text:
Talk:Gender studies

"Importance of gender studies" Section
The title of this section comes across as if the article itself is trying to self-validate itself to the reader. It's like the article is assuming that the reader is doubting the importance or usefulness of this subject, so it decides to suddenly preempt them with an explanation of the various reasons and uses for this study. The section's presence seems reactionary, as if it were made in response to the recent increase in the awareness of this subject's existence and the negative attention that followed, where its relevance and usefulness was called into question. When framed like this, the entire section comes off as a bit preachy, which I feel compromises the neutrality of this article. The purpose of an article is to give the reader as much relevant information on a given topic as it can, not to sell the reader on said topic. That being said, it might not hurt to create a section dedicated to addressing criticism of this subject, some of the information in this section is transplanted into this new section. In the end, I feel that this would be a better way to convey this information as a counterpoint as opposed to simply bombarding the reader with all this information in an attempt to put to rest any doubts they have about this subject before they can even form. Framing it like this just comes across as manipulative and detracts from the article's neutrality. –Nahald (talk) 11:32, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The section in its entirety is nothing more than a glorifying endorsement of the subject, which is something that doesn't belong in a Wikipedia article. It is not Wikipedia's job to tell people what they should consider important.Rimmer7 (talk) 23:26, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree with everything above. The distinction between fact and opinion should be clarified, and Wikipedia is definitely a source of facts, not opinions. With that, I do find this section less credible and natural comparing to the other sections in this page. With that being said, I think the section is already taken down. I appreciate that change.Zhuolin Wu (talk) 00:43, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Nearly unreadable—should be rewritten from scratch
This has to be one of the most unreadable and opaque articles I've accessed on Wikipedia. So many statements are provided without any attempt to contextualize them. Look at this, from the opening section:

 * Bracha L. Ettinger transformed subjectivity in contemporary psychoanalysis since the early 1990s with the Matrixial feminine-maternal and prematernal Eros of borderlinking (bordureliance), borderspacing (bordurespacement) and co-emergence. The matrixial feminine difference defines a particular gaze and it is a source for trans-subjectivity and transjectivity in both males and females. Ettinger rethinks the human subject as informed by the archaic connectivity to the maternal and proposes the idea of a Demeter-Persephone Complexity.

What in the FSM is this supposed to mean to a general reader with no background in the subject (the taget audience of Wikipedia)? It jumps out in the middle of an already-opaque section, seemingly out of nowhere. The whole article is like this. No, the answer is not to hyperlink all the terms. The answer is to consider the audience and rewrite this entire article from scratch. It reads like the scattered notes for a book- or paper-in-progress, not an encyclopaedia article trying to enlighten curious non-specialist readers. Curly "the jerk" Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 04:02, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

Ha. A good catch. Zezen (talk) 19:46, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

I agree, the article is somewhat up to date and the content is all relevant to the topic, but it needs more context so people can read the article without having to know anything about the topic beforehand. There seems to be some changes made in this regard but the one noted as well as others have stayed the same. Laurencraven (talk) 02:12, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

Masculine not masculine
why do you keep changing the capitalization on it? Should the capitalization of the other categories be changed to lower case? Pawn0 o (talk) 18:47, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It is not a category, it's transclusion of a template. The change was made by an admin,, implementing a TfD closure, and should not be reverted without a very good reason.  The capitalisation is irrelevant.   Murph 9000  (talk) 05:11, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

Yes the captialism of the thing is indeed irrelevant, but why delete it. The other category is capitalized, should it not be lower case as well? Sorry if im intruding, im very new here, and I want to understand what is going on. Pawn0 o (talk) 17:24, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

How come there are several "genders" but only two Genetic genders?
Which one is the correct gender.Pawn0 o (talk) 18:50, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Gender studies is a radical left-wing ideology based on the anti-reason and anti-logic philosophy of "postmodernism," so of course it's all nonsensical bullshit. It's just a leftist political ideology that's part of Marxist/communist critical theory and has nothing at all to do with science and reality. Indeed, it openly contradicts the scientific field of Sexology (not to mention Biology and Human anatomy). It is based entirely on subjective feelings rather than objective reality. According to "gender studies" if you believe in something strongly enough, then it must be true. Hence the new fad within the past couple years of multiple fake genders cropping up everywhere. It's getting quite ridiculous, and I hope the government will start defunding universities that promote this nonsense soon. One of these gender studies "professors" just came out of the closet recently identifying as a hippo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.162.240.251 (talk) 04:52, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

Not forum, indeed, but quite constructive, for an IP.

Zezen (talk) 20:06, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * IP? 50.32.120.5 (talk) 00:22, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Masculism sidebar
Per WP:NAVBOX, "The collection of articles in a sidebar template should be fairly tightly related". The only mention of masculism in this article was an unsourced reference to men's studies; however, that article doesn't mention "masculism" either. Ergo, there's nothing to suggest these topics are "tightly related", so I've removed the masculism sidebar template. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 22:05, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Links
Hello, some words you have links to are quite easy to understand or have a general idea what it is. Some other words would be great to add links like for example "Psychoanalytically".SanaSanaColitaDeRana (talk) 02:51, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that some other words would be great to add links to. Mdelilah (talk) 16:19, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that some other words would be great to add links to. Mdelilah (talk) 16:19, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Diversifying Contributors to Gender Studies
Hello, I am new to editing articles and discussing them on the talk page. I was wondering why there aren't many mentions of non-Western or white contributors to the field of gender studies?Jpfrimpong (talk) 18:22, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Contextualizing Claims
"One issue that remains consistent throughout all provinces in different stages of development is women having a weak voice when it comes to decision-making. One of the reasons for this is the "growing trend to decentralization [which] has moved decision-making down to levels at which women's voice is often weakest and where even the women's civil society movement, which has been a powerful advocate at national level, struggles to organize and be heard""

Under Gender in Asia and Polynesia. Yes, there is a citation for the last quotation, but I feel that the "women having a weak voice when it comes to decision-making" is a pretty loaded claim to have with no examples, contextualizations, or background. Someone should add some sources or information here to bolster the claim, or remove the claim if irrelevant. Jemappellecaitlin (talk) 14:26, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Evaluation of Subject Discussion
The discussions on this page reveal that this article was poorly constructed as it was filled with biased language and grammar. Aside from this, the article was also difficult to follow and filled with complicated language. Overall, the subject does appear to be sensitive. Eylenab (talk) 09:40, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Is Gender Studies really separate from Women's Studies
Many Women's Studies programs in the US have renamed themselves as "Gender Studies," to make it more clear that men's studies and queer studies are part of the field. Shouldn't this just be a section of the Women's Studies page?Women's studies? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pamela McVay (talk • contribs) 16:47, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how many queer, genderqueer and nonbinary people - whose experience is clearly included in "Gender studies", would be comfortable with a merge and redirect to "Women's studies". If anything, it would make more sense the other way around. Newimpartial (talk) 17:50, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Given that a very significant proportion of gender studies is specifically about women, I think that continuing to have a separate article about that makes sense. The articles are complementary. They should be, and are, linked but there is no need to merge them together any more than we would merge all the articles about different aspects of Physics into one massive article. --DanielRigal (talk) 21:09, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Crossroads -talk- 05:16, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I take your point about subcategories needing their own article. I'll try to tweak it in a way that makes the context less problematic. Here are my general thoughts. Defining gender studies as the study of "gender identity" and "gender representation" fails to capture the scope of what Gender Studies programs research and teach. The discussion of the field just seems a-historical. Poking around, I found that the University of Indiana at Bloomington has a discusssion of the historical relationship between Gender Studies and Women's Studies in their own program: https://gender.indiana.edu/about/history.html. If you go further to look at their links to resources, you'll see that self-proclaimed Gender Studies, LGBT Studies and Queer Studies programs frequently exist within Women's Studies, as well as that Women's Studies programs call themselves, variously, Women's Studies, Feminist Studies, Women and Gender Studies, and so forth. Some of this diversity in names comes, I assume, from attempting to show the world what is special about each particular program. Having lived through the 1990's as a feminist and a historian, my experience has been that some of the name changes also had to do with survivial in an era hostile to the idea of studying women or queer people. I have heard from other academics whose women's studies programs changed their names to Gender Studies because they thought it was more progressive and from other academics whose women's studies programs changed to "Gender Studies" because they thought it would make the study of women, gender, and sexuality sound less threatening to the university's board of directors and their state boards of education. FYI, Merry Wiesner-Hanks has an extended description of the development of women's studies, men's studies, gender studies, and queer studies in the introduction to Merry Wiesner-Hanks https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/women-and-gender-in-early-modern-europe/86B27B08AF675395E5ADE5544AAD4CB0#overview_. Cambridge University Press, 2019. 4th ed.Pamela McVay (talk) 16:37, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Did Simone de Beauvoir use the term "gender"?
The article says: Regarding gender, Simone de Beauvoir said: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one."[8] This view proposes that in gender studies, the term "gender" should be used to refer to the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity and not to the state of being male or female in its entirety. The second sentence tells us that she had a view about the term "gender" in gender studies. But that can't be right. Gender studies didn't exist when Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex. And the point she was making wasn't about a term at all; it was about women—more precisely, about the figure that the human female takes on in society. Whatever she may have written about women, it proposes nothing about the usage of the term—even if it’s precisely the term we would use for her ideas today.

