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Hans Eichel

Hans Eichel (born 24 December 1941) is a German politician (SPD) and the co-founder of the G20, or "Group of Twenty", an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of twenty developed and developing nations to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability.

He was Germany's Minister of Finance between 1999 and 2005. Eichel was chairman of the G7 in 1999 and chairman of the G20 in 2004. Before that, Eichel served as the 6th Minister President of Hesse from 1991 to 1999 and as the 52nd President of the Bundesrat in 1998/99.

During his time in office, Eichel played a very important role in two landmark reforms – the far reaching reform of German society and economy (also known as Agenda 2010) and the creation of the G-20 to reflect the rebalancing of world power. Some argue that Agenda 2010 helped turn Germany from the 'sick man of Europe' into the best performing major Western economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. While some parties regarded it as the most successful economic reforms in Germany in over half a century, as well as in any G7 country in 30 years, it also created massive controversy and protests. The effects of the Agenda 2010 on German economic development remain disputed.

As chairman of the G7, Eichel initiated the creation of the G20 together with then US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and hosted its inaugural meeting in Berlin. The G20 rapidly grew to become the most influential economic body in the world. Eichel went on to serve as chairman of the G20 in 2004, when he pressed for the reforming of the international financial architecture and establishing a code of conduct on preventing financial crises.

Early life and education
Eichel was brought up in Kassel where he did his Abitur in 1961. He then completed a degree in German, philosophy, political science, history and education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin, graduating in 1970. After that, he worked as a teacher for five years in a Kassel Gymnasium, the Wilhelmsgymnasium, before winning election as the mayor of Kassel at age 33.

Career in local politics
In his early days, Eichel was known for his campaigns for green causes and against nuclear weapons but for most of his political career, he became associated with stimulating investment and creating jobs. He was noted for his consensus building skills and an ability to mix pragmatism with a mastery of detail. Eichel believed strongly in European federation and on merging Europe's armies and foreign services, and on giving them a single foreign minister. He argued that Europe would be very much stronger if it spoke to the outside world with one voice.

From 1975 to 1991, Eichel served as mayor of Kassel, initially gaining the office at the age of only 33.

Minister-President of Hesse, 1991–1999
From 1991 to 1999, Eichel was the Minister-President of Hesse in a coalition government with the Green Party. The coalition won again four years later and was the first red-green coalition to serve two consecutive terms. Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999. However, he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Koch's CDU and lost his office.

Minister of Finance, 1999–2005
In March 1999, Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, and Eichel replaced him a month later. He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009. At the beginning of his term, Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006. Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron Minister because of his ability to exercise strict budget discipline. The Economist magazine's description of him:

''It was Mr Eichel who achieved Germany's biggest tax cuts in half a century, preached a fierce austerity, and stuck rigidly to a policy of squeezing the budget. For two years after taking over as finance minister in 1999 from the left-wing, fiscally extravagant Oskar Lafontaine, Mr Eichel was the government's star. Despite his penchant for spending cuts, he was widely admired for his integrity, courage, and unwavering loyalty to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder''

Despite initial success, due to constraints by the cabinet and by the worsening economic situation after the short boom in 1999/2000, he had to abandon those plans. After the election Eichel had to recalculate the budget due to the deteriorating economy and found that he would have $18 billion less in tax revenue than was anticipated. The German budget deficit was 3.8%, exceeding the 3% ceiling set by the EU's Stability Pact. Until 2005, when he stepped down, Eichel did not reduce the deficit to under the 3% stability threshold, mainly due to the decision from Chancellor Schroder to not force excessive austerity on the German people on top of the deep economic reforms taking place.

Toward the end of his term, in late 2004, Eichel and U.S. Treasury Secretary John W. Snow worked out a proposal to cancel 80 percent, or about $33 billion, of the debt owed by Iraq to a group of creditor nations known as the Paris Club, capping an American effort for debt forgiveness.

Controversy
Eichel had a public spat in 2003 with then International Monetary Fund (IMF) chief Horst Köhler, accusing Köhler and the IMF of being too harsh on Germany and too soft on the risks and policy failures of the United States. Köhler defended the harsh criticism of Germany and rejected the notion that the IMF was too soft on the US. However, experts pointed out in 2003 that there was growing evidence that the IMF was reluctant to explore the more problematic aspects of American economic and financial policies such as the concentration of derivative risks at a few big US financial institutions and early warning signs of the building up of risks in Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac. The public and global sentiment in 2003 was against Eichel as Germany was then viewed as the 'sick man of Europe' but consequently, the developments of the global financial crisis radiating out of the US, happening in parallel with the renaissance of the German economy, would suggest that Eichel was in the right.

After the tax reforms of 2001 and 2002, the German banking industry association sent Eichel's internal revenue ministry three letters in total in late 2002 and early 2003 warning about a tax loophole allowing investors to receive more than one tax reimbursement for a single short transaction. Depending on how many times investors short sold a share in a period of 48 hours after a dividend disbursement, tax refunds were erroneously paid out up to four or five times for that single short-sell transaction. Eichel's ministry took no corrective action in response, and from that time forward, gradually larger and larger amounts of forfeited tax revenue resulted.

G-20
The G-20 was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system.

According to senior researchers at the Brookings Institution, the G-20 was founded at the initiative of Eichel, then German finance minister who was also concurrently chair of the G-7. Other sources identify Hans Eichel, US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, and Canadian Finance Minister Paul Martin as the three key initiators.

According to University of Toronto professor John Kirton, the membership of the G-20 was decided by Eichel's assistant Caio Koch-Weser and Summers' assistant Timothy Geithner. In Kirton's book 'G20 Governance for a Globalised World',

Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Spain out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out.

The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999, Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen to be the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the first G-20 meeting of finance ministers in December 1999 in Berlin.

Other activities
Eichel currently leads the expert group on sustainable structural development for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the world's oldest and largest foundation to promote democracy and political education.

In addition, Eichel has been holding various paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics, including the following:

 * WMP Eurocom, Member of the supervisory board (2010-2020)
 * Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF), Member of the Advisory Board
 * Rheingau Musik Festival, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Deutsche Sporthilfe, Member of the Foundation's Council
 * 7000 Oaks Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees

title: Hans Eichel


text:
Talk:Prostitution in Germany

Trafficking
I would contend that, with the exception of Hamburg and Berlin, the trafficking in women as described in the Trafficking section is misrepresented. Only in the appartment scene is it even possible for foreign women to work without accurate and complete papers. That means that they need to be in possesion of their passports.

Most of the trafficking that is happening is at the knowledge of the women that they will be working in prostitution and the payment is made by them for this service. It used to be common for the traffickers to arrange a marriage to a German to get legal status. With the admission of many new countries into the EU this is outdated. The fee the "husband" would receive was often in the 10,000 - 20,000 DM range. these girls would often give their legal papers to another girl fromt heir home country to work a legitmate job under, while they were working as prostitutes.

Friedman
> In 2003, Michel Friedman, popular TV talk show host ... he resigned his posts. > Also in 2003, well-known artist and art professor Jörg Immendorff ... his terminal illness.

it is misleading to mention this two cases of cocaine abuse in connection with the (il)legality of prosituition. While this occurances where connected with illegal prostituition, both men have had nothing to do with this aspect. OTOH both cases are highly relevant about the moral situation of prostitutes and their customers in Germany (and illegal drugs too).

 * Well, these examples are not in the section discussing the (il)legality of prostitution in Germany, so I would argue that they belong where they are. I'll clarify that the men were only punished for the drug. AxelBoldt 19:59, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Lack of traineeships
Does anyone know the background to this story about the lack of traineeships in German brothels in the English-language media? Was the reason the exemption wasn't granted because the government wants to put pressure on brothels? --Robert Merkel 13:05, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe the main reason is bureaucratical: the ministry didn't want to have to precisely define the exempt businesses, and they were probably afraid that other businesses would ask for exemptions as well. In any case, so far the law is just a draft and hasn't been voted on. AxelBoldt 12:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Removal
I removed two sentences:
 * Generally the tighter the local regulations, the more power have the pimps and the more abusive is the whole business -- because the restrictions increase the competition between the women so that those without pimps will be driven away by the pimps of the others.

This claim is not supported by the cited literature published by the German government. Pimp pressure is low in Munich and high in Hamburg. In Berlin, pimp pressure on foreign women is high but on German women is low.
 * (again increasing pimp power, since they often intimidate the unwilling customer into paying).

Pimps do generally not participate directly in the prostitute-customer relationship; they just induce or force the woman to work and to hand over the money afterwards. AxelBoldt 12:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I just removed the first statement again. AxelBoldt 18:48, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

East vs West
This article sort of skims over the period of 1945-1990. I think more detail should be added, especially with regards to the differences between East and West Germany's attitudes towards prostitution.

