text:
Talk:Repton School

Beating
I've not read Dahl's 1984 autobiographical Boy. But I see that article tells us this:
 * "According to Dahl, this headmaster was Geoffrey Francis Fisher, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London in 1939. However, according to Dahl's biographer, Jeremy Treglown, Dahl's memory was in error: the beating took place in May 1933, a year after Fisher had left Repton. The headmaster concerned was in fact John Traill Christie, Fisher's successor.

So I think the recently added text needs amendment. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:45, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Incidents
Toned down section, most of it was sensationalistic, not convinced the two incidents left even need to be in this article in terms of importance. Racingmanager (talk) 22:58, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Refined a few more bits and attempted to make it more neutral. Racingmanager (talk) 23:25, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Edit requests
Hello editors!

I have a lot of requests coming your way about posting more information on the history of Repton. Most of this information has been compiled by the school's historian, and I think a lot of it can be beneficial when it comes to the History section of this article. I'm posting what I have and letting you decide what belongs/doesn't belong on the page because I have a COI.

I've trimmed what the historian originally wrote to make these requests more reasonable, but I understand that this may be a lot still. I've vaguely edited Wiki before so I've coded everything to the best of my ability, but let me know if anything needs to change to make this easier for you.

''I have a COI with this article. While I do not work at Repton and am not being paid for this, I do know someone who works in communications for the school and that is how I am able to obtain this information in the first place.''

Thank you for taking a look. ChicagoHawthorne (talk) 20:16, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Dr. Steuart Pears, who was headmaster of Repton School from 1854 to 1874, oversaw the reestablishment of Repton as a major public school. When he arrived, there were just 48 boys. When he left twenty years later, there were nearly 300. He managed, through a series of reforms, an extensive building programme which included new boarding houses and a Chapel (completed in 1859) to firmly establish a respected community. The Pears School hall is named after him.

Dr. Furneaux, headmaster from 1882 to 1900, further expanded Repton, as boarding accommodation and teaching facilities were increased, and the school prospered both on the games field and in the classroom. He retired in 1900 and became Dean of Winchester.

The next headmaster was Lionel Ford, serving from 1901 to 1910, who had once been his first Head of the School. During this time, the Chapel was enlarged, the Science Block, the Gymnasium, Armoury, Shooting Range and Swimming Bath were built, and the Priory ‘Tithe’ Barn turned into the Art School.

William Temple was headmaster for four years from 1910 to 1914. Temple, at the age of 28, was young and a newcomer to schoolmastering, and was mainly content in his short tenure to leave the school unaltered. His influence was mainly felt in its intellectual life, where he served as an inspiration to the boys. It was with them that he was most effective, whether in the classroom, or in the Debating society where he frequently spoke, or in his Chapel sermons. He went on to become Archbishop of Canterbury.

Geoffrey Fisher, headmaster from 1914 to 1932, came to Repton at a particularly difficult time, at the onset of the Great War. Just over 1,500 Old Reptonians served in the Great War, with 355 of them dying in the conflict. During the war, Repton was a pioneer in teaching boys about current affairs, and a Civics class was established under the leadership of two temporary masters, Victor Gollancz and D.C. Somervell.

Fisher was succeeded by John Traill Christie, headmaster from 1932 to 1937. Of Christie, it has been said that during his brief reign revolutionary changes were not to be expected, nor were they required. He was the first-ever lay headmaster in the School’s history but was particularly gifted as a preacher and as a broadcaster on religious subjects.

Michael Clarke took over at perhaps the most critical period of Repton’s history, serving as headmaster from 1937 to 1943. In the face of the serious economic situation then confronting almost all public schools, and a consequent reduction in numbers of boys, he closed one of the boarding houses. In August 1938, the M.G.M. picture ‘Goodbye Mr. Chips’ was filmed at Repton, for which many of the boys served as extras during their summer holidays.

Theodore Lynam Thomas (often known simply as TLT) was headmaster from 1944 to 1961. He was at the helm during the boom period which followed the Second World War, when numbers steadily rose from 273 to 470 in little over 15 years. In March 1957, to mark the quatercentenary of the School’s foundation, Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Phillip visited the School. As a result of the anniversary appeal fund, an extensive building programme was put in hand, and building was soon undertaken for a theatre (now known as the 400 Hall), a new Chemistry Block and new workshops within the Precinct, as well as extensive alterations to the Science Block.

John Thorn’s tenure as headmaster, from 1961 to 1968, is seen as radically different than that of his predecessor. In terms of style: “Whereas Thomas had been massive and taciturn, Thorn had a naval briskness. Thomas smiled and twinkled, but never showed his teeth; Thorn laughed, and was swift in repartee.” [quote by Hugh Brogan] In 1967, Repton won five entrance awards at Oxford and Cambridge, and twelve Commoner places. Thorn also founded the William Temple Society, where Reptonians could engage in philosophical and cultural discussions, irrespective of their particular academic disciplines.

John Gammell took office as headmaster in 1968 and oversaw perhaps the most dramatic innovation in the School’s history – the gradual introduction of girls. It started with the arrival of two girls in 1970, and by 1979 the first purpose-built girls’ boarding house, The Abbey, had been opened. It had 42 boarders in its first year and was full with 60 pupils the following year. In the years that followed another three girls’ boarding houses have been added to Repton – Garden, Field and Mitre.

David Jewell came to Repton as Headmaster at Christmas in 1978. Under his guidance, the proceeds of the 1982 Old Reptonian Appeal went towards the transformation of the old Sanatorium into the Robert Beldam Music School, together with work on the Tanyard and Pears School.

Because of a fall in numbers, Graham Jones, headmaster from 1987 to 2003, had to take the difficult decision to amalgamate two of the boys boarding houses – Brook House, which had existed since 1869, was closed, and its boarders were united with The Hall to form School House.

Under Robert Holroyd’s headmastership, from 2003 to 2015, both numbers and buildings within the school increased. The Science Priory was built; the 400 Hall Theatre was completely refurbished; the old Squash Courts were made into a new gallery and textiles studio for the Art department; the old Mitre West wing was converted into a modern teaching facility for the entire English department, and the Library in the Old Priory was given a new lease of life. The school marked its 450th anniversary in 2007 with a royal visit from HRH the Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, a Son et Lumiere which celebrated its history, and a series of summer concerts featuring, amongst others, Michael Ball and Bryan Ferry.

The period 2015-2019 saw a number of changes in leadership but development continued with the creation of a new teaching block, the Lynam Thomas Building, in the Precinct and a major refurbishment and extension of the Sports Centre, including a new indoor sports hall and hospitality suite. Alastair Land, headmaster from 2016 to 2019, was succeeded as Headmaster by Mark Semmence.