I'm guessing this was the intended meaning: in gender studies, the term gender gets used for the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity. These constructions were what Simone de Beauvoir was getting at in The Second Sex, when she wrote about becoming a woman.

Yipe! That's me (talk) 23:17, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I removed the reference to Beauvoir, since it seems anachronistic and is in any case sourced to the book itself, which seems to make the interpretation original research. The remainder of the article here doesn't clarify the matter either. I also added a clarify tag to the end of the paragraph as it is not clear what it is saying. Crossroads -talk- 22:17, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I believe there should be greater clarification regarding Beauvoir's viewpoint, as the article says: Simone de Beauvoir's is a view that many sociologists support. We're not told what her viewpoint is, nor provided a source to validate this information, and it seems like a vague blanket statement to assert that many sociologists hold the same opinion. Kaitlinabeele (talk) 01:42, 2 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Another good catch; I've removed the entire sentence from paragraph three of the lead. That leaves a gap, however, regrading the origins, which should be filled appropriately. Mathglot (talk) 09:59, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Debra Soh's Opinion
In the "Criticisms" section, Debra Soh's opinion, which is presented in the book "The End of Gender", is mentioned: Psychologist Debra W. Soh postulates that gender studies is composed of dubious scholarship, that it is an unscientific ideology, and that it causes needless disruption in the lives of children. The problem is that the publishing house that published the book is not scholarly, but popular. Thus the book did not go through the peer review process. Moreover, the opinion quoted in the article is more of a political statement that propagates the anti-gender movement's narrative of "gender ideology". I fear that the inclusion of this section creates a false balance. Wouldn't it be better to remove this statement? What do you think about it? – Unloose (talk) 18:29, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Which article are you evaluating?[edit] Gender studies

Why you have chosen this article to evaluate?[edit] I chose to evaluate this article because it covers a very influential and broad topic. My preliminary impressions of it were that it covered the basic information but made some broad and unclear references to different theorist's ideas.

Evaluate the article[edit] The lead section gives a good overall introduction although it makes references to theorists who are not mentioned in the rest of the article. The article put a little too much weight on the importance of men's studies v.s. women's studies. Women being the group who have historically been oppressed by gender inequity and who have used gender studies as a discipline to focus on important issues for them which were overlooked by mainstream society, I think this imbalance in the article replicates the injustices the field of gender studies seeks to combat. There are a few sections, in relation to particular theorists specifically which are lacking citations. The article is well written, but the way it is broken up is a little confusing. The sub-sections seem to be randomly allocated to different topics which don't seem to be of parallel importance and scope to the topic. This makes the flow of the article a bit confusing. The article could benefit from some images which could provide visual context and interest. The talk page for this article seems to be productive for the part and focused on keeping the article consistent with Wikipedia's guidelines. Overall, I think the article does a decent job of encapsulating the topic but could use some reorganization and refocusing.Sophdev630 (talk) 23:54, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Article Evaluation
Which article are you evaluating?[edit] Gender studies

Why you have chosen this article to evaluate?[edit] I chose to evaluate this article because it covers a very influential and broad topic. My preliminary impressions of it were that it covered the basic information but made some broad and unclear references to different theorist's ideas.

Evaluate the article[edit] The lead section gives a good overall introduction although it makes references to theorists who are not mentioned in the rest of the article. The article put a little too much weight on the importance of men's studies v.s. women's studies. Women being the group who have historically been oppressed by gender inequity and who have used gender studies as a discipline to focus on important issues for them which were overlooked by mainstream society, I think this imbalance in the article replicates the injustices the field of gender studies seeks to combat. There are a few sections, in relation to particular theorists specifically which are lacking citations. The article is well written, but the way it is broken up is a little confusing. The sub-sections seem to be randomly allocated to different topics which don't seem to be of parallel importance and scope to the topic. This makes the flow of the article a bit confusing. The article could benefit from some images which could provide visual context and interest. The talk page for this article seems to be productive for the part and focused on keeping the article consistent with Wikipedia's guidelines. Overall, I think the article does a decent job of encapsulating the topic but could use some reorganization and refocusing.Sophdev630 (talk) 00:40, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

Evaluating tone - Does this article reflect a neutral tone or does it make biased claims?[edit] All sections of the wiki article use a neutral tone that covers everything from an informative perspective without any interference from external opinions and tones. There are no biased tones and all editors have done a great job of incorporating information neutrally. — 2603:8001:723F:4107:1925:330C:6D79:95A3 (talk) 04:33, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: LLIB 1115 - Intro to Information Research
— Assignment last updated by Ejgrimm (talk) 17:11, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Wikiproject
It is playing a big role in politics in current times. It is also tied with feminism and queer studies. I thought it was exactly what the name implied. It is about studying different genders and how it interacts and intersects with society.

(Compose a detailed evaluation of the article here, considering each of the key aspects listed above. Consider the guiding questions, and check out the examples of what a useful Wikipedia article evaluation looks like.)

After having a brief summary on what gender studies entails, the next part is a collection of different influences and ideas from different people who studied gender studies and had differing ideas of what it is. Each person had a bit where it explains what they believed gender studies is. More than half of the sources cited were created before 2015. Gender studies is ever evolving and what is widely accepted is changing so I think there needs to be more current papers in the citations. It is good that the people that they did mention in the wiki page also had hyperlinks to their own wiki pages which means the summary is taking ideologies and papers written by known and established experts in this field. There also seems to have a few unreliable or uncited sources throughout the summary.

Some portions/sections of the summary might have felt as if they were leaning towards a certain bias, but I think that is the nature of the topic too. It is a subject that intertwines with politics as mentioned so there is mention of the faults of some parties or countries and how they deal with their gender issues. It is noted that they did highlight how the governments around the world is handling gender in either positive, negative, or neutral light. They also added a criticism section that did show how others are criticizing gender studies. The summary did have some emphasis on the differences between women and men's studies.

On wikiprojects it is rated B class with two out of the three saying it is top-importance. Anuhea702 (talk) 06:05, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

evaluation
Many of the sources seem neutral after some checking and the overall language of this article remains unbiased. With my passover it looks pretty reputable. Allie08 (talk) 01:05, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Vanessaamartinez (talk) 21:24, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Note to students -- Welcome! Join in the intellectual rigor. Wikipedia articles should cite reliable sources. Editors should maintain a neutral point of view. This is not a website to simply assert or uphold positions you may be taught in a course. Pete unseth (talk) 23:21, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

'''Evaluation: ''' Can you identify any notable equity gaps? Does the article underrepresent or misrepresent historically marginalized populations? Although this article mentions how gender studies affects places such as Russia and China, it fails to provide the effects it has on other marginalized populations such as Latin American countries which are historically underrepresented. Cloudynoir (talk) 02:19, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gender studies


text:
1726 in Canada

Events from the year 1726 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George I

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre Dugué de Boisbriand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Doucett then Lawrence Armstrong
 * Governor of Placentia: Samuel Gledhill

Events

 * Claude-Thomas Dupuy took up his duties as intendant of New France.
 * Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois was appointed as Governor of New France.
 * Thomas-Jacques Taschereau arrived in New France (Canada) as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.

Births

 * June 24 : Robert Monckton, army officer and colonial administrator (died 1782)

Full date unknown

 * Robert Prescott, Governor of Canada (died 1815)

Deaths

 * July 27 : Étienne de Carheil, missionary.

Date unknown

 * Étienne Jacob, court officer.

