text:
Talk:Köppen climate classification

Discrepancy Map/Examples
According to the map, Berlin is in Dfb, but is listed as an example of Cfb in the article. There are possibly other such discrepancies. Vilem Liepelt (talk) 11:45, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Well, The map is based on (1980-2016) averages and Berlin's Coldest month avg in that period appeared to be below 0C. This map uses 0C isotherm for C/D borderline if you see the 26th reference(Nature study). Same can be said for Budapest,Bratislava etc.
 * Berlin's coldest month avg in 1991-2020 normals is above 0C. Therefore it is Cfb and not Dfb. PAper GOL (talk) 15:37, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Recent sockpuppet edits
Recently this article has been edited extensively over several months by User:Paulistafan, who has been blocked as a sockpuppet account of Honduras200010. The edits of that account's many sockpuppets have focused primarily on climate, and many of their edits have been reverted on substantive grounds even before any notice had been given to the fact that they were accounts of a blocked user. Since there have been many intervening edits by other users, it isn't possible simply to roll back to the state before the user's first edit. Please review this account's (and, for that matter, any other of the sockpuppets') edits for reliability and fix as appropriate.

Gwiztiktok is in all likelihood the latest incarnation (and I've submitted that account for investigation). I've undone that user's changes. Please be on the lookout. Largoplazo (talk) 04:02, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

Baja California Sur is shown as an independent state.
For whatever reason, the state border between Baja California and Baja California Sur is shown as an international border. Baja California Sur is not an independent state. Erbeilas (talk) 23:46, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I dont know what to do about this.
 * I can only only thank the creators of the map for classifying the climate types of the Caspian sea! PAper GOL (talk) 14:53, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Kabul
This city is both Dsa and BSk somehow. There has not been any action for this so far. PAper GOL (talk) 14:56, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I did the calculation myself. Its Semi-arid. it receives a liitle above 30% of its precip from Apr to Sep.PAper GOL (talk) 06:15, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Lack of sourcing
Just one location among the lists of examples in this article is sourced. A comment in the section immediately above this reads "I did the calculation myself" and I'm starting to wonder if many of the examples were placed here by editors doing the calculations themselves. If so, that's original research. In case anyone's going to argue that this is a matter of routine calculation, which might be a reasonable justification, I'll point out that, in that case, the factors that go into the calculation need to be sourced. It's OK to take 2 and 2 and sum them to 4 without a source for the 4, but then you still need a source for the 2 and the 2.

Ironically, there's an editor who repeatedly introduces material here and in other climate articles and climate sections who does provide soruces (in the edit summaries), and that editor's contributions are routinely reverted. Sometimes grounds for the reversions are stated in terms of the sources not being reliable (I revert them because the editor is a sockpuppet of a blocked account), but, then, how are examples with no sources at all any better than those?

I've just tagged the article accordingly. Largoplazo (talk) 10:03, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi,@Largoplazo
 * Looks like you are talking about me. Can you summerize the problem?
 * I hadn't received any answer after 13 days about the Kabul problem.(my bad,maybe should have waited more?) I dont know if there is way to cite sources directly in edit summeries.Most of my additions are based on data from NOAA other official agencies. The calculations I used are mentioned in semi-arid cliamate and desert climate.
 * Besides, A (more citations needed) template is NOT a minor edit, is it?PAper GOL (talk) 10:33, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, PAper GOL, and welcome to Wikipedia (I see you just started editing this month). Yes, your remark is the one that led to my review of the article and my observation about the lack of sourcing. But I'm not singling you out, my observation is about the overall state of the article, which wouldn't have left you to understand that you should proceed any differently from all the other contributors. I summarized the problem already in my first paragraph—if something wasn't clear, can you tell me what it is? The key to it is the article I linked to, WP:No original research.
 * If your additions are from NOAA, then you should cite the NOAA sources you're getting them from. See Help:Referencing for beginners.
 * About the "minor" edit: I, like many users, use various tools that are available on Wikipedia to automate tasks such as tagging pages, nominating them for deletion or raising them for discussion, leaving warnings for users, etc. I use Twinkle for a number of these tasks, including tagging articles. Twinkle apparently marks these edits as "minor". And it shouldn't, going by Help:Minor edits, which lists among reasons not to mark an edit as "minor", "Adding or removing visible tags or other templates in an article". Oh, but wait: In the Exceptions section at the end it says "Additionally, bot accounts usually mark their edits as minor in addition to the 'bot' flag". But Twinkle isn't a bot, and it doesn't mark the edit as a bot-created one. This is a matter to raise at Wikipedia talk:Twinkle. Largoplazo (talk) 10:58, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Now I see what you mean. Well, the way I calculated the data for Kabul is shown below:
 * The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:
 * (a) 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or
 * (b) 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or
 * (c) 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.
 * I used the year daily mean figure stated in Kabul's weather box.
 * (the source for daily mean and monthly precip)
 * 20x 12.1 = 242
 * the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, is 105.8 when summed.(with calculator)
 * Total annual precip is 312.
 * 105.8÷312=0.339(~34% done by calculator)
 * so I had to add 140 to 242. The result would be 382.
 * If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).
 * 312 is in 50%-100% of the threshold(382). That is how I reached the BS.
 * The calculations are a bit too much for Classifying the type. There is high chance of making a mistake. But its the best the way for me to verify.
 * Maybe I should write my next summaries in the talk page.
 * I dont know if that is routine Calc or its WP:OR. PAper GOL (talk) 12:57, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I assume what you are saying is (The data we use to classify the climate type should be referenced). The sources I used are already referenced to a reliable source in their own article and I just need to re-cite them in this article. See this Kabul reference which I copy-pasted from Kabul article's weather box.PAper GOL (talk) 19:41, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Long edit war
When I see the page's history I see a long-lasting edit war between two users about adding extra iranian cities to examples list. The user keeps adding them to examples despite all reverts. Isn't it time for a discussion about this issue? Its been several months since the start of this war.PAper GOL (talk) 06:37, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Just as I thought the added Iranian cities were removed. Sina.azadi will probably re-add them in the following weeks and this cycle continues. And the user showed he is not willing to discuss this issue at all. PAper GOL (talk) 05:13, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I've personally left a message several months ago on | Sina.azadi's talk page about why the Iranian cities were removed. I've stated numerous times we do not need more than three cities from a single nation under a single climate category. If you look further up this talk page, you can see why we're limiting examples to three per nation. He or she have elected to ignore the messages. This may be a language barrier issue, or it may just be the user electing to ignore the messages. We may need to employ more stringent measures...or we could just remove all examples from the article. G. Capo (talk) 22:41, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe (s)he is one of those users who did not understand the (three for each nation) thing.
 * Whether we need these example lists or not is something needing its own topic. I think All wars and protections in this page is because of example lists.PAper GOL (talk) 10:31, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Letter H
Some E group examples have ETH and EFH climates. It seems that the H letter is for highland locations but no explanation is provided for it. Are there any reliable sources for these classes?PAper GOL (talk) 03:45, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I found no sources that would use ETH/EFH. Those used for creating maps dont use them either. They were removed. PAper GOL (talk) 13:09, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

I also got problem with locations that can be Df or Ds. One example is Urmia that is classified Dfa but has 3 or 4 dry summer months that make it viable for Dsa. It receives 39% of its precipitation in the high-sun half. Mostly in spring — Preceding unsigned comment added by PAper GOL (talk • contribs) 13:36, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

The hot/cold arid situation
I have brought it up before, and I'm bringing it up again; is there anyone with sources on this? I have only seen a 0C isotherm be used for cold/hot deserts once, and only for California. I'm not sure why these are consistently being added. Uness232 (talk) 23:22, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

 * There are some sources in overview section where you forgot to edit. Maybe they help you. If they didn't you can remove.PAper GOL (talk) 12:13, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have another problem regarding Cw/Dw climates' ALTERNATIVE defintion (at least 70% of annual precip falling in high-sun half). This one is also totally unsourced. Then we have this EFH thing used in this article without mentioning what H actually means.PAper GOL (talk) 12:22, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources there are for BWn, not for h/k. If you can not find a source for Cw/Dw, delete it too. Uness232 (talk) 12:24, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Semi-arid climate for previous discussions.PAper GOL (talk) 04:57, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Math parse error
In the Overview section, there is a math parse error. It reads "Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\textstyle 100-\left ( \frac{\mathrm{Total\,Annual\,Precipitation\,(mm)}}{25} \right )}". I don't know how to fix it. Can someone help? TypoEater (talk) 17:42, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

Relevance of including German words for the different climates?
The Köppen-Geiger classification was initially created in part by a Russian-German person, and without knowing the German terms for the various climates, the letters (especially for the B subtypes) seem nonsensical. Would it be well advised of me to add these in an etymological section, or would that be original research (of which I have been tried and convicted many times)? Ellenor2000 (talk) 07:01, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If you cite a reliable source, then it isn't original research. Surely you've been told that before, no? In this case you can go right to the Urquelle:, p. C14. And it's certainly relevant. Largoplazo (talk) 10:46, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Dispute over at Talk:Budapest
Regarding its climate classification per Köppen. I call interested editors to chime in. Uness232 (talk) 16:54, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I reiterate this request; there needs to be more of a discussion and a consensus on this, as it in fact touches on much more general concerns. Uness232 (talk) 16:38, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

RfC: Generalizing climate type descriptions when classification systems conflict
Are more general descriptions of climates acceptable on city/region climate sections if climate classification systems conflict?

Three options come to mind here:

 * Option 1: Climate descriptions should not be generalized, even when classifications conflict. This leads to the structure given below being the only acceptable description:

Budapest has a humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa) or oceanic (Trewartha: Doa) climate.

 * Option 2a: Climate descriptions could be generalized, but this should be kept to cases where intractable disputes form due to wording and/or climate type (see Talk:Budapest for example); therefore the structure given below would also be acceptable in certain circumstances:

Budapest has a humid temperate climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Doa).1

 * Option 2b: Much like 2a, but without the dispute requirement. Climate types could be generalized at will as long as climate classifications conflict.

