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Radioligand

A radioligand is a microscopic particle which consists of a therapeutic radioactive isotope and the cell-targeting compound - the ligand. The ligand is the target binding site, it may be on the surface of the targeted cancer cell for therapeutic purposes. Radioisotopes can occur naturally or be synthesized and produced in a cyclotron/nuclear reactor. The different types of radioisotopes include Y-90, H-3, C-11, Lu-177, Ac-225, Ra-223, In-111, I-131, I-125, etc. Thus, radioligands must be produced in special nuclear reactors for the radioisotope to remain stable. Radioligands can be used to analyze/characterize receptors, to perform binding assays, to help in diagnostic imaging, and to provide targeted cancer therapy. Radiation is a novel method of treating cancer and is effective in short distances along with being unique/personalizable and causing minimal harm to normal surrounding cells. Furthermore, radioligand binding can provide information about receptor-ligand interactions in vitro and in vivo. Choosing the right radioligand for the desired application is important. The radioligand must be radiochemically pure, stable, and demonstrate a high degree of selectivity, and high affinity for their target.

History
Wilhelm Roentgen is credited with the discovery of radioactivity in 1895 with many others such as Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie following closely behind to further advance the field of radioactivity. John Lawrence, a physicist at The University of California Berkeley, first used nuclear medicine in humans came in 1936 after extensive use of radioactive phosphorus in mouse models. Often called the father of nuclear medicine, Lawrence treated a leukemia patient with radiophosphorus, which was the first time a radioactive isotope has been used to treat human patients. Another pioneer in the field, Sam Seidlin, in partnership with Saul Hertz, treated a case of thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine (I-131) 1946. In the 1950s, nuclear medicine began to gain traction as a medical specialty with the Society of Nuclear Medicine forming in 1954 and later releasing the first copy of the Journal of Nuclear Medicine in 1960. The use of radioligands and nuclear tagging started to gain popularity in in the early 1960s when Elwood Jensen and Herbert Jacobsen (1962) and later Jack Gorksi, David Toft, G, Shymala, Donald Smith, and Angelo Notides (1968) attempted to identify the estrogen receptor. The American Medical Association (AMA) officially recognized Nuclear Medicine as a medical specialty in 1970 and the American Board of Nuclear Medicine was established in 1972. Progress came quickly in 1973 when Edward Hoffman, Michael M. Ter-Pogossian, and Michael E. Phelps invented the first PET camera for human use. The 1980s brought early radioligand studies for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) which continued into the early 2000s. In 2017 the European Union (EU) approved the use of radioligand therapy for NETs with the U.S. following close behind in 2018.

Ligands
A ligand is a molecule utilized for cell-signaling that binds to a target tissue for cellular communication. There are many different types of ligands including: internal receptors, cell-surface receptors, Ion-channel receptors, G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), and enzyme-linked receptors. Ligands can be divided into two categories, agonists or antagonists. Agonists behave similarly to natural ligands, while antagonists are inhibitors and block the binding of the natural ligand. There are many different subtypes of agonists, including endogenous agonists, super agonist, full agonist, inverse agonist, and irreversible agonist.

Radioligands are made up of the radioisotope, linker, and ligand. This structure allows the compound to identify and bind to the target tissue while retaining the ability to be tracked and imaged clinically. When a radioligand binds to its target, it alters the microenvironment of the receptor and surrounding tissue, partially due to the structure of the radioligand itself. Without both the high affinity ligand and the radioisotope, the efficiency of this process is lost.

Use in drug delivery and release
Radioligands are administered through four main routes: intravenously, subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneally, and orally. While intravenous application is the most used route of injection, the route is dependent on the mechanism of action and overall aim of the binding. Before application of the ligand, clinicians will perform imaging, generally via Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) for baseline comparison after radioligand administration. Once the radioligand is administered, the radioligand will travel to the target tissue and selectively bind. The structure of the compound allows clinicians to easily identify the path traveled and the destination via repeated imaging and the signal put out by the radiotracer attached to the ligand.

Direct radiotherapy performed via ionizing radiation can cause tissue damage and hypoxia to tissues other than the target. While this effect is lessened in a target radiotracer therapy utilizing radioligands, there is still an impact on the surrounding tissue described as Radiation Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE). Surrounding cells altered by the radioligand and displaying RIBE can show signs of stress, chromosomal abnormalities, or even experience cell death. However, the type of radiation used, whether 𝜶, β, or both can have a dramatically different effect on both the target binding site and surrounding tissue. Changes in nearby tissue is not the only possible impact of ligand therapy, there may be immunologic responses from the target tissue that cause changes remotely. This has been deemed, "abscopal effect". While this mechanism is not well understood, it explains the impact of other tissue, both benign and malignant, after targeted radiotherapy.

Use in imaging
Imaging is a useful tool in visualization of the radioligand after injection, with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) being the most common types of imaging. PET scans are often utilized after radioligand administration because of the ease of use, image accuracy, and non-invasive nature. While PET and SPECT scans function similarly when imaging radioligands, the main difference lies in the type of radiation used, with PET Scans utilizing positrons and SPECT utilizing gamma rays. When comparing the two modalities, PET offers much better image quality and high diagnostic proficiency, however, the high cost limits the overall availability as well as the short half-lives of the positron-emitting isotopes. Alternatively, SPECT imaging is more dynamic because of the lower cost burden and longer half-lives of single-photon emitters. With advances in technology came hybrid imaging that can combine PET, SPECT, Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Some hybrid imaging modalities include: SPECT/CT, PET/CT and PET/MRI. Although combined imaging presents both cost and availability barriers, the technology is an extremely useful diagnostic tool. Often, the patient does not have to be moved for both imaging types to be completed and the clinicians are provided with rich, multi-dimensional imaging.

Binding assays
Measuring the extent and kinetics of radioligand binding is important in determining information about binding sites of radioligands, and subsequent affinity to potential drugs. Three different binding assays are typically used for radioligand binding; these are saturation, competition, and kinetic binding.

Saturation binding
Saturation binding measures the specific binding of a radioligand at varying concentrations while at equilibrium. Through this method, the number of receptors can be determined as well as affinity of the ligand to these receptors. Saturation binding experiments are often called "Scatchard experiments" as they can be graphed as a Scatchard plot.

Competition binding
Competitive binding experiments aim to determine the binding of a labeled radioligand at one specific concentration while subjected to various concentrations of a competitor, usually an unlabeled ligand. There are many purposes to competitive binding experiments, including being able to validate that the radioligand of interest will bind to the receptor with the expected affinity and potency even in the presence of a competitor. This experiment would also help determine if the radioligand will be able to recognize and bind to the correct receptor. Competitive binding experiments also serve to study the binding ability of a low-affinity drug, as it can be used as an unlabeled competitor. Finally, receptor number and affinity can also be determined through this experiment.

Kinetic binding
Kinetic binding experiments differ from saturation and competition experiments in that they are not done at equilibrium. Instead, they measure the course of binding of the radioligand during the experiment as well as the dissociation to determine calculation of the Kd, and rate constants of binding and dissociation. Kinetic binding experiments are also called dissociation binding experiments and can help evaluate the interaction of the radioligand and the targeted receptor.

Alpha and beta particles
𝜶 and β particles are both used in the treatment of cancers, depending on the size and location of the particular tumor. Alpha particles contain overall higher energy and have a shorter path length, and have greater cytotoxic properties for this reason as compared to β particles. However, due to the shorter path length of these particles, the method of delivery needs to be extremely close to the location of the tumor. Currently, treatments using alpha-emitters exist which consist of alpha emitters attached to carrier molecules. Some examples of alpha-emitting radioligands include actinium-225, Ra-223-chloride, and Lead-212.36 β particles emit lower energy as compared to α-emitters, but they have the advantage of having longer path length. However, due to their lower energy, more β particles are required to cause damage to tumor cells as compared to α-emitters. Some examples of β-emitters include Lu-177, Y-90, and I-131.

Lutathera for neuroendocrine tumors
Lutathera is a peptide receptor radioligand/radionuclide therapy (approved by the FDA in 2018) specifically for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) that have somatostatin hormone receptors (SSTR). The radioisotope is Lu-177 and the ligand is a SSTR on the surface of tumor cells. Lu-177 is produced by bombarding the stable isotope Yb-176 (which is found in monazite sand as well as the ores euxenite and xenotime) with neutrons. Yb-176 turns into Yb-177 which is unstable and has a half life of 1.9 hours so it quickly decays into the medical isotope Lu-177. For mass production, it is better to produce Yb-176 through fission reactors. This is the indirect production method and requires elaborate radiochemical separation, purification, and results in large amounts of radioactive waste. The direct method of producing Lu-177 is by performing neutron irradiation on Lu-176 to Lu-177. This is an inexpensive and effective method to produce Lu-177. In the United States, the main place that Lu-177 is produced is the University of Missouri Research Reactor.

Once produced, Lu-177 is stable for 72 hours if stored below room temperature. Freeze dried kits of Lutathera do show reduced effectiveness in radiation therapy but they maintain radiochemical purity. Lu-177 requires radiation shielding for handling. Lu-177 is stored and transported in a vial with lead/plexiglass shielding ready-to-use. Repeated production, timely delivery, and quick administration are important so that the therapy remains effective.

