text:
Talk:Bodrum

Untitled
The recent danish excavations of ancient halikarnassos suggest that the city was extensively planned by Mausolus during his reign as Dynast/Satrap. He moved his dynastic seat from Mylasa to Halikarnassos and unified the whole pennisula in the Greek model. This reconstitution included the mausoleum in the centre of the city, adjacent to the agora - the most prominent place in the polis. As such it is likely that Mausolus planned the monument as a heroon, a shrine to himself as founder of Halikarnassos reconstituted; so when Pliny talks about the artists and sculptures employed to work on the monument by Artemisia, he may mean the optical refinements rather than the super-structure itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.42.27.152 (talk) 13:19, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Comment
The modern Turkish spelling is "Bodrum". Move article?

--Yak 11:15, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

Merging Halicarnassus?
I guess that the modern city doesn't really want to retain it's Greek roots, the reason for preserving the new name over the old. Why not keep the articles separate and point to each other. Student7 02:28, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Seven wonders of the world, etc.
It is not necessary to repeat this in the article. It is in the lead paragraphs. Other comments were removed that publicized boating, for example. Wikipedia is not a boating site, nor a tourist site. It is an encyclopedia. Just looking for the facts. Also, wording was deliberately tightened as per Strunk and Whyte's "Elements of Style." Basically, it says that we should state things simply. Sometimes "a" and "the" are not required in English. "Northwest" and "northwestern" are the same thing. It is not an improvement. Student7 23:46, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Pride in inscription?
The inscription on the artifact doesn't necessarily reflect pride as maybe piety or fear of the gods or braggadocio by a few citizens, or whatever. I think a different word than "pride" needs to be used here.Student7 (talk) 13:50, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

If they ever make a remake of the film "Bodrum Hakimi", they should consider reserving one of the leading roles for you Student. :) Komşu, Aspat'a nasıl gidiliyor, burası Bitez Yalısı :). The mayor should prove he really is a big pants after all by questioning why you are so concerned with Bodrum. But his office rhymes well with the zeitgeist I suppose. And Zeit man müss geben. What was wrong with the addition of Jean-Pierre Thiollet as an auxiliary source by the way? Cretanforever (talk) 16:18, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Refresh my memory. Where did I specifically revert Thiollet? What entry did I make on the edit summary line? Thanks. Student7 (talk) 12:12, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

The book by Jean-Pierre Thiollet is recently published. I suppose the revert was a spam or a mistake from Avraham. Best regards. IP, 12 May 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.4.38.148 (talk) 06:49, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Deleted once more as advertising. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:06, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

BODRUM VIDEO ..
When I opened Bodrum page, I thought I could add a video about Bodrum. A very beautiful video, indeed.

I first did this when I was not registered yet. It was deleted by you (the editor of this page, most probably)

Then I registered and added the video again.. I can see that it is deleted again.

I would be very happy to learn why you are doing this..

Because I have come accross many video links (external I mean) on many of your pages .. Links of the same sort..

Why is this happening? Do you not have a standart approach to this.

Thanks for your answer any way.. and is there no way we can add the link?

Bilgi

 * I am not "the editor" of this page. We are all editors, including you.
 * Please review the External links guideline. External links should point to sites that enhance the article, but contain content that is not suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia.
 * If you are associated with that web site, please also read the Conflict of interest guideline.
 * Videos are potentially content that can enhance an article such as this.
 * However, the video link you placed seemed to have nothing at all to do with Bodrum. The video narration never mentioned Bodrum, and the video titling never mentioned Bodrum. The text accompanying the video mentioned Bodrum but did not appear to have anything to do with the video, which was about stonework.
 * Unless you can convince other editors here that the video is relevant to the article, there is no way it can be added to this article, although it may be suitable for some other article about ancient stonework. =Axlq 03:45, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Dispute
Bodrum is familiar to Jews. tr:Abram Garanti Bodrumlu, Janet Akyüz Mattei etc. Not only in the ancient age, considerable numbers of Jewish families lived in Bodrum until 1970s. About today's situation, I don't have information. Maybe a few family. Anyway, Bodrum is one of the most important place in Turkey. Takabeg (talk) 14:06, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * A WP:RS (reliable citation) is needed. Today, in a cosmopolitan world, a lot of different people live in different places. It only makes sense to chronicle the major groups (such as Turks!). In Areas where there were historically large groups of Jews, like Thesaloniki, it can make sense to chronicle them. But they already have an article, as I recall. Student7 (talk) 13:39, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

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Comment
This sea turtle is found a lot in this city: I just need to find the reference. --the eloquent peasant (talk) 17:47, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Was there a Greek majority living in this town before the population exchanges in 1922?
Only ask because despite the article suggesting the architecture is native Anatolian, it does seem to be very Greek. Don't have any references however. Reaper7 (talk) 11:28, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:38, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Bodrum Belediyesi logo.svg

title: Talk:Bodrum


text:
Henry M. Leland

Henry Martyn Leland (February 16, 1843 – March 26, 1932) was an American machinist, inventor, engineer, and automotive entrepreneur. He founded the two premier American luxury automotive marques, Cadillac and Lincoln.

Early years
Henry M. Leland was born to Leander and Zilpha, the youngest of 8, in Vermont in 1843. Sources differ on the town of his birth (Danville versus Barton); he grew up in Barton. He learned engineering and precision machining in the Brown & Sharpe plant at Providence, Rhode Island. He subsequently worked in the firearms industry, including at Colt. These experiences in toolmaking, metrology, and manufacturing steeped him in the 19th-century zeitgeist of interchangeability.

He applied this expertise to the nascent motor industry as early as 1870 as a principal in the machine shop Leland & Faulconer, and later was a supplier of engines to Ransom E. Olds's Olds Motor Vehicle Company, later to be known as Oldsmobile. He also invented the electric barber clippers, and for a short time produced a unique toy train, the Leland-Detroit Monorail.

Cadillac
Leland created the Cadillac automobile, later bought out by General Motors. In 1902, William Murphy and his partners at the Henry Ford Company hired Leland to appraise the company's factory and tooling prior to liquidation. Leland completed the appraisal, but he advised Murphy and his partners that they were making a mistake to liquidate, and suggested they instead reorganize, building a new car powered by a single-cylinder engine Leland had originally developed for Oldsmobile. The directors lost no time in renaming the company Cadillac. At Cadillac, Leland applied many modern manufacturing principles to the fledgling automotive industry, including the use of interchangeable parts. Alfred P. Sloan, longtime president and chair of General Motors, considered Leland to be "one of those mainly responsible for bringing the technique of interchangeable parts into automobile manufacturing."

The Cadillac won the Dewar Trophy for 1908, which was actually presented in 1909.

Leland sold Cadillac to General Motors on July 29, 1909, for $4.5 million, but remained as an executive until 1917. With Charles Kettering, he developed a self-starter for the Cadillac, which won its second Dewar Trophy in 1913 as a result. He prodded Kettering to design a workable electric starter after Byron Carter, a Cadillac engineer, was hit in the head by a starting crank when the engine backfired which later resulted in death.

He left General Motors in a dispute with company founder William C. Durant over producing materiel during World War I. Cadillac had been asked to build Liberty aircraft engines but Durant was a pacifist.

Lincoln
Leland formed the Lincoln Motor Company in 1917 with a $10,000,000 wartime contract to build the V12 Liberty aircraft engine. After the war, the company was reorganized, and the Lincoln Motor Company Plant was retooled to manufacture luxury automobiles. The V8 engine used in the first Lincoln automobiles is said to be influenced by the Liberty engine's design.

In 1922, Lincoln became insolvent and was bought out by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company. Ford's bid of $8 million was the only bid at a receivers sale. Ford had first offered $5 million, but the judge would not accept it for a well-equipped company whose assets were conservatively estimated at $16 million. Ford deliberately low-balled his offer as revenge against Leland's role in the creation of Cadillac.

After the sale, Leland and his son Wilfred continued to run the company, believing they would still have full control to run the company as they saw fit. Ford assigned a number of their people to Lincoln, they said to learn. However, it soon became clear they were there to streamline their production and stop the loss of money that had bankrupted Lincoln. Relations between the Henry Ford and Leland workers continued to deteriorate.

On June 10, 1922, Ford executive Ernest Liebold arrived at Lincoln to ask for the resignation of Wilfred Leland. When it became clear that Liebold had the full authority of Henry Ford, Henry Leland resigned as well. That afternoon both men were shown out of the factory they had created.

The Lincoln continues to be part of the luxury line of Ford to the present. Leland had no connection to the Lincoln Motor Car Works, a marque sold by Sears-Roebuck from 1905 to 1915.

Politics
Progressivism in Detroit was energized by upper-middle-class men and women who felt a civic duty to uplift society by freeing it from the tyranny of corrupt politicians who worked hand in hand with unscrupulous saloonkeepers. Leland was an important leader, with his base in the Detroit Citizens League. Supported by Detroit's business, professional, and Protestant religious communities, the League campaigned for a new city charter in 1918, an anti-saloon ordinance, and the open shop whereby a worker could get a job even if he did not belong to a labor union.

