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Uchen script

Uchen (variant spellings include ucen, u-cen, u-chen, ucan, u-can, uchan, u-chan, and ucän) is the upright, block style of the Tibetan script. The name means "with a head", and is the style of the script used for printing and for formal manuscripts.

It is used to write both the Tibetan language and Dzongkha, the official language of Bhutan.

There are also a number of cursive forms of the Tibetan script, sometimes collectively referred to as umê, "headless."

Origin
Uchen script is a written Tibetan script that uses alphabetic characters to physically record the spoken languages of Tibet and Bhutan. Uchen script emerged in between the seventh and early eighth century, alongside the formation and development of the Tibetan Empire. The script originally was created in Tibet but was also adopted in the neighbouring country of Bhutan located in East Asia. Historians believe the script was created by the seventh century scribe and academic Thonmi Sambhota. The creation of the script was undertaken by Thonmi Sambhota in the reign of Songtsen Gampo under the king's instructions. The subsequent implementation of Uchen script, under the reign of Songtsen Gampo has been credited to have aided in improving the Tibetan economy, trade and foreign relations of the period. This improvement in economy and foreign relations elevated Tibet rapport with surrounding countries. This set Tibet on the trajectory to gain greater power in South East Asia and establish itself as a successful and growing Empire. These elevations largely can be credited to Uchen script, as the implementation of a centralised script for countries and regions can be both a unifying and money acquiring tool.

Uchen script was also heavily influenced by Indian written scripts of the period, namely Brahmi scripts. This direct influence of India and link between the two writing systems was also useful as it connected Tibet with India's power. This aided Tibet in securing highly valuable connections between the two nations. As India was the most powerful country in the region at the time it made a powerful ally and example for Tibet. As Uchen script is based on Indic- Brahmi scripts of the time period, it shares certain visual features. These include the use of long straight and curved characters that 'stack' to create syllables.

Uchen script was formulated by Thonmi Sambhota. Sambhota formulated the script after being sent to India to study script making. After being taught by, and observing expert Indian scribes and script makers he designed Uchen script. Sambhota used variations of these Indian and Brahmi scripts to create a script unique to Tibet and Bhutan. The purpose of Uchen script was to document the Tibetan language and the language of Bhutan; Dzongkha. The use of the script served many functions. These functions include; documenting key events, the recording of religious scriptures and the recording of poetry and texts of cultural significance. These examples of written Uchen script have been found in the form of stone and wood carvings, as well as manuscripts written in ink onto paper.

Style
The Tibetan script is based on Indic-Brahmi scripts of the time; that is the alphabets and scripts emerging from India. In form, the script includes thirty consonant, and vowel variants which are written above or below the consonant. In style it is written horizontally left to right and is semi-syllabic when read aloud. These letters can be stacked in order to create a syllable, or small group of letters, that is a section of the full word.

Tibetan and Bhutan written scripts that use the Tibetan language, have been grouped into two categories.

 * 1) The first category being the Uchen script. The word Uchen translates to 'with a head', this refers to the elongated letters of the alphabet, that are tall and block like with linear strokes. Uchen script is the formal, upright and block style that is visually larger and less widely used amongst the civilians of Tibet and Bhutan. Uchen script, as opposed to Umê script, is believed to have been used as a formal script, to be used to record important documents and events and most probably used by more educated members of Tibetan society of the period.
 * 2) The second category of Tibetan scripts are the cursive, less formal styles of writing the Tibetan script. These styles are grouped into the name Umê script meaning the 'headless' script. The translation of 'headless' refers to their lack of 'headed' elongated letters, the lack of such, making it an easier script to learn and simpler to write. Their form is a variant on Uchen script. The letters of the alphabet are visually shorter, less block like in form, and more slanted following the scribes movement of hand. Some styles of Umê include local variants in style, a cursive style and a style simplified for children to learn. Therefore Umê script has more of a short and slanted form, using the same alphabet and basic shape and line structure as Uchen script, but having variants in typography and form.

Function
Uchen script, as all written scripts, fulfils its main function to record spoken language. Early Uchen manuscripts are attributed to have been recording proceedings of the kings, emperors and of matters of the court. These inscriptions were carved into stone, and wood. Other manuscripts attributed to have been created for the king and emperors of the seventh to tenth centuries include poetry dedicated to the king and recordings of key moments of the reign. Early examples of Uchen script were influenced strongly by Tibetan Buddhism. This is due to the fact that many examples of written Uchen script were scribed by Buddhist monks to write and record religious documents. Uchen was also used to record official proceedings including legal matters, formal agreements and treaties. Most of these types of carvings were found in central Tibet, and are key artefacts in recording of the Tibetan emperors Khri Srong Ide Brstan c. 756-797 and Khri Lde Srong Brtsan c.800-815. Uchen script has also been located on documents found from a 'cave library' at Dunhuang that are histories and semi historical texts, giving key insights into cultural Tibetan life in the 9th century. The broad range of texts and the number of themes addressed show that Uchen script was used in order to record a broad range of activities and events deemed culturally important by the commissioner. One notable example of a functioning carving of Uchen script is a wooden block, with the carven Uchen alphabet used for printing ink onto parchment and paper. It is believed that this method of woodblock printing was used in order to print and replicate Uchen letters in an authentic way, and allow for less variation in script writing.

Uchen script writing is not an alphabet widely practiced in the twenty first century. The styles can be found and replicated as they have been recorded in calligraphy manuals. These alphabets and forms use a later variant of the original script, not the ancient Uchen alphabet.

Calligraphy and tools
Early Uchen script is believed to have been carved into wooden slabs. Though some evidence of these wooden carvings have been found by archaeologists and interpreted by historians, the majority of these artefacts have not been found but rather, over time have been eroded and lost. The earliest surviving examples of the written script are dated to have been made 100 years after the initial creation of the writing system. These artefacts have been dated to have been created between the 8th and 9th centuries. Whilst the script was originally created in between the seventh and eighth century. These examples of Uchen script carvings are carved into rock faces and pillars. Sources and artefacts made of rock and marble having lasted longer as they do not erode or rot over time. Thus while there is lesser evidence of Uchen script inscribed on wooden surfaces, it is likely they existed but were not able to survive as long as the later stone inscriptions.

The creation of the Uchen inscription on stone surfaces was most likely achieved with stone tools, resembling early hammers and chisels, as these were the common tools of the time, that were used in surrounding counties including India. As Uchen script of Tibet is influenced heavily by early Indian script writing, inferences have been made that, similar to the technique of Indian inscriptions, a scribe would have marked out letters on the stone pillar or slab, and the stone cutter would have carved out the marked letters using the chisel as a sharp end to chip the stone and the hammer to apply force to the chisel.

Wood and paper manuscripts have also been found containing Uchen script. The creation dates of these sources span from the middle of the eighth to the end of the tenth century. Historians believe the wooden carved manuscripts would have used similar tools to that of the stone carvings; in that variations of stone chisels and hammers would have been used to carve out the letters in wood. Paper manuscripts dated to the same period used ink applied to parchment or paper with a brush or quill, instead of using chisel and a stone to record Uchen script. This change in technique and tools creates a notable change in form of the script, as ink and paper recordings were faster and easier to create. The script's form on paper manuscripts has less rigid lines and has a more of a slanted typography. This, in combination with the script writer's agency and human error, has led to variants in form that can be observed in early paper and ink Uchen documents and a more widespread uptake of Umê script over the formal Uchen.

Key influences
The written languages of Asia had heavy influence on Uchen script in its creation, its style and its function. Due to the Uchen script being a Brahmi script, a written script developed between in the 7th and 8th century, Uchen has many influences from surrounding areas and groups of people at the time. As Tibet was a new empire, the king, Songtsen Gampo, endeavoured to establish Tibet as a major power. He commissioned Thonmi Sambhota to create a script for Tibet and Bhutan, and in doing so wished to emulate the power of surrounding successful nations like India. India already had an established and successfully implemented written script. This allowed for India to be able to secure internal events and unification, as well as develop foreign relations and trade. Songtsen Gampo wanted his nation of Tibet to gain the same success as India. Thus, in commissioning Thonmi Sambhota to create a written script, he wanted the script to resemble Indian scripts. Thonmi Sambhota was sent to study scriptwriting under the guidance of expert Indian scribes. The creation of Uchen script therefore shares certain stylistic and aesthetic similarities to Brahami Indian scripts. One such similarity is the elongated lower section of characters.

Written language and written scripts in general can be said to have their roots in texts written in what is now called the Middle East, which encompasses parts of Western Asia. One such written language that emerged from West Asia is Sumerian Cuneiform, the earliest documented writing system, which has been dated by historians to be from the Bronze Age. it is stylistically basic, using simple lines to create semi-realistic images to record language, such as depictions of animals. This use of lines eventually developed away from realistic drawings into symbols and alphabets that utilized a more abstract use of lines to represent meanings. Thus, Sumerian Cuneiform was the basis in which written language developed, and it influenced the Uchen script in its use of lines and abstract shapes that can be deciphered into words.

Some of the proceeding earliest written scripts developed some time after Sumerian cuneiform are scripts attributed to Old Chinese. These scripts have been recorded on stone and marble and are written in Old Chinese. These scripts were less pictographic and more abstract in their depiction of the languages through letters and lines. Old Chinese writing was used to record poetry and important historical events. Uchen mirrors this use of alphabet in similarly being a tool for recording culturally significant stories poems and events, whilst using less pictographic letters.

title: Uchen script


text: User talk:208.246.86.5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:208.246.86.5


text: User talk:209.165.134.49

title: User talk:209.165.134.49


text:
John Harris (writer)

John Harris (c. 1666 – 7 September 1719) was an English writer, scientist, and Anglican priest. He is best known as the editor of the Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1704), the earliest of the English encyclopaedias; as the compiler of the |Complete Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels (1744), published under his name; and as the author of an unfinished county history of Kent.

Life
Harris was born about 1666, probably in Shropshire, and was a scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, from 1684 to 1688. He was presented to the vicarage of Icklesham in Sussex, and subsequently to the rectory of St Thomas, Winchelsea. In 1696 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and published a paper in the Society's Philosophical Transactions on microscope observations of animalcula which included the very first description of a bdelloid rotifer.

