text:
Rayburn

Rayburn may refer to:

Municipalities

 * Rayburn, Alabama
 * Rayburn, Georgia
 * Rayburn, Texas
 * Rayburn, West Virginia
 * Rayburn Township, Pennsylvania

Structures

 * Rayburn House Office Building, a Congressional building

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Rayburn House, the fictional beachside inn owned by the Rayburn family on the Netflix series Bloodline

Brands

 * Rayburn range, a stove cooker from AGA

title: Rayburn


text:
Talk:Ukiah, California

Demographics
"The racial makeup of the city is 79.53% White, 0.96% African American, 3.79% Native American, 1.68% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 9.67% from other races, and 4.27% from two or more races. 19.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race."

Why are Caucasians the only race that merits a color instead of a nationality? Just a thought. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DryGrain (talk • contribs).

 * Because white is the only one the political correctness people didn't bother to mess with. --Tjstrf 04:25, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's an interesting question, really. To me, it also raises the question, what would be a better term for white people? And don't say caucasian. That's a total BS term. I've never been to the Caucasus. It's about as silly a term as "Indian" is for Native Americans. No offense intended to anyone here, I'm just curious what would be better.—Daniel Pritchard 04:15, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not European American? Nearly all white people originate in Europe, similar to how blacks originated in Africa. Zachorious 00:38, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I like that idea - European American instead of White or Caucasian. It fits in better with the Native American, African American, Mexican American.  Everyone else is associated with a nationality and we are only Whites.  What kind of nationality is that?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.12.138.161 (talk) 16:52, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could someone please indicate the pronunciation of "Ukiah"? It doesn't have to be in the International Phonetic Alphabet, but some rough indication would be useful. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.88.181.170 (talk) 15:10, 6 January 2007 (UTC).

I live near Ukiah, somewhat, and it is pronounced yūkī'ə. If you're not into that whole pronunciation key thing, it's similar to You-Kai-Uh. 4.246.159.97 07:39, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

YOU-KI-AH —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.12.138.161 (talk) 16:46, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Government Section
I was curious for some extra input on this section. Do we need to have it? Generally, more information is better but not many of the other city articles have a "Government" section to them. Any thoughts? Monkeyshines78 (talk) 18:05, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Two Facts Sections
We basically have two facts areas - one for Arts and Culture, and the other for "Facts." Both list one baseball-related item. If Arts and Culture can't be expanded beyond just a list, I think we should merge the two. Maruchan (talk) 18:17, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Is that the best we've got?
Is the momentary presence of Leonard Lake really noteworthy, let alone something the town wants in its Wiki 15 minutes? I grew up in Ukiah in the 1980's and surely never heard the name, and while it may be true that he was there... I'm sure we can think of plenty of others who've stopped through for a moment. Famous people have been stopping at the Burger King at the Perkins 101 exit for decades... UHS1993 (talk) 18:40, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Jim Jones
Shouldn't Jim Jones be added to the list of noteworthy people? He was established there at one point. BenW (talk) 09:00, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * He was off the beaten path a little more, in Redwood Valley. Binksternet (talk) 15:49, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Exports
Per my cousin, a long-time Ukiah resident, there is a third major export, which until recently was illegal, even though dominant: cannabis. My cousin told me that these 3 export industries are the dominant employer groups in the region. (My cousin had worked in both of the other 2.) Acwilson9 (talk) 02:45, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Ukiah, California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc to http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ukiahdailyjournal.com/ci_12475722
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071201223040/http://www.afireinside.net/bio/default.aspx to http://www.afireinside.net/bio/default.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:56, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ukiah, California


text:
Locust (disambiguation)

Locusts are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acridida.

Locust or Locusts may also refer to:

Insects

 * Cicadas, often called locusts when they swarm
 * Magicicada, a genus of cicadas often referred to as "13-year or 17-year locusts"

Plants

 * Plants of the genus Robinia:
 * The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), a leguminous tree with toxic pods
 * Plants of the genus Gleditsia
 * The honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), a leguminous tree with pods having a sweet edible pulp
 * Locust bean, fruit of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
 * African locust bean, fruit of the néré tree (Parkia biglobosa)

Films

 * Locust (film), a 2015 Russian erotic thriller
 * Locusts: The 8th Plague, a 2005 horror movie
 * Locusts (2005 film), a 2005 American television film directed by David Jackson and aired on CBS
 * Locusts (2019 film), a 2019 Australian independent feature film
 * The Locusts (film), a 1997 American film starring Vince Vaughn and Kate Capshaw

Music

 * Locust, an alias of electronic artist Mark Van Hoen from Touch Records
 * Locust Music, a Chicago-based record label
 * The Locust, a US noise-rock band from California
 * The Locust (album)
 * The Locust (EP)
 * Ghosts VI: Locusts, an album from the American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails
 * Locust, a 1997 album from the Swedish hardcore / thrash metal band Mary Beats Jane
 * Locust, an album from the French metal band Lyzanxia
 * "Locust", a song by a-ha from their 1993 album Memorial Beach
 * "Locust", a song by heavy-metal band Machine Head from their 2011 album Unto the Locust

Other

 * Locust (comics), a minor Marvel Comics foe of the X-Men
 * Locust Horde, the main enemy force in the third-person shooter video game series Gears of War
 * Locust, a light BattleMech in the fictional BattleTech universe
 * Locust, a Fairy chess piece which captures by hopping over its victim (as in checkers)
 * Locust, a quadruped Covenant anti-building vehicle in the video game Halo Wars
 * Locusts, a mythological hybrid creature appearing in the Book of Revelation

Places

 * In the United States
 * Locust, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Locust, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Locust, New Jersey, an unincorporated community
 * Locust, North Carolina, a city
 * Locust, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Locust, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Locust Township, Christian County, Illinois
 * Locust Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
 * Locust Lake, Pennsylvania
 * Locust Fork of the Black Warrior River, a tributary in Alabama
 * Locust Creek (Grand River), a stream in Missouri
 * Locust Creek (Gravois Creek), a stream in Missouri
 * Locust Creek (Shamokin Creek), Pennsylvania
 * Locust Creek (West Virginia) - see Locust Creek Covered Bridge (West Virginia)

In the military

 * HMS Locust, three ships of the Royal Navy
 * USS Locust, two ships of the US Navy
 * M22 Locust, an unsuccessful American World War II light tank
 * Operation Locust, an Australian World War II commando raid in New Guinea

People

 * Stephen V of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia from 1538 to 1540
 * Rich LeFevre, competitive eater nicknamed "The Locust"

Other uses

 * Locust (car), a kit car inspired by the Lotus 7
 * Locust, a GWR Metropolitan Class locomotive
 * Locust (finance), a term used in discussions critical of capitalism in Germany
 * Locust United Methodist Church, a historic African-American church in Columbia, Maryland
 * Locust (ethnic slur), anti-Chinese ethnic slur popularized in Hong Kong

title: Locust (disambiguation)


text:
Mount Othrys

Mount Othrys (όρος Όθρυς – oros Othrys, also Όθρη – Othri) is a mountain range of central Greece, in the northeastern part of Phthiotis and southern part of Magnesia. Its highest summit, Gerakovouni, situated on the border of Phthiotis and Magnesia, is 1726 m above sea level. The population density in the mountains is low: there are a few small villages, including Anavra in the northwest, Kokkotoi in the northeast, Palaiokerasia in the south and Neraida in the southwest. The length from west to east is about 35 km and the width from north to south is about 25 km. The Pagasetic Gulf lies to the northeast, and the Malian Gulf lies to the south. The summit Gerakovouni lies 19 km south of Almyros, 27 km northeast of Lamia and 44 km southwest of Volos. The peaks of the range are above the tree line. The main mineral constituent of the rock is ophiolite.

A Natura 2000 protected area has been defined over much, but not all, of the range according to the Birds Directive. Of interest to the government is the protection of the raptors and the prevention of clear-cutting and other settlement measures that would destroy their traditional habitat. The area, named Oros Othrys, Vouna Gkouras kai Farangi Palaiokerasias, ID GR1430006, includes the eastern range, a spur to the south to cover Palaiokerasia Gorge, and a spur to the north to cover Gkouras Hill.

History
On February 5, 1991, a Lockheed C-130H Hercules 748 crashed into the mountain, killing 63 people.

Greco-Roman Mythology
In Greek mythology, Mount Othrys was the base of Cronus and Rhea and the other Titans and Titanesses during the ten-year war with the Olympians known as the Titanomachy. It was also the birthplace of the gods and goddesses who are children of Cronus and Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus. It was assaulted by the Olympians against the Othrysians, led by Cronus and Rhea's six sons and daughters. Olympians later overthrew and restored Othrysians and both gained dominion in all of heaven and earth.

Tunnel
Othrys Tunnel (Σήραγγα Όθρυος) is a tunnel 2.9 km long located in the southern section of the Central Greece Motorway, between Lamia and Xyniada. It passes underneath Othrys mountain. Work began in 2008, along with the rest of the motorway, but stopped in 2011 because of the Greek government-debt crisis. Construction resumed in 2019, along with the rest of the southern section. Its construction has faced challenges. It is the longest road tunnel of the whole motorway and it will be one of the longest in Greece. The tunnel has already been excavated on both sides, as of October 2021.

title: Mount Othrys


text:
Talk:History of Christianity in Ukraine

Persecution of Greek Catholic Ukrainians in Kholm
I find it ironic that someone, who wrote a nice article on forceful conversion to Orthodoxy of the Kholm Governorate should be reverting a statement describing discrimination and persecution of Catholic Ukrainians in that area. Even though sources from Russian orthodox church site Iith respect to the persecutions, a solution might be to qualify the referenced statement - "according to..." and then include the info on persecutions. However this brings up another problem with the particular reference. The info doesn't come from, say, the Ukrainian Catholic Church's website but from one parish's web page. Adding "according to St. Mary's Church in Winnipeg persecutions etc. occurred" isn't right.