Personal life
Leland was the son of Leander Leland and Zilpha Tifft. He married Ellen Rhoda Hull (April 24, 1846 – January 15, 1914), the daughter of Elias Hull. They had three children: Martha Gertrude (1868–1912), Wilfred Chester (November 7, 1869 – 1958), and Miriam Edith (1872–1894). They were all born in Millbury, Massachusetts.

Henry M. Leland died in Detroit on March 26, 1932. He is buried there in Woodmere Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry M. Leland


text:
Talk:Kazan

missing info
Missing Info --- Unlike most city articles this one is completely missing information about the climate

76.172.244.110 (talk) 09:52, 10 January 2008 (UTC)gEM

prominent students at the university
Unlabled Question

Who were the other prominent students at the university?

The tourism website has lots of creepy 'mail order bride' advertisements all over it.

Violations of Wikipedia naming conventions
The names of towns in this article violate Naming_conventions, specifically Yar Çallı, Älmät, Bögelmä and Çístay.

There are not any city in tatarstan with commonly English name..

 * This is incorrect. See http://www.tatar.ru/english/ for a list of official Tatar city names in English. The rest of the discussion is at Talk:Tatarstan Gene s 07:00, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

(exclude Kazan). So Tatar naming is also useful in English. Russian naming is not origin - it is only transliteration of transliteration from Tatar to Russian.

User:Untifler

I have tidied up the text somewhat including some of the seeming POV statemsnts - but do not know about the names.

Jackiespeel 17:40, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This image is obviously heavily doctored, so I've removed it. There are plenty of far better images on commons, but in any case the page probably has enough photos. Palefire 14:32, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Removal of economy info
Many of User:TY-214's edits are good improvements, but this edit seems to have removed some potentially useful info about companies. Any opinions? Offliner (talk) 18:51, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Citation
I don't know why but can't normally put refs about square, foundation date etc in the Infobox. This is a reliable official source. TY-214 (talk) 23:16, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
 * This is because the infobox is using the deprecated set of parameters which do not make it immediately obvious how to add citations. Per your request, I added this ref for the area and the foundation date.  If you need to reference other fields, please see the infobox documentation for the parameter names (or list them here; I'll be happy to add them for you).  Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:14, November 20, 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've fixed all needed citations.TY-214 (talk) 21:01, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

kazan
this is a wondeful and beutiful city. i spent a month here with my wife who is tatar and recommend it for a vacation to anyone. thanks mike king —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.203.19.237 (talk) 01:40, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that it's a wonderful place to visit and live. If you'd like, you could contribute some fresh photos from your trip to make this article better-- just go to http://commons.wikimedia.org/ and click on "Upload file", then post here. Or you can make changes to the article if you think it leaves out any important information. Avram (talk) 03:09, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Languages
That section needs to be cleaned up, definitely. Some citations would be nice. What is said there about there being no Tatar-as-medium-of-instruction schools in Kazan is almost certainly not true -- while there weren't any in 1989, now there are most certainly quite a few. "The main building of the university" also makes no sense -- Kazan has over a dozen universities, and so it's not clear which one is being referred to. "The" implies that there is only one university, which is also far from true. It's also not terribly clear which building would be "main" anyway, especially after the recent bout of university mergers in Kazan. Also, very few university courses are taught in Tatar (i.e. with Tatar as the medium of instruction). It is extremely unlikely that any building of any university would hold classes primarily in Tatar. God, what a mess. I'm deleting the whole last half of the section.

Timeline of Kazan
What is missing from the city timeline? Please add relevant content. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 11:18, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

The head of Executive committee changed
For today Alexey Pesochin is not the head of Executive committee of Kazan. Denis Kalinkin is. To prove in you can see http://old.kzn.ru/page21569.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.255.195.56 (talk) 12:03, 13 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I've made the change. Thanks for pointing this out!—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 13, 2015 ; 12:27 (UTC)

Kazan is the leader in different rankinks
Kazan confidently occupies third place among Russian cities with the best quality of life, according to the Russian Government’s Financial University. The city occupies fourth position in investments in the country, and an authoritative international sports ranking included Kazan in the top 30 cities in terms of sports facilities and the number of hosted major sporting events. According to RBC and the newspaper "Kommersant," the city is in the top 20 best and fastest growing cities in Russia.

In 2014, the international "Fitch Ratings" agency raised the credit rating of Kazan from "B +" to "BB-," confirming it in January 2015 with a positive outlook.

In terms of investing in residential real estate, Kazan takes second place among the most promising cities in Russia and is recognized as one of the most attractive destinations for tourism in Russia.

This is information from http://metshin.ru/en/personal/biography — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.255.195.56 (talk) 08:17, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

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Pure conjecture rather than fact?
Unlike in most Western cities, public bus routes are not municipal, operated by private companies and therefore are very efficient. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Balbip01 (talk • contribs) 21:03, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

lmao. The idea that private companies are somehow inherently more efficient than government-operated services is utterly laughable. Plus, it's entirely your opinion - it's hilariously hypocritical that you would title this section "pure conjecture rather than fact", when everything you've stated is completely subjective. 1.157.95.133 (talk) 01:17, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

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Deadly shooting May 2021
https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-kazan-school-shooting/31249036.html37.99.87.187 (talk) 15:46, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Way too many pictures
There are way too many pictures in this article, and some of them are completely irrelevant. For example, why do we need a photo of two random women? They might not even be from Kazan, so what, exactly, do they have to do with anything? 1.157.95.133 (talk) 01:18, 31 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Where do you see such images of just random women? Mellk (talk) 22:11, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

Problems with template
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title: Talk:Kazan


text:
Talk:Evolution (Twins album)

Moved to name with only latin-1 characters. — Sverdrup (talk) 11:22, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for reminding me this important point. (talk) 20:37, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evolution (Twins album)


text:
User:Jbdupont

Jean-Baptiste DUPONT

Father of 5 kids - 3 girls/2 boys ;

French and living in Paris ;

IT business:

Project director - Utility and Finance businesses ;

Sailing Fan and President of the International 5O5 Yacht Racing Association France and International Vice President Webmaster of http://asso.ffv.fr/cinquo http://www.cinquo.org/forums http://www.cinquo.org/spip

I am contributing to IT or Sailing related topics

title: User:Jbdupont


text:
Tower Air

Tower Air was a certificated FAR 121 U.S. charter airline that also operated scheduled passenger service from 1983 until 2000 when the company declared bankruptcy and was liquidated. Scheduled flights were initially offered over a New York – Brussels – Tel Aviv route in addition to charter flights to Athens, Frankfurt, Rome, and Zurich. Short-lived New York – Los Angeles flights were introduced with the addition of an ex-Avianca Boeing 747-100 in 1984. The airline was headquartered in Building 178 and later in Hangar 17 at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Jamaica, Queens, New York City.

History
Tower Air was co-founded, majority-owned, and managed by Morris K. Nachtomi, an Israeli citizen who had emigrated to the United States. After a 30-year career with El Al, he moved to New York to start a passenger operation for Flying Tiger Line, Metro International Airways. After this airline shut down, Nachtomi acquired the "Tower" brand from a packaged tour agency called Tower Travel Corporation. Tower Air began charter service in 1983 and served a number of international destinations, with a focus on charter flights to Israel. Nachtomi eventually bought out his partners to control about three-quarters of the stock. Arthur Fondlier, son of Sam Fondlier and the former Chief Financial Officer of Tower Air, was a passenger in the first-class section of Pan Am flight 103. His untimely death gave Morris Nachtomi much more freedom in management and cost-cutting.

The company won many contracts from the United States Department of Defense to transport armed forces personnel to overseas locations, and from the United Nations to transport troops to their peacekeeping missions all over the world. Tower often flew charters for groups of Muslim pilgrims to Mecca.

Tower Air's main base of scheduled operations was John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York. In the mid-1980s, the airline operated from the British Airways terminal at JFK (now Terminal 7). In the early 1990s, it operated from the former Eastern terminal. In 1993, Tower Air renovated and expanded Building 213, a former Pan Am hangar, to serve as its dedicated JFK terminal, adding three finger gates in 1995. During the 1990-91 Gulf War, Tower Air evacuated US citizens from Tel Aviv using the otherwise empty return legs of military charter flights to the region. It eventually became the only US carrier providing scheduled service to Israel in 1991, using special war risk insurance provided by the Federal Aviation Administration. It opened a special departure terminal at Ben Gurion Airport in 1997.

The airline began running into financial and operational difficulties in the late 1990s. The airline lost $20 million in 1996. The 1997 Zagat Survey ranked Tower Air 59th out of 61 ranked carriers in terms of maintenance, ahead of only Valujet and Aeroflot, and in February 1998, the Federal Aviation Administration proposed two civil penalties totaling $276,000 for continuing to fly aircraft that required maintenance. The airline had attempted to cut costs by cannibalizing its own engines for spare parts, but was forced to borrow money to acquire new engines in 1998.

