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Simón Trinidad

Simón Trinidad (born July 30, 1950) is the alias of Juvenal Ovidio Ricardo Palmera Pineda, a high-ranking member of the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and reputedly the first high-ranking member of that guerrilla group to be captured. "Simón Trinidad" is currently serving a 60-year sentence in solitary confinement in the United States at ADX Florence "Supermax" prison near Florence, Colorado with a scheduled release date of February 17, 2055.

Early life
Palmera was born into a traditional landowner family in the city of Valledupar in the Colombian northern Cesar Department, on July 30, 1950. Son of Liberal leader Juvenal Palmera and Alicia Pineda de Palmera. He was named Juvenal Ricardo Ovidio Palmera Pineda, with an unusual third name to his name. He is known to have three siblings: two sisters, Leonor and Elsa and a brother, Jaime.

He spent most of his childhood in Valledupar, where he attended middle school classes in the public school Colegio Nacional Loperena, one of the better schools in the city at that time. He also frequented the Valledupar Social Club. Part of his high school education was completed in the Colegio Helvetia in Bogotá. He spent his last two years of schooling in Cartagena, in the Naval School of Cartagena. He then enrolled in the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University, in Bogotá, where he studied Economics. It is frequently said that he also attended Harvard University, where supposedly he completed graduate work in business economics, however he does not speak English as he recognized during an interview in 2012.

After graduation, he returned to Valledupar and started working for the government-owned agrarian bank Caja Agraria del Cesar as a financial adviser. During this time he married.

He then started to work for the administrative staff of the Popular University of Cesar and also became part of the academic cadre as a professor of Colombian Economic History in the Administrative Sciences Department. At the same time, he also worked as bank manager for the privately owned Banco del Comercio (Bank of Commerce).

While teaching at the Popular University of Cesar, Palmera, some fellow professors and others became leftists. They perceived that bipartisan Colombian administrations ignored the pleas of the poor peasants in the area for fairer credit and land reform. By September 1981, Palmera, Jaime Sierra, Tomás Agudelo and Federico Palacios Romaña had created a group named Los Independientes (The Independents) of Marxist-Leninist orientation. They also supported the Patriotic Union Party created in 1985. This party was subject to political violence from drug lords, paramilitaries and military agents, leading to the forced disappearances, kidnappings and assassinations of many of its members, while others later became active guerrillas or refugees overseas.

In 1987, after a peasant strike in the Alfonso López plaza in Valledupar, Palmera stole 30 million pesos from the bank where he was working as a manager and escaped into the mountains, apparently joining the FARC at this time. He also took with him financial records that he would later use for extortions and kidnapping of traders and landowners.

Life in FARC
Colombian authorities suspect that Palmera became part of the FARC-EP in 1987, confirming this in 1991. By then he was believed to be in command of FARC's Front 41, created by Palmera in June 1990, which operated in the area of the Serranía del Perijá mountain range. Palmera had adopted the aliases of Simón Trinidad and Federico Bogotá, and later also became part of the Bloque Caribe Northern (Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP).

His area of operations included Valledupar. Despite Valledupar's being a relatively small city, with less than 300,000 inhabitants, kidnappings in the city would rise, eventually becoming the city with the highest kidnapping rate in Colombia,.. Paramilitary groups also began to grow in the region.

In May 1992, Palmera and Abelardo Caicedo (aka "Solis Almeida"), ordered the kidnapping and later the murder of Colombian Navy Lieutenant Álvaro Fernando Morris Piedrahíta. On August 17, 1994, he was assigned to command the Front 19 known as José Prudencio Padilla that operated in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains.

On December 11, 1995, Colombian authorities learned that "Simón Trinidad" had become the sixth commander in-line of the FARC's Caribbean Bloc, being in charge of guerrilla propaganda. In November 1996, Colombian authorities discovered that Palmera was now third in the chain of command of the Estado Mayor del Bloque Caribe (Major State of the Caribbean Bloc; the higher command of this bloc).

In 2000, investigators from Human Rights Watch interviewed Palmera in Los Pozos, Caquetá. He was quoted as dismissing international humanitarian law as a "bourgeois concept". On July 4 of the same year, while in San Vicente del Caguán, Caquetá and acting as FARC's speaker, he announced that the group was going to attack any aircraft or troops that performed any fumigation on coca or poppy plantations in southern Colombia.

He continued to participate as a highly visible negotiator during the failed 1998–2002 FARC-Government peace process (1999–2002) held under Conservative President Andrés Pastrana.

Capture
Palmera was captured in January 2004 in Quito, Ecuador, by local authorities and speedily deported to Colombia, where he faced charges for rebellion, the kidnapping and later assassination of Colombian former minister Consuelo Araújo and various other criminal offenses that he allegedly committed, including the extortion or kidnapping of several of his former banking associates, former childhood friends and relatives. His exact rank within the FARC was not made clear by either the rebels or Colombian authorities at the time of his capture.

Extradition
In November 2004, the Colombian Supreme Court approved the extradition of Palmera to the U.S., on charges related to the drug trade and money laundering. The extradition would then proceed if President Uribe gave final approval to the move.

In a communique dated November 28 but released on December 3, the FARC declared that Trinidad's extradition would be a serious obstacle to reaching a prisoner exchange agreement with the Colombian government.

On December 17, 2004, the Colombian government authorized Palmera's extradition to the United States, but stated that the measure could be revoked if the FARC released all 63 (political and military) hostages in its possession before December 30.

The FARC did not accept this demand, and Palmera himself had previously stated that he considered his future extradition and prosecution in the U.S. an opportunity to publicly protest against the Uribe administration. As the deadline passed, the Colombian military was placed on high alert, and the U.S. embassy in Bogotá issued a terrorism alert to U.S. citizens in Colombia. The extradition was signed by president Álvaro Uribe and Palmera was placed on a DEA aircraft bound for Florida. "Simón Trinidad" was extradited to the United States in the afternoon of December 31, 2004.

Pre-trial
In February 2005, Ricardo Palmera appeared before a Washington court for a pre-trial hearing, where he pleaded not guilty to the prosecution's charges of drug trafficking and terrorism. The prosecution had asked for, and received, at least a three-month period for the gathering and translation (if applicable) of the necessary evidence. The legal complexities of the case and the paperwork involved set back the date of the trial for at least six months.

Palmera has also been accused of "hostage taking" because of his alleged complicity in the capture of three U.S. contractors, who crashed while conducting surveillance over rural areas under FARC influence and control. Palmera has been related to this case due to his alleged admission that he had traveled to Ecuador, where he was arrested, in order to arrange for the negotiation of a prisoner exchange with the Colombian government. The defendant argued that such efforts were made under the auspices of the UN. There is apparently no evidence that Trinidad had any personal connection with the plane crash, or the decision to take the US contractors captive. The other "co-defendant" in Palmera's case is the entire FARC organization. Judge Thomas Hogan authorized the publishing in Colombian newspapers of a summons for the FARC organization to appear in court to answer the charges.

The court heard arguments on Palmera's status as a prisoner of war in January. Simon Trinidad's Colombian lawyer testified at the same hearing to rebut FBI claims that he had consented to the interrogation of Mr. Trinidad without the assistance of legal counsel, something totally forbidden in Colombian law. The court has yet to rule on combatant immunity, the admissibility of the alleged confessions to the FBI, and of evidence of other crimes allegedly occurring in Colombia.

After his extradition to the United States, Simón Trinidad was held incommunicado in Washington, D.C., without access to his lawyer.

Prosecution arguments

 * Simón Trinidad is part of the Central Command of FARC, and as a high-ranking member he should pay for the crimes perpetrated by the organization.
 * Trinidad participated in and/or conspired in the kidnapping of three American citizens in February 2003.
 * He is part of the terrorist group that kidnapped the three Americans.
 * Trinidad himself admitted at the moment of being captured that he was part of a commission intended to negotiate a prisoner exchange.

Defense arguments

 * Simón Trinidad never participated in the kidnapping because he was chief of the Caribbean Bloc and was in the northern region of the country at the time of the incident.
 * He is part of an insurgent organization that is in conflict with the Colombian government.
 * The captured Americans were spying on the FARC-EP, making them legitimate targets.
 * The testimony given by Trinidad to the Ecuadorian government at the moment of his capture was given under pressure; He did say that he was negotiating a prisoner exchange.