In 1698 he gave the seventh series of the Boyle Lectures, Atheistical Objections against the Being of God and His Attributes fairly considered and fully refuted.

Between 1702 and 1704 he delivered at the Marine Coffee House in Birchin Lane, London, the mathematical lectures founded by Sir Charles Cox, and advertised himself as a mathematical tutor at Amen Corner. The friendship of Sir William Cowper secured for him the office of private chaplain, a prebend in Rochester Cathedral (1708), and the rectory of the united London parishes of St Mildred, Bread Street and St Margaret Moses, as well as other preferments.

In politics he showed himself a Whig, and engaged in a bitter quarrel with the Rev. Charles Humphreys, who afterwards was chaplain to the High-Church Tory Henry Sacheverell.

Harris for a time acted as vice-president of the Royal Society. At his death, he was completing an elaborate History of Kent in Five Parts of which the first volume only was published, by D. Midwinter of St Paul's Churchyard, London, in 1719. He is said to have died in poverty brought on by his own bad management of his affairs.

title: John Harris (writer)


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Pagasetic Gulf

The Pagasetic Gulf (Παγασητικός Κόλπος) is a rounded gulf (max. depth 102 metres) in the Magnesia regional unit (east central Greece) that is formed by the Mount Pelion peninsula. It is connected with the Euboic Sea. The passage into the Euboic Sea is narrow and is about 4 km.

Its main port is Volos.

Mythology and history
The gulf is named after its historic major port, Pagasae, from which mythology says that Jason built his ship the Argo and from which he sailed on his adventurous voyage.

The gulf's name in Latin was Pagasaeus Sinus.

Places within the gulf
In clockwise order:
 * Amaliapolis, W, port
 * Alos, W, no port
 * Almyros, W, no port
 * Nea Anchialos, NW, beach, port,
 * Pagasae, NW, no port
 * Demetrias, NW, no port
 * Iolkos, NW, no port
 * Volos, N, main port
 * Agria, NE, beach, port
 * Neochori, E, no port,
 * Argalasti, E, no port, beaches (Lefokastro, Kalamos, Horto)
 * Milina, SE, no port, beaches
 * Trikeri, S, port at Agia Kyriaki, beaches

The gulf took its name from the ancient city of Pagasae.

title: Pagasetic Gulf


text:
Thermal reservoir

A thermal reservoir, also thermal energy reservoir or thermal bath, is a thermodynamic system with a heat capacity so large that the temperature of the reservoir changes relatively little when a significant amount of heat is added or extracted. As a conceptual simplification, it effectively functions as an infinite pool of thermal energy at a given, constant temperature. Since it can act as an inertial source and sink of heat, it is often also referred to as a heat reservoir or heat bath.

Lakes, oceans and rivers often serve as thermal reservoirs in geophysical processes, such as the weather. In atmospheric science, large air masses in the atmosphere often function as thermal reservoirs.

Since the temperature of a thermal reservoir $T$ does not change during the heat transfer, the change of entropy in the reservoir is $$dS_\text{Res}=\frac{\delta Q}{T}.$$

The microcanonical partition sum $$Z(E)$$ of a heat bath of temperature $T$ has the property $$Z(E+\Delta E) = Z(E) e^{\Delta E/k_\text{B} T},$$ where $$k_\text{B}$$ is the Boltzmann constant. It thus changes by the same factor when a given amount of energy is added. The exponential factor in this expression can be identified with the reciprocal of the Boltzmann factor.

For an engineering application, see geothermal heat pump.

title: Thermal reservoir


text:
Charles Fefferman

Charles Louis Fefferman (born April 18, 1949) is an American mathematician at Princeton University, where he is currently the Herbert E. Jones, Jr. '43 University Professor of Mathematics. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 for his contributions to mathematical analysis.

Early life and education
Fefferman was born to a Jewish family, in Washington, DC. He was a child prodigy, entered the University of Maryland at age 14,  and had written his first scientific paper by the age of 15. He graduated with degrees in math and physics at 17, and earned his PhD in mathematics three years later from Princeton University, under Elias Stein. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Inequalities for strongly singular convolution operators". Fefferman achieved a full professorship at the University of Chicago at the age of 22, making him the youngest full professor ever appointed in the United States.

Career
At the age of 25, he returned to Princeton as a full professor, becoming the youngest person to be promoted to the title. He won the Alan T. Waterman Award in 1976 (the first person to get the award) and the Fields Medal in 1978 for his work in mathematical analysis, specifically convergence and divergence. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979. He was appointed the Herbert Jones Professor at Princeton in 1984.

In addition to the above, his honors include the Salem Prize in 1971, the Bergman Prize in 1992, the Bôcher Memorial Prize in 2008, and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics for 2017, as well as election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In 2021 he was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences.

Fefferman contributed several innovations that revised the study of multidimensional complex analysis by finding fruitful generalisations of classical low-dimensional results. Fefferman's work on partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, in particular convergence, multipliers, divergence, singular integrals and Hardy spaces earned him a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Helsinki in 1978. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1974 in Vancouver.

His early work included a study of the asymptotics of the Bergman kernel off the boundaries of pseudoconvex domains in $$\mathbb C^n$$. He has studied mathematical physics, harmonic analysis, fluid dynamics, neural networks, geometry, mathematical finance and spectral analysis, amongst others.

Family
Charles Fefferman and his wife Julie have two daughters, Nina and Lainie. Lainie Fefferman is a composer, taught math at Saint Ann's School and holds a degree in music from Yale University as well as a Ph.D. in music composition from Princeton. She has an interest in Middle Eastern music. Nina Fefferman is a computational biologist residing at the University of Tennessee whose research is concerned with the application of mathematical models to complex biological systems. Charles Fefferman's brother, Robert Fefferman, is also a mathematician and former Dean of the Physical Sciences Division at the University of Chicago.

Works
The following are among Fefferman's best-known papers:

title: Charles Fefferman


text:
Kitti's hog-nosed bat

Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), also known as the bumblebee bat, is a near-threatened species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Myanmar, where it occupies limestone caves along rivers.

Kitti's hog-nosed bat is the smallest species of bat and arguably the world's smallest mammal by body length (the Etruscan shrew is regarded as the smallest by body mass). It has a reddish-brown or grey coat, with a distinctive pig-like snout. Colonies range greatly in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn, foraging around nearby forest areas for insects. Females give birth annually to a single offspring.

Although the bat's status in Myanmar is not well known, the Thai population is restricted to a single province and may be at risk of extinction. Its potential threats are primarily anthropogenic, and include habitat degradation and the disturbance of roosting sites.

Description
Kitti's hog-nosed bat is small at about 29 to 33 mm in length and 2 g in mass, hence the common name of "bumblebee bat". It is the smallest species of bat and may be the world's smallest mammal, depending on how size is defined. The main competitors for the title are small shrews; in particular, the Etruscan shrew may be lighter at 1.2 to 2.7 g but its body is longer, measuring 36 to 53 mm from its head to the base of the tail.

The bat has a distinctive swollen, pig-like snout with thin, vertical nostrils. Its ears are relatively large, while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur. In the jaw, the premaxillae are not fused with surrounding bones, and the coronoid process is significantly reduced. Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat. The dental formula is 1:1:1:3 in the upper jaw and 2:1:2:3 in the lower jaw, with large upper incisors.

The bat's upperparts are reddish-brown or grey, while the underside is generally paler. The wings are relatively large and darker in colour, with long tips that allow the bat to hover. The second digit of the wing is made of a single short phalanx. And the humerus has an increased number of locking tubercles on its head and beyond. There is a considerable fusion in the axial skeleton, concerning the thoracic (three posterior vertebrae), lumbar (two posterior) and sacral (all) sections. The bat has particularly slender legs, with rather thin fibula. Despite having two caudal vertebrae, Kitti's hog-nosed bat has no visible tail. There is a large web of skin between the hind legs (the uropatagium) which may assist in flying and catching insects, although there are no tail bones or calcars to help control it in flight.

Range, habitat and diversity
Kitti's hog-nosed bat occupies limestone caves along rivers within dry evergreen or deciduous forests. In Thailand, it is restricted to a small region of the Tenasserim Hills in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, within the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River. While Sai Yok National Park in the Dawna Hills contains much of the bat's range, some Thai populations occur outside the park and are therefore unprotected.

Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Myanmar, at least nine separate sites have been identified in the limestone outcrops of the Dawna and Karen Hills outside the Thanlwin, Ataran, and Gyaing Rivers of Kayin and Mon States. The Thai and Myanmar populations are morphologically identical, but their echolocation calls are distinct. It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated.

Despite its restricted geographical range and specialized habitat requirements, Kitti's hog-nosed bat exhibits remarkable genetic diversity within its populations. Molecular analyses using microsatellite markers have revealed moderate levels of genetic differentiation among cave roosts in Thailand and Myanmar, suggesting historical isolation and limited gene flow between populations.

Biology and reproductive structure
Kitti's hog-nosed bat roosts in caves in limestone hills, far from the entrance. While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals, the average group size is 100, with a maximum of about 500. Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes, far apart from each other. Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves.

Kitti's hog-nosed bat has a brief activity period, leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn. These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures. During this period, the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees, within one kilometre of the roosting site. The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight, and the gut contents of specimens include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage. Nevertheless, most prey is probably caught in flight. Main staples of the bat's diet include small flies (Chloropidae, Agromyzidae, and Anthomyiidae), hymenopterans, and psocopterans.

Kitti's hog-nosed bat suggest a unique reproductive strategy characteristic of microchiropterans. Females of this species typically give birth to a single offspring per reproductive event, with births occurring during the dry season between March and May. Maternity colonies composed of a small number of females are formed within cave roosts, providing communal protection and thermoregulatory benefits for nursing offspring. Male mating behaviors, such as courtship vocalizations and scent marking, have been documented in captive populations, indicating potential sexual selection mechanisms.

Taxonomy
Kitti's hog-nosed bat is the only extant species in the family Craseonycteridae, which is grouped in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea as a result of molecular testing. Based on this determination, the bat's closest relatives are members of the families Hipposideridae and Rhinopomatidae.