1 Keep in mind that both Köppen and Trewartha place Budapest into a climate class within the scope of a humid temperate climate (humid subtropical and oceanic respectively). For some cities, the category might need to be broader; Portland, Oregon would simply have a temperate climate under this scheme, as that is the first level of intersection between Mediterranean and oceanic climates. Despite this, within the rules of Köppen and Trewartha, a point of no overlap is mathematically impossible; and it is vanishingly rare to see another classification besides these two on a city page.

Uness232 (talk) 00:27, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Comments
In the Budapest example we can call it simply temperate as Group C of Köppen is accepted to be temperate. Cfa is mostly considered humid subtropical but not all sources agree on that, but they all agree that Cfa is a temperate climate subtype. It is just a matter of proper wording and writing if the statement is likely to be WP:SYNTH.PAper GOL (talk) 09:07, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment/Neutral: I am staying neutral on this; but some context may be necessary as this is a rather exceptional RfC. These are three plausible positions that have been extracted out of Talk: Budapest, they are no means all of the positions on that page. They are simply what seem to be the most pragmatic and/or least radical ones (i.e. ones that do not require the entire classification conventions to be changed). The point of this RfC, then, is to set precedent and convention, as compromises like these seem to be able to calm people down about the controversial applicability of the word 'humid subtropical' to Cfa-class climates, the difference between local and global climate classifications, or climate class disputes that result from mapping, station or climate normal differences. So the question is, are these compromises compliant with Wikipedia policies and/or guidelines? (One more thing; the reason this RfC is here and not in climate classification is due to the much higher visibility of this page. A consensus obtained here will undoubtedly be more general.) Uness232 (talk) 00:43, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 1 and it's not even really a choice but the only correct result in my mind - I think it's pretty obvious that in the event that a place is on the edge of two or more Köppen classifications, all of them will be mentioned in RS. Options 2 and 3 are clearly WP:SYNTH. SportingFlyer  T · C  01:29, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The issue is not that however. This specifically has to do with what we can do when two climate classifications, virtually always Köppen and Trewartha, put a climate in two different zones and (usually) a dispute breaks out with an infinitely cycling argument on pedantic issues of climate naming and such. Again, see Talk: Budapest, valuable time gets wasted to a deeply frustrating argument mostly on what to name the Cfa climate. (later note: What I meant by this was not that the disputes always start with the distinctions between Köppen and Trewartha. Sometimes other reasons are also involved like naming standards, as PAper Gol pointed out. This is simply a proposed solution to some of these disputes where policy-related reasons are put forward to deem a certain wording problematic, and we can generalize the climate type due to differences between classifications.) 2a and 2b are proposing to use a more general category that includes both of the climate subtypes being talked about to alleviate this problem. For example, both Mediterranean and oceanic climates are temperate climates by definition, so one could argue that no new information is being ‘synthesized’, so to speak. Uness232 (talk) 01:48, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Then just say city X is in Köppen classification Y and Trewartha classification Z. Anything else is synth. It's really not hard at all. The Cfa climate also has multiple titles but also has a clear title on what to call it - humid subtropical. SportingFlyer  T · C  11:34, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This clear title is the main reason there was a long dispute in Budapest talk and ended to this RfC. It wasn’t used by Köppen. Some sources use it and some don’t, if some don’t agree with the naming( like the Hungarian meteo service), then how is it a clear title?PAper GOL (talk) 11:46, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You also simply assert WP:SYNTH without any argumentation whatsoever. Let's look at Portland again for example: Köppen labels it Csb, and Trewartha labels it Do. However, Köppen's C class is explicitly named "temperate", and Trewartha's D class is explicitly named "temperate". Therefore both climate classifications explicitly call the city temperate; that is not a synthesis of information "not stated by either source", as both the sources explicitly call the city temperate. WP:NOTJUSTANYSYNTH. Uness232 (talk) 11:57, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You both are far too deep into the weeds here on this discussion. Be specific. I don't think there's anything wrong with a sentence like "Portland, Oregon is classified as temperate by both the Köppen and Trewartha climate classification systems" as long as the specific classification is also mentioned, which makes it somewhat redundant. Also, humid subtropical is clearly used on Wikipedia while humid temperate clearly states that it is not part of the Köppen classification on its Wikipedia page, and consistency is important. SportingFlyer  T · C  12:08, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well that's almost exactly the wording I propose in 2a and 2b that could (not should, necessarily) be used if there's an intractable dispute, only putting the classifications in parentheses, as is usually done: "Portland, Oregon has a temperate climate (Köppen: Csb, Trewartha: Do)." Csb and Do can be linked, if it would help consistency and/or clarity.
 * You seem to claim that this dispute could have been easily resolved by convincing people of humid subtropical; and yes, I thought so too, before there were 110 comments on the section, mostly arguing against the use of humid subtropical (using arguments based on policy oftentimes). This lasted for multiple weeks. The lack of consensus achieved there shows that there are simply too many ambiguities that surface when local and global classifications disagree so sharply that global WP:RS deeply conflicts with local WP:RS, when maps show inconsistencies, or when a climate class has a less-than agreed upon name. In that sense, this is a practical solution; a band-aid, so to speak, to still keep the systematized nature of climate classification on Wikipedia (so still generally discouraging unsystematic descriptive sources and encouraging systematized climate classification sources), while largely resolving other issues that people fall into long, useless discussions on. It is the final compromise reached over there, and I'm asking whether it is one acceptable solution (of many) in future cases.
 * A simple assertion calling it WP:SYNTH when it is not at all that clear cut is not productive, either. Uness232 (talk) 12:37, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I still think it is very clear cut - very easy to use global sources as everyone else does - and with that I bid you good day. SportingFlyer  T · C  12:49, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If it was indeed so easy, why was there a weeks long argument over at Budapest? And why did users experienced in climate classification not simply force a consensus on the "clear cut" issue, despite my publicizing of the dispute here, on the Weather WikiProject and other places? Maybe there exists a Wikipedia in your head in which everyone agrees on how to interpret WP:RS, how to think about consensus, what sources to prioritize, etc; but that is not at all the Wikipedia we have. Where, in WP:RS, for example, does it say that global climate classifications are better sources than local ones? You seem to imply that something along those lines is the case here, but I do not see that anywhere. So, many people use local WP:RS to challenge naming/classification, and some even propose much more radically altering the way classification works on Wikipedia, prioritizing local WP:RS (this latter one is not plausible in my personal opinion, but it was an argument that came up on Talk: Budapest). Are you willing to simply say that they are acting "against policy/guidelines"?
 * If we are discussing the supposed ease of using 'global sources' and non-universal naming schemes on city pages despite what seems to be very clear evidence of the contrary on that talk page; I would sincerely invite you to take a look at the dispute and tell me with what argument would I have been able to "easily" solve the issue in favor of using humid subtropical. I tell you that the status quo was virtually impossible to enforce on Budapest due to these ambiguities, but you do not even seem take into account my argumentation on why it has been difficult, why it is not clear cut, and simply contradict (see the pyramid at WP:TALKNO) what I say with very little supporting argument. If that is all of what you are planning to do, I bid you good day as well. Uness232 (talk) 13:42, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 2a, there is not actually synth problem here.

