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J. Lyons and Co.

J. Lyons & Co. was a British restaurant chain store, food manufacturing, and hotel conglomerate founded in 1884 by Joseph Lyons and his brothers in law, Isidore and Montague Gluckstein. Lyons’ first teashop opened in Piccadilly, London in 1894, and from 1909 they developed into a chain of teashops, with the firm becoming a staple of the High Street in the UK. At its peak the chain numbered around 200 cafes. The teashops provided for tea and coffee, with food choices consisting of hot dishes and sweets, cold dishes and sweets, and buns, cakes and rolls.

Making their first cakes and pastries in 1894, several Lyons cake products are still available on grocers' shelves, including Lyons' treacle tart, Lyons' Bakewell tart, Lyons' Battenberg, and Lyons' trifle sponges, which are sold by Premier Foods. The company is also known for its pioneering use of computers in the office.

Origins and early history

The company began as a collaboration between a group of entrepreneurs, the professional artist Joseph Lyons and his brothers in law, Isidore and Montague Gluckstein, as a spin off from the Salmon & Gluckstein tobacco company. In 1894 the company started a teashop in Piccadilly, London, and from 1909 developed this into a chain of teashops which would ultimately number around 200 locations. The company also ran high class restaurants, founding the Trocadero in 1895, and hotels including the Strand Palace, opened in 1909, the Regent Palace, opened in 1915, and the Cumberland Hotel, opened in 1933, all in London. In 1918, to increase sales in northern England, Lyons bought the old established tea company Horniman & Sons. From the 1930s Lyons began to develop a pioneering range of teas, biscuits and cakes that were sold in grocery stores across the world. Lyons was appointed to run the company, and it was named after him.

J. Lyons & Co. was a pioneer in introducing computers to business. Between 1951 and 1963, the company manufactured and sold a range of LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) computers.

Products and image
The company was a substantial food manufacturer, with factories at Cadby Hall in Hammersmith, and from 1921 at Greenford, producing bread, cakes, pies, tea, coffee and ice cream. Lyons branded cakes included treacle tarts, Lyons Bakewell tart, Lyons Battenberg, and Lyons trifle sponges.

To the public, J. Lyons & Co. were best known for their chain of teashops which opened from 1894 and finally closed in 1981, and for the Lyons Corner Houses in the West End of London. The teashops provided for tea and coffee, with hot dishes and sweets, cold dishes and sweets, and buns, cakes and rolls. Lyons’ teashops were slightly more up market than their ABC (Aerated Bread Company) competitors. They were notable for their interior design, from the 1920s Oliver P. Bernard being consultant artistic director. Until the 1940s they had a certain working-class chic, but by the 1950s and 1960s they were quick stops for busy shoppers where one could drink a cup of tea and eat a snack or an inexpensive meal. The teashops always had a bakery counter at the front, and their signs, art nouveau gold lettering on white, were a familiar landmark. Before the Second World War service was to the table by uniformed waitresses, known as 'Nippies'; after the war the teashops converted to cafeteria service.

Corner Houses

Lyons' Corner Houses, which first appeared in 1909 and remained until 1977, were noted for their art deco style. Situated on or near the corners of Coventry Street, Strand and Tottenham Court Road, they and the Maisons Lyons at Marble Arch and in Shaftesbury Avenue were large buildings on four or five floors, the ground floor of which was a food hall with counters for delicatessen, sweets and chocolates, cakes, fruit, flowers and other products. In addition, they possessed hairdressing salons, telephone booths, theatre booking agencies and at one period a twice-a-day food delivery service. On the other floors were several restaurants, each with a different theme and all with their own musicians. For a time the Corner Houses were open 24 hours a day, and at their peak each branch employed around 400 staff. They featured window displays, and, in the post-war period, the Corner Houses were smarter and grander than the local tea shops. The artist Kay Lipton designed all the windows for the Corner Houses under the supervision of Norman Joseph, the director post-war. Between 1896 and 1965 Lyons owned the Trocadero, which was similar in size and style to the Corner Houses.

Restaurants
As well as the tea shops and Corner Houses, Lyons ran other large restaurants such as the Angel Cafe Restaurant in Islington and the Throgmorton in Throgmorton Street in the City of London. Its chains have included Steak Houses (1961–1988), Wimpy Bars (1953–1976), Baskin-Robbins (1974–present) and Dunkin' Donuts (1989–present).

Hotels
The Regent Palace Hotel, Glasshouse Street, London was operated by Strand Hotels Limited, a subsidiary of J. Lyons and Company and opened on 16 May 1915. Strand Hotels also operated the Cumberland Hotel (Marble Arch, London), Kingsley Hotel, Park Court Hotel, Windsor Hotel, White's Hotel and the Strand Palace Hotel after the inception of Strand Hotels Limited. The last London hotel that they operated until the demise of the group in the mid-1970s was the Tower Hotel situated by Tower Bridge in London.

Biscuits company
In 1938, Lyons purchased the Bee Bee Biscuit Company, which manufactured biscuits from its factories in Blackpool. Six years later, Lyons changed the company's name to Symbol Biscuits Ltd. and began selling biscuits under the Symbol and Lyons brand names: one of their innovations was Maryland Cookies in 1956. In 1990, Lyons changed the Symbol Biscuits name to Lyons Biscuits Ltd.

Supporting the war effort
The rearmament period just before World War II saw a big expansion in the number of Royal Ordnance Factories (ROFs), which were British government-owned. However, due to shortages of management resources some ROFs were run as agency factories; and J. Lyons and Co. ran at least one, ROF Elstow. The management and stock control systems needed in the ROFs, in respect of control of raw materials and "perishable" finished products, were somewhat similar to those used in the catering business; and J. Lyons was ideally suited to this task. They do not appear to have any involvement in managing these after 1945, when the ROFs started to run down.

Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten's wedding cake
Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten were offered many cakes from well-wishers around the world for their wedding on 20 November 1947. Of these they accepted only 12, including one from J. Lyons and Co.

They created a three-tiered cake, mounted on a silver stand, made by F E Jacobs, chief decorator of J Lyons’ Ornamental Department. It stood 1.8 metres high and weighed 63 kg. The first and second tiers featured specially commissioned 10 cm blue and white Wedgwood Jasper vases set in alcoves behind silver pillars, with smaller vases on the third tier. The cake's panels depicted Princess Elizabeth's coat of arms, the couple's initials and a Naval crown. Atop the third tier sat a larger Jasper vase, filled with fresh flowers and trailing orange blossom.

Contribution to computing in business
The top management of Lyons, with its background in the use of mechanical adding machines, saw the necessity of new electrical computers for organising the distribution of cakes and other highly perishable goods. They, therefore, substantially financed the University of Cambridge's Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) which was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service, and built their own programmable digital computers and became the first user of these in businesses, with the LEO I digital computer: the Lyons Electronic Office I, designed and built by Dr John Pinkerton under the leadership of John Simmons. It handled the company's accounts and logistics. Lyons also included the weather forecast to ensure goods carried by their "fresh produce" delivery vans were not wasted in large quantities. Google chairman Eric Schmidt called this "the world's first office computer", built in 1951. A subsidiary LEO Computers Ltd was formed in 1954 and went on to build 11 Leo II and 94 Leo III computers that were sold worldwide. One of the ardent users of LEO computers was the General Post Office (GPO), who bought them in the mid/late 1960s to produce telephone bills. They were kept going until 1981, helped by buying other companies' redundant machines and using them for spare parts.

Decline
The company was losing money in the 1960s but remained under the control of the Salmon family, descended from a founding partner. Lyons began to close some of its London tea shops and hotels; in 1963 it also merged its LEO Computers business with English Electric's computer interests to form the jointly owned English Electric LEO.