Kitti's hog-nosed bat was unknown to the world at large prior to 1974. Its common name refers to its discoverer, Thai zoologist Kitti Thonglongya. Thonglongya worked with a British partner, John E. Hill, in classifying bats of Thailand; after Thonglongya died suddenly in February 1974, Hill formally described the species, giving it the binomial name Craseonycteris thonglongyai in honour of his colleague.

Ecological role and conservation
As a microchiropteran species, Kitti's hog-nosed bat plays a crucial ecological role in its habitat, primarily as an insectivore. This species preys predominantly on small flying insects, including mosquitoes, moths, and beetles. By controlling insect populations, particularly those of agricultural pests and disease vectors, Kitti's hog-nosed bat contributes to ecosystem balance and human well-being. Furthermore, its presence in cave ecosystems may also influence nutrient cycling and the distribution of guano-dependent organisms.

As of the species' review in 2019, Kitti's hog-nosed bat is listed by the IUCN as near-threatened, with a downward population trend.

Soon after the bat's discovery in the 1970s, some roosting sites became disturbed as a result of tourism, scientific collection, and even the collection and sale of individuals as souvenirs. However, these pressures may not have had a significant effect on the species as a whole, since many small colonies exist in hard-to-access locations, and only a few major caves were disturbed. Another potential risk is the activity of local monks, who have occupied roost caves during periods of meditation.

Currently, the most significant and long-term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas, which is most prevalent during the bat's breeding season. In addition, the proposed construction of a gas pipeline from Myanmar to Thailand may have a negative impact. Threats to the Myanmar population are not well known.

In 2007, Kitti's hog-nosed bat was identified by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered project as one of its Top 10 "focal species".

title: Kitti's hog-nosed bat


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List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces

This list contains weapons that are classified as crew-served, as the term is used in the United States military.

While the general understanding is that crew-served weapons require more than one person to operate them, there are important exceptions in the case of both squad automatic weapons (SAW) and sniper rifles. Within the table of organization and equipment for both the United States Army and the U.S. Marine Corps, these two classes of weapons are understood to be crew-served, as the operator of the weapon has an assistant, who carries additional ammunition and associated equipment, acts as a spotter, and is also fully qualified in the operation of the weapon.

General purpose machine guns

 * M240B/M240E4 (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M240G (7.62×51mm NATO) (USMC)

General purpose machine guns

 * M240D/M240E1 and M240H/M240E5 (Vehicle Mountable) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M240L/M240E6 (7.62×51mm NATO) (US Army)
 * M60D (Vehicle Mountable) (7.62×51mm NATO) (USN)
 * M60E3 (7.62×51mm NATO) (USN SEALs)
 * M60E4/Mk 43 Mod 0/1 (7.62×51mm NATO) (USN)
 * Mk 48 Mod 0/1 (7.62×51mm NATO) (USSOCOM)
 * MG 338 (.338 Norma Magnum) (USSOCOM)

Out of service

 * HK21 (7.62×51mm NATO, Delta Force, Combat Controllers(CCT) and SEALs only)
 * XM8 LMG (5.56×45mm NATO)
 * EX 27 Mod 0 (Colt CMG-2; 5.56×45mm)
 * WAK 'Interim SAW (5.56×45mm)
 * XM106 (5.56×45mm)
 * XM262 (HK 21E variant, pre-HK 23E; 5.56×45mm)
 * XM234 (6×45mm, 5.56×45mm)
 * XM233 (6×45mm)
 * XM235/XM248 (6×45mm, 5.56×45mm)
 * XM223
 * CAR-15 HBAR (M1 and M2, 5.56×45mm)
 * T161 (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * T52 (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * T44 (.30-06)
 * T24 (.30-06)
 * T10/T23 (.30-06)
 * M1918A1/A2 BAR (.30-06)
 * M1922 BAR (.30-06)
 * Johnson M1941 LMG (.30-06, Rangers and Special Operations Forces only)
 * M14A1 (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M15 (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M16A1 with bipod (5.56×45mm NATO)
 * XM207/E1/Mk 23 Mod 0 (Stoner 63A1 'Commando'; 5.56×45mm NATO)
 * M1919A6 (.30-06)
 * Lewis Gun (.30-06, Army only)
 * Chauchat (.30-06, 8 mm Lebel)
 * M1909 Benét–Mercié (Machine Rifle, (.30-06))

Experimental

 * Mk48 Mod 2
 * AAI Corporation LSAT (Lightweight Small Arms Technologies) LMG (5.56 mm Composite-cased, Telescoping Ammunition)
 * Knight's Armament Company LAMG
 * FN EVOLYS
 * Sig Sauer MG 6.8 (SiG 6.8 mm Fury hybrid round)
 * General Dynamics RM277 (True Velocity .277 TVCM polimer cased round)
 * Next Generation Squad Weapon - Automatic Rifle
 * Lightweight Medium Machine Gun (Medium Machine Gun) (.338 Norma Magnum)

Bolt action sniper rifle

 * M40A3/A5 (7.62×51mm NATO) (USMC)
 * M2010 ESR (Enhanced Sniper Rifle) (.300 Winchester Magnum) (US Army)
 * Mk 13 Mod 5 AWM (Arctic Warfare Magnum) (.300 Winchester Magnum)
 * Mk 21 Mod 0 PSR (Precision Sniper Rifle) (USSOCOM)
 * Mk 22 ASR (Advanced Sniper Rifle) (USSOCOM)

Semi-automatic sniper rifle

 * Mk 11 Mod 0/1/2 SWS (Sniper Weapon System) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M110 SASS (Semi-Automatic Sniper System) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * Mk 14 Mod 0/1 EBR (Enhanced Battle Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO) (USN SEALs, US Army and USCG)
 * M110A1 CSASS (Compact Semi-Automatic Sniper System) (7.62×51 NATO, 6.5 Creedmoore) (US Army, USMC)
 * M110K1 SASS (7.62×51 NATO, 6.5 Creedmoore) (US Navy Designated Marksman)
 * Mk 20 Mod 0 SSR (Sniper Support Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO, 6.5 Creedmoor) (USSOCOM)
 * M14 Tactical Rifle (7.62×51mm NATO) (USCG)

Anti-materiel rifle

 * M82A1M/A3 (Anti-Materiel rifle) (.50 BMG)
 * M107 (Anti-Materiel rifle) (.50 BMG)
 * Mk 15 Mod 0 LRSW (Long-Range Sniper Weapon) (Bolt Action Anti-Materiel Rifle) (.50 BMG) (USN SEALs)

Semi-automatic sniper rifles

 * Mk 11 Mod 1 (Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * EX 17 Mod 0 SCAR-H (SV) (Semi-Automatic Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M21 Sniper Weapon System (Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M25 Sniper Weapon System (Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)

Bolt action sniper rifles

 * M24 Sniper Weapon System (Bolt Action Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M40 (Bolt Action Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M40A1 (Bolt Action Sniper Rifle) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M86 (USN SEALs)
 * M1903A4 (Bolt Action Sniper Rifle) (.30-06)
 * Winchester Model 70 (Bolt-Action Rifle) (.30-06)

Anti-materiel rifle

 * M82A1/A1A (Semi-Automatic Anti-Materiel Rifle) (.50 BMG)
 * M82A2 (Semi-Automatic Anti-Materiel Rifle) (.50 BMG)
 * Robar RC-50 (Bolt-Action Anti-Materiel Rifle) (.50 BMG)

Experimental

 * XM109 (Semi-Automatic Anti-materiel rifle) (25×59 mm)
 * XM500 (Bullpup Semi-Automatic Anti-materiel rifle ) (.50 BMG)

Light machine guns

 * M249 Family (Light Machine Gun) (5.56×45mm NATO)

Medium machine guns

 * M60 Family (Medium Machine Gun) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M240 Family (Medium Machine Gun) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M134D/GAU-17/A (Rotary-Barreled Medium Machine Gun) (7.62×51mm NATO)
 * MG 338 (.338 Norma Magnum) (USSOCOM)

Heavy machine guns

 * M2HB/M2A1 (Heavy Machine Gun) (Vehicle and Infantry) (.50 BMG)
 * GAU-15/A/GAU-16/A/GAU-18/A (Heavy Machine Gun) (Helicopter Door Mounted) (.50 BMG)
 * GAU-21/A (M3M/P) (Heavy Machine Gun) (Helicopter Door Mounted-Faster Firing) (.50 BMG)
 * GAU-19/A/B (Rotary-Barreled Heavy Machine Gun) (.50 BMG)

Automatic cannons

 * M61A1/A2 Vulcan/Mk 15 CIWS (Rotary-Barreled Automatic Cannon) (20×102mm) (USAF: F-15C/D, F-15E, F-16C/D, F-22A) (USN: F/A-18A/B/C/D, F/A-18E/F, Nimitz, Ford, Wasp, America, Ticonderoga, Arleigh Burke, Oliver Hazard Perry, Whidbey Island, Harpers Ferry) (USMC: F/A-18A/C/D) (USCG: Hamilton, Legend)
 * M197 (Rotary-Barreled Automatic Cannon) (20×102mm) (USMC: AH-1W, AH-1Z)
 * GAU-12/U Equalizer (Rotary Barreled Automatic Cannon) (25×137mm) (USAF: AC-130U) (USMC: AV-8B)
 * GAU-22/A Equalizer (Rotary Barreled Automatic Cannon) (25×137mm) (USAF: F-35A) (USMC: F-35B) (USN: F-35C)
 * M242/Mk 38 Mod 0/2/3 Bushmaster II (Automatic Cannon) (25×137mm) (US Army: Stryker, M2/M3/M6/M7 Bradley) (USMC: LAV-25) (USN: Wasp, Ticonderoga, Arleigh Burke, Oliver Hazard Perry, Cyclone, San Antonio, Whidbey Island, Harpers Ferry) (USCG: Island, Hamilton, Sentinel, USCGC Alex Haley (WMEC-39))
 * Mk 44 Mod 0/GAU-23/A/Mk 46 Mod 2 Bushmaster II (Automatic Cannon) (30×173mm) (USAF: AC-130W, AC-130J) (USN: Zumwalt, Independence, Freedom)
 * GAU-8/A Avenger (Rotary Barreled Automatic Cannon) (30×173mm) (USAF: A-10C)
 * M230 (Automatic Cannon) (30×113mm) (US Army: AH-64D/E, MH-60L, AH-6M)
 * L/60 Bofors (Automatic Cannon) (40×311mm) (USAF: AC-130U)

