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Chen Kenichi

Ken'ichi Azuma (東 建一), known professionally as Chen Kenichi (陳建一) was a Japanese chef and restaurateur, best known for his role as the Iron Chef Chinese on the television series Iron Chef (料理の鉄人).

Nicknamed The Szechuan Sage, he wore a yellow outfit and rose into Kitchen Stadium holding a large Chinese chef's knife in his hand. He was the only Iron Chef to have held his position throughout the life of the show. He was the son of Chen Kenmin, a Chinese chef from Sichuan province.

Background
Chen was born in Tokyo in 1956. His father was Chen Kenmin, a Chinese-born chef and restaurateur, who is regarded as the father of Sichuan cuisine (四川料理) in Japan. Chen's signature dish, "prawns in chili Sauce" (Ebi Chili) (干烧明虾), was an adaptation of a dish that his father had introduced to Japan. As a result, Chen was often compared to his father on the series, with some saying that Iron Chef helped the son exceed the skills of his father.

Chen attended the Tokyo Chinese School and Tamagawa Gakuen High School, and graduated from Tamagawa University with a degree in English and American Literature.

Iron Chef
Chen originally accepted his position on Iron Chef out of the need for a challenge, although the format of the show intrigued him. Even though he was the longest-serving Iron Chef and the only original Iron Chef, having been an Iron Chef for the series' six-year run, Chen had on several occasions considered leaving his position; among his reasons was the desire to tend to his restaurants, which had become booked every night since the show's start, as well as a bout of depression following the death of his mother. Ultimately, it was fellow Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai who convinced Chen to stay, with their agreement that should one leave the show, so would the other.

Because of his long tenure, Chen fought more battles than any of the other Iron Chefs, at 92 battles. He won 67, lost 22, and tied 3. He also enjoyed a run of 14 consecutive victories, the longest of any Iron Chef. His most memorable dish was chili prawns.

Despite his excellent record on the show, Chen often appeared endearingly surprised and relieved at victory. Arguably, his win over Japanese-Italian-French "fusion"-style chef Juinichi Itoh in the yogurt battle exemplifies this. He was also remarkable for his frequent tasting of food, frequently dipping his ladle into steaming concoctions for sampling, only to place the same ladle back in the food. The commentators to the show referred to this practice in humor as Chen's "eating".

Memorable matches
Among Chen's more memorable matches was one with challenger Dominique Corby of the Tour d'Argent, where, after the main battle (with foie gras as the theme ingredient) was fought to a tie, the overtime battle (with asparagus as the theme) also resulted in a tie—the only time that such an outcome occurred in the series. Rather than have Chen and Corby fight a second overtime battle, Chairman Kaga, the show's host decreed that both contestants were the winners, effectively calling the battle a draw.

As with other Iron Chefs, Chen "feuded" with a warring faction that acknowledged the worthiness of his culinary caliber who were determined to take him down. In his case, he battled with the chefs of Heichinrou restaurant in Yokohama, defeating two of their members before finally losing to their head chef in an overtime battle.

 * Takashi Saito (not to be confused with the baseball player), top apprentice of Chen Kenmin and coach of Chen Kenichi. Chen beat his tutor in a prawn battle. Saito re-created Kenmin's original prawns in chili sauce, while Kenichi created his father's modern version of the dish (canapé style with ketchup).
 * Junichi Itoh had one of the most interesting cooking styles in the world. He began practicing French cooking at age 18 and left for France at the age of 28 to further his culinary skills. However, Itoh left for Italy three years later and joined Enoteca Pincchiori, the same place where Iron Chef Italian Masahiko Kobe was trained. At age 32, Itoh began training at a top Japanese restaurant to learn Japanese culinary traditions further extending his arsenal of culinary expertise. By the time that Itoh was 35, he opened his restaurant L'Herlequin Bis in Tokyo. His French-Italian-Japanese fusion cooking style caught the attention of Takeshi Kaga which led him to invite Itoh to be asked to appear on the Iron Chef television show as a challenger. Itoh accepted the offer and went to Kitchen Stadium with Japanese culinary critic and journalist Asako Kishi, who was known for her role as a guest judge on the show as frequent member on the Iron Chef tasting panel. To everyone's surprise, he chose Chen Kenichi as the opponent, saying that he was interested in Chinese cuisine, but had never been trained at it. Kaga chose a difficult theme ingredient, plain yoghurt. Itoh was smiling while Chen was under great pressure. However, according to Kishi's comments at the end, all of Itoh's dishes used the yoghurt as a supporting ingredient instead of the main focus of the dish. This resulted in all four judges voting for Chen. This was quite a surprise to Chen, who pointed to himself in disbelief.
 * Katsuyo Kobayashi was the show's second female challenger and a popular TV chef in her own right, hosting Kyo no ryori (Today's cooking) on NHK. She allowed Chairman Kaga to choose the Iron Chef for her and he gleefully chose Chen, who had previously lost to Kitchen Stadium's first female challenger, Kyoko Kagata. At one point during the battle, in which potatoes were the theme ingredient, Kobayashi paid a brief visit to Chen's station to observe his cooking, which he wasn't very pleased about. Chen ultimately lost to Kobayashi, with the judges commenting that his potatoes tended to be undercooked or underplayed.

Outside Iron Chef
Chen was an avid baseball fan and stated that it would have been his choice to go professional but opted not to.

Outside of Iron Chef, Chen was also an active restauranteur. He operated the Shisen Hanten (四川飯店, lit. "Sichuan restaurant") group of restaurants located in Akasaka, Ikebukuro and Roppongi in Tokyo, as well as Tokushima city in Tokushima Prefecture; Kure, Hiroshima; Matsuyama, Ehime; and Hakata-ku, Fukuoka. The restaurant was inherited from his father and he was the third to run it after his mother took over.

Shisen Hanten's branch in Singapore, ran by his son Chen Kentaro (陳建太郎), has earned two Michelin stars since 2016. It is located in the newly renovated 1000+ room Hilton Singapore hotel, the largest hotel in the Asia Pacific.

Death
According to Minken Kigyo, the company Chen established and was the former CEO, Chen died of interstitial lung disease on 11 March 2023, at age 67.

title: Chen Kenichi


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Benzocaine

Benzocaine, sold under the brand name Orajel amongst others, is a local anesthetic, belonging to the amino ester drug class, commonly used as a topical painkiller or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is combined with antipyrine to form A/B ear drops. In the US, products containing benzocaine for oral application are contraindicated in children younger than two years old. In the European Union, the contraindication applies to children under 12 years of age.

It was first synthesised in 1890 in Germany and approved for medical use in 1902.

Medical uses
Benzocaine is indicated to treat a variety of pain-related conditions. It may be used for:

 * Local anesthesia of oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes (sore throat, cold sores, mouth ulcers, toothache, sore gums, denture irritation)
 * Otic pain (earache)
 * Surgical or procedural local anesthesia
 * Relief of skin pain caused by sunburn, ingrown toenails, hemorrhoids,

Examples of combination medications of benzocaine include:

 * Antipyrine-benzocaine otic consists of antipyrine and benzocaine, and is used to relieve ear pain and remove earwax.
 * Cepacol consists of menthol and benzocaine, and is used to treat sore throat.
 * A solution of benzocaine and menthol is marketed for the treatment of bee stings, mosquito bites, jellyfish stings, and other insect bites

Other uses

Benzocaine is used as a key ingredient in numerous pharmaceuticals:

 * Some glycerol-based ear medications for use in removing excess wax as well as relieving ear conditions such as otitis media and swimmer's ear.
 * Some previous diet products such as Ayds.
 * Some condoms designed to prevent premature ejaculation. Benzocaine largely inhibits sensitivity on the penis, and can allow for an erection to be maintained longer (in a continuous act) by delaying ejaculation. Conversely, an erection will also fade faster if stimulus is interrupted.
 * Benzocaine mucoadhesive patches have been used in reducing orthodontic pain.
 * In Poland it is included, together with menthol and zinc oxide, in the liquid powder (not to be confused with the liquid face powder) used mainly after mosquito bites. Today's ready-made Pudroderm was once used there as pharmaceutical compound.

Available forms
Benzocaine can come in a variety of preparations including:

Oral preparations:

 * Lozenges (ex. Cepacol, Mycinettes)
 * Throat Spray (ex. Ultra Chloraseptic)

Topical preparations: Otic preparations:
 * Aerosol (ex. Topex)
 * Gel (ex. Orajel, Kank-A)
 * Paste (ex. Orabase)
 * Cream (ex. Lanacane - active ingredient 3% Benzocaine)
 * Solution (ex. Allergen)

Side effects
Benzocaine is generally well tolerated and non-toxic when applied topically as recommended.

However, there have been reports of serious, life-threatening adverse effects (e.g., seizures, coma, irregular heart beat, respiratory depression) with over-application of topical products or when applying topical products that contain high concentrations of benzocaine to the skin.

Overapplication of oral anesthetics such as benzocaine can increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration by relaxing the gag-reflex and allowing regurgitated stomach contents or oral secretions to enter the airway. Applying an oral anesthetic and consuming beverages before going to bed can be particularly hazardous.