Soccer World Cup 2006 & Prostitution
The German government has informed the world that tens of thousands of prostitutes will be crowding around busy sporting stadiums, where the soccer world cup games will be held. (Most likely in Berlin, Munich and Frankfurt.) The number of prostitutes is estimated at tens of thousands! " The above edit was made to the article -- it doesn't fit into the article in its current form, and i don't know enough to the article to integrate it. what do you guys think? Toss it? TastemyHouse 05:29, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Sure, toss it; the German government hasn't done anything like that. A good report is here: http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/11/18/world_cup/. Basically: AxelBoldt 15:32, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There were plans in Dortmund to erect stalls for prostitution in anticipation of the soccer world cup, but they have since been abandoned.
 * A women's organization has started a campaign to inform world cup visitors about trafficking and forced prostitution.
 * A big new brothel opened a couple of months ago in Berlin; whether that's related to the soccer world cup is anybody's guess.

Trafficking section
"The trafficking in women from Eastern Europe is organized by gangs from that same region."

--> This theory is not supported by yearly police reports (BKA - Lagebericht Menschenhandel)

The image of 'the perpetrator' as foreigner in disourses on trafficking has been analysed as racist by severall authors and should not be reproduced like that. Maybe the information could be replaced by something more differentiated?

 * I agree; we can simply state that 60% of the accused were foreigners, and another 8% were foreign-born Germans. AxelBoldt 22:41, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

"Women are often unwilling to testify against their oppressors"

--> they are also in most cases unable to act as witnesses as they do not have the needed information

The following was copied from user talk:AxelBoldt:

AxelBoldt,

I don't understand your rationale for removing my numerous additions to what goes on in FKK clubs. I've been to many FKK clubs there and what I wrote is from personal experience. What I said about "unlimited foreplay" is true. In fact, I am friends with a guy who has a company leading tours from the U.S. to FKK clubs six or seven times a year, and this is what all the customers will tell you. I notice you also deleted the information I gave about the men being given towels to wear, the fact that some of the girls are as beautiful as in Playboy, the fact that session fee doesn't run until you take the girl to the room, etc. What are the reasons for these other deletions?

--Liem

Hello,
 * towel/robe situation is mentioned
 * "Playboy quality" language is not neutral and smells like advertising
 * unlimited foreplay/session starts at the room: that information is misleading at best; see this FAQ which emphasizes repeatedly that one should not waste a woman's time on the couch and one can be charged for this in extreme cases. Publically advertising "unlimited foreplay" here will only get people into trouble.

Cheers, AxelBoldt 13:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Urban myth of cut benefits
That was brit tabloids. http://www.snopes.com/media/notnews/brothel.asp

 * The daily telegraph is not a tabloid 130.95.128.51

Image:0405.Annabell 002.jpg
this image Image:0405.Annabell 002.jpg in the prostitution article, is labeled "A German artist's self-portrait as a prostitute." in this article, the image is labeled "A prostitute in Germany, 1999". badmachine (talk) 23:59, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Organized crime
This article could be improved by adding a section that discusses the connection between German prostitution and organized crime. Please see. Organized crime has become a huge problem in Amsterdam as well for the same reasons.  Nancy Heise   ''' talk 03:09, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * You should not believe this. I read this text quickly, found:

There is no prove, and i can see no special relation of prostitution to organized crime. Especially not in such a free, tolerant society and state of laws like Germany. Other professions, like building companies, are probably more related to this.
 * a lot of unproven, aggressive, prejudicing and even racist statements there. Based on a
 * "gigantic, highly organized criminal trade linked to the exploitation of women", which is unproven and irreal
 * There is no slavery or "white slave trade", especially not in Germany, except probably some incidents at wartimes in Bosnien and Kosovo and a short time after that. Just mentioning it does not prove its reality.
 * Although there is a possibility that prostitutes have more than average personal problems, and some of them like drug addiction will make vulnerable to criminality, this is not caused by prostitution. And there is no believable statistics about that.
 * At least, Wikipedia articles are not the place for discussions, but knowledge.

The main thing i personally worry about is that such an unreal, unscientific, racist text could be believed by americans. Imho Jimbo had founded Wikipedia to aid in that. Wispanow (talk) 11:57, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Wispanow, I am not into prostitution but I came across this page when I looked at your user contributions to see what pages you were into since you were so into the camera stuff. The link between organized crime and prostitution in Germany (and everywhere else) is a well known fact. Here's a Routledge book that discusses the German prostitution/organized crime/sex slavery situtation see page 83 . Where I live, there are concerted efforts to rescue underage girls from sex slavery see . I think this article could be improved by discussing the organized crime assertions (true or not) that are being made by some scholars as well as the efforts to rescue young girls from what some believe to be modern sex slavery. There are groups of Catholics in Germany and others who are devoted to helping these girls out of their situations. Amsterdam has changed its laws recently in an effort to deal with the plethora of organized crime linked prostitution. See . I am just trying to help what seems to me to be serious omissions in this article. Thanks.  Nancy Heise   ''' talk 18:53, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

AFD for crime lord Necati Arabaci
Necati Arabaci crime lord in germany is under AFD Articles_for_deletion/Necati_Arabaci. Kasaalan (talk) 11:37, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Prostitution in Europe template
The template in the bottom of the article is not correrct. For example Prostitution in the Netherlands. I am not a established user, so I can not edit. Fyfaenflate (talk) 14:07, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Now it is repaired :) Sleitfelt (talk) 14:09, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Prostitution in Europe template, Again.
The template in the bottom of the article is not correrct. For example "Prostitution in the Netherlands" do not work. I am not a established user, so I can not edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.89.34.82 (talk) 10:47, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Can anyone get this fixed? 88.91.90.34 (talk) 11:49, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

I have not had time to examine this, but I suspect there is no simple solution. The article includes:

which uses Europe topic (Europe in topic redirects to that).

The problem is that the template generates a link to Prostitution in Netherlands whereas the article is actually Prostitution in the Netherlands.

The template even fails on Netherlands which includes  which gives the "Climate of Europe" navbox at the bottom, with a red link for "Netherlands" instead of the correct link Climate of the Netherlands (however, that link is a redirect to Netherlands article).

A klunky workaround would be to generate a bunch of redirects so, for example, "Prostitution in Netherlands" redirects to the correct article. It probably affects countries other than this.

This issue should be raised at Template talk:Europe topic. If I had time, I would try to think some more about the issue. Johnuniq (talk) 01:43, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

East German Stasi and forced prostitution
In several TV documentaries on the channel Phoenix women were interviewed who had been forced into prostitution by the East German Secret Service Stasi. Woemn who had unsuccessfully attempted to escape the Communist paradise were given the choice of several years inprison or, when they were young and pretty, to work as baits for the Stasi to gain information from visiting business manaagers or politicians for blackmail purposes. Apartments were bugged and the couples filmed in intimate situations. Several of the women committed suicide. Officially prostitution was illegal in the DDR, but there was an escort service for leading party members. Ontologix (talk) 19:35, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

 * "Woemn who had unsuccessfully attempted to escape the Communist paradise were given the choice of several years inprison or, when they were young and pretty, to work as baits for the Stasi" "Several of the women committed suicide." - i am sorry, but the german article "Prostitution in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik" didn´t say that. It still might possible, but whats your exact source? The article rather says that it was free-willed and that the woman were seduced by money. --91.4.177.48 (talk) 19:00, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

Partytreffs or Pauschalclubs
The article reads that sex is always in public in this brothels, but this is not generally true. It´s only in some of these clubs. In some the customer can also decide if he want´s that or not. You can read that on several pages of these clubs. 79.227.43.233 (talk) 22:53, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

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Should Wikipedia really give credence to this guy?

 * German-American journalist and men's rights activist Jerry Hoss likens the push for prostitution prohibition to a demand for a "final solution of the prostitution problem by Feminazis."

