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Made in Japan (Deep Purple album)

Made in Japan is a double live album by English rock band Deep Purple, recorded during their first tour of Japan in August 1972. It was originally released in December 1972, with a US release in late March 1973, and became a commercial and critical success.

The band were well known for their strong stage act, and had privately recorded several shows, or broadcast them on radio, but were unenthusiastic about recording a live album until their Japanese record company decided it would be good for publicity. They insisted on supervising the live production, including using Martin Birch, who had previously collaborated with the band, as engineer, and were not particularly interested in the album's release, even after recording. The tour was successful, with strong media interest and a positive response from fans.

The album was an immediate commercial success, particularly in the US, where it was accompanied by the top five hit "Smoke on the Water", and became a steady seller throughout the 1970s. A three-CD set of most of the tour's performances was released in 1993, while a remastered edition of the album with a CD of extra tracks was released in 1998. In 2014, a deluxe edition was announced with further bonus material. The album received a strong critical reception and continues to attract praise. A Rolling Stone readers' poll in 2012 ranked Made in Japan the sixth best live album of all time.

Background and live bootlegs
Deep Purple "Mk II" formed in July 1969 when founding members, guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, organist Jon Lord and drummer Ian Paice recruited singer Ian Gillan and bassist Roger Glover to progress from their earlier pop and psychedelic rock sound towards hard rock. They began touring extensively, becoming a well received live band, and had recorded several shows either to broadcast on the radio or listen to privately. However, they had rejected the idea of releasing a live album commercially as they believed it would be impossible to reproduce the quality and experience of their stage act on an LP.

Consequently, there was a demand for bootleg recordings of the band. The most notorious of these was an LP entitled H Bomb, recorded at Aachen on 11 July 1970, which led to a subsequent court case when Virgin Records' Richard Branson was prosecuted for selling it. An article in Melody Maker that examined the bootleg phenomenon claimed that H Bomb was the best selling one at that time. This success, along with albums from other artists such as the Who's Live at Leeds and the Rolling Stones' Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out convinced the band that an official live album would be commercially successful. At the time, Glover told Sounds magazine that "there are so many bootlegs of us going around, if we put out our own live set, it should kill their market."

Tour and recording
By 1972, Deep Purple had achieved considerable commercial success in Japan, including several hit singles, so it made sense to tour there. Three dates were booked; the Festival Hall, Osaka on 11 and 12 May, and the Budokan, Tokyo on 16 May, though these were later changed to 15 and 16 August, and 17 August respectively due to an earlier US tour being rescheduled. The dates sold out almost immediately, and consequently the Japanese arm of the band's label, Warner Bros. Records, wanted to record the tour for a live album to be released in the country. The band eventually agreed to the idea, but insisted if it was going to be released, they wanted it to be done properly. Gillan recalled, "we said we would have to OK the equipment, we wanted to use our own engineer and we would have the last say on whether the tapes were released". The band enlisted producer Martin Birch, who had worked on previous studio albums, to record the shows onto an 8-track recorder so they could subsequently be mixed.

The band's live setlist had been revamped at the start of the year, immediately after recording the album Machine Head, and that album made up a substantial proportion of new material. Although the setlist remained the same for most of the year, opening with "Highway Star" and closing with "Lazy" and "Space Truckin, the band's musical skill and structure meant there was sufficient improvisation within the songs to keep things fresh. The original intention was the stage act would be used for about a year before being dropped, but Gillan and Glover both resigned from the band in June 1973. When this line-up reformed in 1984, the 1972 setlist made up a significant amount of material performed in concert.

The band arrived in Japan on 9 August, a week before the tour started, to a strong reception, and were greeted with gifts and flowers. Birch was not confident that the recording quality would be satisfactory, since the equipment supplied by Warner Bros. did not have any balance control and that the recorder's size did not appear big enough on sight to capture a commercial quality recording. The band were uninterested in the result, concentrating on simply being able to deliver a good show. Subsequently, Lord noted that he felt this attitude meant the spontaneity of the performances and interplay between the band members was captured well.

The second gig in Osaka was considered to be the stronger of the two, and indeed this show made up the bulk of the released LP. Only one song, "Smoke on the Water" from 15 August show was used, and this may simply have been because it was the only gig that Blackmore played the song's opening riff as per the studio album.

The band considered the gig at Tokyo on 17 August to be the best of the tour. Glover remembered "twelve or thirteen thousand Japanese kids were singing along to 'Child in Time and considered it a career highlight, as did Gillan. At the venue, a row of bodyguards manned the front of the stage. When Blackmore smashed his guitar during the end of "Space Truckin and threw it into the audience, several of them clambered past fans to try and retrieve it. Blackmore was annoyed, but the rest of the band found the incident amusing. The gig was not as well recorded as the Osaka shows, although "The Mule" and "Lazy" were considered of sufficient quality to make the final release.

There were no overdubs on the album. Lord claimed once in a magazine interview that a line from "Strange Kind of Woman" had to be redubbed from a different show after Gillan had tripped over his microphone cable, but no direct evidence of this was found when the multitrack tapes were examined. According to Lord, the total budget for the recording was only $3,000.

Release
The band did not consider the album to be important and only Glover and Paice showed up to mix it. According to Birch, Gillan and Blackmore have never heard the finished album. The band did not want the album to be released outside Japan and wanted full rights to the tapes, but it was released worldwide anyway.

The album was released in the UK in December 1972, with a special offer price of £3.25, the same as a typical single LP from that period. It reached number 16 in the charts. The cover was designed by Glover and featured a colour photo of the band on the front and rear covers, and black and white photos in the inside gatefold. The release in the US was delayed until April 1973, because Warner Bros. wanted to release Who Do We Think We Are first. They were motivated into releasing it due to a steady flow of UK imports being purchased, and it was an immediate commercial success, reaching number 6 in the charts. Warner Brothers also released "Smoke on the Water" as a single, coupling the live recording on Made in Japan with the studio version on Machine Head, and it reached number 4 in the Billboard charts. A recording of "Black Night" from the Tokyo gig, one of the encores that was not on the album, was released as the B-side to the single "Woman from Tokyo" in Europe, and as a single in its own right in Japan.

The Japanese release was titled Live in Japan and featured a unique sleeve design, with an overhead stage shot of the band, a selection of photographs from a gig at the Rainbow Theatre in London, and an insert with lyrics and a hand-written message from each band member. The first pressing came with a 35mm film negative with photos of the band which buyers could develop into their own prints. The sleeve notes claimed that the recording only contained the Tokyo gig, though in fact it was musically identical to the version released in the rest of the world. Future Def Leppard guitarist Phil Collen was in the audience for the Rainbow gig as captured on the sleeve.

In Uruguay, the album was released in 1974 as a single LP (with just the first two sides) on Odeon Records. It used a simplistic sleeve design unlike any other release, with a rising sun on the cover.

Reception
The band had mixed feelings about the album. Gillan was critical of his own performance, yet impressed with the quality of the recording, while Lord listed it as his favourite Deep Purple album, saying, "The band was at the height of its powers. That album was the epitome of what we stood for in those days." "It's still probably the best live rock 'n' roll album ever made," declared Paice, who suggested that the shows were some of the group's best. "And that's putting everything Led Zeppelin have done, anything Black Sabbath may have done, Bad Company, Free... As a tour de force of innovation and living on the edge and great playing with a fantastic sound, nothing comes close."

The response from critics was favourable. Rolling Stone's Jon Tiven wrote that "Made in Japan is Purple's definitive metal monster, a spark-filled execution ... Deep Purple can still cut the mustard in concert". Subsequently, a 2012 readers' poll in the magazine declared the album to be the sixth best live album of all time, adding the band have performed "countless shows since in countless permutations, but they've never sounded quite this perfect."

Recent reviews have been equally positive. Allmusic ' s William Ruhlmann considered the album to be "a definitive treatment of the band's catalog and its most impressive album". Rock author Daniel Bukszpan claimed the album is "widely acknowledged as one of the greatest live albums of all time". Goldmine magazine said the album "defined Deep Purple even as it redefined the concept of the live album." Deep Purple author Dave Thompson wrote "the standing of Deep Purple's first (and finest) live album had scarcely diminished in the quarter-century since its release".

Reissues
The original LP was a steady seller throughout the 1970s and remained in print. The first reissue on CD was in 1988 which contained the complete double-LP on a single CD.

The 8-track tapes of the three shows were carefully put in storage by Warner Bros. Japan for future use. For the album's 21st anniversary in 1993, Deep Purple author and archivist Simon Robinson decided to enquire via the band's management if the tapes could be located. He discovered the entire show had been recorded well, including all the encores. In July, Robinson and Darron Goodwin remixed the tapes at Abbey Road Studios for an expanded edition, that was then mastered by Peter Mew in September. To compromise between including as much of the shows as possible and setting a realistic price that most fans would accept, they decided to release a 3-CD box set, titled Live in Japan. This included all of the three main shows except for two tracks already available on the original album. In their place were two previously unreleased encores.

