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Daniel Yanofsky

Daniel Abraham (Abe) Yanofsky (March 25, 1925 – March 5, 2000) was a Canadian chess player, chess arbiter, writer, lawyer, and politician. An eight-time Canadian chess champion, Yanofsky was Canada's first grandmaster and the first grandmaster of the British Commonwealth.

Early life
Yanofsky was born to a Jewish family in Brody, Poland (now western Ukraine), and moved to Canada when he was eight months old, settling with his family in Winnipeg.

Early successes
He learned to play chess at the age of eight. Yanofsky won his first Manitoba provincial championship at age 12 in 1937, also making his debut in the Closed Canadian Chess Championship that same year in Toronto. In 1939, just 14 years old, he played for Canada at the Buenos Aires Olympiad. Yanofsky was the sensation of the tournament, making the highest score on second board. He won his first Canadian Chess Championship in 1941 at age 16, at home in Winnipeg. He won at Ventnor City 1942 with 6.5/9, and tied 1st-2nd with Herman Steiner on 16/17 in the 1942 U.S. Open at Dallas.

First Commonwealth GM
In 1946, at age 21, Yanofsky entered the first major post-World War II international tournament at Groningen, where he defeated the Soviet champion and tournament winner, Mikhail Botvinnik, winning the brilliancy prize. Over the next two years, he played in several more European events, where his best result was second place behind Miguel Najdorf at Barcelona 1946. Yanofsky represented Canada at the Interzonals held in Saltsjöbaden 1948 and Stockholm 1962. He won the British Championship in 1953. At Dallas 1957, Yanofsky achieved his first grandmaster norm with wins over Samuel Reshevsky, Friðrik Ólafsson and Larry Evans. His performance at the Tel Aviv 1964 Olympiad earned him his second grandmaster norm and the title, thereby becoming the first grandmaster of the British Commonweath.

Canadian champion
Yanofsky, winner in 1941, repeated as Canadian champion in 1943, 1945, 1947, 1953, 1959, 1963, and 1965; his eight titles is a Canadian record (tied with Maurice Fox).

Olympiads
Yanofsky represented Canada at eleven Olympiads: (Buenos Aires 1939, 2nd board, {13.5/16}, Amsterdam 1954 1st board, {9/17}, Munich 1958, 1st board, {5.5/11}, Tel Aviv 1964, 1st board, {10/16}, Havana 1966, 1st board, {3.5/5}, Lugano 1968, 1st board, {6/14}, Siegen 1970, 1st board, {7/14}, Skopje 1972, 2nd board, {6/13}, Nice 1974, 3rd board, {7/14}, Haifa 1976, 3rd board, {3.5/10}, and La Valletta 1980), 3rd board, {6/11}). His Olympiad totals are: +50 =54 -37, for 54.6 percent. His record of Olympiad appearances is surpassed among Canadians only by International Master Lawrence Day (13). His total of 141 games played is the Canadian record among men, and second only to Nava Starr (147).

Further tournament successes
Further tournament titles included Arbon 1946 (tied with Karel Opocensky and Ludek Pachman), Reykjavík 1947, Hastings 1952-53 (tied with Harry Golombek, Jonathan Penrose, and Antonio Medina), and the Canadian Open Chess Championship 1979 (Edmonton). Yanofsky placed second at Hastings 1951-52 behind Svetozar Gligorić and second at Netanya 1968 behind Bobby Fischer.

Later years
A central figure in the Winnipeg chess scene, Yanofsky organized Canada's first international grandmaster tournament in Winnipeg in 1967 to mark Canada's Centennial. He also played in the tournament and was awarded the brilliancy prize for his victory over László Szabó; the event was jointly won by Bent Larsen and Klaus Darga. In 1974, Yanofsky also brought to Winnipeg the Pan American Chess Championship that was won by Walter Browne.

Yanofsky earned the FIDE International Arbiter title in 1977.

He played in his final Canadian championship in 1986 at age 61 at home in Winnipeg, and qualified for another Interzonal appearance by placing tied for 3rd-4th with 9.5/15, but ceded the seat in favour of Denis Allan, a younger player.

Yanofsky returned to Groningen in 1996 for the 50th anniversary tournament among the 1946 event's seven surviving players; former world champion Vassily Smyslov won.

Chess style
According to Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Yanofsky was known for his expertise in the French Defence and the Ruy Lopez, but his strongpoint was his endgame play. Samuel Reshevsky, who played against Yanofsky on a number of occasions, said that he was a tough opponent. His style is defensive but quite accurate, he wrote. When given the slightest opportunity, he is strong enough to beat the best.

Education and legal career
Except from 1946 to 1947, Yanofsky never pursued chess full-time.

He entered the University of Manitoba in 1941, earning a science degree in 1944.

He served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II (1944–46).

Yanofsky graduated with a law degree from the University of Manitoba in 1951. He won several scholarships, which allowed him to pursue legal studies at Oxford University (1951–53). Following graduation, he practiced law in Winnipeg with his brother Harry, who was also a chess master. Yanofsky argued several cases before the Supreme Court of Canada.

Politics
Yanofsky was an alderman, then mayor of the Winnipeg suburb of West Kildonan from 1969 to 1971, and served on the Winnipeg city council from 1971 to 1986, chairing the finance committee.

He campaigned for the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1959 provincial election as a candidate of the Liberal-Progressive Party. He finished third behind David Orlikow of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in the St. Johns constituency.

Yanofsky played a major role in the building of the Seven Oaks General Hospital and the Wellness Institute in the city's north end.

Honours
In 1972, Yanofsky was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1980, he was appointed a Queen's Counsel. In 2000, he was inducted as a charter member of the Canadian Chess Hall of Fame.

Following Yanofsky's death in 2000, a memorial tournament has been held annually in Winnipeg in recognition of his contributions to Canadian chess.

Yanofsky was married to Hilda (née Gutnik); they had four children.

Publications

 * Chess the Hard Way! 1st edition (1953), 2nd edition (2000)
 * Chess Championship of Canada (1953) (with Nathan Divinsky)
 * How to Win End-Games (1953)
 * 1st Canadian Open Chess Championship, Montreal 1956 (1956)
 * Canadian Centennial Grand Masters Chess Tournament, Winnipeg 1967 (1967)
 * 100 Years of Chess in Canada: A Centennial Project of the Chess Federation of Canada (1967)
 * International Chess Tournament, Netanya, 1969 (1969) (with M.H. Horton)
 * The Games of D.A.Yanofsky (1985) (with David Ross)
 * The Games of Daniel "Abe" Yanofsky (1997) (compiled by J. Ken MacDonald)
 * Editor, Canadian Chess Chat, 1956-59
 * Chess columnist, Winnipeg Free Press, 1954-81

Notable chess games

 * Daniel Yanofsky vs Alberto Ismodes, Buenos Aires Olympiad 1939, French, Classical (C11), 1-0 The 14-year-old unleashes a rook sacrifice against the Peruvian master in a game that won praise from World Champion Alexander Alekhine.
 * Daniel Yanofsky vs Mikhail Botvinnik, Groningen 1946, Ruy Lopez, Closed, Chigorin (C99), 1-0 In this classic game, the young Canadian stuns the Soviet champion and Groningen event winner.
 * Viacheslav Ragozin vs Daniel Yanofsky, Saltsjobaden Interzonal 1948, French, Classical (C13), 0-1 Yanofsky coolly gives up his queen to forestall the Soviet GM's dangerous attacking chances.
 * Samuel Reshevsky vs Daniel Yanofsky, Tel Aviv Olympiad 1964, Grunfeld (D93), 0-1 Yanofsky sacrifices a piece to entomb White's bishop and ruin his pawn structure, leading to a strategical masterpiece.
 * Laszlo Szabo vs Daniel Yanofsky, Winnipeg 1967, King's Indian (E70), 0-1 A thematic dark-square King's Indian game which won the brilliancy prize.

title: Daniel Yanofsky


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Fred Yates (chess player)

Fred Dewhirst Yates (16 January 1884, Birstall – 11 November 1932, London) was an English chess master who won the British Chess Championship on six occasions. He started a career in accountancy, but in 1909, abandoned it in favour of becoming a professional chess player and journalist.

Chess career
Yates almost won the British Championship in 1911, when he tied for first place with Henry Atkins, but lost the play-off. He went on to secure the title in 1913, 1914, 1921, 1926, 1928 and 1931.

Despite considerable domestic success, his record in international tournaments did not do him justice. Often the winner against his strongest opponents, he would then lose to those at the bottom of the table. This was particularly apparent at the Budapest tournament of 1926.

His lack of consistency was attributed to poor health and loss of stamina. A constant hacking cough went unchecked, as his funds did not stretch to a holiday in warmer climes; the advice given by his doctor. He was also subjected to journalistic pressures, frequently reporting on the tournaments in which he was playing. Yet, dedicating himself to the playing side of chess would have earned him insufficient sums to make a living. A number of his contemporaries believed that his talent could have placed him among the world championship contenders, had his circumstances been different. Nevertheless, in his time, he defeated most of his illustrious adversaries, the most notable exceptions being Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca. His victory against Alexander Alekhine at Karlsbad in 1923 won the brilliancy prize, while his win against Milan Vidmar at San Remo in 1930 was described by Alekhine as the finest game played since the war.

As a journalist he was the chess columnist of the Manchester Guardian and with William Winter, the co-author of Modern Master Play (1929). He wrote accounts of two world championship encounters; those between Alekhine and Capablanca, and Alekhine and Bogoljubow.