Automatic grenade launchers

 * Mk 19 Mod 3 (Automatic Grenade Launcher) (40×53mm) (US Army, USAF, USN, USMC, USCG, USSOCOM)
 * Mk 47 Mod 0 Stryker (Automatic Grenade Launcher) (40×53mm) (USSOCOM)

Light machine guns

 * XM214 (Rotary-Barreled Machine Gun) (5.56×45mm NATO)

Medium machine guns

 * EX 34 Mod 0 (Chain-driven Machine Gun, 7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M73/A1 (Co-axial Machine Gun, 7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M219 (Co-axial Machine Gun, 7.62×51mm NATO)
 * M1917 (Heavy Machine Gun, .30-06 Springfield)
 * M1919 Family (including Mk 21 Mod 0/1) (Medium Machine Gun, .30-06 Springfield and 7.62×51mm NATO)
 * Colt–Browning M1895/1917

Heavy machine guns

 * M85/M85C (Heavy Machine Gun) (.50 BMG)
 * XM312 (Heavy Machine Gun) (.50 BMG)
 * XM806 (Lightweight Heavy Machine Gun) (.50 BMG) (US Army)

Automatic cannons

 * M1/AN/M2/M3/M24 (Automatic Cannon, 20×110mm USN)
 * Mk 16 Mod 4/5 (Automatic Cannon, 20×110mm USN; deck mount versions of the M3 and M24)
 * M39A1/A2/A3 (Automatic Cannon, 20×102mm; based on the Mauser MG 213C Cannon)
 * Mk 11 Mod 0/5 (Twin-Barrel Automatic Cannon, 20×110mm USN)
 * Mk 12 Mod 0 (Automatic Cannon, 20×110mm USN)
 * M195 (Rotary-Barreled Automatic Cannon, 20×102mm)
 * M140/E3/E5 (Automatic Cannon, 30×100mm)
 * M188/E1 (Automatic Cannon, 30×113mm)
 * Marlin machine gun

Automatic grenade launchers

 * XM307 (Grenade machine gun, 25 mm HV Airburst)
 * M75/M129 (Automatic Grenade Launcher, 40×53mm)
 * M174 grenade launcher (Automatic Grenade Launcher, 40×46mm)
 * M175 grenade launcher (Automatic Grenade Launcher, 40×53mm)
 * Mk 18 Mod 0 grenade launcher (Manually Operated, Belt-Fed Grenade Launcher, 40×46mm)
 * Mk 20 Mod 0 (Automatic Grenade Launcher, 40×46mm)

Experimental

 * Mk48 Mod 2
 * NGSW-AR
 * Knight's Armament Company LAMG
 * LSAT light machine gun
 * FN EVOLYS
 * XM250
 * Lightweight Medium Machine Gun (Medium Machine Gun) (.338 Norma Magnum)

In active service

 * FIM-92 Stinger (surface-to-air missile) (70 mm)
 * FGM-148 Javelin (anti-tank missile) (127 mm)
 * BGM-71 TOW (Tube-launched Optically tracked Wire-guided) (anti-tank missile) (152mm)

In active service (some branches, secondary or limited roles)

 * Mk 153 Mod 0/2 SMAW (Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon) (anti-fortification, anti-armor rocket) (83.5 mm) (USMC)

Out of service

 * FIM-43 Redeye
 * M47 Dragon

In active service

 * M3 MAAWS (Multi-role Anti-armor Anti-tank Weapon System) (anti-fortification, anti-armor recoilless rifle) (84 mm)

Out of service

 * M67 recoilless rifle (90 mm)
 * M18 recoilless rifle (57 mm)
 * M20 recoilless rifle (75 mm)
 * M27 recoilless rifle (105 mm, developed into M40)
 * M40 recoilless rifle (105 mm, called 106 mm to forestall use of incompatible M27 ammunition)

In active service

 * M120 120 mm mortar/M121 120 mm mortar (Army)
 * M224 60 mm mortar
 * M252 81 mm mortar
 * M327 EFSS (USMC)
 * Cardom (Army)

Out of service

 * M1 Mortar (81 mm)
 * M2 Mortar (60 mm)
 * M19 Mortar (60 mm)
 * M29 Mortar (81 mm)
 * M30 107 mm Mortar
 * Mk 2 Mod 0/1 (Breech-loaded Mortar, 81 mm)

Experimental

 * Dragon Fire 120 mm automated mortar
 * MFSS 120 mm mortar

In active service

 * M119 (105 mm Towed Howitzer)
 * M777 (155 mm Towed Howitzer)

In active service (some branches, secondary, or limited roles)

 * M102 (105 mm Towed Howitzer) (used on USAF AC-130J gunships)

Out of service

 * M59 (155 mm Field Gun)
 * M114/A1 (155 mm Towed Howitzer)
 * M1/M115 (203 mm/8" Towed Howitzer)
 * M110 (203 mm/8" Self-Propelled Howitzer)
 * M1902 (76.2mm/3" Field Gun)
 * M101/A1 (105 mm Towed Howitzer)
 * 3 inch Gun M5
 * M116 (75 mm Pack Howitzer)
 * M198 (155 mm Towed Howitzer)

In active service

 * M7 Spider

Experimental

 * XM1100 Scorpion

In active service

 * M139 Volcano

Out of service

 * M128 GEMSS

In active service

 * APOBS Mk 7 Mod 2
 * M58 Mine Clearing Line Charge
 * MK155 Mine Clearance Launcher


text:
Talk:Chiac

Untitled
This is so excellent! I'm very happy to see the correct spelling added -- I think I just assumed "shee-ack" was "chiaque".

One question: I've heard about revival, artists' use of Le Chiac, etc. I think there's even a dictionary or two somewhere. But I don't have any info, and can't find such on the Web. suggestions? --ESP 21:56, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I also assumed "Chiac" was actually spelled "chiaque", seems its spelling look more "French". I'd like to know if there are any official sources for the correct spelling of that word.

As for good references for the chiac dialect, ESP, the only good reference I know that comes to my mind currently is the French book "Le dictionnaire acadien" ("The Acadian dictionary") by Yves Cormier.

Remi 15:00, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In regards to the line:

"With generations of contact with the dominant Anglophone community in the area, the local French dialect has been heavily influenced and corrupted by English."

Is it right to use the word "corrupted?" That word gives a negative connotation to the evolution of the language, first, and secondly, such a statement is a one-sided opinion.

--An interested user of Wikipedia.

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:21, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Documentaries
Would it be worthy of inclusion to mention that 2 documentaries were made (both by Michel brault) by the ONF about it ? These were : Éloge du chiac (1969)& L'Acadie, l'Acadie (1971). --Marc pasquin 17:57, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

two meanings?
I grew up and spent dozens of years in SouthEast New Brunswick, and I've heard the term Chiac used for the "second meaning" and not for the first, for which we would simply say "Acadian French". Chiac is a type of Acadian French. What are the sources on the first meaning? Does it really mean that too?--Sonjaaa 05:54, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Chiac, born and bred
As a "native chiac", I was pleased to see some documentation on my language!I'm familiar with the documentary "Éloge du chiac". Although outdated, I thought it was fascinating to see how Chiac was perceived then and how it is now. And to my knowledge, around here, it's always been spelled that way. To the comment that "chiaque" looked more french; well, the definition of chiac is, after all, a mixture of french and english, right? I also think that the line "corrupted by English" is too strong and negative.
 * Well, if we're going to go there, French corrupted English into it's current mess, so we're just returning the favor. :) --72.88.210.56 18:59, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

WTF. That "returning the favour" you are so proud of, is referred to throughout the world as a-s-s-i-m-i-l-a-t-i-o-n... thats not a good thing. :) You must be so glad as an Anglophone, that the world caters to you, what freedom, what happiness, what... convenience!

Questionable Content
The content of the page is recently becoming very vulgar in it's examples. There's no need for all the crotch jokes. They need to be removed.

I'm assuming you don't know anyone who speaks Chiac. 142.167.55.26 00:06, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

-I know people who speak chiac! I am not impressed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.139.0.55 (talk) 14:58, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Audio clips
Wouldn't it be nice to have some audio in this article? I have no idea how chiac sounds...

 * I would add some if it weren't for Wikipedia's misguided policy forbidding mp3s. -Adjusting 00:18, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

A not so telling example
"Moi chu acadienne, hein?" written : "Moi, j'suis Acadienne, hein ?" is perfectly good spoken french and quite admissible even in writing. Chris CII 12:31, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

But the chu is not written, nor pronounced, as j'suis. It is chu.142.167.55.26 00:17, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

== Yes, but chu is used throughout Canadian French, insofar as I can tell. It is not specific to Chiac. - 12 July 2007

Assessment
I have assessed this as Start Class, as it contains more detail and organization than would be expected of a Stub, and of low importance, as it is a highly specific topic within Canada. Cheers, CP 03:24, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Example translations
I tried fixing this myself, but my changes were reverted. Can anyone tell me why the following appear in the translations? - Why does the of the 'Ej va driver mon truck à soir..' example start with 'Hey'? There's no equivalent in the original chiac sentence. - Why do the english translations say bizarre things like 'it was right fun' instead of something more grammatical like 'it was really fun'? Adjusting (talk) 00:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi. I reverted your changes and am happy to further discuss the matter here; thanks for starting a new section. Translation is not an exact science and different interpretations are possible, as the essence of translation is to capture the underlying meaning of the source text.  (The introduction at translation is concise and good; I am not sure how familiar you are with translation theory.)

 * The first thing to recognise here is that we are dealing with a spoken language, and a language which for all practical purposes only exists orally, unlike English, which has a rich written literature. The examples given are colloquial and a literal translation cannot capture the nuance of meaning. But at the same time, this is a written encyclopedia, so the spoken utterances can be only inadequately represented.

