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Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo

Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo, located in Bridgeport, Connecticut, is the only Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)–accredited zoo in the state of Connecticut. The zoo includes one of the few carousels in the state. The zoo has around 500 animals, from over 100 species, and welcomes about 280,000 visitors a year.

The Park
In 1878, James W. Beardsley, a wealthy farmer, donated over 100 acre of hilly, rural land bordering on the Pequonnock River, with a distant view of Long Island Sound, to the city of Bridgeport on the condition that "the city shall accept and keep the same forever as a public park". In 1881, the city contracted Frederick Law Olmsted, famous for creating New York City's Central Park, to create a design for Beardsley Park. Olmsted described the existing land as "pastoral, sylvan and idyllic" and, in 1884, delivered his plan for a simple, rural park for the residents to enjoy: "[The land donated by Beardsley] is thoroughly rural and just such a countryside as a family of good taste and healthy nature would resort to, if seeking a few hours' complete relief from scenes associated with the wear and tear of ordinary town life... It is a better picnic ground than any possessed by the city of New York, after spending twenty million on parks... The object of any public outlay upon it should be to develop and bring out these distinctive local advantages, and make them available to extensive use in the future by large numbers of people."Olmsted was the principal architect of the site. Architect Joseph W. Northrup designed Island Bridge, a bridge to an island in the park. In 1909, the city erected a statue created by Charles Henry Niehaus in honor of Beardsley at the park's Noble Avenue entrance. Beardsley Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

The Zoo
At the time of the park's creation, the city of Bridgeport was home to Phineas T. Barnum and his world-famous circus. Barnum would exercise his animals through the streets of Bridgeport, and people gathered in Beardsley Park to see zebras and camels walking by.

In 1920, Bridgeport Parks Commissioner, Wesley Hayes, began a campaign to create a city zoo within the park. He requested that the citizens of Bridgeport contribute animals to start the zoo. Within the first year, eighteen exotic birds were donated. By 1927, the zoo had acquired a variety of exotic animals, including a camel donated by the Barnum and Bailey Circus.

In 1997, the Connecticut Zoological Society, a nonprofit support group for the zoo, purchased the zoo from the city. The society continues to run the zoo as a private, nonprofit institution with assistance from the state of Connecticut and the city of Bridgeport.

In 2007, the zoo became the first in the Northeast to exhibit Chacoan peccaries. In October 2011, it also became the first zoo in the Northeast to breed the species.

On July 25, 2009, the zoo, in partnership with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP), held an Exotic Animal Amnesty Day, where people could turn in their exotic pets to the state without fear of prosecution. During the event 135 animals were surrendered, 14 of which were illegal. On March 31, 2012, the zoo and DEEP held another amnesty day, this time only aiming to accept animals which were illegal to own in Connecticut or that were in very bad condition. Seven animals were surrendered, five of them illegal.

In January 2010, the oldest Andean condor in the world, Thaao, died at the zoo after being a resident for 17 years.

On January 22, 2011, an endangered Brazilian ocelot kitten was born at the zoo through oviductal artificial insemination marking the first time that this kind of artificial insemination had successfully worked in an exotic wildcat. The achievement was made with the help of the Cincinnati Zoo's C.R.E.W.

In 2012, Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo celebrated its 90th anniversary. The zoo celebrated its birthday with guest promotions and a temporary summer exhibition of giant tortoises.

In September 2014, the zoo received top honors in the 2014 AZA Education Award for their outstanding education program.

Exhibits and animals
Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo is divided into nine major exhibits:
 * 1) Rainforest Building: An indoor building featuring several animals from tropical South America, including Brazilian ocelot (Leopardus pardalis mitis), black howler, white-faced saki, golden lion tamarin, Goeldi's monkey, Hoffman's two-toed sloth, Brazilian agouti, common vampire bat, scarlet ibis, Yacare caiman, red-tailed boa, Hispaniolan slider, Amazon milk frog and more. In 2015, the zoo installed a green roof to the building. The roof includes a mix of Sedum plants as well as grasses and chives. The roof is designed to absorb 60–70% of the rainwater that would otherwise drain into the sewage system, as well as naturally insulate the building, absorb heat from the sun instead of reflecting it off, and naturally filter water so it can be reused by the zoo.
 * 2) Predators: A small row of enclosures featuring Amur tigers, and Amur leopards which first arrived in 2013. The zoo plans to build a larger tiger enclosure with glass-window viewing. Former residents include Canada lynx and a rare andean bear named Joaquim.
 * 3) Alligator Alley: A small trail featuring various animals from the Southeastern United States, including grey fox, North American river otter, bald eagle, sandhill crane, and American alligator. The exhibit also features a small walk-through aviary home to various small birds and turtles. The two foxes were rescue animals born in South Carolina, the cranes rescued in Wisconsin, and the eagles were rescued from Alaska and Florida respectively.
 * 1) Hoofstock Trail: A long trail which loops around the zoo from Pampas Plains to Predators. The exhibit features animals native to the Great Plains such as plains bison, pronghorn, white-tailed deer, black-tailed prairie dog, turkey vulture, and barred owl. One of the female deer was orphaned on Beardsley Park grounds in 2005, and was initially exhibited in Alligator Alley. The zoo had a Pronghorn fawn born one June 8, 2012.
 * 2) New England Farmyard: Designed as a small rural farm, the exhibit features a collection of farm animals, mainly of breeds which originated in New England, as well as some wild species that might be found in rural Connecticut. Domestic animals include Dexter cattle, llama, threatened Guinea hog, Cotswold sheep, various goat breeds, a feral cat, domestic rabbit, and various chicken, goose, and duck breeds. Wild animals include North American porcupine, great horned owl, snowy owl, American barn owl, common raven, tundra swan, cackling goose, and diamondback terrapin. The zoo has bred several rare breeds on many occasions, including Guinea hogs almost yearly since 2009.
 * 3) W.O.L.F: A small exhibit near the zoo's entrance which features Mexican wolves and a red wolf. The zoo was home to two timber wolves. They were replaced by the Mexican wolves. The exhibit is designed to look like a trapper's cabin and discusses the work the zoo does with these highly endangered species. The zoo has bred red wolves many times, with the latest birth being of four pups in June 2014, and some of the animals born at the zoo have been reintroduced to the wild. The zoo received three female Mexican wolves in 2013, and hope to one day breed the species for reintroduction back into the wild. "W.O.L.F" stands for Wolf Observation Learning Facility.
 * 4) Native Reptile House: A small wooden building near the entrance of the New England Farmyard, the exhibit features various species of reptiles and amphibians native to Connecticut. Species include black rat snake, eastern milk snake, eastern garter snake, common snapping turtle, North American wood turtle, spotted turtle, three-toed box turtle, eastern box turtle, American bullfrog, eastern grey treefrog, and pickerel frog.
 * 5) Professor Beardsley's Research Station: While not always open to the public, the exhibit is used mainly as an education center and is home to several of the zoo's education animals, such as European legless lizard, and bullsnake. The building is also where the zoo raises brook trout to be released into the wild. In June 2015, the zoo added three eastern hellbenders to the exhibit.
 * 6) Pampas Plains: This new exhibit opened in 2015 and is phase one of the zoo's "South American Adventure". It features a raised walkway to allow for better viewing and is home to maned wolves, giant anteaters, Chacoan peccaries, and greater rheas. An anteater was born at the zoo on February 13, 2016, the first in the zoo's history. On July 30, 2018, another anteater was born. Anteaters and peccaries are seen only when the temperature is in the 50s or warmer.
 * 7) Natt Family Red Panda Habitat: In October 2015, the zoo became home to a young male western red panda from the Franklin Park Zoo. He was temporary exhibited in the outdoor monkey enclosure outside the Rainforest Building. In October 2018 the zoo officially opened The Natt Family Red Panda Habitat to the public. The new habitat gives the zoo's two red pandas space to roam and play and gives visitors two new viewing areas.

In addition to these exhibit, the zoo is also home to a pair of Andean condors which can be found by the entrance of the zoo, as well as free-roaming Indian peafowl, West African helmeted guineafowl, and occasionally wild turkeys.

The zoo also has a carousel and one of the largest greenhouses in Connecticut. The Victorian Greenhouse is also home to two agave plants that have grown flower stalks, and are expected to bloom soon as of January 2020. The plants are known as "century plants" because they bloom so rarely, roughly once every 30 years. At the entrance, a pair of brick buildings that once served as trolley barns for the city of Bridgeport now hold administrative offices.

Future plans
In continuation of the zoo's "South American Adventure", the zoo will receive $2.5 million in state funding to build "Spirit of the Cloud Forest", featuring a new pair of Andean bears and possibly a new enclosure for their condors. The new exhibit will see the return of the bear species to the zoo since their last male left in 2011. Additionally, the zoo plans to add spider monkeys to the outdoor yard by the Rainforest Building.

Temporary exhibits
In August 2011, the zoo hosted the animal rescue organization "Rainforest Reptiles" in a temporary display of several rescued exotic reptiles, including an albino alligator.

In 2012, the zoo temporarily exhibited a Galápagos giant tortoise and Aldabra giant tortoise, from the Cameron Park Zoo, outside of the greenhouse for the 90th anniversary.

In 2014, the zoo held temporary camel rides from a pair of dromedary camels.

In 2015, the zoo brought back the camel rides due to popular demand. The pair from 2014 returned with a third animal. The zoo also exhibited several African spurred tortoises in the same temporary yard the giant tortoises had been in.

On April 26, 2016, the zoo added four African penguins in a temporary exhibit by the zoo's Peacock Café. They were on exhibit until September 30, 2016.

On November 25, 2017, two Amur tigers cubs (two sisters) were born at the zoo. The zoo began a webcam live-streaming of the tiger cubs via a webcam located in their nursery.

Conservation
The zoo takes part in several in-situ and ex-situ conservation programs. Being an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), the zoo partakes in multiple captive breeding programs and Species Survival Plans. The zoo works to care for and breed multiple endangered species such as Amur tigers, Amur leopards, Canada lynx, Brazilian ocelots, red wolves, Mexican wolves, maned wolves, giant anteaters, Chacoan peccaries, golden lion tamarins, North American river otters, Andean condors, spotted turtles, and eastern hellbenders.

The Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo Conservation Fund, established in 2002, awards up to $15,000 in funds to worldwide conservation programs. To date, the fund has supported the following programs:

• Alaska brown bear research

• AZA Bear Taxon Advisory Group

• AZA Small Carnivore Taxon Advisory Group

• Belize Zoo

• Carnivore Status Survey in Paraguay

• Connecticut animal track identification training

• Connecticut wetlands restoration project

• International Otter Colloquium

• Lion Tamarins of Brazil

• Zoo Conservation Outreach program

The zoo has also sent animals in their collection to be reintroduced into the wild to help boost wild populations. Species the zoo has contributed to the reintroduction of include red wolves, golden lion tamarins, Andean condors, and brook trout. The zoo hopes to soon breed and reintroduce Mexican wolves as well.