In 1964, Lyons sold their half-stake; and English Electric merged the company with Marconi's computer interests to form English Electric LEO Marconi Computers. A continuing problem in the British computer industry was both lack of investment capital and competition with the much larger U.S. computer companies, such as IBM. English Electric LEO Marconi Computers merged with other companies to form International Computers Limited (ICL) which was bought by Fujitsu in 1990.

In 1978, Lyons was acquired by Allied Breweries and became part of the resulting Allied Lyons. It fell on hard economic times in the late 1980s; and was sold, eventually being broken up with its ice cream and ice lolly products, which were branded as Lyons Maid, being sold to Nestlé. Other parts that were sold off included Lyons Cakes (sold to RHM and ending up as part of their Manor Bakeries subsidiary which also makes Mr Kipling's Cakes) and Ready Brek cereal (ending up being owned by Weetabix Limited). At the end of 1994, Lyons sold Lyons Biscuits to Hillsdown Holdings, which later sold it to a U.S. investment firm which subsequently sold it to British biscuit manufacturer Burton's Foods. Lyons’ cake products, such as Bakewell tart and Battenberg, are owned by Premier Foods.

The J. Lyons & Co. papers are now stored in the London Metropolitan Archives. The niece and nephew of the Gluckstein brothers were Gluck, a painter; and Louis Gluckstein, a Conservative politician. A descendant of the Salmon side of the original partnership is Nigella Lawson.

Notable employees
Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher worked as a chemist for the company prior to becoming a barrister and then a Conservative Party MP. While working for the company she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream.

Peter Bird began work operating the LEO computer and rose to be a director of Lyons Computer Services. He later wrote a history of the company and its computers.

Leadership
The chairmen of J. Lyons were:
 * 1894–1917 Sir Joseph Lyons
 * 1917–1922 Montague Gluckstein
 * 1923–1928 Alfred Salmon
 * 1928–1941 Sir Isidore Salmon MP
 * 1941–1950 Harry Salmon JP
 * 1950–1956 Major Montague Isidore Gluckstein
 * 1956–1960 Isidore Montague Gluckstein
 * 1960–1965 Barnett Alfred Salmon
 * 1965–1968 Sir Samuel Isidore Salmon JP (Mayor of Hammersmith 1968/69)
 * 1968–1972 Geoffrey Salmon
 * 1972–1977 Brian Lawson Salmon
 * 1977–1981 Neil Lawson Salmon

title: J. Lyons and Co.


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Sunny Murray

James Marcellus Arthur "Sunny" Murray (September 21, 1936 – December 7, 2017) was an American musician, and was one of the pioneers of the free jazz style of drumming.

Biography
Murray was born in Idabel, Oklahoma, where he was raised by an uncle who later died after being refused treatment at a hospital because of his race. He began playing drums at the age of nine. As a teen, he lived in a rough part of Philadelphia, and spent two years in a reformatory. In 1956, he moved to New York City, where he worked in a car wash and as a building superintendent. During this time, he played with musicians such as trumpeters Red Allen and Ted Curson, pianist Willie "The Lion" Smith, and saxophonists Rocky Boyd and Jackie McLean.

In 1959, he played for the first time with pianist Cecil Taylor and, according to Murray, "[f]or six years all the other things were wiped from my mind..." "With Cecil, I had to originate a complete new direction on drums." Murray stated: "We played for about a year, just practicing, studying — we went to workshops with Varèse, did a lot of creative things, just experimenting, without a job." In 1961, Murray made a recording with Taylor's group that was released under the auspices of Gil Evans as one side of Into the Hot.

In 1962, Murray went to Europe for the first time with Taylor and saxophonist Jimmy Lyons. (Bassist Henry Grimes was supposed to join them, but fell ill at the last moment. ) During that time, the group made a stylistic breakthrough; Murray stated: "We were in Sweden and we had finally decided to be free... The way Cecil and Jimmy and I were playing, we could absorb any different thing at that period, because we were so fresh!" While in Denmark later that year, the trio recorded the influential concerts released as Nefertiti the Beautiful One Has Come.

That same year, while in Sweden with Taylor, Murray met saxophonist Albert Ayler. (According to Murray, after hearing Taylor's group perform, Ayler approached them and said "I've been waiting for you, man. You're the guys I've been waiting for." He also recalled that Taylor "jumped half out of his chair" the first time Ayler played with the group. ) With Ayler, the group recorded together for Danish television as the Cecil Taylor Unit (the track "Four," featured on the Ayler box set Holy Ghost, was recorded during this time), and, upon returning to the United States, the group (with Ayler) performed at the Take Three club in Greenwich Village and at Philharmonic Hall, Lincoln Center in New York City on December 31, 1963, as the Cecil Taylor Jazz Unit, with Grimes back on bass. (The concert also featured Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers and the John Coltrane Quintet featuring Eric Dolphy.) Murray stated that Ayler "didn't know New York from a can of beans. So, he came over to my house, and I took him to meet Archie (Shepp) and all the cats." Murray continued to play with Ayler, and went on to join Ayler's trio with bassist Gary Peacock. Murray recorded a number of albums with Ayler, including the historic Spiritual Unity. Val Wilmer wrote that Murray was "one of those crucial figures in jazz who appear just at the time they are needed. His unchained approach to percussion gave Ayler the freedom to travel his own road that had hitherto been lacking." Murray also stated that he played with John Coltrane in 1964, and was offered a spot in Coltrane's band, but turned it down.

Murray went on to record his own compositions under his own name, beginning in 1965 with Sonny's Time Now, which was released on Leroi Jones's Jihad label. The album features Ayler, Don Cherry, Henry Grimes, and Lewis Worrell, as well as Jones, who recites his poem "Black Art". (Murray stated "It’s a strange record because Albert and Don [Cherry] are playing like this [makes screeching sound]." ) Later, when he moved to Europe, he released three recordings on BYG Actuel. In addition, he continued to play and record as a sideman for a variety of musicians. In 1980, he reunited with Cecil Taylor for the recording of It Is in the Brewing Luminous, and in 1996, he recorded with Taylor again, resulting in the album Corona, released in 2018. He died on December 7, 2017, from multiple organ failure at the age of 81.

A documentary on Murray, entitled Sunny's Time Now: A Portrait of Jazz Drummer Sunny Murray, was released on DVD in 2008 by director Antoine Prum.

Style
Murray was among the first to forgo the drummer's traditional role as timekeeper in favor of purely textural playing. Val Wilmer wrote:

Murray's aim was to free the soloist completely from the restrictions of time, and to do this he set up a continual hailstorm of percussion. His concept relied heavily on continuous ringing stick-work on the edge of the cymbals, an irregular staccato barrage on the snare, spasmodic bass drum punctuation and constant, but not metronomic, use of the sock-cymbal (hi-hat). He played with his mouth open, emitting an incessant wailing which blended into the overall percussion backdrop of shifting pulses... [H]is playing often seems to bear little relation to what the soloist is doing. What he did do, though, was to lay down a shimmering tapestry behind the soloist, enabling him to move wherever he wanted."

Concerning Murray's tenure with Albert Ayler, John Litweiler wrote: "Sunny Murray and Albert Ayler did not merely break through bar lines, they abolished them altogether." Amiri Baraka described Murray's playing as follows:

Watching Sonny play, as he swoops and floats, hovers, lunges, above and into the drums, it is immediate... his body-ness, his physicality in the music. Not just as a drum beater but as a conductor of energies, directing them this way and that way. Just scraping a cymbal this time, smashing it the next. Both feet straight out with the bass drums. His rolls and bombs the result of body-mined spirit feel. He wants "natural sounds," natural rhythms. The drum as a reactor and manifestor of energies coursing through and pouring out of his body. Rhythm as occurrence. As natural emphasis... You hear him moaning behind his instrument, with his other beautiful instrument. His voice. The sound of feeling. The moan, a ragged body-spasm sound, like some kind of heavy stringed instrument, lifting all the other sounds into prayers.

