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Talk:Lapine language

An open letter to the editors
hello!

I corresponded with Richard Adams and "subcreated" a language around his Lapine. In fact 2 related languages (differnt historical states of devlopment if you like). This is written up in 2 theses in the library of Trinity College Cambridge and University College of Wales Swansea (Schema Aleoloingoistica and Ars Aleolinguistica).. i developed the idea of "Aleolinguistics" -- the development of languages in literature (a la Tolkien). I was awarded the D H I Powell Memorial Scholarship from Swansea and the Projects Fund Scholarship and First Yeomanship from Trinity for this work. A summary appears in 2 articles published in 1986 and 1988 in Quettar, journal of the linguistics group of the UK Tolkien Society, and in Aglared, (English edition), journal of the Swiss Tolkien Society in 1987 and 1988. Adams commented that the motivation for th sound of Lapine was that it should sound "wuff-fluffy" and akin in some phonological respects to Arabic (from his time in N Africa in WWII I believe).

Thought you might like to put in something to this effect...

Some examples of script and so on are found at my company website (Alowvelki' Consulting Ltd). "Alowvelki' (acute accent on final "i") is Lapine for "bittersweet".. i have this as a tattoo design... "Hririn alowvelki" means "life is bittersweet" (* grin *).

I have written some poetry and prose (U Frithhain - The Sunsong, for example); U Sthinga-i-Kelaabr (translation of Tolkien's Ring Poem).

I dont; have my literature in electronic format but could scan some.

Eur Chem Dr Patrick Jemmer BA (Hons) CertPostgradStudy MA (Cantab) MA (Oxon) MRSC MInstP MIMA CChem CPhys CMath LNCP MNCH (Lic) LHS LAPH FRSH AMWFH AMBAThH AMSHA AMSHR

Senior Lecturer & Admissions Tutor (Computing)

D110 Ellison Building School of Informatics Northumbria University NE1 8ST UK telephone: +44 (0)191-243-7679 facsimile: +44 (0)191-227-3362

Patrick.Jemmer@northumbria.ac.uk

Kehaar
For example, the proper Lapine name "Kehaar" is quoted as being reminiscent of the Arabic "Behaar". Kehaar was a bird, so did not actually speak Lapine. If I remember correctly, he communicated with the rabbits via a simpler language, the same as they used with the mouse. Maybe this sentence should be re-worded, since his name is not actually part of the language but another? Oogabooga 01:44, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If it was, as seems to be implied, Richard Adams himself that was the source of that "Kehaar/Behaar" comment, then we can hardly override him! It's a fair point though, since (except for that one short prepared speech) Kehaar speaks no Lapine at all. Loganberry (Talk) 03:31, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As I recall, Kehaar's name meant something like "crashing waves" or something similarly marine. The rabbits had no word for this. Mon Vier 10:27, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Just checked my copy: Chapter 23 - Kehaar - Bigwig says "That's his name - Kehaar.  It's the noise the water makes".Mon Vier 18:07, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

The other animals spoke "hedgerow," which is almost certainly simply the animal term for "pidgin." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.121.9.156 (talk) 19:09, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Removal of list of words
This article recently had a full list of Lapine words added to it. Although it did have a much shorter list earlier, I deleted the list section entirely, per WP:NOTDIRECTORY. The list was (as far as I can tell) merely copied verbatim from an external website, which is linked at the bottom of the article, so the resource is still available to those who need it, while this encyclopedic article can remain an encyclopedic article. Mr. Absurd (talk) 02:17, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

bob-stones
I've taken out the entry which is (by all appearances, anyhow) not a Lapine word but an English word with a Lapine-cultural referent. 4pq1injbok (talk) 00:04, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * bob-stones: A type of guessing game with stones played by rabbits.

Notability
Deleted the tag, since Watership Down is such an influential book. This isn't just another personal conlang. — kwami (talk) 23:13, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter how influential Watership Down is; notability is not inherited. We need to find independent sources which cover the language in depth.  Do you know of any?  If so, please add them to the article as references. Psychonaut (talk) 08:31, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Not only am I fairly certain that no noteworthy independent reliable source will suitable to establishing the notability of this topic will be forthcoming, even if one were to materialize, keeping this as an independent article would not make sense. A fair bit of this information can be merged into Watership Down, but not the entire index (see WP:WWIN).   S n o w  talk 16:13, 22 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Did you notice the message by Patrick Jemmer elsewhere on this page? There are apparently two monographs (though whether they've been formally published isn't clear), plus two articles in Tolkien Society journals, which may have significant coverage.  A quick Google Scholar search shows some other academic articles which may discuss the language in depth.  One I found (but didn't read) is "Lapine Lingo in American English: Silflay" by Thomas E. Murray in American Speech 60(4):372–375, 1985).  —Psychonaut (talk) 16:33, 22 January 2015 (UTC)
 * (Note: First section written before you altered you post to include the Google scholar search. Note that it's usually best practice in these cases -- when responding immediately to another comment -- to append a second message rather than edit the original, such that issues with edit conflicts are less of a pain):

 * None of which meet Wikipedia's standards for a suitable reliable source in this instance, I'm afraid. First off, speculated-upon monographs are never acceptable sources and even if we had concrete confirmation of them, they are not appropriate sources for establishing notability, which requires independent secondary sources which themselves demonstrate that the language was discussed by sources not connected to its creation.   I'm doubtful that Tolkien Society journals would be considered reliable sources in this event, but in any case we have no reference details on them, nor indeed any indication of how they treat this topic, if really at all.   Even putting aside the sourcing, I have a hard time envisioning a group of editors (if it comes down to an AfD or RfC) doing anyhting but voting to merge this material.  We don't create host vocabularies of languages on this project, real or fictional.  Please see WP:INDISCRIMINATE and WP:NOTDICT.  I don't see much chance of this surviving any kind of community discussion that brings in broad perspectives via RfC or AfD, so I'm inclined to say we focus on what can be merged, but if you feel discussion should take place first, we can certainly do that.  It's honestly seems to me to be a WP:SNOWBALL issue, but we can make a filing.

 * Adding: As to the Google scholar-derived sources, someone will have to vet them as to exactly what they say on the topic before they can be forwarded as proof of notability.  S n o w  talk 16:48, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but I don't understand your objection to monographs. Is it possible that you are interpreting this word to mean something other than what it usually means (i.e., a book-length work of research)?  Patrick Jemmer had no involvement in the creation of the lapine language, so any monograph by him would be both independent and secondary.  Graduate-level theses are usually considered reliable, provided they've achieved influence in the field.  We'd have to examine things like citation counts to see whether this is the case. —Psychonaut (talk) 17:21, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Forgive the ambiguity in my wording; my objection to them was that they are (as yet) speculative sources; we have no indication of when (or if) they were published or what they had to say on the subject. As to whether they will prove usable once we have those details, that will depend largely on the nature of the work.  If it's some sort of extended grammar, then it remains a primary source.  What is really wanting here is a source which treats it in a critical, analytical fashion.  If the linguistic journals Thibbs references bear-out, that would be a start, but, again, I'm dubious.  But now that people are keen to search out what may be out there, we'll see what turns up and what can be made of the article itself.  Still leaning towards merge at this point myself though. [[User:Snow Rise| S n o w  talk 17:48, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I'd be opposed to a merge or deletion based on a claim that the topic lacks notability. It's discussed in depth in numerous reliable sources (typically linguistic journals or encyclopedic books of invented languages). Given the fact that Tolkien's literature also deals heavily in invented languages (or roots anyway), I wouldn't be quick to dismiss the Tolkien Society publications either. I've been meaning to give this article some attention and I've collected a decent handful of reliable sources to add. Sadly some of them I collected while attending a university whose databases I no longer have access to so those would have to be retrieved by someone else (if usable - I forget exactly what they covered...). Anyway this would make a good collaboration project if there is sufficient interest. -Thibbs (talk) 17:06, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

 * As someone with a background in linguistics, I'd be pretty surprised to see this in a journal; even more robust examples of constructed languages only get a limited amount of treatment by academics in the formal field of linguistics, and those who do study it are more likely to be in cognitive science or machine learning than in linguistics per say, which focuses more towards natural language. In any event, there really is no language to speak of in this case -- that is, no syntax and no formal grammar, just a very limited vocabulary of about two-dozen words, if we consider the original material of note. Any reference to a broader constructed language made by someone claiming to have worked with Adams (but without any kind of genuine sourcing) is problematic on many obvious levels.  There's also the significant WWIN issues and the various other content arguments for why this isn't really a stand-alone topic and for why various bits of the content here are not really appropriate to the project.  Look, how do I say this...I love this story like the first memory of a piece of music that I have, but I just don't see how the fact that "tharn" means "gripped by terror" in the constructed language of rabbits in this story can be considered broadly valuable encyclopedic content.  All of that said, if you're convinced you have good sources and want to take a crack at improving the article, I'll reserve my opinion (and any action I might have recommended to invite broad editorial scrutiny here) until after you've had some time to work on it.  Good luck, but I'm dubious! S n o w  talk 17:36, 22 January 2015 (UTC)
 * That sounds good. A background in linguistics will be ideal to help vet the materials then. I don't have time now, but I'll post what I have as far as sources are concerned tomorrow. Certainly it's enough to meet GNG, and the addition of these sources would make the article much stronger. If after the improvements have taken place it seems like a merge should be made for practical reasons (readability, inter-article consistency, or some other reason) then I'd entertain that argument but I reject the view that the topic isn't sufficiently notable on its own. I'll post sources as soon as I get a moment. It might also be a good idea to explain the significant WWIN issues, though, before any major improvements get under way. -Thibbs (talk) 04:16, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No rush, in my opinion. As I've said, I'm strongly inclined that a merger would be ideal here, but this isn't a pressing issue and (as no one else is pressing the issue here), as far as I'm concerned you can take weeks to get the sources in order and it wouldn't be excessive for this manner of issue.  Please don't feel harried to do this in a hurry just because I implied that I might eventually seek some broader input;  I'd honestly like to see what you can do here before forming a more concrete opinion, especially if your new sources speak as well to notability as you feel they do.  I know I spoke ardently at first, but that's just because the case seemed very cut and dry with the facts as they were at the time; by all means, take your time without fear that I'm going to launch forward with an AfD because I grow impatient. :)

 * As to the WWIN issues, it's kind of a nebulous case. Mostly the issues align along the lines of WP:NOTDICT and WP:INDISCRIMINATE.  With regard to NOTDICT, on this particular project, we don't include extended lists on the definitions of words even for real-life languages that are of central importance to our readers, and I believe it's even more drastically inconsistent with policy to do so for a fictional language that is really only of niche interest to a handful of enthusiasts, especially when the "language" in question is just a handful of random words peppered throughout a couple of novels; I'm all for Watership Down getting due and significant coverage, but spinning out these kinds of details strikes me as venturing into fancruft territory.  It doesn't seem markedly different from having a "Cosmology in Watership Down" article; yes that subject exists within the novel, but does it have sufficient coverage by outside sources supporting it's relevance.  Even if so, is it really likely to be information that will be broadly useful to our readers in understanding the parent and connected topics?  Anyone who is likely to be interested in this incredibly niche topic probably already knows those words and the few paltry details of context they have; I'm not sure I see the value of including the full details of the novels own glossary here (this is where WP:INDISCRIMINATE comes.  Even if we take the (I think rather dubious) leap in assuming an affirmative answer to the last two questions, there's still the matter of whether this info is still not better off as a part of the article for the parent topic; there it is arguably better located for navigation purposes, it is better contextualized and the material will get the oversight it needs to stay within the bounds of a reasonable summarization of the topic and its relevance (per WP:SUMMARYSTYLE).

