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Talk:Holodeck

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Why does this contain a spoiler warning? There are no spoilers here. RickK 07:04, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) Yes, there are. Read the second last paragraph for an obvious example. -- Wilhelm Svenselius 16:16, 11 Apr 2005 (CET)

So what happens if you stay in a holodeck for several days, eating holomatter food and incorporating holomatter into your body, and then leave the holodeck? Man, I bet it hurts! Wbrameld 01:38, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd actually imagine that materials that are in proximity to or directly touched/assimilated by participants – like food – are actually replicated (as they are through replicator food stations) and not merely projected. Similarly, note what happened early in the TNG episode "Angel One", when Wesley and chap got into a snow fight and Picard and Worf were hit with a snowball outside of the holodeck ... and got sick because of it.  I bet it would hurt more if the safety protocols were deactivated, though. ;)  E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 01:53, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Exactly- Far away things (like that mountain range over there, or those trees 100 feet away) are basically 'painted on the wall', so to speak, using holographs. Closer things that you might minimally interact with (walls, trees, etc) are holographs with a force field to make them feel real. And things you interact with a lot (food, water, that stick you just snapped in two, that beach sand you just kicked, etc) is replicated. Why have the computer calculate exactly how water will splash, or the trajectory of each grain of sand? Just replicate real water and real sand!! THis explains most of the 'problems'- the snow was real snow, etc.12.110.196.19 02:38, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In one of the earliest episodes of Next Generation, Riker says that the holodeck functions, in part, like the food replicators. That supports the idea that food is food and snow snow. Merry medievalist (talk) 09:08, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

Untitled 2
How exactly would different elevations work on a holodeck? What would happen if a holodeck recreated a cliff and if one jumped off of it? How would the holodeck recreate the feeling of falling? Finally, upon reaching the bottom, would the person sustain any injury? 68.161.214.178 (talk) 22:38, 7 February 2006

 * the holodeck can control gravity within its confines. as to what would happen...probably something like when Neo falls in the matrix and bounces off the street. Carterhawk 08:06 4 April 2006
 * Though I can't cite any specific examples, even with safety protocols, people do get injured. Miles O'Brien is one that comes to mind. PrometheusX303 13:12, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * B'Elanna Torres is another example - she went skydiving, actively feeling the fall. She disengaged the safety protocols, and almost injured herself. However, Tom Paris was not affected by the 'gravity', even though Torres was still falling - Weebiloobil 14:07, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Untitled 3
Shouldn't this article act as a node to reference various real-life technologies that are being developed to attempt to approach Holodeck-type experiences? I've seen several up-and-coming technologies being touted as "one step closer to the Holodeck"... it seems like the Holodeck has joined the pantheon of science fiction concepts which are inspirations for real-world technology, and this fact should be recognized in this article. --66.136.221.243 17:35, 11 May 2006 (UTC

virtual treadmill issues
I always found holodecks facinating and one of the conundrums i had was how did people not bump into the holodeck walls in large simulated environments. I thought that the use of the virtual treadmill solved it but then i realized there was another issue: what would happen when on an open plain with two people, they start out standing next to each other, then one of them starts to walk backward from the other(always keeping their eyes on that person), since a real person on a holodeck is not generated by the computer after a certain period one of the people would hit the holodeck wall because the appropriate distance would need to be maintained visually and it could not be overcome by the holodeck itself - is there any official star trek science that would explain how this would be avoided? 24.239.133.170 02:07, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Nothing official I know about, but perhaps if the holodeck could simply create some suspended lens that would make objects seen through it appear to be farther away...? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.121.4.97 (talk) 21:58, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Simple - Star Trek is not real. You're just supposed to accept that the holodeck creates an imaginary reality and works perfectly, except when the plot needs it not to. 66.32.12.48 01:09, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not only does the holodeck use virtual treadmills, it also uses cleverly-placed optics, to make the person seem further away. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weebiloobil (talk • contribs) 08:49, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The holodeck is a lame plot device, thought up by writers to lazy to create a believable background story. Episodes featuring it are invariably ludicrous. And why even bother having the safety protocols at all? They always disable them which inevitably leads to disaster. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.235.118 (talk) 14:48, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

3 Laws
I am removing the reference to the three laws of robotics for 2 reasons. First, the reference does not demonstrate anything. Second, the reference is incorrect. The first law of robotics is built into the the positronic brains of robots in the Asimov universe and will not be bypassed with a simple malfunction such as what happens with the holodecks. If such a malfunction occured with an Asimov robot, the robot would cease to function as it's brain relies on this function. As demonstrated in Escape!, if a positronic brain were presented with a problem that would cause death to humans, it would not have a solution (sort of like dividing by zero). Without protection in place, the holodeck continues to function as this malfunction is merely one of many possible malfuncitons. 129.15.131.243 (talk) 22:10, 16 August 2007

Holosuites
The section about holosuites is a complete mess! It doesn't even make sense. More or less, holosuite is just another term for holodeck. Marcus1060 06:33, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed this section. This nothing anywhere that says, or even suggests, there is a difference between a holosuite and a holodeck. Just like saying Computer, or PC. Marcus1060 23:57, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Conceptual Flaws
I removed this because, it is not an issue. Because remember in the 24th century, the Federation is an utopian society, and therefore these are not issues. The issue of hedonistic nature is showing on DS9, out side of the Federation. Quark is often talking about his sex programs. The murderous part doesn't make sense either, why would some one use the holodeck to to do things such as murder? People use computers now a days for looking up porn, but not to write programs where they kill 3D models of their bosses. And no doubt there are regulations involving holosuites. If drugs are illegal, why would they be allowed to use them in a holosuite? Marcus1060 00:03, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Removed:
 * "In addition, most of the holodeck simulations which characters engineer are frivolous and platonic in nature. It is far more probable that, presented with such a facility, a large percentage of users would engage scenarios of a hedonistic nature, eg. explicit and depraved sexual activities with a range of fantasy figures, colleagues and friends; alternatively the consequence-free abuse of narcotics or indulgence of dark murder, rape and revenge fantasies."

 * I'm softening the following:

 * The primary criticism is that characters are frequently depicted walking into a completely deserted holodeck, despite living on a ship with many hundreds of other people, who would certainly be clamouring for such interactive entertainment on long range, deep-space missions. The more likely situation would be one of advance booking for privileges and waiting lists weeks or months long.

 * Reason? In Voyager, I recall episodes of ST: Voyager where Tom Paris or another mentioned "getting some holodeck time" scheduled. It was like a college raquetball court, you had to sign up for it. Tom Paris once remarked that he'd struggled to get holodeck time when both he and his wife were off-duty, and this was quite precious. ... Aaaaanyway, Star Trek is a fictional conoction, and such "realistic" restrictions stand in the way of telling a compelling story in 42 minutes; nitpickers need to get a clue and realize that the Enterprise flies not on matter/anti-matter warp engines, but on literary license. So I suspect this article's "primary criticism" is really just hearsay nitpicking, and not representative of Star Trek critiquing. Your mileage may vary. --David Spalding 04:33, 9 November 2006 (UTC

 * I've removed the Conceptual Flaws section entirely. Wikipedia is not a soapbox for criticism of Star Trek's writing. rdude 19:18, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

History
What about the history and development of the holodeck? I recall that the holodeck technology was given to the Klingons in an ST:VOY episode. // Liftarn

Holodecks/Danger Room similitudes
The X-Men's Danger Room in his second form with Shi'ar technology (the form that can be seen in the movie) seems to be virtually identical to the holodecks. I'm not sure wich one came first, but I think the Danger Room could be listed as either being inspired or being an inspiration for the holodecks in Star Trek.85.59.66.95 07:23, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Marvel.com says it predated not only the holodeck but the Star Trek franchise itself: (growl. I hate websites you can't copy text from) First appearance: (Unidentified) X-Men #1 (1964), (as Danger Room) X-Men #2, (1964). Personally, as often as the stupid thing broke, the first thing I'd do as captain is weld the door shut. --StarChaser Tyger (talk) 06:17, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Pyschological Issues
There was an older Star Trek novel where Dr. McCoy was trapped inside a holodeck which had been programmed to simulate an ever-changing garden maze, slowly driving him insane (or severely depressed), whereupon he began to appreciate the pyschological effects of such technology.

