text:
Japanese military aircraft designation systems

The Japanese military aircraft designation systems for the Imperial period (pre-1945) had multiple designation systems for each armed service. This led to the Allies' use of code names during World War II, and these code names are still better known in English-language texts than the real Japanese names for the aircraft. A number of different schemes were simultaneously in use.

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (大日本帝國海軍航空隊) used several different aircraft designation systems simultaneously. Between 1931 and 1945, aircraft had Shi numbers designating the specification they were designed to. They also had a long form of Type and Model Number system used between 1920 and 1943, a short designation system akin to that of the United States Navy in use between the late 1920s and 1945, a system of popular names introduced to replace type numbers from 1943 through 1945.

Specification Shi numbers
Japanese Navy specifications from 1931 were given an experimental, or Shi (試) number, based on the year of the Emperor's reign the specification was issued in. Since multiple specifications could be issued in a year, the number was disambiguated with the aircraft purpose.

During the period this designation system was in use, the Emperor in question was Hirohito, the Showa Emperor, thus the years of Showa were those used, which began in 1926.

Thus, the Mitsubishi Zero was designed to meet the 1937 specification called 12-shi carrier fighter.

Long Type and Model Number system
After 1929, aircraft types were given a type number based on the last two digits of the Japanese imperial year (which is counted from the mythical founding of Japan in 660BC by Emperor Jimmu). Added to this was a brief description of the aircraft's function. The Mitsubishi Zero was so-called because entered service in 1940 which was the Japanese year 2600, thus it was designated Type 0 Carrier Fighter.

Model numbers were added to show subtypes. By the late 1930s these were two digits, the first being airframe revisions, the second engine revisions.

The system was abandoned in 1943, when it was decided that it gave away too much information about the aircraft.

Short system
In the late 1920s a short designation scheme was adopted, which was similar to the 1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system. This scheme used a letter or two letters to designate a type of aircraft, a number to indicate the Navy Design Request Number in that type of aircraft, and finally a letter to designate the manufacturer. Unlike the US Navy system, the Japanese system did not have a different number series for each manufacturer, and did not omit the number "1".

Thus, the Zero's type in this designation system was A6M, which meant the sixth type of carrier fighter under this designation system, and that it was built by Mitsubishi.

Variants were indicated by an additional number at the end; repurposing an aircraft was indicated by a dash and then the new type letter.

Sometimes two aircraft were ordered from different manufacturers to the same specification at the same time, generally as insurance against the primary design not working out. In this case, the same series number was used for both. Data from:Japanese Military Aircraft Designations

Official names
After July 1943, names were given to Navy aircraft instead of type designations. These names were given according to a scheme based on the aircraft's role. These were official names, in contrast to Army aircraft whose names were popular nicknames.

 * Fighters: Weather and meteorological names
 * Carrier fighters and seaplane fighters: Wind names usually ending with pu or fu (風)
 * Interceptors: Lightning names ending in den (電)
 * Night fighters: Light names ending in ko (光)
 * Attack planes: Mountains names ending in zan (山)
 * Bombers: Star or constellation names usually ending in sei (星)
 * Patrol: Sea or ocean names ending in kai (海) or yo (洋)
 * Reconnaissance: Cloud names ending in un (雲)
 * Trainers: Trees, plants and flowers
 * Transports: Sky names ending in ku (空)
 * Miscellaneous: Landscape names
 * Purpose-built kamikaze aircraft: Flower names ending in ka (花)

Special cases include aircraft that employed non-conventional (i.e. non-propeller-driven) propulsion scheme like rocket-powered interceptor Shūsui (poetic term meaning "Sharp Sword") and aircraft used for non-conventional deployments such as Special Attacker Seiran ("Mountain Haze"; deployed from submarines to strike targets behind the frontline and expected to be ditched upon returning to motherships).

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (often called the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (大日本帝國陸軍航空隊、大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊) (IJAAS) used a straightforward system based on year of service and type, nearly identical to the Navy's long type and model number system. This system was used from 1927, replacing an earlier system in which a manufacturer type code from a Japanese Kanji ordinal from the Heavenly stems was assigned to the aircraft from each company, as well as a type number. With additional types being added, this system quickly became cumbersome. Assigned letters included 甲 (Ko) for Nieuport, 乙 (Otsu) for Salmson, 丙 (Hei) for SPAD, 丁 (Tei) for Farman, 戊 (Bo) for Caudron, and 己 (Ki) for Hanriot. The "Ki" (キ; abbreviation of kitai = airframe) designation was also used and became prominent in later years.

Long Type and Model Number system
The first part of the designation was a two-digit type number based on the Japanese year in which the aircraft entered service. A minor exception was the year 1940 (2600), for which the type number 100 rather than zero was used. This was followed by a description of the aircraft's function. If there were two or more aircraft with the same type and function, the latter was enhanced to further differentiate them. An example is the Type 2 single-seat fighter (the Nakajima Ki-44) and the Type 2 two-seat fighter (Kawasaki Ki-45).

Major modifications (such as a different engine) were indicated with a subtype number, officially in kanji but often in Roman numerals. Small-scale modifications (such as armament) are indicated with a Japanese Kanji ordinal from the Heavenly stems:- ko (甲), otsu (乙), hei (丙), tei (丁), bo (戊), ki (己), which equate to:- a (first), b (second), c (third), d (fourth), e (fifth), but are NOT direct translations. The character "kai"(改) was used if the modifications were large but not enough for a new type number.

Short designation ("Ki" number)
The "Ki" airframe designation indicates the project number (written in Arabic numerals), and was assigned in sequence to all projects regardless of manufacturer or type.

Popular names
Popular names such as "Hayabusa" (the Nakajima Ki-43) were not part of the official designation.

Calendars and Type numbers
Data from:

Type numbers were assigned by both the Army and Navy followed the Taisho number sequence, the number of years the Emperor Taisho had been on the throne until Emperor Showa replaced him on 25 December 1926, which started the Showa sequence, at which time, the numbering was matched to the last two, or later one digit of the Imperial Japanese calendar year. The Navy began assigning Shisaku numbers to denote experimental types being evaluated by the Navy, whose numbering matched those of the Showa sequence. As no new designs were assigned Type numbers between 26 December 1926 and the end of the year, no aircraft was designated Type 86 under the Showa sequence. The Taisho/Showa sequences were used for almost all equipment developed for both Army and Navy (including weapons, equipment, vehicles and even ships), so there can be many unrelated pieces of equipment covered under a single Type number.

Designation table
This is a sortable table giving all the various designations and names of Japanese Military aircraft from circa 1925 to 1945. Data from: and [ ]


text:
Métal hurlant

Métal hurlant (literal translation: "Howling Metal," "Screaming Metal") is a French comics anthology of science fiction and horror comics stories. Originally created in 1974, the anthology ceased publication in 1987, but was revived between 2002 and 2004 in multilingual editions, and then again in 2020.

Emphasizing complex graphics, cinematic imagery and surreal storylines, Métal hurlant was highly influential throughout the world as one of the first mature expressions of "adult" comic book making. Apart from comics, the original Métal hurlant contained articles about science fiction books and movies, as well as music and videogame reviews.

History
Métal hurlant, in English "Howling Metal", was created in December 1974 by comics artists Jean Giraud (better known as Mœbius) and Philippe Druillet together with journalist-writer Jean-Pierre Dionnet and financial director Bernard Farkas. The four were collectively known as "Les Humanoïdes Associés" (United Humanoids), which became the name of the publishing house releasing Métal hurlant.

Content from Metal Hurlant was republished in English in the United States by National Lampoon under the title Heavy Metal. It was published in Germany under the title Schwermetall.

The magazine was originally released quarterly; it consisted of 68 pages, of which only 16 were in colour. Contributors included Moebius and Druillet, depicting such characters as Arzach and Lone Sloane. Later issues featured Richard Corben, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Enki Bilal, Caza, Serge Clerc, Alain Voss, Berni Wrightson, Nicole Claveloux, Milo Manara, Frank Margerin, Masse, Chantal Montellier, and many others.

The magazine went bankrupt in 1980 but managed to keep publishing. It became bi-monthly with issue #7 and monthly with #9.

Métal hurlant ceased publication in July 1987.

2002 revival
Métal hurlant began publishing again in July 2002 by Humanoids Publishing, with a French, English, Spanish and Portuguese version, under the French name. As a "two-headed", transatlantic (France-US) magazine, led by Fabrice Giger in Los Angeles, it published original short stories, sometimes related to existing or to be published comic books. Its aim was to discover young creators and promote the products from the publisher. This incarnation of the magazine ceased publication with issue #14, dated November/December 2004.

2021 revival
Vincent Bernière launched Metal Hurlant for 2021. This third volume of Métal Hurlant was launched via crowdfunding, on the KissKissBankBank platform. The first issue was published 29 September, with four issues a year (two with new content and two with classic content) planned. The third issue was published in March 2022, and included the story "Aquarium" by French author Léo Quievreux.

A Polish edition of the relaunched magazine, overlapping with reprints of classic issues, premiered in December 2021.