 * "Hey" is a typical informal interjection in Canadian English, and clearly signals that what follows is the representation of a speech act. Chiac is a mixed language (as is the better-known franglais) and as such can use "hey" as a loanword to indicate the beginning of a new utterance. The equivalent in the source text is represented by the phoneme e, an abbreviation of et ("and"), which is used in French similarly to signal the beginning of a colloquial utterance.

 * "Right fun" is slightly different. Here the person who wrote the example is seeking to capture the flavour of the surrounding regional dialect of English, which may be more narrowly limited than Maritime English. (Indeed, the English spoken by people who also speak Chiac might arguably be considered an ethnolect, though to go further down that road would be original research.) "Right" is an adverb modifying the adjective "fun".  The use of this word in this manner, as a strengthener, is common in other varieties of English, see List of dialects of the English language.  In standard English, "really fun" would be fine, but the choice of the non-standard "right" signals that the variety of English used is locally specific; the linguistic norms are not globalised ones.

 * Another way to consider this issue is as one of linguistic register. The original utterance:
 * Ej va driver mon truck à soir puis ça va êt'e right la fun.
 * could conceivably be "translated" as:
 * I intend to conduct my lorry tonight, and it will be greatly amusing.
 * This version is heavily marked, in the linguistic sense (strangely, we don't seem to have an article on marked language), because it indicates formality, Britishness, and old-fashionedness. The version given:
 * Hey I'm going to drive my truck tonight and it's going to be right fun.
 * attempts to capture the flavour of the English-language speech of those people who use Chiac. I think that is a legitimate aim of the translation. Others may disagree, but I hope that these arguments give something to consider. BrainyBabe (talk) 09:05, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * What is the claim that the phoneme "e" is an abbreviation of "et" based on? I presume you're suggesting that "et je" [e ʒœ] has become ej [œʒ]. That vowel change seems unlikely to me. Speakers of chiac are also much more likely to use "pis" instead of "et". In my experience, "ej" is used in place of most instances of "je", not just those that appear at the beginning of a sentence. I still feel that the "hey" in the translation implies that the source sentence contained a similar interjection.

 * As for the use of "right", I can accept its use to convey a casual use of Maritime English, but it seems the subtlety of this choice will be lost on the average wikipedia reader (who is not familiar with the dialect). Upon reading "right fun", she is much more likely to assume (as I did) that this was a slip up in the translation rather than a conscious choice.

 * -Adjusting (talk) 18:11, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think the word "right" here necessarily needs to represent a use of Maritime English, but any use of substandard language that reflects social and economic factors. To me, this is reminiscent of some older uses of southern English, such as "right neighborly" or something like that. I think it gives the same effect to those who are familiar with that kind of substandard usage in both languages. This is, by the way, coming from a U.S. southerner living in French Canada, so I hope I don't offend either group. Paxuniv (talk) 06:36, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

I grew up in English in the Maritimes and to say "right fun" or "right some good", etc, was standard for us. I understand translation is not an exact science. I wonder about some choices that make it look like something unusual is going on. For example, tchenne. I live currently in Montreal, and that's pretty much how everybody says tient. And is it different from Tchein? Zeux ils pensont qu'y ownont le car Since this is phonetic approximation, is it really ownont and not ownons? Is Ca t'tente (I presume the C should have a cedilla) really different from the way almost all French-speakers say te tente? Speaking of cedilla, in c'té nouvelles light-là is c'té a swear word which would be common in Quebec (with a soft c and perhaps ie at the end instead of é) or a way of writing que tes (nouvelles lights-la) Is there a significant difference in pronunciation between C'é (and cé which appears later) and c'est? Etc I guess this is a bit picky, but it would held distinguish interesting differences. Richardson mcphillips (talk) 16:21, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

Questionable content (2)
I removed this: "Most other French Canadian groups, such as Québécois and Brayon, dislike Chiac as they find it to be a mockery of the French language." Someone should provide a reference for this, if it's true that some 'French Canadian groups' expressed this opinion towards Chiac/Acadian French. But in any case, it's not true to say that MOST French Canadian groups dislike Chiac. As a Québécois, I admit that speaking with someone from New Brunswick can be exotic and even funny sometimes (in a good way), but I've never heard of anyone here expressing any disdain of the Acadian French. And it's certainly not the opinion of the majority. 209.222.236.142 (talk) 22:58, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Response: Most people classify all French speakers from New Brunswick as Acadians. This is not at all true. The northwestern regions are intensely related to Quebec (people and language), we speak dialects quite similar to Joual. The main dialects in NB include Brayon and old Acadian. Brayons, for example, dislike chiac as some other Acadians do as well. Chiac from what I understand is mostly due to a large influence of Anglophones living around the Moncton area and influencing their speech for a very long time now. Chiac speakers like to claim it is a NEW language of some sort that can be taught, as if it is legitimate. Although I agree language belongs to the speakers themselves and not, say what solely exists in a dictionary (as languages were oral before anything), I do not believe a mix of english and french constitues a language on its own, it is simply two languages spoken at the same time. There are no rules to it; however chiac speakers like to claim there are (there are videos about this debate on youtube by the way if you need a "reference"). Chiac traditionally comes from a play on the nomenclature for the town of Shediac. I would claim however that although most Acadian speakers never spoke like Shediac or "Chiac" speakers it has become widespread among Acadians all the way into the northern Acadian peninsula with the younger generations. However, the Northwestern region of NB cannot be classified as Chiac at all. There is little difference between the language spoken in the Bas St. Laurent of Quebec and Madawaska/Victoria counties in NB; as such, almost all french residents of northwestern NB are Quebecois, as are those residing in Maine; VERY FEW people represent the well-known deported Acadians. I find it disturbing how the Acadians have profited from their ancestors' struggle while nearly 1 million Quebecois left Quebec (for various reasons) and this is never discussed. So the Chiac debate is more complicated than people think only some Francophone NBers actually speak chiac which many Brayon speakers find to be an offensive "dialect". (I am originally from the Edmundston/Bas St. Laurent region and can speak through experience and referencing myself along with family and friends and many others, such as you have, that everyone I know finds Chiac to be offensive and incorrect.) Brayon is also a local dialect, very similar to Quebecois dialects;however brayon speakers are not proselytizing it as a new language that everyone must acknowledge. Brayon speakers understand and can speak proper french but brayon is for the brayon people and their regions; they know the difference. In today's day and age, with the spread of the english language around the world (every year languages vanish - this is NOT progress, as human diversity is good. It represents skill rather than reliance and alientation - I would argue that the ability for every person to develop countless skills is a large part of what makes us human and represents freedom, which is necessary for humanity to flourish); thus it is essential that we fight to save languages. As such, I would argue that french is being encroached upon among the Acadians of NB. As a Quebecois yourself, you should be aware of la survivance that was so essential to saving our French language and ways of life over the past 400 years or so. Linguicide is not a new concept - it runs deep in history throughout all corners of the world. So no, I am not a proponent of Chiac and I think people need to think about this deeper. Are we accepting the dawn of a "new language" or are we lowering our standards and deskilling our youth? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.139.0.56 (talk) 17:35, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Are we trying to document/explain Chiac or do you guys just want establish a hierarchy so that you can look down upon someone else's dialect? Rather than arbitrarily proclaiming one language superior to another, let's document more objective facets of Chiac. On my dad's side, my ancestors were from Acadia, exiled from Grand Pre, yet I speak very little French simply because the older generation viewed it as "the mark of the ignorant" when I was a child. Please do not justify that kind of bigotry in how you define a language. Either the French page should be changed to "bad latin" or avoid referring to Chiac that way. Thanks. I never used wiki before, but if it's kosher, please let's change that sentence! Slowmeaux (talk) 07:24, 12 April 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Slowmeaux (talk • contribs) 07:21, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps I was a bit vulgar in my response. I apologize If I have offended anyone; However, I too grew up with 4 french lines my father was french to the core - but never spoke to my sister and I in french. So do not assume I am different from you, but chiac is not a new language and I stick by the argument that chiac is the lazy rendition of french - or english, depending on how you look at it. I am trying to recover my french, and I find it offensive that people who can are abusing the language as such. If you cannot speak fluent french, admit it, but do not proclaim you have invented a new language, local dialect perhaps, but not a new language. I also stick by that it represents the deskilling of youth and the lowering of standards; in a world that is becoming increasingly english speaking - especially in NA. If you were too look at the history of the maritimes (new england included) you would see that policies were put in place to stop acadian (and other french groups) children from speaking their mother tongue, this represents linguicide and chiac is a product of that. So I do wish to "refer to chiac that way". Language is a big part of what makes a people and in many ways dictates unique ways of life, we should correct our youth when speaking. If an entirely NEW language emerges on the face of the earth, I will embrace that as a feat of human ingenuity; however I do not see that happening here. On that note, there is a huge difference between "chiac" and acadian french. But if you are not careful, then all acadian youth may start speaking just chiac (AKA influence of 'Acadieman' - it should be called "chiacman", in respect to acadian people who do not speak chiac). I do not have a problem with the Acadian dialect, which is based mostly on the unique pronounciation of french, but I do not accept chiac. As a expounder of human rights with regards to language, as you have demonstrated, why do you? Chiac speakers will go to any length to avoid admitting they cannot speak french, even so far as proclaiming they have invented an entirely new language. What about Acadian children who's language is being taken from their mouths because according to you, we must be fair? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.139.0.55 (talk) 14:47, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for the response. The word bad should still be taken out and we should say something about Chiac representing the death of the Acadian language not the creation of a new one, if that is what you mean and we can source that. As a cultural aside, what made it tough in Louisiana was that you couldn't teach the youth Parisian French because then their Grandparents couldn't understand them. Well, that and before they allowed it back on Campus, teachers used to whip children with a ruler for speaking French, while all the "real Americans" laughed, You can't teach Parisian French to an Acadian kid who just wants to be able to understand the older generation. Again, I'm not familiar with the Acadian culture in Canada or whether the difference is as severe as it is here. Take Acadian nautical terms, some colloquialisms, and throw in a glissement de sens and you have Cajun French (i.e. une chaisse de secarguer means lazy boy chair). Slowmeaux (talk) 16:10, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Lastly, what did you mean about Acadians profitting from the deportation? And "VERY FEW"? Not a good idea to say. We still exist, in large numbers. And we are proud of that.Slowmeaux (talk) 17:12, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

