text:
Wetter, Hesse

Wetter (Hessen) is a small town in Hesse, Germany. The rather unusual designation Wetter (Hessen-Nassau) stems from a time when the town belonged to the Prussian province of the same name, and nowadays is only used by the railway – even today, the railway station in town bears this name.

Geography
Wetter lies in the Marburg-Biedenkopf district on the western edge of the Burgwald, a low range of hills, in the Wetschaft valley and neighbouring places about 14 km north of Marburg.

Neighbouring communities
To the north, Wetter borders on the town of Rosenthal in Waldeck-Frankenberg district, to the east on the town of Rauschenberg and the community of Cölbe, to the south on the community of Lahntal, to the southwest on the community of Dautphetal, and to the southwest on the town of Biedenkopf and the community of Münchhausen am Christenberg, all in the Marburg-Biedenkopf district.

Transport
North to south through the town's municipal area runs the Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 252 from eastern Westphalia by way of Korbach and Frankenberg and on to Göttingen (in the community of Lahntal). To divert heavy traffic away from places in the Wetschaft valley, a bypass road is planned.

The Burgwaldbahn railway line connects the town with Marburg and Frankenberg. The Kurhessenbahn which runs the line means to reopen the extension between Frankenberg and Korbach.

History
Wetter was already being mentioned in documents in the 8th and 9th centuries; it was mentioned in one such document under the same name that it still has today in 1108, and the "Weistum of Wetter" was already displaying its town rights even as early as 1239.

Town council
As of municipal elections held on 26 March 2006, the seats on Wetter Town Council are apportioned thus:

Coat of arms
Wetter's civic coat of arms might be described thus: In Or on a three-knolled hill vert a fleur-de-lis twig vert with three blossoms argent flanked by two inescutcheons, dexter in azure the Hessian Lion rampant gules and argent sinister; sinister in gules the wheel of Mainz argent.

The two inescutcheons (smaller shields within the main one) hark back to the time when the Hessian Landgraves held sway (the Hessian Lion), and to the Archbishops of Mainz (the wheel of Mainz).

Constituent communities

 * Amönau
 * Mellnau
 * Niederwetter
 * Oberndorf
 * Oberrosphe
 * Todenhausen
 * Treisbach
 * Unterrosphe
 * Warzenbach
 * Wetter

Buildings

 * The Gothic monastery church (13th century).
 * Town Hall – in the upper floors slated half-timbering with a spire skylight, built about 1680. The ground floor is massive. Recently expanded.
 * Former synagogue – (once a storeroom, since renovated and turned into an event room). Two-floor square half-timbered building with polygonal ridge turret, late 19th century.
 * Houses – The compact and picturesque townscape consists first and foremost of half-timbered houses with forward-facing gables, most of which have slate roofs or plasterwork. After several town fires, only a few buildings from before 1629 have still been preserved. Some houses exhibit Classicist doors.
 * Remains of the mediaeval town wall with two towers.

The houses at the following addresses are worth mentioning:
 * Markt 7 – Three-floor house with forward-facing gable and a corner oriel window. On the stone ground floor a pretty Renaissance portal, marked 1570.
 * Markt 8 – 17th century.
 * Markt 9 – Three-floor house with forward-facing gable, presumably from the first third of the 16th century, second upper floor added about 1700.
 * Markt 14 – Baroque half-timbered building with ornamental carvings, presumably from the late 17th century.
 * Krämergasse 14 – House with side gables with carved infilling boards, dated 1671.
 * Krämergasse 10 – Two-floor half-timbered building, possibly from first quarter of the 16th century.

Regular events
Every seven years, the town holds its Grenzgangfest, recalling a time when patrolling the town's boundaries was necessary to prevent neighbourly encroachment. The next Grenzgangfest '' is in 2029.

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Friedrich Sylburg (1536-1596), publisher
 * Johannes Cuchlinus (1546-1606), pastor and founding regent of the theological college at Leiden University
 * Hermann Vultejus (1555–1634), German jurist
 * Oswald Croll (1560-1608), physician and pharmacist
 * Fred Steinfort (born 1952), American Football player

Partner towns

 * 🇦🇹 Deutschkreutz, Austria
 * 🇧🇪 Oostrozebeke, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Reinsdorf, Saxony-Anhalt

title: Wetter, Hesse


text:
Jennifer Government

Jennifer Government is a 2003 dystopian novel by Max Barry, set in an alternate reality where most nations in the Americas and Oceania are dominated by powerful corporations and corporate libertarianism coalitions, and where government power is extremely limited. It was a finalist for a Campbell Award, and was included in The New York Times' annual list of notable books. The novel was retitled from Jennifer Government to Logoland in its German and Italian editions. In its Brazilian edition it was retitled to EU S/A, an abbreviation of Estados Unidos Sociedade Anônima, which roughly translates to United States, Inc.

To help promote the novel, Barry created a browser game titled Jennifer Government: NationStates (later shortened to NationStates). In the game, players make choices which are inspired by the novel and which affect the economy, society, and culture of their countries. NationStates launched alongside the book and remains active as of 2024.

Plot
In the alternate present the novel portrays, the United States has taken over all of North and South America (except for Cuba) and dominates much of the rest of the world. The United States adopts "capitalizm", a form of minarchy that abolishes taxation and privatizes government.

People take the names of the corporations that employ them as their surnames, and persons with two jobs hyphenate their name, e.g. "Julia Nike-McDonald's". Employees of the government, including the novel's title character, take the surname Government.

John Nike, Vice President of Guerrilla Marketing, contracts Hack Nike, a clumsy and naïve low-level-employee, to execute an ambitious and unethical secret marketing scheme. John plans to increase interest in the upcoming Nike Mercury shoes by having Hack kill people who try to buy them, intending to make the shoes appear so desirable that customers are killing each other to acquire them. Hack signs the contract without reading it. When he finds out that it requires him to commit murder, he subcontracts the scheme to the Police, now a mercenary organisation, in an attempt to keep his job (which requires fulfilling the contract) without having to take responsibility for murder.

After several children are murdered at various Nike stores on opening day, Jennifer Government takes it upon herself to track down the perpetrators, even if she cannot get the funding for her investigation. One of the murdered children bought the shoes with money given to her by Buy Mitsui, a French stockbroker flush with money after recent professional success. Feeling personally responsible for the girl's death, Buy joins forces with Jennifer.

At the same time, Violet (Hack's girlfriend) creates a dangerous computer virus, intending to sell it to the highest bidder. She succeeds in selling it to ExxonMobil. Her handlers take her all over the world to exploit the virus's power, but never pay her for it. Angered, Violet turns to John Nike, who promises to help her revenge herself on ExxonMobil. In exchange, John demands that Violet kidnap Kate, Jennifer Government's daughter, intending to use her as leverage to deter Jennifer's investigation.

Hack Nike is fired and founds an anti-corporate activist group in order to take revenge on John Nike. Hack and Jennifer Government succeed in rescuing Kate and arresting John.

Attempted film adaptation
Barry optioned film rights for Jennifer Government to Section 8, a production company owned by Steven Soderbergh and George Clooney early in the book's life. In 2005, Louis Mellis and Dave Scinto, writers of Sexy Beast, were chosen by Soderbergh and Clooney to write the screenplay. However, with the closure of Section 8 in 2006, the film rights returned to Barry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jennifer Government


text:
Tufted titmouse

The tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) is a small songbird from North America, a species in the tit and chickadee family (Paridae). The black-crested titmouse, found from central and southern Texas southward, was included as a subspecies but now is considered a separate species, Baeolophus atricristatus.

Taxonomy
The genus name Baeolophus translates to small crested and is a compound of the Ancient Greek words : baiós—"small", and : "lόphοs"—crest. The species name bicolor means two-colored.

Description
Measurements:

 * Length: 5.5 - 6.3 in
 * Weight: 0.6 - 0.9 oz
 * Wingspan: 7.9 - 10.2 in

These small birds have a white front and grey upper body outlined with rust colored flanks. Other characteristics include their black foreheads and the tufted grey crest on their heads. In juveniles, the black forehead is greatly diminished such that they may be confused with the oak titmouse (although their ranges do not overlap). Males tend to be larger than females.

The song of the tufted titmouse is usually described as a whistled peter-peter-peter, although this song can vary in approximately 20 notable ways.

Distribution and habitat
Its habitat is deciduous and mixed woods as well as gardens, parks, and shrublands. Although the tufted titmouse is non-migratory and originally native to the Ohio and Mississippi River basins, factors such as bird feeders have caused these birds to occupy a larger territory across the United States and stretching into Ontario and Quebec in Canada. During the second half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, the species' range has been expanding northwards.

Behavior and ecology
The tufted titmouse gathers food from the ground and from tree branches, frequently consuming a variety of berries, nuts, seeds, small fruits, insects, and other invertebrates. Caterpillars constitute a major part of its diet during the summer. This species is also a regular visitor to bird feeders. Its normal pattern is to scout a feeder from cover, fly in to take a seed, then fly back to shelter to consume the morsel, though caching is also very common.

The titmouse can demonstrate curiosity regarding humans and sometimes will perch on a window ledge and seem to be peering into the house. It may also cling to the window frames and walls of buildings seeking prey in wasp and hornet nests.

Titmice are very vocal and will respond to sounds of agitation in other birds. This species readily forms small flocks, known as troupes or banditries, which often associate with chickadees and other passerines when foraging.

