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Claymation

Claymation, sometimes called clay animation or plasticine animation, is one of many forms of stop-motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, is "deformable"—made of a malleable substance, usually plasticine clay.

Traditional animation, from cel animation to stop motion, is produced by recording each frame, or still picture, on film or digital media and then playing the recorded frames back in rapid succession before the viewer. These and other moving images, from zoetrope to films and video games, create the illusion of motion by playing back at over ten to twelve frames per second.

Technique
Each object or character is sculpted from clay or other such similarly pliable material as plasticine, usually around a wire skeleton, called an armature, and then arranged on the set, where it is photographed once before being slightly moved by hand to prepare it for the next shot, and so on until the animator has achieved the desired amount of film. Upon playback, the viewer perceives the series of slightly changing, rapidly succeeding images as motion.

A consistent shooting environment is needed to maintain the illusion of continuity: objects must be consistently placed and lit.

Production
Producing a stop-motion animation using clay is extremely laborious. Normal film runs at 24 frames per second (frame/s). With the standard practice of "doubles" or "twos" (double-framing, exposing two frames for each shot), 12 changes are usually made for one second of film movement. Shooting a 30-minute movie would therefore require making approximately 21,600 stops to change the figures for the frames; a full-length (90-minute) movie, 64,800—and possibly many more if some parts were shot with "singles" or "ones" (one frame exposed for each shot).

The object must not be altered by accident, slight smudges, dirt, hair, or dust. Feature-length productions have generally switched from clay to rubber silicone and resin cast components: Will Vinton has dubbed one foam-rubber process "Foamation". Nevertheless, clay remains a viable animation material where a particular aesthetic is desired.

Types
Claymation can take several forms:

"Freeform" claymation is an informal term referring to the process in which the shape of the clay changes radically as the animation progresses, such as in the work of Eli Noyes and Ivan Stang's animated films. Clay can also take the form of "character" claymation, where the clay maintains a recognizable character throughout a shot, as in Art Clokey's and Will Vinton's films.

One variation of claymation is strata-cut animation, in which a long bread-like loaf of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within. Pioneered in both clay and blocks of wax by German animator Oskar Fischinger during the 1920s and 1930s, the technique was revived and highly refined in the mid-1990s by David Daniels, an associate of Will Vinton, in his 16-minute short film "Buzz Box".

Another clay-animation technique, one that blurs the distinction between stop motion and traditional flat animation, is called clay painting (also a variation of the direct manipulation animation process), wherein clay is placed on a flat surface and moved like wet oil paints (as on a traditional artist's canvas) to produce any style of images, but with a clay look to them.

A sub variation claymation can be informally called "clay melting". Any kind of heat source can be applied on or near (or below) clay to cause it to melt while an animation camera on a time-lapse setting slowly films the process. For example, consider Vinton's early short clay-animated film Closed Mondays (co produced by animator Bob Gardiner) at the end of the computer sequence. A similar technique was used in the climax scene of Raiders of the Lost Ark to "melt" the face of one of the antagonists.

The term "hot set" is used amongst animators during production. It refers to a set where an animator is filming. The clay characters are set in a perfect position where they can continue shooting where they left off. If an animator calls his set a "hot set," then no one is allowed to touch the set or else the shoot would be ruined. Certain scenes must be shot rather quickly. If a scene is left unfinished and the weather is perhaps humid, then the set and characters have an obvious difference. The clay puppets may be deformed from the humidity or the air pressure could have caused the set to shift slightly. These small differences can create an obvious flaw to the scene. To avoid these disasters, scenes normally have to be shot in one day or less.

History

William Harbutt developed plasticine in 1897. To promote his educational "Plastic Method" he made a handbook that included several photographs that displayed various stages of creative projects. The images suggest phases of motion or change, but the book probably did not have a direct influence on claymation films. Still, the plasticine product would become the favourite product for clay animators, as it did not dry and harden (unlike normal clay) and was much more malleable than its harder and greasier Italian predecessor plasteline.

Edwin S. Porter's Fun in a Bakery Shop (1902) shows a single shot of a baker quickly transforming a patch of dough into different faces. It reflects the vaudeville type of "lightning sketches" that J. Stuart Blackton filmed in The Enchanted Drawing (1902) with the addition of stop tricks, and with early cinematic animation in Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906). A similar form of "lightning sculpting" had been performed live on stage around the turn of the century.

Segundo de Chomón's Sculpteur Moderne was released on 31 January 1908 and features heaps of clay molding themselves into detailed sculptures that are capable of minor movements. The final sculpture depicts an old woman and walks around before it's picked up, squashed and molded back into a sitting old lady. On 15 February 1908, Porter released the trick film A Sculptor's Welsh Rabbit Dream that featured clay molding itself into three complete busts. No copy of the film has yet been located. It was soon followed by the similar extant film The Sculptor's Nightmare (6 May 1908), directed by Wallace McCutcheon Sr. and photographed by Billy Bitzer with cameo appearances of D.W. Griffith and Mack Sennett. The busts are also animated to blink, speak, drink and turn left and right for a short sequence.

J. Stuart Blackton's Chew Chew Land; or, The Adventures of Dolly and Jim (1910) features primitive claymation in chewing-gum inspired dream scenes.

Walter R. Booth's Animated Putty (1911) featured clay molding itself into different shapes.

Willie Hopkins produced over fifty clay-animated segments entitled Miracles in Mud for the weekly Universal Screen Magazine from 1916 to 1918. He also made artistic modeled titles for the movie Everywoman (1919).

New York artist Helena Smith Dayton, possibly the first female animator, had much success with her "Caricatypes" clay statuettes before she began experimenting with claymation. Some of her first resulting short films were screened on 25 March 1917. She released an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet circa half a year later. Although the films and her technique received much attention from the press, it seems she did not continue making films after she returned to New York from managing a YMCA in Paris around 1918. None of her films have yet surfaced, but the extant magazine articles have provided several stills and circa 20 poorly printed frames from two film strips.

By the 1920s, drawn animation using either cels or the slash system was firmly established in the U.S. as the dominant mode of animation production. Increasingly, three-dimensional forms such as clay were driven into relative obscurity as the cel method became the preferred method for the studio cartoon. Cel animation can be more easily divided into small tasks performed by many workers, like an assembly line.

In 1921, claymation appeared in a short sequence in the Out of the Inkwell episode Modeling, a film from the newly formed Fleischer Brothers studio. Modeling included animated clay in eight shots, a novel integration of the technique into an existing cartoon series and one of the rare uses of claymation in a theatrical short from the 1920s.

The oldest known extant claymation film (with claymation as its main production method) is Long Live the Bull (1926) by Joseph Sunn.

Art Clokey's short student film Gumbasia (1955) featured all kinds of clay objects changing shape and moving to a jazz tune. He also created the iconic character Gumby that would feature in segments in Howdy Doody in 1955 and 1956, and afterwards got his own television series (1957-1969, 1987-1989) and a theatrical film (1995). Clokey also produced Davey and Goliath (1960–2004) for the United Lutheran Church in America.

Claymation has been popularized on television in children's shows such as Mio Mao (1970-1976, 2002-2007 - Italy), The Red and the Blue (1976 - Italy) and Pingu (1990-2000 - Switzerland, 2003-2006 - U.K.)

In 1972, at Marc Chinoy's Cineplast Films Studio in Munich, Germany, André Roche created a set of clay-animated German-language-instruction films (for non-German-speaking children) called Kli-Kla-Klawitter for the Second German TV-Channel; and another one for a traffic education series, Herr Daniel paßt auf ("Mr. Daniel Pays Attention").

Aardman Animations was founded in 1972. In its early years, the studio mainly produced segments for television shows, with for instance the popular character Morph (appearing since 1977).

Claymation has been used in Academy Award-winning short films such as Closed Mondays (Will Vinton and Bob Gardiner, 1974) and The Sand Castle (1977).

Pioneering the clay painting technique was one-time Will Vinton Studios animator Joan Gratz, first in her Oscar-nominated film The Creation (1980), and then in her Oscar-winning Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase, filmed in 1992. Another Vinton animator, Craig Bartlett, developed a technique in which he not only used clay painting but sometimes built up clay images that rose off the plane of the flat support platform toward the camera lens to give a more 3-D stop-motion look to his Hey Arnold! films.

Nick Park joined Aardman in 1985. Early in his career, he and Aardman helped make the award-winning animated video for Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" in 1986. Park would become the most successful claymation director, receiving a total of six Academy Award nominations and winning four with Creature Comforts (1989) (the first Wallace and Gromit film A Grand Day Out was also nominated), The Wrong Trousers (1993), A Close Shave (1995) and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005). Wallace and Gromit spin-off Shaun the Sheep has also proved hugely successful with long-running television series (since 2007), theatrical movies and its own spin-off Timmy Time (since 2009).

Aardman's Chicken Run (2000) became the highest-grossing stop motion animated film in history.

Aardman's Flushed Away is a CGI replication of claymation.