Unfortunate thing about ST:TNG is that they never explored the concept far enough. The possibilities for sex, torture, brainwashing, extreme training, practical jokes, crime, betrayal, etc. are endless and due to the inherent drama, highly entertaining. Lt. Barclay's addiction was pretty much their high point. Voyager's showcasing of a society permanently living in a holoverse is also notable, especially since the people were not allowed to leave and were slowly losing their marbles (which raises an interesting point about a suspended, slow-acting sensory deprivation effect, or perhaps more of an accumulative reality-detachment effect similar to what happens to those playing Second Life or MMORG games too much). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.68.70.186 (talk) 19:40, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

May fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction?!
Well, cor blimey, it's an article about a fictional TV show. Should there be a disclaimer after every sentence stating that it merely references to a fictional universe? I've removed the { { fiction } }-tag 82.204.49.30 03:40, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, but we might have to go that far if literalist idiots complain. ShutterBugTrekker 23:32, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Simulated Reality or Virtual Reality
The article as it is now states that a Holodeck is a form of simulated reality. I don't think it is; I think it's a form of virtual reality. A simulated reality would per definition mean that one cannot directly distinguish real reality from simulated one. However, Star Trek crew can easily see that the holodeck is "fake" (with their tricorder). Besides that, what the crew sees is in a sense real; the photons their eyes perceive, are real. Nothing's been done to their brain to see it. The Holodeck-visitors are interacting with simulated beings, but they're not simulated themselves, nor have their brains been tempered with. That would imply that a Holodeck is a form of virtual reality, or am I wrong? Tenth Plague (talk) 20:17, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. I've made the change. - dcljr (talk) 02:22, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * In a real Holodeck the scene can be volumetric in nature where the scene is broken down into voxels and inside these voxels it is possible that the voxel is made up of rasterized moments that are triangulated in order to create tiny reflect planes to reflect the colour of the simulated object.
 * (Rays of light hit the tiny reflect planes and are reflected at the wavelength determined by the setup of the reflect planes and thus the light travels and is visible on the persons retina in their eye for decoding and to the person in the scene that object would be real at the colour seen.)
 * Thus ina scene the objects are almost real and if moment based technology is good enough to create a sense of solidness then the person within the scene could touch the object and have a sense of solidness to touch.
 * A Holodeck is the ultimate simulation environment and in this setup a simulated reality would be correct. I see a Holodeck as non-fiction and I cover a proof of concept approach to a specification at an entry level in my book "The Holodeck A Specification" Michael Cloran (talk) 20:37, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Removed content
I've removed the following from the lead, since I can't verify it at the moment, it seems a bit "trivia-ish", and it needs rewriting (and wikifying) by someone familiar with the relevant series (was this in TNG? -- I don't remember): "100 years before the events of Enterprise, Jean-Luc Picard was in Earth's past and had a human from that time period named Lily along with him on board the Enterprise. When they were running from the Borg on his starship they hid in the holodeck, therefore introducing the technology before Trip got to see it." - dcljr (talk) 02:22, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Similar technology in other works
Shouldn't this be removed? It's a long and boring list of holodeck "in popular culture"! I would keep 1 or 2 oldest appearance of the concept (Bradbury and Clifford Simak? Maybe X-Men?) and the quotation from Ivan Sutherland, both mingled with the text, not in a separated section. Or, at least, I'd delete everything after the X-Men reference. 189.81.254.170 (talk) 01:15, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Strongly Agree Not only is it tedious and not only does it actually obstruct the reader's understanding (like most of these kinds of lists), but it is almost perfectly unsourced and is a violation of Wikipedia guidelines on using pop culture to create such meaningless bullet-point compendia.  The list as it is tells us very little about the Star Trek Holodeck, and contributes minimally to our understanding of the concept - which is already detailed at exhaustive length earlier in the article.  I would keep a few of the sourced entries to give a little bit of context, but the rest should clearly be removed, or incorporated into the main body of text where possible and appropriate (again, in accordance with explicit Wikipedia guidelines) Cpaaoi (talk) 23:54, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Also, the article is way too long and written in an extremely confusing way! Cpaaoi (talk) 00:01, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I see this article is rated as 'C class', indicating that it contains a lot of irrelevant material. I'm going to get on and sort this out: I think the Holodeck deserves a better page than this Cpaaoi (talk) 00:58, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holodeck


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King Hu

Hu Jinquan (胡金銓, 29 April 1932 – 14 January 1997), better known as King Hu, was a Chinese film director and actor based in Hong Kong and Taiwan. He is best known for directing various wuxia films in the 1960s and 1970s, which brought Hong Kong and Taiwanese cinema to new technical and artistic heights. His films Come Drink with Me (1966), Dragon Inn (1967), and A Touch of Zen (1970–1971) inaugurated a new generation of wuxia films in the late 1960s. Apart from being a film director, Hu was also a screenwriter and set designer.

Early life
Hu was born in Peiping to a well-established family originating from Handan, Hebei. His grandfather was the governor of Henan in the late Qing dynasty. His father had studied in Japan and was the owner of the local coal mine, and his mother was a concubine. His uncle was a high-ranking official in the Republican government. Several of his brothers held high positions in the Communist government. Hu grew up in Beijing as a child. He emigrated to Hong Kong in 1949, at first he wanted to study in the United States, but could not raise the money for tuition. He then worked for the local Voice of America in Hong Kong.

Career
After moving to Hong Kong, Hu worked in a variety of occupations, such as advertising consultant, artistic designer and producer for a number of media companies, as well as a part-time English tutor. In 1958, he joined the Shaw Brothers Studio as a set decorator, actor, scriptwriter and assistant director. He acted in the classic 1959 film The Kingdom and the Beauty. Under the influence of Taiwanese director Li Han-Hsiang, Hu embarked on a directorial career, helping him on the phenomenally successful The Love Eterne (1963). Hu's first film as a full-fledged director was Sons of the Good Earth (1965), a film set in the Second Sino-Japanese War, but he is better remembered for his next film, Come Drink with Me (1966). Come Drink with Me was his first success and remains a classic of the wuxia genre, catapulting the then 20-year-old starlet Cheng Pei-pei to fame. Blending Japanese samurai film traditions with Western editing techniques and Chinese aesthetic philosophy borrowed from Chinese music and operatics, Hu began the trend of a new school of wuxia films and his perpetual use of strong, valiant heroines.

Leaving the Shaw Brothers Studio in 1966, Hu travelled to Taiwan, where he made another wuxia movie, Dragon Inn. Dragon Inn broke box office records and became a phenomenal hit and cult classic, especially in Southeast Asia. This tense tale of highly skilled martial artists hidden in an inn was said to be the inspiration for Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) and Zhang Yimou's House of Flying Daggers (2004). In 2003, the award-winning Malaysian-born Taiwanese auteur Tsai Ming-liang made Goodbye, Dragon Inn, a tribute to Hu, in which all the action takes place during a closing cinema's last show of Dragon Inn.

Chief among the films which exemplify Hu's blend of Chan (Zen) Buddhism and unique Chinese aesthetics is A Touch of Zen, which won the Grand Prix de la Commission Superieur Technique in 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and which many regard as his masterpiece. After releasing A Touch of Zen, Hu started his own production company and shot The Fate of Lee Khan (1973) and The Valiant Ones (1975) back to back on tight finances. The action choreography in both these films was the work of a young Sammo Hung. Other films include Raining in the Mountain and Legend of the Mountain (both dating from 1979, and shot in South Korea), which were loosely based on stories from Pu Songling's Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. The reason was that the government of South Korea would help sponsor the budgeting should he produce at least two films in the area. Both are now considered classics.

Though critically hailed, Hu's later films were less commercially successful than his first two films. After his late comedy masterpiece All the King's Men, he moved to California in the early 1980s. Late in his life, he made a brief return from semi-retirement in The Swordsman (1990) and Painted Skin (1992), but neither achieved the renown of his first two, financially successful wuxia films. Hu spent the last decade of his life in Los Angeles. He died in Taipei of complications from angioplasty. At the time of his death, Hu was attached to direct The Battle of Ono, a project he had spent decades working on. He is buried in Whittier, California.

