text:
User talk:Vancouverguy

Any images uploaded by me that are improperly licensed can be deleted without bothering to notify me. They were uploaded when Wikipedia was not as hot on copyright as it is now. Vancouverguy 15:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

From the Image:Big bro hosts.JPG deletion log...

 * 02:45, 7 October 2005 Vancouverguy deleted "Image:Big bro hosts.JPG" (Speedy delete - no source, over 7 days old)

From Missing Wikipedians: "On Feb. 20, 2004, "I think I've officially "disappeared" now. You can call me a "missing Wikipedian" although I might edit anonymously."

Suuuuuureeee...I've seen you speedy deleting tons of images before I get to them. --Bash 02:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No no, just wondering why you're redirecting to Missing Wikipedians page where you're active. You are following the letter of the law, but I tend to disagree with the rules that say that "7 days and you're out" while there are a few sleuths out there trying to tag them before they're gone. --Bash 03:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the Joe Paterno picture you deleted. As the person who uploaded the pic, wasn't someone supposed to notify me that it was up for deletion? I reuploaded it, and included the proper tag. AriGold 15:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

As an admin, before deleting images, you should notify the user who uploaded it first
So I can add a copyright tag or uploaded another free version, you can't delete it directly and leave a missing image link on the article. - Yaohua2000 12:56, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes > stop deleting images without reference to talkp[ages/accountability -max rspct 17:15, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

friendly reminder
When you deleted Image:Three five pic.jpg in October, you neglected to remove a link to the image from the Three-five Systems article. I just removed it now, so don't worry about it. but in the future, remember to find such links. cheers! Kingturtle 22:22, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Tin-bor.PNG
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Image Tagging for Image:Tin-kem.PNG
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Image Tagging for Image:Tin-steo.PNG
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 17:17, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Tin-syl.PNG
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 12:20, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Stroessner.JPG
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Location of Syldavia
I wonder from where you have got the idea that Syldavia is located in the western half of Slovenia. Is it your personal hypothesis or have you copied it from somewhere?

Image copyright problem with Image:BCCoat.JPG
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 07:22, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:COA-BC-Large.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:COA-BC-Large.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Unspecified source for Image:COA-BC-Large.jpg
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Image:Davebarrett.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Davebarrett.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Unspecified source for Image:Davebarrett.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Davebarrett.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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C:CSD
Is there a reason you deleted CSD? David Fuchs( talk /  frog blast the vent core!  ) 15:38, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Page move vandalism
I have blocked this account for 24 hours because it is moving pages around in a vandalistic manner. I am wondering if this account has been compromised. ( H ) 15:50, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You've now been blocked indefinitely, and your administrator status has been removed on the assumption that this is a compromised account. --Durin 15:51, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:COA-BC-Large.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Robarts.jpg
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Khemed
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Khemed, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 22:44, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

San Theodoros
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Possibly unfree Image:Mao.JPG
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Gdr_coa_sml.PNG)
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File:Yandouble.jpg missing description details
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Better source request for File:Kettlevalleytrain.JPG
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File:Figure.JPG missing description details
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File source problem with File:Yandouble.jpg
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File source problem with File:Figure.JPG
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The Olive Branch: A Dispute Resolution Newsletter (Issue #1)
Welcome to the first edition of The Olive Branch. This will be a place to semi-regularly update editors active in dispute resolution (DR) about some of the most important issues, advances, and challenges in the area. You were delivered this update because you are active in DR, but if you would prefer not to receive any future mailing, just add your name to this page. In this issue: Read the entire first edition of The Olive Branch -->
 * Background: A brief overview of the DR ecosystem.
 * Research: The most recent DR data
 * Survey results: Highlights from Steven Zhang's April 2012 survey
 * Activity analysis: Where DR happened, broken down by the top DR forums
 * DR Noticeboard comparison: How the newest DR forum has progressed between May and August
 * Discussion update: Checking up on the Wikiquette Assistance close debate
 * Proposal: It's time to close the Geopolitical, ethnic, and religious conflicts noticeboard. Agree or disagree?

--The Olive Branch 19:36, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vancouverguy


text:
Shanghainese

The Shanghainese language, also known as the Shanghai dialect, or Hu language, is a variety of Wu Chinese spoken in the central districts of the city of Shanghai and its surrounding areas. It is classified as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Shanghainese, like the rest of the Wu language group, is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese, such as Mandarin.

Shanghainese belongs to a separate group of the Taihu Wu subgroup. With nearly 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is also the largest single form of Wu Chinese. Since the late 19th century it has served as the lingua franca of the entire Yangtze River Delta region, but in recent decades its status has declined relative to Mandarin, which most Shanghainese speakers can also speak.

Like other Wu varieties, Shanghainese is rich in vowels and consonants, with around twenty unique vowel qualities, twelve of which are phonemic. Similarly, Shanghainese also has voiced obstruent initials, which is rare outside of Wu and Xiang varieties. Shanghainese also has a low number of tones compared to other languages in Southern China and has a system of tone sandhi similar to Japanese pitch accent.

History
The speech of Shanghai had long been influenced by those spoken around Jiaxing, then Suzhou during the Qing dynasty. Suzhounese literature, Chuanqi, Tanci, and folk songs all influenced early Shanghainese.

During the 1850s, the port of Shanghai was opened, and a large number of migrants entered the city. This led to many loanwords from both the West and the East, especially from Ningbonese, and like Cantonese in Hong Kong, English. In fact, "speakers of other Wu dialects traditionally treat the Shanghai vernacular somewhat contemptuously as a mixture of Suzhou and Ningbo dialects." This has led to Shanghainese becoming one of the fastest-developing languages of the Wu Chinese subgroup, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the prestige dialect of the Yangtze River Delta region. It underwent sustained growth that reached a peak in the 1930s during the Republican era, when migrants arrived in Shanghai and immersed themselves in the local tongue. Migrants from Shanghai also brought Shanghainese to many overseas Chinese communities. As of 2016, 83,400 people in Hong Kong are still able to speak Shanghainese. Shanghainese is sometimes viewed as a tool to discriminate against immigrants. Migrants who move from other Chinese cities to Shanghai have little ability to speak Shanghainese. Among the migrant people, some believe Shanghainese represents the superiority of native Shanghainese people. Some also believe that native residents intentionally speak Shanghainese in some places to discriminate against the immigrant population to transfer their anger to migrant workers, who take over their homeland and take advantage of housing, education, medical, and job resources.

