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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 1

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 * 1660 – Mary Dyer (pictured) was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 * 1670 – Charles II and Louis XIV signed a secret treaty, requiring England to aid France in its war against the Dutch Republic and the future conversion of Charles to Catholicism, in return for Louis making large payments to Charles and promising to aid him if there was a rebellion in England.
 * 1794 – French Revolutionary Wars: A British fleet captured six French ships of the line in a naval battle off Ushant that came to be known as the Glorious First of June (pictured).
 * 1813 – War of 1812: Mortally wounded, U.S. Navy captain James Lawrence ordered his crew "Don't give up the ship!" as USS Chesapeake was captured by HMS Shannon off the coast of Boston.
 * 1831 – British explorer James Clark Ross led the first expedition to reach the north magnetic pole.
 * 1861 – The first land battle of the American Civil War after Fort Sumter took place in the village of Fairfax, Virginia.
 * 1868 – The Navajo and the U.S. government signed the Treaty of Bosque Redondo, which allowed those interned at Fort Sumner to return to their ancestral lands.
 * 1942 – World War II: The crews of three Japanese submarines scuttled their vessels and committed suicide after entering Sydney Harbour and launching a failed attack.
 * 1943 – Eight German Junkers Ju 88s shot down British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 777 over the Bay of Biscay off the coast of Spain and France, killing actor Leslie Howard and several other notable passengers.
 * 1988 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was ratified, banning all American and Soviet land-based missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 km (310 to 3,420 mi).
 * 2015 – The river cruise ship Dongfang zhi Xing capsized in the Yangtze, resulting in 442 deaths in China's worst peacetime maritime disaster.
 * 2018 – For the first time since its transition to democracy, the Congress of Deputies in Spain passed a motion of no confidence against the government.
 * Born/died this day: | Empress Dowager Xiao |d|847| Theodosius Romanus |d|896| Marguerite Porete |d|1310| Tiedemann Giese |b|1480| Cornelis Saftleven |d|1681| Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden |b|1822| J. F. Oberlin |d|1826| Morgan Freeman |b|1937| Parveen Kumar |b|1942| Blanche Lazzell |d|1956|   Nambaryn Enkhbayar |b|1958| Yarisley Silva |b|1987|

June 1

 * 1676 – Scanian War: The Swedish warship Kronan, one of the largest ships in the world at the time, sank at the Battle of Öland with the loss of around 800 men.
 * 1857 – The Revolution of the Ganhadores, the first general strike in Brazil, began in Salvador, Bahia.
 * 1974 – In an informal article in a medical journal, Henry Heimlich introduced the concept of abdominal thrusts, commonly known as the Heimlich maneuver, to treat victims of choking.
 * 1988 – Group representation constituencies were introduced to the parliament of Singapore.
 * 1999 – On landing at Little Rock National Airport in the U.S. state of Arkansas, American Airlines Flight 1420 overran the runway and crashed (wreckage pictured), resulting in 11 deaths.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 1


text:
Queen Christina

Queen Christina or Queen Christine may refer to:

Queens regnant

 * Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626–1689), Queen regnant of Sweden, reigned 1632–1654

Queens consort

 * Christina of Denmark, Queen of Norway (c. 1118–1139), Queen consort of Norway, spouse of King Magnus IV of Norway
 * Christina of Denmark, Queen of Sweden (c. 1120/25–1170), Queen consort of Sweden, spouse of King Eric IX of Sweden
 * Christina Hvide (c. 1145–c.  1200), Queen consort of Sweden, spouse of King Charles VII of Sweden
 * Christina of Norway (died 1213), titular queen consort of Norway, spouse of co-regent King Philip Simonsson
 * Christina Abrahamsdotter (1432–1492), Queen consort of Sweden, spouse of King Charles VIII of Sweden
 * Christina of Saxony (1461–1521), Queen consort of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, spouse of King John of Denmark
 * Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1573–1625), Queen consort of Sweden, spouse of King Charles IX of Sweden
 * Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreu (1671–1727), Queen consort of Poland, spouse of King Augustus II the Strong

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Queen Christina


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 2

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 * 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: A Franco-Spanish fleet recaptured the British-held Diamond Rock, an uninhabited island at the entrance to the bay leading to Fort-de-France, Martinique.
 * 1886 – The wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom took place in the White House, in the only time that a U.S. president has married in the building.
 * 1955 - The USSR and Yugoslavia sign the Belgrade declaration, legitimising different intepretations of Marxism in non-Soviet countries.
 * 1967 – Benno Ohnesorg, a German university student, was killed in West Berlin while protesting against the visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran; the anarchist militant 2 June Movement was later named after the incident.
 * 1983 – After an emergency landing due to an in-flight fire, 23 passengers aboard Air Canada Flight 797 were killed when a flashover occurred as the aircraft's doors opened.
 * 1995 – Bosnian War: U.S. Air Force captain Scott O'Grady was shot down while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone over Bosnia, but ejected safely and was rescued six days later.
 * 2010 – A gunman carried out a shooting spree in Cumbria, England, killing 12 people and injuring 11 others before committing suicide.
 * Born/died: | Al-Muwaffaq |d|891| Bernard of Wąbrzeźno |d|1603| Rutger von Ascheberg |b|1621| Ogata Kōrin |d|1716| Daniel Pollen |b|1813| Adelaide Casely-Hayford |b|1868|  George S. Kaufman |d|1961| Abby Wambach |b|1980 | Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |d|1982

June 2: Festa della Repubblica in Italy (1946)

 * 1802 – Henry Hacking killed the Aboriginal Australian resistance fighter Pemulwuy after Philip Gidley King ordered that he be brought in dead or alive.
 * 1919 – First Red Scare: The anarchist followers of Luigi Galleani (pictured) set off eight bombs in eight cities across the United States.
 * 1953 – Queen Elizabeth II was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London.
 * 1973 – Della Aleksander co-presents a groundbreaking episode of Open Door on transgender women's lives.
 * 2023 – A collision between two passenger trains and a parked freight train near the city of Balasore, Odisha, in eastern India resulted in 296 deaths and more than 1,200 people injured.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 2


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 3

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 * 1602 – Anglo-Spanish War: The English navy defeated a Spanish–Portuguese fleet off Sesimbra, Portugal, and captured a carrack.
 * 1658 – Pope Alexander VII appointed François de Laval as the first apostolic vicar of New France.
 * 1770 – Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, a historic Catholic mission church in present-day Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, and the site of the first Christian confirmation in Alta California, was established.
 * 1844 – The last known pair of great auks (one pictured), the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus of flightless birds, were killed on Eldey, Iceland.
 * 1917 – A socialist convention in Leeds, United Kingdom, called for and end to the First World War and the establishment of Workers' and Soldiers' Delegates across the country.
 * 1921 – At his trial for the assassination of Talaat Pasha, viewed as the main orchestrator of the Armenian genocide, Soghomon Tehlirian was acquitted after arguing: "I have killed a man, but I am not a murderer."
 * 1940 – Franz Rademacher, a Nazi official, proposed that the island of Madagascar be made available as a destination for the resettlement of the Jewish population of Europe.
 * 1950 – Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, members of the French Annapurna expedition, became the first climbers to reach the summit of a peak higher than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) above sea level.
 * 1963 – Buddhist crisis: South Vietnamese soldiers attacked Buddhist protesters in Huế with liquid chemicals from tear gas grenades, causing 67 people to be hospitalised.
 * 1968 – American radical feminist Valerie Solanas shot and wounded visual artist Andy Warhol and two others at Warhol's New York City studio, The Factory.
 * 1973 – At the Paris Air Show, a Tupolev Tu-144 broke up in mid-air, killing all six members of its crew and eight bystanders on the ground.
 * 1979 – Having invaded Uganda and deposed President Idi Amin, Tanzanian forces secured Uganda's western border, ending a seven-month war.
 * Born/died this day: | Staurakios |d|800| Sejanus |b|20 BC| Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria |d|1395| Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah |d|1511| Thomas Hutchinson |d|1780| Martha Jane Knowlton Coray |b|1821| Charles Lecocq |b|1832|  Georges Bizet |d|1875| Flora MacDonald |b|1926| Jill Biden |b|1951| Susannah Constantine |b|1962

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 3


text:
Amazing Album

Amazing Album is the fifth CD for Twins and was released in August 2002. It consisted of 2 discs, one is a CD with 11 songs and a VCD with 3 music videos.

Disc one

 * 1) "ICHIBAN Xing Fen" (ICHIBAN興奮) (The theme song of the Nissin Cup Noodles advertisement)
 * 2) "Ren Bi Ren" (人比人)
 * 3) "Mo Fa Wang Guo" (魔法王國)
 * 4) "Tuo Tuo Bu Ha Mu Tai Lang" (跅跅步哈姆太郎) (The theme song of a Japanese cartoon 哈姆太郎)
 * 5) "200% Zhou Yu" (200%咒語) (The ending song of the Japanese cartoon 哈姆太郎)
 * 6) "Peng You Zi" (朋友仔)
 * 7) "Ni Shi Wo De UFO" (你是我的UFO) (The theme song of the Nissin UFO advertisement)
 * 8) "Wo De UFO" (我的UFO) (The theme song of the Nissin UFO advertisement in Putonghua version)
 * 9) "Melody Fair" (A song for the film Just One Look)
 * 10) "Li Wo Qian Xiao" (梨渦淺笑) (A song for the film Just One Look)
 * 11) "Da Hong Da Zi" (大紅大紫)

Disc two

 * 1) "ICHIBAN Xing Fen" (ICHIBAN興奮) (Music Video)
 * 2) "Da Hong Da Zi" (大紅大紫) (Music Video)
 * 3) "Tuo Tuo Bu Ha Mu Tai Lang" (跅跅步哈姆太郎) (Music Video)

title: Amazing Album


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 4

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 * 1561 – The spire of Old St Paul's Cathedral in London was destroyed by fire.
 * 1792 – Captain George Vancouver of the Royal Navy claimed the land around Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest for Great Britain.
 * 1913 – Emily Davison (pictured), an activist for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, was fatally injured after being trampled by a horse owned by King George V at the Epsom Derby.
 * 1916 – World War I: Russian forces began their successful Brusilov offensive against the Central Powers.
 * 1920 – The Kingdom of Hungary lost 72 percent of its territory and 64 percent of its population with the signing of the Treaty of Trianon in Paris.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The remaining Allied forces protecting the Dunkirk evacuation surrendered, ending the Battle of Dunkirk; in response, British prime minister Winston Churchill gave a speech in which he declared "We shall fight on the beaches".
 * 1942 – World War II: The Battle of Midway, a major battle of the Pacific War, began with a massive Japanese offensive on American forces on Midway Atoll.
 * 1967 – A chartered British Midland Airways aircraft crashed near Stockport, England, killing 72 of the 84 people on board.
 * 1975 – Governor Jerry Brown signed the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, one of the first laws in the United States guaranteeing collective bargaining rights to farmworkers.
 * 1977 – The Humboldt Park riot began in Chicago, resulting in three deaths, three cars in the Humboldt Park lagoon, and increased tension between the Chicago Police Department and the Puerto Rican community.
 * 1979 – Jerry Rawlings came to power in Ghana as chairman of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council.
 * 1987 – American intelligence analyst Jonathan Pollard pleaded guilty to charges of spying for Israel.
 * 1989 – The People's Liberation Army suppressed the Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing, leaving hundreds of people dead and wounded.
 * 1998 – Terry Nichols was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.
 * 2004 – In Granby, Colorado, U.S., Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage with a modified bulldozer over a zoning dispute, destroying several buildings before committing suicide.
 * Born/died: | Przemysł I of Greater Poland |d|1257| George Heriot |b|1563|  Johan Rudolph Thorbecke |d|1872|John Bauer |b|1882| Eduard Mörike |d|1875| Paul Gondjout |b|1912|  W. H. R. Rivers |d|1922| Linda Martell |b|1941|  Angelina Jolie |b|1975| Leslie Averill |d|1981| Maria Bakalova |b|1996| Rodolfo Quezada Toruño |d|2012| Marguerite Patten |d|2015|

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 4


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 5

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 * 663 – The Daming Palace in Chang'an became the seat of government and the royal residence of the Tang dynasty during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.
 * 1257 – Bolesław V, High Duke of Poland, granted city rights to Kraków modelled on the Magdeburg town charter.
 * 1305 – Raymond Bertrand de Got was elected Pope Clement V, succeeding Benedict XI, who died the previous year.
 * 1610 – The masque Tethys' Festival was performed at the Palace of Whitehall to celebrate the investiture of Henry Frederick as Prince of Wales.
 * 1832 – The June Rebellion, an anti-monarchist uprising, broke out in Paris.
 * 1862 – Vietnamese guerrilla leader Trương Định chose to fight on against European forces, defying Emperor Tự Đức and the Treaty of Saigon.