The topical use of higher concentration (10–20%) benzocaine products applied to the mouth or mucous membranes has been found to be a cause of methemoglobinemia, a disorder in which the amount of oxygen carried by the blood is greatly reduced. This side effect is most common in children under two years of age. As a result, the FDA has stated that benzocaine products should not be used in children under two years of age, unless directed by and supervised by a healthcare professional. In European countries, the contraindication applies to children under 12 years of age. Symptoms of methemoglobinemia usually occur within minutes to hours of applying benzocaine, and can occur upon the first-time use or after additional use.

Benzocaine may cause allergic reactions. These include:
 * Contact dermatitis (redness and itchiness)
 * Anaphylaxis (rare)

Pharmacodynamics
Pain is caused by the stimulation of free nerve endings. When the nerve endings are stimulated, sodium enters the neuron, causing depolarization of the nerve and subsequent initiation of an action potential. The action potential is propagated down the nerve toward the central nervous system, which interprets this as pain. Benzocaine acts to inhibit the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) on the neuron membrane, stopping the propagation of the action potential.

Chemistry
Benzocaine is the ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). It can be prepared from PABA and ethanol by Fischer esterification or via the reduction of ethyl p-nitrobenzoate. Benzocaine is sparingly soluble in water; it is more soluble in dilute acids and very soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl ether. The melting point of benzocaine is 88–92 °C, and the boiling point is about 310 °C. The density of benzocaine is 1.17 g/cm3.

Benzocaine is commonly found, particularly in Britain, as an additive in street cocaine and also as a bulking agent in "legal highs". Benzocaine gives a numbing effect similar to cocaine and as a bulking and binding agent it can not be detected once mixed. It is the most popular cutting agent worldwide. Treatment of benzocaine with hydrazine leads to aminostimil, a compound related to isoniazid.

Synthesis
Benzocaine can be prepared by esterification using 4-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol. It can also be prepared by reduction of ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate to the amine. In industrial practice, the reducing agent is usually iron and water in the presence of a little acid.

History
Benzocaine was first synthesized in 1890 by the German chemist Eduard Ritsert (1859–1946), in the town of Eberbach and introduced to the market in 1902 under the name "Anästhesin".

Veterinary medicine
Bath solutions of benzocaine and its derivatives are commonly used to anesthetize amphibians for surgery. Benzocaine-based anesthetics are potent and highly effective for both anesthesia and euthanasia in amphibians.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Benzocaine


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Talk:Margin

I'd like to say something here along the lines of ...

"In finance a margin is ..."

haven't worked out just how the def. should go yet.

Voting margin
Can someone make "election margin" and "voting margin" redirect to the appropriate articles? Or new articles, if necessary. Thanks. --Eleassar777 10:23, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Massive removal
I cut the following:

 * Generally it means "edge" or "border" or "perimeter". For example a leaf margin may be smooth or serrated.
 * In telecommunications, margin has the following meanings:
 * In communications systems, the maximum degree of signal distortion that can be tolerated without affecting the restitution, i.e., without its being interpreted incorrectly by the decision circuit.
 * The allowable error rate, deviation from normal, or degradation of the performance of, a system or device.
 * Source: Federal Standard 1037C

 * In Medicine, the tissue margins are the edges of an excision (or resection) surgical specimen. The margins are examined by a pathologist to evaluate the likelihood that the disease (for example, a cancer) has been completely removed. "Clear margins," or "negative margins", means that the surgeon's cut was in healthy tissue, while "positive margins" means that the surgeon has cut through diseased tissue. This increases the likelihood that some disease was left inside the patient and, therefore, that the disease will recur.
 * In machine learning, margin refers to the minimal distance of a sample to the hyperplane dividing positive and negative examples. Some machine learning methods, such as Support vector machine or Boosting, work by searching for a hyperplane that maximizes the margin.
 * In execution of activity, "margin" of error means the 'edge' or 'point' at which one measures acceptable or unacceptable amounts or numbers of errors; the "cut-off" point.
 * In mortgage lending, "margin" is the lender’s spread over the interest rate index, often 2.5% to 3%, but it can vary widely. For example, if the index rate is 5% and the margin is 3%, then the mortgagor's interest rate on the mortgage would be 8%.
 * In economics one distinguishes between the extensive margin and the intensive margin. See also Margin (economics)
 * Margin is also the name of the established upscale streetwear and directional tailoring exhibition established in 2002 that takes place twice a year in London for industry only.''

The reason is, a disambiguation page is not the place to list dictionary definitions or explain term usage that are not covered in other wikipedia articles. A disambiguation page is intended to direct someone who searches for an ambiguous term to the correct article on that term. If we don't have an article on that term, then we probably shouldn't included it on the disambig page. Also, wikilinking text and external links are not recommended in the MoS. If this was too big of a cut, feel free to restore content, but please keep it concise, and in accordance with the MoS. Thanks.-Andrew c 23:18, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Margin


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User talk:Sedan

Hello Sedan, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help, add a question to the Village pump, or drop me a note on my talk page. One idea -- maybe you should consider translating that article on Krefeld into English and adding it here? I know we'd like a good article on Krefeld. Happy editing! Jwrosenzweig 16:49, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sedan


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Trifolium repens

Trifolium repens, the white clover, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the bean family Fabaceae (otherwise known as Leguminosae). It is native to Europe, including the British Isles, and central Asia and is one of the most widely cultivated types of clover. It has been widely introduced worldwide as a forage crop, and is now also common in most grassy areas (lawns and gardens) of North America, Australia and New Zealand. The species includes varieties often classed as small, intermediate and large, according to height, which reflects petiole length. The term 'white clover' is applied to the species in general, 'Dutch clover' is often applied to intermediate varieties (but sometimes to smaller varieties), and 'ladino clover' is applied to large varieties.

Name
The genus name, Trifolium, derives from the Latin tres, "three", and folium, "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which almost always has three leaflets (trifoliolate); hence the popular name "trefoil". The species name, repens, is Latin for "creeping".

Description
It is a herbaceous, perennial plant. It is low growing, with flowering heads of whitish florets, often with a tinge of pink or cream that may come on with the aging of the plant. The heads are generally 1.5 - 2 cm wide, and are at the end of 7 cm peduncles or inflorescence stalks. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees and often by honey bees. The leaves are trifoliolate, smooth, elliptic to egg-shaped and long-petioled and usually with light or dark markings. The stems function as stolons, so white clover often forms mats, with the stems creeping as much as 18 cm a year, and rooting at the nodes. The leaves form the symbol known as shamrock. Almost always, a white clover will be trifoliolate. However, one can, but only sometimes, possess four or more leaflets.

Varieties and subspecies

 * Trifolium repens subsp. macrorrhizum (Boiss.) Ponert
 * Trifolium repens var. nevadense (Boiss.) C.Vicioso
 * Trifolium repens var. ochranthum K.Maly
 * Trifolium repens var. orbelicum (Velen.) Fritsch
 * Trifolium repens var. orphanideum (Boiss.) Boiss.
 * Trifolium repens var. pipolina
 * Trifolium repens subsp. prostratum Nyman

Distribution
It is native in Europe and Central Asia, ubiquitous throughout the British Isles, introduced in North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere, and globally cultivated as a forage crop.

White clover has been used as a model organism for global research into ecology and urban evolution. As part of the Global Urban Evolution Project (GLUE) scientists from 26 countries examined the production of cyanide by over 110,000 clover plants from 160 cities. Cyanide can be useful to clover plants as a deterrent to herbivores. Analyzing urban-rural differences, scientists found that cyanide production tended to increase with distance from the center of cities, suggesting that clover populations were adapting to factors commonly found in urban centers worldwide. Possible factors could include temperature (freezing is related to cyanide content), herbivory pressures, and drought stress. As clover habitats, the downtowns of cities may more closely resemble other far-flung cities than nearby rural areas.

Ancestry
Trifolium repens is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 32) of two diploid ancestors and exhibits disomic inheritance. In order to increase genetic diversity for breeding, research is focused on finding these ancestors. Proposed ancestors of T. repens include T. nigrescens, T. occidentale, T. pallescens, and T. uniflorum. Additionally, it is possible that one of the diploid ancestors has yet to be analyzed, either because it has not been discovered or is extinct.

Forage
White clover has been described as the most important forage legume of the temperate zones. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (up to 545 kg/ha/year of N, although usually much less, e.g. about 110 to 170 kg/ha/year ) in root nodules of white clover obviates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use for maintaining productivity on much temperate zone pasture land. White clover is commonly grown in mixtures with forage grasses, e.g. perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Such mixtures can not only optimize livestock production, but can also reduce the bloat risk to livestock that can be associated with excessive white clover in pastures. Such species mixtures also tend to avoid issues that could otherwise be associated with cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) intake on pure or nearly pure stands of some white clover varieties. However, problems do not inevitably arise with grazing on monocultures of white clover, and superior ruminant production is sometimes achieved on white clover monocultures managed to optimize sward height.

The O-methylated isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A play a role in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on white clover roots, and foliar disease can stimulate production of estrogenic coumestans in white clover. However, while there have been a few reports of phytoestrogenic effects of white clover on grazing ruminants, these have been far less common than such reports regarding some varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). Among forage plants, some white clover varieties tend to be favored by rather close grazing, because of their stoloniferous habit, which can contribute to competitive advantage.

