text:
Chiben Gakuen

Chiben Gakuen (智辯学園) is a private academic institution with campuses in Nara Prefecture and Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The school sends many students to the best universities and colleges in Japan, including the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University and other public and private schools.

The school is well known in Japan for its baseball team, which usually participates in and frequently wins the Koshien Tournament for high school baseball.

Student exchange programs
Chiben Gakuen Wakayama participates in student exchange programs with:
 * St Leonard's College in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), and
 * Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia.

Chiben Gakuen Nara participates in a student exchange program with：
 * Exeter High School in Exeter, New Hampshire, and
 * Troy High School in Troy, Michigan.
 * Thomas Jefferson High Schoolin Denver, Colorado.

The school celebrated the 20th anniversary of its exchange program with St Leonards College in November 2007, and with Thomas Jefferson in 2013.

Baseball players

 * Nobuhiro Takashiro
 * Masahiro Tanaka
 * Takahiro Shoda
 * Masato Nakamura
 * Taichi Okazaki
 * Ryuichi Kajimae
 * Shintaro Masuda
 * Kazuma Okamoto
 * Taishi Hirooka
 * Ryuya Matsumoto

Others

 * Daniel Kahl, (exchange student), gaijin tarento

Baseball players

 * Jin Nakatani
 * Shinichi Takeuchi
 * Toshiya Okada
 * Haruki Nishikawa
 * Fumiya Kurokawa

Others

 * Tatsuya Tanimoto, politician

title: Chiben Gakuen


text:
Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover

Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover (21 March 1802 – 17 January 1896), born Augusta Waddington, was a Welsh heiress, best known as a patron of the Welsh arts.

Early life
She was born on March 12, 1802, near Abergavenny, the youngest daughter of Benjamin Waddington of Ty Uchaf, Llanover and his wife, Georgina Port. She was the heiress to the Llanover estate in Monmouthshire, where she and her sisters were raised and educated by their mother.

Marriage
In 1823, Augusta became the wife of Benjamin Hall, later Baron Llanover (1802–1867). Their marriage joined the large South Wales estates of Llanover and Abercarn.

Benjamin Hall was for some years Member of Parliament for Monmouth, but transferred to a London seat just prior to the Newport Rising, which brought with it a turbulent time in Monmouthshire. He was created a baronet in 1838, and entered the House of Lords in 1859 under Prime Minister Palmerston as Baron Llanover. "Big Ben" at the Palace of Westminster, is said to have been named after him, as he was Commissioner of Works in 1855 when it was built.

Llanover House
In 1828, the couple commissioned Thomas Hopper to build Llanover House for them. It was designed as a kind of arts centre as well as a family home.

Lady Llanover had always been interested in Celtic Studies. Her eldest sister and co-heiress, Frances, had married the diplomat Baron Bunsen, (later German ambassador to Great Britain) in 1817, following the Waddington family's visit to Rome in the winter of 1816. The couple's homes in Rome and London were cultural hubs and their social circle was also interested in Celtic subjects and culture.

Lady Llanover was greatly influenced by the local bard, Thomas Price, whom she met at a local Eisteddfod in 1826. Carnhuanawc taught her the Welsh language; she took the bardic name "Gwenynen Gwent", ('the bee of Gwent'). She became an early member of Cymreigyddion y Fenni. Her Welsh was never considered fluent but she was an extremely enthusiastic proponent of all things Welsh. She structured her household at Llanover Hall on what she considered to be Welsh traditions and gave all her staff Welsh titles and Welsh costume to wear.

Her husband shared her concern for the preservation of the heritage of Wales, and campaigned for the Welsh to be able to hear church services conducted in the Welsh language.

'Welsh Costume'
At the Cardiff Eisteddfod of 1834, she won first prize for her essay on The Advantages resulting from the Preservation of the Welsh language and National Costume of Wales which was published in Welsh and English in 1836. She probably commissioned a series of watercolours of Welsh costumes which illustrate costumes worn by women in south Wales and Cardiganshire, 13 of which were reproduced as hand-coloured prints soon after 1834 (but were not published with the essay). These were little more than fashion prints for herself and friends to create dresses for themselves and their servants to be worn on special occasions, especially fancy dress balls. Although she was keen to see the women of Wales dressed in home-spun Welsh wool rather than the light cheap cottons which were becoming popular by the 1830s, there is very little evidence to show that she had any influence on the wearing of Welsh costume other than by her servants, family and friends, and there is no firm evidence to suggest that she influenced what was later adopted as the national costume of Wales. She did encourage the production of traditional stripes and checks in woollen cloth and offered prizes for good examples of these at Eisteddfodau, but there were few entrants, with the weaver of Gwenfrwd mill, on her own estate, taking many of the prizes.

Other achievements
In 1850, she helped found Y Gymraes ("The Welshwoman"), the first Welsh-language periodical for women. Her other interests included cookery (The First Principles of Good Cookery published in 1867) and folk music; she encouraged the production and use of the traditional Welsh triple harp, employing a resident harpist at Llanover Hall.

She was a patron of the Welsh Manuscripts Society, of the Welsh Collegiate Institution at Llandovery, funded the compilation of a Welsh dictionary by Daniel Silvan Evans. She bought Welsh manuscripts of Taliesin Williams, Taliesin ab Iolo and the collection of Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams) (now held in the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff).

She collaborated with Welsh musicians such as Maria Jane Williams, a noted harpist, vocalist and guitar player and Henry Brinley Richards, a noted composer best known for writing "God Bless the Prince of Wales", and herself produced a Collection of Welsh Airs.

Temperance movement
Another main interest of hers was the temperance movement to which end she closed all the public houses on her estate, sometimes opening a modest temperance inn in their place, such as Y Seren Gobaith ('the Star of Hope') temperance inn, which replaced the Red Lion at Llanellen. She was an outspoken and lifelong critic of the evils of alcohol. Closely associated with her temperance work was religion in the form of militant Protestantism and she endowed two Calvinistic Methodist churches in the Abercarn area, with services conducted in the Welsh language, but a liturgy based on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

She outlived her husband by nearly thirty years, living well into her nineties. Only one of their daughters survived to adulthood; Augusta, who in 1846 married Arthur Jones (1818–1895) of Llanarth, of an old Roman Catholic family. Their eldest son, Ivor Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen, became a Liberal MP and a Major-General during the First World War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover


text:
Ashen

Ashen may refer to:

Adjectival

 * Made from ash-wood
 * Having a colour resembling ash (the unburnable solid remains of a combustion)
 * In a medical context, ashen describes how a person with cyanosis looks, referring to a bluish hue resulting from a lack of oxygenation of hemoglobin in the blood

Music, media and entertainment

 * Ashen, a demo by the funeral doom metal band Celestiial
 * Ashen (2004 video game), a game for N-Gage developed by Torus
 * Ashen (2018 video game)

People

 * Stuart Ashen (born 1976), also known as Ashens, a British Comedian and YouTuber
 * Ashen Silva (born 1990), Sri Lankan cricketer
 * Ashen Bandara (born 1998), Sri Lankan cricketer
 * Ashen Kavinda (born 1991), Sri Lankan cricketer

Places

 * Ashen, Essex
 * Ashens, County of Borung

Other

 * Ashen light, a subtle glow that is seen from the night side of the planet Venus

title: Ashen


text:
Benjamin Hall (industrialist)

Benjamin Hall (29 September 1778 – 31 July 1817) was an industrialist, politician and prominent figure in South Wales.

Background, education and connections
Benjamin Hall was born on 29 September 1778, the eldest son of the Reverend Benjamin Hall, chancellor of the Diocese of Llandaff, and Elizabeth. He was educated at Westminster School and received a Queens Scholarship to study at Christ Church, Oxford in 1794, from where he graduated with a BA in 1799 and MA in 1801. He had joined Lincoln's Inn in 1798 and was called to the bar in 1801.

In December 1801, Hall married Charlotte, the daughter of ironmaster Richard Crawshay, in what historian P. A. Symonds calls an "advantageous marriage" - her dowry was £40,000. His father-in-law made him a partner in the Cyfarthfa Ironworks in 1803 and in 1808 passed the Abercarn estate to him. This munificence was followed in 1810 with a bequest from his father-in-law of a 37.5 per cent share in the ironworks, which covered a significant amount of land and houses as well as the mine and quarry workings.

Member of Parliament
Hall was the first industrialist to win a Welsh county seat in Parliament. He served as MP for Totnes from 1806 to 1812, for Westbury from 1812 to 1814, and for the Glamorganshire county seat from then until his death. He ended his association with Lincoln's Inn in 1816.

Family and heir
Hall died on 31 July 1817 and a monument was erected in his memory at Llandaff Cathedral in his Glamorganshire constituency.<ref He had bought Hensol Castle for £45,500 in 1815 to fulfil an election promise that he would own a residence in Glamorgan, some people having suggested that his personal loyalties lay with his business interests in neighbouring Monmouthshire. A year later, he sold his share in the ironworks to his brother-in-law, William Crawshay, for £90,000.

Hall and his wife had six sons and a daughter. One child was Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover, a civil engineer and politician who as Commissioner of Works was notable for the construction of the Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster. Some hold that the bell is accordingly known as "Big Ben". Benjamin Hall senior had been called "Slender Ben" on account of his build.

Sir Benjamin Hall, a Welsh civil engineer was First Commissioner of Works, and his name is inscribed on the bell hanging in the clock tower.--extract—From the Times--“All bells, we believe, are christened before they begin to toll,” “and on this occasion it is proposed to call our king of bells ‘Big Ben’ in honour of Sir Benjamin Hall, the president of the board of works, during whose tenure of office it was cast.”

title: Benjamin Hall (industrialist)


text:
Ashes

Ashes may refer to:

 * Ash, the solid remnants of fires.