ChicagoHawthorne (talk) 20:16, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Reply 20-MAR-2020
Regards, Spintendo  07:11, 20 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Please provide the for the referenced publications.
 * When ready to proceed with the requested information, kindly change the  template's answer parameter to read from yes to no.
 * Done where possible. Thanks Spintendo! ChicagoHawthorne (talk) 20:10, 20 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for providing the OCLC,'s it's much appreciated. Unfortunately however, the request does not state where in the History section this information is to be added to. The information also uses a tone which is generally not used in Wikipedia articles, by not attributing, through the text, certain statements (e.g., "...and the school prospered both on the games field and in the classroom" and "Temple, at the age of 28, was young and a newcomer to schoolmastering, and was mainly content in his short tenure to leave the school unaltered. His influence was mainly felt in its intellectual life, where he served as an inspiration to the boys." and "During the war, Repton was a pioneer in teaching boys about current affairs" and " it has been said that during his brief reign revolutionary changes were not to be expected, nor were they required" and "Michael Clarke took over at perhaps the most critical period of Repton’s history, serving as headmaster from 1937 to 1943. and "It was with them that he was most effective, whether in the classroom, or in the Debating society where he frequently spoke, or in his Chapel sermons") When claims are made in the article, it's important to attribute them to authors in the text, which this text does not do. It's for these reasons that the text is not acceptable in its current form. Regards, Spintendo  15:38, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

I have done what I can to add these things in so far as I can. — Preceding unsigned comment added by StoneyLittleton (talk • contribs) 13:01, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, StoneyLittleton. I appreciate your time and efforts to implement what you can! ChicagoHawthorne (talk) 16:33, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Watkins/Brooke
Trying to work out how Vernon Watkins (who arrived at Repton in 1920) had a school crush on Rupert Brooke, who had died five years previously. MongogramForCandy (talk) 19:30, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Jonathan Arnold
This major cocaine smuggler and son of former Deputy Police Commissioner for Staffordshire, Sue Arnold, went to Repton School Overlordnat1 (talk) 08:41, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Repton School


text:
New Left Review

The New Left Review is a British bimonthly journal covering world politics, economy, and culture, which was established in 1960.

Background
As part of the British "New Left", a number of new journals emerged to carry commentary on matters of Marxist theory. One of these was The Reasoner, a magazine established by historians E. P. Thompson and John Saville in July 1956. A total of three quarterly issues was produced. This publication was expanded and further developed from 1957 to 1959 as The New Reasoner, with an additional ten issues being produced.

Another radical journal of the period was the Universities and Left Review, a publication established in 1957 with less of a sense of allegiance to the British communist tradition. This publication was more youth-oriented and pacifist in orientation, expressing opposition to the militaristic rhetoric of the Cold War, voicing strong opposition to the 1956 Suez War, and support for the emerging Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND).

Establishment
New Left Review was established in January 1960 when The New Reasoner and Universities and Left Review merged their boards. The first editor-in-chief of the merged publication was Stuart Hall. The early publication's style, featuring illustrations on the cover and in the interior layout, was more irreverent and free-flowing than later issues of the publication, which tended to be of a more somber, academic bent. Hall was succeeded as editor in 1962 by Perry Anderson.

In 1993, nineteen of the members of the editorial committee resigned, citing a loss of control over content by the Editorial Board/Committee in favour of a Shareholders' Trust, which they argued was undemocratic. The Trust cited financial sustainability of the journal as an issue. It comprised Perry Anderson, his brother Benedict Anderson, and Ronald Fraser. The journal was again relaunched in 2000, and Perry Anderson returned as editor until 2003.

Since 2008
New Left Review has followed the economic crisis as well as its global political repercussions. An essay by Wolfgang Streeck (issue 71) was called "the most powerful description of what has gone wrong in western societies" by the Financial Times's contributor Christopher Caldwell.

Writer Benjamin Kunkel is a member of the editorial committee of New Left Review, while Oliver Eagleton is on its editorial staff.

Abstracting and indexing
In 2003, the magazine ranked 12th by impact factor on a list of the top-20 political science journals in the world. By 2018, however, the Journal Citation Reports ranked New Left Review's impact factor at 1.967, ranking it 51st out of 176 journals in the category "Political Science". In 2021, the alternative index Scopus placed the journal as 99/556 Political Science and International Relations journals, with a citation score of 2.4.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Left Review


text:
Talk:Pine

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by Realpandapang (talk) 02:12, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

Science
Bahavior of the pine tree 143.44.165.142 (talk) 14:25, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pine


text:
Misnomer

A misnomer is a name that is incorrectly or unsuitably applied. Misnomers often arise because something was named long before its correct nature was known, or because an earlier form of something has been replaced by a later form to which the name no longer suitably applies, or in an attempt to falsely blame or embarrass like in the misnomer case of Spanish flu. A misnomer may also be simply a word that someone uses incorrectly or misleadingly. The word "misnomer" does not mean "misunderstanding" or "popular misconception", and a number of misnomers remain in common usage — which is to say that a word being a misnomer does not necessarily make usage of the word incorrect.

Sources of misnomers
Some of the sources of misnomers are:

 * An older name being retained after the thing named has changed (e.g., tin can, mince meat pie, steamroller, tin foil, clothes iron, digital darkroom). This is essentially a metaphorical extension with the older item standing for anything filling its role.
 * Transference of a well-known product brand name into a genericized trademark (e.g., Xerox for photocopy, Kleenex for tissues, or Jell-O for gelatin dessert).
 * Pars pro toto, or a name applied to something that covers only part of a region. People often use Holland to mean the Netherlands, while it only designates a part of that country.
 * Referring to the suburbs of a metropolis with the name of the biggest city in the metropolis.
 * A name being based on a similarity in a particular aspect (e.g., "shooting stars" look like falling stars but are actually meteors).
 * A difference between popular and technical meanings of a term. For example, a koala "bear" (see below) superficially looks and acts like a bear, but is quite distinct and unrelated. Similarly, fireflies fly like flies, and ladybugs look and act like bugs. Botanically, peanuts are not nuts, even though they look and taste somewhat like nuts. The technical sense is often cited as the "correct" sense, but this is a matter of context.
 * Ambiguity (e.g., a parkway is generally a road with park-like landscaping, not a place to park). Such a term may confuse those unfamiliar with the language, dialect and/or word.
 * Association of a thing with a place other than one might assume. For example, Panama hats originate from Ecuador, but came to be associated with the building of the Panama Canal.
 * Naming particular to the originator's world view.
 * An unfamiliar name (generally foreign) or technical term being re-analyzed as something more familiar (see folk etymology).
 * Anachronisms, or terms from different time periods that are juxtaposed, creating a chronological inconsistency.

Older name retained

 * The "lead" in pencils is made of graphite and clay, not lead; graphite was originally believed to be lead ore, but this is now known not to be the case. The graphite and clay mix is known as plumbago, meaning "lead ore" in Latin.
 * Blackboards are frequently not black, but also green, red, blue, or brown.
 * Sticks of chalk are no longer made of chalk, but of gypsum.
 * Tin foil is almost always made of aluminium, whereas "tin cans" made for the storage of food products are made from steel with a thin tin plating. In both cases, tin was the original metal.
 * Telephone numbers are usually referred to as being "dialed" although rotary phones are now rare.
 * In golf, the clubs commonly referred to as woods are usually made of metal. The club heads for "woods" were formerly made predominantly of wood.

The term anachronym as defined in Garner's Modern English Usage refers to this type of misnomer. Examples cited by Garner include the persistence of the word dial in its telephoning sense after the rotary dial era and the persistence of the term tin foil in the aluminum foil era. Anachronyms should not be confused with anacronyms, which are words such as laser and sonar that have acronymic origin but are generally no longer treated like conventional acronyms (that is, they are used syntactically like any other words, without reference to their original expansions).

Similarity of appearance

 * Head cheese is a meat product.
 * A horned toad is a lizard.
 * A velvet ant is a wasp.

