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Kōnu District, Hiroshima

Kōnu (甲奴郡) was a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture.

On March 31, 2005, the town of Sōryō, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara. Therefore, Kōnu District was dissolved as a result of this merger. The previous territory of the district is now the cities of Shōbara, Fuchū, Miyoshi, and the town of Jinsekikōgen in Jinseki District.

The towns and villages once part of Kōnu District (at the 1889 municipal status enforcement)
(Total of 29 villages)
 * Arida (有田村)
 * Arifuku (有福村)
 * Inaga (井永村)
 * Inakusa (稲草村)
 * Ogaya (岡屋村)
 * Ozuka (小塚村)
 * Kajita (梶田村)
 * Kamiryōke (上領家村)
 * Kamedani (亀谷村)
 * Kiya (木屋村)
 * Kurome (黒目村)
 * Goka (五箇村)
 * Kohori (小堀村)
 * Sakura (佐倉村)
 * Shinami (階見村)
 * Shimoryōke (下領家村)
 * Jōge (上下村)
 * Tarōmaru (太郎丸村)
 * Chiwa (知和村)
 * Tomasu (斗升村)
 * Nakaryōke (中領家村)
 * Nishino (西野村)
 * Nukuyu (抜湯村)
 * Fukuda (福田村)
 * Futamori (二森村)
 * Hongō (本郷村)
 * Mizunaga (水永村)
 * Yasuda (安田村)
 * Yano (矢野村)

Timeline (since 1889)

 * April 1, 1889 Municipal status enforced. At this time, they were 29 villages.
 * October 1, 1895 The villages of Inaga, Okaya, Sakura, Tomasu, and Mizunaga merged to form the village of Kiyotake (清岳村) (25 villages).
 * October 1, 1895 The villages of Kajita, Nishino, Fukuda, and Hongō merged to form the village of Kōnu (22 villages).
 * October 1, 1895 The villages of Arifuku, Ozuka, Kohori, and Futamori merged to form the village of Yoshino (19 villages).
 * May 7, 1897 The village of Jōge gained town status to become the town of Jōge (1st) (1 town, 18 villages)
 * January 1, 1912 The villages of Inakusa, Kiya, and Shimoryōke merged to form the village of Tabusa(田総村) (1 town, 16 villages).
 * November 1, 1912 The villages of Arida, Tarōmaru, Chiwa, Nukuyu, and Yasuda merged to form the village of Kamikawa (1 town, 12 villages)
 * February 1, 1913 The villages of Kamiryōke, Kamedani, Kurome, Goka, and Nakaryōke merged to form the village of Ryōke (1 town, 8 villages).
 * March 31, 1954 The town of Jōge and the villages of Kiyotake, Yano, Yoshino, and parts of、Shinami merged to form the town of Jōge (2nd) (1 town, 4 villages).
 * ※The remaining parts of the village of Shinami merged into the village of (now the town of Jinsekikōgen).

 * March 31, 1955 The villages of Tabusa and Ryōke merged to form the town of Sōryō (2 towns, 2 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The villages of Kōnu and parts of Kamikawa merged to form the town of Kōnu (1st) (3 towns)
 * ※The remaining parts of the village of Kamikawa (the localities of Chiwa and several parts of the localities of Tarōmaru and Yasuda) merged into the town of Yoshiki (now the city of Miyoshi).

 * October 10, 1958 The town of Kōnu (1st) absorbed the village of Hirosada (from Sera District) to create the town of Kōnu (2nd) (3 towns)
 * April 1, 2004 -The town of Jōge was merged into the expanded city of Fuchū (2 towns).
 * April 1, 2004 - The town of Kōnu (2nd), along with towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), was merged into the expanded city of Miyoshi (2nd) (1 town).
 * March 31, 2005 - The town of Sōryō, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara (2nd). Therefore, Kōnu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Kōnu District, Hiroshima


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User:Rollonet

ROLLO IS COOLZ0R

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Rollonet


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Diana monkey

The Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) is an Old World monkey found in the high canopy forests in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Côte d’Ivoire Named for its white brow which is said to resemble the bow of the Roman goddess Diana, this black-grey guenon has a white throat, crescent-shaped browband, ruff and beard.

Taxonomy
Two taxa formerly considered subspecies of the Diana monkey have recently been elevated to full species status: the Roloway monkey (C. roloway) is found in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, and the Dryas monkey (C. dryas) found in the DR Congo.

Distribution
This species can be found in West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Côte d'Ivoire.

Habitat
The Diana monkey is found in the primary forests, and does not thrive in secondary forests. The species is regarded as endangered by the IUCN as well as by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the chief dangers to them being habitat destruction (they are now virtually confined to coastal areas) and hunting for bushmeat.

Description
The Diana monkey ranges from 40 to 55 cm in length, excluding its tail, which is of a uniform 3–4 cm diameter and 50–75 cm long. Adults weigh between 4–7 kg.

They are generally black or dark grey, but have a white throat, crescent-shaped browband, ruff and beard; the browband gave the species its common name, since it was held to resemble the crescent on the brow of the goddess Diana. The monkeys' underarms are also white, and they have a white stripe down their thighs, while the backs of their thighs, and their lower backs, are a chestnut colour. Apart from the browband, ruff and beard, and some fringes on their limbs, their fur is rough and tough.

Biology and behavior
Individual, healthy Diana monkeys may live for up to 20 years. This species of monkey is active during the day, and feeds at all levels of the canopy, rarely venturing down to the ground for fear of predation. Diana monkeys retreat to the upper levels of the trees at night, though they do not make nests, preferring to sleep on branches. They feed mainly on fruit, blossoms and leaves, as well as occasional insects and invertebrates. The monkeys, in turn, are hunted and preyed upon by various animals, including the crowned hawk-eagle, the African leopard, the common chimpanzee, and humans.

The Diana monkey is a noisy presence in the forest. Its marked coloration allows a wide range of visual social signals. Female Diana monkeys produce specific alarm calls, alert calls and greeting/contact calls, depending on the occasion; in moments of predatory threat, they utilise distinct calls based on the specific predator in question, with some research suggesting that the vocabulary of the females’ vocalisations is larger and more variable than that of the males.

Other forest residents, such as the yellow-casqued hornbill (in addition to other birds) and other primates, are able to discriminate between these and use them to take appropriate action, should a mutual threat be present in the immediate area. A similar system is observed in India with the axis deer (or chital) on the ground and the Hanuman langur in the trees above them; the two species are seemingly inseparable, living in near-symbiosis as the forest’s carnivore “warning-system”. The deer make shrill barks and calls if they spot a tiger, leopard, dhole, or wolf; the monkeys (likewise) scream and alert the deer of any potential threat and, in turn, their commotion alerts every animal within the area.

Diana Monkeys communicate both to local group members and distant competitors with different kind of alarm sounds. Diana Monkeys produce loud noises to make other monkeys aware of leopards or other competitors in their area.

Groups consist of a single male with a number of reproducing females and their infants. In good conditions, adult females reproduce annually. Gestation lasts about 5 months, and the young nurse for a further 6 months. Normally, only a single infant is born. Although the young are born in a fairly well-developed condition, with open eyes and able to grasp their mothers, at least in zoo conditions, Diana monkey mothers appear anxious and possessive, rarely letting young infants leave them. As infants grow, however, they become very playful. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at an age of about 3 years. Daughters remain in their mothers' social groups, while males leave their natal groups shortly before attaining sexual maturity.

Human relevance
Like most primates, Diana monkeys can carry diseases that can be communicated to humans, like yellow fever and tuberculosis. Native tribes in the tropical forest of West Africa poach Diana monkeys, which are sold as luxury meat and seen as a commodity.

title: Diana monkey


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Kimita, Hiroshima

Kimita (君田村) was a village located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,923 and a density of 22.39 persons per km2. The total area was 85.87 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Kimita, along with the towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, the villages of Funo and Sakugi (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kimita, Hiroshima


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Funo, Hiroshima

Funo (布野村) was a village located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,965 and a density of 23.66 persons per km2. The total area was 83.04 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Funo, along with the towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, the villages of Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Funo, Hiroshima


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Sakugi, Hiroshima

Sakugi (作木村) was a village located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,942 and a density of 21.13 PD/km2. The total area was 91.92 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Sakugi, along with the towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, the villages of Funo and Kimita (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Sakugi, Hiroshima


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Kisa, Hiroshima

Kisa (吉舎町) was a town located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,918 and a density of 58.50 persons per km2. The total area was 84.07 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Kisa, along with the towns of Mirasaka and Miwa, the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

It was located 65 miles north-east of Hiroshima City. The town was divided into about a half dozen village level units, each with its own elementary and nursery schools. Okuda Genzo, a famous Japanese painter, was born in a small farmhouse in Kisa in the first half of the 20th century.

