text:
Talk:Pituitary gland

Untitled
It would be good if someone could get a pic of this....most of the ones I'm running across are questionable in terms of their copyright status. GrazingshipIV 04:00, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

CAN SOMEBODY EXPLAIN WHETHER PITUITARY GLAND CAN RECOVER ITS CELL GROWTH IN PARTIAL REMOVAL OF IT DUE TO TUMOURS LIKE CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA?please reply 59.93.41.158 (talk) 05:41, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I made a quick illustration for the anterior/posterior pituitary articles, but admittedly it's pretty weak. I'll add it to this page until someone finds something better. --Diberri 06:10, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Seat of the soul?
Didn't René Descartes think that the pituitary gland was where the soul was attached to the body (mind/body problem)? -- Toby Bartels 03:04, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Not quite. Descartes thought the pineal gland-the only known non-lateralized brain structure at his time-was the seat of the soul. Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 09:22, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

hormonal funcion
this article is missing an important information. A brief description of what function each hormone produced have.201.21.214.85 16:43, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Clicking on them will tell you. But I agree, perhaps 1 sentence could be written about each hormone as they are related to the role of the pituitary gland. --78.86.117.164 01:36, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Pituitary Gland
Is there any medications/ treatment by which melanin can be produced from body to cure white spots? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.176.105.92 (talk) 07:36, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Does anyone know how bad a hemoraged pituitary gland is? Does that require surgery or medication? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.116.211.119 (talk) 18:57, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

more and better pictures needed.
more pictures needed.

more and better Gross anatomy pictures needed. a picture of the bones that surround it is also needed - get a view of the sella turcica from the top. Bold texthearts; —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.104.131.77 (talk) 03:57, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

undo vandalism
please undo the vandalism done to this page, it says something with penis and semen in between sentences. Furthermore, something went wrong with the template, i think.

How do you pronounce this? StealthNinja360 (talk) 17:40, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Pituitary and Pineal glands
Please can anyone explain, in simple terms,if there is any connection between the Pituitary and the Pineal glands. If so, how does the health of one affect the other?

90.194.238.225 (talk) 20:35, 5 April 2008 (UTC) eddie h. - There's is no direct connection. In case of tumour-growth weird things can happen. So yes, health problems in the surrounding areas of an endocrine gland can cause systemic health-issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.83.18.197 (talk) 23:50, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Part of the brain?
Is the pituitary gland considered a part of the brain, or simply a gland located directly underneath it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.225.112.216 (talk) 03:07, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Invitation to edit
It is proposed that Pituitary gland be part of the trial of a new template; see the green strip at the top of Pain where it has been in place for a couple of months. The purpose of this project is to encourage readers to edit, while equipping them with the basic tools. If you perceive a problem with this, or have any suggestions for improvement, please discuss at the project talk page --Anthonyhcole (talk) 09:54, 10 January 2011 (UTC).

Four humors theory of medicine
The pituitary gland was considered the source of phlegm in this theory of medicine. in fact, the etymology of pituitary means phlegm-producing. It is rather amazing that modern medicine has not renamed this gland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.121.204.129 (talk) 23:11, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Weight
My textbook says it weighs 0,5-1g. (M Zorc et al. Histologija: ucbenik, mf 2010 - in slovenian language). Maybe someone should check a textbook and find a better reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ZaciOne (talk • contribs) 10:45, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * What level textbook is that (high school, college, etc.)? Textbooks lower than college level are generally not considered reliable sources; college textbooks are only sometims RS, and usually only when they're specialty texts. For instance, if that were a medical school anatomy textbook, that could probably be okay.
 * I couldn't find a definitive answer, but did see one abstract that put the info in the range you state. It's possible it was a typing/calculation error, or possibly even earlier vandalism. I've changed it to 0.5g. Qwyrxian (talk) 11:14, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

embryology
I removed this section heading. There was nothing about the embryology of the pituitary in it. It was all detailed anatomy.

I removed the hormones secreted from the old Embryology section and placed them in their own section. Having them scattered into an another section seems odd to me. I came to the page looking for information on the hormones the pituitary secretes. Each of these is utterly essential and there are a dozen of them, making them the most important feature of the pituitary and deserving of their own section. Nick Beeson (talk) 14:07, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Change the name to Hypophysis.
The correct term is hypophysis. We cannot be using the same terms from centuries ago because they are not precise and in the case of the hypophysis it even tells things that are not true. Pituita means mucus, Aristotle thought nasal mucus came from this gland in the brain, but he was wrong, this gland has no relation to mucus at all and the pituitary name must be forsaken. Please, change the name to hypophysis since it's the only correct way to call it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.87.111.127 (talk) 22:43, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
 * You'll need to provide evidence that hypophysis is the WP:COMMONNAME, not just your opinion. Qwyrxian (talk) 23:15, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Hypophysis is the technical term that students of anatomy use - otherwise its 'pituitary' however its use so arrived. There exists the Pituitary Foundation which says (by reply email) that there is no discussion anywhere to change the general usage from pituitary. Iztwoz (talk) 17:48, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pituitary gland


text:
Desert fox

Desert fox may refer to:

Animals

 * Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda), the world's smallest canid
 * White-footed fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla), also known as the desert fox

Games

 * Desert Fox (computer game), a 1985 game for the Commodore 64
 * The Desert Fox, a 1981 board wargame published in Strategy & Tactics magazine

Other uses

 * Nickname of World War II German field marshal Erwin Rommel
 * Rommel: The Desert Fox, a 1950 biography of Erwin Rommel by Desmond Young
 * The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel, a 1951 movie about Erwin Rommel
 * The Desert Foxes, nickname for the Algeria national football team
 * Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing of Iraq by the United States and United Kingdom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Desert fox


text:
Canadian Alliance leadership elections

The Canadian Alliance, a conservative political party in Canada, held two leadership elections to choose the party's leader. The first was held shortly after the party's founding in 2000, and the second was held in 2002. The party merged with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 2003 to form the Conservative Party of Canada.

The 1987 founding convention of the Reform Party of Canada elected Preston Manning as party leader by acclamation. Manning was re-ratified as leader at every subsequent convention of the party without opposition.

The Reform Party became the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance" (better known as the "Canadian Alliance") in 2000 and had its first contested leadership election. Canadian Alliance leadership votes were conducted via a pure one member, one vote system in which each party member cast a ballot with equal weight.

In the CA's system, the leader was the candidate who received 50% plus one of all votes cast (i.e., an absolute majority). If no candidate had an absolute majority on the first ballot, the top two candidates participated in a run-off election several weeks after the first ballot.

Candidates
Stockwell Day: 49, Progressive Conservative Treasurer of Alberta (since 1997), Alberta Minister of Social Services (1996-1997) Alberta Minister of Labour (1992-1996), MLA for Red Deer North (since 1986), and former assistant pastor and school administrator at the Bentley Christian Centre in Bentley, Alberta.

Preston Manning: 58, founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada (1987-2000), Member of Parliament for Calgary Southwest, Alberta (since 1993), Leader of the Opposition (1997-2000).

Tom Long:, 42, lawyer, former president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (1986-1989), chair of Ontario PC election campaigns in 1995 and 1999, co-chair of Canadian Alliance founding convention.

Keith Martin: 40, physician and Member of Parliament for the riding of Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, British Columbia (since 1993). Martin advocated a position that was conservative on economic issues but is socially liberal.

John Stachow: 37, Ontario Power Generation worker from Myrtle, Ontario, advocate of a "social credit", and that the government of Canada to assume direct control over the nation's money supply, rather than leaving this responsibility in the hands of private banks. Opponent of the 1913 Bank Act.

To be nominated, candidates needed to submit signatures from 300 Canadian Alliance members and a $25,000 deposit.

2002 leadership election
Stephen Harper: 43, President of the National Citizens Coalition (1998-2002); Reform Party Member of Parliament, 1993-1997, for Calgary West, Alberta (1993-1997), Reform Party Critic for Intergovernmental Affairs (1994-1997), and Finance (1995-1996). Economist by profession.

Stockwell Day: 51, leader of the Canadian Alliance (2000-2001), Member of Parliament for Okanagan—Coquihalla, British Columbia (since 2000); former Alberta cabinet minister and MLA; agreed to resign and recontest the Canadian Alliance leadership following a caucus revolt.

Diane Ablonczy: 52, lawyer, Opposition Critic for Human Resources Development, Member of Parliament for Calgary North (1993-1997), then Calgary—Nose Hill, Alberta (since 1997).

Grant Hill: 58, medical doctor, Opposition Critic for Intergovernmental Affairs, former Critic for Health (1994-1999), Member of Parliament for Macleod, Alberta (since 1993).

During the early campaign, Toronto drag queen Enza Anderson also declared her candidacy for the leadership, although she dropped her bid before the official registration deadline.

title: Canadian Alliance leadership elections


text:
Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society

The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society (Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste) is an institution in Quebec dedicated to the protection of Quebec francophone interests and to the promotion of Quebec sovereignism. It is known as the oldest patriotic association in French North America. The society's president from 2009 to 2014, Mario Beaulieu, subsequently became leader of the Bloc Québécois. Its current president, Maxime Laporte, is known for being coordinator (president) of Cap sur l'indépendance, an umbrella group of various independentist organisations.

History

The society was created by Ludger Duvernay, a journalist for La Minerve in Lower Canada. It evolved from the Société Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera ("help yourself and heaven will help you"), which was founded by Duvernay on March 8, 1834. Most notably, it made the 24th of June St. John the Baptist day, the national day of the Quebecers. In 1922, June 24 became a public holiday in Quebec, and since 1977 it has been the national holiday.