Stories
Stories that were published in the original Métal hurlant include:
 * Arzach
 * Exterminator 17
 * Fragile by Stefano Raffaele
 * Jeremiah
 * Lone Sloane
 * Milady 3000
 * The Zombies That Ate the World by Guy Davis and Jerry Frissen
 * The Long Tomorrow by Dan O'Bannon and Jean Giraud
 * 1996 by Chantal Montellier

Adaptations
Some of their titles have gone on to be adapted into other media.

In November 2009, a film based on Stefano Raffaele's Fragile was in development.

A live-action TV series based on Métal hurlant titled Métal Hurlant Chronicles was released in France in 2012–2014. A French-United Kingdom co-production, the series consists of 12 half-hour episodes over two seasons. Featured actors include Rutger Hauer, Scott Adkins, Michael Jai White, Karl E. Landler, Joe Flanigan, David Belle, Matt Mullins and James Marsters. In the United States, the series began airing on the Syfy Channel on 14 April 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Métal hurlant


text:
Lundu (dance)

Lundu (also spelled landu or landum) is a style of Afro-Brazilian music and dance with its origins in the African Bantu and Portuguese people.

History
The interconnectedness of Lusophone countries dates back to the Atlantic Slave Trade, between Portugal, Brazil and regions of Africa. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were the primary exporters of African slaves to the Americas, and with slaves came their musical traditions. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a massive Brazilian presence in Angola, enabling a cultural exchange between the two Portuguese colonies. This exchange enabled subtle amalgamations of musical styles between Angola, Brazil and other African slave trade countries. The establishment of a creole population in Brazil led to further cultural developments in language, religion and art. In 1859, French journalist Charles Ribeyrolles described Afro-Brazilian free practices on a fazenda in Rio de Janeiro province:

"Saturday evening, after the last working task of the week, and on holidays that give idleness and rest, the blacks have an hour or two of the evening for dancing. They assemble in their terreiro, calling, gathering and inciting each other, and the celebration starts. Here it is the capoeira, a kind of Pyrrhic dance, with daring combat evolutions, regulated by the Congo drum; there it is the batuque, with its cold or indecent postures which the urucungo, viola with thin cords, accelerates or contains; further away it is a frenzied dance where the gaze, the breasts and the hips provoke. It is a kind of inebriated convulsion one calls the lundu."

Dissemination
Records from the inquisition of the 18th century reveal that the Europeans initially considered gandus and lundus to be witchcraft. Many slave-owning Europeans in Brazil tolerated the dance in an attempt to avoid slave rebellion. Eventually, the style became attractive to Europeans in Brazil for its sexualized quality and its believed effectiveness in reversing witchcraft. de Mattos was disgruntled by the blurring by dance and drums of strict racial and cultural boundaries in Brazil.

Gradually, the lundu style grew in popularity among the elite population in Brazil. In 1749, Brazilian musician Manuel de Almeida Botelho immigrated to Lisbon, bringing with him the modinha and lundu musical styles. By the 19th century, lundu had become the music of choice for the Luso-Brazilian bourgeoisie. Historians have even called the style the “…most characteristic late 18th century [genre] of dance and song in Portugal and Brazil”.

Style
Lundus are characterized by varying structure, the interplay of tonic and dominant harmony, and strummed chords layered atop a syncopated rhythm reminiscent of traditional West African music. Limited recordings are available of traditional lundus style. Usually a flirtatious ritual of a couple dance, accompanied by a guitar, or sometimes a thumb piano or drums, Lundu is related to the Spanish fandango and other new-world dances like the Argentine Zamba, the Peruvian Zamacueca and the Cuban Bolero - they all involve, to some degree, handkerchiefs, castanets, and holding one's arms above one's head. In the 19th century, the lundu was one of the sources of the Choro, the Maxixe and the Samba

title: Lundu (dance)


text:
GNE (encyclopedia)

GNE (originally GNUPedia) was a project to create a free-content online encyclopedia, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, under the auspices of the Free Software Foundation. The project was proposed by Richard Stallman in December 2000 and officially started in January 2001. It was moderated by Héctor Facundo Arena, an Argentine programmer and GNU activist.

History
Immediately upon its creation, GNUPedia was confronted by confusion with the similar-sounding Nupedia project led by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, and controversy over whether this constituted a fork of the efforts to produce a free encyclopedia. In addition, Wales already owned the gnupedia.org domain name. The GNUPedia project changed its name to GNE (an abbreviation for "GNE's Not an Encyclopedia", a recursive acronym similar to that of the GNU Project) and switched to a knowledgebase. GNE was designed to avoid centralization and editors who enforced quality standards, which they viewed as possibly introducing bias. Jonathan Zittrain described GNE as a "collective blog" more than an encyclopedia. Stallman has since lent his support to Wikipedia.

In The Wikipedia Revolution, Andrew Lih explains the reasons behind the demise of GNE: "Richard Stallman who inspired the free software and free culture movement also proposed his own encyclopedia in 1999 and attempted to launch it in the same year that Wikipedia took off. Called Gnupedia it coexisted confusingly in the same space as Bomis's Nupedia, a completely separate product. Keeping with tradition Stallman renamed his project GNE – GNE's not an encyclopedia. But in the end Wikipedia's lead and enthusiastic community was already well established and Richard Stallman put the GNE project into inactive status and put his support behind Wikipedia."

The GNU Project offers the following explanation about GNE: "Just as we were starting a project, GNUpedia, to develop a free encyclopedia, the Nupedia encyclopedia project adopted the GNU Free Documentation License and thus became a free commercial project. So we decided to merge GNUpedia project into Nupedia. Now, the Wikipedia encyclopedia project has adopted the philosophy of Nupedia and taken it even further. We encourage you to visit and contribute to the site."

title: GNE (encyclopedia)


text:
Robert Beatty

Robert Rutherford Beatty (19 October 1909 – 3 March 1992) was a Canadian actor who worked in film, television and radio for most of his career and was especially known in the UK.

Early years
Beatty was born in Hamilton, Ontario, the son of Charles Thompson Beatty and Blanch Sarah Rutherford. He attended Delta Collegiate School and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto.

He began his acting career in Britain in 1939.

Stage
Beatty joined the Players' Guild of Hamilton after graduation from the University of Toronto. He went to London, England, in 1936 and joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. It was with the RADA that he made his English stage debut. In 1939 he appeared in the West End in N.C. Hunter's comedy Grouse in June.

Film
Beatty's film credits include: San Demetrio London (1943), Odd Man Out (1947), Another Shore (1948), Against the Wind (1948), Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (1951), The Square Ring (1953), Portrait of Alison/Postmark for Danger (1955), Something of Value, Time lock (1957), The Amorous Prawn (1962), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Where Eagles Dare (1968), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Superman III (1983), Minder on the Orient Express (1985) and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987).

Beatty appeared in two "critically acclaimed war propaganda films" in 1942 – 49th Parallel and  One of Our Aircraft Is Missing.

Television
In the 1950s, he was host of the BBC programme Saturday Night Out, a live outside-broadcast magazine programme, in which he was known as "The Man with the Mike". He played Bulldog Drummond in 1957 in the episode "The Ludlow Affair" of Douglas Fairbanks Presents. In 1958, he played Detective Inspector Mike Maguire in the police series Dial 999 (a co-production between Britain's ABC and the US company Ziv). He also appeared in Doctor Who ("The Tenth Planet" as General Cutler), Blake's 7 ("The Way Back" as Bran Foster), The Gathering Storm, Thriller (1976), The New Avengers, and Minder. He was in Franco Zeffirelli's TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth and the American series of Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. He portrayed Ronald Reagan in Breakthrough at Reykjavik (Granada Television UK 1987).

Radio
Beatty reported descriptions of the Blitz from London to North America via the BBC during World War II. He played Philip Odell, a fictional Irish detective created by Lester Powell, between 1947 and 1961. The series debuted on BBC radio with the story "Lady in a Fog" in October 1947. The series was made available to overseas broadcasters by the BBC Transcription Services. His other radio credits included Shadow of Sumuru on the BBC Home Programme in 1945–46, Shadow Man on Radio Luxembourg in 1955, Destination – Fire! Stories of a Fire Investigator on the BBC Light Programme (1962–1966), General Sternwood in a BBC version of Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep (1977), Pay Any Price (BBC 1982), The Mystery of the Blue Train (BBC 1985/1986), and as Henry Hickslaughter in Elizabeth Troop's Sony Award winning adaptation of Graham Greene's short story Cheap in August (1993).

Death
Beatty died 3 March 1992, in London and was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium.