After the People's Republic of China's government imposed and promoted Standard Chinese as the official language of all of China, Shanghainese had started its decline. During the Chinese economic reform of 1978, Shanghainese has once again took in a large number of migrants. Due to the prominence of Standard Mandarin, learning Shanghainese was no longer necessary for migrants. However, Shanghainese remained a vital part of the city's culture and retained its prestige status within the local population. In the 1990s, it was still common for local radio and television broadcasts to be in Shanghainese. For example, in 1995, the TV series Sinful Debt featured extensive Shanghainese dialogue; when it was broadcast outside Shanghai (mainly in adjacent Wu-speaking areas) Mandarin subtitles were added. The Shanghainese TV series Lao Niang Jiu (老娘舅, "Old Uncle") was broadcast from 1995 to 2007 and was popular among Shanghainese residents. Shanghainese programming has since slowly declined amid regionalist-localist accusations. From 1992 onward, Shanghainese use was discouraged in schools, and many children native to Shanghai can no longer speak Shanghainese. In addition, Shanghai's emergence as a cosmopolitan global city consolidated the status of Mandarin as the standard language of business and services, at the expense of the local language.

Since 2005, movements have emerged to protect Shanghainese. At municipal legislative discussions in 2005, former Shanghai opera actress Ma Lili moved to "protect" the language, stating that she was one of the few remaining Shanghai opera actresses who still retained authentic classic Shanghainese pronunciation in their performances. Shanghai's former party boss Chen Liangyu, a native Shanghainese himself, reportedly supported her proposal. Shanghainese has been reintegrated into pre-kindergarten education, with education of native folk songs and rhymes, as well as a Shanghainese-only day on Fridays in the Modern Baby Kindergarten. Professor Qian Nairong, linguist and head of the Chinese Department at Shanghai University, is working on efforts to save the language. In response to criticism, Qian reminds people that Shanghainese was once fashionable, saying, "the popularization of Mandarin doesn't equal the ban of dialects. It doesn't make Mandarin a more civilized language either. Promoting dialects is not a narrow-minded localism, as it has been labeled by some netizens". Qian has also urged for Shanghainese to be taught in other sectors of education, due to kindergarten and university courses being insufficient.

During the 2010s, many achievements have been made to preserve Shanghainese. In 2011, Hu Baotan wrote Longtang (弄堂, "Longtang"), the first ever Shanghainese novel. In June 2012, a new television program airing in Shanghainese was created. In 2013, buses in Shanghai started using Shanghainese broadcasts. In 2017, Apple's iOS 11 introduced Siri in Shanghainese, being only the third Sinitic language to be supported, after Standard Mandarin and Cantonese. In 2018, the Japanese-Chinese animated anthology drama film Flavors of Youth had a section set in Shanghai, with significant Shanghainese dialogue. In January 2019, singer Lin Bao released the first Shanghainese pop record Shanghai Yao (上海謠, "Shanghai Ballad"). In December 2021, the Shanghainese-language romantic comedy movie Myth of Love (愛情神話) was released. Its box office revenue was ¥260 million, and response was generally positive. Similarly, in December 2023, the TV show Blossoms Shanghai (繁花) aired with the primary language being Shanghainese.

Today, around half the population of Shanghai can converse in Shanghainese, and a further quarter can understand it. Though the number of speakers has been declining, a large number of people want to preserve it.

Status
Due to the large number of ethnic groups of China, efforts to establish a common language have been attempted many times. Therefore, the language issue has always been an important part of Beijing's rule. Other than the government language-management efforts, the rate of rural-to-urban migration in China has also accelerated the shift to Standard Chinese and the disappearance of native languages and dialects in the urban areas.

As more people moved into Shanghai, the economic center of China, Shanghainese has been threatened despite it originally being a strong topolect of Wu Chinese. According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, the population of Shanghai was estimated to be 24.28 million in 2019, of whom 14.5 million are permanent residents and 9.77 million are migrant residents. To have better communication with foreign residents and develop a top-level financial center among the world, the promotion of the official language, Standard Mandarin, became very important. Therefore, the Shanghai Municipal Government banned the use of Shanghainese in public places, schools, and work. Around half of the city's population is unaware of these policies.

A survey of students from the primary school in 2010 indicated that 52.3% of students believed Mandarin is easier than Shanghainese for communication, and 47.6% of the students choose to speak Mandarin because it is a mandatory language at school. Furthermore, 68.3% of the students are more willing to study Mandarin, but only 10.2% of the students are more willing to study Shanghainese. A survey in 2021 has shown that 15.22% of respondents under 18 would never use Shanghainese. The study also found that the percentage of people that would use Shanghainese with older family members has halved. The study also shows that around one third of people under the age of 30 can only understand Shanghainese, and 8.7% of respondents under 18 cannot even understand it. The number of people that are able to speak Shanghainese has also consistently decreased.

Much of the youth can no longer speak Shanghainese fluently because they had no chance to practice it at school. Also, they were unwilling to communicate with their parents in Shanghainese, which has accelerated its decline. The survey in 2010 indicated that 62.6% of primary school students use Mandarin as the first language at home, but only 17.3% of them use Shanghainese to communicate with their parents.

However, the same study from 2021 has shown that more than 90% of all age groups except 18–29 want to preserve Shanghainese. A total of 87.06% of people have noted that the culture of Shanghai cannot live without its language as it is used as a mechanism to bring people together and create a sense of community and warmth. Moreover, around half of the respondents stated that a Shanghainese citizen should be able to speak Shanghainese. More than 85% of all participants also believe that they help Shanghainese revitalization.

Classification

Shanghainese macroscopically is spoken in Shanghai and parts of eastern Nantong, and constitutes the Shanghai subranch of the Northern Wu family of Wu Chinese. Some linguists group Shanghainese with nearby varieties, such as Huzhounese and Suzhounese, which has about 73% lexical similarity with Standard Mandarin, into a branch known as Suhujia (蘇滬嘉小片), due to them sharing many phonological, lexical, and grammatical similarities. Newer varieties of Shanghainese, however, have been influenced by standard Chinese as well as Cantonese and other varieties, making the Shanghainese idiolects spoken by young people in the city different from that spoken by the older population. Also, the practice of inserting Mandarin into Shanghainese conversations is very common, at least for young people. Like most subdivisions of Chinese, it is easier for a local speaker to understand Mandarin than it is for a Mandarin speaker to understand the local language. It is also of note that Shanghainese, like other Northern Wu languages, is not mutually intelligible with Southern Wu languages like Taizhounese and Wenzhounese.

Shanghainese as a branch of Northern Wu can be further subdivided. The details are as follows:

 * Urban branch (市區片) – what "Shanghainese" tends to refer to. Occupies the city centre of Shanghai, generally on the west bank of the Huangpu River. This can also be further divided into Old, Middle, and New Periods, as well as an emerging Newest Period.

