text:
Talk:Tomatillo

Seed picture?
A picture of the unique seed structure inside the tomatillo (compared to tomato) might be helpful in this article! 71.169.23.217 (talk) 13:07, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Name
"tomatillo" seems to be the more common term than "husk tomato". In fact there are almost 53,000 instances of "tomatillo" compared to only 713 for "husk tomato". I think therefore, "tomatillo" is the "common name" and Wikipedia policy says to use the common name as the title for articles. Nohat 18:11, 2004 Mar 13 (UTC)

 * There are just lots of TexMex cookery websites. This skews Google results.  The term tomatillo is not an ideal term in either language. (Husk tomato describes it better in English; tomatillo is largely restricted to Mexican Spanish and risks being interpreted as "little tomato".  For the sake of clarity, the status quo is best.  Chameleon

 * I disagree that the TexMex cookery sites skew the results, that's just the place where the term is most commonly used. I'm inclined to go with what they're labeled as in the grocery store, which is tomatillo (at least in the US, YMMV). - Hephaestos|§ 18:24, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought I was pretty smart to gather that "husk tomato" is a name for a tomatillo. Now I'll google "love apple" How is it, though, that given an alernative, Wikipedians are so drawn to the obscure term?... Wetman 18:27, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Whatever. At the end of the day, you'll just put whatever is said in the US.  Chameleon

Curiously, my copy of Larousse Gastronomique has no entry under either "tomatillo" or "husk tomato". My professional cooking textbook, however, On Cooking, has a section on tomatillos in the chapter on vegetables:

 * Tomatillos, also known as Mexican or husk tomatoes, grow on small, weedy bushes. They are bright green, about the size of a small tomato, and are covered with a thin, papery husk...

I agree with Heph that the reason that Tomatillo appears on so many Tex-Mex cookery sites is because that's where they're used. And notice that those Tex-Mex cookery sites, which are in English, use the term "tomatillo", not "husk tomato". Since most people are likely to encounter them in the context of Tex-Mex cookery, we should use the term used in that area of cooking, which is "tomatillo".

As for the implied accusation that we're being US-centric, I think that perhaps you have that impression because you are getting involved in terms that are much more commonly used in the US. Nevertheless, American English is the dialect of English spoken by the largest number of native speakers. Nohat 18:43, 2004 Mar 13 (UTC)

 * American English may be the most commonly spoken dialect of English, but I think it's a plurality and not a majority -- most English speakers speak another dialect. That is, if we were, for purposes of example, to lump all the non-US dialects together into, say, "Commonwealth English", we Stupid Americans would be outnumbered. :) By the way, my vote is for "tomatillo". I hadn't actually heard of either tomatillos or husk tomatoes...but I imagine the term does crop up most often in the context of Tex-Mex. And of course Tex-Mex is often inconsistent with real Mexican Spanish usage, for instance, in many places in Mexico if you ask for a "burrito" you might get a blank stare (though you may be understood, especially in regions with lots of tourists). But we call it a burrito and so the article goes under "burrito", and even if we were to sometimes call it "wheat taco" (translation of "taco de harina"), the article would still belong under "burrito", because if I wanted a burrito I'd order a burrito. If I wanted a tomatillo, I'd order a tomatillo. See? It may be contrary to what people in other English-speaking regions would call it, but I'd wager (but don't quote me on it) they encounter "husk tomatoes" far less often anyway. --Furrykef 09:58, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I see what you are saying, but I think that the terms used to refer to this item are not commonly enough used to base the decision on which is the commoner. We are still in the stage where a standard English term for the fruit can be established, and I think husk tomato is the better candidate because it is comprehensible without having heard it before, and because tomatillo is incorrect in Spanish; that is to say, it is dialectal, suggesting a small tomato to most Spanish speakers.  I consider it generally good to take Orwell's tip on not using a foreign word when an English one is available.
 * But anyway. Who cares: they're just tomatoes. —Chameleon 10:22, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

That's just the thing: they're not tomatoes. They're as closely related to tomatoes as potatoes and petunias are. They're all in the family Solanaceae, but in different genera. They're not just green tomatoes with husks; they're a totally different type of (botanical) fruit. Futhermore, it is quite clear that "tomatillo" is the more common English name for the fruit, by a factor of more than 53 to 1. I don't think "husk tomato" really has any chance of becoming the more common name. It is not Wikipedia's place to establish a standard English name for things; we are only here to reflect current common usage, which in this case in inarguably "tomatillo". The argument about whether or not it is correct in Spanish is moot because this is the English Wikipedia, not the Spanish Wikipedia. In fact, in Mexico, they are usually called something other than "tomatillo': tomate verde or tomate de fresadilla, for example. Let them debate on the Spanish Wikipedia what to call it in Spanish. Also, it's not really a foreign word if it's used in English texts. The reality is that the vast majority of references to tomatillos are in the context of Mexican and Mexican-American cuisines. I don't really see the point of trying to push a more English-sounding name onto an ingredient which is only used in Mexican and Mexican-American cuisine. Nohat 22:49, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

 * I knew someone was going to say they weren't tomatoes. OK, tomato-like fruits.  (Now someone will say they are vegetables.)

 * They're vegetables. — Pekinensis 22:23, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, they're botanical fruits, because they contain seeds. They are culinary vegetables. Same situation with tomatoes. Nohat 22:56, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed, and this brings me to my issue: We have a category called Category:Vegetable-like fruits, which I happen to think is a poor name, in part because it seems to imply a contradiction between the words "fruit" and "vegetable", and which I would like to gather support to have moved to Category:Fruit vegetables, in parallel with Category:Root vegetables and Category:Leaf vegetables.  What do you think?

 * On a second topic, it seems that we are using different indentation protocols. I changed all the indentations to fit my understanding of Talk page, so that your comments are preceded by zero colons and mine by five.  I am not particularly a stickler for policy, but I would like to know if I'm misunderstanding it, or if there are other protocols.  — Pekinensis 23:21, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hrm, I think "fruit vegetable" is confusing, but I can't honestly say that "culinary vegetables that are botanical fruits" is really that much superior. Maybe there is a better solution. Nohat 23:55, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The standard is replies are one more colon of indentation than the message they are replying to. After reading the page you pointed to, I can't say that I've seen many conversations that actually work like that. The standard is to keep indenting until it's too much, then move back to the left and start over. You can tell who's leaving a message based on the sig, so the only information that the colons need to provide is what text is in response to what. Nohat 23:55, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a couple discussions in Wikipedia talk:Talk page on indenting, suggesting moving to a style consistent with indented forums everywhere. I'm for that. --Darksasami 20:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Just for the record: speaking as a Mexican and for all the Spanish-speaking generations of my family, it's "tomatillo". --Darksasami 20:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

They are not referred to as tomate verde (green tomato) in mexico. That is what they call green tomatoes. They are referred to as tomatillos! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.39.55.108 (talk) 16:37, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Taste?
Taste isn't mentioned in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christte (talk • contribs) 20:19, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Toxic????
"Even though Tomatillos are sometimes called "green tomatoes", they should never be confused with green, unripe tomatoes, because these could be poisonous because of their content of solanine."

Which is poisonous? The tomatillo or green, unripe tomatoes? Grammatically, the sentence implies that it is green tomatoes. However, since the next few sentences talk about the tomatillo plant having mostly toxic and inedible parts, this should be clarified. Also, checking this on the tomatoe article does not confirm this. There is mention of toxicity, but only as a MYTH or URBAN LEGEND. There is nothing stating that tomatoes, in their green and unripe form, are toxic. There is, however, talk of an old belief that tomatoes were poisonous. Hmmm. Coincidently, fried-green tomatoes is a well-known dish and the article on that item also has no mention of toxicity or anything. This should be cleared up. Thelastemperor 04:28, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Plastic bags??
Wouldn't that overripen them to mush due to ethylene production just like tomatoes? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.63.142 (talk) 16:52, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:29, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Tomatillos and Black Nightshade
The Names section includes the following:

"In Tamil its called "MaNn Thakkali" (a is silent in Mann) - soil tomato. Its traditionally used for treating sour mouth, ulcer in South India."

I'm pretty sure Mann Thakkali is actually the Tamil name for Black Nightshade (Solanum Nigrum), a related but different plant with its own entry. If this can be confirmed this reference should probably be removed. Bhairavi76 (talk) 02:18, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

 * YEs. Manathakkali is indeed Black Nightshade. I am removing the wrong reference here rams81 (talk) 16:37, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Photo formatting issue
One of the photos in the gallery is stretched, it looks really shoddy and unprofessional. I'm not sure how to fix it, but thought I should flag it up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.111.74.50 (talk) 17:54, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Links to commercial sources
A recent edit removed links to commercial sites describing various varieties of tomatillo, with the edit summary "Varieties: rv commercial sources per WP:PROMO". I don't believe those links count as PROMO, as the linked-to pages include useful descriptions and photos of the varieties. And without those pages, what WP:RS do we have for the existence and characteristics of the varieties? WP:EL explicitly allows links to e-commerce sites (WP:ELPOINTS) in footnotes when they have useful, complementary information. It seems to me that we should restore those links. --Macrakis (talk) 18:59, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I do understand that good sources for tomatillo varieties are rare, but there are some, such as this and this. I think we should avoid commercial sites because they tend to emphasize seed sales on their pages, a case of WP:PROMO. --Zefr (talk) 19:17, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The WP WP:PROMO policy doesn't say we shouldn't link to pages that promote sales. It says that we shouldn't use external links in order to promote sales. If the best source of information about something is a commercial page, that's fine. If you can find better sources, even better! --Macrakis (talk) 20:04, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

(1) source behind paywall (2) Eaten Raw
https://roanoke.com/archive/tomatillos-fruits-with-benefits/article_860acb78-8bab-58c3-8da3-37b6d203c87d.html the above is behind a paywall and should be marked as such.

