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Kisumu

Kisumu is the third-largest city in Kenya after the capital, Nairobi, and Mombasa. It is the second-largest city after Kampala in the Lake Victoria Basin. The city has a population of slightly over 600,000. The metro region, including Maseno and Ahero, has a population of 1,155,574 people (560,942 males, 594,609 females and 23 intersex) according to the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census which was conducted by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.

Apart from being an important political city, it is one of the premier industrial and commercial centres in Kenya. It is also an intellectual city with many PhDs per capita. The city is currently undergoing an urban rejuvenation of the downtown and lower town which includes modernizing the lake front, decongesting main streets, and making the streets pedestrian-friendly.

Culturally, Kisumu serves as the centre of the Luo people of East Africa. It was the most prominent urban centre in the pre-colonial, post-colonial, and modern eras for natives of the Kavirondo region. It was briefly renamed Port Florence, before its name was reverted back.

The city serves as the capital of Kisumu County and was the immediate former capital of now-defunct Nyanza Province. It is an important link in the trade route between Lake Victoria and Mombasa because of its water and rail connections. It is also the chief terminus for the agricultural produce of Nyanza and Western regions. Kisumu International Airport has regular flights to Nairobi and other neighbouring cities such as Mombasa. According to the United Nations, Kisumu is now recognized as a key city and a "Millennium City" – the first of its kind in the world and also in East Africa.

Kisumu's elevation is 1131 m and is about 320 km northwest of Nairobi, on the shores of Lake Victoria. It lies at the northeastern edge of the Winam Gulf, a long, shallow arm that protrudes from the main body of Lake Victoria. Kisumu is 24 km south of the equator and has, due to its elevation, moderate temperatures.

The metropolitan region comprises the city and its suburbs and satellite towns of Maseno, Kondele, and Ahero.

Etymology
When Europeans first settled in the area in the late 19th century, Kisumu became a trading post – attracting Luo people from as far as Migori and Siaya County. The Kisumu region was then occupied by the Luo community. A person going to Kisumu at that time would say, "Adhi Kisuma" to mean I'm going to trade. Derived from the word "Kisuma", the word for a trading post in Luo is "Kisumo", and in Nandi, "Kesumett". The current name Kisumu is an English corruption of the word "Kisumo" or "Kesumett".

An opposing theory states that Kisumu acquired its name from 'Kusuma', the Maragoli word for 'trading'. Because, before Luo arrived in the area, the Maragoli were already trading with other people in the area like the Nandi and the Maasai. Some Luo words were acquired from the Maragoli.

History

Kisumu City is believed to be one of the oldest settlements in Kenya. Historical records indicate that Kisumu was dominated by diverse communities at different times long before Europeans arrived. The people from the Nandi, Kalenjin, Kisii, Maasai, Luo and Luhya communities converged at the tip of Lake Victoria and called the place "sumo" which literally means a place of barter trade. Each community called it different names, for instance:
 * 1) The Luo called it "Kisumo" meaning "a place to look for food" such that the Luo would say "I am going Kisuma" to mean "I am going to look for food".
 * 2) The Abaluhya called it "Abhasuma" which means "a place to borrow food", such that the Luhya would say "I am going Khusuma" to mean "I am going to borrow food".
 * 3) The Abagusii called it "egesumu" meaning "a structure for keeping/rearing chicken". It is believed the Abagusii were in Kisumu but found Kisumu was not good for crop husbandry and agriculture.
 * 4) The Nandi called it "Kisumett" which means a place where food was found during times of scarcity and exchange, which cannot be attacked by Nandi and Terik irrespective of any issue.
 * 5) Industries are centred on processing agricultural products, brewing, and textile manufacturing. Asians once constituted more than one-fourth of the population, but declined after independence in 1963.

Kisumu was identified by the British explorers in early 1898 as an alternative railway terminus and port for the Uganda Railway, then under construction. It was to replace Port Victoria, then an important centre on the caravan trade route, near the delta of the Nzoia River. Kisumu was ideally located on the shores of Lake Victoria at the cusp of the Winam Gulf, at the end of the caravan trail from Pemba, Mombasa, and Malindi and had the potential for connections to the whole of the Lake region via steam ships. In July 1899, the first skeleton plan for Kisumu was prepared. This included landing places and wharves along the northern lakeshore, near the present-day Airport Road. Demarcations for government buildings and retail shops were also included in the plan.

Another plan was later prepared in May 1900, when plots were allocated to a few European firms as well as to Indian traders who had travelled to Kisumu on contracts to build the Uganda Railway and had decided to settle at the expanding terminus. A later plan included a flying boat jetty (now used by the Fisheries Department). In October 1900, the 62-ton ship SS William Mackinnon was reassembled and registered in Kisumu, and made its maiden voyage to Entebbe, marking the beginning of the Lake Marine Services. The SS Winifred (1901) and the SS Sybil (1901) were later added to the fleet in 1902 and 1904, respectively. On Friday, 20 December 1901, the railway line reached the Kisumu pier, adopting a new name, Port Florence.

By February 1903, the railway line had been opened for goods and passenger transportation. Kisumu was also privileged to host the first flight in Kenya; the current police workshop was the first hangar in Kenya. Before the jet airline era, the city was a landing point on the British flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town. Kisumu also linked Port Bell to Nairobi. In the meantime, it was realised that the site originally chosen for the township north of the Nyanza Gulf was unsuitable for the town's expansion, due to its flat topography and poor soils. An alternative site was therefore identified and the town's location moved to the ridge on the southern shore of the Gulf, where the town is today. Consequently, another plan was prepared in 1902, which provided the basic layout of the new town on the southern ridge. This was followed by the construction of a number of government buildings, notably the former Provincial Commissioner's Office (now State Lodge) and the Old Prison (now earmarked for the construction of an Anglican cathedral).

In 1903, the township boundaries were gazetted and some 12000 acres, including water, set aside for its development. The new township reverted to its original name, Kisumu, in substitution for Port Florence. At this time, there was an 'Old Kisumu' that consisted of two rows of stalls (Dukas) on Mumias Road, north of the Gulf. It was demolished in the twenties when new plots became available on Odera and Ogada Streets in the present-day Kisumu, hence the new area acquired the name 'New Bazaar'. Winston Churchill visited Kisumu in 1907.

By the 1930s and 40s, the city had become a leading centre for commerce, administrative and military installations. In the 1960s the population of Asians in relation to locals was significantly higher. The town was elevated to the status of a municipal board in 1940 and later to a municipal council in 1960. In the early sixties, very little development took place in Kisumu, with an acute shortage in housing, shops and offices. The situation was made worse by the influx of locals into the town following the declaration of independence in 1963.

The city's growth and prosperity slowed down temporarily in 1977, as a result of the collapse of the East African Community. However, the city spurred with the reformation of the community in 1996 and with its designation as a "city". The port has been stimulated by the transformation of international business and trade, as well as the shipments of goods destined for Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Currently, Kisumu is one of the fastest-growing cities in Kenya. It is thriving with the sugar and rice irrigation industries, whose contribution to the national economy is immense due to its natural resources and as the epicentre for business in Kenya.

Culture and languages
English is one of two official languages of Kenya, the other being Kiswahili. Most people in Kisumu are trilingual and are also fluent in Dholuo, the local language of the Luo, Kenya's fourth-largest ethnic group, to which 90% of Kisumu residents belong. Due to its growth since the advent of devolution, there has been a recent increase in other local ethnic groups within the city.

Climate
Kisumu features a tropical rainforest climate with no true dry season and significant rainfall year-round. January is the driest month while the month of April receives the most rainfall. The average temperature is 22.9°C.

Agriculture
Kisumu has highly fertile land and variations in temperature and rainfall with two rainy seasons per year across the region provide a suitable environment for a broad range of agricultural crops. The Kisumu region has approximately 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land. However, it is estimated that only 58 percent of the land is currently used. The majority of farming in the lake basin region is subsistence agriculture, leading to relatively low production volumes. Current crop yields are considered to be significantly lower than the potential afforded by soil and climate conditions. Current low land utilisation and yields are driven by the lack of guaranteed markets and associated support services. Like agriculture, livestock farming is currently performed primarily on a subsistence basis. Cattle are predominantly indigenous breeds with lower milk output than grade cattle.

Aquaculture
The Kenyan part of Lake Victoria covers approximately 400000 hectares (4,100 square kilometres), with 550 km of lake shoreline; most of this shoreline is under-used.

Points of interest
Attractions in the city include Kibuye Market, Oile Market, the Kisumu Museum, an impala sanctuary, a bird sanctuary, Hippo Point, shopping malls and the nearby Kit Mikaye and Ndere Island National Park. Although Kisumu has modernized over the years, it still maintains an old town feel, especially on the outskirts, and the culture is still very ingrained.

Town Clock
On the main street of Kisumu city, Oginga Odinga Road, a tall town clock stands in the middle of the road. It was unveiled on 19 August 1938 by the then Governor of Kenya Sir Robert Brooke-Popham. The town clock was built in memory of Kassim Lakha, who arrived in East Africa in 1871 and died in Kampala in 1910. It was erected by his sons Mohamed, Alibhai, Hassan and Rahimtulla Kassim, as the inscription on the Town Clock reads.

