text:
Preamble to the 1997 Constitution of Fiji

The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins with a Preamble, which sets out the historical, cultural, and political reasons for the drafting of the 1997 Constitution.

The writing of the Preamble was a careful balancing act. Fijian society has often been culturally, economically, and politically polarized in recent decades between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians, who are descendants of migrants brought to work the British-owned sugar plantations between 1879 and 1916. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Preamble to acknowledge the unique place of indigenous Fijians and Rotumans, whilst at the same time affirming the equal value to the country of Indo-Fijians and other minorities.

The Preamble recalls "the events in our history that have made us what we are." It begins by asking for the continued blessing of God "who has always watched over these islands", and goes on to acknowledge the strong Christian tradition of the Fijian people, dating from "their conversion from heathenism through the power of the name of Jesus Christ" and speaks of the "enduring influence" of the Christian faith in Fiji today. Mindful, however, of Fiji's complex history of immigration which has resulted in the multicultural nature of the Fijian nation today, the Preamble also acknowledges the "contribution ... of other faiths, to the spiritual life of Fiji."

The Preamble traces Fiji's constitutional history, from its settlement by the ancestors of the Fijian and Rotuman peoples and the subsequent arrival of numerous different peoples, through the decision of Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, the King who had united all of Fiji's tribes under his leadership in 1871, and his subsequent decision to cede the country to Great Britain on 10 October 1874, and the later decision of the Rotuman chiefs to cede Rotuma in November 1879, to the gaining of independence from the United Kingdom and the adoption of the first constitution in 1970, the abrogation of that constitution in 1987, and the subsequent proclamation of the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji and the promulgation of a republican constitution by the President, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in 1990, and the subsequent constitutional review undertaken in the mid-1990s, leading to the adoption of the present document. The Preamble sees an unbroken continuity connecting all of these historical events that have left their mark on Fiji's constitutional history.

The Preamble goes on to recognize that "all those who chose to make their homes in these islands form our multicultural society," and recognizes the value and worth of the diverse faiths, traditions, languages, and cultures of the various ethnic components of Fiji's society. Pride is expressed in the common citizenship, institutions, and development of Fiji's people groups. The preamble ends with a new commitment, "with God as our witness," to live in harmony and unity, promote social justice, further economic and social development benefiting all communities, protect human rights and uphold the rule of law, and safeguard the importance of the family unit.


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 1

Chapter 1: The State. The first chapter of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled The State.  It is divided into five sections, which summarize briefly how the nation of Fiji sees itself.

Section 1 states that "The Republic of the Fiji Islands is a sovereign, democratic state." This underscoring of Fiji's commitment to democracy comes against the backdrop of political instability that has sometimes plagued Fiji, resulting in two coups d'état prior to the adoption of the constitution, and a third and fourth since.

Sections 2 and 3 deal with the place of the Constitution. The Constitution is declared to be "the supreme law of the State," and laws inconsistent with it are prohibited. In interpreting the Constitution, individual clauses are to be interpreted in the context of the Constitution as a whole, as well as the context in which the constitution was drafted. Any interpretation is required to consider any developments that may have taken place, subsequent to the adoption of the Constitution, in the understanding and promotion of particular human rights.

Section 4 establishes three official languages: English, Fijian, and Hindustani. This was a new development; previously, only English had enjoyed official status. Elevating Fijian and Hindustani (an umbrella term used to cover both Hindi and Urdu) to the status of official language served two purposes: it was aimed at assuaging the fears of indigenous Fijians, alarmed by the many political concessions made to Indo-Fijians (also known as Fiji Indians, or, especially in Fiji itself, as just Indians) elsewhere in this Constitution, and was also intended as a message to Indo-Fijians that they were being recognized as equal partners in the nation.

English is declared to be the language of the Constitution; translations in Fijian and Hindustani have been made, but in the case of any perceived discrepancy among the versions in the three languages, the English version prevails.

Every person (whether a Fiji citizen or not) is granted the right to communicate with any organ of government, at both the national and local level, in any of the three official languages, "either directly or through a competent interpreter."

Section 5 codifies the relationship between religion and the Fijian State. It declares that "Although religion and the State are separate, the people of the Fiji Islands acknowledge that worship and reverence of God are the source of good government and leadership."

This statement is a compromise. Fiji has a strong fundamentalist Christian lobby which campaigned for the Constitution to establish Christianity as the official religion of the State (and continued to agitate for a constitutional amendment to that effect). This was completely unacceptable to many Indo-Fijians, only six percent of whom were Christians. The debate had racial and political overtones; with some exceptions, many of those campaigning to enshrine Christianity in the Constitution were identified with movements advocating ethnic Fijian political supremacy. Most mainstream parties on both sides of the ethnic divide, however, agreed that a constitutional clause calling for "worship and reverence of God" was broad enough to encompass interpretations acceptable to Hindus and Moslems, as well as Christians.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 1


text:
Crash! Boom! Bang!

'Crash! Boom! Bang!' is the fifth studio album by Swedish pop rock duo Roxette, released on 11 April 1994 by EMI. The album was an immediate commercial success, peaking within the top 10 in over 20 national charts throughout Europe, Australasia and South America. The full-length album was not originally released in the United States, where a shortened version titled ''Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! was sold for a limited time through McDonald's outlets; this version sold over a million copies in the US but was deemed ineligible to chart on the Billboard 200 as, until 2007, Billboard'' had a policy of excluding albums sold by an exclusive retailer.

Five singles were released from the album: lead single "Sleeping in My Car" became the duo's second number one in their home country, and peaked at number seven on Billboard's European Hot 100 Singles. It would become the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 50, and was also their last hit single in Australia. This was followed by the release of "Crash! Boom! Bang!", "Fireworks", "Run to You" and "Vulnerable". As of 2001, ''Crash! Boom! Bang!'' has sold in excess of 5 million copies worldwide. Japanese editions included "Almost Unreal" as a bonus track.

Release and promotion
Prior to ''Crash! Boom! Bang!'''s international release, a shorter version of the album was released by CEMA for a limited time exclusively through outlets of the McDonald's restaurant chain in the US. ''Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang!'' sold over a million copies, the proceeds of which were used to fund Ronald McDonald House Charities programs for the health and well-being of children. This CD was sold at below normal wholesale cost, and the promotion angered traditional music retailers, who claimed that it devalued music. This edition of the record was the subject of a 1998 lawsuit filed against an Uppsala-based music production company by Roxette and their Swedish record label. The duo and their label alleged that J.G.S. Skivproduktion illegally imported 40,000 copies of ''Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang!'' into the EU. Rather than seek monetary damages, the duo requested the destruction of all remaining copies.

The record was released globally from 11 April 1994 on CD, cassette and vinyl formats. Japanese editions included "Almost Unreal" as a bonus track—the song had previously been released as a non-album single on the soundtrack of the Super Mario Bros. (1993) motion picture. Despite a tentative "early summer" release date being set for the US, the full-length album would not see release there until it was reissued globally with bonus tracks in 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the full-length album sold 46,000 copies in the US as of 2005, as an import-release. The band toured extensively to promote the record, the "Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour" saw them perform to over a million people. Roxette became the first western act since Wham! in 1985 to stage a concert in communist China, performing to over 15,000 people at the Workers Indoor Arena. The tour concluded on 1 May 1995 in Moscow, with Roxette becoming the first act since 1917 to hold a concert on that date—a public holiday in Russia. As of 2001, the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.

Five singles were released from the album. "Sleeping in My Car" served as its lead single, and was an immediate commercial success throughout Europe. The song debuted at number one in Sweden, and peaked within the top 20 of national charts in numerous territories: namely Austria, Benelux, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia, Spain and the UK. It went on to peak at number seven on European Hot 100 Singles. The song was serviced to US radio stations from 2 June, and would be the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 50. "Crash! Boom! Bang!", "Fireworks" and "Run to You" were released as subsequent singles, each with varying degrees of success. "Vulnerable" concomitantly served as both ''Crash! Boom! Bang!'s fifth and final single and lead single from the band's 1995 compilation Rarities''. The album was released exclusively in South America and Asia, and compiled previously unreleased demos and remixes, as well as songs from the band's 1993 MTV Unplugged set.