In team competition, he played at the first, third and fourth Olympiads, representing the 'British Empire' team. On each occasion, he made a plus score and at London 1927, earned a team bronze medal.

His life ended prematurely, when a leaking gas pipe caused him to asphyxiate during his sleep.

According to the inscription on Yates' gravestone, his birth name was actually Fred Dewhirst Yates. However, throughout his chess career he was known as Frederick Dewhurst Yates, or simply as F.D. Yates, both of which featured in his posthumously published, part-biographical, 'My Best Games' Collection. 'Frederick Dewhurst Yates' was also used by the editor of British Chess Magazine in the title of Yates' obituary.

Tournament record
Competing within the British Isles, he was first at Glasgow 1911, Cheltenham 1913, Chester 1914, Malvern 1921, Edinburgh 1926 and Tunbridge Wells 1927. There were second-place finishes at Oxford 1910, Richmond 1912, Southport 1924, Hastings 1924/25 and Stratford-upon-Avon 1925.

Abroad, his best results included first equal with Savielly Tartakower at Kecskemét (B Final, 1927) and fifth at San Remo (the strongest tournament of 1930), when he finished ahead of Spielmann, Vidmar and Tartakower. He was second at Ghent in 1926, after Tartakower, but ahead of Colle and Janowski.

Notable games
1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.b3 Bg7 4.Bb2 0-0 5.g3 d6 6.Bg2 Nc6 7.0-0 e5 8.d4 Nd7 9.dxe5 Ndxe5 10.Nc3 Re8 11.Nxe5 Nxe5 12.Qd2 a5 13.Rac1 Rb8 14.h3 Bd7 15.Nd5 b6 16.f4 Nc6 17.Bxg7 Kxg7 18.Qb2+ f6 19.g4 Nb4 20.g5 Nxd5 21.cxd5 Rc8 22.e4 c6 23.dxc6 Rxc6 24.gxf6+ Kf7 25.e5 Rxc1 26.Rxc1 dxe5 27.fxe5 Qb8 28.Qd4 Bf5 29.Bd5+ Kf8 30.Qf4 Rxe5 31.Qh6+ Ke8 32.f7+ 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.Nc3 d6 6.Nf3 Nc6 7.d5 Nb8 8.e4 Nbd7 9.0-0 a5 10.Be3 Ng4 11.Bd4 Nge5 12.Nxe5 Nxe5 13.c5 dxc5 14.Bxc5 b6 15.Bd4 Ba6 16.Re1 Qd6 17.Bf1 Bxf1 18.Rxf1 c5 19.Bxe5 Qxe5 20.Qb3 Rab8 21.Qb5 f5 22.Rae1 f4 23.Qd7 Rbd8 24.gxf4 Qxf4 25.Qe6+ Kh8 26.f3 Qg5+ 27.Kh1 Rd6 28.Qh3 Be5 29.Re2 Rdf6 30.Nd1 Rf4 31.Ne3 Rh4 32.Qe6 Qh5 33.Ng4 Rxg4 34.fxg4 Rxf1+ 35.Kg2 Qxh2+ 36.Kxf1 Qh1+ 37.Kf2 Bd4+ 38.Kg3 Qg1+ 39.Kh3 Qf1+ 40.Rg2 Qh1+ 41.Kg3 Qe1+ 42.Kh3 g5 43.Rc2 Qf1+ 44.Kh2 Qg1+ 45.Kh3 Qh1+ 46.Kg3 Qd1 47.Rc3 Qg1+ 48.Kh3 Qf1+ 49.Kg3 Bf2+ 50.Kf3 Bg1+
 * Yates was a very sporting person and even published this loss to Capablanca in his own collection of best games: Capablanca vs. Yates, English Opening, Barcelona 1929
 * He was also noted for extreme doggedness, fighting until the last vestige of hope was gone before conceding defeat. His game against Alekhine involved a combination some eighteen moves deep: Alekhine vs. Yates, King's Indian Defence, Karlsbad 1923
 * Vidmar vs. Yates, Queen's Gambit Declined, San Remo 1930, 0–1. Black parries White's resourceful attack and develops sharp counterplay on the opposite wing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fred Yates (chess player)


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KPPP

KPPP may refer to:

 * WvDial, a Point-to-Point Protocol dialer
 * KPPP-LP, a low-power radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to serve Fargo, North Dakota, United States
 * KXPI-LD, a low-power television station (channel 34) licensed to serve Pocatello, Idaho, United States, which held the call sign KPPP-LP from 2006 to 2009

title: KPPP


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CIRA

CIRA may refer to:
 * Canadian Internet Registration Authority
 * Centre d'interprétation et de reconnaissance acoustique of the French Navy (la Marine nationale française)
 * Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (CIRA), library of anarchist material in Lausanne, Switzerland
 * Central Illinois Regional Airport, a public airport in McLean County, Illinois
 * Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali, the Italian Aerospace Research Centre
 * Certified Insolvency and Restructuring Advisor designated by the Association of Insolvency & Restructuring Advisors of Medford, Oregon, United States.
 * Client Initiated Remote Access, a remote access technology from Intel
 * Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act, Senate Proposed Legislation, S. 2611
 * Continuity Irish Republican Army
 * Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University
 * Yale University Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA)
 * CIRA, COSPAR international reference atmosphere, an empirical model of the upper atmosphere
 * CIRA-FM, a French language Canadian radio station in Montreal, Quebec

title: CIRA


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RMS Lancastria

RMS Lancastria was a British ocean liner requisitioned by the UK Government during the Second World War. She was sunk on 17 June 1940 during Operation Aerial. Having received an emergency order to evacuate British nationals and troops from France, the ship was loaded well in excess of its capacity of 1,300 passengers. Modern estimates suggest that between 4,000 and 7,000 people died during the sinking — the largest single-ship loss of life in British maritime history.

Career
The ship was launched in 1920 as Tyrrhenia by William Beardmore and Company of Dalmuir on the River Clyde for the Anchor Line, a subsidiary of Cunard. She was the sister ship of RMS RMS Cameronia (1919), which Beardmore had built for the Anchor Line the previous year. Tyrrhenia was, 578 ft long and could carry 2,200 passengers in three classes. She made her maiden voyage, Glasgow–Quebec City–Montreal, on 19 June 1922.

In 1924 she was refitted for two classes and renamed Lancastria after passengers complained that they could not properly pronounce Tyrrhenia; (viz: RP as per the crew's nickname of the ship: the "Old Soup Tureen".

She sailed scheduled routes between Liverpool and New York until 1932, and was then used as a cruise ship in the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Europe. On 10 October 1932 Lancastria rescued the crew of the Belgian cargo ship SS Scheldestad, which had been abandoned in a sinking condition in the Bay of Biscay. In 1934 the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland chartered Lancastria for a pilgrimage to Rome. In May 1936, she undertook a specially commissioned cruise to visit war memorials at Malta, Salonika, Gallipoli and Istanbul. The passengers on this voyage included Admiral of the Fleet Roger Keyes, Field Marshal William Birdwood and Commodore Edward Unwin.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Lancastria was in the Bahamas. She was ordered to sail from Nassau to New York for refitting as she had been requisitioned as a troopship, becoming HMT Lancastria. Unnecessary fittings were removed, she was repainted in battleship grey, the portholes were blacked out, and a 4-inch gun was installed. She was first used to ferry men and supplies between Canada and the United Kingdom. In April 1940, she was one of twenty troopships in Operation Alphabet, the evacuation of troops from Norway, and was bombed on the return journey although she escaped damage. Shortly afterwards, Lancastria carried troops to consolidate the invasion of Iceland. Returning to Glasgow, the captain requested that surplus oil in her tanks be removed, but there was insufficient time before she was ordered to Liverpool for a refit. Crew members were either discharged or sent on leave.

Loss
Lancastria was sunk on 17 June 1940 off the French port of St. Nazaire while taking part in Operation Aerial, the evacuation of British nationals and troops from France, two weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation.

Outward voyage
Within hours of berthing at Liverpool, Lancastria was urgently recalled to sea; loud-speaker announcements at the main railway station successfully recalled nearly all the crew members; she arrived in Plymouth on 15 June to await orders. She was originally sent to Quiberon Bay as part of Operation Aerial, which was the evacuation of the remainder of the British Expeditionary Force which had been cut off to the south of the German advance through France, amounting to some 124,000 men, mostly logistic support troops, from various ports in western France. Accompanying Lancastria was the 20,341-ton liner, RMS Franconia (1922). Finding that she was not required for the evacuation from Lorient, the captain of Lancastria, Rudolph Sharp, was sent on towards the port of St. Nazaire, where many more troops were waiting to be lifted, On the way, an air raid damaged Franconia, which returned to England for repairs, leaving Lancastria to continue alone. She arrived in the mouth of the Loire estuary late on 16 June. Because the port has to be accessed along a tidal channel, Lancastria anchored in the Charpentier Roads, some 5 mi south-west of St. Nazaire, at 04:00 on 17 June, along with some thirty other merchant vessels of all sizes.