The town had a legend that it received its name when Emperor Go-Toba stopped off in Kisa on the way to an island in the Sea of Japan after he was sent there by the government for instigating a rebellion. Another theory is that it comes from kisaibe (Empress's estimate).

title: Kisa, Hiroshima


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Mirasaka, Hiroshima

Mirasaka (三良坂町) was a town located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

, the town has an estimated population of 3,801 and a density of 87.02 persons per km2. The total area is 43.68 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Mirasaka, along with the towns of Kisa and Miwa, the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi into one, and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Mirasaka, Hiroshima


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Miwa, Hiroshima

Miwa (三和町) was a town located in Futami District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,622 and a density of 49.69 persons per km2. The total area was 72.89 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Miwa, along with the towns of Kisa and Mirasaka, the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), and the town of Kōnu (from Kōnu District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Miwa, Hiroshima


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Futami District, Hiroshima

Futami (双三郡) was a district in Hiroshima, Japan. on April 1, 2004, all six towns and villages in this district, along with the town of Kōnu in Kōnu District, were merged with old Miyoshi to form the new Miyoshi.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 18,171 and a density of 39.38 PD/sqkm. The total area is 461.47 sqkm.

Towns and villages

 * Funo
 * Kimita
 * Kisa
 * Mirasaka
 * Miwa
 * Sakugi

title: Futami District, Hiroshima


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Saijō, Hiroshima (Shōbara)

Saijō (西城町) was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The site of a feudal castle from the Sengoku period, it was first incorporated as a town in 1898. It then went through several mergers with other towns and villages in the area before being incorporated itself into the city of Shōbara in March 2005. It is now a municipal division within Shōbara.

There are three elementary schools, a junior high school, and a high school located in Saijō. The area is served by the JR West Geibi and Kisuki railway lines. Saijō is located on Japan National Route 183 and 314, and is crossed by three major Hiroshima Prefectural Highways and ten smaller prefectural highways.

Etymology
The name of Saijō (西城町), which literally means "West Castle Town", is derived from the castle which was built in the area by a feudal lord during the Sengoku period. A comparable castle was built in the nearby Tōjō (which means "East Castle Town"). Neither castle is still standing, though you can view parts of the ruins (mostly foundation and other walls).

History
During the 5th century A.D., a kofun grave chamber was constructed in the area. On February 10, 1898, the village of Saijō was incorporated into the town of Saijō. On October 1 of the same year, the districts of Ezo, Nuka, and Mikami, along with the town of Saijō and the villages of Mikoto and Yahoko, were combined to create Hiba District.

A new town of Saijō was created on February 11, 1942 when the original town of Saijō and the village of Mikoto merged. Due to geographic considerations, the Miino Yukiasa section of Yahoko Village was split off on December 1, 1953 and merged with Hachikawa Village in the Nita District of Shimane Prefecture.

The town of Saijō reincorporated on March 31, 1954 when it merged with the village of Yahoko. Fifty-one years later, the towns of Saijō, Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Takano, and Tōjō from Hiba District, Hiroshima, and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District) all merged with the city of Shōbara. After 106 years of independent history, the town of Saijō ceased to exist, and it became a municipal division within Shōbara.

Demographics
As of November 2021, the town had a population of 3,146 and a density of 13.86 persons per km². The total area was 226.91 km².

Education
There are currently four public schools in operation in Saijō.

Saijō Elementary School (庄原市立西城小学校) is located near the south end of the main part of town, just across the river from Route 183. Mikoto Elementary School (庄原市立美古登小学校) is located just off Route 183, southwest of Hibayama Station.

Saijō Junior High School (庄原市立西城中学校) stands atop a hill overlooking the main business district and the Shōbara Municipal Saijō Shimin Hospital. The high school, Saijō Shisui High School (広島県立西城紫水高等学校) is located on top of a hill to the southwest of the junior high school, and directly above and to the northwest of Saijō Elementary School. It was previously named Hiroshima Prefectural Saijō Trades High School (広島県立西城商業高等学校).

Highways
Japan National Route 314 travels south from Shimane Prefecture, then turns east toward Okayama Prefecture after briefly joining Japan National Route 183 for about 1 km at Bingo-Ochiai Station. The Hibayama Onsen is located on Route 314 about halfway between Bingo-Ochiai Station and Yuki Station. Route 314 originates in Fukuyama, Hiroshima and terminates in Unnan, Shimane.

Japan National Route 183 originates in Naka-ku, Hiroshima and terminates in Yonago, Tottori. It travels through Saijō northeast from near Hirako Station, generally following the Geibi Line until the Geibi Line turns southeast at the Yahoko Post Office. Route 183 instead continues northeast past the turnoff for Dōgoyama Takahara Ski Resort before entering Tottori Prefecture.

The following prefectural highways serve Saijō:
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 26 Shin'ichi Nanamagari Saijō Route (広島県道26号新市七曲西城線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 57 Tōjō-Saijō Route (広島県道57号東城西城線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 58 Saijō-Hiwa Route (広島県道58号西城比和線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 233 Bingo-Saijō Taxi Stop Route (広島県道233号備後西城停車場線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 234 Bingo-Ochiai Taxi Stop Route (広島県道234号備後落合停車場線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 235 Dōgoyama Taxi Stop Route (広島県道235号道後山停車場線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 250 Dōgoyama Park Route (広島県道250号道後山公園線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 254 Hibayama Park Route (広島県道254号比婆山公園線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 255 Hibayama Park Moriwaki Route (広島県道255号比婆山公園森脇線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 256 Hibayama Kenmin no Mori Route (広島県道256号比婆山県民の森線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 444 Yuki-Onuka Route (広島県道444号油木小奴可線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 445 Nakazako-Kawakita Route (広島県道445号中迫川北線)
 * Hiroshima Prefectural Highway 446 Ueki-Misaka Route (広島県道446号植木三坂線)

Railways
JR West operates multiple stations along two rail lines in Saijō. Along the Geibi, service in Saijō begins with Hirako Station about 4.2 km southwest of Bingo-Saijō Station, located in the heart of Saijō. Hibayama Station is next as you go north, located about 800 m north of Mikoto Elementary School.

Bingo-Ochiai Station, located 5.6 km north of Hibayama, connects with the Kisuki Line and is just a few hundred meters south of the Akagi Internal Medicine Clinic. The next station is Dōgoyama Station, located 6.8 km by rail (though only about 3 km via Japan National Route 314). Dōgoyama Station gives quick access to Takaohara Ski Resort, Snow Resort Nekoyama, and Dōgoyama Takahara Ski Resort (all within 7 km), as well as Kurokan Park and the Suzuran no Yu onsen (both within 6 km).

The Kisuki Line travels 6.6 km from Bingo-Ochiai Station to Yuki Station before going to Miinohara Station in Shimane Prefecture.

title: Saijō, Hiroshima (Shōbara)


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Tōjō, Hiroshima

Tōjō (東城町) was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 7,145 and a population density of 23.43 persons per square kilometer. The total area was 304.92 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Tōjō, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō and Takano (all from Hiba District), and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Tōjō, Hiroshima


text:
Talk:Résumé

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More Citations & Facts Needed
This article has too many unreferenced claims that provide very little useful information. Please consider not deleting citations because they happen to point to a retail site. If retailers are privy to better information than researchers through industry trade you are depriving users of valuable information. There is no mention of the percentage of usage of Applicant Tracking Systems it's not even mentioned by name. This article needs to have industry professionals to add actual information not just broad statements which are more ambiguous than they are revealing. This article as it is now, on an important topic to many, is not worthy of being in any encyclopedia, peer reviewed or editor reviewed article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.3.76 (talk) 07:28, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

CV move discussion
See Talk:CV -- John Vandenberg (chat) 01:03, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

I believe there is enough difference between rèsumé vs CV to keep them separate. I valued the two distinct pages attesting to there dissimilar attributes. Gaclyde (talk) 03:28, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

US/Canada rèsumé vs CV
It would be helpful if, having mentioned the 'substantial differences' between a CV and a rèsumé in Canada and the US, they were actually detailed ... Daen (talk) 19:56, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

"General" section
This section reads more as a "how to" guide than information about the subject, and has some unsubstantiated statements. It needs a rewrite. Zeldafanjtl (talk) 02:50, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Calling the resume a "marketing tool" utilizes imprecise and unprofessional language. It would be better to eliminate such vague and inproperly used words and discuss what it actually is. A tool to introduce a person's background and skill sets. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.3.76 (talk) 19:28, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * if you are using your resume simply to introduce your background/skill set, and not to market it, you are doing it wrong. --dan (talk) 10:06, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

The difference between a Resume and a CV
A Resume is a short document that gives information in its basic form. It will be set out in the following order, Name, Personal details, Employment history with most recent first including company name, dates of employment followed by 2 or 3 bullet points of duties carried out in that role. The Resume will then conclude with Education and Qualifications.