Art

 * Ashes (Munch), an 1894 painting by Edvard Munch

Film

 * The Ashes (film), a 1965 Polish film by director Andrzej Wajda
 * Ashes (1922 film), an American silent film
 * Ashes, a 2010 film by director Ajay Naidu
 * Ashes (2012 film), a British thriller
 * Ashes (1916), American short silent film directed by Robert F. Hill and John McDermott

Literature

 * Ashes (Popioły), a 1904 novel by Polish writer Stefan Żeromski
 * Ashes (Cenere), a 1904 novel by Italian writer Grazia Deledda
 * Ashes (煤煙), a 2003 novel by Japanese writer Kenzo Kitakata
 * Ashes: Poems New & Old, a 1979 book by Philip Levine
 * "Ashes", a 1924 short story by C. M. Eddy, Jr.
 * Ashes, book 1 of the ASHES trilogy by Ilsa J. Bick
 * Ashes, a thirty-five volume series of novels by William W. Johnstone

Theatre

 * Ashes (play), a play by David Rudkin

Television

 * A series of television competitions in the Gladiators franchise between Australia and the UK:
 * Gladiators: The Ashes 1, 1995
 * Gladiators: The Ashes 2, 1996

Albums

 * Ashes (Illenium album), 2016
 * Ashes (Kyla La Grange album), 2012
 * Ashes (Tristania album), 2005
 * Ashes (EP), by Mia Fieldes, or the title song, 2015
 * Ashes, by Christian Death, 1985
 * Ashes, by the Prophecy, 2003
 * Ashes, by Two Steps From Hell, 2008

Songs

 * "Ashes" (Celine Dion song), 2018
 * "Ashes" (Embrace song), 2004
 * "Ashes", by Black Tide from Post Mortem, 2011
 * "Ashes", by Chelsea Grin from Ashes to Ashes, 2014
 * "Ashes", by Crazy Town from The Brimstone Sluggers, 2015
 * "Ashes", by Five Finger Death Punch from The Way of the Fist, 2007
 * "Ashes", by Ghost from Prequelle, 2018
 * "Ashes", by Grand Magus from Wolf's Return, 2005
 * "Ashes", by In This Moment from Beautiful Tragedy, 2007
 * "Ashes", by KT Tunstall from KT Tunstall's Acoustic Extravaganza, 2006
 * "Ashes", by Meghan Trainor from Treat Myself, 2020
 * "Ashes", by Pain of Salvation from The Perfect Element, Part I, 2000
 * "Ashes", by Screamin' Jay Hawkins, 1962
 * "Ashes", by Trivium from Ember to Inferno, 2003

Sport

 * The Ashes, the Test cricket series between England and Australia
 * The Ashes (rugby league), the rugby league Test series between Great Britain and Australia
 * The Ashes (rugby league), the rugby league Test series between England and Australia
 * The Women's Ashes, the women's cricket series between England and Australia
 * Soccer Ashes, soccer series held between Australia and New Zealand between the 1920s and 1950s

title: Ashes


text:
Programmed Airline Reservations System

Programmed Airline Reservations System (PARS) is an IBM proprietary large scale airline reservation application, a computer reservations system, executing under the control of IBM Airline Control Program (ACP) (and later its successor, Transaction Processing Facility (TPF)). Its international version was known as IPARS.

By the 1960s, with the American Airlines SABRE reservations system up and running, IBM offered its expertise to other airlines, and soon developed Deltamatic for Delta Air Lines on the IBM 7074, and PANAMAC for Pan American World Airways using an IBM 7080. By 1967/8 IBM generalized its airline reservations work into the PARS system, which ran on the larger members of the IBM System/360 family and which could support the largest airlines' needs at that time (e.g. United Airlines ran about 3000 reservations terminals online in the 1972 timeframe). In the early 1970s IBM modified its PARS reservations system so it could accommodate the smaller regional airlines on smaller members of the 370 systems family. The high performance PARS operating system evolved from ACP (Airlines Control Program) to TPF (Transaction Processing Facility).

In the early days of automated reservations systems in the 1960s and 1970s the combination of ACP and PARS provided unprecedented scale and performance from an on-line real-time system, and for a considerable period ranked among the largest networks and systems of the era. In the early 1970s major US banks were developing major on-line teleprocessing applications systems and were in urgent need of ACP's high performance capabilities. ACP was made available by IBM to the banking industry in the mid-1970s. This system was used by the great majority of large airlines in the US and internationally; and its smaller 1970's version was used by many smaller regional airlines. PARS (and IPARS) was extremely successful, and it massively improved and revolutionized the efficiency of airlines passenger operations and their profitability.

Along with many other major and regional US airlines, the PARS system was later used by TWA and Northwest Airlines. In this context PARS was also used as a marketing name by TWA when selling their system to travel agencies. Swiss International Air Lines and Brussels Airlines discontinued using PARS beginning of 2016. IranAir, the Iranian National Airline, discontinued using IBM-ACP/IPARS at the beginning of 2000 due to Year 2000 (Y2K) problem.

CPARS (Compact Programmed Airlines Reservations) was used by smaller airlines (e.g. Icelandair). Among other limitations (compared to PARS) was a shorter booking horizon of 90 days.

title: Programmed Airline Reservations System


text:
Amanda Tapping

Amanda Tapping (born 28 August 1965) is a British-Canadian actress and director. She is best known for portraying Samantha Carter in the Canadian–American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis, and Stargate Universe. She also starred as Helen Magnus in the science fiction-fantasy television series Sanctuary.

Early life
Born in Rochford, Essex, England, Tapping moved with her family to Ontario, Canada, when she was three years old. She attended North Toronto Collegiate Institute, where she excelled in environmental science and drama. However, when she finished in 1984, she decided to focus her attention on drama, attending the University of Windsor School of Dramatic Arts in Windsor, Ontario.

Career
After graduation, Tapping continued to study theatrical arts while performing in several stage productions. She appeared in several television commercials and played a variety of roles in television and film productions, such as The Outer Limits and The X-Files. She also formed a comedy troupe, the "Random Acts", with collaborators Katherine Jackson and Anne Marie Kerr, in Toronto in the early 1990s.

Tapping is best known for her portrayal of Samantha Carter in the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, which debuted in 1997. After SG-1 aired its final episode, Tapping reprised the role of Samantha Carter on Stargate Atlantis as the new commander of the Atlantis expedition. In season 5, however, Tapping's role on the show was reduced to that of "special guest-star" with only occasional appearances because she chose to focus her attention on the development of a new series for Syfy called Sanctuary. The show expanded on an original series of eight webisodes released on the internet in 2007. The bulk of the scenery and characters were entirely green screen and CGI creations. Tapping served as both star and executive producer of the show.

In 2007, she won a Canadian Comedy Award for Best Actress for her role in the short film Breakdown.

On 18 September 2012, she was cast as an angel named Naomi on season 8 of the TV series Supernatural. She was a recurring character who appeared in seven episodes. She reprised the role in season 13's "Funeralia", nearly five years after the character's apparent death.

She was also named as ACTRA's 2015 Woman of the Year.

Directing
Tapping's directing debut was during the seventh season of Stargate SG-1 on an episode titled "Resurrection", written by co-star Michael Shanks. She also directed the Sanctuary season two episode "Veritas". She has directed three episodes of Primeval: New World, three episodes (2.12; 3.06; 3.07) of Continuum, and four episodes of Olympus and more recently episodes of Dark Matter, Van Helsing, The Magicians, and Supernatural, as well as the historical drama X Company. She also directed five episodes of the Netflix series Travelers and the season finale of the 2017 series Anne with an E. In 2022, Tapping also directed two episodes of the television series Motherland: Fort Salem.

Personal life
Tapping is married to Alan Kovacs and they live together in Vancouver, British Columbia. Tapping has one daughter with Kovacs. Tapping has openly shared the difficult experiences she has undergone through eight miscarriages during her marriage in hope that her story would help other miscarrying women feel less isolated.

Tapping has two living brothers, Richard and Christopher. A third brother Steven, who suffered from epilepsy and often uncontrollable seizures, died in December 2006 of causes unreleased by the Tapping family.

Theatre

 * The Wizard of Oz
 * The Lion in Winter as "Alais Capet"
 * Steel Magnolias – West End Theater
 * Look Back in Anger as "Alison" (1986)
 * Children of a Lesser God as "Sarah" (1987)
 * The Taming of the Shrew as "Bianca" (1988)
 * Noises Off
 * The Shadow Walkers

Awards and nominations
Tapping has won 6 awards, out of 13 nominations.

title: Amanda Tapping


text:
Pars

Pars may refer to:

 * Fars Province of Iran, also known as Pars Province
 * Pars (Sasanian province), a province roughly corresponding to the present-day Fars, 224–651
 * Pars, for Persia or Iran, in the Persian language
 * Pars News Agency, former name of Iranian news agency
 * Pars-e Jonubi (disambiguation), villages in Iran
 * FNSS Pars, a Turkish wheeled armoured vehicle
 * Pars (surname)
 * Pars interarticularis, in spinal anatomy
 * The Pars, nickname for Dunfermline Athletic Football Club

PARS may refer to:

 * Point-a-rally scoring in the game of squash
 * Pakistan Amateur Radio Society
 * Programmed Airline Reservations System
 * Russian Mission Airport. Alaska, US, ICAO location indicator
 * Pre-arrival Review System for import into Canada
 * PARS 3 LR, a German anti-tank missile

title: Pars


text:
Karl Buechner

Karl Buechner (born December 23, 1970) is an American musician from Syracuse, New York, best known as the frontman for the hardcore band Earth Crisis. He is also the singer of Freya, Path of Resistance, Vehement Serenade, Apocalypse Tribe and 1000 Drops of Venom.

In the mid- to late 1990s, Buechner attained a great popularity within the hardcore music scene as the frontman of Earth Crisis due to their outspoken advocacy for the straight edge and vegan lifestyles. He has been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS, The New York Times and Fox News, and addressed the Congress about teens and substance abuse.

Early life
Buechner was born on December 23, 1970 in Syracuse, New York. He has German and Irish roots. In his early teens, Buechner got into punk rock through his cousin and skateboarding, becoming a fan of bands such as the Dead Kennedys and Subhumans, as well as having traveled to other cities to participate in skate competitions. Around the age of fifteen, he saw the Cro-Mags' video "We Gotta Know" that "was the spark that set off" his love for hardcore punk music and, years later, he would describe The Age of Quarrel as "still the greatest hardcore album of all time". During that time, Syracuse was going through a lingering recession where crime and illegal drug trade began to proliferate. Many of Buechner' skater friends started using drugs and alcohol, one of whom died while others were progressively affected, which motivated him to become straight edge. His and other Earth Crisis members' families also suffered from tragedies and random acts of violence at the time, including robberies. According to Buechner: "to an extent we were kind of the products of [those] experience[s], but we didn't join with it, we rebelled against it."

