text:
Latvian Green Party

The Latvian Green Party (Latvijas Zaļā partija, LZP) is a green political party in Latvia.

It was founded in 1990. It was a member of the European Green Party from 2003 until its expulsion in 2019. It is positioned in the centre and leans towards the centre-right on the political spectrum,  and it supports socially conservative views. The party held the world's first prime minister affiliated to a green party with Indulis Emsis who briefly served as Prime Minister of Latvia in 2004; further, the world's first head of state as party member Raimonds Vējonis served as President of Latvia between 2015 and 2019.

History
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia elected in 1990 contained seven Green delegates. After the Constitution of Latvia was restored, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the election of the 5th Saeima (1993-1995) returned one Green deputy, Anna Seile, on the list of the Latvian National Independence Movement (LNNK). In the 6th Saeima (1995-1998), there were four members: Indulis Emsis, Guntis Eniņš, Jānis Kalviņš and Jānis Rāzna.

From 1993 until 1998, the Greens were part of the governing coalition with Indulis Emsis as Minister of State for Environmental Protection. The LZP contested 1995 general election in an electoral list with the LNNK, but lost its parliamentary representation in the 1998 general election, which it contested in alliance with the Labour Party and Christian Democratic Union.

For the 2002 parliamentary election, the party formed the Union of Greens and Farmers (ZZS) with the Latvian Farmers' Union. Three members of the Green party were elected: Indulis Emsis, Arvīds Ulme and Leopolds Ozoliņš. The ZZS joined a four-party center-right coalition government and was represented with three ministers, one of them from the Green party, Minister for the Environment Raimonds Vējonis.

In February 2004, after the breakdown of the four-party government, Indulis Emsis was appointed to form a new government and became the first head of government of a country anywhere in the world from a Green party. His minority government was forced to resign in December of the same year. A new coalition government led by the People’s Party took office, in which the party was again represented as part of the ZZS.

For the 2006 parliamentary election, the party won four seats as part of the ZZS. The party remained part of the centre-right coalition government along with the People’s Party, Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way, and For Fatherland and Freedom. Party chairman and former prime minister Indulis Emsis became Speaker of the Saeima from November 2006 until September 2007.

Leading politicians of the party have often supported nationalist and socially conservative views, leading to its expulsion from the European Green Party on 10 November 2019.

By 2022, however, ZZS was emroiled in internal turmoil, with the Green Party announcing that it sees no way of further cooperation in the framework of ZZS with For Latvia and Ventspils, still led by oligarch Aivars Lembergs. Ultimately, it voted to leave the alliance on 11 June 2022; they were later joined by the Liepāja Party. In May 2022, LZS formed a united list for the 2022 Saeima elections together with the Latvian Association of Regions, the Liepāja Party and an upcoming political NGO led by Liepāja construction contractor Uldis Pīlēns, the United List.

Legislative elections
{{Notelist|notes= {{efn|name=fn0|LNNK list won 15 seats - 1 went to LZP}}}

}}

Chairpersons
Three co-chairpersons share the leadership position at any one time. Former chairpersons of the Latvian Green Party include:
 * Oļegs Batarevskis (1990–1997)
 * Valts Vilnītis (1990–1991)
 * Juris Zvirgzds (1990–1995)
 * Gunārs Lākutis (1991–1993)
 * Pēteris Jansons (1993–1994)
 * Jānis Kalviņš (1994–1995)
 * Indulis Emsis (from 1995)
 * Rūta Bendere (1995–1996)
 * Askolds Kļaviņš (1996–2001)
 * Valdis Felsbergs (1997–2003)
 * Viesturs Silenieks (from 2001)
 * Raimonds Vējonis (from 2003)

, chairpersons are Viesturs Silenieks and Raimonds Vējonis.

title: Latvian Green Party


text:
Breakdown (Melissa Etheridge album)

Breakdown is the sixth album by singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge, released in 1999 (see 1999 in music). A Limited Edition version of the album was simultaneously released featuring three bonus tracks.

"Scarecrow" is dedicated to the memory of Matthew Shepard, and his family and friends.

"Into the Dark" appeared in episodes of Haven and Night Visions.

Track listing
All songs by Melissa Etheridge, except where noted

 * 1) "Breakdown" – 3:54
 * 2) "Angels Would Fall" (Etheridge, Shanks) – 4:39
 * 3) "Stronger Than Me" – 4:08
 * 4) "Into the Dark" – 4:59
 * 5) "Enough of Me" – 4:39
 * 6) "Truth of the Heart" (Etheridge, Shanks) – 4:31
 * 7) "Mama I'm Strange" – 4:29
 * 8) "Scarecrow" – 5:21
 * 9) "How Would I Know" – 4:15
 * 10) "My Lover" – 5:45
 * 11) "Sleep" – 7:10 [standard pressing] / 4:39 [Limited Edition pressing]
 * 12) "Touch and Go"* – 4:36
 * 13) "Cherry Avenue"* – 4:29
 * 14) "Beloved"* – 7:54

* Limited Edition bonus tracks

Personnel

 * Melissa Etheridge – acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums, marimba, shaker
 * Jon Brion – guitar
 * Mark Browne – bass guitar
 * Matt Chamberlain – drums
 * Steve Ferrone – percussion, drums
 * Rami Jaffee – keyboards
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Greg Leisz – guitar, mandolin, lap steel guitar, pedal steel guitar
 * Brian MacLeod – percussion, drum loop
 * Pino Palladino – bass guitar
 * John Shanks – dulcimer, guitar, harp, marimba, background vocals
 * Patrick Warren – keyboards
 * Gota Yashiki – programming

Production

 * Producers: Melissa Etheridge, John Shanks
 * Engineers: Marc DeSisto, Greg Goldman
 * Assistant engineers: John Aguto, Tom Nellen, Geoff Walcha
 * Mixing: Bob Clearmountain, Tom Lord-Alge, Chris Lord-Alge
 * Mastering: Bob Ludwig
 * studio technician: Brett Allen
 * Art direction: Scott Denton Cardew
 * Artwork: Scott Denton Cardew
 * Photography: Barbara Green, Rocky Schenck
 * Hair stylist: Bernhard Tammé

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Breakdown (Melissa Etheridge album)


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup

Wikipedians and other Wikimedians organize meetups to socialize and collaborate around the common goal of sharing information. Anyone can organize a meetup. Although it helps to plan a bit and have some awareness of how Wikipedia works, no one needs permission to have a meetup and there is no requirement for anyone to have a meetup in a certain way.

Some meetups are in person but online programs and events are great too. Some meetups are for discussing Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects, while others have the goal of convening people to edit. Many meetups have at least one experienced Wikipedia editor present, but lots of meetups have organized and accomplished their goals without an experienced editor attending.

This page is used as a starting point for Wikipedians organising meetups, and subpages are used for finalising the details once a meetup has been agreed. For meetings in other languages/places please use the interlanguage links from this page.

Basics for beginners
There are lots of ways to organize a Wikipedia meetup. There is no need to request anyone's permission. Feel free to publicly advertise that you are hosting a Wikipedia meetup for anyone who wants to edit the wiki with the community of volunteer editors.

Although there are not particular requirements, for anyone who wants orientation, here is a proven model that works. As you plan your event, start here and modify this plan as appropriate for your situation.

 * 1) Get commitments from a few people, each of whom will serve one role and not be responsible for the other roles:
 * 2) Wikipedia editor – it is very useful to have at least one person who has edited Wikipedia before. At the very least, consider having someone take an online tutorial, make a few edits, and know how to ask questions in Wikipedia's help forums.
 * 3) Venue host – there has to be a place to meet. If the meeting is in a coffeehouse then someone should reserve a table. If the meeting is in a community center, like a library, museum, college, or similar, then confirm with a host that everyone has a space to meet.
 * 4) Subject matter expert – Wikipedia is a summary of information from reliable sources. To edit Wikipedia, someone has to curate and suggest reliable sources to summarize and cite. For example, if a Wikipedia event is in a library, then get a subject matter expert to select some books in advance – perhaps around a common theme for the meetup – and make them available to the event participants
 * 5) Community organizer – this is the person who invites people to the event. Since the event is for the benefit and enjoyment of the participants, then the person who can recruit participants to the event is typically also the person who sets the theme of the event. Common themes are local history, biographies of a certain group of people, or some set of social topics.
 * 6) Consider whether you want a record of outcomes
 * 7) If anyone involved in presenting the event is part of an organization, then typically they will want "outcome metrics" or "proof of impact".
 * 8) Organizations which support wiki events like getting evidence that participants actually accomplished something useful
 * 9) In general, a useful outcome is a list of what Wikipedia articles everyone edited and perhaps a record of how many people read those articles
 * 10) While there are many ways to get outcomes, the most popular way is to have participants sign up to the "Programs and Events Dashboard"
 * 11) Hopefully a new user can set up a program page in the dashboard in 10 minutes
 * 12) To use the dashboard, share the weblink with all attendees. If they register Wiki accounts, then they can join the dashboard participant list with a click
 * 13) Consider whether you want to connect with the broader Wikimedia community
 * 14) If you want a referral, then perhaps ask at Pump
 * 15) Advantages:
 * 16) If you collaborate with others then you can join discussions about what you are doing
 * 17) If you are doing something similar to others then everyone shares in the outcomes toward a common goal
 * 18) Disadvantages
 * 19) Some people want to get started immediately without planning in advance
 * 20) Everyone is a volunteer, so probably to collaborate you have to join a global campaign like Wiki Loves Monuments, Art+Feminism, or some other project which rallies around a particular theme. If the themes match what you want, then great. If not, then those communities may not be available.