Filmography
As director:
 * Sons of the Good Earth (大地兒女, 1965)
 * Come Drink with Me (大醉俠, 1966)
 * Dragon Inn (龍門客棧, 1967)
 * Four Moods (喜怒哀樂, 1970, segment: "Anger")
 * A Touch of Zen (俠女, 1971)
 * The Fate of Lee Khan (迎春閣之風波, 1973)
 * The Valiant Ones (忠烈圖, 1975)
 * Raining in the Mountain (空山靈雨, 1979)
 * Legend of the Mountain (山中傳奇, 1979)
 * Zhong Shen Da Shi (The Juvenizer) (終身大事, 1981)
 * Tian Guan Ci Fu (Heaven's Blessing) (天官赐福, 1981)
 * The Wheel of Life (Part 1 short film segment) (大輪迴, 1983)
 * All the King's Men (天下第一, 1983)
 * The Swordsman (笑傲江湖 in part, 1990)
 * Painted Skin (畫皮之陰陽法王, 1992)

As actor:
 * The Man Who Gets Slapped (1954)
 * Red Bloom in the Snow (雪裡紅, 1956)
 * Golden Phoenix (金鳳, 1956)
 * The Long Lane (長巷, 1956)

Personal life
Hu loved Peking Opera and was a trustee of a Peking Opera institution. He promoted many young Peking Opera pupils into the film industry, such as Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung. In 1981, Hu reunited with his nephew in the United States. He asked his nephew where his mother and father were and was told that his mother has not been heard from and his father was in a labor camp in Shanxi, but had since been in a car accident and died.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: King Hu


text:
Talk:List of mayors of Houston

Vietnamese
The Vietnamese name for "Mayor of Houston" is: WhisperToMe (talk) 05:48, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thị Trưởng Houston
 * From: "HISD và Thư Viện Công Cộng sẽ Thưởng Các Học Sinh Đọc Sách Mùa Hè." Houston ISD. May 14, 2005.

Move to Mayor of Houston?
Seems a little backwards that we have a 'list', but no 'main article' on this topic. I doubt we need both at this point, but perhaps we should rescope this a little more generally, keep all the current content, and include something on past and upcoming elections? I note we already have an article on Chris Hollins (politician), largely on the strength of running for this, so it's probably fairly notable in itself. 109.255.211.6 (talk) 20:47, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of mayors of Houston


text: File:BlueManGroupAudio.jpg

title: File:BlueManGroupAudio.jpg


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Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas

Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas (8 July 1922 – 22 October 2003), was a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat and politician, presidential candidate in 1968 and 1973. He was Director General of the Ministry of Interior Affairs; and also Minister of Justice (in 1964) and Minister of Foreign Affairs, between 1994 and 1999. He was a candidate to be Secretary of the Organization of American States (OEA) in 1994.

Biography
Burelli Rivas, was born in La Puerta, Venezuela. His father's ancestors came from the Italian island of Elba (Tuscany) in the 19th century. He graduated as lawyer with a post-graduate degree in Political Sciences in University of Florence and a post-graduate degree in law from the University of Madrid, Spain. Miguel Angel Burelli spoke fluently Italian, English, French, Portuguese and of course Spanish.

He was forced into exile in Spain in the mid-1950s under Marcos Pérez Jiménez. There he married María Briceño Picón, daughter of writer & politician Mario Briceño Iragorry.

He served as Director of the National Electoral Council (CNE); Minister of Justice; Ambassador of Venezuela to the United States; Ambassador of Venezuela to Colombia; Ambassador of Venezuela to the United Kingdom. He successively ran for the Presidency of the Republic (1968 election and 1973 election). He was President of the Commission in charge of organizing the Third United Nations Conference on Maritime Law (1973–1974), Director of the Institute for Latin America Higher Studies of the Simón Bolívar University in Caracas) and also author of several famous books. He was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and Foreign Minister of Venezuela (1994–1999).

Miguel Angel Burelli also served as Director of the National Electoral Council (CNE); Minister of Justice; Ambassador of Venezuela to the United States and to Colombia & the United Kingdom.

He was Director General of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and -under the presidency of Rafael Caldera- was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela in 1994–1999.

Miguel Angel Burelli was author of several books:

Afirmación de Venezuela: itinerario de una inquietud (1971), La democracia en América Latina: frustraciones y perspectivas (1979), Caricatura de democracia (1990), Versiones y pasiones (1990), De la integración andina (1993), El asilo como derecho (1998).

After his death were published: Biografía del Cardenal Quintero (2005) and En Primera Persona, his autobiography edited in 2009.

He was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and worked successfully in Latin America when Foreign Minister of Venezuela (1994–1999).

Personal life and death
After retiring from politics, he died peacefully on 10/22/2003 in Washington, D.C., USA, after suffering from lung cancer and cerebral hemorrhage.

title: Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas


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Pulmonary artery

A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. The largest pulmonary artery is the main pulmonary artery or pulmonary trunk from the heart, and the smallest ones are the arterioles, which lead to the capillaries that surround the pulmonary alveoli.

Structure
The pulmonary arteries are blood vessels that carry systemic venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the microcirculation of the lungs. Unlike in other organs where arteries supply oxygenated blood, the blood carried by the pulmonary arteries is deoxygenated, as it is venous blood returning to the heart. The main pulmonary arteries emerge from the right side of the heart and then split into smaller arteries that progressively divide and become arterioles, eventually narrowing into the capillary microcirculation of the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary trunk

In order of blood flow, the pulmonary arteries start as the pulmonary trunk that leaves the fibrous pericardium (parietal pericardium) of the ventricular outflow tract of right ventricle (also known as infundibulum or conus arteriosus. The outflow track runs superiorly and to the left, posterior to the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary trunk bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries below the arch of aorta and in front of the left main bronchus. Pulmonary trunk is short and wide – approximately 5 cm in length and 2 cm-3 cm in diameter.

The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and the left main pulmonary artery. The left main pulmonary artery is shorter than the right, passes behind and downwards the descending aorta and above the left main bronchus to the root of the left lung. Above, the left main pulmonary artery is connected to the concavity of the proximal descending aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum. The right pulmonary artery pass across the midline of the body, below the carina of trachea, and comes in front of the right main bronchus.

Branches

The left main pulmonary artery then divides into two lobar arteries, one for each lobe of the left lung.

At the right root of the lung, it bifurcates into artery that supplies the right upper lobe of the lung, in front of the right upper lobe bronchus, and interlobar artery that supplies the right middle and inferior lobes of the lung, running together with bronchus intermedius.

The right and left main pulmonary (lungs) arteries give off branches that supplies the corresponding lung lobes. In such cases it is termed lobar arteries. The lobar arteries branch into segmental arteries (roughly 1 for each segment). Segmental arteries run together with segmental bronchi, at the posterolateral surfaces of the bronchi. These in turn branch into subsegmental pulmonary arteries. These eventually form intralobular arteries. The pulmonary arteries supply the alveoli of the lungs. In contrast, bronchial arteries, that has different origins, supply the bronchi of the lungs.

Development
The pulmonary arteries originate from the truncus arteriosus and the sixth pharyngeal arch. The truncus arteriosus is a structure that forms during the development of the heart as a successor to the conus arteriosus.

By the third week of development, the endocardial tubes have developed a swelling in the part closest to the heart. The swelling is known as the bulbus cordis and the upper part of this swelling develops into the truncus arteriosus. The structure is ultimately mesodermal in origin. During development of the heart, the heart tissues undergo folding, and the truncus arteriosus is exposed to what will eventually be both the left and right ventricles. As a septum develops between the two ventricles of the heart, two bulges form on either side of the truncus arteriosus. These progressively enlarge until the trunk splits into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Failure of these processes can lead to pulmonary artery agenesis.

During early development, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

Function
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration.

In contrast to the pulmonary arteries, the bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the lungs themselves.

Pressure
The pulmonary artery pressure (PA pressure) is a measure of the blood pressure found in the main pulmonary artery. This is measured by inserting a catheter into the main pulmonary artery. The mean pressure is typically 9–18 mmHg, and the wedge pressure measured in the left atrium may be 6–12 mmHg. The wedge pressure may be elevated in left heart failure, mitral valve stenosis, and other conditions, such as sickle cell disease.

Clinical significance
The pulmonary artery is relevant in a number of clinical states. Pulmonary hypertension is used to describe an increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery, and may be defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of greater than 25 mmHg. A pulmonary artery diameter of more than 29 mm (measured on a CT scan) is often used as an indicator for pulmonary hypertension. In chest X-rays, a diameter of more than 16 mm for the right descending pulmonary artery is also an indicator for pulmonary hypertension. This may occur as a result of heart problems such as heart failure, lung or airway disease such as COPD or scleroderma, or thromboembolic disease such as pulmonary embolism or emboli seen in sickle cell anaemia. Most recently, computational fluid based tools (non-invasive) have been proposed to be at par with the current clinical tests (invasive) of pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation. This may arise from a deep venous thrombosis, especially after a period of immobility. A pulmonary embolus is a common cause of death in patients with cancer and stroke. A large pulmonary embolus that becomes lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and right main pulmonary arteries is called a saddle embolus.