Author Norman C. Weinstein wrote: [Murray] radically rethinks the role of the drum kit, sees the kit as a kinetic sculpture... The drums are a sculpture he dances around, giving the drum kit a numinosity like African drums utilized for ritual purposes. By dancing about the drums, not merely alertly sitting before them, he maximizes the force of his contact with all surfaces, not just skins but metal and wood as well. The sheer physicality of his approach assures a broader spectrum of timbres than those usually achieved by players utilizing conventional posture. Murray's dance in fast motion... creates the illusion of several drummers performing simultaneously, a stuttering strobe effect akin to how Duchamp caused his nude to trip the light fantastic down a staircase... The richness of Murray's cymbal crashes and vocals is beautifully reinforced by his drum attacks, particularly his sonorous tattoos on the bass drum. He has an astute gift for playing off extreme tonal contrasts, high-pitched cymbals ringing in counterpoint to earth-moaning bass drum tones... He... creates a sense of time which might be appreciated by a tradition-minded African, not time measured by Timex, not shaped by a cymbal's metronomic insistences, but time as the poet Blake understood it, found in the pulsation of an artery.

Murray acknowledged the influence of Hermann Helmholtz in developing his unique approach to the drum kit, stating that "Helmholtz gave me the technique I needed." Referring to Murray's rapid fluttering of the bass drum and washes and waves of cymbal noise, bassist Alan Silva stated "...it was the end of swing as we know it. It became so fast it became slow. Sunny Murray is the first drummer who ever played the theory of relativity." Murray described his own musical goals as follows: "I work for natural sounds rather than trying to sound like drums. Sometimes I try to sound like car motors or the continuous crackling of glass... not just the sound of drums but the sound of the crashing of cars and the upheaval of a volcano and the thunder of the skies." At one point he attempted to design a different kind of drum set that would be "more in touch with the human voice in terms of humming and screaming and laughing and crying."

As leader

 * Sonny's Time Now (Jihad, 1965)
 * Sunny Murray (ESP Disk, 1966)
 * Sunshine (BYG, 1969)
 * Big Chief (Pathe, 1969)
 * Homage to Africa (BYG, 1970)
 * An Even Break (Never Give a Sucker) (BYG, 1970)
 * Charred Earth (Kharma, 1977)
 * Apple Cores (Philly Jazz, 1978)
 * Live at Moers Festival (Moers Music, 1979)
 * Aigu-Grave (Marge, 1980)
 * 13# Steps On Glass (Enja, 1995)
 * Illumination (InRespect, 1995)
 * Illuminators (Audible Hiss, 1996)
 * Homework (Super Secret Sound, 1997)
 * We Are Not at the Opera (Eremite, 1998)
 * Home Cooking in the UK (Foghorn, 2004)
 * Perles Noires (Eremite, 2005)
 * The Gearbox Explodes! (Foghorn, 2008)
 * Sonic Liberation Front Meets Sunny Murray (High Two, 2010)
 * I Stepped Onto a Bee (Foghorn, 2011)
 * Boom Boom Cat (Foghorn, 2011)

As sideman
With Albert Ayler
 * Spirits (Debut, 1964)
 * Ghosts (Debut, 1965)
 * Spirits Rejoice (ESP Disk, 1965)
 * Spiritual Unity (ESP Disk, 1965)
 * Bells (ESP Disk, 1965)
 * The New Wave in Jazz (Impulse!, 1965)
 * New York Eye and Ear Control (ESP Disk, 1966)
 * Swing Low Sweet Spiritual (Osmosis, 1971)
 * Prophecy (ESP Disk, 1975)
 * The Hilversum Session (Osmosis, 1980)
 * Albert Ayler (Philology, 1990)
 * Albert Smiles with Sunny (InRespect, 1996)
 * Bells Prophecy (ESP Disk, 1997)
 * Live in Greenwich Village (Impulse!, 1998)
 * The Copenhagen Tapes (Ayler 2002)
 * Holy Ghost: Rare & Unissued Recordings (1962–70) (Revenant, 2004)
 * The Impulse Story (Impulse!, 2006)
 * Copenhagen Live 1964 (hatOLOGY, 2017)

With Louie Belogenis
 * Tiresias (Porter, 2011)

With Dave Burrell
 * Echo (BYG, 1969)
 * High (Douglas, 1969)
 * High Won-High Two (Arista/Freedom, 1976)

With Arthur Doyle
 * Dawn of a New Vibration (Fractal, 2000)
 * Live at Glenn Miller Café (Ayler, 2001)
 * Live at the Tunnel (Sinner Lady Gloria, 2017)

With Khan Jamal
 * Infinity (Jambrio 1984)
 * Speak Easy (Gazell, 1989)

With Keshavan Maslak
 * Mayhem in Our Streets (Waterland 1980)
 * Loved by Millions (Leo 1981)

With David Murray
 * Recording N.Y.C. 1986 (DIW, 1986)
 * A Sanctuary Within (Black Saint, 1992)

With Archie Shepp
 * Black Gipsy (America, 1970)
 * Live at the Pan-African Festival (BYG, 1971)
 * Pitchin Can (America, 1970)
 * Yasmina, a Black Woman (BYG, 1969)

With Alexander von Schlippenbach
 * Smoke (FMP, 1990)
 * Light Blue (Enja, 1997)

With Cecil Taylor
 * Live at the Cafe Montmartre (Debut, 1963)
 * Nefertiti, the Beautiful One Has Come (Debut, 1965)
 * Innovations (Freedom, 1972)
 * Into the Hot (Impulse!,1962)
 * The New Breed (ABC Impulse!, 1978) (reissue of tracks from Into the Hot)
 * It Is in the Brewing Luminous (Hat Hut, 1981)
 * Air (Candid, 1990)
 * Corona (FMP, 2018)

With others
 * Billy Bang, Outline No. 12 (Celluloid, 1982 [1983])
 * Borah Bergman, Monks (Somerealmusic, 2019)
 * John Blum, In the Shade of Sun (Ecstatic Peace!, 2009)
 * Jacques Coursil, Trails of Tears (Sunnyside, 2010)
 * Bill Dixon, Bill Dixon 7-tette/Archie Shepp and the New York Contemporary 5 (Savoy, 1964])
 * David Eyges, Crossroads (Music Unlimited 1982)
 * Charles Gayle, Kingdom Come (Knitting Factory, 1994)
 * Burton Greene, Firmanence (Fore, 1980)
 * Gunter Hampel, Journey to the Song (Within Birth 1974)
 * Jimmy Lyons, Jump Up / What to Do About (Hat Hut, 1981)
 * Itaru Oki, Paris Ohrai (Ohrai 2001)
 * Odean Pope, Plant Life (Porter, 2008)
 * Aki Takase, Clapping Music (Enja, 1995)
 * Telectu, Quartetos (Clean Feed, 2002)
 * Clifford Thornton, Ketchaoua (BYG, 1969)
 * Assif Tsahar, Ma (Hopscotch, 2003)
 * Francois Tusques, Intercommunal Music (Shandar, 1971)
 * Mark O'Leary, Ode to Albert Ayler (Ayler Records, 2009)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sunny Murray


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User talk:Dmmaus

Please add new comments at the bottom. Thanks! Dmmaus.