The zoo also takes in animals orphaned or injured in the wild that cannot be released:
 * In June 2005, a two-week-old female white-tailed deer was found orphaned on Beardsley Park grounds. She was taken in by the zoo and exhibited in Alligator Alley before being moved in with bison and other deer in the Hoofstock Trail.
 * In early 2010, a trio of male bald eagles arrived at the zoo. Two arrived from the Alaska Raptor Center and one from the Florida Audubon Society. All three had wing injuries which have made them unable to fly and thus were not able to be released back into the wild.
 * In September 2010, a pair of sandhill cranes arrived from the Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The pair had been raised separately by humans before being orphaned and eventually donated to the sanctuary. While the pair got along fine, they did not fit in with the other cranes at the sanctuary and the decision was made to move them elsewhere. Since the pair were raised by people, it was doubtful they would fare well in the wild and were taken in by the zoo instead.
 * In May 2012, the zoo took in a three-week-old male bobcat which had been separated from its mother shortly after birth. Rescued in Connecticut, the zoo took in the animal after being contacted by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection due to there not being a licensed bobcat rehabilitation center in the state. The animal has been named "Beeze" (pronounced "B-Z") and is used as an animal ambassador by the zoo's education department.
 * In August 2012, a pair of grey foxes arrived from Alligator Adventure in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. They were rescued as pups from the wild about four or five years prior to arriving at the zoo.
 * The zoo's female barred owl was given to the zoo by a wildlife rehabilitator after being rescued in Southbury, Connecticut. She has damaged left wing and a cataract in her left eye, making her unable to survive in the wild.

Education programs
The zoo's core education program, the Conservation Discovery Corps (CDC), is a science and conservation-based program for high school students ages 14–18. Participants are trained in both zoo and field research, and are given an inside perspective on the operations of the zoo and gain experience in conservation education, public service, and public speaking. The students also work side by side with licensed field biologists, study the role of zoos in conservation, and help educate zoo visitors.

In September 2014, the CDC received top honors in the 2014 AZA Education Award for its outstanding ability to promote conservation knowledge, educate youth, and obtain success in its projects.

title: Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo


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Sequoyah County

Sequoyah County may refer to more than one place in the United States:

 * Sequoyah County, Oklahoma
 * Finney County, Kansas was originally Sequoyah County, Kansas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sequoyah County


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Talk:Ariadne

Comments
The Romans called her Libera What's the connection with Ariadne? It would have to be through a Roman connection of Libera and Bacchus? Not all Greek myth has a Roman counterpart. Wetman 18:55, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I removed this here: "According to some scholars there were two Ariadnes, the first was the wife of Dionysus who was slain by Perseus, and later recovered by the god from Hades, while the second, who lived two generations later was the love of Theseus. Little evidence exists for this however." Mythic time does not divide so securely. However, if a Greek mythographer suggests that there were two Ariadnes, that's worth explaining in the article. --Wetman 01:19, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, this makes sense. The two generations are probably a construct of Apollodorus, and the article reads like a copyvio from Robert Graves; hence the etymology. Septentrionalis 23:26, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Not in Graves; which suggests it is spurious, or at least modern. Septentrionalis 18:28, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The classical sources are quoted in excerpts at http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Ariadne.html .--Wetman (talk) 07:16, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

That red yarn
"...a ball of red fleece thread that she was spinning..." Where does the red detail come up? Is this one of those examples of "tell it in your own words and improvise realistic details"? --Wetman (talk) 07:16, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Lombardo Sculpture
An editor may wish to post the stunning photo of Lombardo's Sculpture Bacchus and Ariadne at. It's associated with the article .zaslaw (talk) 14:51, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

She Never Liked Him
The reality behind the myth is that Thesea was the love of Ariadnos' life and Dionysos was always screwing things up for them with his poisons! Ariadnos just wondered where Thesea ran off to after they got out of the labyrinth...

98.230.60.95 (talk) 18:13, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Minoan Time and Ariadne
For an insightful take on the mythologic connection between Ariadne's weaving, timekeeping and the surprisingly modern concept of spaciotemporal entanglement, see the following text:

Title: The thread of Ariadne; the labyrinth of the calendar of Minos Author: Charles F. Herberger Subjects: Palace of Knossos (Knossos); Mythology, Minoan; Calendar, Minoan Description: Bibliography: p. 156-158. Publisher: New York, Philosophical Library  (1972) ISBN: 0802220894

69.63.16.254 (talk) 01:27, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Ariadne on Naxos: discrepancies
1. "In Hesiod and most other accounts, Theseus abandoned Ariadne sleeping on Naxos, and Dionysus rediscovered and wedded her".

I never read a text by Hesiod that says anything about Ariadne. If the text is available, a pointer to the source must be provided.

The only sources that seems to hint Ariadne fell asleep are Hyginus (Fabulae, 43) and Pausanias (Description of Greece, 1.20.3). However, Hyginus says Liber (Dionysus) “took her away and married her” but Pausanias says Dionysus carried Ariadne off (no mentioning of marriages).

2. "In a few versions of the myth (Diodorus Siculus iv. 61, v. 51; Pausanias, i. 20. § 2, ix. 40. § 2, x. 29. § 2.), Dionysus appeared to Theseus as they sailed away from Crete, saying that he had chosen Ariadne as his wife and demanding that Theseus leave her on Naxos for him".

Diodorus Siculus (Library of History, Book IV 61.5) says Dionysus appeared on the island and, because Ariadnê was beautiful, he took her away from Theseus, married her and lover her very much.

Pausanias (Description of Greece, 1.20.3) appears to hint that Ariadne fell asleep, Theseus sailed away and Dionysus carried off Ariadne.

I did not find any specific statement about Dionysus appearing in Crete or any mention of demands from Dionysus.

I have no clue where "2, ix. 40. § 2, x. 29. § 2" are in the original texts since 2.9.40, 2.10.29 seem out of range and 2 is generic.

ICE77 (talk) 19:37, 29 April 2018 (UTC)

"Russian Doll"
The final episode of the eight-part 2019 American Netflix series "Russian Doll" is titled "Ariadne."Maccb (talk) 13:14, 3 February 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Ancient Greece
— Assignment last updated by Johnstoncl (talk) 20:40, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

Ceramus
Under Children of Ariadne the link for Ceramus goes to the city of Ceramus which has no mention of the person Ceramus. Eldritch.dragon999 (talk) 16:33, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Link removed, as there isn't a page for the mythological figure. – Michael Aurel (talk) 23:31, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ariadne


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Diskworld

Diskworld was a disk magazine for the Apple Macintosh computer system, published by Softdisk beginning in 1988. It was a sister publication of Softdisk for the Apple II, Loadstar for the Commodore 64, and Big Blue Disk for the IBM PC. Diskworld ceased publication in 1998.

Overview
Diskworld was originally designed and created by Sean Golden (Managing Editor), Jeff Billings (Senior Programmer) and Lynda Fowler (Junior Programmer). Sean Golden wrote the original Diskworld "shell" program which provided access to the monthly disk contents. He also wrote most of the editorial content each month. Jeff Billings and Lynda Fowler developed monthly productivity, utility or game programs which were published on the disk. Jeff and Lynda also provided some editorial content, and Sean also contributed programs. Freelance programmers also provided content for a fee. The product was broken down into editorials, articles, reviews, artwork and software, all presented with the custom "shell" program which allowed users to run the disk without having to swap out system disks on the original Macintosh. The early issues were published on 400K disks, but moved to 800K disks when the 400K disks become obsolete.

Eventually it was possible to produce a version of the "shell" program that did not carry a duplicate version of the Mac OS when hard drives became commonplace. That allowed for more content to be published on each disk. Jeff Billings left the company and Lynda Fowler became Senior Programmer. When Sean Golden was promoted to Softdisk Publishing, Inc. Publisher, Lynda Fowler became Managing Editor of Diskworld.

Later, Diskworld was renamed Softdisk for Mac, but it ceased publication in 1998 along with the other disk magazines published by Softdisk (other than Loadstar, which broke off as an independent company and continued into the 2000s) as the company moved more into Internet development.

title: Diskworld


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User talk:CP

Hello luke how r u --CP 13:50, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CP


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Scottish Prohibition Party

The Scottish Prohibition Party was a minor Scottish political party which advocated alcohol prohibition.

The party was founded in 1901. In its early years, Bob Stewart acted as the party's full-time organiser. In 1908, Stewart and Edwin Scrymgeour were elected to Dundee Town Council.

From the 1908 by-election onwards, Scrymgeour stood for the party in the Dundee constituency. Stewart acted as his election agent in 1910, but fell out with him over his religiosity. He led a Marxist split, the Socialist Prohibition and Reform Party, which merged with the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920.

Scrymgeour was finally elected as an MP for Dundee in the 1922 general election, when he and the Labour candidate E. D. Morel defeated the National Liberal candidates, one of which was future Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In Parliament, on issues other than prohibition, he generally supported the Labour Party.

Scrymgeour lost his seat at the 1931 general election. The party was disbanded in 1935, against the wishes of Scrymgeour.

title: Scottish Prohibition Party


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Adhémar Raynault

Adhémar Raynault (12 July 1891 – 11 April 1984) was a Canadian politician and a Mayor of Montreal.

Early life
Raynault was born on July 12, 1891, in Saint-Gérard-de-Magella. Raynault moved to Montreal in 1911. He started as a clerk in a trading house. He had several jobs before becoming an insurance broker. During this period, he continued to perfect his training in the evening, after work. Pretty quickly, he became an important personality in the business world.

City politics
He was a city councillor for the district of Préfontaine in Montreal from 1934 to 1936. He also served as mayor from 1936 to 1938, and from 1940 to 1944. His last tenure as mayor was provisionally served while Camillien Houde was interned for wartime opposition to conscription.

Member of the provincial Legislature
Raynault was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the district of L'Assomption in the 1936 general election and sat with the Union Nationale. He did not run again in the 1939 general election.

Personal life
He is the great uncle of former MP Francine Raynault.

title: Adhémar Raynault


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Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs

Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs is the only studio album by the English–American rock band Derek and the Dominos, released on 9 November 1970 as a double album by Polydor Records and Atco Records. It is best known for its title track, "Layla", which is often regarded as Eric Clapton's greatest musical achievement. The other band members were Bobby Whitlock (vocals, keyboard), Jim Gordon (drums, percussion), and Carl Radle (bass). Duane Allman played lead and slide guitar on 11 of the 14 songs.

Initially regarded as a critical and commercial disappointment, it failed to chart in Britain and peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Top LPs chart in the United States. It returned to the US albums chart again in 1972, 1974 and 1977, and has since been certified Gold by the RIAA. The album finally debuted on the UK Albums Chart in 2011, peaking at number 68. In 2000, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2003, television network VH1 named Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs the 89th-greatest album of all time. In the same year, Rolling Stone ranked it number 117 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". It was ranked at number 226 on the 2020 reboot of the list. It was voted number 287 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the Super Deluxe Edition of Layla won a Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album.