 * But, again, certainly I think you deserve a shot at establishing the topic and the content on its own ground. Though I'd honestly hate to see you go through a lot of effort to develop the article if a lot of that material is going to just end up getting trimmed out in a merge.  But that investment of time is your call, not mine, so give it your best shot -- I'll keep tabs and offer what perspective I can on the above issues. Good luck.   S n o w  talk 05:46, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I guess I just wanted you to know I'm not ignoring the problem. Today is actually rather busy for me so I may not get to too much content-work, but I will at a minimum identify the sources I had gathered. -Thibbs (talk) 11:18, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

A handful of sources
OK here are the sources I had written down: It's only 8 sources, but it was only from a quick skim a few years ago (I think it was in late 2012 or early 2013 when I last looked). I assume there are more if one looks more deeply. Of these I can't recall exactly what the contents were and I neglected to save them for my files so we'll have to get some assistance for the less accessible ones. In particular I have great difficulty remembering what the connection to Lapine was for the James and Valdman sources. Any help in that area would be appreciated. The topic is treated in some depth in the Battista, Cain, Henning, Murray, and Rogers sources, though. The Corder article also covers Lapine as it is used in the novel to communicate with the character of Kehaar the gull. So with in-depth coverage by multiple ostensibly reliable sources I'm pretty confident the topic meets the GNG and shouldn't be deleted. It would be helpful if we could discuss whether any of these are in fact unreliable. -Thibbs (talk) 02:25, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Battista, Christine. "Ecofantasy and Animal Dystopia in Richard Adams’ Watership Down" from Environmentalism in the Realm of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing/GSE Research. Pp.157-167. 1 January 2012. ISBN 9781443835428
 * Cain, Stephen. "Lapine" from Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages. Greenwood Publishing Group. Pp.211-212. 2006. ISBN 9780313021930
 * Corder, S. Pit. "The Language of Kehaar". RELC Journal. Vol.8, No.1. Pp.1-12. June 1977.
 * Henning, Jeffrey. "Lapine: The Language Of Watership Down". Langmaker. Available via Internet Archive at . Accessed 23 January 2015.
 * James, Carl. "Welsh foreigner talk: Breaking new ground". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Vol.7, Iss.1. Pp.41-54. 1986.
 * Murray, Thomas E. "Lapine Lingo in American English: Silflay". American Speech. Vol.60, No.4. Pp.372-375. 1985..
 * Rogers, Stephen D. The Dictionary of Made-Up Languages. Adams Media. Pp.125-126. 2011. ISBN 9781440530401
 * Valdman, Albert. "Sociolinguistic Aspects of Foreigner Talk". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Vol.1981, Iss.28. January 1981..

 * , these do indeed seem to make a decent case for notability. I would avoid using James and Valdman at present time for exactly the reasons you cite; we don't know what they say and I'm kind of skeptical, given their subjects as suggested by their titles, that they would treat Lapine in more than a tangential manner (I'm just guessing from context here, but I suspect Valdman references Watership Down in comparing Kehaar's speech patterns to topics in second language acquisition, and thus probably has little to say about Lapine itself).  But the remaining sources themselves would be sufficient to pass GNG and other relevant notability guidelines on their own (or at least, that is my impression so far, not having looked at what they say about the subject).

 * I remain skeptical, on account of other issues raised previously, as to whether this information is best served by an independent article, but...well, I didn't expect you'd pass notability by such a bar either, so I'll just keep silent for now and see what you can do for the page content as well. But before then, if I can offer one piece of advice, I would remove the "selected" vocabulary and "selected" names section (in reality it seems to be a comprehensive list of every Lapine word and name that features in those books), as they just aren't in any sense general encyclopedic content, and are in conflict with WP:NOTDICT, WP:INDISCRIMINATE, and WP:USEPROSE and are possibly a copyvio issue as well.    Replace those fancruft sections with referenced independent and secondary analysis drawn from the above sources and the argument for an independent article will be much stronger. (And I may have to eat some crow for being so gung-ho to merge from the start.)  S n o w  talk 00:25, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not really against a merge if it makes practical sense for the Watership Down article, I'm only against such an action resting on notability concerns. The parent topic seems to be much more manageable than the articles on e.g. the Tolkien oeuvre which are so huge that they look for excuses to split off child articles like Elvish for readability. Comparatively, our Watership Down article falls well below the WP:SIZESPLIT threshold so a merge shouldn't cause readability issues. In addition, I think "Lapine" is specific to the Watership Down books while Elvish is used in multiple non-Tolkien works. It's not as if this article covers the rabbit dialects from the Redwall or other series, and I'm not sure there are sources to justify such an expansion. I'll rely on your greater familiarity with linguistic articles in assuming that the selected glossary is unhelpful as well. I've written to friends to see if they can obtain copies of these articles and I'll start the content edits once they come in. In the meantime feel free to modify things where you think it would help (especially for more serious problems like a copyvio.) -Thibbs (talk) 11:37, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * That's pretty much my thinking in a nutshell too. But it only makes sense to wait until after you're done adding content in before we say for sure; no sense in merging if we might have to split it off again, as unlikely as that seems.   I'll take a pass at the page soon and try to collapse the glossary into a few conservatively-sized statements of prose, if possible.   The problem is that while I can list the classes of term (time keeping, terms for other rabits, terms for predators, lore figures), as those are self-evident, I can't say much more without veering off into synthesis.  For example, while the form of some words does suggest a certain language typology (polysynthetic or agglutinative), A) there's no source that says as much, B) the sample size is to small to say anything even if WP:OR standards were not holding me back, and C) the whole thing kind of doesn't make sense, which is understandable when you consider we are talking about a language using human typography to represent human phonetics/phonology (that is, pronunciation) that could never be pronounced by rabbit mouths... So, clearly the implication is that the communication is translated from rabbit code (whatever that's like) to human language (if one stops to think about it at all, which I don't recommend; it doesn't help the appreciation of the story), but then, why are only some words "translated" as English and some as "Lapine"? Why are some thoughts and concepts we recognize by words -- and which rabbits would express who knows how, if they had human-like minds -- brought over in the regular language we use and others are given a foreign-sounding word that needs to be looked up in a glossary?

 * Honestly, I'm not bothered by these logical inconsistencies in the reading of the book, where they just add colour. But it does raise complications for us in editorial terms. Because as the above point illustrate's, Lapine isn't really a language, it's just a random selection of contextually isolated terms that give a bit of exotic/fantastical window dressing, so that the shared history and culture of the rabbits feels a little more natural.  But it'a impractical to try to parse it on linguistic terms, because the parts don't add up to a real language (or even a real linguistic context).   S n o w  talk 13:36, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Update: I just got copies of the articles in my email right now. A quick scan shows that the James article is essentially useless (a single sentence or two referring to the Corder article). The Valdman article holds more promise with close to 4 pages of discussion of language in Watership Down. I'll have some time to dig deeper in the next day or two and then I'll work toward expanding/reffing the article content. -Thibbs (talk) 05:05, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

à
 * Update 2: Sorry for the delay. It took me longer than I expected to track down a copy of the Battista source which ultimately proved to be too trivial to use... Anyway I've made a sourced expansion now that accomplishes the bulk of the work I intend to do here. The Cain source is still semi-eluding me. I'm working from the Google Books version and although I've seen the whole thing before, my present "limited view" is preventing me from seeing the first-half of the entry in this book. So there is potential for a little bit of further expansion there depending on what that source says. Now the question becomes whether or not this article should remain as a stand-alone article or whether it should be merged into Watership Down. I can see arguments either way. Regarding the glossary of terms, I'm not sure what would be best. All things considered, there are so few words presented that I don't see the list as being overly burdensome to the reader, but I'm not really sure how much it adds to an understanding of the topic either. So that would be a good thing for the community to decide. -Thibbs (talk) 15:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've looked over the glossary more closely now. I'm not sure what the intention was, but it's a very close paraphrasing of the "Lapine Glossary" included at the end of Watership Down and Tales from Watership Down. The article currently does not attribute this glossary to its source so that is a problem. The question is whether we should tweak the list to match the glossary from the book, whether (and how) we should make an actual selection of only some of the terms, or whether we should just axe the list. Any thoughts? -Thibbs (talk) 01:05, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the delay in response, .  My strong inclination is to lose the list altogether (per not WP:NOTDICT and other policy concerns) and just work a few of the words into the prose.  So, for example, having a few sentences mentioning that the limited glossary contains reference to both bound and unbound morphemes (-rah vs. thlay) and that it has both content and function words (u vs. elil), probably doesn't hurt, but we have to be careful about going too far into synthesis in deconstructing the language, so we can probably only get a few sentences in this regard -- especially given we don't have a syntax for the language.  Once the glossary is gone and we've seen just how much prose it leaves behind, we'll be in a better position to decide on the issue of whether an independent article or merger is the better way to go.  S n o w  I take all complaints in the form of epic rap battles 04:16, 28 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No worries, . Deletion of the glossary and working in a section on grammar/construction sounds like a good idea. I particularly dislike the list in its current form (a series of very close and in some cases imprecise paraphrases of the original glossary). Compare for example Wikipedia's definition of "embleer" (Stinking, the word for the smell of a fox.) with the original definition (Stinking, e.g. the smell of a fox.) In my view the incorporation of the "exempli gratia" into the substance of the definiens gives readers an imprecise understanding of the word as one gets the sense that "embleer" may be somehow derived from the word for fox (i.e. "homba"). The only reason I can imagine to reword it like this is in a misguided attempt to dodge plagiarism and copyright concerns. For reference a proper (99% accurate, but missing footnote directions) copy of the original glossary can be found here. Do you have any thoughts on this matter or on the recent changes to the article, ? -Thibbs (talk) 15:45, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for having tracked down these sources and updated the article. I agree that the sources point toward the topic being independently notable.  I favour User:Snow Rise's suggestion of removing the glossary and working some examples into the article prose; the list is already longer than it needs to be to give readers a taste of the vocabulary, and in this form is pretty hard to avoid copyright infringement. —Psychonaut (talk) 16:00, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, . Given your linguistic background, Snow Rise, you might be the best to add some non-SYNTHy basic claims to the body in place of the glossary. Do you want to take a crack at it? -Thibbs (talk) 16:26, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lapine language


text:
Heart of Midlothian

Heart of Midlothian may refer to:

 * Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh, a structure known as the "Heart of Midlothian"
 * Heart of Midlothian (Royal Mile), a mosaic heart in the pavement of Edinburgh's Royal Mile at the former site of Old Tolbooth
 * The Heart of Midlothian, an 1818 novel by Sir Walter Scott, the title referring to Old Tolbooth
 * The Heart of Midlothian (film), a 1914 British silent film adaptation of Scott's novel
 * A Woman's Triumph, a 1914 American silent film adaptation of Scott's novel
 * Heart of Midlothian F.C., an Edinburgh association football club
 * Heart of Midlothian F.C. Under-20s and Academy, an associated youth team and system
 * Heart of Midlothian W.F.C., an associated women's football club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heart of Midlothian


text:
Talk:Asimina

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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Chaenomeles, See also
I've been unable to find a reputable source that lists "papaya" as a common name for any of the species of Chaenomeles. Some web pages are very confused, for example, which shows a picture of Carica papaya labelled as Chaenomeles sinensis. I would like to remove "papaya" links to and from Chaenomeles, if there are no objections.

 * Probably better to add a hatnote, using a phrase something like what it says in the first paragraph of this page, where it illustrates that people sometimes get certain Chaenomeles and Carica species, both called "mugua", confused (e.g. "Not to be confused with ... " (?)). Hamamelis (talk) 08:23, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Excellent detective work, thanks.Nadiatalent (talk) 14:22, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion. I've also redirected Pawpaw to Paw Paw, so someone might want to fix links to it. - GTBacchus(talk) 01:52, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Pawpaw (Genus) → Asimina — Move/merger of 'Pawpaw (Genus)' [previously misleadingly named "Pawpaw"] with existing near-empty redirect page 'Asimina' is desirable and appropriate as 'Asimina' is the scientific name for the pawpaw genus; note that most uses of "pawpaw" refer to Asimina triloba (which has an existing page), one of the eight species of Asimina, not to the genus collectively. Use of the scientific name for the title of the genus page, rather than an awkward common name, is in keeping with common usage for Wikipedia articles about particular genera of plants. LarryMorseDCOhio (talk) 03:26, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Strong support: my vote is for using the genus name as the title, and having "Pawpaw" as a disambig page, as pawpaw is also a/the trade name for Carica papaya to Australians, who must have been shaking their heads at this for ages. Hamamelis (talk) 04:32, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Strong support The genus name is the best title. Being British with experience of tropical regions, I had no idea that "pawpaw" was anything other than a synonym of "papaya", so I support Hamamelis: "Pawpaw" should be a disambiguation page; it should not be assumed that "pawpaw" = "papaya" is a secondary usage. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:58, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Support the move to Asimina and having pawpaw point to Paw Paw (disambiguation). Just seems less confusing. Kingdon (talk) 23:26, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose but change Is there any way to call it the 'American Pawpaw' as Pawpaw is what I grew up hearing it called in the American Midwest where it grows natively. Or at least retain Pawpaw somewhere for search engines for those who wouldn't know the scientific name? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.112.212.15 (talk) 11:57, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

 * It doesn't look like "American pawpaw" is actually used widely, and you too say you know 'pawpaw' as the name. And you'll still be able to find this page from 'pawpaw'. —innotata 18:59, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment: If the proposed change is made, the term 'Pawpaw' would still be searchable, either (preferably) being its own (renamed) disambiguation page, or otherwise redirecting to the present "paw paw" disambiguation page, since the two major uses of the term (Asimina and Carica) are both widespread and neither alone should have "Pawpaw" as its actual page title.  Use of scientific genus and species names as article titles is common for Wikipedia botanical articles (perhaps moreso than in zoological articles), with redirects or disambiguations provided for various common names, some of which may be unique locally, but are multiply applied globally (as here).  The only "pawpaw" in the American Midwest is Asimina triloba, a particular species within the genus Asimina; fruits of Carica are called papayas in temperate North American markets, avoiding any confusion with the native Asimina tree and its fruit, but Carica fruits are commonly called "pawpaws" elsewhere, since the American species is little known in these other areas and no confusion results.  I've just created the previously missing redirection page for "American pawpaw" (to Asimina triloba);  while these plants (or fruits) are not commonly called "American pawpaws" in North America, the term is useful in discussing the distinction of Asimina triloba from the tropical papaya/pawpaw (Carica).  However, use of "American pawpaw" as an article title for the species or its genus would not be appropriate because (1) the plant is rarely called exactly that, and (2) the scientific name is the better choice, not only in keeping with Wikipedia practice and international scientific conventions, but also due to the species' numerous common names (and spellings thereof).  Reconsider opposition, unless the above does not address your concerns?--LarryMorseDCOhio (talk) 20:05, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Support what usage points to, clearer. —innotata 18:59, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Discussion

 * I've no strong opinion about moving the page about the genus to Asimina. However, pending the outcome of this discussion, I have move the incorrectly titled Pawpaw (Genus) back to Pawpaw. First, Pawpaw (genus) would be the correct title if that were the form of disambiguation needed. Second, this might need to be recast as a multi-page move if the suggestion is to change Pawpaw to redirect to Asimina triloba or to move that page to Pawpaw. older ≠ wiser 17:05, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
 * All of the extensive species-specific content of the genus-level Asimina page Pawpaw [recently briefly called Pawpaw (Genus)] was recently removed and integrated into the species-level page for the North American pawpaw, Asimina triloba, with the present genus-level page (once again misleadingly called 'Pawpaw') having only content appropriate to a genus-level presentation, so this is still a simple proposal to rename the genus-level page to the presently preoccupied title 'Asimina' in keeping with usual Wikipedia botanical practice. Such a change will also allow the more commonly used spelling 'Pawpaw' (rather than 'Paw Paw') to be used for the pertinent disambiguation page (curently called Paw Paw), allowing for immediate distinction between the tropical papaya or "pawpaw" (Carica papaya) and the temperate North American "pawpaw" (Asimina triloba), as well as the other existing disambiguations and guidance, particularly regarding American place names.  The syntax error in the title of my provisionally renamed page is hereby acknowledged, but a corrected interim renaming, while perhaps useful, is not urgent, and more permanent action (if any) can await outcome of the present discussion. --LarryMorseDCOhio (talk) 19:19, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

 * There is another "paw paw" plant in yet another genus, the mountain papaya of South America, Vasconcellea pubescens, sometimes called the "mountain paw paw". The genus Vasconcellea is in the papaya family, Caricaceae, not the custard-apple family (Annonaceae) to which Asimina belongs.  I've added "mountain paw paw" to the paw paw disambiguation page.  This additional botanical usage of the "pawpaw" name (under whatever spelling) adds to the need to use Asimina as the title for the article on that genus, and to use a disambiguation page to distinguish the various botanical and other usages of "pawpaw" ("paw paw", etc.).--LarryMorseDCOhio (talk) 11:40, 22 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Discussion moved for pawpaw as species
Several discussion topics moved from Talk:Asimina to Talk:Asimina triloba because they pertain to the (North American) pawpaw as a species (Asimina triloba) rather than the eight-species pawpaw genus (Asimina), this page.--LarryMorseDCOhio (talk) 13:00, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Use of redirects
Discussion at Talk:Paw Paw may be of interest to those familiar with the nomenclature. older ≠ wiser 14:48, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Grande-Digue, New Brunswick

Grande-Digue (2011 pop.: 2,182) is a community in Kent County, New Brunswick, Canada, near Shediac.

The former local service district of Grande-Digue took its name from the community.

Geography
The community is located in Dundas Parish, on the north-east shoreline of the Shediac Bay. Grand-Digue is located around the intersection of Grand Digue Rd and Route 530.

History
Following the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755, many Acadians found refuge in Grande-Digue. They did not receive land grants until 1791.

The community is predominantly Acadian, and Acadian French is the most widely spoken language. However, due to the large number of summer tourists and cottagers, English is also spoken by virtually the entire population.

École Grande-Digue is the only school located in Grande-Digue. It is a K-8 school and is part of School District 11. High school students go to Polyvalente Louis-J.-Robichaud in Shediac.

Notable people

 * Joël Bourgeois, 3000m steeplechase runner, 2-time competitor at the Olympic Games and gold medalist at the 1999 Pan American Games.

title: Grande-Digue, New Brunswick


text:
Lada Riva

The Lada / VAZ-2105, 2104 and 2107, collectively marketed as Lada Riva for right-hand drive models (in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand), the Lada Nova in Germany, and by multiple other names and markets, are a series of compact sedans of the Zhiguli line-up (Fiat 124-based cars), built by Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ (formerly VAZ). Introduced in 1979 in the Soviet Union, and progressively introduced to Western European and global markets from the early 1980s, under the Lada brand, they were sold as saloons (2105 and 2107), and station wagon (2104) versions.