Is it really worth mentioning the ridiculous opinions of an MRA on Wikipedia, and that right aside Alice Schwarzer's position? Hell, his ideas are given a longer explanation than those of Schwarzer. It's like you write down the opinions of, say, Noam Chomsky on some political topic, and in the next sentence you note that some random blogger on the Internet disagrees with him, quote him calling Chomsky a commie, and put down some long explanation of his opinions. I can barely figure out who this Jerry Hoss is by Googling his name. I'll note though that I found a German comment on some blog by a certain "Jerry Hoss PhD" who defends p*dophiles and likens their persecution to witch hunts. (I censored that word because Wikipedia's automated filter seems to catch it.) 2A02:908:C30:3540:221:CCFF:FE66:68F0 (talk) 13:15, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Is it really worth mentioning the ridiculous opinions of an MRA on Wikipedia, and that right aside Alice Schwarzer's position?" Well.. yes. Because Alice Schwarzer has even more ridiculous opinions... except for some radical feminists, public opinion about her are not good in Germany. At least not after her tax scandal. She hates males. So why not also cite a MRA?
 * "Hell, his ideas are given a longer explanation than those of Schwarzer." Well... his ideas are more logically and better than her´s...
 * "I'll note though that I found a German comment on some blog by a certain "Jerry Hoss PhD" who defends p*dophiles and likens their persecution to witch hunts." I want to see a link to this blog. Also: blogs are no sources for work in Wikipedia.--91.4.177.48 (talk) 19:07, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

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Is prostitution really still legal in Germany?
As a German who really worships prostitutes, I must confess that the new mandatory use of condoms sickens me. Sex with condom is not real sex, in my eyes, so I believe, it should be mentioned in the very beginning of the article, that prostitution without condom hast turned illegal since July 2017, and customers should be warned to ask for it. I even believe, criminal organizations might turn it a business blackmailing customers who ask for sex without condom. --92.216.225.237 (talk) 16:30, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Mandatory condom use was added to the end of the 'Post 2002' section. I don't see condom use makes prostitution any less legal than say registration of prostitutes, prostitutes must be at least 18 years old or any other restriction. Nor do I see a need to make a point of it in the lead section. I'll refrain from commenting on the remainder of your post --John B123 (talk) 22:05, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * It should be mentioned that sex without condom wasn´t widespread before, forbidden a long time before 2017 in Bavaria - and all that mandatory condom use wasn´t (and isn´t up to date) effective or controllable. Widespread was only blowjob without condom, but thats not very dangerous for contracting STIs. Prostitute organzations have gone to the highest court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) against the new law, especially also against condom use, but also against registering prostitutes (a practice formerly known from the Imperial Time, the Third Reich and the GDR). The decision of the court is expected at the end of this year (2018) or next year (2019).--91.4.177.48 (talk) 19:15, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info --John B123 (talk) 19:39, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

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Forms of female prostitution
As German i want to add a few points to this:

- "Straßenstrich": Prostitutes on the streets are sometimes called "Bordsteinschwalbe", a harmless and funny sounding word used instead of "Prostituierte" or the rather harsh "Hure". Public opinion has it that this is the lowest form of prostitution, with the most danger for drug abuse, pimps and violence. This form also leads to most public outrage, especially near schools or in living quarters. Cities sometimes combat is by restricted zones ("Sperrbezirk") - but this works only if permanently controlled by the police.

- Eros centers (Bordell, Laufhaus): The worth "Bordell" simply means "brothel" and isn´t specifically used for "Laufhaus" or "Eroscenter". "Bordell" is the term used for almost all indoor-prostitution (perhaps the exception if a prostitute operates alone from her own appartment or the case of prostitution in hotels)

- Apartment prostitution (Wohnungspuffs): "Wohnungspuffs" refers to a number of that, as single one would be "Wohnungspuff". Even if the word "Wohnungspuffs" is not wrong an every German would understand what you mean, the more correct and widely used term is "Wohnungsbordell" (or for a number of that: "Wohnungsbordelle").

- Massage parlors: Would be "Massagesalon" in german. Rather rare form. But with the new law ("Prostitutionsschutzgesetz", since 2017/2018) a controversity has risen of these form is also a form of prostitution. Many erotic masseurs don´t want to be stigmatized as prostitutes.

- Partytreffs and Pauschalclubs: "Pauschalclubs" became illegal by the law of 2017, but they still exist and trick themself around that law by making the offer no longer unlimited ("pauschal") but instead limitid to such a high number (8-11 times) that no customer could reach that limit in a days opening (typically from 14-24:00, so 10 hours) and with the limited number of prostitutes (typically 8). The ban of these clubs should be mentioned also in "Politics", because at the moment the article still states that the are legit.--91.4.177.48 (talk) 18:55, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

photos in the article
one of the photos (the one of the client on the bed) probably should be taken down. it looks like the photo was taken without his consent or from a hidden camera. Glx272727 (talk) 23:25, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Prostitution in Germany


text:
Claude Berri

Claude Berri (1 July 1934 – 12 January 2009) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and distributor.

Early life
Born Claude Beri Langmann in Paris, Berri was the son of Jewish immigrant parents. His mother, Beila (née Bercu), was from Romania, and his father, Hirsch Langmann, was a furrier from Poland. His sister was the screenwriter and editor Arlette Langmann.

Career
Berri won the "Best Film" BAFTA for Jean de Florette, and was also nominated for twelve César Awards, though he never won. Berri also won the Oscar for Best Short Film for Le Poulet at the 38th Academy Awards in 1966, and produced Roman Polanski's Tess which was nominated for Best Picture in 1981.

Internationally, however, two films in 1986 overshadow all his other achievements. Jean de Florette and its sequel Manon des Sources were huge hits. In 1991, his film Uranus was entered into the 41st Berlin International Film Festival. Six years later, his film Lucie Aubrac was entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.

In 2003, he was elected President of the Cinémathèque Française where he obtained enough state subsidies to cover the costs of its resurgence at its new site in the rue de Bercy.

Personal life
Berri's wife, Anne-Marie Rassam, committed suicide in 1997, jumping from the apartment of Isabelle Adjani's mother. Berri and Rassam had two children: actor Julien Rassam and actor and film producer Thomas Langmann.

Death
Berri died of a stroke, in Paris, aged 74. After his death, a group of nine works by Robert Ryman, Ad Reinhardt, Giorgio Morandi, Richard Serra and Lucio Fontana was promised to the Centre Pompidou in Paris in lieu of tax. But the heirs of the film director finally sold them through French art dealer Philippe Ségalot for about €50 million to Qatar.

Director

 * 1962: Le Poulet (short) (released 1965) Winner Best Live Action Short Film Oscar (also produced)
 * 1964: Les Baisers (segment « Baiser de 16 ans »)
 * 1964: La Chance et l'amour (segment « La Chance du guerrier »)
 * 1967: Le Vieil Homme et l'Enfant (US title: The Two of Us) (also screenwriter)
 * 1968: Mazel Tov ou le Mariage
 * 1969: Le Pistonné
 * 1971: Le Cinéma de papa
 * 1972: Sex-shop
 * 1975: Le Mâle du siècle
 * 1976: La Première fois
 * 1977: Un moment d'égarement
 * 1980: Je vous aime
 * 1981: Le Maître d'école
 * 1983: Tchao Pantin (English title: So Long, Stooge)
 * 1986: Jean de Florette
 * 1986: Manon des Sources (US title: Manon of the Spring) — sequel to Jean de Florette (second half of the book L'Eau des collines)
 * 1990: Uranus
 * 1993: Germinal at the time, the most expensive French feature film ever made
 * 1996: Lucie Aubrac
 * 1999: La débandade
 * 2002: Une femme de ménage (English title: A Housekeeper)
 * 2004: L'Un reste, l'autre part
 * 2007: Ensemble, c'est tout (English title: Hunting and Gathering)
 * 2009: Trésor (also screenwriter and producer; died after four days of filming)

Producer

 * 1962: Le Poulet (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 1967: Marie pour mémoire (dir. Philippe Garrel) – associate producer
 * 1968: Oratorio for Prague short documentary film (dir. Jan Nemec)
 * 1969: L'Enfance nue (dir. Maurice Pialat)
 * 1970: Le Pistonné (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 1970: La Maison (dir. Gérard Brach)
 * 1972: L'Œuf (dir. Jean Herman)
 * 1973: Pleure pas la bouche pleine (dir. Pascal Thomas)
 * 1975: Le Mâle du siècle (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 1976: Je t'aime… moi non-plus (dir. Serge Gainsbourg) – (co-producer)
 * 1978: Vas-y maman (dir. Nicole de Buron) (uncredited)
 * 1978: Une histoire simple (dir. Claude Sautet)
 * 1979: Tess (dir. Roman Polanski)
 * 1980: Inspecteur la Bavure (dir. Claude Zidi)
 * 1982: Deux heures moins le quart avant Jésus-Christ (dir. Jean Yanne)
 * 1983:  (dir. Philippe de Broca)
 * 1983: Banzaï (dir. Claude Zidi)
 * 1983: L'Homme blessé (dir. Patrice Chéreau)
 * 1983: La Femme de mon pote (dir. Bertrand Blier)
 * 1983: Garçon ! (English title: Waiter!|) (dir. Claude Sautet)
 * 1985: Les Enragés (dir. Pierre-William Glenn)
 * 1985: Le Fou de guerre (English title: Madman at War) (dir. Dino Risi) (also French adaptation)
 * 1987: Hôtel de France (dir. Patrice Chéreau)
 * 1988: À gauche en sortant de l'ascenseur (dir. Édouard Molinaro)
 * 1988: L'Ours (English title: The Bear) (dir. Jean-Jacques Annaud)
 * 1988: Trois places pour le 26 (dir. Jacques Demy)
 * 1988: La Petite Voleuse (dir. Claude Miller)
 * 1989: Valmont (dir. Miloš Forman)
 * 1992: L'Amant (English title: The Lover) (dir. Jean-Jacques Annaud)
 * 1993: Une journée chez ma mère (dir. Dominique Cheminal)
 * 1994: La Reine Margot (dir. Patrice Chéreau)
 * 1994: La Séparation (dir. Christian Vincent)
 * 1995: Les Trois Frères (dir. Didier Bourdon) and Bernard Campan (also actor)
 * 1995: Gazon maudit (dir. Josiane Balasko) – (executive producer)
 * 1996: Le Roi des aulnes (German title: Der Unhold; English The Ogre) (dir. Volker Schlöndorff) – (executive producer)
 * 1997: Didier (dir. Alain Chabat)
 * 1997: Arlette (dir. Claude Zidi)
 * 1997: Le Pari (English title: The Bet) (dir. Didier Bourdon and Bernard Campan)
 * 1998: Mookie (dir. Hervé Palud) – (associate producer)
 * 1999: Astérix et Obélix contre César (English title: Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar) (dir. Claude Zidi)
 * 1999: The Escort (dir. Michel Blanc)
 * 2001: La Boîte (dir. Claude Zidi)
 * 2001: Ma femme est une actrice (dir. Yvan Attal)
 * 2002: Amen. (dir. Costa-Gavras)
 * 2002: Astérix & Obélix : Mission Cléopâtre (English title: Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra) (dir. Alain Chabat)
 * 2003: Le Bison (dir. Isabelle Nanty)
 * 2003: Une femme de ménage (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 2003: Les Sentiments (dir. Noémie Lvovsky)
 * 2004: San-Antonio (dir. Frederic Auburtin)
 * 2004: Ils se marièrent et eurent beaucoup d'enfants (dir. Yvan Attal)
 * 2005: L'Un reste, l'autre part (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 2005: Les Enfants (dir. Christian Vincent)
 * 2005: Le Démon de midi (dir. Marie-Pascale Osterrieth)
 * 2005: La Maison du Bonheur (dir. Dany Boon)
 * 2007: Ensemble, c'est tout (English title: Hunting and Gathering) (dir. Claude Berri)
 * 2007: La Graine et le Mulet (dir. Abdellatif Kechiche)
 * 2008: Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis (English title: Welcome to the Sticks) (dir. Dany Boon)