Embarkation
Early in the morning, three RNVR officers came aboard to ask how many troops Lancastria could take. Her normal complement in troopship configuration was 2,180 including 330 crew; however, Captain Sharp had brought 2,653 men back from Norway, so he replied that he could take 3,000 "at a pinch". He was told that he should take as many as he possibly could "without regard to the limits of International Law". Troops were ferried out to Lancastria and the other larger ships by destroyers, tugs, fishing boats and other small craft, a round trip of three or four hours, sometimes being machine-gunned by German aircraft, although apparently without casualties. By the mid-afternoon of 17 June she had embarked an unknown number (estimates range from 4,000 up to 9,000) line-of-communication troops (including Pioneer and Royal Army Service Corps soldiers) and Royal Air Force personnel, together with about forty civilian refugees, including embassy staff and employees of Fairey Aviation of Belgium with their families. People were crowded into whatever spaces were available including the large cargo holds. One Royal Engineers officer reported that he had been told by one of Lancastria's loading officers that over 7,200 people had come aboard. Captain Sharp estimated the number to be 5,500.

At 13:50, during an air-raid, the nearby SS Oronsay (1925), a 20,000-ton Orient Liner, was hit on the bridge by a German bomb. Lancastria was free to depart and the captain of the British destroyer HMS Havelock (H88) advised her to do so; but, without a destroyer escort as defence against a possible submarine attack, Sharp decided to wait for Oronsay before leaving.

Sinking
A fresh air raid began at 15:50 by Junkers Ju 88 bomber aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 30. Lancastria was hit by three or possibly four bombs. A number of survivors reported that one bomb had gone down the ship's single funnel which is most likely, given the speed with which the ship sank – about 15–20 minutes. The testimony of an engineering officer, Frank Brogden, who was in the engine room at the time contradicts this. Brogden's account states that one bomb landed close to the funnel and entered No. 4 hold. Two other bombs landed in No. 2 and No. 3 holds while a fourth landed close to the port side of the ship, rupturing the fuel oil tanks, though even with this damage, the ship should have stayed afloat for longer unless the report of the bomb in the funnel was true. As the ship began to list to starboard, orders were given for the men on deck to move to the port side in an effort to counteract it, but this caused a list to port which could not be corrected. The ship was equipped with sixteen lifeboats and 2,500 life jackets; but many of the boats could not be launched because they had been damaged in the bombing or because of the angle of the hull. The first boat away was filled with women and children but it capsized on landing in the water and a second had to be lowered for them. A third boat had its bottom stoved in by landing too fast. A large number of men who jumped over the side were killed by hitting the side of the hull or had their necks broken by their life jackets on impact with the water. As Lancastria began to capsize, some of those who were still on board managed to scramble onto the ship's underside. According to some accounts, these were heard to be singing 'Roll Out the Barrel' and 'There'll Always Be an England', though some survivors strongly deny this. The ship sank at 16:12, within twenty minutes of being hit, which gave little time for other vessels to respond. Many of those in the water drowned because there were insufficient life jackets, or died from hypothermia, or were choked by fuel oil. According to Jonathan Fenby in his book The Sinking of the Lancastria, the German aircraft strafed survivors in the water.

Survivors were taken aboard other British and Allied evacuation vessels, the trawler HMT Cambridgeshire (FY142) rescuing 900. Capt WG Euston recommended several of his crew for awards, including Stanley Kingett for "making repeated journeys in a lifeboat to pick up exhausted men from the water while under machine-gun fire from enemy planes", and William Perrin for "keeping up continuous machine-gun fire in an attempt to prevent enemy planes machine-gunning men in the water." Rudolph Sharp survived the sinking and went on to command the RMS Laconia (1921), losing his life on 12 September 1942 in the Laconia incident off West Africa.

Estimated casualties
There were 2,477 survivors, of whom about 100 were still alive in 2011. Many families of the dead knew only that they died with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF); the death toll accounted for roughly a third of the total losses of the BEF in France. She sank around 5 nmi south of Chémoulin Point in the Charpentier roads, around 9 nmi from St. Nazaire. Lancastria Association names 1,738 people known to have been killed. In 2005, Fenby wrote that estimates of the death toll vary from fewer than 4,000 to 6,500 people although it is also estimated that as many as 7,000 people perished, the largest loss of life in British maritime history, sometimes it is considered the second worst loss of life at sea (though with the estimates of the worst shipwrecks like the Goya also being 7,000, it is unknown which is worse.

Availability of information
The immense loss of life was such that the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, immediately suppressed news of the disaster through the D-Notice system, telling his staff that "The newspapers have got quite enough disaster for today at least". In his memoirs, Churchill stated that he had intended to release the news a few days later, but that events in France "crowded upon us so black and so quickly that I forgot to lift the ban".

The sinking was announced that evening during the English-language Nazi propaganda radio programme Germany Calling by its presenter William Joyce, better known as "Lord Haw-Haw"; however his claims were notoriously unreliable and had little public credence. The story was finally broken in the United States by the Press Association on 25 July, in The New York Times, and the next day in Britain by The Scotsman, more than five weeks after the sinking. Other British newspapers then covered the story, including the Daily Herald (also on 26 July), which carried the story on its front page, and Sunday Express on 4 August; the latter included a photograph of the capsized ship with her upturned hull lined with men under the headline "Last Moments of the Greatest Sea Tragedy of All Time". All the photographs of the sinking were taken by Frank Clements, a volunteer storeman aboard HMS Highlander, who was exempt from the regulations prohibiting the use of cameras by service personnel.

However, there were earlier reports of the sinking and the scale of the disaster from survivors in local British newspapers. Mr H J Cooper is quoted in the Chelmsford Chronicle on 28 June: "I am afraid thousands died, but tell the world they sang 'Roll out the Barrel' as they died." Private Ronald Herbert Yorke (Sherwood Foresters) is quoted in the Ripley and Heanor News on 5 July: "Hundreds of my pals were imprisoned below. They had no chance because the ship went down in 15 minutes. Those who got away were machine-gunned in the water".

In July 2007 another request for documents held by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) related to the sinking was rejected by the British government. Lancastria Association of Scotland made a further request in 2009. They were told that release under the FOIA would not be given because of several exemptions. In the face of continued campaigning by relatives, the MoD stated in 2015 that all known documents had long since been released through the National Archives. On 17 June 2010 (70th anniversary of the sinking) Janet Dempsey gave a lecture at The National Archives entitled "Forgotten Tragedy: The Loss of HMT Lancastria". This drew on all known information held at Kew. A transcript and podcast are available from The National Archives website.

Wreck status
The Government of the United Kingdom has not made the site a war grave under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, stating that it has no jurisdiction over French territorial waters. Early in the 21st century the French Government placed an exclusion zone around the wreck site.

The Lancastria Association of Scotland began a campaign in 2005 to secure greater recognition for the loss of life aboard Lancastria and the acknowledgement of the endurance of survivors that day. It petitioned the British Government to have the wreck site designated an official maritime war grave. The Government did not do so as it was within French territorial waters, outside the jurisdiction of the Act. The campaign received support from all parties, but the MoD said that such a move would be "purely symbolic" and have no effect. In 2006, 14 additional wrecks sunk at the Battle of Jutland were designated as war graves, but Lancastria was not.

The MoD stated in 2015 that "as the French Government has provided an appropriate level of protection to Lancastria through French law and it is formally considered a military maritime grave by the MoD, we believe that the wreck has the formal status and protection it deserves."

Legacy
All service personnel killed during the Second World War are recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and were known that they lost their lives on Lancastria; 1,816 burials are recorded, over 400 of them in France.

The missing British military dead from the sinking of Lancastria (those whose bodies were not recovered or were unable to be identified) are commemorated on a number of Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials (those identified were buried in cemeteries and are marked with Commission headstones). There are a number of Commonwealth war graves (some with named dead soldiers from the Pioneer Corps but many commemorated as unknown) in fishing ports on the French islands of Île de Ré and Île d'Oléron (cemeteries at Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Saint-Trojan-les-Bains, Saint-Clément-des-Baleines, Ars-en-Ré and others) with graves dated 17 June 1940. It is likely that the bodies of these men were recovered from the Bay of Biscay by French fishermen and brought back to their home ports to be interred. Around 700 missing from the British Expeditionary Force are commemorated on the Dunkirk Memorial. The missing dead who served in the Navy are commemorated on the naval memorials at Chatham, Plymouth and Portsmouth, with missing merchant seamen named at the Tower Hill Memorial, and the missing airmen who went down with the ship, listed on the Runnymede Memorial.

After the war, the Lancastria Survivors Association was founded by Major Peter Petit, but this lapsed on his death in 1969. It reformed in 1981 as The HMT Lancastria Association and continues the tradition of a parade and remembrance service at the Church of St Katharine Cree in the City of London, where there is a memorial stained glass window. The Lancastria Association of Scotland was formed in 2005 and holds its annual service at St George's West Church in Edinburgh.

The Lancastria Association of Scotland has members throughout the UK, France and the rest of Europe as well as members in North America, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. It also organises the largest memorial service for the victims in the UK. The service, which is attended by survivors and relatives of both victims and survivors together with representatives of the French and Scottish Governments and a number of veterans organisations and is held on the closest Saturday to the anniversary of 17 June each year at St. George's West Church, Edinburgh.

In June 2010 to mark the 70th anniversary of the sinking, special ceremonies and services of remembrance were held in Edinburgh and St. Nazaire. As the 100th anniversary of the RMS Titanic sinking took place in 2012, fresh calls were made for "official recognition" of the loss of Lancastria by the British Government. The day of the 75th anniversary of the loss of Lancastria was marked in the Westminster Parliament on 17 June 2015 at Prime Minister's Questions by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, who was standing in for the Prime Minister. Osborne said of the sinking: "It was kept secret at the time for reasons of wartime secrecy, but I think it is appropriate today in this House of Commons to remember all those who died, those who survived, and those who mourn them."