Breeding
Tufted titmice nest in a hole in a tree, either a natural cavity, a human-made nest box, or sometimes an old woodpecker nest. They line the nest with soft materials, sometimes plucking hair from live mammals to use as material, a behavior known as kleptotrichy. If they find snake skin sheds, they may incorporate pieces into their nest. Eggs measure under 1 inch long and are white or cream-colored with brownish or purplish spots. Eggs have an incubation period of 12–14 days; titmice will then remain nestlings for 15–16 days.

The lifespan of the tufted titmouse is approximately 2.1 years, although it can live for more than ten years. On average, these birds will have a clutch size of five to seven eggs. Unlike many birds, the offspring of tufted titmice will often stay with their parents during the winter and even after the first year of their life. Sometimes, a bird born the year before will help its parents raise the next year's young.

Tufted titmice will occasionally hybridize with the black-crested titmouse; the hybridization range is very narrow, however, because of genetic differences.

Status
From 1966 to 2015 the tufted titmouse population has increased by more than 1.5% per year throughout the northeastern U.S. The current breeding population is estimated to be approximately 8 million.

title: Tufted titmouse


text:
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity

Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry, spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry, and is often abbreviated to Hund's rule, ignoring Hund's other two rules.

Atoms
The multiplicity of a state is defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total electronic spin. A high multiplicity state is therefore the same as a high-spin state. The lowest-energy state with maximum multiplicity usually has unpaired electrons all with parallel spin. Since the spin of each electron is 1/2, the total spin is one-half the number of unpaired electrons, and the multiplicity is the number of unpaired electrons + 1. For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4.

The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An early but incorrect explanation of the lower energy of high multiplicity states was that the different occupied spatial orbitals create a larger average distance between electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion energy. However, quantum-mechanical calculations with accurate wave functions since the 1970s have shown that the actual physical reason for the increased stability is a decrease in the screening of electron-nuclear attractions, so that the unpaired electrons can approach the nucleus more closely and the electron-nuclear attraction is increased.

As a result of Hund's rule, constraints are placed on the way atomic orbitals are filled in the ground state using the Aufbau principle. Before any two electrons occupy an orbital in a subshell, other orbitals in the same subshell must first each contain one electron. Also, the electrons filling a subshell will have parallel spin before the shell starts filling up with the opposite spin electrons (after the first orbital gains a second electron). As a result, when filling up atomic orbitals, the maximum number of unpaired electrons (and hence maximum total spin state) is assured.

For example, in the oxygen atom, the 2p4 subshell arranges its electrons as [↑↓] [↑] [↑] rather than [↑↓] [↑] [↓] or [↑↓] [↑↓][ ]. The manganese (Mn) atom has a 3d5 electron configuration with five unpaired electrons all of parallel spin, corresponding to a 6S ground state. The superscript 6 is the value of the multiplicity, corresponding to five unpaired electrons with parallel spin in accordance with Hund's rule.

An atom can have a ground state with two incompletely filled subshells which are close in energy. The lightest example is the chromium (Cr) atom with a 3d54s electron configuration. Here there are six unpaired electrons all of parallel spin for a 7S ground state.

Molecules
Although most stable molecules have closed electron shells, a few have unpaired electrons for which Hund's rule is applicable. The most important example is the dioxygen molecule, O2, which has two degenerate pi antibonding molecular orbitals (π*) occupied by only two electrons. In accordance with Hund's rule, the ground state is triplet oxygen with two unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals. The singlet oxygen state with one doubly occupied and one empty π* is an excited state with different chemical properties and greater reactivity than the ground state.

Exception

 * In 2004, researchers reported the synthesis of 5-dehydro-m-xylylene (DMX), the first organic molecule known to violate Hund's rule.

title: Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity


text:
Talk:Elaine Shaffer

Elaine Shaffer: gifted flutist & musician
Special thanks to John Solum for his additions and corrections.

There is much more to Elaine Shaffer's life story -- she was a truly gifted flutist and musician. She attended the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia and was the prize student of William Kincaid, the "grandfather" of the majority of flutists in the United States. That he willed his platinum flute to her makes his regard for her evident. Amazingly enough, Kincaid was her only formal flute teacher; prior to that, she was entirely self-taught, according to an interview with her husband, Efrem Kurtz, published in the NFA Newsletter in the 1980s.

In addition to her tenure in the Houston Symphony Orchestra, she played for a season as second flute in the Kansas City Philharmonic from 1947-1948. The music director at the time was Maestro Kurtz, which was how they first met, though they were not married until 1955, after she had left the Houston Symphony. Apparently Ms. Shaffer wasn't shy -- she really didn't want to accept the position in Kansas, but had been recommended by an oboist in the orchestra, Lila Storch (sp?) -- she held out not only for more money, but to be allowed to fulfill another engagement prior to accepting the job, and a concerto appearance with the orchestra. She surprised the critics, the audience and Mr. Kurtz not only with her playing, but her artistry as well. This was in the 1940s; women had just begun to get positions in orchestras, so she was a trail-blazer.

After holding the principal flutist's chair in Houston for five years, she left to pursue a career as a soloist and chamber musician, another first for an American woman. She performed at many festivals in Europe, and worked closely with Yehudi Menuhin, Hepzibah Menuhin (the pianist), and harpsichordist George Malcom. Ernest Bloch dedicated two works to her, "Suite Modale" and "Two Last Poems...Maybe." She was also a friend of Marc Chagall (who did a drawing for her), Karl Barth and Herman Hesse.

The death of William Kincaid, her principal teacher, in 1967 apparently hit her very hard -- she had a special bond with him. She was selected to perform the world premiere of Aaron Copland's Duo for Flute and Piano in the early 70s which was commissioned by a group of students and admirers of Mr. Kincaid, and dedicated to his memory. A short while later, she was diagnosed with lung cancer, though according to Albert Weatherly (flute repairman/dealer in New York) she never ever smoked. She was able to complete two projects that were important to her: a concert of all of J.S. Bach's sonatas for flute, and the first recording of the Copland. A month after the recording was completed, she died in London in 1975.

I obviously am a fan -- I'm a flutist, and it was her playing that made me realize just how beautiful the flute could sound, and inspired my own career in music. She made only a very few recordings: J.S. Bach's Sonatas, Orchestral Suite #2, Brandenburg V, the trio sonata from The Musical Offering; Mozart's flute concerti, the Andante in C and the flute-harp concerto; Telemann's Suite in A minor for flute and strings, Schubert's "Variations on Trockne Blumen," op 160; Friedrich Kuhlau's Sonata in E minor, and a sonata movement by Franz Xavier Mozart (W.A. Mozart's son). Some of these recordings are now available on CD. She also performed the major standard flute repertoire including Hindemith, Prokofiev and Poulenc sonatas, the Ibert and Nielsen concerti. She gave the world premiere of Virgil Thomson's Flute Concerto and she gave performances with five Italian orchestras of a concerto by Manino for flute, trombone obbligato and orchestra.

Don Hulbert don.hulbert@verizon.net

It's obvious that you know a lot about her. Why not add a lot of this (NPOV, of course), to the article? RickK 04:57, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Elaine Shaffer


text:
Slater determinant

In quantum mechanics, a Slater determinant is an expression that describes the wave function of a multi-fermionic system. It satisfies anti-symmetry requirements, and consequently the Pauli principle, by changing sign upon exchange of two electrons (or other fermions). Only a small subset of all possible fermionic wave functions can be written as a single Slater determinant, but those form an important and useful subset because of their simplicity.

The Slater determinant arises from the consideration of a wave function for a collection of electrons, each with a wave function known as the spin-orbital $$\chi(\mathbf{x})$$, where $$\mathbf{x}$$ denotes the position and spin of a single electron. A Slater determinant containing two electrons with the same spin orbital would correspond to a wave function that is zero everywhere.

The Slater determinant is named for John C. Slater, who introduced the determinant in 1929 as a means of ensuring the antisymmetry of a many-electron wave function, although the wave function in the determinant form first appeared independently in Heisenberg's and Dirac's articles three years earlier.

Two-particle case
The simplest way to approximate the wave function of a many-particle system is to take the product of properly chosen orthogonal wave functions of the individual particles. For the two-particle case with coordinates $$\mathbf{x}_1$$ and $$\mathbf{x}_2$$, we have

\Psi(\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2) = \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_1) \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_2). $$

This expression is used in the Hartree method as an ansatz for the many-particle wave function and is known as a Hartree product. However, it is not satisfactory for fermions because the wave function above is not antisymmetric under exchange of any two of the fermions, as it must be according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An antisymmetric wave function can be mathematically described as follows:

\Psi(\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2) = -\Psi(\mathbf{x}_2, \mathbf{x}_1). $$

This does not hold for the Hartree product, which therefore does not satisfy the Pauli principle. This problem can be overcome by taking a linear combination of both Hartree products:

\begin{aligned} \Psi(\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \{\chi_1(\mathbf{x}_1) \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_2) - \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_2) \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_1)\} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt2}\begin{vmatrix} \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_1) & \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_1) \\ \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_2) & \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_2) \end{vmatrix}, \end{aligned} $$

where the coefficient is the normalization factor. This wave function is now antisymmetric and no longer distinguishes between fermions (that is, one cannot indicate an ordinal number to a specific particle, and the indices given are interchangeable). Moreover, it also goes to zero if any two spin orbitals of two fermions are the same. This is equivalent to satisfying the Pauli exclusion principle.

