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Pont de Sèvres station

Pont de Sèvres station is a station of the Paris Métro on Line 9, serving as its western terminus. It is located near the Pont de Sèvres, which is a bridge on the Seine connecting to Sèvres.

History
The station opened on 3 February 1934 with the extension from Porte de Saint-Cloud station. It was the first extension of the métro network beyond the limits of Paris. Hence, it is one of the first three stations to provide service to the inner suburbs of Paris (along with Billancourt and Marcel Sembat).

In 1943, during an Allied air raid aimed at destroying the Renault factories at Boulogne-Billancourt (on Seguin Island), the bombs missed their targets and caused 300 deaths, including 80 around the station, partially destroying it.

In 2017, construction started on line 15's station and is expected to open in 2025 as part of the Grand Paris Express project and is currently projected to open in late 2025 as of August 2021. The underground station will be located on the bank of the Seine.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,048,247 passengers, making it the 79th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,651,763 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 69th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,430,203 passengers, making it the 83rd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 3 accesses:

 * Access 1: Forum Pont de Sèvres Île Seguin
 * Access 2: quai Alphonse Gallo Sous-Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine
 * Access 3: rue de Bellevue

Platforms
The station has a particular arrangement specific to the stations serving or had served as a terminus. It has three tracks and two platforms. The side platform serves as the arrival platform while the island platform serves as the departure platform. However, during off-peak hours, arriving trains may be directed to the island platform where the passengers can then get off. A luminous display on the platform indicates the side of the platform the next train will depart from.

Other connections
Since 2 July 1997, the station has been served by tramway T2 via the nearby Musée de Sèvres tram station on the Seine's left bank.

The station is also served by the following bus networks:

 * RATP bus network: lines 169, 171, 179, 291, 426, and 467
 * Vélizy Vallées bus network: lines 6140 and 6142
 * Hourtoule bus network: line 17
 * SAVAC bus network: line 39.34
 * Noctilien: lines N12 and N61

Nearby

 * Manufacture nationale de Sèvres (National Ceramics Museum)
 * Parc de Saint-Cloud

title: Pont de Sèvres station


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Billancourt station

Billancourt is a station of the Paris Métro, located in the commune of Boulogne-Billancourt. It is named after the nearby rue de Billancourt, which was in turn named after the former village of Billancourt which was annexed in 1859 into the commune of Boulogne-Billancourt.

History
The station opened on 3 February 1934 with the extension of the line from Porte de Saint-Cloud to Pont de Sèvres, which was the first extension of the métro network beyond the limits of Paris. Hence, it is one of the first three stations to provide service to the inner suburbs of Paris (along with Marcel Sembat and Pont de Sèvres).

As part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors was renovated and modernised on 26 July 2001.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,099,341 passengers, making it the 164th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,525,990 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 173rd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,967,532 passengers, making it the 180th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 4 accesses divided into 5 access points on either side of the avenue du Général-Leclerc.

 * Access 1: rue de la Ferme
 * Access 2: rue de Billancourt
 * Access 3: rue Castéjà
 * Access 4: rue de Silly

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 389 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N61 bus of the Noctilien network.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Billancourt station


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Marcel Sembat station

Marcel Sembat is a station of the Paris Métro. It is named after the nearby place Marcel Sembat which was named after the journalist Marcel Sembat (1862–1922) who was a director of the socialist review La Petite République from 1892 to 1897 and husband of the painter Georgette Agutte from 1897 until their deaths in 1922. He was also the Minister of Public Works from 1914 to 1916 as well as socialist deputy for the 18th arrondissement of Paris's Grandes-Carrières district from 1893 till his death in 1922.

History
The station opened on 3 February 1934 with the extension from Porte de Saint-Cloud to Pont de Sèvres, which was the first extension of the métro network beyond the limits of Paris. Hence, it is one of the first three stations to provide service to the inner suburbs of Paris (along with Billancourt and Pont de Sèvres).

As part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors was renovated and modernised on 23 April 2004.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,521,946 passengers, making it the 73rd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,845,520 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 59th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,874,792 passengers, making it the 62nd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 7 accesses divided into 8 access points:

 * Access 1: avenue Victor Hugo (with an ascending escalator)
 * Access 2: place Marcel-Sembat
 * Access 3: avenue Édouard Vaillant
 * Access 4: rue des Quatre Cheminées Patinoire Municipale
 * Access 5: avenue André Morizet
 * Access 6: rue Rieux
 * Access 7: rue Danjou

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 42, 123, 126, 175, and 571 (SUBB) (Boucle Nord) of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12, N61, and N45 of the Noctilien network.

title: Marcel Sembat station


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Porte de Saint-Cloud station

Porte de Saint-Cloud is a station of Line 9 the Paris Métro. The station is named after the Porte de Saint-Cloud, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers Wall of Paris, which led to the town of Saint-Cloud. It serves the Parc des Princes, a stadium and home of the Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

History
The station opened on 28 September 1923 with the extension of the line from Exelmans, serving as its western terminus until its extension to Pont de Sèvres in 1934. A track exists to the west of the station in a tunnel called Voie Murat which leads to the ghost station of Porte Molitor, ultimately connecting to the southwest of the Auteuil loop on Line 10. It also leads to the Auteuil workshops.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,174,694 passengers, making it the 77th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,576,290 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 80th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,485,946 passengers, making it the 78th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 6 accesses:

 * Access 1: Parc des Princes
 * Access 2: avenue Édouard-Vaillant Boulogne Billancourt
 * Access 3: avenue Georges-Lafont
 * Access 4: rue Gudin
 * Access 5: avenue de Versailles
 * Access 6: boulevard Murat

Platforms
The station has a particular arrangement specific to the stations serving or had served as a terminus. It has 4 tracks divided amongst 2 island platforms and 1 side platform. Trains from Mairie de Montreuil can only stop on the northernmost track (the side platform) while trains from Pont de Sèvres usually stop on the southernmost track, although it occasionally uses the two central tracks either for long-term stabling or to allow short-working trips to turn back trains to Mairie de Montreuil for passenger services to allow for a higher frequency along that stretch.

Other connections
The station is also served by the following bus networks:

 * RATP bus network: lines 22, 42, 62, 72, 175, 189, 289, and PC
 * Sénart bus network : line 54
 * Noctilien: lines N12 and N61

Nearby

 * Fontaines de la porte de Saint-Cloud
 * Hôpital Henri-Dunant
 * Lycée Claude-Bernard
 * Parc des Princes
 * Stade Pierre-de-Coubertin

title: Porte de Saint-Cloud station


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Exelmans station

Exelmans is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. It owes its name to its proximity to boulevard Exelmans, which was in turn named after Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans (1775-1852), a general of Napoleon's cavalry.

History
The station opened on 8 November 1922 with the opening of the initial section of the line from Trocadéro and served as its eastern terminus until the line was further extended to Porte de Saint-Cloud the following year.

As part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors was renovated and modernised on 11 December 2007. A small exhibit on the singer Claude François who had lived nearby in the past was also removed as part of the programme.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,102,492 passengers, making it the 239th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,055,609 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 236th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,607,223 passengers, making it the 219th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 3 accesses:

 * Access 1: boulevard Exelmans
 * Access 2: rue Michel-Ange (with a rare Val d'Osne totem)
 * Access 3: rue Claude-Lorrain Hôpital Henry Dunant

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 62 (only in the direction of Porte de France) and 88  of  the RATP bus network.

title: Exelmans station


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Jasmin station

Jasmin is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro. It serves Rue Jasmin in the 16th arrondissement. The station was first used with the opening of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

History
The station was opened on 8 November 1922. It is named after the French poet Jacques Jasmin (born Jacques Boé; 1798–1864), called the wig-maker poet, whose works in Langue d’oc were the precursor of the Félibrige, the literary movement of Provençal.