In June 2008, the first batch of commemorative medals was presented to survivors and relatives of victims and survivors; the HMT Lancastria Commemorative Medal, which represented "official Scottish Government recognition" of the Lancastria disaster. The medal was designed by Mark Hirst, grandson of Lancastria survivor Walter Hirst. The inscription on the rear of the medal reads: "In recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of the 4000 victims of Britain's worst-ever maritime disaster and the endurance of survivors – We will remember them". The front of the medal depicts Lancastria with the text "HMT Lancastria – 17th June 1940". The medal ribbon has a grey background with a red and black central stripe, representative of the ship's wartime and merchant marine colours.

A memorial on the sea-front at St Nazaire was unveiled on 17 June 1988, "in proud memory of more than 4,000 who died and in commemoration of the people of Saint Nazaire and surrounding districts who saved many lives, tended wounded and gave a Christian burial to victims".

Lancastria is represented at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire by a sessile oak tree and a plaque. St Katharine Cree church in the City of London has a memorial window to Lancastria. It also has a model of the ship in a glass case and the ship's bell is also in the church. Scouting Ireland's national campsite Larch Hill has an anchor memorial to Lancastria, commemorating the legacy of the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland's pilgrimage in 1932.

In October 2011, the Lancastria Association of Scotland has erected a memorial to the victims on the site where the ship was built, the former Dalmuir shipyard at Clydebank, Glasgow, now the grounds of the Golden Jubilee Hospital. In September 2013, a plaque was unveiled at Liverpool's Pier Head by Lord Mayor Gary Millar commemorating the loss of the ship. The site of Lancastria wreck lies in French territorial waters and is therefore ineligible for protection under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986; however, at the request of the British Government, in 2006 the French authorities gave the site legal protection as a war grave.

After a postponement because of the COVID-19 pandemic, a commemorative service was held at Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas, Liverpool on 27 June 2020.

In 2001 was published "The Lancastria Tragedy Sinking and Cover-Up:June 1940" by Stephen Wynn giving figures of 2,488 survivors and a mininium of 2,385 perished (1,472 names on list; CWGC records 1,816 names(400 in France); Lancastria Association identies 1,738 died on ship).

title: RMS Lancastria


text:
SIG P210

The SIG P210 (Swiss Army designation Pistole 49, the civilian model was known as SP47/8 prior to 1957) is a locked breech self loading, semi-automatic pistol designed and manufactured in Neuhausen am Rheinfall (Canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland) by SIG from 1948 to 2006.

It is of all-steel construction chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum and 7.65×21mm Parabellum. It was used from 1949 to 1975 by the Swiss Army and police units. It was also adopted by the Military of Denmark in 1949 (as M/49 Neuhausen or simply Neuhausen) and was replaced by the SIG P320 in 2019, and in 1951 by the German Bundespolizei and in shooting sports.

The pistols were decommissioned by the Swiss Army and replaced by the SIG Sauer P220 (Swiss Army designation Pistole 75) developed in 1975. Swiss production of the P210 continued until 2006. A new model, the P210 Legend, was introduced by SIG Sauer GMBH of Germany in 2010, and another, the P210A, was introduced by SIG Sauer Inc. of New Hampshire in the United States in 2017. In 2022, Sig Sauer released the P210 Carry originally debuted at the 2010 Shot Show in Las Vegas, Nevada. The P210 Carry is a pistol chambered in 9x19 Parabellum with a capacity of 8+1. The P210 Carry is lighter and smaller than the original P210 featuring an alloy frame and a 4.1 inch barrel instead of the 4.7 inch barrel on the original P210. It also differs because it has new additions such as the front slide serrations, the Nitron finish, and the black Hogue G10 grips, for a more aggressive and modern look.

History
The design was derived from Charles Petter's Modèle 1935A pistol. In 1937, Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG) acquired a license for the Petter-Browning system from SACM in order to develop a replacement for the Luger Parabellum 06/29, which had been in service since 1900. Apparently not satisfied with the Petter Browning design or the changes they had made to it, SIG evaluated no fewer than 11 prototypes from 1942 through 1944. Selbstladepistole Neuhausen model 44/16 pistol production began in 1944. Some of the original Petter Browning features had been retained, specifically the self-contained firing and recoil systems. The Neuhausen 44/16 had a magazine capacity of 16 rounds.

Development was slowed by the Second World War. After testing various experimental models (such as the aforementioned 44/16 with a double-column magazine), the 47/8 model was adopted in Oct 1948 as the Pistole Modell 1949 (P49), and SP47/8 for civilian market. Some previous series were tested by Swedish sport shooters and by the Danish army (Danish Defence designation Pistol M/1949).

The 47/8 model supported the easy change of the barrels between 7.65 and 9mm Parabellum and a kit to convert to .22 caliber (see table below).

SIG M/1949 is the 47/8 model purchased for the Danish military and issued version for officers, military police, and special forces, chambered in 9mm Luger. Usually called only Neuhausen in Denmark, this model is stamped "P m/49", and also known as "P210-DK". First issued beginning in 1950 to the Danish Army Technical Corps (stamped "HTK"), this remained the standard sidearm in the Danish military throughout 60 years of continuous use, since the 2010s being replaced with the SIG Sauer P320 X-5 Carry.

In 1957, the civil designation (SP47/8) was definitively changed to P210 according to the company nomenclature policy. Model P210-1 in retrospect covers all models produced until 1965, the designation P210-2 refers to the standard model as produced from 1966 (beginning with serial nr. P 59071).

P210-3 was a police version produced from 1951 to 1964 (serial nrs. P 6791 to P 6840 and P 8001 to P 8893), produced in limited numbers for the cantonal police forces of Basel, Lausanne, and Glarus, with a handful sold on the private market. P210-4 was the model made for the German border guard (serial nrs. D 1 to D 6500). P210-5 and P210-6 were civilian target shooting models made in the 1980s and 1990s. P210-7 was a rarely produced .22lr rimfire model, made in the 1950s and 1960s.

In 2000, SIG sold all divisions, with the exception of the "Packaging Machines" division. The "Small Arms" division was taken over by the Lüke & Ortmeier Group and renamed SAN Swiss Arms AG. SAN Swiss Arms AG continued production of the P210 for private customers until 2006. From 2010, a new model, dubbed P210 Legend was made by SIG Sauer, GMBH of Eckernförde, Germany. This model was exported to the USA until 2017, when SIG Sauer Inc. of New Hampshire began production of its own model, dubbed P210A, made in Exeter, N.H., offered in two versions, Standard (210A-9-B) and Target (210A-9-TGT).

Serial numbers
Serial numbers starting A are the Swiss army ordnance models. Army models run from serial number A 100001 to A 213110. Those that have a P added to the rear of a serial number that starts with an A have been sold by the Swiss army to civilians. A stamped "P" (="privat") on the front of the trigger guard shows that a weapon was left as a gift to the owner upon leaving the Armed Services.

Serial numbers 6001 to 6028 are prototypes made during 1938–1947. 6033 to 6406 are early model SP47/8 made in 1947.

Serial numbers with a P were made for police and for private use, running from P 8001 to P 8250 (1951) and P 50004 (1949) to P 79150 (1975). Serial numbers from P 79600 to P 97950 are private models made by SIG Sauer, Switzerland, during 1976–1984, and P 300001 to P 331536 were made by Sig Sauer (Swiss Arms) during 1983–2006; the jump to the 300000s range marks the transition from traditional forged frames to CNC production.

During 1966–1969, SIG produced a small number of special heavy frame P210-5 models for the National Match team. These are extremely rare, with a total of 46 pieces known in literature. In the 1970s, these heavy frame models were commercialized and offered on the market, with 100 pieces of P210-6 heavy frame pistols (P 76521 to P76620) made in 1979, and 50 pieces of P210-6 heavy frame pistols, made for Hofmann & Reinhart of Zürich (P 79101 to 79150). These pistols represent the pinnacle of SIG pistol manufacture and are extremely sought after by collectors, and consequently almost never offered on the open market. Another special edition is numbered JP 1 to JP 500 (1978, "125 Years of SIG" anniversary edition). P 555001 to P 555555 are special collectors' edition of 555 sets of five chromed pistols with gilded controls, P210, P220, P225, P226 and P230, made for Vonbank AG in 1987 to 1990), at the time sold for CHF 12,950. In 1991, another special edition numbered № 0001 to № 1991 was made to commemorate "700 Years of Swiss Confederation" (700 Jahre Eidgenossenschaft), at the time sold for CHF 4,100 per piece.

Serial numbers starting with a D belong to the Bundesgrenzschutz issues (D 1 to D 6500). The Danish m/49 pistols have their own serial numbers, without a leading letter, engraved on the right side of the slide, running from 7695 (1951) to 35383 (1962). The rare P210-7 .22lr calibre versions have numbers in the range 40501 (1957) to 41762 (1968).

