text:
Talk:Andrey Kolmogorov

Andrey or Andrei
Is the preferred spelling not Andrei rather than Andrey? I have no knowledge of the Russian language and how ambiguous such a translation may be, but until now I have only come across Andrei as Kolmogorov's first name. I would like to suggest moving this article and making a redirect from the current page.

Thijs Elenbaas

Andrey is better

// Native russian speaker :)

There are several standard methods of transliteration. The American Mathematical Society now prefers the version Andrei or in TeX Andre\u\i. 85.118.224.242 14:13, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm Russian, my name is Андрей and I prefer my name to be transliterated as Andrei :) From Wikipedia's transliteration rules follows that we should prefer "Andrey", but there is also stated, that conventional English name (if available) should be used instead of the transliteration. "Andrey" is also used by Encarta and Britannica. Due to this I doubt, whether if AMS prefer "Andrei" it's enough to name this variant conventional. Perhaps more sources should be provided here. And please, supply corresponding links, for example, to AMS search results, stats or something like that. Cmapm 23:57, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The 1990 obituary by Kendall used Andrei.
 * So do
 * U. FRISCH; “From global scaling, à la Kolmogorov, to local multifractal scaling in fully developed turbulence”.
 * BENOIT B. MANDELBROT; “Random Multifractals: Negative Dimensions and the Resulting Limitations of the Thermodynamic Formalism”.
 * ...both in Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences; The Royal Society, London;  08 July 1991;  434 (1890, Turbulence and Stochastic Process: Kolmogorov's Ideas 50 Years On)

 * —DIV (128.250.204.118 09:09, 2 November 2007 (UTC))

Universally spelled "Andrei"
With very few exceptions. recommend to chage it; it's confusing to have a little used spelling. Boodlesthecat (talk) 20:53, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Kolmogorov or Kolmogoroff
Okay, I think this one has already been unanimously decided that Kolmogorov should be used. Nevertheless, a lot of old references used Kolmogoroff, and so therefore do a few new ones that cite old references.... Just thought it should be mentioned for completeness ;-) —DIV (128.250.204.118 09:14, 2 November 2007 (UTC))

There is much ambiguity about the spelling (in particular if langues with roman alphabet different from English are considered): Kolmogorov, Kolmogorow, Kolmogorof, Kolmogoroff. I think we really should have pages for all these which redirect the reader to the main article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.175.8.59 (talk) 09:35, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Russian
How come in the Russian article the accents are sometimes used, and sometimes not. Is there any rule, or just laziness, or doesn't it matter? —DIV (128.250.204.118 02:19, 24 October 2007 (UTC))

 * The rules are in Naming conventions (people). Basically, it comes down to how the person is best known in the English-speaking world. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 06:10, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you answering my question Will Beback?
 * I have read your reply and looked at the link but can't see how either is relevant!
 * I was asking about a Russian-language (linguistic) rule, not a WP-usage rule.
 * —DIV (128.250.204.118 09:11, 2 November 2007 (UTC))

 * Seems to have been answered by Markussep at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_%28Cyrillic%29.
 * — DIV (128.250.204.118 00:00, 16 November 2007 (UTC))

pronunciation question
On the pronunciation question - it is true that unstressed 'o' in Russian comes out more like 'a' (well, short British 'a', anyway).

Charles Matthews 20:47, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. Usually, this is called akanie.--Imz 17:01, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

On homosexuality
I personally don't have an opinon and don't know if the allegations of homosexuality are true or not. Obviously, 194.154.84.35 believes they are untrue. Homosexuality in USSR was persecuted (AFAIK a few years in jail). If true, KGB must have known of it. Considering that neither one of them was persecuted, 194.154.84.35 might have a point. I can't find anything useful in google to confirm the allegations. User:Pyrop: can you actually produce some sort of evidence for your assertions? I am sure you can't produce eye witness accounts, so maybe instead of describing the issue as fact you can describe it as an allegation with references to the sources? Like, "such and such alleges that ...". See WP:NPOV. --Gene s 07:53, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * This controversiary info removed by myself until it is proved. Friendship and living in one house does not always mean sex, right? Cmapm 13:27, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I think it would probably be best if we only stated that the two lived together and had a long friendship, (which is easily comfirmable), until i or someone else can dig up a solid source on it. -℘yrop (talk) 00:09, Jan 18, 2005 (UTC)

I find it sick and disgucting to go into person's sexual life without even having a decent article first. It is encyclopedia, not yellow press, for Christ sake. Mikkalai 01:38, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

First, agreed with Mikkalai and Gene s. Second, I strongly believe, that the point Pyrop want to prove in this section is false and he or somebody else will just waste time trying to prove it (it even seems stupid for me), because:
 * Kolmogorov had a girlfriend since school times and married to her in 1942, they lived together since then until 1987, when Kolmogorov died.
 * It's not Europe or USA today. In the Soviet Union at least until 1991 ("at least" because I simply don't know laws of Russia) this perversion (excuse me for my POV) was a crime against personality, the criminal was sentenced for 5 years (I suppose that before 1920-1950 this time was much longer). I suppose that these people where nearly criminals even in Europe and USA.

''Well even though the statement on linking perversion and gays is either a perversion or stupidity in itself, it will be too fast to put this material (regarding Kolmogorov) on the concerned page.

PS : Even as per Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia homosexuality is not a perversion. Unless it is to be concluded that this Russian body has no credibility (which is certainly not the case), I guess the stupidity lies in this calling of gay a perversion. ''

 * Actually, the word in the section header and it's meaning was not known to the majority of people even in big cities of the USSR (may be only to lawyers) during 1922-1991 and particularly during 1920-1950. For example, I myself first knew this word from the media in mid 90-ies. I think in Europe and USA the situation was not much worse.
 * You were a "good boy/girl", then. The word was pretty well-known, especially in its derogatory form, "gomosek". Not to say about a plenty of synonyms, like "pidor", "petuh", etc. Mikkalai 03:12, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * But even if somebody should accidentally find this word somewhere, in any Russian dictionary of that time this word was defined as sexual perversion. And the word love when it was used in "sexual context", meant exclusively relations between male and female.
 * The purpose of friendship and living together for scientists in the USSR (as I've known reading many biographies) was "to do the same scientific work, do the research in the same area together". May be for scientists in Europe and USA of that time or nowadays it has mostly other meaning? I can't say.

 * Kolmogorov was the man from the Russian province, in the province and villages of Russia upbringing of people was always much more traditional than in big cities. So, in Kolmogorov's address the word in the header sounds even more stupid than to the one of other scientists.

Nothing personal, but Pyrop, please, next time before including such famous scientists in similar lists and categories (which for some people like myself sounds like "black lists"), base your decision not only on "yellow press"-sources and at least read his biography. Cmapm 02:03, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Well being gay like Alan Turing is certainly better than being an ignorant fool who holds the pseudo-scientific belief that being gay is a sexual perversion

If there is a desige to continue this general discussion, I suggest you start a (new) article Sex in Soviet Union. As one might remember, during an US-SU "TV-bridge", popular during "perestroika" times, the whole world learned that "there is no sex in Soviet Union". :-)
 * I personally think there was just misunderstanding, the synonims of "sex": "pol", "polovoj" were wide-spread in SU. I agree that some of my arguments are my personal POV, I didn't search for any statistical data, because it's not the article "Sex in Soviet Union" :-) so it isn't worth of serious research. Cmapm 14:06, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed it was a misundng, but not what you think. In SU "seks" was a taboo word. When this poor lady called a huge uproar of laughter in the audience by saying that "there is no sex in soviet union" for the whole world to hear, she meant to say that Soviet people were good and decent people of high morality, no one cheated their spouses, that there was no this kind of "bourgeois decay" called by this filthy word "seks". Mikkalai 00:56, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

As for the particular case, there is nothing to talk further: either there is evidence, or not. Rumors are inacceptable. Mikkalai 03:12, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Kolmogorov and Alexandrov also appear on Wikipedia's List of famous gay, lesbian or bisexual people. Should they be removed from it or moved from "Persons of confirmed gay orientation" section to "Persons of disputed gay orientation"? Andris 23:49, Jan 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. "Disputed" means rumors. There is no place in encyclopedia for rumors, unless a person was of importance for gays in some respect. Also, they were added there by user pyrop, who failed to defend his case here, hence no grounds to list in a list. You cannot put something in a list without having this in the directly related article. Mikkalai 00:46, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Kolmogorov is quoted as saying about Alexandrov "for me these 53 years of close and indissoluble friendship were the reason why all my life was on the whole full of happiness, and the basis of that happiness was the unceasing thoughtfulness on the part of Aleksandrov." which seems to hint at a little more than just 'ordinary' friendship between colleagues. Also Kolmogorov can be found at a site which maintains a list of (quote) "Famous gay or bisexual Russians or Russians who slept with people of the same sex or had strong romantic attachments". Personally I think the topic of Kolmogorov's relationship with Alexandrov is very interesting and it should at least be mentioned in the Wiki entry that they are considered a gay couple by a lot of people. --62.178.132.203 23:00, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * These "hints" are bullshit. There are plenty of people all over the world of long lasting and fulfilling friendship without sex; even between men and women. Unless there is a direct evidence, this will not go into the article. Mikkalai 19:50, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nonsense! I am a student at the Mechanics and Mathematics of MSU, is familiar with the students Kolmogorov and Aleksandrov, and I can say for sure - they were friends who love their wives. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.192.251.45 (talk) 20:44, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Are there two mathematicians named Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov?
The Kolmogorov referenced in van Heijenoort published his paper in 1925, which means that that Andrei K. would have been 22 when the paper was published, let alone submitted (given he was born in 1903). Considering the profound complexity of the paper around the use of the law of excluded middle its hard to believe they came from the same man. However van Heijenoort noted that "professor Kolmogorov signified his acceptance" when the paper was published in van Heijenoort. Perhaps they are father and son? Can someone please confirm? Thanks, I need this for a bio re Brouwer. wvbaileyWvbailey 19:39, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There was only one mathematician with this name. Publishing a serious paper while studying in university is normal for prominent mathematician. His first math papers were published in 1923 Mir76 14:09, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. He must have been an amazing man. wvbaileyWvbailey 16:08, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

