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RollerCoaster Tycoon

RollerCoaster Tycoon is a series of construction and management simulation games about building and managing an amusement park. Each game in the series challenges players with open-ended amusement park management and development, and allowing players to construct and customize their own unique roller coasters and other thrill rides.

The first game was created by Scottish programmer Chris Sawyer, with assistance from various leading figures from the real-world roller coaster and theme park industry. The rest of the series contains three other main games, expansion packs, a number of ports, and a mobile installment. A refresh of the series, RollerCoaster Tycoon World, was released in November 2016, and followed up by RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures for Nintendo Switch in 2018 and PC in 2019.

Licensing for the series is currently held by Atari Interactive, who renewed their deal with Chris Sawyer on 11 October 2022, for ten more years.

RollerCoaster Tycoon
RollerCoaster Tycoon was released for Microsoft Windows on 22 March 1999. RollerCoaster Tycoon was later ported to the Xbox Video game console in 2003. The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Hasbro Interactive under the MicroProse brand.

RollerCoaster Tycoon received two expansion packs: Added Attractions (released in North America as Corkscrew Follies) in 1999, and Loopy Landscapes in 2000. Two special editions were released: RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold/Totally RollerCoaster in 2002, which contained the original game, Corkscrew Follies, and Loopy Landscapes; and RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe in 2003, which contained the content in Gold plus more designs for the different customizable rides.

A port for the Xbox was released on 23 March 2003, handled by Frontier Developments and published by Infogrames Interactive. This version featured both expansion packs as well.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 2
RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 was released on 15 October 2002. The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Infogrames Interactive.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 has two official expansion packs: Wacky Worlds and Time Twister, both released in 2003 and had no involvement from Chris Sawyer, instead being handled by Frontier Developments. The Combo Park Pack edition contains the original game and the Wacky Worlds expansion. The Triple Thrill Pack contains the original game and both expansions.

In April 2014, an open-source project, known as OpenRCT2, was launched to enhance the gameplay of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, including fixing bugs and allowing the game to run natively on macOS, Linux and modern Windows. The game is completely rewritten in the C++ programming language, but still relies on assets from the original game. OpenRCT2 reduces limitations in the original, and adds other completely new features such as multiplayer.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 was released on 2 November 2004, in North America. Although the core features of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 are based on the previous games, Chris Sawyer, the developer of the first two games, acted only as a consultant. The game was developed by Frontier Developments instead, and published and advertised by Atari Interactive featuring a completely different structure.

Two expansion packs for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 were released - Soaked! and Wild!. A bundle, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Gold, was also released, including the original game and the Soaked! expansion pack; this was followed by RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum (Deluxe for the EU version of the game), including both expansion packs and the original game. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum was released for Microsoft Windows and MacOS X.

A remastered version of the game titled RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Complete Edition, developed and published by Frontier Foundry, was released for Windows, macOS, and Nintendo Switch, featuring widescreen support and revamped controls to accommodate for Switch features.

RollerCoaster Tycoon World
RollerCoaster Tycoon World was developed by Nvizzio Creations for Atari Interactive and RCTO Productions and released on 16 November 2016. The installment is different from previous games in that players build coasters with a spline-based system. It also introduced a new "Architect mode" and "safety-rating" options when building coasters. The game is also the first to incorporate the Steam Workshop.

The game received largely negative reviews, both from critics and fans of the franchise, particularly compared to Planet Coaster, which was released the day after and received largely positive reviews.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D was released on 16 October 2012. It was developed by n-Space for the Nintendo 3DS. While using many assets and engine content from Rollercoaster Tycoon 3, this game reverted to an isometric view and, due to the limitations of the Nintendo 3DS, removed features such as additional scenery and pools.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile
RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile was released on 10 April 2014. The game was initially available for iPhone, iPad and iPod touch devices. The game was later released for Android devices (OS 4.0.3 and higher) on 18 October 2014. The game was developed by On5 Games without Chris Sawyer's input (other than licensing). The game returns to the isometric view used in the first two games. The game is built on the freemium model with social media integration.

This installment was universally panned amongst fans and critics alike. It was criticized due to Chris Sawyer's absence in the making of the game and the heavy use of microtransactions and wait times.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Mobile Edition
Released in August 2015, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Mobile Edition is an iOS version of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 developed and published by Frontier and is a faithful port of the original game (tutorial mode, original 18 scenarios for career, and a sandbox).

RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic
On 22 December 2016, a modified port of both RollerCoaster Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 was released for iOS and Android, featuring a single price point for the majority of content from both of the original games. It also features three in-app purchases for Expansion Pack content, based on the two expansion packs from RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 and an editor pack that allows users to create custom scenarios.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch
First released for iOS devices in December 2016, RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch is a free-to-play mobile port of RollerCoaster Tycoon World. Like RollerCoaster Tycoon 4, it contains in-app purchases and wait times, but expands upon the social media integration. An Android version was released in April 2017. In October 2017, items based on the Barbie brand were added to the game. On 28 January, items based on Shaun the Sheep were added to the game.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Joyride
An on-rails shooter based on the RollerCoaster Tycoon franchise, named RollerCoaster Tycoon Joyride, was released in 2018. The game was poorly received.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures
In January 2018, Atari Game Partners announced it was seeking equity crowdfunding via the StartEngine platform in order to develop a new game in the series. Titled RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures, it is an adaption of RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch and was released for the Nintendo Switch in Europe on 29 November 2018, and in North America on  13 December. The game was also released on Microsoft Windows via the Epic Games Store on 19 March 2019.

In 2023, Atari released an updated version with new content and features, titled RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures Deluxe. Deluxe is available for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S, and Nintendo Switch.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Puzzle
RollerCoaster Tycoon Puzzle (originally known as RollerCoaster Tycoon Story) is a free-to-play entry in the series developed by Graphite Lab. Atari released the game in January 2020 for iOS and Android mobile devices.

The free-to-play title is based on the tile-matching genre, in which the tiles to match move each turn on rollercoaster tracks within each level. Completing levels helps the player to restore a run-down theme park as part of the game's narrative.

Gameplay

The player is given control over an amusement park and is tasked with reaching particular goals, such as improving the park's value, attracting more guests, or maintaining the park rating. Some scenarios in the game provide an empty plot of land and allow the player to build a park from scratch, while others provide a ready-built park which usually suffers from deterioration, bad planning, or underdevelopment. The player must wisely invest the limited amount of money provided.

Most scenarios require that the goals be achieved by a specific in-game date, or else the scenario is not 'complete'. Completion of scenarios is a prerequisite for unlocking further scenarios in the first RollerCoaster Tycoon game. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, all the scenarios are available for play and the player can complete them in any order they choose.

The player is responsible for building out the park such as modifying terrain, constructing footpaths, adding decorative elements, installing food/drink stalls and other facilities, and building rides and attractions. Many of the rides that can be built are roller coasters or variations on that, such as log flumes, water slides and go-kart tracks. The player can build these out with hills, drops, curves, and other 'special' track pieces (such as loops, corkscrews and helixes), limited only by cost and the geography of the park and other nearby attractions. There are also stationary rides, such as Ferris wheels, merry-go-rounds, and bumper cars, most of which only contain single ride 'piece' and are very limited in terms of variation. Rides are ranked on scales of excitement, intensity, and nausea, all which influence which park guests will ride those attractions and how they will behave afterward. The player can set the prices for park admission rides and guest amenities, although care must be taken so that guests will not think prices are too high. The player is also responsible for hiring park staff to maintain the rides, keep the park clean, enforce security, and entertain guests. Players may also invest in 'research', which unlocks new rides and improvements as time goes on, though it costs money to continue research. Research in a particular category is disabled when all attractions in that category are researched.

The guests, who are integral to the gameplay, are treated as separate entities which can each have particular characteristics and be tracked by the player around the park. The game keeps track of how much money they have, what they are carrying, their thoughts, and what their current needs are (thirst, hunger, etc.). Each guest also has some unique features such as their preferred ride intensity, and their nausea tolerance. Some scenarios are even biased towards a specific guest demographic and require the player to take this into account in designing the park. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, the player can create their own guest groups to visit their parks.

Sequels have continually upgraded the number of rides and amount of customization available to the player.

Legacy
Planet Coaster, which has been called a spiritual successor to RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, was developed and published by Frontier Developments for Microsoft Windows and was released worldwide on 17 November 2016. Frontier Developments had previously worked in the amusement park construction and management genre with the Xbox port of RollerCoaster Tycoon, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, Thrillville, Thrillville: Off the Rails, and Zoo Tycoon.

Parkitect, released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux on 29 November 2018 after two years in early access, is similarly considered to be a spiritual successor to the first two RollerCoaster Tycoon games.

OpenRCT2 (2014) is a free and open-source re-implementation of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 which adds some additional features and fixes numerous bugs.

Several user-created rollercoasters received media attention after footage of them were posted on various imageboards and social media.

The RollerCoaster Tycoon series spawned a popular Internet meme based on a series of posts made in 2012 on 4chan featuring a slow, ghost train track ride called "Mr. Bones' Wild Ride" that took four in-game years to complete, leading the passengers in the game to express "I want to get off Mr. Bones Wild Ride". At the ride's conclusion, the passengers were then greeted by a skeleton prop with a top hat, with a sign stating "The ride never ends". Both phrases have become popular memes.

RollerCoaster Tycoon has been cited as an inspiration of professionals working in the real-life rollercoaster industry.

Other media
The franchise has also spawned a board game and a pinball machine by Stern, both released in 2002, and a series of gamebooks released in 2002 and 2003. In 2010, it was reported that Sony Pictures Animation had acquired the rights to develop a film adaptation of the series.

title: RollerCoaster Tycoon


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USS Maddox (DD-731)

USS Maddox (DD-731), was an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer. It was named after Captain William A. T. Maddox of the United States Marine Corps.