Filmography

 * Black Limelight (1939) as Extra (uncredited)
 * Murder in Soho (1939) as Jack (uncredited)
 * Dangerous Moonlight (1941) as Reporter with Carol (uncredited)
 * 49th Parallel (1941) as RCMP Mountie in Alberta (voice, uncredited)
 * One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942) as Sgt. Hopkins
 * Suspected Person (1942) as Franklin
 * Flying Fortress (1942) as Connor (uncredited)
 * The First of the Few (1942) as American Airman (uncredited)
 * San Demetrio London (1943) as 'Yank' Preston
 * It Happened One Sunday (1944) as Tom Stevens
 * A Matter of Life and Death (1946) as US Crewman (uncredited)
 * Appointment with Crime (1946) as Det. Insp. Rogers
 * Odd Man Out (1947) as Dennis
 * Green Fingers (1947) as Thomas Stone
 * Against the Wind (1948) as Father Philip
 * Counterblast (1948) as Dr. Paul Rankin
 * Another Shore (1948) as Gulliver
 * Portrait from Life (1948) as Campbell Reid
 * The Twenty Questions Murder Mystery (1950) as Bob Beacham
 * Her Favourite Husband (1950) as Antonio Pellegrini
 * Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (1951) as Lt. William Bush
 * Calling Bulldog Drummond (1951) as Arthur Gunns
 * The Magic Box (1951) as Lord Beaverbrook
 * Wings of Danger (1952) as Nick Talbot
 * The Gentle Gunman (1952) as Shinto
 * The Broken Horseshoe (1953) as Dr. Mark Fenton
 * The Net (1953) as Maj. Sam Seagram
 * Man on a Tightrope (1953) as Barovic
 * The Oracle (1953) as Bob Jefferson
 * The Square Ring (1953) as Kid Curtis
 * Albert R.N. (1953) as Jim
 * Loves of Three Queens (1954) as Menelao (segment: The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships)
 * Out of the Clouds (1955) as Nick Millbourne
 * Portrait of Alison (1955) as Tim Forrester
 * Tarzan and the Lost Safari (1957) as Tusker Hawkins
 * Something of Value (1957) as Elizabeth's Husband – Jeff Newton
 * Time Lock (1957) as Pete Dawson
 * The Shakedown (1960) as Chief Insp. Bob Jarvis
 * Invitation to Murder (1962)
 * The Amorous Prawn (1962) as Larry Hoffman
 * The Secret of Dr. Mabuse (1964) as Col. Matson
 * "Doctor Who" (1966) The Tenth Planet as General. Cutler
 * The 25th Hour (1967) as Col. Greenfield
 * Bikini Paradise (1967) as Commissioner
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) as Dr. Ralph Halvorsen
 * Where Eagles Dare (1968) as General George Carnaby / Corporal Cartwright Jones
 * Sitting Target (1972) as Gun Dealer
 * Pope Joan (1972) as Dr. Corwin
 * The Spikes Gang (1974) as Sheriff (credit only)
 * The Gathering Storm (1974) as Lord Beaverbrook
 * The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) as U.S. Admiral
 * Jesus of Nazareth (1977, TV Mini-Series) as Proculus
 * Golden Rendezvous (1977) as Dr. Taubman
 * The Spaceman and King Arthur (1979) as Senator Milburn
 * The Amateur (1981) as Ambassador Neville
 * Superman III (1983) as Tanker Captain
 * Labyrinth (1986) as Left Door Knocker (voice)
 * Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) as U.S. President

title: Robert Beatty


text:
Three-striped night monkey

The three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), also known as northern night monkey or northern owl monkey, is one of several species of owl monkeys currently recognised. It is found in Venezuela and north-central Brazil.

Until 1983, all the owl monkeys were regarded as subspecies of Aotus trivirgatus, and all were referred to as douroucoulis. The use of the name douroucouli exclusively for the three-striped night monkey is not universally accepted; some authors use it for the entire genus, or for the grey-necked group of species within it (to which A. trivirgatus belongs).

Like other owl monkeys, the three-striped night monkey lives in woodlands including rain forest. It is mainly black, with striking white markings on its face. Its body size is 27–48 cm, and its tail is about the same length again. Adults weigh up to 1 kg. It has very large eyes, and is most active on moonlit nights, feeding on fruit, nuts, leaves, insects and other small invertebrates, and birds' eggs.

The three-striped night monkey forms pair bonds which are broken only by the death of one partner. It lives in family groups, with the immature young staying with their parents until sexual maturity at the age of 3 or 4. Normally only one infant is born, after a gestation period of a little over 4 months.

title: Three-striped night monkey


text: Talk:Three-striped night monkey

title: Talk:Three-striped night monkey


text:
Talk:Gentoo Linux

Pro / Con section
This is amateurish. It's unsourced, and it's presented in a very defensive tit-for-tat manner. Chris Cunningham 16:27, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I consider myself, however, unable to rewrite this in a satisfactory manner. -- oKto siTe  talk  08:15, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Security Vulnerabilities?
What's the point of this section? I'm going to move it into external links. Kelvie 11:45, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

"forked" versions of gcc?
"Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with "forked" versions of gcc, finding a version that gave a 10% to 200% speed increase over the "official" gcc" <- I have been unable to verify this anywhere. I found some mention of a third-party (non-gcc based) compiler that was used until it was merged with gcc 2.95, which provided a "10% real-world performance increase", but no mention of any super-fast forks. I believe this can be removed, and as others have said, this article is seriously in need of cleanup. -amp_man 26 June 2007

 * The source for these statements is http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p2.xml, which is sourced from http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-dist2.html . These two sentences are a summary of that article, and don't go into the whole history of the "forked" gcc project, known as [:EGCS:], or Cygnus, etc.  The article supports an upper limit of 90% increases for some packages, so the 200% seems unsourced. JohnWhitlock (talk) 04:28, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

less secure & less stable than other linux versions?
"A disadvantage to this is that system administrators are forced to keep their system up-to-date to keep their system secure, which makes Gentoo less stable or less secure in comparison with most other Linux distributions."

sorry, but this statement is simply not true - the other distros also needs to be updated to be update-to-date & secure

even when using unstable (~x86, ~amd64) it is pretty stable (which of course depends on the knowledge of the user: e.g. which packages would rather be omitted / masked). why should it be less secure ? -> take gentoo hardened (switch to hardened profile / use hardened tarball), in my opinion it is one of the most secure and stable systems available :) (pretty subjective - I know ;) ) Medwikier (talk) 22:12, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Reference to sparc port.
Hi,

I'm under the impression from the Gentoo community that the distro only officially supports sparc64, now. Using the word sparc in the article suggests that it is also maintained for 32 bit sparc. I think this should be checked and possibly altered.

Many thanks,

Chris.

Chris debian 23:23, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

it is no longer officially supported for 32 bit sparc. it can still be installed on 32bit sparc however (both architectures are roled into one release...) although i have no idea if any updates are being made to the 32bit part of it anymore.

Gaurdro 04:00, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

History deletion
Was there a reason the part in the history section detailing the recent join/leave of drobbins, and the subsequent part about him still being the legal president of the foundation was removed? The person who removed it only has that single edit to their IP, and though i could see how the second section might need some fixing up to make it less biased, the first part about the CoC wasn't biased in any way.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentoo_Linux&diff=150326571&oldid=149587219 is the edit in question.

58.28.136.130 08:48, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

References about Daniels employers are not relevant to the Gentoo project or foundation. Once he left, he has left, period. Who he went to work for is not part of Gentoo's history.

The CoC was not enacted as a result of a single developer joining or leaving the project. It was a result of unruly behavior on a list that was hindering productivity. The problem existed before a certain person came and left. That it was enacted some time after was just a result of problems over all. Not because of a single person. Note that there are no references to any Gentoo council meetings or summaries on the subject.

There was no controversy last year when the community found out about the foundational status not being updated with the State of New Mexico. If there was, there is no reference of the thread or threads. GWN news item regarding controversy or any facts to support the statement. The trustees did set in motion to correct that and did discuss plans to transfer things to the SFC. Unfortunately that process stalled and the goal was not accomplished. Speculative comments about user support again with no references.

Daniel Robbins always owned the trademark and copyrights of the foundation. Since he was never financially reimbursed for them. Nor has he been whiling to hand them over to the foundation for nothing more than his costs or for free/donation.

Links to blogs are not official Gentoo history. They are the point of view of an individual outside the Gentoo community. At best a Gentoo user, but not an active contributor, developer, or project member. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.199.248.121 (talk) 06:03, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Errors
The criticism part isn't correct as you can easily check if anything depends on the package you are about to remove with the equery tool. It might be possible that this has been something someone was criticizing but then they were not knowledgeable in what they were criticizing. I think this whole article really is in the need of a serious clean up. The less secure part as someone mentions is also rubbish. By default Gentoo will run no services or daemons meaning the administrator will have better control about what excatly the computer is running. And keeping it updated, well, it's just like keeping other distros updated. I don't know where the person who wrote this had this idea from. Not true anyway. Gentoo hardened project actually gives you the possibility to make some of the tightest secured Linux servers you can have today. Selinux, pax, PIE/SSP, grsecurity, RSBAC and so on. All the tools are there. You here have the possibility with ease to make something secure out of this world. The only thing as good is OpenBSD. I don't have any problems with critics, but it is a good thing to stick to the facts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.203.71.213 (talk) 03:43, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Advantages?
In addition to the "Drawbacks" section, which is very important in the case of a distro such as Gentoo and Slackware, I think that an "Advantages" section may be in order. Dotancohen (talk) 23:29, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

I feel that one of the advantages of Gentoo build system is the shared library version problem. With binary distributions, if you install an application which has been built against library y but you have version x installed, you not only need to install the application, but the library as well, regardless of whether the existing library would have worked (eg. only a bugfix release).