Writer

 * 1967: Le Vieil Homme et l'Enfant, novel that was adapted by Berri for the film. (English: )
 * 1968: Mazel Tov ou le Marriage
 * 1969: Le Pistonné
 * 1970: Le Cinéma de Papa
 * 1972: Sex-shop
 * 1975: Le Mâle du Siècle (English title: Male of the Century )
 * 1976: La Première Fois
 * 1977: Un Moment d'Égarement
 * 1980: Je Vous Aime
 * 1981: Le Maître d'École
 * 1983: Tchao Pantin (English title: So Long, Stooge)
 * 1986: Jean de Florette
 * 1986: Manon des Sources (US title: Manon of the Spring)
 * 1990: Uranus
 * 1993: Germinal
 * 1997: Lucie Aubrac
 * 1999: La Débandade
 * 2002: Une Femme de Ménage (English title: A Housekeeper)
 * 2004: L'un Reste, l'Autre Part (English title: One Stays, the Other Leaves)
 * 2007: Ensemble, c'est tout (English title: [Hunting and Gathering)

Actor

 * Rue de l'Estrapade (1953) - Petit rôle (uncredited)
 * Good Lord Without Confession (1953) - Le fils d'Eugène (uncredited)
 * Le Blé en herbe (1954) - Le fils du forain (uncredited)
 * French Cancan (1955) - Un jeune homme à l'inauguration (uncredited)
 * Dangerous Games (1958) - Un jeune
 * Asphalte (1959) - Garçon bande à Gino (uncredited)
 * J'irai cracher sur vos tombes (1959) - David
 * Les Bonnes Femmes (1960) - Le copain de Jane
 * Zazie dans le Métro (1960) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * La Vérité (1960) - Georges
 * My Baby is Black (1961)
 * Please, Not Now! (1961) - Bernard
 * The Seven Deadly Sins (1962) - André (segment "Avarice, L'") (uncredited)
 * Behold a Pale Horse (1964)
 * The Sleeping Car Murders (1965) - Un porteur (uncredited)
 * Line of Demarcation (1966) - Le chef de famille juif (uncredited)
 * Mazel Tov ou le Mariage (1968) - Claude
 * Le pistonné (1970) - Le médecin militaire
 * Le Cinéma de papa (1971) - Claude Langmann adulte
 * Le Sex Shop (1972) - Claude
 * Zig-Zag (1975) - Un client de Marie & Pauline (uncredited)
 * Le mâle du siècle (1975) - Claude
 * Le roi des cons (1981) - L'agent de police
 * The Wounded Man (1983, directed by Patrice Chéreau) - Le client
 * Stan the Flasher (1990) - Stan Goldberg
 * Germinal (1993) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)
 * La machine (1994) - Hugues
 * Les Trois Frères (1995) - Le président du tribunal
 * Didier (1997) - Type aéroport #1
 * Un grand cri d'amour (1998, directed by Josiane Balasko) - Maillard
 * La débandade (1999) - Claude Langmann
 * Va savoir (2001) - Librarian
 * Les Rois mages (2001) - Un passant (uncredited)
 * Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra (2002) - Peintre Cléopâtre
 * Les clefs de bagnole (2003) - Himself / Un producteur
 * Happily Ever After (2004) - Le père de Vincent (final film role)

title: Claude Berri


text:
Petaling District

The Petaling District is a district located in the heart of Selangor in Malaysia. Petaling is not to be confused with the city of Petaling Jaya located in it, nor the mukim of Petaling under Subang Jaya City. The district office is located in Subang.

The district of Petaling was established on 1 February 1974, the same day Kuala Lumpur was declared a Federal Territory. This district is located in the middle of the Klang Valley adjacent to the capital and thus has experienced tremendous urbanisation. Some of the original forests remain in the Bukit Cherakah Forest Reserve (including the National Botanic Gardens), Kota Damansara Community Forest Park and Bukit Gasing. During the 1991 census, it recorded 633,165 people.

The official 2010 census recorded the population of Petaling as 1,660,869 people, excluding foreigners. Petaling is 484.32 km2 in area. The urban centres are divided into the cities of Shah Alam, Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya. However, there are numerous town subdivisions, old subdistrict administrations (mukim), all of which share the same names like Damansara, Subang, and Petaling, which add much to the administrative confusion along with the rapid growth. Some five types of subdivisions exist for Petaling District, namely the re-organized municipal council majlis, the majlis subdivisions, the community names (also known as townships), electoral constituencies, and the subdivisions ("mukim").

It is host to many thriving townships such as the Damansara area, which hosts several shopping malls including a Tesco and an IKEA outlet. Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport is situated in Subang.

Population
The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010 census.

Administrative divisions
Petaling District is divided into 4 mukims. It was formed in 1974 by incorporating mukim Bukit Raja and Damansara (Klang District) with mukim Sungai Buloh and Petaling which was part of Kuala Lumpur district. However, this definition is for historic administrative purposes only and does not reflect the modern rapid growth and subsequent reorganisation in 1997.

Government

The district is highly urbanised, and as such, the administration and maintenance of the public facilities in the district have been divided and delegated to the three local governments.

Shah Alam City Council

The Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) governs the city centre of Shah Alam. It also exercises jurisdiction over some parts of the south of Klang District, Bukit Raja, Setia Alam, Subang and Sungai Buloh area.

Petaling Jaya City Council

The city council (MBPJ) administers the area of the city of Petaling Jaya which includes Damansara (Petaling Jaya Utara, PJU), Petaling Jaya centre and most of Petaling Jaya Selatan (PJS) except PJS7/PJS9/PJS11 (commonly known as Bandar Sunway) which is partially jurisdictional and postcode allocated for location purposes, and SS12-SS19 which previously administrates under MBPJ previous incarnation Petaling Jaya Municipal Council (MPPJ), transferred the administration power to Subang Jaya Municipal Council (MPSJ) on 1997, the same year MPSJ was upgraded from Petaling District Council.

Subang Jaya City Council

The city council governs the southern parts of the district with the main populated areas such as Subang Jaya, UEP Subang Jaya (USJ), Putra Heights, Batu Tiga, parts of Puchong and Seri Kembangan under its jurisdiction.

Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats

List of Petaling district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)

List of Petaling district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)

title: Petaling District


text:
List of bus routes in Melbourne

This is a list of bus routes that are part of the bus network, in Melbourne, Australia, which is overseen by Public Transport Victoria.

Kinetic Melbourne operate approximately 30% of the bus network, signing contracts in 2021 as part of the Melbourne Metropolitan Bus Franchise. The remaining 70% of the network is operated under 23 contracts with other bus operators, all of these contracts were entered into in mid-2018 and will expire in 2025 or 2028.

Route numbering scheme
The route number of buses in Melbourne can tell a little about the route's operator, area served and even its history.