Projects and events

Projects, initiatives, user groups

 * AfroCROWD
 * Art & Community
 * Art+Feminism
 * Black Lunch Table
 * Black WikiHistory Month
 * Black Women Intelligentsia
 * Canada Wide Canadian History Edit-a-thon
 * Music in Canada @ 150 edit-a-thon campaign
 * Colección Patricia Phelps de Cisneros
 * Florida Librarians of Wikipedia
 * Santa Rosa County Wiknic
 * Wikimedia Community User Group Hong Kong
 * Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC)
 * Indigenous Film & Media
 * Indigenous Storytellers WikiThon
 * Indiana Center for Eighteenth-Century Studies, Adrianne Wadewitz Tribute Edit-a-thon
 * Kentucky Wikimedians User Group
 * La Guardia and Wagner Archives
 * Philadelphia WikiSalon online
 * Plants And People – includes New York Botanical Garden
 * Smithsonian APA Asian Pacific American
 * Toronto History
 * Wiki Loves Pride
 * WikiConference North America
 * wikiD: Women. Wikipedia. Design.
 * Wikimedia United States Coalition aka 'Wikimedians Active in Local Regions of the United States' (WALRUS) committee WP:WALRUS
 * Wikipedia Day US (January)
 * Great American Wiknic (June)
 * Wikipedia Loves Libraries (October/November)
 * Wikipedia Takes America (September)
 * Wikimedia User Group China (中国维基媒体用户组)
 * Wikimedians of Colorado User Group (WM-US-CO)
 * WikiProject Medicine Mount Sinai
 * WikiProject Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Women in Red
 * Wooster's WGSS Edit-a-thon 2020
 * Writing Middle Eastern Women into History Initiative (WMWH)
 * Wiki Loves Women
 * Women in Religion

International

 * WikiCon (WikiConference/WikiConvention)
 * One World Birthday (event celebrating Wikipedia's 20th birthday, January 15, 2021; Saturday morning in Asia, Friday afternoon/evening in the Americas, late night in Europe)

Categories

 * Wikiday
 * Wikimania
 * Meetup/WikiWednesday
 * Wikipedia Takes The City
 * WikiSym
 * Wikiversity Meetup

Related pages

 * Wikimedia user groups

Procedure and advice

 * Create the page
 * Use or create a sub page of Wikipedia:Meetup to organize the meeting.
 * Make it easy to sign up, with simple subsections like Likely attendees, Possible attendees and Regrets for signup lists, as at Meetup/NYC.
 * See Wikipedia Meetups – A design pattern catalogue for advice about Locations, Timing, People, and Topics.
 * Attract attendees
 * Solicit invitations of geographically local Wikipedia users.
 * Create a geonotice request.
 * Create a list of Wikipedians interested in future and regular meetups for a given location where they can sign up (alternatively, userboxes with corresponding categories can be used).
 * Use an info box like {{Meetup/Melbourne/Invite}} for mass invitations.
 * Use other media outside of Wikipedia to advertise to non-Wikipedia users
 * Post a notice at the relevant page of wikipedia.meetup.com
 * Post a couple of notices on Craigslist (free).
 * Word of mouth is always an option.
 * Don't be afraid to spam people: Make a big list like Meetup/NYC/Invite list from all people who have ever expressed interest in attending a meetup, as well as all people in categories like Category:Wikipedians in Philadelphia, the Philadelphia userbox and other regional categories.
 * Don't manually post notices to all the editors who are listed in a geographical category. Simply post a request at WP:BOTREQ, asking for a bot owner to have a bot deliver the (specified) message to everyone in the category.
 * Place notices at talk pages like Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philadelphia and even Talk:Philadelphia.
 * Contact your local chapter – if you have one – who will be able to contact people in the local area, or help you in other ways.
 * Organize event
 * Organize location
 * Organize eating arrangements
 * Settle on a definite time and place, and don't change it. If someone is just bold, people will know about the date a few weeks in advance (instead of a couple of days), which will make planning easier for individuals.  Getting input from everyone is good, but you don't need a formal vote on everything, which can delay the process.
 * Consider whether you want any sort of agenda for the meetup (like a discussion on a specific topic, or forming a local chapter).

Pictures
A gallery from many different cities can be found at:
 * Meetup/Gallery
 * Wikipedia 10 – Photo gallery

Tools

 * Systemic Bias Workshop Kit

title: Wikipedia:Meetup


text:
User:Filceolaire

I'm an engineer based in London. I design the power and control systems for buildings but since January 2014 I have been off work with Hodgkins lymphoma.

I tend to do general cleanup work on Wikipedia, fixing spelling and rewriting sentences so they flow better.

I was one of the early editors of Wikidata and since January 2013 I have been a regular editor there, contributing to the review of proposed properties and Project Chat other aspects of wikidata.

My Livejournal blog

Filceolaire passed away on January 29th 2016. Please contact his family at raft.tree at gmail if you wish for more information.

My Cancer diary
In early 2012 I started getting night sweats and fevers

In November 2012 I was diagnosed with Hodgkins lymphoma and started ABVD chemotherapy.

In July 2013 my lymphoma seemed to have been eliminated but in December 2013 I had a recurrence and in February 2014 I started DHAP chemotherapy.

This reduced the lymphoma to the point where they planned to give me an self stem cell transplant. Unfortunately a scan two days before the transplant showed the lymphoma had come back so the transplant got cancelled.

In July 2014 I started treatment with Brentuximab. This is a monoclonal antibody but it didn't work for me so they put me on what they call mini-BEAM chemotherapy.

The mini-BEAM chemo worked well enough that the booked me for a sibling stem cell transplant in mid Feb 2015 unfortunately the baseline scan carried out just before the transplant showed recurrence and the stem cell transplant was once again cancelled at the last minute.

After this I was told that no other options for treatment were available and they would switch to palliative care. As I was still in good shape I was sent home till the symptoms returned.

My 60th birthday party that April was good - all of them.

In my review with the doctors in July 2015 I was proposed for a drug trial - a H-DAC inhibitor. This finally started in November 2015 and unfortunately coincided with the return of the lymphoma symptoms - night sweats and fevers. As the trial drugs did not have any effect on the lymphoma I was taken off the drug trial so I could find a treatment which will slow down the Lymphoma.

In January 2016 I am to start Vinblastine chemotherapy to slow the progression of the lymphoma. The doctor did warn me, however, that we are now in the final stages - maybe months.

title: User:Filceolaire


text:
User:53claudiasiu

Name : Siu Wing See, Claudia

U. No.: 2003318953

title: User:53claudiasiu


text:
Augusta Leigh

Augusta Maria Leigh (née Byron; 26 January 1783 – 12 October 1851) was the only surviving daughter of John "Mad Jack" Byron, the poet Lord Byron's father, by his first wife, Amelia, née Darcy (Lady Conyers in her own right and the divorced wife of Francis, Marquis of Carmarthen).

Early life
Augusta's mother died soon after her birth. Her grandmother, Lady Holderness, raised Augusta for a few years, but died when Augusta was still a young girl, and the child divided her time among relatives and friends.

Marriage
Augusta later married her cousin, Lt. Colonel George Leigh (1771–1850), son of General Charles Leigh (1748–1815) and his wife, Frances Byron, her paternal aunt. The couple had seven children: Georgiana Augusta, Augusta Charlotte, George Henry, Elizabeth Medora, Frederick George, Amelia Marianne, and Henry Francis. Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, noted the wedding with disdain in his diary: "Poor Augusta Leigh marries today! Poor thing! I pity her connecting herself with such a Family and such a fool! However, she has nobody to blame but herself." The marriage turned out unhappily because he fell into a dissolute way of life and gambled away all his money. In the end, he left his wife and children nothing but debts.

Lord Byron
Augusta's half-brother, George Lord Byron, did not meet her until he went to Harrow School, and even then only very rarely. From 1804 onward, however, she wrote to him regularly and became his confidante, especially in his quarrels with his mother. Their correspondence ceased for two years after Byron had gone abroad, and was not resumed until she sent him a letter expressing her sympathy on the death of his mother, Catherine, in 1811.

Not having been brought up together, they were almost like strangers to each other. But they got on well together and appear to have fallen in love with each other. When Byron's marriage collapsed and he sailed away from England never to return, rumours of incest were rife.

There is some evidence to support the incest accusation. Augusta Leigh's third daughter, born in spring of 1814, was christened Elizabeth Medora Leigh. A few days after the birth, Byron went to his sister's house Swynford Paddocks in Cambridgeshire to see the child, and wrote, in a letter to his confidante, Lady Melbourne: "Oh! but it is 'worth while', I can't tell you why, and it is not an "Ape", and if it is, that must be my fault; however, I will positively reform. You must however allow that it is utterly impossible I can ever be half so well liked else-where, and I have been all my life trying to make someone love me and never got the sort I preferred before."

Later life
One of Augusta's daughters, Georgiana, married a cousin, Henry Trevanion in 1826, apparently at her mother's instigation. They had three daughters. Trevanion, who may also have had a relationship with Augusta herself, left Georgiana in 1829–30 for her younger sister Elizabeth Medora, who had been staying with them; Medora and Trevanion lived together for several years in France, before finally separating in the 1840s, Medora going on to marry a French soldier.

Poetic references
Augusta is also the subject of Byron's Epistle to Augusta (1816) and Stanzas to Augusta.

title: Augusta Leigh


text:
Representation of the People Act 1884

In the United Kingdom under the premiership of William Gladstone, the Representation of the People Act 1884 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 3), also known informally as the Third Reform Act, and the Redistribution Act of the following year were laws which further extended the suffrage in the UK after the Derby government's Reform Act 1867. Taken together, these measures extended the same voting qualifications as existed in the towns to the countryside, more than doubling the electorate in the counties, and essentially established the modern one member constituency as the normal pattern for parliamentary representation.

The bill was introduced by Gladstone on 28 February 1884. It was initially rejected by the House of Lords on 17 July, but passed a second time and gained royal assent on 6 December of that year.

The Act extended the 1867 concessions from the boroughs to the countryside. All men paying an annual rental of £10 and all those holding land valued at £10 now had the vote. This significantly increased the electorate; in the 1880 general election, before the passing of the Act, 3,040,050 voters were registered, while in the 1885 general election, after the passing of the Act, there were 5,708,030 registered voters. The bill was so objectionable to the House of Lords that Gladstone was forced to separate the legislation into two bills, the second being the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, which redistributed constituencies in order to equalise representation within constituencies across the UK.