Today they are generally referred to as the Lada Classic series, being derived from the original Fiat 124 platform which has been the now-iconic mainstay of the AvtoVAZ lineup since the company's foundation in the late 1960s. Russian production at the company's main plant at Togliatti ended in September 2012.

Along with the other Fiat 124 derivatives, it is the world's third best selling, single generation automobile platform, after the Volkswagen Beetle and the Ford Model T, and one of the longest production run platforms alongside the Volkswagen Beetle, the Hindustan Ambassador, the Volkswagen (Type 2) Bus, the Toyota 70 Series, and the Mercedes-Benz G-Class.

History
Although introduced in 1979 and first produced in quantity in 1980, the Riva's origins are older: it is a modernised and restyled version of the original Lada type VAZ-2101 Zhiguli saloon, which was introduced in 1970 as a modified license copy of the Fiat 124. VAZ began development work on the facelift version as early as 1975, and the first prototypes were built in 1977, although it would not be until 1983 – three years after its release in the Soviet Union – that the car was made available in Western European markets, and like its predecessors - aimed squarely at the budget end of the market.

The Riva itself is officially designated – and known in the home market – as VAZ-2105 (base saloon [sedan]), VAZ-2104 (station wagon), and VAZ-2107 (deluxe saloon identified by the large chromed grille). In Russia, VAZ-2105, VAZ-2104, and VAZ-2107 are considered to be different cars rather than variants but nonetheless all of them are part of a single "Klassika" ("Classic") family along with older models such as the VAZ-2101. They are popularly known as Pyatyorka ("the five"), Chetvyorka ("the four") and Semyorka ("the seven").

Mechanically, the car is virtually identical to the first-generation VAZ-2101, featuring the Fiat-derived manual transmissions, coil spring suspension all round, and aluminium alloy drum brakes with cast iron brake shoes on the rear wheels. The smaller-engined variant, the 65 hp 1294 cc version (VAZ-2105) had a revamp of its inline four-cylinder compared to the original VAZ-2101 (Lada 1200). The old OHC design had its camshaft driven by chain, while the new one had a toothed belt drive. Some modifications of the Riva's larger-engined version (VAZ-2107) carried on with the 1452 cc chain-driven OHC engine coming over from the original Lada 1500 (VAZ-2103), while others had a later 1569 cc 1,6L VAZ-2106/21067 engine. Another change was made to the engine in 1992, when single point fuel injection and catalytic converters were specified to keep up with emissions legislation.

The 2107 was announced in 1982, offered as the luxury version (and the most expensive), with improved interior (including front headrests), a new instrument panel, and a chrome grille; it came with either 1294 cc (21072) or 1570 cc (21074) engines. (The 21079 was a Wankel engined version. )

The first 2104 station wagon appeared in 1984, in three models: the 2104 with 1294 cc; the 21041 with 1198 cc; and the 21043 with 1452 cc (VAZ-2103) engine.

Export sales proved to be very good in Eastern Europe. In the West, Rivas had limited presence in such countries as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, New Zealand (where it served as a taxi), and Canada. In Finland, they had much larger sales due to the fact that Finland had closer economic ties with the Soviet Union. Canada was the only market to offer whitewall tires. Canadian 2107s were "briefly sold as the Dennis Signet", after the importer, Peter Dennis Motor Corporation. Canadian sales, along with several European markets, ended on 4 July 1997.

Tightening safety and emissions legislation combined with the economic instability in the former Soviet Union during the 1990s led to the Riva being withdrawn from most Western European markets by 1997, although it remained in production at the AvtoVAZ factory in the Russian Federation and was sold as the Lada Classic. It was one of the cheapest automobiles available in the Russian market and remains the most popular second-hand car in Russia even after its production ceased.

In 2002, production of the wagon model was taken over by Izh, before assembly was also started at the Bogdan Group's LuAZ plant, and later in Cherkasy, Ukraine. The 2107 model was produced also at the ZAZ factory in Ukraine and at Suzuki's factory in Egypt. In August 2011, Russian production of the 2107 was moved to Izh. After about thirty years of production, the 2105 was discontinued in 2010, followed by the 2104 and 2107 in 2012.

United Kingdom
The British market was opened with the 1300GL in 1983, and the 21051 (Riva 1200L) had the 1198 cc. British sales were based heavily on low sales price and durability. In 1986, 20,000 Ladas were sold in Britain, 30,000 in 1988. British imports of the older VAZ-2101/2102/2106 ended soon after the Riva's introduction, although they remained available in the Soviet Union and much of the old Eastern Bloc for several years afterwards.

In a review of the new economy car, the British automobile magazine Autocar noted its low price of only £3,158 (£10,736.82 in 2020), improved road performance and an "impressive list of standard equipment", which included "height-adjustable headlamps, internally adjustable driver's door mirror, velour-covered seats, heated rear window, illumination lights for bonnet and boot", and a 21-piece toolkit. However, its spartan interiors and aging design meant that it was never aimed at buyers of market leaders' similar-sized but more expensive products, such as the Ford Sierra, Vauxhall Cavalier and Austin Montego. Nonetheless, the Riva was still selling well in the United Kingdom and many other Western markets in the early 1990s, but the next few years saw a raft of new models come from budget competitors such as Daewoo, Hyundai, Kia and Proton, pushing Riva sales into terminal decline. This, combined with the economic hardships and much-needed investment to adapt cars to stricter European Union emissions requirements not being available, resulted in the decision to withdraw Lada from the UK (and some other European markets) and Canada on 4 July 1997. They had cheaply tried to produce catalytic converter equipped cars (EU mandated from 1992) using carburettors, when all other car makers changed to fuel injection to more accurately control fuel/air ratios. However the catalysts were quickly destroyed as a result and most cars failed their first MOT test (at three years old) as a result.

Despite Lada's withdrawal in 1997 from the British market, most of the surviving Rivas on UK roads were not scrapped; rather the vast majority were re-exported back to Russia due to a shortage of used examples in their homeland and the export specification was considered superior to those that were available domestically. Even in 2021, many ex-UK right hand drive Rivas are still operating in Russia and the former Soviet states.

New Zealand
The car was also sold in New Zealand, where it was distributed by the New Zealand Dairy Board. The Dairy Board received the cars in lieu of cash payments for deliveries of mutton and butter to the Soviet Union. The last such trade was carried out in 1990.

2104
Estate edition
 * VAZ-2104 – VAZ-2105 engine, a 1.3 L carburetor, 4-speed transmission (CAT), the base model
 * VAZ-21041 – engine VAZ-2101, 1.2 L, 4-carb item. PPC. Not commercially produced.
 * VAZ-21042 – engine VAZ-2103, 1.5 L, right hand drive.
 * VAZ-21043 – engine VAZ-2103, 1.5 L carburetor with a 4- or 5-speed. CAT, in versions with electrical equipment and interior of the VAZ-2107.
 * VAZ-21044 – engine VAZ-2107, 1.7 L, single injection, 5-speed. CAT, export model.
 * VAZ-21045 – engine VAZ-2107, 1.8 L, single injection, 5-speed. CAT, export model. Not commercially produced.
 * VAZ-21045D – VAZ-341 engine, 1.5 L, diesel, 5-speed. PPC.
 * VAZ-21047 – engine VAZ-2103, 1.5 L, carb, 5-speed. CAT, an improved version with the interior of the VAZ-2104/7. Export modifications were equipped with the radiator grille of the VAZ-2107.
 * VAZ-21048 – engine VAZ-343, 1.77 L, diesel, 5-speed. PPC.
 * VAZ-21041i – engine VAZ-21067 1.6 L injector, 5-speed gearbox, with the same interior and electrics as the VAZ-2107, the front seats of the IL-2126.
 * VAZ-21041 VF – radiator design VAZ-2107, VAZ-2103 engine of 1.5 L injector, 5-speed gearbox, interior and electrical VAZ-2107 car, the front seats of the Izh-2126.

Pickup Edition
 * VAZ-21043-33 Pikap – 1.5-litre with 52 kW, produced from 1991 to 2012 at PSA VIS-Avto.

2105

 * Lada 2105 – with the carb. engine VAZ-2105 (1.29 L, 63.6 hp, 92 Nm) and 4-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 2105 b – the engine VAZ-2103 (distributed injection, 1.6 L, 71.4 hp, 110 Nm, the Euro-2) and 5-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 21050 – with the engine VAZ-2105 and 5-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 21051 – with carb. engine VAZ-2101 (1.2 L, 58.7 hp, 85 Nm) and 4-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 21053 – with carb. engine VAZ-2103 (1.45 L, 71.4 hp, 104 Nm) and 4 of Art. CAT;
 * Lada 21053-20 – the engine VAZ-2104 (distributed injection, 1.45 L, 71.4 hp, 110 Nm, the Euro-2) and 5-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 21054 – small series, especially for the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and the FSB. Carburetted VAZ-2106 engine (1.57 L, 80 hp, 122.5 Nm), equipped with an additional fuel tank and battery.
 * Lada 21054-30 – the engine VAZ-21067 (distributed injection, 1.57 L, 72 hp, 116 Nm, the Euro-3) and 5-speed. CAT;
 * Lada 21055 – small scale modification for the cab with a diesel engine VAZ (BTM) – 341 production Barnaultransmash (1.52 L, 50.3 hp, 92 Nm);
 * Lada 21057 (Lada Riva) – Export version of VAZ-21053 with right-hand drive and a single injection engine (Euro-1) was produced in 1992–1997 for the markets of the UK and countries with left-hand traffic;
 * Lada 21058 (Lada Riva) – Export version of VAZ-21050 with right-hand drive, produced in 1982–1994 for the markets of the UK and countries with left-hand traffic;
 * Lada 21059 – Debut 1980 as a small scale spetsmodifikatsiya for the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and the KGB with 120 hp 186 Nm two-rotor 1300 cc VAZ-411M or (slightly larger displacement) 140 hp VAZ-4132 Wankel engine (which both featured a 9.4:1 compression ratio) and four-speed manual transmission. Capable of 112 mph and 0 - 60 mph in nine seconds. Priced at 52,000 rubles.
 * VIS – 2345 – pick poluramnoy design based on VAZ-21053 and 21054, produced by JSC VAZInterService with 1995 by 2006;
 * Lada 2105 VFTS (Lada VFTS) – a sports car, which was being built at the facilities of the Vilnius factory vehicles under the guidance of the legendary Soviet rallista Stasys Brundza. Homologated to FISA Group B standard. Markets forced engine VAZ-2106, using carburetors WEBER 45 DCOE (1.6 L 160 hp at 7000 rpm 164.8 Nm at 5500 rpm) and a spur 4 and 5-speed gearbox, with claw couplings include; since 1986 in order to reduce weight, the car was equipped with doors made of aluminum.
 * Lada 2105 VIHUR – rally car produced industrial association for the production of sports equipment "Vihur" CC DOSAAF in Tallinn. Homologated for Group A-2/1 union classification (the so-called "queen-group"). According to the requirements of the A-2/1, the engines were serially unchanged.