Background
Derek and the Dominos grew out of Eric Clapton's frustration with the hype associated with his previous bands, the supergroups Cream and Blind Faith. Following the latter's dissolution, he joined Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, whom he had come to know while they were the opening act on Blind Faith's US tour in the summer of 1969. After that band also split up, a Friends alumnus, Bobby Whitlock, joined up with Clapton in Surrey, England. From April 1970, the two spent weeks writing a number of songs "just to have something to play", as Whitlock put it. These songs would later make up the bulk of the material on Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs.

Having toured with Joe Cocker straight after leaving Delaney & Bonnie, Carl Radle and Jim Gordon reunited with Clapton and Whitlock in England. Clapton attempted to avoid the limelight under cover of the anonymous "Derek and the Dominos", with whom he played a tour of small clubs in Britain during the first three weeks of August. The group's name had reportedly resulted from a gaffe made by the announcer at their first concert, who mispronounced the band's provisional name, "Eric & The Dynamos". In fact, Clapton chose "Derek and the Dominos" because he did not want his name and celebrity to get in the way of maintaining a "band" image. When the tour was over, they headed for Criteria Studios in Miami to record an album.

The source of the album's eventual centrepiece, "Layla", was rooted in Clapton's infatuation with Pattie Boyd, the wife of his friend and Beatle lead guitarist George Harrison, who had joined Clapton as a guitarist on Delaney & Bonnie's European tour in December 1969. Dave Marsh, in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, wrote that "there are few moments in the repertoire of recorded rock where a singer or writer has reached so deeply into himself that the effect of hearing them is akin to witnessing a murder, or a suicide … to me, 'Layla' is the greatest of them."

Duane Allman's arrival
Veteran producer Tom Dowd was at Criteria working on the Allman Brothers Band's second album, Idlewild South, when the studio received a phone call that Clapton was bringing the Dominos to Miami to record. Upon hearing this, guitarist Duane Allman indicated that he would love to drop by and watch, if Clapton approved.

Allman later called Dowd to let him know that his band was in town to perform a benefit concert on 26 August. When Clapton learned of this he insisted on going to see their show, saying, "You mean that guy who plays on the back of (Wilson Pickett's) 'Hey Jude'? … I want to see him play … let's go." Stage hands seated Clapton and company in front of the barricade separating the audience from the stage. When they sat down, Allman was playing a solo. As he turned around and opened his eyes and saw Clapton, he froze. Dickey Betts, the Allmans' other lead guitarist, picked up where Allman left off, but when he followed Allman's eyes to Clapton, he had to turn his back to keep from freezing, himself.

After the show, Allman asked Clapton if he could come by the studio to watch some recording sessions, but Clapton invited him there directly, saying: "Bring your guitar; you got to play!" Jamming together overnight, the two bonded; Dowd reported that they "were trading licks, they were swapping guitars, they were talking shop and information and having a ball – no holds barred, just admiration for each other's technique and facility." Clapton wrote later in his autobiography that he and Allman were inseparable during the sessions in Florida; he talked about Allman as the "musical brother I'd never had but wished I did".

Recording
The majority of the songs on Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs were products of Clapton and Whitlock's collaboration, which produced six of the nine originals on the recording, with five covers making up the balance. Clapton used a diminutive 5-watt tweed Fender Champ during the sessions, which has grown to legend since.

Original songs
Clapton and Whitlock co-wrote "I Looked Away", "Keep on Growing", "Anyday", "Bell Bottom Blues", "Tell the Truth" and "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?" Whitlock also contributed "Thorn Tree in the Garden", while Clapton brought "I Am Yours" (from a poem by Nizami) and "Layla" (with a coda credited to Jim Gordon).

"Tell the Truth" had been initially recorded with an upbeat tempo in June 1970 with producer Phil Spector. It was issued as a single, with "Roll It Over" on the B-side. However, as Whitlock recalls, Spector's Wall of Sound approach did not fit the band's style, and they had the single withdrawn. On 28 August, with Allman contributing slide, the song was recorded as a long and slow instrumental jam. The version with vocals released on Layla captures the jam's slower pace. Both vocal versions were later included on the 1972 compilation The History of Eric Clapton.

The last track on the album, "Thorn Tree in the Garden", was recorded with Whitlock, Clapton, Allman, Radle and Gordon sitting in a circle around a single microphone.

Covers
The album's five covers included the blues standards "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" (Jimmy Cox), "Key to the Highway" (Charles Segar, Willie Broonzy), and "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles), a version of Jimi Hendrix's "Little Wing", and an up-tempo take on Chuck Willis's doo-wop ballad "It's Too Late".

According to Dowd, the recording of "Key to the Highway" was unplanned, triggered by the band hearing Sam Samudio performing the song for his album Sam, Hard and Heavy in another room at the studio. As the Dominos spontaneously started playing it themselves, Dowd told the engineers to roll tape, resulting in the tune's telltale fade-in. Bobby Whitlock's version of the story is that the tape was rolling non-stop for the entire session, but that Dowd had taken a lavatory break leaving the faders on the mixer down. As the jam began, he came running back into the control room, still pulling up his trousers and yelling, "Push up the faders!"

Artwork
The album's front cover is credited as "Cover painting by Frandsen-De Schomberg with thanks to his son, Emile, for the abuse of his house". Bobby Whitlock revealed in an interview that while they were staying at Emile Frandsen's house in France in August 1970, he took them to his father's studio just after they had made a mess by having an egg fight. It was there that they saw "La Fille au Bouquet" (Girl with bouquet), the painting by Émile-Théodore Frandsen de Shomberg which became the cover of Layla. Eric Clapton immediately spotted a likeness between the blonde-haired woman it depicted and Pattie Boyd. Clapton also insisted that the image be used unadorned on the  Layla  sleeve, with no text added to give either the band's name or the title of the album.

46 years after Frandsen gave the painting to Eric Clapton, it was the subject of a French lawsuit in which Clapton was ordered to pay compensation for altering the image on a cardboard pop up used on the 40th anniversary reissue of the album. The family of Frandsen de Schomberg, who died in 1969, received €15,000 ($16,400).

Clapton later gave the painting to George Harrison, who subsequently gave the painting to Boyd. Boyd put the painting up for sale at auction at Christie's in February 2024 alongside letters and notes from both Clapton and Harrison, with an estimate of £40-60,000. After a prolonged bidding battle, the painting was sold for £1,976,000.

Release and reception
Atco Records issued Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs in November 1970 in the United States, with a UK release following in December, on Polydor. The album failed to chart in the United Kingdom, while in the US, it peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Top LPs chart. Despite this achievement, Layla was viewed as a commercial failure, according to authors Harry Shapiro and Jan Reid. Dowd later rued the difficulty of getting airplay for the songs on US radio, while Shapiro attributes its lack of success in Britain to minimal promotion by Polydor and what he terms "the unrelenting and monotonous Press litany of a post-Cream withdrawal syndrome". Concerned that the press and the public were unaware of Clapton's involvement, Atco and Polydor distributed badges reading "Derek is Eric".

Layla also flopped critically, according to Shapiro: "As with Eric's first solo album, the reviewers liked the guitars-on-fire-stuff … but regarded the [love songs] as little more than fluff." Writing in Melody Maker, Roy Hollingworth opined that the songs ranged "from the magnificent to a few lengths of complete boredom", and specified: "We have Hendrix's 'Little Wing' played with such spreading beauty that Jimi would surely have clapped till his hands bled, and then we have 'I Am Yours' … a bossa that novas in pitiful directions." While he identified portions of "pretty atrocious vocal work", Hollingworth considered Layla to be "far more musical" than Eric Clapton, and praised Clapton and Allman for "giv[ing] about every superb essay possible on the playing of the electric guitar". Writing in Saturday Review magazine, Ellen Sander described it as "pointless and boring" and "a basket case of an album", and said that Clapton had "all but blown his musical credibility". Grouping the Dominos album with recent releases by Bob Dylan, the Beatles and Stephen Stills, Sander added, "It's [Clapton's] instincts, not his talents, that are out of synch, and he is certainly not alone, nor by any means the worst offender, in depositing garbage into the vault of a guaranteed personal audience." In a more favourable review for Rolling Stone, Ed Leimbacher noted the album's "filler" material but added that "what remains is what you hoped for from the conjunction of Eric's developing style, the Delaney and Bonnie styled rhythm section, and the strengths of 'Skydog' Allman's session abilities." Leimbacher found Clapton's singing "always at least adequate, and sometimes quite good" and concluded, "forget any indulgences and filler – it's still one hell of an album."

In a rave review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau applauded the contrast of "the high-keyed precision of [Clapton's] guitar" with "the relaxed rocking of Allman/Whitlock/Radle/Gordon". He wrote in conclusion that, "even though this one has the look of a greedy, lazy, slapdash studio session, I think it may be Eric Clapton's most consistent recording ... one of those rare instances when musicians join together for profit and a lark and come up with a mature and original sound." Christgau rewarded the album with a rare A+ grade. In a review for the album's 1972 reissue, Ed Naha of Circus called Layla an "amazing collection of Clapton tumblers" and stated, "Clapton shines once again as the high priest of rock guitar."

Reappraisal
Since its initial reception, Layla has been acclaimed by critics and regarded as Clapton's greatest overall work. In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau dubbed it "Clapton's most carefully conceived recording", while admiring the album's "relaxed shuffle and simple rock and roll" and Clapton's "generally warm" singing. Christgau wrote in conclusion: "his meaning is realized at those searing peaks when a pained sense of limits – why does love have to be so sad, I got the bell-bottom blues, Lay-la – is posed against the good times in an explosive compression of form." Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone called the album "a masterpiece" and praised its raw nature, writing that "the playing on the album, too, teeters on the edge of chaos but never tips."

AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised Allman's slide guitar work for "push[ing] Clapton to new heights" and stated, "what really makes Layla such a powerful record is that Clapton, ignoring the traditions that occasionally painted him into a corner, simply tears through these songs with burning, intense emotion." Andy Gill of The Independent complimented the album's "blues standards and sensitive originals" and noted Clapton's fiery affinity with Allman, whom Gill writes "would ensure the epochal status" of the album. Yahoo! Music's Dave DiMartino also noted Allman's "stinging guitarwork" and described Layla as "Clapton's masterwork, and one of the finest rock 'n' roll albums of the '70s", commenting that "this best-selling double LP established Clapton's post-Cream superstardom." Jim DeRogatis of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "the strongest recording of Eric Clapton’s career, and arguably the greatest blues-rock album ever made", while Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot hailed it as Clapton's "blues-rock guitar masterpiece".

