text:
Talk:Gastroenterology

Expansion needed
Needs major expanding. Most appendicitis cases are managed by the surgeons anyway. Jfdwolff 12:40, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Navigation box
I've started Mediawiki:Gastroenterology, a box to go under all clinical gastroenterology articles. This is still incomplete (an example is below), so please expand this as widely as reasonable. JFW | T@lk  23:11, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

History
has kindly added some nice, if with some mistakes, historical notes. I had never heard of Schindler. Working on his biography now. Another useful list can be found here. For example, ERCP belongs on the list. JFW | T@lk  16:36, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * uses quantitative historometry to show that the Nazis managed to destroy the very fertile field of gastroenterology in their country, and a shift of emphasis to the USA. JFW | T@lk  19:52, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Flatus
Needs a new more anatomically correct term that reflects the gases being passed through the rectum and anus. Flatus is a Latin derivation that is 350 years old. I propose it be replaced with a word with Greek roots. Why Greek language? It's only the oldest surviving language that is 3500 years-old. Would Proctoaerio male with gas, Proctoaeria, female with gas and Proctoaerius gender Neutral, not be better? Drbeana wartfry (talk) 01:00, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 2022-23 WikiMed Directed Studies
— Assignment last updated by Ewingdo 05:11, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Lead
Guiding questions:

 * The lead section has been updated with additional information and few more references. You did a good job of having general information about gastroenterology. There is a picture of the GI tract but it is without the esophagus and mouth. May be you can update with a new picture for a more comprehensive information. Additionally, an addition of the organizations which do credentials for GI physicians in U.S or leading GI research facilities may be good ones. Overall, the current lead is concise and provide description of the body info.

Content
Guiding questions:

 * I see that you added some new contents with new references. All of the new references are fairly new as most of them are in 2022. I like how you rewrote the lead section to make it more concise with additional information. In addition, you added a new section of "As a medical profession" with new sub-sections to explain training types of a GI physician. For the "education and training", you include the organizations which credential GI trainings in America. One way to improve this section is explaining how each organization plays its part in the GI field. For examples, how is the ACG different from the AGA and ASGE? Is one more important than the others? If a physician seeks GI training in America, what criteria are required for the fellowship? Are they allowed to practice in multiple states or they needs different licensure for each state? Additional references are needed to answer these questions. For the "scope of practice", you did a good job of listing the procedures that is done by a GI physician. I would suggest a brief explanation of each procedures with references instead of just listing. The "subspecialties" gives more insight into even more specialized track in the GI field. However, you should include more references into this section. For example, when you talk about hepatology as a specialist for liver diseases, there were no references. A more detailed explanation of each sub-specialty is a good addition. For example, you can include the scope of practice of transplant hepatologist and what procedures they do most and with references. I see that you had a good explanation of advanced endoscopy but there were no references for this
 * Further down of the article, I can see multiple opportunities for improvement. For the "Journal", there is currently a list of GI journals. You can expand on this by including the topics covered in each journal and some of the recent popular topics. For the "Gastroenterologist", you can expand on the important works of the ones included in this article. There are numerous gastroenterologists out there, and explanations of their important works can justify why they are used as noticeable GI physicians. It is the same for "research resources". A description of what topics covered in these journals/GI websites and current popular research topics are needed with references. For the "Disease Classification", the ICD needs to be updated with new one and expansion of this section is required. The current information is very scattered with random information. You can rewrite this section to make it more concise and comprehensive.

Tone and Balance
Guiding questions:

 * The contents so far seem neutral to me as it provides an unbiased explanations about the GI field. However, additional information and contents are needed to further explain the new sections which you created, such as the "subspecialties". may be you can focus on one section at a time for expansion. In addition, the current article has no biased, overrepresented, or underrepresented points. It is still in the novel state where additional information is needed to construct a point. Additionally, new references are needed to increase the credibility of the article.

Sources and References
Guiding questions:

 * The sources and references so far are new (2022) and reliable. The hyperlinks of references are also worked. I would suggest you include more references for each new information. For example, there is no reference for hepatology in the "subspecialties". The references will make your information more valid.

Organization
Guiding questions:

 * The new contents are well-written, concise, and easy to read. I would suggest expand each section with new information or improve current information. There are many rooms for content improvement in this article, especially in the "journals", "gastroenterologist", "research resources", and "disease classification" sections. You should include a brief explanation of each topic with references instead of listing. This will increase the article's clarity and complete.

Images and Media

 * There is currently no new images or medias in this article. I would suggest a better image of the GI tract from the mouth to rectum. A few pictures of common GI diseases such as GERD or hepatitis would be nice additions. In the "gastroenterologist", pictures of the mentioned physicians would make a great addition to the contents

Overall impressions

 * Overall, I think you are going in the right direction of improve the Gastroenterology article. You made some nice addition which improve clarity of the GI field and training. I like the "As a medical profession" section as it shows how to become a GI physician in America. There are many rooms for improvement in this page. You should consider addition more informations and references into each section. May be you can work one section at a time. For example, adding descriptions of the GI organizations and their works/duties in the field with references would help clarify their importance. You can also add a brief explanation of each subspecialties and their scope of practices with references in the "subspecialties" section. An expansion in the "gastroenterologists" including who and why they are important would be a nice addition. It is the same for the "journals" section. Instead of listing, you can include what topics each journal focus on and some current hot topics. These are a few suggestions on how to improve the article. Happy editing!!

Minhle90 (talk) 20:55, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gastroenterology


text:
Les Ferdinand

Leslie Ferdinand MBE (born 8 December 1966) is an English football coach, former professional footballer and television pundit.

A striker, his playing career included notable spells in the Premier League with Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City and Bolton Wanderers. He also played in Turkey with Beşiktaş and in the Football League with Brentford, Reading and Watford. Prior to becoming a professional player, Ferdinand had played non-league football with both Southall and Hayes. He was capped and 17 caps for England and was part of the Euro 96 and World Cup 98 squads. He is the eleventh-highest scorer in the history of the Premier League, with 149 goals and he contributed a further 49 assists in the division.

Since his retirement, Ferdinand has worked as a television pundit, but re-joined Tottenham Hotspur as strikers coach in 2008, remaining with Spurs until 2014. He then returned to QPR, first as head of football operations and subsequently as director of football. In 2015, he was named as caretaker manager for a short period.

Early and personal life
Ferdinand was born in Acton, Greater London. He is the second cousin of football-playing brothers Rio and Anton Ferdinand and a cousin of Maidenhead United player Kane Ferdinand.

His autobiography, Sir Les, was published in 1997.

He was made an MBE in the 2005 Birthday Honours.

In an interview with the Evening Standard in February 2020, Ferdinand stated that fans racially abused him during his stints as a player and director of football.

Early career
Ferdinand started his career in non-league football, first at Viking Sports before moving to Southall. He made his league debut for Southall in August 1984 against Chertsey Town, and was part of the team which reached the FA Vase final in 1986, losing 3–0 to Halesowen Town. Following this, Ferdinand moved to Hayes, where he scored 20 goals in 42 appearances in all competitions (including friendlies). He was spotted by Queens Park Rangers and moved there for £50,000.

Queens Park Rangers
Ferdinand made his QPR debut on 20 April 1987, aged 20, as a substitute in the 4–1 league defeat by Coventry City at Highfield Road – the first of two league appearances that season. He played a further league game in 1987–88, and was loaned for three games to Third Division Brentford. In 1988, he was loaned to Turkish side Beşiktaş for a season, and performed well with 14 goals in 24 league games and he also got his first taste of silverware, helping the club to a 3–1 aggregate victory over Fenerbahçe S.K. in the Turkish Cup.

He returned to the QPR side for the 1989–90 season, and appeared in nine First Division matches as well as scoring his first two English league goals. He fared better in 1990–91, playing in 18 league games and scoring eight goals as QPR ended up in a mid-table position. His 10 goals from 23 games in 1991–92 helped ensure QPR's status as founder members of the new FA Premier League for the 1992–93 season, and it was during this campaign that he established himself as a top striker, scoring 20 goals in 37 games as QPR finished fifth — the highest placed of all the London sides. In his autobiography, Sir Les, Ferdinand wrote of his pride at scoring a hat-trick in a 5–3 win against Everton at Goodison Park in April 1993, a place where he had previously received racist abuse:

"The hat-trick at Everton was particularly pleasing because I had always had racial abuse at Everton from their supporters. Doing that to them gave me extra pleasure. There are certain things which stick in your mind during your career as a footballer and the racism at Goodison Park is one of them. Probably the worst thing I have encountered in my professional career has been racist letters coming from supporters – most of which, I have to say, have come from Everton fans. After I scored that hat-trick against them over the Easter period, the letters I got back were disgusting."

Ferdinand's fine form continued into 1993–94, during which his 16 goals from 36 games helped QPR finish ninth. Despite mounting speculation of a move to either Manchester United or Arsenal, he signed a two-year contract with QPR that summer. In 1994–95, he scored 24 times in the Premier League and speculation grew that he would soon be on his way to a bigger club. In nearly a decade at Loftus Road, he played under four different managers – Jim Smith, Trevor Francis, Don Howe and Gerry Francis.