Most of Buechner's family is vegetarian. He became a pescetarian at the age of sixteen after his sister handed him a PETA magazine with photographs of caged animals in a slaughterhouse. At eighteen, he transitioned into vegetarianism and shortly afterwards veganism, getting into animal liberation issues through conversations with his grandmother. The first vocalist of Earth Crisis, DJ Rose, states that he and Buechner traveled to Albany where they met Dave Stein and Steve Reddy, who also taught them about animal rights before they established the group in 1989. Subsequently, Buechner became a volunteer at the Syracuse Wildlife Rehabilitation Center where he witnessed animals that were doused with gasoline and tortured in different ways, leaving "quite an impression on" him and which he attributes to the anger expressed in their early records.

Buechner graduated from Henninger High School in 1989. He attended college to become a history teacher with the intention of supporting a career in music or sports, but left it after two years when Earth Crisis was signed by Victory Records.

Career
Karl Buechner started playing bass and formed his first band, Mainforce Patrol, at the age of sixteen. In 1989, he became a member of Earth Crisis but their initial lineup was short-lived. He kept the idea of the group alive and continued writing songs, restarting them in 1991 as the new vocalist and releasing five further albums. In 1995, their drummer Dennis Merrick was seriously injured and, as he recuperated, the rest of the group formed the hardcore-oriented band Path of Resistance, releasing their album Who Dares Wins in 1996. Earth Crisis disbanded in 2001 and reformed in 2007, releasing three more albums so far.

In early 2001, he began singing for Freya (formatively titled Nemesis and End Begins after EC songs) with two members of Earth Crisis plus two other members. They were named for the Norse goddess of fertility and their lyrics took inspiration from history, mythology and more personal issues, without addressing veganism or straight edge directly because not all members follow the lifestyles. They have released five studio albums so far.

In late 2005, Buechner joined Canadian band A Perfect Murder for a tour, replacing vocalist Kevin Randel.

Since 2008, he is the frontman of the supergroup Vehement Serenade along with Mike Couls (Cro-Mags, Skarhead, Cold as Life), Jamin Hunt (Sworn Enemy), Eddie Ortiz (Subzero) and Pauly Antignani (Sworn Enemy). In 2013, they released their debut album The Things That Tear You Apart.

In 2016, he formed the metalcore band 1000 Drops of Venom. Since 2017, he is also the frontman of Apocalypse Tribe and they released a split album with Rob Aston's Death March on August 25.

Influence
Karl Buechner has been cited as an influence by artists such as Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed, Greg Bennick of Trial and Sean Ingram of Coalesce.

Discography

 * Earth Crisis
 * Destroy the Machines (1995)
 * Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996)
 * Breed the Killers (1998)
 * Slither (2000)
 * Last of the Sane (2001)
 * To the Death (2009)
 * Neutralize the Threat (2011)
 * Salvation of Innocents (2014)

 * Path of Resistance
 * Who Dares Wins (1996)
 * Can't Stop the Truth (2006)

 * Freya
 * As the Last Light Drains (2003)
 * Lift the Curse (2007)
 * All Hail the End (2010)
 * Paragon of the End (2013)
 * Grim (2016)

 * Vehement Serenade
 * The Things That Tear You Apart (2013)

title: Karl Buechner


text:
Lox (disambiguation)

Lox is a fillet of cured salmon.

LOX is liquid oxygen.

Lox or LOX may also refer to:

Places

 * Lox Yeo River in Somerset, England, formerly simply known as the Lox
 * River Lox in Sussex, England, a tributary of the River Arun

Art, entertainment, and media

 * The LOX, a rap group
 * WLOX, a television station based in Biloxi, Mississippi

Science

 * Cre-Lox recombination a site-specific recombinase technology widely used to carry out deletions, insertions, translocations and inversions in the DNA of cells
 * Lipoxygenase, a family of iron-containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
 * LOX (gene), which encodes the enzyme Lysyl oxidase in humans

title: Lox (disambiguation)


text:
User:Roc

My News

 * (Jan. 19, 2008) I graduated from Rensselaer in Aug. 2007 and started working for Accenture at Best Buy account located at US Corporate Campus since. I will return Accenture Greater China Shanghai office in Jul. 2008.
 * (Oct. 03, 2005) I'm delighted to tell you that I was awarded the "Founders Award of Excellence" by the school, which students may receive only once during their tenure at Rensselaer.
 * (Jun. 07, 2005) I have started my intern at GE Corporate in Schenectady, New York for a week, it's a nice place to work and learn.
 * (Jun. 18, 2004) I chose to attend MBA program at Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute (RPI), the oldest technological university of US. My concentration will be Innovation Management, also I'll be a TA for the spring and fall 05. The RPI's Lally School of Management and Technology, the school that I'll attend, is well known for its research on “Radical Innovation”. I plan to start from Beijing, China and arrrive Troy, NY on Aug. 12th.

CV / BIO / Photo Album
Created in China, Innovated in Europe, Valuing in the U.S., to Globalize the World through innovation and with creativity.

See my:
 *

My Contributions to Wikipedia
My Wikipedia ID is 51866, my contributions to Wikipedia includes but not limited to CAIC, Information Technology and Creatology.

Computer Aided Innovation And Creativity
 * CAIC field

Business intelligence Information technology
 * Information technology field

Genrich Altshuller TRIZ Creatology
 * Creatology field

My Hobbies
I'm interested in calligraphy, painting, jogging, skating, tennis, pop music, biography, cooking, etc.

Recommended Links

 * InnovationTools Web
 * DM Review
 * Excellence in Predicting the Future Award

My Personal Homepage: http://profiles.yahoo.com/flingroc_e

zh-cn: user:epeng

title: User:Roc


text:
Neutralization (chemistry)

In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.

Meaning of "neutralization"
In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base or alkali. Historically, this reaction was represented as

 * acid + base (alkali) → salt + water

For example:

 * HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

The statement is still valid as long as it is understood that in an aqueous solution the substances involved are subject to dissociation, which changes the ionization state of the substances. The arrow sign, →, is used because the reaction is complete, that is, neutralization is a quantitative reaction. A more general definition is based on Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.

 * AH + B → A + BH

Electrical charges are omitted from generic expressions such as this, as each species A, AH, B, or BH may or may not carry an electrical charge. Neutralization of sulfuric acid provides a specific example. Two partial neutralization reactions are possible in this instance.
 * H2SO4 + OH− → + H2O
 * + OH− → + H2O
 * Overall: H2SO4 + 2 OH− → + 2 H2O

After an acid AH has been neutralized there are no molecules of the acid (or hydrogen ions produced by dissociation of the molecule) left in solution.

When an acid is neutralized the amount of base added to it must be equal to the amount of acid present initially. This amount of base is said to be the equivalent amount. In a titration of an acid with a base, the point of neutralization can also be called the equivalence point. The quantitative nature of the neutralization reaction is most conveniently expressed in terms of the concentrations of acid and alkali. At the equivalence point:

 * volume (acid) × concentration (H+ ions from dissociation) = volume (base) × concentration (OH− ions)

In general, for an acid AHn at concentration c1 reacting with a base B(OH)m at concentration c2 the volumes are related by:

 * n v1 c1 = m v2 c2

An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows.
 * Ba(OH)2 + 2 H+ → Ba2+ + 2 H2O

The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies. The concept of neutralization is not limited to reactions in solution. For example, the reaction of limestone with acid such as sulfuric acid is also a neutralization reaction.
 * [Ca,Mg]CO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → (Ca2+, Mg2+)(aq) + (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O

Such reactions are important in soil chemistry.

Strong acids and strong bases
A strong acid is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a strong acid.
 * HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

A strong base is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base.
 * NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Therefore, when a strong acid reacts with a strong base the neutralization reaction can be written as
 * H+ + OH− → H2O

For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide the sodium and chloride ions, Na+ and Cl− take no part in the reaction. The reaction is consistent with the Brønsted–Lowry definition because in reality the hydrogen ion exists as the hydronium ion, so that the neutralization reaction may be written as
 * H3O+ + OH− → H2O + H2O

When a strong acid is neutralized by a strong base there are no excess hydrogen ions left in the solution. The solution is said to be neutral as it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The pH of such a solution is close to a value of 7; the exact pH value is dependent on the temperature of the solution.

Neutralization is an exothermic reaction. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction H+ + OH− → H2O is −57.30 kJ/mol.

Quantitative treatment
The term fully dissociated is applied to a solute when the concentration of undissociated solute is below the detection limits, that is, when the undissociated solute's concentration is too low to measured. Quantitatively, this is expressed as log K < −2, or in some texts log K < −1.76. This means that the value of the dissociation constant cannot be obtained from experimental measurements. The value can, however, be estimated theoretically. For example the value of log K ≈ −6 has been estimated for hydrogen chloride in aqueous solution at room temperature. A chemical compound may behave as a strong acid in solution when its concentration is low and as a weak acid when its concentration is very high. Sulfuric acid is an example of such a compound.

Weak acids and strong bases
A weak acid HA is one that does not dissociate fully when it is dissolved in water. Instead an equilibrium mixture is formed:
 * HA + H2O H3O+ + A−

Acetic acid is an example of a weak acid. The pH of the neutralized solution resulting from
 * HA + OH− → H2O + A−

is not close to 7, as with a strong acid, but depends on the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of the acid. The pH at the end-point or equivalence point in a titration may be calculated as follows. At the end-point the acid is completely neutralized so the analytical hydrogen ion concentration, TH, is zero and the concentration of the conjugate base, A−, is equal to the analytical or formal concentration TA of the acid: [A−] = TA. When a solution of an acid, HA, is at equilibrium, by definition the concentrations are related by the expression

 * [A−][H+] = Ka [HA];pKa = −log Ka

The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from the defining expression on the assumption that its concentration is very much greater than the concentration of dissolved acid, [H2O] ≫ TA. The equation for mass-balance in hydrogen ions can then be written as

 * TH = [H+] + [A−][H+]/Ka − $K_{w}⁄[H^{+}]$

where Kw represents the self-dissociation constant of water. Since Kw = [H+][OH−], the term $K_{w}⁄[H^{+}]$ is equal to [OH−], the concentration of hydroxide ions. At neutralization, TH is zero. After multiplying both sides of the equation by [H+], it becomes
 * [H+]2 + TA[H+]2/Ka − Kw = 0

and, after rearrangement and taking logarithms,

 * pH = $1⁄2$ pKw + $1⁄2$ log (1 + $T_{A}⁄K_{a}$)

With a dilute solution of the weak acid, the term 1 + $T_{A}⁄K_{a}$ is equal to $T_{A}⁄K_{a}$ to a good approximation. If pKw = 14,

 * pH = 7 + (pKa + log TA)/2

This equation explains the following facts: In a titration of a weak acid with a strong base the pH rises more steeply as the end-point is approached. At the end-point, the slope of the curve of pH with respect to amount of titrant is a maximum. Since the end-point occurs at pH greater than 7, the most suitable indicator to use is one, like phenolphthalein, that changes color at high pH.
 * The pH at the end-point depends mainly on the strength of the acid, pKa.
 * The pH at the end-point is greater than 7 and increases with increasing concentration of the acid, TA, as seen in the figure.

