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Port Pirie

Port Pirie is a small city on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia, 223 km north of the state capital, Adelaide. Port Pirie is the largest city and the main retail centre of the Mid North region of South Australia. The city has an expansive history which dates back to 1845. Port Pirie was the first proclaimed regional city in South Australia, and is currently the second most important and second busiest port in SA.

At the 2021 Census, Port Pirie had a population of 13,896. Port Pirie is the eighth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Gawler, Mount Barker, Whyalla, Murray Bridge and Port Lincoln.

The city's economy is dominated by one of the world's largest lead smelters, operated by Nyrstar. It also produces refined silver, copper, acid, gold and various other by-products.

In 2014, the smelter underwent a $650 million upgrade, of which $291 million was underwritten by the state government to replace some of the old existing plant and to reduce airborne lead emissions drastically. Regardless of these upgrades, blood lead levels in young children continue to rise. In 2021 a report from the South Australian Health Department found an average blood level of 7.3 mg/dL in young children, compared to a finding of 5.3 mg/dL in 2014, and an upward trend of airborne lead levels.

History
Prior to British settlement, the location that became Port Pirie was occupied by the indigenous tribe of Nukunu. The location was called 'Tarparrie', which is suspected to mean "Muddy Creek". The first European to see the location was Matthew Flinders in 1802, as he explored the Spencer Gulf by boat. The first land discovery of the location by a European was by the explorer Edward Eyre, who explored regions around Port Augusta. John Horrocks also discovered a pass through the Flinders Ranges to the coast, now named Horrocks Pass.

The town was originally called Samuel's Creek after the discovery of Muddy Creek by Samuel Germein. In 1846, Port Pirie Creek was named by Governor Robe after the John Pirie, the first vessel to navigate the creek when transporting sheep from Bowman's Run near Crystal Brook. In 1848, Matthew Smith and Emanuel Solomon bought 85 acre and subdivided it as a township to be known as Port Pirie. Little development occurred on site and by the late 1860s there were only three woolsheds on the riverfront.

The locality was surveyed as a government town in December 1871 by Charles Hope Harris. The thoroughfares and streets were named after the family of George Goyder, Surveyor General of South Australia. In 1873, the land of Solomon and Smith was re-surveyed and named Solomontown. On 28 September 1876, with a population of 947, Port Pirie was declared a municipality.

With the discovery of rich ore bearing silver, lead and zinc at Broken Hill in 1883, and the completion of a narrow gauge railway from Port Pirie to close to the Broken Hill field in 1888, the economic activities of the town underwent profound change. In 1889 a lead smelter was built by the British Blocks company to treat the Broken Hill ore. BHP initially leased the smelter from British Blocks but began constructing its own smelter from 1892. In 1913, the Russian consul-general Alexander Abaza reported that Port Pirie had a population of more than 500 Russians, mostly Ossetians, who had come to work at the smelter. At that time the town supported a Russian-language school and library.

In 1915, the smelter was taken over by Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS) – a joint venture of companies operating in Broken Hill. Led by the Collins House Group, by 1934 BHAS became the biggest lead smelter in the world. The smelter gradually passed to Pasminco, then Zinifex, and since 2007 has been operated by Nyrstar.

In 1921, the town's population had grown to 9,801, living in 2,308 occupied dwellings. By this date, there were 62 boarding houses to cater for the labour demands at the smelter, and the increasingly busy waterfront.

During World War II (1941-1943), a Bombing and Gunnery school (2BAGS) was established by the Royal Air Force at Port Pirie. 22 men lost their lives there during training exercises. It was re-designated the 3 Aerial Observers School (3AOS) in December 1943.

Port Pirie was declared South Australia's first provincial city in 1953, and today it is South Australia's second largest port.

Heritage listings

The city is characterised by an attractive main street and some interesting and unusual historic buildings. Heritage-listed sites include:

 * 1 Alexander Street: Barrier Chambers Offices
 * 32 Ellen Street: Adelaide Steamship Company Building
 * 64-68 Ellen Street: Sampson's Butcher Shop
 * 69-71 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Customs House
 * 73-77 Ellen Street: Port Pirie (Ellen Street) railway station
 * 79-81 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Post Office
 * 85 Ellen Street: Development Board Building
 * 94 Ellen Street: Sample Rooms, rear of Portside Tavern
 * 134 Ellen Street: Family Hotel
 * 32 Florence Street: Carn Brae
 * 50-52 Florence Street: Waterside Workers' Federation Building
 * 105 Gertrude Street: Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School
 * Memorial Drive: Second World War Memorial Gates
 * 5 Norman Street: AMP Society Building, Port Pirie

Demographics
In the, the population of the Port Pirie urban area was 13,896 people. Approximately 51.0% of the population were female, 85.9% were Australian born, and 5.2% were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.

Port Pirie has significant Italian and Greek communities.

In 2021, the most popular industries for employment were copper, silver, lead and zinc smelting and refining (11.0%), non-psychiatric hospitals (6.0%), residential aged care (4.3%), other social assistance services (4.2%) and supermarket and grocery stores (3.9%). The unemployment rate was 7.7%. The median weekly household income was A$1044 per week. 48.5% of the population identified with no religion, while 21.0% identified themselves as Catholic.

Geography
Port Pirie is at an elevation of 4 metres above sea level. It is approximately 8 km inland, on the Pirie River, which is a tidal saltwater inlet from Spencer Gulf. It is on the coastal plain between Spencer Gulf to the west, and the Flinders Ranges to the east.

Climate
Port Pirie experiences a hot-semi arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), Trewartha: BSal). It has hot, dry summers; mild to warm, relatively dry springs and autumns; and mild, relatively dry winters.

Port Pirie exists in a region with a semi-arid climate, outside Goyder's Line, surrounded by mallee scrub. Average daily maximum temperatures vary, from a mild 16.4 °C in winter, to 32.0 °C in summer. Its average annual rainfall is 345.2 millimetres, most of which falls in winter. The city is fairly sunny, receiving 125.0 clear days annually, with the sunny days being more concentrated in the summer.

Transport
Port Pirie is 5 km off the Augusta Highway. It is serviced by Port Pirie Airport, six kilometres south of the city.

Railways
The first railway in Port Pirie opened in 1875 when the South Australian Railways gauge Port Pirie-Cockburn line opened to Gladstone, ultimately being extended to Broken Hill. The original Ellen Street station was located on the street with the track running down the middle. The station today is occupied by the Port Pirie National Trust Museum.

In 1937, it became a break-of-gauge station when the broad gauge Adelaide-Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. At the same time the Commonwealth Railways standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was extended south from Port Augusta to terminate at the new Port Pirie Junction station where it met the broad gauge line, in the suburb of Solomontown.

As far back as 1943, a plan existed to build a new station to remove trains from Ellen Street. As part of the gauge conversion of the Port Pirie to Broken Hill line, Mary Elie Street station was built to replace both Ellen Street and Port Pirie Junction stations.

When opened, the new station was the meeting point for the Commonwealth Railways and South Australian Railways networks with through trains changing locomotives and crews, so the disadvantages were not as notable. However, after both became part of Australian National in July 1975 and trains began to operate in and out with the same locomotives, trains began to operate via Coonamia station on the outskirts of the city.

Mary Ellie Street station was eventually closed in the 1990s and in 2009 was redeveloped as the city's library. Until 2012, a GM class locomotive and three carriages were stabled at the platform.

A freight line continues to operate into Port Pirie, feeding the metals plant with raw materials from Broken Hill, and transporting the processed material to Adelaide. This line is managed by Bowmans Rail.

Sea transport
Port Pirie's marine facilities, managed by Flinders Ports, handle up to 100 ship visits annually, up to Handymax size, for commodities such as mineral concentrates, refined lead and zinc, coal, grain, and general cargo.

Bridge to nowhere
John Pirie Bridge, locally known as 'the bridge to nowhere', was built in the 1970s to encourage development of industry on the other side of Port Pirie Creek. Construction cost $410,000 and lasted 26 weeks. It was officially named the John Pirie Bridge in 1980. The land across the bridge remains undeveloped.

Economy
The main industries are the smelting of metals, and the operation of silos to hold grain.

, Port Pirie is the locality of the largest lead smelter and refinery in the southern hemisphere; a lead smelter has been there since the 1880s. The owner since 2007, Nyrstar, is the city's main employer., and high blood lead levels in the local population are an ongoing concern. In 2006 Zinifex formed a joint venture with Umicore to create Nyrstar, which owns the smelter, with the intention that it would eventually be an entity separate from the parent companies.

Development
A $3.3 million cultural precinct funded by the Port Pirie Regional Council and the Federal Government was completed in 2010. A committee is also looking at building a multi-purpose stadium. The swimming pool was modernised after receiving a $1 million refit. A major waste recovery facility was opened in 2013, in which all waste and recycled material is sorted under one roof. In 2012 Port Pirie Regional Council completed a $5 million community water recycling project with Nyrstar which allows 350 megalitres of water from the smelter to be reused. Plans are under way to establish a large shopping complex in the city with an additional supermarket and department store. The city's population is continually growing and property prices continue to rise. The Port Pirie Regional Council has a number of large projects that will be launched or completed next financial year.

Waterfront development
The PPRC completed a major redevelopment of its foreshore area in 2014 including the construction of the Solomontown Beach Plaza, opening up Beach abroad to through traffic, replacing lighting along the beach and improving security. In addition, by the end of 2014, the council aims to replace and duplicate the current Solomontown boat ramp and undertake dredging in the vicinity of the ramp. This investment is aimed at creating a waterfront which will revitalise the area from the Main Road boat ramp up to the area off Ellen street.