Rue Jasmin is a section of the old Rue de la Cure. This was a reference to the medical cures claimed for the mineral springs of the former vineyards of the surrounding suburb of Auteuil.

As part of RATP's metro renewal programme, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated by 28 June 2005.

On March 20, 2018, half of the name plates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP to celebrate the arrival of spring, as in five other stations. Taking up the surname of Jasmin in capital letters, the new plates are decorated with motifs representing white jasmine.

In 2019, 1,935,764 passengers entered this station, which placed it in the 249th place of metro stations for its attendance out of 302. In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 1,017,366 passengers entered this station, which placed it in the 239th position of metro stations for its attendance. In 2021, attendance gradually increased, with 1,418,238 passengers entering this station which placed it in the 243rd position of metro stations for its attendance out of 304.

Access
The station has two accesses, each consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Dervaux type balustrade:
 * access 1 - Rue Jasmin, consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Val d'Osne style candelabra, leading to the right of No. 78 Avenue Mozart, at the corner with Rue de l'Yvette facing No. 2 of the latter;
 * access 2 - Rue Ribera, consisting of an escalator allowing only an exit, located to the right of no. 85 avenue Mozart, at the corner of Rue Ribera facing no. 47 thereof.

The old switch-room in the station was established in the form of a mezzanine overlooking the tracks, a rare situation that it shares only with the following two metro stations in the direction of Mairie de Montreuil, Ranelagh and La Muette. Thus, the platforms are visible from the old-switch room and the information counters. The latter was one of the few style of the 1970s to survive until the 2010s.

Platform
Jasmin is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the 2000s metro revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the straight walls, vault, tunnel exits and corridor outlets. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the style of the original CMP. The Motte style seats are red. The decoration of the platforms is completely identical to that of the nearby metro station, Ranelagh.

A cultural poster on the poet Jasmin is affixed on the platform in the direction of Mairie de Montreuil.

Bus connections
The station has only one connection with line 22 of the RATP Bus Network, in the direction of Opéra only.

title: Jasmin station


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Equisetales

Equisetales is an order of subclass Equisetidae with only one living family, Equisetaceae, containing the genus Equisetum (horsetails), as well as a variety of extinct groups, including the tree-like Calamitaceae.

Classification
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Equisetales, in its present circumscription, was held to be the sole member of class Equisetopsida. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009) which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida, made it the sole member of subclass Equisetidae, equivalent to Smith's Equisetopsida. The placement of Equisetales in subclass Equisetidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).

The fossil record includes additional extinct species in Equisetaceae and the extinct families Calamitaceae, Archaeocalamitaceae and Phyllothecaceae.

Cladogram after Elgorriaga et al, 2018.

title: Equisetales


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Ranelagh station (Paris Métro)

Ranelagh is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro located in the 16th arrondissement.

It is named after the nearby rue de Ranelagh, which in turn was named after Lord Ranelagh, an Irish peer and amateur musician, who built a rotunda for concerts in his park, Ranelagh Gardens, in Chelsea in 1750 and after whom the affluent Dublin suburb of Ranelagh is named. A similar establishment, the Jardin du Ranelagh was established on the grounds of the Château de la Muette in 1774. The place was fashionable under Marie Antoinette, under the Directory and then again under the Restoration. It disappeared in 1858 with the creation of the Bois de Boulogne.

History
The station opened on 8 November 1922 as part of the initial section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 28 April 2004.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,314,539 passengers, making it the 222nd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,234,203 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 206th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,779,206 passengers, making it the 199th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has two accesses:

 * Access 1: avenue Mozart
 * Access 2: rue du Ranelagh

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The ticket barriers and passenger information counter located at the mezzanine overlooks the tracks, a uncommon situation it shares only with La Muette and Jasmin, which the station is located in between.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 22, 52 (only in the direction of Opéra), and 70 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Jardin du Ranelagh
 * Lycée Molière
 * Maison de la Radio et de la Musique
 * Petite Ceinture du 16e
 * Seychelles Embassy
 * Théâtre Le Ranelagh

title: Ranelagh station (Paris Métro)


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La Muette station

La Muette is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro, in France, named after  the Chaussée de la Muette, a nearby street. The station opened on 8 November 1922 with the opening of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

The Chaussée de la Muette is named after the Château de la Muette, which was converted from a hunting lodge to a small castle for Margaret of Valois, the first wife of King Henry IV of France. The meaning of the name of the hunting lodge is not known. It may have derived from "muete", a spelling which appears frequently up to the end of the eighteenth century and which signifies a pack of deer-hounds (meute); it may have come from the "mues" or horns which stags shed in the autumn; or again from the "mue" or moulting-period of hunting hawks. The old château was demolished in the 1920s to make room for a wealthy housing estate. A new château was built nearby for Baron Henri James de Rothschild (1872–1947) in 1922. This is now the headquarters for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Places of interest
Nearby are (closest first):
 * Jardin du Ranelagh
 * Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
 * Musée Marmottan Monet, a museum specialising in impressionist works, including a significant collection of paintings by Claude Monet and works by Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
 * Bois de Boulogne

title: La Muette station


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Jaguar S-Type (1999)

The Jaguar S-Type is an executive car that debuted at the 1998 Birmingham Motor Show and was marketed by Jaguar for model years 1999–2007, reviving the nameplate of the company's 1963–68 S-Type as a four-door notchback saloon. The S-Type received a mild facelift for the 2002 model year and again in 2004. The S-Type was discontinued in late 2007 and replaced by the XF.

Overview
After being privatised in 1984, Jaguar had been developing a smaller saloon to complement the XJ6 by the early 1990s, but these plans were axed following its takeover by Ford in 1989, only to resurface within a few years.

The S-Type was produced at Jaguar's Castle Bromwich facility in Birmingham, England. The car was styled by Geoff Lawson in 1995 and is based on the Jaguar DEW platform/Ford DEW platform, shared with the Lincoln LS and Ford Thunderbird. It was unveiled at the Birmingham International Motor Show on 20 October 1998, and went on sale in January 1999. It was aimed at buyers of cars including the BMW 5 Series.

The first S-Types ("X200" 1999–2002) are distinguished by a U-shaped centre console and optional touchscreen navigation system in the 2003 and later models. The traditional leaping jaguar bonnet mascot was optional and is approved by the US and EU standards and breaks away in the case of an accident. Subsequent models ("X202", "X204", "X206"; the last digit denoting the model year) have the Jaguar logo incorporated within the radiator grille and a more traditional 'looped' styling for the centre console. In Australia, the "leaper" bonnet mascot did not become available until 2004.

The supercharged S-Type R (Jaguar STR for short) joined the lineup in 2002, and the hope was that it would compete with BMW's M5 and the Mercedes E55 AMG. The R was powered by the newly revised hand-built 4.2-Litre V8 with an Eaton M112 supercharger, producing 400 hp and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mi/h in 5.3 seconds (0 to 100 km/h in 5.6 s). The top speed was limited to 155 mph. It included 18-inch (457-millimetre) alloy wheels, wire-mesh grille, and monochromatic paint. The R also has a rear apron, side-skirts, and front apron with built-in fog-lamps, a rear spoiler, a brace located near the rear subframe, and R badging on the boot lid and both front fenders (wings).

The Jaguar S-Type R is able to produce an extra 20 bhp with a modified pulley.