Several animal models have been utilized for investigating pulmonary artery related pathologies. Porcine model of pulmonary artery is the most frequently used and it was recently found that their mechanical properties vary with every subsequent branching.

title: Pulmonary artery


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Mbombela

Mbombela, formerly Nelspruit, is a city in northeastern South Africa. It is the capital of the Mpumalanga province. Located on the Crocodile River, the city lies about 110 km by road west of the Mozambique border, 330 km east of Johannesburg and 82 km north of the Eswatini border. Mbombela was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

History
San rock art and Iron Age archaeological evidence indicate the area has a long history of human habitation. Construction for the Mpumalanga legislature revealed farming settlements, storage pits, burial sites, and pottery ranging from the 6th to 17th century. The presence of cattle bones at the Riverside site is thought to be evidence that early Nguni practices of labola originated in eastern South Africa.

The city was founded in 1895 by three brothers of the Nel family who grazed their cattle around the site in the winter months. During the Boer War, Nelspruit served briefly as the seat of government for the South African Republic, an independent Boer republic (not to be confused with the Republic of South Africa).

The settlement was a key stopover for the Eastern Railway built by the Netherlands-South African Railway Company in the late 19th century which ran from the newly discovered Witwatersrand goldfields to Delagoa Bay in Portuguese East Africa (modern-day Maputo, Mozambique). The discovery of gold in Mpumalanga, such as at Pilgrim's Rest and Barberton, encouraged further development.

The history of Nelspruit occurred along segregated lines. Under Apartheid’s policy of separate development, Black people were forcibly removed from the town to Lekazi, Kanyamazane, and other outlying areas as menial labour reserve. In the early 1970s, Nelpark was formed as a Coloured district and Valencia Park as a South Asian area in the town. Youth centres, public amenities, and schools such as Nelspruit Laerskool were reserved for the town’s white population.

Name change
In October 2009, the South African government renamed the city "Mbombela", the name of the local municipality. The Kruger Lowveld Chamber of Business and Tourism subsequently approached the High Court of South Africa to challenge the decision, citing a lack of both consultation and city funds available to pay for roadsign and website name changes. Ultimately, the name change was upheld in May 2014 by the North Gauteng High Court. Mbombela means "many people together in a small space" in Siswati.

Education and research institutions
The city has four major public high schools and a TVET college (Ehlanzeni); more schools across all age groups are being built in response to overcrowding.

The city hosts the University of Mpumalanga (UMP). Established in 2014 with an intake of 140 students, it had over 4,300 students as of 2020. The Tshwane University of Technology has a satellite campus in the city with over 1,500 students, and UNISA has an office offering online courses.

The city is home to the Agricultural Research Council's Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops and the Lowveld National Botanical Garden. Citrus Research International (CRI) has a major facility in the city. The Lowveld College of Agriculture, located near UMP, also conducts research in the field of botany.

Road
The city is on the Maputo Corridor, a major trade route linking Pretoria to Maputo in Mozambique which, with the Trans-Kalahari Corridor, forms a transport trunk that crosses the entire sub-continent from Walvis Bay in Namibia on the Atlantic Ocean to Maputo on the Indian Ocean. The N4 toll route is the main arterial route forming the Maputo Corridor, connecting to eMalahleni and Pretoria in the west with Maputo in the east.

A new Northern Bypass was built for the N4 toll route (opened on 13 June 2010) and the old road through the city centre (Samora Machel Drive) was redesignated as the R104 route. Other roads in the area include the R40 route (which connects to Barberton, a border with eSwatini in the south and with White River in the north) and the R37 route (which connects to Mashishing in the north-west).

Tolling

The N4, managed by Trans African Concessions (TRAC), involves payment of toll: Traffic heading on the N4 E (the direction of Maputo) must pass through the Nkomazi Toll Plaza, about 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of Mbombela, while traffic heading on the N4 W (the direction of eMalahleni) must pass through the Machado Toll Plaza, about 107 kilometres (66 mi) west of Mbombela.

Rail
Mbombela railway station lies on the Pretoria–Maputo railway.

Air
Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport, located about 27 km north east of the city, began operations in October 2002. Scheduled flights operate to locations within South Africa and abroad (to Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique). The R360 million complex has a 3.1 km runway which can accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 747. The airport currently handles about 250,000 passengers per annum.

Nelspruit Airport, located about 9 km south west of the city, is the city's original airport owned and operated by the municipality. It primarily handles general aviation aircraft, and several aircraft maintenance, firefighting, charter and training companies are based at the airport.

Suburbs and townships
This list includes suburbs within the city proper of Mbombela as well as surrounding satellite townships and villages:

 * West Acres
 * Steiltes
 * Sonheuwel
 * Riverside
 * Alkmaar
 * Nelsville
 * Valencia Park
 * Nelindia
 * Stonehenge
 * Kaapschehoop
 * Kamagugu
 * Vintonia
 * The Rest
 * Nelspruit Central (CBD)
 * Ngodwana
 * Pumlanga
 * KaNyamazane
 * Pienaar
 * Schagen
 * KaBokweni
 * Matsulu
 * Karino
 * Masoyi
 * KaMsogwaba

Tourism
The city is a major stopover point for tourists travelling to Kruger National Park and to Mozambique. Other tourism attractions nearby include Sudwala Caves, and God's Window in the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, a lookout point which provides a panoramic view over the famous Drakensberg Escarpment. The city is the nearest major South African city to Mozambique's capital, Maputo, and as such the city receives significant tourism from Mozambican locals. The city is also home to the Lowveld National Botanical Garden, set in 154 hectares of land along the eastern bank of the Crocodile River and containing around 500 species of plant species indigenous to the area.

Alkmaar Raceway
The Alkmaar Raceway is a motocross track. It hosted the 2008 FIM Motocross World Championship South African Motocross Grand Prix.

Mbombela Stadium
Mbombela Stadium was built as an association football and rugby union stadium for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Finished in November 2009 and costing R1.2 billion, it has a capacity of 43,500; and the construction process contained several controversies. The stadium hosted four 2010 FIFA World Cup matches and is the current home of the Pumas rugby team.

In 2013 it hosted two rugby test matches between Italy and Samoa, followed by South Africa and Scotland. The Stadium hosts regular Premier Soccer League matches with Bidvest Wits, Kaizer Chiefs, Orlando Pirates and Mpumalanga Black Aces regularly playing host.

Mbombela Golf Club
Mbombela Golf Club was originally the Nelspruit Golf Club until 2017. Following an incident in which a black caddie was allegedly assaulted by four white golfers, the club's name was changed, alongside other commitments to increase the number of black staff and pay caddies a basic salary.

Print
Lowveld Media is a major printer and publisher of newsprint materials in the region. Major newspapers include the Lowvelder, Mpumalanga News and Nelspruit Post. African Eye News Service is an established news agency in the city which writes articles for national newspapers and websites.

Broadcasting
The SABC has a regional office in the city. Jacaranda FM operates a studio near the Emnotweni Casino.

Ligwalagwala FM is the largest SABC-owned radio station in the city and the Mpumalanga Province. It is a public broadcaster which primarily broadcasts in the Swazi language.

RISE FM (originally named MPowerFM before it was bought out by the Times Media Group) is an independent commercial radio station broadcasting in English from studios in the city and eMalahleni to the province of Mpumalanga, and the Afrikaans local community radio station Radio Laeveld 100.5fm broadcasts to the Lowveld area from the city.

The town is mentioned in the TV show The Chelsea Detective S2 E3.

Culture
The city contains several entertainment venues, the most prominent being the Emnotweni Casino complex. The city has a civic centre (built in 1994) with a large theatre, which can be hired by both amateurs and professionals, but recently the centre has fallen into disrepair. Mbombela has its own version of concert in the park with annual performances by musicians in the Lowveld National Botanical Gardens.

Several cultural and agricultural shows are hosted annually, including:
 * Innibos Laeveld Nasionale Kunstefees
 * Wegbreekfees
 * Lowveld Air Show
 * The Mpumalanga Show
 * The Lowveld Agri Show
 * The Nelspruit Motor Show
 * The Colour Run

Economy
The international grilled-chicken fast food restaurant chain Galito's was founded and is headquartered in the city.

Finance
The city is the financial and banking capital of Mpumalanga.

Retail
The city has a strong consumer-based retail industry boosted significantly by neighbouring Mozambican and Swazi tourists. There are various major shopping centers, notably the Riverside and Ilanga malls. Recent developments include the Crossing Shopping Center and the City Center.

Industry
The city is home to the Manganese Metal Company (MMC) and Delta EMD, which together form one of the largest manganese processing facilities in the world. There are several medium industries which support the agriculture and forestry sectors.