(2) Is there any sources that say it can be eaten raw that could be added? 68.84.187.152 (talk) 19:49, 11 November 2023 (UTC) The picture I sent looks nothing like the one you have up for Tamatillos. If this plant is related to the nightshades is it not poisonous as I stated in my description. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.22.211.140 (talk) 04:48, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomatillo


text:
Ideal number

In number theory an ideal number is an algebraic integer which represents an ideal in the ring of integers of a number field; the idea was developed by Ernst Kummer, and led to Richard Dedekind's definition of ideals for rings. An ideal in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field is principal if it consists of multiples of a single element of the ring, and nonprincipal otherwise. By the principal ideal theorem any nonprincipal ideal becomes principal when extended to an ideal of the Hilbert class field. This means that there is an element of the ring of integers of the Hilbert class field, which is an ideal number, such that the original nonprincipal ideal is equal to the collection of all multiples of this ideal number by elements of this ring of integers that lie in the original field's ring of integers.

Example
For instance, let $$y$$ be a root of $$y^2 + y + 6 = 0$$, then the ring of integers of the field $$\mathbb{Q}(y)$$ is $$\mathbb{Z}[y]$$, which means all $$a + b \cdot y$$ with $$a$$ and $$b$$ integers form the ring of integers. An example of a nonprincipal ideal in this ring is the set of all $$2 a + y \cdot b$$ where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are integers; the cube of this ideal is principal, and in fact the class group is cyclic of order three. The corresponding class field is obtained by adjoining an element $$w$$ satisfying $$w^3 - w - 1 = 0$$ to $$\mathbb{Q}(y)$$, giving $$\mathbb{Q}(y,w)$$. An ideal number for the nonprincipal ideal $$2 a + y \cdot b$$ is $$\iota = (-8-16y-18w+12w^2+10yw+yw^2)/23$$. Since this satisfies the equation $$\iota^6-2\iota^5+13\iota^4-15\iota^3+16\iota^2+28\iota+8 = 0$$ it is an algebraic integer.

All elements of the ring of integers of the class field which when multiplied by $$\iota$$ give a result in $$\mathbb{Z}[y]$$ are of the form $$a \cdot \alpha + y \cdot \beta$$, where

 * $$\alpha = (-7+9y-33w-24w^2+3yw-2yw^2)/23$$

and

 * $$\beta = (-27-8y-9w+6w^2-18yw-11yw^2)/23.$$

The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying

 * $$\alpha^6+7\alpha^5+8\alpha^4-15\alpha^3+26\alpha^2-8\alpha+8=0$$

and

 * $$\beta^6+4\beta^5+35\beta^4+112\beta^3+162\beta^2+108\beta+27=0$$

respectively. Multiplying $$a \cdot \alpha + b \cdot \beta$$ by the ideal number $$\iota$$ gives $$2 a + b \cdot y$$, which is the nonprincipal ideal.

History
Kummer first published the failure of unique factorization in cyclotomic fields in 1844 in an obscure journal; it was reprinted in 1847 in Liouville's journal. In subsequent papers in 1846 and 1847 he published his main theorem, the unique factorization into (actual and ideal) primes.

It is widely believed that Kummer was led to his "ideal complex numbers" by his interest in Fermat's Last Theorem; there is even a story often told that Kummer, like Lamé, believed he had proven Fermat's Last Theorem until Lejeune Dirichlet told him his argument relied on unique factorization; but the story was first told by Kurt Hensel in 1910 and the evidence indicates it likely derives from a confusion by one of Hensel's sources. Harold Edwards says the belief that Kummer was mainly interested in Fermat's Last Theorem "is surely mistaken" (Edwards 1977, p. 79). Kummer's use of the letter λ to represent a prime number, α to denote a λth root of unity, and his study of the factorization of prime number $$p\equiv 1 \pmod{\lambda}$$ into "complex numbers composed of $$\lambda$$th roots of unity" all derive directly from a paper of Jacobi which is concerned with higher reciprocity laws. Kummer's 1844 memoir was in honor of the jubilee celebration of the University of Königsberg and was meant as a tribute to Jacobi. Although Kummer had studied Fermat's Last Theorem in the 1830s and was probably aware that his theory would have implications for its study, it is more likely that the subject of Jacobi's (and Gauss's) interest, higher reciprocity laws, held more importance for him. Kummer referred to his own partial proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes as "a curiosity of number theory rather than a major item" and to the higher reciprocity law (which he stated as a conjecture) as "the principal subject and the pinnacle of contemporary number theory." On the other hand, this latter pronouncement was made when Kummer was still excited about the success of his work on reciprocity and when his work on Fermat's Last Theorem was running out of steam, so it may perhaps be taken with some skepticism.

The extension of Kummer's ideas to the general case was accomplished independently by Kronecker and Dedekind during the next forty years. A direct generalization encountered formidable difficulties, and it eventually led Dedekind to the creation of the theory of modules and ideals. Kronecker dealt with the difficulties by developing a theory of forms (a generalization of quadratic forms) and a theory of divisors. Dedekind's contribution would become the basis of ring theory and abstract algebra, while Kronecker's would become major tools in algebraic geometry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ideal number


text:
Talk:1686

[Untitled]

 * April 28 - Publication of volume one of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica

moved this item on the strength of Westfall's bio of Newton. Correct pub date is Jul 5 1687, Newton Reference: R.S.Westfall, Never at Rest p.468 ISBN 0-521-27435-4. --[13March2004]

Format

 * [ See: Talk:1650. -Wikid77 23:02, 11 March 2007 (UTC) ]

title: Talk:1686


text:
Bowen Wells

Petrie Bowen Wells (born 4 August 1935), known as Bowen Wells, is a retired British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hertford and Stevenage then Hertford and Stortford from 1979 until 2001. He was also Chair of the International Development Select Committee from 1997 until 2001.

Education
Wells was educated at St Paul's School in London, the University of Exeter, and Regent Street Polytechnic.

Member of Parliament
Wells was first elected in the 1979 general election as MP for Hertford and Stevenage, defeating Labour's Shirley Williams. After boundary changes in the 1983 general election, he served as MP for Hertford and Stortford until the 2001 general election when he retired.

From 1982 until 1983, Wells served in Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Government as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Minister of State for Employment Michael Alison. He then served twice in John Major's Government; as PPS to Minister of State for Public Transport Roger Freeman from 1992 until 1994, and as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1995 until 1997.

Wells lost his position in government following the Labour victory in the 1997 general election. Soon after, he was made Chair of the newly formed International Development Select Committee. He remained in the post until his retirement in 2001.

Personal life
Wells is married. He has two sons, Adam and Simon Bowen.

title: Bowen Wells


text:
Operation Castle

Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954. It followed Operation Upshot–Knothole and preceded Operation Teapot.

Conducted as a joint venture between the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of Defense (DoD), the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable thermonuclear weapon. All the devices tested, which ranged in weight from 6,520 to 39,600 lb, were built to be dropped from aircraft. However, ballistic casings, fins and fusing systems would have to be attached.

Operation Castle was considered by government officials to be a success as it proved the feasibility of deployable "dry" fuel designs for thermonuclear weapons. There were technical difficulties with some of the tests: one device had a yield much lower than predicted (a "fizzle"), while two other bombs detonated with over twice their predicted yields. One test in particular, Castle Bravo, resulted in extensive radiological contamination. The fallout affected nearby islands, including inhabitants and U.S. soldiers stationed there, as well as a nearby Japanese fishing boat (the Daigo Fukuryū Maru), resulting in one direct fatality and continued health problems for many of those exposed. Public reaction to the tests and an awareness of the long-range effects of nuclear fallout has been attributed as being part of the motivation for the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963.

Background
Bikini Atoll had previously hosted nuclear testing in 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads where the world's fourth and fifth atomic weapons were detonated in Bikini Lagoon. Since then, American nuclear weapons testing had moved to the Enewetak Atoll to take advantage of generally larger islands and deeper water. Both atolls were part of the American Pacific Proving Grounds.

The extremely high yields of the Castle weapons caused concern within the AEC that potential damage to the limited infrastructure already established at Enewetak would delay other operations. Additionally, the cratering from the Castle weapons was expected to be comparable to that of Ivy Mike, a 10.4 megatons of TNT (Mt) device tested at Enewetak in 1952 leaving a crater approximately 1 mi in diameter marking the location of the obliterated test island Elugelab.

The Ivy Mike test was the world's first "hydrogen bomb", producing a full-scale thermonuclear or fusion explosion. The Ivy Mike device used liquid deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, making it a "wet" bomb. The complex dewar mechanisms needed to store the liquid deuterium at cryogenic temperatures made the device three stories tall and 82 tons in total weight, far too heavy and bulky to be a usable weapon. With the success of Ivy Mike as proof of the Teller-Ulam bomb concept, research began on using a "dry" fuel to make a practical fusion weapon so that the United States could begin production and deployment of thermonuclear weapons in quantity. The final result incorporated lithium deuteride as the fusion fuel in the Teller-Ulam design, vastly reducing size and weight and simplifying the overall design. Operation Castle was charted to test four dry fuel designs, two wet bombs, and one smaller device. The approval for Operation Castle was issued to JTF-7 by Major General Kenneth D. Nichols, the General Manager of the AEC, on January 21, 1954.

Experiments
Operation Castle was organized into seven experiments, all but one of which were to take place at Bikini Atoll. Below is the original test schedule (as of February 1954).

The Echo test was canceled due to the liquid fuel design becoming obsolete with the success of dry-fueled Bravo as noted above. Yankee was similarly considered obsolete, and the Jughead device was replaced with a "Runt II" device (similar to the Union device), which was hastily completed at Los Alamos and flown to Bikini. With this revision, both of the wet fuel devices were removed from the test schedule.

Operation Castle was intended to test lithium deuteride (LiD) as a thermonuclear fusion fuel. A solid at room temperature, LiD, if it worked, would be far more practical than the cryogenic liquid deuterium fuel in the Ivy Mike device. The same Teller-Ulam principle would be used as in the Ivy Mike so-called "Sausage" device, but the fusion reactions were different. Ivy Mike fused deuterium with deuterium, but the LiD devices would fuse deuterium with tritium. The tritium was produced during the explosion by irradiating the lithium with fast neutrons.