Companion planting, green manure, and cover crops
White clover grows well as a companion plant among lawns, grain crops, pasture grasses, and vegetable rows. It is often added to lawn seed mixes, as it is able to grow and provide green cover in poorer soils where turfgrasses do not perform well. White clover can tolerate close mowing and grazing, and it can grow on many different types and pHs of soil (although it prefers clay soils). As a leguminous and hardy plant, it is considered to be a beneficial component of natural or organic pasture management and lawn care due to its ability to fix nitrogen and out-compete weeds. Natural nitrogen fixing reduces leaching from the soil and by maintaining soil health can reduce the incidence of some lawn diseases that are enhanced by the availability of synthetic fertilizer. For these reasons, it is often used as a green manure and cover crop.

Culinary uses
Besides making an excellent forage crop for livestock, its leaves and flowers are a valuable survival food: they are high in proteins, and are widespread and abundant. The fresh plants have been used for centuries as additives to salads and other meals consisting of leafy vegetables. They are not easy for humans to digest raw, but, this is however easily fixed by boiling the harvested plants for 5–10 minutes. Native Americans ate some species raw. Dried white clover flowers may also be smoked as a herbal alternative to tobacco.

Medicinal uses
In India, T. repens is considered a folk medicine against intestinal helminthic worms, and an experimental in-vivo study validated that the aerial shoots of T. repens bear significant anticestodal (anti-tapeworm) properties.

Etymology
Trifolium means 'trefoil' (three-lobed leaves); this is Pliny’s name for trifoliate plants.

Repens means 'creeping' or 'stoloniferous'.

title: Trifolium repens


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Talk:Wells, Somerset

Speculation
This article contains an inordinate amount of pure speculation! Can anyone confirm or deny any of the claims? akaDruid 16:50, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This article gives the population of the City of London as 8000, whereas the City of London article itself says less than 9000. I don't know which is more accurate. Madda 10:26, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Wells is certainly generally considered to be the smallest city in England, since London is only a part of the largest conurbation in England and the city (as opposed to "The City") is usually considered to be the whole of Greater London, as in any other world city. -- Necrothesp 17:37, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Using what is considered to be a city globally also doen't work as definitions vary and, in some jurasdictions, an urban area with incorporated governing body and that covers towns in the the UK which are not considered cities.  It needs to be specifically defined as the smallest city not within a surrounding conurbation, simplt saying smallest city "apart from the City of London" without clarification is confusing to any reader who may not understand the dintinction between the City of London and the greater conurbation.   Dainamo (talk) 03:38, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

England's smallest city
As it stands just now, this section is simply a load of shite, sorry but it is:
 * It is England's smallest city with a population of around 10,000. It is the second smallest city in the UK after a city in Wales, St. Davids, and the third smallest city in the world (the smallest city in the world being in America)The square mile of the city of London is acutely smaller than Wells. Thus Wells is in fact the second smallest city in England.

I'm minded to remove or seriously trim this section... Thanks/wangi 22:50, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) How can somewhere be the second smallest city in the UK and England when the smallest is in Wales?! By reading this paragraph you'd come to the possible conculsion it's the 3rd smallest.
 * 2) Many cities in the US are under 10k in population - it's quite normal given city status is basically just an incorporated local government. For example I drove through Calvert, Texas last week, a city with just 1,426 population - and it wasn't the smallest city I went through.
 * 3) References? WP:CITE?

I hadn't noticed this discussion and just posted this in reply to somebody else adding this claim: "Hi, I have reverted your edit to the Wells article because: Unless you can provide a reference to the contrary, I have to conclude that it's false. Joe D (t) 00:24, 5 April 2007 (UTC)"
 * Many jurisdictions define any incorporated settlement as a city, meaning that in the United States, for example, there are thousands of cities smaller than Wells
 * Even if we're only counting cathedral cities rather than legal cities, it took me seconds to find four that are smaller than Wells: The Vatican, St Davids, Kilkenny and Cobh.

 * I agree that referring to Wells in a world context is difficult, but search the Internet for "England's smallest city" and every result points to Wells. I think it is a justified claim to put that on the page. --Cheesy Mike 07:40, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Wells is to the South of the Mandips - It doesnt nestle in the Mendip Hills - It is not surrounded by the hills -

 * Wells lies on the edge of the Mendip Hills, neither does it sit on the Mendip hills proper nor does it lie on the Somerset Levels, the nearby towns of Midsomer Norton and Radstock can be described as nestling. In Britain most cities happen to be the largest settlements in a locality, and are acknowledged by both the state and the people to have an important economic, political, or cultural significance. Wells is not the largest settlement in the area but has economic, political and cultural significance due to the presence of the cathedral. The City of London is part of the conurbation of Greater London, and is therefore widely discounted as a city in its own right, similarly to the British, Vatican City is part of Rome. Kilkenny has a population twice the size of Wells, and Cobh is no longer acknowledged by the Irish state. (Chaz smith (talk) 18:39, 23 February 2008 (UTC))

Picture for infobox
I think this article deserves to have a picture put into the infobox to appear at the top of the page - but which one should it be, either from those already in the article or form the related Commons category?— Rod talk 19:45, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Definitely should have a picture, though there isn't a great deal of really good, generally representative pictures to choose from. I just swapped the picture of Vicars close for a much better shot. The West Front is an obvious choice, File:Wells - Pennyless Porch.JPG is a more appealing pic from the one we currently have taken in the market place, though it doesn't show the market, but then the current one isn't exactly great. File:Vicars Close - Wells Cathedral.jpg is kind of striking because of the sky, but it leads the eye out of the page. I have a bunch of pics I took last year still to upload, but I don't think there is anything too exciting there either.--Derek Andrews (talk) 20:27, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * OK I've added the one of Pennyless Porch you suggested - we can always change it later when we get a brilliant one.— Rod talk 20:48, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I just uploaded File:Chain gate Wells.jpg, File:Bishop's Barn, Wells.jpg, File:Brown's Gatehouse.jpg, File:Penniless Porch.jpg . I have some more of Vicars Close and some of the Almshouses, but they will need to wait for another day. --Derek Andrews (talk) 23:15, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

I've added File:Wells from cathedral tower.jpg to the article below (between Geography and Demography) for now. I thought about using it for the infobox, but at 240px the city view is just too small IMO. I also just uploaded File:Aerial view of Wells.jpg to commons, that might be a possibility, although it might be considered by some to be too cathedral-centric for this article. It would be nice to add it somewhere though, it's a rather good image; at this point I'm not sure where to put it so I'll defer to those who've been doing the bulk of the work here. Wine Guy ~Talk  07:28, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks - nice pictures. I would probably use the aerial view in the infobox. Do you have similar photos for other Somerset towns/villages? I'm currently trying to work this up to GA standard & tend to reorganise the pics (& lead) last, so I will have a shuffle around to stop "pinching" the text at some point.— Rod talk 08:03, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Nice pic, but not infobox material due to the odd angle. I have remove the pixel size while it is in the body of the article. Wikipedia's manual of style is quite prescriptive on image size. If people want more detail then they can click to get it. If it doesn't show up well at smaller sizes then it simply isn't the right image to have in the article. --Simple Bob (talk) 08:23, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I based the decision to increase the pixel size on MOS:IMAGES: Examples where adjusting the size may be appropriate ... Images in which a small region is relevant, but cropping to that region would reduce the coherence of the image. It seemed perfectly appropriate to me, but I'm not going to argue the point. Wine Guy  ~Talk  08:36, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

What else for GA
I've been editing this article to try to bring it closer to the guidelines at WP:UKCITIES and would be interested in what other editors think is need to get it to meet the Good article criteria? Obviously we need to expand the lead to summarise the article & reference (or remove) the uncited claims, but is there anything else which would be required?— Rod talk 22:22, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've now changed the pictures, as discussed above, and tried to tidy up other parts. I've expanded the lead a bit, but this might still need more per WP:LEAD. Is there anything else which people think is still needed?— Rod talk 15:18, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

What about Siduri Books ?
Hello. This editor says the business is based in Wells  (a bibliographical notice from the British Library gives "Draycott", but it is not far away) : "Siduri Books, a family-run business based in Wells in Somerset, was founded in 2008." Isn't it worth a mention ? Jacques Goliot — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.9.146.199 (talk) 07:13, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No. A book publisher with two books on its list is on par with dozens of other non-notable businesses in the area. Derek Andrews (talk) 11:17, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. With the exception of one oppose, which seems so be based on a misreading of WP:PLURAL, all others are in favour of removing the primary topic. Note: the disambiguation page has not been moved yet. This requires admin assistance, which I have requested. — Amakuru (talk) 13:50, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