LBW
LBW - disagree on the half second fact, a ball averaging 82mph from release to pad (allowing 3 ft for each) would take 1/2 second, it's very possible for the ball to take less than that. Bob Palin 00:22, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * D'oh! You're right. I was getting confused in the conversion from mph to metres/second. Given the various speeds of deliveries, however, many can take more than half a second, so I've loosened it up a bit to "around half a second" rather than a blanket "less than half a second". dmmaus 07:34, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Categories
No worries - I'll sort it out! More of a problem is that you need to edit the articles to get them to show up in the categories, but they all need editing anyway because they currently turn up alphabetised by first name not surname (you need to use something like .  -- ALoan (Talk) 01:17, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I was wondering why they weren't showing up in the categories after I went and added them all. I thought it was some sort of caching problem. --dmmaus 04:10, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there are two effects - it seems to take a while for the cache to catch up anyway, but I think there is a separate problem where articles are given a category before the category exists. If you edit and save without changing the article, all of a sudden it appears in the right categories.  I have seen some discussion but can't remember where - may have been Categorization or Wikipedia talk:Categorization .  -- ALoan (Talk) 12:48, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * PS - Many, many thanks, but the way, for taking the time and effort to edit all the cricketer articles to sort out the categorisations. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:59, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Sikh and Muslim names
Thanks for your talkback 'thing'

Well yeah, Okay I understand... thanks for pointing that thing about the Sikh and Muslim name thing out... I probably use got confused because of the other entries (non Sikh and Muslim name) in the List of cricketers like Shane Warne that are in the Last name, First name format like Warne, Shane. Squash

Cricket
I did the images - but I just copied the locations off Nicholas' image - if you two want to debate the positions and send me a sketch of any corrections you think necessary I can change it. Ed g2s 23:04, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Gidday, cobber - greetings from across the Ditch! I found you through the list of stubs: New Zealand Cricket. Then I admired your User Page. Then I saw that nobody had formally welcomed you on this page.

So - welcome to WP and I hope you continue to enjoy it.

Noted a few of your contributions: yes, cricket is indeed among them. Caution, maybe, about separate entries for cricket test grounds - some (eg Carisbrook) double as winter-sport grounds and may be already the subject of articles under a slightly different name: integrate rather than duplicating?

Best wishes for tonight's netball. You may see my daughter in the background: she's Arena Manawatu's "Manager Events and Sales" and has been doing 11-hour days recently.

(You're welcome to correct (or write articles for) any dead links in this message; all are from memory or optimism...)
 * Robin Patterson 01:24, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Cricket images
Yeah, I agree. Gully should be closer to the slips. But what do you mean by behind point? Closer to the slips or deeper? (It shouldn't be deeper, that's my view)

Short mid-wicket, mid-wicket and deep-mid-wicket should be in a straight line (about 330-345° anti-clockwise). I don't have problems with the rotation (slightly up) as you have mentioned. However, I'm not in favour of eliminating the sweeper position from the image. It should be mentioned if not explicitly. REASON: For the sake of those hearing the position for the first time, or using the image as a reference to learn the game. Nichalp 19:17, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

I asked Ed to go ahead with the changes. Also asked him to include 6 leg-side additional positions. Nichalp 19:41, Jul 3, 2004 (UTC) - You uploaded Image:CricketSCG1.jpg — it reads that the image is copyrighted by David Morgan-Mar. Is that you? Doesn't saying that copyright conflict with the GDFL that is also marked for that image? —kooo 00:04, 2004 Sep 20 (UTC)

 * Looks like I was wrong. Please see the image's history page, it's been reverted to include the copyright text. But maybe you should write that the copyright is to yourself (user name), and you allow it to be here? I'm no expert in these matters either. —kooo 06:18, 2004 Sep 20 (UTC)

Talk
Updated the cricket page. Also check your user page for a surprise. ¶ nichalp | [[User talk:nichalp| Talk ]] 20:25, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

Affiliate nations
I see you have a neat list of the affiliate and associate nations in you home page. Could you add them to wikipedia? I have already added some of the newest members. ¶ nichalp | [[User talk:nichalp| Talk ]] 20:31, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

Selected Articles
As you know the page has been nominated to the selected articles. Hope to see your vote there. ¶ nichalp | [[User talk:nichalp| Talk ]] 20:38, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Australian domestic team names
Hi there,

I just made some changes to Cricket Australia regarding state team names. Seeing as you are the only person to have made significant changes to that page, and because you are so prolific on editing cricket related articles, I thought I would point it out to you, so that you could make any corrections.

What do you think of the article names for teams? New South Wales Blues or New South Wales Blues cricket team etc? Not a problem with NSW, but names such as Tasmanian Tigers are almost ambiguous. -- Chuq 04:57, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Hi
Seeing you back after a long long time. We now have four cricket related FA's. == 18:14, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Did you know?
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Palwankar Baloo, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

SCG
Hi - just seen your new image of the SCG. Do you think you'd be able to crop the bottom bit out (the bit with the back of people's heads)? I think it'd be a better picture after that. Also, do you have any more piccis? jguk 07:37, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

History of cricket
Hi

Just seen your additions to History of cricket - I'd never seen anything saying cricket had much history before the 1500s, so it's interesting to read the theories. Just wondering if you could add your source as a reference (and also let me know if it's a book worth reading. The Derek Birley book I referenced certainly is - he has an entertaining style, and whilst he occasionally lets his left-wing views take hold, they don't pervade the text. I learnt a lot about English social history in general from it.) jguk 06:18, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Ball of the Century
Nice work - congratulations -- Ian ≡ talk 15:30, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Slider
Disagree on removal. Baseball is not better then parachuting. Slider is a meaninful term - even if you are not familiar with it - create disambig, or please put it back.
 * Thanks - I will do disambig later (or you do). :) Wanted to add other parachuting equipment entries. DEng 13:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikiproject cricket
Hi! I'm inviting you to join WikiProject Cricket. Hope to see you around there. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  15:02, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Bombay Triangular / Quadrangular / Pentangular
Oh, well played, sir. -- ALoan (Talk) 22:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Beach Cricket Pic
Thanks for the thanks ;). I really love that pic. In fact I think I clicked 3-4 photos, crouched behind the stumps, wanted the ball mid-way... In fact, the ball nearly smashed into my face on one ocassion :D Saish 08:31, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

esolangs
Hi, I kindly request your input at Articles for deletion/Ook! programming language and User:R. Koot/Esoteric programming languages. Cheers, —Ruud 12:39, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I would rather stay out of any such discussion, as I don't think it is a good idea to contribute when the article is about me or my work. It could be seen as a conflict of interest. -dmmaus 04:57, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I can understand that. I would be interested what you think of my reasoning at User:R. Koot/Esoteric programming languages. If you don't like doing this publicly can contact me by e-mail. Cheers, —Ruud 16:10, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Even though I voted to delete or merge the Ook article, I would like to extend my personal compliments on both your strong ethical code, which is admirable, and the languages themselves, which are fun to read (I just wanted to read about them in 1 place, and not in 20 - but it looks like I am going to be outvoted.) Thanks. GRuban 22:09, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Just so you know, the esolangs deletion vote is coming around again. Would you be very put out if your works were moved to the Esolangs wiki instead? You already have a home there, you know. --IanOsgood 01:54, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops, hadn't noticed that you'd already chimed in... --IanOsgood 02:08, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Comparison between cricket and baseball
Ugh! Did you have to pick Enron Field? —The ’Stick 14:27, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Of course you don't know who I am—I ain’t famous like you! ... I’m not Indian, either; I still should get around to replying to the guy who posted that thing on my talk page, and giggling to him—I had to pick a desi’s brain pretty hard before I finally could add that Kapil Dev interwiki. I was going to mention a slight typo on your cricket explaination page, but it looks like it’s been fixed already—do you ever sleep?? Much luv 07:18, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Your comment on the Mary Sue page
You wrote:

What the hell?? This used to be a decent article. Now it's been split into a mess spread over two separate and unnecessary articles that waffle on about a single concept and include enormous lists of questionable "examples". This is a severe downgrading of readability and informativeness. I suggest this whole article split be reverted back to how the article was prior to the split and any suggested changes be worked through from there. The main point is that having two articles for what is a single concept makes it difficult to figure out what is going on. It's more useful to discuss differences in definitions of what is a Mary Sue within one article.

