text:
Venous blood

Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral blood vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery which is divided in two branches, left and right to the left and right lungs respectively. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Venous blood is typically colder than arterial blood, and has a lower oxygen content and pH. It also has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products. The difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood is known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gas tests. Venous blood is obtained for lab work by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or by finger prick for small quantities.

Color
The color of human blood ranges from bright red when oxygenated to a darker red when deoxygenated. It owes its color to hemoglobin, to which oxygen binds. Deoxygenated blood is darker due to the difference in shape of the red blood cell when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the blood cell (oxygenated) versus does not bind to it (deoxygenated). Though veins might make it appear as such, human blood is never naturally blue.

The blue appearance of surface veins is caused mostly by the scattering of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is at 0.5 mm deep or more. Veins and arteries appear similar when skin is removed and are seen directly.

title: Venous blood


text:
People's Park (Berkeley)

People's Park in Berkeley, California, is a former park and a plot of land with plans to build student housing that is owned by the University of California, Berkeley. Located east of Telegraph Avenue and bound by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way, People's Park was a symbol during the radical political activism of the late 1960s.

While the land is owned by the University of California, People's Park was de facto established as a public park on April 20, 1969 by local activists. However, the University of California never relinquished its property rights to the land, which means that no persons responsible for the establishment of People's Park as a public park ever had the legal authority to do so. This effectively turns People's Park into a case of persistent squatting, loitering, and trespassing over a period of sixty or so years since 1969 that was never ultimately criminally prosecuted. On May 13, University Chancellor Roger W. Heyns announced plans to construct a soccer field on the site, leading to a confrontation two days later between protesters and police on May 15. Known as "Bloody Thursday", police used tear gas and opened fire on the protesters to quell the riot, resulting in the death of James Rector and multiple injuries. In 1984, the city of Berkeley declared it a historical and cultural landmark.

In 2018, the university published a plan to build 1,100 new units of student housing and 125 units of supportive housing for homeless people on the site, but a small contingent of activists of residents and activists have delayed those plans through opposition including protests, lawsuits, sabotage of construction equipment, and overnight occupations of the site. The housing plans were backed by the Berkeley City Council, Mayor Jesse Arreguin, Berkeley's California Assembly representative Buffy Wicks and California Governor Gavin Newsom, and a majority of UC Berkeley students.

Pending a judgment in a legal challenge to the university's housing plan, the park was closed off in early January 2024, when construction workers and police surrounded the park with a 17-foot high wall of shipping containers to prevent trespassing. On June 6, the California Supreme Court unanimously ruled in the university's favor, allowing construction to proceed.

Early history
In 1956, the Regents of the University of California allocated a 2.8 acre plot of land containing residences for future development into student housing, parking, and offices as part of the university's long range development plan. At the time, public funds were lacking to buy the land, and the plan was shelved until June 1967, when the university acquired $1.3 million to buy the land through eminent domain. The short-term goal was to create athletic fields with student housing being a longer-range goal.

Bulldozers arrived in February 1968 and began demolition of the residences. However, the university ran out of development funds, leaving the lot only partially cleared of demolition debris and rubble for 14 months.

On April 15, local boilermaker and activist Michael Delacour held a meeting with fellow political activists to discuss transforming the vacant lot into a community park. The idea quickly gained traction, and in the following days, the Berkeley Barb, a local underground newspaper, published a call to action for the creation of the park.

On Sunday, April 20, more than 100 people arrived at the site to begin building the park. Local landscape architect Jon Read and many others contributed trees, flowers, shrubs, and sod. Eventually, about 1,000 people became directly involved, with many more donating money and materials.

On May 13, Chancellor Roger W. Heyns notified the media via a press release that the university would build a fence around the property and begin construction.

1969 protests and "Bloody Thursday"
In the early morning of Thursday, May 15, 1969, local police cleared the park and arrested three people who refused to leave. University work crews arrived later and erected an 8 ft tall fence around the site. Beginning at noon, about 3,000 people appeared in Sproul Plaza at nearby UC Berkeley for a rally in favor of the park. The crowd later moved down Telegraph Avenue toward People's Park. Arriving in the early afternoon, protesters were met by the remaining 159 Berkeley and university police officers assigned to guard the fenced-off park site. A major confrontation ensued between police and the crowd, which grew to 4,000.

James Rector was watching from the roof of Granma Books when he was shot by police; he died on May 19. A carpenter, Alan Blanchard, was permanently blinded by a load of birdshot directly to his face. At least 128 Berkeley residents were admitted to local hospitals for head trauma, shotgun wounds, and other serious injuries inflicted by police.

That evening, Governor Ronald Reagan declared a state of emergency in Berkeley and sent in 2,700 National Guard troops. Demonstrations continued in Berkeley for several days after Bloody Thursday, and National Guard troops remained stationed there for two weeks.

Later history
After the peaceful march in support of People's Park on May 30, 1969, the university decided to keep the 8-foot-tall perimeter chain-link wire fence and maintain a 24-hour guard over the site. On June 20, the University of California Regents voted to turn the People's Park site into a soccer field and parking lot, pending construction of apartments within a year. These plans never materialized. Efforts by the university to put in a soccer field in 1971 were met with resistance, with 44 people arrested during the protests. In 1979, protesters tore up a parking lot after the university paved over a part of the park for student parking.

Relation to Ohlone Park
In the immediate aftermath of the May 1969 demonstrations, and consistent with their goal of "letting a thousand parks bloom," on May 25, People's Park activists began gardening a two-block strip of land called the "Hearst Corridor," located adjacent to Hearst Avenue just northwest of the university campus. The Hearst Corridor was a strip of land along the north side of Hearst Avenue that had been left largely untended after the houses had been torn down to facilitate the completion of an underground subway line by the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District. Initially slated for apartments, community outreach by a citizen's committee in 1974 revealed overwhelming support for the establishment of a public park, and the park was officially dedicated on June 7, 1979.

1991 volleyball court controversy
In the spring of 1991, the university released plans to redevelop People's Park. They proposed removing the Free Speech Stage and installing several large volleyball courts throughout the park. Bulldozers were ushered in, accompanied by riot police, to install the sand volleyball courts, spurring a new wave of protests.

Protests grew each day, and police escalated to shooting wood pellets and rubber bullets at demonstrators. More than 104 people were arrested. The San Francisco Examiner later reported the cost to the university of installing one sand volleyball court to be $150,000, not including costs for security to defend the courts against protestors. The volleyball courts remained until 1997, however, when the university finally removed them from the park.

2000s to 2010s
In 2011, People's Park saw a new wave of protests, known as the "tree-sit", consisting of a series of individual "tree-sitters" who occupied a wooden platform in one of the trees in People's Park. These protests lasted throughout most of the fall of 2011, only ending when a protester fell out of a tree.

In late 2011, UC Berkeley bulldozed the west end of People's Park, in an effort to provide students and the broader community with safer, more sanitary conditions.

People's Park has been the subject of long-running contention between those who see it as a haven for the poor that is crime-infested and unfriendly to visitors and families, and those who see it as an essential green space south of campus and a memorial to the Free Speech Movement. While the park has public bathrooms, gardens, and a playground area, many residents do not see it as a welcoming place, citing drug use and a high crime rate. A San Francisco Chronicle article on January 13, 2008, referred to People's Park as "a forlorn and somewhat menacing hub for drug users and the homeless." The same article quoted denizens and supporters of the park saying it was "perfectly safe, clean and accessible." In May 2018, UC Berkeley reported that campus police had been called 1,585 times to People's Park in the previous year. The university also said there had been 10,102 criminal incidents in the park between 2012 and 2017. A 2015 investigation by the Daily Californian found that most crimes reported at People's Park were related to "quality-of-life" such as drug and alcohol violations, and disorderly conduct, and that there were also multiple reports of battery, aggravated theft, robbery and assault at the park.