The 1884 Reform Act did not establish universal suffrage: although the size of the electorate was increased considerably, all women and 40% of men were still without the vote. Male suffrage varied throughout the kingdom, too: in England and Wales, two in three adult males had the vote; in Scotland, three in five did; but in Ireland, the figure was only one in two.

Key sections of the Act
Section 2: This extended a uniform household (freeholder and leaseholder) franchise to all parliamentary boroughs and counties in the United Kingdom.

Section 3: Men inhabiting a dwelling-house as an employee, whose employer did not live there, were to be treated for franchise purposes as if they were occupying as tenants.

Section 4: Prohibition of multiplicity of votes. This was not to stop people acquiring multiple votes in different constituencies (plural voting was still permitted), but to restrict sub-division of one property to qualify multiple voters (so-called faggot voters).

Section 5a: A man who was a £10 occupier in a county or borough was to be a voter in that county or borough. This assimilated the previous county occupation franchise and borough occupation franchise into a uniform occupation franchise.

Section 6: Occupation in a borough was not to confer a county franchise.

Effects
As many crofters in the Scottish Highlands qualified as £10 occupiers, the Act empowered Scottish Gaels to take action against evictions and rent increases at the end of the Highland Clearances. Their votes led to the formation of the Crofters' Party and Highland Land League, and eventually the passage of the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886, which addressed many of their grievances and put an end to the Highland Clearances.

title: Representation of the People Act 1884


text:
Become You

Become You is the eighth studio album by American folk rock duo the Indigo Girls. It was released on March 12, 2002 by Epic Records.

Track listing
These bonus tracks were only available when the album was purchased at Borders Books. The original version of Everything In Its Own Time was released on the album Shaming of the Sun and credited to Emily Saliers only.

Personnel

 * Indigo Girls
 * Amy Ray – vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin, bouzouki, harmonica
 * Emily Saliers – vocals, 6 and 12 string acoustic guitars, classical guitar, electric guitar, bouzouki, mandolin

 * Additional musicians
 * Carol Isaacs – Hammond B-3, Wurlitzer, piano, accordion, penny whistle, recorder, percussion
 * Clare Kenny – acoustic and electric bass guitars
 * Brady Blade – drums and percussion
 * Michelle Malone – vocals on "Moment of Forgiveness" and "Hope Alone", vocals and harmonica on "Bitterroot"
 * Dan Higgins – saxophone on "You've Got to Show"
 * Jerry Hey – string arrangement on "Hope Alone"

title: Become You


text:
User talk:Filceolaire

Sad news
Very sorry to hear the news - we talked at the London meetup sometimes, when he was still coming. Condolences to his family. Johnbod (talk) 04:11, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

Just heard about this. I miss him here and on Wikidata! Jane (talk) 08:03, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Vale Filceolaire — billinghurst  sDrewth  06:32, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I met Joe a couple of time. He was a productive contributor to both Wikipedia and Wikidata. Rest in peace. —Tom Morris (talk) 10:47, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

 * rest in peace! Hamid Hassani (talk) 21:15, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I just realised I didn't see you around since some time, and just by case I found out you passed away. I'm so sorry I didn't notice. I'm so sorry I didn't have the time to give you a last "hello". Thank you for your work. --Sannita - not just another it.wiki sysop 21:33, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Filceolaire


text:
Kurt Hahn

Kurt Matthias Robert Martin Hahn (5 June 1886 – 14 December 1974) was a German educator. He was decisive in founding Stiftung Louisenlund, Schule Schloss Salem, Gordonstoun, Outward Bound, the Duke of Edinburgh's Award, and the first of the United World Colleges, Atlantic College.

Early life
Born in Berlin to Jewish parents, Hahn attended school in the city, then universities at Oxford, Heidelberg, Freiburg and Göttingen. During World War I, Hahn worked in the German Department for Foreign Affairs, analyzing British newspapers and advising the German Foreign Office. He had been private secretary to Prince Max von Baden, the last Imperial Chancellor of Germany, and in 1919 was part of the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where, as secretary and speechwriter for the German minister of Foreign Affairs, Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau, he witnessed the creation of the Treaty of Versailles.

In 1920 Hahn and Prince Max founded Schule Schloss Salem, a private boarding school in Baden-Württemberg in south-western Germany, where Hahn served as headmaster until 1933 and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Hahn was raised Jewish, and began his fierce criticism of the Nazi regime after the Potempa murder of 1932, when Stormtroopers attacked and killed a young communist in the presence of his mother. The Stormtroopers were originally sentenced to death, but when they were given amnesty and celebrated by the Nazis, Hahn spoke out against Hitler publicly. He asked the students, faculty, and alumni of the Salem school to "choose between Salem and Hitler". As a result he was imprisoned for five days, from 11 to 16 March 1933. After an appeal by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, Hahn was released and in July 1933 he was forced to leave Germany and moved to the United Kingdom.

United Kingdom
Hahn settled in Scotland, where he founded Gordonstoun on similar principles to the school in Salem. Later Hahn converted to Christianity, became a communicant member of the Church of England in 1945 and preached in the Church of Scotland.

Hahn was also involved in the foundation of the Outward Bound Organisation with Lawrence Holt, Atlantic College in Wales and the wider United World College movement, and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.

An international organisation of schools aligned with Hahn's educational philosophy was initially to be called The Hahn Schools but is today known as Round Square.

Return to Germany
After World War II, Hahn divided his time between Britain and Germany. He founded or inspired the founding of several new boarding schools based on the principles of Salem and Gordonstoun: Anavryta, Greece (1949); Louisenlund, Germany (1949); Battisborough, England (1955); Rannoch School, Scotland (1959); Box Hill School, England (1959); International School Ibadan, Nigeria (1963); and The Athenian School, USA (1965).

He resigned from the headship of Gordonstoun on health grounds and returned to Hermannsberg (Heiligenberg), near Salem in 1953. He died there on 14 December 1974 and was buried in Salem.

Philosophy
Hahn's educational philosophy was based on respect for adolescents, whom he believed to possess an innate decency and moral sense, but who were, he believed, corrupted by society as they aged. He believed that education could prevent this corruption, if students were given opportunities for personal leadership and to see the results of their own actions. This is one reason for the focus on outdoor adventure in his philosophy. Hahn relied here on Bernhard Zimmermann, the former Director of the Göttingen University Physical Education Department, who had to leave Germany in 1938 as he did not want to divorce his Jewish wife. Hahn's educational thinking was crystallised by World War I, which he viewed as proof of the corruption of society and a promise of later doom if people, Europeans particularly, could not be taught differently. At the Schule Schloss Salem, in addition to acting as headmaster, he taught history, politics, ancient Greek, Shakespeare, and Schiller. He was deeply influenced by Plato's thought. Gordonstoun is based less on Eton than on Salem. Hahn's prefects are called colour bearers, and traditionally they are promoted according to Hahn's values: concern and compassion for others, the willingness to accept responsibility, and concern and tenacity in pursuit of the truth. Punishment of any kind is viewed as a last resort. According to the German educational Michael Knoll, "education for democracy" was at the core of Hahn's educational philosophy.

Hahn also emphasised what he called "Samaritan service", having students give service to others. He formulated this as focusing on finding Christian purpose in life. His former pupil, Golo Mann, later described him as a "Christian gentleman." Hahn's ideas were also adopted — through the efforts of Alec Peterson, who previously worked under Hahn at the newly founded Atlantic College in the 1960s — by the International Baccalaureate program and thus secularised.

Six Declines of Modern Youth
During his lifetime, Hahn summarised his beliefs about the younger generation at the time into six key points, describing them as the Six Declines of Modern Youth:
 * 1) Decline of Fitness due to modern methods of locomotion;
 * 2) Decline of Initiative and Enterprise due to the widespread disease of spectatoritis (i.e. "excessive indulgence in forms of amusement in which one is a passive spectator rather than an active participant");
 * 3) Decline of Memory and Imagination due to the confused restlessness of modern life;
 * 4) Decline of Skill and Care due to the weakened tradition of craftsmanship;
 * 5) Decline of Self-discipline due to the ever-present availability of stimulants and tranquillisers;
 * 6) Decline of Compassion due to the unseemly haste with which modern life is conducted or, as William Temple called it, "spiritual death".

Hahn also proposed four solutions to these problems, all of which manifested themselves in a variety of ways at Salem, Gordonstoun, Atlantic College, and with Outward Bound:
 * 1) Fitness Training (e.g., to compete with oneself in physical fitness; in so doing, train the discipline and determination of the mind through the body);
 * 2) Expeditions (e.g., via sea or land, to engage in long, challenging endurance tasks);
 * 3) Projects (e.g., involving crafts and manual skills);
 * 4) Rescue Service (e.g., surf lifesaving, fire fighting, first aid).

The Seven Laws of Salem
Kurt applied these seven laws to Salem School, Gordonstoun School, community programs for building physical fitness and social spirit, the worldwide Outward Bound movement and Atlantic College.

1. Give the children opportunities for self-discovery.
 * Every boy and girl has grande passion, often hidden and unrealised to the end of life. The educator cannot hope and may not try to find it out by psychoanalytical methods. It can and will be revealed by the child coming into close touch with a number of different activities. When a child has come "into his own," you will often hear a shout of joy, or be thrilled by some other manifestation of primitive happiness.

2. Make the children meet with triumph and defeat.
 * It is possible to wait on a child's inclinations and gifts and to arrange carefully for an unbroken series of successes. You may make him happy in this way – I doubt it – but you certainly disqualify him for the battle of life. Salem believes you ought to discover the child's weakness as well as his strength. Allow him to engage in enterprises in which he is likely to fail, and do not hush up his failure. Teach him to overcome defeat.

3. Give the children the opportunity of self-effacement in the common cause.
 * Even the youngsters ought to undertake tasks which are of definite importance for the community. Tell them from the start: "You are a crew, not passengers. Let the responsible boys and girls shoulder duties big enough, when negligently performed, to wreck the State."

4. Provide periods of silence.
 * Follow the great precedent of the Quakers. Unless the present-day generation acquires early habits of quiet and reflection, it will be speedily and prematurely used up by the nerve-exhausting and distracting civilisation of today.