Once transported to the hospital or cancer treatment / oncology center, the patient is prepped, all necessary tests are done, and the patient requires two separate IV sites for infusion. One site for radioactive Lu-177 infusion and one site for amino acid infusion. Amino acid infusion is needed to reduce radiation toxicity to the organs - specifically the kidneys. The sites are separate to prevent radioactive contamination after therapy. The patient receives therapy by automated syringe, infusion pump, or gravity using long/short needles, tubing, and sodium chloride solution. Antiemetic (anti-nausea) medications or short/long acting octreotide (cancer growth control) can be used post-therapy for symptom management.

The most common side effects include decreased blood cell counts, increased liver enzymes, vomiting, nausea, increased blood glucose, and decreased blood potassium levels. Lutathera is not given to pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. The therapy shrinks tumors by an average of 30%, reduces disease progression by 72%, and delays the growth of tumors.

Pluvicto and Xofigo for prostate cancer
Pluvicto also uses Lu-177 as the radioisotope (which is a beta emitter that decays to Hf-177) but its ligand is a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted ligand as this radioligand therapy addresses metastatic prostate cancer. It was FDA approved in 2022. The difference between Lutathera and Pluvicto is shown in the chemical linkages in the images above. The production, transportation, and storage is the same as Lutathera. The therapy is administered intravenously through gravity, syringe, or a Peristaltic Infusion Pump. The major warnings include renal toxicity, infertility in males, and embryo/fetal harm. General side effects of this radioligand therapy include fatigue, nausea, dry mouth, anemia, decreased appetite, and constipation. Regular blood tests and imaging post-therapy are needed to see if the radioligand therapy is working and its side effects. The benefits of Pluvicto include delaying tumor growth, extending life by about 20 months, and destroying tumor cells by damaging the DNA inside those cells.

Xofigo, a radioligand therapy that was FDA approved in 2013, uses Radium-223 dichloride as the radioisotope, but its ligand varies from Pluvicto. Pluvicto only attacks cancer cells expressing PSMA, but Xofigo attacks all bone metastases. Qualified patients are 30% less likely to die when treated by Xofigo than if treated by a placebo. Ra-223-chloride is an alpha-emitting bone targeting agent.

Iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar) and Zevalin (90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Bexxar, a radioligand therapy using the radioisotope I-131+Tositumomab (a murine monoclonal antibody) and binding/targeting the ligand CD20 on human B-cells. CD20 is a membrane spanning protein found on B-cell lymphocytes that is a tumor marker as it is in higher concentration in cancer patients - specifically leukemias or lymphomas (like non-hodgkin's lymphoma). I-131 is produced by nuclear fission or through neutron irradiation of Te-130 to convert it to Te-131 which decays to I-131 (produced in the University of Missouri Research Reactor). I-131 is stored in lead-shielding vials.

24 hours before and 14 days after administration, thyroid protective drugs and KI tablets are administered. I-131 and Tositumomab are administered separately over the course of 14 days intravenously by dosimetric and therapeutic doses. Side-effects include anemia, fever, rigors or chills, sweating, hypotension, dyspnea, bronchospasm, and nausea. There is a risk of radiation exposure to other individuals (women/children/fetus), anaphylaxis, neutropenia (low neutrophils), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet).

Zevalin, another radioligand therapy that targets non-Hodgkin lymphoma CD20 ligand but using Yttrium-90 as the radioisotope, was FDA approved in 2002.

Patient eligibility
Each radioligand therapy requires significant patient testing and eligibility requirements before administration. Radioligand therapies for cancer treatment are not the first course of action and generally require the patient to have undergone other previous treatments and many diagnostic imagings (i.e. seeing if specific receptors/antigens exist) to determine the benefit vs. adverse effect of undergoing the radioligand therapy.

For example, the PSMA radioligand therapy (Pluvicto) requires the patient to have end-stage prostate cancer that has metastasized in other organs, the PSMA ligand (confirmed through diagnostic imaging), and gone through hormonal therapies and chemotherapies. For patient eligibility to get Lutathera radioligand therapy the patient must have disease progression despite receiving somatostatin analog therapy (octreotide or lanreotide), have a locally advanced, inoperable, or metastatic well-differentiated disease, and have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 2.

Hospital requirements and staff training
Since the patient group receiving radioligand therapy is narrow, many health care providers are not equipped or eligible to administer radioligand therapy. PET imaging machines, a lead shielded area, and trained professionals must be available.

Limitations
With radioligand therapy, there is always the risk of damage to non-cancerous surrounding tissues along with radioisotope toxicity which is always a challenge in determining how to administer and create the radioligand. Furthermore, the radioligand vial is only viable for a limited time and under specific conditions which challenges transport and storage along with feasible application to the patient.

Another limitation is the lack of centers that have trained personnel and equipment for radioligand therapy. Furthermore, individual characteristics affect the exact radiosensitivity to the therapy (thus affecting dosimetry) and are hard to predict without radiobiological models52.

Future potential applications
In the future, radioligand therapy may expand to include more α-emitter based treatments. Currently, β radioligand therapies are more commonly used in oncology. Clinical trials of α-emitters are underway due to their higher potency and ability to induce double-strand DNA breaks. There are multiple Actinium-225 based PSMA studies that will be launched in 2024. If these prove successful, there is potential for further studies and clinical trials to be done using α-emitters. Additionally, there is potential for the future use of radioligand therapy in patients with malignant brain tumors. Finally, there have been recent developments in diagnostic tracers using radioligands, as well as with radioligand-based imaging techniques and in the field of theranostics.

title: Radioligand


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Saint-Ouen

Saint-Ouen may refer to:

 * Saint Ouen, a Catholic and Orthodox saint

France
Saint-Ouen is the name of several communes in France:

 * Saint-Ouen, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Saint-Ouen, Somme, in the Somme département

It is also part of the name of several communes:

 * Saint-Ouen-d'Attez, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Ouen-d'Aunis, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-Ouen-de-la-Cour, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Ouen-de-Mimbré, in the Sarthe département
 * Saint-Ouen-de-Pontcheuil, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Ouen-des-Alleux, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Saint Ouen des Besaces, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Ouen-des-Champs, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Ouen-de-Sécherouvre, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Ouën-des-Toits, in the Mayenne département
 * Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, in the Mayenne département
 * Saint-Ouen-de-Thouberville, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Ouen-Domprot, in the Marne département
 * Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Ouen-du-Tilleul, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Ouen-en-Belin, in the Sarthe département
 * Saint-Ouen-en-Brie, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Saint-Ouen-en-Champagne, in the Sarthe département
 * Saint-Ouen-la-Rouërie, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Saint-Ouen-la-Thène, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Ouen-le-Houx, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Ouen-le-Mauger, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Ouen-le-Pin, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Ouen-lès-Parey, in the Vosges département
 * Saint-Ouen-les-Vignes, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Ouen-Marchefroy, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Gartempe, in the Haute-Vienne département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Iton, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Morin, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, in the Seine-Saint-Denis département

 * Basilica of St. Ouen, Rouen, famous for its Gothic architecture and its pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll
 * Saint-Ouen Cemetery in Paris

Jersey

 * Saint Ouen, Jersey, a parish
 * St. Ouen F.C., a football club in the above parish

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint-Ouen


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Installation testing

Most software systems have installation procedures that are needed before they can be used for their main purpose. Testing these procedures to achieve an installed software system that may be used is known as installation testing. These procedures may involve full or partial upgrades, and install/uninstall processes.

Installation testing may look for errors that occur in the installation process that affect the user's perception and capability to use the installed software. There are many events that may affect the software installation and installation testing may test for proper installation whilst checking for a number of associated activities and events. Some examples include the following:
 * A user must select a variety of options.
 * Dependent files and libraries must be allocated, loaded or located.
 * Valid hardware configurations must be present.
 * Software systems may need connectivity to connect to other software systems.

Installation testing may also be considered as an activity-based approach to how to test something. For example, install the software in the various ways and on the various types of systems that it can be installed. Check which files are added or changed on disk. Does the installed software work? What happens when you uninstall?

This testing is typically performed in Operational acceptance testing, by a software testing engineer in conjunction with the configuration manager. Implementation testing is usually defined as testing which places a compiled version of code into the testing or pre-production environment, from which it may or may not progress into production. This generally takes place outside of the software development environment to limit code corruption from other future or past releases (or from the use of the wrong version of dependencies such as shared libraries) which may reside on the development environment.

The simplest installation approach is to run an install program, sometimes called package software. This package software typically uses a setup program which acts as a multi-configuration wrapper and which may allow the software to be installed on a variety of machine and/or operating environments. Every possible configuration should receive an appropriate level of testing so that it can be released to customers with confidence.

In distributed systems, particularly where software is to be released into an already live target environment (such as an operational website) installation (or software deployment as it is sometimes called) can involve database schema changes as well as the installation of new software. Deployment plans in such circumstances may include back-out procedures whose use is intended to roll the target environment back if the deployment is unsuccessful. Ideally, the deployment plan itself should be tested in an environment that is a replica of the live environment. A factor that can increase the organizational requirements of such an exercise is the need to synchronize the data in the test deployment environment with that in the live environment with minimum disruption to live operation. This type of implementation may include testing of the processes which take place during the installation or upgrade of a multi-tier application. This type of testing is commonly compared to a dress rehearsal or may even be called a "dry run".

title: Installation testing


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Sevran

Sevran is a commune in the French department of Seine-Saint-Denis, northeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. It is located 16.2 km from the center of Paris.

Geography
Sevran is located northeast of the Boulevard Périphérique.

Immigration
As of 2013 the origins of over half of its resident are from outside France. The largest ethnic backgrounds within the foreign origins are from sub-Saharan Africa, Algeria, and Morocco.