Alexander Tatarsky managed to get work at Multtelefilm division of Studio Ekran with the help of Eduard Uspensky who wrote the screenplay for Tatarsky's first director's effort — Plasticine Crow (1981), which also happened to be Soviet first claymation film. After the enormous success Tatarsky was offered to create new opening and closing sequences for the popular children's TV show Good Night, Little Ones! also made of plasticine; they were later included into the Guinness Book of Records by the number of broadcasts. It was followed by two other claymation shorts: New Year's Eve Song by Ded Moroz (1982) and Last Year's Snow Was Falling (1983).

Garri Bardin directed several claymation comedy films, including Break!, a parody on a boxing match for which Bardin received a Golden Dove award at the 1986 Dok Leipzig.

Television commercials have utilized claymation, spawning for instance The California Raisins (1986-1998, Vinton Studios) and the Chevron Cars ads (Aardman).

The PJs (1999–2001) was a sitcom featuring the voice of Eddie Murphy, produced by Murphy in collaboration with Ron Howard, the Will Vinton Studios and others.

Many independent young filmmakers have published claymations online, on such sites as Newgrounds.

More adult-oriented claymation shows have been broadcast on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim lineup, including Robot Chicken (which uses claymation and action figures as stop-motion puppets in conjunction) and Moral Orel. Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite later developed their own adult show, Glenn Martin, DDS (2009-2011).

Several computer games have been produced using claymation, including The Neverhood, ClayFighter, Platypus, Clay Moon (iPhone app), and Primal Rage. The surrealist role-playing video games Hylics (2015) and Hylics 2 (2020) both utilize claymation to achieve a distinctive visual style. Probably the most spectacular use of model animation for a computer game was for the Virgin Interactive Entertainment Mythos game Magic and Mayhem (1998), for which stop-motion animator and special-effects expert Alan Friswell constructed over 25 monsters and mythological characters utilising both modelling clay and latex rubber, over wire and ball-and-socket skeletons, much like the designs of Willis O'Brien and Ray Harryhausen.

Notable clay animators

 * Garri Bardin
 * Bruce Bickford
 * Art Clokey
 * David Daniels
 * Joan C. Gratz
 * Lee Hardcastle
 * Peter Lord
 * Virginia May
 * Eli Noyes
 * Nick Park
 * Aleksandr Tatarskiy
 * Will Vinton

General and cited references

 * Taylor, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Animation Techniques. Running Press, Philadelphia, 1996. ISBN 1-56138-531-X
 * Lord, Peter and Brian Sibley. Creating 3-D Animation. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1998. ISBN 0-8109-1996-6
 * Frierson,Michael. "Clay Animation: American Highlights 1908 to the Present". Twayne Publishers: New York, 1994. ISBN 0805793275

title: Claymation


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Talk:Herefordshire

Change done by anonymous user
The revision made by 62.188.4.34. Changed "... form of a unitary authority, although not with the same borders as before ..." to "... form of a unitary authority, with the same borders as before ..." this is a complete 180 degree change but I know nothing about this area and do not know which one is factual. theyapps 18:05, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know. They seem to be doing excellent work on other articles.  Morwen 18:06, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

Merger with History of Herefordshire
There's a proposal on History of Herefordshire that it should be merged with this article. I'm against for reasons given on Talk:History of Herefordshire. --Cavrdg 18:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Poly Tunnel?
There seems to be no Wikipedia entry on poly tunnel even though the article seems to assume that the reader will know about this strawberry growing technology. Is this perhaps a British term for something known by another name elsewhere? I'm American myself, so please be patient with my linguistic quirks. Wyvern 23:47, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, Polytunnel does exist as a stub. Feel free to expand it ;-)  I've added Poly tunnel as a redirect to Polytunnel and changed the article to link there.  --Cavrdg 06:39, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Aha! Thank you; this clarifies things for non-rural North American types.  (I think I've seen that, now that there's a hint.)  Wyvern 06:19, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Boroughs and Districts
What and where are the boroughs and districts in Herefordshire? Simply south 18:06, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Herefordshire has no boroughs or districts. It is a unitary district itself. David 18:30, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

The SAS
There is no mention of the SAS here. Anyone else find this strange?

The Hereford Bull
I agree that no mention of the SAS is indeed odd, more so is the Hereford Breed of cattle - Hereford (Cattle). Whatever nationality of person I talk to, whenever the subject of Hereford is raised, it is a consistent topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.106.11.22 (talk) 02:17, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Education Section
I find a lot of this section to be subjective about which are good/bad schools, especially as it fails to mention that Hereford Cathedral is private —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.245.1 (talk) 20:46, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EH icon.png
Image:EH icon.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Authority or district?
I'm a bit confused here. Is Herefordshire a 'Unitary authority' or a 'Unitary district'. Properly it means the same, but according this web page it is a Unitary authority, so maybe better change it to this? --Jeroenvrp (talk) 23:38, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've just added a constitution section that explains this hopefully.
 * Herefordshire is a 'Unitary authority', a 'Non-metropolitan district', and a 'Non-metropolitan county' all at the same time. Oli 18:30 GMT, 1 July 2008  —Preceding comment was added at 15:14, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Notable People
Notable as he may be in a macabre way, I don't think the fact that he was the subject of a media obsession for a few months some years ago gives Fred West sufficient importance to merit a mention in this list. I think criminal notoriety becomes culturally significant only if it lasts a number of decades or perhaps even longer. Mr West may yet recede from our collective memories into the obscurity that he surely deserves. I suggest his listing should be removed for now, but I won't do it myself without a consensus of support. Lowmie (talk) 21:17, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

 * His name still comes up in the media when they want a personification of evil, so I think he rates as notable at present.Cavrdg (talk) 13:07, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I would also suggest  leaving it  in  there. I think  Notability in Wikipedia, as it relates to inclusion criteria, can mean either good or bad people. --Kudpung (talk) 19:30, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I question the inclusion of Australian cricketer Shane Warne in the list - demonstration of his living in the county wanted.Cloptonson (talk) 06:49, 4 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The connection is trivial and not notable. Apparently according to media reports see here before Warne and Liz Hurley split up they purchased a property in Herefordshire. The house was being refurbished prior to them taking up residence but is now the subject of legal settlement. Agree it needs removing.Tmol42 (talk) 13:09, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

B class?
The article still requires rather alot of cleaning  up,  additional  sources, more illustrations, and expansion  to  some sections. I can't  quite see it  as being  B class -  or even C class. Start class maybe. Apparently there is no Wikipedia project  for Herefordshire that  can look  into  these issues at  a more specialised, local level.--Kudpung (talk) 19:34, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Wiki project
Is anyone interested in creating aWiki project for Herefordshire? At the moment the 'caretakers' appear to be from the neighjbouring Worcestershire county  project at WP:WORCS.
 * Without knowing about this note I raised the issue of a WikiProject for Herefordshire at the Worcs project aslk page yesterday. I'm happy to help get a WP:Herefordshire off the ground. The county has an interesting and important history in the UK, and there are a lot of Herefordshire related articles which could do with some attention. I'm happy to help get the project off the ground and will create some pages in the next few days. If anyone else is interested please drop me a line or post a reply here. Cheers TheRetroGuy (talk) 20:30, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I've started a very basic page for WikiProject Herefordshire to get it up and running. Feel free to help if you can. Cheers TheRetroGuy (talk) 19:26, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

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Eurostat district
Is the fact Herefordshire is part of a region called NUTS 3 for 'EUROSTAT' purposes mentionable any more? Did obligation for this country to provide statistics to a European authority cease with Brexit?Cloptonson (talk) 14:36, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

Religious demographics
Mostly Christian or rising nones? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.11.224.224 (talk) 21:17, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

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Moriteru Ueshiba

Moriteru Ueshiba (植芝 守央) is a Japanese master of aikido. He is a grandson of Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido, and son of Kisshomaru Ueshiba. Ueshiba is the third and current Dōshu (hereditary head) of the Aikikai.

Biography
Ueshiba was born on April 2, 1951, in Tokyo, Japan. Recalling his childhood during a 2004 interview, he said, "The first time I wore an Aikido uniform I was in the first grade of elementary school. But my family didn’t force me to do keiko (training) then, I just did it when I felt like it. I started training seriously in my high school years. My intention then was to become a successor to my father, and to preserve Kaiso’s [Morihei Ueshiba's] legacy for the future."

In 1976, Ueshiba graduated from Meiji Gakuin University with a degree in economics. In 1996, he assumed the position of Dojocho (director/owner) of Aikikai Hombu Dojo. In 1997, he visited Ireland. He assumed the title of Dōshu on January 4, 1999, following the death of his father, Kisshomaru Ueshiba. In January 2006, as part of Aiki-Kai Australia's 40th anniversary, Ueshiba visited and taught in Australia.

Ueshiba wrote the books Best Aikido: The fundamentals (2002, co-authored with his father Kisshomaru Ueshiba), The Aikido master course: Best Aikido 2 (2003), and Progressive Aikido: The essential elements (2005).