5. Train the imagination.
 * You must call it into action, otherwise it becomes atrophied like a muscle not in use. The power to resist the pressing stimulus of the hour and the moment cannot be acquired in later life; it often depends on the ability to visualise what you plan and hope and fear for the future. Self-indulgence is in many cases due to lack of vision.

6. Make games (i.e., competition) important but not predominant.
 * Athletics do not suffer by being put in their place. In fact you restore the dignity of the usurper by dethroning him.

7. Free the sons of the wealthy and powerful from the enervating sense of privilege.
 * Let them share the experiences of an enthralling school life with sons and daughters of those who have to struggle for their existence. No school can build up a tradition of self-discipline and vigorous but joyous endeavour unless at least 30 percent of the children come from homes where life is not only simple but even hard.

Personality
In 1934, through his lectures in London to the New Education Fellowship, Hahn met the educationalist T. C. Worsley and persuaded him to spend a summer term at the newly founded Gordonstoun in the capacity of consultant. In his memoir Flannelled Fool: A Slice of a Life in the Thirties, Worsley records his impressions of Hahn's penetrating character analysis, and his energy and commitment in the cause of human development, but as time went on he became critical of Hahn's "despotic, overpowering personality": He revealed himself as having a fierce temper, a strong hand with the cane, and a temperament which hated being crossed. Especially damaging to my very English view, was his dislike of being defeated at any game. Hahn was an avid tennis player. But was it an easily forgiveable weakness that his opponents had to be chosen for being his inferiors or else, if their form was unknown, instructed not to let themselves win?

Hahn's behaviour came to seem to Worsley "so ineffably, so Germanically silly" that he was unable to share the clear adulation of the teaching staff: We were going through the classrooms when, in one, he suddenly stopped, gripped my arm, raised his nostrils in the air, and then, in his marked German accent, he solemnly pronounced:

'Somevon has been talking dirt in this room. I can smell it.'

Hahn's views on Shakespeare led to an open disagreement: He had what I have since learned to be a common German belief that Shakespeare was better in German than in English. I refused to allow this. I argued that the German translation might indeed be very good, but that the English original must be better. No, he assured me, the German was better; and as I didn't know German and he did know English, he must be right. We grew absurdly heated.

The Kurt Hahn Expeditionary Learning School
In the fall of 2007, The Kurt Hahn Expeditionary Learning School opened in Brooklyn, New York.

In popular culture
In the television series The Crown, Hahn is played by German actor Burghart Klaußner.

title: Kurt Hahn


text:
Swamp Ophelia

Swamp Ophelia is the fifth studio album by the Indigo Girls, released in 1994.

Personnel

 * Indigo Girls
 * Amy Ray - vocals, acoustic and electric guitar (lead on Fugitive, rhythm elsewhere)
 * Emily Saliers - vocals, acoustic, classical and electric guitar (rhythm and lead), bouzouki
 * Musicians
 * Jerry Marotta - drums (all except 10 & 11), percussion, bongos, African drums, marimba
 * Sara Lee - bass (all except 9-11)
 * Michael Lorant - drums (11), guest/backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 8, 11)
 * Jan Dykes - bass (6, 11)
 * Danny Thompson - acoustic bass (4, 5, 7, 8)
 * Tony Levin - Chapman stick (9)
 * Chuck Leavell - piano (1, 3, 5), chimes (1)
 * John Mark Painter - baritone guitar (1), flugelhorn (1, 5, 6), accordion (2), string arrangement (6, 11), electric guitar (11)
 * Mike Batt - string and woodwind arrangement, conductor on "The Wood Song"
 * Connie Grauer - melodica, bass synthesizer (9)
 * Kim Zick - triangle, snare, tom tom, timpani (9)
 * Lisa Germano - penny whistle (1), mandolin (1, 4, 5), violin (4, 7, 8)
 * Jane Scarpantoni, Anthony Lamarchina - cello
 * Jo-El Sonnier - accordion (2)
 * Bill Newton - chromatic harmonica (5)
 * James Hall - trumpet (1, 6)
 * David Davidson, Sheila Doyle, Christian Teal - violin
 * Kristin Wilkinson - viola
 * Jane Siberry (3), The Roches (4, 8), Sam "Shake" Anderson (5), Larry Ray Sr. (9) - backing vocals

Reception
The Allmusic review noted that "Amy Ray and Emily Saliers continue to hone their signature lush melodies .... The Indigo Girls are no longer afraid to hit upon past relationships and personal emotion. Saliers and Ray's incredible harmonies are most stylish .... [b]ut the duo also move beyond the sweet and tender by dipping into darker realms .... This album is another humanistic effort from the Indigo Girls' deep and indwelling passions and ideas."

In 2015, the Indigo Girls were invited by Justin Vernon of Bon Iver to perform Swamp Ophelia in its entirety at the inaugural Eaux Claires festival, which Vernon founded. Vernon has written that Swamp Ophelia was one of his sister Kim's favorite albums, and after she urged him to listen to it, it became one of his as well.

Covers
In 2009, Michael Feinstein covered "The Power of Two" in his nightclub act and studio album The Power of Two with Cheyenne Jackson, using the song's title for both the album and act as well. In 2010, Filipino pop rock singer Aiza Seguerra also covered the song. In 2012, Filipino acoustic pop singer Nyoy Volante and his acoustic band, "Rhythmic Circle" also covered the song on the OPM pop compilation album 90's Music Comes Alive.

title: Swamp Ophelia


text:
East Suffolk (county)

East Suffolk, along with West Suffolk, was created in 1888 as an administrative county of England. The administrative county was based on the eastern quarter sessions division of Suffolk. East Suffolk County Council's headquarters were at East Suffolk County Hall in Ipswich.

In 1974, most of the county reunified with West Suffolk and the county borough of Ipswich to form the non-metropolitan county of Suffolk.

Subdivisions
From 1894 the administrative county was divided into municipal boroughs, urban districts and rural districts:
 * Boroughs: Aldeburgh, Beccles, Eye, Lowestoft, Southwold
 * Urban districts: Bungay (created 1910), Felixstowe and Walton, (renamed Felixstowe 1914), Halesworth (created 1900), Leiston-cum-Sizewell (created 1895), Oulton Broad (created 1904, abolished 1919), Saxmundham (created 1900), Stowmarket, Woodbridge
 * Rural districts created in 1894: Blything, Bosmere and Claydon, East Stow, Hartismere, Hoxne, Mutford and Lothingland, Plomesgate, Samford, Wangford, Woodbridge
 * The Rural Districts were completely reorganised by a County Review Order in 1934, and reduced to seven in number: Blyth, Deben, Gipping, Hartismere, Lothingland, Samford, Wainford

The rural districts were further subdivided into civil parishes.

District Council
On 1 April 2019 a new East Suffolk district was created by the abolition and merger of Waveney and Suffolk Coastal districts. The new district, covers a smaller area than the pre-1974 East Suffolk county council.

title: East Suffolk (county)


text:
West Suffolk (county)

West Suffolk was an administrative county of England created in 1889 from part of the county of Suffolk. It survived until 1974 when it was rejoined with East Suffolk. Its county town was Bury St Edmunds.

Before the introduction of county councils, Suffolk had been divided into eastern and western divisions, each with their own quarter sessions. The western division corresponded to the Liberty of Saint Edmund. This area had been established by Edward the Confessor in 1044 and was a separate jurisdiction under the control of the abbot of Bury St Edmunds Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries.

This history was reflected in the coat of arms of the county council. The council initially adopted the attributed arms of Edward the Confessor: a cross patonce between five martlets. When the council received an official grant of arms from the College of Arms in 1959, abbots' mitres and the emblem of St Edmund: crossed arrows through an open crown were added. The motto adopted was For King, Law and People, referring to the association of Magna Carta with Bury.

Shortly before its abolition the West Suffolk County Council commissioned Elisabeth Frink to sculpt a statue of St Edmund to commemorate the end of 970 years of independent administration of the area. The statue, in the grounds of the abbey of Bury St Edmunds, was completed in 1976.

Subdivisions
From 1894 the administrative county was divided into municipal boroughs, urban districts and rural districts:
 * Boroughs: Bury St Edmunds, Sudbury
 * Urban districts: Glemsford (created 1896, abolished 1935), Hadleigh, Haverhill, Newmarket
 * Rural districts: Brandon (abolished 1935), Clare, Cosford, Melford, Mildenhall, Moulton (abolished 1935), Thedwastre, Thingoe

The rural districts were further subdivided into civil parishes.

District Council
On 1 April 2019 a West Suffolk district was established by the merger of Forest Heath district and St Edmundsbury borough. The new district covers a smaller area than the pre-1974 West Suffolk county council.

title: West Suffolk (county)


text:
Carnarvon

Carnarvon and Caernarvon are forms of the name Caernarfon which are no longer used for the town in north Wales, but remain in use in other contexts. The first two forms are in English orthography and the third is the Welsh spelling, adopted in English since the 1970s. Most places and things named after Caernarfon use one of the former spellings.