In 2013 The Economist stated that Sevran was one of the poorest areas of the Paris Metropolitan Area. As of 2013 36% of the residents are considered to be below the poverty line. The national average is 12%. About 75% of Sevran's residents live in subsidized housing. The article also cites research that says "somebody called Mohamed, Ali or Kamel is four times more likely to be unemployed than somebody named Philippe or Alain."

Culture
Sevran is home to an important music and dance school, the Espace François Mauriac, also known as the conservatoire de Sevran. Many important French and international musicians have taught there, including Claude Ballif, Allain Gaussin and Vincent Decleire. The famous French rapper Kaaris is also from Sevran, born to parents from Ivory Coast.

Allegations surfaced in 2016 accusing some cafés and bars of refusing to service women, when 3 activists participated in a television report by journalist Caroline Sinz of France 2. In the report, the following sentence could be heard about a local café: "In this café, there is no diversity. We are in Sevran, we are not in Paris. You are in the 93 here! It's different mentalities, it's like back home." According to one of the activists, authorities turn a blind eye as the men support the mayor.

However, the Bondy Blog, an online media outlet focusing on working-class districts, published an article in March 2017 questioning the France 2 report, claiming to have noted the presence of women in this café on several occasions. A journalist from France 2 working for the investigative newsmagazine Complément d'enquête, who subsequently visited this café, also noted the presence of women and later abandoned the idea of filming a report there. The owner of the café later sued France 2 journalists David Pujadas and Caroline Sinz for racially-motivated libel.

Transport

Sevran is served by two stations on Paris RER line B: Sevran – Livry and Sevran – Beaudottes.

Education
Schools:
 * 15 public preschools (maternelles):
 * 16 public primary schools:
 * 1 private preschool: École maternelle Sainte-Agnès/École élémentaire Sainte-Agnès
 * Junior high schools: Collège Evariste Galois, Collège Georges Brassens, Collège Paul Painlevé, and Collège La Pléïade
 * Senior high school/sixth-form college: Lycée Blaise Cendrars

title: Sevran


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Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton

Henry Hartley Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton, (16 May 1830 – 25 February 1911) was a British solicitor and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 until 1908 when he was raised to the peerage. A member of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, he was the first solicitor and the first Methodist to enter the Cabinet or to be raised to the peerage.

Early life
Fowler was born in Sunderland, the son of Rev. Joseph Fowler. He was educated at Woodhouse Grove School, Apperley Bridge, Bradford (1840–42) and later at St. Saviour's Grammar School, Southwark.

He moved to Wolverhampton and was admitted as a solicitor in 1852. He served as a local councillor and was Mayor of Wolverhampton in 1866. He was chairman of Wolverhampton School Board in 1870, and was a Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and JP for Wolverhampton.

Political career
At the 1880 general election Fowler was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the borough of Wolverhampton, a seat he held until the borough was divided under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. He then was then returned at the 1885 general election as the MP for Wolverhampton East, and held that seat until he was ennobled in 1908. He served under William Ewart Gladstone as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1884 to 1885, as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1886 and as President of the Local Government Board from 1892 to 1894 and under Lord Rosebery as Secretary of State for India from 1894 to 1895. In 1886, he was sworn of the Privy Council.

Fowler later held office under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between 1905 and 1908. The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Wolverhampton, of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, and served under Asquith as Lord President of the Council until 1910. He was widely thought of as a future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, but his ill health prevented this.

In his approach to policymaking, according to Neil Smith, Sir Henry Fowler (who became Viscount Wolverhampton in 1908) was supportive of reform legislation in the areas of pensions, education, and the Poor Law. According to his private secretary, however, he did not have "the patience to suffer Radical and Labour members gladly."

He was an elected President of The Law Society 1901–02.

Lord Wolverhampton died on 25 February 1911, aged 80.

Family
Fowler married Ellen Thorneycroft, daughter of ironmaster and first Mayor of Wolverhampton, George Benjamin Thorneycroft, in 1857. They had a son and two daughters.

Their son Henry succeeded to the viscountcy. Their daughters were the authors the Hon. Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler and the Hon. Edith Henrietta Fowler (who wrote a biography of her father).

Viscountess Wolverhampton's great nephew was Peter Thorneycroft.


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À la carte

In restaurants, à la carte (lit. 'at the card') is the practice of ordering individual dishes from a menu in a restaurant, as opposed to table d'hôte, where a set menu is offered. It is an early 19th century loan from French meaning "according to the menu".

The individual dishes to be ordered may include side dishes, or the side dishes may be offered separately, in which case, they are also considered à la carte.

History
The earliest examples of à la carte are from 1816 for the adjectival use ("à la carte meal", for example) and from 1821 for the adverbial use ("meals were served à la carte"). These pre-date the use of the word menu, which came into English in the 1830s.

title: À la carte


text:
User:Jo²

I'm a French guy living in Paris.

Job
I work as a research engineer in the Artificial Intelligence field. More precisely I use constraint programing and multi agent.

Music
I'm addicted to music as a listener and as a player.

I play mainly bass guitar and sing but can play a bit of drum and guitar.

My beloved musical styles start from metal and go to jazz, with almost every style between them (pop, fusion, even classical music that is a bit apart).

Wikipedia
As a Wikipedian I'm, for now, just a reader. I hope I will soon participate more actively.

title: User:Jo²


text:
Omentum

Omentum (Latin for 'apron') is a medical term referring to layers of peritoneum that surround abdominal organs. The term may refer to:
 * Greater omentum
 * Lesser omentum

title: Omentum


text:
Germania (city)

Welthauptstadt Germania or World Capital Germania was the projected renewal of the German capital Berlin during the Nazi period, part of Adolf Hitler's vision for the future of Nazi Germany after the planned victory in World War II. It was to be the capital of his planned "Greater Germanic Reich". Albert Speer, the "first architect of the Third Reich", produced many of the plans for the rebuilt city in his capacity as overseer of the project, only a small portion of which was realised between the years 1938 and 1943.

Some of the projects were completed, such as the creation of a great East–West city axis, which included broadening Charlottenburger Chaussee (today Straße des 17. Juni) and placing the Berlin Victory Column in the centre, far away from the Reichstag, where it originally stood. Other projects, however, such as the creation of the "People's Hall" (Volkshalle), had to be shelved due to the beginning of war, although a great number of the old buildings in many of the planned construction areas were already demolished before the war. The Second World War and Nazi Germany's defeat by the Allies ended development of the concept.

Name
Hitler conceived of rebuilding Berlin to be the capital of the new world he would be instrumental in creating, and provided the name for it, 'Germania'. According to records of Hitler's "table talk" of 8 June 1942, Hitler's purpose in the renaming was to give a Greater Germanic world empire of the New Order a clear central point:

"Just as the Bavarians and the Prussians had to be impressed by Bismarck of the German idea, so too must the Germanic peoples of Continental Europe be programmatically steered towards the Germanic concept. He [Hitler] even considers it good that by renaming the Reich capital Berlin into 'Germania', we'll have given considerable driving force to this task. The name Germania for the Reich capital would be very appropriate, for in spite of how far removed those belonging to the Germanic racial core will be, this capital will instill a sense of unity."

Hitler described his vision for the city several months earlier:

"As world capital Berlin will only be comparable with Ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome! What is London, what is Paris compared to that!"

The official plan for rebuilding Berlin, with Albert Speer in charge, was called the "Comprehensive Construction Plan for the Reich Capital" (German: Gesamtbauplan für die Reichshauptstadt).

Planning
Doubts persisted at the time as to whether the marshy Berlin ground could have taken the load of the proposed projects, leading to the construction of an exploration building (Schwerbelastungskörper, literal translation: heavy load-bearing body), which still exists near the site where the Arch of Triumph would have been built. The Schwerbelastungskörper is an extremely heavy block of concrete used by the architects to test how much weight the ground was able to carry. Instruments monitored how far the block sank into the ground. The Schwerbelastungskörper sank 18 cm in the three years it was to be used for testing, compared to a maximum allowable settlement of 6 cm. Using the evidence gathered by these gargantuan devices, it is unlikely the soil could have supported such structures without further preparation. The plan was to cover the Schwerbelastungskörper by building a bridge over it. The arch would have been nearby, but problems with the axis running through infrastructure would have made it difficult to establish any convenient location.

Speer was rebuked by Martin Bormann when he contacted Protestant and Catholic authorities regarding churches in the new building districts. According to Bormann, they were not to be included.

Demolition
The razing of old buildings to make way for the reconstruction of Berlin began in 1938 in various places around the city. This included the Alsen district, where the Great Hall would stand, and the Tiergarten district, where Speer planned to build the House for German Foreign Transport, and where the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strasse would intersect with the great East-West Axis which was to be built. The East-West Axis was completed in time for Hitler's 50th birthday celebration a year later, in 1939, when Speer ceremoniously presented it to Hitler with the words "My Führer. I should like to report the completion of the east-west axis. May the work speak for itself."

Construction
Speer designed a new Chancellery, which included a vast hall designed to be twice as long as the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. Hitler wanted him to build a third, even larger Chancellery, although it was never begun. The second Chancellery was destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1945.

Swedish Bohus granite was imported to be used as building material in Germania.