 * Though synth problem might occur when two or more classifications are used, in which option 1 would be better but still we can use a broader term for subtypes as in option 2a. example:
 * In Köppen climate classification, Portland(Oregon) has a temperate climate classified as Csb, while under Trewartha classification Portland’s climate is classified as Do.PAper GOL (talk) 09:27, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "Though synth problem might occur when two or more classifications are used," Well this is specifically for instances where two (there's very rarely any more than two) classifications are used. Are you saying that WP:SYNTH problems would arise then? If so would that not invalidate your argument for the usage of 2a?
 * A lot more simply, your argument looks like it contradicts itself here; could you explain what you mean? Uness232 (talk) 10:50, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I’m slightly towards 2a, because for locations and regions which borderline classifications cause confusion or dispute, it’s better to use more general terms
 * There won’t be synth problems (it might occur but only if the text is written in bad manner). .PAper GOL (talk) 11:15, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. So you only think that it would only be WP:SYNTH if the proper general name is not used (i.e. if a Csb/Do climate is labeled as oceanic). That makes sense, thank you for the explanation. Uness232 (talk) 11:39, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 1 - anything else falls too close to WP:SYNTH or potentially even cherry picking. If there's ambiguity, we should report the ambiguity, rather than pick whichever we like more, even when it comes to something as mundane as the weather..
 * DarmaniLink (talk) 08:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @DarmaniLink I understand that you think it is WP:SYNTH, but I think you misunderstand what this is about. Perhaps this is just the complexity of the issue, but no option would involve picking "what we like more". As I've told someone else in a previous comment:
 * Let's look at Portland again for example: Köppen labels it Csb, and Trewartha labels it Do. However, Köppen's C class is explicitly named "temperate", and Trewartha's D class is explicitly named "temperate". Therefore both climate classifications explicitly call the city temperate; [calling the city temperate] is [therefore] not a synthesis of information "not stated by either source", as both the sources explicitly call the city temperate.
 * Again, this might not change your opinion that it is WP:SYNTH as you might think that for another reason; but I did want to offer this as a clarification on this admittedly complicated issue. Uness232 (talk) 13:53, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * admittedly, i should have worded that better but, in cases where the two are different, picking one or the other would be a matter of preference, right? Not every single instance, i'd imagine, as as clearcut as those two. Of course I'm no expert either, and im willing to learn DarmaniLink (talk) 14:16, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @DarmaniLink It is important to note here that there are only two systematic climate classifications used on Wikipedia, Köppen and Trewartha. This is because other climate classifications do not have sufficient sourcing, or are genetic (boiling down to climatologist opinion, and therefore always mentioned separately). Based on the rules of Köppen and Trewartha, a zone of no overlap is vanishingly rare. Because of the similarity of the two classification's rules, even differences in classification are only possible in a limited amount of circumstances, and all of these (except one rare case that I have realized recently, but would not be a problem) have points of overlap:
 * Trewartha allows for tropical climates to be qualified 'rainforest' if they have 1 or 2 months with less than 60mm of precipitation, while Köppen does not. If this happens, the climate can simply be called 'tropical', as both main classes are called 'tropical'.
 * A climate with winter temperatures over 0C, summer temperatures over 22C, and less than 8 months over 10C, can be qualified as one of the subtropical subtypes of Köppen, while Trewartha would classify that climate as oceanic. This is by far the most common and most disputed climate zone, causing disputes on the New York City, Budapest (also see Talk:Budapest)), Milan pages, and many others. The solution here would be to classify the climate as 'temperate', as both classes 'C' in Köppen and 'D' in Trewartha are called temperate.
 * Csb types are an exception in Köppen; they are still called Mediterranean, despite being in the cool-summer zone. Many of these climates (like Portland, Oregon, Seattle and others) have less than 8 months of temperatures over 10C, which means that Trewartha would put them in the oceanic zone. The solution here is the same as the previous one, call it temperate, as both classes 'C' in Köppen and 'D' in Trewartha are called temperate.
 * Dry-summer or dry-winter continental climates of Köppen are subsumed into the humid category in Trewartha. The solution here is to call the climate simply continental.
 * In terms of boreal/subpolar climates, the difference between subpolar oceanic and subpolar continental climates are 0C in Köppen and -10C in Trewartha, the solution here would be to simply call the climate boreal/subpolar.
 * And finally, the issue that could arise (but is unlikely to for numerous reasons):
 * I've recently remembered that the semi-arid climate thresholds are ever-so-slightly different. This could cause a point of no overlap in a very small amount of places, and the solution there is simple, to not simplify, and talk about the two classifications seperately. Either way, this is unlikely to cause problems, as the climates that lead to arguments for simplification are almost always in point 2 and 3.
 * Uness232 (talk) 16:08, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't this still just cause the same problems as before though, possibly, of people arguing whether or not a definition applies or if you can reasonably believe that the intersection in some cases can be described as such?
 * It seems like you would need to put a source on "temperate" for example.
 * Would it be feasible to make a template to algorithmically generate the intersection, along with a source for that intersection, that can be decided on prior? DarmaniLink (talk) 13:52, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @DarmaniLink Sorry for the late reply. Theoretically this could happen, but in practice this is basically impossible. This is a little tougher to explain, but main types in Köppen or Trewartha are generally not cited for naming (tropical climate, temperate climate, continental climate and subpolar climate are the ones that would be destinations for "generalization"), because they have uncontroversial WP:COMMONNAMEs. Even subtypes can go uncited sometimes due to uncontroversial naming; see Beijing, Paris, Barcelona as examples. Except for a few subtypes (principally Cfa, which is quite controversially called humid subtropical), the most common names of these climate types in these classifications are very rarely disputed due to usages dating back to the original papers. All of the solutions that could be applied here are therefore widely agreed upon.
 * Furthermore, this solution was not meant to be an idealistic one but a band-aid of sorts; the problems I've encountered while arguing about these things being twofold:
 * 1) Sometimes local WP:RS contradicts global climate classification so much that it gets used to paint the global climate classification for that location as an uncommon viewpoint or even WP:FRINGE. For example, showing many local sources, editors have argued for the removal of "humid subtropical" from Budapest, because sources calling it continental based on some local classification far outnumbered those using Köppen. However, using local classifications on Wikipedia is also untenable, as long as all the pages for climate types are based on Köppen (I have attempted to change the status quo on this, to no avail). As I've said before:
 * What will we do when Portland, Oregon has an oceanic climate according to local literature, but the climate page says that oceanic climates need to not have dry summers?
 * Therefore, the solution currently reached at Budapest has been the only one that ended up being stable.
 * 2) The few subtypes that can have name disputes (humid subtropical for Cfa, Mediterranean for Csb) almost always have their disputes brought up in transitional locations (due to the lack of zone fluidity in climate classification). Therefore, generalizing climate type (as long as we have another systematic classification to back the generalization) can solve those problems as well, as there are no disputes on main types.
 * As for the template idea, I am unfortunately not experienced enough in the creation of templates to know whether that would be feasible, but it would be great; not just for calming discussions, but for standardizing and beautifying format. Uness232 (talk) 00:00, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 March 2024

 * Cartago, Costa Rica (Cwb) RomuloVG (talk) 02:16, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Shadow311 (talk) 16:13, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Köppen-Geiger Map 1991-2020 now available in Commons
1991-2020 is the official current base periode (WMO), so I suggest we should switch to the updated map now in Commons for this article. And there are some real differences in climate zones compared to the current map, which is not updated any longer. Orcaborealis (talk) 19:20, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @Orcaborealis I agree. The 1981-2016 maps are also used in many country maps and those should also be changed to newer versions, which would require a concerted effort. I would suggest alerting some WikiProjects.
 * As a further note, there are also the predicted climate maps, which are problematic in their own right as they assume the rather extreme RCP8.5, and can now be replaced with more likely scenarios (according to papers cited in the RCP article, RCP3.4 is the most likely) as we now future maps for a wide variety of RCP scenarios. Uness232 (talk) 03:38, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Elimination of main map and change to one of current climates
Duly founded reasons:

I eliminated the Köppen - Geiger map that appeared at the beginning of the article, mainly because it is a Köppen map based on "projections" or eventual forecasts, from the year 2071 to the year 2100, and this is the title of the source of the map: “High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6

In its place, the Köppen-Geiger map with current climates must be placed. See the Map in Fig.1 letter a), and its descriptions, in any of the following articles: https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018214 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062/ https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018214.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018214

Petition:

For the reasons stated above, I cordially request to insert the Köppen Map with the current climates at the beginning of the article. (I don't know how to do it)

Köppen - Geiger maps that relate to future climate projections or forecasts must appear in a section or subtitle, and not as the main map. Javehgt (talk) 02:53, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

 * We'd have to make our own version, since existing maps aren't freely licensed. Remsense  诉  04:21, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's an obstacle; since in the Spanish Wikipedia the Köppen-Geiger map with current climates appears at the top of the article, without any problem. The same can be said of the Japanese, Italian or French Wikipedia, for example.https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_de_K%C3%B6ppen https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_de_K%C3%B6ppen#/media/Fichier:K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map.png
 * For a pedagogical and encyclopedic issue, first and foremost the Köppen map with current climates must appear in the article; and in a separate section or in a subtitle the Köppen maps with projections or climatic eventualities should appear. This is an article about science, and we have to be precise with both the writing and the maps.
 * I believe that I have duly and respectfully substantiated and objectified each of my points. I revert the changes. Javehgt (talk) 00:00, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The Köppen map in the beginning of this article is from 1991-2020. That is the current climate period. Uness232 (talk) 00:21, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Color for Csa is impossible to see in illustrations
When looking at Csa in the diagrams (maps) the Csa color is nearly impossible to distinguish from the background grey color. For examples:

 * Köppen_climate_classification
 * Mediterranean_climate
 * Mediterranean_climate

I understand that the colors of the various climates are based on the official Kopeen color conventions, but I'm wondering if there is some way to improve the contrast of Csa color somehow.

Or, if that is not possible, changing the background color (of the "no climate zone" map regions) from light grey to some other color ... at least in the few maps that focus on Csa/Csb climates.

Noleander (talk) 04:10, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Change color to differentiate humid subtropical climates
I am suggesting a color change in the koppen climate map to differentiate better between humid subtropical (cfa/cfb/cfc) and monsoon-influenced humid subtropical (cwa/cwb/cwc) climates, as the "greens" are hard to distinguish from each other. Ramzik1999 (talk) 13:10, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Köppen climate classification


text:
Tom Duff

Thomas Douglas Selkirk Duff (born December 8, 1952) is a Canadian computer programmer.

Early life
Duff was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and was named for his putative ancestor, the fifth Earl of Selkirk. He grew up in Toronto and Leaside. In 1974 he graduated from the University of Waterloo with a B.Math and, two years later, was awarded an M.Sc. from the University of Toronto.

Career
Duff worked at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab and the Mark Williams Company in Chicago before moving to Lucasfilm's Computer Research and Development Division. He and Thomas Porter, another Lucasfilm employee, developed a new approach to compositing images; their 1984 paper, "Compositing Digital Images", is "[t]he seminal work on an algebra for image compositing", according to Keith Packard. and "Porter-Duff compositing" is now a key technique in computer graphics. (See, for example, XRender and Glitz.)

Duff later worked for 12 years at Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center, where he worked on computer graphics, wireless networking, and Plan 9; in the course of his work there, he authored the well known "rc" shell for the Version 10 Unix operating system.

Duff worked at Pixar Animation Studios from 1996 until his retirement in 2021.

Achievements

 * In 1995, he was awarded (with others) the Academy Scientific and Engineering Award for his work on digital image compositing. With Bill Reeves he designed the first version of Pixar's Marionette 3-D animation system, which won the same award in 1997.
 * While working at Lucasfilm, he created Duff's device, a loop unrolling mechanism in C.
 * On August 22, 2006, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued to Pixar for a "Shot shading method and apparatus" invented by Tom Duff and Robert L. Cook.
 * On October 31, 2006, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued to Pixar for a "Shot rendering method and apparatus" invented by Tom Duff and Robert L. Cook.
 * In 2015 he became the 21st awardee of the J.W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham an early influential Professor of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo, and annually awarded to an influential alumnus of the University's Faculty of Mathematics.

Appearances

 * Tom Duff makes a cameo appearance in the Niven/Pournelle science fiction novel Footfall as a co-discoverer of the invading spaceship: "Chap named Tom Duff, a computer type, spotted it."
 * Tom Duff appears briefly in the documentary film "Noisy People" (dir Tim Perkis, 2006) playing the banjo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom Duff


text:
Lesbian Avengers

The Lesbian Avengers were founded in 1992 in New York City, the direct action group was formed with the intent to create an organization that focuses on lesbian issues and visibility through humorous and untraditional activism. The group was founded by six individuals: Ana Maria Simo, Anne Maguire, Anne-Christine D'Adesky, Marie Honan, Maxine Wolfe, and Sarah Schulman.