In the 1830s, Lower Canadians of British and (French) Canadian origin founded various charitable and social societies. On December 19, 1834, the English of Lower Canada established the Saint George's Society of Montreal, and the Saint George's Society of Quebec on October 12, 1835. The Irish of Lower Canada founded the St. Patrick's Society of Montreal on March 17, 1834. The (French) Canadians established what would become the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society on June 24, 1834. The Scots of Lower Canada founded the Saint Andrew's Society of Montreal on February 6, 1835. The German Society of Montreal was also established in 1835.

At its foundation, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society used the Lower-Canada patriot flag. At the end of the 19th century, recognizing that the custom had become established, it adopted the tricolor flag of France with a maple leaf at the center (in the white part) in 1888. Since 1902 the Carillon flag, created by Elfège Filatreau, became established gradually. It will be, in a slightly modified form, adopted as the flag of Quebec in 1948.

Although similar societies also existed in other parts of British North America or the United States, the societies of Lower Canada were created in a different context. The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society was established to promote French-Canadian interests within Canada and to preserve the French language and culture, as well as the Roman Catholic religion. It has been active in social, cultural, educational, political, and economic spheres. The society was instrumental in the creation of the École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal, the École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, the Monument-National, and the Société nationale de fiducie. In 1899, it created the Caisse nationale d'économie and contributed to the Chambre de Commerce de Montréal. The society has also created many organizations to assist in its mission—notably La Fondation du Prêt d'Honneur (1944) and the Fondation J.-Donat-Langelier (1988).

The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society had a motto, a flag, an emblem and a patriotic goal. The motto was "Our institutions, our language and our rights." Initially, the society adopted the maple leaf as its emblem, and its Quebec City branch was the first promoter of the song "O Canada" as a symbol of the French-Canadian nation, together with the Carillon Sacré-Coeur flag. The leaf and anthem have since been appropriated by English Canada as national Canadian symbols (a bilingual version of the song eventually became the national anthem of Canada in 1980), and are now seen as inimical to the ideas of the SSJB and many Quebec nationalists.

The society had local branches in all the major French-Canadian communities in Quebec, the other Canadian provinces, and the United States. It has however changed considerably over time. When it was created, the French-speaking inhabitants of Canada constituted the only large group wishing to see Canada become an independent country from the British Empire. The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society was an expression of this desire in all its activities. The group, however, was not anti-royalist; for instance, the society's President in 1959 requested, with the support of the Mayor of Quebec City, that Elizabeth II, Canada's queen, light the main bonfire on the eve of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day; though the petition was rejected by Howard Graham, the Queen's Canadian Secretary at the time.

During the 20th century, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society focused its action in Quebec and it is now a proponent of the independence of Quebec from Canada.

Despite the timid position on the Canadian Royal Family they once held, in 2009 the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society and Réseau de Résistance du Québécois (RRQ) mounted demonstrations and threw eggs at Canadian soldiers during the visit of Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, to the Black Watch Regiment in Montreal, on Remembrance Day, requiring the intervention of riot police.

There are 14 sections of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal in the Greater Montreal Area. The societies are tied to the Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois (MNQ), which also counts 14 affiliated Saint-Jean-Baptiste societies or sociétés nationales in the rest of Quebec.

Awards
The society awards a number of prizes for various achievements.
 * Patriot of the Year, for the defense of the interests of Quebec (began in 1975)
 * Bene merenti de patria, for patriotism (began in 1923)
 * Ludger-Duvernay Prize, for literary talent (began in 1944)
 * Olivar-Asselin Award, for journalism (began in 1955)
 * Calixa-Lavallée Award, for music (began in 1959)
 * Louis-Philippe-Hébert Award, plastic arts (began in 1971)
 * Victor-Morin Award (Prix Victor-Morin ), for theater (began in 1971)
 * Esdras-Minville Award, for social science (began in 1978)
 * Maurice-Richard Award, for excellence in sports (began in 1979)
 * Léon-Lortie Award, sciences (began in 1987)

title: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society


text:
Guy Chevrette

Guy Chevrette (born January 10, 1940, in Saint-Come, Quebec) served as Parti Québécois leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly of Quebec, Canada, from 1987 to 1989. He was the MNA for the riding of Joliette-Montcalm from 1976 to 1981 and Joliette from 1981 to 2002.

Biography
When former Premier Pierre-Marc Johnson quit politics in 1987 after losing the 1985 election, Chevrette became Leader of the Opposition. In 1988, the PQ elected a new leader, Jacques Parizeau, however Parizeau was not sitting in the National Assembly since he had resigned in 1984.

In the 1989 election, Parizeau won a seat and replaced Chevrette as Leader of the Opposition.

After the PQ won the 1994 election, Chevrette served in various ministerial posts in the cabinet in the governments of Parizeau, Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry. He resigned and quit politics in 2002.

In 2003, he founded a lobbying firm with longtime chief of staff Pierre Chateauvert. In 2005, he was appointed executive officer of the Quebec Forest Council, a private association defending the forestry industry.

title: Guy Chevrette


text:
Achatinidae

Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "agate") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa.

Well known species include Achatina achatina the Giant African Snail, and Lissachatina fulica the Giant East African Snail.

As of 2022, there were 105 genera recognized within the family Achatinidae.

Description
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).

Distribution
The native distribution of Achatinidae is Africa south of the Sahara.

Taxonomy
As of 2022, the family Achatinidae contains the following subfamilies:
 * Achatininae Swainson, 1840 – synonyms: Urceidae Chaper, 1884 ; Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945
 * Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
 * Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
 * Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
 * Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
 * Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
 * Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
 * Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
 * Rumininae Wenz, 1923
 * Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
 * Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
 * Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895

Genera
The following genera are recognised in the family Achatinidae: Achatininae
 * Achatina Lamarck, 1799 – type genus of the family Achatinidae
 * Archachatina Albers, 1850
 * Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
 * Bequaertina Mead, 1994
 * Brownisca Mead, 2004
 * Bruggenina Mead, 2004
 * Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
 * Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
 * Cochlitoma Férussac, 1821
 * Columna Perry, 1811
 * Leptocala Ancey, 1888
 * Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950
 * Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904
 * Lignus Gray, 1834
 * Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
 * Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
 * Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950
 * Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904
 * Pseudachatina Albers, 1850

Coeliaxinae
 * Balfouria Crosse, 1884
 * Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
 * Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
 * Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967
 * Neosubulina Smith, 1898
 * Riebeckia von Martens, 1883

Cryptelasminae
 * Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907
 * Thomea Girard, 1893

Glessulinae
 * Glessula Martens, 1860

Opeatinae
 * Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906
 * Opeas Albers, 1850

Petriolinae
 * Aporachis  D. T. Holyoak, 2020
 * Bocageia Girard, 1893
 * Ceras Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901
 * Chilonopsis Fischer de Waldheim, 1848
 * Cleostyla Dall, 1896
 * Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906
 * Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
 * Homorus Albers, 1850
 * Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
 * Itiopiana Preston, 1910
 * Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
 * Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919
 * Mabilliella Ancey, 1886
 * Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923
 * Nothapalus von Martens, 1897
 * Oleata Ortiz de Zarate, 1959
 * Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919
 * Petriola Dall, 1905
 * Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919
 * Subulona Martens, 1889

Pyrgininae
 * Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854
 * Pyrgina Greef, 1882

Rishetiinae
 * Bacillum Theobald, 1840
 * Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
 * Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
 * Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906

Rumininae
 * Krapfiella Preston, 1911
 * Lubricetta Haas, 1928
 * Namibiella Zilch, 1954
 * Rumina Risso, 1826
 * Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902

Stenogyrinae
 * Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906
 * Cupulella Aguayo & Jaume, 1948
 * †Cylindrogyra Repelin, 1902
 * Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906
 * Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903
 * Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896
 * †Nisopsis Matheron, 1888
 * Obeliscus Beck, 1837
 * Ochroderma Ancey, 1885
 * Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931
 * Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907
 * Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
 * Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906
 * Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906
 * Rhodea Adams & Adams, 1855
 * Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854
 * Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
 * Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906

Subulininae
 * Allopeas H. B. Baker, 1935
 * Beckianum Baker, 1961
 * Curvella Chaper, 1885
 * Dysopeas Baker, 1927
 * Euonyma Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896
 * Fortuna Schlickum & Strauch, 1972
 * Hypolysia Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901
 * Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882
 * Lavajatus Simone, 2018
 * Leptinaria Beck, 1837
 * Leptopeas Baker, 1927
 * Micropeas Connolly, 1923
 * Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909
 * †Opetiopsis S.-Y. Guo, 1983
 * Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906
 * Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907
 * Prosopeas Mörch, 1876
 * Pseudoglessula Boettger, 1892
 * Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
 * Striosubulina Thiele, 1933
 * Subulina Beck, 1837
 * Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013
 * Zootecus Westerlund, 1887

Thyrophorellinae
 * Thyrophorella Greeff, 1882

Other subfamilies
 * †''Arabicolaria Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
 * †''Pacaudiella Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016

title: Achatinidae


text:
Wikipedia talk:Elections

2004 elections
User:Danny and User:Imran have volunteered on the Wikipedia-l mailing list to administer the Board election. --Michael Snow 04:18, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This should be on meta. --mav

 * Maybe it should be on meta too, but it should definitely be here as well. Most Wikipedia users don't use meta. --Michael Snow 04:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * about half of wikipedia pages are not in english. We can perhaps presume that half of wikipedians are not english. So, while most wikipedia users don't use meta, I am not sure half wikipedians use english wikipedia; The choice of meta is not necessarily a practical one, but it is at least a good political move. Generally speaking :-) ::this said, that page should exist here as well :-) FirmLittleFluffyThing

 * That's why I posted to the mailing list about this page and invited people to translate it for the other Wikipedias. Meta is largely English-language as well, so it's not necessarily a better location. I don't object to anyone adding it to meta, but we need to advertise the election information as widely as possible, and I think most people will find that information through the regular Wikipedias, not meta. --Michael Snow 17:01, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Meta is neutral territory. And what about the other Wikimedia projects? Do Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikisource not matter? --mav