 * About Subtleny's boook - are you sure that Subtelny was referring specifically to the persecutions etc. in Chelm? I might be wrong and wil check again, but Subtleny didn't seem to write much about Chelm (I think I looked when I worte the article).  On the other hand Himka seemed to present the situation in Chelm as generally calm and free of persecution until the 1860's.  I won't revert until I double-check, but the sentence "Within the Russian Empire, the Uniate Church - despite mass deportations, persecutions and discrimination - continued to function until 1875, when the Eparchy of Chelm was abolished." implies that the deportations were happening in Chelm, which might not be accurate.Faustian (talk)
 * Let me cite from Subtelny: By means of mass deportations, bribery and even executions Bibikov succeeded in practically eliminating the Greek Catholic Church in the empire. Please, do check it on p. 211. In this article we are talking about the Greek Catholic Church as such. That's what the paragraph means. And mass deportations, executions and general persecution of Greek Catholics happened throughout the empire, including the Kholm Governorate if you are interested. --Hillock65 (talk) 04:54, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * On the top of the page it states that Bibikov was in charge of Kiev, Podolia and Volhynia provinces. The persecutions etc. refers to those regions specifically (Subtelny also adds Belarus).  As mentioned in the article Conversion of Chelm Eparchy, until 1865 Kholm was part of the autonomous Congress Poland and thus was spared these things.Faustian (talk) 05:05, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Please do have a look at the article. Neither the whole of it, or the section, or even that particular sentence restricts the subject to Kholm governorate. It states, and correctly so, that the Greek Catholics were persecuted by Russian authorities in the empire. It, and neither in fact Subtelny mention if that happened in that particular Governorate. It happened in the empire to all Catholics and the sentence correctly reflects that. Whether that happened in KG is left out and does not seem to be that relevant in relation to general persecution in the empire. --Hillock65 (talk) 05:19, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

GA/A class
Since this article has seen quite an input from numerous users a suggestion to upgrade it to class A or GA? Can people identify which parts need to be worked on to achieve this? --Kuban Cossack (По-балакаем?) 16:09, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

CURRENT STATISTICS
According to the most recent independent survey of the Ukrainian population, one conducted in June and July of 2007 by the Ukrainian Sociological Service, Ukrainians identified their own church affiliation as follows:

 * UOC-KP 32.4%
 * Non-religious 23.0%
 * UOC-MP 20.9%
 * Greek Catholic 10.3%
 * Believer, but no affiliation 9.7%
 * "Other" 1.8%
 * UAOC 0.8%
 * Roman Catholic 0.6%
 * Protestants 0.2%
 * Jewish 0.1%
 * Muslim 0.0% (less than 0.1%)

That is, in this survey 32.4% of the Ukrainian population, or roughly 14 million people, identify themselves as members of the independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarch (UOC-KP), while only 20.9%, or about 9 million, claim to be members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate, or UOC-MP).

The CIA World Factbook provides the following figures for religious affiliation in Ukraine:

 * "Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv Patriarchate 50.4%,
 * Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 26.1%,
 * Ukrainian Greek Catholic 8%,
 * Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 7.2%,
 * Roman Catholic 2.2%,
 * Protestant 2.2%,
 * Jewish 0.6%,
 * other 3.2% (2006 est.)"

While there have been fluctuations over the years, I am personally not aware of a single, independent survey of the Ukrainian population subsequent to 1997 which would indicate that the UOC-MP is larger than the UOC-KP. For example, in analyzing an earlier set of surveys, historian Andrew Wilson writes, in "The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation" (Yale University Press, 2002: pp 236-237):

"...According to the largest and most comprehensive poll undertaken in 1997, 65.7% of the sample considered themselves believers, and of these 62.5% expressed an allegiance to particular Church. Of the latter, 12.3% declared themselves supporters of the UOC-MP and a further 11.6% claimed to belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, although technically it no longer exists in Ukraine (its supporters can basically be grouped with those of the Moscow Patriarchate). An impressive 43% named the UOC-KP, and only 4% the Autocephalous Orthodox. Greek Catholics accounted for 14.3%, concentrated overwhelmingly in the western regions of Galicia and Transcarpathia."

According to Dr. Wilson's footnotes, the above figures are from a 1997 Socis-Gallup poll. Dr. Wilson adds, on page 361:

"According to another Sosis-Gallup poll in February 1998, 41% claimed no religion, 20.4% backed the UOC-KP, 7.5% the UOC-MP, 1.8% the UAOC and 6.3% the Greek Catholics..."

The fact that, despite the availability of objective data such as the above, the Moscow Patriarchate continues to claim to represent almost 70% of the Ukrainian population, would suggest that the claims provided by Moscow are extremely doubtful.

Bandurist (talk) 16:47, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for posting these. These and other similar statistics were discussed here, but two contributors (one now banned) were adament against mentioning statistics of this type in the article.  It does seem strange that this appears to be the only article that discusses number of parishes in great detail, and avoids any mention of number of followers, which is the normal way to measure church size.  I would be very much in favour of including this type of information in the article. Qe2 (talk) 04:56, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * As per this discussion: I would feel comfortable mentioning that MOST surveys point to more UOC-KP adherents but would change little else; conclusions based on surveys are inherently flawed for the reasons described in the discussion.Faustian (talk) 06:21, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, Bandurist appears to be correct that ALL *independent* surveys (those not commissioned by a church brotherhood or the like) agree on relative church size. We can simply present the information in straightforward encyclopedic prose, "According to XXX ...."  Presently there is too much information on distribution of parishes, which is confusing.  Qe2 (talk) 10:07, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's irrelevent who commissioned the survey as long as it was conducted by an independent organization (which seems to have beenthe case with the Ukrainian Catholic Church-commissioned survey whose reults were anomolous). If the survey itself was conducted by a church brotherhood or the like than I agree with you absolutely.  But in this case it wasn't, so I think that the thing to do would be to add that MOST surveys show more adherence to the KP than the MP, but surveys have limitations. I also agree that the information about the distribution of parishes could be streamlined. I'll make some changes, feel free to edit them.Faustian (talk) 14:45, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Regarding the party commissioning the survey, I do not feel that a survey paid for and designed by one of the interested parties can be considered "indpedendent" in the strict sense. As a practical matter, can you (or anyone) provide any other surveys conducted by an independent scientific survey agency which would agree with the results obtained in the UGCC survey?  Qe2 (talk) 16:59, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I feel that changes should be made to reflect the information that I put forward. Is there anything reliable that that opposes this information? Previously I tried to incorporate some of these statistics and only got it all removed. I am worried not to start up a conflict.

 * I do think that the UOC Kyiv patriarchy should be listed first for a number of reasons. 1) It has more parishioners, 2) It is not subservient toa foreign patriarch, 3) Th UOC Moscow Patrircrchy was previously known only as the Russioan Orthof\dox Church and only recently changed its name. I remember proof reading a book published by the Ukraina Society in 1988. At that time the UOC MP was known in Ukraina as the Rus' Orthodox church. However when translated into English Rus' Orthodox church was transformed into Russian Orthodox church. Despite my opposition to the translation that is how they published it.Bandurist (talk) 15:53, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The counterarguments are that the UOC-MP is the only one recognized by the international Orthodox community, it is the "default" Church (the one that was the only one outside Galicia since the 1930's, and the one that dominated Ukraine from c. 1680), and has overwhelmingly the largest infrastructure (most parishes, most church buildings, most priests). The second and third reasons are probably related.  The contra - number of adherents - invovles survey data whose flaws have been discussed at length.  The surveys suggest more adherents for the KP - perhaps even strongly suggest - but is this enough to override the reasons to place the UOC-MP first?  I suggest a vote before we make any changes, in order to have some sort of consensus.Faustian (talk) 18:26, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I do not believe that the fact that "the UOC-MP is the only one recognized by the international Orthodox community" should be considered as a standard for an encyclopedia article, as that criterium is weighted from the POV of one group of people. The article should state this fact clearly, as it does, but it really does not seem to me that it can be neutrally argued that this should be a reason for automatically giving the UOC-MP top billing. For the same logic, I would disagree with Bandurist's Reason #2; if the UOC-MP did have more adherants today, it should come first. (Hence, I would agree with his #1, and regret that I am not sure that I understand #3 exactly.)  Qe2 (talk) 16:59, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Makes sense. It is better to get some sense of re opinions before making changes that have a tendency of escalating matters.22:26, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Vote on placing UOC KP before UOC MP
Currently in the article we have UOC MP before UOC KP. This gives a distorted picture. Currently the UOC KP has more parishioners. I am calling a vote in order to see opinions regarding placement of UOC KP before UOC MP in the Lead.

 * Support - I believe that the UOC KP should be placed before the UOC MP because there it has more adherants, in fact its share of the religious pie is now greater. I also would place the UOC KP before the MP because it is a local church that is not subservient to a foreign power.Bandurist (talk) 22:26, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd note unaligned form the largest segment, followed by... there's no editorial rationale that I can support that places UOC-MP before UOC-KP. Having the biggest sandbox doesn't make it the most popular one. PetersV     TALK 01:56, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Support.Galassi (talk) 01:25, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Support - Ukrainians form a substantial portion of the Russian Orthodox Church--bishops and laypeople held about a third of the ballots in the election of the last patriarch. However that does not translate to dominance in Ukraine. Certainly there is a schism in Ukrainian orthodoxy, part oriented toward those ties with Moscow, part seeing any such ties as an incarnation of Russian imperialism--Ukrainian orthodoxy, as I understand it, currently allied with the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP), Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP), and there is an additional autonomous Ukrainian variant (UAOC). Clouding today's preferences is that during the Soviet era the autonomous Ukrainian church was coerced to recognize Moscow as the central authority. (Its persecutions and resurrections during the Soviet era being another topic.) Even so, the Ukrainian Church under Moscow today constitutes a minority of Ukrainian orthodox believers. IMHO, perhaps if Moscow un-excommunicated Ivan Mazepa--originally excommunicated for violating his loyalty oath to Peter the Great--it might garner more believers that it is not (still) an instrument of central Russian policy. I certainly see no objective reasons to place the Moscow Patriarchate first, nor is putting Ukrainian orthodoxy first pandering to nationalists. The numbers are what they are. PetersV     TALK 01:31, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose I'm not going to fight the change because the arguments in support have merit.  To reiterate the case for the MP, surveys suggest more adherents for the KP but are flawed due to the people's seeming confusion (see the lengthy discussion in the archives here: ).  For example, in one survey (Mott Foundation, 2000 - the most recent one) the MP has 12%, KP 22%, and "Orthodox No Particular Affiliation" has 26%. The CIA Worldfactbook cites MP 9%, KP 19%, and Orthodox unspecified 16%. This phenomenon is seen in every survey.  For this reason, we can't say that the survey states that the KP actually has more adherents.  It's suggested, but not concluded and making such a conclusion is original research. All we can say is that more people explictly state that they belong to the KP than explicitly claim to belong to the MP.  This is not the same as more adherents.  It could mean that KP people are more activistic and self-aware.  It could mean that people living in areas with no choice (MP territory in eastern Ukraine with few KP churches) just say "Orthodox" without specifying.  If you live in Donetsk and every church is a MP Church you might just say "Orthodox" without specifying; but if you live in Kiev where on one corner is a KP Church and on another an MP Church you might be more likely to give a specific answer.  We don't know why more people endorse KP than MP and we can't base edits on our speculation because it's original research.  All we can say is which one has more self-declared adherents, in the context of more people giving a vague answer than giving a specific one and that the number of self-declared adherents is still under 50% of Orthodox adherents. So the survey data doesn't tell us which Church has more actual adherents, though it tells us whose adherents are more self-aware.  On the other hand, number of priests, number of parishes, and number of churches are not subject to speculation or interpretation.  They are facts, and the MP has something like a 3 to 1 advantage in that area over the KP.  So let's summarize what the actual facts are without any speculation:

 * MP has more than three times the churches, monasteries, priests and parishes than the KP has. See and .  It also has more of the most important religious cites such as the Pecherska Lavra.

 * According to most surveys, a huge portion of Orthodox don't identify which Church they belong to (in some surveys it's the largest simgle group, in others it's within 5% of the top). Among those who do identify it, however, more identify themselves as belonging to the KP than the MP by a large margin. In each survey, however, the self-identified KP adherents still make up less than 50% of Orthodox Christians due to the large number with no expressed preference.

 * These are the facts and the placement should be based on them.Faustian (talk) 06:10, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes, there is a large part of people who do not identify with either Patriarchate, but there is no reason to assume that they would be divided any differently than those who do make a distinction. I think that in this kind of situation, their impartiality eliminates them from the decision-making process. We should focus on the facts that are clear - of the people who do choose a Patriarchate, more support the Kyiv Patriarchate, therefore that should be stated first.
 * Support - the facts are simple - more people identify themselves as members of the Kyiv Pariarchate than the Moscow Patriarchate.

Also, all other statistics being equal, alphabetically Kyiv is before Moscow, so it should come first. Thanks, Horlo (talk) 09:23, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually there is reason to assume they would choose the MP, because the MP territory is monolithic (I.e., in Donetsk almost every church is an MP church, so someone from there, a member of an MP church, would be more likely to simply call themselves Orthodox without bothering to specify). As I said, the statistics say that more people identify themsevles as KP than MP.  They do NOT say that most people belong to the KP.  There is a big difference there.Faustian (talk) 17:20, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Support - Ranking according to number of adherents is an objective standard. (I intend to follow Faustian's comments in a separate section.) Qe2 (talk) 15:45, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Article improvment
I think that this article can be good or featured just with more references. --Vojvodaeist 14:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Comments on Voting
I apologize if it is innapropriate to start a subheading for this discussion, but I wished to address some of the points raised by Faustian in the voting section in a greater detail than I thought appropriate at that place. First, I will address the questions regarding the survey data.

1. Regarding the survey commissioned by the UGCC, while I have no reason to doubt the sincerity of the UGCC or the professional ability of the Ukrainian Sociological Survey, this survey is unusual in that, at the request of the UGCC, the choices given were "Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate" or "Ukrainian Orthodox Church"; "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)" was not an option. I believe that it can be inferred from this, if considered in comparison with other surveys, is that there are Ukrainians who would consider themselves followers of THE "Ukrainian Orthodox Church", but not of the "Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarchate". I suspect that the UGCC simply wanted to be cautiously respectful to the UOC(MP) and used their legal name. While I see nothing wrong with discussing this, or citing it, as long the difference is noted, I do not think this survey would fall in the category of "independent" surveys cited by Bandurist, as the UGCC had too much input in designing this question.

2. In any survey of religious self-profession, there will be a larger number of "nones" if the survey uses a two-step process (asking first if the people belong to a certain church, and then asking which church) then with a one-step process (just asking people which church, possibly with "none of the above" or "other" as alternatives). This is true everywhere, and not unique to Ukraine. Dr. Brian Grim of the Pew Forum published an example showing how, in Bulgaria, the number of 'nones' were more than 7 times higher when using a two step survey process compared with a one step process, among the exact same population. The fact that many people will, in some surveys, give an answer like "Orthodox of no jurisdiction" does not mean that the relative size data is not accurate.

Regarding ranking church strength based on number of registered parishes or clergy, there are a number of flaws which would seem to make this inherently unreliable. For example:

1. The allocation of church buildings in Ukraine is decided in the first instance by local authorities, and is therefore subject to influence outside of the local congregations. For example, in a case decided on June 14, 2007 and cited in the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report (2007), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the Kyiv city administration was violating the rights of the faithful of the Svyato-Mykhaylivska parish by not allowing them to reregister from the UOC-MP to the UOC-KP. That is, the faithful of that parish overwhelmingly wish to be a part of the UOC-KP, but the civil authorities force their church (and its priest) to remain in the UOC-MP. In fact, even though a survey in December of 2006 showed that 52% of the adults in Kyiv suported the Kyivan Patriarchate, compared to only 8% for the Moscow Patriarchate, the Kyiv City Council that same year granted Moscow title to 10 churches and only 1 to the Kyivan Patriarchate. There is evidence here and elsewhere that the number of faithful does not, at least in places, correlate with the number of parishes.

2. Legally, all that is required to register a parish in Ukraine are the signatures of 10 adult citizens. There is therefore clearly at least an opportunity to inflate the number of parishes by registering "paper parishes".

3. As elsewhere in the world, parishes vary in size and commitment. I believe that there are actually more registered Protestant parishes and clergy than for the UGCC, yet I do not believe that anyone would claim that there are more Protestant faithful than Greek Catholic in Ukraine.

4. In terms of possession of buildings and clergy, the UOC-MP in most places became the 'de facto' inheritor of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was the only church legally tolerated throughout most of the Soviet Era.

Given the inherent problems with basing church strength on a secondary figure like number of parishes or clergy, and given the consistency of multiple sets of scientific survey data, there seems to be no clear reason to consider using parish size or number of clergy as an exception in this case. Qe2 (talk) 16:32, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I apologize for following my own post with yet another, but I think I see that Faustian is making a distinction between, on one hand, number of "adherants" and, on the other hand, number of "followers" or "self-declared adherents". I sincerely apologize that, probably in my ignorance, I am not certain I understand this difference, and would be grateful if someone could patiently explain to me the significance of this distintion.  Qe2 (talk) 07:26, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Perfectly appropriate to have a discussion section so as to not make the voting section too thick with discussion. To paraphrase some of the points above...
 * Size of infrastructure and numbers of support personnel is not a measure of customer base.
 * Using the now proverbial Macy' and Gimbel's (rival departments stores across the street from each other in their heyday in New York): guessing how to allocate customers who state they don't prefer either either Macy's or Gimbels (only that they do shop at department stores) into a count of Macy's or Gimbel's customers is unencyclopedic speculation.
 * It would appear the appropriate course is to indicate most Orthodox adherents, when asked, state no preference; those that do are most loyal to Kiev, then followed by Moscow. PetersV     TALK 08:26, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In response to QE2: the reason I make this distinction is that presumably one of the arguments fro placing KP first is that more Ukrainians belong to that church. In my opinion, if that were indeed the case and this was proven than this fact would probably trump all others and would change my vote.  Unfortunately, the survey results don't support that - they only indicate that for whatever reason more people explicitly state that they belong to the KP than the MP, the number of explicit KP supporters still being below 50% of Orthodox Christians.  Let's look at the results of one survey, the mostr recent one from the Mott Foundation in 2000, which showed that the MP has 12%, KP 22%, and "Orthodox No Particular Affiliation" has 26% support, Ukrainian Autocephalous 1%.  Doing the math, this means that among Orthodox Christians, about 36% declare themselves as members of the KP, 19.7% as followers of the MP, and 1.7% as followers of the UAOC.  A whopping 42.6% don't specify what kind of Orthodox Christians they are.

 * The reasons for this phenomenon are purely speculative and unscientific. All we can work with are the facts, and these say that a minority of Orthodox Christians declare themselves as belonging to the KP (albeit, a larger minority than those declaring adherence to the MP).  The huge number of undeclared people means that no conclusion can be made about which Church actually has more followers in the general population. It is quite possible that more Orthodox go to MP churches than KP churches. So to reiterate, the actual FACTS say that more people say they belong to the KP than the MP, this number still being too low to draw any conclusion about actual adherence.  On the other hand, the MP enjoys a 3 to 1 advantage in "infrastructure" - number of priests, number of church buildings, number of monasteries, etc.