2107

 * Lada 2107 (engine 2103, 1.5 L, 4 cyl., Carburetor)
 * Lada 21071 (engine 2105, 1.3 L, 4 cyl., Carburetor, timing belt)
 * Lada 21072 (1.7 L engine, Grade 8., Single injection – export version for the European market)
 * Lada 21073 (engine 2106, 1.6 L, 4 cyl., Carburetor)
 * Lada 21076-20 (engine 2104, 1.5 L, 4 cyl., Point Injection)
 * Lada 2107–71 (1.45 L engine, 66 hp engine 21034 for gasoline A-76, version for China)
 * Lada 21074-20 (21067-10 engine, 1.6 L, 4 cyl., Distributed injection, Euro-2)
 * Lada 21074-30 (21067-20 engine, 1.6 L, 4 cyl., Distributed injection, Euro-3)
 * Lada 21077 (engine 2105, 1.3 L, 4 cyl., Carburetor, timing belt – export UK version)
 * Lada 21078 (engine 2106, 1.6 L, 4 cyl., Carburetor – export UK version)
 * Lada 21079 Debut 1982, fitted with 120 hp two-rotor 1300 cc VAZ-411M or (slightly larger displacement) 140 hp VAZ-4132 Wankel engine (which both featured a 9.4:1 compression ratio) and five-speed manual transmission. Capable of 112 mph and 0 - 60 mph in 9 seconds. Priced at 58,000 rubles. Originally created for the needs of federal agencies: the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and KGB.
 * Lada 2107 ZNG (21213 engine, 1.7 L, 4 cyl., Point Injection)

Other variants
Model variants included the Riva Signet, Riva 1200, Riva 1300, Riva 1500, and Riva 1600, with trim levels "E" and "L". A Turbo charged model Lada 2107 Turbo was sold in Finland, this version was made by Finnish Lada importer.

Small numbers of Lada rally cars were built with 150 hp Wankel engines, fitted with a pair of Weber DCOE twin-choke carburettors.

Production at Suzuki Egypt
In Egypt, the Amal Foreign Trade Company and Lada's parent company AvtoVAZ signed a joint venture agreement to assemble Ladas for the North African market in 2000. However, as they did not have their own factory, space was found at a local Suzuki plant in Cairo to assemble the 2107 version of the Riva. As of 2006, production continued at Suzuki until 2015 with an additional model, the 2110, being produced.

Safety
In the early 1980s, when it was put into production, the car complied with UNECE car safety standards and GOST technical standards.

In 2001, the 2107 version of the Riva scored 0 points out of 16 in a frontal crash test conducted by the modern Russian ARCAP safety assessment program, and was awarded zero stars out of four. The reviewers noted that the result of the test was easily predictable and couldn't be positive, as they were dealing with an old car having an outdated construction of the body and designed at the time when safety tests were different from those of 2001.

In 2002 Za Rulyom magazine performed crash tests on two Lada 21053 models, a new car from 2002 and a used one from 1994. The magazine's experts noted that the newer model complied with UNECE car safety standards 12-03 and 33, but the older and used one failed the latter standard. The story also expressed doubt that the 2002 model could meet the stricter safety requirements that would be imposed in October of the same year.

End of production
In the 2010s, the sales of the Lada Classics remained strong in the car's native Russia and some of the former Eastern Bloc nations. However, production of the 2105 ceased at AvtoVAZ's Togliatti plant at the end of 2010 after a 30-year production run and nearly 3,000,000 units, with production of the other variants being fully moved to the IzhAvto plant near Izhevsk.

The 2107 made the transition to the IzhAvto plant in August 2011, thus marking the end of production of the original Fiat 124 derived models at Togliatti after a 41-year production run and over 14 million units.

In September 2012, the history of the sedan model in Russia was over, when the last 2104 came off the IzhAvto assembly lines. The last unit of the Lada Classic series, a 2104 model, was produced by IzhAvto on 17 September 2012. Starting from the same month, production at the Izhevsk factory was replaced with the Lada Granta. However,, the 2107 model was still in production in Egypt.

title: Lada Riva


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Fictional Series/Editathon

This editathon is to get a community decision on how series should look. The idea is that everybody who signs up goes all-out in editing a particular series (see below to vote on which series to work on), and record all major decision/changes on this page. Any arguments are made/dealt with in real time. By the end of the editathon (tentatively March 15) the series should be edited out as nearly to everybody's satisfaction.

Rules
There are no rules. The only difference from ordinary Wikipedia editing is that I think all the edits should be noted back here, so that different ideas for organising pages can be compared and discussed. For instance, ideas on how to organise pages of major characters can be discussed by comparing two different character pages. Basically, the goal is to compress what would otherwise be a long process of editing and consolidation on Wikipedia into a shorter timespan.

Signup
To signup, vote on the series you'd like to work on. Once any series has five people voting on it, it becomes the one everybody works on. Even if you haven't read the series, please help with organisation and formatting!

Harry Potter

 * 1) Gaurav

The Lord of the Rings

 * 1) No votes

Star Wars

 * 1) No votes

Log
Please enter all changes you make to any page in this series in this section. This is to allow for coordination of changes, etc. It'll probably be best to start off with small changes (edits, etc) and move on to larger and larger changes until the page is Just Right. Once this gets too big, I'll move it to another page.


text:
Rico Petrocelli

Americo Peter "Rico" Petrocelli (born June 27, 1943) is an American former professional baseball player and minor league manager. He played his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career as a shortstop and third baseman for the Boston Red Sox, where he established himself as a fan favorite for his powerful hitting and his solid defensive play. A two-time All-Star shortstop, Petrocelli appeared in two World Series with the Red Sox. He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1997.

Early life
Petrocelli was born to Italian immigrant parents in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. His father was a garment worker in Manhattan. He was the youngest of seven children. He graduated from Sheepshead Bay High School in 1961.

Playing career
Petrocelli was signed by the Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent in July 1961.

Minor leagues
Petrocelli spent the 1962 season with Boston's Class B farm team, the Winston-Salem Red Sox, batting .277 with 17 home runs and 80 RBIs in 137 games played. In 1963, he played for the Double-A Reading Red Sox, again playing 137 games, with 19 home runs and 78 RBIs with a .239 average.

Petrocelli was a September call-up with Boston in 1963, playing a single MLB game, on September 21 against the Minnesota Twins. He was the starting shortstop and was 1-for-4 at the plate, with his first major league hit being a double off of Lee Stange. In 1964, Petrocelli played 134 games for the Triple-A Seattle Rainiers, batting .231 with 10 home runs and 48 RBIs.

Boston Red Sox

Petrocelli spent all of the 1965 season with Boston, playing in 103 games and making 93 starts at shortstop. Early in his rookie campaign, he experimented with switch hitting, but after batting only .174 with no home runs through 20 games, he returned to his exclusively right-handed stroke on June 6. For the season, he batted .232 with 13 home runs and 33 RBIs. In 1966, Petrocelli batted .238 with 18 home runs and 59 RBIs in 139 games played.

In 1967, Boston's "Impossible Dream" year, Petrocelli was selected to the All-Star game; he was the starting shortstop for the American League team, and went hitless in his one at bat. Petrocelli played in 142 regular season games, with 17 home runs, 66 RBIs, and a .259 average. In the 1967 World Series, he started all seven games, batting 4-for-20 (.200) with two home runs and three RBIs. Both of his home runs came in Game 6, off of Dick Hughes of the St. Louis Cardinals. Boston ultimately lost the series, four games to three.

In 1968, Petrocelli played 123 games while batting .234 with 12 home runs and 46 RBIs. In 1969, he set a record (since broken) for home runs by a shortstop with 40; he had 97 RBIs and a career-high .297 average while playing 154 games. He also played in his second All-Star game, starting at shortstop for the American League squad and going 1-for-3 at the plate, with a double off of Jerry Koosman. Petrocelli led American League shortstops in fielding percentage in both 1968 and 1969, at .978 and .981, respectively.

Petrocelli hit 29 home runs and had a career-high 103 RBIs in 1970, while batting .261 in 157 games. In 1971, the Red Sox acquired shortstop Luis Aparicio and Petrocelli moved to third base. He led American League third basemen in fielding percentage (.976), making only 11 errors in 463 total chances. He batted .251 in a career-high 158 games, with 28 home runs and 89 RBIs.

In 1972, Petrocelli batted .240 with 15 home runs and 75 RBIs, while playing in 147 games. In 1973, Petrocelli did not play after August 11 due to a calcium deposit in his right elbow, which required surgery. For the season, he appeared in 100 games, batting .244 with 13 home runs and 45 RBIs. He returned in 1974 to play 129 games with 15 home runs, 76 RBIs, and a .267 average. He did not play after September 15, when he was hit in the head by a pitch from Jim Slaton of the Milwaukee Brewers.

During the 1975 regular season, Petrocelli batted .239 in 115 games, with seven home runs and 59 RBIs. He missed the second half of August due to an inner ear problem, likely related to his 1974 beaning. Boston won the American League East, and faced the Oakland Athletics in the American League Championship Series. Petrocelli started all three games at third base, as the Red Sox swept the A's, while batting 2-for-12 (.167) with a home run and two RBIs. In the 1975 World Series, which Boston lost to the Cincinnati Reds, Petrocelli hit .308 (8-for-26) with four RBIs, starting all seven games at third base. He did not commit an error during the 1975 postseason.

In 1976, Petrocelli was placed on the disabled list on August 20, due to further inner ear problems; he played in only three more games that year. For the season, he batted a career-low .213 with three home runs and 24 RBIs in 85 games played. Supplanted by Butch Hobson as the team's regular third baseman, Petrocelli was released by the Red Sox during spring training on March 26, 1977.