 * I don't think anyone objects to it being on meta. They just feel (as do I) that's it's good to have it here as well for visibility's sake. --Camembert

Also, info about arbcom and medcom are only relevant to en.wiki, since we don't rule on behalf of non-English folks. Martin 18:58, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Then leave the en.wikipedia stuff here and point readers to the Wikimedia stuff on Meta. --mav

 * I don't mind providing a link to meta pages as well, if there are any, but there's no reason not to provide information directly on this page. It's not like this page will be used to administer the actual election; we don't even know how that's going to be handled yet. Besides, I haven't found anybody doing anything about this on meta yet - all I know of is an old Board of Trustees page, written when the bylaws were originally released, with nothing more specific about the elections than what we have here. --Michael Snow 01:41, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I added the relevant link on meta. Please discuss board elections over there. Specificities should be over there. FirmLittleFluffyThing 03:28, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Number of arbitrators
I thought 12 were appointed originally, unless you're not counting Erik based on his declining to serve. I would have made the page clearer, but I don't know if there's been a final decision on how many positions the Arbitration Committee will have on a permanent basis. --Michael Snow 18:48, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I wasn't counting Erik, because he declined. Seems more accurate that way. Martin 18:57, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay. Obviously before an election is held, the number of positions should be fixed more clearly, but there's still time for that. The Board election will come first anyway, unless Jimbo wants to wait a *really* long time to sign the bylaws. --Michael Snow 19:13, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Board of Trustees election
I accept the principle that there should be some type of 'minimum service' requirement on voters, but would have to query the sole option selected of '90 days elapsed since registration' as there are people with fewer than 100 edits to their name on there (indeed I noted at least one in single figures!) whereas there are probably members who have a reasonable track record with more edits in a shorter timeframe. It would be wrong to change the process now, but just as some sort of 'heads-up' for the future maybe there should be a minimum time and minimum contribution together. --VampWillow 16:51, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be so easy to rack up a hundred edits if one needed to that this isn't all that strong a restriction. —Morven 17:02, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Which therefore begs the question why users with fewer than a dozen edits to their name get to vote in an important election ... --VampWillow 17:12, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It does indeed, but if we applied such a restriction, it wouldn't do any practical good; one could simply rack up a hundred typo fixes in an hour or two. —Morven 18:45, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * User contributions is difficult to gauge, too. Someone with less than 100 edits could have written 50 complete, new articles, which is just as useful a contribution as 2000 copyedits. --Chopchopwhitey 21:01, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey! Meelar 22:11, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Condorcet Voting
I strongly recommend that we should change from approval voting to Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping, a Condorcet method, for the next elections. We can use Andrew Myers' Condorcet Internet Voting Service (CIVS) to count the ballots.

Already during the last Arbitration Committee elections, it has been proposed by Johnleemk and Nat Krause to change from approval voting to Condorcet voting. But their proposal came to late. Markus Schulze 21 June 2005

Clarification
This "clarification" was "restored" to the page:

 * Note that "elections" to the Arbitration Commitee only advise Jimbo on who to appoint; it is not binding on him, and he is free to appoint others and not to appoint those "elected".

Since it was never there originally, I removed it again. I've seen this theory promoted a few times, but I think it's an interpretation, rather than a definitive explanation of the state of affairs. I think the notion of Jimbo rejecting properly elected candidates would bring Wikipedia dangerously close to a "constitutional crisis". In the last election, nobody waited around for Jimbo to approve the results; we simply sorted the new arbitrators into their terms and let them get to work. --Michael Snow 16:53, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

whodda thunk it.....
that what seems to me to be such an important page would in fact be such a backwater! I've been thinking about taking a look at some of these systems, with a view to trying to create some centralised discussion about the ways in which the elections for the arbcom at the end of the year might work. I'd like to ask an independent group to come in and make some recommendations (maybe from the foundation? maybe something like the election committee for the recent board of trustees elections? maybe just well clued up members of this or other wiki communities who might be willing to take a look?) - I think it pays to try and get our house in order well ahead of time, so all thoughts about how that might work would be most welcome... I also recognise that there could well be other discussions about this (or past discussions) in various corners of the wiki, so would welcome any assistance in gathering them together too! cheers, Privatemusings (talk) 06:06, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Three Audit Subcommittee vacancies: Urgent call for applications
The process to appoint the three non-arbitrator members of the Audit Subcommittee is underway. If you are suitably qualified, please see the election pages for the job specification and application arrangements. Applications close 22 October 2009.

For the Arbitration Committee,  Roger Davies  talk 19:17, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Audit Subcommittee elections: Urgent! Final call for applications
Time is rapidly running out. The closing date for completed applications is 23:59 (UTC) 22 October 2009. If you are interested in becoming one of the three non-arbitrator members of the Audit Subcommittee, see the election pages now for the job specification and application details.

For the Arbitration Committee,  Roger Davies  talk 17:36, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

AUSC October 2009 elections: Vote now!
The election, using SecurePoll, has now started. You may:
 * Visit the election "home page" for an overview;
 * Review the candidate's statements: Dominic • Frank • Jredmond • KillerChihuahua • MBisanz • Tznkai;
 * Or go straight to your personal voting page: here to cast your votes.

The election closes at 23:59 (UTC) on 8 November 2009.

For the Arbitration Committee,  Roger Davies  talk 07:27, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Urgent! Last call for votes: AUSC October 2009 elections
There's only one day to go! The Audit Subcommittee election, using SecurePoll, closes at 23:59 (UTC) 8 November. Three community members will be appointed to supervise use of the CheckUser and OverSight tools. If you wish to vote you must do so urgently. Here's how: MBisanz • Tznkai; here. For the Arbitration Committee,  — Rlevse • Talk  • 17:06, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Visit the election "home page" for an overview;
 * Review the candidate's statements: Dominic • Frank • Jredmond • KillerChihuahua •
 * Or go straight to your personal voting page:

Nominations now open for the Arbitration Committee elections, December 2009
Nominations are now open for candidates to run in the Arbitration Committee elections of December 2009 (WP:ACE2009). In order to be eligible to run, editors must have 1,000 mainspace edits, be at least 18 years of age, and be of legal age in their place of residence; note also that successful candidates must identify to the Wikimedia Foundation before taking their seats. Nominations will be accepted from today, November 10, through November 24, with voting scheduled to begin on December 1. To submit your candidacy, proceed to the candidate statements page. The conditions of the election are currently under discussion; all editors are encouraged to participate. For the coordination cabal, Skomorokh,  barbarian  01:50, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Invitation to participate in SecurePoll feedback and workshop
Interested editors are invited to participate in the SecurePoll feedback and workshop. SecurePoll was recently used in the Audit Subcommittee election, and has been proposed for use for the upcoming Arbitration Committee election at this current request for comment (RFC). Your comments, suggestions and observations are welcome. For the Arbitration Committee, Dougweller (talk) 09:10, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Arbitration Committee Elections: last calls for candidates, comments on process
This is a reminder that the nominations phase of the December 2009 elections to select new members of the Arbitration Committee, as well as the Request for Comment|Request for Comment on the conditions for the elections and the 2010 Committee, will close on November 24, in one day's time.

If you have been considering running as a candidate in this year's election to the Committee, now is the time to make the decision. It's worth noting that there are twenty-two candidates at the time of writing, six fewer than last year, and so with eight seats available the field is not as competitive as might have been expected. All editors who had made 1,000 mainspace edits by November 10, 2009, are over 18 years of age and of the age of majority in their nation of residence, and are willing to identify themselves to the Wikimedia Foundation are eligible to stand as candidates. You can declare your candidacy by following the instructions at the candidate statements page.

The Request for Comment on the Arbitration Committee covers the conditions for the elections and the Committee in 2010. Specific issues under debate include term lengths, number of seats, election methods, ballot transparency, the tranche system, threshold for successful candidacies and voter eligibility. If you want to participate in the discussion on any of these issues, you have less than a day to have your voice heard. For the coordinators,  Skomorokh,  barbarian   01:36, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom election reminder
Dear colleagues

This is a reminder that voting is open until 23:59 UTC next Monday 14 December to elect new members of the Arbitration Committee. It is an opportunity for all editors with at least 150 mainspace edits on or before 1 November 2009 to shape the composition of the peak judicial body on the English Wikipedia.

On behalf of the election coordinators.  Tony   (talk)  09:06, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Last chance to vote in the Arbitration Committee Elections
This is a brief reminder to all interested editors that today is the final day to vote in the December 2009 elections to elect new members to the Arbitration Committee. The voting period opened at 00:01 on UTC 1 December 2009 and will close at 23:59 UTC on 14 December 2009 as initially planned. Updated 21:00, 13 December 2009 (UTC).

The voting this year is by secret ballot using the SecurePoll extension. All unblocked editors who had at least 150 mainspace edits on or before 1 November 2009 are eligible to vote (check your account). Prospective voters are invited to review the candidate statements and the candidates' individual questions pages. Although voting is by secret ballot, and only votes submitted in this way will be counted, you are invited to leave brief comments on the candidates' comment pages and discuss candidates at length on the attached talkpages. If you have any questions or difficulties with the voting setup, please [&section=new ask] at the election talkpage. For live discussion, join #wikipedia-en-ace on freenode.

Follow this link to cast your vote

For the coordinators,  Skomorokh   12:57, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Nominations now open for the 2011 Arbitration Committee Elections
Nominations are now open for candidates to run in the 2011 Arbitration Committee Elections.

The role of Arbitrator is important and demanding, there is a perennial need for new volunteers to step forward. This year, 7 arbitrators are expected to be chosen. Nominations are open to any editor in good standing over the age of 18, who is of legal age in their place of residence, and who has made at least 150 mainspace edits before November 1, 2011; candidates are not required to be administrators or to have any other special permissions, but will be required to make certain commitments and disclosures as detailed in the nomination instructions. Experienced and committed editors are urged to Consider standing.

