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HMS Uganda (66)

HMS Uganda was a Second World War-era Fiji-class cruiser light cruiser launched in 1941. She served in the Royal Navy during 1943 and 1944, including operations in the Mediterranean, and was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Uganda in October 1944. She served in the Pacific theatre in 1945 and was put into reserve in 1947. When she was reactivated for the Korean War in 1952 she was renamed HMCS Quebec. She was decommissioned for the last time in 1956 and scrapped in Japan in 1961.

Construction and career
HMS Uganda was one of the Ceylon sub-class (the second group of three ships built in 1939) of the Fiji-class cruisers, and built by Vickers-Armstrong at their Walker yard. She was launched on 7 August 1941 and commissioned on 3 January 1943.

Home Fleet operations
In March 1943 after training at Scapa Flow, Uganda sailed as convoy escort to protect a Sierra Leone-bound convoy from the German Narvik-class destroyers operating from the Bay of Biscay. After two such convoy duties, she was sent as escort for the ocean liner RMS Queen Mary carrying Winston Churchill and his staff to Washington. The journey was made at 30 kn, and the ship sailed into Naval Station Argentia, in Newfoundland, low on fuel. Upon return from that duty Uganda returned to Plymouth for a refit.

Mediterranean Fleet operations
With her refit completed, she was sent to the Mediterranean Sea as escort to one of the largest troop convoys of the war heading to Sicily. In July the ship joined the 15th Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. Uganda was part of the bombardment fleet for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, on 10 July 1943. She was then assigned to close support for major bombardments throughout Sicily. Uganda sailed as part of the support force for Operation Husky from Alexandria along with three cruisers and six destroyers. Uganda was part of Support Force East during the Operation Husky landings. Within the British bridgehead, Uganda, with the cruisers HMS Orion (85) and HMS Mauritius (80) and the monitor HMS Erebus (I02) supported the British Eighth Army. On 10 August, again in support of the Eighth Army, Uganda and the Dutch gunboat HNLMS Flores bombarded positions north of Reposto. On 12 August, Uganda, the monitor HMS Roberts (F40) and the Dutch gunboats HNLMS Scarab and HNLMS Soemba (1925) shelled the east coast of Sicily.

On the opening of Operation Avalanche, 9 September 1943, she was part of the fleet bombardment covering the invasion of Italy at Salerno. As part of Operation Avalanche, Uganda was a member of the Northern Attack Force, which landed the British X Corps. The cruiser was a member of the support and escort group for the force. The landings are successful, however the Germans counterattacked and created a serious situation on the beachhead. Uganda was among the ships forced to lie inshore to provide direct naval gunfire support. The fleet then suffered air attacks using FX 1400 radio-controlled and Hs 293 glider bombs. While serving off Salerno at 1440 on 13 September 1943 she took a direct hit from a new German radio controlled 1.4 tonne glide bomb Fritz X dropped by a KG 100 bomber. The Fritz X passed through seven decks and straight through her keel, exploding underwater just under the keel. The concussive shock of the Fritz X's underwater detonation close to Uganda's hull extinguished all her boiler fires, and resulted in sixteen men being killed, with Uganda taking on 1,300 tons of water. Damage control under Lieutenant Leslie Reed managed to get the ship moving with one engine. She was towed to Malta by USS Narragansett (AT-88), where temporary repairs were made.

There being no dry dock available in the European Theatre that could handle the repairs, Uganda was sent to the US shipyard at Charleston, South Carolina. The heavily damaged ship, with only one of her four propellers working, proceeded across the Atlantic Ocean to Charleston, arriving on 27 November 1943. During the repairs, Uganda had two hangars designed for carrying Supermarine Walrus reconnaissance aircraft removed. These hangars were used for radio and radar equipment as well as crew amenities.

Transfer to Canada
While under repair the Government of Canada negotiated with Britain to obtain Uganda for the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). The official transfer took place on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 1944 at Charleston and she was renamed HMCS Uganda, out of respect for the British colony. Uganda's first crew in RCN service was notable. The commanding officer was Captain Rollo Mainguy, OBE, who later became chief of the Naval Staff. The first officer (executive officer) was Commander Hugh Pullen, and other officers including Lieutenant Commanders William Landymore and Littler were all eventually promoted to flag rank following the war. Lieutenant John Robarts, Aircraft Recognition Officer, went on to become Premier of Ontario. The other members of her crew of 907 comprised a carefully selected group; additional training on cruisers was provided through personnel exchanges with the RN. The first crew for Uganda was drawn from every province in Canada as well as the Dominion of Newfoundland. Eighty-seven per cent were reservists (RCNVR and RCNR) while the balance were regular members of the Royal Canadian Navy.

Uganda's first assignment came shortly after her recommissioning. She was tasked to join the British Pacific Fleet's operational area south of Sakishima Gunto. She joined the 4th Cruiser Squadron and spent the rest of the month working up. The conditions for the crew were arduous since the ship had not been modified for tropical conditions, which would have provided better air circulation throughout the ship and more fresh water capacity. Uganda left Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 31 October 1944 and steamed via the United Kingdom where following her reconstruction at Charleston, the cruiser underwent further modification. She departed the United Kingdom in January 1945 and sailed to the Pacific, stopping at Gibraltar, Alexandria, Egypt, the Suez Canal, and on via Aden and Colombo, Ceylon, to the fleet base at Fremantle, Australia, where she arrived on 4 March 1945.

As the flagship for the RCN, Uganda served in the Pacific War with the British Pacific Fleet, joining it at Sydney, Australia, in February 1945. Assigned to Task Force 57, British Pacific Fleet, because her radar and aircraft identification capabilities were amongst the best in the fleet, owing to her 1944 refit in Charleston. On 10 April 1945, the strike against Sakishima Gunto was cancelled and the task force was ordered to attack Formosa instead. From 11 to 13 April 1945, Uganda, as part of Task Force 57 in the Pacific, she attacked airfields and installations in northern Formosa, before being redirected back to Sakishima Gunto. The cruiser took part in the bombardment of the Japanese airbases on Sakishima Gunto between 15–20 April before the fleet was tasked to Leyte Gulf. During her time with Task Force 57, Uganda came under kamikaze attack. She received battle honours for operations during the Battle of Okinawa and was involved in attacking Truk, Formosa and Sakishima Gunto.

At Leyte she joined the United States Third Fleet, 300 nmi east of Japan and became the only Royal Canadian Navy warship to fight in the Pacific Theatre against the Imperial Japanese Navy. In May 1945, Task Force 57 sailed from Leyte to attack Sakishima Gunto for nearly the entire month. Uganda was among the ships ordered to bombard the island group. The task force suffered kamikaze attacks, forcing two of the aircraft carriers to retire and damaging another.

On 4 April 1945, the Canadian government changed the manning policy for all ships deploying to the Pacific theatre. All those heading to the Pacific would have to re-volunteer. Upon volunteering again, the serviceman would be eligible for 30 days leave in Canada before deployment. Controversially this policy change was applied to those already there and Uganda RCN crew were polled by the Canadian government on 7 May 1945 to determine whether they would volunteer for further duties in the Pacific War. Widespread discontent had grown amongst the crew, due to poor living conditions and the lack of a Canadian identity for the ship and the result saw 605 of her crew of 907 refuse to volunteer. The crew of Uganda felt that they had volunteered for "hostilities only" (i.e., hostilities against Nazi Germany), but now found themselves fighting a different enemy in a quite different part of the world.

The vote on 7 May was held onboard Uganda and 605 crew out of 907 refused to volunteer for continuing operations against Japan. The British Admiralty was furious and said it could not replace the ship until 27 July at the earliest. However, the cruiser continued her deployment in the Pacific throughout June and July while the Naval Staff sought an answer to the problem. An embarrassed Royal Canadian Navy offered to replace Uganda with HMCS Prince Robert (F56), an anti-aircraft flak ship that was being refitted in Vancouver.

Uganda took part in Operation Inmate, a carrier raid on Japanese installations at Truk. Sailing on 12 June from Manus Island, the cruiser was among the ships detailed to bombard the island of Dublon. The force returned to Manus Island on 17 June. In July, Uganda, now part of Task Force 37, sailed to join up with the Americans performing carrier air strikes on the Tokyo area, arriving on 16 July. On 27 July, Uganda was relieved by HMS Argonaut (61).

HMCS Uganda was detached from the US Navy's Third Fleet on 27 July when Argonaut arrived. Uganda proceeded to Eniwetok, and then to Pearl Harbor for refuelling before heading for Esquimalt. En route to Pearl Harbor, one boiler suffered a liner collapse which would have resulted in the ship's withdrawal from active combat at any rate. Uganda limped into Pearl Harbor on 4 August but was not welcomed because of the resentment that her crew was "quitting" the war. Uganda departed after refuelling and proceeded for Esquimalt. En route to Canada, the crew heard news about the atomic bombs being dropped on Japan. They arrived in Esquimalt on 10 August, the day that Japan announced its acceptance of the Instrument of Surrender.

HMCS Uganda remained on the Pacific coast following the war serving in a training capacity. The cruiser was paid off on 1 August 1947 into the RCN reserve.

Return to service
Canada's entry into the Korean War and commitment of Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy units to the British Commonwealth Forces Korea necessitated the reactivation of HMCS Uganda. Beginning in August 1951, the cruiser was refitted and modernized at Esquimalt. The vessel was recommissioned on 14 January 1952 as HMCS Quebec (C31) and moved immediately from Esquimalt to her new station at Halifax to replace units which had departed for Korea. On 14 June 1952, Quebec visited her namesake province for the first time during a port visit to Sorel, Quebec. From 13–25 September, Quebec and the aircraft carrier HMCS Magnificent (CVL 21) participated in the major NATO naval exercise Mainbrace in northern European waters.