Multi-particle case
The expression can be generalised to any number of fermions by writing it as a determinant. For an N-electron system, the Slater determinant is defined as

\begin{aligned} \Psi(\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_N) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{N!}} \begin{vmatrix} \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_1) & \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_1) & \cdots & \chi_N(\mathbf{x}_1) \\ \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_2) & \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_2) & \cdots & \chi_N(\mathbf{x}_2) \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \chi_1(\mathbf{x}_N) & \chi_2(\mathbf{x}_N) & \cdots & \chi_N(\mathbf{x}_N) \end{vmatrix} \\ &\equiv | \chi _1, \chi _2, \cdots, \chi _N \rangle \\ &\equiv | 1, 2, \dots, N \rangle, \end{aligned} $$

where the last two expressions use a shorthand for Slater determinants: The normalization constant is implied by noting the number N, and only the one-particle wavefunctions (first shorthand) or the indices for the fermion coordinates (second shorthand) are written down. All skipped labels are implied to behave in ascending sequence. The linear combination of Hartree products for the two-particle case is identical with the Slater determinant for N = 2. The use of Slater determinants ensures an antisymmetrized function at the outset. In the same way, the use of Slater determinants ensures conformity to the Pauli principle. Indeed, the Slater determinant vanishes if the set $$\{\chi_i\}$$ is linearly dependent. In particular, this is the case when two (or more) spin orbitals are the same. In chemistry one expresses this fact by stating that no two electrons with the same spin can occupy the same spatial orbital.

Example: Matrix elements in a many electron problem
Many properties of the Slater determinant come to life with an example in a non-relativistic many electron problem.
 * The one particle terms of the Hamiltonian will contribute in the same manner as for the simple Hartree product, namely the energy is summed and the states are independent
 * The multi-particle terms of the Hamiltonian will introduce exchange term to lower of the energy for the anti-symmetrized wave function

Starting from a molecular Hamiltonian: $$\hat{H}_\text{tot} = \sum_i \frac{\mathbf{p}^2_i}{2 m} + \sum_I \frac{\mathbf{P}^2_I}{2 M_I} + \sum_i V_\text{nucl}(\mathbf{r_i}) + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i \ne j} \frac{e^2}{|\mathbf{r}_i-\mathbf{r}_j|} + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{I \ne J} \frac{Z_I Z_J e^2}{|\mathbf{R}_I-\mathbf{R}_J|}$$ where $$\mathbf{r}_i$$ are the electrons and $$\mathbf{R}_I$$are the nuclei and
 * $$V_\text{nucl}(\mathbf{r})= - \sum_I \frac{Z_I e^2}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_I|}$$

For simplicity we freeze the nuclei at equilibrium in one position and we remain with a simplified Hamiltonian
 * $$\hat{H}_e = \sum^N_i \hat{h}(\mathbf{r}_i) + \frac{1}{2}\sum^N_{i \ne j} \frac{e^2}{r_{ij}} $$

where
 * $$\hat{h}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\hat{\mathbf{p}}^2}{2m} + V_\text{nucl}(\mathbf{r})$$

and where we will distinguish in the Hamiltonian between the first set of terms as $$\hat{G}_1$$ (the "1" particle terms) and the last term $$\hat{G}_2$$ (the "2" particle term) which contains exchange term for a Slater determinant.

 * $$\hat{G}_1 =\sum^N_i \hat{h}(\mathbf{r}_i) $$
 * $$\hat{G}_2 =\frac{1}{2} \sum^N_{i \ne j} \frac{e^2}{r_{ij}}$$

The two parts will behave differently when they have to interact with a Slater determinant wave function. We start to compute the expectation values of one-particle terms
 * $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_1 | \Psi_0\rangle = \frac{1}{N!}\langle \det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}|G_1|\det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}\rangle $$

In the above expression, we can just select the identical permutation in the determinant in the left part, since all the other N! − 1 permutations would give the same result as the selected one. We can thus cancel N! at the denominator
 * $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_1 | \Psi_0\rangle = \langle\psi_1 ... \psi_N|G_1|\det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}\rangle$$

Because of the orthonormality of spin-orbitals it is also evident that only the identical permutation survives in the determinant on the right part of the above matrix element
 * $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_1 | \Psi_0\rangle = \langle\psi_1 ... \psi_N|G_1|\psi_1 ... \psi_N\rangle$$

This result shows that the anti-symmetrization of the product does not have any effect for the one particle terms and it behaves as it would do in the case of the simple Hartree product.

And finally we remain with the trace over the one-particle Hamiltonians
 * $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_1 | \Psi_0\rangle = \sum_i \langle\psi_i|h|\psi_i\rangle$$

Which tells us that to the extent of the one-particle terms the wave functions of the electrons are independent of each other and the expectation value of total system is given by the sum of expectation value of the single particles.

For the two-particle terms instead
 * $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_2 | \Psi_0\rangle = \frac{1}{N!}\langle\det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}|G_2|\det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}\rangle = \langle\psi_1 ... \psi_N|G_2|\det\{\psi_1 ... \psi_N\}\rangle$$

If we focus on the action of one term of $$G_2$$, it will produce only the two terms
 * $$ \langle\psi_1(r_1,\sigma_1) ... \psi_N(r_N, \sigma_N) |\frac{e^2}{r_{12}}|\mathrm{det}\{\psi_1(r_1,\sigma_1) ... \psi_N(r_N,\sigma_N)\}\rangle= \langle\psi_1\psi_2|\frac{e^2}{r_{12}}|\psi_1\psi_2\rangle - \langle\psi_1\psi_2|\frac{e^2}{r_{12}}|\psi_2\psi_1\rangle$$

And finally $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_2 | \Psi_0\rangle = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i\ne j}\left[ \langle\psi_i \psi_j | \frac{e^2}{r_{ij}} | \psi_i \psi_j \rangle - \langle\psi_i \psi_j | \frac{e^2}{r_{ij}} | \psi_j \psi_i \rangle \right] $$

which instead is a mixing term. The first contribution is called the "coulomb" term or "coulomb" integral and the second is the "exchange" term or exchange integral. Sometimes different range of index in the summation is used $\sum_{ij}$ since the Coulomb and exchange contributions exactly cancel each other for $$i = j$$.

It is important to notice explicitly that the exchange term, which is always positive for local spin-orbitals, is absent in simple Hartree product. Hence the electron-electron repulsive energy $$\langle\Psi_0 |G_2 |\Psi_0\rangle$$ on the antisymmetrized product of spin-orbitals is always lower than the electron-electron repulsive energy on the simple Hartree product of the same spin-orbitals. Since exchange bielectronic integrals are different from zero only for spin-orbitals with parallel spins, we link the decrease in energy with the physical fact that electrons with parallel spin are kept apart in real space in Slater determinant states.

As an approximation
Most fermionic wavefunctions cannot be represented as a Slater determinant. The best Slater approximation to a given fermionic wave function can be defined to be the one that maximizes the overlap between the Slater determinant and the target wave function. The maximal overlap is a geometric measure of entanglement between the fermions.

A single Slater determinant is used as an approximation to the electronic wavefunction in Hartree–Fock theory. In more accurate theories (such as configuration interaction and MCSCF), a linear combination of Slater determinants is needed.

Discussion
The word "detor" was proposed by S. F. Boys to refer to a Slater determinant of orthonormal orbitals, but this term is rarely used.

Unlike fermions that are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, two or more bosons can occupy the same single-particle quantum state. Wavefunctions describing systems of identical bosons are symmetric under the exchange of particles and can be expanded in terms of permanents.

title: Slater determinant


text:
Talk:Ghee

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Community Economic and Social Development II
— Assignment last updated by Rajatrana1 (talk) 22:54, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ghee


text:
FFII

FFII may refer to:
 * Final Fantasy II, a 1988 video game
 * Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly, a 2003 video game
 * Forensic Files II, a 2020 television series
 * Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, a non-profit organisation dedicated to establishing a free market in information technology

title: FFII


text:
1896 Canadian federal election

The 1896 Canadian federal election was held on June 23, 1896, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 8th Parliament of Canada. Though the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Charles Tupper, won a plurality of the popular vote, the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier, won the majority of seats to form the next government. The election ended 18 years of Conservative rule.

Description
The governing Conservative Party, since the death of John A. Macdonald in 1891, was disorganized. Following Macdonald's death, John Abbott spent a year as Prime Minister before handing over to John Thompson. Thompson proved a relatively popular Prime Minister, but his sudden death in December 1894 resulted in his replacement by Mackenzie Bowell, whose tenure as Prime Minister proved a disaster. The Conservatives soon became viewed as corrupt and wasteful of public funds, partially due to the McGreevy-Langevin Scandal. Issues like the Manitoba Schools Question had cost the party support in both French and English Canada.

Though Bowell nominally remained Prime Minister until the election was called, leadership of the Conservative Party had been functionally taken over by Sir Charles Tupper, a Father of Confederation and former Premier of Nova Scotia. Earlier, in February 1896, Tupper introduced remedial legislation to settle the Manitoba dispute, but it was filibustered by an alliance of extreme Protestants led by Dalton McCarthy and the Liberals. This filibuster resulted in Tupper abandoning the bill and asking for a dissolution. Parliament was dissolved on April 24, 1896, and, in accordance with an agreement between Bowell and Tupper that the latter would become Prime Minister following the election call, he became prime minister on May 1, 1896, thus forming the 7th Canadian Ministry.