Robinson subsequently oversaw a new reissue of the original album in 1998 on CD, that was also remastered by Mew. This version contained an extra CD with three tracks that had been left off the 1993 set. The colour scheme of the cover was reversed to show gold text on a black background. The remastered Made in Japan has further edits to make a contiguous performance, making it shorter than the original release. At the same time, a limited edition of 4,000 double LPs was released on purple vinyl, while in Spain, EMI added the studio versions of the tracks making up the original album to the second CD.

In 2014, Universal Music announced that the album would be reissued in a number of formats in May. The deluxe option is a set of four CDs or 9 LPs containing a new remix of the three concerts in full, a DVD containing previously unseen video footage, a hardback book and other memorabilia. The original LP was reissued in 180g vinyl as per the original release with the original 1972 mix, with the audio available for digital download through popular providers.

Cover version
On 13 January 2006, progressive metal band Dream Theater played the original album in its entirety at Kokusai Forum in Tokyo, and also on the 15th at NHK Hall in Osaka. Both performances were recorded, and mixed by Glover. The latter of the two shows has been released through the band's YtseJam Records label.

Track listing
All songs written by Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord and Ian Paice except where indicated.

Live in Japan 3CD set
1993 Remix by Darron Godwin, assisted by Simon Robinson. Remaster by Peter Mew. Titles already released on Made in Japan are in bold.

Recorded in Osaka on 15 August 1972
 * Disc 1 : Good Morning

 * "Smoke on the Water" from the 15th is not included here but is available on the original album
 * The encore "Speed King" from the 15th is not included here on CD1 but is available on CD3

Recorded in Osaka on 16 August 1972
 * Disc 2: Next week, we're turning professional

 * The two encores "Black Night" and "Lucille" from the 16th are not included here but "Black Night" has been released on compilations and "Lucille" is available on the 1998 reissue of Made in Japan on CD 2.

Recorded in Tokyo on 17 August 1972
 * Disc 3 : Can we have everything louder than everything else?

 * "The Mule" from the 17th is not included here but is available on the main album
 * The two encores "Black Night" and "Speed King" from the 17th are not included here but are available on the 1998 reissue disc 2
 * "Speed King" on CD3 is from the 15th

25th Anniversary remastered edition (2CD)

 * Disc One: Made in Japan

 * Disc Two: The Encores

2014 Box Set Edition
2014 Martin Pullan remix & remaster
 * Disc 1: "Good Morning" Osaka 15 August 1972

 * Disc 2: "Next Week We're Turning Professional" Osaka 16 August 1972

 * Disc 3: "Can We Have Everything Louder Than Everything Else?" Tokyo 17 August 1972

 * Disc 4: "Good Night" Encores

 * Disc 5: Made in Japan Documentary DVD

 * Disc 6: Japanese 7" Promo

2014 2CD Edition

 * Disc 1: 2013 Kevin Shirley Remix

 * Disc 2: The Encores: 2014 Martin Pullan Remix (from box set)

Personnel
Taken from the sleeve notes:

 * Deep Purple
 * Ian Gillan – vocals, harmonica (uncredited), percussion (uncredited)
 * Ritchie Blackmore – lead guitar
 * Roger Glover – bass guitar
 * Jon Lord – organ, piano
 * Ian Paice – drums

 * Recording unit:
 * Co-ordination – Warner Pioneer
 * Engineering – Martin Birch
 * Equipment – Ian Hansford, Rob Cooksey, Colin Hart, Ron Quinton
 * Marshall Engineer – K Flegg
 * Promoters – Universal Orient Promotions
 * Produced by Deep Purple
 * Mixed by Roger Glover, Ian Paice
 * Cover Design – Roger Glover
 * Photography – Fin Costello
 * Remastered by Peter Mew

title: Made in Japan (Deep Purple album)


text:
Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (سلطان بن سلمان آل سعود; Sulṭān bin Salmān Āl Suʿūd; born 27 June 1956) is a Saudi prince and former Royal Saudi Air Force pilot who flew aboard the American STS-51-G Space Shuttle mission as a payload specialist. He is the first member of a royal family to fly in space, the first Arab to fly in space, and the first Muslim to fly in space, as well as (at 28 years old) the youngest person ever to fly on the Space Shuttle. On 27 December 2018, he was appointed as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Saudi Space Commission at the rank of minister. He is the eldest surviving son of King Salman.

Early life and education
Sultan was born in Riyadh on 27 June 1956, as the second son of Prince Salman, then governor of Riyadh province and now King of Saudi Arabia. His mother was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi. She was a daughter of King Salman's uncle, Turki bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, who was one of the former governors of al-Jouf, Jizan and Asir Province and was a participant in the unification campaign under his cousin, the founder of the Kingdom Abdulaziz ibn Saud. Prince Sultan is a full brother of Fahd, Ahmed, Abdulaziz, Faisal and Hassa.

Sultan completed his elementary and secondary education in Riyadh, He received a bachelor's degree in mass communications from the University of Denver and a master's degree in social and political science with distinction from Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs in 1999.

Early experience
Sultan bin Salman started his career in 1982 as a researcher in the department of international communications at the Ministry of Information in Saudi Arabia. His tenure lasted until 1984. He served as deputy director of the Saudi media committee for the Saudi athletes participating in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Later that year, the department of TV advertising was created at the Ministry of Information, and he was appointed its acting director.

From 17 June through 24 June 1985, he flew as a payload specialist on STS-51-G Discovery. As one of a seven-member international crew, which also included American and French astronauts, he represented the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (ARABSAT) in deploying its satellite, ARABSAT-1B.

Later, he assisted in establishing the Association of Space Explorers, an international organization comprising all astronauts and cosmonauts who have been in space. Currently, Sultan is a member of ASE's International Executive Committee. In 1985, Sultan recorded a commercial message that was broadcast on MTV during the Live Aid concert event. His message mentioned his recent trip on the Space Shuttle and was one of 33 such by notable individuals including Shimon Peres, Cesar Chavez, Sean Penn, Coretta Scott King, Leonard Nimoy, Sting, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, David Bowie, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Bono, Patsy Mink, Erich Honecker, Boy George, O. J. Simpson, Mick Jagger, Tom Cruise, Carl Sagan, Margaret Thatcher, Jimmy Carter, Jesse Jackson, Ronald Reagan, David Lee Roth, and Peter Ueberroth. Sultan bin Salman served in the Royal Saudi Air Force beginning in 1985 and held the rank of lieutenant colonel. He retired from the air force in 1996 with the rank of colonel. At the time of his space flight, Sultan had over 1,000 cumulative hours of flight time; as of February 2020, he has over 8,000 flight hours as a military and civilian pilot.

Positions
In December 2018, he was the chairman of the board of the Saudi Space Commission. From 2009 until joining the space commission, Sultan bin Salman served as the president and chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH). He served as the commission's secretary general since its inception in 2000. As secretary-general, he contributed significantly to the improvement of Saudi Arabia's tourism and national heritage strategy, and organizational building and innovation in the Saudi government.

On 3 May 2021, Sultan bin Salman was appointed as special advisor to the King with a rank of minister, and chairman of the board of trustees of King Salman Foundation, a newly established non-profit organization.

Books
Sultan bin Salman Al Saud has written several books:

 * Early Documents in (Saudi) Architectural Legacy (وثائق مبكرة في مسيرة التراث العمراني) (2010)
 * The Architectural Heritage (سيرة في التراث العمراني) (2010)
 * One planet, the story of the first Arab mission to space (2011), together with Ahmed Nabil Abo Khatwa and Tarek Ali Fadaak
 * The Possible Imagination (الخيال الممكن)

He also edited the book by Facey, William, Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh: Al Turath Foundation (2015).

Personal life
Sultan bin Salman is married to Princess Haifa, daughter of Prince Saud bin Faisal, the former minister of foreign affairs of Saudi Arabia and the son of King Faisal. They have three children. His son, Salman (born 1990), attended St. Andrew's University in Scotland and Oxford University and married a daughter of Prince Khalid bin Saud Al Saud, a great-grandson of Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman, the brother of King Abdulaziz, in Riyadh on 5 December 2012. His daughter (born 1994) also attended St. Andrews University.

Sultan enjoys flying, gliding, skiing, and exploring nature in his spare time. He owns a farm in Diriyah which is a model of modern facilities in a historical setting. His farm reflects his attempt to retrace the origins of the Al Saud family, and to document the Al Saud's claims over the Najd.

