text:
Talk:Unicorn

" which some translations have erroneously rendered with the word unicorn "
An earlier version said that the Bible contains a word "re'em" "which some translations have erroneously rendered with the word unicorn".

This sentence takes the definitive position that this translation was wrong, when in fact, this is debatable and in fact not supported by very strong evidence.

The oldest Greek and Latin translations translate this word as unicorn, which is pretty strong evidence that it meant this, since these translations were done when Biblical Hebrew was still a living language or shortly thereafter. The basis for the arguments that the word "re'em" did not mean "unicorn" was because another ancient Middle Eastern language is known to have a word "rimu" which meant wild ox. However, merely because another nearby language had a word that shared two consonants does not mean they were variations of the same word. For example, English word "parrot" is very similar to the Spanish word "perro", but these words refer to completely different animals and are etymologically unrelated. In sum, there is not enough evidence to definitively say that the translation of "re'em" as "unicorn" was wrong. The article should instead merely state that some versions translate the word as unicorn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atomicporcupine88 (talk • contribs) 03:56, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Recommended addition to Heraldic Supporters
The Rothschild family uses lion & unicorn supporters on their family arms as granted by the Emperor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.164.87.162 (talk) 10:08, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 4 April 2018
Unicorns are born with their horns already developed 86.177.127.31 (talk) 17:56, 4 April 2018 (UTC)
 * ❌. No source presented. Not a serious edit request. Deor (talk) 18:23, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 May 2018
krishna chandra kheti is the most intelligent person 2405:205:1580:9366:171:55DE:3BA3:F326 (talk) 15:42, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. L293D (☎ • ✎) 15:59, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 June 2018
plz let me edit i have more info about unicorns Omgaunicorn (talk) 07:42, 11 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Please state the change you want made, citing a reliable source if appropriate. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 08:26, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

Indus Valley Civilization Entry
The theory about the unicorn seal representing an auroch in profile, and thus hiding the second horn behind the first, has one problem: the Unicorn Seal is one of five, and one of the others is a Bull. This shows the bull, despite being drawn in profile, as having two horns offset from one another. The cultural artistic style of the "Harappans" was not necessarily limited in the manner suggested, although it of course remains a possible explanation. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#/media/File:IndusValleySeals.JPG — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.167.220.254 (talk) 17:59, 28 July 2018 (UTC)

Agree. The examples provided unequivocally show two horns, clearly an ox/aurochs type of animal. So why are these even used here? It makes the whole Indus Valley section seem as apocryphal as the unicorn itself. BenEsq (talk) 21:40, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

"Possible origins" section
The entire "possible origins" section appears to be a mix of WP:SYNTH, WP:OR, and reliance on WP:FRINGE sources. The section appears to be leftover from when proponents of the pseudoscience of cryptozoology ran rampant on the site, slapping together 'possible origins' for complex figures and going more or less unquestioned. If someone can find a reliable source on this topic, such as an academic, then please produce a section built around that source. In the mean time, I'm removing this section. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:16, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree that the section was either unsourced or poorly-sourced. The listed species simply bear a passing resemblance to the unicorn or have had their horns presented as unicorn horns, with no evidence that they are the origin of the myth. –dlthewave ☎ 17:35, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

It's not totally unreasonable to suggest that there was an animal as big as a horse with one horn. The mythological origins seem to be french/norman. The transformation from a 'big as a horse with one horn' into a creature with magical curative properties and only appears to virgins is a fairly modern invention. My guess is that it started around 16th-19th century with the massive explosion in the germanic world in the interest surrounding curio. English mythologists claim that the unicorn is a uniquely british myth and use, for example, heraldic armour on a war horse in paintings or a man holding a spear with the spear tip passing behind the head of the horse as proof of English origins for the unicorn. Early Scottish heraldry included a man riding a horse, holding a spear and this appears to have been reduced to the unicorn after the conquest of Scotland. Unicorns are usually used to mark fantasy as being of a distinctly British origin, for example Anne McCaffrey's novels however there is no evidence that the mythology has a British origin.

Unicorns dont appear in the matter of britain which is somewhat the equivalent of the british version of the Iliad, a collection of various stories, theatrical performances and king making myths that worked. Modern authors have worked the Unicorn into the Arthurian legends so that people mistake unicorns for belonging to the matter of Britain. 175.36.91.0 (talk) 09:16, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

Main Article Picture Change
The picture up at the top shows what appears to be a Mesopotamian winged auroch, or bull. While I understand that the article discusses the connections between aurochs and unicorns, perhaps a more unambiguous depiction of a unicorn would suit the page better. Additionally, the animal in the picture has wings, and "Winged Unicorn" has its' own separate page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Diatryma (talk • contribs) 20:57, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree, there must be a better image representing a "Unicorn" (without wings) for this page. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 21:03, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Even this is better than whats there. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 21:06, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Siberian rhinoceros
This article suggests that the 4-ton Siberian rhino (Elasmotherium sibericum), which survived until at least 39,000 years ago, may have been the earliest inspiration for the legendary unicorn: 'Siberian unicorn' walked Earth with humans. Cheers, Rowan Forest (talk) 01:19, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

True and there is some overlap in the Elasmotherium article. 175.36.91.0 (talk) 08:44, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

This is no longer a part of this article due to a single vandal.

edit request on 12 December 2018
Hi, i would like to edit this page because i love wikipedia and i have found a reliable source to cange/edit some things please change unicorns are not real to unicorns are real here is my source https://www.thesprucepets.com/are-unicorns-real-1885833 make sure you check it out and let me know -mystery for now!! 2600:100E:B101:F835:406C:58C:C784:7C3F (talk) 00:20, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: the last line of that page says that "So while myth and song may be filled with the lore and legend of the unicorn, actual science leaves us little to work with.", meaning that there is little evidence in "actual science" that unicorns are real DannyS712 (talk) 00:59, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

Missing are modern-day examples
Long ago, I read some articles about modern-day animals found with a single horn. If true, then this would lend credence to the past existence of similar one-horned animals. These examples I read about where considered rare, or anomalies, animals expected to have two horns but had one instead. Can someone with knowledge of these please add them to the article? For they are certainly examples of note and are beyond notable to the common reader, and even to the scientific community. Misty MH (talk) 11:08, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

 * One other thing: The rhinoceros is an animal that can be single-horned or dual-horned, and quite impressive. Misty MH (talk) 11:16, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
 * And one example is "Rhinoceros unicornis". Misty MH (talk) 11:22, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Etymology
It's a bit strange that neither the article nor any section on this Talk page (or its archive) go into the etymology of the word. That it means "one-horn", from Latin ūnus (one, single) and cornu (horn), translating Greek monokerōs. At simple:Unicorn this is mentioned in the very first paragraph. --77.173.90.33 (talk) 23:56, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 April 2019
The last sentence of In Antiquity should be deleted. 2607:FEA8:4CDF:DB52:D136:688B:E0CA:78A5 (talk) 22:23, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Why ?   -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 22:30, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Unicorns are real
one peace of corn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.30.85.100 (talk) 20:56, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II as used in Scotland
Shouldn't this be something like "Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II used as Queen Elizabeth I in/of Scotland? There are 2 kingdoms, England & Wales and Scotland, and QEII of England is also QEI of Scotland. This is because in the Elizabethan age Queen Bess was only Queen of England, but never of Scotland.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.160.150 (talk) 10:12, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

 * This was ruled on by the government prior to Elizabeth's coronation, who agreed on a "higher number" convention. So England will never have a James III, IV, V, VI or VII because Scotland already used those numbers. 134.58.253.56 (talk) 10:32, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Ainkhurn listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ainkhurn. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 07:57, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Unicorns were real, but now extinct
There is an article on them here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmotherium — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.179.159.63 (talk) 05:39, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * There used to be some content about Elasmotherium in the article, but it was removed in this edit as poorly sourced. Deor (talk) 12:51, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Wow. Quite ridiculous to remove it. There is a lot of media attention about this, and, yet again, Wikipedia are made to look quite poor. 58.179.159.63 (talk) 14:40, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That media is mostly unreliable and influenced by cryptozoology. There's no evidence that Elasmotherium influenced the legend of the unicorn, if anything living rhinoceroses from India and/or Africa did.--Ermenrich (talk) 15:51, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

I checked through the history, and this fact was included in this article for over 4 years, until one person, acting alone, deleted the whole thing for no particular reason. That's vandalism surely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.179.159.63 (talk) 23:46, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The reason it was removed is explained in the edit summary.—Ermenrich (talk)

False reason given.