Maddox screened the ships of the Fast Carrier Task Force during strikes against Japanese targets in the western Pacific. She was hit by a Japanese kamikaze aircraft off Formosa on 21 January 1945. Later, she covered the Marine landings at Okinawa and operated with the 7th Fleet in support of United Nations Forces during the Korean War. Maddox participated in the Blockade of Wonsan, an 861-day siege and bombardment of the city.

After 1953, she alternated operations along the west coast of the United States and in Hawaiian waters, with regular deployments to the western Pacific with the Seventh Fleet. Maddox departed Long Beach 13 March 1964. At first steaming with fast carrier groups in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, she headed south 18 May and established patrol off the coast of South Vietnam. During August she was involved in a skirmish with North Vietnamese torpedo boats, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, which led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Construction and career
She was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath in Maine on 28 October 1943, launched on 19 March 1944 by Mrs. Harry H. Wilhoit, granddaughter of Captain Maddox, and commissioned on 2 June 1944.

World War II
Following shakedown and antisubmarine exercises, Maddox departed Boston on 27 August for Norfolk, Virginia on route to the Pacific. Arriving at Ulithi 21 October 1944, she was assigned to Fast Carrier TG 38.1 of the 3d Fleet. As a member of this task group, Maddox took part in the preparation and the covering operations for the Mindoro and Luzon invasions, 4 November 1944 to 21 January 1945. During this period she served in the screen and on picket station in the South and East China Seas, while carrier-based planes struck air and naval bases from Saigon to Formosa. Hit by a kamikaze off Formosa on 21 January 1945, Maddox headed for Ulithi for repairs. Departing on 14 March, the destroyer steamed off the Japanese home islands where she was on picket station during the air strikes on Kyushu and southern Honshu. She proceeded to Okinawa on 23 March to provide support for preinvasion strikes, remaining on duty there after the invasion date of 1 April. For almost three months, until 13 June 1945, Maddox continued to provide support for this campaign in the form of shore bombardment and carrier screening for raids on Kyushu and Shikoku.

On 8 July, Maddox sailed from Leyte to participate in the operations of the third Fleet off the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. From 10 July until the cessation of offensive action 15 August, she provided screening, picket, and shore bombardment services.

Following the Japanese surrender, Maddox continued to patrol off Japan until departing Tokyo Bay 20 September with military passengers for the United States. Delivering her passengers to San Francisco on 5 October, she proceeded to San Diego, arriving on the 14th. She operated there until 1 February 1946, when she returned to the Far East to support the movement of naval occupation forces between Shanghai, Qingdao, and Taku in China, and the ports of Pusan and Jinsen in Korea.

Korean War
Returning to San Diego 24 March 1947, she operated for the next three years off the west coast conducting reserve training cruises, serving as a training ship in antisubmarine warfare and gunnery and participating in maneuvers with the 1st Task Fleet.

On 1 May 1950, Maddox departed San Diego for the Far East, arriving Hong Kong 26 June, the day after the commencement of hostilities in Korea. Departing for South Korea the next day, she acted as plane guard and antisubmarine screen for the aircraft carriers USS Valley Forge (CV-45) and HMS Triumph (R16). She operated there until August, when she departed for Formosa. On 4 May, she helped form the initial Formosa (later Taiwan) Patrol Force to prevent Communist Chinese invasion of Taiwan.

Maddox returned to Korea 7 September and assumed coastal blockade and bombardment duties. She continued this assignment, which included a diversionary bombardment of Samchok coordinated with the Inchon landings on 15 September, until departing for the United States early in January 1951. Arriving at San Diego on 31 January 1951, she served as a training ship and underwent overhaul before departing 1 December 1951 for her second Korean duty. Through February 1952, she screened carriers off the east coast of Korea and provided shore bombardment support for the U.N. land forces. During March she operated with the Taiwan Patrol Force, returning to Korea in April. From 16 April through 17 May she participated in the siege of Wonsan, following which she resumed screening duties for fast carriers.

In June Maddox returned to San Diego, arriving on 26 June, to stay only one month before departing for her new home port of Long Beach. After local operations and overhaul, Maddox again sailed for the Far East on 2 February 1953. As on her second Korean deployment, the destroyer again guarded the fast carriers along the eastern coast of Korea; participated in shore bombardments, this time as far north as Hungnam, and served, for a two-week period, in the Taiwan Patrol Force. After completing her 1953 Korean tour on 12 August she departed for Long Beach, arriving on 30 August.

1954–1964
Maddox operated off the west coast until the next spring. (Maddox is featured in the Hollywood film Return from the Sea, released by Allied Artists in 1954.) On 4 May 1954, she sailed for duty with the 7th Fleet. On this tour, which lasted until 5 December, she took part in antisubmarine warfare tactics and attack carrier exercises off Kyushu, Korea, and Luzon as well as operating with the Taiwan Patrol Force.

From 14 June 1955 through 2 March 1962, Maddox completed six additional cruises to the Far East. These cruises included combined defense exercises with the forces of other SEATO nations and training operations with South Korean, Nationalist Chinese, and Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces.

Having operated off the west coast for two years, from March 1962, Maddox departed Long Beach 13 March 1964 for another tour with the 7th Fleet. At first steaming with fast carrier groups in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, she headed south 18 May and established patrol off the coast of South Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin incident
On 31 July 1964 she commenced her first leg of a DESOTO patrol in the Tonkin Gulf. Initially a routine patrol, it later developed into a naval action with global repercussions. On 2 August 1964, Maddox, cruising in international waters 28 miles off the coast of North Vietnam, engaged three North Vietnamese Navy (NVN) P4 motor torpedo boats, from Torpedo Squadron 135. The P4s, 66 ft long aluminum-hulled torpedo boats each armed with two torpedoes which mounted a 550 lb TNT warhead and capable of exceeding 40 kn, approached at high speeds from several miles away. The commander of the 7th Fleet's Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick, who was aboard Maddox in charge of the mission, ordered the ship's captain (Commander Herbert Ogier) to have gun crews fire upon the torpedo boats if they came within 10,000 yd. When they did, the American sailors fired three rounds to warn off the North Vietnamese boats. The NVN torpedo boats were commanded by three brothers: Van Bot commanded boat T-333, Van Tu commanded T-336, and T-339 was commanded by Van Gian. The torpedo boats initially conducted their attack in numerical order, with T-333 spearheading the assault. Maximum effective range for their torpedoes was 1,000 yd, but Maddox's 5-inch gun's range was 18,000 yd. As the boats pressed home their attack and came within 5,000 yd, T-333 attempted to run abeam of Maddox for a side shot, while the remaining two boats continued their stern chase. The two chasers, T-336 and T-339, fired first, but due to Maddox's heavy fire of 5-inch shells, the torpedo boats had discharged their torpedoes at excessive range, all four underwater missiles missing their mark. T-333 fired its torpedoes, without effect, but dueled Maddox's 5-inch guns with its twin 14.5 mm machine gun, achieving one hit on the destroyer. The ship altered her course to avoid the torpedoes, which were observed passing on the starboard side. Soon, four F-8 Crusaders from an aircraft carrier in the region, USS Ticonderoga (CV-14), arrived on the scene and attacked the three torpedo boats. The combination of fire from Maddox and the F-8s severely damaged all three boats, and forced them to retreat to the bases from which they came. Several NVN sailors were wounded, and four were killed. No US sailors were killed or wounded, and Maddox did not sustain serious damage, save for a single bullet hole from a machine gun; one of the four Crusaders sustained some 14.5 mm machine gun fire hits, as a large portion of its left wing was "missing", but managed to return to Ticonderoga.

On 4 August, another DESOTO patrol off the North Vietnamese coast was launched by Maddox and USS Turner Joy, in order to "show the flag" after the first incident. This time their orders indicated that the ships were to close to no more than 11 mi from the coast of North Vietnam. During an evening and early morning of rough weather and heavy seas, the destroyers received radar, sonar, and radio signals that they believed signaled another attack by the North Vietnamese navy. For some two hours the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of enemies. At 0127 Washington time, Herrick sent a cable in which he admitted that the attack may never have happened and that there may actually have been no North Vietnamese craft in the area: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. No actual visual sightings by Maddox. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken." Since then, numerous accounts have supported the theory that there was no attack on 4 August at all, including North Vietnamese military commander Võ Nguyên Giáp, who in 1995 admitted 2 August attack but asserted that the 4 August attack had never occurred.

Vietnam War
After arrival at Long Beach, Maddox remained in a leave and upkeep status until mid‑January 1965, then conducted training exercises and repairs in preparation for her next WestPac deployment. She departed Long Beach on 10 July and commenced operating with the fast carriers in the Gulf of Tonkin in early August. For the next four months, Maddox alternated duty with the carriers with gunfire support missions off the coast of South Vietnam. At the end of November she sailed for home, arriving at Long Beach 16 December.

After conducting upkeep and local exercises off the California coast, summer 1966 saw her engaged in a training cruise for midshipmen which included a trip to Pearl Harbor. Maddox departed California 20 November for another deployment with the 7th Fleet, sailing by way of Pearl Harbor, Midway, Guam, and Taiwan.

After a successful tour consisting primarily of providing gunfire support, interrupted by a visit to Singapore and a crossing of the Equator on 8 February 1967, Maddox departed Subic Bay, Philippine Islands, for home by way of Australia, New Zealand, and Pearl Harbor. She arrived at Long Beach 7 June 1967 and conducted local exercises until entering Long Beach Naval Shipyard 13 October for overhaul. She remained in overhaul until February 1968; then, after refresher training off the west coast, departed for WestPac 5 July. After completion of overhaul and type training, Maddox once again deployed to the Far East in July 1968, returning in December 1968 to her home port, Long Beach, for overhaul and upkeep. Maddox was decommissioned in 1969 and assigned to the Naval Reserve Force. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 July 1972.

