mike MD. In 1992, the song Fremd im eigenen Land ("Stranger in one's own country") became the group's first hit. Primarily due to exposure on the cable television network MTV, the song garnered attention outside of Germany's hip hop scene, which was still quite small at the time.

In 2000 he rapped with KRS-One and MC Rene on DJ Tomekk's Single Return of Hip-Hop, which placed in the German charts for 9 weeks. In the joint video, the hip hop was brought to the hospital in an ambulance and revived by nurses.

Torch's first (and so far only) solo-album was Blauer Samt ("Blue Velvet"), released in 2000.

He worked with international artists like Afrika Bambaataa, Freestyle (Ex-Arsonists), Grandmaster Caz (Cold Crush Bros), Jurassic 5, KRS1 (BDP), Melle Mel, Missing Linx (Al Tariq-Ex Beatnuts), Whipper Whip & Virtuoso (Boston), Fréro-La Mixture (France). After his introduction to Bambaataa, Torch was given the task of heading up the very first German chapter of the Zulu nation as well as collaborating for the socially conscious German hip-hop concert, 'Rap against the Right'. Torch was chosen for these tasks because of his social consciousness as purveyed through his music and lyrics. Advanced Chemistry (and specifically Torch) have expressed the desire to remain largely underground while other German hip hop groups have sought stardom, but a common view shared by these other groups and Torch is their view on "Americanness." Author Timothy Brown cites Torch as stating, "What the American do is exotic for us because we don't live like they do. What they do seems to be more interesting and newer. But not for me. For me it's more exciting to experience my fellow Germans in new contexts... For me it's interesting to see what the kids try to do that's different from what I know."

He is also travelling the World as DJ Haitian Star where he has performed at the Battle of the Year (Germany), Jazz Festival Montreux (Switzerland), Hip Hop Kemp (Czech Republic), Zulu Anniversary (NY/USA),... He shared the decks with DJs like: Z-Trip (US), David Rodigan (UK), Grandmaster Flash (US), Kool Herc (US), Tee (Japan), Supreme/Hijack (UK), Defcut (CH), Stylewarz (D), Marc Hype (D).

2021 Torch published a book by the name "Blauer Samt". And released his own Wine by the same name.

Discography

 * 2000: Gewalt oder Sex
 * 2000: Blauer Samt
 * 2000: Die Welt brennt/Wir waren mal Stars
 * 2001: Die Welt brennt/Wir waren mal Stars (Remixe)
 * 2001: In deinen Armen
 * 2001: Blauer Samt (Instrumentals)
 * 2005: Move the Crowd
 * 2008: Heidelberg (Mixtape)
 * 2009: Mixtape 01
 * 2011: Blauer Samt (Re-Edition)
 * 2015: Boomshell Bounce EP

title: Torch (German rapper)


text:
Open

Open or OPEN may refer to:

Music

 * Open (band), Australian pop/rock band
 * The Open (band), English indie rock band
 * Open (Blues Image album), 1969
 * Open (Gerd Dudek, Buschi Niebergall, and Edward Vesala album), 1979
 * Open (Gotthard album), 1999
 * Open (Cowboy Junkies album), 2001
 * Open (YFriday album), 2001
 * Open (Shaznay Lewis album), 2004
 * Open (Jon Anderson EP), 2011
 * Open (Stick Men album), 2012
 * Open (The Necks album), 2013
 * Open (Kwon Eun-bi EP), 2021
 * Open, a 1967 album by Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger and the Trinity
 * Open, a 1979 album by Steve Hillage
 * "Open" (Queensrÿche song)
 * "Open" (Mýa song)
 * "Open", the first song on The Cure album Wish

Literature

 * Open (Mexican magazine), a lifestyle Mexican publication
 * Open (Indian magazine), an Indian weekly English language magazine featuring current affairs
 * OPEN (North Dakota magazine), an out-of-print magazine that was printed in the Fargo, North Dakota area of the U.S.
 * Open: An Autobiography, Andre Agassi's 2009 memoir

Computing and mathematics

 * Open (process), a program launcher invoked from the command line in NeXTSTEP or Mac OS X
 * Open (system call), standardized system call for opening files
 * Open set, in mathematics
 * Open interval, in mathematics
 * Open line segment, in mathematics
 * Open map, in mathematics

Film and television

 * Open (2011 film), a 2011 film
 * Open (2019 film), a 2019 film
 * Open TV, television channel in Greece

Other uses

 * Open (sport), type of competition in tennis, golf and other sports where entry is open to qualifiers regardless of amateur or professional status
 * Open...., the original interactive television service on BSkyBs Sky Digital platform
 * Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act, a bill in the United States Congress to combat online piracy
 * Organization of Pakistani Entrepreneurs of North America, a not-for-profit organization
 * One-Pair Ethernet, a specification of the OPEN Alliance SIG
 * Open Cycle, a bicycle manufacturer

title: Open


text:
Talk:Chelmsford

Initial text
There are three coats of arms on file for Chelmsford:

the modern district (which is named after and includes the town of C.):

the former urban district council (which was just the town of C.):

and the former rural district council:

I've only put the first two on the page. Does anyone have an opinion about whether we should use all three, or just the first, or the first two, or what? Marnanel 01:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Marconi Research Station
The call-sign for Writtle was 2MT (two emma toc), 2LO being the call-sign for it's London-based sister-station which eventually became BBC London. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.168.53.137 (talk) 16:50, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Trivia
The trivia section needs to be incorporated into the body of the text. This has already been done with some items around local government and reintroducing them simply creates repetition. This also needs to be done with the others to comply with WP:TRIVIA. Some things that are not encyclopaedic can be removed altogether. MRSC • Talk 19:29, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Education and other items relating to the wider borough
See WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements for guidance here. Lists of schools relating to a district get listed on that article. MRSC • Talk 19:32, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Marconi Quotation
The caption under Marconi's picture quotes him as saying, "If somethings hard to do then its not worth doing."

First of all, there's some punctuation missing, but more importatly, it makes no sense that Marconi would say that, as inventing the radio can't have been terribly easy, and I have not been able to find that quotation anywhere else, so I've removed it. Cadwaladr (talk) 19:18, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

The "dullest and most stupid spot on the face of the Earth".
I think it's worth including this quote in the page, distasteful as it may be:
 * If any one were to ask me what in my opinion was the dullest and most stupid spot on the face of the Earth, I should decidedly say Chelmsford.
 * Charles Dickens, letter to Thomas Beard (January 11, 1835), in Madeline House, et al., The Letters of Charles Dickens (1965), p. 53.
 * This has probably been said about every town on earth. WillRefvem (talk) 06:51, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

People Born In Chelmsford
Is it right to have Geoff Hurst included in this list as it clearly states to the right of his entry that he was born in Ashton-under-Lyne. Chilkoot (talk) 13:30, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sure it is. Keith Flint went to school in Chelmsford (Boswells) before he went AHHS but is in fact from Redbridge, yet is not mentioned here. Removed. ☭ cmn  ☭ ( ❝❞ /✍ ) 15:51, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

A&N information unsourced
I noticed that the Army and Navy section doesn't cite sources especially in criticism and I suspect there is a fair bit of opinion/original research. I've marked the section as such. ☭ cmn  ☭ ( ❝❞ /✍ ) 16:17, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Ownership New Street Site
I'd be surprised if Selex Communications still own that site. --Salocin-yel (talk) 12:54, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Joint ownership - Finnmecanica/Selex, BAE Systems and Royal Bank of Scotland, although I don't have a Web based source. (I asked in person, but WP:NOR.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.221.38.195 (talk) 15:52, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

Chelmsford gains City Status
There will need to be edit work on this page to show that this County Town is now a City. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.59.13.157 (talk) 10:41, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't officially a city yet. – anemone projectors – 14:19, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It seems there's some disagreement over that. I've got to say that my first thought was that it wouldn't be immediate and your BBC source seems to agree but the Chelmsford Borough Council website seems to disagree here and imply that it had city status from yesterday morning. Dpmuk (talk) 14:30, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I suppose the question is: Is the council website a reliable source? Or do we have to wait for a third-party source to acknowledge it?  AP - what source has told you otherwise? — Smjg (talk) 16:57, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I only went by the BBC. I guess it's tricky to know how it works officially. Personally I'd be more inclined to go with the BBC as an independent secondary source. Then again, we know it will be a city if it's not yet and we may not officially know when it is. Really I only came here to see if it had been updated, I have no links to the place but was interested in the news, so I'm happy to leave it to others to decide. – anemone projectors – 13:36, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

I came here to see if Wikipedia had been updated on this development. The official word is that Chelmsford is not a city until the Queen issues the Royal Charter letters patent to the town- likely to happen around August. Until then, Chelmsford is still a town and I shall remove wording appropriately. ☭ cmn  ☭ ( ❝❞ /✍ ) 14:24, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for that? "The official word is..." without a source doesn't count for much at wikipedia (see WP:RS).  The only sources we have so far seem to disagree (see above). Dpmuk (talk) 19:24, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "Her Majesty will formally confer the city titles by Letters Patent later this year. These are the same letters that are sent to individuals when they are invited to become life peers in the House of Lords." Source: The Queen Gives Chelmsford City Status | Essex Portal http://www.essexportal.co.uk/essex-news/the-queen-gives-chelmsford-city-status#ixzz1qhl9iXA6
 * In addition, legal status is a city is not inferred until the next Local Government Act introduces an amendment to that effect, as has happened with other authorities such as Swansea and many others. Until then, yes, it is informally a city, however, legally? It is still a town. As far as I'm aware the word of law trumps a news report. (The August date was a verbal council source and should be takem with a pinch of salt). The same applies to St Asaph and Perth. ☭ cmn  ☭ ( ❝❞ /✍ ) 14:55, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