Kisumu Museum
Kisumu Museum, established in 1980, has a series of outdoor pavilions laid out in a formation similar to that of a Luo homestead. Some of the pavilions contain live animals. For example, one pavilion contains numerous aquaria with a wide variety of fish from Lake Victoria, along with explanatory posters. Another pavilion contains a terrarium containing mambas, spitting cobras, puff adders and other venomous Kenyan snakes. Outside, the museum has a few additional exhibits, including a snake pit and a crocodile container.

Other pavilions show weaponry, jewellery, farm tools and other artefacts of the various peoples of Nyanza Province. Additionally, there are exhibits of stuffed animals, birds and fish. One pavilion houses the prehistoric TARA rock art, which was removed for its own protection to the museum after it was defaced by graffiti in its original location.

The museum's most important and largest exhibition is the UNESCO-sponsored Ber-gi-dala. This is a full-scale recreation of a traditional Luo homestead. Ber-gi-dala consists of the home, granaries and livestock corrals of an imaginary Luo man as well as the homes of each of his three wives and his eldest son. Through signs and taped programs in both Luo and English, the exhibition also explains the origins of the Luo people, their migration to western Kenya, traditional healing plants, and the process of establishing a new home.

Dunga Beach and Wetland
Dunga Beach and Wetland is known for its biodiversity and its cultural rich and diverse papyrus wetland ecosystem and local community respectively. Ecofinder Kenya has established Dunga Wetland Pedagogical Centre at Dunga Beach, a grass-roots led intervention whose cardinal goal is the empowerment of the Dunga Wetland community and improvement of the livelihood security of its people. Therefore, some of the main focuses in the centre are promoting eco-cultural tourism and facilitating the conservation of the Dunga Papyrus Wetland Ecosystem.

Kisumu Impala Sanctuary
Kisumu is the location of the Kisumu Impala Sanctuary. During British rule, the Impala Park sanctuary was called Connaught Parade. Measuring just 1 km2, the sanctuary is one of Kenya's smallest wildlife preserves. As its name suggests, it is home to a herd of impala, some hippos, and many reptiles and birds. Additionally, several baboons (monkeys) and leopards who faced difficulties in the wild are housed in cages. Over 115 different species of birds live there.

Hippo Point
Hippo Point is a 240 ha viewing area on Lake Victoria. Despite its name, it is better known as a viewing point for its unobstructed sunsets over the lake than for its occasional hippos. Hippo Point is located near the village of Dunga, a few kilometres southwest of the city. The village also has a fishing port and a camping site.

Kit Mikayi
Kit Mikayi, a large rock with three rocks on top, is located off Kisumu Bondo Road towards Bondo. Kit-mikayi means "Stones of the first wife" or "First Wife Rocks" in Dholuo, the Luo language. It is a weeping rock; it is believed that Mikayi (literally, "the first wife") went up the hill to the stones when her husband took a second wife and has been weeping ever since. It has become a local pilgrimage site for adherents of the Legio Maria sect who, come to the rock to pray and fast for several weeks at a time.

Ndere Island
Ndere Island is a small island 4.2 km2 in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria. It was gazetted as the Ndere Island National Reserve in November 1986 and has since been uninhabited. It has sweeping views over the lake in a much more serene and tranquil environment than the mainland.

Sport
Moi Stadium plays home to various teams such as the Kisumu All Stars and Kisumu Telkom FC. Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, the governor and father of Hollywood star Lupita Nyong'o, announced that the county will build a brand new stadium. At the same time, the country's current government has plans to build a national stadium. As of 2018, neither plan has materialized.

Kisumu is represented in the nationwide rugby league by Kisumu RFC. The city is also host to a leg of the national rugby sevens circuit, one of only six city hosts. The Kisumu leg is referred to as the Dala sevens and the annual tournament attracts thousands of fans from across the country.

Kisumu is represented in the Kenya Basketball Federation League by Kisumu Lakeside which plays its home games at Jomo Kenyatta Sports Grounds.

Air

Before the jet airline era, Kisumu was a landing point on the British flying boat passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town. Kisumu linked Port Bell and Nairobi.

Kisumu is served by Kisumu International Airport which has international status, with regular daily flights to Nairobi and Mombasa. Expansion of the airport cargo facility after completion of the passenger terminals is currently going on in anticipation of increased trade brought about by the recreated East African Community of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Water

Lake Victoria ferries have operated from the port linking the railway to Mwanza and Bukoba in Tanzania, and to Entebbe, Port Bell, and Jinja in Uganda. The first steamships built in Kisumu in 1905 were the SS Sybilla and the SS Nyanza.

Rail
The Uganda Railway from the port of Mombasa reached Kisumu in 1901. Until 2013 passenger trains operate between Nairobi and Kisumu using the revamped meter gauge rail run by the defunct Rift Valley Railways. A standard gauge railway from Nairobi to Naivasha was opened up to Suswa in 2019. A second section of 262 km should have brought the standard gauge to Kisumu, a new station and a port on Lake Victoria being planned. The plans not materialising due to lack of funding, a project to rebuild the metre gauge line from the Ugandan capital Kampala to the frontier and onwards to the existing Kenyan metre gauge railway past Kisumu found funding from the African Development Bank in 2022.

Road
Former president Mwai Kibaki launched a Ksh. 6.8 billion road project for a major overhaul of Kisumu's road network on 24 July 2009. The city is connected to the cities of Nakuru, Nairobi and Mombasa via the A104 highway and to the city of Eldoret via the B1 highway. A 450 km Lake Victoria ring road along the shores of the lake is currently under construction and will pass by the city.

Rail and air accidents
During World War II, three aircraft operated by the South African Air Force crashed into Lake Victoria soon after take-off from Kisumu Airport. The first, a Lockheed Lodestar aircraft number "K"-248 (ex ZS-ATK) carrying a senior South African military officer, Major General Dan Pienaar, crashed on 19 December 1942, killing all 12 persons on board. The other two crashes involved Douglas C-47 planes; the first on 11 May 1945 (one fatality) and the second exactly three months later, on 11 July 1945 (28 fatalities). The bodies from the two earlier accidents were repatriated to South Africa, those from the third accident are buried in the Kisumu war-graves cemetery. The cause of the accidents is currently thought to have been the katabatic wind condition which often affects Kisumu in the early morning.

Two serious railway accidents occurred near Kisumu in the 2000s.

The first took place outside Kisumu on 15 August 2000. The brakes on the train failed, causing it to roll. Thirteen people were killed and 37 received injuries. The second took place on the morning of 16 October 2005, when a matatu (taxi minibus) was struck by a passenger train. Six people died and 23 more were injured.

After that there have been accidents in its major towns with notable black spots: Ojola/Kisian, Kisat bridge, Ahero, Sondu, Awasi just to mention a few. The Busia-Kisumu highway is becoming increasingly congested, posing risks to road users. The County Government of Kisumu has been urged to consider dualizing the roads to prevent accidents that have claimed numerous lives and caused lasting physical and psychological harm to motorists and pedestrians.

Primary education
Kisumu has a variety of schools to choose from, both public and private, including:
 * Aga Khan Primary School, a well-known private primary school within the city.
 * Obwolo Primary School is a public co-educational day primary school located in Kajulu ward, Winam Division.

Higher education
Kisumu is home to many universities and colleges:

 * Maseno University
 * Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST)
 * Great Lakes University
 * University of Nairobi-Kisumu Campus
 * Catholic University of East Africa-Kisumu Campus
 * Mount Kenya University
 * Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology (RIAT)
 * Tom Mboya Labour College
 * Kenya Institute of management,kisumu campus
 * DALC Education Kisumu Campus
 * Amani Counselling Centre and Training Institute Kisumu
 * Nairobi Aviation College, Kisumu Branch
 * Intraglobal Training Institute, Kisumu
 * International School of Medicine and Technology
 * Foundation Institute of Africa
 * African Institute of Research and Development Studies, Kisumu City Campus
 * KCA University-Kisumu campus
 * Kisumu Industrial Training Centre
 * Western College of Hospitality and Professional Studies
 * Kisumu Polytechnic
 * International School of Medicine and Applied Technology
 * Kenya College of Accountancy
 * Lake Institute of Tropical Medicine
 * X-elle School of Hair Design & Beauty
 * La-Von School of Hair and Beauty
 * Sigotop Career Development College
 * Ivory Tower Institute
 * Elros Investments Mamboleo

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kisumu (Catholic Church),Jesus celebration centre(JCC international) Anglican Church of Kenya (Anglican Communion),((Citam Church Kisumu)) Presbyterian Church of East Africa (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Convention of Kenya (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. There are also Muslim mosques and a Hindu temple

In popular culture

 * The book "Kisumu" by Okang'a Ooko tells the story of the musicians of Kisumu (2018).
 * Some of the events in the 2017 story "Consummation in Mombasa" (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Kisumu. The plot describes the Catholic wedding of the main characters (Russian writer Andy and Jennifer) in Mombasa and their trip to Kisumu, where Jennifer was born.
 * The song "Kisumu" (by Zack Okello) talks about how Kisumu is growing (2015).