 * 1941 – Second Sino-Japanese War: About 4,000 people died of asphyxiation in Chongqing when the tunnel in which they were hiding became blocked during a raid in the five-year bombing campaign.
 * 1963 – British politician John Profumo (pictured) admitted that he had lied to the House of Commons about his involvement in a sex scandal with Christine Keeler, and resigned from government.
 * 1963 – The arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini for publicly denouncing Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sparked protests in Iran.
 * 1968 – U.S. senator Robert F. Kennedy was fatally shot by Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
 * 1976 – The Teton Dam in eastern Idaho, U.S., collapsed as its reservoir was being filled for the first time, resulting in the deaths of eleven people and 13,000 cattle, and causing up to $2 billion in damage.
 * 1981 – The first clinical cases of AIDS were published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 * 1989 – An anonymous demonstrator, later dubbed "Tank Man", single-handedly stopped a column of Chinese tanks during the Tiananmen Square protests before being dragged aside.
 * 2001 – Tropical Storm Allison, the costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone that was never a hurricane, made landfall in Texas, causing approximately $8.5 billion in damage.

 * Born/died: | Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar |d|879| Elena Cornaro Piscopia|b|1646| Ignatius George II |d|1708| Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover |b|1771| Johann Kuhnau |d|1722| John Couch Adams |b|1819| Stephen Crane |d|1900|  Lee Choon Seng |d|1966| Mark Wahlberg  |b|1971| Kate Spade |d|2018

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 5


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 6

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 * 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai: Milanese forces with Swiss mercenaries defeated the French in Novara, forcing them to withdraw from the Duchy of Milan and Italy.
 * 1822 – Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian voyageur, was accidentally shot in the stomach; medical investigations of his injury led to a greater understanding of the processes of digestion.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: The Union Army's victory in the First Battle of Memphis virtually eradicated the Confederate naval presence on the Mississippi River.
 * 1882 – The Shewan army defeated Gojjame forces at the Battle of Embabo, an event that contributed to the supremacy of Shewa within the Ethiopian Empire.
 * 1894 – Governor Davis Hanson Waite ordered the Colorado state militia to protect and support miners engaged in a five-month strike in Cripple Creek.
 * 1971 – Hughes Airwest Flight 706 collided with a US Marine Corps jet near Duarte, California, killing 50 people.
 * 1971 – Vietnam War: Australian forces attacked a heavily fortified North Vietnamese base camp at the Battle of Long Khánh.
 * 1982 – Falklands War: The Royal Navy destroyer HMS Cardiff (D108) engaged and destroyed a British Army helicopter in a friendly-fire incident.
 * 1985 – The remains of Josef Mengele, a Nazi physician notorious for performing human experiments on Auschwitz inmates, were exhumed in Embu das Artes, Brazil.
 * 2017 – Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (soldiers pictured) opened the Second Battle of Raqqa, the final phase of the Raqqa campaign, capturing the de facto capital of the Islamic State four months later.
 * 2021 – A man rammed a pickup truck into Muslim Pakistani Canadian pedestrians in Ontario, Canada, killing 4 members of the same family and injuring the family's nine year old son.
 * Born/died this day: | Robert Passelewe |d|1252|Regiomontanus |b|1436| Jeremy Bentham |d|1832| Marcellin Champagnat |d|1840| Henry Allingham |b|1896| Frank Chee Willeto |b|1925| Lillian Russell |d|1922| Jean Pouliot |b|1923| Carl Jung  |d|1961| Natalie Morales |b|1972| J. Paul Getty |d|1976| Angie Ballard |b|1982| Maria Alyokhina |b|1988

June 6: National Day of Sweden

 * 1674 – Shivaji (pictured), who led a resistance to free the Maratha from the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, was crowned the first chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
 * 1749 – A plot by Muslim slaves in Malta to assassinate Manuel Pinto da Fonseca of the Knights Hospitaller was uncovered.
 * 1813 – War of 1812: The British ambushed an American encampment near present-day Stoney Creek, Ontario, capturing two senior officers.
 * 1912 – The largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century began, forming the volcano Novarupta in the Alaska Peninsula.
 * 1944 – World War II: Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious military operation in history, began with Allied troops landing on the beaches of Normandy in France.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 6


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 7

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 * 421 – Roman emperor Theodosius II married Aelia Eudocia (pictured), who later helped to protect Greek pagans and Jews from persecution.
 * 1692 – An earthquake registering approximately 7.5 Mw caused Port Royal, Jamaica, to sink below sea level and killed approximately 5,000 people.
 * 1810 – Journalist Mariano Moreno published Argentina's first newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres.
 * 1832 – The Reform Act, which is widely credited with launching modern democracy in the United Kingdom, received royal assent.
 * 1892 – Homer Plessy, a mixed-race man from New Orleans, was arrested for refusing to leave his seat in the "whites-only" car of a train; he lost the resulting court case, Plessy v. Ferguson.
 * 1900 – American temperance activist Carrie Nation entered a saloon in Kiowa, Kansas, and destroyed its stock of alcoholic beverages with rocks.
 * 1965 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that a Connecticut law prohibiting the use of contraceptives violated the "right to marital privacy".
 * 1975 – The inaugural edition of the Cricket World Cup, the premier international championship of men's One Day International cricket, began in England.
 * 1981 – The Israeli Air Force attacked a nuclear reactor under the assumption that it was about to start producing plutonium to further an Iraqi nuclear-weapons program.
 * 1998 – White supremacists murdered James Byrd Jr., an African American, by chaining him behind a pickup truck and dragging him along an asphalt road in Jasper, Texas.

 * Born/died: | Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr |d|1618| Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire |b|1757| James Young Simpson |b|1811| Joseph von Fraunhofer |d|1826|Amelia Edwards |b|1831| Chief Seattle |d|1866| Knud Rasmussen |b|1879| Alice Gray  |b|1914| Jean Harlow |d|1937| Robert Dover  |b|1956| Prince |b|1958| Allen Iverson |b|1975

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 7


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 8

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 * 218 – Led by the inexperienced Gannys, Elagabalus's legions defeated the forces of Roman emperor Macrinus at the Battle of Antioch.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: British forces defeated the Continental Army at the Battle of Trois-Rivières, the last battle of the American invasion of Quebec.
 * 1783 – Laki, a volcanic fissure in Iceland (pictured), began an eight-month eruption, triggering a major famine and causing widespread fluoride poisoning.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army won a resounding victory at the Battle of Cross Keys, one of the two decisive battles in Jackson's Valley campaign.
 * 1950 – Thomas Blamey became the only Australian to attain the rank of field marshal.
 * 1967 – The Israeli Air Force attacked the U.S. Navy intelligence ship USS Liberty in international waters, killing 34 people and wounding 171 others.
 * 1972 – Vietnam War: Associated Press photographer Nick Ut took a Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc fleeing after being burned by napalm.
 * 1982 – Falklands War: The Argentine Air Force attacked British transport ships while unloading supplies off Bluff Cove in the Falkland Islands, killing 56 British servicemen and wounding 150 others.
 * 2007 – A major storm caused the bulk carrier Pasha Bulker to run aground in New South Wales, Australia.
 * 2008 – A Japanese man drove a truck into a crowd of pedestrians in Akihabara, Tokyo, and proceeded to stab at least 12 people, killing 7 and wounding 10, before being apprehended.
 * 2009 – Two American journalists, having been arrested for illegal entry into North Korea, were sentenced to twelve years hard labor before being pardoned two months later.

 * Born/died this day: | Muhammad |d|632| Harthacnut |d|1042| William of York |d|1154| Richard Scrope |d|1405| George I Rákóczi |b|1593| John Q. A. Brackett |b|1842| Charlotte Scott |b|1858| Lucy Arbell |b|1878| Cora Agnes Benneson |d|1919| Barbara Bush |b|1925| Bonnie Tyler |b|1951| Lauren Burns |b|1974| Irina Lăzăreanu |b|1982| Kim Clijsters |b|1983| Keith Gill |b|1986| Omar Bongo |d|2009

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 8


text:
Our Souvenir

Our Souvenir was the fourth music CD and first full album for Twins and was released in May 2002. It consisted of 10 songs and 1 bonus VCD which contained 2 music videos.

