text:
6th SS Mountain Division Nord

The 6th SS Mountain Division Nord (6. SS-Gebirgs-Division Nord) was a World War II mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the military wing of the German Nazi Party, primarily consisting of ethnic Germans along with some Norwegian and Swiss volunteers. It was the only Waffen-SS division to operate in the Arctic Circle.

It was founded in early 1941 as the SS Battle Group Nord (German: SS-Kampfgruppe Nord) in southern Norway before being upgraded and renamed the SS Division Nord in preparation for Operation Barbarossa. Its original personnel came from Allgemeine-SS paramilitary units and had low combat effectiveness. In the second half of 1941 the division was effectively destroyed by the Red Army during Operation Arctic Fox, when it advanced into Soviet territory alongside the Finnish Army and the Wehrmacht. After taking massive losses in its first operation the Nord Division was entirely rebuilt starting from late 1941.

The SS Division Nord remained in Finland and northern Russia, where most of its personnel were replaced over the course of 1942 and 1943. From that point they consisted of combat veterans and graduates of the Waffen-SS mountain warfare school. With the improvement in its combat capability, the division fought off multiple Soviet attacks. It was also renamed again as the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord. After Finland signed an armistice with the Soviet Union in 1944, the Nord Division broke through lines of Soviet and Finnish troops in a fighting retreat back to Norway. It was then redeployed to the Western Front against the Western Allied invasion of Germany.

Elements of the 6th SS Mountain Division took part in Operation Nordwind in January 1945 along the French–German border, where they took heavy losses in several failed attempts to break through the U.S. Seventh Army in the Vosges mountains to reach Alsace. Afterwards the division was reinforced by poorly trained conscripts and new recruits, though it remained one of the most capable German divisions remaining in Army Group G, defending the Rhineland. In March 1945 it fought near Trier and Koblenz before retreating west of the Rhine, and was encircled by the U.S. 5th and 71st Infantry Divisions near Büdingen. After several days of fighting the Nord Division effectively ceased to exist on 4 April 1945.

Background and formation
After Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the decision was made to expand the Waffen-SS, the front-line combat arm of the SS, which had to recruit from foreign countries because of limitations imposed in Germany by the Wehrmacht. Scandinavians were the first to be recruited into the SS as they were considered to be Aryan and Germanic. Shortly after the German invasion of Norway, Norwegian volunteers were used to form police and security units of the Allgemeine-SS, the general service branch of the Nazi Party militia, becoming known as the Norges-SS.

On 24 February 1941, two SS infantry regiments in German-occupied southern Norway, the 6th and 7th, were ordered to form a Kampfgruppe (battle group) ahead of the anticipated German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. These regiments consisted of ethnic Germans from annexed Czechoslovakia who had infantry training and were used in paramilitary functions by the Allgemeine-SS in Sudetenland. They included members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände (concentration camp guards). The two regiments were transferred from the Allgemeine-SS to the Waffen-SS to form the Kampfgruppe Nord.

Under the command of SS-Brigadeführer Richard Herrmann, the Kampfgruppe received a full headquarters, including a cartographic section, two pioneer (combat engineer) companies, a reconnaissance battalion, and other support units in March 1941. In April and May, the Kampfgruppe Nord was moved into the Kirkenes region of northern Norway. There they were joined by the 9th SS Infantry Regiment. The unit still lacked training and could not effectively fight with combined arms.

On 17 June 1941, Herrmann was replaced by SS-Brigadeführer Karl-Maria Demelhuber and Kampfgruppe Nord was renamed the SS Division Nord (German: SS-Division Nord), becoming a motorized division. The division insignia was the Hagal rune, part of the system of runes invented by Guido von List. After Finland entered into an agreement with Nazi Germany to participate in Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, the new SS division was moved into central Finland opposite of the Soviet-occupied Finnish region of Salla. The division was part of the XXXVI Army Corps. By 18 June they completed their deployment to the positions for the invasion near Salla. Demelhuber noted that the division was not combat ready, because most of the troops had no experience in combat and their vehicles had maintenance problems.

Operation Barbarossa
When Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941, Finland initially chose not to attack the Soviet Union unless it was provoked, and so the German-Finnish invasion of Karelia and the Kola peninsula did not begin for another week. Soviet aircraft bombed the Finnish side of the border shortly after the start of Barbarossa, causing Finland to enter the war. The Eastern Front along the Soviet border with Finland and German-controlled Norway consisted of two halves, with the southern portion of the Finnish border being the responsibility of the Finnish Armed Forces, while the northern Finnish and the Norwegian portions were overseen by the German Army High Command Norway. In the north, the German and Finnish forces had the objective of capturing Murmansk and cutting off the Murmansk railway that connected the vital Arctic Sea port with central Russia.

The SS Division Nord attacked the Soviet border in central Finland (as part of Operation Arctic Fox) on 1 July 1941, alongside the rest of XXXVI Army Corps, which included the 169th Infantry Division. One of the Nord Division's infantry regiments, the 9th, was sent to the most northern sector near the Arctic Sea coast, where it was part of Mountain Corps Norway. The bulk of the division that was in the central region passed through the dense forests and swamps of Salla to attack Soviet positions. In the first week of fighting, the two Nord Division regiments sustained massive losses. They launched three attacks to force the Red Army from its positions but all of them failed. The Soviets then launched an armored counterattack that pushed back the remaining SS troops, who abandoned their positions and fled in panic. This lasted until 8 July, when the 169th Infantry Division attacked from the north and the Finnish 6th Division from the south, threatening the Red Army with a double-envelopment. The successful Finnish and Wehrmacht advance forced the Soviets to withdraw from Salla, though they did not make it to their objective, the Murmansk railway. By the end of August 1941 the SS Division Nord had lost 1,085 dead.

The terrible performance damaged the Nord Division's reputation among Wehrmacht and SS leaders, including Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and the head of Army Command Norway, Nikolaus von Falkenhorst. After this, the Nord Division was temporarily divided between other units. The 6th SS Infantry Regiment and the Artillery Regiment were sent to the 169th Infantry Division, the 7th SS Infantry Regiment went to the Finnish III Corps, and the 9th Regiment was with Mountain Corps Norway patrolling near the Arctic Sea. Now subordinated to the III Corps, there was tension between the SS Division Nord staff and the Finns, with the former seeing the situation as a humiliation. Despite this, the Nord Division troops learned tactics from the Finns and the other units they were attached to in the continued fighting. In late August and early September, Army Command Norway sent all of the remaining SS troops to III Corps, recreating the division as a unified formation. The Nord Division was also reinforced with the arrival of 700 Waffen-SS troops, who were trained infantrymen, unlike the former paramilitary members of the Allgemeine-SS. In addition, it received three artillery battalions in September. From October to November, SS-Standartenführer Franz Schreiber briefly took command in Demelhuber's place.

The Nord Division had a role in the final offensive of Operation Arctic Fox, in the first two weeks of November 1941. The Finnish III Corps and the Nord Division advanced together in the Loukhsky District in a last attempt to sever the Murmansk railway. Although they made progress and inflicted losses on the Red Army, the SS and Finnish troops also sustained casualties from the strong Soviet resistance. The attack was called off by Finland on 17 November. The Nord Division conducted mopping-up operations and anti-partisan patrols in the forests of Karelia for the rest of November and December 1941.

1942–1943
The high casualties taken during Operation Barbarossa led to almost all of the Nord Division's original members being replaced by new reinforcements by January 1942, including by Volksdeutsche Germans from Hungary and Romania. On 20 April 1942, the division received a new commander, SS-Brigadeführer Matthias Kleinheisterkamp, after Franz Schreiber briefly assumed command in the interim from 1 April until his arrival. The division was used to guard nickel mines in Finland and later was planned to take part in another German offensive toward the railway. Before this could happen, on 24 April 1942 the Soviets launched an attack in the sector where SS Division Nord was. The 23rd Guards Rifle Division, the 8th Ski Brigade, and the 80th Independent Brigade made some initial advances before the SS troops counterattacked. The Soviet offensive was fought off and the front line remained static for the rest of 1942.