The founding members of the Avengers attempted to address the lack of visibility lesbians had throughout the media. Multiple members claimed that the lack of diversity and the focus on white men in the gay rights movement is one of the reasons that inspired them to create a movement for lesbians.

There were multiple chapters of the Lesbian Avengers within different cities such as: New York, San Francisco, and Denver. Different chapters of the Lesbian Avengers expanded their missions to focus on issues of race, class, and gender. The Lesbian Avengers engaged in different forms of activism. One of the most notable accomplishments is the formation of the annual Dyke March. Other notable forms of activism include fire-breathing and protests against Proposition 8.

Though some groups continue to hold demonstrations on an irregular basis (San Francisco Avengers demonstrated against Proposition 8), one of the Lesbian Avengers' most enduring legacy may be the annual Dyke March.

Founding
The Lesbian Avengers was founded by six women: Ana Maria Simo, Anne Maguire, Anne-Christine D'askey, Marie Honan, Maxine Wolfe, and Sarah Schulman. Each of these women had experience in advocating for gay rights and equality under different organizations such as ACT-UP and the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization (ILGO). The co-founders sought to create an inclusive movement that focused on lesbian issues, something they felt was not properly addressed in other organizations.

Their first recruiting flyer, handed out at New York's Pride March, invited "LESBIANS! DYKES! GAY WOMEN!" to get involved. "We're wasting our lives being careful. Imagine what your life could be. Aren't you ready to make it happen?"

The Lesbian Avenger handbook was an important foundation that gave the Avengers their ability to organize meetings, fundraise, and responses to media. The handbook "made it possible for lesbians across the world to start Avenger chapters without having a huge pool of experienced activists." The handbook played an essential role in the organization and was a tool used by the experienced and newcomers of the group.

Growth
The New York chapter started with an estimated 50 members. Eventually new chapters were introduced in multiple locations, over 35 chapters emerged worldwide. A handful chapters were present internationally. The Avengers garnered attention through their use of demonstrations, which were combined with flyers and memorable catchphrases. The Lesbian Avengers designated members to focus on different tasks such as event organizing and designing flyers for events. A notable artist within the group was Carrie Moyer, an American painter who designed some the posters and logos used by the group.

In 1993, the documentary film The Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too was released. The film documents the first year of activity within the group and includes interviews with the members of the New York chapter.

Actions

The Lesbian Avenger Handbook encouraged particular attention to the visual elements of the demonstration. "It should let people know clearly and quickly who we are and why we are there. NY Avengers have used a wide range of visuals such as fire eating, a twelve-foot shrine, a huge bomb, a ten-foot plaster statue, flaming torches, etc. The more fabulous, witty, and original, the better."

Sometimes their positions seem to change, as well. In the early years, the group opposed attempts to legitimize gay marriage, protesting the notion at an Andrew Sullivan book signing in 1995.

The New York Lesbian Avengers also developed a Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project.

First action: rainbow curriculum
On their first action (September 9, 1992), the Lesbian Avengers targeted right-wing attempts to suppress a multicultural "Children of the Rainbow" curriculum for elementary schoolchildren. Ostensibly under attack for including lesbians and gay men in its lessons about diversity, some activists like Ana Maria Simo charged that opponents, besides being homophobic, also had a racist agenda in battling the multicultural curriculum.

Meeting in Queens School District 24 where the opposition to the "Rainbow Curriculum" was strongest, they paraded through the neighborhood with an all-lesbian marching band to a local elementary school where they gave out lavender balloons to children and their parents saying "Ask About Lesbian Lives". They also wore tee-shirts reading, "I was a lesbian child".

This first action exemplified the Avenger approach.

They also demonstrated without permits, refusing to ask for permission to express themselves. Organizer Kelly Cogswell later elaborated on this principle during the 1994 International Dyke March, "We ask for a permit; they can say no."

Above all, their choice of action reflected their commitment to challenging homophobic stereotypes. In this case, some members objected to going anywhere near children since lesbians and gay men had so often been portrayed as child molesters. Other members thought that was precisely why their presence was essential. And that was the eventual consensus of the group.

Role of media: love and hate
Press played an important role in the Lesbian Avengers. One article characterized them as "a protest outfit formed to attract media attention to lesbian causes." Besides shaping actions for visual impact, there were committees dedicated to outreach and "propaganda". The handbook offered a step by step guide on the processes necessary to attract press attention from mainstream and lesbian and gay media, even examples of press releases.

"Conflicts over the handling of the press coverage of the Dyke March also occurred within the New York gay and lesbian political community. In an interview, Simo said that a press release sent out by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) after Stonewall 25 initially did not have anything in it about the Dyke March. After the Avengers brought this issue to GLAAD's attention, one line was added to the end of the press release about the lack of mainstream press coverage about the Dyke March."

Aware of the power of the press, the Lesbian Avengers sometimes didn't court it, but attacked it. They invaded the offices of Self magazine when that publication planned a trip to Colorado despite a lesbian and gay boycott of the state for hate legislation, and in the resulting media coverage were misnamed "The Lesbian Agenda."

The Avengers also collaborated with Las Buenas Amigas and African Ancestral Lesbians United for Societal Change in a series of actions against homophobic and racist radio programs at La Mega 97.9 in New York, and its parent company, the Spanish Broadcasting System, informing advertisers, staging demonstration, and briefly taking over the radio station and broadcasting their own message.

Fire-eating
Use of fire and fire-eating became something of a symbol for the Lesbian Avengers, and spread from the New York group to many others. The first time the Avengers engaged in fire-breathing was on October 30, 1992, in New York. This was done in honor of Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock, to "...transform the image of their deaths by learning to eat fire." The New York Times, in one of its few articles on the Avengers, explained:

"[It] grew out of tragedy. Last year, a lesbian and a gay man, Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock, burned to death in Salem, Ore., after a Molotov cocktail was tossed into the apartment they shared. A month later, on Halloween, at a memorial to the victims in New York City, the Avengers (then newly organized) gave their response to the deaths. They ate fire, chanting, as they still do: 'The fire will not consume us. We take it and make it our own."

At the Washington Dyke March held during the anniversary celebrations of the Lesbian and Gay March on Washington in 1993, the Lesbian Avengers ate fire in front of the White House surrounded by a crowd of an estimated 20,000 lesbians.

The Dyke March
According to co-founder Sarah Schulman, "It was at the 1993 March on Washington that the Avengers and ACT-UP Women's Network created the first Dyke March -- with 20,000 women, marching together with no permit. These participants brought the marches home to their cities and countries and created a new tradition."

The first Dyke March was initiated by the San Francisco Lesbian Avengers chapter in 1993, it was done during the 1993 March on Washington. Around 20,000 lesbians attended the first march. Eventually, the New York chapter followed and began holding their own Dyke march. The march was held in Washington, the success of the initial march led to marches across other cities such as: New York, West Hollywood, Chicago, and many more locations nationally and internationally. Currently, the marches still exist and are held in June and are done in honor of the Stonewall riots and other notable events in LGBT history.

New York chapter
The New York Chapter was the beginning of the Lesbian Avengers. The Avengers in New York worked from 1992 to 1995, their last action involved protesting comments Joseph Bruno made toward the LGBT community. The first official action of the New York Lesbian Avenger Chapter was a protest against right-wing opposition to New York's Rainbow Curriculum. The Avengers marched on the first day of classes in opposition to those who refused to implement the curriculum. Many of the actions taken by the New York Chapter were in relation to politicians who made homophobic remarks, actions to increase lesbian visibility, and volunteer work across different organizations.

The New York Chapter partnered with The New York City Anti-Violence Project (AVP) to protest the violence that queer people were faced with during Halloween Celebrations. Additionally, much of the activism the Avengers engaged in addressed the murders of gay people. Their first protest was in regard to the murders of two gay people, Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock. The avengers held a press conference in Manhattan City Hall to bring awareness to the situation.

San Francisco chapter
The San Francisco Chapter of the Lesbian Avengers was founded in 1993 and actively engaged in different forms of activism until 1997. The San Francisco chapter is responsible for creating the biggest avenger event, The Dyke March. According to Kelly Cogswell, the march mobilized approximately 20,000 lesbians and the success of the event led to the opening of around 60 new chapters.

Another major action the Avengers took was in response to Exodus International and their use of conversion therapy. On February 9, 1995, a group of five avengers entered the headquarters and proceeded to demonstrate against the organization. The Avengers came with posters and began chanting in the building. The Avengers brought 1,000 crickets, which they released into the headquarters, causing alarm among from members of Exodus International.

The issues that this chapter targeted varied. They held protests, brought awareness to the AIDS crisis, and organized events to mobilize lesbians.

International chapters
The Lesbian Avengers grew outside of the borders within the United States. There were chapters located within different cities in Canada, Europe, and Australia. The most well-known international chapter was located in London, England. Members of the London chapter were also ex members of the group OutRage! Members of the London chapter would focus on different issues, many of their actions aimed to increase lesbian visibility. Members re-created Romeo and Juliet will a full lesbian cast and protested homophobic groups and organizations across London. Despite the presence of international chapters, the documented activities of these chapters are limited.

title: Lesbian Avengers


text:
Zamość County

Zamość County (powiat zamojski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Zamość, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Szczebrzeszyn, which lies 21 km west of Zamość, Zwierzyniec, which lies 24 km south-west of Zamość, and Krasnobród, 22 km south of Zamość.