When I say, Very few, I am referring to the actual deported acadians years ago, not those today - of course there are something like 500,000 - 1 million acadians that exist today, however, originally the number was, although significant, not large. Many public entertainment shows are put on throughout North America sensationalizing the deportation that rake in large profits. Although deportation was largely an acadian experience in french Canada, acadian struggles were not, and are not, restricted to the Acadian Deportation before or after confederation. It alludes to a much larger issue, that of settler colonization and assimilation (linguicide). For years, the Canadian government stemmed from a protestant anglophone system that was counter to ALL French Canadians and First Nations, not just Acadians. What you mentioned about Louisiana was not uncommon, most of the nearly 1 million Quebecois that fled their homeland due to incredible poverty and ill support, being treated as second class citizens, by a government not designed for them; many arrived in Maine, and represent the large French minority there; these Franco Americans (mix of Acadian and mostly Quebecois) were also beaten, and policies set in place to eliminate french language use in Maine. In New Brunswick, where there is a large Acadian minority, chiac is not the only dialect. Chiac stemmed from the shediac/moncton area and is now spreading. However, true acadian french is not Chiac. If one visits the Acadian peninsula, they will see that this is the case, and that older Acadians were not all chiac, but a very small portion in the south. When Acadian politicians fought in the NB legislature, for their right to speak mother tongue - they fought for francophone rights, not chiac. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.79.84 (talk) 01:27, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Consensus is to move the article, request deletion of redirect  GB fan  10:52, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Chiac language → Chiac — Per Naming conventions (languages) and WikiProject Languages, there is nothing to disambiguate "Chiac" from, as is the case with Hindi, Esperanto and Inuktitut. Yvesnimmo (talk) 05:03, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support. Case is well made above by the proposer, I can't really add anything nor do I think I need to. Andrewa (talk) 12:07, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. Ditto. —   AjaxSmack   23:55, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Example sentences section out of hand
The example sentences section has gotten out of hand. It's up to 38 examples, almost none of them sourced, and growing. There might be a lot of WP:OR in here. There should be only enough to give a sense of this language variety, possibly enough to highlight each of several points that one might make about it. At this point I'm not sure that the selection is making any point other than "Look, they mix English and French together", and it doesn't take 38 examples to illustrate that. Largoplazo (talk) 01:12, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: JRN 101 News Literacy
— Assignment last updated by BrieBernier24 (talk) 21:56, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chiac


text:
List of Mac games

This is a list of Mac games. This list contains video game titles released for Classic Mac OS (1 through 9.2.2) and macOS 10 or higher).

title: List of Mac games


text:
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler. Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, published Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (Six Voyages, 1676).

Tavernier is best known for his 1666 discovery or purchase of the 116-carat Tavernier Blue diamond that he subsequently sold to Louis XIV of France in 1668 for 120,000 livres, the equivalent of 172,000 ounces of pure gold, and a letter of ennoblement.

In 1669, Tavernier purchased for 60,000 livres the Seigneury (fief) of Aubonne, located in the Duchy of Savoy near the city of Geneva, and became Baron of Aubonne.

Tavernier's writings show that he was a keen observer, as well as a remarkable cultural anthropologist. His Six Voyages became a best seller and was translated into German, Dutch, Italian, and English during his lifetime. The work is frequently quoted by modern scholars writing about the period.

Early life
Tavernier was born in Paris of a French or Flemish Huguenot family that had emigrated to Antwerp to escape persecution; they subsequently returned to Paris after the publication of the Edict of Nantes, which promised protection for French Protestants. Both his father Gabriel and his brother Melchior Tavernier were cartographers, and it is clear from the accuracy of his drawings that Tavernier received some instruction in the art of cartography and engraving.

The conversations he heard in his father's house inspired Tavernier with an early desire to travel, and by his sixteenth year he had already visited England, the Low Countries and Germany.

In 1624, at eighteen, Tavernier took service with the Viceroy of Hungary. By 1629, after four and a half years, he had grown restless. At the invitation of the young Duke of Rethel, to whom he had previously been briefly attached as a guide and translator, Tavernier traveled to Mantua and took service as an ensign of artillery under the duke's father, the Duke of Nevers, who was besieging the city. In the following year Tavernier traveled, as a translator, with an Irish mercenary in the service of the emperor, Colonel Walter Butler (afterwards notorious for killing Albrecht von Wallenstein).

In the Six Voyages, Tavernier states that he departed from Butler's company, in 1630, with the intention of traveling to Ratisbon (Regensburg), to attend the investiture of the son of Emperor Ferdinand II as King of the Romans. However, as the investiture did not take place until 1636, it is probable that he attended the ceremony between his first and second voyages. By his own account, he had seen Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, and Hungary, as well as France, England and the Low Countries, and spoke the principal languages of these countries.

First journey
Tavernier was now eager to visit the East. At Ratisbon – with the help of Pere Joseph, Cardinal Richelieu's agent and éminence grise –Tavernier was able to join the retinue of a pair of French travellers, M. de Chapes and M. de St. Liebau, who had received a mission to go to the Levant. In their company he reached Constantinople early in 1631, where he spent eleven months, and then proceeded by Tokat, Erzerum, and Erivan to Safavid Persia. His farthest point in this first journey was the Persian city of Isfahan. He returned by Baghdad, Aleppo, Alexandretta, Malta, and Italy, and was again in Paris in 1633.

Of the next five years of Tavernier's life, nothing is known with certainty. However, Joret, his French biographer, claims that during this period he may have become controller of the household of Gaston, Duke of Orléans. We do know that twice during his Six Voyages he claimed the Duke's patronage.

Second journey
In September 1638, Tavernier began a second journey. This journey lasted until 1643; during this expedition, he traveled via Aleppo to Persia, thence to India as far as Agra, and from there to the Kingdom of Golconda. He visited the court of the Mughal—Emperor Shah Jahan—and made his first trip to the diamond mines.

Later voyages

The second journey was followed by four others. In these later voyages, Tavernier traveled as a merchant of the highest rank, trading in costly jewels and other precious wares, and finding his chief customers among the greatest princes of the East.

On his third journey (1643–49), he went as far as Java, and returned by the Cape. His relations with the Dutch proved not wholly satisfactory, and a long lawsuit on his return yielded but imperfect redress.

A fourth voyage (1651–55) took Tavernier to Alexandretta, Aleppo, Basra (where he reported on the Mandaeans, which he referred to as the "Christians of St. John"), Persian Bandar Abbas, Masulipatam, Gandikot, Golkonda, Surat, Ahmedabad, Pegu, Dagon, Ava, Mogok, back to Bandar Abbas and Isfahan, thence back to Paris.

During his last two voyages, his fifth and sixth (1657–1662, 1664–1668), he did not proceed beyond India. The details of these voyages are often obscure; they nevertheless added to an extraordinary knowledge of overland Eastern trade routes and brought the now famous merchant into close and friendly communication with the greatest Oriental potentates.

These last voyages also secured for him a large fortune and great reputation at home. He was presented to Louis XIV, in whose service he had travelled sixty thousand leagues by land. In 1662, Tavernier married Madeleine Goisse, daughter of a Parisian jeweller. He received patents of nobility on 16 February 1669; in the following year purchased, for 60,000 livres, the Seigneury of Aubonne, located in the Duchy of Savoy, near Geneva.

Writings
Thus settled in ease and affluence, Tavernier occupied himself, it would seem at the desire of the king, in publishing an account of his journeys. He had neither the equipment nor the tastes of a scientific traveller, but in all that referred to commerce his knowledge was vast and could not fail to be of much public service. He set to work therefore with the aid of Samuel Chappuzeau, a French Protestant littérateur, and produced Nouvelle Relation de l'Intérieur du Sérail du Grand Seigneur (4to, Paris, 1675), based on the two visits to Constantinople on his first and sixth journeys.

That book was followed by Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier (2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1676) and by a supplementary Recueil de Plusieurs Relations (4to, Paris, 1679), in which he was assisted by a certain La Chapelle. This last contains an account of Japan, gathered from merchants and others, and one of Tongking, derived from the observations of his brother Daniel, who had shared his second voyage and settled at Batavia; and it also contains a violent attack on the agents of the Dutch East India Company, at whose hands Tavernier had suffered more than one wrong. This attack was elaborately answered in Dutch by H. van Quellenburgh (Vindictie Batavicae, Amsterdam, 1684), but made more noise because Antoine Arnauld drew from it some material unfavorable to Protestantism for his Apologie pour les Catholiques (1681), and so brought Tavernier a ferocious onslaught in Pierre Jurieu's Esprit de M. Arnauld (1684). Tavernier made no reply to Jurieu.

This work is much prized by historians and geographers for its detailed accounts of the places visited by Tavernier, from 1631 to 1668, and his dealings with politically important persons at a time when reliable reports from the Near East and the Orient were scanty or lacking altogether. Doubt has been cast on Tavernier's accuracy, but ...insofar as gemological information is concerned, Tavernier's observations have also withstood the test of time and are considered reliable.

Later years and death
The closing years of Tavernier's life are not well documented; the times were not favorable for a Protestant in France. In 1684, Tavernier traveled to Brandenburg at the request of Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, to discuss the elector's scheme to charter his own East India Company. The elector wished Tavernier to become his ambassador to India. He awarded Tavernier the honorary posts of Chamberlain and Counselor of Marine. The scheme, unfortunately, came to nothing.

In 1679, Louis XIV began to seriously undermine his Protestant subjects. He established the Bureau of Conversion to reward Catholic converts. In January 1685, Tavernier managed to sell his Château Aubonne to Marquis Henri du Quesne for 138,000 livres plus 3,000 livres for horses and carriages. Tavernier's timing was good: in October of the same year, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. Louis then instituted the Verification of Nobility which deprived those Protestant noblemen who refused to convert to Catholicism of their titles. Tavernier was technically a subject of the Duke of Savoy, but Louis threatened to invade the duchy, if the duke, his son-in-law, did not follow his lead.