– This place looks adorable, and I love Hot Fuzz, but it's just nowhere near WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for such a common term. It's entirely possible that Google is Americanizing my results, but I get a grand total of two hits for the English city in the first 5 pages of. Nothing in the first give pages of a Books search either, where H. G. Wells and Ida B. Wells dominate. Also, the term is sufficiently ambiguous that the corresponding category is. --BDD (talk) 00:14, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Wells → Wells, Somerset
 * Wells (disambiguation) → Wells
 * Strong support "Wells" should be a disambiguation page, and I would argue that the primary topic of "wells" is being the plural of "well", which would be about gas, oil, or water wells. -- 70.24.244.51 (talk) 04:32, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment I have been expecting this request since the category was renamed back in 2009. Although I am more interested in the city than other uses I can't really object. If this move goes ahead would Wells (disambiguation) become the target of Wells? if so can we leave the first line as a link to the city and can we assume a bot or other mechanism would deal with the hundreds/thousands of links, and what about the category on commons which is currently titled "Wells, England"?— Rod talk 11:50, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Wells (disambiguation) would move to Wells, yes. I should've formatted this as a multi-move. I'm not sure about the Commons category; that's really up to them. --BDD (talk) 22:43, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Support. Primary topic arguments are usually petty, messy and based on little more than personal opinion. However, the name/word "wells" is sufficiently ambiguous and ubiquitous to cause confusion, and that should perhaps be the argument that is concentrated upon, rather than primary topic. I would support the move, with "Wells" becoming a disambiguation page.--Rushton2010 (talk) 13:48, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Weak support based solely on consistency. I don't place much weight on the argument given for the proposal. When I search for Wells, Wells Fargo is tops, but the first page of results shows three results to the UK city, though I don't think this is a good test anyway. Anyone searching Wikipedia for a surname, other than something like Obama or Churchill, deserves whatever they get if they don't use a first name or some other identifier. Likewise anyone doing a search using a plural form of a common word may not get too far either. That pretty much leaves the place names, and I would put Wells in the lead in terms of seniority and importance. I really don't see much diffrence between this and York, London etc. I agree with Rod that the city should be first line on any dab page, and the need for a bot to fix current links. --Derek Andrews (talk) 23:36, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Strong disagree Having read around this a little I now disagree with this move. I believe Wells meets WP:PRIMARYTOPIC; all types of well are discounted by WP:PLURAL, and people are discounted by WP:NCP which requires both first and last name. Unlike WP:USPLACE, WP:UKPLACE only uses county for disambiguation when necessary. I agree somewhat with User:Rushton2010's comment, but this is dealt with adequately by the hatnote. To be quite frank, I think that anyone who ends up at Wells when they meant H. G. Wells or oil wells needs to take this as a mind-widening learning opportunity.  Given this and the point that Rod made about the massive disruption of links, I think this move is both unnecessary and unwise. --Derek Andrews (talk) 14:33, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * There is no discounting of plurals by WP:PLURAL. WP:PLURAL only concerns what the title of the page is where a subject has a plural form, should use a singular form, it does not mean that the most common usage of the plural form is not being the plural of a singular formed article name. -- 65.94.78.70 (talk) 05:40, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I ditto that; Derek Andrews, we do indeed count plural forms when determining primary topic despite WP:PLURAL (which only tells us what the final name of the article should be, not whether or not there is primary topic for the plural form). See also Bones and Talk:Bones (disambiguation), or Cats if you like pictures of kitties (and who doesn't?). Red Slash 04:06, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support a move to Wells, Somerset. For whatever reason, we don't tend to use England to naturally disambiguate if I recall. (See Bath, Somerset.) I thought well would easily be the primary topic... then I looked at that disambiguation page, and WOW, it's a doozy. And then I see that Water well isn't even the primary topic for well! Okay, I give in, no primary topic. Red Slash 04:06, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Most town & cities need disambiguation by region, especially so when the name is a common dictionary word. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 11:28, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Another notable person - Alfred Perles
Alfred Perles - friend of Henry Miller and other well-known people in the Paris literary set of the 1930s. According to his Wikipedia article he changed his name to Alfred Barrett and lived in a housing estate in Wells. Henry Miller probably visited him there. 2.101.4.112 (talk) 14:08, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Is this correct? Second only to London?
it is second only to the City of London in area and population, though not part of a larger urban agglomeration. I don't understand what this means. London has a huge population; Wells has a tiny population. Peter K Burian (talk) 00:07, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I think what this should be saying is it is the second smallest city in England (there are some in Wales & Northern Ireland which are smaller).— Rod talk 08:21, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

 * City of London v. London - the latter is not a "City" (it is of course a city in ordinary, modern language). Sumorsǣte (talk) 18:14, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The point about not being part of a "larger urban agglomeration" is that the City of London, though smaller than Wells, is of course part of the metropolis of London. Wells therefore is the smallest "stand alone" City in England. Sumorsǣte (talk) 18:15, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Interesting; I still think we need to revise the lede so it makes sense to readers. Peter K Burian (talk) 19:58, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090320143409/http://www.wells.gov.uk/pdfs/CNCLMINS-14feb07.pdf to http://www.wells.gov.uk/pdfs/CNCLMINS-14feb07.pdf
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090829081754/http://www.wellsmuseum.org.uk/top/collections.html to http://www.wellsmuseum.org.uk/top/collections.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110319203147/http://www.twfs.org.uk/ to http://www.twfs.org.uk/
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'Take Over' of Old Blue School building - Date Query
Article currently reads "Wells Little Theatre is operated by a voluntary society which started in 1902. In 1989 they took over the old boy's building of Wells Blue School, where they put on a variety of operatic and other productions.[79]"

To my knowledge the 'voluntary society which started in 1902' began its occupation, use & conversion to current purposes of this building something nearer to 20 years earlier than 1989. I could believe it to be possible that the purchase of the building by the current company may have been completed in 1989 & that Wells Operatic Society may have previously been renting the building. The citation quoted for the article is a website which doesn't now appear to me to offer any clarification of this history. I don't wish to edit the article while not knowing the precise facts but I would assert that as written the article is blurring some history.31.51.220.16 (talk) 20:28, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Notable Persons - Additions To List
I was going to say something under the Alfred Perles section above but since that's now quite an old comment I thought we may as well have a section for anybody else that gets belatedly remembered

Ronald Corp - composer/conductor is notable enough to have a well established Wikipedia page. I can't provide a citation but can offer a memory that as a teenager he appeared on stage as a member of Wells Operatic Society.31.51.220.16 (talk) 20:43, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wells, Somerset


text:
Youngstown State University

Youngstown State University (YSU or Youngstown State) is a public university in Youngstown, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1908 and is the easternmost member of the University System of Ohio.

The university is composed of six undergraduate colleges and a graduate college. Youngstown State University has over 100 undergraduate degree programs and 50 graduate degree programs serving over 11,000 students in studies up to the doctoral level. Beyond its current student body, the university has more than 115,000 alumni across the country and around the world.

Collectively known as the Penguins, Youngstown State's athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The university is a member of the Horizon League in all varsity sports, with the exception of football which competes in the Football Championship Subdivision of the NCAA as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference, bowling which competes in the Southland Bowling League, and lacrosse which competes in the Mid-American Conference (MAC).

Founding
The university's origins trace back to 1908, when the local branch of the YMCA established a school of law within the Youngstown Association School. In 1921, the school became known as the Youngstown Institute of Technology and offered its first evening courses. In 1928, a year after establishing a College of Arts and Sciences, the institute once again changed its name to Youngstown College. In 1955, the name was changed again to Youngstown University to reflect the school's broadening curriculum. A private, for profit Youngstown College was formed in 1987 and had no affiliation with YSU. It closed its doors in mid 2000 due to financial issues.

On September 1, 1967, after becoming a public institution, Youngstown University became officially known as Youngstown State University. The following spring, YSU opened a Graduate School and College of Applied Science and Technology. In 1974, the College of Fine and Performing Arts was established.

Following the February 29, 2024 announcement that Eastern Gateway Community College was pausing enrollment, YSU announced that it was considering opening its first satellite campus in Steubenville, Ohio to serve displaced students in the Ohio Valley. Other universities within the University System of Ohio such as Ohio State University, Kent State University, and Ohio University also operate satellite campuses.

Campus
YSU lies on a 160 acre campus just north of downtown Youngstown. Although it is not located near any outstanding geographical features, that has not stopped Youngstown State's campus from being noted for its landscaping, which is dissimilar from that of many other urban universities. YSU's geographical center has a park-like atmosphere, featuring a rather-hilly terrain and a variety of trees and plant life, as well as tables and chairs that surround a campus fountain. Most buildings on campus have been built within the last half-century, making them newer than most buildings in downtown Youngstown, where most buildings were constructed before the Great Depression.

Kilcawley Center is primarily a student-resource and community-center on campus. It features reading and study rooms, computer labs, a copying center, a variety of restaurants (including a Chick-Fil-A, Wendy's and Dunkin' Donuts), and many student-affairs offices. Offices for many university student media outlets are housed here, including student newspaper The Jambar, student magazine The Yo, and student radio Rookery Radio. There are also many meeting and seminar rooms, which can be rented out for community events.

Historic buildings
Jones Hall, often the building that welcomes those coming onto YSU's campus, is one of the campus' oldest buildings, having been built in 1931, when YSU was still known as Youngstown College. Its history as the "main building" of the campus continues today, as it is perhaps the best-known and most photographed building of the whole campus. The building was renamed Jones Hall in honor of the institution's first president, Dr. Howard Jones. Today, the building is used as administrative office space.

In 2013, the former Wick Pollock Inn – located on Wick Avenue, next to Bliss Hall – was converted into The University President's House. The three-year project to renovate the mansion cost YSU over $4 million.