Disc 1

 * 1) "Our Memoriable Album" (我們的紀念冊) (The advertisement theme song for Clean & Clear)
 * 2) ”Duo World Cup" (二人世界盃)
 * 3) "Leslie Cheung" (哥哥)
 * 4) "Saw You In My Dream" (發夢見過你)
 * 5) "Tears in the Eyes" (眼紅紅)
 * 6) "Friendship comes First" (友誼第一)
 * 7) "Active Teaching Approach (活動教學)
 * 8) "Real Madrid vs Barcelona" (高手看招)
 * 9) "Can’t get 100marks" (沒法做足一百分)
 * 10) "Swallows fly apart" (分飛燕)

Disc 2

 * 1) "Er Ren Shi Jie Bei" (二人世界盃) (Music Video)
 * 2) "Peng You Zi" (朋友仔) (Bonus Track)

title: Our Souvenir


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 9

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 * 747 – Abu Muslim initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, eventually leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Black Standard.
 * 1523 – Parisian printer Simon de Colines was fined for printing biblical commentary by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples without obtaining prior approval from theologians.
 * 1856 – The first company of Mormon handcart pioneers left Iowa City for Salt Lake City, Utah.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: Confederate General Stonewall Jackson concluded his successful Shenandoah Valley campaign with a victory in the Battle of Port Republic.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: Union and Confederate forces fought the Battle of Brandy Station, the largest cavalry engagement to take place on American soil.
 * 1915 – Unhappy with U.S. president Woodrow Wilson's handling of the RMS Lusitania sinking, William Jennings Bryan resigned as Secretary of State.
 * 1928 – Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew landed the Southern Cross in Brisbane, completing the first transpacific flight.
 * 1965 – Fighting began between the Viet Cong and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam in the Battle of Đồng Xoài, one of the largest battles in the Vietnam War.
 * 1973 – The racehorse Secretariat, of Meadow Stables (racing colors pictured), won the Belmont Stakes by 31 lengths, achieving the first American Triple Crown victory in a quarter of a century.
 * 1982 – Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force carried out Operation Mole Cricket 19, successfully suppressing Syrian air defenses in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon.
 * 2010 – A child suicide bomber attacked a wedding in Nadahan, Afghanistan, killing at least 40 people and injuring at least 70 others.
 * Born/died this day: | Claudia Octavia |d|AD 62| Peter des Roches |d|1238| Ambrogio Lorenzetti |d|1348| Władysław IV Vasa |b|1595| Susanna Paine |b|1792| Emma Louisa Turner |b|1867| Jane Avril |b|1868|Hein Eersel |b|1922| Princess Helena of the United Kingdom |d|1923| Victoria Woodhull |d|1927| Michael J. Fox |b|1961|Heather Mitts |b|1978| Natalie Portman |b|1981| Sonam Kapoor |b|1985| Wolfdietrich Schnurre |d|1989| Brian Williamson |d|2004| Iain Banks |d|2013

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 9


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 10

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 * 731 - Tatwine was consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury
 * 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick Barbarossa (pictured), Holy Roman Emperor, drowned in the Saleph River in Anatolia.
 * 1329 – Byzantine–Ottoman wars: The heavily armed Byzantine army was defeated by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Pelekanon.
 * 1692 – Bridget Bishop became the first person to be executed for witchcraft in the Salem witch trials in colonial Massachusetts.
 * 1782 – King Rama I moved into the Grand Palace in Bangkok, which has remained the royal residence of Siam and Thailand since then.
 * 1838 – At least 28 unarmed Indigenous Australians were massacred at Myall Creek, New South Wales.
 * 1878 – The League of Prizren was officially founded to "struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the territories of Albania".
 * 1886 – Mount Tarawera, a volcano in New Zealand's North Island, erupted, killing around 120 people and creating the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley.
 * 1916 – Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz, orchestrated a revolt against the Ottoman Empire with the aim of creating a single unified and independent Arab state.
 * 1918 – World War I: Italian torpedo boats sank the Austro-Hungarian dreadnought SMS Szent István off the Dalmatian coast, killing 89 of the crew.
 * 1925 – The United Church of Canada, the country's largest Protestant denomination, held its inaugural service at the Mutual Street Arena in Toronto.
 * 1935 – American physician Bob Smith had his last alcoholic drink, marking the traditional founding date of Alcoholics Anonymous.
 * 1968 – The Royal New Zealand Navy adopted a unique white ensign, to distinguish its vessels from those of the Royal Navy.
 * 1991 – Eleven-year-old Jaycee Dugard was kidnapped in South Lake Tahoe, California; she remained a captive until 2009.
 * 2008 – War in Afghanistan: A U.S. airstrike resulted in the reported deaths of eleven paramilitary members of the Pakistani Frontier Corps and eight Taliban fighters in Pakistan's tribal areas.
 * 2008 – Sudan Airways Flight 109 crashed on landing at Khartoum International Airport, killing 30 of the 214 occupants on board.
 * Born/died this day: | Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani |b|940| Cheng Rui |d|903| Isabella Andreini |d|1604| Princess Caroline of Great Britain |b|1713| Gustave Courbet |b|1819| Theodor Philipsen |b|1840| Cora Agnes Benneson |b|1851| Robert Brown |d|1858| Ninian Comper |b|1864| Margarito Bautista |b|1878|Sessue Hayakawa |b|1886| Edward Everett Hale |d|1909| Aud Blegen Svindland |b|1928| João Gilberto |b|1931| Dan Fouts |b|1951| Margaret Abbott |d|1955| Wang Yuegu |b|1980| Henryk Stażewski|d|1988| Alexandra Stan |b|1989| Christina Grimmie |d|2016|


text:
Manningham

Manningham may refer to:

Places

 * Manningham, South Australia, a north eastern suburb of Adelaide
 * City of Manningham in Victoria, Australia
 * Manningham, Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England
 * Manningham Road in Victoria, Australia

Other uses

 * Manningham (surname)
 * Manningham F.C., rugby league team who switched to association football in 1903 and became Bradford City A.F.C.

title: Manningham


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 11

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 * 806 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Abbasid army departed Raqqa in northern Syria to begin an invasion of Byzantine-controlled Asia Minor.
 * 1345 – Inspecting a new prison without being escorted by his bodyguard, the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, was lynched by the prisoners.
 * 1509 – Catherine of Aragon (pictured) married King Henry VIII of England, becoming the first of his six wives.
 * 1775 – The Battle of Machias, the first naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War, commenced in and around the port of Machias in what is now eastern Maine.
 * 1837 – Tensions between Yankees and Irish Americans in Boston, Massachusetts, erupted in the Broad Street Riot.
 * 1847 – Prince Afonso died at the age of two, leaving his father Pedro II, the last emperor of Brazil, without a male heir.
 * 1917 – Alexander (pictured) was crowned King of Greece, succeeding his father Constantine I, who had abdicated.
 * 1920 – During their national convention in Chicago, Republican Party leaders gathered in negotiations at The Blackstone Hotel to select their presidential candidate, leading to the phrase "smoke-filled room".
 * 1923 – Kitosh, an African labourer, died after having been flogged by his British employer, in a case that eventually led to reform of the legal system of the Kenya Colony.
 * 1962 – American criminals Clarence Anglin, John Anglin and Frank Morris escaped from Alcatraz Island, one of the United States' most famous prisons.
 * 1963 – Vietnamese monk Thích Quảng Đức burned himself to death in Saigon to protest the persecution of Buddhists by Catholic South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem's administration.
 * 2001 – Timothy McVeigh, detonator of a truck bomb in front of the Oklahoma federal building, was executed by lethal injection for using a weapon of mass destruction, among other charges.
 * 2001 – Robert Edward Dyer was sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment for conducting a six-month-long letter-bomb campaign against the British supermarket chain Tesco.
 * 2007 – Mudslides caused by heavy monsoon rainfall and exacerbated by hill cutting killed at least 128 people in Chittagong, Bangladesh.
 * 2008 – Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper apologised to the First Nations for past governments' policies of forced assimilation.
 * 2012 – Two earthquakes struck northern Afghanistan, triggering a massive landslide that buried a village and killed 75 people.
 * Born/died this day: | Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy |d|1253| James Francis Edward Keith |b|1696| Benjamin Ingham |b|1712| Julia Margaret Cameron |b|1815| Julia Margaret Cameron |b|1815| Millicent Fawcett |b|1847| R. A. Hardie |b|1865| Roger Bresnahan |b|1879| Ernie Nevers |b|1903| Sheila Heaney |b|1917| Gene Wilder |b|1933| Claudia Lauper Bushman |b|1934| Sandra Schmirler |b|1963| Peter Dinklage |b|1969| Julius Evola |d|1974|A. Thurairajah |d|1994| Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos |d|2014 Taha Karaan |d|2021


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 12

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 * 1240 – The Disputation of Paris, in which four rabbis defended the Talmud against Nicholas Donin's accusations of blasphemy, began in the court of King Louis IX.
 * 1775 – Thomas Gage, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, offered a general pardon to colonists who remained loyal to Britain.
 * 1776 – The Fifth Virginia Convention adopted a declaration of rights, an influential document that proclaimed the inherent rights of men.
 * 1921 – Soviet politician Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko authorised the use of chemical weapons against a peasant rebellion in the Tambov Governorate.
 * 1942 – On her thirteenth birthday, Anne Frank (pictured) began keeping a diary during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.
 * 1963 – The premiere was held in New York of the historical drama film Cleopatra, the most expensive film made to that point.
 * 1967 – The U.S. Supreme Court struck down laws restricting interracial marriage in the landmark civil rights case Loving v. Virginia.
 * 1978 – American serial killer David Berkowitz, popularly known as the "Son of Sam", was sentenced to 25-years-to-life in prison for each of six killings.
 * 1987 – Cold War: During a speech at the Brandenburg Gate by the Berlin Wall, US president Ronald Reagan challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!" (speech featured).
 * 1991 – More than 150 Sri Lankan Tamil civilians were massacred by members of the military in the village of Kokkadichcholai.
 * 1999 – In the aftermath of the bombing of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo War, the NATO-led Kosovo Force entered Kosovo with a mandate of establishing a secure environment in the territory.
 * 2010 – Sixteen-year-old Abby Sunderland was rescued after her boat was dismasted in the Indian Ocean while trying to become the youngest sailor around the world.
 * 2016 – An Islamic terrorist killed 49 people in a mass shooting at the gay nightclub Pulse in Orlando, Florida.
 * Born/died this day: | John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel |d|1435| Adriaen van Stalbemt |b|1580| Thomas Farnaby |d|1647| Samuel Cooper |b|1798| Egwale Seyon |d|1818| Thomas C. Hart |b|1877| Egon Schiele |b|1890| Eugénie Brazier |b|1895| Daisy Yen Wu |b|1902| Javed Miandad |b|1957 Billy Butlin |d|1980| Milorad Petrović |d|1981| Christine Sinclair|b|1983| Philippe Coutinho |b|1992| Gregory Peck |d|2003


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 13

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 * 1514 – Henry Grace à Dieu, the largest warship ever built at the time, was launched from Woolwich Dockyard, England.
 * 1805 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: Meriwether Lewis became the first white American to sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.
 * 1916 – World War I: The Battle of Mont Sorrel in the Ypres Salient came to an end as a Canadian assault led German forces to withdraw to their original lines.
 * 1935 – In one of the biggest upsets in championship boxing, the underdog James J. Braddock defeated Max Baer to become the heavyweight champion of the world.
 * 1944 – Second World War: At the Battle of Villers-Bocage, German tank commander Michael Wittmann destroyed around 30 Allied vehicles in less than 15 minutes.
 * 1970 – "The Long and Winding Road" became the Beatles' twentieth and final number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
 * 1971 – The New York Times published the first excerpts from the Pentagon Papers, a 7,000-page classified Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War.
 * 1981 – English teenager Marcus Sarjeant fired six blanks at Queen Elizabeth II as she rode down The Mall to the Trooping the Colour ceremony.
 * 1983 – Pioneer 10 passed the orbit of Neptune, becoming the first man-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System.
 * 2007 – Insurgents carried out a second bombing at the al-Askari Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam.
 * 2011 – A 6.0 Mw earthquake caused up to NZ$6 billion of additional damage to Christchurch, New Zealand, which was still recovering from an earthquake four months earlier.
 * Born/died: | Charles the Bald |b|823| Mansur I |d|976| Veronica Gambara |d|1550| Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet |b|1617| Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès |d|1846| W. B. Yeats |b|1865| Karl Blossfeldt |b|1865| Dorothy L. Sayers  |b|1893| Carolyn Eisele |b|1902| Augusto Roa Bastos |b|1917|Marianne Means |b|1934|Christo and Jeanne-Claude |b|1935 Rivers Cuomo |b|1970| Birger Ruud |d|1998 Malik Meraj Khalid |d|2003 |Mitsuharu Misawa|d|2009