Also added on the 2003 model was an electronic parking-brake paddle-switch that replaced the conventional manually operated lever for the rear brakes. For the 2003 model year, the Jaguar S-type was given a six-speed, automatic ZF 6HP26 transmission as well as a revised 3.0-litre V6 engine with 235 hp (US spec) versus 240 hp for the 1999 to 2002 models. The 2003 model featured a revised dash, centre console, and a grille with the Jaguar badge to give the vehicle a more Jaguar-like appearance, and a flip-open key was devised for the ignition.

A minor facelift on the 2004 model year featured redesigned front and rear aprons, a slightly modified grille, remodelled rear light clusters, an aluminium bonnet, and a new 2.7-litre V6 diesel engine with 207 hp. The windscreen washer jets were incorporated into the windscreen wiper arms. There were no changes made to the cabin interior. 2006 to 2007 models featured no fog lights.

Powertrain
The S-Type was powered by a variety of petrol and diesel engines. At launch, the V8 S-Type was powered by the 4.0L Jaguar AJ-V8 engine, the capacity of which was increased to 4.2L for the 2003 model year. Variants of this engine are used in Ford, Lincoln, Land Rover/Range Rover and Aston Martin models. The V6 petrol engines used were originally conceived by Porsche for use in a replacement 944, before being picked up by Ford to be developed into the Ford Duratec unit which is used extensively throughout the Ford model range (and in Ford subsidiary companies). With the Jaguar 3.0L version benefitting from Jaguar designed heads, variable valve timing and an additional 30bhp over the original Ford Duratec. The 2.5 L V6 engine was not available for vehicles exported to the United States and Canada. Diesel engines are the Ford/Peugeot 2.7L HDi Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17 which is used in a number of Ford, Peugeot, Citroën, Jaguar and Land Rover models.

From model years 1999 to 2002, the rear-wheel-drive S-Type was equipped with either a five-speed manual or a five-speed J-Gate Ford 5R55N transmission. From 2003, the S-Type was produced with either a 5-speed manual transmission (Getrag 221) or a six-speed J-Gate ( ZF 6HP26 transmission) that allows automatic manual gear selection. The 2004 diesel saw the introduction of a 6-speed manual transmission; it was also available with the six-speed J-Gate automatic transmission.

Reception
The car was praised on its release for its interior and ride. In particular, the 2.7 V6 twin-turbodiesel engine was described as 'a paragon of refinement, quietness, and fuel economy' by the European automotive press, with enough 'refinement and performance to wean anyone off petrol power'. The supercharged 'R' version was also praised for its speed and for 'proper rear-drive Jag' handling, however the lack of a limited-slip differential was criticised, along with whine from the Eaton supercharger. The car, particularly the 3.0 Sport manual, was described by the Honest John website, as the spiritual successor to the Jaguar Mark 2.

title: Jaguar S-Type (1999)


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Rue de la Pompe station

Rue de la Pompe is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro, named after the Rue de la Pompe. The station opened on 8 November 1922 with the opening of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

This Passy street is mentioned in the archives of 1730 as a way of skirting the walls of the Château de la Muette. It led to one of the gates in the wall surrounding the Bois de Boulogne. It was called the old path, but was transformed at the end of the 18th century into a street and was named after the pump (French: pompe) that supplied water to the Château de la Muette.

Nearby are the Lycée Janson de Sailly (a prestigious high school) and the town hall of the 16th arrondissement.

title: Rue de la Pompe station


text: User talk:64.5.145.98

title: User talk:64.5.145.98


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Fanplex

Fanplex was an entertainment center in Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to Turner Field. It opened in 2002 and was shut down in early 2004 after losing $500,000, above and beyond an initial investment of $2.5 million.

The attraction was meant to lure fans of the Atlanta Braves with miniature golf and video games, and to pump economic activity into the depressed area around the stadium. However, Fanplex saw little business, even on game days, perhaps since it was actually located far away from most game-day foot traffic. An initial staff of 16 was pared down to one and operating hours were scaled back as patrons continued not to show up.

Critics say Fanplex was largely built to justify the existence of the Atlanta-Fulton County Recreation Authority, which was originally created to manage Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and The Omni Coliseum, both of which no longer exist, along with Zoo Atlanta.

An October 2, 2006 article in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution says that the authority has put the facility up for sale twice, but cannot find a buyer at the $2.7 million price it has sought. The miniature golf course is now overgrown and nearby residents complain that the facility has become another vacant parking lot. With seemingly few commercial prospects for the current facility, Atlanta leaders quoted by the paper speculate Fanplex may ultimately be swept up in large-scale redevelopment of areas around the stadium.

Starting November 2013, the Fanplex is home to the "A" team of Archer Western Contractors who is currently constructing a 5 million gallon underground storage tank in the media lot across Hank Aaron Drive.

title: Fanplex


text:
Iéna station

Iéna is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro, named after the Avenue d'Iéna. The station opened on 27 May 1923 with the extension of the line from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin. Iéna is the French name of Jena where the Napoleon's army defeated Prussia in 1806 at the Battle of Jena. It is the nearest station to the Guimet Museum (Asian art) and the Palais de Tokyo (contemporary art museum), as well as the Embassy of Mexico, the International Chamber of Commerce, and the Pont d'Iéna ("Jena Bridge").

title: Iéna station


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Silent Service II

Silent Service II is a submarine simulation game developed and published by MicroProse for MS-DOS in 1990 and for the Amiga in 1991. It is a sequel to 1985's Silent Service, also set in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Gameplay
Silent Service II allows the player to choose either single scenarios (training, a single historical battle, or a single random encounter war patrol) or an extended war career. In the career mode, the player undertakes a number of consecutive patrols in the submarine, meeting other ships or convoys in unscripted encounters generated by the game. The player is able to select a home port and a patrol area on a map of the Pacific Ocean, and time acceleration allowed the submarine to move quickly to the chosen area. The length of each patrol is limited by the submarine's available fuel, but a typical war career can still take several hours of play time to complete. Common encounters involve the detection of a merchant ship or convoy, with the player determining whether and how to attack. On other occasions the player may face sudden detection by warships and be forced to act quickly to escape.

Several different viewpoints are available, including the bridge, the periscope (usable either submerged or surfaced), the navigation area with the map, and internal status displays. Other ships are displayed as sprites in the bridge or periscope views. The MS-DOS version of the game uses up to 256 colors.

Reception
Computer Gaming World praised Silent Service II, citing its excellent graphics, "amazing" sound card audio, and seven accurate submarine types. It concluded that the game "teaches historical lessons worthy of a graduate seminar in modern American history" while exciting as "a mammoth roller-coaster". 1991 and 1993 surveys of strategy and war games in that magazine gave it four and a half stars out of five.

title: Silent Service II


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Maggie Gallagher

Margaret Gallagher (born September 14, 1960) is an American writer, socially conservative commentator, and activist. She wrote a syndicated column for Universal Press Syndicate from 1995 to 2013 and has written several books. Gallagher founded the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy, a small, socially conservative think tank. She is also a co-founder of the National Organization for Marriage (NOM), an advocacy group which opposes same-sex marriage and other legal recognition of same-sex partnerships; she has served as president and as chairman of the board of NOM.

Biography
Maggie Gallagher was born on September 14, 1960, to William Walter Gallagher Sr. and the former Darrilyn Doris Stenz. She is originally from Lake Oswego, Oregon, where she attended Lakeridge High School. She has three siblings: Kathleen, William Jr., and Colleen. Her parents were initially active in their local Catholic parish, but her mother left the Catholic Church when Gallagher was eight years of age. As a young person, Gallagher was influenced by the works of Ayn Rand and Robert A. Heinlein.