Weak bases and strong acids
The situation is analogous to that of weak acids and strong bases.
 * B + H3O+ BH+ + H2O

Amines are examples of weak bases. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid dissociation constant of the protonated base, pKa, or, equivalently, on the base association constant, pKb. The most suitable indicator to use for this type of titration is one, such as methyl orange, that changes color at low pH.

Weak acids and weak bases
When a weak acid reacts with an equivalent amount of a weak base,
 * HA + B A− + BH+

complete neutralization does not always occur. The concentrations of the species in equilibrium with each other will depend on the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction, which is defined as follows:
 * [A−][BH+] = K [HA][B].

The neutralization reaction can be considered as the difference of the following two acid dissociation reactions
 * HA H+ + A−  Ka,A = [A−][H+]/[HA]
 * BH+ B + H+  Ka,B = [B][H+]/[BH+]

with the dissociation constants Ka,A and Ka,B of the acids HA and BH+, respectively. Inspection of the reaction quotients shows that

K = $K_{a,A}⁄K_{a,B}$.

A weak acid cannot always be neutralized by a weak base, and vice versa. However, for the neutralization of benzoic acid (Ka,A = 6.5 × 10−5) with ammonia (Ka,B = 5.6 × 10−10 for ammonium), K = 1.2 × 105 >> 1, and more than 99% of the benzoic acid is converted to benzoate.

Applications
Chemical titration methods are used for analyzing acids or bases to determine the unknown concentration. Either a pH meter or a pH indicator which shows the point of neutralization by a distinct color change can be employed. Simple stoichiometric calculations with the known volume of the unknown and the known volume and molarity of the added chemical gives the molarity of the unknown.

In wastewater treatment, chemical neutralization methods are often applied to reduce the damage that an effluent may cause upon release to the environment. For pH control, popular chemicals include calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. The selection of an appropriate neutralization chemical depends on the particular application.

There are many uses of neutralization reactions that are acid-alkali reactions. A very common use is antacid tablets. These are designed to neutralize excess gastric acid in the stomach (HCl) that may be causing discomfort in the stomach or lower esophagus. This can also be remedied by the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Sodium bicarbonate is also commonly used to neutralise acid spills in laboratories, as well as acid burns.

In chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, the heat of neutralization reaction can be used to facilitate the chemical reduction of metal precursors.

Also in the digestive tract, neutralization reactions are used when food is moved from the stomach to the intestines. In order for the nutrients to be absorbed through the intestinal wall, an alkaline environment is needed, so the pancreas produce an antacid bicarbonate to cause this transformation to occur.

Another common use, though perhaps not as widely known, is in fertilizers and control of soil pH. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or limestone (calcium carbonate) may be worked into soil that is too acidic for plant growth. Fertilizers that improve plant growth are made by neutralizing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia gas (NH3), making ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate. These are salts utilized in the fertilizer.

Industrially, a by-product of the burning of coal, sulfur dioxide gas, may combine with water vapor in the air to eventually produce sulfuric acid, which falls as acid rain. To prevent the sulfur dioxide from being released, a device known as a scrubber gleans the gas from smoke stacks. This device first blows calcium carbonate into the combustion chamber where it decomposes into calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. This lime then reacts with the sulfur dioxide produced forming calcium sulfite. A suspension of lime is then injected into the mixture to produce a slurry, which removes the calcium sulfite and any remaining unreacted sulfur dioxide.

title: Neutralization (chemistry)


text:
Groom (profession)

A groom or stable boy (stable hand, stable lad) is a person who is responsible for some or all aspects of the management of horses and/or the care of the stables themselves. The term most often refers to a person who is the employee of a stable owner, but an owner of a horse may perform the duties of a groom, particularly if the owner only possesses a few horses.

Etymology
The word appeared in English as grome c.1225, meaning "boy child, boy, youth". Its origin is unknown; it has no known cognates in other Germanic languages (e.g. Dutch and German use compound terms, such as Stal(l)knecht 'stable servant', or equivalents of synonyms mentioned below). Perhaps, it stems from an Old English root groma, related to growan "grow" or from Old French grommet "servant" (compare Medieval English gromet for "ship's boy", recorded since 1229).

The word was originally rather grander in status, as in bridegroom and the socially-elevated offices in the English Royal Household of:
 * Groom of the Chamber, or of the Privy Chamber,
 * Groom of the Robes,
 * Groom of the Stool

The meaning "man servant who attends to horses" is from 1667 although women and girls are often grooms. The verb is first attested in 1809; the transferred sense of "to tidy (oneself) up" is from 1843; and the figurative sense of "to prepare a candidate" is from 1887, originally in U.S. politics.

Job
Grooms may be employed in private residences or in professional horse training facilities such as stables, agistment properties and riding academies.

The groom(s) usually clean stables (mucking-out), feed, exercise and groom horses.

A groom in private service is expected to be 'on call' during specified hours in case any member of the employer's family wishes to ride.

Grooms whose employers are involved in horse sports or horse racing are often required to travel with their employers to provide support services during competitions. The services required vary with the type of competition and range from simply ensuring that the horse is ready for the start of the competition to warming the horse up beforehand.

In competition, the term may have a distinct meaning. At a horse show, grooms outside of the ring perform standard grooming tasks, but if utilized inside the show ring are generally defined as an individual called in to assist an exhibitor with a horse while in competition. In combined driving the groom is the passenger and at speed is required to shift his weight to balance the carriage.

Ranks, synonyms and terminology
Stablehand is a more old-fashioned term; the variation stableman usually applies to an experienced adult, the lowest rank stableboy (corresponding to the first origin of groom) rather to a minor and/or trainee.

The historical synonym [h]ostler has meanwhile developed (in the United States) a new meaning of "rail employee".

Large establishments may employ several grooms under the management of the head groom or stablemaster. In many cases the head groom has complete responsibility for the horses including devising training schedules, choosing feeds for optimum nutrition and ensuring the horses are shod, wormed, inoculated and provided with timely veterinary care.

Several other words originally denoting other (often much higher) titles, notably Constable, Equerry and Marshal, have developed into terms for those working with horses.

In African or Asian contexts, English-speakers sometimes use the Arabic/Hindustani word sais or syce instead of "groom".

title: Groom (profession)


text:
Russell Square

Russell Square is a large garden square in Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden, built predominantly by the firm of James Burton. It is near the University of London's main buildings and the British Museum. Almost exactly square, to the north is Woburn Place and to the south-east is Southampton Row. Russell Square tube station sits to the north-east.

It is named after the surname of the Earls and Dukes of Bedford; the freehold remains with the latter's conservation trusts who have agreed public access and management by Camden Council. The gardens are in the mainstream, initial category (of Grade II listing) on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

In 2005, two terrorist bombings occurred nearby; one on a tube train between Kings Cross St Pancras and Russell Square, the other on a bus (Route 30, on diversion) outside the HQ of the British Medical Association on Tavistock Square. In condolence and commemoration the public and public institutions laid flowers at both squares; Tavistock Square has a later monument. In 2016 the Russell Square stabbing took place.

History

Following the demolition of Bedford House, Russell Square and Bedford Square were laid out in 1804. The square is named after the surname of the Earls and Dukes of Bedford, who developed the family's London landholdings in the 17th and 18th centuries. Between 1805 and 1830, Thomas Lawrence had a studio at number 65. Other past residents include the famous 19th-century architectural father-and-son partnership, Philip and Philip Charles Hardwick, who lived at number 60 in the 1850s.

On the eastern side the Hotel Russell, built in 1898 to a design by Charles Fitzroy Doll, dominates (its builders were connected with the company which created RMS Titanic), alongside the Imperial Hotel, which was also designed by Charles Fitzroy Doll and built from 1905 to 1911. The old Imperial building was demolished in 1967.

The square contained large terraced houses aimed mainly at upper-middle-class families. A number of the original houses survive, especially on the southern and western sides. Those to the west are occupied by the University of London, and there is a blue plaque on one at the north-west corner commemorating the fact that T. S. Eliot worked there from the late 1920s when he was poetry editor of Faber & Faber. That building is now used by the School of Oriental and African Studies (a college of the University of London).

In 1998, the London Mathematical Society moved from rooms in Burlington House to De Morgan House, at 57–58 Russell Square, in order to accommodate staff expansion.

The Cabmen's Shelter Fund was established in London in 1875 to run shelters for the drivers of hansom cabs and later hackney carriages (and taxicabs).

In 2002, the square was re-landscaped in a style based on the original early 19th century layout by Humphry Repton (1752–1818).

Since 2004, the two buildings on the southern side, at numbers 46 and 47, have been occupied by the Huron University USA in London (now the London campus for EF International Language Centres and is the Centre for Professional Students over the age of 25).

On 7 July 2005, two terrorist bombings occurred near the square. One of them was on a London Underground train at that moment running between King's Cross St Pancras tube station and Russell Square tube station, and another was on a bus on Tavistock Square, near Russell Square. To commemorate the victims, many flowers were laid at a spot on Russell Square just south of the café. The location is now marked by a memorial plaque and a young oak tree.

The square was also the site of a mass stabbing in 2016.

The London Branch of École Jeannine Manuel has occupied 52–53 Russell Square since 2019.