Maddox received four battle stars for World War II service, and six for Korean service.

Service in the Republic of China Navy
On 6 July 1972 she was transferred to Taiwan, commissioned into the Republic of China Navy, and renamed ROCS Po Yang (DD-10) and served with the Naval Weapons school.

Her number was later changed to DD-928.

Changed again to DD-910 in 1979.

In mid-1980s, her number was changed to DDG-910.

The ship was decommissioned on 30 June 1984 and scrapped in 1985.

Currently, the ship's bell sits at the Museum of Military Memorabilia in Naples, Florida.

Awards

 * Combat Action Ribbon
 * Navy Unit Citation
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
 * China Service Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Korean Service Medal with six battle stars
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal with three campaign stars
 * Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
 * Korean Presidential Unit Citation
 * United Nations Korea Medal
 * Philippine Liberation Medal with star
 * Korean War Service Medal
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Maddox (DD-731)


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Operation Market Time

Operation Market Time was the United States Navy, Republic of Vietnam Navy and Royal Australian Navy operation begun in 1965 to stop the flow of troops, war material, and supplies by sea, coast, and rivers, from North Vietnam into parts of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Also participating in Operation Market Time were United States Coast Guard's Squadron One and Squadron Three. The U.S. Coast Guard operated, under U.S. Navy command, heavily armed 82 ft patrol boats and large cutters armed with 5-inch naval guns, which were used in battle and gunfire support.

Radar picket escort ships, based in Guam or Pearl Harbor, provided long-term presence at sea offshore to guard against trawler infiltration. Originally built for World War II convoy duty, and then modified for distant early warning ("DEW") duty in the North Atlantic, their sea keeping capability made them ideal for long-term presence offshore where they provided support for Patrol Craft Fast (PCF) boats, pilot rescue and sampan inspection. There were two or three on station at all times. Deployments were seven-months duration, with a four- or five-month turn-around in Pearl. When off station, they alternated duty as Taiwan Defense Patrol, with stops in Subic and Sasebo for refit mid-deployment.

Operation Market Time was one of six Navy duties begun after the Tonkin Gulf Incident, along with Operation Sea Dragon, Operation Sealords, Yankee Station, PIRAZ, and naval gunfire support.

Background
When a trawler was intercepted landing arms and ammunition at Vung Ro Bay in northern Khánh Hòa Province on 16 February 1965, it provided the first tangible evidence of the North Vietnamese supply operation. This became known as the Vung Ro Bay Incident. Operation Market Time was established by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff at the request of General William C. Westmoreland, commanding general of Military Assistance Command Vietnam. He requested that the U.S. Navy establish a naval blockade of the vast South Vietnam coastline against North Vietnamese gun-running trawlers. The trawlers, usually 100 ft long Chinese-built steel-hulled coastal freighters, could carry several tons of arms and ammunition in their hulls. Not flying a national ensign that would identify them, the ships would maneuver "innocently" out in the South China Sea, waiting for the cover of darkness to make high-speed runs to the South Vietnam coastline. If successful, the ships would off load their cargoes to waiting Việt Cộng (VC) or People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces.

At the time of inception, the Coast Guard contributed seventeen 82 ft Point-class cutters while the Navy added approximately fifty ships known as Patrol Craft Fast (PCFs or Swifts) that could reach a maximum speed of 28 knots. In detail, on 16 April 1965 United States Secretary of the Navy Paul Nitze requested Coast Guard assistance with Market Time. On 6 May 1965, the seventeen Point-class cutters were loaded as deck cargo on merchant ships in New York City, Norfolk, New Orleans, Galveston, San Pedro, San Francisco and Seattle for transport to U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. At Subic Bay each of the cutters was armed with an 81 mm mortar and five .50 caliber machine guns. Coast Guard Squadron One was organized into Division Eleven with eight of the cutters and Division Twelve with nine of the cutters. Division Twelve sailed on 15 July 1965 and arrived at Đà Nẵng on 20 July. Division Eleven sailed on 20 July and arrived at An Thoi on 31 July. An additional nine cutters were provided to form Division Thirteen at Vũng Tàu in early 1966. Each cutter with an eleven-man crew would spend four days on patrol followed by two days alongside a support ship. All 26 cutters were turned over to South Vietnamese crews between 16 May 1969 and 15 August 1970.

Coastal surveillance centers
In an effort to coordinate all coastal interdiction activities, coastal surveillance centers (CSC) were established at Da Nang, Qui Nhon, Nha Trang, Vung Tau and An Thoi and were manned by Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) and U.S. Navy watchstanders. Reports of possible sightings of suspect vessels from aircraft and watercraft were reported to the CSC's and the appropriate response vessels and aircraft were dispatched to the scene by CSC personnel.

Watercraft
The objective of Operation Market Time focused on preventing communist ships from infiltrating the South Vietnamese coast to resupply PAVN/VC forces. Beginning officially on 11 March 1965, Market Time featured a picket line of ships along over 1,000 mi of South Vietnamese coast including forces from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy and the RVNN. The operation was originally placed under the control of the Vietnam Patrol Force (Task Force 71). Command shifted to the Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam on 31 July 1965 and designated as Task Force 115. Operation Market Time was originally planned to acquire 54 Swift boats, but that number increased to a total of 84 in September 1965 to thoroughly guard the coast of South Vietnam. These Swift boats were further separated into five groups and assigned to different areas of operation including Division 101 located at An Thoi (working alongside Coast Guard Division 11), Division 102 at Da Nang (with Coast Guard Division 12), Division 103 at Cat Lo (with Coast Guard Division 13), Division 104 based at Cam Ranh Bay and Division 105 at Qui Nhon.

Seaplane tenders USS Currituck (AV-7), USS Pine Island (AV-12) and USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13) served as flagships for Market Time.

U.S. Navy Martin P-5 Marlin seaplane patrol squadrons, destroyers, ocean minesweepers, PCFs and United States Coast Guard cutters performed the operation. Also playing a key role in the interdictions were the Navy's patrol gunboats (PGs). The PG was uniquely suited for the job because of its ability to go from standard diesel propulsion to gas turbine (turboshaft) propulsion in a matter of a few minutes. The lightweight aluminum and fiberglass ships were fast and highly maneuverable because of their variable-pitch propellers. Most of the ships operated in the coastal waters from the Cambodian border around the south tip of Vietnam up north to Đà Nẵng. Supply ships from the Service Force, such as oilers, would bring mail, movies and fuel.

A significant action of Market Time occurred on 1 March 1968, when the North Vietnamese attempted a coordinated infiltration of four gun-running trawlers. Two of the four trawlers were destroyed by allied ships in gun battles, one trawler crew detonated charges on board their vessel to avoid capture, and the fourth trawler turned tail and retreated at high speed into the South China Sea. LT Norm Cook, the patrol plane commander of a VP-17 P-2H Neptune patrol aircraft operating from Cam Ranh Bay, was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross for discovering and following two of the four trawlers in the action.

Of the many vessels involved in Operation Market Time, one of the more notable was the USCGC Point Welcome which, on 11 August 1966, was brought under fire by a number of United States Air Force aircraft. This incident of a "blue-on-blue" engagement killed two members of the cutter's crew (one of whom was the commanding officer) and wounded nearly everyone on board.

Aircraft
To stop these infiltrations, Market Time was established as a coordinated effort of long range patrol aircraft for broad reconnaissance and tracking. These aircraft, initially SP-5B seaplanes, later P-2 Neptunes and Lockheed P-3 Orions, were armed with Bullpup air-to-surface missiles were capable of engaging these craft directly. Under normal conditions, U.S. and allied surface forces intercepted suspect ships that crossed inside South Vietnam's 12-mile coastal boundary. On the aviation side, some of the patrol squadrons that were involved and flying from South Vietnam, Thailand, or Philippine bases were: VP-1, VP-2, VP-4, VP-6, VP-8, VP-9, VP-16, VP-17, VP-19 VP-22, VP-26, VP-28, VP-40, VP-42, VP-45, VP-46, VP-47, VP-48, VP-49 and VP-50.

Aircraft flew constant and monotonous patrols along 1,200 mi of coast during Operation Market Time departing from bases ranging from Vietnam (Tan Son Nhut Airbase and Cam Ranh Bay) to the Philippines (Sangley Point) and Thailand (Utapao Airbase). Although the air support missions received little press coverage, their importance to the overall operation cannot be denied. Planes had the ability to cover large expanses of water in a relatively short time and could monitor suspicious vessels lingering in international waters waiting to make a dash for the coast. By October 1967 air surveillance expanded to monitor traffic bound to and from Cambodia as at this point it had become apparent that communist supplies were being shipped to Sihanoukville which were then transported over to the South Vietnamese border in large convoy trucks.

Aftermath
Market Time, which operated day and night, fair weather and foul, for eight and a half years, denied the North Vietnamese a means of delivering tons of war materials into South Vietnam by sea. Nonetheless, assessing the overall effectiveness of Operation Market Time is problematic for several reasons. The operation cannot be considered a failure in any sense, but debate over its success continues. The Navy's Operations Evaluation Group stated that in the case of trawler infiltration after the implementation of Operation Market Time just one out of every twenty trawlers were able to reach the South Vietnamese coast undetected.

This number is certainly encouraging, yet it does not fully reflect all possible cases in which craft reached shore unbeknownst to American intelligence. Similar to the high body count numbers in accordance with the doctrine of attrition, scholars fear that boarding and inspection numbers were also inflated by soldiers and commanders. Even considering all of these factors, Market Time had an undeniable effect on infiltration into South Vietnam. Throughout the course of 1966 alone allied forces detected 807,946 watercraft, visually inspected 223,482 of them, and boarded 181,482. Forces also engaged in a total of 482 firefights, killed 161 VC soldiers, and captured 177 while experiencing 21 friendly deaths and 97 other casualties.