Agriculture
The city is a key agricultural processing hub for northeastern South Africa. The macadamia industry is centred within the city, with an annual production for the 2017/18 production year of 26,400 tons NIS (nut-in shell at 1.5% kernel moisture content). There are many citrus farms and the canning, juicing and extract of citrus fruit and other produce is a large business for the area. Fertile soils and the subtropical climate provide perfect conditions for the growing of citrus and tropical fruits, mainly mango, banana, avocado, papaya and macadamia nuts.

Sugar is also big business in the region. TSB, the producer of Selati sugar, is located a few kilometres east of the city. The low-lying areas in the region is dotted with sugarcane farms.

Forestry
The economy is heavily reliant on the forestry sector. SAPPI has a paper mill in the small town of Ngodwana, about 44 km south-west of the city which was recently upgraded to produce cellulose fibers for various applications. The city is the global headquarters of KISHUGU which is the parent company of Working on Fire. KISHUGU is also a major player in the forestry sector. The region has several timber-related industries such as lumber and saw mills as well as furniture, crate and carton manufacturing businesses.

International relations
The city is twinned with:
 * Maia, Portugal

Mozambique has a consulate in the city.

Climate
The city features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with mild winters and hot summers. Summers are hot and somewhat humid complete with high precipitation. Winters in the city are dry, with relatively warm temperatures during the day and chilly temperatures at night.

People

 * Beth Diane Armstrong, sculptor
 * Matthew Clay, swimmer, gold medallist in the 50m backstroke at the 2006 Commonwealth Games (representing England)
 * Faf de Klerk, Springbok rugby player
 * Cliff Drysdale, professional tennis player and television presenter
 * Robert Gumede, businessman
 * Anton Haig, professional golfer
 * Janneman Malan, Proteas cricket team player
 * Pieter Malan, South Africa national cricket team player
 * Rebecca Malope, gospel music personality
 * Mandisa Mashego, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature
 * Heyneke Meyer, Springbok rugby coach
 * Nicholas Nkuna, actor
 * Ray Phiri, musician
 * Monique Smit, professional golfer
 * Renske Stoltz, South Africa national netball team player
 * Lucas Thwala, South Africa national football team player
 * Duane Vermeulen, Springbok rugby player
 * Pedrie Wannenburg, Springbok rugby player
 * Costa Titch, Hip Hop personality

title: Mbombela


text:
Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi

Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi ( Because even a mother-in-law was a daughter-in-law once) is an Indian Hindi-language soap opera that aired from 3 July 2000 to 6 November 2008 on Star Plus. The show was co-produced by Shobha Kapoor and Ekta Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms.

The show revolved around an ideal daughter-in-law, the daughter of a pandit married to the grandson of business tycoon Govardhan Virani. The role of Tulsi Virani was played by Smriti Irani, who holds the record for winning 5 consective Best Actress-Popular awards from Indian Television Academy Awards and 2 Indian Telly Awards. Debuting alongside Kaun Banega Crorepati on July 3rd, 2000 on StarPlus, Kyunki... was the most successful serial at it's time, garnering double digit TRPs Television Rating Points for six continuous years, peaking at 22.4 in May 2001. Kyunki... marked a turning point for producer Ekta Kapoor and StarPlus, and resulted in iconic serials Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series), forming the big 3 for the channel through the 2000s. The show won 5 consecutive Best Serial-Popular awards from ITA and 6 consecutive Best Continuing Serials from Indian Telly Awards.

Plot
Set in Mumbai, the series focuses on the wealthy Gujarati Virani family where the three daughters-in-law, Savita, Daksha and Gayatri, control the whole family and create trouble for their wise and kind-hearted mother-in-law Amba. Savita fixes her son Mihir's marriage to the arrogant Payal, but he falls in love with and marries the family priest's daughter Tulsi. The Viranis accept Tulsi, who eventually wins over Savita and has a son, Gautam. Mihir gets into an accident and is presumed dead.

Mihir survives, but he has memory loss. His caretaker, Dr. Mandira, falls in love with him. Her brother Anupam proposes to Tulsi, who agrees but cancels their marriage when Mihir turns out to be alive. He regains his memory. Mandira fakes being pregnant with his child, and Tulsi becomes pregnant again. Payal conspires against the Viranis, but is exposed. Tulsi gives Gautam to Mihir's brother, Kiran, and his wife, Aarti, who are childless. Tulsi delivers a daughter, Shobha. Aarti and Kiran leave India with Gautam.

20 years later
Tulsi and Mihir have another son, Harsh. Gautam returns with Kiran and Aarti, who now have a daughter Karishma. He learns about his birth parents. Tulsi wants Gautam to marry Ganga, but he weds his own love, Teesha. Gautam's cousin, Sahil, marries Ganga while Shobha marries Vishal. Teesha and her unborn child die in an accident planned by Mandira that was meant for Tulsi.

Gautam remarries Damini, who is later pregnant at the same time as Ganga. Ganga miscarries, and Damini delivers twins, Mayank and Nakul. Damini and Gautam give Nakul to Sahil and Ganga. Vishal dies, making Shobha widowed. Harsh turns out to be Tulsi's cousin, Kesar's son. Kesar has switched Harsh with Tulsi's real son, Ansh who was then raised by Aditya Gujral. Ansh is obsessed with Nandini.

Tulsi accepts Mihir and Mandira's son, Karan, who loves her more than Mandira. Though Karan and Nandini are in love, he gets her married to Ansh who maritally rapes her. Lawyer and Tulsi's friend Meera Singhania becomes fond of Mihir. Tulsi shoots Ansh to death as he tries to kill Nandini, who delivers her and Ansh's daughter, Bhoomi before lapsing into a coma. Karan marries his friend Tanya to care for Bhoomi. Ganga and Sahil have a son, Lakshya.

3 years later
Tanya is pregnant. Nandini wakes up from the coma and lives with Karan. Shobha leaves Abhishek, learning he and Rathi killed Vishal. Nandini, who is pregnant, kills Aditya to save Bhoomi from kidnapping, and gets jailed for 14 years. Tanya gives birth to a son named Manthan. Gautam adopts Eklavya, Ansh and his first wife Shraddha's son. Sahil falls in love with Tripti.

Meera falls for Mihir and conspires with Mandira against Tulsi. Savita vows to expose them but meets with an accident planned by them. Being paralyzed, she asks Tulsi to unplug her life support and dies. Meera makes Mihir to believe that Tulsi killed Savita. Believing her, Mihir expels Tulsi who is later presumed to be dead in a bus accident. The Viranis are left shattered and Mihir becomes an alcoholic, blaming himself for Tulsi's death. Tulsi heads to Haridwar, where she sees a newborn child being abandoned by her father. Tulsi saves the child and raises her, naming her Krishna Tulsi.

20 years later
Tulsi's grandchildren are grown-up. Tulsi lives in Haridwar with Krishna Tulsi. Krishna comes to Mumbai for her education. Tanya and Karan divorce. Nandini returns and Karan remarries her. Karan-Nandini tries to find their lost son, but fails. Sahil divorces Tripti realizing her true intentions and marries Ganga. Tulsi returns and unites with the Viranis, Meera is exposed and imprisoned for Savita's murder. Krishna Tulsi and Laksh are in love, but she marries Eklavya, who is a lookalike of his father Ansh. Amba dies leaving the entire inheritance to an unknown person in her will. In the final episode, Tulsi's best friend Parvati Agarwal meets up with Tulsi, and reveals that she has brought up the inheritor of Baa's property, Parth (Karan and Nandini's long lost son).