Following the iemoto system, he is expected to be succeeded as Dōshu by his son Mitsuteru Ueshiba.

title: Moriteru Ueshiba


text:
Unst

Unst (Ønst) is one of the North Isles of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. It is the northernmost of the inhabited British Isles and is the third-largest island in Shetland after Mainland and Yell. It has an area of 46 sqmi.

Unst is largely grassland, with coastal cliffs. Its main village is Baltasound, formerly the second-largest herring fishing port after Lerwick and now the location of a leisure centre and the island's airport. Other settlements include Uyeasound, home to Greenwell's Booth (a Hanseatic warehouse) and Muness Castle (built in 1598 and sacked by pirates in 1627); and Haroldswick, location of a boat museum and a heritage centre.

Etymology
There are three island names in Shetland of unknown and possibly pre-Celtic origin: Unst, Fetlar and Yell. The earliest recorded forms of these three names do carry Norse meanings: Fetlar is the plural of fetill and means "shoulder-straps", Ǫmstr is "corn-stack" and í Ála is from ál meaning "deep furrow".

However, these descriptions are hardly obvious ones as island names and are probably adaptations of a pre-Norse language. This may have been Pictish but there is no clear evidence for this. Taylor (1898) has suggested a derivation from the Old Norse "Ornyst" meaning "eagle's nest".

History

The Shetland Amenity Trust's "Viking Unst" project excavated and displayed part of the island's Norse heritage. Work was undertaken on three longhouses – of which 60 are known of on the island – at Hamar, Underhoull and Belmont. The replica Viking ship Skibladner can currently be seen ashore at Haroldswick.

The remains of pre-12th-century Christian chapels survive on Unst: St Olaf's Chapel, Lund, and Our Lady's Kirk at Framgord, Sandwick on the south east coast. Norse-style cross-shaped gravestones stand in the surrounding burial grounds at both Lund and Framgord, and rare "keelstone" burial markers survive at Framgord. Late Norse longhouses have been identified around both bays; the house at Sandwick still retains its cow-shaped byre door.

James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell sailed to Shetland after the Battle of Carberry Hill. He was at the house of Olave Sinclair, the receiver or sheriff of Shetland on Unst, in July 1567 when his enemies arrived in three ships, and he fought a sea battle for three hours before sailing to Norway. A later sheriff, Laurence Bruce, built Muness Castle in 1598.

The Rev Dr James Ingram (1776–1879) was minister of Unst from 1821. In the Disruption of 1843, he and most of the Unst population, left the established church and joined the Free Church of Scotland (a very typical pattern in the Highlands and Islands). He erected a new church at Uyeasound, funded by the Countess of Effingham. Ingram retired in 1875 aged 99 and died aged a remarkable 103. His father and grandfather also lived to over 100.

Robert Louis Stevenson's father and uncle were the main design engineers for the lighthouse on Muckle Flugga, just off Hermaness on the north-west of the island. Stevenson visited Unst, and the island is claimed to have become the basis for the map of the fictional Treasure Island – a claim shared by Fidra in East Lothian.

In the 1950s, a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman, undertook a year of ethnographic research on Unst for his doctoral thesis, which underpinned his best known publication, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956) and the dramaturgy approach he developed.

Geography and geology
The island lays claim to many "most northerly" UK titles: the tiny settlement of Skaw in the north-east of the island is the northernmost settlement in the UK; Haroldswick is the site of Britain's most northerly church; the Muckle Flugga lighthouse, just off the far north of Unst, was opened in 1858 and is the most northerly lighthouse in the UK, situated close to Out Stack, the most northerly rock in the UK.

Western Norway is 200 miles (300 km) away.

The islands of Unst and Fetlar are mainly formed of ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks which are interpreted to form part of an ophiolite, a section of oceanic crust from the Iapetus ocean which was destroyed during the Caledonian orogeny.

Unst was once the location of several chromite quarries, one of which was served by the now-disused Hagdale Chromate Railway from 1907 to 1937. Unst is the type locality for the mineral theophrastite, a nickel-magnesium variant of the mineral, (Ni,Mg)(OH)2, having been discovered at Hagdale in 1960.

On 7 January 2007, Unst was shaken by an earthquake measuring 4.9 on the Richter scale, which at the time was assessed by the British Geological Survey as "the largest earthquake of its kind in the area for 10 years".

Economy and transport

Ferries link Belmont on the island to Gutcher on Yell and Oddsta on Fetlar.

The Unst Bus Shelter, also known as Bobby's Bus Shelter after a child who saved it from removal, is a bus shelter and bus stop near the village of Baltasound which is equipped with home comforts such as a television set, and is maintained by local residents.

Unst is also home to the Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) Wind Hydrogen project, a community-owned clean energy system based on hydrogen production. This project is part of the Unst Partnership, the community's development trust. The Pure Energy Centre was formed using the skills and knowledge gained during the PURE Project and has installed hydrogen systems in diverse locations.

At the southern end of Unst, above the island's ferry terminal, stands Belmont House. Dating from 1775, Belmont has been described as "possibly the most ambitious, least-altered classical mansion in the Northern Isles". It was restored between 1996 and 2010 by a charitable trust, who now operate the building as a venue for hire.

The island's population was 632 as recorded by the 2011 census, a drop of over 12% since 2001 when there were 720 usual residents. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.

In 2016, the island was the subject of Series 11 of BBC Two's An Island Parish.

The island has an airstrip, the Unst Airport, which has been decommissioned as an airport, has no regular flights and is only used for emergency flights.

Saxa Vord
The Saxa Vord Royal Air Force radar station closed in 2006, with the loss of more than 100 jobs.

In April 2007, RAF Saxa Vord's domestic site, plus the road up to the Mid Site, was purchased and renamed "Saxa Vord Resort" by Highland entrepreneur Frank Strang. Strang's company Military Asset Management (MAM) "specialises in the regeneration of redundant or surplus Defence Assets". The base was converted to a tourist resort and natural and cultural heritage centre. In 2013, Saxa Vord had self-catering holiday houses, a 26-bedroom bunkhouse, restaurant and bar, leisure facilities and a guided walks/evening talks programme. Three local business relocated their premises to the Saxa Vord site: Unst Cycle Hire, Valhalla Brewery and Foord's Chocolates, Shetland's only chocolatier. Saxa Vord distillery, a gin and whisky distillery is located on Unst.

In 2017, Frank Strang established the Shetland Space Centre Ltd and proposed that Lamba Ness would make a suitable launch site for rockets taking satellites into polar orbits. In October 2020, the proposal was given more substance by the announcement that the UK Space Agency had given its approval and that Lockheed Martin was intending to use the site as a UK base for its rocket launches.
 * SaxaVord Spaceport:

In January 2021, plans were submitted for three rocket launch pads and the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) announced on 17 December 2023 that SaxaVord had been granted a spaceport licence "to host up to 30 launches a year", making it "the first fully licensed vertical spaceport in Western Europe."

Wildlife
Unst is important for its seabird colonies, including those at Hermaness National Nature Reserve. It is also known for its plant life, including the Norwegian sandwort and Shetland Mouse-ear, the latter unique to the island.

On the island, the commonly seen Great skua is known as the "bonxie".

Notable people

 * Walter Sutherland (died c. 1850), a former inhabitant of the northernmost cottage in Britain, was reportedly the last native speaker of the Norn language.
 * Thomas Barclay, born on Unst in 1792 was a Principal of the University of Glasgow.
 * Laurence Edmondston, born in Shetland in 1795, was a medical doctor and GP for Unst.
 * John Gray (1819–1872), born on Unst, Captain of the SS Great Britain
 * Thomas Edmondston, born on Unst in 1825, was a botanist.
 * James Ingram (1776–1879), Presbyterian minister who spent most of his life working in the parishes of Fetlar and Unst. Ingram wrote the New Statistical Account of the parish of Unst in 1831; his father-in-law and Thomas Mouat of Garth wrote the Old Statistical Account in 1791.
 * May Moar was born on Unst in 1825 and gained an RNLI medal.
 * Jessie Saxby, born on Unst in 1842, was a folklorist and writer.
 * Sinclair Ferguson (born 1948), theologian and preacher, was Church of Scotland minister on Unst.

title: Unst


text:
Rice Village

Rice Village is a shopping district in Houston, Texas, United States.

Rice Village is a collection of shops, restaurants and pubs, situated about a half-mile west of the center of Rice University's 300 acre campus. The core "Rice Village" extends over several city blocks, bounded by University Boulevard, Kirby Drive, Tangley Street, Morningside Drive, Rice Boulevard, and Greenbriar Drive, though spillover has expanded the retail area to encompass businesses as far north as Bissonnet Street.

History
Rice Village began operations in 1938. It is an unplanned, high density hodge-podge of old and new retail stores.