Notable natives and residents
The term used to refer to a native of Kisumu is jakisumo (plural, jokisumo). Notable jokisumo include
 * Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, politician, the first Vice-President of Kenya
 * Raila Odinga, politician, son of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, Kenya's former prime minister
 * Robert Ouko, politician and son of Kisumu Nyahera who was abducted from his Koru, Kenya home. His charred body was found later.
 * Barack Obama Sr.; Kisumu is not far from Kogelo, a village known for being the hometown of, the father to the Barack Obama.

Sister cities
The city has "Friendship" status with Cheltenham, in the United Kingdom.

Kisumu's sister cities are Roanoke, Virginia and Boulder, Colorado, in the United States.

title: Kisumu


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Frisian Islands

The Frisian Islands, also known as the Wadden Islands or the Wadden Sea Islands, form an archipelago at the eastern edge of the North Sea in northwestern Europe, stretching from the northwest of the Netherlands through Germany to the west of Denmark. The islands shield the mudflat region of the Wadden Sea (large parts of which fall dry during low tide) from the North Sea.

The Frisian Islands, along with the mainland coast in the German Bight, form the region of Frisia (German and Dutch: Friesland), homeland of the Frisian people. Generally, the term Frisian Islands is used for the islands where Frisian is spoken and the population is ethnically Frisian. In contrast, the term Wadden Islands applies to the entire archipelago, including the Dutch-speaking westernmost islands of Texel and Vlieland, Danish-speaking Danish Wadden Sea Islands further north off the west coast of Jutland and the Islands of Trischen and Neuwerk.

Most of the Wadden Sea Islands are environmentally protected areas, and an international wildlife nature reserve is being coordinated between the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Natural gas and oil drilling continue, however, and in the vicinity of the Ems, Weser and Elbe estuaries, and ship traffic causes tension between wildlife protection and economic values.

Origins
During the last ice age, which ended approximately 12,000 years ago, sea level was about 60 m lower than it is now, and part of what is now the North Sea was dry land. With the melting of the ice caps, the sea level rose, reaching the current coast line around the beginning of the Holocene era, approximately 7,000 years ago. Tidal action transported large quantities of sand to form a line of dunes extending over 500 km from the Netherlands to the mouth of the river Elbe in Germany. The sea broke through the dunes in many places to form the Wadden Islands, with the low-lying country behind becoming the tidal Wadden mudflats.

Island forming
The Dutch West Frisian and the German East Frisian Islands are barrier islands. They arose along the breakers' edge where the water surge piled up sediment, and behind which sediment was carried away by the breaking waves. Over time, shoals arose, which ultimately were only covered by infrequent storm floods. Once plants began to colonize the sandbanks, the land began to stabilize.

In contrast, the North Frisian Islands arose from the remains of old Geestland islands, where the land was partially removed by storm floods and water action and then separated from the mainland. They are, therefore, often higher and their cores are less exposed to changes than the islands to the south. Beyond the core, however, the same processes are at work, as is particularly evident on Sylt, where the south of the island threatens to be broken away and the harbour at List in the north silts up. The Danish Islands, the next in the chain to the north, arose from sandbanks. Into the 20th century, silt on the islands was a serious problem. To protect them, small woods were planted.

Habitation
Long before the beginning of the modern era, there were already humans inhabiting the Wadden area. Up to 800 AD, most inhabitants lived on terpen (artificial mounds). Living conditions were difficult. The Roman naturalist Pliny, writing in the first century AD, described the Frisians as ...

... people who live without trees or shrubs. ... in the east, to the coasts of the ocean, a number of races in such needy conditions exist; but this also applies to the races of peoples which are called the large and small Chaucen, which we have seen in the north. There, two times in each period of a day and a night, the ocean with a fast tide submerges an immense plain, thereby the hiding ... whether the area is sea or land. There this miserable race inhabits raised pieces ground or platforms, which they have moored by hand above the level of the highest known tide. Living in huts built on the chosen spots, they seem like sailors in ships if water covers the surrounding country, but like shipwrecked people when the tide has withdrawn itself, and around their huts they catch fish which try to escape with the expiring tide. It is for them not possible to keep herds and live on milk such as the surrounding tribes. They cannot even fight with wild animals, because all the bush country lies too far away. They braid ropes of sedges and rushes from the marshes with which they make nets to be able to catch fish, and they dig up mud with their hands and dry it more in wind than in the sun, and with soil as fuel they heat their food and their own bodies, frozen in northern wind. Their only drink comes from storing rain water in tanks front of their houses. And these are the races which, if they were now conquered by the Roman nation, say that they will fall into slavery! It is only too true: Destiny saves people as a punishment.

Around 1000AD, dike construction began. Monks were instrumental in this activity, among others those of the monastery of Aduard. But earlier attempts had been undertaken to dam the sea. At the Frisian Peins (near Franeker), a 40-meter section of dike has been discovered that is thought to date from the 1st or 2nd century BC.

In the late Middle Ages, the dike system was gradually strengthened and flooding diminished. Beginning in the 17th century, dikes were built further out to reclaim more land. This activity peaked in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Conservation of the West Frisian/Dutch coast
The dunes south of the Wadden Sea were also liable to this process, but human intervention prevented the many storm surges from changing the coast of the provinces North Holland and South Holland into separate islands with Wadden mudflats behind them. However, around 1200AD, storm surges did break up the northern coast of Western Friesland into five islands. Around 1600AD, four of these along the West coast had been again recovered, but Wieringen, to the south-east of Texel, remained an island up to the 20th century.

Archaeology
In 2019, Dutch maritime investigators unearthed a 16th century shipwreck during a search for containers from MSC Zoe. According to Holland’s National Office for Cultural Heritage, the ship was built circa 1540 in the Netherlands during the reign of Charles V. Researchers also found copper plates with emblem of the Fugger family and wooden beams with a sleek hull about 30 metres long.

Embankment of the mudflat
In Friesland and Groningen plans were made to embank and drain the Wadden Sea. As a result, the islands would have become part of the mainland. As of today, nature and environmental movements have been able to prevent this.

The only plan ever to be carried out was the construction of a causeway from the Frisian Holwerd to Ameland, in 1872, which was not very successful. Shortly after construction, the causeway had already suffered so much storm damage that the dam was abandoned in 1882. The dam has been almost entirely eroded since then.

In the northern Wadden Sea building dams proved to be considerably simpler. Nordstrand is now so much linked to the rampart by dikes that it is difficult to define it as an island, and also Langeness, Oland, Nordstrandischmoor, Hamburger Hallig, Sylt, and Rømø are all reachable by dams. Mandø is even reachable without a dam by means of tidal road.

Migration
The Wadden Islands are in continuous apparent movement. The most important movement is the 'migration': the islands themselves are slowly but certainly moving from West to East. On the West side most of the islands disappear slowly into the sea and on the East side even larger sand-banks arise. This movement is also the reason that most of the villages themselves are on the West side of their island. When they were founded they were situated in the center. Over the course of the last few centuries, many houses and even entire villages disappeared into the sea.

Hook shaping
The second movement is the development of a hook shape. Along the sea breaches hook-shaped sand ridges arise, which change form with the moving of the sea arm. By growth of these hooks new shoals arise such as the Noorderhaaks and Zuiderhaaks. Sometimes such a shoal grows, originating where an island has been 'walking', and the island regains area.

Dutch Wadden Islands
(from West to East)

Inhabited

 * Texel (largest of all Frisian Islands and most populous of the West Frisian Islands)
 * Vlieland
 * Terschelling
 * Ameland
 * Schiermonnikoog

The Dutch islands have a surface of 405.2 km² and a total of 23,872 inhabitants.

Uninhabited

 * Noorderhaaks
 * Richel
 * Griend
 * Rif
 * Engelsmanplaat
 * Simonszand
 * Rottumerplaat
 * Rottumeroog
 * Zuiderduintjes

The names of all these places suggest this is the transition area between island and shoal (plaat in Dutch). Noorderhaaks, Rottumerplaat and Rottumeroog are generally considered to be islands, the others are considered to be sandbars and disappear from time to time into the waves. The former island of Wieringen can be found at the top of North Holland, against the Afsluitdijk.

German Wadden Islands
(from West to East and South to North)

Inhabited

 * Borkum
 * Juist
 * Norderney
 * Baltrum
 * Langeoog
 * Spiekeroog
 * Wangerooge
 * Neuwerk
 * Pellworm
 * Nordstrand (presently mainland)
 * Inhabited Halligen
 * Amrum
 * Föhr
 * Sylt

Uninhabited

 * Lütje Hörn
 * Kachelotplate
 * Memmert
 * Minsener Oog
 * Alte Mellum
 * Großer Knechtsand
 * Nigehörn
 * Scharhörn
 * Trischen
 * Tertius (frequently submerged)
 * Blauort
 * Süderoogsand
 * Norderoogsand
 * Japsand
 * Uninhabited Halligen (Habel, Südfall, Norderoog)

The German islands have a surface of 448.52 km² (173 sq. mi.) and 53,296 inhabitants. It is possible to make a boat excursion from several German Wadden Islands to the small rock island of Helgoland which is situated 70 km off the German coast. Although Heligoland (German: Helgoland) is not a Wadden Island, there are strong cultural links with the Wadden area; for example a dialect of North Frisian is spoken there.