Proposed development and resistance (since 2018)
In 2018, UC Berkeley unveiled a plan for People's Park that would include the construction of housing for as many as 1,000 students, supportive housing for the homeless or military veterans, and a memorial honoring the park's history and legacy. On August 29, 2019, Chancellor Carol T. Christ confirmed plans to create student housing for 600–1000 students, and supportive housing for 100–125 people. San Francisco-based LMS architects were selected to build the housing, and Christ stated that the university was moving to a time of "extensive public comment" on the plans for construction.

In February 2020, the university held its first public comment forum. Advocates of the park held a rally to protest the proposal, with students citing the historical, cultural, and social relevance of the park.

On April 17, 2020, UC Berkeley published its plans for the People's Park Housing Project during its third virtual open house. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the following shelter-in-place ordinances, the university moving forward with the plan was faced with significant backlash. The mayor of Berkeley, Jesse Arreguín, wrote "I think we should launch this process at a time and in a way that allows full transparency and participation. I therefore reiterate my request that the campus delay the public comment period until after the Shelter in Place order is lifted."

On April 29, 2020, the Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC), planned to vote on re-establishing the nonpartisan housing commission.

2021 occupation
In January 2021, UC Berkeley erected fences around portions of People's Park to take core samples of the soil composition in preparation for construction. Homeless people who had set up tents in the park during the COVID-19 pandemic were removed from the site by UC police. In response, a rally was organized on January 29. Michael Delacour, one of the founders of the park, gave a speech expressing frustration. Spurred on by his words, hundreds of people broke down construction equipment, tore down the fences, and carried them down Telegraph Avenue. Some were deposited on the front steps of Sproul Hall, the UC Berkeley administration building.

Protesters, including some UC Berkeley students, occupied the park in February 2021 to call for an immediate halt of development plans and evictions of current residents of the park, citing police mistreatment of the homeless' belongings. A university spokesman said that he was unaware of any reports of police throwing away those belongings.

In a statement issued shortly after the occupation began, UC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ described building on the park as a "a unique opportunity for a win-win-win-win."

National historical recognition
People's Park was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 2022.

2022 demolition effort
Just after midnight on August 3, 2022, the UC Berkeley Police Department and contractors began fencing off People's Park. Protesters gathered after multiple "bulldozer" alerts were shared when workers began unloading heavy machinery and construction equipment into the park. At about 3 a.m., activists tried to block the movement of machinery into the park by lying on the road, and arrests were made. By noon, 47 trees in People's Park were cut down by a local company.

These events were accompanied by a protest at Sproul Plaza on the UC Berkeley campus. Demonstrators marched down Telegraph Avenue and Haste Street, coalescing at the park. By noon, the university decided to withdraw construction crews from the site, citing "destruction of construction materials, unlawful protest activities and violence on the part of some." Hours later, the university announced that construction work at People's Park would be temporarily paused.

On August 4, a special City Council meeting was canceled by Mayor Jesse Arreguín. The meeting was scheduled a day after confrontations with law enforcement occurred, in order to discuss lifting Berkeley's ban on the use of tear gas and pepper spray by police. The June 2020 ban was put in place by a unanimous vote, with Arreguín saying at the time that tear gas "is banned in warfare and should not be used on our streets or in protests." The mayor said he initially called for the August 4 meeting following the protests at People's Park, but later said that he "came to the conclusion that it was the wrong approach and that the ban on tear gas should remain." The mayor stated that he supports the university's housing project, but said that "it’s understandable that people are very concerned and upset about the construction at the park" and that there is a need to "make sure that people can protest peacefully, and make sure we are protecting the safety of the broader community at the same time."

On August 5, the California First District Court of Appeal upheld a stay on construction, demolition and tree-cutting, temporarily pausing further development work at People's Park until the legal issue was resolved. The university, however, retains the legal right to fence the perimeter of the park.

2024 fencing
On January 4, 2024, shortly after midnight, UC Berkeley fenced the park with double-stacked cargo containers in an action that involved at least 100 police officers from UCPD, Cal State campus police, California Highway Patrol, and the Alameda County Sheriff's Office. About 60 protesters occupied the park during the overnight operation until forced to leave by police, which led to seven arrests. The university was not allowed to start construction on its proposed development due to the ongoing court case, but took measures to secure the perimeter of the lot, as several large trees were also chopped down. On the previous night, park advocates had held an overnight vigil to defend against rumored fencing, expressing concern that UC Berkeley's winter break meant that many students were not around. In a press release, UC Berkeley stated that the park was being closed to "minimize disruption for the city of Berkeley and campus communities".

2024 California Supreme Court decision
On June 6th, 2024, the California Supreme Court sided with the university in an appeal to continue construction on the site. UC Berkeley announced after the ruling that it will be preparing a plan to begin construction of student housing at the site, in line with the original intended use of the property.

Past community involvement
The "Free Box" operated as a clothes donation drop-off site for many years until it was destroyed by arson in 1995, and was not rebuilt due to police interference. In March 2021, community members built a community kitchen.

On January 4, 2023, when California governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency due to an atmospheric river storm, community members built a warming shelter, which remained open for 7 days.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: People's Park (Berkeley)


text:
Talk:35-hour workweek

The City of New York
New York City civil servants also have a 35 hour workweek and it was established before 2000. Maybe there other municipalities around the world that might have established something similar, but regardless France is not the only place.

Coming soon: Much of this material, I've realized, doesn't have anything to do with the 35-hour workweek (French or otherwise) per se, so much as the workweek in general. I'll move it to workweek, where it will be more appropriate, some time today. Mike Church 11:15, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Criticism
I changed "left-wing" and "right-wing" in the criticism section to "liberal" and "conservative" to depict the parties with accurate verbiage rather than use inflamatory labels.
 * Except that liberal means different things in different parts of the world. In the US, liberal might mean left-wing whereas in France, liberal means the economic liberalism typical of the US therefore is more associated with righ-wing politics. As such it is not a useful label. Are left- and right-wing really inflammatory? (Ajkgordon 08:58, 7 May 2007 (UTC))

Revoked
Wasn't it officially revoked some months ago? -- 80.58.3.237 13:57, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The law is becoming gradually emptied of its contents. That is, the official duration of the workweek is 35 hours, but exceptions of all sorts are added. David.Monniaux 06:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * So when did the government realize that they had made such a big mistake, and were they forced to 'dismantle' it? Surely it was damaging to the economy from the very beginning - and was the failure not predicted? The Missing Piece 17:48, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * A big mistake who reduced unemployement and helped the french growth ? Let met tell you one thing, during the 35 hours french productivy was higher than british productivy. Why ? Simply because people work better and faster when they work less. Studies have shown that people working 39 hours spended at least one hour a day, at work, doing nothing (dreaming, doing computer stuff, and so on...). The reason why it was revoked is simply because the government was changed, and the new governement wanted to please the MEDEF, that's all. Somoeoa 22:33, 15 june 2008 (UTC)

Editorial and POV
I removed the following:
 * Other professionals who work for international companies or over the Internet complain that the 35-hour workweek hamstrings their productivity and puts them at a distinct disadvantage compared to their counterparts in countries that do not have such policies.

This is: And it frankly looks like something lifted from UMP political campaigning, or from an American newspaper (on topics of French economic policy, US newspapers typically align themselves with the UMP). David.Monniaux 06:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Unsourced — where were those complaints reported?
 * Vague — which professionals? How many are they?

I'd invite others to be very careful and to seek authoritative sources (i.e. the texts of French laws, the explanatory summaries of the Ministry of Work) in preference to unauthoritative sources (particularly, articles in the foreign media, which are probably incompetent with respect to French law, not to mention their possible ideological bias). David.Monniaux 07:01, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

...........