In February 1953, Quebec, with HMCS Portage (J331) and HMCS Huron (G24) sailed to Bermuda for training with the Royal Navy submarine HMS Andrew (P423). On 15 June 1953, HMCS Quebec was the flagship for Rear Admiral Bidwell and led the RCN ships to Spithead for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Canadian Navy group consisted of an aircraft carrier, two cruisers, one destroyer, and two frigates. In October 1954, Quebec sailed on a seven-week training cruise to the Caribbean Sea and South America, making several port visits. Returning in mid-April 1955, Quebec became the first Canadian naval ship to circumnavigate Africa. As part of a post–Korean War realignment within the navy, HMCS Quebec was paid off on 13 June 1956 and placed in reserve at Sydney, Nova Scotia. The ship was sold in 1960 with the partially dismantled Ontario to Mitsui and Co. of Japan for scrap. The ship was broken up in Japan in 1961.

Her unit name lived on in the form of HMCS Quebec, a cadet summer training centre for the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets. The training centre closed permanently after its summer 2012 operating season.

title: HMS Uganda (66)


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Dutch Harrison

Ernest Joseph "Dutch" Harrison (March 29, 1910 – June 19, 1982) was an American professional golfer whose career spanned over four decades—one of the longest in the history of the PGA Tour.

Born in Conway, Arkansas and nicknamed "The Arkansas Traveler", Harrison turned pro in 1930 at the start of the Great Depression. Although he played in what tournaments existed in those days, the mainstay of his income was the many exhibitions and private "money" matches in which he, as well as many of his fellow professionals, played.

Harrison had a total of 18 career victories spanning from the 1939 Bing Crosby Pro-Am to the 1958 Tijuana Open Invitational. However, as late as 1969, Harrison had a top-25 finish in the Canadian Open at the age of 59. He played on three Ryder Cup teams: 1947, 1949, and 1951.

Harrison finished nine times in the top-10 at major championships, including third place finishes at the PGA Championship in 1939 and the U.S. Open in 1960. He won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average in 1954, and ranks fifth on the list of players with the most PGA Tour victories without a major championship on his resume.

In 1954 Harrison became the Old Warson Country Club's first golf professional. He died of heart failure at age 72 in 1982 in St. Louis, Missouri.

PGA Tour wins (18)

 * 1939 (2) Bing Crosby Pro-Am, Texas Open
 * 1944 (2) Charlotte Open, Miami Open
 * 1945 (1) St. Paul Open
 * 1947 (3) Reno Open, Reading Open, Hawaiian Open
 * 1948 (1) Richmond Open
 * 1949 (1) Canadian Open
 * 1950 (1) Wilmington Open
 * 1951 (1) Texas Open
 * 1953 (3) St. Petersburg Open, Western Open, Columbia Open
 * 1954 (1) Bing Crosby Pro-Am Invitational
 * 1956 (1) All American Open
 * 1958 (1) Tijuana Open Invitational

Other wins (8)

 * 1940 Illinois PGA Championship
 * 1942 Illinois PGA Championship
 * 1950 California State Open
 * 1952 Northern California Open, Ampol Tournament (Oct), Havana Invitational
 * 1955 White Sulphur Springs Open
 * 1957 Greenbrier Invitational

Results in major championships
Note: Harrison never played in The Open Championship. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NT = no tournament WD = withdrew DQ = disqualified CUT = missed the half-way cut R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play

"T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (1940 PGA – 1949 Masters)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)

U.S. national team appearances

 * Ryder Cup: 1947 (winners), 1949 (winners), 1951 (winners)
 * Lakes International Cup: 1954 (winners)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dutch Harrison


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Pinus resinosa

Pinus resinosa, known as red pine (also Norway pine in Minnesota), is a pine native to North America.

Description
Red pine is a coniferous evergreen tree characterized by tall, straight growth. It usually ranges from 20 – in height and 1 m in trunk diameter, exceptionally reaching 43.77 m tall. The crown is conical, becoming a narrow rounded dome with age. The bark is thick and gray-brown at the base of the tree, but thin, flaky and bright orange-red in the upper crown; the tree's name derives from this distinctive character. Some red color may be seen in the fissures of the bark. The species is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy.

The leaves are needle-like, dark yellow-green, in fascicles of two, 12 – long, and brittle. The leaves snap cleanly when bent; this character, stated as diagnostic for red pine in some texts, is however shared by several other pine species. The cones are symmetrical ovoid, 4 – long by 2.5 cm broad, and purple before maturity, ripening to nut-blue and opening to 4 – broad, the scales without a prickle and almost stalkless.

The pine grows well in sandy soils and on soils which are too poor for white pine.

Phylogeny
Red pine is notable for its very constant morphology and low genetic variation throughout its range, suggesting it has been through a near extinction in its recent evolutionary history. A genetic study of nuclear microsatellite polymorphisms among populations distributed throughout its natural range found that red pine populations from Newfoundland are genetically distinct from most mainland populations, consistent with dispersal from different glacial refugia in this highly self-pollinating species.

Distribution and habitat
It occurs from Newfoundland west to Manitoba, and south to Pennsylvania, with several smaller, disjunct populations occurring in the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia and West Virginia, as well as a few small pockets in extreme northern New Jersey and northern Illinois.

It can be found in a variety of habitats.

Ecology
It is intolerant of shade, but does well in windy sites; it grows best in well-drained soil. It is a long-lived tree, reaching a maximum age of about 500 years.

Uses
The wood is commercially valuable in forestry for timber and paper pulp, and the tree is also used for landscaping.

The wood is light, hard, and very close grained. It is not durable in contact with soil without chemical treatment. It is used in construction for piling, masts, spars, boxes, and crates.

In culture
The red pine is Minnesota's state tree. In Minnesota the use of the name "Norway" may stem from early Scandinavian immigrants who likened the American red pines to the Scots pines back home.

title: Pinus resinosa


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Eternal September

Eternal September or the September that never ended refers to a cultural phenomenon during a period beginning around late 1993 and early 1994, when Internet service providers began offering Usenet access to many new users. Prior to this, the only sudden changes in the volume of new users of Usenet occurred each September, when cohorts of university students would gain access to it for the first time. The periodic flood of new users overwhelmed the existing culture for online forums and the ability to enforce existing norms. AOL began their Usenet gateway service in March 1994, leading to a constant stream of new users. Hence, from the early Usenet hobbyist point of view, the influx of new users that began in September 1993 appeared to be endless.

History
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Usenet and the Internet were generally the domain of dedicated computer professionals and hobbyists; new users joined slowly, in small numbers, and observed and learned the social conventions of online interaction without having much of an impact on the experienced users. The only exception to this was September of every year, when large numbers of first-year college students gained access to the Internet and Usenet through their universities. These large groups of new users who had not yet learned online etiquette created a nuisance for the experienced users, who came to dread September every year. Once ISPs like AOL made affordable Internet access widely available for home users, a continuous influx of new users began, making it feel like it was always "September" to the more experienced users.

The full phrase appears to have evolved over a series of months on two separate alt.folklore newsgroups where a number of threads exist lamenting what they saw as an increase in low-quality posts across various newsgroups. Several members of the newsgroups referenced aspects of the "September" issue, typically in a joking manner.

In a thread on January 8, 1994, Joel Furr cross-posted asking "Is it just me, or has Delphi unleashed a staggering amount of weirdos on the net?", which garnered a reply from Karl Reinsch "Of course it's perpetually September for Delphi users, isn't it?" The day before, Furr had also posted the same message to alt.folklore.urban, where David Fischer responded with a joke call-to-action where he referred to the increasing numbers of Delphi users as the "Never-Ending-September". Fischer also replied to a different thread on January 25, 1994, in alt.folklore.computers saying, "It's moot now. September 1993 will go down in net history as the September that never ended." This quote has been suggested to have been the first reference.

Possibly the first use of the "Eternal September" phrase was a newsgroup post by John William Chambless in February 1994. He posted a rant including some excerpts of low-quality articles he found in one of his newsgroups that day, but titled the post "The Eternal September".

Legacy
A tongue-in-cheek program called sdate outputs the current date, formatted using the Eternal September calendar (September X, 1993, where X is an unbounded counter for days since that epoch). This is not the identically named sdate, one of the sixty commands that comes with the First Edition of Unix, that is used to set the system clock. Named with similar humour is one of the free public Usenet servers, Eternal-September.org.

title: Eternal September


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Euphorbia esula

Euphorbia esula, commonly known as green spurge or leafy spurge, is a species of spurge native to central and southern Europe (north to England, the Netherlands, and Germany), and eastward through most of Asia north of the Himalaya to Korea and eastern Siberia. It can also be found in some parts of Alaska.

Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1-1.2 m tall, with several stems branched from the base. The stems are smooth, hairless, or slightly hairy. The leaves are small, lanceolate, 4-8.5 cm long and up to 1 cm broad, with a slightly wavy margin. The flowers are small, produced in umbels with a basal pair of bright yellow-green petal-like bracts. Clusters of the bracts appear in late spring, while the actual flowers do not develop until early summer. All parts of the plant contain a toxic white milky sap.

