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Offender Assessment System

OASys is the abbreviated term for the Offender Assessment System, used in England and Wales by His Majesty's Prison Service and the National Probation Service to measure the risks and needs of criminal offenders under their supervision. Initially developed in 2001, it was built upon the existing ‘What Works’ evidence base.

OASys is designed to enable a properly trained and qualified individual; often a Probation Officer, to:
 * assess how likely an offender is to be re-convicted
 * identify and classify offending-related needs, including basic personality characteristics and cognitive behavioural problems
 * assess risk of serious harm, risks to the individual and other risks
 * assist with management of risk of harm
 * links the assessment to the supervision or sentence plan
 * indicate the need for further specialist assessments
 * measure change during the period of supervision / sentence.

OASys comprises a series of computer-based forms on which clinical evaluations are made by staff of Offenders, and supervision and sentence plans for the forthcoming period of supervision are recorded on a periodic basis - typically every 16 weeks for offenders in the community, and less frequently for imprisoned offenders.

OASys supports the What Works? initiative of the Prison and Probation Services, by providing metrics by which the characteristics of offenders and their offences (inputs) can be analysed alongside information on interventions made (inputs) to the offender, and re-conviction data for offenders (outcomes), in order to enable refinement to be made to interventions (based on a consideration of the relation between inputs and outcomes) as to improve outcomes - in other words, to decrease recidivism rates by ensuring that interventions are as appropriate and purposeful as possible.

title: Offender Assessment System


text:
Forced confession

A forced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a prisoner by means of torture (including enhanced interrogation techniques) or other forms of duress. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering.

For centuries the Latin phrase "Confessio est regina probationum" (in English: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession.

By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering.

Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions.

Mohamed Ramadan
Bahraini authorities refused for more than two years to investigate complaints regarding the torture of Mohamed Ramadan—a father-of-three on death row who was tortured into making a false confession.

In February 2014, Ramadan was arrested from Bahrain International Airport, where he worked as a police officer. He was accused of involvement in an attack on other police officers. There is no evidence tying him to the crime, according to Reprieve, who state that Ramadan is innocent and was arrested in retaliation for his attendance at pro-democracy demonstrations.

Following his arrest, Ramadan was tortured by police into signing a false confession. During his initial detention, police officers "told Mohammed outright that they knew he was innocent", but were punishing him as a traitor for attending pro-democracy demonstrations.

During his entire pre-trial detention, Ramadan was not allowed to meet with his lawyer. The day Ramadan's trial began was the first time he saw his lawyer's face. In that trial, he was convicted and sentenced to death almost solely on the basis of confessions extracted through prolonged torture.

2016 Reprieve report
In 2016, human rights organisation Reprieve published an investigative report which argued that seven Bahraini men facing the death penalty had been forced into confessing their crimes after being tortured during interrogations. The report also revealed that the Bahraini government was employing Northern Ireland Co-operation Overseas, a firm funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, to train its law enforcement personnel.

Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, Abbas Al-Samea (2017) executed
On 15 January 2017, Bahraini authorities executed three torture victims following authorization by King Hamad. Sami Mushaima (42), Ali Al-Singace (21) and Abbas Al-Samea (27) were executed by firing squad.

Bahrain security forces (a force that includes foreign national forces) arrested Sami Mushaima in March 2014 and held him incommunicado for at least 11 days. Security officials subjected Mushaima to beatings, electrocution, and sexual assault. His front teeth were severely damaged. Mushaima's family believes he was coerced into falsely confessing through the use of torture.

Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, and Abbas Al-Samea are all torture victims rendered stateless and condemned to death following unfair trials. Their executions have sparked widespread protests across the country.

Maya Foa, a director of the international human rights group Reprieve, said: "It is nothing short of an outrage – and a disgraceful breach of international law – that Bahrain has gone ahead with these executions. The death sentences handed to Ali, Sami and Abbas were based on confessions extracted through torture, and the trial an utter sham. ...

It would be shameful if the UK continued to support Bahrain's security apparatus and Ministry of Interior in the face of such terrible abuses."

The European Union also condemned the sentences: "This case is a serious drawback given that Bahrain had suspended executions for ... (several) years, and concerns have been expressed about possible violations of the right to a fair process for the three convicted".

Tainá Rape (2013)
Four men were arrested and confessed to raping and killing a girl named Tainá who was crossing in front of the theme park where they worked. Later the police found that the girl was not raped and that the four men were tortured. 13 policemen were arrested, and the police chief fled.

China
The People's Republic of China systematically employed forced televised confession against Chinese dissidents and workers of various human rights groups in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. These scripted confessions, obtained with the person under duress and via torture, are broadcast on the state television. Notable victims includes Wang Yu, a female human rights lawyer, and Swedish citizen Peter Dahlin, an NGO worker and human rights activist. The owners of Causeway Bay Books – Gui Minhai and Lam Wing-kee – who were abducted by state security agents operating outside of Mainland China, also made such controversial confessions. Upon regaining his freedom, Lam detailed his abduction and detention, and recanted his confessions in Hong Kong to the media.

These televised confessions and acts of contrition have been denounced as frauds by critics. Media organisations in China and in Hong Kong, including the South China Morning Post, which is owned by Alibaba, have been criticised for abetting the practice by circulating the "confessions" and in some cases even participating in them. Safeguard Defenders released a report in April 2018 in which 45 high-profile examples of the so-called confessions were broadcast between July 2013 and February 2018. More than half of the subjects were journalists, lawyers, and other individuals involved in promoting human rights in China. The confessions were mostly imposed on the subjects outside of the formal legal framework, in the absence of a trial, and without regard for the presumption of innocence under the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus, demonstrating their powerlessness once they are within the opaque Chinese legal system.

Islamic Republic of Iran
According to at least two observers (Ervand Abrahamian, Nancy Updike), the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has systematically used false confessions extracted by torture. They have been used on a much larger scale than in Stalin's Soviet Union because the confessions could be videotaped and broadcast for purposes of propaganda. During the 1980s, television "recantation" shows were common on Iranian state television.

Since eyewitness accounts were published documenting the use of torture in extracting confessions, the recantations and confessions have lost much (or some) of their propaganda impact. The practice of collecting confessions has continued, however, now used more to demoralize the opposition, gather information about them, and sow fear and distrust among the Iranian opposition as "recanters" accuse other opposition members. There were reportedly so many confessions coerced following the 2009 protest crackdown that "there's no way to film even a tiny percentage of them."

The public e'terafat in Iran are not simply confessions, but "political and ideological recantation(s)". They come in a variety of forms, "pretrial testimonials; in chest-beating letters; in mea culpa memoirs; press conferences, 'debates', and 'roundtable discussions, but most commonly in videotaped 'interviews' and 'conversations' aired on prime-time television." The standard form in the time of Ayatollah Khomeini began with an introduction hailing Imam Khomeini with all of his titles (Founder of the Islamic Republic, leader of the Islamic Revolution, etc.) The recanter "emphasised the interview was entirely voluntary and that the speaker had come forth willingly to warn others of the pitfalls awaiting them if they deviated from the Khatt-e Imam [line of the Imam] Then followed condemnation of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens [for the opportunity to] see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would pave the way for forgiveness, redemption, ... [however, if] the Imam chose not to forgive, that too would be understandable in light of the enormity of the crimes."

These recantations served as powerful propaganda not only for both the Iranian public at large but also for the recanter's former colleagues, for whom the denunciations were demoralising and confusing. From the moment they arrived in prison, through their interrogation prisoners were asked if they were willing to give an "interview". (mosahebah) "Some remained incarcerated even after serving their sentences simply because they declined the honour of being interviewed."

While the constitution of the Islamic Republic explicitly outlaws shekanjeh (torture) and the use of coerced confessions, other laws are employed to allow coercion. Up to 74 lashings can be administered for 'lying to the authorities', and a defendant may be found guilty of lying by a cleric in the process of interrogating the defendant. Thus "clerical interrogators can give indefinite series of 74 lashings until they obtain 'honest answers.