Bravo, Yankee (II), and Union used lithium enriched in the Li-6 isotope (Bravo and Yankee used lithium enriched to 40% Li-6, while the lithium used in Union was enriched to 95% Li-6), while Romeo and Koon were fueled with natural lithium (92% Li-7, 7.5% Li-6). The use of natural lithium would be important to the ability of the US to rapidly expand its nuclear stockpile during the Cold War nuclear arms race since the so-called "Alloy Development Plants" were in an early stage at the time Castle was carried out. The first plant started production in late 1953.

As a hedge, the development of liquid deuterium weapons continued in parallel. Even though they were much less practical because of the logistical problems dealing with the transport, handling, and storage of a cryogenic device, the Cold War arms race drove the demand for a viable fusion weapon. The "Ramrod" and "Jughead" devices were liquid fuel designs greatly reduced in size and weight from their so-called "Sausage" predecessor. The "Jughead" device was eventually weaponized, and it saw limited fielding by the U.S. Air Force until the "dry" fuel H-bombs became common.

Nectar was not a fusion weapon in the same sense as the rest of the Castle series. Even though it used lithium fuel for fission boosting, the principal reaction material in the second stage was uranium and plutonium. Similar to the Teller-Ulam configuration, a nuclear fission explosion was used to create high temperatures and pressures to compress a second fissionable mass. This would have otherwise been too large to sustain an efficient reaction if it were triggered with conventional explosives. This experiment was intended to develop intermediate yield weapons for expanding the inventory (around 1-2 Mt vs. 4-8).

Many fusion or thermonuclear weapons generate much, or even most, of their yields from fission. Although the U-238 isotope of uranium will not sustain a chain reaction, it still fissions when irradiated by the intense fast neutron flux of a fusion explosion. Because U-238 is plentiful and has no critical mass, it can be added in (in theory) almost unlimited quantities as a tamper around a fusion bomb, helping contain the fusion reaction and contributing its own fission energy. For example, the fast-fission of the U-238 tamper contributed 77% (8.0 megatons) to the yield of the 10.4 Mt Ivy Mike explosion.

Test execution
The most notable event of Operation Castle was the Castle Bravo test. The dry fuel for Bravo was 40% Li-6 and 60% Li-7. Only the Li-6 was expected to breed tritium for the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction; the Li-7 was expected to be inert. Yet J. Carson Mark, the head of the Los Alamos Theoretical Design Division, had speculated that Bravo could "go big", estimating that the device could produce an explosive yield as much as 20% more than had been originally calculated. It was discovered, because of the unexpected larger yield, that the Li-7 in the device also undergoes breeding that produces tritium. In practice, Bravo exceeded expectations by 150%, yielding 15 Mt — about 1,000 times more powerful than the Little Boy weapon used on Hiroshima. Castle Bravo remains, to this day, the largest detonation ever carried out anywhere by the United States and the fifth largest H-bomb detonation in the world.

Because Castle Bravo greatly exceeded its expected yield, JTF-7 was caught unprepared. Much of the permanent infrastructure on Bikini Atoll was heavily damaged. The intense thermal flash ignited a fire at a distance of 20 nmi on the island of Eneu (base island of Bikini Atoll). The ensuing fallout contaminated all of the atoll, so much so that it could not be approached by JTF-7 for 24 hours after the test, and even then, exposure times were limited. As the fallout spread downwind to the east, more atolls were contaminated by radioactive calcium ash from the incinerated underwater coral banks. Although the atolls were evacuated soon after the test, 239 Marshallese on the Utirik, Rongelap, and Ailinginae Atolls were subjected to significant levels of radiation. 28 Americans stationed on the Rongerik Atoll were also exposed. Follow-up studies of the contaminated individuals began soon after the blast as Project 4.1, and though the short-term effects of the radiation exposure for most of the Marshallese were mild and/or hard to correlate, the long-term effects were pronounced. Additionally, 23 Japanese fishermen aboard Daigo Fukuryū Maru were also exposed to high levels of radiation. They suffered symptoms of radiation poisoning, and one crew member died in September 1954.

The heavy contamination and extensive damage from Bravo delayed the rest of the series. A revised test schedule was officially released on April 14, 1954. The Castle Romeo and Koon tests were complete by the time this revision was published.

As Operation Castle progressed, the increased yields and fallout caused test locations to be reevaluated. While the majority of the tests were planned for barges near the sand spit of Iroij, some were moved to the craters of Bravo and Union. In addition, Castle Nectar was moved from Bikini Atoll to the crater of Ivy Mike at Eniwetok for expediency, since Bikini was still heavily contaminated from the previous tests.

The final test in Operation Castle took place on May 14, 1954.

Results

Operation Castle was an unqualified success for the implementation of dry fuel devices. The Bravo design was quickly weaponized and is suspected to be the progenitor of the Mk-21 gravity bomb. The Mk-21 design project began on March 26, 1954 (just three weeks after Bravo), with production of 275 weapons beginning in late 1955. Romeo, relying on natural lithium, was rapidly turned into the Mk-17 bomb, the first deployable US thermonuclear weapon, and was available to strategic forces as an Emergency Capability weapon by mid-1954. Most of the Castle dry fuel devices eventually appeared in the inventory and ultimately grandfathered the majority of thermonuclear configurations.

In contrast, the Livermore-designed Koon was a failure. Using natural lithium and a heavily modified Teller-Ulam configuration, the test produced only 110 kilotons of an expected 1.5 megaton yield. While engineers at the Radiation Laboratory had hoped it would lead to a promising new field of weapons, it was eventually determined that the design allowed premature heating of the lithium fuel, thereby disrupting the delicate fusion conditions.

title: Operation Castle


text:
Lawrence Cunliffe

Lawrence Cunliffe (born 25 March 1929) is a retired British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh from 1979 to 2001.

Early life
Cunliffe was born in Walkden, Lancashire, in 1929. He was a National Coal Board engineer, and became involved in the National Union of Mineworkers.

Parliamentary career
He first stood for Parliament in Rochdale. There, he lost the previously Labour-held seat to the Liberal candidate Cyril Smith at a by-election in 1972, and was again defeated by Smith at the subsequent general election in February 1974.

Cunliffe served as the Member of Parliament for Leigh from 1979 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election.

title: Lawrence Cunliffe


text:
Eberhard Weber

Eberhard Weber (born 22 January 1940, in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German double bassist and composer. As a bass player, he is known for his highly distinctive tone and phrasing. Weber's compositions blend chamber jazz, European classical music, minimalism and ambient music, and are regarded as characteristic examples of the ECM Records sound.

Biography
Weber began recording in the early 1960s, and released The Colours of Chloë (ECM 1042), his first record under his own name, in 1973. In addition to his career as a musician, he also worked for many years as a television and theater director. He has designed an electric-acoustic bass with an additional string tuned to C.

Weber's music, often in a melancholic tone, frequently utilizes ostinatos, yet is highly organized in its colouring and attention to detail. He was an early proponent of the solid-body electric double bass, which he has played regularly since the early 1970s.

From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Weber's closest musical association was with pianist Wolfgang Dauner. Their many mutual projects were diverse, from mainstream jazz to jazz-rock fusion to avant-garde sound experiments. During this period, Weber also played and recorded with pianists Hampton Hawes and Mal Waldron, guitarists Baden Powell de Aquino and Joe Pass, The Mike Gibbs Orchestra, violinist Stephane Grappelli, and many others.

Starting with The Colours of Chloë, Weber has released 13 more records under his own name, all on ECM. The ECM association also led to collaborations with other ECM recording artists such as Gary Burton (Ring, 1974; Passengers, 1976), Ralph Towner (Solstice, 1975; Solstice/Sound and Shadows, 1977), Pat Metheny (Watercolors, 1977), and Jan Garbarek (10 recordings between 1978 and 1998).

In the mid-1970s Weber formed his own group, Colours, with Charlie Mariano (soprano saxophone, flutes), Rainer Brüninghaus (piano, synthesizer) and Jon Christensen (drums). After their first recording, Yellow Fields (1975), Christensen left and was replaced by John Marshall. The group toured extensively and recorded two further records, Silent Feet (1977) and Little Movements (1980), before disbanding.

Since the early 1980s, Weber has regularly collaborated with the British singer-songwriter Kate Bush, playing on four of her last six studio albums (The Dreaming, 1982; Hounds of Love, 1985; The Sensual World, 1989; Aerial, 2005).

During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia.

Since 1990, Weber's touring has been limited, and he has had only two new recordings under his own name: The 2001 release Endless Days is an elemental fusion of jazz and classical music flavors, fitting well the moniker chamber jazz. His main touring activity during that period was as a regular member of the Jan Garbarek Group. On the occasion of his 65th birthday, in March, 2005 he recorded Stages of a Long Journey, a live concert with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra and featuring Gary Burton, Wolfgang Dauner and Jan Garbarek. In 2009 ECM also re-released his albums Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements as a 3-CD collection titled "Colours".

In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects.

Weber was awarded the prestigious Albert Mangelsdorff-Preis in November 2009. A box set of his 1970s works was released by ECM Records the same month.

Weber's latest albums, Résumé (2012) and Encore (2015) comprise solos from his performances worldwide with The Jan Garbarek Group, overdubbed with keyboards/treatments by Weber, sax by Garbarek, and flügelhorn by Ack Van Rooyen.

His autobiography, Résumé, was published in 2015. An English translation by Heidi Kirk - Eberhard Weber: A German Jazz Story - was published in October 2021.

In 2021, the 13-minute recording Eberhard by the late Lyle Mays was posthumously released, revised from a 2009 composition debuted at Lawrence University and written as a tribute to Weber's influential compositional style. It was awarded a Grammy for Best Instrumental Composition in 2022.