Historical documents
Governor, intendant and bishop of Quebec are to cooperate (each within his bounds) to implant religion and aid trade (Note: "savage" used)

Lt. Gov. Dummer reports 1725 "Treaty of Pacification with[...]all the Tribes of Indians[...]engaged in the late warr with this Government"

Penobscot spokesman Loron tells Dummer that "Canada Indians" (Nanrantsouak and others) want to treat with New England at Montreal

Loron mentions proposal to have English withdraw from some sites, but Dummer rejects it along with Montreal meeting

Penobscot tell Dummer they have no memory of selling land he claims by deed and right, which he says can be settled in court

After signing treaty ratification, Penobscot agree to protect frontier settlers and to ratify treaty at Annapolis Royal

Dummer hopes Indigenous people "may in a short time be intirely drawne from their dependance on the French" for presents

Chiefs and representatives of "St. Johns, Cape Sable" and other nations ratify treaty of 1725 at Annapolis Royal

Treaty is signed by Indigenous people on flag bastion at Annapolis Royal after hearing it read in English and French

Lt. Gov. (of Annapolis) Doucett says Indigenous people signing "seem to be quite tired of the warr and are extreamly well pleas'd"

Lt. Gov. (of Nova Scotia) Armstrong reports Acadians will avoid swearing allegiance by leaving, perhaps for St. John's Island

Acadian Deputies sign oath only after clause added in margin of document "Whereby they might not be Obliged to Carry Arms"

"Dread of the pirates is always a great interruption to the Fishery" - Admiralty asked for warship to cruise Nova Scotia's Atlantic coast

Nova Scotia reports extensive trade by New Englanders and province's French with Île-Royale, "as if they were still Proprietors"

Crown urged to select 200,000 acres of Nova Scotia forest (for naval use), so British settlers can then come in and outnumber Acadians

Lt. Gov. Armstrong reports accomplishments and challenges, ranging from peace to defence to food provisions (Note: "savages" used)

Armstrong enlarges on defence issues following report that "Canada Indians" are coming to "commence a new warr"

Nova Scotia Council orders man to maintain child he fathered after midwife says mother "in her most Violent Pains" swore it was him

In Newfoundland, "there are no persons to administer justice during the winter season, except at Placentia and Canso"

English town with fishing interest in north and northwest Newfoundland wants survey of its "dangerous and utterly unknown" waters

Trade council wants Newfoundland survey "as it will greatly increase the cod fishery [and encourage and establish] the salmon fishery"

"I hope more effectual tho' less severe" - New York governor reports replacing prohibition on trade with Canada with increased duty

New York's issues with French fort at Niagara reveal complex relations with Canada and sometimes divided Six Nations

French fort at Niagara violates treaty, says New York governor to Commander in Chief in Canada, who denies it is British land

"Two French-men and three Indians[...]from the Eastward" sentenced to death for piracy in Boston special admiralty court

Maine soldier is only man able to interpret for "Cape-Sable Indians" accused of piracy (and found guilty)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1726 in Canada


text:
List of intelligence gathering disciplines

This is a list of intelligence gathering disciplines.

HUMINT
Human intelligence (HUMINT) are gathered from a person in the location in question. Sources can include the following:

 * Advisors or foreign internal defense (FID) personnel working with host nation (HN) forces or populations
 * Diplomatic reporting by accredited diplomats (e.g. military attachés)
 * Espionage clandestine reporting, access agents, couriers, cutouts
 * Military attachés
 * Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
 * Prisoners of war (POWs) or detainees
 * Refugees
 * Routine patrolling (military police, patrols, etc.)
 * Traveler debriefing (e.g. CIA Domestic Contact Service)

MI6 is often thought to use human intelligence to operate in different countries or Britain itself to protect the country from global affairs. However, this is usually confused with their brother agency MI5, which focuses on the security of Britain.

FININT
Financial intelligence (FININT) are gathered from analysis of monetary transactions.

GEOINT
Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) are gathered from satellite and aerial photography, or mapping/terrain data.

 * Imagery intelligence (IMINT) – gathered from satellite and aerial photography

MASINT
Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are gathered from an array of signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. According to the Air Force Institute of Technology's Center for MASINT Studies and Research, MASINT is split into six major disciplines: electro-optical, nuclear, radar, geophysical, materials, and radiofrequency.

 * 1) Electro-optical MASINT
 * 2) * Airborne electro-optical missile tracking MASINT
 * 3) * Tactical counter-artillery sensors
 * 4) * Infrared MASINT
 * 5) * Optical measurement of nuclear explosions
 * 6) * LASER MASINT
 * 7) * Spectroscopic MASINT
 * 8) * Hyperspectral MASINT
 * 9) * Space-based staring infrared sensors
 * 10) Nuclear MASINT
 * 11) * Radiation survey and dosimetry
 * 12) * Space-based nuclear energy detection
 * 13) * Effects of ionizing radiation on materials
 * 14) Geophysical MASINT
 * 15) * Weather and sea intelligence MASINT
 * 16) * Acoustic MASINT, also known as acoustical intelligence (ACOUSTINT or ACINT)
 * 17) * Seismic MASINT
 * 18) * Magnetic MASINT
 * 19) * Gravitimetric MASINT
 * 20) Radar MASINT
 * 21) * Line-of-sight radar MASINT
 * 22) * Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) MASINT
 * 23) * Non-cooperative target recognition
 * 24) * Multistatic radar MASINT
 * 25) * Passive covert radar
 * 26) Materials MASINT
 * 27) * Chemical materials MASINT
 * 28) * Biological materials MASINT
 * 29) * Nuclear test analysis
 * 30) Radiofrequency MASINT
 * 31) * Frequency domain MASINT
 * 32) * Electromagnetic pulse MASINT
 * 33) * Unintentional radiation MASINT

OSINT
Open-source intelligence (OSINT) are gathered from open sources. OSINT can be further segmented by the source type: Internet/General, Scientific/Technical, and various HUMINT specialties, e.g. trade shows, association meetings, and interviews.

SIGINT
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) are gathered from interception of signals.

 * Communications intelligence (COMINT)
 * Electronic intelligence (ELINT) – gathered from electronic signals that do not contain speech or text (which are considered COMINT)
 * Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT) – entails the collection and analysis of telemetry data from a missile or sometimes from aircraft tests; formerly known as telemetry intelligence or TELINT

TECHINT
Technical intelligence (TECHINT) are gathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations, or environmental conditions.

 * Medical intelligence (MEDINT) – gathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments and allergic conditions for consideration


text:
1728 in Canada

Events from the year 1728 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Governor of Placentia: Samuel Gledhill

Events

 * Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye was appointed commandant of the French posts on the north shore of Lake Superior and stationed at Fort Kaministiquia.
 * Vitus Bering sails through the Bering Strait.

Births

 * November 7 - James Cook killed by Hawaiian natives, cutting short his search for Northwest Passage. (died 1779)
 * Samuel Holland, army officer, military engineer, surveyor, office holder, politician, and landowner (died 1801)

Deaths

 * February 20 - J Raudot, Intendant of New France (born 1638)

Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor petitions King for measures to address long-standing problems of defence, communication and control

Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods instructed to mark out at least 200,000 acres of forest in Nova Scotia for Royal Navy use

"Uninhabited (except by a few Indians)" - Petition to settle colonial grey zone (now in Maine) between British and French claims

"Deep Bays, large Coves and Rivers, and most excellent Harbours" - Guide to sailing charted Newfoundland coasts

title: 1728 in Canada


text:
1729 in Canada

Events from the year 1729 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Governor of Placentia: Samuel Gledhill

Events

 * La Vérendrye became first commandant of the Posts of the West. He was posted to Fort Kaministiquia in this year and began the western expansion in 1731.
 * Natchez attacked French Fort Rosalie and French settlements nearby after the French commander of the fort, Sieur Chepart, ordered them to abandon their village of White Apple. The Natchez wiped out the entire settlement and captured Fort Rosalie. In 1730 and 1731 the French, aided by the Choctaw, launched two counterattacks out of New Orleans, capturing and selling into plantation slavery most of the tribe and its smaller allies. A few bands found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee.

Births

 * Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, governor of Cape Breton.

Deaths

 * Jean-François Du Verger de Verville, designer of the Fortress of Louisbourg.

Historical documents
New York governor says Six Nations want garrison at Oswego trading house and will assist against "any Power that dares to Attack it"

N.Y. governor says Oswego trading house will protect Indigenous fur suppliers from "the wonted abuses of the Handlers or Traders"

Ten New York acts about trade with Indigenous people (1720-1729) repealed because "the execution of them are grievous and oppressive"

Irish and New England families want to settle east of Kennebec River boundary of Nova Scotia, but not in French-dominated N.S.

How valid are French claims from Kennebeck to Canso (though "reconquered" by British) in current settlement plans? (Note: "savages" used)

Keep Massachusetts government out of new Maine settlement because "incensed Indians" were cheated of land by "fraudelent practices"

French say "live well with the English" to Penobscot, who okay Pemaquid settlement, but label any move past Saint George River unfriendly

Penobscot and Nanrantsouak welcome Pemaquid settlement, even if none of them "had a right to sell any, for it all belonged to the King"

Nova Scotia proper, and not part east of Kennebeck, should be promoted to settlers, with incentives for men to marry Indigenous women

German Palatines and others should settle in new province (to be called Georgia) east of Kennebeck, and also in Nova Scotia proper

"For security against the Frenchified Indians," Nova Scotia Palatines should be in villages 3 miles apart with 60 families each

Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods says "Indians" will be dangerous and Bay of Fundy Acadians obstructive when he works in Nova Scotia

Mindful of "safety and welfare" of Nova Scotia, governor glad to find Annapolis River Acadians are all willing to sign oath to King

Insubordination and arrogance of two government officials add to "great disorder" in Nova Scotia, says Lt. Governor Lawrence Armstrong

Canso fishery survey finds all fishers are in schooners based in New England and catch fish as far as 120 miles out on banks

On Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island), Louisbourg has 1,500 people, 7 companies of soldiers "strongly fortify'd," and "Irish Papists"

Privy Council orders that governors be instructed not to confiscate whale products of Nova Scotia and other fisheries

New Seal of Nova Scotia depicts land, fishing and fur trading, with motto "Terrae Marisque Opes" (Wealth of Land and Sea)

Newfoundland fur trade lost because "by their constant cruel usage to the Indians wherever they meet them, all traffick [is] cutt off"

New England merchants in Newfoundland sometimes are paid in fish, taking worst sort to ship for "negroes" in West Indies

Extending too much credit to Newfoundland fishers "is certainly the occasion of all the faults, disputes and disorders that happen"

"Long committed and often repeated" - Infractions in Newfoundland come of Admirals' irresponsible, self-serving and selective enforcement

Newfoundland's "proper remedies" include trial of tyrannical Placentia governor and increasing Commodore's military and judicial powers

New Newfoundland governor instructed to stop (with few exceptions) direct imports from other colonies and European countries

"The inhabitants seem pleas'd" - Governor Osborn appoints three justices of the peace and several constables in St. John's and region

Poole merchants complain of ships from outside England fishing in Newfoundland in contravention of statute

"With confounded Rum they ever stink" - Navy chaplain calls "most" Newfoundlanders "sottish," "frightful" and "in a willing Banishment"

title: 1729 in Canada


text:
1730 in Canada

Events from the year 1730 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Osborn

Events

 * Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II.
 * 1730s: The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie.