During his career with the Red Sox, Petrocelli hit 210 home runs with 773 RBIs and 653 runs scored in 1553 games played, with a .251 average. As of 2018, Petrocelli holds MLB's eighth-best all-time fielding percentage for third basemen (.970). He was inducted to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1997.

Post-playing career
Following his playing career, Petrocelli worked in broadcasting and was a minor league manager. He later wrote a book about the 1967 Boston Red Sox season, Rico Petrocelli's Tales from the Impossible Dream Red Sox.

Broadcasting
For the 1979 Boston Red Sox season, Petrocelli was color commentator for local radio broadcasts on WITS-AM 1510, working with Ken Coleman. In 1980, he began hosting the game show Candlepins for Cash on WXNE-TV, Channel 25 in Boston; he hosted the show through 1982. Also on April 17, 1980, Petrocelli teamed with Jim Woods to call a game between the Kansas City Royals and Baltimore Orioles for the USA Network.

Managing
Petrocelli managed within the farm systems of the Chicago White Sox and the Boston Red Sox.

Notes:
 * In 1986, Petrocelli took over as manager of the Appleton Foxes in June.
 * The 1987 Birmingham Barons, despite their overall losing record, won the Southern League playoffs.
 * The 1992 Pawtucket Red Sox lost in the first round of the International League playoffs.

Political activity
Petrocelli endorsed Republican Karoline Leavitt, a candidate for New Hampshire's 1st congressional district, in the 2022 election. In 2023, Petrocelli announced his support for former U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte in the 2024 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, describing her as "the tough conservative we need in Concord".

title: Rico Petrocelli


text:
User talk:Pycoucou

Pycoucou, Welcome to Wikipedia! Glad to see you're already interested in translations -- as you can see, there is a fair amount of material in French that needs translating. :-) I hope you've seen the welcome page linked above, and also How to edit a page -- good resources.  Questions should go on the Village pump, or you can leave me a note on my talk page.  Sign anything you put on the pump or any talk page (user talk page or article talk page) with ~ and it will leave your user name and date just like this: Jwrosenzweig 17:40, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) Happy editing!

If you want to create a new link as to make a new article, you can do that at the Sandbox. By the way, if you want to write some info about yourself, your user page is at User:Pycoucou. Thanks, and keep contributing Dysprosia 12:05, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I didn't know you were signing! Just use 4 tildes like above and it'll do it automatically. Thanks Dysprosia

Thanks for your two messages. I'll try to do my best and this project is definitely motivating !! Cheers PY 17:10, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)~

translation
There is an enormous backlog at Translation into English, more than for all other languages combined. I see you are signed up at Translators_available. Would you be at all interested in taking on one of these articles? (Full disclosure: this is a bit of a "mass mailing", I'm working my way down the whole list of French-to-English translators.) -- Jmabel 00:06, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pycoucou


text:
Yell, Shetland

Yell is one of the North Isles of Shetland, Scotland. In the 2011 census it had a usually resident population of 966. It is the second largest island in Shetland after the Mainland with an area of 82 sqmi, and is the third most populous in the archipelago (fifteenth out of the islands in Scotland), after the Mainland and Whalsay.

The island's bedrock is largely composed of Moine schist with a north–south grain, which was uplifted during the Caledonian mountain building period. Peat covers two-thirds of the island to an average depth of 1.5 m.

Yell has been inhabited since the Neolithic times, and a dozen broch sites have been identified from the pre-Norse period. Norse rule lasted from the 9th to 14th centuries until Scottish control was asserted. The modern economy of the island is based on crofting, fishing, transport and tourism. The island claims to be the "Otter Capital of Britain" and has a diverse bird life including breeding populations of great and Arctic skuas. At times, whales and dolphins also appear off the coast.

Notable buildings on the island include the 17th-century Old Haa of Brough in Burravoe, a merchant's house now converted to a museum and visitor centre. There are various folk tales and modern literary references to island life.

Geography
Yell is 19 mi in length, with a maximum breadth of 7.5 mi, and is swept all around by very impetuous tides. The island extends northward to within 9.5 mi of the northwestern extremity of Unst. It is divided by only the narrow Bluemull Sound from the south west of Unst. On the eastern side the coast is generally low and sandy but there is an extensive rocky and partly precipitous coast on the west that rises slowly to elevations of 200 –. It is indented by seven or eight bays forming natural harbours. As Penrith's guide to Orkney and Shetland states:

 * "The island is roughly rectangular and nearly cut in two where the long voes of Whale Firth and Mid Yell almost meet."

In addition to these large indentations, there are a number of tombolos connecting peninsulas to the island. Many of these are very fragile, and can be damaged extremely easily by human erosion, or severe storms, creating new islands - or resurrecting old ones.

There is comparatively little farmland, but the coast is conducive to fishing. Much of the interior of Yell is covered in a peat blanket, often as much as 10 ft thick, which is the result of 3,000 years of deposits. The peat retains a great deal of water, but is easily eroded, particularly when it comes near to the coast. As Jill Slee Blackadder writes:

 * "Some streams carve deep sided gorges. Among these habitats, you can find a wealth of wild flowers and birds nest here in peace."

The island was anciently divided into the parishes of North Yell, Mid Yell, and South Yell. More recently the parish of North Yell was merged with that of Fetlar, and Mid Yell and South Yell were amalgamated. In 1991, North Yell was merged with Mid and South Yell to the new civil parish of Yell, leaving Fetlar a parish of its own. The island is still divided into the ecclesiastical parish Mid Yell and the quoad sacra parishes North Yell and South Yell.

As with the Shetland archipelago as a whole, the island can be seen as creating a barrier between the northern end of the North Sea (to the east) and the North Atlantic (to the west). To the north east is the Norwegian Sea, and the Arctic Ocean is several hundred km to the north.

Attractions on the island include the Sands of Breckon composed of crushed shells, and the Daal of Lumbister gorge.

Settlements
Settlements on Yell tend to be coastal and include Burravoe, home to the Old Haa Museum, Mid Yell, Cullivoe and Gloup, as well as Ulsta, Gutcher, Aywick, West Yell, Sellafirth, Copister, Camb, Otterswick, and West Sandwick.

There is little in the way of modern settlements on the west coast other than West Sandwick, mainly because of the prevailing wind and the high cliffs that border much of it. There are a few crofts along Whale Firth, including Windhouse (see notable buildings), and at Grimister there are the ruins of an old herring curing station, which closed just after World War II.

Surrounding islands
The following islands surround Yell: Aastack, Bigga, Black Skerry, Brother Isle, Brough, Burravoe Chest, Fish Holm, Gloup Holm, Gold Skerry, Green Holm, Grey Stack, Hascosay, Holm of West Sandwick, Horns of the Roe, Kay Holm, Linga, Muckle Holm, Neapback Skerries, Orfasay, Outsta Ness, Rug, Skerry Wick, Stacks of Stuis, Sweinna Stack, The Clapper, The Quidin, Whalegeo Stacks, Whilkie Stack, and Ern Stack.

Geology and soils

Yell lies to the east of the Walls boundary fault, which is probably a northern extension of the Great Glen fault. There are three main faults that dictate the geography of Yell - the first is the Bluemull Fault, which separates Yell from Unst by creating the Bluemull Sound; the second is the Arisdale Fault which forms the northern part of Whale Firth, and extends south to Arisdale, and out of Hamnavoe; and the third is the Nesting Fault, which more or less creates Yell Sound, and divides Yell from Mainland Shetland. A fourth fault helps create Gloup Voe, and there are some other minor ones. These faults may be seen as radiating branches of the Walls Fault, and were exacerbated by glacial activity.

The island's bedrock is largely composed of Moine schist with a north–south grain, a metamorphosed sedimentary rock originally laid down in shallow water 1,000-800 million years ago and then uplifted and deformed during the Caledonian orogeny 600-400 million years ago. The principal minerals are coarse quartzite, quartz-feldspar gneiss and mica schist.

In common with the rest of Scotland, Yell was covered in thick ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages. Some of the island's gorges, such as the Daal of Lumbister, may have originally been created by ancient meltwater streams escaping from underneath retreating glaciers, and it is also thought some of Yell's lochs were originally dammed by moraines.

After the ice melted the island would have experienced a large tsunami some 8,000 years BP associated with the Storegga Slides. The inundation would have reached 25 m above normal high tides. There is also some evidence at Basta Voe in the north west of a more recent event of a similar nature. In modern times, the non-porous nature of the bedrock, the presence of boulder clay and the cool and damp climate have conspired to create large expanses of peat. This covers two-thirds of the island with an average depth of 1.5 m. Its main constituent materials are sphagnum moss, cotton grass, deer grass, heather and sedge. This peat is highly important to the islanders as a fuel source, and in some areas is even worked commercially. It is cut with a tushker (a type of peat spade, akin to the Highland cascrom), and according to Blackadder (2003) "Yell boasts some of the best peat stacking skills in Shetland."

There is also some dune habitat near West Sandwick, something pretty rare in the Shetland Islands; controversially, there has been some commercial extraction of the sand from this area, which may have had a significant environmental impact.

Origin of name

There are various possible derivations of the island's name. The name Yell, recorded in the 1300s as Iala, may be of Brittonic origin, deriving from *iala, meaning "unfruitful land" (c.f. Iâl, Wales). The Proto-Norse was Jala or Jela which may have meant 'white island' referring to the beaches. The Old Norse was Gjall signifying 'barren'. Neighbouring Unst may also have a pre-Norse name. The name was also recorded in 1586 as "Yella". In early modern times, it was written as "Zell" (cf "Zetland"), a mistranscription of "Ȝell", from an initial yogh. Shetland originates from "Hjaltland", and the "Ȝ" was used to symbolize the initial sound in the old pronunciation. This makes another possible explanation plausible, connected to the Norse words "hjalli" or "hjallr", terrace in a mountainside or a ledge, scaffolding, even the ones used for drying fish. "Hjell" is the current spelling and pronunciation in Norwegian, and "hjallar" is the possessive singular or nominative plural form in Old Norse.

Early history

Yell has been inhabited since the Neolithic times. A petrosomatoglyph or stone footprint at North Yell, up Hena, 12 byis known locally as the 'Wartie' and was used to wash in dew or rain-water and standing in it was supposed to get rid of warts. In legend it was made by a giant placing one foot here and the other on the Westing of Unst.