Nominations will be accepted from today, November 12 through Monday, November 21 at 23:59 (UTC), with voting scheduled to begin on Sunday, November 27. To submit your candidacy, proceed to the candidates page and follow the instructions given. Good luck to all the candidates who decide to stand for election, Monty  845  00:01, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Updates and other elections
I've done a bit of updating, but more is needed. I'm not convinced the AMA bit needs its own section - that is more footnote material. Also, are things like the Military History WikiProject (WP:MILHIST) process for selecting co-ordinators elections, or are they more like RfAs (which rightly got removed from here in a recent edit). Also, there should be a link to every SecurePoll election held, with its number, and the elections listed here that used SecurePoll should be identified as such and linked. Carcharoth (talk) 23:35, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

The 2012 Arbitration Committee Election is open
The 2012 Arbitration Committee Election is now open. Users may review the election page to learn more about the election and determine if they are eligible to vote. The election will run from November 27 until December 10.

Voters are encouraged to review the candidate statements prior to voting. Voter are also encouraged to review the candidate guide. Voters can review questions asked of each candidate, which are linked at the bottom of their statement, and participate in discussion regarding the candidates.

Voters can cast their ballot by visiting Special:SecurePoll/vote/259.

Voters can ask questions regarding the election at this page.

For the Electoral Commission.  MBisanz  talk 00:00, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

The 2012 Arbitration Committee Election is closing today
The 2012 Arbitration Committee Election is closing today (in about 8 hours). Until then, users may review the election page to learn more about the election and determine if they are eligible to vote.

Voters are encouraged to review the candidate statements prior to voting. Voter are also encouraged to review the candidate guide. Voters can review questions asked of each candidate, which are linked at the bottom of their statement, and participate in discussion regarding the candidates.

Voters can cast their ballot by visiting Special:SecurePoll/vote/259.

Voters can ask questions regarding the election at this page.

For the Electoral Commission.  MBisanz  talk 15:11, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Village Pump Discussion
There is currently a discussion at the Village Pump (Proposals) that may be of interest to members of this project. -Ad Orientem (talk) 16:27, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

RFA
Why is Requests for adminship only listed under "See also"? The description of an election in the lede fits RFA exactly. — Sebastian 09:50, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

How ARBCOM elections work
Just wandering, who decides how many seats are available to be filled at each ARBCOM election? Any links to discussions would be helpful. Cheers, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 19:42, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * If you go to a given year's election page (e.g. WP:ACE2019) you'll see that it notes that a pre-election request for comment is held each year. The links aren't given on the front page (???) but the shortcuts to recent years are fairly predictable: WP:ACERFC2019, WP:ACERFC2018, WP:ACERFC2017, etc.  It's in that RfC that any changes are made.  Notable size changes were:
 * 18->15 in ACE 2011
 * 15->13 in ACE 2018
 * 13->15 in ACE 2019
 * ~ Amory  (u • t • c) 20:05, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Elections


text:
Bob Odenkirk

Robert John Odenkirk (born October 22, 1962 ) is an American actor, screenwriter, comedian, and producer. He is known for his role as Saul Goodman/Jimmy McGill on Breaking Bad (2008–2013) and its spin-off Better Call Saul (2015–2022). For the latter, he has received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. As a producer on Better Call Saul since its premiere, he has also received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. He is also known for the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show with Bob and David (1995–1998), which he co-created and co-starred in with fellow comic David Cross. In 2015, he and Cross reunited, along with the rest of the Mr. Show cast, for W/ Bob & David on Netflix.

Odenkirk wrote for television series Saturday Night Live (1987–1991) and The Ben Stiller Show (1992), winning an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series in 1989 and 1993. He also wrote for Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–1994) and acted in a recurring role as Agent Stevie Grant in The Larry Sanders Show (1993–1998). In the early 2000s, Odenkirk discovered the comedy duo Tim & Eric. He produced their television series Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–2006) and Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! (2007–2010). His feature directorial credits include the films Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003), Let's Go to Prison (2006), and The Brothers Solomon (2007).

The success of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul led to acting work in high-profile projects such as Nebraska (2013), the first season of Fargo (2014), Steven Spielberg's The Post (2017), Pixar's Incredibles 2 (2018), Little Women (2019) and, as the lead, the action film Nobody (2021), which he also produced.

Early life and education
Robert John Odenkirk was born in Berwyn, Illinois, then raised in Naperville. He is the second oldest of seven siblings born to Walter Henry Odenkirk (1930–1986), who was employed in the printing business, and Barbara Mary ( Baier) Odenkirk (1936–2021), Catholics of German and Irish descent. His parents divorced in part due to Walter's alcoholism, which influenced Bob's decision to avoid alcohol as much as possible. He describes his father as "remote, fucked-up, and not around". Odenkirk would later say that he grew up "hating" Naperville as a 15-year-old because "it felt like a dead end, like Nowheresville. I couldn't wait to move into a city and be around people who were doing exciting things." Walter Odenkirk died of bone cancer in 1986. Odenkirk's younger brother Bill Odenkirk is also a comedy writer, and helped Bob's early career.

Odenkirk attended Naperville North High School and graduated at 16; he was "tired of high school", and because he had enough credits, he was able to leave high school when he was still a junior. Because he was so young and thought he would be awkward at any college, he decided to attend the local College of DuPage in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. After a year, he went to Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then transferred to Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, "honing his sketch-writing and performance skills with live shows on both colleges' radio stations". He began his foray into comedy writing as a radio DJ for WIDB, the local non-broadcast college station at SIU. At WIDB he created a late-night (midnight to 4 am) radio comedy show called The Prime Time Special. After three years of college, Odenkirk was three credits short of graduating when he decided to try writing and improv in Chicago. He completed the credits at Columbia College Chicago and received his bachelor's degree in communications from SIU in 1984. First studying with Del Close, Odenkirk attended the Players Workshop where he met Robert Smigel, and they began a collaboration that would last for years and take Odenkirk to Saturday Night Live. He also performed at the Improv Olympic alongside future Saturday Night Live cast members Chris Farley and Tim Meadows.

Odenkirk sharpened his stand-up and improv skills at Elmhurst's now defunct Who's on First comedy club, then part of The Steve and Leo Show.

Odenkirk visited Chicago's Second City Theater at the age of fourteen. He said his strongest comedic influence was Monty Python's Flying Circus, primarily due to its combination of cerebral humor and verbal slapstick, which Odenkirk characterized as "laugh-out-loud" humor. Other influences included radio personality Steve Dahl, SCTV, Steve Martin's Let's Get Small, Woody Allen, The Credibility Gap, and Bob and Ray.

1987–1999: Saturday Night Live and Mr. Show
Odenkirk was hired as a writer at Saturday Night Live in 1987 and worked there through 1991. Working alongside Robert Smigel and Conan O'Brien, he contributed to many sketches they created but felt uncertain of the efficacy of his writing at the show. When SNL took its 1988 summer break, Odenkirk returned to Chicago to perform a stage show with Smigel and O'Brien, titled Happy Happy Good Show. The following summer he did a one-man show, Show-Acting Guy, directed by Tom Gianas. During his final summer hiatus, he wrote and acted in the Second City Mainstage show, Flag Burning Permitted in Lobby Only. In that particular show, he wrote the character "Matt Foley, Motivational Speaker" for Chris Farley, which would later be reprised on SNL.

He acted in several small roles on the show, most visibly during a 1990 parody commercial for Bad Idea Jeans. During his final year at SNL, he worked alongside Adam Sandler, David Spade, Chris Rock and Chris Farley, but eventually he decided to leave the show in order to pursue performing. He has credited SNL with teaching him many lessons about sketch writing, from senior writers like Jim Downey and Al Franken, as well as his friends Smigel and O'Brien. In 1991, Odenkirk relocated to Los Angeles and was hired to write for the TV show Get a Life, which starred Late Night with David Letterman alumnus Chris Elliott. He wrote for The Dennis Miller Show.

Odenkirk's friendship with Ben Stiller, with whom he briefly shared an office at SNL, would lead to his being hired for the cast of The Ben Stiller Show in 1992. Working as both a writer and actor on the show, he created and starred in the memorable sketch "Manson Lassie", and helped the show win an Emmy Award for writing. However, the show had already been canceled by the time it won the award. Odenkirk served as a writer on Late Night with Conan O'Brien for the show's 1993 and 1994 seasons. Odenkirk met David Cross at Ben Stiller; shortly afterward, the pair began performing live sketch shows, which eventually evolved into Mr. Show with Bob and David. In 1993, Odenkirk began a recurring role on The Larry Sanders Show as Larry Sanders' agent, Stevie Grant. He would continue the character through 1998. Also in 1993, he had brief acting roles on Roseanne and Tom Arnold's The Jackie Thomas Show. Odenkirk's first movie roles were very minor parts in films such as Wayne's World 2, The Cable Guy, Can't Stop Dancing and Monkeybone. Odenkirk briefly attempted a stand-up career in the mid 90s, but ditched it soon after, admitting he "hated telling the same joke twice."

Created by Odenkirk and David Cross, Mr. Show ran on HBO for four seasons. The series featured a number of comedians in the early stages of their careers, including Sarah Silverman, Paul F. Tompkins, Jack Black, Tom Kenny, Mary Lynn Rajskub, Brian Posehn and Scott Aukerman. While nominated for multiple Emmy awards in writing and generally well-liked by critics, it never broke out of a "cult" audience into larger mainstream acceptance due to being a premium cable show. After Mr. Show, Bob and David and the writers from the staff wrote the movie Run, Ronnie, Run. The film was an extension of a sketch from the show's first season. However, the studio took production control away from Cross and Odenkirk during the editing stages, and the pair disowned the final product.