Semi-protected edit request on 1 March 2020
It should mention that the one-horned rhinoceros is commonly believed to be the basis of the unicorn myth. This article used to mention it but a single vandal deleted years of research in a single edit. 58.179.159.63 (talk) 18:45, 1 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The reason was explained in the edit summary. Please point to some reliable sources that we can use to support this. – Thjarkur (talk) 20:45, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 April 2020
this article has incorrectly stated the facts about unicorns they have also not mentioned its relation to the Pegasus Alia.franz (talk) 20:14, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

yall are idiots unicorns are not real — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alia.franz (talk • contribs) 20:15, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  JTP (talk • contribs) 21:45, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 July 2020
Change to entrapment- Addition

Hildegarde von Bingen and Thomas of Cantripe, among others, imply in their tel lings of a unicorn's capture that the animal is skilled in detecting a true virgin at sight. In some stories if the huntress is not truly a virgin she will be killed by the unicorn.

Citation:Shepard, O. The Lore of the Unicorn. Random House UK Ltd. London.1996. p 50. ISBN 0 09 185 135 1 121.215.195.158 (talk) 11:39, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. The reference could not be verified against the claim made ~ Amkgp  💬  11:41, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 July 2020
It is scientifically proven that unicorns exsist! There is footage of this animal... They have been spotted near homes in Linden MI and Canada-therefore unicorns are real. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C48:647F:EC81:CC44:6893:CEAD:8374 (talk) 21:47, 19 July 2020 (UTC) unicorns can be fond but they are not wut you exspekt they livd in the years of the wole mamith mabey you can find one like in moves and books let find out.but it is hard to do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A000:1130:61CC:50D6:3F55:A84B:D1B1 (talk) 21:02, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Grammar or Quotation?
The following paragraph has several grammatical errors that I was going to rectify but then wondered if author intended them as direct quotes. If so then shouldn't "(sic)" be employed? It also occurred to me that perhaps author is ESL.

[I tried to investigate source but couldn't access it. Apologies for any errors I have made. I'm no scholar and try to limit my edits to typos and basic grammar fixes. I hesitate to change anything substantial especially when I am not an expert in given field. This is 1st time I've added to a discussion.]

Shanhaijing (117) also mentioned Bo-horse (Chinese: 駮馬; pinyin: bómǎ), a chimera horse with ox tail, single horn, white body, and its sound like person calling. The creature is lived at Honest-head Mountain. Guo Pu in his jiangfu said that Bo-horse able to walk on water. Another similar creature also mentioned in Shanhaijing (80) to live in Mount Winding-Centre as Bo (Chinese: 駮; pinyin: bó), but with black tail, tiger's teeth and claws, and also devour leopards and tigers.[42] SharikaRed (talk) 13:48, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * That text was added in December 2015. It is likely that ESL is the problem—it does not look like a quote to me. Ideally one would check the source but that would be difficult so I guess cleaning the grammar would be best. Johnuniq (talk) 01:34, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

"Draft:DJTruthsayer" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Draft:DJTruthsayer. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 21:12, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2021
Narwhal, may be, of the negotiation of practical factuality, the origination scenario, of, the creature upon which brazen phoenecians, rode, whilst not, gathering from up the sea bed, nutritious foodies, spongeness, and, pearls, and, the other permutatives as can be supposed, of, activities of times long past.

The noteworthy problem, of, whether Unicorn's ceased to exist on account of their being precluded from Noah, (of biblical notoriety), as, at, the operant, tensation, pertains, the Word of God, that the voyage he amounted to, as operant, to evade, the judgement, and, fulfill, the prophecy, and, assuage also, the faithful, (with the exception of his son, Ham, whose trials, will be explored further in,), that the earth shall not, nay ever be destroyed, except, and, save for,

That Ham, the unlike problem, of, the arrival, of Noah's foundedness, at the drink and, naked, as of the days, of, Adam's youth, and, brought, to an inflammation of cursory, of, the kind, so as to cast Ham, to, the outlands, with the avowed protection of God, that he do no wrong before his sight,

Until such time, as the calamities known reckoned by Fatima, be fulfilled, and, Ham rule all the earth, at, his opprobrium, considering, the unlike son, at the ramparts, as can be considered to have occurred variously, at the cycles, of, the generations, to be,

In power and awe, before the testimony, as beyond reproach, and, the effect elaboration of, the sound of the praise and glory of God who had protected him all, through and throughout the ages,

That, the elaboration, some these nodules, and, noodles, have been long known, the inner most vagary, of, the diffidence considering, the father, and, the nimrod, at times, and, terms, where the huntness was meek, and, the townsfolke cowardly, at, to, and, pertains,

That the son, be at besmirch the fathers, and, operant, to expedite, the 'sons of perdition', to unlike manners, ways, and, methodologies, considering, the fathers,

Do, we consider, anew, the Narwhal, at, it's majestic simplicity, considering, the defacto, juxt, the rumoured, and, what, can be extolled, the either intersect, on, the high day, of, Holy unction, at, the Jubilee of Easter, the week beyond, as, considering,

The Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who repaired we us from these reckonings, and, sealed the bible anew, that, the 'curse' of the law, be, from we us out rebuked, except for the end time, where, the truth be known, of, the prophecy, e'en before, the Heathen, of, the yield of Hams protagony, as, that, and, how, to, reprove, the faith, restored, and, affirm protege exacted. Preposter (talk) 01:19, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ (talk) 03:05, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

What mythology does the Unicorn actually belong?
I've seen it listed as Greek (though the article does say it has never existed in Greek Myth), Roman, and Persian.

Then there is the issue of Monoceros, should be the Monoceros be considered a imported version of the Unicorn described by the Greeks? Similar to the case of the Greek Sphinx.74.124.162.10 (talk) 04:47, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Indus Valley Civilization
I have reverted edits that gave prominence to some seals of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) on this page. There is no evidence of a mythology of a unicorn-like beast in IVC. The use of the "unicorn" by colonial archaeologists in the 1930s in describing some seals depicting animals in profile (and thus showing a single horn) is no different than the use of "unicornis" in the specific epithet in taxonomy. See Schizura unicornis, for example; it indicates no mythology, only a latter-day simile. There is a reason that most authors on IVC-related topics place "unicorn" within quotes. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  15:22, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I have of course reverted this wild POV OR. Perhaps you haven't actually read the passage and the source, by your pal Jonathan Mark Kenoyer? This specifically gives the IVC unicorn as the (admittedly indirect) origin of the "European" unicorn.  If you were better read in IVC literature you'd know this in common among scholars, & the fact you don't like it, no doubt mainly due to issues from modern South Asian politics, matters not at all.  It is not a matter of "mythology" - of course we only have the visual evidence for that. But how do you account for the unicorn being the most common image on Indus seals, other than there being "a mythology of a unicorn-like beast in IVC".  That we have no details of what the mythology was in literary terms doesn't matter.Johnbod (talk) 15:29, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * We have no idea what function the seals had in IVC; most are unused; there could have been a stylistic preference among the artists employed for rendering a zebu bull or an Indian stag in profile. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  17:04, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * And I have rereverted per BRD. All you seem to be doing is flogging Mark Kenoyer's captions in a volume on an Exhibition at the Met.  That is hardly a reliable source.  Please find a discussion of it in standard IVC sources.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:33, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Kenoyer is highly reliable. Reverting again, and DON'T EDIT-WAR. Johnbod (talk) 15:35, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The paragraph added to the article by Johnbod and summarized prominently in the lead is based pretty much on a long caption of a picture. Here it is. The publication is a coffee-table book accompanying an exhibition, "First Cities," at the Met in 2003 or thereabouts.  To give it such prominence, we would need a predominance of archaeologists to have interpreted it so.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  16:05, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Let's translate from Fowlerese: "is based pretty much on a long caption of a picture catalogue entry. Here it is. The publication is a coffee-table book accompanying an exhibition door-stopper scholarly exhibition catalogue for the exhibition, "First Cities,"  "Art of the First Cities", held at at the Met in 2003 or thereabouts  (May to August)."  A different catalogue entry by another expert is also cited.  This lady is one of  the short list of IVC academics who retain Fowler's approbation (for now anyway). Perhaps that helps? Or this (the whole of Chapter 6)? Johnbod (talk) 16:14, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * It doesn't make any difference. Where is this book cited in the scholarly literature in relation to IVC?  Its Google Scholar citations are pretty much all to non-IVC topics: Gilgamesh; Sumer; even Crete.  The few there are, are by JMK himself. I am suggesting that there was an artistic convention for depicting the plentiful animals around; there was no mythology whose depictions the conventions constituted.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  17:04, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Gregory L. Possehl says pretty much the same in The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, p. 131: The Indus Unicorn: A Real or “Fantastic” Animal? There has been some discussion of the one-horned “bull” on the seals, usually called a “unicorn.” The question centers on whether this is a real animal, with the single horn shown for purposes of artistic perspective, or is it fantastic, a creation of the Indus mind? Mahadevan’s concordance lists 1,159 seals with this device, so it must have been important." C. Grigson is a recent proponent of the fantastic animal hypothesis, which is not without merit. But most others, including Marshall and Mackay, agree that “the artist intended to represent one horn behind the other.” This point of view is supported by the fact that there are a few seals with unicorn-type bulls with two horns.