David Kaplan of Cite wrote that during the 1950s and 1960s Rice Village "filled up and prospered" but the economic boom in Greater Houston in the 1970s caused development to come elsewhere. He credited the influx of young families in Southgate and Southampton in Houston and the City of West University Place, beginning in the 1980s, to revitalizing Rice Village.

In the mid-1980s Rice University began buying land in the Rice Village area. Scott Wise, the university's vice president for investments, stated in 1996 that Rice Village is "strategically located" and allows possible growth and flexibility.

The first minutes of the 1994 film The Chase were filmed in the Rice Village.

Cityscape
The Village Arcade occupies an area bounded by Kirby Drive, Amherst, Morningside, and University. The development also occupies most of the block bounded by Kelvin, Amherst, Times, and Morningside.

Business and shopping
From its origins in the 1930s an ad hoc cluster of retail stores, the Rice Village has grown to become one of Houston's shopping destinations. Host to over 300 shops in a 16-block area, Rice Village is known for its many small and eclectic shops and boutiques. Recent expansion in the area has also brought in high-end clothing stores and the nationwide retail venues. As Village retail became denser in the 1990s, limited parking finally led to the closure of Rice Food Market, the last surviving Rice Village grocery store. Residential real estate has recently re-entered the area with the opening of the Hanover Rice Village Luxury Apartments.

Government
Rice Village is a part of the West University Place Super Neighborhood Council.

Rice Village is in Texas's 7th congressional district.

Police service
The neighborhood is within the Houston Police Department's South Central Patrol Division.

Education
The complex is zoned to the following Houston ISD schools:
 * Poe Elementary School
 * Lanier Middle School
 * Lamar High School

Media
In the mid-20th century the community newspaper Southwestern Times was headquartered in Rice Village.

title: Rice Village


text:
Ten

Ten, TEN or 10 may refer to:
 * 10, an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11
 * one of the years 10 BC, AD 10, 1910 and 2010
 * October, the tenth month of the year

Places

 * Mount Ten, in Vietnam
 * Tongren Fenghuang Airport (IATA code), China
 * TEN Atlantic City, Casino hotel resort in New Jersey

Transportation

 * 10 (Los Angeles Railway), two streetcar lines in Los Angeles, California
 * Line 10 (disambiguation), various metro lines
 * Tatra 10, an Edwardian era automobile
 * Rover 10, a small family car

People and characters

 * Tussenvoegsel prefix in Dutch surnames
 * Denis Ten (1993-2018), Kazakhstani competitive figure skater and Olympic bronze medalist
 * Jeremy Ten (born 1989), Canadian competitive figure skater
 * Sergey Ten (born 1976), Russian politician
 * Vicente Ten (born 1966), Spanish politician
 * Ten Miyagi (born 2001), Japanese footballer
 * Tyler Ten (born 1996), Singaporean actor

 * Characters
 * Ten (Urusei Yatsura), a character from Urusei Yatsura
 * Tenshinhan, nicknamed "Ten", a character from Dragon Ball

Music

 * Ten (singer), a Thai singer and member of South Korean boy group NCT
 * Ten (band), a British melodic rock/hard rock band
 * Tenuto or Ten., a direction in musical notation
 * Ten, the runner-up contestant in the fourth season of the singing competition The Sing-Off
 * TEN Music Group, a Swedish record label

Albums

 * 10 (Enuff Z'nuff album), the 9th studio album by the Rock band Enuff Z'Nuff
 * #10 (The Guess Who album), 1973
 * 10 (Hombres G album), 2007
 * 10 (Kate Rusby album), 2002
 * 10 (LL Cool J album), 2002
 * 10 (New Kids on the Block album), 2013
 * 10 (MercyMe album), 2009
 * 10 (The Stranglers album), the tenth studio album from The Stranglers
 * 10 (Wet Wet Wet album), the seventh studio album by Wet Wet Wet
 * 10 (Ginger album), a compilation album by The Wildhearts
 * 10 (Hunter album), 2010
 * 10 (John Anderson album), 1988
 * 10 (The Piano Guys album), 2020
 * 10 (Nikos Oikonomopoulos album), 2017
 * 10 (Sault album) (also styled "X"), 2022
 * Ten (Trooper album), 1991
 * Ten (Brian McKnight album), the 8th album by Brian McKnight
 * Ten (Clouddead album), 2004
 * Ten (Gabriella Cilmi album), 2010
 * Ten (Girls Aloud album), 2012
 * Ten (Jason Moran album), 2010
 * Ten (Pearl Jam album), 1991
 * Ten (Ten album), the debut studio album by Ten
 * Ten (Y&T album), 1990
 * 10, an album by Liroy
 * 10, an album by Johan Johansson
 * Ten, an album by Clammbon
 * 10, an album by Tarkan, 2017
 * 10 (Spice album), 2021
 * 10, an album by Westside Gunn, 2022

Songs

 * "Ten" (song), a 2010 song by Jewel
 * "Ten", a 2004 song by Monika Brodka
 * "10", a 1998 song by Blonde Redhead from In an Expression of the Inexpressible
 * "10", a song by Happy Diving

Film

 * 10 (1979 film), an American romantic comedy
 * Ten (2002 film), an Iranian docufiction film
 * The Ten (film), a 2007 American anthology comedy film
 * Ten (2013 film), a British action drama film
 * Ten, a 2014 American action thriller film, retitled Sabotage
 * Ten (2014 film), a thriller/horror film
 * 10 (2022 film), an Indian sports film

Television

 * Network 10, an Australian commercial television network
 * TEN (TV station), Network 10's flagship station in Sydney
 * 10 (Southern Cross Austereo), a Network 10 affiliate, owned by Southern Cross Austereo
 * The Erotic Network, an American pay-per-view service
 * Sony Ten, an Indian pay TV sports network
 * 10 (miniseries), a 2010 Swiss series about a poker game
 * "Ten", an episode of Men Behaving Badly
 * News at Ten, a British news program broadcast on ITV

Literature

 * Ten (manga), by Nobuyuki Fukumoto
 * TEN: The Enthusiast Network, an American magazine publishing company

Other arts and entertainment

 * The Ten or Ten American Painters, an 1897 artist group
 * Total Entertainment Network, a mid-1990s online matchmaking service for PC video games

Other uses

 * Airwave Ten, an Austrian paraglider design
 * Tennessee Titans, a National Football League team that uses this abbreviation for box scores and television scoring displays
 * Then language or Ten, a language spoken in Guizhou, China
 * Toxic epidermal necrolysis, also known as Lyell's Syndrome, a life-threatening dermatological condition
 * Trans-European Networks, a 1992 group formed by the European Union for economic purposes
 * Windows 10, an operating system
 * ⑩, the Stenhaus-Moser number, also called megiston
 * 10 Hygiea, an asteroid in the asteroid belt

title: Ten


text:
Barbary macaque

The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), also known as Barbary ape, is a macaque species native to the Atlas Mountains of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, along with a small introduced population in Gibraltar. It is the type species of the genus Macaca. The species is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of both sexes and all ages contribute in alloparental care of young.

The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true monkey. Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of Northwest Africa.

The population of the Barbary macaques in Gibraltar is the only one outside Northern Africa and the only population of wild monkeys in Europe. Barbary macaques were once widely distributed in Europe, as far north as England, from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) to the Late Pleistocene. About 300 macaques live on the Rock of Gibraltar. This population appears to be stable or increasing, while the North African population is declining.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The Barbary macaque is first described in scientific literature by Aristotle in the fourth century BCE work History of Animals. He writes of an ape with "arms like a man, only covered with hair", "feet [which] are exceptional in kind ... like large hands", and "a tail as small as small can be, just a sort of indication of a tail". It is likely that Galen (129–c.216) dissected the Barbary macaque in the second century CE, presuming the internal structure to be the same as a human. Such was the authority of his work, some mistakes he made were not corrected until Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) proved otherwise over a thousand years later. The Barbary macaque was included in the grouping Simia by Conrad Gessner in his 1551 work Historia Animalium, a name which he claimed was already in use by the Greeks. Gessner's Simia was subsequently used as one of Carl Linnaeus' four primate genera when he published Systema Naturae in 1758. Linnaeus proposed the scientific name Simia sylvanus for the Barbary macaque. During the next 150 years primate taxonomy was subject to great changes and the Barbary macaque was placed in over thirty different taxa. The confusion over the use of Simia became so great that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) suppressed its use in 1929. This meant the Barbary macaque was placed in the next oldest genus assigned to it, Macaca, described by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.

Phylogeny
The Barbary macaque is the most basal macaque species. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses show it is a sister group to all Asian macaque species. The results of a phylogenetic analysis show that the chromosomes of Barbary macaque resemble those of the rhesus macaque with the exception of chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 16. It was also discovered that chromosome 18 in the Barbary macaque is homologous to chromosome 13 in humans.

Polymerase chain reaction studies have found Alu element'' insertions, small pieces of genetic code in genomes, can infer primate phylogenetic relationships. Using this method the phylogenetic relationship of ten species within the genus Macaca has been resolved, showing the Barbary macaque to be a sister group to all other macaques.