Live performances
Derek and the Dominos went on tour to support Layla and performances from the October–December 1970 US tour were released in January 1973 on In Concert. Allman never toured with Derek and the Dominos, but made two guest appearances with them: on 1 December 1970 at the Curtis Hixon Hall in Tampa (Soul Mates bootleg LP) and the following day at Onondaga County War Memorial in Syracuse, New York.

The band appeared on The Johnny Cash Show, which became their only television appearance. Filmed at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, Tennessee, and broadcast on 6 January 1971, the band performed "It's Too Late" and then joined Cash and Carl Perkins for the Perkins' classic, "Matchbox".

Clapton continued to play the song "Layla" live, as at Live Aid (in Philadelphia) in 1985. In 2006, Clapton and J.J. Cale recorded The Road to Escondido, on which Allman Brothers guitarist Derek Trucks played guitar. Following this, Clapton went on tour with Trucks as part of his band. Clapton explained later that playing with Trucks made him feel like he was in Derek and the Dominos again. As the tour progressed the set changed, with the first half of the show consisting entirely of songs from Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs and culminating in "Layla".

Tedeschi Trucks Band covered the album in its entirety on 24 August 2019 at Lockn' with Trey Anastasio of Phish and Doyle Bramhall II sitting in.

Compact disc releases
There are at least nine distinct releases of Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs on compact disc:
 * 1) The 1983 two-CD set (one per LP) on RSO Records, 16-bit remastering;
 * 2) The Layla Sessions, the 18 September 1990, remixed on one CD, with two additional "sessions discs";
 * 3) The 15 September 1993, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab 24-kt limited edition gold CD release, 20-bit remastering;
 * 4) The 20 August 1996, Polydor 20-bit remaster, part of the Eric Clapton Remasters series;
 * 5) The 9 November 2004, Polydor hybrid SACD/CD remaster;
 * 6) The 21 March 2011, UMC, 40th Anniversary remaster;
 * 7) The 25 Sep 2013, Universal Music Japan Japanese Platinum SHM-CD remaster.
 * 8) 25 Feb 2017 “Derek and the Dominos/Layla” Mobile Fidelity SACD
 * 9) The 22 Sep 2020, Derek and the Dominos / Layla 50th anniversary sets

The first CD release (manufactured in 1983 in Japan) is a two-CD version. Because this album is more than 77 minutes it did not fit onto early CDs, which had a maximum play time of approximately 74 and a half minutes. The first CD was full of tape hiss, since it was made from a tape copy many generations removed from the original 1970 stereo master. This mastering's negative reception motivated at least one attempt to remaster the CD during the 1980s. Improvements, however, were not very significant because the original 1970 stereo master tapes could not be found at the time.

To mark the album's twentieth anniversary in 1990, an extended version of the album was released as a deluxe three-CD set, with extensive liner notes titled The Layla Sessions: 20th Anniversary Edition. The first disc has the same tracks as the original LP, remixed in stereo from the 16-track analog source tapes and digitally remastered. This 1990 remix, issued by Polydor, has also been released as a single CD apart from the box set. The remix has some significant changes including center placement of the bass, which in the original mix was often mixed into either the left or right channel. The other two discs of The Layla Sessions include a number of jam sessions, including the historic jam from the night that Clapton and Allman met. Also included were out-takes of some of the songs, and the previously unreleased tracks "Mean Old World", "It Hurts Me Too", and "Tender Love".

In 1993, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab gave the original 1970 stereo master tapes meticulous treatment for the first time and pressed the album on an expensive, limited edition 24kt gold CD. This MFSL 20-bit remastering of Layla preserved more of the fidelity of the original recordings than had previously been heard on CD. The MFSL version was significantly cleaner than the first CD releases, but also removed some of "Wall of Sound"-like technique that was added during mastering for vinyl. Polydor's 1996 remaster as part of the Eric Clapton Remasters series was done in much the same manner as the MFSL version, but on a standard aluminum CD at a normal price. The Polydor 2004 SACD/CD dual-layer hybrid release remixed the album in 5.1 surround sound on the SACD layer and remastered the 1970 stereo version yet again on the CD layer.

The 2011, 40th Anniversary Edition comes in two versions. The two-CD "Deluxe" edition features five previously unreleased tracks, "It's Too Late", "Got to Get Better in a Little While", "Matchbox" (with Carl Perkins) and "Blues Power" (from The Johnny Cash Show) and a jam version of "Got to Get Better in a Little While". The "Super Deluxe" version comprises the two-CD "Deluxe" album, a 5.1 Surround Sound DVD of the album, a newly remastered In Concert two-CD set, a double LP version of the album, a hardcover book, and a number of other extras.

In 2013, the album was released on Blu-ray High Fidelity Pure Audio disc. This release contains three different 24-bit/96 kHz encodings of the stereo mix, in PCM, DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD formats, each with a slightly different EQ, but did not include either 5.1 mix from the 2004 or 2011 releases.

In September 2013, Universal Music Japan issued a remastered version of Layla on SHM-CD, edited in DSD at Universal Music Studios, Tokyo. The DSD source was flat-transferred from analogue master tapes at Sterling Sound in New York City in 2013.

In February 2017, Mobile Fidelity released a hybrid SACD of the original stereo mix. The album comes in a replica gatefold sleeve and is mastered by Rob LoVerde.

Track listing
All four sides of the original LP were combined into one disc in most CD versions. The LP was re-released on 180g vinyl by Simply Vinyl in the 1990s and re-mastered and re-released on 180g vinyl by Universal Music in 2008.

Personnel

 * Eric Clapton – vocals, guitars
 * Bobby Whitlock – vocals, keyboards, Hammond B3 organ; acoustic guitar (on "Thorn Tree in the Garden")
 * Carl Radle – bass, percussion
 * Jim Gordon – drums, percussion; piano and backwards cymbal tape loops (on "Layla")
 * Duane Allman – guitar and slide guitar (on all tracks except "I Looked Away," "Bell Bottom Blues," and "Keep on Growing")
 * Albhy Galuten – piano (on "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out")

 * Production
 * Tom Dowd – executive production
 * Derek and the Dominos (Eric Clapton, Bobby Whitlock, Carl Radle, Jim Gordon) – production
 * Ron Albert – engineering
 * Chuck Kirkpatrick – engineering
 * Howie Albert – engineering
 * Karl Richardson – engineering
 * Mac Emmerman – engineering
 * Dennis M. Drake – mastering
 * Emile Théodore Frandsen de Schomberg – cover painting "La Fille au Bouquet"

 * The Layla Sessions
 * Dan Gellert – assistant engineering
 * Scott Hull – digital editing
 * Mitchell Kanner – art direction
 * George Lebon – art direction
 * Bill Levenson – production
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Steve Rinkoff – mixer
 * Gene Santoro – notes

Singles

 * "Tell the Truth/Roll It Over" (both non-album tracks) (Atco Records in US, Polydor in UK, 1970) (withdrawn)
 * "Bell Bottom Blues/Keep on Growing" (Atco in US, Polydor most other countries, 1971)
 * "Layla/I Am Yours" (Atco in US, Polydor most other countries, 1971)
 * "Layla/Bell Bottom Blues" (Polydor, 1972) (UK only)
 * "Bell Bottom Blues/Little Wing" (RSO, 1973)
 * "Layla" (Universal, 2004)

title: Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs


text:
Lila Downs

Ana Lila Downs Sánchez (born 9 September 1968 ) is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions and the works of others in multiple genres, as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music. She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and has recorded songs in many indigenous languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec, Mayan, Nahuatl and Purépecha. Born and raised in Oaxaca, she primarily studied at the Institute of Arts by Oaxaca and briefly attended the University of Minnesota, before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She soon began performing in the traditional music scene of Oaxaca City.

Her first (independent) album, Ofrenda, was released in 1994. In 1999, Downs came to prominence with her debut studio album, La sandunga, which was a critical and commercial success. She achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border which emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s (decade). Downs's seventh album, Pecados y milagros (2011), topped album charts in most major markets and generated chart-topping world music albums. Her eighth album, "Balas y Chocolate", was released in 2015. "Salón Lágrimas y Deseo", her ninth album, came out in 2017.

Downs began performing in school, demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music, Latin and American influences, and with her own original twist on dancing. Downs, a native Spanish speaker, also speaks fluent Mixtec and English. Downs through her activism has gone through great lengths to preserve the Mixtec language as well as many other Indigenous Mexican languages.

Influenced by Chavela Vargas, Mercedes Sosa, Lucha Villa, and Amparo Ochoa, Lila Downs is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her traditional and authentic fashion, the majority of which are based around Mexico's indigenous peoples' styles, cultures and heritages, which show through her performances and music videos. Her achievements include one Grammy Award and three Latin Grammy Awards.

Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and political activism, especially dealing with issues of Latin America's indigenous population.

Biography
Lila Downs was born on 9 September 1968, in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico. She is the daughter of Anita Sánchez, a Mixtec cabaret singer and Allen Downs, a Scottish-American professor of art and cinematographer from Minnesota. From an early age Downs showed interest in music. At the age of eight she began singing rancheras and other traditional Mexican songs. She began her professional career singing with mariachis. At fourteen she moved to the United States with her parents. She studied voice in Los Angeles and learned English, which her father helped her to perfect. When she was 16, her father died, and she decided to return to her native town Tlaxiaco with her mother.

One day while she was working in a store in the Mixtec mountains, a man came in to ask her to translate his son's death certificate. She read that he had drowned trying to cross the border into the United States. This deeply affected her and has continued to influence her work. She talked about this in an NPR interview about her 2001 release entitled Border.

Although today Downs is proud of her origins there was a time when she felt shame regarding her Indigenous roots. "I was embarrassed to have Indian blood. I was embarrassed that my mother spoke her language in public." This led her on a path to find herself, which included dropping out of college, dyeing her hair blonde and following the band The Grateful Dead. After some time Downs found herself back in Oaxaca, a city in southern Mexico, working at her mother's auto parts store, where she met her future husband and musical collaborator, tenor saxophonist Paul Cohen.

Downs studied Anthropology at the University of Minnesota and voice in New York. Later she attended the Institute of Science and Arts of Oaxaca in Mexico to complete her studies.

At 25, after completing academic and music studies, Downs decided to return to Tlaxiaco. Paul Cohen always encouraged her musical ventures, and she joined a group percussion called Yodoyuxi's Cadets. Because Paul Cohen had business in the United States she began to live in both Minnesota and Oaxaca.

During her stay in Minnesota, Downs formed a group called La Trova Serrana which achieved great popularity among the Latin community within the United States, singing songs about the Zapotec values and culture. Upon her return to Mexico she started singing in bars, restaurants and clubs in the City of Oaxaca, as well as the city of Philadelphia and the state of California, always with the support of US saxophonist Paul Cohen. She received many positive critical reviews, which led to her decision to undertake an extensive tour of Mexico.