Techniques used to extract confessions included whipping, most often on the soles of the feet; deprivation of sleep; suspension from the ceiling and high walls; twisting of forearms until they broke; crushing of hands and fingers between metal presses; insertion of sharp instruments under the fingernails; cigarette burns; submersion under water; standing in one place for hours on end; mock executions; and physical threats against family members.

According to one defendant, "his interrogator kept on repeating throughout his torment 'This hadd punishment will continue until you give us a videotaped interview, "interview" being the term used for confession sessions.

In June 2020, FIDH and its member organization Justice for Iran (JFI), in a 57-page report titled "Orwellian State: The Islamic Republic of Iran’s State Media as a Weapon of Mass Suppression", reported that between 2009 and 2019, Iranian state-owned media IRIB broadcast the forced confessions of about 355 individuals and defamatory content against at least 505 individuals. The report is the outcome of more than 1,500 hours of research and analysis of over 150 programs and 13 in-depth interviews with victims of forced confessions.

Khmer Rouge
In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge used torture to force confessions and false implications from approximately 17,000 persons at the former Tuol Sleng high school. All but seven were either executed or died due to the mistreatment. The leaders of the interrogation and torture system of the Khmer Rouge were Mam Nai and Tang Sin Hean.

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, a series of show trials, known as the Moscow Show Trials, were orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of the late 1930s. More than 40 high-level political prisoners were sentenced either to the firing squad or to labour camps. The trials are today universally acknowledged to have used forced confessions, obtained through torture and threats against the defendants' families, to eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority.

The Crime of Cuenca (1910)
Due to police torture, two men confessed to the murder of another man who had disappeared. Based solely on their confession, as no body had been recovered, they were convicted and sentenced to long jail terms. Years later the supposed victim reappeared in the small village, and it was proven that he had left voluntarily years before.

Birmingham Six (1974)
The Birmingham Six were six men from Northern Ireland accused of carrying out the Birmingham pub bombings in 1974. After their arrest, four of the six confessed to the crime. These confessions were later claimed to be the result of intimidation and torture by police, including the use of dogs and mock executions. In 1991, after 17 years in prison, an appeal to their convictions was allowed. The evidence at hearing showed widespread police fabrication, suppression of evidence, and extreme irregularities in the relevant forensic evidence. All six individuals were released and awarded compensation of up to £1.2 million. As a result of this and other miscarriages of justice, a Royal Commission on Criminal Justice was established in March 1991 to create reforms and provide oversight to the process.

Guildford Four (1974)
As a result of the Guildford pub bombings carried out by Irish republican paramilitaries in 1974, four Irish individuals were charged and convicted of murder and terrorist activities. All had confessed to the crimes while in police custody but later retracted their statements. In their trial, they would claim that they had made false confessions, resulting from intimidation and torture by police. Seven relatives of one of the original four defendants were also convicted of terrorist activities in 1976. All of the individuals involved had their convictions quashed, by two rulings in 1989 and 1991, after having served up to 16 years in prison. These appeals investigations revealed large-scale deception and illegal activities undertaken by both the Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated".

United States
Since 2001, as part of its War on Terror the United States using the CIA operates a network of off shore prisons, called black sites, probably the most well-known of which is Guantánamo Bay detention camp. State officials have admitted to the press and in court to be using various torture techniques (authorised by the District attorney) to interrogate suspects of terrorism, sometimes after forced disappearance or extraordinary rendition by the United States.

When these systematic acts were made public by the international media, the European Union, United Nations, the international press and various human rights movements condemned their practice. The US Supreme Court did not discontinue their usage and repeatedly ruled against hearing from those that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial would constitute a breach of national security.

A famous case is that of Khalid El-Masri. He appealed several times aided by different international human rights movements and lawyers, yet the US Supreme Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence.

Brown v. Mississippi (1936)
The United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Mississippi (1936) established conclusively that confessions extracted through the use of physical brutality violate the Due Process Clause. In this case, defendants Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown and Henry Shields (three black tenant farmers) had been convicted and sentenced to death in Mississippi for the murder of Raymond Stewart (a white planter) on 30 March 1934. The convictions had been based solely on confessions obtained through violence:

"... defendants were made to strip and they were laid over chairs and their backs were cut to pieces with a leather strap with buckles on it, and they were likewise made by the said deputy definitely to understand that the whipping would be continued unless and until they confessed, and not only confessed, but confessed in every matter of detail as demanded by those present; and in this manner, the defendants confessed the crime, and, as the whippings progressed and were repeated, they changed or adjusted their confession in all particulars of detail so as to conform to the demands of their torturers. When the confessions had been obtained in the exact form and contents as desired by the mob, they left with the parting admonition and warning that, if the defendants changed their story at any time in any respect from that last stated, the perpetrators of the outrage would administer the same or equally effective treatment.

Further details of the brutal treatment to which these helpless prisoners were subjected need not be pursued. It is sufficient to say that in pertinent respects the transcript reads more like pages torn from some medieval account than a record made within the confines of a modern civilization which aspires to an enlightened constitutional government."

The Supreme Court concluded: "It would be difficult to conceive of methods more revolting to the sense of justice than those taken to procure the confessions of these petitioners, and the use of the confessions thus obtained as the basis for conviction and sentence was a clear denial of due process ... In the instant case, the trial court was fully advised by the undisputed evidence of the way in which the confessions had been procured ... The court thus denied a federal right fully established and specially set up and claimed, and the judgment must be reversed."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Forced confession


text:
Fetus-X

Fetus-X was a weekly romantic horror comic written and drawn by Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow. Millikin is an American artist and former human anatomy lab embalmer and dissectionist. Sorrow is an internationally known American illustrator and printmaker.

Fetus-X has been published in newspapers, books, and as a webcomic since late 1999. The first Fetus-X comics were drawn by artist Casey Sorrow, who later left to create the comic Feral Calf. The storylines of Fetus-X generally revolve around Millikin's use of the occult in both romantic relationships and battles with various ghosts, demons, aliens, and monsters. The artwork is mixed media, combining expressionist paintings with found objects. The text is often written in free verse. Early comics are in black and white, but after 2002 most are full color.

History
Millikin began drawing horror comics by age one-and-a-half, when he made crayon drawings of ghosts terrorizing him during toilet-training. By second grade, he was making teachers profane birthday cards showing his school burning down.

The first Fetus-X newspaper strips were published in spring 2000 in Michigan State University's The State News. Immediately there were problems with censorship, Catholic League protests, and threatened cancellation.

After the Catholic League protested the comic and then MSU president M. Peter McPherson declared he wanted it banned, the comic strip was removed for being too controversial. During the controversy over the comic, many people protested on both sides of the issue.

Those who were against the comic protested on religious grounds. One said, "As a born-again Christian, I just wanted to notify the writers of “Fetus-X” that the comic strip [is] very offensive. ... I pray that one day you will come to know the power of the cross." Another warned, "Do you remember what happened when they said, 'not even God can sink the Titanic?' There are certain things you just don’t joke about. ... keep your blasphemy to yourself."

Those in favor of the comic said that "I would not hesitate to liken 'Fetus-X' to the Black Sabbath of comic strips ... It is the courage, imagination and talent of both the band and the strip that will set them apart from the other flavors of the week and earn them both places in artistic history." And: "It's frustrating to see the ultimate goal of political correctness gain precedence over the basic principle that Casey Sorrow and Eric Millikin have the artistic right to their own opinions."

After six months, The State News cancelled the comic strip despite support from some readers. It continues to be published on the web and in many college newspapers and in alternative newspapers such as Detroit's Metro Times and the University Reporter.