Deaths

 * Antoine Laumet Cadillac, founder of Detroit.

Historical documents
Jesuit's long report on Saguenay region, it's geography and Mistassini Cree, and Innu (Montagnais) near Tadoussac (Note: "savages" used)

New York governor seeks way to subsidize Oswego garrison and trade (key to Six Nations support) with tax acceptable to Assembly and Crown

"That they might live and settle among them" - French and Meskwaki (Fox) in Seneca territory concern New York Indian commissioners

N.Y. legislators on backfired past attempt to squeeze French out of Indigenous trade, and effect of current trouble from Oswego traders

French send "a thousand sail of ships annually" to fish off Newfoundland and had 220,000 quintals of cod for Marseille market in 1730

Legal advice that Newfoundland justices' powers don't include judging property cases, and taxation must have consent of some popular assembly

"Hundreds of these poor creatures are beging [sic] up and down" - Servants' wages are withheld at end of fishing season, leaving them destitute

Fishing admirals hold themselves superior to justices of the peace and Governor Osborn, whose authority is "only from the Privy Council"

"So avers to all Government" - Fishing captains and traders won't support civil authority, even at tax rate of "one farthing in the pound"

Newfoundlanders ask protection from price gouging by "masters of shipps," and that their flax and hemp "be sent home freight free"

History of 1720s fighting between Saint George River settlers and "French Indians" to keep former's land out of "the hands of the Indians"

Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods told to, "by the most gentle usage," deter Penobscot from hindering settlement beyond Saint George River

In face of aggressiveness from Massachusetts, David Dunbar reaches out to Penobscot and their Canada-educated, mixed-race comrade

Gov. Belcher objects to Dunbar's settlements between Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, which Massachusetts claims

Nova Scotia governor offers Dunbar his limited advice on Penobscot (Note: "animals" and "savages" used)

Dunbar relates complaints of Minas region merchants required to discount wares they supply to Annapolis Royal garrison

Sure that his own settlements will take years to actualize, Gov. Philipps envies way new "Province of Maine" governor attracts settlers

David Dunbar criticized for settlement names like "Province of Georgia" (it's Nova Scotia land) and "Fredericksburg" (which isn't English)

Fidelity oath (in French) signed by Annapolis Acadians, plus their address welcoming governor's written assurance of religious rights

1755 Acadian petition includes 1730 fidelity oath (in English) and testimony that Gov. Philipps promised them neutrality at that time

With brief French lesson, Trade Board says oath given to Annapolis Acadians doesn't actually require their fidelity to His Majesty

"Good management, plain reasoning and presents" - Philipps reports that Indigenous and French have submitted to British governance

Oath of allegiance signed by 591 of "the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia"

Philipps again appeals for adequate defence of Canso, pointing out its £30-40,000 value in duties and its 6–7 hours march from French forces

Philipps told issuing settler-requested £2,000 in paper money impossible "till you shall have an Assembly," and then with "very great caution"

David Dunbar worried about working in Nova Scotia, where people are afraid to travel and "are even insulted in their garrisons"

Philipps to assist in settling Irish and Palatines in defensible townships between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers (Note: "savage" used)

Fine and prison sentence set for "wild fellows who catch the horses in the fields and race them to the great detriment of the beasts"

Hudson's Bay Company employee reports on wild rice, good grass for hay, and thriving fruit trees (!) in Moose River country

Governors instructed not to seize whale products or discourage that fishery but "to encourage the same to the utmost of their power"

title: 1730 in Canada


text: User talk:203.87.98.23

title: User talk:203.87.98.23


text:
1731 in Canada

Events from the year 1731 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Osborn

Events

 * 1731: Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake established by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye. This was the first fort in La Verendrye's expansion of the "Posts of the West".
 * 1731-43: The La Verendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east.

Births

 * Richard Dobie, an early Canadian businessman and a sometimes partner of Benjamin Frobisher (died 1805).
 * November 7: Robert Rogers, army officer and author (died 1795).

Deaths

 * Robert Chevalier Beauchêne, adventurer in New France.

Historical documents
Pennsylvania lieutenant governor forwards 1718 study of French trade routes and "their Indians" and means to "prevent the designs of the French"

Pennsylvania lieutenant governor says his province and New York worry French are co-opting their frontiers and Indigenous people on them

New York vulnerable to French, who have fort at Crown Point, priests, and "people that runn amongst the Indians and are much like them"

New Hampshire survey finds "no Indians" in N.H. and some in eastern Massachusetts, and "extreamly numerous" French in Canada and Cape Breton

How Newfoundland fits into trade network of Middle Atlantic colonies, Indigenous people, Britain, Spain, Portugal and West Indies

Board of Trade advised that Newfoundland justice of the peace and fishing admiral have distinctly different powers, with former superior to latter

"The ignorant people are possess'd" - Clout of fishing admirals and others makes enforcement formidable for Newfoundland governor and justices

"The fear we are in" - Newfoundland justices of the peace characterize Irish Catholics and transported felons as especially dangerous

Nova Scotia has few English (besides military), no Blacks and about 800 Acadian families, who "are increas'd near one half" in 10 years

To avoid settlement delay, Nova Scotia leadership suggests simultaneous survey of forests reserved for Navy and land to be open to settlers

Nova Scotia acknowledges dependence on French currency and Boston paper money, and limited food resources with settlers expected

Nova Scotians claiming land that is unworked must show why it should not be disposed of for benefit of Crown and "fresh settlers"

"Ungovernable people" - Lieutenant governor distrusts holders of old French land grants, and thinks Acadian justices would inform on rest of Acadians

Nova Scotia Council agrees unanimously that Boston company should be allowed to mine coal at site near Cape Chignecto

Preponderant New England property owners prevent proper settlement in Canso, and thus schooners prevail over in-shore fishing

Canso fishery also varies from Newfoundland's because no inhabitants are involved (except in salt curing) and no servants nor soldiers fish

Prompted by 1731 Nova Scotia letter, Board of Trade notes "complaints of the very bad manner in which the Canso fish is cured"

Armstrong informs Council of his instructions "forbiding laying any Duty on Negroes or ffelons [sic] imported into this province

Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods in Maine finds "gentry" have "stragling manner of settlement" that provokes "insults of the Indians"

Dunbar warns "Indian deeds" imply "ye Indians have a right to dispose of all ye rest of ye lands" (while they say lands are inalienable)

Decision coming on Massachusetts claim to Nova Scotia land west of Penobscot River, but Dunbar should still add settlements east of there

Tract of land between Kennebec and St. Croix rivers determined to be under government of Massachusetts, and settler land claims there valid

title: 1731 in Canada


text:
1732 in Canada

Events from the year 1732 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Edward Falkingham

Events

 * 1732: Fort St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods was constructed by La Vérendrye's nephew, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and his eldest son Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye.
 * Charles-Michel Mesaiger was the first priest on Lake of the Woods and at Fort St. Charles.

Deaths

 * Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, Governor of Acadia

Historical documents
Frenchman says Louisbourg inhabitants mostly fish cod and do little farming because they get "all Necessaries in Exchange for their Fish"

Board of Trade wants Nova Scotia governor to forward old French documents concerning Acadia that he has or can obtain

Nova Scotia lieutenant governor calls for creation of assembly, "for without some statutes this Province can never be rightly setled"

Democratic reforms to include election and fiscal support of Acadian deputies by divisions of "familys" (rather than Nova Scotia governor)

Repairs needed to Annapolis Royal fort involve foundations, barracks, ramparts, riverside bastion, glacis and palisade

Councillor Mascarene to deal with Massachusetts government in ways that don't make Nova Scotia "in the least Subordinate" to it

Canso sees mostly New England and Nova Scotia fishers sailing sloops and schooners, and English ships bringing food and lading fish

Foreign markets are getting fish of lower quality because Canso shoremen don't cure fish well and ship masters accept half-cured fish

Three Canso justices of the peace and 77 merchants complain that local military damage fishery and obstruct authority

Board of Trade "wishes" any justices of the peace for French areas of Nova Scotia be Englishmen, as all JPs must take "the regular oaths"

Nova Scotia Council rejects Bishop of Quebec's jurisdiction over province and banishes priest who implemented it

Île-Royale governor St. Ovide writes Lt. Gov. Armstrong to introduce two missionaries "whom you ask for and the Bishop of Quebec has sent"

Lt. Gov. Armstrong surveys multiple French threat in Minas and Chignecto, Louisbourg, "Cape Gaspy" and "Island of St. John"

Armstrong refuses to let Catholic church in Annapolis Royal move back upriver, as massacre "by the Indians" led to move to A.R.