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 14

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 * 1646 – Franco-Spanish War: French and Spanish fleets fought the inconclusive Battle of Orbetello, with sailing vessels of both sides having to be towed into action by galleys due to light winds.
 * 1777 – The Second Continental Congress adopted the stars and stripes design for the flag of the United States.
 * 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: In the Battle of Marengo, Napoleonic forces secured victory over the Habsburgs when defeat had appeared inevitable until the arrival of French troops led by Louis Desaix.
 * 1822 – In a paper presented to the Royal Astronomical Society, English mathematician Charles Babbage proposed a difference engine (pictured), an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
 * 1846 – Settlers in Sonoma began rebelling against Mexico, later proclaiming the California Republic and raising a homemade flag with a bear and a star.
 * 1900 – The second of the German Naval Laws was passed, authorising the doubling in size of the Imperial German Navy.
 * 1934 – The landmark Australian Eastern Mission concluded after a three-month diplomatic tour of East and South-East Asia.
 * 1940 – The Soviet Union issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding that the Red Army be allowed to enter the country and form a pro-Soviet government.
 * 1940 – Second World War: Four days after the French government fled Paris, German forces occupied the French capital, a major accomplishment in the Fall Rot operation.
 * 1944 – Second World War: The British Army abandoned its attempt to capture the German-occupied city of Caen.
 * 1966 – The Vatican formally abolished its 427-year-old list of prohibited books.
 * 1971 – Emerson, Lake & Palmer released the progressive rock album Tarkus.
 * 1982 – Falklands War: British prime minister Margaret Thatcher announced that white flags were flying over Port Stanley, in advance of the formal surrender of Argentine forces.
 * 1992 – Swedish woman Helena Andersson disappeared in Mariestad, one suspect were ”the man with the pilot glasses".
 * 1996 – After an 81-day standoff sparked by their refusal to be evicted from their foreclosed property in Jordan, Montana, the Christian Patriot group Montana Freemen surrendered to the FBI.
 * 2017 – A fire severely damaged Grenfell Tower in North Kensington, London, killing 72 people.
 * Born/died: |Henry Vane the Younger |d|1662| Harriet Beecher Stowe |b|1811| Priscilla Cooper Tyler |b|1816| Leonidas Polk |d|1864| Alois Alzheimer |b|1864| Anna B. Eckstein |b|1868| Karl Landsteiner |b|1868|Mary Cassatt |d|1926| Emmeline Pankhurst |d|1928| Jang Jin-young|b|1972| Heike Friedrich |b|1976| Burhanuddin Harahap |d|1987| Moon Tae-il|b|1994| Mimi Parent |d|2005| Qiao Shi |d|2015

June 14

 * 1381 – During the Peasants' Revolt in England, rebels stormed the Tower of London, killing Simon Sudbury, Lord Chancellor, and Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer (both pictured).
 * 1644 – First English Civil War: Prince Maurice abandoned his siege of Lyme Regis in Dorset after learning of the approach of a Parliamentarian relief force.
 * 1934 – The landmark Australian Eastern Mission concluded after a three-month diplomatic tour of East and South-East Asia.
 * 2014 – War in Donbas: An Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft of the Ukrainian Air Force was shot down by forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, killing all 49 people on board.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 15

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 * 763 BC – The Bur-Sagale eclipse was observed in Assyria, the earliest solar eclipse mentioned in historical sources that has been successfully identified.
 * 1520 – Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine, censuring 41 propositions from Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and subsequent writings, and threatening him with excommunication unless he recanted.
 * 1859 – The shooting of a pig in the San Juan Islands led to the so-called Pig War over the border between the United States and British North America.
 * 1896 – An earthquake registering 8.5 Mw and subsequent tsunami struck Japan, killing at least 22,000 people and destroying about 9,000 homes.
 * 1920 – Three African-American circus workers were lynched by a mob in Duluth, Minnesota, a crime that shocked the country for having taken place in the Northern United States.
 * 1921 – Bessie Coleman (pictured) became the first Black person to earn an international pilot's license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.
 * 1978 – King Hussein of Jordan married American Lisa Halaby, who became known as Queen Noor of Jordan (pictured).
 * 1991 – The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines deposited large amounts of particulate matter into the atmosphere, enough to lower global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F).
 * 1995 – Western Greece was struck by an earthquake registering 6.4–6.5 Mw that killed 26 people.
 * 2001 – Leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
 * 2006 – US president George W. Bush designated 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands as the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, now one of the world's largest protected areas.
 * 2012 – American acrobat Nik Wallenda became the first person to walk a tightrope stretched directly over Niagara Falls.
 * Born/died: | Eadburh of Winchester |d|960| John VI Kantakouzenos |d|1383| Gabriele Sforza |b|1423|Thomas Randolph |b|1605| Georg Joseph Vogler |b|1749| Antoine-François de Fourcroy |b|1755| Rachel Jackson |b|1767| Adam Eckfeldt |b|1769| James K. Polk |d|1849| Herman Smith-Johannsen |b|1875| Mehmed Rashid Pasha |d|1876| Miriam Soljak|b|1879| Frederick III, German Emperor |d|1888| John Fenn |b|1917| Marcel Pronovost |b|1930| Xi Jinping |b|1953| Oliver Kahn |b|1969| W. Arthur Lewis |d|1991 Choi Hong-hi |d|2002


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 16

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 * 1407 – Ming forces conquered Đại Ngu in modern-day northern Vietnam, capturing Hồ dynasty emperor Hồ Quý Ly and bringing the country under Chinese rule.
 * 1632 – The Plymouth Company granted a land patent to Thomas Purchase, who became the first permanent European settler of Pejepscot, Maine.
 * 1755 – After a two-week siege, the French commander of Fort Beauséjour in present-day New Brunswick, Canada, surrendered to British forces, marking the end of Father Le Loutre's War.
 * 1883 – In the Victoria Hall disaster, 183 children were crushed to death when they ran down the stairs to collect gifts after a variety show in Sunderland, England.
 * 1911 – The technology company IBM was founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in Endicott, New York.
 * 1960 – Psycho, a psychological horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock (pictured) and based on a novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, premiered.
 * 1963 – Aboard Vostok 6, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova (pictured) became the first woman in space.
 * 1972 – English musician David Bowie released his breakthrough album, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
 * 2012 – Liu Yang (pictured), a member of the Shenzhou 9 crew, became the first Chinese woman in space.
 * 2016 – Jo Cox, a British Member of Parliament, was murdered in her constituency.
 * Born/died: | Johannes Tauler |d|1361| John Cheke |b|1514| Yang Jisheng |b|1516| Jean de Thévenot |b|1633| James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon |b|1653| Tomás Yepes |d|1674| Adam Smith |b|1723| Mary Katharine Goddard |b|1738| William Lawson |d|1850| Mohammad Mosaddegh|b|1882| Helen Traubel |b|1899| Barbara McClintock |b|1902| Bazil Assan |d|1918| Margaret Bondfield|d|1953| Sydney Chapman |d|1970| Tupac Shakur|b|1971|Mel Allen |d|1996| Tony Gwynn |d|2014| Helmut Kohl |d|2017


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 17

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 * 653 – Pope Martin I was arrested in the Lateran Palace, Rome, and taken to Constantinople.
 * 1397 – The kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway formed the Kalmar Union, a personal union under Eric of Pomerania.
 * 1462 – Hungarian–Ottoman Wars: Wallachian forces led by Vlad Dracula attacked an Ottoman camp at night in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Sultan Mehmed II.
 * 1775 – American Revolutionary War: British forces took Bunker Hill outside of Boston, Massachusetts.
 * 1795 – French Revolutionary Wars: Off the coast of Brittany, a Royal Navy squadron commanded by William Cornwallis (pictured) fended off a numerically superior French Navy fleet.
 * 1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Vienna, Virginia, took place, which involved one of the world's first military movements of troops by train.
 * 1900 – Boxer Rebellion: Allied naval forces captured the Taku Forts from Qing China after a brief but bloody battle.
 * 1913 – In Detroit, autoworkers for car manufacturer Studebaker went on strike in the American auto industry's first major strike action.
 * 1940 – Second World War: RMS Lancastria was sunk by German aircraft near Saint-Nazaire, France, causing thousands of fatalities in Britain's worst maritime disaster.
 * 1963 – Riots broke out in Saigon one day after the signing of the Joint Communiqué, an attempt to resolve the Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam.
 * 2015 – A white supremacist committed a mass shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, killing nine people during a prayer service.
 * 2017 – Wildfires erupted across central Portugal, eventually causing the deaths of 66 people.
 * Born/died this day: | Bolesław I the Brave|d|1025| Gauhar Ara Begum |b|1631| John Kay |b|1704| Daskalogiannis |d|1771| J. H. Hobart Ward|b|1823| Susan La Flesche Picotte |b|1865| Carl Van Vechten |b|1880| M. C. Escher |b|1898| Carmen Casco de Lara Castro |b|1918| Annie S. Swan |d|1943| Ken Livingstone |b|1945| Richard Gagnon |b|1948| Isabelle Delobel |b|1978|  Grace Towns Hamilton |d|1992| Amari Cooper|b|1994|Ankita Bhakat|b|1998| Mohamed Morsi |d|2019|


text:
Twins (2002 EP)

Twins is an EP by Twins. This was their third CD and was released in January 2002. It contained a CD, which had five new songs, and a VCD, which included two music videos for "Ma Bao 668" (孖寶668) and "Ai Qing Dang Ru Xun" (愛情當入樽).

Since it was near the Chinese New Year, the song "Ma Bao 668" (孖寶668) was a greeting song for the Chinese New Year.