Difference between common and technical meanings

 * Koala "bears" are marsupials not closely related to the bear family, Ursidae. The name "koala" is preferred in Australia, where koalas are native, but the term "koala bear" is still in use today outside of Australia.
 * Jellyfish and starfish are only very distantly related to fish, being in separate phyla (although jellyfish do have a gelatinous structure similar to gelatin dessert).
 * A peanut is not a nut in the botanical sense, but rather a legume. Similarly, a coconut is not a botanical nut but a drupe.
 * Several fruits that are not berries include strawberries, bayberries, raspberries, and blackberries.

Association with place other than that which one may assume

 * The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) originated in the Andes, not Guinea, and additionally is a rodent and unrelated to pigs.
 * French horns originated in Germany, not France.
 * Chinese checkers did not originate in China or in any other part of Asia, rather, it had originated in Germany.

Other

 * Although dry cleaning does not involve water, it does involve the use of liquid solvents.
 * The "funny bone" is not a bone—the phrase refers to the ulnar nerve.
 * A quantum leap is properly an instantaneous change that may be either large or small. In physics, it is a change of an electron from one energy level to another within an atom. In common usage, however, the term is often taken to mean a large, abrupt change.
 * "Tennis elbow" (formally lateral epicondylitis) does not necessarily result from playing tennis.

title: Misnomer


text:
Talk:Roe v. Wade

Blackmun's "Chronological" Entry
The only reason I've been mentioning about Harry Blackmun's "chronological" entry in the Supreme Court decision is to sum up the day. He wrote "Abortion decisions down. LBJ dies." I only note this to mention the role that the Supreme Court also played in paying tribute to LBJ. It is relevant, not trivia, because of who led the SCOTUS tributes. -- SnoopyAndCharlieBrown202070 (talk)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 January 2024
in the states that allow abortion with a doctor decree there 5 states and it says that there is only 4 Profeshinal amichure (talk) 02:04, 26 January 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] 14:21, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.

Semi-protected edit request on 9 April 2024
Typo: change "sais" under "Reception > Later responses by those involved > Norma McCorvey" to "said." G.S.C. 62 (talk) 16:30, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks. Jamedeus (talk) 17:12, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Justices in the Majority
For the justices in the majority, should we keep the picture of just Harry Blackmun, as he wrote the majority opinion, or can we also add those of Chief Justice of Warren Burger and Thurgood Marshall? The only reason I'm asking this is because the big news the day of Roe v. Wade was the passing of LBJ and although both Burger and Marshall were in the majority, they also led the SCOTUS tributes on the passing. SnoopyAndCharlieBrown202070 (talk) 01:33, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

Death of LBJ
One thing that I mentioned here that was removed, but I feel that it needs to be mentioned is that the news of Roe v. Wade was overshadowed by that of the passing of LBJ and that both happened on the same day. The passing of LBJ overshadowed Roe v. Wade and was the banner headlines on newspapers the day after. I used Golden Age Nursing Home fire article as the guide, as that happened the day after the assassination of JFK, but the news of it was overshadowed by the assassination. SnoopyAndCharlieBrown202070 (talk) 23:39, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roe v. Wade


text:
Helium flash

A helium flash is a very brief thermal runaway nuclear fusion of large quantities of helium into carbon through the triple-alpha process in the core of low-mass stars (between 0.8 solar masses and 2.0  ) during their red giant phase. The Sun is predicted to experience a flash 1.2 billion years after it leaves the main sequence. A much rarer runaway helium fusion process can also occur on the surface of accreting white dwarf stars.

Low-mass stars do not produce enough gravitational pressure to initiate normal helium fusion. As the hydrogen in the core is exhausted, some of the helium left behind is instead compacted into degenerate matter, supported against gravitational collapse by quantum mechanical pressure rather than thermal pressure. Subsequent hydrogen shell fusion further increases the mass of the core until it reaches temperature of approximately 100 million kelvin, which is hot enough to initiate helium fusion (or "helium burning") in the core.

However, a fundamental quality of degenerate matter is that increases in temperature do not produce an increase in the pressure of the matter until the thermal pressure becomes so very high that it exceeds degeneracy pressure. In main sequence stars, thermal expansion regulates the core temperature, but in degenerate cores, this does not occur. Helium fusion increases the temperature, which increases the fusion rate, which further increases the temperature in a runaway reaction which quickly spans the entire core. This produces a flash of very intense helium fusion that lasts only a few minutes, but during that time, produces energy at a rate comparable to the entire Milky Way galaxy.

In the case of normal low-mass stars, the vast energy release causes much of the core to come out of degeneracy, allowing it to thermally expand. This consumes most of the total energy released by the helium flash, and any left-over energy is absorbed into the star's upper layers. Thus the helium flash is mostly undetectable by observation, and is described solely by astrophysical models. After the core's expansion and cooling, the star's surface rapidly cools and contracts in as little as 10,000 years until it is roughly 2% of its former radius and luminosity. It is estimated that the electron-degenerate helium core weighs about 40% of the star mass and that 6% of the core is converted into carbon.

Red giants
During the red giant phase of stellar evolution in stars with less than 2.0 the nuclear fusion of hydrogen ceases in the core as it is depleted, leaving a helium-rich core. While fusion of hydrogen continues in the star's shell causing a continuation of the accumulation of helium in the core, making the core denser, the temperature still is unable to reach the level required for helium fusion, as happens in more massive stars. Thus the thermal pressure from fusion is no longer sufficient to counter the gravitational collapse and create the hydrostatic equilibrium found in most stars. This causes the star to start contracting and increasing in temperature until it eventually becomes compressed enough for the helium core to become degenerate matter. This degeneracy pressure is finally sufficient to stop further collapse of the most central material but the rest of the core continues to contract and the temperature continues to rise until it reaches a point ($≈1 K$) at which the helium can ignite and start to fuse.

The explosive nature of the helium flash arises from its taking place in degenerate matter. Once the temperature reaches 100 million–200 million kelvin and helium fusion begins using the triple-alpha process, the temperature rapidly increases, further raising the helium fusion rate and, because degenerate matter is a good conductor of heat, widening the reaction region.

However, since degeneracy pressure (which is purely a function of density) is dominating thermal pressure (proportional to the product of density and temperature), the total pressure is only weakly dependent on temperature. Thus, the dramatic increase in temperature only causes a slight increase in pressure, so there is no stabilizing cooling expansion of the core.

This runaway reaction quickly climbs to about 100 billion times the star's normal energy production (for a few seconds) until the temperature increases to the point that thermal pressure again becomes dominant, eliminating the degeneracy. The core can then expand and cool down and a stable burning of helium will continue.

A star with mass greater than about 2.25 starts to burn helium without its core becoming degenerate, and so does not exhibit this type of helium flash. In a very low-mass star (less than about 0.5 ), the core is never hot enough to ignite helium. The degenerate helium core will keep on contracting, and finally becomes a helium white dwarf.

The helium flash is not directly observable on the surface by electromagnetic radiation. The flash occurs in the core deep inside the star, and the net effect will be that all released energy is absorbed by the entire core, causing the degenerate state to become nondegenerate. Earlier computations indicated that a nondisruptive mass loss would be possible in some cases, but later star modeling taking neutrino energy loss into account indicates no such mass loss.

In a one solar mass star, the helium flash is estimated to release about $5 J$, or about 0.3% of the energy release of a $1.5 J$ type Ia supernova, which is triggered by an analogous ignition of carbon fusion in a carbon–oxygen white dwarf.