Fossil record
Barbary macaque fossils have been found across Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, dating from the Early Pliocene (5.3-3.6 million years ago) to the Late Pleistocene, assigned to various subspecies including M. s. sylvanus, M. s. pliocena and M. s. florentina. The insular dwarf M. majori endemic to Sardinia-Corsica during the Early Pleistocene, usually considered to have derived from M. sylvanus, is generally considered a distinct species. Remains from Norfolk, England, dating to the Middle Pleistocene, at 53 degrees latitude, are amongst the northernmost records of non-human primates. Barbary macaques have been found at the site of Mauer bei Heidelberg alongside the hominin Homo heidelbergensis. The youngest known remains of Barbary macaques in Europe are from Hunas, Bavaria, Germany, dated to 85–40,000 years ago. The distribution of Barbary macaques in Europe was likely strongly controlled by climate, only extending into Northern Europe during interglacial intervals, while they were restricted to more southerly regions during colder glacial phases. It has been suggested that they disappearance of macaques from Europe may have been caused by human activity.

Description

The Barbary macaque has a dark pink face with a pale buff to golden brown to grey pelage and a lighter underside. The colour of mature adults changes with ages. In adults and subadults the fur on the back is variegated pale and dark which is due to banding on individual hairs. In spring to early summer, as the temperatures rise, the adult macaques moult their thick winter fur. The species shows sexual dimorphism with males larger than females. The mean head-body length is 55.7 cm in females and 63.4 cm in males. The boneless vestigial tail is greatly reduced compared with other macaque species and, if not absent, measures 4–22 mm. Males may have a more prominent tail, though data is scarce. The average body weight is 9.9–11 kg in females and 14.5–16 kg in males.

Like all Old World monkeys, the Barbary macaque has well-developed sitting pads (ischial callosities) on its rear. Females exhibit an exaggerated anogenital swelling, which increases in size during oestrus. It has cheek pouches and high-crowned bilophodont molars (molars with two ridges); the third molar is elongated. The diploid chromosome number of the Barbary macaque is 42, like other members of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini.

Distribution and habitat
Historically, the Barbary macaque occurred across North Africa from Libya to Morocco. It is the only African primate that survives north of the Sahara Desert. It lives mainly in fragmented areas of the Rif and the Middle and High Atlas mountain ranges in Morocco and the Grande and Petite Kabylie mountain region in Algeria. It has been recorded at elevations of 400–2300 m, though it seems to prefer higher elevations. The Moroccan and Algerian populations are around 700 km apart, although the gap was smaller during the Holocene.

The Barbary macaque also occurs in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar at the southern tip of Europe's Iberian Peninsula. Gibraltar historian Alonso Hernández del Portillo noted in the early 17th century that the macaques had been present "from time immemorial". Most likely, the Moors introduced macaques from North Africa to Gibraltar during the Middle Ages. During World War II, Winston Churchill ordered for more Barbary macaques to be introduced to Gibraltar to reverse population declines. Today, there are around 300 Barbary macaques in Gibraltar.

It can live in a variety of habitats, such as cedar, fir, and oak forests, grasslands, thermophilous scrub, and rocky ridges full of vegetation in Mediterranean climate with seasonal extremes of temperature. In Morocco, most Barbary macaques inhabit Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) forests, but this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat. In Algeria, the Barbary macaque inhabits mainly Grande and Petite Kabylia, ranges that form part of the Tell Atlas mountain chain, but there is also an isolated population in Chréa National Park. It lives in mixed cedar and holm oak forests, humid Portuguese and cork oak forests, and scrub-covered gorges.

Fossil evidence indicates that the Barbary macaque occurred in southern Europe during the Pleistocene and during interglacial periods also in England. A Tunisian population was mentioned in the works of ancient Greek writer Herodotus, indicating the species has become extinct there within the last 2,500 years.

Behaviour and ecology
The Barbary macaque is gregarious, forming mixed groups of several females and males. Troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are matriarchal, with their hierarchy determined by lineage to the lead female. Unlike other macaques, the males participate in rearing the young. Males may spend a considerable amount of time playing with and grooming infants. In this way, a strong social bond is formed between males and juveniles, both the male's own offspring and those of others in the troop. This may be a result of selectivity on the part of the females, who may prefer highly parental males.

The mating season runs from November through March. The gestation period is 147 to 192 days, and females usually have only one offspring per pregnancy. Females rear twins in rare instances. Offspring reach maturity at three to four years of age, and may live for 20 years or more.

Grooming other Barbary macaques leads to lower stress levels for the individuals that do the grooming. While stress levels do not appear to be reduced in animals that are groomed, grooming more individuals leads to even lower stress levels; this is a benefit that might outweigh the costs to the groomer, which include less time to participate in other activities such as foraging. The mechanism for reducing stress may be explained by the social relationships (and support) that are formed by grooming.

Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own fitness. Furthermore, males form coalitions with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin. These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within the group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important as relatedness in determining coalitions. Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict. Close grouping of males occur when infant Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behaviour leads to a type of social buffering, which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.

An open mouth display by the Barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness.

Alarm calls
The main purpose of calls in Barbary macaques is to alert other group members to possible dangers such as predators. Barbary macaques can discriminate calls by individuals in their own group from those by individuals in other groups of conspecific macaques. Neither genetic variation nor habitat differences are likely causes of acoustic variation in the calls of different social groups. Instead, minor variations in acoustic structure among groups similar to the vocal accommodation seen in humans are the likely cause. However, acoustic characteristics such as pitch and loudness are varied based on the vocalizations of individuals they associate with, and social situations play a role in the acoustic structure of calls.

Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring's calls through a variety of acoustic parameters. Because of this, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant's call. Mothers demonstrate different behaviours on hearing the calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls.

Mating
Although Barbary macaques are sexually active at all points during a female's reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine a female's most fertile period by sexual swellings on the female. Mating is most common during a female's most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time that female sexual swelling peaks. Change in female sexual behaviour around the time of ovulation is insufficient to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility.

Barbary macaque females differ from other nonhuman primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behaviour of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by female choice. These multiple matings by females decrease the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. For a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their fertile periods. Injuries to male macaques peak during the fertile period, which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success. Not allowing a female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male, since doing so would not allow him to mate with more females.

Parenting
Barbary macaques from all age and sex groups participate in alloparental care of infants. Male care of infants has been of particular interest to research because high levels of care from males are uncommon in groups where paternity is highly uncertain. Males even act as true alloparents of infant macaques by carrying them and caring for them for hours at a time as opposed to just demonstrating more casual interactions with the infants. The social status of females plays a role in female alloparental interactions with infants. Higher-ranking females have more interactions, whereas younger, lower-ranking females have less access to infants.

Diet
The diet of the Barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey. It consumes a large variety of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Almost every part of the plant is eaten, including flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings, leaves, buds, bark, gum, stems, roots, bulbs, and corms. Common prey caught and consumed by Barbary macaques are snails, earthworms, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, grasshoppers, termites, water striders, scale insects, beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, and even tadpoles.

Barbary macaques can cause major damage to the trees in their prime habitat, the Atlas cedar forests in Morocco. Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behaviour demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of a water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behaviour in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behaviour than the other causes considered.

Predators
The Barbary macaque's main predators are the domestic dog, leopard and eagles; the golden eagle may only prey on cubs, since it is morphologically not adapted to hunt primates. The approach of eagles and domestic dogs is known to elicit an alarm call response.

Threats
Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared an endangered species on the IUCN Red List since 2008. The Barbary macaque is threatened by fragmentation and degradation of forest habitat, and poaching for the illegal pet trade; it is also killed in retaliation for raiding crops. Today, no accurate data exists on the location and number of individuals out of their natural habitat. An unknown number of individuals are living in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in quarantine, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations.

The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased logging activity. Local farmers regard the Barbary macaque as pest and engage in its extermination. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Mediterranean Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria. Once, its distribution was much more extensive, spreading east through Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and north to the United Kingdom. Its range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. By the Pleistocene, it inhabited the warmer Mediterranean regions of Europe, from the Balearic Islands and mainland Iberia and France in the west, east to Italy, Sicily, Malta, and as far north as Germany and Norfolk in the British Isles. The species decreased with the arrival of the last Last Glacial Period, going functionally extinct on the Iberian Peninsula except for Gibraltar around 30,000 years ago.

The Barbary macaque is threatened by habitat loss, overgrazing, and illegal capture. In Morocco, tourists interact with Barbary macaques in many regions. Information collected in the interviews with inhabitants in the High Atlas of Morocco indicated that the capture of macaques occurs in these regions. Conflict between local people and wild macaques is one of the greatest challenges to Barbary macaque conservation in Morocco. The main threats to the survival of Barbary macaques in this region have been found to be habitat destruction and the impact of livestock grazing, but problems of conflict with inhabitants are also increasing due to crop raiding and the illegal capture of macaques. Human–macaque conflict is mainly due to crop raiding. In the High Atlas of Morocco, macaques attract a large number of tourists every year, and they are favoured for their potential benefits to tourism. In addition, macaques have some ecological roles; for example, they are the predators of several destructive insects and pests of plants and participate in seed dispersal in many plant species.