Newcastle United
Ferdinand was sold to Newcastle in 1995 for £6 million, with Hayes receiving £600,000 due to a sell-on clause agreed following his move to QPR. With the money received, Hayes built a function suite and named it "The Ferdinand Suite" in his honour. His arrival at the club came nearly three years after the Magpies had offered QPR £3.3million for him during their Division One promotion season — but the offer had been turned down.

The spell on Tyneside was arguably Ferdinand's most successful club tenure. He scored 29 goals in his first season with Newcastle, and significantly contributed to the side's getting within touching distance of the Premiership title in the 1995–96 season. Newcastle led the league by 12 points at one stage, but were overhauled by Manchester United in the final three months of the season.

In both of his seasons on Tyneside, Ferdinand collected runners-up medals in the Premier League. In the second season, they contested a four-horse race with Manchester United, Arsenal and Liverpool before Manchester United won the title. Midway through the 1996–97 season, however, came a change, as manager Kevin Keegan surprisingly departed Newcastle and was replaced by Kenny Dalglish. Despite the Scot being regretful to lose such a talented striker, it quickly became apparent Ferdinand would be dispensed to free up funds for further signings. In an interview with Sky Sports in 2019, Ferdinand admitted that he regretted leaving Newcastle and had hoped at the time to stay on Tyneside for the rest of his career.

Ferdinand scored 50 goals in only 84 games at Newcastle, forming a successful strike partnership with Alan Shearer. He was very highly thought of by the Newcastle United supporters during his spell with the club and is known affectionately as 'Sir Les' on Tyneside.

Ferdinand received a standing ovation when he returned to St James' Park as a Tottenham player, trying to put Shearer's number 9 shirt on to complete a lap of honour, he broke down in tears and could only manage to put the shirt on inside out and back to front before being helped from the field. Ferdinand returned again, when he also received a standing ovation, coming on as a substitute at Alan Shearer's testimonial and subsequently scored.

He was inducted into the Newcastle United Foundation Hall of Fame on 7 November 2017.

Tottenham Hotspur
In 1997 Ferdinand was bought by Tottenham Hotspur, the club he supported as a boy, for £6 million. Injuries heavily disrupted his first season at the club, but towards the end of the campaign he formed a good partnership with Jürgen Klinsmann, and the pair's goals saved Spurs from relegation from the Premiership. Ferdinand helped Spurs win the League Cup in 1999, defeating Leicester City 1–0 in the final at Wembley, but injuries restricted him to just 12 goals in his first three seasons at the club.

He improved his goal-scoring return over the next two seasons, contributing 10 goals in the 2000–01 season and a further 15 during the 2001–02 campaign. Ferdinand scored the 10,000th goal in Premiership history on 15 December 2001 in a 4–0 win against Fulham. He played in a second League Cup final for the club against Blackburn Rovers in 2002, but was thwarted by three saves by Rovers' goalkeeper Brad Friedel as Spurs lost 2–1.

Later career
After struggling to find a place in Spurs' first team season following Glenn Hoddle's purchase of Robbie Keane from Leeds, he moved to West Ham United on 21 January 2003 for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal for the club against former club Tottenham, but was unable to prevent the club's relegation from the Premier League and opted to remain in the top flight by signing for newly promoted Leicester City on a free transfer. While at Leicester Ferdinand scored 14 Premiership goals, despite being 37 years old. After the Foxes were relegated at the end of that season, he rejected a new contract and joined Bolton Wanderers.

Ferdinand memorably scored for Bolton Wanderers against rivals Manchester United in the last minute, despite playing from a centre back position, which looked to have given the Wanderers the win, but a goal from David Bellion even deeper in injury time gave United a point.

He found opportunities from the start limited, but proved useful for all his experience when coming off the substitutes' bench, and scored against former club Tottenham in the League Cup, with what proved to be a mere consolation goal in a 4–3 thriller which Bolton lost. He left them on 2 January 2005. Four days later, he signed with Reading. His contract at the club lasted until the end of the 2004–05 season. He scored one league goal in his time at Reading, in a 2–1 loss to Coventry.

Ferdinand committed to non-contract terms with Watford during the 2005–06, but did not play a competitive game for the club and left after their promotion to the Premier League via the Football League Championship playoffs. He retired from football a few months short of his 40th birthday.

International career
Ferdinand made his England debut in February 1993 against San Marino, scoring the final goal in a 6–0 victory at Wembley. He was part of the Euro 96 and 1998 FIFA World Cup squads, although he did not feature in any of the tournament matches. He was capped 17 times, scoring five goals.

Coaching career
On 5 November 2008 Ferdinand joined fellow ex-Tottenham player Tim Sherwood on the coaching staff of Tottenham Hotspur, to work with the strikers. Ferdinand left the club on 19 June 2014. In October 2014, Ferdinand became head of football operations at Queens Park Rangers, before being appointed as director of football in February 2015.

On 16 June 2023, it was announced that Ferdinand had stepped down as director of football with the west London club, citing it was the right time to move on after eight years at the helm.

Honours
Beşiktaş
 * Turkish Cup: 1988–89

Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League Cup: 1998–99; runner-up: 2001–02

Individual
 * PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1995–96
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1995–96 Premier League
 * North-East FWA Player of the Year: 1996
 * Scorer of the 10,000th Premier League goal – Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
 * Leicester City Player of the Year: 2003–04
 * Newcastle United Hall of Fame Inductee

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Les Ferdinand


text:
Free City of Cracow

The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory, more commonly known as the Free City of Cracow, and the Republic of Cracow, was a city republic created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which included the Polish city of Cracow and its surrounding areas.

It was jointly controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria), and was a centre of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, the Free City of Cracow was annexed by the Austrian Empire. It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, which was partitioned among the three states after the Congress in 1815.

The Free City of Cracow was an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state; of its population 85% were Catholics, 14% were Jews, while other religions comprised less than 1%. The city of Cracow itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish-speaking Catholics.

History
The Free City was approved and guaranteed by Article VII of the Treaty between Austria, Prussia, and Russia of 3 May 1815. The statelet received an initial constitution at the same time, revised and expanded in 1818, establishing significant autonomy for the city. The Jagiellonian University could accept students from the partitioned territory of Poland. The Free City thus became a centre of Polish political activity on the territories of partitioned Poland.

During the November Uprising of 1830–1831, Kraków was a base for the smuggling of weapons into the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland. After the end of the uprising the autonomy of the Free City was severely restricted. The police were controlled by Austria and the election of the president had to be approved by all three powers. Cracow was subsequently occupied by the Austrian army from 1836 to 1841. After the unsuccessful Kraków uprising of 1846, the Free City was annexed by Austria on 16 November 1846 as the Grand Duchy of Kraków.

Geography, population, and economy
The Free City of Cracow was created from the southwest part of the Duchy of Warsaw (part of the former Kraków Department on the left bank of the Vistula river). At is smallest, the city encompassed an area of 1164 to 1234 km2 (sources vary). It bordered the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire. It comprised the city of Kraków and its environs; the other settlements in the area administered by the Free City included 224 villages and three towns (Chrzanów, Trzebinia and Nowa Góra).

In 1815, its population was 95,000; as of 1843, it had a population of 146,000. 85% of them were Catholics, 14% Jews, while other religions comprised 1%. The most notable szlachta family was the Potocki family of magnates, who had a mansion in Krzeszowice.

The Free City was a duty-free area, allowed to trade with Russia, Prussia and Austria. In addition to no duties, it had very low taxes, and various economic privileges were granted by the neighbouring powers. As such, it became one of the European centres of economic liberalism and supporters of laissez-faire, attracting new enterprises and immigrants, which resulted in impressive growth of the city. Weavers from Prussian Silesia had often used the Free City as a contraband outlet to avoid tariff barriers along the borders of Austria and the Kingdom of Poland, but with Austria's annexation of the Free City came a significant drop in Prussian textile exports.

Politics

The statelet received an initial constitution in 1815 which had mainly been devised by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski. The constitution was revised and expanded in 1818, establishing significant autonomy for the city. Legislative power was vested in the Assembly of Representatives (Izba Reprezentantów), and the executive power was given to a Governing Senate.

In 1833, in the aftermath of the November Uprising and the foiled plan by some Polish activists to start an uprising in Cracow, the partitioning powers issued a new, much more restrictive constitution: the number of senators and deputies was lowered and their competences limited, while the commissars of the partitioning powers had their competences expanded. Freedom of the press was also curtailed. In 1835 a secret treaty between the three partitioning powers presented a plan in which in case of additional Polish unrest, Austria was given the right to occupy and annex the city. That would take place after the Kraków Uprising of 1846.

The law was based on the Napoleonic civil code and French commercial and criminal law. The official language was Polish. In 1836 the local police force was disbanded and replaced by Austrian police; in 1837 the partitioning powers curtailed the competences of the local courts which refused to bow down to their demands.