Witnesses

 * Dereck Harvey: Coordinator of the eradication program for which the three kidnapped Americans worked. He testified that the mission objective was part of an anti-narcotics campaign. He admitted that his team sometimes provided intelligence information on FARC positions.
 * James Hallaway: Director of California Microwave Systems, a division of the defense contractor Northrop Grumman Corp. He insisted the kidnapped Americans were civilians while Trinidad's Defense argued that their main purpose was to spy on the FARC.
 * Colombian Army Colonel: Was the first one to arrive at the crash site of the Americans' gunned down plane. A video was played showing the plane's wreckage, including empty ammunition magazines and uniforms supposedly belonging to the FARC, lying by the dead bodies of American Tom Janis and Colombian Army Sergeant Alcídez Cruz, with signs of execution.
 * Colombian National Police Radio operator: Recorded the audio in which members of the Southern Bloc of the FARC-EP's Mobile Column Teófilo Forero celebrated the shooting down of the aircraft.
 * Jorge Enrique Botero: recorded the video that proved that the Americans were still alive and in which the FARC took full responsibility for the kidnapping.
 * An expert in ballistics from the Colombian Attorney General's Office: Testified that the weapons used to shoot down the plane were used by the FARC.
 * An expert in forensics from the Colombian Attorney General's Office: Was in charge of recovering the dead bodies at the crash site and performed the autopsies. He testified that the bodies had been executed with the same type of bullets found at the same location from where the aircraft had been shot down.
 * Forensics expert: Reaffirmed that the bodies had been executed with the same type of bullets found at the same location from where the aircraft had been shot down.
 * Raúl Salgado: Ecuadorian attorney who interrogated Trinidad in Ecuador, he provided a video of Trinidad confessing he was in Ecuador to promote a prisoner exchange for the FARC, which was used as one of the main pieces of evidence against Trinidad.
 * A Colombian Army radio operator: taped an audio recording of the FARC commander known by the alias of "Mono Jojoy in 2002, ordering his guerrillas to kidnap any American in Colombia.
 * Alejandro Barbeito: FBI Agent who interviewed Trinidad in Ecuador three times and confirmed Trinidad's statements from the video made in Ecuador. The Defense alleged that his testimony was based on his notes and not on his recollection of the events. Trinidad yelled, "Liar!" at him at one moment of the trial.
 * Former employee of the High Commissioner for the Peace Office: said that the FARC were utilizing the people's emotions to promote the exchange, to a point that it has become a constant means of pressuring the government.
 * Aka Maria: A former member of the FARC-EP said to be Trinidad's radio operator for nine years. She allegedly heard when Trinidad ordered the kidnapping of Valledupar's former Major Elías Ochoa. When she was questioned, some details of her testimony differed from the ones given in Colombia to local authorities.
 * Jina Pagano: FBI expert on the FARC, explained to the Judge the FARC's "Law 002", which threatens civilians and companies with more than a million dollars net worth to pay an extortion fee.
 * Colombian citizen: Was a personal friend of Trinidad before he joined the FARC who affirmed he had kidnapped him. His wife also intervened saying she had negotiated with the FARC for his freedom and that she had heard Trinidad's voice in the background talking about the kidnapping.
 * Colombian National Police radio operator: Affirmed he had heard Trinidad talking on the radio suggesting that the US fumigation planes ought to be shot at, but admitted that this recording had been lost.
 * Colombian National Police radio operator: Talked about an intercepted communication among FARC members on December 31, 2004, the day on which Trinidad was extradited.
 * Luis Guillermo Giraldo: Former Senator of Colombia, participated in the FARC-Government Peace Process where he had multiple encounters with Trinidad as a member of the FARC.
 * Colombian Army Major: Commanded a military operation in Caquetá Department that almost located numerous kidnapped civilians, among them the three Americans and Ingrid Betancourt. He filmed the base camp where the victims may have been held as well as notebooks proving Trinidad's presence on the site.
 * Simón Trinidad: His testimony was considered unusual for many observers due to the nature of this case. He alleged that his reasons for joining the FARC included the assassination of many of his Patriotic Union Party colleagues and the persecution against them by paramilitary militias and Colombian drug cartels. He admitted to the use of kidnappings by the FARC and said that the organization was paying too high a political cost for this practice. He also admitted his role as spokesperson of the organization during the peace process with the government of President Pastrana.

Development
On October 30, 2006, a former female guerrilla who claimed to operate Trinidad's radio during his time as commander of the FARC's Front 41 in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, testified against him. She said she witnessed Trinidad ordering a subordinate to collect a ransom payment for the kidnapped former mayor of Valledupar, Elías Ochoa, in 1998. She also claimed that: "The instructions that he [Trinidad] gave us were that any gringo, tourist, civilian, or whatever, had to be kidnapped. No one should be able to escape. They were very important for a [prisoner] exchange or because they could be used to get a big ransom." Her testimony lasted four hours and was expected to continue the next day.

Verdict
On November 21 of 2006 a mistrial was declared due to a hung jury, which was unable to reach a unanimous verdict. The U.S. prosecution arranged a new trial.

Verdict
On July 5, 2007 there were initial reports that the second U.S. prosecution attempt apparently had also stalled. After only two days of deliberations, the jury in the re-trial indicated that they too could not reach a verdict. Responding to a juror's note stating that "...at this point we are at an impasse and do not believe that we will be able to reach a unanimous verdict...", U.S. District Judge Royce C. Lamberth told the jurors to resume deliberations.

On July 9, the jurors declared Palmera guilty of the charge of conspiring to hold the three U.S. citizens hostage.

The next day, jurors informed the judge that they could not reach a common verdict on the other four remaining charges, resulting in a partial mistrial. U.S. prosecutors then indicated that they could recommend a lower sentence for Palmera's subsequent conspiracy conviction if FARC released the three Americans unharmed within the next two months.

On January 28, 2008, Palmera was sentenced to 60 years in prison.

Possible open letter
An open letter allegedly sent by "Trinidad" from his imprisonment surfaced on the internet and was posted on leftist websites.

The El Tiempo newspaper reported that U.S. prosecutors in charge of Palmera's case were surprised by the existence of the letter and its publication, since Palmera is held in solitary confinement and his lawyers are prohibited from distributing any information.

Palmera's lawyers denied the letter's authenticity before Judge Tom Hogan during his first U.S. trial, arguing that Palmera was not its real author and blamed the FARC for producing it as a form of political propaganda.

Prosecutors considered that the detailed letter, if in fact it was actually written by Palmera, could constitute a federal crime, which may be used against him in court.

3rd U.S. trial
In October 2007, Simon Trinidad again achieved a hung jury, in his third month-long trial, this time for involvement in the FARC's drug trafficking activities. According to press reports, a majority of jurors favored acquittal but could not unanimously agree. Prosecutors vowed to put him on trial yet again. In April 2008, Trinidad's fourth trial also ended in a hung jury.

All drug charges against Trinidad were dropped in May 2008.

Supporters
The "National Committee to Free Ricardo Palmera" is an ideologically leftwing organization based in the United States which calls for the release of Ricardo Palmera, ("Simón Trinidad") member of the Colombian FARC guerrilla group. The group considers Palmera to be "one of Latin America's most important leftists," stating that "everyone who is against injustice and who wants to oppose the imperial arrogance of the Bush administration should join [them] in the effort." 14 members of the Committee participated in an October 10, 2006 protest that preceded the beginning of Trinidad's trial.

The "National Committee to Free Ricardo Palmera" states on its website that "[we are] made up of Colombia solidarity activists in the U.S. and around the world. We ask all those who oppose U.S. intervention in Colombia to join us in demanding freedom for Ricardo Palmera."

The Committee supports the FARC's activities in Colombia, describing its leadership as "incorruptible through forty years of struggle" and the rebel group as one that is "fighting for national liberation".

title: Simón Trinidad


text:
Andrés Pastrana Arango

Andrés Pastrana Arango (born 17 August 1954) is a Colombian politician who was the 30th President of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, following in the footsteps of his father, Misael Pastrana Borrero, who was president from 1970 to 1974.

Early years
Pastrana was born on 17 August 1954 in Bogotá to Misael Pastrana Borrero, who later served as the 23rd President of Colombia, and María Cristina Arango Vega, the former First Lady of Colombia.

During his father's presidency, he was a high school student at Colegio San Carlos where he served as president of the student council and graduated in 1973. He later acquired a degree in law at the Our Lady of the Rosary University in 1977, and attended Harvard University as a 1978 Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Fellow. He founded the magazine Guión and a programadora known as Datos y Mensajes, whose flagship program was the newscast Noticiero TV Hoy. As a regular news anchor he became a nationally known figure.

In 1982, he formally began his political career by gaining a seat on the local Bogotá council. He also specialized in press articles on the production and trafficking of cocaine for which he gained many journalistic awards. In 1991, he was elected Senator.

Kidnapping by Medellín Cartel and elected Mayor of Bogotá
He was kidnapped on January 18, 1988, in Antioquia by the Medellín Cartel, which was pressuring the Colombian government into preventing the extradition of Pablo Escobar and other drug lords to the United States. He was found by the National Police a week later, and in March, he was elected Mayor of Bogotá, a position that he held until 1990.

First candidacy for President of Colombia
In 1994, he stood for the presidency against the Liberal candidate, Ernesto Samper, and lost by only 2% in the second round. Pastrana immediately accused Samper of using drug money to finance his campaign and provided audio recordings to the authorities that subsequently attracted much media attention and eventually led to a scandal known as 8.000 Process (Proceso 8.000).

While the accusation underwent a parliamentary investigation, Pastrana retired into his private life. In 1998, Pastrana announced his intention to run for president. This time, he won that year's presidential election.