Binary white dwarfs
When hydrogen gas is accreted onto a white dwarf from a binary companion star, the hydrogen can fuse to form helium for a narrow range of accretion rates, but most systems develop a layer of hydrogen over the degenerate white dwarf interior. This hydrogen can build up to form a shell near the surface of the star. When the mass of hydrogen becomes sufficiently large, runaway fusion causes a nova. In a few binary systems where the hydrogen fuses on the surface, the mass of helium built up can burn in an unstable helium flash. In certain binary systems the companion star may have lost most of its hydrogen and donate helium-rich material to the compact star. Note that similar flashes occur on neutron stars.

Shell helium flash
Shell helium flashes are a somewhat analogous but much less violent, nonrunaway helium ignition event, taking place in the absence of degenerate matter. They occur periodically in asymptotic giant branch stars in a shell outside the core. This is late in the life of a star in its giant phase. The star has burnt most of the helium available in the core, which is now composed of carbon and oxygen. Helium fusion continues in a thin shell around this core, but then turns off as helium becomes depleted. This allows hydrogen fusion to start in a layer above the helium layer. After enough additional helium accumulates, helium fusion is reignited, leading to a thermal pulse which eventually causes the star to expand and brighten temporarily (the pulse in luminosity is delayed because it takes a number of years for the energy from restarted helium fusion to reach the surface ). Such pulses may last a few hundred years, and are thought to occur periodically every 10,000 to 100,000 years. After the flash, helium fusion continues at an exponentially decaying rate for about 40% of the cycle as the helium shell is consumed. Thermal pulses may cause a star to shed circumstellar shells of gas and dust.

title: Helium flash


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 14

Cyprus
Catherine Cornaro is a stub (as of March 2004)
 * 1489 - Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro sells kingdom to Venice.
 * Date not found on Kingdom of Cyprus or Catherine Cornaro. -- PFHLai 17:18, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Jack Ruby & Lee Harvey Oswald

 * 1964 - Jack Ruby was found guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald.
 * The page was already featured on Nov.24th. -- PFHLai 00:45, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Einstein's birthday
Einstein's birthday should be mentioned: (from March 14)

 * 1879 - Albert Einstein, physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in physics 1921, (d. 1955)

 * No it shouldn't. He will get a mention when he did something notable. --mav 09:27, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, I wasn't too sure of new procedures and things for these new pages, so... Dysprosia 09:28, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Operation Litani

 * 1978 - Operation Litani
 * This is not featured due to the presence of a tag. This should be re-evaluated next year. -- PFHLai 21:27, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)
 * Same problem in 2006. -- PFHLai 17:18, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Linux 1.0.0
What is the best way to feature this event ? -- PFHLai 04:39, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)
 * 1994 - Timeline of Linux development: Linux kernel version 1.0.0 is released.

Stripped

 * 1894 - 1st striptease, Paris. (But, what club?) Trekphiler 23:40, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:32, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: John Byng, The Mikado, Gerry Adams, 2008 Tibetan unrest
 * Included: Catherine Cornaro (first appearance); Lakeview Gusher (first appearance); Alam Ara (first appearance); Birmingham Six (8th appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Cotton gin (5th consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:10, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Catherine Cornaro (ineligible—maintenance); Cotton gin; Lakeview Gusher; Alam Ara; Birmingham Six
 * Included: The Mikado (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Battle of Más a Tierra (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Mit brennender Sorge (2nd appearance, last in 2010); 1978 South Lebanon conflict (2nd appearance, last in 2008; rescued from Ineligible); 2008 Tibetan unrest (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

2014 notes

 * Omitted: Battle of Más a Tierra; Mit brennender Sorge; 1978 South Lebanon conflict; 2008 Tibetan unrest
 * Included: John Byng (5th appearance, last in 2011); Lakeview Gusher (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Grand Slam (bomb) (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Johnson South Reef Skirmish (first appearance)
 * Repeats: The Mikado (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:52, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: The Mikado (ineligible—POTD for 2015); Lakeview Gusher; Johnson South Reef Skirmish
 * Included: Cotton gin (8th appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Más a Tierra (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 100th anniversary); Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (first appearance)
 * Repeats: John Byng (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total); Grand Slam (bomb) (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 70th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:19, 12 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: John Byng; Battle of Más a Tierra; Grand Slam (bomb); Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
 * Included: The Mikado (4th appearance, last in 2014); Alam Ara (2nd appearance, last in 2012); 1978 South Lebanon conflict (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Birmingham Six (9th appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Cotton gin (2nd consecutive appearance, 9 total)

 * Didnt know where else to put this, but Pi Day is not just the United States. The error is being inserted into the article, despite extensive prior discussion (with sources) that this is not just a US observation. I ask that it be removed before this keeps happening (I've already reverted three times at the article) and that it not be mistakenly posted again in future years. oknazevad (talk) 17:07, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:30, 14 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Mit brennender Sorge (moved to March 21)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Battle of Más a Tierra (maintenance); 2008 Tibetan unrest (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Cotton gin (ineligible—maintenance); The Mikado; Alam Ara; 1978 South Lebanon conflict; Birmingham Six
 * Included: John Byng (8th appearance, last in 2015); Lakeview Gusher (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Gerry Adams (6th appearance, last in 2011); John Sigismund Zápolya (first appearance); Fannie Lou Hamer (first appearance); Tony Benn (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:29, 14 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Birmingham Six (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Thomas R. Marshall (TFA for 2018)
 * Omitted: John Byng; Giangiacomo Feltrinelli; Gerry Adams; John Sigismund Zápolya; Fannie Lou Hamer; Tony Benn
 * Included: Catherine Cornaro (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); The Mikado (5th appearance, last in 2016); 1978 South Lebanon conflict (4th appearance, last in 2016; 40th anniversary); Johnson South Reef Skirmish (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 30th anniversary); George Wade (first appearance); Lucy Hobbs Taylor (first appearance); Diane Arbus (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Lakeview Gusher (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:20, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Catherine Cornaro; Lakeview Gusher; 1978 South Lebanon conflict (ineligible—maintenance); Johnson South Reef Skirmish; George Wade; Lucy Hobbs Taylor; Diane Arbus
 * Included: Battle of Haengju (first appearance); Grand Slam (bomb) (5th appearance, last in 2015); Edward M. Burke (first appearance; 50th anniversary); Gerry Adams (7th appearance, last in 2017); Thomas R. Marshall (first appearance); Karl Marx (first appearance); Jessica Gallagher (first appearance)
 * Repeats: The Mikado (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:59, 15 March 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Frank Borman (TFA for 2019-12-24)
 * Omitted: Battle of Haengju; The Mikado; Edward M. Burke; Grand Slam (bomb); Gerry Adams; Thomas R. Marshall; Karl Marx; Jessica Gallagher
 * Included: Battle of Ronas Voe (first appearance); Lakeview Gusher (5th appearance, last in 2018); Alam Ara (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (3rd appearance, last in 2017); John McCain (first appearance); Matilda of Ringelheim (first appearance); Ferdinand Hodler (first appearance); S. Truett Cathy (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:38, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Muhammad III of Granada/Nasr of Granada (TFA for 2021)
 * New articles (ineligible): Lies Noor (POTD for 2020-12-10)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Frank Borman
 * Omitted: Battle of Ronas Voe; Lakeview Gusher; Giangiacomo Feltrinelli; John McCain; Matilda of Ringelheim; Ferdinand Hodler
 * Included: Battle of Haengju (2nd appearance, last in 2019); John Byng (9th appearance, last in 2017); Johnson South Reef Skirmish (3rd appearance, last in 2018); John Sigismund Zápolya (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Ieng Sary (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Alam Ara (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 90th anniversary); Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); S. Truett Cathy (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 100th birthday)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:33, 15 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Haengju; John Byng; Alam Ara; Giangiacomo Feltrinelli; Johnson South Reef Skirmish; John Sigismund Zápolya; S. Truett Cathy; Ieng Sary
 * Included: Muhammad III of Granada/Nasr of Granada (both: first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Catherine Cornaro (3rd appearance, last in 2018); The Mikado (7th appearance, last in 2019); Edward M. Burke (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Gerry Adams (8th appearance, last in 2019); Charles Ammi Cutter (first appearance); Phil Vincent (first appearance); Lies Noor (first appearance)