Île-Royale has great fishery ("no less than 7,000 fishermen") and Louisbourg fortifications (including 122 great guns over harbour)

Six French warships (one with 60 guns) at Louisbourg "are gone to carry Jews to settle the Island of St John's in the Gut of Canso"

Armstrong writes Massachusetts governor about French sway over "most powerful" Indigenous people in Nova Scotia, asking for his help

Armstrong reminded to grant land to settlers in tandem with Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods reserving forest acreage for naval use

Request for grant of land along Minas Channel in today's Cumberland County, N.S. to settle 200 Protestants over 10 years, rent-free

Nova Scotia Council settles land dispute by applying French custom giving family members first right of refusal in land sale

Nova Scotia challenged by Indigenous people who say British conquered Annapolis only and that rent is due from Chignecto colliery

From Maine, David Dunbar reports Indigenous people complain of not receiving presents and that he has asked Armstrong for reinforcements

Dunbar details French impact in Maine, including Canadian settlement and Governor General Beauharnois commissioning Penobscot chief

Privy Council orders Dunbar to "quitt the possession" of land between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers and end settlement effort

Amendment to fishing admiral act needed to allow Newfoundland governor to curb abuses, including conflict of interest, fraud and robbery

Newfoundlanders "generally subsist on salt provisions" from Ireland and American bread, flour, and cattle (plus few of their own breed)

Fogo, Twillingate, Bonavista, and Trinity Bay people take seals in nets — and furriers have "distroyed Indians" and vice versa

"Five flakes are generally esteemed a boat's room, extending from the sea backward 230 ft.;" registering them would prevent disputes

"A due subjection" to Commission of the Peace "has not been had" and several in places without prisons "dispise" justices' authority

Poole, England wants same duty-free status for Newfoundland whale products that is given to such from Davis Strait and region

Massachusetts governor Belcher mentions "French Mohawks" visiting him with "their Motion of coming to settle in this Province"

Fort built at Crown Point by French among "artful and illicit means" they have used to encroach on New York's trade and security

French to Shawnee: "The french, ye English, ye five nations, ye Delawares and you[...]are all now In peace and unity Like Brothers"

Convicted of murdering her newborn, woman in Quebec City is sentenced to public penance and hanging, with her body "disposed of as refuse"

title: 1732 in Canada


text:
1733 in Canada

Events from the year 1733 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Étienne Perier
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Edward Falkingham

Events

 * Vitus Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.

Births

 * Marie-Josephte Corriveau, criminal (died 1763)
 * François Baby, politician and businessman

Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company chief factor roams to expand trade, "to the Hazard of my Life," doubling number of skins from "Northern Indians"

HBC will sell for 1 beaver skin: 12 needles, 12 buttons, 6 thimbles, 2 scrapers, 1 lb. thread, or 3/4 lb. coloured beads

HBC mason rises above others' incompetence at Churchill River construction site, and sketches winter fishing, hunting and timber work

Extensive summary of century of English and French claims to Acadia supports French descendant's right to her property in Nova Scotia

French threat in Nova Scotia shows need for Palatines, Newfoundland "straglers," and soldiers with wives to help "peopling the countrey"

Lt. Gov. Armstrong orders troops to Minas and boat from Boston to prevent remote Nova Scotia becoming "more independent of the English"

Armstrong plans to employ surveyor "to make out a plan of the woods and lands in the Bay of Fundy" and elsewhere in Nova Scotia

Receiving ordnance at Annapolis, Armstrong calls for some at Canso, and also effort to undercut traders' prices to please Indigenous people

"Cope[...]Agreed to the Justness of their Demand" - Nova Scotia Council decides in favour of workers' wage demand from colliery management

Lt. Gov. Armstrong orders Nova Scotia Council members to address chair at their meetings, and not "Reproach and Reprimand one another"

"Redress" - New York governor Cosby rectifies fraud Corporation of Albany used to cheat Kanien’kéhà:ka of 1,000 acres of their land

Cosby explains how expanding settlement of northern New York requires "forts in places more advanced towards Canada"

Cosby recounts answering request from Île-Royale for emergency food supplies and comments on precarious condition of Louisbourg

In Newfoundland, "the New England traders do still continue to carry away numbers of fishermen and seamen"

"Generally trusted on the credit of their masters,[...]many [fishers run debts too high to pay and] endeavour to get to New England"

£500 sterling is penalty for any "ships belonging and bound to New England[...]to carry any men more than their ship's company"

There is winter "furring trade" in Trinity Bay and north of Cape Bonavista, "but I don't learn that they have any traffick with the Indians"

Contract between missionary priest and blacksmith who will work in the Wendat (Huron) village at Detroit (Note: "savages" used)

title: 1733 in Canada


text:
1734 in Canada

Events from the year 1734 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Edward Falkingham

Events

 * Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye establishes the first Fort Maurepas on the Red River about five leagues south of Lake Winnipeg, third of the main La Vérendrye posts. (Fort Saint Pierre on Rainy River; reactivated; Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods.)
 * A Montreal slave named Marie-Joseph Angelique learns that she is to be sold to someone else. Possibly, to obscure her attempt to escape, she may have set fire to the house of her mistress, Thérèse de Couagne. The fire could not be contained, causing damage to half of Old Montreal. She was charged, tried and hanged, bringing attention to the conditions of the slaves.

Births

 * January 10 – Fleury Mesplet, French-born Canadian printer
 * November 22 – Jean-Louis Besnard, merchant trader based out of Montreal

Deaths

 * June 21: Marie-Josèphe-Angélique, accused of setting a fire in April that burned part of Montréal.

Historical documents
Report of governor and intendant of Canada on Montreal fire for which enslaved Black woman "Angélique" was convicted and hanged

Jesuit priest describes fellow passengers on 80-day voyage to Canada, including louse-covered soldiers and transported criminals

Photo: Mauvide-Genest Manor on St. Lawrence River, built ca. 1734

Nova Scotia governor pronounces Acadians "proud, lazy, obstinate and untractable people, unskillful in the methods of Agriculture," etc.

Possible war with France leaves N.S. exposed to Île-Royale, Canada, Indigenous people and even oath-taking Acadians (Note: "savages" used)

Reacting to Indigenous people's complaints about lack of gifts, Gov. Philipps argues at length that they are not deserved

Nova Scotia Council decides it's good policy to accept oath of allegiance from "an half Indian" who is "an Active man amongst the Indians"

Nova Scotia lieutenant governor says Annapolis River highlands are "of a thin sandy soil" and not worth "inclosing"

Previously resisted by landowners in its path, order reissued for construction of road from Annapolis Royal to Minas

French deputies are to watch for "frauds" that are of "great prejudice of His Majesty's customs" at Saint John River and elsewhere

Council sentences man to fifty lashes with cat o' nine tails for stealing £3 note, and orders him to return money

Woman sentenced to ducking after she falsely charges murder against another woman, who gets sentence reduced to apology at church door

Bowling green opposite Fort Anne to be reserved for garrison officers and "all Other Gentlemen who may please to Contribute"

Regarding suspension of Council member, Lt. Gov. Armstrong is advised "not to be too nice or extreme in the infancy of a Colony"

Newfoundland defences are so weak that "a sloop of ten gunns and fifty men may take any harbour in the land," and 20 soldiers take St. John's

Newfoundland survey answers are much like last year's (when stated at all), except facts about Port aux Basques and its dangerous coast

William Taverner points out illegal fish, game and fur activity in Port aux Basques area by Île-Royale debtors, thieves and Indigenous people

Capt. Taverner warns that Innu (Montagnais) cross in boats to northwestern Newfoundland from New France every winter to take furs

"Alarmed with the Movements of the French and Indians on the Frontiers," New York Assembly appropriates money for fortifications

Kanien’kéhà:ka sachems remind New York governor that Albany tried to steal their land, and want him to accept that land in trust

Governor Cosby reports trusteeship of Kanien’kéhà:ka land, asserting deal's importance to Covenant Chain alliance with Six Nations

Petitioners want to settle Mohawk River tract that is "uninhabited, except by natives who are inconsiderable in number" and "friendly"

Gov. Cosby recommends sending smiths to maintain Six Nations' arms, as French do that and also provide lead, gunpowder and brandy

Virginia lieutenant governor wants settlement beyond mountains to thwart French incursions and, with control of Great Lakes, to split New France

New Hampshire seeks relief from debt of "long and destructive Indian warr" and its "expeditions against the French at Nova Scotia and Canada"

Legal advice: reject petition similar to those of Cabot and Raleigh "for propagating the Christian religion by very unchristian methods"

Linkage: ship arrives in Boston from Annapolis Royal where sloop from Louisbourg had news via ship from France of great battle on Rhine River

title: 1734 in Canada


text:
1735 in Canada

Events from the year 1735 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville

Events

 * Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau came to Fort St. Charles with Pierre La Vérendrye to carry out his duties as a missionary.