The following are often collectively known as Bendihua (本地話, Shanghainese: 本地閒話, Wugniu: pen-di ghe-gho)

 * Jiading branch (嘉定片) – spoken in the most of Jiading and Baoshan.
 * Liantang branch (練塘片) – spoken in the southwestern ends of Qingpu.
 * Chongming branch (崇明片) – spoken in the islands of Hengsha, Changxing and Chongming, as well as the eastern parts of Nantong.
 * Songjiang branch (松江片) – spoken in all other parts of Shanghai, which can be further divided into the following:

 * Pudong subbranch (浦東小片) – spoken in all parts of the east bank of the Huangpu River, taking up most of the Pudong district.

 * Shanghai subbranch (上海小片) – spoken in the rest of the peripheral areas of the city center, namely southern Jiading and Baoshan, as well as northern Minhang.

 * Songjiang subbranch (松江小片) – spoken in the rest of Shanghai. Named after the Songjiang district.

Phonology
Following conventions of Chinese syllable structure, Shanghainese syllables can be divided into initials and finals. The initial occupies the first part of the syllable. The final occupies the second part of the syllable and can be divided further into an optional medial and an obligatory rime (sometimes spelled rhyme). Tone is also a feature of the syllable in Shanghainese. Syllabic tone, which is typical to the other Sinitic languages, has largely become verbal tone in Shanghainese.

Initials
The following is a list of all initials in Middle Period Shanghainese, as well as the Wugniu romanisation and example characters. Shanghainese has a set of tenuis, lenis and fortis plosives and affricates, as well as a set of voiceless and voiced fricatives. Alveolo-palatal initials are also present in Shanghainese.

Voiced stops are phonetically voiceless with slack voice phonation in stressed, word initial position. This phonation (often referred to as murmur) also occurs in zero onset syllables, syllables beginning with fricatives, and syllables beginning with sonorants. These consonants are true voiced in intervocalic position. Sonorants are also suggested to be glottalised in dark tones (i.e. tones 1, 5, 7).

Finals
Being a Wu language, Shanghainese has a large array of vowel sounds. The following is a list of all possible finals in Middle Period Shanghainese, as well as the Wugniu romanisation and example characters.

The transcriptions used above are broad and the following points are of note when pertaining to actual pronunciation:
 * is enunciated with any part of the tongue, and is therefore in free variation as.
 * is often rounded into.
 * The in  and  are often lowered to, whereas the  in  and  are often lowered to.
 * is only pronounced as after labials and alveolars. whereas it is  after glottal and alveolo-palatal initials.
 * High vowels in front of can undergo breaking.
 * can be merged into, resulting in one fewer rime.
 * Rimes with final are often simply realised with a shortened vowel nucleus when they are not utterance-final.
 * Lips are not significantly rounded in rounded vowels, and not significantly unrounded in unrounded ones.
 * are similar in pronunciation, differing slightly in lip rounding and height ( respectively). are also similar in pronunciation, differing slightly in vowel height ( respectively).
 * Medial is pronounced  before rounded vowels.

The Middle Chinese nasal rimes are all merged in Shanghainese. Middle Chinese rimes have become glottal stops,.

Tones
Shanghainese has five phonetically distinguishable tones for single syllables said in isolation. These tones are illustrated below in tone numbers. In terms of Middle Chinese tone designations, the dark tone category has three tones (dark rising and dark departing tones have merged into one tone), while the light category has two tones (the light level, rising and departing tones have merged into one tone).

Numbers in this table are those used by the Wugniu romanisation scheme.

The conditioning factors which led to the yin–yang (light-dark) split still exist in Shanghainese, as they do in most other Wu lects: light tones are only found with voiced initials, namely, while the dark tones are only found with voiceless initials.

The checked tones are shorter, and describe those rimes which end in a glottal stop. That is, both the yin–yang distinction and the checked tones are allophonic (dependent on syllabic structure). With this analysis, Shanghainese has only a two-way phonemic tone contrast, falling vs rising, and then only in open syllables with voiceless initials. Therefore, many romanisations of Shanghainese opt to only mark the dark level tone, usually with a diacritic such as an acute accent or grave accent.

Tone sandhi
Tone sandhi is a process whereby adjacent tones undergo dramatic alteration in connected speech. Similar to other Northern Wu dialects, Shanghainese is characterized by two forms of tone sandhi: a word tone sandhi and a phrasal tone sandhi.

Word tone sandhi in Shanghainese can be described as left-prominent and is characterized by a dominance of the first syllable over the contour of the entire tone domain. As a result, the underlying tones of syllables other than the leftmost syllable, have no effect on the tone contour of the domain. The pattern is generally described as tone spreading (1, 5, 6, 7) or tone shifting (8, except for 4-syllable compounds, which can undergo spreading or shifting). The table below illustrates possible tone combinations.

As an example, in isolation, the two syllables of the word 中國 (China) are pronounced with a dark level tone (tsón) and dark checked tone (koq): and. However, when pronounced in combination, the dark level tone of 中 (tsón) spreads over the compound resulting in the following pattern. Similarly, the syllables in a common expression for 十三點 (zeq-sé-ti, "foolish") have the following underlying phonemic and tonal representations: (zeq),  (sé), and  (ti). However, the syllables in combination exhibit the light checked shifting pattern where the first-syllable light checked tone shifts to the last syllable in the domain:.

Phrasal tone sandhi in Shanghainese can be described as right-prominent and is characterized by a right syllable retaining its underlying tone and a left syllable receiving a mid-level tone based on the underlying tone's register. The table below indicates possible left syllable tones in right-prominent compounds.

For instance, when combined, 買 (ma,, "to buy") and 酒 (cieu, , "wine") become ("to buy wine").

Sometimes meaning can change based on whether left-prominent or right-prominent sandhi is used. For example, 炒 (tshau,, "to fry") and 麪 (mi, , "noodle") when pronounced (i.e., with left-prominent sandhi) means "fried noodles". When pronounced (i.e., with right-prominent sandhi), it means "to fry noodles".

Nouns and adjectives attached to nouns tend to start right-prominent sandhi chains, whereas left-prominent chains are triggered by verbs and adverbs. Grammatical particles cannot start chains of their own, but instead can be realised as a null tone or be part of another chain.

In the previous example sentence we see an adjective, noun and pronoun starting sandhi chains, the particles 勿, 到 and 個 being incorporated into other sandhi chains, and the particle 了 having a neutral tone.

Vocabulary
''Note: Chinese characters for Shanghainese are not standardized and those chosen are those recommended in 上海话大词典. IPA transcription is for the Middle Period of modern Shanghainese (中派上海话), pronunciation of those between 20 and 60 years old.''