A CV (Curriculm Vitae) is more personal and allows the reader to connect with the writer. A CV is set out in the following order, Name, Personal Details, A Personal Profile, which is a short paragraph telling the reader what your occupation is with 2 key skills and length of experience within the idustry plus lots of Personality Buzz words, like Experienced, Diligent, Team player etc. A Skills section should then follow this with key skills relevant to the role that is being applied for and then a Key Achievements sentence that is work related. Employment history should then follow with the most recent first detailing company name including a short sentence on what that company actually does, employment dates and job title. 3 or 4 bullet points should accompany each entry of duties carried out within the role. Once this is complete then the Education and Qualifications should be entered (The only exception to this rule is if there is no work history that is relevant to the role being applied for however the qualifications achieved are relevant to the role, then this section should be placed after the Personal Profile). The CV should end with a paragraph on your Interests, for example: Video Games companies are always looking for employees with an interests in games.

The preceding statement is incredibly specific and therefore not applicable to all CVs as well as not being reflected in any definition of a CV ever known to be written by a credible source. 69.120.3.76 (talk) 07:53, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Sharon Videogamescv (talk) 08:38, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * However, it depends on the country. In Australia, resumes are individually crafted and formatted and there is really no set expectation on how they should be presented and in which order the information should be formatted. The word 'Resume' is commonly used in Australia, with CV not being so popular.
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by CareerOrigin (talk • contribs) 2010-05-07T08:54:16

Within Australia career advisors state that a résumé be only 2 pages in length, being a brief, succinct and customised document tailoring the applicant to the position being advertised. Australia's mainstream media follow this theme.Skythorn (talk) 01:24, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

By definition and orgin the two are very different. A CV should be thought of as a "course of life", or what a person has chosen to spend their time on and should not be written for an "employer", in almost all cases. In certain "professional" fields CV's are utilized like resumes, however it's a facsimile of a true CV which implies a personal document which highlights a person's life as they see fit, not necessarily highlighting what an employer would like to see.

A CV in the USA, outside of a few select fields, is not primarily used not as a "marketing tool" as someone suggested resumes are to gain any sort of employment but as a document to briefly describe the course of one's life to a peers, board members, or clients. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.3.76 (talk) 07:43, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Regarding "employers are becoming more accepting of résumés that are longer than two pages dubious–discuss", anecdotal evidence in my experience is that even a second page is a death knell for any job position south of the executive suite. The kneejerk response I've overheard time and again is, "If an applicant can't tell me in 1 page why I should hire him, it means that he himself doesn't know, and I don't have the time to help him find out." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.71.83.76 (talk) 21:17, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The pronunciation [ʁezyme] is all well and good, but that's the French pronunciation. It is never pronounced like that in English, not least because English uses tonic accent and so, at best, it would be [ˈʁezyme] or [ʁezyˈme]. Being bold and changing. — 194.74.1.82 (talk) 14:44, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, I've just noticed it says "French pronunciation" before it. Never mind. Anyway, I'll add the English pronunciation. — 194.74.1.82 (talk) 14:46, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Spelling
In the intro it says that it's sometimes spelt resumé or resume. I understand that some people mightn't know the accents / mightn't know how to type the accents and will end up writing resume, but there should really be a source cited for "rèsumé". People frequently getting the spelling wrong doesn't count as an alternate way of writing the word. Owen214 (talk) 13:41, 22 May 2011 (UTC)
 * this isn't french; however people frequently spell it is right. --dan (talk) 10:08, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * "However people spell it frequently", there still are correct or accepted spellings. Until ENOUGH people spell it one way, that is. For example, Connoisseur is "misspelled" if you think of it as a French word, but, like you said, this isn't French, so that is the correct spelling in English now. If you're using accents in résumé, you ought to use the correct French ones, or less. As English has none "natively", the use of incorrect accents is an orthographic mistake. That being said, it IS most often pronounced "Rèsumé" by English speakers, which might explain "etymology" of that spelling...Malixsys (talk) 15:30, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The word, I believe, is correctly spelled using grave accents (é) above both letters e. I note that in one place, Malixsys used the acute accent instead.  I'm being hypercritical, I know. :)  But the point I am getting to would be that, in English, spelling the word without accents should be perfectly acceptable, correct? Terry Thorgaard (talk) 16:21, 16 April 2015 (UTC)  Correction, I now see Malixsys' point: that English speakers often mispronounce the word, and thus the acute. Terry Thorgaard (talk) 16:24, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Why does the stock resume list /John/ Doe and say /he/ worked at Victoria's Secret? I somehow doubt he helped customers in making decisions. 69.169.148.14 (talk) 17:15, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal
The two words are used as an alternative for one another. I think if we merge the articles and just mention there that there is a slight difference between them in Canada and Australia, it would be better. In addition, sources should be added to support the difference between the two terms. I read the current discussion page, there were different discussions, but neither of them was based on sources to support the difference between the two. --Wayiran (talk) 15:13, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Even in the US, the terms mean different things. Libcub (talk) 16:10, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Can you please provide any source supporting the same? --Wayiran (talk) 21:26, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Wikitionary. Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 03:27, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * wiktionary cites résumé and CV as synonymsMalixsys (talk) 15:41, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The article implies that they only mean different things in academia. Most people don't work in academia. – Smyth\talk 11:47, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * i don't know about academia, but in my experience people in the legal field tend to use cv. the only difference between the two seems to be the name of the document. --dan (talk) 10:16, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. They're mostly the same thing, and if in some countries, a difference is made, then that can be explained in the merged article. The name of the merged article should be "Curriculum vitae", since that's the more commonly used term internationally. Teemu Leisti (talk) 20:43, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Do Not Merge. They are two totally distinct things. A resume is a single page (or maybe 2 page) document with brief descriptions mainly in bullet points. A CV is 2 or 3 pages, and it includes more in-depth information is full sentences. Do Not Merge. 134.83.1.244 (talk) 16:39, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge. They are the same "thing", detailing or summarizing your employment history and/or qualifications in varying, more or less specific formats. Different groups of speakers sometimes use one of the two terms specifically to refer to a particular format, while others use the terms interchangeably, but there is no consistency overall and no universal authoritative source. These inconsistent differences should therefore be explained in a merged article.Malixsys (talk) 15:41, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Oppose. They are similar, but not the same thing. Resume is for looking for jobs, CV is more for academia. ~Adjwilley (talk) 04:37, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Oppose merger. I agree with the above. They are similar, but definitely not the same thing. I would never refer to a CV as a resume or vice versa. Rreagan007 (talk) 04:07, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

To resume differentiating between the use of curriculum vitae (CV) and rèsumé
You may wish to consider some quotes from the Oxford English Dictionary:

curriculum vitae (abbreviation: CV) noun - a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application.

rèsumé (noun) - 1 a summary: "I gave him a quick rèsumé of events". 2 North American - a curriculum vitae: "Using email, I've been able to review rèsumés, cover letters, even outlines of talking points for an interview."

Easily confused words: Rèsumé means ‘a summary’ (a quick rèsumé of events;); it is a French word, and is usually spelled with accents on the e's. It should not be confused with resume, which means ‘begin again after a pause’ (the talks will resume in April).

It would appear that a common North American use of "rèsumé" is for the same thing as referred to in British English as a "curriculum vitae"; however, this does not necessitate the conclusion that both words, in North American use, are consistently understood to mean the same thing. Concerning the use of "resume", the only rational conclusion I can draw is to rather use "curriculum vitae" instead of "rèsumé", if one cannot do better than misspelling the latter as "resume". Gseydack (talk) 16:36, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

 * No opinion on what specifically should be done with the article without studying it more closely, but a couple of general points. First of all, "resume" is not a "misspelling"; it's an established alternative spelling of "rèsumé", according to at least four dictionaries: Oxford American, Merriam-Webster Collegiate, American Heritage, and Random House. ("Resumé" is also listed as an alternative.) Second, "CV" is sometimes used interchangeably with "rèsumé" in North America, although its use is less common and sometimes it does mean something slightly different (as the article indicates). Rivertorch (talk) 18:48, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

CV versus Resume
I do not believe that the CV Wiki page and the Resume wiki pages should be merged. Although some people use the words interchangeably, this phrase-swapping is not accurate, at least in the U.S. Resumes are designed to be brief, as short as 1 page, but not more that 4. Resume's are concise introductions of a person's experience and requisites. A CV, on the other hand, is extensive, and can surpass 30 pages in length. CVs are intended to be a near-bibliographic history of a person's experience. Often times, a person will have either a CV, or a resume, depending on the person's field or experience. Personally, I have both a CV and resumes. My CV is extensive and lists all of my relevant experience/history. My resumes, however, are specific to the message I wish to convey through that resume. For example, my CV lists all of my volunteer committees and chairmanships, but my resumes only discuss committees and chairmanships as they pertain to the position I am being considered for. Stiche1775 (talk) 06:14, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I truly don't think CV and Resumé deserve their own separate wiki article. One is enough. Especially when the difference between them can be explained in a couple sentences. Angry bee (talk) 23:35, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