A study by the BDM Corporation concluded that at the very least the operation forced the VC to drastically alter its logistic operations. The company also stated that at the beginning of 1966 almost 75% of enemy resupply came from the sea along the South Vietnamese coast. By early 1967 this number had been reduced to just 10%.

Other references not cited in article

 * Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Swift Boat Down, The Real Story of the Sinking of PCF-19", Xlibris, 2006, ISBN 1-59926-612-1
 * Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Operation Market Time, The Early Years 1965-66", Xlibris, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4415-9049-7

title: Operation Market Time


text:
Shredder (software)

Shredder is a commercial chess engine and graphical user interface (GUI) developed in Germany by Stefan Meyer-Kahlen in 1993. Shredder won the World Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1996 and 2000, the World Computer Chess Championship in 1999 and 2003, the World Computer Speed Chess Championship in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2007, and the World Chess Software Championship in 2010.

The Shredder engine version 10.0 was released in June 2006. Version 11.0 was released in October 2007. Version 12 was released in January 2010. The "Deep" version takes advantage of multiple CPUs or multiple core CPUs. Version 13 was released on 30 October 2016. Version 13 is about 300 Elo better than Version 12.

Shredder is one of the few commercial chess programs which is available not only for Windows and Mac OS, but also for Linux. Shredder is also available on the iPhone, the iPad and Android. GNOME Chess is used as the graphical front-end for Shredder.

Competition results
Shredder has participated in a number of computer chess tournaments since its inception. The following events are the tournaments in which Shredder has won.

title: Shredder (software)


text:
Talk:Reelin

Comments
(I moved this self-described conjecture from the original article here)  Reelin and Schizophrenia  Please note : THIS IS CONJECTURE NOT FACT.

I believe that schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome which is caused by reduced neuronal interconnectiviy and plasticity. The reduction of interneuronal connectivity could be:
 * 1) non structural (eg drugs such as Ketamine, or metabolic defect),
 * 2) structural with abnormalities caused by in Reelin, receptors or by abnormalities in the receptor complex.

The role of the Cajal Retzius cell, which secretes reelin, is interesting. Since it lies just below the pial surface (an area that is typically inflamed in syphilis) it may explain the appearance of schizophrenia in some cases of neurosyphilis. Death of this cell might also be a mechanism by which a viral meningitis or encephalitis could trigger Schizophrenia. (As far as I know there is NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THIS THEORY, but it seems plausible).

''Refactored/stubified, replacing the entire text. Significant removed text which may be reincorporated as it is verified:

This exciting finding opens the possibility of explanation of at least some cases of schizophrenia and also the possibility of a useful animal model of the disease.

What does reelin do?

There are two main and probably distict roles:
 * 1) It controls neuronal layering in the developing brain.
 * 2) It regulates the growth of dendritic spines in the cortex and cerebellum.

NB: The information below has good experimental support. There will be numerous small errors of fact but the overall concepts are well founded.

Brain Layering.
The brain starts growth as a single layer of epithelium, thickens and then develops a single layer of neurones called the primary plate. Neurones then develop and move along a glial framework (a sort of microscopic neuroskeleton. The cells drop off at various points to form the 6 or so layers (variable from site to site ) of a normal adult neocortex.  The act of dropping off is controlled by reelin.  Without reelin neurones get stuck around the primary plate and normal layering is lost.  Reelin is secreted by the Cajal Retzius cells which are a special type of nuerone found just below the pial or outside surface.

Human diseases that may be related abnormalities of this role of reelin include:
 * 1) lissencephaly (smooth brain) associated with severe mental retardation.
 * 2) Autism (some cases)

Neuroplasticity
The second role of reelin controls neuroplasticity and uses the same molecular mechanisms as the neurodevelopmental functions. 1. Reelin is excreted into the extracellular space of the brain by Cajal Retzius cells near the brain surface. It seeps down to the middle pyramidal layer of the grey matter where pyramidal and intermediate neurones expresses reelin receptors. These receptors are similar to VLDL or cholesterol receptors. (This significance of this is uncertain but is interesting because of the relationship between ApoE3 and Alzheimers disease).

The stimulation of reelin then triggers a phosphokinase mechanism which encourages the production of mRNA and the production of actin. Actin is a "muscle protein" which then allows the neurone to actively alter its shape via "dendritic spines". The dendritic spines carry synapses which allow neurones to communicate with each other. (The synapses in the prefrontal cortex carry GLU or NDMA receptors). The phosphokinase receptor complex is a very large and complex molecule composed of several subunits. One subunit is the Fragile X protein. This is an abnormal protein that is associated with the commonest (known) from of inherited mental retardation and the Fragile X syndrome is also associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia.

''... end of removed text. Andrewa 19:44, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

I discovered reelin- there are many errors in this section- why not link to the original papers?

Plea for help to people skilled with graphics
here is a great graphical illustration of the difference in corticogenesis between the "normal" and the "reeler" mice. Alas, as I understand, the image is copyrighted. But it is quite simple drawing. If somebody will re-draw the image and upload free version on the Reelin page, it would be great!--CopperKettle 16:35, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

To Do list

 * 1) Write in more detail about the DNMT1-induced hypermethylation of RELN promoter region (CpG islands)
 * 2) Read on amphetamine-induced decrease in RELN expression.

--CopperKettle 17:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

To Read

 * 1) Reelin pathway and.. pancreatic cancer --CopperKettle 05:53, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) NPAS3 is associated with schizophrenia; positioned inside the HAR21 region(Pollard 2006). HAR1 -\-, HAR3 -\-, and double mice knockouts display lowered reelin expression in the cortex. Strangely there is only one study dating back to 2004 though, and p-values seem rather high. --CopperKettle 12:22, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Mental disorders
I have to comment about the very excellent and heavily sourced information in the schizophrenia section, that some of it does have a sense of original research about it, could I clarify? E.g. the second paragraph seems to mix sentences and sources on animal model studies, with sentences and sources on human schizophrenia studies - do the sources themeslves make the links between them? Then "SAM, being a methyl group donor neccessary for DNMT activity, could further shift epigenetic control of gene expression" is unsourced, is that proposition being synthesized here? The fourth paragraph starts "Other interesting findings probably linking reelin pathway to developmental hypotheses of schizophrenia are noted in the studies on mice that..." who is saying that they probably link? "These data run in parrallel with the findings of increased risk of schizophrenia in humans" - who is saying they parallel them? Later "Considering the role of reelin in promoting dendritogenesis,[3][59] suggestions were made..." - the sources are different - did those making those suggestions consider that, or is the link just being made here? "Reelin pathway could also be linked to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders through its interaction with risk genes. One example is..." can I check, do all these examples make the link between reelin and risk genes themselves, or is that partly being made here? "Along the same line, it is worth noting that the gene coding for the subunit NR2B that is presumably affected by reelin in the process of NR2B->NR2A developmental change..." are the sources presuming that, or just here?

Different point - the significant reelin findings are cited up top, but the null findings separately further down. Wouldn't it be more NPOV to give a balanced indication up top that there have been inconsistent findings?

One other more incidental point, can I query the rationale for the lead describing schizophrenia and bipolar as "brain diseases"? I realise they are sometimes described in those terms, especially in neuroscience, but of course in many fields and in the DSM & ICD, they are classed as mental disorders. EverSince (talk) 20:56, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, the two "null finding" articles reporting no hypermethylation indeed should be mentioned furhter up; maybe the table of antipsychotic action could too be moved to the top of the section on "brain disease".

 * As to the possible original research - the implications: SAM in schizophrenia and reelin, NPAS3 and reelin, dendritogenesis and reelin, prenatal infection and reelin expression (parralleled in humans and mice; there exists a "psychosis dev. model" that is called "Maternal Immune Activation", MIA) - as far as I remember - are made in the published articles (see the "epigenetic hypothesis" at Schizophreniaforum.org by Costa et al) or in the recent book by Fatemi. Moreover, in the book there are links to dopamine pathway (with only one somewhat distant ref, so I do not mention it here yet) and more links to NMDAr.

 * I was unsure only about the NMDA developmental shift so I've looked up NR2A right now in the book - Costa et al discuss the fact in chapter 23 "Reelin Downregulation as a Prospective Treatment Target for GABAergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia". They discuss it in the subsection on Heterosygous Reeler Mice as a partial schizophrenia model; yes, maybe it is proper to transfer this one finding to the reeler article. --CopperKettle (talk) 02:46, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, if they are considered more strictly the "mental disorders", the section could be renamed; how about "role in neuropsychiatry" or something like that?