In January 1998 the FAA successfully sought to have the airline remove Guy Nachtomi, son of the Chairman and CEO, 24 years old at that time, from the position of Vice President-Operations. This was done in part because of the airline's maintenance problems, as well as his lack of airline experience (he worked at Twentieth Century Fox until 1994). The junior Mr. Nachtomi continued service with the company in a capacity unrelated to maintenance as Vice President-Office of the Chairman.

The Department of Defense Commercial Airlift Review Board suspended Tower Air military charters from January 27 to February 12, 1999, pending an on-site review of its operations. At the same time, the airline lost an arbitration brought by the Association of Flight Attendants, claiming that Tower Air was lodging their flight attendants in dirty Tel Aviv hotels with poor security and bed bugs.

By 2000, a majority of Tower Air's fleet (11 out of 19 aircraft) was out of service. Tower Air filed for protection under Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 29, 2000, ceased all scheduled service on May 1, 2000 and surrendered their FAA air operator's certificate on November 28, 2000. The airline's bankruptcy trustee, Charles Stanziale, subsequently sued the airline's directors and officers for "driving the company into insolvency by indifference and egregious decision-making."

In 1997, a Boeing 747-200 US registration N618FF operated by Tower Air appeared in the movie Liar Liar. Its aircraft also appeared in the movie Turbulence (1997 film) the same year in their own livery and as the fictional Trans-Continental Airlines.

Destinations at time of closure

 * Tel Aviv - Ben Gurion Airport
 * Miami - Miami International Airport
 * New York City - John F. Kennedy International Airport Hub
 * San Juan - Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
 * New York City - John F. Kennedy International Airport Hub
 * San Juan - Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport

Destinations before closure

 * São Paulo - Guarulhos Airport
 * Brussels - Brussels Airport
 * Copenhagen - Copenhagen Airport (flights between New York and Copenhagen operated either nonstop or via Cologne)
 * Santo Domingo - Las Américas International Airport
 * Paris - Orly Airport
 * Helsinki - Helsinki Airport
 * Frankfurt - Frankfurt Airport
 * Berlin - Berlin Tempelhof Airport
 * Cologne - Cologne Bonn Airport
 * Athens - Ellinikon International Airport
 * Delhi - Indira Gandhi International Airport
 * Mumbai - Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
 * Shannon - Shannon Airport
 * Tel Aviv - Ben Gurion Airport (flights between New York and Tel Aviv operated via Brussels)
 * Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 * Oslo - Oslo Fornebu Airport
 * Stockholm - Stockholm Arlanda Airport
 * London - Gatwick Airport
 * Baltimore - Baltimore-Washington International Airport
 * Fort Lauderdale - Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
 * Las Vegas - McCarran International Airport
 * Los Angeles - Los Angeles International Airport
 * Oakland - Oakland International Airport
 * San Francisco - San Francisco International Airport
 * Tel Aviv - Ben Gurion Airport (flights between New York and Tel Aviv operated via Brussels)
 * Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 * Oslo - Oslo Fornebu Airport
 * Stockholm - Stockholm Arlanda Airport
 * London - Gatwick Airport
 * Baltimore - Baltimore-Washington International Airport
 * Fort Lauderdale - Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
 * Las Vegas - McCarran International Airport
 * Los Angeles - Los Angeles International Airport
 * Oakland - Oakland International Airport
 * San Francisco - San Francisco International Airport
 * Fort Lauderdale - Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
 * Las Vegas - McCarran International Airport
 * Los Angeles - Los Angeles International Airport
 * Oakland - Oakland International Airport
 * San Francisco - San Francisco International Airport

According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), in early 1989 Tower Air was operating transatlantic flights from both New York John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and Miami (MIA) with nonstops between New York and Brussels, Copenhagen and Oslo with direct one stop service to and from Tel Aviv, and nonstops between Miami and Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm.

Aircraft
Tower Air's fleet consisted of Boeing 747s in both the −100 and −200 series, including both passenger and cargo aircraft. The airline operated a total of thirty 747s (fifteen −100 and fifteen −200 series) over its history. Several were converted to freighters following Tower's bankruptcy. One former Tower Air 747-200 was converted to a hotel, the Jumbo Stay at Stockholm Arlanda Airport.

Incidents and accidents
On December 20, 1995, Tower Air Flight 41 from New York Kennedy to Miami veered off the runway during takeoff in a snowstorm resulting in one flight attendant receiving serious injuries and 24 passengers receiving minor injuries. The aircraft sustained heavy damage and had to be written off. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of this accident was the captain's failure to reject the takeoff in a timely manner when excessive nosewheel steering tiller inputs resulted in a loss of directional control on a slippery runway.

title: Tower Air


text:
Kalinin

Kalinin may refer to:
 * Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946), Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet functionary
 * Kalinin (surname)

Places

 * Kalinin, former name of Noramarg, Armenia
 * Kalinin, former name of Tashir, Armenia
 * Kalinin, former name of Burunqovaq, Azerbaijan
 * Kaliningrad Oblast, a federal subject and exclave of Russia located on the coast of the Baltic Sea.
 * Kaliningrad, the largest city and administrative center of the Kaliningrad Oblast
 * Kalinin, Russia, several inhabited localities in Russia
 * Kalinin, former name of Tver, Russia
 * Kalinin, Chuy, a village in Jayyl District, Chuy Region, Kyrgyzstan
 * Kalinin, Naryn, a village in At-Bashy District, Naryn Region, Kyrgyzstan
 * Kalinin, Osh, a village in Kara-Suu District, Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan
 * Poselok Imeni Kalinina, a town in Armenia
 * Kalinin, Bokhtar District, a town in Tajikistan
 * Kalinin, Hamadoni District, a town in Tajikistan

Aircraft and ships

 * Kalinin, original name under which the Kirov class Russian battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov was commissioned
 * Soviet cruiser Kalinin
 * Aleksandrov-Kalinin AK-1, Soviet prototype airliner
 * Kalinin K-4, Soviet Union airliner
 * Kalinin K-5, Soviet Union airliner
 * Kalinin K-7, an early experimental Soviet aircraft
 * Kalinin K-12, projected twin engine bomber aircraft
 * Kalinin K-15, an early experimental Soviet aircraft
 * USS Kalinin Bay (CVE-68), a US Navy ship from World War II

Other uses

 * Kalinin Front, Red Army Group formation
 * Kalinin coal mine in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
 * Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant near Udomlya, Tver Oblast, Russian
 * Kalinin Machine-Building Plant near Yekaterinburg, Russia
 * 2699 Kalinin, an asteroid
 * Laminin 332

title: Kalinin


text:
Gennes, Maine-et-Loire

Gennes is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Gennes-Val-de-Loire.

History
Gennes was the scene of a World War II battle in June 1940, during the Battle of Saumur during the last stages of the Battle of France. The French casualties, seventeen Cadets of the Cadre noir Saumur Cavalry school, killed between 17 and 20 June 1940, are buried in the enclosure of the 11th century Saint-Eusèbe church built over an ancient Gallo-Roman sanctuary, on a hilltop overlooking the scene of their sacrifice. The castle of Milly-le-Meugon, in its vicinity, was the property of the Maillé-Brézé family, closely related to the French royal family through the First Prince of the Blood, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé.

title: Gennes, Maine-et-Loire


text:
Talk:Saturday Night Live hosts

Untitled
Hey, what is the language used for this page ? Is it some new wiki markup for tables ? Jay 11:49, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Yes! It takes a little while to get used to, but it's surprisingly versatile. The guide to it is at m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables. - Seth Ilys 14:20, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link! Jay 17:20, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Page too long, can be split into 3 parts with 10 seasons each. I could have done it myself, but I don't know the new table markup. Jay 05:28, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello all -- I'd like to try something -- there's a pretty good site that has summaries of each episode, and I think that might be useful and intersting here. I'm going to try putting in links for the last few episodes. I won't do all of them right now, because it would take a lot of time, and I don't know if they'd get deleted by other users. But if you've got any feedback/thoughts on this, let me know. --Arcadian 19:25, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Where does the information come from for the upcoming hosts and musical guests? It appears that projected hosts change from time to time – are they simply guesses? Should we indicate if they have been confirmed (e.g., listed as upcoming guest during a broadcast or on the official SNL website)? - —This unsigned comment was added by 70.92.228.126 (talk • contribs). 19 Mar 2006.