Australia

 * Queensland
 * Carnarvon Range
 * Carnarvon Highway, state highway
 * Carnarvon National Park
 * Carnarvon Gorge
 * Carnarvon Park, Queensland, a locality in the Central Highlands Region
 * Carnarvon Station Reserve

 * South Australia
 * County of Carnarvon (South Australia), a cadastral unit of land administration on Kangaroo Island

 * Western Australia
 * Carnarvon (biogeographic region), IBRA region
 * Carnarvon, Western Australia, coastal town
 * Carnarvon Airport (Australia)
 * Carnarvon County, Western Australia
 * Carnarvon Range (Western Australia)
 * Carnarvon Tracking Station
 * Carnarvon xeric shrublands, deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion
 * OTC Earth Station Carnarvon
 * Shire of Carnarvon, local government area

Canada

 * Caernarvon (Edmonton), residential neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 * Carnarvon Elementary School, Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Carnarvon (Ontario), hamlet in Minden Hills, Haliburton County, Ontario

Hong Kong

 * Carnarvon Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon

New Zealand

 * Carnarvon, former name of the small town of Himatangi

South Africa

 * Carnarvon, Northern Cape, town in the Karoo region
 * Carnarvon Airport (South Africa)

United Kingdom (Wales)

 * Caernarfon, town in Gwynedd, north-west Wales
 * Caernarfon Airport
 * Caernarfon Castle, castle constructed by King Edward I of England
 * Caernarvon railway station (closed 1970, originally spelled "Carnarvon")
 * Caernarfon railway station (Welsh Highland Railway, opened 1997)
 * Carnarvon (Pant) railway station a temporary terminus on the town's southern outskirts in the late 1860s
 * Carnarvon (Morfa) railway station a temporary terminus on the town's southern edge in the late 1860s
 * Carnarvon Castle railway station, northern passenger terminus of the Nantlle Railway in the mid-nineteenth century
 * Caernarfon Town F.C., football team in the League of Wales
 * CR Caernarfon, rugby union team in the Welsh Rugby Union Division Four North League
 * Caernarfon Bay, inlet of the Irish Sea defined by the Llŷn peninsula and Anglesey
 * Caernarfon (National Assembly for Wales constituency)
 * Caernarfon (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Caernarfonshire, also spelt Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire, one of thirteen historic counties of Wales

United States of America

 * Carnarvon, Iowa
 * Caernarvon, Louisiana
 * Caernarvon Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 * Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

People

 * Earl of Carnarvon, a title created more than once
 * Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (1610–1643)
 * Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon (1632–1709)
 * James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (1673–1744)
 * Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (1741–1811)
 * Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon (1772–1833)
 * Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon (1800–1849)
 * Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon (1831–1890)
 * George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (1866–1923), financed the excavations which discovered Tutankhamun's tomb
 * Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987)
 * Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon (1924–2001)
 * George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon (born 1956)

Ships

 * HMS Carnarvon (1903), Royal Navy cruiser
 * HMS Carnarvon Bay (K630), Royal Navy frigate, launched 1945

Other

 * Carnarvonshire Railway
 * 1945 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election
 * Caernarvon tank, a developmental UK heavy tank of 1952
 * Carnarvonia (disambiguation)

title: Carnarvon


text:
Anecdotal evidence

Anecdotal evidence is evidence based only on personal observation, collected in a casual or non-systematic manner.

"Anecdotal" can refer to:

1. Relaying personal experiences or sense data, also called testimony, or a testimonial.

2. Relaying the words or experiences of another named person, sometimes called hearsay.

3. Relaying an account from an fictional source, or story with no attribution, also called an apocryphal saying, an Old Wives' Tale, a Myth, or folklore.

Because the term connotes three very different kinds of evidence, discussion of the term can result in accidental or intentional equivocation, where people are talking about different meanings of the term without realizing it. Since an anecdote may be real or fictional, it is often difficult to talk about this form of evidence as a category without explaining exactly what type of anecdotal evidence is being referenced.

Anecdotal Evidence usually is not subject to rules of legal, historical, academic, or intellectual rigor, meaning that there are little or no safeguards against fabrication or inaccuracy. This does not mean that all anecdotal evidence is false, it just means that the methodology of scholarly method or the scientific method, or legal requirements of testimony have not been required of the evidence.

When used in advertising or promotion of a product, service, or idea, anecdotal reports are often called a testimonial, which are highly regulated in some jurisdictions.

Anecdotal evidence may be considered within the scope of scientific method as some anecdotal evidence can be both empirical and verifiable, e.g. in the use of case studies in medicine. Other anecdotal evidence, however, does not qualify as scientific evidence, because its nature prevents it from being investigated by the scientific method, for instance, in that of folklore or in the case of intentionally fictional anecdotes. Where only one or a few anecdotes are presented, there is a chance that they may be unreliable due to cherry-picked or otherwise non-representative samples of typical cases. Similarly, psychologists have found that due to cognitive bias people are more likely to remember notable or unusual examples rather than typical examples. Thus, even when accurate, anecdotal evidence is not necessarily representative of a typical experience. Accurate determination of whether an anecdote is typical requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("I know a person who..."; "I know of a case where..." etc.) which places undue weight on experiences of close peers which may not be typical.

Scientific context
In science, definitions of anecdotal evidence include:

 * "casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis"
 * "information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically"
 * "evidence that comes from an individual experience. This may be the experience of a person with an illness or the experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a formal research study."
 * "the report of an experience by one or more persons that is not objectively documented or an experience or outcome that occurred outside of a controlled environment"

Anecdotal evidence can have varying degrees of formality. For instance, in medicine, published anecdotal evidence by a trained observer (a doctor) is called a case report, and is subjected to formal peer review. Although such evidence is not seen as conclusive, researchers may sometimes regard it as an invitation to more rigorous scientific study of the phenomenon in question. For instance, one study found that 35 of 47 anecdotal reports of drug side-effects were later sustained as "clearly correct."

Anecdotal evidence is considered the least certain type of scientific information. Researchers may use anecdotal evidence for suggesting new hypotheses, but never as validating evidence.

If an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a faulty or hasty generalization.

In any case where some factor affects the probability of an outcome, rather than uniquely determining it, selected individual cases to prove nothing; e.g. "my grandfather smoked two packs a day until he died at 90" and "my sister never smoked but died of lung cancer". Anecdotes often refer to the exception, rather than the rule: "Anecdotes are useless precisely because they may point to idiosyncratic responses."

In medicine, anecdotal evidence is also subject to placebo effects.

Legal
In the Legal sphere, anecdotal evidence, if it passes certain legal requirements and is admitted as testimony, is a common form of evidence used in a court of law. Often this form of anecdotal evidence is the only evidence presented at trial. Scientific evidence in a court of law is called physical evidence, but this is much rarer. Anecdotal evidence, with a few safeguards, represents the bulk of evidence in court.

The legal rigors applied to testimony for it to be evidence is under oath, and that the person is only testifying to their own words and actions, and that someone intentionally lying under oath is subject to perjury. However, these rigors do not make testimony in a court of law equal to scientific evidence as there are far less legal rigors. Testimony about another person's experiences or words is called hearsay. However, any hearsay that is not objected to or thrown out by a judge is considered evidence for a jury. This means that trials contain quite a bit of anecdotal evidence, which is considered as relavant evidence by a jury. Eyewitness testimony (which is a form of anecdotal evidence) is considered the most compelling form of evidence by a jury.

title: Anecdotal evidence


text:
Not a typewriter

In computing, "Not a typewriter" or ENOTTY is an error code defined in the errno.h found on many Unix systems. This code is now used to indicate that an invalid ioctl (input/output control) number was specified in an ioctl system call.

Details
This error originated in early UNIX. In Version 6 UNIX and earlier, I/O control was limited to serial-connected terminal devices, typically a teletype (abbreviated TTY), through the gtty and stty system calls. If an attempt was made to use these calls on a non-terminal device, the error generated was ENOTTY. When the stty/gtty system calls were replaced with the more general ioctl (I/O control) call, the ENOTTY error code was retained.

Early computers and Unix systems used electromechanical typewriters as terminals. The abbreviation TTY, which occurs widely in modern UNIX systems, stands for "Teletypewriter." For example, the original meaning of the SIGHUP signal is that it Hangs UP the phone line on the teletypewriter which uses it. The generic term "typewriter" was probably used because "Teletype" was a registered trademark of AT&T subsidiary Teletype Corporation and was too specific. The name "Teletype" was derived from the more general term, "teletypewriter"; using "typewriter" was a different contraction of the same original term.

POSIX sidesteps this issue by describing ENOTTY as meaning "not a terminal".

Because ioctl is now supported on other devices than terminals, some systems display a different message such as "Inappropriate ioctl for device" instead.

Occurrence
In some cases, this message will occur even when no ioctl has been issued by the program. This is due to the way the isatty library routine works. The error code errno is only set when a system call fails. One of the first system calls made by the C standard I/O library is in an isatty call used to determine if the program is being run interactively by a human (in which case isatty will succeed and the library will write its output a line at a time so the user sees a regular flow of text) or as part of a pipeline (in which case it writes a block at a time for efficiency). If a library routine fails for some reason unrelated to a system call (for example, because a user name wasn't found in the password file) and a naïve programmer blindly calls the normal error reporting routine perror on every failure, the leftover ENOTTY will result in an utterly inappropriate "Not a typewriter" (or "Not a teletype", or "Inappropriate ioctl for device") being delivered to the user.

For many years the UNIX mail program sendmail contained this bug: when mail was delivered from another system, the mail program was being run non-interactively. If the destination address was local, but referred to a user name not found in the local password file, the message sent back to the originator of the email was the announcement that the person they were attempting to communicate with was not a typewriter.

title: Not a typewriter


text:
Chuck Bueche

Chuck Bueche (also known as Chuckles) is a video game programmer best known for co-founding Origin Systems and his involvement with the Ultima video game series.

Bueche was a high school friend and university roommate of Richard Garriott in Austin, Texas. After being introduced to computers by Garriott in 1981, Bueche founded his own company, Craniac Entertainment. Shortly thereafter, three of Bueche's games, Lunar Leepers, Jawbreaker II, and Laf Pak, were published by Sierra On-Line.

In 1983, Bueche, along with Richard Garriott, Robert Garriott, and Owen Garriott, founded the software company Origin Systems. Origin became the publisher of Richard's Ultima series; Bueche ported many of the original Apple II games to the Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers. He designed and programmed other Origin games, including Autoduel and 2400 A.D.

The last original game Chuck developed at Origin was 2500 A.D., but was halted in production in 1988 due to poor sales of 2400 A.D.

Bueche left Origin in 1988 to obtain a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin (1990). He later held executive positions at Velocity Incorporated, Xatrix Entertainment, and Dell Computer.

In the Ultima series, Bueche is represented by Lord British's court jester, also named Chuckles. In later games in the series, Chuckles taunts the main character, the Avatar, with silly riddles and games.

title: Chuck Bueche


text:
California State Controller

The state controller of California is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of California. Thirty-three individuals have held the office of state controller since statehood. The incumbent is Malia Cohen, a Democrat. The state controller's main office is located at 300 Capitol Mall in Sacramento.