Awards
Sultan has received the following awards/recognition:
 * The King Abdulaziz Sash, KSA (1985)
 * Certificate of Appreciation, NASA (1985)
 * NASA Space Flight Medal (1985)
 * Officier de la Légion d’Honneur (1985)
 * Resolution by the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, commending the first Saudi Arabian Astronaut in space (1985)
 * First Class Order of the Republic, Republic of Tunisia (1985)
 * Al Bahrain Medal First Class, Bahrain (1985)
 * Hilal-I Pakistan (Order of Pakistan) Pakistan (1986)
 * Key to the County of Los Angeles, California (1986)
 * Key to the City of Dallas, Texas, (1986)
 * Honorary PhD, The King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (1987)
 * Golden Medal of Science and Art, Sudan (1987)
 * Independence Medal First Class, United Arab Emirates (1987)
 * Medal of National Arts, Lebanon (1987)
 * Sultan Qaboos Medal, Sultanate of Oman (1987)
 * Independence Sash, State of Qatar (1987)
 * Medal of Sash First Class, State of Kuwait (1987)
 * Order of Merit First Class, Republic of Yemen (1987)
 * Medal of Stars, Grand Sash, China (1987)
 * Iraqi Air Force Badge, Republic of Iraq (1987)
 * Order of the Throne, Kingdom of Morocco (1987)
 * Military Honor Medal, Syrian Arab Republic (1988)
 * Commandeur de l’Ordre de la Grande Étoile de Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti
 * Medal for Participation in the Gulf War, State of Kuwait (1993)
 * Liberation of Kuwait Medal, Second Class, State of Kuwait (1993)
 * Liberation of Kuwait Medal, Saudi Armed Forces (1993)
 * Certificate of Recognition, Space Studies Institute, Princeton, US
 * Man of the Year for Benevolent Work 1997 – “In recognition of contributions to the Disabled” - Al Majallah Magazine, December 1997, Issue No. 932.
 * Certificate of Recognition, “For outstanding leadership and inspiration dedicated to improving the quality of life for the mentally and physically challenged”, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, US (1999)
 * Honorary Shield, Leading personalities in the Arab Tourism Sector, Arab World Tourism and Travel Exhibition, Lebanon. (2003)
 * “Man of the Year 2003” Prize in the field of Information Technology in the Kingdom offered by ITP Co. (2004)
 * Wisam Al-Hussain, Grade 1, an award presented by King Abdullah II, Kingdom of Jordan for efforts helping disabled people. (2005)
 * Chancellor's Medal by Syracuse University (SU) in 2012 for his role in helping to launch a collaborative partnership between SU and Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.
 * CEO KSA Award for Tourism & Hospitality presented by the Arabian Business Magazine in 2012.
 * Leadership Award presented by the Arab Hotel Investment Conference (AHIC) in 2014.
 * King Leopold Medal was awarded to Sultan in 2014 by the order of King Philip of Belgium in recognition for contribution in strengthening relations between Saudi Arabia and Belgium, especially in the field of archaeology.
 * Middle East Municipalities Award in Cultural & Heritage Preservation presented by the Institute of Middle East Excellence Awards in 2014
 * Harvard University named Sultan bin Salman as the Chief Representative of the Arabian Region and the Middle East in Tourism Leaders program in 2014
 * Creativity Award presented by the Souq Okaz Higher Committee in 2015
 * Arabic Leadership Award in the Care of Disabled presented by the Arab Hospital Federation in 2015
 * UNWTO Award in recognition of His significant contribution to the development of tourism in the Middle East and His outstanding commitment to the global vision and work of the World Tourism Organization. Presented at the 22nd Session of the UNWTO General Assembly held in Chengdu, China in 2017
 * First Class of the National Order of Merit, Tunisia (2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud


text:
Guerrilla News Network

Guerrilla News Network, Inc. (GNN) was a privately owned news website and television production company that operated from 2000 to 2009. It declared as its mission to "expose people to important global issues through cross-platform guerrilla programming." This was accomplished through the production of original articles, reporting and multimedia, as well as republishing of commentary and news articles from a number of sources including other progressive commentary sites, mainstream news agencies, and blogs. GNN also hosted blogs for registered users, a discussion forum, featured collaborative user-driven investigations and user-submitted photo- and video journalism. The company also produced feature documentaries, books and music videos.

History
GNN was founded in 2000 by Josh Shore and Stephen Marshall. Their headquarters were in New York City and they had production facilities in Berkeley, California. GNN produced a series of award-winning short web films about such subjects as the CIA's involvement in the drug trade during the 1980s and genetically engineered foods. They also produced two feature documentaries, numerous music videos, and a book. GNN's website, GNN.tv, was user driven; users/contributors receive a free blog page. GNN allowed submissions of original content in the form of articles. These had to be wholly original, sourced, and accompanied by a photograph or illustration. GNN published submissions based on a voting system, where users/contributors who have had more publications on GNN have more voting weight. Submissions with enough votes were published to the front page, while everything else remained on its creator's page until getting enough points. GNN also published headlines. The site was shut down in 2009, and the domain has since been occupied by a spam website.

title: Guerrilla News Network


text:
Mantissa

Mantissa may refer to:

 * Mantissa (logarithm), the fractional part of the common (base-10) logarithm
 * Significand (also commonly called mantissa), the significant digits of a floating-point number or a number in scientific notation
 * Mantissa (band)
 * Mantissa (novel), a 1982 novel by John Fowles
 * Mantissa College
 * De anima libri mantissa, sometimes simply referred as Mantissa, treatise attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias

title: Mantissa


text:
List of people from Seattle

A person who lives in or comes from Seattle, Washington, is called a Seattleite. This is a list of well known people who were born, lived, or grew up in the city of Seattle.

Athletics

 * Josh Barnett – MMA fighter, former Ultimate Fighting Championship heavyweight champion
 * Peter Baum – lacrosse player
 * Fred Couples – professional golfer
 * Jamal Crawford – professional basketball player
 * Gail Devers – track and field athlete, Olympic track-and-field gold medalist
 * Joan Dunlap-Seivold – former soccer player
 * Tom Gorman – tennis player
 * Marcus Hahnemann – professional soccer goalkeeper
 * Nevin Harrison - canoer, Olympic Canoe Sprint gold medalist
 * Ryder Jones – professional baseball player
 * B. J. Johnson – swimmer
 * Kimber Lee – professional wrestler
 * Dejounte Murray – professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks
 * Apolo Ohno – world champion and Olympic gold-medalist short track speed skater
 * John Olerud – professional baseball player who played at Washington State University
 * Lora Ottenad - professional bodybuilder
 * Paul Renkert – retired professional soccer player
 * JR Ritchie – professional baseball player
 * Nate Robinson – NBA player, known for winning three All-Star Dunk contests
 * Tim Sedlacek – retired soccer forward who played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League, American Soccer League, and American Indoor Soccer Association
 * Chester Simmons – professional basketball player
 * Maurice Smith – mixed martial artist
 * Jason Terry – professional basketball player
 * Greg Valentine – professional wrestler; inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame (2004)
 * DeAndre Yedlin (born 1993) – professional soccer player for Newcastle United F.C. and the United States men's national soccer team
 * Katelyn Ohashi – professional gymnast for UCLA, multi time awardee for the US
 * Jaden McDaniels – NBA player

Business

 * Bill Gates – co-founder of Microsoft
 * Edward Giddings - architect and painter
 * Ethan Stowell, chef and restaurateur

Literature

 * Matt Briggs – writer
 * Raegan Butcher – poet
 * Mary Matsuda Gruenewald – memoirist
 * David Guterson – author
 * Brian Herbert – author
 * Tan Lin – writer
 * Leslie Rule – author, novelist, paranormal writer

Movies, television, and media

 * Ken Jennings – Jeopardy! contestant and guest host, author, podcaster
 * Jon Jon Augustavo – director
 * John Aylward – actor (ER, Mad Men, House of Lies, Gangster Squad)
 * David Michael Barrett – screenwriter and film producer
 * Craig Bartlett – Hey Arnold! creator
 * Bob Bingham – Jesus Christ Superstar actor
 * Josie Bissett – actress (Melrose Place); ex-wife of Rob Estes
 * Tori Black – porn star
 * Dove Cameron – actress, singer
 * Erika Christensen – actress
 * Bobby Clark – actor
 * Brett Davern – actor, podcaster Awkward (TV series)
 * Graham Elliot – chef, restaurateur
 * Fantasy A - actor (Fantasy A Gets a Mattress); rapper
 * India Gants – model, winner of America’s Next Top Model Cycle 23
 * Tom Gorai – film producer
 * Brian Haley – actor, comedian
 * Bianca Kajlich – television actress noted for role of Jennifer on Rules of Engagement
 * Richard Karn – television actor, game show host
 * Mike Luckovich – editorial cartoonist
 * Dave Losso – stand-up comedian
 * Beau Mirchoff – actor known for television series Awkward
 * Brian Stokes Mitchell – Broadway actor and baritone singer
 * Jeffrey Dean Morgan – actor, known for Grey's Anatomy, Watchmen, Magic City, The Walking Dead
 * Mark Morris – director, choreographer, dancer
 * Janice Pennington – The Price Is Right model
 * Megyn Price – actress known for roles on Grounded for Life and Rules of Engagement
 * Nick Robinson – actor known for portraying Ryder Scanlon on ABC Family sitcom Melissa & Joey
 * Omari Salisbury – journalist, videographer, media company owner
 * Derek Sheen – stand-up comedian
 * Jean Smart – actress, known for Designing Women, Kim Possible, Frasier, 24
 * Ryan Stiles – comedian, known for Whose Line Is It Anyway? (both U.S. and U.K. versions), and playing Lewis Kiniski on The Drew Carey Show, and Herb Melnick on Two and a Half Men
 * Alison Sudol – actress, singer, songwriter
 * Jen Taylor – video game voice actress
 * Maiara Walsh – actress, Cory in the House, Desperate Housewives, Switched at Birth
 * Zoe Weizenbaum – actress, 12 and Holding, Memoirs of a Geisha
 * Rainn Wilson – actor, The Office