 * In response to the department store analogy - what if for example 36% say they are Gimble's shoppers, 20% say they are Macy's shoppers, and 42% of shoppers say they don't know or don't care, yet there are 3 times as many Macy's stores and 3 times as many Macy's employees in the city. Would you be prepared to conclude that Macy's is smaller/less important than Gimble's based simply on Gimbles' shoppers greater stated allegience?  What criteria to we use to rank importance of each Church?  Does the ability or desire of its members to identify which Church they belong to take precedence over number of churches, number of priests, etc.? Faustian (talk) 14:11, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Just to carry the comparison forward, Faustian's question (3x stores and employees at Macy's) omits the fact that when the anti-trust division of the Justice Department wasn't trying to dismantle Macy's, it was granting Macy's a state monopoly and telling Gimbel's employees to work for Macy's or be unemployed (or worse, and not to mention other factors). We can't project MP's greater physical presence as being the result of "market forces" because of those other factors at work. The best we can do is to prioritize personal preference, followed by the note that MP is the better equipped for historical reasons X,Y,Z.
 * No one has the absolute majority here, so stating "a minority profess allegiance to KP" implies there's a majority somewhere else, which there is not. Let's simply state who is allied with whom in order of highest to lowest %. There's no reason to believe that people say something other than their FACTual alliance. It's clear that the (self-professed) order is:
 * non-aligned Orthodox believers (_%)
 * UOC-KP (_%)
 * UOC-MP (_%)
 * UAOC (_%)
 * We should be able to list such and move on, no? If there's any conclusion to be drawn, it's that Ukrainians care less about the politics of faith than WP editors. PetersV     TALK 23:30, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
 * P.S. We can just as well state (going back to Faustian's minority phrasing) that, say, less than a tenth [if 8% is the number we're using] of Ukrainian Orthodox believers identify themselves with the Moscow Patriarchate. Simply listing and moving on would be the NPOV thing to do, IMHO. The Orthodox belief has a rich and long history regardless of Patriarchate, It's frankly disrespectful to turn this into a contest jostling for position. The numbers are what they are. PetersV <SMALL><SMALL>   </SMALL> TALK</SMALL> 01:46, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I thank PetersV for his perspective and explanation. I agree with his position here, and hope that he, and all others who may be lurking, will not lose patience with us. Qe2 (talk) 06:38, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello, to offer a different perspective about a simple majority: in countries with a parliamentary system, the party with the largest number of seats forms the government, even if it has less than 50% of the seats. If the other parties (who together hold more than 50% of the seats) decide to join and vote together against the government, then the government falls. Independent members do not form the government, they sit in the opposition.
 * I think that the situation is similar here - if the majority of faithful decide to acknowledge adherence to one Patriarchate, they will hold the "swing vote". However, until that time, we cannot assume which one they would join depending on the availability of a local church. In this case, the Kyiv Patriarchate forms a minority government, and will do so because they are the biggest piece of the pie (even though that piece is not larger than 50%). Thanks, Horlo (talk) 08:47, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The problem with your analogy is that those poeple are "independent" - they do ultimately go to either one Church or the other. It's basically a two party system, with a huge number of "undecided" in the polls which means that no projection can be made with respect to the actual winner.  But since you support the change, could could you add your vote to the "Support" group in the previous section?Faustian (talk) 14:02, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello, in a two party system, if you don't choose one, your vote is not counted. They very well may choose one over the other, but we just don't know. To further cast doubt on the idea that many undecideds would choose the Moscow Patriarchate, I would submit that some parishoners would prefer to go to a Kyiv Patriarchate church, but are actually afraid to say so, as in some areas speaking out for a Ukrainian alternative can cause attacks. I don't know how common that is now, but I know that it was very common in some rural parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts during the Orange Revolution.
 * I did add my vote to the support group above, and apologize if I didn't do it correctly so that it wasn't recognized. Thanks, Horlo (talk) 08:30, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The point is that the undecided do ultimately choose one, we just don't know which one. You are speculating that they want to choose the KP but are afraid to do so in the surveys.  That's just speculation.  We just don't know.  Therefore, we can make no conclusion based on the survey that KP has more adherants than MP. All we can say is exactly what the survey does conclude - that twice as many people claim to belong to the KP than to the MP, but such a large number don't declare a preference that less than half admit to belonging to the KP.Faustian (talk) 13:55, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

How about something like this, with citations for all data and quotes, in the "Modern Times" section:

 * Although the UOC(MP) has more than twice as many registered parishes as all other Ukrainian Orthodox Churches combined, in independent surveys of the Ukrainian population the majority of those selecting a preference among the Orthodox churches in Ukraine have indicated themselves to be supporters of the UOC-KP. For example, in a 2007 survey conducted by the Ukrainian Sociological Service, 32.4% of Ukrainians, or about 14.9 million people, identified themselves as members of the UOC-KP, compared to 20.9% or 9.6 million for the UOC(MP) and 0.8% or 0.4 million for the UAOC, although in (a recent survey selected by Faustian) in which the respondents were given the option of identifiying themselves as "Orthodox of no particular jurisdiction", Ukrainians identified themselves as (results of survey).  The UOC(MP) itself officially claims to have 28 million followers, while the UOC-KP press service gives numbers of 14 million and 9 million for the UOC-KP and UOC(MP), respectively.

Qe2 (talk) 15:29, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello, that sounds good, but I think that it is important to make sure that the lead does not imply anything which is not so. That's why the Kyiv Patriarchate should go first. Thanks, Horlo (talk) 08:30, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Qe2's paragraph sounds good, although I would change it a bit to make it clearer that the self-declared KP followers are les than half of the Orthodox believers.Faustian (talk) 13:55, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I would be interested in seeing your suggestions; based only on my understanding of your explanation, it sounds like emphasizing your conclusion would be OR. After all, in many, if not most, of the surveys we have discussed here, over 50% of self-declared Orthodox have selected the UOC-KP.  In the 2007 survey cited by Bandurist, for example, which does appear to be the most recent scientific survey, 59.9% of those identifying as Orthodox identified themselves as followers of the UOC-KP, as do 60.2% of the Orthodox in the CIA World Factbook estimate.  I agree that we should present a comparable recent survey where "Orthodox of no jurisdiction" is given as an option, but I am not sure that we should, or can, do anything other than just present the numbers.  It is in consideration of your concerns that I suggested the wording "the majority of those selecting a preference among the Orthodox churches in Ukraine"; that language holds true accross all surveys. Qe2 (talk) 14:42, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hopefully Bandurist will provide a reference for the 2007 survey. If you look here:, stated support for KP is far less than 50% across all six surveys. I agree with you that we ought to just stick with the numbers, anything else (unless it's sourced) is just OR.Faustian (talk) 15:01, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I am glad that we seem to be reaching a consensus. This article  appears to refer to the same survey as that cited by Bandurist.  The World Factbook page for Ukraine can be found here:

 * Also, although I hesitate to disrupt the new pleasant mood with pedantic points, it seems to me that only three of the six surveys in your summary include "Orthodox of no jurisdiction" as an option; in the remaining three more than 50% of Orthodox respondents do identify themselves as followers of the UOC-KP. Further, one of the sets of data that does agree with your statement, the numbers from the World Factbook, appear to be from an older estimate; as noted above, the current numbers given at that site, those Bandurist cites, show 60% of Orthodox identifying as members of the UOC-KP.  Finally, other data on that page, such as all seven sets of data from 1994 through 2000 cited by Yakudza just above the link to your summary, do show a majority of Orthodox supporting the UOC-KP.  (Please note that I am NOT arguing that we draw any conclusion from this, but only explaining why I agree, approaching perhaps from a different direction, that we should "just stick with the numbers".) Qe2 (talk) 07:17, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * With respect to the six surveys I linked to, I assumed that "no particular religion" was the same as no particular Orthodox Church, which is reasnable given that most Ukrainians belong to some kind of Orthodox Church. However the latest CIA figures are important.  I can't acces the link tot he RISU but, properly sourced, if this info is included then I'll change my vote to weak support.  Weak because there are still compeelling arguments for the other side - the overwhelming advantage in number of Church buildings, priests, and monastaries (including the most significant religious treasure in Ukraine IMO, the Pecherska Lavra).  I am pleased with this debate although it may seem like a big deal over a small fact.  Changes ought not to be made without all sides offering their input, and I would want to avoid the appearence of these changes being "sneaked in" due ot the (temporary?) absence of certain editors.  How about:

 * Although the UOC(MP) has more than twice as many registered parishes, priests and monastaries as all other Ukrainian Orthodox Churches combined, in several independent surveys of the Ukrainian population the majority of those selecting a preference among the Orthodox churches in Ukraine have indicated themselves to be supporters of the UOC-KP. For example, in a 2007 survey conducted by the Ukrainian Sociological Service, 32.4% of Ukrainians, or about 14.9 million people, identified themselves as members of the UOC-KP, compared to 20.9% or 9.6 million for the UOC(MP) and 0.8% or 0.4 million for the UAOC. However, in surveys in which respondents were given the option of identifiying themselves as "Orthodox of no particular jurisdiction", Ukrainians identified themselves as (range of these surveys) suggesting that a minority of Ukrainians adhere to any particular Church. The UOC(MP) itself officially claims to have 28 million followers, while the UOC-KP press service gives numbers of 14 million and 9 million for the UOC-KP and UOC(MP), respectively.

 * We can then add the info about each Church, starting with KP first.Faustian (talk) 14:34, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe your conclusion should not be included because it is OR. I would like to see your final draft, but we should present a balanced view of recent indendent scientific surveys, not weigh the article specifically towards those surveys which support your attempted conclusion.  As I am very much concerned that we two appear to be dominating this discussion, I would like to hear from the others who have contributed above, but I see absolutely no reason why we should try to anticipate the feelings of a particular banned user; let us just present the facts.  Qe2 (talk) 05:42, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

(Outdent) Hello, I think that we are getting too much into this voting - I believe that it was about which church should be stated first in the lead. I think that the case has been made for mentioning the Kyiv Patriarchate first, if only because the majority of decided parishoners go to the Kyiv Patriarchate church. Can we at least agree on the lead? Thanks, Horlo (talk) 11:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Horlo, I think you should feel free to go ahead and make that edit. Everyone other than Faustian agrees that it is proper, and Faustian agreed not to block the change. Qe2 (talk) 03:33, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Per the consensus above, I've gone ahead and made the change in listing order. Qe2 (talk) 05:29, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Post Soviet Period
The "Post Soviet Period" section of this article seems to require a great deal of work. Would it help if we could here create an outline of the events that should be included? From my perspective, notable ommissions are (1) the establishment of the UAOC in 1990 and its election of Mystyslav as the first Patriarch of Kyiv, (2) the November 1-3 1991 All Ukraine Sobor of the UOC which unanimously called for the autocephaly of the UOC, and (3) the 1992 Unification Sobor which created the UOC-KP from portions of the UOC and UAOC. Qe2 (talk) 16:01, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Modern Times / Religion in Ukraine
I have just discovered the article Religion_in_Ukraine, which seems to overlap the Modern Times section of this article. Should we consider these together? Qe2 (talk) 13:17, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