On Homosexuality
I am a mathematician working at the ETH in Zürich. Although young myself, I have been blessed with many old Mathematicians friends (the oldest of whom is 103). The Math scene prior to the 60s was much tighter despite the then lacks of fast communication means. Mathematicians would befriend each other at conferences while on long trips around the world. The community was far much tighter these days than now. They all personally knew each other. Anyway. All of my old friends (i.e. friends who are old) concur about the life-long romance which Kolmogorov and Alexandrov engaged into. Sure they were married with kids. Sure it was criminal to be gay in that day and age. If discovered, they would have been stripped of their professorships and confined into a life of madness in some rehabilitation asylum. This is why their sweet loving romance remained so secretive. It has become a "non-dit" in the community. We know about it, but just don't talk about it. We leave to the memories of these so brilliant minds, so gentle man, so fantastic colleagues, the duty of caring for their love, in a world beyond our comprehension. They are our "Brokeback Mathematics". Our closed knit family accepts anyone whose contribution to mathematics is significant.

So... my opinion now. Should their romance be mentioned ? At least their friendship. Such long lasting infallible friendships are becoming so scarce that their is definitely worth being mentioned. But I wouldn't go into any details that would reveal too much of their private life. To me, they are like Akilles and Hector.

I am myself going through a similar situation. I am a gay mathematician. Unmarried, but not unloved. My partner is also a gay mathematician. We both work in prominent places, so we don't advertise for our "condition". We don't see each other too much (he's in the US, I'm in Europe). We very much cherish our private life especially on the professional scene. We're not obvious, but most people know about us. Still, I would not like for myself and my partner that details on our private life be revealed.

This is why I wouldn't like Kolmogorov and Alexandrov to become the poster children for homosexuality in Mathematics either. So, let's just keep it simple and tactfully discreet by hinting only to their lifelong romantic friendship.

Hi, I am a gay french youth and I am very interested in all is in touch with homosexuality. Wikipedia is obviously full of homophobic philistines. If you can read this, I would really like to speak to you. My email is banquepierre@live.fr See you I hope

Inconsistent with another article
The "Lenin prize" article does not cite Kolmogorov! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rockslave (talk • contribs) 00:44, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Daniell--Kolmogorov theorem
Recently read a reference to the "famous" Daniell--Kolmogorov theory settling questions on the existence of stochastic processes with prescribed joint distributions (Williams, Probability with Martingales). However, no mention is supplied here. Can an expert please add?

Alternative spelling, confusion with Kolmogoroff
Necessary to cite or redirect A. Kolmogoroff to this article?

http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/authors/?q=kolmogorov,+a*.

Spellings: Kolmogoroff, A.; Kolmogoroff, A.N.; Kolmogoroff, A. N.; Kolmogoroff, Andre; Kolmogorov, Andrey N.; Kolmogorov, Andrej N.; Kolmogorov, A. N.; Kolmogoroff, Andrej; Kolmogoroff, A.A.

The gay thirties
The following material has recently been deleted from the page: "In the 1930s, Kolmogorov participated in an ideological harrassment campaign against his former teacher Nikolai Luzin. Kolmogorov was involved in a homosexual relationship with Alexandrov at the time," due to duplication of material. Not all of it is currently available in the current version. Tkuvho (talk) 15:25, 19 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The source is Graham, Loren R.; Kantor, Jean-Michel (2009). Naming infinity: a true story of religious mysticism and mathematical creativity. Harvard University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780674032934. "The police soon learned of Kolmogorov and Alexandrov's homosexual bond, and they used that knowledge to obtain the behavior that they wished. When the police asked Kolmogorov and Alexandrov to join in attacking Luzin, they did so." This is a widely acclaimed book by recognized scholars.  I have not checked yet but I assume we have a page for at least one of them, or should at any rate.  Tkuvho (talk) 13:50, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The source mentioned seems to be reliable; however, it would be more credible if this sort of personal matter is supported by more than one independent source. Salih  ( talk ) 15:25, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The other source is ">  Tkuvho (talk) 18:13, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

set theory
Somehow "set theory" did not make it to the list of things he is "known for". Should this be added? Tkuvho (talk) 21:35, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110525230252/http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/AT/LORENTZ/JAT02-0001_final.ps to http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/AT/LORENTZ/JAT02-0001_final.ps

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Most certainly K was homosexual
A number of reliable sources say as much; I came across an extensive discussion in Masha Gessen's _Perfect Rigor_, which takes K's homosexuality as a given, and quotes numerous people talking about his relationship with Alexandrov. e.g.,

“The strange story of the specialized math schools goes back to Andrei Kolmogorov. Having been so essential to the war effort during World War II, Kolmogorov alone among the top Soviet mathematicians avoided being drafted into the postwar military effort. His students always wondered why—and the only likely explanation seems to be Kolmogorov's homosexuality. His lifelong partner, with whom he shared a home starting in 1929, was the topologist Pavel Alexandrov. Five years after the couple started living together, the Soviet Union criminalized male homosexual ity, but Kolmogorov and Alexandrov, who exercised minimal discretion—they called each other "friends" but made no secret of the life-shaping nature of their relationship—apparently had no trouble with the law. The academic world accepted them as a pair, if not a couple: they generally requested academic appointments together, booked their accommodations together at Academy of Sciences resorts, and made donations to military relief efforts together.”

and

“Kolmogorov himself referred to his students affectionately as "my boys," reporting to Alexandrov, in a letter from a trip taken with his students in 1965, "In just three hours at an elevation of 2400 meters all my boys got so badly sunburned (parading around in their swimming trunks or without them) that they could barely sleep for two nights following." The casual happy homoeroticism of Kolmogorov's view of his students seemed to come from an entirely different time and place. Before the Iron Curtain sealed off the Soviet Union from the rest of the world, Kolmogorov and Alexandrov had done some traveling. Alexandrov, who was seven years older, had traveled extensively before the two met, but the pair spent the 1930–1931 academic year abroad, some of it together. They started out in Berlin, where all culture, and gay culture in particular, was flourishing. They imported all they could: books, music, ideas. "Interesting that this idea of a truly beloved friend seems to be purely Aryan: The Greeks and the Germans seem always to have had it," Alexandrov wrote to Kolmogorov in 1931, a few years before the reference to Aryans would have had a different connotation. "The theory[…]”

It seems from reading below that there are at least two other articles independently discussing this core feature of K's life. Whether he's be "classified" as gay under 21st Century terms, it's clear that the relationship with Alexandrov was unusually intimate, close, and erotic. 173.71.191.135 (talk) 00:08, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrey Kolmogorov


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John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick

John David Beckett Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick (born 1952) is a member of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In 1996, at the age of 44, he became one of the youngest people in the upper house.

Taylor is the third person of Afro-Caribbean ancestry to enter the House of Lords. Taylor initially practised as a barrister, and served as a part-time deputy district judge (magistrates' courts). Following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal he was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, relating to £11,277 in falsely claimed expenses, and was subsequently disbarred. He has also been a company director and television and radio presenter.

Taylor is a Christian, and has volunteered time for various charities including Kidscape, Parents for Children, SCAR (Sickle Cell Anemia Relief), Variety Club Children's Charity of Great Britain, Warwick Leadership Foundation and WISCA (West Indian Senior Citizens' Association).

Early life
Taylor was born on 21 September 1952 in Birmingham, England, to Jamaican immigrants: his father, Derief Taylor, was a professional cricketer and coach for Warwickshire, and his mother, Enid, was a nurse. Taylor attended Moseley Grammar School in Birmingham where he was head boy, and later attended Keele University, where he studied English Literature and Law, followed by the Inns of Court School of Law in London.

Legal
Taylor was called to the bar in 1978, by Gray's Inn, where he was also awarded the Gray's Inn Advocacy Award, and Norman Tapp Memorial Prize for excellence in mooting. Taylor undertook his pupillage at 1 Dr Johnson's Buildings, and then joined the same chambers as the future Justice Secretary, Ken Clarke. Taylor practised from there on the Midland & Oxford Circuit. In 1997, Taylor was appointed as a part-time district judge (Magistrates' Court). He was disbarred after his conviction and imprisonment related to the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal.

Political
In the 1980s, Taylor was elected to Solihull Council for the safe Conservative Party ward of St Alphege at a by-election in 1985 and was re-elected for a 4-year term in May 1988. He contested Birmingham Perry Barr for the Conservative Party at the 1987 general election, losing by 6,933 votes. He was selected by Conservative Party's Central Office to become the Conservative candidate for Cheltenham at the 1992 general election. The campaign was seen as having been influenced by race, with Taylor's Caribbean background reportedly causing concern to some members of the local Conservative Party constituency association, which was split by the issue. Conservative Central Office expelled association members over the issue. John Major, then Prime Minister, campaigned for Taylor in Cheltenham, but he lost the seat to Nigel Jones of the Liberal Democrats by 1,668 votes, the first time since 1950 Cheltenham had not voted for a Conservative candidate and the first time since December 1910 it had voted for a Liberal-aligned candidate.

Taylor was made a life peer as Baron Taylor of Warwick, of Warwick in the County of Warwickshire on 2 October 1996, on the recommendation of Prime Minister John Major. At 44, he became one of the youngest life peers to sit in the House of Lords at the time.