When building in Gentoo, this is mitigated, to some extent, as the applications are built against the versions of libraries you already have installed and you only need to install new versions if there has been an API change and the application ebuild indicates that the newer api is required. Lyallp (talk) 06:53, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Name: Criticism vs. Drawbacks
Is there any justification for calling this section "criticism" vs. "drawbacks"? I believe "drawbacks" is more accurate: "criticism" suggests that the use of gentoo is more a matter of personal taste, or that one could argue that gentoo is universally "good" or "bad". I think "drawbacks" is more accurate--that gentoo is appropriate in some situations and for some users, but not for others. I'm going to change it back; please discuss here if you want to change it back. Cazort (talk) 00:38, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Versionless documentation
Compared to "versioned" linux distributions, Gentoo has a disadvantage: documentation is harder to maintain because the system evolves continuously (and so the documentation should). With "versioned" disto (such as Ubuntu or Fedora) it's easy to write procedures as far as softwares are "froze" and packaged into a version clearly identifiable. The procedure with stay valid for the distro versions it has been tested on, which is not the case for Gentoo. I think this should be added on the "Drawbacks/Disavantages" because gentoo documentation can quickly become depreciated.-- Nicolas.cuissard (talk) 16:29, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Generally incorrect. The "versioned" documentation you refer to covers things like installing. Gentoo certainly has versioned install documentation that is maintained forever. SpanKY (talk) 11:37, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Internet Connection
Shouldn't this be edited a bit. Some packages, The kernel, and GlibC and such are big but alot of packages seem to be alot smaller download as source rather than binary distributions. The initial install would take a long time on a dialup connection being you would have to build packages that would normaly come with a precompiled system.

When you install it in a desktop PC you need to download, the kernel, glibc, KDE or Gnome or the Desktop enviroment of your choice, xorg, etc, in that machine and the connection it has. With a binary distribution the difference is that you can download the OS, with the packages precompiled, somewhere else, not taking into account the OS, you just need a CDRW or maybe a USB drive, with gentoo, since it installs diferent packages with different patches, you need to use portage to download them the way portage is gonna use them to patch the sources and install them. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 19:42, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Um, gentoo installers are on the order of less then 32mbs Binary installers that include all of these "packages" are on the order of 720mbs Most distros can be crammed on a single disk, but I have yet to see a binary linux distro that is not at least 7 cds for the full binary tree. The compress text will generally be smaller then the binary. If in 2009 we have to talk about 56k connections I would bet that a modern system downloading source over 56k would install faster then a debian system. both assuming minimal net based installers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.183.38.88 (talk) 04:49, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Circular Dependencies triggerd by Use-flags
Portage ist unable to solve circular dependencies triggered by use-flags I think this is a major Drawback! Example:

gamin and glib and the fam Useflag:

You have to build glib without fam. Then build gamin. Then rebuild glib with the fam flag. It's very annoying that portage is unable to do this itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.161.229.45 (talk) 14:12, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

I can not think of that many build systems that can resolve circular deps since its a circular dep. But with the exception of blocked packages in many years of using Gentoo I rarely run in to portage hangups like I do on all these redhat systems I have to maintain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.183.38.88 (talk) 04:51, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Version history
Can we compile the version/release history into a similar table?

the table is listed under the releases section at Ubuntu Altonbr (talk) 03:26, 25 February 2008 (UTC) Gaurdro (talk)
 * Well, I think the Gentoo releases system is different from Ubuntu's one, so the table has to be adapted... But why not. I suggest you make a draft in a User:Altonbr/subpage and give its link in here, so we can have a better opinion of it. btw, maybe you should not copy/paste the above table but rather give a link to it, it blows this Talk: page :p -- skiidoo (talk) 21:03, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * What is that? Gentoo has no true "Release Cycle" like that.  Things update as needed.  There are no "Default Packages" such as COmpiz Fusion.  How dose this even apply to this page?  The closest you can get. Date 2006.0 released. Date 2006.1 Released. Date 2007.0 Released. This doesn't accomplish anything with how Gentoo is built and updated. All it determines is how many packages you have to emerge once up. Nice only because the pre-builts such as GCC are up to date. A convenience so you don't have to update 113 packages immediately.
 * They're releases are similar in 2 per year (typically) but it would be fairly difficult to create a similar table to the one for Ubuntu. The updates are only to the stage tarbells and livecd,  the packages are continuously updated to the current version instead of being held back with a more traditional release cycle.Gaurdro (talk)

--84.56.220.172 (talk) 10:28, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Currently there is an example in this section:

For example, if a system was installed from a 2005.0 CD, then when version 2005.1 is released an emerge update of the system effectively upgrades the installed Gentoo system to what would result from a fresh installation based on version 2005.1. Why does this section mention such old versions like 2005.0? This is no good advertisement for gentoo, i think.

Default User Interface
Nor Console or Framebuffer are types of User Interfaces, they are Command Line Interfaces, besides I dont see a point in having it because every linux distribution has CLI and GUI. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 17:14, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Wrong a Command line interface is User interface (it allows the user to interact/control, it interfaces), it's just not a Graphical User interface. But I think you meant "Console or Framebuffer Are nor GRAPHICAL user interfaces" right?. But mandrake Linux before 10.0 or so was CLI only .. i think. Oxinabox (talk) 11:53, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I meant that Framebuffer and Console are not CLI, CLI can have Framebuffer and It is a console(Console is just a physical way of controling a computer, wich means I can have only buttons that do a specific task and it is still a computer console, or you can connect it to a mainframe or a server computer and use the console to have a user interface). Any modern linux distribution or UNIX based OS, like FreeBSD and MacOSX, even Windows, has a CLI. I dont know about Mandrake, I've never used it before, but that you have a CLI and a compiler, means you can install Xorg, or Xfree86, wich in the end means you get a GUI. Gentoo offers two ways to install, which is a LiveCD with minimum packages to install any linux distro, not just Gentoo, you can even BSD, and a LiveCD with a GUI interface, with an installer, that is still not very functional IMO, Gentoo doesnt have a default user interface since you can even use a LiveCD that is not the gentoo's one, for example... Ubuntu's LiveCD can be used to make a fresh gentoo system. And by the way, when I readed the first post I made... It is full of contradictions and I apologize for that. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 11:14, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

The promise of optimization
Optimization doesnt mean speed. Just means a cleaner, and stable system in your way. I dont see anywhere in gentoo.org that they promise you more speed. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 02:38, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Optimization means the binary it produces uses all the features available on the system, so it produces more efficient code, which does run faster. To a user, the speedup is normally not noticeable. Gaurdro (talk) 16:24, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Merging some sections
I'd like to move the information under the two sections in "Drawbacks" in "Installation". My reason for wanting to do this is that they are both quite closely related to installation.

Also, I think the information contained in that section can be condensed and updated. For example, there are no longer binary packages of KDE available (at least from official sources), and the time required to compile most packages has been reduced considerably with faster computers (basically most machines less than 2 years old).

Basically, if no one objects, I'll make the changes in the coming days. Baeksu (talk) 08:56, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

The drawbacks are there even after the installation, when you need to update, for example openoffice, if you use the source package, you need to recompile it all over again, same goes for new versions of Gnome, and new versions KDE (that now compiles really fast for KDE4). I agree that they are really close, but when you have a working installation I think it still has those drawbacks if you want to keep Gentoo up to date. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 11:03, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Portability, the first to support PowerPC 970 (G5)?
While trying to clear up citation needed concerning the PowerPC 970 under Gentoo_Linux, I didn't find a conclusive answer as to whether or not Gentoo was the first. Believe me, I'd be the first to leave it there if there was sufficient documentation to back the claim up, but I find it inconclusive. I found the following: Would it be wise to remove the line from the Portability section until anyone can back the claim up with conclusive evidence? Feel free to investigate further based on my findings. Ewald (talk) 10:21, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * On Slashdot and Gentoo.org, a working LiveCD was announced on November 11, 2003.
 * The claim that Gentoo was running on PowerPC 970 came a couple of months earlier on forums.gentoo.org.
 * Yet, further down the aforementioned thread, devs are doubting whether the claims are legit.
 * In the end, the thread turns into more of a distro war and no claims have been backed up.
 * Based on claims that it was just a rumor/hoax on the net and in the aforementioned thread, I'm inclined to believe that Gentoo was not really the first.
 * Also, several reviews of the PowerPC 970 architecture mention Gentoo, but do not at all mention it being first. Just one of the first.
 * I'm going to remove it for now, if someone comes up with some evidence please put it back in. Gaurdro (talk) 16:26, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Future and Long term goals
Anything about this side? Sdudah (talk) 02:25, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed for logo and mascots?
QuicksilverPhoenix added tags for Larry the Cow and Knurt. I don't know if these are strictly necessary tags, as:

 * Larry the Cow is prominently featured in Gentoo Branded Artwork, as well as in the Gentoo Wiki

 * Knurt the flying saucer is used as part of the sidebar graphics throughout the www.gentoo.org site.

I don't know how to add those as citations, and anyway, I believe the tags are unnecessary. Baeksu (talk) 05:46, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I added the tags because, I don't see why they are unofficial mascots, not if they are mascots or not. QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 05:59, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Reference to MacPorts
"There is also a "Gentoo for Mac OS X" project which allows Mac OS X users to use Gentoo's Portage to install packages, similar to the way provided by Fink. Although still a work in progress, this project can coexist with Fink because it uses the same environment as Mac OS X instead of creating a new one."

