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Lynda La Plante

Lynda Joy La Plante, CBE (née Titchmarsh; born 15 March 1943) is an English author, screenwriter and former actress, best known for writing the Prime Suspect television crime series. In 2024 she was honoured with the Crime Writers' Association of Britain's Diamond Dagger award for her outstanding lifetime's contribution to the crime and mystery fiction genre.

Early life
Lynda La Plante was born Lynda Joy Titchmarsh on 15 March 1943 in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire. La Plante's older sister Dail was killed in a road accident, at the age of five, before she was born. Her younger sister, Gill Titchmarsh is a casting director, and the two have often worked together. They also had a brother who was a doctor.

Raised in Liverpool, La Plante trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. After finishing her studies, using the stage name Lynda Marchal, she appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company in a variety of productions, as well as popular television series including Z-Cars, Educating Marmalade, The Sweeney, The Professionals, and Bergerac. As an actress she is perhaps best remembered as the hay-fever suffering ghost Tamara Novek in the BBC children's series Rentaghost. In 1974, La Plante took her first scriptwriting job on the ITV children's series The Kids from 47A.

Widows and career breakthrough
Her breakthrough came in 1983 when she created and wrote the six-part robbery series Widows for Thames Television. The plot concerned the widows of four armed robbers carrying out a heist planned by their deceased husbands. A second series of Widows followed in 1985, while a sequel She's Out took up the story ten years later.

Her debut novel, The Legacy, was published in 1987 and received both critical and best-seller success. Her second, third and fourth novels came soon after – The Talisman (1987), Bella Mafia (1990) and Entwined (1993) – all of which became international best sellers. In 1990 La Plante started working on her next television project, Prime Suspect, which was released by Granada Television in 1991. Prime Suspect starred Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison, airing in the UK as well as on PBS in the United States as part of the anthology program Mystery!. In 1993 La Plante won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for her work on the series. In 1992 she wrote a TV film called Seekers, starring Brenda Fricker and Josette Simon, produced by Sarah Lawson.

In 1993 La Plante formed her own television production company, La Plante Productions and through her new company she wrote and produced high-rating series The Governor (ITV 1995–96), Supply & Demand (ITV 1997–98), Killer Net (Channel 4 1998), acclaimed series Trial & Retribution (ITV 1997–2009), Mind Games (ITV 2001) and The Commander (ITV 2003–08). During this period La Plante also released the Cold series of books; Cold Shoulder, Cold Blood and Cold Heart, followed by Sleeping Cruelty (2000) – adding to her list of best sellers.

In 1996 La Plante co-wrote and executive produced The Prosecutors (NBC) with Tom Fontana (starring Stockard Channing), wrote and executive produced Bella Mafia (1998 CBS) (starring Vanessa Redgrave), which La Plante adapted from her novel of the same name. In 2001 she co-produced The Warden (2001 TNT), starring Ally Sheedy, a variation of La Plante's series The Governor. La Plante also co-produced her adaptation of the UK hit Widows (2002 ABC) and produced the pilot of Cold Shoulder (2006 New Regency / CBS) starring Kelly McGillis, which was based on her Cold series. La Plante was also executive producer on Daniel Petrie Jnr's adaptation of her show Framed (2002 TNT) which starred Sam Neill and Rob Lowe.

La Plante released Royal Flush (2002), and then began working on her Anna Travis series, which includes Above Suspicion (2004), The Red Dahlia (2005), Clean Cut (2007), Deadly Intent (2008), Silent Scream (2009), Blind Fury (2010), Blood Line (2011), Backlash (2012), and Wrongful Death (2013). So successful were the books that a UK television series was written and produced by La Plante starring Kelly Reilly and Ciarán Hinds.

Widows was remade as a US-set film in 2018, directed by Steve McQueen. Prime Suspect was also remade as an American series, starring Maria Bello. It ran for 13 episodes in 2011-2012.

Awards
La Plante has received many awards over the course of her career. For her work on Prime Suspect she received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Mini Series (1993, 1994), as well as the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Mystery TV Episode. In 2001, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) gave her the Dennis Potter Award for television writing.

In 2008 La Plante was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature, Drama and to Charity. In the same year she received the TV Spielfilm Award at the International Film and Television Festival Conference in Cologne, Germany, for her television adaptation of her novel Above Suspicion.

In 2009 La Plante was inducted into the Crime Thriller Awards Hall of Fame and most recently, in 2013, La Plante was awarded an Honorary Fellowship with the Forensic Science Society (FSSoc), the first non-scientist to be inducted into the professional body; receiving the award for the accuracy with which she portrays forensic science in her work.

In 2024 she was named winner of the Crime Writers' Association of Britain's Diamond Dagger award for her outstanding lifetime's contribution to the crime and mystery fiction genre.

She has also been made an honorary member of the British Film Institute, an Honorary Fellow from Liverpool John Moores University, and in July 2022 an Honorary Doctor of Arts (HonDA) by Edge Hill University.

Television and film

 * The Kids from 47A (1973-1974)
 * Widows (1983-1985)
 * Unnatural Causes: Hidden Talents (1986)
 * Screen One: Seconds Out (1992)
 * Civvies (1992)
 * Framed (1992)
 * Seekers (1993)
 * Comics (1993)
 * Prime Suspect (1993-2006)
 * The Lifeboat (1994)
 * She's Out (1995) (sequel to Widows)
 * The Governor (1995-1996)
 * Supply & Demand (1997-1998)
 * Trial & Retribution (1997-2009)
 * Bella Mafia (1997)
 * Killer Net (1998)
 * Cold Shoulder (2000)
 * Mind Games (2001)
 * Widows (2002) (US adaptation of the series of the same name)
 * The Commander (2003-2008)
 * Above Suspicion (2009-2012)
 * Prime Suspect (2011-2012) (US adaptation of the series of the same name)
 * Prime Suspect 1973 (2017)
 * Widows (2018) (Film adaptation of the TV series of the same name)

Literature

 * Dolly Rawlins/Widows/Jack Warr
 * Widows (1983/2018)
 * Widows II (1985) / Widows' Revenge (2019)
 * She's Out (1995)
 * Buried (2020)
 * Judas Horse (2021)
 * Vanished (2022)
 * Pure Evil (2023)

 * Legacy
 * The Legacy (1987)
 * The Talisman (1987)

 * Jane Tennison
 * Prime Suspect (1991)
 * Prime Suspect 2 (1992)
 * Prime Suspect 3 (1993)
 * Tennison (2015) (basis of British TV series Prime Suspect 1973)
 * Hidden Killers (2016)
 * Good Friday (2017)
 * Murder Mile (2018)
 * The Dirty Dozen (2019)
 * Blunt Force (2020)
 * Unholy Murder (2021)
 * Dark Rooms (2022)
 * A Taste of Blood (2023)
 * Whole Life Sentence (2024)

 * Lorraine Page
 * Cold Shoulder (1994)
 * Cold Blood (1996)
 * Cold Heart (1998)

 * The Governor
 * The Governor (1995)
 * The Governor 2  (1996)

 * Trial And Retribution
 * Trial and Retribution (1997)
 * Trial and Retribution II (1998)
 * Trial and Retribution III (1999)
 * Trial and Retribution IV (2000)
 * Trial and Retribution V (2002)
 * Trial and Retribution VI (2002)

 * Anna Travis
 * Above Suspicion (2004)
 * The Red Dahlia (2006)
 * Clean Cut (2007)
 * Deadly Intent (2008)
 * Silent Scream (2009)
 * Blind Fury (2010)
 * Bloodline (2011)
 * Backlash (2012)
 * Wrongful Death (2013)

 * Other Novels
 * Bella Mafia (1991)
 * Civvies (1992)
 * Entwined (1992)
 * Framed (1992)
 * Seekers (1993)
 * Comics (1993)
 * Sleeping Cruelty (2000)
 * Royal Flush (2002)
 * Twisted (2014)

 * Short stories
 * The Little One (2012)

Personal life
She was married to musician Richard La Plante for 17 years, until their divorce in 1996. At the age of 57 she adopted a baby son whose name is Lorcan.

title: Lynda La Plante


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St. Rumbold's Cathedral

St. Rumbold's Cathedral (Sint-Romboutskathedraal, Cathédrale Saint-Rombaut) is the Roman Catholic metropolitan archiepiscopal cathedral in Mechelen, Belgium, dedicated to Saint Rumbold, Christian missionary and martyr who founded an abbey nearby.  His remains are rumoured to be buried inside the cathedral. State-of-the-art examination of the relics honoured as Saint Rumbold's and kept in a shrine in the retro-choir, showed a life span of about 40 years and a death date between 580 and 655, while tradition had claimed 775 AD.

In 1999, the tower of the cathedral was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site, in recognition of its architecture and its importance in civic duties such as a watchtower.

Construction

Construction of the church itself started shortly after 1200, and it was consecrated in 1312, when part had become usable. From 1324 onwards the flying buttresses and revised choir structure acquired Brabantine Gothic characteristics, distinct from French Gothic. After the city fire of 1342, the Master Mason Jean d'Oisy managed repairs and continued this second phase, which by the time of his death in 1375 formed the prototype for that High Gothic style. His successors finished the vaults of the nave by 1437, and those of the choir by 1451.

During the final phase of 1452–1520, the tower was erected, financed by pilgrims and later by its proprietor, the city. Designed to reach 600 Mechlinian feet or about 167 metres, higher than any church tower would ever attain (Ulm Minster has measured 161 metres since the 19th century), the very heavy St. Rumbold's tower was built on what had once been wetlands, though with foundations only three metres deep its site appears to have been well-chosen. After a few years, in 1454, its chief architect Andries I Keldermans constructed the Saint Livinus' Monster Tower (or St.-Lievensmonstertoren as it is called in Dutch) in Zierikzee (in the present-day Netherlands), where leaning or sagging of the tower (now 62 metres but designed for ca. 130) could wreck the church. This concern led to fully separate edifices, a solution also applied in Mechelen. At both places, in the early 16th century the upper part of the tower was abandoned, not for technical but for financial reasons. St-Rumbold's should have been topped by a 77-metre spire but only seven metres of this were built, hence the unusual shape. A deliberately weak connection closed the gap between tower and church upon finishing the construction.

Later history
The church has functioned as a cathedral since 1559. In the 18th century, each capital's surrounding ornament of sculpted cabbage leaves, that had been an inspiration for numerous Brabantine Gothic churches, was replaced with a double ring of crops. In 2005, after engineers had figured out the support capacity of ground and tower, there was talk of completing the entire spire from the original drawings. In 2010, prior to the construction of an underground car park at Saint Rumbold's north side, 4,165 skeletons were unearthed during archeological excavations of the cemetery.