In 1687, despite an edict prohibiting Protestants from leaving France, Tavernier left Paris and traveled to Switzerland. In 1689, he passed through Berlin and Copenhagen and entered Russia on a passport issued by the king of Sweden, and a visa signed by the Czar's First Minister, Prince Andrea Gallatin, perhaps with the intent of traveling overland to India. It is not known if he met with Czar Peter who was just 17 years old at that time. What is known is that Tavernier, as with all foreigners resident in Moscow, would have been required, by imperial decree, to take up residence in the foreign quarter, known as the German Suburb (Nemetskaya Sloboda). Peter was very interested in all things foreign, had many friends in the suburb, and spent a great deal of time there, beginning in mid-March 1689. Tavernier arrived in Moscow in late February or early March of that year. Tavernier was a famous man. Given Peter's obsession with all things European, it would be surprising if they did not meet.

Tavernier died in Moscow in 1689, at the age of eighty-four. Tavernier was the model of the inveterate traveler, as well as the most consequential diamond dealer of his age. His remarkable three-hundred-year-old book (Le Six Voyages...1677) tells the stories of many significant gems that remain in the public mind today.

Tavernier's biographer Charles Joret, produced a fragment of an article published in a Danish journal by Frederick Rostgaard, who states that he interviewed the aging adventurer and was told of his intention to travel to Persia via Moscow. Tavernier was not, however, able to complete this last journey.

Legacy

Tavernier's travels, though often reprinted and translated, have a defect for his biographer: the chronology is much confused by his plan of combining notes from various journeys about certain routes, for he sought mainly to furnish a guide to other merchants. A careful attempt to disentangle the thread of a life still in many parts obscure was made by Charles Joret, in Jean-Baptiste Tavernier d'aprés des Documents Nouveaux, 8vo, Paris, 1886, where the literature of the subject is fully given. See also the second English translation of Tavernier's account of his travels, so far as relating to India, by Valentine Ball, 2 vols. (1889). Subsequently, a definitive 2nd edition of Ball's translation, edited by William Crooke was published in 1925. Some consider Tavernier's accounts unreliable.

Tavernier was the subject of an English film, The Diamond Queen (1953) by John Brahm.

The In Search of... episode "The Diamond Curse" repeats a persistent myth that Tavernier was torn apart by wild dogs because of the curse of a blue diamond (subsequently called the Hope Diamond) he had allegedly acquired through deception and murder.

For the 400th anniversary of Tavernier's birth in 2005, the Swiss filmmaker Philippe Nicolet made a full-length film about him called Les voyages en Orient du Baron d'Aubonne. Another Swiss, the sculptor Jacques Basler, made a life-sized bronze effigy of the great 17th-century traveller which looks out over Lake Geneva at the Hotel Baron Tavernier, where there is also a permanent exhibition of all his drawings and archives in Chexbres.

Using Tavernier's Les Six Voyages as a template, gemologist/historian Richard W. Wise wrote an award-winning historical novel, The French Blue, that dramatizes Tavernier's life and voyages up until the sale of The Great Blue Diamond to Louis XIV. The book's website includes a detailed timeline of Tavernier's life and voyages. (In 1671, Louis had his court jeweler Jean Pitau recut the stone into the 68 carat French Blue and had it set as a hatpin. The gem was reset by his great-grandson Louis XV in The Medal of The Order of the Golden Fleece, stolen in 1792, recut, and re-emerged in London 30 years later as the Hope Diamond.)

Works

 * Nouvelle Relation De l’intéreur Du Sérail Du Grand Seigneur Contenant Plusieurs Singularitex Qui Jusqu’icy N’ont Point esté mises En Lumiere. Chez Gervais Clouzier, 1st ed. Paris, 7 February 1675.
 * Les Six Voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer, Baron d’Aubonne, en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes. Chez Olivier de. Varennes, 1st ed. Paris 1675.
 * A New Relation Of The Inner-Part of The Grand Seignor’s Seraglio, Containing Several Remarkable Particulars, Never Before Expos’d To Public View bound with (p.99) A Short Description of all the Kingdoms Which Encompas the Euxine and Caspian Seas, Delivered by the author after Twenty Years Travel Together with a Preface Containing Several Remarkable Observations concerning divers of the forementioned countries. 1st English Edition, R. L. and Moses Pitt, 1677.
 * The Six Voyages of John Baptista Tavernier: Baron of Aubonne, by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, tr. John Phillips. William Godbid, for Robert Littlebury at the King's Arms in Little Britain, and Moses Pitt at the Angel in St Paul's Church-yard., 1677. This early edition is at the United States Geological Survey Library, and was formerly owned by George Frederick Kunz and Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey.
 * Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Travels in India translated V. Ball, second ed. (Ball is considered to be 1st Ed.) edited William Crooke, in 2 vols. Tavernier's Travels in India, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, 1925.
 * Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Travels in India translated V. Ball, second ed. (Ball is considered to be 1st Ed.) edited William Crooke, in 2 vols. Tavernier's Travels in India, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, 1925.

title: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier


text:
Ronnie Milsap

Ronnie Lee Milsap (born Ronald Lee Millsaps; January 16, 1943) is an American country music singer and pianist.

He was one of country music's most popular and influential performers of the 1970s and 1980s. Nearly completely blind from birth, he became one of the most successful and versatile country "crossover" singers of his time, appealing to both country and pop music markets with hit songs that incorporated pop, R&B, and rock and roll elements. His biggest crossover hits include "It Was Almost Like a Song", "Smoky Mountain Rain", "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me", "I Wouldn't Have Missed It for the World", "Any Day Now", and "Stranger in My House". He is credited with six Grammy Awards and 35 number-one country hits, fourth to George Strait, Conway Twitty, and Merle Haggard. He was selected for induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2014.

Early life (1943–1971)
Milsap was born January 16, 1943, in Robbinsville, North Carolina. A congenital disorder left him almost completely blind from birth. Abandoned by his mother as an infant, he was raised in poverty by his grandparents in the Smoky Mountains until he was sent to the North Carolina State School for the Blind and Deaf in Raleigh, North Carolina, at age five.

During his childhood, Milsap developed a passion for music, particularly the late-night radio broadcasts of country music, gospel music, and rhythm and blues. When he was 7, his instructors noticed his musical talents. Soon afterward he began formal study of classical music at Governor Morehead School and learned several instruments, eventually mastering the piano.

When he was 14, a slap from one of the school's houseparents caused him to lose what very limited vision he had in his left eye.

With the national breakthrough of Elvis Presley in 1956, Milsap became interested in rock and roll music and formed a rock band called the Apparitions with fellow high-school students. In concert, Milsap has often paid tribute to the musicians of the 1950s who inspired him including Ray Charles, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Presley.

Milsap was awarded a full college scholarship and briefly attended Young Harris College in Young Harris, Georgia, with plans to become a lawyer. During this time, Milsap joined a popular local R&B band called the Dimensions that played gigs in the Atlanta area, and became a regular attraction at the rough and rowdy Royal Peacock Club. In the fall of 1964, Milsap declined a scholarship to law school and left college to pursue a full-time career in music. He met Joyce Reeves one night at a dinner party during this period, after which the two were married in 1965.

In 1963, Milsap met Atlanta disc jockey Pat Hughes, who became an early supporter of his music career. Milsap recorded his first single, "Total Disaster/It Went to Your Head", which enjoyed some local success in the Atlanta area. The single sold 15,000 copies with the help of Hughes, who played the record on his radio show. Around this same time, Milsap auditioned for a job as a keyboardist for musician J. J. Cale. In 1965, Milsap signed with New York–based Scepter Records, recording several obscure singles for the label over the next few years, and working briefly with other soul musicians like Ray Charles and Stevie Wonder.

Also in 1965, Milsap scored his first hit with the Ashford & Simpson–penned single, "Never Had It So Good", which peaked at No. 19 on the R&B chart in November of that year. It would be his only successful single during his time with Scepter. Milsap cut another Ashford & Simpson tune, "Let's Go Get Stoned", that was relegated to a B-side.

In the late 1960s, after moving to Memphis, Tennessee, Milsap worked for producer Chips Moman and became a popular weekly attraction at the Memphis nightclub T.J.'s. During this time, Moman helped Milsap land work as a session musician on numerous projects including several recordings with Elvis Presley such as "Don't Cry Daddy" in 1969 and "Kentucky Rain" in 1970. That same year, Milsap made the lower reaches of the pop charts with the single "Loving You Is a Natural Thing". He recorded and released his debut album, Ronnie Milsap, on Warner Brothers in 1971.

Breakthrough success (1973–1975)
In December 1972, Milsap relocated to Nashville after a chance meeting with country music star Charley Pride who was in the audience for a Milsap gig at the nightclub Whiskey A-Go-Go on Sunset Blvd. in Los Angeles. Pride was impressed with Milsap's singing and encouraged him to change course and focus on country music. Milsap began working with Pride's manager, Jack D. Johnson, and was signed to RCA Records in 1973. He released his first single for RCA that year, "I Hate You", which became his first country music success, peaking at No. 10 on the country chart. In 1974, Milsap toured with Pride as an opening act and had two No. 1 singles: "Pure Love" (written by Eddie Rabbitt) and the Kris Kristofferson composition "Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends" which won Milsap his first Grammy. In 1975, he revived the Don Gibson song "(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time" and scored another No. 1 hit with "Daydreams About Night Things".

"It Was Almost Like a Song" (1976–1978)
From 1976 to 1978, Milsap became one of country music's biggest stars. He scored seven No. 1 singles in a row, including the Grammy-winning "(I'm a) Stand by My Woman Man" and "What a Difference You've Made in My Life". The most significant of this series was "It Was Almost Like a Song" in 1977, a piano-based ballad, which became his most successful single of the 1970s. In addition to topping the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, the song was his first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart since "Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends" reached No. 95; "It Was Almost Like a Song," reached No. 16. It was also his first song to make the Adult Contemporary Chart, stopping at No. 7. While the song was Milsap's only crossover success of the 1970s, he continued to achieve hits on the country music charts for the remainder of the decade.