1994–1996: First albums
In 1994 Lila Downs independently made her first album, entitled Ofrenda. This was both a collection of traditional songs from Oaxaca and Mexico, and songs written by the singer with lyrics sung in Spanish, Mixtec and Zapotec (native languages of Oaxaca). The material was produced both independently and with the support of the Oaxacan Cultures Institute. Because this album was not a commercial success in LP or cassette, she never released a version on CD.

In 1996 Downs recorded a live session at a renowned café-bar of the City of Oaxaca. On this record Downs was accompanied by a set of well-known musicians who supported its interpretation of traditional themes, as well as country music and jazz. With this work Downs and her music became known in different parts of Mexico, and this was her first album to be released on CD. The album had a big impact, despite limited promotion and the fact that only a small number of copies were made. This CD is now out of print, and although not available as part of the official discography of Lila Downs, can be found in digital format.

1997–1999: La Sandunga
In 1997 Lila Downs made a second recording, called "Traces", on which she performed material that was to be included in later albums such as La Sandunga, Tree of Life and Border. It is an extensive compilation of items in her traditional repertoire but, like its predecessor, had no commercial distribution, so this disc is also currently out of print.

It was not until 1999, when Downs signed with the label Narada Productions, that she achieved commercial success and made herself known internationally with the album La Sandunga. Recorded a year earlier, this material came to the forefront of Mexican music and her album was one of the first to merge the sounds of traditional music and modern rhythms as jazz, blues and bolero. The album was sung in Spanish and Mixtec, and was produced by Lila Downs and Paul Cohen with the support of Xquenda Cultural Association. Because of this success, Downs participated in the soundtrack of the Mexican film Green Stones and achieved great popularity in countries such as Mexico, United States, Spain, France, England and Germany, selling over 500,000 units worldwide.

1999–2000: Tree of Life/Yutu Tata
Downs's next album, Tree of Life, was released in 2000. With this album the fame of Downs continued to spread to other markets in England, Switzerland, Canada and especially the United States. This work found Downs turning to her indigenous past, and the album features pre-Hispanic sounds and instruments. Several of the songs on the album are sung in native Mexican languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec and Nahuatl. In October 2000, she began a two-month tour called the Tree of Life/Árbol de la vida, which included concerts in Latin America, Europe and the US. The tour began in Mexico and ended in Spain.

2001–2003: Border/La Linea (The Line)
Border, released by EMI Music in 2001, was the first album by Downs to feature songs sung in English. The album was released simultaneously in the United States and Mexico. With this album Downs merged sounds from different genres such as traditional folk music, hip hop, rock and chilena. It included fifteen songs, eleven in Spanish, three in English and one in Mayan. The album received generally good reviews and placed seventh in the top charts of world music. It also stirred up controversy due to its frank discussion of immigration, Indigenous marginalization and the Acteal massacre. This drew criticism, especially from politicians and the church.

The album's first single was released in Mexico, "Mi corazón me recuerda", a poem by Chiapas poet Jaime Sabines. Set to music, it achieved moderate success on the Mexican music charts. In Spain the song was called "La Llorona", in France the song was called "Corazoncito Tirano" and in the United States the song was called "Medley: Pastures of Plenty/This Land Is Your Land/Land" were released as singles. The latter incorporates two Woody Guthrie songs, "Pastures of Plenty" and "This Land is Your Land" as well as original lyrics by Downs in "Land".

2004–2006: Una Sangre/One Blood
One Blood, one of Lila Downs's most successful albums, was released in April 2004, simultaneously in the United States, Spain, and Mexico. The lyrics on this album are about migration, discrimination and the case of Mexican human rights defender Digna Ochoa. In addition to traditional songs such as "La Bamba", "Viborita", and "La Cucaracha", the album includes genres such as son jarocho, jazz, rock and folk. This album contains thirteen tracks, three in English, one in Triqui, one in Purepecha and eight in Spanish. Lyrics were authored by Lila Downs, Paul Cohen, Celso Duarte, and Jose Martí. In 2005 Lila Downs received the Grammy Latino in the category of "Best Album of World Music" for this album and reached the top of the charts in United States, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and France.

2006–2008: La Cantina, entre copa y copa ...

Lila Downs took approximately one and a half years to prepare this project, which was released in April 2006. This CD draws on Mexican ranchero songs and merges sounds such as pop, rock, norteño, cumbia and hip-hop. This CD contains fifteen tracks, of which twelve are traditional Mexican repertoire authored by Lila Downs, and includes a version in English of "La cumbia del mole", the song that to date is the most well-known work by the artist. "La cumbia del mole" refers to the preparation of Mexican dish and tradition in Oaxaca. This single managed to position itself among the top of the charts in Mexico, United States, Canada and United Kingdom.

In 2007, Downs published a CD with the greatest success in Spanish to date, containing songs from her previous albums La Sandunga, Tree of Life, Border/The Line, One Blood and La Cantina. It was entitled simply The Very Best of Lila Downs and was accompanied with a DVD containing thirteen tracks recorded live at a concert in Madrid, Spain.

2008–2009: Shake Away/Ojo de Culebra
Two years after the release of La Cantina, in September 2008 Downs launched Ojo de Culebra in Europe, North America, Australia and Latin America. The album reached sixth place in sales in Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Spain and several Latin American countries. The first single is titled "Ojo de Culebra" was contributed to by the Spanish singer La Mari by group of flamenco Chambao. The song is a merger of rock, cumbia and flamenco with some influences of reggae. This song was at the top of the charts of world music in several countries The second single was "Perro Negro", a merger of rock with ska, (which did not have as much of an international impact as its predecessor), featured Rubén Albarrán singer of the Mexican rock band Café Tacuba. "Little man" (released in the U.S. alone) and "Justice" were her next two singles, the latter with the participation of the Spanish singer Enrique Bunbury. Raul Midon, Gilberto Gutierrez and Mercedes Sosa also contributed to this album.

The single "Black magic woman" achieved moderate success in Europe, United States and Canada, and the single "Silent Thunder" was later well received by the British market. In October 2009 Lila Downs was honored by a plaque at the outskirts of her hometown and birthplace, Tlaxiaco, Mexico, and also was awarded the keys the city for her work preserving the language of Mixtec.

2010–present: Lila Downs y la Misteriosa, Pecados y Milagros
Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris – Live à FIP is the second live album by Downs, released on April 13, 2010, in Spain and France, the album was recorded in 2009 in Radio France studio 105 in Paris, France. It was released in May 2010 in the United States and in July in most other countries. It received positive feedback from critics. Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris was released in Mexico with an edited version of the live concert on DVD and was number one in sales of Gender World Music for the music chain Mixup for three consecutive weeks. Although receiving little promotion the album has received moderate success on the Mexican charts. In a survey of the best albums of 2010 conducted by the Mexican television network Channel 22, this album was ranked number one.

Pecados y Milagros (Sins and Miracles) was the seventh studio album by Mexican singer-songwriter Lila Downs, released on October 18, 2011. The album cover was released on September 14, 2011.

The album debuted at number fifty two on the Billboard 200 becoming her fourth-highest peak on the chart. It also debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums Chart and stayed there for over 3 consecutive weeks. This album has sold over 60.000 copies in the US and over 290.000 copies worldwide. The album was recorded in the Mexico City, and New York. Downs describes the album musically as having "a strong rock side" along with "traditional" and "Latino" songs. Celso Duarte is one of several collaborators to appear on the album, featuring on the first single "Palomo del comalito".

Other collaborations include songs with rappers Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, Celso Piña and Totó la Momposina. Downs ahas been touring through February 2017 in Mexico, the US and around the world, the Sins and Miracles Tour, which started in Mexico.

Audience members at a concert of February 18, 2012, at New York City El Museo del Barrio were informed that the concert was being recorded by HBO.

In 2014, Soledad released Raíz, a collaborative album featuring Lila Downs and Spanish artist Niña Pastori, and received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album and the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year, winning the Latin Grammy for Best Folk Album. The trio also collaborated with Santana on the track Una Noche en Nápoles for the 2014 album Corazón.

In 2015, Lila Downs joined the judging panel for The 14th Annual Independent Music Awards and by doing so, helped to assist the careers of upcoming independent artists.

On May 26, 2017, Downs released Salón, Lágrimas y Deseo, under Sony Music Mexico/Latin. The first single of the album was "Peligrosa", followed over the summer by "Urge". Her next international tour started at the end of March 2017 on the West Coast of the US, followed by a series of performances in Mexico, Europe and Latin America. The album was awarded the Latin Grammy for Best Traditional Pop Vocal at the Latin Grammys in Las Vegas in November 2017.

In August 2021, she collaborated with Guatemalan singer-songwriter Sara Curruchich on the song "Pueblos", which was released on the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples.

2005–2006: One Blood Tour
Due to the success of the albums One Blood and Border (2001 and 2004), the One Blood Tour took place and Downs performed 30 international shows on three continents. Countries such as the Philippines, Japan, China, Egypt and Afghanistan were included on the tour, where Downs was well received by the public. In May 2007, Downs published a DVD collection as a document of that tour in a concert in Oaxaca and Mexico City; this DVD contained thirteen live tracks and a documentary as well as special features like interviews, short films by Allen Downs (Lila's father) and videos.

2008–2009: Shake Away Tour
In September 2008 the Ojo de Culebra World Tour started, which took place on four continents, and was the most successful tour for a Mexican artist. In Latin America, Mexico was the country with the highest number of concerts (21 in total), the tour officially ended on October 30, 2009, giving a free concert in the Zocalo of Mexico City, followed by Colombia and Costa Rica, with three concerts each.

Although not part of the tour, Lila Downs appeared in the Live Earth in Germany, where she played three songs, and in late 2008 sang at the Harmony Festival held in California, United States.

2010: Black Magic Woman Tour
In March 2010, Lila Downs announced a world tour Black Magic Woman Tour which began in Buenos Aires, Argentina with three sold-out shows. This tour included several countries in America Asia and Europe in many of which attendance records were broken. The tour officially ended on November 17, 2010, in Square Dance by Oaxaca City where she had an audience of approximately seven thousand people.