Other activities
In 2016, he appeared on the Fox News channel to discuss the potential impact of Britain leaving the European Union (Brexit).

Other positions Taylor has held include:
 * Television Presenter, Crime Stalker (Carlton Television); Talk About (BBC One); 'Powerhouse' (Channel 4)
 * Non-executive Director, Currencies Direct Ltd (resigned July 2010); Mottram Holdings PLC
 * Consultant, Kleinwort Benson Bank
 * Chancellor, Bournemouth University, 2001–2006.
 * Vice President, National Small Business Bureau; British Board of Film Classification, 1998–2008.
 * Member of the International Trade Council.
 * Special Adviser to the Home Secretary and Home Office Ministers, 1990–1991.
 * Founder of the Warwick Leadership Academy (2014 to present) providing services to young people.

Parliamentary expenses scandal
In early 2009, a major political scandal was triggered by the leaking and subsequent publication of expense claims made by members of the United Kingdom Parliament. On 16 July 2010, Taylor resigned the Conservative Party Whip after being charged with offences connected with claims totalling £11,277.

Several hundred members of the House of Commons and House of Lords were involved in the expenses scandal, and six members of the House of Commons and two, including Taylor, of the Lords, were charged and convicted.

Taylor's defence in the Crown Court was that on appointment to the House of Lords he had asked other peers for advice on expenses and allowances and that he was told that the overnight subsistence allowance, the office allowance, and the travel expenses were provided in lieu of a salary, as well as the daily attendance allowance. As a result of claiming for the cost of journeys he had not made, and the cost of accommodation he had not occupied, Taylor was convicted of six counts of false accounting.

In his summing up to the jury, Mr Justice Saunders observed that Taylor was a man of good character who had devoted a lot of time to helping others. The judge imposed a sentence of 12 months' imprisonment, relating to £11,277 in falsely claimed expenses; he also said that the expenses scandal had "left an indelible stain on Parliament". About 15 members of the House of Lords refused to give evidence to support Taylor's defence.

Personal life
Taylor married in 1981 and had three children with his wife. They divorced in 2005. The Daily Telegraph reported that Taylor is an evangelical Christian, and in 2009 he married an evangelical Christian from the US. That marriage lasted 24 days and was annulled in 2010. He remarried in 2015.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick


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Rome station (Paris Métro)

Rome is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro. It is located on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement.

Location
The station is located under the central reservation of Boulevard des Batignolles, east bridge crossing the tracks to Gare Saint-Lazare. Oriented approximately along an east–west axis, it is located between Villiers and Place de Clichy stations.

History
The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers. The name is that of one of several streets in the area named for European capitals, in this case Rue de Rome, capital of Italy. Some of these streets having also given their patronym to the stations such as Europe on line 3 and Liège on the line 13. Rome metro station is also, with Iéna on line 9, Cité on line 4 as well as the closed station Haxo between lines 3a and 7a, one of four in the network whose name has only four letters.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station was renovated on 5 November 2001.

On 9 October 2019, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms are temporarily replaced by the RATP in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Astérix and Obélix, as in eleven other stations. Taking up in particular the typography characteristic of the comics of René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Rome is humorously renamed Ils sont fous ces Romains! (They are crazy these Romans!) from the recurring phrase from Obélix. In addition, all of the advertising posters are also replaced by sketches from the famous comic strip.

In 2019, 2,753,714 travelers entered this station which placed it at 193rd position of the metro stations for its usage out of 303.

Access
The station has a single access entitled Boulevard des Batignolles, leading to the central reservation of this boulevard facing no. 60. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, which was registered as historic monuments by the decree of 12 February 2016.

Platforms
Rome is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks. The platform is established flush with the walls, directly under the road, with the passage of line 2 above the railway tracks of Gare Saint-Lazare (west of the stopping point) did not allow digging at depth. The ceiling thus consists of a metal deck, whose beams, silver in colour, are supported by vertical walls. This ceiling is pierced in the centre with a well allowing direct daylight to enter the station. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the wall and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is written in the Parisine font on enamelled plates. The seats are a red Motte style. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the sides and the first row of vaults.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30, 66 and 94 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
Nearby are the town hall of the 17th arrondissement and the Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (teachers' college).

title: Rome station (Paris Métro)


text:
Koenigsegg CC8S

The Koenigsegg CC8S is a mid-engine sports car produced by the Swedish automobile manufacturer Koenigsegg. It was the company's first production automobile and the first production car to use the company's trademark dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors. At its introduction, it won several awards, including the Guinness World Record for the Most Powerful Production Engine and design awards from both Red Dot in Germany and Utmärkt Svensk Form in Sweden.

Development
The CC8S was developed from the CC prototype. It was the culmination of 8 years of research and development. Despite limited resources, the chassis, suspension, brakes, and several other components were designed in-house by Koenigsegg. The pre-production car was shown at the 2000 Paris Auto Show, the public's reaction to the car was favourable and international contacts were made. The car had many unique functions such as the roof, which could be stored in the car's trunk located in the front similar to how a Chevrolet Corvette stores its roof (other Targa top sports cars of the time such as the Ferrari F50 lacked this feature), vertical opening doors dubbed dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors and a central patented free-flowing exhaust system based on the 'Rocket Cat Principle'. These unique features and design received great praise from the spectators, despite large orders, only 6 cars were produced due to high production costs out of which, 2 were right-hand drive. The CC8S was replaced by the more powerful CCR model in 2004.

Body
The body is a two-door, two-seat targa top design, meaning a portion of the roof can be removed and stored under the bonnet. The chassis is made from kevlar-reinforced carbon fibre. The kevlar-reinforced carbon fibre semi-monocoque is attached to a steel subframe at the front of the chassis, and an aluminium subframe at the rear.

The engine, transmission, and rear suspension are mounted to the aluminium subframe. All body panels are made from carbon fibre, and venturi tunnels and diffusers occupy the bottom of the car. These components increase downforce in conjunction with a rear-mounted spoiler. The frontal area of the car is just, which, in conjunction with the car's low , affords the car very low overall aerodynamic drag.

Engine and Transmission
The CC8S is powered by a supercharged Ford Modular 4.6–litre DOHC V8 engine made of cast aluminium with 4 valves per cylinder and carbon fibre covers weighing 210 kg, with a compression ratio of 8.6:1. It produces 664 PS at 6,800 rpm and 750 Nm of torque at 5,000 rpm. The redline is set to 7,250 rpm. The engine powers the rear wheels through a 6-speed manual transmission specially developed for the car by CIMA.

Wheels
The CC8S uses magnesium alloy wheels with center-locking hubs, to which 225/40ZR 18" front and 335/40ZR 20" rear Michelin Pilot Sport 2 tyres are mounted. The brake discs are cross-drilled for increased ventilation, and measure 340 mm at the front and 315 mm at the rear. The brake calipers contain 6 pistons in front and 4 pistons at the rear. The brakes are power-assisted by the Koenigsegg Advanced Control System.

Performance
Manufacturer estimates
 * Acceleration: 0–100 km/h under 3.5 seconds
 * Top speed: 390 km/h
 * Standing 1/4 mi: 10 seconds, trap speed 217 km/h
 * Braking distance: 32 m 100–0 km/h

title: Koenigsegg CC8S


text:
William Hawkins (governor)

William Hawkins (October 10, 1777 –May 17, 1819) was the 17th governor of North Carolina from 1811 to 1814.

Early life and education
William Hawkins was born at his family plantation, called Pleasant Hill, in what is today Vance County, North Carolina; he was one of twelve children born by his mother Lucy Davis Hawkins. His father, Philemon Hawkins III, was a planter and member of the North Carolina General Assembly. As a young man, Hawkins studied law in North Carolina under Judge John Williams and at Princeton University.

Career
Hawkins worked for two years in Georgia with the Creek people as an Indian agent under his uncle, Benjamin Hawkins, US Supervisor of Southeast Indian tribes. After that, he returned to North Carolina to practice law. In 1801, he was assigned by Gov. James Turner to settle a dispute and arrange a settlement with those Tuscarora Indians remaining in Bertie County, North Carolina. (The great majority of the tribe had migrated to New York state by 1722, where they settled with the Oneida people of the Iroquois Confederacy.)

In 1804, Hawkins was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons from Warren County and served a single term. In 1809, he was elected as a representative from Granville County; he served until 1811. From 1810 to 1811, he was Speaker of the House.

In December 1811, Hawkins was elected as Governor of North Carolina by the General Assembly. He served the constitutional limit of three terms, which coincided with the duration of the War of 1812 through 1814. During the war, he supported the military efforts of the federal government and assisted in raising a volunteer militia of 7,000 troops.

Hawkins retired from politics after the end of his term as governor, except for one term in the House of Commons in 1817. He died in 1819 and is buried in Sparta, Georgia.

Personal life
After getting started at work, Hawkins in 1803 married Anne Swepson Boyd of Mecklenburg County, Virginia. They had six children together.

title: William Hawkins (governor)


text:
Magnetes

The Magnetes (Greek: Μάγνητες) were an ancient Greek tribe. In book 2 of the Iliad, Homer includes them in the Greek Army that is besieging Troy, and identifies their homeland in Thessaly, in a part that is still known as Magnesia. They later also contributed to the Greek colonisation by founding two prosperous cities in Western Anatolia, Magnesia on the Maeander and Magnesia ad Sipylum.