Tupper argued that the real issue of the election was the future of Canadian industry, and he insisted that Conservatives needed to unite to defeat the Patrons of Industry. However, the Conservatives were so bitterly divided over the Manitoba Schools Question that wherever he spoke, he was faced with a barrage of criticism, most notably at a two-hour address he gave at Massey Hall in Toronto, which was constantly interrupted by the crowd.

The election saw a great change in the Liberal Party. While the Liberals had traditionally been the party for radical change and free trade, in the 1896 election, they embraced a much more conservative platform. That helped many of the traditional supporters of the Conservative Party move to the Liberals. The most important change was Laurier's support of the National Policy, an important cause to the powerful business interests of Montreal and Toronto. The Liberal campaign was directed by an ex-Conservative, Joseph Israël Tarte. Laurier was also a strong supporter of provincial rights, and a number of powerful Liberal premiers supported the campaign, such as Ontario's Oliver Mowat and Nova Scotia's W. S. Fielding, both of whom who won seats in the House and were appointed to cabinet after the election.

The Conservatives won more votes in the 1896 election than the Liberals (48.2% of the votes in comparison to 41.4% for the Liberals). However, the Liberals took more seats. The Conservatives captured about half of the seats in English Canada. They suffered losses in Quebec, where Tupper's reputation as an ardent imperialist was a major handicap. Tupper's inability to persuade Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau to return to active politics as his Quebec lieutenant ended any chances of the Conservatives winning the most seats that province. Meanwhile, Laurier's Liberals won a landslide victory in Quebec, as well as getting some seats in English Canada (especially in the Maritimes and the West).

Tupper initially refused to resign as Prime Minister, insisting that Laurier would be unable to form a government. However, when Tupper attempted to make appointments as prime minister, Governor General Lord Aberdeen refused. Tupper resigned, and the governor general invited Laurier to form a government.

National results

Note:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

Acclamations:

The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation;
 * Ontario: 1 Patron of Industry
 * Quebec: 1 Conservative, 2 Liberals

Results by province

 * George Ritchie Maxwell elected in Burrard.

title: 1896 Canadian federal election


text:
Briercrest

Briercrest (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Redburn No. 130 and Census Division No. 6. The village is approximately 42 km southeast of the City of Moose Jaw and 77 km southwest of the City of Regina. When the post office formed in 1903, it was a part of the Federal Electoral District: Assiniboia, North West Territories, as well as part of the provisional district of Assiniboia West, North West Territories, until the province of Saskatchewan was formed in 1905.

History
Briercrest incorporated as a village on April 17, 1912.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Briercrest had a population of $155$ living in $65$ of its $67$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $159$. With a land area of 0.69 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Briercrest recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 0.62 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Education
Coventry School Division (SD) 213, North West Territories (NWT) was one of the first one-room schools started in 1891. Hipperholme SD 467, NWT soon followed in 1899. Many more one-room school districts developed in the early 1900s to survive until the mid-20th century when they were gradually replaced with the Briercrest Family of Schools.

The Briercrest College and Seminary was originally founded as the Briercrest Bible Institute in Briercrest in 1935, which has since moved to Caronport. In 1946, a larger facility was needed for the increasing number of students, and the airbase at Caronport became the school's new home. The school, however, continued to honour its early history by retaining the name of Briercrest as its birthplace.
 * Briercrest College and Seminary

title: Briercrest


text:
Talk:Cauchy's integral formula

I think that you need also to demand the the subset U is also connectable. i.e. U is a domain in the complex plain. MathKnight 22:49, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That's tacitly already there, in the comments about the disk. Michael Hardy 20:05, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Statement of the theorem
It expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk.

I think it needs to be said that the function is holomorphic on a region slightly larger than the disk.

 * No, being holomorphic inside of the disk and continuous up to the boundary of the disk is enough. You see, you can always integrate not on the boundary of the disk, but on the boundary of a slightly smaller disk inside of it, and then have that smaller disk tend to the original disk. The Cauchy integral formula will hold on the boundary of the small disk (as the function will be holomorphic around the small disk) but then, when you take the limit as the small disk approaches the original disk, the Cauchy integral formula will continue to hold on the big disk. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, I missed that. You're right, of course. Brian Tvedt 03:33, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

the disk D … is completely contained in U

I think completely contained is intended to mean that the closure of D is contained in U, which would take care of my objection. Not sure how standard this terminology is, though.

Another thing: why the focus on disks? Isn't the theorem usually stated in terms of regions bounded by a simple closed curve?

Brian Tvedt 13:24, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess the disk is the simplest and the most important case. If you start with a region bounded by a simple closed curve, you can always shrink it to a disk without changing the value of the integral. Simple closed curves however have the disadvantage that you must use Jordan's theorem which says that the concept of inside is well-defined, which you don't need to worry about if you deal with a disk. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we should follow most books on the subject, which typically do state the theorem for a simple closed curve, though it suffices to prove it for a disk, with some kind of hand-waving around the Jordan curve issue, Actually I just noticed that the article states that the theorem holds for a "closed rectifiable curve" in the region but doesn't mention that the region needs to be simply connected. Brian Tvedt
 * Yes, the region must be simply-connected, or alternatively, the curve together with its interior must be in the region (the latter is a bit more general). Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 04:20, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Wrong equation?
$$\oint_C {z^2 \over z^2+2z+2}\,dz = \oint_{C_1} {\left({z^2 \over z-z_2}\right) \over z-z_1}\,dz + \oint_{C_2} {\left({z^2 \over z-z_1}\right) \over z-z_2}\,dz $$

When I go back again, I get $$\oint_C {2z^2 \over z^2+2z+2}\,dz$$. Is the equation wrong (one z too much, or a 0.5 missing)? --Abdull 17:33, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Remember that the first contour is broken up into two distinct contours, one enclosing circle for each singularity. The integrands only add if the contours of integration are the same. So you can't simply add the integrands to get $$\oint_C {2z^2 \over z^2+2z+2}\,dz$$. Rpchase 06:11, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

moduli and variable substitution

 * 1) The article speaks of variable substitution. May Integration by substitution be meant here?
 * 2) Also, ...[...] Clearly the poles become evident, their moduli are less than 2 and thus lie inside the contour [...]. What is meant with moduli?

Thanks, --Abdull 17:37, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * 1. Yes. 2. The modulus of a complex number $$z=a+bi$$ is $$|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$$, and one checks that –1–i and –1+i both have modulus √2, which is less than 2, as claimed. -lethe talk [ +] 22:38, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Seeking comments on major edit of this article
I'm proposing a major update of this article. You can read what the new version would look like at my user page. The following is a summary of the changes.

 * I reworked the organization of the article a bit, adding some new subsections.
 * I've re-written the statement of the theorem so that it is now stated for a simple, closed contour C and not just for a disk.
 * I added a subsection on Cauchy's integral formula as an integral representation for holomorphic functions.
 * I replaced the proof sketch with a complete proof of the theorem.
 * I added an additional example of the use of Cauchy's integral formula, and expanded the example that was there to explain why the contour integral in it can be replaced with two contour integrals.
 * I included an example of the use of Cauchy's differentiation formula.
 * I've added several illustrations.
 * I've added several new references.
 * I removed the statement that for holomorphic functions "differentiation is equivalent to integration," which is a notion so vague as to be not even wrong.

All comments are welcome, including negative ones. In particular, I want to know if you think I'm headed in the right direction concerning this entry; obviously, I think that I am, but there would not be any point in making changes that other users do not find are for the better. I suspect that the re-written article is too long, and I would like to know what all interested readers think of the length. I think the my draft proposal is an improvement on the current article, but you certainly can disabuse me of that idea if that's how you feel. Frank 1729 (talk) 19:41, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I really dislike the way you spread formulas out vertically. This also makes the extra trivial steps you include extra annoying. Example:

\begin{align} \oint_{C_1} {g(z)} &= \oint_{C_1} {f_1(z) \over z-z_1}\, dz\\ &=2\pi i\cdot f(z_1)\\ &=2\pi i\cdot \frac{z_1^2}{z_1-z_2}\\ &=2\pi i\cdot \frac{(-1+i)^2}{-1+i-(-1-i)}\\ &=2\pi i\cdot \frac{-2i}{2i}\\ &=2\pi i (-1)\\ &=-2\pi i. \end{align} $$
 * that I would write like
 * $$\oint_{C_1} {g(z)}\, dz = \oint_{C_1} {f_1(z) \over z-z_1}\, dz = 2\pi i f(z_1) = 2\pi i \frac{z_1^2}{z_1-z_2} = 2\pi i \frac{(-1+i)^2}{-1+i-(-1-i)} = -2\pi i.$$
 * You missed a "dz" in the first term and I dislike your use of "\cdot" for normal multiplication.
 * I really like your effort at expanding and improving this article though. I will take another look after you fix my above concern. --MarSch (talk) 11:41, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your comments concerning vertical spacing are well taken. As you know, many authors (or editors) prefer to align equations and inequalities vertically, and others like more of a horizontal style; yet others mix it up a bit. By breaking up a chain of equations vertically I was hoping that the mathematical text would fit monitors of different sizes without the reader having to scroll horizontally. For instance, your suggested edit of my work actually runs off the right side of my monitor here at home, not too badly, though; but your line really runs off the screen on my ultra mobile pc; I suspect it will look fine on my monitor at work. However, my vertical lines read well on all the screens, large and small, that I've tested it on. I think, though, that I can still improve my style and I will try to follow your suggestion of horizontal of spacing while at the same time keeping in mind how the article will look in different monitors.