Election and term of office
The state controller assumes office by way of election. The term of office is four years, renewable once. Elections for state controller are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, state treasurer, insurance commissioner, and superintendent of public instruction.

Powers and duties
As California's chief fiscal officer, the state controller has broad superintending authority over the accounting and disbursement of state and local government finances. As such, the state controller:
 * Acts as the state's accountant. This entails maintaining the statewide accounting system, issuing reports on the financial condition of the state, approving claims against the state, administering payroll for state employees, ordering deposits into the state treasury, and drawing checks and approving electronic fund transfers.
 * Administers California's unclaimed property laws. As such, the state controller audits holders of unclaimed property, safeguards unclaimed property reported to his or her office, and works to return unclaimed property back to its rightful owners.
 * Audits public funds spent by myriad state agencies. The state controller is the internal auditor of California state government, examining the internal controls of state agencies, the state lottery, and oil and gas lease royalties to assure operational effectiveness and efficiency, reliable financial reporting, and legal compliance. A separate state auditor serves as the external auditor for the whole of state government and reports exclusively to the state legislature on state agency financial management and performance.
 * Supervises local government finances. As part of this function, the state controller has broad discretion to audit state funds spent by local governments and prescribes uniform accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting systems applicable to nearly 5,000 counties, cities, towns, school districts, local housing authorities, rural development authorities, and all other political subdivisions of the state. Likewise, the state controller reviews the annual financial and single audits performed by external auditors on behalf of California's local governments for conformity with the law and government auditing standards. Separately, the state controller collects, apportions, and distributes property taxes and other state aids among the many counties, cities, towns, and school districts.

Aside from the office's functional responsibilities, the state controller serves on over 70 boards and commissions, including the California State Lands Commission, California State Teachers’ Retirement System, California Public Employees’ Retirement System, California Board of Equalization, California Franchise Tax Board, California Pollution Control Financing Authority, the California Debt Limit Allocation Commission, California Alternative Energy Source Financing Authority, the California Education Facilities Authority, and the California Victim Compensation Board, among others.

Staff
The Office has a staff of Deputy State Controllers that help the State Controller fulfill her elected duties, including sitting on the Board of Equalization and other boards for the State Controller in absentia. Noted former Deputy State Controllers include Barrett McInerney, James Burton, and Laurette Healey.

title: California State Controller


text:
Wikipedia:Dead-end pages

A dead-end page is a page that contains no internal links to other Wikipedia articles. Adding links to these pages will help to integrate them into the encyclopedia, and assist readers by allowing for easy cross-referencing of information.

How you can help

 * Articles tagged with dead end can be found within the monthly subcategories of Category:Dead-end pages. There is also automatically cached Special:DeadendPages.
 * For general guidance on how to create internal links, see Help:Link for the basics, and MOS:LINK for more advanced techniques.
 * When writing an article, try to incorporate relevant links to other articles within the text. Before saving the edit, check that the link connects to the article you intended (and not, for example, to a disambiguation page). For example, if an article begins "Joe Bloggs was born in Birmingham," you should create a link for Birmingham – but first determine whether it's Birmingham, England, or Birmingham, Alabama, or another city with that name.
 * Remember to only add links that are relevant to the context. An article with an excessive number of links is said to be overlinked; this can be distracting, and makes it harder for the reader to identify links which might actually aid their understanding of the subject.
 * If you come across an article with no internal links, either add links yourself or apply a dead end tag.
 * The article may need other cleanup. If so, fix the problems yourself or add the appropriate cleanup tag from WP:Template messages/Cleanup.
 * If the article's subject is explained better in another article, consider a merge and/or redirect.
 * If the subject of the article doesn't appear to be notable, consider nominating the article for deletion. If you're unsure whether the subject is notable, you can just add a notability tag instead.
 * Once links have been added to the article, remove the dead end tag. If you want, you can place  Dead-end pages clean up project; you can help!  in your edit summary. It renders as: you can help!
 * You may be interested in displaying this project's userbox on your userpage with the following code:

title: Wikipedia:Dead-end pages


text:
Wendell Meredith Stanley

Wendell Meredith Stanley (August 16, 1904 – June 15, 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate.

Biography
Stanley was born in Ridgeville, Indiana, and earned a BSc in chemistry at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana. He then studied at the University of Illinois, gaining an MS in science in 1927 followed by a PhD in chemistry two years later. His later accomplishments include writing the book "Chemistry: A Beautiful Thing" and being a Pulitzer Prize nominee.

Research
As a member of National Research Council he moved temporarily for academic work with Heinrich Wieland in Munich before he returned to the States in 1931. On return he was approved as an assistant at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He remained with the Institute until 1948, becoming an Associate Member in 1937, and a Member in 1940. In 1948, he became Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley and built the Virus Laboratory and a free-standing Department of Biochemistry building, which is now called Stanley Hall.

Stanley's work contributed to on lepracidal compounds, diphenyl stereochemistry and the chemistry of the sterols. His research on the virus causing the mosaic disease in tobacco plants led to the isolation of a nucleoprotein which displayed tobacco mosaic virus activity.

Stanley was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1940 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1941. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1946. In 1949, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His other notable awards included the Rosenburger Medal, Alder Prize, Scott Award, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the AMA Scientific Achievement Award. He was also awarded honorary degrees by many universities both American and foreign, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton and the University of Paris. Most of the conclusions Stanley had presented in his Nobel-winning research were soon shown to be incorrect (in particular, that the crystals of mosaic virus he had isolated were pure protein, and assembled by autocatalysis).

Personal life
Stanley married Marian Staples (1905–1984) in 1929 and had three daughters (Marjorie, Dorothy and Janet) and a son (Wendell Meredith Junior). Stanley Hall at UC Berkeley (now Stanley Biosciences and Bioengineering Facility) and Stanley Hall at Earlham College are named in his honor. His daughter, Marjorie, married Dr. Robert Albo, physician to the Golden State Warriors basketball team as well as the Oakland Raiders football team. He died in Spain on June 15, 1971.

title: Wendell Meredith Stanley


text:
Talk:Protostar

What is k
What is the k in the formula? —Sverdrup(talk) 12:24, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It is ofcourse Boltzmanns constant. :-) —Sverdrup(talk)

It's hard to keep up.
New data coming and it may well have something to say about the nature of Population III Stars: http://www.nasa.gov/lb/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/xmm_magnetic_starbirth.html http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0503029 X-ray telescopes are also revealing a higher-than-expected concentration of iron in the early universe.

 * And no talk about the jets and the effect on the surrounding medium! (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701022) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.248.178.184 (talk) 06:59, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Confusing statements
"Whatever the source of the disturbance, if it is sufficiently large it may cause the force due to gravity to become greater than the force due to thermal kinetic energy within a particular region of the cloud." - from paragraph 2, is confusing. Someone reword this please JustShin 02:11, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * JustShin: I just made an attempt at rewording and clarifying the sentence you mentioned. Hope this makes it clearer. MHD (talk) 11:06, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

The article states that kinetic energy is balanced by potential energy. It does not make sense. In fact according to virial theorem, for a bound state in equilibrium kinetic energy should be just half of the negative of potential energy. We may state that inward gravitational force is balanced by outward pressure.

 * In fact, the potential energy (that tries to contract the cloud) is counteracted not only by kinetic energy, but also by so-called turbulent pressure. I agree that a statement in the direction of 'gravitational force is balanced by outward pressure (kinetic energy + turbulent pressure)' would be better. I may try to rephrase this part later. MHD (talk) 11:11, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Just did that part now. All I did was add a comment about other forces (besides thermal pressure) that can help to keep the cloud from collapsing: turbulence, magnetic pressure and rotation. And I added a reference. Hope that someone will check out whether it actually makes sense. MHD (talk) 12:50, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

TAU Taurus stars?
In the "History" section, it says that protostars were discovered by observing "TAU Taurus" stars.

I'm pretty sure this should read "T Tauri", not TAU Taurus (T Tarui and Tau Tarui are two very different stars), but I don't know enough about the history of protostars to be confident in making an edit to this section. — Rogermw (talk) 18:41, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

I added Composition: "The protostellar Sun's composition was reconstructed as 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements." - Sun 2601:589:4705:C7C0:CD39:BFB6:B7C2:56F0 (talk) 17:07, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Wrong definition of protostar?
Something doesn't look right in the lede.

The definition of a protostar has two major components: when it begins and when it ends. The definition of the end looks good, but the beginning seems wrong. "The phase begins when a molecular cloud first collapses under the force of self-gravity." I'm pretty sure that the generally accepted definition is when the second core forms. The first core forms earlier, when some sort of hydrostatic equilibrium is reached. Then the hydrogen molecules start to dissociate, triggering another collapse and the formation of the second core, which everyone says is the protostar.

here After the dissociation of molecular hydrogen triggers the second gravitational collapse at the center of the first core, a protostar is quickly formed and the first core gradually transforms into a circumstellar disk that eventually accretes onto the central protostar.

and here

Zyxwv99 (talk) 01:21, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Magnetism
I watched a show on magnetism, and apparently, the spinning disk creates magnetism, which slows down the disk, and eventually into the protostar. 32ieww (talk) 23:37, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

Sub-optical wavelengths
Why can't we extend the star diagram to lower(like in protostars) and high wavelengths? That way, we can place the protostars on the star diagram. 32ieww (talk) 23:40, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protostar


text:
Clay-colored sparrow

The clay-colored sparrow or clay-coloured sparrow (Spizella pallida) is a small New World sparrow of North America.

Adults have light brown upperparts and pale underparts, with darker streaks on the back. They have a pale crown stripe on a dark brown crown, a white line over the eyes, a dark line through the eyes, a light brown cheek patch and brown wings with wing bars. The short bill is pale with a dark tip and the back of the neck is grey; they have a long tail. Non-breeding adults and immature resemble chipping sparrows and Brewer's sparrows; they often form flocks with these birds outside the nesting season.