 * I'm planning to send letters to several reelin researchers so that they could weed out the wrong statements and maybe improve the article in other ways, if they want. --CopperKettle (talk) 02:46, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure about the section name, but I think the 2nd para of the article lead could be reworded a little to indicate the difference in classification of bipolar/schiz (and perhaps that the significant findings have not been found in all the studies?)
 * I don't know if the antipsychotics table should be moved up, but I agree that the general point should be covered in a paragraph on the range of findings and possible explanations. I noticed it has also been suggested that epigenetic differences may be a result of psychosis-induced neural changes?
 * I think it would help the general reader if the secondary sourcing as you've outlined it could in some way be gradually clarified within the article, so it's easier to see which citations are supporting which syntheses of the primary findings. Incidentally, just out of interest, the Schizophreniaforum article, which doesn't itself seem to be a peer-reviewed publication as such (but with an advisory board etc) seems to attribute what they call their novel hypothesis to an earlier journal article, Costa et al., 2002, which seems to be "Pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: a proactive role for histone deacetylase inhibitors" but unlike the others they don't link to it and a quick search didn't turn it up on the journal website or pubmed/google. I may be getting mixed up somewhere... Cheers, EverSince (talk) 15:05, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * O.K., I'll try to refurbish the second para a bit. As to what goes first, the psychosis or the methylation and gene structure changes, it's very early to judge IMHO, the epigenetic research in psychiatry, it seems to me, just took up in recent 10 years or so. Costa and his colleagues have a row of papers on epigenetics of GAD67 and RELN in psychotic disorders, so there is no problem with publications in peer-researched journals; I linked to the SRF.org site because it's the most clear and fresh snapshot of this emerging hypothesis, which itself seems to be a part of the moving-and-changing-leading-edge of psychiatric epigenetics. I'll try to sort out the refs, like maybe moving the "implicating" ones closer to the verbs.. or giving a citation in the ref section below. Thanx for the advices, Ever! --CopperKettle (talk) 15:30, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh I saw they'd authored many of the peer-reviwed articles too (and I think it's great to have the more accessible source in there), was just curious why couldn't find that one where they apparently earlier outlined their hypothesis. Very nice work building up the article btw... EverSince (talk) 23:24, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Normalised the second paragraph a little. --CopperKettle (talk) 10:49, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Autism
A note to myself:
 * A polymorphic GGC triplet repeat located in the 5'-UTR region of RELN gene, which harbors in the normal population 8 to 10 repeats, is significantly increased in autistic patients to carry 4 to 23 additional repeat - find the source, maybe add to the "autism" section. --CopperKettle (talk) 13:08, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Interesting anonymous edits (25 dec 08)
These edits add some facts but also there is an additional claim that reelin-schizophrenia link is very weak; that may be, and I am all for the good "critique" paragraph, with sources or explanations why reelin may be a false lead. Best regards, --CopperKettle (talk) 15:29, 25 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I havent really understood this bit: "this result implied that they were receptors it was the later papers that demonstrated Reelin binding that confirmed this identity." - did the paper was the first to acknowledge that VLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors? From the abstract, it seems that they are mentioned as receptors, as if it was already known. --CopperKettle (talk) 15:34, 25 December 2008 (UTC)
 * But as for the "Most scientists don't accept these inflated claims.", " this is not generally accepted." - these are very bold statements; there should be references at least to the blog or media publicatons. --CopperKettle (talk) 15:45, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

A new allele was obtained
I quote: "In 1994 a new allele of reeler was obtained by insertional mutagenesis (Miao et al., 1994)". Is this the right phrasing? I do not fully understand that this means, maybe it should be rephrased or the terms wiki-linked to appropriate articles for further "self-study". --CopperKettle (talk) 02:44, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Interesting bit

 * A quote from the article: "One study indicated the upregulation of histone deacetylase HDAC1 in the hippocampi of patients.[109]" - but HDAC1 may be protective against injury: "'Indeed, reducing HDAC1 activity using small interfering RNA or a specific inhibitor in cultured cortical neurons or in vivo resulted in increased numbers of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the expression of cell cycle proteins and cell death. Increasing HDAC1 function by overexpressing it had the opposite effect, protecting cells against DSBs and neurotoxicity.'" Hmm.. what if HDAC1 increase is the brains' reply to toxic medication.. -- C opper K ettle  04:58, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Addition to the "Autism" section
The addition by User:DavidJWu seems to be too extensive and a bit loosely related (IMHO): Kanner in 1943 was the first to report on the neurological disorder autism and among his many observations he noticed that a portion of his cohort had enlarged heads. This observation of macrocephaly was corroborated by numerous studies and some suggest that accelerated growth is an early warning sign of risk of autism. These studies led researchers to examine the neurophysiology of autistic subjects. However, the small research sample sizes lead to a lack of statistical power compounded with the natural heterogeneity of the disorder introduced many confounding variables that have made results inconclusive. What has been concluded thus far is that there is a decrease number of Purkinje cells throughout the cerebellum and cortical dysgenesis reminiscent of the reeler mouse'''. In 2002, Fatemi et al. measured the blood levels of unprocessed Reelin in 28 autistic twins, their parents and siblings. A statistically significant reduction of the unprocessed Reelin was found in the twins along with their parents and even unaffected siblings when compared to controls. Despite the inconclusive neuropathology studies, some abnormalities were reminiscent of the reeler neuropathology and the identification of reduced Reelin levels by Fatemi et al. led to the genomic screening of reelin. Autistic family and twin studies have suggested that genetic factors might lead to a predisposition of autism. The proposition by many is that reelin is one of those candidate genes for autism. Studying 95 autistic subjects, Itailian in ethnicity, and 186 matched controls, there was a significant association with a polymorphic repeat located immediately preceding the 5’ ATG initiator codon of reelin. Longer triplet repeats in the 5’ region were associated with an increase in autism susceptibility. The 5’ end of reelin was further analyzed using 125 multiple-incidence families. There was no significant difference between the length of repeats found between affected and controls however, family based association test found that larger reelin alleles were transmitted more frequently than expected to affected children. Best regards, -- C opper K ettle  13:54, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Why is there a whole paragraph on large heads?
 * Fatemi et al., 2002 is already cited by me above
 * After that comes the second mention of "abnormalities reminiscent". Could be merged into one, IMHO
 * General mention of genetic factor of autims could be dropped, and a "main article" template leading to the Heritability of autism article could be added to the subsection instead.

 * That whole section was way too long as a summary of Reelin and autism. Also, it cited primary studies, where it should be citing reliable reviews (as per WP:MEDRS). I took a crack at the problem by rewriting the section to make it briefer and to cite a reliable review, Pardo et al. 2007 . Eubulides (talk) 20:52, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

I like the summary but I would like to expand on the triplet polymorphism --DavidJWu (talk) 05:44, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Test attempt see if the article could be improved using LDR citation style
I've completed my test attempt to convert a portion of the article to the WP:LDR reference style.

The test included the lead, and first three sections (through Tissue distribution and secretion)

Results can be seen here

The view will look slightly different, because the TOC is shorter.

(edit - see also reelin testing take 2 for sample with only the LDR change)

I made two types of changes, the first of which is the main point and more significant:
 * 1) I converted the references to LDR style, the goal of which is to move the bulk of the reference to the reference section and leave only a stub in the main article
 * 2) When there were two citations for the same point, I combined the two citations into a single footnote

Covering the second item first, I think that while the presence of footnotes helps signal that it is a professional article, the existence of footnotes detracts from the appearance, so if I can use one footnote instead of two, I think it looks better. Note importantly that this decision is independent of the LDR decision; combining of citations into a single footnote can be done or not, in either LDR or traditional citation style. If you object to this combination, I can do the LDR without it. Implementing it will slightly change the footnote numbering, as old footnote 1 and 2 are now footnote 1.

The bigger change is the use of LDR.

The first four sections took up 20.7K of space. When I convert to LDR, the aggregate space used is up slightly, but the main article space now takes up 10.2K, and the Reference section takes up 12.4K. In other words, this article have more bytes devoted to references than to text. This isn't meant to imply anything good or bad regarding content, what it means is that an editor trying to find one's way through the edit text has to wend one's way through more reference material than non-reference material. Whomever organized it did a clever job of separating out the footnotes, but it is still a chore to read the material in edit mode, when you are trying to find exactly where to make an edit change.

The revised version is much easier to edit. The visual impact of the article to the reader is virtually unchanged (the only change is due to combining citations), but the LDR conversion changed nothing about the reader impression.

However, the visual view to the editor is much improved, as it looks more like the original article. It still has interspersed in the article, but that's far less visually distracting than the full citation.

As a minor note, I now have each reference in the reference section separated by a blank line, so it is relatively easy to scan through all the references.

It's a fair amount of work to do the complete conversion, so I would like to get a consensus of those who regularly edit this page before proceeding. I hope you will agree it is worth doing, but I'd hate to invest the time necessary, and then have someone simply revert it.-- SPhilbrick  T  21:13, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I rather like it. Two thumbs up from me.  (Though I do think that each reference should have its own footnote.  More closely mirrors how most journals do it...)  Nice job...  Cheers, AndrewGNF (talk) 21:54, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm all for the change, thank you, Sphilbrick! But I'm also unsure of combining article references into single footnotes. I usually combine into a single footnote a ref to a journal article only with some popular reviews on the same matter (in press\blogs). -- C opper K ettle  03:29, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I am all for the change to LDR style since it makes the raw wiki text much less clutter and easier to read and edit. I am not so sure about combining references however.  The same reference is sometimes used more than once in the same article.  In one section citing a group of references might be appropriate but in another section, only one reference of from this same group might be appropriate to cite.  Combining references would also interfere with the use of the rp template (see for example Benzodiazepine, where references 22 with a specific page number and 59 are cited together). Finally I note that a  script to convert references in an article to LDR style.  This works great if the same reference is not cited more than once but messes up when the same reference is cited more than once.  Hopefully this bug will be worked out since it would make these conversions much easier to carry out.  Cheers.  Boghog (talk) 05:24, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Ironically, one of the first things I worked on with LDR was a situation where someone had seven or eight references for the same claim, and didn't like the look, so we combined them to improve the visual appearance. That said, I understand that it isn't typical scientific style. I'll redo the example to see it with one citation per footnote. Thanks, Boghog, for pointing out the script. I had asked at Village Pump, but hadn't recevied an aswer. I'll check it out.-- SPhilbrick  T  11:20, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * So far, there's positive response for the modified change. I'm leaving for Zurich for a week, and don't to start something, then have a problem and leave anything in error, so I'll wait till I return next week.-- SPhilbrick  T  02:55, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

LDR citation conversion
I interpret the discussion above to be a consensus for trying the change, but not doing the combination of citations. I plan to start doing the conversion about 1PM EDT. I mention this because it will be helpful if others do not make edits while I am doing the changes. While I will endeavor to make each edit stand on its own, without going into gory details, intervening edits makes my job a bit harder. I will post a notice on the page, and remove it when I'm done or take a break. If anyone wants to make a change, and doesn't want to wait, post a note to my talk page and I'll take a break. -- SPhilbrick  T  15:36, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Completed. I think it looks fine, but while removing the former hidden spacing symbols I may have accidentally added or removed a space here and there. Tried not to, but if you see any spacing issues, that's why.