Music

 * Nissim Black – rapper
 * William Bolcom – composer
 * Carrie Brownstein – musician, member of Sleater-Kinney
 * Judy Collins – folk singer
 * Kenny G – musician
 * Isis Gee – American singer in Poland and Eurovision Song Contest entrant
 * Stone Gossard – rhythm guitarist of Pearl Jam
 * Natalie Grant – Christian music singer/songwriter
 * Mary Lambert – singer
 * Lil Mosey – rapper
 * Macklemore – hip-hop artist, born Ben Haggerty
 * Duff McKagan – bassist of Guns N' Roses
 * Sir Mix-a-Lot – rap musician
 * Mark O'Connor – country violinist (also performs in other genres)
 * Stephen O'Malley – member of doom metal band Sunn O)))
 * Jake One – hip-hop music producer
 * Stacie Orrico – pop singer
 * Jay Park – Korean-American singer
 * Jay - Korean-American singer, member of Enhypen
 * Robin Pecknold – musician, lead singer in the folk-rock band Fleet Foxes
 * Scott Rockenfield – drummer with Queensrÿche
 * John Roderick – musician (The Long Winters), writer, and podcaster
 * Jim Sheppard – bassist with Nevermore
 * Kim Thayil – lead guitarist of the grunge band Soundgarden
 * Janet Thurlow – jazz singer
 * Rachel Trachtenburg – drummer, member of The Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players
 * Jennifer Warnes – singer and songwriter
 * Mary Youngblood – Native American flutist
 * Max Zorn – musician

Politics

 * Jenny Durkan – Mayor of Seattle
 * Maria Cantwell - U.S. Senator
 * Steve Gunderson – politician in Montana.
 * Jay Inslee – Governor of Washington
 * Jerry Lewis – California politician
 * Gary Locke – U.S. Ambassador to China, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce, former Governor of Washington
 * Frank Murkowski – Polish-American politician, tenth Governor of Alaska
 * Lonnie Nelson – Civil rights, Indigenous peoples, labor, peace, and social justice activist
 * Marjorie Pitter King – first African-American woman to serve in the Washington State Legislature
 * William Farrand Prosser, U.S. congressman from Tennessee, Seattle city treasurer, Yakima mayor
 * Angela Rye – CNN political commentator
 * Peter Steinbrueck – politician
 * Lynn Woolsey – politician

Miscellaneous

 * Marc D. Angel – rabbi
 * Mario Batali – chef, writer, restaurateur and media personality
 * Linda B. Buck – scientist
 * Art Chantry – graphic design
 * Greg Colson – artist
 * Stephen Funk – former United States Marine Corps Lance Corporal who refused to deploy to Iraq
 * Emerald Ignacio (aka "DriftGirl") – actor and model; builds and races cars
 * Irene Dubois – drag performer
 * Amanda Knox – tried and convicted in Italy for murder of Meredith Kercher but subsequently acquitted on appeal
 * Paul Kuniholm – artist
 * Michael Leavitt (artist) – sculptor and toy maker
 * Melissa Miranda – chef and restaurateur
 * Stephen S. Oswald – astronaut
 * Casey Treat – pastor, televangelist
 * Paula Mary Turnbull – artist, nun
 * Jim Whittaker – first American to climb Mount Everest
 * Lou Whittaker – mountaineer, founded Mount Rainier guide service
 * Colleen Willoughby – philanthropist

Deceased

 * Ann Reinking – actress, dancer, choreographer, All That Jazz, Micki + Maude, Annie
 * Paul Jacob Alexander – newspaper publisher and Seattle City Councilman
 * Paul Allen – co-founder of Microsoft
 * Signe Toly Anderson – original lead singer of The Jefferson Airplane
 * Richard Lee Armstrong – professor and geochemist
 * Bob Bartlett – politician
 * Lawrence James Beck – sculptor
 * Frank T. Bell – United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries (1933–1939)
 * Barbara Berjer – television actress
 * Max Brand – author (pen name of Frederick Schiller Faust)
 * Gerald Brashear – musician, played with Wyatt Ruther, Ray Charles, Della Reese, Cecil Young Quartet
 * Chester Carlson – physicist and inventor
 * Carol Channing – actress, Hello, Dolly!, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Thoroughly Modern Millie
 * Irma Schoennauer Cole – swimmer, civil servant
 * Chris Cornell – musician, Soundgarden, Audioslave, Temple of the Dog
 * Don Coryell – NFL coach
 * Marian Cummings (c. 1892–1984) – first woman in the US to gain a commercial pilot's license
 * Warrel Dane – musician, singer for Sanctuary, Nevermore
 * Jennifer Dunn – politician
 * Frances Farmer – actress
 * Pete Fleming – missionary to Ecuador
 * Keith Godchaux – musician
 * Kathi Goertzen – longtime news anchor for KOMO 4
 * Richard F. Gordon Jr. – astronaut
 * Bonnie Guitar – singer
 * Ed Guthman – journalist
 * Ivar Haglund – folksinger and restaurateur
 * Jimi Hendrix – rock guitarist and singer
 * Steven Hill – actor, portrayed Adam Schiff in the TV series Law & Order
 * Eldon Hoke (aka El Duce) – drummer and singer of rock band The Mentors
 * Art Hupy – photographer
 * Fred Hutchinson – baseball player and manager
 * Ruth Jessen – golfer
 * Gary Kildall – scientist, inventor and founder of Digital Research
 * Ed Lee – first Asian American mayor of San Francisco
 * Gypsy Rose Lee – actress and burlesque star
 * Mary Livingstone – comedian and wife of Jack Benny
 * Kevin McCarthy – actor
 * Mary McCarthy – author, critic and social activist
 * Rob Roy McGregor (admiral) - U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and decorated submariner
 * Alfred M. Moen – inventor and founder of Moen Incorporated
 * Margaret Murie – environmentalist
 * Mako Nakagawa - Japanese American advocate, educator, and activist
 * Harley D. Nygren – admiral and engineer, first Director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
 * Adella M. Parker – suffragist, politician, lawyer, and high school teacher
 * Walt Partymiller – cartoonist
 * Tuulikki Pietilä – graphic artist and professor
 * Guy Bates Post – stage and film actor
 * Hal Riney – advertising executive
 * Ron Santo – Hall of Fame baseball player
 * Bell M. Shimada – fisheries scientist who pioneered the study of the tuna fishery in the tropical Pacific Ocean
 * Robert Stroud – convicted felon, "Birdman of Alcatraz"
 * Emmett Watson – journalist