In 1982, Gallagher earned a B.A. in religious studies from Yale University, where she belonged to the Party of the Right in the Yale Political Union. Shortly before she was due to graduate, Gallagher became pregnant after a relationship with a fellow party member. She gave birth to a son out of wedlock. She initially planned to put the baby up for adoption, but then changed her mind. Neither of the parents thought they should marry. According to Gallagher, her son's father eventually abandoned her and became uninterested in their child.

In her twenties, Gallagher reverted to Catholicism because her experience as a single mother made her consider the necessity of fathers and the link of sex to procreation. Gallagher married Raman Srivastav, a Hindu, in 1993. They have one son together.

Gallagher attended the premiere reading of 8, Dustin Lance Black's play about the trial surrounding California's Proposition 8, where a depiction of her was performed by Jayne Houdyshell. She expressed the opinion that most people would find the work "kind of dull".

Career
Early in her career, Gallagher wrote for National Review. She later worked at the City Journal, a public policy magazine and website. In 1995, she began writing a nationally syndicated column. Gallagher joined the Institute for American Values (IAV) in 1996. She later left IAV and founded the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy, a conservative think tank whose slogan is "strengthening marriage for a new generation." As of May 2011, Gallagher was president of the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy. Gallagher also co-founded the National Organization for Marriage (NOM). She was President of NOM from its founding until 2010, and she remained on the organization's board until August 2011. In 2013, the Huffington Post described Gallagher as a "leading gay marriage opponent".

In 2011, Gallagher founded the Culture War Victory Fund and served as the fund's director.

On January 2, 2013, she announced the retirement of her syndicated column, then distributed by Universal Uclick.

Gallagher later worked for the American Principles Project. In 2017, she was hired at the Benedict XVI Institute for Sacred Music and Divine Worship. She has authored several books.

Views
Gallagher is a Roman Catholic and a social conservative. She is a signatory of the Manhattan Declaration, a November 2009 ecumenical statement calling on Orthodox, Catholic, and Evangelical Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters against their religious consciences.

Views on abortion
Gallagher opposes abortion and believes that Roe v. Wade should be overturned. She believes that most people who support legal abortion do so reluctantly because they think it is a necessary evil. Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022.

Views on assisted suicide
Gallagher is opposed to the legalization of assisted suicide such as the Death with Dignity Act or voluntary euthanasia. Gallagher believes that state-approved suicide diminishes the value of life, especially for the elderly, sick, or vulnerable.

Views on marriage and same-sex relationships
Gallagher is a strong opponent of the legal recognition of same-sex unions and has written books toward that end. Gallagher holds that one of the purposes of marriage is always procreation and rearing children exclusively by heterosexual parents, and argues that same-sex unions diminish the value of heterosexual marriages. Gallagher has compared winning the fight to ban same-sex marriage with the fall of communism and believes that if same-sex marriage is made legal, it will mean "losing American civilization."

Gallagher advocates litigation against spouses who commit adultery and opposes laws which facilitate no-fault divorce.

Gallagher has written that "[w]e need a social institution, endowed with public authority, that teaches young men and women [...] that they need to come together in love to raise the children their bodies make together. If this is a core purpose of marriage, then same-sex unions are not marriages. If gay unions are marriages, then this is no longer what marriage is about." Further, Gallagher has written that same-sex marriage is "rooted in a false equation: Loving a man is not the same as loving a woman; a sexual union that can give rise to children is fundamentally different in kind than a union not so freighted, for good and for ill, with the fact of procreativity."

In October 2006, Gallagher suggested that gay rights groups stop promoting same-sex marriage and start vigorously advocating for civil unions. In 2010, she expressed her support for certain kinds of civil unions for same-sex couples but not available for opposite-sex couples. However, in 2012, she supported North Carolina's Amendment 1, a state constitutional amendment that banned recognition of both same-sex marriages and civil unions.

Gallagher believes that many people in the LGBT community, specifically gay men, choose to oppose what they label as the "heteronormative" constraints of a monogamous relationship, with reference to Eric Erbelding's assertion that the married gay couples he knows are "for the most part monogamous, but for maybe a casual three-way".

Gallagher has asserted that same-sex marriage is worse than polygamy, which "for all its ugly defects, is an attempt to secure stable mother-father families for children." She has also written that "once the principle [of same-sex marriage] is in the law, the next step will be to use the law to stigmatize, marginalize, and repress those who disagree with the government’s new views on marriage and sexual orientation." As an example, she has cited efforts by LGBT advocates to revoke the tax-exempt status of churches that oppose same-sex marriage.

On April 8, 2009, Gallagher appeared on the NBC television show Hardball with Chris Matthews to debate the issue of same-sex marriage. During that appearance, Gallagher said, "Marriage is the only institution we have that‘s about bringing together the two great halves of humanity, male and female, so that children can know and be known by and love and be loved by their own mother and father."

Gallagher has stated that she will not attend a same-sex wedding if she is ever invited to one.

Views on sexuality and sex education
Gallagher believes that teaching abstinence (encouraging celibacy until legally married) should be the sole curriculum. She does not believe in instructing students in birth control or how to prevent STDs through use of condoms or safe-sex techniques and has advocated discontinuing all safer-sex education in public schools.

Gallagher has stated that "[s]exual orientation is almost certainly unchosen", but that the decision to act on that desire and to incorporate it into one’s identity is a choice that bears moral reflection. She believes that "sexual desire is not its own justification" for acceptance or legal recognition of same-sex relationships.

On a February 2012 edition of Up with Chris Hayes on which Gallagher appeared for a segment on the revival of the "culture wars", Gallagher was asked by The Nation editor Richard Kim about her support of gay reparative therapy. Gallagher denied having ever supported ex-gay therapy and claimed that Kim was "making stuff up". Kim subsequently quoted from a 2001 column written by Gallagher praising Robert Spitzer for his research on the possibilities of ex-gay therapy and calling on then-President George W. Bush to support federal funding for research into ex-gay therapy. In 2013, after blogging her support for Chuck Limandri's representation of JONAH (a Jewish organization that offered support to persons with unwanted same-sex attraction), Gallagher made the following comments regarding conversion therapy: "I don’t back something called "conversion therapy." I don’t even really know what conversion therapy is, and I’m not qualified to express an opinion on a particular kind of therapy.

I back the right of gay people to seek the kind of counseling help they want, not the kind the [Southern Poverty Law Center] lawyers want them to have, including help to live their sexual lives with integrity, according to their own values, not the SPLC’s values. That’s all."

Views on single parenting
When Dan Quayle criticized the fictional television character Murphy Brown for being an unwed mother, Gallagher wrote an op-ed for The New York Times, "An Unwed Mother for Quayle", in his defense.

Views on the 2012 presidential election
Gallagher's endorsement of candidate Rick Santorum in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries was promoted by the Santorum campaign.

Federal contracts
Gallagher received tens of thousands of dollars from the Department of Health and Human Services during 2002 and 2003 for helping the George W. Bush administration promote the President's Healthy Marriage Initiative. Gallagher testified before Congress in favor of "healthy marriage" programs but never disclosed the payments. When asked about that situation, she replied, "Did I violate journalistic ethics by not disclosing it? I don't know. You tell me…frankly, it never occurred to me."

After The Washington Post revealed this information on January 26, 2005, Gallagher claimed significant differences between her situation and that of conservative columnist Armstrong Williams. She went on to add, "I should have disclosed a government contract when I later wrote about the Bush marriage initiative. I would have, if I had remembered it. My apologies to my readers."

Gallagher received an additional $20,000 from the Bush administration for writing a report, titled Can Government Strengthen Marriage?, for the National Fatherhood Initiative, a private organization.

title: Maggie Gallagher


text:
Saint-Philippe du Roule station

Saint-Philippe du Roule is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station opened on 27 May 1923 with the extension of the line from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin. The village of Roule, which became a suburb in 1722, was a small locality called Romiliacum by Frédégaire, Crioilum by Saint Eligius, then Rolus in the 12th century.