Users

 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: used by the Danish Defense Force as m/49.
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan: Used by the Presidential Security Service since 2007.
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: used by the Latvian National Guard.
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco: used by the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince.
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland: used by the Swiss Military and various police forces.

title: SIG P210


text:
Talk:M-theory simplified

I don't think getting in to the practice of writing simplified entries for other articles is the right way to go. The original article should start with the basics clear enough so that people from non-science backgrounds should at least be able get the gist of it. Links to other pages with more detail should provide sufficient background for proper understanding. A lot of the text in here *has* been covered in other articles in just as basic language (eg. the description of the atom and subatomic particles in the second paragraph). Some of the text is written in basic lagnuage but does not seem to mean very much ("Equations for the higher dimensions... include the folding of space at sub-light and normal light speeds through time itself"). -- sodium

I did that and they chopped it out on the other article ! I wrote M-theory too. So this page is for people who may need to learn yet not have the background to understand. This is a wonderful writeup for me here because it shows I understand the subject enough to explain to a non-scientific person or even a child. BF

I agree that the original M-theory article is not easy enough to understand for non-scientists (including for a lot of it me). A lot of the terms, eg parity, are not explained (though this could be done through links). The article also needs a summary in laymans terms. But this should all be done *in* the entry, I can't think why they (who?) would chop an introduction for the unscientrific person. -- sodium

I was one of the people responsible for chopping BF's simplified introduction to the M-theory article. The reason was that explaining basic physics concepts such as the theory of relativity or quantum mechanics does not belong in an article about M-theory. The basics belong in other articles, about those concepts, and the M-theory article should link to them, but not attempt to explain those concepts itself. Otherwise, we'd be beginning every single article on physics with pages of rehash of basic physics, rather than dealing with the article's real content.

Also, while I agree with trying to simplify things for people, I do not think we should do so at the cost of accuracy. That is exactly what BF's current simplification does. -- SJK

We already have articles about quantum theory/relativity, even if someone was coming to M-theory for the first time they would be able to read these off-page so yes they shouldn't be on the M-theory page. However the non-technical basics of M-theory *should* be on the M-theory page.

My point is just that any attempt at a basic explanation should be on the its topic page. If this text is not suitable for explaining M-theory on the M-theory page, why should it be any more suitable wherever you move it. Another reason for the text to be on its topic page is so that people who understand it and wrote the original text don't forget about trying to expain it to people who don't have the background. -- sodium

- I've added a non-technical introduction to M-theory on the main article.

In non-technical terms, M-theory represents an idea about how matter is constructed. String theory, superstring theory, and quantum mechanics explain things we cannot see, yet their existence can be inferred. Gravity is an invisible measurable force that we can sense.

In school we may have learned about the atom having a proton(s) and neutron(s) in the center, called the nucleus, with electron(s) spinning about the nucleus. This is much like our solar system where the Sun is the nucleus and the Planets revolve around it at different distances. There are also smaller particles in and around the atomic nucleus called subatomic particles. These may exist for an extremely small moment in time, and then transmute into another subatomic particle, or other energy form. Examples are quarks, baryons, tachyons, neutrinos, and many others.

One-dimensional strings, which are smaller than any subatomic particle are believed to exist inside atoms. Strings are lines that can be straight, curled and circular. Note well that these strings do not extend beyond their 1st dimension, and using advanced physics mathematics equations to explain all matter seen and unseeen scientists have proven existence of the 4th dimension and upwards to 26 ! Three dimensions explain mass or objects. But now we must step outside our world when we study Einstein's theories of Special Relativity and General Relativity and go to other dimensions, to 12 dimensions, or even more.

The velocity of light in a vacuum  c = 3 x 108 meters per second  is assumed to be a constant in the Einsteinian equations. Equations for the higher dimensions involve imaginary numbers, and include the folding of space at sub-light and normal light speeds through time itself, known as space-time.

The electrons and the subatomic particles travel at close to c, the speed of light. As we think "smaller" and travel inside the atom we could imagine a dot, or point, containing these invisible imaginary strings. They vibrate, in one sense of the word, to form all the other particles, subatomic particles and co-exist with energies which make up atoms. M-theory sews the five superstring theory threads into one fabric.

- I have huge difficulties with the simplified article since its very inaccurate in some places (i.e. electrons are NOT planets around a nucleus, they do NOT travel close to c, talking about folding of space gives people the wrong mental model). I think it's also has a bit condescending tone, and it has a lot of jargon which it doesn't quite explain.

Several people above have complained about this article, for good reasons. It is unintelligible at times, and simply wrong at others. I vote for merging with M-theory. AxelBoldt 22:28 Dec 15, 2002 (UTC)

I agree about this. Also, why are the elementary particles of atoms described here, when the simple link (that's already in place!) already points to the Atom article that describes it all perfectly fine. It seems like even if this article is designed to describe the M-theory, it ends up describing atoms unecessesarily much. Can't *any* chemical knowledge be assumed if we are to discuss subjects such as the M-theory? Couldn't this part:

In school we may have learned about the atom having a proton(s) and neutron(s) in the center, called the nucleus, with electron(s) spinning about the nucleus. This is much like our solar system where the Sun is the nucleus and the Planets revolve around it at different distances. There are also smaller particles in and around the atomic nucleus called subatomic particles. These may exist for an extremely small moment in time, and then transmute into another subatomic particle, or other energy form. Examples are quarks, baryons, tachyons, neutrinos, and many others.

One-dimensional strings, which are smaller than any subatomic particle, are believed to exist inside atoms.

... be changed to:

One-dimensional "strings", smaller than any subatomic particles, are believed to exist inside atoms.

I mean.. we already have lots of info in the subatomic particle article, and if you follow that one, more "easy to grasp" info in the atom article. If info about subatomic particles should be added, it should be added in the subatomic article IMHO. Also, this article currently gives tachyons as an example of a subatomic particle, even if I'm not sure it has been proven to exist...

To summarize: I'd like this article to be merged with the original one, and maybe also fixed to make better use of info in existing articles, instead of reinventing the wheel. Jugalator 14:31, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This is the original article Jugularvein. M-theory_simplified was renamed to whatever they got now, and then was redirected to their not so simplified version. BF 18:18, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:M-theory simplified


text:
South Bruce Peninsula

 * South Bruce Peninsula is not to be confused with the Municipality of South Bruce, Ontario

South Bruce Peninsula is a town at the base of the Bruce Peninsula of Ontario, Canada, in Bruce County between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. It was formed on January 1, 1999, when the town of Wiarton, the village of Hepworth, and the townships of Albemarle and Amabel were amalgamated. The new municipality was created to provide necessary political representation, administrative support, and necessary municipal services on behalf of the residents.

Tourism, particularly cottage rental and providing services to visitors, is the major industry in the area. Many cottages are found along Sauble Beach (North and South).

Communities
The town comprises a number of villages and larger communities. These include the following:

 * Albemarle Ward: Adamsville, Colpoys Bay, Hope Bay, Howdenvale, Mar, Purple Valley, Red Bay; McIver
 * Amabel Ward: Allenford, Clavering, Elsinore, Hepworth, Oliphant, Park Head, Sauble Beach, Wiarton; French Bay, Sauble Beach South, Sauble Falls, Skipness, Tolmie

The administrative centre of the region is found in Wiarton.

Town politics and services
An elected mayor, deputy major and three councilors provide the municipal government, guided by provincial legislation. A number of Committees and local Boards assist Council. "Council establishes policies and budgets for programs and services delivered by the Town of South Bruce Peninsula." The Legislative Services Department includes the Clerk's Division, By-Law Enforcement and Animal Control, and the Building Division.

The Town's Community-Based Strategic Plan, Creating Our Future, was originally completed in 2012 and was updated in 2014 and 2016. The intent is to "ensure the protection of the natural resources while balancing the desire for business, tourism and recreational opportunities."

The Parks & Recreation Department services parks, playgrounds, athletic fields, ball diamonds, arena, aquatic programs and various programs. The town has Fire stations but policing is provided by the Ontario Provincial Police from the Wiarton Detachment.

There has been some friction between the Town and the Saugeen First Nation because of continuing land claims in the Sauble Beach area. A settlement was mediated in 2014 but was subsequently rejected by South Bruce, leading to a lawsuit against the Town, to be heard in court no earlier than 2018.

There is one hospital in the town: Wiarton Hospital with emergency and ambulance services, with 22 beds. Nearby, though outside the town, is the Grey-Bruce Regional Health Centre in Owen Sound. The latter is larger and is the regional referral centre for Grey and Bruce counties with over 50 specialists on staff.

Land ownership, Sauble Beach
Sauble Beach is the permanent year-round home to approximately 2,000 people. The cottage owners add thousands of seasonal community members. Cottage owners are uniquely split between those who own property outright and those with cottages on Native lands. (Years earlier, the Saugeen First Nation had successfully reclaimed the land that "runs south from the Sauble Beach sign toward Southampton, 18 kilometres away", according to one news report.) A lease relationship exists between the Saugeen First Nation, the "Chippewas of Saugeen", and cottagers who built seasonal homes on leased land in the a lakeside area between urban Southampton, Ontario and Sauble Beach. They pay an annual fee to the Saugeen First Nation. The current land lease agreement between the cottagers and the Saugeen First Nation remains in effect until April 30, 2021.

Some years ago, the Saugeen First Nation successfully reclaimed the land that "runs south from the Sauble Beach sign toward Southampton, 18 kilometres away", according to one news report. The beach area to the south of Main St. in the community is referred to by the band as Sauble Park or South Sauble Beach Park. In addition to the south Sauble Beach, Ontario area, the Saugeen First Nation claims the rights to another stretch of the public beach, approximately 2 km long, west of Lakeshore Boulevard extending to a point between 1st St. South and 6th St. North. This claim has been in litigation since 1990 when the federal government started an action on behalf of the Saugeen First Nation, stating that the area is part of the Saugeen 29 Reserve. The band also filed its own claim in 1995.