Due to the large number of migrants into Shanghai, its lexicon is less noticeably Wu, though it still retains many defining features. However, many of these now lost features can be found in lects spoken in suburban Shanghai.

Its basic negator is (veq), which according to some linguists, is sufficient ground to classify it as Wu.

Shanghainese also has a multitude of loan words from European languages, due to Shanghai's status as a major port in China. Most of these terms come from English, though there are some from other languages such as French. Some terms, such as 水門汀, have even entered mainstream and other Sinitic languages, such as Sichuanese.

Common words and phrases

 * For more terms, see Shanghainese Swadesh list on Wiktionary.

Literary and vernacular pronunciations
Like other Sinitic languages, Shanghainese exhibits a difference between expected vernacular pronunciations, and literary pronunciations taken from the Mandarinic lingua franca of the time, be it Nanjingnese, Hangzhounese, or Beijingnese.

These readings must be distinguished in vocabulary. Take for instance the following.

Some terms mix the two pronunciation types, such as ("university"), where 大 is literary (da) and 學 is colloquial (ghoq).

Grammar
Like other Sinitic languages, Shanghainese is an isolating language that lacks marking for tense, person, case, number or gender. Similarly, there is no distinction for tense or person in verbs, with word order and particles generally expressing these grammatical characteristics. There are, however, three important derivational processes in Shanghainese. However, some analyses do suggest that one can analyse Shanghainese to have tenses.

Although formal inflection is very rare in all varieties of Chinese, there does exist in Shanghainese a morpho-phonological tone sandhi that Zhu (2006) identifies as a form of inflection since it forms new words out of pre-existing phrases. This type of inflection is a distinguishing characteristic of all Northern Wu dialects.

Affixation, generally (but not always) taking the form of suffixes, occurs rather frequently in Shanghainese, enough so that this feature contrasts even with other Wu varieties, although the line between suffix and particle is somewhat nebulous. Most affixation applies to adjectives. In the example below, the term 頭勢 (deu-sy) can be used to change an adjective to a noun.

Words can be reduplicated to express various differences in meaning. Nouns, for example, can be reduplicated to express collective or diminutive forms; adjectives so as to intensify or emphasize the associated description; and verbs to soften the degree of action. Below is an example of noun reduplication resulting in semantic alteration.

Word compounding is also very common in Shanghainese, a fact observed as far back as Edkins (1868), and is the most productive method of creating new words. Many recent borrowings in Shanghainese originating from European languages are di- or polysyllabic.

Word order
Shanghainese adheres generally to SVO word order. The placement of objects in Wu dialects is somewhat variable, with Southern Wu varieties positioning the direct object before the indirect object, and Northern varieties (especially in the speech of younger people) favoring the indirect object before the direct object. Owing to Mandarin influence, Shanghainese usually follows the latter model.

Older speakers of Shanghainese tend to place adverbs after the verb, but younger people, again under heavy influence from Mandarin, favor pre-verbal placement of adverbs.

The third person singular pronoun 伊 (yi) (he/she/it) or the derived phrase 伊講 (yi kaon) ("he says") can appear at the end of a sentence. This construction, which appears to be unique to Shanghainese, is commonly employed to project the speaker's differing expectation relative to the content of the phrase.

Nouns
Except for the limited derivational processes described above, Shanghainese nouns are isolating. There is no inflection for case or number, nor is there any overt gender marking. Although Shanghainese does lack overt grammatical number, the plural marker 拉 (la), when suffixed to a human denoting noun, can indicate a collective meaning.

There are no articles in Shanghainese, and thus, no marking for definiteness or indefiniteness of nouns. Certain determiners (a demonstrative pronoun or numeral classifier, for instance) can imply definite or indefinite qualities, as can word order. A noun absent any sort of determiner in the subject position is definite, whereas it is indefinite in the object position.

Classifiers
Shanghainese boasts numerous classifiers (also sometimes known as "counters" or "measure words"). Most classifiers in Shanghainese are used with nouns, although a small number are used with verbs. Some classifiers are based on standard measurements or containers. Classifiers can be paired with a preceding determiner (often a numeral) to form a compound that further specifies the meaning of the noun it modifies.

Classifiers can be reduplicated to mean "all" or "every", as in:

 * 本||||本
 * pen||-||pen
 * colspan=3|(classifier for books)
 * colspan=3|every [book]
 * }
 * colspan=3|(classifier for books)
 * colspan=3|every [book]
 * }
 * }

Verbs
Shanghainese verbs are analytic and as such do not undergo any sort of conjugation to express tense or person. However, the language does have a richly developed aspect system, expressed using various particles. This system has been argued to be a tense system.

Aspect
Some disagreement exists as to how many formal aspect categories exist in Shanghainese, and a variety of different particles can express the same aspect, with individual usage often reflecting generational divisions. Some linguists identify as few as four or six, and others up to twelve specific aspects. Zhu (2006) identifies six relatively uncontroversial aspects in Shanghainese.

Progressive aspect expresses a continuous action. It is indicated by the particles 辣 (laq), 辣辣 (laq-laq) or 辣海 (laq-he), which occur pre-verbally.

The resultative aspect expresses the result of an action which was begun before a specifically referenced timeframe, and is also indicated by 辣 (laq), 辣辣 (laq-laq) or 辣海 (laq-he), except that these occur post-verbally.

Perfective aspect can be marked by 了 (leq), 仔 (tsy), 好 (hau) or 唻 (le). 仔 is seen as dated and younger speakers often use 了, likely through lenition and Mandarin influence.

Zhu (2006) identifies a future aspect, indicated by the particle 要 (iau).

Qian (1997) identifies a separate immediate future aspect, marked post-verbally by 快 (khua).

Experiential aspect expresses the completion of an action before a specifically referenced timeframe, marked post-verbally by the particle 過 (ku).

The durative aspect is marked post-verbally by 下去 (gho-chi), and expresses a continuous action.

In some cases, it is possible to combine two aspect markers into a larger verb phrase.

Mood and Voice
There is no overt marking for mood in Shanghainese, and Zhu (2006) goes so far as to suggest that the concept of grammatical mood does not exist in the language. There are, however, several modal auxiliaries (many of which have multiple variants) that collectively express concepts of desire, conditionality, potentiality and ability.