2011–2014: Pecados y Milagros World Tour
Pecados y Milagros World Tour was Lila Downs' fourth musical tour in support of her seventh studio album, " Pecados y Milagros ", also her first album to win Grammy Awards, Latin Grammy Award for best folk album, and best Regional/Mexican Tejano album It was announced on October 3, 2011, through the official website of the singer. Lila Downs explains her meaning behind Pecados y Milagros, also known as "Sins and Miracles" talking about the drug-related violence involved in Mexico's cities. https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-11-07/what-mexican-singer-lila-downs-pecados-y-milagros-says-about-drug-violence

2015–2017: Balas y Chocolate World Tour
Balas y Chocolate World Tour is Lila Downs's fifth concert tour, and promoted her eighth studio album Balas y Chocolate ("Bullets and chocolate" in Spanish) It began on March 26 in Mexico City at the Plaza Condesa, presenting the repertoire of new music album of the same name tour. Canada in 2015, Spain has toured with great success (Cartagena, Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid etc. ), Paraguay, Chile, Argentina (Mendoza, Buenos Aires, Cordoba ), Bolivia, Ecuador, United States ( more than 20 cities, including New York City, Miami, Hollywood, Los Angeles, Step etc.) In 2016 she will be in London, Spain, Argentina and Peru. In August 2016, Lila Downs performed at the 21st Annual Santa Barbara Mariachi Festival alongside Aida Cuevas, Mariachi Sol de Mexico, Mariachi Nuevo Tecalitlán, and Mariachi Reyna de Los Angeles in Santa Barbara, CA.

2019–2021: Al Chile Tour
Al Chile World Tour is Downs' sixth world tour. It was to see concerts in Mexico, the United States, Spain, Colombia and Chile for 2019 and 2020. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, Downs was forced to cancel or postpone most of the concerts until 2021.

2022
On July 4th, 2022, Lila Downs performed in Geneva, Switzerland at the festival Musiques en été.

2023 : European Tour
On the 5th of August 2023 Lila Downs and her band gave a wonderful concert at the Festival "Chant de Marins" (Songs of Sailors) in the port of Paimpol, Brittany, France in front of 45.000 people.

Acting

Downs has had small parts in such films as Frida, Fados and Hasta el último trago corazón; the latter is a documentary on Mexican music involving various exponents of the genre. Downs worked on the composition and arrangements for the musical Como agua para chocolate, based on the book by Laura Esquivel, which premiered at the Public Theater of New York and Broadway in late 2011 and early 2012. She participated in the filming of the U.S. film Mariachi Gringo directed by Tom Gustafson, where she worked alongside Mexican actresses Adriana Barraza, Martha Higareda and Canadian actor Shawn Ashmore. The film was released in 2012.

Soundtracks
In 2001, Downs was invited to participate in the soundtrack of the Mexican film Piedras Verdes where she performed "Cancion mixteca", in 2002 she participated in the soundtrack for the film Frida singing the song "Burn It Blue" which was nominated in the 75th Academy Awards in the category of Best Original Song. In 2005 she participated in the soundtrack for the film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada with the song "Dónde estás papá". Downs has also participated in other soundtracks for films such as Real Women Have Curves and Tortilla Soup. In the film by Carlos Saura, Fados (2007), she sings an unforgettable version of "Foi na Travessa da Palha" in Portuguese.

Personal life
Since the beginning of her career she has been involved with Paul Cohen who is her partner and artistic director. There has been much speculation in the media about the couple's personal life and that the couple could not have children.

In June 2010, Downs announced on her website that, after several years of trying to be parents, she and Cohen had adopted a child, Benito Dxuladi. They lived in Coyoacán in Mexico City and Oaxaca, although they spent most of the time traveling.

In December 2022, Downs announced on her social media that her lifetime partner and husband Paul Cohen, died at the age of 69 years old, as a result of heart disease.

Social activism
Downs has been a social activist throughout her entire career and works to maintain her cultural identity and her roots in the eye of social distress. For example, she sings with passion, and admiration for her home in Oaxaca, Mexico. Her music draws out many socially significant issues particularly with issues pertaining to the Indigenous, such as the mistreatment and misunderstanding of indigenous peoples of Oaxaca, by celebrating her Mixtec heritage through song. Her albums are socially significant, especially her album, One Blood, or Una Sangre, which includes songs such as "Dignificada", which is a song about Digna Ochoa's assassination. Digna Ochoa was a lawyer and social activist, and Downs featured her story on her album One Blood.

When asked if she is a politician, Downs said that she does not want to be a politician because she is not interested in power, instead she wants to support and change society through music. On October 9, 2009, Downs, along with actress Salma Hayek represented Mexico participated in an event for the worldwide campaign of the One Drop foundation, to preserve water. They performed together with the founder of Cirque du Soleil, Shakira, U2, former Vice President Al Gore and other "world-class" personalities.

Contributions

 * In 2003 she was invited to the Twelve Girls Band concert in Shanghai, China, where she sang in French, Italian and English: Habanera from the opera Carmen, "Signore, ascolta!" from the opera Turandot, Summertime from Porgy and Bess and Ode to joy With Tim Sheff. She also participated on the album "Spain in my heart: Songs of the Spanish Civil War" with the song "El quinto regimiento".
 * In 2004 she collaborated with the Afghan singer Kulsoom Syed Ghulam on the album Lullabies from the Axis of Evil on the song "Lalolalo (Don't you Worry My Child)".
 * In 2005 she collaborated with the Galician band Luar Na Lubre on the album Saudade on the song "Domingo Ferreiro" performed in Galician.
 * In 2006 she collaborated on the Brian Lynch and Eddie Palmieri album Simpático on the song "Que sería la vida" with Brian Lynch.
 * In 2007 she collaborated with the Argentinean band Los Calzones Rotos on the album Tanguito on the song "Loco". She also collaborated on the album "Homenaje a Pedro Infante: 50 aniversario" with the song "Amorcito corazón". And she collaborated with the Paraguayan musician Celso Duarte on the album "De sur a sur/From south to south" on the song "Petenera".
 * In 2008, on the Los Cojolites album No Tiene Fin, she sang on the song "La Herlinda" and "El Pescador" of the album Sin Fecha de Caducidad by the Mexican singer Celso Piña. She also participated on the album "Songs of the siren: Irresistible voices" with the song "La cumbia del mole". She participated on the album "¡Nueva York!" from the American musician Dan Zanes with the song "La bruja".
 * In 2009 she participated on the album of Basque singer Kepa Junkera, where she performs "Haurtxo Polita" in Euskara. She also sang "Razon de Vivir" on Mercedes Sosa's album Cantora, Vol. 2. That same year she also worked on the song "El Llorar" on Mexican musician Ernesto Anaya's album, Huapangueando. She equally participated on the album What About Me? from the UK duo 1 Giant Leap with the songs "Come to the edges" with Huun Huur Tu and "Solita sin soledad" with Carlos Santana. She participated on the album "Sweetheart: our favorite artists sing their favorite love songs" in the song "My One and Only Love". Also collaborated with the Brazilian musician Guilherme Monteiro on the album "Air" on the song "Retrato de un forró", and participated on the posthumous album "Duetos" from the Spanish singer Rocío Durcal on the song "Amor eterno".
 * In 2010, Lila Downs sang a duet with the Mexican singer-songwriter Benny Ibarra ("Calaveras"), on his album The March of the Living. The song was the second single for the album. She also sang "Historia de un amor" on Roberto Alagna's album "Pasión". She sang a duet "Vámonos" with the Mexican singer Chavela Vargas on her album "¡Por mi culpa! Chavela Vargas y sus amigos". She also collaborated with the Irish band The Chieftains on the album "San Patricio" on the song "La iguana" with The Chieftains and Ry Cooder.
 * In 2012 she collaborated on Kevin Johansen's album Bi with the song "Baja a la tierra", and on the album "Mujer Divina" from the Mexican singer Natalia Lafourcade on the song "La fugitiva"
 * In 2013 she collaborated on the album "Ciudadana del mundo vol. 1" on the songs "De que te cuidas" and "Latinoamerica" with Eugenia León, Moyenei, Betsy Pecanins, Tania Libertad and Cecilia Toussaint. She collaborated with the Mexican singer Leonel García on the album "Todas mías" on the song "Sirena". She also collaborated with the Mexican group Los Ángeles azules on the album "Como te voy a olvidar" on the song "El listón de tu pelo". She collaborated with the Spanish band Chambao on the album "10 años around the world" on the song "Papeles mojados". She participated on the album "Grandes éxitos de las sonoras, con la más grande, La Sonora Santanera" from the Mexican band La Sonora Santanera on the song "Tu voz".

Awards and recognition
Throughout her career Downs has received several awards, including a Grammy, 5 Latin Grammys and Lunas del Auditorio. She has recently unveiled her star on the Walk of Fame located in the outskirts of Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City for her career. Her last album 'Balas y Chocolate' was listed on iTunes as one of the year's best in World Music 2015, was one of the UK Sunday Times best albums of the year and was a Best Album of the Year pick in Songlines Magazine, where she was featured on the cover of the June 2016 issue. Some of her most successful songs include: "Tengo miedo de quererte", "Estrella oscura", "La línea", "La llorona", "La cumbia del mole" y "Ojo de culebra". In November, 2017 Lila's latest album; "Salón Lágrimas y Deseo" won Best Album Pop Traditional at the Latin Grammys in Las Vegas. She was presented with the Leading Ladies of Entertainment accolade by the Latin Recording Academy in 2019.

Albums

 * Ofrenda (1994)
 * Azulao: En vivo con Lila Downs (1996)
 * La Sandunga (Narada 1999)
 * Tree of Life (Yutu tata) (Narada 2000)
 * Border (La Línea) (Narada 2001)
 * One Blood (Una sangre) (Narada 2004)
 * La Cantina "Entre copa y copa..." (Narada 2006)
 * The Very Best Of/El Alma de Lila Downs [CD] (EMI 2008)
 * Shake Away (Ojo de Culebra) (Manhattan Records 2008)
 * Lila Downs y La Misteriosa en Paris – Live a FIP [CD (Harmonia Mundi-Global Village Europe/US; various labels worldwide), (CD + DVD EMI Mexico) (2010)]
 * Pecados y Milagros (2011)
 * Balas y Chocolate (2015)
 * Salón, Lágrimas y Deseo (2017)
 * Al Chile (2019)
 * La Sánchez (2023)

With the Brian Lynch/Eddie Palmieri Project
 * Simpático (artistShare, 2007)

with Niña Pastori and Soledad Pastorutti
 * Raíz (2014)

DVD

 * Lotería Cantada (2006)
 * The Very Best Of/El Alma de Lila Downs [CD+DVD] (EMI 2008)

title: Lila Downs


text:
List of cities in Missouri

Missouri is a state located in the Midwestern United States. In Missouri, cities are classified into three types: 3rd Class, 4th Class, and those under constitutional charters. A few older cities are incorporated under legislative charters (Carrollton, Chillicothe, LaGrange, Liberty, Miami, Missouri City, and Pleasant Hill) which are no longer allowed. (Carthage is also a Charter City and Charter Cities are by constitution not legislation and are still allowed to this day). The level at which they incorporate is determined by their population when they incorporate. They do not change if they gain or lose in population, unless a vote is held by the people.

A municipality incorporates as a 4th Class city if the population is between 500 and 2,999 (under 500, it may incorporate as a village – see list of villages in Missouri). It may incorporate as a 3rd Class city if the population is between 3,000 and 29,999. There is more flexibility in government for 3rd Class cities than 4th Class.