In the fall of 2002, Fetus-X became part of the subscription-based online alternative comics anthology Serializer, a spin-off of the successful webcomics site Modern Tales. Other comics on Serializer included Achewood Sunday Edition, The Magic Whistle, and Little Laurie Sprinkles. In the fall of 2005 Fetus-X became a free comic on Webcomics Nation.

In June 2006, Millikin was interviewed in the book Attitude 3: The New Subversive Online Cartoonists, edited by award-winning syndicated editorial cartoonist Ted Rall. Attitude 3 also includes other webcomics such as Cat and Girl, Dinosaur Comics, Diesel Sweeties, and The Perry Bible Fellowship.

After being offline due to a server crash, Serializer relaunched in October 2006, under the editorship of Eric Millikin. Fetus-X was among the comics on the relaunched serializer, along with A Softer World, Idiot Box, and Templar, Arizona.

Characters and plot
Typical plots of Fetus-X comics involved the title character Fetus-X interacting with a lab rabbit named Bunny. Fetus-X was a psychic zombie fetus floating in a jar of formaldehyde who may or may not be Millikin's missing conjoined twin or his clone from an alternate timeline or dimension.

Critical reaction
In their review of serializer.net, The Comics Journal wrote: "It's a pleasure to see strips like ... Fetus-X use the newspaper format for far more daring, entertainingly perverse work ... [Fetus-X] would be perfectly at home at a good alternative weekly or a great college paper." In their review of Attitude 3, the American Library Association's Booklist wrote that "the visual style of Eric Millikin’s Fetus-X 'crosses Edvard Munch with an incipient victim of high-school suicide.'"

Since 2000, Fetus-X has been the target of protest campaigns organized by the Catholic League for its "blasphemous treatment of Jesus". "This particular comic is offensive to Catholics and Christians," Catholic League spokesman Patrick Scully said in August 2002. "It completely ridicules the Catholic faith and is not funny." The Hartford Advocate has called Millikin a "borderline sociopath."

Fetus-X was named one of the best webcomics of 2004 by The Webcomics Examiner, who called it "one of the sharpest political commentaries available. In an era where presidents are treated as messiahs, and questioning the fatherland’s foreign policies is socially unacceptable, Eric shows how necessary it is to yell at the top of your lungs about the madness of it all."

In 2006, Fetus-X was nominated for multiple Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards including Outstanding Comic, Outstanding Single Panel Comic, and Outstanding Romantic Comic. It (referred to as "Foetus-X") was later disqualified for not meeting the Award's defined genre criteria for romance comics. In 2007, Fetus-X was again nominated for multiple Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards including Outstanding Romantic Comic. It was not disqualified from the romance category in 2007.

Fetus-X was used along with Penny Arcade, American Elf and Questionable Content as an example of comics using the web to create "an explosion of diverse genres and styles" in Scott McCloud's 2006 book Making Comics.

Side projects
Eric Millikin has won awards for his illustrations for major newspapers such as The Detroit News. Casey Sorrow's illustrations have appeared in publications like The New York Times. Feral Calf is a comic by former Fetus-X artist Casey Sorrow. It is about feral fish people doing strange things to each other and is also hosted on Webcomics Nation. Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow also created the holiday Monkey Day (celebrated December 14) as an opportunity to educate the public about monkeys, as a holiday that supports evolution rather than religious themes, and an excuse to throw monkey-themed costume parties.

title: Fetus-X


text:
1773 in music

Events

 * January 18 – The first opera performance in the Swedish language, Thetis and Phelée, starring Carl Stenborg, Elisabeth Olin and Hedvig Wigert in Bollhuset in Stockholm, Sweden, marks the establishment of the Royal Swedish Opera.
 * February – Joseph Leutgeb tours Italy with Leopold and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
 * May 28 – The opera Alceste by Anton Schweitzer with German language libretto by poet Christoph Martin Wieland is premièred by the Seyler Theatre Company at the Hoftheater Weimar, pioneering a German operatic style.
 * June 24 - Premiere of the ballet Adele de Ponthieu by Josef Starzer at the Burgtheater in Vienna.
 * July 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his father Leopold go to Vienna in search of work but are unsuccessful and return in September to Salzburg where the family move from Wolfgang's birthplace in Getreidegasse to the Tanzmeisterhaus in Makartplatz.
 * Composer James Hook vacates his post at Marylebone Gardens in London.

Opera

 * Pasquale Anfossi – Demofoonte
 * Domenico Cimarosa – La finta parigina
 * Joseph Haydn – L'infedeltà delusa; Philemon und Baucis
 * Andrea Luchesi – L'Inganno Scoperto, overo Il Conte Caramella (libretto by Carlo Goldoni)
 * Josef Mysliveček
 * Demetrio, ED.10:D15
 * Romolo ed Ersilia, ED.10:G6
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Il tamburo, R.1.37
 * Anton Schweitzer – Alceste (libretto by Christoph Martin Wieland)

Ballet

 * Josef Starzer - Adele de Pontieu

Classical music

 * Carl Friedrich Abel – 6 Symphonies, Op. 10
 * Johann Albrechtsberger – Concerto for Harp in C major
 * Samuel Arnold – The Prodigal Son (oratorio)
 * Johann Christian Bach – 3 Symphonies, Op. 9
 * Jean-Baptiste Canavas – 6 Cello Sonatas, Op. 2
 * Christian Cannabich – 6 String Trios, Op. 3
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf – La Liberatrice del Popolo Giudaico nella Persia, o sia l’Esther (oratorio)
 * Jean-Louis Duport – 6 Cello Sonatas, Op. 3
 * Ernst Eichner – 6 Symphonies, Op. 7
 * Felice Giardini – 6 String Trios, Op. 17
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * String Quartet No.7 in E-flat major, K.160/159a
 * Exsultate, jubilate, K.165/158a
 * Viennese Quartets, String Quartets No. 8-13, K.168–173
 * Symphony No. 23 in D major, K.181/162b
 * Symphony No. 24 in B-flat major, K.182/173dA
 * Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K.183/173dB
 * Johann Christoph Oley – Jesus meine Zuversicht
 * Gaetano Pugnani – 6 Violin Sonatas, Op. 8
 * Giovanni Battista Sammartini – Six String Quintets
 * Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges
 * 6 String Quartets, Op. 1
 * 2 Violin Concertos, Op. 2
 * Joseph Schmitt – 6 Symphonies, Op. 6
 * Carl Stamitz
 * 6 Quartets, Op. 8
 * 6 Duos, Op. 10

Methods and theory writings

 * Charles Burney – The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces
 * Michel Corrette – Méthodes pour apprendre à jouer de la contre-basse à 3, à 4, et à 5 cordes
 * Johann Friedrich Daube – Der musikalische Dilettant
 * Johann Adolph Scheibe – Über die musikalische Composition
 * Georg Michael Telemann – Unterricht im Generalbaß-Spielen

Births

 * January 4 – Johann Peter Heuschkel, composer (died 1853)
 * March 7 – Tommaso Marchesi, composer (died 1852)
 * May 6 – Eliodoro Bianchi. Italian tenor (died 1848)
 * May 26 – Hans Georg Nägeli, composer (died 1836)
 * July 6 – Wenzel Thomas Matiegka, composer (died 1830)
 * September 17 – Alexandre de Laborde, librettist and antiquary (died 1842)
 * September 24 – Johann Philipp Christian Schulz, composer (died 1827)
 * October 23 – Pietro Generali, composer (died 1832)
 * December 9 – Marianne Ehrenström, musician and writer (died 1867)
 * December 24 – Joseph Wölfl, pianist and composer (died 1812)
 * exact date unknown
 * Edward Bunting, Irish folk song collector
 * Inga Åberg, opera singer and actress

Deaths

 * April 11 – Carlo Grua, composer (b. c. 1700)
 * April 12 – Elizabeth Young, operatic contralto and actress (b. c. 1730)
 * May 24 – Jan Zach, violinist, organist and composer (b. 1699)
 * July 12 – Johann Joachim Quantz, flautist and composer (b. 1697)
 * August 25 – Franz Nikolaus Novotny, organist and composer (born 1743)
 * date unknown
 * Francis Hutcheson (b. c. 1722)
 * Joan Baptista Pla, oboist and composer (b. c. 1720)
 * Hester Santlow, "England's first ballerina" (b. c. 1690)

title: 1773 in music


text:
Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

Richard Holman Hatch Jr. (born April 8, 1961) is an American reality television contestant. In 2000, he became the first Survivor winner in its debut season, originally broadcast on CBS. He subsequently competed in All-Stars season of Survivor, the fourth celebrity edition of Celebrity Apprentice, and season 17 of The Biggest Loser. He was convicted with three counts related to attempted tax evasion and fraudulent tax return in January 2006. He served fifty-one months in prison and then, after failing to amend his 2000 and 2001 tax returns, an additional nine months in prison.