 * I missed one dz and I have corrected that. I often use cdots for my own benefit while I'm editing and remove them afterward. I will probably remove many of them now. Thanks for your input by the way; I have found it very useful. I hope you give my draft another look. Frank 1729 (talk) 14:57, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * seems rather long-winded. in particular, the more general version hinges on on fact that path integrals are invariant under homotopy of paths. filling in trivial gaps in the proof from the current version, while merely quoting this result, adds nothing. Mct mht (talk) 23:47, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Mct mht, thanks for your comments. Writing the sketch of a proof is difficult because in skipping steps, even ones that you may think are trivial, can lead to mistakes. For instance, the inequality

 * $$\left | \frac{1}{2 \pi i} \oint_C { {f(z) \over z-a} \,dz} - f(a) \right |$$

\leq \frac{1}{2 \pi i} \oint_C \frac{ |f(z) - f(a)| } {z-a} \,dz \rightarrow 0. $$

 * in the current version contains a mathematical error that renders it meaningless. I believe you were the one who wrote that line, last August, so at the very least you should fix your error as soon as possible. There are those who think that the Wikipedia should present only proof sketches for the more technical theorems; I respect that view. But you should also respect the view of those like myself who think that complete and correct proofs are not necessarily long-winded; they are just correct. Frank 1729 (talk) 02:51, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * well, you caught the missing "| · |"... let me state again, if i may: adding trivialities while completely glossing over the essential point of the generalization is pointless. a more sensible and honest expansion of article would seem to include a word or two about why path integrals are invariant under homotopy of paths. anyway, just a suggestion. Mct mht (talk) 03:27, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your point about adding a little explanation about why integrals are invariant under homotopy is a good one. I'm not sure it will be easy to do but I will give it a try. I don't quite see eye to eye with you concerning what you call trivialities; the proof I wrote is really a fairly standard one and appears, with minor variations, in many textbooks. However, I won't add it to the article because unless I get a lot of support for it, and I don't think I will. Instead, I think I might re-write the proof sketch slightly to connect a couple of ideas together. You or, another use, could revert it back later on if you'd like. Thanks for you input. It is appreciated. Frank 1729 (talk) 03:47, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * ok, Frank, have at it. hope to see you around. Mct mht (talk) 04:25, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

"Bach's" differentiation formula?
For some reason, this article claimed that the Cauchy differentiation formula (i.e. derivative version of Cauchy integral formula) is sometimes called "Bach's differentiation formula". I expect this is almost certainly vandalism. It was introduced on 9th Aug 2009 from an IP user. I've certainly never heard this name and a quick Google turns up only Wikipedia pages and a forum post that I expect got the name from Wikipedia.

I've reverted it to "Cauchy". Tcnuk (talk) 12:00, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Example is unclear
It is never stated what exactly 'f' is, what is its relation to 'g', and then it is imemdiately used to calculate something. It took me quite some time to figure out what is going on. It would be very benefitial if someone who understands what is going on would fix it and maybe add a little bit of "reasoning" about what is going on. 94.112.136.34 (talk) 15:54, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cauchy's integral formula


text:
Serabit el-Khadim

Serabit el-Khadim (سرابيط الخادم ; also transliterated Serabit al-Khadim, Serabit el-Khadem) is a locality in the southwest Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, where turquoise was mined extensively in antiquity, mainly by the ancient Egyptians. Archaeological excavation, initially by Sir Flinders Petrie, revealed ancient mining camps and a long-lived Temple of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess who was favoured as a protector in desert regions and known locally as the mistress of the turquoise. The temple was first established during the Middle Kingdom in the reign of Sesostris I (reigned 1971 BC to 1926 BC) and was partly reconstructed in the New Kingdom.

Inscriptions

Thirty incised graffiti in a "Proto-Sinaitic script" shed light on the history of the alphabet. The mines were worked by prisoners of war from southwest Asia who presumably spoke a Northwest Semitic language, such as the Canaanite that was ancestral to Phoenician and Hebrew. The incisions date from the beginning of the 16th century BC.

title: Serabit el-Khadim


text:
Calcutta Cup

The Calcutta Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the rugby match between England and Scotland played annually in the Six Nations Championship. Like the match itself (England–Scotland), the Calcutta Cup is the oldest trophy contested between any two international rugby union teams, pre-dating the Bledisloe Cup (Australia–New Zealand) by more than half a century. It is also the oldest of several trophies awarded under the umbrella of the Six Nations Championship, which include the Millennium Trophy (England–Ireland), Centenary Quaich (Ireland–Scotland), Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy (France–Italy), Auld Alliance Trophy (France–Scotland), the Doddie Weir Cup (Scotland–Wales) and the Cuttitta Cup (Italy–Scotland).

Calcutta Club
On Christmas Day in 1872 a game of rugby union football was played in Calcutta, British India by a group of forty people (twenty-a-side), with one team representing England and the other Scotland. Following this match, and the growth of British Sport in India, the Calcutta Rugby Football Club was formally established in January the following year by expats, former students of Rugby School, and soldiers of the Royal East Kent Regiment. In 1874, the club joined the Rugby Football Union (RFU). By 1878, the club’s diminishing members withdrew club funds, a total of ₹270, and had them melted down to make a trophy. The trophy was presented by the club to the RFU and was used as “the best means of doing some lasting good for the cause of Rugby Football.”

The cup
The domed lid is surmounted by an elephant which is, it is said, copied from the Viceroy's own stock. The inscription on the Cup's wooden base reads: The Calcutta Cup.

There is an anomaly in the recording of the winning country on the base of the Cup. It was first played for in 1879, but the plinth shows records extending back to the first international in 1871.

While the original was handmade by Indian craftsmen, the replicas were made using modern technology.

In 1988 the cup was damaged by the antics of some drunken players, including England number eight Dean Richards and Scotland flanker John Jeffrey who played football with the Calcutta Cup along Princes Street in Edinburgh. Jeffrey received a six-month ban from the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU), whilst Richards was given a one-match sentence from England.

Competition
Despite the initial request of the Calcutta Club that the trophy be used as rugby's answer to football's FA Cup, the RFU refused to turn the Calcutta Cup into a knock-out competition for English club sides. They believed that "competitiveness" ran against the amateur ethos and instead decided that a game should be played each year between England and Scotland and whoever wins should keep it for that year. The first Calcutta Cup match was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, on 10 March 1879 and ended in a draw; Scotland scored a drop goal and England a goal. The following year on 28 February 1880 England became the first winners of the Calcutta Cup when they defeated Scotland by two goals & three tries to one goal in Manchester. Matches have continued on an annual basis except for two interruptions due to the World Wars between 1915–1919 and 1940–1946.

As of 2024, 131 Calcutta Cup matches have taken place. Currently, this game is the annual match between the two nations in the Six Nations Championship. The ground alternates between Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh (on even years) and Twickenham Stadium in London (on odd years).

In 2004, the two countries' rugby governing bodies, the Rugby Football Union (England) and the Scottish Rugby Union, were considering a plan to add a second Calcutta Cup fixture each year, outside the Six Nations Championship. The second fixture would be hosted by the away nation in the Six Nations fixture of the same year. Under that plan, one nation would have to win both matches to take the Cup off its current holder. Due to a largely unfavourable reaction, the proposal was dropped.

Records
The current record number of points scored by a player in a Calcutta Cup game was set by Jonny Wilkinson in 2007 when he scored 27 points (1 try, 2 conversions, 5 penalties, 1 drop goal). The previous record of 24 points was held by Rob Andrew.

Other Calcutta Cups
In 1884, Calcutta Cricket and Football Club again set up a rugby section and in 1890 set up an inter club trophy, the Calcutta Rugby Union Challenge Cup, promptly christened the Calcutta Cup.

The 2007 edition of the Cup was held by Jungle Crows, in which Future Hope Harlequins defeated CC&FC in final. The second division trophy was won by Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Panthers.

The original and oldest Calcutta Cup is a silver trophy played for annually by the members of Royal Blackheath Golf Club. It was a gift from the Royal Calcutta Golf Club in response to the presentation of a medal given by Blackheath. It is made from melted down silver rupees, reputedly from the same batch of melted down silver rupees as the Rugby Union Cup played for between England and Scotland. The cup arrived in London in 1875. It was first played for in December 1875 three years before the first Calcutta Cup match between England and Scotland. The Cup held by Royal Blackheath Golf Club has only 2 handles unlike the well known Calcutta Cup. It is only in recent years that the history of the original Calcutta Cup has been appreciated by sporting historians.