Liz Dole
Did Elizabeth Dole also come on the show with her husband on the November 16, 1996 episode? --Asbl 06:09, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Mike Myers and Kanye West
Was Mike Myers involved in the cold opening? I only recall him doing a bit with West just before West performed his first song of the night. 205.211.164.226 17:20, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You are probably correct. Why don't you change it? --Asbl 19:21, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

SNL Specials
Should SNL specials (TBOs, Anniversaries, etc.) be listed in this page? They are technically episodes (not numerical episodes, but special ones). And sometimes they are hosted by people or characters. --WikiPlayer 21:07, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the answer to that question is no. Best of shows are clips from other shows thrown together. I think the guideline here should be if the show has original content, it should be included. Otherwise, it should be excluded. --Asbl 00:03, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

What if the clip show has original content, such as the upcoming TBO? --WikiPlayer 05:36, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Will the upcoming Best of Episode have clips never before aired? Usually "best of" episodes are rebroadcasting of previously broadcasted content. Depending on how much new content is presented should influence how we list it. If only one or two new cartoons are presented, we should list it as a footnote to the table for Season 31 (similar to the footnote of Season 6). --Asbl 11:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Of course there wouldn't be new Funhouse cartoons, but new material was made, and for example, the monologue can be seen at the NBC video. --WikiPlayer 16:57, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I watched the video in the link provided, and I am not quite clear on what exactly does this video mean. Will this be the opening for the Best Of episode? If so, we can put at the bottom of the table a comment saying something to the effect of "the Best of Funhouse episodes shown on April 29, 2006, showcased a new funhouse clip to introduce the episode (with a link to the video that you already provide)." --Asbl 17:23, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, not all SNL specials are simple clip shows. For example, the original "SNL goes Commercial (1991)" was hosted by Victoria Jackson and Kevin Nealon. The 2005 version was hosted by Will Ferrell. There were Anniversaries for the 10th, 15th and 25th. "SNL: 25 Years of Music" had five hosts, each detailing a 5-year span in SNL's music history. While the 1992 Presidential Bash was probably just a clip show, the 2004 version was hosted by Bill Clinton (played by Darrell Hammond, with appearances by Will Forte and Seth Meyers as George W. Bush and John Kerry, Darrell also playing Al Gore and Dick Cheney. According to imdb, the 2000 Presidential Bash featured new material by George W. Bush, Al Gore, George Bush Sr., Will Ferrell, Chris Parnell, Rudolph W. Giuliani, Rachel Dratch, Darrell Hammond, Val Kilmer, and Jesse Ventura. "Saturday Night Live Christmas (1999)" was non-hosted, while "Saturday Night Live Christmas 2002" was hosted by Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey, and rebroadcast the following year as ""Saturday Night Live Christmas 2003". The Weekend Update Halftime Special of 2003 featured the entire SNL cast without Seth Meyers, Rachel Dratch, and Fred Armisen. "Things We Did Last Summer" was a 1977 special featuring new material. --WikiPlayer 20:43, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess the solution then is to create a table just for special episodes (and move the current Mardi Gras Special from Season 2 to it). If the table gets too big, we can covert it to its own article. --Asbl 20:49, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Episode numbers
I've compiled the actual Broadway Video show numbers and rerun airdates for most of the series. Perhaps there could be a way to incorporate these into the listing?

74.115.226.191 09:43, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Panic! At the Disco
Someone added a note in the article that they have a show the same night as their scheduled SNL appearance. Is this true? --zenohockey 05:19, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

November 11th show
The November 11th show is not Stephen Colbert. It's someone who has hosted before and who hosted last season, according to 2 of the castmembers. Of course, that could change.

Tina Fey
"During the cold opening it is likly that Lorne Michaels gets his sandwich from former cast member Tina Fey, though hard to know."

This didn't happen - the applause was for Borat, who came on stage offcamera to get ready for his segment right after Lorne's bit. (I was in the audience.)

Gwen Stefani
The site that "confirmed" her for December 9th (http://www.beacon-street.net/) actually says that it is UNCONFIRMED. From the site:

DEC. 9, 2006: Saturday Night Live (TBA) (To be announced listed dates are not confirmed.) Rorschach 02:08, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

episode 529 remark
"The Roots were the initial backup band for Jay-Z but a last minute scheduling conflict forced him to gather a last minute house band. If this initial plan was executed, this would mark the first time an established group appeared on SNL as a backup band for another musical guest three times."

IF executed, WOULD HAVE been the FIRST occurence of a band backing up another guest THREE times.

This is pretty confusing, and I doubt this would qualify as a notable even if it DID happen. Deleting. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.162.240.250 (talk) 19:01, 12 December 2006 (UTC).

Unsourced information problem
Again, unsourced rumors (discussing future hosts/musical guests) shouldn't find any place on that page.

January 20th episode Jeremy Piven/AFI
This was confirmed today by NBCMV. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.52.6.154 (talk) 20:16, 11 January 2007 (UTC).

Page length
This article is obviously too long (>150KB), so it should be split into sections. I'd think groups of 5 or 10 seasons would be manageable, but there's always the option of doing each season individually. And, following the split, would we want this page to be basically a list of links, or would we want to transclude the separate articles onto this one? Please comment. Anon 03:25, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's a much better idea to simply agree on notable trivia and skim the page down to something manageable. -- Viewdrix 03:29, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Proposing certain types of notes that can be removed.
The page is simply too long, mostly because the latest seasons are bloated with useless information. Simply put, it's clear that not much can be sourced, but there's a certain level of obscure facts that need sourcing, and just plain ultra-detailed and nitpicking information that is not important in regards to a show with over 600 90 minute episodes. I tried removing a large amount of these solely from the latest season or two a few weeks ago, and was reverted with someone asking why I hadn't brought it up on the Talk page. I tried to a few days ago in the above Page length section, and I will again now. If no one responds, I'll remove it myself. If someone does reply, feel free to add or challenge any of these. Things I propose can be removed:
 * Hosts or musical guests that producers wanted to appear on an episode, but didn't. Unless they were scheduled and promoted as a host, like when Jennifer Garner was replaced by Topher Grace on January 15, 2005, it's far too much original research and/or unsourced. Situations like Garner/Grace are fine.
 * Sketches cut from dress rehearsal, or cut from a previous dress rehearsal but made it to future show's broadcast. It's not only something that relies on original research by dress rehearsal audiences, but it's also far too common for a dress rehearsal sketch to be cut. Cases like the 700 Gang animated opening replacing a cut Hardball sketch, which was unprecedented and sourced to snltranscripts.com, are fine.
 * Sketches that didn't air because they ran out of time. Far too common and far too much original research.
 * Rerun fake commercials. Far too common, unimportant.
 * Sketches cut between the NBC version and the Comedy Central/E! versions solely because of time, not because they were controversial. Too many episodes to bloat the list with this unimportant stuff. Similarly, stuff like how the Digital Short The Tangent aired on a different episode in the E! version.
 * People remaining in costumes of the last sketch for goodnights. Common, unimportant.
 * Stating that the episodes was reran and on what date for no particular reason. Almost every episode has been rerun. It's unimportant. If it was rerun for a very special and interesting reason, sure. "The episode reran three weeks later" or even that Jack Black's 2005 Christmas episode reran a year later for the 4th time is unimportant.
 * Opinions like "Peter Sarsgaard flubbed many lines throughout the episode and looked very agitated at the end of the SARS guard commercial." 'Looked very agitated' is especially editorializing, though 'flubbed many lines' is still based on the viewer's opinion. Unless it got them banned from the show or infamous, it doesn't seem important.
 * Music used in sketches. Not what the musical guest played, but stuff like "the theme for the original Casino Royale" from Peyton Manning's episode this year, or even "Hide and Seek" by Imogen Heap in the Digital Short. This is unimportant in the long run.
 * "This sketch was a parody of this". Unimportant, far, far too common to list them.
 * Running tallies of "this is the second cast member of The Office to host" (for example). Unimportant. If this, then why not just list every show or movie the host has ever done, and how many other cast members hosted before?
 * Small goofs. Darrell Hammond's moustache falling off, causing Ludacris to ad lib. The Shins' intstruments being heard during a live sketch by accident (which I added myself). Graphics appearing in the wrong sketches. Too unimportant to bloat the list.

Some ideas. There are, of course, a bunch of similar though unique pointless trivia that could be removed too, but too much to list here. Thoughts? -- Viewdrix 20:58, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I fully support this. These details are just clutter and also have recentism issues.  Go ahead with it. Biggspowd 13:39, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * What about songs performed by musical guests? for the last few seasons, these are listed, but for earlier seasons many are not unless notable, like Sinéad O'Connor and Nirvana Doc Strange 18:55, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I thought that that, or just counting how many sketches the hosts were in, were notable enough, but earlier episodes that existed before Wikipedia were near impossible to know. I'm very much considering making even recent seasons, unless they have events notable like what is found within the earlier season, to have almost all notes cut. Thoughts? -- Viewdrix 20:24, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you really have to delete all the trivia for the Shins episode? Doc Strange 10:42, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

This really needs to be done soon. This is currently the 83rd-longest page on Wikipedia. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 03:26, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I initially defended keeping all the remarks, but in retrospect, it's nothing but a bunch of trivia, so I agree that it needs cleaning up. Anthony Rupert 19:01, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Episode 626 regarding Robert Smigel
"During the opening credits, there was an announcement for "A Cartoon By Robert Smigel," but no cartoon appeared in this episode."