Not all these islands are officially considered to be Wadden Islands. For the definition of an island, a minimum of 160 hectares (0.6 sq. mi.) must no longer be submerged during average high water by the North Sea.

Danish Wadden Islands
(from South to North)
 * Rømø
 * Mandø
 * Koresand (uninhabited)
 * Fanø
 * Langli (uninhabited)

In the 20th century, south of the Danish island Rømø lay the small island Jordsand, which sank in 1999. North of the Danish island Fanø the sand coast has been opened and closed numerous times in the course of history, but at the moment the coast line is closed, and forms a whole again except for two west coast fjords. The Danish islands have a total surface of 193.8 km² (74.5 sq. mi.) and 4,173 inhabitants.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frisian Islands


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Talk:New Democracy (Greece)

Untitled
What is the name of the party opposing this one in Greece, i.e. the one that just got slung out? Mr. Jones 11:08, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

PASOK Secretlondon 11:09, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks; the party seems to have at least three names, so I couldn't find it by scanning. User:Adam Carr, why did you delete the link I added without adding a link in the text? Any particular reason? Mr. Jones 13:39, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The party's name is Panhellenic Socialist Movement, and its Greek acronym is PASOK. The name is already linked in the text. It does not need another link. Adam 13:48, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Ideology of the party
Hi, you try to add New Democracy as a liberal party. Isn't this a conservative party? Since they align themselves with the International Democratic Union and EPP-ED... Intangible 16:48, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Hello there. I added New Democracy as a liberal party on the basis of its political program, which is defined on the official party platform as "radical liberalism", and "the prevalence of free market rules with the decisive intervention of the state in favour of social justice". That would not be considered exactly in step with most definitions of "conservatism" would it now? Porfyrios 17:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Hello there, Electionworld. I noticed that you removed the Greek New Democracy party from the list of liberal parties, on the basis of affiliation with international organizations. Are you sure that is exclusively how we want to judge the ideological leanings of political parties? I believe ND's program, which is defined on the official party platform as "radical liberalism", and more specifically "the prevalence of free market rules with the decisive intervention of the state in favour of social justice", would suffice to support a different position. Regards, Porfyrios 17:10, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Clear is that the New Democracy party is not the succesor of the old liberal and centrist current in Greece. The party is the continuation of the old National Radical Union ERE. I won't deny that liberals are involved in the party, the general profil is more conservative (see the New Democracy entry: liberal-conservative party. Alan J . Day in Political Parties of the World, 5th edition, labels the party as a moderate conservative party. The economic platform doesn't say all about the idologicla position, more conservative parties emphasize a free market and certian forms of intervention of the state. I would be interested to find out more about the political programme on separation of church and State, cultural liberty etc. Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 17:19, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, only yesterday, the New Democracy government repealed a law that was continuously standing from 1936 (including 20 years of socialist rule), which required approval by the local Christian Orthodox Metropolitan for the building of temples by non-orthodox religious groups. As for cultural liberty, New Democracy's legalization of non state-owned radio and television channels, and the lifting of the state's monopoly on broadcasts (late eighties/early nineties) come to mind. A conservative current does also exist in New Democracy ; but that does not change the fact that the party lays claim to the mantle of liberalism, economically as well as politically. Porfyrios 17:54, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I would like to see some more interventions before adding the party as a liberal party. Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 18:03, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Could you explain what you mean by "interventions"? I'm afraid I don't understand it. Porfyrios 18:06, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I meant remarks or contributions to this discussion by other editors. Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 18:38, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm against it. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 12:19, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally, i am for it. Indeed, ND is not related with the centrists before the colonels' junta. However, i strongly believe that we must judge parties' ideology by its present policy. Undoubtedly, ND is the political force that express liberalism in Greece. And I tell this because i am a greek citizen and not austrian.

It has no ideology... Mitsos 12:53, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Firstly, i agree with Porfyrios. Secondly, i would like to ask one simple question: how can you express an opinion for a political party, and especially its ideology, of a country since you don't live in it?. If we want this process to be objective we should not take into consideration interventions like Nightstallion's one.--Conefst 12:23, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

By european standards, New Democracy is a conservative party. By american standards, both New Democracy and PASOK are liberal. but anyway, nowadays, except a few charismatic politicians on either party, PASOK's politics is quite the same to that of New Democracy. --dimitris

Keep in mind that the closer you get to the former Soviet Block, the more libertarian the right wing parties get. Greece kind of qualifies since its left is so decidedly Marxist. Extreme example is Russia where (since 1991) the left is absolutely conservative and right is decisively liberal. Maybe another observation would help here: Νεα Δημοκρατια, the greek name can be equally well translated as New Republic. Actually I would say its the more accurate according to current common greek usage.Kotika98 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.240.159.11 (talk) 06:33, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

I am not familiar with this party and I don't like these labels of left and right conservative or socialists. what is left and right is a matter of personal opinion. can someone that is familiar with this party just post their platform without using these innuendos? Thank you --OxAO (talk) 03:43, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

I suggest we add "authoritarianism" to it's ideology category since the acts committed by the party (crushing peaceful protesting, having members and MPs that were supportive of the Junta) suggest authoritarianism Στάλιν και παραλλαγή (talk) 00:51, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

Infoboxes
I suggest the creation of infoboxes for greek political parties. Greece is one of the last EU countries whose parties have no infoboxes.--Conefst 12:08, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NewDemocracyLogo.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:51, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed. El Greco(talk) 22:18, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

This party is not Centre-Right
Look what they did when in power.. no way centre-right. They are centre to centre left. Reaper7 (talk) 11:15, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree 100%. I am not sure why this party is beinglabelled as conservative or right wing. Please editors, follow their policies and don't trust the KKE that calls ND right wing. ND in any other country in the world would be considered a centre left party - virtually the same as PASOK in policy. Zeno77 (talk) 12:49, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

This party is not just centre right, it is right to far right.
I am a Greek, so please let me act as I know more and more accurate information about ND. Not only is it a conservative party since its foundation in 1974 (as it supports formally the Orthodox Church, it is fond of military, social conservatism and against the optional prnting of the denomination of a person in tis ID card in 2000-2001 and also against homosexual marriage), but after the 6th of May elections, ND has gathered many far-right former members such as Athanasios Pleuris, Adonis Georgiadis and others (all of them were members of LAOS or other neonazist or neofascist-nationalistic organisations. So ND must be characterised with today's data as right, social conservative and fiscal liberal, and also fond of xenophobia and nationalism. That's why I cannot understand the label that notes an outdated article.--Πάτρικ
 * You need to provide reliable sources that New Democracy is tending to the far-right. Cheers. – Kosm  1  fent  19:26, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

I will, but if you just take a look in its website and pre-election declarations, it is clear that ND advocates the dogme of law and order, nationalism, militarism, religious intolerance anda return to the '60s and '70s.

 * LAOS was not really neo-Nazi or neofascist, despite being ultraconservative.Estlandia (dialogue) 13:15, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Centerism?
In what way is this party centrist? TURTLOS (talk) 01:41, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

Populism and Greek political parties
It has become fashionable since SYRIZA's electoral victory in 2015 to describe SYRIZA (and Podemos, and other anti-austerity leftist parties) as populist, lumping them together with the far right across Europe and presenting New Democracy as anti-populist. I believe that those knowledgeable of Greek politics (and politics of other southern European countries) would recognize that this is an oversimplification produced by conservative and socialist parties that does not accurately reflect the truth. Greek politics, left and right is rife with populist rhetoric and it is hard to see why SYRIZA qualifies and New Democracy does not. In the last few years, particularly under the leadership of Antonis Samaras, New Democracy also attacked the government while in opposition saying that it would renegotiate the terms of the debt, then came to power and did nothing of the sort (unlike SYRIZA which at least tried); terrorized the electorate with Cold War rhetoric claiming that SYRIZA's victory would mean communism and being expelled from "the West"; and even encouraged a media fervor over the supposed discovery of the tomb of Alexander the Great to divert attention from the economy; not to mention the irrationality of voting against austerity measures while in opposition and simultaneously blaming the government for clashing with the creditors. If we take out the labels and try to put our political passions aside, Greek analysts and foreign observers of Greece must admit that populism is an embedded aspect of Greek politics and the old mainstream parties employ it just as much as anyone else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.69.52.84 (talk) 08:32, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

Logo's possible influence

 * Libertarian_Party_(United_States), note that New Democracy isn't as right as the Rebublican Party (abortion, healthcare etc.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4113:B100:521:DD0:BDD1:7C5E (talk) 02:01, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

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Since November 2018 the party has adopted a new logo \ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.75.26.169 (talk) 15:36, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