 * As I say above that's my understanding of how these things work. A 2nd source goes some way to suggesting this is the case but I still wouldn't say there's a strong case either way in terms of reliable sources.  You say that "word of law trumps a news report", but how do we know that's what the word of law says, we just have your word for it.  If there were a UK government or royal source confirming that was the case then I'd be happy.  As I've just said I personally agree with you but if we wish to keep this page using "town" for the time being I think we need to make sure we have the evidence, in the form of good reliable sources, as I suspect there will be more sources calling it a city. Dpmuk (talk) 16:32, 31 March 2012 (UTC)
 * How about this? "The Queen formally confers the titles of city status and Lord Mayoralty by Letters Patent in due course." - Source [] It's the closest thing to a government source I can find. With that said, popular opinion - and the DCMS - counts Chelmsford as a city so I'll concede on this one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teh.cmn (talk • contribs) 23:24, 31 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Cheers, that does it for me and I now feel happy keeping the article using "town" until such time as the Letters Patent are issued. Thanks for finding it.  Sorry for taking a long time to reply, I must have missed this on my watchlist - it's grown too big and is in need of a purge. Dpmuk (talk) 05:08, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Protected
Seeing as it is protected due to differentiating edits (mainly about the population) I think it should stay at 169,500 because that is set by the council and most agreed upon. Iamred0 Talk to Iamred...  17:19, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

The 169,500 seems to be an out of date population for the entire borough not the town so I used the smaller figure of 99,962 which is also the figure quoted in the reference about the population. The same source is used for most other articles on British settlements so I think it should stay as the area's population. Eopsid (talk) 14:50, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 21 March 2012
Just to let you know> Chelmsford is now a city.

89.240.214.1 (talk) 16:28, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. The article already says this. It's not clear what you want to edit. Thank you. Begoon   talk 22:48, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * This template may only be used when followed by a specific description of the request, that is, specify what text should be removed and a verbatim copy of the text that should replace it.
 * "Please change X" is not acceptable and will be rejected; the request must be of the form "please change X to Y".

Pronunciation of 'Chelmsford'
The pronunciation of Chelmsford given in this article is rhotic; that is, it indicates that the 'r' of 'Chelmsford' is pronounced. However, this is not the case both locally and for standard British English. Should I alter it? NearlyDrNash (talk) 22:48, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It's quite likely that the rhotic IPA (since removed) was taken from one of the other Chelmsfords. Chelmsford, MA has suggesting "Chelmsferd" with a pronounced R, which is correct for the local New England accent but the UK (Estuary) pronunciation is closer to "Chelmzfuhd" . I'm no IPA expert so I'll let someone else verify it before putting it in.
 * In the "talk" section of the Massachusetts town I commented several years ago that there are many and varied pronunciations, some rhotic and some not. My favorite is Chems-fudd, which is both non-rhotic and non-...um, I need some help here. Non-lambdic? Yes, non-lambdic, according to some on-line discussion about how to pronounce "almond". Many New England towns have names echoing Old England, occasionally with identically confusing mismatches of spelling and pronunciation. Gloucester and Leicester come instantly to mind. "All the right names in all the wrong places. Cambridge next to Boston," says a friend from the UK now living in Massachusetts. Snezzy (talk) 19:43, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

I have memories of visiting relatives in East Anglia, UK in the 90s and people pronouncing it Choms-fuhd. No one either on the British or American sides of my family (I'm American) seems to have any memory of this pronunciation. It may be an instance of the Mandela effect. I share it here in case anyone else has heard it. WillRefvem (talk) 06:48, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Chelmsford City Council?
I reverted the edit that changed instances of Chelmsford Borough Council to Chelmsford City Council for three reasons, in order of importance: Dpmuk (talk) 22:21, 8 June 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) I see no evedience that the council has changed it's name - the website still says borough.
 * 2) It was done indiscriminately.  This included changing references to old documents which, even if the council does change it's name, will still have been produced by the Borough Council
 * 3) It introduced at least one typo.