In 2019, the Saugeen First Nation banned the driving and parking of vehicles on their South Sauble beach; the town had done so previously on their public beach.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, South Bruce Peninsula had a population of $9,137$ living in $4,148$ of its $7,093$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $8,416$. With a land area of 530.61 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Mother tongue:
 * English as first language: 94.4%
 * French as first language: 0.7%
 * English and French as first language: 0.5%
 * Other as first language: 4.3%

Population trend:
 * Population in 2016: 8,416
 * Population in 2011: 8,413
 * Population in 2006: 8,415
 * Population in 2001: 8,090
 * Population total in 1996: 8,004
 * Albemarle (township): 1,217
 * Amabel (township): 3,917
 * Hepworth (village): 470
 * Wiarton (town): 2,400
 * Population in 1991:
 * Albemarle (township): 1,140
 * Amabel (township): 3,815
 * Hepworth (village): 453
 * Wiarton (town): 2,326

Attractions
The main tourist attractions for the area are Sauble Beach, Wiarton Willie (Groundhog Day), and fishing locations on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay.

The region has many annual festivals such as the Wiarton Willie Festival, held each February; the William Wilfred Campbell Poetry & Arts Festival in June; the Wiarton Rotary Village Fair, held on Civic Holiday weekend each August; the Oliphant Regatta, held each summer; Sauble Sandfest, held each August; and the Wiarton Fall Fair, held each September.

The Bruce Trail, the oldest and longest marked hiking trail in Canada, with over 440 km of side trails, runs up the eastern side of the Bruce Peninsula.

Isaac Lake Management area is north of Wiarton, Ontario.

Notable people

 * Laura Emma Jamieson, pacifist and feminist

title: South Bruce Peninsula


text:
Visual programming language

In computing, a visual programming language (visual programming system, VPL, or, VPS), also known as diagrammatic programming, graphical programming or block coding, is a programming language that lets users create programs by manipulating program elements  rather than by specifying them. A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols, used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation. For example, many VPLs are based on the idea of "boxes and arrows", where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines or arcs which represent relations. VPLs are generally the basis of Low-code development platforms.

Definition
VPLs may be further classified, according to the type and extent of visual expression used, into icon-based languages, form-based languages, and diagram languages. Visual programming environments provide graphical or iconic elements which can be manipulated by users in an interactive way according to some specific spatial grammar for program construction.

The general goal of VPLs is to make programming more accessible to novices and to support programmers at three different levels

 * Syntax
 * VPLs use icons/blocks, forms and diagrams trying to reduce or even eliminate the potential of syntactic errors helping with the arrangement of programming primitives to create well-formed programs.

 * Semantics
 * VPLs may provide some mechanisms to disclose the meaning of programming primitives. This could include help functions providing documentation functions built-in to programming languages.

 * Pragmatics
 * VPLs support the study of what programs mean in particular situations. This level of support allows users to put artifacts created with a VPL into a certain state in order to explore how the program will react to that state. Examples: In AgentSheets or AgentCubes users can set games or simulations into a particular state in order to see how program would react. With the Thymio programming language users can bring a robot into a certain state in order to see how it will react, i.e., which sensors will be activated.

As of 2005, current developments try to integrate the visual programming approach with dataflow programming languages to either have immediate access to the program state, resulting in online debugging, or automatic program generation and documentation. Dataflow languages also allow automatic parallelization, which is likely to become one of the greatest programming challenges of the future.

The Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual J# etc. languages of the Microsoft Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) are not visual programming languages: the representation of algorithms etc. is textual even though the IDE embellishes the editing and debugging activities with a rich user interface. A similar consideration applies to most other rapid application development environments which typically support a form designer and sometimes also have graphical tools to illustrate (but not define) control flow and data dependencies.

Parsers for visual programming languages can be implemented using graph grammars.

Types of visual languages
The following list is not mutually exclusive, as some visual programming environments may incorporate elements from multiple paradigms. The choice of visual programming paradigm often depends on the specific requirements of the application or the preferences of the users or the developers.

 * Block-based programming
 * Popularized by platforms like Scratch and Blockly, used in educational settings and for introductory programming.

 * Flowcharts
 * Widely used in software engineering and systems design for representing algorithms and processes.

 * Drag-and-drop interfaces
 * Commonly used in GUI design tools and development environments for creating user interfaces.

 * Node graphs
 * Frequently used in visual programming languages, game development, and dataflow systems.

 * Dataflow programming
 * Popular in parallel computing, signal processing, and visual programming environments.

 * Iconic programming
 * Used in various contexts for simplifying programming tasks, often associated with mobile app development.

 * State machines
 * Widely employed in game development, control systems, and modeling reactive systems.

 * Sheet-based programming
 * Found in spreadsheet applications and certain educational programming environments.

 * Timeline-based programming
 * Common in multimedia and animation software for sequencing events over time.

 * Spatial programming
 * Applied in certain interactive and 3D modeling environments.

 * Form-based programming
 * Used in applications where user input and graphical interfaces play a significant role, such as data entry applications.

General-purpose visual languages
Most of the VPLs are designed for education or domain-specific usage where is the target users are novice programmers. But there are some research projects try to provide a general-purpose visual programming language that can be used by mainstream programmers in any software project instead of using textual programming languages like (C, C++, Java, etc.).

For example, research projects such as Envision and PWCT are designed to achieve this goal. It's common for a VPL to be developed using a textual programming language. Developing general-purpose VPLs allows the other way around. For example, a new textual programming language Compiler and Virtual Machine is developed using visual programming in 2016.

List of visual languages
The following contains a list of notable visual programming languages.

Educational

 * AgentCubes, 3D and 2D game design and simulation design computational thinking tools.
 * AgentSheets, game authoring and computational science authoring tool.
 * Alice, an object based language used to program 3D environments.
 * Analytica, for building and analyzing quantitative models for decision and risk analysis.
 * App Inventor for Android, a tool for creating Android applications, based on Blockly and Kawa.
 * Blockly, a client-side library for the programming language JavaScript for creating block-based visual programming languages (VPLs) and editors. Blockly is known for its use on Scratch.
 * Bubble, for creating production-ready web applications.
 * Catrobat, block-based visual programming language for animations, apps and games
 * Etoys, developed under the direction of Alan Kay at Disney to support constructionist learning, influenced by Seymour Papert and the Logo programming language
 * Flowcode, a visual programming tool for embedded microcontrollers and Windows.
 * Flowgorithm, creates executable flowcharts which can be converted to several languages.
 * Greenfoot, an IDE for Java or Stride primarily designed for educational purposes, as well as for GUI and game development
 * Hopscotch, an iPad app, and visual programming language for creating touchscreen-oriented mobile applications.
 * Kodu, a visual programming tool for Logo.
 * Kojo, a programming language, IDE, and learning environment.
 * mBlock, an extension of Scratch for Arduino hardware interfaces. Developed by Makeblock.
 * Open Roberta, online programming environment from Fraunhofer IAIS, designed for children.
 * Pencil Code, a visual programming language centered on drawing with a pencil
 * Raptor, a product of the USAF, for drawing executable flowcharts.
 * Scratch, a product of MIT, designed for children in K-12 and after-school programs.
 * ScratchJr, an interpretation of Scratch designed primarily for younger audiences (5-7-year-old children).
 * Snap!, a browser-based reimplementation of BYOB, and extension of Scratch, with first class procedures and lists. Used for teaching at UC Berkeley.
 * Stagecast Creator, a Java-based teaching system.
 * StarLogo, an agent-based simulation language developed by Mitchel Resnick, Eric Klopfer, and others at MIT Media Lab. An extension of the Logo programming language (a dialect of Lisp).
 * ToonTalk, programming system for children.
 * Visual Logic, for creating executable flowcharts.
 * VIPLE Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment

Multimedia

 * AudioMulch, an audio signal flow based sound and music creation environment
 * Bidule, a modular node and patch cord environment for the creation of interactive computer music and multimedia (Windows, MacOS).
 * Blender, the open source 3D graphics package, includes node graphs for building shaders, composites and textures, non-destructive geometry.
 * Cameleon, graphical functional language
 * Clickteam's The games factory/Multimedia fusion series, environments made for visually developing games
 * Dynamo, a generative modeling interface for Autodesk Revit
 * Filter Forge Node based filter generation for image processing.
 * Houdini (software) vfx, modeling and animation software.
 * GenerativeComponents, a parametric CAD software developed by Bentley Systems
 * Grasshopper 3d, a generative modeling interface for Rhinoceros 3D
 * Isadora, a proprietary graphic programming environment for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows, with emphasis on real-time manipulation of digital video.
 * Kyma (sound design language), a visual programming language for sound design used by musicians, researchers, and sound designers.
 * Mama (software) – a programming language and IDE for building 3D animations and games
 * Max (software), visual programming environment for building interactive, real-time music and multimedia applications
 * Max/MSP
 * Pure Data
 * nato.0+55+3d
 * Nodal, a node-based generative programming software application for music composition
 * Nuke, an object-based visual programming software for visual effects compositing by The Foundry powered by Tcl, Python and Blink-script.
 * OpenMusic, a visual programming language for music composition (based on Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)) applications, and mobile applications
 * Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language developed for creating interactive computer music and multimedia works.
 * Quartz Composer, a language for processing and rendering graphical data (macOS)
 * Reaktor, a DSP and MIDI-processing language by Native Instruments
 * Scala Multimedia Authoring suite and complete multimedia system for AmigaOS and Windows
 * Softimage, with ICE Interactive Creative Environment.
 * SynthEdit, a Synthesizer construction tool using a VPL.
 * TouchDesigner, visual programming language for real-time multimedia content
 * Virtools, a middleware used to create interactive 3D experiences
 * vvvv, a general purpose toolkit with a special focus on real-time video synthesis and programming large media environments with physical interfaces, real-time motion graphics, audio and video.
 * WireFusion, visual programming environment for creating interactive 3D web presentations