Their breeding habitat is shrubby open areas and jack pine woods across central Canada and central northern United States east to the Great Lakes, and is expanding further eastward. The nest is an open cup on the ground or low in a shrub.

These birds migrate in flocks to southern Texas and Mexico.

They forage on the ground, mainly eating seeds and insects. Outside the nesting season, they often feed in small flocks. While nesting, these birds may feed far from the nest; feeding areas are not defended.

The male sings from an open perch to indicate his ownership of the nesting territory. The song is a Bzzzz bzzzz za za.

This bird's nests are made of grasses and lined with fine materials or hair. Three to five splotched blue-green eggs are laid and incubated for 11 days. They are often parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird; the nest may be abandoned when this happens.

Book

 * Knapton, R. W. 1994. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida). In The Birds of North America, No. 120 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Thesis

 * Bakker KK. Ph.D. (2000). Avian occurrence in woodlands and grasslands on public areas throughout eastern South Dakota. South Dakota State University, United States, South Dakota.
 * Davis SK. Ph.D. (2003). Habitat selection and demography of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in a fragmented landscape. The University of Regina (Canada), Canada.
 * Giraldo Davila, Sebastian, and Gustavo Londono. “First Record of the Clay-Colored Sparrow (Passerellidae: Spizella Pallida) for South America.” Ornitologia Neotropical, vol. 30, 2019, pp. 85–87.
 * Grieef PM. M.Sc. (1995). Cues used by brood parasites and predators to locate nests. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
 * Hill DP. M.Sc. (1992). An experimental study of nest desertion by the clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida) in response to cowbird parasitism. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
 * Kerns CK. M.S. (2004). Passerine nest ecology in managed, mixed-grass prairie. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.
 * Knapton RW. Ph.D. (1978). BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF THE CLAY-COLORED SPARROW SPIZELLA PALLIDA. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
 * Romig GP. D.A. (1994). The impact of cowbird parasitism on a North Dakota population of clay-colored sparrows. The University of North Dakota, United States, North Dakota.

Articles
-->
 * Bakker KK, Naugle DE & Higgins KF. (2002). Incorporating landscape attributes into models for migratory grassland bird conservation. Conservation Biology. vol 16, no 6. pp. 1638–1646.
 * Benson A-M, Pogson TH & Doyle TJ. (2000). Updated geographic distribution of eight passerine species in central Alaska. Western Birds. vol 31, no 2. pp. 100–105.
 * Cosens SE & Falls JB. (1984). A Comparison of Sound Propagation and Song Frequency in Temperate Marsh and Grassland Habitats. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 15, no 3. pp. 161–170.
 * Cunningham MA, Johnson DH & Svingen DN. (2006). Estimates of breeding bird Populations in the Sheyenne National Grassland, North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. vol 38, no 1. pp. 39–56.
 * Davis SK. (2003). Nesting ecology of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in southern Saskatchewan. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 2. pp. 119–130.
 * Davis SK. (2004). Area sensitivity in grassland passerines: Effects of patch size, patch shape, and vegetation structure on bird abundance and occurrence in southern Saskatchewan. Auk. vol 121, no 4. pp. 1130–1145.
 * Davis SK, Brigham RM, Shaffer TL & James PC. (2006). Mixed-grass prairie passerines exhibit weak and variable responses to patch size. Auk. vol 123, no 3. pp. 807–821.
 * Forsyth DJ, Hinks CF & Westcott ND. (1994). FEEDING BY CLAY-COLORED SPARROWS ON GRASSHOPPERS AND TOXICITY OF CARBOFURAN RESIDUES. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. vol 13, no 5. pp. 781–788.
 * Ganier AF, Goodpasture KA, Laskey AR & Bierly M. (1969). Clay-Colored Sparrow in Hardin County. Migrant. vol 40, no 4. pp. 84–85.
 * Grant TA, Madden EM, Shaffer TL, Pietz PJ, Berkey GB & Kadrmas NJ. (2006). Nest survival of clay-colored and vesper sparrows in relation to woodland edge in mixed-grass prairies. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 70, no 3. pp. 691–701.
 * Grant TA, Shaffer TL, Madden EM & Pietz PJ. (2005). Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: New insights into old questions. Auk. vol 122, no 2. pp. 661–672.
 * Grieef PM & Sealy SG. (2000). Simulated host activity does not attract parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Bird Behavior. vol 13, no 2. pp. 69–78.
 * Higgins KF, Arnold TW & Barta RM. (1984). Breeding Bird Community Colonization of Sown Stands of Native Grasses in North-Dakota USA. Prairie Naturalist. vol 16, no 4. pp. 177–182.
 * Hill DP & Sealy SG. (1994). Desertion of nests parasitized by cowbirds: Have clay-coloured sparrows evolved an anti-parasite defence?. Animal Behaviour. vol 48, no 5. pp. 1063–1070.
 * Hoag DJ. (1999). Hybridization between Clay-colored sparrow and Field sparrow in northern Vermont. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 4. pp. 581–584.
 * Ingold JL & Woods PE. (1982). The Clay-Colored Sparrow Spizella-Pallida in Ohio USA a 3rd State Collection. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 82, no 4. pp. 211–213.
 * Johnson DH & Igl LD. (2001). Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective. Auk. vol 118, no 1. pp. 24–34.
 * Knapton RW. (1978). Breeding Ecology of the Clay-Colored Sparrow Spizella-Pallida. Living Bird. vol 17, pp. 137–158.
 * Knapton RW. (1978). Sex and Age Determination in the Clay-Colored Sparrow. Bird Banding. vol 49, no 2. pp. 152–156.
 * Knapton RW. (1979). OPTIMAL SIZE OF TERRITORY IN THE CLAY-COLORED SPARROW, SPIZELLA-PALLIDA. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol 57, no 7. pp. 1358–1370.
 * Knapton RW. (1980). Nestling Foods and Foraging Patterns in the Clay-Colored Sparrow Spizella-Pallida. Wilson Bulletin. vol 94, no 4. pp. 458–465.
 * Knapton RW. (1982). GEOGRAPHIC SIMILARITY AND YEAR-TO-YEAR RETENTION OF SONG IN THE CLAY-COLORED SPARROW (SPIZELLA-PALLIDA). Behaviour. vol 79, pp. 189–200.
 * Madden EM, Hansen AJ & Murphy RK. (1999). Influence of prescribed fire history on habitat and abundance of passerine birds in northern mixed-grass prairie. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 113, no 4. pp. 627–640.
 * Madden EM, Murphy RK, Hansen AJ & Murray L. (2000). Models for guiding management of prairie bird habitat in northwestern North Dakota. American Midland Naturalist. vol 144, no 2. pp. 377–392.
 * Munson ES. (1992). Influence of Nest Cover on Habitat Selection in Clay-Colored Sparrows. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 104, no 3. p. 525.
 * Pietz PJ & Granfors DA. (2000). Identifying predators and fates of grassland passerine nests using miniature video cameras. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 64, no 1. pp. 71–87.
 * Pietz PJ & Granfors DA. (2000). White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings. American Midland Naturalist. vol 144, no 2. pp. 419–422.
 * Pylypec B. (1991). IMPACTS OF FIRE ON BIRD POPULATIONS IN A FESCUE PRAIRIE. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 105, no 3. pp. 346–349.
 * Romig GP & Crawford RD. (1996). Clay-colored sparrows in North Dakota parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds. Prairie Naturalist. vol 27, no 4. pp. 193–203.
 * Schulte LS & Niemi GJ. (1998). Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 62, no 4. pp. 1418–1429.
 * Simpson MBJ. (1968). Clay Colored Sparrow at Columbia South-Carolina USA Record. Chat. vol 32, no 3.
 * Sodhi NS. (1992). Comparison between urban and rural bird communities in prairie Saskatchewan: Urbanization and short-term population trends. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 106, no 2. pp. 210–215.
 * Waters A. (2000). First Clay-colored Sparrow for Augusta. Oriole. vol 65, no 1-2.
 * Wilson SD & Belcher JW. (1989). Plant and Bird Communities of Native Prairie and Introduced Eurasian Vegetation in Manitoba Canada. Conservation Biology. vol 3, no 1. pp. 39–44.
 * Winter M, Johnson DH & Shaffer JA. (2005). Variability in vegetation effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 69, no 1. pp. 185–197.
 * Winter M, Johnson DH, Shaffer JA, Donovan TM & Svedarsky WD. (2006). Patch size and landscape effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 70, no 1. pp. 158–172.
 * Winter M, Johnson DH, Shaffer JA & Svedarsky WD. (2004). Nesting biology of three grassland passerines in the northern tallgrass prairie. Wilson Bulletin. vol 116, no 3. pp. 211–223.

title: Clay-colored sparrow


text:
Orenburg Oblast

Orenburg Oblast (Оренбургская область) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), mainly located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast (Чка́ловская о́бласть) in honor of Valery Chkalov. Population: 1,862,767 (2021 Census).

Geography
Orenburg Oblast's internal borders are with the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan to the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast to the north-east, and with Samara and Saratov oblasts to the west. Orenburg Oblast also shares an international border with Kazakhstan to the east and south. The oblast is situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia. The majority of its territory lies west of the continental divide in European Russia and smaller sections in the east situated on the Asian side of the divide. The most important river of the oblast is the Ural and the largest lake Shalkar-Yega-Kara. Orenburg is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. The highest point of the oblast is the 668 m-high Nakas.

History
In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed the, a series of forty-six forts, including Orenburg, to prevent Kazakh and Dzungar nomads from raiding Russian territory.

Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774), the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.

During the Russian Civil War, the region was heavily affected by the Russian famine of 1921–1922.

During World War II, in 1941, the command and staff of the newly formed Polish Anders' Army was based in Buzuluk, and in 1942, the First Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion was based there. Both formations afterwards fought against Nazi Germany.

On 26 May 2024, a Ukrainian drone attacked the Voronezh M long-range radar station near Orsk.