Former paramilitary Salvatore Mancuso, commander of the AUC, admitted in 2023 that his organisation had supported Andres Pastrana's presidential campaign in 2002.

President of Colombia (1998–2002)

His presidency is remembered for his negotiations with the two left-wing guerrilla groups FARC and ELN, culminating in the grant of a demilitarized safe haven to the guerrillas the size of Switzerland, and for his breaking off the negotiations. It is also remembered for a growing degree of unpopularity in polls as his term progressed. Some critics accused him of possibly accepting unspecified bribes from leading FARC and ELN members, but no concrete evidence of that was presented during his presidency. He was also heavily criticized for all the seemingly-pleasure trips that he took around the world during his term.

In 1999, he and U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Plan Colombia to fight the communist guerrillas with the payment by the United States of $1.6 billion over three years to the Colombian army. An amendment quickly emphasized the plan's second function: to encourage foreign investment by "insisting that the Colombian government complete the urgent reforms designed to open its economy completely to foreign investment and trade."

Military counterguerrilla operations cause the forced displacement of more than one million people in four years. Cocaine production increased by 47% during that period. '

Ambassador of Colombia to the United States
In 2005 President Álvaro Uribe Vélez, who had been a critic of Pastrana's peace process with the FARC and had received criticisms from Pastrana regarding his negotiations with Colombian paramilitary groups, surprisingly offered the former president the post of Ambassador to the United States in Washington, DC. After consulting his family and his political supporters, Pastrana accepted.

Some political analysts theorized that Uribe considered that Pastrana would be a useful diplomat in Washington because he would help to renegotiate Plan Colombia and in general to maintain U.S. aid to Colombia, which has contributed to the successes of the Uribe administration.

Resignation
In July 2006, a few days after Uribe had appointed former President Ernesto Samper as Colombian ambassador to France, Pastrana told Uribe that he was "morally impeded" from participating in a government along with ex-President Samper. Pastrana resigned and returned to Colombia, and Samper rejected his own appointment. However, that move was not well received by the Conservative Party, which was committed to Uribe, who had won the presidency as an independent, and left Pastrana alone.

Other activities
Pastrana is a board member in the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, and the honorary president of the Union of Latin American Parties (UPLA). He is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee, and of the Club de Madrid, a group of more than 80 former leaders of democratic countries, which works to strengthen democratic leadership worldwide. Pastrana also serves on the board of advisors for the Global Panel Foundation, and as a counsellor for the One Young World Dublin summit in 2014, along with four other former presidents from Latin American countries.

He now maintains a distant and hostile relation with his own party, even referring to it as "absolutely corrupt". He has also levied accusations of corruption against two of the most prominent party leaders, Efraín Cepeda and Hernán Andrade.

He campaigns in 2016 against the peace agreements signed between the Colombian government and the guerrilla.

He is a signatory of the Madrid Charter launched in 2020 by the Spanish party Vox to unite the radical right in Spain and Latin America against "narco-communism, the left and organized crime."

In October 2021, his name was mentioned in the Pandora Papers as the owner of a company located in Panama, a country considered a tax haven, through which he makes investments in Colombia.

He supports far-right candidate Javier Milei in 2023 Argentine general election.

Awards and honors
In 2013, Pastrana was awarded the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award jointly by the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel Foundation.

Foreign honours

 * Spain:
 * Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1999)
 * Malaysia:
 * MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (2001)
 * Poland:
 * POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (2002)

Popular culture

 * Pastrana was a guest star on the TV Soap Opera Yo soy Betty, la fea.
 * Andrés Pastrana is portrayed by the actor Andrés Ogilvie in TV Series Escobar, el Patrón del Mal.
 * In TV series Tres Caínes is portrayed by Andrés Suárez as the character of Antonio Arango.
 * In TV Series En la boca del lobo is portrayed by an unknown model as the character of Esteban Aldana.

Web pages

 * El Colombiano - President Pastrana's job performance
 * El Tiempo - President Uribe and ambassador Pastrana meet
 * El Tiempo - Ex president Pastrana accuses Constitutional Court

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrés Pastrana Arango


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User:Cambyses

I'm interested in many different things, but especially mathematics (professionally) and British topography. I've lived at times in Stroud, York, Ottawa and Kaufungen but home is presently Cheadle Hulme and work is the University of Manchester. For more about the "real" me, you can visit my "real" homepage.

de:Benutzer:Cambyses

title: User:Cambyses


text:
User talk:Cambyses

Lake District
Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy contributing. I noticed you add some good stuff to Scafell Pike, which I enjoyed reading and brought back some fun Corridor Route memories. If you have any queries about how to do things around here, give me a shout and I should be able to point you in the right direction. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 21:10, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) (P.S. When writing to messages to people you can sign your name by typing ~ )
 * I replied on my talk page. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:57, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

City of York
Re: York, you will note that York has had its city status transferred to the City of York. Morwen 22:20, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What exactly do we mean by "York" if not "the City of York"? TTBOMK there is no town council or similar, and nothing but the City has any legal or administrative status or defined borders.

 * The new City of York was created because the actual town of York (ie. the urban area) had spread far outside its former borders, and it was considered desirable to place it under unified control. Surely it is more natural to say that "York has grown" than that "York is now inside the City of York"? Legally, administratively and practically the town and the city are one. Cambyses 23:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

There are lots of places that have no legally defined boundaries, yet they still have articles about them. For example, Sutton Coldfield. I don't know how to define 'York'. If you want think merging York and City of York would be appropriate, I would have no objection to that, but if City of York exists as a separate entity, we cant describe York as a city... Morwen 07:10, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

re York. In the general case I do not agree. We have split articles like Peterborough and City of Peterborough because the thing with city status is far larger and mostly unurbanised (and rather pointy, with the town at one end). however, in the case of york, i would be happy to make an exception, based on the fact that the city boundary remains relatively tight and is clearly centred on the town. Note I didn't split the articles about York - they were like that already. Morwen 23:36, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Crytpics
Ha ha! Thanks very much for the spelling assist. i type two-fingered and very fast, so tend to make the same kinds of typos again and again ("porblem" for problem, and did "assits" for assist above until I changed it --- and "chnage" for change, too. :)  Anyway, I caught some of the crytpics, but as you spotted, not all. Thanks again.

 * No prbos. Ti cna hpapen to teh bset fo us. ;-) Cambyses 17:30, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Ottawa Wikipedians
Hey, we do live within a mile of eachother, I'm at the 1500 block of Dorion Ave, which I am guessing is right across the tracks from you. You must be in one of the appartment buildings, or the townhouses. If you don't know Dorion, it's the one with the Tim Hortons at the end of it. We should talk, you have instant messenger? Earl Andrew 14:35, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello again! I don't know if Ottawa has that many wikipedians, I have never counted, maybe it's just my effect on wikipedia. I do a lot of work here. (Im an admin). I mean, we have a list of Ottawa, Ontario roads, list of Ottawa, Ontario churches, list of Ottawa, Ontario schools, Ottawa City Council. These pages dont exist for most cities of our size! Earl Andrew 23:30, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Links
Hello. You don't need to write Banach spaces. Writing Banach spaces has exactly the same effect. Try it: Banach spaces. Michael Hardy 21:33, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Aha - cheers for the tip. Is this documented in any of stuff for new users? I don't remember seeing any reference to it. Perhaps it should be added/made more prominent. Best wishes, Cambyses 14:33, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it's there or not, but I've just fixed this in Thompson groups. Michael Hardy 20:17, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Commas
Regarding the commas I've added, I believe I'm explicitly following the Wikipedia Style Manual.

Thank you, though, for being an observant editor. I like people who care about punctuation. Jonathunder 02:51, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

New Wikiproject
Hi there, just a quick note to let you know that we've started a new wikiproject! WikiProject Ottawa aims to expand the amount of articles in Ottawa, and of the articles that are there, take them from stubs to something worthy of being a feature article. We hope you'll stop by and sign up! --Spinboy 03:54, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

German municipalities
Sorry to bust in like that, but just to let you know: fort short articles about towns et. al. in Germany, you can use germany-geo-stubs. Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar 13:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Stroud (district)
Hi. I've moved this back and thought you might appreciate an explanation why. I see from above that we had this type of conversation a long while ago. We currently have scores of articles about English districts at X (district) and none at X District, so moving one is inconsistent. You also didn't update the templates on the page when you did the move. This is apart from the factual issue that it is a district called 'Stroud', and not called 'Stroud District'. Morwen - Talk 21:55, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Suggest having a look at the usage . When referring to the district it refers to it as 'Stroud' or 'district of Stroud'.  The only usages of 'Stroud District' appear to be as part of the phrase 'Stroud District Council'.

 * I think consistency within types is the thing.

 * Thanks re map, I've updated that. Morwen - Talk 13:56, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

HNN
You say 'combinatorial' group theory. I remember discussing HNN extensions once with Peter Kropholler. We decided there was a category-theoretic description, as colimit in a category of groups and 'homomorphisms up to conjugation' or something. There could be a less combinatorial description, as the topologists would also relate.