Track listing

 * 1) "Zhu Shui Yi Shui Jiao" (著睡衣睡覺)
 * 2) "Da Lang Man Zhu Yi" (大浪漫主義)
 * 3) "She Gu Che Zhan Jian" (涉谷車站見)
 * 4) "Shen Qi Liang Nu Xia" (神奇兩女俠)
 * 5) "Ma Bao 668" (孖寶668)

title: Twins (2002 EP)


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 18

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 * 618 – Sui–Tang transition: Chinese governor Li Yuan (pictured) declared himself emperor, establishing the Tang dynasty.
 * 860 – Rus' forces sailed into the Bosporus in a fleet of about 200 vessels and started pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople.
 * 1757 – Third Silesian War: The Austrian victory at the Battle of Kolín forced Prussian leader Frederick the Great to give up the Siege of Prague and retreat to Saxony.
 * 1815 – War of the Seventh Coalition: Napoleon fought and lost his final battle, the Battle of Waterloo (depicted), in present-day Belgium.
 * 1858 – Charles Darwin received a manuscript by fellow naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, which encouraged him to publish his own theory of evolution.
 * 1940 – World War II: Charles de Gaulle gave his Appeal of 18 June speech, often considered to be the origin of the French Resistance.
 * 1953 – A Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft crashed just after takeoff from Tachikawa, Japan, killing all 129 people on board.
 * 1954 – Carlos Castillo Armas led a CIA-sponsored invasion force across the Guatemalan border, beginning the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.
 * 1967 – American musician Jimi Hendrix burned his guitar on stage at the end of a performance at the Monterey International Pop Festival in California.
 * 1972 – British European Airways Flight 548 crashed near Staines-upon-Thames less than three minutes after departing from Heathrow Airport in London, killing all 118 people aboard in the worst air accident in the UK.
 * 1983 – Iranian teenager Mona Mahmudnizhad and nine other women were hanged in Shiraz because of their membership in the Baháʼí Faith.
 * 1983 – Aboard Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Sally Ride became the first American woman and third one overall in space.
 * 2012 – Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was appointed the crown prince of Saudi Arabia.
 * Born/died: | Rogier van der Weyden |d|1464| Ambrose Philips |d|1749| Lord Castlereagh |b|1769| William Lassell|b|1799| William Cobbett |d|1835| Abdollah Mirza Qajar |d|1846|James Montgomery Flagg |b|1877| Alice T. Schafer |b|1915| Queen Olga of Greece |d|1926| Barack Obama Sr. |b|1934| Gail Godwin|b|1937| Lou Brock|b|1939| Isabella Rossellini |b|1952|Kofoworola Abeni Pratt |d|1992| Michael Hastings |d|2013| Stephanie Kwolek|d|2014|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 19

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 * 1718 – An earthquake on the Tibetan Plateau led to the deaths of more than 73,000 people.
 * 1846 – The first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history using modern rules was played in Hoboken, New Jersey, with the "New York Nine" defeating the New York Knickerbockers 23–1.
 * 1867 – Second French intervention in Mexico: Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico was executed by firing squad in Querétaro City.
 * 1953 – Americans Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (pictured) were executed as spies for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union.
 * 1965 – Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, the commander of the South Vietnam Air Force, was appointed prime minister at the head of a military regime.
 * 1970 – The international Patent Cooperation Treaty was signed, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states.
 * 2005 – Only six race cars competed in the United States Grand Prix at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana, after all the Michelin-shod entrants were withdrawn due to safety concerns.
 * 2009 – Mass rioting broke out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances surrounding the death of a local chef.
 * 2010 – The royal wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling took place in Stockholm Cathedral.
 * 2012 – Facing allegations of sexual assault in Sweden, Julian Assange (pictured), the founder of WikiLeaks, requested asylum at the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
 * Born/died this day: | Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall |d|1312| Guru Hargobind |b|1595| Friedrich Sertürner |b|1783| Mary Tenney Gray |b|1833| Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig |b|1861| Sarah Rosetta Wakeman |d|1864| Evangelos Zappas |d|1865| Wallis Simpson|b|1896| Lou Gehrig |b|1903| Doris Sands Johnson |b|1921| Aage Bohr |b|1922| Erna Schneider Hoover |b|1926| Nick Drake |b|1948| Boris Johnson |b|1964| Jörg Widmann |b|1973| Macklemore |b|1983| Len Bias |d|1986| James Gandolfini |d|2013| Gerry Goffin|d|2014|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 20

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 * 1782 – The Congress of the Confederation adopted the Great Seal of the United States (obverse pictured), used to authenticate documents issued by the U.S. federal government.
 * 1900 – Boxer Rebellion: The Imperial Chinese Army began a 55-day siege of the Legation Quarter in Peking.
 * 1921 – Workers at the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Madras, India, began a four-month strike.
 * 1926 – Approximately 250,000 spectators attended the opening procession of the 28th International Eucharistic Congress in Chicago, United States.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Royal Air Force began Operation Bellicose, a four-day shuttle-bombing mission that included raids on Germany and Italy and a refuelling and rearming stop in Algeria.
 * 1947 – A Mafia hitman murdered gangster Bugsy Siegel, one of the driving forces in the development of the Las Vegas Strip, in Beverly Hills, California.
 * 1960 – The Mali Federation gained independence from France, but dissolved into Mali and Senegal two months later.
 * 1975 – Steven Spielberg's film Jaws was released; it became a summer blockbuster and the first film to earn $100 million in U.S. theatrical rentals.
 * 1994 – A bomb explosion in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Iran, left at least 25 dead and more than 70 injured.
 * 2009 – Iranian student Neda Agha-Soltan was shot dead in Tehran during the presidential election protests; footage of her death was widely distributed over the Internet, making it "probably the most widely witnessed death in human history".
 * 2019 – Iranian aircraft shot down an American drone over the Strait of Hormuz amid heightened tensions between the two countries.
 * Born/died: | Adalbert of Magdeburg |d|981| Sigismund III Vasa |b|1566| Anna Laetitia Barbauld |b|1743| Gina Krog |b|1847| Juan Larrea |d|1847| Władysław Tryliński |b|1878| Mary R. Calvert|b|1884| Voltairine de Cleyre |d|1912| Fritz Koenig |b|1924| Enn Vetemaa |b|1936| Edith Windsor |b|1929| Olympia Dukakis |b|1931| Ulf Merbold |b|1941| André Watts |b|1946| Ulrich Mühe |b|1953| Chanchal Kumar Majumdar |d|2000|

June 20: World Refugee Day

 * 1837 – Queen Victoria (pictured) acceded to the British throne, beginning a 63-year reign.
 * 1921 – British Army officer Thomas Stanton Lambert was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army near Moydrum, Ireland.
 * 1959 – The extratropical remnants of an Atlantic hurricane reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada, causing 22 fishing boats to capsize and killing 35 people.
 * 1979 – Bill Stewart, an American journalist, was executed by Nicaraguan Guardia forces.
 * 1982 – The International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide, the first major conference in genocide studies, opened despite Turkish attempts to cancel it due to the inclusion of presentations on the Armenian genocide.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 21

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 * 1529 – War of the League of Cognac: The French army under Francis de Bourbon was destroyed in Lombardy, Italy, by the Spanish army.
 * 1575 – French Wars of Religion: Catholic forces defeated an armed group of Huguenots attempting to capture Besançon, from which they had previously been expelled.
 * 1788 – New Hampshire ratified the U.S. Constitution and was admitted as the ninth U.S. state.
 * 1826 – Greek War of Independence: A combined Egyptian and Ottoman army began an invasion of the Mani Peninsula, but were initially held off by the Maniots at the fortifications of Vergas.
 * 1864 – New Zealand Wars: A British victory against the Māori King Movement brought the Tauranga campaign to an end.
 * 1890 – Rudyard Kipling's poem Mandalay was published.
 * 1919 – Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttled the German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow to prevent the ships from being seized and divided amongst the Allied Powers.
 * 1921 – Irish War of Independence: Most of the village of Knockcroghery in County Roscommon was burned by British forces.
 * 1940 – World War II: The main offensive of the unsuccessful Italian invasion of France began.
 * 1957 – Ellen Fairclough became the first woman to be appointed to the cabinet of Canada.
 * 1973 – The U.S. Supreme Court delivered its decision in the landmark case Miller v. California, establishing the Miller test for determining what is obscene material.
 * 2000 – President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to 22 Asian Americans, mostly from the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, for actions during World War II.

 * Born/died this day: | Rodulf |d|866| Niccolò Machiavelli |d|1527| Salomon Schweigger |d|1622| Increase Mather |b|1639| Charles Edward Horn |b|1786| Friedrich Fröbel |d|1852|Max Wolf |b|1863| Clara Immerwahr |b|1870| Claude Auchinleck |b|1884| Gideon Sundback |d|1954| Joko Widodo |b|1961| Maureen Connolly |d|1969| William, Prince of Wales|b|1982| Lana Del Rey |b|1985| Kathleen O'Kelly-Kennedy |b|1986| Soad Hosny |d|2001| Wendy Saddington |d|2013|

June 21: Fête de la Musique; International Day of Yoga; National Indigenous Peoples Day in Canada; Xiazhi in China (2024)

 * 217 BC – Second Punic War: The Carthaginians under Hannibal ambushed a Roman army at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, capturing or killing 25,000 men.
 * 1848 – In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell proclaimed a new republican government in present-day Romania.
 * 1898 – In a bloodless event during the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam from Spain.
 * 1919 – During a general strike in Winnipeg, Canada, members of the Royal North-West Mounted Police attacked a crowd of strikers, armed with clubs and revolvers.
 * 1948 – The Manchester Baby (replica pictured), the world's first stored-program computer, ran its first program.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 22

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 * 1807 – The British warship HMS Leopard (1790) pursued and attacked the American frigate USS Chesapeake (1799) (pictured) in the belief that the crew of the latter included deserters from the Royal Navy.
 * 1812 – France declared war on Russia, starting Napoleon's invasion two days later.
 * 1813 – War of 1812: After learning of a forthcoming American attack, Laura Secord walked 20 mi from Queenston, Upper Canada, to warn British lieutenant James FitzGibbon (depicted).
 * 1922 – Irish Republican Army gunmen assassinated British member of parliament Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson.
 * 1941 – World War II: German minister of foreign affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop presented a declaration of war to the Soviet ambassador Vladimir Dekanozov in Berlin.
 * 1966 – Vietnamese Buddhist activist leader Thích Trí Quang was arrested as the military junta of Nguyễn Cao Kỳ crushed the Buddhist Uprising.
 * 2009 – Two Metro trains collided in Washington, D.C., killing nine people and injuring eighty others.
 * 2022 – An earthquake registering 6.2 Mw caused the deaths of at least 1,000 people in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 * Born/died this day: | Paulinus of Nola |d|431| Sayf al-Dawla |b|916| Aymon, Count of Savoy|d|1343| Lucrezia Tornabuoni |b|1427| Matthew Henry |d|1714| Matthias Vanden Gheyn |d|1785| Maximilian von Spee |b|1861| Howard Staunton |d|1874| Pascual Díaz y Barreto |b|1876| Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo |d|1937|  Terttu Savola |b|1941| Meryl Streep |b|1949| Elizabeth Warren |b|1949| Cyndi Lauper |b|1953| Lola Baldwin |d|1957| Erin Brockovich|b|1960| Judy Garland |d|1969| Lee Min-ho|b|1987| Pat Nixon |d|1993|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 23

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 * 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In an action off Trapani, Sicily, a Venetian fleet captured all 27 opposing Genoese vessels.
 * 1280 – Reconquista: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeated those of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of León in the Battle of Moclín.
 * 1797 – War of the First Coalition: Napoleon signed the Armistice of Bologna, agreeing a ceasefire between France and the Papal States.
 * 1865 – Stand Watie became the last Confederate general of the American Civil War to surrender to Union forces.
 * 1887 – The Parliament of Canada passed the Rocky Mountains Park Act, creating Banff National Park in Alberta as the country's first national park.
 * 1926 – The College Board administered the first SAT, a major standardized test for university and college admissions in the United States.
 * 1946 – Canada's largest recorded onshore earthquake struck Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
 * 1956 – In a nationwide referendum, Gamal Abdel Nasser (pictured) was elected President of Egypt, a post he held until his death in 1970.
 * 1972 – President Richard Nixon signed Title IX (co-author Patsy Mink pictured) into law as part of the Education Amendments, prohibiting gender discrimination in any educational program receiving U.S. federal funds.
 * 1973 – The Los Angeles Dodgers started Steve Garvey, Davey Lopes, Ron Cey, and Bill Russell in the infield, beginning a record eight-year run in Major League Baseball for four people designated as starters for those positions.
 * 1982 – Chinese American Vincent Chin died after being beaten into a coma in Highland Park, Michigan, U.S., by two automotive workers who were angry about the success of Japanese auto companies.
 * 1985 – A bomb attributed to the Sikh separatist group Babbar Khalsa destroyed Air India Flight 182 above the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 329 on board.
 * 1991 – The first installment of the video-game series Sonic the Hedgehog was released in North America.
 * 1992 – Croatian War of Independence: The Battle of the Miljevci Plateau ended after a failed counterattack by forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina against the Croatian Army who had captured the plateau.
 * 2016 – Citizens of the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the European Union.
 * Born/died this day: | Li Congyi and Consort Dowager Wang |d|947| Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke |d|1324| Richard W. Meade |b|1778| Cyclone Taylor|b|1884| Verena Holmes |b|1889| Len Hutton |b|1916| Bill Torrey|b|1934| Michèle Mouton |b|1951| Joss Whedon|b|1964| LaDainian Tomlinson |b|1979| Sanjay Gandhi |d|1980| Betty Shabazz |d|1997| Doug Ring|d|2003| Nguyễn Chánh Thi|d|2007|