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from the American music press. A writer for Entertainment Weekly was critical of the album's ballads and mid-tempo songs, and complained that "If only Per Gissle (sic) had let the charged-up Marie Fredriksson sing lead vocals on all 15 songs, Crash! might've qualified as an unqualified guilty pleasure." People expressed a similar sentiment: complimenting the scope and diversity of material found on the record, but said that "As with the duo's previous work, Crash! Boom! Bang! hits its best notes when Fredriksson is at the mike", and said that her vocals were "more subtle and graceful than [ever]". Although a review for AllMusic complimented the duo's vocals and songwriting, they lamented the album as being "too pop for rock listeners and too rock for mid-'90s pop fans." Conversely, Jean Rosenbluth of the Los Angeles Times praised the album's inclusion of harder rock influences, complimenting the "deliciously overwrought ballads, bubblegum and great almost-grunge." Music & Media stated that "The world champions of pop rock are defending their title in style with this 15-single jukebox, a fifty fifty balance between rockers ("Sleeping in My Car") and ballads ("Place Your Love" and the title track).

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of ''Crash! Boom! Bang!''.

 * Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson
 * Recorded at Tits & Ass Studio in Halmstad and EMI Studios in Stockholm, Sweden; Mayfair Studios in London, England and Capri Digital Studios in Capri, Italy between February 1993 and January 1994.
 * Mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound Studios, New York City
 * Remastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studio, Stockholm (2009 reissue)
 * All songs published by Jimmy Fun Music, except: "Go to Sleep" by Shock the Music/Jimmy Fun Music.

Musicians
 * Marie Fredriksson – lead and background vocals, piano and keyboards
 * Per Gessle – lead and background vocals, acoustic, electric and resonator guitars, harmonica and mixing
 * Per "Pelle" Alsing – drums and percussion
 * Vicki Benckert – background vocals
 * Anders Herrlin – bass guitar, engineering and programming
 * Mats Holmquist – string arrangements and conducting
 * Jonas Isacsson – acoustic and electric guitars and mandolin
 * Christer Jansson – drums and percussion
 * Jarl "Jalle" Lorensson – harmonica
 * Clarence Öfwerman – keyboards, string arrangements, programming, production and mixing
 * Staffan Öfwerman – background vocals
 * Jan "Janne" Oldaeus – electric guitars
 * Mats "MP" Persson – electric guitars, mandolin, drums and percussion
 * Per "Pelle" Sirén – acoustic and electric guitars
 * Stockholms Nya Kammarorkester (credited as SNYKO) – strings
 * Alar Suurna – drums and percussion, engineering and mixing
 * Sveriges Radios Symfoniorkester – woodwind quartet
 * Nicolas "Nicki" Wallin – drums and percussion

Technical
 * Sleeve design by Roxette and Kjell Andersson
 * Photography by Jonas Linell
 * Set design by Mikael Varhelyi

title: Crash! Boom! Bang!


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Compact. The second chapter of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji contains Sections 6 and 7 of the Constitution. They summarize, in "compact" form, the intent and purpose of the Constitution, as well as the goals that it seeks to accomplish. It establishes the principles on which the Fiji government are to be based, and according to which the Constitution is to be interpreted.

Section 6 sets out the following principles. They are only a summary; they are dealt with more fully by subsequent chapters of the Constitution.

 * The rights of all individuals and population groups are to be respected fully.
 * Property ownership is defined, and protected. The ownership of Fijian land according to Fijian custom is preserved, along with the ownership of freehold land.  The rights of landlords and tenants under leases of agricultural land are formally recognized and protected.  Indigenous Fijians insisted on this clause, fearful that a future government dominated by Indo-Fijians might try to change the land laws, under which more than eighty percent of the land is still owned by Fijian tribes, but leased by individuals, including Indo-Fijians.  The fear of forced land reform had been one of the pretexts given by instigators and supports of the coup of 1987, which removed an Indo-Fijian supported government from power.
 * The right of all Fiji citizens "to practice their religion freely and to retain their language, culture and traditions" is guaranteed. These rights safeguard both indigenous and Indo-Fijian culture; many ethnic Fijians sought a provision to safeguard their strongly Christian traditions from possible future Indo-Fijian attempts at Hinduization if they should gain political power, while many Indo-Fijians were alarmed by the efforts of fundamentalist Christians to enshrine Christianity in the Constitution as the official religion of the republic, a goal that some Christians have continued to push for since.  This Compact enunciates a compromise that is repeated throughout the Constitution: although laced with references to Christianity, the constitution carefully protects the rights of all Fiji citizens to profess, practice both privately and publicly, and propagate all religions.  The language provisions, too, benefit both major population groups.  Increasing use of English, especially among the younger generation, has concerned leaders of both the indigenous and Indo-Fijian communities that a future government might mandate an English-only education system, which, they fear, would lead to the demise of their own languages.  But while English is the main language of most schools, the right of parents to choose schools teaching in Fijian or Hindustani - or any other language - is protected by the Constitution.
 * The "separate" administrative systems - in other words, the traditional chiefly systems - of the Fijian and Rotuman people are preserved. The purpose of this is twofold.  Many ethnic Fijians see the rule of their chiefs, each of whom heads a matagali, or clan, as a bulwark against domination by non-Fijians.  Although similar in some respects to the British Peerage system, it is closer to the people, as almost all ethnic Fijians are somewhat closely related to a Ratu (chief), whose power therefore gives the entire clan a direct voice in politics.  The second provision, for the Rotuman administrative system, was to assuage the fears of the Rotuman Islanders of political and cultural domination by the other population groups.  Related more closely to the New Zealand Māoris and other Polynesian peoples than to the Fijians, who are predominantly Melanesian, and numbering only ten thousand, about 1.2 percent of Fiji's total population, they wanted their cultural identity protected, along with a degree of political autonomy.  In 1987, following the coup, Rotuman secessionists had tried to organize a bid for independence from Fiji.  This clause in the Compact may be seen as an attempt to placate them.
 * All Fiji citizens, of whatever ethnic background, are guaranteed equality before the law. Their right to make their permanent homes in the Fiji Islands is also protected.
 * Every Fiji citizen is guaranteed the right to form or join a political party, to participate in electoral campaigns, and to vote and hold political office. Elections to the House of Representatives are to be free, fair, by secret ballot, and ultimately on the basis of equal suffrage.  This was to redress the grievances of the Indo-Fijian community that under the previous constitution (adopted in 1990), the allocation of specific numbers of seats to particular ethnic communities had greatly overrepresented ethnic Fijians, at their expense.
 * A government (executive) must be formed that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives. Inclusion of a particular political party in the Cabinet (executive) depends on the electoral support for that party in the most recent election.  No political party, however, may be forced to participate in the Cabinet against its will.
 * In the formation of a government, and in the promotion of legislation or the implementation of administrative policies, full account must be taken of the interests of all communities. In the event of a perceived conflict in the interests of the different communities, all interested parties are required to negotiate in good faith with a view to reading agreement.  In all such negotiations, however, "the paramountcy of Fijian interests as a protective principle continues to apply, so as to ensure that the interests of the Fijian community are not subordinated to the interests of other communities.  In other words, the interests of all communities must be taken into account and negotiated over, but in the event of a deadlock, indigenous Fijian interests prevail.
 * Affirmative action and social justice programs are to be set up, in order to secure "effective equality of access to opportunities, amenities or services for the Fijian and Rotuman people, as well as for other communities, for women as well as men, and for all disadvantaged citizens or groups." Such programs must be based on "an allocation of resources broadly acceptable to all communities."  This provision for affirmative action is meant to guarantee equality of opportunity, not equality of results.  There is a widespread perception among ethnic Fijians that most of the nation's wealth is in Indo-Fijian hands, and this clause was written partly to allay their fears.  It is not race-specific, however: the poor of all communities are intended to benefit.
 * Equitable power-sharing must be not only political, but also economic and commercial. The granting of equal political rights to Indo-Fijians must be matched by an economic empowerment of indigenous Fijians, "to ensure that all communities fully benefit from the nation's economic progress."