The county covers an area of 1872.27 km2. As of 2019, its total population is 107,441, including a population of 4,991 in Szczebrzeszyn, 3,175 in Zwierzyniec, 3,091 in Krasnobród, and a rural population of 96,184.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Zamość, Zamość County is also bordered by Krasnystaw County and Chełm County to the north, Hrubieszów County to the east, Tomaszów Lubelski County to the south, and Biłgoraj County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 15 gminas (three urban-rural and 12 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Zamość County


text:
Vaccines for the New Millennium Act

Vaccines for the New Millennium Act was introduced by Senator John Kerry (D-MA) and Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) in the 107th Congress 2001. The bill would have provided tax credits to private sector companies working on vaccines for some of the world's most deadly infectious agents. The tax credits took the form of a 30 percent credit on qualified research and development expenditures related to diseases, including HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. This legislation's chief Congressional staff assistants were James Matthew Jones for Senator Kerry and Chris Collins for Representative Pelosi. On April 25, 2001, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Health, and no further action was taken.

title: Vaccines for the New Millennium Act


text:
Uganda National Liberation Front

The Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) was a political group formed by exiled Ugandans opposed to the rule of military dictator Idi Amin. The UNLF had an accompanying military wing, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). UNLA fought alongside Tanzanian forces in the Uganda–Tanzania War that led to the overthrow of Amin's regime. The group ruled Uganda from the overthrow of Amin in April 1979 until the disputed national elections in December 1980.

Creation
The UNLF was formed as an outcome of a meeting of Ugandan exiles from 24 to 26 March 1979 in the northern Tanzanian town of Moshi. In the meeting, known as the Moshi Conference, 28 groups were represented. The most important groups that united to form UNLA included Kikosi Maalum led by Milton Obote (with Tito Okello and David Oyite Ojok as commanders); FRONASA led by Yoweri Museveni; and the Save Uganda Movement.

Governance
The UNLF was governed by an 11-member Executive Council originally chaired by Yusuf Lule who was the Uganda President at that time, with the vice-chairman being Akena P' Ojok, who was Uganda's then vice president. The UNLF was accompanied by a National Consultative Council (NCC) with one member for each of the 28 groups represented at the meeting. Its military arm, UNLA, fought side by side with the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) in the Uganda-Tanzania War and invaded Uganda, taking Kampala in April 1979 and sending Amin to exile. There were other party members of UNLF across the country and in the regions formed to coordinate the activities of UNLF.

Overthrowing of Idi Amin
Following the overthrow of Amin on 11 April 1979, a new UNLF government was formed under Yusuf Lule with the UNLA becoming the new national army. The leadership of the UNLF was unstable, with infighting leading to the ousting of Lule in June 1979. His replacement, Godfrey Binaisa, ruled for less than twelve months before being placed under house arrest in May 1980 following an effective coup by Paulo Muwanga. A Presidential Commission was installed with elections planned for December 1980. The exiles who formed the UNLF needed to put aside their political differences to do so. They were only united by one thing: an opposition to Amin. For this reason, the UNLF did not contest the elections with its members supporting various parties.

Following a widely disputed victory for the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) led by former president Milton Obote, many of the UNLF founding members would go on to fight against the now UPC-controlled UNLA. The UNLA was defeated on January 25, 1986 by the guerrillas of the National Resistance Army (NRA) led by Yoweri Museveni, a former member of the UNLF executive council and a minister in the UNLF government. There was a tribal conflict between the Acholi and Langi, that led to the coup d'état making Tito Okello Lutwa president of the republic.

title: Uganda National Liberation Front


text:
Amis

Amis may refer to:

 * Amis (surname)
 * Amis people (or Amis), a tribe of Taiwanese aborigines
 * Amis language, an indigenous language of Taiwan
 * AMIS (ISP), an Internet service provider (ISP) in Slovenia and Croatia
 * Amis et Amiles, an old French romance

The acronym AMIS may stand for:
 * Association for Music in International Schools, an association "dedicated to the promotion of excellence in all levels of music education."
 * African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS)
 * American Musical Instrument Society (AMIS)
 * AMI Semiconductor, designer and manufacturer of silicon chips
 * Atari Message Information System, a bulletin board system for 8-bit Atari computers
 * Audio Messaging Interchange Specification, a method to move messages from one voice mail system to another
 * Alternate Multiplex Interrupt Specification, a method of sharing a software interrupt by many TSR programs
 * Abandoned Mines Information System, a database containing abandoned and inactive mines in Ontario, Canada
 * Agricultural Market Information System, an initiative by the G20 states to analyse and forecast the situation on the global agricultural market

title: Amis


text:
User talk:Markusg2007~enwiki

Markus, your recent edit at Markus Giesler perhaps should belong on your user page instead of as an article. Some may construe this as being "vanity" if it's in the article namespace, while some may not.

Your user page is here: User:Markusg2007.

In other news, some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

You can also check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want: .

In any case, I hope you like the place and choose to stay. Tx Dysprosia 13:11, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Markusg2007. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Markusg2007~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:39, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Markusg2007~enwiki


text:
User:Clarkk

mostly australian subjects: music, geography, category sorting etc.

title: User:Clarkk


text:
Woolly rhinoceros

The woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) is an extinct species of rhinoceros that inhabited northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch. The woolly rhinoceros was a member of the Pleistocene megafauna. The woolly rhinoceros was covered with long, thick hair that allowed it to survive in the extremely cold, harsh mammoth steppe. It had a massive hump reaching from its shoulder and fed mainly on herbaceous plants that grew in the steppe. Mummified carcasses preserved in permafrost and many bone remains of woolly rhinoceroses have been found. Images of woolly rhinoceroses are found among cave paintings in Europe and Asia. The species range contracted towards Siberia beginning around 17,000 years ago, with the youngest known records being around 14,000 years old in northeast Siberia, coinciding with the Bølling–Allerød warming, which likely disrupted its habitat, with environmental DNA records possibly extending the range of the species around 9,800 years ago.

Taxonomy
Woolly rhinoceros remains have been known long before the species was described and were the basis for some mythical creatures. Native peoples of Siberia believed their horns were the claws of giant birds. A rhinoceros skull was found in Klagenfurt, Austria, in 1335, and was believed to be that of a dragon. In 1590, it was used as the basis for the head on a statue of a lindworm. Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert maintained the belief that the horns were the claws of giant birds, and classified the animal under the name Gryphus antiquitatis, meaning "griffin of antiquity".

One of the earliest scientific descriptions of an ancient rhinoceros species was made in 1769, when the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas wrote a report on his expeditions to Siberia where he found a skull and two horns in the permafrost. In 1772, Pallas acquired a head and two legs of a rhinoceros from the locals in Irkutsk, and named the species Rhinoceros lenenesis (after the Lena River). In 1799, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach studied rhinoceros bones from the collection of the University of Göttingen, and proposed the scientific name Rhinoceros antiquitatis. The geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn moved the species to Coelodonta in 1831 because of its differences in dental formation with members of the Rhinoceros genus. This name comes from the Greek words κοιλος (koilos, "hollow") and ὀδούς (odoús "tooth"), from the depression in the rhino's molar structure, giving the scientific name Coelodonta antiquitatis, "hollow-tooth of antiquity".

Evolution
The woolly rhinoceros was the most recent species of the genus Coelodonta. The closest living relative of Coelodonta is the Sumatran rhinoceros, and the genus is also closely related to the extinct genus Stephanorhinus. A cladogram showing the relationships of C. antiquitatis to other Late Pleistocene-recent rhinoceros species based on genomic data is given below.

Relationships of the woolly rhinoceros based on morphology, excluding African rhinoceros species: The oldest known species of Coelodonta, Coelodonta thibetana is known from the Pliocene of Tibet dating to approximately 3.7 million years ago, with the genus being present in Siberia, Mongolia, and China during the Early Pleistocene. The woolly rhinoceros first appeared during the early Middle Pleistocene in China, and the oldest remains of the species in Europe, which represents the only species of Coelodonta to have been present in the region, date to approximately 450,000 years ago. The woolly rhinoceros is divided into two chrono-subspecies, with C. a. praecursor from the middle Pleistocene and C. a. antiquitatis from the late Pleistocene. Mitochondrial genomes suggest that the last mitochondrial ancestor of Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses lived around 570,000 years ago.

Structure and appearance
An adult woolly rhinoceros typically measured 3.2 to 3.6 m from head to tail, stood 1.45 - 1.6 m tall at the shoulder, and weighed up to 1.5 - 2 MT (with some sources placing the body mass of the species as high as 2.4-2.9 metric ton ) making it comparable in size to the largest living rhinoceros species, the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Both males and females had two horns which were made of keratin, with one long horn reaching forward and a smaller horn between the eyes. The front horn would have measured 1 - 1.35 m long for individuals at 25 to 35 years of age, while the second horn would have measured up to 47.5 cm long. Unlike in modern rhinos, the large nasal horn was often flattened in cross-section, and abrasion patterns on the horn indicate it's possible use in brushing away snow when grazing. Compared to other rhinoceroses, the woolly rhinoceros had a longer head and body, and shorter legs. Its shoulder was raised with a powerful hump, used to support the animal's massive front horn. The hump also contained a fat reserve to aid survival through the desolate winters of the mammoth steppe.

Frozen specimens indicate that the rhino's long fur coat was reddish-brown, with a thick undercoat that lay under a layer of long, coarse guard hair thickest on the withers and neck. Shorter hair covered the limbs, keeping snow from attaching. The body's length ended with a 45 to 50 cm tail with a brush of coarse hair at the end. Females had two nipples on the udders.

The woolly rhinoceros had several features which reduced the body's surface area and minimized heat loss. Its ears were no longer than 24 cm, while those of rhinos in hot climates are about 30 cm. Their tails were also relatively shorter. It also had thick skin, ranging from 5 to 15 mm, heaviest on the chest and shoulders.

Skull and dentition
The skull had a length between 70 and 90 cm. It was longer than those of other rhinoceros, giving the head a deep, downward-facing slanting position, similar to its fossil relative Stephanorhinus hemitoechus and Elasmotherium as well as the white rhinoceros. Strong muscles on its long occipital bone formed its neck hock and held the massive skull. Its massive lower jaw measured up to 60 cm long and 10 cm high. The teeth of the woolly rhinoceros had thickened enamel and an open internal cavity. Like other rhinos, adults did not have incisors. It had 3 premolars and 3 molars in both jaws. The molars were high-crowned and had a thick coat of cementum.