On the other hand, the original reference to the Indian unicorn was made by Ctesias the Cnidian, a Greek physician resident for seventeen years (c. 415-398 B.c.) in the Achaemenid court under Darius II and Artaxerxes Memnon." There are also terracotta figurines that look like bulls with one horn coming out of the middle of the forehead from Harappa, Chanhu-daro, and Lothal.” In the end, I believe that the single horn on the unicorn seals was an artistic convention. This implies that the animal is probably a real bull and that the unicorn of India as reported by Ctesias is a separate matter. That I believe is a summary of the consensus.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  17:18, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't! Modern museum web pages, like the BM & the Met (cited in the article), who follow these matters, describe it as a unicorn. And Possehl seems confused about Marshall, quoted at length in the Kennoyer 2017 chapter, who thought it was a single horn, though Mackay didn't.  We might add a carefully phrased mention of ongoing controversy (though the Possehl is now how old exactly?) but just removing all mention of IVC, as you have continually sought to do, is outrageous POV, and will not stand.  Kenoyer (2017) cites various other sources I haven't explored.  Johnbod (talk) 18:13, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I have corrected what appeared to have been an (unintentional) misrepresentation of Kenoyer. Recent publications in peer-reviewed publications are always superior to old entries in art-catalogs. Thanks, TrangaBellam (talk) 20:43, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Just to be more clear: Kenoyer (2013) expresses uncertainty about the validity of his 1998 theory (which he reproduced in the 2003 Met-catalog) of unicorn-motif-circulation, disassociates from it, and reverts to a far-critical stance. I don't know of any more-recent publications where JMK has gone back to the 1998 hypothesis. TrangaBellam (talk) 21:00, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * P.S. : Parpola (obviously) disputes Kenoyer and crafts a link with Hindu iconography. TrangaBellam (talk) 21:24, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * , why do you feel a lack of need to take part in talk-page discussions? For your "convenience", I am quoting the passage (p. 122): TrangaBellam (talk) 05:39, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * That is both insulting and completely untrue - I made no fewer than 8 posts to this page yesterday, far more than you ever have. I suggest you look at the insanity on Talk:Priest-King (sculpture) and other pages he has followed me to if you want to understand why I am reluctant to encourage F&F by responding to every new bit of OR. Your edit left a citation to a book where Kenoyer said exactly the opposite of your text. Johnbod (talk) 17:45, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Following Johnbod? I did nothing of the sort. The IVC page is what I have been keeping an eye on for aeons. I had never paid attention to the unicorn page, certainly never heard of the IVC unicorn, i.e. the one without quotes, until an editor user:Abductive added a sentence, "It is believed that the legend of the unicorn arose in the Indus Valley Civilisation. " to the IVC page on 25 July 2021 in this edit.  I reverted it soon after.  I then went to the Unicorn page. There was a section on the IVC. The section had only one reliable reference.  It was the book Animals in Stone: Indian animals sculptured through time, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2008, p. 41. by the Dutch paleontologist Alexandra van der Geer. But she said, "A large number [of seals] seem to depict some kind of unicorn, but this is in my view a misunderstanding.  The image is better interpreted as an aurochs in profile with its typically long, forward curving horn." On the basis of those two sentences, I removed the section.  It led to a talk page post by Abductive and a discussion which Johnbod seemed to join instantly and with much more vehemence than the original poster, leaving me perplexed. Until then I had no idea that Johnbod had ever edited Unicorn, much less had any attachment to IVC there. I still don't. In that unicorn-less state, the page lay for a month until yesterday when in a series of short quick vaguely worded edits Johnbod added the morass back but this time cited only to the coffee-table volume. Notably absent was Alexandra van der Geer.  Notably present was Mark K's wrung-polishing in the coffee-table book's infirm ladder of connections. Wrung polishing  = long captions of pictures.  Calling them "catalog entries" doesn't make them any more reliable. Whose catalog? The Met's? When had the Met gone excavating in the dusty Indus riverbanks? The Priest-king (sculpture) and Pashupati seal pages are similar.  Someone spun off these pages not long ago.  Johnbod ran with them in the same short, quick, impressionistic, edits, and turned them into DYKs.  Lo and behold. I became aware of the poor sourcing and rewrote the lead. Again, a month later Johnbod reverted.  Never once did he thank me for finding the two crucial images on the page. It has led to an uneasy peace there about the first sentence, a compromise of sorts.  I suspect it may have to do with differing standards in history and art history, the latter being much more lax and vague. But the IVC is a history page, a pre-history one, to be precise. It has left us an undeciphered script. We have to be doubly rigorous. I know Indian history.  Obviously not every bit of it.  But I have read enough to have a good enough feel for it. I can smell out the ahistorical bits from miles away. Johnbod is not the first editor I have so countered, nor I'm sure will he be the last.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  21:56, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * And we're away! Just to keep one foot in reality, Pashupati seal has existed since 2013, & I first edited it (pics and categories initially) in 2015.  Afaik it has never been on DYK (no notice on the talk). I'm curious to know how the failings of various Indian governments will turn out to be at the root of issues here.  Johnbod (talk) 23:33, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I have just read the description in the history section: "with a body more like a cow than a horse, and a curved horn that goes forward, then up at the tip." I am tired, having driven 90 minutes through driving rain in Henri's tail, but speaking of tails, it is not a horse for sure, as IVC was pre-equine. Rather, it is the aurochs, now extinct, whose European clade Bos primigenius or somesuch was very much around in IVC.  The famous horns, preserved in museums, went out and up, then forward and in, and finally in and up (the tip forming a hook).  I believe Bridget Allchin and Raymond Allchin mention the aurochs in their all too brief treatment of Indus art in their magnum opus. The aurochs both the European and the Indian were the wild cattle of the Indus. Anyway, my vacation is over.  By tomorrow evening I should have my books.  I'll take another look.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  02:41, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * If you can read German, see Franke-Vogt, Ute (1991) Die Glyptik aus Mohenjo-Daro. Uniformität und Variabilität in der Induskultur: Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Ikonographie und räumlichen Verteilung I. p. 62-64. Baghdader Forschungen: 13. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern. TrangaBellam (talk) 06:11, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't read German. What does it say?
 * In order for the Indus unicorn to receive such prominent mention in the lead, we need to be clear about two things: a) what is the object in the seal(s)? and b) what was it used for? I'm worrying about a) here.  Not only Possehl, but many others consider the Indus "unicorn" to be a hump-less bull in profile, the single horn, much like the single ear, an aspect of a widely observed convention among artisans. Adam Green, for example in his article, "Killing the Priest-King" (2021), says, "'Indus seal engravings constitute the majority of Indus iconography, depicting bulls, buffalo, bison, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, and chimeras, often along with a stylized object that appears to be a manger or trough (Fig. 7). The majority of Indus seals are engraved with “unicorns,” bulls in profile that were depicted with a single horn and wearing blankets and ornaments (Kenoyer 2013). Most also share a standardized shape—square faces with a height and width of ~2.5 cm."  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  09:52, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * As stated earlier in my post about aurochs, Bridget Allchin and Raymond Allchin in their Rise of civilization in India and Pakistan, Cambridge, 1982, say, "The number [of seals] so far discovered in excavation must be around 2000. Of these the great majority have an animal engraved on them, and a short inscription. The animal most frequently encountered is a humpless bull, shown in profile with its horns superimposed on each other and pointing forward (Fig.8.17). From this feature, it has generally been called a unicorn. In front of the beast stands a short decorated post, variously interpreted as a standard, manger or even an incense-burner. The animal interests us for two reasons: first because it would appear to be a relation of Bos primigenius rather than of Bos indicus," I should add too that in my formulation above, a) and b) are independent, ie knowing one does not help us to know the other.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  10:16, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Possehl (2002) argues the unicorn to be a real hump-less bull in profile, depicted artistically. Franke-Vogt takes a similar line, identifies the figure with Bos primigenius primigenius but notes this identification to be a topic of "controversy".

 * Kenoyer (2013) takes objection. He is satisfied that the seals depict a mythological one-horned animal. Whether that has any continuum with the Unicorn myth, that went on to propagate in different parts of the world, is unknown. Marta Ameri (2013) notes the motif to be the "so-called" unicorn but feels that Kenoyer's (2013) reasoning is "probably correct".