Administrative

 * Tod Hall – Tod Hall houses the administrative offices of many university officials, including the president, provost, and the Board of Trustees, as well as the Offices of Assessment, Marketing Communications, Human Resources, and others.
 * Fok Hall – Fok Hall houses the Sokolov Honors College, which consists of administrative offices and classrooms. Built in 1893, Fok Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest building on campus. Previously the Alumni Building, Fok Hall was renamed in 2014 after a $2.5 million donation to the university by Maria Fok, whose late husband was a professor and trustee of YSU.
 * Veterans Resource Center – The first facility of its kind at any university in Ohio, the 6,000 sq. ft., fully handicap-accessible Veterans Resource Center houses the Office of Veteran Affairs, as well as lounges, computer labs, and community spaces reserved for student veterans, currently serving members of the military, and military-dependent students.
 * Melnick Hall – Home to the YSU Foundation, Melnick Hall is also home to the university's public radio station, WYSU-FM 88.5, which is affiliated with NPR and American Public Media.
 * Sweeney Hall – Constructed in 1908, Sweeney Hall (formerly Dana Hall) houses the offices of Undergraduate Admissions.
 * E. J. Salata Complex – The E. J. Salata Complex houses almost all of the university's maintenance and utility services, including Construction, Grounds, Mail, and Printing Services.
 * Clingan-Waddell Hall – Clingan-Waddell Hall houses the YSU Police Department.

Facilities

 * Bliss Hall – Bliss Hall is the home of the Cliffe College of Creative Arts, including the Departments of Art, Theater & Dance, and the Dana School of Music. This building also houses the Department of Communication with programs in communication studies, journalism, and multimedia communications. The building, completed in 1977, features the 390-seat Ford Theatre, the 248 seat Bliss Recital Hall, an experimental theatre, 80 practice rooms with Steinway pianos, TV studio, and audio production labs, as well as the Judith Rae Solomon Gallery, and fully equipped ceramics, photography, metals, and other artistic studios.
 * Moser Hall – Moser Hall, built in 1967, houses the College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). The hall is home to the Departments of Geology, Environmental Science, and Engineering, as well as the Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum.
 * Beeghly Hall – Beeghly Hall, home to the Beeghly College of Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Education, was completed in 1998 at a cost of $14 million. The hall also houses a 400-seat auditorium and the Wilcox Curriculum Resource Center. Beeghly Hall hosts several programs that are open to the community, such as the Community Counseling Center.
 * Williamson Hall – Williamson Hall houses the Williamson College of Business Administration. Completed before the fall semester of 2010, it houses all of the college's classrooms and offices, which were previously located in the Lincoln Building. Williamson Hall, a LEED-certified facility, was one of the most expensive additions to campus, with a large portion of the funding coming from donations. The building is located off of Rayen Ave and was purposely built to connect downtown businesses to the College and to the campus core. The Hall also houses several entrepreneurial organizations.
 * Meshel Hall – Meshel Hall is the home of the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Department of Communication classrooms and labs, as well as the Offices of the Bursar, Registrar, and Financial Aid & Scholarships.
 * Cushwa Hall – The Bitonte College of Health and Human Services is housed in Cushwa Hall, along with the Peace Officer Training Academy. One of the largest buildings on campus, Cushwa Hall is also home to medical exhibits from the Rose Melnick Medical Museum.
 * DeBartolo Hall – DeBartolo Hall is home to some Departments in the Beeghly College of Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Education. The hall houses the departments of psychology, English, economics, philosophy, religious studies, political science, sociology, anthropology, Africana studies, women's studies, and the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies.
 * Lincoln Building – Lincoln Building is home to the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and houses the Math Assistance Center and the offices of Distance Education/Metro Credit.
 * Maag Library – The Maag Library opened its doors in 1976 and was named after one of the local public library and Youngstown State University's trustees, William F. Maag, Jr.. A few years before its doors opened, Maag Library became a Federal Depository for government documents in 1971. Currently, it is a six-story building with over 500,000 volumes in house, as well as access to the collections of 84 other Ohio institutions, via participation in the OhioLINK program. The building also houses the Writing Center and the university's English Language Institute.
 * Phelps Building – The Phelps Building houses the Departments of Geography and Urban & Regional Studies, as well as YSU's Center for Human Resources Development.
 * Fedor Hall – Fedor Hall houses the Rich Center for Autism and Wee Care Day Care.
 * Christman Dining Commons – Christman Dining Commons, YSU's only residential dining hall, is located in the Anne K. Christman Campus Green between Cafaro and Lyden Houses.
 * Coffelt Hall – Coffelt Hall, also on the National Register of Historic Places, was constructed in 1933 and is home to the College of Graduate Studies.
 * Ward Beecher Hall - Ward Beecher Hall houses the departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy. The five-story original unit was constructed in 1958, a major addition was built in 1967 and a small addition comprising chemical storerooms was completed in 1997. The building contains 31 laboratories, including a planetarium and greenhouse, nine classrooms, 53 faculty-research rooms and a conference/seminar room. Ward Beecher houses the university's planetarium, which opened in 1967 and was recently renovated. The $750,000 upgrade included new seats (145), a SciDome fulldome video projector from Spitz, Inc., as well as a Chronos star projector from GOTO. The star projector, which replicates the night sky onto the planetarium's 40-foot (12 m) diameter dome, cost $489,000.

The planetarium is the location of the introductory astronomy courses at YSU, which registers almost 1,000 students every year. It has housed over 500,000 students, as well as 750,000 visitors as of 2007. Organized shows are available for groups during the week, and scheduled shows available Friday and Saturday evenings (with shows geared toward younger audiences on Saturday afternoons). All shows are free of charge.

Museums archives and historical collections
The McDonough Museum of Art is one of two art museums located in Youngstown, Ohio. The McDonough Museum of Art is closely affiliated with the university, acting as an outreach for the Department of Art. The 14,000 sq. ft. space serves as a showing facility for art students and faculty alike, as well as local and regional talents.

The Butler Institute of American Art is located on Wick Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio. Falling directly on YSU's campus, it is the flagship art museum of the city.

Archives and Special Collections

Located on the fifth floor of Maag Library the Archives and Special Collections at Youngstown State is meant to preserve items with historical significance to the school, Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio as well as its rich history in the iron and steel industry, and the people that call it home. The Archives and Special Collections library is home to many rare and fragile books from the library's collection as well as items from Youngstown State University's history.

Academics
The university comprises the following colleges, as of the Spring 2022 academic reorganization:
 * Beeghly College of Liberal Arts, Social Science & Education
 * Bitonte College of Health and Human Services
 * Cliffe College of Creative Arts
 * College of Science, Technology, engineering, and Mathematics
 * Williamson College of Business Administration
 * College of Graduate Studies
 * Sokolov Honors College

YSU offers doctoral degrees in educational leadership and physical therapy as well as a doctorate in mathematics in cooperation with Rhodes University. Together with the University of Akron and Kent State University, YSU sponsors the Northeast Ohio Medical University, a BS-MD program. YSU engineering students may pursue doctoral studies in cooperation with the University of Akron and Cleveland State University. In addition, YSU has 45 masters programs and over 100 undergraduate majors.

The Dana School of Music at Youngstown State University was deemed an "All-Steinway" school in 2004. The Dana School of Music is one of the oldest non-conservatory schools of music in the United States.

The Williamson College of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

In addition to traditional four year programs Youngstown State University also offers online degree programs and three-year degree pathways.

Labor relations
Labor unions are very active at YSU and include most non-administrative faculty and staff on campus. In August 2005, just before the start of the 2005–06 academic year, two of four campus unions were on strike. Following the conclusion of the strike, relations remained strained, with some faculty and staff calling for the resignation of YSU president David Sweet in May 2007. Others on campus thought some individuals on both sides were engaged in less than professional behaviors. Due to the animosity between the parties, a special committee was set up to examine labor relations. This committee recommended that the negotiations teams for all sides be replaced before the next round of contract negotiations. After the committee's recommendations, the vice president for administration was replaced, as well as the executive director of human resources.

Relations have improved since that time and are now typical of what one would expect of a unionized campus in a region that has always been at the center of US union activism.

Housing
The university has been looking to increase the amount of available student housing on campus. As of September 2015, there were less than 1,500 student beds available for the more than 12,200 students enrolled. In June 2015, it was announced that a $7.8 million, 162-bed, four-story, privately owned, student housing complex named University Edge YSU would be built on West Rayen Avenue between Fifth and Belmont avenues by Hallmark Campus Communities of Columbus and Fortress Real Estate Co. of Atlanta. Construction started in late September 2015. In December 2015, it was announced that another apartment complex would be coming to YSU. LRC Realty announced the $10 million, 163-bed, five story, privately, owned retail/student housing complex, called The Enclave, was built on nearly 2 acres between Lincoln and Wick avenues in Youngstown. A Representative for LRC Realty said that the building includes a fitness center and an outdoor patio for student residents. The complex opened for occupancy in August 2018.