The Free City of Cracow was the first purely republican government in the history of Poland.

title: Free City of Cracow


text:
Emirp

An emirp (prime spelled backwards) is a prime number that results in a different prime when its decimal digits are reversed. This definition excludes the related palindromic primes. The term reversible prime is used to mean the same as emirp, but may also, ambiguously, include the palindromic primes.

The sequence of emirps begins 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 107, 113, 149, 157, 167, 179, 199, 311, 337, 347, 359, 389, 701, 709, 733, 739, 743, 751, 761, 769, 907, 937, 941, 953, 967, 971, 983, 991, ... .

The difference in all pairs of emirps is always a multiple of 18.

All non-palindromic permutable primes are emirps.

It is an open problem whether there are infinitely many emirps.

title: Emirp


text:
User talk:Firepacket

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * Remember to use the show preview button before you save a page.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 12:44, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Colostrum

The article Colostrum has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Article author appears to be associated with this website, http://www.icnr.org/ which makes all sorts of extreme claims about the health benefits of this supplement product by distorting what refs say. See discussion here for more information.Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Literature geek |  T@1k?  17:36, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Firepacket


text:
User talk:Velophile

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * Remember to use the show preview button before you save a page.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 12:50, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Velophile


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654/Decision

This is archived discussion that led up to the decree given in Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654

Voting
all proposed - Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or vote to abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority yay vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority yay or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for, against, or to abstain should be explained by the arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

Arbitrator findings of fact
proposed wording to be modified by arbitrators and then voted on

1) We find that Plautus satire (PS) has been a highly disruptive influence on the community from nearly the same moment this user joined Wikipedia. This user quickly became involved in numerous edit wars that resulted in those articles being protected. Such activity is counter to the collaborative spirit of Wikipedia and must not be encouraged.

-

2) We find that Plautus satire has sent abusive emails to several Wikipedians, notably Silsor, BCorr and Jimbo Wales, relating to Wikipedia business. We find that these emails are unacceptable personal attacks.

3) We find that Plautus satire has been a highly disruptive user of several other online forums and has been banned from some of them. While this in itself is not admissible toward forming any decision of Plautus satire's guilt on Wikipedia, it does, when combined with the activity already seen on Wikipedia, lead us to believe that PS will not be able to become a Wikipedian in good standing in the foreseeable future.

Arbitrator remedies
All proposed:

1) Plautus Satire's editing priviledges on Wikipedia are to be revoked for a period of one year.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 1:
 * 1) Martin 23:09, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (My reason for this vote is based solely on Plautus's behaviour off-Wikipedia, notably his emails to Silsor, BCorr, and to Jimbo Wales. I judge that these emails are unacceptable personal attacks, and coupled with the low chance of a peaceful return to Wikipedia by Plautus, make a one year ban appropriate.)
 * 2) James F. (talk) 23:36, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I have come to this conclusion on a similar basis as Martin; personal attacks to such an extent are unacceptable and counter-balance any other concerns.)
 * 3) mav 08:57, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I concur - his emails to Wikipedians are completely uncalled for very abusive personal attacks. There is also a great deal of evidence for general bad behavior and a great deal of support for a ban.)
 * 4) Gutza 10:09, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Basically the same rationale. Should there not have been so much aggressive behaviour off Wikipedia, I would've probably inclined towards a much milder remedy, as I could have concievably considered his Wikipedia activity as added entropy, noise, whatever. But his off-Wikipedia behaviour is utterly unacceptable, and the whole process is obviously fueling itself.)
 * 5) the Epopt 15:34, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) Ditto.  Whatever faint mitigations and extenuations there may have been for his on-Wikipedia behavior were overridden by his e-mails.
 * 6) Delirium 09:46, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC) For the reasons above.
 * 7) Camembert 13:24, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC) - I concur with mav.
 * 8) Nohat 17:03, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 1:

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 1:

-

2) Plautus Satire's editing priviledges on Wikipedia are to be revoked for an indefinite period of time.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 2:
 * 1) There is no reasonable prospect a one year ban would be effective. This is based on his obvious inability to conform his behavior in most respects to community standards. I propose an indefinite ban. Fred Bauder 01:56, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mav 09:33, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (My second choice.)
 * 3) the Epopt 15:34, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) I'd prefer a permanent ban to a one-year ban, but the difference is small enough that I won't be upset either way. Changed to vote against; see below.

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 2:
 * 1) Gutza 10:09, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (People do change. I don't think having to deal with him again in one year is so much hassle as to deny him the right to a clean second chance at that time.)
 * 2) Martin 18:24, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I do not believe in lifetime bans)
 * 3) the Epopt 18:52, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (After following Martin's link to MeatBall and wandering around in that discussion for a while, I've changed my mind.  See?  It is possible!)
 * 4) Camembert 13:24, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC) - I also am philosophically opposed to indefinite bans. Plautus may change - in any case, we should give him the chance to do so.
 * 5) James F. (talk) 14:04, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Similarly, I don't believe in life-bans; at least, not for this.)
 * 6) Nohat 17:04, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 2:


text:
Henry Seebohm

Henry Seebohm (12 July 1832 – 26 November 1895) was an English steel manufacturer, and amateur ornithologist, oologist and traveller.

Biography
Henry was the oldest son of Benjamin Seebohm (1798–1871) who was a wool merchant at Horton Grange, Bradford. The family had moved to England from Bad Pyrmont in Germany. Henry's mother Estther Wheeler (1798–1864) was a granddaughter of William Tuke. The Seebohms were active in the Society of Friends and Henry schooled within the community in York. He worked initially in a grocery as an assistant but moved to Sheffield where he became a steel manufacturer. He married Maria, daughter of George John Healey, a merchant in Manchester on 19 January 1859.

Natural history
Henry became interested in natural history at school and continued to spend his spare time studying birds on his journeys. He travelled widely visiting Greece, Scandinavia, Turkey, and South Africa. His expeditions to the Yenisey tundra of Siberia were described in his two books, Siberia in Europe (1880) and Siberia in Asia (1882), which were combined in the posthumous publication The Birds of Siberia (1901). His expeditions included the lower Pechora River in 1875 along with John Alexander Harvie-Brown as well as a visit to Heligoland at the home of Heinrich Gätke. In 1877 he joined Joseph Wiggins to Siberia.

He was one of the first European ornithologists to accept the American trinomial system to classify sub-species.

Seebohm's other publications included A History of British Birds (1883), The Geographical Distribution of the family Charadriidae (1887), The Birds of the Japanese Empire (1890) and A Monograph of the Turdidae (1902, completed by Richard Bowdler Sharpe).

Seebohm bequeathed his collection of bird-skins to the British Museum. The collection which was received in 1896 consisted of nearly 17,000 specimens. A number of birds were named after Seebohm, including the grey emutail (Dromaeocercus seebohmi) by Bowdler Sharpe. A portrait of Seebohm in oil by Hugh Ford Crighton is held by Sheffield Museums.

title: Henry Seebohm


text:
Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville

Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville (21 September 1843 – 1 September 1924) was a French politician and author.

Biography
Born at Gurcy-le-Châtel (Seine-et-Marne), de Cléron was the son of Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville and Louise née Louise Albertine, princesse de Broglie.

De Cléron represented Seine-et-Marne in the National Assembly (1871) and voted with the Right Centre. Though he was not elected to the chamber of deputies he became the righthand man of his maternal uncle Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, in the attempted coup of May 16. His Les établissements pénitentiaires en France et aux colonies (1875) was crowned by the Académie française, of which he was admitted a member on January 26, 1888.

In 1891 the resignation of Henri Edouard Bocher from the administration of the Orleans estates led to the appointment of d'Haussonville as accredited representative of the comte de Paris in France. He at once set to work to strengthen the Orleanist party by recruiting from the smaller nobility the officials of the local monarchical committees. He established new Orleanist organs, and sent out lecturers with instructions to emphasize the modern and democratic principles of the comte de Paris; hut the prospects of the party were dashed in 1894 by the death of the comte de Paris.

In 1904 he was admitted to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.

Family
In 1865 d'Haussonville married Mlle Pauline d'Harcourt.

Works
The comte d'Haussonville published:
 * Sainte-Beuve, sa vie et ses œuvres (1875)
 * Études biographiques et littéraires, 2 vol. (1879 and 1888)
 * Le Salon de Mme Necker (1882, 2 vols.)
 * Madame da La Fayette (1891)
 * Madame Ackermann (1892)
 * Le comte de Paris, souvenirs personnels (1895)
 * La duchesse de Bourgogne et l’alliance savoyarde sous Louis XIV (4 vols., 1898–1903)
 * Salaires et misères de femmes (1900)
 * with G Hanotaux, Souvenirs de Mme de Maintenon (3 vols., 1902–1904)
 * Après la séparation (1906)
 * À l’Académie française et autour de l’Académie (1907)
 * Femmes d’autrefois. Hommes d’aujourd’hui (1912)
 * Ombres françaises et visions anglaises (1914)
 * À Metz (1919)


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Warhol superstars

Warhol superstars were a clique of New York City personalities promoted by the pop artist Andy Warhol during the 1960s and early 1970s. These personalities appeared in Warhol's artworks and accompanied him in his social life, epitomizing his dictum, "In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes". Warhol would simply film them, and declare them "superstars".