And I agreed. I redirected Mary Sue (popular culture) to Mary Sue. It made sense, since almost all of the information was redundant, it really had almost nothing to do with "popular culture" any more than the preexisting Mary Sue article did, and even the information that was no longer redundant was almost entirely wrong; plus, it kept all the worst facets of the older versions of Mary Sue, including the POVish list of "Mary Sues". The original Mary Sue page ended up being expanded to be able to explain both fan fiction and original fiction variations on the concept anyway. There was no real benefit to keeping it up as a seperate page, especially since the concept is easily (and apparently much better) covered in one. Just thought I'd let you know. :) Runa27 23:22, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

category:History of cricket
Hi. I intend to put a report of my recent and imminent activity in the Wiki Project pages after I've completed a full review of the cricket categories which are frankly a mess. There are at least a couple, especially history of cricket and Test cricket, that are fine messes. I admit responsibility for much of what has gone into history (I think I created it) and so I'm sorting it out by reassigning its specific articles to more relevant or appropriate categories.

The history of cricket category started with the good intention of housing a hierarchy of historical categories and the generic history articles (i.e., not the specific articles). That was when categories were still few and unrelated but the project has outgrown the history category now. A convention has developed whereby specific historical items are mainly held in the cricket by country cats, so I am following that convention.

If we allow a holding category like history of cricket to receive anything and everything that is remotely historical, it is going to end up with a thousand articles in it. Some of the stuff that was in there had simply been dumped and didn't even have a given second category.

Bombay Quadrangular was an Indian event and, in keeping with the established practice of using the cricket by country categories, it should be in Cricket in India (as it is) and I would say it should also be in International Cricket Competitions (so I have just added it to that).

As I say, a report will follow soon. We have far too many high level categories and there are far too many useless lists. I am introducing a structured, top-down approach to categorisation which will make things easy for new and occasional readers. The worst problem is "stray" articles.

Incidentally, my motivation is largely due to people I know who are trying to use WP cricket and who have told me that it is a mess and that it needs a structure. And they are right. All the best. --Jack 04:49, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for setting me straight on ICC ODI Championship. I can't say that I find "notional" a particularly common word, but obviously it's being used correctly. Woodshed 06:54, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
For your edits on the tassie arts - also my Imac has a problem with Capital q's - appreciate the help on that one. The issue with the pedder art is that the previous edits made it seem as though the damming and re-naming was all allowable and the hydro were in their rights to do what they like :)  For a good encyc art it still needs quite a lot more in it, but you have helped it on its way. Thanks! SatuSuro 11:40, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate any feedback on my attempt to flesh it out a bit, it seems pathetically brief for something which has taken peoples lives away literally and metaphorically SatuSuro 12:49, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello
Hello, I noticed that you have over 2500 edits, but you weren't on this list, so I added you. Just letting you know.--Anaraug 09:43, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Bodyline
Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Cricket. FYI. Tintin (talk) 15:20, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I noticed you've re-added the unreferenced section tag to the Bodyline article. I'm not quite sure what you want - there are multiple references listed at the bottom of the article. Everything written in that section (and every single other fact that currently has a citation needed tag stuck on it) comes from the book Bodyline Autopsy, which is listed in the references section for the article. Is it really necessary to add explicit citation tags for the exact same book to every statement in the article? It seems redundant and silly to state multiple paragraphs of facts and have a citation tag for the exact same reference stuck on to every single paragraph or sentence. If you have a good way to satisfy your desire for citations without making the article look stupid, please edit the article to add it, as I don't know what will satisfy you. -dmmaus 21:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Since I don't have the book, I can't add the references, as I don't have the page numbers. One cite per paragraph should suffice, but opinions attributed to various persons should definitely be cited. Sandy (Talk) 21:55, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Sandy (Talk) 22:06, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Symmetry and the Sydney Opera House
Hey, I just stumbled across an rather old comment of yours on the Symmetry talk page and I couldn't help but comment. Take a second look at the building the next time you get a chance, preferably from an aerial or top down viewpoint. You'll find that while the building is by no means perfectly symmetric, it does use symmetry in its design. Quite strikingly in fact. 24.50.118.245 04:43, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

here be dragons
This is about http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_be_dragons&diff=114982266&oldid=111647776 i'm asking you to restore it back into article, if you want i can provide you with scans of the here be dragons used on maps in star trek tng. Jernejl 14:00, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Infinity on 30 Credits a Day
The article Infinity on 30 Credits a Day exists (although perhaps not for long) --Stlemur 11:38, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
Hi. I believe there is an inaccuracy in the section of the David Morgan-Mar article about Infinity on 30 Credits A Day. I believe it incorrectly states the process of making the comic.Userboxes Only! 11:57, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Please feel free to fix it then. I'm not going to edit a page about me, as I'm hardly a neutral source. -dmmaus 12:19, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiTrivia

 * See the bottom of incubator.wikimedia.org for the new WikiTrivia entry.
 * See WikiTrivia for the proposal (copied, pasted, and credited to Dmmaus).
 * See here for the WikiTrivia incubator test page.
 * See meta:WikiTrivia Archive 1 for an interesting failed proposal for this project -- from October 2003.

And finally, the official proposal actually needs to be posted at Proposals for new projects. It needs to be done by someone who's willing to take responsibility for the new project (not me, hoping you), so feel free to do that. Equazcion (Talk • Contribs) 01:54, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks. Unfortunately I haven't the time or energy to devote to spearheading a formal project proposal. I'm hoping someone picks it up. -dmmaus 11:00, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Image:CricketBattingAverageHistogram.gif
Any chance you can update the Test bit (only) for Donald Bradman? Thanks! --Dweller (talk) 12:48, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Intriguing! What was the database? --Dweller (talk) 05:57, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Heisenberg uncertainty principle
You've added the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as an example of a "no-go theorem". Since this is a well-researched and thoroughly proven physical phenomenon, I have to wonder why. 93.173.147.108 (talk) 12:38, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Because it fits the definition of a no-go theorem as one that proves that something is impossible. The theorem is well-researched and proven, and what it proves is that it's impossible to measure position and momentum to arbitrary accuracy. That's what a no-go theorem is. -dmmaus (talk) 00:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

E-mail
I did not realize you were a user on wikipedia until recently, you may disregard my email on writing certain articles as I have found you saying on here that you do not want to endorse certain Articles, Thank you for your time. Uneak5 (talk) 17:18, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Maban
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Your article has been nominated for deletion
Hi, I don't know if you have noticed, but your article has been nominated for deletion today. The AfD can be found here. Jarkeld (talk) 17:27, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the heads-up. I don't intend to campaign either for or against deletion, as I don't think it's my place to do so. But it's nice to know what's happening. -dmmaus (talk) 22:50, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

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GURPS
You might be interested in this thread given your past activity in the subject area. BOZ (talk) 05:25, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

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DYK for Bop City
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Histogram on Batting Average
From what I can see, you created the first version of File:CricketBattingAverageHistogram.png (and later amended by ). Given it is now 14 years out of date, can you remember how it was created (I am willing to try recreating, so not asking you to do it yourself!)? In particular there are a couple more players averaging above 60, and Michael Bevan has been overtaken in the ODI list. Spike 'em (talk) 09:31, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have no idea. would probably be where you'd start I'm afraid.  Moondyne (talk) 14:06, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your replies, statsguru it is then! Spike 'em (talk) 14:26, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

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Manchester city centre

Manchester City Centre is the central business district of Manchester, England, within the confines of Great Ancoats Street, A6042 Trinity Way, and A57(M) Mancunian Way, which collectively form an inner ring road. The City Centre ward had a population of 17,861 at the 2011 census.