 * Cafaro House – Cafaro House, completed in 1995, offers priority to students in the Youngstown State University Honors College, academic learning communities, and the BS/MD program. The building houses 283 students, with free laundry facilities, game room, fitness room, student lounge, music practice rooms, academic seminar spaces, and computer lounge with printing. The building is located alongside Lyden House, north of the main campus. It is located at 205 Madison Ave.
 * Kilcawley House – Kilcawley House is attached to Kilcawley Center, is co-ed by floor, and is equipped with a game room, lounges, fitness space, and two music practice rooms. It is located at 117 University Plaza and can house 226 residents.
 * Lyden House – Lyden House, completed in 1991, can house up to 334 residents, is co-ed by wing, and has several lounges throughout the building, alongside fitness and game rooms, and public computer lounge with printing.
 * Wick House – Wick House, built in 1906, is located near the Butler Museum of Art, and the Arms Family Museum of Local History. This four-story mansion can house up to 32 upper class students. It is located at 656 Wick Ave. Building has laundry room, recreation space, and public computers with printing.
 * Weller House – Weller House is located along Wick Avenue, and offers 16 apartment-style, on-campus living, with each unit having a full bathroom and fully furnished kitchen. Apartments are exclusively for non-traditional students, graduate students and students with families. Ideal for students on a budget.
 * Buechner Hall – Buechner Hall is a privately owned and operated woman's residence hall located near the heart of campus. The building houses up to 75 women in single and double rooms. This building also provides its own dining services, offering 15 meals per week in house.
 * University Courtyard Apartments – The University Courtyard Apartments, on the east side of the campus (behind Bliss Hall), were built in 2004, and are privately owned and operated apartments, not affiliated with housing services at YSU. Both buildings house up to 200 students with two and four bedroom units. Spaces aren't exclusively rented to YSU students.

Greek life
Youngstown State University is home to three Greek councils; Interfraternity Council (IFC), National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), and the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC).

Fraternities and sororities
Fraternities:
 * Alpha Phi Delta
 * Sigma Alpha Epsilon
 * Sigma Tau Gamma
 * Sigma Chi
 * Theta Chi

Sororities:
 * Alpha Omicron Pi
 * Alpha Xi Delta
 * Delta Zeta
 * Zeta Tau Alpha

Pan-Hellenic Conference

 * Alpha Kappa Alpha
 * Delta Sigma Theta
 * Zeta Phi Beta
 * Phi Sigma Rho

Pan-Hellenic Council

 * Omega Psi Phi

Student body
As of fall 2019, the student body totaled approximately 12,155, 10% of whom were dual-enrolled high school students. YSU has approximately 2,100 full and part-time employees, and 426 full-time faculty with 543 part-time faculty. 165 faculty members have full-professor rank, with 79% of the instructors holding doctorates or terminal degrees. The university has a student to faculty ratio of 14:1.

Once seen as primarily a commuter school, Youngstown State University has a growing number of student housing available both on and off campus. About 1.5% of the student body are international students from approximately 45 countries.

YSU has participated in the Youngstown Early College program, through which students from the Youngstown City School District can take courses for college credit while in high school. Youngstown Early college has had their first graduating class in Spring 2008. YSU is no longer affiliated with Youngstown Early College. Eastern Gateway Community College assumed full operations in 2013.

Centers and institutes
YSU operates several Centers of Excellence and designated research and economic development programs, including the Center for Transportation and Materials Engineering, the Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Engineering, the Center of Excellence in International Business, the Center for Applied Chemical Biology, the Institute for Applied Topology, and effective in 2012, the Natural Gas and Water Resources Institute.

Youngstown State University is also home to the Center for Working Class Studies and offers a Regional and American Studies program, which was the first of its kind in the United States. The school assisted the University of Chicago in developing a similar program.

The university's Center for Judaic and Holocaust Studies was put into jeopardy when Jacob Ari Labendz, the only professor at YSU qualified to teach Holocaust studies, was laid off in 2021.

Athletics
Youngstown State has a number of men's and women's sports teams, including baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, swimming, diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and bowling.

Football
The Youngstown State Penguins Football team represents Youngstown State University in college football. Youngstown State currently plays as a member of the NCAA at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly known as Division I-AA) and are a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC). The Penguins have played their home games in Stambaugh Stadium, more commonly called "The Ice Castle," since 1982.

YSU football has been one of the leading programs in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision, winning four national championships under former head coach Jim Tressel (currently YSU president), which is third behind North Dakota State's seven titles and Georgia Southern's six. Overall, YSU has made 11 playoff appearances since Division I FCS was formed in 1978.

Basketball
The Youngstown State Penguins Women's Basketball and Youngstown State Penguins Men's Basketball teams represent Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio. The teams currently competes in the Horizon League, of which it they have been members since 2001. The women's team has appeared in the NCAA Division I Tournament three times. The men's team has appeared in the NCAA Division II Tournament nine times and the NAIA tournament four times.

Facilities
The Youngstown State Penguins is the name given to the athletic teams of YSU. The university is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I, and the Penguins compete in football as members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Most other sports compete as members of the Horizon League.

Stambaugh Stadium
The Arnold D. Stambaugh Stadium is an on-campus, multi-purpose stadium. Built in 1982, the stadium is primarily used as a home for the Youngstown State Penguins football team. Between 1996 and 2013, the stadium also was home to the YSU Women's soccer team. At present, the total capacity of the stadium is 20,630 people. The structure also houses the university's ROTC branch, as well as the DeBartolo Stadium Club, which overlooks the city of Youngstown and is available for events.

Beeghly Center
The Beeghly Physical Education Center, commonly called "Beeghly Center," is a 6,300-seat, multi-purpose arena built in 1972. Home of the department of kinesiology and sports sciences, it includes an Olympic-sized swimming pool, racquetball and squash courts, as well as administrative offices. The center hosted a Barack Obama campaign rally in February 2008.Softball Complex

Completed in 2014, this complex houses the softball team and seats more than 200 spectators.

Eastwood Field
Eastwood Field is an off-campus, minor-league baseball stadium, that hosts the Youngstown State Penguins Baseball team. The stadium is located in the Eastwood Mall complex in Niles, Ohio.

title: Youngstown State University


text:
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest

The Netherlands has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 64 times since making its debut as one of the seven countries at the first contest in. The country has missed only four contests, twice because the dates coincided with Remembrance of the Dead (1985 and 1991), and twice because of being relegated due to poor results the previous year (1995 and 2002). It has missed the final despite qualifying once, in 2024, due to the personal conduct of its entrant which led to disqualification. The Netherlands has hosted the contest five times: in Hilversum, Amsterdam , The Hague ( and ), and Rotterdam.

The Netherlands has won the contest five times, with Corry Brokken, Teddy Scholten , Lenny Kuhr in a four-way tie , Teach-In and Duncan Laurence. The country's other top five results are Sandra and Andres fourth, Mouth and MacNeal third , Maggie MacNeal fifth , Marcha fifth , Edsilia Rombley fourth , and second with The Common Linnets. It finished last in, , , , and in the second semi-final in.

After the introduction of semi-finals in 2004, the Netherlands failed to reach the final for eight years in a row from 2005 to 2012, but has since participated in eight of the last 11 finals.

1956–1959: Quick success

The Netherlands was one of seven countries competing in the inaugural contest. NTS presented the Nationaal Songfestival to select Dutch entries to the contest. Corry Brokken and Jetty Paerl finished top two and qualified to Lugano. After a year, success came fast as "Net als toen" from Brokken won the 1957 contest in Frankfurt, receiving points from every single country. Sem Nijveen provided the violin solo. As a result, NTS hosted the 1958 contest in Hilversum. Brokken's "Heel de wereld" received the first point from the first voting country, Switzerland, but it turned out to be the only point for her and finished tied ninth and last. Hosting and finishing last would not be repeated until Portugal in 2018; Austria in 2015 scored zero points alongside Germany but finished second last due to tie-breaking rules. In 1959 in Cannes, the Netherlands was represented by Teddy Scholten with "Een beetje", a song about being unfaithful in a relationship. The UK led the voting, before Italy sent seven points and France sent four more for another Dutch victory.

1960–1968: Dark age
Rudi Carrell and Annie Palmen won the national final with "Wat een geluk" in 1960 before Carrell was selected for the night but the song finished 12th (second last). Greetje Kauffeld failed to win three selections before being internally selected in 1961 with Wat een dag, which finished tied tenth. De Spelbrekers won with "Katinka". This song is in the distinguished list for finishing last with 0 points but still being the more-remembered entries in the Netherlands from the dark age. In 1963, The members of the orchestra went on strike, which made the televised selection impossible. Palmen performed three songs for juries before "Geen ander", later renamed "Een speeldoos" was selected. The song once again finished tied last with zero points. Dutch-Indonesian Anneke Grönloh with "Jij bent mijn leven" finished tied tenth in 1964. The 1965 Nationaal Songfestival had five semi-finals to select the song for each entrant. It was hosted by Teddy Scholten. Conny Vandenbos won with "'t Is genoeg". Norway gave was the only country to give any points, the maximum 5 points, making the Netherlands finish 11th. Milly Scott was the first black performer to participate in 1966, Ireland and United Kingdom both gave "Fernando en Filippo" 1 point, having the Netherlands finish 15th. Harmelen hosted the 1967 selection. Winner Thérèse Steinmetz finished 14th with "Ring-dinge-ding". In 1968, the Netherlands finished last again with "Morgen" from Ronnie Tober.