June 23: Grand Duke's Official Birthday in Luxembourg

 * 1594 – Anglo-Spanish War: During the Action of Faial, an English attempt to capture a Portuguese carrack, reputedly one of the richest ever to set sail from the Indies, caused it to explode with all the treasure lost.
 * 1894 – Led by French historian Pierre de Coubertin (pictured), an international congress at the Sorbonne in Paris formed the International Olympic Committee to revive the ancient Olympic Games.
 * 1944 – The Holocaust: After a closely supervised visit to Theresienstadt Ghetto in German-occupied Czechoslovakia, Red Cross official Maurice Rossel reported that conditions there were "almost normal".
 * 2014 – Under the terms of UN Security Council Resolution 2118, the last of Syria's declared chemical weapons were shipped out for destruction.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 24

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 * 474 – Western Roman emperor Glycerius, who was not recognized by his Eastern counterpart Leo I, was forced to abdicate.
 * 1314 – In the decisive battle of the First War of Scottish Independence, Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeated English troops under Edward II near Bannockburn, Scotland.
 * 1340 – Hundred Years' War: The English fleet commanded by Edward III almost completely destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys.
 * 1559 – The 1559 Book of Common Prayer, a major component of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, is legally introduced as the liturgy of the Church of England.
 * 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: Led by Napoleon, the French Grande Armée crossed the Neman, beginning their invasion of Russia.
 * 1880 – "O Canada", the present-day national anthem of Canada, was first performed in Quebec City during a Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day banquet.
 * 1932 – A group of military officers and civilians engineered a bloodless coup in Siam, ending the absolute rule of the Chakri dynasty.
 * 1937 – The U.S. Navy's first two fast battleships, North Carolina and Washington, of the North Carolina class, were respectively ordered from the New York and Philadelphia Naval Shipyards.
 * 1939 – The first of the Thai cultural mandates was issued, officially changing the country's name from Siam to Thailand.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The British Army carried out Operation Collar, its first commando raid into German-occupied France.
 * 1989 – Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party appointed Jiang Zemin (pictured) as general secretary in place of Zhao Ziyang.
 * 2010 – John Isner defeated Nicolas Mahut at the Wimbledon Championships, concluding the longest match in tennis history, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes over three days.
 * Born/died this day: | Edward de Vere |d|1604| John Hampden |d|1643|Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui |b|1694| Jean-Baptiste de Boyer|b|1704| Ernst Heinrich Weber |b|1795|  Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |b|1850| Hastings Rashdall |b|1858| Kapiʻolani|d|1899| Carolyn S. Shoemaker |b|1929| Minor White |d|1976V. V. Giri |d|1980| Jasmin Moghbeli |b|1983| Lisa|b|1987|Lionel Messi |b|1987| Mick Aston|d|2013


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 25

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 * 1940 – Second World War: Operation Aerial, an evacuation of nearly 200,000 Allied soldiers from French ports, was completed.
 * 1950 – The Korean War began with North Korean forces launching a pre-dawn raid over the 38th parallel into South Korea.
 * 1960 – Two cryptographers working for the U.S. National Security Agency left on vacation to Mexico, and proceeded to defect to the Soviet Union.
 * 1967 – More than an estimated 400 million people viewed Our World, the first live international satellite television production.
 * 1978 – The rainbow flagrepresenting gay pride was first flown at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day parade.
 * 2013 – In response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the CIA acknowledged the existence of Area 51, a secretive U.S. Air Force facility in Nevada and a subject of various UFO, and other, conspiracy theories.
 * 2022 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russian forces captured the city of Sievierodonetsk, Ukraine, after six weeks of fighting.
 * Born/died: | Girolamo Corner|b|1632|David Douglas |b|1799| Ebenezer Pemberton |d|1835| Rose O'Neill|b|1874 | Henry H. Arnold |b|1886| Louis Mountbatten |b|1900| George Orwell |b|1903| Margaret Anstee |b|1926| Sonia Sotomayor |b|1954| Raymond Leane |d|1962|Michel Foucault |d|1984|Hillel Slovak |d|1988|Ernest Walton|d|1995

June 25: Eid al-Ghadir (Shia Islam, 2024)

 * 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War: The largest battle ever fought on Jamaica, the three-day Battle of Rio Nuevo, began.
 * 1910 – The United States Congress passed the Mann Act, which prohibited the interstate transport of females for "immoral purposes".
 * 1944 – World War II: U.S. Navy and Royal Navy ships bombarded Cherbourg, France, to support U.S. Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.
 * 1950 – The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 82 condemning the North Korean invasion of South Korea.
 * 2009 – Singer Michael Jackson (pictured) died as a result of the combination of drugs in his body.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 26

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 * 1243 – Mongol invasions of Anatolia: Mongols achieved a decisive victory over the Seljuq Turks, leading to the decline and disintegration of the Seljuk state.
 * 1740 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Spanish troops stormed the British-held strategically crucial position of Fort Mose in Spanish Florida.
 * 1848 – French authorities suppressed the June Days uprising, in which workers rioted in response to plans to close the National Workshops.
 * 1886 – French chemist Henri Moissan successfully isolated elemental fluorine (pictured in liquid state), for which he later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 * 1906 – The 1906 French Grand Prix, the first Grand Prix motor racing competition, began near Le Mans.
 * 1918 – World War I: The 26-day Battle of Belleau Wood near the Marne River in France ended with American forces finally clearing that forest of German troops.
 * 1945 – At a conference in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations signed a charter establishing the United Nations.
 * 1997 – J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first book in the Harry Potter fantasy novel series, is released.
 * 2003 – The U.S. Supreme Court struck down sodomy laws in the country in the landmark decision Lawrence v. Texas.
 * 2013 – The U.S. Supreme Court granted federal recognition to same-sex marriage when it overturned the Defense of Marriage Act.
 * 2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the right of same-sex couples to marry is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
 * Born/died: | Robert the Lotharingian |d|1095| Henrietta of England |b|1644| Marie Thérèse Geoffrin|b|1699| Abner Doubleday |b|1819| George IV of the United Kingdom |d|1830| Ebenezer Pemberton |d|1835| Daoud Corm |b|1852| Mary van Kleeck|b|1883| Elizabeth Pierce Blegen|b|1888| Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|b|1899| Elvy Kalep |b|1899| Violette Szabo |b|1921| Olive Morris |b|1952| Richie Powell |d|1956| Pommie Mbangwa|b|1976| Joel Campbell|b|1992| Mary Rodgers |d|2014| David Goldblatt |d|2018|

June 26

 * 1409 – The Council of Pisa elected Peter of Candia as Alexander V, becoming the third simultaneous claimant of the papacy during the Western Schism.
 * 1844 – Julia Gardiner (pictured) married U.S. President John Tyler at the Church of the Ascension in New York, becoming the first lady.
 * 1889 – Bangui, the capital and largest city of the present-day Central African Republic, was founded in French Congo.
 * 1907 – Organized by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, among others, Bolshevik revolutionaries robbed a bank stagecoach in Tiflis, present-day Georgia.
 * 1997 – Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first book in the Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling, was published.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 27

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 * 678 – Pope Agatho, later venerated as a saint in both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, began his pontificate.
 * 1571 – Queen Elizabeth I issued a royal charter establishing Jesus College, the first Protestant college at the University of Oxford.
 * 1743 – War of the Austrian Succession: In the last time that a British monarch led troops in battle, Allied forces commanded by George II (depicted) defeated the French army at Dettingen, Bavaria.
 * 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: French forces won a victory at the Battle of Neuburg, ending Austrian control over the River Danube.
 * 1869 – One day after surrendering at the Battle of Hakodate, Enomoto Takeaki turned the fort of Goryōkaku over to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.
 * 1869 – The military phase of the Meiji Restoration in Japan was completed with an imperial victory in the Boshin War.
 * 1905 – First Russian Revolution: The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin began a mutiny against their officers.
 * 1976 – The first identifiable case of Ebola occurred in Sudan.
 * 1994 – Members of the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas in Matsumoto, Nagano, killing eight people and injuring more than five hundred others.
 * 2007 – As a result of an ongoing conflict between drug dealers and police in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, a large military and civil police operation killed 19 people and injured several others.
 * 2008 – Robert Mugabe was re-elected as President of Zimbabwe with an overwhelming majority after his opponent Morgan Tsvangirai withdrew, citing violence against his party's supporters.
 * 2015 – Ignition of corn starch caused a dust fire at a water park in New Taipei City, Taiwan, killing 12 people and injuring more than 400 others.
 * 2018 – The Japanese space probe Hayabusa2 (artist's impression pictured) arrived at the asteroid Ryugu to collect samples for return to Earth.
 * Born/died this day: | Conan I of Rennes |d|992| Thomas Erpingham |d|1428| George Vincent |bap|1796| James Smithson |d|1829| Eugenia Washington |b|1838| Ranjit Singh |d|1839| Frank Rattray Lillie |b|1870| Sarah Helen Whitman |d|1878| Guilhermina Suggia |b|1885|  Charlie Macartney |b|1886| Rosalie Allen|b|1924| Ross Perot|b|1930| Wanda Gág|d|1946| Mary McAleese |b|1951| Nekima Levy Armstrong|b|1976| Sam Manekshaw|d|2008| Violet Milstead|d|2014| Michael Nyqvist |d|2017|

June 27

 * 1864 – American Civil War: General Sherman's frontal assault against the Confederate Army of Tennessee failed, but did not stop the Union Army from advancing on Atlanta.
 * 1899 – A. E. J. Collins (pictured) scored 628 runs not out, the highest recorded score in cricket until being surpassed in 2016.
 * 1954 – Jacobo Árbenz resigned as President of Guatemala following a CIA-led coup against his administration.
 * 1957 – Hurricane Audrey made landfall near the Texas–Louisiana border, killing over 400 people, mainly in and around Cameron, Louisiana, U.S.
 * 2017 – Websites of Ukrainian organizations were swamped by a massive cyberattack, blamed on Russian military hackers, using the malware Petya.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 28