2000–2008: After Mr. Show
Odenkirk starred in numerous television shows and some films. He has written and produced many TV pilots, including The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke and David's Situation, but most didn't make it to air and none were picked up as a series. In 2003, Odenkirk directed Melvin Goes to Dinner and played the role of Keith. The film received positive reviews from critics and won the Audience Award at the SXSW Film and Music Festival.

In 2004, Odenkirk received an unsolicited package including the work of Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. Inspired by their unique voice, he connected with them and helped them develop a semi-animated show for Adult Swim called Tom Goes to the Mayor. He assisted Tim and Eric with the development of their second series, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job. He had several small featuring roles on TV shows, including Everybody Loves Raymond, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, NewsRadio, Just Shoot Me!, Joey, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, Entourage, Weeds, and How I Met Your Mother.

Odenkirk was considered for the role of Michael Scott in the pilot of The Office, a role that ultimately went to Steve Carell. Odenkirk finally guested in the final season of The Office as a Philadelphia manager strongly reminiscent of Michael Scott. In 2006, Odenkirk directed Let's Go to Prison, which was written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant, and starred Will Arnett, Dax Shepard and Chi McBride. The film received a 12% "All Critics" score from the website Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of a little more than US$4.6 million. The following year Odenkirk directed The Brothers Solomon, written by Will Forte and starring Forte, Will Arnett and Kristen Wiig. The film received a 15% "All Critics" score from Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of approximately $1 million.

2009–2014: Breaking Bad
In 2009, Odenkirk joined the cast of AMC's Breaking Bad as corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman. Writer Peter Gould, as well as several others, had been quickly drawn to Odenkirk for this role based on his Mr. Show performances. The Goodman role was intended to be only a three-episode guest spot in the second season, but Odenkirk's performance led Gould and Vince Gilligan to extend the character as an ongoing role. Odenkirk became a series regular as Goodman for the show's third through fifth and final season.

In 2011, Odenkirk wrote and developed Let's Do This! for Adult Swim, starring Cal Mackenzie-Goldberg a "two-bit movie mogul and head of Cal-Gold Pictures as he leads a collection of crazy, fame-hungry strivers chasing Hollywood dreams". The pilot can be seen on Adult Swim's website. Odenkirk executive produced the sketch comedy show The Birthday Boys, which starred the comedy group of the same name. Odenkirk also appeared in and directed a number of the sketches on the show. It premiered on IFC on October 18, 2013. In 2014, Odenkirk played Police Chief Bill Oswalt in FX's miniseries Fargo. In fall of 2014, Odenkirk played Dr. Stork, a podiatrist who specializes in cutting off people's toes, in Adult Swim's anthology series Tim & Eric's Bedtime Stories.

After starring in Breaking Bad, Odenkirk began to have more prominent roles in critically successful films, such as Incredibles 2, Little Women, The Post, The Disaster Artist, The Spectacular Now, which received the Special Jury Award for Acting at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, and the Alexander Payne-directed Nebraska, which was nominated for a Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

2015–2022: Better Call Saul
It was reported in April 2015 that Odenkirk was teaming with former co-star David Cross to produce a new sketch comedy series based on their previous production, Mr. Show, called W/ Bob and David. The series was commissioned by Netflix with the first season having been released in November 2015, featuring four 30-minute-long episodes, along with an hour-long behind-the-scenes special. Odenkirk and Cross both write, star in, and produce the show. Odenkirk has expressed interest in doing more seasons.

Odenkirk starred in the title role of Better Call Saul, a Breaking Bad spinoff. Primarily set in the early 2000s, years before the character's debut in Breaking Bad, the series follows lawyer Saul Goodman's journey from court-appointed defense attorney origins to his eventual status as a successful, though unscrupulous, criminal defense lawyer. He is also credited as a producer for the series.

The first season consists of ten 47-minute-long episodes, with a second and third season of ten episodes apiece following in early 2016 and 2017, respectively. The fourth season was available on Netflix as of August 6, 2018, and the fifth season premiered on AMC on February 23, 2020. The show's final sixth season, which started production in February 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19, started airing on April 18, 2022.

In 2017, Odenkirk published his first book, A Load of Hooey, a collection of comedic sketches and essays. Odenkirk co-wrote, produced, and starred in Girlfriend's Day, a Netflix original film. This film-noir comedy about a greeting card writer was directed by Michael Stephenson and influenced by Chinatown. It was a movie Odenkirk had wanted to make for 16 years, after Mr. Show writer Eric Hoffman sent him the original script and they began developing it. In April 2020, with the end of Better Call Saul in sight, Odenkirk established his own production company Cal-Gold Pictures and signed a first-look deal with Sony Pictures Television. Odenkirk, with Cal-Gold, plans to develop unique stories, with dynamic characters and social relevance. Former Comedy Central vice president Ian Friedman will serve as Cal-Gold's head of television. In March 2021, Odenkirk starred as Hutch Mansell in the action-thriller film Nobody, which opened at number one at the US box office, with $6.7 million in ticket sales.

Odenkirk received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 18, 2022, the date of the premiere of the final season of Better Call Saul. Odenkirk's star is located next to the star of his Breaking Bad co-star Bryan Cranston. In 2022, a new series starring Odenkirk was announced for AMC, entitled Lucky Hank, based on the novel Straight Man by Richard Russo. It premiered on March 19, 2023. In 2022, Odenkirk published his memoir, Comedy Comedy Comedy Drama. This was followed by a collection of children's poetry in 2023, Zilot & Other Important Rhymes, written with his daughter, Erin.

2023–present
Odenkirk starred as Tommy Wiseau's character Johnny in a 2023 remake of The Room, which is in post-production. In 2023 he acted in the FX series The Bear playing Uncle Lee in the episode "Fishes".

Personal life
In the early 1990s, Odenkirk was linked romantically to fellow comedian, actress, and writer Janeane Garofalo, who introduced him to Mr. Show with Bob and David co-creator David Cross.

In 1997, Odenkirk married Naomi Yomtov, who was later the executive producer of W/ Bob and David. They have two children, a son and a daughter.

Discussing costume choices on Better Call Saul, Odenkirk stated he has a bit of color blindness, and leaves it to the costume department to select the right outfits for his roles.

On December 15, 2019, Odenkirk's alma mater SIU announced it had awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Performing Arts.

On July 27, 2021, Odenkirk was hospitalized in Albuquerque after having what he described as a "small heart attack" on the set of the sixth season of Better Call Saul. Three days later, on July 30, Odenkirk reported that he would "be back soon", and on September 8 he reported he had returned to work. In 2022, Odenkirk revealed that he had two stents placed in his coronary arteries shortly after the widow-maker heart attack due to arterial plaque build-up, which he had been diagnosed with earlier in 2018; he also said that his condition was more severe than had initially been understood, disclosing that his heart stopped and he required cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation to recover a pulse.

On the PBS show Finding Your Roots, Odenkirk learned that he is descended from an illegitimate son of Frederick Charles, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, making him an eleventh cousin to King Charles III. He also learned one of his ancestors, Jean Jacques Fricker, was a French soldier during the Napoleonic Wars who fought at the Battle of Aspern-Essling.

title: Bob Odenkirk


text:
Anglo-Chinese School

Anglo-Chinese School (ACS) is a family of Methodist schools in Singapore and Indonesia. It was founded in 1886 by Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham as an extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Its students and alumni are referred to as "ACSians". ACS was the first school in Singapore to have a flower named after it, the "Ascocenda Anglo-Chinese School orchid", a hybrid created by the school to mark its 116th Founder's Day on 1 March 2002.

History
Founded on 1 March 1886 by Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham as an extension of the Methodist Church, the school was a shophouse at 70 Amoy Street, Singapore with 13 pupils. The name of the school came from its conducting lessons in Chinese in the morning and English in the afternoon. By the following year, enrollment was 104 and the school moved to Coleman Street.

Between 1914 and 1920, under Reverend J. S. Nagle, the school introduced religious (or "chapel") services and physical education classes. Afternoon classes were started for academically weak pupils. In a bid to ensure continuity in school life and keep the school adequately staffed, Nagle encouraged ex-students, known as "old boys", to join the school as teachers. The Anglo-Chinese School Old Boys' Association is a link through which many "old boys" continue to maintain close ties with the school.

The Anglo-Chinese Continuation School started in 1925 under a new principal, the Reverend P.L. Peach, who had to leave the school due to the newly imposed government age limits on school attendance by boys. ACS became Oldham Methodist School while a secondary school opened in Cairnhill Road.

During the World War II Japanese occupation of Singapore between 1942 and 1945, lessons were suspended. The school opened again in 1946, a year after the Japanese surrender, once the buildings at Cairnhill and Coleman Street had been made safe following damage sustained during the war. The pre-war principal, T. W. Hinch, who had been interned by the Japanese during the occupation and had been sent back to England to recover, returned to the school in June 1946. He set up "X" and "Y" classes, each with different levels of difficulty, for students who had missed their education due to the occupation. In September 1950, the secondary school relocated from Cairnhill Street to Barker Road.

In 1988, when the Ministry of Education started its independent school program, the school reorganized. New regulations allowed schools access to private funding and subjected them to less government regulation in the content of their curricula. Renamed ACS (Independent), in 1993 the school vacated the Barker Road campus and moved to Dover Road. After strong lobbying by alumni, the Barker Road site became the site of a second secondary school. At the same time, the Anglo-Chinese Primary School abandoned its Coleman Street premises (the old building now housing the National Archives of Singapore) to share premises with the new secondary school at Barker Road, now named ACS (Barker Road).