Royal Blackheath Golf Club members had close links with Blackheath Football Club (Rugby) which was one of the most prominent clubs in the early years of the Rugby Football Union. Members of both clubs served in India in the 1870s. This link is the most likely explanation for the creation of a similar cup being created by the Calcutta Rugby Club a few years later and becoming the world-famous Calcutta Cup.

title: Calcutta Cup


text:
Harry Hammond Hess

Harry Hammond Hess (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was an American geologist and a United States Navy officer in World War II who is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics. He published theories on sea floor spreading, specifically on relationships between island arcs, seafloor gravity anomalies, and serpentinized peridotite, suggesting that the convection in the Earth's mantle is the driving force behind this process.

Early life and education
Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906, in New York City to Julian S. Hess, a member of the New York Stock Exchange, and Elizabeth Engel Hess. He attended Asbury Park High School in Asbury Park, New Jersey. In 1923, he entered Yale University, where he intended to study electrical engineering but ended up graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in geology. Hess failed his first time taking mineralogy at Yale and was told he had no future in the field. Despite this, he continued with his degree and was teaching geology at Princeton when World War II was declared. He spent two years as an exploration geologist in Northern Rhodesia. In 1934 he married Annette Burns.

Teaching career
Harry Hess taught for one year (1932–1933) at Rutgers University in New Jersey and spent a year as a research associate at the Geophysical Laboratory of Washington, D. C., before joining the faculty of Princeton University in 1934. Hess remained at Princeton for the rest of his career and served as Geology Department Chairman from 1950 to 1966. He was a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town, South Africa (1949–1950), and the University of Cambridge, England (1965).

The Navy-Princeton gravity expedition to the West Indies in 1932
Hess accompanied Dr. Felix Vening Meinesz of Utrecht University on board the US Navy submarine USS S-48 to assist with the second U.S. expedition to obtain gravity measurements at sea. The expedition used a gravimeter, or gravity meter, designed by Meinesz. The submarine traveled a route from Guantanamo, Cuba, to Key West, Florida, and return to Guantanamo through the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos region from 5 February through 25 March 1932. The description of operations and results of the expedition were published by the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office in The Navy-Princeton gravity expedition to the West Indies in 1932.

Military and war career
Hess joined the United States Navy during World War II, becoming captain of the USS Cape Johnson, an attack transport ship equipped with a new technology: sonar. This command would later prove to be key in Hess's development of his theory of sea floor spreading. Hess carefully tracked his travel routes to Pacific Ocean landings on the Marianas, Philippines, and Iwo Jima, continuously using his ship's echo sounder. This unplanned wartime scientific surveying enabled Hess to collect ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in the discovery of flat-topped submarine volcanoes, which he termed guyots, after the 19th-century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. After the war, he remained in the Naval Reserve, rising to the rank of rear admiral.

Scientific discoveries
In 1960, Hess made his single most important contribution, which is regarded as part of the major advance in geologic science of the 20th century. In a widely circulated report to the Office of Naval Research, he advanced the theory, now generally accepted, that the Earth's crust moved laterally away from long, volcanically active oceanic ridges. He only understood his ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean after Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen (1953,  Lamont Group) discovered the Great Global Rift, running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Seafloor spreading, as the process was later named, helped establish Alfred Wegener's earlier (but generally dismissed at the time) concept of continental drift as scientifically respectable. This triggered a revolution in the earth sciences. Hess's report was formally published in his History of Ocean Basins (1962), which for a time was the single most referenced work in solid-earth geophysics. Hess was also involved in many other scientific endeavours, including the Mohole project (1957–1966), an investigation onto the feasibility and techniques of deep sea drilling.

Accolades and affiliations
Hess was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1952 and the American Philosophical Society in 1960. He was president of The Geological Society of America in 1963 and received their Penrose Medal in 1966. In 1968, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Death
Hess died from a heart attack in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on August 25, 1969, while chairing a meeting of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery and was posthumously awarded the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Distinguished Public Service Award.

The Harry H. Hess Medal
The American Geophysical Union established the Harry H. Hess medal in his memory in 1984 to "honor outstanding achievements in research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and sister planets."

Past recipients
Source:

 * 1985	Gerald J. Wasserburg
 * 1987	Julian R. Goldsmith
 * 1989	A.G.W. Cameron
 * 1991	George W. Wetherill
 * 1993	Alfred E. Ringwood
 * 1995	Edward Anders
 * 1996	Thomas J. Ahrens
 * 1997	Stanley Robert Hart
 * 1998	David J. Stevenson
 * 1999	Ikuo Kushiro
 * 2001	Albrecht Hofmann
 * 2002	Gerald Schubert
 * 2003	David L. Kohlstedt
 * 2004	Adolphe Nicolas
 * 2005	Sean C. Solomon
 * 2006	Alexandra Navrotsky
 * 2007	Michael John O'Hara
 * 2008	H. Jay Melosh
 * 2009	Frank M. Richter
 * 2010 David Walker
 * 2011 Henry Dick
 * 2012 Maria T. Zuber
 * 2013 Bernard Wood
 * 2014	Donald J. DePaolo
 * 2015	Claude Jaupart
 * 2016	Alexander Halliday
 * 2017 Roberta Rudnick
 * 2018 Timothy L. Grove
 * 2019 Richard J. Walker
 * 2020 Donald B. Dingwell
 * 2021 Peter B. Kelemen
 * 2022 Janne Blichert-Toft
 * 2023 Catherine A. McCammon

Selected publications

 * Also in:
 * Also in:
 * Also in:
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title: Harry Hammond Hess


text:
Battle of Harlem Heights

The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The action took place on September 16, 1776, in what is now the Morningside Heights area and east into the future Harlem neighborhoods of northwestern Manhattan Island in what is now part of New York City.

The Continental Army, under Commander-in-chief General George Washington, Major General Nathanael Greene, and Major General Israel Putnam, totaling around 9,000 men, held a series of high ground positions in upper Manhattan. Immediately opposite was the vanguard of the British Army totaling around 5,000 men under the command of Major General Henry Clinton.

An early morning skirmish between a patrol of Knowlton's Rangers and British light infantry pickets developed into a running fight as the British pursued the Americans back through woods towards Washington's position on Harlem Heights. The overconfident British light troops, having advanced too far from their lines without support, had exposed themselves to counter-attack. Seeing this, Washington ordered a flanking maneuver which failed to cut off the British force but, in the face of this attack and pressure from troops arriving from the Harlem Heights position, the outnumbered British retreated.

Meeting reinforcements coming from the south and with the added support of a pair of field pieces, the British light infantry turned and made a stand in open fields on Morningside Heights. The Americans, also reinforced, came on in strength and there followed a lengthy exchange of fire. After two hours, with ammunition running short, the British force began to pull back to their lines. Washington cut short the pursuit, unwilling to risk a general engagement with the British main force, and withdrew to his own lines. The battle helped restore the confidence of the Continental Army after suffering several defeats. It was Washington's first battlefield success of the war.

After a month without any major fighting between the armies, Washington was forced to withdraw his army north to the town of White Plains in southeastern New York when the British moved west into Westchester County and threatened to flank Washington further south on Manhattan. After two defeats Washington retreated west across the Hudson River.

Background
On August 27, 1776, British troops under the command of General William Howe flanked and defeated the American army at the Battle of Long Island. Howe moved his forces and pinned the Americans down at Brooklyn Heights, with the East River to the American rear. On the night of August 29, General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, evacuated his entire army of 9,000 men and their equipment across the water to Manhattan.

On September 15, Howe landed his army in an amphibious operation at Kip's Bay, on the eastern shore of Manhattan, along the East River. After a bombardment of the American positions on the shore, 4,000 British and Hessian troops began to disembark. The American troops began to flee at the sight of the enemy, and even after Washington arrived on the scene and took immediate command, demanding that his soldiers stand and fight, they refused to obey orders and continued to flee.

After scattering the Americans at Kip's Bay, Howe landed 9,000 more troops, but did not immediately cut off the American retreat from New York Town in the south of the island. Washington had all of his troops in the city on their way to north along the west side of Manhattan to Harlem Heights by 4:00 pm and they all reached the fortifications on the Heights by nightfall.

Battle
Early on September 16, Washington received reports, which proved to be unfounded, that the British were advancing. Washington, who had been expecting an attack, had ordered a party of 150 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to reconnoiter the British lines. At daybreak, Knowlton's troops were spotted by British pickets from Brigadier Alexander Leslie's Light Infantry brigade.

Two or three companies of the 2nd Light Infantry Battalion advanced to attack the enemy to their front. For more than half an hour the skirmish continued, in the woods spanning two farm properties, Jones' and Hoaglandt's. When Knowlton realized that the numerically superior British forces were about to turn his flank, he ordered a retreat, which was conducted "without confusion or loss", although perhaps ten men had been lost in the initial skirmish.

The British followed in rapid pursuit. Knowlton's party emerged into the open on the edge of the woods overlooking a wide re-entrant known as the Hollow Way, which marked the forward edge of Washington's position. The rangers crossed into the American lines while the pursuing light infantry, on reaching the tree line, paused to reorganize. The sound of their bugle calls, whether calling the skirmishers to regroup or calling for reinforcements, to Washington's Adjutant General Colonel Joseph Reed were reminiscent of a fox hunt, and seemed to him to be intended as an insult.

Probably about this time, elements of the 2nd and 3rd Light Infantry Battalions, along with the 42nd Highlanders were ordered up as reinforcements. Reed, who had gone forward to confer with Knowlton, rode back to brief Washington and encouraged him to reinforce the rangers. Washington, seeing an opportunity to revive the spirits of his men, devised a plan to entrap the unwary enemy patrol. He ordered troops forward to make a diversionary attack, in order to draw the British down into the Hollow Way, while another detachment moved around the British right flank to cut them off.