 * Signs on buses can now be seen saying "Chelmsford City Council" and the website says Chelmsford City Council. Iamred0  Talk to Iamred...  00:46, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The website is a fair point - it didn't appear to have changed when I looked, although I was possibly looking at the wrong site and both the old and new were on the web at the same time. Clearly getting the old site to redirect to the new one is too sensible or something.  Happy for it to be changed as long as it's done carefully as many of the documents used as sources are likely to have been produced by the Borough Council before the name change and so I think should stay as Borough. Dpmuk (talk) 04:08, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

/* Chelmsford City Council? */ the website clearly states 'chelmsford city council' so an edit of the article where relevant is now essential. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.132.224 (talk) 06:02, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Chelmsford
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Chelmsford's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "history": From InterContinental Hotels Group:  From Reckitt Benckiser:  From Hawker Siddeley: US Centiennal of Flight Commission – Hawker Siddeley From Britvic: Britvic History From A.G. Barr:  From Swanley:

From Berkhamsted: History of Berkhamsted by Percy Birchnell

From Strood: Henry Smetham, History of Strood, 1899.

From Kent:

From Whitbread:

From Arriva: Arriva History and growth Arriva

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 05:44, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.hoffmannbearings.co.uk/history-of-hoffmann-bearings.html. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Jake Brockman (talk) 06:41, 21 April 2017 (UTC) Substantial parts of the section of this company are direct copies or close paraphrasing of an external website and have therefore been removed until a newly and independently worded version can be found. Some of the claims that remain from previous editors may also require external sources. Can someone close to the topic maybe help with this effort? Many thanks. Jake Brockman (talk) 06:41, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Can you confirm that the website preceded WP? It is very common for the WP text to be recycled this way. Eddaido (talk) 06:56, 21 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It can be deduced. Before deleting I looked through past revisions of the WP article going back to 2008. Between 2008 and 2010 the section was expanded to a version close to what we see today, but it never has the detail seen on the external site. It remains a partial text of that. As the syntax seems consistent on the external site, I do not think that that one was cobbled together from various sources. Regardless of the copyright questions, the text is problematic is it does not state any external sources for claims such as being the first ball bearing factory in the UK, having worldwide fame or even the heritage of parts being used in transatlantic flight. Indeed if we believe the external website may have been copied from WP, we have to discount that as source obviously. As the copyvio is concerned, the approach should be prudent. If in doubt, delete it... So a number of concerns that require this section to be looked at with fresh sources and new wording. Jake Brockman (talk) 07:19, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see, it can. I don't mind very much but I was just counselling caution. So much old stuff has no inline citations at all so I don't think that means anything the least significant. My interest was in the ball bearing industry in Newark. Somehow I now find myself knocking together something about Pollard. Chelmsford I leave to you to mend as best you are able. I'll watch and help if I can. OK?

 * PS have you thought of looking up who wrote it? Eddaido (talk) 07:27, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

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The 'Nearest Places' tab needs information adding to it
In my opinion, information on nearest places should be included in the 'Nearest Places' tab (I suggest in bullet point form) as it is currently empty and in my opinion it is pointless to have an empty tab in the article. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 12:15, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Religion
There has been an active independent Jewish community in Chelmsford since the early 1970s. 2A00:23C7:632A:B801:ACB2:A1E6:EFF9:D211 (talk) 17:31, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

Population citation incorrect
The population is noted as being from the 2021 census, however the citation is from the 2011 census. Can the population figure be verified and new citations added to support? Magpie069 (talk) 16:42, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chelmsford


text:
Template Haskell

Template Haskell is an experimental language extension to the Haskell programming language implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (version 6 and later). In early incarnations it was also known as Template Meta-Haskell.

It allows compile-time metaprogramming and generative programming by means of manipulating abstract syntax trees and 'splicing' results back into a program. The abstract syntax is represented using ordinary Haskell data types and the manipulations are performed using ordinary Haskell functions.

'Quasi-quote' brackets  and   are used to get the abstract syntax tree for the enclosed expression and 'splice' brackets   and   are used to convert from abstract syntax tree into code.

As of GHC-6.10, Template Haskell provides support for user-defined quasi-quoters, which allows users to write parsers which can generate Haskell code from an arbitrary syntax. This syntax is also enforced at compile time. For example, using a custom quasi-quoter for regular expressions could look like this:

Example
A common idiom is to quasi-quote an expression, perform some transformation on the expression and splice the result back into the program. It could be written as:

title: Template Haskell


text:
User talk:MartinHarper/Wikipedians attacked by RK

I have generally found RK to be an intelligent, well-informed and intellectually courageous writer, although I agree he can go over the top on occasions. Anyone who attacks the vandal Lir can't be all bad. Adam 00:30, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I have overwhelmingly found RK to be a perceptionally poor and intellectually entrenched writer with an anal retentive view of how to structure an encyclopaedia. I do agree he can contribute things of value to articles on occasions (though I can't think of any glaring examples offhand, that we might not have received from other sources who act more civilly). What his relations have been with Lir are totally irrelevant to my perception of him. -- Cimon 15:09, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text:
File:Arms-hornchurch.jpg

Arms of Hornchurch Urban District Council. From civicheraldry.co.uk, with permission.