History
The first recognized superstar was Baby Jane Holzer, whom Warhol featured in many of his early film experiments. The superstars would help Warhol generate publicity while Warhol offered fame and attention in return. Warhol's philosophies of art and celebrity met in a way that imitated the Hollywood studio system at its height in the 1930s and 1940s.

Among the best-known of Warhol's superstars was Edie Sedgwick. She and Warhol became very close during 1965 but their relationship ended abruptly early in the next year. Warhol would continue to associate himself with people including Viva, Candy Darling, Ultra Violet, Nico and International Velvet.

Warhol's studio, The Factory, played host to most of his superstars and as his experiments in film continued he became more interested in the bohemian eccentrics attracted to the studio. Some of the most important superstars to emerge from the period of the first Factory (known as the 'Silver Factory' because silver foil had been applied to the walls and ceilings) include Paul America, Ondine, Taylor Mead, Rolando Peña, Mary Woronov, Eric Emerson, Gerard Malanga, Billy Name, Brigid Berlin and Sappheo.

In the later films, made in collaboration with Paul Morrissey, Warhol brought in new superstars including Joe Dallesandro, Penny Arcade, Andrea Feldman, Jane Forth, Geraldine Smith, and Sylvia Miles. During this period, Warhol developed an increasing fascination with trans women and drag queens, and promoted Candy Darling, Holly Woodlawn and Jackie Curtis to superstar status.

Several of the superstars are mentioned in Lou Reed's song "Walk on the Wild Side".

Warhol significantly reduced his public accessibility after being shot by Valerie Solanas in 1968. The age of the Warhol superstar soon faded.

Films
The 1966 film Chelsea Girls, about life amongst the superstars at Hotel Chelsea, was notable for finding success beyond New York City underground arthouse scene.

The later Warhol/Morrissey collaborations Flesh, Trash, Heat, and Women in Revolt are more frequently screened.

List of Warhol superstars

 * Allen Midgette
 * Andrea Feldman
 * Benedetta Barzini
 * Bibbe Hansen (mother of musician Beck)
 * Billy Name
 * Brigid Berlin
 * Candy Darling
 * Max Delys
 * Cherry Vanilla
 * Chuck Wein
 * Cyrinda Foxe
 * Donna Jordan
 * Ed Hood (actor in Warhol's My Hustler)
 * Edie Sedgwick
 * Elecktrah Lobel (actress who starred in Kitchen and The Life of Juanita Castro)
 * Eric Emerson
 * Fred Herko
 * Gerard Malanga
 * Geri Miller
 * Holly Woodlawn
 * Ingrid Superstar
 * Isabelle Collin Dufresne (Ultra Violet)
 * Ivy Nicholson (Batman Dracula; Couch; Four Stars; I, a Man; John and Ivy)
 * Jack Smith
 * Jackie Curtis
 * Jane Forth
 * Jane Holzer
 * Jay Johnson
 * Jayne County
 * Joe Campbell
 * Joe Dallesandro
 * Louis Waldon (The Nude Restaurant, Lonesome Cowboys, San Diego Surf, Flesh, Blue Movie)
 * Mario Montez (Batman Dracula; Camp; The Chelsea Girls; Harlot; Hedy; Mario Banana; More Milk, Yvette)
 * Mary Woronov
 * Naomi Levine
 * Nico
 * Ondine
 * Pat Ast
 * Paul America
 * Richard Bernstein (artist who did the covers of Interview for 15 years)Rolando Peña.jpg
 * Rolando Peña (also known as El Principe Negro / The Black Prince)
 * Ruby Lynn Reyner
 * Sally Kirkland
 * Susan Bottomly (later known as International Velvet)
 * Taylor Mead
 * Viva

title: Warhol superstars


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Karakash River

The Karakash or Black Jade River, also spelled Karakax (,, Қарақаш Дәряси), is a river in the Xinjiang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China that originates in Aksai Chin. It passes through the historical settlement of Xaidulla (Shahidulla or Saitula) and passes by the city of Khotan (Hotan) to flow northeast in the Tarim Basin. It merges with the Yurungkash River, the combined river taking the name Hotan River and flowing into the Tarim River.

Course
The river begins above 19000 ft about 7 mi northeast of Galwan Kangri peak in Aksai Chin. It flows north to Sumnal (15,540 ft), then turns sharply eastwards, flowing at the foot of the Karatagh Range (skirting just north of the Soda Plains of Aksai Chin). Just beyond Palong Karpo, it reaches the foot of the Kunlun Mountains, where it turns sharply northwestwards, and crosses into Xinjiang proper. At this location it receives another headwater now called the 'East Karakash River' (which was once regarded as the main headwater). The combined river flows past the towns of Sumgal, Fotash, Gulbashem, until it reaches Xaidulla (Shahidulla).

The river then turns sharply northeastwards near Xaidulla, and, after passing through Ali Nazar cuts through the Kunlun mountain range near the Suget or Sanju Pass. It passes by Khotan to its west, running parallel to the Yurungkash River, which it joins near Koxlax (some 125 km north of Khotan (38.08°N, 80.56°W). The combined river is called the Hotan River, which flows into the Tarim River.

History
The Karakash River is famous for its white and greenish jade (nephrite) carried as river boulders and pebbles toward Khotan, as does the nearby Yurungkash (or 'White Jade') River. This river jade originates from eroded mountain deposits of which the most famous one is near Gulbashen, in southwestern Xinjiang (formerly Chinese Turkestan). Black nephrite is also abundant in the Karakash River but these deposits are rarely reported in the primary nephrite finds.

The Karakash Valley was also a caravan road for the north–south trade between Yarkand (China) and Leh over the Karakoram Pass in Leh District of Ladakh.

title: Karakash River


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Joseph d'Haussonville

Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville (27 May 1809 – 28 May 1884), was a French politician and historian.

He was born in Paris. His grandfather had been grand louvetier of France; his father was Charles Louis Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville Comte Joseph had filled a series of diplomatic appointments at Brussels, Turin and Naples before he entered the chamber of deputies in 1842 for Provins. Under the Second Empire, he published a liberal anti-imperial paper at Brussels, Le Bulletin français, and in 1863 he actively supported the candidature of Prévost Paradol.

He was elected to the Académie française in 1869, in recognition of his historical writings, Histoire de la politique extérieure du gouvernement français de 1830 à 1848 (2 vols., 1850), Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France (5 vols., 1854-1859), L'église romaine et le premier empire 1800-1814 (5 vols., 1864-1879). In 1870 he published a pamphlet directed against the Prussian treatment of France, La France et la Prusse devant l'Europe, the sale of which was prohibited in Belgium at the request of King Wilhelm of Prussia.

He was the president of an association formed to provide new homes in Algeria for the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine who elected to retain their French nationality. In 1878 he was made a life-senator, in which capacity he allied himself with the Right Centre in defence of the religious associations against the anti-clericals. He died in Paris on 28 May 1884.

His wife Louise (1818-1882), a daughter of Duc Victor de Broglie, published in 1858 a novel Robert Emuret, followed by Marguerite de Valois reine de Navarre (1870), La Jeunesse de Lord Byron (1872), and Les Dernières Années de Lord Byron (1874). His son, Gabriel-Paul-Othenin, was also a politician and historian.

title: Joseph d'Haussonville


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Alibori Department

Alibori is the largest and northernmost department (French: département) of Benin. Externally the department borders the countries of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria, and internally the departments of Atakora and Borgou. The department of Alibori was created in 1999 when it was split off from Borgou Department and is named after the Alibori River.

, the total population of the department was 867,463, with 431,357 males and 436,106 females. The proportion of women was 50.30%. The total rural population was 75.70%, while the urban population was 24.30%. The total labour force in the department was 201,622, of which 25.40% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 83.70%.

Geography
Alibori borders Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, Borgou Department to the south, Atakora Department to the west, and Burkina Faso to the north-west. Alibori is a fertile region consisting of highland and savannah. Cotton, maize and cassava are the major crops grown. The northeast plains slope down to the valley of the Niger River which, along with the Mékrou River, forms the border with Niger. Other major rivers include the Alibori River, Sota River and Pako River. The department contains the bulk of Benin's section of the trans-boundary W National Park.

The climate is mostly humid and tropical. The northern regions of Benin, in general, receives one season of rainfall from May to September, compared to the southern regions which receive two spells from March to July and September to November. Harmattan winds blow from the northeast from December through March. The average temperature from April to June is 40 C in Karimama, while the temperature ranges between 12 and 25 C between November and March. The average elevation of the department is 200 m above the mean sea level.