In the early summer of 1942, the SS Division Nord was renamed SS-Mountain Division Nord (SS-Gebirgs-Division Nord) to solve its supply problems. The infantry and artillery regiments were reformed. This included reducing the number of regiments from three to two, both of which became mountain regiments staffed by experienced personnel. The division also established a training camp for arctic and mountain warfare in Oulu, Finland. The division became part of the Wehrmacht's 20th Mountain Army, and more specifically the XVIII Mountain Corps, which it formed along with the 7th Mountain Division. Under the corps commander, General of Mountain Troops Franz Böhme, the Nord Division and other German units were to hold the sector from the Loukhsky District area to the Arctic Sea coast in the north. The division received more skis and other types of equipment for the Arctic environment over the course of 1942, and a divisional training battalion was established at Berchtesgaden in the German Alps to prepare recruits for fighting in mountain and Arctic environments. The Nord Division was involved in occasional skirmishes with Soviet troops along the front in which they were able to defend their positions, and German commanders began seeing the division as more combat capable. At the start of 1943 the SS-Mountain Division Nord had 560 officers and 20,176 NCOs and soldiers.

In late 1943 Waffen-SS divisions were reorganized and given a number based on seniority, with the unit being renamed the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord. New recruits trained at the Waffen-SS mountain warfare school continued to be sent to the division in late 1943, and around that time they also received two Norwegian SS units, a police company and the volunteer ski company "Norway" (SS-Freiwilligen-Schikompanie-Norwegen). There were also some Swiss volunteers. The SS had plans to expand the 6th Mountain Division into a two-division corps, so it had about 22,000 troops, larger than a normal German mountain division, but this was never implemented because of events in 1944.

1944
On 15 January 1944, SS-Gruppenführer Lothar Debes became the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord commander. He was in command when the Soviets began an attack on the division on 7 March 1944, part of the Red Army winter spring campaign of 1944. The main blow of the attack fell on the division's SS Volunteer Ski Battalion "Norway" and the 6th SS Mountain Reconnaissance Battalion. The SS troops were pushed back, but launched a successful counterattack that drove the Soviets out of the area. Later, in May 1944, Debes was relieved of command by SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Wilhelm Krüger.

Much further to the south, on 10 June 1944 the Red Army launched an offensive to drive the Finnish Army out of the Karelian isthmus near Leningrad. The massive Soviet attack rapidly pushed back the Finns. The German XVIII Mountain Corps tried to assist them on the northern flank but was also attacked by the Soviets, with three divisions hitting the 6th SS Mountain Division. The Red Army troops broke through the left flank of the Nord Division, causing the corps commander to send his reserve, Ski Battalion 82, and Krüger to send the Nord Division's 6th Rifle Battalion (reserve), led by Gottlieb Renz. Together they were able to push the Soviets out and prevent a possible Soviet encirclement of the division, for which Renz and the 82nd battalion commander were both awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 23 August 1944, Krüger was assigned to another unit and relinquished command to SS-Standartenführer Gustav Lombard until 1 September, when his replacement arrived, SS-Gruppenführer Karl-Heinrich Brenner. Later that month Finland signed the Moscow Armistice with the Soviet Union, following the successful Red Army offensive in the south, requiring Finland to cut its ties with Germany. The Nord Division staff then received word of the 20th Mountain Army's plans for Operation Birke, the evacuation of all troops from Finland into Norway.

The Nord Division left its positions and passed through central Finland before taking a road along the Swedish border into Norway. As the SS troops withdrew from northern Russia they fought off units of the Soviet 26th Army. The 12th Regiment evacuated first while the 11th was left to cover the retreat of the rest of the division and the entire XVIII Mountain Corps. When the rear-guard battalion of the 11th Regiment was cut off by Soviet troops from the rest of the force, another battalion commander, Günther Degen, led an attack that broke through the Soviet lines and rescued the surrounded troops. He was awarded the Knight's Cross. The 11th Regiment reunited with the rest of the Nord Division, which began the march out of Finland towards Norway in late September 1944.

On 26 October, Finnish troops began attacking the 11th Regiment near Muonio while another Finnish unit blocked the road behind them. The Germans, led by Günther Degen, were able to break through the Finnish encirclement and reached Muonio, and continued the rest of the 320 km into Norway without any more disruptions. In the first week of November 1944 they crossed the Finnish–Norwegian border, and continued marching in subzero temperatures before reaching Gratangen. There they took a ferry to Fauske, from where they marched to the most northern point of the Norwegian railway system to take a train to the southern coast. On 19 December 1944, the Nord Division departed from Norway to Denmark by ship. Karl-Heinrich Brenner was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for commanding the division's successful withdrawal from Finland. The Norwegian ski battalion did not join the rest of the division when it was sent back to Germany, and other units also got reassigned, bringing down its strength to about 15,000 from the previous 22,000.

Operation Nordwind
After arriving in Denmark the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord was immediately sent to reinforce the Western Front, where a German operation known as the Ardennes offensive failed to break through American positions in France in late 1944. On 29 December 1944 the lead elements of the Nord Division arrived near the French–German border by train from Denmark, marching to the villages of Ludwigswinkel and Eppenbrunn. There the SS troops came into contact with stragglers from other German units that fought in the recent battles of the Western Front. The division was to take part in Operation Nordwind, an attack on the U.S. 7th Army of Lieutenant General Alexander Patch in southeastern France, which held a relatively weak position in the Allied line. On 1 January 1945 the offensive commenced, and the lead elements of the Nord Division, known as Kampfgruppe Schreiber after its commander, took part in the attack, subordinated to the 361st Volksgrenadier Division. The Nord Division troops were tasked with capturing the town of Wingen-sur-Moder.

The town was the headquarters of the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron from the 14th Armored Division, and the area was reinforced by Task Force from the 70th Infantry Division (United States) Task Force Herren under the command of Brigadier General Thomas W. Herren Assistant Divisional Commander, and a regiment from the 45th Infantry Division. Troops from the 12th SS Mountain Infantry Regiment and the 361st Volksgrenadier Division were prepared to take Wingen-sur-Moder and other towns in the area, initially to break through a mountain pass and allow German forces to enter the Rhine Valley. On 3 January, the SS troops advanced toward the town on their own after the volksgrenadier units failed to capture their objective. The initial attack caught the American troops off guard, they were able to capture the town, taking 350 American prisoners at the 117th Cavalry headquarters. But by 6 January, the U.S. troops had captured positions behind them and cut off the Nord Division men still in Wingen-sur-Moder, who later received orders to abandon the town from the commander of the 361st Volksgrenadier Division. German attacks elsewhere also led to little progress, and offensive operations were temporarily called off. The 12th SS Mountain Infantry Regiment managed to break out of the American encirclement, facing troops from the U.S. 179th and 180th Infantry Regiments, but took heavy losses in the process.

Even after taking losses, the 6th SS Mountain Division was still in a better condition than the 361st Volksgrenadier Division. The remaining divisional units also arrived at the front and rejoined what was left of the 12th Regiment. Fighting continued between the Germans and the Americans in this sector after 11 January, with no German breakthrough initially, and around this time the division was reassigned to the XC Army Corps. But on 15 January the 11th SS Mountain Infantry Regiment counterattacked the advance forces of the 45th Infantry Division after they overran the 256th Volksgrenadier Division. The attack encircled and captured several companies from the U.S. 157th Infantry. After this success, Brenner was ordered to capture Zinswiller on 23 January. This was the last offensive action by the Nord Division before the end of Operation Nordwind, and it failed despite making initial advances. By the end of the operation, the infantry regiments had taken 50% losses, although the other divisional units were intact. The losses were replaced by poorly trained conscripts and volunteers in February 1945.

Defense of Germany
With the failure of the last German offensive in the West, the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord and the rest of Army Group G was tasked with holding the Rhineland in southwest Germany. At this point it was one of the most capable divisions remaining in Army Group G, though its losses in the offensive and the arrival of new replacements was changing the Nord Division from the experienced mountain infantry unit it had been in Finland. In early March 1945 the division was given new orders to retake the German city of Trier, becoming part of the LXXXII Army Corps. Brenner moved the division headquarters to Holzerath in Rhineland. On 7 March 1945 the Nord infantry crossed the Ruwer river and attacked positions held by the U.S. 94th Infantry Division. They cut off the highway south of Trier, the main American line of communication in the area. However, the Nord Division took significant losses and was ordered to withdraw. One infantry regiment, the 12th, stayed behind while the rest of the division made their way to the section of the Moselle river between Koblenz and Cochem, where it was nominally assigned to the LXXXIX Army Corps, which consisted of several infantry divisions. The U.S. XX Corps and XII Corps began attacking the positions held by the LXXXII and LXXXIX Army Corps, respectively, on 12 March.