Anyway, nice to see you contributing once more. Charles Matthews 14:43, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That sounds likely: anything meaningful which one can do with presentations usually has a category-theoretic description if you look hard enough. These days this is probably most naturally considered (and probably has been considered) in the context of Bass-Serre-theory and fundamental groups of graphs of groups. Best wishes, Cambyses 14:07, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

2006 Long Island Sound Plane Crash
Help!, other useres are trying to delete my article but I objected saying that the plane crash is notable. Please vote keep on the vote page in order to save this article.Storm05 13:49, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cambyses


text:
Bostik

Bostik is a manufacturer and distributor of adhesives and sealants for the construction, industrial and consumer markets. With annual sales of €2.1 billion, the company employs 6,000 people and has a presence in more than 40 countries. Bostik is part of the French-based Arkema group.

History
In 1889, the Boston Blacking Company, a producer of leather colourings and dyes, was founded in Chelsea, Massachusetts. The company became the chemical branch of United Shoe Machinery Corporation (USMC) – an American leader in the shoemaking industry – and grew in several countries through mergers, acquisitions and organic growth.

By the late 1920s, the Boston Blacking Company was established in 12 countries across three continents and employed over 1,000 chemists and technicians. A number of products had been launched under the Bostik brand as early as the 1940s and the company took on Bostik as a company name in the 1960s.

In 1980, Bostik was taken over by the Connecticut group Emhart Corporation, which nine years later was, itself, bought up by Black & Decker. Black & Decker split apart the mechanical and chemical activities of the group to leave Bostik as a stand-alone concern.

In 1990, the French oil and gas group Total acquired Bostik and merged its own adhesive affiliates into it.

In 2000, Totalfina and Elf Aquitaine merged to form TotalFinaElf, subsequently renamed Total. Their respective adhesives divisions, Bostik and Atofindley, were brought together to form Bostik Findley, and the name was subsequently changed in 2004 to Bostik.

In 2013 Bostik revisited its brand identity, with a new signature "smart adhesives" and a gecko inspired from nature with a science-based connection to Bostik's adhesives business. In 2015, Arkema, a global chemical major with leadership positions in specialty chemicals and high performance materials, acquired Bostik. In 2019 Bostik won an Adhesives and Sealants Council (ASC) Innovation Award for " "Brilliance" which is an olefin elastic high-performance attachment adhesive." Darius Deak accepts an Adhesives and Sealants Council award.

Headquarters building
In 1937, Boston Blacking built a Streamline Moderne headquarters building in Cambridge, Massachusetts, signposted as "B B CHEMICAL", and used it until 1966. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982.

Products
Bostik is among the four top adhesives and sealants producers in the world. Bostik employs over 5,000 workers in 50 countries and five continents.

Bostik has a well recognized name in industrial markets. It has some divisions such as: Industrial/Nonwovens, Construction and Distribution, and High-performance polymers. Its brands include Bostik, Blu Tack, Prestik, Sader, Quelyd, Simson, Evo-Stik, Alliance, Ardal, Cementone, Mem, Technik, Hey'Di, SB Mercier, Chem-Calk, Hydroment, Durabond, Anchor Weld, Clag, Gripfill, Flexacryl and Aquamac weatherband.

On the industrial level, Bostik products are used in many sectors including aeronautics, household appliances, automotive, transport and construction.

Bostik products are also used in the packaging industry and advanced packaging, as well as in the assembly sector and disposable hygiene products.

Bostik is also for the General Public with preparation, assembly and repair products as well as a range of adhesives and glues, stationery and artisanar for DIY and hobby (including Blu Tack).

Rewards
Two products have received the approval of professionals and the general public:

 * Brilliance: the first high-performance olefin adhesive for fixing elastics, a patented formulation. In 2018, Bostik won the Adhesives and Sealant Council (ASC) trophy for the contribution to innovation of Brilliance™.
 * Fix & Flash: bonding technology which dries in contact with the rays of LED light. Fix & Flash is voted "Product of the year 2019 " in the "repair glue" category.

title: Bostik


text:
Piedmont Triad

The Piedmont Triad (or simply the Triad) is a metropolitan region in the north-central part of the U.S. state of North Carolina anchored by three cities: Greensboro, Winston-Salem, and High Point. This close group of cities lies in the Piedmont geographical region of the United States and forms the basis of the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area (CSA). As of 2012, the Piedmont Triad has an estimated population of 1,611,243 making it the 33rd largest combined statistical area in the United States.

The metropolitan area is connected by Interstates 40, 85, 73, and 74 and is served by the Piedmont Triad International Airport. Long known as one of the primary manufacturing and transportation hubs of the southeastern United States, the Triad is also an important educational, healthcare, and cultural region and occupies a prominent place in the history of the American Civil Rights Movement.

Counties
As part of a redefining of metropolitan areas by the US Census Bureau, the old Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point Metropolitan Statistical Area was broken up in 2003 into five separate areas—three Metropolitan Statistical Areas and two Micropolitan Areas. In some ways, however, the region still functions as a single metropolitan area.

Municipalities

 * The name in italics is the county in which the city is located.

Primary cities

 * Greensboro Guilford – 299,035
 * Winston-Salem Forsyth – 249,545
 * High Point Guilford, Forsyth, Davidson & Randolph – 114,059

Secondary cities over 10,000 in population

 * Burlington Alamance & Guilford 55,481
 * Thomasville Davidson 27,183
 * Asheboro Randolph 27,156
 * Kernersville Forsyth & Guilford 26,449
 * Clemmons Forsyth 21,163
 * Lexington Davidson – 19,632
 * Eden Rockingham 15,527
 * Reidsville Rockingham 14,520
 * Graham Alamance 14,153
 * Lewisville Forsyth 12,639
 * Archdale Randolph & Guilford 11,415
 * Mebane Alamance & Orange 11,393
 * Mount Airy Surry 10,388
 * Summerfield Guilford 10,232

Other municipalities under 10,000 in population

 * Alamance Alamance 951
 * Bermuda Run Davie 1,725
 * Bethania Forsyth 328
 * †Biscoe Montgomery 1,700
 * Boonville Yadkin 1,222
 * †Candor Montgomery 840
 * Cooleemee Davie 960
 * Danbury Stokes 189
 * Denton Davidson 1,636
 * Dobson Surry 1,586
 * East Bend Yadkin 612
 * Elkin Surry 4,001
 * Elon Alamance 9,419
 * Franklinville Randolph 1,164
 * Gibsonville Guilford & Alamance 6,410
 * Glen Raven Alamance 2,750
 * Green Level Alamance 2,100
 * Haw River Alamance 2,298
 * Jamestown Guilford 3,382
 * Jonesville Yadkin 2,285
 * King Stokes & Forsyth 6,904
 * Liberty Randolph 2,656
 * Madison Rockingham 2,246
 * Mayodan Rockingham 2,478
 * Midway Davidson 4,783
 * †Milton Caswell 166
 * Mocksville Davie 5,051
 * †Mount Gilead Montgomery 1,181
 * Oak Ridge Guilford 6,185
 * Ossipee Alamance 543
 * Pilot Mountain Surry 1,477
 * Pleasant Garden Guilford 4,489
 * Ramseur Randolph 1,692
 * Randleman Randolph 4,113
 * Rural Hall Forsyth 2,937
 * Saxapahaw Alamance 1,648
 * Seagrove Randolph 228
 * Sedalia Guilford 623
 * Staley Randolph 393
 * †Star Montgomery 876
 * Stokesdale Guilford & Rockingham 5,047
 * Stoneville Rockingham 1,056
 * Swepsonville Alamance 1,154
 * Tobaccoville Forsyth 2,441
 * Trinity Randolph 6,614
 * †Troy Montgomery 3,189
 * Wallburg Davidson 3,047
 * Walkertown Forsyth 4,675
 * Walnut Cove Stokes 1,425
 * Welcome Davidson 4,162
 * Wentworth Rockingham 2,807
 * Whitsett Guilford 590
 * Yadkinville Yadkin 2,959
 * †Yanceyville Caswell 2,039

† Indicates municipalities in Montgomery and Caswell (counties usually locally included as part of Piedmont Triad)

K–12 education
The area is served by Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, Rockingham County Schools, Alamance-Burlington School System, Caswell County Schools, Davidson County Schools, Randolph County School System, Stokes County Schools, Surry County Schools, Yadkin County Schools, and Guilford County Schools. The area is home to a number of religious schools, as well as a number of independent schools including Wesleyan Christian Academy, Westchester Country Day School, High Point Friends School, and High Point Christian Academy in High Point, Summit School in Winston-Salem, Bishop McGuiness Catholic High School and Forsyth Country Day School in Lewisville, Greensboro Day School, New Garden Friends School, Caldwell Academy, Vandalia Christian School, B'nai Shalom Day School, and Greensboro Montessori School in Greensboro.