Settlements
Kandi is the departmental capital; other major settlements include Banikoara, Gounarou, Guénè, Malanville and Ségbana.

Demographics
According to Benin's 2013 census, the total population of the department was 867,463, with 431,357 males and 436,106 females. The proportion of women was 50.30%. The total rural population was 75.70%, while the urban population was 24.30%. The proportion of women of childbearing age (15 to 49 years old) was 22.00%. The foreign population was 28,636, representing 3.30% of the total population in the department. The labour force participation rate among foreigners aged 15–64 years was 26.40%. The proportion of women among the foreign population constituted 47.60%. The number of households in the department was 108,351 and the average household size was 8. The intercensal growth rate of the population was 4.60%.

Among women, the average age of first marriage was 18.2 and the average age at maternity was 27.2. The synthetic index of fertility of women was 5.7. The average number of families in a house was 1.7 and the average number of persons per room was 2.0. The total labour force in the department was 201,622, of which 25.40% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 83.70% and the proportion of households with children attending school was 23.00%. The crude birth rate was 40.9, the general rate of fertility was 185.90 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.80.

The main ethnolinguistic groups in the department are the Bariba, Dendi and Fulani. Other groups include the Boko, Gurma, Kyenga and the Mokole Yoruba.

Administrative divisions
The department of Alibori was created in 1999, when it was split off from Borgou Department. Since 2008, the department's capital has been Kandi. Alibori is subdivided into six communes, each centered at one of the principal towns: Banikoara, Gogounou, Kandi, Karimama, Malanville and Ségbana.

Benin originally had six administrative regions (départements), which have now been bifurcated to make 12. Each of the deconcentrated administrative services (directions départementales) of the sectoral ministries takes care of two administrative regions. A law passed in 1999 transformed the sous-prefectures, the lowest level of territorial administration, into local governments. Municipalities and communal councils have elected representatives who manage the administration of the regions. The latest elections of the municipal and communal councils were held in June 2015.

title: Alibori Department


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University of Cincinnati

The University of Cincinnati (UC or Cincinnati, informally Cincy) is a public research university in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College, it is the second oldest institution of higher education in the Cincinnati area (behind Miami University) and has an annual enrollment of over 50,000 students, making it the second largest university in Ohio. It is part of the University System of Ohio. The university's primary uptown campus and medical campus are located in the Heights and Corryville neighborhoods, with branch campuses located in Batavia and Blue Ash, Ohio.

The university has 14 constituent colleges, with programs in architecture, business, education, engineering, humanities, the sciences, law, music, and medicine. The medical college includes a leading teaching hospital and several biomedical research laboratories, with developments made including a live polio vaccine and diphenhydramine. UC was also the first university to implement a co-operative education (co-op) model.

The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is classified as "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". UC's athletic teams are called the Cincinnati Bearcats and compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I as a member of the Big 12 Conference.

Early history
In 1819, Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio were founded in Cincinnati. Local benefactor Daniel Drake founded and funded the Medical College of Ohio. William Lytle of the Lytle family donated the land, funded the Cincinnati College and Law College, and served as its first president. The college survived only six years before financial difficulties forced it to close. In 1835, Daniel Drake reestablished the institution, which eventually joined with the Cincinnati Law School.

In 1858, Charles McMicken died of pneumonia and in his will he allocated most of his estate to the City of Cincinnati to found a university. The University of Cincinnati was chartered by the Ohio legislature in 1870 after delays by livestock and veal lobbyists angered by the liberal arts-centered curriculum and lack of agricultural and manufacturing emphasis. The university's board of rectors changed the institution's name to the University of Cincinnati.

Expansion and 20th century
By 1893, the university expanded beyond its primary location on Clifton Avenue and relocated to its present location in the Heights neighborhood. As the university expanded, the rectors merged the institution with Cincinnati Law School, establishing the University of Cincinnati College of Law. In 1896, the Ohio Medical College joined Miami Medical College to form the Ohio-Miami Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati in 1909. As political movements for temperance and suffrage grew, the university established Teacher's College in 1905 and a Graduate School in the College of Arts and Sciences in 1906. The Queen City College of Pharmacy, acquired from Wilmington College (Ohio), became the present James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy.

In 1962, the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music was acquired by the university. The Ohio legislature in Columbus declared the university a "municipally-sponsored, state-affiliated" institution in 1968. During this time, the University of Cincinnati was the second oldest and second-largest municipal university in the United States. In 1971, the university became one of the first institutions in the United States to offer a women's studies course, which was taught by Monika Triest and Sylvia Tucker.

Modern history
By an act of the Ohio Legislature, the University of Cincinnati became a state institution in 1977.

In 1989, President Joseph A. Steger released a Master Plan for a stronger academy. Over this time, the university invested nearly $2 billion in campus construction, renovation, and expansion ranging from the student union to a new recreation center to the medical school. It included renovation and construction of multiple buildings, a campus forest, and a university promenade. The plan also includes the Sigma Sigma Commons, which was completed in 1998 as a part of the organization's centennial.

Upon her inauguration in 2005, President Nancy L. Zimpher developed the UC21 plan, designed to redefine Cincinnati as a leading urban research university. In addition, it includes putting liberal arts education at the center, increasing research funding, and expanding involvement in the city.

In 2009, Gregory H. Williams was named the 27th president of the University of Cincinnati. His presidency expanded the accreditation and property of the institution to regions throughout Ohio to compete with private and specialized state institutions, such as Ohio State University. His administration focused on maintaining the integrity and holdings of the university. He focused on the academic master plan for the university, placing the academic programs of UC at the core of the strategic plan. The university invested in scholarships, funding for study abroad experiences, the university's advising program as it worked to reaffirm its history and academy for the future. Neville Pinto is the current and 30th president of the university.

Uptown campus
The Uptown campus includes the West, Medical, and Victory Parkway campuses.

West Campus
This is the main campus and includes 62 buildings on 137 acre in the Heights neighborhood of Cincinnati. The university moved to this location in 1893. Most of the undergraduate colleges at the university are located on main campus. The exceptions are part of the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center on the Medical campus. In spring of 2010 the University of Cincinnati was honored by being one of only 13 colleges and universities named by Forbes as one of "The World's Most Beautiful College Campuses".

The Japanese Language School of Greater Cincinnati, a supplementary school for Japanese citizens, moved to UC in 1984, and was held in fourteen rooms at Swift Hall. It was scheduled to move to the Northern Kentucky University (NKU) on July 1, 1993.

Medical Campus
This campus contains nineteen buildings on 57 acre in the Corryville neighborhood of Cincinnati. It is catty corner to West campus on Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. The undergraduate colleges of Allied Health Sciences and Nursing and graduate colleges of Medicine and the James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy are located there. The hospitals located there include University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, and the Shriners Hospital for Children.

Victory Parkway Campus
This campus was formerly home to the College of Applied Science. It is roughly 3 mi from main campus in the Walnut Hills neighborhood of Cincinnati and overlooks the Ohio River. When it merged with the College of Engineering to become the College of Engineering and Applied Science many of the classes were moved to the main campus, but limited courses are still taught there. There is a shuttle that runs between this and main campus throughout the day.

Regional campuses

 * Blue Ash College (UCBA) (regional campus, located in Blue Ash, Ohio). Formerly known as Raymond Walters College.
 * Clermont College (CLER) (regional campus, located in Batavia, Ohio); included UC East (located in a renovated Ford plant in Batavia, OH, this facility served as expansion space for Clermont College and select programs in the College of Nursing and the College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, as well as the BTAS in Applied Administration program. Due to low enrollment, UC East closed in 2020.)

UC Online
UC Online offers over 120 graduate, undergraduate and certificate programs through an online distance education platform.

Off-campus facilities

 * Center Hill Research Facility
 * UC Reading Campus & UC Metabolic Diseases Institute
 * Cincinnati Center for Field Studies
 * Cincinnati Observatory (university owns the facility and the nonprofit Cincinnati Observatory Center operates it)
 * 1819 Building

Architecture
The university has had a strategic plan for the last decade for new architecture to be built by "signature architects." In recent years, the university has received attention from architects and campus planners as one of the most beautiful in the world.

Sustainability
In autumn of 2010, the University of Cincinnati maintained its position in green and sustainability initiatives by being named one of only 286 "Green Colleges" by The Princeton Review. The university has received this distinction each year since. UC was the only public university in Ohio and the only university in the Southern Ohio region included on this list. Some of the programs that helped achieve this distinction include: a bike share program where UC students can rent bikes from the university, an expanded recycling program, improved and expanded campus transportation options, the addition of vehicle charging stations, fuel pellet use in place of coal, greatly decreased energy and water use throughout campus, and the addition of 6 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings since 2005. In 2007, former university president Nancy Zimpher signed the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment, which confirms the university's dedication to reducing its environmental impact and take the necessary steps to become climate neutral.