The diversionary party, composed of 150 volunteers, ran into the Hollow Way and began to engage the British, who responded by advancing down into the valley to occupy a wooded fenceline and returned fire. The volunteers were then reinforced by a further 900 men and a prolonged exchange of fire ensued, although the two sides were too far apart to do much damage.

The flanking party consisted of Knowlton's Rangers, reinforced by three companies of Virginia riflemen commanded by Major Andrew Leitch, in total about 200 men. As they moved forward, it seems an unidentified officer accidentally misdirected the group, and the manoeuvre caught the British in the flank, not their rear. During the attack, both Knowlton and Leitch were shot and fatally injured. Despite this, the American troops pushed on.

The British troops, realizing that their flank was in danger, retreated uphill to occupy a fence-line. Washington reinforced his troops in the Hollow Way and together with the flanking party mounted a frontal attack. The British light infantry retired across open farmland to a buckwheat field in the area where Barnard College now stands. Here they received reinforcements; including a pair of 3-pdr guns.

Washington was originally reluctant to pursue the British troops, but after seeing that his men were slowly pushing the British back, he sent in reinforcements and permitted the troops to engage in a direct attack. By the time that all of the reinforcements arrived, nearly 1,800 Americans were engaged in the buckwheat field. To direct the battle, members of Washington's staff, including Nathanael Greene, were sent in. By this time, the British troops had also been reinforced; bringing their strength up to a number slightly less than the attacking Americans.

For an hour and a half, the battle continued in the field and in the surrounding woods until, with some units, including the 3-pdrs, having fired away their ammunition, the British began to withdraw. The Americans pressed forward in pursuit until Washington, concerned about the approach of British reserves, ordered a halt. Upon receiving Washington's orders to return to their lines, the troops gave a loud "huzzah" and left the field in good order.

Aftermath

The British casualties were officially reported by Howe at 14 killed and 78 wounded, but a member of Howe's staff wrote in his diary that the loss was 14 killed and 154 wounded. The author David McCullough suggests much higher figures of "probably...90 killed and about 300 wounded" but cites no source for this. Henry Johnston, whose 1897 study remains the only detailed investigation of the battle, assessed British losses at 14 killed and 157 wounded and those of the Americans at about 30 killed and 100 wounded, including Colonel Knowlton among the dead.

Major Andrew Leitch, commander of the Virginia riflemen, died some days later. Both sides claimed victory. The repulse of British troops in this "pretty sharp skirmish" boosted morale in the American ranks "prodigiously", as George Washington observed, even among those who had not been engaged. It also marked the first success of the war for the army directly under Washington's command.

There was little fighting for the next month of the campaign, but Washington moved his army to White Plains in October after hearing that the British were attempting to trap him on Manhattan. After being defeated at the Battle of White Plains and later at Fort Washington, Washington and his army retreated across New Jersey, pursued by the British, into Pennsylvania.

The loss of Knowlton was a blow to the fledgling American intelligence operations, as he had created and led the first such unit of the Continental Army, at the direction of Washington.

title: Battle of Harlem Heights


text:
Perca

Perca may refer to:

 * A genus of fish commonly referred to as Perch
 * The Italian name for Percha, a town in South Tyrol, Italy
 * Perca (Vogošća), a village in Vogošća, near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

title: Perca


text:
Eggs Benedict

Eggs Benedict is a common American breakfast or brunch dish, consisting of two halves of an English muffin, each topped with Canadian bacon, a poached egg, and hollandaise sauce. It was popularized in New York City.

Origin and history
There are conflicting accounts as to the origin of eggs Benedict.

Delmonico's in Lower Manhattan says on its menu that "Eggs Benedict was first created in our ovens in 1860." One of its former chefs, Charles Ranhofer, also published the recipe for Eggs à la Benedick in 1894.

In an interview recorded in the "Talk of the Town" column of The New Yorker in 1942, the year before his death, Lemuel Benedict, a retired Wall Street stock broker, said that he had wandered into the Waldorf Hotel in 1894 and, hoping to find a cure for his morning hangover, ordered "buttered toast, poached eggs, crisp bacon, and a hooker of hollandaise". Oscar Tschirky, the maître d'hôtel, was so impressed with the dish that he put it on the breakfast and luncheon menus but substituted ham for the bacon and a toasted English muffin for the toast.

A later claim to the creation of eggs Benedict was circuitously made by Edward P. Montgomery on behalf of Commodore E. C. Benedict. In 1967 Montgomery wrote a letter to then The New York Times food columnist Craig Claiborne, which included a recipe he said he had received through his uncle, a friend of the commodore. Commodore Benedict's recipe—by way of Montgomery—varies greatly from Ranhofer's version, particularly in the hollandaise sauce preparation—calling for the addition of a "hot, hard-cooked egg and ham mixture".

Variations
Many variations of eggs Benedict exist, involving replacing any component except the egg:
 * Avocado toast eggs Benedict – substitutes toast in place of the muffin and adds sliced avocado.
 * California eggs Benedict – adds sliced Hass avocado. Variations may include sliced tomato instead of Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Atlantic – substitutes salmon which may be smoked, in place of Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Balmoral – substitutes haggis in place of Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Blackstone – substitutes streaky bacon in place of Canadian bacon and adds a tomato slice.
 * Eggs Blanchard – substitutes béchamel sauce in place of Hollandaise.
 * Eggs Chesapeake (crab eggs Benedict, crab cakes Benedict) – substitutes a Maryland blue crab cake in place of Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Cochon (eggs cochon de lait) – substitutes pork "debris" (slow roasted pork shredded in its own juices) in place of Canadian bacon, buttermilk biscuit in place of the English muffin. Served in New Orleans restaurants.
 * Eggs Florentine – adds spinach, sometimes substituted in place of the Canadian bacon. Older versions of eggs Florentine add spinach to poached or shirred eggs.
 * Eggs Hebridean – a Scottish variety, substitutes black pudding in place of the Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Hussarde – substitutes Holland rusks in place of the English muffin and adds Bordelaise sauce.
 * Eggs Mornay – substitutes Mornay sauce in place of the Hollandaise.
 * Eggs Neptune – substitutes crab meat in place of Canadian bacon.
 * Eggs Omar (steak Benedict) – substitutes a small steak in place of Canadian bacon and sometimes replaces the Hollandaise with béarnaise.
 * Eggs Trivette – adds Creole mustard to the Hollandaise and a topping of crayfish.
 * Eggs Woodhouse – includes two eggs and artichoke hearts, creamed spinach, bechamel sauce, Iberico ham, black truffle and beluga caviar. The recipe is featured in the book How To Archer, inspired by the television series Archer on FXX.
 * Eggs Zenedict – adds toasted scone and peameal bacon smothered in sundried tomato Hollandaise. A specialty of restaurants in the defunct Canadian retail chain Zellers.
 * Huevos Benedictos – adds sliced avocado or Mexican chorizo, topped with salsa (such as salsa roja or salsa brava) and Hollandaise sauce.
 * Irish Benedict – substitutes corned beef or Irish bacon in place of Canadian bacon.
 * New Jersey Benedict – substitutes Taylor pork roll in place of Canadian bacon.

title: Eggs Benedict


text:
Over the Edge (radio program)

Over the Edge (or OTE) is a sound collage radio program hosted and produced in the United States by Jon Leidecker ("Wobbly") and Robert Cole ("KrOB"), who took over in 2015 after the death of longtime host Don Joyce.

Leidecker, like Joyce, is a member of the pioneering sound collage band Negativland, other members of which have frequently appeared on the show. A series of Over the Edge episodes have been released under the Negativland name, first on cassette and later CD. Critic Ned Raggett describes Over the Edge as "a merry trip into an alternate world," while critic Stephen Cramer describes Over the Edge as "the longest-running block of free-form radio in the history of radio ... essentially live performance art."

Founded in 1981, OTE is broadcast live on KPFA in Berkeley, California, every second, third, and fourth Thursday night/Friday morning from midnight to 3 a.m. On the rare occasion of a month with a fifth Thursday OTE runs an additional two hours, from midnight to 5 a.m. The show is also available online, streamed live from KPFA.org (which podcasts the show), or from Negativland.com, where many older episodes are available as well. approximately 1300 episodes are stored at the Internet Archive. It is the group's plan to digitize and archive every episode ever made.

History
Negativland members—often just Joyce—have broadcast OTE since June 1981. OTE began as a rather conventional music show, though Joyce gradually experimented with the format, due to his disapproval of what he saw as radio's primary function (encouraging listeners to buy music recordings). The show was originally on Sundays at midnight, following Music from the Hearts of Space. It changed time slots a few times, but now broadcasts in the Thursday/Friday midnight to 3 a.m. slot. Due to various obligations on the part of the host(s) or the KPFA DJs on before and after him, the show is sometimes not aired at all, or is sometimes much longer (up to five hours), or is hosted by friends of Negativland such as the hosts of the Puzzling Evidence show which usually airs after OTE. Usually these kinds of scheduling changes are announced the week previous, or in the closing minutes of the previous show.

Format
Joyce declared that with OTE, he and his collaborators "create 'direct-reference' collages, manipulating and mixing both found and original sounds to produce a new kind of audio animal. OTE is always concerned with recycling existing cultural elements to some new, unintended effect."