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 * 1461 – Edward IV was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The militia of the Province of South Carolina repelled a British attack on Charleston.
 * 1841 – Giselle (title role pictured), a ballet by the French composer Adolphe Adam, was first performed at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris.
 * 1846 – Belgian musician Adolphe Sax patented his design of the saxophone (example pictured).
 * 1895 – The U.S. Court of Private Land Claims ruled that James Reavis claim to 18600 sqmi of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico was "wholly fictitious and fraudulent".
 * 1904 – In the worst maritime disaster involving a Danish merchant ship, SS Norge ran aground on Hasselwood Rock and sank in the North Atlantic, resulting in more than 635 deaths.
 * 1911 – The Nakhla meteorite (fragments pictured), the first meteorite to suggest signs of aqueous processes on Mars, fell to Earth in Abu Hummus, Egypt.
 * 1916 – First World War: Around 55,000 workers in Berlin went on strike to protest against the trial of anti-war campaigner Karl Liebknecht.
 * 1942 – World War II: The Wehrmacht launched Case Blue, a strategic German offensive to capture oil fields in the south of the Soviet Union.
 * 1950 – Korean War: South Korean forces began the Bodo League massacre, summarily executing tens of thousands of suspected North Korean sympathizers.
 * 1956 – Polish workers demanding better working conditions began massive protests in Poznań, but were later violently repressed by the Polish People's Army and the Internal Security Corps.
 * 1978 – In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the U.S. Supreme Court barred quota systems in college admissions but held that affirmative-action programs advantaging minorities were constitutional.
 * 1990 – Paperback Software, a company founded by Adam Osborne, was found guilty of copyright infringement for using Lotus 1-2-3's look-and-feel interface in its own spreadsheet program.
 * 2016 – Gunmen attacked Istanbul's Atatürk Airport, killing 45 people and injuring more than 230 others.
 * Born/died: | Pope Leo II |d|683| James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley |d|1497|  Primož Trubar |d|1586| William Hooper |b|1742| Elizabeth Ann Linley |d|1792| Paul Broca |b|1824| James Madison |d|1836| Charles Cruft |b|1852| Olga Sapphire|b|1907| Yvonne Sylvain |b|1907| Amira Hass |b|1956| Meralda Warren|b|1959| Martha Wise |d|1971|Franz Stangl |d|1971 Makode Linde |b|1981| Kiichi Miyazawa|d|2007

June 28: Vidovdan in Serbia

 * 572 – Alboin, the king of the Lombards, was assassinated in Verona in a coup d'état instigated by the Byzantines.
 * 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip (pictured), a Yugoslav nationalist, sparking the outbreak of World War I.
 * 1969 – In response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City, groups of gay and transgender people began demonstrations, a watershed event for the worldwide gay rights movement.
 * 1989 – President Slobodan Milošević gave a speech at Gazimestan in which he described the possibility of "armed battles" in the future of Serbia's national development.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 29

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 * 1613 – The original Globe Theatre in London burned to the ground after a cannon employed for special effects misfired during a performance of Henry VIII and ignited the roof.
 * 1776 – The first privateer battle of the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet, was fought near Cape May, New Jersey.
 * 1913 – More than 50,000 Union and Confederate veterans gathered at the Gettysburg Battlefield, the largest combined reunion of American Civil War veterans ever held.
 * 1950 – The United States defeated England during the FIFA World Cup in one of the greatest upsets in the competition's history.
 * 1967 – Actress Jayne Mansfield, her boyfriend Sam Brody, and their driver were killed in a car accident outside of New Orleans, while her children Miklós, Zoltán, and Mariska Hargitay escaped with only minor injuries.
 * 1971 – The Soyuz 11 spacecraft experienced uncontrolled decompression during preparations for reentry, killing Soviet cosmonauts Vladislav Volkov, Georgy Dobrovolsky and Viktor Patsayev—the only human deaths to have occurred in space.
 * 2003 – An overloaded balcony collapsed in Chicago, United States, killing 13 people and injuring 57 others.
 * Born/died this day: | Óláfr Guðrøðarson|d|1153| Pedro Pacheco de Villena |b|1488| Rembert Dodoens |b|1517| Niels Kaas |d|1594| Pietro Paolo Troisi |b|1686| Ralph Allen |d|1764| Lavinia Stoddard |b|1787| Thomas Dunn English |b|1819| Ernest Fanelli|b|1860| Ludwig Beck |b|1880| Elisabet Ney |d|1907| David Rubinger |b|1924| Harmon Killebrew |b|1936| Paul Klee |d|1940| Charles Lyon Chandler |d|1962| Jorge Basadre|d|1980| Kim Little |b|1990| Lana Turner |d|1995| Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood |d|2000| Katharine Hepburn|d|2003| Jim Pappin |d|2022|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/June 30

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 * 1559 – During a jousting match, King Henry II of France was mortally wounded when fragments of Gabriel Montgomery's lance pierced his eye.
 * 1598 – Anglo-Spanish War: After a 15-day siege Spanish troops in San Juan, modern-day Puerto-Rico, surrendered to an English force under Sir George Clifford.
 * 1859 – French acrobat Charles Blondin crossed Niagara Gorge, making him one of the world's most famous tightrope walkers.
 * 1860 – Seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, prominent British scientists and philosophers participated in an evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
 * 1908 – A massive explosion, generally attributed to a meteor air burst, occurred near the Podkamennaya Tunguska river in Siberia, flattening around 2,150 km2 (830 sq mi) of forest.
 * 1922 – An agreement was signed to end the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic.
 * 1960 – The Belgian Congo gained independence from colonial rule, beginning a period of instability that would lead to the dictatorship of Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.
 * 1963 – The coronation of Pope Paul VI (pictured) took place, the last such ceremony before its abandonment by later popes.
 * 1966 – The National Organization for Women, a leading United States feminist organization, was founded in Washington, D.C.
 * 2009 – Yemenia Flight 626 crashed into the Indian Ocean near the Comoros, killing 152 people, with French schoolgirl Bahia Bakari the sole survivor.
 * 2015 – An Indonesian Air Force military transport aircraft crashed near a residential neighborhood in Medan, killing 139 people.
 * Born/died: | Erentrude|d|718| Æthelred |d|888| William Oughtred |d|1660| John Quelch |d|1704| Toyohara Kunichika|b|1835| Frederick Bligh Bond|b|1864| Alberto Henschel |d|1882| María Luisa Dehesa Gómez Farías |b|1912| Eunice Gibbs Allyn |d|1916| Assia Djebar|b|1936| Eleanor Sophia Smith |d|1942| Terri Lynn Land |b|1958| Tony Fernández |b|1962| Nancy Mitford |d|1973| Allegra Versace |b|1986| Chris Gragg |b|1990| Margaret|b|1991| Abdur Razzaq Iskander |d|2021|


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Talk:Asymptotic notation

Duplicates Big-O notation in parts. --Charles Matthews 10:37, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'd support a merge from Big-O notation into Asymptotic notation. Asymptotic notation should cover all of it anyway... --GeorgeBills 11:13, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

I think its better on its own -- Mario Cirillo

I find the Big-O notation article to be much more informative on the subject, if for no other reason than how well it's formatted, and I definitly feel the subject merits it's own article. --Nmaster64 05:18, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asymptotic notation


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Fram (ship)

Fram ("Forward") is a ship that was used in expeditions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912. It was designed and built by the Scottish-Norwegian shipwright Colin Archer for Fridtjof Nansen's 1893 Arctic expedition in which the plan was to freeze Fram into the Arctic ice sheet and float with it over the North Pole.

Fram is preserved as a museum ship at the Fram Museum in Oslo, Norway.

Construction
Nansen's ambition was to explore the Arctic farther north than anyone else—to the North Pole, if possible. To do that, he would have to deal with a problem that many sailing on the polar ocean had encountered before him: the freezing ice could crush a ship. Nansen's idea was to build a ship that could survive the pressure, not by pure strength, but because it would be of a shape designed to let the ice push the ship up, so it would "float" on top of the ice.

Fram is a three-masted schooner with a total length of 39 m and width of 11 m. The ship is both unusually wide and unusually shallow in order to better withstand the forces of pressing ice. A disadvantage of this design is that it rolled more than most ships in heavy seas.

Nansen commissioned the shipwright Colin Archer from Larvik to construct a vessel with these characteristics. Fram was built with an outer layer of greenheart wood to withstand the ice and with almost no keel to handle the shallow waters Nansen expected to encounter. The rudder and propeller were designed to be retracted. The ship was also carefully insulated to allow the crew to live on board for up to five years. The ship also included a windmill, which ran a generator to provide electric power for lighting by electric arc lamps.

Initially, Fram was fitted with a steam engine. Prior to Amundsen's expedition to the South Pole in 1910, the engine was replaced with a diesel engine, a first for polar exploration vessels. The new engine allowed for a longer voyage without refueling.

The ship was launched on 26 October 1892.

Expeditions
Fram was used in several expeditions:

Nansen's 1893–1896 Arctic expedition
Wreckage found at Greenland from USS Jeannette (1878), which was lost off Siberia, and driftwood found in the regions of Svalbard and Greenland, suggested that an ocean current flowed beneath the Arctic ice sheet from east to west, bringing driftwood from the Siberian region to Svalbard and further west. Nansen had Fram built in order to explore this theory.

He undertook an expedition that came to last three years. When Nansen realised that Fram would not reach the North Pole directly by the force of the current, he and Hjalmar Johansen set out to reach it on skis. After reaching 86° 14' north, he had to turn back to spend the winter at Franz Josef Land. Nansen and Johansen survived on walrus and polar bear meat and blubber. Finally meeting British explorers, the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition, they arrived back in Norway only days before the Fram also returned there. The ship had spent nearly three years trapped in the ice, reaching 85° 57' N.

Sverdrup's 1898–1902 Canadian Arctic islands expedition
In 1898, Otto Sverdrup, who had brought Fram back on the first Arctic voyage, led a scientific expedition to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Fram was slightly modified for this journey, its freeboard being increased. Fram left harbour on 24 June 1898, with 17 men on board. Their aim was to chart the lands of the Arctic Islands, and to sample the geology, flora and fauna. The expeditions lasted until 1902, leading to charts covering 260000 km2, more than any other Arctic expedition.

Amundsen's 1910–1912 South Pole expedition

Fram was used by Roald Amundsen in his southern polar expedition from 1910 to 1912, the first to reach the South Pole, during which Fram reached 78° 41' S.

Preservation of Fram
The ship was left to decay in storage from 1912 until the late 1920s, when Lars Christensen, Otto Sverdrup and Oscar Wisting initiated efforts to preserve it via the Fram Committee. In 1935, the ship was installed in the Fram Museum, where it now stands.