 * Parpola (2011) unifies these disparate strands and provides many interesting arguments but they shall be read with a grain of salt. TrangaBellam (talk) 10:37, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks TrangaBellam. Will keep your summary in mind. The problem here is that we are an encyclopedia.  What we say needs to jibe with other tertiary sources, i.e. (i) dictionaries and (ii) widely-read textbooks (in this instance on IVC), not monographs.  It is essential per the WP:TERTIARY). We can't spam the lead with the interpretations of a few journal articles, or book chapters. There is consensus in (a) (all three major dictionaries of the English language:
 * the OED (last updated for this entry in 1924) here) says, "A fabulous and legendary animal usually regarded as having the body of a horse with a single horn projecting from its forehead (cf. sense 3 note); the monoceros of the ancients. The unicorn has at various times been identified or confused with the rhinoceros, with various species of antelope, or with other animals having a horn (or horns) or horn-like projection from the head.
 * Its smaller but more updated Oxford Dictionary of English (2010), here, says, "A mythical animal typically represented as a horse with a single straight horn projecting from its forehead. 1.1 A heraldic representation of a unicorn, with a twisted horn, a deer's feet, a goat's beard, and a lion's tail."
 * the Chambers 21st century dictionary (here), "unicorn noun 1 a mythical animal in the form of a horse (usually a white one) with a long straight spiralled horn growing from its forehead. 2 heraldry a representation of such an animal, especially as a charge or supporter of the Royal Arms of Great Britain or of Scotland." and
 * Webster's Third International Unabridged (here),"a fabulous animal possibly based on faulty old descriptions of the rhinoceros and generally depicted (as in heraldry) with the body and head of a horse, the hind legs of a stag, the tail of a lion, and in the middle of the forehead a single long straight horn held to be a sovereign remedy against poisoning"
 * But none make any mention of Indus or aurochs unicorn. The journal articles or articles in edited monographs, or research monographs are useless at this stage. I will examine the widely-used textbooks: Allchin and Allchin, Wright, Possehl, Kenoyer (Ancient Cities of ...), and Coningham and Young (2015) when I have them later this evening. But from everything I know and remember, the IVC cannot be in the lead, let alone be the second sentence.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  12:48, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 September 2021
2405:6E00:12BF:5201:6D8E:93CC:F4D7:B84A (talk) 05:20, 18 September 2021 (UTC) Unicorns are not real…that’s all. The next thing you are going to be seeing is dots. ………..
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (talk) 06:12, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Revert
I don't quite understand this revert Hobbitschuster (talk) 17:24, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * As the "Sports" section of Unicorn (disambiguation) shows, the Schwäbisch Hall team is hardly the only team to use the unicorn as its mascot. This article is about the fabulous beast itself and is not the place to list everything that has ever been named for it. A reading of Manual of Style/Trivia sections might be in order. Deor (talk) 17:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Incorrect location given for photograph used in 'Heraldry' section
The location of a photograph used on this page denotes an incorrect location in the caption - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Licorne_Edimbourg_Scotland.JPG

It is not located at Edinburgh Castle, it is at Holyrood Palace (officially known as "The Palace of Holyroodhouse").

Sources:
 * https://www.rct.uk/discover/family-activities/unicorns (official Holyrood Palace website)
 * https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-unicorn-at-palace-of-holyroodhouse-holyrood-edinburgh-scotland-108452063.html

18:25, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅. Thanks for pointing out the error. Deor (talk) 19:21, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Spurious precision
700 mm sounds ridiculous, like ‘between 699 mm and 701 mm’. Write something reasonable like 7 dm or .7 m. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.67.227.181 (talk) 19:58, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Iranian carving looks more like a winged bull
Where is the citation that the carving from Shush is meant to be a winged unicorn? It looks a lot like a winged bull in profile, with one horn hiding the other. Winged bulls appear elsewhere in the Fertile Crescent civilizations. 2601:441:4900:A6E0:68F8:5196:2CC9:1DFE (talk) 16:49, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Hornless unicorn
I created the section as a landing spot for a redirect that has been discussed for almost 2 months now (with no end in sight) at. If nothing else has come out of it, it's that a hornless unicorn is not a horse, though contemporary imagery has started to depict unicorns as "horses with a horn". Historic imagery never depicted unicorns as horses (with horns). If you want to say it is so in wikivoice, then you need to provide a source for that.

Having researched the Earls of Rutland, I will tell you some things I found out. (You can easily find the references yourself to satisfy your questions.) The family used unicorns in their family symbols (insignia, coats of arms, etc.) and many of the earl/duke Rutlands were buried with unicorns depicted in their monuments. Henry Manners' father Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland was buried with a unicorn at his feet; later the unicorn horn had broken off. Based on the sources I read (and there are more online about Thomas than Henry) there is no doubt that the Thomas monument was built to depict a unicorn. Henry Manners's monument also had a unicorn at his feet. The various references I found mentioned that Thomas' unicorn had a broken horn, but they do not mention a broken horn on Henry's unicorn; it has curly hair where a horn would be. (Who knows, maybe they decided to save themselves the trouble of making something so easily broken... but I digress.) Both unicorns have cloven feet and a goat's beard. In addition, Henry's has an ox-tail/lion-tail (Thomas' uni tail is not visible). These animal characteristics, even without a horn, the family symbology, and the similarity of the burial monuments, suggests the animal at Henry Manners' feet is a unicorn and not a horse. The elements (goat beard, cloven hooves, ox-tail) were the common depiction of a unicorn in that period.

Same with the The Lady and the Unicorn tapestry figure. The small figure that the sources call a "young unicorn" and a "baby unicorn" also has cloven hooves, a goat's beard, and an ox-tail. That figure doesn't appear on the other 5 tapestries, and does not look like the various dogs, all of which have toes, shorter tails with no tufts, and no beards. That figure is definitely not a dog. Again, it is a classic unicorn styled figure of the time period.

Lastly, the purpose of the children's story was to bring it closer to contemporary time period. In the story, the young hornless unicorn is repeatedly mistaken for a horse and vehemently denies it at each instance. However, the unicorn has magic and flies, even without her horn.

What I did not provide was a source or content about a hornless unicorn being a horse... because I could not find any. I'm sure there are some sources somewhere which describe how contemporary unicorns have been depicted as "horses with a horn", and by corollary consider a hornless unicorn a horse. Someone else can find that and include it in the section. ▶ I am Grorp ◀ 06:48, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm going out, but if what you say is true, you should be able to find proper WP:RS, which you haven't. The kid's book is certainly not needed either way. Johnbod (talk) 12:39, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see how the tapestry would support this addition. Even if the figures were explicitly labelled as young/baby unicorn, aren't there many horned animals whose young don't immediately have horns? We don't have a "hornless goats" section to cover baby goats. Even if there's a redirect for "hornless unicorn" that goes here, I don't think it means we are required to have this section if there's not actual sources to support it. One instance of a statue with no horn doesn't seem like enough in my opinion. -- Fyrael (talk) 14:41, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed - all horned animals I think. If you can find a source saying unicorns were believed to have been hornless at birth, by all means add that. After looking again at the tapestries, of which we have good images, I still think the small animal is a dog, and the same dog as sits on a cushion in Mon Seul Desir. I'll concede the alabaster effigy, but this was presumably done because a horn there would have been too vulnerable to breaks. Johnbod (talk) 04:00, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Are we even looking at the same figure? I'm looking at figure 1, and you think it's the same creature as figure 2? Figure 2 looks to me like a lapdog. Figure 1 has hallmarks of a unicorn in contrast with a dog: a beard on its chin, a very long neck, cloven hooves (not toes), long tail with a tuft. I know of no dog breeds that have beards, few with long necks (sight hounds only), few with tufted tails (lap dogs), and zero with hooves let alone cloven hooves. Goats have cloven hooves and beards, but never a long tail; figure 3 is a classic goat. And there are several dogs depicted in the tapestries, all of which have toes, not hooves. All of the creatures in all 6 tapestries are identifiable as species extant today... except for figure 1 (and some creature with multicolored spots) which matches well the description of a unicorn from that period.   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  08:03, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No we were not! Your text led me to the small animal sitting on the lady's dress, below the unicorn. I will clarify. Johnbod (talk) 12:54, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, our own analysis of what may or not be a unicorn in the tapestry is irrelevant because basing article content on that would be WP:OR. The source which calls it a young unicorn is what matters. But again I think this mention doesn't support the section because hornless young doesn't mean the creature is hornless. We should be removing the section in my opinion. -- Fyrael (talk) 15:29, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I can live with the 4 lines now there. If we had more details on diet, habitat etc we could work up a zoology section for it to be included in.... Johnbod (talk) 16:14, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

"Horse with a horn" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_with_a_horn&redirect=no Horse with a horn] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Joseph2302 (talk) 11:00, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unicorn


text:
Whoopee cushion

A whoopee cushion (also spelled whoopey cushion or whoopie cushion) is a practical joke device, which emulates the sound of flatulence.

History and modern usage
The whoopee cushion has reportedly been used since ancient times. Roman Emperor Elagabalus was said to enjoy practical jokes at his dinner parties and often placed whoopee cushions under the chairs of his more pompous guests. The 10th-century Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya, Ziyadat Allah III, is said to have enjoyed hiding inflated animal bladders under the cushions of his palace for unsuspecting guests to sit on.

The modern rubber whoopee cushion was invented in the 1930s by the JEM Rubber Co. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, by employees who were experimenting with scrap sheets of rubber. The company's owner approached Samuel Sorenson Adams, inventor of numerous practical jokes and owner of S.S. Adams Co., with the newly invented item; however, Adams thought that it was "too vulgar" and would never sell. JEM then offered the idea to the Johnson Smith Company, which sold it with great success. Adams later released its own version, calling it the Razzberry Cushion.