The American troops encountered fierce resistance, including from the regiment of the Nord Division that stayed behind with the LXXXII Army Corps, which launched a counterattack that slowed down the 80th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the Nord reconnaissance battalion reached the Moselle river ahead of the rest of the division, where it fought against American troops on 14 March. The rest of the SS division minus the regiment that stayed behind arrived by 15 March to the Moselle. They were immediately sent into battle against the U.S. 90th Infantry Division, to hold a route eastward to the Rhine for the rest of the corps. The SS troops held out and cut off an American infantry company when they attempted to force their way into the area the Nord Division troops were holding. When the rest of the 6th SS Mountain Division caught up with the recon battalion, they continued to hold out and created a route towards the Rhine from Waldesch as the Americans began taking the rest of the German positions in the Moselle area. On 16 March the LXXXIX Army Corps was ordered to withdraw, and they evacuated from the western side of the Rhine. Koblenz and Trier had both fallen by 17 March, creating a risk of collapse in the German defensive positions. The regiment that remained behind with the LXXXII Corps continued to fight separately from the rest of the Nord Division before dissolving in mid-April 1945.

The rest of the Nord Division, which remained the most intact unit in the LXXXIX Corps, remained in the Rhine valley until it was ordered by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring to move southeast to Wiesbaden shortly before 24 March, in preparation for a counterattack against General George Patton's troops crossing the Rhine near the city. Kesselring then changed his order, sending the 6,000 survivors of the Nord Division eastward to Limburg an der Lahn to hold the river crossing there. The division reached the southern outskirts of Limburg on 26 March, having marched there after they ran out of fuel, but the U.S. 9th Armored Division was already there. On 27 March the American division broke through the line of defense that the Nord troops had established south of Limburg before advancing to the southeast. Having taken heavy losses from the American attack, the Nord Division was down to just 2,000 men, and remained west of Limburg before attempting to reach German lines further east as the Americans overran the surrounding area. By this point in late March 1945 American troops had broken through the German front along the Rhine, cutting off Army Group G in the south from Army Group B to the north, and advanced deeper into Germany. The remnants of some German units were left behind as the American main force advanced, including the Nord Division.

On 30 March, Brenner led those who were left in an attempt to break out of the American encirclement as units of the 5th and 71st Infantry Divisions were tasked with finishing them off. In the early days of April 1945, the SS Mountain Division Nord was in an area near Büdingen, where there was fierce fighting against U.S. troops with the use of Sherman tanks and other captured American weapons. Organized resistance ceased with the surrender of the last divisional units on 3 April. The division was no longer an effective force by 4 April, and formally ceased to exist on 8 May 1945 with the dissolution of all German units. Some members of the division were able to escape eastward from Büdingen, including the commander, Karl-Heinrich Brenner. Later that month a significant number of the survivors were combined with SS officer cadets in Bavaria to form the 38th SS Grenadier Division Nibelungen, though this unit did not finish forming before the defeat of Germany in early May.

Commanders
The following is a list of the division's commanding officers.
 * SS-Brigadeführer Richard Herrmann (24 February – 17 June 1941)
 * SS-Brigadeführer Karl-Maria Demelhuber (17 June – October 1941)
 * SS-Standartenführer Franz Schreiber (October – November 1941)
 * SS-Brigadeführer Karl-Maria Demelhuber (November 1941 – 1 April 1942)
 * SS-Standartenführer Franz Schreiber (1 April 1942 – 20 April 1942)
 * SS-Gruppenführer Matthias Kleinheisterkamp (20 April 1942 – 15 January 1944)
 * SS-Gruppenführer Lothar Debes (15 January – 20 May 1944)
 * SS-Gruppenführer Friedrich Wilhelm Krüger (20 May – 23 August 1944)
 * SS-Standartenführer Gustav Lombard (23 August – 1 September 1944)
 * SS-Gruppenführer Karl-Heinrich Brenner (1 September 1944 – 4 April 1945)

Organization
The division had several names during its history.
 * SS Battle Group Nord (German: SS-Kampfgruppe Nord) – February to June 1941.
 * SS Division Nord (German: SS-Division Nord) – June 1941 to June 1942.
 * SS-Mountain Division Nord (German: SS-Gebirgs-Division Nord) – June 1942 to October 1943.
 * 6th SS Mountain Division Nord (German: 6. SS-Gebirgs-Division Nord) – October 1943 to May 1945.

Structure

 * Order of battle 22 April 1941 (as Kampfgruppe Nord)
 * 6th SS-Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions & 13, 14th companies)
 * 7th SS-Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions & 13, 14th companies)
 * Reconnaissance Battalion
 * Artillery Regiment (3 Light Battalions)
 * Pioneer Companies (2 of)
 * Signals Battalion
 * Supply Troop
 * Divisional Administration
 * Medical Service
 * Military Police Detachment
 * Field Post Office

 * Order of battle September 1941
 * Division Staff
 * SS-Infantry Regiment 6 (formerly SS Totenkopf-Standarte 6)
 * SS-Infantry Regiment 7 (formerly SS Totenkopf-Standarte 7)
 * SS-Infantry Regiment 9 (formerly SS Totenkopf-Standarte 9) (left the division in December 1941)
 * SS-Gebirgs Artillery Regiment "Nord"
 * SS-Panzerjäger (Tank Hunter) Battalion "Nord"
 * SS-Reconnaissance Battalion "Nord"
 * SS-Flak Battalion "Nord"
 * SS-Gebirgs Engineer Battalion "Nord"
 * SS-Gebirgs Signal Battalion "Nord"
 * SS-Division Supply Commander "Nord"

 * Order of battle 1942
 * Division Staff
 * SS-Gebirgsjäger Regiment 11 "Reinhard Heydrich" with three battalions
 * SS-Gebirgsjäger Regiment 12 "Michael Gaißmair" with three battalions
 * SS-Infantry Regiment (motorized) 5 (added in 1944)
 * SS-Skijäger Battalion "Norge" (a Norwegian volunteer unit)
 * SS-Gebirgs Artillery Regiment 6 with three artillery groups
 * SS-Werfer Battalion 6 (Rocket artillery)
 * SS-Gebirgs Panzerjäger Battalion 6 (Anti-tank cannons)
 * SS-Gebirgs Reconnaissance Battalion (motorized) 6
 * SS-Flak Battalion 6 (Anti-aircraft artillery)
 * SS-Gebirgs Engineer Battalion 6
 * SS-Gebirgs Signal Battalion 6
 * SS-Division Supply Commander 6
 * SS-Feldersatz Battalion 6 (Reserve and training battalion used to prepare new arrivals to fill up depleted units)
 * SS-Sturmgeschütz Battery 6 (Assault Guns)
 * SS-Gebirgs-Kriegsberichter Platoon 6 (Propaganda Platoon)
 * SS-Feldgendarmerie Platoon 6 (Military Police)

title: 6th SS Mountain Division Nord


text:
Gerrard Street (Toronto)

Gerrard Street is a street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It consists of two separate parts, historically referred to as Lower Gerrard and Upper Gerrard. The former stretches between University Avenue and Coxwell Avenue for 6 km, across Old Toronto. The latter portion starts 300 m north of Lower Gerrard's eastern terminus and runs between Coxwell Avenue and Clonmore Drive, between Victoria Park Avenue and Warden Avenue, in Scarborough for another 4 km.

Gerrard Street travels through a few important districts and neighbourhoods of Toronto, most notably Discovery District, East Chinatown, and Gerrard India Bazaar, Toronto's prime South Asian ethnic enclave.

History
Gerrard is named for Samuel Gerrard (1767-1857), an Anglo-Irish businessman in Lower Canada and a personal friend of the Honourable John McGill, member of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada.

Upper Gerrard was originally a separate street called "Lake View Avenue", which was in the town of East Toronto. The name was changed after East Toronto was annexed by Toronto in 1908.