The nasal septum of the woolly rhinoceros was ossified, unlike modern rhinos. This was most common in adult males. This adaptation probably evolved as a result of the heavy pressure on the horn and face when the rhinoceros grazed underneath the thick snow. Unique to this rhino, the nasal bones were fused to the premaxillae, which is not the case in older Coelodonta types or today's rhinoceroses. This ossification inspired the junior synonym specific name tichorhinus, from Greek τειχος (teikhos) "wall", ῥις (ῥιν-) (rhis (rhin-)) "nose".

Paleobiology
The woolly rhinoceros had a similar life history to modern rhinos. Studies on milk teeth show that individuals developed similarly to both the white and black rhinoceros. The two teats in the female suggest that she raised one calf, or more rarely two, every two to three years.

With their massive horns and size, adults had few predators, but young individuals could be attacked by animals such as hyenas and cave lions. A skull was found with trauma indicating an attack from a feline, but the animal survived to adulthood.

Woolly rhinos may have used their horns for combat, probably including intraspecific combat as recorded in cave paintings, as well as for moving snow to uncover vegetation during winter. They may have also been used to attract mates. Bull woolly rhinos were probably territorial like their modern counterparts, defending themselves from competitors, particularly during the rutting season. Fossil skulls indicate damage from the front horns of other rhinos, and lower jaws and back ribs show signs of being broken and re-formed, which may have also come from fighting. The apparent frequency of intraspecific combat, compared to recent rhinos, was likely a result of rapid climatic change during the last glacial period, when the animal faced increased stress from competition with other large herbivores.

Diet
Woolly rhinoceroses mostly fed on grasses and sedges that grew in the mammoth steppe. Its long, slanted head with a downward-facing posture, and tooth structure all helped it graze on vegetation. It had a wide upper lip like that of the white rhinoceros, which allowed it to easily pluck vegetation directly from the ground. Pollen analysis shows it also ate woody plants (including conifers, willows and alders), along with flowers, forbs and mosses. Isotope studies on horns show that the woolly rhinoceros had a seasonal diet; different areas of horn growth suggest that it mainly grazed in summer, while it browsed for shrubs and branches in the winter.

A strain vector biomechanical investigation of the skull, mandible and teeth of a well-preserved last cold stage individual recovered from Whitemoor Haye, Staffordshire, revealed musculature and dental characteristics that support a grazing feeding preference. In particular, the enlargement of the temporalis and neck muscles is consistent with that required to resist the large tugging forces generated when taking large mouthfuls of fodder from the ground. The presence of a large diastema supports this theory.

Comparisons with living perissodactyls confirm that the woolly rhinoceros was a hindgut fermentor with a single stomach, consuming cellulose-rich, protein-poor fodder. It had to consume a heavy amount of food to account for the low nutritive content of its diet. Woolly rhinos living in the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum consumed approximately equal volumes of forbs, such as Artemisia, and graminoids.

Growth
It is estimated that woolly rhinoceroses could reach around 40 years of age, like their modern relatives. In 2014, Shpansky analysed the growth of woolly rhinoceros from its early life stages based on several lower jaw fragments and limb bones. A one-month-old calf was about 1.2 m in length and 72 cm tall at the shoulder. The most intensive growth in woolly rhinos occurred during the juvenile stage around 3 to 4 years of age with a shoulder height of 1.3 m. At 7 to 10 years of age, woolly rhinos became young adults with a shoulder height of 1.4 - 1.5 m. By more than 14 years of age, woolly rhinos became fully mature, old adults with a shoulder height of 1.6 m.

Habitat and distribution
The woolly rhinoceros lived mainly in lowlands, plateaus and river valleys, with dry to arid climates, and migrated to higher elevations in favourable climate phases. It avoided mountain ranges, due to heavy snow and steep terrain that the animal could not easily cross. The rhino's main habitat was the mammoth steppe, a large, open landscape covered with wide ranges of grass and bushes. The woolly rhinoceros lived alongside other large herbivores, such as the woolly mammoth, giant deer, reindeer, saiga antelope and bison – an assortment of animals known as the Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex. With its wide distribution, the woolly rhinoceros lived in some areas alongside the other rhinoceroses Stephanorhinus and Elasmotherium.

By the end of the Riss glaciation about 130,000 years ago, the woolly rhinoceros lived throughout northern Eurasia, spanning most of Europe, the Russian Plain, Siberia, and the Mongolian Plateau, ranging to extremes of 72° to 33°N. Fossils have been found as far north as the New Siberian Islands. It had the widest range of any rhinoceros species.

It seemingly did not cross the Bering land bridge during the last ice age (which connected Asia to North America), with its easterly-most occurrence at the Chukotka Peninsula, probably due to the low grass density and lack of suitable habitat in the Yukon combined with competition from other large herbivores on the frigid land bridge.

Palaeopathology
C. antiquitatis individuals of old age display extensive wear and loss of their anterior premolars as a result of tooth abrasion from their intensive grazing lifestyle.

Hunting
Woolly rhinoceroses shared their habitat with humans, but direct evidence that they interacted is relatively rare. Only 11% of the known sites of prehistoric Siberian tribes have remains or images of the animal. Many rhinoceros remains are found in caves (such as the Kůlna Cave in Central Europe), which were not the natural habitat of either rhinos or humans, and large predators such as hyenas may have carried rhinoceros parts there. Sometimes, only individual teeth or bone fragments are uncovered, which usually came from only one animal. Most rhinoceros remains in Western Europe are found in the same places where human remains or artifacts were found, but this may have occurred naturally.

Signs that early humans hunted or scavenged the rhinoceros come from markings on the animal's bones. One specimen had injuries caused by human weaponry, with traces of a wound from a sharp object marking the shoulder and thigh, and a preserved spear was found near the carcass. A few sites from the early phase of the Last Glacial Period in the late Middle Paleolithic, such as the Gudenus Cave (Austria) and the open air site of Königsaue (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), have heavily beaten rhinoceros bones lined with slash marks. This action was done partly to extract the nutritious bone marrow.

Both horns and bones of the rhinoceros were used as raw materials for tools and weapons, as were remains from other animals. In what is now Zwoleń, Poland, a device was made from a battered woolly rhinoceros pelvis. Half-meter spear throwers, made from a woolly rhinoceros horn about 27,000 years ago, came from the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site on the banks of the Yana River. A 13,300-year-old spear found on Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island has a tip made of rhinoceros horn, the furthest north a human artifact has ever been found.

The Pinhole Cave Man is a late Paleolithic figure of a man engraved on a rib bone of a woolly rhinoceros, found at Creswell Crags in England.

Ancient art
Many cave paintings from the Upper Paleolithic depict woolly rhinoceroses. The animal's defining features are prominently drawn, complete with the raised back and hump, contrasting with its low-lying head. Two curved lines represent the ears. The animal's horns are drawn with their long curvature, and in some cases, the coat is also indicated. Many paintings show a black band dividing the body.

About 20 Paleolithic drawings of woolly rhinos were known before the discovery of the Chauvet Cave in France. They are dated at over 31,000 years old, probably from the Aurignacian, engraved on cave walls or drawn in red or black. One scene depicts two rhinos fighting each other with their horns. Other illustrations are found in the Rouffignac and Lascaux caves. One drawing from Font-de-Gaume shows a noticeably higher head posture, and others were drawn in red pigments in the Kapova Cave in the Ural Mountains. Some images show rhinoceroses struck with spears or arrows, signifying human hunting.

The site of Dolní Věstonice in Moravia, Czech Republic, was found with more than seven hundred statuettes of animals, many of woolly rhinoceroses.

Extinction
Analysis of the nuclear genome suggests that the woolly rhinoceros experienced a population expansion beginning around 30,000 years ago. The end of the last glacial period shows a progressive contraction of the range of the woolly rhinoceros, with the species disappearing from Europe during the interval between 17-15,000 years ago, with its youngest confirmed records being from the Urals, dating to 14,200 years ago, and northeast Siberia, dating to around 14,000 years ago. The youngest records of the species coincide with the onset of the Bølling–Allerød warming, which likely resulted in increased precipitation (including snowfall), which transformed the woolly rhinoceros' preferred low-growing grass and herb habitat into one dominated by shrubs and trees. The woolly rhinoceros was likely intolerant of deep snow, which its short limbs were inefficient in moving through. Population fragmentation is likely to have played a role in its extinction. The presence of large numbers of cervical ribs in specimens from the Netherlands may have been due to inbreeding or harsh environmental conditions. A genetic study of the woolly rhinoceros remains in northeast Siberia, dating to around 18,500 years ago, a few thousand years before its extinction, found that the population size was stable and relatively large, despite long-term co-existence with humans in the region. A Holocene survival of the species has been suggested by the finding of environmental DNA of the woolly rhinoceros in sediments of the Kolyma region of Northeast Siberia dating to 9,800 ± 200 years ago. However, it has been demonstrated that ancient DNA in permafrost can be reworked into sediment layers dating to well after the extinction of the originating species, though other authors have argued that this specific environmental DNA record is unlikely to have been reworked. Low level human hunting may have played a decisive role in the extinction by reducing the ability of woolly rhinoceros populations to colonise newly suitable habitat, thereby exacerbating the population fragmentation brought on by environmental change.

Frozen specimens
Many rhinoceros remains have been found preserved in the permafrost region. In 1771, a head, two legs and hide were found in the Vilyuy River in eastern Siberia and sent to the Kunstkamera in Saint Petersburg. Later in 1877, a Siberian trader recovered a head and one leg from a tributary of the Yana River.