Early life and education
Hatch's parents divorced when he was eleven years old. Also, at the time of Borneo, his mother was a registered nurse, and his father was a retired lab technician. Hatch is the oldest of four siblings.

Hatch graduated from Middletown High School (Rhode Island) in 1979. He studied oceanography and marine biology at the Florida Institute of Technology. He joined the United States Army in 1980 and became a West Point cadet within the next five years in the Army. He earned his bachelor's degree in Management and Applied Behavioral Sciences from the National Louis University. He pursued a master's degree by studying education and counseling at Rhode Island's Providence College.

After the Army, in 1985, Hatch moved to Manhattan and married an unidentified Australian woman. They had been estranged throughout most of their marriage that lasted for at least ten years.

Hatch's hometown is Newport, Rhode Island, where he resided at the time. He adopted a seven-year-old boy Christopher in 1998.

Borneo
Hatch was a corporate trainer and consultant for his own business, Tri-Whale Training, when he first competed on Survivor. In Borneo (2000), he came out as gay onscreen, notoriously went nude on numerous occasions, and used resources to catch edible sea creatures underwater. Moreover, he defended, formed, and led an alliance with his remaining Tagi tribe members who seemed unable to win individually. Strategically, after the two tribes were merged into one, to ensure the all-Tagi competition, the Tagi alliance voted out every remaining member of the original Pagong tribe.

As four players remained in the season finale, Hatch, Rudy Boesch, and Sue Hawk plotted to vote Kelly Wiglesworth out, but the idea was abandoned when Wiglesworth won an Individual Immunity challenge called "Fallen Comrades", a trivia quiz mini-game about eliminated contestants. At a Tribal Council, Hatch and Hawk received two votes each. In a tiebreaker, Hatch and Hawk were disallowed to vote; Boesch and Wiglesworth voted Hawk out and kept Hatch for the time being.

As one of three remaining players, Hatch strategically dropped out of the season's final Immunity challenge, leaving Boesch and Wiglesworth to compete against each other. Wiglesworth beat Boesch in the challenge, (as the only player eligible to vote) voted Boesch out, and kept Hatch, hoping to beat him in the finals. Fourth-placed Sue Hawk infamously called Kelly a "rat" and Richard a "snake" in the final Council. Hawk further said that, in Mother Nature, snake would eat a rat.

Against the runner-up Wiglesworth, Hatch earned the "Sole Survivor" title and won $1 million and a Pontiac Aztek SUV by a 4–3 jury vote of the final Tribal Council. Hatch received votes from 3 of his original Tagi tribemates (Rudy, Susan, and Sean) and a vote from Greg. The other three jury members of the Pagong tribe origins voted for Kelly. Hatch's victory was controversial at the time since Greg's decisive vote seemed to be cast due to the result of a "pick-a-number" question, but Greg has stated that he had always intended to vote for Richard and his question was his way to poke fun at the serious nature of the Final Tribal Council.

All-Stars
Hatch re-competed in All-Star (2004) as part of the Mogo Mogo tribe. As before, he caught edible sea creatures with available resources. Mogo Mogo became weary about his antics, attitude, and constant nudity. Thus, he became the fourth person of the season and the first member of the tribe voted out, placing fourteenth.

Before his elimination, Hatch was involved in an incident with another former Borneo player Sue Hawk, who reappeared in the same season as part of the Chapera tribe. Hawk later claimed that, during one of tribal immunity challenges, which was a balance beam mini-game, Hatch's genitals touched her as he passed her by on the course. The next day, Hawk resigned from the game voluntarily as she was too upset to continue. Hatch and Hawk discussed the incident in the February 27, 2004, episode of The Early Show, the following day after the Survivor episode aired the incident.

Other appearances
In post-Borneo era, Hatch made guest appearances as himself on "One Wong Move" (2000) from Becker and, alongside Sue Hawk, "Penetration Island" (2002) from Son of the Beach. In Becker, Hatch visits the titular character's office for his severe stomachache and makes references to his Survivor gameplay, like eating bizarre things.

Hatch also wrote his 2000 book 101 Survival Secrets: How to Make $1 Million, Lose 100 pounds and Live Happily Ever After. According to a November 2000 interview, he lost more than 100 pounds within the past two years up to Borneo and then, after the filming was completed, having his excess inelastic tissue removed from his abdomen via resection surgery on May 9, 2000.

Hatch appeared alongside three other Survivor players—Hawk, Jenna Lewis and Gervase Peterson—in Hollywood Squares on the week of September 25, 2000.

In the Australian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in October 2000, Hatch incorrectly answered the fourth question "What is 11 × 12?", resulting in his elimination without winning money. He also competed against other five Borneo players in the May 10, 2001, episode of Weakest Link. Despite correctly answering most questions, he was unanimously voted out as the "weakest link" in the first round.

Hatch also competed in the July 15, 2002, episode (all-reality edition) of a game show Dog Eat Dog. He became part of a "dog pound" team after losing a challenge. The team lost the $25,000 prize to Borneo player Sue Hawk.

In post-All-Stars era, Hatch also competed in the Survivor edition of Family Feud, aired on the week of February 14, 2005, alongside other Survivor players, including Rudy Boesch and Sue Hawk, who were divided into male and female teams. He also competed on Battle of the Network Reality Stars in 2005 as part of the "dark blue" team, which lost the $10,000 prize to the "light blue" team in the finals. He also was "fired" in the April 3, 2011, episode of The Celebrity Apprentice 4. He also was eliminated in the January 18, 2016, episode of the 17th season of The Biggest Loser for not losing enough weight.

TV Guide placed him thirty-first in its 2013 list of "The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time" for his Survivor gameplay.

Acquittals and convictions
Hatch was convicted in a county district court in September 2001 with domestic assault charge one month after his former partner Glenn Boyanowski accused him of assault. Hatch said that the assault started when Boyanowski trespassed his Middletown house. Hatch was sentenced to one-year probation on September 24, 2001, and was ordered not to contact Boyanowski. He appealed his conviction and sentence, both of which were overturned in a county superior court on February 5, 2002, after two days of court hearings.

Hatch was convicted also on January 25, 2006, by jury with two counts of attempted tax evasion and one count of signing a fraudulent tax return for not paying taxes on about $1.4 million: his past Survivor winnings, his $321,000 earnings as a co-host of a Boston radio show, and $28,000 rental property. According to investigation, he hired two different accountants in 2001 and 2002 to prepare his tax returns that would have reflected his Survivor winnings. Rather than file either return, he filed a return that did not reflect the winnings. He pleaded guilty to two of those counts before the conviction. He served 51-month sentence in federal prison, particularly Federal Correctional Institution, Morgantown, and his release was under three-year supervision.

In 2010, one year after Hatch's release in 2009, Survivor host/producer Jeff Probst and producer Mark Burnett revealed that Hatch was a strong candidate to reappear for the twentieth season, Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, as a villain. However, Hatch was still under house arrest at the time and unable to re-participate because prosecutors denied him permission to do so. Hatch served an additional nine months in prison from March to December 2011 for not amending his 2000 and 2001 tax returns. The additional sentence prevented him from appearing in the live finale of The Celebrity Apprentice 4. Since then, his release had been under supervision again, making him unable to leave the country, for 26 remaining months.