As leader

 * The Colours of Chloë (1974)
 * Yellow Fields (1975)
 * The Following Morning (1976)
 * Silent Feet (1977)
 * Fluid Rustle (1979)
 * Little Movements (1980)
 * Later That Evening (1982)
 * Chorus (1984)
 * Orchestra (1988)
 * Pendulum (1993)
 * Endless Days (2001)
 * Stages of a Long Journey (2007)
 * Résumé (2012)
 * Encore (2015)
 * Hommage à Eberhard Weber (2015)
 * Once Upon a Time (Live in Avignon) (2021)

Compilation albums

 * Works (ECM, 1985)
 * Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004)
 * Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements)

As sideman
With Gary Burton With Kate Bush With Jan Garbarek With Pat Metheny With Ralph Towner With Mal Waldron
 * Ring (ECM, 1974)
 * Passengers (ECM, 1976)
 * The Dreaming (1982)
 * Hounds of Love (1985)
 * The Sensual World (1989)
 * Aerial (2005)
 * Photo with Blue Sky, White Cloud, Wires, Windows and a Red Roof (ECM, 1979)
 * Paths, Prints (ECM, 1981)
 * Wayfarer (ECM, 1983)
 * It's OK to Listen to the Gray Voice (ECM, 1985)
 * All Those Born with Wings (ECM, 1987)
 * Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988)
 * I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990)
 * Twelve Moons (ECM, 1992)
 * Visible World (ECM, 1995)
 * Rites (ECM, 1998)
 * Watercolors (ECM, 1977)
 * Solstice (ECM, 1975)
 * Solstice/Sound and Shadows (ECM, 1977)
 * The Call (JAPO, 1971)

With others
See "External Links" below for a complete discography
 * Wolfgang Dauner, Dream Talk (1964), Free Action (1967), Output (1970), The Oimels (1970)
 * Hampton Hawes, Hamps' Piano (1967)
 * Baden Powell, Poema en Guitar (1968), Solitude on Guitar (1971)
 * Joe Pass, Intercontinental (1970)
 * Michael Naura, Vanessa (1974) & Call (1975)
 * Ernest Ranglin, Ranglypso (1976), MPS
 * Stephane Grappelli, Afternoon in Paris (1971)
 * The Singers Unlimited with Art Van Damme, Invitation (1973)
 * Benny Bailey Islands (1976)
 * Manfred Schoof Orchestra, Reflections (1983)
 * Graeme Revell, Body of Evidence: Motion Picture Soundtrack (1993)
 * United Jazz + Rock Ensemble, including The Break Even Point and United Live Opus Sechs

Literary connections
Weber has, on at least five occasions, drawn on text from the book Watership Down (by Richard Adams) for the names of his compositions and albums. Examples include "Silent Feet" and "Eyes That Can See in the Dark" from the Silent Feet album; "Often in the Open" from the Later That Evening album; and "Quiet Departures" and "Fluid Rustle" on the Fluid Rustle album.

title: Eberhard Weber


text:
Talk:Same-sex marriage in Canada

MOS:JOBTITLES edit warring by Panda2018 0
Hi ,

Please revert your edit here. While I'm glad you have figured out what MOS:JOBTITLES is saying, you don't get to continue to edit war to avoid having to follow it, especially when you've introduced WP:EASTER problems and removed information just to twist the wording to ensure certain titles can be capitalized.

I'd also remind you of WP:CIVIL: while your last edit summary succinctly describes you and your behaviour, I am pretty sure it was levelled at me, and that's unacceptable. —Joeyconnick (talk) 20:52, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

More than 1 million Canadians identify as LGBTQ2S+
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.48.31.34 (talk) 10:36, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

== In 2021, of the 8.6 million couples in Canada, 32,205 included at least one transgender or non-binary person. Same-gender couples, that is, couples in which there were either two women or two men, and both members were cisgender, numbered 95,435. ==  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.48.31.34 (talk) 11:04, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

State of the union: Canada leads the G7 with nearly one-quarter of couples living common law, driven by Quebec
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.48.31.34 (talk) 11:10, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

disruptive editing in violation of MOS:OVERLINK and WP:EASTER
Noting the edit-warring/disruptive behaviour by as they continue linking country names and common terms in violation of MOS:OVERLINK, plus linking generic terms like "Premier" to the premier articles for specific provinces (which can be fully fixed by simply rewording so the link text clearly indicates which premier a reader will get if they click the link) in violation of WP:EASTER.

Starts with this version after multiple edits by the user here and then continues with reverts here and here. —Joeyconnick (talk) 23:24, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

As a Wikipedia reader randomly stumbling upon this article, I would like to have a link to the very country and topic this article is about. Seems logical to me. There's a link to Europe in the lead but not to Canada or marriage, despite this article being about same-sex marriage in Canada… That makes no sense. There should be at least one link to Canada and marriage in this article (preferably the lead). Panda2018 0 (talk) 00:20, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I've reverted your changes, again, as they fail to follow MOS:OVERLINK. Please cease your edit-warring or you'll be reported to WP:ANEW. —Joeyconnick (talk) 18:10, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I've removed the Europe link and some other common terms. I was able to fix an Easter Egg but there are others in the article. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 19:57, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Took two weeks to respond and can’t even explain why Canada shouldn’t be linked in an article about Canada 😭😭😭 Panda2018 0 (talk) 05:53, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * It was explained by but you choose not to look. More directly, Manual of Style/Linking -
 * "* The names of subjects with which most readers will be at least somewhat familiar. This generally includes examples of:
 * countries (e.g., Japan/Japanese, Brazil/Brazilian)"
 * CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 18:50, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

@User:Joeyconnick, for the sake of consistency, could you please remove all links to Canada in the following articles: Bank of Canada, Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadians, Healthcare in Canada, COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Time in Canada, Temperature in Canada, First Nations in Canada, Firearms regulation in Canada, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Religion in Canada, Sports in Canada, and many more. Thank you. Panda2018 0 (talk) 06:02, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Anybody can do that and it's not required that that all of them be done at once.
 * I looked at the five I have edited, Provinces and territories of Canada, Temperature in Canada, First Nations in Canada, Firearms regulation in Canada, and Indigenous peoples in Canada. Provinces and territories of Canada has a link to Canada and that seems to me a sensible exception to the MOS that a link to Canada is useful. Temperature in Canada had a link which I removed along with some incorrect use ob bold. First Nations in Canada didn't have a link to Canada but there was an Easter Egg that I fixed. The other two didn't have links in the body but the templates may have it.
 * By the way you are at the wrong place for this discussion. If you think that common terms and countries should be linked then start a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Linking. Before you do you should read the archives and see the very contentious discussions that were held. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 19:24, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Same-sex marriage in Canada


text:
Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum

Richard Andrew Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum, (born 4 February 1949) is a British Conservative Party politician. A former Member of Parliament (MP) and government minister, he was made a life peer in 1997 and was a member of the House of Lords from 1997 to 2021.

Early life
He was educated at Radley College and Magdalene College, Cambridge.

In the 1981 Birthday Honours Ryder was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for political service.

Parliamentary career
Having unsuccessfully fought the Labour seat of Gateshead East in February and October 1974, Ryder was elected at the 1983 general election as MP for the Mid Norfolk constituency. From 1990 to 1995 he was the government's Chief Whip. This period includes the Conservative backbench rebellion over the Maastricht Treaty. The maverick MPs, known as the Maastricht Rebels, were under intense pressure from the government whips but still brought the administration of John Major close to collapse.

Ryder retired from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, and was created a life peer as Baron Ryder of Wensum, of Wensum in the County of Norfolk on 22 November 1997. He will retire from the Lords on 12 April 2021.

Outside Parliament
He became Vice-Chairman of the BBC on 1 January 2002 for a four-year term.

Ryder was appointed Acting Chairman of the BBC following the resignation of Gavyn Davies on 28 January 2004. Davies resigned following the criticism of the BBC in the Hutton Report, which was set up to investigate "the circumstances surrounding the death of Dr David Kelly". One of Ryder's first acts as chairman was to give a televised statement, during which he offered an unreserved apology for the mistakes made during the Dr. Kelly affair. This apology was criticised by many, including departing Director General, Greg Dyke, as overdone. In the same statement Ryder announced that the process to select a new Chairman had begun, and that he would not be putting his name forward. Michael Grade was appointed on 2 April 2004 and took up his post on 17 May; Ryder resumed the post of Vice-Chairman.

Ryder resigned early on 1 August 2004, after which the position was assumed by Anthony Salz.

Ryder is the Chairman of the Institute of Cancer Research, and is a director of Ipswich Town F.C.

Family
He is a nephew of the late Sue Ryder, the Baroness Ryder of Warsaw.

title: Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum


text:
Hunt Museum

The Hunt Museum (Iarsmalann Hunt) is a museum in the city of Limerick, Ireland. The Hunt Museum holds a personal collection donated by the Hunt family, it was originally situated in the University of Limerick, before being moved to its present location in Limerick's Georgian custom house in 1997. The Custom House is situated on Rutland Street on the banks of the River Shannon at its confluence with the Abbey River. Among the museum's collection are works by notable artists and designers such as Pablo Picasso, Jack B. Yeats, and Sybil Connolly as well as distinctive historical items such as the O'Dea Mitre and Crozier.

History
As antique dealers and advisors to collectors, as well as collecting pieces commercial purposes, John and Gertrude Hunt also acquired pieces that reflected their own interests and curiosity. During the latter stages of John Hunt's life, the couple became increasingly aware of the scale of their collection and wished that it would remain intact, so they began to search for a permanent home for it. They met Professor Patrick Doran of the National Institute of Higher Education (now University of Limerick) and Dr Edward Walsh, the institute's president, who agreed to house a substantial part of the collection on a temporary basis. The Hunt Museum opened there in 1978 in an exhibition room with the display designed by architect Arthur Gibney.