Literature

Russell Square appears in various novels. In the early chapters of Thackeray's Vanity Fair (1848), set in about 1812, Russell Square is evoked as the residence of "John Sedley, Esquire, of Russell Square, and the Stock Exchange." Virginia Woolf set many scenes of her novel Night and Day (1919) in Russell Square.

Jenny Chawleigh, daughter of business man Jonathan Chawleigh, lives with her father in Russell Square before she marries the protagonist, Captain Adam Deveril (Viscount Lynton), in Georgette Heyer's Regency romance novel "A Civil Contract", published in 1961. They converse about the history of the Square on Lord Lynton's first visit to the house, and Mr. Chawleigh is not impressed with the statue of the Duke of Bedford.

21 Russell Square is the murderer's street address in the novel (but not in the movie adaptation) The Murderer Lives at Number 21 (L'Assassin habite au 21) by the Belgian writer Stanislas-André Steeman. In John Dickson Carr's detective novel The Hollow Man, the victim, Professor Grimaud, lives in a house on the western side of Russell Square. In Alan Hollinghurst's novel The Swimming Pool Library (1988), the protagonist William Beckwith spends time here with his lover who works in a hotel overlooking the square.

In chapter 6 ("Rendezvous") of John Wyndham's novel The Day of the Triffids (1951) the main characters William (Bill) Masen and Josella Playton are photographed by Elspeth Cary in Russell Square while practicing with triffid guns. In Ben Aaronovitch’s Peter Grant books, the first of which is The Rivers of London (also known as Midnight Riot), The Folly – headquarters of British wizardry – is located in Russell Square.

Television
Russell Square is the location of the eponymous bookshop in the Channel 4 sitcom Black Books. In the BBC's 2010 'Sherlock' episode entitled "A Study in Pink", Russell Square is the park in which the character of Dr Watson (Freeman) was re-acquainted with his previous classmate Mike Stamford (Nellist). The Imperial Hotel façade that lines Russell Square served as a backdrop for the park-bench conversation between Watson and Stamford. (It is Stamford who subsequently introduces Dr Watson to Sherlock Holmes.)

title: Russell Square


text:
SabreTalk

SabreTalk is a discontinued dialect of PL/I for the S/360 IBM mainframes running the TPF platform. SabreTalk was developed jointly by American Airlines, Eastern Air Lines and IBM. SabreTalk is known as PL/TPF (Programming Language for TPF).

In 1973, Eastern Air Lines' computing division was selling the SabreTalk compiler for US$95,000.

SabreTalk programs still run in the British Airways Flight Operations system (FICO) under ALCS, using a commercially available automatic converter to translate SabreTalk programs to C programs. Both the Reservations and Operations Support System (OSS) of Delta Air Lines were developed using both SabreTalk and IBM 360 Assembler. Although development is currently restricted to C++, the majority of Delta's programming platform remained in Sabretalk until recently in the 2010s.

Because of the availability of translators from SabreTalk to C and discontinued support by the original developers, several companies are beginning the move away from SabreTalk to purely C-based programs.

Code Sample:

title: SabreTalk


text:
Herri Batasuna

Herri Batasuna (Popular Unity; HB) was a far-left Basque nationalist coalition in Spain. It was founded in 1978 and defined itself as abertzale, left-wing, socialist, and supported the independence of the Greater Basque Country. It was refounded as Batasuna in 2001 and subsequently outlawed by the Spanish Supreme Court for being considered the political wing of the separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA).

History
The party was founded in April 1978 as Herri Batasuna, a coalition of leftist nationalist political groups initially brought together to advocate for "No" in the referendum to be held that year on the Spanish constitution.

Its constituent parties had been called together by senior Basque nationalist Telesforo de Monzón in a 1978 meeting called "The table of Alsasua". Herri Batasuna's founding convention was held in Lekeitio, home of Santiago Brouard, who was then the leader of HASI (Herriko Alderdi Sozialista Iraultzailea or Revolutionary Socialist People's Party). The party won 150,000 votes in the Basque Country (15%) and 22,000 additional votes in Navarre (9%) in its first Spanish general election in March 1979. Thus, they won three seats in the Spanish Parliament, which they did not occupy. The same happened in 1980 in the first elections to the Basque Parliament, in which HB stood as a second political force, with 151,636 votes (16.55%), winning 11 seats. Its absence allowed a BNP-only Basque government led by Carlos Garaikoetxea. On 20 November 1984, Brouard was assassinated by two members of the GAL. The killing is perhaps the only one performed by the GAL death squad within Spain itself.

Another well-known Herri Batasuna leader, Josu Muguruza, was also killed by members of the neo-fascist Bases Autónomas in 1989, while he was in a hotel in Madrid. He was a congressman in the Spanish Parliament when he was assassinated.

Electoral performance
Since its foundation, Herri Batasuna ran for every election in the Basque Country and in Navarre, as well as in Spanish general elections (from 1979 to 1996) and the European elections of 1987, 1989 and 1994. In the 2000 Spanish general election, it supported abstention. In the elections held from 1998 to 2001, it was part of the coalition Euskal Herritarrok.

Herri Batasuna refused to participate in many of the institutions it won seats in, with the exception of local town halls.

title: Herri Batasuna


text:
Talk:Anathema

Anathema and commination
I just searched for a Wikipedia article on "commination", hoping for enlightenment on both the meanings of the word and, more specifically, the strange and interesting Church of England service in the Prayer Book. I was surprised that my search redirected to "Anathema". Aren't they slightly different, in that anathema is, at least in the Catholic and Orthodox sense, the most extreme form of ex-communcation, whereas commination seem to be "just" a curse or call for punishment? If the Re-direct is maintained, there should be at least some mention somewhere in this article of commination, otherwise the Redirect is no help at all. If they are indeed different, I am quite happy to start an (ill-informed) article on commination.

Dictionary.com has the following definitions:

--Northtowner (talk) 21:55, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * a threat of punishment or vengeance.
 * a denunciation.
 * (in the Church of England) a penitential office read on Ash Wednesday in which God's anger and judgments are proclaimed against sinners.

 * I just did the very same thing you did when finding this page, arriving here from the BCP. An article on the topic would be a good addition if you are still interested in starting one. The OED by the way has the following: "2. Liturg. A recital of Divine threatenings against sinners; in the Anglican Liturgy, forming part of an office appointed to be read after the Litany on Ash-Wednesday and at other times. Also applied to the whole office." Beorhtwulf (talk) 16:57, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Beorhtwulf, that's helpful. I'll see if I can start some rudimentary article on Commination, but it might take  while before I get time. --Northtowner (talk) 20:49, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

similar words?

 * I'm no lexicographer, but it seems to me that the following sentence does not contribute positively to this article: eventually the word came to be seen as meaning 'banished' and to be considered beyond the judgment and help of the community. Unfortunately within the English language one does not find such a term.

 * Whether or not it is a useful synonym for anathema, the term pariah carries the appropriate connotations of banishment and disapprobation.

 * I would also question whether the current usage of anathema in UK English is predominantly to convey the idea of cursedness. It is far more commonly used to denote strong antipathy.

Greek
Greek anathema needs to be discussed. then it can be applied as the LXX translation of Hebrew. Actual usage is important. Wetman 18:40, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Removed POV text
I removed this:
 * Non-Catholics and Non-Christians can reasonably say the Roman Catholic doctrine of anathema looks like Brainwashing. It can mean, "Either you believe and teach what we want you to or we declare you accursed and excommunicate you and just may shun you."

because it is unencyclopedic. I get the point, but the phrasing "can reasonably" is speculative and agumentative. We shouldn't speculate, articles should provide accounts of what scholars/researchers or others have said. Nor should we comment on what is reasonable or unreasonable, which violates our NPOV policy. Has there been debate among Catholics or Christians about this attitude? Why would non-Christians even care? I don't deny there is an issue here that we ought to address, but we have to do it in an NPOV and encyclopedic way Slrubenstein

 * I reinstated the passage with the first phrase removed. I hope that deals with your objection.Barbara Shack 19:22, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well, "looks like" and "can mean" still strike me as very unencyclopedic, and POV. If there is an important theologian or social critic, or sociologist of religion or historian who has actually studied Catholocism or Christianity, who has identified it with brainwashing, by allmeans quote him/her -- otherwise this just looks like your own opinion. That isn't what wikipedia is for. Slrubenstein

I removed the following reinstated paragraph for the same reason as Slrubenstein:

 * The Roman Catholic doctrine of anathema looks like Brainwashing. It can mean, "Either you believe and teach what we want you to or we declare you accursed and excommunicate you and just may shun you."

Not only is this paragraph extremely POV, but it's also poorly written. Kent Wang 18:06, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Limitations
Wow. First, the bit about "brainwashing" should never have been there. That's pure POV and entirely unacceptable. Second, the article is quite limited at this point, discussing etymology and ancient derivation more than usage and the evolution of doctrine. I'll come back later and discuss how anathema and excommunication differ from one another. Further, there is the infamous formulaic anathema offered up in the 12th century by a particular bishop, and then there is the functional difference in the pronunciation of anathema vs. excommunication (requiring several priests with candles, as opposed to a simple bull). Things that are pronounced anathema are nearly reprobate, whereas excommunication can be lifted. Geogre 04:33, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It's probably worth mentioning that the Catholic Church abolished the status of anathema in Vatican II. I don't know the specific details, but that's what my Catholic Bible says.

The term holocaust has undergone a similar transformation to that of anathema. It's interesting that both terms described a sacrifice of a sort, and now have taken on a negative connotation. 12.154.39.13 (talk) 16:09, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Anathema in popular culture
I want to delete this whole section, but want to see what people think first, to avoid an edit war. This is really nothing more than a trivia section, which is against Wikipedia policy, and it includes a lot of instances where the word anathema happens to have been used in some context or other, often without any real relevance to the actual subject of the article. We don't need it, and it trivializes what is otherwise a serious subject. Let's get rid of it. Richard75 (talk) 20:27, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I have cut most of the examples out, and left three main ones. Richard75 (talk) 01:12, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Anathema vis-a-vis religion and science today
In the modern political climate in the U.S., the word anathema seems to to be the best word to describe how many fundamentalist Christians feel about science, and many other people feel about fundamental Christianity. But I don't have any references as such, although they could probably be found. Does anyone have an opinion on this?