UAOC-C
In the weblink section there is also one to Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical, but this church isn't mentioned in the text at all. The article sounds very strange, like exaggerated advocacy for a small group, so the real circumstances and importance should be clarified here. --Ikar.us (talk) 18:28, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

FA
Is this article ready for FA voting?--Vojvodae please be free to write :) 17:11, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on History of Christianity in Ukraine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071029043158/http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/197 to http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/197

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:15, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 16 April 2020
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure) Simplexity22 (talk) 13:47, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

History of Christianity in Ukraine → Christianity in Ukraine – WP:CONCISE. No such article. Should be available first, before any eventual separate history article is needed. PPEMES (talk) 09:50, 16 April 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. <b style="color: White">b</b><b style="color: White">uidh</b><b style="color: White">e</b> 05:08, 25 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose, first of all it may be misunderstood the article would be about current christianity, and not the history of it (the territory back it time what is today Ukraine), see i.e. Religion in Hungary or History of Christianity in Hungary, there is no Christianity in Hungary article, since the scope does not/could not be restricted to present-day Hungary necessarily, but the historic Kingdom of Hungary that comprised almost a three times bigger territory, etc. Since also other countries territories changed in the past millenia or earlier - as we may date Christianity onwards - and some others did not even existed until the modern or recent times, we should safely analyze them in a historical context, in order to avoid confusions.(KIENGIR (talk) 23:30, 18 April 2020 (UTC))
 * Oppose. Srnec (talk) 20:30, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Who of you intend to create Christianity in Ukraine? PPEMES (talk) 09:11, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That's not my problem and has nothing to do with the appropriateness of the proposed move. Lacking an article on X does not justify moving one about Y to the title X to make up the gap. That's absurd. If you think there is a gap, why don't you take a break from RMs, RFDs and TFDs to fill it? Srnec (talk) 11:47, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed with Srnec.(KIENGIR (talk) 12:49, 29 April 2020 (UTC))

 * The discussion above is closed. <b style="color: #FF0000;">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Diagram Needed
Can someone draw me a diagram of the splits and mergers of the Ukrainian Church? All these recent changes are getting hard to follow. Thanks.

"Ukrainian Orthodox Church" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Ukrainian Orthodox Church and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 6 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Heanor (talk) 19:52, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:16, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Christianity in Ukraine


text:
Cowal

Cowal (Comhghall) is a rugged peninsula in Argyll and Bute, on the west coast of Scotland. It is connected to the mainland to the north, and is bounded by Loch Fyne to the west, by Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde to the east, and by the Kyles of Bute to the south.

Argyll is the historic county that the Cowal peninsula was within. Inveraray was the county town.

The northern part of the peninsula is covered by Argyll Forest Park and also includes the Arrochar Alps. In the south, the peninsula is divided into three forks by Loch Striven and Loch Riddon. Cowal's only burgh is Dunoon in the south-east, from which ferries sail to Gourock in Inverclyde. Other ferries run from Portavadie in the west to Tarbert in Kintyre, and from Colintraive in the south to Rhubodach on Bute.

Much of Cowal was once held by the Lamont clan. Later, the Campbells came to be one of the most powerful families in Cowal.

The highest point on the peninsula is Beinn an Lochain in the Arrochar Alps, a Corbett with a height of 901.7 m. The summit overlooks Loch Restil.

Geography and geology
The peninsular is connected to the mainland and bounded to the north by the Arrochar Alps, a group of mountains located around the head of Loch Fyne, Loch Long, and Loch Goil. The Kyles of Bute, a narrow sea channel, separates it from the Isle of Bute to the south, and it borders the Firth of Clyde to the south-east. Several deeply incised sea lochs form a major factor in its geography, with Loch Fyne providing its western boundary, Loch Long providing its north-eastern boundary, and Loch Goil, the Holy Loch, Loch Striven and Loch Riddon cutting into the peninsular and dividing it into several forks.

At its longest, from the Rest and be Thankful pass to Ardlamont Point, the peninsular is some 32 mi long. At its broadest, from Dunoon to Otter Ferry, it is some 17 mi wide. Its highest point, on Beinn Ìme in the Arrochar Alps, is 1011 m above sea level.

Cowal's underlying geology is made up largely of resistant metamorphic rocks, but south of the Highland Boundary Fault part of the Toward peninsula is composed of sedimentary rocks. The landscape is mountainous, the high ground dominated by moorland, peat mosses and the forest that often extends down the sides of the sea lochs to the water's edge. The acreage of improved farmland is small. Most land is owned by estates or the Forestry and Land Scotland except in the more settled areas.

The coast is mostly rocky and the few beaches are mostly shingle and gravel, with the principal exceptions of Ostel Bay on Loch Fyne in the far south-west of Cowal, and Ardentinny on Loch Long in the east, where sandy beaches are to be found. The only lowland areas are around the coast where most of the settlement is found, particularly around Cowal's largest settlement, Dunoon, on the Firth of Clyde.

Settlements in Cowal include:

• Ardentinny

• Ardgartan

• Ardnadam

• Ardtaraig

• Arrochar

• Blairmore

• Cairndow

• Carrick Castle

• Clachaig

• Clachan of Glendaruel

• Colintraive

• Coylet

• Dunoon

• Glenbranter

• Hunters Quay

• Innellan

• Inverchaolain

• Kames

• Kilfinan

• Kilmun

• Kirn

• Lochgoilhead

• Millhouse

• Otter Ferry

• Portavadie

• Rashfield

• Sandbank

• St Catherines

• Strachur

• Strone

• Succoth

• Tighnabruaich

• Toward

• Whistlefield

History
Evidence of early occupation of the area is in the form of cairns or burial mounds. One example is a Bronze Age cairn from between about 2000 BC and 800 BC is situated close to the summit of Creag Evanachan, 195 m above sea level overlooking Loch Fyne. It is a mound of stones about 20 m in diameter and up to 2 m high. Another is the cairn at Dunchraigaig which is 195 ft in diameter and was first excavated in 1864. At the south end a cist contained the deposits of burnt bones from eight or ten bodies. A smaller cist in the centre contained a bowl, burnt bone, charcoal and flint chips, and in the clay below them, the remains of a burial. A third even smaller cist also contained a food bowl, burnt bones and flint chips. A whetstone, flint knife, fragments of pottery and a greenstone axe were also found.

Argyll
When the Irish invaded the region, it became part of their kingdom of Dal Riata. The Cenél Comgaill, a kin group within Dal Riata, controlled the Cowal peninsula, which consequently took their name (evolving over time from Comgaill to Cowal). Prior to this, little is known, except as revealed archaeologically, though the region may have been part of the Pictish kingdom of Fortriu.

Following a subsequent invasion by Norsemen, the Hebridean islands of Dal Riata became the Kingdom of the Isles, which following Norwegian unification became part of Norway, as Suðreyjar (historically anglicised as Sodor). The remaining parts of Dal Riata attracted the name Argyll, in reference to their ethnicity. In an unclear manner, the kingdom of Alba was founded elsewhere by groups originating from Argyll.

However, an 11th-century Norse military campaign led to the formal transfer of Lorn, Islay, Kintyre, Knapdale, Bute, and Arran, to Suðreyjar. This left Alba with no part of Argyll except Cowal, and the land between Loch Awe and Loch Fyne. After Alba united with Moray, over the course of the century, it became Scotland. In 1326, a sheriff was appointed for the Scottish parts of Argyll.

Although, following the Treaty of Perth, Suðreyjar's successor state, the Lordship of the Isles, fell under the nominal authority of the Scottish king, it was not until 1475 that it was merged with Scotland (the occasion being the punishment of its ruler for an anti-Scottish conspiracy). The sheriffdom of Argyll was expanded to include the adjacent mainland areas from the Lordship. Following local government reforms in the 19th century, the traditional provinces were formally abolished, in favour of counties aligned with sheriffdoms, so Cowal became merely a part of the county of Argyll.

Clans and castles
The history of the Cowal is tied into the clans who inhabited it. Seemingly, in the 11th century, an unidentified heiress of the Cenel Comgaill married Anrothan, grandson of the king of the Cenél nEógain, from Ulster. Clan traditions argue that Anrothan's lands were passed down to a descendant named Aodha Alainn O'Neil, who had the following sons:
 * Neil, who founded the MacNeil of Argyll, who were castellans of Castle Sween in Knapdale, on behalf of the Lords of the Isles. The MacNeil of Barra claim to be related to them, though how they came to be involved with Barra is unclear.
 * Gillachrist, whose son was:
 * Lachlan Mor, who founded Clan MacLachlan, who ruled from Castle Lachlan, on the Loch Fyne coast
 * Dunslebhe, whose sons were:
 * Ewen, who founded Clan Ewen of Otter, who ruled from Castle MacEwen, in the Kilfinan peninsula
 * Fearchar, who founded Clan MacKerracher, renamed Clan Lamont after 1235, after Lauman, the then chief. Clan Lamont ruled from Toward Castle, in the Toward peninsula.

Excavations carried out at Castle MacEwen showed the site had several stages of development before it was the defended medieval homestead of the MacEwens; at first there was a palisaded enclosure, and then a promontory fort with a timber rampart.

The remote areas in the north east of Cowal, which were theoretically under the dominion of Clan Lamont, were used by Scottish kings for hunting; indeed, Cowal was the last part of Britain to have wild boar. When King John Balliol was threatened by his rival, Robert de Bruys, Balliol's ally, the king of England, established Henry Percy at Carrick Castle, in the region; likewise Dunoon Castle further south. De Bruys expelled the English from Cowal, with the aid of the Campbells (who were based nearby at Loch Awe), and eventually defeated Balliol. De Bruy's son gave Carrick Castle to the Campbells, while, after spending some time as a direct Royal possession, Dunoon Castle was handed to them by James III, who made the Campbells its Honorary Keepers.