Video games

 * Babylon.js has a node material editor that can be used to build shaders, procedural textures, particle systems and post processing effects.
 * Blender Game Engine (Graphical logic editor)
 * Buildbox
 * Clickteam Fusion, a 2D game creation software with event editor system, developed by Clickteam SARL, originally known as Klik n' Play, The Games Factory and Multimedia Fusion 2
 * Construct 2-3 are HTML5-based 2D game editors, developed by Scirra Ltd.
 * Construct Classic is the previous, DirectX-based open-sourced version of Construct.
 * CryEngine has a node-based visual programming language called FlowGraph.
 * Dreams, which runs on PlayStation, has an extensive visual language to allow players to create any kind of game
 * Game Builder Garage, a 3D and 2D game creation tool for the Nintendo Switch, developed by Nintendo.
 * GameMaker Studio, has a drag-and-drop game creation system developed by YoYo Games.
 * GameSalad is a visual game creation tool developed by GameSalad, Inc.
 * GDevelop is a visual game creation tool created by Florian Rival (4ian).
 * Godot game engine allows game scripts and graphics shaders to be built using node-graph visual programming languages.
 * Human Resource Machine is a visual programming-based puzzle game developed by Tomorrow Corporation.
 * Kodu, a software designed to program games with a 3D interface developed by Microsoft Research.
 * MakeCode Arcade, by Microsoft
 * Pixel Game Maker MV is an interface-based 2D video game development tool.
 * Rec Room includes a game creation system with a node-based visual programming language called Circuits.
 * Snowdrop has a visual scripting system.
 * Stencyl, a video game creation tool.
 * Unity has a visual scripting system as of the ECS release.
 * Unreal Engine 4 has a node-based visual programming language called Blueprints, and also shaders.

Many modern video games make use of behavior trees, which are in principle a family of simple programming languages designed to model behaviors for non-player characters. The behaviors are modeled as trees, and are often edited in graphical editors.

Systems / simulation

 * Analytica, a commercial visual language for decision models based on influence diagrams.
 * BPEL (Business Process Execution Language), currently a Graphical user based Programming Language used to create orchestration logic for data and web services. It is based on XML, but has a graphical interface for faster coding.
 * DRAKON, a graphical algorithmic language
 * Flowcode is a graphical programming language to program embedded microprocessors
 * Function block diagrams, used in programmable logic controllers
 * GNU Radio, a development toolkit which provides signal-processing blocks to implement software-defined-radios and signal-processing systems
 * KNIME, the Konstanz Information Miner, is an open source data analytics, reporting and integration platform
 * LabVIEW, a graphical language designed for engineers and scientists
 * Ladder logic, a language that simulates relay logic commonly used in programmable logic controllers
 * MeVisLab, cross-platform application framework for medical image processing and scientific visualization
 * Microsoft Visual Programming Language, dataflow language for robotics programming that is a component of Microsoft Robotics Studio
 * MindRover, a robot programming game incorporating a dataflow "wiring" language
 * Minibloq, visual programming language for robotics and Arduino compatible boards
 * MST Workshop, an interactive visual programming language for creating mathematical solutions, rapid prototyping, two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphic applications
 * Node-RED: software system rapid development toolkit
 * NXT-G, a visual programming language for the Lego Mindstorms NXT robotics kit
 * OpenDX scientific data visualization using a visual programming language and data flow model
 * OpenWire - adds visual dataflow programming abilities to Delphi via Visual Component Library (VCL) components and a graphical editor (homonymous binary protocol is unrelated)
 * Orange - An open-source, visual programming tool for data mining, statistical data analysis, and machine learning
 * OutSystems language, a visual modeling language to develop and change all layers of business centric web applications
 * Prograph - an object-oriented programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data
 * Ptolemy Project - a project aimed at modeling and designing real-time embedded systems.
 * Qucs graphical interface to set up simulation of electronic circuit signal and noise behavior
 * Reallusion - iClone, a 3D software with Lua language and visual programming design
 * ROBO Pro, a visual programming language for the fischertechnik robotics kit
 * Scicos A graphical language associated with the numerical analysis package ScicosLab (originally SciLab)
 * Sequential function chart, a Petri-net like programming language for programmable logic controllers
 * Simcenter Amesim, graphical programming environment for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems
 * Simulink, graphical programming environment for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems
 * Stateflow, a graphical language that includes  executable state transition diagrams, flow charts, state transition tables, and truth tables
 * STELLA, a VPL for system dynamics modeling
 * Softimage ICE, a node-based system that is used to create and modify 3D models, simulate particles and perform various other tasks
 * Unified Modeling Language depicts connectives (arrows) such as 'isA', 'has' as icons; resources can be roles
 * VEE is a powerful graphical programming environment for automated test, measurement and advanced analysis used in Test Engineering.
 * VisSim, modeling and simulation language, allows making mathematical models quickly and executing them in real-time

Automation

 * Automator
 * CiMPLE, Visual Programming Language by ThinkLABs for teaching robotics
 * Flow a graphical integration language used in the webMethods platform
 * Pipeline Pilot is a scientific visual and dataflow programming language, and the authoring tool for the Accelrys Enterprise Platform.

Data warehousing / business intelligence

 * Ab Initio, a tool for ETL processing by creating graphs
 * Alteryx Designer, a tool for data processing and analytics incorporating SQL, R, and Python.
 * Apache Nifi, software project to automate the flow of data between software systems.
 * IBM Cognos Business Intelligence, is an example for front-end programs in Business Intelligence applications, which are used to generate SQL queries to run against RDBMS databases
 * IBM InfoSphere DataStage, an ETL tool
 * Informatica Powercenter is an ETL tool to design mappings graphically for data load in Data Warehouse systems
 * Microsoft Access, query design functionality
 * Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS), a platform for data integration and workflow applications
 * Pentaho Data Integration (PDI), formerly named Kettle, an open-source ETL tool

Miscellaneous

 * Cube, an esolang to emulate a 3D cube via a 2D text interface
 * Kwikpoint, an isotype visual translator created by Alan Stillman
 * Lava, an experimental object oriented RAD language
 * Morphic (software), makes it easier to build and edit graphical objects by direct manipulation and from within programs; the whole Self (programming language) programming environment is built using Morphic
 * Piet, an esoteric language, the program is an image whose pixels are the language's elements
 * PWCT, Free open source visual programming language for software development
 * Pygmalion, a creative programming environment developed in 1975 by DARPA based on human communication and systems design
 * Shortcuts, a visual scripting language developed by Apple for creating macros on macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS.
 * StreamBase Systems, StreamBase EventFlow is a visual programming language for processing streaming events
 * WebML, is a visual language for designing complex data-intensive Web applications that can be automatically generated
 * Yahoo! Pipes is a visual data-flow programming system to process web data
 * YAWL, graphical workflow language

Legacy

 * AppWare, also known as MicroBrew, icon based programming for classic Mac OS and Microsoft Windows
 * Macromedia Authorware - flowchart based programming language
 * Helix and Double Helix, a pioneering database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983
 * Illumination Software Creator, a language and IDE for visually creating desktop and mobile software
 * ThingLab

Visual styles

 * DRAKON (Dragon), a SDL- and AADL-influenced visual 2D programming language designed for developing the on-board hard real-time software system for automatic flight and landing of the Soviet/Russian Buran (Snowstorm) orbiting spacecraft
 * Executable UML, a profile of the Universal Modeling Language specification defining executable semantics for a subset of UML
 * Flowchart
 * Subtext

title: Visual programming language


text:
Xu Jun

Xu Jun (born September 17, 1962) is a Chinese chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1994, becoming the fourth from China.

Biography
Born in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Xu was champion of China in 1983 and 1985. He has been a member of the Chinese Olympiad team, a five times winner of the Asia Team Championship (1983–2003), the 1987 3.3 Zonal champion, the 1998 champion of China Open; the 2000–2001 champion of Asia, and was a 2002 Chess Olympiad member of Chinese team which came 5th in the final standings.

In 2012, he was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer.

China Chess League
Xu Jun plays for Jiangsu chess club in the China Chess League (CCL).

title: Xu Jun


text:
Ye Jiangchuan

Ye Jiangchuan (born November 20, 1960) is a Chinese chess grandmaster. He is the second Chinese player, after Ye Rongguang, to achieve the title of Grandmaster, which FIDE awarded him in 1993. On 1 January 2000, he became the first ever Chinese player to cross the 2600 elo rating mark.

Career
Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Ye learned chess when he was 17 years old, and at 20 he became national champion of China. He has altogether won the Chinese Chess Championship seven times (1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1994, 1996).