2024 concern
Pasting from WP:ERRORS:

 * 1864 – The Petite messe solennelle was first performed in a mansion in Paris, 34 years after Gioachino Rossini (pictured) retired as a composer.
 * There is no mention of "mansion" in the article. Article lede has "at the couple's new home in Paris" and later, "first performed on 14 March 1864 at the couple's new residence in Paris, the hôtel of Louise..." (which was perhaps a Hôtel particulier, the ref calls it the "newly built Paris town house). JennyOz (talk) 23:32, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * He composed the piece in 1863, so wasn't "retired as a composer"? To me, the item reads as if the piece sat in abeyance, unperformed for 34 years. The article has "34 years after writing his last opera" and also that "he composed several pieces of chamber music" during that time.
 * "retired as a composer" could change to 'retired from composing operas', but there seems no connection between writing operas and a mass? Or remove the mention of being retired? JennyOz (talk) 23:32, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd drop the "retired" bit. "Mansion" is just shorter than "the couple's new home", - how is "in a private residence in Paris"? - If more is wanted we could use that Rossini counted the mass among his "sins of old age", as the DYK said. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 00:02, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Or even "first performed in Paris" would do. —  RAVEN PVFF   · talk  · 00:13, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That was done but misses the key point: that it isn't the typical mass, for a church, with big choir and orchestra, but an intimate but long piece for 12 singers (like the evangelists, of three sexes - they still had castratos), piano and harmonium. - If you change nothing else please make it "opera composer", instead of composer. My story goes like this. I listen to the desolate Agnus Dei and think of Vami_IV. Dona nobis pacem. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:26, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

Hope this helps. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 02:57, 15 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Mercedes-Benz CLS

The Mercedes-Benz CLS (initially called the CLS-Class) is a series of executive cars produced by Mercedes-Benz from October 2004 to August 2023.

The original model was a four-door sedan based on the Mercedes E-Class platform, marketed as a four door coupé. An estate (shooting brake) model was later added to the model range with the second generation CLS. All models are available as a high performance AMG variant, although it wasn't until the second generation CLS that 4MATIC all-wheel drive was offered.

The CLS range is positioned between the E-Class and the S-Class within the Mercedes model range, and models tend to be less practical than the E-Class it is based on. It primarily competes with other fastback sedans like the BMW 8 Series Gran Coupe, Porsche Panamera and Audi A7. Production of the CLS ended on 31 August 2023 to prepare for the launch of the new Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W214).

First generation (C219; 2004)
Marketed from Mercedes as a four-door coupé, the CLS was designed by Michael Fink in 2001 who also styled the first generation CLK, the C-SportCoupé, and Maybach 57 and 62. In Europe, the CLS is recognized as a four-seat coupé and justly named the C219, while in the US, it is commonly referred to as the W219. The C219 CLS is based on the W211 E-Class platform, and shares major components including the engines, transmissions, and has an identical wheelbase of 2854 mm. IVM Automotive, a subsidiary of German roof system specialist Edscha, developed the entire vehicle from the Vision CLS concept on which the CLS is based, to the production version which debuted at the 2004 New York International Auto Show.

Second generation (C218; 2010)

The C218 CLS is the second generation model, and was sold from 2011 to 2018. The body styles of the range are a 4-door coupé (C218 model code for Europe/ W218 for US market), and a 5-door estate (X218 model code, marketed as 'Shooting Brake'). The design of the CLS was based on the Mercedes F800 concept and featured design cues from other models including the Mercedes SLS AMG. Unlike its predecessor, the C218 CLS is available with all-wheel drive and can be optionally configured on CLS 63 AMG models as well. In 2014, the CLS underwent a facelift and featured design changes, engine enhancements, and the adoption of the Mercedes 9G-Tronic automatic transmission.

Third generation (C257; 2018)

The C257 CLS is the third model and was previously available only as a four-door coupe and in rear-wheel or all-wheel drive (4MATIC) configuration. The Shooting Brake body style was in development for the C257 CLS, but was shortly discontinued due to poor and declining demand overseas for the last generation model. The range of engines consist of a 2.9-litre straight six turbocharged diesel engine and a 3.0-litre straight six turbocharged petrol engine. The latter equips the CLS 53 AMG with features such as a mild hybrid system and an Panamericana radiator grille, which pays tribute to 300 SL model. The CLS is also now a five-seater car, instead of being a four-seater as with the previous two generations.

title: Mercedes-Benz CLS


text:
Louis Slotin

Louis Alexander Slotin (1 December 1910 – 30 May 1946) was a Canadian physicist and chemist who took part in the Manhattan Project. Born and raised in the North End of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Slotin earned both his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees from the University of Manitoba, before obtaining his doctorate in physical chemistry at King's College London in 1936. Afterwards, he joined the University of Chicago as a research associate to help design a cyclotron.

In 1942, Slotin was invited to participate in the Manhattan Project, and subsequently performed experiments with uranium and plutonium cores to determine their critical mass values. After World War II he continued his research at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. On 21 May 1946, he accidentally triggered a fission reaction which released a burst of hard radiation. He was rushed to the hospital and died nine days later on 30 May. Slotin had become the victim of the second criticality accident in history following Harry Daghlian, who had been fatally exposed to radiation by the same plutonium "demon core" that killed Slotin.

Slotin was hailed as a hero by the United States government for reacting quickly enough to prevent the deaths of his colleagues. However, some physicists argue that Slotin's behavior preceding the accident was reckless and that his death was preventable. The accident and its aftermath have been dramatized in several fictional and non-fiction accounts.

Early life
Louis Slotin was the first of three children born to Israel and Sonia Slotin, Yiddish-speaking Jewish refugees who had fled the pogroms of Russia to Winnipeg, Manitoba. He grew up in the North End neighborhood of Winnipeg, an area with a large concentration of Eastern European immigrants. From his early days at Machray Elementary School through his teenage years at St. John's High School, Slotin was academically exceptional. His younger brother, Sam, later remarked that his brother "had an extreme intensity that enabled him to study long hours."

At age 16, Slotin entered the University of Manitoba to pursue a degree in science. During his undergraduate years, he received a University Gold Medal in both physics and chemistry. Slotin received a B.Sc. degree in geology from the university in 1932 and a M.Sc. degree in 1933. With the assistance of one of his mentors, he obtained a fellowship to study at King's College London under the supervision of Arthur John Allmand, the chair of the chemistry department, who specialized in the field of applied electrochemistry and photochemistry.

King's College London
While at King's College London, Slotin distinguished himself as an amateur boxer by winning the college's amateur bantamweight boxing championship. Later, he gave the impression that he had fought for the Spanish Republic and trained to fly a fighter with the Royal Air Force. Author Robert Jungk recounted in his book Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, the first published account of the Manhattan Project, that Slotin "had volunteered for service in the Spanish Civil War, more for the sake of the thrill of it than on political grounds. He had often been in extreme danger as an anti-aircraft gunner." During an interview years later, Sam stated that his brother had gone "on a walking tour in Spain" and he "did not take part in the war" as previously thought.