Is this referring to MacPorts? Should it? Tmcw (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 05:06, 10 December 2008 (UTC).

S/390 support
I am asking for a reference about Gentoo Linux supporting S/390. I added a request in May and someone added a weak reference. In December, I asked for a convincing reference. User:Reisio removed the previous reference and my request, then added another weak reference. This must have been in good faith, but since the reference was weak, I re-added my request for a convincing reference. Then, Reisio removed both the reference he added and my citation request, pointing to a Gentoo Linux S/390 bug reports list in its edit summary. This is not appropriate. I am asking for a reference in the article, not in the history comments. Requests for references should not be removed unless there is a convincing reference, and a reference should not be removed unless it is broken, does not support at all what it is supposed to source, or rendered useless by a better reference.

So, I reverted this change twice, and since this is necessary, I am doing it a third time. The edit summary of Reisio's reversion on 2008-01-05 is wrong. http://reisio.com/chealer/ (a list of S/390 bug reports) is not a proof that Gentoo Linux supports S/390. I did not ignore this link, it is just not an appropriate reference. I am not asking to be "pleased", I am simply asking that the article supports its claims. Do not remove the current reference and the request for a convincing one unless a more convincing reference is added in the article. --Chealer (talk) 19:20, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You seem to be the only one who thinks there needs to be a ref for s390 (none of the other archs have refs), yet three different refs in, you are still unsatisfied. Since you're the only one who wants a ref, and no ref is good enough for you, I didn't see the point in having any at all.
 * There is an s390 herd
 * There is an s390 installation guide
 * There are bugs assigned to the s390 herd which are actively and recently addressed
 * There are s390 packages listed on packages.gentoo.org
 * In short, s390 has all the same representation any other arch has for Gentoo.
 * If you want to add in any or all of these links as a reference, be my guest, but any other course of action by you regarding this issue I will almost certainly revert until the end of time. ¦ Reisio (talk) 22:33, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for letting the reference, but I am readding my request for a real reference. I don't see why you state that I seem to be the only one who thinks there need to be a ref for S/390. Do you have any more backing for that than I have for stating that you seem to be the only one who thinks there doesn't need to be a reference for S/390? The fact that none of the other arches have a reference is unfortunate, but not a reason to spare S/390. I am not the only one who wants a reference. I do not see why you state that no reference is good enough for me. So far, only indirect and primary or otherwise unreliable sources have been presented. Show me a reference from a reliable source which directly states that Gentoo supports S/390 and doesn't rely on your opinion of what is "active" and "recent", rather than showing that Gentoo for S/390 is under development, and I'll be happy. --Chealer (talk) 01:01, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I just don't see how you've made sense once in the entire history of this situation; perhaps if you found some neutral party that thinks you make sense… they'd most likely have to make a new argument to have a chance of changing my mind, but you could try it. ¦ Reisio (talk) 04:57, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * If you don't answer my questions, I won't bother to change your mind. Feel free to ask for a third opinion; I'll consider the result if you get one. Meanwhile, I am not willing to put much more effort in this war and am simply removing the material lacking a valid reference. Anyone considering to re-add S/390 should provide a reference which complies with WP:V. --Chealer (talk) 04:33, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * In addition to the ones mentioned by Reisio, there's the Catalyst project page (Gentoo's tool to build release media) which clearly states that s390 is supported. You can also see s390's profiles CVS history which are the main files needed to run Gentoo on any platform, the last change to that was two weeks ago so it's current. There's also Gentoo press releases that states "New experimental stages have been released for both S/390 (32-bit) and S/390x (64-bit)." Pick the reference you want. --ColdWind (talk) 21:51, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * And s390 stages (release media) on any official Gentoo mirror. --ColdWind (talk) 21:58, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The Catalyst project page clearly states that S/390 is supported...by Catalyst. The claim that Gentoo Linux supports S/390 needs a reference stating that... Gentoo Linux (as a whole) supports S/390. As for the experimental stuff, it does seem to me like Gentoo is trying to support S/390, but I'm asking for a source that it really supports S/390. --Chealer (talk) 04:28, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I changed the wording so it's clear what architectures are supported as stable, and what are as in development. I haven't found a concise and non too technical reference yet, but for the record, it can be checked in profiles.desc. Any arch present in that file with a leading 'stable' word is officially supported as stable in Gentoo. The ones with a leading 'dev' (and without any entry with a leading 'stable') are considered in development. --ColdWind (talk) 21:21, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I verified the officially supported platforms list against your reference and couldn't find a line showing ppc64 as stable. Are you sure it is? For now, I assumed you are right and copied the current supported platforms list to the Infobox. --Chealer (talk) 07:43, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * There are a few, just search for the string "ppc64 default/linux/powerpc/ppc64/2008.0/64bit-userland stable". That means (aproximately) that ppc64 is supported for the 2008.0 release. --81.202.35.113 (talk) 08:13, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks. Thank you again ColdWind for your reference. The supported platforms list looks good now. --Chealer (talk) 17:48, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Fedora's a hat, Arch is a geometric shape, Gentoo's an operating system?
When I type in 'Gentoo', I should get the penguin.67.49.103.120 (talk) 23:36, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree - It looks like atm "Gentoo" doesn't even take you to a disambiguation but to a search which then goes to a disambiguation. Since everything on the disambiguation page that refers to "gentoo" is named after the penguin, one would think it would be the default article associated with the keyword. I'm not sure how to adjust default keyword -> article mappings though. Ormaaj (talk) 18:05, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I know how to do that... will take care of it. Yworo (talk) 19:02, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, looking at the history, it appears that in the past it was decided that there is no primary meaning, because the "Gentoo Penguin" is not known only as "Gentoo" but as "Gentoo Penguin". So the way it is working is correct. Yworo (talk) 19:06, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation
According to the Gentoo FAQ it is pronounced with a soft "g". See the Gentoo FAQ.--Bob5972 (talk) 00:29, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

 * FYI, soft 'g' before 'e' is standard English phonology. Now, if it were hard, that would be unusual. Yworo (talk) 00:50, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

sources for compilation issues
it is my intermediate opinion that a distro is just a bunch of packages, therefor, compiling should take the same time on an ubuntu machine as on a gentoo machine, give or take a minute. Ms.henrick (talk) 11:32, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes. Jim no.6 (talk) 12:40, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The source of the criticism is that compiling from source itself is very time consuming process. Other distributions ship binary, i.e. compiled packages, installation of which takes seconds, not tens of minutes or hours as in Gentoo. 1exec1 (talk) 13:58, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

4chan culture?
4chan's technology board, /g/, are big fans of Gentoo and I'd wager that a lot of Gentoo's popularity is due to their usual response of "Install Gentoo" when asked tech related questions, and just overall praise and popularity of Gentoo Linux. Would it be appropriate to create a part of the article that briefly goes into /g/ and its relationship with Gentoo?

 * No RocketLauncher2 (talk) 08:39, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Mention the Cause of the Loss of Popularity
It should probably be cited, one of the main reasons for the apparent loss of popularity is likely explicitly due to Ubuntu and it's many custom spin-off distributions within the past few years. Just looking at the distribution names and guessing, I see at least five Ubuntu spin-off distros above Gentoo and wouldn't be surprised to see at least ten Ubuntu spin-offs in between Gentoo and the top distribution. Red Hat split into CentOS and Fedora. Mandriva into OpenMandriva and Magie. A few Arch spin-offs are also seen. WOW some guess work of mine! I counted 17 Debian/Ubuntu spin-off distros residing between the top Distro and Gentoo! With Arch and Gentoo the top runners for the top source based distribution. I guess when something is failing, splitting sure paid-off here. There were some earlier Developer relations issues early on during the rise of Gentoo, but I don't think it's worth mentioning as those issues seem to have been resolved with the formation of the Public Relations committee. ---roger (talk) 07:37, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified August 2015
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Seriously, we're using DistroWatch as a source for popularity?
I must admit I'm confused as to why we have a popularity section. It'd be interesting if we had decent sources but DistroWatch is hardly a reliable source. They only measure how often people visit the site, they don't measure who uses which distribution. Essentially what they measure is more people's curiosity more than usage. Many Linux users don't even view DistroWatch, after all there's millions of desktop Linux users worldwide, and the site only receives a total of maybe 20,000 views per day. I realize there's not many, if not any, better sources for this information but I don't see how a section based entirely on DistroWatch is worthwhile in this article. Fuse809 (contribs · email · talk · uploads) 20:02, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

I came here to make this exact point -- what an absurd concept. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.96.223 (talk) 07:06, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

June 2018 Gentoo GitHub hack
If anyone wishes to suggest sourced alternative wording I'm very happy to participate in a discussion or mediation to reach consensus. thankyou. Djm-leighpark (talk) 21:00, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * My main concern with the current wording is that it implies that the Gentoo codebase was somehow compromised by the incident. GitHub only hosts a mirror of the codebase, provided for convenience purposes. The section should be updated to reflect this information. — AfroThundr (u · t · c) 01:04, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

It should be removed, it is not for *convinience*, it is for pull request rebasing via GitHub. It is not being used as a source mirror by users, tabloids were wrong. Morover they lied. The malicious actions that had been taken by the "hackers" were silly. Because external commands they added would not work in anyway due to global scope invocation. Please see Gentoo's ebuild.sh for details about how it works. Also do not blindly trust the newsfeeds that point the loud entitlement, make sure you understand the matter before you referenced it somehow. Morover the accident does not bring any useful wiki references, will just go down in history with time. - Buz567 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Buz567 (talk • contribs) 04:04, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The Techcrunch article would seem to be a good place to consider rewording from but I'm open to suggestions. is another option.  Ideally I'd like one good reference that ideally could be archived in wayback plus plus one to the primary incident report.  Happy to change the section header also, but not happy to remove from article and would likely seek dispute resolution process if necessary.  If media have provably lied they should be contacted for retraction.  I may suggest alternate wording in a few days if noone else does.  thankyou,Djm-leighpark (talk) 07:02, 23 August 2018 (UTC)  Another ref, possibly useful ad could be referenced to say developers(mostly?) affected.Djm-leighpark (talk) 07:27, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I've had an attempt at a re-word that may address some concerns, but it likely could do with some refinement, the wording is still really a little awkward. I changed the header to 'Incidents' which perhaps is less sensationalist.  Comments welcome.Djm-leighpark (talk) 16:20, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

Relevance of the Magatama Resemblance
Is there an official source for the Magatama resemblance? Was the Magatama supposed to be an inspiration for the logo design?