It reproduces readily like by seeds that have a high germination rate and may remain viable in the soil for at least eight years. The seed capsules open explosively, dispersing seed up to 5 m from the parent plant, and may be carried further by water and wildlife. Leafy spurge also spreads vegetatively from the root system, which is complex, reported to reach 8 m into the ground and 5 m across, and may have numerous buds.

There are two subspecies and a hybrid subspecies:
 * Euphorbia esula subsp. esula. Leaves broadest near apex; umbel bracts 5–15 mm. Throughout the range of the species.
 * Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov (syn. E. waldsteinii (Sojak) A.R.Smith; E. virgata Waldst. & Kit.). Leaves broadest at the middle; umbel bracts 12–35 mm. Eastern Europe, western Asia.
 * Euphorbia esula nothosubsp. pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts. Hybrid between the above two subspecies.

Confusion with Euphorbia virgata
It has commonly been confused with Euphorbia virgata. E. esula is no longer considered a permanent component of the North American flora. E. esula is restricted to certain parts of Europe and not considered a weedy species, while E. virgata is found throughout the United States and Canada and has caused significant economic and ecological impacts. E. virgata is best distinguished from E. esula by its leaves, which are 6-15 times longer than wide with margins that are (near-)parallel at the middle of the blade, while E. esula leaves are wider toward the tip, usually 3-8 times longer than wide, with margins that are not parallel at the middle of the leaf. In addition, the apex of E. virgata is usually acute and the base is truncate to attenuate, while the apex of E. esula is rounded or subacute and the base is more gradually attenuate or cuneate. Mentions of E. esula in the North American flora and invasive species literature are now referred to E. virgata.

title: Euphorbia esula


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William Fox

William Fox may refer to:

Entertainment

 * William Fox (producer) (1879–1952), founder of movie studio Fox Film Corporation
 * William Fox (actor) (1911–2008), English comedy actor
 * William Fox (born 1939), birth and early professional name of James Fox
 * William Price Fox (1926–2015), American novelist and essayist
 * William Fox (organist), English organist

Politics

 * William Foxe (1480–1554), MP for Ludlow
 * William Fox (MP for City of York), 14th century Member of Parliament (MP) for City of York
 * William Fox (pamphleteer) (fl. 1791–1794), abolitionist
 * William Johnson Fox (1786–1864), British politician
 * William Fox (politician) (1812–1893), Premier of New Zealand
 * William H. Fox (1837–1913), Massachusetts lawyer, jurist, and politician

Sports

 * William Fox (footballer), Irish international footballer active in the 1880s
 * William Victor Fox (1898–1949), English footballer and cricketer
 * William Fox (wrestler) (1912–1999), English freestyle sport wrestler

Other

 * William Fox (fl. 17th century), Paymaster of the Forces of England
 * William Fox (pirate) (fl. 1717–1723), English pirate in the Caribbean
 * William Fox (deacon) (1736–1826), founder of the Sunday School Society
 * William Darwin Fox (1805–1880), English clergyman and amateur scientist
 * William Fox (palaeontologist) (1813–1881), English clergyman and palaeontologist
 * William Tilbury Fox (1836–1879), English dermatologist
 * William R. Fox (1837–1888), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * William F. Fox (1840–1909), American forester, author, member of 28th Regiment United States Colored Troops
 * William J. Fox (1897–1993), American military officer, engineer, and charro
 * William T. R. Fox (1912–1988), American professor of foreign policy at Columbia University
 * William Sherwood Fox (1878–1967), Canadian classical scholar
 * Ngataua Omahuru (c. 1863–1918), Māori lawyer, also known as William Fox

title: William Fox


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Talk:Euphorbia esula

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mermaid03, JennaVanParys, Tatortot9.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Rename suggestion
I'm not a biologist and would hope someone with a better knowledge of this will create the proper page from this. Being from Colorado, I've seen bumper stickers about "Fighting Leafy Spurge" and decided it needed an article. -- Decumanus 05:27, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is it native to North America or not? Part of the article says yes, and another part says no. Pollinator 05:46, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It an invasive species to North America and as an invasive grass, it does not taste pleasant to cattle and this economic reason is the reason why it is "more commonly known as" "Leafy Spurge" in English. In this case, I suggest that it be renamed.--75.37.29.140 (talk) 04:26, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euphorbia esula


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List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1995

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales and airplays.

Twelve singles topped the chart during the year. "On Bended Knee" by Boyz II Men began its peak at the top in 1994. The longest running number-one single of 1995 is "Fantasy" by Mariah Carey, which logged eight weeks atop the chart. The second longest-reigning number one single is a three-way tie between "Take a Bow" by Madonna, "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, and "Waterfalls" by TLC, with seven weeks each.

"One Sweet Day" by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men held the record for the longest running song at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 with 16 weeks. It also broke the 14-week record held by Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You" and Boyz II Men's "I'll Make Love to You". Five of those weeks were logged in 1995 and the other 11 weeks were logged in 1996. Michael Jackson's "You Are Not Alone" became the first single to debut at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 and holds the Guinness World Record as the first song in the 37-year history of the Billboard Hot 100 to debut at number one. In addition, "Fantasy", "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" by Whitney Houston, and "One Sweet Day" also debuted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100.

That year, 5 acts earned their first number one song: TLC, Montell Jordan, Seal, Coolio, and L.V. Mariah Carey and TLC were the only acts to hit number one more than once, with two songs each.

Additional sources

 * Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
 * Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
 * Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)
 * Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.


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Pinus serotina

Pinus serotina, the pond pine, black bark pine, bay pine, marsh pine, or pocosin pine,  is a pine tree found along the Southeastern portion of the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, from southern New Jersey south to Florida and west to southern Alabama. Pond pine distribution may be starting to spread west towards Mississippi and Tennessee.

Description
This pine often has a crooked growth pattern and an irregular top and grows up to 21 m high, rarely to 29 m. The needles are in bundles of three or four, and 15 – long. Pinus serotina will grow needles and little branches directly from the trunk, similar to the Pinus rigida (pitch pine), but the pitch pines will only grow in drier areas. The Pinus serotina is very similar to the common Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), but the key differences are they have direct needle growth from the trunk, are smaller in size, and tend not to grow straight. The bark of the pond pine forms rough plates. They are a brownish-red color. The pond pines are not as cold hardy as the loblolly and pitch pines. It takes 18 years for the pond pine to reach full maturity. The almost round cones are 5 – long with small prickles on the scales. Its cones are usually serotinous, requiring fire to open. The pollen cones are cylinder-shaped with a yellow, brownish color, and are up to 1.8 inches long. Seed cones need two years to mature after pollination. In some cases, they will drop their seeds, but in most Pinus serotina, they will persist and hold their seeds. The color of the seed cones and seed scales is red-brown in color. The foliar sheaths measure 0.4 to 0.8 with long bases. The seeds are ovule in shape, being 0.2 and 0.24 in length, and have an angled tip colored a pale brown. For seeds to be used for regeneration, seed trees that are 23 to 25 cm (9 - 10 inches) in DBH and 30 years old are expected to produce 5,000 seeds.

Taxonomy
Pinus serotina was described in 1803 by Andre Michaux. Pinus is a large genus of evergreen conifer trees. The species name serotina is derived from the persistently serotinous cones that may remain closed for several years before they release their seeds. Historically this species has been viewed as a subspecies of Pinus taeda. Similarly Pinus serotina has also been considered a subspecies of Pinus rigida (Pinus rigida subsp. serotina (1880)).

Habitat
Pinus serotina is primarily found in wet and poorly drained sites, most commonly in or near swamps, ponds, bays, marshes, and pocosins. This species is often associated with long leaf pine, Pinus palustris, due to similar requirements for frequent fire and pond pines needs fire to germinate. Pinus serotina is commonly found in wet and poorly drained sites, but it will grow very well in mineral soils. Pond pines are very useful in preventing erosion and improving water quality. Pinus serotina, thrive in flatwoods, flatwoods bogs, savannas, and barrens. At the north end of its range, pond pine intergrades and hybridizes with pitch pine (P. rigida); it is distinguished from that species by longer needles and on average slightly larger cones. Some botanists treat pond pine as a subspecies of pitch pine. Pinus serotina habitat include mild and humid climates. The average temperature ranges from 45 degrees F to 80 degrees F. The more extreme temperature ranges recorded for Pinus serotina are -10 degrees F and 110 degrees F. The average annual precipitation for Pinus serotina is between 44 and 55 inches.

Ecology
Pinus serotina stands provide habitat and support for many wildlife species, particularly for birds and mammals in wetlands and flatland environments. The pond pine is intolerant of shade. In order for reproduction to occur, Pinus serotina needs fire in the form of intense scorching or defoliation. The buds are dormant and protected by the tree's thick bark. When parts of the tree are top killed by fire, epicortical buds can resume growth. 15 to 20 seed trees are needed per hectare (6 to 8 acres) for the sufficient seed set after fire. Without the heat from a fire the seed fall is limited by the serotinous cones of pond pine. Pond pine seedling growth is often limited by the moisture in the soil, lack of nutrients, and competition. Under poor growing conditions pond pine seedlings grow can as little as 30 cm (12 inches) or less per year.

Uses
Even though the Pinus serotina has poor form and relatively slow growth, it can produce economically valuable tree stands of for pulpwood and saw timber where other trees will not grow. Tan or green dyes can be obtained from the needles of the Pinus serotina. A vanillin flavoring is obtained from the byproducts of the pulpwood's resins. It is suggested that Pinus serotina might be a valuable remedy to treat the kidney, and can be administered as a rub or in a steam bath. Pinus serotina may be useful in treating diseases of the mucous membrane and respiratory complaints.