Access
The station has two entrances divided into three metro entrances on Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt:
 * Access 1 - Rue La Boétie, consisting of a fixed staircase embellished with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle, leading to the right of no. 30 of the avenue;
 * Access 2 - Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue, consisting of a fixed stairway entrance also equipped with a yellow "M" mast and an exit by an ascending escalator, located back-to-back facing No. 69.

Platforms
Saint-Philippe-du-Roule is a standard station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two orange light canopies, benches, tunnel exits, and corridor openings treated with flat orange tiles as well as Motte seats in the same colour. These fittings are combined with the bevelled white ceramic tiles covering the walls and vault. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also made of earthenware, in the style of the original CMP. It is one of the few stations that still features the Andreu-Motte style in its entirety.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 28, 32, 52, 80 and 93 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
North of the station is the fashionable street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré and the church of Saint-Philippe du Roule. A chapel was established in the district of Bas-Roule, near a leprosarium. It was replaced by a more important church, which was built by Jean Chalgrin between 1774 and 1784. The church of Saint-Philippe du Roule was built in the style of a Greco-Roman basilica. It was enlarged by Godde in 1845 and Victor Baltard in 1860. Its pediment, representing Religion and its attributes, is by François-Joseph Duret.

title: Saint-Philippe du Roule station


text:
Miromesnil station

Miromesnil is a station on Line 9 and Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement.

Location
The station is located near the intersection of Rue de Miromesnil and Rue La Boétie, the platforms being situated:

 * on line 9, under Rue La Boétie between Rue de Miromesnil and the junction of Avenue Percier and Avenue Delcassé;
 * on line 13, below the stopping point of line 9, along the north-south axis of the same Avenues.

History
The station opened on 27 May 1923 with the extension of line 9 from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin. The line 13 platforms opened on 27 June 1973 with the extension of the line from Saint-Lazare. It was the southern terminus of line 13 until its extension to Champs-Élysées – Clemenceau on 18 February 1975. The station is named after the street of Rue de Miromesnil, which is named after Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil (1723–1796), who was Keeper of the Seals, deputy to the Chancellor of France (Minister of Justice) from 1774 to 1787. He abolished the use of torture during the interrogation of the accused.

On April 27, 1973, the line 13 station was opened in turn following its extension from Saint-Lazare, which was the first of the three phases of the extension of the former line B of the Nord-Sud Company underground electric railway (known as North-South), in a southerly direction. Miromesnil was its southern terminus until 18 February 18 1975, when it was extended by a station at Champs-Élysées - Clemenceau before being merged the following year with the old line 14 of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (known as CMP), which had the Invalides metro station as its northern terminus.

The line 13 station is the first in a series of twelve on this line to be equipped with platform doors in order to reduce the risk of passengers falling on the tracks, which is amplified at peak times. The work took place in April 2010 for the preparation of the platforms, then in July of the same year, the installation itself.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 2,618,473 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 74th position of metro stations for its use.

Access
The station has four metro entrances:
 * entrance 1: Avenue Percier (odd-numbered side): a curved staircase, a rare feature on the network leading to the corner of Avenue Percier and Rue La Boétie;
 * entrance 2: Avenue Delcassé (odd numbered side): a staircase also curved, located at the corner formed by Avenue Delcassé and Rue La Boétie, decorated with a mat with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle;
 * entrance 3: Rue La Boétie (odd-numbered side): two back-to-back staircases on the south sidewalk west of the junction with Rue de Miromesnil, the closest to the latter having a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle;
 * entrance 4: Rue La Boétie (even numbered side): a kiosk established within the building at no. 13, Rue de Miromesnil, which forms the corner with Rue La Boétie; in addition to this rare feature in Paris, it has two unique signals with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. There are two per stopping point, separated by the metro tracks located in the centre. On line 13, the station has vertical upright walls and a horizontal ceiling. On line 9, the station has an ovoid-shaped vault, except at its western end where the walls are vertical and the ceiling is horizontal supported by pillars. This part corresponds to the extension fitted out during the reorganization in 1973, where two large rooms were created to allow a connection with the platforms of line 13.

Lighting is provided by two red canopies suspended on the two lines; small cream-colored ceramic tiles placed vertically cover the walls as well as the tunnel entrances. The vault of line 9 is painted white and the western ceiling treated in off-white, while that of line 13, in concrete, is covered with black fire-flocking. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed in capital letters on protruding plaques. The seats are Motte style in blue. The platforms of line 13 are equipped with platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 28, 32, 52, 80 and 93 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N01, N02 and N53 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Elysee Palace the official residence of the President of France)
 * Ministry of the Interior
 * Musée Jacquemart-André

title: Miromesnil station


text:
Ruger Mini-14

The Mini-14 is a lightweight semi-automatic rifle manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co. Introduced in 1973, the design was outwardly based on the M14 rifle and is, in appearance, a scaled-down version chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO, though with its own gas system design.

Since 1973, Ruger has introduced several variants, including variants chambered in both .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO, the Ranch Rifle with a civilian style rear aperture sight and integral scope ring mounts on the receiver, the Mini-14 GB with a bayonet lug and flash suppressor, variants with folding stocks, stainless steel versions of the most popular variants, a target version featuring a heavyweight barrel and barrel tuner, the Mini Thirty, which is chambered for 7.62×39mm, as well as variants chambered in 6.8mm Remington SPC and .300 AAC Blackout. The rifle is currently used by military personnel, law enforcement and corrections personnel, and civilians in the United States and around the world.

History and design

Introduced in 1973 by Sturm, Ruger & Co., the Mini-14 resembles a smaller version of the military M14 rifle. Designed by L. James Sullivan and William B. Ruger, it incorporated numerous innovations and cost-saving engineering changes. The Mini-14 rifle has an investment-cast, heat-treated receiver and is mechanically similar to the M1 rifle in the receiver area, but with a self-cleaning, fixed-piston gas system.

Initial rifles were produced with a complex, exposed-bolt hold-open device with no button for manual engagement. Stocks were somewhat angular, and heat shields were made of wood. These rifles, with serial number prefixes before 181, were tooled and redesigned with a new stock, new bolt hold-open mechanism, and other small changes.

The original Mini-14 rifle had a rear aperture sight with large protective wings and no integral scope bases. In 1982, Ruger introduced the Ranch Rifle with an integral scope base on the receiver, a new folding-aperture rear sight, and factory scope rings.

In 1987, Ruger introduced the Mini Thirty rifle chambered for the Russian 7.62×39mm cartridge. At the time, large quantities of surplus military ammunition were being imported into the United States at rock-bottom prices. Also, the 7.62×39mm is ballistically similar to the .30-30 Winchester cartridge. As a result, the Mini Thirty proved to be an effective deer rifle.

In 2003, the design was overhauled to improve accuracy, update the styling, and reduce production costs. The standard Mini-14 was discontinued and the name became the family name for all Mini-14-type rifles. As of 2005, all Mini-14-type rifles are based on the Ranch Rifle design, with integral scope bases, a nonfolding ghost ring aperture rear sight, and a winged front sight similar to that used on the Ruger Police Carbine. They have serial numbers beginning with 580 and are sometimes referred to as 580-series Ranch Rifles. They also have a new modified gas system designed to reduce barrel vibration and can shoot two-inch groups at 100 yards, which is 2 minute of angle (MOA) accuracy.

Around 2007 or 2008, Ruger added a heavier, larger-diameter barrel visibly tapered from gas block to muzzle. These changes combined with tighter tolerances result in greater potential accuracy.