During this period, the Irish government had declined the offer of the Hunt's collection, so the requirement to find a suitable home and owner to take responsibility for the artefacts became more urgent. The Hunt Museums Trust was established in 1974 to hold the collection, and the property at Craggaunowen (a 16th-century four-storey tower house, typical of late medieval Ireland, purchased and restored by John and Gertrude Hunt) was held in trust on behalf of the people of Ireland. The trust established The Hunt Museum Ltd., the sole purpose of which was the establishment of a permanent home for the museum. A public private partnership involving the University of Limerick, Shannon Development, Limerick Corporation and the Department of Arts, Heritage, the Gaeltacht and the Islands, linked with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was officially opened by the then Taoiseach John Bruton on 14 February 1997.

Custom House
The Hunt Museum is housed in Limerick's former Custom House, an eighteenth century building constructed in limestone rather than red brick which was used in the construction of most of the city's Georgian houses. It is a Palladian-style building designed by the Italian architect, Davis Ducart, in 1765 and completed between 1765 and 1769.

The Limerick Custom House was the administrative centre for the Revenue Commissioners (including Customs and Excise) in Limerick and it was also the home of the Customs Collector in the eighteenth century. In the 1840s, with the introduction of a new postal system, a Penny Post Office was opened in the Custom House.

The Office of Public Works (OPW) undertook a major restoration and refurbishment of the building, completing it in 1996. The Custom House opened as The Hunt Museum on 14 February 1997. The anniversary of the opening of The Hunt Museum is celebrated annually as 'Open Day' with free admission, talks, tours, and workshops.

Collection
The Hunt Museum holds about 2,500 different artefacts, both from Ireland and abroad. The oldest pieces are from Stone-Age Ireland and ancient Egypt. The collection includes the Antrim Cross (an early 9th-century cast bronze and enamel cross), dresses by Irish designer Sybil Connolly, drawings by Picasso and a bronze horse once thought to be a design by Leonardo da Vinci for a large monument. The bronze horse is similar to the Budapest horse, but its provenance was disproven in 2009. Some of the Hunt collection is also on display at the nearby Craggaunowen in County Clare, which was also greatly contributed to by John and Gertrude Hunt.

Religious artefacts
John Hunt was extremely interested in early Christian art and artefacts and he collected them widely, so the museum collection held many religious items from rosary beads to statues of varying sizes, from not just Ireland but from around Europe. The Museums 'Treasury Room' houses a great number of these items and among the artefacts in this room are the Arthur Cross and Arthur Chalice. Also found in the collection are a number of medieval Christian pieces such as the Antrim Cross, the Cashel Bell, and the Hohenzollern Crucifix.

Sybil Connolly
The Sybil Connolly collection at The Hunt Museum is formed by different documents, sketches, letters, photographs, ceramic and textile items. The textile collection is made up for 45 pieces designed by Sybil Connolly during her career. Most of the collection, which includes dresses like the "Heiress Dress" or "Pink Ice Dress", was donated to museum by Gertrude Hunt.

Horse Outside
In 2011 a lifesize model of a horse, painted by young people aged 10–18 was placed outside the front of the building. This was joined by a second one in 2012. The models are made of fibreglass, and are taken inside at night. The art installation was inspired by the song Horse Outside by the group The Rubberbandits.

Controversy
In December 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center alleged in a letter to President Mary McAleese that the museum's collection contained items looted by the Nazis during the Second World War, although the letter did not refer to any specific items in the collection. The museum denied the claims.

An inquiry led by former Supreme Court judge Donal Barrington was set up by the museum, but its members resigned in February 2005, saying that the museum's funding made an independent inquiry impossible, and requesting that a more appropriate inquiry be created. The Department of Arts then provided €150,000 in funding for a second inquiry led by former civil servant Seán Cromien, under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy (RIA). The second inquiry submitted an interim report to the RIA in February 2006. In the meantime, in October 2005, the museum had published a catalogue of its exhibits on the internet, providing details of all the items in its collection. In June 2006, the inquiry submitted a final report, which was published on the RIA's website. Also in June 2006, a one-day conference took place on the theme of Contested Cultural Property and Museums: The Case of the Hunt Museum. At this conference, a message was conveyed from Shimon Samuels, who had sent the original letter of allegation, questioning why he had not been invited to the seminar. Later, the terms of reference of the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group were questioned, the Simon Wiesenthal Center believing that more emphasis should have been placed on investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The RIA issued a press release responding to the statement of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

Resolution
A 2007 report from Lynn Nicholas, published by the RIA following three years of investigation, called the Wiesenthal Center's allegations "unprofessional in the extreme". Nicholas found that the Wiesenthal Center had misidentified names in the letters:
 * "The name used, four times in one letter, is Buhl, not Buhrle, and the individual described, an unreliable dealer who sells forgeries, certainly bears no resemblance to the extremely rich collector and armaments manufacturer Emil Buhrle," the report said.

In 2008, the Simon Wiesenthal Center published a 165 page analysis entitled, "The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report", written by Erin Gibbons, which covered the history of the controversy and the findings.

title: Hunt Museum


text:
User:GordonTillman

I am a new Wikipedia user. After discovering this great website I started experimenting with different WikiEngines on my PowerBook, with the goal of finding one to use as a combination Personal information manager, Journal, time log, scrap book, etc.

My requirements for a WikiEngine are:

 * Capable of storing vast amounts of data. I didn't want to run out of room or start hitting some arbitrary limits after working with the tool for a period of months or years.
 * It must be an Open Source product. Having access to source provides maximum protection against obsolescence.
 * It must be relatively easy to install.
 * It must provide a way for the end-user to customize the appearance of pages that it generates.
 * It should generate XHTML that will validate.

After installing and testing a variety of WikiEngines, my current favorite is MoinMoin. I have it installed on several computers. It's very easy to extend. Furthermore, I can synchronize content between different computers.

Please feel free to visit my home page or [mailto:got@mindspring.com contact me].

title: User:GordonTillman


text:
Christopher Gill

Christopher John Fred Gill RD (born 28 October 1936) is a British politician, and a former member of the National Executive Committee of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). He is the president of The Freedom Association (TFA). A former Conservative Party Member of Parliament, he was one of the Maastricht Rebels of the mid-1990s.

Biography
Gill was born in Wolverhampton, where he later became a local councillor, and was educated locally at Birchfield Preparatory School, then at Shrewsbury School. His national service was in the Royal Navy, serving aboard HMS Modeste (U42) and HMS Birmingham (C19). He retired as Chairman of his family's sausage-making business, F.A. Gill Ltd., in 2006.

Gill served as Conservative MP for Ludlow from 1987 to 2001, when he stepped down. He was known as the "Butcher from Ludlow" because of his family company being a meat processing firm. He had the Conservative whip withdrawn over the EC Finance Bill on 28 November 1994.

As a constituency MP, Gill fought against the closure of local cottage hospitals. Gill was also known for being an expert on areas of European Union legislation, and he was a notable Eurosceptic.

Shortly before leaving Parliament in 2001, he resigned his membership of the Conservatives. In 2006, Gill announced that he had joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP), having endorsed the party's policies at the 2004 European Parliament election. He was an elected member of UKIP's National Executive Committee from 2007 until 2010. He stood for Ludlow as a UKIP candidate at the 2010 general election, coming fourth with 2,127 votes, 4.4% of the total, losing his deposit but almost tripling the 2005 vote. At the time of the election, Gill stated that his reasoning for standing was: "I am standing against 'call me Dave's' Tories because I cannot tolerate their utter contempt for the concerns of voters on matters of immigration, economy, individual liberty and the broken promise of a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty."

He was chairman of The Freedom Association from 2001, before becoming its president in 2007.

title: Christopher Gill


text:
Chris Axworthy

Christopher S. Axworthy, (March 10, 1947 – August 11, 2023) was a Canadian politician and academic.

Law professor
After teaching law at the University of New Brunswick and Dalhousie Law School, Chris Axworthy came to Saskatoon in 1984 as the founding executive director of the Centre for the Study of Co-operatives and as a professor of law at the University of Saskatchewan. In 2003 he returned to the University of Saskatchewan as a professor of law, where he taught until the spring of 2008.

In the spring of 2008, he was appointed Dean of Robson Hall at the University of Manitoba for a five-year term beginning on July 1, 2008. He was also the President of the Institute of Parliamentary and Political Law.

In May 2010, Axworthy assumed the position as the Founding Dean of Law at Thompson Rivers University's new law school, which opened in Fall 2011. On July 15, 2013, he resigned this position.

Political career
Axworthy was elected as a Saskatchewan Member of Parliament for the New Democratic Party in 1988 and was re-elected in 1993 and 1997.

Axworthy resigned from the House of Commons on June 1, 1999, to join the cabinet of then Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow. He was elected as an MLA in a by-election as the Saskatchewan NDP MLA for the constituency of Saskatoon-Fairview with 64% of the vote. He was also re-elected three months later in a general election that same year. He served as Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs. After Romanow stepped down, Axworthy ran against Lorne Calvert for the provincial NDP leadership convention and finished second. Axworthy, who was still serving as Justice Minister, resigned as MLA in January 2003.

Although he had been an NDP member for his entire political career, Axworthy announced his bid for the Liberal nomination in the riding of Saskatoon—Wanuskewin on March 5, 2004. He received 32.58% of the vote, but lost to incumbent Conservative MP, Maurice Vellacott. He lost to Vellacott a second time in the 2006 federal election.

Personal life and death
Axworthy was born in Plymouth, England on March 10, 1947. He died from cancer on August 11, 2023, at the age of 76.

title: Chris Axworthy


text:
Talk:Invictus

-

Untitled
Noted reference to poem in a Nemi comicstrip was removed. Was the comic's rendering an inaccurate one or was the comic strip itself offensive in it's reference? Moggie (talk) 14:07, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

I clearly remember Colin Powell reading Invictus to the American public on a national network. I remember it because he omitted the second stanza. I can't seem to remember when, though. Was it first Gulf War, post-9/11, or when? I've been looking for another source that references the reading, but I guess it wasn't considered terribly noteworthy at the time. Does anyone else remember this? SWAdair | Talk 11:28, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't the poem itself be on wikisource?