 * "can" || 能 (nen) / 能夠 (nen-keu) / 好 (hau)
 * "be able" || 會 (ue) / 會得 (ue-teq)
 * "may" || 可以 (khu-i)
 * "would like" || 要 (iau)
 * "should" || 應該 (ín-ké)
 * "willing to" || 情願 (zhin-gnioe) / 願意 (gnioe-i)
 * "happy to" || 高興 (káu-shin)
 * "want to" || 想 (shian) / 好 (hau)
 * }
 * "should" || 應該 (ín-ké)
 * "willing to" || 情願 (zhin-gnioe) / 願意 (gnioe-i)
 * "happy to" || 高興 (káu-shin)
 * "want to" || 想 (shian) / 好 (hau)
 * }
 * "want to" || 想 (shian) / 好 (hau)
 * }
 * }

Shen (2016) argues for the existence of a type of passive voice in Shanghainese, governed by the particle 撥 (peq). This construction is superficially similar to by-phrases in English, and only transitive verbs can occur in this form of passive.

Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Shanghainese do not distinguish gender or case. Owing to its isolating grammatical structure, Shanghainese is not a pro-drop language.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! || colspan="2" | Singular || Plural ! rowspan="2" |1st person aq-laq ! rowspan="2" |2nd person ! rowspan="2" |3rd person yi-laq
 * colspan="2" |我
 * 阿拉
 * colspan="2" |ngu||aq-la
 * colspan="2" |ngu||aq-la
 * 儂
 * 侬
 * 㑚
 * colspan="2" |non||na
 * colspan="2" |non||na
 * colspan="2" |伊
 * 伊拉
 * colspan="2" |yi||yi-la
 * colspan="2" |yi||yi-la
 * }

There is some degree of flexibility concerning pronoun usage in Shanghainese. Older varieties of Shanghainese featured a different 1st person plural 我伲 (ngu-gni), whereas younger speakers tend to use 阿拉 (aq-laq), which originates from Ningbonese. While Zhu (2006) asserts that there is no inclusive 1st person plural pronoun, Hashimoto (1971) disagrees, identifying 阿拉 as being inclusive. There are generational and geographical distinctions in the usage of plural pronoun forms, as well as differences of pronunciation in the 1st person singular.

Reflexive pronouns are formed by the addition of the particle 自家 (zy-ka), as in:

Possessive pronouns are formed via the pronominal suffix 個 (gheq), for instance, 我個 (ngu gheq). This pronunciation is a glottalised lenition of the expected pronunciation, ku.

Adjectives
Most basic Shanghainese adjectives are monosyllabic. Like other parts of speech, adjectives do not change to indicate number, gender or case. Adjectives can take semantic prefixes, which themselves can be reduplicated or repositioned as suffixes according to a complex system of derivation, to express degree of comparison or other changes in meaning. Thus:
 * 冷 lan ("cold")
 * 冰冷 pín-lan ("ice-cold"), where 冷 means ice
 * 冰冰冷 pín-pín-lan ("cold as ice")

Interrogatives
The particle 𠲎 (vaq) is used to transform ordinary declarative statements into yes/no questions. This is the most common way of forming questions in Shanghainese.

Negation
Nouns and verbs can be negated by the verb 嘸沒 (m-meq), "to not have", whereas 勿 is the basic negator.

Writing
Chinese characters are often used to write Shanghainese. Though there is no formal standardisations, there are characters recommended for use, mostly based on dictionaries. However, Shanghainese is often informally written using Shanghainese or even Standard Mandarin near-homophones. For instance "lemon" (níngméng), written in Standard Chinese, may be written  (person-door; Pinyin: rénmén, Wugniu: gnin-men) in Shanghainese; and "yellow" (, Wugniu: waon) may be written  (meaning king; Pinyin: wáng, Wugniu: waon) rather than the standard character  for yellow.

Some of the time, nonstandard characters are used even when trying to use etymologically correct characters, due to compatibility (such as 伐) or pronunciation shift (such as 辣海).

Correct orthography according to 上海話大詞典

Mandarin-influenced orthography

Romanization of Shanghainese was first developed by Protestant English and American Christian missionaries in the 19th century, including Joseph Edkins. Usage of this romanization system was mainly confined to translated Bibles for use by native Shanghainese, or English–Shanghainese dictionaries, some of which also contained characters, for foreign missionaries to learn Shanghainese. A system of phonetic symbols similar to Chinese characters called "New Phonetic Character" were also developed by in the 19th century by American missionary Tarleton Perry Crawford. Since the 21st century, online dictionaries such as the Wu MiniDict and Wugniu have introduced their own Romanization schemes. Nowadays, the MiniDict and Wugniu Romanizations are the most commonly used standardized ones.

Protestant missionaries in the 1800s created the Shanghainese Phonetic Symbols to write Shanghainese phonetically. The symbols are a syllabary similar to the Japanese kana system. The system has not been used and is only seen in a few historical books.

TV shows
In the last decade or so, China has been highlighting Shanghai's TV landscape, experiencing a surge of new shows featuring famous Shanghainese actors, incorporating Shanghainese in the TV show dialogues, and simply offering the TV show in the Shanghainese dialect. Though the number of Shanghainese/Shanghai based TV shows are still limited, progress is being made through the latest TV series that was just released. Below are a list of a few popular ones:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shanghainese


text:
11th Golden Raspberry Awards

The 11th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 24, 1991, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1990.

Awards and nominations
{{Legend|#B0C4DE|Winner (in bold)}}

Films with multiple nominations
The following films received multiple nominations:

title: 11th Golden Raspberry Awards


text:
Fallowfield

Fallowfield is a bustling area of Manchester with a population of 14,869 at the 2021 census. Historically in Lancashire, it lies 3 mi south of Manchester city centre and is bisected east–west by Wilbraham Road and north–south by Wilmslow Road. The former Fallowfield Loop railway line, now a shared use path, follows a route nearly parallel with the east–west main road (Moseley Road/Wilbraham Road).

The area has a very large student population. The University of Manchester's main accommodation complex – the Fallowfield Campus – occupies a large area in the north; this is adjacent to the university's Owens Park halls of residence and the Firs Botanical Grounds. In the northwest of the suburb is Platt Fields Park, which is formed from part of the land that once belonged to the Platts of Platt Hall.

History
The early medieval linear earthwork Nico Ditch passes through Platt Fields Park in Fallowfield and dates from the 8th or 9th century.

Early Fallowfield was an ill-defined area north of Withington until the mid-19th century. The first mention of Fallowfield is in a deed of 1317 (as "Fallafeld"). During the 14th century at least part of the land in Fallowfield was held by Jordan de Fallafeld. In 1530 it was mentioned as "Falowfelde". Withington formed a sub-manor within the large Manor of Manchester. The Platt Estate in the north was first owned by the Platts and later by the Worsleys. The building of Wilbraham Road to connect Fallowfield with Edge Lane in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in 1869 enabled development west of the Wilmslow Road crossing. Some wealthy people (e.g. Joseph Whitworth, "The Firs", and the Behrens family, "The Oaks") built mansions in the area and in the early 20th century the university began to establish halls of residence (the earliest being Ashburne Hall, 1910, in a house donated by the family of Behrens) which have since become very extensive. There was a second period of building houses by members of the prosperous middle class in the 1850s: these included Egerton Lodge, Norton House and Oak House, while the Manchester architect Alfred Waterhouse built Barcombe Cottage as his own home on Oak Drive.