Anglo-Chinese School (Primary)
Anglo-Chinese School (Primary) (ACSP) was separated from the secondary classes in 1928 and was located at Coleman Street while the secondary classes moved to the new building at Cairnhill. In 1951, a branch school was established at Barker Road. In 1957, ACPS in Coleman Street catered to pupils from Primary 1 to 3 while Primary 4 to 6 classes remained known as ACJS. In 1961, leaving the Barker Road campus to be used for secondary and pre-university classes, Mr Lau Hee Boon became the first autonomous principal of ACPS with pupils from Primary 1 to 6, incorporating the Oldham Methodist Primary School with classes from Primary 1 to 6 in the afternoon. At the end of 1984, the junior school moved to 25 Peck Hay Road, while the primary school continued lessons at Canning Rise until 1994. It merged with the Barker Road school in that year, but in December 1998 relocated temporarily to 9 Ah Hood Road while waiting for the completion of the Barker Road campus rebuilding project. The school moved back to Barker Road on 4 December 2002.

Anglo-Chinese School (Junior)
Anglo-Chinese School (Junior) (ACSJ), formerly named Anglo-Chinese Junior School, is one of the two ACS primary schools in Singapore. Established in 1951 at the old Coleman Street campus, it moved to its former premises at 25 Peck Hay Road at the end of 1984. In December 2008, it relocated to a new building at 16 Winstedt Road.

Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)

Anglo-Chinese School obtained its independence status from MOE in 1988. In 1988, Anglo-Chinese Secondary School was renamed Anglo-Chinese School (Independent). After receiving its independent status, the school had outgrown the Barker Road campus and plans were made to construct a new building. It relocated to 121 Dover Road in 1992.

Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road)
Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road) opened in 1994 and is located at the Barker Road campus. It moved to the former Swiss Cottage Primary School while awaiting completion of the Barker Road rebuilding project. The school was divided into primary and secondary sections, the latter retaining the Barker Road suffix and the former later becoming ACS (Primary).

Anglo-Chinese School (International) Singapore
Anglo-Chinese School (International) is a private school. The school opened in January 2005 with 150 students and is located in Holland Village on the former premises of the now defunct Buona Vista Secondary School at 61 Jalan Hitam Manis.

From January 2026, a 10-storey elementary school building on the same site as its high school can accommodate 450 pupils from seven years of age to 12. The pupils will follow the Cambridge Primary curriculum offered by Cambridge International Education.

Anglo-Chinese Junior College
Anglo-Chinese Junior College opened in 1977, located at 25 Dover Close East.

ACS Jakarta
ACS Jakarta began in July 1996 as Sekolah Tiara Bangsa (STB) before formally joining the ACS Family as STB-ACS (International) Jakarta in July 2006 following. The name was changed to ACS Jakarta in 2015.

Notable alumni

 * Tharman Shanmugaratnam, 9th President of Singapore
 * Dr NG Eng Hen, Minister for Defence, Singapore
 * Tay Eng Soon, Senior Minister of State for Education, Singapore
 * Joseph Schooling, national swimmer, Olympics Gold Medallist
 * Lim Nee Soon, business and community leader
 * Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore

title: Anglo-Chinese School


text:
XanGo

Xango, LLC, (sometimes referred to as XANGO and XanGo) was a privately owned Lehi, Utah-based multi-level marketing company founded in 2002. It was acquired by Zija International in May 2017.

The company marketed and distributed Xango juice, a blended juice product consisting of mangosteen and other juices, and skin care, personal care, energy supplement and nutritional supplement products. The company was warned in 2006 by the FDA for illegally marketing more than 20 human health benefits for Xango juice.

Executives 2008-12

 * Gary Hollister, Founder, Chairman Emeritus, former Chief Executive, former Chairman of the Board
 * Aaron Garrity, Founder, Chairman of the Board, CEO, former President
 * Joe Morton, Founder, Board of Directors
 * Gordon Morton, Founder, Board of Directors
 * Kent Wood, Founder, Board of Directors

Revenues 2003-12
Xango was a privately held company and as such did not publicly disclose its financial statements. Company press releases in 2005-2006 stated that sales totaled $40 million in 2003 and $150 million in 2004, and that 2005 sales were more than twice those of 2004. In October 2007 the company said that cumulative sales since its inception five years earlier were over $1 billion and by November 2008 had exceeded $1.5 billion.

In December 2012, Direct Selling News reported that Xango concluded its first ten years of operation in November 2012 with sales operations in 43 countries, 27 office locations, 49 distribution centers, more than two million distributors, and about $2 billion in cumulative revenues. Xango's revenues and annual reports have fueled much public and legal speculation that it is a pyramid scheme.

Financial sponsorships and contributions
In November 2006, Xango, LLC, became the official corporate jersey-front sponsor of Real Salt Lake, an MLS soccer team based in Salt Lake City, Utah, for four years, at a cost of between $500,000 and $1 million per year. Xango's contract with Real Salt Lake ended after the 2013 season. In 2006, the company made a 5-year, $1 million grant to an Orem, Utah arts council for naming rights to what is now called the "Xango Grand Theater". Xango, LLC, has been the top contributor to the political campaign of Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, contributing $47,200 in 2008 and $46,700 in 2006, according to OpenSecrets.

Products
Xango Juice was sold in the U.S. and (as of late-2011) exported to Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The company began operating in Taiwan as of October 2007.

The company's business model was direct sales via multi-level marketing rather than retail sales, mainly using a nine-level multi-level marketing structure. In June 2006, the company said it had 350,000 distributors. In July, the company told the Federal Trade Commission that there were "roughly 500,000 distributors worldwide", and in November, it reported having more than 600 employees at its Lehi headquarters and more than 500,000 independent distributors in 15 international markets. In July 2007, it said it had about 700,000 distributors, of whom an estimated 70 percent simply use their status to buy the juice at the discounted membership price. In October 2008, it said that it operated in 24 countries and had more than 1 million independent distributors. As of 2013, the company stated that it operated in 43 countries.

In the United States, Xango Juice sold for a retail price of $37.50 for a 750 ml (25.35 ounce) bottle.

Xango Juice composition
Xango Juice was a blend of mangosteen aril and pericarp purée with juice concentrates of eight other fruits: apple, pear (juice and purée), grape, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, cranberry and cherry. Other ingredients include citric acid, natural flavor, pectin, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate. Xango claimed its juice contains xanthonoid compounds from the mangosteen pericarp.

Associated Press commissioned the Linus Pauling Institute to measure the in vitro antioxidant strength of Xango Juice against retail fruit juices. The antioxidant strength of XanGo Juice measured slightly higher than cranberry juice but lower than black cherry and less than half the value for blueberry juice. However, the value of in vitro analysis of antioxidant strength is questionable, as there was no current evidence that antioxidant phytochemicals present in Xango or other fruit juices actually have functions inside the human body. The measurements of antioxidant strength apply to test tubes, but consumed juices are affected by stomach acids that would neutralize or destroy antioxidant value preventing the same biological effects in vivo.

Pericarp xanthones and potential health effects
According to a 2006 warning by the US Food and Drug Administration, XanGo's distributors had illegally used marketing materials to promote mangosteen juice claiming more than 20 human health benefits, including "anti-inflammatory," "anti-microbial," "anti-fungal," "anti-viral," "anti-cancer," "anti-ulcer," "anti-hepatotoxic," "anti-rhinoviral," and "anti-allergic" effects. Promotional literature for the product cites antioxidants from the inedible pericarp of the fruit as providing health benefits. None of these claims, however, has scientific proof established by peer-reviewed research and human clinical trials, as discussed below.

The American Cancer Society profile of mangosteen juice stated there was no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, purée, or bark is effective as a cancer treatment in humans. As of April 2013, it also stated that the mangosteen "fruit has been shown to be rich in antioxidants. Very early laboratory studies suggest it may have promise as a topical treatment for acne. Early small laboratory and animal studies suggest that further research should be done to determine whether it can help to prevent cancer in humans."

In 2009, XanGo scientific adviser, David Morton, participated in a four-part debate on the disputed claims of mangosteen health benefits.

U.S. FDA warning
On September 20, 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a warning letter to Xango LLC International in response to the company's promotion of Xango juice as an aid to treat and/or cure various diseases. The agency's letter warned that Xango juice had not been properly tested for safety and efficacy, and as a proposed new drug, it could not be legally sold in the U.S. without prior approval of the FDA. Xango was warned that it could face enforcement action including seizure and/or injunction of products or suspension of business. Under FDA drug labeling rules, Xango, as manufacturer, is responsible for satisfying scientific criteria to make health claims on its product labels and all marketing materials. As of September 2008, the case remained open.

Effectiveness
In February 2006, the U.C. Berkeley Wellness Newsletter, sponsored by the University of California at Berkeley, said that "Mangosteen marketers make farfetched and unsubstantiated claims for their products." The newsletter notes that "there are no clinical trials, and what happens in a test tube or animal may not occur in a human. Any reported benefits in humans have been anecdotal. No one even knows if the processed fruit juice and capsules retain the potentially beneficial compounds. What’s more, the juice is typically a mix of fruit juices – with an undisclosed amount of mangosteen in it."

Ralph Moss, an alternative cancer treatment advocate, has said of mangosteen juice: "In my opinion, what we have here is simply an overpriced fruit drink. Fruit drinks are often healthful beverages. But the only reason I can see that the promoters of mangosteen can get away with charging $37 for this product is that they are playing on patients' hopes and fears in a cynical way. Without the health claims, open or implied, the product could only be sold for at most $5 or $6 (which, for example, is the cost of antioxidant-rich pomegranate juice)."

A 2008 medical case report described a patient with severe acidosis possibly attributable to a year of daily use (to lose weight, dose not described) of mangosteen juice (brand not described) infused with xanthonoids, as occurs in the manufacture of Xango juice. The authors proposed that chronic exposure to alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, could be toxic to mitochondrial function, leading to impairment of cellular respiration and production of lactic acidosis.