All Mini-14-type rifles are available in stainless steel or blued finish with hardwood, synthetic, or laminated stocks with 16.12 in or 18.5 in barrels.

Ranch Rifle
The Ranch Rifle is a basic model offered in a wood or synthetic rifle stock paired with a blued or stainless steel receiver and a standard 18.5" tapered barrel (1:9" RH twist rate). These rifles feature an adjustable ghost ring rear sight and winged front sight, and they are sold with a detachable Picatinny scope rail mount and a choice of two 20-round or 5-round detachable box magazines to comply with some U.S. states and other countries, which have laws restricting magazine capacity. All models are chambered in both .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition except the Target Rifle variant (which is .223 only).

Target Rifle
In 2007, the "Target Rifle" version was introduced with a 22 in cold hammer-forged heavy barrel, adjustable harmonic tuner with adjustable MOA accuracy, and either a laminated wood or Hogue overmolded synthetic stock. The Target Rifle does not have iron sights but includes the standard scope rings and Picatinny rail mount. It is designed for use with the .223 Remington round only; 5.56 NATO is not warranted by Ruger.

Tactical Rifle
Introduced in 2009, the "Tactical Rifle" is the newest variant, which includes the shorter 16.12" barrel with flash suppressor, and is available with a standard fixed stock/fore end, or a collapsible ATI-brand stock with Picatinny rails. This model is chambered in both .223 Remington/5.56×45mm NATO and .300 AAC Blackout as of 2015.

Mini Thirty
In 1987, Ruger began production of the Mini Thirty, which is chambered for the Russian 7.62×39mm cartridge, used in the SKS and AK-47, as many states prohibit hunting of deer with calibers smaller than 6 mm (.243 in). The 7.62×39mm has ballistics similar to the well-known .30-30 Winchester. The Mini Thirty is available with a 16.12" (Tactical Model) or 18.50" barrel having a twist rate of 1:10" RH, and is sold with two 20-round or 5-round box magazines. Ruger does not currently produce 30-round Mini Thirty magazines. The Mini Thirty shares many of the same design and accessory options with those of the smaller caliber Mini-14 Ranch Rifle.

Mini Thirty Tactical Rifle
The "Mini Thirty Tactical Rifle" variant was introduced in 2010. It closely mimics the Mini-14 Tactical Rifle variant, but in 7.62×39mm. It also has a shorter 16.12-inch barrel with flash suppressor, and is available with a standard fixed stock/fore end, or a collapsible ATI-brand stock with Picatinny rails.

Mini-14 GB
The Mini-14 GB ("government barrel") models feature either a pistol grip, side-folding stock, or a standard semipistol grip rifle stock, a 20- or 30-round magazine, bayonet lug, threaded barrel, and flash suppressor. Proof that GB stands for "government barrel" and not "government bayonet" can be seen in Ruger's new Tactical models and Ruger continuing to use "GB", which are catalogued for example KM-14/20GBCP. These models have no bayonet lug but do have the flash hider. Sales of the models with bayonet lug were intended only for law enforcement, military, and private security markets, and could only be found in Ruger's Law Enforcement Catalog. Many have entered the civilian market, though.

AC-556
Introduced in 1979, the AC-556 is a selective-fire version of the Mini-14 marketed for military and law-enforcement use. The design incorporates a selector on the right/rear of the receiver to select either semi-automatic, three-round burst, or full automatic fire modes; the manual safety at the front of the trigger guard operates the same as a standard Mini-14. The front sight is winged and incorporates a bayonet lug. The 13 in or 18 in barrel incorporates a flash suppressor, which can be used to launch approved tear-gas and smoke rifle grenades. A folding stock was used on the AC-556F and AC-556K. The rifle came equipped with 20-round magazines and a 30-round version was available for a time. The AC-556 was dropped from production in 1999 and Ruger stopped offering service for the rifle in 2009. By that time, some models became available for private civilian purchase in the NFA market.

Mousqueton A.M.D.
In France, the AC-556 is known as the Mousqueton A.M.D. where it was used by several governmental agencies within the French Interior Ministry: the Police Aux Frontières ("P.A.F."—Border Police), the Police Nationale Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (or "C.R.S."—Riot Control Brigade), and the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale ("GIGN") special-operations unit. The A.M.D. was made in two versions, the first has the standard Ruger aperture rear sight. On the other, the aperture rear sight has been completely removed and replaced with a tangent rear sight located on top of the barrel just forward of the receiver.

Straight-pull action
A small number of straight-pull only (or bolt-action only) Mini-14 and Mini Thirty rifles were manufactured for sale in the United Kingdom as a result of legislation that banned semi-automatic centerfire rifles in 1988.

.222 Remington
Ruger produced a .222 Remington caliber model as early as 1984. Designated Mini-14/5R.222, these rifles were made mostly for civilian markets overseas where .223 caliber and 5.56 mm firearms are generally banned. These were discontinued in the early 1980s.

6.8 mm Remington
In 2007, Ruger began production of the Mini-6.8 using the commercial 6.8 mm Remington SPC cartridge. However, they were discontinued in 2012 and are no longer listed in the Ruger catalog.

Accessories
A wide range of aftermarket accessories are available for the Mini-14 and Mini Thirty, including numerous stocks, magazines, and Weaver and Picatinny rail mounts.

Users

 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Currently used by the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Used by some police agencies. The Rio de Janeiro Civil Police uses the folding stock variant
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador: Mini-14GB and AC-556 used by the National Civil Police
 * 🇫🇷 France: Mousqueton A.M.D. variant used by French police forces (Police Aux Frontières, GIGN, CRS).
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Used by the Hong Kong Police Force Hit Team and Hong Kong Correctional Services.
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia: Used by Indonesian National Police
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates Customs Police, folding stock.
 * 🇺🇸 United States:
 * The Mini-14 is the main rifle used by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation,  and the North Carolina Department of Correction.
 * The Nevada Department of Corrections uses the Mini-14.
 * US Marines that serve as guards at certain US embassies are sometimes issued Mini-14s.
 * Delta Force has some Mini-14s in inventory.

Former

 * Rhodesia: Used by Rhodesian security forces during the Rhodesian Bush War.
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: The Royal Ulster Constabulary had used the AC-556 model prior to its inventory being destroyed by 1995. The Surrey Constabulary Firearms Support Team (now known as the Tactical Firearms Unit) was armed with Mini-14s in the 1980s modified with folding stocks.
 * 🇧🇲 Bermuda: The Royal Bermuda Regiment has used the Mini-14GB/20 as its standard service rifle since 1983, replacing the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Original wooden stocks were replaced with Choate black plastic stocks about 1990. The regiment received L85A2 rifles in August, 2015, and the Ruger was phased out in January, 2016.
 * 🇺🇸 United States:
 * Mini-14s were used by the New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit with mostly 13 inch barrels, factory flash hiders and AC556 gas block front sights in both standard & folding stocks, the rifles eventually being replaced by the M4 carbine.
 * The NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau is armed with the Mini-14s.

Non-state users

 * The Rajneeshpuram Peace Force employed some Mini-14s in addition to IMI Galils and Uzis.