Discussion re OS family
A discussion related to this article is in progress at Template talk:infobox OS. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 14:37, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Genkernel
Should the genkernel section be removed or kept, since an IP just wants it gone. The section needs more citations, yes, but removing it because it "has no historical value" is incorrect. CanadianOtaku Talk Page 19:06, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Please remove the jokes section
Wikipedia is not a joke book and it should not be misused to spread April 1st jokes which had just very few readers. Please undo the revert: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentoo_Linux&oldid=prev&diff=1021293730 Jstein (talk) 23:24, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Did you read the edit summary? CanadianOtaku  Talk Page 21:49, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a personal jokes collection. It is an encyclopedia. It is not notable knowledge for the world, if someone makes an April joke. It may be different, if google does and 10^8 people read it and know this. --Jstein (talk) 19:35, 8 May 2021 (UTC)
 * But these jokes are not personal. They are a part of Gentoo's culture, minor or not. Also, it is unlikely that a Wikipedia article will receive one-hundred-million pageviews in X amount of time. CanadianOtaku  Talk Page 20:47, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Gentoo Wiki data loss?
The Gentoo wiki (or a widely used unofficial Gentoo wiki) suffered a catastrophic data loss in 2008. As the wiki seemed to have had a large influence as a wiki and as a failure-of-backups incident/lore, perhaps it could be documented here? Unfortunately I don't know more about it, and have been unable to find other sources (though I am sure they exist) other than the following Reddit thread:

https://old.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/4ys03i/why_did_gentoo_peak_in_popularity_in_2005_then/ 206.12.166.40 (talk) 00:39, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gentoo Linux


text:
Ticket machine

A ticket machine, also known as a ticket vending machine (TVM), is a vending machine that produces paper or electronic tickets, or recharges a stored-value card or smart card or the user's mobile wallet, typically on a smartphone. For instance, ticket machines dispense train tickets at railway stations, transit tickets at metro stations and tram tickets at some tram stops and in some trams. Token machines may dispense the ticket in the form of a token which has the same function as a paper or electronic ticket. The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either cash, credit/debit card or smartcard. The ticket(s) are then printed on paper and dispensed to the user, or loaded onto the user's smartcard or smartphone.

Ticket and fare formats
For most of the twentieth century, ticket machines issued paper tickets, or tokens worth one fare each. Later, fare value was loaded onto stored-value cards (first paper, later smart cards). Passengers could load any amount within a range; it did not necessarily have to correspond to any particular single fare. The cards could be reloaded until their expiration date, again with any monetary amount within a given range.

To encourage usage of ticket machines and reduce the need for salespersons, machine prices may in some cases be lower than those at a ticket counter.

Timeline

 * 1904: first self-service ticket machines on the Central London Railway, now part of London Underground
 * 1954: Toronto Subway opens and has tokens in machines from day one
 * 1977: San Diego-based airline PSA introduces vending machines for airline tickets

Staff-operated machines
Mechanical ticket machines were used by bus drivers and conductors since the late 1920s. Their functions may include printing tickets, recording of sales and payments. Some manufacturers are MicroFx, Almex, Setright, AEG, CAMP (Compagnie d'Ateliers Mecaniques de Precision), Gibson GFI Genfare, Parkeon, Xerox, Beckson and Corvia (Ticketer).

Since the 1970s (jobs), electronic computer terminals and printers are used.

Handheld ticket machines are used on buses in India to sell tickets, validate smart cards and renew passes. These machines replaced the earlier manual fare collection system where tickets were often punched to indicate journey and fare stages.

Enforcement
In many countries where trains and urban transport tickets operate largely on the honor system (with enforcement by roving inspectors or conductors), there are also machines in stations (or in vehicles) for validating tickets. This is for the situation where one buys a ticket in advance and decides to use it later. Usually, the ticket is time-stamped to determine its validity period. A common problem is forgetting to validate and then being fined as if one had no ticket at all. Such machines are generally not used in the United States. Nearly all American mass transit networks operating on the honor system expect their users to buy tickets immediately before use; regular riders can avoid that inconvenience by buying period passes in advance (often from the same machines that sell daily or one-time tickets). Recently, however, a handful of commuter rail systems like Metrolink have adopted the use of validation machines for at least some ticket types.

Issues
Ticket machines that are out of service or accept 'exact change only' result in losses for transport providers. Ticket machines on trams in Melbourne, for example, often run out of change when passengers use a higher ratio of $2 and 50c coins, depleting the ticket machine of smaller coin denominations (10c, 20c).

Applications
Ticket machines are also often used for amusement parks, cinemas (in those cases sometimes called ticketing kiosks), car parking (see pay and display), as well as those that issue free tickets — for example, those for virtual queueing.

Japan uses ticket machines in restaurants, cafes and other establishments. Customers select an item on the machine, insert money into the machine then receive a voucher that can be exchanged for their order, unlike a vending machine where the customer would receive their item. Some ticket machines are standalone machines while other versions of the machine are located at the counter.

title: Ticket machine


text:
User talk:Robblind

testing

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading Image:Robblind minnesota.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Duk 08:50, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

You are invited to join Stanford's WikiProject!
ralphamale (talk) 21:51, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robblind


text:
Lake Eyre basin

The Lake Eyre basin is a drainage basin that covers just under one-sixth of all Australia. It is the largest endorheic basin in Australia and amongst the largest in the world, covering about 1200000 km2, including much of inland Queensland, large portions of South Australia and the Northern Territory, and a part of western New South Wales. The basin is also one of the largest, least-developed arid zone basins with a high degree of variability anywhere. It supports only about 60,000 people and has no major irrigation, diversions or flood-plain developments. Low density grazing that sustains a large amount of wildlife is the major land use, occupying 82% of the total land within the basin. The Lake Eyre basin of precipitation (rain water) to a great extent geographically overlaps the Great Artesian Basin underneath.

The basin began as a sinking landmass mostly covered by forest and contained many more lakes than now. The climate has changed from wet to arid over the last 60 million years. Most of the rivers in the Lake Eyre basin are now slow flowing, flat and completely dry for lengthy periods. When the country north of the basin floods, floodwaters drain via the main rivers of the basin, Cooper Creek, Georgina River and Diamantina River southwards towards Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, the country's lowest point at 16 m below sea level. The water overflows the river banks, across the floodplains, filling waterholes and wetlands and carving new channels, giving rise to the name Channel Country. Most of the rain which falls in the north never reaches the lake 1,000 km away, which only fills occasionally.

Management of the area has been problematic as it is covered by four different states' jurisdictions. As the ecological significance of the basin has become known and mismanagement of another Australian basin, the Murray-Darling Basin, became apparent during several drought cycles, it became clear that ongoing management issues had to be resolved. In 2001 the Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental Agreement was signed, which was set up to ensure the sustainability of the Lake Eyre Basin river systems.

In 2014, the Queensland Government changed the laws protecting the rivers and floodplains. there are fears that mining for coal seam gas could be very detrimental to the fragile environment of the floodplains.

Geology
The basin began to form in the early Paleogene (about 60 million years ago) when south-eastern South Australia started to sink and rivers began to deposit sediment into the large, shallow basin. A remnant of an old oceanic plate is currently sinking in the mantle beneath the basin. The suction effect of this sinking likely caused both the Lake Eyre Basin as well as the Murray-Darling basin to form. The basin is still gradually sinking, and still gradually accumulating sediment. For many millions of years, the Lake Eyre Basin was well supplied with water and largely forested. About 20 million years ago, large shallow lakes formed, covering much of the area for about 10 million years. From that time on, as Australia drifted further north and the climate became gradually more arid, the lakes and floodplains started to dry. Only in the last 2.6 million years did the onset of the ice ages bring about the present climatic regime and the consequent fairly rapid desertification of the area.