Also in January 2006, Hatch was acquitted from seven fraud charges related to Horizon Bound, a charity to provide outdoor activity for troubled youth. However, the charity donations were also part of an investigation related to tax evasion charges.

Personal life
After the All-Stars filming, Hatch dated an Argentine tourist director Emiliano Cabral, whose age was twenty-eight in early 2004. They legally married in Nova Scotia in 2005. They divorced in a Rhode Island family court after at least fourteen years of their relationship.

According to Inside Edition, while he attended George Mason University (Virginia), Hatch donated his sperm to a sperm bank in Fairfax, Virginia, hundreds of times total for two years, twice or thrice per week average, to earn $30 per donation. Accordingly, two different women who were donated Hatch's sperm eventually gave birth to, respectively, one daughter and one son. He met his two biological children, both age twenty-two at the time, for the first time in 2011.

A property purchased by Hatch in Sydney, Nova Scotia, following his Survivor win was included in a tax sale during a public auction in 2013. As the Cape Breton Regional Municipality tax office indicated, Hatch had not paid property taxes on the property for a period of more than six years.

title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)


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Drea de Matteo

Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004. Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018).

Early life and education
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City. Her mother Donna is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle. She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family.

After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director. She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio.

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos helped launch her career. She has appeared in several films, including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13. She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received positive reviews.

In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year for the same role.

From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina on Joey.

De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the series Sons of Anarchy. The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season. She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season. De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the show Desperate Housewives. She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, for personal reasons.

In 2012, she guest-starred in Californication.

De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9. De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015). In 2015, she was cast as Det. Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue.

De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast.

In September 2022, De Matteo announced she would open an account on OnlyFans. It went live in August 2023. She claimed her refusal to get the COVID-19 vaccine put her out of work and led her to join the website.

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, a clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes. They closed the store in 2004.

De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001. They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York. They have two children together. Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying. In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin.

De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three buildings in Manhattan on March 26, 2015.

title: Drea de Matteo


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Tuzla

Tuzla (Тузла, ) is the third-largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the administrative center of Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 110,979 inhabitants.

Tuzla is the economic, cultural, educational, health and tourist centre of northeast Bosnia. It is an educational center and is home to two universities. It is also the main industrial machine and one of the leading economic strongholds of the country with a wide and varied industrial sector including an expanding service sector thanks to its salt lake tourism.

The city of Tuzla is home to Europe's only salt lake as part of its central park and has more than 350,000 people visiting its shores every year. The history of the city goes back to the 9th century; modern Tuzla dates back to 1510 when it became an important garrison town in the Ottoman Empire.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla is also regarded as one of the most multicultural cities in the country and has managed to keep the pluralist character of the city throughout the Bosnian War and after, with Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats and a small minority of Bosnian Jews residing in Tuzla.

Etymology
The name Tuzla is the Ottoman Turkish word for salt mine, tuzla, and refers to the extensive salt deposits found underneath the city, mined for export as a large source of Ottoman tax revenue. Leveraging on their shared name, the city is twinned with Tuzla, a suburb of Istanbul, Turkey.

Early history
Archaeological evidence suggests that Tuzla was a rich Neolithic settlement. Being inhabited continuously for more than 6,000 years, Tuzla is one of the oldest European sustained settlements. During the period of the Roman Republic (before the area was conquered by Rome), Tuzla (or Salines as it was called at the time) was ruled by the Illyrian tribe Breuci.

Middle Ages to 20th century

The city was first mentioned in 950 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio as a fort named Salines (Σαλήνες). The name Soli was used in the Middle Ages. It means "salts" in Bosnian and the city's present name means "place of salt" in Ottoman Turkish. During the Middle Ages it belonged mostly to the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia.

After the fall of the kingdom to the Ottoman Empire in 1463, the region was controlled by the House of Berislavić before the Ottomans occupied the villages of "Gornje Soli" and "Donje Soli" around 1512, and took control of the entire Usora in the 1530s.

It remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 400 years, where it was administered as part of the Sanjak of Zvornik. In 1878 it was occupied by Austria-Hungary. After the dissolution of the monarchy it became the part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Husino uprising took place in 1920.

During the Second World War, Tuzla was included in the puppet Independent State of Croatia and controlled by the mainly Muslim Hadžiefendić Legion of the Croatian Home Guard. Tuzla was among the first areas in Europe to be liberated, when Tito's Yugoslav Partisans freed it from the German occupiers on 2 October 1943. Many members of the Legion deserted to the Partisans at this time. In December 1944, the city was unsuccessfully attacked by Chetnik forces of Draža Mihailović along with the Serbian State Guard.

After the war it developed into a major industrial and cultural centre during the Communist period in the former Yugoslavia.

Bosnian War

In the 1990 elections the Reformists won control of the municipality being the only municipality in Bosnia where non-nationalists won. During the Bosnian War of Independence between 1992 and 1995 the town was the only municipality not governed by the SDA party-led authorities. After Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence and was recognized by the United Nations the city was besieged by Serbian forces. A few days later Serbian forces attacked Tuzla. The town was not spared the atrocities of the Bosnian War.

Early in the war, troops of the 92nd Motorised Brigade of the Yugoslav People's Army were ambushed by units of Bosnia's Territorial Defence Force, while attempting to withdraw from the city. During the incident, an estimated 92–200 Yugoslav troops were killed, and 33 wounded. It was regarded as a war crime.

On 25 May 1995, an attack on Tuzla killed 71 people and injured 200 persons in what is referred to as the Tuzla massacre, when shells fired from Serb's positions on the Ozren mountain (130 mm towed field gun M-46) hit the central street and its promenade. The youngest civilian who died in that massacre was only two years old.

Following the Dayton Peace Accords, Tuzla was the headquarters of the U.S. forces for the Multinational Division (MND) during Operation Joint Endeavour IFOR and subsequent SFOR.

Post-war independence

In February 2014, the city was the scene of the beginning of the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which quickly spread to dozens of cities and towns throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. After a couple of days of calm protests, people lost patience and started burning cars in front of the canton government building, and later the building itself.

Recent years have seen economic growth as well as increases in tourism.

Geography

Tuzla is located in the northeastern part of Bosnia, settled just underneath the Majevica mountain range, on the Jala River. The central zone lies in an east–west oriented plain, with residential areas in the north and south of the city located on the Ilinčica, Kicelj and Gradina Hills. It is 237 m above sea level. The climate is moderate continental. There are abundant coal deposits in the region around Tuzla. 6 coal mines continue to operate around the city. Much of the coal mined in the area is used to power the Tuzla Thermal Power Plant, which is the largest power plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Salt deposits
Extractions of the city's salt deposits, particularly in the 20th century, have caused sections of the city center to sink. Structures in the "sinking area" either collapsed or were demolished, and there are few structures in the city that predate the 20th century, despite the fact that the city was founded over 1000 years ago. In the northeastern part of the town is an area known as Solina, named after the salt deposits.

Pannonian Lakes

Tuzla is the only city in Europe that has a salt lake in its centre. The ancient Pannonian Sea dried up around 10 million years ago, but work by researchers and scientists has now enabled a level of saline water to be kept stable at the surface, and in 2003 the Pannonian Lake was opened.

A second lake that includes artificial waterfalls was inaugurated in 2008. An archaeological park and replica Neolithic lake dwellings were also incorporated into the scheme, providing information about the different cultures which left their material and spiritual mark here. The site has become an international tourist destination.

A third lake was completed in August 2012. Construction expenses for this were nearly 2 million Bosnian marks (ca. 1 million euros). This third lake also contains 2 water slides which are an attraction for the younger population.