During the civil war between Royalists and Puritans, the Campbells had sided with the Puritans, so following their defeat at the Battle of Inverlochy, Clan Lamont took the opportunity to push back the borders of Campbell control. Predictably, in 1646, the Campbells took revenge, and overran Toward Castle; after being offered hospitability, the Campbells slaughtered the Lamont occupants in their beds. Despite the chief of the Lamonts surrendering, the Campbells hanged many members of Clan Lamont, in what became known as the Dunoon massacre.

By contrast, the next chief of the Campbells, the son of the former chief, was a Royalist, so after the restoration of Royalist rule, the Campbells were not ultimately dispossessed of their gains. However, after James VII came to the Scottish throne, the Campbells revolted, and the chief was executed, but his son, the new chief, took part in the successful expulsion of James VII, so the Campbells once again ultimately retained their lands.

18th century
After the Jacobite rising of 1715 when James Francis Edward Stuart attempted to regain the throne, the lack of roads in the Highlands prevented the British army from advancing to quell areas of unrest. General Wade was tasked with implementing a programme to build military roads from north-central Scotland through the Highlands to the forts in the Great Glen. They were constructed by officers and soldiers. William Caulfeild succeeded Wade in 1740 and constructed the road from Dumbarton via Tarbet to Inveraray through the Cowal where it is known as the "Rest and Be Thankful".

19th century
In Victorian times tourism began to take hold on the Clyde coast. Steam propulsion started in 1812 and by the end of the 19th century, paddle steamers ferried thousands of Glaswegians doon the watter from Broomielaw in the city centre to holiday resorts including Dunoon on the Cowal.

Transport
The principal forms of transport in Cowal are by road and by ferry, and the peninsular is crossed by a cycle route that makes use of both. Railways have never penetrated the area.

Roads
The A83 trunk road crosses the northern end of the peninsular passing Arrochar at the head of Loch Long and Cairndow near the head of Loch Fyne. It partly follows or runs parallel to William Caulfield's historic military road that takes its name, Rest and Be Thankful from the stone seat erected at the summit at the head of Glen Croe. As the A83 has been subject to landslips, the old route has been used as a diversionary route. The other A roads are the A815 which links the A83 with Dunoon via Strachur where the A886 leaves it and heads south via Glendaruel to Colintraive where the ferry connects it to the Isle of Bute and the A8003 which links Tighnabruaich to the A886. Other roads are secondary B roads, narrow roads or tracks.

Ferries
Because of the incised nature of the coastline around Cowal, ferries play a large part in the transport of the area. The shortest and fastest routes from much of Cowal to the population centres of the Scottish central belt involve crossing the Firth of Clyde. A passenger-only service operated by Caledonian MacBrayne connects Dunoon to Gourock in Inverclyde where there is easy access the ScotRail train service to Glasgow Central railway station. Western Ferries operates a high-frequency vehicle carrying service between Hunters Quay, near Dunoon, and McInroy's Point, on the outskirts of Gourock in Inverclyde.

Further south and west, Caledonian MacBrayne vehicle ferries provide crossings both to the Isle of Bute and to Kintyre. It takes five minutes to cross the 400 yd strait from Colintraive on Cowal to Rhubodach on Bute. The ferry from Portavadie on Cowal to Tarbert on Kintyre across Loch Fyne takes 25 minutes.

Cycling
The National Cycle Route 75 (NCR75) links Dunoon and Portavadie on Cowal, as part of a through route between Edinburgh and Tarbert on the Kintyre peninsula. The route forms part of the National Cycle Network, maintained by Sustrans.

From east to west across Cowal, the route starts with a ferry crossing from Gourock to Dunoon. It then follows the Cowal coast north, passing the Holy Loch and Sandbank, before travelling through Glen Lean to the head of Loch Striven at Ardtaraig. From the head of Loch Striven it crosses to the head of Loch Riddon at the Clachan of Glendaruel. It then passes down the west coast of Loch Riddon to Tighnabruaich on the shore of the Kyles of Bute. From here it crosses inland to Portavadie, where another ferry takes it to Tarbert on Kintyre. At Tarbert the NCR75 connects with the NCR78 from Campbeltown to Inverness.

Sport and culture
The Loch Lomond and Cowal Way stretches for over 57 mi through Cowal, from Portavadie on the southeastern shore of Loch Fyne leading to Inveruglas on Loch Lomond, in the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

The Cowal Highland Gathering, the annual highland games, are held annually in Dunoon stadium on the last Friday/Saturday of August.

Castles

• Ardkinglas Castle, no longer standing. Near Cairndow.

• Asgog Castle, ruin, next to Asgog Loch, Millhouse, Kilfinan Parish.

• Auchenbreck Castle (no longer standing), Kilmodan, Glendaruel

• Carrick Castle (private), Carrick Castle

• Dunans Castle (ruin, fire damage),  Glendaruel

• Dunoon Castle (no longer standing), Dunoon

• Knockamillie Castle, ruin, Innellan

• New Castle Lachlan (private), Strathlachlan

• Old Castle Lachlan (ruin), Strathlachlan

• Castle MacEwen (no longer standing), Kilfinan

• Castle Toward (private), Toward

• Toward Castle (ruin), in the grounds of Castle Toward

Country estates

• Ardkinglas Estate, Cairndow

• Ardlamont Estate, Ardlamont peninsula.

• Benmore Estate

• Glendaruel Estate, Glendaruel

• Glenbranter Estate, Glenbranter

• Glenfinart Estate, Ardentinny, Glen Finart

• Knockdow Estate (formerly known as the estate of Kilmichael), Toward

title: Cowal


text:
Raymer

Raymer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Beth Raymer (born 1976), American writer and journalist
 * Brent Raymer (born 1985), NASCAR driver
 * Cory Raymer (born 1973), American football player
 * Daniel Raymer, American aerospace engineer
 * Fred Raymer (1875–1957), American baseball player
 * Greg Raymer (born 1964), American poker player
 * Rebecca Raymer, American politician and nurse
 * Robert Raymer (born 1956), American writer
 * Steve Raymer, American journalist
 * Vic Raymer, Canadian curler

title: Raymer


text:
Diamond Head, Hawaii

Diamond Head is a volcanic tuff cone on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is known to Hawaiians as Lēahi, which is most likely derived from lae (browridge, promontory) plus ahi (tuna) because the shape of the ridgeline resembles the shape of a tuna's dorsal fin. Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who named it for the calcite crystals on the adjacent beach.

Geology
Diamond Head is part of the system of cones, vents, and their associated eruption flows that are collectively known to geologists as the Honolulu Volcanic Series, formed by renewed eruptions from the Koolau Volcano that took place long after the volcano formed and had gone dormant. These eruptive events created many of Oahu's well-known landmarks, including Punchbowl Crater, Hanauma Bay, Koko Head, and Mānana Island.

Like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanic Series, Diamond Head is much younger than the main mass of the Koolau Mountain Range. While the Koolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, Diamond Head is estimated to be about 400,000 to 500,000 years old.

History
Known as Lēʻahi in Hawaiian, the mountain was given the name Diamond Hill in 1825 by British sailors who discovered sparkling volcanic calcite crystals in the sand and mistook them for diamonds. This is reflected in another local name, Kaimana Hila. The name later became Diamond Head, with head being shortened from headland.

The interior and adjacent exterior areas were the home to Fort Ruger, the first United States military reservation on Hawaii. Only Battery 407, a National Guard emergency operations center, and Birkhimer Tunnel, the Hawaii State Civil Defense Headquarters (HI-EMA), remain in use in the crater. An FAA air traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2002.

Tourism
Diamond Head is a defining feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikiki, and also a U.S. National Natural Monument. The volcanic tuff cone is a State Monument. While part of it is closed to the public and serves as a platform for antennas used by the U.S. government, the crater's proximity to Honolulu's resort hotels and beaches makes the rest of it a popular destination.

National Natural Landmark
In 1968, Diamond Head was declared a National Natural Landmark. The crater, also called Diamond Head Lookout, was used as a strategic military lookout in the early 1900s. Spanning over 475 acres (190 ha) (including the crater's interior and outer slopes), it served as an effective defensive lookout because it provides panoramic views of Waikiki and the south shore of Oahu.

The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a navigational lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the crater's slopes. In addition, a few pillboxes are on Diamond Head's summit.

In popular culture
Diamond Head appears on an 80-cent air mail stamp issued in 1952 to pay for shipping orchids to the U.S. mainland.

Charlton Heston stars in the 1963 film Diamond Head., in a role that Clark Cable was supposed to play.

"Diamond Head" an instrumental song by Danny Hamilton recorded in 1964 by The Ventures, was an international hit. The song was especially popular in Japan where it became the first single to sell a million copies.

A 1975 televised game show, The Diamond Head Game, was set at Diamond Head.

The Crater was the location of several concerts in the 1960s and 1970s. First held on New Year's Day 1969, and often known as Hawaiian Woodstock, Diamond Head Crater Festivals, sometimes called Sunshine Festivals, were all-day music celebrations held in the 1960s and '70s, attracting over 75,000 attendees for performances of the Grateful Dead, Santana, America, Styx, Journey, War, and Tower of Power, alongside Hawaiian talent like Cecilio & Kapono and the Mackey Feary Band. The one-day festivals became two-day events in 1976 and 1977, but were canceled by the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources because of community noise and environmental impact concerns. Many items from the bands were brought into and out of the Crater by helicopter.

title: Diamond Head, Hawaii


text:
Diamond Head (British band)

Diamond Head are an English heavy metal band formed in Stourbridge, West Midlands, in 1976. They were part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement and are acknowledged by bands such as Metallica and Megadeth as a significant early influence.

Early history
Brian Tatler formed the band with drummer Duncan Scott while still attending school. In June 1976 they found singer Sean Harris, who was in the same year, and went through three bass players before settling on Collin Kimberley in Feb 1978. The band recorded two self-financed demo tapes in 1979. They were recorded within six hours on a four-track, one of which was sent to Geoff Barton at Sounds. The timing was perfect with the emergence of the new wave of British heavy metal. In 1979/80, Diamond Head were managed by budding local managers Dave Morris and Ian Frazier. Morris put some money into the band and tried to get the band a record deal; Frazier took to driving the band around the UK when on tour. Sean Harris's mother (Linda Harris) persuaded her boss and boyfriend (Reg Fellows) to come and see the band with a view to investing in them. Diamond Head's demos and live reputation gained enough attention for the band to get two support dates with AC/DC and one with Iron Maiden at The Lyceum, London. Although several record companies expressed interest in signing the band, and their managers secured a couple of offers, none were deemed worthy by Fellows and Linda Harris, who were now beginning to advise Sean Harris as he still lived at home with his mother.