Efforts to combat lead poisoning
Lead smelters contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised lead levels in the blood of some of the town population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the area. A state government project addressed this. Nyrstar plans to progressively reduce lead in blood levels such that ultimately 95% of all children meet the national goal of 10 micrograms per decilitre. This has been known as the "tenby10" project. Community lead in blood levels in children are now at less than half the level that they were in the mid 1980s.

The Port Pirie smelter conducted a project to reduce lead levels in children to less than 10 micrograms per decilitre by the end of 2010.

The goal we are committed to achieving is for at least 95% of our children aged 0 to 4 to have a blood lead level below ten micrograms per decilitre of blood (the first ten in tenby10) by the end of 2010 (the second ten in tenby10).

Higher concentrations of lead have been found in the organs of bottlenose dolphins stranded near the lead smelter, compared to dolphins stranded elsewhere in South Australia. The health impacts of these metals on dolphins has been examined and some associations between high metal concentrations and kidney toxicity were noted.

Education
Port Pirie has many educational institutions, including John Pirie Secondary School (years 8-12), St Mark's College (Foundation - year 12), Mid North Christian College (reception - year 12), many preschools and primary schools, and a TAFE campus (adult education).

Risdon Park High School (formerly Port Pirie Technical High School) was a co-ed state school. In 1973, Port Pire Technical High School changed its name to Ridson Park High School, and in 1995 the school merged with Port Pirie High School forming John Pirie Secondary School.

Culture
Port Pirie is home to the National Trust Historic and Folk Museum and Memorial Park, and the Port Pirie Regional Art Gallery also serves the regional community.

Every September and October the city hosts a country music festival.

The Keith Michell Theatre, within the Northern Festival Centre, is named after the renowned actor Keith Michell, who grew up in Warnertown, 5 km from Port Pirie.

A play by actress and playwright Elena Carapetis, The Gods of Strangers, set in Port Pirie, is based on the oral histories of Greek, Cypriot and Italian people who migrated to regional South Australia after World War II. It was staged by the State Theatre Company South Australia in 2018. It played at the Dunstan Playhouse in Adelaide as well as in Port Pirie. It was also filmed by local production company KOJO and intended to be shown by Country Arts SA in regional cinemas in 2020, but it was later shown online owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia.

News media
The town's main newspaper, The Recorder, was first published 21 March 1885 as The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News. In 1971, a brief experiment, known as the Northern Observer (7 July - 30 August 1971), occurred when The Recorder and The Transcontinental from Port Augusta were published under a combined title in Port Pirie. The Recorder, which is still in print today (Tuesdays and Thursdays), has recently changed to a morning paper, after being delivered at around 3:00 pm. Other Port Pirie newspapers include the free The Flinders News (Wednesdays), and The Advertiser, which covers some Port Pirie news, but to a very small extent.

Another newspaper, the Port Pirie Advertiser (7 April 1898 – 28 June 1924) was also published by Robert Osborne. A further publication was the short-lived Saturday Times (6 December 1913 – 15 August 1914), printed by Roy Harold Butler and closed at the start of the Great War.

Television coverage in the city is provided by the ABC, SBS, Southern Cross (7, 9 and 10) and Austar. Several radio stations cover Port Pirie, including ABC 639AM, ABC 891AM, 1044 5CS, 1242 5AU, ABC Classic FM, Radio National, ABC NewsRadio, triple j, Magic FM and Trax FM (a community radio station).

State and federal
The results shown are from "Port Pirie West", the largest polling booth in Port Pirie, which is at the SA TAFE Campus.

Port Pirie is part of the federal division of Grey, and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 4.43% but is considered a safe Liberal seat.

The city is part of the state electoral district of Frome, which had been held since 1993 by former Liberal Premier, Rob Kerin, with a margin of 3.4%. It also has been considered a safe Liberal seat.

Although the region is generally Liberal-leaning because of its agricultural base, Port Pirie is an industrial centre that is favourable to the Australian Labor Party.

In late 2008, Rob Kerin announced his retirement, which led to a by-election being held in January 2009. Port Pirie mayor Geoff Brock announced his candidacy as an independent, and subsequently took the seat from the Liberals at the 2009 Frome by-election. After the poll for the by-election had closed and first preferences had been counted, (but before other preferences had been distributed), the result was Lib: 39.2%; ALP: 26.1%; Brock 23.6%; Nat: 6.6%; Greens: 3.8%; Other: 0.7%.

State Opposition Leader Martin Hamilton-Smith (Liberal Party) claimed victory, prematurely. Distribution of National Party, Greens and other preferences placed Brock ahead of the ALP candidate. Hence with the assistance of the ALP candidate's preferences, Geoff Brock won the by-election 51.7% to 48.3% for the Liberal candidate.

Local government
Port Pirie and some of the sparsely inhabited areas around it are in the Port Pirie Regional Council local government area.

Sportspeople

 * Brodie Atkinson (1972-), St. Kilda, Adelaide Crows, North Adelaide premiership player (1991), Sturt premiership player (2002) and Magarey Medal winner (1997)
 * Mark Bickley (1969-), Adelaide Crows dual premiership captain
 * Abby Bishop (1989-), Canberra Capitals basketball player
 * Mark Jamar (1982-), Melbourne Demons player
 * Lewis Johnston (1991-), Sydney Swans and Adelaide Crows football player
 * Sam Mayes (1994-), North Adelaide, Brisbane Lions (2013-2018) and Port Adelaide FC (2019-) football player
 * Nip Pellew (1893-1981), Australian test cricketer and North Adelaide player
 * David Tiller (1958-), North Adelaide Roosters captain and premiership player
 * Elijah Ware (1983-), Port Adelaide and Central Districts player and premiership player

Others

 * Geoff Brock, state politician
 * Sir Hugh Cairns (1896–1952), neurosurgeon
 * Ted Connelly, state politician
 * Lillian Crombie (1958–2024), actress
 * Andrew Lacey (1887–1946), federal and state politician, state leader of the ALP 1933–1938
 * Keith Michell (1928-2015), actor
 * John Noble (1948-), actor and director
 * Robert Stigwood (1934-2016), music entrepreneur and impresario

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Tom Skilling

Thomas E. Skilling III (born February 20, 1952) is a former American television meteorologist. From 1978 to his retirement in 2024, he worked as a meteorologist at WGN-TV in Chicago.

Beginnings
The oldest of four children, Tom Skilling was born at Magee Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Thomas Jr. and Betty (Clarke) Skilling. His early years were spent in Westfield, New Jersey. The family moved to the Chicago suburb of Aurora, Illinois, where he attended West Aurora High School. While in high school Tom began his career in broadcasting at age 14, working for WKKD and WKKD-FM. Skilling observed that WKKD's forecasts were inaccurate because they were for Chicago and not Aurora, so he approached WKKD and offered to forecast the weather for several days, with the condition that if his forecasts were accurate he would be hired to host his own weather program. Skilling's forecasts were accurate, and he was hired to forecast Aurora's weather three times a day. At age 18, he began working at WLXT-TV in Aurora.

Skilling attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison to study meteorology and journalism. While attending the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he worked at WKOW-TV and WTSO radio, both in Madison. In 1975 Skilling took his first major-market television position, becoming the lead forecaster at WITI-TV in Milwaukee. At WITI, he delivered his forecasts with the "help" of the station's resident sock puppet mascot, Albert the Alley Cat.

WGN-TV
Skilling returned to the Chicago area and joined WGN-TV on August 13, 1978. He was WGN-TV's chief meteorologist and was rumored to be the highest-paid local broadcast meteorologist in the United States. He also had written the daily weather column for the Chicago Tribune. That feature, Ask Tom, ceased in August 2022 with a redesign of the weather page.

His weather broadcasts have always featured the latest technology in computer imagery and animation techniques. He has long been hailed for his in-depth reports and striking accuracy, perhaps best highlighted by his correctly predicting the Groundhog Day blizzard in 2011 almost two weeks before it paralyzed the Chicago area. "Skillful", as his late WGN-TV colleague Bob Collins called him, was consulted for the movie The Weather Man, which was set in Skilling's hometown of Chicago at a fictionalized version of WGN-TV.

He also narrated the documentaries It Sounded Like a Freight Train and When Lightning Strikes for the station, about the science and dangers of tornadoes (the documentary also includes the Chicago area's history of tornadoes) and lightning.

Skilling announced on October 12, 2023 that he would be retiring from WGN-TV on February 28, 2024. On February 1, 2024, WGN announced that the WGN Weather Center will be renamed the Tom Skilling Weather Center.

AMS and Fermilab
Skilling is a member of the American Meteorological Society and National Weather Association. He hosted annual tornado and severe weather seminars at the Fermi National Accelerator Lab (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois. 2013 marked the 32nd year of the seminar and the first that featured presentations specifically on climate change. In 2018, he announced he would stop hosting these seminars due to scheduling conflicts.

Awards and honors
In January 1995, Tom received an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois.

Asteroid 91888 Tomskilling, discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey in 1999, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on October 8, 2014 (M.P.C. 90379). A statement honoring his career was read into the Congressional record on November 1, 2023.