Educational institutions
More than 20 institutions of higher education are located within the Triad, including:

 * Alamance Community College
 * Bennett College
 * Bridges Christian College
 * Carolina University
 * Davidson-Davie Community College
 * Elon University
 * Forsyth Technical Community College
 * Greensboro College
 * Guilford College
 * Guilford Technical Community College
 * High Point University
 * North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
 * University of North Carolina School of the Arts
 * Randolph Community College
 * Rockingham Community College
 * Salem College
 * Surry Community College
 * University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 * Wake Forest University
 * Winston-Salem State University

Three prominent boarding schools also call the Triad home: Salem Academy, Oak Ridge Military Academy, and the American Hebrew Academy.

Museums
Major art and historical museums contribute to the cultural climate of the region, including the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA), The Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Old Salem, High Point Historical Museum, Mendenhall Plantation, the Weatherspoon Museum of Modern Art (located on the campus of UNCG), Blandwood Mansion and Gardens, the Greensboro Historical Museum, Guilford Battleground National Military Park, and the Charlotte Hawkins Brown State Museum. The area also has its fair share of scientific museums, such as SciWorks, the International Civil Rights Center and Museum, the Wake Forest Museum of Anthropology, and the Greensboro Science Center. The North Carolina Zoo, the world's largest open-air natural habitat zoo, is located just outside the Randolph County city of Asheboro.

Economy
The economy in the Piedmont Triad is a mixed economy.

Industry and manufacturing
The Triad area is notable for large textile, tobacco, and furniture corporations. The Triad remains a national center for textile manufacturing, represented by corporations including Hanes based in Winston-Salem, Glen Raven, Inc. based in Glen Raven, and International Textile Group, based in Greensboro. Tobacco remains a prominent crop in the Triad's rural areas and many tobacco companies like Lorillard Tobacco Company of Greensboro and Reynolds American, based in Winston-Salem, call the Piedmont Triad home. Numerous furniture manufacturers are also headquartered in the Triad area, especially in the cities of High Point (deemed the "Furniture Capital of the World"), Thomasville (known as the "Chair City"), and Lexington. The furniture and textile industries have in turn spawned large trucking, logistics, and warehousing businesses in the area. Popular brands like "Thomasville" and "Lexington" are derived from the names of these cities. Recently, however, many furniture and tobacco factories have been closing and/or laying off workers across the region in response to escalating industrial globalization.

Technology and biotechnology
After many of the old industries in the area began to die out, many Piedmont Triad cities began encouraging technological businesses to move into the Triad. Winston-Salem, for instance, founded within its downtown the Piedmont Triad Research Park, now known as Wake Forest Innovation Quarter, a highly interactive, 200-acre, master-planned innovation community developed to support life science and information technology research and development. Dell, Inc., in the early 2000s struck a deal with local officials allowing for the construction of a new computer assembly plant near the Triad city of Kernersville. Dell pulled out of its contract with the city, however, and left after only a few years. Additionally, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, the largest institution of higher learning in the region, and North Carolina A&T State University have joined forces to establish the Gateway University Research Park, a technology-based entity that will focus its efforts on a host of biological, life, and environmental science research projects. Upon full build out of the project, it is expected to be housed by two 75 acre campuses, employ approximately 2,000 people, and generate $50 million per year to the Triad economy. LabCorp, one of the largest clinical laboratories in the world, has its corporate headquarters and several of its testing facilities in Burlington.

Other companies headquartered in the region

 * Biscuitville
 * Cook Out
 * Columbia Forest Products
 * FedEx
 * HanesBrands
 * Honda Aircraft Company
 * Krispy Kreme Doughnuts
 * Kontoor Brands
 * K&W Cafeterias
 * Lowes Foods
 * The Fresh Market
 * Texas Pete
 * Toyota Motor North America
 * Volvo Trucks of North America
 * Wrangler

Shopping
The following are the most prominent regional shopping centers/malls in the Piedmont Triad region:
 * Four Seasons Town Centre, Greensboro
 * Friendly Center, Greensboro
 * Hanes Mall, Winston-Salem
 * Alamance Crossing, Burlington
 * Burlington Outlet Village, Burlington
 * Holly Hill Mall, Burlington
 * Tanger Outlets, Mebane
 * Marketplace Mall, Winston-Salem
 * Randolph Mall, Asheboro

Primary highways
The Triad is home to an extensive freeway network, which is in the process of undergoing a major expansion. Four major Interstate highways and numerous secondary Interstate routes and US routes serve the region:
 * Interstate highways
 * I-40.svg I-40, the primary east–west route across the region. In the eastern Triad, it is conjoined with I-85. The two routes split in Greensboro.
 * I-840.svg I-840 (Painter Boulevard), part of the Greensboro Urban Loop, currently under construction. When complete, I-840 will form the northern half of the loop.
 * I-73.svg I-73, the primary north–south route across the region, much of which has yet to be constructed. The route mostly carries portions of US 220 along it, with the exception of the portion along Bryan Boulevard, and another segment that shares the southwestern portion of the Greensboro Outer Loop, and was briefly designated as I-40 before its opening in February, 2008.  This portion was originally designated as I-40, with the current and original I-40 being re-designated as Business 40.
 * I-74.svg I-74, running across the region from southeast to northwest. Like I-73, much of the route has yet to be constructed, but several disjointed segments are currently open and signed as either I-74 or "FUTURE I-74".  The route enters the region from the south conjoined with I-73, and diverges from there north of Asheboro toward High Point.  The southern segment presently terminates at an intersection with I-40 east of Winston-Salem; new freeway is being built that will form the eastern segment of the Winston-Salem Beltway. The northern segment leaves US 52 in Mount Airy, heading northwest out of the region.
 * I-274.svg I-274, currently only in the planning stages, is the proposed designation for the western half of the Winston-Salem Beltway.
 * I-85.svg I-85, connects the region to Charlotte and points southwest. Enters from the east conjoined with I-40, and splits from that route in Greensboro.
 * Business Loop 85.svg I-85 Business (Green-85), a business route between Lexington and Greensboro, consists of a former temporary alignment of I-85 that is a partial-controlled access highway.  A former northern segment, which received its designation when a new I-85 was opened as part of the Greensboro Urban Loop, is entirely freeway.
 * I-285.svg I-285, connecting Winston-Salem to Lexington, is currently part of the US 52 freeway being upgraded to Interstate standards.
 * I-785.svg I-785, connecting Greensboro to Danville, Virginia, the route is under development. It is currently part of US 29, much of which is not Interstate standard.
 * US highways
 * US 29.svg US 29 runs roughly northeast to southwest across the region. Most of the route is either concurrent with, or parallel to Interstate highways, including I-785 (when completed) and I-85 (parallel).
 * US 52.svg US 52 runs north–south through the region, serving as the main north–south freeway route through Winston-Salem. The entire freeway is planned for upgrade to Interstate standards. North of Winston-Salem most of the route is scheduled to become part of I-74 (until Exit 140 where existing I-74 starts and travels west along its own freeway, and US 52 continues north into town via expressway), while south of the city it is cosigned with I-285.
 * US 64.svg US 64 is an east–west highway through the southern Triad, connecting Asheboro, Lexington, and Mocksville.
 * US 70.svg US 70 is an east–west highway that closely parallels I-85 through the entire region.
 * US 158.svg US 158 runs roughly northeast–southwest across the region, terminating in Mocksville at US 601 and US 64, just south of I-40.
 * US 220.svg US 220 is currently the primary north–south route through Greensboro, and travels nearly symmetrically through the middle of the region; most of the route runs along I-73, except between Greensboro and Summerfield where it is named "Battleground Avenue".
 * US 311.svg US 311 is a nominally north–south route that runs northeast–southwest between Danville, VA and Winston-Salem. The former alignment south of Winston-Salem has been fully signed as I-74; work has begun on US 311 signage removal on this alignment.
 * US 421.svg US 421 enters the region from the southeast, and joins I-85 in Greensboro. It then takes I-85 South to I-73 North to western Greensboro. The route is then co-signed with I-40 briefly. After leaving Greensboro, it continues westward through Winston-Salem, the rural area of Yakdinville, and continues into Wilkesboro.
 * Other routes and highways
 * The Greensboro Urban Loop is a fully completed freeway that loops around Greensboro. The routes I-73, I-85, I-785, I-840, and US 421 are currently designated as part of the loop.
 * The Winston-Salem Beltway is an under construction freeway that will loop around Winston-Salem. As of 2024, the stretch between US 421/Salem Parkway in Kernersville to US 52/John Gold Memorial Expressway near Rural Hall is opened, and is designated as NC 74.
 * Wendover Avenue is primarily a four to six lane limited-access corridor that traverses through Greensboro from High Point. The route also bypasses downtown Greensboro. The road connects NC 68 to Interstate 73, U.S. 421, Interstate 40, US 220, US 29, and it continues as US 70 towards the east end of the route.
 * Silas Creek Parkway is primarily a four-lane limited-access corridor that serves as the partial loop that traverses in the western area of Winston-Salem. Most of the road runs with NC 67 and serves as a convenient way to Wake Forest University, Forsyth Tech, and Hanes Mall, for drivers on Interstate 40 and US 421.