Joyce used sound collage techniques, weaving many sources together throughout the program to create a "conversational" form of audio presentation. Sources might include recordings of other radio programs (including old time radio shows, commercials, talk shows, or news programs), portions of documentary films, songs and more, all typically—but not always—related to a pre-selected theme.

Joyce usually played a "bed" of unobtrusive background music, and adds reverberation or other special effects to sound sources. He also employed the "Booper", a circuit-bending oscillator created by David Wills ("The Weatherman"), to create electronic and synthesized tones that he incorporates into the show.

OTE's theme music is the track "12 O'Clock (in two parts)" from Heaven and Hell (1975), by Vangelis. Most of the time, this song begins each show, though in some cases other sounds may play over it, and the song may be slowed down or sped up, depending on the show's theme. About two-thirds of the way through the song during a natural pause in the music, the song stops and Joyce played a teaser, which indicates a topic or theme he would explore for the episode.

Following the theme music, Joyce would usually announce the theme of the show, and when appropriate, say a few words that relate to previous or upcoming events. Usually at the top of the hour Joyce performed a station identification for KPFA, and near the end of the show made a similar closing announcement. At the very end of each episode Joyce played a recording of a woman's voice reading a statement attributed to photographer Man Ray: "To create is divine. To reproduce is human. Man Ray."

Throughout most shows, regardless of content, Joyce played spots that identified the show as part of the Universal Media Netweb. This is part of an ongoing Joyce-concocted plot and overarching narrative connecting the majority of Over the Edge broadcasts, featuring a cast of recurring characters and situations.

Occasionally, Over the Edge will subvert or toy with established OTE formats when it suits the theme of the show. Joyce or his guests played various UMN characters, and would sometimes even skip the theme music and other show conventions, to better create the feel and sound of another kind of show. The best-known example might be The California Superstation, released as Over the Edge Vol. 4: Dick Vaughn's Moribund Music of the '70s. Negativland member Richard Lyons played his recurring character, the Dick Clark-like '70s corporate radio mogul Dick Vaughn. The premise of the episode was that KPFA's format had officially changed to a '70s oldies theme. It was so smoothly done that a few fans of the show actually believed it and became quite confused, which is ironic given that the collage nature of the show tends to confuse the average radio listener.

Receptacle programming
The audience phone participation ("Receptacle Programming") is another element of the format: listeners are encouraged to call in, and are placed on-air, sometimes two or three at a time, with no prior screening. Listeners can then play their own recordings for OTE, offer commentary or non-sequiturs, or, less often, converse with Joyce. People are allowed to remain on the air as long as Joyce judges their contributions valuable, from a few seconds to several minutes or more. The highly improvisational content and late hour of the broadcast attract a variety of colorful callers.

According to Joyce, Receptacle Programming is, ideally, a collaboration:

"Receptacle programming is there to deposit ideas and sounds from the real, live, simultaneous life outside our broadcast studio. Real-time participation allows a direct interaction with our mix as it is happening. Thus, musicians can join in with an over-the phone instrument and follow our live beat or provide a responsive bed for our elements. This, as we like to say, is best accomplished by listening to the show on stereo headphones tuned to KPFA when you call, and holding the telephone like a microphone. Then the caller is "in" the mix, hearing his or her own real-time sounds being broadcast right along with our mix in headphone stereo. Some callers have their own mixers which they connect to their phones and send in their own rather elaborate mixes of music and tapes with their own effects added."

There are only two rules for callers: (1) When the phone stops ringing, you're on the air; (2) Don't say "Hello."

Many fans and regular callers of the show have home-brewed their own electronic devices to aid in sending sound over the phone.

Leidecker has continued to present the show using Joyce's original format, including receptacle programming. He asks that callers try to use Skype and avoid calling in on their cellphones, for better sound quality.

Topics
Joyce typically followed one theme for an entire program. Topics vary wildly, from motion pictures, to various music and copyright issues and the CIA; one episode each was devoted to Ken Nordine and to radio comedy team Bob and Ray.

Usually only a few times a year, Joyce did an episode in a series called "Another UFO". Each episode examines one facet of the unidentified flying object phenomenon, such as alien abduction, cattle mutilation, or the Roswell UFO incident. These episodes are a fan favorite, and a subject that Joyce himself is continually fascinated with.

In 2006 Joyce began two on-going series: "How Radio Isn't Done" (about pirate radio and other broadcasting renegades and/or bloopers), and "How Radio Was Done" (about the history of radio as a cultural phenomenon, with recorded samplings from hundreds of thousands of airchecks).

Characters and story
Over the Edge often uses personas and characters, created by Joyce and his cohorts, to give the show a textual depth and continuity over time. The show purports to be part of the "Universal Media Netweb," a broadcasting entity that offers any number of shows, and specializes in Receptacle Programming. The UMN employs a number of people, including Joyce, and is responsible for the UMN spots that Joyce plays throughout his shows. While new developments in this storyline ebbed and flowed as Joyce's interests shifted and change over time, there are recurring characters that crop up fairly often.

C. Elliot Friday
UMN is supposedly funded by a wealthy recluse, C. Elliot Friday, who lives in a secret retreat on Howland Island, and emerges every four years to run for President on the Universal Party ticket. He is an inventor who has devised various gadgets marketed as "Fridatronics", including the Cubulax and the new DIECORP technology designed to make all music available to everyone absolutely free. He also came up with nutritional supplements like the "Mertz" pill ("Mertz makes up your mind!")

Crosley Bendix
Crosley Bendix was a radio personality (played by Joyce) for a series of commentaries. Bendix was touted as the Cultural Reviewer and Director of Stylistic Premonitions for UMN, and typically greeted listeners with a cheery "Good hello!" Bendix introduced listeners to "squant", the fictitious "fourth primary color", which was also the only primary color to have its own unique scent.

Among Joyce's other characters were Dr. Oslo Norway, Dean of Psychiatric Broadcasting for UMN and Chairman of One World Advertising; local TV news anchor Leland Googleburger; Wang Tool, a lugubrious computerized voice stationed on the moon; and Izzy Isn't, who "hosted" the show for the last few years of Joyce's life. Leidecker continues this roleplaying practice by having his character Mike Worm, aspiring President of General Injectables and Signals, "host" the show or make announcements.

Discography with Negativland
Since the 1980s, Over the Edge has also been an outlet for Negativland's creativity. The group participated in many of the shows, a few of which have been released as edited-down cassettes and CDs:

 * Over the Edge Vol. 1: JAMCON'84 (1985)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 1½: The Starting Line with Dick Goodbody (1995, partial reissue)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 2: Pastor Dick: Muriel's Purse Fund (1990)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 3: The Weatherman's Dumb Stupid Come-Out Line (1990)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 4: Dick Vaughn's Moribund Music of the '70s (2001, expanded reissue)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 5: Crosley Bendix Radio Reviews (1993)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 6: The Willsaphone Stupid Show (1994)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 7: Time Zones Exchange Project (1994)
 * Over the Edge Vol. 8: Sex Dirt (1995)
 * It's All in Your Head FM: Over the Edge Live on Stage (2006)
 * The Chopping Channel (2016) This release featured some of Joyce's last work, and included a small bag of Joyce's cremated ashes.

Beyond the edge
Don Joyce died of heart failure on July 22, 2015. After a tribute special, Over the Edge continued with fellow Negativlander Jon Leidecker ("Wobbly") and KPFA's Robert Cole ("KrOB") at the helm. Leidecker plays the best of Joyce's work, including surprises from Don's cache of tapes discovered after his death, plus electronic and experimental music and new sound collage from Leidecker, Hosler and the rest of the group. Two shows per month are hosted by KrOB, who is developing his own following. Leidecker wanted to change the name of the show to reflect its evolution: it's now called Over The Edge Presents. Joyce's assistants had been working for several years on digitizing all the Over the Edge tapes and arranged to store them on the Internet Archive for free download. Uploads of this material began in late October 2015, and almost 1300 shows are now available. The goal is to collect tapes of every show ever done, and possibly to archive Leidecker's broadcasts as well. At present, these can be heard and downloaded at Over the Edge Radio and more recent shows (many Leidecker's and Cole's) at Index of OTE Files. (Normally found at Negativland's website, a recent redesign omitted the Index page.) The show is also archived in low-resolution audio format at KPFA: the most recent episodes can be heard and downloaded there.

Several shows inspired by Over the Edge can be heard on independent and community stations across the country. KMUZ's Mid-Valley Mutations creator Austin Rich specifically cites Negativland and Over the Edge as inspiration for his own work: "This band and their radio show have been a focal point for the kind of work I want to create, and has guided my attitudes toward culture and art for my entire adult life."

Following Joyce's death, Filmmaker Ryan Worsley directed an 80-minute documentary, How Radio Isn't Done, featuring surviving members of Negativland as well as archival footage of Joyce himself.

title: Over the Edge (radio program)


text:
Tiglath-Pileser

Tiglath-Pileser may refer to:

 * Tiglath-Pileser I, king of Assyria from 1115 to 1077 BC
 * Tiglath-Pileser II, king of Assyria from 967 to 935 BC
 * Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria from 745 to 727 BC
 * Tiglath-Pileser, the cat in Agatha Christie's A Murder Is Announced

title: Tiglath-Pileser