Under the Poor Law Fallowfield formed part of the Chorlton Poor Law Union (administered from Chorlton-on-Medlock). From 1876 to 1894 Fallowfield was included in the area of the Withington Local Board of Health which was replaced by the Withington Urban District Council in 1894. (In 1895 Rusholme and the northern part of Fallowfield were incorporated into the city of Manchester. In 1904 the whole of the urban district was absorbed into the city of Manchester, though until 1914 there was a separate Withington Committee of the Corporation and rates were lower than in the rest of the city.

In 1891 Fallowfield railway station on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway's line from Chorlton-cum-Hardy to Fairfield was opened. During the first half of the 20th century the Manchester Corporation tramway on Moseley and Wilbraham Roads provided access to other southern suburbs and via Princess Road to the city centre. In 1986 the UK's first drive-through McDonald's opened in Fallowfield. and more recently a Sainsbury's supermarket has been opened on the site of the railway station.

Governance
Following boundary changes in 2018, different parts of the Fallowfield ward (which does not coincide with the area popularly known as Fallowfield) are parts of Manchester Gorton and Manchester Central parliamentary constituencies.

Fallowfield ward is represented on Manchester City Council by three councillors, Ali Ilyas, Zahra Alijah and Jade Doswell of the Labour Party. Former Fallowfield Councillor Peter Morrison served as an Honorary Alderman for the city.
 * Councillors

indicates seat up for re-election. indicates seat won in by-election.

Geography
Ladybarn is the part of Fallowfield to the south-east. Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre is used by the University of Manchester: it was built by Edward Walters for Sir Joseph Whitworth, as were the Firs Botanical Grounds.

Religion
Holy Innocents Church (Anglican) stands on Wilbraham Road: the church was built in 1870–72 by the architects Price & Linklater using sandstone masonry. The style is Gothic revival and in 1983–84 the interior of the church was altered to designs by the Ellis Williams Partnership. The church was damaged by fire in 1954. The tower is at the south-east corner and is topped by an octagonal spire. The stained glass windows are mostly of the 1890s. After the closing of the nearby parish church of St James, Birch, in 1979 the two parishes were united under the name of the parish of Holy Innocents and St James. There is a student-friendly independent church meeting in the 256 bar next door (Ivy Fallowfield Church) and a Union Baptist Chapel not far away southwards. There is also a Seventh-day Adventist church in Wilbraham Road.

Wilbraham Road is also the site of the stylistically eclectic and, for its time, structurally innovative former South Manchester Synagogue (1913–2003); the building has been converted to other uses.

Platt Chapel on Wilmslow Road south of Grangethorpe Road was a family chapel of the Worsleys of Platt Hall built in 1699. The present building is a rebuilding of 1790 modified in 1874–75. The congregation began as Independents (Congregationalists) and became Unitarian during the early 19th century. Since it ceased to be used for worship in 1970 it has been used by various local societies. The graveyard, which used to be larger, is surrounded by Platt Fields Park.

Education

Lady Barn House School, an independent primary school, was founded in Fallowfield in 1873 by William Henry Herford and took its name from the existing Ladybarn House which became its second home. In the 1950s, it moved to Cheadle.

Other schools and colleges in Fallowfield are:
 * Holy Innocents Primary School (the former school buildings are next to the Holy Innocents Church and have been converted to other uses, they were built in 1882 to the designs of F. H. Oldham)
 * Manchester Grammar School, a notable independent school which moved to Old Hall Lane from the city centre
 * Moseley Road School (Levenshulme High School and Lower School)
 * Princess Christian College (for the training of nannies) on Wilbraham Road
 * Manchester High School for Girls on Grangethorpe Road
 * Hollings College (also known as the Toast Rack building) campus of the Manchester Metropolitan University at the junction of Old Hall Lane with Wilmslow Road. Hollings campus was closed down in 2013 and then sold.

Buses
Fallowfield has an excellent bus service along Wilmslow Road and other services connect it with Levenshulme and Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Sheffield and Manchester Airport. Services are operated by Go North West, Hulleys of Baslow and Stagecoach Manchester.

Local bus routes include:
 * CrossCity 41: Sale - Fallowfield - Hospitals - Manchester - Cheetham Hill - Middleton
 * 42/42A/42B/42C: Manchester - Stockport (some services extending to Reddish, Woodford and Handforth Dean)
 * 43: Manchester Airport - Wythenshawe - Manchester
 * 142: East Didsbury – The Christie – Fallowfield – Manchester Royal Infirmary – Manchester
 * 143: West Didsbury – Fallowfield – Rusholme – Manchester

Railway
The nearest National Rail station is Mauldeth Road, on the Styal Line. Services connect Manchester Airport and Manchester Piccadilly with other locations in the North-West, including Liverpool and Blackpool.

Until 1958, Fallowfield had its own railway station, located on Wilmslow Road, which provided trains between Manchester Central Station and Fairfield and Gorton. The site is now occupied by a Sainsbury's supermarket and a block of flats; the station building itself serving as a Sainsbury's cafe. The railway line continued as a freight line until it was closed in 1988. After years of the line lying derelict, the old trackbed was repurposed around 2001 as a shared use path and, today, the Fallowfield Loop route runs from Fairfield station to St Werburgh's Road Metrolink station. The route is run by Sustrans and forms part of Routes 6 and 60 of the National Cycle Network.

Sport
The 1893 FA Cup Final was played at Fallowfield Stadium, in which Wolverhampton Wanderers beat Everton 1–0, with Harry Allen scoring the only goal of the game. The stadium also hosted the cycling events for the 1934 British Empire Games, the Amateur Athletic Association championships in 1897 and 1907 and two Northern Rugby Football Union (later Rugby Football League) Challenge Cup finals in 1899 and 1900. It was demolished in 1994, and the site is now Manchester University's Richmond Park Halls of Residence.

Musical associations
A TV broadcast called the Gospel and Blues Train featuring Muddy Waters, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and other blues singers was recorded by Granada TV at Wilbraham Road railway station on Thursday, 7 May 1964, after the station was closed to passenger traffic.

Fallowfield was the subject of the penultimate track on Manchester band the Courteeners debut album, St Jude, entitled "Fallowfield Hillbilly". The Chemical Brothers met at the University of Manchester and played their first gig at 'The Bop', a popular student night that was located within the University of Manchester's Owens Park halls of residence.