On May 2, 2024, Skilling was announced as the Grand Marshall of the 2024 Woodstock (IL) Pridefest

Personal life
Tom is the older brother of Jeffrey Skilling, the disgraced former chief executive officer of Enron Corporation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom Skilling


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Canisius University

Canisius University is a private Jesuit university in Buffalo, New York. It was founded in 1870 by Jesuits from Germany and is named after St. Peter Canisius. Canisius offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and minors, and around 34 master's and certificate programs.

History
Canisius has its roots in the Jesuit community that arose from disputed ownership of St. Louis Church in Buffalo in 1851. Rev. Lucas Caveng, a German Jesuit, along with 19 families from St. Louis Church, founded St. Michael's Church on Washington St. The college followed, primarily for serving sons of German immigrants, along with the high school in 1870, first at 434 Ellicott St. and next to St. Michael's. In 1913 construction of the Old Main building at 2001 Main St. was completed. The early presidents of the college were German Jesuits.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020, President John Hurley and the board of trustees made a decision to lay off a number of tenured faculty, including those in Classics, Chemistry, English, History, Management, Religious Studies and Philosophy. Several majors were eliminated, including Classics, Entrepreneurship, European studies, Fine Arts, Human Services, International Business, Physics, Religious Studies and Urban Studies. Some college faculty, students and members of the community have contested the decision, including two formal votes of no confidence by the college's faculty senate. The move also attracted criticism from numerous academic organizations, including the American Historical Association and the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies After an almost yearlong investigation, the American Association of University Professors released a report on eight institutions, including Canisius College,  that found that "some institutional leaders seem to have taken the COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity to turbocharge the corporate model that has been spreading in higher education over the past few decades, allowing them to close programs and lay off faculty members as expeditiously as if colleges and universities were businesses whose CEOs suddenly decided to stop making widgets or shut down the steelworks". The AAUP recommended that Canisius College be added to its list of sanctioned institutions due to "substantial noncompliance with standards of academic government". Several affected tenured faculty members also sued the college for violation of contract.

In 2015 Canisius College was one of more than 90 colleges investigated by the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights for its handling of sexual assault and harassment complaints. In 2021, three former female student athletes filed a federal lawsuit in the Western District of New York alleging a hostile environment and that the college "failed to take appropriate action in response to these reports and complaints of sexual harassment, abuse and sexual assault". On June 27, 2022, a judge allowed the lawsuit launched by former Canisius athletes’ to proceed, describing the college’s delayed response to sexual assault allegations as “inexplicable.”

In a separate federal lawsuit filed in 2022, five former female students alleged that Canisius College ignored sexual misconduct complaints against Professor Michael Noonan and allowed him to retire in 2019 rather than pursuing Title XI complaints against him.

In 2021, John Hurley announced he was retiring as president of the college. After a months-long search, Steve Stoute was announced as the next president of Canisius.

On April 27, 2023, Canisius announced that it had successfully petitioned the New York State Education Department (NYSED) Board of Regents for university designation. It officially changed its name to Canisius University on August 1, 2023.

Christ the King Chapel
Christ the King Chapel, designed by Buffalo architect Duane Lyman, is centrally located to "symbolize its importance". It was completed in 1951 and has seating for 492.

Science Hall
Science Hall was built as a Sears and Roebuck store in 1929. The college has allocated $68 million for its renovation, over $35 million of which has been raised with help from the John R. Oishei Foundation.

Science Hall Parking Ramp
The parking ramp originally served the Sears and Roebuck building at 1901 Main St. However, throughout the history of ramp, Canisius students have used it for parking, with Sears advertising in The Griffin student newspaper that parking was free. Acquisition of the property has eliminated parking problems. The ramp was demolished in 2022. A new green space surface lot is planned to replace it.

Churchill Academic Tower
The 11-story Churchill Academic Tower was built in 1971, designed by Leroy H. Welch. It is named for its chief benefactor, Rev. Clinton H. Churchill and his wife Francis. The Tower is routinely derided but serves as a highly functional space.

Andrew L. Bouwhuis Library
Built in 1957 and upgraded in 1988 and from 2013 through 2015, Andrew L. Bouwhuis Library, named for Andrew L. Bouwhuis, S.J., college librarian from 1935 to 1955, furnishes extensive area for study and research. It seats 500 people and includes group study rooms, an audio-visual listening/viewing area, a rare book room, an instruction room, a Curriculum Materials Center and a lounge, along with private study rooms accommodating one to eight people.

The Koessler Athletic Center
Located at 1833 Main Street in Buffalo, the Koessler Athletic Center is named after J. Walter Koessler, class of 1922. The facility has a swimming pool, two weight rooms, two gymnasiums and locker rooms and offices for athletic coaches and support staff.

Academics
Canisius offers more than 100 majors, minors and special programs. The college is accredited by the Middle States Association Commission on Higher Education, the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. In fall 2009, Canisius College introduced a new major in Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Other new majors include Creative Writing, Health and Wellness, and Journalism. With the George E. Schreiner '43, MD, Pre-Medical Center as an asset, the college caters strongly to the biological and health science fields and holds close relationships with both the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine.

Rankings
Canisius earned the 21st spot in the top tier of U.S. News & World Report's 2022 rankings of America's Best Regional Universities – North. U.S. News also ranked Canisius thirteenth in the 2016 "Great Schools, Great Prices" listing among regional universities in the North. Canisius earned the eighth spot among 49 regional universities in the North in U.S. News' Best Colleges for Veterans Ranking, as well as #4 in Best Value Schools and #26 in Top Performers on Social Mobility, for 2022. Canisius College alumni ranked first (1st), overall, in New York State on the 2014 CPA exam cycle, with a 75 percent pass rate, in the category of medium programs.

Student life
Canisius has on campus about 90 clubs and organizations, vetted by the Undergraduate Student Association and its senators. Program offerings include the Best of Buffalo series, Fusion game nights, the Fall Semi-Formal, the Canisius Royals competition, the Mass of the Holy Spirit with Fall BBQ and Bonfire, Griffin Week, and Griff Fest (formerly "Quad Party" & "Springfest"). With a growing student population in its colleges, Buffalo has begun offering free Canal-side concerts, along with "Shakespeare in the Park", the Polish Broadway Market, Silo City "Boom Days" (on Buffalo's industrial history), and Dyngus Day.

Athletics
The college sponsors 20 NCAA Division I athletic teams and is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) as well as the Atlantic Hockey Conference. Men's sports include baseball, ice hockey, and golf. Women's sports include volleyball and softball. The Golden Griffins compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) for most sports, except for men's ice hockey which competes in the Atlantic Hockey America. In 2013, the men's ice hockey team won its first Atlantic Hockey Championship, earning a bid to the NCAA Tournament. In 2008, Canisius men's lacrosse won the MAAC tournament and earned its first bid to the NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship tournament.

The Women's Lacrosse team won MAAC Championships four years in a row (2010-2014). The 2008 Baseball team won its first regular season MAAC championship, with a 41–13 season, and the following year made its first appearance in the MAAC Championship game. In 2013, the team won the MAAC Championship and received its first bid to the NCAA tournament. The Canisius College softball team won the 2009 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference tournament for its 3rd consecutive title, marking the team's 11th trip to the NCAA tournament in 15 years. In its rivalry with Niagara University Canisius won the Canal Cup two of the first three years (2008 and 2009). Intramural sports are also offered for students, faculty, and staff.

Canisius' mascot is the Golden Griffin. The college adopted the Griffin as a mascot in 1932, after Charles A. Brady ('33) wrote a story in a Canisius publication honoring Buffalo's centennial year as a city. Brady wrote about Jesuit-educated explorer Rene-Robert LaSalle's Le Griffon, which was built in Buffalo. The Griffin was first used on the La Salle medal in 1932 and from there spread to the college newspaper, The Griffin, and sports teams. According to GoGriffs.com, the griffin is a "legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and an eagle's talons as its front feet." It represents values such as courage, boldness, intelligence, and strength befitting students and athletes alike.

The college was also the first home field of the Buffalo All-Americans of the early National Football League. Around 1917 Buffalo manager Barney Lepper signed a lease for the team to play their home games at Canisius College. The All-Americans played games at Canisius before relocating to Bison Stadium in 1924.

Greek life
Canisius College's fraternities and sororities are overseen by the Canisius College Office of Student Life. The three college-approved Greek organizations on campus are the Lambda chapter of the fraternity Sigma Phi Epsilon (SigEp), the sorority Phi Sigma Sigma, and the professional organization Alpha Kappa Psi (AK Psi). Also there is a Classics Club which fosters interest in the study of ancient Greek and Roman history, language, and culture; it hosts events like readings and discussions of ancient texts, Saturnalia, and alcohol-free toga parties. The club fosters the Jesuit value of a Classical education, as well as cura personalis.

Media
The student weekly newspaper is The Griffin, which replaced The Canisian in 1933 and continues to print weekly. The annual Quadrangle magazine contains student writings, artwork, and photographs. Public-access television cable TV broadcasts to Canisius College from its fourth floor studio at Lyons Hall. The WIRE, replacing WCCG, is the college's radio station, which broadcasts over the campus television system and is online through the college website.

ROTC
Canisius College is the Reserve Officer Training Corps hub for Western New York. The Golden Griffin Battalion is composed of students from Canisius, University at Buffalo (UB), Hilbert College, D'Youville College, Daemen College, Medaille College, Buffalo State College, and Erie Community College.