Diseases and other issues
Several species of bark beetles attack southern pines including pond pine, the beetles include the Southern pine beetle, three species of the Ips engraver beetles, and the black turpentine beetle. These beetle species grind through conducting tissues of their hosts. Phloem damage leads pine needles fading from green, to light green, and death of the tree. These trees also face the eastern pine weevil and are susceptible to wind damage. Pinus serotina also faces red heart disease (Phellinus pini), a fungal disease of pines.

Conservation statues
The primary threat to the Pinus serotina is habitat loss of wet flatlands, peat-rich soils, sandy wet flatlands, and pocosins. Pinus serotina, allows for trees to regenerate by coppicing. Thus disturbances (e.g. fire) are required for this species to persist and recruit. Pinus serotina, is listed by the IUCN Red List as a species of least concern (LC) for extinction.

title: Pinus serotina


text:
Holland Smith

Holland McTyeire "Howlin' Mad" Smith, KCB (April 20, 1882 – January 12, 1967) was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He is sometimes called the "father" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare. His nickname, "Howlin' Mad" Smith, had been given to him by his troops in the Dominican Republic in 1916.

On the eve of World War II, General Smith directed extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training, which was a major factor in successful U.S. landings in both the Atlantic and Pacific. He subsequently helped prepare U.S. Army and Canadian troops for the Kiska and Attu landings, then led the V Amphibious Corps in the assaults on the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, the island of Saipan, and Tinian in the Marianas.

During the Marianas operation, besides the V Amphibious Corps, he commanded all Expeditionary Troops, including those that recaptured Guam. He then served as the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and headed Task Force 56 (Expeditionary Troops) at Iwo Jima, which included all the assault troops in that battle.

Early life
Holland Smith was born on April 20, 1882, in Hatchechubbee, Alabama, to John V. Smith and his wife Cornelia Caroline McTyeire, both from Dutch ancestry. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1901. He had already decided on a military career and had become first sergeant of a cavalry company in the Alabama National Guard. However, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alabama in 1903 and practiced law in Montgomery, Alabama, for a year. He then sought a commission in the Army, but as none were then open he was appointed a Marine second lieutenant on March 20, 1905. (He was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Alabama Polytechnic Institute.)

In April 1906, after completing the School of Application at Annapolis, Maryland, Smith sailed for the Philippines, where he served on expeditionary duty with the 1st Marine Brigade until September, 1908. He returned to the United States the following month and was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Annapolis, until December 1909, when he embarked for expeditionary duty in Panama. Returning from Panama in April 1910, he served at Annapolis, Puget Sound, Washington, San Diego, California, and the Recruiting Station, Seattle, Washington, before sailing in September 1912, to rejoin the 1st Marine Brigade in the Philippines.

He remained with the 1st Brigade until April 1914, when he took command of the Marine Detachment aboard USS Galveston (CL-19). He served in that capacity in Asiatic waters until July 1915. He returned to the United States the following month for duty at the Navy Yard, New Orleans, Louisiana. From there, he was ordered to the Dominican Republic in June 1916, as a member of the 4th Marine Regiment. During that unit's operations against native insurgents, he saw action in the march to Santiago and engagements at La Pena and Kilometer 29. Returning to the United States on May 30, 1917, he sailed for France and World War I just two weeks later as commander of the 8th Machine Gun Company, 5th Marines.

World War I

Smith's 8th Machine Gun company was assigned to the French Chasseurs Alpins to learn the tactics of the War from the experienced French troops. After this time the 8th was assigned to a camp to offload arriving American vessels, where Smith became second in command of the camp.

Smith was detached from the 5th Marines and sent to the Army General Staff College at Langres, from which he graduated in February 1918. He was the first of only six Marines ever to complete this course. He was then named Adjutant of the 4th Marine Brigade, which was a part of the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division, serving in a relatively quiet sector southeast of Verdun. During the fighting in and around Belleau Wood, he played "a vital though undramatic" role as brigade liaison officer, overseeing internal communications within the brigade. Transferred to the I Corps, First Army, in July 1918, he served as assistant operations officer in charge of liaison during the Aisne-Marne, Oisne-Aisne Offensive, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. On 25 November 1918, Smith was promoted to the temporary rank of major.

After the Armistice, he participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg as an assistant operations officer with the Third Army; during the occupation of Germany, he served with the General Staff, U.S. Army.

For his service at Belleau Wood, Smith was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm by the French government. He also received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, for which he was later awarded (in 1932) the Purple Heart, one of the first awarded for merit.

Post-World War I
Smith returned to the United States in April 1919. His next four years included duty at Norfolk, Virginia; study at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island; and service in Washington, D.C., with the War Plans Section of the Office of Naval Operations, where he was the first Marine officer to serve on the Joint Army-Navy Planning Committee. Leaving Washington in May 1923, he served aboard the battleships USS Wyoming (BB-32) and USS Arkansas (BB-33) as Fleet Marine Officer, U.S. Scouting Fleet, until September of that year.

In February 1924, after serving at Marine Corps Headquarters and in the West Indies in connection with joint Army-Navy maneuvers, Smith joined the Marine Brigade on expeditionary duty in Haiti, serving as that unit's chief of staff and officer in charge of operations and training. He returned in August 1925 to serve as chief of staff of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, Virginia. From September 1926 to June 1927, he was a student in the Marine Corps School, Quantico, then served as post quartermaster of the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard, from July 1927 to March 1931.

In April 1931, Smith began another tour of sea duty, this time aboard the USS California (BB-44) as aide to the commander and Force Marine Officer of the Battle Force, U.S. Fleet. From June 1933 to January 1935, he commanded the Marine barracks at the Washington Navy Yard, then and served the following two years at San Francisco, California, as chief of staff, Department of the Pacific. He was ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in March 1937 to serve two years as director of the Division of Operations and Training.

Smith served as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps under Major General Thomas Holcomb from April to September 1939, during which he was promoted to brigadier general.

World War II
General Smith then assumed command of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, taking that unit to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for extended amphibious training in October 1940. In February 1941, when the brigade was redesignated the U.S. 1st Marine Division, he became that organization's first commander. He returned with the division to Quantico in April 1941, and in June of that year he was detached from it to take command of the organization that eventually became the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet. Under this command, the 1st Marine Division and the 1st and 9th Army Divisions received their initial training in amphibious warfare. Smith was promoted to major general in October 1941.

Moving to San Diego in August 1942, the general took command of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, under which he completed the amphibious indoctrination of the 2d and 3d Marine Divisions before they went overseas, and the 7th Army Division and other units involved in the Aleutians operation. The Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, was later redesignated the V Amphibious Corps, and in September 1943, as commander of that unit, Smith arrived at Pearl Harbor to begin planning for the Gilbert Islands campaign. Promoted to lieutenant general in February 1944, he continued to lead the V Amphibious Corps until August 1944, when he was named commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, at Pearl Harbor. Subsequently, he commanded the Fleet Marine Force. In addition to that post, he commanded Task Force 56 in the Battle of Iwo Jima before returning to the United States in July 1945 to head the Marine Training and Replacement Command at Camp Pendleton, California. Holland was known for the quote "In our corps without responsibility and discipline we would not have won the Battle of Iwo Jima."

While planning for the 1945 assault on Okinawa, U.S. Navy Admirals Raymond Spruance and Richmond Turner wanted Smith to command the invasion forces. They were overruled by Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander in chief of Pacific Forces, because Smith had sacked a U.S. Army general, Ralph Smith, during the Saipan campaign, and justifiable animosity between senior U.S. Army staff existed towards Smith due to his service chauvinism. U.S. Army General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was appointed to command the Okinawa invasion.

Retirement
When Smith retired from the Marine Corps on May 15, 1946, he was promoted to general on the retired list for having been especially commended in combat. The 64-year-old took up residence in La Jolla, California, where he pursued his hobby, gardening.

Smith's wife, the former Ada B. Wilkinson, died in 1962. Following a long illness, Smith died on January 12, 1967, at the U.S. Naval Hospital in San Diego, California, aged 84. Funeral services were held on January 14 at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Chapel. He was interred with full military honors in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery overlooking San Diego harbor and North Island. Smith was survived by a son, Rear Admiral John V. Smith.

Military awards
Smith was awarded the following military decorations and awards:

Honors and recognitions
Camp H. M. Smith, located on Oahu, Hawaii, is a Marine Corps base named after Smith. It is home to the Pacific Command, Marine Forces Pacific and other commands.

There are two Marine Corps League Detachments in General Smith's name:
 * Detachment #93 – Howlin Mad – Hobart, Indiana
 * Detachment #592 – Howlin' Mad Smith – Birmingham, Alabama

In the film Flags of Our Fathers, General Smith is portrayed by actor Gordon Clapp.

In 1964, Smith received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

title: Holland Smith


text:
Andrew Project

The Andrew Project was a distributed computing environment developed at Carnegie Mellon University beginning in 1982. It was an ambitious project for its time and resulted in an unprecedentedly vast and accessible university computing infrastructure. The project was named after Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Mellon, the founders of the institutions that eventually became Carnegie Mellon University.