Gerrard Village
A short stretch of Gerrard Street West from Bay Street to LaPlante Avenue was referred to as Gerrard Village, a bohemian-Greenwich Village like area emerged in late 19th Century to 1920s and disappeared towards the end of the 1960s. A few buildings from the former neighbourhood still exists, but the residents and remaining business no longer hold ties to the past.

People who lived or are associated to it included famous writers, artists:

 * Pierre Berton - Canadian historian and author
 * Ernest Hemingway - American novelist and reporter lived here during his time in Toronto around 1919-1920
 * Lawren Harris - Canadian painter and member of the Group of Seven
 * Albert Franck - Dutch-born Canadian painter

Route description
As is typical in Toronto, the street is divided into East and West addresses at Yonge Street. Atypically, the West portion of the street is very short — only four blocks long. Its western terminus at University Avenue lies within the heart of Downtown Toronto's "Hospital Row", which consists of Toronto General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Rehab, and The Hospital for Sick Children. The bulk of Gerrard Street is actually known as Gerrard Street East. Toronto Metropolitan University is located on Gerrard Street East just east of Yonge Street. Further to the east, at Parliament Street, Gerrard Street separates Cabbagetown from Regent Park.

After crossing over the Don River, Gerrard Street East passes through Toronto's East Chinatown which is centred on Gerrard between Broadview Avenue and Carlaw Avenue. Continuing east, Gerrard Street East between Greenwood Avenue and Coxwell Avenue is home to one of the largest South Asian marketplaces in North America. At the intersection of Gerrard and Broadview Avenue are two bilingual street signs with the words "Gerrard St E / 芝蘭東街".

Upper Gerrard is largely a mix of residential and small neighbourhood businesses. At Victoria Park Avenue, the name of the street reverts simply to "Gerrard Street", rather than "Gerrard Street East", for the last four blocks before it ends by merging into Clonmore Drive. This nomenclature oddity is due to the area east of Victoria Park formerly being in Scarborough, which did not label the streets entering from Toronto with an "east" designation, even after the creation of Metropolitan Toronto, which used unified cardinal directions for streets elsewhere, including farther north in Scarborough itself for streets continuing from East York and North York. (Gerrard and Queen were the only streets labelled with an "east" designation that entered directly into Scarborough from Toronto; both only continue for a few blocks into Scarborough before ending.)

Transit
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) serves Lower Gerrard with the Toronto streetcar route 506 Carlton, between Parliament Street and Coxwell Avenue. The route then travels along Coxwell Avenue and continues along Upper Gerrard until Main Street, where it turns and terminates at Main Street station. The remainder of Gerrard Street, east of Main Street, is served by the TTC bus route 135 Gerrard, which travels between Main Street station and Warden station.

Gerrard Street Bridge
A 430 ft three-hinged ribbed deck steel arch bridge spans the Don River and (formerly railway tracks and now) the Don Valley Parkway below and was completed in 1923.

This single span replaced the previous bridge which consisted of a Warren pony truss span in the middle connected by a shorter riveted Warren deck truss spans to the east and west sides. Decorative steel railing has been replaced with concrete parapet with simple metal railings in 1991.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gerrard Street (Toronto)


text:
Talk:Cracking (chemistry)

Untitled
Eugene Houdry, not Alex Oblad is generally credited with inventing Catalytic Cracking. See what the American Chemical Society has to say: http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/hdr/index.html You may also check the following reference, that was quoted by the ACS article: Alex Oblad. "The Contributions of Eugene J. Houdry to the Development of Catalytic Cracking." In Heterogenous Catalysis: Selected American Histories, ed. by Burtron H. Davis and William P. Hettinger (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1983): 61-75.

 * 1) should we bring the section on cracking mechanism from the alkane page over here?
 * 2) need to include info on hydrocracking done --71.115.209.156 01:33, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) more details needed on process chemistry, mechanism, side reactions, thermodynamics and kinetics (would that be too much for an encyclopedia article?) --Unconcerned 10:23, 25 Feb 2004
 * 4) should the Steam_cracking and pyrolysis pages be combined with this page? 131.203.9.226 17:13, 24 Aug 2004
 * Steam cracking is what the average refiner would call pyrolysis, while pyrolysis probably refers to the more general usage of the term; so yes, I think steam cracking should be merged and a redirect left in place; while pyrolysis updated to include a link to cracking (chemistry). Would you please consider contributing with some of the things above? At this moment I do not have the necessary time to edit the 'pedia :-( --Unconcerned 03:54, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC) done --71.115.209.156 01:06, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Article has a lot of very specific information, but no citations.

The primary catalytic material in modern FCC catalyst is Y-type zeolite, which is a special geometric structure composed of silicon and aluminum oxides. Other catalytic components incorporated into FCC catalysts include high surface area alumina, acidic clays and various additives that control sulfur levels in the cracked product, sometimes other additives that help promote CO oxidation during catalyst regeneration, and still others that moderate the deliterious impact of nickel and vanadium on cracked product yields.Chem engineer 19:25, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

...is this this best image we have? A Soviet unit from 1934? WTF. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.149.93.63 (talk) 17:20, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Protection
Shouldn't this have some sort of protection to prevent vandalism? it is an important part of A-level science & it should be protected from vandalism J (talk) 16:33, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Fractional Distillation
Is there a link with Fractional Distillation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.233.47.71 (talk) 12:18, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Diagnostics
This section just looks like a coroporate advert. Suggest it is removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.33.181.2 (talk) 15:26, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Need a section on emissions/ environmental effects and solutions
Good day. I see no information here on the environmental effects of the process(es) described in the article. Can someone more knowledgeable than I add such material, specifically the air emissions and solutions/ technology to address such emissions? Also, it would be good to reference any related legislation. Thank you, Hu Gadarn (talk) 17:52, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
This article has been plagiarised by a published book:

The 14 July 2009 version first introduced this wording:

In modern cracking furnaces, the residence time is even reduced to milliseconds, resulting in gas velocities faster than the speed of sound, to improve yield. After the cracking temperature has been reached, the gas is quickly quenched to stop the reaction in a transfer line heat exchanger.

The book "Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook: Processing and Materials" (first edition, published in 2011) contains the sentence "In modern cracking furnaces, the residence time is even reduced to milliseconds (resulting in gas velocities reaching speeds beyond the speed of sound) in order to improve yield of desired products."

p. 23 (note the predatory academic publisher ;-D ) --Slashme (talk) 21:14, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I put this back after it had been removed (see this revision). Our sentence predates the publication of the book by about 2 years.  It seems to me as if they plagiarised this article, not the other way around. --Slashme (talk) 10:12, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Speed of sound and nozzles
User:JonRichfield alerted me to the question of whether steam cracking is done at supersonic gas velocities. A quick skim of this patent gives me the impression that it does, and that they use convergent/divergent nozzles to achieve this. --Slashme (talk) 21:23, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Hydrocracking
The section on hydrocracking is in desperate need of revision. Two major oversights caught my eye: The quality of that section of this article is also very low in comparison to the one on fluid catalytic cracking. I am not a regular wikipedia editor and do not have the time to deal with this, but I am posting this in the hopes that someone will work on that section to bring it up to the same standard as the one on FCC.-174.44.250.174 (talk) 22:18, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * That the function of hydrogen in hydrocracking is to hydrodesulfurize and hydrodenitrify; the actual function is to promote formation of heavier middle distillates and sometimes to act as a quenching gas for temperature control, and hydrogenation of inorganics for desulfurization and denitrification takes place before the actual hydrocracking process (see, e.g., http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9650).
 * That the modern process of hydrocracking is related to brown coal hydrogenation to liquid fuels; this is a totally unrelated process and should be categorized with synthetic liquid fuels production.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Cracking (chemistry). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141028143102/http://base.intratec.us/home/chemical-processes/propylene/propylene-from-ethylene-and-butenes-via-metathesis to http://base.intratec.us/home/chemical-processes/propylene/propylene-from-ethylene-and-butenes-via-metathesis

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:24, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cracking (chemistry). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131214031315/http://www.cheme.utm.my/cheme/images/Research/Journal_Articles/2011/journal-90-2011.pdf to http://www.cheme.utm.my/cheme/images/Research/Journal_Articles/2011/journal-90-2011.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:20, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

Is thermal cracking of hydrocarbons endothermic?
According to a chemistry textbook, thermal cracking of hydrocarbons (alkane, as the context implies) is exothermic reaction. VoidVoice (talk) 13:36, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cracking (chemistry)


text:
Rosa multiflora

Rosa multiflora (syn. Rosa polyantha) is a species of rose known commonly as multiflora rose, baby rose, Japanese rose, many-flowered rose, seven-sisters rose, Eijitsu rose and rambler rose. It is native to eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Korea. It should not be confused with Rosa rugosa, which is also known as "Japanese rose", or with polyantha roses which are garden cultivars derived from hybrids of R. multiflora. It was introduced to North America, where it is regarded as an invasive species.