Construction halted
At the beginning of World War II, with the German invasion of Poland in 1939, construction was suspended, but resumed after the clear German victory. When France was defeated in 1940, Hitler visited Paris briefly with Speer and a few chosen others, the Führer 's desire to "give Berlin a new face" was revitalised, and the work was redoubled at his command. At Speer's instigation, Hitler signed a decree which read:

"In the shortest possible time Berlin must be redeveloped and acquire the form that is its due through the greatness of our victory as the capital of a powerful new empire. In the completion of what is now the country's most important architectural task I see the most significant contribution to our final victory. I expect that it will be completed by the year 1950. [emphasis in the original]"

After serious setbacks in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which Hitler had initially seen as another blitzkrieg ("lightning war"), construction on "Germania" was halted permanently in March 1943.

Avenue of Splendors
Almost none of the other buildings planned for Berlin were ever built. Berlin was to be reorganised along a central 5 km boulevard known as the Prachtallee ("Avenue/Boulevard of Splendor(s)"). This would run south from a crossroads with the East-West Axis close to the Brandenburg Gate, following the course of the old Siegesallee through the Tiergarten before continuing down to an area just west of Tempelhof Airport. This new North-South Axis would have served as a parade ground, and have been closed off to traffic. Vehicles would have instead been diverted into an underground highway running directly underneath the parade route; sections of this highway's tunnel structure were built, and still exist today. No work was ever begun above ground although Speer did relocate the Siegesallee to another part of the Tiergarten in 1938 in preparation for the avenue's construction.

The plan also called for the building of two new large railway stations as the planned North-South Axis would have severed the tracks leading to the old Anhalter and Potsdamer stations, forcing their closure. These new stations would be built on the city's main Hundekopf (dog's head) geography S-Bahn ring with the Nordbahnhof in Wedding and the larger Südbahnhof in Tempelhof-Schöneberg at the southern end of the avenue. The Anhalter Bahnhof, no longer used as a railway station, would have been turned into a swimming pool.

Großer Platz
At the northern end of the avenue on the site of the Königsplatz (now the Platz der Republik) there was to be a large open forum known as Großer Platz ("Grand Plaza") with an area of around 350000 sqm. This square was to be surrounded by the grandest buildings of all, with the Führer 's palace on the west side on the site of the former Kroll Opera House, the 1894 Reichstag building on the east side, and the third Reich Chancellery and high command of the German Army on the south side (on either side of the square's entrance from the Avenue of Splendours). On the north side of the plaza, straddling the River Spree, Speer planned to build the centrepiece of the new Berlin, an enormous domed building, the Volkshalle (people's hall), designed by Hitler himself. Had it been built, the Volkshalle would still be the largest enclosed space in the world today. Although war came before work could begin, all the necessary land was acquired and the engineering plans were worked out. The building would have been over 200 m high and 250 m in diameter, sixteen times larger than the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.

Triumphal Arch
Towards the southern end of the avenue would be a triumphal arch based on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, but again, much larger; it would be almost 100 m high, and the Arc de Triomphe (at the time the largest triumphal arch in existence) could have fit inside its opening, evidently with the intention of replacing the rather long history associated with this Arch and in particular the unique ceremonies, with reference to the history of France, connected with it. As a result of the occupation of Berlin by Soviet troops in 1945, a memorial was constructed with two thousand of the Soviet dead buried there in line with this proposed 'Triumphal Arch'. It had been intended that inside this generously proportioned structure the names of the 1,800,000 German dead of the First World War should be carved.

title: Germania (city)


text:
Talk:Frame (dance)

Are "fridge" and "bulldozer" technical terms?!!
 * As I understand, they are descriptive ones, traditionally used for comparison with objects over movement of which you have little control: fridge is a stationary one, a bulldozer is a moving one. A number of exercises go like: "stand in front of the fridge..." Frankly I don't know why it couldn't be "stand in front of a wall...". Tradition (of American ballroom) maybe... In addition, chair and mannekin are used to depict passive followers. Mikkalai 15:44, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I've danced all of the styles mentioned here, and find the analogies unhelpful and non-encyclopedic. I've rewritten the article and removed the analogy. --Spangineer[es]  (háblame)  21:29, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
Fridges are easier to push around than walls (well, in UK anyway - in US YMMV)! The trouble with talking technical is that people in different disciplines use the same words (eg 'leverage') to mean different things: most of us can agree on the behaviour of bulldozers and fridges !

Frame is the position maintained by dancers I would say Frame is the action of skeleton and muscles used by dancers to maintain their relative positions and in swing dances, outward directed pressure is used to maintain the position. As a swing dancer (well, Modern Jive & West Coast Swing ... ) that means nothing to me ! Like a spring, the further from desired body position, the greater the force should be. seemed much better !

We are unusual in MJ, as we move together and apart regularly most of the time. Kind of an oscillating rubber frame, squashing & stretching !

Not sure if it's worth modding the page yet - it might just get re-encyclopedicified again !

I doubt very much anyone has done many of the different forms of dance in the categories listed. It seems a little arrogant to assume that because you've done one kind of Swing Dance you know them all ! MJ & WCS are completely different in technique ! --195.137.93.171 10:16, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

= Huh? =

I don't remotely see the relationship between frame and connection? I think this article needs revamping. If anybody is up for a conversation I'm happy to. Javacaliente (talk) 07:06, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are not written by conversation, but basing on references to reputable sources. Please get yourself familiar with wikipedia rules Verifiability, WP:CITE, and "no original research". Any uncited material may de deleted at any time. - Altenmann >t 17:01, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

So is my "conversation" in the discussion page outside of Wikipedia policy? I thought this is where conversation is suppose to take place. I didn't think the "counter argument" to frame was a "conversation". I thought it pointed out a false statement and premise to Frame. And I'm failing to see how my lack of citations is worth deleting versus everything else that is also lacking citation is not deleted. Are you even reading what I'm writing? If so, you don't seem to give any thought to the merit of the content even if there is not a citation. Because if you are I would think adding to the discussion is much more helpful than purely enforcing Wikipedia policy. I'm a new user and if this is how the wikipedia community treats people I could care less about the standard WP has. Javacaliente (talk) 07:20, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

P.S. Besides, like everything is empirical. psh.

Staying on the discussion, even with "my" theory disagreement on frame I don't believe it to be helpful to define it differently than everybody else in the world. I still think it should be kept "pure" in its entirely. So the section Altenmann added in order to remove my "weasel words" I think makes the Frame article more convoluted. But still add a section pointing out the discrepancy in the different theory's regarding frame. And dude! You didn't add a citation with your edit so its rather hypocritical to harp on me when you do the same. And while I'm on it, did you go back to the original content poster and harp on them for "contributing" to the WP project without ANY citations? Or just the new guy trying to make it better? To sum up what I said, so do you think the frame theory disagreement should be written into the definition of frame or in a subsection? Javacaliente (talk) 06:14, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

If you have references about "everybody else in the world" you are welcome to use them in this article. Once again, wikipedia is not a discussion board, it is encyclopedia which has its own rules. I am aware that the article is incomprehensible and confusing. It is not exactly wrong, but also not exactly right It still waits for a person who takes a dance book is spells it correctly, basing on reputable publications. Until this happens there is no sense to carry out any discussions, which are useless at this moment, since the article has no references, and opinions of wikipedians cannot serve as a basis of an article. What I did was an attempt to slightly decrease the mess of the existing content. - Altenmann >t 00:19, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Once again, ". Once again, wikipedia is not a discussion board" You keep on accusing me of trying to have a "discussion" When and where did I do such a "crime"? I THOUGHT THATS WHAT THIS PAGE IS FOR! Am I wrong? I did not attempt to have a discussion on the article page yet you tell me I did. No I didn't! I was attempting to discuss what should be posted and how it should be organized on THIS page. Do you understand the difference?

"If you have references about "everybody else in the world" you are welcome to use them in this article." well, you didn't seem to add a citation either and keep on raking me over the coals. You are actually not very helpful contrary to the "help" you think are you doing because you are unfair in your treatment and accusations of me. If you treated me fairly I would appreciate your input and knowledge. On a side note. If you really loved dance you would care more about the article being correct and later "verified" than leaving it as is until somebody with citations falling out of their rug sack comes along and finishes the mess. So far you just seem to care about Wikipedia policy and act as tho its God. If thats the case delete all content without proper citations and be done with this article.

"Until this happens there is no sense to carry out any discussions, which are useless at this moment, since the article has no references, and opinions of wikipedians cannot serve as a basis of an article." Thats not true. There's a logic error in your statement. And if that is your view or Wikipedia's view than I kindly ask you to stop meddling in other peoples affairs and currently this article is my affair. If you want to help than help. But stop being a nuisance. Because that does not put you as a helper but rather a hindrance to the correctness of the article after which it can be citationed. Nobody puts citations before the content.

Here's the changes I made today but didn't get a chance to post. Again, you cleaned up the article good but your comments are unfair.

Traditional Frame
Dance 'Frame' is the position of the upper body of the dancer relative to the rest of the dancer's body and the body of the dance partner. Dance frame is a stable structural combination of both bodies maintained through the dancers' arms and/or legs. While not the same as rigidity it requires internal muscle tension to ensure that the connection between partners is not lost.

Usage theory
Frame allows the Lead to transmit body movement to the Follow, and for the Follow to suggest ideas to the Lead.

Connection
Connection occurs in both closed and open dance positions (also called "open frame" and "closed frame"). It is essential in all partner dances, especially in modern ballroom dance and swing.

Body position
Frame is a the body position maintained by dancers during partner dancing that provides connection between the dance partners, for leading and following purposses.

Styleing
The required frame varies according to the style of dance. In some forms of dance, it may involve body contact. In street Latin style dances such as salsa, arms are held more loosely.