In the Central High Atlas, the Barbary macaque occurs in relatively small and fragmented areas restricted to the main valleys at elevations of 700–2400 m. In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in 10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities, the impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and overgrazing continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats.

Human use and tourism
Many of the mistaken ideas about human anatomy contained in the writings of Galen are apparently due to his use of the Barbary macaque, the only anthropoid available to him, in dissections. Strong cultural taboos of his time prevented his performing any actual dissections of human cadavers, even in his role as physician and teacher of physicians.

Macaques in Morocco are frequently used as photo props, despite their protected status. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with the animals for a fee. Macaques are also sold as pets in Morocco and Algeria, and exported to Europe to be used as pets and fighting monkeys, both in physical marketplaces and online.

Tourists interact with wild monkeys across the globe, and in some situations, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph, and touch the monkeys. Although tourism has the potential to bring in money towards conservation goals and provides an incentive for the protection of natural habitats, close proximity and interactions with tourists can also have significant psychological impacts on the Barbary macaques. Fecal samples and stress-indicating behaviours, such as belly scratching, indicate that the presence of tourists has a negative impact on the macaques. Human activities such as taking photographs cause the animals stress, possibly because the people come too close to the animals and make prolonged eye contact (a sign of aggression in many primates). Macaques that live in areas close to human contact have more parasites and lower overall health than those that live in wilder environments, at least in part due to the unhealthy diets they receive as a result of feeding from humans.

Several groups of Barbary macaques can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. Researchers comparing two such groups in the central High Atlas mountains in 2008 found that the tourist group of Barbary macaques spent significantly more time engaged in resting and aggressive behaviour, and foraged and moved significantly less than the wild group. The tourist group spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the tourist group, and 1% for the wild-feeding group. Scientists who collected data on the seasonal activity budget and diet composition of the endangered Barbary macaque group inhabiting a tourist site in Morocco found that activity budgets and diet of the study group varied markedly among seasons and habitats. The percentage of daily time spent in foraging and moving was lowest in spring, and the daily time spent in resting was highest in spring and summer. The time budget devoted to aggressive display was highest in spring than the other three seasons. There is an increase in the daily feeding time spent eating flowers and fruits in summer, seeds, acorns, roots and barks in winter and autumn, herbs in spring and summer, and a clear increase in consumption of the human food in spring. The tourist and the wild groups did not differ in the proportion of daily records devoted to terrestrial feeding, but the tourist group spent a significantly lower percentage of daily records in terrestrial foraging, moving and resting, while performing more terrestrial aggressive displays more than the wild group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of terrestrial feeding records spent eating fruits; but the tourist group had lower daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on leaves, seeds and acorns, roots and barks, and herbs, while it spent higher daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on human food.

Barbary macaques were traded or perhaps given as diplomatic gifts as long ago as the Iron Age, as indicated by remains found in such sites as Emain Macha in Ireland, dating to no later than 95 BC; an Iron Age hillfort, the Titelberg in Luxembourg; and two Roman sites in Britain.

title: Barbary macaque


text:
20

Twenty or 20 may refer to:

 * 20 (number), the natural number following 19 and preceding 21
 * one of the years 20 BC, AD 20, 1920, 2020

Science

 * Calcium, an alkaline earth metal in the periodic table found in bones and teeth
 * 20 Massalia, an asteroid in the asteroid belt

Albums

 * 20 (2nd Chapter of Acts album), 1992
 * 20 (Cunter album), 2011
 * 20 (Dragana Mirković album), 2012
 * 20 (Harry Connick, Jr. album), 1988
 * 20 (Jan Smit album), 2016
 * 20 (Kate Rusby album), 2012
 * 20 (Terminaator album), 2007
 * 20 (TLC album), 2013
 * 20 (No Angels album), 2021
 * #20 (Edmond Leung album), 2011
 * 20th (album), by Casiopea, 2000
 * 20 [Twenty], an album released in Japan by South Korean rock band F.T. Island, 2012
 * Twenty (Boyz II Men album), 2011
 * Twenty (Chicane album), 2016
 * Twenty (Jebediah album), 2015
 * Twenty (Lynyrd Skynyrd album), 1997
 * Twenty (Robert Cray album), 2005
 * Twenty (Taking Back Sunday album), 2019

Songs

 * "Twenty" (The Rippingtons song) from 20th Anniversary, 2006
 * "Twenty", a song by Karma to Burn from the album Wild, Wonderful Purgatory, 1999

Tours

 * The Twenty Tour, a 2019 music concert tour by Irish pop vocal band Westlife
 * Twenty (concert), a 2006 music concert by Filipina singer Regine Velasquez

Places

 * Twenty, Lincolnshire, a hamlet in England
 * Twenty railway station, a former railroad station in Lincolnshire, England
 * The Twenty, Georgia or West Green, an American unincorporated community in Coffee County
 * Twenty Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Twenty Lakes Basin, in California's eastern Sierra

Other uses

 * 20 (TV channel), Italy
 * Twenty (film), a 2015 South Korean film
 * 20, the international dialing code for Egypt.
 * Tatra 20, a luxury car
 * Renault 20, an executive hatchback
 * Rover 20, various mid-sized cars

title: 20


text:
User:Yomher

Please do not cut-and-paste copyrighted information from the internet. Please refer to Copyrights for more information. - Texture 18:12, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Yomher


text:
Branko Lustig

Branko Lustig (10 June 1932 – 14 November 2019) was a Croatian film producer best known for winning Academy Awards for Best Picture for Schindler's List and Gladiator. He is the only person born in the territory of present-day Croatia to have won two Academy Awards.

Early life
Lustig was born in Osijek, Kingdom of Yugoslavia to a Croatian Jewish family. His father, Mirko, was head-waiter at an Osijek Café Central, and his mother, Vilma (Gütter), was a housewife. Lustig's grandparents, unlike his parents, were religious and he regularly attended the local synagogue with them.

During World War II, as a child he was imprisoned for two years in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. Most members of his family perished in the death camps throughout Europe, including his grandmother who was killed in the gas chamber, while his father was killed in Čakovec on 15 March 1945. Lustig's mother survived the Holocaust and was reunited with him after the war. On the day of the liberation, he weighed only 66 pounds (29.94 kg). Lustig credited his survival in Auschwitz to a German officer who happened to be from the same suburb of Osijek as Lustig. He overheard Lustig crying and asked him who his father was. It turned out the officer had known Lustig's father.

Movie career
Lustig began his film career in 1955 as an assistant director at Jadran Film, a state-owned Zagreb-based film production company. In 1956 he worked as a unit production manager on Branko Bauer's World War II drama Ne okreći se sine, winner of three Golden Arena awards at the 1956 Pula Film Festival. Lustig was the location manager for Fiddler on the Roof (1971). In the 1980s Lustig worked on the miniseries The Winds of War (1983) and its sequel War and Remembrance (1988). He moved to the United States in 1988.

Lustig received his first Oscar in 1993 for the production of Schindler's List, a film based on the novel of Thomas Keneally (which is, in turn, based on the true-life story of a German manufacturer who saved hundreds of Jews during World War II). Lustig himself had a cameo early in the film as a nightclub maitre d’. In July 2015, Lustig presented the Oscar to Yad Vashem for eternal safekeeping. He received his second Oscar for the epic movie Gladiator about a struggle for power in Imperial Rome, in 2001. Other major Hollywood films that Lustig worked on as a producer or executive producer include The Peacemaker (1997), Hannibal (2001), and Black Hawk Down (2001). In 2008, Lustig helped establish an independent production company Six Point Films to produce "meaningful, thought-provoking independent films".

Personal life and death
In 1994 Lustig received the Order of Duke Trpimir by President Franjo Tuđman for his work in film. In 2008 he became the first filmmaker ever, and second in the field of the arts (preceded by Vladimir Nazor), to be awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Zagreb.

The Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust honored Branko Lustig together with Andreas Maislinger at his 2nd Annual Dinner on 8 November 2009 at the Beverly Hills Hotel for his long-time commitment to Holocaust education and commemoration. Lustig is honorary president and one of the founding members of the Jewish Movie Festival in Zagreb. On 16 September 2010, he was awarded honorary citizenship of Osijek.

Lustig celebrated his bar mitzvah on 2 May 2011 at Auschwitz, in front of barrack No. 24a. He missed his rite of passage as a 13-year-old because at the time he was a prisoner in the very same barrack, having been deported from Osijek when he was ten years old. The bar mitzvah ceremony was held during a March of the Living educational tour of Poland and Israel for high school students.