 * Especially where poetry is concerned, short items are often included directly in the article. See Jabberwocky for another example.  Long poems are best not included in the article, but short ones are fine, IMHO.  SWAdair | Talk  03:46, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The poem is already on wikisource. Should one of the redundancies be deleted?  I think its better if the original text is on wikisource because that is what that database is for, IMHO. --Zippanova 05:26, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiki is not paper. Right now I don't know of any way to keep the text of the poem on wikisource and make it display on this page.  Anything that makes the text of the poem not display on this page will mean that the poem cannot be read on this page, and as such is inadequate.  -- Smerdis of Tlön

Please don't ditch this page as I've just linked to it. Shouldn't the poem be in verses, as well, for clarity? Cheers!

It is quoted in Casablanca. It is when Rick Blaine and Captain Renault are in Rick's office, I think to get money for some guy who won 20k francs. Rick takes a shot at Renault at he says something like "In Casablanca I am master of my fate, captain of my..." and then someone walks in and cuts him off. Rick says something like, "You were saying." -

It was also used in the movie 'There was a crooked man' starring Kirk Douglas & Henry Fonda it's while the new mess for the prisoners is being inaugrated by the lady chief guest.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2020 and 18 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wilafortezza.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Source or Remove
This is becoming my new trademark stance on talkpages, "Source or Remove", I feel like such a reference-Nazi. Anyways, In the United States, this poem has become popular among paratroopers, many of whom commit it to memory to give them emotional support should they become a prisoner of war., source or remove. Sherurcij (talk) (bounties) 05:13, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

The poem is also quoted in "The House at Sugar Beach" by Helene Cooper BWHirsch (talk) 05:04, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

The Warrior Elite: The Making of Class 223 by Dick Couch says that at least on one occasion it was memorized and read aloud at graduation by Navy SEALS. The poem is fairly popular in the military.

question
What are the lines that appeal the sense of sight?

I believe it means top to bottom, just as the poles are the "top" and "bottom" of the earth. Bofa

question???
I hardly read poetry so can any one tell me what does this poem really means??
 * He is saying that he is in control of himself, and he isn't going to blame anyone else for his misfortunes. AdamBiswanger1R.I.P. Steve Irwin 13:33, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It could also mean simply that he will not allow himself to be beat.-Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 15:59, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * May I direct you to a really good article at CNN.com? It discusses Henleys motives to write this (among other things) CNN Archive

I know "consumption of the spine" (consumption being tuberculosis) was old slang for syphilis, so i wonder if that is what "tuberculosis of the leg" is really referring to, since it before antibiotics it was often passed down to children, hence why it affected him so young.

there needs to be a section in the article on interpretation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.173.78 (talk) 14:41, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

deleted reference to "master of my fate"
The previous version read "Through this poem, Henley gave the world the familiar phrases "my head is bloody, but unbowed" and 'I am the master of my fate'." I took out the reference to "I am the master of my fate," since it is too bold a claim to say that Henley "gave the world" this phrase. More likely the phrase comes from the first act of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, where Cassius tells Brutus that "Men at sometime, are Masters of their Fates". Henley may be referring to this, but he certainly did not coin the phrase. But in Henley's defense, I wouldn't doubt that Shakespeare cribbed this from a Latin playwright.

Full text of poem
Wikipedia is not meant for source text; that's what Wikisource is for. I've removed the full text from this article and left an easy to find Wikisource box. :) --Midnightdreary 22:24, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm surprised to see how quickly the full text reappeared. I'm assuming it's because an editor pored over WP:L&P and made a conscious, well thought-out judgment call based on it. --Midnightdreary 03:45, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Aha! I have just now replied to a very interesting query about this text (see s:User_talk:Jayvdb) and was just about to also recommend here that the text be removed, as full texts are rarely well maintained on Wikipedia, as opposed to Wikisource where we gradually move towards pagescans so there can be no further doubt or room for "improvement". John Vandenberg (chat) 04:45, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

In my opinion, the full text of the poem should be in here. That way, people can read the poem right here without having to open other links. However, this page is about the poem, not its text. Lukus 13:27, 15 May 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by LukusAreulius (talk • contribs)

Timothy McVeigh
Is it relevant that Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh used a quote from this poem as his 'last words' before his execution? Jonathantreichel (talk) 02:37, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

I believe when Henley mentions he is the master of his fate he could be referring to suicide. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.112.232.22 (talk) 15:27, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * To commit suicide would be to admit defeat, which defeats the whole purpose of this poem.

 * Definitely not. To overcome the fear of death is the greatest victory and nobody can understand the meaning of life before understandig the meaning of death. --89.204.155.227 (talk) 13:30, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

Conquered
Anout the similar poem mentioned above "It is fitting that a virtually unknown poet of the early 20th century, Dorothea Day, should write the counterpoint to Henley’s poem. “Invictus” means “unconquerable”. Dorothea Day’s poem is called “Conquered.” 78.147.202.148 (talk) 12:14, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

It is my understanding that Day's poem is called "My Captain" I had hoped her poem would be mentioned in the article as the answer to "Invictus" instead of the one by the Mormon. But I will not steal your thunder, 78.147.202.148. I will let you edit the article. It probably would be best to mention both responses, rather than replace the reference to Whitney with Day's Hccrle (talk) 14:16, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Influence?
I the the "Influence" section of the article is pretty shallow. According to what is written, the poem's influence is limited to three movie references, a music tour, and one world leader. Probably the only really significant point there is Nelson Mandela. What I'm trying to say is, the poem has definitely had a larger influence than what is listed here, so it should be either greatly expanded, or be renamed something like "influence on popular culture".

Vice Admiral Stockdale once gave a speech about his time in Vietnam as a POW. One of his comrades, Dave Hatcher, snuck him a secret note after Stockdale had attempted suicide in order to avoid being used for propaganda. The note, which Stockdale read in the dark of his cell after years of confinement read:

It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.

I think that is somewhat more significant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Swimg43 (talk • contribs) 23:40, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

I think that the title 'Influences" makes it sound as if its going to concern its influence on other art and poetry, not a list of references. I think that it should be renamed something like "Influence on Popular Culture" or be reworked to show its influence. 99.96.229.4 (talk) 21:11, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Representation?
The Representation section of this article appears rather biased and is sourced from an article that does not support its thesis and also appears to be a rather bias source. I do not think it adds to the article and believe it should be removed or substantially rewritten. 24.113.149.139 (talk) 05:14, 30 September 2011 (UTC)heg24

Meaning Behind Invictus
The following text was placed in the "meaning behind Invictus" section, and rather strangely seems to be multiple versions of the same paragraph all stuck in there together so I've moved it here so it can be looked over and edited before adding it back to the main article. I apologise though, if I hve done this in error and it was as it was meant to be. The text in question:

''NEW ENTRY---By mentioning, "It matters not how strait the gate" the writer is referring to his struggles with, literally, walking (due to his tubercular arthritis and amputation of his left leg below the knee and mutated foot). Do not be confused by the current understanding of the definition of "gate," being a wall or fence. The author is referring to what we currently understand as the definition of "gait". The Etymology of the word "gait" comes from the Middle English word "gate," deriving from the Old English word "geat," all meaning a manner in which to walk, or a path.Gate This spelling was still commonly used in the 18th and 19th century especially in British literature though today we can understand the definition to be what we know as "gait". Considering Henley's medical conditions, it is clear the he intended this line to mean its literal translation, "it matters not how [difficult] the [manner of walking on foot]"

''PREVIOUS ENTRY---By mentioning "It matters not how strait the gate," the speaker makes a reference to John Bunyan's The Strait Gate or Great Difficulty of going to Heaven by accepting whatever judgment, or doom, death may bring. He is, in fact, his own god, guide and judge. He is the Captain. ''

''NEW ENTRY --- Although arguable, the previous entry would nullify Henley's lines in his first stanza "I thank whatever gods may be." He clearly does not ascribe to a religion so his referring to a Biblically inspired literature would be inconsistent. ''

''The analysis of this poem depicts Henley's life, and represents the moments of pain and struggle that created many obstacles for him. Although he did indeed face many challenges, in time, he realized he was the sole controller of his fate. By writing this poem, he conveyed a message with bravery and perseverance, which he applied to his own life as well. Through Invictus, Henley demonstrated the message of determination, courage and the will to survive.''

Thoughts?

Alan16 (talk) 22:43, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Alan16: I'm not a literature expert, but I'm dubious of your analysis. Henley was certainly aware of the culture that he lived in, and would have known that people in Victorian England would have recognized a reference to a "straight gate" (regardless of spelling) as a reference to Matthew 7:14. The fact that he references it in now way implies that he accepts it, and in context quite the opposite is implied. One Wheel (talk) 03:30, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with One Wheel. The literal "gait," since he'd lost a leg, is a bit too prosaic. Perhaps the poet was influenced by it, but especially considering the next bit about the scroll having a lot of punishments on it, I think that he is talking about being judged, at the gate to heaven, or (eternal) life which is also I presume, the gate being referenced in Matthew. It seems to me he is saying, "Yes sure I may be damned, but I did it my way/ what I thought was best." Which is probably why Timothy McVeigh used it. --Timtak (talk) 01:19, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Meaning section
The entire meaning section contains no citations and appears to be one person's opinion and interpretation. I'm not disputing or supporting the interpretation, but I don't think it has any place here. 74.105.221.173 (talk) 14:10, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I do dispute it. It’s subjective, unsourced nonsense.  — Chameleon 10:16, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll second that; with all due respect to whomever wrote it, it's a bit shallow. I came to the talk page to recommend replacing that analysis with quotes from literary sources. For example, "In Best Remembered Poems, Martin Gardner writes, “The poem is a favorite of secular humanists who see themselves and the human race as unconquerable masters of  their fate in a mindless universe that cares not a fig for what happens to them.” (Mineola, N.Y.: Courier Dover Publications, 1992). " Graywriter (talk) 15:23, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

The following discussion has been removed from article as OR
It should be noted that the line

"I thank whatever gods may be"

refers to a stanza of the poem "Hymn to Proserpine" or "The Garden of Proserpine" by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in 1866.