Javacaliente (talk) 03:36, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frame (dance)


text:
Tom Seaver

George Thomas Seaver (November 17, 1944 – August 31, 2020), nicknamed "Tom Terrific" and "the Franchise", was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago White Sox, and Boston Red Sox from to. Commonly described as the most iconic player in Mets history, Seaver played a significant role in their victory in the 1969 World Series over the Baltimore Orioles.

With the Mets, Seaver won the National League's (NL) Rookie of the Year Award in 1967, and won three NL Cy Young Awards as the league's best pitcher. He was a 12-time All-Star and ranks as the Mets' all-time leader in wins. During his MLB career, he compiled 311 wins, 3,640 strikeouts, 61 shutouts, a 2.86 earned run average, and he threw a no-hitter in 1978.

In 1992, Seaver was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the highest percentage of votes ever recorded at the time. Along with Mike Piazza, he is one of two players wearing a New York Mets hat on his plaque in the Hall of Fame. Seaver's No. 41 was retired by the Mets in 1988, and New York City changed the address of Citi Field to 41 Seaver Way in 2019. Seaver is also a member of the New York Mets Hall of Fame and the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame.

Early life
Seaver was born in Fresno, California, to Betty Lee (née Cline) and Charles Henry Seaver. He attended Fresno High School and was a pitcher for the school's baseball team. Seaver compensated for his lack of size and strength by developing great control on the mound. Despite being an All-City basketball player, he hoped to play baseball in college. He joined the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve on June 28, 1962. He served with AIRFMFPAC 29 Palms, California, through July 1963. After six months of active duty in the reserve, Seaver enrolled at Fresno City College. He remained a part-time member of the reserve until his eight-year commitment ended in 1970.

The University of Southern California (USC) recruited Seaver to play college baseball. Unsure as to whether Seaver was worthy of a scholarship, USC sent him to pitch in Alaska for the Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks in the summer of 1964. After a stellar season, in which he pitched and won a game in the national tournament with a grand slam, USC head coach Rod Dedeaux awarded him a scholarship. As a sophomore in 1965, Seaver posted a 10–2 record for the Trojans, and he was selected in the tenth round of the 1965 Major League Baseball draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers. When Seaver asked for $70,000, however, the Dodgers passed, only offering Seaver $2,000.

In 1966, Seaver signed a professional contract with the Atlanta Braves, who had selected him in the first round of the secondary January draft, 20th overall. However, the contract was voided by Baseball Commissioner William Eckert because USC had played two exhibition games that year, although Seaver had not participated. He then intended to finish the college season, but because he had signed a pro contract, the NCAA ruled him ineligible. After Seaver's father complained to Eckert about the unfairness of the situation, and threatened a lawsuit, Eckert ruled that other teams could match the Braves' offer. The Mets were subsequently awarded his signing rights in a lottery drawing among the three teams (the Philadelphia Phillies and Cleveland Indians being the two others) that were willing to match the Braves' terms.

Minor leagues (1966)
In 1966, Seaver was 12–12 with a 3.13 earned run average pitching in Class AAA with the Jacksonville Suns, the Mets' affiliate in the International League.

New York Mets (1967–1977)
Seaver made the Mets' roster in 1967, was named to the 1967 All-Star Game, and got the save by pitching a scoreless 15th inning. In his rookie season, Seaver was 16–13 for the last-place Mets, with 18 complete games, 170 strikeouts, and a 2.76 earned run average. Seaver was named the 1967 National League Rookie of the Year.

Seaver recalled later on that he approached Henry Aaron just before the All-Star Game, for his autograph. Seaver felt the need to introduce himself to Aaron, as he was certain that the veteran player would not know who he was. Aaron replied to Seaver, "Kid, I know who you are, and before your career is over, I guarantee you everyone in this stadium will, too."

Seaver started for the Mets on Opening Day in 1968. He won 16 games again during that season, and recorded over 200 strikeouts for the first of nine consecutive seasons, but the Mets moved up only one spot in the standings, to ninth. In 1969, Seaver won a league-high 25 games, including nine consecutive complete-game victories. He won his first National League Cy Young Award. He also finished runner-up to Willie McCovey for the League's Most Valuable Player Award.

In front of a crowd of over 59,000 at New York's Shea Stadium on July 9, Seaver threw $8 1/3$ perfect innings against the division-leading Chicago Cubs. Rookie backup outfielder Jim Qualls broke up Seaver's bid for a perfect game when he lined a clean single to left field.

In the inaugural National League Championship Series, Seaver outlasted Atlanta's Phil Niekro in the first game for a 9–5 victory. Seaver was also the starter for Game One of the World Series, but lost a 4–1 decision to the Baltimore Orioles' Mike Cuellar. Seaver then pitched a 10-inning complete game for a 2–1 win in Game Four. The "Miracle Mets" won the series. At year's end, Seaver was presented with the Hickok Belt as the top professional athlete of the year and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award.

On April 22, 1970, Seaver set a major league record by striking out the final ten batters of the game in a 2–1 victory over the San Diego Padres at Shea Stadium. Al Ferrara, who had homered in the second inning for the Padres' run, accounted for both the first and the final strikeout of the streak. In addition to his ten consecutive strikeouts, Seaver tied Steve Carlton's major league record at the time, with 19 strikeouts in a nine-inning game. (The record was later eclipsed by 20-strikeout games by Kerry Wood, Randy Johnson, Max Scherzer, and twice by Roger Clemens.) By mid-August, Seaver's record stood at 17–6 and he seemed well on his way to a second consecutive 20-victory season. But he only won one of his last ten starts, including four on short rest, to finish 18–12. Nonetheless, Seaver led the National League in both earned run average (2.82) and strikeouts (283).

In 1971, Seaver led the league in earned run average (1.76) and strikeouts (289 in 286 innings) while going 20–10. However, he finished second in the Cy Young balloting to Ferguson Jenkins of the Chicago Cubs, due to Jenkins' league-leading 24 wins, 325 innings pitched, and exceptional control numbers.

Seaver had four more 20-win seasons (20 in 1971, 21 in 1972, 22 in 1975, and 21 in 1977). He won two more Cy Young Awards (1973 and 1975, both with the Mets). Between 1970 and 1976, Seaver led the National League in strikeouts five times, while also finishing second in 1972 and third in 1974. Seaver also won three earned run average titles as a Met. Two famous quotes about Seaver are attributed to Reggie Jackson: "Blind men come to the park just to hear him pitch." The second was in the 1973 World series, with the Mets up 3 games to 2, and poised to win their second championship. Seaver started the game, but did not have his "arm" that day, and lost the game. Jackson is reported to have said "Seaver pitched with his heart that day." Seaver was known for his "drop and drive" overhand delivery, powered by his legs and trunk with his knee sinking to the ground.

Midnight Massacre
By, free agency had begun and contract negotiations between Mets' ownership and Seaver were not going well. Seaver wanted to renegotiate his contract to bring his salary in line with what other top pitchers were earning, but chairman of the board M. Donald Grant, who by that time had been given carte blanche by Mets management to do what he wished, refused to budge. Longtime New York Daily News columnist Dick Young regularly wrote negative columns about Seaver's "greedy" demands. Seaver attempted to resolve the impasse by going to team owner Lorinda de Roulet, who along with general manager Joe McDonald, had negotiated in principle a three-year contract extension by mid-June. Before the contract could be signed, Young wrote an unattributed story in the Daily News saying that Seaver was being goaded by his wife to ask for more money because she was envious of Nolan Ryan earning more money with the California Angels. Upon learning of the story, Seaver informed de Roulet and McDonald that he immediately wanted to be traded, believing that he could not co-exist with Grant.

In one of two trades that New York's sports reporters dubbed "the Midnight Massacre" (the other involved struggling outfielder Dave Kingman), Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds at the trading deadline, June 15, 1977, for pitcher Pat Zachry, minor league outfielder Steve Henderson, infielder Doug Flynn, and minor league outfielder Dan Norman.

Cincinnati Reds (1977–1982)
Seaver went 14–3 with the Reds and won 21 games in 1977, including an emotional 5–1 victory over the Mets in his return to Shea Stadium. Seaver struck out 11 batters during the return game and also hit a double. He also received a lengthy ovation at the All-Star Game, held in New York's Yankee Stadium. His departure from New York sparked sustained negative fan reaction, as the Mets became the league's worst team, finishing in last place the next three seasons. Combined with the Yankees' resurgence in the market, attendance dipped during the 1978 New York Mets season and plunged during the 1979 New York Mets season to 9,740 per game. M. Donald Grant was fired after the 1978 season, and Joe McDonald was fired after the 1979 season following a sale of the team to publishing magnate Nelson Doubleday, Jr. In a sardonic nod to the general manager, Shea Stadium acquired the nickname "Grant's Tomb".

After having thrown five one-hitters for the Mets, including two games in which no-hit bids were broken up in the ninth inning, Seaver recorded a 4–0 no-hitter for the Reds in 1978 against the St. Louis Cardinals on June 16 at Riverfront Stadium. It was the only no-hitter of his professional career.

He led the Cincinnati pitching staff in 1979, when the Reds won the Western Division, and again in the strike-shortened 1981 season, when the Reds had the best record in the major leagues. In the latter season, Seaver, with his sterling 14–2 performance, was a close runner-up to Fernando Valenzuela for the 1981 Cy Young Award. (Seaver had finished third and fourth in two other previous years.) In 1981, during one of his two losses, Seaver recorded his 3,000th strikeout against Keith Hernandez of the St. Louis Cardinals. Then in 1982 he suffered through an injury-ridden campaign, finishing the season 5–13.