Section 7 deals with the application of the Compact. The principles referred to in section 6 are a statement of intentions, only. They may not be used justiciably; they may not be used as a basis for ruling a law to be constitutional or unconstitutional, unless they are included in other provisions of the Constitution, or in a law made under the constitution. They are intended, however, to serve as a frame of reference for interpreting the whole constitution.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 2


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 3

Chapter 3: Citizenship. The third chapter of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji, comprising Sections 8 through 20 of the Constitution, set out the rules for citizenship in Fiji.

The thirteen sections of Chapter 3 enunciate how citizenship may be acquired or forfeited, as well as how the Parliament may or may not legislate concerning this topic. The inclusion of this in the Constitution is somewhat unusual: the constitutions of many countries leave the question of citizenship to be resolved by the legislature. In Fiji, however, the complex history of immigration and colonial rule, together with hardline nationalist sentiments among certain sections of the ethnic Fijian population, has left various ethnic groups unsure of their permanent place in Fijian society, and wanted their right to citizenship entrenched in the Constitution rather than merely stated in some legal document that could be easily amended or even repealed at the whim of a legislative body.

Section 8 deals with the question of retention of existing citizenship: all persons who were citizens of Fiji immediately prior to the adoption of this Constitution remain citizens.

Section 9 sets out four ways in which citizenship may be acquired, namely by birth, by registration, by naturalization, or by any other method prescribed by Parliament.

Sections 10 and 11 define how one is deemed to have Fijian citizenship by birth. Every child born in Fiji on or after the date on which the Constitution took effect is deemed to be a citizen of Fiji, provided that at least one parent is a citizen, and that neither parent is an accredited diplomat of a foreign power. An infant found abandoned in Fiji is deemed to have been born in Fiji, unless there is proof to the contrary.

Section 12 clarifies how one may acquire citizenship by registration. Fiji has a long history of emigration, as well as immigration. The number of Fiji citizens living abroad, along with their descendants, is not known, but is estimated to be in the order of several hundred thousand. The provision for citizenship by registration guarantees the right of citizenship to any child born outside Fiji with at least one parent a Fiji citizen, to any foreign child under the age of 18 adopted by a Fiji citizen, to any child who was under the age of 21 when either parent became a citizen by registration, and to any spouse or former spouse of a Fiji citizen. Applications for citizenship by registration may be made at any time during the child's lifetime. Conditions apply: one registering for citizenship must be lawfully present in Fiji for a total of three out of the five years immediately prior to the application, and must renounce citizenship of any other country.

Section 13 sets out the conditions for acquiring citizenship by naturalization. Anyone who does not qualify for citizenship by birth or registration may apply to be naturalized as a citizen, provided they have been lawfully present in Fiji for a total of five out of the ten years immediately prior to the application.

Sections 14 and 15 set out how Fiji citizenship may be lost or forfeited. An adult who acquires citizenship of a foreign state forfeits Fiji citizenship. A child acquiring foreign citizenship is permitted to have dual citizenship until reaching the age of 21, after which they have one year to make a final decision on which citizenship to keep. Persons failing to renounce foreign citizenship by their 22nd birthday lose Fiji citizenship. A citizen over the age of 21 may renounce Fijian citizenship provided that they have acquired citizenship of another country.

Section 16 deals with the residency rights of non-citizens. Any former citizen, foreign wife or husband, widow or widower, of a Fiji citizen, or child of a Fiji citizen is entitle to enter and reside in Fiji, subject only to entry and residency conditions prescribed by Parliament.

Section 17 empowers Parliament to allow the acquisition of citizenship in other ways, in addition to those set out in the constitution, and to make administrative regulations covering applications for citizenship by registration or naturalization.

Section 18 allows the Parliament to specify the criteria for calculating the length of the period in which one has been lawfully resident in Fiji.

Section 19 empowers the government to strip a person of citizenship in a few limited circumstances. If citizenship was "obtained by fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment of a material fact," the government may revoke citizenship. Citizenship may also be revoked in the event of a Fiji citizen exercising "the entitlements of citizenship of another country". This could include voting in a foreign election, serving in a foreign army, etc.

Section 20 contains three clauses, covering the cases of person born on dates where Fiji's constitutional situation was ambiguous. From 28 September 1987 to 24 July 1990, Fiji functioned without a constitution. Any child born in Fiji in that period is declared to be a citizen of Fiji. Fiji had no constitutional government between 28 September and 6 October 1987; any child born abroad whose father was a citizen is taken to be a citizen. Moreover, any person born in Fiji during the time in which the constitution prior to the present one was in operation, is deemed to be a citizen of Fiji, if he or she would otherwise be stateless."

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 3


text:
Glob (programming)

In computer programming, glob patterns specify sets of filenames with wildcard characters. For example, the Unix Bash shell command  moves all files with names ending in   from the current directory to the directory. Here,  is a wildcard and   is a glob pattern. The wildcard  stands for "any string of any length including empty, but excluding the path separator characters (  in unix and   in windows)".

The other common wildcard is the question mark, which stands for one character. For example,  will move all files named with a single character followed by   from the current directory to directory , while   would match all files whose name consists of 2 characters followed by.

In addition to matching filenames, globs are also used widely for matching arbitrary strings (wildcard matching). In this capacity a common interface is.

Origin
The glob command, short for global, originates in the earliest versions of Bell Labs' Unix. The command interpreters of the early versions of Unix (1st through 6th Editions, 1969–1975) relied on a separate program to expand wildcard characters in unquoted arguments to a command: /etc/glob. That program performed the expansion and supplied the expanded list of file paths to the command for execution.

Glob was originally written in the B programming language. It was the first piece of mainline Unix software to be developed in a high-level programming language. Later, this functionality was provided as a C library function,, used by programs such as the shell. It is usually defined based on a function named, which tests for whether a string matches a given pattern - the program using this function can then iterate through a series of strings (usually filenames) to determine which ones match. Both functions are a part of POSIX: the functions defined in POSIX.1 since 2001, and the syntax defined in POSIX.2. The idea of defining a separate match function started with wildmat (wildcard match), a simple library to match strings against Bourne Shell globs.

Traditionally, globs do not match hidden files in the form of Unix dotfiles; to match them the pattern must explicitly start with. For example,  matches all visible files while   matches all hidden files.

Syntax
The most common wildcards are *, ?, and […].

Normally, the path separator character (/ on Linux/Unix, MacOS, etc. or \ on Windows) will never be matched. Some shells, such as Bash have functionality allowing users to circumvent this.

Unix-like
On Unix-like systems *, ? is defined as above while […] has two additional meanings:

The ranges are also allowed to include pre-defined character classes, equivalence classes for accented characters, and collation symbols for hard-to-type characters. They are defined to match up with the brackets in POSIX regular expressions.

Unix globbing is handled by the shell per POSIX tradition. Globbing is provided on filenames at the command line and in shell scripts. The POSIX-mandated  statement in shells provides pattern-matching using glob patterns.

Some shells (such as the C shell and Bash) support additional syntax known as alternation or brace expansion. Because it is not part of the glob syntax, it is not provided in. It is only expanded on the command line before globbing.

The Bash shell also supports the following extensions:
 * Extended globbing (extglob): allows other pattern matching operators to be used to match multiple occurrences of a pattern enclosed in parentheses, essentially providing the missing kleene star and alternation for describing regular languages. It can be enabled by setting the extglob shell option. This option came from ksh93. The GNU fnmatch and glob has an identical extension.
 * globstar: allows  on its own as a name component to recursively match any number of layers of non-hidden directories. Also supported by the JS libraries and Python's glob.

Windows and DOS

The original DOS was a clone of CP/M designed to work on Intel's 8088 and 8086 processors. Windows shells, following DOS, do not traditionally perform any glob expansion in arguments passed to external programs. Shells may use an expansion for their own builtin commands:

 * Windows PowerShell has all the common syntax defined as stated above without any additions.
 * COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe have most of the common syntax with some limitations: There is no […] and for COMMAND.COM the * may only appear at the end of the pattern. It can not appear in the middle of a pattern, except immediately preceding the filename extension separator dot.