The summer season of 2013 recorded approximately 5,000 visitors per day (c. 450,000 for 3 months).

Climate
Tuzla has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with warm summers which have 100.6 days annually with maximum temperature above 25 C 36.3 days above 30 C. Tuzla has cold and chilly winters, with 85.8 days having minimum temperature below 0 C, as well as 14.9 days in which the maximum temperature is also below freezing.

There are 38.7 days per year with thunder and 2.1 days with hail, both of them being more common in spring and summer than other seasons.

The highest recorded temperature is 40.7 C on 22 July 2007.

Administration

Tuzla is the seat of the Tuzla Canton, which is a canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of Tuzla Municipality, which is one of the 13 municipalities that together constitute the Tuzla Canton. Administratively, Tuzla is divided into 39 mjesne zajednice (local districts).

Apart from Tuzla, the municipality incorporates several other adjacent settlements, including the town of Gornja Tuzla (Upper Tuzla), as well as the villages of Husino, Par Selo, Simin Han, Obodnica, Kamenjaši, Plane, Šići and others.

The current mayor of Tuzla is Zijad Lugavić, of the Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH). He succeeded long-time mayor Jasmin Imamović in 2022.

The City council of Tuzla has 30 members, of the following parties:
 * Independent – 12 members
 * Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) – 8 members
 * Platform for Progress (PzP) – 2 members
 * Tuzla alternative – 2 members
 * Party of Democratic Action (SDA) – 1 member
 * Social Democrats (SD BiH) – 1 member
 * Our Party (NS) – 1 member
 * Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH) – 1 member
 * Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SBiH) – 1 member
 * Movement of Democratic Action (PDA) – 1 member

Demographics
Demographics in Tuzla municipality:

1971 census
Total: 107,293
 * 53,271 (49.65%) – Bosniaks
 * 27,735 (25.84%) – Croats
 * 21,089 (19.65%) – Serbs
 * 2,540 (2.36%) – Yugoslavs
 * 2,658 (2.47%) – others and unknown

1981 census
Total: 121,717
 * 52,400 (43.05%) – Bosniaks
 * 24,811 (20.38%) – Croats
 * 20,261 (16.64%) – Serbs
 * 19,059 (15.65%) – Yugoslavs
 * 5,186 (4.26%) – others and unknown

1991 census
Total: 131,618

 * 62,669 (47.61%) – Bosniaks
 * 21,995 (16.71%) – Yugoslavs
 * 20,398 (15.49%) – Croats
 * 20,271 (15.40%) – Serbs
 * 6,285 (4.77%) – others and unknown

2013 census
Total: 110,979 Source:
 * 80,774 (72.78%) – Bosniaks
 * 15,396 (13.87%) – Croats
 * 3,378 (3.04%) – Serbs
 * 11,431 (10.30%) – others and unknown

Arts
One of the most influential writers in the Balkans, Meša Selimović hails from Tuzla, and Tuzla hosts an annual book festival in July, where the "Meša Selimović award" for the best novel written in the languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro is presented.

The first professional theatre in Tuzla, the Tuzla National Theatre, was founded by the brothers Mihajlo and Živko Crnogorčević in 1898 during Austro-Hungarian rule, and is the oldest theatre in the country. The theatre is working continuously since 1944.

The Portrait Gallery has continuous exhibitions of work by local and international artists. The Ismet Mujezinović Gallery is mainly dedicated to Ismet Mujezinović, a painter from Tuzla. The Eastern Bosnia Museum exhibits archaeological, ethnological, historical and artistic pieces and artifacts from the whole region. An open-air museum at Solni Trg, opened in 2004, tells the story of salt production in Tuzla.

Religion
Apart from Tuzla's many mosques, there is also an Orthodox church that went untouched throughout the war. The Franciscan monastery of “St. Peter and Paul” in town is still very active as there is a sizable Catholic community in Tuzla. The church of St.Francis (sv. Franjo) which had been demolished after being hit by a landslide in 1987 is being rebuilt since 2011 and should open by 2019. Just outside the town, in the nearby village of Breska, is a 200-year-old Catholic church. Tuzla is also home to an old Jewish cemetery which recently underwent renovations, organized by the OPEN Organization of Tuzla and the Jewish Municipality of Tuzla.

According to the 2013 census, most of the citizens living in Tuzla are Muslims, to be precise 75.4%, with Catholics accounting for 13.7%, while 3.3% of the population being Orthodox, 3.6% of people belong to other religions, and 3.9% of people are not religious.

Music
Bosnian roots music came from Middle Bosnia, Posavina, the Drina valley and Kalesija. It is usually performed by singers with two violinists and a šargija player. These bands first appeared around World War I and became popular in the 1960s. This is the third oldest music following after the sevdalinka and ilahija. Self-taught people, mostly in two or three members of the different choices of old instruments, mostly in the violin, sacking, saz, drums, flutes or wooden flute, as others have already called, the original performers of Bosnian music that can not be written notes, transmitted by ear from generation to generation, family is usually hereditary. It is thought to be brought from Persia-Kalesi tribe that settled in the area of present Sprecanski valleys and hence probably the name Kalesija. In this part of Bosnia it is the most common. Again, it became the leader of First World War onwards, as well as 60 years in the field Sprecanski doline. This kind of music was enjoyed by all three peoples in Bosnia, Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs, and it contributed a lot to reconcile people socializing, entertainment and other organizations through festivala. In Kalesija it's maintained each year with the Bosnian Festival Original music.

Studio Kemix firm Dzemal Dzihanovic from Živinice together with his artists brought this kind of music to perfection at the end 20th century. With its entirely new form of modernity, it is most common in the Tuzla Canton and the cradle of this music city Živinice was named Bosnian town of original music. Songs are performed preferably in a diphthong, the first and second voice which is a special secret performance of this music and some performers sing in troglasju as they do Kalesijski triple that was recorded in 1968, as the first written record of the tone on the album, along with Higurashi no naku.

Sports
Founded in 1927, the Workers Sports Society Sloboda became the first sporting organization in Tuzla. It has 14 member clubs. The city is home to two football clubs, FK Sloboda and FK Tuzla City. Both teams play their home games at the Tušanj City Stadium.

OKK Sloboda basketball club and RK Sloboda handball club play their home games in the Mejdan Sports Arena which has a seating capacity of 4,900.

Jedinstvo Tuzla is the female counterpart to Sloboda. The women's basketball team Jedinstvo Aida won the FIBA Women's European Champions Cup, with the most famous sportswoman from Tuzla, Razija Mujanović. She was inducted to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017.

Miscellaneous
On 1 September 2007, 6,980 couples kissed for 10 seconds in Tuzla, erasing the previous Guinness World kissing Records of the Philippines and Hungary (for synchronised osculation in 2004 with 5,327 Filipino couples, overtaken by Hungary in 2005 with 5,875 couples; Filipinos came back in February 2010 with 6,124 couples but the Hungarians responded in June 2010 with 6,613 couples). The record now awaits official certification.

On 26 September 2008, Tuzla began offering free wireless internet access in the city center.

On 7 May 2010, Tuzla tried to break the World Record for the world's largest mass waltz dance. It is estimated that over 1,521 couples danced together on the main city square.

Transport

Tuzla has an international airport located at Dubrave (IATA code: TZL), and an effective and well-developed public bus network. There are plans to introduce a trolleybus network in the city soon.

The airport was opened and obtained ICAO certificate for civilian Air traffic in 2008. The airport had comprised a portion of "Eagle Base", an American military base that has been home to NATO troops serving in SFOR, Bosnia's stabilization force. Nowadays former Eagle Base become home of Bosnian Military Forces. In 2013. the airport became a base for Wizz Air. Tuzla International Airport nowadays has connection to 17+ European cities and expanding. More than 300000 passengers have been traveled via Tuzla International Airport in 2016.In 2017 Tuzla International Airport broke its own record for most passengers in one year with 535.596 passengers. While in 2018 that number again rose up to 584.471.