Full date unknown

 * Alexander McKee, agent for the Indian Department (died 1799)

Historical documents

 * Hudson's Bay Company charter allows it to impose its sovereignty (including making war) in lands "not possess'd by any Christian Power"
 * HBC employee describes Indigenous people's divination, and how his boss turned to them in 1735 when ship from England was overdue
 * Long description of activities and Christian customs of Haudenosaunee at Kahnawake (Note: racial stereotypes)
 * Pierre de la Vérendrye informs Gov. Beauharnois that Fort Maurepas on Red River near Lake Winnipeg has been built
 * Jesuit missionary afraid to go 3,600 miles to live alone with uncontacted Indigenous people "who dwell in holes" (Note: "savages" used)
 * Panis subject to enslavement in Canada by common practice, not formal law, and can be granted freedom (Note: "savages" used)
 * Intendant Gilles Hocquart reports two executions, for abduction and violence against six-year-old and for enslaved man's domestic thievery
 * Master carpenter to be paid for major job in Montreal with merchandise, four bottles of eau de vie, 30 bushels of wheat and cash
 * Brief details of defences and fishing fleets of Louisbourg and other French settlements in region
 * Fishers working banks near Canso may have single sloop or schooner catching 400-500 quintals or send out six to twelve boats or more
 * Previous complaints about poorly cured Canso fish arise because ships load fish before salt curing process is complete
 * Nova Scotia lieutenant governor Armstrong again repeats his requests for increased strength against subject Acadians and nearby French
 * Detailed reasons for settling Nova Scotia with numerous Protestants to protect northern limit of continental colonies against French
 * Detailed proposal for establishing settlers and civil government in Nova Scotia through trusteeship of "honble. and experienced persons"
 * Petition for poor London craftsmen to be settled in Nova Scotia with civil government (tied to petition for salt works in Bahamas)
 * Armstrong visits Minas and finds locals submissive "only from policy" while "inciting the Indians [—] those poor ignorant wretches"
 * "Stocks are Impaired & greatly deminished by such pernicious proceedings" - exporting cattle prohibited except through Annapolis Royal or Canso
 * Acadian deputies can't, as Catholics, execute Council orders, which it fixes by having them made constables "in their own privite affairs"
 * Council committee sets cordwood price after Armstrong declares overcharging French are entitled only to wood they personally need
 * "Some people here tell stories of Indians have been seen some years ago[...]nor did I see one person in Newfoundland had ever seen an Indian"
 * "This day was laid the first Stone of the Fortification here [in Schenectady, New York] under the discharge of the great Guns"
 * New York governor Cosby "laid hold of the people's apprehensions" to convince them money had to be spent on defence, no matter their "poverty"
 * Board of Trade suggests to Privy Council that Massachusetts pay for defences of Pemaquid, which has only eastern fort to check French
 * Gov. Belcher reports success in peace talks with "Cagnawagas," and suggests outlawing private trading to end cheating done to "Eastern Indians"

title: 1735 in Canada


text:
User talk:Kaelia

Hi there Kaelia. Welcome to Wikipedia! When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 04:42, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Confuflux
Thanks for adding Confuflux to July 15. I had been adding the Discordian Holydays to each day as they came up, but I was busy and missed Confuflux entirely. DenisMoskowitz 15:44, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC)

So ahhh, did you just delete my crucial article Vincent Chiappini? Not cool, "Kaelia."

Nude photographs
With reference to the discussion page of the Woman article, there is some debate of the suitability of the "Frau" image as the lead photograph. Consensus seems to be that the photograph should be nude, as being one way to overcome any cultural specificity, but we then run into the problem that any specific female photograph is going to represent one particular ethnicity/age/body shape etc.

Finding a free license nude image of a group of sufficiently diverse women would seem to be difficult, but I ask in all seriousness whether there would be a diverse group of female editors at Wikimania 2006 willing to pose for a tasteful group portrait in order to illustrate the article and thereby represent their half of the species? Likewise men, I suppose, though the Da Vinci image used there seems less contentious. --Jumbo 02:12, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

An invitation to join WikiProject Ohio
 Hi, you are listed under Category:Wikipedians in Ohio or one of its subcategories. WikiProject Ohio has been slowing down and we're looking for active Ohioans to turn that around! But first, let us introduce ourselves; we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to Ohio and we're sure there's somewhere you'll fit in just fine. The project's departments include article quality assessment: We have over 5,000 articles to assess for class alone, newsletter writing: This has been delayed by a few months, and new page patrolling: Which has also been slowing down. We also have a newly formed taskforce on our over 1,000 townships at WP:OHTWP.

We have 132 members, many of which are not active within the project. If you are listed there and still received this message please accept the auotmated porcess's apologies. If you are interested in joining us please list you name here. If you're not interested please note this is a one time invite and you will never hear from us again.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave a message at our talkpage or with any member of the project, we'll be happy to answer any of your questions. We look forward to seeing you around!

Delivered by: §hepBot  ( Disable )  04:08, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The first Wikipedian meetup in Ohio
Thanks! --Rkitko (talk) 21:10, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

You're invited! Great Buckeye Wiknic 2016

Hello there! You are invited to attend the Great Buckeye Wiknic in Columbus, Ohio on Sunday, July 10th from 1:00 to 5:00 PM! Join us for a day in the park for food and socializing with others from the Wikimedia movement. We'll be meeting up at Fred Beekman Park, a park on Ohio State University's campus.

If you're interested, please take a look at our events page for more information, including parking info, food options, and available activities. If you plan on attending, please add your name to the attendees list. We look forward to seeing you!

If you have any questions, feel free to leave one on my talk page. Thanks! ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 05:39, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

(Note: If you would like to stop receiving notifications regarding Wikimedia events around Ohio, you may remove your username from this list.)

title: User talk:Kaelia


text:
1737 in Canada

Events from the year 1737 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville

Events

 * Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 15, 1701 Died December 28, 1771) and some friends in Montreal, begin taking in the poor and educating abandoned children.

Full date unknown

 * Matonabbee, leading Indian (d.1782)

Deaths

 * 29 September - Joseph Adams, chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. (b. 1700)

Historical documents
Ways French try to surpass British include linking Canada and Louisiana through wheat- and lead-rich Great Lakes province called "Hanois(e)"

Intendant says Canadians "have a too-high opinion of Themselves [to achieve] the success they are capable of in the arts, Agriculture and Commerce"

French priest gets tough with shipwreck victims, calling their despair criminal in eyes of God, to whom they should offer their pain

Shipwrecked priest learns respect for Indigenous people "whom a false prejudice makes us suppose incapable of thinking or reasoning"

Ship carrying sugar from Jamaica to London loses 17 drowned plus one of three who made it to shore after it wrecks on Sable Island

Minas Indigenous people are accused of forcing sloop captain and crew to give up trade cargo worth £1,546 New England currency

Pre-teen servant confesses to intentionally burning his master's house, and Council delays judgment pending legal advice from Boston

Board of Trade submits proposal for settlement of Nova Scotia under trustee-appointed council until assembly and government can be established

Unemployed London carpenters and other artisans request free passage to and 200-acre grants in 14-miles-square township in Nova Scotia

King's rent collector must: take in quit-rents, fines and arrearages; note all sales, exchanges and wills; and "take a Particular Account" of strangers

In Nova Scotia, "all discoverers of mines or minerals [will have] an equal share with those who own and work them"

Noting his seizure of smugglers' ship in Newfoundland, Navy captain hopes new admiralty court there will end such long-practised trade

Mission society has missionaries at Trinity Bay, Newf. and Albany, N.Y. ("to the Mohawk-Indians") and schoolmasters at Annapolis Royal and Canso

Trinity Bay can't support its missionary after "catching little Fish for two or three Voyages, and selling at a bad Market"

Massachusetts governor gives brief details of military assets in Canada, and warns of danger to trade and Indigenous relations

Gov. Belcher reports good results from talks and local contacts with Penobscot, citing benefit of "honestly and justly" observing treaties

New York lieutenant governor will meet Six Nations to renew treaties and "keep them from" allowing French fort in Seneca country

N.Y. lieutenant governor reports complaint from Gov. Beauharnois and query to Oswego officer about shooting at French canoe passing by

Arthur Dobbs calls Hudson's Bay Company's 1736 bid to find Northwest Passage "idle or faulty," and company "unwilling to make the Attempt"

title: 1737 in Canada


text:
1738 in Canada

Events from the year 1738 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville

Events

 * Smallpox strikes the Cherokee in the U.S. Southeast, killing almost half the population. Smallpox also reaches tribes in western Canada.
 * Esther Brandeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion.
 * Fort Rouge (the fort), built on the Assiniboine River near the Forks.
 * Fort La Reine, one of the forts of the Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye western expansion, was built. It was located on the Assiniboine River near where present day Portage la Prairie stands.
 * Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye travelled southwest from Fort La Reine to the area of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota.