Route numbering was a reflection of the designated zonal area used during the 1980s. Areas were referred to as "Neighbourhood Zones". However, as part of the "Grow or Go" policies, route numbers across the bus network were affected. There are no two-digit route numbers – these are used exclusively by trams.

 * 150–199, 400–899: These routes are run by private companies. Most are found in the middle and outer suburbs, where they provide feeders to railway stations and provide local travel.
 * 200–399: These routes were former government-run routes (Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board and then MetBus). They are found mostly in inner suburbs such as Footscray/Sunshine, Elsternwick-Brighton, Clifton Hill and Port Melbourne. Routes in the Doncaster/Templestowe area also have these numbers due to a Tramways board takeover after the area's private operator collapsed. In the 1990s all MetBus routes were put out to private franchise. Until August 2013, these services were operated by Melbourne Bus Link and National Bus Company. All of these services were taken over by Transdev Melbourne, which were since taken over by Kinetic Melbourne
 * 900 series: Historically these route numbers were used by Victorian Railways, who ran buses co-ordinated with trains on some routes. Routes with these numbers have either been abolished or incorporated into other routes. The 900 series is now used for the high frequency SmartBus services, which are mostly cross-town and orbital routes.

title: List of bus routes in Melbourne


text:
Tea sandwich

A tea sandwich (also referred to as finger sandwich) is a small prepared sandwich meant to be eaten at afternoon teatime to stave off hunger until the main meal.

History
Tea sandwiches became popular when tea parties were a common afternoon entertainment for the well-off. Recipes for tea sandwiches appeared in Mrs. Hill's New Cook Book (1867).

Ingredients, preparation, and serving
The tea sandwich may take a number of different forms, but they typically are sized to be easy to handle and capable of being eaten in two or three bites. Shapes may be long and narrow, triangular, round, or a decorative shape created with a cookie cutter.

The bread is traditionally a soft white bread, thinly sliced, and buttered. The bread crust is cut away cleanly from the sandwich after the sandwich has been prepared but before serving. Modern bread variations might include wheat, pumpernickel, sour dough or rye bread. The bread used for preparing finger sandwiches is sometimes referred to as sandwich bread.

Fillings are light, and are "dainty" or "delicate" in proportion to the amount of bread. Spreads might include butter, cream cheese or mayonnaise mixtures, and the sandwiches often feature fresh vegetables such as radishes, olives, cucumber, asparagus, or watercress. The cucumber tea sandwich in particular is considered the quintessential tea sandwich. A cucumber sandwich made with Benedictine is a classic in Kentucky, US.

Other popular tea sandwich fillings include tomatoes, pimento cheese, ham with mustard, smoked salmon with cream cheese, fruit jam, curried chicken, fish paste, and egg salad.

title: Tea sandwich


text:
William Moyer

Bill Moyer (September 17, 1933 – October 21, 2002) was a United States social change activist who was a principal organizer in the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. He was an author, and a founding member of the Movement for a New Society.

Chicago Open Housing Movement
Initially trained as an engineer, Moyer was introduced to the philosophy and practice of nonviolence by Quaker friends, and completed a degree in social work. He became involved in campaigns for civil rights and open housing integration, working and organizing in the early and mid-1960s with the Chicago branch of the Quaker-based American Friends Service Committee along with Kale Williams, civil rights activist Bernard Lafayette, and others. Then, in 1966, he joined with James Bevel, Martin Luther King Jr. and the other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the Chicago Movement.

James Bevel, who strategized and directed that action, credits Moyer with influencing him to center the Chicago Movement on open housing.

Further social movements
Over the next decade, Moyer was involved in the SCLC's 1969 Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., nonviolent blockades of arms shipments to Bangladesh (1971) and to Vietnam (1972), support for the American Indian Movement occupation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973), and a nuclear power plant blockade at Seabrook, New Hampshire (1977).

It was during the nonviolent blockade of the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, which involved the arrest of 1,414 individuals (most charges were later dropped), that Moyer recognised the need for social change activists to understand the dynamics behind movement success. In particular, the need to openly address the contradiction that activists often perceive the normal signs of campaign progress as signs of failure.

Moyer developed the Movement Action Plan (MAP) to achieve this end. Since its development it has been used to train hundreds of activists, most notably in the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe.

After the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, Moyer participated in many workshops in Eastern Europe about nonviolence and social change. In the mid-1980s, he moved to San Francisco, California, where he began to explore Transpersonal psychology and continued his participation in the Friends meeting there. He also developed a workshop called "Creating Peaceful Relationships" based on his realizations regarding dominator cultures.

Moyer's book Doing Democracy (New Society Publishers), co-authored by JoAnn McAllister, Mary Lou Finley and Steven Soifer, summarises his theories of social change with case studies from the Civil Rights Movement, anti-nuclear, gay and lesbian, breast cancer and Global Justice movements.

title: William Moyer


text:
Albany River Rats

The Albany River Rats were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center.

Before the formation of the franchise
Without a viable indoor arena with an ice surface, through the end of the 1980s the city of Albany had never had a minor league professional hockey team. Three separate attempts to establish teams in the neighboring cities of Schenectady and Troy had proven unsuccessful.

The first was in the 1952-53 season when the Capital Region had its first foray into pro hockey in the form of the Troy Uncle Sam Trojans, who played a single season in the Eastern Hockey League, finishing last in the five-team loop and folding after the season.

Professional hockey would not return to the Capital Region until the 1980s, with a pair of failed attempts to establish franchises in the low-level Atlantic Coast Hockey League. The Schenectady Chiefs were awarded a charter franchise in the ACHL's inaugural 1981-82 season, but after drawing minuscule crowds in a rink built in a converted department store, that team folded on November 18, 1981 after just nine games. Roughly five years later, the Troy Slapshots joined the same league and played just 6 games before folding in November 17, 1986.

After this troubled period for hockey in the region, construction of the palatial Knickerbocker Arena in downtown Albany in 1990 changed the face of the sport in the Capital District. The week that the new arena opened, plans were unveiled worldwide for the formation of the fledgling Global Hockey League, a challenger to the NHL with teams in North America and Europe that would begin play in November of that year. One of six inaugural franchises announced in the league's initial press conference was the Albany Admirals, which was to be owned by businessman Joseph O'Hara and had signed a lease to play in the Knickerbocker Arena. The Capital hockey community was abuzz with excitement, and commitments for over 3,000 season tickets were received. However, by the end of May, disagreements between O'Hara and the league founders led O'Hara to withdraw his franchise from the new league. In June, the league postponed its opening season by a year, but the venture never materialized and the Global Hockey League never made it to the ice.

Since 1979, Capital Region hockey fans, press and media had effectively adopted the Adirondack Red Wings as their pseudo-home team. Although the American Hockey League team was based 45 minutes north of Albany in Glens Falls, NY, it relied on fans from the Capital Region as a vital part of their market. The situation set the stage for a flurry of activity as other teams and leagues eyed the area.

It began when area investors tried to secure an expansion American Hockey League franchise for Albany, but the Adirondack Red Wings nixed the effort by invoking their territorial rights to the Tri-Cities area. Soon after, an attempt to establish an International Hockey League franchise at the "Knick" was vetoed by IHL Governors concerned about the travel costs for teams in the Midwest-based league. Then attempts to lure the A-Wings to the new arena were thwarted when that franchise signed a new ten-year lease to remain in Glens Falls.

In the summer of 1990, David Welker, the owner of the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League, having made an arrangement to absorb a portion of other teams' travel costs, announced he was moving his franchise to Knickerbocker Arena, and the Albany Choppers were born.

The Birth of the Capital District Islanders
Officials of the established American Hockey League felt that the Midwest-based IHL was invading their territory, and the hockey war was on. The AHL hoped to create a situation that might somehow force the IHL team out of the market. League officials felt that if they added an additional AHL franchise to the market, they'd create a natural rival for the Adirondack Red Wings. Although the Choppers had the distinct advantage of the new arena, the AHL was hoping to counter that advantage with the established fan base of the AHL, the affiliations of NHL clubs, the higher classification and better quality of play of the AHL, and the new rivalry between the established Wings and the fledgling Islanders.

The AHL knew the market was not big enough to support three professional hockey teams, but they were willing to take the risk. The AHL convinced the Adirondack Red Wings to waive their territorial rights to the Capital Region, and a new AHL team was granted to neighboring Troy. Local car dealer Mike Cantanucci formed the Capital District Islanders, who would play in the RPI's Houston Fieldhouse and be affiliated with the NHL's New York Islanders.

Despite playing in the state-of-the-art Knickerbocker Arena, the Choppers became the casualty of the Tri-Cities price and attendance wars. Welker's management style turned off advertisers, sponsors, and fans alike, and on February 11, 1991 with dwindling attendance, high lease and travel costs, no NHL affiliation to help pay expenses, and not enough money to meet player payroll, the Choppers folded in midseason.

The AHL was the clear winner in the battle for hockey in the Capital Region, and the result was a new AHL franchise that would become the predominant hockey franchise in the metropolitan area for the next two decades.