Mass transportation
Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation (PART) is the Triad's 10-county regional organization with the goal of enhancing all forms of transportation through regional cooperation. PART Express Bus provides express service to each major Triad city from Piedmont Triad International Airport, while Connections Express connects the Triad to Duke and UNC Medical Centers. PART also has Express Bus service to outlying counties that surround the Triad including Surry, Stokes, Davidson, Yadkin, and Randolph Counties and soon to be Davie County. PART is also administering and developing several rail service studies that include both commuter and intercity rail.

Government
The region is served by the Piedmont Triad Regional Council (PTRC). The PTRC was formed by the merger of the Northwest Piedmont Council of Governments and Piedmont Triad Council of Governments on July 1, 2011. The PTRC is a membership organization of the 12 counties and 62 municipalities in the Triad region.

Protected areas
The Piedmont Triad has several protected areas, which lay entirely or partly in the region:
 * Blue Ridge Parkway, partly within Surry and Wilkes counties
 * Boone's Cave Park, Davidson County
 * Deep River State Trail, partly within Guilford and Randolph counties
 * Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Guilford County
 * Hanging Rock State Park, Stokes County
 * High Rock Lake, Davidson and Rowan counties
 * Haw River State Park, Guilford and Rockingham counties
 * Mayo River State Park, Rockingham County
 * Mountains-to-Sea Trail, partly within Alamance, Forsyth, Guilford, Stokes, Surry, and Wilkes counties
 * Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, partly within Surry and Wilkes counties
 * Pilot Mountain State Park, Surry and Yadkin counties
 * Uwharrie National Forest, Davidson, Montgomery and Randolph counties
 * Wil-Cox Bridge at Yadkin River Park, Davidson County
 * Yadkin River State Trail, partly within Davidson, Davie, Forsyth, Surry, Wilkes, and Yadkin counties

Newspapers
The following are prominent newspapers in the Piedmont Triad region and the counties each newspaper covers.
 * Greensboro News & Record, Guilford County
 * The Carolina Peacemaker, Guilford County
 * ¨Hola Noticias¨, The Triad
 * Winston-Salem Journal, Forsyth County
 * Burlington Times-News, Alamance County
 * Mebane Enterprise, Alamance County
 * Courier-Tribune, Randolph County
 * Thomasville Times, Davidson County
 * The Dispatch, Davidson County
 * High Point Enterprise, High Point, Guilford County
 * Archdale-Trinity News, Randolph County
 * The Stokes News, Stokes County
 * The Reidsville Review, Rockingham County
 * The Tribune, Surry, Wilkes, and Yadkin counties
 * Mount Airy News, Surry County
 * Qué Pasa, The Triad
 * YES! Weekly, Guilford County, Forsyth County
 * Triad City Beat, Guilford County, Forsyth County
 * The Jamestown News, Guilford County
 * The Stokesdale News, Guilford County
 * Northwest Observer, Guilford County

Other

 * The Old Gold & Black, a free daily student newspaper at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem

Television stations
All of the Piedmont Triad region belongs to the Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point television designated market area (DMA). The following are stations that broadcast to this DMA. These stations are listed by call letters, virtual channel number, network and city of license.
 * WFMY-TV, 2, CBS, Greensboro
 * WGHP, 8, Fox, High Point
 * WXII, 12, NBC, Winston-Salem
 * Spectrum News, 14, Greensboro (Charter Communications)
 * WGPX, 16, Ion, Burlington
 * WCWG, 20, CW, Lexington
 * WUNL-TV, 26, PBS/UNC-TV, Winston-Salem
 * WLXI-TV, 43, TCT, Greensboro
 * WXLV-TV, 45, ABC, Winston-Salem
 * WGSR-LD, 47, Independent, Reidsville
 * WMYV, 48, My, Greensboro

FM stations

 * WFDD (88.5, News/Talk/Classical music, NPR affiliate), operated by Wake Forest University
 * WBFJ-FM (89.3, Contemporary Christian)
 * WNAA (90.1, Variety), operated by North Carolina A&T State University
 * WSNC (90.5, Jazz), operated by Winston-Salem State University
 * WQFS (90.9, Variety), operated by Guilford College
 * WXRI (91.3, Southern gospel)
 * WKRR (92.3, Classic rock)
 * WPAW (93.1, Country music)
 * WWLV (94.1, Contemporary Christian)
 * WPTI (94.5, Talk radio)
 * WHPE-FM (95.5, Christian talk)
 * WQMG (97.1, urban Adult contemporary)
 * WBRF (98.1, Classic Country and Bluegrass)
 * WIST-FM (98.3, Regional Mexican)
 * WSMW (98.7, Adult hits)
 * WMAG (99.5, Adult contemporary)
 * WMKS (100.3, Contemporary hit radio)
 * WYMY (101.1, Regional Mexican)
 * WJMH (102.1, Rhythmic contemporary)
 * WUAG (103.1, Variety), operated by University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 * WTQR (104.1, Country music)
 * WFOZ-LP (105.1, Variety), operated by Forsyth Technical Community College
 * WVBZ (105.5, Mainstream rock)
 * WKZL (107.5, Top 40 Mainstream)

AM stations

 * WSJS (600, sports)
 * WZOO (700, classic hits)
 * WPAQ (740, Americana and bluegrass)
 * WBLO (790, Spanish adult contemporary)
 * WTRU (830, Christian talk)
 * WPIP (880, religious)
 * WPCM (920, sports)
 * WPET (950, religious)
 * WTOB (980, classic hits)
 * WSGH (1040, Spanish)
 * WGOS (1070, Spanish religious)
 * WKTE (1090, oldies)
 * WMFR (1230, sports)
 * WCOG (1320, oldies)
 * WPOL (1340, gospel music)
 * WLXN (1440, Southern gospel)
 * WWBG (1470, oldies)
 * WLOE (1940, news/talk)
 * WSMX (1500, Contemporary Christian)
 * WEAL (1510, gospel music)
 * WDSL (1520, classic country, bluegrass, and gospel)
 * WBFJ (1550, Christian talk)
 * WYZD (1560, Christian)
 * WYSR (1590, Spanish)

title: Piedmont Triad


text:
Talk:Friendster

The main reason for its demise
Was that it wasn't American and the USA has to control information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.76.131.114 (talk) 10:20, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Check the 2014 talk archive, while this has of course been erased by Wikipedia's deletionists, Friendster is perhaps the most prominent example of a promising web site that failed because it was too slow. VC investment was followed by ousting the founding talent, and the board focused on deal making while ignoring the warnings that people weren't going to stay with a site that at its worst took literal minutes to log in to.  Its object lesson is one reason Zuckerberg kept control of Facebook.

 * However all that happened while it was still a privately held American company, that it was sold off to an Asian company in 2009 for a fraction of what it had been worth is an endgame detail not relevant to its initial decline and fall. Hga (talk) 12:33, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
 * n, h.jkv k/h 69.58.59.194 (talk) 16:34, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Correct Hrs, in all respects. I really don't like that the company's U.S. founding have been completely erased from this article. Lexein (talk) 22:07, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

Napster
Was it really named after Napster? Wouldnt it be better to just say it's friend + -ster? Perhaps a tribute to Napster helped them choose the name, though. — Soap — 15:04, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

Friendster rising from its grave
Does anyone noticed that the website rose from it's grave? It's now accepting emails for the waitlist. However, DO NOT use personal email as it might be a trick. Kurt R.✉ 01:08, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Seems like it updated the UI and the company is "Friendster Labs Inc." and I made a screenshot of how it looks like and uploaded it to Imgur. Kurt R.✉ 19:05, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello,
 * I hope to provide some suggestions. It seems the location and company information were recently changed, but I have not found credible sources confirming the existence of "Friendster Labs, Inc." in Dover, US.
 * Please revert these changes for now, unless credible sources can be provided. I have included some research below indicating the last known company tied to Friendster was Friendster Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary of MOL Global incorporated in Malaysia which dissolved in 2015.
 * Searching government databases, there are no active companies registered as Friendster/Friendster Labs/Friendster Inc, besides the original Friendster Inc with the last news in 2006.
 * The contact address listed on the current Friendster Terms of Service goes to a Staples store in Delaware. The number seems to be a mail service.
 * The last known company was Friendster Sdn. Bhd., incorporated in Malaysia in 2011. It dissolved in 2015 but kept the Friendster name and company registration number 0950151-H. Records show it is still registered to them. Related link to prove Friendster Sdn Bhd is Friendster here. (not sure if it's important or not)
 * While the Friendster trademark registration expired in Sep 2023, the listing still shows as registered and active. Trademarks can be renewed within a grace period, which explains the new application by "Friendster Lab, Inc" in Dec 2023. This is pending as of Feb 29, 2024.
 * Given the website is now collecting emails via a waiting list of unknown purpose, there are concerns around security and phishing. Recent domain history shows the site became active again on Apr 1, 2023. I could not find official confirmation of the new owners.
 * So in summary, while someone purchased the friendster.com domain and applied for a new trademark, there is no credible information on the new company behind it. I suggest updating the history with its recent reappearance while keeping the infobox with the last confirmed location and ownership details.
 * I copy pasta this message with chatgpt helping me out to keep the links in order, so I do apologise if I sound robotic a tad. Here is pix dump in imgur if you think it's useful.
 * Thank you for considering my input as I am not sure how to write it accordingly.
 * since i found the TOS link from the wiki, it's not shown on the main page of the current domain. same goes with the privacy page. it stated a Mike Carson in the document. both TOS and Privacy page was updated on Jan 3, 2024. most pages mentioned here has been archived for easier citation later. nMyghet (talk) 12:57, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * just wanna add that the login page's html coding is quite..interesting. their approach to form submission handling by throwing an intentional error might indicate behaviour for specific purpose(s). until we know why they provide the login access and it's not malicious intent, it's best to not submit anything personal or even your old friendster account/pwd
 * main website leads to getlaunchlist.com referral link. there's a base code in the coding, but you pretty much can just add any email to the end and it will auto-generate a referral link...which i think not very secure-like? need to know getlaunchlist.com relations with new friendster.com owner(s).
 * example: https://getlaunchlist.com/s/XXXxxx/test@test.com where XXXxxx is the code found in the main friendster page now. nMyghet (talk) 13:41, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * example: https://getlaunchlist.com/s/XXXxxx/test@test.com where XXXxxx is the code found in the main friendster page now. nMyghet (talk) 13:41, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