Slotin earned a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from King's College London in 1936. He won a prize for his thesis entitled "An Investigation into the Intermediate Formation of Unstable Molecules During some Chemical Reactions." Afterwards, he spent six months working as a special investigator for Dublin's Great Southern Railways, testing the Drumm nickel-zinc rechargeable batteries used on the Dublin–Bray line.

University of Chicago
In 1937, after he unsuccessfully applied for a job with Canada's National Research Council, the University of Chicago accepted Slotin as a research associate. There, he gained his first experience with nuclear chemistry, helping to build the first cyclotron in the midwestern United States. The job paid poorly and Slotin's father had to support him for two years. From 1939 to 1940, Slotin collaborated with Earl Evans, the head of the university's biochemistry department, to produce radiocarbon (carbon-14 and carbon-11) from the cyclotron. While working together, the two men also used carbon11 to demonstrate that plant cells had the capacity to use carbon dioxide for carbohydrate synthesis, through carbon fixation.

Slotin might have been present at the start-up of Enrico Fermi's "Chicago Pile-1", the first nuclear reactor, on 2 December 1942; the accounts of the event do not agree on this point. During this time, he also contributed to several papers in the field of radiobiology. His expertise on the subject garnered the attention of the United States government, and as a result he was invited to join the Manhattan Project, an effort to develop an atomic bomb. Slotin worked on the production of plutonium under future Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner at the university and later at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He moved to the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico in December 1944 to work in the bomb physics group of Robert Bacher.

Work at Los Alamos
At Los Alamos, Slotin's duties consisted of dangerous criticality testing, first with uranium in Otto Robert Frisch's experiments, and later with plutonium cores. Criticality testing involved bringing masses of fissile materials to near-critical levels to establish their critical mass values. Scientists referred to this flirting with the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction as "tickling the dragon's tail", based on a remark by physicist Richard Feynman, who compared the experiments to "tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon". On 16 July 1945, Slotin assembled the core for Trinity, the first detonated atomic device, and became known as the "chief armorer of the United States" for his expertise in assembling nuclear weapons. Slotin received two small circular lead and silver commemorative pins for his work on the project.

In the winter of 1945–1946, Slotin shocked some of his colleagues with a bold action by repairing an instrument 6 ft under water inside the Clinton Pile while it was operating, rather than wait an extra day for the reactor to be shut down. He did not wear his dosimetry badge, but his dose was estimated to be at least 100 roentgen. A dose of 1 Gy (≈100 roentgen) can cause nausea and vomiting in 10% of cases, but is generally survivable.

Harry Daghlian's death
On 21 August 1945, laboratory assistant Harry Daghlian, one of Slotin's close colleagues, was performing a criticality experiment when he accidentally dropped a heavy tungsten carbide brick onto a 6.2 kg plutonium–gallium alloy bomb core, later nicknamed demon core, which would later also kill Slotin. The 24-year-old Daghlian was irradiated with a large dose of neutron radiation. Later estimates suggested that this dose might not have been fatal on its own, but he then received additional delayed gamma radiation and beta burns while disassembling his experiment. He quickly collapsed with acute radiation poisoning and died 25 days later in the Los Alamos base hospital.

Planned return to teaching
After World War II, Slotin expressed growing disdain for his personal involvement in the project. He remarked, "I have become involved in the Navy tests, much to my disgust." Unfortunately for Slotin, his participation at Los Alamos was still required because, as he said, "I am one of the few people left here who are experienced bomb putter-togetherers." He looked forward to resuming teaching and research into biophysics and radiobiology at the University of Chicago. He began training a replacement, Alvin C. Graves, to take over his role at Los Alamos.

Criticality accident
On 21 May 1946, with seven colleagues watching, Slotin performed an experiment that involved the creation of one of the first steps of a fission reaction by placing two half-spheres of beryllium (a neutron reflector) around a 3.5 in plutonium core. The experiment used the same 6.2 kg plutonium core that had irradiated Daghlian, later called the "demon core" for its role in the two accidents. Slotin grasped the upper 228.6 mm (9-inch) beryllium hemisphere with his left hand through a thumb hole at the top while he maintained the separation of the half-spheres using the blade of a screwdriver with his right hand, having removed the shims normally used. Using a screwdriver was not a normal part of the experimental protocol.

At 3:20 p.m., the screwdriver slipped and the upper beryllium hemisphere fell, causing a "prompt critical" reaction and a burst of hard radiation. At the time, the scientists in the room observed the blue glow of air ionization and felt a heat wave. Slotin experienced a sour taste in his mouth and an intense burning sensation in his left hand. He jerked his left hand upward, lifting the upper beryllium hemisphere, and dropped it to the floor, ending the reaction. He had already been exposed to a lethal dose of neutron radiation. At the time of the accident, dosimetry badges were in a locked box about 100 ft from where the reaction occurred. Realizing that no one in the room had their film badges on, "immediately after the accident Dr. Slotin asked Dr. Raemer E. Schreiber to have the badges taken from the lead box and placed on the critical assembly". This peculiar response was of no value for determining the actual doses received by the men in the room and put Schreiber at "great personal risk" of additional exposure. A report later concluded that a heavy dose of radiation may produce vertigo and can leave a person "in no condition for rational behavior." As soon as Slotin left the building he vomited, a common reaction from exposure to extremely intense ionizing radiation. Slotin's colleagues rushed him to the hospital, but the radiation damage was irreversible.

The six other men present at the time of the reaction included Alvin Cushman Graves, Samuel Allan Kline, Marion Edward Cieslicki, Dwight Smith Young, Theodore P. Perlman, and Pvt. Patrick J. Cleary. By 25 May 1946, four of these seven men had been discharged from hospital. The United States Army physician responsible for the Los Alamos base hospital, Captain Paul Hageman, said that Slotin's, Graves', Kline's and Young's "immediate condition is satisfactory."

Slotin's death
Despite intensive medical care and offers from numerous volunteers to donate blood for transfusions, Slotin's condition was incurable. He called his parents and they were flown at Army expense from Winnipeg to be with him. They arrived on the fourth day after the incident, and by the fifth day his condition started to deteriorate rapidly.

Over the next four days, Slotin suffered an "agonizing sequence of radiation-induced traumas", including severe diarrhea, reduced urine output, swollen hands, erythema, "massive blisters on his hands and forearms", intestinal paralysis and gangrene. He had internal radiation burns throughout his body, which one medical expert described as a "three-dimensional sunburn." By the seventh day, he was experiencing periods of "mental confusion." His lips turned blue and he was put in an oxygen tent. He ultimately experienced "a total disintegration of bodily functions" and slipped into a coma. Slotin died at 11 a.m. on 30 May, in the presence of his parents. He was buried in the Shaarey Zedek Cemetery in Winnipeg on 2 June 1946.

Other injuries and death
Graves, Kline and Young remained hospitalized after Slotin's death. Graves, who was standing the closest to Slotin, also developed acute radiation sickness and was hospitalized for several weeks. He survived, although he lived with chronic neurological and vision problems. Young also suffered from acute radiation syndrome, but recovered. By 28 January 1948 Graves, Kline and Perlman sought compensation for damages suffered during the incident. Graves settled his claim for $3,500 (about $45,000 in 2023, adjusted for inflation).