Living

 * Zaid Abdul-Aziz – former Seattle SuperSonics power forward
 * Dustin Ackley – former Seattle Mariners outfielder
 * Sherman Alexie – author
 * Kimball Allen – writer, playwright, performer, gay activist, author of Secrets of a Gay Mormon Felon and Be Happy Be Mormon
 * Jeff Ament – bassist of Pearl Jam
 * Brian Atwater – geologist
 * Anomie Belle – musician
 * BenDeLaCreme – actor, drag queen, 5th place and Miss Congeniality of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 6
 * Jeff Bezos – former CEO and founder of Amazon.com
 * Christopher Boffoli – photographer
 * Jeff Borowiak – tennis player
 * Bosco (drag queen)-contestant and finalist on Rupaul's Drag Race Season 14
 * David Brewster – publisher and journalist
 * Terry Brooks – author
 * Robert Brown – musician, lead singer of Abney Park
 * Ed Brubaker – comics writer and artist
 * Peter Buck – musician in R.E.M.
 * Charles Burns – cartoonist
 * Matt Cameron – drummer of Soundgarden and Pearl Jam
 * Dyan Cannon – actress
 * Roberto Carcelen – Olympian
 * Neko Case – musician
 * J.R. Celski – Olympic speed skater
 * Michael Chang – tennis player, French Open champion
 * Valentina Chepiga – IFBB professional bodybuilder
 * Dale Chihuly – glass blowing artist
 * Nick Collison – Oklahoma City Thunder forward
 * Emily Compagno – former federal attorney, Oakland Raiderettes cheerleader, sports reporter, and analyst; current litigator, legal analyst, and Fox News contributor
 * Dan Corson – artist
 * Kathryn Cramer – science fiction editor (lived in Seattle 1964–1985)
 * Cameron Crowe – writer and director
 * Chris DeWolfe – founder of MySpace
 * Jim Donald – former CEO of Starbucks Coffee
 * Mark Driscoll – co-founder and preaching pastor of Mars Hill Church
 * C. J. Elleby (born 2000) – basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Rob Estes – actor
 * Anna Faris – actress
 * Brendan Fraser – actor
 * Ari Glass – painter, designer and musician
 * Jorge Enrique González Pacheco – Cuban poet
 * Neile Graham – poet
 * Nicola Griffith – author
 * Dave Grohl – drummer of Nirvana; lead singer, guitarist of Foo Fighters
 * Caren Gussoff – author
 * Gary Hall Jr. – 10-time Olympic medalist
 * Leland H. Hartwell – Nobel Prize winner
 * Matt Hasselbeck – quarterback, Seattle Seahawks player
 * Jenni Hogan – KIRO-TV traffic anchor
 * Jerry Holkins – co-creator of Penny Arcade
 * David Horsey – cartoonist
 * Tom Hulce – actor in National Lampoon's Animal House and Amadeus
 * Jane Jensen – game designer and author
 * Phoenix Jones – superhero, vigilante
 * Quincy Jones – musician
 * S. T. Joshi – literary critic and editor
 * Michael Kinsley – journalist
 * Sascha Konietzko – founder and frontman of KMFDM
 * Mike Krahulik – co-creator of Penny Arcade
 * Jon Krakauer – author
 * Jayne Ann Krentz – romance novelist
 * Gary Larson – comic strip artist (The Far Side)
 * Lusine – IDM musician
 * Kyle MacLachlan – actor
 * Dave Matthews – musician
 * Taylor Mays – football player
 * Jim McDermott – Congressman
 * Rose McGowan – actress, Charmed, Jawbreaker
 * Joel McHale – actor, host of The Soup on E! and star of NBC television series Community
 * Mike McCready – lead guitarist of Pearl Jam (considered local, went to grade school – college in Seattle)
 * Carol Milne – Canadian American sculptor
 * Patrick Monahan – lead singer of the band Train
 * Jinkx Monsoon – actor, drag queen, winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 5
 * Gabe Newell – CEO and founder of Valve
 * Krist Novoselic – bassist of Nirvana
 * Bill Nye – "Science Guy", actor, comedian
 * Yuji Okumoto – actor, The Karate Kid, Part II and Real Genius; owner of Kona Kitchen
 * Trey Parker – co-creator of South Park
 * Susan Powter – motivational speaker, dietitian, personal trainer and author
 * Karen Prell – puppeteer
 * Jeff Probst – host of TV show Survivor
 * Julia Quinn - author
 * John Ratzenberger – actor, played Cliff Clavin on TV series Cheers
 * Richard Read – journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner, 1999, 2001
 * Ron Reagan – radio talk host, son of Ronald Reagan
 * Gary Ridgway – serial killer
 * Tom Robbins – author
 * Don Roff – writer and filmmaker
 * Ryan Rowland-Smith – Seattle Mariners pitcher
 * Dan Savage – advice columnist
 * Howard Schultz – chairman of Starbucks
 * Ross Shafer – comedian and television host
 * Richard Silverstein – blogger
 * Tom Skerritt – actor
 * Alex Steffen – award-winning author and editor
 * Neal Stephenson – science-fiction author
 * Adam Stern – symphony conductor
 * Mack Strong – retired Seattle Seahawks fullback 1993–2007
 * Ichiro Suzuki – baseball player, Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, and Miami Marlins
 * Robert Swift – former Seattle SuperSonics and Oklahoma City Thunder center
 * Geoff Tate – lead singer of Queensrÿche
 * Lauren Tewes – actress
 * Jason Thornberry - writer, musician
 * Earnest James Ujaama – community activist and indicted associate of al-Qaeda
 * Eddie Vedder – lead singer of Pearl Jam
 * Guy Williams – basketball player, Washington Bullets and Golden State Warriors
 * Ann Wilson – lead singer and flute player of Heart
 * Mark Wirth – "fashion notable", local character
 * Al Young – dragster driver

Deceased

 * Harry Anderson – actor
 * Frank Barsotti – professional photographer
 * Jack Bechdolt – journalist for Seattle Post Intelligencer, illustrator/artist, author of thousands of short stories
 * Fred Beckey – mountaineer
 * Bill Boeing – aviation pioneer, industrialist
 * Robert Bray – actor
 * Edwin Frederick Brotze – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 * Libbie Beach Brown - president, Seattle City Federation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
 * Francis H. Brownell – businessman, president of the Seattle First National Bank
 * Octavia Butler – author
 * Frank Calvert – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 * James E. Casey – United Parcel Service founder
 * Ray Charles – musician
 * Charlie Chong – political activist
 * Kurt Cobain – Nirvana frontman, awesome
 * Frantz Hunt Coe – educator
 * Alexander DeSoto – physician and philanthropist, founder of Seattle's first hospital
 * James S. Ditty – photoengraver, Seattle Star
 * James Doohan – actor; Montgomery Scott on Star Trek
 * Ford Quint Elvidge – governor of Guam
 * Frances Farmer – actress
 * Kate Fleming – audio book narrator (voice-over actor) and producer
 * George Frederick Frye – Seattle pioneer and politician
 * Edgar Gott – aviation pioneer, first president of Boeing
 * Carl F. Gould – architect, educator
 * George Hager – cartoonist for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 * John "DOK" Hager – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 * Alex Haley – writer, author of Roots
 * Anna Roosevelt Halsted – journalist, daughter of Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Victor Hanzeli – linguist, former Chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literature at UW
 * George H. Hitchings – scientist
 * Alan Hovhaness – composer
 * Edward Sturgis Ingraham – first superintendent of the Seattle Public Schools; mountaineer
 * Ernest C. Jenner – illustrator for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 * Russell Johnson – actor; Professor Roy Hinkley on Gilligan's Island
 * Jacob Lawrence – painter
 * Brandon Lee – actor
 * Bruce Lee – actor
 * Denise Levertov – poet
 * J. P. D. Lloyd – Episcopal cleric, the president of the Seattle Public Library
 * Keye Luke – actor
 * Betty MacDonald – author
 * Helene Madison – three gold medals at 1932 Summer Olympics
 * Benjamin Brown Martin – illustrator for the Seattle Daily Times
 * Rick May – voice actor, theatrical performer, director, and teacher
 * William Charles McNulty – illustrator for Seattle Star; teacher at Art Students League
 * Asa Mercer – man behind the Mercer Girls, a model for the TV series Here Come the Brides
 * Robert Moran – shipbuilder
 * Marni Nixon – musician
 * Henry O'Malley – United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries
 * Alexander Pantages – theatrical entrepreneur
 * Robert W. Patten – veteran, storyteller, inspiration for cartoon series
 * Lionel Pries – architect, educator
 * Henry Prusoff – tennis player
 * Jonathan Raban – author
 * Alfred T. Renfro – cartoonist, Seattle Star
 * Theodore Roethke – poet
 * Zola Helen Ross – author
 * Ann Rule – true crime author
 * Bill Russell – retired Hall of Fame basketball player and coach
 * James Willis Sayre – theatre critic, journalist, arts promoter, and historian
 * Jeff Smith – TV chef and author
 * Layne Staley – musician, singer of grunge band Alice In Chains
 * Henry Suzzallo – president of the University of Washington (1915–1926)
 * Sarah Truax – stage actor
 * August Wilson – playwright
 * Andrew Wood – singer of grunge band Mother Love Bone
 * Lillian Yarbo – actress, comedienne, dancer, and singer
 * Mia Zapata – musician

Athletes from Seattle

 * Aaron Brooks – NBA PG; Franklin High School
 * Bobby Brown – MLB infielder and executive, played in four World Series
 * Kevin Burleson – NBA PG; O'Dea High School
 * Nate Burleson – NFL WR; O'Dea High School
 * Jesse Chatman – NFL RB; Franklin High School
 * Doug Christie – NBA SG; Rainier Beach High School
 * Will Conroy – NBA PG; Garfield (Seattle)
 * Fred Couples – PGA; O'Dea High School
 * Jamal Crawford – NBA SG; Rainier Beach High School
 * Michael Dickerson – NBA SF; Federal Way High School
 * Corey Dillon – NFL RB; Franklin High School
 * James Edwards – NBA PF; Roosevelt High School
 * C. J. Giles – NBA PF; Rainier Beach High School
 * Charlie Greene – USATF Olympian; Track & Field Hall of Fame; O'Dea High School
 * Spencer Hawes – NBA C; Seattle Prep
 * Phil Heath – second world ranked IFBB professional bodybuilder
 * Jeff Jaeger – NFL K; University of Washington
 * Ruth Jessen – professional golfer, Seattle University
 * Earl Johnson – Major League Baseball P; Ballard High School
 * Taylor Mays – NFL S; O'Dea High School
 * Reese McGuire – MLB catcher; Kentwood High School
 * Jack Medica – Olympic swimmer; University of Washington
 * Hugh Millen – NFL QB; Roosevelt High School
 * Nate Robinson – NBA PG; Rainier Beach High School
 * Brandon Roy – NBA SF; Garfield (Seattle)
 * Chester Simmons – NBA PG; Garfield (Seattle)
 * Peyton Siva – NBA PG; Franklin High School (Seattle)
 * Isaiah Stanback – NFL WR; Garfield (Seattle)
 * Rodney Stuckey – NBA SG; Kentwood High School
 * Jason Terry – NBA PG; Franklin High School
 * Martell Webster – NBA SG; Seattle Prep
 * Marcus Williams – NBA SF; Roosevelt High School
 * Terrence Williams – NBA SF; Rainier Beach High School
 * Sheila Lambert – WNBA PG; Chief Sealth High School
 * Regina Rogers-Wright – College basketball All American C; Chief Sealth High School, UCLA and University of Washington.