---

A quick WHOIS search at whois.com today tells me the current registrar for the friendster.com domain is "Porkbun.com", a domain registar with headquarters in Sherwood, Oregon, USA...

I'm not US-ian so I'm not familiar with the city/area/place; and also Porkbun has a policy of hiding their registrar clients behind "Private By Design, LLC"...

- https://www.whois.com/whois/friendster.com

- https://porkbun.com/about

--Ferdi Zebua (username: Lemi4) (talk) 10:51, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friendster


text:
Milnes

Milnes is a surname of British and Scottish origin, a variant of the surname Mills.

Notable people with the surname include:
 * Eric Milnes (born 1959), American harpsichordist, organist and conductor
 * Fred Milnes (1878–1946), English footballer
 * Richard Slater Milnes (1759–1804), English politician
 * Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, English poet and politician
 * Robert Milnes (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Rodney Milnes (1936–2015), English opera critic and musicologist
 * Sherrill Milnes, American baritone famous for his Verdi roles

title: Milnes


text:
User:Djegan

I have decided to withdraw from actively editing on wikipedia. This does not mean that I will not occasionally take part in discussions or votes that I consider important, or indeed make some edits, but it does formalise an active reduction in my contributions to this project.

There is not a single particular reason as to why I have decided this but it is primarily because I think that wikipedia is increasingly a failed project in some respects. This issue has not been made all of a sudden, there has been a marked reduction in my edits in recent months and this issue is as much about lifestyle issues outside wikipedia as internal to wikipedia.

However for the reasons in wikipedia I wish to use this page to better expand and explain my rationale; in particular vandalism (and its higher forms) is the primary wikipedia reason. In wikipedia vandalism is of two types, as I see it, the opportunist and the structured.

 * Opportunist: Wikipedia has spectacularly failed to actively reduce these edits, the opportunist anon who blanks a page, bit of foul language, etc. Vandal removal bots simply revert these issues but do not actively reduce them. Pages set up to report obvious and sustained vandalism increasingly take the guise of form filling and box ticking when the quick involvement of a pro-active administrator slapping a quick block would be more appropriate. Mandatory user accounts for all could be another option. Some human initiative and good quality programming could start the ball rolling on banning these people.

 * Structured: This is the type of vandalism that greatly worries me, indeed more so than the opportunist anon. This is what I would refer to as structured vandalism, I do not believe that it is always done in bad faith, indeed I think by and large many of these editors are editing in good faith but may, regretfully, be misinformed at times, and there is not any workable mechanism in wikipedia to deal with it. Without citing specific instances or injuring any party it takes the form of “consensus” reformulation of pages against common sense and logic; the often blatant ignoring of policies and procedures; listing and deletion of fair use images; when every article becomes a compromise and every talk page a battleground; and one or two particularily notorious issues. These issues are typically decided by a small core group of hard liners who have sufficient time and energy to implement their policy.

I am not sure if other, more reasonable editors simply don’t exist or have decided to play more low key but the simple fact is that these small core groups can implement very profound changes. And the latter can be very amaturish.

Looking around wikipedia, particularly in the articles I have involved myself in, I notice a lot of the editors that I have collaborated with and involved with have moved on. And it may now be simply my time to do that too.

Regards. Djegan 23:37, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Djegan


text:
Ammodramus

Ammodramus is a genus of birds in the family Passerellidae, in the group known as American sparrows. Birds of this genus are known commonly as grassland sparrows. The name Ammodramus is from the Greek for "sand runner".

These birds live in grassland habitat. Some Ammodramus are socially monogamous and both parents care for the young. Other species are polygynous with no pair bonding and no paternal care.

Several species have been included in this genus, but have been reclassified into the genera Ammospiza and Centronyx by sources such as Birdlife International and the American Ornithological Society. Current species in this genus include:

Species
The fossil Ammodramus hatcheri (Late Miocene of Kansas, United States) was formerly placed in genus Palaeospiza or Palaeostruthus. The former may not be a passeriform at all, while the latter was eventually synonymized with Ammodramus, as A. hatcheri scarcely differs from the living species.

title: Ammodramus


text:
User:Sacher

My name is Andy Sacher, a technical writer from Vermont. I have been a bluegrass musician since the early 1960s. Now retired from playing regularly in bands, I run the http://vtbluegrass.org web site.

title: User:Sacher


text:
Behavior-based robotics

Behavior-based robotics (BBR) or behavioral robotics is an approach in robotics that focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internal variable state to model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links.

Principles
Behavior-based robotics sets itself apart from traditional artificial intelligence by using biological systems as a model. Classic artificial intelligence typically uses a set of steps to solve problems, it follows a path based on internal representations of events compared to the behavior-based approach. Rather than use preset calculations to tackle a situation, behavior-based robotics relies on adaptability. This advancement has allowed behavior-based robotics to become commonplace in researching and data gathering.

Most behavior-based systems are also reactive, which means they need no programming of what a chair looks like, or what kind of surface the robot is moving on. Instead, all the information is gleaned from the input of the robot's sensors. The robot uses that information to gradually correct its actions according to the changes in immediate environment.

Behavior-based robots (BBR) usually show more biological-appearing actions than their computing-intensive counterparts, which are very deliberate in their actions. A BBR often makes mistakes, repeats actions, and appears confused, but can also show the anthropomorphic quality of tenacity. Comparisons between BBRs and insects are frequent because of these actions. BBRs are sometimes considered examples of weak artificial intelligence, although some have claimed they are models of all intelligence.

Features
Most behavior-based robots are programmed with a basic set of features to start them off. They are given a behavioral repertoire to work with dictating what behaviors to use and when, obstacle avoidance and battery charging can provide a foundation to help the robots learn and succeed. Rather than build world models, behavior-based robots simply react to their environment and problems within that environment. They draw upon internal knowledge learned from their past experiences combined with their basic behaviors to resolve problems.

History
The school of behavior-based robots owes much to work undertaken in the 1980s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Rodney Brooks, who with students and colleagues built a series of wheeled and legged robots utilizing the subsumption architecture. Brooks' papers, often written with lighthearted titles such as "Planning is just a way of avoiding figuring out what to do next", the anthropomorphic qualities of his robots, and the relatively low cost of developing such robots, popularized the behavior-based approach.

Brooks' work builds—whether by accident or not—on two prior milestones in the behavior-based approach. In the 1950s, W. Grey Walter, an English scientist with a background in neurological research, built a pair of vacuum tube-based robots that were exhibited at the 1951 Festival of Britain, and which have simple but effective behavior-based control systems.

The second milestone is Valentino Braitenberg's 1984 book, "Vehicles – Experiments in Synthetic Psychology" (MIT Press). He describes a series of thought experiments demonstrating how simply wired sensor/motor connections can result in some complex-appearing behaviors such as fear and love.

Later work in BBR is from the BEAM robotics community, which has built upon the work of Mark Tilden. Tilden was inspired by the reduction in the computational power needed for walking mechanisms from Brooks' experiments (which used one microcontroller for each leg), and further reduced the computational requirements to that of logic chips, transistor-based electronics, and analog circuit design.