The rightwingers that infest Wikipedia are really show their lack of objectivity and their blatant bias in this article. Neutral? What a joke! Hey, rightwingers (dems and gop both), the French will NEVER live like the beasts of burden Americans do. They know what is going on. I predict Franch will move to a 30 hour week within 10 years.

cryofan

Source says otherwise
This[] page says that the law was introduced in January 2000, rather than Feburary 2000, as our article says. Who is correct? The Missing Piece 17:51, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Removed content
I rm this: "The right-wing Raffarin administration also partially blamed the deaths during the heat wave of August 2003 on the 35-hour workweek; according to them, public hospitals were inadequately staffed to handle the number of patients because of the workweek law. The opposition has charged that Raffarin simply tries to lay the blame for his shortcomings and those of health minister Jean-François Mattei on others." Not only is it unsourced, but quite unencyclopedic. Lapaz 17:35, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * After trying to translate the "history" section into proper English (not only was the thing obviously copy-pasted from fr:, but some words were not even translated), I removed it altogether. It belongs to a "history of labour laws in France" article, or something like this. Furthermore, I think that there is a strong implicit bias in starting a section with "Limitations of the workweek of children" as if the 35 hours were in direct continuation with this ; one could as well put abolition of slavery on top of the list. Rama 09:46, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Needs Updating
BBC News homepage is saying that it has been scrapped. Don't know enough about it, but someone else who does can update accordingly. Anonymous.--92.9.135.215 (talk) 00:59, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * No it hasn't. French politicians never scrap laws, they don't have the courage to. Which is ridiculous in some cases, because instead they take 15 years to make 42 laws that bypass the original one. Another example is the ISF (Impôt Sur la Fortune), a tax on wealth that the right-wing hate but dare not to overturn, instead they made several "fiscal shield" laws. Aesma (talk) 16:18, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that 35-hour workweek be merged into France's 35-Hour Workweek. I think that the content in these articles can easily be merged and the article will be of a reasonable size. Bergmanucsd (talk) 04:59, 18 December 2017 (UTC)bergmanucsd
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 04:45, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:35-hour workweek


text:
Keith Chegwin

Keith Chegwin (17 January 1957 – 11 December 2017), also known as Cheggers, was an English television presenter and actor, appearing in several children's entertainment shows in the 1970s and 1980s, including Multi-Coloured Swap Shop and Cheggers Plays Pop.

Chegwin's early career saw him performing in such West End stage shows as Tom Brown's School Days and Captain Pugwash. He also had a career as a singer, releasing singles on the Pye Records label and worked as a disc jockey for 194 Radio City in Liverpool. He spent four years at BBC Radio 1 on Tony Blackburn's weekend morning show. In 2000, he presented the Channel 5 nudist game-show Naked Jungle, appearing naked except for a hat and later describing it as "the worst career move" in his life.

Chegwin was known for his off-the-cuff ad-lib style of broadcasting and stated that no one had ever written a word for him. In 2012, he was scheduled to take part in the sixth series of Dancing on Ice, but he was forced to withdraw after breaking three ribs and fracturing his shoulder on the first day of training. In 2015, he was a housemate on Celebrity Big Brother Series 15 where he finished in fourth place.

Chegwin died on 11 December 2017 of the lung disease idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Early life
Chegwin was born in Walton, Liverpool, on 17 January 1957. His elder sister was future DJ Janice Long (1955–2021). He also had a twin brother, Jeff, with whom he attended stage school and whose son, Hugo Chegwin, co-created and starred in BBC Three mockumentary sitcom People Just Do Nothing.

Chegwin entered an end-of-the-pier talent competition in Rhyl, North Wales, and later joined 'The Happy Wanderers', a concert party that toured the pubs and clubs of the North West. He was then spotted by June Collins (mother of Phil Collins) of the Barbara Speake Stage School on Junior Showtime, a Yorkshire Television children's talent series. She invited him to London to audition for the stage show Mame with Ginger Rogers. He attended stage school with his twin brother, Jeff. As part of a play he performed in at the school, Chegwin sang the first song that Phil Collins ever wrote.

Early career
While at school, Chegwin auditioned and gained roles on TV, film and stage. He appeared in Children's Film Foundation productions, including as Egghead Wentworth in The Troublesome Double (1967) and Egghead's Robot (1970). His most prestigious acting role was that of Fleance in Roman Polanski's film Macbeth (1971); he also had a small role in the film The Optimists of Nine Elms (1973).

In 1973 Chegwin appeared in the pilot episode of Open All Hours. After that he had parts in The Liver Birds, The Adventures of Black Beauty, My Old Man, Village Hall, Z-Cars (both 1974), ITV's The Wackers and The Tomorrow People serial Worlds Away (both 1975).

Chegwin's last major acting role was the title role in the film Robin Hood Junior (1975), although he had two small roles with Tom Courtenay in the Chester Mystery Cycle (1976) and some years later in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? (1999). He appeared in TV ads for products such as Pepsi and Cadbury Creme Eggs as well as for Ready Brek, Toffo and Tizer, and was also associated with the Freemans catalogue.

Chegwin performed in West End stage shows such as Tom Brown's School Days with Russell Grant and Simon Le Bon; The Good Old Bad Old Days with Anthony Newley; and Captain Pugwash by John Kennett at the King’s Road Theatre in 1973. He had a career as a singer, releasing singles on the Cherub and Pye record labels, such as 'I'll Never Fall in Love Again' (1977), but turned down an offer to front the band Kenny (who had a number 3 hit in the UK Singles Chart with "The Bump"). He also worked as a disc jockey for 194 Radio City in Liverpool, and worked at BBC Radio 1 on Tony Blackburn's weekend morning show for four years.

Presenting and later career
In the mid 1970s, Chegwin moved away from acting, becoming a household name presenting programmes such as Multi-Coloured Swap Shop (1976–82), Cheggers Plays Pop (1978–86) and, in the 1980s, Saturday Superstore. As Brown Sauce, he and Swap Shop co-presenters Noel Edmonds and Maggie Philbin released the pop single "I Wanna Be a Winner", which reached number 15 in January 1982, and a follow-up single as the Saucers called "Spring Has Sprung". On Swap Shop and Superstore, he was featured in outside broadcasts; on Swap Shop they were called Swaparama, appearing at outdoor venues around Britain, where he helped children swap their toys. On Superstore, Chegwin had a similar role.

Chegwin was known for his off-the-cuff ad-lib style of broadcasting. He stated that no-one had ever written a word for him. Chegwin's career waned in the late 1980s and 1990s, due to his alcoholism, as detailed, in his own words, in his semi-autobiographical book, Shaken But Not Stirred. From 1989 to 1991, he hosted the live nightly Sky talent programme Sky Star Search. Chegwin stopped drinking after his appearance on the Richard and Judy show This Morning on 5 November 1992. Chegwin's career regained speed in 1993 when he presented the "Down Your Doorstep" outside broadcast segment on The Big Breakfast and subsequently hosted the show from 1995 to 1996. Chegwin also presented a short-lived cookery show called The Heat is On for UK Living in 1997. Only 1 series of the show was produced and was not renewed for further series. Chegwin went on to present a revived version of the 1970s gameshow It's a Knockout on Channel 5 from 1999 to 2000. He also toured the country hosting Graham Fisher's International Knockout for corporate and charity events.

In 2000 Chegwin presented his own internet TV show, where his daily audience for the seven-week trial reached over 250,000. Chegwin presented the Yorkshire Television-made Channel 5 nudist gameshow Naked Jungle, appearing naked except for a hat. He identified making the show as "the worst career move" in his life.

Chegwin worked for seven years on GMTV. In 2006 he appeared as himself in an episode of Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's comedy series Extras. Chegwin frequently wrote jingles for the Chris Moyles Breakfast Show on BBC Radio 1. For seven years he ran his own web based bingo site Cheggersbingo.