Public safety
Canisius College Public Safety Officers are sworn Peace Officers pursuant to New York State Criminal Procedure Law section 2.10-72 and perform many of the same duties as any traditional Police Department. Each Officer receives law enforcement training which meets or exceeds the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services requirements for Peace Officers and they are authorized to carry firearms. Officers are authorized to enforce all Federal, State, and Local laws, as well as the rules and regulations of the college, and they do make arrests. Officers also perform a wide range of other duties which include: vehicular and foot patrol, criminal investigation, dispatch, welfare checks, first-aid and CPR, motorist assistance, and escorts.

Notable alumni
Canisius has approximately 40,000 living alumni worldwide who are working in the fields of business, journalism, government, law, medicine, and sports.

Academia

 * James Demske, S.J. (Class of 1947), President of Canisius College (1966–1993)
 * Steven Seegel, Ph.D. (Class of 1999) - Professor of Slavic and Eurasian Studies at University of Texas at Austin

Business

 * John Rowe (Class of 1966), former chairman and CEO of Aetna
 * Dennis F. Strigl (Class of 1974), President and CEO of Verizon Wireless
 * Mary Wittenberg, (Class of 1984), President and CEO of the New York Road Runners

Journalism and television

 * Anne Burrell (Class of 1991), Food Network chef
 * Norm Hitzges (Class of 1965), Texas Radio Hall of Fame, SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket - Dallas, TX
 * Elizabeth MacDonald (Class of 1984), Gerald Loeb Award and multiple other awards winning financial journalist with The Wall Street Journal, anchorwoman on Fox Business, appeared on NBC's The Today Show, ABC's World News Tonight, Outnumbered, Your World with Neil Cavuto, CBS This Morning, C-SPAN, Court TV, ABC News Radio,  NPR, and others
 * Todd McDermott, (Class of 1983), Emmy Award-winning news anchor at WPIX-TV, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Michael Scheuer (Class of 1974), CBS News terrorism analyst, former CIA Chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station and author of Imperial Hubris
 * Adam Zyglis, (Class of 2004), Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist for The Buffalo News

Government and law

 * John Thomas Curtin (Class of 1946), former US Attorney and Federal Judge for the Western District of New York
 * Charles S. Desmond (Class of 1917), former Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals*
 * John J. LaFalce (Class of 1961), former US Representative for New York
 * Walter J. Mahoney (Class of 1930), former Majority Leader of the New York State Senate and New York Supreme Court Judge*
 * Salvatore R. Martoche (Class of 1962), New York State Supreme Court Justice and former Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury and Labor Departments
 * Anthony M. Masiello (Class of 1969), former Mayor of Buffalo, New York
 * Richard D. McCarthy (Class of 1950), former US Representative for New York*
 * James T. Molloy (Class of 1958), former Doorkeeper, US House of Representatives*
 * Henry J. Nowak (Class of 1957), former US Representative for New York
 * Denise O'Donnell (Class of 1968), former US Attorney for the Western District of New York
 * William Paxon (Class of 1977), former US Representative for New York
 * William M. Skretny (Class of 1966), Federal Judge for the Western District of New York
 * Lawrence J. Vilardo (Class of 1977), Federal Judge for the Western District of New York
 * Frank A. Sedita (Class of 1930), former Mayor of Buffalo, New York*

Medicine and science

 * Donald Pinkel (Class of 1947), pediatric cancer researcher; former Director of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Psychology

 * Paula Caligiuri, Distinguished Professor of International Business and Strategy at D'Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University

Sports

 * Cory Conacher, NHL player for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Ottawa Senators, Buffalo Sabres and New York Islanders
 * Bob MacKinnon (Class of 1950), former NBA Head Coach and General Manager of the New Jersey Nets
 * Chris Manhertz (Class of 2015) NFL tight end for the Denver Broncos
 * Johnny McCarthy (Class of 1956), member of the 1963–64 NBA Champion Boston Celtics
 * Gerry Meehan, former NHL player and General Manager of the Buffalo Sabres
 * Dick Poillon, member of the 1942 NFL Champion Washington Redskins and Pro Bowl selection
 * Michael Smrek (Class of 1985), member of the 1986–87 and 1987-88 NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers
 * Beth Phoenix, professional wrestler, Class of 2017 WWE Hall of Famer, former WWE Divas Champion & three-time WWE Women's Champion
 * Matt Vinc, five-time NLL Champion 2012, 2013, 2014, 2023, 2024 for the Rochester Knighthawks and Buffalo Bandits
 * Eyal Yaffe (Class of 1986), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League

Other

 * Molly Burhans (Class of 2014), Environmentalist, Cartographer, Social Entrepreneur; United Nations Young Champion of the Earth, National Geographic Explorer, Head Cartographer of first global digital map of the Catholic Church.

title: Canisius University


text:
Carl von Donop

Count Carl Emil Ulrich von Donop (January 1, 1732 – October 25, 1777) was a Hessian colonel who fought in the American Revolutionary War. He died of wounds during the Battle of Red Bank.

Origins and ambitions
The son of a noble family of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Donop was well connected in the European courts and served as personal adjutant to the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He served with distinction in the Seven Years' War. When the American Revolutionary War began, Donop asked for leave to fight against the revolutionaries. The Landgrave appointed him to command four battalions of grenadiers and the prestigious Jäger Corps. A highly ambitious officer, Donop hoped to remain in North America after the war, to pursue dreams of power and glory.

Wearing a veneer of civility, and deferential to his superiors, Donop was an able officer but was not well liked by his subordinates. To his inferiors he was short-tempered and harsh, and he had a take-no-prisoners policy that was enforced by severe beatings.

Early battles
Donop's troops took part in the initial British landing on Long Island, New York, on August 22, 1776, and in the ensuing Battle of Long Island on August 27. They also participated in the landing at Kip's Bay on Manhattan Island on the night of September 14. Donop distinguished himself at the Battle of Harlem Heights, going to the aid of the British troops involved.

Retreat after Battle of Trenton
Donop was the senior officer present in southern New Jersey in late 1776, and commanded the garrisons in Trenton, Burlington, and Bordentown, which consisted of several Hessian battalions, the 42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot (commanded by Colonel Stirling), and Jäger detachments. His main camp was at Bordentown prior to the Battle of Trenton, with one battalion occupying the town and the rest billeted along the country roads in Slabtown [Jacksonville] Black Horse [Columbus] Burlington City and White Hill (the Mary Field Plantation). His overall commander was Major General James Grant. Donop wanted to absorb Colonel Johann Rall's brigade into his garrison to fortify Trenton, but William Howe was persuaded to let Rall hold command on his own in Trenton. Warned by local Loyalists of impending attack, Donop warned Grant, who dismissed these cautions.

On December 22, 1776, Colonial militia under the command of Colonel Samuel Griffin attacked Donop's southern outposts at Slabtown. This force of colonials was sent from Philadelphia by General Israel Putnam as a deterrent to further encroachment on the river crossings opposite the colonial capitol at Philadelphia. The colonials numbered about 900 local militia and a few regulars, while Donop commanded over two thousand veterans.

In response to this attack, Donop moved his entire force south, pushing the colonials through Mount Holly at the Battle of Iron Works Hill and onto the opposite side of the Rancocas Creek. On Christmas Eve, the colonials retreated a few miles to Moorestown. Donop's officers wanted him to return to Bordentown, within easy supporting distance for Rall. Donop had nothing but contempt for Rall and decided to spend Christmas in the company of "a beautiful young widow" - as reported by his Captain of Jägers, Johann Ewald. There is some speculation, but no proof, that the "beautiful young widow" was Betsy Ross. A rider brought news of the disaster at Trenton about mid-day on December 26. Out of position, and fearing he would be cut off from the remaining Royal Forces, Donop ordered his corps to move through Crosswicks to Princeton. He left a rear guard and allowed for baggage wagons, wounded and such to be brought along. He abandoned a good bit of plunder in his excitement and urgency. The victory at Trenton was won by Washington, but some credit should be given to the young widow who held Donop out of position a day too long to be of help to Rall.

Battle of Red Bank
When Howe's forces captured Philadelphia in 1777, he then acted to open the Delaware River to the British navy. The effort was directed at the forts on either side of the river. The Royal Navy on the Delaware River, under the command of Admiral Francis Reynolds, attacked Fort Mifflin in Pennsylvania. In an attempt to recoup his tarnished reputation from his defeat at Trenton, Donop volunteered to attempt the capture of Fort Mercer at Red Bank in what is now National Park, New Jersey. General Howe agreed, if it could be done easily, and gave Donop command of 2,000 Hessian mercenary troops, with which he crossed the Delaware River on October 22. That afternoon, Donop surrounded the fort and demanded surrender from Colonel Christopher Greene with the threat of invasion and no quarter. Greene, in a strong position with 400 Rhode Islanders and in possession of plentiful cannon, grapeshot, and powder, rejected the demand. Donop led 1,200 Hessians in three attacks on the fort, all of which were beaten back, resulting in nearly 400 Hessian casualties, including Donop himself. Fatally wounded in what would be known as the Battle of Red Bank, Donop died two days later on October 25, 1777. He said to a brother officer before he died: “It is finishing a noble career early; but I die the victim of my ambition, and of the avarice of my sovereign.”