About the civic heraldry images...

title: File:Arms-hornchurch.jpg


text:
Tax returns in the United States

Tax returns in the United States are reports filed with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or with the state or local tax collection agency (California Franchise Tax Board, for example) containing information used to calculate income tax or other taxes. Tax returns are generally prepared using forms prescribed by the IRS or other applicable taxing authority.

Federal returns
Under the Internal Revenue Code returns can be classified as either tax returns or information returns, although the term "tax return" is sometimes used to describe both kinds of returns in a broad sense. Tax returns, in the more narrow sense, are reports of tax liabilities and payments, often including financial information used to compute the tax. A very common federal tax form is IRS Form 1040.

A tax return provides information so that the taxation authority can check on the taxpayer's calculations, or can determine the amount of tax owed if the taxpayer is not required to calculate that amount. In contrast, an information return is a declaration by some person, such as a third party, providing economic information about one or more potential taxpayers.

Information returns
Information returns are reports used to transmit information about income, receipts or other matters that may affect tax liabilities. For example, Form W-2 and Form 1099 are used to report on the amount of income that an employer, independent contractor, broker, or other payer pays to a taxpayer. A company, employer, or party which has paid income (or, in a few cases, proceeds that may ultimately be determined not to be income) to a taxpayer is required to file the applicable information return directly with the IRS. A copy of the information return is also sent directly to the payee. These procedures enable the IRS to make reasonably sure that taxpayers report income correctly.

Tax returns
The filing of Federal tax returns is required under federal law. Individuals who receive more than the statutory minimum amount of gross income must file. The standard U.S. individual tax return is Form 1040. There are several variations of this form, such as the 1040EZ and the 1040A, as well as many supplemental forms. U.S. citizens and residents who realize gross income in excess of a specified amount (adjusted annually for inflation) are required by law to file Federal income tax returns (and pay remaining income taxes if applicable). Gross income includes most kinds of income regardless of whether the income arises from legitimate businesses. Income from the sale of illegal drugs, for example, is taxable. Many criminals, such as Al Capone, are indicted not only for their non-tax crimes, but for failure to file Federal income tax returns (and pay income taxes).

Many Americans find the process of filling out the tax forms more onerous than paying the taxes themselves. A recent survey by Credello uncovered that only 13% of Americans file their taxes completely on their own and 53% rely on an online software system. Many companies offer free and paid options for reducing the tedious labor involved in preparing one's tax return.

For tax-filing season 2024, the IRS announced a pilot of Direct File, where people can calculate and submit their federal taxes and some state taxes in partnership with select state tax agencies for free. This initiative came as a result of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Joe Biden.

Preparation
TurboTax is the most popular tax preparation software in the United States, holding a 66.6% market share of self-prepared returns in 2018. H&R Block at Home (formerly TaxCut) is the second most popular with a 14% share. Other popular tax software includes: TaxACT at 7%, Tax Hawk (including FreeTaxUSA) at 5.9%, Credit Karma's free tax software (now owned by Intuit/TurboTax) at 1.7%, and TaxSlayer at 1.5%.

In some countries, the tax agency provides a prefilled return to streamline the process, but the United States has failed to adopt these technologies as of 2013 after lobbying by tax preparation companies like Intuit. A similar reform was unsuccessfully attempted in California, after a pilot known as ReadyReturn.

Deadline
The annual deadline to file one's Federal individual income tax return is April 15. The IRS lists scenarios for which Tax Day does not follow this standard deadline - Taxpayers can file an extension where the taxes owed must be paid by April 15 but the completed tax return filed by October 15.

Amended return
A taxpayer who finds a mistake on a previously filed individual income tax return can file corrections with Form 1040X.

In the United States, taxpayers may file an amended return with the Internal Revenue Service to correct errors reported on a previously paid tax return. Typically a taxpayer does not need to file an amended return if he or she has math errors as the IRS will make the necessary corrections. For individuals, amended returns are filed using Form 1040X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. In some cases taxpayers may use Form 1045, for example, to carry back a Net Operating Loss to a prior tax period. Form 1045 is generally processed much faster than Form 1040X.

Privacy and public disclosure
Tax return laws generally prohibit disclosure of any information gathered on a state tax return. Likewise, the federal government may not (with certain exceptions) disclose tax return information without the filer's permission, and each federal agency is also limited in how it can share such information with other federal agencies.

Occasionally there have been efforts in Congress to require tax returns to be open to public inspection. For example, Senators Robert M. La Follette and George W. Norris supported such legislation, applicable to both individual and corporate returns, and public disclosure for wealthy taxpayers was required from 1923 to 1926. Presidential candidates have sometimes voluntarily released their tax returns.

The IRS occasionally has seen "Fifth Amendment" returns from people who accurately report their annual income and tax liability but refuse to reveal the source of the funds on the grounds that such a statement would tend to incriminate the individual.