A difference of opinions about how to manage Diamond Head followed, which eventually led to Morris and Frazier quitting their role as managers, and the job fell solely to Fellows and Linda Harris. Thus while other new waves of British heavy metal bands were signed to major labels and putting their toe into the US market, Diamond Head remained independent. Guitarist Brian Tatler thinks that their joint managers had unrealistic expectations about the kind of record deal the band should sign, and when no deal lived up to this, Fellows decided that the band should record an album quickly and cheaply at a local 24 track studio, where they had recorded their first single "Shoot Out the Lights"; no money exchanged hands, and the studio owner Muff Murfin - in return for a week of studio time - took 50 percent of the bands publishing for fifteen years. It is believed that tapes were passed onto various labels, but when the debut album, Lightning to the Nations, failed to secure a record deal, management decided that they would release 1000 copies of the album on an independent label (also owned by Muff Murfin) called Happy Face Records.

The album was packaged in a plain sleeve with no title or track listings, and 250 copies were signed by each band member. The management thought that it should be perceived as a 'demo' album, so no fancy sleeve was required, making it very cheap to produce. The first 1000 copies were pressed and made available at concerts and via mail-order for £3.50. The only mail-order advertisement appeared in Sounds and ran for six weeks. The band's management did not pay for the advertisement and ended up being sued.

The original stereo master tapes were lost after they were sent to the German record company, Woolfe Records, who released a vinyl version of the album with a new sleeve. The tapes were not returned until they were eventually tracked down by Lars Ulrich and Phonogram Germany for inclusion on the 1990 compilation album, New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited.

In 1980, Pete Winkelman from Wolverhampton got involved and tried to sign Diamond Head to his new label, Media Records. Winkelman had been a record plugger and he advised the band to change management but this advice was not heeded. In the end, Diamond Head only agreed to make one single for Winkelman, a re-recorded version of "Sweet & Innocent" b/w "Streets of Gold", which came out around October 1980.

In January 1981, Diamond Head successfully opened for April Wine on their UK tour. An ambitious UK tour was planned for the summer as a way of being perceived as being more popular than they actually were. An EP called Diamond Lights was recorded quickly in three days to help pay towards the expenses. The management hired a tour bus for band and crew, and an articulated lorry filled with hired PA and lighting. They also hired the Wolverhampton chapter of Hells Angels to perform security duties on the whole tour. They bypassed promoters and booked the venues with a local agent to avoid paying a percentage, but with little promotion for the tour, it lost money.

The only A&R man who was determined to sign the band was Charlie Eyre, who quit his job at A&M and joined MCA in order to sign Diamond Head and Musical Youth. Discussions went on for around six months until the band finally signed a five-album deal on 1 January 1982.

Borrowed Time
First on the agenda was to record and release the Four Cuts EP, which contained two early era songs, "Shoot Out the Lights" and "Dead Reckoning", and the band did a whistle-stop UK tour of the clubs to promote it. A link-up with agent Neil Warnock at The Agency secured Diamond Head a Friday night slot on the Reading Festival bill in 1982, albeit as late and unadvertised replacements for Manowar. Their set was recorded by the BBC and later released in 1992 through Raw Fruit Records as the Friday Rock Show Sessions.

Their first MCA album, Borrowed Time, featured a lavish Rodney Matthews-illustrated gatefold sleeve based on the album's Elric theme and was the most expensive sleeve commissioned by MCA at the time. The album was somewhat successful commercially, climbing to No 24 in the UK Albums Chart. The band were able to perform a full-scale UK tour at premier venues such as London's Hammersmith Odeon.

To support the album, Diamond Head's released their sixth single, "In the Heat of the Night", backed with live versions of "Play It Loud" and "Sweet and Innocent" recorded at the Zig-Zag club, and an interview with DJ Tommy Vance (although the latter was not available on the 12").

Canterbury
Once the two-week UK tour was over, they were told to start writing the next album. The band tried a more experimental sounding follow-up to Borrowed Time, tentatively titled Making Music which was re-named Canterbury in 1983. Using top engineer Mike Shipley at an expensive London studio, called Battery in Willesden, put immense pressure on the band. Scott struggled to adapt to this new level of scrutiny and was fired, after completing just six drum tracks in three weeks. Then once all the bass parts had been recorded, Kimberley also quit Diamond Head. The album now fell to Harris and Tatler to finish causing the former to almost have a nervous breakdown. The initial success of the album was stalled as the first 20,000 copies suffered vinyl pressing problems, causing the LP to jump. It made number 32 in the UK Albums Chart, and it was noted that the album cost more to make but sold less. Diamond Head were invited to open that year's Monsters of Rock Festival and, for the first time, toured Europe as special guests of Black Sabbath. On 1 January 1984, MCA did not pick up the option for a third album.

1984 to 2000
In early 1984, Diamond Head did an 18-date UK tour which lost money. Harris and Tatler continued to write together, and in October/November, Diamond Head re-convened in a purpose-built studio in Stambermill, West Midlands, to record their next album. It was never finished, and the band fell apart in early 1985. Tatler took over the running of the studio called RPK while Harris signed a solo deal with Pete Winkelman's new label I Major Records. This culminated in Harris and Robin George making an expensive album together under the name Notorious. In 1990, Winkelman encouraged Harris to make another Diamond Head record and so put him and Tatler back in touch after a long break. The band did two UK tours, and eventually, Death and Progress was released in June 1993, featuring guest contributions by Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath and Dave Mustaine of Megadeth. However, the reunion was short lived as they were on the verge of splitting up as soon as the record was released. The last gig Diamond Head played was at Milton Keynes Bowl opening for Metallica ( playing before Megadeth). Towards the end of 1992, Harris grew dissatisfied with the album and Tatler and wanted to move on. Winkelman tried to broker a deal with RCA records for a 'new' band that would feature a new line-up. They performed one gig in Northampton under the name Magnetic AKA, but a deal failed to materialize, and it all fell apart.

2000s
In 2000, Harris and Tatler reunited to perform some acoustic, un-plugged type gigs in the UK. They reworked the old songs and began recording a four track acoustic EP, although this ended up taking two years, and by the time it came out on the band's own label, the acoustic phase was over. They accepted an offer to play the Metal Meltdown Festival in New Jersey on 5 April 2002 (Diamond Head's first US show). An electric band was put together, and a 14 date UK tour was booked for August 2002. A new Diamond Head album was planned, and Mad Hat Studio in Wolverhampton was booked along with producer Andy Scarth. About halfway through the recording, Harris announced that he wanted to change the name of the band to 'Host'. This did not go down well with everyone, and when in 2003 Harris failed to get a deal for the album (which had cost around £16,000), things went quiet. Later that year, Diamond Head and Harris finally went their separate ways.

Nick Tart era
Nick Tart (from Cannock) was asked to join Diamond Head in 2004, the band wrote and recorded the All Will Be Revealed,album and released it in 2005. To promote this album, they completed a 22 date European tour with Megadeth. Brian Tatler commented that this was one of the best experiences of his life, and he regained his enjoyment for playing live with the band again. Diamond Head headlined a celebration of the 25th anniversary of the NWOBHM at the London Astoria, supported by Witchfynde, Bronz, Praying Mantis, and Jaguar. This concert was later released as a live CD titled It's Electric and also the band's first DVD, To the Devil His Due, in 2006. The band's rhythm guitarist Adrian Mills left the band and was replaced with Andy 'Abbz' Abberley, previously in Cannock band Chase with drummer Karl Wilcox. In 2007 Diamond Head released What's in Your Head? produced by Dave (Shirt) Nichols. In 2008, Nick announced that he and his family were going to emigrate to Brisbane. The band continued to tour but now has the extra expense of flying the singer backward and forwards from Australia. Diamond Head toured the US (twice) plus Japan and Europe, including two dates opening for the Big 4. Nick's last show with Diamond Head was 4 October 2013.

Rasmus Bom Andersen era (2014–present)
After recruiting new vocalist Rasmus Bom Andersen (a Danish-born singer living in London) in 2014, Diamond Head toured the UK and began work on their self-titled album Diamond Head, released in 2016. The band took part in the 70000 Tons of Metal cruise around the Caribbean and toured the US, Canada and Europe. Work began on their eighth studio album, The Coffin Train, in mid-2016, and it was released in May 2019. By this time, Diamond Head had signed to Silver Lining Records and is now managed by Siren Management. The album entered the UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart at number 5, ten places higher than the band's self-titled album. In 2018 Diamond Head did a UK and European tour and then opened for Black Star Riders across Europe in 2019.

On 1 September 2022 in an interview with TotalRock, guitarist Brian Tatler talked about an upcoming follow-up to their previous 2019 release. "We haven't had the chance to record the drums yet, but as soon as we can, that's the next thing. We've pretty much got the material ready to go as demos. We've done rehearsals where we record the rehearsals and we've done home demos and things. But the next step will be get in the studio and get the drums down and then we can build on top of the drums." Work had been delayed on the forthcoming record due in part to Tatler replacing Saxon guitarist Paul Quinn.

Influences
Diamond Head have cited their early inspirations as classic 1970s British rock bands such as Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, UFO, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, and Free, Brian Tatler relating that the first albums he bought were Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin II and Deep Purple's Machine Head, and said that although a lot of his guitar work was inspired by Ritchie Blackmore and Michael Schenker, it was punk rock that showed him that anyone could form a band. Colin Kimberley commented Diamond Head got their complex sound from listening to bands like Black Sabbath and Rush and realising that a song with a single riff throughout was not interesting enough.

In a recent interview, Tatler stated that he now tries not to be influenced by modern bands and keep his sound, although he imagines that "little bits creep into the writing process."