Italian antitrust action
In 2011, Italy's antitrust and consumer protection authority, the AGCM, suspended the activities of Xango in response to over-broad health claims, as well as possible violations of pyramid scheme laws.

Tahitian Noni International
Tahitian Noni International (TNI), a rival MLM beverage company, sued Xango, LLC, and several of its top executives in February 2003 in the 4th District Court in Provo, Utah, alleging that Xango executives stole TNI's concept for a mangosteen-based supplement while they were employed by TNI's parent-company. After a countersuit against TNI was launched by Xango, LLC, the two parties settled out of court. A joint statement by TNI and Xango said that they had "agreed to resolve their disputes and the litigation between them and their founders" but the particulars of the settlement were not disclosed.

Mismanagement allegations
In 2009, the Utah Supreme Court allowed a Xango investor to proceed with a lawsuit that alleges corporate looting and mismanagement of millions of dollars by the Lehi supplements company's founders for their personal expenses including luxury cars and performance-enhancing medical treatments. The Utah Supreme Court overturned a 4th District Court ruling that dismissed a lawsuit filed in 2007 by Angel Investors LLC alleging Xango's founders took millions of dollars in personal loans from the company and paid themselves excessive salaries while wasting corporate assets. In 2010, XanGo settled with Angel Investors for an undisclosed amount of money. "Angel Investors, who had owned no more than 1 percent of the Lehi company, had charged in three lawsuits in Utah County that the founders deprived them of some of the return on their investment. The group cited such expenditures as $6,000 monthly auto allowances, family vacations and, in one case, $20,000 worth of home furnishings." The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.

In 2013, Xango founder Bryan Davis filed a lawsuit accusing his partners of spying, threatening employees, falsifying distributor positions to siphon off funds, defrauding on Xango taxes and their personal taxes, falsifying records, changing credit card statements, charging as business expenses to purchase grand pianos, vacations, home renovations, landscaping, electronics, expensive bicycles, scooters, and for CEO Aaron Garrity, an open expense account for one mistress.

According to the lawsuit, Garrity embezzled hundreds of thousands of dollars in assets from the company, writing off clothing, medical enhancements, jewelry, event tickets, bicycles, electronics and chartered planes and vacations as business expenses. CFO Nate Brown set up secret founder accounts for Garrity and others to allow them to improperly spend Xango assets. Garrity's attorney refuted the claim, saying the allegations are to help Davis inflate his share holdings for a greater profit.

Also in 2013, Xango filed an action against Bryan Davis in the Third Judicial District Court (Utah and Salt Lake City) refuting Mr Davis' claims in his lawsuit and claiming that Mr Davis was negligent in his duties. Xango settled these cases ultimately, out of court for an undisclosed amount.

Taxation issues
In 2012, Xango had issues concerning taxes. "At the top of 2012 tax delinquency lists was $347,816 owed for the Lehi headquarters of Xango, a multilevel marketing company that sells nutritional supplements — which has its name on the uniforms of Real Salt Lake soccer players. That property is owned by Thai Properties, which is part of the same corporate group as Xango, said Nate Brown, chief financial officer for Xango".

title: XanGo


text:
Monique Gagnon-Tremblay

Monique Gagnon-Tremblay (born May 26, 1940, in Plessisville, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. She was the MNA for the riding of Saint-François in the Estrie region from 1985 to 2012. She served as Liberal leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly of Quebec from May 1998 to December 1998 and Deputy Premier in 1994 and from 2003 to 2005.

Education and early career
Gagnon-Tremblay attended the Quirion Business School where she obtained a degree and added a bachelor's degree in arts at the Université Laval and a degree in law and notarial law at the Université de Sherbrooke. She became a notary in Ascot Corner and a lecturer at the Université de Sherbrooke in law. She was also a municipal councilor in Ascot Corner.

Bourassa government
She was a Liberal candidate in Saint-François in 1981 but lost. She ran again in 1985 and won. She was named the Delegate Minister for the Status of Women and later the Minister of Cultural Communities and Immigration. After being re-elected in 1989, she was renamed the Minister of Cultural Communities. At the end of the mandate, when Daniel Johnson, Jr. replaced Robert Bourassa as Quebec Premier in 1993, she was named the Minister of Finances, the Deputy Premier and the President of the Treasury Board until the Liberals lost to the Parti Québécois in the 1994 elections. She was then the Caucus chair for the PLQ from 1994 to 1996

Interim leader and opposition party
When former Liberal Premier and then leader of the Opposition Daniel Johnson, Jr. decided to quit politics in March 1998, Jean Charest resigned as leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party to replace Johnson as leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. (The Quebec Liberal Party is not affiliated with the federal Liberal Party of Canada). Gagnon-Tremblay became leader of the Opposition, since Charest did not yet have a seat in the National Assembly.

In the 1998 election, Charest won a seat and replaced Gagnon-Tremblay as leader of the Opposition. She was re-elected for fourth term and named the assistant to Charest.

Charest government
After the Liberals won the 2003 election, Gagnon-Tremblay became deputy premier from May 2003 to February 2005 in the Charest government, and has held various cabinet posts including minister of international relations as well as minister responsible for la francophonie. Re-elected in the 2007 election, she was renamed the Minister of International Relations, La Francophonie and for the Estrie Region as well as the Vice-Chair of the Treasury Board.

Following her 2008 re-election, Gagnon-Tremblay gave up for portfolio of International Relations to Pierre Arcand but was given the position of President of the Treasury Board previously occupied by Monique Jerome-Forget who was also responsible for the portfolio of finances. She was given Jerome-Forget's government administration portfolio duties until 2010. Following Jerome-Forget's retirement, Gagnon-Tremblay was given the portfolio of Infrastructures. After a 2010 Cabinet shuffle, she returned as Minister of International Relations giving the Treasury Board position to former education Minister Michelle Courchesne.

Electoral District

 * Liberal
 * Monique Gagnon-Tremblay
 * align="right"|13,327
 * align="right"|46.96
 * align="right"|+9.10

 * Independent
 * François Mailly
 * align="right"|210
 * align="right"|0.74
 * align="right"|
 * }

 * Liberal
 * Monique Gagnon-Tremblay
 * align="right"|12,528
 * align="right"|37.86
 * align="right"|

 * }

title: Monique Gagnon-Tremblay


text:
State University of New York at Potsdam

The State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam or simply Potsdam) is a public college in Potsdam, New York. Founded in 1816, it is the northernmost member of the State University of New York (SUNY) system, it is composed of the College of Arts & Sciences, the School of Education and Professional Studies, and the Crane School of Music.

History
Potsdam was founded by Benjamin Raymond in 1816 as the St. Lawrence Academy. In 1834, the academy was chosen by the New York State Legislature to exclusively offer a teacher education program for its senatorial district. With funds from the state, and from support by preceptor Reverend Asa Brainerd, the first diploma in teaching was given in 1836, thus beginning the academy's and eventually the college's longstanding tradition of excellence in the field of teacher education.

In 1866, the State Legislature ended its funding of teacher education departments in private academies, and began establishing several normal schools throughout the state. The Village of Potsdam was thus named as one of four locations for new normal schools, and in 1867, the St. Lawrence Academy became the Potsdam Normal School.

By 1886, the Potsdam Normal School had become the first institution in the United States to offer a normal training course for public school music teachers in the United States. Founded by Julia E. Crane, the Crane Normal Institute of Music continues today as the world-renowned Crane School of Music as a leader in the field of music education.

The State University of New York was founded in 1948, and Potsdam became one of its founding members, and was thus renamed New York State Teachers College at Potsdam. In 1964, the college's mission changed to providing multiple programs, and the university adopted its current name.

During the 1980s, despite the college's traditional strengths in music and education, the college gained recognition for its quickly blossoming mathematics program under the guidance of Clarence F. Stephens. Known as the Potsdam Miracle, Stephens transformed a practically non-existent department to having the third largest number of mathematics majors of any institution in the United States during his tenure.

In 2010, the college had a total enrollment of approximately 4,500 students, with approximately 930 freshmen entering, the largest first-year class since 1982.

Since that time, enrollment has declined by 43%, and the student body now hovers at around 2,500 students. In response to declining enrollment, in September 2023, SUNY Potsdam president Suzanne Smith announced a plan to reduce the deficit of $9 million by eliminating up to 14 degree programs over the next three to five years.

Campus
The campus is in the village of Potsdam, near the Canada–United States border. It is situated in the St. Lawrence Valley, between the St. Lawrence River and the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains, approximately 20 miles from the border of The Adirondack Park. The Raquette River flows through the middle of the town of Potsdam.

The school sits on 240 acre and consists of 44 buildings. Barrington Drive runs through the center of the campus, with all academic buildings on the northwest side of the street, and all campus life and residence buildings on the southeast side. The Crane School of Music campus is in the northern part of the campus, east of the academic quad.

The college has two libraries, the Frederick W. Crumb Memorial Library in the center of the academic quad, and the Crane Music Library in Schuette Hall at the Crane complex. The college also has six performance facilities: Hosmer Hall, Snell Theatre, and Wakefield Recital Hall (three venues in The Crane School of Music), the Proscenium Theater, the Black Box Theater, and the Dance Theater (three venues in the college's new Performing Arts Center). The college also houses an art gallery and the Maxcy Hall Athletic Facility.

SUNY Potsdam is home to the Charles T. Weaver Anthropology Museum, a teaching museum that allows students to curate exhibitions and have hands on experience with the museum's collection. Also on campus is the Art Museum at SUNY Potsdam, also known as the Gibson Gallery, which stresses its mission to connect students, faculty and all those on campus with visual art.