Manchester city centre evolved from the civilian vicus of the Roman fort of Mamucium, on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. This became the township of Manchester during the Middle Ages, and was the site of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. Manchester was granted city status in 1853, after the Industrial Revolution, from which the city centre emerged as the global centre of the cotton trade which encouraged its "splendidly imposing commercial architecture" during the Victorian era, such as the Royal Exchange, the Corn Exchange, the Free Trade Hall, and the Great Northern Warehouse. After the decline of the cotton trade and the Manchester Blitz, the city centre suffered economic decline during the mid-20th century, but the CIS Tower ranked as the tallest building in the UK when completed in 1962.

The city centre acts as the transport interchange for Greater Manchester and over 7 million people live within an hour's drive of it. The 1996 Manchester bombing provided the impetus for the redevelopment of the city centre and an upturn in retail, leisure, offices and urban living. The economy of the city centre is built primarily on retail and services, accounting for nearly 40% of Grade-A city centre office space outside London.

History
Manchester evolved from the civilian vicus associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established c. AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell, in a position defensible from the Brigantes. Once the Romans had abandoned Britain, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Irk. During the Dark Ages which followed – and persisted until the Norman Conquest – the settlement was in the territory of several different petty kingdoms. In the Middle Ages, what is now the city centre was the township of Manchester.

Manchester Castle – a medieval fortification, probably taking the form of a ringwork – was located on a bluff where the rivers Irk and Irwell meet. The castle was first mentioned in 1184 and recorded in 1215 as belonging to the barons of Manchester, the Grelley family. It has been described as "of no political or military importance". The Grelleys replaced the castle with a fortified manor house, which in turn was replaced by a college of priests (founded in 1421). In 1547 the college was dissolved and the property acquired by the Earl of Derby and early in the reign of King Charles II it was sold to the governors who had been appointed in the will of Humphrey Chetham. By royal charter in 1665 Chetham's Hospital was established and this became Chetham's School of Music.

Governance
Manchester city centre is part of the Manchester Central constituency, represented by Labour Co-op MP Lucy Powell.

The City Centre ward was divided in 2018 between two new wards, Deansgate and Piccadilly.

Geography
The city centre has variously been defined as those parts of the city within the Manchester Inner Ring Road, or else the entire area within Manchester's Inner Ring Road, thereby encompassing a part of the administratively separate City of Salford, and an area of Oxford Road to the south. Political and economic ties between the city centre and neighbouring Salford and Trafford have strengthened with the shift from town and district centres to metropolitan-level centres in England. Manchester city centre is the commercial heart of Greater Manchester and with adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford is defined as its Regional Centre for urban planning and public transport purposes.

There is little order due to the manner in which the city rapidly developed during the Industrial Revolution nor much agreement on the differing areas in Manchester city centre. However many areas and streets in the city centre have a distinctive character with identifiable clusters of industrial warehouses, civic buildings and modern developments. Many of these distinctive areas are covered in 14 city centre conservation areas which are defined by Manchester City Council.

"These are essential ingredients to the City's sense of place, providing aesthetic quality and strong references to the City's past, which will always be a central part of Manchester's character. Development which fails to respond to the opportunities that this context affords should not be supported. Recent development, including Urbis and the Courts of Justice, has demonstrated how modern architecture of the highest standard can succeed alongside the established built fabric of the City Centre."

Castlefield
Castlefield is an area in the extreme southwest between Deansgate and the River Irwell with the sites of the Roman fort and Liverpool Road Railway Station. It retains much of its industrial character and is the only Urban Heritage Park in the United Kingdom, and is marked by its mercantile 19th warehouses and adjoining wharfs which were used to transport goods from Manchester during the Manchester's industrial era. Today, Castlefield is quiet and noted for its waterside bars and pubs. Notable structures include Manchester Liverpool Road station which was the first inter-city railway station on the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830. Today the station frontage remains and is Grade I listed, as is the adjoining 1830s warehouse. The structure now forms part of the Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI). For many years Castlefield was on a tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Status for its industrial past – particularly in regards to the development of the canal as a mode of transportation and the railway.

Northern Quarter
The Northern Quarter is in the north east and is known as a hub for alternate and bohemian culture in Manchester. Previously the area was the retail heart of the city centre but with the opening of the Manchester Arndale in the 1970s patronage gradually dwindled and vacant buildings were commonplace. In the late 1980s the area was renamed as the Northern Quarter in the hope that the area would be reincarnated from the ground up. Following the boom of the late 90s and early 2000s the area has become a popular destination for shops, bars, restaurants and nightclub – many of which have an independent ethos.

Central Retail District
The opening of the Manchester Arndale in 1975 shifted the retail focus towards the area bounded by Market Street, Corporation Street, Withy Grove and High Street. Despite the Arndale's unpopularity with many critics, it has been described as an outstandingly successful shopping centre by visitor numbers and spending. Today the Arndale attracts 41 million visitors a year and is the largest city centre shopping centre in the United Kingdom.

The area has been extensively redeveloped after the IRA bomb of 1996 and contains Manchester Cathedral, Shambles Square, Exchange Square and Cathedral Gardens, as well as shopping streets Market Street and King Street. Since the bomb, Selfridges, Marks & Spencer and NEXT have opened dedicated large stores in the area. Not all shops are strictly in the retail area with many in Deansgate and King Street – a short walk from the area.

Spinningfields
Spinningfields is an area in the west adjoining the middle part of Deansgate and the main business district of the city centre. The proposal to create a designated central business district originated in 1997 when Allied London purchased a number of buildings around the John Rylands Library. Allied London executive Mike Ingall was convinced of the site's regeneration potential and Manchester City Council was keen to redevelop the city centre after the 1996 Manchester bombing. The development, named from a narrow street which ran westwards from Deansgate, is bounded by Bridge Street to the north, Quay Street to the south, Deansgate to the east, and the River Irwell to the west.

The area is noted for glazed, modern buildings – many of which are offices. In 2010, Spinningfields accounted for 35% of the city centre prime office space with 44 commercial organisation employing nearly 20,000 people. Notable buildings in the area include 1 The Avenue, 3 Hardman Street and the Civil Justice Centre – short-listed for the Stirling Prize and noted as a landmark building for its distinctive cantilevers. Future buildings include the Cotton Building and construction commenced in summer 2014 and will be completed by 2016. Construction on a new 90 metre office tower, 1 Spinningfields could also commence in 2015 after securing a pre-let in late 2014.

Aside from offices, Spinningfields was home to a number of high end retail units such as Armani and Mulberry. However, with the main retail district being on the opposite side of the city centre, these units struggled. In recent years the district has cultivated a far more successful image in the food and drink offering with a number of popular restaurants and bars in the area. Footfall, particularly in the evening after work hours, has increased, and revenue from retail and leisure in Spinningfields has risen from £10 million in 2008 to £50 million in 2014.

Piccadilly
Piccadilly is the transport interchange of the city centre with rail, tram and bus services all within a five-minute walk. The area is typically busy with pedestrians commuting to and from the city centre. The area is dominated by Piccadilly Gardens. It is the largest public square in the centre which was redeveloped in the early 2000s but not to a universally positive reception. For over 150 years Manchester Royal Infirmary was located on the site but closed in 1914. A few years after closure the hospital was demolished and public space was created with a landscaped garden set into the ground – hence the name. The area has a dedicated tram station and bus station which has over 20 stands. Most of the stands are located on the south-west side of the square with the rest on the north side.