Description
It is a scrambling shrub climbing over other plants to a height of 3 –, with stout stems with recurved prickles (sometimes absent). The leaves are 5 – long, compound, with 5–9 leaflets and feathered stipules. The flowers are produced in large corymbs, each flower small, 1.5 – diameter, white or pink, borne in early summer. The hips are reddish to purple, 6 – diameter.

Plants of the World Online and Flora of China include the varieties:
 * 1) Rosa multiflora var. adenochaeta (Koidz.) Ohwi
 * 2) Rosa multiflora var. cathayensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson. Flowers pink, to 4 cm diameter.
 * 3) Rosa multiflora var. multiflora. Flowers white, 1.5 – diameter.

Cultivation and uses
Rosa multiflora is grown as an ornamental plant and also used as a rootstock for grafted ornamental rose cultivars.

In eastern North America, Rosa multiflora is considered an invasive species. It was originally introduced from Asia as a soil conservation measure, as a natural hedge to border grazing land, and to attract wildlife. It is readily distinguished from American native roses by its large inflorescences, which bear multiple flowers and hips, often more than a dozen, while the American species bear only one or a few on a branch.

In some regions the plant is classified as a noxious weed. In grazing areas, it is generally considered to be a serious pest, though it is considered excellent fodder for goats.

The hips of the plant are edible.

Management
The targeted removal of multiflora rose often requires an aggressive technique, such as the full removal of the plant in addition to the root structure. Pruning and cutting back of the plant often leads to re-sprouting. Two natural biological controls include the rose rosette disease and the rose seed chalid (Megastigmus aculeastus var. nigroflavus). Patches of introduced multiflora rose in Pennsylvania are displaying symptoms of rose rosette disease, which can lead to decline and death.

title: Rosa multiflora


text: User talk:216.31.44.13

title: User talk:216.31.44.13


text: Template:King George V-class battleship 1911


text:
King George V-class battleship (1911)

The King George V-class battleships were a group of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the early 1910s that were sometimes termed super-dreadnoughts. The sister ships spent most of their careers assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Home and Grand Fleets, sometimes serving as flagships. In October 1914, Audacious struck a mine and sank. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, the surviving ships' service during the First World War generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

The three surviving ships were briefly reduced to reserve in 1919 before being transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1920–1921 where they played minor roles in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and the Chanak Crisis of 1922. The first ship to return to Britain, HMS King George V (1911), became a training ship in 1923 but the other two were placed into reserve again upon their return the following year. The imminent completion of the two Nelson-class battleships in 1927 forced the sale of King George V and HMS Ajax (1912) for scrap at the end of 1926 while HMS Centurion (1911) was converted into a target ship to comply with the tonnage limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty.

During the Second World War, Centurion was rearmed with light weapons and was converted into a blockship and was then modified into a decoy with dummy gun turrets. Centurion was sent to the Mediterranean in 1942 to escort a convoy to Malta, although the Italians quickly figured out the deception. The ship was deliberately sunk during the Invasion of Normandy in 1944 to form a breakwater.

Design and description
Ordered as part of the 1910–1911 Naval Programme, the King George V class was an enlarged version of the preceding Orion-class battleship with additional armour, a revised layout of the secondary armament and improved fire-control arrangements. The ships had an overall length of 597 ft, a beam of 90 ft and a draught of 28 ft. They displaced 25420 LT at normal load and 27120 LT at deep load. Their crew numbered around 869 officers and ratings upon completion and 1,114 in 1916.

Sea trials with the battlecruiser HMS Lion (1910) showed that the placement of the fore funnel between the forward superstructure and the foremast meant that hot clinkers and flue gases from the boilers made the spotting top on the foremast completely unworkable when the forward boilers were alight and that the upper bridge could easily be rendered uninhabitable, depending on the wind. The King George V class also used the same arrangement and they were altered while under construction to remedy the problem at a cost of approximately £20,000 per ship. The fore funnel was moved aft and a makeshift foremast was built from one of the struts of the original tripod mast. The spotting tower at the rear of the conning tower was removed, the conning tower enlarged, and the coincidence rangefinder was moved from the foremast spotting top to the roof of the conning tower.

The ships of the King George V class were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines. The outer propeller shafts were coupled to the high-pressure turbines in the outer engine rooms and these exhausted into low-pressure turbines in the centre engine room which drove the inner shafts. The turbines used steam provided by 18 water-tube boilers. They were rated at 27000 shp and were intended to give the battleships a maximum speed of 21 kn. During their sea trials, the ships exceeded their designed speed and horsepower, reaching a maximum of 22.9 kn. They carried a maximum of 3100 LT of coal and an additional 840 LT of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. This gave them a range of 5910 - 6310 nmi at a cruising speed of 10 kn.

Armament
The King George V class was equipped with ten 45-calibre breech-loading (BL) 13.5-inch Mark V gun in five hydraulically powered, centreline, twin-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of +20° which gave them a range of 23830 yd. Their gunsights, however, were limited to +15° until super-elevating prisms were installed by 1916 to allow full elevation. In contrast to the Orions, the loading machinery of these turrets was modified to accommodate longer and heavier 1400 lb projectiles, some 150 lb more than those of the Orions, at a muzzle velocity of about 2500 ft/s at a rate of two rounds per minute. The ships carried 100 shells per gun.

Training exercises had shown that destroyer and torpedo boats attacked more frequently from the frontal arc, so the sixteen 50-calibre BL 4 in Mark VII guns of the secondary armament was re-arranged to improve fire distribution ahead. Eight of these were mounted in the forward superstructure, four in the aft superstructure, and four in casemates in the side of the hull abreast of the forward main gun turrets, all in single mounts. The guns in the hull casemates were frequently unusable in heavy seas and were later removed during the war. The Mark VII guns had a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a range of 11400 yd. They fired 31 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2821 ft/s. They were provided with 150 rounds per gun. Four 3-pounder (47 mm) saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 14 torpedoes were provided.

Fire-control
The ships of the King George V class were some of the first battleships in the RN to receive the full suite of fire-control equipment used during the First World War. The control position for the main armament was located in the conning tower. Data from a 9 ft coincidence rangefinder (an unstabilized Barr and Stroud instrument in HMS King George V (1911) and stabilized Argo units in the other ships) on the roof of the conning tower, together with the target's speed and course information, was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to a Dreyer Fire-control Table (a Mark III system in King George V and Mark II Tables in the others with an Argo range clock replacing the Dreyer-Elphinstone model in the Mark III) located in the transmitting station located on the main deck. Wind speed and direction was called down to the transmitting station by either voicepipe or sound-powered telephone. The fire-control table integrated all the data and converted it into elevation and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. As a backup, two turrets in each ship could take over if necessary.

Fire-control technology advanced quickly during the years immediately preceding World War I, and the development of the director firing system was a major advance. This consisted of a fire-control director mounted high in the ship which electrically provided elevation and training angles to the turrets via pointer on a dial, which the turret crewmen only had to follow. The guns were fired simultaneously, which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. The weight of the director and the enlarged spotting top proved to be more than the unsupported foremast could bear, and it had to be reinforced when the directors were installed in 1913–1914 on the roof of the spotting top. The mast of King George V used flanges, but the other three ships received half-height tripod legs. The former ship's mast was rebuilt into a full-height tripod in 1918. Available sources do not acknowledge that HMS Audacious (1912) was fitted with a director before her loss, but photographic evidence clearly shows one visible as she was sinking.