Ye has represented his country at numerous Chess Olympiads and Asian Team Chess Championships. He has been four times member of the Asia Team champions, a 12 times Olympiad participant. In his first appearance, in 1982, Ye won the individual silver medal on board four. His best team result in an Olympiad was in 1998 in Elista, where he was on the first board as the national team finished in fifth place.

Ye was 1995 and 1999 Champion of Dato' Tan Chin Nam Cup, and 2001 co-champion of same cup. He reached the 4th round (9–16th place) in the 2001 FIDE World Championship, where he was eliminated by Vassily Ivanchuk by ½–1½. He also reached the quarter-finals in the 2000 and 2002 FIDE World Cup.

Ye has played less frequently after becoming the chief coach of the Chinese national teams (men and women) in 2000. He was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer in 2005. Ye's highest world ranking was 17th in October 2000 and he had been consistently in the top 25 from 2000 to 2004.

China Chess League
Ye Jiangchuan plays for Beijing chess club in the China Chess League (CCL).

title: Ye Jiangchuan


text:
Peter Griffiths

Peter Harry Steve Griffiths  (24 May 1928 – 20 November 2013) was a British Conservative politician best known for gaining the Smethwick seat by defeating the Shadow Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker in the 1964 general election, against the national trend, by using anti-immigrant and racist rhetoric.

Early life
Griffiths was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, and attended West Bromwich Grammar School. He was educated at Leeds Teacher Training College and, after his National Service, studied for an external London University Economics degree and a master's degree in education at Birmingham University, while teaching in West Bromwich. From 1962, he was the head of Hall Green Road primary school, West Bromwich.

Griffiths was elected to Smethwick County Borough Council in 1955. At the 1959 election, he stood against Smethwick's sitting Member of Parliament (MP) Patrick Gordon Walker for the first time, and succeeded in reducing Gordon Walker's majority from 6,495 to 3,544. Griffiths became leader of the council's Conservative group in 1960, serving as a local councillor until 1963 when he resigned to stand again for the Smethwick parliamentary seat in the forthcoming general election.

Elected MP for Smethwick
Labour's victory in the 1964 election had been predicted, and Patrick Gordon Walker, who had been Shadow Foreign Secretary for 18 months, was expected to hold on to his seat. Instead, Griffiths gained the seat for the Conservatives on a 7% swing, in a county borough that had the highest percentage of recent immigrants to England. Racial discrimination was common in the constituency and nationally; the local Labour club operated a colour bar.

In what Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson later described as an "utterly squalid" campaign, Conservative party members were accused of having used the slogan "If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Liberal or Labour". Colin Jordan, a British Neo-Nazi and leader of the British Movement, claimed that members of his group had produced the initial slogan as well as spread the poster and sticker campaign; Jordan's group in the past had also campaigned on other slogans, such as: "Don't vote – a vote for Tory, Labour or Liberal is a vote for more Blacks!". Although Griffiths himself did not coin the phrase or approve its use, he refused to disown it. "I would not condemn any man who said that", The Times quoted him as saying. "I regard it as a manifestation of popular feeling", adding that the quote represented "exasperation, not fascism". He denied that there was any "resentment in Smethwick on the grounds of race or colour".

Griffiths' defeat of Gordon Walker resulted in Harold Wilson claiming in the House of Commons that Griffiths should "serve his term here as a parliamentary leper". Conservatives urged the Speaker, Harry Hylton-Foster, to force Wilson to withdraw the comment. While the Speaker objected to such language, he refused to censure the Prime Minister, and order in the Commons chamber was not restored for ten minutes. In his maiden speech in the Commons, Griffiths pointed out the problems faced by local industry and drew attention to the fact that 4,000 families were awaiting local authority accommodation. Griffiths remained an alderman in Smethwick until 1966. He both supported and arranged for Smethwick council to purchase a row of houses with the intention of letting them exclusively to white families. The government's Housing minister, Richard Crossman, was able to block this proposal by refusing the council permission to borrow the money required.

Griffiths was defeated by the actor and Labour candidate Andrew Faulds in the 1966 general election. Griffiths wrote his own account of his election in 1964. In A Question of Colour (1966), he asserted that he had "no colour prejudice". In the book he considered South Africa to be "a model of Parliamentary democracy" and that "Apartheid, if it could be separated from racialism, could well be an alternative to integration". Griffiths also blamed immigration from the Caribbean for the spread of disease.

Later life and career
In 1967, he became a lecturer in economics at Portsmouth College of Technology. After a year as an exchange professor in California, he returned to what became Portsmouth Polytechnic, until he returned to Parliament.

Griffiths unsuccessfully stood for Portsmouth North constituency at the February 1974 general election, but was elected for the seat at the 1979 general election. He held the constituency until the Labour landslide at the 1997 election, when he was defeated.

Personal life and death
He was married to Jeannette (née Rubery); the couple had a son and daughter.

Griffiths died on 20 November 2013, aged 85.

title: Peter Griffiths


text:
Reggie

Reggie is a given name, usually a short form of the name Reginald. It may refer to:

People

 * Reggie Bonnafon (born 1996), American football player
 * Reggie Brown (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Bush (born 1985), National Football League running back for the New Orleans Saints
 * Reggie Cleveland (born 1948), former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Reggie Corrigan (born 1970), former Irish rugby union player
 * Reggie Fils-Aimé (born 1961), former President and COO for the North American division of Nintendo
 * Reggie Gilliam (born 1997), American football player
 * Reggie Jackson (born 1946), American retired baseball player
 * Reggie Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Jones (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Kray (1933–2000), of the criminal Kray twins
 * Reggie Leach (born 1950), Canadian retired hockey player
 * Reggie Lucas (1953–2018), American musician and record producer
 * Reggie Mathis (born 1956), American football player
 * Reggie Miller (born 1965), former basketball player for the Indiana Pacers
 * Reggie Montgomery (1947-2002), American actor and clown
 * Reggie Perry (basketball) (born 2000), American basketball player
 * Reggie Redding (born 1988), American basketballer
 * Reggie Redding (American football) (born 1968), American football player
 * Reggie Robinson (born 1997), American football player
 * Reggie Roby (1961–2005), American football punter
 * Reggie Sanders (born 1967), former baseball player
 * Reggie Schwarz (1875–1918), South African cricketer
 * Reggie Smith (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Theus (born 1957), former National Basketball Association player and head coach, currently assistant coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves
 * Reggie Upshaw (born 1995), American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
 * Reggie Walker (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Watts (born 1972), American comedian and musician
 * Reggie Wayne (born 1978), wide receiver for the Indianapolis Colts
 * Reggie White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Williams (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Reggie Yates (born 1983), English DJ
 * Reggie Young (1936–2019), lead guitarist of the American Sound Studios Band
 * Reggie (wrestler) (born 1993), American professional wrestler

Fictional characters

 * Reggie, the turkey protagonist in the animated film Free Birds
 * Reggie, a character from the animated series Kiff
 * Reggie (Phantasm), protagonist in the Phantasm horror film series
 * Regina "Reggie" Abbott, protagonist in the animated series Twelve Forever
 * Regina "Reggie" Belmont, protagonist of the 1984 film Night of the Comet
 * Regulus "Reggie" Black, the brother of Sirius Black in the Harry Potter series
 * A-Train (comics) / Reggie Franklin, a superhero in the television franchise The Boys
 * Regina "Reggie" Lampert, in the 1963 film Charade, played by Audrey Hepburn
 * Reggie Mantle, in the Archie comics
 * Reggie Montgomery, from the soap opera All My Children
 * Reggie Pepper, in seven short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
 * Reggie Perrin, the main character in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin novel and 1970s television series, as well as the 2000s Reggie Perrin television series
 * Reggie Peters, on the television series Julie and the Phantoms
 * Reggie Potter, title character of the 1983 American TV series Reggie, based on the series The Fall and Rise of Reggie Perrin
 * Regina "Reggie" Rocket, from the animated series Rocket Power
 * Reggie Rowe, in the video game Infamous Second Son

Animals

 * Reggie (alligator)
 * Reggie (black cat found in Regents Park)

title: Reggie


text:
Konsole

Konsole is a free and open-source terminal emulator graphical application which is part of KDE Applications and ships with the KDE desktop environment. Konsole was originally written by Lars Doelle. It ls licensed under the GPL-2.0-or-later  and the GNU Free Documentation License.

KDE applications, including Dolphin, Kate, KDevelop, Kile, Konversation, Konqueror, and Krusader, use Konsole to provide embedded terminal functionality via Kpart.

Features

 * Built-in support for bi-directional text display.
 * Tabbed terminals. Tab titles update dynamically depending on the current activity in the terminal.
 * Translucent backgrounds
 * Split-view mode
 * Directory and SSH bookmarking
 * Customizable color schemes
 * Customizable key bindings
 * Notifications about silence or activity in a terminal
 * Incremental search
 * Can open Dolphin or the user's preferred file manager at the terminal program's current directory
 * Export of output in plain text or HTML format
 * Multiple profile support
 * Text reflow

Internals
Up to the KDE 4.0, Konsole internal functionality was split into a backend and frontend parts. The backend was represented by a terminal emulator (the DEC VT102 + xterm emulation program) and the frontend that included terminal display and user interface used to display output characters on a window screen or a printer.

With newer versions Konsole on Linux systems uses PTY (pseudoterminal interface) abstraction implemented by KPty KDE framework introduced in 2014.

title: Konsole