Criminal use
The Ruger Mini-14 was used in several notable crimes:

 * Serial killer Robert Hansen used a Ruger Mini-14 and a knife to hunt down and kill his victims in the wilderness around Anchorage, Alaska between 1971 and 1983. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison without parole plus 461 years.
 * Michael Lee Platt used a Mini-14 in the 1986 FBI Miami shootout, which resulted in FBI agents and other American law-enforcement agencies adopting stronger body armor and discarding revolvers in favor of more powerful, higher-capacity handguns.
 * Marc Lépine used a Mini-14 in the École Polytechnique massacre, which resulted in the Canada Firearms Act, 1995 and new police response procedures.
 * Anders Behring Breivik used a Mini-14, along with a Glock 34, in the 2011 Norway attacks, during which he fatally shot 69 people on an island summer camp and was further responsible for eight additional deaths in a bombing in Oslo. It was Norway's deadliest attack since World War II.
 * Gabriel Wortman reportedly used an illegally-obtained Mini-14, along with several other firearms, in the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks. This resulted in the reclassification of the Mini-14 and at least 1,500 models and variants of other "assault-style" firearms as prohibited weapons in Canada.
 * Martin Peyerl used a Ruger Mini-14 with a scope to commit a shooting on November 1st 1999 in which he started shooting out his window killing 4 people and injuring 7 others before commiting suicide using a Henry double barrel shotgun
 * 1987 Palm Bay shooting William Bryan Cruse Jr. used a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle along with a shotgun and handgun to commit the 1987 Palm Bay shooting which killed 6 and injured 14 (10 by gunfire)

title: Ruger Mini-14


text:
Saint-Ambroise station

Saint-Ambroise is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro, located in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. It is under Boulevard Voltaire.

Location
The station is located under Boulevard Voltaire, northwest of the Rue Saint-Ambroise exit. Oriented along a north-west / south-east axis, it is situated between the Oberkampf and the Voltaire stations.

History
Saint-Ambroise station was opened on 10 December 1933 following the extension of Line 9 from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil.

Its namesake is the street it is located under (Rue Saint-Ambroise), where a church bearing the same name can also be found. Rue Saint-Ambroise and the church of Saint-Ambroise pay homage to Ambrose of Milan (340–394), bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, born in Trier, Germany, whose father was a prefect of Gaul. The church was rebuilt following a decree of 24 January 1863 during the modernisation of the newly created Saint-Ambroise district.

At the end of the 1990s, the station was chosen by the RATP to test the prototypes of the main lighting model that would be deployed on the platforms of many other stations renovated as part of the Espace Métro 2000 operation subsequently entitled Renouveau du Métro and then Une métro + beau. In 1998, it became the first in a series of 273 futures to benefit from the components. However, its corridors were only modernised on 20 December 2005.

In 2018, 3,037,654 passengers entered this station which places it at the 183rd out of 302.

Access
The station has five access points, each consisting of a fixed staircase:
 * access 1 - Saint-Ambroise - adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, opening right off 1 Rue de la Folie-Mericourt, crn. Boulevard Voltaire;
 * access 2 - Boulevard Voltaire - facing 78 Boulevard Voltaire;
 * access 3 - Rue Popincourt - located right of 86 Boulevard Voltaire (between the Jardin Truillot and l'impasse Truillot);
 * access 4 - Boulevard Richard-Lenoir - opening facing 60 Boulevard Voltaire;
 * access 5 - Rue Saint-Sébastien - located at 57 Boulevard Voltaire.

Platforms
Saint-Ambroise is a standard configuration station It has two platforms separated by metro tracks and the arch is elliptical. The decoration is the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting strips are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s (although they have a second row of reflectors, a prototype variant that was not reused), and the white ceramic tiled tiles cover the walls, the vault, the spandrels and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are faience honey colour in the original CMP style and the name of the station is also in faience. The Akiko style seats are orange. Access is via both ends of the platform.

Bus connections
The station is served by Line 56 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Église Saint-Ambroise de Paris
 * Jardin des Moines-de-Tibhirine
 * Jardin Truillot

title: Saint-Ambroise station


text:
Voltaire station

Voltaire is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station is located under Place Léon Blum (formerly Place Voltaire) along with the town hall of the 11th arrondissement, which serves a lively district.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil. It is named after Rue Voltaire, which itself is named after François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), better known under the pen name Voltaire, a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher.

title: Voltaire station


text:
Charonne station

Charonne is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro. It was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil.

The station is named after the Rue de Charonne and the district of Charonne. In 1008, Robert II of France the Pious gave Charonne to the Abbey of Saint-Magloire, but it changed hands over the centuries. A small locality developed around the castle of Charonne, which was largely annexed by Paris in 1860.

The Charonne Métro station massacre
During the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962) most French politicians came to accept the need to grant Algeria its independence. Only the Organisation armée secrète (OAS; Secret Armed Organization) continued to resist independence. The Left called for a demonstration on 8 February 1962 to denounce the OAS and the Algerian war. The Paris Police, led by Maurice Papon, repressed this demonstration, as it had done on 17 October 1961 (when between 32 and 200, mainly Algerian people, are estimated to have been killed). Police blocked nearby streets at both ends before charging the crowd. Demonstrators tried to take refuge in the entry of the Charonne metro station, but police pursued the crowd into the station and hurled heavy iron plates (used around the bases of trees and on metro vents) down onto demonstrators in the stairwells. Eight people were crushed to death or died from skull fractures and a ninth died from wounds in hospital. All of the dead, except a sixteen-year-old boy, were Communist Party or union members. Police blamed the violence on the demonstrators. A massive funeral demonstration drew between a quarter and a half million participants. The dead are buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery near the Mur des Fédérés. A ceremony at a memorial plaque in the station is held each February 8.

title: Charonne station


text:
Sukhothai (city)

Sukhothai (สุโขทัย, ) was the capital of the Sukhothai Kingdom (also known as the Kingdom of Siam). Sukhothai is 12 km west of the modern city of Sukhothai Thani.

History
Sukhothai is from Sanskrit sukha (सुख "happiness") + udaya (उदय "rise, emergence"), meaning "dawn of happiness". Founded in 1238, it is about 427 km north of Bangkok. Sukhothai was the capital of the Thai Empire for approximately 140 years. As of 2014, 193 temples have been excavated and partly reconstructed.

The stele of Ram Khamhaeng states the city had a triple wall and four gates. At its center was a pond, a "marvelous pond of clear and delicious water like the water of the Mekong in the dry season." The Aranyika monastery was west of the city, a great lake to the east, a market to the north, and the Khao Luang hill to the south.

Old Sukhothai is a small town with nearly no hotels. Most visitors stay in New Sukhothai.

Sukhothai occupies an area of 6,596 km2. The historic town of Sukhothai and related areas were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1991.

title: Sukhothai (city)


text:
Rue des Boulets station

Rue des Boulets is a station on Line 9  of the Paris Métro in the 11th arrondissement of Paris.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil. It was originally called Rue des Boulets – Rue de Montreuil, before it was simply renamed Boulets – Montreuil. In 1998 it was renamed after the neighbouring Rue des Boulets. The street (which has had its current name since 1672) is part of the old road between Saint-Denis and Saint-Maur.

title: Rue des Boulets station


text:
Buzenval station

Buzenval is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro, under the Rue de Buzenval in the 20th arrondissement.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil. The street which gives its name to the station is itself named after the village of Buzenval, now part of the Hauts-de-Seine commune of Rueil-Malmaison, west of Paris. This is where the Battle of Buzenval of the Siege of Paris, part of the Franco-Prussian War, took place on 19 January 1871.

The "Tarzan" of "Buzenval" was the nickname of Laurent Dauthuille, a boxer of the 1950s.

title: Buzenval station


text:
Maraîchers station

Maraîchers is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, located under the Rue des Maraîchers, after which it is named.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Montreuil. Rue des Maraîchers is French for "street of the market-gardeners"; until the 20th century the hills of Belleville and Montreuil were cultivated by many market-gardeners, whose most famous products were the "peaches of Montreuil".

title: Maraîchers station


text:
User talk:Gandhiserve

Hi,

Nice picture of Mahatma Gandhi :)

It would be nice if you make it clear on the for the image(s) you upload that you are releasing it under the GFDL. It is not clear if you are actually doing so, since your website only says it is free for noncommercial use.