Windows and DOS programs receive a long command-line string instead of argv-style parameters, and it is their responsibility to perform any splitting, quoting, or glob expansion. There is technically no fixed way of describing wildcards in programs since they are free to do what they wish. Two common glob expanders include:

 * The Microsoft C Runtime (msvcrt) command-line expander, which only supports ? and *. Both ReactOS (crt/misc/getargs.c) and Wine (msvcrt/data.c) contain a compatible open-source implementation of __getmainargs, the function operating under-the-hood, in their core CRT.
 * The Cygwin and MSYS dcrt0.cc command-line expander, which uses the unix-style glob routine under-the-hood, after splitting the arguments.

Most other parts of Windows, including the Indexing Service, use the MS-DOS style of wildcards found in CMD. A relic of the 8.3 filename age, this syntax pays special attention to dots in the pattern and the text (filename). Internally this is done using three extra wildcard characters, <>". On the Windows API end, the equivalent is, and  corresponds to its underlying . (Another fnmatch analogue is .) Both open-source msvcrt expanders use , so 8.3 filename quirks will also apply in them.

SQL
The SQL LIKE operator has an equivalent to ? and * but not […].

Standard SQL uses a glob-like syntax for simple string matching in its  operator, although the term "glob" is not generally used in the SQL community. The percent sign (%) matches zero or more characters and the underscore (_) matches exactly one.

Many implementations of SQL have extended the  operator to allow a richer pattern-matching language, incorporating character ranges ([…]), their negation, and elements of regular expressions.

Compared to regular expressions
Globs do not include syntax for the Kleene star which allows multiple repetitions of the preceding part of the expression; thus they are not considered regular expressions, which can describe the full set of regular languages over any given finite alphabet.

Globs attempt to match the entire string (for example, S*.DOC matches S.DOC and SA.DOC, but not POST.DOC or SURREY.DOCKS), whereas, depending on implementation details, regular expressions may match a substring.

Implementing as regular expressions
The original Mozilla proxy auto-config implementation, which provides a glob-matching function on strings, uses a replace-as-RegExp implementation as above. The bracket syntax happens to be covered by regex in such an example.

Python's fnmatch uses a more elaborate procedure to transform the pattern into a regular expression.

Other implementations
Beyond their uses in shells, globs patterns also find use in a variety of programming languages, mainly to process human input. A glob-style interface for returning files or an fnmatch-style interface for matching strings are found in the following programming languages:

 * C# has multiple libraries available through NuGet such as . or.
 * D has a  function in the   module.
 * JavaScript has a library called  which is used internally by npm, and , a purportedly more optimized, accurate and safer globbing implementation used by Babel and yarn.
 * Go has a  function in the   package.
 * Java has a  class containing methods that operate on glob patterns.
 * Haskell has a  package with the main module  . The pattern syntax is based on a subset of Zsh's. It tries to optimize the given pattern and should be noticeably faster than a naïve character-by-character matcher.
 * Perl has both a  function (as discussed in Larry Wall's book Programming Perl) and a Glob extension which mimics the BSD glob routine. Perl's angle brackets can be used to glob as well:.
 * PHP has a  function.
 * Python has a  module in the standard library which performs wildcard pattern matching on filenames, and an   module with functions for matching strings or filtering lists based on these same wildcard patterns. Guido van Rossum, author of the Python programming language, wrote and contributed a   routine to BSD Unix in 1986. There were previous implementations of , e.g., in the ex and ftp programs in previous releases of BSD.
 * Ruby has a  method for the   class which performs wildcard pattern matching on filenames. Several libraries such as Rant and Rake provide a   class which has a glob method or use the method   identically.
 * Rust has multiple libraries that can match glob patterns.
 * SQLite has a  function.
 * Tcl contains a globbing facility.

title: Glob (programming)


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 4

Chapter 4: Bill of Rights. Chapter 4 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled Bill of Rights.  It is one of the longest chapters of the Constitution, comprising a total of twenty-three sections.

Fiji's Bill of Rights covers Sections 21 through 43 of the Constitution. Significantly, it sets out the rights of the people and the limitations on the powers of the various branches of government, before specifying the structure of the government. The idea is that the government is subject to human rights, rather than the reverse.

Section 21 deals with the application of the Bill of rights. It binds all members of all branches of the Fijian government — legislative, executive, or judicial — at all levels: central, divisional, and local. Laws conflicting with the Bill of Rights are prohibited. Clause 6 of this section goes so far as to declare, "To the extent that it is capable of doing so, this Chapter extends to things done or actions taken outside Fiji." This implies the stand that Fiji will take on behalf of human rights in international forums such as the United Nations.

Section 22 guarantees the most fundamental right of all — the right to life.

Sections 23 to 29 set out people's basic judicial rights, and spell out the limitations on the powers of law enforcement authorities.
 * Section 23 and 26 establish the right to personal liberty and the freedom from unreasonable searches and seizure. Arbitrary arrest, and unreasonable searches of persons or property, are prohibited.
 * Section 24 - freedom from servitude and forced labour. All forms of slavery and forced labour are prohibited.  Forced labour does not include labour reasonably required of a person serving a prison term, duties required of a member of Fiji's Armed Forces, or the "labour reasonably required as part of reasonable and normal communal or civic obligations."
 * Section 25 - freedom from cruel or degrading treatment. All forms of physical, mental, and emotional torture are prohibited, as are "cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment."  Similarly, nobody may be subjected to scientific or medical treatment without informed consent, or the consent of a lawful guardian.
 * Section 27 sets out the rights of arrested, detained, or charged persons. Every person who is arrested or detained must be informed in writing, in a language they understand, of the reasons for the detention and of the nature of the charges.  No person may be detained without trial, nor detained without the right to legal representation.  Detainees who cannot afford to pay for legal services are to have legal aid provided for free.   All detainees are to be treated "to be treated with humanity and with respect for their inherent dignity."
 * Section 28 deals with the rights of charged persons. No person may be tried in absence, unless the court is satisfied that the charged person's failure to attend the trial is deliberate.  No person may be prosecuted for an offence that was not unlawful at the time it occurred, not be sentenced to a more severe punishment than was applicable when the offence occurred.  Nor may any person be tried a second time for an offense of which they have previously been convicted or acquitted.
 * Section 29 guarantees the right of access to courts or tribunals, and the right to a fair trial.

Sections 30 through 39 set out personal and communal freedoms. Except in a few limited circumstances related to national security, public safety or health, people are guaranteed freedom of expression (Section 30) assembly (including the right to protest and demonstrate — Section 31), and association (Section 32). Hate speech, slander, and defamation are explicitly excluded from the protection of the Freedom of Expression clause.
 * Section 33 lays down the rules for labour relations. The rights of both employers and workers to form associations and bargain collectively are protected.  Every worker has the right to be treated humanely and to work in an environment that is as safe as practicable.
 * Section 34 guarantees freedom of movement. Every citizen, and every other person lawfully resident in Fiji, has the right to reside in any part of Fiji, to move freely throughout Fiji, and to leave Fiji.  Subsequent to leaving, every citizen of Fiji has the right to return at any time.
 * Section 35 establishes freedom of religion and belief. "Every person has the right, either individually or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest  religion or belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching."  No person may be required to attend any religious ceremony without their consent, or the consent of a parent or guardian if the person is under the age of 18, and "A person must not be compelled to take an oath, or to take an oath in a manner contrary to their religion or belief, or that requires them to express a belief they do not hold."  These provisions were included in the Constitution to allay the fears of Hindus and Muslims that an ethnic-Fijian (and Christian-dominated) government might compel their children to receive Christian religious instruction through the school system, as well as fears of some Christians that employers, many of whom are Indo-Fijian, might require participation in Hindu festivals.
 * Section 36 provides for the secret ballot. Every voter has the right to vote confidentially.
 * Section 37 affirms the right to individual privacy. Unless national security or public order is at stake, the privacy of personal communication is inviolable.  This rules out telephone tapping, e-mail monitoring, and mail censorship.
 * Section 38 declares all persons to be equal before the law, and prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin, colour, place of origin, gender, sexual orientation, birth, primary language, economic status, age, disability, religious belief, or political opinion. In the case of disabled persons, restaurants, hotels, places of entertainment, taxis, and other public amenities must make reasonable provision for their access.
 * Section 39 guarantees the right of all persons to a basic education, and to equal access to educational institutions. Every religious denomination, and every cultural and social community, has the right to establish and manage schools.  Such schools may be administered on the basis of the need to maintain their religious, cultural, or social character, but admission must be "open to all qualified students without discrimination on any ground prohibited by this Constitution."
 * Section 40 prohibits the compulsory acquisition of property by the state, except in a few very restricted circumstances related to public purposes. In such cases, compensation to the full market value of the property must be paid.