Peter's Fields (Civic Quarter)
Peter's Fields (Civic Quarter)

Peter's Fields, now known as St Peter's Square sits at the top of Oxford Road and Peter Street and extends east towards Princess Street. It is noted for its purpose as a civic area and includes important buildings and monuments such as Central Library, Midland Hotel, YMCA Building, Manchester Town Hall and Town Hall Extension – all of which are listed. It is described by Manchester City Council as "perhaps the greatest collective accolade to Manchester's original modern heritage". The Square is famous for the Peterloo Massacre in 1819 when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation on what was previously fields – hence the name Peter's Fields. A monument to commemorate the nationally importantly event in the struggle for suffrage is expected to be commissioned for 2019 to mark the 200th anniversary of the massacre. In recent years, the square has been redeveloped with new high-rise office buildings, One St Peter's Square and Two St Peter's Square with further buildings approved for the derelict Odeon site and London Scottish House adjacent to the Midland Hotel. As part of the redevelopment, the Cenotaph was relocated outside Manchester Town Hall in 2014 and St Peter's Square tram stop was redeveloped with an additional platform and new configuration in 2016.

Chinatown
Chinatown is an area to the south of Piccadilly Gardens with many oriental restaurants and other facilities of a far eastern character. It is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the third largest in Europe. The first settlers to arrive in the city came in the early 20th century; according to the BBC, "Many arrived alone and were engaged in what was seen as the traditional trade of laundries." Manchester's first Chinese restaurant, Ping Hong, opened on Mosley Street in 1948, on the eve of a Chinese immigration wave that would commence during the 1950s. Manchester did not have a significant Chinese population, reaching only about 2,000. However, after World War II, there were severe labour shortages, and in response, the government passed the British Nationality Act 1948, which allowed easier access into the country. Additionally, Hong Kong's rapid urbanisation meant that many farmers and traditional residents' homes were being destroyed by the urban sprawl, so many decided to migrate. The area's beginnings are rooted in the restaurant business, as many Chinese restaurants surfaced soon after the immigration boom. By the 1970s other Chinese businesses began to emerge, such as medicine shops, Chinese supermarkets, as well as financial and legal services, all serving the employees of the expanding number of Chinese restaurants in the area. The area has retained a far eastern character ever since and in 1987 a paifang archway was installed to as a gift to the Chinese community and to reflect the far eastern heritage of the area.

Canal Street
Canal Street, known as the Gay Village, is a part of the centre east of Portland Street and west of Whitworth Street through which runs the Rochdale Canal; it contains many bars, clubs and other facilities – many of which are focused towards the LGBT community. The area has long been associated with the gay community with links going back to the early 20th century when homosexuality was still illegal. During the industrial years the area was a red light district.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the political ward of "Central", which covers an area of 2.14 sqmi, had a population of 11,689 with a population density of 5460 PD/sqmi. While this was lower than the population density for the whole city (8798 PD/sqmi), the proportion of land dedicated to domestic buildings was lower in the ward than in the whole city (6.7% compared to 8.0%). There was a female-to-male ratio of 100 to 113, much higher than the 100 to 95 ratio for all England. Of those over 16 years old, 65.7% were single (never married), 13.7% married, and 8.7% divorced; this was significantly different from the national figures of 30.2% single, 43.5% married, and 8.2% divorced. The ward's 6,188 households included 61.1% one-person, 8.6% married couples living together, 9.0% were co-habiting couples, and 12.4% single parents with their children; compared to national figures, there was a high proportion of single person households, and a low proportion of married couples living together. Of those aged 16–74, 30.5% had no academic qualifications, lower than the figure for the City of Manchester (34.0%) but slightly above that of the whole of England (28.9%). The ward had a significantly higher percentage of adults with a diploma or degree than the city or England as a whole. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 26.3% had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, qualified nurse, midwife, or health visitor, compared to 21.4% in Manchester and 19.9% nationwide.

Economy
Deansgate and Market Street are the centre's principal retail streets and King Street (with high-class shops) and St Ann's Square are known for their specialist fashion and other shops. There is also a large indoor shopping mall called the Manchester Arndale Centre. Manchester city centre has several large department stores including Marks and Spencer on Market Street, House of Fraser on Deansgate, Harvey Nichols on New Cathedral Street and Selfridges in Exchange Square. There are many leisure facilities in the city centre including the Printworks, a large facility containing a cinema (including an IMAX screen), numerous bars, clubs and restaurants and also Manchester's first Hard Rock Cafe. The Northern Quarter, centred on Oldham Street, is known for its Bohemian atmosphere and independent shops and cafes. The landscaping of the city centre has provided several public spaces including Piccadilly Gardens, which incorporates fountains, green spaces, a concrete pavilion designed by Tadao Ando, and a Metrolink station. Exchange Square is located near Urbis, formerly an exhibition centre focusing on city life but closed and re-opened in mid-2011 as the National Football Museum. Both Piccadilly and Exchange Square are used for screening public events. Two of the city centre's oldest buildings, The Old Wellington Inn and Sinclair's Oyster Bar, were dismantled, moved 300 yards and re-erected in 1999 to create the new Shambles Square adjacent to Manchester Cathedral.

There are a great variety of restaurants in the city centre. There are also a good stock of hotels in the city centre which include the Midland, the Hilton within the Beetham Tower, and Kimpton Clocktower.

Leisure
Manchester city centre has many nightclubs, many of which follow in the footsteps of the Haçienda nightclub which has now closed; the site has been redeveloped as a housing complex. There is a gay village around the Canal Street area in the east of the city centre, which plays host to an annual Gay Pride Festival, and a large Chinatown with numerous far eastern style restaurants. The area to the west which is bisected by Deansgate and crossed by Peter Street is also well-provided with bars and some clubs (e.g. The Moon under Water and Ampersand). Rafters was a nightclub located in St James's Buildings. A number of bands played concerts at Rafters in the 1970s and 1980s. Rafters closed in 1983. In its final years the DJ was Mike Shaft who appeared on Piccadilly Radio with Takin' Care of Business. After that the club was renamed as Jilly's which existed to 1993, after which the club was called MusicBox. The city centre also has many bars, mostly located in the Northern Quarter, regarded by some as the central district's creative hub. The quarter is well-provided with bars of various sizes; these include TV 21, Bar Fringe, the cocktail bar Apotheca and Trof. Live music venues may also be found here, including the Night & Day Cafe, MOHO Live and jazz bar Matt & Phred's.

There are two major theatres in the city centre, the Palace Theatre (opened 1891) and the Manchester Opera House (opened 1912). In 2008, plans emerged to redevelop the Palace Theatre as a northern base for the Royal Opera and Royal Ballet however these plans were shelved and both theatres were purchased by the Ambassador Theatre Group for £90m. In recent years the Group have launched the 'Manchester Gets It First' campaign and a number of high-profile musicals have premiered in Manchester such as Ghost in 2011. The Royal Exchange, a nationally known theatre company which specialising in new productions of the classics and is known for its 'the round' layout. The Cornerhouse, at the top of Oxford Road and opposite the Palace, is a venue for the visual arts and contains several cinemas which show mainly art house films. A new Cornerhouse and Library Theatre building will open at First Street in 2015 providing a larger home for both companies.

Manchester Art Gallery, opened in 1824, welcomes over half a million visitors every year and is one of the largest galleries outside London. The Manchester Museum of Science and Industry in Castlefield explores the industrial heritage of the United Kingdom with emphasis on Manchester. The People's History Museum explores the social history of Manchester and the United Kingdom. Many galleries and museum exist outside the city centre in Manchester and Greater Manchester such as the Whitworth Art Gallery, Imperial War Museum North and The Lowry.