The Canadian new wave band Men Without Hats' 1991 album Sideways features a track called "Life After Diamond Head", a reference to the band.

Lack of commercial success
Many reasons have been cited why Diamond Head never achieved significant commercial success, focused mainly on their change in musical direction with Canterbury and their delay in obtaining a record deal. Once they did sign to a major label, MCA proved to be the wrong label, forcing the band to sound more commercial. Also, while successful bands like Iron Maiden and Def Leppard were managed by established music management, Diamond Head were managed by Reg Fellows and the lead singer's mother, neither of whom had managed a band before. In addition, though many of their NWOBHM brethren toured the United States in the 1980s, Diamond Head did not set foot on US soil until 2002, performing one show at Metal Meltdown IV, New Jersey.

Influence on Metallica
American heavy metal band Metallica have covered the likes of "Sucking My Love", "Am I Evil?" and "The Prince" during their initial performances. The Metal Up Your Ass live demo, recorded in November 1982, featured a live rendition of "Am I Evil?". "Sucking My Love" exists on various bootlegs that have been circulating since 1982, along with a recording on the early demo No Life Til Leather.

Metallica's first official studio release of "Am I Evil?" came in 1984 as part of the Creeping Death 12-inch single paired with another NWOBHM classic "Blitzkrieg", by the band of the same name. The two songs were also included in the first pressing of the Kill 'Em All LP when it was re-released by Elektra Records. A cover of "Helpless" was featured The $5.98 E.P. - Garage Days Re-Revisited in 1987 and "The Prince" was included as a B-side to the "One" single. The official recordings of "Am I Evil?", "Helpless" and "The Prince" would also be featured on Metallica's two-CD Garage Inc. compilation in 1998, a collection of numerous cover songs that the band had played over the years. The first CD in the set was newly recorded covers, one of which was Diamond Head's "It's Electric".

During the Wherever We May Roam Tour Metallica played "Am I Evil?" and "Helpless" with the original Diamond Head members on 5 November 1992 at NEC Arena in Birmingham.

Metallica performed "Am I Evil?" along with the other bands in the Big 4 (Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer) at the 2011 Sonisphere festival, and with Diamond Head themselves at the Sonisphere festival in Knebworth on 8 July 2011. The following day Brian performed "Helpless" with Metallica and Anthrax at the Sonisphere festival in Amnéville, France.

On 5 December 2011, Brian Tatler and Sean Harris joined Metallica onstage at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco to celebrate Metallica's 30th Anniversary. Together they played "The Prince", "It's Electric", "Helpless" and "Am I Evil?". Tatler and Harris also took part in a group encore of "Seek and Destroy". Metallica have performed "Am I Evil?" onstage over 750 times.

In 2024 Metallica's Lars Ulrich talks about Diamond Head's influence on him in the documentation "Heavy Metal Kingdom" at 51:26 from Sophie Peyrard published on Arte.

On June 26, 2024, Brian Tatler joined Metallica in stage in Oslo, Norway, to play "Am I Evil?"; Kirk Hammett yielded lead guitar duties to Tatler, even bowing to him during the intro.

Band members
Current
 * Brian Tatler – lead guitar, backing vocals (1976–1985, 1991–1994, 2000–present), rhythm guitar (2006–present)
 * Karl Wilcox – drums (1991–1994, 2002–present)
 * Andy "Abbz" Abberley – rhythm and lead guitar (2006–present)
 * Rasmus Bom Andersen – lead vocals (2014–present)
 * Paul Gaskin – bass, backing vocals (2022–present)

Former
 * Sean Harris – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1976–1985, 1990–1994, 2000–2004)
 * Colin Kimberley – bass, backing vocals (1978–1983)
 * Duncan Scott – drums (1976–1983)
 * Robbie France – drums (1983–1985; died 2012)
 * Mervyn Goldsworthy – bass (1983–1984)
 * Josh Phillips – keyboards (1983–1985)
 * Dave Williamson – bass, backing vocals (1984–1985)
 * Eddie Moohan – bass, backing vocals (1991–1992, 2002–2016)
 * Pete Vuckovic – bass, backing vocals (1992–1994)
 * Floyd Brennan – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2002)
 * Rob Mills – rhythm guitar (2003–2006)
 * Nick Tart – lead vocals (2004–2014)
 * Dean Ashton – bass, backing vocals (2016–2022)

Studio albums

 * Lightning to the Nations (1980)
 * Borrowed Time (1982) – [UK No. 24]
 * Canterbury (1983) – [UK No. 32]
 * Death and Progress (1993)
 * All Will Be Revealed (2005)
 * What's In Your Head? (2007)
 * Diamond Head (2016) – [UK Rock No. 15]
 * The Coffin Train (2019) – [UK Rock No. 5]
 * Lightning to the Nations 2020 (2020) (re-recording with four bonus tracks)

Live albums

 * The Friday Rock Show Sessions / Live at Reading (1992)
 * Evil Live (1994)
 * Live – In the Heat of the Night (2000)
 * It's Electric (2006)
 * Live at the BBC (2010)

Singles and EPs

 * "Shoot Out the Lights" (1979)
 * "Sweet and Innocent" (1980)
 * "Waited Too Long"/"Play It Loud" (1981)
 * Diamond Lights EP (1981)
 * Call Me EP (1982)
 * Four Cuts EP (1982)
 * In the Heat of the Night (1982) – [UK No. 67]
 * Makin' Music (1983) – [UK No. 87]
 * Out of Phase (1983) – [UK No. 80]
 * "Wild on the Streets"/"I Can't Help Myself" 12" (1991)
 * Rising Up (1992)
 * To Heaven from Hell EP (1997)
 * Acoustic: First Cuts EP (2002)
 * Belly of the Beast 7" clear promo Flexi disc (2019)

Compilations

 * Behold the Beginning (1986)
 * Am I Evil (1987)
 * Sweet and Innocent (1988)
 * Singles (1992)
 * Helpless (1996)
 * The Best of Diamond Head (1999)
 * Diamond Nights (2000)
 * The Diamond Head Anthology: Am I Evil? (2004)
 * The MCA Years (2009)
 * Lightning to the Nations: The White Album (2011)
 * Am I Evil?: The Best Of (2013)

DVDs

 * To the Devil His Due (21 November 2006)

title: Diamond Head (British band)


text:
Diamond Head (film)

Diamond Head is a 1962 Eastmancolor drama romance film starring Charlton Heston, Yvette Mimieux, George Chakiris, and James Darren, directed by Guy Green, and released by Columbia Pictures. The original music score was composed by John Williams, Hugo Winterhalter composed the theme, and Darren sang the title song. The soundtrack album was released by Colpix Records (CP 440). It was released on compact disc in 2006 by Film Score Monthly paired with Lalo Schifrin's Gone with the Wave

Silent film star Billie Dove makes her last film appearance in a brief cameo. It was the first film credit for screenwriter Marguerite Roberts after she was blacklisted for nine years.

Plot
Richard "King" Howland is a swaggering land baron living on the Big Island of Hawaii. He objects when his sister, Sloane Howland, announces she plans to marry Paul Kahana, a native Hawaiian, though Richard is having a torrid affair with an Asian woman, Mai Chen. During Sloane and Paul's engagement party, Mai Chen's brother attacks Richard with a knife. Paul tries to break up the fight and is killed. Bitter at her brother for Paul's death, Sloane runs off to Honolulu, where she is taken in by Paul's brother, Dean, and his family.

Meanwhile, Mai Chen gives birth to Richard's child, but dies during childbirth. Richard refuses to accept the child, so Sloane takes it upon herself to care for the baby. After an angry fight with Sloane and Dean, Richard is confronted with a personal dilemma—whether to continue on with his close-minded ways or to welcome his newborn son into his family.

Note
Although the story is based on the novel by Peter Gilman, the screenplay by Marguerite Roberts makes several significant changes in Gilman's story. Several characters are eliminated, including Richard's father, Richard's wife, and his hapa haole (half-Hawaiian/half white) half-brother. Roberts also changed the ending of the story.

Production
Clark Gable was originally slated for Heston's role but died before production began. " I suppose every studio in town had projects waiting for Gable," Heston wrote in his memoirs. "Had he lived to do the film, he would have been a widower and the kid sister his daughter, but the adjusted script worked just as well, though the King’s shoes were a loose fit for me."

Charlton Heston was sent the script and wrote about it in his diary on 12 December 1961 calling it a good part in an overwritten and melodramatic script. If it’s treated with good care it might work out alright." Heston met with Guy Green, who he liked, and both men wanted Yvette Mimieux to play the female lead. It seemed she would not be available and Carroll Baker was discussed - Heston said "I don't think Carrol Baker is right". Then Mimieux became available and Heston wrote "On the basis of what we saw in Light in the Piazza she’s ideal for the part. My main concern now is to see what kind of rewriting Guy can elicit from our scrivener."

Filming began on the island of Kauai in March 1962, with the unit moving to Honolulu in April for further work, then to the studio in Los Angeles. Filming finished in May. Heston wrote "It’s hard to tell what I think now, except that I’m still high on Green. He may have made a film that rises above the melodramatic qualities of the script. He didn’t push me as hard as I should be pushed, but he gave me a lot, all the same." (Heston would later recommend Green take over from Nicholas Ray on 55 Days at Peking.)

Heston saw a cut of the film in October. He wrote it "looks very slick, smooth, not terribly real, and as though there might be some money in it. I have acted better. I must not indicate." In his memoirs, Heston wrote " I never have figured out why I feel that I fell short on that film. Looking back on what I've written about it here, I notice I had a lot to say about my family coming to visit and the quality of the horse. No, that’s not a crack about the people who made the film, but maybe I was focusing on the wrong agenda when we shot Diamond Head."

Guy Green called it a "potboiler" but he enjoyed working with Heston.

Reception
Heston wrote in 1996 "The film turned out to be outrageously successful; I still get checks. I haven’t seen it in a number of years; I’m not sure how good I thought it really was, though it did serve to show again that I could carry a film alone."

In October 1965 Heston listed the movie as one he had made which was a "bust with me and the critics", along with The Pigeon That Took Rome, The Buccaneer and Major Dundee.

title: Diamond Head (film)