Certainly it wasn't in the style of the TV Funhouse cartoons, but could Smigel have been behind the cartoons in the American colonisation sketch? Perhaps this was the cartoon the opening credits were referring to? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.209.72.7 (talk) 16:17, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Episode Numbers During The Strike
Just for housekeeping purposes, shouldn't we stop listing numbers and dates for upcoming shows during the WGA strike? Snowfire51 04:19, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There doesn't seem to be opposition to this, so I've deleted the show numbers for the shows cancelled because of the writers strike. I've also taken the rest of Season 33 and placed it inside a comment, so it can be returned when the strike ends, hopefully soon. Snowfire51 (talk) 04:36, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Made a series of changes
I just finished a series of changes to try to make this article more verifiable and its topic clearer so that list membership is less arbitrary. Other changes were an attempt to follow MOS:BETTER more closely. I was tempted to remove Saturday Night Live hosts because IMHO it fails WP:NOTE but I've made so many other changes to the article that I'll leave it to others to decide whether that section belongs. 72.244.206.89 (talk) 10:49, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

A radical concept
Instead of breaking it down by profession (or even in addition to), why not just have a list of EVERY host? You know, since that's the page topic.Go4thAndDie (talk) 20:07, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Al Franken
What do you guys think about adding Al Franken to the political figures section? --Zaiger (talk) 14:43, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saturday Night Live hosts


text:
Talk:Tarantella, Inc.

Moved from Talk:Santa Cruz Operation
The "SCO at Caldera" link is defunct

It would be nice if some explanation of the acronym VAR was made :) Dysprosia 08:55, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)~

 * I have expanded the first use of VAR and made it link to existing article on VARs. -- Popsracer 09:07, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Kudos, Popsracer :) Dysprosia 09:08, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

How is "The SCO Group" the "wrong" company ? (reference to edit by The Anome ) Jay 18:53, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Read The Fine Article. Despite the name, it's not the same company as the Santa Cruz Operation in any way at all. They bought the name specifically to cause confusion. - David Gerard 20:35, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * And neither is Tarantella the same company as Santa Cruz Operation, but it has a mention in the external links. Santa Cruz Operation is now no more. Its two successors are Tarantella and the SCO Group, which is why it makes sense to include both in the external links. For the external link I added I had mentioned it as "The SCO Group official website" and not "Santa Cruz Operation official website". Jay 13:41, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope - Tarantella, Inc. really is the same corporation, formerly known as the Santa Cruz Operation. Same company, changed name to their one profitable product, sold the doomed Unix business to Caldera. - David Gerard 14:05, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks David for the edits. Its a lot clearer now. Whats still puzzling is the tarantella official website makes no mention of the words "santa cruz operation". If they really are the same company shouldn't they have mentioned this at least in the history (http://www.tarantella.com/about/history.html) Jay 14:57, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Note they mention "1995 	Acquire UNIX technology from Novell" ... - David Gerard 15:03, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

I've started a proper entry at Tarantella, Inc. which discusses both the company and their commercially viable terminal services application. Probably bits of this article should be over there. Expansion of both would probably be good as well. - David Gerard 15:29, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

In the company history, I've separated the Unix story from the Tarantella story. It seems to make more sense this way. Thoughts? - David Gerard 22:45, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

External links?
The external links are dead, because of the takeover by Sun Microsystems; does anyone know the new and updated links? Y control 07:33, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I moved the old links here in case someone wants to try and track some of this down. Also updated the article to point to SUN. 65.197.19.242 22:00, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I fixed the broken documentation link. It now points to the collection for the current version, 4.31. Argel1200 21:07, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Original External Links

 * Official home page
 * Secure Global Desktop Enterprise Edition product page
 * Secure Global Desktop Terminal Services Edition product page
 * Official company history
 * Investor-related press releases

UNIX name
Note: The UNIX name is a registered trademark of the Open Group and is all caps, not "Unix."

Company vs product
I notice that there is now a separate article for "Sun Secure Global Desktop". It strikes me that it might be worthwhile to take some of the material in this article and move it there, and let this article stand just for Tarentella (and SCO) the company.

I'm going to do some cleanup on the other article, and if no one objects, at some later time migrate product information from here to there. This might help untangle the current flow of this article, which as it stands has to navigate from company to product and back again, making it a bit muddled.--NapoliRoma 22:49, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Update - I went and took a first pass at cleaning up the SGD article, but it still needs more attention. What I did do was extract the history of the product from this article, and I think I did a fairly reasonable job.  I also stuck a whole bunch of  tags in there, in case someone feels like figuring out what needs to be said.
 * Once the article's in reasonable shape, someone -- maybe me -- could take a pass through this article and see if some of the product-related content (specifically SGD) could now safely be removed, leaving this a more company-centered article.--NapoliRoma 00:30, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

split
I split the article so that it's more logical, even if it was legally different. The SCO article talks about old SCO up to 2001, and making a reference to their buying of Tarantella stuff 1993-2001. The Tarantella article talks about that, and the 2001-2005 period, before that was bought by Sun. --Joy [shallot] 03:38, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

What is the product?
It would be great if someone who knows would add a few sentences telling what the products were. What did they do? What were they for? 198.4.83.52 (talk) 17:25, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarantella, Inc.


text:
Dendragapus

The genus Dendragapus contains two closely related species of grouse that have often been treated as a single variable taxon (blue grouse). The two species are the dusky grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) and the sooty grouse (Dendragapus fuliginosus). In addition, the spruce grouse and Siberian grouse have been considered part of this genus.

Description
These are large grouse that inhabit highland regions of North America and Eurasia. The sooty grouse is found in the Pacific Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, and the dusky grouse in the Rocky Mountains. These two taxa were originally regarded as separate species, but were considered conspecific for much of the twentieth century. However, in 2006 the American Ornithologists' Union re-split them, following the DNA-based work of Barrowclough et al. (2004). whose results supported the earlier work of Brooks (1929) who regarded the two taxa as separate species based on morphology, behavior and vocalizations. The precise ranges of the two species are well-defined in the south, separated by extensive areas of unsuitable forest-free habitat, but somewhat uncertain in the north of the range of the genus where there is no separation; Barrowclough et al.'s study did not include these northern populations.

Adults have a long square tail, gray at the end (lighter in the sooty grouse). Adult males are mainly dark (especially sooty grouse) with a yellow (sooty grouse) or purplish (dusky grouse) throat air sac surrounded by white, and a yellow (sooty grouse) or yellow-to-red (dusky grouse) wattle over the eye during display. Adult females of both species are mottled brown with dark brown and white marks on the underparts.

Their breeding habitat is the edges of conifer and mixed forests in mountainous regions of North America and Eurasia. Their range is closely associated with that of various conifers. The nest is a scrape on the ground concealed under a shrub or log.

All species have healthy populations, except for some population decline and habitat loss of the sooty grouse at the southern end of its range in southern California, and the Siberian grouse which is considered near-threatened.

Fossils
Late Pleistocene fossil species that have been described are Dendragapus gilli (western and west-central US), initially placed in a distinct genus Palaeotetrix, and Dendragapus lucasi (known only from Fossil Lake, US).

title: Dendragapus


text:
User:Pstevenson

I am a physicist, living in Guildford, UK.

For further information about me, see my Personal web page

title: User:Pstevenson


text:
Tautiška giesmė

"Tautiška giesmė" (literally "The National Hymn") is the national anthem of Lithuania, also known by its opening words, "Lietuva, Tėvyne mūsų" (official translation of the lyrics: "Lithuania, Our Homeland", literally: "Lithuania, Our Fatherland"), and as "Lietuvos himnas" ("The National Anthem of Lithuania"). The music and lyrics were written in 1898 by Vincas Kudirka, when Lithuania was still part of the Russian Empire. The fifty-word poem was a condensation of Kudirka's conceptions of the Lithuanian state, the Lithuanian people, and their past. Shortly before his death in 1899, the anthem was performed for Lithuanians living in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

The first public Lithuanian performance of the anthem took place in Vilnius in 1905, and it became the official national anthem in 1919, a year after Lithuania declared its independence.

"Tautiška giesmė" was reinstated in 1989 shortly before the reestablishment of Lithuanian independence and confirmed in the National Anthem Act (21 October 1991). It was automatically included as the national anthem in 1992, when the new Constitution was ratified after independence from the Soviet Union was achieved. The status of "Tautiška giesmė" as the national anthem of Lithuania was further confirmed in 1999 with the passage of a national law stating this.

Creation
At the time when the poem Lietuva, Tėvyne mūsų was written, Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire. Kudirka, a medical student at the University of Warsaw, was writing as a columnist for the newspaper Varpas (The Bell). In his Varpas columns, Kudirka urged Lithuanians to take pride in their heritage, discussed the problems the Russian Government was causing the Lithuanian population, and denounced those who wished to work for the Tsarist autocracy. In the course of writing for Varpas, he wrote down his thoughts on what Lithuania was and what it should be, resulting in the fifty-word poem Lietuva, Tėvynė mūsų ("Lithuania, Our Homeland").