Named after Fram

 * Fram Island (Ostrov Frama), an island close to the Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands, Laptev Sea
 * Framheim (literally "Home of the Fram"), Amundsen's Base at the Bay of Whales in Antarctica during his quest for the South Pole
 * Fram Rupes, an escarpment on Mercury
 * Fram crater, a small crater on Mars, visited by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004
 * Fram Basin, the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean
 * Fram Strait, a passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea, between Greenland and Spitsbergen.
 * Fram, a play by Tony Harrison, premièred at the National Theatre London, 2008
 * In Arthur Ransome's children's book, Winter Holiday, the children use the name Fram for their Uncle Jim's houseboat, trapped in the ice on the lake which becomes the inspiration for some of their adventures.
 * The Adventures of Fram, the Polar Bear (Romanian: Aventurile lui Fram, ursul polar), a children's book written by the Romanian author Cezar Petrescu which was also made into a TV series in Romania;

title: Fram (ship)


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 1

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 * 1523 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos were burnt at the stake in Brussels, becoming the first Lutherans executed by the Council of Brabant.
 * 1643 – The Westminster Assembly of Divines first assembled to restructure the Church of England.
 * 1690 – Williamite forces defeated the Jacobites at the Battle of the Boyne near Drogheda, marking a turning point in the Williamite War in Ireland.
 * 1770 – Lexell's Comet approached Earth at a distance of 0.015 AU, closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history.
 * 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Five American privateer vessels raided the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
 * 1916 – First World War: The first day of the Battle of Albert, the opening phase of the Battle of the Somme, became the bloodiest day in the British Army's history, with 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 deaths.
 * 1922 – Seven of the sixteen American railroad labor organizations staged a nationwide strike (striking workers pictured) that lasted two months.
 * 1927 – The Singapore Improvement Trust was founded to oversee the construction of public housing in Singapore, where more than three quarters of residents live.
 * 1935 – The first Grant Park Music Festival was held in Chicago's Grant Park.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The Grand Quartier Général of the French Army was disbanded, following the French surrender.
 * 1948 – The first flight departed New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport, then known as New York International Airport.
 * 1959 – B. Anthony Stewart is credited with the first image on the cover of National Geographic featuring the 49-star flag of the United States after Alaska's admission to the Union as a U.S. state.
 * 1960 – Ghana became a republic, with Kwame Nkrumah as its first president.
 * 1970 – The Belfast Banking Company, which issued banknotes in Northern Ireland, merged with its rival Northern Bank.
 * 1979 – Sony introduced the Walkman, a portable audio player that changed listening habits by offering users the ability to play one's own choice of music.
 * 1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet crashed into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea, killing all 23 people on board.
 * 2002 – Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 and DHL Flight 611 collided in mid-air over Überlingen, Germany, killing all 71 people aboard both aircraft.
 * 2008 – Rioting erupted in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, over allegations of fraud surrounding the recent legislative election.
 * Born/died this day: | Alfonso VI of León and Castile |d|1109| Lady Saigō |d|1589| Rhoda Delaval |b|1725| John Early|b|1814| Nguyễn Đình Chiểu|b|1822| DeLancey W. Gill|b|1859| Ropata Wahawaha |d|1897| Abdul Hamid|b|1933| Jamie Farr|b|1934| Julia Higgins |b|1942| Tanya Savicheva|d|1944| Diana, Princess of Wales |b|1961| Learie Constantine |d|1971| Liv Tyler |b|1977| Pauli Murray |d|1985|Tate McRae |b|2003|

July 1: Eid al-Mubahalah (Shia Islam, 2024); Canada Day (1867)

 * 692 – Berhtwald was elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
 * 1849 – Belgium introduced its first series of postage stamps, known as epaulettes (example pictured).
 * 1862 – American Civil War: Confederate general Robert E. Lee launched a series of disjointed and ultimately unsuccessful assaults on the nearly impregnable Union position on Malvern Hill in Henrico County, Virginia.
 * 1874 – The Remington No. 1, the first commercially successful typewriter, went on sale.
 * 1999 – Legislative powers in Scotland were first devolved from the Scottish Office in London to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 1


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 2

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 * 706 – The bodies of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Empress Wu Zetian were interred in the Qianling Mausoleum.
 * 1816 – The FRENCH FRIGATE Méduse ran aground off the coast of present-day Mauritania, with the survivors escaping on a makeshift raft, depicted in Théodore Géricault's painting The Raft of the Medusa (pictured).
 * 1941 – A German SS unit arrived in Vilnius, Lithuania, and began the systematic execution of up to 100,000 people over the next three years.
 * 1976 – More than a year after the end of the Vietnam War, North and South Vietnam officially merged under communist rule to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
 * 2008 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An Arab man rammed a loader into traffic in Jerusalem, killing three people and injuring 40 others (damage pictured).
 * 2013 – A Mw 6.1 strike-slip earthquake killed at least 35 people and injured 276 others in the Indonesian province of Aceh on the northern end of Sumatra.
 * 2013 – The International Astronomical Union announced that the fourth and fifth moons of Pluto to be discovered would be named Kerberos and Styx, respectively.
 * 2020 – A landslide at a jade mine in Hpakant killed 175-200 miners, the deadliest mining accident in Burmese history.
 * Born/died this day: | Denmark Vesey |d|1822| Walter Potter |b|1835| Robert Ridgway |b|1850| Wilhelm Cuno |b|1876| Hans Bethe |b|1906| Erich Topp |b|1914| Leonard J. Arrington |b|1917| Fumiko Hori |b|1918| Wisława Szymborska |b|1923| Carlos Menem|b|1930| Humbert Roque Versace |b|1937| Maria Lourdes Sereno|b|1960| Ernest Hemingway |d|1961| Alicia Patterson |d|1963| Joseph Fielding Smith|d|1972| Sam Hornish Jr. |b|1979| Alex Morgan|b|1989| Douglas Engelbart|d|2013

July 2

 * 626 – Li Shimin led his forces to assassinate his rival brothers in a coup for the imperial throne of Tang China.
 * 1644 – First English Civil War: The combined forces of Scottish Covenanters and English Parliamentarians defeated Royalist troops at the Battle of Marston Moor.
 * 1724 – On the Feast of the Visitation, Bach led the first performance of his Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV10, based on the German Magnificat.
 * 1881 – U.S. president James A. Garfield (pictured) was fatally shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington, D.C.
 * 1964 – The Civil Rights Act was signed into law, outlawing segregation in schools, at the workplace, and other facilities that served the general public in the United States.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 2


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 3

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 * 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalists and Iroquois killed over 300 Patriots at the Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania.
 * 1863 – Confederate forces were defeated by the Union Army on the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg (pictured), a turning point in the American Civil War.
 * 1938 – On the 75th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Gettysburg, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the Eternal Light Peace Memorial.
 * 1952 – SS United States (pictured) departed New York Harbor on her maiden voyage, on which completion she became the fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic.
 * 1970 – The Troubles: The British Army began the Falls Curfew in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which resulted in greater Irish republican resistance.
 * 1973 – British singer David Bowie retired his stage persona Ziggy Stardust in a surprise announcement on the last day of a 17-month tour.
 * 2005 – Same-sex marriage became legal in Spain with the coming into effect of a law passed by the Cortes Generales.
 * 2013 – General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi led a coalition to depose President Mohamed Morsi in a coup d'état in Cairo, suspending the Egyptian Constitution of 2012.
 * Born/died: | Dong Chang |d|896| Jacobus Gallus |b|1550| Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet |b|1685| Robert Adam |b|1728| Leoš Janáček |b|1854| Charlotte Perkins Gilman |b|1860|Hasan Tahsini |d|1881| Susan Peters|b|1921| Peter van Geersdaele |b|1933| Bo Xilai |b|1949| Tom Cruise |b|1962| Lew Hoad |d|1994| Lisa Kahn|d|2013

July 3

 * 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated his former colleague Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople.
 * 1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania, the only military surrender in his career.
 * 1940 – Second World War: The Royal Navy attacked the French fleet at Mers El Kébir (pictured), fearing that the ships would fall into Axis hands after the French–German armistice.
 * 1970 – Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashed into the slopes of the Montseny Massif in Catalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard.
 * 1979 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter signed a presidential finding, authorizing covert operations to aid the mujahideen against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 3


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 4

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 * 1054 – Chinese astronomers recorded the sudden appearance of a "guest star", later identified as the supernova that created the Crab Nebula.
 * 1643 – First English Civil War: Royalist forces defeated the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Burton Bridge, securing a crossing of the River Trent for a convoy of supplies travelling with Queen Henrietta Maria.
 * 1776 – In Philadelphia, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, announcing that the thirteen American colonies were no longer a part of the British Empire.
 * 1837 – The Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway with steam traction, opened between Birmingham and Newton Junction.
 * 1855 – The first edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass was published, and it went on to become one of the most important collections of American poetry.
 * 1862 – In a boat on the River Thames from Oxford to Godstow, author Lewis Carroll told Alice Liddell (pictured) and her sisters a story that later formed the basis for his book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
 * 1918 – World War I: Allied forces led by the Australian general John Monash won the Battle of Hamel, demonstrating the effectiveness of combined-arms techniques in trench warfare.
 * 1941 – German AB-Aktion in Poland: After capturing Lwów, the Nazis executed professors of the University of Lwów along with their families.
 * 1941 – The Holocaust: During the German occupation of Latvia, a number of synagogues in Riga were set on fire, killing many Jews who were confined within.
 * 1943 – The aircraft carrying Władysław Sikorski, prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile, crashed off Gibraltar, killing him and fifteen others and leading to several conspiracy theories.
 * 1945 – The Brazilian cruiser BRAZILIAN CRUISER Bahia (pictured) was accidentally sunk by one of its own crewmen, killing more than 300 people.
 * 1950 – The United States' anti-communist propaganda source Radio Free Europe made its first broadcast aimed at Czechoslovakia.
 * 1951 – William Shockley announced the invention of the junction transistor, for which he, John Bardeen, and Walter Houser Brattain later won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * 1965 – The first Annual Reminder, a series of pickets that were some of the earliest LGBT actions in the United States, took place at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.
 * 1976 – Israeli forces raided Uganda's Entebbe International Airport to free hostages taken by hijackers on Air France Flight 139.
 * 1982 – Four Iranian diplomats were kidnapped after they were stopped at a checkpoint in northern Lebanon by Lebanese Phalange forces; their fates remain unknown.
 * 1988 – Kylie Minogue's first album, Kylie, was released, and went on to top the charts in the UK and New Zealand.
 * 2005 – The impactor of the NASA space probe Deep Impact collided with the comet Tempel 1, excavating interior material to study its composition.
 * Born/died: | Usama ibn Munqidh |b|1095| Raynald of Châtillon |d|1187| Elizabeth of Portugal |d|1336| Min Phalaung |d|1593| Brian Twyne |d|1644| John Leake |b|1656| Christian Fürchtegott Gellert |b|1715| Samuel Richardson |d|1761| John Adams and Thomas Jefferson |d|1826| Hubert Cecil Booth |b|1871| Jack Warhop |b|1884| Poundmaker |d|1886| Suzanne Lenglen |d|1938| Geraldo Rivera |b|1943| Andre Spitzer |b|1945| Sonia Pierre |b|1963| Yonatan Netanyahu |d|1976| Koko|b|1971| Victor Chang|d|1991| Swastima Khadka|b|1995| Barthélemy Mukenge|d|2018|

July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Republic Day in the Philippines (1946); Liberation Day in Rwanda (1994)

 * 414 – Byzantine emperor Theodosius II proclaimed his elder sister Aelia Pulcheria as Augusta.
 * 1054 – Chinese astronomers recorded the sudden appearance of a "guest star", later identified as the supernova that created the Crab Nebula (pictured).
 * 1863 – American Civil War: Confederate forces failed in an attempt to recapture the Union-occupied Helena, Arkansas.
 * 1954 – In what is known as "The Miracle of Bern", West Germany defeated Hungary 3–2 to win the FIFA World Cup.
 * 1954 – CIA officers arrived in Guatemala City to begin Operation PBHistory in an attempt to justify the overthrowing of Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz one week earlier.

title: Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July 4