In six seasons with the Reds, Seaver was 75–46 with a 3.18 earned run average and 42 complete games in 158 starts.

Return to Mets (1983)
On December 16, 1982, Seaver was traded back to the Mets, for Charlie Puleo, Lloyd McClendon, and Jason Felice. On April 5, 1983, he tied Walter Johnson's major league record of 14 Opening Day starts, shutting out the Philadelphia Phillies for six innings in a 2–0 Mets win. However, he posted a subpar 9–14 record that season.

The Mets exercised an option on Seaver's contract worth $750,000 for the 1984 season. Overall, in 12 seasons with the Mets, Seaver was 198–124 with a 2.57 earned run average in 3,045 innings with 171 complete games, winning three Cy Young awards, the 1969 World Series and the 1967 NL Rookie of the Year Award.

Chicago White Sox (1984–1986)
On January 20, 1984, the Chicago White Sox claimed Seaver from the Mets in a free-agent compensation draft. The Mets, especially general manager Frank Cashen, incorrectly assumed that no one would pursue a high-salaried, 39-year-old starting pitcher and left him off the protected list.

Seaver pitched two and a half seasons in Chicago and recorded his last shutout on July 19, 1985, against the visiting Indians. In an anomaly, Seaver won two games on May 9, 1984; he pitched the 25th and final inning of a game suspended the day before, picking up the win in relief against the Milwaukee Brewers, before starting and winning the day's regularly scheduled game, also facing the Brewers.

On August 4, 1985, Seaver recorded his 300th victory at Yankee Stadium over the Yankees, throwing a complete game 4–1 victory, with Mets announcer Lindsey Nelson in the booth.

Seaver started on Opening Day for the 16th and final time of his career in 1986. In three seasons with the White Sox, Seaver was 33–28 with a 3.67 earned run average and 17 complete games in 81 appearances.

Boston Red Sox (1986)
The White Sox traded Seaver to the Boston Red Sox for Steve Lyons in mid-season. Seaver's 311th and final win came on August 18, 1986, against the Minnesota Twins.

A knee injury prevented Seaver from appearing against the Mets in the World Series with the Red Sox, but he received among the loudest ovations during player introductions prior to Game 1. Roger Clemens attributes the time he shared with Seaver as teammates in 1986 as instrumental in helping him make the transition from thrower to pitcher. The Red Sox did not offer Seaver a contract to his liking for the 1987 season. His 1986 salary was $1 million; the Red Sox offered $500,000, which Seaver declined. When no new contract agreement was reached, Seaver was granted free agency on November 12, 1986.

Seaver was 5–7 with a 3.80 earned run average in 16 starts with Boston in 1986.

In 1987, the Mets starting rotation was decimated by injury and they sought help from Seaver. Though no contract was signed, Seaver joined the club on June 6, and was hit hard in an exhibition game against the Triple-A Tidewater Tides on June 11. After similarly poor outings on June 16 and 20, he announced his retirement, saying that, "there were no more pitches in this 42-year-old arm that were competitive. I've used them all up."

Career overall
Only Seaver and Walter Johnson have 300 wins, 3,000 strikeouts, and an earned run average under 3.00. Seaver's 16 Opening-Day starts are a MLB record. At the time of his retirement, he was third on MLB's all-time strikeout list (3,640), trailing only his former teammate Nolan Ryan and Steve Carlton; he currently ranks sixth all time. Seaver is tied with Ryan for the seventh-most shutouts in MLB history (61). His feat of striking out ten consecutive batters has only been matched once, by Aaron Nola in 2021. He also holds the record for consecutive 200-strikeout seasons with nine (1968–1976).

Seaver could also help himself at the plate. A decent hitter and proficient bunter, Seaver hit 12 home runs during his career, along with a relatively solid lifetime batting average, for a pitcher, of .154.

Awards and honors
The Mets retired Seaver's uniform number 41 in 1988 in a Tom Seaver Day ceremony, making him the franchise's first player to be so honored.

Seaver was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on January 7, 1992, with the then-highest percentage of votes with 98.84%. He was named on 425 out of 430 ballots. Three of the five ballots that had omitted Seaver were blank, cast by writers protesting the Hall's decision to make Pete Rose ineligible for consideration. One ballot was sent by a writer who was recovering from open-heart surgery and failed to notice Seaver's name. The fifth "no" vote was cast by a writer who said he never voted for any player in their first year of eligibility. Seaver is one of two players enshrined in the Hall of Fame with a Mets cap on his plaque, along with Mike Piazza. He was also inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame, the Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame, and the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame.

In 1999, Seaver ranked 32nd on Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the only player to have spent a majority of his career with the Mets to make the list. In 2016, ESPN.com ranked Seaver 34th on its list of the greatest MLB players, while The Athletic ranked him the 41st-greatest player in 2020.

On September 28, 2006, Seaver was chosen as the "Hometown Hero" for the Mets franchise by ESPN. Seaver made a return to Shea Stadium during the "Shea Goodbye" closing ceremony on September 28, 2008, where he threw out the final pitch in the history of the stadium to Piazza. Along with Piazza he opened the Mets' new home, Citi Field with the ceremonial first pitch on April 13, 2009.

The 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was dedicated to Seaver. He concluded the introduction of the starting lineup ceremonies by throwing out the ceremonial first pitch. Mets player David Wright participated. In 2019, the New York City renamed the street outside Citi Field from 126th Street to Seaver Way and changed the ballpark's address to 41 Seaver Way, a salute of the number he wore throughout his career.

In 2017, Seaver was awarded the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award as the Hall of Fame recipient.

On April 15, 2022, at their home opener against the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Mets unveiled a 10-foot statue of Seaver in front of Citi Field.

Broadcasting career
Seaver's television broadcasting experience dated back to his playing career, when he was invited to serve as a World Series analyst for ABC in and for NBC in, , and. Also while an active player, Seaver called the 1981 National League Division Series between Montreal and Philadelphia and that year's National League Championship Series alongside Dick Enberg for NBC.

After retiring as a player, Seaver worked as a television color commentator for the Mets, the New York Yankees, and with Vin Scully in 1989 for NBC. Seaver replaced Joe Garagiola as NBC's lead baseball color commentator, which led to him calling the 1989 All-Star Game and National League Championship Series. He worked as an analyst for Yankees' telecasts on WPIX from 1989 to 1993 and for Mets' telecasts on WPIX from 1999 to 2005, making him one of three sportscasters to be regular announcers for both teams; the others are Fran Healy and Tim McCarver.

Personal life and death
Seaver married Nancy Lynn McIntyre on June 9, 1966, in Jacksonville, Florida during Seaver's Triple-A stint. They were the parents of two daughters, Sarah and Annie. They lived in Calistoga, California, where Seaver started his own 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) vineyard, Seaver Family Vineyards, on his 116-acre (47 ha) estate, in 2002. His first vintage was produced in 2005. He presented his two cabernets, "Nancy's Fancy" and "GTS," at an April 2010 wine-tasting event in SoHo, to positive reviews.

In 2013, it was reported that Seaver suffered from memory loss, not even remembering long-term acquaintances and experiencing symptoms of "sleep disorder, nausea, and a general overall feeling of chemical imbalance". According to former teammate Bud Harrelson, Seaver was "otherwise doing well". On March 7, 2019, Seaver's family announced that he had dementia and was retiring from public life.

Seaver died in his sleep as a result of complications from Lewy body dementia and COVID-19 on August 31, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in California. He was 75.

title: Tom Seaver


text:
User:Invisible man

A student studying civil engineering at Exeter University in South-West England. My intrests in this life are; anime, games and cinema. As a result of this you will see me modifying things in these areas, I'm still quite young so have patience with me please. My motto is Semper Aeternus.

title: User:Invisible man


text:
Sebastian Cabot

Sebastian Cabot may refer to:
 * Sebastian Cabot (explorer) (1476–1557), Italian explorer
 * Sebastian Cabot (actor) (1918–1977), British actor

title: Sebastian Cabot


text:
Rosny-sous-Bois

Rosny-sous-Bois is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.1 km from the centre of Paris.

It is the seat of the national centre of road information of the national gendarmerie.

Transport
Rosny-sous-Bois is served by two stations on Paris RER E: Rosny–Bois-Perrier and Rosny-sous-Bois.

Education
The commune has seven public primary school groups, with each having a preschool (maternelle) and an elementary school. There is also a private Montessori French-English bilingual primary school, Ecole maternelle privée «Les merveilles».

Secondary schools:
 * Junior high schools: Albert Camus, Langevin-Wallon, Saint Exupery
 * Senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: Lycée Charles de Gaulle and Lycée Professionnel Jean Moulin

Personalities

 * Selim Bouadla—footballer
 * Mamadou Diakité—footballer
 * Nicolas Douchez—footballer
 * Philippe Carlos—senior category manager
 * Soufiane Guerrab—actor
 * Loïc Lapoussin-footballer

title: Rosny-sous-Bois


text:
Sebastian Cabot (explorer)

Sebastian Cabot (Italian and Sebastiano Caboto, ; Sebastián Caboto, Gaboto or Cabot; c. 1474 – c.  December 1557) was a Venetian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic and a Venetian citizen. He was the son of Venetian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea.

After his father's death, Cabot conducted his own voyages of discovery, seeking the Northwest Passage through North America on behalf of England. He later sailed for Spain, traveling to South America, where he explored the Rio de la Plata and established two new forts.