List of common forms
Examples of common Federal tax returns (and, where noted, information returns) include:

Transfer taxes

 * Form 706, U.S. Estate Tax Return;
 * Form 709, U.S. Gift (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return;

Statutory excise taxes

 * Form 720, Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return;
 * Form 2290, Heavy Vehicle Use Tax Return;
 * Form 5330, Return of Excise Taxes Related to Employee Benefit Plans;

Employment (payroll) taxes

 * Form 940, Employer's Annual Federal Unemployment (FUTA) Tax Return;
 * Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return;

Income taxes

 * Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return;
 * Form 1040A, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return;
 * Form 1040EZ, Income Tax Return for Single and Joint Filers with No Dependents;
 * Form 1041, U.S. Income Tax Return for Estates and Trusts (for 1993 and prior years, this was known as "U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Return");
 * Form 1065, U.S. Return of Partnership Income (for 1999 and prior years, this was known as "U.S. Partnership Return of Income") (information return);
 * Form 1099 series (various titles) (information return);
 * Form W-2 (information return);
 * Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return;
 * Form 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation;
 * Form 2290, Heavy Highway Vehicle Use Tax Return;

title: Tax returns in the United States


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List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów

List of subcamps of the Kraków-Płaszów complex of Nazi concentration camps located mostly in the vicinity of Kraków in the semi-colonial district of General Government in occupied Poland between 1942–1944. established in March 1943 at the former "Kabel" plant in Kraków, at 75 Prokocimska street.
 * 1) Kraków Płaszów (Julag I)
 * 2) Kraków Prokocim (Julag II)
 * 3) Kraków Bieżanow (Julag III)
 * 4) so-called Kabel camp
 * 1) Kraków Zabłocie DEF, Oskar Schindler's "Deutsche Emaillewarenfabrik", former "Rekord" plant, at 4 Lipowa street in central Kraków, with 1,200 slave workers.
 * 2) Kraków Zabłocie NKF

 * 1) Kraków Zabłocie Feldpunkt
 * 2) Kraków Rakowice near the airport
 * 3) Mielec in former Polish airplane factory, set up for Heinkel (Luftwaffe) in 1939, with 2,000 slave workers including 300 (preyed upon) kitchen and maintenance women.
 * 4) Wieliczka (1944), underground airplane parts factory located at the site of the Wieliczka Salt Mine with 1,700 slave workers.
 * 5) Zakopane (1942–1943), stone quarry "Stuag" with 1,000 slave workers.

title: List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów


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Tax returns in Canada

Tax returns in Canada refer to the obligatory forms that must be submitted to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) each financial year for individuals or corporations earning an income in Canada. The return paperwork reports the sum of the previous year's (January to December) taxable income, tax credits, and other information relating to those two items. The return is the method by which the Canadian government determines the appropriate amount of tax that should be paid by individuals and corporations. The result of filing a return with the federal government can result in either a refund (money owed to the person or corporation filing the return), or an amount due to be paid. There is a penalty for not filing a tax return.

In generalised terms, a tax return refers to the yearly income declaration created by the taxpayer for every individual in the country. This enables tax authorities to declare if an individual is eligible to be given back the tax that they had paid over the year.

Canadian federal tax returns are filed with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). Individuals and corporations who reside or conduct business in the province of Quebec also file separate returns with Revenu Québec.

In addition to tax purposes, the return plays a role in voter registration by including a checkbox asking if the signee if they are willing to have their personal contact information included on a national voter registry which is accessible by Elections Canada and its provincial equivalents.

Who should file a Canadian tax return
Canadians who live abroad can sometimes continue filing a Canadian tax return, even if they are not required to do so. Three primary factors are used to determine a taxpayer's tax residence: dwelling place (or places), spouse or common-law partner and dependants.

Due date
Normally, Canadian individual tax returns for any specific year must be filed by April 30 of the following year. There is no provision for generally extending this deadline, but there are a few exceptions.

 * Tax returns for self-employed individuals and their spouses must be filed by June 15 of the following year. However, any Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax owing for the period is due April 30.
 * Tax returns for deceased individuals must be filed by the normal filing deadline or 6 months after the date of death, whichever comes later. Example: Mary dies on January 30, 2004; her 2003 return is due on July 30, 2004 (six months later) and her 2004 return is due on April 30, 2005 (normal filing deadline). This provision is also extended to the surviving spouse.
 * Tax returns for non-residents electing to file under section 217 are due June 30 of the following year.
 * By virtue of the Interpretation Act the due date of all individual returns is moved to the next business day when the normal due date falls on a Sunday or Holiday. Although ministerial orders are also used to apply this to Saturday due dates, it is not a legal requirement.
 * The Federal Finance Minister may extend the deadline in cases of emergency situations such as floods, etc.