Lustig resided between Los Angeles and Zagreb, and called both of the cities his home, although in the Jutarnji list interview from September, 2012 he stated: "But more and more, slowly, I am returning to Zagreb. I'm coming back." In the 2017 local elections Lustig was elected member of the Zagreb City Assembly as a candidate of Milan Bandić's party list but eventually did not take his seat.

Lustig died in Zagreb on 14 November 2019, aged 87.

Lustig's life was remembered in BBC Radio 4's obituary programme Last Word in December 2019.

title: Branko Lustig


text:
Talk:Athabaskan languages

Athabaskan/Athabascan?
Is there any particular reason that this page was created separately from the original Athabaskan page? It seems to me that it should just redirect to the other page, with any additional information incorporated into that page. They are, as far as I can tell, only variant spellings of each other, and so do not warrant separate pages. If you don't want me to change this back to a redirect, let me know soon.
 * Lambda 18:14, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Texas?
Are there Navajo and Apache in Texas? -- Zoe

 * there may be. some Apache groups are native to Texas, namely Mescalero and Lipan, and maybe Jicarilla. of course, as is well known, they had been forced elsewhere.  Navajos are a little further west, but perhaps some Navajos have left their homelands to settle in Texas territory. — ishwar   (S PEAK )  06:32, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

moved from Na-Dené languages
probably should incorporate this info into this article

 * Ahtna language: 80 speakers, (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Beaver language
 * Chipewyan language
 * Hän language: 7 or 8 fluent speakers, (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Holikachuk language: 12 fluent speakers, (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Koyukon language: 300 speakers (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Tanaina language: 75 or fewer speakers (M. Krauss, 1997)
 * Lower Tanana language: 30 or fewer speakers (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Upper Tanana language: 105 or fewer speakers (M. Krauss, 1995)
 * Tolowa language: 5 speakers (SIL, 1977)
 * Southern Athabaskan languages
 * Jicarilla Apache language: 812 speakers, (1990 census)
 * Plains Apache language: 18 speakers, (1990 census)
 * Lipan Apache language: 2 or 3 speakers, (1981 R.W. Young)
 * Mescalero Apache language: 1,521 speakers (1990 census)
 * Chiricahua Apache language: 279 Chiricahua speakers (1990 census)
 * Western Apache language: 12,693 speakers (1990 census)
 * Navajo language: 148,530 speakers, (1990 census)
 * Athabaskan-Californian languages
 * Hupa language: 8 fluent speakers, (James Brook, 1998, NY Times, April 9, p A1, A20)
 * Kato (Mattole-Wailaki) language: 10 fluent speakers(?), (Chafe, 1962)

list too long?
hi. this list with all dialects/sublangs too long? there is the common problem (here as well as in other families) where dialects have historically been called distinct languages & where distinct languages have been called by the same name. this was my original reason for the inclusion of many dialects. however, it is rather lengthy.

what does someone else think? peace – ishwar  (speak)  19:54, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)

 * I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, so this question might look stupid: is it possible to create tree-lists? I mean those with the wrappable branches and subbranches (clicking on the little [+] would unwrap the branch and show the subbranches). If it's not possible here, perhaps we should suggest this feature to the Wiki-developers. What's your opinion? --Pet'usek 12:44, 18 March 2006 (UTC) (Czech Republic)

 * I dont believe that this is possible yet. Yes, a good suggestion. – ishwar  (speak)  15:21, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

simpler list
at any rate below is the pruned list

I agree that this list looks better --Aes1691 (talk) 21:27, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) NORTHERN
 * 2) Central Alaska – Yukon
 * 3) Deg Xinag
 * 4) Gwich’in
 * 5) Hän
 * 6) Holikachuk
 * 7) Koyukon
 * 8) Tanacross
 * 9) Lower Tanana
 * 10) Upper Tanana
 * 11) Tutchone
 * 12) Upper Kushokwin
 * 13) Southern Alaskan
 * 14) Ahtna
 * 15) Dena’ina
 * 16) Central British Columbia
 * 17) Babine
 * 18) Dakelh
 * 19) Chilcotin
 * 20) Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai
 * 21) Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
 * 22) Northwestern Canada
 * 23) Beaver
 * 24) Chipewyan
 * 25) Dogrib
 * 26) Sekani
 * 27) Slave (Bearlake, Hare, Mountain, Slavey)
 * 28) Tahltan (Tahltan, Kaska, Tagish)
 * 29) Sarsi
 * 30) Sarsi
 * 31) Tsetsaut
 * 32) Tsetsaut
 * 33) PACIFIC COAST
 * 34) California
 * 35) Hupa (Chilula, Hupa)
 * 36) Mattole-Bear River
 * 37) Eel River (Cahto, Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
 * 38) Oregon
 * 39) Upper Umpqua
 * 40) Rogue River
 * 41) Galice-Applegate
 * 42) Tolowa
 * 43) SOUTHERN
 * 44) Plains
 * 45) Plains Apache
 * 46) Western
 * 47) Chiricahua-Mescalero
 * 48) Navajo
 * 49) Western Apache
 * 50) Eastern
 * 51) Jicarilla
 * 52) Lipan

Need better picture
The Athabascan languages were traditionally spoken over a huge area in Canada and Alaska. We need to illustrate this. The current picture, which only shows the southern N. America areas, is woefully inadequate. Can anyone come up with something? — Nowhither 22:51, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, just need more time. Here is the distribution of Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit including northern, Pacific, and southern Athabaskan.

 * I ultimately envision a big picture map of the distribution over the entire continent and 3 more detailed maps showing every individual language in the 3 geographic regions. peace – ishwar  (speak)  05:47, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a great idea. In the mean time, I've replaced the pic on the article page with your more comprehensive pic. — Nowhither 19:06, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Proto-Athabaskan
Is Proto-Athabaskan really reconstructed as having two vowels? Campbell 1997 says that Krauss and Golla 1981, Krauss 1979, and Cook and Rice 1989 reconstruct i, u, e ([æ]), a ([ɔ]), and "reduced vowels" α, ə, and ʊ. --Whimemsz 02:02, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * hi. no, there are 7 vowels as you say. i just havent finished writing it. if you know it, please add. peace – ishwar  (speak)  16:28, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * the vowels are important in the development of tone. it is a bit complicated. a nice book on Athabaskan prosody was published just this year that is useful. i was going to write something one day, but i am sidetracked now. i'll just take out the vowels until then. – ishwar  (speak)  02:09, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well...I look forward to reading about it when you do! Take care, --Whimemsz 02:17, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Comparanda
Having no dictionary of Athabascan languages (nor any other Na-Dene tongues), I cannot do this myself. But could someone possibly make a list of basic vocabulary items (Dolgopolski's 15-, Yakhontov's 35-, Swadesh's 100- or 200-word list) or, at least, give me some information on where I could find an on-line dictionary of any Athabascan language? Thank you very much in advance.

--Pet'usek 12:40, 18 March 2006 (UTC) (Czech Republic)

 * I dont believe that there is an online dictionary. (I wish there were.) Look up the work of Michael Krauss & Jeff Leer to see reconstructed forms of Proto-Athabascan, Pre-Proto-Athabascan, and Proto-Athabascan-Eyak. (Pre-Proto-Athabascan is an internally reconstructed language intermediate between Proto-Athabascan and Proto-Athabascan-Eyak.) I dont know how developed Proto-Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit is — you would have to ask Jeff Leer about that. He does has a large database of forms in manuscript form, but I dont know if it is electronic. – ishwar  (speak)  15:26, 29 May 2006 (UTC) (maybe you can ask User:Billposer what he knows).

 * also look at John Enrico's recent article in Anthro. Ling. & Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow's work. – ishwar  (speak)  20:56, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Genealogical relationships
There should be a brief mention of the (Athabaskan+Eyak), ((Athabaskan+Eyak)+Tlingit), as well as of the controversial ((Athabaskan+Eyak)+Tlingit)(+Haida) link, I think. Let me add a To-Do list to the talk page - anyone can expand the list or remove individual items. --Pe t 'usek [ petr dot hrubis at gmail dot com ] 09:25, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Split peoples with languages?
The intro gives the impression that Athabaskan can also refer to a group of indigenous peoples of America. Perhaps the peoples should be split from this page on linguistics? Saimdusan Talk|Contribs 08:00, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Family Tree outline is a mess
The numbering/hierarchy in a family tree outline needs to be consistent. The numbering as it is is confusing and thus makes the relationships and hierarchy not very clear. Azalea pomp (talk) 19:04, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

concept of recent migration
When was the idea first proposed that Athabaskan/Na-Dene was a more recent migration to America than other families? Was it Greenberg, or did he adopt a preexisting view? kwami (talk) 21:35, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Edward Sapir said it in something like 1921, and many others said it before Greenberg did. See: http://ia311202.us.archive.org/1/items/collectedworksof06sapi/collectedworksof06sapi.pdf (that's a large pdf file) Nosliw1 (talk) 17:35, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

There are citations for Kari 2009 & 1989 but no references
I suspect that Kari 1989 refers to: Kari, James. 1989. Affix Positions and Zones in the Athabaskan Verb Complex: Ahtna and Navajo. International Journal of American Linguistics 55:424-455