The poem described the heroic past of Lithuania and exhorted its people to care for the land, care for humanity, and live in honor. Kudirka also urged the country to become a source of enlightenment and virtue. Without a melody, Kudirka took the time to compose the music just before dying of tuberculosis. Both the melody and the lyrics were printed in Varpas in September 1898. Upon his death in 1899, Kudirka's tomb was engraved with the second stanza of the anthem (later destroyed by the authorities).

Pre-independent Lithuania
Before Kudirka's death, the first performance of the poem occurred at a concert in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1899. The concert was conducted by Česlovas Sasnauskas and was attended by Lithuanians, which St. Petersburg had the largest population of at that time. The anthem was first performed in Lithuania during the Great Seimas of Vilnius on December 3, 1905.

Independent Lithuania
When Lithuania declared its independence from Russia in 1918, the song was declared the national anthem. It held this status until Lithuania was annexed into the Soviet Union during World War II. During the interwar period, there had been suggestions to modify the words to include a reference to God. It was decided, in Kudirka's memory, that the lyrics should remain as he had written them.

Usage in German-occupied Lithuania
From 9 to 12 May 1942, the Marijampolė Commissariat took 580 young men as labour for the German Army Transportation Service. At the barracks, about 3000-4000 appeared, about two thirds of women and girls, and began to shout out: "We are not Germans, do not go to the front." At that time, about 70% of the troops returned to the barracks yard to support the demonstration as well as students from the Marijampole Teachers Seminary and the Marijampole Gymnasium. The demonstrators sang Lithuanian liberation songs and Tautiška Giesmė. When threatened with a fight by several insufficiently armed local commando soldiers, the protest turned violent with members of the crowd breaking some windows. Finally, the crowd gathered on the street to walk to the city. In that direction, the soldiers of the Wehrmacht stoned the truck.

While singing the national anthem, the Lithuanian policemen paid homage, and weighed on two of them. The soldiers of the 1st Police Battalion in the Marijampolė were completely passive, with regard, to the crowd.

1940–1941
Immediately following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, the government of the Lithuanian SSR published a new constitution, the Stalinist Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR, that regulates the usage of the new flag and the new coat of arms as a symbol of the socialist identity. However, in this constitution, there was no regulations on a regional anthem for the Lithuanian SSR. According to Soviet custom, all of the republics of the Soviet Union had the "Internationale" translated into their own language as regional anthems.

The officially-introduced "Internationale" in Lithuania was unpopular and the majority of the population of Lithuania disliked it as most Lithuanians then still remembered the "Tautiška giesmė" as being their actual national anthem. This was particularly evident when the authorities gathered all of the teachers in 14–15 August 1940 at the Lithuanian Teachers' Congress in Kaunas. The congress was attended by more than 10,000 primary and secondary school teachers and high school lecturers. Of all the speakers, only the Prime Minister of Lithuania, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, reminded the audience of the Lithuanian national anthem, concluding his speech: "Light and truth all along, guide our steps forever." At the end of the congress the orchestra began playing the Internationale. A teacher began to sing the Tautiška Giesmė. Other teachers joined in singing the anthem, and shortly all of the teachers that attended the congress sang along, thus publicly testifying about "their determination to serve their homeland, but not the occupier". Inspired by them, the orchestra followed them standing.

1944–1950
The issue about the anthem was raised again after the re-occupation of the Baltic States, after Lithuania re-joined the USSR as the Lithuanian SSR. A new anthem of the USSR was made, and the lyrics of the anthem were translated to the languages of the USSR republics. The original plan was to use the translated anthem as the temporary anthem, until a new, more socialist anthem was made.

During the translation process, Antanas Venclova as the translator, expressed worries over the lyrics. The lyrics mentioned Великая Русь (Great Russia), which he translated to Didžiosios Rusios. He feared that the part of the lyrics would be badly accepted in Lithuania, because the lyrics showed the superiority of the Russian nation in Lithuania, and the spirit of national revival that was suppressed after the occupation of Lithuania. The translation of the anthem itself was submitted on 5 January 1944 and was approved two days later.

On 26 January 1944, on the session of the Supreme Council of the USSR, the council adopted a resolution about the rights of all of the Soviet republics to hold their national military formations and Foreign Affairs Commissariat. The resolution was an attempt by the USSR to provide a semblance of independent statehood for the Soviet republics and create places for each of them in the UN. Even before the session, Justas Paleckis proposed to the USSR Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the People's Commissars, Vyacheslav Molotov, to consider whether the Soviet republics were allowed to have their own anthems. Molotov reported that the Politburo had decided to offer the Soviet republics to create their own anthems.

With the offer from the USSR government, the question of the Lithuanian anthem was re-discussed. The first proposal of the anthem was the song "Mes su Stalinu" (We are with Stalin), which was proposed by G. Alexandrov to Kazys Preikšas. Other proposals proposed by G. Alexandrov was Tautiška giesmė, and other popular songs, including a poem by Petras Vaičiūnas "Ei, pasauli, mes be Vilniaus nenurimsime".

On 1 June 1944 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania prepared a draft resolution of the national anthem of Lithuania:

"'At the present political situation, it is expedient to use the national anthem of Lithuania, in the Lithuanian SSR, to use its popularity and the opportunity to turn it into a weapon of strengthening the Soviet power to create a national anthem of the Lithuanian SSR...'"

The main points of the decree were:
 * 1) To allow the performance of music and text of the old Lithuanian national anthem, Tautiška giesmė, created in the end the 19th century by Vincas Kudirka as the National Anthem of the Lithuanian SSR
 * 2) To delay the question about the creation of the anthem of the Lithuanian until the time when it will be possible to attract all creative forces of the nation, and to create a hymn that reflects a new era in the life of the Lithuanian nation and the changes of the country's economy, culture and people's minds.

In the same draft resolution, it was envisaged that the lyrics and the melody of the Tautiška giesmė will be approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The question of the creation of a new anthem of the Lithuanian SSR returned a year later. From 28 until 29 September 1945, the issue was held at the meeting of the Lithuanian Communist Party Central Committee Bureau. In the meeting, it was decided that a new anthem of the Lithuanian SSR was needed to reflect the socio-political change in Lithuania. A commission was organized to make the new national anthem of the Lithuanian SSR.

The committee consisted of K. Preikšas as the chairman, Justas Paleckis, Juozas Banaitis, Juozas Žiugžda, and the honored artists in the Lithuanian SSR, Professor Juozas Gruodis, Kostas Korsakas, and Vladas Niunka. The lyrics and the melody of the national anthem of the Lithuanian SSR should be submitted no later than on 1 January 1946. However, the anthem wasn't submitted in the deadline. A new commission for the anthem was created, consisted of Antanas Venclova, Teofilis Tilvytis, Juozas Melnikas, Valerija Valsiūnienė, Eduardas Mieželaitis, Vacys Reimeris and Aleksys Churginas. Due to the active partisan struggle in Lithuania, the plans of the new national anthem was relinquished. Apparently, the authorities believed that replacing Tautiška giesmė with a new one would further aggravate dissatisfaction of the population with the political system.

Of all the Soviet Baltic republics, only Lithuania could maintain the usage of their previous national anthem. The anthem was used until 1950. In Latvia and Estonia, new anthems were created and approved in 1945. Due to the different opinions about the anthem of the Lithuanian SSR, Justas Paleckis proposed to change the words of the Tautiška giesmė. However, the propose idea was rejected.

1950
After decline in Lithuanian partisan activity, the authorities concluded that it was safe to introduce the new anthem. On July 15, 1950, in the 10th anniversary of the incorporation of Lithuania to the Soviet Union, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR approved a new anthem. The music for the anthem was composed by Balys Dvarionas and Jonas Švedas, and the words were written originally by Antanas Venclova. The anthem was confirmed in Article 169 of the 1978 Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR.

1950–1988
Even though Tautiška giesmė was used as the national anthem of the Lithuanian SSR for six years, the anthem ended up being banned in the Lithuanian SSR after the introduction and the approval of the new anthem. During this period, the Tautiška giesmė became a symbol of national resistance to the Soviet Union. The anthem was often sung at various festivities in families and in small gatherings of trusted people.

1988–1990
On 6 October 1988, Tautiška giesmė was approved as a replacement for the State Anthem of the Lithuanian SSR. The preliminary approval was made by the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR and successive legislative bodies.

Current status
The status of Tautiška giesmė as the national anthem of the Lithuanian Republic was reconfirmed in 1992. In that year, the Constitution of Lithuania was approved; Article 19 of the document states that Tautiška giesmė will be the national anthem of Lithuania. The last law in relation to the national anthem was passed in 1999; it contained the official lyrics and protocol on how and when to play the anthem.

2015 Taoyuan incident
During the medal ceremony for Lithuanian team in 2015 World Deaf Basketball Championships in Taoyuan, Taiwan, where they won the final against the United States, the organizers of the tournament erroneously played the Soviet-era anthem instead of "Tautiška giesmė", shocking the Lithuanians. The team, led by coach Algimantas Šatas, was forced to stand in dais during the entirety of the song. Later, the organizers recognized the mistake and apologized.