Demographics
Population:

Ethnic composition (2021)

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 16,216 (8.4 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 25,590 (13.3 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.46 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 68.21 years (male — 63.91, female — 72.48)

Religion
As of a 2012 survey, 40.2% of the population of Orenburg Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% declare themselves to be generic nondenominational Christians (excluding the Protestant definition), 2% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or belong to non-Russian Orthodox churches. Muslims constitute 13% of the population. 3% of the population are followers of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 6.8% are followers of other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 20% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.

Economy
Orenburg Oblast is one of the major agricultural areas of Russia. Its climate is favorable to farming with a humid spring, dry summer and many sunny days, which make perfect conditions for cultivating hard wheat and rye, sunflowers, potatoes, peas, beans, corn, and gourds.

The range of the oblast's export commodities includes oil and oil products, gas and gas produced products, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, nickel, asbestos, chromium compounds, rough copper, electric engines, and radiators, which are used to make products from the machine-building industry.

title: Orenburg Oblast


text:
Penza Oblast

Penza Oblast (Пе́нзенская о́бласть) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Penza. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,266,348.

Geography
The highest point of Penza Oblast is an unnamed hill of the Khvalynsk Mountains reaching 342 m above sea level located at the southeastern end, near Neverkino.

Main rivers

Penza Oblast has over 3000 rivers; the overall length is 15,458 km. The biggest rivers are:
 * Sura;
 * Moksha;
 * Khopyor.
 * Penza River gave its name to the city of Penza.

Fauna
There are 316 species of vertebrates within the region, including:
 * about 10 species of amphibians;
 * about 200 species of birds;
 * about 8 species of reptiles;
 * about 68 species of mammals (fox, rabbit, ferret, badger, squirrel).

Seven existing species of mammals were already acclimatized on land: the American mink, muskrat, raccoon dog, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, red deer and Sika deer. In parallel, work has been carried out to reintroduce the Forest-steppe marmot, the Eurasian beaver and the Russian desman (a species of mole that resembles a muskrat).

In the waters of Penza Oblast, there are about 50 species of fish. The largest body of water – the Sursko reservoir – is home to around 30 species. Commercial species include bream, silver bream, pikeperch, ide, and catfish. In the rivers and smalls pond dwell roach, perch, carp, and pike. The most valuable fish to be found in the natural waters is the sterlet.

History
The regional center of Penza was built in 1663 as a Russian fortress on the border of the Wild Fields, although evidence of the presence of more ancient settlements has been found in the modern city.

Penza Province was established within Kazan Governorate in 1718. It became a separate Penza Governorate on September 15, 1780, which existed until March 5, 1797, when it was dissolved and merged into Saratov Governorate. Penza Governorate was re-established on September 9, 1801 and existed until 1928. Between 1928 and 1937, the territory of the former governorate underwent a number of administrative transformations, ending up as a part of Tambov Oblast in 1937. On February 4, 1939, modern Penza Oblast was established by splitting it out of Tambov Oblast. In March 1939, the Penza Oblast Committee of the CPSU was formed, the first secretary of the committee being Alexander Kabanov.

Economy
Penza Oblast is part of the Volga economic region. The oblast is one of Russia's leading producers of wheat, rye, oats, millet, buckwheat, cereal and forage crops, vegetables, potatoes, mustard, and meat.

Politics
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared among three persons: The first secretary of the Penza CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Penza Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Penza Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Demographics
Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 8,431 (6.6 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 19,676 (15.5 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.19 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 69.97 years (male — 65.17, female — 74.75)

Ethnic composition (2010):
 * Russians: 86.8%
 * Tatars: 6.4%
 * Mordvins: 4.1%
 * Ukrainians: 0.7%
 * Chuvash: 0.4%
 * Armenians: 0.3%
 * Others ethnicities: 1.3%
 * Additionally, 43,283 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
 * Births: 7,962 (Jan-July 2008)
 * Deaths: 13,608 (Jan-July 2008)

Religion
According to a 2012 survey, 62.9% of the population of Penza Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, and 7% are Muslims. In addition, 15% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% is atheist, and 3.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Tourism

 * Troitse-Scanov Convent
 * State Lermontov Museum and Reserve of Tarkhany

Notable people

 * Vasily Klyuchevsky (1841–1911) — a leading Russian historian of the late imperial period.
 * Aristarkh Lentulov (1882–1943) – a Russian avant-garde artist of Cubist orientation who also worked on set designs for the theatre.
 * Yevgeny Rodionov (1977–1996) – a Russian soldier who was murdered in Chechen captivity for his refusal to convert to Islam and defect to the enemy side.
 * Victor Skumin (1948–) – a Russian scientist first describes "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome", later known as Skumin syndrome, a form of anxiety suffered by recipients of artificial heart valves.
 * Natalya Starovoyt, actress of Penza Oblast Drama Theatre

title: Penza Oblast


text:
Anamorphosée

Anamorphosée is the fourth studio album by Mylène Farmer, released on 17 October 1995. Led by the number-one single "XXL", the album was something of a departure from her previous work. Although it received mixed reviews from critics, the album was very successful, peaking at no.1 and staying on the French album chart for almost two years.

Background and writing
The movie Giorgino, produced by Laurent Boutonnat and in which Mylène Farmer starred, was both a critical and financial failure. Released on 5 October 1994, it was seen by barely 25,000 spectators in the first week and was the first setback in Farmer's career. As a result, the musical duo separated on bad terms, Boutonnat making Farmer responsible for this failure. The singer decided to go to Los Angeles, California, where she fell into anonymity and changed hairstyle (she became blond with long hair). There she composed a new album, drawing inspiration from a Sogyal Rinpoche's book, Le Livre tibétain de la Vie et de la Mort. The singer's perception of life changed through her travels, and she confided in an interview that she was no longer afraid of death; so, she was more optimistic. Finally, she called Boutonnat who joined her in Los Angeles for the recording.

Jeff Dahlgren, who performed the role of Giorgio Volli in Giorgino, had a great influence in the early composition of this album and was part of the musical team involved in preparing it. Boutonnat later came and the three finished the project. The album was recorded in the A&M studios and Record One in Los Angeles, and Boutonnat, who oversaw the production, chose the best American musicians at the time. Bertrand Châtenet, who had previously worked with Vanessa Paradis, was selected to mix the album.

Lyrics and music
The album's title, "Anamorphosée" is a neologism in French-language (the noun exists, but not the past participle of the anamorphoser (denominative verb from anamorphose + -er infinitive suffix)). The Hachette dictionary defines "anamorphose" as an "image of an object, distorted by certain optical devices (cylindrical mirrors, for example)." That word thus refers to the new music style of the singer.

This album represents a departure from her previous work, in that the music is much more rock oriented. Five of the twelve tracks are ballads with melancholy text punctuated by American R&B-inspired arrangements. The lyrics are easier to understand and less cryptic than her previous albums. Although some themes dear to the artist are addressed in Anamorphosée, sadness and pain are much less present in this album which is more about the spirituality (Buddhism).

For the first time, Farmer wrote a song completely by herself, "Tomber 7 fois..."

Critical reception
The album was sometimes well received in media that have mainly noted the change in musical style. For example: "Farmer has moved away from the images that she stuck to the skin just to keep a sensuality remained intact" (Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace). The singer "has abandoned her eternal pessimism: the Mylène of 2000 is arrived, turned towards humanity with a big H and spirituality, via Lao Tzeu" (Double Face). "It is a shift announced by the new disc" (La Dernière Heure). With this album, "Farmer excels but against the current". "The tonic music have a hope in its infancy, words less drawn by the taste of nothing" (Télérama). "Anamorphosée has filled all hopes" (Vamp Canada). "The production is, as always, impeccable" (Platine).

However, some musical critics were very virulent to this album. For example, Le Monde stated that "the diversion of melodies from the band Nirvana makes hesitate between indignation and open laughs", while L'Evènement du jeudi concluded its article saying it should better "to avoid" this album.

A Victoire de la Musique was awarded to this album, which was regarded as the French album the most exported in 1996.

Commercial performance
The album went straight to #2 on French Album Chart on 15 October 1995, behind Céline Dion's D'eux. It stayed at this place on the following chart edition, before dropping. However, it re-reached the #2 in its 13th week and for four other non-consecutive weeks. Surprisingly, the album became number one for two weeks on 18 and 25 January 1997, about one year and a half after its release. It remained on the Top ten for 34 weeks and on the chart (Top 50) for a total of 77 weeks. The album was also charted for four weeks on the Top Mid'Price, from 20 March to 10 April 2005, because it was re-released in a digipack version by Polydor. The album was certified Double platinum disc by the SNEP in 1996, then diamond in 2009.

In Belgium Wallonia, the album was charted for 71 weeks, from 4 November 1995 to 12 April 1997. It peaked at number two in its three first weeks, but was unable to reach number one (the chart was topped then by Céline Dion's D'eux); it appeared for 25 weeks in the top ten.

In Switzerland, the album entered the chart at #25, its highest position, on 12 November 1995, before dropping. It left the chart after its sixth week.

Track listing
All tracks written by Mylène Farmer and produced by Laurent Boutonnat.

Personnel

 * Fred Attal – programming
 * Laurent Boutonnat – arranger, clavier,  keyboards, producer
 * Bertrand Châtenet – mixing
 * Jeff Dahlgren – guitar
 * Pol Ramirez del Piu – flute
 * Mylène Farmer – vocals
 * Denny Fongheiser – drums
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Abraham Laboriel, Sr. – bass
 * Kate Markowitz – background vocals
 * Chad Munsey – engineer, sound recording
 * Henry Neu – design
 * André Perriat – mastering
 * Herb Ritts – photography
 * Thierry Rogen – engineer, mixing, sound recording
 * Larry Schalit – assistant, mixing
 * Mike Scotella – assistant, mixing
 * Paul Van Parys – executive producer
 * Ken Villeneuve – assistant, mixing
 * Shelly Yakus – engineer, sound recording

Formats

 * CD – Crystal case
 * CD – Digipack
 * Casket – Format : 12" – Numbered – Limited edition (5,000)
 * Promotional casket – Format : 12"
 * 12"
 * Cassette
 * CD – Japan1
 * CD – Taïwan

1 + "Alice" (new mix), "XXL" (extra large remix)

title: Anamorphosée