The basin covers just under one-sixth of all Australia and is the largest endorheic basin in Australia and amongst the largest in the world, covering about 1200000 km2, including much of inland Queensland, large portions of South Australia and the Northern Territory, and a part of western New South Wales.

Geography

During years of especially high rainfall, all the riverbeds in this vast, mostly flat, arid and semi-arid area lead inland (not towards the sea) towards Lake Eyre in central South Australia.

Lake Eyre itself lies approximately 16 m below sea level, and usually contains only salt. In flood years, it fills and, for a short time, undergoes a period of rapid growth and fertility: long-dormant marine creatures multiply and large flocks of waterfowl arrive to feed and raise their young before the waters evaporate once more. The annual mean runoff in the Lake Eyre Basin is lowest of any of the world's major drainage basins.

None of the creeks and rivers in the Lake Eyre Basin are permanent: they flow only after heavy rain – a rare to very rare event in the arid interior of Australia. Average annual rainfall in the area surrounding Lake Eyre is 125 mm, and the pan evaporation rate is 3.5 m. Annualised average figures are misleading: since 1885 annual rainfall over the 1100000 km2 of the Lake Eyre Basin has ranged from about 45 mm in 1928 to over 760 mm in 1974. Most of the water reaching Lake Eyre comes from the river systems of semi-arid inland Queensland, roughly 1000 km to the north.

To provide a sense of scale, the Lake Eyre Basin is about the size of France, Germany and Italy combined. It is slightly larger than the Murray-Darling basin (which drains inland eastern Australia and is responsible for a large proportion of the continent's agricultural productivity) but has vastly less water. Nevertheless, the entire flow of the Murray-Darling would be insufficient to fill Lake Eyre, merely keeping pace with evaporation. (In contrast, the flow of the Mississippi could fill Lake Eyre in 22 days, that of the Amazon in just three days.)

Other lakes in the basin include Lake Frome, Lake Yamma Yamma and Lake Hart.

The basin is also one of the largest, least-developed arid zone basins with a high degree of variability anywhere. It supports about 60,000 people and a large amount of wildlife, and has no major irrigation, diversions or flood-plain developments.

Rivers
The Cooper Creek, Finke River, Georgina River and Diamantina River are the four main rivers of the basin. Other desert rivers include the Hale River, Plenty River and Todd River that flow from the south east of the Northern Territory, south. In the western parts of the basin the Neales River and Macumba River flow into Lake Eyre.

Rivers within the basin have a low gradient, slow flow rate and a naturally turbid water quality. Several of the major Lake Eyre Basin river systems are well-known. Because the Lake Eyre Basin is almost flat, rivers flow slowly and frequently split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels. Water is lost to evaporation, to seepage, and in the many ephemeral wetland systems, with the result that downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows. Only in exceptional years is there sufficient upstream rain to provide a flow into Lake Eyre itself.

The Finke River, starting roughly west of Alice Springs is thought to be the oldest riverbed in the world and although it flows for only a few days a year (in many years it does not flow at all) is home to seven species of fish, two of which are found nowhere else. The waters of the Finke disappear into the sands of the Simpson Desert and are not definitely known to ever make it as far south as Lake Eyre, although the story is told that this happened once early in the 20th century. In extreme events, water from the Finke River flows into the Macumba River, which empties into Lake Eyre, a total distance from headwater streams of around 750 km. Major tributaries include Ellery Creek, and the Palmer and Hugh Rivers.

The Georgina River system originates on the Barkly Tableland, near the Northern Territory-Queensland border, north-west of Mount Isa and not far south of the Gulf of Carpentaria. In this relatively humid northern area, rainfall can be as high as 500 mm per year and evaporation as low as 2.4 m. The Georgina flows through innumerable channels leading south through far-western Queensland for over 1000 km, eventually reaching Goyder Lagoon in the north-eastern corner of South Australia.

Australia's early bush poets immortalised the Diamantina River, making it a symbol of the remote outback. It too rises in northern Queensland, roughly between Mount Isa and Winton, flowing 800 kilometres south and west through Birdsville and the Channel Country to join the Georgina at Goyder Lagoon (and then, if there is sufficient flow, down Warburton Creek towards Lake Eyre).

Of all the Lake Eyre Basin river systems, however, Cooper Creek is by far the most famous, in particular because it was along Cooper Creek that the explorers Burke and Wills met their deaths. It rises in the form of two central Queensland rivers, the Thomson between Longreach and Charters Towers, and the Barcoo in the area around Barcaldine, about 500 km inland from Rockhampton. Cooper Creek spreads out into a vast area of meandering ephemeral channels, making its way roughly south into the far south-west corner of Queensland before turning due west into South Australia towards Lake Eyre. It takes almost a year for water to reach Lake Eyre from the headwaters. In most years, none does: it is absorbed into the earth, goes to fill channels and the many permanent waterholes, or simply evaporates. Water from Cooper Creek reached Lake Eyre in 1990 and then not again until 2010.

Deserts
The deserts that have formed in the basin, including Sturt Stony Desert, Tirari Desert and the Strzelecki Desert, are most probably the southern hemisphere's largest source of airborne dust.

Fauna
A total of 27 individual species of fish are found in Lake Eyre basin, with 13 of them being endemic. The largest fish species is the Macquaria, reaching a maximum weight of about 3 kg.

Traditional owners
Wangkangurru (also known as Arabana/Wangkangurru, Wangganguru, Wanggangurru, Wongkangurru) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Wangkangurru country. It is closely related to Arabana language of South Australia. The Wangkangurru language region was traditionally in the South Australian-Queensland border region taking in Birdsville and extending south towards Innamincka and Lake Eyre, including the local government areas of the Shire of Diamantina as well as the Outback Communities Authority of South Australia.

Management
Indigenous Australians have lived with the cycles of the land for thousands of years and traditional owners are protective of its natural systems.

Management of the area has been problematic as it is covered by four different states' jurisdictions. As the ecological significance of the basin has become known and mismanagement of the Murray-Darling Basin became apparent during several drought cycles, it became clear that ongoing management issues had to be resolved. In 2001 the Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental Agreement was signed, and the Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental Agreement was set up to ensure the sustainability of the Lake Eyre Basin river systems, particularly to avoid or eliminate cross-border impacts. The Lake Eyre Basin Ministerial Forum was established as the decision making body responsible for overseeing of the Agreement. The Ministerial Forum created a Community Advisory Committee to provide advice and facilitate community participation and a Scientific Advisory Panel to advise on scientific and technical issues. On 7 September 2018 the Lake Eyre Basin Ministerial Forum agreed to release the second review of the agreement.

Land use and mining
Low density grazing is the major land use, occupying 82% of the total land within the basin. Significant minerals deposits such as oil and natural gas, including Australia's most significant onshore petroleum reserves, are found within the basin. The mining and petroleum industries account for the greatest economic activity in the Lake Eyre Basin. Opals, coal, phosphate, gypsum and uranium are also mined from the basin.

In 2009, the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency confirmed that heavy metals from mining operations near Mount Isa had entered the upper reaches of the Georgina River. The spill has the potential to contaminate parts of the basin as far south as Lake Eyre.

In 2014, the Queensland Government changed the laws protecting the rivers and floodplains, which, according to environmentalists, could lead to shale gas mining or fracking in the area.

there are fears that mining for coal seam gas could be very detrimental to the fragile environment of the floodplains.

Protected areas
The Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park, Strzelecki Regional Reserve, Witjira National Park, Sturt National Park, Diamantina National Park, and Simpson Desert National Park are among a number of protected areas established within the Lake Eyre Basin.

River diversion schemes
The Bradfield Scheme was an ambitious proposal by Dr John Bradfield in 1938. It would use large pipes, tunnels, pumps and dams to divert water from the monsoon-fed Tully, Herbert and Burdekin rivers into the Thomson River, Queensland. After a critical review in 1947 support for the scheme fell through. However, in the 2010s interest in various updated or amended Bradfield schemes have increased among various politicians.

Other less-developed diversion schemes have been proposed to divert river or sea water into the Lake Eyre Basin from time to time.

title: Lake Eyre basin


text:
Tlemcen

Tlemcen (تلمسان) is the second-largest city in northwestern Algeria after Oran and is the capital of Tlemcen Province. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it exports through the port of Rachgoun. It had a population of 140,158, as of the 2008 census.

The former capital of the Central Maghreb, the city is a mix of Berber, Arab, 'Āndalusī, Ottoman, and Western influences. From this mosaic of influences, the city derives the title of capital of Andalusian art in Algeria. Various titles are attributed to the city including "the Pearl of the Maghreb ", "the African Granada" and "the Medina of the West".

Etymology
The name Tlemcen (Tilimsān) was given by the Zayyanid King Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan. One possible etymology is that it comes from a Berber word tilmas, meaning "spring, water-hole", or from the combination of the Berber words tala ("fountain"), the preposition m-, and sān ("two"), thus meaning "two fountains". Another proposed etymology is from the Zanata words talam ("junction") and sān ("two"), referring to the town's geographic position which links the desert regions to the south with the mountainous regions to the north.

Prehistory
The areas surrounding Tlemcen were inhabited during the Neolithic period, as evidenced by the discovery of polished axes in the caves of Boudghene by Gustave-Marie Bleicher in 1875.