Garage vocal group Platnum who had hit singles "What’s It Gonna Be" and "Love Shy" reaching number 2 in the UK charts with the former. Platnum members Aaron Evers and Michelle Mckenna's families still reside in the suburb

Notable residents

 * John Cassidy, sculptor, art lecturer.
 * Sir Edward Donner, entrepreneur and philanthropist
 * Anthony "White Tony" Johnson, criminal, one-time head of the Cheetham Hill Gang.
 * Sir John Alcock KBE, DSC, who with Lieut. Sir Arthur Whitten Brown made the first non-stop aeroplane crossing of the Atlantic, lived on Kingswood Road.
 * Dr Thomas Arthur Helme FRSE served as a GP in the area
 * Alexander Maclaren, minister of the Union Chapel
 * Pat Phoenix, famous for her role as Elsie Tanner in Coronation Street, was born in Fallowfield in 1923
 * Shaun Ryder, musician and television personality, best known as a member of the Happy Mondays and Black Grape, lived in Fallowfield during the late 1980s
 * C. P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian lived at The Firs
 * John Stopford, Baron Stopford of Fallowfield, anatomist and academic, Vice-Chancellor of the Victoria University of Manchester
 * Thomas Tout, medieval historian, Professor of History, Victoria University of Manchester
 * Frank Whitcombe, Welsh Rugby League Lance Todd Trophy winner, signed for Broughton Rangers and lived in Withington
 * Sir Joseph Whitworth, engineer, lived at The Firs
 * Neil Young, Manchester City footballer, born in Fallowfield in 1944
 * Jackie Lane, Dr Who actor, antiques dealer and Voiceover Agent, born in Fallowfield in 1941
 * Jack Whitehall, Comedian, lived in Fallowfield off Egerton Road for two years
 * Rik Mayall, Comedian, actor and writer who lived in Owens Park in 1975.
 * Ed O'Brien, musician best known for being the guitarist in the band Radiohead lived in Fallowfield whilst at University.
 * Dennis Viollet, professional footballer for Manchester United and the England national team and survivor of the Munich air disaster was born in Fallowfield in 1933.
 * Mike Joyce, musician best known for being the drummer in the band The Smiths.
 * Luke Matheson, professional footballer was born in Fallowfield.
 * Fisayo Akinade, Actor.
 * Florence Nagle, racehorse trainer and breeder.

title: Fallowfield


text:
User:Simon Lacoste-Julien

See http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~slacoste.

title: User:Simon Lacoste-Julien


text:
National Lampoon's Vacation

National Lampoon's Vacation, sometimes referred to as simply Vacation, is a 1983 American road trip black comedy directed by Harold Ramis starring Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo, Imogene Coca, Randy Quaid, John Candy, and Christie Brinkley in her acting debut with special appearances by Eddie Bracken, Brian Doyle-Murray, Miriam Flynn, James Keach, Eugene Levy, and Frank McRae.

It tells the fictitious story of the Griswold family on a cross-country trip to an amusement park and various locations as accidents occur along the way. The screenplay was written by John Hughes on the basis of his short story "Vacation '58," which appeared in National Lampoon.

The film was a box-office hit, earning more than $60 million in the U.S. alone with an estimated budget of $15 million, and received positive reviews from critics.

As a result of its success, five sequels have been produced: European Vacation (1985), Christmas Vacation (1989), Vegas Vacation (1997), Christmas Vacation 2 (2003), and Vacation (2015). In 2000, readers of Total Film voted it the 46th greatest comedy film of all time.

Plot
Clark Griswold, wanting to spend more time with his wife Ellen and children Rusty and Audrey, decides to lead the family on a cross-country expedition from the Chicago suburbs to the southern California amusement park Walley World, billed as "America's Favorite Family Fun Park". Ellen wants to fly, but Clark insists on driving so he can bond with his family. He has ordered a new car in preparation for the trip, but the dealer claims that it will not be ready for six weeks. Clark is forced to buy the "Wagon Queen Family Truckster", an ugly, oversized station wagon after the car he traded in has been crushed.

During the family's travels, they experience numerous mishaps, such as being tagged by vandals after taking a wrong turn in St. Louis, Missouri. Clark aggravates a bartender in Dodge City, Kansas, and is tantalized on numerous occasions by a beautiful young woman driving a Ferrari 308 GTS.

The Griswolds stop in Coolidge, Kansas, to visit Ellen's cousin Catherine and her husband Eddie, who foist cranky Aunt Edna and her aggressive dog Dinky on the Griswolds, asking them to drop her off at her son Norman's home in Phoenix. Eddie asks Clark to spare "$52,000" as he is too lazy to find work but wants to save his property from foreclosure.

After stopping at a decrepit and dirty campground in South Fork, Colorado, for the night, Clark forgets to untie Dinky's leash from the rear bumper before driving off the next morning, killing the dog. A motorcycle cop pulls the Griswolds over and angrily lectures Clark over animal cruelty but accepts Clark's apology as he tearfully recalls losing his own dog. Exiting Colorado, Ellen loses her bag that had her credit cards, and Clark reports them as lost.

While Ellen and Clark argue during a drive between Utah and Arizona, they crash and become stranded in the desert near Monument Valley. After setting off alone to look for help for hours, Clark reunites with his family, who have been rescued and taken to a local mechanic. The mechanic, also the town sheriff, extorts Clark's remaining cash, only to render the car barely operational. Frustrated, the family stops at the Grand Canyon. When Clark is unable to convince a hotel clerk to cash a personal check because his credit cards have mistakenly been reported lost, he raids the cash register behind the clerk's back and leaves the check.

Continuing their drive, the Griswolds find that Aunt Edna has died in her sleep. They tie her corpse to the roof of the car, wrapped in a tarpaulin. Discovering that Norman is out of town when they arrive at his home, they attach a note to the corpse and leave it in the back yard.

Overwhelmed by the mishaps they have encountered, Ellen and the children want to go home, but Clark has become obsessed with reaching Walley World. After an argument with Ellen, Clark meets the Ferrari-driving blonde at a hotel bar, weaves several lies to impress her, and goes skinny-dipping with her in the hotel pool. They are quickly discovered by the family due to Clark’s yelling about the cold temperature. Clark tells the woman the truth, and they part ways amicably. Ellen forgives Clark, and they go skinny-dipping themselves.