The reason the accent(s) are often missing
Nobody seems to mention that a large part of the reason that Rèsumé is often misspelled as Resumé or even Resume is because it's done so by people in countries (like the US or UK) where we simply don't have such characters on our keyboards. It's the same reason Café is spelled Cafe. I would guess that 95% of Windows users don't know about Alt-keycodes or have the idea of coming here to copy/paste it to their document. Besides, when a word is borrowed from another language, it will often not retain either the correct accented spelling or even the correct pronunciation, even when it's a noun (anyone for a glass of Moet & Chandon in my Porsche?). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.104.181.207 (talk) 21:28, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

How often does one have time to hunt Word menus to figure out how to type these things? I tried alt-"e" and it didn't work. A pop-up advised to "continue typing the menu key sequence from an earlier version of Office or press ESCAPE to cancel". As stated, I don't have the time or the inclination to try to figure out what this means. It's not like I need to type a diacritical every day. Terry Thorgaard (talk) 14:55, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Is that the reason the accents are dropped? ~Adjwilley (talk) 01:45, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
 * While there's much truth in the above, accents were routinely dropped even before the age of the typewriter, let alone the personal computer. And even Mac users, who have had easy access to diacriticals for more than a quarter of a century, often don't bother to make an 'é' instead of an 'e'. One explanation for the one-accent spelling, "resumé", is that the first syllable is pronounced with a short 'e', at least to the west of the Pond (and, I suspect, elsewhere, although the word itself may be less common elsewhere). It would be nice to find a source that discusses this, but I'm not hopeful. Rivertorch (talk) 05:39, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Reasoning for the accent on the first e
I've always seen resumé spelled either with the accent over the second e or no accent at all, like resume. But where did the first accent come from? It's important for people to realize that the accents aren't just there for show or to demonstrate that you're cool enough to put an accent above your e's. They actually tell the reader how to pronounce the word. For instance, résumé would imply you'd pronounce it as "r-ay-su-may", whereas the way it's generally pronounced is "reh-su-may", or resumé. The accent above the é gives the e that "ay" sound. It's about all I remember from my French classes, but that stuck. :) So, it just seems wrong to have the entire document use the accent over the first e.  I strongly recommend fixing this.

Mort253 (talk) 05:24, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * See résumé.—Wavelength (talk) 05:54, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Consider the relevant entries at various major dictionaries. Of six I checked, only American Heritage lists resumé as the first spelling, while Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Random House, Chambers, and Collins all list "résumé" first. (Chambers actually offers no alternative spellings, just the one.) Rivertorch (talk) 07:50, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * See http://www.onelook.com/?w=résumé&ls=a.
 * —Wavelength (talk) 15:01, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Cool site! I don't like to cite things like thefreedictionary.com or dictionary.reference.com, though, because they're aggregators and not reference works in and of themselves. The content they display is from multiple sources which may change over time. Rivertorch (talk) 19:25, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

English spelling of 'resume'
The French spelling is used by many, with the accent marks, on the mistaken belief that it is the only correct version, even though, for documents written in English, 'resume' is correct and 'résumé' incorrect. And this should be obvious, requiring no explanation, but here are 6 reasons:

Common usage takes precedence over dictionaries, since dictionaries include many foreign words that aren’t in common usage and most dictionaries don’t consider common usage.
 * 1) The spelling with two accent marks is French, while this Wikipedia page is localized to those who speak English.
 * 2) The English alphabet does not use accents.
 * 3) For reasons of simplification that usually occur with common usage.
 * 4) 'résumé' is significantly harder to type.
 * 5) There are no – zero – nada – other foreign words, French or otherwise, in common English usage that require a nonstandard alphabet, so why make this the one exception?
 * 6) It seems pretentious, which is not just my opinion but the consensus.

Recruiters who email me asking for my resume never accent the word – that effectively demonstrates “common usage.” And if you google resume, most occurrences of it aren’t accented, and that’s not due to ignorance. See how I didn’t capitalize google? That’s another example of how words become simplified with common usage.

There should be a “History” paragraph for this word, in which one might explain this. It seems resume would be too trivial to require an entry in Wikipedia at all (since it’s meaning is simple: a summary of job skills) but for a Wikipedia page that is this bulky, not discussing this is a glaring omission.

Americans might be more conscientious of accenting the final e than the French! I mean, wouldn’t that be ironic? For these reasons, one might expect consistent use of the English version of the word for this Wikipedia entry, '''otherwise the bias for the French version should be explained. Or is Wikipedia just being pretentious?''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by WikiEditor2563 (talk • contribs) 10 November 2013, 16:10 (UTC)

__________________

 * The consensus is not as clear as all that - if you look a couple of sections above this one, you'll see another editor proclaiming that the spelling without accent marks is a misspelling. The truth of the matter is that all three variants (with one accent, two accents, or no accent) are used in English, and neither variety is a misspelling - it's just different usage. There are English words with accents, that is not a matter of opinion I'm afraid. Many (most?) of them can also be spelt without an accent, but that doesn't change the fact that accents exist in English. The English alphabet may not include accented letters, but that is a different thing altogether. Wikipedia defers to "common usage" only when it has been conclusively shown in reliable sources that a particular usage is "common usage"; what you, or I, or any other individual editor think we know based on our own experience and knowledge is anecdotal evidence, not a reliable source, I'm afraid.
 * I strongly agree that an etymology section would be appropriate. Such a section must be completely neutrally phrased without claims of what is the correct spelling (although if there are notable differences in dictionaries, that can be mentioned), and it must include reliable sources. --bonadea contributions talk 16:27, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

___________________

The consensus actually seems pretty clear, if not always consistent, and the one editor you mention does not, by any means, support your point. Just do a google search. You do realize that it's a French word, right? Do you see my 6 reasons? How the word is accented does not represent different usage, but inconsistency - it's too bad even Wikipedia only perpetuates this inconsistency. Resume always means "summary of work experience." It seems your comments are not informed. There are no common English words with accents - I said common, and resume is certainly a common word. The English language has taken many foreign words, to be sure, I never said or implied otherwise, but we TRANSLATE the words so that special marks are avoided - the English language clearly avoids the special marks common in French and other languages.

You even state "Wikipedia defers to "common usage" only when it has been conclusively shown in reliable sources that a particular usage is "common usage." "Common use" means it's plain to see, so one needn't consult an expert to "confirm" that something is common.    If employment recruiters universally spell it "resume," how much more conclusive can you get?

Also, you say "The English alphabet may not include accented letters, but that is a different thing altogether." That's not at all a "different thing" but entirely relevant to my point, and may best support my argument, since English words are built using the English alphabet and not another.

Simply because the computer keyboard lacks an accented e, and its ubiquity in communication, one could argue that the accented e is simply passé. Ah, even here the autocorrect placed an accent on the e of passé, but not of resume. What does that tell you? Isn't it interesting that the Wikipedia autocorrect put an accent on passé but not resume? — Preceding unsigned comment added by WikiEditor2563 (talk • contribs) 18:21, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm seeing a great deal of conjecture and a certain amount of logic, but it's all insufficient to include the disputed content. I agree with Bonadea: an etymology section is fine if it meets policy (WP:V/WP:RS and WP:NPOV), but original research is unacceptable, no matter how much sense it may seem to make to you, me, or anyone. Rivertorch (talk) 19:28, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The entire addition is based on opinion, as well as ending in a POV comment on its usage. The arguments given on this talk page for it are based purely on original research. The section is unquestionably not appropriate in its currently proposed form. What are needed are reliable sources and a cleanup to present a neutral point of view. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 20:38, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

___________________

What do you mean "based on opinion?" Resume is a French word, that's a fact, as are all the other points I make. Do you think it's an English word? I mean, what are you, illiterate? I've done no research. Did you think I "researched" those 6 points, my God, they're all off the top of my head, if I researched the matter I'd find additional reasons. What are you going to do, accuse me of vandalism while agreeing a section on etymology is justified? HOW IN THE WORLD CAN YOU THREATEN ME WHILE ADMITTING A SECTION ON ETYMOLOGY IS JUSTIFIED, BECAUSE YOUR "phrasing" would be a bit different??? Give-me-a-break! You're arrogance is breathtaking. You're going to BLOCK me because your "phrasing" is different from mine...? If you continue to threaten me and remove my contributions I will recommend that your edit privileges be removed, what are you, the Wikipedia gestapo? I am fascinated how quickly some of my edits are removed - which you agree are sensible! As if you're just SITTING by your computer WAITING! Where there could be no time for you to even consider my edits! Does your boss know you're using company property for personal reasons? Maybe if you took the time to simply "rephrase" my contributions we would all be better off, for God's sake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WikiEditor2563 (talk • contribs) 05:21, 12 November 2013