Tuzla has a railway station that has passenger services to Doboj, from where trains run to Sarajevo, Zagreb, and Belgrade. The services to Brčko were discontinued in 2012.

Tuzla is well connected with other major cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and even with some European cities via its bus connections. Bus and taxi traffic is very well organised in Tuzla and is affordable to its citizens. Bus stations were built in 1970 and completely renovated and modernized in 2017.

Education

Tuzla is home to the University of Tuzla, with 16,500 students, and also the American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, FINra University, Kallos University, IPI Academy and Empirica faculty.

Universities

 * University of Tuzla
 * American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Schools

 * Association Citizens Educational Center
 * Behram-Begova Medresa Tuzla
 * Secondary Music School in Tuzla
 * Gimnazija Meša Selimović
 * Građevinsko-Geodetska Škola Tuzla
 * Katolički Školski Centar "Sv.Franjo" Tuzla
 * Ekonomsko-Trgovinska Škola Tuzla
 * Elektrotehnička Škola Tuzla
 * Medicinska Škola Tuzla
 * Mješovita Mašinska-Saobraćajna Škola Tuzla

Notable people

 * Alma Zadić, Austrian politician
 * Amer Delić, professional tennis player
 * Andrea Petković, German professional tennis player
 * Andreja Pejić, Australian model
 * Damir Mulaomerović, Croatian basketball player
 * Denis Azabagić, guitarist
 * Emir Hadžihafizbegović, actor
 * Emir Vildić, musician
 * Franjo Herljević
 * Lepa Brena, singer
 * Maya Sar, singer
 * Meša Selimović, writer
 * Milan Đurić, footballer
 * Mirza Delibašić, basketball player, Olympic, World and European champion, FIBA Hall of Fame member
 * Miralem Pjanić, footballer
 * Miroslav Tadić, musician
 * Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi, writer, poet
 * Muhamed Hadžiefendić, commander of Hadžiefendić Legion
 * Muhamed Konjić, retired football player
 * Nesim Tahirović, painter
 * Nefisa Berberović (born 3 July 1999) is a Bosnian tennis player.
 * Jusuf Nurkić, basketball player for Phoenix Suns
 * Sanja Maletić, singer
 * Siniša Martinović, professional ice hockey player
 * Svetlana Dašić-Kitić, retired handball player, Voted World Player of the Year 1988 by the International Handball Federation
 * Zlatan Saračević, retired Olympic athlete, European Indoor Championships 1980 Sindelfingen gold winner – shot put.

Twin towns – sister cities
Tuzla is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Beşiktaş, Turkey
 * 🇮🇹 Bologna, Italy
 * 🇪🇸 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
 * 🇦🇹 Linz, Austria
 * Osijek, Croatia
 * 🇭🇺 Pécs, Hungary
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Denis, France
 * 🇹🇷 Tuzla, Turkey

Partner cities

 * 🇷🇸 Novi Sad, Serbia

title: Tuzla


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Auxerre

Auxerre is the capital (prefecture) of the Yonne department and the fourth-largest city in the Burgundy historical region southeast of Paris. Auxerre's population today is about 35,000; the urban area (aire d'attraction) comprises roughly 113,000 inhabitants. Residents of Auxerre are referred to as Auxerrois.

Auxerre is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. It is also noted for its production of Burgundy wine, including Chablis. In 1995 Auxerre was named a "Town of Art and History".

Geography
Auxerre lies on the river Yonne and the Canal du Nivernais, about 150 km southeast of Paris and 120 km northwest of Dijon. The A6 autoroute (Paris–Lyon) passes northeast of the city. Auxerre-Saint-Gervais station has rail connections to Dijon, Paris, Corbigny and Avallon.

History
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, then called Autissiodorum, through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal counts of Auxerre.

Bourgeois activities accompanied the traditional land and wine cultivations starting from the twelfth century, and Auxerre developed into a commune with a Town Hall of its own. The Burgundian city, which became part of France under King Louis XI, suffered during the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of Religion. In 1567 it was captured by the Huguenots, and many of the Catholic edifices were damaged. The medieval ramparts were demolished in the 18th century.

In the 19th century numerous heavy infrastructures were built, including a railway station, a psychiatric hospital and the courts, and new quarters were developed on the right bank of the Yonne.

Until the early 20th century, Auxerre was one of the most prosperous cities in the department. But the local authorities of that period refused the railway that was subsequently set in the village of Migennes, and signed the economic decline of the town.

Archaeology
In June 2024, the French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research announced the discovery of a large Roman cemetery in Place du Maréchal Leclerc, Auxerre, France. The cemetery contains more than 250 burials of infants and stillborn babies. Some remains were buried in ceramic vessels and wooden coffins, while others were wrapped in textiles.

Main sights

 * Cathedral of St. Étienne (11th–16th centuries). In Gothic style, it has three doorways with bas-reliefs. There are stained-glass windows in the choir and the apsidal chapel. The 11th-century crypt houses the remains of the former Romanesque cathedral.
 * Abbey of Saint-Germain, existing from the 6th century. The crypt has some of the oldest mural paintings in France, and houses the tomb of the bishops of Auxerre. There is a chapter room (12th century), a cellar (14th century) and a cloister (17th century).
 * The Clock Tower, in the Old Town
 * The church of St. Pierre en Vallée (17th–18th centuries), established over a 6th-century abbey. In late Gothic style, it has a tower similar to that of the cathedral. Portions of the decorations and inner chapels were financed by local winegrowers.
 * Church of St. Eusèbe, founded in the 7th century. The nave was rebuilt in the 13th century, while the tower is in Romanesque style.

Notable people

 * Germanus of Auxerre (c. 378 – c. 442–448), bishop of Auxerre, missionary to Britain
 * William of Auxerre (died 1231), early High Scholastic theologian from Auxerre
 * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768–1830), mathematician, experimental physicist and politician, born in Auxerre
 * Paul Bert (1833–1886), physiologist and politician, born in Auxerre
 * Louis Amable Crapelet (1822–1867), water-colour painter, born in Auxerre
 * Théodore Frédéric Gaillardet, (1808–1882), journalist, publisher of French-language newspaper Courrier des États-Unis in New York City and mayor of Plessis-Bouchard, France, born in Auxerre
 * Eugène Hatin (1809–1893), historian and bibliographer
 * Saint Helladius (died 387), bishop of Auxerre
 * Paul Monceaux (1859–1941), historian, born in Auxerre
 * Benoît Mourlon (born 1988), footballer
 * Jean-Paul Rappeneau (1932), film director, born in Auxerre
 * Guy Roux (1938), coach of AJ Auxerre for more than 40 years, holding the French record of 894 games in Ligue 1

Specialties

 * Gougère – baked choux pastry made of dough mixed with cheese.
 * Kir – a traditional aperitif mixed drink from Burgundy wine (traditionally Bourgogne Aligoté) and blackcurrant liqueur.
 * Bœuf bourguignon – a typical main dish made of beef and vegetables.
 * Truffe bourguignonne – truffles from Burgundy.

Regional wines

 * Chablis wine: a white wine made exclusively of Chardonnay in the Chablis AOC
 * Saint-Bris AOC: the only white wine in Burgundy made of Sauvignon grapes, especially Sauvignon blanc and Sauvignon gris
 * Irancy: a red wine from the surrounding area made of Pinot noir
 * Bourgogne côte d'Auxerre: belonging to the Burgundy AOC (wine), it is made of Chardonnay for the white wine and Pinot noir for the red.
 * Crémant de Bourgogne: sparkling wine following the tradition of Champagne, Crémant de Bourgogne has a strong production in and around Auxerre.
 * Bourgogne Aligoté: dry wine. Aligoté is the second most popular grape variety grown in Burgundy after Chardonnay.

The whole region of Burgundy produces over 200 million bottles per year.