Early life and education
Accounts differ as to Sebastian Cabot's place and date of birth. The historian James Williamson reviewed the evidence for various given dates in the 1480s and concluded that Sebastian was born not later than 1484, the son of John Cabot, a Venetian citizen credited with Genoese or Gaetan origins by birth, and of Mattea Caboto, also Venetian. Late in life, Cabot himself told Englishman Richard Eden that he was born in Bristol, and that he travelled back to Venice with his parents at four years of age, returning again with his father, so that he was thought to be Venetian. At another time, he told the Venetian ambassador at the court of Charles V, Gasparo Contarini (who noted it in his diary), that he was Venetian, educated in England. In 1515 Sebastian's friend Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote that Cabot was a Venetian by birth, but that his father (John Cabot) had taken him to England as a child. His father had lived in Venice from 1461, as he received citizenship (which required 15 years' residency) in 1476. The Caboto family moved to England in 1495 if not before.

Sebastian, his elder brother Ludovico and his younger brother Santo were included by name with their father in the royal letters patent from King Henry VII of March 1496 authorizing their father's expeditions across the Atlantic. They are believed by some historians, including Rodney Skelton, still to have been minors since they were not mentioned in the 1498 patent their father also received. John Cabot sailed from Bristol on the small ship Matthew and reached the coast of a "New Found Land" on 24 June 1497. Historians have differed as to where Cabot landed, but two likely locations often suggested are Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

1494 Cabot scouting expedition
According to Cartografía Marítima Hispana, Sebastian Cabot included a handwritten text in Latin on his famous map of North America (published in Antwerp, 1544) claiming to have discovered North America with his father in 1494, three years before his father's voyage. Sancho Gutierrez repeated this text in Castilian on his 1551 map. Placed next to the border of North America, the text reads: "This land was discovered by Johannes Caboto, venetian and Sebastian Caboto, his son, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ MCCCCXCIV, 24th of June in the morning. They put to it the name 'prima terra vista' and [...] This big island was named Saint John, as it was discovered on Saint John holiday. People there wander wearing animal furs. They use bow and arrow to fight, javelins and darts and wooden batons and slings. This is a very sterile land, there are a lot of white bears and very big deers, big as horses, and many other animals. As well there are infinite fish: plaices, salmons, very long soles, 1 yard long and many other varieties of fish. Most of them are called cod. And there are also black hawks, black as ravens, eagles, partridges and many other birds."

The year is stated as MCCCCXCIV (1494) in both hand-written versions. There cannot be confusion with the commonly accepted date for the Cabots' voyage, in 1497. Two suppositions can explain this. Sebastian Cabot and Sancho Gutiérrez may have changed the date in the middle of the sixteenth century. Intentional changes and inaccuracies were very common among geographers at the time, depending on the political interests of their sponsors. As Cabot was funded at the time of the map by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, he may have been interested in showing that the first travel to North America was in 1494 and thus funded by Castilians or by Portuguese, and not by English or French. By the time Cabot was sponsored by Germany and Spain, both England and France had started claiming shares of the New World in competition with Spain and Portugal.

If Cabot and Gutiérrez stated the correct year, it would mean the Cabots sailed to North America on their own account, before proposing their services to England in 1496. No contemporaneous documentation for this has survived.

Early career with England and Spain
In 1504 Sebastian Cabot led an expedition from Bristol to the New World, using two ships: Jesus of Bristol and Gabriel of Bristol. These were mastered by Richard Savery and Philip Ketyner, respectively, and fitted out by Robert Thorne and Hugh Elyot. They brought back a certain amount of salted fish, which suggests the voyage was at least partly commercial and that other expeditions may also have included fishing. Cabot was granted an annuity of £10 on 3 April 1505 by Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes".

In 1508–09 Cabot led one of the first expeditions to find a North-West passage through North America. He is generally credited with gaining "the high latitudes", where he told of encountering fields of icebergs and reported an open passage of water, but was forced to turn back. Some later descriptions suggest that he may have reached as far as the entrance of Hudson Bay. According to Peter Martyr's 1516 account Sebastian then sailed south along the east coast of North America, passing the rich fisheries off the coast of Newfoundland, going on until he was "almost in the latitude of Gibraltar" and "almost the longitude of Cuba". This would imply that he reached as far as the Chesapeake Bay, near what is now Washington, D.C. Returning home "he found the King dead, and his son cared little for such an enterprise". This suggests Sebastian arrived back in England shortly after the death of Henry VII in April 1509 and the accession of Henry VIII, who did indeed show much less interest in the exploration of the New World than his father.

By 1512 Cabot was employed by Henry VIII as a cartographer, supplying the king with a map of Gascony and Guienne. In the same year he accompanied the Marquess of Dorset's expedition to Spain, where he was made captain by Ferdinand V. Cabot believed that Spain was more interested in major exploration, but his hopes of getting Ferdinand's support were lost with the king's death. In the turmoil afterward, no plans would be made for new expeditions, and Cabot returned to England.

The scholar and translator/civil servant Richard Eden, who came to know Cabot towards the end of his life, ascribed to the explorer 'the governance' of a voyage of c.1516 under English flag. This has been accepted and elaborated by a number of English writers, particularly of the turn of the nineteenth century. Rodney Skelton, author of Cabot's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, connected Eden's text to a known expedition of 1517 which indeed aborted, but is not known to have involved Cabot; while the historian Alwyn Ruddock transferred Eden's story of the opposition to Cabot's plans of Thomas Spert, future master of the king's ship Mary Rose, to the explorer's voyage of 1508–9.

Cabot's effort's in 1521 to bring together and lead an English discovery voyage to North America are well attested. He had the support of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey, and some offers of backing in money and ships from both Bristol and London merchants. But the Drapers Company expressed their distrust of Sebastian, and offered only limited funds. The response of other livery companies is unknown. The project was abandoned, and Cabot returned to Spain.

Service to Spain
Believing that King Ferdinand II of Aragon was giving more financial support to exploration than the English, Cabot moved to Spain from England in 1512. When King Ferdinand died in 1516 it ended a period of exploration and Cabot returned to England.

By 1522, he was once again working for Spain as a member of the Council of the Indies and holding the rank of Pilot-Major, where he supervised naval and navigator training, etc. Cabot secretly offered his services to Venice in communications with the Council of Ten. He promised to undertake to find the Northwest Passage to China for Venice if they would receive him.

Cabot was commissioned at the rank of captain general in Spain. On 4 March 1525, he was given command of a fleet that was to determine from astronomical observation the precise demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which defined the area of Spanish and Portuguese monopolies. He was also to convey settlers to the Molucca Islands in the Pacific, to strengthen Spanish claims in the spice islands. This voyage was officially noted as an expedition for the discovery of Tarshish, Ophir, Eastern Cathay, and Cipango (Japan). This expedition consisted of four ships with 250 men, and set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 3 April 1526.

By this time the survivors of Magellan's expedition had completed their circumnavigation of the world, finding it larger than previously known. The voyage had increased pressure on Spain and Portugal to define their territories, as old boundaries seemed superseded by new data. Cabot was directed to cross the Pacific twice and he might have accomplished a second circumnavigation of the world. When Cabot landed with his expedition in Brazil, however, he heard of the rumours of the great wealth of the Incan king and the nearly-successful invasion of Aleixo Garcia. He abandoned his charge and explored the interior of the Río de la Plata along the northern border of present-day Argentina.

Cabot had already earned the disapproval of his crew by stranding the fleet in the doldrums and running the flagship aground off Santa Catarina Island. His decision regarding the Río de la Plata led to open resistance from Martin Méndez (his lieutenant general), Miguel de Rodas (pilot of the Capitana), and Francisco de Rojas (the captain of one of the other vessels). He dealt with the mutiny by marooning these men and other officers on Santa Catarina Island, where they are believed to have died.

Cabot sailed into the wide Río de la Plata and spent five months exploring the estuary. He established a fort called San Salvador at the confluence of the Uruguay and the Río San Salvador. This was the first Spanish settlement in modern-day Uruguay.

Leaving the two larger ships there, he sailed up the Paraná River in the brigantine and a galley constructed at Santa Catarina. His party constructed a small fort called Santo or Espíritu Santo at the confluence of the Paraná and the Río Carcarañá. This was the first Spanish settlement in present-day Argentina; the town of Gaboto was later constructed nearby and named in his honour. Losing 18 men to an ambush, Cabot returned to San Salvador, passing Diego García's expedition as he went.

As a result of this encounter, Cabot sent one ship back to Spain. The Trinidad sailed on 8 July 1528 with his reports, accusations against the mutineers, and requests for further aid. In the spring of 1529, he returned upriver to Espíritu Santo, which he discovered had been overwhelmed and burnt by the Indians during his absence. He recovered the cannon and returned to San Salvador.

At a council on 6 August 1529, he decided to return to Spain. Cabot sailed with García to São Vicente. Purchasing 50 slaves there, he traveled along the coast of Brazil before heading across the Atlantic, reaching Seville on 22 July 1530, with one ship and 24 men.

He was arraigned on charges from the Crown, by Rojas, and by the families of Rodas and Méndez. He was condemned by the Council of the Indies on charges of disobedience, misadministration, and causing the death of officers under his command. He was sentenced to heavy fines and a two-year banishment to Oran in North Africa.

During these proceedings, however, the Emperor of Spain had been absent in Germany. Upon his return, Cabot presented him with descriptions of the region. Although no pardon is recorded and the fines were still paid, it is known that Cabot never went into exile. He retained the post of pilot-major of Spain until 1547. Without losing either title or pension, he left Spain and returned to England.