Richard75 makes a good point about trivialization. But I would argue for a re-working of the section rather than a wholesale deletion. Wildspell (talk) 06:07, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect interpretation
"The offenses which preclude Anathema such as to preach another gospel (Galatians 1:8-9) or to not love the Lord (1 Corinthians 16:22) and prescribed against those that walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness, and despise government (2 Peter 2:10), are forgivable as with all offenses and sins except unbelief in the Lord Jesus Christ which may be called blasphemy against the Holy Ghost (Matthew 12:31),"

Peter did not say Anathema to the ones mentioned in 2 Peter 2:10, did he? If he didn't, why would those people preclude Anathema? Second, unbelief in the Lord Jesus Christ is not Anathema. People can not believe in Jesus for much of their lifetime, and then can later believe in Him. Though it is not as if they cannot come to believe in Him as if it were the unforgivable sin of blasphemy against the Holy Ghost.

Just as a side comment, as I have sometimes not seen done in other articles, there needs to be separation (not that I'm saying there is not separation here) between Roman Catholic and plainly Christian belief. I have heard people use the word Christian and then say some Roman Catholic or Angelican belief - but they need to specify between Roman Catholic Christian, and other denominations, versus other denominations possibly falling under the category of plain Christian, or other specifications.

I won't edit it, but I'll wait for someone else to.

The difference between ΑΝΆΘΕΜΑ (Ανάθεμα) and ΑΝΆΘΗΜΑ (Ανάθημα)
http://www.oodegr.com/oode/grafi/pd/anathema1.htm

This is a short study (in Greek), which discusses the difference between these two words, which are so similar in Greek and essentially the same in English. They are however pronounced as Anathema and Anatheema, respectabily.

Although I have not verified the validity of the article (I only have the real world experience of the differences),it would appear that the version mentioned in the article, refers to an offering made, but one with a negative sense. One that has to be destroyed and not used for anything else (in that case, something terrible would happen). On the other hand, the anatheema, is an offering that may remain in the temple, or even used, should need be (e.g. to fund the temple's needs).

I should also point out that the greek descriptions of museum exhibits, describe the various offerings as "anatheemata" (plural) and not "anathemata" (plural.

Orestis G (talk) 18:07, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

And further thoughts needed for Etymology...
It's only been 8 years since Orestis G added his comments, but I think his explanation makes a lot more sense than the current 1st paragraph under Etymology.
 * To that end, I wish someone with suitable expertise could incorporate Orestis G's observations into the article, or cordially refute them here, thus improving the article, and/or decluttering this Talk page.

On a related point of the authentic & ancient Greek. My exposure to the Greek language is limited to my calculus & engineering coursework; however, even I can see that ἀνάθεμα does not transliterate to anatithenai, as alleged by the 1st sentence of the Etymology section.

 * Here, too, I wish someone with suitable expertise could create an explanatory bridge from ἀνάθεμα to anatithenai or otherwise improve the current explanation.

I invite & encourage anyone with the expertise to improve the Etymology section. When this has been done, I invite them to kindly delete this section of mine. I don't think any dialog is really necessary on the points I'm raising here, and I'd rather see this talk page get less, rather than more, cluttered.

77th Trombone (talk) 18:06, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

I have replaced the English approximations in the section heading with the correct Greek alphabet spelling of the words in question, for greater clarity. 98.14.15.215 (talk) 14:29, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The problems mentioned here have been cleared up before now. Athmharbh (talk) 07:39, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Popular Culture Section
As usual, the popular culture section on this page was a collection of random things that had mentioned anathema. No attempt to treat what the broader use of the term or idea was in larger culture or anything of the sort--just a list. If people want to write about how anathema is portrayed in wider culture that's one thing--just listing a bunch of random references is quite another. TallNapoleon (talk) 23:42, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It's trivia. It doesn't enhance the article.  Keep it out, I say.  Nandesuka (talk) 01:25, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Needs rewrite
Parts of this article read like a personal review. Phrases such as "It must be said" (by whom?) or "It is valuable to note" are inappropriate. Additionally, portions of this article read like preaching a particular point of view. These assertions should be stated in an encyclopedic style, referencing the linguistic use of anathema in the OT & NT. Theological implications, with an explanation of the advocacy for various positions should be cleary outlined, perhaps in a separate section. Abelian (talk) 23:05, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The above comment is very valid. The section in question is written very much in the spirit of a personal musing on the subject, sometimes expresses opinions, and makes frequent use of weasel words. Apart from the particular words quoted above, there are such remarks as "it is interesting that" and "were said to have" (were said by whom)? I have removed the examples mentioned above, but the section in question is still in need of a major rewrite to bring it into line with Wikipedia principles. I do not feel my knowledge on the subject is enough for me to do it justice, but if anyone with more knowledge could do it, that would be good. JamesBWatson (talk) 13:08, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Usage of "Anathema"?
It seems to me this entry needs a brief "usage" commentary, since the word is commonly used WITHOUT the article "an"; we say "xxx was anathema", NOT " xxx was AN anathema". Possibly this is done to avoid two "an" sounds in a row, but it does seem contrary to normal English usage. Most other words beginning with "an" still use the article, e.g. "... taking AN antibiotic". I'm not a grammarian or linguist and don't feel qualified to address this, but I would hope someone knowledgeable would look at it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.73.206.180 (talk) 20:55, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Roman Catholic Church
(1) This section is tagged for disputed neutrality and factual accuracy. Although the present tag was placed by Rockfang, it replaced a tag referencing a template which has now been deleted. The original tag was placed by User:Dans tes rêves on 3rd January 2009, but Dans tes rêves does not give any grounds for disputing the section. Is there anyone who can say what the dispute is? If not then it is difficult to see any justification for keeping the tag.

(2) More seriously, the section bears such a close resemblance to parts of an article from the Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company) (See also http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01455e.htm) that it looks to me like a copyright violation. Unless someone can show that copyright permission exists I shall delete it. JamesBWatson (talk) 22:23, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know about the dispute or the contents but the 1917 catholic encyclopedia is P.D. This may or may not be plagiarism but it isn't a copyright violation.  jbolden1517Talk  22:59, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course. I had not checked the date: clearly I should have done so. JamesBWatson (talk) 19:45, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The Catholic Encyclopedia is not a reliable source on this topic anyway. And sorry, but there is much more to the discuss than simple excommunication. We do have massive historical proof for those "additional" activities by popes in medieval times. Especially in 13th century before they had to leave Rome for Avignon, in order not to be slain by the Christian Roman populace. Why so? After officially cursing the Hohenstaufen dynasty, officially declaring that this family had to be eradicated physically and after killing all relevant Hohenstaufen heirs with the help of French troops, the popes had to leave the city. Papal standing in Rome, and Italy as a whole, had dropped drastically - and finally went below zero - due to their practices. Cursing and killing people is nothing according to Christian standards and virtues, however this had obviously been comprised in 13th century "papal anathema". The article should include some reflections on this problem. 214.58.71.103 (talk) 09:34, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Inconsistency with other entries

 * Talk:Liturgical_colours states "I suggest removing mention of purple from the Roman Catholic section of this article. The documents all mention violet, which is technically a different color. (In Latin, purpureus is not violaceus.)" and the corresponding article follows that usage. 91.12.20.109 (talk) 05:30, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Lists of dictionary definitions in lead - when less is more?
The lead currently contains two numbered lists, based on two dictionary entries. I believe this is really confusing to readers, such as myself, who are looking for an encyclopedic entry rather than selected sets of dictionary definitions. Wikipedia is not a dictionary policy seems to me to be applicable here. For now, I'm moving the two lists here:

One source presents the meanings in two classes:
 * 1. something or someone that one vehemently dislikes;
 * 2. a formal curse by a pope or a council of the Church, excommunicating a person or denouncing a doctrine.

Another arranges them in four groups:
 * 1. A formal ecclesiastical ban, curse, or excommunication;
 * 2. A vehement denunciation; a curse;
 * 3. One that is cursed or damned;
 * 4. One that is greatly reviled, loathed, or shunned.

86.181.64.67 (talk) 09:39, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * References

Remove Holy Catholic Church
The word is Greek and the overwhelming majority of Greeks are Eastern Orthodox, and are offended by the claim it is derived by Catholicism. It would be relatively easy to prove the word was first used in an Orthodoxy first.

It is used by all Christians, so the compromise should be to remove catholic and replace with Christendom. 2601:B011:1AC:2100:945C:916C:8529:1252 (talk) 18:01, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Right, but is "Holy Catholic Church" (capitalized) an official name of the organization? It's normally referred to as the Roman Catholic Church. Mpaniello (talk)

title: Talk:Anathema


text:
Hanko

Hanko may refer to

Places

 * Hanko, Finland, town and municipality
 * Hanko Peninsula, Finland
 * Hankø, an island in the Oslo Fjord in Norway
 * The asteroid 2299 Hanko
 * Hanko, a misspelling of Hankou (汉口), China

Other uses

 * August Hanko (military personnel), German First World War flying ace
 * August Hanko (politician), Estonian politician
 * Hanko (stamp), a Japanese signature stamp
 * Hanko Sushi, a sushi restaurant chain founded in Hanko, Finland

title: Hanko


text:
Talk:Brooklyn NFL

Why does this have its own article? All of the information on here can be found in the Brooklyn article. Unless this can be expanded into greater depth, I'm going to put the redirect back in. Darkcore 18:55, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brooklyn NFL


text:
Hanko Peninsula

The Hanko Peninsula (Hankoniemi; Hangö udd), also spelled Hango, is the southernmost point of mainland Finland. The soil is a sandy moraine, the last tip of the Salpausselkä ridge, and vegetation consists mainly of pine and low shrubs. The peninsula is known for its beautiful archipelago and long sandy beaches.

The town of Hanko is situated on the peninsula, as is the Port of Hanko.

The Baltic Sea proper is demarcated by a line from the Hanko Peninsula to the northwesternmost point of mainland Estonia. The waters east of this line are considered the Gulf of Finland.

The Hanko Peninsula has played a major part during times of war. The Battle of Gangut was fought outside the Hanko peninsula on 7 August 1714 ("Gangut" is the Russian transliteration of the Swedish name for the peninsula "Hangö udd"). Some of the Russian fortifications that were built as part of Peter the Great's Naval Fortress are located here. During the Finnish Civil War, the German Ostsee Division landed here in April 1918.