Provincial returns
Most provinces employ a system of federal-provincial agreements whereby the tax is collected on behalf of a province by the federal government. Quebec is the only province that collects provincial personal income taxes by their agency. Thus, Quebec residents file tax returns with both the Ministère du Revenu du Québec and the Canada Revenue Agency. Alberta and Quebec collect their own corporate income tax. Filing deadlines generally match those of the federal government.

Tax return software and online filing
Tax returns can be prepared using various commercial software or online. The returns can be either printed and sent to CRA by mail or submitted to CRA electronically through a government service called NETFILE. Some tax preparation companies allow customers to file tax returns for free.

The biggest tax preparation companies in Canada are H&R Block and Intuit, the maker of TurboTax.

title: Tax returns in Canada


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File:Arms-ilford2.jpg

Arms of Ilford Borough Council. From civicheraldry.co.uk, with permission.

About the civic heraldry images...

title: File:Arms-ilford2.jpg


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Space frame

In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure (3D truss) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

Chief applications include buildings and vehicles.

Space frames are strong, adaptable, and efficient buildings that can support a variety of weights. For their effective implementation in construction, it is important to comprehend their behavior under various loads, probable modes of failure, and rules for optimal arrangement. To maximize space frames' performance and longevity, proper design, material selection, and joint integrity are essential.

History
Alexander Graham Bell from 1898 to 1908 developed space frames based on tetrahedral geometry. Bell's interest was primarily in using them to make rigid frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering, with the tetrahedral truss being one of his inventions.

Max Mengeringhausen developed the space grid system called MERO (acronym of MEngeringhausen ROhrbauweise) in 1943 in Germany, thus initiating the use of space trusses in architecture. The commonly used method, still in use has individual tubular members connected at node joints (ball shaped) and variations such as the space deck system, octet truss system and cubic system.

Stéphane de Chateau in France invented the Tridirectional SDC system (1957), Unibat system (1959), Pyramitec (1960). A method of tree supports was developed to replace the individual columns.

Buckminster Fuller patented the octet truss in 1961 while focusing on architectural structures.

Gilman's Tetrahedral Truss of 1980 was developed by John J. Gilman; a material scientist known for his work on the molecular matrices of crystalline solids. Gilman was an admirer of Buckminster Fuller's architectural trusses, and developed a stronger matrix, in part by rotating an alignment of tetrahedral nodes in relation to each other.

Design methods
Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the stiffness matrix in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the calculations.

Overview
The simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking square pyramids and tetrahedra built from Aluminium or tubular steel struts. In many ways this looks like the horizontal jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger form is composed of interlocking tetrahedra in which all the struts have unit length. More technically this is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss. More complex variations change the lengths of the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate other geometrical shapes.

Types
Within the meaning of space frame, we can find three systems clearly different between them:

Curvature classification

 * Space plane covers: These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals.

 * Barrel vaults: This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing. The section type barrel vault is organized according to IS: 800-2007, and the evaluation is carried out mostly using STAAD. This work elicit evaluations of models for range, extreme redirection, self-weight, and cost.
 * Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.

Classification by the arrangement of its elements

 * Single layer grid: All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.
 * Double layer grid: Elements are organized in two layers parallel to each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. Diagonal bars connect the nodes of both layers in different directions in space. In this type of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups: upper cordon, cordon and cordon lower diagonal.
 * Triple layer grid: Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.

Other examples classifiable as space frames are these:

 * Pleated metallic structures: Emerged to try to solve the problems that formwork and pouring concrete had their counterparts. Typically run with welded joint, but may raise prefabricated joints, a fact which makes them space meshes.
 * Hanging covers: Designs on the cable taut, spine, and the catenary arch (inverted funicular show their ability to channel forces theoretically better than any other alternative, have an infinite range of possibilities for composition and adaptability to any type of plant cover or ensure vain. However, imprecisions in shape having the loaded strand (ideally adapts dynamically to the state of charge) and the risk of bending the arc to unexpected stresses are problems that require pre-compression and pre-stressing elements. Although in most cases tend to be the cheapest and the technical solution that best fits the acoustics and ventilation of the covered enclosure, are vulnerable to vibration.
 * Pneumatic structures: Closure membranes subjected to a pressurized state may be considered within this group.

Applications
Chief space frame applications include:

Buildings
 * Industrial structures:
 * Factories
 * Warehouses,
 * Commercial, entertainment, and service facilities:
 * Sports halls
 * Conference halls, pavilions, and exhibition centers
 * Stadiums
 * Museums and fair houses
 * Shopping malls
 * Airports

Vehicles:
 * Aircraft
 * Automobiles
 * Motorcycles
 * Bicycles
 * Spacecraft

Architectural design elements
 * Atriums
 * Geodesics

Construction
Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large roof spans in modernist commercial and industrial buildings.