It would also be a good idea, purely for the record, to make a page on your website stating that the English wikipedia account Gandhiserve is indeed affiliated with the Gandhiserve foundation, and link to it from here.

-- Arvindn 17:17, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Great photos at the site you have mentioned. I went through the entire photo archive. In fact I was planning to mail and ask if permission can be obtained for the 1906 Johannesberg pic. Its good that a socially responsible organization had joined Wikipedia as a registered member. Jay 18:33, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Are the IP addresses 217.230.179.232 and 217.88.114.218 associated with this user account ? User with the former address added the gandhiserve.org link in about 30 articles. The edits have all been reverted as the link is not relevant for those articles, whereas it is relevant in the Mahatma Gandhi article.

Also the Gandhi image in Mahatma Gandhi says "Mohandas Gandhi, 1945 --- Copyright: Vithalbhai Jhaveri/GandhiServe, www.gandhiserve.org". This is not consistent with GFDL which gives the reader permissions to copy, edit or re-upload the images on other websites. It'll be good if the image is released under GFDL. Jay 08:27, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Gandhiserve, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group or service and which would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Andante1980 11:49, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on GandhiServe Foundation, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group or service and which would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Andante1980 11:53, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Mahatma Gandhi Research and Media Service, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group or service and which would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Andante1980 11:54, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to ignore our policies by introducing inappropriate pages to Wikipedia, you will be blocked. Andante1980 11:59, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Please stop adding inappropriate external links to Wikipedia. It is considered spamming and Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, additions of links to Wikipedia will not alter search engine rankings. If you continue spamming, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Matteo (talk @) 12:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Gandhiserve
Please read: WP:COI and WP:SPAM. Additionally you have created multiple copies of the same article under different names, which is clearly an attempt at SEO. I have requested that an administrator take a look at this user and the pages created. Please do not create anymore articles with the same text. Andante1980 12:48, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

1 week block
I have blocked you for 1 week due to creation of multiple copies of a blatant corporate spam article, disregarding warnings, and your obvious conflict of interest when considering your username. I encourage you to return to editing after your block expires, but please try not to edit/create any articles about subjects which you have a strong interest in or have a strong bias for/against. If you wish to contest this block, you may do so by posting. Regards, – Riana ⁂  13:25, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked indefinitely from editing for ignoring numerous prior warnings and continuing to create spam page, that are also copyvios, and this account is also a username policy violation, and it also appears to be a role account. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first. Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 19:32, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gandhiserve


text:
Porte de Montreuil station

Porte de Montreuil is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station has four tracks, two of which are sidings. Like that of Porte de Charenton, the train hall boasts an unusually wide vault, at 22.5 m across. The station is named after the Porte de Montreuil, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the town of Montreuil. Flea markets are held on the glacis (the sloping bank in front of a wall) of the fortifications.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu - Drouot. It was the eastern terminus of the line until the extension of the line to Mairie de Montreuil on 14 October 1937. An interchange with Paris tramway Line 3b opened on 15 December 2012.

title: Porte de Montreuil station


text:
Robespierre station

Robespierre is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. It is named after the nearby on the rue Robespierre, which was named after Maximilien de Robespierre (1758 – 1794), who was one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. It is located in the commune of Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, just to the east of Paris.

History
The station was opened on 14 October 1937 with the extension of the line from Porte de Montreuil to Mairie de Montreuil.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,221,091 passengers, making it the 109th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,281,953 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 100th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 2 accesses:

 * Access 1: rue Robespierre
 * Access 2: rue Barbès (Art Deco style)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 318 of the RATP bus network.

title: Robespierre station


text:
Croix de Chavaux station

Croix de Chavaux is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro, at the crossroads called Croix de Chavaux. The "chavaux" in the name of the crossroads is probably a corruption of the French "chevaux" ("horses"). The "croix" (French for "cross) may be a reference to the crossroads or to a wayside cross.

History
The station was opened on 14 October 1937 with the extension of the line from Porte de Montreuil to Mairie de Montreuil.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,954,717 passengers, making it the 85th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,839,564 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 60th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 5 accesses:

 * Access 1: Place Jacques-Duclos
 * Access 2: rue de Paris
 * Access 3: Boulevard Chanzy – Center commercial
 * Access 4: rue Kléber – Office du Tourisme
 * Access 5: Place du Marché

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 102, 115, 122, and 127 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N16 and N34 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Croix de Chavaux station


text:
Mairie de Montreuil station

Mairie de Montreuil is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. It is named after the nearby Mairie de Montreuil (Montreuil town hall).

History
The station opened on 14 October 1937 with the extension of the line from Porte de Montreuil and serves as the eastern terminus of line 9.

In 2019, the station was used by 8,106,589 passengers, making it the 27th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 4,764,601 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 18th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 5 accesses:

 * Access 1: Square Jean-Jaurès
 * Access 2: avenue Walwein
 * Access 3: Boulevard Rouget-de-Lisle
 * Access 4: avenue Pasteur
 * Access 5: Boulevard Paul-Vaillant-Couturier

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 102, 115, 121, 122, 129, and 322 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N16 and N34 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Mairie de Montreuil station


text:
User talk:Christos

Hello "Christos" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 17:20, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello, Christos -- I'm sorry that your introduction to Wikipedia has been so rocky. We have a lot of users with very strong opinions around a number of issues in Eastern Europe, but there are a lot of other things that you can contribute here when the level of conflict gets too great -- for some examples, see Wikistress.

I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Peace, BCorr ¤ Брайен 00:22, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christos


text:
Talk:Maggie Gallagher

NOM as "hate" vs "anti-gay" group per SPLC
There is a confusion that we've had to repeatedly face on the National Organization for Marriage page, that in 2010 the SPLC listed NOM as a "hate" group, and I see it popping up here. What happened is that the SPLC issued a list of 18 "anti-gay" group, some but not all of which were designated as "hate" groups - the "hate" groups were marked with an asterisk, and NOM bore no such marking. This has not been helped by some coverage of people mistakenly protesting NOM's hate group designation. You can see here the SPLC stating "We analyzed in detail each of 18 organizations we cite as purveyors of anti-gay rhetoric, and determined that the activities of five of them – including the National Organization for Marriage – did not meet the above-stated hate-group criteria despite their opposition to same-sex marriage." As such, any statement that Maggie founded an SPLC-recognized hate group is in error, and would be a WP:BLP violation. --Nat Gertler (talk) 06:03, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * And now the insertion of this error continues. The editor is using this reference, which says that "Of the 18 groups profiled below, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) will be listing 13 next year as hate groups (eight were previously listed), reflecting further research into their views; those are each marked with an asterisk." Editor's comment seems to suggest he believes that the 13 listed will be in addition to the previous eight, rather than reiterating them... but if it was 13 in addition to 8, we'd need to have more than 18 groups on this list. And, as noted above, the SPLC specifically denies that NOM meets their "hate-group criteria", in that later document. --Nat Gertler (talk) 06:37, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * And if further evidence is needed, commenting on the 18 group list, the Daily Caller says The report, titled “18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda,” also lists five other organizations as being anti-gay – such as Concerned Women for America and the National Organization for Marriage — but refrains from classifying them as hate groups.. --Nat Gertler (talk) 14:44, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * What makes the SPLC so relevant for this article. --105.14.117.179 (talk) 18:50, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources often cite (and occasionally mis-cite, for "reliable" does not mean perfect) NOM's SPLC status when discussing the subject. That's an indication of import. --Nat Gertler (talk) 18:56, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maggie Gallagher