Armour
The King George Vs had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was 12 in thick between the fore and rear barbettes. It reduced to 2.5 - 6 in outside the central armoured citadel, but did not reach the bow or stern. The belt covered the side of the hull from 16 ft above the waterline to 3 ft below it. Above this was a strake of 9 in armour. The fore and aft oblique 10 in bulkheads connected the waterline and upper armour belts to the 'A' and 'Y' barbettes. The exposed faces of the barbettes were protected by armour 9 to 10 inches thick above the main deck that thinned to 3 - 7 in below it. The gun turrets had 11 in faces sides with 3- to 4-inch roofs. The guns in the forward superstructure were protected by armour 3 - 3.5 in thick.

The four armoured decks ranged in thickness from 1 to 4 in with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the roof was 3 inches thick. The gunnery control tower behind and above the conning tower had 4-inch sides and the torpedo-control tower aft had 6-inch sides and a 3-inch roof. Unlike the Orions, the anti-torpedo bulkheads were extended to cover the engine rooms, as well as the magazines with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 1.75 in. The boiler uptakes were protected by 1 - 1.5 in armour plates.

Modifications
By October 1914, a pair of QF 3 in anti-aircraft (AA) guns were installed aboard each ship. About 80 LT of additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and King George V was fitted to tow kite balloons around the same time. By April 1917, the ships had exchanged a 4-inch AA gun for one of the 3-inch guns and the four 4-inch guns in the hull casemates had been removed. The stern torpedo tube was removed during 1917–1918 and one or two flying-off platforms were fitted aboard each ship in 1918; these were mounted on turret roofs and extended onto the gun barrels. King George V had them on 'B' and 'Q' turrets, Centurion on 'B' and 'X' turrets and Ajax had one on 'B'.

Careers
While conducting her sea trials on the night of 9/10 December, Centurion accidentally rammed and sank the Italian steamer SS Derna and she was under repair until March 1913. All four ships of the King George V class were assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron upon commissioning, commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender, and King George V was the squadron flagship by 18 February 1913. Centurion was present to receive the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, at Spithead on 24 June 1913. The sisters represented the Royal Navy during the celebrations of the re-opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in Kiel, Germany, 23–30 June 1914, held in conjunction with Kiel Week.

Between 17 and 20 July 1914, the King George Vs took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Afterwards, they were ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. After the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Jellicoe. According to pre-war doctrine, the role of the Grand Fleet was to fight a decisive battle against the German High Seas Fleet. This grand battle was slow to happen, however, because of the Germans' reluctance to commit their battleships against the superior British force. As a result, the Grand Fleet spent its time training in the North Sea, punctuated by the occasional mission to intercept a German raid or major fleet sortie. While the 2nd Battle Squadron was conducting gunnery training off the northern coast of Ireland on 27 October, Audacious struck a mine and sank; all of her crew was successfully rescued before she capsized. King George V developed problems with her condensers in November. This forced the ship to be intermittently withdrawn from operations over the next several months while the condensers had their tubes replaced.

Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of Konteradmiral (Rear-Admiral) Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group. The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight predreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. They mustered the six dreadnoughts of the 2nd Battle Squadron, including the three surviving King George Vs, and the four battlecruisers of Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty.

The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness and heavy weather of 16 December. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers, but Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn's light. A series of miscommunications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper's ships to avoid an engagement with Beatty's forces.

Battle of Jutland
In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the German High Seas Fleet departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May 1916 in support of Hipper's battlecruisers which were to act as bait. Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation, so the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

Once Jellicoe's ships had rendezvoused with the 2nd Battle Squadron, coming from Cromarty, Scotland, on the morning of 31 May, he organised the main body of the Grand Fleet in parallel columns of divisions of four dreadnoughts each. The two divisions of the 2nd Battle Squadron were on his left (east), the 4th Battle Squadron was in the centre and the 1st Battle Squadron on the right. When Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet to deploy to the left and form line astern in anticipation of encountering the High Seas Fleet, this naturally placed the 2nd Battle Squadron at the head of the line of battle. The sisters were able to fire a few volleys at the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group without effect early in the battle, but the manoeuvers of their escorting light cruisers frequently blocked their views of the German ships. Coupled with the visibility problems from the smoke and mist, none of the King George Vs were able to fire more than 19 rounds from their main guns.

Subsequent activity
The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August 1916 to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions. Along with the rest of the Grand Fleet, they sortied on the afternoon of 23 April 1918 after radio transmissions revealed that the High Seas Fleet was at sea after a failed attempt to intercept the regular British convoy to Norway. The Germans were too far ahead of the British to be caught, and no shots were fired. The sisters were present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the German fleet surrendered there on 21 November.

Postwar activities
The sisters remained with the 2nd Battle Squadron into early 1919, after which King George V became the flagship of the 3rd Battle Squadron until that unit was disbanded later that year. The ship then became flagship of the Reserve Fleet and served until late 1920. In the meantime, Ajax had been transferred to 4th Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet by mid-1919 and sometimes served as the Fleet's flagship. Centurion followed in early 1920, although she spent a lot of time in reserve in Malta. The sisters played minor roles in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Black Sea in 1919–1920. King George V joined them in the 4th Battle Squadron in early 1921. After striking a rock in early September 1922, she was in Smyrna, Turkey, receiving temporary repairs when the Great Fire of Smyrna occurred later that month and evacuated some refugees when she sailed for permanent repairs at Malta. Her sisters were in Turkish waters during the Chanak Crisis around the same time. King George V was the first of the trio to return home in early 1923 and she served a training ship until she was sold for scrap at the end of 1926. Ajax and Centurion followed in April 1924, although they were placed in reserve, with the latter serving as the flagship of the Reserve Fleet. Like King George V, Ajax was sold for scrap at the end of 1926.

The British tonnage allowance granted by the Washington Naval Treaty permitted them to keep the three sisters in service until the two Nelson-class battleships were completed in 1927. While King George V and Ajax were scrapped, Centurion was demilitarized by the removal of her armament and was converted into a radio-controlled target ship. In addition to being used as a target for surface ships, Centurion was used to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of aerial bombing. During the Second World War, she was rearmed with light weapons and was converted into a blockship in 1941. In preparation for that operation (subsequently cancelled), she was modified into a decoy with dummy gun turrets in an attempt to fool the Axis powers. Centurion was sent to the Mediterranean in 1942 to escort a convoy to Malta, although the Italians may have figured out the deception. The ship was scuttled off Omaha Beach in June 1944 to form a breakwater to protect a mulberry harbour built to supply the forces ashore.

title: King George V-class battleship (1911)


text:
Nightmarchers

In Hawaiian mythology, Nightmarchers (huakaʻi pō) or Spirit Ranks (ʻoiʻo) are the deadly ghosts of ancient tribal Hawaiian warriors. The nightmarchers are the vanguard for a sacred king, chief, or chiefess.

On the nights honoring the Hawaiian gods Kāne, Kū, Lono, or on the nights of Kanaloa, they are said to come forth from their burial sites or to rise up from the ocean, and to march in a large group to ancient Hawaiian battle sites or other sacred places. The legend says the night marchers are normal-size warriors, dressed for battle, carrying spears, clubs, and some are beating war drums and blowing tones from conch shells, to announce the advancing of their march. According to the myth, they are suspended in air; their feet do not touch water or ground as they traverse through the night, and they leave no evidence of their visitations.

They march in darkness after sunset and march as a group continuously until just before sunrise. Anyone living along their path may hear chanting, sounds of blown conch shell tones, and marching noises in the night. The following signs are a foul and musky “death-like” odor, and torches getting brighter and brighter as the night marchers get closer. Nightmarchers might appear during the day if they are to escort a dying relative to the spirit world.

Ancient Hawaiian beliefs state that any mortal looking upon or being seen in defiance toward the marchers will die violently. Barriers placed in the path of night marchers will not deter them. Some people maintain that if the mortal lies motionless, face down on the ground, they are showing proper respect, fear, and deference to the night marchers, and they will be spared. Additionally, mortals can avoid harm or death from night marchers by being fortunate to have an ancient ancestor marcher present to recognize them. As they encounter the mortal, they will call out "Naʻu!", which means "mine" in Hawaiian. No one in the warrior procession will harm them.

Legend says planting living ti (Cordyline sp.) shrubs around one's home is said to keep away all evil spirits and will cause the huakaʻi pō to avoid the area. The Nightmarchers are said to walk through houses with doors and backdoors placed in a straight line.