Following the Winter War, the southern part of the peninsula with the town of Hanko was leased to the Soviet Union for 30 years, where the Hanko Naval Base was established. However, the Soviets evacuated their 25,000 soldiers in the area during the Continuation War and it was retaken by the Finns and the Swedish Volunteer Battalion in December 1941.

title: Hanko Peninsula


text:
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, also known as the Ringling Bros. Circus, Ringling Bros., the Barnum & Bailey Circus, Barnum & Bailey, or simply Ringling, is an American traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. It and its predecessor have run shows from 1871, with a hiatus from 2017 to 2023. They operate as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey. The circus started in 1919 when the Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth, a circus created by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey, was merged with the Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows. The Ringling brothers purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. in 1907 following Bailey's death in 1906, but ran the circuses separately until they were merged in 1919.

After 1957, the circus no longer exhibited under its own portable "big top" tents, instead using permanent venues such as sports stadiums and arenas. In 1967, Irvin Feld and his brother Israel, along with Houston judge Roy Hofheinz, bought the circus from the Ringling family. In 1971, the Felds and Hofheinz sold the circus to Mattel, buying it back from the toy company in 1981. Since the death of Irvin Feld in 1984, the circus has continued to be a part of Feld Entertainment, an international entertainment firm headed by his son Kenneth Feld, with its headquarters in Ellenton, Florida.

In May 2017, with weakening attendance, many animal rights protests, and high operating costs, the circus performed its final animal show at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and closed indefinitely.

In May 2022, after a five-year hiatus, Feld Entertainment announced that the circus would return touring in the fall of 2023, but with no animals.

Predecessor circuses
Hachaliah Bailey appears to have established one of the earliest circuses in the United States after he purchased an African elephant, whom he named "Old Bet", around 1806, just 13 years after John Bill Ricketts first brought the circus to the United States from Great Britain. P. T. Barnum, who as a boy had worked as a ticket seller for Hachaliah Bailey's show, had run the Barnum's American Museum from New York City since 1841 from the former Scudder's American Museum building.

Besides building up the existing exhibits, Barnum brought in animals to add zoo-like elements, and a freak show. During this time, Barnum took the Museum on road tours, named "P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling American Museum". The Museum burned down in July 1865. Though Barnum attempted to re-establish the Museum at another location in the city, it too burned down in 1868, and Barnum opted to retire from the museum business.

In 1871, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup persuaded Barnum to come out of retirement to lend his name, know-how, and financial backing to the circus they had already created in Delavan, Wisconsin. The combined show was named "P.T. Barnum's Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome". As described by Barnum, Castello and Coup "had a show that was truly immense, and combined all the elements of museum, menagerie, variety performance, concert hall, and circus", and considered it to potentially be "the Greatest Show on Earth", which subsequently became part of the circus's name.

Independently of Castello and Coup, James Anthony Bailey had teamed up with James E. Cooper to create the Cooper and Bailey Circus in the 1860s. The Cooper and Bailey Circus became the chief competitor to Barnum's circus. As Bailey's circus was outperforming his, Barnum sought to merge the circuses. The two groups agreed to combine their shows on March 28, 1881. Initially named "P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United", it was eventually shortened to "Barnum and Bailey's Circus". Bailey was instrumental in acquiring Jumbo, advertised as the world's largest elephant, for the show.

After Jumbo died, Barnum donated his taxidermied remains to Tufts University on whose Board of Trustees Barnum served as one of Tufts' first trustees. The Barnum Museum of Natural History opened in 1884 on the Tufts campus and Jumbo was a prominent part of the display. To this day the Tufts athletic mascot is Jumbo and its athletic teams are referred to as the "Jumbos". Barnum died in 1891 and Bailey then purchased the circus from his widow. Bailey continued touring the Eastern United States until he took his circus to Europe. That tour started on December 27, 1897, and lasted until 1902.

Separately, in 1884, five of the seven Ringling brothers had started a small circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin. This was about the same time that Barnum & Bailey were at the peak of their popularity. Similar to dozens of small circuses that toured the Midwestern United States and the Northeastern United States at the time, the brothers moved their circus from town to town in small animal-drawn caravans. Their circus rapidly grew and they were soon able to move their circus by train, which allowed them to have the largest traveling amusement enterprise of that time. Bailey's European tour gave the Ringling brothers an opportunity to move their show from the Midwest to the eastern seaboard. Faced with the new competition, Bailey took his show west of the Rocky Mountains for the first time in 1905. He died the next year, and the circus was sold to the Ringling Brothers.

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
The Ringlings purchased the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth in 1907 and ran the circuses separately until 1919. By that time, Charles Edward Ringling and John Nicholas Ringling were the only remaining brothers of the five who founded the circus. They decided that it was too difficult to run the two circuses independently because of labour shortages and complications to rail travel brought about by American involvement in World War I, and on March 29, 1919, "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows" debuted in New York City. The posters declared, "The Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth are now combined into one record-breaking giant of all exhibitions." Charles E. Ringling died in 1926, but the circus flourished through the Roaring Twenties.

John Ringling had the circus move its headquarters to Sarasota, Florida, in 1927.

In 1929, the American Circus Corporation signed a contract to perform in New York City. John Ringling purchased American Circus, the owner of five circuses, for $1.7 million.

In 1938, the circus made a lucrative offer to Frank Buck, a well-known adventurer and animal collector, to tour as their star attraction and to enter the show astride an elephant. He refused to join the American Federation of Actors, stating that he was "a scientist, not an actor." Though there was a threat of a strike if he did not join the union, he maintained that he would not compromise his principles, saying, "Don't get me wrong. I'm with the working man. I worked like a dog once myself. And my heart is with the fellow who works. But I don't want some ... union delegate telling me when to get on and off an elephant." Eventually, the union gave Buck a special dispensation to introduce Gargantua the gorilla without registering as an actor.

The circus suffered during the 1930s due to the Great Depression, but managed to stay in business. After John Nicholas Ringling's death, his nephew, John Ringling North, managed the indebted circus twice, the first from 1937 to 1943. Special dispensation was given to the circus by President Roosevelt to use the rails to operate in 1942, in spite of travel restrictions imposed as a result of World War II. Many of the most famous images from the circus that were published in magazine and posters were captured by American Photographer Maxwell Frederic Coplan, who traveled the world with the circus, capturing its beauty as well as its harsh realities.

North's cousin Robert took over as president of the show in 1943 with North resuming the presidency of the circus in 1947.

Hartford circus fire

On July 6, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut, during an afternoon performance attended by some 8000 people, the Big Top tent caught fire. At least 167 people were killed and many hundreds injured. Circus management was found to be negligent and several Ringling executives served sentences in jail. Ringling Brothers' management set aside all profits for the next ten years to pay the claims filed against the show by the City of Hartford and the survivors of the fire.

Feld family
The post-war prosperity enjoyed by the rest of the nation was not shared by the circus as crowds dwindled and costs increased. Public tastes, influenced by the movies and television, abandoned the circus, which gave its last performance under the big top in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1956. An article in Life magazine reported that "a magical era had passed forever". In 1956, when John Ringling North and Arthur Concello moved the circus from a tent show to an indoor operation, Irvin Feld was one of several promoters hired to work the advance for select dates. Irvin Feld and his brother, Israel Feld, had already made a name for themselves marketing and promoting D.C. area rock and roll shows. In 1959, Ringling Bros. started wintering in Venice, Florida.

In late 1967, Irvin Feld, Israel Feld, and Judge Roy Mark Hofheinz of Texas, together with backing from Richard C. Blum, the founder of Blum Capital, bought the company outright from North and the Ringling family interests for $8 million at a ceremony at Rome's Colosseum. Irving Feld immediately began making other changes to improve the quality and profitability of the show. Irvin got rid of the freak show so as not to capitalize on others' deformations and to become more family oriented. He got rid of the more routine acts.

In 1968, with the craft of clowning seemingly neglected and with many of the clowns in their 50s, he established the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College. Circus Williams, a circus in Europe was purchased for $2 million just to have its star animal trainer, Gunther Gebel-Williams, for the core of his revamped circus. Soon, he split the show into two touring units, Red and Blue, which could tour the country independently. The separate tours could also offer differing slates of acts and themes, enabling circus goers to view both tours where possible.. Also in 1968, Feld hired The King Charles Troupe, a unicycle club from The Bronx and the first ever African-American circus troupe, to perform unicycle basketball for 18 years with the circus. Performing unicyclists also included Ted Jorgensen.

The company was taken public in 1969. In 1970, Feld's only son Kenneth joined the company and became a co-producer. The circus was sold to the Mattel company in 1971 for $40 million, with the Feld family retained as management.

After Walt Disney World opened near Orlando, Florida, in 1971, the circus attempted to cash in on the resulting tourism surge by opening Circus World theme park in nearby Haines City, which broke ground in April 1973. The theme park was expected to become the circus's winter home as well as to have the Clown College located there. Mattel placed the circus corporation up for sale in December 1973 despite its profit contributions, as Mattel as a whole had a $29.9 million loss in 1972. The park's opening was delayed until February 1974.

Venture Out in America, Inc., a Gulf Oil recreational subsidiary, bought the combined shows in January 1974, and the opening was further pushed back to 1975. While the Circus Showcase for Circus World opened on 1974-2-21, Venture Out placed the purchase deal back into negotiations, and the opening of the complex was moved to early 1976.

In the 1980s, Ringling sued the American Broadcasting Company for airing a Schoolhouse Rock! episode titled "The Greatest Show On Earth", later known as "The Weather Show" due to the circus' slogan being used as a title for that episode.

By May 1980, the company expanded to three circuses by adding the one-ring International Circus Festival of Monte Carlo that debuted in Japan and Australia. The Felds bought the circus back in 1982 less Circus World. Irvin Feld died in 1984 and the company has since been run by Kenneth. In 1990, the Seminole Gulf Railway, who took over the rail line serving the Venice facility in 1987, could no longer support the show's train cars, which led the combined circus to move its winter base to the Florida State Fairgrounds in Tampa. In 1993, the clown college was moved from the Venice Arena to Baraboo, Wisconsin. In 1995, the company founded the Center for Elephant Conservation (CEC).