In 2010, UC opened up a privately funded athletic practice facility and women's lacrosse stadium named Sheakley Athletic Complex. As a continued effort to go green, a chilled water thermal energy storage tank was placed under the fields and at night water is chilled and then used to air-condition buildings on campus. The storage tank helps the university reach annual energy savings of about $1 million. In the fall of 2010, the university began placing "All Recycling" containers throughout campus. This expansion of recycling efforts and receptacles provides a greater opportunity for students, staff, and visitors to participate in recycling a broader range of materials. In 2010, UC recycled just over 4,600 tons of material, which was a 23 percent increase over the previous year.

Rankings
In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings, UC was listed as tied for 203rd best global university out of 2,165 institutions and tied for 142st of 394 U.S. national university. (U.S.).

Colleges and schools
The university is divided into 14 colleges and schools:

 * The College of Allied Health Sciences (CAHS). The School of Social Work is within the college.
 * The University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences (A&S), the largest college, has 21 departments, eight co-op programs, and several interdisciplinary programs.
 * The Carl H. Lindner College of Business (LCB) is the university's business school.
 * The College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) is the university's performing arts school.
 * The College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning (DAAP).
 * College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services (CECH)
 * The College of Engineering and Applied Science (CEAS). The College of Applied Science (CAS) and the College of Engineering merged to form this new college in 2009. Winston Koch invented the first electronic organ at the College of Engineering. The CAS was initially organized as the Ohio Mechanics Institute (OMI) in 1828; it merged with UC in 1969 and was renamed the OMI College of Applied Science in 1979.
 * The Graduate School, a collaborative unit of all the university's colleges responsible for providing centralized administrative services for all postgraduate programs.
 * The College of Law is the university's law school; it is the alma mater of William Howard Taft, who also served as the college's dean when it integrated with the University of Cincinnati in 1896. A statue of the former president stands near the campus law building.
 * The College of Medicine is the university's medical school; it includes a leading teaching hospital and several biomedical research laboratories. In the 1950s Albert Sabin developed the live polio vaccine at the College of Medicine. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) was developed here by George Rieveschl in 1946. UC also established the first emergency medicine residency program. In 2008, it became the first medical college in the country to implement the multiple mini interview system for its admission process.
 * The College of Nursing was founded in 1889.
 * The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy was founded in 1850.

The university has two regional campuses: Clermont College (CLER) and Blue Ash College (UCBA) in Blue Ash, Ohio.

UC is also the home of the Institute for Policy Research, a multidisciplinary research organization which opened in 1971. The center performs a variety of surveys and polls on public opinion throughout Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, primarily through telephone surveys.

Co-operative education
The University of Cincinnati is the originator of the co-operative education (Co-Op) model. The concept was invented at UC in 1906 by Herman Schneider, Dean of the College of Engineering at the time. The program generally consists of alternating semesters of coursework on campus and outside work at a host firm, giving students over one year of relevant work experience by the time they graduate. All programs in the College of Engineering and Applied Science, Architecture programs, all design programs in the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, and Information Technology in the College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, require co-operative education experience to graduate.

University Honors Program
Each year UC welcomes roughly 375 students, or usually the top 5–8% of students, to the University Honors Program. Students admitted into the Honors program typically meet the following qualifications: an ACT composite score of 32 or higher, an SAT score of 1400 or higher (critical reading and math combined), and either an unweighted high school GPA of 3.6 or a weighted high school GPA of 3.8.

The program is centered around students taking part in "experiences." Experiences are defined as "fall[ing] within one of five competencies: community engagement, creativity, global studies, leadership, and research." Experiences could take the form of Honors Seminars, which are certain three credit-hour courses, Pre-Approved Experiences, which consist of programs the Honors Program has already deemed to meet the requirements of an experience, and Self-Designed Experiences, where students design their own experience plan to submit to the Honors Program for approval. Students are required to complete at least five experiences before graduation.

Research
The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UC spent $480 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 54th in the nation.

Libraries

The University of Cincinnati has 13 libraries, which are housed in 11 different facilities. The university library system has holdings of over 4 million volumes and 70,000 periodicals. The average circulation is around 451,815 items and 116,532 reference transactions. The University of Cincinnati is a member of the Association of Research Libraries and the OhioLINK consortium of libraries.

 * Walter C. Langsam Library (main library)
 * Donald C. Harrison Health Sciences Library
 * Archives and Rare Books Library
 * Ralph E. Oesper Chemistry-Biology Library
 * John Miller Burnam Classical Library
 * Albino Gorno Memorial Music (CCM) Library
 * Robert A. Deshon and Karl J. Schlachter Library for Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning (DAAP)
 * College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services
 * College of Engineering and Applied Science (CEAS) Library
 * Geology-Mathematics-Physics Library
 * Robert S. Marx Law Library
 * Clermont College Library
 * Blue Ash College Library

Housing

6,500 students live on campus in ten residence halls that offer both traditional and suite style options. Students also have the option to live in themed housing, which include honors, business, and STEM-specific floors. In the fall of 2012, Campus Recreation Center Housing (CRC) was named on The Fiscal Times' list of "10 Public Colleges with Insanely Luxurious Dorms". Nearly 80% of Uptown Campus incoming freshman students live on campus their first year.

In recent years, record freshman classes and increased interest by upperclass students has led to higher demand than supply for on-campus residence halls. To meet this demand, UC Housing and Food Services has added residence halls (Morgens Hall in 2013) and purchased block leases at University Park Apartments, Campus Park Apartments (formerly Sterling Manor), University Edge Apartments, and Stetson Square Apartments near campus. This has pushed the "on-campus" housing student population higher. UC's largest residence hall, Calhoun, was recently renovated, being finished in January 2023. Neighbors to Calhoun, Siddall Hall closed for renovation in December 2023 and is set to reopen in August 2024. UC Housing & Food Services manages ten undergraduate residence halls.

The university also offers limited housing to graduate students. Bellevue Gardens is an apartment community owned and operated by the university. It is located close to the Academic Health Center (AHC) and medical campus. Two off-campus university-affiliated (but not university-managed) housing options were introduced in 2005: Stratford Heights and University Park Apartments. All leases in the Stratford Heights housing area have been terminated, and control of the housing complex reverted to University control as a residence hall in the summer of 2009.

Programs
The Center for First-Year Experience provides leadership for each student's first-year experience and related academic program. The center serves as a resource for all the university's undergraduate colleges and programs. The program is a collaboration between UC colleges, academic programs, and student groups and is designed to help freshmen with the transition from high school to college.

Learning communities are groups of about 20–25 students as well as faculty. Students take two classes together throughout their first year on campus, based on their major or area of study. There are nearly 120 learning communities to choose from. They are offered in the following colleges: College of Allied Health Sciences, College of Business, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, College of Nursing, and the College of Arts & Sciences. A few majors require freshmen to be in these learning communities. Many of these groups have specialized courses taught by their academic advisor.

The Transition and Access Program, which does not lead to a degree, allows certain disabled adults to take classes, interact with other students, and intern at companies. After four years, participants receive a certificate of completion.

The University of Cincinnati was one of the first universities in the country to be classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a Community Engagement focused university and was one of only 35 research universities on this list.

Student organizations
Student Activities & Leadership Development (SALD) oversees over 550 registered student organizations ranging from student government to religious organizations to spirit groups. Housed in the Steger Student Life Center, the divisions overseeing these groups include Club Sports Board, Diversity Education, Greek Life, Leadership Development, Programming, RAPP, Undergraduate Student Government and Graduate Student Government. Other Student Life Offices on campus include the African American Cultural & Resource Center, Bearcat Bands (the largest and oldest student group at UC), Early Learning Center, Ethnic Programs & Services, University Judicial Affairs, Resident Education & Development, Wellness Center, and Women's Center.

Student media
There are several media outlets for university students. The student newspaper, The News Record, has been in production for more than 130 years, taking its current name in 1936. It is an independent, student-run newspaper and not attached to any academic program; therefore any student, regardless of program, is able to apply and work for the newspaper. A student-run radio station named Bearcast is housed in the College-Conservatory of Music on campus. The programming streams online as opposed to a traditional radio station and, like the News Record, is open to any student attending the university. There is also a television station called UCast.

Film festival
The 48-hour film festival is held each year for the general public. The festival has featured guest speakers and filmmakers including Fraser Kershaw, as well as speakers and artists from Kenyatta University in Nairobi, Kenya. Actors, directors, editors, and composers are showcased at the MainStreet Cinema for students and professionals.

Greek life
Fraternities and sororities have been a part of the university since 1840. There are over 2,500 students participating in fraternities and sororities, which represents approximately 11% of the undergraduate population (Uptown Campus). 52 chapters have called UC home over the years, and currently includes 39 social fraternities and sororities: 21 Interfraternity Council fraternities, nine Panhellenic Council sororities, seven National Pan-Hellenic Council (three fraternities and four sororities), and two non-affiliated (Delta Phi Lambda and Phi Sigma Rho organizations.)

Athletics
The university competes in 19 Division I (NCAA) sports, and its athletics teams are known as the "Bearcats". Since July 1, 2023, have been members of the Big 12 Conference. They were previously members of the American Athletic Conference (The American), Big East Conference, Conference USA (of which they were a founding member), the Great Midwest Conference, the Metro Conference, and the Mid-American Conference, among others.