The ceremony and conduct of the march are customized to the tastes of its honored warrior leader. A Hawaiian King or Chief is known to be fond of music would be honored with much drumming and chanting. If the King or Chief enjoyed peace and quiet, the march would be as silent as possible. Further, if the King or Chief did not like to walk around much, he would be carried in a sling by warriors.

In ancient Hawaiian lore, the laws declared body parts of a King or Chief to be sacred, and not to be seen by a mortal. The punishment for looking at these parts is always instant death, usually by bolts of intense light and flaming heat originating from several of the warrior's eyes aimed toward the mortal. The violating mortal is incinerated instantly and the bodily remains dissipate as vapors.

If a King’s or Chief’s face was not supposed to be observed, the King or Chief would lead the assembled night marchers from the front. If his back was not to be looked upon, he would be in the back of the assembled group. However, for some Chiefs, no part of them was forbidden to look at by mortals. These Chiefs would march among their warriors in the group.

Some marches are joined by the Hawaiian gods. The torches are said to burn brighter in these marches. The largest torches are carried with one at the front, one in the back, and three within the group. The number five is significant in Hawaiian mythology. In the night marchers with Hawaiian gods present, there are six gods, three male, three female. The Goddess named Hiʻiaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele, (commonly shortened to Hiʻiaka), is often within the night marchers. The composition of night marchers is extremely varied.

title: Nightmarchers


text:
Talk:Balarama

Possible undue in lead
has repeatedly altered the lead and infobox to emphasize the occasional view of Balarama as an avatar of Vishnu over other aspects of this figure. I am no expert in this field—not by a long shot—but other editors seem to generally disagree with Balarama as an avatar being the primary encyclopedic detail regarding this figure. Nagannaa's additions have been reverted by multiple editors but these reversions have themselves been undone without explanation. Since the sourcing Nagannaa supplied, including the Britannica source, also suggest that the avatar of Vishnu detail is not of primary importance, I wish for Nagannaa to explain their edits. ~ Pbritti (talk) 15:48, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * pinging you again to ensure you see the discussion. If you don't reply, I'll revert the text to how it was before your edits. ~ Pbritti (talk) 15:09, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Both versions of the lead are highly probemmatic! It goes: "...the eighth avatar of Vishnu and the elder brother of Krishna in pre Buddhist and Jain sources." What "pre Buddhist and Jain sources" are these? None, I suspect. Nothing on them later on. Are they "pre-Buddhist" and "pre-Jain"? If the early Vedas are meant, then say so. Johnbod (talk) 15:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I've removed "pre Buddhist and Jain sources". Johnbod (talk) 15:57, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I support that edit. Thanks, Johnbod. ~ Pbritti (talk) 16:10, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Mahabharata and Sangam literature are both pre Buddhist/Jain sources. They hold Balarama as the eighth avatara. Mahabharata is a contemporaneous source as self declared. Nagannaa (talk) 01:00, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I am an expert in Hinduism. Pbritti and Johnbod seem to be western Catholics who have little or no grasp.
 * Balarama vs. Buddha vs. Rsabhadeva as avataras is tge basic difference between deciding what Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are respectively. Nagannaa (talk) 01:03, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Just like Patriarchs vs. Jesus vs. Mohammed as the final prophet decides Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Nagannaa (talk) 01:06, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

I may know comparatively little regarding Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, but I can say that I actually know a bit about the major players. With no sourcing justification provided, I have made some adjustment using additional reliable sources. ~ Pbritti (talk) 01:43, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Buddha died about 400 BC, and from Jain literature: "While some authors date the composition of the Jain Agamas starting from the 6th century BCE,[9] some western scholars, such as Ian Whicher and David Carpenter, argue that the earliest portions of Jain canonical works were composed around the 4th or 3rd century BCE...". Whereas "Most scholars suggest the historical Sangam literature era spanned from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE,...(but others a bit later)" and the Mahabharata was "Principally compiled in 3rd century BC–4th century CE". The major puranas are all usually given CE dates, typically after 250 CE, in their written forms. Only the Vedas can be called "pre Buddhist and Jain sources", and not all of them. Of course all the religions evolved very significantly for centuries after, but the statement as made was just untenable. I've never seen any WP:RS suggest anything like "Balarama vs. Buddha vs. Rsabhadeva as avataras is the basic difference between deciding what Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are respectively" - a perspective that I imagine no Buddhist or Jain would agree for a moment. Do you have any that say that? Johnbod (talk) 02:40, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Buddhism and Jainism are missionary religions like Advaita, Dwaita and the like. They are ideologies. In India theological religion is a common substrate on which ideologies are built upon.
 * Mahabharata has been dated by archeologists from 3102 BCE to 1000 BCE. Vyasa was contemporaneous.
 * Btw, when we pagans have to agree on all the Abrahamic 'interpreters', how do you all expect us to follow your dates for your unsubstantiated prophets? Nagannaa (talk) 08:34, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, dye accept Jews calling Jesus a false messiah, a satanic one?
 * Or when Muslims call Isa as just another prophet and not God? Nagannaa (talk) 08:36, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Buddha was REAL but we dunno his exact age. Not even real locations of Lumbini and Kapilavattu.
 * While Balarama & other pagan Gods are but always fictitious.
 * Another colonial logic. Nagannaa (talk) 08:39, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The events of the Mahabharata are traditionally said to have begun in 3102 BCE or similar dates (but not at all based on archaeology), but the work grew up far later. Most modern scholars think that if the story has a historical basis, it is events from more like 1000 to 800 BCE. But the depiction in the actual work reflects a world from many centuries after that.  I'd tone down the ranting or you're likely to get blocked. Johnbod (talk) 13:07, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not ranting. If a non Abrahamic would say that Moses and Jesus probably did not exist according to archeology as they have left no evidences, how would Abrahamics react?
 * Anyway Vyasa's contemporaneous Mahabharata is older than both the Sakyamuni Buddha and Rshabhanatha. This is my point.
 * BTW, talking colonised pagans being suppressed as ranting is what is triggering military coups and BRIC. Nagannaa (talk) 00:50, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Look, this has crossed into WP:SOAPBOX territory. Combined with, any further edits of the same character as the above will almost certainly land you a WP:NOTHERE block. However, if you have reliable sourcing that you believe should be integrated into the article in a manner that alters it from its present state, please explicitly identify it and the changes you would like to see made. ~ Pbritti (talk) 03:18, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I have added ref.s. Thats is all. Nagannaa (talk) 03:40, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTeCw1twHRY
 * Marine archeology proves that Krishna's reclamation from the Arabian sea, on which the city of Dwaraka was built was active in the second millenium BC Nagannaa (talk) 11:35, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * BTW Dwaraka, a reclmmation Nagannaa (talk) 11:33, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * That's not really relevant to this article. ~ Pbritti (talk) 15:40, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Pbritti and Krishna is a mythological figure Doug Weller  talk 12:48, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

Socking/block-evasion
I used the wrong term; it's User:Nagannaa evading their block; see the reference to Arthur Avalon, again diff. Joshua Jonathan -  Let's talk!  02:20, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I have to admit my attention is not great right now so perhaps I'm missing cues that indicate that more definitively. I'll take your word for it for now (you were pretty involved in dealing with Nagannaa's disruption across several articles) and if the IP editor continues inserting material, we can discuss perhaps seeking an evasion block. ~ Pbritti (talk) 02:42, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

 * They're using a changing IP, which makes blocking harder. But their style of editing is pretty onbvious - and clumsy, whick makes them easily recognizable. Regards, Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!  05:23, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balarama


text:
HMS King George V (1911)

HMS King George V was the lead ship of her class of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. She spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets, often serving as a flagship. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during the First World War generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

After the war, King George V became flagship of the Home Fleet and then of the Reserve Fleet before she was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet in late 1920. The ship evacuated refugees during the Great fire of Smyrna in September 1922 before returning home at the beginning of 1923. King George V was reduced to reserve and used as a training ship until late 1926 and was sold for scrap later in the year in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

Design and description
The King George V-class ships were designed as enlarged and improved versions of the preceding Orion-class battleship. King George V had an overall length of 594 ft, a beam of 89 ft and a draught of 28 ft. She displaced 25420 LT at normal load and 27120 LT at deep load; by 1918, the ship's deep displacement had increased to 28422 LT. Her crew numbered 869 officers and ratings upon completion and 1,114 in 1916.