Design
The device is made from two sheets of rubber, adhered at their perimeter, with a small flap opening at one end for air to enter and exit. Whoopee cushions lack durability and can break easily, lasting longest when they are not inflated or sat on with excessive force.

Use
Whoopee cushions are inflated by blowing into the flapped opening. "Self-inflating" cushions have an interior sponge that keeps them in a normally expanded state, and do not require inflation.

The cushion is then placed under a seat cushion or other material, for someone unsuspecting to sit on it — forcing the air out, causing the flap to vibrate and creating a flatulent sound.

If the act of sitting happens to block the air flow, the cushion can rupture -- thus requiring some attention in placement of the cushion. Alternatively, the cushion can be inflated and intentionally operated by hand to produce the noise.

A flatulent noise can be made by inflating a toy balloon, then releasing the opening and letting it deflate. The escaping air causes the opening to vibrate and make noise as the balloon is propelled away.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Whoopee cushion


text:
1765 in music

Events

 * The Bach-Abel concerts are founded.
 * The Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra ("Harmonien") is founded.
 * First flamenco school established in Spain.

Popular music

 * James Hook – "I wish you all good night" (song)

Opera

 * Johann Adolph Hasse - "Romolo ed Ersilla"
 * Johann Friedrich Agricola – Achille in Sciro, premiered Sept. 16 in Berlin
 * Samuel Arnold
 * Daphne and Amintor
 * The Summer's Tale
 * Georg Benda – Xindo riconnosciuto
 * Andrea Bernasconi – Semiramide riconosciuta
 * Christoph Willibald Gluck –
 * Alexandre
 * Il Parnaso confuso, Wq.33
 * Semiramis
 * Josef Mysliveček – Il Bellerofonte
 * Antonio Sacchini
 * La contadina in corte
 * Creso
 * Tommaso Traetta – Semiramide

Classical music

 * Wilhelm Friedemann Bach – 12 Polonaises, F.12
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Divertimento in E-flat major, Hob.II:6
 * Divertimento in F major, Hob.II:33
 * Divertimento in D major, Hob.II:35
 * Divertimento in G major, Hob.II:36
 * Divertimento in E major, Hob.II:37
 * String Trio in B-flat major, Hob.V:B1
 * Divertimento in G major, Hob.XIV:13
 * Divertimento in D major, Hob.XVI:4
 * Keyboard Sonata in C major, Hob.XVI:15 (authorship in question)
 * Keyboard Sonata in F major, Hob.XVI:47 (authorship in question)
 * Symphony No. 28
 * Cello Concerto No. 1
 * Johann Ludwig Krebs – Sonata in A minor, Krebs-WV 838
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * "God Is Our Refuge", K.20
 * "Conservati fedele", K.23
 * Giovanni Marco Rutini – 6 Harpsichord Sonatas, Op.6
 * Georg Philipp Telemann
 * Symphonie zur Serenate, TWV Anh.50:1
 * Grillen-Symphonie, TWV 50:1

Publications

 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Clavierstücke verschiedener Art (Berlin), Wq.112
 * Johann Christian Bach – Six Simphonies, Op. 3 (London)
 * Placidus von Camerloher – Sei sonate a tre, due violini e basso (6 Trio Sonatas), Op. 2 (Paris: Le Clerc, Mme Boivin)
 * Armand-Louis Couperin – Sonates en pièces de clavecin avec accompagnement de violon ad libitum, Op. 2 (Paris)
 * Francesco Guerini – Six Solos (cello sonatas), Op. 9 (London, approximately this year)

Methods and theory writings

 * Robert Crome – The Compleat Tutor for the Violoncello
 * Pierre Simon Fournier – Traité historique et critique sur l’origine et les progrès des caractères de fonte pour l’impression de la musique
 * Georg Simon Löhlein – Klavier-Schule
 * Giuseppe Paolucci – Arte pratica di contrappunto
 * Michael Johann Friedrich Weideburg – Der sich selbst informirende Clavierspieler

Births

 * February 8 – Joseph Leopold Eybler, composer (died 1846)
 * June 13 – Anton Eberl, composer (died 1807)
 * June 26 – Franz Xaver Kleinheinz, composer (died 1832)
 * September 18 – Oliver Holden, composer (died 1844)
 * October 7 – Michał Kleofas Ogiński, Polish composer (died 1833)
 * October 22 – Daniel Steibelt, pianist and composer (died 1823)
 * October 26 – Jakub Jan Ryba, composer (died 1815)
 * November 20 – Friedrich Heinrich Himmel, composer (died 1814)
 * November 23 – Thomas Attwood, composer (died 1838)
 * December 25 – Joseph Mazzinghi, British composer (died 1844)
 * Date unknown – Sofia Liljegren Finnish soprano (died 1795)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Johann Melchior Molter, German composer and violinist (born 1696)
 * January 15 – Carlmann Kolb, composer (born 1703)
 * January 19 – Johan Agrell, composer (born 1701)
 * February 9 – Elisabetta de Gambarini, singer, composer and conductor (born 1730)
 * March 20 – Paolo Antonio Rolli, librettist (born 1687)
 * December 30 – Conrad Friedrich Hurlebusch, organist and composer (born c. 1691)
 * date unknown
 * John Hebden, bassoonist, cellist and composer (born 1712)
 * Edward Henry Purcell, organist and music publisher
 * probable – Louis-Antoine Dornel, harpsichordist, violinist and composer (born c.1685)

title: 1765 in music


text:
False consensus effect

In psychology, the false consensus effect, also known as consensus bias, is a pervasive cognitive bias that causes people to "see their own behavioral choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances". In other words, they assume that their personal qualities, characteristics, beliefs, and actions are relatively widespread through the general population.

This false consensus is significant because it increases self-esteem (overconfidence effect). It can be derived from a desire to conform and be liked by others in a social environment. This bias is especially prevalent in group settings where one thinks the collective opinion of their own group matches that of the larger population. Since the members of a group reach a consensus and rarely encounter those who dispute it, they tend to believe that everybody thinks the same way. The false-consensus effect is not restricted to cases where people believe that their values are shared by the majority, but it still manifests as an overestimate of the extent of their belief.

Additionally, when confronted with evidence that a consensus does not exist, people often assume that those who do not agree with them are defective in some way. There is no single cause for this cognitive bias; the availability heuristic, self-serving bias, and naïve realism have been suggested as at least partial underlying factors. The bias may also result, at least in part, from non-social stimulus-reward associations. Maintenance of this cognitive bias may be related to the tendency to make decisions with relatively little information. When faced with uncertainty and a limited sample from which to make decisions, people often "project" themselves onto the situation. When this personal knowledge is used as input to make generalizations, it often results in the false sense of being part of the majority.

The false consensus effect has been widely observed and supported by empirical evidence. Previous research has suggested that cognitive and perceptional factors (motivated projection, accessibility of information, emotion, etc.) may contribute to the consensus bias, while recent studies have focused on its neural mechanisms. One recent study has shown that consensus bias may improve decisions about other people's preferences. Ross, Green and House first defined the false consensus effect in 1977 with emphasis on the relative commonness that people perceive about their own responses; however, similar projection phenomena had already caught attention in psychology. Specifically, concerns with respect to connections between individual's personal predispositions and their estimates of peers appeared in the literature for a while. For instances, Katz and Allport in 1931 illustrated that students’ estimates of the amount of others on the frequency of cheating was positively correlated to their own behavior. Later, around 1970, same phenomena were found on political beliefs and prisoner's dilemma situation. In 2017, researchers identified a persistent egocentric bias when participants learned about other people's snack-food preferences. Moreover, recent studies suggest that the false consensus effect can also affect professional decision makers; specifically, it has been shown that even experienced marketing managers project their personal product preferences onto consumers.

Major theoretical approaches
The false-consensus effect can be traced back to two parallel theories of social perception, "the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people". The first is the idea of social comparison. The principal claim of Leon Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory was that individuals evaluate their thoughts and attitudes based on other people. This may be motivated by a desire for confirmation and the need to feel good about oneself. As an extension of this theory, people may use others as sources of information to define social reality and guide behavior. This is called informational social influence. The problem, though, is that people are often unable to accurately perceive the social norm and the actual attitudes of others. In other words, research has shown that people are surprisingly poor "intuitive psychologists" and that our social judgments are often inaccurate. This finding helped to lay the groundwork for an understanding of biased processing and inaccurate social perception. The false-consensus effect is just one example of such an inaccuracy.

The second influential theory is projection, the idea that people project their own attitudes and beliefs onto others. This idea of projection is not a new concept. In fact, it can be found in Sigmund Freud's work on the defense mechanism of projection, D.S. Holmes' work on "attributive projection" (1968), and Gustav Ichheisser's work on social perception (1970). D.S. Holmes, for example, described social projection as the process by which people "attempt to validate their beliefs by projecting their own characteristics onto other individuals".