1999 law
Signed into law by President Valdas Adamkus on 9 June 1999, the "Law on the National Anthem of the Republic of Lithuania" details when and where the national anthem is played and its performance protocols.

Article 2 of the law states that the anthem is to be played at the following occasions: At the beginning or ending of solemn sessions of the Seimas, on national holidays and memorial days, and at receptions and farewells of foreign heads of state on official visits to Lithuania—but only after the anthem of the foreign country has been played.

It is played in foreign countries to represent Lithuania, according to their own diplomatic protocols; on national holidays and other days when the Flag of Lithuania is raised by order of the government; when the flag is raised during public events sponsored by governmental institutions, business, and organizations; and at the beginning and end of National Radio programming. The anthem may also be played at other occasions, such as sporting competitions.

When playing the anthem, the music may be either live or recorded. The anthem may be performed with a choir, an orchestra, a military band, or a combination of the latter two. Article 4, section 2, states that all participants are encouraged to sing the national anthem. When the anthem is played, all civilians are asked to stand in a gesture of respect to the anthem. If employees of national defense, police, and other military or military-related organizations are present, they must respect the anthem in a way prescribed by their statutes. The anthem cannot be used as background music, purposes of advertisement, or for entertainment, such as karaoke. Public disrespect of the anthem may be punishable by law.

Sheet music
The Lithuanian National Culture Centre has created several sheet music for the anthem. Below are the sheet music for the anthem:
 * Men's Choir (tenor and bass)
 * Women's Choir (soprano and alto)
 * Mixed Choir (soprano, alto, tenor and bass)

title: Tautiška giesmė


text:
Samson (disambiguation)

Samson is a Biblical figure known for his exceptional strength.

Samson may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Samson, a lion character in the 2006 Disney animated film The Wild
 * Samson Clogmeyer, from the Cartoon Network series Camp Lazlo
 * Brock Samson, from the animated series The Venture Bros
 * Samson the bear, from Sesamstraße, the German-language version of children's show Sesame Street
 * Edgar "Samson" Leonhardt, from the American TV series Carnivàle
 * one of the title characters of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon Samson & Goliath
 * a talking dog in the Belgian children's show Samson en Gert
 * Samson, from the British children's series Thomas & Friends
 * Samson, from the comedy film Half Baked

Comics

 * Samson (Fox Feature Syndicate), a Golden Age character
 * Black Samson, one of the Guardians of the Globe from Invincible
 * Doc Samson, a Marvel superhero
 * Mighty Samson, a Gold Key Comics character
 * Samson, a member of the Marvel Comics team the Morlocks

Other fictional characters

 * the title character of Samson Agonistes, a 1671 closet drama by John Milton based on the biblical story
 * Samson, from Need for Speed: Carbon
 * Samson, from The Bronze Bow

Plays and films

 * Samson (play), a 1908 play by the French writer Henri Bernstein, basis of the 1915, 1923 and 1936 films below
 * Samson (1914 film), an American short
 * Samson (1915 film), an American production
 * Samson (1923 film), an Italian movie
 * Samson (1936 film), a French film directed by Maurice Tourneur
 * Samson (1961 Polish film), directed by Andrzej Wajda
 * Samson (1961 Italian film), by Gianfranco Parolini
 * Samson (2018 film), an American film by Bruce Macdonald

Music

 * Samson (Handel), an oratorio by George Frideric Handel
 * Samson (opera), a 1734 lost opera Jean-Philippe Rameau, libretto by Voltaire
 * Samson (band), a British hard rock band, formed in 1977 by guitarist and vocalist Paul Samson
 * Samsons, an Indonesian pop-rock band
 * "Samson" (Emly Starr song), Belgian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest, 1981
 * "Samson" (Regina Spektor song), 2006
 * "Samson", by Godley & Creme from Birds of Prey, 1983
 * "Samson", by V V Brown from Samson & Delilah, 2013

Companies

 * Samson AG, German corporation
 * Samson Ceramics, reproduction ceramics, 1845–1969
 * Samson Tractor, a division of General Motors from 1917 to 1922, which also made trucks
 * Samson, an Irish film production company, producers of Once
 * Samson Technologies, a US-American audio equipment company; see Wireless microphone

People

 * Samson (name), a list of people with the given name or surname
 * Samson (rapper) (1987–2020), English rapper and Cannabis activist
 * Samson, English stage name of Santo (1917–1984), Mexican wrestler and film actor
 * Samson, ring name of female Muay Thai boxing champion Siriporn Thaweesuk

Places

 * Samson, Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom
 * Samson, Alabama, United States
 * Sầm Sơn, Vietnam
 * Samson, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth
 * Samson, Doubs, France
 * Samson Indian Reserve No. 137, Alberta, Canada

Military

 * Samson Option, a deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons, especially as applied to Israel
 * Samson Unit, a special forces unit within the Israel Defense Forces (1988–1995)
 * Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station, an Israeli remote weapon system
 * Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules, a transport aircraft known as the "Samson" in Israeli service
 * FV106 Samson, a British Army armoured recovery vehicle

Locomotives

 * Samson, an 1831 locomotive of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway
 * Samson (locomotive), built in 1838, Canada's oldest locomotive
 * Sampson (1855–1884), a South Devon Railway Tornado class steam locomotive
 * Samson, an 1874 steam locomotive at Cornish Hush Mine

Other vehicles

 * Samson (crane barge), wrecked on the Irish coast in 1987
 * La Mouette Samson, a French ultralight trike design
 * City of New York (1885 ship), originally the Norwegian ship Samson

Other uses

 * SAMSON (Software for Adaptive Modeling and Simulation Of Nanosystems), a software platform for computational nanoscience
 * Samson (dinosaur), a dinosaur skeleton with the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skull ever found
 * Samson (gorilla) (1949–1981), a male silverback western lowland gorilla
 * Samson (magazine), a Japanese gay magazine featuring chubby and older men
 * Samson fish, a jack of the genus Seriola
 * Samson and Goliath (cranes), twin shipbuilding gantry cranes in Queen's Island, Belfast, Northern Ireland
 * Samson Ultra, a trademark name for .50 Action Express preloaded handgun ammunition
 * Samson, a name for the ND-5000 32-bit processor made by Norsk Data
 * Samson, an alternative name for the wine grape Cinsaut
 * "Samson", a 1988 art installation by Chris Burden

title: Samson (disambiguation)


text:
Decompression illness

Decompression Illness (DCI) comprises two different conditions caused by rapid decompression of the body. These conditions present similar symptoms and require the same initial first aid. Scuba divers are trained to ascend slowly from depth to avoid DCI. Although the incidence is relatively rare, the consequences can be serious and potentially fatal, especially if untreated.

Classification
DCI can be caused by two different mechanisms, which result in overlapping sets of symptoms. The two mechanisms are:
 * Decompression sickness (DCS), which results from metabolically inert gas dissolved in body tissue under pressure precipitating out of solution and forming bubbles during decompression. It typically afflicts underwater divers on poorly managed ascent from depth or aviators flying in inadequately pressurised aircraft.
 * Arterial gas embolism (AGE), which is perfusion blockage caused by gas bubbles in the arterial bloodstream. In the context of DCI these may form either as a result of bubble nucleation and growth by dissolved gas into the blood on depressurisation, which is a subset of DCS above, and leakage from venous circulation to arterial circulation via patent foramen ovale or other shunt, or by gas entering the blood mechanically as a result of pulmonary barotrauma. Pulmonary barotrauma is a rupturing of lung tissue by expansion of breathing gas held in the lungs during depressurisation. This may typically be caused by an underwater diver ascending while holding the breath after breathing at ambient pressure, ambient pressure escape from a submerged submarine without adequate exhalation during the ascent, or the explosive decompression of an aircraft cabin or other pressurised environment. Other forms of lung overpressure injury such as pneumothorax require distinctly different treatment to AGE.

In any situation that could cause decompression sickness, there is also potentially a risk of arterial gas embolism, and as many of the symptoms are common to both conditions, it may be difficult to distinguish between the two in the field, and first aid treatment is the same for both mechanisms.

Signs and symptoms
Approximately 90 percent of patients with DCS develop symptoms within three hours of surfacing; only a small percentage become symptomatic more than 24 hours after diving.

Below is a summary comparison of the signs and symptoms of DCI arising from its two components: Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism. Many signs and symptoms are common to both maladies, and it may be difficult to diagnose the actual problem. The dive history can be useful to distinguish which is more probable, but it is possible for both components to manifest at the same time following some dive profiles.

Causes
Decompression sickness is caused by the formation and growth of inert gas bubbles in the tissues when a diver decompresses faster than the gas can be safely disposed of through respiration and perfusion.

Arterial gas embolism is caused by gas in the lungs getting into the pulmonary venous circulation through injuries to the capillaries of the alveoli caused by lung overpressure injury. These bubbles are then circulated to the tissues via the systemic arterial circulation, and may cause blockages directly or indirectly by initiating clotting.