The team competed in the AHL as the Capital District Islanders for three seasons, playing on campus at RPI located across the Hudson River in Troy, New York.

The Islanders showed slow but modest improvement in their three years in Troy, moving from a seventh-place division finish in their inaugural season to a fourth-place finish and playoff berth in season two, to a 34-34-12 record in 1992-93, good for third in the division and another first-round playoff exit.

Transition from the Islanders to the River Rats
Significant changes were made for the 1993-94 season. Cantanucci sold the franchise to local insurance executive Al Lawrence, and the team switched affiliations from the Islanders to the New Jersey Devils. With the Knickerbocker Arena untapped as a hockey facility, the franchise moved from the campus of RPI to the 15,000-seat downtown arena, and changed their nickname to the Albany River Rats.

The Rats' glory days came in the mid- to late-1990s making seven consecutive playoff appearances, winning two division titles, and taking home the AHL's Calder Cup in 1995. Also in 1995, their parent club, the New Jersey Devils, won the Stanley Cup.

However, wins declined after the 1997–98 season, the last time Albany won a playoff series. By 1998, owner Al Lawrence had been mired in bankruptcy court and was forced to sell the River Rats hockey team. Walter Robb purchased the franchise, allowing the franchise to remain in Albany.

The River Rats finished last in each of the six seasons between 2000–01 and 2005–06. A new affiliation with the Carolina Hurricanes beginning in the 2006–07 season brought hope of a return to AHL glory not seen in Albany since the late 1990s.

On March 22, 2006, the Devils announced that they were cutting ties with the River Rats after the 2005–06 AHL season, as the parent club announced the purchase of the Lowell Lock Monsters. Despite the move, the River Rats were not relocated. In April 2006, The Carolina Hurricanes signed a one-year agreement (with the option to renew for two additional) with the River Rats to be their farm affiliate; the end result was essentially a swap of AHL affiliates as the Lowell franchise had previously been the top affiliate of Carolina. Later on, Carolina was joined by the Colorado Avalanche in a one-year partnership agreement. On February 22, 2007, the Carolina Hurricanes and Albany River Rats announced that their affiliation agreement had been extended through the 2008–09 season.

On April 24, 2008, the River Rats lost 3–2 to the Philadelphia Phantoms in the (until then) longest game played in AHL history. The Phantoms' Ryan Potulny scored 2:58 into the fifth overtime. Albany gave up 101 shots on goal, and goaltender Michael Leighton made 98 saves.

2009 bus crash
On February 19, 2009, five people were seriously injured when a bus carrying the team home from a game in Lowell struck a guard rail and rolled on its side on Interstate 90 in Becket, Massachusetts. Nicolas Blanchard, Joe Jensen, Jonathan Paiement, Casey Borer, and the River Rats radio color commentator John Hennessy were taken to Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield with serious injuries.

Move to Charlotte
In late January, 2010, word began to leak out of Raleigh that the franchise was about to be sold and moved to Charlotte, North Carolina. On February 10, it became official as the Albany River Rats website announced that the sale of the franchise had been completed, and that the team would be moving to Charlotte at the conclusion of the 2009–10 AHL Season. "Capital District Sports, Inc. announced today that its subsidiary, the Albany River Rats, has sold its American Hockey League franchise to MAK Hockey, LLC located in Charlotte, North Carolina. The sale will not affect the remainder of the 2009-10 season, with regular season games concluding on April 10, 2010 followed by the 2010 Calder Cup Playoffs."

The relocated team, to be known as the Charlotte Checkers, would remain the top affiliate of the Carolina Hurricanes and replace that city's ECHL franchise of the same name.

Hockey in Albany after the River Rats
Shortly after the announcement of the sale of the franchise, officials in Albany, as well as AHL President Dave Andrews, told media outlets that the city would likely have a team for the 2010-2011 season and might even keep the River Rats nickname and logo, which remained the property of former owner Walter Robb. On March 15, it was reported in the Albany Times Union and the Portland Press Herald that Albany officials had their sights set on the AHL's Portland Pirates as a potential candidate for relocation, but talks between the Times Union Center and Pirates ownership eventually broke off.

Although relocation of the Portland franchise would not come to fruition, Albany did not go long without an AHL franchise. On June 6, it was announced that the Lowell Devils would be relocating to Albany, reestablishing the city's connection with the New Jersey Devils. Despite the tradition of the River Rats branding, officials announced that as a separate entity from the previous franchise, the new team would be known as the Albany Devils. The relationship only lasted through the 2016–17 season, after which the Devils announced they would be relocating their AHL team to Binghamton, New York to replace the Ottawa Senators' team after they relocated.

Affiliates

 * New Jersey Devils (1993–2006)
 * Colorado Avalanche (2006–2007)
 * Carolina Hurricanes (2006–2010)

 * This market was previously served by: Albany Choppers of the IHL (1990–91)
 * The franchise was replaced by: Albany Devils of the AHL, a relocation of the Lowell Devils (2010–2017)
 * The franchise was later known as: Charlotte Checkers

Single season

 * Goals: 46 🇨🇦 Jeff Williams (1998–99)
 * Assists: 63 🇺🇸 Keith Aucoin (2006–07)
 * Points: 99 🇺🇸 Keith Aucoin (2006–07)
 * Penalty Minutes: 348 🇨🇦 Matt Ruchty (1994–95)
 * GAA: 2.10 🇨🇦 Michael Leighton (2007–08)
 * SV%: .931 🇨🇦 Michael Leighton (2007–08)

Career

 * Career goals: 155 🇨🇦 Steve Brûlé
 * Career assists: 214 🇨🇦 Steve Brûlé
 * Career points: 369 🇨🇦 Steve Brûlé
 * Career penalty minutes: 1197 🇨🇦 Rob Skrlac
 * Career goaltending wins: 77 🇵🇱 Peter Sidorkiewicz
 * Career shutouts: 8 🇵🇱 Peter Sidorkiewicz
 * Career games: 423 🇸🇰 Jiri Bicek

Former affiliates (8 stations)

 * WGNA/1460: Albany
 * WPTR/1540: Albany
 * WROW/590: Albany
 * WABY/1160: Mechanicville
 * WTMM-FM/104.5: Mechanicville
 * WTMM/1300: Rensselaer
 * WVKZ/1240: Schenectady
 * WOFX/980: Troy

title: Albany River Rats


text:
Ostalgie

In German culture, Ostalgie is nostalgia for aspects of life in Communist East Germany. It is a portmanteau of the German words Ost (east) and Nostalgie (nostalgia). Its anglicised equivalent, ostalgia (rhyming with "nostalgia"), is also sometimes used. Another term for the phenomenon is GDR nostalgia (DDR-Nostalgie).

The term was coined by the East German standup comic in 1992. Social scientist Thomas Ahbe argues that the term "ostalgia" is often misunderstood as a lack of willingness to integrate, an attempt to reverse German reunification and reinstate the GDR. However, Ostalgia is rather an integration strategy used by East Germans who wanted to retain their own original experiences, memories and values incompatible with those of the West German majority.

As with other cases of Communist nostalgia, there are various motivations, whether ideology, nationalism, wistfulness for a lost sense of social status or stability, or even aesthetics or irony.

History
Ostalgie is a complex term that should not be described as a simple emotion of nostalgia. As Ostalgie relates back to the history of the Cold War, it is better to examine this term in the context of history and current influence in Western society; in doing so, the meaning of this term becomes clearer.

The division of Germany into East and West for over 35 years engendered the formation of distinct identities between the two regions. Despite their shared language and history, the capitalist FRG and socialist GDR differed in many obvious political, economic and cultural respects; thus, their respective societies cultivated cultural identities distinct to each region. These pre-existing differences were then exposed during and after the reunification process.

Effects
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the following German reunification a year later, many of the symbols of the German Democratic Republic were swept away. The process of unification gave rise to feelings of resentment and nostalgia amongst former GDR citizens. They felt short-changed by a unification process which they equated to a colonial take over. One particular focus of Ostalgie centred around unemployment. Officially, unemployment had not existed in the GDR, but this employment security disappeared with reunification and unemployment became endemic at around 20% of the workforce. The social security provided by the work place in the GDR was a great focus of Ostalgia. Kolinsky presents reunification as characterised by Easterners' disaffection. The mass experience of unemployment emerged as a key tenet of a re-forged East German identity based on the collective experience of employment-loss and the perceived economic destruction of their region. Subsequently, many constructed a retrospective image of the GDR as a stable and caring environment. Unification was felt to have been to their disadvantage and to have isolated them as second-class citizens.

Reunification presented a particular challenge to women. This was particularly true for working women who had enjoyed organised healthcare and equal pay in the GDR and who faced the greatest unemployment post-Wende. Approximately 70% of East German women lost their job after 1990. Women were laid off faster than men, as well as suffering the consequences of the collapse of state-run childcare facilities and traditional ideals of female domesticity and consumerism were reinvoked, having been challenged by the state in the GDR.