Sections 41 through 43 deal with matters concerning the enforcement of the Bill of Rights, and its interpretation.
 * Section 41 deals with the enforcement of the Bill of Rights. The High Court is empowered to interpret the Constitution, and persons considering that any provisions of the Bill of Rights have been or are likely to be contravened, may appeal to the High Court.  Those receiving an unfavorable verdict may appeal to the Court of Appeal or to the Supreme Court (Fiji).
 * Section 42 establishes the Human Rights Commission, which is empowered to educate the public about their rights under the Bill of Rights, and to make recommendations to the government about human rights issues. The Human Rights Commission is chaired by the  Ombudsman of Fiji, one person who is qualified to be a judge, and a third person appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is first required to consult the Leader of the Opposition and the House of Representatives committee responsible for human rights.
 * Section 43 lays out how the Bill of Rights is to be interpreted. The Bill of Rights denies being an exhaustive document.  All rights and freedoms recognized or conferred by common law, customary law, and legislation, are deemed to be granted unless clearly inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.  In addition, in interpreting the Bill of Rights, the courts "must promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality and must, if relevant, have regard to public international law."

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 4


text:
Talk:Cherusci

[Untitled]
Is that permission granted under the GFDL?

Celtic origin paragraph
I deleted the following paragraph:

The name "Cherusci" may also point to a Celtic origin for the tribe as it ends similarly to the names of other Celtic tribes such as the Norisci, Taurisci, Scordisci. Celts were known to inhabit Germany from early times before Germanic migrations changed the ethnic makeup of the region. Germanicization of these pre-German Celtic tribes would have occurred gradually. Other tribes in Germany known to be of Celtic origin include the Cimbri, Ambrones, Sicambri, Volcae Tectosages and Boii (in Bohemia).http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/a12020.htm http://www.runestone.org/armin.html
 * Possible Celtic Origin

The Cherusci might have had a Celtic origin. But the argumentation is nonsense in my opinion. The name ending tells nothing. The names are not in Celtic form but in latinized form. Other names are likewise written in this form, like the Falisci, who are Italic people. This would mean that the Cherusci and the Scordisci are also Italic tribes, while the Atrebates, the Carnutes and many other Gaulish, Brythonic, Caledonian and Irish tribes are not Celtic. Furthermore this paragraph claims that the Cimbri, Ambrones and Sicambri are of Celtic origin, though their name endings are different.

Another argument of this paragraph is that the Volcae Tectosages and the Boii are also of Celtic origin. But they are Celtic tribes anyway, so what? Also it claimes that the Cimbri, Ambrones and Sicambri are known to be of Celtic origin. I have often read articles about them, but never encountered that this would be known. The question of which origin they are is rather useless. According to archeological excavations the area of the Sicambri has formerly been inhabited by people of Celtic culture. The excavations show people of Germanic culture in later times. So Germanic people have migrated to this area and by number or by force subdued the local population. Thus the Sicambri were of Celtic and Germanic origin. You can now question of which origin the former Celtic population was, because other people lived there before and other people migrated here before and other people invaded here before.

The original area of settlement of the Cimbri and Ambrones is always located in Danmark, a region which is always described as Germanic and never as Celtic culture area. Thus it's most likely that these Germanc tribes are of Germanic origin. I only heard sometimes of speculations that these tribes are of Celtic origin because of some linguistical and cultural similarities. But these speculations are only speculations and don't tell anything factual. Similarities can alos be due to adoption of Celtic words and habits through trade and other contacts of neighbours.

Truchses (talk) 22:05, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

This is indeed mostly nonsensical. We don't know the Cimbri are Celtic, that is an outdated theory based on the similarity between the Latinised form of their name (which would have probably been something like *Ximbra in Proto-Germanic) and the much later Cymru and Cumbria, which would have been *combrox at the time and only meant "compatriots" rather than being an ethnic denonym. And that is why most historians do not think of them as a Celic tribe (that and the fact they are from Denmark that lacks certain features such as Celtic derived place-names that point to Celts never having occupied that region). As for the Sicambri they are not thought of as a Celtic tribe but a Germanic one though they were in the Celtic sphere of influence and thus would share some affinities with the Celtic tribes to the south of them. Some people (generally not historians) have claimed that the Sicambri are Celts however this is again due to an alleged similarity between Sicambri and Cymru, Cumbria, Cambria et cetera but that ignores the fact that their name has been written as many forms such as Sugambri, Sigambrer, Sugumbrer et cetera. Ambrones are claimed to be Celts by some because they shout their name as a war-cry (Celts have a monopoly on such a practice according to some it seems) and because a Celtic people have a name that resembles theirs when written in Latin.

Wikipedia's Celtic Romanticism obsession is rather ridiculous. But that is what you get when anyone can edit the place and use any source from the net, including many that reference Wikipedia itself, thus using a source that is taken from an "opinion" on Wikipedia (which many things on Wikipedia are) to "back-up" the "opinion" on Wikipedia. Nonsense! 86.132.4.70 (talk) 13:23, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Probably, it is mistake to remove the Keltic (not Celtic) theoretical origin for the name Cherusci, or to not even consider it as a possibility at all; -rusci appears to be tangentially related to the word rufus or "red hair". Either way, archeological evidence seems to reinforce the historical account that the Kelts or Galatians migrated from the outskirts of the Hellenic world specifically from the central Anatolian periphery of Asia Minor to the "Macedonian Greek Frontier" (the Balkans) toward what later becomes Saxony and to the British Isles. Although the Keltic populations were decimated, they were widely known before any Germanic contact. Also many theories state that the Germanic tribes also migrated to Northern Europe from Scandinavia and Asia, at least that is what most schools teach in European History classes. These are all sporadically written ancient accounts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.252.118.41 (talk) 04:22, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The removal is perfectly correct, the theory is highly dubious and the passage was completley unsourced. I believe the references at the end of the passage are only accidentally attached through poor editing over the years.  But even taking them at face value, the first is to Tacitus, who only says that the Chatti were scared of the Cherusci, and the second is a (now deadlink) page of the Asatru Folk Assembly.  In my opinion, contributions from anyone who believes that organisation is capable of producing a reliable source should be deleted with extreme prejudice without bothering to read.  But in the spirit of WP:AGF I searced for archive copies of the page, which told me only that the Cherusci no longer exist.

 * And will contributors to this page please read WP:INDENT, you have turned the page into an unreadable wall of text.  Spinning Spark  09:32, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Personal suggestion from Oldrik9.
Did anyone ever consider it simply being from *harjaz *askaz? 'Haraskii', with a meaning of 'armytrees'. Anyone familiar with the Norse myth knows that 'askr', a tree, is a kenning for a man (pretty sure Snorri mentions it in his Edda). As it is told that men were created from trees, see Völuspá. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oldrik9 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Map
Tacitus's accounts are of the era of Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius, not even of the year 100. There's no attestation for the tribe surviving the mess it was left in by its royal line imploding and the AD88ish defeat by the Chatti. They shouldn't be illustrated with a map of Hadrian's reign in the next century. This article should be using a map of Augustus or Tiberius's empire and any map of Hadrian's empire shouldn't have the Cherusci included among its neighbors. — Llywelyn II   16:55, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Arminius

 * (known in modern German as "Hermann der Cherusker", although his actual Germanic name was more likely Erminaz )

Leaving aside that Geocities pages aren't reliable sources even if they did still exist, (a) the German slang for the guy's name is entirely irrelevant here and belongs on his separate page and (b) the "actual German name" seems to be a idea that is entirely disputed by the sources and discussion at Arminius's own page. Flavus and Italicus have nothing to do with their German names, and Arminius's very likely didn't either. Even if it was somehow an allusion to an Old Germanic original, it would need better sourcing than this and should just be discussed on the Arminius page. — Llywelyn II   17:17, 22 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's good have this thrown out. FWIW, it's nor "German slang", but a deliberate and thoughtless identification of the two names that was hugely exploited by 19th and 20th century ideologists. For some strange reason, media editors (but not necessarily writers!) keep this usage alive to the present day (cf. this egregious example that was published just yesterday; note the different usage in headings and the main text). To the history-minded, it sounds either old-fashioned, naive, or right-wingish, depending who says it. –Austronesier (talk) 17:54, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cherusci


text:
Alfred J. Lotka

Alfred James Lotka (March 2, 1880 – December 5, 1949) was a Polish-American mathematician, physical chemist, and statistician, famous for his work in population dynamics and energetics. A biophysicist, Lotka is best known for his proposal of the predator–prey model, developed simultaneously but independently of Vito Volterra. The Lotka–Volterra model is still the basis of many models used in the analysis of population dynamics in ecology.