The second last stanza reads:

From too much love of living, From hope and fear set free, We thank with brief thanksgiving Whatever gods may be That no man lives for ever; That dead men rise up never; That even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea. Grover cleveland (talk) 06:02, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Date question
In the Importance section, shouldn't the date be 1875 rather than 1885? TheCanadian33 (talk) 19:33, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

Star Trek Renegade
The Star Trek spin off series, "Renegade", includes a narration of Invictus in the opening sequence. It is made by Atomic Productions. It is available on YouTube, but I didn't know the correct way (if any) to reference it in the article.

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE2Wgop9VLM FaceBook: https://www.facebook.com/AtomicProduction%20/ Web Page: http://renegades.show/home/

Should this usage be cited, or ignored? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Foxkid (talk • contribs) 16:52, 11 July 2018 (UTC) (Edited and signed my me, now that I know a should, and how) foxkid (talk) 20:13, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Posterity?
What is the difference between "Posterity" and "Historical uses"?--Jack Upland (talk) 05:17, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Invictus


text:
Severnaya Zemlya

Severnaya Zemlya (Сéверная Земля́, ) is a 37000 km2 archipelago in the Russian high Arctic. It lies off Siberia's Taymyr Peninsula, separated from the mainland by the Vilkitsky Strait. This archipelago separates two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea in the west and the Laptev Sea in the east.

Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last sizeable archipelago on Earth to be explored. Administratively, the islands form part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Soviet times there were a number of research stations in different locations, but currently there are no human inhabitants in Severnaya Zemlya, except for the Prima Polar Station near Cape Baranov.

The largest glacier in the Russian Federation, the Academy of Sciences Glacier, is located in Severnaya Zemlya. Until recently, ice joined the islands to Eurasia, even at its smallest extent during the late summer melt season, blocking the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. By the late summer of 2012, however, due to Arctic sea ice decline the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the south of the archipelago.

History
Although Severnaya Zemlya lies not far off the northern coast of Siberia, cartographers did not formally record it until the 20th century. Earlier explorers deemed that there was a land mass in the general area - note for example the report by Matvei Gedenschtrom and Yakov Sannikov made in 1810 at the time of their exploration of the New Siberian Islands.

Later in the 19th century, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld during the Vega expedition sailed very close to this land in 1878 but did not notice it. In 1882, the Danish Arctic explorer and naval officer Andreas Peter Hovgaard, leader of the Arctic survey Dijmphna expedition, set himself the goal of discovering land north of Cape Chelyuskin and exploring the unknown northeastern limits of the Kara Sea. However, Hovgaard was prevented from accomplishing his objectives after having become trapped in thick ice, and his expedition was unable to reach even the shores of the Taymyr Peninsula.

Even at the end of the 19th century, both Nansen's Fram expedition of 1895 and Eduard Toll's Russian polar expedition of 1900–02 on the ship Zarya failed to note any traces of land to the north of the 55 km strait between the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea that they navigated.

Emperor Nicholas II Land
The archipelago first appeared on the map with the 1913–1915 Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition of the icebreakers Taimyr and Vaigach. The chief organiser and first captain of the Vaygach was officer Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak of the Imperial Russian Navy. The expedition, privately financed, was launched in 1910 and led by Boris Vilkitsky on behalf of the Russian Hydrographic Service. This venture accomplished its goal of exploring the uncharted areas of the continental side of the Northern Sea Route.

On 3 September 1913 (22 August 1913 in the Julian calendar used by Russia at the time), members of Vilkitsky's expedition landed on what is now known as Cape Berg on present-day October Revolution Island. They raised the Russian flag on the shore and named the new territory Tayvay Land (Земля Тайвай, Zemlya Tayvay), after the first syllable of each of their icebreakers' names. During the days that followed, Vilkitsky's expedition charted parts of the Laptev Sea coast of what they believed to be a single island. Barely six months later, in early 1914, by order of the Secretary of the Imperial Navy, the new discovery was renamed Emperor Nicholas II Land (Земля Императора Николая II, Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II), after the ruling Emperor Nicholas II of Russia.

Later exploration and present era
In 1926, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR renamed the still not fully-explored land Severnaya Zemlya. In May 1928, Umberto Nobile and his crew in the Airship Italia attempted to overfly the islands, but adverse weather conditions forced them to turn southward when only an hour or two from viewing the archipelago's coastline.

In the spring of 1931, Georgy Ushakov, accompanied by the geologist Nikolay Urvantsev, the veteran surveyor Sergei Zhuravlev, and the radio-operator Vasily Khodov, thoroughly surveyed Severnaya Zemlya during a two-year expedition to the archipelago. Ushakov and his team established a small base at Golomyanny – the western end of Sredniy Island, off October Revolution Island's western coast. From there they made multiple surveying-trips into the interior and to the coastlines of the larger islands. The first detailed map drawn by the expedition's cartographers showed Severnaya Zemlya divided into four main islands. Geographic features of the territory were named after communist organisations, events, and personalities. With reference to Severnaya Zemlya Ushakov wrote: "I have seen God-forsaken Chukotka Peninsula, blizzard-ridden Wrangel Island, twice visited fog-enshrouded Novaya Zemlya, and I have seen Franz Josef Land with its enamel sky and proud cliffs garbed in blue, hardened glacial streams, but nowhere did I witness such grimness or such depressing, lifeless relief..."

The Graf Zeppelin flew over the area during its polar flight of July 1931 and recorded some cartographic and meteorological data; Hugo Eckener tried to take pictures of the yet unsurveyed western coast, but it was obscured by fog and clouds.

Although German communists had endured suffering under the Third Reich, due to anti-German sentiment caused by the 1941–1945 German-Soviet War in the USSR some features of Severnaya Zemlya that had been previously named in solidarity with German Communism were given Russian or neutral-sounding names, e.g. Cape Unslicht becoming Mys Peschanyy and Proliv Yungshturm becoming Yuny Strait.

During the period of the Cold War (1940s to 1980s), the islands of Severnaya Zemlya continued to be studied by a team of geologists from NIIGA (the Scientific Research Institute of Arctic Geology) in St. Petersburg, (then known as Leningrad). Between 1948 and 1954 a comprehensive geological map was compiled under B. Kh. Egiazarov. Also more accurate maps were drawn by means of cartographic data gathered from aerial-photography surveys.

Administratively, Severnaya Zemlya formed part of the Taymyr Autonomous Okrug until this okrug was merged into Krasnoyarsk Krai on 1 January 2007. it belongs to the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. There has been a request at the Krasnoyarsk Krai Legislative Assembly to reinstate the former name of Severnaya Zemlya as "Emperor Nicholas II Land" (Земля Николая II). This request, however, has been rejected by the local government for the time being.

Geography
Severnaya Zemlya comprises four major islands – October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets, and Pioneer – and around 70 smaller islands, covering a total area of about 37000 km2. It is separated from the Taymyr Peninsula by the Vilkitsky Strait. Komsomolets is separated from Canada's northernmost point, Cape Columbia, by under 2000km.

Four of the main islands are largely glaciated, October Revolution, Komsomolets, and Pioneer, as well as the smaller Schmidt Island at the northwestern limit. The glacierised area on Bolshevik, the southernmost main island of the group, covers about a quarter of its land's surface. The southmost point of Severnaya Zemlya is Cape Neupokoyev at the SW end of Bolshevik Island. The highest point of the archipelago is 965 m Mount Karpinsky, the summit of the Karpinsky Glacier, an ice dome on October Revolution Island. The Red Army Strait separates Komsomolets Island from October Revolution Island and the broader Shokalsky Strait Bolshevik Island from October Revolution Island. Both straits connect the Kara Sea in the west with the Laptev Sea in the east.

This archipelago encloses the northern limits of the Kara Sea on its western shores, together with Novaya Zemlya, located roughly 1000 km to the southwest. The large rivers Ob and Yenisei, among others, flow from the south into this marginal sea area of the Arctic Ocean, with their abundant waters contributing to a climate with relatively high precipitation despite the prevalent extreme cold temperatures of the high latitude. The Laptev Sea, where the mighty Lena River steadily expands its large delta, lies to the east of Severnaya Zemlya. The topographic relief of the archipelago is quite smooth, with Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic sedimentary successions dominating its bedrock geology.

Glaciers
Glaciers in the archipelago have a characteristic dome shape with a continuously decreasing surface towards their edges. Ice cliffs are found only at the base. The places where the glaciers reach the sea contribute to the formation of icebergs. The most active glacier fronts are the eastern side of the Academy of Sciences Glacier at Krenkel Bay as well as its southern side. Another quite active glacier is the Rusanov Glacier on the island of October Revolution with its terminus at Matusevich Fjord.

October Revolution, with seven glaciers, is the island with most individual glaciers in Severnaya Zemlya. Next are the islands of Bolshevik with six, Komsomolets with four, Pioneer with two and Schmidt Island with one. The largest glacier is the Academy of Sciences Glacier in Komsomolets, which is also the largest ice cap of Russia —a 5575 km2 and 819 m thick ice dome reaching 749 m above sea level covering about two-thirds of the surface of the island.

October Revolution

October Revolution Island (Остров Октябрьской Революции, Ostrov Oktyabrskoy Revolyutsii) is the largest island of the Severnaya Zemlya group in the Russian Arctic.

The area of this island has been estimated at 14170 km2 making it the 59th largest island in the world. It rises to a height of 965 m on Mount Karpinsky. Half the island is covered with glaciers reaching down into the sea. In the sections free from ice, the vegetation is desert or tundra. The island was first explored and named by the expedition of G.A. Ushakov and Nikolay N. Urvantsev in 1930–32.