 * No, your points are not facts, they are opinions. To say "Resume is a French word" when you are talking about its usage in English is an opinion, it is not a fact. It's a perfectly valid opinion, but it's not a fact. "Resume entered English from French", or "Resume is a borrowing from French" would be facts. Most of your other points above are also not facts but opinions. There are two exceptions: the lack of accents in the English alphabet, which was discussed above and is in fact irrelevant, especially since the French alphabet has no accents either; and the point that common usage leads to simplification, which is sometimes true but sometimes not - and that claim is a fact based on a solid body of research.
 * Please remove or strike out and apologise for the personal attack against Barek in your post above. This discussion, which could be quite interesting and could potentially lead to real improvement of the article, becomes utterly impossible if any of the parties resorts to name-calling. Thank you. --bonadea contributions talk 07:43, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
 * WikiEditor2563 - I reviewed the warning that you received on your talk page re: potential blocking. It was given by another editor due to your repeated violation of Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, and you were also warned about the three revert rule, which can also potentially result in a block. This is not arrogance - it is warnings that your editing has been disruptive because it goes against established Wikipedia policies.
 * You also seem to have taken offense at the mention that your edits amount to original research. I suggest you read that policy at WP:NOR, as the first two paragraph makes clear what that term means on Wikipedia, which differs from the interpretation of the phrase you seem to be expressing above.  Those two paragraphs also make clear why it's not a simple matter of rewording your contribution - instead, third party reliable sources are required that would directly support the addition. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 22:32, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The user who opened this thread is now indefinitely blocked and has stated explicitly he or she does not wish to be unblocked. I'd like to hat this now and, if necessary, discuss any legitimate issues in a separate thread. Any objections? Rivertorch (talk) 06:10, 14 November 2013 (UTC)
 * No objections here. Good idea. --bonadea contributions talk 07:00, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Updates To Reflect Current Trends
I feel that the opinions expressed here (particularly about emergence of graphic- and video- driven resumes) are out of date. Some of the references cited are dated 2008 - a lot has happened since then. Infographic resumes have exploded and, some argue, became a passing fad. Also, so-called "website resumes" got some traction, though mainly in the tech industry. Finally, recruiters in 2014 tend to agree that resumes are nearing their end (to be replaced by LinkedIn). I've made edits to describe these shifts. I've also cleaned up the formatting to improve readability. (Lee11Jam (talk) 07:56, 25 June 2014 (UTC))

 * Can you add sources for this? Without them, I will challenge this. Although there was a recent trend in making your profile more like a resume, I have never come accross any info that would confirm what you put in that section. And actually, a recent article from Mashable (perhaps the epitome of pop culture/tech reporting in the Web 2.0 age) actually advises AGAINST using your LinkedIn profile as a resume. Alphachimera (talk) 20:01, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Please be more specific about which part you're challenging. Am I right in saying that you disagree with the part that LinkedIn is replacing resumes? Perhaps I do need to flesh it out - the difficulty there is that it's very much true for some sectors, countries and job types and very much isn't for others; rates of adoption vary greatly at this point. Having said that, the overall trend is very much towards replacing resumes with online portfolios which showcase successfully completed projects. I've provided references for support. Mashable needs to be taken with a grain of salt - it may be a touchstone of tech reporting for the modern generation and is perceived as an authority, however it also has a strong whiff of link-baited content that is put together by content creators who, I'll argue, have never held a recruitment or HR position. (Lee11Jam (talk) 08:55, 30 June 2014 (UTC))

 * I'm still going to challenge the line about LinkedIn on the basis of non-objectivity. You can't cite LinkedIn's self-promoting resources to say LinkedIn is replacing traditional resumes or hiring practices. Alphachimera (talk) 16:09, 1 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. If there are no sources independent of LinkedIn, then it doesn't belong. --Ronz (talk) 16:47, 1 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I've removed it. Lee11Jam, if you want to add it back in, I think it would be a better fit in the "resume evaluation" section, not the personal branding/tech startup section, and it needs to be neutrally cited. Alphachimera (talk) 14:44, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I think it's hard to say that the trends are leading in any direction unless you have some statistical evaluation. I was a recruiter in the tech industry for many years, and we pretty much asked for a traditional resume every single time, and I'm pretty sure any job posting you look at online will ask for a traditional resume. That being said I did get offered a job interview based on my online resume. http://www.genoseo.com/Eugene-Song-Resume  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:6190:DD00:F2B4:79FF:FE1A:358A (talk) 01:31, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

"Resumé"
This is not a formal request, but I would just like to point out that "resumé" is the most neutral of spelling variants, at least according to Wiktionary. "Resume" is given the US tag, "résumé" the chiefly North America, Australia tag, and "resumé" no region-specific tag. Therefore, it should be the preferred spelling for this article, unless any other editors feel that it deserves a regional tag on its respective Wiktionary listing. WikiWinters (talk) 19:38, 4 October 2014 (UTC)

 * In the UK, and Europe more widely, I have never seen résumé and resumé is clearly preferred. The second accent is retained from French because the second accent continues to be pronounced in English (and may be required for disambiguation) - the first accent is not pronounced.

 * Resumé is, for the same reason, the official Van Dale dictionary spelling in Dutch.

 * The word also doesn't retain the same meaning as French, being a metonym, so there is no useful reason to preserve the spelling.

 * I don't object to the other two spellings but it's a bit jarring that the most common spelling in the UK is, apparently deliberately, erased by the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1C00:2712:3A00:7423:52FC:D081:FB0 (talk) 23:09, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

Needs some history
As a casual user of Wikipedia, I was surprised to see no historical background on the origins of resumes. Guess I'll go back to Google now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.129.181.219 (talk) 13:56, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

What Should Be Considered Spam
'''This is a conversation we have been having about adding a source. Any inputs would be appreciated, including what should be considered as spam and whether some online sites are being given a free pass. Please share your thoughts.'''

When you look at the resume page, there are many references to pages even less credible than http://workbloom.com/resume/resume-formats.aspx and yet you find no issue with them...

Resume writing is often thought of as an art with no strict rules. We deal here with "accepted standards" that evolve over time. For example, it was standard to include an objective statement in the past, but no longer. We're not dealing with "facts" here.

The page on WorkBloom does a good point of summarizing the 3 types of resume formats most often used and accepted by resume writers. Further, there was no reference on the page to a source, so it makes sense to add a source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynfyny.8 (talk • contribs) 20:40, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

And I'm at a loss as to why you would reinstate a reference to a page that we have to pay to view. How can anybody who did not pay the subscription fee verify the relevance of the page? I.e. http://www.businessinsider.com/how-resumes-have-evolved-since-their-first-creation-in-1482-2011-2?op=1

Hi. We usually discuss these things on a given article's talk page, but I'm putting my two cents in here because I just undid your most recent edit at Resumé and then I saw you'd commented here on Ronz's page. While references using freely available web pages are preferred, there is no prohibition on citing pages behind firewalls. If there were, we'd lose thousands of valid citations every day. Regarding the WorkBloom ref, I was unable to confirm that it meets the guideline on reliable sources. In general, it's better to cite no source than to cite a questionable one; if the content needs a citation because it's not obvious, and you can't find one, better to just tag it (or, if it's highly doubtful, remove it). Rivertorch's Evil Twin (talk) 02:30, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

I don't understand how you can say that the page is not a credible source when you accept these pages full of ads: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/reverse-chronological-resume-format-focusing-on-w0.html http://jobsearch.about.com/cs/curriculumvitae/f/cvresume.htm I spent time to help edit just to see these rigid comments that make no sense and are totally inconsistent. How do you assess a "credible" source? I assess it by its content, not by how big the site is. Doing what you're doing you imply because it's a big site it's credible.

Further, if you look at the talk page of résumé, you would see this: "More Citations & Facts Needed

This article has too many unreferenced claims that provide very little useful information. Please consider not deleting citations because they happen to point to a retail site. If retailers are privy to better information than researchers through industry trade you are depriving users of valuable information. There is no mention of the percentage of usage of Applicant Tracking Systems it's not even mentioned by name. This article needs to have industry professionals to add actual information not just broad statements which are more ambiguous than they are revealing. This article as it is now, on an important topic to many, is not worthy of being in any encyclopedia, peer reviewed or editor reviewed article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.3.76 (talk) 07:28, 28 December 2010 (UTC) " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynfyny.8 (talk • contribs)

It is these kinds of things that alienate people from editing on Wikipedia. People that actually know about the topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynfyny.8 (talk • contribs) 02:48, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

"If retailers are privy to better information than researchers through industry trade you are depriving users of valuable information... This article needs to have industry professionals to add actual information not just broad statements which are more ambiguous than they are revealing." If you were in the field, you would know that WorkBloom is a credible and independent source providing comprehensive tips for job seekers. There is so much to change on the résumé page, but we get stuck with these little technical, empty edits. I may be new to Wikipedia, but not to resume writing, so please, reinstate that footnote or refer this to a higher authority and clean up the rest of the page, if you insist on having "proper" references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynfyny.8 (talk • contribs) 02:59, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

About firewalls, there may be no prohibition, but that's not saying that a citation hiding behind a firewall is a good thing. A citation should be easily verifiable, otherwise, it would be in the hands of a few and not subject to open scrutiny. That's not how you build an open and strong community. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynfyny.8 (talk • contribs) 03:10, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Given past the past spamming of WorkBloom, you're going to have a difficult time convincing anyone it belongs. You are correct, the references can be improved. Please take the discussion to the article talk page. --Ronz (talk) 16:16, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Ronz, I don't appreciate that you move my comments. This comment was intended towards spam generally and belonged at the top, not at the bottom of the page. It's a continuation/comment regarding what was mentioned in the top section. And don't change the title to "WorkBloom as a source". It's not about WorkBloom, it's about the integrity of edits and sources used in general.

 * Ynfyny.8, new discussions go at the bottom of the talk page—period. You weren't adding to an old thread, you were starting a new one, so this is where it belongs. Second, please sign each post on any talk page by typing four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of whatever you have to say. Third, if you're going to copy something that another user wrote on another page, as you did above with what I wrote elsewhere, it's a good idea to (1) grab the text from the edit window, so that any markup the user added is included, and (2) notify that user. Please consult this how-to guide and this guideline page for advice on these and other matters. You're new to editing Wikipedia (welcome, by the way!) and you can't be expected to know any of this yet, but try to be patient. If you go through channels to raise valid concerns, someone will usually come along and either help fix what's bothering you or else explain why it's not a problem.
 * I said elsewhere (and you pasted it in above) that "it's better to cite no source than to cite a questionable one; if the content needs a citation because it's not obvious, and you can't find one, better to just tag it (or, if it's highly doubtful, remove it)". The reason for this is that junk references can give the impression that the content of an article is not only verifiable but verified when it isn't anything of the kind.
 * Another thing worth keeping in mind is that the reliability of a given source is generally considered in absolute, not relative, terms. In other words, the existence of one or more junk references doesn't justify the addition of more—not even if the new one seems slightly more reliable than the old ones. Rivertorch's Evil Twin (talk) 05:03, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Resume format
Actually there are not 2, but 3 resume styles (formats): chronological, functional, combination. Well, at least I found such information on the Federal Resume guide https://resumeadvise.com/what-is-the-best-resume-format/ It provides very detailed and step by step instructions with examples. There are special conditions and restrictions according to which some particular format should be applied. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.191.178.84 (talk) 11:19, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Résumé


text:
Kuchiwa, Hiroshima

Kuchiwa (口和町) was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 1,864 and a density of 16.93 persons per km2. The total area was 110.13 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Kuchiwa, along with the towns of Hiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Kuchiwa, Hiroshima


text:
Takano, Hiroshima

Takano (高野町) was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 1,593 and a density of 10.00 persons per km2. The total area was 159.18 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Takano, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Takano, Hiroshima


text:
Hiwa, Hiroshima

Hiwa (比和町) was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 1,229 and a density of 9.36 persons per km2. The total area was 131.30 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Hiwa, along with the towns of Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Hiwa, Hiroshima


text:
List of Chicago "L" stations

The Chicago "L" is a rapid transit system that serves the city of Chicago and seven of its surrounding suburbs. The system is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). On an average weekday, 759,866 passengers ride the "L", making it the second-busiest rapid transit system in the United States, behind the New York City Subway.

The system began as three separate companies, which built lines traveling from Chicago's central business district to the south and the west. The first of these was the Chicago and South Side Rapid Transit Railroad which opened on June 6, 1892. The Lake Street Elevated Railroad opened the following year and the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad followed in 1895. Initially, the "L" lines operated independently of each other, but in 1897, they were combined into one physically unified system with the completion of the Union Loop and connecting trackage. In 1900, the Northwestern Elevated Railroad entered operation, finalizing the basic structure of the system: a hub and spoke distribution paradigm radiating north, west, and south from downtown Chicago. The system expanded outward from this with new branches or line extensions until 1930.

Due to the ruined financial state of the privately owned Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines, a public agency (the CTA) was created in 1947 to take over and save the rapid transit and streetcar systems. Starting in 1948, the CTA began systematically shutting down many stations and lines that saw little use in order to improve service and reduce costs. Expansion resumed in September 1969 with the opening of a new line in the median of the Dan Ryan Expressway and continued until October 31, 1993, with the opening of the Orange Line. The newest line the Pink Line, which opened on June 25, 2006 was created by rerouting the Blue Line's Douglas branch into a separate service.

, the system has 145 stations on eight lines operating on 224.1 mi of track. A total of 103 stations are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and are accessible to passengers with disabilities. The majority of "L" stations are named for the streets or intersections on which they are located; others are named for neighborhoods, suburbs, destinations, or a combination of these. The newest station is Washington/Wabash, which opened on August 31, 2017.

Lines
==Stations==

title: List of Chicago "L" stations


text:
Yuki, Hiroshima (Jinseki)

Yuki (油木町) was a town located in Jinseki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,089 and a density of 31.51 persons per km2. The total area was 98.02 km2.

On November 5, 2004, Yuki, along with the towns of Jinseki and Sanwa, and the village of Toyomatsu (all from Jinseki District), was merged to create the town of Jinsekikōgen.

Yuki was well known for notably sake and miso of the Shinrai and Shinryu establishments.

title: Yuki, Hiroshima (Jinseki)


text:
Hiba District, Hiroshima

Hiba (比婆郡) was a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 21,448 and a density of 23.00 persons per km2. The total area was 932.44 km2.

Former towns and villages

 * Hiwa
 * Kuchiwa
 * Saijō
 * Takano
 * Tōjō

Merger

 * On March 31, 2005 - the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō, along with the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District), were merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Hiba District, Hiroshima


text:
Sergio Osmeña

Sergio Osmeña Sr. (, ; ; September 9, 1878 – October 19, 1961) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon. Upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944, Osmeña succeeded him at age 65, becoming the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency until Rodrigo Duterte took office in 2016 at age 71. A founder of the Nacionalista Party, Osmeña was also the first Visayan to become president.

Prior to his accession in 1944, Osmeña served as governor of Cebu from 1906 to 1907, member and first speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922, and senator from the 10th senatorial district for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate president pro tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for the presidential election that year. The duo were overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941.

He was the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family, which includes his son, former Senator Sergio Osmeña Jr., and his grandsons, former senators Sergio Osmeña III and John Henry Osmeña, ex-governor Lito Osmeña, and former Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña.

Early life and education
Osmeña was born on September 9, 1878, in the then-municipality of Cebu in Cebu. His biological father was Don Antonio Sanson, a socially prominent and wealthy Chinese mestizo businessman and haciendero known for his vast landholdings throughout Cebu. Sanson came from one of Cebu's oldest and most illustrious families. His mother, Juana Osmeña y Suico (born in 1858 or 1859 – died in 1941), was reportedly 20 years old at the time. However, since Sanson was already married to another woman, Osmeña was considered illegitimate. As a result, he took on his mother's surname.

Osmeña was secretive of his parentage. He would frequent Sanson's farm in Borbon, suggesting he was aware of the identity of his real father.

The Osmeña family, a rich and prominent clan of Chinese Filipino heritage with vast business interests in Cebu, warmed to him as he established himself as a prominent figure in local society.

Osmeña received his elementary education at the Colegio de San Carlos and graduated in 1892. Osmeña continued his education in Manila, studying in San Juan de Letran College where he first met Manuel L. Quezon, a classmate of his, as well as Juan Sumulong and Emilio Jacinto. He took up law at the University of Santo Tomas and placed second in the 1903 bar examination. He served on the war staff of General Emilio Aguinaldo as a courier and journalist. In 1900, he founded the Cebu newspaper El Nuevo Día (English: 'The New Day') which lasted for three years.

Public service in Cebu
When Cebu Governor Juan Climaco was sent as a member of the Board of Commissioners of the St. Louis Purchase Expedition, Osmeña was appointed acting governor. When Climaco returned, he was appointed as provincial fiscal. His stint there elevated him in politics when he was elected governor of Cebu in 1906.

House of Representatives
While governor, he successfully ran for a seat in the first Philippine Assembly inaugurated in 1907 and was elected as its first Speaker. Osmeña was 29 years old and already the highest-ranking Filipino official. He and another provincial politician, Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas, set up the Nacionalista Party as a foil to the Partido Federalista of Manila-based politicians. During his speakership, members of the assembly sought to initiate policies that constantly clashed with the opinions of American superiors in the Philippine Commission that ultimately did not pass. Three important bills from the assembly were rejected by the Philippine Commission.
 * 1) the repeal of the sedition law which imposed penalties on any Filipino who advocated independence;
 * 2) the repeal of the flag law which banned display of the Filipino flag;
 * 3) the grant of more powers to the local governments.