Musical groups

 * Abney Park – steampunk band, formerly goth
 * Aiden – rock band (emo)
 * Alice in Chains – rock band (grunge/metal)
 * Amber Pacific – pop punk band
 * Band of Horses – previously known as Horses, indie rock band
 * The Blood Brothers – post-hardcore band
 * Blue Scholars – hip hop
 * Brite Futures – indie pop
 * The Brothers Four – folksingers
 * Candlebox – alternative band
 * The Classic Crime – alternative band
 * Common Market – hip hop
 * Dave Matthews Band – originated in Charlottesville, Virginia
 * Death Cab for Cutie – alternative band
 * Demon Hunter – metal band
 * Earth – drone/doom band
 * The Fall of Troy – post-hardcore band (originally from Mukilteo, Washington)
 * Fleet Foxes – indie rock band
 * Foo Fighters – rock band
 * The Gits – rock band
 * Grand Archives – alternative rock band
 * Green River – rock band (grunge)
 * Harvey Danger – alternative band
 * He Is We – indie pop
 * The Head and the Heart – indie rock band
 * Heart – rock band
 * Hey Marseilles – alternative band
 * Himsa – Metalcore band
 * I Declare War – deathcore band
 * Ivan & Alyosha – pop rock band
 * Jake One – hip hop producer
 * Quincy Jones – jazz musician
 * KMFDM – industrial band
 * Macklemore and Ryan Lewis – hip hop/rap duo
 * Melvins - sludge metal band (originally from Montesano, Washington)
 * Metal Church – metal band
 * Minus the Bear – alternative rock band
 * Modest Mouse – indie rock band (from nearby Issaquah, Washington)
 * Mother Love Bone – rock band (grunge)
 * Mudhoney – rock band (grunge)
 * Murder City Devils – rock band (garage rock)
 * MxPx – rock band (punk rock)
 * Nevermore – metal band
 * Nirvana – rock band (grunge) (originally from Aberdeen, Washington)
 * Odesza – electronic/experimental
 * Pearl Jam – rock band (grunge)
 * Pedro the Lion – indie rock band
 * Pickwick – indie rock band
 * The Postal Service – indietronica band
 * Presidents of the United States of America – rock band
 * Queensrÿche – metal band (from nearby Bellevue)
 * Thee Satisfaction – hip hop/rap duo
 * Schoolyard Heroes – horror punk/post hardcore (originally from Tacoma, Washington)
 * The Scene Aesthetic – acoustic/indie pop band
 * Shabazz Palaces – hip hop/rap duo
 * Sinai 48 – a rock band that includes the former members of Buckingham Nicks
 * Smoosh – alternative pop band
 * Soundgarden – rock band (grunge)
 * Sunn O))) – doom metal band
 * Kyle Townsend – record producer, musician
 * Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players – indie rock/pop band
 * Trial – political straightedge band
 * Ugly Casanova – indie rock band featuring the main member Isaac Brock of Modest Mouse (from nearby Issaquah, Washington)
 * Vendetta Red – rock band
 * The Ventures – surf band

title: List of people from Seattle


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Island of California

The Island of California (Isla de California) refers to a long-held global misconception, dating from the 16th century, that the California region was not part of mainland North America but rather a large island separated from the continent by a strait now known as the Gulf of California.

One of the most famous cartographic errors in history, it was propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, like the Garden of Eden or Atlantis. This mapping error was not a one-off event. From the mid-1500s to the late 1700s great controversy surrounded the geography of California. For instance, a Spanish map from 1548 depicts California as a peninsula, while a 1622 Dutch map depicts California as an island. A 1626 Portuguese map depicts the land as a peninsula, while a 1630 British map depicts it as an island. A French map from 1682 only shows the tip of the Baja Peninsula. There are slightly over 1,000 maps in Stanford's Glen McLaughlin Collection of California as an Island, the largest collection of such maps in the world.

History
The first known mention of the legend of the "Island of California" was in the 1510 romance novel Las sergas de Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo—the sequel to Montalvo's more famous tales of Amadís de Gaula, father of Esplandian. He described the island in this passage:

"Know, that on the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise; and it is peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they live in the manner of Amazons."

It is thought that, because of the widespread popularity of Las sergas de Esplandián at the time of European exploration of California, that it is reasonable that the book inspired the naming of California. The book's description is also thought to have prompted early explorers to misidentify the Baja California peninsula as the island in these legends.

In 1533, Fortún Ximénez, a mutineer on an exploring expedition sent by Hernán Cortés, discovered the southern portion of Baja California, around present-day La Paz. He was killed by natives but his men returned to New Spain and reported on their find. In 1535, Cortés arrived in the bay there and named the area Santa Cruz; he attempted to start a colony but abandoned his efforts after several years due to logistical problems. Cortés' limited information on southern Baja California apparently led to the naming of the region after the legendary California and to an initial but short-lived assumption that it was a large island.

In 1539, Cortés sent the navigator Francisco de Ulloa northward along the Gulf and Pacific coasts of Baja California. Ulloa reached the mouth of the Colorado River at the head of the Gulf, which seemed to prove that the region was a peninsula rather than an island. Ulloa was quoted as having described the land he saw on his expedition as, "High and bare, of wretched aspect without any verdure." An expedition under Hernando de Alarcón ascended the lower Colorado River and confirmed Ulloa's finding. Maps published subsequently in Europe during the 16th century, including those by Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius, correctly showed Baja California as a peninsula.

Rather than many cartographers independently making the same mistake, it is thought that maps of California as an island spread due to copying in the early 1600s, since it is known that cartographers of the time frequently made copies of other maps. Interestingly, the first maps depicting California as an island originated after a series of correct maps. Carmelite friar Antonio De La Ascension, a priest at the top of the Spanish church, was the first known person to depict California as an island in 1603.

On the return voyage to Acapulco, Mexico, Friar Antonio's ship was overtaken by Dutch pirates who found and confiscated a map drawn by him that depicted California as an island, effectively leaking state-secret information. Spain was not in the habit of willingly sharing information about their expeditions— in fact, maps produced by Sebastián Vizcaíno, the leader of the expedition that brought Fray Antonio De La Ascension to California, were not published until 1802, two hundred years after the expedition occurred. Shortly after the map was confiscated from Friar Antonio's ship, Dutch maps were published depicting California as an island. At the bottom left corner of a British map from 1630 drawn by Henry Briggs is scribbled "California, sometimes supposed to be a part of the western continent, but since by a Spanish chart taken from Hollanders, it is found to be a goodly island". This stolen map was Friar Antonio's, and this quote provides evidence for the spread of knowledge of California as an island. As the Dutch were reputable cartographers, it is thought that word of California as an island began to spread, as the majority of maps depicting California as an island were published after 1622. Throughout the 1600s, the Dutch, Japanese, French, Germans, British, and more all drew California as an island.

Another contributing factor may have been the second voyage of Juan de Fuca in 1592. De Fuca claimed to have explored the western coast of North America and to have found a large opening that possibly connected to the Atlantic Ocean — the legendary Northwest Passage. Finding a Northwest Passage was something that motivated many of the explorers coming to the California coast at the time, as it would be extremely profitable for Europe if a northern trade route to Asia could be found. In fact, explorers like Sebastián Vizcaíno were operating under orders to sail north until they found the Northwest Passage, and only to turn around if the coast veered northwest, which would imply that there was no waterway and the land was actually connected to Asia. De Fuca's claim remains controversial because there is only one surviving written account of it found, his account as related to an Englishman, Michael Locke. Nonetheless, this account claims de Fuca found a large strait, with a large island at its mouth, at around 47° north latitude. The Strait of Juan de Fuca is in fact at around 48° N, as is the southern tip of the large island now called Vancouver Island, while the northern reach of the Gulf of California terminates much farther south, at about 31° N. It is possible that explorers and mapmakers in the 17th century could have confused the two (if, in fact, they were aware of de Fuca's voyage), and in any case further exploration was inevitable. Indeed, the famed British explorer James Cook narrowly missed the Strait of Juan de Fuca in March 1778, almost 200 years later. Cook even named Cape Flattery (at the northwest tip of modern Washington state) which is at the mouth of the strait, and stopped in Nootka Sound just off the west coast of Vancouver Island at about 49° N. His account states "we saw nothing like [the Strait of Juan de Fuca]; nor is there the least probability that ever any such thing existed." However, Cook describes some bad weather in his account around this time, and did continue on to map most of the outer Pacific coastline of North America from modern-day northern California to the Bering Strait in Alaska on the same voyage.

A key role in changing ideas about California seems to have been played by an overland expedition led by the founding governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, Juan de Oñate. The expedition descended the Colorado River in 1604 and 1605, and its participants believed that they saw the Gulf of California continuing off to the northwest (presumably behind the Sierra de Los Cucapah into the Laguna Salada Basin and Lake Cahuilla, but was more likely due to the California Superflood of 1605, in which the flooded Central and Indio Valley basins did essentially appear to extend the peninsula hundreds of miles northward).

Reports from Oñate's expedition reached Antonio de la Ascención, a Carmelite friar who had participated in Sebastián Vizcaíno's explorations of the west coast of California in 1602 and 1603. Ascención was a tireless propagandist in favor of Spanish settlement in California, and his later writings referred to the region as an island. As older maps confirm, Spanish authorities and local residents were well aware where the actual northern terminus of the Gulf of California lay, but by extending the coastline north past Cape Mendocino and eventually even into Puget Sound, Francis Drake's claim of Nova Albion for England (1579) could be invalidated by the priority of Cortes' claim (1533).