Twelve broch sites are known of and fifteen early chapels. The evidence suggests a substantial population in the Pre-Norse period. One of the brochs is Burra Ness Broch. Only part of the wall remains, on the seaward side. This reaches around 3 m high in places. There are traces of earthen ramparts on the landward side, and remains of a structure which may have been a guard's cell. There are also remains of an Iron Age blockhouse fort at Burgi Geos. Burravoe's name derives partly from a nearby broch - the element "Burra" frequently being a corruption of the Norse for one.

Yell's placenames reveal the presence of the Celtic Church, whose hermits were known to the Norse as papar. Examples of names related to them include Papil Ness, Loch of Papil and Papil Bay. However, it is unclear whether these names are all pre-Norse, or whether these Christian co-existed with the pagan Norsemen after they invaded. There is evidence of an early Culdee monastery at the Birrier in the west of Yell, near West Sandwick. The Birrier was almost certainly in contact with another monastic settlement directly opposite, across Yell Sound, at the Kame of Isbister on the Northmavine Peninsula of Mainland. A service was held in 2000, at the Birrier to commemorate two millennia of Christianity.

A cross slab from North Yell may also be from this period, but it has since been lost. It is presumed to be like the Bressay Stone.

Norse era
Yell Sound is mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga: "Earl Rögnvald... and the chiefs Sölmond and Jón with him... had a fine body of troops, though not too numerous, and five or six ships. They arrived at Hjaltland [Shetland] about the middle of summer, but heard nothing of Frákork. Strong and contrary winds sprung up, and they brought their ships to Alasund (Yell Sound), and went a-feasting over the country."

In the later Norse period Christianity flourished and foundations of 20 chapels dating from this period have been identified.

The primary Norse legacy is an array of placenames of potentially fully or sometimes partial Old Norse origin. For example, "Dalsetter" is a combination of dalr meaning a "dale" or "valley", either from Old Norse or Old English, possibly influenced by both; and setr meaning a "hill pasture" or shieling, or as a (potentially Norse) interpretation of Old English ("sǣte"). "Gossawater" is a combination of either Old English "gōs" and/or Old Norse "gás" (goose), á (river) and vatn (a lake/loch) anglicised as "water". Other potentially Norse elements on Yell include "firth" which is from either or possibly both the Old English ""Ford"" and Old Norse "fjörðr" as in Whale Firth, "voe" which is an Old Norse cognate with English 'way' (Old English 'weġ')(Old Norse vagr) as in "Gloup Voe", "sound" (Both Old English and Old Norse use sund) as in "Bluemull Sound" and "-a(y)" (ey) as in nearby Hascosay and Linga.

Hanseatic trade and early modern period
Although most of Shetland's Hanseatic trade was conducted from Scalloway, Burravoe was one of the most important of the other Hanseatic centres in the archipelago.

In the 17th century, the Dutch East Indian Ship, Lastdrager was wrecked on Yell, and the survivor, Jan Camphuis wrote favorably of his experiences on the island. He noted the generosity and kindness of the islanders to him while he was there, which he believed was disproportionate to their poverty. Yell is mentioned by Martin Martin in his 1695 A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland where he noted that "there are three churches, and several small chapels in it."

The Rev. Crutwell in the 18th century said of Yell that "the inhabitants have plenty of fuel, catch immense quantities of small fish, and live comfortably."

Modern history

Johnnie Notions successfully carried out early smallpox inoculations on Yell in the 18th century, at a time when many other places remained sceptical.

In the 1841 New Statistical Account the minister of Fetlar and North Yell noted that although smuggling had almost entirely disappeared the local population had "fallen into an abominable habit of smoking tobacco". In the same year the minister of Mid and South Yell observed a rise of 50% in the local price of black cattle due to the introduction of a fortnightly steamer service from Lerwick to Leith that had enabled exports of livestock to mainland Scotland. Fishing on Yell received a particularly vicious blow when 53 fishermen were killed in a storm off Gloup in 1881. There is a memorial to them there now.

Germans have claimed that during the First World War their U-boats used to shelter in Whale Firth – this is possible because of the very low population of the area.

During the Second World War the Luftwaffe bombed the post office at Gutcher in an attempt to disrupt the communications system. On 19 January 1942 a Catalina airplane crashed on the hill above Burravoe. Seven of her ten passengers were killed and one of the propellers can be seen outside the Old Haa Museum.

Just after the Second World War the old herring curing station at Grimister closed; this was to be one in a long line of economic difficulties including the loss of fishing.

Between 1953 and 1964 Dr Robert Hope-Simpson, a GP, carried out painstaking research establishing that shingles is the reactivation of previously acquired chickenpox (varicella) virus.

In 1961 a Soviet spy ship sank off Yell; the wreck was found by Lieutenant George Wookey, who had also investigated the wreck that inspired Whisky Galore in the Outer Hebrides. It was an undercover plain clothes mission; Lt. Wookey found the wreck 90 ft down in clear water.

During the 1960s Yell reached an impasse. It was in 1965 that the Orcadian novelist Eric Linklater said that Yell was "the problem child of the archipelago" due to its economic woes and burgeoning depopulation. Some blamed this on the islanders' "social egalitarianism", which supposedly prevented anyone from becoming a "leader or entrepreneur"; Haswell-Smith disagrees but believes that "airing the matter seems to have helped" It is certainly notable that the tiny remote Out Skerries seem to be wealthier and that Whalsay is better at retaining its population. Yell is neither near Lerwick like Bressay nor bridged to the mainland like Burra or Muckle Roe. Some Yell people do commute to work at Sullom Voe, but as this appears to be a declining industry this does not hold out hope for the future. Unlike neighbouring Fetlar, Yell never suffered large scale clearances, only some local ones, and has long had multiple ownership. Jim Crumley, himself an incomer, has noted the difficulties faced by Yell by both depopulation and repopulation.

Flora and fauna
The coastline of Yell includes numerous voes (narrow inlets) where otters and various seabirds are common. Brown trout can be found in the inland waters.

Mammals
Yell claims to be the "Otter Capital of Britain". The shore is low-lying and the peaty soil is soft, making it ideal for excavation burrows. The long days in summer also make spotting these largely nocturnal creatures in daylight more likely than on the British mainland. Hugh Miles' documentary The Track of the Wild Otter was shot on location at Burra Ness at the mouth of Busta Voe; it gained awards and was produced for the BBC. Grey and common seals are also regular visitors to Yell's coast. Yell occasionally receives the odd Arctic visitor besides the tern; in 1977, a stray bearded seal was recorded. Normally these creatures only live on the pack ice. Humans have introduced a number of animals including rabbits, and it has even been questioned whether otters could have arrived by themselves, although this is controversial. Porpoises are occasionally seen nearby too.

The island has its own subspecies of field mouse, as do some of the other Shetland Islands, and Hirta in St Kilda.

Birds
A population of Arctic terns, known locally as tirricks (stress on last syllable; an onomatopoeic word), migrates to Shetland from Antarctica during the summer. As swallows are sometimes seen as harbingers of summer elsewhere, in Yell and Shetland, it is the tirricks or terns that fulfil this role -

"On Yell [the Arctic tern] has the impact of August on a heather moor, and nothing draws the islander closer to nature’s year than the first tern."

Other birds that regularly visit Yell include great and Arctic skuas, various terns, eider, Eurasian whimbrel, red-throated diver, dunlin, golden plover, twite, lapwing and merlin. The Eigg, and Ern Stack in the north west of Yell, is the last known nesting site of Shetland sea eagles, which were recorded there in 1910.

Flora
Yell has many of the usual plants found in northern European moorland, especially heather in abundance, including two carnivorous plants, the butterwort and the sundew. A substantial study of the flora of Yell's dry stone walls was undertaken in 1986–87. Lichens, especially Ramalina species, were the most commonly found plants.

The gorges in the island, such as the Daal of Lumbister provide an important environment for some of the few trees on the island, since they are untouched by sheep grazing. Before human colonisation, it appears that Yell was wooded to some degree, at least with dwarf trees and shrubs. In the gorge at the head of Gloup Voe, dog roses and honeysuckle can be found. As the peat preserves old plants and pollen to some degree, due to its anaerobic nature, it is possible to get some sense of the former vegetation of the island. For example, it is known that 40,000 years ago, before the advent of the last ice age, and probably any human habitation, that oak, Scots pine and Mediterranean heathers were growing here. The remains of these plants have been preserved in layers of ancient peat, which were in turn buried by the boulder clay left by glacial moraines.

Transportation

Yell is a transport hub for the neighbouring islands of Unst and Fetlar.

The Yell Sound Ferry sails from Ulsta on the island to Toft on the Shetland Mainland. The service is operated by two ferries—Daggri (Norse for "dawn"), launched in 2003 and Dagalien (Norse for "dusk"), launched in 2004. These vessels, built in Gdańsk in Poland, can each carry 31 cars or 4 trucks, as well as 95 passengers. The crossing takes approximately 20 minutes, and ferries leave around every half-hour at peak times. The Bluemull Sound Ferry sails from Gutcher on Yell to Belmont on Unst and Oddsta on Fetlar. The ferries travel to Unst approximately every half-hour during the day, and to Fetlar a few times every day. The journey to Unst takes ten minutes, while travelling to Fetlar takes 25 minutes. The service is operated by Bigga and Geira.

There are two main roads, the A968 and the B9081. The A968 runs from Ulsta in the south west of the island to Gutcher in the north east, linking the ferry to and from Mainland, Shetland, with those going to Unst and Fetlar. Despite being a listed A road, it is single track in some stretches with passing places. The B9081 is single track with passing places. It runs along the south coast of Yell, and up its east, and part of the north east too. The stretch from Mid Yell to Gutcher is replaced by the A968, but it recommences after that.

Economy
Yell's industries include fishing, fish farming, farming (including commercial strawberry production in polytunnels, mainly for the Shetland market), peat cutting, transport and tourism.

Cullivoe had a new deep water harbour built in 1991, but the general decline in fish stocks in the North Sea and North Atlantic has not made it useful to fishing. It may however fulfil a transport role.

In January 2008, the Shetland Development Trust gave a loan worth £11,000 to Global Yell Ltd, in order to develop "creative industries", i.e. textile weaving and music.