1969–1975: From Lenny Kuhr to Teach-In
The 1969 Nationaal Songfestival brought Europe together by asking every single participating country in 1969 to vote with the Dutch juries. Conny Vink's "De toeteraar" was beaten by Lenny Kuhr's "De troubadour". Dolf van der Linden refused to go to Madrid and the song was conducted by Frans de Kok. The last two countries brought the Netherlands, France, the UK and Spain tied in first place with 18 points. Because there was no tie-breaking rule in place at the time, all 4 countries were announced as winners, which led to multiple countries withdrawing in 1970. The Netherlands beat France in coin-toss to host the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 in RAI Amsterdam. Hearts of Soul finished 7th with "Waterman". Saskia and Serge finished second in 1970 national final before being internally selected for 1971. The ballad "Tijd" finished tied sixth that night. It was the last song Dolf van der Linden conducted after 13 songs were conducted by him, of which two victories. Sandra and Andres's "Als het om de liefde gaat" was the first entry where the audience clapped along. The Netherlands finished fourth, one point behind Germany. After "De oude muzikant" from Ben Cramer finished 14th in 1973, the country sent Mouth and MacNeal with "I See a Star". 1974 was the first year that allowed songs in English, so the lyrics were changed to English. At the contest, they had to face ABBA, former winner Gigliola Cinquetti and Olivia Newton-John before eventually finishing third. Teach In with "Ding-a-dong" won the 1975 Nationaal Songfestival, which was the first time since 1970 that the singers weren't internally selected. The song received six twelve points, winning the contest for the fourth time, being the first song to win while opening the contest.

1976–1985: Multiple hostings
The Hague hosted the 1976 contest in Congresgebouw with former winner Corry Brokken presenting the show. Sandra Reemer returned with "The Party's Over" finishing 9th. The country slumped to three non top-tens after, "De mallemolen" with Heddy Lester, 12th, "'t Is OK" with Harmony, 13th, and Xandra, the pseudonym of Sandra Reemer, with "Colorado", finishing 12th. The Congresgebouw returned to host 1980 contest after Israel declined hosting after winning twice in a row and withdrew, because the date of the contest coincided with their Remembrance Day. Rogier van Otterloo made a debut as a conductor. Maggie MacNeal entered with the song "Amsterdam". The song would be the last internally selected song until 2013. "Amsterdam" led the voting after first three twelve points from four countries. The song later slipped to fifth. Linda Williams went to the 1981 contest with "Het is een wonder", finishing 7th. A year later, The Millionaires's "Fantasie eiland" controversially missed the ticket because expert juries sent Bill van Dijk with "Jij en ik". The English trio Tight Fit covered the song as Fantasy Island, which became a top 5 hit in the UK. In 1982 "Fantasie eiland" went on to win the OGAE Second Chance Contest. Germany's five points led "Jij en ik" to finished third last. The 1983 Nationaal Songfestival is also seen as dramatic. Vulcano's "Een beetje van dit" tied with Bernadette's "Sing Me a Song" before the last set of the jury votes gave Bernadette one point and Vulcano none, which sent her to Munich. The Netherlands finished 7th. After almost winning the Nationaal Songfestival in 1981, Maribelle represented the country in 1984 with "Ik hou van jou". The entry finished 13th, preceding the first ever Dutch withdrawal in 1985 due to the Remembrance of the Dead.

1986–1995: Mixed results leading to relegation
Girl group Frizzle Sizzle were the Dutch entry in 1986 with "Alles heeft ritme", which again finished 13th. At the 1987 edition of Nationaal Songfestival, Marcha performed all six competing songs, and "Rechtop in de wind" was selected. Marcha finished joint fifth, the Netherlands's first top five result since 1980. The song was the last conducted by van Otterloo before his death from cancer. In 1988, Gerard Joling was internally selected as the Dutch representative, and "Shangri-La" was later selected as the Dutch entry. The song finished ninth. Justine Pelmelay, a backing singer for "Shangri-La", won the selection in 1989 with the song "Blijf zoals je bent", which finished 15th. In 1990, The country was represented by sisters Maywood with the power ballad "Ik wil alles met je delen", again finishing 15th. As the contest was held on 4 May 1991, the Netherlands decided against participating due to the Remembrance of the Dead. Humphrey Campbell won the 1992 selection with "Wijs me de weg", which finished ninth. In 1993 and 1994, NOS opted to internally select the Dutch artist, and used the Nationaal Songfestival to select the Dutch song. In 1993, Ruth Jacott was selected as the artist, and "Vrede" was selected as the entry, finishing sixth. In 1994, Willeke Alberti was selected with the song "Waar is de zon?". The song placed 23rd with four points, and the Netherlands were relegated from the 1995 contest.

1996–2004: A decade of good results
Nationaal Songfestival returned in 1996 with five semi-finals to select a song for each singer. Maxine and Franklin Brown represented the country with "De eerste keer". The song finished seventh, after an error. Dick Bakker, co-writer of "Ding-a-dong", made his debut as a conductor. In 1997, Mrs. Einstein, which the German television jokingly announced as the Dutch Spice Grandmothers, represented the Netherlands with "Niemand heeft nog tijd" finishing tied 22nd with five points. Nurlaila's "Alsof je bij me bent" finished second in the preselection, but won the OGAE Second Chance Contest 1998. The highest-scoring entry that period was Edsilia Rombley's "Hemel en aarde": it even led the voting for some time. It was the last time the Netherlands was leader of the scoreboard until 2014. The song finished fourth, the Netherlands's best result since 1975. Marlayne won the Dutch final in 1999. She came joint 8th with the song "One Good Reason". In 2000, the song "No Goodbyes", sung by Linda Wagenmakers, placed 13th. In 2001, Michelle and her song "Out on My Own" finished 18th, and the Netherlands was not allowed to participate in 2002 due to poor results. Esther Hart won the national final in 2003 with the same writing team as 1999. Esther finished in 13th place. The country sent the male duo Re-union in 2004 with the song "Without You" and qualified for the final. They placed 20th with 11 points.

2005–2012: Non-qualification streak
In 2005, Glennis Grace's "My Impossible Dream" failed to reach the grand final. Treble also did not qualify a year later, with their song "Amambanda". In 2007, Rombley returned with her song "On Top of the World". She could not repeat her 1998 success and failed to qualify. In 2008, Hind participated with the song "Your Heart Belongs to Me": she too failed to qualify. In 2009, De Toppers's "Shine" failed to qualify. The year after, Sieneke was selected through a national final with "Ik ben verliefd (Sha-la-lie)" sung in Dutch - she also failed to qualify. The 3JS had the lowest score of all participants in the contest, and in, Joan Franka failed to qualify as well. The Netherlands missed out on the final eight years in a row, making it the country with the longest period of non-qualification in the contest.

2013–2019: Renaissance, qualification streaks and fifth victory
The string of consecutive non-qualifications of much of the 2000s and early 2010s led the Dutch broadcaster to re-think their strategy, which led to the internal selection of rock singer Anouk in 2013. Anouk chose the song "Birds" and the background singers herself and went on to break the Netherlands' long non-qualification streak, subsequently giving the country its first top 10 placing since 1999. The following years, the Dutch Eurovision committee continued to choose their artists internally. The year following Anouk, The Common Linnets (consisting of singers Ilse DeLange and Waylon) with "Calm After the Storm" won their semi-final and finished in second place overall. After a non-qualification with Trijntje Oosterhuis in 2015, the Dutch then recorded four consecutive qualifications with Douwe Bob and OG3NE both finishing in 11th place in their respective appearances, and returning singer Waylon placing 18th. Duncan Laurence brought the country its fifth overall victory and first in 44 years with his song "Arcade".

2020–present
As the host entrant in 2021, Jeangu Macrooy with "Birth of a New Age" was pre-qualified for the final, eventually finishing in 23rd place with 11 points, marking the fifth time since 2015 that the host country ranked in the bottom five. Macrooy was previously chosen to represent the country in the later-cancelled 2020 edition with "Grow". In 2022, S10 represented the country with "De diepte", the first Dutch-language entry since 2010, and finished in 11th place in the final. This qualification streak was ended the following year, when Mia Nicolai and Dion Cooper failed to advance from the semi-finals. In 2024, Joost Klein qualified from the semi-finals, but was disqualified prior to the final due to an incident involving Klein and a production staff member of the contest.

Non-participation
The Netherlands has missed only four contests in its Eurovision history. The country was absent in and  due to the date of both contests coinciding with the Dutch Remembrance of the Dead,  and in  and  due to relegation as a result of the country's poor results in the previous year.

The Netherlands did compete in. But at 22:00 (UTC+2) on 13 May, the broadcast of the Eurovision final was halted as an explosion in a fireworks factory destroyed parts of a suburb in Enschede a few hours before. The points awarded by the Netherlands were taken from the back-up jury vote, as there was no televote after the program was cut short.

Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light
On 16 May 2020, Hilversum hosted the live show Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light as a replacement for the cancelled Eurovision Song Contest 2020.

Commentators and spokespersons
Over the years NOS/TROS commentary has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Willem Duys, Ivo Niehe, Pim Jacobs, Ati Dijckmeester and Paul de Leeuw. Willem van Beusekom provided NOS TV commentary every year from 1987 until 2005 (with the exceptions of 1991 and 1995). He was replaced by his co-commentator Cornald Maas, who commentated on the contest from 2004 until 2010.