The Jesuit missionary and cartographer Eusebio Francisco Kino revived the fact that Baja California was a peninsula. While studying in Europe, Kino had accepted the insularity of California, but when he reached Mexico he began to have doubts. He made a series of overland expeditions from northern Sonora to areas within or near the Colorado River's delta in 1698–1706, in part to provide a practical route between the Jesuits' missions in Sonoran and Baja California but also to resolve the geographical question. Kino satisfied himself that a land connection must exist, and the 18th century Jesuits generally followed his example. The first report of Kino's discovery and his map from 1701 showing California as a peninsula were sent to Europe by Marcus Antonius Kappus, a Jesuit missionary from Kamna Gorica (Duchy of Carniola, now Slovenia). In a June 1701 letter, he wrote about that to his friend Philippus Alberth in Vienna and thus acted as an important intermediary in the dissemination of this knowledge. However, Juan Mateo Manje, a military companion on several of Kino's treks, expressed scepticism; European cartographers remained divided on the question.

Jesuit missionary-explorers in Baja California who attempted to lay the issue finally to rest included Juan de Ugarte (1721), Ferdinand Konščak (1746), and Wenceslaus Linck (1766). The matter was settled beyond all dispute when the expeditions of Juan Bautista de Anza traveled between Sonora and the west coast of Alta California in the period of 1774–1776.

title: Island of California


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Tabelbala

Tabelbala (تبلبالة, ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴱⴰⵍⵜ, Korandje: tsawərbəts) is a town and commune between Béchar and Tindouf in south-western Algeria, and is the capital, and only significant settlement, of the Daïra of the same name, encompassing most of the western half of Béni Abbès Province (part of Bechar Province until 2019). As of the 2008 census, its population was 5,121, up from 4,663 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 1.0%. The commune covers an area of 60560 km2, making it by far the largest commune in the province, as well as the least densely populated.

Tabelbala is notable for being the only town in Algeria to speak a language neither Arabic nor Berber, namely Korandje, which is spoken by about 3,000 people. Most of the rest of the population are descendants of twentieth-century immigrants to the oasis.

History
From at least the 13th to the 19th century, Tabelbala was a stop on the caravan routes linking southern Morocco (notably Sijilmasa) to the Sahel, in particular Timbuktu.

Geography
The oasis occupies a band of land between a stone mountain to the south and a large sand dune field, the Erg Er Raoui, to the north. The water table of the latter is relatively high, making irrigation agriculture possible. The foggara system was traditionally used, but has been in decline since the early twentieth century.

Climate
Tabelbala has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with extremely hot summers and mild winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.

Localities
Tabelbala town is divided into four settlements. The administrative and commercial centre, "le Village" or "le Quartier", officially Haï El Wasat (حي الوسط), also simply known as "Tabelbala" itself, is a relatively recent settlement which first grew up around the French fort in the colonial period. It is flanked by three older villages, or ksars: Cheraïa (الشرايع, Ifrenyu in Korandje) to the west, Zaouia Sidi Zekri (زاوية سيدي زكري, Kwara) and the tiny hamlet of Makhlouf (مخلوف, Yami) to the east.

The commune is formally composed of seven localities:

 * Tabelbala
 * Cheraïa
 * Zaouia Sidi Zekri
 * Makhlouf
 * Zeraïb
 * Boutbiga
 * Hassi Kharet

Economy
Agriculture is the main industry in Tabelbala. The commune has a total of 2155 ha of arable land, of which 1304 ha is irrigated. There are a total of 139,183 date palms planted in the commune. As of 2009 there were 3,549 sheep, 9,949 goats, and 4,810 camels. There were also 138000 chickens.

Infrastructure and housing
97% of Tabelbala's population are connected to drinking water, 100% are connected to the sewerage system, and 99% (including 2,527 buildings) have access to electricity. The city has a 3,048 kW power plant. There is one fuel service station in the town.

Tabelbala has a total of 1,083 houses, of which 625 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 8.2 inhabitants per occupied building, the third highest in the province after Ouled Khoudir and Timoudi.

Culture
Much of the Korandje-speaking population of Ifrenyu claims descent from the Ait Isfoul sub-branch of the Ait Atta Berber confederation; there are also a few Tamazight-speaking families from the Ait Khebbach, another Ait Atta sub-group.

According to oral tradition in both places, the founders of Melouka, near Adrar, Algeria, were emigrants who escaped Tabelbala when one of its ksars was destroyed by Arab nomads, variously named as the Rehamna or Ghenanma, for non-payment of tribute. The Idaw Ali of Mauritania also claim to have lived in Tabelbala at an early period.

Religion
A number of reputed walis (saints) are buried in Tabelbala. In the main cemetery of Zaouia Sidi Zekri, imamaden, these include Sidi Zekri (the village's namesake), Sidi Larbi and Sidi Brahim (each said to be the ancestor of a family found there today), and a group of seven unnamed men, the seb`atu rijal (سبعة رجال), as well as the sixteenth-century Islamic scholar Sidi Makhluf al-Balbali, who is also memorialised in a cenotaph in the hamlet named after him, Makhlouf.

Tabelbala has 4 operational mosques, with another 2 under construction.

Transportation
Tabelbala's only significant transport link to the outside world is a paved road connecting it to the main Bechar-Tindouf highway some seventy kilometres away. Tabelbala is 382 km from the provincial capital, Béchar.

There is a total length of 216 km of roads in the commune.

Education
There are 5 elementary schools, with 37 classrooms including 24 in use. There are a total of 1,104 school students.

5.1% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 18.0% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 75.0%, and is 81.9% among males and 68.2% among females.

Health
Tabelbala has one polyclinic and 3 room care facilities. The nearest hospital is in Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne.

Notable people

 * Makhluf al-Balbali, jurist

title: Tabelbala


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Celadon

Celadon is a term for pottery denoting both wares glazed in the jade green celadon color, also known as greenware or "green ware" (the term specialists now tend to use), and a type of transparent glaze, often with small cracks, that was first used on greenware, but later used on other porcelains. Celadon originated in China, though the term is purely European, and notable kilns such as the Longquan kiln in Zhejiang province are renowned for their celadon glazes. Celadon production later spread to other parts of East Asia, such as Japan and Korea, as well as Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand. Eventually, European potteries produced some pieces, but it was never a major element there. Finer pieces are in porcelain, but both the color and the glaze can be produced in stoneware and earthenware. Most of the earlier Longquan celadon is on the border of stoneware and porcelain, meeting the Chinese but not the European definitions of porcelain.

For many centuries, celadon wares were highly regarded by the Chinese imperial court, before being replaced in fashion by painted wares, especially the new blue and white porcelain under the Yuan dynasty. The similarity of the color to jade, traditionally the most highly valued material in China, was a large part of its attraction. Celadon continued to be produced in China at a lower level, often with a conscious sense of reviving older styles. In Korea the celadons produced under the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) are regarded as the classic wares of Korean porcelain.

The celadon color is classically produced by firing a glaze containing a little iron oxide at a high temperature in a reducing kiln. The materials must be refined, as other chemicals can alter the color completely. Too little iron oxide causes a blue color (sometimes a desired effect), and too much gives olive and finally black; the right amount is between 0.75% and 2.5%. The presence of other chemicals may have effects; titanium dioxide gives a yellowish tinge.

Etymology
The term "celadon" for the pottery's pale jade-green glaze was coined by European connoisseurs of the wares. The most commonly accepted theory is that the term first appeared in France in the 17th century and that it is named after the shepherd Celadon in Honoré d'Urfé's French pastoral romance L'Astrée (1627), who wore pale green ribbons. (D'Urfe, in turn, borrowed his character from Ovid's Metamorphoses V.144.) Another theory is that the term is a corruption of the name of Saladin (Salah ad-Din), the Ayyubid Sultan, who in 1171 sent forty pieces of the ceramic to Nur ad-Din Zengi, Sultan of Syria.

Production and characteristics
Celadon glaze refers to a family of usually partly transparent but colored glazes, many with pronounced (and sometimes accentuated) "crackle", or tiny cracks in the glaze produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on stoneware or porcelain pottery bodies.

So-called "true celadon", which requires a minimum 1260 °C furnace temperature, a preferred range of 1285 to 1305 °C, and firing in a reducing atmosphere, originated at the beginning of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), at least on one strict definition. The unique grey or green celadon glaze is a result of iron oxide's transformation from ferric to ferrous iron (Fe2O3 → FeO) during the firing process. Individual pieces in a single firing can have significantly different colors, from small variations in conditions in different parts of the kiln. Most of the time, green was the desired color, reminding the Chinese of jade, always the most valued material in Chinese culture.

Celadon glazes can be produced in a variety of colors, including white, grey, blue and yellow, depending on several factors:

 * 1) the thickness of the applied glaze,
 * 2) the type of clay to which it is applied,
 * 3) the exact chemical makeup of the glaze,
 * 4) the firing temperature
 * 5) the degree of reduction in the kiln atmosphere and
 * 6) the degree of opacity in the glaze.