I have no idea what "Kari 2009" refers to though. Does anyone know? Nosliw1 (talk) 17:44, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai language
The page of Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai language (or Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie) created on the North Frisian wikipedia: frr:Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai spriak. The page has only on the frr Wikipedia --Kmoksy (talk) 02:58, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Number of Athabaskan speakers
"The Athabaskan family is the second largest family in North America in terms of number of languages and the number of speakers..." I read this to mean that there are more Athabaskan speakers than English speakers in North America. Surely that is not correct. 66.67.24.71 (talk) 09:14, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The Indo-European family is the largest family in North America in terms of number of speakers (includes English). The Athabaskan family is the second largest. Second largest. —Stephen (talk) 12:18, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Siletz (Oregon) Mention?
Should the Siletz be mentioned? c.f. http://siletz.swarthmore.edu/?q=talking&fields=all&semantic_ids=  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.125.10.243 (talk) 05:36, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

 * It's Tillamook. — kwami (talk) 05:58, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

Where is the page Athabascan peoples ?
The new page for Alaskan Athabascans (a part of Athabascan peoples) in the Turkish Wikipedia (tr:Alaska Atabaskları) created. --Kmoksy (talk) 21:03, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * there is no such group. this is a language-group, not a cultural/ethnic community. Choyoołʼįįhí:Seb az86556 > haneʼ 00:23, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The pages ATHABASCANS (or ATHABASCAN PEOPLES or ATHABASCAN-SPEAKING PEOPLES) and ALASKAN ATHABASKANS are encyclopaedic! The Cultures of Alaska: 1) Athabascan; 2) Unangax and Alutiiq (Sugpiaq); 3) Yup’ik and Cup’ik; 4) Inupiaq and St. Lawrence Island Yupik; 5) Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian. The Alaskan Athabascans is one of the five cultures of Alaska Natives and encyclopaedic by Ankn.uaf.edu. The page Athabascan peoples is encyclopaedic, just as Algonquian peoples. The page "Athabascans" in the German (de:Athabasken) and Romanian (ro:Athabasca (popor)) Wikipedias. --Kmoksy (talk) 09:27, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Athabaskan ≈ Basque Kinship?
Disappointed there is no mention of possible Athabaskan ~ Basque kinship. A web search of the question 'Basque language ≈ Athabascan?' yields many references. When I first heard about the theory, I got a Basque-English dictionary. The word 'dene' ~ 'people' was listed and 'atha' ~ 'away.' So, this seems to suggest that Athabascan = Away-Basques,  which would make a lot of sense. Of course, their genome would have picked up new elements from Yenisei tribes and others. hgwb (talk) 07:30, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It is not a notable theory and therefore should not be included. There are theories of relationships between basques and pretty much every other language group in the world. The word "Athabascan" is not itself the athabascan name for the athabascan speakers, and Basque people don't call them salves "basque". So your proposed etymology double fails.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 11:11, 31 July 2013 (UTC
 * Sorry for my nonsensical etymology, see Lake Athabasca which is Cree. But see Dené–Caucasian languages for what some experts have thought, albeit controversially.hgwb (talk) 11:09, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Internal classification
If the Northern group varies about as much as the entire family, how valid is the subgrouping as presented? --JorisvS (talk) 20:53, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Washington Chilcotin?
The article lists Chilcotin and Nicola as Athapaskan languages of Washington. As far as I know Chilcotin is restricted to BC, and Nicola is a Salishan group (and not a language - though an Athapaskan migrant group did reside with them at one point, long since vanished or assimilated). Is there something here I am missing? 70.75.233.253 (talk) 07:32, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Turkic origin?
A question: "Ata baskan" means "father president" in Turkish, furthermore "ATHABASKAN BRAINSTEM DYSGENESIS SYNDROME" exists in Atabaskans and Turkish people. Did anybody think this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bilgin adem (talk • contribs) 21:05, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Almost everything in any language means something else in some other language. –Austronesier (talk) 17:23, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Athabaskan vs Na-Dene distributions
This article is confusing because it uses the Na-Dene languages distribution  for a map. What's the Athabaskan distribution, though? --Makkachin (talk) 13:16, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Since Tlingit is spoken in a very small area and Eyak is not spoken anymore (and was also spoken in a very small area) the distribution is almost identical. You would just have to remove one of the small dots in Washington State - I am not sure which one.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 17:26, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Coastal Alaskan panhandle and a little bit of northwestern BC is Tlingit territory, so the map is not far off. Megalophias (talk) 20:10, 23 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the answer! :-) --Makkachin (talk) 20:40, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:30, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 one external links on Athabaskan languages. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100625131149/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/athabascan.html to http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/athabascan.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110501025451/http://people.umass.edu/jkingstn/web%20page/research/athabaskan%20tonogenesis%20camera%20ready%20final%2021%20october%2004.pdf to http://people.umass.edu/jkingstn/web%20page/research/athabaskan%20tonogenesis%20camera%20ready%20final%2021%20october%2004.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080723190252/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/docs/krauss_name_athabaskan.pdf to http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/docs/krauss_name_athabaskan.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100601065750/http://listserv.linguistlist.org:80/archives/athapbasckan-l.html to http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/athapbasckan-l.html

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Athabaskan-Indo-European comparison
I made this post because one of the statements on the page seems rather strange:

''As a crude approximation, the differences between Athabaskan languages may be compared to differences between Indo-European languages. Thus, Koyukon and Dena'ina are about as different as French and Spanish, while Koyukon and Gwich'in are as different as English and Italian.''

This last sentence does not seems very believable, especially since the whole Athasbaskan family is as old as the Germanic branch, maybe it was more about lexicon but the way it's stated seems like it's more of a reference to genetic distance.

I know there's a citation so I searched a little & I found this : http://www.alaskool.org/language/Athabaskan/Athabas_Prelim.htm

It seems to be all of the book & as you can see there's no mention of a comparison between to two families, as such I don't think this statement should stay on the page...

(I apologize in advance if this is not how I should open a new section, I'm a beginner (as an active user) and I'm not very familiar with the advanced functions of the site)

Rafaël Calado (talk) 05:24, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for pointing this out. The only statement in the source that comes close to the text in our article is here: "The differences between Alaskan Athabaskan languages can be compared readily with the degrees of difference between European languages. Koyukon and Tanana, for example, might be said to be as different as French and Spanish, while Koyukon and Kutchin might be as different as English and Italian." It's rather bold and illicit to extrapolate from "Alaskan Athabaskan" to "Athabaskan", and from "European" to "Indo-European", and since the article is about the Athabaskan languages in toto, I will just remove the statement. But the linked text is useful, so I will add in a further reading section. –Austronesier (talk) 16:57, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, thank you for the reply. Indeed it's stated in your link but if I recall correctly I did not find it in mine, in any case it's still the statement in itself which is troubling, it's made as a fact without precisions or development of why this comparison is factual, I think it's challenged by other sources for Athabaskan languages which make it rather...incoherent, still, I understand that the link must be preserved considering its usefulness as an introduction. Anyway, thanks for taking action ;-)

Rafaël Calado (talk) 17:10, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Athabaskan languages


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991

Samantha Janus represented United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 with the Paul Curtis-written song "A Message to Your Heart", which was placed 10th.

A Song for Europe 1991
That year's A Song for Europe was held on 29 March 1991 and was hosted by Terry Wogan. Following the somewhat negative comments by one member of the celebrity panel in 1990, the panel idea was dropped in 1991. The BBC Concert Orchestra under the direction of Ronnie Hazlehurst as conductor accompanied all the songs, the musicians appearing on camera for the first time since 1978.

The eight songs in contention to represent the UK were presented during Terry Wogan's Wogan chat show on BBC1. Two songs were presented during each of four broadcasts between 20 and 27 March.

A separate results show was broadcast on BBC1 the same evening. BBC Radio 2 simulcast the final, with commentary by Ken Bruce, but did not broadcast the results show.

Malcolm Roberts had been one of six singers who had jointly represented Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1985, thus becoming the second entrant in a UK final to have participated in Eurovision for another nation, after Dan Duskey (aka Michael Palace) in 1986.

UK Discography

 * Samantha Janus - A Message to Your Heart: Hollywood HWD104 (7" Single)/HDW104T (12" Single)/HWD104CD (CD Single).
 * Malcolm Roberts - One Love: Madierpo 92/002 (Belgian release only).

At Eurovision
Samantha Janus went on to represent United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, she performed 20th on the night, after Spain and before Cyprus, finishing 10th with 47 points. Her backing singers on the night (as they had been in the UK final) were Zoe Picot, Lucy Moorby and Lyn Paul's sister Nikki Belcher. They were supported at the back of the stage by session singers Hazell Dean and former Belle and the Devotions lead singer, Kit Rolfe, who had been brought to Rome during rehearsals to help 'fix the vocals'.