Mythology
According to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (fr. 7), Thyia, a daughter of Deucalion, lay with Zeus and bore two sons: Magnes and Makednos, the eponyms of the Magnetes and Macedones, respectively. Within Thyia's extended family in the Catalogue are found the progenitors of several of the other early Greek tribes. Her sister Pandora II (named after her grandmother, the famous Pandora) bore Graecus (also to Zeus). And their brother Hellen, along with his three sons Dorus, Xuthus (with his sons Ion and Achaeus) and Aeolos, filled out the set of progenitors of the ancient tribes that formed the Greek/Hellenic nation.

title: Magnetes


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Place de Clichy station

Place de Clichy is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Paris Metro Line 2 and Line 13 at the junction of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Place de Clichy, the platforms being situated:

 * on line 2, northeast of the square and oriented northeast–southwest along the axis of the end of Boulevard de Clichy (between Rome and Blanche stations);
 * on line 13, north of the square and approximately north–south, along the axis of the start of Avenue de Clichy (between La Fourche and Liège).

History
The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers. The Place was named after the Barrière de Clichy, a gate built on the road to the village of Clichy for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the 19th century.

The line 13 platforms opened on 26 February 1911 as part of the Nord-Sud Company's line B from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen. On 27 March 1931 line B became line 13 of the Métro following the absorption of the Nord-Sud Company on 1 January 1930 by its competing company, CMP. Like a third of the stations on the network between 1974 and 1984, the platforms on line 2 were modernized in Andreu-Motte style, in this case blue. In 1994, these platforms were restored with heritage green bordered tiled names on the platforms.

As part of the action plan voted on in 2010, to improve the regularity of line 13 that was chronically saturated, its platforms were equipped with platform doors from April to May 2012, as were eleven other stations on this line.

As part of the Un métro + beau program, the station is undergoing renovations from 22 January 2018 to 21 January 2020.

On 9 October 2019, half of the nameplates on the platforms of line 2 were temporarily replaced by the RATP in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Astérix and Obélix, as in eleven other stations. Taking up in particular the typography characteristic of the comics of René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Place de Clichy is humorously renamed PlaceDeClichix in reference to the names of the Gauls based on word games and ending with "-ix".

In 2019, 8,020,440 travelers entered this station which placed it in 28th position of metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has three entrances:
 * access 1 - Place de Clichy, consisting of a fixed staircase, adorned with a Guimard entrance and decreed as a historic monuments on 12 February 2016, leading to the east of the square opposite no. 14, on the central reservation on Boulevard de Clichy;
 * access 2 - Rue Biot, consisting of a fixed staircase lined with an ascending escalator and adorned with a balustrade in the characteristic Nord-Sud style, located north-west of the square to the right of the no. 7;
 * access 3 - Rue Caulaincourt, consisting of a fixed staircase adorned with a kiosk designed by Hector Guimard in 1900 and classified as a historic monument, located on the central reservation of Boulevard de Clichy, opposite the Lycée Jules-Ferry at no. 77.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines, 75 meters long, are of a standard configuration. Two in number per stopping point, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the center and the vault is elliptical.

The station on line 2 is furnished in Andreu-Motte style with a blue light canopies, tympans and openings of corridors are in flat blue tiles and blue Motte style seats. These fittings are combined with the bevelled white ceramic tiles that cover the vault and the walls. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in capital letters or in the Parisine font on enameled plates.

The station on line 13 has a semi-elliptical arch, a form specific to the old Nord-Sud stations. The tiles and ceramics are the original Nord-Sud decorative style with advertising frames and nameplates of the station are in a green color, green geometric designs on the walls and the vault, the name inscribed in white earthenware on a blue background of small size above the advertising frames and very large between these frames, as well as the directions incorporated into the ceramic tile on the tympans. The bevelled white earthenware tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The lighting canopies are suspended and semi-independent tubes. The platforms are equipped with landing doors and have no seats due to the usual heavy crowds.

Furthermore, it is the only station on the network where music, in this case classical music, broadcast, with no official reason for this exception.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 21, 30, 54, 68, 74, 80 and 95 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N01, N02, N15 and N51 of the Noctilien network

Nearby
Nearby are the Montmartre Cemetery and the town hall of the 17th arrondissement as well as Monument au maréchal Moncey, in the Place de Clichy

title: Place de Clichy station


text:
Talk:List of black Britons

Query
Is this article really meant for Wikipedia? Ludraman 20:49, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)   On second thoughts its fairly ok now. Ludraman | Talk 21:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It is merely a list of famous black britons whom the authors have an interest in. Wikipedia pages should NOT be indexes!

 * As an article, I think it's fine, but I'm concerned about the title. Should "black" really have a capital B? Deb 21:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should also be honest about what it's about, namely famous black Britons. "Black Britons" has a catchy ring to it, though.  — Clarknova 04:16, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The thought behind creating this article was that it might help for people's homework - especially during something like black history month. Secretlondon 12:56, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Bloc Party
Which one is the guy from Bloc Party? thx --McTrixie 18:40, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

mixedrace vs. black
why are we included in the black page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Blancsurblanc (talk • contribs) 00:38, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

Deserves deletion. Where is the list of white britons. There isn't one because the whole concept is useless. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.104.140.145 (talk) 13:16, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jasonrobinson.jpg
Image:Jasonrobinson.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jamelia - Thank You (Version 3).jpg
Image:Jamelia - Thank You (Version 3).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:26, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

List of Black AND Mixed Race Britons
Many of the people listed are not true black Britons - they are mixed race. Why can't people just be straight about what they're talking about? - it causes less confusion! If they were put on a list of famous mixed race britons page, noone would be able to say anything, other than false accusations. We as mixed race people should have the right to determine how we're categorised. I don't see why the hell its up to white people or black people, as though they have a right over us. Right my arse! Anyway, some of the mixed people, especially before as of late, may have had white factors - by this i mean their conenctions with white people may have helped them in certain ways, whereas a primarily 'black' person most likely would have had a harder tiem from the whites. The mixeds in some cases would also have had difficulties from the black side. Also people then can't throw the notion into the can that 'they're half white, cause then they'll be stating the obvious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Invertedzero (talk • contribs) 01:34, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Sorry i didn't read the introduction properly but scanned down. However some of what I mentioned still hold true. I'm a bit less concerned now that i've seen its been clearly mentioned in the introductory paragraph - my silly mistake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Invertedzero (talk • contribs) 01:37, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Leonaspiritcove.jpg
The image Image:Leonaspiritcove.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Misleading page title
This can't literally be all of the black people in Britain. Also if you include mixed race people on this page, why not have them on the non-existant page for white Britons? Why is there not a page for white Britons? Revilo314 (talk) 12:04, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not even all the famous black Britons. Oh well... Rich Farmbrough, 16:44, 13 May 2010 (UTC).

title: Talk:List of black Britons


text:
Benjamin Smith (North Carolina politician)

Benjamin Smith (January 10, 1756 – January 26, 1826) was the 16th governor of North Carolina from 1810 to 1811.

Early life
Smith was born in Charles Town, South Carolina into a socially prominent family, later moving to Brunswick County, North Carolina. His parents were Thomas Smith and Sarah Moore Smith. During the American Revolutionary War, Smith served an aide-de-camp to General George Washington and rose to the rank of colonel in the Continental Army.

Political career
In 1784, Smith was elected to the Continental Congress, although it is unclear whether he actually served. He was active in the North Carolina Constitutional Conventions of 1788 and 1789, and served a number of terms in the North Carolina General Assembly, in 1783 (Senate), 1789–1792 (House of Commons), 1792–1800 (Senate), 1801 (House of Commons) 1804–1805 (House of Commons) and 1806–1810 (Senate). From 1795 to 1799, Smith was the Speaker of the North Carolina Senate. During his political career, Smith also sat on the Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and donated 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land for the university's endowment; he chaired the trustees during his term as governor. As of 1789, he owned 221 slaves.

In 1810, aligned with the Democratic-Republican Party (he had earlier had Federalist leanings), Smith was elected governor by the North Carolina General Assembly. He served only a single one-year term, and emphasized reform of the state's criminal code and penitentiary system. Although Smith did seek re-election to the governor's seat in 1811, he polled behind William Hawkins on the first ballot and withdrew himself from consideration. He later returned to the North Carolina Senate in 1816.

Death
Smith died in Smithville, North Carolina in 1826 and is buried at the St. Philip's Church near Wilmington.

Honors
Smithville (present day Southport), North Carolina, was named after him.


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Octavian Goga

Octavian Goga (1 April 1881 – 7 May 1938) was a Romanian far-right politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator.

Early life
Octavian Goga was born on 1 April 1881 in the village of Rășinari, on the northern slopes of the Southern Carpathians, in the house at 778 Ulița Popilor, the son of the Orthodox priest Iosif Goga and Aurelia, a teacher (and a collaborator in his youth at the newspaper Telegraful Român and the magazine Familia). Between 1886 and 1890 Goga attended primary school in his native village, having Moise Frățilă, a patriotic intellectual and the possible character in the poem Dascălul, as his sister Victoria, who died early, was the character in Dăscălița.

Most of his holidays, as he recounts in various autobiographical texts, were spent in his father's native village, Crăciunelu de Sus, Alba County, on the Târnava Mică, now part of the commune of Cetatea de Baltă, where about 20% of the families in the village bear the name Goga. The poet said: "The life of the peasants on the delnițele Crăciunelului was my inspiration for Plugarii & Clăcașii.

In 1890 the poet enrolled at the state high school in Sibiu (today the Gheorghe Lazăr National College), which he attended until 1899, when he transferred to the Romanian high school in Brașov (today the Andrei Șaguna National College). After graduating from high school in 1900, he enrolled at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the University of Budapest, continuing his studies in Berlin and completing them in 1904.