The most famous and desired shades range from a very pale green to deep intense green, often meaning to mimic the green shades of jade. The main color effect is produced by iron oxide in the glaze recipe or clay body. Celadons are almost exclusively fired in a reducing atmosphere kiln as the chemical changes in the iron oxide which accompany depriving it of free oxygen are what produce the desired colors.

Chinese celadons
Greenwares are found in earthenware from the Shang dynasty onwards. Archaeologist Wang Zhongshu states that shards with a celadon ceramic glaze have been recovered from Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) tomb excavations in Zhejiang, and that this type of ceramic became well known during the Three Kingdoms (220–265). These are now often called proto-celadons, and tend to browns and yellows, without much green.

The earliest major type of celadon was Yue ware, which was succeeded by a number of kilns in north China producing wares known as Northern Celadons, sometimes used by the imperial court. The best known of these is Yaozhou ware. All these types were already widely exported to the rest of East Asia and the Islamic world.

Longquan celadon wares were first made during the Northern Song, but flourished under the Southern Song, as the capital moved to the south and the northern kilns declined. This had bluish, blue-green, and olive green glazes and the bodies increasingly had high silica and alkali contents which resembled later porcelain wares made at Jingdezhen and Dehua rather than stonewares.

All the wares mentioned above were mostly in, or aiming to be in, some shade of green. Other wares which can be classified as celadons, were more often in shades of pale blue, very highly valued by the Chinese, or various browns and off-whites. These were often the most highly regarded at the time and by later Chinese connoisseurs, and sometimes made more or less exclusively for the court. These include Ru ware, Guan ware and Ge ware, as well as earlier types such as the "secret color" (mi se) wares, finally identified when the crypt at the Famen Temple was opened.

Large quantities of Longquan celadon were exported throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East in the 13th–15th century. Large celadon dishes were especially welcomed in Islamic nations. Since about 1420 the Counts of Katzenelnbogen have owned the oldest European import of celadon, reaching Europe indirectly via the Islamic world. This is a cup mounted in metal in Europe, and exhibited in Kassel in the Landesmuseum. After the development of blue and white porcelain in Jingdezhen ware in the early 14th century, celadon gradually went out of fashion in both Chinese and export markets, and after about 1500 both the quality and quantity of production was much reduced, though there were some antiquarian revivals of celadon glazes on Jingdezhen porcelain in later centuries.

Decoration in Chinese celadons is normally only by shaping the body or creating shallow designs on the flat surface which allow the glaze to pool in depressions, giving a much deeper color to accentuate the design. In both methods carving, moulding and a range of other techniques may be used. There is very rarely any contrast with a completely different color, except where parts of a piece are sometimes left as unglazed biscuit in Longquan celadon.

Japanese celadons
The Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters for greenware is seiji (青磁). It was introduced during the Song dynasty (960–1270) from China and via Korea. Even though Japan has arguably the most diverse styles of ceramic art in the modern era, greenware was mostly avoided by potters because of the high loss rate of up to 80%. Kaolinite, the ceramic material usually used for the production of porcelain, also does not exist in large quantities like in China. One of the sources for kaolin in Japan is from Amakusa in Kyushu. Nevertheless, a number of artists emerged whose works received critical acclaim in regards to the quality and color of the glazes achieved, as well as later on in the innovation of modern design.

Three pieces originally from China have been registered by the government as national treasures. They are two flower vases from the Longquan kiln dating to the southern Song dynasty in the 13th century, and a flower vase with iron brown spots also from Longquan kiln dating to the Yuan dynasty in the 13–14th century.

Production in the style of Longquan was centered around Arita, Saga and in the Saga Domain under the lords of the Nabeshima clan. Greenware is also closed entwined with hakuji (白磁) white porcelain. The glaze with a mixed subtle color gradations of icy, bluish white is called seihakuji (青白磁) porcelain. In Chinese this type of glaze is known as Qingbai ware. Qingbai's history goes back to the Song dynasty. It is biscuit-fired and painted with a glaze containing small amounts of iron. This turns a bluish color when fired again. Japanese artists and clients tend to favor the seihakuji bluish white glaze over the completely green glaze.

Pieces that are produced are normally tea or rice bowls, sake cups, vases, and plates, and mizusashi water jars for tea ceremony, censers and boxes. Some post-modern ceramic artists have however expanded into the area of sculpture and abstract art as well.

Artists from the early Showa era are Itaya Hazan (1872–1963), Tomimoto Kenkichi (1886–1963), Kato Hajme (1900–1968), Tsukamoto Kaiji (塚本快示) (1912–1990), and Okabe Mineo (1919–1990), who specialized in Guan ware with its crackled glaze. Tsukamoto Kaiji was nominated a Living National Treasure in 1983 for his works in seihakuji. Artists from the mid- to late Showa era were Shimizu Uichi (1926–?), who also specialized in crackled glaze, Suzuki Osamu (1926–2001), Miura Koheiji (1933–?), Suzuki Sansei (b. 1936), Fukami Sueharu (b. 1947), and Takenaka Ko (b. 1941). During the Heisei era artists are Masamichi Yoshikawa (b. 1946), Kawase Shinobu (b. 1950), Minegishi Seiko (b. 1952), Kubota Atsuko (b. 1953), Yagi Akira (b. 1955) and Kato Tsubusa (加藤委) (b. 1962).

Artists such as Fukami Sueharu, Masamichi Yoshikawa, and Kato Tsubusa also produce abstract pieces, and their works are part of a number of national and international museum collections. Kato Tsubusa works with kaolin from New Zealand.

Korean celadons

Korean celadon has its own tradition of greenware production, dating back to the Three Kingdoms period. Korea has a tradition of making jewels and crowns with jade in gogok shapes as a symbol of creativity, universe, divinity, and leadership. Chinese greenwares inspired local potters as well. Exceptional high-quality celadons were produced in Korea during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. An inlaid greenware technique known as sanggam, where potters would engrave semi-dried pottery with designs and place black or white clay materials within the engraving, was invented in Korea during this time.

Korean greenware, also known as "Goryeo celadon" is usually a pale green-blue in color. The glaze was developed and refined during the 10th and 11th centuries during the Goryeo period, from which it derives its name. Korean greenware reached its zenith between the 12th and early 13th centuries, however, the Mongol invasions of Korea in the 13th century and persecution by the Joseon dynasty government destroyed the craft.

The Gangjin Kiln Sites produced a large number of Goryeo wares and were a complex of 188 kilns. The kiln sites are located in Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do near the sea. Mountains in the north provided the necessary raw materials such as firewood, kaolin and silicon dioxide for the master potters while a well established system of distribution transported pottery throughout Korea and facilitated export to China and Japan. The sites are tentatively listed as a World Heritage by the South Korean government. Celadon was used as a "spirit vessel" or Chy- Tang to summon spirits to bring positivity, in many Korean temples from the 14th century.

Traditional Korean greenware has distinctive decorative elements. The most distinctive are decorated by overlaying glaze on contrasting clay bodies. With inlaid designs, known as sanggam in Korean, small pieces of colored clay are inlaid in the base clay. Carved or slip-carved designs require layers of a different colored clay adhered to the base clay of the piece. The layers are then carved away to reveal the varying colors.

A number of items dating from the Goryeo dynasty have been registered by the government as a National Treasure of South Korea, such as a Dragon kettle from the 12th century (National Treasure No. 61), a maebyeong vase with sanggam engraved cranes (National Treasure No. 68), an elaborate censer with kingfisher glaze (National Treasure No. 95), and a pitcher in the shape of a Dragon Turtle (National Treasure No. 96).

Beginning in the early 20th century, potters, using modern materials and tools, attempted to recreate the techniques of ancient Korean Goyeo celadons. Playing a leading role in its revival was Yu Geun-Hyeong (유근형; 柳根瀅), a Living National Treasure whose work was documented in the 1979 short film, Koryo Celadon. Another notable potter and Living National Treasure was Ji Suntaku (1912–1993). Today, hundreds of potters showcase their work at the Icheon Ceramics Village, which features contemporary work from Sugwang-ri, Sindun-myeon, and Saeum-dong in the city of Icheon.

In the late 20th century ceramists like Shin Sang-ho and Kim Se-yong created their own styles based upon traditional Goryeo ware. Kim came to prominence for his double-openwork his highly detailed which sometimes featured more than 1500 individually formed chrysanthemum flowers.

The National Museum of Korea in Seoul houses important celadon works and national treasures. The Haegang Ceramics Museum and the Goryeo Celadon Museum are two regional museums that focus on Korean greenware.

Thai celadon
Thai ceramics has its own tradition of greenware production. Medieval Thai wares were initially influenced by Chinese greenware, but went on to develop its own unique style and technique. One of the most famous kilns during the Sukhothai Kingdom were at S(r)i Satchanalai, around Si Satchanalai District and Sawankhalok District in Sukhothai Province, north-central Thailand. Production started in the 13th century CE and continued until the 16th century. The art reached its apex in the 14th century.

Others

Outside of East Asia, a number of artists also worked with greenware to varying degrees of success in regard to purity and quality. These include Thomas Bezanson of Weston Priory in the US and Wanda Golakowska (1901–1975) of Poland, whose works are part of the collection of the National Museum, Warsaw and National Museum, Kraków.

title: Celadon