The university hosts various club sports, some of which are distinguished as Club Varsity. Some include the Bearcat hockey team and the club rowing team, which produced 2000 and 2004 Olympian Kelly Salchow.

Notable Cincinnati Bearcats athletes include Sandy Koufax, Miller Huggins, Oscar Robertson, Jack Twyman, Omar Cummings, Kenyon Martin, Travis Kelce, Jason Kelce, Mary Wineberg and Tony Trabert.

National championships
The university has four individual and six team championships. The Bearcats won the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1961 and 1962, both times against the Ohio State Buckeyes. Charles Keating won the 1946 200-meter butterfly national title for UC as a member of the men's swimming team, and, most recently, Josh Schneider did the same in the 50 yd freestyle in 2010. In women's diving, Pat Evans (3 m dive – 1989) and Becky Ruehl (10 m dive – 1996) have brought home titles for the Bearcats. The UC Dance Team has won four National Championships from 2004 through 2006 and again in 2009. They are the first team in UC history to capture three consecutive national titles. They remain one of the top dance programs in the country and are the winningest team in University of Cincinnati history. In 2009 the dance team was also selected to represent the United States in the first world dance championships where they won the gold medal in all three dance categories.

Athletic facilities
All of the athletic facilities (with the exception of Fifth Third Arena and UC Baseball Stadium) are open 24/7 for student use.
 * Richard E. Lindner Varsity Village
 * Commissioned as part of UC's entrance into the Big East and serves as the centerpiece of UC's athletic facilities. It opened in 2006 and includes the Richard E. Lindner Center, which provides training, meeting, studying, and classroom space, as well as the George and Helen Smith Athletics Museum. Construction of the Varsity Village project included Gettler Stadium (soccer), Trabert-Talbert Tennis Center, Baseball Stadium (eventually named UC Baseball Stadium), and an open athletic field for student use called Sheakley Lawn.
 * UC Baseball Stadium
 * Home to the Cincinnati Bearcats baseball team. It replaced Johnny Bench Field. Shortly after this facility opened in 2006, it was named by Big East coaches and players as the best baseball facility in the conference.
 * Armory Fieldhouse
 * Home of UC indoor track and field teams and former home of the men's and women's basketball teams
 * Fifth Third Arena
 * Home to UC men's and women's basketball as well as volleyball teams
 * Nippert Stadium
 * Home to UC's football team (sometimes used for women's lacrosse)
 * Ben and Dee Gettler Stadium
 * Home to UC women's soccer and men's and women's track and field teams
 * Trabert-Talbert Tennis Center
 * Home to UC women's tennis team
 * Keating Aquatics Center
 * Home to UC men's and women's swimming and diving teams
 * Sheakley Athletics Center
 * New facility constructed in 2010 that provides one full and one half football field for varsity teams to practice on, and the home facility for the women's lacrosse team. From November to February a temporary bubble is inflated over the facility to provide teams practice space during cold months. The university of planning to renovate the facility and turn the facility into an indoor practice facility and an athlete performance center

Culture
In the wake of the George Floyd protests in 2020, a list of demands related to racial equity at the University of Cincinnati were sent to administrators by the Black Round Table and the UC Student Government. Demands included hiring of more Black faculty, making the UC Police Department budget public, making Election Day and Juneteenth university holidays, and removing Charles McMicken's name across campus, as McMicken was a slave owner. In 2022, the university removed McMicken's name from campus.

It was noted in at least one case that these demands were "very similar to those authored by the Irate 8 in 2015". The Irate 8, named after the percentage of Black UC students at the time, was formed following the shooting of Samuel Dubose by members of the UCPD in 2015. In 2019, 7% of students at the University of Cincinnati identified themselves as Black or African American. In comparison, the United States Census Bureau estimates that 42.3% of Cincinnati residents are Black or African American.

Police and Security
In 2010, Kelly Brinson died after being tased and restrained by UCPD inside of the University Hospital. A lawsuit against the hospital was settled in August 2012.

One year after Brinson's death, UC student Everette Howard died after being tased by a UC campus police officer outside of a student dorm. Reports had shown that Howard was previously tased by UC police in 2009. During that incident, he had been disoriented due to dropping "weight for the wrestling team and became sick at school". Following Howard's death, the UCPD pulled tasers from service until further notice.

In July 2015, UC police officer Ray Tensing shot and killed an unarmed Black man, Samuel DuBose. Three years later, Tensing was paid almost $350,000 by the University of Cincinnati, settling a grievance the Ohio police union had filed on behalf of Tensing.

Sports
In 2020, Former Cincinnati Reds owner and alumna Marge Schott's name was removed from the name of the UC Baseball Stadium, following a unanimous vote by the university's board of trustees. The vote was in response to a petition by former UC baseball player Jordan Ramey which garnered nearly 10,000 signatures.

title: University of Cincinnati


text:
Nominal interest rate

In finance and economics, the nominal interest rate or nominal rate of interest is the rate of interest stated on a loan or investment, without any adjustments for inflation.

Examples of adjustments or fees

 * 1) An adjustment for inflation (in contrast with the real interest rate).
 * 2) Compound interest (also referred to as the nominal annual rate).

Nominal versus real interest rate
The concept of real interest rate is useful to account for the impact of inflation. In the case of a loan, it is this real interest that the lender effectively receives. For example, if the lender is receiving 8 percent from a loan and the inflation rate is also 8 percent, then the (effective) real rate of interest is zero: despite the increased nominal amount of currency received, the lender would have no monetary value benefit from such a loan because each unit of currency would be devalued due to inflation by the same factor as the nominal amount gets increased.

The relationship between the real interest value $$r$$, the nominal interest rate value $$R$$, and the inflation rate value $$i$$ is given by
 * $$(1+r)=(1+R)/(1+i)$$

or

 * $$r=(R-i)/(1+i)$$

When the inflation rate $$i$$ is low, the real interest rate is approximately given by the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate, i.e.,
 * $$ r \approx R - i \, $$

In this analysis, the nominal rate is the stated rate, and the real interest rate is the interest after the expected losses due to inflation. Since the future inflation rate can only be estimated, the ex ante and ex post (before and after the fact) real interest rates may be different; the premium paid to actual inflation (higher or lower).

Nominal versus effective interest rate
The nominal interest rate, also known as an annual percentage rate or APR, is the periodic interest rate multiplied by the number of periods per year. For example, a nominal annual interest rate of 12% based on monthly compounding means a 1% interest rate per month (compounded). A nominal interest rate for compounding periods less than a year is always lower than the equivalent rate with annual compounding (this immediately follows from elementary algebraic manipulations of the formula for compound interest). Note that a nominal rate without the compounding frequency is not fully defined: for any interest rate, the effective interest rate cannot be specified without knowing the compounding frequency and the rate. Although some conventions are used where the compounding frequency is understood, consumers in particular may fail to understand the importance of knowing the effective rate.

Nominal interest rates are not comparable unless their compounding periods are the same; effective interest rates correct for this by "converting" nominal rates into annual compound interest. In many cases, depending on local regulations, interest rates as quoted by lenders and in advertisements are based on nominal, not effective interest rates, and hence may understate the interest rate compared to the equivalent effective annual rate.

Confusingly, in the context of inflation, 'nominal' has a different meaning. A nominal rate can mean a rate before adjusting for inflation, and a real rate is a constant-prices rate. The Fisher equation is used to convert between real and nominal rates. To avoid confusion about the term nominal which has these different meanings, some finance textbooks use the term 'Annualised Percentage Rate' or APR rather than 'nominal rate' when they are discussing the difference between effective rates and APR's.

The term should not be confused with simple interest (as opposed to compound interest) which is not compounded.

The effective interest rate is always calculated as if compounded annually. The effective rate is calculated in the following way, where r is the effective rate, i the nominal rate (as a decimal, e.g. 12% = 0.12), and n the number of compounding periods per year (for example, 12 for monthly compounding):
 * $$ r \ = \ (1+i/n)^n - 1$$

Monthly compounding
Example 1: A nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%.

Example 2: 6% annually is credited as 6%/12 = 0.5% every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1+0.005)12 ≈ 1.0617.

Daily compounding
A loan with daily compounding has a substantially higher rate in effective annual terms. For a loan with a 10% nominal annual rate and daily compounding, the effective annual rate is 10.516%. For a loan of $10,000 (paid at the end of the year in a single lump sum), the borrower would pay $51.56 more than one who was charged 10% interest, compounded annually.

title: Nominal interest rate


text:
Sergels torg

Sergels torg ("Sergel's Square") is a major public square in Stockholm, Sweden, constructed in the 1960s and named after 18th-century sculptor Johan Tobias Sergel, whose workshop was once located north of the square.