Tower
The flat-topped silhouette of the cathedral's tower is easily recognizable and dominates the surroundings. For centuries it held the city documents, served as a watchtower, and could sound the fire alarm. Despite its characteristic incompleteness, this World Heritage monumentUNESCO World Heritage, see its list of sites in Europe; rather misleadingly categorized with other kinds of bell-towers under Belfries of Belgium and France [ref. whc.unesco.org: ID 943 016 St. Rumbolds Tower is 97.28 metres high and its 514 steps are mounted by thousands of tourists every year, following the footsteps of Louis XV, Napoleon, King Albert I, and King Baudouin with queen Fabiola in 1981.

Many of the region's cities have a nickname for their populace. The Mechlinians are said to have had ancestors running up their great Tower and passing on buckets of water to extinguish a blazing fire behind the perpendicular windows, where it turned out to be mere moonlight through sprightly clouds, hence are called Maneblussers ('Moon Extinguishers'). The full moon of 27 January 1687 caused all the stir about the presumed tower fire, reported as a 'happy-ending tragedy'. According to an 1808 sale's list (in outdated Dutch)

Bells
The tower contains 49 bells and only the largest bells swing, which are still in working order. The weights of the bells range from 16 kg to the most notable bell; the bourdon Salvator, which strikes the hours and weighs 8 tons. Up to 1923, the cathedral had 18 bell ringers prior to electricity taking over. Thirty-nine steps above this instrument, there is a second complete carillon on which concerts are played during the summer months.

Interior

The main entrance, underneath the tower, leads into the nave of the cathedral (approximately 118 metres long).

Apart from small heraldic shields, dating from the Thirty Knights of the Golden Fleece chapter meetings presided in the church by young Philip the Handsome while his Burgundian inheritance was still under guardianship of his father, few original movables survive. Forty preciously decorated Gothic altars and all other furniture disappeared during the religious troubles of 1566–1585. Though the cathedral was spared in the 1566 Iconoclasm, Mechelen was sacked in the 1572 three-days Spanish Fury by slaughtering troops under command of Alva's son Fadrique, and suffered the English Fury of pillaging by rampant mercenaries in the service of the States General in 1580.

The interior features a Baroque high altar and choir by Lucas Faydherbe (with twenty-five paintings illustrating the life of Saint Rumbold), as well as paintings by Anthony van Dyck, sculptures by Lucas Faydherbe and Michiel Vervoort, and stained-glass windows, including one depicting – though with a white face – the Black Madonna painting in the church.The texts above and below the Madonna in the stained glass indicate portraying the Black Madonna painting in the cathedral; details of painting and its frame decoration however, are dissimilar.

Organs

The cathedral has two organs. The main organ on the reverse side of the west facade was built in 1957 by organ builder Stevens. On the reverse of the side facade is a smaller organ, installed there in 1919 by the same organ builder Stevens. This instrument has 30 stops on two manual keyboards and pedalboard.

Events at the cathedral
St. Rumbold's was the venue for the 2008 wedding of Count Rodolphe de Limburg Stirum to Archduchess Marie-Christine of Austria, daughter of Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.

Papal visit
In 1985, on his 65th birthday, Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at St. Rumbold's. Jo Haazen, then the city's carillon player, heard him state: "Your tower is not complete."  The papal visit of Mechelen in 1985 included also the Church of Our Lady of Hanswijk, which John Paul II granted the title of basilica in 1987.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Rumbold's Cathedral


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Juno Awards of 2004

The Juno Awards of 2004 were presented on April 4, 2004, at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and were hosted by Alanis Morissette.

Singer-songwriters Nelly Furtado, Sarah McLachlan, and Nickelback led the nominations with five nominations each. Céline Dion, received four nominations; Billy Talent, Our Lady Peace and Sam Roberts each received three; Avril Lavigne, Barenaked Ladies, Christina Aguilera, Lillix, Michael Bublé, R. Murray Schafer, Shania Twain, and Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra got two nominations each.

Producer/musician Bob Ezrin is this year's inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame. Walt Grealis, who founded in 1970 what became the Juno Awards, will posthumously receive the award that bears his name, the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award.

title: Juno Awards of 2004


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Talk:Presumed knowledge of the law

I've done some cleaning and clarification. I cut this sentence: "Secondarily, the debate is focused on the capability of the citizen of being able to understand whether a certain behaviour is legally allowed or not, rather than on whether the verified behaviour was or not a crime (or however not allowed) at the moment it was committed.", since I've no idea what it's meant to mean. Any ideas? Markalexander100 08:05, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Presumed knowledge of the law


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Robert Crandall

Robert Lloyd "Bob" Crandall (born December 6, 1935, in Westerly, Rhode Island) is an American businessman who is the former president and chairman of American Airlines. Called an industry legend by airline industry observers, Crandall has been the subject of several books and is a member of the Hall of Honor of the Conrad Hilton college.

Early life
The Great Depression forced Robert Crandall's father to leave Rhode Island to work selling life insurance, which resulted in multiple relocations. Crandall ended up attending 13 schools before his high school graduation. He graduated from the University of Rhode Island, and from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, with an MBA.

Airline career
In 1966, he joined TWA, where he worked for six years. In 1972, he left to become a senior financial officer at Bloomingdale's Department Stores, but he returned to the airline industry in 1973, as senior financial vice president of American.

In 1982, he had a famous conversation with Braniff CEO Howard D. Putnam, in which he told Putnam that if Braniff raised their prices, American would too. Crandall has publicly expressed embarrassment over that conversation. That same year, Crandall became American's president. In 1985, Crandall succeeded Albert Casey as American's chairman and CEO.

During the latter period of Crandall's tenure as CEO, investor concern over airline bankruptcies and falling stock prices caused Crandall to remind his employees about the dangers of investing in airline stocks. Known for his candor, Crandall later told an interviewer, "I've never invested in any airline. I'm an airline manager.  I don't invest in airlines.  And I always said to the employees of American, 'This is not an appropriate investment.  It's a great place to work and it's a great company that does important work.  But airlines are not an investment.'"  Crandall noted that since the airline deregulation of the 1970s, some 150 airlines had gone out of business. "A lot of people came into the airline business. Most of them promptly exited, minus their money," he said.

Crandall is credited with creating the first major mileage-reward frequent flyer program in the airline industry, the AAdvantage program, as well as pioneering modern reservations systems through the creation of Sabre. He is also credited with pioneering yield management. Crandall also serves as a senior adviser and sits on the board of AirCell, an in-flight telephony company which won the larger of two licenses for air-ground data service that provide in-flight broadband service.

In 1998, he retired from American and he went on to work as director of many other companies, including Celestica, Haliburton, and Anixter.

Criticism of deregulation
Before the passing of the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, Crandall was one of the act's loudest opponents. When asked to comment on deregulation in June 2008, Crandall stated: "The consequences of deregulation have been very adverse. Our airlines, once world leaders, are now laggards in every category, including fleet age, service quality and international reputation. Fewer and fewer flights are on time. Airport congestion has become a staple of late-night comedy shows. An even higher percentage of bags are lost or misplaced. Last-minute seats are harder and harder to find. Passenger complaints have skyrocketed. Airline service, by any standard, has become unacceptable."

In 2018, he stated: "At the time when we opposed [deregulation], when I opposed it, we took the view that it was likely to result in a relatively unsatisfactory transportation network, and I think that's happened... If you look at the number of cities that have lost commercial service, you'll see there's a whole lot of places in the country that used to be part of the network that aren't anymore.

I think that has accelerated the movement of people towards the big cities and has discouraged the creation of medium-sized cities... I think that's adverse to the economy and adverse to the country."

Reputation for cost-cutting
While at American Airlines in the 1980s, Crandall was famed for his focus on cost-cutting. One story that has been frequently retold since is that he came up with the idea to remove one olive from every salad served to passengers. No one would notice and the airline would save $40,000 a year. Another story, which Crandall himself shared, involved cutting security at a Caribbean station warehouse to the point that the only guard left was a sound recording of a guard dog barking.

Honors and awards

 * Hall of Honor of the Conrad Hilton college.
 * Horatio Alger award, 1997.
 * Tony Jannus Award for outstanding leadership in the commercial aviation industry, 2001.
 * L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation, 2004.
 * Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association, 2006.

title: Robert Crandall


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User:Tannin/sandbox

blah blah

blah blah

title: User:Tannin/sandbox


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Marmoset

The marmosets, also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera Callithrix, Cebuella, Callibella, and Mico. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" is also used in reference to Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about 20 cm long. Relative to other monkeys, they show some apparently primitive features; they have claws rather than nails, and tactile hairs on their wrists. They lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4°C (7°F) in a day. Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru. They have also been occasionally spotted in Central America and southern Mexico. They are sometimes kept as pets, though they have specific dietary and habitat needs that require consideration.

According to recent research, marmosets exhibit germline chimerism, which is not known to occur in nature in any primates other than callitrichids. 95% of marmoset fraternal twins trade blood through chorionic fusions, making them hematopoietic chimeras.

Etymology
Callithrix comes from Ancient Greek and means "beautiful fur".

Species list

 * Genus Callithrix—Atlantic marmosets
 * Common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
 * Black-tufted marmoset, Callithrix penicillata
 * Wied's marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii
 * White-headed marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi
 * Buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps
 * Buffy-tufted marmoset, Callithrix aurita
 * Genus Mico—Amazonian marmosets
 * Rio Acari marmoset, Mico acariensis
 * Silvery marmoset, Mico argentatus
 * White marmoset, Mico leucippe
 * Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae
 * Black-headed marmoset, Mico nigriceps
 * Marca's marmoset, Mico marcai
 * Black-tailed marmoset, Mico melanura
 * Santarem marmoset, Mico humeralifer
 * Maués marmoset, Mico mauesi
 * Munduruku marmoset, Mico munduruku
 * Gold-and-white marmoset, Mico chrysoleucos
 * Hershkovitz's marmoset, Mico intermedius
 * Satéré marmoset, Mico saterei
 * Rondon's marmoset, Mico rondoni
 * Genus Callibella—Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset
 * Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, Callibella humilis
 * Genus Cebuella—Pygmy Marmoset
 * Pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea

Behavior
Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit, leaves, tack, sap, and gum. They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15, consisting of one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, their offspring, and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and can include monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry. In most species, fraternal twins are usually born, but triplets are not unknown. Like other callitrichines, marmosets are characterized by a high degree of cooperative care of the young and some food sharing and tolerated theft. Adult males, females other than the mother, and older offspring participate in carrying infants. Father marmosets are an exceptionally attentive example of fathers within the animal kingdom, going as far as assisting their mates in giving birth, cleaning up afterbirth, and even biting the umbilical cords attaching their newborn offspring to their mothers. Most groups scent mark and defend the edges of their ranges, but whether they are truly territorial is unclear, as group home ranges greatly overlap.