In 2007 Chegwin voiced and starred in the quiz-based video game Cheggers Party Quiz, in which a CGI version of himself acts as a quizmaster. The game was developed by Oxygen Interactive and released on Nintendo Wii, PlayStation 2, and PC. The game was met with mixed reviews.

In November 2011 Chegwin played himself in the comedy horror film Kill Keith. He made an appearance in Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's comedy series Life's Too Short with Shaun Williamson and Les Dennis. In August 2012, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the National Reality TV Awards.

Chegwin was originally set to take part in the seventh series of Dancing on Ice, but he was forced to withdraw after breaking three ribs and fracturing his shoulder on the first day of training with Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. Chegwin joined the eighth series of Dancing on Ice partnered with Olga Sharutenko. Chegwin was eliminated on 17 February 2013. From October 2013 to January 2014, he played the part of Drosselmeyer in the 'Nutcracker On Ice' with Imperial Ice Stars from Russia at the London Palladium.

On 19 October 2013 Chegwin took part in a celebrity episode of The Chase. In September 2014 he was a contestant on BBC1's Pointless Celebrities show.

In 2015 Chegwin took part in the fifteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother on Channel 5. On 6 February, he finished in fourth place. He took part in the 2015 series of Celebrity MasterChef, won by Kimberly Wyatt of the Pussycat Dolls. In the same year he made a cameo appearance as himself in BBC Two's comedy-drama A Gert Lush Christmas where he is revealed to be a friend of Tony (Greg Davies). He also hosted the 2015 BAFTA television and film industry awards.

In later years Chegwin was a popular pantomime dame and in March 2016 appeared in the Easter pantomime tour of Beauty and the Beast.

Personal life
From 1982 to 1993, Chegwin was married to presenter Maggie Philbin with whom he had a daughter. He later married Maria Anne Fielden and they had a son.

Chegwin regularly made public appearances around the UK and was involved in charity work.

Chegwin and his wife lived in Ashmansworth, Hampshire but moved to a country home in the area of Shropshire between Whitchurch and Wem, partly because they wanted to be closer to family further north.

Death
In a 2001 interview, Chegwin said he smoked 60 cigarettes a day and was a recovering alcoholic. He died at his home in Shropshire on 11 December 2017, having been ill with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic lung disease, for an extended period. He was 60 years old.

Filmography
Source:

Works

 * (autobiography)

title: Keith Chegwin


text:
User:Toby Woodwark

XMPP: {firstname}.{lastname}@gmail.com

Mo' info slash old pictures: toby woodwark

title: User:Toby Woodwark


text:
Fingerstick

In medicine, some blood tests are conducted on capillary blood obtained by fingerstick (or fingerprick) (or, for neonates, by an analogous heelprick). The site, free of surface arterial flow, where the blood is to be collected is sterilized with a topical germicide, and the skin pierced with a sterile lancet. After a droplet has formed, capillary blood is captured in a capillary tube (usually relying on surface tension). Blood cells drawn from fingersticks have a tendency to undergo hemolysis, especially if the finger is "milked" to obtain more blood.

Uses
Tests commonly conducted on the capillary blood collected are:
 * Glucose levels – Diabetics often have a portable blood meter to check on their blood sugar.
 * Mononucleosis – Fingerstick testing can be used to test for mononucleosis.
 * Hemoglobin levels – Fingerstick testing of hemoglobin is a quick screening procedure to ensure a blood or plasma donor has an acceptably high blood count for donating blood or blood components.
 * Genetic testing – Heelprick testing of a newborn's DNA allows for early diagnosis and mitigation of common hereditary disorders.
 * CBC
 * Prothrombin time

Fingersticks are routine for hardy adults, but are generally performed on children and the elderly only if a small amount of blood suffices for needed tests. Neonates are given heelpricks instead, as this is less likely to cause permanent damage.

title: Fingerstick


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/January 2004 II

question for Mr Maltin
Hope this isn't bothering busy people. I'm new to computers and want to ask Leonard Maltin a question: Is there such a thing as a movie book/listing which goes by subject rather than by title? There may be many movies on - or during - the Civil War, but who knows what their titles are? And how would one find out?

Thanks for any help!

Donald dcmckay@juno.com

I don't know how often Leonard Maltin drops by here, but I can tell you that Haliwell's Filmgoers Companion lists and discusses films by topic area. Any good bookshop will carry it. Adam 07:42, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

HELP ME
Moved from WP:VP

I have been dating a 26 year old female who has been suffering from a severe ED. She suffers form Anorexia and bulimia. She has been in treatment centres 2 times at a great cost to her parents. I met her 3 years ago and she was out of recovery and was at a healthy weight. She got better with ups and downs and she is now slowly declining quickly. She is become suicidal, her health is of concern (heart, blood pressure, everything). She is loosing weight and she is doing things that I would not expect. She recently cheated on me and told me as she felt guilty. I am an educated guy who knows I should run but I love her and have stuck behind her for the last 3 years with hospital, doctors and counselling visits. And all all the good times. I know it hard to offer advice but I don't know what to do. I am scared to death. DO I give up. I have my life together but feel I am taking on her problems. This is only because I love her. I feel she manipulates me and I fall into the trap. I ignore behaviours when I know she is vomiting or restricting. I am concerned about the severity of her illness and feel she might have a personality disorder. She is 5,10 and at one point 88 pound!!! This scares me but I have fallen in love with her. I I work as an Police Officer and I am aware of some shoplifting and reckless behaviour but I still stay. Am I an idiot. Should I cut my losses. Please offer me some suggestions. I long do I do what is recommended and is not working?????

Clarke_scott@yahoo.ca

 * You might want to try and get advice from the "Ask Alice" site. The URL is http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/. Check under "Relationships." There might be something already there relating to your problem. Sorry, I don't email non-acquaintances. Good luck. —Frecklefoot 19:42, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Fast Meter
I would like to know why my electric meter is going twice as fast as my niebours and when I just use my microwave or my stove it spins just as fast? My mother lives in a 4 bedroom house and her meter spins slower then mine and she uses the heater more. rgn_jr@hotmail.com

 * It sounds like someone may be siphoning your power. Do you have things that sip power in the background, i.e. refrigerator(s), instant-on T.V.s, PCs? I'd check those first. If you have central air/heat, those may use power without you knowing it. HTH —Frecklefoot 19:47, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * A friend of mine found out that the hallway lighting was hooked up to the electric meter for his appartment. Of course, the landlord denied it. Robinoke

Special Prosecutor vs Independent Counsel
There are two articles [both of which I wrote :)] -- Special prosecutor and Independent Counsel. Now I have always heard the two terms used synonomously. I want to know what the differences are. If there are none, then I need to move the contents of one to the other and make it a redirect. →Raul654 12:25, Jan 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that a Special Prosecutor serves at the will of the Executive, but an Independent Counsel can be fired only for cause. See http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/counsel/office/dash.html. -- Jmabel 06:49, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Markup Language for Dramatis Personae
Does anyone know if there is an XML dialect for describing lists of characters who appear in a book or series of books? I'm interested in keeping track of characters who recur across a long-running series, and sometimes across several series. I'd like to use an existing standard if possible. Phil 17:36, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know whether a relevant standard already exists but it is easy to make your own XML dialect for this. Optim 16:56, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, but being a lazy programmer (I did functional languages too, that's an in-joke) I like to follow an existing standard if I can. --Phil 18:00, Feb 4, 2004 (UTC)

migration of the apaches
My daughter is currently working on a project for her school. She chose to do the project on the history of the Apaches. We have come upon many great sites with intensive information, but we have not found any information on why the Apaches migrated from Canada. Any information would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance.
 * "Apache" is a misnomer of sorts -- and describes a few groups of Athabaskan people -- who were, by culture, nomads -- following mountain ranges, rivers and game animal migration in North America from the Bering Strait, it is logical that the nomadic people who became known as Apache would eventually make it to Texas and Colorado. Try here: The Apache Indians: An Unknown Tribe- Davodd 20:26, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

Help I cant see international fonts.
Eg. arabic, tamil, hindi etc. I couldnt find any help regarding this. Using netscape 7.0

 * Just install all character sets. Then in Netscape 7 go to menu View, Character Coding and choose one which suis you. Optim 01:11, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Steven Spielberg birthdate
Even Mr. Speilberg can't claim birthdays one year apart (although I'm sure he'd be glad to) so, was he born, as listed, in December of 1946 or 1947?