On 29 June 2010, Maas was sacked as commentator after posting insults on Twitter about Sieneke, Joran van der Sloot and the Party for Freedom (PVV). After this, DJ Daniël Dekker, who had been commentating next to Maas, took over together with Jan Smit. In 2014, Maas returned, now himself replacing Dekker, as commentator together with Smit. Sander Lantinga replaced Smit for 2021 due to Smit hosting the main contest. In 2024, Smit stepped down as commentator and was replaced by Jacqueline Govaert.


text:
Talk:Melange (fictional drug)

Requested move, July 21, 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. The dab change in the proposal confused things. Maybe relist and notify one of the projects for greater exposure? — kwami (talk) 18:19, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Melange (fictional drug) → Spice (Dune) – Spice. Dune. The two go together like salt and pepper, peaches and cream, Garfunkel and Oates. My spellchecker doesn't even have "Melange" in it, so it and I are either illiterate or we just missed this name, even after long ago reading the book and watching the film. Thought of putting this up for a requested move after a discussion at Robsinden's talk page where, after a lifetime of ignorance, an editor finally told me what Spice is made of (Am I the only one who didn't know!)! Randy Kryn 2:47, 21 July 2015 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 14:52, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
 * You haven't really explained your justification for this proposed move.— TAnthonyTalk 03:14, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Common name would cover it. Recognizability and naturalness as well. Proof of it being the common name, I have none, and maybe "Spice Melange" is the common name. Sometimes something seems obvious, and it may be or may not be. Since this has never been fully discussed on this talk page a move request at least opens up a forum for that conversation. Randy Kryn 3:56, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Melange should be in your dictionary... so the "fictional" disambiguator is useful. I'm agreeable to any name, though spice melange may be most natural (and apparently 'official'). I would agree that "spice (fictional drug)" is marginally more recognizable than "melange (fictional drug)". --Izno (talk) 11:48, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * , does 'Spice Melange' make more sense? I only read the first two books and saw the movie a long time ago, so am not overly knowledgeable about the canon. Thanks. Randy Kryn 12:26, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * You're pinging incorrect. You need to produce a link to the user name/user talk page when you make your edit. This isn't the only place I've noticed. --Izno (talk) 13:00, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'm certainly code-challenged, and have seen several different types of pings but still can't always recall the code sequence. Is my fix the correct way to go? Randy Kryn 13:54, 21 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Any way to produce a link to one of those two pages is fine so long as you do so in the same edit that you signed with. u works, ping works, User: works, User talk: works... there are of course many others. --Izno (talk) 14:03, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

I think I'm de facto King of the Dune nerds here (or at least the most active editor remaining) LOL, so I just did a cursory search of both "melange" and "spice" in my e-books of the original six novels and found a couple of interesting things. For one, Frank Herbert seems to never use the term "spice melange" (though Brian Herbert does in his intro to God Emperor). But Frank sometimes writes phrases like, "the source of the spice, melange" or "the geriatric spice, melange", which to me equates grammatically to "the origin of the beverage, Mountain Dew".

However across the six novels he uses "melange" and "spice" pretty interchangeably. Overall he uses "spice" (440 times) more than "melange" (300 times), but while melange is almost always used by itself, there are many instances of "spice agony", "spice addiction", "spice mass" etc. So I kind of feel like they're pretty equally used in the text.

That said, I have to admit that at first I rankled at the idea of the move, but in thinking about it, "spice" does feel like the more familiar term. That is, spice (fictional drug).— TAnthonyTalk 01:11, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Nice research. If you're for Spice (fictional drug) then I'll add my Support to that phrasing. And according to your research maybe the bold links in the first sentence of the page should be redone (especially 'spice melange' as the formal name) (struck out the sentence, I see you've done this already, may the spice be with you). Randy Kryn 9:33, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Nice proposal. It might meet the guidelines, but there can be a character called "Spice" in Dune, even if nonexistent. And I don't think "Spice (Dune drug)" make things easier. "Spice (fictional Dune drug)" would be nice, but I'm uncertain. --George Ho (talk) 00:53, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Come on, George. Choosing disambiguation based on nonexistent topics is absurd. Is Gridlock (Doctor Who) a bad title just because there could one day be a Doctor Who character named Gridlock? --BDD (talk) 20:17, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, "spice" is used as term for drugs in some Star Wars media; it's a bit unclear to me whether it's supposed to represent a single drug or not. But I think this is far and away the primary topic for "Spice (fictional drug)", whether that's the title or just a redirect. The Star Wars usage is probably an homage. --BDD (talk) 20:17, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * It might be an homage, but the Kessel spice run is all over the place in Star Wars (and is the run that one of the protagonists so famously got pulled over on by an Imperial cruiser, losing his cargo, making a certain Hutt unhappy with him, and you know the rest of the story). --Izno (talk) 22:45, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The spice that BDD is mentioning is this spice. --Izno (talk) 22:51, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The proposed is too generic and recognized as this topic only within an established context of the work of fiction.  :Even within the fiction, it is "the spice", not a proper name but an allusion to something extremely well-known.  Melange is the in-universe proper name.
 * "Spice" is not in your dictionary because of Dune.
 * The current title is perfect. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 00:25, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Izno and SmokeyJoe. Best, FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 19:11, 30 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I suppose the oppose has it. Melange might be the proper name, but I don't think it's the common name. If both were referenced in a sentence to an average Wikipedia reader it seems "Spice" would be the name they'd recognize. Just a guess though. Through this and a previous discussion I learned what the spice is made of, and that's enough for one foray into the realm. Thanks for the conversation here. Randy Kryn 21:40, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Melange (fictional drug)


text:
Świętopełk II, Duke of Pomerania

Swietopelk II, also Zwantepolc II or Swantopolk II, (1190/1200 — 11 January 1266 ), sometimes known as the Great (Świętopełk II Wielki; Swiãtopôłk II Wiôldżi), was the ruling Duke of Pomerelia-Gdańsk from 1215 until his death. He was the first member of the Samborides to style himself dux from 1227 onwards.

Names
The duke is known under many spellings (Swantepolk, Swantipolk, Svatopluk, Swietopelk, Swatopolk, Sviatopolk, Światopełek, Świętopełk, Swiãtopôłk), of which Domin(us) Zwantepolc(us) D(ux) Danceke and Svantopelc Ducis Pomeranie were used on seals.

Biography
Swietopelk was the son of the Pomeranian duke Mestwin I and his wife Swinisława. His father had ruled over Eastern Pomerania (or Pomerelia) since about 1205 by appointment of the Polish high duke Władysław III Spindleshanks. In 1216 or 1217 his son Swietopelk was made a steward over Pomerelia by High Duke Leszek I the White of Kraków. He was responsible for the Gdańsk territory, the largest of the four portions of Pomerelia. In 1218, Swietopelk took advantage of a revolt of local knights against Danish rule to occupy the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp. After his brother Warcislaw died without heirs, Swietopelk took over his Lubiszewo Tczewskie.

Upon their father's death, Swietopelk's brothers Sambor and Racibor were still young, so he acted as their guardian. As they came of age, the brothers received their share of inheritance: Sambor received Lubiszewo Tczewskie and Racibor received Białogard.

Swietopelk, who had exploited Piast Poland's fragmentation to gain independence, promised Władysław Odonic the throne of Kraków and Silesia in exchange for his support in the ousting of Leszek and Henry I the Bearded of Lower Silesia. On 23 November 1227, on the occasion of an assembly of Piast dukes in Gąsawa, Leszek was killed in an ambush set by Swietopelk II and perhaps Władysław, while Henry was severely wounded.

In 1233-34, Swietopelk II, with his brother Sambor, joined a crusading army along with Hermann Balk, Konrad I of Masovia, Henry the Bearded, and Władysław Odonic. They proceeded to Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) and refortified it for the Teutonic Order. After this task was over, the crusaders met the pagan Prussians, the Pomesanians, at the battle of the River Sorge. There, they defeated the pagans, and were able to seize greater control of south Prussia.

In 1238 Swietopelk conquered the Duchy of Pomerania-Schlawe, whose territories connected Pomerania to Gdańsk, Nakło, and Bydgoszcz. This guaranteed war with Kujavia. The brothers, over whom Swantopolk was supposed to govern for twenty years, refused to support their overlord after twelve years, and the conflict escalated into a civil war. Sambor and Racibor were driven out from their lands and sought refuge and alliance first with Piast relatives in Greater Poland, later with the Teutonic Knights, a Christian military order waging a crusade against pagan Prussians. There were also economic tensions between the Knights and Swantopolk. This resulted in an alliance with the heathen Prussians. Swantopolk played a key role in the First Prussian Uprising, which started in 1242.

The alliance between the pagan Prussians and the Christian Swietopelk against a religious order supported by the pope was unexpected. Swietopelk was previously known as a supporter of the Roman Catholic Church and Christian causes. Eventually, the uprising did not succeed and a peace treaty, mediated by a papal legate, was signed on 24 November 1248. Swietopelk had to return lands seized from his brothers, allow Teutonic Knights to pass through his domains, stop charging tolls on ships using the Vistula, and stop any aid to the Prussians. He kept his word and did not assist the Prussians during their Great Uprising (1260–1274).

After governing since 1220 for 46 years, Swietopelk died in 1266, with his sons Mestwin II and Wartislaw II inheriting his lands.

Marriages

 * 1217/1218 Eufrozyna († 1230), daughter of Odon, duke of Greater Poland (she was his sister's sister in law and half-cousin through Mieszko III the Old )
 * before 1252 (?) Ermengarda (Ermengardis, † after 1270), daughter of Henry I of Schwerin, Count of Schwerin.

Children

 * Mestwin II (c.1220–1294), duke of Świecie (Schwetz) and later Gdańsk (Danzig)
 * Wartislaw II (c.1237–1271), duke of Gdańsk
 * Euphemia (c.1225–1270), married to Jaromar II, prince of Rugia
 * John (about 1230–1248), died at a young age.
 * unknown daughter, married to a Count of Kevenberg

title: Świętopełk II, Duke of Pomerania