The favorite food of marmosets is carbohydrate-rich tree sap, which they reach by gnawing holes in trunks. Their territories are centered on the trees that they regularly exploit in this way. The smaller marmosets venture into the very top of forest canopies to hunt insects that are abundant there.

title: Marmoset


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User talk:King--freedom

大家好  我是中国安徽的，希望和大家交流。谢谢

title: User talk:King--freedom


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Pepper-box

The pepper-box revolver or simply pepperbox (also "pepper-pot", from its resemblance to the household pepper shakers) is a multiple-barrel firearm, mostly in the form of a handgun, that has three or more gun barrels in a revolving mechanism. Each barrel holds a single shot, and the shooter can manually rotate the whole barrel assembly to sequentially index each barrel into alignment with the lock or hammer, similar to rotation of a revolver's cylinder.

Pepperbox guns have existed for all types of firelock firearms and metal cased ammunition systems used in breechloading firearms: matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, caplock, pinfire, rimfire, and centerfire. While they are usually sidearms, a few long guns were also made. For example, Samuel Colt owned a three-barrel pepperbox matchlock musket from British India, and an eight-barrel pepperbox shotgun was designed in 1967, but never went into production.

Early years
This type of firearm was popular in North America from 1830 until the American Civil War, but the concept was introduced much earlier. In the 15th century, Ribauldequin, a version of the volley gun, had several single shot barrels were attached to a stock, being fired individually by means of a match. Around 1790, pepperboxes were built on the basis of flintlock systems, notably by Nock in England and "Segallas" in Belgium. Building on the success of the earlier two-barrel turnover pistols, they were fitted with three, four or seven barrels. These early pepperboxes were hand rotated.

The invention of the percussion cap building on the percussion powder innovations of the Rev. Alexander Forsyth's patent of 1807 (which ran until 1821), and the industrial revolution allowed pepperbox revolvers to be mass-produced, making them more affordable than the early handmade guns previously only seen in the hands of the rich. Examples of these early weapons are the American three-barrel Manhattan pistol, the English Budding (probably the first English percussion pepperbox) and the Swedish Engholm. Most percussion pepperboxes have a circular flange around the rear of the cylinder to prevent the capped nipples being accidentally fired if the gun were to be knocked while in a pocket or dropped and to protect the eyes from cap fragments.

Popularity
The pepperbox, or at least the firearm that is mostly associated with this term, was invented in the 1830s and was intended for civilian use, but military officers often made private purchases for their own use. The design spread rapidly in the United States, the United Kingdom and some parts of continental Europe. It was similar to the later revolver in that it contained bullets in separate chambers in a rotating cylinder. Unlike the revolver, however, each chamber had its own barrel, making a complex indexing system unnecessary (though pepperboxes with such a system do exist). Originally these pistols were muzzle loaders, but in 1837 the Belgian gunsmith Mariette invented a hammerless pepperbox with a ring trigger and turn off barrels that could be unscrewed.

A few percussion pepperboxes were still hand-rotated but most have a mechanism that rotates the barrel group as the hammer is cocked for each shot. Single-action versions were made, notably by Darling of Massachusetts, but the vast majority use the self-cocking system whereby pressing the trigger rotates the barrel block, cocks the hammer and finally fires the weapon. The main producer of self-cocking top hammer pepperboxes (mostly referred to as "bar-hammer pepperbox") in the United States was Ethan Allen, but this type of weapon was also produced in large quantities in England.

Some pepperboxes fired the lower barrel instead of the upper, such as the American Blunt & Syms, the English Cooper or the Belgian Mariette (with configurations between three and twenty-four barrels). Usually, these employed an "underhammer" action, with the hammer mounted under the frame, behind the barrels, and forward of the trigger (often a ring-trigger). Several other types of firing mechanisms exist, such as rotating internal firing pins (Rigby, Robbins and Lawrence, Comblain), rotating firing pins on a hammer (Sharps, Grunbaum) or multiple firing pins (Martin). During the early 1830s English gunsmith Joseph Manton offered a variant with a retractable knife blade, and pistols with up to 18 barrels. The Robbins & Lawrence pepperboxes of 1851–1854 had rifled barrels, a break action breechloading mechanism and an early safety catch, meaning that it was not necessary to disassemble the gun to reload it.

The flaw with the pepperbox design is that it becomes more front-heavy if the length and number of barrels are increased, making accurate aiming difficult. With most types, in particular, those with rotating barrel clusters, it is almost impossible to aim beyond close range because the hammer is in the line of sight (some pepperboxes have a slot in the hammer through which one is supposed to aim), there is no place to put a front sight (putting one for each barrel would only increase the weight of the front end and likely make drawing the weapon awkward), and the gun is too front heavy to permit quick and steady aiming. However, the primary market was for civilian self-defense, so its most common use was at close range. Common practice at the time, indeed, was not to aim pistols, but instead to "shoot from the hip", holding the gun low and simply pointing at the target's center of mass. Gunfights often happened at a very close range. With this use in mind, many pepperboxes, in fact, have smooth-bored barrels, even though rifling had been commonly used for decades by the time of their manufacture. In the Old West, large pepperboxes were favored by the gold prospectors of 1849, for protection against robbers, rival claimants and hostile native Americans. Both American and British made pepperboxes were also popular among gold miners in Australia as a cheaper alternative to the Colt Navy revolver, and several were used at the Eureka Stockade.

Multi-shot percussion firearms were often considered dangerous because firing one powder charge could ignite the others (a "chainfire"), all at the same time, when proper care was not taken. This problem was largely eliminated by the introduction of nipple partitions, evident on later percussion revolvers, which largely shielded the percussion caps on neighbouring chambers from the flash struck by the weapon's hammer during firing. However, this feature is rarely seen on pepperboxes, although some had the nipples placed in recesses or at right angles to each other to reduce the chance of a chainfire. A chainfire in a pepperbox would be far less dangerous than in a single-barreled revolver because, with a pepperbox, each of its bullets could freely exit its own dedicated barrel (essentially turning it into an impromptu volley gun). Similarly, if a chamber was not in exactly the right position when the hammer hit the cap it would fire normally and safely, as opposed to a single-barrelled revolver where a cylinder misaligned with the barrel when fired could cause a potentially explosive malfunction. This simplicity and safety helped the pepperbox survive after more modern revolvers came along, as well as keeping production costs a lot lower than revolvers with their more complex mechanisms.

Transitional revolver

A development from the pepperboxes are the so-called "transitional" revolvers. These weapons have a cut-down pepperbox cylinder firing through a single barrel. A transitional revolver is defined as a revolver (with barrel and cylinder) that does not have a cylinder stop, an early example being the 1739's revolver of Jaumandreu from Manresa and the 1702's revolver of Rovira from Ripoll, exhibited in the Armouries of the Tower of London, followed 100 years later by the Collier flintlock revolver of 1819.

It retained the pepperbox's caplock action but still had many deficiencies. The lack of an effective cylinder stop allowed a charge to be fired when the cylinder was not aligned with the barrel, resulting in an erratic shot possibly damaging the gun and even injuring the firer. While the shortened cylinder made loading easier the barrel was attached to the cylinder pin, over time this weakened the gun, decreasing its accuracy. In addition, it lacked partitions between its nipples, risking similar chain-fires to the earlier pepperbox. This was exacerbated by the fact that the bar-hammers common on pepperboxes and transitional revolvers usually provided a weak blow, which meant that extra sensitive percussion caps were needed to ensure that the gun would fire, further increasing the risk of a chain-fire. Although later models were fitted with a shield to protect the user from cap fragments, there was still a risk of being killed or maimed as a multiple discharge could cause the gun to explode.

Since the bullets didn't have to be rammed down from the muzzle but were loaded into the cylinder behind the barrel, they could be slightly larger than the bore, which facilitated the use of rifled barrels. Whereas most pepperboxes are smooth-bore, most transitionals are rifled.

Daniel Leavitt was the subject of a famous lawsuit after producing a transitional revolver in 1851 with an identical loading lever to the Colt Dragoon revolver. Guns of this type saw use in the Mexican War as an alternative to the Colt Dragoon revolver and the Colt Walker revolver, most notably by General Winfield Scott. A late example the Butterfield revolver of 1855 used a Maynard tape primer rather than percussion caps. 640 were issued to the US Army during the American Civil War, but the government canceled any further purchases when the pistols were found to be inferior to the cheaper Colt Navy revolver. Transitional revolvers and pepperboxes started disappearing gradually in the 1850s with the manufacture of true revolvers by Colt, Smith & Wesson, Webley, Adams, Rupertus and others.

Revival

The pepperbox experienced a kind of "revival" in the late 19th century as a short, easily concealable pocket pistol that used pinfire cartridges. The five-barrel Feilitzenre pistol was almost accepted as the standard officer sidearm for the Swedish Army.

A special variation of this kind of sidearm, in which the shortness of the barrel cluster was fully used, is the Belgian Dolne M1869 Apache revolver. This weapon, allegedly popular among the Paris street gangs after whom it was named, was fitted with a folding blade and knuckle-duster. The pepperboxes from this period disappeared with the demise of the pinfire cartridge.

One of the more interesting pepperbox revolvers is the .22 Short, six-barrelRemington Zig-Zag Derringer. Unlike the older single action designs, it had a double action ring trigger and could fire six shots as fast as one could pull the trigger. Guns of this type were prized by gamblers, in addition to the four-barrel Christian Sharps derringer, because they could be easily concealed in a vest pocket and easily used for self-defense.

Modern use

The pepperbox design was used for a small number of weapon designs in the 20th century, most notably a six-barrelled derringer in .22 caliber from Cobray.

During the 1960s an eight-barrelled pepperbox shotgun, the Colt Defender Mark I, was designed by Robert Hillberg; but never went into production.

In the 1970s Heckler & Koch produced the five-barrelled P11 pistol designed as a covert underwater firearm firing 7.62 X 36mm darts electrically.