The Americans' authority did not stop the assembly under him from initiating transformative legislation that would come to pass. These included the creation of a Council of State and a Board of Control that enabled the Philippine legislature to share some of the executive powers of the American governor-general.

Quezon-Osmeña alliance
Osmeña was friends and classmates with Manuel L. Quezon, who was the majority floor leader of the Philippine Assembly under Osmeña's speakership. When the Jones Law was passed, Quezon was elected as Senate president and Osmeña remained speaker.

Senate
In 1922, Osmeña was elected to the Senate representing the 10th senatorial district. He went to the United States as part of the OsRox Mission in 1933, to secure passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Bill, which was superseded by the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934.

Vice-presidency (1935–1944)
In 1924, Quezon and Osmeña reconciled and joined forces in the Partido Nacionalista Consolidado against the threat of an emerging opposition from the Democrata Party. The reunited Nacionalista Party dominated the political scene until the second break-up when the members polarized into Pros and Antis in 1934. Quezon and Osmeña again reconciled for the 1935 presidential election. In 1935. Quezon and Osmeña won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. Quezon obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, former President Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay.

They were inaugurated on November 15, 1935. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. Re-elected in 1941, Osmeña remained vice president during the Japanese occupation when the government was in exile. As vice-president, Osmeña concurrently served as secretary of public instruction from 1935 to 1940, and again from 1941 to 1944.

The outbreak of World War II and the Japanese invasion resulted in periodic and drastic changes to the government structure. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941, abolished the Department of the Interior and established a new line of succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941, further reorganized and grouped the cabinet, with the functions of secretary of justice assigned to the chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Quezon-Osmeña impasse
By 1943, the Philippine government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis. According to the amendments to the 1935 Constitution, Quezon's term as president was to expire on December 30, 1943, and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would automatically succeed him to serve out the remainder of term until 1945. This eventuality was brought to the attention of Quezon by Osmeña himself, who wrote the former to this effect. Aside from replying to this letter informing Osmeña that it would not be wise and prudent to effect any such change under the circumstances, Quezon issued a press release along the same line. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. attorney general Homer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as more in keeping the law. Quezon, however, remained adamant. He accordingly sought U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision. The latter chose to remain aloof from the controversy, suggesting instead that the Philippine officials themselves solve the impasse. A cabinet meeting was then convened by Quezon. Aside from Quezon and Osmeña, others present in this momentous meeting were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo, and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, the Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favoring the decision and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California.

After the meeting, however, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask the U.S. Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines should have been liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and the members of his Cabinet. Proper steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the pertinent Joint Resolution No. 95 was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 181 to 107 on November 12, 1943.

Presidency (1944–1946)
Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He was sworn in by Associate Justice Robert Jackson in Washington, D.C. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. He lost to Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.

Liberation
Osmeña accompanied U.S. General Douglas MacArthur during the landing of U.S. forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944, starting the liberation of the Philippines during the Second World War. Upon establishing the beachhead, MacArthur immediately transferred authority to Osmeña, the successor of Manuel Quezon, as Philippine Commonwealth president.

Restoration of the Commonwealth
With Manila liberated, General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, on behalf of the United States, turned over the reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña, on February 27, 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at the Malacañang Palace. Osmeña, after thanking the United States through General MacArthur, announced the restoration of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and worked out the salvation of the Philippines from the ravages of war.

Government reorganization
Osmeña proceeded with the immediate reorganization of the government and its diverse dependencies. On April 8, 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to its component members. Later, Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually reestablished. A number of new ones were created to meet needs then current. Also restored were the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the inferior courts. The Court of Appeals was abolished, and its appellate jurisdiction was transferred to the Supreme Court, the members of which were increased to eleven – one chief justice and ten associate justices – in order to attend to the new responsibilities. Slowly but steadily, as the liberating forces freed the other portions of the country, provincial and municipal governments were established by the Commonwealth to take over from the military authorities.

Rehabilitation of the Philippine National Bank
Following the restoration of the Commonwealth government, Congress was reorganized. Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected as Senate president and Senate president pro tempore, respectively. In the House of Representatives, Jose Zulueta of Iloilo was elected as speaker and Prospero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of the Congress was personally addressed by Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth government-in-exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation.

The first Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank.

People's court
Yielding to American pressure, on September 25, 1945, the Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 682 creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to deal with the pending cases of "collaboration".

United Nations Charter
Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Other members of the delegation were Maximo Kalaw, Carlos P. Garcia, Pedro Lopez, Francisco Delegado, Urbano Zafra, Alejandro Melchor, and Vicente Sinco. The 28th signatory nation of the United Nations, the Philippines was one of the fifty-one nations that drafted the UN Charter. Once approved by Philippine delegation, the UN Charter was ratified by the Congress of the Philippines and deposited with the U.S. State Department on October 11, 1945.

Foreign Relations Office
To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippines, Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations. Vicente Sinco was appointed as its first commissioner, with cabinet rank. In this connection, Osmeña also entered into an agreement with the United States government to send five Filipino trainees to the U.S. State Department to prepare themselves for diplomatic service. They were sent by U.S. State Department to the United States embassies in Moscow and Mexico City and consulates in Saigon and Singapore.

International banking
On December 5, 1945, Osmeña appointed Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo as his representative to accept Philippine membership in the International Monetary Fund and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had been conceived in the Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part. Romulo signed said membership on December 27, 1945, on behalf of the Philippines.

Bell Trade Act
On April 30, 1946, the United States Congress, at last, approved the Bell Act, which as early as January 20 had been reported to the Ways and Means Committee of the lower house, having been already passed by the Senate. Osmeña and Resident Commissioner Romulo had urged the passage of this bill, with United States High Commissioner, Paul V. McNutt, exerting similar pressure.

The Act gave the Philippines eight years of free trade with the United States, then twenty years during which tariffs would be upped gradually until they were in line with the rest of the American tariff policy. The law also fixed some quotas for certain products: sugar – 850,000 LT; cordage – 6,000,000 lb; coconut oil – 200000 LT; cigars – 200,000,000 lb. This aid was coupled with that to be obtained from the recently passed Tydings Damage bill, which provided some nine hundred million dollars for payment of war damages, of which one million was earmarked to compensate for church losses. The sum of two hundred and forty million dollars was to be periodically allocated by the United States president as good will. Also, sixty million pieces of surplus property were transferred to the Philippines government.

1946 presidential election
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the date of the election on no later than April 30, 1946.

Prompted by this congressional action, Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Osmeña on January 5, 1946. Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party – Conservative (Osmeña) wing, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. The standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. On January 3, 1946, Osmeña announced his re-election bid. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for vice president, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:"The convention opened at 10:15 a.m. when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order. Congressman José C. Romero [sic], who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers 'of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today.'"

"Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen." "Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on 4 July 1946"

On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for president in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Makati, Rizal. According to the Manila Chronicle:"...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing. The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm."

"They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. José Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause."

A split developed among the members of the Nacionalista Party over issues. Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but Roxas turned down the offer. A new political organization was born, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party of the Philippines.

The election was generally peaceful except in some places, especially in the province of Pampanga. According to a "controversial" decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives in Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, "Pampanga was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror."

A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect a president and vice president. who were to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. Four days after election day, the Liberal Party candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra, Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo (Laguna).

The Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested seats in the Philippine Senate and in the House of Representatives, the Liberals won a majority with 50 seats while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance winning 33 and six seats, respectively.

Post-presidency and death (1946–1961)
After his electoral defeat, Osmeña retired to his home in Cebu City. He died of pulmonary edema at age 83 on October 19, 1961, at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City. President Carlos P. Garcia declared October 20 to November 3 as "period of national mourning," wherein all flags in the country are flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning.

Osmeña was accorded a state funeral. On October 20, 1961, his remains lay in state at Malate Church in Manila before being transferred to Malacañang. On October 22, these were transported to Cebu City to lie in state at the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral and, on the next day, at the Cebu Provincial Capitol. These were then returned to Manila to lie in state at Malacañang once again from October 24 to 25, followed by a necrological service for Osmeña at the Legislative Building until October 26. His remains were buried at Manila North Cemetery at noon of October 26.

2023 paternity test
For almost a century, the father of Sergio Osmeña had not been certain. Historical records has suggested that either Chinese immigrant and businessman Pedro Lee Gotiaoco or another businessman Antonio Sanson could have been the former president's father. In 2023, Osmeña's descendants Maria Lourdes Bernardo and Annabelle Osmeña-Aboitiz launched a paternity project to determine the father of their ancestor. Y-DNA testing was conducted and in June 2023, Sanson was determined to be Sergio Osmeña's biological father.