That's odd. I would claim my birthdays are always one year apart--plus or minus a day for leap years. But then I've always felt especially in tune with nature. More in tune than Speilberg, at least, or so it seems.168... 22:35, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess you refer to the fact that two wikipedias (german and japanese) give 1947 as his birthday, while the english entry Steven Spielberg and two other give 1946. IMDb also gives 1946, but google gives also lots of links which give 1947 as the year. andy 09:58, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

The correct birthday is 1946. I knew Spielberg as a high school friend, and when my birthday rolled around we discussed the fact that he was almost exactly a year older. Biographer Joseph McBride asked me this very question, but didn't leave it at that. He obtained a copy of the birth certificate, which leaves no doubt. See Joe McBride's very painstaking biography. Gene Ward Smith

Names & Gender
I cannot understand the gender from a name, since the English names don't give me this information (most Greek names give it, both first names and last names, usually, for example first name is konstantinos for male and konstantina for female, and the last name is papadopoulos for male and papadopoulou for female). In the past I had a website and I was an editor at a magazine where I was writing spoilers for some TV series, and I did the stupid mistake to refer to someone as male; When the relevant TV episode aired, I understood I did a so stupid mistake since she was actually female, and I felt a bit shame! So if I haven't associated a name (such as Bill: only male) with a gender from before, I really cannot know! The same applies to usernames. BTW if you do have some standard way of distinguishing the gender in English names, please inform me. I had similar problems with the Chinese people, too, it's very annoying and creates misunderstandings. The only "rule" I can remember now is that usually names ending in "a" are female-only. As a game, and as an interesting way of seeing how different cultures-languages work, can you get any information about the gender form the names: nikos, niki, optim, zanin, kostas, grigoris, eleni, patroklos, bei, hui, ran, weichi, iraklis, dias, hristos, dimitra, dafni, giorgos, alexis, thanos, thanasis, elena, katerina, petros, orestis, frideriki, ifigenia, eshilos, xenia, zoi, bo, xianfeng, alberich, angeliki, aggelos, spyros, hristina, marilena, vagelitsa, vassilis, mihalis? (these include internet nicknames, austrian, greek and chinese first names) copy-paste the names and put the gender you understand next to them in parentheses, if u like. it would be nice if you want to give your cultural and language background (what lang u speak, were u live/born). I will reveal the correct answers after some time and after I get relies:) reply here. feel free to write names from your culture/language and let us guess the gender. hope u find this interesting! .·. Optim 13:50, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC) .·. (?!!?)

Male - Kevin

I think the above-proposed procedure might be worthwhile if it were directed at filling in the gaps in what can be automated.

Prior to the 2000 US Census, i found, in about 10 minutes, on-line lists from www.census.gov of rank & IIRC number to nearest N (N=1000? N=100,000? I dunno!), among US residents IIRC, of
 * people with a given surname
 * males with a given given-name
 * females with a given given-name.

I was pleasantly surprised by the extent of the lists: my recollection is that i formed the impression that 99% or 99.9% of the population i was interested in had their name listed. (Or its other-gender equivalent: be careful with the rare ones!) I The resulting table is a lookup by name for probable gender and certainty. It can be sorted by proportion and broken up (you decide, subjectively, the break points) into three lists: of male, female, and unisex names.
 * added a gender column to each of the given-name tables, and
 * combined them
 * sorted them by name,
 * merged adjacent rows that had same name (i.e., one row of each gender), and
 * computed the proportion of people with a given given-name who are female.

I failed just now to find the same pages in twice the time, but i probably have the URL and in any case have the raw data and the computed proportions for (at least) the individuals i was most interested in. If no one can come up with the raw data independently, let me know & i'll help find, or if necessary, supply it.

This is not the complete answer to the question posed:
 * ethnicities are not attached,
 * gender-proportions of names not traditional to the US will be tilted (i think) toward femaleness, due to males "assimilating" faster and thus changing their names to "American-sounding" equivalents in greater proportion, and
 * the same spelling being used for "different" names in different cultures confuses the results (French "Jean" (pr. zhawn'), male, is "the same as" English "John" (pr. dzhahn), male, but most Americans named "Jean" (pr. dzheen) are in my experience female. --Jerzy 18:18, 2004 Jan 24 (UTC)

 * Your experiment (having random people try to decipher the gender of a selection of names) is an excellent idea, but you should really choose a more unfamiliar language. Anyone vaguely familiar with Hellenic mythology and/or tragedy, in other words, anyone who didn't sleep through high-school English class, knows that names ending in '-s' (except for '-is') are generally male, while those ending in '-is' and '-a' are generally female. Some names from your list (i.e. 'Vassilis' and 'Mihalis') are not unique to Greece; for instance, these two are apparently male. --Smack 05:04, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I will venture that "weichi" is probably not a person's actual name. It is the Chinese name for the game of go. -- Jmabel 06:02, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * nikos (male)
 * niki (female)

 * optim (sounds like a Russian male name???)
 * zanin (the Kankonian word for eleven . . . doesn't sound like a name)
 * kostas (sounds male)
 * grigoris (male)
 * eleni (female)
 * patroklos (male)
 * bei (female)
 * hui (male)
 * ran (male)
 * weichi (female)
 * iraklis,
 * dias (male)
 * hristos (male)
 * dimitra (female)
 * dafni (Daphne = female)
 * giorgos (male)
 * alexis (unisex)
 * thanos (male)
 * thanasis (male)
 * elena (female)
 * katerina (female)
 * petros (male)
 * orestis (male)
 * frideriki (female?)
 * ifigenia (or Iphigenia, female)
 * eshilos (male)
 * xenia (female)
 * zoi (female)
 * bo (Bo knows . . . -- male)
 * xianfeng (impossible to tell)
 * alberich (male)
 * angeliki (female)
 * aggelos (male)
 * spyros (male)
 * hristina (female)
 * marilena (female)
 * vagelitsa (female)
 * vassilis (male?)
 * mihalis (male)
 * I was born in and live in California, in an English-speaking household with several European au pairs over the years living in. And yes, names with an -a at the end are almost always female, but Joshua, Ira and Ezra are masculine (although Joshuas will usually go by Josh). Likewise -o usually denotes male but Cleo/Clio is feminine. Wiwaxia 02:08, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Mostly agree with the above except:
 * "niki", if Greek, is probably male, but in California would probably be female
 * "weichi", as I remarked above, is probably not a person's name
 * "alexis", if Greek, is male (female cognate is "alexa")

 * Thanks for your answers! the correct answers are:

 * nikos (greek, male always)
 * niki (greek, female always)
 * optim (not a name, an internet nickname meaning Optimist)
 * zanin (not a name, a french-inspired internet nickname which means nothing)
 * kostas (greek male always)
 * grigoris (greek male always)
 * eleni (greek female always)
 * patroklos (greek male always)
 * bei (chinese female from North China)
 * hui (chinese male fron North China)
 * ran (chinese female, from North China, means nature AFAIK)
 * weichi (chinese male, from North China)
 * iraklis, greek male always
 * dias greek male always
 * hristos greek male always
 * dimitra greek female always
 * dafni (Daphne = female) greek female always
 * giorgos greek male always
 * alexis greek male always. In english it may be female too (this is too strange for greeks!)
 * thanos greek male always
 * thanasis greek male always
 * elena greek female always
 * katerina greek male always
 * petros greek male always
 * orestis greek male always
 * frideriki greek female always
 * ifigenia (or Iphigenia, female) greek female always
 * eshilos greek male always
 * xenia greek female always, means "foreign"
 * zoi greek female always, means "life"
 * bo (Bo knows . . . -- male) yes, chinese male
 * xianfeng chinese male from South China
 * alberich austrial male
 * angeliki greek female always
 * aggelos greek male always means Angel
 * spyros greek male always
 * hristina greek female always
 * marilena greek female always: maria+elena (mary&helen)
 * vagelitsa greek female always
 * vassilis greek male always
 * mihalis greek male always

 * A postscript, if you're still interested: in Hebrew, as in English, you can't usually tell a person's gender by a suffix attached to its name. Furthermore, quite a lot of names - modern for the most part - are used for both genders. To make things more complicated still, in recent years there arose a tendency to give girls names previously reserved for boys alone. Surnames are identical for both genders. As in English, there are, however, a few hints. Whenever a name ends with a 'a' or an 'it', it belongs to a female. These two suffixes are not coincidental. For reasons I have no intent of hereby specify, and under circumstances I do not intend to hereby disclose, 'a' found at the end of a word, in both Hebrew and Arabic (and, presumably, other languages of the same origin), turns to 'at'.
 * While we're discussing names and gender, I always wondered about nicknames as well, and how different names are shortened in different languages.
 * -Itai 17:40, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info! :) Optim 03:20, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

statute of limitations
Is there a statute of limitations regarding prosecution for taking ones own children out of the country illegally?

 * You don't say what country, but the short of it (with the usual "I'm not a lawyer" provisos) is that the crime is not just at the time of departure from a given country, but continuing as long as they are minors (the age of majority varying from country to country, etc.). For example, if you had illegally removed a 6-year-old from the United States in 1986, and kept that child out of the country, I believe you would have been continuously committing a crime until that child turned 18 in 1998, so the clock wouldn't start on any statute of limitiations until that time. I wouldn't be surprised if some legal theory could be found to say that the criminal act continued past that date.

(Again, with the same provisos) As I understand it, if the country is the US, and if one didn't have legal custody, the fact that they were "ones own children" has little or no legal bearing (although it might cause a judge or jury to see the case differently). Kidnapping by a non-custodial parent is still kidnapping. -- Jmabel 07:24, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * some jurisdictions have a rule that says that the time you spend outside the jurisdiction doesn't count toward the prevailing time-limitation statute. I dunno if this is the case for US federal law or not. Note also that noncitizens entering the US on an i94 or i94/W have to answer a question that says something like "i have not been involved in the removal of a child from its parent within the US without a court's approval" or somesuch - and note that lying on an immigration form is a felony in itself. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 01:14, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Finding a Town In Saxony
I would like to find two towns in Saxony. My great-grandmother was born in Burg Walda, Saxony in 1844. She married Christopher Wagner in 1869 at Von Slaben, a village near Burg Walda. I have been unable to find these towns in my U.S. reference books. I will be visiting Dresden and Leipzig in June and would very much like to visit these areas if possible. Thank you in advance for any help you can provide. e-mail joanherriges@att.net.

 * Well, it's your ancestry, but I suspect the stories got garbled over the years, maybe from someone reading a document in a language they don't read well. "Von Slaben" seems like an unlikely place name, but a likely name for a noble family, and by implication for a castle or estate where the wedding could have taken place. Similarly, Burg Walda might not be a town name: "Burg." could be "mountain", but it could also be an abbreviation for "Burgomeister" ("mayor"), and might have been someone who signed a particular document. Best of luck sorting this out, but consider these possibilities as well. -- Jmabel 07:36, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * To be precise: "berg" is a mountain, and "burg" is a town (hence "burgemeester" = "master of the town"). So "Burg Walda" would pretty much have to be the name of a town. —Paul A 02:11, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The tool you are looking for is a gazetteer: if you search for "German gazetteer" in Google you will find several. One such can be found here. Burg-Wald is on Map IV, quadrant I-6, near Marburg, Battenberg and Rosenthal. Links to other German gazetteers are here. You might also find geoserv useful. Hope this helps. Nunh-huh 06:09, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Dynamo
Sir, I want to know whether there is any difference between Dynamo and a generator. I learned that dynamo can be termed for both ac and dc generators, then can we call an alternator also a dynamo.
 * An alternator translates mechanical energy into electrical energy; it replaced generators in the automobile. However, the usage for dynamo evolved before (say 100 years) the usage for alternator (say 25 years); thus the inventor of the alternator would probably feel uncomfortable being labelled with 'inventing' a device with an 'old' name. Probably, when buying an alternator from a parts store, you should stick with the conventional name. You might get some strange responses if you ordered a dynamo, or tried to install it in your car. 169.207.90.214 06:49, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

How does the media attempt to address the diversity represented in the American landscape?
Example of this would be the show All in the family. How does this television address the diversity represented in the american landscape and to what extent doe the media rely on sterotypes when dipicting a certain group and does it fostered a better understanding of diversity and multiculturalism? Please Justify

 * I hope your deadline is far enough away. People on Web sites will sometimes volunteer to do some of your homework for you, but here you'll usually get pointers to things you can look at; and looking up the things and thinking about them may take some time. For my own part, I can't provide any good sociological studies to look at; the best I could suggest would be to look at some media, like All in the Family tapes, while keeping these questions in mind. Might give you some ideas. Dandrake 21:45, Jan 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, but as a hint--think sopranos. Ilyanep 14:29, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Dairy Goats
Hello, i posted information about the saanen and oberhasli dairy goats, i was wondering if there was any way to post pictures so that people could get a visual?

Thank you very much Jennifer Frutos

JennifFrut@aol.com

 * There is a defined method of uploading pictures to the wikipedia. Go to Special:Upload. Ensure you read the information there before uploading. akaDruid 17:32, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Slav migration from Illyricum
The Russian Primary Chronical says the Slavs originally lived in Illyricum. Does anyone know of any documentation to substantiate this?

 * "Originally" is so tricky. Originally, according to most anthropologists, we are all from Africa, so the issue begs the question of what date is being talked about. Is this a claim about pre-Roman times? Unless I am very mistaken, during Roman times, no significant group of Slavs were ever inside the Empire and according to the generally reliable (if inevitably imprecise) Penguin Atlas of Medieval History, in A.D. 362 (the first date it covers) the Slavs were in the north, sandwiched between the Finns and Ostrogoths. Is this helpful, or are we talking even earlier? -- Jmabel 18:27, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

collective nouns
Wikipedia Does the collective noun 'slaughter' exist? I have heard 'slaughter of lambs'!!! Thanks Martin

 * See collective noun for several lists. If you find a mistake or something missing, edit it. Enjoy. --Phil 08:48, Jan 28, 2004 (UTC)

Graves Basedow
Someone posted the following on a (now deleted page) which is linked to from Graves-Basedow disease:
 * HOla mi nombre es carolina no escribo bien el inglés, me detectaron Graves Basedow hace 2 semanas tengo oftalmopatía pero unilateral me midieron con el exoftalmómetro 12 en un lado y 14 en el otro, usaré anteojos, me dieron tratameitno con yodo radioactivo hace 2 días, mo pregunta es??? si esta se exacerbará y si ecsite tratamietno independiente del hipertiroidismo??' mi correo es: aleo16@latinmail.com

which google very roughly translates to:
 * Hello my name has been carolina I do not write the English well, detected Graves Basedow to me for 2 weeks I have oftalmopatía but unilateral they measured to me with exoftalmómetro 12 in a side and 14 in the other, I will use eyeglasses, gave tratameitno me with radioactive iodine for 2 days, mo asks is? if this will be exacerbará and if ecsite tratamietno independent of the hyperthyroidism ' my mail is: aleo16@latinmail.com

I pass the question on without comment. Perhaps someone knows of a suitable newsgroup/website?-- Finlay McWalter 00:58, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Trying to get this closer to English (there were some misspellings etc. even in the Spanish):

 * Hello my name is Carolina. I do not write the English well, two weeks ago they found that I have Graves Basedow. I have ophthtalmopathy, but unilateral. They measured to me with exophthalmometer as 12 on one side and 14 on the other. I will use eyeglasses; they treated me with radioactive iodine 2 days ago. My question is: whether this will worse and whether there is treatment independent of hyperthyroidism ' my email is: aleo16@latinmail.com

If anyone has a response & needs it translated to email to Carolina, just leave it here, I or someone else can translate to Spanish & send it.