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Centre, centre-right or right-wing?
New Democracy was founded by Konstantinos Karamanlis, who was Prime Minister of Greece for over seven years as a member of the right-wing Greek Rally party before the rise of a far-right military junta in Greece. Greek Rally used to be a right-wing to far-right party under Alexander Papagos, who supported Georgios Grivas, a former member of the far-right Organization X that had collaborated with Nazis against the resistance movement of ELAS during World War II when Greece was under German occupation. Grivas was the leader of the EOKA guerilla organization that fought against British rule in Cyprus, but Makarios III, the right-wing Archbishop and President of Cyprus, rejected the unification of Cyprus and Greece that Grivas and the junta supported and agreed with Karamanlis about the independence of Cyprus. The centist Democratic Party of Cyprus is supporting Makarios, but allied with the right-wing Solidarity Movement of Eleni Theocharous, a former member of the centre-right Democratic Rally, against current President Nicos Anastasiades, a member of the Democratic Rally who supported the Annan Plan about resolving the Cyprus dispute by accepting the demands of Turkey, an enemy of Greece for the last eight centuries. New Democracy is currently led by Kyriakos Mitsotakis, a nephew of Eleftherios Venizelos of the centrist Liberal Pary who endorsed the irredentist Megali Idea that originated by the centrist Ioannis Kolettis but is also promoted by the far-right Golden Dawn that represents the ideas of Ion Dragoumis, an opponent of the Megali Idea and Venizelos who is considered to be the founder of modern Greek nationalism. Therefore, Kyriakos Mitsotakis is also the son of Konstantinos Mitsotakis, who was Prime Minister of Greece for three years as a member of New Democracy but founded the centre-right Party of New Liberals after the fall of the junta as a former member of the Centre Union, a centirst party of former Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou whose son Andreas and grandson George Papandreou became Prime Ministers after the junta as members of the centre-left PASOK. Dora Bakoyannis, sister of Kyriakos Mitsotakis, was a Minister of Foreign Affairs under Kostas Karamanlis, nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis, but she was expelled from New Democracy by Antonis Samaras, a former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Konstantinos Mitsotakis who was the leader of the right-wing Political Spring after disagreeing with Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis about the Macedonia naming dispute. Samaras had returned to New Democracy as Leader of the Opposition and rejected the austerity measures of George Papandreou that Bakoyannis had supported before founding the centrist Democratic Alliance. She returned to New Democracy shortly before Samaras became Prime Minister of Greece and continued to implement the austerity measures of Papandreou and Lucas Papademos, who was a technocrat that was supported by both PASOK and New Democracy in a coalition government for a few months before two consecutive elections that led to PASOK and New Democracy continuing their participation in the same government where the Democratic Left of Fotis Kouvelis, a former member of SYRIZA, was also supporting for a few months after the elections. Despite originating from the Centre Union, Konstantinos Mistotakis and Andreas Papandreou became rivals as leader of different parties after the junta when Konstantinos Karamanlis was Prime Minister of Greece. Mistotakis joined New Democracy before Papandreou became Prime Minister while endorsed by former supporters of the United Democratic Left, a left-wing party that had originated from former members of ELAS. United Democratic Left Grigoris Lambrakis had been assassinated when Karamanlis was Prime Minister as a member of the Greek Rally before the junta. Kouvelis was succeeded by Thanasis Theocharopoulos as leader of the Democratic Left after SYRIZA won the elections for the first time. Fofi Gennimata then became leader of PASOK, succeeding Evangelos Venizelos who had supported austerity as a minister in the governments of George Papandreou, Papademos and Samaras. The Movement of Democratic Socialists of George Papandreou was founded in opposition to Venizelos when Samaras was Prime Minister of Greece but supported PASOK under the leadership of Gennimate. Yanis Varoufakis, a former advisor of George Papandreou as Leader of Opposition when Konstas Karamanlis was Prime Minister of Greece, and Zoe Konstantopoulou, daughter of Nikos Kontantopoulos who was a member of Centre Union and PASOK and former leader of SYRIZA, left SYRIZA alongside Panagiotis Lafazanis and supported the Popular Unity party in the elections when SYRIZA was supported by Kouvelis and won re-election after accepting austerity measures alongside New Democracy and PASOK, with the Democratic Left under Theocharopoulos becoming a member of the Movement of Change under PASOK leader Gennimata, before returning to SYRIZA. Varoufakis and Konstantopoulou have left Popular Unity to found their own parties MeRA25 and Course of Freedom, respectively. Therefore, I believe that New Democracy has always been right-wing with Konstantinos Karamanlis representing the majority of the party, where the far-right beliefs of Grivas were represented by Failos Kranidiotis, leader of the far-right New Right party and former member of the Political Spring who was expelled from New Democracy by Kyriakos Mitsotakis due to controversial statements regarding the Macedonia naming dispute. A faction of New Democracy that endorses the views of Papagos is represented by Adonis Georgiadis and Makis Voridis, former members of the right-wing to far-right Popular Orthodox Rally that was founded by former New Democracy member Georgios Karatzaferis. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Dora Bakoyannis and Konstantinos Mitsotakis are representing a centre to centre-right faction of the party as relatives of Eleftherios Venizelos. Just like the Democratic Left and SYRIZA under current leader Alexis Tsipras, PASOK was a centre-left to left-wing party under Andreas Papandreou. PASOK became centre-left under Costas Simitis, centre-left to centre under George Papandreou and centre under Evangelos Venizelos. George Papandreou then became centre-left as leader of the Movement of Democratic Socialists. Gennimata, who is also centre-left as leader of PASOK and Movement for Change and criticized both New Democracy and SYRIZA for austerity, has expelled Venizelos from her party before the last elections. SYRIZA under Konstantopoulos and Alekos Alavanos, Popular Unity and Course of Freedom were left-wing to far-left since they opposed the Communist Party of Greece, a historical far-left party, while MeRA25 is left-wing for being supported by two former PASOK members, specifically Sofia Sakorafa and Kriton Arsenis, the son of Gerasimos Arsenis, a former minister of PASOK and Louka Katseli, who left PASOK under George Papandreou because of austerity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.54.142.32 (talk) 03:41, 22 June 2020 (UTC) Ezhao02 (talk) 22:18, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * has left a shortened version on my talk page: "New Democracy is divided between Karamanlis and Mitsotakis. Karamanlis comes from the Greek Rally and Mistotakis comes from the Centre Union that was divided between the Party of New Liberals of Mitsotakis that joined New Democracy and PASOK that Andreas Papandreou founded alongside former supporters of the United Democratic Left. PASOK shifted from centre-left to centre so it's mostly left-wing base joined SYRIZA that originated from former members of the far-left Communist Party of Greece."
 * I personally think that the party should be considered a centre-right to right wing party because the party does contain people who are from the centre or even the centre-left but it also contains people from the far-right.So to appease both the people who describe it as a "far-right neo-nazi party" and the people who call it a "centre to centre-left party"I think we should put as a Centre-right to Right wing party. Takis S1 (talk) 19:44, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

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Centrism
The sources that describe the party as centrist are incorrect. The first one comes from the npr source that is not neutral, is fully liberal and there is a whole page about NPR Controversies. The other two, does not say that ND has centrist factions or that the party is centrist. They just mention Mitsotakis' words, that says that the party is moving to the center. This is self-report and of course, is completely wrong about the party's profile. 62.74.13.204 (talk) 00:26, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 *  Done . Greek Rebel (talk) 09:13, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Also New Democracy is not far-right. Reliable sources are saying that it is centre-right to right-wing party. Qba0202 (talk) 15:00, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That's a baseless claim. In the infobox it is only stated that there's a far-right faction, which does not necessarily moves the party to the far-right position of the political spectrum. --QuintusHaterius (talk) 02:18, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Addition of content
I've noticed the disruptive addition of content by unregistered users and this still hasn't been settled down. We need to settle a consensus regarding the addition of right-wing populism and far-right factions in the infobox. Are those sources reliable, is the infobox undue? ND has been widely known as Greece's main center-right party, which means that the party definitely has more centrist and more right-wing factions, sources even back up this statement. We have to discuss. --Vacant0 (talk) 12:22, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