The four-barreled COP .357 Derringer was manufactured from 1983 to 1989 by the later defunct COP Inc. of California, US (COP stood for Compact Off-Duty Police).

The Osa is a Russian four-barrelled pistol designed to fire a range of non-lethal and flare rounds from electrically-fired 18×45 mm cartridges.

The Reprringer is a design for a five-barrelled 3D printed pepperbox sidearm in .22 LR, which received widespread media coverage.

3D printed pistols resembling the pepperbox have been allegedly downloaded and manufactured by drug dealers in the UK. A student from London named Tendai Muswere was the first person convicted in 2019 of printing a multi-barrelled derringer of this type, known as the Hexen.

Popular culture
In the first season of Critical Role, and its animated adaptation The Legend of Vox Machina, the character Percival de Rolo III, played by Taliesin Jaffe, invented and wielded a pepperbox revolver.

title: Pepper-box


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Oxford County

Oxford County may refer to:

 * Oxford County, Ontario, Canada
 * Oxford County, Maine, U.S.
 * Oxford County, New Zealand
 * Oxfordshire, England

title: Oxford County


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Pirkkala

Pirkkala (Birkala) is a municipality in Finland, located in the Pirkanmaa region. It lies to the southwest of the regional capital, Tampere. The population of Pirkkala is approximately 0, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Pirkkala has an area of undefined km2 of which undefined km2 is water. The population density is undefined PD/km2, which makes it the most densely populated municipality in Finland that does not use the title of town or city. Pirkkala is also currently the fastest-growing municipality in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is located in southwest Pirkkala. The most significant main road in Pirkkala is Tampere Ring Road.

Great Pirkkala
The former parish of Suur-Pirkkala (Great Pirkkala) is mentioned in historical writings from the 14th century. It occupied over half of Pirkanmaa, a region nowadays populated by about 526,000 inhabitants. Suur-Pirkkala began to split when new parishes and municipalities were founded and wanted independence.

South and North Pirkkala
In 1922 the Pirkkala was split into Pohjois- (Northern) and Etelä-Pirkkala (Southern Pirkkala) due to a movement in Southern Pirkkala led by agronomist Hannes Palmroth of the Partola Estate to gain independence from the more industrial North.

Pirkkala
In 1938 the name of Northern Pirkkala was changed to Nokia and after an appeal to the President of Finland Kyösti Kallio in 1939, Southern Pirkkala reverted to its original name Pirkkala. The present-day province of Pirkanmaa that was founded in the 1950s is named after Pirkkala as it was in the center of the region that was more or less the same area as the historic Great Pirkkala

Sights
Pirkkala has been inhabited by the Stone Age and Iron Age, and many ancient finds have been made in the area.

The red-brick old church was designed by Ilmari Launis in 1921, and it is known that it was built on the site of the old Pirkkala parish church. The white new church from 1994, designed by Simo Paavilainen and Käpy Paavilainen, is located near the current town center, Naistenmatka. In its year of completion, the church, which has a modern appearance, was chosen as the most beautiful new building in Finland.

The Sculpture Park has been formed near the municipal center from the works of art of the international cast iron symposia of 2001 and 2003. It consists of sculptures of contemporary art, which are mostly placed around Lake Vähäjärvi. The idea of the cast iron symposiums is Villu Jaanisoo, an artist from Pirkkala who moved from Estonia to Finland. Other materials were used in the 2003 event. Perhaps the most prominent of the sights is the Jaaniso's Peruspirkkalalainen statue on the edge of the Suupantori market square in the town center, or the Valte statue according to its model.

Notable people
• Minna Craucher (1891–1932), socialite and spy

• Lauri Ala-Myllymäki (born 1997), football player

• Tuija Brax (born 1965), politician and former Minister of Justice

• Jan-Mikael Järvinen (born 1988), ice hockey player

• Jarno Laitinen (born 1988), ice hockey player

• Joonas Lehtivuori (born 1988), ice hockey player

• Mika Mäki (born 1988), racing driver

• Reijo Mikkolainen (born 1964), ice hockey player

• Pertti Palmroth (born 1931), shoe designer

• Pasi Petriläinen (born 1978), ice hockey player

• Riikka Purra (born 1977), politician

• Lauri Pyykönen (born 1978), cross-country skier

• Jukka Tammi (born 1962), ice hockey player

• Artturi Tienari (1907–1998), Civil Guard officer, business executive and politician

• Allu Tuppurainen (born 1951), actor and screenwriter

• Jouko Turkka (1942–2016), theatrical director and controversialist

• Sanna Marin (born 1985), Finnish Prime Minister

Twin towns — Sister cities
Pirkkala is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇪 Solna, Sweden

title: Pirkkala


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Owen County

Owen County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Owen County, Indiana
 * Owen County, Kentucky

title: Owen County


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Michigan Brigade

The Michigan Brigade, sometimes called the Wolverines, the Michigan Cavalry Brigade or Custer's Brigade, was a brigade of cavalry in the volunteer Union Army during the later half of the American Civil War. Composed primarily of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, 5th Michigan Cavalry, 6th Michigan Cavalry and 7th Michigan Cavalry, the Michigan Brigade fought in every major campaign of the Army of the Potomac from the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 to the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. The brigade first gained fame during the Gettysburg Campaign under the command of youthful Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer. After the war, several men associated with the brigade joined the 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment and later fought again under Custer in the Old West frontier.

Organization and the Gettysburg Campaign
The Michigan Cavalry Brigade was created on December 12, 1862, at Washington, D.C. It originally consisted of the 5th, 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry regiments, under the command of General Joseph T. Copeland. During the early part of the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, the 1st Michigan Cavalry and Battery M, 2nd United States Artillery were added to the brigade in central Maryland as part of a major reorganization of the Army of the Potomac's Cavalry Corps by its commander, Alfred Pleasonton. The larger brigade was assigned to the newly promoted Custer, who assumed command near Westminster, Maryland. The Michigan Brigade saw its first combat action as an entity at the Battle of Hanover in southern Pennsylvania on June 30, 1863. There, Custer's men were deployed as a strong advance skirmish line south of town. Two days later, on July 2, the brigade participated in the Battle of Hunterstown, where one of the Wolverines, Norville Churchill, rescued a fallen Custer, who was pinned in the road under his slain horse.

At the subsequent Battle of Gettysburg, the Michigan Brigade was posted east of Gettysburg along the Hanover Road on July 3. On the third day, the brigade fought in piecemeal fashion, with the 5th and 6th serving as dismounted skirmishers near the John Rummel farm on the left of the battlefield, while first the 7th and then the 1st Michigan charged into a growing mounted melee in the center. Custer's cry of "Come on, you Wolverines!" became the rallying cry of the brigade.

During the retreat of the Army of Northern Virginia from Gettysburg, Custer's men maintained a series of skirmishes and encounters with the Confederate rear guard, fighting another battle at Falling Waters as the last of Robert E. Lee's army slipped across the Potomac River. The skirmishing continued well into Virginia, including a minor affair at Amissville.

Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns
During the balance of 1863, the Michigan Brigade performed scouting and patrol duty, as well as screening the flanks of the Army of the Potomac. The brigade again engaged in a series of fights with J.E.B. Stuart's Confederates during the Bristoe Campaign and the subsequent Mine Run Campaign.

1864
For a time, the 1st Vermont Cavalry was assigned to the Michigan Brigade.

In February 1864, the Michigan Brigade participated in Judson Kilpatrick's large 5,000-man cavalry raid on the Confederacy's capital city, Richmond, Virginia. Kilpatrick's objectives for the daring raid were to free Federal prisoners of war, cut supply lines, and create panic among the Confederate civilians and government officials. Carrying only rations for two days, the troopers were expected to live off the land by foraging for food. Kilpatrick's men severed all the rail lines between Richmond and the Army of Northern Virginia, but did not enter Richmond or free the prisoners.

During the Overland Campaign in May, the Michigan men were engaged in Philip H. Sheridan's raid, fighting at the Battle of Haw's Shop on May 28. There, due to the heavily wooded terrain, Custer dismounted the brigade and deployed in a long, double-ranked line of battle, as if they were infantrymen. However, Custer inspired his men by staying mounted as he led them forward, waving his hat in full view of the enemy. Some of the relatively inexperienced South Carolina Confederate infantry mistook a Union shift in position for a retreat and charged after them, only to run into Custer's men, who captured eighty Confederates. Forty-one Michigan cavalrymen fell in the attack, but their enthusiastic charge caused Wade Hampton's men to withdraw.

At Trevilian Station on June 11 and 12, the brigade was heavily engaged. Custer maneuvered into a position in the rear of (and between) two Confederate divisions and seized the train depot and a large cache of supplies. However, subsequent enemy movements left the Michigan Brigade nearly surrounded, and Custer had to fight his way out of the encirclement.

In July, the brigade rode to Washington, D.C. en route to the Shenandoah Valley, then threatened by a Confederate force under Jubal A. Early. The Michigan Brigade was engaged at Winchester, Virginia, on August 11, as well as in numerous other small engagements through September, when it fought at the Battle of Opequon, also near Winchester, where it captured three Confederate battle flags. The brigade was again in action at the Battle of Fisher's Hill.

On September 26, Custer was promoted to divisional command and Colonel James H. Kidd of the 6th Michigan assumed direct command of the Michigan Brigade. The brigade spent the rest of the year in the Valley, engaging in a series of running fights with Confederate cavalry, including the decisive victory over Jubal Early at the Battle of Cedar Creek.

1865
On February 27, General Sheridan commenced a major movement against Early's remaining forces in the Valley and his communications and supply lines. The Michigan Brigade participated in an engagement at Louisa Court House against enemy cavalry under Thomas L. Rosser, routing the Confederates and capturing the village and its important stores of military supplies.

Not long afterward, following Early's final crushing defeat at the Battle of Waynesboro, Sheridan's force was reassigned to the Richmond area to help Ulysses S. Grant's final push to break Lee's entrenchments. The Michigan Brigade arrived at White House, landing in time to participate in some of the final engagements of the Army of the Potomac, including the Battle of Five Forks on April 1. They were active in the pursuit of Lee's retreating army following the fall of Richmond and again engaged the Confederates at the Battle of Sayler's Creek on April 6. They were among the troops that finally blocked Lee's planned escape route, precipitating the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House.