Cities under constitutional charters may operate under any form of municipal government if it is enacted in the city's charter.

Largest cities
Population data based on 2023 estimates.

A-C
A

 * Adrian
 * Advance
 * Albany
 * Annapolis
 * Anderson
 * Appleton City
 * Archie
 * Arnold
 * Ash Grove
 * Ashland
 * Aurora
 * Ava

B

 * Bagnell
 * Ballwin
 * Barnhart
 * Baring
 * Barnard
 * Barnett
 * Bates City
 * Battlefield
 * Beaufort
 * Bel-Nor
 * Bel-Ridge
 * Bell City
 * Bella Villa
 * Belle
 * Bellefontaine Neighbors
 * Bellflower
 * Belgrade
 * Belton
 * Benton
 * Berger
 * Berkeley
 * Bernie
 * Bertrand
 * Bethany
 * Beverly Hills
 * Bevier
 * Billings
 * Birch Tree
 * Bismarck
 * Black Jack
 * Blackburn
 * Blackwater
 * Blairstown
 * Bland
 * Bloomfield
 * Bloomsdale
 * Blue Springs
 * Bogard
 * Bolckow
 * Bolivar
 * Bonne Terre
 * Boonville
 * Bosworth
 * Bourbon
 * Bowling Green
 * Bragg City
 * Brandsville
 * Branson
 * Branson West
 * Brashear
 * Braymer
 * Breckenridge
 * Breckenridge Hills
 * Brentwood
 * Bridgeton
 * Bronaugh
 * Brookfield
 * Browning
 * Brownington
 * Brunswick
 * Bucklin
 * Buckner
 * Buffalo
 * Bunceton
 * Bunker
 * Burlington Junction
 * Butler
 * Byrnes Mill

C

 * Cabool
 * Cainsville
 * Caledonia
 * Calverton Park
 * Calhoun
 * California
 * Callao
 * Camden
 * Camden Point
 * Camdenton
 * Cameron
 * Campbell
 * Canalou
 * Canton
 * Cape Girardeau
 * Cardwell
 * Carl Junction
 * Carrollton
 * Carterville
 * Carthage
 * Caruthersville
 * Carytown
 * Cassville
 * Catron
 * Center
 * Centerview
 * Centerville
 * Centralia
 * Chaffee
 * Chamois
 * Charlack
 * Charleston
 * Charmwood
 * Cherryville
 * Chesterfield
 * Chilhowee
 * Chillicothe
 * Chula
 * Clarence
 * Clark
 * Clarksburg
 * Clarksdale
 * Clarkson Valley
 * Clarksville
 * Clarkton
 * Claycomo
 * Clayton
 * Clearmont
 * Cleveland
 * Clever
 * Clifton Hill
 * Climax Springs
 * Clinton
 * Coffey
 * Cole Camp
 * Columbia
 * Commerce
 * Conception Junction
 * Concordia
 * Conway
 * Cool Valley
 * Cooter
 * Corder
 * Cottleville
 * Country Club
 * Country Club Hills
 * Country Club Village
 * Cowgill
 * Craig
 * Crane
 * Crawford County
 * Creighton
 * Crestwood
 * Creve Coeur
 * Crocker
 * Cross Timbers
 * Crystal City
 * Crystal Lake Park
 * Crystal Lakes
 * Cuba
 * Curryville

D-F
D

 * Dardenne Prairie
 * Darlington
 * Dearborn
 * Deepwater
 * De Kalb
 * Dellwood
 * Delta
 * Des Arc
 * Desloge
 * De Soto
 * Des Peres
 * De Witt
 * Dexter
 * Diamond
 * Dixon
 * Doniphan
 * Doolittle
 * Downing
 * Drexel
 * Dudley
 * Duenweg
 * Duquesne

E

 * Eagleville
 * East Lynne
 * Easton
 * East Prairie
 * Edgar Springs
 * Edgerton
 * Edina
 * Edmundson
 * Eldon
 * El Dorado Springs
 * Ellington
 * Ellisville
 * Ellsinore
 * Elmer
 * Elmo
 * Elsberry
 * Eminence
 * Emma
 * Essex
 * Ethel
 * Eugene
 * Eureka
 * Everton
 * Ewing
 * Excelsior Estates
 * Excelsior Springs
 * Exeter

F

 * Fairfax
 * Fair Grove
 * Fair Play
 * Fairview
 * Farber
 * Farmington
 * Fayette
 * Fenton
 * Ferguson
 * Festus
 * Fillmore
 * Fisk
 * Fleming
 * Flint Hill City
 * Flordell Hills
 * Florissant
 * Foley
 * Fordland
 * Forest City
 * Foristell
 * Forsyth
 * Frankford
 * Franklin
 * Fredericktown
 * Freeman
 * Freistatt
 * Fremont Hills
 * Frohna
 * Frontenac
 * Fulton

G-K
G

 * Gainesville
 * Galena
 * Gallatin
 * Galt
 * Garden City
 * Gasconade
 * Gerald
 * Gideon
 * Gilliam
 * Gilman City
 * Gladstone
 * Glasgow
 * Glenaire
 * Glendale
 * Golden City
 * Goodman
 * Gower
 * Graham
 * Grain Valley
 * Granby
 * Grandin
 * Grandview
 * Grant City
 * Greencastle
 * Green City
 * Greendale
 * Greenfield
 * Green Park
 * Green Ridge
 * Greentop
 * Greenville
 * Greenwood

H

 * Hale
 * Hallsville
 * Hamilton
 * Hanley Hills
 * Hannibal
 * Hardin
 * Harris
 * Harrisonville
 * Harper
 * Hartville
 * Hawk Point
 * Hayti
 * Hayti Heights
 * Hazelwood
 * Henrietta
 * Herculaneum
 * Hermann
 * Hermitage
 * Higbee
 * Higginsville
 * High Hill
 * Highlandville
 * Hillsboro
 * Hillsdale
 * Holcomb
 * Holden
 * Holland
 * Hollister
 * Holt
 * Holts Summit
 * Homestown
 * Hopkins
 * Hornersville
 * Houston
 * Houstonia
 * Houston Lake
 * Howardville
 * Humansville
 * Hume
 * Hunnewell
 * Huntleigh
 * Huntsville
 * Hurdland
 * Hurley

I

 * Iconium
 * Iberia
 * Imperial
 * Independence
 * Irondale
 * Iron Mountain Lake
 * Ironton

J

 * Jackson
 * Jamesport
 * Jamestown
 * Jasper
 * Jefferson City
 * Jennings
 * Jonesburg
 * Joplin

K

 * Kahoka
 * Kansas City
 * Kearney
 * Kennett
 * Keytesville
 * Kidder
 * Kimberling City
 * Kimmswick
 * King City
 * Kingston
 * Kingsville
 * Kinloch
 * Kirbyville
 * Kirksville
 * Kirkwood
 * Knob Noster
 * Knob Lick
 * Knox City
 * Koshkonong

L-N
L

 * La Belle
 * Laclede
 * Laddonia
 * Ladue
 * La Grange
 * Lake Annette
 * Lake Lafayette
 * Lake Lotawana
 * Lake Ozark
 * Lake St. Louis
 * Lakeshire
 * Lakeside
 * Lake Tapawingo
 * Lake Waukomis
 * Lake Winnebago
 * Lamar
 * La Monte
 * Lanagan
 * Lancaster
 * La Plata
 * Laredo
 * La Russell
 * Lathrop
 * Lawson
 * Leadington
 * Leadwood
 * Leawood
 * Lebanon
 * Lee's Summit
 * Leeton
 * Leopold
 * Levasy
 * Lexington
 * Lewistown
 * Liberal
 * Liberty
 * Licking
 * Lilbourn
 * Lincoln
 * Linn
 * Linn Creek
 * Linneus
 * Lockwood
 * Lohman
 * Lone Jack
 * Louisiana
 * Lowry City
 * Lucerne
 * Lupus

M

 * Macks Creek
 * Macon
 * Madison
 * Maitland
 * Malden
 * Malta Bend
 * Mammoth
 * Manchester
 * Mansfield
 * Maplewood
 * Marble Hill
 * Marceline
 * Marionville
 * Marlborough
 * Marquand
 * Marshall
 * Marshfield
 * Marston
 * Marthasville
 * Martinsburg
 * Maryland Heights
 * Maryville
 * Matthews
 * Maysville
 * Mayview
 * McFall
 * McKittrick
 * Meadville
 * Memphis
 * Mendon
 * Mercer
 * Merriam Woods
 * Meta
 * Mexico
 * Miami
 * Middletown
 * Milan
 * Miller
 * Mindenmines
 * Miner
 * Missouri City
 * Moberly
 * Mokane
 * Moline Acres
 * Monett
 * Monroe City
 * Montgomery City
 * Montrose
 * Morehouse
 * Morley
 * Morrison
 * Morrisville
 * Mosby
 * Moscow Mills
 * Mound City
 * Mountain Grove
 * Mountain View
 * Mount Vernon

N

 * Napoleon
 * Naylor
 * Neck City
 * Neelyville
 * Nelson
 * Neosho
 * Nevada
 * New Bloomfield
 * Newburg
 * New Cambria
 * New Florence
 * New Franklin
 * New Hampton
 * New Haven
 * New London
 * New Madrid
 * New Melle
 * Newtown
 * Niangua
 * Nixa
 * Noel
 * Norborne
 * Normandy
 * North Kansas City
 * Northmoor
 * Northwoods
 * Norwood
 * Novelty
 * Novinger

O-R
O

 * Oak Grove
 * Oakland
 * Oakville
 * Odessa
 * O'Fallon
 * Old Monroe
 * Olivette
 * Olympian Village
 * Oran
 * Oregon
 * Oronogo
 * Orrick
 * Osage Beach
 * Osborn
 * Osceola
 * Otterville
 * Overland
 * Owensville
 * Ozark

P

 * Pacific
 * Pagedale
 * Palmyra
 * Paris
 * Park Hills
 * Parkville
 * Parma
 * Parnell
 * Pasadena Hills
 * Pattonsburg
 * Peculiar
 * Perkins
 * Perry
 * Perryville
 * Pevely
 * Piedmont
 * Pierce City
 * Pilot Grove
 * Pilot Knob
 * Pine Lawn
 * Pineville
 * Platte City
 * Platte Woods
 * Plattsburg
 * Pleasant Hill
 * Pleasant Hope
 * Pleasant Valley
 * Polo
 * Pomona
 * Poplar Bluff
 * Portage Des Sioux
 * Portageville
 * Potosi
 * Powell
 * Powersville
 * Prairie Home
 * Princeton
 * Pulaskifield
 * Purcell
 * Purdin
 * Purdy
 * Puxico