Main

 * Smriti Irani as Tulsi Virani: Virani priest's daughter; Kesar's cousin; Mihir's wife; Gautam, Shobha and Ansh's mother; Karan's step-mother; Harsh and Krishna's adoptive mother; Ekalavya, Mayank, Nakul, Pushkar, Bhoomi and Pari's grandmother; Manthan and Parth's step-grandmother; Archita's adoptive grandmother
 * Amar Upadhyay / Inder Kumar / Ronit Roy as Mihir Virani: Mansukh and Savita's elder son; Kiran's brother; Tulsi's husband; Gautam, Shobha, Karan and Ansh's father; Harsh's adoptive father; Ekalavya, Mayank, Nakul, Pushkar, Bhoomi, Pari, Manthan and Parth's grandfather; Archita's adoptive grandfather
 * Dinesh Thakur / Sudhir Dalvi as Govardhan Virani: Amba's husband; Mansukh, Himmat, Jamnadas and Pragya's father; Mihir, Kiran, Chirag, Suhasi, Hemant, Sejal and Vikram's grandfather; Gautam, Shobha, Karan, Ansh, Karishma, Savri, Bavri, Hitesh, Tushar, Aniket, Tarun, Sahil and Indira's great-grandfather. (Dead)
 * Sudha Shivpuri as Amba Virani: Govardhan's widow; Mansukh, Himmat, Jamnadas and Pragya's mother; Mihir, Kiran, Chirag, Suhasi, Hemant, Sejal and Vikram's grandmother; Gautam, Shobha, Karan, Ansh, Karishma, Savri, Bavri, Hitesh, Tushar, Aniket, Tarun, Sahil and Indira's great-grandmother. (Dead)
 * Mandira Bedi / Achint Kaur as Dr. Mandira Gujral – Anupam's sister; Mihir's doctor and lover; Aditya's widow; Karan's mother; Manthan and Parth's grandmother.
 * Jaya Bhattacharya as Payal Mehra – Mihir's ex-fiancée; Pratap's wife; Vishal and Urvashi's mother; Pushkar's grandmother.
 * Shakti Singh as Mansukh Virani – Govardhan and Amba's eldest son; Himmat, Jamnadas and Pragya's brother; Savita's husband; Mihir and Kiran's father; Gautam, Shobha, Karan, Ansh and Karishma's grandfather. (Dead)
 * Apara Mehta as Savita Mansukh Virani – Mansukh's wife; Mihir and Kiran's mother; Gautam, Shobha, Karan, Ansh and Karishma's grandmother. (Dead)
 * Sumeet Sachdev as Gautam "Gomzy" Virani – Tulsi and Mihir's elder son; Kiran and Aarti's adoptive son; Shobha and Ansh's brother; Karan's half-brother; Harsh and Karishma's adoptive brother; Teesha's widower; Damini's husband; Mayank and Nakul's father; Eklavya's adoptive father.
 * Riva Bubber / Ravee Gupta as Damini Joshi Virani – Gautam's wife; Mayank and Nakul's mother; Eklavya's adoptive mother.
 * Rahul Lohani as Mayank Virani – Gautam and Damini's elder son; Nakul's brother; Eklavya's adoptive brother.
 * Naman Shaw as Nakul Virani – Gautam and Damini's younger son; Sahil and Ganga's adoptive son; Mayank's brother; Lakshaya and Joydeep's adoptive brother; Sanchi's husband.
 * Kratika Sengar Dheer / Anita Hassanandani as Sanchi Virani – Nakul's wife.
 * Ritu Chaudhary as Shobha Virani Choudhary – Tulsi and Mihir's daughter; Gautam and Ansh's sister; Karan's half-sister; Harsh's adoptive sister; Vishal's widow; Abhishek's wife; Pushkar and Pari's mother.
 * Palak Jain as Child Shobha Virani.
 * Vivan Bhatena / Nasir Khan as Abhishek Choudhary – Shobha's second husband; Pari's father.
 * Rohit Bakshi as Vishal Mehra – Payal and Pratap's son; Urvashi's brother; Shobha's first husband; Pushkar's father. (Dead)
 * Garima Bhatnagar as Pari Choudhary – Shobha and Abhishek's daughter; Pushkar's half-sister.
 * Hiten Tejwani as Karan Virani – Mihir and Mandira's son; Tulsi's adoptive son; Gautam, Shobha and Ansh's half-brother; Harsh's adoptive brother; Tanya's ex-husband; Nandini's husband; Manthan and Parth's father; Bhoomi's adoptive father.
 * Gauri Pradhan Tejwani as Nandini Thakkar Virani – Ansh's ex-wife; Karan's wife; Bhoomi and Parth's mother.
 * Rakshanda Khan as Tanya Malhotra – Kaushalya's daughter; Karan's ex-wife; Manthan's mother; Bhoomi's adoptive mother.
 * Akashdeep Saigal as
 * Ansh Virani – Tulsi and Mihir's younger son; Aditya's adoptive son; Gautam and Shobha's brother; Karan's half-brother; Harsh's adoptive brother; Shraddha and Nandini's ex-husband; Eklavya and Bhoomi's father. (Dead)
 * Eklavya Virani – Shraddha and Ansh's son; Gautam and Damini's adoptive son; Bhoomi's half-brother; Mayank's adoptive brother; Krishna Tulsi's husband.
 * Amey Pandya as Child Eklavya Virani
 * Mouni Roy as Krishna Tulsi Virani – Tulsi's namesake; Lakshya's ex-love interest; Eklavya's wife.
 * Reshmi Ghosh as Bhoomi Virani – Nandini and Ansh's daughter; Karan and Tanya's adoptive daughter; Eklavya and Parth's half-sister; Manthan's adoptive sister; Joydeep's wife.
 * Chinky Jaiswal as Child Bhoomi Virani.
 * Manav Vij as Joydeep Virani – Sahil and Tripti's son; Ganga's adoptive son; Lakshaya's half-brother; Nakul's adoptive brother; Bhoomi's husband.
 * Amit Tandon / Vishal Watwani / Amit Tandon as Manthan Virani – Karan and Tanya's son; Parth's half-brother; Bhoomi's adoptive brother.
 * Mehul Kajaria as Harsh Virani – Kesar and Raj's son; Tulsi and Mihir's adopted son; Gautam, Shobha, Karan and Ansh's adopted brother; Mohini's husband; Archita's father.
 * Tassnim Sheikh as Mohini Virani – Harsh's wife; Archita's mother.
 * Jiten Lalwani as Kiran Virani – Mansukh and Savita's younger son; Mihir's brother; Aarti's ex-husband; Karishma's father; Gautam's adoptive father.
 * Eva Grover / Rushali Arora as Aarti Virani – Kiran's ex-wife; Karishma's mother; Gautam's adoptive mother.
 * Kiran Dubey as Karishma Virani Dey – Aarti and Kiran's daughter; Gautam's adoptive sister; Shantanu's wife.
 * Narendra Jha as Shantanu Dey – Karishma's husband
 * Jitendra Trehan as Himmat Virani – Govardhan and Amba's second son; Daksha's husband; Mansukh, Jamnadas and Pragya's brother; Chirag and Suhasi's father; Savri, Bavri, Hitesh, Tushar and Aniket's grandfather
 * Ketki Dave as Daksha Virani – Himmat's wife; Chirag and Suhasi's mother; Savri, Bavri, Hitesh, Tushar and Aniket's grandmother
 * Hussain Kuwajerwala / Amit Mistry as Chirag Virani – Himmat and Daksha's son; Suhasi's brother; Prajakta's husband; Savri, Bavri and Hitesh's father
 * Tuhina Vohra as Prajakta Virani – Chirag's wife; Savri, Bavri and Hitesh's mother
 * Masumi Mevawala as Savri Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's elder daughter; Bavri and Hitesh's sister
 * Amita Chandekar as Bavri Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's younger daughter; Savri and Hitesh's sister
 * Hansika Motwani / Chandni Bhagwanani as Child Bavri Virani
 * Aditya Kapadia as Hitesh Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's son; Savri and Bavri's brother
 * Pooja Ghai Rawal as Suhasi Virani Mehta – Daksha and Himmat's daughter; Chirag's sister; Rakesh's wife; Tushar's mother; Aniket's step-mother
 * Prashant Bhatt as Rakesh Mehta – Suhasi's husband; Tushar and Aniket's father
 * Shabbir Ahluwalia as Aniket Mehta – Rakesh's son; Suhasi's step-son; Tushar's half-brother
 * Karanvir Bohra / Pradeep Kharab / Sameer Sharma as Tushar Mehta – Rakesh and Suhasi's son; Aniket's half-brother; Kanika's husband
 * Gunjan Walia as Kanika Virani – Tushar's wife
 * Muni Jha as Jamnadas Virani – Amba and Govardhan's youngest son; Mansukh, Himmat and Pragya's brother; Gayatri's husband; Hemant and Sejal's father; Tarun and Sahil's grandfather
 * Kamalika Guha Thakurta as Gayatri Virani – Jamnadas's wife; Hemant and Sejal's mother; Tarun and Sahil's grandmother
 * Shakti Anand as Hemant Virani – Jamnadas and Gayatri's son; Sejal's brother; Pooja's husband; Tarun and Sahil's father; Lakshya and Joydeep's grandfather
 * Prachi Shah as Pooja Virani – Hemant's wife; Tarun and Sahil's mother; Lakshya and Joydeep's grandmother
 * Sandeep Baswana / Amit Sarin as Sahil Virani – Hemant and Pooja's younger son; Tarun's brother; Tripti's ex-husband; Ganga's husband; Lakshaya and Joydeep's father; Nakul's adoptive father.
 * Shilpa Saklani as Ganga Virani – Sahil's wife; Lakshya's mother; Nakul and Joydeep's adoptive mother.
 * Abhijit Khurana / Alok Arora as Tarun Virani – Hemant and Pooja's elder son; Sahil's brother.
 * Suvarna Jha as Tripti Virani – Sahil's ex-wife; Joydeep's mother
 * Pulkit Samrat / Yash Pandit as Lakshya Virani – Ganga and Sahil's son; Joydeep's half-brother; Nakul's adoptive brother;Krishna Tulsi ex-love interest Vaidehi's husband.
 * Tia Bajpai as Vaidehi Virani – Lakshya's wife

Directors
The show was directed by many directors starting with Kaushik Ghatak who initially directed the series for 150 episodes. As it progressed, it was directed by Ashish Patil, Nivedita Basu, Suraj Rao, Santosh Badal, Dharmesh Shah, Santram Varma, Santosh Bhatt, Garry Bhinder, Deepak Chavan, Sanotsh Bhatt, Fahad Kashmiri, Avhiroop Mazzumdar, Jeetu Arora, Santosh Kolhe, Vicky Chauhan, Rohit Dwivedi, Deepak Sharma, Shyam Maheshwari, Talat Jani, Hitesh Tejwani, Anoop Chaudhary and V.G Roy.