On 14 October 1906 he married Hortensia Cosma, the youngest daughter of the politician and banker Partenie Cosma, director of the Albina Bank in Sibiu, one of the wealthiest Romanians in Transylvania. The ceremony took place at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Sibiu, with Alexandrina and Alexandru Vlahuță as godparents. The marriage broke up after 14 years, when Goga fell in love with the singer Veturia Triteanu, born Mureșan, whom he married in January 1921.

Goga was a member of the Romanian National Committee (1918) in Paris.

Debut in journalism
In the issue of 12–24 December (no. 275, p. 1098) the newspaper Tribuna (Sibiu) published his first poem, Atunci și acum, signed "Tavi". Ion Pop-Reteganul from the Revista Ilustrată (Bistrița) wrote to him at the editorial office: "You have talent, young friend, cultivate it with diligence, for you can become great. The good day in the morning shows itself. Don't neglect your student duties." After this encouragement, the poem Nu-i fericire pe pământ is published on half a page. Goga, a student at the Hungarian-language high school in Sibiu, had not yet turned seventeen.

The following poems he published in Iosif Vulcan's Revista Familia (Oradea, year XXXIV, 1898, no. 44, p. 13, November) and in the newspapers Tribuna and Luceafărul (no. 11, 1 December 1902, no. 14 - 15, 1 August 1903) were signed, above all, also "Octavian" and then "Nic. Otavă". It was not until 15 September 1903 that he signed his first poem (Sfârșit de septembrie) in Luceafărul under the name "Octavian Goga".

On July 1, 1902, Luceafărul, a publication for national culture and political unity of the Romanians in Transylvania, appeared in Budapest, where Goga published most of his poems. The founding of the magazine was due to the Romanian students who were active in Budapest within the "Petru Maior" Society: Alexandru Ciura, the author of the article "In lieu de programme" in the first issue, and Goga, who said in 1933 that the title of the magazine "was related to the state of mind and literary consciousness of those times". Most of Goga's works included in the volume Poezii (1905) appeared in the magazine Luceafărul, in whose pages the poet established himself as a genuine literary talent.

In 1904 the well-known poem Oltul appeared in Luceafărul (year III, no. 4, February 15, p. 91–92), then in no. 7, April 10, p. 151, the poem Dăscălița, signed "Nic. Otavă", and in 1905, the poems Plugarii, Lăutarul, Dascălul, Rugăciune, and Clăcașii.

Critical remarks on the editorial debut
Goga entered literary publishing with recommendations from Ilarie Chendi, Sextil Pușcariu, Nicolae Iorga, Ion Gorun, Vasile Goldiș, and Eugen Lovinescu.

In 1905 the volume Poezii appeared in Budapest, reprinted by the publishing house "Minerva" in Bucharest in 1907. and in Sibiu in 1910. After this editorial debut, which became a true literary event, the poet became increasingly in the public consciousness. The literary critic Ion Dodu Bălan considered that Goga's volume "signifies the beginning of a new epoch for our Romanian soul", because "no one has surpassed the vigour, purity and music of our language, the richness of colours, the originality of ideas, the serenity of concepts, the candour of expressions and the healthy national background, which is concentrated in these poems". The poems in this volume are considered "brilliant creations" and the most valuable critics "understand the social, national and aesthetic significance of this appearance in the history of Romanian lyric".

After the review in Revista Familia, Iosif Vulcan returns, on the occasion of the publication of the poem Așa a fost să fie, with the appreciation that Goga is "an original talent inspired only by the soul of the people", and the poem, "a literary event". The volume Poems was enthusiastically received by critics and writers.

Titu Maiorescu revised his aesthetic theory of 1866 ("Politics is a product of reason; poetry is and must be a product of fantasy - otherwise it has no material: one, however, excludes the other"). In the notion of politics, the mentor of Junimii included patriotism [as] an element of political action, eventually acknowledging that [patriotism] has become one of the sources of Goga's poetry and inspires him in the most natural way. The proof lies in the bringing in and describing of ordinary figures in the life of the people, who, however, suddenly gain — in addition to their normal value and purpose — a significance, one might say an extraordinary illumination and brilliance, which can only be explained by the ardour of the struggle to defend the national heritage".

Other appreciations of esteem were formulated by Sextil Pușcariu, Ion Luca Caragiale, George Coșbuc, Alexandru Vlahuță, Eugen Lovinescu, Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, and George Panu. Considered a poet of the nation on both sides of the Carpathians, the poet enjoyed remarkable literary prestige by the age of 25.

Death
Retired alone at Ciucea Castle - his wife Veturia Goga preferred to stay in Bucharest - Goga suffered a stroke with hemiplegia in the park of the manor house on 5 May 1938 and fell into a coma. He died two days later, on 7 May 1938 at 2.15 pm, aged 57. King Carol II ordered a national funeral for him which, due to the 10th May holiday, was to begin on 11 May. For two days, on Sunday 8 May and Monday 9 May, the pilgrimage continued in front of the catafalque in Ciucea. On Tuesday 10 May, the funeral train left for Bucharest. The coffin was placed on Wednesday 11 May in the rotunda of the Athenaeum, where it remained until Saturday 14 May, when the national funeral took place. In accordance with his will, no words were spoken and a Nazi swastika was placed on the body.

Goga was buried in Bucharest, at Bellu Cemetery. Later the poet's body was reburied at his mansion in Ciucea, according to his wishes.

Journalistic activity
The poet's journalistic beginnings were linked to the magazine Luceafărul, founded on his initiative on July 1, 1902, in Budapest, together with Alexandru Ciura and Octavian Tăslăuanu. Goga remained successively as editor-in-chief or director until 1912. The appearance of the magazine Luceafărul was to a large extent confused with the concerns and sorrows of young students, animated by the same dreams: "Our magazine, as an organ of youth, is meant to introduce us to the public more closely, to establish a closer link between the public and youth." These young people from Budapest knew that they had a duty to defend the ideals of an entire community. "'It was with such a wealth of ideas,' Goga confesses, 'that the Budapest magazine Luceafărul was founded in 1902. For four years while I was there and a year in Berlin we went forward, affirming the idea of unity of soul'." Luceafărul appeared in Budapest on July 1, 1902, on the initiative and with the material support of A.P. Bănuț, supported by a group of patriotic Romanian students. "There was also a lack for Transylvania," said Goga, "of a literary magazine in whose pages the local character with all its differences from other parts of our nation was imprinted". Octavian Goga's contribution to the rise of Luceafăr was immense: "Octavian Goga," wrote Ion Chinezu, "wrote for other magazines, even founded some; his name is linked to Luceafărul".

With his activity in the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Culture of the Romanian People (ASTRA), his publicity concerns intensified with the passing of time, revealing yet another side of his literary talent. Under his direction, the journal Țara noastră appeared on 1 January 1907, temporarily replacing the journal Transilvania. Goga, who effectively directed this weekly, appeared first as editor and then as owner-editor. In the first issue he published the editorial entitled "To our scholars", in which he stated that he aimed to write: "a good gazette. A gazette that bridges the gap between the souls of the scholars and the peasants who kneel to read it on Sundays. All scholars who feel in their hearts the resonance of a duty that demands fulfilment will have their say on this paper, the profits of which will benefit our cultural establishment." The magazine Țara noastră appeared weekly in Sibiu until 5 December 1909. It then reappeared in Cluj (1922 - 1931), with Octavian Goga as director, and then in Bucharest (1932 - 1938). The issue of 29 May 1938 was dedicated to the memory of its founder, who died on 7 May.

Until the outbreak of the World War I, Goga established himself as a brilliant journalist through his articles published in Țara noastră magazine, Epoca newspaper, Adevărul, Flacăra magazine and România magazine, his journalistic prose being stylistically and thematically comparable to Eminescu. His articles approached the value of the work of a vocational prose writer. The prose writings (included in the volume Precursori) were either speeches given at Academy meetings, anniversary addresses or simply tributes to personalities or friends of the writer. Considered anthological pieces in a possible history of portraiture, Tudor Vianu dedicated a significant chapter to it in The Art of Romanian Short Stories.

Goga focused his publicity on the problems of "Romanianism" (the origin of the Romanians, the uninterrupted continuity in the formation of the Romanian people, the idea of the unity of all Romanians, the ideal of union in a nation state, the struggle against Austro-Hungarian oppression). Through the magazine Luceafărul he managed to strengthen his cultural ties with Romania, towards the political union of later. The magazine Țara Noastra, which focused on Goga's ideology, also strengthened its ties with the people in the villages, advising them but also helping them with their spiritual and material needs.

Playwright activity
Although few in number, uneven and below the level of his poetic achievements, Goga's drama, especially through Domnul notar, (published by the Institute of Graphic Arts in Bucharest), was a landmark that was followed later. The play premiered at the National Theatre of Bucharest on 14 February 1914. The play examines the repercussions on family relations and the position in the village community of the transactions and concessions made by certain individuals as a result of the policy of bringing Romanian elements into the system of denationalization and oppression of the Romanians. The action takes place in an early 20th-century village in the Ardennes (Lunca) under Habsburg rule. The revolt during which the renegade Traian Văleanu was punished, gave the individual drama its true social dimensions. The notary, like the candidate Blezu, was a tool of foreign domination. At the elections, the wishes of the people were opposed by the coalition of renegades, relying on coercive force (the gendarmes) and disqualified elements (Mitruță), even common criminals (Hopârtean).

With Meșterul Manole, performed in 1927 and published in 1928, Goga attempted to adapt the old myth to psychological drama, artistically rehabilitating the old plot of conjugal time by developing and examining erotic motivations. The main character was an artist, cynical, charming, an inveterate traveller, a great lover of passing erotic experiences.