Mechanism
The mechanism of decompression sickness is different from that of arterial gas embolism, but they share the causative factor of depressurization.

Decompression sickness
Depressurisation causes inert gases, which were dissolved under higher pressure, to come out of physical solution and form gas bubbles within the body. These bubbles produce the symptoms of decompression sickness. Bubbles may form whenever the body experiences a reduction in pressure, but not all bubbles result in DCS. The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is described by Henry's Law, which indicates that when the pressure of a gas in contact with a liquid is decreased, the amount of that gas dissolved in the liquid will also decrease proportionately.

On ascent from a dive, inert gas comes out of solution in a process called "outgassing" or "offgassing". Under normal conditions, most offgassing occurs by gas exchange in the lungs. If inert gas comes out of solution too quickly to allow outgassing in the lungs then bubbles may form in the blood or within the solid tissues of the body. The formation of bubbles in the skin or joints results in milder symptoms, while large numbers of bubbles in the venous blood can cause lung damage. The most severe types of DCS interrupt — and ultimately damage — spinal cord function, leading to paralysis, sensory dysfunction, or death. In the presence of a right-to-left shunt of the heart, such as a patent foramen ovale, venous bubbles may enter the arterial system, resulting in an arterial gas embolism. A similar effect, known as ebullism, may occur during explosive decompression, when water vapour forms bubbles in body fluids due to a dramatic reduction in environmental pressure.

Arterial gas embolism
When a diver holds their breath during an ascent the reduction in pressure will cause the gas to expand and the lungs will also have to expand to continue to contain the gas. If the expansion exceeds the normal capacity of the lungs, they will continue to expand elastically until the tissues reach their tensile strength limit, after which any increase in pressure difference between the gas in the lungs and the ambient pressure will cause the weaker tissues to rupture, releasing gas from the lungs into any permeable space exposed by the damaged tissue. This could be the pleural space between the lung and the chest walls, between the pleural membranes, and this condition is known as pneumothorax. The gas could also enter the interstitial spaces within the lungs, the neck and larynx, and the mediastinal space around the heart, causing interstititial or mediastinal emphysema, or it could enter the blood vessels of the venous pulmonary circulation via damaged alveolar capillaries, and from there reach the left side of the heart, from which they will be discharged into the systemic circulation. On the way out through the aorta the gas may be entrained in blood flowing into the carotid or basilar arteries. If these bubbles cause blockage in blood vessels, this is arterial gas embolism. Vascular obstruction and inflammation caused by gas bubbles causes end organ damage to most tissues. Sufficient pressure difference and expansion to cause this injury can occur from depths as shallow as 1.2 m.

Diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis is difficult, as most of the signs and symptoms are common to several conditions and there are no specific tests for DCI. The dive history is important, if reliable, and the sequence and presentation of symptoms can differentiate between possibilities. Most doctors do not have the training and experience to reliably diagnose DCI, so it is preferable to consult a diving medicine specialist, as misdiagnosis can have inconvenient, expensive and possibly life-threatening consequences. Prior to 2000, there was a tendency to under-diagnose DCI, and as a result a number of cases did not get the treatment that could have produced a better result, while since 2000, there has been a swing to over-diagnosis, with consequent expensive and inconvenient treatments, and expensive inconvenient and risky evacuations that were not necessary. The presence of symptoms of pneumothorax, mediastinal or interstitial emphysema would support a diagnosis of arterial gas embolism if symptoms of that condition are also present, but AGE can occur without symptoms of other lung overpressure injuries. Most cases of arterial gas embolism will present symptoms soon after surfacing, but this also happens with cerebral decompression sickness.

Numbness and tingling are associated with spinal DCS, but can also be caused by pressure on nerves (compression neurapraxia). In DCS the numbness or tingling is generally confined to one or a series of dermatomes, while pressure on a nerve tends to produce characteristic areas of numbness associated with the specific nerve on only one side of the body distal to the pressure point. A loss of strength or function is likely to be a medical emergency. A loss of feeling that lasts more than a minute or two indicates a need for immediate medical attention. It is only partial sensory changes, or paraesthesias, where this distinction between trivial and more serious injuries applies.

Large areas of numbness with associated weakness or paralysis, especially if a whole limb is affected, are indicative of probable brain involvement and require urgent medical attention. Paraesthesias or weakness involving a dermatome indicate probable spinal cord or spinal nerve root involvement. Although it is possible that this may have other causes, such as an injured intervertebral disk, these symptoms indicate an urgent need for medical assessment. In combination with weakness, paralysis or loss of bowel or bladder control, they indicate a medical emergency.

Prevention
Almost all arterial gas embolism is avoidable by not diving with lung conditions which increase the risk and not holding the breath during ascent. These conditions will usually be detected in the diving medical examination required for professional divers. Recreational divers are not all screened at this level. Complete emptying of the lungs is not recommended in emergency swimming ascents as this is thought to increase the risk by collapsing small air passages and trapping air in parts of the lung. Rate of ascent is not usually an issue for AGE.

Decompression sickness is usually avoidable by following the requirements of decompression tables or algorithms regarding ascent rates and stop times for the specific dive profile, but these do not guarantee safety, and in some cases, unpredictably, there will be decompression sickness. Decompressing for longer can reduce the risk by an unknown amount. Decompression is a calculated risk where some of the variables are not well defined, and it is not possible to define the point at which all residual risk disappears. Risk is also reduced by reducing exposure to ingassing and taking into account the various known and suspected risk factors. Most, but not all, cases are easily avoided.

Treatment
Treatment for the Decompression Sickness and the Arterial Gas Embolism components of DCI may differ significantly, but that depends mostly on the symptoms, as both conditions are generally treated based on the symptoms. Refer to the separate treatments under those articles.

Urgency of treatment depends on the symptoms. Mild symptoms will usually resolve without treatment, though appropriate treatment may accelerate recovery considerably. Failure to treat severe cases can have fatal or long term effects. Some types of injuries are more likely to have long lasting effects depending on the organs involved.

First aid
First aid is common for both DCS and AGE:
 * Monitor the patient for responsiveness, airway, breathing and circulation, resuscitate if necessary.
 * Treat for shock.
 * Lay the patient on their back, or for drowsy, unconscious, or nauseated victims, on their side.
 * Administer 100% oxygen as soon as possible.
 * Seek immediate medical assistance, locate a hospital with hyperbaric facilities and plan for possible transport.
 * Allow the patient to drink water or isotonic fluids only if responsive, stable, and not suffering from nausea or stomach pain. Administration of intravenous saline solution is preferable.
 * Record details of recent dives and responses to first aid treatment and provide to the treating medical specialist. The diving details should include depth and time profiles, breathing gases used and surface intervals.

Prognosis
The prognosis of the DCS is generally favorable for patients with mild symptoms, given timely and appropriate treatment, and in excellent health before the dive. Symptoms may resolve within days after prompt administration of high-flow oxygen and rest.

The outcome for cerebral arterial gas embolism largely depends on severity and the delay before recompression. Most cases which are recompressed within two hours do well. Recompression within six hours often produces improvement and sometimes full resolution. Delays to recompression of more than 6 to 8 hours are not often very effective, and are generally associated with delays in diagnosis and delays in transfer to a hyperbaric chamber.

Xu et al. reported a 99.3% effectiveness rate of treating decompression illness with immediate recompression in a study of 5,278 cases across 2000-2010 in China. The initial symptom occurred within 6 hours after surfacing in 98.9% of cases.

Long term complications can arise as end organ damage from air embolisms. In bones, dysbaric osteonecrosis leads to pathological fractures and chronic arthritis, particularly in the proximal femur, humerus, and tibia. In the brain and spinal cord, depending on the area and severity of damage there can be neurological deficits ranging from becoming comatose, having sensorimotor weakness, incontinence, and other effects. The lungs can develop pulmonary fibrosis. The pancreas, kidneys, and liver are also vulnerable, and reginal necrosis in the gastrointestinal tract can cause strictures leading to obstruction.

Epidemiology
Roughly 3 to 7 cases per 10,000 dives are diagnosed, of which about 1 in 100,000 dives are fatal.

title: Decompression illness


text:
CNE

CNE may refer to:

 * Canadian National Exhibition, Canada's largest annual fair
 * Computer network exploitation, a type of military computer network operation
 * Constructive neutral evolution
 * Contrat nouvelle embauche, a type of employment contract
 * Corpo Nacional de Escutas – Escutismo Católico Português, the largest Catholic scouting organization in Portugal

Organizations

 * Care New England, a non-profit healthcare provider system in Rhode Island
 * Centre for the New Europe, a defunct think tank in Brussels
 * Consejo Nacional Electoral (Ecuador)
 * Consejo Nacional Electoral (Venezuela)

Transportation

 * Carnegie railway station, Melbourne, station code
 * Central New England Railway, reporting mark, a railroad line absorbed by New Haven Railroad in 1927

title: CNE