History
The Information Technology Center, a partnership of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), began work on the Andrew Project in 1982. In its initial phase, the project involved both software and hardware, including wiring the campus for data and developing workstations to be distributed to students and faculty at CMU and elsewhere. The proposed "3M computer" workstations included a million pixel display and a megabyte of memory, running at a million instructions per second. Unfortunately, a cost on the order of US made the computers beyond the reach of students' budgets. The initial hardware deployment in 1985 established a number of university-owned "clusters" of public workstations in various academic buildings and dormitories. The campus was fully wired and ready for the eventual availability of inexpensive personal computers.

Early development within the Information Technology Center, originally called VICE (Vast Integrated Computing Environment) and VIRTUE (Virtue Is Reached Through Unix and Emacs), focused on centralized tools, such as a file server, and workstation tools including a window manager, editor, email, and file system client code.

Initially the system was prototyped on Sun Microsystems machines, and then to IBM RT PC series computers running a special IBM Academic Operating System. People involved in the project included James H. Morris, Nathaniel Borenstein, James Gosling, and David S. H. Rosenthal.

The project was extended several times after 1985 in order to complete the software, and was renamed "Andrew" for Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Mellon, the founders of the institutions that eventually became Carnegie Mellon University. Mostly rewritten as a result of experience from early deployments, Andrew had four major software components:

AFS moved out of the Information Technology Center to Transarc in 1988. AMS was fully decommissioned and replaced with the Cyrus IMAP server in 2002.
 * The Andrew Toolkit (ATK), a set of tools that allows users to create and distribute documents containing a variety of formatted and embedded objects,
 * The Andrew Messaging System (AMS), an email and bulletin board system based on ATK, and
 * The Andrew File System (AFS), a distributed file system emphasizing scalability for an academic and research environment.
 * The Andrew Window Manager (WM), a tiled (non-overlapping windows) window system that allowed remote display of windows on a workstation display. It was one of the first network-oriented window managers to run on Unix as a graphical display. As part of the CMU's partnership with IBM, IBM retained the licensing rights to WM. WM was meant to be licensed under reasonable terms, which CMU thought would resemble a relatively cheap UNIX license, while IBM sought a more lucrative licensing scheme. WM was later replaced by X11 from Project Athena at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Its developers, Gosling and Rosenthal, would next develop the NeWS (Network extensible Window System).

The Andrew User Interface System
After IBM's funding ended, Andrew continued as an open source project named the Andrew User Interface System. AUIS is a set of tools that allows users to create and distribute documents containing a variety of formatted and embedded objects. It is an open-source project run at the Department of Computer Science at CMU. The Andrew Consortium governs and maintains the development and distribution of the Andrew User Interface System.

The Andrew User Interface System encompasses three primary components. The Andrew User Environment (AUE) contains the main editor, help system, user interface, and tools for rendering multimedia and embedded objects. The Andrew Toolkit (ATK) contains all of the formattable and embeddable objects, and allows a method for developers to design their own objects. ATK allows for multi-level object embedding, in which objects can be embedded in one another. For example, a raster image object can be embedded into a spreadsheet object. The Andrew Message System (AMS) provides a mail and bulletin board access, which allows the user to send, receive, and organize mail as well as post and read from message boards.

As of version 6.3, the following were components of AUIS:

Applications

 * Word processor (EZ)
 * Drawing Editor (Figure)
 * Mail and News Reader (Messages)
 * Mail and News Sender (SendMessage)
 * Font Editor (BDFfont)
 * Documentation Browser (Help)
 * Directory Browser (Bush)
 * Schedule Maintainer (Chump)
 * Shell Interface/Terminal (Console, TypeScript)
 * AUIS Application Menu (Launch)
 * Standard Output Viewer (PipeScript)
 * Preferences Editor (PrefEd)

Graphical and interactive editors

 * Equation Insert (EQ)
 * Animation Editor (Fad)
 * Drawing Editor (Figure)
 * Insert Layout Insert (Layout)
 * Display Two Adjacent Inserts (LSet)
 * Extension and String Processing Language (Ness)
 * Display and Edit Hierarchies (Org)
 * Page Flipper (Page)
 * Monochrome BMP Image Editor (Raster)
 * Spreadsheet Insert (Table)
 * Text, Document, and Program Editor (Text)

Wireless Andrew
Wireless Andrew was the first campus-wide wireless Internet network. It was built in 1993, predating Wi-Fi branding.

Wireless Andrew is a 2-megabit-per-second wireless local area network connected through access points to the wired Andrew network, a high-speed Ethernet backbone linking buildings across the CMU campus. Wireless Andrew consists of 100 access points covering six buildings on the campus. The university tested the setup with over 40 mobile units before allowing general use by researchers and students in February 1997.

title: Andrew Project


text:
Talk:Pete Wilson

Untitled
Removed the One-Strike section. It was ambiguous. If someone wants to add it back in, it should be a separate paragraph under "policies on Crime, not mixed in with the more controversial Three-Strikes. Ericstoltz —Preceding undated comment added 05:44, 25 May 2010 (UTC).

The article seems pretty neutral. I was a political reporter covering Wilson's run for Senate, and also lived in San Diego (but didn't vote for him) when he was mayor. Even his critics give him credit for his work transforming San Diego (the most successful mayor of the postwar era). The governor's part mentions Prop 187 and his anti-affirmative action efforts. Perhaps it should say "controversial". It also says he reduced infrastructure spending -- hardly flattering

-- The article is a little too pro-Wilson, not mentioning that he was the least popular governor of California in the state's history up to that time, and that he was widely hated by many sectors of the state's population. Additionally, his use of ethnic and racial stereotypes in the pro- Proposition 187 campaign, although helpful in getting him re-elected, greatly damaged the California Republican Party and in particular its popularity amongst Latinos, which has never completely healed. There should also be mention of his failed race for the Presidency, and his current role as advisor to Arnold Schwarzenegger.

 * The idea that Wilson damaged the Republican Party of California is completely false. Wilson and Lundgren hardly suffered at all with Latino voters.  (Lundgren actually lost because his percentage of the white vote fell dramatically.)   Here is an excellent article examining the figures and debunking the myth: http://www.amconmag.com/2006/2006_05_08/cover.html  24.113.82.222 10:40, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

-- In my opinion, it is pretty darn accurate and unbiased. Every politician in history have had haters. I believe the key thread of any summary biography is the consensus. For example, the fact that he won overwhelmingly over Kathleen Brown is far more important than the fact that at one time during his governorship he had poor poll numbers ie: don't election results trump mid-year poll numbers? And the above comment states that he used racial and ethnic stereotypes in the bid for Prop. 187. I lived through that campaign and don't remember anything to support that accusation. And, with over 40% of California Latinos voting for Prop. 187, the argument doesn't hold water. Again, with 187 winning by a large margin, I believe that this is more important than the fringe groups trying to make Wilson something out that he is not. Because if he is a racist, then the majority of Californians are too.

There should be a mention of his failed race for the Presidency. There already is mention of his role as advisor to Arnold Schwarzenegger.

---

I think this is very pro-Wilson. I think quips like this "and obtained anti-fraud meansures that drove down workers' compensation premiums by 40 percent" mislead the reader into thinking that he left California with a great and wonderful workers compensation system.

A more balanced approach might be:

"He successfully obtained anti-fraud measures in California's workers' compensation system. Some believe these were responsible for lowering premiums by 40 percent during his administration, while others believe that the reduction in workers' compensation premiums were largely due to improving share prices on the stock markets.  After the Governor left office the same workers' compensation that was in place suffered from huge increases in premiums when the stock market began to fall, a point that was then used by Governor Wilson's campaign to aid Arnold Schwarzenegger in his bid for the California Governorship."

Pete Wilson did not announce his presidential candidacy at the statue of liberty. And their were no hispanic protesters. He announced his candidacy at the Los Angeles Police Academy in September of 1995. How do I know.. I was there when he announced it.

That is correct. Wilson did not announce his candidacy at the statue of liberty nor were there hispanic protesters. I was at the speech he made in front of the statue of liberty, which was done shortly after he announced and I didn't see any protesters, hispanic or not. This lie came from Mother Jones magazine and is completely incorrect. This is another example of a mis-information campaign meant to sully a great public servan't legacy, but the facts are the facts.

Going back to workers' comp reform in California, Wilson in 1993 did indeed a reform measure - one of the top barriers to strong economic growth in California, the business community will tell you. During his time in office, costs were cut up to $4 billion annually, which did translate to a 40% decline for California companies. Those savings were passed along to reduce costs for California employees and raise benefits for injured workers.

Bottom line: workers' comp reform is like squeezing a balloon -- squeeze one side, another side bulges. It's a problem that plagued Wilson, then his successor, Gray Davis, and now Schwarzenegger.

Here's a good rundown on the workers's comp situation in California during the Wilson years and beyond, courtesty of UC-Berkley's Institute of Government Studies (the link: http://www.igs.berkeley.edu/library/htWorkersCompensation.htm#Topic3):

"In 1993, the Legislature passed an employer- and labor-supported package of reform bills which targeted perceived fraud, the rising number of "stress" cases and the costs associated with vocational rehabilitation benefits. Fraud penalties were increased and psychiatric cases over stress were eliminated in many cases. Vocational rehabilition was capped at $16,000 per employee.

Legislation passed in 1994 SB 30 (Johnston, D-Stockton) removed the floor on premiums which insurance companies specializing in the sale of workers' compensation insurance could charge. Effective January 1, 1995, insurance companies could sell workers' compensation coverage for whatever they wanted, reportedly 7-15% below cost. Insurance Commissioner Chuck Quackenbush reported that employers paid $3.9 billion less in insurance premiums in 1995 than in 1993. By 1997 insurance companies dealing in workers' compensation policies were beginning to go out of business or were taken over by the California Dept. of Insurance when audits revealed large shortfalls in cash reserves to cover claims.