Goga also left, as a draft, two one-act plays (Sonata lunei and Lupul), the sketch Fruntașul, a dialogue article from 1911 and the translation of Imre Madách's ''The Tragedy of Man'.

Translator activity
An opponent of the Transylvanian policy of the Hungarian governments, Goga was at the same time an admirer of classical and modern Hungarian literature. He studied the works of Sándor Petőfi and Imre Madách from his high school years in Sibiu and later as a student at the University of Budapest, and was a close friend of Endre Ady. Imre Madách attracted Goga from his youth, his first attempts at translating the Tragediei omului dating from his school years. After a few paintings and scenes from the Tragediei, published in Luceafărul in (1903) or in Țara noastră (1909), the appearance of the Tragediei omului in volume form in Goga's translation came in 1934, received as "a brilliant poetic creation having the same value as the original". The second Romanian edition (1940) appeared revised by the author.

Tudor Vianu wrote that Memento mori and Tragediei omului are "poems of humanity seen through the hopes, defeats and struggles of peoples". George Călinescu observed that Goga's translation is done in a Romanian that approaches the perfection and beauty of Eminescu's language: "It is the language and even the style of Eminescu that is appropriate to our time and it is precisely interesting to see a classical poet who manages to be plastic through words, for the ear, not through colorism".

Political activity
Becoming a messenger of the nationalist aspirations of the Transylvanian Romanians, Goga was elected literary secretary of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Culture of the Romanian People (ASTRA) in September 1906 and, together with Octavian Codru Tăslăuanu, politicized the activities of the most important cultural institution in Transylvania. Through articles published in the magazine Țara noastră, he took a critical stance towards the exploitation to which the Romanian peasants were subjected and towards Romania's then rulers. As a consequence of these attitudes, Goga was detained in the winter of 1911 for a month in the Seghedin prison, where he was visited by Ion Luca Caragiale, who protested against his arrest in his article Situție penibilă. Two years later, in 1913, Goga was arrested again, in Seghedin.

After the outbreak of the World War I, Goga settled in Romania, continuing the struggle for the annexation of Transylvania to Romania and for the completion of Romanian state unity. He launched an extensive publicity campaign in the newspapers Adevărul and Epoca on the situation of the brothers across the Carpathians, who were subject to persecution. Together with Octavian Codru Tăslăuanu, Onisifor Ghibu and Sebastian Bornemisa, he signed the letter to the Transylvanian journalists who had taken refuge in Romania (Epoca, 15 June 1915), with the aim of continuing the publicity work for the annexation of Transylvania.

On 14 December 1914 the "Extraordinary Congress of the Cultural League" was held (president Vasile Lucaciu, vice-president: Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, secretary: Nicolae Iorga, and Goga was a member of the committee, representing Transylvania).

At the meeting organized by the "Political League of All Romanians", in Bucharest, on February 15, 1915, he declared: "For tomorrow's sacrifice we have crossed the border, let us come to Wallachia. We have lost our country, we have lost our homeland, but we still have our heads. We give them to you, do what you want with them. They can fall, Transylvania cannot fall".

Because of his political activity in Romania, the Hungarian government in Budapest brought Goga - as an Austro-Hungarian citizen - to trial for high treason and sentenced him to death in absentia. He joined the Romanian army and fought as a soldier in Dobrogea. When hostilities ended and the peace was signed in Bucharest, Goga was forced to leave Romania for France. In the summer of 1918, the "National Council of Romanian Unity" was set up in Paris, a forum for putting pressure on the great powers to achieve Romanian state unity. At the beginning of 1919, Goga returned to Greater Romania.

Romanian "Duce" or "Führer"
According to historian Ilarion Țiu, in the 1920s Goga was a supporter of parliamentary democracy, but after 1930 his views changed radically, sympathizing with Italian fascism and German Nazism. He was one of the leaders of the Romanian nationalist movement. "...The Prime Minister appointed by King Carol (II), the liberal Gheorghe Tătărescu, ... fails to win the elections (obtaining only 36% of the votes instead of the 40 percent required - by law - to hold a majority in Parliament). ...This electoral failure was due in part to a 'non-aggression pact between Iuliu Maniu's nationalist peasants and the 'All for the Country' party (the Legion's electoral label)...The King brought to the government two leaders of small far-right parties: the poet Octavian Goga and Professor A. C. Cuza, head of a party focused exclusively on anti-Semitism." In 1926 together with Vasile Goldiș, Ioan Lupaș, and Silviu Dragomir, Octavian Goga left the Romanian National Party and joined General Alexandru Averescu's People's Party (PP), a populist movement created upon the war's end. Interestingly, Goga, Goldiș, Lupaș, and Dragomir were all Orthodox, whereas the PNR leader Iuliu Maniu and other remaining members of the PNR were Greek-Catholic. Goga clashed with Averescu over the latter's conflict with King Carol II. Together with Goldiș, Lupaș, and Dragomir, Goga founded the National Agrarian Party on April 10, 1932.

The government chaired by Goga (28 December 1937 – 10 February 1938) and dismissed after 44 days, was created by the National Christian Party resulting from the merger on 14 July 1935 in Iași of the National Christian Defence League (led by Alexandru C. Cuza) and the National Agrarian Party (led by Goga).

As a sine qua non for the recognition of its new borders, Romania has solemnly undertaken to grant full citizenship and equal rights to all minorities across these borders. In this regard, on 9 December 1919, the Romanian government (Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voievod, 1 December 1919 – 20 January 1920) ordered General Constantin Coandă (former Romanian Foreign Minister) to sign with the Allied and Associated Powers the "Treaty on Minorities", annexed to the Peace Treaty with Austria, which his predecessor, Romanian Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu, had categorically refused to sign, leaving, in protest, the work of the Paris Peace Conference in May 1919. The provisions of the minorities' treaty were subsequently legislated by the Constitution of 29 March 1923 and the law of 25 February 1924, whereby all inhabitants, former citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Tsarist Russia, who had administrative residence in Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș on 1 December 1918, in Bukovina on 28 November 1918 and in Bessarabia on 9 April 1918, acquired Romanian citizenship with full rights.

Under the pretext that between 1918 and 1924 Jews from the former Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires had infiltrated Romania, the government chaired by Octavian Goga, in violation of the Constitution and Romania's international obligations, published on 21 January 1938 Decree No. 169 on the revision of citizenship, by virtue of which Romanian Jewish citizens were forced to prove their right to citizenship with documents, in accordance with the law of 25 February 1924, within 20 days of the posting of lists in communes and towns. On the basis of this decree, the situation of 617,396 Jews was reviewed, of whom 392,172 (63.50%) retained their Romanian citizenship and 225,222 (36.50%) lost it. The Jews who lost their citizenship received identity certificates valid for one year, with the possibility of extension, and were considered foreigners without a passport, subject to the legal regime as such.

This was the first in a series of discriminatory laws, adopted as part of a policy of ethnic cleansing, whereby the Romanian state abandoned its citizens of Jewish origin, depriving them of the most basic civic rights. The Jewish minority, left to the whim of despotic regional civil servants, began to expatriate. A wave of Romanian intellectuals and industrialists of Jewish origin left Romania, Romanian economy and culture were damaged, and leading intellectuals protested vehemently.

In an interview with the British newspaper Daily Herald in January 1938, King Carol II and Prime Minister Goga gave the figure of 250,000 and 500,000 Jews respectively as "illegal". While the King rejected the idea of expulsion, denying them any rights, Goga spoke of 500,000 so-called "vagrants", whom "we cannot consider as Romanian citizens". Octavian Goga proposed the deportation of 500,000 Jews to Madagascar (a concept known as the "Madagascar Plan"), while Istrate Micescu, the foreign minister in the Goga–Cuza government, declared: "It is urgent to sweep up our own backyard, as it is useless to tolerate all these scum in our country".

Prime Minister Goga pursued a pro-Nazi policy by intending to ally with and adopt the policies of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy and pursued an anti-Semitic policy by denying the legal rights of the Jewish population. The former Romanian minority freed from Habsburg oppression and turned politician propelled to the leadership of the majority population outperformed his teachers in the minority populations thrust. He turned out to be a xenophobic extremist with fascist and clearly anti-Semitic views. The historian Florin Constantiniu writes in his book O istorie sinceră a poporului român that the great poet Goga was in a state of dismay because he "believed himself to be and wanted to be a Romanian 'duce' or 'führer'".

The paramilitary wing of the National Christian Party, the Lănceri (meaning "Lancers", the word was derived from LANC, the Romanian acronym of National-Christian Defense League) contributed to the chaos, attacking both Jews and Iron Guard members.

Carol II first pushed towards a victory of the government in the snap elections in March 1938, which he had called on January 18, 1938. However, he soon abandoned Goga, preparing a coup together with the minister of the Interior Armand Călinescu, a former member of the National Peasants' Party, who acted as a guarantee for the king in the government. The coup was probably precipitated when Goga negotiated an electoral agreement with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the leader of the Iron Guard, on February 8, 1938, thus posing a considerable threat to the King's power. On February 9, 1938, Carol II, Călinescu and the former national liberal prime minister Gheorghe Tătărescu set the coup for the next day. On February 10, 1938, Carol II received Goga and told him to postpone the snap elections, whereupon Goga resigned. Goga refused to participate in the national unity government the king appointed the same day and withdrew to his estate in Ciucea, Transylvania, where he suffered a stroke on 5 May 1938. He died two days later, on May 7, 1938.