Births

 * June 25 - Thomas Peters, black soldier and leader (died 1792)

Historical documents
New York colonial officials describe French military assets

New York lieutenant governor warns against new French settlement and treaty with Senecas for fort that will end trade at Oswego

Regarding greater settlement of Nova Scotia, Council gives reasons it has not been possible (and it is not because they are military men)

Settlers with cattle have arrived on Sable Island, and will "Succour, Help and Releive[sic]" any shipwreck victims tossed up there

Tired of "meeting daily and almost constantly" to address litigious people's "frivolous and undigested Complaints," Council sets sittings

Lieutenant governor Armstrong tells official to act with "Lenity, Good humour and[...]live as Peaceably and Quietly with all men as possible"

Many of 8,000 men in Newfoundland fishery are "fresh land-men" who through hard work and weather "become pretty good sailors"

Newfoundland will begin prosecuting capital offences, sparing testifiers expensive trip to British court and loss of year's fishing

Newfoundland governor reports opposition to Irish Catholic immigrants for criminality and danger they pose to Protestants in any war

Cree promise La Vérendrye they will not trade at York Factory, and he builds fort at portage on which people "go to the English"

Program of events celebrating Pierre Gaultier de la Vérendrye's 1738 arrival in what is now Winnipeg

Chief factor at Churchill reports that many "Northern Indians" were "put to such Streights in the Winter" that many "perished with Hunger"

Correspondents discuss apparent but not yet accepted need to find Northwest Passage, and ways to increase enthusiasm for it

title: 1738 in Canada


text:
1740 in Canada

Events from the year 1740 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Medley

Events

 * 1740s: The Mandan Indians west of the Great Lakes begin to trade in horses descended from those brought to Texas by the Spanish. Itinerant Assiniboine Indians bring them from Mandan settlements to their own territories southwest of Lake Winnipeg.
 * 1740-1748: The War of the Austrian Succession, with the American counterpart King George's War.

Deaths

 * August 20 : François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière, bishop of Quebec (b. 1711).

Historical documents
Description of making and using Mi'kmaw canoes, both moosehide (in past) and birchbark currently used

Woman in Montreal who needs money sells enslaved 20-year-old Pawnee named Manon for 300 livres "in receipts from the Beaver trade"

In spring and summer, Joseph La France canoes Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, meeting Monsoni Ojibwe and "Sturgeon Indians"

Suffering from gout, Jesuit ministers to Indigenous people, parish of 400 and distant members of his flock near Montreal (Note: "savages" used)

Council president Paul Mascarene "notifies the Indians and inhabitants" of Nova Scotia that King has declared war on King of Spain

To preserve "Indulgence they have heitherto Enjoyed," Acadians are reminded to conform to government orders and decisions

Mascarene letter (summary) ends with warning to Acadians to be loyal or face reaction that "will involve the innocent with the guilty"

Acadian deputies to handle "restless spirits" so that "community may not make itself suspected, and avoid the ruin which may overtake it"

Mascarene specifies some civil service roles, and is concerned that in "these thirty years past," Protestants have not peopled Nova Scotia

Handling Acadians' need for new land when it is allowed only to Protestants means letting them take land anyway or expelling them

Fearing unauthorized priest will direct when "a stroke" is to be given their government, Council decides his community must expel him

Priests forbidden to excommunicate "Whereby to Deprive His Majesty's Subjects[...]of Assistance or means To Procure their Livelyhood"

Mascarene advises missionary priest of King's supremacy over both Catholic Church and his conduct in Nova Scotia

Mascarene reports that some shippers into and out of Nova Scotia are not clearing with port authorities

"Succeeded far above our Expectations" - "Indian trade" at Oswego has undercut prices at Montreal by half and increased trade fivefold

"Be always on your Guard" - Hudson's Bay Company urges Bay staff to be prepared for (probably unlikely) attack by Spanish

Given war with Spain and perhaps France, chief factor at Prince of Wales Fort cancels next year's northern expedition in order to augment defences

title: 1740 in Canada


text:
Mislinja (river)

The Mislinja is a river in the northern part of Slovenia. It is 36 km long. It flows through Mislinja and Slovenj Gradec and empties from the right into the Meža River north of the village of Otiški Vrh near Dravograd, only a couple hundred meters before the Meža joins the Drava River.

Name
The name Mislinja is derived from the phrase *Myslin'a (voda) (literally, 'Myslinъ's creek'), thus referring to a person or people living along the watercourse. The hypocorism *Myslinъ is derived from the personal name *Myslь. The town of Mislinja is named after the river.

title: Mislinja (river)


text:
Dental floss

Dental floss is a cord of thin filaments used in interdental cleaning to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth or places a toothbrush has difficulty reaching or is unable to reach. Its regular use as part of oral cleaning is intended to maintain oral health.

Use of floss is recommended to prevent gingivitis and the build-up of plaque. The American Dental Association claims that up to 80% of plaque can be removed by flossing, and it may confer a particular benefit in individuals with orthodontic devices. However, empirical scientific evidence demonstrating the clinical benefit of flossing as an adjunct to routine tooth brushing alone remains limited.

A Japanese macaque and long-tailed macaques have been observed in the wild and in captivity flossing with human hair and feathers.

History
Levi Spear Parmly (1790-1859), a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss. In 1819, he recommended running a waxen silk thread "through the interstices of the teeth, between their necks and the arches of the gum, to dislodge that irritating matter which no brush can remove and which is the real source of disease." He considered this the most important part of oral care. Floss was not commercially available until 1882, when the Codman and Shurtleft company started producing unwaxed silk floss. In 1898, the Johnson & Johnson Corporation received the first patent for dental floss that was made from the same silk material used by doctors for silk stitches.

One of the earliest depictions of the use of dental floss in literary fiction is found in James Joyce's famous novel Ulysses (serialized 1918–1920), but the adoption of floss was low before World War II. During the war, nylon floss was developed by physician Charles C. Bass. Nylon floss was found to be better than silk because of its greater abrasion resistance and ability to be produced in great lengths and at various sizes.

Floss became part of American and Canadian daily personal dental care routines in the 1970s.

Use
Dental professionals recommend that a person floss once per day before or after brushing to reach the areas that the brush will not and allow the fluoride from the toothpaste to reach between the teeth. Floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 100 meters of floss. After pulling out approximately 40 cm of floss, the user pulls it against a blade in the dispenser to cut it off. The user then strings the piece of floss on a fork-like instrument, or holds it between their fingers using both hands with about 1–2 cm of floss exposed. The user guides the floss between each pair of teeth and gently curves it against the side of the tooth in a 'C' shape and guides it under the gumline. This removes particles of food stuck between teeth and dental plaque that adhere to dental surfaces below the gumline.

Types
Various dental flosses are commonly used in many forms, including waxed, unwaxed monofilaments and multifilaments. Dental floss that is made of monofilaments coated in wax slides easily between teeth, does not fray and is generally higher in cost than its uncoated counterparts. The most important difference between available dental flosses is thickness. Waxed and unwaxed floss are available in varying widths. Studies have shown that there is no difference in the effectiveness of waxed and unwaxed dental floss, but some waxed types of dental floss are said to contain antibacterial agents and/or sodium fluoride. Factors to consider in choosing a floss include the amount of space between teeth and user preference. Dental tape is a type of floss that is wider and flatter than conventional floss. Dental tape is recommended for people with larger tooth surface area.

The ability of different types of dental floss to remove dental plaque does not vary significantly; the least expensive floss has essentially the same impact on oral hygiene as the most expensive.

Factors to be considered when choosing the right floss or whether the use of floss as an interdental cleaning device is appropriate may be based on:
 * The tightness of the contact area: determines the width of floss
 * The contour of the gingival tissue
 * The roughness of the interproximal surface
 * The user's manual dexterity and preference: to determine if a supplemental device is required

Specialized plastic wands, or floss picks, have been produced to hold the floss. These may be attached to or separate from a floss dispenser. While wands do not pinch fingers like regular floss can, using a wand may be awkward and can also make it difficult to floss at all the angles possible with regular floss. These types of flossers also run the risk of missing the area under the gum line that needs to be flossed. On the other hand, the enhanced reach of a wand can make flossing the back teeth easier.