Examples of buildings based on space frames include:
 * Stansted Airport, by Foster + Partners
 * Bank of China Tower and the Louvre Pyramid, by I. M. Pei
 * Rogers Centre by Rod Robbie and Michael Allan
 * McCormick Place East in Chicago
 * Arena das Dunas in Natal, Brazil by Populous
 * Eden Project in Cornwall, England
 * Globen, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)
 * Biosphere 2 by John P. Allen, Phil Hawes, Peter Jon Pearce in Oracle, Arizona
 * Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York City, New York
 * Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain by Arata Isozaki
 * Sochi International Airport in Sochi, Russia
 * Entrance to Six Flags Magic Mountain
 * Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport airport terminal 2
 * Harbin Opera House in China by Ma Yansong
 * Hedyar Aliyev Centre in Azerbaijan by Zaha Hadid

Large portable stages and lighting gantries are also frequently built from space frames and octet trusses.

Aircraft
The CAC CA-6 Wackett and Yeoman YA-1 Cropmaster 250R aircraft were built using roughly the same welded steel tube fuselage frame.

Many early “whirlybird”-style exposed-boom helicopters had tubular space frame booms, such as the Bell 47 series.

Cars
Space frames are sometimes used in the chassis designs of automobiles and motorcycles. In both a space frame and a tube-frame chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have little or no structural function. By contrast, in a unibody or monocoque design, the body serves as part of the structure.

Tube-frame chassis pre-date space frame chassis and are a development of the earlier ladder chassis. The advantage of using tubes rather than the previous open channel sections is that they resist torsional forces better. Some tube chassis were little more than a ladder chassis made with two large diameter tubes, or even a single tube as a backbone chassis. Although many tubular chassis developed additional tubes and were even described as "space frames", their design was rarely correctly stressed as a space frame and they behaved mechanically as a tube ladder chassis, with additional brackets to support the attached components, suspension, engine etc. The distinction of the true space frame is that all the forces in each strut are either tensile or compression, never bending. Although these additional tubes did carry some extra load, they were rarely diagonalised into a rigid space frame.

An earlier contender for the first true space frame chassis is the one off Chamberlain 8 race "special" built by brothers Bob and Bill Chamberlain in Melbourne, Australia in 1929. Others attribute vehicles produced in the 1930s by designers such as Buckminster Fuller and William Bushnell Stout (the Dymaxion and the Stout Scarab) who understood the theory of the true space frame from either architecture or aircraft design.

A post WW2 attempt to build a racing car space frame was the Cisitalia D46 of 1946. This used two small diameter tubes along each side, but they were spaced apart by vertical smaller tubes, and so were not diagonalised in any plane. A year later, Porsche designed their Type 360 for Cisitalia. As this included diagonal tubes, it can be considered a true space frame and arguable the first mid-rear engined design.

The Maserati Tipo 61 of 1959 (Birdcage) is often thought of as the first but in 1949 Robert Eberan von Eberhorst designed the Jowett Jupiter exhibited at that year's London Motor Show; the Jowett went on to take a class win at the 1950 Le Mans 24hr. Later, TVR, the small British car manufacturers developed the concept and produced an alloy-bodied two seater on a multi tubular chassis, which appeared in 1949.

Colin Chapman of Lotus introduced his first 'production' car, the Mark VI, in 1952. This was influenced by the Jaguar C-Type chassis, another with four tubes of two different diameters, separated by narrower tubes. Chapman reduced the main tube diameter for the lighter Lotus, but did not reduce the minor tubes any further, possibly because he considered that this would appear flimsy to buyers. Although widely described as a space frame, Lotus did not build a true space frame chassis until the Mark VIII, with the influence of other designers, with experience from the aircraft industry.

A large number of kit cars use space frame construction, because manufacture in small quantity requires only simple and inexpensive jigs, and it is relatively easy for an amateur designer to achieve good stiffness with a space frame.

A drawback of the space frame chassis is that it encloses much of the working volume of the car and can make access for both the driver and to the engine difficult. The Mercedes-Benz 300 SL “Gullwing” received its iconic upward-opening doors when its tubular space frame made using regular doors impossible.

Some space frames have been designed with removable sections, joined by bolted pin joints. Such a structure had already been used around the engine of the Lotus Mark III. Although somewhat inconvenient, an advantage of the space frame is that the same lack of bending forces in the tubes that allow it to be modelled as a pin-jointed structure also means that creating such a removable section need not reduce the strength of the assembled frame.

Motorcycles and bicycles
Italian motorbike manufacturer Ducati extensively uses tube frame chassis on its models.

Space frames have also been used in bicycles, which readily favor stressed triangular sectioning.

title: Space frame