Twin towns – sister cities
Auxerre is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Greve in Chianti, Italy
 * 🇵🇱 Płock, Poland
 * 🏴 Redditch, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Roscoff, France
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Amarin, France
 * 🇩🇪 Worms, Germany

title: Auxerre


text:
Talk:Silvia Farina Elia

Untitled
Can someone verify these Grand Slam totals? http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/385730 shows 14 total Grand Slam wins, which doesn't match the count here. RickK | Talk 23:15, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * She has not won a Grandslam (yet) so this is not correct, see http://www.wtatour.com/players/playerprofiles/playerbio.asp?PlayerID=60061 Snoop 15:51, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silvia Farina Elia


text:
Talk:Traditional fry-up

Untitled
Irish breakfast entry had been removed and set up to point at "English breakfast". This isn't appropriate, but the entries can perhaps be combined, so moved them both here to traditional fry-up!

Could be tidied up a fair bit, some pics of glistening pig produce would be nice too.

Zoney 23:15, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

English breakfast is the most common name for this kind of breakfast. Throughotu the world English breakfast is listed on the menu.

English breakfast is not a particularly neutral title, especially considering that Irish breakfast is quite well known also. Throughout the world are Irish pubs, Irish food outlets and Irish people.

Traditional fry-up fits both.

Zoney 23:36, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

FWIW, I agree with Zoney. I see no reason not to make the "English breakfast" page redirect here. Traditional fry-up is a more neutral term. In Ireland, the contents of the meal are much the same as in England, but is called "Irish" rather than "English". Jim 22:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Traditional fry-up


text:
Senior chief petty officer

Senior Chief Petty Officer (SCPO) is an enlisted rank in the navies of some countries.

United States

U.S. Coast Guard senior chief petty officer collar device

U.S. Coast Guard senior chief petty officer insignia

Senior chief petty officer collar device

Senior chief petty officer shoulderboard

Senior chief petty officer with 12 years of service

Senior chief petty officer insignia

Senior chief petty officer is the eighth of nine enlisted rates in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, just above chief petty officer and below master chief petty officer, and is a noncommissioned officer. They are addressed as "Senior Chief" in most circumstances, or sometimes, less formally, as "Senior".

Advancement to senior chief petty officer is similar to that of chief petty officer. It carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, and peer review. In the Navy, it is the first promotion that is based entirely on proven leadership performance; test scores do not play a part. A chief petty officer can only advance to senior chief if a board of master chiefs approve, convened every year around March. Senior chief petty officers make up just 2.5% of the total enlisted force of the Navy and overall fall within the top 4% of the enlisted ranks.

In the Coast Guard, advancement to senior chief is similar to other advancements, in that candidates compete with other advancement-eligible chief petty officers. Advancement-eligible chief petty officers are prioritized based on written examination scores, evaluations, award points, time in service, and time in grade. Senior chief petty officers are then selected monthly from this prioritization list as positions become available.

As do chief petty officers, senior chief petty officers take on more advanced leadership duties in their new paygrade. In the Navy, their khaki uniform continues to reflect their responsibility level: It is similar to an officer's uniform, but with different insignia. (In the Coast Guard, petty officers, chief petty officers, warrant officers, and commissioned officers all wear similar uniforms.)

Like petty officers, every chief has both a rate (rank) and rating (job, similar to an MOS in other branches). A chief's full title is a combination of the two. Thus, a senior chief petty officer with the rating of machinist's mate would properly be called a senior chief machinist's mate, the abbreviation of which is MMCS.

Each rating has an official abbreviation, such as MM for machinist's mate, QM for quartermaster, and YN for yeoman. The rating and the rate combined give the abbreviation of a senior chief's full title, such as BMCS for senior chief boatswain's mate. In the expanded form, the title of senior chief always precedes the rating. It is not uncommon practice to refer to a senior chief petty officer by this shorthand in all but the most formal correspondence (such as printing and inscription on awards).

The rating insignia for a senior chief is an eagle with spread wings above three chevrons. The chevrons are topped by a rocker that goes behind the eagle (or "crow", as it is commonly called). An inverted star (similar to the stars on the sleeves of line officers) is above the eagle. This is used on the dress blue uniform. On all other uniforms, the insignia used is the one that has become universally accepted as the symbol of the chief petty officer: a fouled (entwined in the anchor chain) gold anchor superimposed with a silver "USN" in the Navy or a silver shield in the Coast Guard. As in the dress blue insignia, the anchor is capped by an down-pointing star.

In the Navy, officers and chiefs are referred to as "khakis". This is a reference to the color of one of their most common uniforms and is a direct contrast to those in paygrades E-6 and below ("blueshirts").

Command senior chief petty officer
As of 2005 and after a pilot program taking place on three mine countermeasures ships, the Navy started appointing senior chiefs to command roles. Until this time, senior chiefs had a senior enlisted leadership role in the submarine force as chiefs of the boat. This new effort works to formalize leadership at the senior chief level. In July 2015, the rate was formally established as a rating. Before it had been a billet instead of a rating.

The USCG also has the grade of Command Senior Chief Petty Officer (Silver Badge).

Irish Naval Service
Senior chief petty officer (Irish: Ard-Mhion-Oifigeach Sinsearach) is a rank in the Irish Naval Service. The rank is deemed equivalent to a member of the NATO armed forces ranked E-8, making it the equivalent of a senior chief petty officer in the US Navy or a warrant officer class 2 in the Royal Navy. The rank is one grade below an Irish warrant officer.

The SCPO rank being the equivalent to Battalion or Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant causes some confusion when operating together with the Irish Army and Air Corps. The Quartermaster or logistical function is primary role of all BQMS/RQMS (OR-8) in the Irish Army and Air Corps. This is not so with the Irish Naval Service, many of their SCPOs (OR-8) have a purely line role. Line being the term used by the Irish Defence Forces to describe the default military role or non logistical role of the NCO.

All SCPOs have a specialist role such as Seaman, Engine Room Artificer, or Logistical Operator. There are only a very few Senior Chiefs, and they occupy roles of great importance within their respective branches. They are key members of the senior enlisted leadership, and are most often working directly for an Officer Commanding a large sub-unit as an advisor to Officer Commanding and as a senior personnel manager.

title: Senior chief petty officer


text:
Jón Thoroddsen junior

Jón Thoroddsen (18 February 1898 – 1 January 1925) was an Icelandic poet and playwright.

Early life
Jón was born in Ísafjörður in the West Fjords region of Iceland. One of thirteen children, his parents were sýslumaður Skúli Thoroddsen and poet Theodóra Guðmundsdóttir Thoroddsen. Jón graduated from Reykjavík Junior College in 1918, studied at the University of Copenhagen in 1919, and completed the law exam at the University of Iceland in 1924.

Career
In 1922, Jón published Flugur, a collection of short texts that scholars have since identified as the first collection of prose poetry in the Icelandic language. Prior to the publication of Flugur, prose poetry was rare in Icelandic literature. Thus, Jón's work was an important contribution to Icelandic modernism. The same year, he also published the three-act play María Magdalena and he published a number of other pieces in the Icelandic periodicals Eimreiðin, Iðunn, and Skírnir.

Outside of his literary activities, Jón was an active member of Iceland's Social Democratic Party. He was the party's candidate in the Norður-Ísafjarðarsýsla district in the 1923 parliamentary election but lost, receiving 30.67% of the vote.

Death and legacy
Jón was hit by a tram in Copenhagen on 24 December 1924. He died a week later at the age of 26 on 1 January 1925. In 1933, Tómas Guðmundsson composed the elegy "Jón Thoroddsen. Cand. jur. In Memoriam," which is thought to be one of Iceland's greatest elegies.

Flugur was republished in 1986 and again in 2002 by Icelandic publisher JPV. The collection was also translated into English and published alongside the work of his mother Theodóra in 2020.

title: Jón Thoroddsen junior