October Revolution Island houses five domed ice caps; clockwise from north, they are named: Rusanov, Karpinsky, University, Vavilov and Albanov. The Vavilov Meteorological Station was operated from 1974 to 1988 on the northern part of the Vavilov Ice Cap. Other minor ice caps on the island include the Mal'yutka Glacier. The Podemnaya River and the Bolshaya River drain to the northwest between the Vavilov and Albanov glaciers, and the Bedovaya and Obryvistaya Rivers drain to the north between Albanov and Rusanov. The largest lake of the island and the entire archipelago, Fiordovoye, is located on the southwestern edge of the Karpinsky glacier. To the east and south of the island are the large Matusevich Fjord and the smaller Marat Fjord. They, together with the lake, encircle the Karpinsky ice cap. Cape October is located in the northern part of the island facing the Red Army Strait.

Ostrov Vysokiy is an islet located in a small bay on October Revolution Island's southwest shores.

Bolshevik
Bolshevik Island (о́стров Большеви́к, ) is the southernmost and second largest island in the group, located across the Shokalsky Strait from October Revolution Island. The area of this island has been estimated at 11312 km2.

Bolshevik Island is mountainous, reaching a height of 935 m. It houses an Arctic base named Prima near Cape Baranov.

Parts of the shore of the island are deeply indented, with Mikoyan Bay in the north and Solnechny Bay in the south, as well as fjords such as the large Akhmatov Fjord, and the smaller Thaelmann Fjord, Spartak Fjord and Partizan Fjord.

Bolshevik Island is comparatively less glaciated than the other islands of Severnaya Zemlya. Only about 30% of the island is covered by glaciers while the coastal plains have a sparse vegetation of moss and lichen. The Leningrad Glacier, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky Glacier, Kropotkin Glacier, Mushketov Glacier and Aerosyomki Glacier are located in the interior of the island and do not reach the sea.

Ostrov Tash is a small island located on Bolshevik's southern shore. Lavrov Island is located off the NE shore and Ostrov Lishniy off its northern tip.

Komsomolets
Komsomolets Island (остров Комсомолец) is the northernmost island of the Severnaya Zemlya group in the Russian Arctic, and the third largest island in the group. It is the 82nd largest island on earth.

The northernmost point of the island is called the Arctic Cape. This is the launching point for many Arctic expeditions.

The area of this island has been estimated at 9006 km2. It rises to a height of 780 m. Some 65% of the island is covered with glaciers. Komsomolets Island is home to the largest ice cap in Russia, the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap, which covers most of the island between Krenkel Bay in the east and Zhuravlev Bay in the west.

The soil of the island is mostly composed of loose loam and sand, a tundra desert scattered with mosses and lichens. The island was first explored and named by the expedition of Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev in 1930–32. In keeping with their scheme of naming the islands after events and movements of the Russian Revolution, this island was named in honour of the members of the Komsomol, the "Communist Union of Youth".

Off the northwestern shores of Komsomolets Island lies a group of islets known as Ostrova Dem'yana Bednogo.

Pioneer Island

Pioneer Island, Ostrov Pioner in Russian. It is the westernmost of the large islands of the Severnaya Zemlya group and is separated from Komsomolets Island by the Yuny Strait. Pioneer island measures 1527 km2 in area.

This island houses the Pioneer Glacier. Thelodonti fossils from the Upper Silurian have been found in the island.

Off Pioneer Island's southwestern end lies Krupskoy Island. This is a fairly large island, over 20 km in length and about 11 km in width. The sound that separates it from Pioneer is only 0.5 km in width.

This island should not be confused with Pioneer Island in Canada (76.95°N, -96.95°W).

Schmidt Island
Schmidt Island, measuring 467 km2, is located at the far northwestern end of the archipelago. This island is quite detached from the whole Severnaya Zemlya group. It is also its northernmost island and before modern climate warming it was fully in the region of permanent sea ice.

This island is almost entirely covered by the Schmidt Ice Cap. Owing to its exposed position, the climate in the Schmidt Island's area is much colder than in the rest of the archipelago.

Schmidt Island was named after the Soviet scientist Otto Schmidt.

Minor islands and island groups
Close to the main archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya there are a number of smaller islands and archipelagos. There are also many small coastal islands and islets in different locations, such as Krupskoy to the west of Pioneer and Naydenysh (Найдёныш) near Cape Anuchin in October Revolution Island. Among the other minor islands the following deserve mention:

Sedov Archipelago
The Sedov Archipelago, formerly known as Sergey Kamenev Islands, is located just west of October Revolution Island on the Kara Sea side. The main islands of this archipelago are Sredny (the longest island), Domashnyy, Strela, and Figurnyy. Close to the shore of October Revolution Island lies Obmannyy Island and 32 km further offshore southwards lies Dlinnyy Island. These other coastal islands are sometimes included as part of the Sedov Group.

Golomyanniy Meteorological Station, located on the western tip of Sredniy Island at 79.55°N, 90.63333°W, was the wintering site and base of the 1931–32 expedition and has been taking continuous measurements since 1954.

An official request has been forwarded to rename Domashnyy Island as Svyatoy Anastasii (остров Святой Анастасии), St. Anastasia Island.

Krasnoflotskiye Islands
Located just south of October Revolution Island in the Kara Sea. The Krasnoflotskiye Islands (Краснофлотские) extend from north to south in an almost straight line 78.6°N, 98.66667°W. The main islands are Sverdlova – very close to Cape Sverdlov on the coast, Bolshoy – not much larger than the others despite its name, Sredniy and Greben far offshore. All islands are devoid of vegetation.

Two small islets named Opasnye, which are also part of this group, lie 35 km to the southwest of Greben Island.

The Krasnoflotskiye Islands were first sighted and mapped in August 1932 by the expedition of the All-Union Arctic Institute on the icebreaker Rusanov. There is an Arctic Station in the Krasnoflotskiye Islands (AS-042), which has been operating since 1953.

Maly Taymyr and Starokadomsky
This is a small group including two main islands located in the Laptev Sea, off the far southeastern end of Bolshevik Island. Maly Taymyr, the largest island, has a land surface of 232 km2 and is at 78.11667°N, 107.25°W.

Maly Taymyr was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky during the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition in 1913 and was named "Tsarevich Alexei Island" (Остров Цесаревича Алексея), after the son of Zar Nicholas II of Russia. Following the 1917 October Revolution the island was renamed "Maly Taymyr". In 2005 an official request was forwarded to the local government in Krasnoyarsk Krai in order to reinstate its former name to the island as Alexei Island.

Starokadomsky Island is close by to Maly Taymyr, located off its northwestern side and separated from it by a narrow 6 km sound. This island was named after Dr. Leonid Starokadomsky, one of the leaders of the 1913 Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition.

Lishniy Island
Lishniy Island (Лишний) is a coastal island located on the eastern side of the mouth of Akhmatov Fjord, southeast of Cape Unslicht, off Bolshevik Island's northern end at 79.18333°N, 103.4°W. The island has an irregular shape and is 6 km long with a maximum width of 3.5 km.

A deep round lake with a diameter of 700 m is located in the western part of the island and is connected to the sea by a small channel. Almost all the island is rocky, except for the northwestern part. The highest point of Lishniy Island is 27 m

South of Lishniy lies Yuzhnyy, a smaller island, and two islets. Lishniy off Severnaya Zemlya should not be confused with Lishny Island off Toll Bay, south of the Firnley Islands.

Climate
Severnaya Zemlya is consistently cold and quite dry (Köppen ET bordering on EF), with a mean annual temperature of −14.8 °C, mean annual precipitation of about 420 mm, and generally overcast skies. Monthly average temperature ranges from −28 °C in February to 1 °C in July. The archipelago sees large temperature fluctuations during winter months, as low-pressure cyclonic activity originating in the North Atlantic make their way across the Arctic, bringing precipitation and higher temperatures. These cyclones are most common in September and October, which see 30% of annual precipitation. Snowfall in summer is common as temperatures hover around 0 °C, although higher temperatures occur when warm air masses move north from Siberia.

Flora and fauna
Severnaya Zemlya is a polar desert with sparse vegetation and permafrost at less than 50 cm. Rare vascular plants include species of Cerastium and Saxifraga. Non-vascular plants include the moss genera Detrichum, Dicranum, Pogonatum, Sanionia, Bryum, Orthothecium and Tortula, as well as the lichen genera Cetraria, Thamnolia, Cornicularia, Lecidea, Ochrolechia and Parmelia. Common flowering plants of the high Arctic such as the purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) and the Arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum) also occur on Severnaya Zemlya.

According to a survey of prior observations by De Korte, Volkov, and Gavrilo, thirty-two bird species have been observed on Severnaya Zemlya, 17 of which are known to breed on the islands. Eight species are widespread across the archipelago: five of which are colonial seabirds: little auk (Alle alle), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus); and three species of tundra bird: the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima), and brent goose (Branta bernicla).

The most common mammal on Severnaya Zemlya is the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), also known as Arctic lemming, which is present on all of the large islands and, in some places has been recorded to reach a density of 500 per km2 (1,300 per sq mi). The Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) has been known to den on the islands, with several hundred observed in the 1980s. Other mammals occasionally observed include the wolf (Canis lupus), the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), ermine (Mustela erminea), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), Arctic hare (Lepus timidus), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).

In culture
The discovery of Severnaya Zemlya is the subject of Veniamin Kaverin's novel The Two Captains as well as its stage adaptation, Nord-Ost.

The location of a secret Russian space weapons control facility is called Severnaya in the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. In several maps seen onscreen, however, this Severnaya is depicted as being in central Siberia. Severnaya is a level in GoldenEye 007, a 1997 video game based on the Bond film.

Severnaya is the site of a Kaiju-controlled rogue Jaeger (giant mech) in the 2018 film Pacific Rim Uprising.

Severnaya is the site of the final act of the 2021 movie The Tomorrow War, where the protagonists locate a crashed spaceship holding the dormant White Spike Aliens.

title: Severnaya Zemlya