In October 1907, miners in Starunia, Russian Empire, found a mammoth carcass buried in an ozokerite pit. A month later, a rhinoceros was found 5 m underneath. Both were sent to the Dzieduszycki Museum, where a detailed description was published in the museum's monograph. Photographs were published in paleontological journals and textbooks, and the first modern paintings of the species were based on the mounted specimen. The rhino is now located in the Lviv National Museum along with the mammoth. Later, in 1929, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences sent an expedition to Starunia, finding the mummified remains of three rhinos. One specimen, missing only its horns and fur, was taken to the Aquarium and Natural History Museum in Kraków. A plaster cast was made soon afterwards, which is now held in the Natural History Museum in London. Skull and rib fragments of a rhinoceros were found in 1972 in Churapcha, between the Lena and Amga rivers. A whole skeleton was found soon afterwards, with preserved skin, fur, and stomach contents. In 1976, schoolchildren on a class trip found a 20,000-year-old rhinoceros skeleton on the Aldan River's left bank, uncovering a skull with both horns, a spine, ribs and limb bones.

In 2007, a partial rhinoceros carcass was found in the lower reaches of the Kolyma river. Its upward-facing position indicates that the animal probably fell into mud and sank. Next year in 2008, a nearly complete skeleton came from the Chukochya River. That same year, locals near the Amga discovered mummified rhinoceros remains, and over the next two years, pelvic bones, tail vertebrae and ribs were excavated along with forelimbs and hind limbs with toes intact.

In September 2014, a mummified young rhinoceros was discovered by two hunters, Alexander “Sasha” Banderov and Simeon Ivanov, at a tributary of the Semyulyakh River in the Abyysky District in Yakutia, Russia. Its head and horns, fur, and soft tissues were recovered. Some parts had been thawed and eaten since they were not covered by permafrost. The body was handed over to the Yakutia Academy of Sciences, where it was named “Sasha” after one of its discoverers. Dental analysis shows that the calf was about seven months old at the time of its death. With its well-intact preservation, scientists proceeded to undergo DNA analysis.

In August 2020, a rhinoceros was found, after being revealed by melting permafrost, close to the site of the 2014 discovery. The rhino was between three and four years old and it is thought that the cause of death was drowning. It is one of the best-preserved animals recovered from the region, having most of its internal organs intact. The discovery was also notable for the preservation of a small nasal horn, a rarity as these normally decompose quickly.

title: Woolly rhinoceros


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Gambier Parry process

The Gambier Parry process is a development of the classical technique of fresco for painting murals, named for Thomas Gambier Parry.

True fresco is the technique of painting on fresh lime plaster whereby the pigments are fixed by the carbonatation of the lime (calcium hydroxide). The technique requires no other binding medium and the fixing process produces a durable crystalline paint layer. However, only a limited range of pigments are suitable for true frescoes and the technique requires careful application under controlled conditions, and relatively low humidity thereafter. In some environments, conventional fresco colours can rapidly accumulate dirt and grime. The decoration of the new Houses of Parliament in the mid-nineteenth century saw an embarrassing failure of true fresco in England but had generated a revival in mural painting.

Gambier Parry developed a spirit medium for use on a specially prepared plaster or canvas ground and in 1862 he published his recipe. Originally it used beeswax, oil of spike lavender, spirits of turpentine, elemi resin and copal varnish, and was complex both in preparing the wall surface and applying the paint. With commercialisation the process was simplified and became widely known.

The system was used by Frederic Leighton for The Arts of Industry as Applied to War and The Arts of Industry as Applied to Peace at the Victoria & Albert Museum (1870-72) and by Ford Madox Brown on the Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall (1879-93). One of the most complete examples of the Gambier Parry process may be seen at St Leonard's Church, Newland, Worcestershire where frescoes cover the interior of the church; St Leonard's is the private chapel of the Beauchamp Almshouses.

title: Gambier Parry process


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2002 Swedish general election

General elections were held in Sweden on 15 September 2002, alongside municipal and county council elections. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Riksdag, winning 144 of the 349 seats.

After securing a confidence and supply agreement with the Left Party and the Green Party, Prime Minister Göran Persson was able to remain in his position for a third consecutive term as a minority government.

Although the bloc compositions were similar to 1998, the complexions of the centre-right bloc shifted radically. Under new party leader Bo Lundgren, the Moderates lost more than seven percentage points and barely held on as the largest party in its coalition. Only eight municipalities in all of Sweden had the Moderates as the largest party, six of which were in the Stockholm area. The Peoples' Party led by Lars Leijonborg, instead more than doubled its parliamentary delegation and received above 13% of the vote. Lundgren resigned in the wake of the election, leading to the selection of future Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt as the Moderate leader.

Among the four other Riksdag parties, the Christian Democrats and the Left Party both lost ground, whereas the Centre and Green parties managed to reach the parliamentary threshold of four percentage points.

Among minor parties, the Norrbotten Party reached 9.4% of the vote in its county, polling above 20% in some inland areas. However, this was not enough to gain a Riksdag seat. The Sweden Democrats became the eight largest party for the first time, making sizeable gains and winning more council seats than ever before.

title: 2002 Swedish general election


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1998 Swedish general election

General elections were held in Sweden on 20 September 1998. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Riksdag, winning 131 of the 349 seats.

The incumbent Social Democratic minority government, led by Göran Persson, was returned to power despite losing seats and receiving fewer votes than in their 1991 defeat. They remained in power with support from the Left Party and the Green Party. While the three left-wing parties saw a net loss of 11 seats, the Left Party nearly doubled its representation in the Riksdag. This reflected how many Social Democratic voters were dissatisfied with the policies of the government, which had implemented austerity measures to reduce the budget deficit.

The Social Democrats were able to form a government in spite of the sizeable decline of the vote, since the centre-right parties failed to recover more than a net share of 11 seats out of the required 27. The most notable gain was that the capital Stockholm going blue in spite of a stable nationwide left-leaning majority, something that previously had been unlikely. In suburban areas around the two largest cities several municipalities also flipped blue. Other gains were in the blue heartlands of Southern Sweden, with Jönköping and Linköping being major pickups. Even so, 23 out of 29 constituencies voted for the leftist parties. Gothenburg remained in the red column in spite of a large net swing towards the opposition.

Even so, smaller municipalities away from the bigger cities gave the red-green bloc a sizeable edge, with the Left Party getting into double-digits nationwide. Even though there was a drop of support in major cities, many areas that had previously voted blue remained with the red-green bloc. For the Social Democrats, the steep drop of the party's nationwide vote share was still felt in many of its historically strong industrial areas. The party's vote share had dropped to a 70-year low and many absolute majorities from 1994 election were lost.

Besides from the Left Party, the other party that made major gains were the Christian Democrats. The party had been on the verge of falling out of the Riksdag in 1994, yet almost tripled its vote share to end up at 11.8%, even being the largest centre-right party in its stronghold of Jönköping County. The former heads of government, the Centre Party, continued its decline and recorded 5.1% of the vote, more than a million fewer overall votes than in the 1970s elections. The People's Party fared even worse at 4.7%.

Results
There were 5,261,109 valid ballots cast, a sizeable decrease in turnout from the 1994 election, with turnout dropping from 86.8% to 81.4%.

title: 1998 Swedish general election


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Kevin Archer

Kevin "Al" Archer (born 21 December 1958) is an English guitarist and songwriter.

Career
Archer played with Kevin Rowland in the punk rock group the Killjoys. In 1978, Rowland and Archer formed Dexys Midnight Runners. Archer co-wrote some of the songs on the group's debut album Searching for the Young Soul Rebels.

He used the name "Al" because Kevin Rowland decided that the group was not big enough to accommodate two Kevins. After the first album, Archer, exhausted by Dexys' touring schedule, left the group in early 1981. In a 2009 interview, with Joanne Malin on her BBC Radio WM morning show, Archer said he enjoyed the musical side of the group, but did not enjoy the culture of the band under Rowland's direction. The band's second album, Too-Rye-Ay (1982), featured his significant influence on the hit single "Come On Eileen", though Rowland did not acknowledge this until years later.

He then formed the Blue Ox Babes. The band finally signed to Go! Discs Records for three singles and an aborted album, Apples & Oranges, which belatedly saw release in 2009 – 20 years after it was recorded.

title: Kevin Archer


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Antonius

Antonius is a masculine given name, as well as a surname. Antonius is a Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Latin, Norwegian, and Swedish name used in Greenland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, part of the Republic of Karelia, Estonia, Belgium, Netherlands, Suriname, South Africa, Namibia, and Indonesia, while Antoníus is an Icelandic name used in Iceland. It is also the source of the English personal name Anthony, as well as a number of similar names in various European languages.

Antonius is the nomen of the gens Antonia, an important plebeian family of ancient Rome. Marcus Antonius claimed that the gens was descended from Anton, a son of Hercules. Women of the family were called Antonia. The Antonii produced a number of important generals and politicians, some of whom are listed below. For other persons with this name, see Antonia (gens).

 * Marcus Antonius (83–30 BC), ally of Caesar, triumvir and afterwards enemy of Augustus. Probably the most famous of the Antonii, his life is depicted in William Shakespeare's play Antony and Cleopatra. He promulgated the leges Antoniae of 44 BC, abolishing the office of dictator, re-adjusting provincial commands, confirming Caesar's acta, and granting provocatio to those convicted de maiestate and de vi.