The affiliated non-profit organization that provides dining services and runs the union market and college bookstore on campus is known as PACES or Potsdam Auxiliary College Education Services. This organization is the largest financial supporter of the college, annually donating significant portions of their proceeds back to the college in support of scholarships and other initiatives on campus.

Athletics
In 1981 and 1986, under Hall of Fame coach Jerry Welsh, the Potsdam Bears basketball team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In 1979, 1982, and 1985, the Potsdam Bears were national runners-up for this title.

The SUNY Potsdam men's ice hockey team has competed in the NCAA since 1976. Most recently, they played in the State University of New York Athletic Conference (SUNYAC), which is a Division III athletics conference. The 1995-96 men's ice hockey team won the program's only SUNYAC title in school history, under Hall of Fame coach Ed Seney.

SUNY Potsdam athletics were recently placed on NCAA probation due to an inadvertent error in the awarding of international student grants. The teams affected by the NCAA probation are men's and women's hockey, women's volleyball, men's and women's lacrosse and women's soccer.

A Cappella
SUNY Potsdam has four a cappella groups on campus – The Potsdam Pointercounts (1993–Present), The A Sharp Arrangement (1994–Present), The Potsdam Pitches (2007–Present) and Stay Tuned (2012–Present). All four groups have competed in the ICCA (International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella) run by Varsity Vocals. In 2018, The Potsdam Pitches made their way to the ICCA finals and performed at the Beacon Theatre in New York City. This was the first time that a SUNY Potsdam group had made in to finals.

Notable faculty emeriti and alumni

 * Ernest Blood, Basketball coach, enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame
 * Stephanie Blythe, Opera singer, mezzo-soprano
 * T. Coraghessan Boyle, Author
 * Marc Butler, Politician and member of the New York State Assembly
 * Michael J. Colburn, 27th Director of the United States Marine Band
 * Mike Deane, Former Division 1 head basketball coach
 * Daniel Decker, Composer and recording artist
 * Renée Fleming, Opera singer, soprano
 * Stacey Fox, Percussionist, composer, filmmaker and animator
 * Arthur Frackenpohl (Professor Emeritus), Composer and Author
 * Marion Fricano (professor), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia and Kansas City Athletics
 * David J. Hanson (Professor Emeritus), alcohol researcher
 * Maurice Kenny (Emeritus Writer-in-Residence), poet, editor/publisher, and essayist
 * Stanley Kunitz, former U.S. poet laureate
 * Chris Lee, Professional Hockey Player, KHL All-Star, 2018 Canadian Olympian
 * Chuck Lorre, television director, writer, producer, composer, and actor
 * Brock McElheran (Professor Emeritus), conductor and author
 * C. J. Rapp, Entrepreneur and Beverage Executive (creator of Jolt Cola)
 * William Buell Richards, First Chief Justice of Canada
 * Stephen Savoia, Two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer
 * Daniel Schaefer, politician, former U.S. Representative from Colorado
 * Clarence F. Stephens (Professor Emeritus), mathematics educator
 * Joy Tanner, actress
 * David Valesky, Politician and member of the New York State Senate
 * Lisa Vroman, Singer and stage actress, soprano
 * Tim Welsh, Former Head Basketball Coach at Providence College
 * John Zakour, writer / cartoonist

title: State University of New York at Potsdam


text:
Sindelfingen

Sindelfingen (Swabian: Sendlfenga) is a city in Baden-Württemberg in south Germany. It lies near Stuttgart at the headwaters of the Schwippe (a tributary of the river Würm), and is home to a Mercedes-Benz assembly plant.

History

 * 1155 – First documented mention of Sindelfingen
 * 1263 – Sindelfingen was founded by Count Rudolf Scherer of Tübingen-Herrenberg
 * 1351 – The city was sold to Württemberg
 * Middle Ages – Notable weaving industry
 * 1535 – Entrance of the Protestant Reformation
 * 1944 – Stuttgart/Sindelfingen oil refinery bombed by the Oil Campaign of World War II
 * 1962 – Sindelfingen became a "Große Kreisstadt" (city with special governmental responsibilities within the larger county)
 * 1971 – Municipal annexation of the neighbouring villages Maichingen and Darmsheim
 * 1987 – The final traditional Sindelfinger Volksfest was held (the site was later required for a state-level horticulture and landscaping exhibition)

The weaving industry survived until most of Europe's textile industry was devastated by Asian imports. Some textile distribution centres are still left in the city. Former weaving mills can still be found in the city area, now used as offices for the computer industry. This is due to the takeover of Hollerith by IBM which used the punched card technology from the weaving mills.

Geography
Neighbouring towns and cities: Böblingen (contiguous), Stuttgart (15 km), Leonberg. The highest point is 531 meters above sea level and to the north is the Glemswald (nature reserve).

Points of interest

 * Old city hall, now a city museum
 * St. Martin (consecrated 1083)
 * A short alley with half timbered houses (Fachwerkhäusern)
 * Old cemetery (behind the city library)
 * Witch's Leap
 * Kloster Pond
 * Large public swimming pool with a long water slide
 * Water tower on Goldberg
 * Water tower Sindelfingen-Steige
 * Water tower Sindelfingen-Eichholz
 * Friendship Fountain on the market place, designed by Bonifatius Stirnberg. Around a central fountain with the Pegasus are six small fountains representing the six partner towns of Sindelfingen. The figures can rotate.
 * Miniature Railway in the Sommerhofen Park
 * Powerline-branch Maichingen
 * Zweigart-Sawitzki-Bridge
 * High-based pylons
 * TV repeater Darmsheim
 * Transmitter Tower Fuchsberg
 * Transmitter Tower service area Forest of Sindelfingen
 * Daimler AG factory. Tours can be arranged through Mercedes dealers.
 * Haus zur Geschichte der IBM Datenverarbeitung (IBM Dataprocessing History Museum)

Culture
Sindelfingen has an annual International Street Fair which features ethnic food and performances from the partner cities, as well as from various local ethnic clubs.

Demography
The resident counts below are either estimates, based upon census (*) or official records of respective statistical offices. All figures after 1871 are taken from the statistical office of Baden-Württemberg.

Mercedes-Benz factory
The factory was founded in 1915 by Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft to produce aircraft engines, hence why the plant initially had a runway located onsite. Post-World War I the first passenger car was manufactured, following the merger with Benz & Cie. founded by Karl Benz. In 1926, the entire body shop of the new Daimler-Benz group was relocated to the Sindelfingen plant, allowing plant manager Wilhelm Friedle to introduce assembly line production the following year, and in 1929 the first press shop was opened. By 1938 the plant employed about 6,500 people, and in the lead-in to World War II most production was aligned to military contracts, mainly trucks such as the LC 3000; passenger car production ceased by 1942. Initially replacing male workers with local women, Mercedes then took forced labour, including prisoners of war. Western European prisoners were initially housed in near-by boarding houses, but with the start of the Eastern front the local Nazi administration formed the co-located Riedmühle concentration camp, which from 1942 loaned workers to the company in return for payment to the Nazi Government in Berlin. By 1944, almost half of Daimler Benz's 63,610 Daimler Benz employees were civilian forced labourers. Post-WW2, Daimler-Benz admitted its links with the Nazi regime, and became involved in the German Industry Foundation's initiative "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future".

With heavy Allied bombing, the town and plant were not suitably reconstructed until late 1946, with resumed production of the Mercedes-Benz W136. Two-shift production was introduced from 1950, with the relocation of final car assembly to the plant, meaning that by 1955 80,500 cars were manufactured. The Mercedes-Benz W116 was first produced in 1972, the first model of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, which the plant still produces today as the current model Mercedes-Benz W223. Until 2015, the plant was the top-producing Daimler AG plant, when with 319,000 vehicles manufactured it was overtaken by the Bremen plant with 324,000.

Today, covering 2,955,944 m2 with a production area 1,305,557 m2, the 37,000 people employed (April 2016 – around 10,000 are research and development), the plant still produces over 300,000 vehicles per year, around 15% of total Daimler Group vehicle production. Second in production scale to Bremen in the Daimler Group, it is the third largest vehicle manufacturing plant in Germany, behind Volkswagen's Wolfsburg plant and the Audi plant at Ingolstadt.

Transport
Sindelfingen can be reached through the A8 and A81 motorways, and through the S-Bahn connections to Stuttgart or Herrenberg. The nearest airport is the Stuttgart Airport.

Twin towns – sister cities
Sindelfingen is twinned with:

 * Schaffhausen, Switzerland (1952)
 * 🇫🇷 Corbeil-Essonnes, France (1961)
 * 🇮🇹 Sondrio, Italy (1962)
 * 🏴 Dronfield, England, United Kingdom (1981)
 * 🇩🇪 Torgau, Germany (1988)
 * 🇭🇺 Győr, Hungary (1989)
 * 🇵🇱 Chełm, Poland (2001)
 * 🇬🇷 East Samos, Greece (2023)

Sindelfingen also cooperates with the Eurotowns network.

Notable people

 * Carl Eytel (1862–1925), German-American artist
 * Roland Emmerich, (born 1955), film producer, director and author, grew up here
 * Jens Marquardt (born 1967), motor sports engineer and manager of Toyota Motorsport GmbH.
 * Marlis Petersen (born 1968), operatic coloratura soprano, lives in Athens.
 * Henschel, siblings, Monika (born 1968), Christoph (born 1969) & Markus (born 1969), musicians
 * Pascal Kober (born 1971), a military chaplain and politician (FDP)
 * Cubeatz (born 1991), hip-hop production duo by twins Kevin and Tim Gomringer.

Sport

 * Sascha Reinelt (born 1973), former field hockey player and team bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Marko Kopilas (born 1983), a Croatian retired footballer who played 369 games
 * Michael Klauß (born 1987), footballer who has played over 370 games
 * Amar Rahmanović (born 1994), footballer who has played over 250 games

title: Sindelfingen