Ostalgie was also felt for commodities of the GDR. Almost all GDR brands of products disappeared from the stores and were replaced by Western products. However, after some time many Eastern Germans began to miss certain aspects of their former lives (like culture or the known brand marks). Ostalgie particularly refers to the nostalgia for aspects of regular daily life and culture in the former GDR, which disappeared after reunification.

Commercialisation
Ostalgie is expressed in present day Germany through commodities and products reminiscent of the East-German era.

Many businesses in Germany cater to those who feel Ostalgie and have begun providing them with artifacts that remind them of life under the GDR; artifacts that imitate the old ones. Available again are brands of East German food, old state television programmes on video tape and DVD, and the once widespread Wartburg and Trabant cars.

Popular culture

Those seeking the preservation of East German culture banded together to save the "Eastern Crosswalk Man" (Ost-Ampelmännchen), an illuminated depiction of a man wearing a "perky", "cheerful" and potentially "petit bourgeois" hat (inspired by a summer photo of Erich Honecker in a straw hat) in crosswalk lights. Many German cities in and near the former East German border, including Berlin, Lübeck and Erfurt, still retain the use of the Ampelmännchen at all or some pedestrian crossings due to its cultural relevance, and many souvenirs sold in the new states and in Berlin make use of the icon.

Life in the GDR has also been the subject of several films, including Leander Haußmann's Sonnenallee (1999), Wolfgang Becker's internationally successful Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), and Carsten Fiebeler's Kleinruppin forever (2004).

Critical interpretations
Ostalgie could be inspired by the longing of the Ossis (German for "Easterners", a term for former GDR citizens) for the social system and the sense of community of the GDR. When Der Spiegel asked former GDR-inhabitants whether the GDR "had more good sides than bad sides" in 2009, 57% of them answered yes. To the statement of the interviewing journalist that "GDR inhabitants did not have the freedom to travel wherever they wanted", respondents replied that "present-day low-wage workers do not have that freedom either".

Ostalgie as "West-algie"
According to Dominic Boyer, the concept of nostalgia has been described for several centuries. Nostalgia is connected with nationalism; longing for the former homeland generates love for everything associated with it. This evokes negative feelings toward "foreign" products, customs or cultural influences. Boyer says that ostalgie is more than East German nostalgia, examining nostalgia in the context of the Second World War and Vergangenheitsbelastung ("the burden of the past"). The division of East and West Germany was not punishment for Germany's war crimes. Nazi Germany has made the German postwar generation shameful and anxious about its past. West and East Germany claimed that the other side was more "German", and more responsible for war crimes; this created a symbiotic relationship, which was eliminated by German reunification.

According to Boyer, West German opinion dominates the discourse about the West-East relationship and refuses to take the opinions of former East German members seriously. Boyer writes that ostalgie has created a "no-place" East Germany, which is only "realistic" from a West German perspective. The East German perspective (despite its individual history, policy, structure, way of life, and outlook) is invalid, and unable to challenge the "Western" image of East Germany. Enns Anthony wrote that understanding ostalgie should go "beyond the simple question of whose representation of the GDR is more valid or authentic"; what matters is the situation of former residents of the GDR.

Books and games

 * Banchelli, Eva: Taste the East: Linguaggi e forme dell'Ostalgie, Sestante Edizioni, Bergamo 2006, ISBN 88-87445-92-3.
 * Banchelli, Eva: Ostalgie: eine vorläufige Bilanz, in Fabrizio Cambi (Hg.): Gedächtnis und Identitat. Die deutsche Literatur der Wiedervereinigung, Würzburg, Koenigshausen & Neumann, 2008, pp. 57–68.
 * Berdahl, Daphne: On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, Consumption, Germany  (2009)
 * Rota, Andrea: Testi pubblicitari ostalgici: una breve analisi semiotica, In Linguistica e filologia 24/2007, pp. 137–152, ISSN|1594–6517.
 * Pence, Katherine and Paul Betts. Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008
 * Ostalgie: The Berlin Wall (2018), video game by Kremlingames, where the playground is East Germany during the late Perestroika and the dissolution of Warsaw Pact.

title: Ostalgie


text:
User talk:81.102.15.200

Proposed deletion of Alex Griffin

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Proposed deletion of Matt Cheslin

The article Matt Cheslin has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Member of band Ned's Atomic Dustbin and no other notable bands. Not notable in his own right."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 15:20, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Rat (Ned's Atomic Dustbin)

The article Rat (Ned's Atomic Dustbin) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Member of band Ned's Atomic Dustbin and no other notable bands. Not notable in his own right."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 15:20, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.102.15.200


text:
Weebl

Weebl may refer to:

 * Jonti "Weebl" Picking, a Flash cartoonist
 * Weebl (also known as Wobbl), a fictional character in Picking's Weebl and Bob cartoon series

title: Weebl


text:
Wobble

Wobble or wobbles may refer to:

 * "Wobble" (song), a single by V.I.C.
 * "Wobble", a song by Flo Rida from his 2015 EP My House
 * Wobbles (equine disorder), a disorder of the nervous system in dogs and horses
 * Wobble base pair, a type of base pairing in genetics
 * Chandler wobble, short-term periodic change in Earth's axial tilt
 * Jah Wobble (born 1958), British musician
 * Milankovitch wobble, long-term change in the Earth's axial tilt, axial precession and orbital eccentricity
 * Speed wobble, a quick oscillation of primarily just the steerable wheel(s) of a vehicle
 * A metasyntactic variable, commonly used alongside wibble, wubble, and flob
 * Wobble (Wesleyan University Press, 2018), a poetry collection by Rae Armantrout

title: Wobble


text:
Andrea Fischer

Andrea Fischer (born 14 January 1960) is a former member of the German Bundestag for the German Green Party and from 1998 until 2001 was Federal Minister for Health. She dropped out of the Bundestag in 2002.

Education and profession
After graduating from high school, Andrea Fischer completed an apprenticeship as an offset printer. She then worked as a printer and proofreader and additionally completed her studies in economics at the Free University of Berlin. After completing her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the European Parliament, the WZB Berlin Social Science Center and the Federal Insurance Institution for Employees (Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte).

Political career
She has been a member of the German Green Party since 1985, before that she was a member of the Group of International Marxists (GIM), the then German section of the Fourth International. From 1994 to 2002 she was a member of the German Bundestag. After the 1998 federal elections, she was appointed Federal Minister of Health on 27 October 1998, as a member of the federal government headed by Gerhard Schröder. She resigned from office on 9 January 2001 in the wake of the BSE crisis. Shortly afterwards, the resignation of the Federal Minister of Agriculture, Karl-Heinz Funke, was also announced. In the film Schlachtfeld Politik – Die finstere Seite der Macht (Battlefield Politics – The dark side of power) by Stephan Lamby, she describes that there was massive pressure from the party leadership. The film asks whether Andrea Fischer had to resign after Joschka Fischer's wild years (Der Spiegel edition 2/2001), not so much because of the BSE crisis as to relieve Joschka Fischer.

Fischer was elected as the leading Alliance 90/The Greens candidate in the Berlin election on 18 September 2011, in the district assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung) of Berlin's Mitte borough, where she was chair of the Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group until 30 October 2012.

On 15 October 2012 Fischer was elected by the Regional Assembly to the office of Finance Director of the Hanover Region, which had been restructured by Regional President Hauke Jagau. It manages the areas of finance, facility management and hospitals. In April 2013 she took over as chairman of the supervisory board of the Klinikum Region Hanover.

Lobbyism
After her time as an active politician, Fischer became active as a freelance publicist and lobbyist in international health policy. From 2001 to 2009 she was patron of the Federal Association of Experienced Psychiatrists (Bundesverband Psychiatrie-Erfahrener). From 2004 to 2006 Fischer was a member of the management team of the consulting firm Institut für Organisationskommunikation (IFOK GmbH), where she was responsible for health and nutrition. Previously, she was head of the Center of Canadian Universities (CUC) in Berlin.

Fischer is Vice Chairwoman of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of Man, Ethics and Science (Institut Mensch, Ethik und Wissenschaft).

From 2006 to 2009 she worked at the PR agency Pleon in Munich, where she headed the medical-pharmaceutical area of healthcare. Since then she has been self-employed in this field. Since April 2006, Fischer has been co-editor of GesundheitsNachrichten, a specialist journal for the health industry.

Journalism
From October 2002 to the end of 2003, Andrea Fischer and BamS editor-in-chief Claus Strunz hosted the n-tv programme Grüner Salon. She appears regularly in broadcasts on Deutschlandradio Kultur, where she presents new publications of German-language crime literature.

Other commitments
Fischer supported the Berlin Pro-Reli campaign, which failed in April 2009, as a testimonial. Since 2008 she has been the diocesan leader of the Malteser Hilfsdienst in Berlin.