Three of the observers eventually died of conditions that are known to be promoted by radiation: Graves of a heart attack twenty years later at age 55; Cieslicki of acute myeloid leukemia nineteen years later at age 42; and Young of aplastic anemia and bacterial infection of the heart lining twenty-nine years later at age 83. Some of the deaths may have been a consequence of the incident. Louis Hempelman, M.D., a consultant to the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, believed that it is not possible to establish a causal relation between the incident and the specifics of the death from such a small sample. He stated this opinion in a publicly available report that included personal medical information which he had previously declined to release to Marion E. Cieslicki during the final stages of his illness.

Disposal of core
The core involved was intended to be used in the Able detonation, during the Crossroads series of nuclear weapons testing. Slotin's experiment was said to be the last conducted before the core's detonation and was intended to be the final demonstration of its ability to go critical. After the accident, it needed time to cool. It was therefore rescheduled for the third test of the series, provisionally named Charlie, but this was cancelled due to the unexpected level of radioactivity after the underwater Baker test and the inability to decontaminate the target warships. The core was eventually melted down and reused in a later core.

Radiation dosage
The radiation doses received in these two accidents are not known with any accuracy. A large part of the dose was due to neutron radiation, which could not be measured by dosimetry equipment of the day. The available film badges were not worn by personnel during the accident, and badges that were supposed to be planted under tables in case of disasters like these were not found. Disaster badges hung on the walls provided some useful data about gamma radiation.

A "tentative" estimate of the doses involved was made in 1948, based on dozens of assumptions, some of which are now known to be incorrect. In the absence of personal dosimetry badges, the study authors relied on measurements of sodium activation in the victims' blood and urine samples as their primary source of data. This activation would have been caused by neutron radiation, but they converted all doses to equivalent doses of gamma or X-ray radiation. They concluded that Daghlian and Slotin had probably received doses equivalent to 290 rem and 880 rem, respectively, of gamma rays. Minimum and maximum estimates varied from about 50% to 200% of these values. The authors also calculated doses equivalent to a mix of soft 80 keV X-rays and gamma rays, which they believed gave a more realistic picture of the exposure than the gamma equivalent. In this model, the equivalent X-ray doses were much higher, but would be concentrated in the tissues facing the source, whereas the gamma component penetrated the whole body. Slotin's equivalent dose was estimated to be 1930 R (roentgen) of X-ray with 114 R of gamma, while Daghlian's equivalent dose was estimated to be 480 R of X-ray with 110 R of gamma. Five hundred roentgen equivalent man (rem) is usually a fatal exposure for humans.

In modern times, dosimetry is done very differently. Equivalent doses would not be reported in roentgen; they would be calculated with different weighting factors, and they are not considered as relevant to acute radiation syndrome as absorbed doses. Recent documents have made various interpretations of Slotin's dose, ranging from 287 rad to 21 Sv. Based on citations and supporting reasoning, the most reliable estimate may be a 1978 Los Alamos memo which suggested 10 Gy(n) + 1.14 Gy(γ) for Slotin and 2 Gy(n) + 1.1 Gy(γ) for Daghlian. These doses are consistent with the symptoms they experienced.

Legacy
After the accident, Los Alamos ended all hands-on critical assembly work. Subsequent criticality testing of fissile cores was done with remotely controlled machines, such as the "Godiva" series, with the operator located a safe distance away to prevent harm in case of accidents.

On 14 June 1946, the associate editor of the Los Alamos Times, Thomas P. Ashlock, penned a poem entitled "Slotin – A Tribute":

"May God receive you, great-souled scientist! While you were with us, even strangers knew The breadth and lofty stature of your mind Twas only in the crucible of death We saw at last your noble heart revealed."

The official story released at the time was that Slotin, by quickly removing the upper hemisphere, was a hero for ending the reaction and protecting seven other observers in the room: "Dr. Slotin's quick reaction at the immediate risk of his own life prevented a more serious development of the experiment which would certainly have resulted in the death of the seven men working with him, as well as serious injury to others in the general vicinity." This interpretation of events was endorsed at the time by Graves, who stood closest to Slotin when the accident occurred. Graves, like Slotin, had previously displayed a low concern for nuclear safety and later alleged that fallout risks were "concocted in the minds of weak malingerers." Schreiber, another witness to the accident, spoke out publicly decades later, arguing that Slotin was using improper and unsafe procedures, endangering the others in the lab along with himself. Robert B. Brode had reported hearsay to that effect back in 1946.

Slotin's accident is echoed in the 1947 film The Beginning or the End, in which a scientist assembling the bomb destined for Hiroshima dies after coming into contact with radioactive material. It was recounted in Dexter Masters' 1955 novel The Accident, a fictional account of the last few days of the life of a nuclear scientist suffering from radiation poisoning. Depictions of the criticality incident include the 1989 film Fat Man and Little Boy, in which John Cusack plays a fictional character named Michael Merriman based on Slotin, and the Louis Slotin Sonata, a 2001 off-Broadway play directed by David P. Moore.

In 1948, Slotin's colleagues at Los Alamos and the University of Chicago initiated the Louis A. Slotin Memorial Fund for lectures on physics given by distinguished scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Luis Walter Alvarez, Hans Bethe. The memorial fund lasted until 1962. In 2002, an asteroid discovered in 1995 was named 12423 Slotin in his honour.

Dollar unit of reactivity
According to Weinberg and Wigner, Slotin was the first to propose the name dollar for the interval of reactivity between delayed and prompt criticality; 0 is the point of self-sustaining chain reaction, a dollar is the point at which slowly released, delayed neutrons are no longer required to support chain reaction, and enters the domain called "prompt critical". Stable nuclear reactors operate between 0 and a dollar; excursions and nuclear explosives operate above a dollar. The hundredth part of a dollar is called a cent. When speaking of purely prompt critical events, some users refer to cents "over critical" as a relative unit.

title: Louis Slotin


text:
Jack Adams

John James "Jolly Jack" Adams (June 14, 1894 – May 1, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, and general manager in the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He played for the Toronto Arenas, Vancouver Millionaires, Toronto St. Patricks and Ottawa Senators between 1917 and 1927. He won the Stanley Cup twice as a player, with Toronto in 1918 and Ottawa in 1927, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

After retiring Adams began a 36-year association with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League as head coach and as a general manager. He held the record of the winningest coach in Red Wings history until 2014. He later became the first president of the Central Professional Hockey League. Adams won the Stanley Cup a further seven times with the Red Wings and is the only person to have won the Stanley Cup as a player, coach, and general manager.

Playing career
Born in Fort William, Ontario, Jack Adams began his career with the Fort William Maple Leafs in 1914 of the NMHL and then played for the Calumet Miners a year later. In 1916, he joined the intermediate Peterborough 247th Battalion of the Ontario Hockey Association and the next season moved up to the senior Sarnia Sailors. His younger brother Bill also was a professional hockey player, with the Regina Capitals and the Vancouver Millionaires.

Adams turned pro in 1917 upon joining the Toronto Arenas of the NHL for the 1917–18, earning the reputation as a physical, bruising player. Although he participated in the NHL playoffs, he did not play in any games in the 1918 Stanley Cup Finals against the Vancouver Millionaires when the Torontos won the trophy.

In March 1918 he was drafted into the Canadian military as part of the First World War, and was sent to the United Kingdom in April. He was discharged that November as the war ended and returned to Canada shortly after.