If you see any substantive problems, please let me know and I will address them.

As a measure of improvement, the original article had 133.4K of material from the start to the beginning of the reflist section. Now it has 49.8K before the reflist section with exactly the same material, so it should be easier to navigate. All refs are now following the reflist, with a space separating each one. A couple refs didn't have names, so I created names - if there is a convention for names, you might want to change them.-- SPhilbrick  T  20:38, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Capital
I see "Reelin" is written almost everywhere in this article with a capital, but is this necessary? The Wiki ghost (talk) 08:32, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Issue with Lissencephaly Section
In the explanation of the cause of this disorder it states that the cDNA of the reelin gene is improperly spliced - this doesn't make sense as there is no cDNA in a cell (cDNA is complementary DNA, created from a mature mRNA transcript and is not the same as mRNA). It looks to me that whoever wrote this part just quoted straight off of the reference without really thinking about it - I have changed cDNA to mRNA transcript. Prudhommei1 (talk) 02:15, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Location
The mouse homologue, Reln, is located on mouse chromosome 5. 7q22 is the location of the human homologue, RELN. The article should be edited to reflect this (currently no time to do this myself). --Crusio (talk) 06:32, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

One study associates RELN mutations with a form of epilepsy
I'm busy elsewhere; will look into the issue in late July: Heterozygous Reelin Mutations Cause Autosomal-Dominant Lateral Temporal Epilepsy -- C opper K ettle   06:01, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

Possibly involved in atherosclerosis
Loss of Reelin protects against atherosclerosis by reducing leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion and lesion macrophage accumulation in a mice model - Rod57 (talk) 20:12, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080917064917/http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/for/curr/grayson/default.asp to http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/for/curr/grayson/default.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061125230210/http://www.inb.u-bordeaux2.fr/siteneuro2/pages/UniteINB/Manzoni/Manzoniavenir.htm to http://www.inb.u-bordeaux2.fr/siteneuro2/pages/UniteINB/Manzoni/Manzoniavenir.htm
 * Added tag to http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0040028
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100913030040/http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/res/sczgene/geneoverview.asp?geneid=135 to http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/res/sczgene/geneoverview.asp?geneid=135
 * Added tag to http://www.jlr.org/cgi/contnt-nw/full/45/3/403/FIG4

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title: Talk:Reelin


text:
USS Paulding

USS Paulding (DD-22) was the lead ship of Paulding-class destroyers in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Hiram A. Paulding (1797-1878). She was in commission from 1910 to 1919 and saw service in World War I.

After her Navy service, Paulding served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Paulding (CG-17) from 1924 to 1930.

Construction and commissioning
Paulding was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine, on 24 July 1909. She was launched on 12 April 1910, sponsored by Miss Emma Paulding, and commissioned on 29 September 1910, Lieutenant Commander Yates Stirling Jr. in command. She was the first American destroyer solely fueled by fuel oil.

United States Navy
Assigned to the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, Paulding operated primarily off the United States East Coast until after the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917. During April 1917, she patrolled off the New England coast and in May 1917 she prepared for distant service. On 21 May 1917, she got underway for the United Kingdom, arriving at Queenstown, Ireland, to escort convoys and protect them from Imperial German Navy U-boats. She served on that duty through the end of the war.

On 24 February 1918, Paulding was proceeding in a scouting line with the destroyers USS Davis (DD-65) and USS Trippe (DD-33) in the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bound for Queenstown when she sighted the British Royal Navy submarine HMS L2′s periscope. Mistaking L2 for a German U-boat, she headed for the periscope at flank speed and opened gunfire. L2 had sighted the destroyers and, assuming that the destroyers had not seen her periscope, submerged to 90 ft, but upon hearing Paulding open fire, she dove to 200 ft. Paulding dropped two depth charges, the first of which shook L2 severely and jammed her diving planes in a hard-upward position. This caused L2 to take on a tremendous inclination, and her stern struck the seabed at a depth of 300 ft. Four more depth charges exploded, again shaking the submarine. L2′s commanding officer gave the order to blow the number 5 and 6 ballast tanks, and L2 surfaced bow-first. Davis dropped a depth charge near her, and then all three destroyers opened gunfire on her from a range of about 1,500 yd. One round struck L2′s pressure hull just abaft her conning tower. Some of L2's crew emerged from her conning tower, waved their hands and a White Ensign, and fired a smoke grenade. The destroyers ceased fire immediately. L-2 did not sustain serious damage, and Davis escorted her to Berehaven, Ireland. The force commander of British submarines, Captain Martin Dunbar-Nasmith, commended L2 and the destroyers for the action in his report on the friendly fire incident. Admiral Lewis Bayly, the Royal Navy′s Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland, in his endorsement of Nasmith′s report, wrote, "Had L-2 not been very skillfully and coolly handled, she would have been lost. The U. S. destroyers deserve great credit for their smartness in attack, and for their quickness in recognizing the submarine as British."

Paulding returned to the United States after the Armistice with Germany brought World War I to an end on 11 November 1918. She was decommissioned in August 1919 and placed in the Reserve Fleet.

United States Coast Guard
The U.S. Navy loaned Paulding to the United States Coast Guard from 28 April 1924 to 18 October 1930. As USCGC Paulding, she served on the Rum Patrol during Prohibition with her home port at Boston, Massachusetts.

Paulding was sent to find the Coast Guard cutter USCGC CG-238 during a gale in February 1927 off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The 75 ft vessel had already foundered, and Paulding spent two days in the storm, losing much topside equipment, including one of her stacks.

On 17 December 1927, Paulding accidentally rammed and sank the U.S. Navy submarine USS S-4 (SS-109) while S-4 was surfacing. S-4 sank with the loss of all hands. An inquiry absolved the Coast Guard of blame.

Final disposition
Returned to the U.S. Navy on 18 October 1930, Paulding again joined the Reserve Fleet and was laid up at League Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 June 1934 and sold for scrap in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty.

Honors and awards

 * World War I Victory Medal with DESTROYER clasp

title: USS Paulding


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Imperial War Museum North

Imperial War Museum North (sometimes referred to as IWM North) is a museum in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. One of five branches of the Imperial War Museum, it explores the impact of modern conflicts on people and society. It is the first branch of the Imperial War Museum to be located in the north of England. The museum occupies a site overlooking the Manchester Ship Canal on Trafford Wharf Road, Trafford Park, an area which during the Second World War was a key industrial centre and consequently heavily bombed during the Manchester Blitz in 1940. The area is now home to the Lowry cultural centre and the MediaCityUK development, which stand opposite the museum at Salford Quays.

The museum building was designed by architect Daniel Libeskind and opened in July 2002, receiving 470,000 visitors in its first year of opening. It was recognised with awards or prize nominations for its architecture and is a prime example of Deconstructivist architecture. The museum features a permanent exhibition of chronological and thematic displays, supported by hourly audiovisual presentations which are projected throughout the gallery space. The museum also hosts a programme of temporary exhibitions in a separate gallery. Since opening, the museum has operated a successful volunteer programme, which since January 2007 has been run in partnership with Manchester Museum. As part of a national museum, Imperial War Museum North is financed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and by self-generated income. Admission is free.

Planning and construction
During the 1990s, the Imperial War Museum sought to open a branch in the north of England. Seventy-one sites were offered for consideration by 36 local councils. One such council was that of Hartlepool, in County Durham, for whom a new museum building was designed by architect Sir Norman Foster for a site on Hartlepool's dockside. In 1992 the Teesside Development Corporation offered the museum, on behalf of Hartlepool council, a total of £14.4 million towards construction and running costs. However, the National Audit Office later reported that the corporation's offer breached government rules and negotiations were abandoned.

In January 1999 the then Culture Secretary Chris Smith launched a project to construct the new museum in Trafford, Greater Manchester. The Trafford Park area has strong associations with the Second World War on the British home front; factories in the area produced Avro Lancaster heavy bombers, and Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engines used by a number of Royal Air Force combat aircraft. By 1945 the area employed 75,000 people. The area was consequently heavily bombed, particularly during the Manchester Blitz, when 684 people were killed in raids over two nights in December 1940. By the time of Chris Smith's announcement, the museum had already received outline planning permission (in October 1997), with full approval in April 1999.

Architecture
An architectural competition for the new museum was held in 1997, with the winning design being that of Berlin-based architect Daniel Libeskind. Born in Łódź, Poland, in 1946, Libeskind's family had suffered during the Second World War and dozens of his relatives were murdered in The Holocaust. It was his first building in the United Kingdom. At the museum's opening, Libeskind said that he sought to "create a building ... which emotionally moved the soul of the visitor toward a sometimes unexpected realization"'. Libeskind envisaged a 'constellation composed of three interlocking shards'  with each shard being a remnant of an imagined globe shattered by conflict. These shards in turn represented air, earth and water, and each formed a functionally distinct part of the museum. The 55 m high air shard, provides the museum's entranceway and a viewing balcony (now closed to the public) above the Manchester Ship Canal with views of the Manchester skyline. The construction of the tower leaves viewers exposed to the elements and one reviewer considered that it reflected "the aerial perspective of modern warfare and the precariousness of the life below". The earth shard houses the museum's exhibition spaces, while the water shard accommodates a cafe with views of the canal.