He was buried on Red Bank Battlefield.

title: Carl von Donop


text:
Talk:Conformal map

'mapping' vs. 'map'
Should we move this page to conformal mapping? (That is now just a redirect page pointing here.) Michael Hardy 23:56, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Why mapping is better than map? Tosha

 * The reason is reflected in today's reversion of an edit putting this page in the Geography project. For some reason, "mapping" connotes the mathematical context, such as conformal mapping. The substantive "map" has a strong tie to geographical study.Rgdboer (talk) 21:30, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Orientation Issue
Is this page consistent in talking about preservation of orientation? Charles Matthews 08:54, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * No, Charles. I don't believe this page's definition of a conformal mapping is remotely correct. As I understand it, conformal mappings are mappings that are locally complex-differentiable, i.e., mappings that locally preserve angles. I'll try to research and fix this. Norbornene (talk) 02:26, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

conjugate

 * A map of the extended complex plane (which is conformally equivalent to a sphere) onto itself is conformal if and only if it is a Möbius transformation or its conjugate.

If 'conformal' means 'preserves angles', then conjugates mobius tranfomations are not conformal - they reverse all the angles.

Example of use
I have a concern about the example recently added by 69.140.68.72: since one of the major points about a conformal map is that it preserves angles, it seems a pity to use an example which clearly changes an angle ... I don't have sufficient knowledge of applications to suggest an alternative - anyone? Madmath789 17:23, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I clarified what was going on. Conformal mappings preserve angles, but only for points in the interior of their domain, and not at the boundary. Thus, the map $$z\to z^2$$ from the interior of the first quadrant (x>0, y>0) to the upper half plane (y>0) converts a 90 degree angle into a 180 degree one, but this map is not conformal at the origin, which is on its boundary, as there its derivative is zero. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:01, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Conformal equivalence
The phrase "conformal equivalence" is employed without giving its definition. Can someone add this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.237.37.181 (talk) 22:19, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've never heard the term used before, but conformal equivalence seems to make sense here, where stereographic projection is the conformal transformation in this case. Can I get a second opinion before adding the wikilink please? Ben (talk) 15:22, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Added the wikilink. Ben (talk) 21:03, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

"Higher-dimensional Euclidean space"
I'm having trouble with the section "Higher-dimensional Euclidean space". Isn't in addition to the types mentioned another conformal map possible? By letting an 2d-conformal map act on two of the dimensions and leaving the component perpendicalur to this plane unchanged? --Pjacobi (talk) 14:36, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That's not going to be conformal, unless the two dimensional map is an isometry. Think about the 1+1 dimensional case. In $$\R^2$$ if you consider a map $$f(x,y)=(g(x),y)$$ where $$g$$ is conformal in one dimension (which means very little), then the map $$f$$ will generally not be conformal. Oded (talk) 14:42, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. I had the wrong mental image. --Pjacobi (talk) 17:31, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
I like pictures in this article made by Christian.Mercat, which were removed by anonimus user. Should I revert this edit ? --Adam majewski (talk) 09:52, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

''Please consider putting them somewhere else! They are nice but don't look serious enough for an encyclopedia article. --Anonymous''
 * Thx for answer. (:-) I think that images are great and shows what is very hard to understand from words/equations. Regards--Adam majewski (talk) 06:36, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks talk! I liked them as well :-) Well, you know, like math should be boring, serious things are on the black board only in Finland :-) Never mind. I've put them here: Conformal pictures. Christian.Mercat (talk) 12:36, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it would be appropriate to select just one of those pictures, together with the original, and display both on this page somewhere (probably not near the top), attached together in a multiple image box with all captions and footer. That would help convey an intuitive feel for what conformal transforms look like, what is and isn't preserved. I disagree with anon, they look professional. However, I don't think it is appropriate to keep such a larger number of those pictures here, and I think the Conformal pictures article should be deleted afterward. Cesiumfrog (talk) 00:35, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Laplace equation
The transform of a solution of the Laplace equation again is a solution only in two dimensions. In general the transform must be multiplied with s-(d-2)/2 to get a solution, where s is the local scale factor. This shouldn't be swept under the carpet.radical_in_all_things (talk) 16:40, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

I noticed this too. I have reworded a little, now at least the paragraph doesn't make a false claim. Of course, it could use some editing explaining why we are resticting to two dimensions and what is necessary to do in higher dimension Otherwise one might wonder why bother with conformal maps in higher dimension in the first place. --Giuseppe Negro (talk) 14:27, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Physics
In the "uses" section of this article, somebody has mentioned the (quite true) fact that conformal transformations are important in general relativity. However, they've then gone and spoiled things by claiming that this is somehow related to the existence of a "force"; moreover, they claim that conformal transformations are used somehow to make general relativity describe the state of the universe before the big bang.

Needless to say, both of these things are manifestly false. If nobody has any objection, I'd like to remove them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.31.22.37 (talk) 22:30, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * In General Relativity, conformal maps are the simplest and thus most common type of causal transformations. Physically, these describe different universes in which all the same events and interactions are still (causally) possible, but a new additional force is necessary to effect this (that is, replication of all the same trajectories would necessitate departures from geodesic motion because the metric is different). It is often used to try to make models amenable to extension beyond curvature singularities, for example to permit description of the universe even before the big bang.
 * As written, I think the article is correct (but obviously lacking in sources, although the same can be said for the rest of this article and of most others on mathematics).
 * Because conformal transformations are designed to preserve the causal structure of the manifold, they do not alter the validity of any world line but they do alter its status as a geodesic or otherwise. That is, in general, the geodesics in a conformally transformed spacetime do not correspond to geodesics of the original (physical) spacetime. So you might ask what *do* they correspond to? The answer is to "other (non-geodesic) trajectories". What is the physical interpretation of a non-geodesic trajectory? It is the world-line of a particle that is being influenced by an external force (such as: the fuselage of an accelerating rocket, or, an electric charge in an EM field). The conformal transformation doesn't change which trajectories (and hence which interaction events) are/aren't causally permitted/prohibited, but it does change which ones will occur naturally (under solely inertial motion). So yes, a conformal transformation is equivalent to adding an additional unspecified force. And I think that also happens to be the simplest correct picture for explaining the physical significance of a conformal transformation.
 * There is a topic called conformal cosmology, which, among other things, can be applied to removing that singularity which prevents tracing trajectories earlier than the big bang. (You'll probably find something in this vein if you search for papers coauthored or supervised by SM Scott.) The idea is not so much to extrapolate prior to the singularity for its own sake, but merely to regularise the behaviour just at the surface of the singularity, probably for the purposes of clarifying (or classifying) some of the properties of that singularity (as compared/contrasted to other singularities in other spacetime solutions). This is only one minor example, it is not of any particularly great importance, and would easily be overstated, but nonetheless is a genuine topic of present study. Not only is it a legitimate example of current research applying conformal cosmology, but it can be stated in less than ten words in a manner which is technically valid and which also conveys to the non-specialist reader a feeling for the motivation of (and the gist of the topic of) some of the research applications for conformal transformations. The reader can at least get something from this example phrased this way, no matter how lacking their background is, and without the article needing to go into any depth. Now if you have a better example, which succesfully conveys to the average reader in only ten words a motivation for using conformal maps in GR, I for one want to hear it.
 * Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:08, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

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 * The bot found an archived version but the formulas do not appear. The following has been removed:
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 * The following was removed as unhelpful:
 * Java applet by Christian Mercat to deform pictures (link broken, applet available under ComplexMapStill.jar); MacOSX Java applet that deforms the video flux from the webcam.
 * This application of Conformal mapping is too particular (video flux from webcam) to support the article. — Rgdboer (talk) 02:51, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Similar form
The following was removed but may be useful for § Complex analysis:
 * A conformal map is called that because it preserves the shapes of things (at an infinitesimal scale). The term is based on the Latin prefix com- (together, with, near) and the Latin noun forma (shape, appearance)

The contributor inserted these dictionary citations in the section dealing with alternative angles, now § Pseudo-Riemannian geometry. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:09, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Section "Pseudo-Riemannian geometry"
This section is not sourced. It uses concepts that are not defined here nor in linked articles. Some of these concepts are even nonsensical, such as "any [Jacobiam matrix with non-zero determinant] lies in a particular planar commutative subring and has a polar decomposition determined by parameters of radial and angular nature".

It seems that this section has been written by a fan of the old-fashioned terminology of split complex numbers, dual numbers and other hypercomplex numbers, who do not really understand the subject of the article.

A section on (pseudo)-conformal maps in Pseudo-Riemanian geometry would be useful here, if based on reliable sources. This gibberish is of no help for writing such a section.

So, I'll delete this section per WP:TNT. D.Lazard (talk) 11:04, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Some precise definition
It would help at least one definition from many equivalent ones of conformality is given for Rn to Rn maps for all n. 213.28.228.243 (talk) 15:16, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The definition in the 2nd sentence of the article seems precise to me.
 * Let $U$ and $V$ be open subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n$. A function $f:U\to V$ is called conformal (or angle-preserving) at a point $u_0\in U$ if it preserves angles between directed curves through $u_0$, as well as preserving orientation.
 * What issue do you have with it? –jacobolus (t) 19:26, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conformal map


text:
List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia

The following is a list of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia.


text:
Index of dance articles

This is an alphabetical index of articles related to dance.