Although tax rates for unemployment insurance decreased 3 years in a row during the last 3 years of the Wilson administration (1995-97), and insurers were charging employers less for coverage, workers' disability benefits had not changed since 1991. When Gray Davis was elected governor in 1998 he pledged to support legislation increasing workers' benefits. However, between 1999 and 2001 Governor Davis vetoed three measures to raise workers' benefits, citing unacceptable costs to employers and the risk of driving jobs out of California. The 2001 measure, SB 71 (Burton, D-San Francisco) was widely believed to be a compromise that both business and labor would approve. However, Davis vetoed the legislation on the ground that the unexpectedly severe energy crisis was already a serious deterrent to job growth in California and he was unwilling to add more costs to employers for workers' compensation benefits.

Gray Davis faced re-election in 2002. On November 28, 2001 the California Federation of Labor endorsed him on the understanding that he would re-open talks on workers' compensation reform. On February 15, 2002 Davis signed AB 749 (Calderon, D-Norwalk).

AB 749 increased minimum and maximum weekly payments for temporary and permanent disability in addition to doubling death benefits for workers' families. It assessed harsher penalties for failure of businesses to carry workers' compensation insurance and for fraud practiced by both employee and employer. Premiums for the state's largest provider of workers' compensation insurance were projected to decline an average of 2.9% in January, 2003. While critics said this fell far below the 14.9% cuts sought by state officials, many considered it a more straightforward piece of legislation than many of its predecessors.

In 2003 additional reforms were included in two bills signed by Governor Davis in the waning days of his administration. AB 227 and SB 228 established standardized rates for every medical care provider, including outpatient surgery centers, set fee schedules for pharmaceuticals, capped the number of visits to chiropracters and physical therapists, and required "utilization reviews" which would set care standards for injuries. Although hailed as a major overhaul of workers' compensation by Davis, who maintained that the bills would cut over $6 billion from workers' compensation costs, business leaders and Republicans in the Legislature questioned the savings estimates. The Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau, the leading insurance industry research group, calculated that the reforms would save only $3 to $5 billion. Compensation costs in California have risen from $9 billion in 1993 to $32 billion in 2002.

Despite these reforms, workers' compensation in California remained one of the most expensive systems."

I'd love for someone to sow me one example of Pete Wilson used a "racial" or "ethnic stereotype" in running for office. The grandson of immigrants, and a governor who appointed Latinos and African-Americans to senior positions in the executive and judiciary branches, he was always careful to point out the benefits of legal immigration, whereas crossing the border illegally is indeed a federal crime -- hence, "right way, wrong way".

Critics invariably point to the "they keep coming ad" in the 1994 governor's race. But the stock footage wasn't something Wilson's campaign invented. It was footage shot by the Border Patrol, at a U.S.-Mexico checkpoint. It wasn't a stereotype, but was typical of the mess we have in policing our border -- a responsiblity the federal govenment seeming can't adequately address.

We're going to hear a lot about immigration between now and 2008 (has anyone noticed how Hillary is trying to outflank Republicans by calling for tougher border control?), so it's important to set the record straight, imo.

Can we use terms like "[programs] that many believe"? Often times, the effects of political programs, even following many years of hindsight, are highly debatable. This article fails in the same way most political biographies on Wikipedia fail - it skims over the inherent ambiguity of the effects of public policy decisions.

Additionally, per comment #2, "haters" is slang, and has no proper use in a Wikipedia article or discussion.

I can't believe nobody wrote about Wilson's name being mentioned in Rage Against the Machine's song "Without a Face".

11/18/05
________________________________________________________

Can we use terms like "[programs] that many believe"? Often times, the effects of political programs, even following many years of hindsight, are highly debatable. This article fails in the same way most political biographies on Wikipedia fail - it skims over the inherent ambiguity of the effects of public policy decisions.

Additionally, per comment #2, "haters" is slang, and has no proper use in a Wikipedia article or discussion.

05/08/06
Stumbling on this page, it's *very* clear that the balance in this article is minimal. The picture painted for this governor is rather rosy, with only a small amount of critical balance applied. I've added some more information about his budgetary practices as San Diego mayor and as governor, which could easily be expanded on. His changes to the budget, and the legislation that he promoted, caused significant long-term effects on the California economy.

It is debatable about whether the workers' comp reforms he supported actually proved effective, as the system as a whole has definitely proven to be one problem after another. It is easily documentable, however, that he merged many state agencies without increasing their budget, and consistently reduced spending for many projects. While this did result in a leaner expense bill for the state, reduced infrastructure spending - in both San Diego and California - is one of the primary causes for poorly maintained roads, highways, and state lands. If there's no money for maintenance, there's no maintenance, plain and simple.

I documented some easy-to-find examples of the non-rose-tinted aspects of his changes in spending. I think the least biased section, before my additions, was the segment on Energy Deregulation. Otherwise, I think there is still some significant bias, especially in the type of wording used.

This has now gone the opposite way. The recent major changes are now almost 100% critical. I liked it the way it was before.

Accurate, fact-based criticisms are necessary as a balance to accurate, fact-based acknowledgements. Facts are facts. Instead of providing direct credit to someone that was not solely responsible (i.e., he did not personally provide unsubsidized health care, did he?), it is much more accurate to state what happened during his term, credit him with the things he did, and credit him with what he supported (rather than wording it as if he single-handedly accomplished various things).

A perfect example is his time as Mayor of San Diego. At the time, the Mayor was essentially only the chair of the city council - he could only be called a proponent, rather than having done anything single-handedly.

Additionally, the "100% critical" additions could easily be joined by much more. Previously, there was a ton of credit, and one less-than-positive aspect to the article. Now, there's more balance. And balance, by the way, is how to minimize bias.

Why Doesn't anyone on here sign their name?
Its kind of important in a discussion like this to know who your talking to, at least a screen name or online persona, or else you just have a lost of anonymous paragraphs arguing with each, each saying they know what they know be personal experience and rarely quoting a soure--Dudeman5685 02:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

-

Wilson's Infrastucture Record
I didn’t realize that Pete Wilson did such a lousy job as mayor of San Diego. Somebody should tell the locals, beginning with the Greater San Diego Chamber of Commerce, which every year hands out a “Pete Wilson Courageous Leadership Award” for exemplary leadership in service to the San Diego region.

What Wilson did offer as mayor was vision. Consider what’s going on in New Orleans post-Katrina: lots of confusion over how to rebuild.

San Diego wouldn’t have such problems thanks to reforms implemented by Wilson decades ago. He created a nonprofit corporation which delegates authority to act as the city’s agent in making the complex real estate deals that will be essential to redevelopment – a nonprofit with a paid staff and a board of volunteer real estate and land-use professionals.

The result was that the pace of redevelopment of downtown San Diego remarkably accelerated, transforming a decaying core with a declining tax and job base into one of America’s most vibrant and thriving urban environments.

To suggest that Wilson was not attentive to California’s infrastructure needs simply isn’t true. Among his accomplishments:

Then-Gov. Wilson opened the first two major freeways in California in nearly a decade – the Stockton Crosstown Freeway and the Century Freeway in Los Angeles.

In 1994, Wilson signed legislation establishing the California Infrastructure Bank (CIB) to assist local government in financing improvements to streets, sewers, drainage and flood-control systems, schools and parks, and public transit lines. Wilson broke ground on the first privately financed toll road to be built in California in more than 50 years, the State Route 91 toll road in Orange County.

Wilson improved the state's water system by completing an emergency connection giving the City of San Francisco access to state water, beginning construction of the second phase of the Coastal Aqueduct, and expanding and enlarging a number of facilities. Among his first acts in office as governor was creating a State Water Bank to broker deals between buyers and sellers.

Wilson was also the state’s most prominent champion of the Alameda Corridor Project, successfully pushing the federal government to get that plan off the ground and running (the Corridor, a 22-mile truck- and railway connecting downtown L.A. with the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, handles about 25% of the nation's waterborne trade). I’d expand the definition of “infrastructure to include military-base reuse. The conversion of Fort Ord from an Army base to CSU-Monterey Bay occurred on his watch, as did the handing-over of several military airfields statewide.

And I’d include earthquake recovery in this discussion as well. On this front, Wilson has impeccable credentials. Due to his administration’s cutting through red tape and unnecessary delays, freeways devastated by the Northridge Earthquake were rebuilt within 291 days, years ahead of schedule.

-- I agree. Wilson also stopped most of the suburban sprawl occurring in the north part of the city (Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Peñasquitos and Mira Mesa), not because he was against improving infrastructure, but because he let the state and housing developers know that there would be no more expansion in the area until old 395 was finally converted from a 4 lane road into Interstate 15. Developers didn't like it in the short run, but in the long run that area is a beautiful example of planned development with the necessary infrastructure in place.