Under the command of Colonel Peter Stagg, the Michigan Brigade was part of Sheridan's force that rode southward to Petersburg, Virginia, and then proceeded into North Carolina to assist William T. Sherman's army in its quest to defeat another Confederate army under Joseph E. Johnston. However, Johnston surrendered before Sheridan arrived. The Michigan Brigade returned to Washington, D.C., for the Grand Review of the Armies on May 23.

Western frontier duty
Immediately after the review, the Michigan Brigade received orders to serve in the Western frontier in the District of the Plains, Department of Missouri. Using railroads and a series of riverboats, the brigade arrived at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2,300 strong but with only 600 horses. There, the 5th Michigan was formally mustered out of the service, as well as portions of the other three regiments whose enlistments had expired, in all half the brigade. The remaining troopers saw subsequent duty in the Dakota Territory in the forces of Patrick Connor until December.

In late 1865, the remnants of the much depleted brigade were consolidated into the 1st Michigan Veteran Cavalry and served in the Montana Territory. Despite the fact that their term of enlistment had expired, the remaining men were kept in the service until March 10, 1866, when they were finally mustered out and allowed to return home to Michigan. Some men elected to stay on the frontier and enlist in Custer's 7th U.S. Cavalry; a few former members of the Michigan Brigade fought at the Battle of Little Big Horn in June 1876.

Most veterans of the Michigan Brigade were active in various fraternal organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic, and many men returned to Gettysburg for the 25th Anniversary commemorations. A few returned in 1913 for the 50th Anniversary.

A modern non-profit group calling itself the Michigan Cavalry Brigade Association serves as living historians and reenactors.

title: Michigan Brigade


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Königstein Fortress

Königstein Fortress (Festung Königstein), the "Saxon Bastille", is a hilltop fortress near Dresden, in Saxon Switzerland, Germany, above the town of Königstein on the left bank of the River Elbe. It is one of the largest hilltop fortifications in Europe and sits atop the table hill of the same name.

The 9.5 ha rock plateau rises 240 m above the Elbe and has over 50 buildings, some over 400 years old, that bear witness to the military and civilian life in the fortress. The rampart run of the fortress is 1800 m long with walls up to 42 m high and steep sandstone faces. In the centre of the site is a 152.5 m well, which is the deepest in Saxony and second-deepest well in Europe.

The fortress, which for centuries was used as a state prison, is still intact and is now one of Saxony's foremost tourist attractions, with 700,000 visitors per year.

Construction and expansion of the fortress

By far the oldest written record of a castle on the Königstein is found in a deed by King Wenceslas I of Bohemia dating to the year 1233, in which a witness is named as "Burgrave Gebhard of Stein". At that time the region was split between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Bishopric of Meissen. The medieval castle belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Its first full description as Königstein ("King's Rock") occurred in the Upper Lusatian Border Charter (Oberlausitzer Grenzurkunde) of 1241, that Wenceslas I "in lapide regis" (Lat.: at the rock of the king) sealed. In this charter the demarcation of the border between the Slavic Gauen of Milska (Upper Lusatia), Nisani (Meißen Depression) and Dacena (Tetschen region) was laid down. Because the Königstein lay left of the Elbe, it was independent of the 3 aforementioned Gauen.

It belonged at that time to the Kingdom of Bohemia and was expanded by order of the Bohemian kings, as the Elbe became more intensively used as a trade route, into a fortified site that dominated the north of their territories, controlling the Elbe above Pirna, and an outpost of strategically important Dohna Castle located in the nearby Müglitz.

After the king and later emperor, Charles IV had Eulau Castle, which dominated the southern region, destroyed in 1348 by townsfolk from Aussig, he spent from 5 to 19 August 1359 on the Königstein and signed the authority for shipping rights. The castle was pledged several times in the 50 years that followed, including to the Donins. Because this family were enemies of the margraves of Meißen, the latter finally captured the castle in 1408 during the Dohna Feud that had been raging since 1385. But not until 25 April 1459 was the transfer of the castle to the Margraviate of Meißen finally completed once the Saxon-Bohemian border had been settled in the Treaty of Eger. Unlike the other rock castles in Saxon Switzerland the Königstein continued to be used by the Saxon dukes and prince-electors for military purposes. At one stage the Königstein was also a monastery. In 1516, Duke George the Bearded, a fierce opponent of the Reformation, founded a Celestine abbey on the Königstein, the Kloster des Lobes der Wunder Mariae. It closed again in 1524 - after the death of Duke George, Saxony became Evangelical.

It is probable that there had been a stone castle on the Königstein as early as the 12th century. The oldest surviving structure today is the castle chapel built at the turn of the 13th century. In the years 1563 to 1569 the 152.5 metre deep well was bored into the rock within the castle - until that point the garrison of the Königstein had to obtain water from cisterns and by collecting rainwater. During the construction of the well some 8 cubic metres of water had to be removed from the shaft every day.

Between 1589 and 1591/97 Prince-Elector Christian I of Saxony and his successor had the castle developed into the strongest fortification in Saxony. The hitherto very jagged table hill was now surrounded with high walls. Buildings were erected, including the Gatehouse (Torhaus), the Streichwehr, the Old Barracks (Alte Kaserne), the Christiansburg (Friedrichsburg) and the Old Armoury (Altes Zeughaus). The second construction period followed from 1619 to 1681, during which inter alia the John George Bastion (Johann-Georgenbastion) was built in front of the Johann-Georgenburg. The third construction period is seen as the time from 1694 to 1756, which included the expansion of the Old Barracks. From 1722 to 1725, at the behest of August the Strong, coopers under Böttger built the enormous Königstein Wine Barrel (Königsteiner Weinfass), the greatest wine barrel in the world, in the cellar of the Magdalenenburg which had a capacity of 249,838 litres. It cost 8,230 thalers, 18 groschen and 9 pfennigs. The butt, which was once completely filled with country wine from the Meißen vineyards, had to be removed again in 1818 due to its poor condition. Because of Böttger, Königstein Fortress is also the site where European porcelain started.

Even after the expansion during those periods of time there continued to be modifications and additions on the extensive plateau. St. John's Hall (Johannissaal) built in 1631 was converted in 1816 into the New Armoury (Neues Zeughaus). In 1819 the Magdalenenburg castle was turned into a provisions magazine that was fortified to withstand bombardment. The old provisions store became a barracks. The Treasury (Schatzhaus) was built from 1854 to 1855. After the fortress had been incorporated in 1871 into the fortification system of the new German Empire, battery ramparts (Batteriewälle) were constructed from 1870 to 1895 with eight firing points, that were to have provided all-round defence for the fortress in case of an attack that, in the event, never came. This was at this time that the last major building work was done on the fortress.

Because Königstein Fortress was regarded as unconquerable, the Saxon monarchs retreated to it from Wittenberg and later Dresden during times of crisis and also deposited the state treasure and many works of art from the famous Zwinger here; it was also used as a country retreat due to its lovely surroundings.

Military significance
The fortress played an important role in the History of Saxony, albeit less as a result of military action. The Saxon Dukes and Prince-Electors used the fortress primarily as a secure refuge during times of war, as a hunting lodge and maison de plaisance, but also as a dreaded state prison. Its actual military significance was rather marginal, although generals such as John Everard of Droste and Zützen (1662–1726) commanded it. For example, Prince-Elector Frederick Augustus II could only watch helplessly from the Königstein during the Seven Years' War, when right at the start of the war in 1756 his army surrendered without a fight to the Prussian Army at the foot of the Lilienstein on the other side of the Elbe. The commandant of the fortress from 1753 was the electoral Saxon Lieutenant General, Michael Lorenz von Pirch. In August 1813 the clash at Krietzschwitz took place in front of its gates, an engagement that proved an important precursor to the Battle of Kulm and the Battle of Leipzig. In October 1866 Alexander von Rohrscheidt (1808–1881) was nominated as commandant of the fortress. It lost its military value with the development of long-range guns at the beginning of the 19th century. The last commandant of Königstein Fortress was Lieutenant Colonel Heinicke who commanded it until 1913. The fortress had to guard the Saxon state reserves and secret archives during times of war. In 1756 and 1813 Dresden's art treasures were also stored at the Königstein. During the Second World War the large casemates of the fortress were also used for such purposes.

The fortress was never conquered, it had too much of a chilling reputation after it had been expanded by Elector Christian I. Only the chimney sweep, Sebastian Abratzky, managed to climb the vertical sandstone walls in 1848. The Abratzky Chimney (Abratzky-Kamin) named after him is a grade IV (based on the Saxon system) climbing route that may still be climbed today. Because climbing over the wall is banned, climbers must abseil down the adjacent wall again after climbing it.

Use as a prison
Until 1922 the fortress was the best-known state prison in Saxony. During the Franco-Prussian War and the two world wars the fortress was also used as a prisoner of war camp. In World War I the castle was used as a prisoner of war camp (Oflag) for French and Russian officers. In World War II it again served as an Oflag, called Oflag IV-B, for British, French, Polish and other Allied officers.

After the Second World War the Red Army used the fortress as a military hospital. From 1949 to 1955 it was used as a so-called Jugendwerkhof for the reeducation of delinquent youths and those who did not fit the image of a socialist society.

Some of the more notable prisoners incarcerated at Königstein are given below (dates of imprisonment in parentheses):

 * the Crypto-Calvinists, including Caspar Peucer (1574–86) and Nikolaus Krell (1591–1601), chancellor of the Electorate of Saxony
 * Count Wolf Dietrich von Beichlingen (1703–1709), great chancellor and senior court-marshal of the Electorate of Saxony
 * Franz Conrad Romanus (1705–1746), Bürgermeister of Leipzig
 * Johann Friedrich Böttger (1706–1707), co-discoverer with Tschirnhaus of European porcelain
 * Johann Reinhold von Patkul (1706–1707), Livonian statesman
 * Count Karl Heinrich von Hoym (1734–1736), cabinet minister of the Electorate of Saxony; committed suicide in his cell
 * Mikhail Bakunin (1849–1850), Russian anarchist and revolutionary
 * August Bebel (1872–1874), German politician, president of the SPD, founder of German social democracy
 * Thomas Theodor Heine (1899), caricaturist and artist
 * Frank Wedekind (1899–1900), writer and dramatist
 * Henri Giraud (1940–1942), French general; successfully escaped from the castle
 * Bertrand Fagalde (1940-1945), French general; captured just after the Battle of Dunkirk

Königstein was never taken, not even during World War II. However, on 17 April 1942, French General Henri Giraud successfully escaped German captivity from the castle.