Goga and Freemasonry
The Forty-Eighters, Bonjuriists and other Romanians with studies abroad imported the fashion of Freemasonry, to which the Romanian intelligentsia opted - with unequal enthusiasm and fidelity. Although invested as a Freemason, Goga did not understand the ideals of the confraternity: "... April 1929: Octavian Goga militates for the founding of the Freemasonic Christian Bloc. Octavian Goga, who, although a Freemason, has no idea of the purpose of Freemasonry, because he allowed himself to talk about Christianity in the lodge - a mistake the Masons will never forgive him for. D. Goga went so far with his naivety that he proposed that the National Lodge be called the Christian National Lodge".

Election to the Romanian Academy
With the award of the "Năsturel-Herescu" Prize for his debut volume on March 21, 1906, Octavian Goga's poetic creation received the consecration of the Romanian Academy. The report to the plenary of the Romanian Academy for the award of the volume Poems was presented in February 1906 by Titu Maiorescu.

In 1920, Goga was elected a member of the academy, his acceptance speech being entitled George Coșbuc. In 1924, the poet received the National Poetry Prize and the Mihail Sadoveanu Prize for prose.

Quotations
In press interviews at the time Goga said the following:

"For us there is only one final solution of the Jewish problem—the collection of all Jews into a region that is still uninhabited, and the foundation there of a Jewish nation. And the further away the better."

Poetry

 * Cărbunii ("The Pieces of Coal")
 * Rugăciune ("A Prayer")
 * Plugarii ("The Ploughmen")
 * Oltul ("The Olt River")
 * Din larg ("From the High Seas")
 * Profetul ("The Prophet")
 * Ceahlăul ("The Ceahlău")
 * O ramură întârziată ("A Tardy Branch")
 * Trecutul ("The Past")
 * Apus ("Sunset")
 * Mare eternă ("The Eternal Sea")
 * În mine câteodată ("At Times within Me")
 * Toamna("Autumn")
 * Noi ("Us")

Plays

 * Domnul notar ("Mr. Notary")
 * Meșterul Manole (see Meșterul Manole)

title: Octavian Goga


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David Stone (politician)

David Stone (February 17, 1770 – October 7, 1818) was the 15th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1808 to 1810. Both before and after his term as governor, he served as a U.S. senator, between 1801 and 1807 and between 1813 and 1814.

Biography
Stone was born in Bertie County in the Province of North Carolina, the son of planter and politician Zedekiah Stone. He attended Windsor Academy and later the College of New Jersey, where he graduated with honors. Returning to North Carolina, Stone studied law in Halifax and was granted his law license in 1790. He married Hannah Turner and began the construction of a large manor house on land given him by his father, Zedekiah Stone. This is now a historic site, Hope Plantation.

In 1789, Stone was a member of the convention in Fayetteville which ratified the United States Constitution. He proceeded to represent Bertie County in the North Carolina House of Commons until 1795, when he was named to the North Carolina Superior Court.

In 1798, Stone stepped down from the court to serve in the United States House of Representatives for one term; during the contested 1800 presidential election, he cast his vote for Thomas Jefferson when the election was sent to the House for a final decision.

Re-elected in a bid for a second term in the House, Stone resigned when he was elected to the United States Senate by the North Carolina General Assembly in late 1800. He sat as a justice of the Bertie County Court in the early 1800s, including the 1802 scare over a slave rebellion in Bertie County. He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1807 to return to the state Superior Court, but was there for only a year before being elected Governor of North Carolina by the legislature in November 1808.

As Governor, Stone was an ardent supporter of agricultural and industrial development, as well as of the expansion to the education system to both sexes and all social classes. Stone was re-elected in 1809 but was defeated for a third one-year term in 1810 by Benjamin Smith. Following his defeat, Stone served in the North Carolina House of Commons for a year before being named to the U.S. Senate once again in 1813.

Stone's second term in the U.S. Senate lasted only a year; he was censured by the NC General Assembly for failing to support the administration during the War of 1812. Stone resigned his Senate seat in December 1814, retiring to his Wake County plantation, where he died in 1818 and is buried.

title: David Stone (politician)


text:
Alexandra Kerry

Alexandra Forbes Kerry (born September 5, 1973) is an American actress and filmmaker. She is a partner at Locomotive Films and co-founder of Fictional Pictures, a film production company based in New York and Los Angeles. She is married to contemporary art curator Julien Dobbs-Higginson and they have two daughters named Isabelle (born 2014) and Allegra (born 2017).

Early life and education
Alexandra Forbes Kerry was born in Concord, Massachusetts on September 5, 1973. She is the elder daughter of politician John Forbes Kerry and writer Julia Stimson Thorne. Her younger sister Vanessa is a doctor.

Kerry graduated from the Milton Academy and then attended Brown University, where she studied anthropology and modern culture and media. In 2004 she graduated with an MFA in directing from the AFI Conservatory's two-year masters filmmaker program.

Acting and filmmaking
Kerry's short film The Last Full Measure premiered at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival and earned her top honors at the Austin Film Festival. The film also earned her the "Director of the Year" award from American Film Institute. The film was in collection at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

She is a co-producer of the 2008 documentary film Be Like Others. Kerry has also had several roles in television and in film. She has appeared in two David Mamet films, State and Main in 2000 and Spartan in 2004.

As a television director, she has directed the commercial, including the pilot and first season of MTV's The Hills - and the pilot for the 2002 film The Forest. She has also co-produced several documentaries including the award-winning Be Like Others for HBO, and has won two Silver Tellies for producing and directing on an online ad campaign for Allstate Insurance.

Locomotive
In 2011, Kerry joined Locomotive, a New York-based independent film production and financing company. Lucy Barzun Donnelly founded Locomotive in 2007 and her producing credits include Pieces of April, Grey Gardens, Friends With Kids, A Bag of Hammers, That's What She Said, and The Go-Getter.

Political activity
After completing her graduate studies at the American Film Institute, Kerry joined her sister Vanessa on the campaign trail to campaign for their father, speaking as a surrogate for her father's 2004 presidential bid. She made a speech introducing her father at the 2004 Democratic National Convention.

She also appeared alongside former Vice President Al Gore, during a campaign stop in Hawaii, and was later photographed celebrating her 30th birthday aboard a campaign plane with her family. Many of Kerry's speeches touched on issues that affected women her age and a younger demographic, preferring to make campaign stops at university campuses.

Kerry appeared in print, being interviewed by Ben Affleck for the September 2004 issue of Harper's Bazaar, as well as Vogue, USA today and a number of other magazines. She also appeared on the MTV Music Video Awards in Miami with Vanessa joining George W. Bush's daughters Barbara and Jenna, who were campaigning for their father, George W. Bush, to encourage youth and citizen voting. and Larry King Live three times. Jenna later confirmed that Barbara and Jenna also developed a friendship with John Kerry's daughters, Alexandra and Vanessa.

In September 2008, she published her first book titled Notes from the Trail: Presidential Politics from the Inside Out. The memoir and art book featured photographs from the campaign trail taken by Kerry, as well as CJ Gunther, Hector Mata and Dina Rudick, and highlighted her experiences with the political process of elections. Publishers Weekly called the memoir "Kerry-sensitive, thoughtful, and observant" and that "one of the book's unique charms is an intimate look at a political campaign through the eyes of an artist."

Kerry joined her father on the campaign trail for Barack Obama's successful 2008 presidential campaign. In 2012, Kerry founded Ad Your Voice, a super PAC that allowed voters to create their own political ads in favor of President Barack Obama's re-election effort, with environmental journalist Amanda Griscom Little.

Kerry is currently a board member of the National Parks Conservation Association and a supporter of the American Ballet Theatre.

title: Alexandra Kerry


text:
Benjamin Williams

Benjamin Williams (January 1, 1751 – July 20, 1814) was the 11th and 14th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina, from 1799 to 1802 and from 1807 to 1808. He was the first of two North Carolina Governors since the American Revolution to serve nonconsecutive terms.

Biography
Williams was born in Johnston County, North Carolina, in 1751, and became a farmer. He married Elizabeth Jones on August 10, 1781; they had one son named Benjamin. Williams was a Mason and was a member of St. John's Lodge in New Bern.

Williams served as a member of the revolutionary convention in Johnston County in 1774; he then served in the North Carolina Provincial Congress and two terms in the Provincial Council. In 1775, Williams was appointed to the Second North Carolina Regiment; he served until 1781, was promoted to the rank of colonel, and fought at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. He also served in the Province of North Carolina House of Burgesses in 1775.

Military service:
 * Lieutenant in the 2nd North Carolina Regiment (1775-1776)
 * Captain in the 2nd North Carolina Regiment (1776-1779)
 * Lt. Colonel or Colonel in the Johnston County Regiment of North Carolina militia (1780-1781)
 * Lt. Colonel or Colonel over the North Carolina State Regiment (State Troops) (1781)

Williams served in both houses of the North Carolina General Assembly over the next three decades, one term in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 to 1795, and four annual terms as Governor. He was first elected in 1799 to fill the unexpired term of William R. Davie, who had resigned. Williams was elected twice more and served for three years. During his last year in office he pardoned Congressman John Stanly, who had killed former Gov. Richard Dobbs Spaight in a duel.

The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 limited the post of governor to three one-year terms within a six year period. After three years had passed, Williams sought re-election to the position in 1805 but was defeated by Nathaniel Alexander. In 1807, the General Assembly elected him governor once again, but in 1808 they elected David Stone, ending Williams' gubernatorial career. Williams was elected one last time to the North Carolina Senate in 1809, then retired from politics.

Williams died in 1814 and is buried in Moore County. His home called House in the Horseshoe, is a tourist attraction operated by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources.

title: Benjamin Williams


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Tunicle

The tunicle is a liturgical vestment associated with Roman Catholicism, Anglo-Catholic, and Lutheranism.