Clair George has testified in court that he worked as a consultant in the early 1990s for Kenneth Feld and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was involved in the surveillance of Janice Pottker, a journalist who was writing about the Feld family, and of various animal rights groups such as PETA.

After three years in Baraboo, the clown college operated at the Sarasota Opera House in Sarasota until 1998 before the program was suspended. In February 1999, the circus company started previewing Barnum's Kaleidoscape, a one ring, intimate, upscale circus performed under the tent. Designed to compete with similar upscale circuses such as Cirque du Soleil, Barnum's Kaleidoscape was not successful, and ceased performances after the end of 2000.

Nicole Feld became the first female producer of Ringling Circus in 2004. In 2009, Nicole and Alana Feld co-produced the circus. In 2001, a group led by The Humane Society of the United States sued the circus over alleged mistreatment of elephants. The suit and a countersuit ended in 2014 with the circus winning a total of $25.2 million in settlements. In March 2015, the circus announced that all elephants would be retired in 2018 to the CEC, but Ringling accelerated the decision and retired the elephants in May 2016.

Eight months after it retired the elephants, it was announced in January 2017, that the circus would do 30 more performances, lay off more than 462 employees between March and May 2017 and then close. The circus cited steeply declining ticket sales associated with the loss of the elephants combined with high operating costs as reasons for the closure, along with animal cruelty concerns. On May 7, 2017, its "Circus Extreme" tour was shown for the last time at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island. The circus's last performance before the hiatus was its "Out of This World" tour at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York on May 21, 2017. (1) (2)  (3)

2023 relaunch
In October 2021, Feld Entertainment Chairman and CEO Kenneth Feld and COO Juliette Feld Grossman announced that the circus would be relaunched in 2023, without animal performances. On September 29, 2023, after a six-year hiatus, the relaunched circus kicked off at Brookshire Grocery Arena in Bossier City, Louisiana

Circus trains

The circus maintained two circus train-based shows, one each on its Red Unit and Blue Unit trains. Each train was a mile long with roughly 60 cars: 36 passenger cars, 4 stock cars and 20 freight. Rolling stock belonging to the circus displayed the reporting mark "RBBX". The Blue and Red Tours presented a full three-ring production for two years each, taking off the month of December, visiting alternating major cities each year.

Each train presented a different "edition" of the show, using a numbering scheme that dates back to circus origins in 1871 – the first year of P.T. Barnum's show. The Blue Tour presented the even-numbered editions on a two-year tour, beginning each even-numbered year, and the Red Tour presented the odd-numbered editions on the same two-year tour, beginning each odd-numbered year.

In the 1950s, there was one gigantic train system comprising three separate train loads that brought the main show to the big cities. The first train load consisted of 22 cars and had the tents and the workers to set them up. The second section comprised 28 cars and carried the canvasmen, ushers and sideshow workers. The third section had 19 sleeping cars for the performers.

On January 13, 1994, the circus train, en route from St. Petersburg to a three-day stand in Orlando, derailed about four miles south of Lakeland near U.S. Highway 92. Several of the 150 to 200 train passengers were injured, and two were killed, those being clown Ceslee Conkling and elephant trainer Ted Svertesky. Circus animals were shaken up but not injured. The heavier horses and elephants, which could derail the train if carried in the middle, were in the front cars. Lions, tigers, bears and other animals were at the back of the train.

From 2003 to 2015, the circus also operated a truck-based Gold Tour presenting a scaled-back, single-ring version of the show designed to serve smaller markets deemed incapable of supporting the three-ring versions.

Animal care and criticism
Many animal rights groups have criticized the circus for their treatment of animals over the years, saying that using them to perform is cruel and unnecessary.

In 2004, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey were investigated following the death of a lion who died from heat and lack of water while the circus train was traveling through the Mojave Desert. In 1998, the United States Department of Agriculture filed charges against Ringling Bros. for forcing a sick elephant to perform. Ringling paid a $20,000 fine.

In 2000, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) and other animal groups sued the circus, alleging that it violated the Endangered Species Act by its treatment of Asian elephants in its circus. These allegations were based primarily on the testimony of a circus barn worker. After years of litigation and a six-week non-jury trial, the Court dismissed the suit in a written decision in 2009, finding that the barn worker did not have standing to file suit. (ASPCA v. Feld Entm’t, Inc., 677 F. Supp. 2d 55 (D.D.C. 2009)).

Meanwhile, the circus learned during the trial that the animal rights groups had paid the barn worker $190,000 to be a plaintiff in the lawsuit. The circus then sued the animal rights groups under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in 2007, accusing the groups of conspiracy to harm its business and other illegal acts. In December 2012, the ASPCA agreed to pay the circus $9.2 million to settle its part of the lawsuit. The 14-year course of litigation came to an end in May 2014 when The Humane Society of the United States and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to the circus' parent company, Feld Entertainment.

From 2007 to 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture conducted inspections of the circus's animals, facilities, and records, finding non-compliance with the agency's regulations. The allegations, as brought forth by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) included videotapes of the head elephant trainer and the animal superintendent backstage repeatedly hitting elephants with bullhooks just before the animals would enter the arena for performances. A tiger trainer was videotaped beating tigers during dress rehearsals.

An inspection report alleged that a female Asian elephant, Banko, was forced to perform at a show in Los Angeles despite a diagnosis of sand colic and observations that she appeared to be suffering abdominal discomfort. The inspection reports also cited splintered floors and rusted cages. Following these inspections and complaints filed with the USDA by PETA, the company agreed to pay a $270,000 fine, the largest civil penalty ever assessed against an animal exhibitor under the Animal Welfare Act.

In March 2015, Feld Entertainment announced it would stop using elephants in its shows by 2018, stating that the 13 elephants that were part of its shows would be sent to the circus's Center for Elephant Conservation, which at that time housed over 40 elephants. Feld stated that this action was not a result of the allegations by animal rights groups, but rather due to the patchwork of local laws regarding whether elephants could be used in entertainment shows. Some of those local laws referred to were bans against the use of bullhooks. Subsequently, the retirement was moved up to 2016.

Seven tigers, six lions and one leopard were part of a convoy to temporarily move the animals out of Florida ahead of Hurricane Irma on September 5, 2017. One of them, a 6-year-old Siberian tiger named Suzy who had previously starred in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, escaped from a convoy of trucks transporting her from Florida to Memphis International Airport and was fatally shot by police after attacking a nearby dog.

Film
In 1952, Paramount Pictures released the Cecil B. DeMille production The Greatest Show on Earth, which traced the traveling show through the setup and breakdown of performances during the 1951 season, the show's 81st edition since 1871. The film starred Charlton Heston, Betty Hutton, James Stewart, and Emmett Kelly. After its 1952 release, the film was awarded two Academy Awards, including one for Best Picture. A television series of the same title, was inspired by the film, with Jack Palance in the role of Charlton Heston's character. Produced by Desilu Productions, the program ran on Tuesday evenings for thirty episodes on ABC in 1963–1964.

In August 2011, 20th Century Fox announced that a biographical musical drama film entitled The Greatest Showman was in development. Michael Gracey was set to direct, with Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon as writers. Hugh Jackman plays P.T. Barnum, and produced the film, with Michelle Williams portraying Barnum's wife, Charity. Principal photography began in November 2016. The film was released on December 20, 2017.

Relaunch
In early 2022, the circus began auditioning artists for a retooled circus. More than 1,000 acts applied, and auditions were held in Paris, Las Vegas, Ethiopia, and Mongolia.

In May 2022, Feld Entertainment announced that the circus would resume operations in the fall of 2023 with a tour of 50 cities. The circus said the new show would debut as a "multi-platform entertainment franchise".


text:
Talk:Whiteboard

The beginning of the whiteboard
Actually in the beginning of the 1960s in the Uk, Edmond Hellerman from Edmond Hellerman ltd who specialized in technical drawing equipment experimented with the new plastics and came up with a thin plastic not too shinny version he thought would be better than the standard boards in schools. He cut the plastic  to the size of existing blackboards. He added adhesive tape and rolled them into tubes adding the new erasable markers. He then sold these to schools. He had no idea that anything like this was going on anywhere else in the world. Unlike other items he had invented. He didn’t patten his invention. This was in the United Kingdom on the early 60’s. 62.4.41.31 (talk) 04:28, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whiteboard


text:
John Harman (British politician)

Sir John Andrew Harman DL (born 30 July 1950 in Castleford) is a former Chairman of the Environment Agency.

Early life
He attended the independent St George's College, Weybridge. From the University of Manchester he gained a BSc degree in maths, then did a PGCE at Huddersfield College of Education.

Career
He was a maths teacher at Greenhead College in Huddersfield from 1973–9. He was Head of Maths at Barnsley Sixth Form College from 1979–90, then Senior Maths Lecturer at Barnsley College (it took over the sixth form college) from 1990–7.

He became a member of the UK Labour Party from 1977 and was elected to the West Yorkshire Metropolitan Council. After the metropolitan councils were disbanded under Margaret Thatcher, he was elected to, and led, Kirklees Council from 1986–99, during which he was Councillor for the Paddock ward of Huddersfield. At the 1987 General Election, he was the parliamentary candidate for Colne Valley, west of Huddersfield, coming second to Graham Riddick of the Conservatives.

In 2000, he became Chairman of the Environment Agency, and left in 2008.

Recognition
He received a knighthood in 1997 for services to local government and the environment. Sir John is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and an honorary fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Personal life
He married Susan Crowther in 1971. They have one son and three daughters.

News items

 * Independent January 2009

title: John Harman (British politician)


text:
Eric I

Eric I may refer to:

 * Erik Björnsson, Eric I of Sweden (early 9th century)
 * Eric I of Norway, known as Eric Bloodaxe (died in 954)
 * Eric I of Denmark (c.  1060 – 1103)
 * Eric I, Duke of Schleswig (died in 1272)
 * Eric I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (c. 1280 – 1360)
 * Eric I, Duke of Mecklenburg (after 1359 – 1397)
 * Eric I, Count of Hoya (1370–1426), German nobleman, ruling Count of Upper Hoya 1377–1426
 * Eric of Pomerania, Duke Eric I of Stolp (1381 or 1382 – 1459)
 * Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen, also known as Eric the Elder (1470 – 1540)
 * Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, reigning prince of Grubenhagen, also known as Eric the Winner (c.  1383 – 1427)

title: Eric I