There are three important prehistoric sites in the region: lake Karar, located one kilometer south of Remchi; the rock shelters of Mouilah, 5 km north of Maghnia; and the deposit called "d'Ouzidan", 2 km west of Aïn El Hout. The shelters found at the Mouilah and Boudghene show evidence of long periods of pre-historic human habitation.

Antiquity
In AD 17, Tacfarinas led the Gaetuli to revolt against the Romans.

Tlemcen became a military outpost of Ancient Rome in the 2nd century CE under the name of Pomaria. It was then an important city in the North Africa see of the Roman Catholic Church, where it was the center of a diocese. Its bishop, Victor, was a prominent representative at the Council of Carthage (411), and its bishop Honoratus was exiled in 484 by the Vandal king Huneric for denying Arianism.

It was a center of a large Christian population for many centuries after the city's Arab conquest in 708 AD.

Early Islamic period
In the later eighth century and the ninth century, the city became a Kingdom of Banu Ifran with a Sufri Kharijite orientation. These same Berber Kharijis also began to develop various small Saharan oases and to link them into regular trans-Saharan caravan routes terminating at Tlemcen, beginning a process that would determine Tlemcen's historical role for almost all of the next millennium. In the late 8th century a settlement named Agadir existed on the site of former Roman Pomaria. Idris I founded a congregational mosque here, the Great Mosque of Agadir, circa 790 (no longer extant).

In 1081 or 1082 the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin founded the city of Tagrart ("encampment" in Berber language), just west of Agadir. The fusion of the two settlements of Tagrart and Agadir over time became what is now Tlemcen. At the same time as he founded Tagrart, Ibn Tashfin founded its congregational mosque, known today as the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, which was expanded in 1126 by his son and successor 'Ali Ibn Yusuf. He built a governor's residence next to it, known after as the Qasr al-Qadim ("Old Palace").

Control of the region passed from the Almoravids to the Almohad Caliphate in the mid-twelfth century. After its conquest, the Almohad ruler 'Abd al-Mu'min surrounded the city with a wall in 1145 and built a new citadel. However, in the early thirteenth century, 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya attempted to restore Almoravid control of the Maghreb. In about 1209, the region around Tlemcen was devastated by retreating Almoravid forces, not long before their final defeat by the Almohads at the Battle of Jebel Nafusa in 1210. Despite the destruction of Tlemcen's already-feeble agricultural base, Tlemcen rose to prominence as a major trading and administrative center in the region under the ensuing reign of the Almohads.

Zayyanid period
After the end of Almohad rule in the 1230s, Tlemcen became the capital of one of the three successor states, the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (1236–1554). The Zayyanid ruler Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan succeeded in merging Agadir and Tagrart into a single city and gave it the name Tlemcen. Initially, Yagmurasen resided in the Qasr al-Qadim but he soon moved the seat of power to a new citadel, the Mechouar, towards the mid 13th century. The city was thereafter ruled for centuries by successive Zayyanid sultans. During this era it was one of the most important economic and cultural centers in the region, alongside other political capitals like Fes, Tunis, and Granada. During the Middle Ages, Tlemcen not only served as a trading city connecting the "coastal" route across the Maghreb with the trans-Saharan caravan routes, but also housed a European trading center, or funduk which connected African and European merchants. African gold arrived in Tlemcen from south of the Sahara through Sijilmasa or Taghaza and entered European hands. Consequently, Tlemcen was partially integrated into the European financial system. For example, Genoese bills of exchange circulated there, at least among merchants not subject to (or not deterred by) religious prohibitions.

At the peak of its success in the first half of the fourteenth century, Tlemcen was a city of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants. It housed several well-known madrasas and numerous wealthy religious foundations, and became the principal intellectual center of the central Maghreb. The Zayyanids were the first to sponsor of the construction of madrasas in this part of the Maghreb, and among the most famous in Tlemcen was the Tashfiniya Madrasa founded by Abu Tashfin I (r. 1318–1337). At the souq around the Great Mosque, merchants sold woolen fabrics and rugs from the East, slaves and gold from across the Sahara, local earthenware and leather goods, and a variety of Mediterranean maritime goods "redirected" to Tlemcen by corsairs—in addition to imported European goods available at the funduk. Merchant houses based in Tlemcen, such as the al-Makkari, maintained regular branch offices in Mali and the Sudan.

Later in the fourteenth century, the city twice fell under the rule of the Marinid sultan, Abu al-Hasan Ali (1337–1348) and his son Abu 'Inan. Both times the Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance. Nevertheless, these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end. Over the following two centuries, Zayyanid Tlemcen was intermittently a vassal of Ifriqiya (then governed by the Hafsid dynasty), Maghrib al-Aqsa (then governed by the Marinid dynasty), or Aragon. When the Spanish took the city of Oran from the Zayyanids in 1509, continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish to attempt a counterattack against Tlemcen in 1543, which the papacy deemed a crusade. The Spanish failed to take the city in the first attack, although the strategic vulnerability of Tlemcen caused the kingdom's weight to shift toward the safer and more heavily fortified corsair base at Algiers.

The ruler of Tlemcen is reported to have been advised by a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time of the Inquisition of Torquemada, opened the gates of Tlemcen to Jewish and Muslim refugees fleeing Spain. Abraham is said to have supported them with his own money and with the tolerance of the king of Tlemcen.

Later years
In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after the Campaign of Tlemcen. Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombarded Algiers in 1830, at which point the dey capitulated to French colonial rule; a broad coalition of natives continued to resist, coordinated loosely at Tlemcen.

Tlemcen was a vacation spot and retreat for French settlers in Algeria, who found it far more temperate than Oran or Algiers. The city adapted and became more cosmopolitan, with a unique outlook on art and culture, and its architecture and urban life evolved to accommodate this new sense. In the independence movements of the mid-twentieth century, it was relatively quiet, reflecting the city's sense of aloofness from the turbulence of Algiers. In 1943 Tlemcen was little more than a railway halt. On January 13 a British and American train patrol engaged in a skirmish with the retreating troops of the Afrika Korps. As the US Army marched eastwards from its Moroccan landing grounds, the British 8th Army drove west, forcing the Germans into an evacuation pocket at Tunis. Between 1942–1943, before embarking for Italy, the US Army Medical Corps established two fixed hospitals at Tlemcen: 9th Evacuation (as station), 12–26 December 1942. Seven hundred and fifty beds and 32d Station, 28 February – 28 November 1943, 500 beds.

The most important place for pilgrimage of all religions into Tlemcen was the Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of town. Up to 10,000 people worldwide made the journey to the site. Nonetheless, despite religious freedoms, their community had never numbered more than 5,000–6,000 in the 20th century, and discriminatory laws of had been in force since 1881. After Algerian independence in 1962, most of the small Jewish population evacuated to metropolitan France. The Berber tribes historically professed Judaism. During the colonial period they served in the French Army. French Jews of the Alliance Israélite Universelle paid for a local Jewish school, which closed in 1934, perhaps owing to the rise of Fascism. In 2009 Jordanian sources reported that the Algerian government intended to restore the damaged Jewish tombs at the historic cemetery.

Climate
Tlemcen has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).

Culture
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of Berber and Andalusi cultures, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a beautiful tomb—that of Sidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins a mosque. The Great Mosque of Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.

Newspapers

 * Le Petit Tlemcenien, French language weekly (1882)

Transport
It is served by the international Zenata – Messali El Hadj Airport.

Notable people

 * Ibn Abī Ḥajalah (1325–1375), poet and writer
 * Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1591–1632), historian
 * Eugénie Buffet (1866–1934), French singer
 * Larbi Bensari (1867–1964), musician
 * Henri Dickson (1872–1938), French singer
 * Cheikha Tetma (1891–1962), musician
 * Messali Hadj (1898–1974), nationalist politician
 * Hocine Benachenhou (1898–1979), political revolutionary
 * Abdelhalim Hemche (1906–1979), painter
 * Abdelhamid Benachenhou (1907–1976), historian
 * Paul Bénichou (1908–2001), French writer and historian
 * Abdelkrim Dali (1914–1978), musician
 * Mohammed Dib (1920–2003), writer
 * Benaouda Benzerdjeb (1921–1956), physician and martyr
 * Bachir Yellès (1921–2022), painter
 * Djilali Sari (born 1928), sociologist and historian
 * Abdelmadjid Meziane (1929–2001), scholar and theologian
 * Kamel Malti (born 1929), musicologist
 * Choukri Mesli (born 1931), painter
 * Marie-Claude Gay (born 1942), French novelist
 * Mourad Medelci (1943–2019), politician
 * Ahmed Benhelli (born 1940), diplomat
 * Rachid Baba Ahmed (1946–1995), singer and composer
 * Sami Naïr (born 1946), political philosopher
 * Emile Malet (born 1947), French journalist and writer
 * Latifa Ben Mansour (born 1950), writer
 * Patrick Bruel (born 1959), French actor and singer
 * Mohamed Zaoui (born 1960), boxer
 * Kherris Kheireddine (born 1973), international footballer
 * Anwar Boudjakdji (born 1976), international footballer
 * Kamel Habri (born 1976), international footballer
 * Dahlab Ali (born 1976), international footballer

Twin towns — sister cities
Tlemcen is twinned with:

title: Tlemcen