Military history open-air museum
Since 29 May 1955, the fortress has been an open-air, military history museum of high touristic value. The museum has been managed as a satellite of the Bundeswehr Military History Museum in Dresden since 1990.

In the years 1967 to 1970, a lift was built at the foot of the access path for 42 people. A second lift was built in 2005 against a vertical wall of the fortress, which transports up to 18 passengers in a lift with a panoramic view to a height of about 42 metres. The state of Saxony made 1.7 million euros available for the project. The lift opened Easter 2006.

Between 1991 and 2010, a total of about 46 million euros was invested by the Free State of Saxony on the renovation and upgrade of Königstein Fortress. The museum welcomed its 25 millionth visitor on 14 October 2005 since it opened Whitsun 1955.

Visitor numbers decreased somewhat from about 1,000,000 in 1999 to 446,000 in 2010.

The fortress in art
Around 1756, Elector Augustus III commissioned the Italian artist Bernardo Bellotto to paint a series of five large-scale views of the fortress at Königstein. The canvasses were never delivered to the Elector due to the hostilities of the Seven Years' War and were eventually exported to Great Britain. Today, four of the Königstein paintings are held in public collections in Britain: The Fortress of Königstein from the North is in the National Gallery; The Fortress of Königstein from the South is at Knowsley Hall, Merseyside; and both The Fortress of Königstein: Courtyard with the Brunnenhaus and The Fortress of Königstein: Courtyard with the Magdalenenburg, hang in the Manchester Art Gallery. The fifth canvas, The Fortress of Königstein from the North-West, is now in the United States, on display in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

In Anthony Trollope's novel Phineas Redux, it is during an excursion to Königstein, "the fortress constructed on that wonderful rock," that the hero, Phineas Finn, learns from his first love, who had refused his offer of marriage, that she had in fact always loved him, and continues to.

title: Königstein Fortress


text:
User talk:Jaymer

Hi Jaymer. I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

The Wikipedia is not a place to host your personal files, and as such, they have been voted for deletion.

Thanks, Dysprosia 08:26, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you want to comment or vote on your listing at Votes for deletion, please make it at that page. Thanks Dysprosia 13:32, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * By the way, this Wiki is set up so users can create articles as one would normally see in an encyclopedia. I do not know what you intend IntelliVIEW headerdetail to be, but the Wikipedia is not set up for users to host their own specialised wikis as a subset of Wikipedia. However, you might be interested in setting up a Wiki of your own on your own server, if you have one, as the Wiki software is available freely to download. Dysprosia 13:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a free Wiki hosting service. Please feel free to download the MediaWiki software and set it up yourself -- it is free for your use. Misusing the encyclopedia isn't. -- The Anome 18:44, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If you need wiki hosting, I offer hosting using the wiki software used by Wikipedia (MediaWiki) for 15 USD/month. Contact me at moeller at scireview dot de if you are interested.—Eloquence 20:48, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

Please don't delete the Votes for Deletion headers from articles. RickK | Talk 22:30, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This is a warning: Wikipedia does not tolerate personal attacks made against other editors. See No personal attacks. Insulting other users will not help your case at all.

If you feel your content is worth including, it would be helpful if you would state why, instead of calling other longtime editors here childish names. Dysprosia 02:48, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Try a WikiFarm: You should try http://www.swiki.net. It will allow you to open your own wiki-based forums. The site is free of charge and has three options:
 * semi-public (everyone can read and write)
 * semi-private (everyone can read, but not write)
 * private (only invited persons can read/write)

I think this will meet your needs much better that Wikipedia.

Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 03:26, Mar 20, 2004 (UTC)

Jaymar,

Thank you for pointing out my rashness in calling you a vandal. I am particularly disappointed in myself, for I have in the past been a vocal advocate for being patient with new articles and new users.

I have added a public apology to the VfD page. Please accept my sincere apology.

Recently, I commented at Wikipedia talk:Decision Making Process that our policies are confusing and non obvious. I would appreciate any comment you would care to contribute (positive or negative). Having recently suffered from, at least in part, the lack of clarity in our policies, I think your viewpoint would be helpful.

 * -Rholton 02:46, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

Hi Jaymer, I deleted your test pages. Here is the discussion about them.—Eloquence 06:19, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

IntelliVIEW, IntelliVIEW headerdetail
Wiki namespace used for personal use. Dysprosia 08:23, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Fast track delete. Anjouli 14:29, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete but after 5 days. theresa knott 15:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Interesting example. The creator is quoting our rules at us to demand the right to abuse our site for the 5 day deletion period, and inviting the 104 members (103 before I joined) of their Yahoo group to join in, see the note at the bottom of this old version. I'm guessing the creator is making money out of their involvement in the project of which this is part, but I have no hard evidence. I can forward the message from the Yahoo group if you'd rather not join it (and think carefully before joining). Andrewa 16:54, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice. RickK | Talk 17:41, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a resource for conducting business. See What Wikipedia is not, point #20. Seems like there ought to be a way to deal with vandals who are playing on our generosity in order to make use of the sight for 5 days. -Rholton 18:45, 2004 Mar 19 (UTC)
 * I would like to publicly apologize to Jaymar for calling him/her a vandal. Clearly it was far too early for me to come to this conclusion -- a conclusion that I now see was incorrect. I still vote to Delete for the reason I gave above (prior to calling Jaymer a vandal). I also still believe that we have a loophole that real vandals could take advantage of. -Rholton 02:05, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)
 * Recommend for fast-track deletion. If we don't have a policy to zap pages like this ASAP, we should make one. -- The Anome 18:52, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Absolutely right. Anjouli 16:01, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. Not a vote, my vote is above, and more comments here. Andrewa 21:58, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deletion. User who created admits it is an advert but insists on his right to include it. -- Decumanus 22:39, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Creator kept deleting the VfD header, I've protected the page. RickK | Talk 22:49, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * what a bunch a jerks. who the f*** is abusing your precious little site.  you can't find my page unless you know the exact name - i was even thinking about donating because its a cool piece of software, but not now - you don't need my money, some of you stuck-ups need a brain.  Andrew: "think carefully about joining" - what an idiot!  you're not a member of any technical discussion groups on yahoo or forums?  what is so worrysome about joining a group like that - geez.  we (all 103 of us) are users of the software and want to improve it - oh my!!! and Rickk needs a life - boy, he's johnny on the spot to modify my page and remove my note I left telling people to expect a different location in a few days... no, the gestapo man himself has to be monitoring his computer every second to spot when i change the page so he can come in and whack all my text out... get a life loser.  fear, uncertainty and doubt preys among you facists.  Decumanus: "i admit its an avert" - what are you smoking? ... a discussion page about improving a methodology for dealing with parent/child relational data in an excel-type grid must be akin to terrorism nowadays and high up there on the censorship scale. i guess newbies who aren't in your click don't get very far here without kissing some serious butt and being part of the in-crowd. YAGFY hey Rholton - vandal eh?  how much have you contributed to this overall project?  how do you know i wouldn't have contributed in some way if you weren't such a jerk?  mDiv - you gotta be kidding - you'll never make it. there are already tech support and business sites for this product - so in what way am i "conducting business" here?
 * Pages aren't yours at all. Other editors are permitted to work on them, or if they have misgivings about the page, to vote them for deletion and to comment on why they should be deleted. The only pages that are somehow yours are your User and User talk pages. Secondly, personal attacks are not welcome here. Dysprosia 02:46, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * sure, they can edit them, but defacing them and removing my main letter on the discussion page (someone added "and so on" because the stuff wasn't important to them - shows intolerance) and being so anal about stuff (like rickk) that he's not even kind enough to leave my note to colleagues on there... just has to chop off the page and lock it - like its a plague to the community here.  its the kneejerk reaction to this whole thing that i'm upset about.  (btw, i'm a newbie at the wiki, but i think i did a good job on my 1st two pages, with links and formatting.  but nowhere was it obvious to me about the "talk" page... in fact, you had already commented to me about the vfd and i still had never read my talk page... i think i was too distracted about the vandals defacing my pages.)
 * "a methodology for dealing with parent/child relational data in an excel-type grid" fascinating! -- Decumanus
 * well, think about it. crosstabs only take you so far, and excel still has a row limit.  if you'd take time to read my initial post in the discussion page, i think you'd find some interesting ideas on how this type of data can be managed... and still more possibilities exist, which is why this isn't an advert, it was for discussion as plainly stated.  theoretical discussions abound i'm sure in this wiki, but not mine, because it doesn't interest you... but the complete list of Pokemon cards is a real valuable use of resources, isn't it?  the phrase 'you catch more with honey than vinegar' works both ways... with people jumping on me within hours of the initial post and labeling me a "vandal" (thats love that you'd expect from a theology major, isn't it), why wouldn't i be on the defensive?  i'm obviously not a kid who put up a frivolous/obscene website, but the "crucify him, crucify him" chants weren't far behind.  instead of commenting in the page about alternatives ways to get what i need done, we see what happened.  what a pack of wolves.  disgusting.
 * If you would refrain from calling other users names, then other users may be more responsive to your needs, such as asking you ways in which we can use your knowledge in other articles, or encouraging you to use your talents to improve the other pages, but you are just alienating yourself from others with a hostile attitude. Wikipedia isn't a place for primary research], but your knowledge may be valued on some other articles in the Wikipedia. Dysprosia 04:54, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this is a fair example of how folks like RickK form a sort of inverted "welcome wagon" posse to terrorize newbies. I've been swearing mad myself at least once at this unrelenting persecution they deal out to whoever strikes them as a black sheep. This sort of unfortunate introductory experience to the wiki is a source of grave concern. Sam Spade 05:08, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Dys, no, i think i'll leave and never come back here. Jaymer
 * Thin skins on both sides. Shame on us all. Nevertheless, delete. These articles will not move us closer to the goal of an encyclopedia. There are several other free wikis he can use. Rossami 05:17, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought I was being quite objective. But I think my point has been well made. We must be polite but firm in dealing with this sort of attack, to minimise the damage to our project, which is the encyclopedia. This incident has caused considerable distress to several contributors, including the creator of the page who is quite right that our current rules do seem to allow him five days' free access to do this sort of thing. Speedy delete is the best answer IMO. Andrewa 11:11, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * see ,this is the root of the [your] problem... it wasn't an attack, it wasn't malicious, there was no planning to hurt you. me and a friend (both on the phone) were trying to find someplace where wiki software was "better" than the traditional wiki stuff which was only text based.  he had done a google on "wiki" and he actually had found a sample page with pictures (one wide panorama of london was on that page) and then i checked it out, read some stuff and created my page... all seemed fine, easy to use, etc.  I had no clue of the '5 days' issue until the vfd issue came up and i went to try and find out what this meant and what rule i had broken.  given that it said that pages were voted on for the 5 days, i wrote that somewhere to please let me live that long so colleagues could see this (instead of following a yahoo groups link to a missing page). had no clue of the 'what wikipedia is NOT" page - hadn't seen it, which is why i was thinking of donating because I thought I was ok.  Oh, btw, i'm not arguing why i should STAY here - am ready to go, but as Sam Spade realized, there's a bigger issue here. Jaymer
 * I certainly agree that there are bigger issues here. I'm sorry if my comments are what have soured you on Wikipedia, but a bit skeptical about this and several other things you imply. As to whether any of your activities constitute 'attack', perhaps we can agree to disagree here. I think the problem is simply that we raised a false expectation, and you're now bitter about not being able to do it. Just BTW, the software you so like is open source, if you want to use it or even fork it for further development. Andrewa 05:27, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * If you hadn't kept deleting the Votes for Deletion header, I wouldn't have needed to protect the page. RickK | Talk 21:02, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Anjouli 04:17, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)Delete, block and don't feed the trolls! Anjouli 04:17, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaymer


text:
Monon Bell

The Monon Bell (pronounced MOE-non) is the trophy awarded to the victor of the annual college football matchup between the Wabash College Little Giants (in Crawfordsville, Indiana) and the DePauw University Tigers (in Greencastle, Indiana) in the United States. The Bell is a 300-pound locomotive bell from the Monon Railroad. As of the end of the 2023 regular season, the two teams have played against each other 129 times. Wabash leads the all-time series, 63-57-9, and also has a slight advantage since the Bell was introduced as the victor's trophy in 1932, 44-41-6.

Series history
The rivalry game between Wabash and DePauw began in 1890 and is among the oldest college football rivalries. The hit 1904 play The College Widow, and its subsequent film adaptations, were loosely based on the rivalry.

The Monon Bell was introduced as a traveling trophy in 1932 at the suggestion of a DePauw alumnus, Orien Fifer (Class of 1925), in a letter to the editor of The Indianapolis News. Since the schools are only 27 miles apart, the adversaries in the game are often brothers, cousins, high school classmates or good friends, adding to the rivalry's intensity. Before the introduction of overtime to college football, nine ties were logged in the series. By rule, in the event of a tie, the Bell was awarded to the previous owner. In the 1960 matchup, DePauw held the Bell and scored a last-minute touchdown to cut Wabash's lead to 13–12. DePauw coach Tommy Mont turned to the stands and spread out his hands. The DePauw fans shouted "Go!" DePauw scored on the conversion and won 14–13. This rule also held significance for the 99th Monon Bell Classic in 1992 in which from the 8 yard line Wabash opted for a field goal to tie the game at 17-17 (the kick hit the right upright, but still went through) and retained ownership of the Bell. This tie set up the 100th game as an evenly split 45-45-9 series, in which Wabash won, 40–26.

The teams failed to play each other only six years in the entire history. From 1897 to 1899, the schools did not schedule each other for an unknown reason. In 1910, the teams didn't play due to the death of Wabash's star halfback, Ralph Lee Wilson, who died from a concussion in a game earlier in the season. The schools have played each other every year since 1911. The 2020 game was cancelled due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Monon Bell Classic
The Monon Bell Classic is an American college football rivalry game played by Wabash College and DePauw University. Named for the Monon Bell, the trophy awarded to the winner, it is the sixth most-played Division III rivalry and equals the 12th-most played in college football. To date, there have been 129 total games played between the two teams, resulting in a lead for Wabash at 63-57-9.

Since the Bell was introduced as the rivalry's prize in 1932, Wabash holds a slimmer 44-41-6 advantage.

The game has received national media coverage including articles in Sports Illustrated in 1973 and 1993, a feature on Charles Kuralt's 1979 "CBS Sunday Morning" show, articles in USA Today in 1987 and the Wall Street Journal in 1999 and a feature on Fox Sports Net's show The Slant in 1999.

The game is regularly televised and past battles have been seen on ABC, ESPN2, AXS TV, and Fox Sports.

Annually, alumni parties are held in more than 50 cities across America where loyal fans from both schools gather to watch the game. Professionally replicated DVDs have been produced of 22 complete contests—the 2000 through 2017 games, as well as the 1977, 1984, 1993 and 1994 Monon Bell Classics.

In 2008, Ken Owen '82, executive director of media relations at DePauw, completed the task of compiling a "Monon Memory" for each and every game in the rivalry series. The clips utilize video/film from the DePauw and Wabash archives, as well as vintage photographs, and are available online and on Monon Bell DVDs. The "Memories" project was the subject of coverage in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Inside Indiana Business, and other media outlets. Owen has since re-cut several of the segments after locating additional archival materials.

Listed below are the all-time Monon Bell Classic results, with Wabash victories shaded in scarlet and DePauw victories are shaded in  old gold.

Bell heists
The Bell has been stolen at least nine times (1941, 1959, 1965, 1966, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1988, 1998). The most famous theft is known as "Operation Frijoles," which was ranked by Sports Illustrated as one of the five greatest all-time rivalry pranks. "Operation Frijoles" is still the favorite story shared by Wabash fans regarding the "reappropriation" of the 300-pound trophy claimed each November by either Wabash College or DePauw University in the annual football meeting.

Operation Frijoles
Prior to the 1965 meeting between the two teams, Wabash student Jim Shanks '67 scheduled a meeting with DePauw University President William H. Kerstetter, claiming to be representative from the US Information Service in Mexico City. During the meeting with Kerstetter, Shanks was able to convince the president to offer two full scholarships for Mexican students. To "seal the deal" Shanks asked to take photos of various points of interest on campus to show the "prospective" Mexican students more about DePauw University.

One item Shanks asked to photograph was the Monon Bell, in the Tigers' possession after a 22–21 victory in 1964. The dean of the college was the only person on campus who knew the location of the Bell, but was reluctant to tell Shanks of its location. "I don't know whether I should show this to you or not," he said with a laugh. "The last time I showed it to someone, they stole it."

Taken to the second floor of a Quonset hut near the football field, Shanks took careful notes that were reviewed by Wabash students upon his return. The Wabash students decided they would have two groups attempt to retrieve The Bell. The first group that arrived on campus was quickly discovered before attempting the heist and were ordered to either "leave campus or find dates." The Wabash students chose the latter. The second group of students arrived on campus undetected, entered the building, and took the Bell back to Crawfordsville. Depauw's security, upon realizing The Bell was gone, found the first group of Wabash students still on campus. Security questioned the students about the heist but their dates vouched that they had been together the entire night. The Bell was eventually "found" by the Wabash administration and returned to DePauw the day before the 1965 game.

Saturday afternoon the Little Giant football team made certain it was a short visit. Wabash defeated DePauw 16–6. After every Wabash touchdown, the Wabash fans cheered "Ole!" At the conclusion of the game Wabash fans stormed the field, many wearing sombreros and ponchos, throwing tortillas onto the field and wielding posters congratulating President Kerstetter for the loss of the Bell and the two scholarship offers.

Other heists
Another famous heist saw DePauw students stealing the bell from themselves. In 1967, concerned about the safety of the Bell from Wabash kidnappers, a group of DePauw students stole the bell from its resting place and buried it in the north end zone of DePauw's Blackstock Stadium. Very few students knew of its location, and many mistakenly believed it had been kidnapped by Wabash students. Shortly after the heist, the temperature dropped well below freezing and there was concern The Bell would inaccessible for the game. Luckily, the ground thawed and The Bell was unearthed on game day. Wabash wound up leaving with the trophy after a 7–0 victory on the muddy turf.

The Bell was last stolen in 1998 by Wabash students on Halloween.

In 1998, after DePauw had secured the Bell, a fracas broke out on the field of Wabash's Byron P. Hollett Little Giant Stadium and DePauw students pulled down one of the Little Giants' goal posts. The Little Giant student body retaliated by charging the field. The melee was broken up by the local police, which used pepper spray to restrain the visiting crowd. As a result, following Monon Bell Classics have been played with added security and segregated fan sections along with transferring The Bell midway through the 4th quarter to a neutral location if the result of the game is still in doubt.

Failed heists
One other failed heist occurred by DePauw students. They had succeeded in stealing the bell and had the bell loaded into their car when their car wouldn't start. They were caught red-handed with the bell. They assumed that they would only get a slap on the wrist for the attempted heist. However, because the crime occurred in Montgomery County, where nearly all the judges are Wabash alumni, the students from DePauw got 1000 hours of community service.

In 2012, DePauw students nearly snatched the bell when several members of the Wabash fraternity Sigma Chi fell asleep guarding it, however they woke up when the bell accidentally rang. In the resulting melee, the handle to the bell was broken, but Wabash was able to retain it.

In October 2017, three Wabash students wearing masks of Barack Obama and Donald Trump attempted to steal the bell from its display case at DePauw's Lilly Center in what is now known as the Failed Bipartisanship Heist. The students were intercepted on their way to a getaway truck after a DePauw police officer noticed the vehicle with its engine running during fall break; the would-be bandits also triggered a hidden pressure sensor, which alerted the DePauw and Greencastle City Police. Out of concern for the students' future employment prospects, the police, the schools, and the students agreed the students only punishment would be cleaning Blackstock Stadium after the game. Many Wabash alumni and other students assisted the clean-up following the game to lighten the burden on the apprehended students.

The Ballad of the Monon Bell
The Ballad of the Monon Bell was introduced the week of the 1985 game at DePauw. The music is by Nancy Ford Charles (DePauw 1957), and the lyrics are by Darel Lindquist (DePauw 1968). The concept of the ballad originated with Patrick Aikman (DePauw 1957). The ballad has been recorded by Jim Ibbotson (of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band) (DePauw 1969). A video, originally created in 1985, was recut in 2007 after tape was found containing a stereo version of the song, and another new version was created in August 2012. A 1985 demo of the song was also found in 2009. (See external links below for an MP3 and MOV of the song.)

Long before the cannonball traveled through her towns The state of Indiana owned the jewel of the crown The train, they called the Monon, the stories they still tell The Giants and the Tigers playing for her bell

It rode like a masthead on engine ninety-nine Crawfordsville to Greencastle, then further down the line The Giants came from Wabash, the Tigers from DePauw Since eighteen-ninety they have played the last game ev’ry fall

Many years they played for pride, oh the stories they could tell Then in thirty-two the Monon train gave up her precious bell They said, "Here take this symbol of smoke and fire and grit And give it to the winner, a symbol not to quit."

Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall

Suddenly the boys of autumn had fire in their eyes Blood and spit, but never quit, fighting for the prize The medal to the victor, the symbol to the school Wabash and DePauw became a yearly duel

Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall

Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall

Now history has recorded the players and their games And to this day they still play for the Bell in Monon’s name Those who’ve gone before return each November day Swapping stories and legends for those who did not play

Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall Ring the Bell for Wabash, ring for old DePauw Ring the bell for victory in the last game ev’ry fall

©DePauw University, 1985

title: Monon Bell


text:
List of NCAA college football rivalry games

This is a list of rivalry games in college football. The list also shows any trophy awarded to the winner of the rivalry between the teams.

NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision

 * }

NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision

 * }

Rivalries involving FBS and FCS teams
This list is restricted to rivalries whose participants are currently in different Division I football subdivisions, and have played one another while in different subdivisions. Most of these began when both teams competed in the same (sub)division.

In this list, the FCS team is in italics.

 * }

NCAA Division II

 * }

NCAA Division III

 * }

 * Notes

Longest continuous NCAA college football rivalries
Following are the longest active continuously-played series in NCAA college football. Many historic series were interrupted by World War I, the 1918 flu pandemic and World War II. More recently, other longstanding rivalries were terminated by the conference realignments of the early 2010s and early 2020s, or were interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

 * Note: The NCAA also lists as "continuous" the following rivalries interrupted by gaps during war years: North Carolina–Virginia (1910–1916, 1919–current); Mississippi–Mississippi State (1915–1942, 1944–current); Auburn–Georgia (1919–1942, 1944–current); Tennessee–Kentucky (1919–1942, 1944–current). Other rivalries were also interrupted during war years, for example: Harvard–Yale (1897–1916, 1919–1943, 1945–present); Princeton–Yale (1876–1916, 1919–1943, 1945–present); Miami–Cincinnati (1909–1942, 1945–present); and Oregon-Oregon State (1912–1942, 1945–present). The NCAA does not explain how it selects only some interrupted rivalries to count as "continuous."

Longest interrupted NCAA college football rivalries
Following are the NCAA Division I and II series that continued for the most consecutive seasons before being interrupted. Seven of the sixteen series on this list are defunct rivalries from the old Big Eight Conference. Six are rivalries interrupted in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


text:
Ottawa County

Ottawa County is the name of four counties in the United States:

 * Ottawa County, Kansas
 * Ottawa County, Michigan
 * Ottawa County, Ohio
 * Ottawa County, Oklahoma

title: Ottawa County


text:
Talk:USS Big Horn (AO-45)

Untitled
Is the spelling of the ship's name correct? If so, is it really named after the Bighorn River (there is no such river as the "Big Horn River"). -- Decumanus 08:32, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes - it was a mistake made by the US Navy at the time. See here. --!Rlandmann 08:37, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mark 29 gear
Does anyone have a picture/diagram/plan or detailed description of this anti torpedo gear?

I was a shipmate of someone who had been a crewman on this ship. He said that he boarded it at night, in Boston, in civilan seamans clothing. I think that he also said that he carried no Navy ID, but I could be wrong.

209.179.168.34 04:56, 31 January 2007 (UTC)SeaWoe209.179.168.34 04:56, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Big Horn (AO-45)


text:
Red Lake Falls

Red Lake Falls is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Red Lake Falls, Minnesota
 * Red Lake Falls Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota

title: Red Lake Falls


text:
Otsego County

Otsego County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Otsego County, Michigan
 * Otsego County, New York

title: Otsego County


text:
Otero County

Otero County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Otero County, Colorado
 * Otero County, New Mexico

title: Otero County


text:
Osceola County

Osceola County is the name of three counties in the United States:

 * Osceola County, Florida
 * Osceola County, Iowa
 * Osceola County, Michigan

title: Osceola County


text:
Pirkanmaa

Pirkanmaa (Birkaland; Birkaria), also known as Tampere Region in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and Southwest Finland. Most of the water area in the Kokemäki River watershed is located in the Pirkanmaa region, although Lake Vanajavesi is partly in the Kanta-Häme region. The region got its name from Pirkkala, which in the Middle Ages comprised most of present-day Pirkanmaa. Tampere is the regional center and capital of Pirkanmaa, and at the same time the largest city in the region.

The total population of Pirkanmaa was 529,100 on 30 June 2022, which makes it the second largest among Finland's regions after Uusimaa. The population density is well over twice the Finnish average, and most of its population is largely concentrated in the Tampere metropolitan area.

History
Pirkanmaa has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the Bronze Age, agriculture replaced hunting, and in the Iron Age a settlement stretched from Eurajoki to Längelmäki, which was Finland's northernmost area of peasant culture from the 8th century. In the 11th century, the settlement was concentrated along River Kokemäenjoki and Lake Pyhäjärvi. In the 14th century, present-day Pirkanmaa was part of the historical Satakunta, the main part of which was Upper Satakunta and a small part of which was also Lower Satakunta. After the wilderness period, the absence of towns slowed down development. King Gustav III founded Tampere in 1775, and in the 1840s it became Finland's most important industrial centre. New inventions such as sawdust, cellulose and papermaking boosted development. Industries were established in Valkeakoski, Nokia and Mänttä, among others. Tampere became the centre of the province and a railway junction.

During the Finnish Civil War, Pirkanmaa was under the control of the Reds and Tampere was the centre of the Reds. After the war, industrialisation intensified. During the Winter War, Tampere and other cities were bombed. The County of Pirkanmaa was established in 1956. The county was also called Tammermaa, but gradually Pirkanmaa became the name of the region. In the 1950s, the only city in the province was Tampere, but from 1963 to 1977 the municipalities were made into cities. The number of municipalities decreased in the second half of the 20th century, and old place names were reintroduced as municipalities merged. In 1994 Finland was divided into 20 functional economic provinces, and Pirkanmaa was one of them.

Municipalities
The region of Pirkanmaa consists of 23 municipalities, 12 of which have city status (marked in bold).

Sub-regions
Tampere sub-region:
 * Hämeenkyrö.vaakuna.svg Hämeenkyrö (Tavastkyro)
 * Kangasala.vaakuna.svg Kangasala
 * Kuhmoinen.vaakuna.svg Kuhmoinen (Kuhmois)
 * Lempäälä.vaakuna.svg Lempäälä (Lembois)
 * Nokia.vaakuna.svg Nokia
 * Orivesi.vaakuna.svg Orivesi
 * Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg Pirkkala (Birkala)
 * Pälkäne uusi.svg Pälkäne
 * Tampere.vaakuna.svg Tampere (Tammerfors)
 * Vesilahti.vaakuna.svg Vesilahti (Vesilax)
 * Ylöjärvi.vaakuna.svg Ylöjärvi

North Western Pirkanmaa sub-region: Upper Pirkanmaa sub-region: Southern Pirkanmaa sub-region: South Western Pirkanmaa sub-region:
 * Ikaalinen.vaakuna.svg Ikaalinen (Ikalis)
 * Kihniö.vaakuna.svg Kihniö
 * Parkano.vaakuna.svg Parkano
 * Juupajoki.vaakuna.svg Juupajoki
 * Vilppula.vaakuna.svg Mänttä-Vilppula (Mänttä-Filpula)
 * Ruovesi.vaakuna.svg Ruovesi
 * Virrat.vaakuna.svg Virrat (Virdois)
 * Akaa.vaakuna.svg Akaa (Ackas)
 * Urjala.vaakuna.svg Urjala (Urdiala)
 * Valkeakoski.vaakuna.svg Valkeakoski
 * Punkalaidun.vaakuna.svg Punkalaidun (Pungalaitio)
 * Karkku.vaakuna.svg Sastamala

Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 18.3 billion € in 2016, accounting for 8.5% of Finnish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €36,040 or 92% of the EU27 average in the same year. Pirkanmaa's GDP was the second highest among the regions and the seventh highest among the nineteen regions per capita.

The economic structure of Pirkanmaa typically focuses on services for post-industrial society. A nationally significant ICT concentration has grown in Tampere. Thanks to its population base, the city is also a major trading center. Industry's share of value added and jobs in Pirkanmaa is higher than the Finnish average. The region is one of Finland's main centers of manufacturing, has a long tradition of industrial activity and a good education network. The industry is largely concentrated in Tampere and its surroundings, such as towns of Nokia and Valkeakoski. Mänttä-Vilppula is also a major industrial center. Agriculture accounts for a small share of economic activity. In the western part of the region, agricultural production is dominated by dairy cattle, in the south by cereals, and in the north by forestry.

Language
Pirkanmaa is a rather linguistically homogeneous region: in 2018, almost 490,000 people, or about 95 per cent of the county's population, spoke Finnish as their mother tongue. For Finno-speakers, the national population share of Pirkanmaa was 10,1 per cent. In the 2010s, the number of Finnish-speakers has increased only in Uusimaa, Pirkanmaa and Northern Ostrobothnia, and slightly in Southwest Finland and Åland.

The Swedish-speaking settlement settled in Finland in the Middle Ages did not extend to the area of present-day Pirkanmaa, so the number and share of Finno-Swedes in the province is small. In 2018, about two thousand people spoke Swedish as their mother tongue in Pirkanmaa. In 2017, 27 people spoke Sámi as their mother tongue in Pirkanmaa. The second most spoken language in Pirkanmaa is Russian, in 2018 it was used by four thousand people as their mother tongue.

Regional council
The regional council is the main governing body for region and focuses primarily on urban planning. Like all regional councils, it is mandated by law.

Politics
Results of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election in Pirkanmaa:
 * Social Democratic Party 22.10%
 * National Coalition Party 18.47%
 * Finns Party 17.32%
 * Green League 12.42%
 * Centre Party 8.87%
 * Left Alliance 8.14%
 * Christian Democrats 5.74%
 * Movement Now 2.40%
 * Blue Reform 1.12%
 * Seven Star Movement 0.46%
 * Swedish People's Party 0.11%
 * Other parties 2.85%

title: Pirkanmaa


text:
Osage County

Osage County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 * Osage County, Kansas
 * Osage County, Missouri
 * Osage County, Oklahoma

 * It could also refer to:

 * August: Osage County, a play by Tracy Letts, set in the Oklahoma county
 * August: Osage County (film), the film adaptation of the play

title: Osage County