 * Spanish VP or Reference desk sounds better for this. --Menchi (Talk)ü| â 07:40, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Good thought. I've posted it on es:Wikipedia:Consultas. Jmabel 11:53, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know what Carolina means by "independent treatment". If she means "is there a need to treat the specific manifestation of exophthalmos other than treating the underlying thyroid disease", the answer is that generally it is not treated separately: if it does not resolve with treatment of the thyroid disease, and if it is severe or disfiguring, it can be treated by various means, including surgery. (A search on "exophthalmos treatment" will show various treatments). The other question seems to be "will my exophthalmos (eyeball protrusion) improve or get worse?" to which the answer is: everyone is different, and in most cases treating the hyperthyroidism means the exophthalmos will not get worse: however, the exophthalmos doesn't always get better, and if it does, may take a long time to do so. There's no way to predict if she will have improvement or not: it's a case of "wait-and-see". It might be worth mentioning that many people need to take thyroid hormones after getting radioactive iodine treatment, so she needs to keep up with her doctor visits and testing. And she should ask her doctor these same questions on her return visit. - Nunh-huh 20:58, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

How to research a corporation that may no longer be in business
I am attempting to research the financial viability of some old stock certificates-- How is that done? The information that I have, as an example, Name: Inter World TV Films, Inc. Incorporated: 1952, Delaware. I have done multiple web searchs at different sites with no luck. Thank you for any help. M. Lane littleprince1977@yahoo.com

 * Hehe. Everything in incooperated here. :) Tell you what - if you can figure out the name of the agency you want to call, I'll look it up and post the phone number here for you. →Raul654 05:18, Jan 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * From the article on Delaware corporation, I found the Delaware Division of Corporations website. Gentgeen 08:40, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Sichuan
Is it true that "Sichuan" means "four rivers"? If so, what are the four rivers? Dominus 05:07, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Min Jiang, the Jialing Jiang, the Tuo Jiang, and the Wu Jiang, according to this mailing-list post. Jiang means "river", in this case, as in Chang Jiang. Yes, chuan means river too. He means rivers too (Huang He). --Menchi (Talk)ü| â 05:30, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Actinides make salt
If you add an actinide with some other chemical (don't remember which) you can theoretically get radioactive salt. Can anybody direct me to a place that shows the characteristics of it? Ilyanep 14:24, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * A salt is a compound consisting of a cation (positive) and an anion (negative). All actinides are metals, and hence form cations. To make a salt, you just need to combine the actinide with any anion, for example chloride, fluoride, carbonate, etc. A well-known actinide salt is uranium hexafluoride. Uranium hexafluoride is sturdy enough to survive boiling, an invaluable property for uranium enrichment. See enriched uranium, isotope separation and this description of uranium hexafluoride. -- Tim Starling 10:19, Feb 2, 2004 (UTC)

4-pin-to-6-pin FireWire adapter
Hi, I'm about to buy an iPod, and the specs include '4-pin-to-6-pin FireWire adapter' as an included item. What does this do? Is this an adapter for the player or an adapter for my comp.? (asking because I really don't want to spend $30 to buy a firewire card for my comp. and then find out I don't need it) Ilyanep 16:03, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * as far as I understand it is an adapter for connecting a 4pin firewire device to a 6pin firewire port. It seems to be like the case with the USB Type A and USB Type B. Optim 16:47, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * alright. That's what I thought, but they don't explain it anywhere on their site. Thanks. Ilyanep 16:58, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Its actually the other way around. The adapter is included to connect a 6pin fw-device (The Ipod) to a 4 pin fw port. Mads

MISSING VICE PRESIDENTS
After their presidents died, did the following finish the terms with no vice-president at all? If so, who was next in the succession?

After Roosevelt died, 1945 to 1948, President Truman served with ____________?

After Kennedy died, 1963 to 1964, President Johnson served with ___________?

Thank you.

 * In both cases, no Vice President. Prior to the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, if a president died in office, there would be no vice president for the remainder of the term. -- Jmabel 00:15, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * By the laws that were then in place, the next in succession for Truman was the Secretary of State from 1945 to 1947, and the Speaker of the House from July 18, 1947 on. Johnson's was the Speaker of the House.

 * Looking at the pages this gives the following next-in-lines:
 * For Truman: Edward Stettinius Jr., James F. Byrnes, George C. Marshall, possibly Sam Rayburn, Joseph William Martin, Jr.
 * For Johnson: John William McCormack
 * There have been two more recent case where there was no vice-president:
 * After vice-president Spiro Agnew resigned on 10 October 1973, the Speaker of the House was the next-in-line, which at the time was Carl Albert.
 * Gerald Ford became president upon Richard Nixon's resignation on 9 August 1974, but Nelson Rockefeller became vice-president on 19 December of that year. In the period in between, the next-in-line was again Carl Albert. Andre Engels 02:32, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Some more trivia: No vice-president had two non-consecutive periods, but still Albert was not the first 'de facto vice-president' who had two periods of office. William R. King as president pro-tempore of the Senate was 'second in line' to president Millard Fillmore from the death of president Zachary Taylor on 9 July 1850 until 20 December 1852, then was the regular vice-president of Franklin Pierce from 4 March 1853 until his death on 18 April 1853. David R. Atchinson, president pro-tempore of the Senate, succeeded him on both occasions, and thus was next-in-line from 20 December 1852 to 4 March 1853 and from 18 April 1853 to 4 December 1854. John Hay, as Secretary of State, was second-in-line from 21 November 1899 to 3 March 1901 after the death of vice-president Garrett A. Hobart to and again from 14 September 1901 to 3 March 1905 after the assassination of president William McKinley.

Conquistadores
Longish item on the conquistador sons of Pedro Serrano and Catalina Fernandez, and their Mexico & New Mexico descendants, moved to Talk:Conquistador/Ancestry, along with contact information for the person who posted it. Moved because it was not a question, it was just a statement. -- Jmabel 00:32, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

TeX help
I was trying to replicate the equation title of track 2 on Aphex Twin's Windowlicker. This site has a GIF representation. When I input my TeX version, I get several errors. Can you tell me what is wrong with it?

$$\Delta M_i^{-1} = -\sum_{n=1}^N D_i[n] \left[ \sum_{j \in C \{i\} } F_{j i}[ n - 1] + Fext_i [ n^{-1}] \right]$$ - I have to check on propto, however, but I gotta scoot. Dysprosia 10:10, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

meaning of the greek name: Efigenia or Ifigenia or Iphigenia

 * Well, the actual question seems to have disappeared, but the name means "mighty-born", if that helps. Adam Bishop 20:29, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)


text:
Miles Magister

The Miles M.14 Magister is a two-seat monoplane basic trainer aircraft designed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Miles Aircraft. It was affectionately known as the Maggie. It was authorised to perform aerobatics.