In December 1919 he was moved west alongside his brother Bill to join the Vancouver Millionaires, where he flourished as a player, leading the league in scoring in 1921–22, when he centred a line with Alf Skinner and Smokey Harris. The February 26, 1922 issue of the Vancouver Sun, commenting on Adams' playing style, complimented him on his strong hands and his ability to shield and hold onto the puck against several checking opponents, as well as his ability to "bore through" the opposing defense. He played in two Stanley Cup series for Vancouver, and was the star of the 1922 series, scoring 6 goals in 5 games.

Coming off that 1921–22 season, he returned east to rejoin the Toronto Arenas, now renamed the Toronto St. Patricks, and played four seasons on a line with right-winger Babe Dye. Adams was the team's leading scorer in 1925–26.

The next season, he joined the Ottawa Senators, finishing his playing career as it began, with a second Stanley Cup championship. His NHL stats included 83 goals, 32 assists in 173 games played.

Adams was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959 as a player.

Coaching and managing career
Soon after his retirement, he became coach and general manager of the second-year Detroit Cougars at the suggestion of NHL president Frank Calder.

At first, the team struggled under his leadership, making the playoffs only two times in his first five years at the helm. A name change to the Detroit Falcons in 1930 did not improve the team's performance. Detroit's fortunes changed in 1932, when Chicago grain merchant James E. Norris bought the Falcons and renamed them the Detroit Red Wings. Norris gave the Red Wings the financing they needed to become an NHL power. Adams led the team to three Stanley Cups before stepping down in 1947 to concentrate on his duties as general manager. His coaching career tallied 413 wins, 390 losses, and 161 ties, including a 52–52–1 coaching record in the playoffs. Most of those wins came without a contract; when Norris bought the team he'd torn up Adams' contract and given him a year on his job on probation and a handshake. As it turned out, one year became 15 years. He was the winningest coach in Red Wings history until Mike Babcock passed him late in the 2013-14 season.

By 1947, Adams had built a farm system that produced Alex Delvecchio, Terry Sawchuk, Ted Lindsay, Red Kelly, Sid Abel, and most notably Gordie Howe. It was this core group of players that led the Red Wings to seven straight regular-season first-place finishes from 1948 to 1955, along with four more Cups—making Adams the only man to have his name on the Stanley Cup as a player, coach, and general manager.

Adams was known for being wary of letting his teams get complacent, and was not shy about orchestrating blockbuster trades to keep them on their toes—a philosophy which won him the nickname "Trader Jack." His impulse was slightly restrained after Norris died in 1952 and was succeeded by his daughter, Marguerite Norris. She and Adams never got along very well. While she could have summarily fired Adams since he was still without a contract, she did not do so.

However, Marguerite was forced to turn over control of the team to her younger brother, Bruce Norris, in 1955 after losing an intrafamily struggle. Bruce voiced full confidence in Adams, and the trading resumed anew. During their seven-season run in first place, many thought the Red Wings would rule the league for years to come. However, just days after Bruce took over the presidency, Adams traded away eight players from the 1955 champions. Years later, Howe wrote that Adams' reasoning for the trades still "def(ied) explanation," and argued that the trades opened the door for the Montreal Canadiens to win five Cups in a row (and nine in 14 years). Although the Red Wings remained competitive until the late 1960s, Howe believed the trades "sapped us of the firepower we needed to win another championship."

In 1957, Adams traded Ted Lindsay to Chicago because of union-organizing efforts and had other players affiliated with the effort sent to the minors. As part of the union busting efforts, Adams spread fake rumours attributing Lindsay as criticizing his former teammates. Adams also showed a fake contract to Detroit reporters, claiming Lindsay was being paid $25,000 per year, when he was being paid $12,000.

The efforts resulted in most of the core of this team leaving town and eventually led to Adams being fired in 1963. His 36-year tenure as general manager is the longest in NHL history. He served 31 of those years while still on probation; after 1932 he never signed a contract with the Wings. His ouster from the Red Wings also ended 46 consecutive years at the major league level in hockey.

Adams had also been involved in an incident in 1942, when he had an outburst due to his belief of biased penalty calling, which led to a fit of rage and ultimately a referee getting punched in game three of the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals, thus becoming the first coach to be suspended in a Final.

In 1963, Adams became founding president of the Central Hockey League, a post he held until his death at his desk in 1968.

Regular season and playoffs
Sources:

Awards and achievements

 * Won the Stanley Cup as a player with the Toronto Arenas in 1918 and with the Ottawa Senators in 1927.
 * Won the Stanley Cup as General Manager and Head Coach of the Detroit Red Wings in 1936, 1937, and 1943.
 * Won the Stanley Cup as General Manager of the Detroit Red Wings in 1950, 1952, 1954 and 1955.
 * Named in his honour, the Jack Adams Award was introduced in 1974 and is awarded annually to the most outstanding coach in the National Hockey League.
 * Was the first recipient of the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966.
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959.
 * First All-Star Team Coach in 1937 & 1943.
 * Second All-Star Team Coach in 1945.

title: Jack Adams


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Gary Karr

Gary Michael Karr (born November 20, 1941, in Los Angeles) is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher; he is considered one of the best bassists of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Biography
Although he comes from several generations of bassists, he was not encouraged by them to go into music. In an interview with ActiveBass magazine he said that he has no contact with the professional bassists in his family.

After attending Fairfax High School and USC, Karr studied at the Aspen Music Festival and the Juilliard School, where his major teachers included Herman Reinshagen and Stuart Sankey. Karr's breakthrough came in 1962, when he was featured as a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein. On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saëns. Karr also recorded the piece with Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic.

He has since appeared as a soloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Simon Bolivar Orchestra, Jerusalem Symphony, Oslo Philharmonic, Zurich Chamber Orchestra, and with all the major orchestras of Australia.

He has premiered new works written for him by Vittorio Giannini (Psalm CXX), Alec Wilder (Sonata for Double Bass and Piano and Suite for Double Bass and Guitar), Robert Xavier Rodriguez (Ursa, Four Seasons for Double Bass and Orchestra), and the concertos for double bass and orchestra by Gunther Schuller, Hans Werner Henze, John Downey and Ketil Hvoslef. He has recorded the Serge Koussevitzky concerto with Oslo Philharmonic.

He has taught double bass on the faculties of the Juilliard School, New England Conservatory of Music, The Hartt School, Yale University, Indiana University, University of North Carolina School of the Arts, and the Halifax (Nova Scotia) Schools Music Program and has published a number of instructional books for the double bass. He focuses on finding one's unique sound on the double bass and approaching playing with the lyrical emphasis of a singer.

After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju, and his dear friend and companion, fellow musician Harmon Lewis.

Foundations
In 1967 Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization devoted to the study, promotion, and advancement of double bass playing around the world. The ISB, with a membership of more than 3,000 double bass performers, teachers, students, and aficionados in more than 40 countries, hosts an international conference biannually to further these goals.

Karr was featured in two BBC documentaries; The Great Double Bass Race in 1978, and Amazing Bass in 1984.

In 2005, Karr donated his primary instrument, the Karr-Koussevitzky bass, to the ISB. This instrument was given to Karr by Olga Koussevitzky, widow of Serge Koussevitzky, in 1961. It is the intention of the ISB to make this valuable instrument available for use by double bassists worldwide. The Karr-Koussevitzky bass was once believed to have been made by the Amati family and hence it is also referred to as the Amati bass.

The non-profit Karr Double Bass Foundation, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to assist in their professional development, was established by Karr in 1984.

title: Gary Karr