Contemporary use
For a description of the tunicle, see dalmatic, the vestment with which it became identical in form, although earlier editions of the Caeremoniale Episcoporum indicated that it should have narrower sleeves. Sometimes it was also distinguished by a single horizontal band on the front and back, as opposed to the double band of the dalmatic.

History
In Rome, subdeacons had begun to wear the tunicle by the sixth century, but Pope Gregory I made them return to the use of the chasuble. They began to use the tunicle again in the ninth century, a time when it was also worn by acolytes, a custom that was widespread until the late Middle Ages and can still occasionally be found in some Anglican and Catholic churches for acolytes and crucifers. In some places outside Rome, subdeacons continued to wear the tunicle even from the sixth to the ninth centuries. The ceremony by which the bishop put a tunicle on a subdeacon whom he ordained began in the twelfth century, but did not become common until the fourteenth.

Roman deacons once wore the tunicle under the dalmatic, and the tunicle was part of the liturgical vestments of other dignitaries also. In the twelfth century it became customary for bishops to wear both a tunicle and a dalmatic as part of their pontifical vestments. Previously they had worn one or the other. Earlier editions of the Caeremoniale Episcoporum made the wearing of both obligatory at a Pontifical High Mass, but the present edition speaks only of the dalmatic.

title: Tunicle


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Blanche station

Blanche is a station on Paris Métro Line 2, on the border of the 9th and the 18th arrondissements.

Location
The station is located under Boulevard de Clichy in Montmartre, east of Place Blanche. Oriented approximately along an east–west axis, it is located between the Place de Clichy and Pigalle metro stations.

History
The station was opened on 21 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 Nord from Étoile to Anvers and simply as line 2 from 17 October 1907. The station was not ready for the opening of the line two weeks earlier, so trains passed without stopping. The station is named after the Place Blanche (French for "white place"), which derives its name from the gypsum that spilled in the 17th century from the wagons leaving the Montmartre quarries, where it was mined to produce plaster of Paris. The Place was named after the Barrière Blanche, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the 19th century.

From the 1950s until 2010, the walls were covered with a metallic bodywork with blue horizontal pillars and illuminated golden advertising frames. Its removal was part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro renovation program, and was completed with 'shell' white seats characteristic of the Motte style.

In 2019, 3,893,362 travelers entered this station which placed it at the 122nd position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has a single access entitled Boulevard de Clichy, leading to the central reservation of this boulevard, facing no. 59. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, whose remaining elements are subject to a registration as historic monuments by a decree of 29 May 1978.

Platforms
Blanche is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The seats are in orange Akiko style.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30, 54, 68, 74 and the tourist line OpenTour of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, N01 and N02 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby
The station serves the Moulin Rouge.

title: Blanche station


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Nathaniel Alexander (governor)

Nathaniel Alexander (March 5, 1756 – March 7, 1808) was an American physician and politician who served as the 13th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1805 to 1807.

Biography
Alexander was born in 1756, in what was at the time known as Anson County in the Province of North Carolina (his birthplace is located near the modern city of Concord). He was the son of a local sheriff. He earned a bachelor's degree from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1776 and was commissioned as a surgeon in the North Carolina Line in 1779. He served through the American Revolutionary War until 1782, and then practiced medicine for a time near Santee, South Carolina. He was distinguished as a politician but also as a physician, with Toner stating that he was a "physician of eminence in Mecklenburg."

Returning to his native North Carolina, Alexander was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons in 1797, to the North Carolina Senate in 1801, and to the United States House of Representatives in 1803.

On November 25, 1805, Alexander was elected governor by the North Carolina General Assembly and served two one-year terms in that office, declining to run for a third. Although a Democratic-Republican, he enjoyed support from the Federalists as well. As governor, he oversaw the resolution of a boundary dispute with Georgia, the expansion of the state's district courts, and the growth of the state's educational system. While governor, he was also president of The University of North Carolina Board of Trustees. Only a few months after stepping down as governor, Alexander died in Salisbury, North Carolina; he is buried in Old Settlers' Cemetery in Charlotte, North Carolina.

He married a daughter of a Colonel Thomas Polk, but the couple was apparently childless.

title: Nathaniel Alexander (governor)


text:
West End Blues

"West End Blues" is a multi-strain twelve-bar blues composition by Joe "King" Oliver. It is most commonly performed as an instrumental, although it has lyrics added by Clarence Williams.

King Oliver and his Dixie Syncopators made the first recording for Brunswick Records on June 11, 1928. Clarence Williams later added lyrics to the instrumental tune. He recorded the song several times in 1928, first with vocalist Ethel Waters, then with Irene Mims, aka Hazel Smith (with King Oliver playing trumpet), then again with Katherine Henderson.

The "West End" of the title refers to the westernmost point of Lake Pontchartrain within Orleans Parish, Louisiana; it was the last stop on the trolley line in New Orleans to the lake. In its heyday, it was a thriving summer resort with live music, dance pavilions, seafood restaurants, and lake bathing.

Louis Armstrong's recording
By far the best known recording of "West End Blues" is the 3-minute-plus, 78 rpm recording made by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five on June 28, 1928. Gunther Schuller devoted page after page to it in his book Early Jazz, writing, “The clarion call of “West End Blues’ served notice that jazz had the potential capacity to compete with the highest order of previously known musical expression.” Gary Giddins wrote that this tune “came to symbolize more than any other the ascendancy of a classic American music.”

Armstrong plays trumpet and sings, backed by a band including pianist Earl Hines, clarinetist Jimmy Strong, trombonist Fred Robinson, banjoist Mancy Carr and drummer Zutty Singleton on hand cymbals. Armstrong's unaccompanied opening cadenza is considered to be one of the defining moments of early jazz, incorporating a rhythmic freedom that anticipated many later musical developments. In addition, Lil Hardin Armstrong later explained that this introduction stemmed from trumpet exercise books that she and Louis had drilled. Also notable is Armstrong's tender scat vocal chorus in a duet with the clarinet in its low register played by Strong. Hines takes a "beautifully crafted" piano solo, which was praised as a "perfect... example of originality in harmony, phrases, and general style." The final chorus is dominated by a four-bar (12-second) high B♭ played by Armstrong. The number is closed by the metallic click of drummer Zutty Singleton's cymbals.

This recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1979. Billie Holiday cited listening to "West End Blues" as her first experience with scat-singing.

Armstrong recorded several later versions of "West End Blues", including for the 1947 film New Orleans and with his All Stars in the 40s.

King Oliver's recordings
Joe "King" Oliver wrote "West End Blues", and was the first to record it on June 11, 1928, with his band The Dixie Syncopators. This recording established the basic form of the song that Armstrong's later recording followed. On January 16, 1929, Oliver recorded the song again, borrowing from the Hot Five arrangement, though at a quicker tempo. The opening trumpet cadenza (based heavily on Armstrong's 1928 recording) has frequently been incorrectly credited to Oliver, but was in fact played by trumpeter Louis Metcalf. Pianist Luis Russel also takes a solo, in turn basing it on Earl Hines' solo from the Hot Five recording.

title: West End Blues


text:
Pigalle station

Pigalle is a station on lines 2 and 12 of the Paris Métro, named after the Place Pigalle, which commemorates the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1714–1785) on the border of the 9th and the 18th arrondissement. The station is located under the Boulevard de Clichy in Montmartre and serves the famous Pigalle red-light district.

Location
The station is located under Place Pigalle, the platforms being established:

 * on line 2 (between Blanche and Anvers stations), east of the said square and oriented east–west, along the axis of Boulevard de Clichy;
 * on line 12 (between Abbesses and Saint-Georges), in a curve at the end of Rue Frochot, partly under the tunnel of line 2 which it crosses perpendicularly.

History
The station was opened on 21 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers. The line 12 platforms were opened on 8 April 1911 with the extension of the Nord-Sud Company's line C from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. It was the northern terminus of line C until its extension to Jules Joffrin on 31 October 1912. This line was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris and was renamed line 12 on 27 March 1931.

The Place Pigalle was named after the Barrière Pigalle, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the 19th century.

Like a third of the stations on the network, between 1974 and 1984, the platforms on line 12 were modernized in the Andreu-Motte style, orange with flat white tiles. For its part, the stopping point on line 2, received a Ouï-dire style layout after 1988, blue in this case.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated on 29 April 2005. The lighting canopies in the connecting corridors then had the distinction of being punctuated by a few tubes diffusing a light blue, later white.

In 2019, 5,599,495 travelers entered this station which placed it in 71st position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has an entrance titled Place Pigalle, divided into three metro outlets established on the central reservation of Boulevard de Clichy, the main one, located east of the place, is adorned with a Guimard édicule. This one, designed in 1900 by Hector Guimard, is the subject of a decrees as a historic monuments on 12 February 2016. The two other metro outlets, located more in the center of the square at no. 20 and 22 of the boulevard, are decorated with balustrades in the style characteristic of the Nord-Sud company.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. Two in number per stop, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the center and the vault is elliptical.

The station on line 2 is fitted out in a blue Ouï-dire style. The lighting canopies, of the same color, are supported by curved hook in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the vault, is multicolored. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The advertising frames are blue and cylindrical, and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The platforms are equipped with blue 'sit-stand' benches.

The station of line 12 is established in a curve and its vault is semi-elliptical, a form specific to the old Nord-Sud stations. The decoration is in a Andreu-Motte style with two orange light canopies, benches in flat brown tiles and orange Motte seats. These arrangements are married with the flat white tiling which covers the walls and the tympans, while the vault is painted in white. The hallways are treated in classic bevelled white tiles. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine typography on enameled plates.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30, 40 and 54 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N01 and N02 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Place Pigalle
 * Le Divan du Monde
 * La Cigale
 * La Boule Noire
 * Avenue Frochot

title: Pigalle station