Q

 * Quarles
 * Queen City
 * Quitman
 * Qulin

R

 * Randolph
 * Ravenwood
 * Raymore
 * Raytown
 * Rea
 * Reeds
 * Reeds Spring
 * Republic
 * Revere
 * Rich Hill
 * Richland
 * Richmond
 * Richmond Heights
 * Ridgeway
 * Risco
 * Rivermines
 * Riverside
 * Riverview
 * Rocheport
 * Rockaway Beach
 * Rock Hill
 * Rocky Mount
 * Rock Port
 * Rockville
 * Rogersville
 * Rolla
 * Rosebud
 * Rosendale
 * Russellville

S-W
S

 * St. Ann
 * St. Charles
 * St. Clair
 * St. James
 * St. John
 * St. Joseph
 * St. Louis
 * St. Martins
 * St. Mary
 * St. Paul
 * St. Peters
 * St. Robert
 * St. Thomas
 * Ste. Genevieve
 * Salem
 * Salisbury
 * Sarcoxie
 * Savannah
 * Schell City
 * Scott City
 * Sedalia
 * Seligman
 * Senath
 * Seneca
 * Seymour
 * Shelbina
 * Shelbyville
 * Sheldon
 * Sheridan
 * Shrewsbury
 * Sikeston
 * Skidmore
 * Slater
 * Smithton
 * Smithville
 * South Gorin
 * Sparta
 * Spickard
 * Spokane
 * Springfield
 * Squires
 * Stanberry
 * Steele
 * Steelville
 * Stewartsville
 * Stockton
 * Stotts City
 * Stoutland
 * Stover
 * Strafford
 * Strasburg
 * Sturgeon
 * Sugar Creek
 * Sumner
 * Sunrise Beach
 * Sullivan
 * Summersville
 * Sunset Hills
 * Sweet Springs
 * Syracuse

T

 * Tallapoosa
 * Taos
 * Tarkio
 * Thayer
 * Tina
 * Tipton
 * Town and Country
 * Tracy
 * Tecumseh
 * Tindall
 * Trenton
 * Trimble
 * Triplett
 * Troy
 * Truesdale

U

 * Union
 * Union Star
 * Unionville
 * University City
 * Urbana
 * Urich

V

 * Valley Park
 * Van Buren
 * Vandalia
 * Velda City
 * Velda Village Hills
 * Verona
 * Versailles
 * Viburnum
 * Vienna
 * Village of Four Seasons
 * Vinita Park

W

 * Waco
 * Walker
 * Walnut Grove
 * Wappapello Lake
 * Wardell
 * Wardsville
 * Warrensburg
 * Warrenton
 * Warsaw
 * Warson Woods
 * Washburn
 * Washington
 * Wasola
 * Waverly
 * Wayland
 * Waynesville
 * Weatherby Lake
 * Weaubleau
 * Webb City
 * Webster Groves
 * Weldon Spring
 * Wellington
 * Wellston
 * Wellsville
 * Wentzville
 * West Alton
 * Westboro
 * Weston
 * Westphalia
 * West Plains
 * Wheatland
 * Wheaton
 * Wheeling
 * Wildwood
 * Willard
 * Williamsville
 * Willow Springs
 * Winchester
 * Windsor
 * Winfield
 * Winona
 * Woods Heights
 * Woodson Terrace
 * Wright City
 * Wyaconda
 * Wyatt

title: List of cities in Missouri


text:
Seneca County

Seneca County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Seneca County, New York
 * Seneca County, Ohio

title: Seneca County


text:
User:Ludraman/greet

Welcome to Wikipedia. You should also feel free to drop me a question any time on my talk page.
 * The Wikipedia Tutorial is a good easy-to-follow guide to editing Wikipedia.
 * Welcome is another good place to start.
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 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
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 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

Happy editing!

title: User:Ludraman/greet


text:
List of villages in Missouri

In Missouri, villages are municipalities which incorporated with a population under 500. If the population is larger than 500, it may incorporate as a city (see List of cities in Missouri). If the population increases beyond 500 after incorporation, a vote may be held to change to a city government, but it is not automatic. Villages are governed by a board of trustees. Below is a list of villages in Missouri, arranged in alphabetical order.

A

 * Agency
 * Airport Drive
 * Aldrich
 * Allenville
 * Altamont
 * Amazonia
 * Amity
 * Annada
 * Arbela
 * Arcola
 * Argyle
 * Arkoe
 * Arrow Point
 * Arrow Rock
 * Ashburn
 * Aullville
 * Avilla

B

 * Baker
 * Bakersfield
 * Baldwin Park
 * Bel-Nor
 * Benton City
 * Bethel
 * Big Lake
 * Bigelow
 * Birmingham
 * Blodgett
 * Blue Eye
 * Blythedale
 * Brimson
 * Brooklyn Heights
 * Brownington
 * Brumley
 * Bull Creek

C

 * Cairo
 * Caledonia
 * Carytown
 * Cave
 * Cedar Hill Lakes
 * Centertown
 * Chain of Rocks
 * Chain-O-Lakes
 * Champ
 * Charmwood
 * Claycomo
 * Cliff Village
 * Clyde
 * Cobalt
 * Collins
 * Coney Island
 * Corning
 * Cosby
 * Country Club
 * Country Life Acres

D

 * Dadeville
 * Dalton
 * Deerfield
 * Dennis Acres
 * Denver
 * Diehlstadt
 * Diggins
 * Dover
 * Dunlap

E

 * Eagleville
 * East Fenway
 * Elmira
 * Emerald Beach
 * Eolia
 * Evergreen
 * Excelsior Estates

F

 * Farley
 * Fenway Landing
 * Ferrelview
 * Fidelity
 * Flemington
 * Florida
 * Fortescue
 * Foster
 * Fountain N' Lakes
 * Freeburg
 * Freistatt
 * Friedenswald

G

 * Gentry
 * Gerster
 * Gibbs
 * Ginger Blue
 * Glen Allen
 * Glen Echo Park
 * Glenwood
 * Goodnight
 * Gordonville
 * Goss
 * Grand Falls Plaza
 * Grand Pass
 * Granger
 * Grantwood Village
 * Gravois Mills
 * Grayson
 * Guilford
 * Gunn City

H

 * Halfway
 * Halltown
 * Hanley Hills
 * Harrisburg
 * Hartsburg
 * Harwood
 * Haywood City
 * Hillsdale
 * Hoberg
 * Holliday
 * Homestead
 * Hughesville
 * Humphreys
 * Huntsdale

I

 * Iatan
 * Indian Point
 * Innsbrook
 * Ionia
 * Irena

J

 * Jacksonville
 * Jameson
 * Jamestown
 * Jane
 * Jerico Springs
 * Josephville
 * Junction City

K

 * Kelso
 * Kingdom City
 * Kirbyville

L

 * La Due
 * Lake Tekakwitha
 * Lambert
 * Leasburg
 * Leawood
 * Leonard
 * Leslie
 * Lewis and Clark Village
 * Livonia
 * Loch Lloyd
 * Lock Springs
 * Loma Linda
 * Longtown
 * Louisburg
 * Lucerne
 * Ludlow
 * Luray

M

 * Marlborough
 * Martinsville
 * McBaine
 * McCord Bend
 * Merwin
 * Metz
 * Milford
 * Mill Spring
 * Millard
 * Milo
 * Mineral Point
 * Miramiguoa Park
 * Monticello
 * Mooresville
 * Moundville
 * Mount Leonard
 * Mount Moriah

N

 * Newark
 * Newtonia
 * North Lilbourn
 * Norwood Court
 * Novelty

O

 * Oak Grove Village
 * Oak Ridge
 * Oaks
 * Oakview
 * Oakwood Park
 * Oakwood
 * Old Appleton
 * Olean
 * Osgood

P

 * Parkdale
 * Parkway
 * Pasadena Park
 * Pascola
 * Passaic
 * Paynesville
 * Peaceful Village
 * Pendleton
 * Penermon
 * Phillipsburg
 * Pierpont
 * Pinhook
 * Plato
 * Pocahontas
 * Pollock
 * Prathersville
 * Preston

R

 * Raymondville
 * Redings Mill
 * Reeds
 * Renick
 * Rensselaer
 * Rhineland
 * Richards
 * Ridgely
 * Ritchey
 * River Bend
 * Riverview Estates
 * Riverview
 * Rives
 * Roscoe
 * Rothville
 * Rush Hill
 * Rushville
 * Rutledge

S

 * Saddlebrooke
 * Saginaw
 * Scotsdale
 * Sedgewickville
 * Shoal Creek Drive
 * Shoal Creek Estates
 * Sibley
 * South Gifford
 * South Greenfield
 * South Lineville
 * St. Cloud
 * St. Elizabeth
 * Stark City
 * Stella
 * Stotesbury
 * Stoutsville
 * Sunrise Beach
 * Sycamore Hills

T

 * Taneyville
 * Tarrants
 * Theodosia
 * Three Creeks
 * Tightwad
 * Tina
 * Truxton
 * Turney
 * Tuscumbia

U

 * Umber View Heights
 * Unity Village
 * Uplands Park
 * Utica

V

 * Vandiver
 * Vanduser
 * Village of Four Seasons
 * Vista

W

 * Wardsville
 * Watson
 * Weatherby
 * Weldon Spring Heights
 * Wentworth
 * West Line
 * West Sullivan
 * Westwood
 * Whiteside
 * Whitewater
 * Wilbur Park
 * Wilson City
 * Windsor Place
 * Winston
 * Wooldridge
 * Worth
 * Worthington

title: List of villages in Missouri


text:
Sedgwick County

Sedgwick County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Sedgwick County, Colorado
 * Sedgwick County, Kansas

title: Sedgwick County


text:
Eco

Eco may refer to Ecology or Economics. It may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Eco (video game), a 1988 life simulation game
 * Eco (2018 video game), a 2018 simulation game
 * Emil Chronicle Online, a 2005 Japanese MMO computer game
 * English Chamber Orchestra, based in London
 * Eco, a character in the Dragonar Academy light novel series
 * Eco, a fictional substance in the Jak and Daxter games
 * Eco, a character on the children's show The Shak

Government and politics

 * Economic Cooperation Organization, an international organization
 * Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand
 * Environmental Commissioner of Ontario
 * European Communications Office

Technology

 * .eco, a top-level domain for the Internet
 * eco - Association of the Internet Industry, the German Internet industry association
 * Elementary column operations, an operation performed on the columns of an elementary matrix in mathematics
 * Engineering change order

Other uses

 * Eco (currency), a proposed currency
 * ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians, a Christian denomination
 * Edison Chouest Offshore, an American shipbuilder
 * Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * Energy Company Obligation, a government scheme in Great Britain
 * Environmental Children's Organization, a children's environment organization founded by Severn Suzuki in the 1990s
 * Equity carve-out
 * Esporte Clube Osasco, a Brazilian football club
 * Eternally collapsing object
 * Noticias ECO, a defunct television network
 * Umberto Eco (1932–2016), Italian philosopher, semiotician, novelist

title: Eco