A
Académie Royale de Danse - Academy Award for Best Dance Direction - Acro dance - Action stroke dance notation - Aerial dance - Aerobics - African dance - Albanian dances - Allemande - Antikristos - Antimasque - Arab dance - Aragonaise - Armenian dance - Assyrian folk dance - The Australian Ballet - Australian Ballet School - Australian contemporary dance - Austrian folk dance - Authentic Movement - Awards - Azerbaijani ballet - Azerbaijani dances

B
Backup dancer - Baladi - Balanchine technique - Balinese dance - Ballerina skirt - Ballet - Ballet (music) - Ballet blanc - Ballet d'action - Ballet company - Ballet dancer - Ballet Folklórico de México - Ballet Folklórico Oro Lenca - Ballet Hispanico - Ballet in Turkey - Ballet Manila - Ballet master - Ballet National de Marseille - Ballet shoes - Ballet technique - Ballets de cour - Ballets Russes - Ballon (ballet) - Ballroom dance - Barcelona Ballet - Barn dance - Baroque dance - Barre (ballet) - Basic (dance move) - Basque dance - Basse danse - Bauhaus dances - Bayerisches Staatsballett - Beauchamp–Feuillet notation - Beguine (dance) - Béjart Ballet - Belly dance - Benesh Movement Notation - Bihu dance - Biodanza - Birmingham Royal Ballet - Black and Blue Festival - Black Bottom - Blues dance - Bogle dance - Bolshoi Ballet - Boombal - Border Morris - Bournonville method - Bourrée - Branle - Breakdancing - Breton dance - British Association of Teachers of Dancing - British ballet - British Ballet Organization - British Sequence Championships - Buchaechum - Bulgarian dances - Burmese dance - Bush dance - Byzantine dance

C
Calabrian Tarantella - Caller (dancing) - Căluşari - Canada's National Ballet School - Canary dance - Candomblé - Cecchetti method - Ceili dance - Ceremonial dance - Chaconne - Character dance - Chari Dance - Chicken dance - Choreography - Choreography (dance) - Choreopoem - Chorus line - Circassian dance -- Circle dance - Classical ballet - Classical Persian dance - Clog dancing - Clogging - Closed position - Collegiate shag - Comic ballet - Competitive dance - Compulsory dance - Concert dance - Connection - Contact improvisation - Contemporary ballet - Contemporary dance - Contemporary dance in Japan - Contra body movement - Contra dance - Contra dance choreography - Contra dance form - Coppélia - Corps de ballet - Cotillion - Council for Dance Education and Training - Country dance - Country–western dance - Courante - Csárdás - Cuban National Ballet School - Cullberg Ballet

D
Dance - Dance and health - Dance basic topics - Dance belt - Dance card - Dance costume - Dance critique - Dance double - Dance education - Dance etiquette - Dance film - Dance forms of Tamil Nadu - Dance hall - Dance improvisation - Dance in ancient Egypt - Dance in Australia - Dance in California - Dance in Cambodia - Dance in Cameroon - Dance in Canada - Dance in China - Dance in Cuba - Dance in film - Dance in Hawaii - Dance in Indonesia - Dance in Israel - Dance in Kiribati - Dance in mythology and religion - Dance in Nicaragua - Dance in Quebec - Dance in Singapore - Dance in Thailand - Dance in the Netherlands - Dance in Rotuma - Dance in the United States - Dance in Uzbekistan - Dance in Venezuela - Dance in Zimbabwe - Dance marathon - Dance move - Dance music - Dance notation - Dance of India - Dance of the Seven Veils - Dance of Wallis and Futuna - Dance on television - Dance partnering - Dance party - Dance permit - Dance personalities Dance positions - Dance research - Dance science - Dance slot - DanceSport - Dance squad - Dance studio - Dance suite - Dance technology - Dance theory - Dance therapy - Dance troupe - Dances of Georgia - Dances of Sri Lanka - Dances of Universal Peace - Dancing ban - Dancing mania - Dancing with the Stars - Danish folk dance - Danse des petits cygnes - Danseur Étoile - Danseur noble - Dansmuseet - Demi-soloist - Deutscher Tanzpreis - Direction of movement (dance) - Dirk dance - Don Quixote (ballet) - Dream ballet - Dutch folk dance

E
Eccentric dance - École supérieure de ballet du Québec - Écossaise - Ecstatic dance - Eisa (dance) - End zone dance - English country dance - English National Ballet - Espringale - Estampie - Ethnochoreology - Etighi Dance - European dances - Exotic dancer - Expressionist dance

F
Farandole - Faroese dance - Figure skating lifts - The Firebird - Fire dancing - First dance - Flagging dance - Flamenco - Folk dance - Folk dance in India - Folk dance of Mexico - Folk dances of Punjab - Footwork (dance) - Frame (dance) - Free dance - Free dance (figure skating) - French ballet - Furlana - Fusion dance

G
Gair dance - Galliard - Galop - Gandrung - The Gaskell Ball - Gavotte - Gay square dance, International Association of Gay Square Dance Clubs - Gayane (ballet) - Gendang beleq - Georgian dance - German Dance Platform - Ghost Dance - Gigue - Giselle - Goh Ballet Academy - Graham technique - Grand pas - Les Grands Ballets Canadiens - Greek dances - Grossvater Tanz - Grotesque dance

Glossary articles
Glossary of ballet terms - Glossary of belly dance terms - Glossary of country dance terms - Glossary of dance moves - Glossary of partner dance terms

H
Haka - Hako (Rapa Nui) - Hamburg Ballet - Handhold - Harlem Shake (meme) - Higher Institute of Ballet - Hip hop dance - Historical dance - History of ballet - History of dance - History of hip-hop dance - History of the Diablada - History of the tango - Hong Kong Ballet - Hoop dance - Hopak - Hornpipe - House dance - Hula - Hungarian dance

I
Ice dancing - Illuminated dance floor - Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing - Indian classical dance - Indonesian mask dance - Intermedio - International Dance Day - International Dance Organization - International Dance Teachers Association - International folk dance - Interpretive dance - Irish dance - Irish set dance - Italian ballet - Italian folk dance

J
Jack and Jill (dance) - Jacob's Pillow Dance - Jamming (dance) - Japanese traditional dance - Javanese dance - Jeune Ballet de France - Jig - Joburg Ballet - Jumpstyle

K
K-ballet - Kandyan dance - Kaosikii dance - Khener - Khigga - Kirov Academy of Ballet - Klompendansen - Kolo (dance) - Korea National Ballet - Korean dance - Kpanlogo - Krumping - Kuchipudi - Kumha Pyakhan dance - Kurdish dance

L
Labanotation - Ländler - Latin dance - Lead and follow - Lezginka - Limbo - Line dance - Lion dance - Lipsi (dance) - Liturgical dance - Long Sword dance - Loure - Lyrical dance

List articles
Glossary of ballet - Glossary of dance moves - List of ballets by title - List of choreographers - List of Christian dance companies - List of dance companies - List of dance companies in Canada - List of dance occupations - List of dance organizations - List of dance people - List of dance personalities - List of dance style categories - List of dancewear - List of dancers - List of dances - List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin - List of folk dance performance groups - List of folk dances of Odisha - List of historical ballet characters - List of Indian dances - List of Indian folk dances - List of national dances - List of National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame inductees - List of prima ballerinas - List of Russian ballet dancers - List of Scottish country dances - List of street and vernacular dances - List of theaters for dance - List of U.S. state dances - Timeline of ballet

M
Maculelê (dance) - Majorette (dancer) - Mako (dance) - Manipuri dance - Mariinsky Ballet - Masque - Maxixe (dance) - Maya dance - Mazurka - Medal examinations (dance) - Medieval dance - Melbourne Shuffle - Mexcaltitán Ballet - Middle Eastern dance - Milonga (dance) - Minuet - Mixer dance - Modern dance - Modern western square dance - Molly dance - Moonwalk (dance) - Morris dance - Moscow Ballet - Moscow State Academy of Choreography - Motif description - Mozart and dance - Musicality

N
Nantgarw tradition - Narrative ballet - Nati (dance) - National Ballet of Portugal - National Choreographers Initiative - National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame - National Dance Day - National Association of Teachers of Dancing - Neoclassical ballet - Nervi International Ballet Festival - New Vogue (dance) - New York City Ballet - Niasse - Non-dance - Novelty and fad dances - The Nutcracker

O
Oleg - Open position - Original Ballet Russe - Original dance

P
Paint Dancing - Paquita - Paris Opera Ballet - Participation dance - Partner dance - Passamezzo - Passepied - Pavane - Peabody - Peacock dance - Persian dance - Peruvian dances - Petrushka (ballet) - Philippine dance - Physically integrated dance - Piva (dance) - Pogo - Pointe shoe - Pointe technique - Pole dance - Polish folk dances - Polka - Polonaise - Portable dance floor - Position of the arms in ballet - Positions of the feet in ballet - Postmodern dance - Prima ballerina assoluta - Principal dancer - Prix Benois de la Danse - Prix de Lausanne - Promenade position - Prophetic dance - Psychology of dance - Pulcinella (ballet) - Punjabi dance

Q
Quadrille - Queensland Ballet - Queer Tango

R
Rain dance - Rapper sword - Rave - Rebolation - Reel (dance) - Regency dance - Release technique - Répétiteur - Rigaudon - The Rite of Spring - Ritournelle - Romantic ballet - Round dance - Royal Academy of Dance - The Royal Ballet - Royal Ballet School - Royal Danish Ballet - Royal New Zealand Ballet - Royal Swedish Ballet - Royal Winnipeg Ballet - Russian ballet - Russian folk dances - Russian State Ballet of Siberia

S
Sacred dance - Salsa (dance) - Saman (dance) - Samba (Brazilian dance) - Samba de Gafieira - Sarabande - Sardana - Scala Eisrevue - Scottish Ballet - Scottish country dance - Scottish highland dance - Scottish sword dances - Seguidilla - Sequence dance - Serpentine dance - Shakespearean dance - Short dance - Showgirl - Siciliana - Sirtaki - The Sleeping Beauty (ballet) - Slow dance - Social dance - Sock hop - Solo dance - Soloist (ballet) - Solomon Islands dance - Soviet ballroom dances - Spartacus (ballet) - Spiral dance - Spotting (dance technique) - Split leap - Square dance - Stave dancing - Step dance - Street dance - Sukhishvili Georgian National Ballet - Sun dance - Sundanese dance - Swan Lake - Swing (dance) - Sword dance - Syncopation