Overview
Sergels torg has a dominant west-to-east axis and is divided into three distinct parts:
 * 1) A sunken pedestrian plaza furnished with a triangular-colored floor pattern (colloquially referred to as Plattan, "The Slab") and a wide flight of stairs leading up to the pedestrian street Drottninggatan, connecting south to Stockholm Old Town and north to Kungsgatan. The triangular pattern of the square is featured on the seats of C30 and refurbished C20 trains of the Stockholm metro.
 * 2) This plaza is partly overbuilt by a roundabout centered on a glass obelisk and by the concrete decks of three major streets.
 * 3) North of this traffic junction is a considerably smaller open space overlooked by the high-rise façade of the fifth Hötorget Building from where the avenue Sveavägen extends north.

The site south of the square is taken up by the cultural centre Kulturhuset, which also harbours the Stockholm City Theatre and hides the Bank of Sweden headquarters facing the square Brunkebergstorg behind. The street Klarabergsgatan leads west past the department store Åhléns City and Klara Church to the Klaraberg Viaduct and Kungsholmen. Hamngatan leads east under Malmskillnadsgatan to Kungsträdgården, Norrmalmstorg, and Strandvägen. Together with the underground mall east of the pedestrian plaza and the T-Centralen metro station and other continuous underpasses west thereof, Sergels torg forms part of a continuous underground structure almost a kilometre in length.

Since its creation, Sergels torg has been much criticized for giving priority to cars at the cost of pedestrians. It has, among some quarters, become the main target for criticism of the much debated demolition of the central city district of Klara during the 1950s and 1960s. Nevertheless, it is not dissimilar to but larger than the public space in front of Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and much like its French counterpart remains the most popular space in Stockholm for meeting friends, for political demonstrations, for a wide range of events, and for drug-dealers. This includes the fountain, in which people celebrate major victories by Swedish sports teams.

History
The construction of the square was completed in 1967. Before the creation of Sergels torg, Brunkebergstorg was the most important public space in the area, the hub about which traffic revolved, the place where people would go to work and to find entertainment.

Early proposals
Albert Lilienberg was appointed city-planning superintendent in 1927, and a year later he produced the first proposal for a public square on the location in his general plan of 1928. In his proposal he envisioned a square whose north-south oriented axis would line-up with Sveavägen intended to be extended south across the square down to the waterfront with widened Hamngatan and Klarabergsgatan joining in from west and east. After this first proposal, the square is featured on every subsequent city plan produced for the area, with alternations in width and length. Notwithstanding the considerable number of revised proposals produced, surprisingly few were preoccupied by architectonic considerations, instead focusing on optimization of traffic flow.

In the city plan Helldén produced in 1946, the square, still named Sveaplatsen ("Swede Plaza"), was conceived as similar to the present square, but still remained an unarticulated modernistic concept. In this proposal, the square was centred on a rectangular open space furnished with trees, benches, and ponds; a space reached by subways stretching under the surrounding roundabout. During the 1950s, continuously increasing traffic loads made separating pedestrians and car traffic desirable, and several studies produced around 1955 focused on a lower level for pedestrians with cars on street-level with various openings to allow light down to the pedestrians.

Final proposal

In 1957, a first official proposal presented a square virtually similar to the present; except that instead of the fountain there was an opening with tall trees and on the western side, where the flight of stairs is today, was a building standing on pillars. The Chamber of Commerce was critical of the concept, concluding pedestrians on a lower level would produce poor business sites, an analysis which would eventually prove correct. Their own proposal the following year, developed together with various authorities, reserved street-level to pedestrians while cars were confined below ground. This counter-proposal was however produced in only two months, which made it easy for opponents to pin-down its weaknesses (mostly a failure to leave enough space for the metro which was being constructed at this time). Nevertheless, Helldén's proposal failed to impress the city as well, and Helldén together with other hand-picked experts was therefore sent on a tour around Europe, including Coventry and London, to find a better solution. In Stuttgart they could conclude that having pedestrians on a lower level required escalators, and in Vienna the pedestrian underpass Opernpassage gave them the inspiration to replace the central open space at Sveaplatsen with a round restaurant with glass walls, an aesthetic device intended to give the square an architectonic dignity.

This newly introduced centre-piece resulted in a proposal for a fountain with a monument above it. For the shape of this fountain, Helldén consulted his friend, the mathematician and artist Piet Hein, who in less than in minute found a curve with a "continuously varying bending" and immediately named it the superellipse. Before presenting his final proposal in 1960, Helldén added the triangular pattern to the pedestrian plaza and the wide stairs on its western side.

A contest for the central monument in 1962 was won by Edvin Öhrström, with the 37 metre tall glass obelisk which was named Kristall - vertikal accent i glas och stål ("Crystal - vertical accent in glass and steel"). The sculpture, finally completed in 1974 and since haunted by technical problems, never was able to deliver the intended visual output and - quoting Hall - "thus adds itself to the many projects within the [reconstruction of central Stockholm] that didn't endure confrontation with reality." The artist favoured by Helldén, Olle Baertling, started to work on a sculpture for the square in 1960 but never was invited to participate in the contest.

Kulturhuset
South of the square, intentions were to erect two buildings separated by a street leading to Brunkebergstorg, but the old buildings south of the square turned their gables towards the modernist composition of Helldén throughout most of the 1960s. A contest in 1965 for this area included a cultural centre proposed by Pontus Hultén, the legendary founder of Moderna Museet who wished to see his museum relocated from the isolated island Skeppsholmen. The contest was won by architect Peter Celsing and Kulturhuset was eventually inaugurated in 1974. It basically is a single huge concrete wall from which are consoling shallow stories with glassed façades, a structure Hultén lyrically described as a stage which would "exercise a strong attractive force" by exhibiting people and works of art through the glass façade.

However, considering Stockholm's northern location, to give the sun full access to public spaces is top priority, and Kulturhuset has proven a problematic wall which not only shuts the sun off, but also tends to dominate the square with its large volume. Additionally, Sergels torg is dominated by its traffic roundabout and is hard to experience as a single coherent space. Together with the traffic structure at Slussen, built in the 1930s, Sergels torg is thus an attempt with few parallels in the world, to make public art of a traffic junction dominating the central district of a city. Since the mid-1990s, numerous proposals to rebuild the square have been produced, and the debate regarding the square is likely to continue.

Currently (2015) large areas of the place are closed for renovation of the 50 years old structures. There is also preparation for the installation of tram tracks from Hamngatan to Klarabergsgatan.

title: Sergels torg


text:
Riksgränsen

Riksgränsen, (Riksgrensen), The National Border in Swedish, is a ski-resort in Kiruna Municipality, Lappland, Sweden, 200 km north of the Arctic Circle. The skiing season is from February to June. From end of May the lifts operate under the midnight sun. One of the pistes cross the border to Norway and back to Sweden. No border control there.

Riksgränsen is a popular location for the winter testing of pre-production cars by various European manufacturers. Photo-snipers are prevalent, attempting to get the first spy-shots of new models, though their activities are frowned upon by local hoteliers who value the custom of the manufacturers. The same manufacturers frequently use the location for winter launches, bringing journalists from across the world to drive the new cars on snow-covered roads and on courses specially prepared on frozen lakes.

History
The village was founded around 1900 in connection with the construction of the railway, whose traffic began 1902. Due to railway politics and limited range for steam locomotives, trains changed locomotives and crew and a roundhouse for locomotives was built. Later, after electrification 1923, this roundhouse was removed and locomotives went all the way to Narvik. Tourism picked up in the 1930:s. The first ski lift was built 1952.

Climate
Although the subarctic climate (Koppen: Dfc) of the region is very cold, it has considerably milder winters than normally expected for an inland northerly area, due to its proximity to the warm North Atlantic Current. Summers do remain cool in spite of the midnight sun due to similar maritime effects. With prevailing low-pressure systems taking precedence, the climate is snowy and cloudy. The deep snow cover and the time it takes for thawing prolongs the skiing season to the midnight sun window. The snow depth can be above 200 cm in unshovelled areas during spring. The snow depth charts have sometimes ended during late May when the pack has been shrinking, which skews the June readings that likely are a bit higher. In 2020, a 145 cm snow depth was measured in that month.

title: Riksgränsen


text:
Talk:Aria of chianti classico

I come from Germany.

This articles ist my first article in English. I would like to add myself: I would like to translate slowly my article from German into English that is difficult. Would you like to help me for this article. I'm looking for further informations, because I spend often times my holiday in Tuscany. --Pz-engl 19:19, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, Pz-engl, your text should go under Chianti. people will find it better there. Wetman 17:48, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Wetman,

thank you for your answer. This text doesn't mean the vine. It is the countryside of this vine. I would like to add a link to Aria of chianti classico --Pz-engl 17:59, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Title is misspelled: "Aria" in Italian means "air", by extension "song"; the region is "Area del Chianti Classico" Jorge Stolfi 18:45, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) Wetman is right: Chianti is the region, and the wine takes the name from it. I am merging the two pages; please add further edits to chianti. Jorge Stolfi 18:53, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC) Done. Jorge Stolfi 19:16, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aria of chianti classico