Later years
In the year 1553, Cabot discussed a voyage to China and re-joining the service of Charles V with Jean Scheyfve, the king's ambassador in England. In the meantime Cabot had reopened negotiations with Venice, but he reached no agreement with that republic. After this he acted as an advisor for "English ventures for discovery of the Northwest Passage. He became governor of the Muscovy Company in 1553 and, along with John Dee, helped it prepare for an expedition led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor. He was made life-governor of the "Company of Merchant Adventurers", and equipped the 1557 expedition of Steven Borough. By February 1557, he was replaced as governor of the Muscovy Company. He was recorded as receiving a quarterly pension, which he was first paid in person. Someone picked up for him in June and September 1557, and no one was paid in December, suggesting that he had died by then.

Marriages and family
Cabot married Joanna (later recorded as Juana in Spanish documents.) They had children before 1512, the year he entered Spanish service. That year, he returned to London to bring his wife and family to Seville. By 14 September 1514, his wife was dead. Among his children was a daughter Elizabeth. An unnamed daughter was recorded as dying in 1533.

Doña Catalina de Medrano
In Spain Sebastian Cabot married again, in 1523, to Catalina de Medrano, widow of the conquistador Pedro Barba. It is not known if the marriage between Sebastian and Catalina produced offspring. But since the Spanish wills of both Catalina (1547) and Sebastian (1548) name nieces of Catalina as their heirs, it is unlikely that by the time of Catalina's death, the pair had children surviving from their marriage. Catalina died on 2 Sep 1547.

Various official documents, from 25 Aug. 1525, name Cabot's wife as Catalina de Medrano. Witnesses in the lawsuits following Cabot's return to Spain in 1530 testified that his wife was a domineering woman who handled his affairs. Catalina's daughter Catalina Barba y Medrano died in 1533. The reference to "sons" of Catalina de Medrano, found in one document only, of 1525, may be merely an official formalism.

Sebastian Cabot, acting as Catalina Barba y Medrano's guardian, appointed attorney Fernando de Jerez on June 22, 1523. Cabot fulfilled his duties by arranging Catalina Barba y Medrano's property schedule and assigning Cristóbal Maldonado to handle her affairs. The reason for Cabot becoming Catalina Barba y Medrano's guardian is unclear, but during uncertain times, men often appointed trusted colleagues. Despite legal provisions allowing wealthy women like Doña Catalina de Medrano to choose guardians, Cabot couldn't have been appointed by her.

Pedro Barba, Catalina Barba y Medrano's father and a relative of Amerigo Vespucci, likely chose Sebastian Cabot as the guardian before sailing for Havana. Pedro Barba might have respected navigators, possibly due to his family connections. Cabot's unresolved debt to Catalina Cerezo escalated hostilities when seeking Pedro Barba's inheritance, leading to Catalina Cerezo questioning Catalina Barba y Medrano's legitimacy. Cerezo, resentful of Cabot's unpaid debt and suspecting a pre-existing relationship, contested Catalina Barba y Medrano's legitimacy, recognizing it as an obstacle to inheritance.

While Sebastian Cabot likely acquired information about Vespucci's voyages through his role at the Casa, he might have obtained some of Vespucci's possessions, such as maps and notes given to Pedro Barba, through his association with the illustrious house of Medrano. In response to Catalina Cerezo's attempt to obstruct his ward's inheritance, Cabot appealed to the court, which overturned Cerezo's challenge.

On November 16, 1523, the Crown issued two documents, including a Real Cédula confirming Medrano and Barba's marriage and their daughter's legitimacy. The count of Osorno, representing the city of Seville, called for an end to malicious gossip delaying Barba's asset distribution and challenged Cerezo to prove her maternal relationship. Another document addressed Cabot's failure to provide Maria Cerezo with her pension for over five years, revealing Charles V's intervention and a deduction from Cabot's salary to settle the debt. Despite these measures, Maria Cerezo's heir, Catalina Cerezo, only recovered the remaining funds on September 26, 1525, and a document from December 26, 1534, granted the remaining pension to Catalina de Medrano, indicating Cabot's incomplete payments over the previous decade.

Recently widowed, Catalina de Medrano found security in marriage to Sebastian Cabot, a prominent figure in Seville, crucial for securing her daughter's inheritance. Cabot, in turn, benefited from his wife's business acumen and insider knowledge of Seville's political landscape linked to its Atlantic colonies. Medrano's dowry of assets, valued at 267 ducats, further enhanced Cabot's financial standing. Despite Cabot's wealth, he struggled with financial management, owing money to various merchants. Cabot, as pilot major, held significant responsibilities but was often away from the city. His financial issues included debts to English and Genoese merchants, though he was also owed money. Despite his substantial salary and life annuity, the pension owed to Vespucci's widow seemed meager, possibly due to oversight rather than intentional neglect.

Upon marrying Sebastian Cabot, Catalina de Medrano took charge of organizing his finances, paying debts, and managing outstanding amounts owed to him. Cabot, trusting and respecting his wife's business skills, granted her power of attorney in June 1524—an unusual step for the time. Catalina de Medrano diligently acted on behalf of her husband, settling financial matters and paying debts, though facing challenges, such as difficulties in paying a stockbroker in October 1524 due to gender-related reluctance.

It is uncertain, but the noble Martine de Medrano in Queen Isabella's account books might be Catalina's father. He supplied the royal court with horses, weapons, and luxury items, like Moorish spurs in 1495. A 'doña Catalina de Medrano' provided mules in 1496 and received payments from 1497 to 1501 for fine cloth supplied to Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II. In 1502 and 1503, she supplied fine cloth. Despite the treasurer not specifying ongoing patronage, Catalina de Medrano received a substantial sum, around 360 ducats, for fine cloth. Seville's 3000 looms couldn't meet demand, leading to wool importation. By 1500, Englishmen dominated fine woollen cloth sales. Catalina de Medrano, a supplier of silk and possibly wool to the royal wardrobe, likely had connections with individuals known to Barlow and Cabot.

Catalina de Medrano's sister, residing in the same parish as Cabot, had married into the Peraza family, known for their role in colonizing the Canary Islands, alongside the Herreras. It's unclear if Medrano's brother-in-law was Alonso Peraza, who died during Cabot's exploration of the Rio de la Plata, or Guillén Peraza.

If he was the latter, their neighbor could have been Briolanja Muñiz, also known as Violante Moniz in Portugal. She was the sister of Columbus's wife, Felipa Muñiz, and the widow of Miguel Muliarte, a Flemish individual who might have had a distant connection to Thomas and John Malliard. Briolanja, along with Muliarte, arrived in Huelva from Portugal in 1485 and took care of Columbus's son after his wife's passing. Catalina de Medrano's other sister, Elvira de Rojas, was married to Hernán Gutiérrez, a resident of Santo Domingo. Additionally, her brother, Martine de Medrano, managed their father's rope trading business from the island of San Juan, serving as the gateway to New Spain.

In an era where rope was crucial for maritime activities and transatlantic hauling, the Medrano family's involvement in this business held significant importance. Like numerous women in Seville during this period, Catalina de Medrano played a vital role in managing both the household and the family businesses in the absence of her male relatives. Faced with the common challenges encountered by those who lost family members in or en route to the New World, she, along with her daughter Catalina Barba y Medrano, confronted various obstacles and delays in claiming Pedro Barba's property.

Even though Juan de Aranda, the 'factor' of the Casa, had distributed some of Pedro Barba's property to Catalina Barba y Medrano before Catalina Cerezo's legal challenge, a substantial portion of the conquistador's assets remained in Havana. The full inheritance for Catalina Barba y Medrano was unlikely, given that, starting from early 1523, the Crown, in need of funds, seized all precious metals arriving from 'the Indies.' During the court case, Aranda was overseeing the recording, weighing, and refining of gold and pearls from five ships that had recently arrived from the Indies. His responsibilities also included covering the expenses for five thousand German mercenaries who had just arrived.

The settlement of Pedro Barba's estate confirms the vulnerability of women in Seville. Many, including Doña Catalina de Medrano, had managed families and businesses only to discover they lacked rights over their children and access to family assets when their partners went missing or passed away. Others, like Maria Cerezo, recognized widows of key figures in the Iberian Atlantic, had to fight for pensions diverted to finance other projects. Catalina de Medrano's advantage lay in her understanding of commerce, and her second marriage to Sebastian Cabot seemed built on trust and mutual respect.

Reputation
From the later sixteenth century until the mid-nineteenth century, historians believed that Sebastian Cabot, rather than his father John, led the famous Bristol expeditions of the later 1490s, which resulted in the European discovery, or rediscovery after the Vikings, of North America. This error seems to have been attributed to Sebastian's accounts in his old age. The result was that the influential geographical writer Richard Hakluyt represented his father John Cabot as a figurehead for the expeditions and suggested that Sebastian actually led them. When new archival finds in the nineteenth century demonstrated that this was not the case, Sebastian was denigrated, disparaged by Henry Harrisse, in particular, as a man who willfully appropriated his father's achievements and represented them as his own. Because of this, Sebastian received much less attention in the twentieth century. But other documentary finds, as summarized above, have demonstrated that he did lead some exploratory voyages from Bristol in the first decade of the sixteenth century.

A. C. H. Smith wrote a biographical novel about him, Sebastian The Navigator (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985).

Honors

 * A 19th-century bronze relief of Cabot and Henry VII by William Theed is located in the British Houses of Parliament.
 * The Italian gunboat ITALIAN GUNBOAT Sebastiano Caboto was named for Cabot.

title: Sebastian Cabot (explorer)