Life
Lotka was born in Lwów, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine) to Polish-American parents. His parents, Jacques and Marie (Doebely) Lotka, were US nationals. He gained his B.Sc. in 1901 at the University of Birmingham, England, he did graduate work in 1901–02 at Leipzig University, received an M.A. in 1909 at Cornell University and a D.Sc. at Birmingham University in 1912.

 * Occupations
 * Assistant chemist for General Chemical Company (1902–1908, 1914–1919)
 * Patent examiner for US Patent Office (1909)
 * Assistant physicist for National Bureau of Standards (1909–1911)
 * Editor of the Scientific American Supplement (1911–1914)
 * Staff member at Johns Hopkins University (1922–1924)
 * Statistician for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City (1924 until his retirement in 1948)

In 1935, he married Romola Beattie. They had no children.

He died in Red Bank, New Jersey.

Work

Although he is today known mainly for the Lotka–Volterra equations used in ecology, Lotka was a bio-mathematician and a bio-statistician, who sought to apply the principles of the physical sciences to biological sciences as well. His main interest was demography, which possibly influenced his professional choice as a statistician at Metropolitan Life Insurance.

One of Lotka's earliest publications, in 1912, proposed a solution to Ronald Ross's second malaria model. In 1923, he published a thorough five-part analysis and extension of both Ross's malaria models. The fourth part in the series, co-authored by F. R. Sharpe, modeled the time lag for pathogen incubation. Lotka published Elements of Physical Biology in 1925, one of the first books on mathematical biology after D'Arcy Thompson's On Growth and Form. He is also known for his energetics perspective on evolution. Lotka proposed that natural selection was, at its root, a struggle among organisms for available energy; Lotka's principle states that organisms that survive and prosper are those that capture and use energy more efficiently than their competitors. Lotka extended his energetics framework to human society. In particular, he suggested that the shift in reliance from solar energy to nonrenewable energy would pose unique and fundamental challenges to society. These theories made Lotka an important forerunner to the development of biophysical economics and ecological economics, advanced by Frederick Soddy, Howard Odum and others.

Elements of physical biology
While at Johns Hopkins, Lotka completed his book Elements of Physical Biology (1925), in which he extended the work of Pierre François Verhulst. His first book summarizes his previous work and organizes his ideas of unity and universality of physical laws, making his works accessible to other scientists. Although the book covered a large number of topics, from energetics of evolution (see below) to the physical nature of consciousness, the author is primarily known today for the Lotka–Volterra equation of population dynamics.

Energetics of evolution
His earlier work was centered on energetics and applications of thermodynamics in life sciences.

Lotka proposed the theory that the Darwinian concept of natural selection could be quantified as a physical law. The law that he proposed was that the selective principle of evolution was one which favoured the maximum useful energy flow transformation. The general systems ecologist Howard T. Odum later applied Lotka's proposal as a central guiding feature of his work in ecosystem ecology. Odum called Lotka's law the maximum power principle.

Demography and public health
Lotka's work in mathematical demography began in 1907 with the publication of articles in the journal Science and American Journal of Science. He published several dozen articles on the subject over more than two decades, culminating with Théorie Analytique des Associations Biologiques (Analytical Theory of Biological Associations). The 45-page Part 1, titled Principes, was published in 1934; the 149-page Part 2, titled Analyse demographique avec application particuliere a l'espece humaine, was published in 1939; both by Hermann & Cie, Paris.

Bibliometrics
Within the field of bibliometrics, particularly that part devoted to studying scientific publications, Lotka is noted for contributing "Lotka's law". The law, which Lotka discovered, relates to the productivity of scientists. As noted by W. G. Poitier in 1981: "The Lotka distribution is based on an inverse square law where the number of authors writing n papers is 1/n2 of the number of authors writing one paper. Each subject area can have associated with it an exponent representing its specific rate of author productivity." Lotka's work sparked additional inquiries, eventually seminally contributing to the field of scientometrics—the scientific study of scientific publications.

He teamed up with Louis Israel Dublin, another statistician at Metropolitan Life, to write three books on demography and public health: The Money Value of a Man (1930), Length of Life (1936), and Twenty-five Years of Health Progress (1937).

Honors

 * President of the Population Association of America (1938–1939)
 * President of the American Statistical Association (1942)
 * Vice president of the Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems
 * Chairman of the United States National Committee of the Union
 * Fellow of American Public Health Association
 * Fellow of Institute of Mathematical Statistics

Publications

 * A. J. Lotka (1925) "Elements of Physical Biology" reprinted by Dover in 1956 as Elements of Mathematical Biology.
 * Lotka, A. J. (1939) Théorie Analytique des Associations Biologiques translated in 1998 as Analytical Theory of Biological Populations. New York: Plenum Press.
 * Lotka, A. J. (1989). Lotka on population study, ecology, and evolution. Population and Development Review, 15(3), 539–550.
 * Lotka, A. J. (1998). Analytical theory of biological populations. New York:  Plenum Press

 * Articles, a selection
 * Lotka, A. J. (1907). Relation between birth rates and death rates. Science, 26: 121–130.
 * Sharpe, F. R. & Lotka, A. J. (1911). A problem in age distribution. Philosophical Magazine, 21: 435–438.
 * A. J. Lotka (1912) Quantitative studies in epidemiology. Nature, 88: 497–498.
 * Lotka, A. J. (1919). A contribution to quantitive epidemiology. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9: p. 73.
 * A. J. Lotka (1922a) "Contribution to the energetics of evolution". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 8: pp. 147–51.
 * A. J. Lotka (1922b) "Natural selection as a physical principle". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 8, pp. 151–54.
 * A. J. Lotka (1923) "Contribution to the analysis of malaria epidemiology". The American Journal of Hygiene, 3: 1–121.
 * Loth, A. J. (1926) "The Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 16(1926):317–323.
 * About Lotka
 * Haaga, J. (2000). "Alfred Lotka, mathematical demographer ". Population Today, 28(2), 3.
 * Kingsland, S. E. (1985).  Modeling nature: episodes in the history of population ecology.  Chicago: University of Chicago.

title: Alfred J. Lotka


text:
Have a Nice Day (Roxette album)

Have a Nice Day is the sixth studio album by Swedish pop duo Roxette, released worldwide from 22 February 1999 by Roxette Recordings and EMI. Recorded over an 18-month period in studios in Sweden and Spain, the album was produced by Marie Fredriksson, Per Gessle, Clarence Öfwerman and Michael Ilbert, and was their first studio album since Crash! Boom! Bang! in 1994. The album was not released in the US, as the duo were no longer signed to a label there. A deluxe edition was released in Spanish-speaking territories and, in Arabian regions, the naked babies on the cover were digitally removed, due to religious concerns.

Gessle and Fredriksson separately recorded numerous demos for the album. These demos incorporated an elaborate level of production, using live instrumentation such as strings and brass instruments. The record features Fredriksson in a more prominent role than on any other Roxette album. She sings lead vocals on all but four of the album's tracks, and it also contains the first Roxette song to be written and composed solely by her: "Waiting for the Rain". The album's production style and aesthetic were inspired by some of Gessle's favourite childhood recording artists, namely Phil Spector, John Lennon and Keith West.