Originally budgeted at £40 million, the museum was eventually completed for £28.5 million after anticipated National Lottery funding was not forthcoming. The museum was funded by local, national and European development agencies. The European Union's European Regional Development Fund contributed £8.9 million, English Partnerships and the North West Development Agency £2.7 million, and £2.8 million was provided by Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. Peel Holdings, a local transport and property company, contributed £12.5 million; this was reportedly the largest single sum ever given to a UK cultural project by a private enterprise. The reduction in budget forced a number of changes; the substitution of metal for concrete in the construction of the shards, the removal of a planned auditorium, and a change of exhibition content. The site's external landscaping also had to be reduced; in 2009, following an architectural design competition managed by RIBA Competitions, Berlin-based company Topotek 1 were appointed to complete this landscaping. Despite these economies, the fundamental "shattered globe" concept remained intact. A final £3 million was raised by a fundraising campaign led by BBC News war correspondent Kate Adie. Construction of the museum, by structural engineers Arup and main contractor Sir Robert McAlpine, began on 5 January 2000 and the building was topped out in late September that year. Exhibition fitting started in November 2001, and the museum opened to the public on 5 July 2002, shortly before the 2002 Commonwealth Games which were hosted in Manchester that year.

Exhibitions
Permanent exhibitions are housed in the museum's first-floor main gallery space within the earth shard. These consist of a chronological display which runs around the gallery's 200 m perimeter and six thematic displays in "silos" within the space. As part of the earth shard, the 3,500 m2 floor of the gallery is curved, gradually dropping away like the curvature of the Earth from a nominal "North Pole" near the gallery's entrance. Within this hall, described as cavernous and dramatic, a number of large artefacts are displayed; they include a Russian T-34 tank, a United States Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier jet and a 13-pounder field gun which fired the British Army's first shot of the First World War. Around the gallery, a number of vertical mechanical conveyors called "timestacks" display selections of smaller artefacts, some of which can be handled by visitors. Libeskind's subsequent work on the masterplan for renewal the World Trade Centre site is echoed in the exhibit of a 7 m (23 ft) section of twisted steel from that building.

In addition to the physical exhibits, the walls of the gallery space are used as screens for the projection of hourly audiovisual presentations called the Big Picture, which explore themes related to modern conflict. These presentations use up to 1,500 images from the Imperial War Museum's photograph archive and were originally projected from 60 synchronised slide projectors mounted throughout the space. In 2011 digital projectors were installed, allowing a greater degree of flexibility. The images are complemented by personal accounts from the museum's oral history sound archive. The Big Picture was devised after the reduction in the museum's budget forced the scrapping of the previous exhibition plan by designers DEGW and Amalgam. With some seeing one of the museum's shortcomings as a lack of artefacts, the projections and the building itself are now the main attractions.

Also within the earth shard, a separate gallery accommodates a programme of temporary exhibitions. These have included the Witness series of art exhibitions from the museum's collection, examining First and Second World War art, and the work of female war artists.

The WaterWay, a passageway linking the earth and water shards, is used for smaller art or photographic exhibitions, such as Ghislaine Howard's photojournalism-inspired painting series 365.

Outside the museum building, an ex-Iraqi Army T-55 tank was put on display at the main entrance in August 2008. This vehicle was captured by the Royal Engineers during the opening stages of the Iraq War in 2003. The spot had previously been occupied by an Iraqi ZSU-23-4 Shilka anti-aircraft gun. Captured by the Royal Artillery after the 1991 Gulf War, it was moved from Imperial War Museum Duxford and displayed to mark the museum's fifth anniversary in July 2007.

Reception
The museum enjoyed a successful first year, with an initial target of 300,000 visitors surpassed after six months, with over 100,000 visitors in the first six weeks; by the museum's first anniversary on 5 July 2003 some 470,000 visitors had been received. The museum won the Building Award in the 2003 British Construction Industry Awards, and was shortlisted for the 2004 Stirling Prize. The museum received a largely positive critical reception, with reviewers remarking on the metaphorical power of the building, the complementary effects of the museum's main exhibition with its internal architecture, and the economy with which the museum was built. In August 2005 Imperial War Museum North received its millionth visitor. The museum was, however, criticised in 2008 by The Guardian for poor energy efficiency, as part of a report into the carbon dioxide emissions of UK public buildings.

Volunteer programme
Supporting Imperial War Museum North's educational goals, the museum has operated a volunteer programme since opening in 2002. The programme seeks to engage local people at risk of social exclusion. Originally based on a National Vocational Qualification, the programme was revised and relaunched in 2004, and consisted of a basic cultural heritage course, providing opportunities to develop academic skills and improve confidence, and to support individuals seeking to return to employment. In return volunteers work in the museum's public spaces as part of the front of house teams. In January 2007 the museum launched the in Touch volunteer programme, in partnership with Manchester Museum and supported by £425,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The programme was recognised by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport as a case study of its kind, in the department's Third Sector Strategy.

title: Imperial War Museum North


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Rum Patrol

The Rum Patrol was an operation of the United States Coast Guard to interdict liquor smuggling vessels, known as "rum runners" in order to enforce prohibition in American waters. On 18 December 1917, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states by Congress. On 16 January 1919, the amendment was ratified and the Liquor Prohibition Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, or exportation of intoxicating liquors, came into effect on 16 January 1920.

Origin
The establishment of prohibition gave rise to smuggling of illicit liquor into the United States overland from Canada and from ships moored just outside the three-mile limit along the Atlantic seaboard. By 1921, "Rum Row" existed off New York City and the New Jersey shore as well as near Boston, and the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The Florida coast and New Orleans were also points of entry used by rum runners. Smaller boats were used to transfer the cargos from the mother ships on Rum Row under cover of darkness to the shore. In February 1922, the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Rear Admiral William E. Reynolds, informed the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Roy Asa Haynes that although the Coast Guard was tasked with the enforcement of prohibition, Congress had not included any funding for the additional maintenance and operation of vessels. Since there was no funding, enforcement by Coast Guard vessels was in connection with other enforcement duties. The first important seizure was the British-registered schooner Henry L. Marshall by USCGC Seneca (1908) in 1921.

Funding problems
Since the Coast Guard was tasked with prohibiting the importation of liquor through U.S. waters and it didn't have the resources to do so, Commandant Reynolds submitted a plan to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon that called for 20 new cutters, 200 coastal patrol cutters and 90 fast picket boats. He also asked for 20 million dollars to fund new construction and an additional 3,500 personnel to man the new vessels.

Congress acts
To deal with this problem, twenty-five destroyers were transferred by the United States Navy to the Treasury Department for service with the Coast Guard. Some began to show signs of wear and tear after the often arduous pace of operations on the Rum Patrol and required replacement. Accordingly, six of the newer flush deck destroyers were transferred to the Treasury Department in 1930–1932.

It was thought that adapting these older vessels for Coast Guard service would be less costly than building new ships. In the end, however, the rehabilitation of the vessels was costly because of the exceedingly poor condition of many of these war-weary ships. In many instances, it took nearly a year to bring the vessels up to seaworthiness. Additionally, these were by far the largest and most sophisticated vessels ever operated by the service, and trained personnel were nearly nonexistent. As a result, Congress authorized hundreds of new enlistees. These inexperienced men generally made up the destroyer crews.

Some of the destroyers were pre-World War I 742-ton "flivvers", capable of over 25 kn – an advantage in the rum-chasing business. They were, however, easily outmaneuvered by smaller vessels. The destroyers’ mission, therefore, was to picket the larger mother ships and prevent them from off-loading their cargo onto the smaller, speedier contact boats that ran the liquor into shore.

On 20 February 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution, the repeal of Amendment 18, was proposed by Congress and ratification was completed on 5 December 1933. This eliminated prohibition, and therefore the need for the Rum Patrol. The remaining destroyers were returned to the Navy and sold for scrap.

title: Rum Patrol


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Lithopedion

A lithopedion (also spelled lithopaedion or lithopædion; from λίθος "stone" and παιδίον "small child, infant"), or stone baby, is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a fetus dies during an abdominal pregnancy, is too large to be reabsorbed by the body, and calcifies on the outside as part of a foreign body reaction, shielding the mother's body from the dead tissue of the fetus and preventing infection.

Lithopedia may occur from 14 weeks gestation to full term. It is not unusual for a stone baby to remain undiagnosed for decades and to be found well after natural menopause; diagnosis often happens when the patient is examined for other conditions that require being subjected to an X-ray study. A review of 128 cases by T.S.P. Tien found that the mean age of women with lithopedia was 55 years at the time of diagnosis, with the oldest being 100 years old. The lithopedion was carried for an average of 22 years, and in several cases, the women became pregnant a second time and gave birth to children without incident. Nine of the reviewed cases had carried lithopedia for over 50 years before diagnosis.

According to one report, there are only 300 known cases of lithopedia recorded over 400 years of medical literature. While the chance of abdominal pregnancy is one in 11,000 pregnancies, only between 1.5 and 1.8 percent of these abdominal pregnancies may develop into lithopedia.

History
The earliest known lithopedion was found in an archaeological excavation at Bering Sinkhole, on the Edwards Plateau in Kerr County, Texas, and dated to 1100 BC. Another early example may have been found in a Gallo-Roman archaeological site in Costebelle, southern France, dating to the 4th century.

The condition was first described in a treatise by the Spanish Muslim physician Abū al-Qāsim (Abulcasis) in the 10th century. By the mid-18th century, a number of cases had been documented in humans, sheep and hares in France and Germany. In a speech before the French Académie Royale des Sciences in 1748, surgeon Sauveur François Morand used lithopedia both as evidence of the common nature of fetal development in viviparous and oviparous animals, and as an argument in favor of caesarean section.

An archeological team did a "differential diagnosis of a calcified cyst found in an 18th century female burial site at St. Nicholas Church cemetery" in Czechia and determined the mass was likely either a case of lithopedion or fetus in fetu.