Development
The shooting of the serial began on 7 April 2000. On 13 April 2005, the serial completed 1000 episodes which aired for 45 minutes rather than usual 30 minutes where producer Ekta Kapoor herself was seen in the episode. Aksahdeep Saigal's entry scene in 2004 as Ansh Gujral was the serial's costliest scene shot which cost about ₹|Rs. 5 Lakhs.

The show took a leap in story three times including 20 years leap on 18 February 2002, followed by a 3 years leap and again a 20 years leap on 7 June 2006.

Before its premiere, the serial's name was Amma, but actor and director Sachin Pilgaonkar gave it the name Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi to Balaji Telefilms. Kyunki was added to the beginning of the name by Ekta Kapoor.

Besides shooting in India, the series was filmed in foreign locations including Sydney, Australia in 2003 and Switzerland. In India the series was filmed at Mumbai's Powai, Kandivali, Film City at Goregaon.

In 2007 and 2008, the series had a crossover with Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii.

Casting
The character Mihir was named after Ekta Kapoor's school friend Mihir Shah. The character Tulsi was adopted from Harkishan Mehta's work, Jad Chetan.

Earlier, Jignesh Gandhi was cast as Mihir. However, later the role's contenders were Amar Upadhyay and Cezzane Khan. Upadhyay was chosen while Khan went for Kasautii Zindagii Kay. Smiti Irani, auditioning among many girls, was initially rejected by the production house casting team stating her as 'not fit for TV'. But, producer Ekta Kapoor overruled them and cast her as Tulsi having great faith in her.

After Amar Upadhyay quit in 2001, after the death of his character, nationwide protests made him return. In 2002, on a generation leap, Upadhyay quit to venture into Bollywood and was replaced by Inder Kumar. After Kumar quit later that year, he was replaced by Ronit Roy as Mihir who played the role until the end.

In June 2007, Smriti Irani playing Tulsi quit the serial as she was busy producing her serials and was replaced by Gautami Kapoor. However, in April 2008, Irani returned and Kapoor's character was revealed as Tulsi's imposter.

Cancellation
On 10 October 2008, a notice was sent to the production house by the channel to terminate the serial by 10 November 2008 stating the declining ratings since July 2008.

To save the series from cancellation, the production house took Star TV to Bombay High Court seeking for the stay order asserting that they had a contract through March 2009 and that the channel had not provided appropriate promotion while the channel pointed out the cancellation due to declining ratings as per agreement. The court refused the stay order and the claims were dismissed on 3 November 2008. The series went off air on 6 November 2008.

Critics
Shailaja Bajpai from The Indian Express said, "Kyunki... 's success was due to the fact that it was a universal story that appealed to everyone. It was a winning combination of piety and family. The show celebrated all the big festivals, it was all packaged very well, there was drama and melodrama."

Another report from The Indian Express praising on the ratings delivered during its airing time slot said, "While prime-time television viewing is between 8 to 11 pm, the 9 to 10 pm block was considered safe because it delivered better ratings during the days of the weeklies. But the rule of game changed with Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and Kahanii Ghar Ghar Kii which made the late prime-time (10 to 11 pm) extremely popular." The ratings delivered by this series in its slot was not achieved by any other shows launched after its off airing.

The Tribune, comparing women's depiction in the series with some of the Star World English series stated, "The women in Ally McBeal or Friends are nothing like those in Kyunki... or Kahaani Ghar.... Professionally competent, in control of their lives they are not to be held back by any stereotypical demands made on them. Perhaps one of the reasons for its (Kyunki...) success is the strong element of empathy it evokes.... what it depicts is probably kahaani ghar ghar ki (The story of every house)."

Ratings
Produced with the backdrop of Mumbai and the concept of an ideal Gujarati joint family, the show made Producer Ekta Kapoor and Star Plus achieve great heights of success, by not only being the number 1 show on Indian Television which ran for eight constant long years, but also receiving great TRPs.

It was the consistently most watched Hindi GEC (general entertainment channel) overall until 2005 and the following years saw its position consistently in top five television programs.

Until five weeks after its premiere, the ratings did not languish. After that, it started to rise gradually and also became the second most watched Hindi show of 2000 after Kaun Banega Crorepati with an average TRP of 6.4. In 2001, it averaged 12.04 TVR. In 2002 and 2003, it had an average of 12.50 and 12.30 TVR while in 2004 it was 11.42 TVR with a peak of 19.41 TVR maintaining its top position mostly with its higher ratings.

In March 2001, the series garnered its all-time high ratings of 22.4 TVR when the lead character Mihir returned to life on popular demand and protests. In week during 7 May to 13 May 2001, it was at first position with 16.6 TVR. On 24 May 2001, it garnered 14.7 TVR. On the week ending 26 September 2001, it topped the TRP list with 18.8 TVR. From 14 October to 20 October 2001 it garnered 12.74 TVR while during the same time in the next year 2002, it garnered 9.84 TVR.

In third week of August 2002, it maintained its top position garnering 15.9 TVR.

On week ending 22 November 2003, it was the most watched with 10.1 TVR.

In 2005, it remained the most watched Hindi show however with about 10 TVR garnered lesser than previous years. As months passed, the TVR of the series decreased from double digits to single digit after 2006 due to fragmentation in viewership, however mostly maintaining its top position until months before its end. In week ending 1 March 2006, it maintained its top position garnering 9 TVR. It achieved its highest ratings of 14.17, 14.31 and 13 TVR on 31 July 2006, 29 August 2006 and 4 September 2006 during the year.

During the second week of January 2007, it garnered 6.3 TVR. In early March 2007, it garnered 4 TVR while in early June, it got 4.4 TVR. The sequence of Irani as Tulsi shown killed when she quit before being temporarily replaced by Gautami Kapoor made the ratings to increase to 7.81 and 8.09 TVR before which it was getting about 6 TVR in that year, maintaining its position in top 5 programs. After Irani was replaced by Gautami Kapoor as Tulsi in June 2007, the TVR dropped while it lost its number one position averaging 4.5 TVR while in that month it averaged 6.66 TVR overall. On 21 July 2007, it dropped to 5.3 TVR. Towards the last week in September 2007, it was beaten by Banoo Main Teri Dulhann with Kyunki... garnering 5.51 TVR and Banoo... getting 5.62 TVR. However overall, it was one of the top rated series of the year with its rating garnered less than the previous years.

In early 2008, Kyunki... had an average of 5 TVR, being one of the most watched series while on eventually it dropped to 2.5 TVR months before its end which made the channel to axe the series. As in week 17 of 2008, it garnered 5.5 TVR. In week ending 9 August 2008, it garnered 2.51 TVR occupying twentieth position. The final episode garnered 5.4 million viewership.

Accolades
The show also went on to receive several awards, most of which were won by Smriti Irani for her portrayal of the ideal character Tulsi. It also won Best Continuing Series at Indian Telly Awards for six consecutive years (2002–2007) and won Best Serial (Popular) for five consecutive years (2001–2005) at Indian Television Academy Awards.

The show is the longest ran daily soap on Indian television during the 2000s, running from 2000 to 2008 and completing 1833 episodes and was first Indian soap opera to cross 1000 episodes in the history of Indian Television and also entered the Limca Book of Records.

Impact
The death of the lead character Mihir Virani in early 2001 lead to fan protest marches to bring the character back. The return of Mihir Virani in March 2001 brought an all-time high rating of 22.4 TVR, despite airing at late night slot of 10:30 pm (IST), which has been one of the highest ratings ever achieved by an Indian serial.