Four singles were released from the album. "Wish I Could Fly" was the most played song on European radio of 1999, and would also become their final top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart. Conversely, "Anyone" performed poorly on record charts, mainly because of its controversial, Jonas Åkerlund-directed music video, which was banned from airplay on MTV. In Japan, "Anyone" was issued as a double a-side with album track "Pay the Price". Third single "Stars" became a top twenty hit across Europe, and was the album's best performing single on the German Singles Chart. "Salvation" was issued as the final single.

The record was released to generally positive reviews, with several publications commending Roxette for incorporating a more diverse set of musical styles – namely alternative rock and electronica – into their usual pop rock sound. British magazine NME called it a "clever-clever bastard of an album which defies Doctor Rock". Although not as successful as previous studio albums, it performed well commercially. Roxette won the "Best Selling Scandinavian Artist/Group" accolade at the 2000 World Music Awards. As of 2001, it had sold over 2.2 million copies worldwide. The album was remastered and reissued with bonus tracks in 2009, and was ultimately released on vinyl in 2019.

Background and recording
The album was recorded over an 18-month period in various studios, with sessions beginning in Spain in late 1997 and concluding in Sweden in October 1998. It was produced by Roxette members Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle, their longtime producer Clarence Öfwerman, and mix engineer Michael Ilbert. Gessle worked meticulously on demos for the album at the Tits & Ass recording studio in Halmstad —a studio which he co-founded in 1984 with his then-Gyllene Tider bandmate Mats "MP" Persson. According to Gessle, many of these demos would become "full-fledged" recordings: he would begin by tracking an acoustic guitar in stereo, before laying the foundation for the rest of the song. He and Persson would then incorporate electric guitars, keyboards, programming, live drums and percussion into the mix. Eventually, the quality of the demos progressed to the point where live strings were added. He said: "Some of the songs I sing on the album, like 'Crush on You' and 'You Can't Put Your Arms Around What's Already Gone', are very close to the original demos. I even kept the original vocals, because I feel I'm at my best when I'm doing demos."

Have a Nice Day features Fredriksson in a more prominent role – both vocally and compositionally – than on any other Roxette album. Gessle sings lead vocals on four songs: the aforementioned two, as well as "7Twenty7" and "Cooper", and sings the bridges of another two songs: "Salvation" and "Pay the Price". All other tracks are sung entirely by Fredriksson. She was also much more involved in the album's composition than on preceding releases. During the making of their 1991 album Joyride, Fredriksson indicated that her limited involvement in the writing of Roxette material stemmed from her difficulty in writing lyrics in English, saying that it "feels very strange to write in another language." To combat this, Gessle gave Fredriksson several sets of lyrics to which she could compose music, with her version of "Beautiful Things" eventually being selected as the album closer. The record also contains the first Roxette song to be written and composed solely by Fredriksson: "Waiting for the Rain".

Alongside her husband, Mikael Bolyos, Fredriksson recorded numerous demos for the album at her home studio in Djursholm. Like the demos created by Gessle, Fredriksson's recordings contained an elaborate level of production, incorporating live instrumentation such as piano, keyboards, drums, electronic organs and various brass instruments—namely tenor saxophones, trumpets, flugelhorns and trombones. Several of her demos have since been officially released: "New World" and "Myth" appeared as bonus tracks on the 2009 reissue of Have a Nice Day, and "All I Ever Wanted" featured among the bonus content on the reissue of their next studio album, Room Service (2001). A re-recorded Swedish version of "Always the Last to Know" (retitled "Det som var nu" and featuring Patrik Isaksson), was released as a single from her greatest hits compilation, Äntligen – Marie Fredrikssons bästa 1984–2000. A slightly re-recorded version of another track, "Bad Moon", was later included on her 2004 English-language solo album The Change. The two remaining songs, "Remember" and "Do You Wanna Go With Me", remain unreleased, although all of these demos were leaked onto the internet in 2002 after a former member of EMI staff sold a bootleg CD at a Dutch record fair.

Gessle's intention with the album was to create a modern-sounding, contemporary record that was inspired by the compositional style of his favourite childhood recording artists. He described "Anyone" as a "big, old-fashioned ballad that is very much in the Phil Spector mode." He also said: "I loved John Lennon's 'Instant Karma!' era, because it was sort of stark sounding, with dry tom-toms. On ['Salvation'], we tried to copy the piano sound from 'Mother' [a track on 1970's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band]. I think it's great to be able to go back into pop history like that." "Stars" juxtaposes techno beats with a children's choir; Gessle had wanted to incorporate a children's choir into one of his songs after hearing Keith West's 1967 single "Excerpt from A Teenage Opera". "I Was So Lucky" was written by Gessle in dedication to his son.

Release and promotion
Prior to the album's release, the duo signed a lucrative new recording contract with their longterm label EMI. Under this new agreement, Fredriksson and Gessle, through their newly formed Roxette Recordings sub-label, obtained full control to the copyrights of their entire back-catalog – both their solo work and their work as Roxette – with the duo licensing their discography for a limited time back to EMI Sweden. Including Have a Nice Day, the deal would encompass three studio albums, with options for further albums afterwards. The duo also entered into negotiations with several record labels – namely RCA, Capitol and Epic – with respect to releasing both Have a Nice Day and their 1995 compilation Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! Roxette's Greatest Hits in the United States. The latter had not been released there, as the relationship between Roxette and the North American branch of EMI collapsed shortly after the release of Crash! Boom! Bang! in 1994. Have a Nice Day would remain unreleased in the US until the album was reissued globally with bonus tracks in 2009, although an updated and repackaged edition of the greatest hits compilation was released in 2000 by Edel Records.

Have a Nice Day was released in Japan on 17 February 1999, in Spain on 22 February, and in Sweden three days later. A wider European release followed throughout March. In Spain, Portugal and parts of Latin America, a special edition of the album was released. This edition included Spanish versions of "Wish I Could Fly", "Anyone" and "Salvation" as bonus tracks. Its artwork also differed from other versions of the record, showing a blue-coloured floor instead of the standard edition's pink one. In Arabian territories, the naked babies on the cover were digitally removed, due to religious concerns.

"Wish I Could Fly" was released as the lead single. It was a sizable hit for the duo, becoming the most played song on European radio of 1999. It peaked within the top twenty of Billboard's European Hot 100 Singles. It would also become the duo's final top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 11—their highest-charting single in the country since "Almost Unreal" reached number seven in 1993. Roxette performed the song at numerous high-profile events in the UK, including the annual televised Party in the Park concert at London's Hyde Park, and on BBC One's Top of the Pops. "Anyone" was released as the second single, and performed poorly on record charts. Directed by long-time collaborator Jonas Åkerlund, the controversial video ends with a distressed Fredriksson attempting to commit suicide, and was banned by MTV. The poor performance of the song on European charts resulted in EMI UK refusing to release it as a commercial single there, despite already sending out promo CDs to radio DJs.

The third single to be released from the album was "Stars". Its music video was directed by Anton Corbijn, and Fredriksson described making it as a "hilarious experience"—it featured her singing the song's chorus to a raft of ducks. A techno-driven dance song, it became a top twenty hit across Europe, particularly in Scandinavian countries. The song spent over three months on the German Singles Chart, peaking at number 23—their highest-charting single in Germany since "Sleeping in My Car" reached number 11 in 1994. "Salvation" was released as the fourth and final single, which became a top twenty hit in Finland, but had little success elsewhere. The track "It Will Take a Long Long Time" was featured in the Julia Roberts and Richard Gere romantic comedy Runaway Bride, although it was not included on the soundtrack album. On its twentieth anniversary, Have a Nice Day was issued as a limited edition gatefold double LP yellow vinyl.

Critical reception
The album received generally positive reviews upon release. Jason Damas of AllMusic commented on how the landscape of pop changed since the release of ''Crash! Boom! Bang!, saying: "[Over those] five years, Britpop brought alternative rock back towards pop, electronica made dance music cool once more, and bubblegum like the Spice Girls made unabashed pop fun again. ... What resulted, then, was really rather ambitious: Have a Nice Day is an effort to encapsulate Roxette's trademark sound with Britpop and electronica and, by gosh, it works. It's easily as good as any other Roxette album – save maybe only the stellar Joyride'' – and it shows that, artistically, the band is still on top." However, Damas also noted the "presence of filler, mostly in the form of pace-destroying ballads", but said that was "a small price to pay for the return of one of the best mainstream pop bands of the past decade." Similarly, a writer for NME wrote: "They don't mess about, do these Roxette types. Nary 30 seconds into opening track 'Crush on You', we find them hollering 'I'm messing with a neighbour/Who killed my amp and Fender/He looked so sweet and tender/It's hard to tell his gender'. Snakes alive! What newfangled madness is this?" They went on to call it a "clever-clever bastard of an album which defies Doctor Rock", rating it four stars out of five.