The "world's first community-owned tidal power generator" became operational during April 2014 in Bluemull Sound. The turbine is a 30 kW device by Nova Innovation. North Yell Development Council believed that the project could make a significant contribution to the local economy.

Notable buildings and structures
Built in 1707, the now ruined stone building of Windhouse is claimed as the most haunted house in Shetland. In 1880, when Windhouse was renovated, skeletons were found under the floor of the building. After lying empty for over 80 years, it was bought in 2003 by an English couple intending to restore it. As of February 2015, no restoration has taken place and the property is back on the market.

Windhouse Lodge is the solidly built gatehouse to Windhouse and is run by Shetland Amenity Trust as a camping Böd. This is a well-equipped böd providing accommodation for up to eight people in three bedrooms. Facilities include a hot water heater, shower, crockery, basic cooking utensils, fridge, microwave, kettle, compact cooker with grill, oven and 2 hotplates.

The Old Haa of Brough in Burravoe is a substantial merchant's house built in 1672 now converted to a museum and visitor centre.

At Kirkabister, the remains of a former pony stud can be seen. The enclosure is unusual in appearance, having each of its four corners slightly elevated. There are only a handful of such enclosures in the archipelago.

Folklore
At Breckon it is said that when an eroding grave was excavated, a number of human skeletons were uncovered, one of which was not only at least seven-foot tall, but had small stumpy "horns" above the temples. Whether this man was a mutant or this is a tall story is unclear.

Like all good Nordic lands, Yell has its trolls (known in the Northern Isles as "trows" or "trowes"). The Trow of Windhouse was about as recently as the 1880s, when a shipwrecked sailor claimed he had been attacked by the mythical monster. However, the sailor was courageous enough to fight the creature, and saw it off with an axe. It is said that where he killed the trow, the grass turned a light green. This was not the only trow by any means, and there is another story of a Yell woman coming upon a family of trowes, who later woke up to find one in the house, asking who he was, he said "I am Trippa's son". The woman said a prayer, and the trowe disappeared.

George MacKay Brown
George Mackay Brown, an Orcadian poet, wrote a poem which has a Yell-man of 1263 as a narrator.

 * I am a farmer from Yell in Shetland.
 * Bjorn my mother called me.

Bjorn grows up amongst "seals and clouds and birds and women" on the island, but this idyll is contrasted with his father's disappearance, and profession as a Viking pirate covered in scars and "harvesting" silver.

Jim Crumley and Among Islands
Jim Crumley is a Dundonian who bought a semi-ruined cottage on Yell. He has written extensively on Yell in the book Among Islands (1994), which contains subject matter ranging from St Kilda and the Hebrides to Shetland. He says his original interest in islands sprung from seeing Inchcape out in the distance, as a teenager. He worked for over twenty years in various newspapers, usually writing about Scottish wildlife and landscapes; his later work has included a number of books on the Scottish islands, and mountains, often including his own photographs.

Crumley has said, "You could never argue with conviction that Yell is a beautiful place", but some others such as Jill Blackadder rate the Sands of Breckon and the cliff scenery of Gloup Voe as some of the best in Shetland. Despite issuing an apparent dismissal, Crumley still has a definite affection for the island, and its almost mechanical role in Shetland as a whole. In fact, the statement turns out to be a kind of a backhanded compliment:

 * "It looks the way Orkney must have in centuries past before that relentless greening began. The only green on a Yell moor in April is a boggy ooze. Yet Yell is the Shetland I carry with me, the Shetland I pack when I leave, the Shetland I am impatient for when I return. It works because of where it is, an island among islands, a perfectly sealed lynchpin, which makes geographical sense of Shetland, and without which the whole archipelago would slide out of kilter and slither uncontrollably into the sea."

As an incomer himself, he writes on the complications that this has caused the island:

 * "As elsewhere, the island has suffered from depopulation, and has been challenged by repopulation... good intentions do not turn an incomer into a son of the island soil. That is not to say that there is no place for the incomer [though]."

title: Yell, Shetland


text:
East Fife

East Fife may refer to:

 * The Eastern part of Fife, a council area in Scotland
 * East Fife F.C., a men's association football team
 * East Fife G.W.F.C., a women's association football team
 * East Fife (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1983

title: East Fife


text:
Zero (disambiguation)

Zero is both the digit 0 and the number 0.

Zero or Zeros may also refer to:

Comics

 * Zero (Marvel Comics), several characters in the Marvel Comics Universe
 * Zero (manhwa), a Korean manhwa by Dall-Young Lim and Park Sung-woo
 * Zero Zero (comics), an alternative comics anthology from 1995 to 2000
 * Kenshiro "Zero" Cochrane, a character in Ghost Rider 2099
 * Zero, a 2015 Image Comics publication
 * Zero, a character in Beetle Bailey

Film and television

 * Zero (1928 film), a British silent drama film
 * Zero (2009 film), a Polish action film
 * Zero (2010 film), a stop-motion animation film
 * Zero (2016 film), an Indian fantasy horror film
 * Zero (2018 film), an Indian comedy film
 * Zero (2021 TV series), an Italian TV series
 * Zero (Singaporean TV series), a 2004 drama
 * "Zero", a Smallville episode
 * Zero (Hit the Floor character), from the TV series Hit the Floor
 * Ultraman Zero, a character in Ultra Series
 * Zero, the titular character in the miniseries Grimoire of Zero, and a supporting one in its five-year spinoff The Dawn of the Witch
 * Zero, a supporting character from the 2020 anime Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon
 * Zero, a character from the 2021 animated series Tear Along the Dotted Line
 * Zero, a character from the film John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum
 * Zero, a character in Star Trek: Prodigy
 * Zero (Hector Zeroni), a character in Holes

Games

 * Zero (Drakengard), a character in the role-playing game Drakengard 3
 * Zero (Mega Man), a character in Capcom's Mega Man video game franchise
 * Major Zero, a character in the Metal Gear video game franchise
 * ZeRo, the gamertag of Gonzalo Barrios, a former professional Super Smash Bros. player
 * Zer0, the gamertag of Rhys Perry, a former Apex Legends player
 * Zer0, a fictional character in Borderlands 2
 * Zero, a recurring role in the Zero Escape series
 * Zero (game engine), created by Pandemic Studios

Magazines

 * Zero (video game magazine), a UK monthly magazine from 1989 to 1992
 * Zero Magazine, a music magazine in San Francisco
 * Zero (Spanish magazine), a Spanish gay-themed magazine

Bands

 * Zero (American band), a psychedelic rock band
 * Zero (Brazilian band), a 1980s rock band
 * Zero (Indian band), a rock band
 * Zero Band, a Chinese rock band formed in 1998
 * The Zeros (American band), a California punk rock band
 * The Zeros (English band), a British punk band

Albums

 * Zero (Hawthorne Heights album), 2013
 * Zero (KYPCK album), 2016
 * Zeros (Declan McKenna album), 2020
 * Zeros (The Soft Moon album), 2012
 * Zero, a 1989 album by Dead End
 * Zer0, a 2020 album by Krewella

Songs

 * "Zero" (Bump of Chicken song) (2011)
 * "Zero" (Chris Brown song) (2015)
 * "Zero" (B'z song) (1992)
 * "Zero" (Fayray song) (2007)
 * "Zero" (Hawk Nelson song) (2006)
 * "Zero" (Imagine Dragons song) (2018)
 * "Zero" (Mahmood song) (2021)
 * "Zero" (NewJeans song) (2023)
 * "Zero" (Alastair Riddell song) (1981)
 * "Zero" (The Smashing Pumpkins song) (1996)
 * "Zero" (Yeah Yeah Yeahs song) (2009)
 * "Zero", a song from the 1992 album Souls at Zero by Neurosis
 * "Zero", a song from the 2002 album Gaia by Janne Da Arc
 * "Zero", a song from the 2004 album Occasus by The Amenta
 * "Zero", a song from the 2010 album AB III (special edition) by Alter Bridge
 * "Zero", a song from the 2014 EP Clear by Periphery
 * "Zero", a song from the 2016 album Retrograde by Crown the Empire
 * "Zero", a song from the 2024 album Ark by Crossfaith

Other arts, entertainment and media

 * Zero (art), an international art movement; also the ZERO foundation, a German cultural institute supported by some Zero artists
 * Zero, a character in Holes

Cars

 * Dome Zero, a 1978 concept car
 * Fiat Zero, produced from 1912 to 1915
 * Lancia Stratos Zero, first shown to the public at the Turin Motor Show in 1970
 * Nikola Zero, a cancelled off-road side-by-side concept car

Companies

 * Zero Halliburton, a luggage company previously known as the Zero Corporation
 * Zero Motorcycles, an electric motorcycle company
 * Zero (corporation), a manufacturer of synthetic fuels
 * Zero Skateboards, a company started by Jamie Thomas

Computing

 * AlphaGo Zero, edition of the Go software AlphaGo developed by DeepMind
 * /dev/zero a special file in Unix-like operating systems that outputs zeros
 * Zero client, a variant of thin client, a type of computer

Mathematics

 * Zero of a function, an element of the domain of a function, where the value of the function is zero
 * Zero (complex analysis), a zero of a holomorphic function
 * Zero element, generalization of the number zero in algebraic structures
 * Zero object (algebra), generalization of the number zero in algebraic structures
 * Zero object in a category
 * Zero dagger (denoted 0†), a particular subset of the natural numbers
 * Zero sharp (denoted 0#), a theoretical number relating to the consistency of set theory
 * Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea, a book by Charles Seife

Places

 * Zero, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Zero, Montana, an unincorporated community
 * Zero Township, Adams County, Nebraska

Other uses

 * Zero, common marketing name for Diet drinks
 * Mitsubishi A6M Zero, a Japanese fighter aircraft used in World War II
 * Zero (name), a surname, given name, or pseudonym
 * Zero (linguistics), an element unrealized in speech, as in a zero article
 * Zero (Sapphire and Steel), an audio drama
 * ZERO bar, a candy bar manufactured by the Hershey Company
 * ZERO—The End of Prostate Cancer, a non-profit organization
 * Zero Emission Resource Organisation, a Norwegian environmental organization
 * In shooting sports, the default center of aim after sighting in (or "zeroing") a gun

title: Zero (disambiguation)