In January 2001, despite the earthquake in Gujarat, people switched on their television sets for watching this series.

In February 2003, The Times of India reported that people started recreating the grand sets of the series in their homes in Kolkata.

In 2001, a conflict arose between Star India and the production house over the Tamil series titled Kelunga Mamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than (trans. Listen mother-in- law, you were also a daughter-in-law) which began airing from April 2001 on Sun TV. While Star stated it as an exact copy of this series violating the copyright without their knowledge, Balaji Telefilms pointed only little similarities with the title meaning and the lead character name being similar. CEO of Balaji Telefilms Sanjay Doshi stated that the script of the Tamil series was already changed after episode 15.

In September 2001, the series was blacked out in Saurashtra when Rajputs protested for naming a dog in the series as Saint Jalamsinh Jadeja. Soon, it was sorted out when Balaji Telefilms apologized for it stating it unintentional.

In January 2002, the company Procter & Gamble, for advertising their detergent brand Tide, aired a spoof of the series consisting of the cast Smriti Irani, Aparna Mehta and Muni Jha of the series which was telecast on a rival channel. Both Star and Balaji Telefilms reported it as a copyright violation considering the advertisement which uses the same sets, backdrop, announcement fonts and music along with the cast of the series. Star filed a case against Leo Burnett (Star India v Leo Burnett) and the case was heard before Bombay court in 2003.

In February 2002, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation lodged a FIR at Andheri police station against Star TV and Balaji Telefilms when the episode aired on 5 February 2002 showed the character Puja undergoing sex determination test of her unborn child and also the doctor encouraging her for the child being a son. As per Pre-natal Diagnostic Technology (Regulation & Prevention of Misuse) Act of 1994, the test is illegal in India. Many NGOs and state women's organisations also protested against the episode's sequence. However, both Kapoor and Star were asked for an apology for portraying it to which Kapoor said, "It was not intentional. There was a slight lapse on the part of the writer of the script." while Star stated it as a genuine mistake and apologised in a subsequent episode.

In November 2004, Kapoor was summoned by National Commission for Women and Star was sent a notice following complaints from many women's groups for showing a marital rape sequence of character Nandhini by Ansh Gujral for 15 minutes in the episode aired on 14 October 2004 claiming it more sensitive considering the viewership of the series by all age groups. Kapoor's lawyer stated that they will appear on 1 December 2004, along with a copy of the episode to submit to them, while the channel defended that they were mindful of their programs and they are for general viewing. However, when Kapoor failed to appear on that day, sending her two lawyers to represent her, the case was adjourned for Kapoor's appearance on 14 December 2004. However, on her demand, it was further adjourned to 3 January 2005.

The series was dubbed in Dari language and was aired on Tolo TV in Afghanistan since 2005 becoming the first Indian television series to air there and gained huge popularity. But it was soon banned along with all other Indian series aired in 2008 with many complaints arising over the show's content.

In January 2006, protests in front of Balaji Telefilms office at Andheri took place against the depicted scene of mercy killing, which was illegal then in India, of character Savitha carried out by the lead character Tulsi in the series. However Kapoor stated, "I dealt with marital rape in Kyunki…, didn't I? Then why can't I show euthanasia? TV is fiction and we are only bringing up social issues. If there is any problem, my legal department will take care of it." while Star India's senior creative director Shailaja Kejriwal stated, "We at Star, along with Balaji Telefilms, have decided to take up (through the serials) social issues that are not talked about openly. We just though that euthanasia is a subject of great importance… we should talk about it and keep the topic alive." Smriti Irani playing Tulsi, said that she doesn't support mercy killing while she, who was uncomfortable doing it, said that she did the sequence considering that she would have been labelled as an unprofessional actor had she refused.

In January 2008, the dialogue "You and your God, go to hell" pointing against lord Vishnu in an episode said by the antagonist Suvarna Jha playing Tripti hurt the sentiments of many people and the Vaishnav community. Protests and rallies were held in Junagadh led by the priests and various Vaishnav followers who also submitted a memo to the district collector for Balaji Telefilms, Producer Ekta Kapoor and Suvarna Jha to apologise for it. Many also criticised it as a move for increasing ratings. However, Kapoor stated that it was not their intention and they also, having Vishnu in their faith, requested apology from everyone.

In February 2008, Pulkit Samrat playing Lakshya got a notice from court stating his absence for shooting and no response to phone calls from production house while Samrat stated that he attended the shoots regularly but was idle for most of the time with inconsequential scenes and so wished to work on other series. The problem arose when he earlier complained to the production house for non-payment of his dues and their contract which does not permit him to work for other production houses. After these incidents he went to court and was relieved from the series and production house after the verdict.

In 2009, the series was criticised glorifying social evils along with few other Indian television shows during the discussions in the Indian Parliament.

Acknowledging the impact of some of her shows including Kyunki..., Ekta Kapoor stated, "They were heavily stylised and melodramatic. But they actually gave Indian women a voice. There's research that shows that after cable penetration, from about 2001 to 2005, which is when my shows ran, India, for the first time, saw women take decisions on family issues. This had never happened before, and it was directly linked to the fact that we made the women in our shows do this."

Adaptations
It was remade during 2007 in Tamil language in Sri Lanka.

Awards

 * Indian Telly Awards

 * Indian Television Academy Awards

title: Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi


text:
Audio (album)

Audio is the debut studio album by Blue Man Group, released on December 7, 1999, through Virgin Records. The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album.

This album was released in two versions: The DVD had 5.1-channel versions of the music in both DVD-Video (using Dolby Digital) and DVD-Audio formats (one on each side) and a CD that had a 2-channel stereo mix of each track.

A behind-the-scenes video of the album is viewable on a promotional 2000 VHS known as Audio Video. This video is also included as a bonus on the Audio 5.1 Surround Sound DVD.

Reception
Heather Phares of AllMusic rated Audio three out of five stars. She explained that it "reflects over a decade's worth of musical and theatrical innovation." Although she stated that "the spectacle of the group playing its sculptural, surreal-looking instruments is absent from the album," she concluded her review by calling it "an album that proves the Blue Man Group is as innovative in the studio as it is onstage."

Personnel

 * Producer - Todd Perlmutter
 * Engineer - Andrew Schneider
 * Mastered By - Bob Ludwig
 * Mixed By - Mike Fraser

Blue Man Group

 * Phil Stanton - Performer [Air Poles, Extension Cord Bull Roarer, Ribbon Crasher], Percussion [Drumbone, Tubulum, Mid-octave PVC, Backpack Tubulum, Dumpster], Drums [Utne, Drum Wall, Phil Drum], Cimbalom, Timpani
 * Matt Goldman - Performer [Air Poles, Ribbon Crasher], Percussion [Low Octave PVC, Drumbone, Backpack PVC, Dumpster], Cimbalom, Bass [Upside Down], Gong [Shaker], Drums [Utne]
 * Chris Wink - Performer [Air Poles], Percussion [Doppler Toms, Tubulum, Drumbone, High-octave PVC, Dumpster, Backpack Tubulum, Piano Smasher], Cimbalom, Shaker [Utne], Drums [Drum Wall], Cuíca
 * Larry Heinemann - Chapman Stick, Bass, Guitar [Baritone], Cuica
 * Ian Pai - Drums [Drum Wall, Phil Drum], Percussion [Aronophonic, Quellum Grill]
 * Christian Dyas - Zither, Bass, Guitar [12 String], Electronics [Electric Dog Toy]
 * Todd Perlmutter - Percussion, Drums [Drum Kit, Left Side Double Drum Kit, Drum Wall, Toy Drum, Phil Drum]

Additional musicians

 * Jamie Edwards - Performer [Air Poles] (tracks: 1, 4, 14)
 * Chris Bowen - Drums [Drum Wall] (track: 7)
 * Clem Waldman - Drums [Drum Wall] (track: 5)
 * Cräg Rodriguez - Drums [Drum Wall] (track: 7), Percussion (Dumpster) (track: 12)
 * Jeff Quay - Drums [Right Side Double Drum Kit] (tracks: 2, 4, 7, 8, 12 to 14) & [Drum Wall] (tracks: 5 & 13)
 * Byron Estep - Guitar (tracks: 5, 7 & 9)
 * John Kimbrough - Guitar (track: 7)
 * Bradford Reed - Zither (tracks: 2, 4, 8, 13 & 14)
 * David Corter - Zither (tracks: 8, 9, 12, 13)
 * Elvis Lederer - Zither (track: 1) & Zither [Pressaphonic](track: 5)
 * Jens Fischer - Zither (tracks: 2, 4, 6, 11, 13 & 14)

title: Audio (album)