Galleries and museums in Manchester city centre

Rail
Manchester City Centre has four railway stations in the Manchester station group: Piccadilly, Victoria, Oxford Road and Deansgate.
 * Manchester Piccadilly station is the largest station in the City with 14 platforms plus 2 Metrolink tram platforms, located on the southeast side of the city centre not far from Piccadilly Gardens, the Gay Village, and the Northern Quarter. The main access is from Piccadilly, which continues towards Ardwick as London Road.
 * Manchester Victoria station is the main terminus for services from the north and west of Greater Manchester and includes both rail and Metrolink platforms. Victoria is located in the northwest of the city centre near the northern end of Deansgate, Corporation Street and Exchange Square and is connected to the Manchester Arena. It underwent a £44m renovation, completed in August 2015.
 * Manchester Oxford Road station serves the southern corridor of the city centre, where both the University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University are located, as well as the Central Manchester Hospitals, Palace Theatre, and Cornerhouse.
 * Deansgate station is located in the southwest, between Deansgate locks and nearby Castlefield at the southern end of Deansgate (which is over a mile long). It is also a short walk away from Beetham Tower, as well as the Great Northern complex, housing an AMC Cinema, bars and leisure attractions. It is connected via a link bridge to Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop.

Metrolink
Metrolink is the light rail tram service that operates in Central Manchester. The services are usually 6 mins in the peak and 12 mins off-peak to most destinations, all of which are within Greater Manchester. As of 2021 there are eight lines operating, connecting the city centre with termini at Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, East Didsbury, Eccles, Manchester Airport, MediaCityUK, Rochdale and the Trafford Centre. A new line through the city centre was recently constructed.

Metrolink stops in the city centre currently are:
 * Deansgate-Castlefield – services to Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Eccles, East Didsbury, MediaCityUK and Rochdale, and a service to Manchester Airport
 * Exchange Square – located in Exchange Square
 * Market Street – located in one of the main shopping streets and close the Arndale Centre, serving passengers on the Altrincham, Bury, East Didsbury and Rochdale lines.
 * Piccadilly – located beneath the main concourse, with services to Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, Eccles and MediaCityUK as well as city centre stations/stops.
 * Piccadilly Gardens – located in the busiest bus/tram interchange in the city centre with services to Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, Eccles and MediaCityUK as well as other city stations including Victoria and Piccadilly.
 * Shudehill – an interchange station similar to Piccadilly Gardens located near the Northern Quarter, The Printworks and Shudehill bus station. Services to Altrincham, Bury, East Didsbury and Rochdale operate from this interchange.
 * St Peter's Square – it serves the Altrincham, Bury, Eccles, East Didsbury, Manchester Airport, MediaCityUK and Rochdale lines. It is located close to the central library, town hall and Oxford Street.
 * Victoria – services to Altrincham, Bury, East Didsbury and Rochdale currently operate from this station, however once expansion of the network is complete it will see a new service to Manchester Airport.

Two stations used to serve the city centre but have been closed:
 * High Street – closed in 1998, unidirectional platform closed after extension of Market Street stop.
 * Mosley Street – closed in 2013, unidirectional.

Second City Crossing (2CC)
To facilitate the Metrolink expansion and increased tram frequency an alternative route through the city centre was required. The 2CC runs from Victoria station to St Peter's Square via Exchange Square, Corporation Street, Cross Street and Princess Street. Utility works on re-routing gas and water supplies began in January 2014 and lasted for over a year. The works impacted heavily on parts of the city centre with streets and pavements closed off and awkward diversions introduced.

Bus/Coach
There are also 2 major bus interchanges located in the city centre; Manchester Piccadilly bus station and Shudehill Interchange which all serve local bus services to areas in the 10 Greater Manchester boroughs, as well as some from the surrounding counties of Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
 * Piccadilly Gardens bus station provides services mainly to the south and east of Greater Manchester and parts of Cheshire. Most services are operated by Stagecoach Manchester.
 * Shudehill Interchange provides services mainly to the north and west of Greater Manchester and parts of Lancashire. Most services are operated by either Go North West or Diamond Bus.

Chorlton Street coach station provides long-distance coach services operated by National Express to cities across Great Britain. Shudehill was opened so the bus system was directional.

title: Manchester city centre


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Tiger (hash function)

In cryptography, Tiger is a cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms. The size of a Tiger hash value is 192 bits. Truncated versions (known as Tiger/128 and Tiger/160) can be used for compatibility with protocols assuming a particular hash size. Unlike the SHA-2 family, no distinguishing initialization values are defined; they are simply prefixes of the full Tiger/192 hash value.

Tiger2 is a variant where the message is padded by first appending a byte with the hexadecimal value of 0x80 as in MD4, MD5 and SHA, rather than with the hexadecimal value of 0x01 as in the case of Tiger. The two variants are otherwise identical.

Algorithm
Tiger is based on Merkle–Damgård construction. The one-way compression function operates on 64-bit words, maintaining 3 words of state and processing 8 words of data. There are 24 rounds, using a combination of operation mixing with XOR and addition/subtraction, rotates, and S-box lookups, and a fairly intricate key scheduling algorithm for deriving 24 round keys from the 8 input words.

Although fast in software, Tiger's large S-boxes (four S-boxes, each with 256 64-bit entries totaling 8 KiB) make implementations in hardware or microcontrollers difficult.

Usage
Tiger is frequently used in Merkle hash tree form, where it is referred to as TTH (Tiger Tree Hash). TTH is used by many clients on the Direct Connect and Gnutella file sharing networks, and can optionally be included in the BitTorrent metafile for better content availability.

Tiger was considered for inclusion in the OpenPGP standard, but was abandoned in favor of RIPEMD-160.

OID
refers to TIGER as having no OID, whereas the GNU Coding Standards list TIGER as having OID. In the IPSEC subtree, HMAC-TIGER is assigned OID. No OID for TTH has been announced yet.

Byte order
The specification of Tiger does not define the way its output should be printed but only defines the result to be three ordered 64-bit integers. The "testtiger" program at the author's homepage was intended to allow easy testing of the test source code, rather than to define any particular print order. The protocols Direct Connect and ADC as well as the program  use little-endian byte order, which is also preferred by one of the authors.

Examples
In the example below, the 192-bit (24-byte) Tiger hashes are represented as 48 hexadecimal digits in little-endian byte order. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding Tiger hashes:

Tiger("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 6d12a41e72e644f017b6f0e2f7b44c6285f06dd5d2c5b075 Tiger2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 976abff8062a2e9dcea3a1ace966ed9c19cb85558b4976d8

Even a small change in the message will (with very high probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to c:

Tiger("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog") = a8f04b0f7201a0d728101c9d26525b31764a3493fcd8458f Tiger2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog") = 09c11330283a27efb51930aa7dc1ec624ff738a8d9bdd3df

The hash of the zero-length string is:

Tiger("") = 3293ac630c13f0245f92bbb1766e16167a4e58492dde73f3 Tiger2("") = 4441be75f6018773c206c22745374b924aa8313fef919f41

Cryptanalysis
Unlike MD5 or SHA-0/1, there are no known effective attacks on the full 24-round Tiger except for pseudo-near collision. While MD5 processes its state with 64 simple 32-bit operations per 512-bit block and SHA-1 with 80, Tiger updates its state with a total of 144 such operations per 512-bit block, additionally strengthened by large S-box look-ups.

John Kelsey and Stefan Lucks have found a collision-finding attack on 16-round Tiger with a time complexity equivalent to about 244 compression function invocations and another attack that finds pseudo-near collisions in 20-round Tiger with work less than that of 248 compression function invocations. Florian Mendel et al. have improved upon these attacks by describing a collision attack spanning 19 rounds of Tiger, and a 22-round pseudo-near-collision attack. These attacks require a work effort equivalent to about 262 and 244 evaluations of the Tiger compression function, respectively.

title: Tiger (hash function)


text: User:Vancouverguy

title: User:Vancouverguy