Dental floss is the most frequently recommended cleaning aid for teeth sides with a normal gingiva contour in which the spaces between teeth are tight and small. The dental term 'embrasure space' describes the size of the triangular-shaped space immediately under the contact point of two teeth. The size of the embrasure space is useful in selecting the most appropriate interdental cleaning aid. There are three interproximal embrasure types or classes as described below:

 * Type I – the gums fills embrasure space completely
 * Type II – the gums partially fills embrasure space
 * Type III – the gums do not fill embrasure space

The table below describes the types of interdental non-powered self-care products available.

The table below describes the different types of Interdental powered self-care products available.

Evidence
The American Dental Association has stated that flossing in combination with brushing of teeth can help prevent gum disease and halitosis.

However, evidence favoring commonplace use of floss remains limited. A 2008 systematic review concluded that adjunct flossing was no more effective than tooth brushing alone in reducing plaque or gingivitis. The authors concluded that routine instruction of flossing in gingivitis patients as helpful adjunct therapy is not supported by scientific evidence, and that flossing recommendations should be made by dental professionals on an individual basis.

A 2011 Cochrane Database systematic review identified "some evidence from 12 studies that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone", and "weak, very unreliable evidence from 10 studies that flossing plus tooth brushing may be associated with a small reduction in plaque at 1 and 3 months." Studies of flossing behavior are based on self-report and many people do not floss properly. A 2006 review of 6 studies in which professionals flossed the teeth of school children over a period of 1.7 years showed a 40% reduction in the risk of tooth decay.

More recently, a 2019 Cochrane Database systematic review compared toothbrushing alone to interdental cleaning devices, and also compared flossing to other interdental cleaning methods. In all, 35 randomized control trials met the criteria for inclusion, with all but 2 studies at high risk for performance bias. The authors concluded that "overall, the evidence was low to very low certainty, and the effect sizes observed may not be clinically important."

As many authors note, the efficacy of flossing may be highly variable based on individual preference, technique, and motivation. Moreover, flossing may be a relatively more difficult and tedious method of interdental cleaning compared to an interdental brush.

Exclusion from US Dietary Guidelines in 2015
There was a controversy when the 2015 United States Dietary Guidelines for Americans did not include a recommendation about flossing. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture publish Dietary Guidelines for Americans every five years. Guidelines published in 2000, 2005 and 2010 recommended flossing as part of a combined approach to preventing dental diseases. The 2010 Guidelines mention flossing once in 95 pages, in 2005 the word also appears once in 71 pages and it appears twice in the 38-page 2000 document.

In August 2016, an Associated Press (AP) article titled "Medical benefits of dental floss unproven" reported on the omission of flossing from the 2015 document. The article tied the omission to the AP's Freedom of Information Request to the departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture where it asked for the scientific evidence behind the Guidelines' flossing recommendation noting that "The guidelines must be based on scientific evidence, under the law." The story was picked up by other news organizations including The New York Times in an article entitled "Feeling Guilty About Not Flossing? Maybe There's No Need".

The American Dental Association contacted the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services about the omission and reported that the omission of the flossing recommendation was due to the fact that the Dietary Guidelines chose to focus on diet and that the omission was not because the Department questions the efficacy of flossing. As reported by Medscape

"An HHS spokesperson explained in an e-mailed statement that "since neither the 2010 nor 2015 Advisory Committees reviewed evidence on brushing and flossing teeth, the authors of the current edition decided not to carry forward the information on brushing and flossing included in past editions of the guidelines. By doing so, they were not implying that this is not an important oral hygiene practice. It is also important to note that, although dental floss was mentioned in past editions of the Guidelines, it was most likely identified as a supporting recommendation along with brushing teeth, with the primary emphasis being on the nutrition-based recommendation to reduce added sugars." The 2010 guidelines mention flossing only once, as one of the components of an oral health regimen."

A website managed by a maker of dental floss referred to the entire episode as "Flossgate".

Floss for orthodontic appliances
Orthodontic appliances, such as brackets, wires, and bands, can harbor plaque with more virulent changes in bacterial composition, which can ultimately cause a reduction in periodontal health as indicated by increased gingival recession, bleeding on probing, and plaque retention measurements. Furthermore, fixed appliances makes plaque control more challenging and restricts the natural cleaning action of the tongue, lips, and cheek to remove food and bacterial debris from tooth surfaces, and also creates new plaque stagnation areas that stimulate the colonisation of pathogenic bacteria. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment may be recommended to maintain a high level of plaque control through not only conscientious toothbrushing, but also proximal surface cleaning via interdental aids, with dental floss being the most recommended by dental professionals. Notably, small-scale clinical studies have demonstrated that dental floss, when used correctly, may lead to clinically significant improvements in proximal gingival health.

Floss threader
A floss threader is loop of fiber that is shaped in order to produce better handling characteristics. It is (similar to fishing line) used to thread floss into small, hard to reach sites around teeth. Threaders are sometimes required to floss with dental braces, fix retainers, and bridge.

Floss pick
A floss pick is a disposable oral hygiene device generally made of plastic and dental floss. The instrument is composed of two prongs extending from a thin plastic body of high-impact polystyrene material. A single piece of floss runs between the two prongs. The body of the floss pick generally tapers at its end in the shape of a toothpick. There are two types of angled floss picks in the oral care industry, the Y-shaped angle and the F-shaped angle floss pick. At the base of the arch where the "Y" begins to branch there is a handle for gripping and maneuvering before it tapers off into a pick.

Floss picks are manufactured in a variety of shapes, colors and sizes for adults and children. The floss can be coated in fluoride, flavor or wax.

History of floss pick
In 1888, B.T. Mason wrapped a fibrous material around a toothpick and dubbed it the "combination tooth pick." In 1916, J.P. De L'eau invented a dental floss holder between two vertical poles. In 1935, F.H. Doner invented what today's consumer knows as the Y-shaped angled dental appliance. In 1963, James B. Kirby invented a tooth-cleaning device that resembles an archaic version of today's F-shaped floss pick.

In 1972, an inventor named Richard L. Wells found a way to attach floss to a single pick end. In the same year, another inventor named Harry Selig Katz came up with a method of making a disposable dental floss tooth pick.

title: Dental floss


text:
1741 in Canada

Events from the year 1741 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Medley

Events

 * First Fort Dauphin, was built near Winnipegosis, Manitoba.
 * Vitus Bering, in service of Russia, reaches Alaska; Russians soon trade with natives for sea otter pelts.
 * Alexei Chirikof, with Bering expedition, sights land on July 15; the Europeans had found Alaska.
 * Russians Vitus Bering and Aleksi Cherikov 'discover' Alaska and bring back fur skins (Bering shipwrecked on return and died); the Fur Rush is on.
 * The lives of early Alaskans remained basically unchanged for thousands of years, until Russian sailors, led by Danish explorer Vitus Bering, sighted Alaska's mainland in 1741.
 * The Russians were soon followed by British, Spanish, and American adventurers. But it was the Russians who stayed to trade for the pelts of sea otters and other fur-bearing animals, interjecting their own culture and staking a strong claim on Alaska. Once the fur trade declined, however, the Russians lost interest in this beautiful though largely unexplored land.
 * Fort Bourbon established near present-day Grand Rapids, Manitoba.
 * François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil appointed commandant at Fort Kaministiquia.

Births

 * 6 June - Denis Viger, businessman and politician
 * 19 September - Jacob Jordan, businessman and politician
 * 3 November - Joshua Upham, lawyer, judge and politician
 * 6 November - Joseph-Laurent Bertrand, priest

Historical documents
Sloop "Sarah" (Abraham Brasher, captain) lands in Newfoundland with enslaved people purchased in New York

Wanting new trade and discoveries, Hudson's Bay Company countermands Chief Factor Richard Norton's order to stop search for Northwest Passage

Captain seeking Northwest Passage ordered to "cultivate a Friendship and Alliance" with Indigenous people living by "Western American Ocean"

Hudson's Bay Company states objections to Capt. Middleton visiting their forts while searching for Northwest Passage

After much fruitless proselytizing, Jesuit missionary converts everyone at "Mission of l'Assomption among the Hurons" (Note: "savages" used)

Haudenosaunee who bring enslaved Chickasaw to Kahnawake no longer burn them, but adopt and convert them (Note: "savages" used)

Board of Trade warned that Acadians smuggle commodities (sometimes "whole droves of Cattle") to Île-Royale via many east coast harbours

Nova Scotia Council "follow the Antient laws & Customs" of Acadians, except where royal rights or British laws are involved

Council president Paul Mascarene says priests cannot govern "the Temporall by the Spirituall, Incroaching [and] Endeavouring" to rule parishes

Among many warnings, Mascarene says if Acadians devalue British leniency, "we shall find a way to make them repent [slighting] so good an offer"

Council secretary's widow needs his debtors to pay up so she can buy merchandise in Boston to sell and pay his debts

New York lieutenant governor calls for funding of new chapel for Kanien’kéhà:ka, as requested by their sachems

Deed by which Seneca sachems sell large tract of land in Albany County, New York to Crown

Example of music (notes and lyrics) of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia

title: 1741 in Canada