Swedish journalist Håkan Pettersson, reviewing for Nerikes Allehanda, described the album as uneven, calling it "predictable, but occasionally genius". He praised the singles and, in particular, the Fredriksson-composed tracks, describing "Waiting for the Rain" as the best song on the record. He also complimented "Beautiful Things", calling it "symphonic". Retrospective commentary on the record has also been highly positive. A 2013 feature by Brendon Veevers of Renowned for Sound called the album underrated, and said that it "should have catapulted Roxette back to [their commercial] peak", and that it contains "some of the greatest ballads [in] the Roxette catalog". He praised its production, writing: "Still to this day, I hear things that I hadn't noticed before—whether it's a subtle violin in the background, the pinging of a triangle, or a backing vocal placed carefully in the distance. The balance of vocals and instruments has been perfectly weighed". He also praised its consistency, saying that there "isn't one filler on Have a Nice Day." Fred Bronson from Billboard rated it the 20th best album of the year.

Commercial performance
Although not as successful as previous studio albums, Have a Nice Day performed well commercially upon release. As of 2001, it has sold over 2.2 million copies worldwide. The success of the album saw Roxette win the "Best Selling Scandinavian Artist/Group" at the 2000 World Music Awards. The record was particularly successful in Scandinavia. It spent three weeks at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart, and went on to become the 18th best-selling album of the year in the country. It was certified platinum by the Swedish Recording Industry Association for sales in excess of 80,000 copies. It also debuted in the top ten in Denmark, Finland, and Norway, being certified platinum in both the latter territories (denoting shipments of over 20,000 and 50,000 units, respectively).

It was also a success throughout mainland Europe, debuting at number three on Billboard's European Top 100 Albums before rising to number two the following week. It reached number two in both Spain and Switzerland, and was certified platinum in both territories for shipments of over 100,000 and 50,000 units, respectively. The album also debuted at number two in Germany, behind Modern Talking's Alone. It ended 1999 as the 29th best-selling album of the year in the country, and was certified gold by the BVMI for shipments of over 250,000 units. The record peaked at the top spot of the Belgian Albums Chart, and at number three in Austria.

However, the album underperformed in certain territories. Despite the success of "Wish I Could Fly" there, the album stalled at number 28 of the UK Albums Chart–failing to emulate the top five success of all their previous albums. It also performed poorly in Australia, peaking at number 62. It debuted at number 19 in Japan, spending just three weeks on the Oricon chart. For unknown reasons, the album charted at number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, in the chart dated 17 July 1999, according to Billboard.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Have a Nice Day.

 * Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson
 * Recorded at Tits & Ass Studio in Halmstad; Atlantis Studios, Cosmos Studios and Polar Studios in Stockholm; Studio Vinden in Djursholm, Sweden; El Cortijo Studios in Marbella, Spain between January and October 1998.
 * Mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound Studios, New York City
 * Remastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studios, Stockholm (2009 reissue)

Musicians
 * Marie Fredriksson – lead and background vocals, piano, keyboards, production, mixing, sleeve design
 * Per Gessle – lead and background vocals, acoustic, electric and wah-wah guitars, harmonica, percussion, programming, engineering, production, mixing, string arrangements, sleeve design
 * Micke "Nord" Andersson – acoustic and Rickenbacker guitars
 * Michael Ilbert – synthesizers, percussion, programming, engineering, production, mixing, string arrangements
 * Jonas Isacsson – acoustic, electric and additional bass guitars
 * Christer Jansson – drums and percussion (tom-tom, cymbal, maracas, tambourine, zill and handclaps)
 * Christoffer Lundquist – backing vocals, bass guitar, extended-range bass, zither, percussion, tambourine
 * Clarence Öfwerman – backing vocals, wah-wah guitar, piano, Hammond and Vox Jaguar organs, glockenspiel, Clavinet, Mellotron, tubular bells, synthesizers, percussion, programming, production, mixing, string arrangements
 * Mats "MP" Persson – electric, acoustic and twelve-string guitars, synthesizer, string arrangements
 * Stockholms Nya Kammarorkester (credited as SNYKO) – strings

Additional musicians and technical personnel

 * Sven Andersson – tenor saxophone (track 4)
 * Staffan Astner – acoustic guitar (track 4); electric guitar (tracks 3 and 4)
 * Magnus Blom – alto saxophone (track 5)
 * Mikael Bolyos – engineering and horn arrangements (track 4)
 * Karl-Magnus Boske – sleeve design
 * Karla Collantes – choir (track 9)
 * Marie Dimberg – management
 * Hasse Dyvik – trumpet and flugelhorn (track 5)
 * Anders Evaldsson – trombone (track 5)
 * Malin Gille – choir (track 9)
 * Cecilia Grothén – choir (track 9)
 * Lennart Haglund – engineering assistant
 * Mats Holmquist – conducting
 * Jonas Knutsson – soprano saxophone track 8)
 * Jens Lindgård – trombone (track 4)
 * Petter Lindgård – trumpet and flugelhorn (track 4)
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Robert Nettarp – photography
 * Paulina Nilsson – choir (track 9)
 * Jackie Öfwerman – choir (track 9)
 * Staffan Öfwerman – choir director (track 9)
 * Darina Rönn-Brolin – choir (track 9)
 * DJ Shortcut – scratches (track 3)
 * Charlie Storm – programming (track 7)

Certifications
!scope="row"|Worldwide
 * 2,200,000
 * 2,200,000

title: Have a Nice Day (Roxette album)


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 5

Chapter 5: Social Justice. Chapter 5 of the Fiji Constitution is titled Social Justice.  It is one of the shortest chapters of the constitution, comprising only one section - section 44.

Section 44, the sole section of Chapter 5, charges Parliament with the responsibility to make provision for "effective equality of access" to education and training, land and housing, and participation in commerce and in public service, for groups that are seen to be disadvantaged. Despite otherwise implicitly affirming the essentially capitalist nature of Fiji, the Constitution recognizes that there are certain sectors of the population who have not shared fairly in Fiji's economic, social, and political development, and that the state has a responsibility to create an environment of equal opportunity. Unlike socialistic constitutions, the Fiji Constitution does not seek equality of results, but equality of opportunity is presupposed as a basic human right.

Ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians are both intended to benefit from this provision. The multiracial capital, Suva, has excellent educational services, but more rural areas, populated mostly by ethnic Fijians, are often poorly served. Indo-Fijians predominate in commerce and the professions, while the public service and the Armed Forces are overwhelmingly ethnic Fijian. This constitutional provision is meant to redress the reasons for these imbalances by authorizing appropriate legislation. There is a caveat, however: "A program established under this section must not, directly or indirectly, deprive any person not entitled to its benefits of: (a) any position or seniority in the service of the State: (b) any place in an educational or training institution; (c) a scholarship or other financial support; or (d) a right to carry on any business or profession or to enjoy any other opportunity, amenity or service; to which that person has already become, and would otherwise remain, entitled." In other words, the giving of special help to disadvantaged groups must not discriminate against a member of another group.

An affirmative action program may be established for a maximum of ten years. It is to be reviewed annually, to assess whether or not its goals are being met, and if so, whether the program is still needed. On expiry at the end of ten year (or earlier, if it was set to run for a shorter period), it may be renewed by appropriate legislation if the need for it is perceived still to exist.

Chapter 5 recognizes that not all cases of proportional underrepresentation are necessarily the result of disadvantage. In some cases, the preferences of certain communities may be a factor; religious or cultural objections to certain forms of work may in some cases explain the underrepresentation of a particular community in a particular category of employment. In formulating affirmative action legislation, such factors are to be taken into account.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 5