I've also RfPP due to these disruptive edits, an ideology section will also have to get constrcuted. --Vacant0 (talk) 12:27, 17 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think the "far-right factions" phrase is definitely undue, considering that there's only one reliable source given (the Haaretz one is an opinion piece that shouldn't be used here). I don't really have a problem with "right-wing populism", although I would prefer to have more sources for it. Ezhao02 (talk) 14:01, 17 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should add "right-wing populism" to the Infobox on the strength of journalistic articles, particularly if there is only a single one being referenced – that is WP:UNDUE. That really is a term that should be reserved for more radically right-wing parties. Also, my general option is that political party articles should list at the very most three ideologies in their Infoboxes. Factions and so on should be described in the article bodies, more specifically in a specific Ideology section where available.--Autospark (talk) 15:55, 17 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ND is not traditionally, a centre-right party. It was actually the main right-wing Greek party and the last years it transformed to a centre-right to right-wing one, but the right-wing conservative factions remain and they are the majority of the members. Also a user says that "ND has centrist factions", something that is completely wrong. It's true that the Greek prime-minister said that he is going to add centrist members at the government, but these members proved to be politicians that support economical liberalism. The prime-minister tends to use centrist phraseology, but the actions remains approximately the same as at every ND government. The government has a progressive agenda about LGBTQIA+ community and at the other social issues it has a highly conservative profile: at education, policing and labour-employees-demonstration issues. At the other side, at the economical issues the government tends to be more liberal than ever (economic liberalism = cente-right/right-wing). About "right-wing populism", maybe Kyriakos Mitsotakis has not a populist profile, but there is a large section of the party, that are actually the definition of this kind of politicians. For example, the vice-president of the party, A.Georgiades, is coming from the populist, nationalist and conservative party of LAOS and also a lot of members (including the ex prime-minister of Greece, A.Samaras) are right-wing populists. About "far-right" there was a suggestion at Greek wikipedia with some sources, finally it wasn't accepted, though there are some members that have a far-right profile (some of the populists I mentioned before, members with ultra-conservative views and even a member that belonged at the youth of a party that supported the former military dictatorship [this member is also a minister at the government]). Greek Rebel (talk) 22:51, 18 August 2021 (UTC)
 * That needs backing up with scholarly sources otherwise it is WP:OR. The factions and history of the party, including historical ideologies, really need to be in an Ideology section. Also, note that the existing references sources for "Pro-Europeanism" in the current Infobox do not actually state that in the source text, and the reference for "Right-wing populism" is not entirely conclusive.--Autospark (talk) 15:08, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Hello, sorry for my late answer. I agree with you Autospark and Vacant0. Based on this discussion, I think it should be clear, the three main ideologies of the party is pro europeanism, christian democracy and liberal conservatism (only these 3 should be up in ideology). Political position should be centre-right to right-wing and there definitely are enough credible sources to back this up. For what Greek Rebel said, if there are enough sources to back a small faction, a mention in fifth goverment could be made. It isn't enough to be up on position as all other credible sources state the party is centre-right (and some state its right) and same reason as Greek wikipedia as most claims are that its only a few members and as Autospark said it will need scholarly sources or big media sources such as BBC which are credible. Have a good day everyone! BastianMAT (talk) 21:47, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 19 August 2021
Leader Autospark (talk) 15:06, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌ it is unclear what exactly you want changed. — xaosflux  Talk 14:24, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

Covid-19
The approach used was actually much criticised with many demonstrations especially the decision to stall the employment of non-vaccinated medical personnel. Additionally Greece had a very bad survival percentage for covid patients in hospitals. So the reference in Mitsotakis' governance is at least lacking if not simply misinformation. 46.199.40.3 (talk) 03:49, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Debt
They are in a big depth as they owe millions the past years and the amount is increasing by the year 46.199.40.3 (talk) 03:45, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

There is a big debt in the millions that is increasing by the year. The debt of the party has spark much controversy as it is has been increasing despite promises of current prime minister. 46.199.40.3 (talk) 03:51, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

No information on misrule in the 2019-2022 period?
I can't help but note that there is a problem with the article as it stands: The article is lacking any information about New Democracy's negative record of misrule and poor governance which is characterized by autocratic tendencies, on serious issues ranging from human right violations to financial corruption. There is no mention of the migrant pushbacks, financial mismanagement, escalation of endemic corruption, the attempt to cover up the Novartis scandal, the attacks to the Freedom of the press and the unresolved murders of prominent journalists, the 2022 Greek Watergate scandal (the surveillance scandal as is dubbed by the world media) and more. Shouldn't there be any adequate mention of the party's poor records considering the widespread attention it has received for that from both the world and local media? - ❖ SilentResident ❖ (talk ✉ | contribs ✎) 22:32, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

 * when did the party exactly attacked freedom of the press? This is an assumption deriving from subjective research which has been challenged. The "migrant pushback" is simply Turkish propaganda. Novartis scandal was invented by SYRIZA to accuse the opposition and consolidate power, making Greece something like Venezuela. SYRIZA does everything possible to destroy the reputation of the country. 2A00:23C8:9656:2601:943C:ABD5:9AC9:F810 (talk) 08:16, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

Right-wing
The party is considered to cover the area from the center-right to the right-wing, often considered to also be on the far-right, due to prominent politicians such as Thanos Plevris, Adonis Georgiadis, Makis Voridis and Antonis Samaras. There is no Greek party that's considered to be to the right of New Democracy, which isn't essentially universally far-right (Golden Dawn, Greek Solution, etc.). The designation should at least be "center-right to right-wing". --Antondimak (talk) 08:19, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

 * the lack of a moderate right-wing party is not a good argument since this probably applies to most european countries, i am not into greek politics so i don't know if center-right to the right-wing or just centre-right is the better option Braganza (talk) 12:46, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The party is generally considered to "cover" the area of the Right-Wing. It's not just the lack of a different party. --Antondimak (talk) 19:24, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Essentially Greek Solution is party that could be considered 'right wing' (although I understand why a large number of scholars see it differently). It started as an openly pro-Russian party but there's nothing really extreme on their founding declaration. New Democracy has a number of MPs of center-left background too. Under Samaras they had a more right-wing rhetoric. Under Mitsotakis many politicians of centrist or center-left background entered, while those of far-right background have remained. If you go by the background of MPs then put the label 'Center-left to Far-right'. Apostolos Papadimitriou (talk) 17:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Edit War over "Political Position"
I've seen an edit war taking place over whether ND is centre-left, centrist, centre-right, right-wing, or far-right. It seems to me that ND, like many EPP members, is a mainstream centre-right party with the usual range of factions, like the CDU, the Tories, the PP, etc. Therefore, I propose that we establish a consensus that for "political position" we put "centre-right", and then add a footnote, as with Nippon Ishin no Kai, explaining the various factions and theories about ND's ideology (ie, it has been described as centrist, centre-left, and right-wing, while certain members have been connected with far-right groups). PtolemyXV (talk) 01:06, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

There is a plethora of sources that can back the claim. 78.147.205.219 (talk) 20:53, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

New Democracy is center-right only
Hi! I noticed a conflict in the political position of the party. I think that as long as the official website of the political party says that: <> we should change it to center-right only and remove right-wing or others. What do you say? Fronxofficial (talk) 15:16, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Right-wing again
I find it weird that they are listed as right-wing despite they want to legalize SSM, they don't appear to be more right-wing than other EPP parties (especially nowdays)

Braganza (talk) 11:33, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Jacobin (left-wing newspaper) wrote: "Greece’s elections on Sunday brought a conservative majority — and seats in parliament for three far-right parties." so its not about ND specifically
 * 2) Aljazeera & Eekathimerini quote interviews but i would say they count
 * 3) France24 says it directly but it could be french terminology
 * 4) Economist doesn't even say it: "GREECE’S RULING centre-right New Democracy (ND) party came first by an impressive and unexpected margin in an election held on May 21st; but it narrowly failed to secure an outright majority in parliament."
 * 5) Same with second source from Eekathimerini: "In order to regain some of its lost dynamic, the conservative party will have to successfully navigate the quicksand of its ideological identity, balancing the expectations of centrist and right-wing voters."
 * 6) Deutsche Welle says it directly
 * "seats in parliament for three far-right parties" The far-right parties which currently have seats in the Greek parliament are the Spartans (ultranationalists), Greek Solution (ultranationalists and religious conservatives) and Victory (religious conservatives). New Democracy was never part of the Greek far-right. Dimadick (talk) 15:43, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * i know but this source is just for the article that ND is right-wing
 * for me it looks like the article just speaks about the situation that the part right of centre got a clear majority Braganza (talk) 16:46, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with Braganza is his assessment. I also support keeping just “centre-right” in the Infobox.— Autospark (talk) 20:38, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * i think thats everyone involved in it who is not an IP user Braganza (talk) 16:49, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * They don't want to legalise SSM. When same-sex civil unions were legalised by the SYRIZA government, ND, including its current leader, who was already the party president back then, voted against the law. Since ND formed a government in 2019, opposition parties have proposed SSM and the ND majority has continuously rejected it. Mitsotakis personally now said that he wants to legalise it in some form, but there has been massive internal opposition, and he has postponed it indefinitely. If he manages to pass it, it is expected to be using the votes of the opposition, as much of his own party of ND is expected to vote against it. There is also much to be said about the specifics of the law proposed (and how it technically could even remove rights instead of granting any) but we probably shouldn't get into that right now.
 * Centre-Right is the term used by ND itself, because it sounds better to voters, especially in Greece where the term "Right" used to be sort of a slur for some time (compare the term "Socialist" in the USA). It is considered to cover the whole range from the Far-Right to the Centre, so it could be called a generally Right-Wing party.
 * According to exit polls, half of the voters who self-identified as Far-Right (who are considered to be some of the most extreme ones, as most holding Far-Right ideas tend to self-identify as just Right-Wing, as "Far-Right" is still kind of a slur and hasn't had the same rehabilitation the simple term "Right" has had) stated to have voted for ND.
 * When it comes to politicians/members, a lot of them have plain Far-Right background. Almost all of the high-profile politicians from the Popular Orthodox Rally have joined ND, and the current president of Spartans also used to be a member of ND. --Antondimak (talk) 17:18, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "a lot of them have plain Far-Right background" Including Makis Voridis, who was previously affiliated with the National Political Union. I am aware that several of these guys have connections to the Greek junta, but joining New Democracy tends to give them an air of respectability. Unfortunately, the Greek public does not care about their shady past. Dimadick (talk) 22:51, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * To mention another example for non-Greek participants in the discussion, Adonis Georgiadis, possibly the second most powerful person in the party, who is also one of the politicians who transferred from the Popular Orthodox Rally, has published the book "The Jews: The Whole Truth", an extensive anti-Semitic work on Holocaust Denial, written by the man generally recognised as Greece's "leader of the National Socialist movement". Antondimak (talk) 17:36, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Correction: My memory betrayed me. The civil union bill was passed earlier than I remembered. Mitsotakis wasn't the President of the party and he voted in favour of it, while most of the party voted against it or abstained. Antondimak (talk) 17:39, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Even though the general consensus of the party is Centre Right it does contain right wing and far right people including one of the two vice presidents Adonis Georgiadis so I believe that we should either keep the status quo of centre right to right or say that its centre right with right and far right factions. Takis S1 (talk) 16:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It has members all over the Right, from Centre-Right to Far-Right. Isn't that what the general "Right-Wing" label generally means? Saying it's Centre-Right with Right and Far-Right factions is like saying it's Far-Right with Right and Centre-Right factions. If we use a general label, it should be close to the "Centre" of the spectrum the party covers, or be less specific as a term, with a plain "Right-wing" designation achieving both.
 * It's also not like there is a dominant Centre-Right faction that is more powerful than the others, I'd say. The historical "Centre-Right" faction, the "Karamanlis faction", is currently probably the least powerful faction in the party, with part of it even having defected to SYRIZA after ND's Far-Right turn. Antondimak (talk) 13:53, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