Family

 * On April 10, 1901, he married Estefania Chiong Veloso, and the couple had ten children: Nicasio, Vicenta, Edilberto, Milagros, Emilio, Maria Paloma, Jesus, Teodoro, José, and Sergio Jr.
 * In January 1920, two years after the death of his first wife, Osmeña married Esperanza Limjap. They had three children, namely, Ramón, Rosalina and Victor.

Descendants
Several of Osmeña's descendants became prominent political figures in their own right:
 * Sergio Osmeña Jr., son and former Senator
 * Sergio Osmeña III, grandson and former Senator
 * John Henry Osmeña, grandson, former congressman, former Senator, and former Mayor of Toledo, Cebu
 * Tomas Osmeña, grandson, former Mayor of Cebu City, former congressman
 * Emilio Mario Osmeña, grandson and former governor of Cebu
 * Rogelio Veloso Osmeña, grandson and former Councilor of Cebu City
 * Renato Veloso Osmeña, grandson and former Vice Mayor of Cebu City

title: Sergio Osmeña


text:
Central–Mid-Levels escalator

The Central–Mid-Levels escalator and walkway system in Hong Kong is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world. The system covers over 800 m in distance and traverses an elevation of over 135 m from bottom to top. It opened in 1993 to provide an improved link between Central and the Mid-Levels on Hong Kong Island.

The escalators at top stage of the escalator system between Robinson Road and Conduit Road have been replaced, and went operational on 11 July 2018. In early 2019, three refurbished escalators between Mosque Street and Robinson Road went operational. In June 2019, two replaced escalators between Caine Road and Elgin Street opened to the public. The escalator between Gage Street and Wellington Street is currently under refurbishment.

Apart from serving as a mode of transport, the system is also a tourist attraction and is lined with restaurants, bars, and shops.

Origins
The project was first publicly mooted in the early 1980s. The government found that much of the east-west traffic in the area arose from north-south travel demand, as the steep topography did not allow for major roads to be built straight up the hill. There was talk of linking Central and Mid-Levels with escalators, a monorail, or a cable-car system.

In late 1982, private consultants Peter Y.S. Pun and Associates and MVA Asia were commissioned to investigate traffic improvement measures in Central. In their report entitled A Study of the Transport Requirements of the Mid-Levels and Central District, the consultant recommended, among other things, to build an "escalator assisted pedestrian route" linking Mid-Levels to the existing Central Elevated Walkway system and a new bus terminus that they proposed should be built on the site of the Central Market. This proposal was well-received by Mid-Levels residents.

Construction and opening
The Highways Department commissioned Maunsell Consultants Asia to draw up a detailed design for the system. The Executive Council approved the project on 16 March 1990. Construction began at the end of February 1991, and was carried out by a joint venture between Hong Kong contractor Paul Y. – ITC Construction and the French company Sogen. It took two and a half years to build, and opened to the public at 6:00 am on 15 October 1993.

The opening of the escalator fuelled the proliferation of new restaurants and other commercial operations in the intermediate levels, and contributed to the development of the "SoHo" entertainment district. New businesses opened up in the first or second floors of existing buildings, and added signage to attract escalator riders.

Capital cost
The system cost HK$240 million (US$31 million) to build, although it was originally approved in March 1990 with a budget of $100 million and annual maintenance costs of $950,000. In November 1996, the Director of Audit issued a report that called the project a "white elephant", saying that it failed to achieve the primary objective of reducing traffic between the Mid-Levels and Central, as well as over-running its budget by 153 per cent. The Highways Department's poor handling of the project was the main reason for having five cost revisions of the project since the budget had been initially approved. The Director of Audit blamed it for failing to address the risks and complexities associated with the project in the pre-tender estimates, and costs rising because of delays. Land resumption costs were also underestimated by $74 million (or 180 per cent). The report also points out that a "before-and-after" study by the Transport Department indicated no obvious reduction in traffic congestion.

Route
The escalators exist because Hong Kong Island is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which makes it the home of several unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes. The Central–Mid-Levels escalator system was featured on the CNN website as one of the "coolest commutes" in the world in March 2015.

It links Queen's Road Central in Central with Conduit Road in the Mid-Levels, travelling primarily up Cochrane Street and Shelley Street. At Queen's Road Central, the Central–Mid-Levels escalators system is connected through Central Market to the Central Elevated Walkway, an extensive footbridge network covering the Central area.

The escalator system is 800 m long with a vertical climb of 135 m. The total travel time is twenty minutes, but many people walk while the escalator moves to shorten their trip. Due to the geographical situation, the same distance is equivalent to several miles of zigzagging roads if travelling by car. According to Guinness World Records, these escalators together form the longest outdoor covered escalator system.

Design
The system includes 18 escalators and three inclined moving walkways. Due to the complex terrain, parts of the system run on elevated concrete structures, while other sections sit at ground level.

The moving walkways have a tread width of one metre (3.28 feet), allowing faster pedestrians to pass slower users. In line with Hong Kong escalator etiquette, slower or idle users generally keep to the right. The three walkways have inclines of 8.1°, 11.9° and 11.7°. Eleven of the escalators have a typical 30° incline, while the remaining seven have a non-standard 17.5° incline.

All the walkways (except for at-grade road crossings) are covered to protect users from the rain, although the sides are open to the elements. The roofing structure was designed to be visually attractive, and incorporates translucent polycarbonate to allow sunlight to illuminate the walkways.

Daily patronage
The Transport Department conducted patronage surveys for the entire system in 2005 and 2010. In 2005, the system saw about 54,000 daily pedestrian trips. This grew to 85,000 trips in 2010. The department noted that the escalator has relieved demand for public transport, but has not led to many motorists giving up driving or reduced traffic congestion, in line with the traffic planning principle of induced demand.

Management and maintenance
Management and maintenance of the system is the responsibility of the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD). It is monitored during operating hours by staff in a control room near Caine Road. The system is equipped with 75 CCTV cameras, LED variable-message signage, and a public address system with about 200 speakers. Since 2014, EMSD has contracted out management and maintenance to a private company. As of 2014, the annual maintenance cost of the system is about HK$12.5 million. The entire system is being refurbished in stages in a project expected to last from 2018 to 2022.

Tidal flow
The one-way escalators and moving walkways run downhill from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. and then uphill from 10 a.m. to midnight daily. Users wanting to travel in the opposite direction must use the staircases and ramps along the escalator, which consists of total 782 steps between Conduit Road and Queen's Road Central footbridge. There is an entrance and exit on each road it passes, often on both sides of the road.

Bisecting streets
The system runs through the whole length of Cochrane Street (named for Rear Admiral Thomas Alexander Cochrane) between Queen's Road Central and Hollywood Road. Then it runs along the entire length of a ladder street, Shelley Street.

The whole system bisects the following streets/roads:
 * Queen Victoria Street
 * Des Voeux Road Central
 * Queen's Road Central
 * Stanley Street
 * Wellington Street
 * Gage Street
 * Lyndhurst Terrace
 * Old Bailey Street
 * Hollywood Road
 * Staunton Street – SoHo area
 * Elgin Street
 * Caine Road
 * Mosque Street
 * Mosque Junction
 * Robinson Road
 * Conduit Road

As film location
The Central–Mid-Levels escalators have been used as filming locations for several films, including:

 * Chungking Express (1994). Director Wong Kar-wai stated: "That interests me because no one has made a movie there. When we were scouting for locations we found the light there entirely appropriate."
 * Chinese Box (1997). Set in the months immediately preceding the 1997 handover of Hong Kong, the flat-cum-office of the main character John (Jeremy Irons) is located directly at the Central–Mid-Levels escalators.
 * The Batman film The Dark Knight (2008). Filming took place there 6–11 November 2007.

title: Central–Mid-Levels escalator


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Guenon

The guenons are Old World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus. Not all members of this genus have the word "guenon" in their common names; also, because of changes in scientific classification, some monkeys in other genera may have common names that include the word "guenon". Nonetheless, the use of the term guenon for monkeys of this genus is widely accepted.

All members of the genus are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, and most are forest monkeys. Many of the species are quite local in their ranges, and some have even more local subspecies. Many are threatened or endangered because of habitat loss. The species currently placed in the genus Chlorocebus, such as vervet monkeys and green monkeys, were formerly considered as a single species in this genus, Cercopithecus aethiops.

In the English language, the word "guenon" is apparently of French origin. In French, guenon was the common name for all species and individuals, both males and females, from the genus Cercopithecus. In all other monkey and apes species, the French word guenon designates only the females. The three species such as the L'hoest's monkey, Preuss's monkey and the sun-tailed monkey were formerly included in the genus and now listed in a different genus Allochrocebus

Classification
The genus Cercopithecus, derived from the Ancient Greek terms κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”) and πίθηκος (píthēkos, "ape"), was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

Hybrids
The red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) is known to hybridize with the blue monkey (C. mitis) in several locations in the wild in Africa.

title: Guenon