Here a connection can be made between the two stated theories of social comparison and projection. First, as social comparison theory explains, individuals constantly look to peers as a reference group and are motivated to do so in order to seek confirmation for their own attitudes and beliefs.

The false-consensus effect, as defined by Ross, Greene, and House in 1977, came to be the culmination of the many related theories that preceded it. In their well-known series of four studies, Ross and associates hypothesized and then demonstrated that people tend to overestimate the popularity of their own beliefs and preferences. Studies were both conducted in hypothetical situations by questionnaire surveys and in authentic conflict situations. For questionnaire studies, participants were presented with hypothetical events and then were not only asked to indicate their own behavioral choices and characteristics under the provided circumstances, but also asked to rate the responses and traits of their peers who referred as "actors". As for real occasion studies, participants were actually confronted with the conflict situations in which they were asked to choose behavioral alternatives and to judge the traits as well as decisions of two supposedly true individuals who had attended in the study. In general, the raters made more "extreme predictions" about the personalities of the actors that did not share the raters' own preference. In fact, the raters may have even thought that there was something wrong with the people expressing the alternative response.

In the ten years after the influential Ross et al. study, close to 50 papers were published with data on the false-consensus effect. Theoretical approaches were also expanded. The theoretical perspectives of this era can be divided into four categories: (a) selective exposure and cognitive availability, (b) salience and focus of attention, (c) logical information processing, and (d) motivational processes. In general, the researchers and designers of these theories believe that there is not a single right answer. Instead, they admit that there is overlap among the theories and that the false-consensus effect is most likely due to a combination of these factors.

Selective exposure and cognitive availability
This theory is closely tied to the availability heuristic, which suggests that perceptions of similarity (or difference) are affected by how easily those characteristics can be recalled from memory. And as one might expect, similarities between oneself and others are more easily recalled than differences. This is in part because people usually associate with those who are similar to themselves. This selected exposure to similar people may bias or restrict the "sample of information about the true diversity of opinion in the larger social environment". As a result of the selective exposure and availability heuristic, it is natural for the similarities to prevail in one's thoughts.

did a popular study on the effects of the false-consensus effect among a specific adolescent community in an effort to determine whether students show a higher level of false-consensus effect among their direct peers as opposed to society at large. The participants of this experiment were 203 college students ranging in age from 18 to 25 (with an average age of 18.5). The participants were given a questionnaire and asked to answer questions regarding a variety of social topics. For each social topic, they were asked to answer how they felt about the topic and to estimate the percentage of their peers who would agree with them. The results determined that the false-consensus effect was extremely prevalent when participants were describing the rest of their college community; out of twenty topics considered, sixteen of them prominently demonstrated the false-consensus effect. The high levels of false-consensus effect seen in this study can be attributed to the group studied; because the participants were asked to compare themselves to a group of peers that they are constantly around (and view as very similar to themselves), the levels of false-consensus effect increased.

Salience and focus of attention
This theory suggests that when an individual focuses solely on their own preferred position, they are more likely to overestimate its popularity, thus falling victim to the false-consensus effect. This is because that position is the only one in their immediate consciousness. Performing an action that promotes the position will make it more salient and may increase the false-consensus effect. If, however, more positions are presented to the individual, the degree of the false-consensus effect might decrease significantly.

Logical information processing
This theory assumes that active and seemingly rational thinking underlies an individual's estimates of similarity among others. In a study done by Fox, Yinon, and Mayraz, researchers were attempting to determine whether or not the levels of the false-consensus effect changed in different age groups. In order to come to a conclusion, it was necessary for the researchers to split their participants into four different age groups. Two hundred participants were used, and gender was not considered to be a factor. Just as in the previous study mentioned, this study used a questionnaire as its main source of information. The results showed that the false-consensus effect was extremely prevalent in all groups, but was the most prevalent in the oldest age group (the participants who were labeled as "old-age home residents"). They showed the false-consensus effect in all 12 areas that they were questioned about. The increase in false-consensus effect seen in the oldest age group can be accredited to their high level of "logical" reasoning behind their decisions; the oldest age group has obviously lived the longest, and therefore feels that they can project their beliefs onto all age groups due to their (seemingly objective) past experiences and wisdom. The younger age groups cannot logically relate to those older to them because they have not had that experience and do not pretend to know these objective truths. These results demonstrate a tendency for older people to rely more heavily on situational attributions (life experience) as opposed to internal attributions.

Motivational processes
This theory stresses the benefits of the false-consensus effect: namely, the perception of increased social validation, social support, and self-esteem. It may also be useful to exaggerate similarities in social situations in order to increase liking.

Belief in a favorable future
The concept of false consensus effect can also be extended to predictions about future others. Belief in a favorable future is the belief that future others will change their preferences and beliefs in alignment with one's own.

Rogers, Moore, and Norton (2017) find that belief in a favorable future is greater in magnitude than the false-consensus effect for two reasons:
 * 1) It is based in future others whose beliefs are not directly observable, and
 * 2) It is focused on future beliefs, which gives these future others time to "discover" the truth and change their beliefs.

title: False consensus effect


text: User:Secretlondon/Photo Gallery Other Southwark


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Imagineer

Imagineer or Imagineering may refer to:

 * Walt Disney Imagineering, the arm of The Walt Disney Company responsible for the creation of theme parks
 * Imagineer (Japanese company), a Japanese video game, mobile, software company
 * Imagineer Systems, a visual effects software company
 * Imagineering (company), former in-house studio of Absolute Entertainment.

title: Imagineer


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Silver medal

A silver medal, in sports and other similar areas involving competition, is a medal made of, or plated with, silver awarded to the second-place finisher, or runner-up, of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc. The outright winner receives a gold medal and the third place a bronze medal. More generally, silver is traditionally a metal sometimes used for all types of high-quality medals, including artistic ones.

Olympic Games
During the first Olympic event in 1896, number one achievers or winners' medals were in fact made of silver metal. The custom of gold-silver-bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 games and has been copied for many other sporting events. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1928 to 1968 the design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli with text giving the host city; the reverse showed another generic design of an Olympic champion. From 1972–2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight reworking) remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek games, a new obverse design was commissioned for the Athens Games. Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design.

The Open Championship
In The Open Championship golf tournament, the Silver Medal is an award presented to the lowest scoring amateur player at the tournament.

Rejection of silver medals
In many sports with an elimination tournament, including those with a third place playoff (such as Olympic ice hockey, Olympic soccer, FIFA World Cup), silver is the only medal given to a team that loses its final game, whereas gold and bronze are earned by teams winning their final matches. Notable athletes such as Jocelyne Larocque (2018 Olympics) removed their runners-up/silver medals right after receiving them; Larocque was later ordered by the International Ice Hockey Federation official to put her silver medal back on.

Military and government
Some countries present military and civilian decorations known as Silver Medals. These include:

 * Austria′s Silver Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * Italy′s Silver Medal of Military Valor
 * South Africa′s Silver Medal for Merit
 * The Civil Air Patrol′s Silver Medal of Valor in the United States.

Other awards
The Zoological Society of London awards a Silver Medal "to a Fellow of the Society or any other person for contributions to the understanding and appreciation of zoology, including such activities as public education in natural history, and wildlife conservation."

The Royal Academy of Engineering awards a Silver Medal "for an outstanding and demonstrated personal contribution to UK engineering, which results in successful market exploitation, by an engineer with less than 22 years in full-time employment or equivalent."

title: Silver medal


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Bronze medal

A bronze medal in sports and other similar areas involving competition is a medal made of bronze awarded to the third-place finisher of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc. The outright winner receives a gold medal and the second place a silver medal. More generally, bronze is traditionally the most common metal used for all types of high-quality medals, including artistic ones. The practice of awarding bronze third place medals in the Olympic Games began at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, before which only first and second places were awarded.

Olympic Games
Minting Olympic medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1928–1968 the design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli with text giving the host city; the reverse showed another generic design of an Olympic champion. From 1972–2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight reworking) remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek game, a new obverse design was commissioned for the Athens 2004 Games. Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design.

In a few tournament sports, such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each event – one for each eliminated semi-finalist or for the winners of the repechage brackets.

Psychological study
In 1995, a study was carried out by social psychologists Victoria Medvec, Scott Madey and Thomas Gilovich on the effects of counterfactual thinking on the Olympics. The study showed that athletes who won the bronze medal were significantly happier with their winning than those athletes who won the silver medal. The silver medalists were more frustrated because they had missed the gold medal, while the bronze medalists were simply happy to have received any honors at all (instead of no medal for fourth place). This is more pronounced in knockout competitions, where the bronze medals are achieved by winning a third place playoff, whereas silver medals are awarded after a defeat in the final. This psychological phenomenon was parodied in the Jerry Seinfeld special I'm Telling You for the Last Time.

title: Bronze medal


text: User:Secretlondon/Photo Gallery East Germany


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Talk:Euskal Herria

Should mention about attempts of various individuals and organizations to make this independent. Do not discuss in detail but mention and perhaps link to ETA or the like. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:16, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Have added some data from article in catalan, as requested in Translation_into_English. I haven't translated everything because the catalan article is actually based on a recent translation from Spanish, and I think that both the catalan or spanish articles need some improvement, specially since this can easily be a controversial topic.