This is an old problem and I would probably remove positions from party infoboxes altogether. Surely a centre-right party is broadly part of the right-wing (and, in some countries like France and the United States "right-wing", or "conservative" btw, is used much more than "centre-right", or "liberal-conservative" btw—see similar discussion at Talk:The Republicans (France)). This said, by European standards, ND, a EPP member, is a centre-right, liberal-conservative party. --Checco (talk) 08:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is a good indicator. Fidesz was also part of the EPP for a long time, and political differences with its leadership weren't really important until Orban decided to come into open conflict with it, which is when it was expelled. Antondimak (talk) 17:37, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Fidesz was expelled though after they became unhinged Braganza (talk) 08:40, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Fidesz was expelled long after it became Far-Right, and Greece is currently in a similar position to where Fidesz was before, although there are differences in strategic alliances that could change ND's future. It has however already been condemned multiple times by the EU Parliament for systematically violating the rule of law, among other issues. Antondimak (talk) 10:19, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, it is common knowledge that wiretapping the conversations of politicians became standard practice under New Democracy. Dimadick (talk) 08:19, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Democracy (Greece)


text:
Flans

Flans are an all-female Mexican music group, which enjoyed popularity from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Its members were the singers Ivonne Margarita Guevara García, Ilse María Olivo Schweinfurth and Irma Angélica Hernández Ochoa. They were generally known as Ivonne, Ilse, and Mimí.

Beginnings
The three girls were initially cast in the mid-1980s for a TV show to be called Fans, which was to feature chats and sing-alongs with guest stars. When plans for the show fell through, a project was started to turn the girls into a pop music sensation. The group was renamed Flans and their first album, Flans, was launched in 1985. Their style was mainly pop music and ballads although one of their albums (Cuéntamelo Dum-Dum) was somewhat child-oriented.

First breakup
The group released a new album every year until 1991 when they separated, with a national tour and the release of their "last" album: Adiós. After their separation, Ivonne married and devoted herself to painting; Mimí and Ilse started solo careers, with Mimí also being the host for a TV show.

Reunion
Rumors of a reunion started in early 1999 and were confirmed with a performance at the Acapulco Milenio Festival, followed by a tour which included several performance at the prestigious Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City. A new album, Hadas, was released later that year and promoted throughout 2000, with the singles Hadas, Tu Eterna Pesadilla, Rufino and Si Te Vas.

Due to a dispute with their former manager Mildred Villafañe over the ownership of the name "Flans", the group changed their name to IIM in 2002 and released a new album featuring three new songs and new versions of their greatest hits.

20 Millas Después
In 2006 Ilse, Ivonne and Mimi regrouped for a goodbye tour titled "20 Millas Después". Once again performing under the name Flans, they offered a final concert at Plaza Mexico, in Mexico City. Following the tour, Ilse and Mimi expressed an interest in recording a new album, however Ivonne said she was not interested in being part of the group anymore.

Third Reunion
In 2011 the three members of the band participated in a photo shoot for MEXICO SUENA, a book showcasing the best in Mexican pop culture. The following year Ilse and Mimi joined forces for the 'Y Si Nosotras...' tour, without Ivonne.

The band performed together again in early 2013, at a special showcase, and announced a new tour 'Hoy Por Ti, Manana Por Mi'. Due to the ongoing dispute with their former manager, the three women are now performing simply as 'Ilse, Ivonne y Mimi'. They toured Mexico, Central America and the United States throughout 2013.

Primera Fila
In May 2014, Ilse, Ivonne y Mimi announced they would record a Primera Fila album for Sony Music. The album was recorded in Mexico City on June, 12, 2014, and the first single 'Yo No Sería Yo' was released on August 20, 2014. The album titled Primera Fila Flans, presumably because they are mostly known by their original name Flans, was released on September 30, 2014, and a new tour began in Querétaro, México, on October 26, 2014.

Albums

 * 1985: Flans
 * 1986: 20 Millas
 * 1987: Luz y Sombra
 * 1988: Alma Gemela
 * 1989: Cuéntamelo Dum-Dum
 * 1990: Adiós
 * 1999: Hadas
 * 2002: IIM-Ilse, Ivonne, Mimi
 * 2014: Primera Fila Flans

title: Flans


text:
List of subcamps of Herzogenbusch

Below is the list of subcamps of Herzogenbusch complex (Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch) of Nazi concentration camps, in Dutch known as Kamp Vught.

 * 1) Amersfoort or Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Amersfoort
 * 2) Arnhem
 * 3) Breda (Gilze-Rijen Air Base)
 * 4) Eindhoven (Eindhoven Airport)
 * 5) Haaren
 * 6) 's-Hertogenbosch (Continental AG factory)
 * 7) Leeuwarden (Leeuwarden Air Base)
 * 8) Moerdijk
 * 9) Roosendaal (Landbouwschool)
 * 10) The Hague
 * 11) Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 12) Valkenburg
 * 13) Venlo (Venlo Air Base)
 * 14) Zutphen

title: List of subcamps of Herzogenbusch


text:
1729 (number)

1729 is the natural number following 1728 and preceding 1730. It is notably the first nontrivial taxicab number.

Taxicab number
1729 is the smallest nontrivial taxicab number, and is known as the Hardy–Ramanujan number, after an anecdote of the British mathematician G. H. Hardy when he visited Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in hospital. He related their conversation: "I remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi cab No. 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavourable omen. "No," he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.""

The two different ways are:

 * 1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 103

The quotation is sometimes expressed using the term "positive cubes", since allowing negative perfect cubes (the cube of a negative integer) gives the smallest solution as 91 (which is a divisor of 1729; 1991 = 1729).

 * 91 = 63 + (−5)3 = 43 + 33

1729 was also found in one of Ramanujan's notebooks dated years before the incident, and was noted by Frénicle de Bessy in 1657. A commemorative plaque now appears at the site of the Ramanujan-Hardy incident, at 2 Colinette Road in Putney.

The same expression defines 1729 as the first in the sequence of "Fermat near misses" defined, in reference to Fermat's Last Theorem, as numbers of the form $1 + z^{3}$ which are also expressible as the sum of two other cubes.

Other properties
1729 is a sphenic number. It is the third Carmichael number, and more specifically the first Chernick–Carmichael number. Furthermore, it is the first in the family of absolute Euler pseudoprimes, which are a subset of Carmichael numbers.

1729 is the third Zeisel number. It is a centered cube number, as well as a dodecagonal number, a 24-gonal and 84-gonal number.

Investigating pairs of distinct integer-valued quadratic forms that represent every integer the same number of times, Schiemann found that such quadratic forms must be in four or more variables, and the least possible discriminant of a four-variable pair is 1729.

1729 is the lowest number which can be represented by a Loeschian quadratic form $a^2 + ab + b^2$ in four different ways with a and b positive integers. The integer pairs $$(a,b)$$ are (25,23), (32,15), (37,8) and (40,3).

1729 is also the smallest integer side $$d$$ of an equilateral triangle for which there are three sets of non-equivalent points at integer distances from their vertices: {211, 1541, 1560}, {195, 1544, 1591}, and {824, 915, 1591}.

1729 is the dimension of the Fourier transform on which the fastest known algorithm for multiplying two numbers is based. This is an example of a galactic algorithm.

title: 1729 (number)


text:
User:Paddu/sandbox

WORKS IN IE:

WORKS IN IE:

DOES NOT WORK IN IE (LEFT COLUMN DISPLACED SLIGHTLY ABOVE W.R.T. RIGHT COLUMN):

DOES NOT WORK IN IE (LEFT COLUMN AND RIGHT COLUMNS ALIGNED):

DOES NOT WORK IN IE (LEFT COLUMN DISPLACED SLIGHTLY ABOVE W.R.T. RIGHT COLUMN):

DOES NOT WORK IN IE (RIGHT COLUMN DISPLACED SLIGHTLY ABOVE W.R.T. LEFT COLUMN):

WORKS IN IE:

CONCLUSION: So there can be whitespace between <td> and but there shouldn't be whitespace between  and the next tag. Or probably there is some more complex logic filling all the GBs Windows occupies. Netscape navigator & Konqueror also behave like IE. Links-graphic behaves like Mozilla.