On another note, the idea that Wilson was responsible for the state's financial situation in the early '90s totally ignores the fact that the Early 1990s recession in the United States was happening, and the state was still reeling from the effects of California Proposition 13 (1978). He wasn't a great governor, but to blame him for the effects of the recession is just as stupid as the recall of Gray Davis, which was a result of the Early 2000s recession. 47.185.104.184 (talk) 19:07, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

This is a header, please use it
I usually end up at this article by following the links from other articles. And I am sure not everything about Pete Wilson is great. I'm sure that each politician has his or her share of lovers or haters, but that does not apply here. What is required are facts, not opinions, assumptions, or unverifiable conclusions. We are not here to give conclusions on poll numbers, policies, or personal conduct -the best approach would be to provide the aforementioned poll numbers, policies, and personal conduct so that the reader can create his or her own personal conclusions. Additionally, when giving facts, we must provide everything as well as package it in a neutral point of view (i.e. "His policies on ... benefited ... however ..."). Please leave politics to the politicians.

I would really wish for the perfect governor, but I am skeptical that such a thing could exist. I'm not saying that Wilson was a horrible person or governor, but that not all of his policies were the best, and for anything that is considered a success, someone will argue that it was failure of some sort. Additionally, we can't go to unverifiable conclusions like "In recent years, as San Diego has struggled with keeping up with rising costs of overdue maintenance, many have pointed to the budget changes from Wilson's term as significantly contributing to the challenge of catching up in this regard." This sentence sounds like his budget policies were a deciding factor in this, however it is unverifiable.

In all honesty, the "Governor" subsection of the article looks like it was lifted off of campaigning materials.

On an irrelevant matter, please sign your comments using the four tildes.Cikoykip 10:08, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Tagged for bias
This page is not neutral. It is overly pro-Wilson in its word choice instead of sounding encyclopedic. The section concerning the California energy crisis does not address any role Wilson might have played in its cause. Many democrats can be sourced for blaming Wilson for the crisis. calbear22 July 28, 2007.

Tagged for bias
This page is not neutral. It is overly pro-Wilson in its word choice instead of sounding encyclopedic. The section concerning the California energy crisis does not address any role Wilson might have played in its cause. Many democrats can be sourced for blaming Wilson for the crisis. calbear22 July 28, 2007.

I added a little bit about how there's a metal band called Brujeria who wrote a song that was critical of Wilson's immigration policies and it was removed on grounds of not contributing to the article. Why is simply mentioning that there are people in the world who don't agree 100% with Pete Wilson grounds for censorship? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nohardfelines (talk • contribs) 23:11, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Sources and References
The sourcing in this article needs improvement. There are no inline citations in the text of this article. Some information might be unsourced. User:calbear22 07:11, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Term limits fact
Previous version of the Wilson page suggested that Wilson enacted term limits. While it could be said that he, as an executive, is enacting and enforcing the laws like term limits, such a statement is misleading. It implies that Wilson had a more direct hand in the passage of term limits, as if he signed term limits into law as governor. However, this is not true as term limits were passed in a voter initiative. I changed the article text to remove the confusion. Sourced California term limits from initiative with http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legismgt/about/supca.htm. User:calbear22 06:52, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Overtime
Wilson will be remembered (not!) for what he did to worker's overtime pay back in 1998.

The same reason apples to his association with the D-Day Museum. American D-Day veterans were a mixed group, the impoverished were not left out (pre-dates the Vietnam poverty issue by a few years). Whole CCC crews were drafted and sent to the English Channel. The Depression was more than just a word to these people, it represented years and years of hunger and poverty, humiliation that dug so deeply into America it will always be felt. Wilson and his Republicans revive that pain. These Americans were the people on Normandy Beach, and they weren't Pete Wilson.

When Wilson takes away overtime pay, he takes away the same food that our fathers fought to bring to us. There's no talk about hypocritical Democrats here, just Republican war profiteers who will always try to make themselves look palatable on the backs of the poor.

Do America a favor, fire Pete Wilson! Let him eat food stamp food for a while. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.212.157.235 (talk) 02:00, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Unnecessary information in lead
The lead section of this article, after giving a summary of Wilson's career, contains these lines: "On September 27, 2007, Wilson endorsed Rudy Giuliani for United States President. On February 4, 2008, Wilson endorsed John McCain as candidate for U.S. Presidency in a recording disseminated by telephone call on the eve of Super Tuesday. Giuliani dropped out of the race after the Florida primary." Does this really belong in the lead? It seems to me that it belongs more in the articles Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008 and John McCain presidential campaign, 2008 - it's information related to Giuliani and McCain rather than Wilson, and will swiftly become out-of-date (if it hasn't already). If it does belong in the article, it should probably be further down the page, in the section about his life since leaving office. Terraxos (talk) 13:37, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Move/remove Presidential Endorsements from Opening Text
The Nov 2008 election is far over. Who agrees it's time to move this presidential endorsement to a latter part of Wilson's article, or even remove them all together as they have little importance considering he's a Republican who endorsed another Republican. (go figure, right?) Zpowers (talk) 22:40, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Question
Is it true on the end of his second term as state governor, the Gallup/AP poll on January 1998 listed his approval rating was at a whoppoing 70 percent? That would made him the third most liked or popular governor after George Deukmejian before Wilson and Ronald Reagan in between Edmund Brown and his son Jerry Brown who's running for governor in 2010. It is often said by political critics that the failed governor Grey Davis was Wilson's colleague, the 2003 governor recall election campaign warning voters that electing (the current governor) Arnold Schwarzenegger was like "bringing back Wilson" and same is now going out about the candidate for governor Meg Whitman. I just mentioned all the California state governors in the past 50 years (1960-2009) who should taken responsibility for the mismanagement of the state and a major negative influence in the US government as well. + 71.102.11.193 (talk) 12:21, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External link to interview on nuclear policy?
Would an interview with Pete Wilson from 1987 be useful here as an external link? Focus of conversation is nuclear weapons policy. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_A646AB79222F449EBD278C5392EBE716 (I helped with the site, so it would be conflict of interest for me to just add it.) Mccallucc (talk) 21:59, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pete Wilson


text:
List of cities in Portugal

This is a list of cities in Portugal. In Portugal, a city (cidade) is an honorific term given to locations that meet several criteria, such as having a minimum number of inhabitants, good infrastructure (schools, medical care, cultural and sports facilities), or have a major historical importance. The country's demographic expansion of the 1980s prompted the elevation of several towns to city status and, as of 2018, 159 locations in Portugal are considered a city.

Overview
In Portugal, the city is not an administrative division, therefore a city generally does not necessarily correspond to a municipality, which is the second-level local government in the country. Some entirely urban municipalities do coincide with cities, such as Lisbon, Porto, Funchal, Amadora, Entroncamento, and São João da Madeira.

The municipality with the most cities is Paredes Municipality, which contains four cities.

Until 1910, a location was proclaimed city by royal charter (carta régia), which happened 25 times to current Portuguese cities (royal charters were also granted to cities of the Portuguese Empire; for example, São Paulo in 1711). During the Portuguese First Republic, the process was transferred to the parliament, which elevated three towns to the category of city. The dictatorial Estado Novo regime proclaimed seven cities on the Portuguese mainland (as well as some more in the colonies), this time by government decree. After the 1974 Carnation Revolution, proclamation of cities returned to parliament and now, Portugal has 156 cities, one of the consequences being that the title no longer holds the prestige it once had.

Eight locations have been always considered cities since Portugal became an independent kingdom (de facto 1128): Braga, Coimbra, Lamego, Porto and Viseu, as well as Évora, Lisbon and Silves, which were annexed at a later date. Guarda was the first city proclaimed as part of the independent kingdom, in 1199.

City designation
In Portugal, a locality can only be called a city if more than 8,000 inhabitants live in the city's urban area. In addition, at least half of the following infrastructure must be present:

 * Hospital
 * Pharmacy
 * Fire department
 * Event center and cultural center
 * Museum and library
 * Hotel
 * Primary and secondary school
 * Pre-school and kindergarten
 * Public transportation
 * Garden or public park

Cities being towns
In Portugal there are localities with more than 8,000 inhabitants and with the required infrastructure installed, but not having the designation of "city", but rather as "town", for example:

 * Algueirão-Mem Martins
 * Corroios
 * Rio de Mouro
 * Cascais
 * Sintra

Towns being cities
Just as there are "cities" being "towns", there are also "towns" being "cities", because they have the required infrastructure in place, but have no more than 8,000 inhabitants or because since the locality received the designation "city" it has lost over the years the 8,000 inhabitants, for example:

 * Miranda do Douro
 * Santana
 * Sabugal
 * Peso da Régua
 * Reguengos de Monsaraz

Metropolitan Areas
Portugal's two metropolitan areas, Lisbon with over 2.8 million inhabitants and Porto with over 1.7 million inhabitants, are the largest agglomerations in the country. In the two metropolitan areas, in addition to the large cities of Lisbon and Porto, there are other cities that together form the metropolitan area.

The Lisbon Metropolitan Area consists of the large city of Lisbon, but also the cities of Amadora, Queluz, Setúbal, Almada, Agualva-Cacém, etc.

The Porto Metropolitan Area is made up of the large city of Porto, but also the cities of Vila Nova de Gaia, Gondomar, Rio Tinto, Póvoa de Varzim, Matosinhos, etc.

Large cities outside metropolitan areas
There are also large cities in Portugal that do not belong to any metropolitan area. These cities are mostly capitals of sub-regions that are not considered metropolitan areas because the population is mainly located in the capital of the sub-region.

The city of Braga is the capital of the sub-region of Cávado.

The city of Funchal is the capital of the autonomous region of Madeira.

The city of Coimbra is the capital of the sub-region Região de Coimbra.

Urban areas
The following list shows the number of inhabitants and the population density of each respective city. Only the inhabitants living in the urban area are counted, not the inhabitants living in the entire municipality.