Religion
As a young woman, Fischer left the Catholic Church, into which she rejoined a good twenty years later.

Publications

 * Andrea Fischer: Was glaubst denn du?: Die Menschen und der liebe Gott. Goldmann HC, 2008, ISBN 978-3-442-31163-7.
 * Andrea Fischer, Rainer Sibbel (Hrsg.): Der Patient als Kunde und Konsument. Wie viel Patientensouveränität ist möglich? Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-8349-2056-0.

Gesundheitsminister of the Bundesrepublik Deutschland:

Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt | Käte Strobel | Katharina Focke | Antje Huber | Anke Fuchs | Heiner Geißler | Rita Süssmuth | Ursula Lehr | Gerda Hasselfeldt | Horst Seehofer | Andrea Fischer | Ulla Schmidt

title: Andrea Fischer


text:
La Haine

La Haine (, lit. 'Hatred'; released in the United States as Hate) is a 1995 French social thriller film written, co-edited, and directed by Mathieu Kassovitz. Starring Vincent Cassel, Hubert Koundé and Saïd Taghmaoui, the film chronicles a day and night in the lives of three friends from a poor immigrant neighbourhood in the suburbs of Paris. The title derives from a line spoken by one of them, Hubert: "La haine attire la haine!", "hatred breeds hatred". Kassovitz was awarded the Best Director prize at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
La Haine opens with a montage of news footage depicting urban riots in a banlieue in the commune of Chanteloup-les-Vignes near Paris. In the aftermath of the riots, a local man named Abdel Ichaha is gravely injured in police custody and is in intensive care. The riots escalate, leading to a siege of the local police station and the loss of a police officer's revolver. The film follows the lives of three friends of Abdel, who are all young men from immigrant families, over approximately twenty consecutive hours.

Vinz, a young Jewish man with an aggressive temperament, seeks revenge for Abdel's condition. He harbors a deep hatred for all police officers and secretly emulates Travis Bickle from Taxi Driver in front of his bathroom mirror. Hubert, an Afro-French boxer and small-time drug dealer, aspires to escape the banlieue and create a better life for himself. However, his boxing gymnasium was destroyed in the riots. Saïd, a young North African Muslim, acts as a mediator between Vinz and Hubert who constantly argue.

The three friends lead a directionless daily routine and frequently find themselves under police surveillance. At a rooftop party which is broken up by the police, Vinz insults a plainclothes police officer. After the trio leaves, Vinz reveals that he has discovered the .44 Magnum revolver lost during the riot. He plans to use it to kill a police officer if Abdel dies. While Hubert disapproves, Vinz secretly takes the gun with him. They try to visit Abdel in the hospital but are stopped by the police. Saïd is arrested after they aggressively refuse to leave, but he is later released with the assistance of a police officer who knows his brother.

A disagreement arises between Vinz and Hubert regarding their perspectives on policing and violence, leading them to part ways temporarily. Saïd accompanies Vinz, while Hubert briefly returns home. They reunite at another gathering in the banlieue, which quickly descends into chaos when Abdel's brother attempts to murder a police officer as an act of revenge. This triggers a confrontation with the police, and the group narrowly escapes after Vinz almost shoots a riot officer. They board a train to Paris, where their interactions with both friendly and hostile Parisians escalate several situations into dangerous confrontations.

In a public restroom, they encounter a survivor of the gulag who tells them a story about a man who froze to death after he refused to relieve himself in public near the train and then failed to re-board in time. The trio is perplexed by the meaning of the story.

Later, they visit Astérix, a frequent cocaine user who owes money to Saïd. This visit leads to a violent confrontation, as Astérix appears to force Vinz to play Russian roulette, although the gun is secretly unloaded. They encounter sadistic plainclothes police officers who arrest Saïd and Hubert while Vinz manages to escape. The police officers verbally and physically abuse the duo before imprisoning them until late at night, causing the three friends to miss the last train from Saint-Lazare station and spend the night on the streets.

After being kicked out of an art gallery and failing to hotwire a car, the trio takes shelter in a shopping mall. They hear from a news broadcast that Abdel has died. They make their way to a rooftop, where they insult skinheads. However, they encounter the same group of skinheads who mercilessly attack Saïd and Hubert. Vinz intervenes, holding one of the skinheads at gunpoint. Despite Hubert pushing Vinz to execute him, Vinz hesitates and ultimately lets the skinhead go.

In the early morning, the trio returns home, and Vinz hands the gun over to Hubert. Vinz and Saïd encounter the officer whom Vinz had insulted at the rooftop party. The officer seizes Vinz, threatening him with a loaded gun against his head. Hubert rushes to their aid, but the officer accidentally discharges his gun, killing Vinz. A tense Mexican standoff ensues between Hubert and the officer, as Saïd closes his eyes. A single gunshot is heard, leaving it unclear who fired the shot or who may have been struck.

This climactic standoff is accompanied by a voice-over of Hubert's slightly modified opening lines ("It's about a society in free fall...") and the recurring phrase jusqu'ici tout va bien ("so far so good"). The film portrays a microcosm of French society's descent from hostility into senseless violence, emphasizing that despite appearances, all is not well and the future remains uncertain.

Production
Kassovitz has said that the idea came to him when a young Zairian, Makomé M'Bowolé, was shot in 1993. He was killed at point blank range while in police custody and handcuffed to a radiator. The officer was reported to have been angered by M'Bowolé's words, and had been threatening him when the gun went off accidentally. Kassovitz began writing the script on 6 April 1993, the day M'Bowolé was shot. He was also inspired by the case of Malik Oussekine, a 22-year-old student protester who died after being badly beaten by the riot police after a mass demonstration in 1986, in which he did not take part. Oussekine's death is also referred to in the opening montage of the film. Mathieu Kassovitz included his own experiences; he took part in riots, he acts in a number of scenes and includes his father Peter in another.

The majority of the filming was done in the Parisian suburb of Chanteloup-les-Vignes. Unstaged footage was used for this film, taken from 1986 to 1995; riots still took place during the time of filming. To actually film in the banlieues, Kassovitz, the production team and the actors, moved there for three months prior to the shooting as well as during actual filming. Due to the film's controversial subject matter, seven or eight local French councils refused to allow the film crew to film on their territory. Kassovitz was forced to temporarily rename the script Droit de Cité. Some of the actors were not professionals and the film includes many situations that were based on real events.

The music of the film was handled by French hardcore rap group Assassin, whose song "Nique la Police" (translated as "Fuck the Police") was featured in one of the scenes of the film. One of the members of Assassin, Mathias "Rockin' Squat" Crochon, is the brother of Vincent Cassel, who plays Vinz in the film.

The film is dedicated to those who died while it was being made.

Reception
Upon its release, La Haine received widespread critical acclaim and was well received in France and abroad. The film was shown at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival where it enjoyed a standing ovation. Kassovitz was awarded the Best Director prize at the festival. The film opened at number one at the French box office with a gross of 12.5 million Francs for the week. It was number one for four consecutive weeks. The film had a total of 2,042,070 admissions in France where it was the 14th highest-grossing film of the year.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Hard-hitting and breathtakingly effective, La Haine takes an uncompromising look at long-festering social and economic divisions affecting 1990s Paris." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called the film "raw, vital and captivating". Wendy Ide of The Times stated that La Haine is "[o]ne of the most blisteringly effective pieces of urban cinema ever made."

After the film was well received upon its release in France, Alain Juppé, who was Prime Minister of France at the time, commissioned a special screening of the film for the cabinet, which ministers were required to attend. A spokesman for the Prime Minister said that, despite resenting some of the anti-police themes present in the film, Juppé found La Haine to be "a beautiful work of cinematographic art that can make us more aware of certain realities."

It was ranked number 32 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.

Accolades

 * Best Director (1995 Cannes Film Festival) – Mathieu Kassovitz
 * Best Editing (César Awards) – Mathieu Kassovitz and Scott Stevenson
 * Best Film (César Awards) – Mathieu Kassovitz
 * Best Producer (César Awards) – Christophe Rossignon
 * Best Young Film (European Film Awards) – Mathieu Kassovitz
 * Best Foreign Language Film (Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards)
 * Best Director (Lumières Award) – Mathieu Kassovitz
 * Best Film (Lumières Award) – Mathieu Kassovitz

Home media
La Haine was available on VHS in the United States, but was not released on DVD until The Criterion Collection released a two-disc edition in 2007. Both HD DVD and Blu-ray versions have also been released in Europe, and Criterion released the film on Blu-ray in May 2012. The release includes audio commentary by Kassovitz, an introduction by actress Jodie Foster, "Ten Years of La Haine", a documentary that brings together cast and crew a decade after the film's landmark release, a featurette on the film's banlieue setting, production footage, and deleted and extended scenes, each with an afterword by Kassovitz.

La Haine was also released in 4K Blu-ray format by Criterion on 2 April 2024.

title: La Haine