Other Antonii

 * Marcus Antonius, the orator, Marcus Antonius' grandfather (died 87 BC)
 * Marcus Antonius Creticus, Marcus Antonius' father
 * Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Marcus Antonius' uncle
 * Gaius Antonius, Marcus Antonius' younger brother (died 42 BC)
 * Marcus Antonius, sometimes called Antyllus, Marcus Antonius' eldest son by Fulvia (died 30 BC)
 * Iullus Antonius, Marcus Antonius' youngest son by Fulvia (died 2 BC)
 * Antonius Natalis, an equestrian, member of the Pisonian conspiracy against Nero
 * Marcus Antonius Gordianus I, emperor in AD 238
 * Marcus Antonius Gordianus II, emperor in AD 238
 * Marcus Antonius Gordianus III, emperor from AD 238 to 244
 * Saint Antonius, Father of Christian Monasticism

Other ancient people with the name Antonius

 * Antonius of Argos, Greek poet, dates unknown
 * Antonius Rufus, a number of lesser-known men from the ancient Roman empire
 * Antonius Rufus (grammarian), 1st-century Roman Latin grammarian
 * Antonius Atticus, 1st-century BC Roman rhetorician
 * Antonius Castor, 1st-century AD Roman botanist
 * Antonius (herbalist), 1st-century AD Greek-Roman herbalist mentioned by Galen
 * Antonius Felix, 1st-century AD Roman Roman procurator of Judea
 * Antonius Flamma, 1st-century AD Roman governor of Cyrenaica
 * Antonius Musa, 1st-century AD Greek-Roman botanist and physician
 * Antonius Diogenes, likely 2nd-century AD Roman novelist
 * Antonius (philosopher), 4th-century AD Egyptian neoplatonist
 * Antonius (monk), 5th-century AD Greek monk and disciple of Simeon Stylites

Latinized medieval and Renaissance name

 * Antonius Agellius (Antonio Agellio; 1532–1608), Italian bishop
 * Antonius Andreas (c.1280–1320), Spanish Franciscan theologian
 * Antonius Augustinus (Antonio Agustín y Albanell; 1516–1586), Spanish Humanist historian, jurist and archbishop
 * Antonius de Butrio (1338–1408), Italian jurist
 * Antonius Divitis (Anthonius de Rijke; c. 1470 – c. 1530), Flemish composer
 * Antonius Galli (c.1505–1565), Flemish composer
 * Antonius Goveanus (António de Gouveia; c.1505–1566), Portuguese humanist and educator
 * Antonius Mancinellus (1452–1505), Italian humanist pedagogue, grammarian, and rhetorician
 * Antonius Melissa, 11th century Greek monk and author
 * Antonius Monchiacenus Demochares (1494–1574), French theologian and canonist
 * Antonius Nebrissensis (1441–1522), Spanish Renaissance scholar
 * Antonius Romanus (fl.1400–1432), Italian composer
 * Antonius Sanderus (1586–1664), Flemish Catholic cleric and historian
 * Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita (1604–1660), Czech or Austrian astronomer and optician
 * Antonius Thysius the Elder (1565–1640), Dutch Reformed theologian
 * Antonius Walaeus (1573–1639), Dutch Calvinist minister and theologian

Adopted name by Roman Catholic clergy

 * Antonius Subianto Bunjamin (born 1968), Indonesian bishop
 * Antonius Fischer (1840–1912), German archbishop
 * Antonius Hilfrich (1873–1947), German Bishop of Limburg
 * Antonius Serra (1610–1669), Greek Roman Catholic bishop
 * Antonius von Steichele (1816–1889), German archbishop
 * Antonius Grech Delicata Testaferrata (1823–1876), Maltese bishop
 * Antonius von Thoma (1829–1897), German archbishop

Modern given name
Antonius or Anthonius is a common given name in the Netherlands; in daily life, most people with this name use short forms like Antoine, Anton, Antoni(e), Antoon, Teun, Teunis, Theunis, Theuns, Toine, Ton, Tony, Toon and Twan.
 * Antonius Ariantho (born 1973), Indonesian badminton player
 * Antonius W.M. "Toon" Becx (1920–2013), Dutch footballer
 * Antonius J.M. "Anton" Berns (born 1945), Dutch molecular geneticist
 * Antonius Bouwens (1876–1963), Dutch sports shooter
 * Antonius van den Broek (1870–1926), Dutch physicist
 * Antonius Cleveland (born 1994), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Antonius Colenbrander (1889–1929), Dutch equestrian
 * Antonius "Ton" Cornelissen (born 1964), Dutch footballer
 * Antonius van Dale (1638–1708), Dutch Mennonite preacher, physician and writer
 * Antonius S.N.L. "Toon" Dupuis (1877–1937), Belgian-born Dutch sculptor and medallist
 * Antonius Ebben (1930–2011), Dutch equestrian
 * Antonius Eisenhoit (1554–1603), German goldsmith, engraver and draftsman
 * Antonius Johannes "Anton" Geesink (1934–2010), Dutch judoka
 * Antonius Geurts (1932–2017), Dutch sprint canoer
 * Antonius Jan Glazemaker (1931–2018), Dutch Old Catholic archbishop
 * Antonius Goebouw (1616–1698), Flemish Baroque painter
 * Antonius Hambroek (1607–1661), Dutch missionary to Formosa
 * Antonius J.F. "Anton" Hekking (1855–1935), Dutch-born American cellist
 * Antonius Maria van Heugten (1945–2008), Dutch sidecarcross racer
 * Antonius Heinsius (1641–1720), Dutch Grand Pensionary of Holland
 * Antonius Matthias "Anton" Hirschig (1867–1939), Dutch painter, acquaintance of Van Gogh
 * Antonius J.L. "Anton" van Hooff (born 1943), Dutch historian of antiquity
 * Antonius A.J. "Anton" Huiskes (1928–2008), Dutch speed skater
 * Antonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans (born 1944), Dutch bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch
 * Antonius Johannes Theodorus Janse (1877–1970), Dutch-born South African entomologist
 * Antonius Johannes Jurgens (1867–1945), Dutch margarine and soap manufacturer, founder of Unilever
 * Antonius C. J. de Leeuw (born 1941), Dutch organizational theorist
 * Antonius de Liedekerke (1587–1661), Dutch sea captain and ambassador to Morocco
 * Antonius J.J. "Ton" Lokhoff (born 1959), Dutch football player and coach
 * Antonius van Loon (1888–1962), Dutch tug of war competitor
 * Antonius H.J. "Tony" Lovink (1902–1995), Dutch diplomat and last Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
 * Antonius Cornelis "Ton" Lutz (1919–2009), Dutch actor
 * Antonius J.M. "Toine" Manders (born 1956), Dutch VVD politician and MEP
 * Antonius Mathijsen (1805–1878), Dutch army surgeon, first to use plaster casts
 * Antonius Mazairac (1901–1966), Dutch track cyclist
 * Antonius W.M.T. "Toine" van Mierlo (born 1957), Dutch footballer
 * Antonius Montfoort (1902–1974), Dutch fencer
 * Antonius van Nieuwenhuizen (1879–1957), Dutch fencer
 * Antonius van Opbergen (1543–1611), Flemish architect and fortifications engineer
 * Antonius A.H. "Toon" Oprinsen (1910–1945), Dutch footballer
 * Antonius Franciscus "Toon" Pastor (1929–2008), Dutch boxer
 * Antonius J.P. "Twan" Poels (born 1963), Dutch cyclist
 * Antonius Maria "Ton" Richter (1919–2009), Dutch field hockey player
 * Antonius Roberts (born 1958), Bahamian artist
 * Antonius O.H. "Toon" Tellegen (born 1941), Dutch children's writer, poet, and physician
 * Antonius F.C. "Anton" Toscani (1901–1984), Dutch race walker
 * Antonius H.M. "Ton" van de Ven (1944–2015), Dutch industrial designer
 * Antonius Wilhelmus "Antoon" Verlegh (1896–1960), Dutch football player and administrator
 * Antonius Cornelis Franciscus Vorst (born 1952), Dutch financial engineer and mathematician
 * Antonius Wyngaerde (died 1499), Dutch composer in Antwerp

Modern surname

 * George Antonius (1891 – 1942), Lebanese-Egyptian author and diplomat
 * Patrik Antonius (born 1980), Finnish poker player

title: Antonius


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Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell

Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell (1512 – September 1556) was the son of Adam Hepburn, Lord Hailes, who died at the Battle of Flodden the year after Patrick's birth.

Hepburn was known as the Fair Earl. He owed this more to his looks than his character, being described as "fair and white" while a young boy.

He was imprisoned in 1529 for two years for harbouring robbers. Once released he decided to exact revenge by beginning a treasonable correspondence with England. He then spent much of the next years in England, and after James V died following the Battle of Solway Moss, Hepburn signed a pact with Henry VIII promising to serve him and aid the commitment of the then infant Mary, Queen of Scots, into Henry's custody.

Despite having sworn loyalty to Henry VIII, Hepburn was awarded an annual pension of £1,000 from Mary of Guise (Mary, Queen of Scots' mother) in return for his patriotic fidelity. It was said that Hepburn believed there was the possibility of marrying into royalty and that was his reason for divorcing his wife. However, the prospects for royal marriage were thin and despite Henry VIII engaging in another bloody invasion of Scotland, Hepburn resumed correspondence with the English Court. In the intervening years, Hepburn played a role in the death of George Wishart.

In 1548, Hepburn renounced his loyalty to the Scottish crown, and became a pensioner of England, earning £3,000 annually. He went into England in July 1549, staying two nights at Naworth Castle. However, in 1554 he returned to Scotland after his formal pardon by Mary of Guise. He died at Dumfries.

The Earl of Bothwell married in 1534, Agnes (d. 1572), daughter of Henry Sinclair, 4th Lord Sinclair (who also fell at Flodden). They were divorced before 16 October 1543, whereafter she was styled Lady Morham until her death. They had three children:
 * James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, his son and heir, who eventually became the third and last husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.
 * Jean (Janet) Hepburn (d. before 27 July 1599) whose first husband was John Sinclair, Master of Caithness (d.1578, v.p.), with issue; her second husband was John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham, by whom she had Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell; her third husband the notorious Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas, a Senator of the College of Justice, and brother of William Douglas of Whittinghame.

title: Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell


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Talk:2002 Swedish general election

Untitled
To be consistent with other election articles, this one should be called Swedish legislative election, 2002. Adam 13:24, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This page and the 2006 election are the only elections without a Registered voters number. Even though the percentage has been calculated. I would suggest showing the number so that we can see that the calculations are correct. JurijFedorov (talk) 13:19, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:2002 Swedish general election