The Griswolds arrive at Walley World, only to discover the park closed for the next two weeks for repairs. Slipping into madness over his efforts being for nothing, Clark buys a realistic-looking BB gun and demands that park security guard Russ Lasky take them through Walley World. An LAPD SWAT team soon arrives, but as the family is about to be arrested, park owner Roy Walley shows up to de-escalate the situation. Roy understands Clark's longing to achieve the perfect vacation, bringing back memories of his own family vacation troubles. He decides not to file criminal charges against the Griswolds and lets the family – along with the SWAT team – enjoy the park as his guests.

A montage of snapshots taken during the trip is shown during the credits, ending with one that shows the Griswolds flying back to Chicago.

Production
During the Chicago blizzard of 1979, writer John Hughes began developing a short story titled "Vacation '58" for an issue of the National Lampoon. While the story ended up being bumped from the initial vacation-themed issue, it was eventually published in September 1979 and subsequently optioned by Warner Bros. "When I brought it to Hollywood, the first guy I brought it to was Jeff Katzenberg who was at Paramount," recalled producer Matty Simmons, who worked as a publisher at the National Lampoon. "He said it would never make a movie, it was too episodic, too consequential. I said, 'Yeah, it's a road trip. It's supposed to be episodic. You go from town to town, place to place.' But he didn't like it, so then my agent brought it to Warner Brothers, and I met with them. Most of them said the same thing, but there was one executive over there—a guy named Mark Canton—who really pulled for it and it got made."

Upon Simmons' agreement with Warner Bros., Hughes was tasked with adapting his original story into a screenplay. Harold Ramis and Chevy Chase rewrote Hughes's first draft to place the story from the father's point of view rather than the son's.

Filming
Filming began on July 5, 1982, in Boone, Colorado, and lasted 55 days. Parts of the film were shot in Monument Valley, Utah; Flagstaff, Sedona, and the Grand Canyon in Arizona; Santa Anita Racetrack in Arcadia and Magic Mountain in California; Southern Colorado, and St. Louis, Missouri.

The original ending of the film, which involved the Griswolds taking Roy Walley hostage, was judged poorly by test audiences. A new ending featuring John Candy was filmed in its place; in this revised ending, shot several months after the rest of the film, Anthony Michael Hall has become noticeably taller. The original ending is discussed in the film's commentary track, but has not been issued in any format since the test screenings.

Walley World
In Hughes' original short story, the theme park was Disneyland. To avoid legal troubles, all of the names associated with Disneyland were altered to sound-alikes. For instance, the park became Walley World, itself a good-natured parody of the Anaheim location, and the mascot, Marty Moose, is reminiscent of Walt Disney's own Mickey Mouse. Similarly, Roy Walley's appearance bears similarities to that of Disney and his name is similar to that of his brother Roy Disney.

In the film, the Walley World theme park is represented by Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California and Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Santa Anita Park's large parking lot and blue-tinged fascia served as the exterior of Walley World, while all park interior scenes were shot at Magic Mountain. The two roller coasters seen in the film are La Revolución, which can be recognized by the vertical loop, and Colossus (currently Twisted Colossus), the double-track wooden roller coaster.

The movie's popularity gave rise to an ongoing cultural running gag of using the name "Wally World" (spelled without an "e") as a nickname for real-life retailer Walmart.

Wagon Queen Family Truckster
The Wagon Queen Family Truckster station wagon was created specifically for the film. It is based on a 1979 Ford LTD Country Squire station wagon. The car was designed by George Barris, and it lampooned American cars of the late 1970s. The Truckster features a "metallic pea" green paint scheme, extensive imitation wood-paneling decals, eight headlights (the second pair was taken from another Crown Victoria/Country Squire and mounted upside-down above the stock pair), a grille area largely covered by bodywork with only two small openings close to the bumper, an oddly placed fuel filler door and an airbag made from a trashcan liner.

Music
The musical score for National Lampoon's Vacation was composed by Ralph Burns, featuring original songs by Lindsey Buckingham. A soundtrack album was released in 1983 by Warner Bros. Records. While the album did not chart, Buckingham's single "Holiday Road" reached number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100.

 * 1) "Holiday Road" – Lindsey Buckingham
 * 2) "Mister Blue" – The Fleetwoods
 * 3) "Blitzkrieg Bop" – Ramones
 * 4) "Deep River Blues" – Ralph Burns
 * 5) "Summer Hearts" – Nicolette Larson
 * 6) "Little Boy Sweet" – June Pointer
 * 7) "The Trip (Theme from Vacation)" – Ralph Burns
 * 8) "He's So Dull" – Vanity 6
 * 9) "Christie's Song" – Ralph Burns
 * 10) "Dancin' Across the USA" – Lindsey Buckingham

Home media
National Lampoon's Vacation was first released on VHS, Betamax, Laserdisc, and CED in late 1983. It was released again on VHS in 1986, 1991, 1995 and 1999. It was first released on DVD in 1997. The DVD was presented in an open-matte full-screen presentation. Its only feature was the film's theatrical trailer. A 20th anniversary DVD was released in 2003. It included an anamorphic widescreen transfer. Its bonus features included an audio commentary with director Harold Ramis, producer Matty Simmons, and stars Chevy Chase, Anthony Michael Hall, Dana Barron, and Randy Quaid. It also included an introduction with Chase, Simmons, and Quaid, a family truckster interactive featurette gallery, and the film's theatrical trailer. A Blu-ray was released in 2013. It included the same features from the 20th Anniversary DVD and included the A&E documentary Inside Story: National Lampoon's Vacation. The film was later released in 4k by Warner Bros. in 2023.

Box office
National Lampoon's Vacation opened theatrically in 1,175 venues on July 29, 1983, and earned $8,333,358 in its opening weekend, ranking number one at the domestic box office. The film grossed $61,399,552.

Critical response
National Lampoon's Vacation received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 94% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "Blessed by a brilliantly befuddled star turn from Chevy Chase, National Lampoon's Vacation is one of the more consistent – and thoroughly quotable – screwball comedies of the 1980s." On Metacritic it has a 55 out of 100 rating based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale; the company's founder, Ed Mintz, said in 2016, "I loved it ... I couldn't figure out for anything why people didn't love that more".

Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, saying, "National Lampoon's Vacation, which is more controlled than other Lampoon movies have been, is careful not to stray too far from its target. The result is a confident humor and throwaway style that helps sustain the laughs – of which there are quite a few." Entertainment magazine Variety called the film "an enjoyable trip through familiar comedy landscapes" and praised "director Harold Ramis for populating the film with a host of well-known comedic performers in passing parts." Conversely, Richard Rayner of Time Out magazine said, "The visual gags come thick and fast, and are about as subtly signposted as the exit markers on a freeway. An exercise in the comedy of humiliation which is the stuff of shamefaced giggles."

title: National Lampoon's Vacation