The Magister was developed during the 1930s to Specification T.40/36, itself based on the existing Miles Hawk Trainer which had been ordered in small numbers. The first prototype's maiden flight was on 20 March 1937. It quickly became praised for its handling qualities, increasing the safety and ease of pilot training, while also delivering comparable performance to contemporary monoplane frontline fighters of the era. The Magister was ordered into quantity production.

Entering service barely a year before the start of the Second World War, the Magister became a key training aircraft. It was the first monoplane designed as a trainer to be used by the Royal Air Force (RAF). During the war it was purchased in large numbers for the RAF, the Fleet Air Arm and various overseas military operators. It proved an ideal introduction to the Spitfire and Hurricane for new pilots.

After the war surplus Magisters were exported in large numbers, with many converted for civilian use.

Background
The origin of the Miles Magister was a decision made by the company's management in 1936 to further develop its military trainer range; this decision was influenced by the firm's recent success with the Miles M.2 Hawk Trainer as an elementary trainer, the first low-wing monoplane to be adopted as a trainer by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was decided to produce a derivative of the Hawk Trainer to satisfy the Air Ministry's Specification T.40/36. The submission ignored the policy of only procuring metal aircraft which the RAF had at the time.

The new type was broadly similar to the Hawk Trainer: the majority of the differences between the two types pertained to the cockpit, which was enlarged and had numerous new features to better meet military training requirements. The first prototype made its maiden flight on 20 March 1937, flown by F.G. Miles. During the following month, the aircraft was named the Magister. During early flights, the aircraft exhibited a tendency to spin. The problem was solved by several modifications, including elevating the tailplane by 6 in, the fitting of anti-spin strakes to the rear fuselage and the adoption of a taller rudder. The alterations worked so well that the Magister became the first low-wing cantilever monoplane to be authorised by the Air Ministry to perform aerobatics.

Design
The Magister is a low wing cantilever monoplane designed for military training. Its design is largely derived from Miles' Hawk Trainer, although there are some noticeable differences, such as the significant enlargement of the cockpit. A more spacious cockpit was required to reasonably accommodate the presence of parachutes and various training aids, which included the provision of blind-flying apparatus. The open cockpits have windscreens made of Perspex; baggage and unused equipment can be stored in a sizable bay aft of the rear cockpit via an exterior door. Pilots are required to enter and exit the aircraft via a wingroot walkway on the starboard side.

The Magister is largely built of wood, the fuselage consisting of a spruce structure with a plywood covering; similar materials were used for the three-piece wing and the tail unit. The wing centre section has no dihedral and is of constant section with outer sections having dihedral and tapering towards the tip. It has split flaps as standard; it was the first RAF trainer to have flaps. It has a fixed tailwheel undercarriage with drag-reducing spats on the main wheels; to reduce the landing distance, the undercarriage was fitted with Bendix drum brakes. Power is provided by a 130 hp de Havilland Gipsy Major engine and the fuel is contained in a pair of tanks in the centre section.

The flying characteristics and performance of the Magister lent themselves well to the trainer role; the Magister possessed superior performance to any contemporary elementary trainer. It readily enabled trainee pilots to safely learn the handling techniques of modern frontline fighter aircraft. Its ease of handling and safety were attributes that were vigorously demonstrated by Frederick Miles performing stunts such as hands-free landings and formation flying while inverted. The flight controls are cable-actuated; some of the controls, such as the rudder pedals, can be adjusted to suit the individual pilot.

Into production
Having been impressed by the prototype's performance during trials, the Air Ministry selected the Magister to fulfil the specification. Production began in October 1937. Recognising the importance and value represented by the order, the company committed a significant portion of its manufacturing capacity to producing the type, abandoning its plans to produce other aircraft, such as the Miles Peregrine, to concentrate resources on the mass production effort.

Production of the Magister continued until 1941, by which time 1,203 aircraft had been built by Miles. More than a hundred Magisters were licence built in Turkey. Contemporary glues used to assemble the wooden aircraft have not stood the test of time and few Magisters have survived.

Operational history
Initially, production Magisters were supplied to flying clubs operated by the Straight Corporation, as well as to several overseas government customers. By the Second World War, in excess of 700 Magisters had entered service with RAF Elementary Flying Training Schools; the type would eventually equip 16 such schools as well as the Central Flying School. The bulk of civilian-owned Hawk Majors were also pressed into military service as trainers alongside the type.

During June 1940, as part of British anti-invasion preparations, roughly 15 Magisters were fitted with bomb racks for the carriage of up to eight 25 lb bombs, to fly as a light bombers under a scheme called Operation Banquet. The preparations were never put into effect and the type never saw active combat use in this capacity.

The Magister also participated in experimental wartime research, such as to evaluate a long range ground attack platform during 1941. Seeking to increase the payloads of conventional medium bombers, British military planners suggested the use of a so-called 'auxiliary wing' that could be towed like a glider behind a bomber; this wing would be loaded with either additional fuel or munitions. To test this concept, a modified Magister was produced; by the time testing had reached an advanced stage, the RAF had significantly bolstered its offensive forces with heavy bombers, removing the need to deploy the auxiliary wing concept. Other aircraft received experimental modifications to evaluate new equipment or aerodynamic features.

Following the end of the conflict, large numbers of Magisters were disposed of, leading to many being converted for civilian use. Such aircraft were renamed the Hawk Trainer III. Amongst its civil uses was air racing; during the 1950 Kings Cup Air Race alone, eight Hawk Trainer IIIs were entered, one of which (a modified cabin version G-AKRV), piloted by E. Day, was awarded first place, having achieved a recorded speed of 138.5 mph while doing so. At least two other aircraft were thus modified.

During the postwar years, many Magisters were exported to overseas customers, including private pilot owners and flying clubs. Countries that purchased the type included Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Morocco, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand and Tunisia.

Variants

 * Miles M.14 Magister / Hawk Trainer III
 * Initial production version.

 * Miles M.14A Magister I / Hawk Trainer III
 * Improved variant.

 * Miles M.14B Magister II / Hawk Trainer II
 * Improved variant with a 135 hp Blackburn Cirrus II engine

Operators

 * Royal Australian Air Force – One aircraft.
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Royal Canadian Air Force

 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Egyptian Army Air Force
 * Royal Egyptian Air Force – 42 aircraft.
 * Belgian Air Force – One aircraft operated from 1946 to 1948.
 * Estonian Air Force – One aircraft
 * Irish Air Corps – 27 aircraft  from 1939 to 1952.
 * Latvian Aviation Regiment
 * Malaya
 * Malayan Volunteer Air Force
 * Royal New Zealand Air Force – Two aircraft.
 * No. 1 Squadron RNZAF
 * No. 42 Squadron RNZAF
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * Portuguese Air Force – Ten aircraft.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * South African Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Thai Air Force
 * Thai Navy
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 24 Squadron RAF
 * No. 81 Squadron RAF
 * No. 173 Squadron RAF
 * No. 267 Squadron RAF
 * Thai Navy
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 24 Squadron RAF
 * No. 81 Squadron RAF
 * No. 173 Squadron RAF
 * No. 267 Squadron RAF
 * No. 267 Squadron RAF

Surviving aircraft
By 2009, ten Hawk Trainer IIIs were registered in the United Kingdom, of which several were airworthy. Furthermore, several ex-service Magisters have been preserved and on display – including an ex-RAF example at the Imperial War Museum in the UK, and an ex-Irish Air Corps example at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

One Miles Magister was restored and is still airworthy in the Aeroclub of San Martín, Mendoza

ZK-AWY is preserved in the Museum of Transport and Technology, New Zealand.

TC-KAY is preserved in the Turkish Air Force Museum.

title: Miles Magister