The ships of the King George V class were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam provided by 18 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at 27000 shp and were intended to give the battleships a speed of 21 kn. During her sea trials on 4 November 1912, King George V reached a maximum speed of 22.4 kn from 33022 shp. She carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 5910 nmi at a cruising speed of 10 kn.

Armament and armour
Like the Orion class, the King George Vs were equipped with 10 breech-loading (BL) 13.5 in Mark V guns in five hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets, all on the centreline. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y', from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of 16 BL 4 in Mark VII guns. Eight of these were mounted in the forward superstructure, four in the aft superstructure, and four in casemates in the side of the hull abreast of the forward main gun turrets, all in single mounts. Four 3-pounder (47 mm) saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 14 torpedoes were provided.

The King George V-class ships were protected by a waterline 12 in armoured belt that extended between the end barbettes. Their decks ranged in thickness between 1 in and 4 inches with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern. The main battery turret faces were 11 in thick, and the turrets were supported by 10 in barbettes.

Modifications
A fire-control director was installed on the roof of the spotting top in 1914, before the start of the war in August; her original pole foremast was reinforced by flanged girders to stiffen it and allow it to bear the weight of the director. By October 1914, a pair of 3 in anti-aircraft (AA) guns had been added. The torpedo nets were removed in 1915–1916. Approximately 80 LT of additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland and a medium-length rangefinder was added atop the conning tower. Around the same time, the ship was modified to use a kite balloon. By April 1917, the 4-inch guns had been removed from the hull casemates as they were frequently unusable in heavy seas. The casemates were plated over and some of the compartments were used for accommodations. That same year, the spotting top was enlarged and the foremast was fitted with full-sized tripod legs to handle the additional weight. Her stern torpedo tube was removed in 1917–1918 and flying-off platforms were fitted on the roofs of 'B' and 'Q' turrets during 1918.

Construction and career
King George V, named after the reigning King of Great Britain, George V, was the first ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was initially going to be named Royal George, but was renamed in 1910. She was laid down at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth on 16 January 1911 and launched on 9 October. She was completed just over a year later, in November 1912, at a cost of £1,961,096 and was commissioned on 16 November. King George V was assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron, commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender, and was the squadron flagship by 18 February 1913. She was later joined by her three sister ships and they represented the Royal Navy during the celebrations of the re-opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in Kiel, Germany, 23–30 June 1914, held in conjunction with Kiel Week. Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine and her sons visited King George V on 24 June, followed by Kaiser Wilhelm II the next day. An "at home" was held on board on the 26th to which all the notables of Kiel were invited, with Admiral Warrender's wife, Maude, acting as hostess. On 29 June, Warrender hosted a lunch for many of the senior admirals of the Imperial German Navy, including Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz, and Admirals Friedrich von Ingenohl and Carl von Coerper.

First World War
Between 17 and 20 July 1914, King George V took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Arriving in Portland on 25 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow four days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. In August 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. Repeated reports of submarines in Scapa Flow led Jellicoe to conclude that the defences there were inadequate and he ordered that the Grand Fleet be dispersed to other bases until the defences be reinforced. On 16 October the 2nd BS was sent to Loch na Keal on the western coast of Scotland. The squadron departed for gunnery practice off the northern coast of Ireland on the morning of 27 October and her sister HMS Audacious (1912) struck a mine, laid a few days earlier by the German auxiliary minelayer SS Berlin (1908). Thinking that the ship had been torpedoed by a submarine, the other dreadnoughts were ordered away from the area, while smaller ships rendered assistance. In late November 1914, King George V developed problems with her condensers, even though she had just returned from a refit. This forced the ship to be withdrawn from operations while her port condenser had its tubes replaced, which took until 12 December.

Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby
The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of Konteradmiral (Rear-Admiral) Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group. The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. They mustered the six dreadnoughts of the 2nd Battle Squadron, including King George V and her sisters HMS Ajax (1912) and HMS Centurion (1911), and stood with the main body in support of Vice-Admiral David Beatty's four battlecruisers.

The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness of 16 December in heavy weather. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers, but von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn's light. A series of miscommunications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper's ships to avoid an engagement with Beatty's forces.

1915–1916
Retubing of the ship's starboard condenser took from late December to 4 January 1915. Jellicoe's ships, including King George V, conducted gunnery drills on 10–13 January west of Orkney and the Shetland Islands. On the evening of 23 January, the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty's battlecruisers, but the fleet was too far away participate in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day. On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March. On 11 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off Shetland on 20–21 April.

The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June, the fleet conducted gunnery practice and battle exercises west of Shetland and more training off Shetland beginning on 11 July. The 2nd BS conducted gunnery practice in the Moray Firth on 2 August and then returned to Scapa Flow. On 2–5 September, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills. Throughout the rest of the month, the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, conducted another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, King George V participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November and repeated the exercise at the beginning of December. Warrender was relieved by Vice-Admiral Sir Martyn Jerram on 16 December.

The Grand Fleet sortied in response to an attack by German ships on British light forces near Dogger Bank on 10 February 1916, but it was recalled two days later when it became clear that no German ships larger than a destroyer were involved. The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, King George V and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Imperial Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft, but only arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of sixteen dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts and supporting ships, departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Hipper's five battlecruisers. Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

On 31 May, King George V, under the command of Captain Frederick Field, was the lead ship of the battle line after deployment. She fired two salvoes for a total of nine common pointed, capped shells at the battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger about 19:17, but had to turn away at 19:22 to avoid an attack by destroyers and then had to turn to avoid the ships of the 1st Light Cruiser and 2nd Cruiser Squadrons. That was the only time that the ship fired her guns during the battle.

Subsequent activity
The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions. Vice-Admiral Sir John de Robeck relieved Jerram on 3 December.

In April 1918, the High Seas Fleet again sortied, to attack British convoys to Norway. They enforced strict wireless silence during the operation, which prevented Room 40 cryptanalysts from warning the new commander of the Grand Fleet, Admiral Beatty. The British only learned of the operation after an accident aboard the battlecruiser SMS Moltke forced her to break radio silence to inform the German commander of her condition. Beatty then ordered the Grand Fleet to sea to intercept the Germans, but he was not able to reach the High Seas Fleet before it turned back for Germany. The ship was present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the High Seas Fleet surrendered there on 21 November and she remained part of the 2nd Battle Squadron through 1 March 1919.

Postwar activities
By 1 May, King George V had been assigned to the 3rd Battle Squadron and was serving as the flagship for Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Oliver, commanding both the Home Fleet and the squadron; he had assumed command on 22 March. On 1 November, the 3rd Battle Squadron was disbanded and King George V was transferred to the Reserve Fleet at Portsmouth. She was still Oliver's flagship, although he was now commander of the Reserve Fleet. The ship was relieved as the flagship of the Reserve Fleet by HMS Orion (1910) on 14 September 1920 and began a refit in preparation for her assignment to the 4th Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet.

King George V recommissioned on 31 October and sailed for the Mediterranean. In February 1921, together with the dreadnought HMS Benbow (1913) and several destroyers, she conducted training exercises in the Sea of Marmara. While passing between Mytilene and the Turkish mainland during the night of 2/3 September 1922, the ship struck an uncharted rock that flooded one of her boiler rooms. The Rear-Admiral of the squadron was forced to transfer his flag to the dreadnought HMS Marlborough (1912) and King George V had to transfer some crewmen to bring the former ship up to strength at Smyrna, Turkey. She was present during the Great Fire of Smyrna in mid-September and evacuated 130 refugees to Malta on 16 September as she proceeded there for permanent repairs.

In January 1923, the ship returned home and became a gunnery training ship at Devonport. She was relieved of that duty in November and King George V was reduced to reserve. She was then assigned to the training establishment HMS Impregnable. On 28 September 1926, the ship was taken out of service and was listed for disposal on 1 December to meet the tonnage limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty. Later that month, King George V was sold to the Alloa Shipbreaking Company and arrived at Rosyth on 27 January 1927 to be broken up.

title: HMS King George V (1911)