T
Tambor (dance) - Tambourin - Tap dance - Tarantella - Taxi dance hall - Taxi dancer - Tea dance - Timeline of ballet - Tinikling - Tokyo Ballet - Tourdion - Traditional square dance - Traditional Vietnamese dance - Troika (dance) - Turkish Cypriot folk dances - Turkish dance - Turnout (ballet) - Tutu (clothing) - Twist - Types of modern dance

U
Ukrainian dance - Universal Ballet - University of Dance and Circus

V
Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet - Variation (ballet) - Vernacular dance - Vienna State Ballet - Viennese waltz - Vintage dance - Virginia reel (dance) - Vogue (dance)

W
Waltz - War dance - The Washington Ballet - Weapon dance - West Australian Ballet - Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer - Wheelchair Dance - Women in dance - World Ballet Day - World Dance Council - Worship dance

X
Xibelani dance

Y
Yacobson Ballet - Yemenite step

Z
Zamba - Zapateado (Mexico) - Zapateado (Spain) - Zapin - Zapin Api - Zeibekiko - Zumba - Zydeco (dance)

title: Index of dance articles


text:
Rickenbacher

Rickenbacher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Karl Anton Rickenbacher, Swiss orchestra conductor
 * Eddie Rickenbacker (originally Rickenbacher), World War I flying ace, head of Eastern Airlines
 * Adolph Rickenbacker (originally Rickenbacher), co-founder of the Rickenbacker guitar company, cousin of Eddie Rickenbacker

title: Rickenbacher


text:
Exploitation of natural resources

The exploitation of natural resources describes using natural resources, often non-renewable or limited, for economic growth or development. Environmental degradation, human insecurity, and social conflict frequently accompany natural resource exploitation. The impacts of the depletion of natural resources include the decline of economic growth in local areas; however, the abundance of natural resources does not always correlate with a country's material prosperity. Many resource-rich countries, especially in the Global South, face distributional conflicts, where local bureaucracies mismanage or disagree on how resources should be utilized. Foreign industries also contribute to resource exploitation, where raw materials are outsourced from developing countries, with the local communities receiving little profit from the exchange. This is often accompanied by negative effects of economic growth around the affected areas such as inequality and pollution

The exploitation of natural resources started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) expanded much further than it had in pre-industrial areas. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world's energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and natural gas.

Another non-renewable resource humans exploit is subsoil minerals, such as precious metals, mainly used to produce industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern. The continuous alteration of the environment through water, mineral, and forest exploitation poses increased risks of climate-based displacement and conflict stemming from scarcity, which threaten to perpetuate social inequities.

Causes

 * Advancing technology: Increasing technology sophistication enables faster rates of natural resource extraction. For example, in the past, it could take a long time to log a small amount of trees using only saws. Due to better technology, the rates of deforestation have greatly increased.
 * Overconsumption has created a high demand for natural resources, further exacerbating natural resource exploitation
 * Development of new technologies, such as electric vehicles and portable technologies, i.e, Smartphones, also heavily rely on cobalt mining, often leading to loss of green cover and detrimental health impacts for surrounding communities, often in developing countries like the D.R. of Congo where mining occurs.
 * Consumerism: Unsustainable consumption, driven by both population growth and materialistic ideologies, increases the demand for production and, thereby, the extraction of the natural resources needed to supply this demand. For instance, the consumption of fine jewelry leads to increased mining of gold and diamonds. The extraction of precious metals like gold has degradation effects on the environment, such as loss of forestry during construction of the mining facilities, increased exposure to toxic materials, and disturbance of the nearby ecosystem.
 * Management thinking: In relation to the previous point, companies have adopted the idea according to which the rarer the resource, the more it contributes to the company's competitive advantage. When it comes to natural resources, such an idea leads to natural resource exhaustion.
 * A general lack of respect for native land rights leads to increased exploitation of natural resources on and around native land.

Consequences of exploitation of resources
Natural resources are not limitless, and the following consequences can arise from the careless and excessive consumption of these resources:
 * Deforestation: Removal of trees for use as resources, such as in agriculture or industry, can lead to large-scale destruction of forests. Around 40% of the Earth's original forest cover has been lost in the last 8000 years.
 * Desertification: Human-led changes in land management practices lead to changes in the ecological characteristics of a region. Land mismanagement and climate change can lead to a loss of ecosystem services, such as through degradation of soil. Together, these losses can result in desertification seen in arid and dry areas.
 * Decrease in natural resources: When resources are exploited faster than they can be replenished, it results in an overall decrease in natural resources in an area.
 * Extinction of species: Processes involved in resource exploitation can directly or indirectly lead to the extinction of species. Animals used for resources can be directly hunted, while destruction of environments, such as through harvesting timber, can also cause extinctions.
 * Forced migration
 * Soil erosion
 * Oil depletion
 * Ozone depletion
 * Greenhouse gas increase
 * Water gasification
 * Natural hazard/Natural disaster
 * Metals and minerals depletion.
 * Indigenous groups have limited ways to relate to the environment and survive on traditional food and water sources

Economic consequences
Natural resources are vital for human survival, however, if their consumption surpasses their natural replenishment rate, the resources can become depleted. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, around 33% of the Earth's soils are presently classified as moderately to highly degraded, with projections indicating that more than 90% could face degradation by the year 2050 and thus cause significant economic consequences. With such rate of erosion of fertile soil, agricultural commodity prices tend to increase significantly. The connection between the consumption rate and the supply rate of resources holds significant implications for long-term economic growth, as sustained high consumption rates of certain resources ultimately jeopardize economic sustainability. For instance, in the case of extracting soil minerals, supply rate is exceedingly slow over geological time spans, inevitably leading to a consumption rate surpassing the supply rate. Such a scenario is evidently unsustainable in the long run. To ensure sustainability, the consumption rate must remain equal to or less than the supply rate.

There has been an ongoing debate among scholars and researchers on the economic implications of dependence on natural resources. Natural resources yield economic rents that can be allocated towards public welfare initiatives and other projects beneficial to local communities. However, in the long term, uncertainties linked to potentially unstable terms of trade for commodities might lead to decline in public finances and deter investment. For instance, if oil prices decline, it may lead to fiscal unease in significant petroleum-producing countries such as Russia, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Resource abundance challenges the progress of political and governance institutions by nurturing a culture of rentierism. For instance, revenues obtained from resources can be used for political manipulation. Additionally, extra capital from resources can dilute government accountability to both citizens and businesses by abandoning taxation completely, which leads to lack of government incentive to support economic growth through innovation. At the same time, citizens may lack the motives to advocate for better governance and transparency.

Because of environmental pollution, cities whose economies rely on natural resources face difficulties in attracting technology-driven businesses and skilled labor, posing significant challenges to their economic transformation and advancement. These resource-centric cities face disadvantages in the competition among local governments striving for environmental quality. Analyzing panel data spanning from 2005 to 2017 for 30 coal-mining cities, it's been discovered that environmental regulations offer a new approach to potentially reversing the adverse effects of resource dependence, and thus fueling greener sustainable development in coal-mining regions.

Despite the inevitability of environmental contamination associated with resource extraction because of current mining technologies, this pollution delays residents' engagement in agricultural and aqua cultural activities, which are negatively influenced by environmental conditions. As a result, these cities tend to rely heavily on a singular economic development model centered around resource exploitation, making them ill-equipped to address environmental crises effectively. Economic gains from natural resources are mostly beneficial when directed towards initiatives such as job creation, skill enhancement, capacity building, and pursuit of long-term developmental objectives. Thus, reliance on one or more natural resources holds financial risk when aiming for a stable economic growth.

Impacts of settler colonialism
Multiple scholars have explained how Settler colonialism has had profound influence on the dynamics of resource exploitation throughout history, especially in regions where settler populations have previously asserted dominance over indigenous peoples and their territories. Among these scholars Dina Gilio-Whitaker, an expert in Native American Studies from California State University explains that, “Indigenous peoples fighting for political autonomy from the hegemony of the State are fighting the forces of colonialism while simultaneously fighting capitalism—all aimed at control of land and resources" This encompasses the establishment of permanent settler communities, typically accompanied by the displacement, marginalization, or even extermination of indigenous populations. Settler Colonial exploration is most often driven by the pursuit of land and resources which has historically created the exploitation of natural wealth to fuel economic growth, infrastructure development, and territorial expansion.

One of the key way which settler colonialism drives resource exploitation is through the appropriation of indigenous lands and natural resources. Kyle Powys Whyte, an expert in natural resources and the environment highlights how the continued legacy of settler colonialism continues to harm indigenous communities. In his piece “The Dakota Access Pipeline, Environmental Injustice, and US Settler Colonialism” he writes, “as climate change becomes more apparent in its homelands, the shifting plant and animal habitats tied to agriculture, wildlife, and ceremonial species, as well as the loss of territory and resources as a result of US settler colonialism, will make it harder to adjust.”