In the case of large cities like Vila Nova de Gaia, Braga, Coimbra and Setubal, the inhabitants of the entire municipality are not listed, because the municipality does not only include the city, but also other towns and villages around the city, which nevertheless belong to the municipality, but form a separate parish and therefore do not belong to the respective city.

In the case of large cities like Lisbon, Porto, Amadora and Funchal, the inhabitants of the entire municipality are listed because the city spreads over the entire municipality and the respective parishes within the municipality are seen as "neighborhoods".

Cities with an italic font are capitals of subregions, cities with a bold font are capitals of regions.

title: List of cities in Portugal


text:
Pinus echinata

The shortleaf pine or Pinus echinata is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the United States. The shortleaf pine is sometimes referred to as the "old field", "spruce", "rosemary", "yellow", "two-leaf" and "heart" pine. The common name "shortleaf pine" may refer to other species like loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), based on a custom in the Southeastern United States to only refer to pines as either "long-leaf" or "short-leaf". However, P. echinata can be distinguished from other pines by examining its short leaves and small cones.

Description
The tree is variable in form, sometimes straight, sometimes crooked, with an irregular crown. The tree reaches heights of 80–100 feet. In areas that have optimal growing conditions, the height reached is between 24–27 m (100 to 120 ft). The trunk diameter ranges between 0.5–0.9 m (1+1⁄2–3 ft) and averages between 0.6–0.9m (two to three ft).

The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles (bundles) of two and three mixed together, and from 7 – long. The cones are 4 – long, with thin scales with a transverse keel and a short prickle. They open at maturity but are persistent. Shortleaf pine seedlings develop a persistent J-shaped crook near the ground surface. Axillary and other buds form near the crook and initiate growth if the upper stem is killed by fire or is severed.

The bark has resin pockets (sometimes called pitch patches), which form small depressions, less than 1 mm in diameter. This feature can be used to distinguish P. echinata from all other Pinus species within its native range. For example, the bark of a loblolly tree is slightly darker, thicker, and more furrowed and rigged in comparison to the shortleaf pine at the beginning of its lifespan, but when it starts maturing these differences fade; however, the resin pockets are still visible on shortleaf pine and can used for identification.

The crown is a pyramidal head that contains several small branches. It does not change much throughout the tree's lifetime.

The tree has very strong roots, and thus it is able to withstand high winds; additionally, the tree can survive in very dry conditions. The roots are able to reach great depths to search for water. It is believed the roots are this long due to the wide range of the species that consequently experiences varying climate.

Shortleaf pine can be found in a variety of soils including, stiff clay, gravel, and sand. Although the species is not soil-specific, they do not thrive in wet or very poorly drained conditions.

Taxonomy
The shortleaf pine is in the Pinus subgenus. The epithet of echinata means "spiny" and refers to "hedgehog", from echinus. It naturally hybridizes with Pinus taeda; the hybrid typically has a closer resemblance to P. echinata. It was named by Phillip Miller, and the date of publication was April 16, 1768.

Distribution and habitat
Shortleaf pine has the largest range of the southern US yellow pines. It is found from southernmost New York, south to northern Florida, west to eastern Texas and Oklahoma. This pine occupies a variety of habitats from rocky uplands to wet flood plains.

Since the shortleaf pine has such a large range, it can use many different soils. Most shortleaf pines grow in soils that have low organic matter in subsurface horizons and are relatively moist. The shortleaf pine grows in altitudes of up to 3,000 feet in the Southern Appalachians.

There are 85 different forest types that the shortleaf pine is a component, spanning 22 states in the U.S. Generally speaking, the volume of shortleaf pines has decreased over time across the U.S.

Ecology
The shortleaf pine occurs in various habitats such as hardwood forests and open woodlands. The soils, geology, hydrology, and interaction with fire all influence the community structure of the species. It is able to grow in several different hydrological gradients, including sand hills, sandstone hills, and slopes. It occurs in rolling uplands and mesic lowlands. It also occurs in several different forest types; these forest types depend on the classification scheme. According to the Society of American Foresters, the shortleaf pine is found in eighteen different forest cover types and sixty NatureServe plant communities.

Fire plays a key role in shortleaf pines ecology, fire influences their maintenance, structure, composition, regeneration, and establishment. Fire reduces competition with different tree species which increases shortleaf pine survival, and it also prepares the soil for regeneration. Shortleaf pine typically respond well to prescribed fire. With frequent fire, the species can occur in savanna environments, with a very diverse understory and prime habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker.

The tree frequently hybridizes naturally with loblolly pine and pitch pine where their ranges intersect. Hybridization with loblolly pine has become increasingly frequent in recent decades and results in hybrids with lower fire tolerance.

Uses
Shortleaf pine is a source of wood pulp, plywood veneer, and lumber for a variety of uses. The shortleaf pine is one of the southern US "southern yellow pines"; it is also occasionally called southern yellow pine or the shortstraw pine. The wood from the shortleaf pine is used commercially for creating flooring and beams. In the past, it was used in building ship masts, and during the Revolutionary War and into the 1800's, it was a major timber source for homes. The shortleaf pine is famous for lightwood, also known as fat wood: a resinous wood that is well known for lighting fires. A strong fire with this wood only requires a kitchen match.

The turpentine that is found in the resin of the tree can be used for treatment of the kidney and bladder. It can be used for treating rheumatic infections as a rub or steam bath; it can also be used internally. It has proven useful for treating respiratory illnesses, such as influenza, coughs, colds, and TB. It can also be used dermally for burns, sores, wounds, and boils.

Conservation
There has been a 53% decline of the shortleaf pine since 1980 due to a lack of disturbance required for regeneration of the species, and impacts of farming and extensive logging. Fire exclusion, land conversion, and land development have negative impacts on shortleaf pine.

The Shortleaf Pine Initiative (SPI) was launched in the spring of 2013 to help combat this issue. SPI is composed of state and federal agencies, as well as public and private organizations. There was a range-wide conservation plan released in June 2016 that aimed to increase coordination with shortleaf proponents and maximize current conservation strategies to optimize restoration strategies. This plan has a primary focus on restoring woodlands that were either dominated or co-dominated by shortleaf pines in the past. It is intended to be utilized by natural resource managers, wildlife and conservation biologists, and foresters, as well as policymakers and landowners.

According to NatureServe, the Pinus echinata conservation status is "critically imperiled" in New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Conversely, it is "secure" in North Carolina and Virginia.

Genetics
The shortleaf pine is a diploid organism that has twelve pairs of chromosomes. The genome of the shortleaf is comparatively similar to that of other pine species. The C value of the shortleaf pine, or the amount of DNA of a species chromosome, is 21.73 pg when measured utilizing laser flow cytometry.

The genome of the shortleaf pine is not sequenced; however, loblolly pine genomic information can be used in comparative genetic studies regarding the shortleaf pine.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) launched a genetic improvement program in the 1960s that aimed to increase the genetic diversity of the species, which is crucial for effective restoration of the species, by breeding trees and conducting progeny tests. This program posed inadvertent effects, as it opened the opportunity of crossbreeding with the loblolly pine. Fast growth is a desirable trait among trees, and this is usually a characteristic of hybrid trees; in turn, breeders are inclined to select these traits. Shortleaf pine orchards are also often adjacent to loblolly pine orchards, which could cause hybrid breeding to occur as well.

title: Pinus echinata


text:
Talk:Savannah (steamboat)

Famous voyage
er....what famous voyage? Kingturtle 05:42, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Just a couple of corrections. Scarborough is spelled Scarbrough. President Monroe visited Savannah for the launching of the steamship, not Madison. Madison was no longer in office in 1819. Further, President Monroe resided at William Scarbrough's house during his visit to Savannah.

- Ships of the Sea Maritime Museum, located in the Historic William Scarbrough House, Savannah, GA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.24.248.18 (talk) 19:03, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Steamship?
If she only used her steam engine on 18 days, how's she first steamship to make the crossing? Seems like she ought to actually be under steam...like the Canadian Royal William was, in 1831... (OK, I'm a bit national chauvinist...) (Built, I also note, by Moson at Montreal...) Trekphiler 20:36, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the claim remains, I tagged it.  Trekphiler (talk) 01:03, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

I added the newspaper quote because I thought it funny and informative and adding additional info to the story. However, apparently I don't know enough about format to make it appear properly in the text. Perhaps someone will fix it so the whole info shows. MM. 1/18/06

Largest?
I have no problem with a article about "the first steamship to cross the Atlantic though not entirely by steam." This IS a "famous" voyage, in my experience: motive power notwithstanding, Savannah is more widely noticed that Curacao or Royal William, though they deserve at least equal acclaim. There must be a reason that the nuclear ship Savannah was not named the nuclear ship Curacao.

What's new to me is the other claim, that this was the largest passenger ship. No tonnage is listed.

Eugene W. Smith's Passenger Ships of the World (pp.239-40) gives Savannah only 319 tons. Are we really to believe that nothing bigger was afloat, and if so, on what evidence?

Smith also says, BTW, that she used her engines for a total of four days.

Terry J. Carter (talk) 00:59, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the "World's largest passenger ship" navbox. There is nothing in any of the sources I've seen to indicate that Savannah ever qualified for this distinction, and I don't think it's the sort of thing a reliable source would be likely to omit. Gatoclass (talk) 05:22, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

 * There was still a link to Savannah from the "World's largest passenger ship" succession box at SS Royal William. I've removed it. --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 20:31, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Savannah (steamboat)