Crossover success (1979–1992)
Milsap's sound shifted toward string-laden pop ballads during the late 1970s which resulted in crossover success on the pop charts beginning in the early 1980s. From 1980 until 1983, he scored a series of eleven No. 1 singles. Milsap's Greatest Hits album, released in 1980, included a new single, "Smoky Mountain Rain", which became a No. 1 smash on the country charts. The single peaked in the Top 20 on the pop music chart and also became the first of two Milsap songs to score No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

Other crossover successes included the Top 5 pop single, "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me", and two Top 20 songs in "I Wouldn't Have Missed It For the World" and "Any Day Now", the latter which lasted five weeks at No. 1 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. He also had some success with "He Got You". All four songs reached No. 1 on the country music charts.

Although the series of No. 1 hits ended in 1983, the last song of the series, "Stranger in My House", was still successful on all three charts, peaking at No. 5 on the country music chart, No. 23 on the pop music chart, and No. 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Just a few months later, "Don't You Know How Much I Love You" was released, becoming Milsap's last significant entry on the pop music chart, stopping at No. 58. However it, along with others, still became major successes on the Adult Contemporary chart. These successful singles include "Show Her", "Still Losing You", and finally, the Grammy-winning song "Lost in the Fifties Tonight" (his last pop crossover success) in 1985.

Between 1985 and 1987, Milsap enjoyed a series of uninterrupted No. 1 country singles, enjoying great success at this time with "She Keeps the Home Fires Burning", "In Love", "Snap Your Fingers", "Where Do the Nights Go", and the Grammy-winning duet with Kenny Rogers, "Make No Mistake, She's Mine".

In 1989, Milsap had his last No. 1 song with "A Woman in Love", although he still remained successful on the charts. Other Top 10 singles between 1989 and 1991 include "Houston Solution", "Stranger Things Have Happened", "Turn That Radio On", a remake of the 1950s hit "Since I Don't Have You" (his last adult contemporary hit) and "Are You Loving Me Like I'm loving You". With the help of writer Tom Carter, Milsap wrote and released his autobiography, titled Almost like a Song, in 1990.

In 1992, he had a major success with "All Is Fair in Love and War". The song featured rock guitarist Mark Knopfler on lead guitar and peaked at No. 11; his last top-40 country hit, "True Believer," peaked in 1993 at No. 30. By that time, however, Milsap's chart success began to decline.

Since 1993: Life today
Milsap has remained one of country music's best-loved and most successful artists despite the lack of radio airplay since the mid-1990s. In 1993, he left RCA for Liberty and released the album True Believer which failed to achieve significant radio airplay, although the title song scored No. 30 on the country chart. In 2000, Milsap resurfaced with a two-CD set, 40 No. 1 Hits, featuring a new single entitled "Time, Love, and Money". The new collection earned a gold record although the single failed to score on the charts.

In 2000, Milsap's biography was featured by A&E Networks's Biography television series. Milsap has also been featured by CMT's numerous shows, including 40 Greatest Men of Country Music and a 2005 episode of Crossroads with Tex-Mex rock group Los Lonely Boys.

During 2004, Milsap worked with producer Jerry F. Sharell to record his first non-country album since the early 1970s, Just for a Thrill. The project was a collection of American popular/jazz music standards which earned Milsap a Grammy award nomination that year. In 2006, Milsap signed with his former company RCA and returned to a mainstream, contemporary country music style with the album My Life. The first single was "Local Girls" which reached No. 54.

In 2009, Milsap released a two-CD set entitled Then Sings My Soul which featured 24 hymns and gospel songs, including "Up To Zion". "Up To Zion" was co-written by Gregory James Tornquist and Noreen Crayton and became a No. 1 hit on the southern gospel charts. On May 12, 2010, he was part of a Gaither Video Taping.

Milsap's studio album Country Again was released in July 2011. The album was a return to a more traditional country sound.

On May 2, 2013, Milsap performed at the memorial service of country legend George Jones, singing the Jones classic "When the Grass Grows Over Me". The service was broadcast live on CMT, GAC, RFD-TV, The Nashville Network, and Family Net as well as Nashville stations. SiriusXM and WSM 650AM, home of the Grand Ole Opry, broadcast the event live on radio.

On December 27, 2013, it was announced Milsap would release a new album. Summer #17 was released in March 2014. The album features new recordings of classic pop and R&B songs from the 1950s and 60's.

On June 1, 2014, Rolling Stone magazine ranked "Smoky Mountain Rain" #96 in their list of the 100 greatest country songs.

In 2016, Milsap was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "On the Road Again" and "I Will Always Love You" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.

In October 2018, Billboard announced Milsap would release a duets album, titled Ronnie Milsap: The Duets in January 2019. The album was released on January 18, 2019. The Duets album has many artists including Dolly Parton, Willie Nelson, George Strait, Little Big Town and many other of Country Music's finest. It also has the last recordings of the late Leon Russell and Troy Gentry of Montgomery Gentry. The Duets album charted on three different charts. Listed in the order from highest. Independent Album chart #15 - Top Current Album Sales chart #47 - Top Album Sales chart #57. The Duets album is Ronnie's latest album charting to date! The only song from The Duets album to chart was "Smokey Mountain Rain" with Dolly Parton. Charting #27 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Spending 5 weeks on the chart - Debuted 07.27.19 - peaked 08.10.19.

Mid 2020 Ronnie added an audio clip on his website stating he has a new home studio and he has been recording a new album! Then later on Oct 15th Milsap's team announced the release of his recording of the Christmas version of "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby" - "Merry, Merry Christmas Baby". The song was then released October 16, 2020. This is Ronnie's first Christmas material since his first and only Christmas album in 1986. Milsap released the album A Better Word for Love in 2021, recorded at Ronnie's Place and released by Black River Entertainment. In addition to releases in 2021 Ronnie reissued his long out of print Christmas (only on CD) album "Christmas With Ronnie Milsap". It was announced on Sept 22, 2021, then released November 12, 2021.

In March 2022 Michael Feinstein released his tribute to the Gershwin brothers "Gershwin Country" which Included none other than Ronnie on the recording of "Oh, Lady Be Good". Their duet was released on March 11, 2022, On April 13, 2022, Ronnie's team announced the production of a new podcast "Music and Milsap" produced by Marty Mackeever (Mr. Producer as Ronnie calls him). The first episode was released April 22, 2022. Available on Spotify, Ronniemilsap.com, Google Podcasts, Amazon Music & more. On May 1, 2022, Ronnie Inducted his longtime friend Ray Charles into the Country Music Hall Of Fame. Sometime over the summer of 2022 Ronnie was reported to have been in the studio recording with his longtime friend & album producer Rob Galbraith. The next album is said to be an American song book album. Then on September 15 Ronnie was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall Of Fame alongside Mavis Staples, Priscilla Presley, Jim Gaines and many others.

Turning 80 on January 16, 2023, Ronnie later celebrated his 80th birthday on March 25 on the Grand Ole Opry. He was joined by Trace Adkins, Little Big Town, Jeannie Seely, and a few others.

Ronnie has been featured on the tribute album for The Gaithers entitled "Gaither Tribute: Award Winning Artists Honor The Songs of Bill & Gloria Gaither". He'll be singing their song "I Just Feel Like Something Good Is About To Happen". The album will also feature Alabama, Reba McEntire, Ronnie Dunn, Lee Ann Womack & many others. Being released August 25, 2023. On October 3, 2023, Ronnie Milsap was joined by many of his musical friends to do his final show at the Bridgestone Arena. Although Ronnie will be retiring from the road he isn't fully retiring from music. He will continue with his podcast "Music and Milsap" and he'll continue to record.

On June 30, Ronnie released his latest duet "Jambalaya (On The Bayou)" with Deborah Silver.

Amateur radio operator
Milsap is an Advanced-class amateur radio operator. His call sign is WB4KCG.

Personal life
In 1965, Milsap married Joyce Reeves. They had one son, Ronald Todd Milsap, who was found dead on his houseboat at the age of 49 on February 23, 2019, from an apparent medical condition. Ronald's son, who had not heard from his father for the previous two days, found the body. Joyce, who had been battling leukemia since 2014, died on September 6, 2021, at the age of 81.

Industry awards and honors
Academy of Country Music
 * 1982 Top Male Vocalist
 * 1985 Song of the Year – "Lost in the Fifties Tonight"
 * 1988 Instrumentalist of the Year, Keyboards
 * 2002 Pioneer Award

Billboard
 * 1980 No. 1 Country Song of the Year – "My Heart"
 * 1985 No. 1 Country Song of the Year – "Lost in the Fifties Tonight"

Country Music Association Country Music Hall of Fame 2014 Inductee
 * 1974 Male Vocalist of the Year
 * 1975 Album of the Year – "A Legend in My Time"
 * 1976 Male Vocalist of the Year
 * 1977 Album of the Year – "Ronnie Milsap Live"
 * 1977 Entertainer of the Year
 * 1977 Male Vocalist of the Year
 * 1978 Album of the Year – "It Was Almost Like a Song"
 * 1986 Album of the Year – "Lost in the Fifties Tonight

Grammy awards
 * 1975 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Please Don't Tell Me How The Story Ends"
 * 1977 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "(I'm a) Stand by My Woman Man"
 * 1982 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me"
 * 1986 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Lost in the Fifties Tonight"
 * 1987 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Lost in the Fifties Tonight"
 * 1988 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals – "Make No Mistake, She's Mine" (w/ Kenny Rogers)

Music City News Country
 * 1975 Most Promising Male Artist

Miscellaneous achievements
 * 40 No. 1 hits, 35 of which reached the top spot on the Billboard chart; the remaining 5 topped other trade charts, including Cashbox
 * Over 35 million albums sold
 * Inducted into the Grand Ole Opry in 1976
 * Inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2002
 * Awarded the Career Achievement Award by Country Radio Seminar in 2006
 * Awarded the 2007 Rocketown Legend Award

Other honors On December 2, 2020, six miles of U.S. 129 in Graham County, North Carolina, from Yellow Creek near Robbinsville to the Swain County line, was designated Ronnie Milsap Highway.

title: Ronnie Milsap