Settler societies often view the land as a commodity to be exploited for economic gain, leading to the establishment of extractive industries such as mining, logging, and agriculture on indigenous territories. This exploitation is facilitated by legal frameworks that prioritize settler property rights over indigenous land tenure systems, resulting in the dispossession and displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral lands. Moreover, settler colonialism often entails the imposition of Western concepts of land ownership and resource management that marginalize indigenous knowledge and practices, further exacerbating environmental degradation and social injustice.

Impacts of industrialization and globalization
Industrialization, the large scale growth of industry, has had profound impacts on natural resource exploitation. As societies undergo industrialization, there is an increased demand for raw materials to fuel manufacturing, construction, and energy production. As outlined by Farhan Ahmed, professor of economics and finance, industrialization can bring a myriad of challenges for natural resources. In his piece “The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region” Ahmed writes “In addition to the many benefits of foreign direct investment and industrialization that have affected economic growth, both have significant potential for environmental degradation because most of their activities are related to the production and exploitation of natural resources." This demand often leads to intensified extraction activities, such as mining, logging, and drilling, which can result in extensive habitat destruction, deforestation, and ecosystem degradation. Additionally, industrial processes often generate pollution and waste, further exacerbating environmental impacts and threatening ecosystems and biodiversity. industrialization has been associated with the commodification of natural resources, where resources are valued primarily for their economic potential rather than their intrinsic ecological or cultural value. This commodification mindset often leads to unsustainable exploitation practices, as resources are overexploited for short-term economic gain without consideration for long-term environmental sustainability.

Globalization has significantly impacted resource exploitation by reshaping patterns of production, consumption, and trade on a global scale. The interconnectedness of economies and the proliferation of multinational corporations have led to increased competition for access to natural resources, such as minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and agricultural products, in diverse regions around the world. This heightened demand for resources has driven intensified extraction activities, often in environmentally sensitive areas, and has contributed to the overexploitation and depletion of finite resources. Haiying Liu, professor of economics, explains how globalization results in more environmental stress in her piece “Impact of governance and globalization on natural resources volatility”. In this piece she writes, “In addition to natural resources exported from the region, the technical capability required to explore natural resources is also dependent on economic globalization. Environmental pressure increases as a result of globalization.” Globalization has spurred the development of complex supply chains and trade networks that connect resource-rich regions with centers of production and consumption across the globe. While this interconnectedness has fueled economic growth and development in some regions, it has also led to the commodification and commercialization of natural resources, where resources are valued primarily for their economic potential rather than their intrinsic ecological or cultural value. Globalization has contributed to the unequal distribution of benefits and burdens associated with resource exploitation, with marginalized communities often bearing the environmental and social costs of resource extraction while multinational corporations and rich nations reap the profits

Papua New Guinea

When a mining company enters a developing country in the global south to extract raw materials, advocating the advantages of the industry's presence and minimizing the potential negative effects gain the cooperation of the local people. Advantageous factors are primarily in economic development establishments, such as health centers, police departments, and schools, that the government may not provide. However, these advantages are not always distributed evenly among local populations, and the income generated from extracting natural resources can result in internal conflict within the developing country. In addition to unequal distribution, the adaption of consumerist values also results in conflict over resources within local communities.

Despite being rich in natural resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo is one country in the global south suffering from the effects of the resource curse. Its valuable copper and cobalt mineral deposits make Congo vulnerable to local and international conflict over the distribution of resources. These conflicts, along with the environmental degradation effects of mining, exacerbate high poverty rates, which approximately 64% of the Congolese population live under. Natural resource extraction and climate change are intertwined in Congo, as mining for copper and cobalt creates a biodiversity loss as green covers are cleared for constructing artisanal mines and roadways. Conflict over resources, poverty, and environmental degradation leaves a large number of the Congolese population vulnerable to internal displacement, lacking resources to adapt to climate change. Beyond climate impacts, mineral mining has also been linked with adverse health impacts, such as high levels of cobalt in urine and blood samples in populations located on or near industrial mines. Mining ores pose health risks long after mining has ceased, as wastelands generate toxic metal-rich dust. The injustice perpetrated by unsafe mining ores is not exclusive to the adult and child laborers. Instead, it impacts the whole country as low wages for high-risk mining worsen poverty rates, exacerbating negative social impacts such as conflict, higher crime rates, and child mortality.

The effects of the exploitation of natural resources in the local community of a developing country are also exhibited in the impacts from the Ok Tedi Mine. After BHP entered into Papua New Guinea to exploit copper and gold, the economy of the indigenous peoples boomed. Although their quality of life has improved, initially disputes were common among the locals in terms of land rights and who should be getting the benefits from the mining project. The consequences of the Ok Tedi environmental disaster illustrate the potential negative effects from the exploitation of natural resources. The resulting mining pollution includes toxic contamination of the natural water supply for communities along the Ok Tedi River, causing widespread killing of aquatic life. When a mining company ends a project after extracting the raw materials from an area of a developing country, the local people are left to manage with the environmental damage done to their community and the long run sustainability of the economic benefits stimulated by the mining company's presence becomes a concern.

Responses and solutions
Responses and solutions to natural resource exploitation have emerged across the globe as communities and stakeholders grapple with the environmental, social, and economic impacts of unsustainable practices. These movements often employ a variety of tactics, including protests, legal challenges, boycotts, and direct actions, to challenge destructive practices and promote alternatives that prioritize environmental sustainability, social justice, and community well-being. Additionally, there has been growing recognition of the importance of indigenous knowledge, traditional ecological practices, and community-based approaches in addressing the root causes of resource exploitation and advancing sustainable development goals.

Resistance to mining in Peru
Resistance to natural resource exploitation in the developing countries is often intertwined with broader social and economic struggles. Many communities facing exploitation are marginalized and economically disadvantaged which exacerbates the unequal power dynamics at play. Resistance movements often demand not only environmental justice but also fair compensation, employment opportunities, and community development initiatives. Solidarity networks, both within countries and internationally, have been crucial in amplifying the voices of affected communities and exerting pressure on governments and corporations to adopt more sustainable and equitable practices. Despite facing significant challenges, these movements continue to inspire hope for a more just and sustainable future in the Global South and beyond.

Anti-mining protests in Peru have emerged as a significant expression of resistance against large-scale mining projects that pose environmental and social threats to local communities. One notable instance is the resistance against the Conga mining project in the Cajamarca region. José Manuyama Ahuit, a native Peruvian activist working against local mining, was quoted saying, “The river forms part of our spirit and culture. If the river dies, so does our human dignity, now this river is doomed. The colour of the water is changing, and the same devastation in other mining areas is beginning to be reproduced here in the Nanay. Local communities, including farmers and indigenous groups, have vehemently opposed the project due to concerns of water contamination and depletion. The proposed mining operation, led by multinational corporations, has been met with widespread demonstrations, blockades, and legal challenges. These protests underscore broader issues of environmental protection and indigenous rights, as communities seek to safeguard their lands and livelihoods from the detrimental impacts of resource extraction.

In response to the anti-mining protests, Peruvian authorities have often deployed security forces to quell dissent, leading to clashes and instances of violence. These clashes have resulted in injuries and fatalities on both sides, escalating tensions between mining companies, local communities, and the government. Efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict have been disrupted by deep-seated mistrust and differing interests among the stakeholders involved.

Resistance in Native American communities
Resistance to natural resource exploitation in native communities has been a recurring theme throughout history, as indigenous people  have sought to protect their lands, cultures, and ways of life from the adverse impacts of extractive industries. In many cases, indigenous resistance movements have emerged as powerful forces advocating for environmental justice, indigenous rights, and sovereignty over ancestral territories. These movements often mobilize around issues such as land rights, resource extraction, and environmental protection, employing a variety of tactics, including protests, legal challenges, direct actions, and advocacy campaigns to assert indigenous control over natural resources and resist exploitative practices.

The Dakota Access Pipeline resistance, also known as the Standing Rock movement, emerged as a significant indigenous-led protest against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in the United States. The pipeline, proposed by Energy Transfer Partners, was intended to transport crude oil from North Dakota to Illinois, traversing ancestral lands and sacred sites of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, as well as posing potential threats to water sources, including the Missouri River, which serves as a vital water supply for the tribe and millions of others downstream. The resistance movement, which began in 2016, brought together indigenous activists, environmentalists, and allies from across the country and around the world in a unified effort to oppose the pipeline's construction. Nick Estes, a scholar of American Indian studies who has followed the Dakota Access Pipeline protests closely, points out that the tactics being used in protest of the Dakota Access Pipeline have been used for generations. In his piece  “Our History is The Future”  he writes, “Our history and long traditions of Indigenous resistance provide possibilities for futures premised on justice. After all, Indigenous resistance is animated by our ancestors' refusal to be forgotten, and it is our resolute refusal to forget our ancestors and our history that animates our visions for liberation.

The Dakota Access Pipeline resistance garnered widespread attention and support, drawing thousands of people to the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota to stand in solidarity with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and protect their lands and water. Among the supporters was activist and performing artists Dallas Goldtooth of the Dakota tribe. Goldtooth highlighted the importance of social media in modern protests saying, “social media allowed immediate direct one-on-one access and kind of this perception of unfiltered access – unfiltered access to what was happening on the ground"

The movement was characterized by nonviolent protests, prayer ceremonies, and acts of civil disobedience, as well as legal challenges aimed at halting the pipeline's construction and holding the government and energy companies accountable for violating indigenous rights and environmental regulations. The resistance movement also sparked a broader conversation about indigenous sovereignty, environmental justice, and the impacts of fossil fuel infrastructure on indigenous communities and the environment.

title: Exploitation of natural resources