I have listed the names of the territories in basque. I don't know English translations, except for Navarre (Nafarroa in basque). At least for Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, there are spanish translations (Alava, Vizcaya Guipuzcoa), which are probably used more often.

Xevi.

Well, for what it's worth, I completed the translation of the Catalan/Spanish material, with a little fleshing out to make it clearer to an English-speaking audience:

"The term Euskal Herria is controversial, used primarily by relatively extreme Basque nationalists, especially those associated with ETA."

 * This sentence is absolutly false (an insult for thousands of people). This is like to say that only Kurdish terrorist speak about "kurdistan" Llull 20:07, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The external link points to clearly biased and politically motivated material, and is consequently inappropriate as it stands.

 * Article: ca:Euskal Herria (also much of this is at es:Euskal Herria)
 * Corresponding English-language article: Euskal Herria]]
 * Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article, specialized local knowledge
 * Originally Requested by: Jmabel 06:31, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: Completed -- Jmabel 04:58, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes: controversial topic, tied to Basque nationalism -- Jmabel 06:31, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euskal Herria


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List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

This article lists all marquessates, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.

The title of Marquess of Dublin, which is perhaps best described as Anglo-Irish, was the first to be created, in 1385, but like the next few creations, the title was soon forfeit. The title of Marquess of Pembroke, created in 1532 by Henry VIII for Anne Boleyn, has the distinction of being the first English hereditary peerage granted to a woman in her own right (styled "Marchioness" in the patent). The English title Marquess of Winchester, created in 1551, is the earliest still extant, so is Premier Marquess of England. The title long remained less common, and on the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her (from her journals): "'I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied 'There are very few Viscounts,' that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; — that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes'."


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Óttar

Óttar or Ottar may refer to:

 * Ottar, a Swedish king who appears in Beowulf as Ohthere
 * Óttar (mythology), in Norse mythology, the protégé of Freya, and the subject of the Lay of Hyndla
 * The dwarf Ótr is sometimes known as Óttarr
 * Ottar from Hålogaland, the Viking adventurer
 * Ottir Iarla (Earl Ottir), historical Norse-Gael of Waterford and probable settler of Cork
 * Jarl Ottar, earl of Götaland figuring in the Jomsvikinga Saga and in the Heimskringla
 * Óttarr svarti (Óttarr the Black), an 11th-century Icelandic court poet
 * Óttar of Dublin, 12th-century Norse-Gael king of Dublin

Given name
 * Ottar Brox (1932–), Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party
 * Ottar Dahl (1924–2011), Norwegian historian and historiographer
 * Ottar Fjærvoll (1914–1995), Norwegian politician from the Centre Party
 * Ottar Gjermundshaug (1925–1963), Norwegian skier who competed in the early 1950s
 * Ottar Grønvik (1916–2008), Norwegian philologist and runology scholar
 * Tor Ottar Karlsen (1950–), Norwegian politician for the Labour Party
 * Ottar Landfald (1919–2009), Norwegian politician for the Centre Party

title: Óttar


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Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the presiding member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which collectively serves as head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Denis Bećirović is the incumbent officeholder, having served since 16 March 2024.

Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
According to the Article V of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Presidency comprises three members, representing the constituent nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: one Bosniak, one Serb, and one Croat. The Bosniak and Croat members are elected from a joint constituency in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whilst the Serb member is elected from voters in Republika Srpska.

The three members elected at any one election serve a collective four-year term. Individuals are able to serve no more than two consecutive four-year terms, although there are no overall term limits.

Although the unsubdivided body is the collective head of state, one member is designated as Chairperson. The position of Chairperson rotates twice around the three members every eight months, with the candidate receiving the most votes overall becoming the first Chairperson over the four-year term.


text: Template:Russian federal districts

title: Template:Russian federal districts


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Philadelphia chromosome

The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells (particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells). This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11), of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22, coding for a hybrid protein: a tyrosine kinase signaling protein that is "always on", causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle.

The presence of this translocation is required for diagnosis of CML; in other words, all cases of CML are positive for BCR-ABL1. (Some cases are confounded by either a cryptic translocation that is invisible on G-banded chromosome preparations, or a variant translocation involving another chromosome or chromosomes as well as the long arm of chromosomes 9 and 22. Other similar but truly Ph-negative conditions are considered CML-like myeloproliferative neoplasms. ) However, the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is not sufficiently specific to diagnose CML, since it is also found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (aka ALL, 25–30% of adult cases and 2–10% of pediatric cases) and occasionally in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) as well as mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL).

Molecular biology
The chromosomal defect in the Philadelphia chromosome is a reciprocal translocation, in which parts of two chromosomes, 9 and 22, swap places. The result is that a fusion gene is created by juxtaposing the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 (region q34) to a part of the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 (region q11). This is a reciprocal translocation, creating an elongated chromosome 9 (termed a derivative chromosome, or der 9), and a truncated chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia chromosome, 22q-). In agreement with the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN), this chromosomal translocation is designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). The symbol ABL1 is derived from Abelson, the name of a leukemia virus which carries a similar protein. The symbol BCR is derived from breakpoint cluster region, a gene which encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPase proteins.

Translocation results in an oncogenic BCR-ABL1 gene fusion that can be found on the shorter derivative chromosome 22. This gene encodes for a BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Depending on the precise location of fusion, the molecular weight of this protein can range from 185 to 210 kDa. Consequently, the hybrid BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is referred to as p210 or p185.

Three clinically important variants encoded by the fusion gene are the p190, p210, and p230 isoforms. p190 is generally associated with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), while p210 is generally associated with chronic myeloid leukemia but can also be associated with ALL and AML. p230 is usually associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia associated with neutrophilia and thrombocytosis (CML-N). Additionally, the p190 isoform can also be expressed as a splice variant of p210.

The ABL1 gene expresses a membrane-associated protein, a tyrosine kinase, and the BCR-ABL1 transcript is also translated into a tyrosine kinase containing domains from both the BCR and ABL1 genes. The activity of tyrosine kinases is typically regulated in an auto-inhibitory fashion, but the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene codes for a protein that is "always on" or constitutively activated, leading to impaired DNA binding and unregulated cell division (i.e. cancer). This is due to the replacement of the myristoylated cap region, which when present induces a conformational change rendering the kinase domain inactive, with a truncated portion of the BCR protein. Although the BCR region also expresses serine/threonine kinases, the tyrosine kinase function is very relevant for drug therapy. As the N-terminal Y177 and CC domains from BCR encode the constitutive activation of the ABL1 kinase, these regions are targeted in therapies to downregulate BCR-ABL1 kinase activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors specific to such domains as CC, Y177, and Rho (such as imatinib and sunitinib) are important drugs against a variety of cancers including CML, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).

The fused BCR-ABL1 protein interacts with the interleukin-3 receptor beta(c) subunit and is moderated by an activation loop within its SH1 domain, which is turned "on" when bound to ATP and triggers downstream pathways. The ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL1 is elevated relative to wild-type ABL1. Since ABL activates a number of cell cycle-controlling proteins and enzymes, the result of the BCR-ABL1 fusion is to speed up cell division. Moreover, it inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and potentially causing the feared blast crisis in CML.

Proliferative roles in leukemia
The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene and protein encoded by the Philadelphia chromosome affects multiple signaling pathways that directly affect apoptotic potential, cell division rates, and different stages of the cell cycle to achieve unchecked proliferation characteristic of CML and ALL.

JAK/STAT pathway
Particularly vital to the survival and proliferation of myelogenous leukemia cells in the microenvironment of the bone marrow is cytokine and growth factor signaling. The JAK/STAT pathway moderates many of these effectors by activating STATs, which are transcription factors with the ability to modulate cytokine receptors and growth factors. JAK2 phosphorylates the BCR-ABL fusion protein at Y177 and stabilizes the fusion protein, strengthening tumorigenic cell signaling. JAK2 mutations have been shown to be central to myeloproliferative neoplasms and JAK kinases play a central role in driving hematologic malignancies (JAK blood journal). ALL and CML therapies have targeted JAK2 as well as BCR-ABL using nilotinib and ruxolitinib within murine models to downregulate downstream cytokine signaling by silencing STAT3 and STAT5 transcription activation (appelmann et al.). The interaction between JAK2 and BCR-ABL within these hematopoietic malignancies implies an important role of JAK-STAT-mediated cytokine signaling in promoting the growth of leukemic cells exhibiting the Ph chromosome and BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity. Though the centrality of the JAK2 pathway to direct proliferation in CML has been debated, its role as a downstream effector of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase has been maintained. Impacts on the cell cycle via JAK-STAT are largely peripheral, but by directly impacting the maintenance of the hematopoietic niche and its surrounding microenvironment, the BCR-ABL upregulation of JAK-STAT signaling plays an important role in maintaining leukemic cell growth and division.

Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway
The Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway relays signals to nuclear transcription factors and plays a role in governing cell cycle control and differentiation. In Ph chromosome-containing cells, the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activates the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, which results in unregulated cell proliferation via gene transcription in the nucleus. The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activates Ras via phosphorylation of the GAB2 protein, which is dependent on BCR-located phosphorylation of Y177. Ras in particular is shown to be an important downstream target of BCR-ABL1 in CML, as Ras mutants in murine models disrupt the development of CML associated with the BCR-ABL1 gene (Effect of Ras inhibition in hematopoiesis and BCR/ABL leukemogenesis). The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is also implicated in overexpression of osteopontin (OPN), which is important for maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell niche, which indirectly influences unchecked proliferation characteristic of leukemic cells. BCR-ABL fusion cells also exhibit constitutively high levels of activated Ras bound to GTP, activating a Ras-dependent signaling pathway which has been shown to inhibit apoptosis downstream of BCR-ABL (Cortez et al.). Interactions with the IL-3 receptor also induce the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway to phosphorylate transcription factors which play a role in driving the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.

DNA binding and apoptosis
The c-Abl gene in wild-type cells is implicated in DNA binding, which affects such processes as DNA transcription, repair, apoptosis, and other processes underlying the cell cycle. While the nature of this interaction has been debated, evidence exists to suggest that c-Abl phosphorylates HIPK2, a serine/threonine kinase, in response to DNA damage and promotes apoptosis in normal cells. The BCR-ABL fusion, in contrast, has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, but its effect on DNA binding in particular is unclear. In apoptotic inhibition, BCR-ABL cells have been shown to be resistant to drug-induced apoptosis but also have a proapoptotic expression profile by increased expression levels of p53, p21, and Bax. The function of these pro-apoptotic proteins, however, is impaired, and apoptosis is not carried out in these cells. BCR-ABL has also been implicated in preventing caspase 9 and caspase 3 processing, which adds to the inhibitory effect. Another factor preventing cell cycle progression and apoptosis is the deletion of the IKAROS gene, which presents in >80% of Ph chromosome–positive ALL cases. The IKAROS gene is critical to pre-B cell receptor–mediated cell cycle arrest in ALL cells positive for Ph, which when impaired provides a mechanism for unchecked cell cycle progression and proliferation of defective cells as encouraged by BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase signaling.

Nomenclature
The Philadelphia chromosome is designated Ph (or Ph') chromosome and designates the shortened chromosome 22 which encodes the BCR-ABL fusion gene/protein kinase. It arises from the translocation, which is termed t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2), between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, with breaks happening in region (3), band (4), sub-band (1) of the long arm (q) of chromosome 9 and region (1), band (1), sub-band (2) of the long arm (q) of chromosome 22. Hence the chromosome breakpoints are written as (9q34.1) and (22q11.2), respectively, using ISCN standards.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

In the late 1990s, STI-571 (imatinib, Gleevec/Glivec) was identified by the pharmaceutical company Novartis (then known as Ciba Geigy) in high-throughput screens for tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Subsequent clinical trials led by Dr. Brian J. Druker at Oregon Health & Science University in collaboration with Dr. Charles Sawyers and Dr. Moshe Talpaz demonstrated that STI-571 inhibits proliferation of BCR-ABL-expressing hematopoietic cells. Although it did not eradicate CML cells, it did greatly limit the growth of the tumor clone and decreased the risk of the feared "blast crisis". In 2000 Dr. John Kuriyan determined the mechanism by which STI-571 inhibits the Abl kinase domain. It was marketed in 2001 by Novartis as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec in the US, Glivec in Europe).

Other pharmacological inhibitors are being developed, which are more potent and/or are active against the emerging Gleevec/Glivec resistant BCR-abl clones in treated patients. The majority of these resistant clones are point-mutations in the kinase of BCR-abl. New inhibitors include dasatinib and nilotinib, which are significantly more potent than imatinib and may overcome resistance. Combination therapies with nilotinib and ruxolitnib have also shown success in suppressing resistance by targeting the JAK-STAT and BCR-ABL stages simultaneously. Small molecule inhibitors, like arsenic trioxide and geldanamycin analogues, have also been identified in downregulating BCR-ABL kinase translation and promoting its degradation by protease.

Axitinib, a drug used to treat renal cell carcinoma, has been shown to be effective at inhibiting the Abl kinase activity in patients with BCR-ABL1(T315I). The T315I mutation in the fusion gene confers resistance to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, however axitinib has been successfully been used to treat a patient with ALL carrying this mutation, as well as CML cells in culture.

Treatment of pediatric Ph+ ALL with a combination of standard chemotherapy and RTK inhibitors may result in remission, but the curative potential is unknown.

Asciminib (Scemblix) was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2021.

Blood or marrow transplants
A potentially curative, but risky, option for pediatric Ph+ ALL or Ph+ CML is bone marrow transplant or cord blood transplant, but chemotherapy is favored by some for achieving first remission (CR1). For some, bone marrow transplant from a matched sibling donor or a matched, unrelated donor may be favored when remission is obtained.

Cord blood transplant is favored by some when a 10/10 bone marrow match is not available, and cord blood transplant may have some advantages, including a reduced incidence of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), which is a common and significant complication of transplant. However, transplant with cord blood sometimes requires longer periods of time for engraftment, which may increase the potential for complications due to infection. Regardless of the type of transplant, transplant-related mortality and relapse are possible, and the rates may change as treatment protocols improve. For second remission (CR2), if achieved, both chemotherapy and transplant options are possible, and many physicians prefer transplant.

Prognosis
BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a 5-year survival rate ranging from 50% to 75%, in studies of the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

History
The Philadelphia chromosome was first discovered and described in 1959 by David Hungerford at the Lankenau Hospital's Institute for Cancer Research, which merged with the American Oncology Hospital in 1974 to create Fox Chase Cancer Center, along with Peter Nowell from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. The genetic abnormality Hungerford and Nowell found was named after the city in which both organizations were located. And thus, this is a typical example of a medical toponym.

Hungerford was writing his doctoral thesis on chromosomes in a genetics lab at what was then the Institute for Cancer Research at the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute, and detected a flaw in chromosomes from the blood cells of patients with leukemia. This founding observation was the first genetic defect to be linked with a specific human cancer. Nowell was a pathologist at the University of Pennsylvania who was also studying leukemia cells under the microscope when he noticed cells with this genetic flaw in the act of dividing. To his surprise, their chromosomes—usually an indistinct tangle—were visible as separate structures. In searching for an expert on chromosomes, Nowell found Hungerford locally at Lankenau. While conducting his microscopic studies, Hungerford furthered his observations with the discovery that certain leukemia cells had an abnormally short chromosome 22. Subsequently, the mutation he observed became known as the Philadelphia chromosome.

In 1973, Janet Rowley at the University of Chicago identified the mechanism by which the Philadelphia chromosome arises as a translocation.

title: Philadelphia chromosome


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Disappearing

Disappearing may refer to:

 * "Disappearing" (The Sinceros song), from the 1981 album Pet Rock
 * "Disappearing", a 2013 song by musician Dan Wilson
 * "Disappearing", a 2017 episode of the Korean series My Only Love Song

title: Disappearing


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Živko Radišić

Živko Radišić (Живко Радишић, ; 15 August 1937 – 5 September 2021) was a Bosnian Serb politician who served as the 2nd Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1998 to 2002.

Radišić previously served as mayor of Banja Luka from 1977 to 1982. He was a founding member and president of the Socialist Party.

Career
Born in Prijedor, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 15 August 1937, Radišić graduated in 1964 from the University of Sarajevo Faculty of Political Science. During the 1969 Banja Luka earthquake, he was a high ranking Banja Luka city government official, and thus, was directly in charge of repairing the consequences from the earthquake.

Later on, from 1977 until 1982, Radišić served as mayor of Banja Luka. From 1982 to 1985, he headed the defence ministry of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1993, Radišić became a founding member of the Socialist Party. In 1996, alongside Milorad Dodik, he formed the People's Alliance for Free Peace for the 1996 general election.

Radišić was elected Serb member of the Bosnian Presidency in the 1998 general election, defeating the incumbent Momčilo Krajišnik by 45,000 votes. He chaired the Presidency from 1998 until 1999 and again from 2000 until 2001. Radišić decided not to run for a second term in the Presidency in the 2002 general election. His term ended on 28 October 2002, and was succeeded as the Serb member by Mirko Šarović.

Personal life
Živko was married to Draginja Radišić and spent most of their life living in Banja Luka.

He died on 5 September 2021, aged 84, in a Banja Luka hospital.

title: Živko Radišić