In 1880, German physician Friedrich Küchenmeister reviewed 47 cases of lithopedia from the medical literature and distinguished three subgroups: Lithokelyphos ("Stone Sheath"), where calcification occurs on the placental membrane and not the fetus; Lithotecnon ("Stone Child") or "true" lithopedion, where the fetus itself is calcified after entering the abdominal cavity, following the rupture of the placental and ovarian membranes; and Lithokelyphopedion ("Stone Sheath [and] Child"), where both fetus and sac are calcified. Lithopedia can originate both as tubal and ovarian pregnancies, although tubal pregnancy cases are more common.

Before 1900

 * * After death of the patient.

title: Lithopedion


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HiTech

HiTech is a chess machine built at Carnegie Mellon University under the direction of World Correspondence Chess Champion Dr. Hans J. Berliner, by Berliner, Carl Ebeling, Murray Campbell, and Gordon Goetsch.

HiTech was the first computer chess system to reach the 2400 (senior master) USCF rating level. It won the Pennsylvania State Chess Championship twice.

HiTech won the 1985 and 1989 editions of the North American Computer Chess Championship. In 1988 HiTech defeated GM Arnold Denker 3½-½ in a match (though Denker was at the time well past his best, with an Elo rating of 2300).

HiTech was one of two competing chess projects at Carnegie Mellon; the one that would succeed in the quest of beating the World Chess Champion was its rival ChipTest (the predecessor of IBM's Deep Thought and Deep Blue).

title: HiTech


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Qinghai Lake

Qinghai Lake, also known by other names, is the largest lake in China. Located in an endorheic basin in Qinghai Province, to which it gave its name, Qinghai Lake is classified as an alkaline salt lake. The lake has fluctuated in size, shrinking over much of the 20th century but increasing since 2004. It had a surface area of 4317 km2, an average depth of 21 m, and a maximum depth of 25.5 m in 2008.

Names
Qinghai is the atonal pinyin romanisation of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese name. Although modern Chinese distinguishes between the colors blue and green, this distinction did not exist in classical Chinese. The color (qīng) was a "single" color inclusive of both blue and green as separate shades. The name is thus variously translated as "Blue Sea", "Green Sea", "Blue-Green Sea", "Blue/Green Sea", etc. For a time after its wars with the Xiongnu, Han China connected the lake with the legendary "Western Sea" assumed to balance the East China Sea, but as the Han Empire expanded further west into the Tarim Basin other lakes assumed the title. The former names Chinghai, Ch'ing-hai, or Ch'inghai Lake are based on the Wade–Giles romanisation of the same Chinese name.

Qinghai Lake is also known as Koko Nor from its Classical Mongolian name. The modern Mongolian form of the same name is (Хөхнуур). Similar to Chinese, Classical Mongolian used ᠬᠥᠬᠡ inclusive of both the color of the sky and fresh grass, but now uses specifically for deep or dark blue distinguished both from light blue (цэнхэр, ) and green (ногоон, ). Classical Mongolian also did not distinguish between lakes and larger bodies of water. The Chinese name, using "sea" rather than "lake," is thus an overly literal calque of this name, used by the Upper Mongols, some of whom made up the local ruling class during the standardization of western Chinese toponyms in the Qing dynasty. Similar use of the Chinese word for "sea" to translate Mongolian lake toponyms can be seen elsewhere around Qinghai, as with Lake Heihai ("Black Sea") in the Kunlun Mountains.

The Tibetans also separately calqued the name as or  (་་, "Blue Lake or Sea").

Geography
Qinghai Lake lies about 100 km west of Xining in a hollow of the Tibetan Plateau at 3205 m above sea level. It lies between Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in northeastern Qinghai in Northwest China. The lake has fluctuated in size, shrinking over much of the 20th century but increasing since 2004. It had a surface area of 4317 km2, an average depth of 21 m, and a maximum depth of 25.5 m in 2008.

Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of them seasonal. Five permanent streams provide 80% of the total influx. The relatively low inflow and high evaporation rates have turned Qinghai saline and alkaline; the salt concentration is presently about 1.4% by weight (seawater has a salt concentration of about 3.5%), with a pH of 9.3. It has increased in salinity and basicity since the early Holocene.

At the tip of the peninsula on the western side of the lake are Cormorant Island and Egg Island, collectively known as the Bird Islands.

Qinghai Lake became isolated from the Yellow River about 150,000 years ago. If the water level were to rise by approximately 50 m, the connection to the Yellow River would be reestablished via the low pass to the east used by highway S310.

18,000 years ago, just after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the lake level of Lake Qinghai was around 30 metres lower than today. Between 15,600 and 10,700 years ago, lake levels secularly increased to around 10 metres lower than the present lake level, after which they declined slightly until around 9,200 years ago, when they began to rise again. Around 5,900 years ago, lake levels reached a peak of a few metres higher than today, before declining again amidst a regional cooling and drying trend until 1,400 years ago, when they were less than 10 metres lower than average modern levels. They then began to rise once more until reaching their present level.

Climate
The lake often remains frozen for three months continuously in winter.

History
During the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), substantial numbers of Han Chinese lived in the Xining valley to the east. In the 17th century, Mongolic-speaking Oirat and Khalkha tribals migrated to Qinghai and became known as Qinghai Mongols. In 1724, the Qinghai Mongols led by Lobzang Danjin revolted against the Qing dynasty. The Yongzheng Emperor, after putting down the rebellion, stripped away Qinghai's autonomy and imposed direct rule. Although some Tibetans lived around the lake, the Qing maintained an administrative division from the time of Güshi Khan between the Dalai Lama's western realm (slightly smaller than the current Tibet Autonomous Region) and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in the east. Yongzheng also sent Manchu and Han settlers to dilute the Mongols.

During Nationalist rule (1928–1949), the Han formed a majority of Qinghai Province's residents, although Chinese Muslims (Hui) dominated the government. The Kuomintang Hui general Ma Bufang, having invited Kazakh Muslims, joined the governor of Qinghai and other high ranking Qinghai and national government officials in conducting a joint Kokonuur Lake Ceremony to worship the God of the Lake. During the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung and all participants bowed to a Portrait of Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen as well as to the God of the Lake. Participants, both Han and Muslim, made offerings to the god.

After the 1949 Chinese revolution, refugees from the 1950s Anti-Rightist Movement settled in the area west of Qinghai Lake. After the Chinese economic reform in the 1980s, drawn by new business opportunities, migration to the area increased, causing ecological stresses. Fresh grass production in Gangcha County north of the lake declined from a mean of 2057 kg/ha to 1271 kg/ha in 1987. In 2001, the State Forestry Administration of China launched the "Retire Cropland, Restore Grasslands" (退耕，还草) campaign and started confiscating Tibetan and Mongol pastoralists' guns to preserve the endangered Przewalski's gazelle.

Prior to the 1960s, 108 freshwater rivers emptied into the lake. As of 2003, 85% of the river mouths have dried up, including the lake's largest tributary, the Buha River. In between 1959 and 1982, there had been an annual water level drop of 10 cm, which was reversed at a rate of 10 cm/year between 1983 and 1989, but has continued to drop since. The Chinese Academy of Sciences reported in 1998 the lake was again threatened with loss of surface area due to livestock over-grazing, land reclamations, and natural causes. Surface area decreased 11.7% in the period from 1908 to 2000. During that period, higher lake floor areas were exposed and numerous water bodies separated from the rest of the main lake. In the 1960s, the 48.9 km2 Gahai Lake (尕海, Gǎhǎi) appeared in the north; Shadao Lake (沙岛, Shādǎo), covering an area of 19.6 km2 to the northeast, followed in the 1980s, along with Haiyan Lake (海晏, Hǎiyàn) of 112.5 km2. Another 96.7 km2 daughter lake split off in 2004. In addition, the lake has now split into half a dozen more small lakes at the border. Qinghai Provincial Remote Sensing Center, attributed the separation of Qinghai Lake to shrinkage of the water surface as a result of a lowered water level and desertification in the region. The water surface has shrunk by 312 km2 over the last three decades.

Wildlife
The lake is located at the crossroads of several bird migration routes across Asia. Many species use Qinghai as an intermediate stop during migration. As such, it is a focal point in global concerns regarding avian influenza (H5N1), as a major outbreak here could spread the virus across Europe and Asia, further increasing the chances of a pandemic. Minor outbreaks of H5N1 have already been identified at the lake. The Bird Islands have been sanctuaries of the Qinghai Lake Natural Protection Zone since 1997.

There are five native fish species: The edible naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii, ), which is the most abundant in the lake, and four stoneloaches (Triplophysa stolickai, T. dorsonotata, T. scleroptera and T. siluroides). Other Yellow River fish species occurred in the lake, but they disappeared with the increasing salinity and basicity, beginning in the early Holocene.

Culture
There is an island in the western part of the lake with a temple and a few hermitages called "Mahādeva, the Heart of the Lake" (mTsho snying Ma hā de wa) which historically was home to a Buddhist monastery. The temple was also used for religious purposes and ceremonies. No boat was used during summer, so monks and pilgrims traveled to and from only when the lake froze over in winter. A nomad described the size of the island by saying that: "if in the morning a she-goat starts to browse the grass around it clockwise and its kid anti-clockwise, they will meet only in the night, which shows how big the island is." It is also known as the place to which Gushri Khan and other Khoshut Mongols migrated during the 1620s.

The lake is currently circumnavigated by pilgrims, mainly Tibetan Buddhists, especially every Horse Year of the 12-year cycle. Nikolay Przhevalsky estimated it would take about eight days by horse or 15 walking to circumambulate the lake, but pilgrims report it takes about 18 days on horseback, and one took 23 days walking to complete the circuit.

title: Qinghai Lake