Desirable Features:
 * 1) REDIRECT Objective-C doesn't work in Objective C plus plus.

Early Wiki homepage http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/estg/__3.html http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/estg/%5F%5F3.html http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/estg/$$3.html http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/estg/%24%243.html

bug 28-11-2004
w:User:Paddu/sandbox en:User:Paddu/sandbox w:en:User:Paddu/sandbox DoesnotexisT DoesnotexisT DoesnotexisT

bug described in User talk:SPUI/random road stuff archive

steps in dealing with hordes of unfree/fair-use images (shameless plug)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Turkey&diff=55583782&oldid=55570768

 * w:Image:Okhan de lan Antalya 20042.jpg --
 * w:Image:Derwish small taslikburnufeneri.jpg --
 * w:Image:Kaleicipanorama.jpg --
 * w:Image:Levent5220.jpg --
 * w:Image:IstanbulLevent.jpg --
 * w:Image:MehmetK miniMehmetK 01052004 007.jpg --
 * w:Image:A street of Istanbul.jpg --
 * w:Image:Banu aug0.jpg --
 * w:Image:Hakan Aydin Resim 008.jpg --
 * w:Image:Bursa Green.jpg --
 * w:Image:Umit Pierden gece izmir 1285.jpg --
 * w:Image:A bridge od istanbul with asia and europe.jpg --
 * w:Image:Istiklalstreet.jpg --
 * w:Image:Bebek istanbul.jpg --
 * w:Image:Gaziantep.jpg --
 * w:Image:Bluemosque.jpg --
 * w:Image:Ibrahim PEYNIRCI wow6.jpg --
 * w:Image:Ferhat uzungol.jpg --
 * w:Image:Egeerhan DSC04268jpgw.jpg --
 * w:Image:Melisa oludeniz050.jpg --
 * w:Image:Balon100 1309.jpg --
 * w:Image:Istanbul skyline.jpg --
 * w:Image:Alper aksam reina.jpg --
 * w:Image:P6295566.jpg --
 * w:Image:Istanbul2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Faruk maslak70.jpg --
 * w:Image:Burc taksim 6463.jpg --
 * w:Image:Haydarpasa Istanbul Night.jpg --
 * w:Image:Haydarpasa interior.jpg --
 * w:Image:Haydarpasagunbatimi1.jpg --
 * w:Image:Stantuankilisesi.jpg --
 * w:Image:KBEREKETyedikulepn2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Kuleli6920.jpg --
 * w:Image:Hadriangate.jpg --
 * w:Image:Mert ay Antalya kaleici.jpg --
 * w:Image:Mujdat 135 filtered.png --
 * w:Image:Okhan de lan Konyaalticadant1.jpg --
 * w:Image:Krem2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Antalyatram.jpg --
 * w:Image:Antgece.jpg --
 * w:Image:Beymen Ankara.jpg --
 * w:Image:Kavaklidere Ankara.jpg --
 * w:Image:Burc kordon0.jpg --
 * w:Image:Ata kopruden cadde 1.jpg --
 * w:Image:MehmetYasa35 alsancak 1448 sokak.jpg --
 * w:Image:Izmir Street 2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Izmir Street.jpg --
 * w:Image:Erengin golcuk1.jpg --
 * w:Image:Yusuf kelebek01.jpg --
 * w:Image:Topkapi sarayi3921.jpg --
 * w:Image:Ortakoy Mosque.jpg --
 * w:Image:Topkapi Palace night.jpg --
 * w:Image:Topkapi Palace Istanbul 2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Topkapi sarayi3967.jpg --
 * w:Image:Topkapi sarayi3936.jpg --
 * w:Image:Alper reina renkli bogaz 1.jpg --
 * w:Image:Akmerkez2.jpg --
 * w:Image:Alicenk Sitelerden Marmaris.jpg --

 * non-wowturkey
 * w:Image:TurkishMosque.jpg --

testing
Attention:

This IP address, ', is registered to ' and may be shared by multiple users. Comments left on this page may be received by other users of this IP and appear to be irrelevant. Caution should be used when blocking this IP or reverting its contributions without checking.

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Attention:

This IP address, ', is registered to ' and may be shared by multiple users. Comments left on this page may be received by other users of this IP and appear to be irrelevant. Caution should be used when blocking this IP or reverting its contributions without checking.

If you are an unregistered user operating from this address, note that this need not necessarily be the IP address of your machine. In many cases, it turns out to be the IP address of a proxy server that communicates between your browser and the Wikimedia servers. Such proxies are shared among a huge number of users compared to the number of persons using your particular machine. If you are frustrated by irrelevant comments appearing here, you can avoid them by creating an account for yourself.

However, you might still be unable to edit Wikipedia if the IP you are using is blocked due to a MediaWiki "feature". In such a case you could request to be unblocked.

In the event of vandalism from this address, efforts will be made to contact to report network abuse.

My additions to Image talk:Bill Oreilly.jpg which's sure to be deleted
How can a free replacement be made? Isn't it pretty difficult to get a celebrity to pose for a Wikipedian photographer? -- Paddu 17:17, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Going through Image:Bill Oreilly.jpg -> Category:Replaceable fair_use images disputed -> Image:Annapolis1.jpg -> Template:AutoReplaceable fair use buildings -> Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:AutoReplaceable fair use buildings -> Template talk:AutoReplaceable fair use -> Wikipedia talk:Fair use I found that there is a drive against most photos of celebrities since theoretically we could have a celebrity pose for a photographer who is willing to licence the photo freely (especially allowing free modification to create derivative images which the celebrity or the photographer might not like and may not have imagined while posing/licencing). -- Paddu 19:01, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Paddu/sandbox


text:
User talk:Dingdongdang

A pile is a foundation for a building. Piles are used when the soil is not strong enough to carry the weight of the building. The strength or bearing capacity of the soil can be measured using a cone penetration test.

title: User talk:Dingdongdang


text:
Rottumeroog

Rottumeroog (Rottumereach) is an uninhabited island in the Wadden Sea and is part of the Netherlands. The island is one of three West Frisian Islands in the province of Groningen. It is situated between the islands of Rottumerplaat and Borkum.

The island originates from the 15th or 16th century. At first the island was used for agriculture by the St. Juliana's Abbey from Rottum. Rottumeroog is now part of the natural reserve Rottum and access to the island is prohibited, save for people with a special permit.

Geography

Rottumeroog is located at 53.54028°N, 6.58194°W in the municipality of Het Hogeland in the north of the province of Groningen in the north of the Netherlands. It is situated off the coast of Groningen's mainland and it is the easternmost island of the West Frisian Islands in the Wadden Sea, east of the island of Rottumerplaat, north of the island of Zuiderduintjes, and west of the East Frisian island of Borkum (Germany).

Rottumeroog does not have a solid core and slowly moves in southeastern direction as a result of sea currents. On the north side, land is gradually washed away; on the south side, new land is forming. Rottumeroog had a surface area of 205 ha in 1995 and 265 ha in 2007.

History

Between 1400 and 1540 CE, the island of Monnikenlangenoog had split into the islands of Bosch and Rottumeroog. Bosch had disappeared in the 18th century, but Rottumeroog still remains today.

The name Rottumeroog means literally 'Island of Rottum', after the village of Rottum on the mainland of Groningen. The Benedictine St. Juliana's Abbey in Rottum used to own two-thirds of the island and used it for their livestock. After the Protestant Reformation the island's rights transferred to the province Groningen before being sold to private persons in the 17th century.

Between 1706 and 1717, Donough MacCarthy, 4th Earl of Clancarty, having been banished from Ireland, owned and lived on the island.

The province bought the island back in 1738 due to back maintenance, eventually the central government took over. Until 1965 the island was inhabited by a vogt and his family; since then the island has been uninhabited.

Several buildings have been built on the island. In the 19th century the navigational beacon Emder Kaap was built. The structure is listed as a national heritage site (rijksmonument) since 1988 and was moved southwards in 1999. The vogt had a house as well; this building was demolished in 1998 due to the encroaching North Sea. In February 2014, the bird observation post was removed from the island. Later in 2014 all remaining buildings on the islands, except for the Emder Kaap, were removed due to the changing shape and position of the island.

The future area of the island is uncertain. In 2012, the island broke into two during high tide, giving rise to the claim that the island might disappear in the Ems estuary in the near future.

Natural reserve

The Wadden Sea, in which Rottumeroog is situated, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (natural criteria viii, ix, and x) since 2009.

Together with Rottumerplaat and Zuiderduintjes, the island forms the natural reserve Rottum. The island is generally not maintained, the shape and position are left for nature to change. The island is uninhabited and access is usually prohibited; several excursions to the islands are allowed each year under strict conditions.

The island is home to birds and grey seals.

title: Rottumeroog