A different direction of development includes extensions of behavior-based robotics to multi-robot teams. The focus in this work is on developing simple generic mechanisms that result in coordinated group behavior, either implicitly or explicitly.

title: Behavior-based robotics


text:
User:Decumanus/project6

 * Ohio River
 * Tennessee River
 * Duck River (Tennessee)
 * Cumberland River
 * Little Tennessee River
 * Cullasaja River
 * Holston River
 * French Broad River
 * Wabash River
 * Kentucky River
 * Licking River
 * Great Miami River
 * Little Miami River
 * White Oak Creek (Higginsport, Ohio)
 * Straight Creek
 * Eagle Creek (Ohio) (Ripley)
 * Ohio Brush Creek/Brush Creek Island
 * Salt Lick Creek (Vanceburg, Kentucky)
 * Kinniconick Creek
 * Turkey Creek (Ohio)/Turkey Creek
 * Scioto River
 * Tygarts Creek
 * Little Scioto River
 * Little Sandy River
 * Storms Creek (Ironton, Ohio)
 * Big Sandy River (Kentucky-West Virginia)-Virginia Point
 * Tug Fork
 * Twelvepole Creek
 * Symmes Creek
 * Indian Guyan
 * Guyandotte River
 * Guyan Creek
 * Eighteenmile Creek
 * Sixteenmile Creek (West Virginia)
 * Raccoon Creek (Ohio)
 * Kanawha River
 * New River (West Virginia)
 * Gauley River
 * Elk River (West Virginia) / Elk River
 * Oldtown Creek (Point Pleasant, West Virginia)
 * Leading Creek
 * Muskingum River
 * Duck Creek (Ohio)
 * Little Muskingum River
 * Shade River
 * Pond Creek, Long Bottom (Ohio side)
 * Lee Creek
 * Hocking River
 * Little Hocking River
 * Little Kanawha River
 * Middle Island Creek
 * Fish Creek (West Virginia)/Fish Creek/Fish Creek Island
 * Sunfish Creek
 * Captina Creek
 * Pipe Creek
 * Grove Creek
 * Little Grove Creek
 * Wegee Creek
 * McMahon Creek
 * Wheeling Creek/Wheeling Island/Upper Twin Island/Lower Twin Island
 * Short Creek
 * Little Short Creek
 * Cross Creek (2!)
 * Harmon Creek
 * Island Creek/Browns Island
 * Kings Creek (WV)
 * Yellow Creek
 * Little Beaver River
 * Raccoon Creek
 * Beaver River (Pennsylvania) cg/Beaver River
 * Connoquenessing Creek cg
 * Slippery Rock Creek
 * Wolff Creek
 * Mahoning River cg
 * Shenango River cg/Pymatuning Swamp
 * Pymatuning Creek
 * Neshannock Creek
 * Otter Creek
 * Chartiers Creek
 * Allegheny River
 * Potato Creek / Potato Creek
 * Oswayo Creek (see Potter County, Pennsylvania cg)
 * Ischua Creek cg
 * Conewango Creek cg
 * Cassadaga Creek cg/(Cassadaga Lakes)
 * Kinzua Creek
 * Tionesta Creek
 * Oil Creek cg
 * French Creek (Pennsylvania) cg  / French Creek south dakota
 * Cussewango Creek
 * Clarion River cg
 * Red Bank Creek cg
 * Mahoning Creek cg
 * Crooked Creek cg / Crooked Creek cg
 * Kiskiminetas River cg
 * Conemaugh River cg /Johnstown, Pennsylvania cg/Johnstown Flood terraserver map history nps site/Lake Conemaugh/South Fork Dam
 * Blacklick Creek
 * Two Lick Creek
 * Little Conemaugh River
 * Stony Creek (Pennsylvania) / Stony Creek
 * Loyalhanna Creek cg
 * Monongahela River cg
 * Youghiogheny River cg
 * Tenmile Creek (Pennsylvania) / Tenmile Creek/Ten Mile Creek
 * Cheat River cg
 * Shavers Fork River cg
 * Laurel Fork River cg
 * Gandy Creek
 * Glady Creek
 * West Fork River cg
 * Tygart River cg (Tygart Valley River)
 * Buckhannon River cg

 * Paden City, West Virginia-Paden Island,Williamson Island,Witten Towhead
 * Sistersville, West Virginia-Wells Island,Mill Creek Island,Grandview Island (lighthouse)
 * Grape Island, West Virginia-Grape Island.Middle Island,The Thoroughfare
 * Belmont, West Virginia-Broadback Island,Eureka Island
 * Marietta, Ohio-Buckley, Island,Muskingum Island
 * Vienna, West Virginia-Vienna Island
 * Parkersburg, West Virginia-Neal Island,Blennerhasset Island
 * Lubeck, West Virginia-Sandy Creek (West Virginia), Washington Bottom, Newberry Island, Mustapha Island
 * Portland, Ohio-Buffington Island
 * Ravenswood, West Virginia-Sandy Creek, Mill Creek
 * Letart, West Virginia-Letart Island
 * Cheshire, Ohio-Eightmile Island
 * Gallipolis, Ohio-Gallipolis Island
 * Irvin, Kentucky-Manchester Island no 1 and no 2

title: User:Decumanus/project6


text:
User:Youngoat

Livejournal: http://www.livejournal.com/users/youngoat

youngoat is my friend. --Fjarlq 05:14, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Youngoat


text:
Talk:Danilo Blanuša

Untitled
I don't understand what is being said here about the four color theorem.

Charles Matthews 21:32, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:35, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

recent ethnicity edits
There's been a somewhat steady streams of anonymous edits removing the tidbit about Blanuša having Serb descent. I went to look for confirmation in biographies, but couldn't find much. There's a lot of anonymous forum chatter on the Internet about it, but nothing useful. https://actacroatica.com/hr/surname/Blanu%C5%A1a/ says the surname is typically borne by Serbs from around Knin, but also Croats from around Kutina. Do we have some reliable sources about where Danilo Blanuša's family came from? --Joy (talk) 13:32, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danilo Blanuša


text:
Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis

Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis (1 April 1746 – 25 August 1807) was a French jurist and politician in the time of the French Revolution and the First Empire. Portalis was one of the chief draftsmen of the Napoleonic Code, which serves as the foundational framework of the French legal system. He is the father of Joseph Marie Portalis, a diplomat and statesman.

Early years
Portalis was born at Le Beausset, currently in the Var département of Provence, France to a bourgeois family, and was educated by the Oratorians at their schools in Toulon and Marseille, and then went to the University of Aix. As a student, he published his first two works, Observations sur Émile (on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile: Or, On Education) in 1763 and Des Préjugés in 1764.

In 1765 he became a lawyer at the parlement of Aix-en-Provence, and soon obtained so great a reputation that he was instructed by Étienne François de Choiseul in 1770 to draw up the decree authorizing the marriage of Protestants. From 1778 to 1781, Portalis was one of the four assessors or administrators of Provence.

Revolution
In November 1793, after the First French Republic had been proclaimed, he came to Paris and was thrown into prison for being the brother-in-law of Joseph Jérôme Siméon, the leader of the Federalists in Provence. He was soon released to a psychiatric hospital, where he remained until the fall of Maximilien Robespierre during the Thermidorian Reaction.

On being released he practiced as a lawyer in Paris, and, in 1795, he was elected by the capital to the Council of Ancients of the French Directory, becoming a leader of the moderate party opposed to the directory rule. As a leader of the moderates, he was targeted by the coup of 18 Fructidor, but, unlike General Charles Pichegru and François Barbé-Marbois, he managed to escape to Switzerland, then to Holstein, and did not return until after Napoleon Bonaparte established himself as the leader of the new Consulate.

Under Napoleon
Bonaparte made Portalis a conseiller d'état in 1800, and then charged him, with François Denis Tronchet, Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu, and Jacques de Maleville, with the drafting of the Civil Code (French: Code civil). He was the most notable member of this commission, and many of the most important titles, notably those on marriage and heirship, are his work.

During his 1801 speech "Discours préliminaire au projet de code civil" (Preliminary discourse on the projet of the Civil Code), he presented the core principles of the code: legal certainty (non-retroactivity), the notion of "public order" (French: ordre public) and putting an end to the "arrêts de règlement" characteristic of the Parlements of the Ancien Régime, as contrary to the idea that only the law prevails.

In 1801 he was placed in charge of the Department of Religion or Public Worship, and in that capacity had the chief share in drawing up the provisions of the Concordat of 1801. In 1803 he became a member of the Académie française, in 1804 Minister of Public Worship, and in 1805 a Chevalier Grand-Croix de la Légion d'honneur. He soon after became totally blind, and, after an operation, he died at Paris.

Tributes
Numerous tributes to Portalis exist in France. In Aix-en-Provence:

 * A statue of Portalis in front of the Apellate Court of Aix-en-Provence;
 * The Rue Portalis, a road in the historic city center of the province, bears his name,
 * One of the buildings of the Faculty of Law of the University of Aix-Marseille bears the name of Portalis;
 * An institute at the Faculty of Law bears the name “Portalis Institute”;
 * A plaque affixed to the facade of 25 rue de l'Opéra marks the house in which Portalis was born where he lived until the Revolution;

In Paris:

 * He is buried in crypt V of the Panthéon.
 * A statue of Portalis is installed in the Casimir-Perier hall of the Palais Bourbon.
 * A marble representation from 1877 by Joseph Osbach is in the gallery of busts of the Court of Cassation.
 * A bust of Portalis is in the offices of the Council of State at the Palais-Royal.
 * The Rue Portalis in the 8th arrondissement of Paris has been named after him since 1867.

In Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer:

 * A square opposite the town hall bears his name.

title: Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis