text:
Talk:Farey sequence

Mediants
The mediant link currently leads to a musical term.

Charles Matthews 11:58, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Dominus 14:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Now added the mathematical sense. Please check it for correctness. -- Anon.

MEDIANTS:

Currently, the article reads that for the first p/q that is between a/b and c/d, p/q = (a+b)/(c+d). This is not true. The letters are somewhat confused. In actuality, the mediant p/q = (a+c)/(b+d). That is, the sum of the numerators over the sum of the denominators. This also makes it clearer why p/q will first appear in row b+d.

Ex.:

F(0) = 0/1  1/1 F(1) = 0/1 (0+1)/(1+1) = 1/2 1/1 F(2) = 0/1 1/3 1/2 2/3 1/1 etc.

The mediant method is the quickest way to construct the Farey sequence.

-- Barry Revzin --

link to the Riemann hypothesis
there is an interesting equivalent formulation of the Riemann hypothesis using Farey sequences which is mentioned in that article. Perhaps a cross-reference could be added here? Via strass 20:35, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me; want to take a stab at it? --Piet Delport 20:22, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Presumably the $$ \mathcal{O} (n^r)$$ is using Big-oh notation? And it's as n goes to infinity? The article could be clearer on this... Thanks, Kier07 (talk) 20:25, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Applications
Could anybody please add a section on the real-life applications of the Farey Sequence (e.g. the Fibonacci Sequence article with a section on the sequence's appearances in music, art, and nature). A section of this sort would be greatly appreciated.

-Jasmerrin

Neighbors
Maybe I'm missing something, but the section on Farey neighbors seems pretty foolish to me. Consider that in F1, the two terms present are neighbors. In F2, the first and third are neighbors of the 2nd term. Continue on, and by extension ALL simplified fraction are 'Farey neighbors,' regardless of what they are. What's the significance of that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.208.253.57 (talk) 01:59, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think you have misunderstood the definition of Farey neighbours. Two fractions can only be Farey neighbours if they appear next to each other in some generation of the Farey sequence. 1/3 and 2/3 are not Farey neighbours because 1/2 will always be between them. 1/3 and 3/7 are not Farey neighbours because 2/5 is always between them. On the other hand, 1/3 and 2/7 are Farey neighbours because the first time that 2/7 apperas, in F7, it is right next to 1/3. Gandalf61 (talk) 10:59, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

I'm Confused..
So since a Farey sequence is:

In mathematics, the Farey sequence of order n is the sequence of completely reduced fractions between 0 and 1 which, when in lowest terms, have denominators less than or equal to n, arranged in order of increasing size.

What is the name of the sequence where we don't care to limit the denominators to n? Ie. What is the name of this sequence:

 * F1 = {{{sup|0}}⁄1, 1⁄1}
 * F2 = {{{sup|0}}⁄1, 1⁄2, 1⁄1}
 * F3 = {{{sup|0}}⁄1, 1⁄3, 1⁄2, 2⁄3, 1⁄1}
 * F4 = {{{sup|0}}⁄1, 1⁄4, 1⁄3, 2⁄5, 1⁄2, 3⁄5, 2⁄3, 3⁄4, 1⁄1}
 * F5 = {{{sup|0}}⁄1, 1⁄5, 1⁄4, 2⁄7, 1⁄3, 3⁄8, 2⁄5, 3⁄7, 1⁄2, 4⁄7, 3⁄5, 5⁄8, 2⁄3, 5⁄7, 3⁄4, 4⁄5, 1⁄1}

Caimbul (talk) 20:12, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Ah ha! I see. What this sequence does is the left hand side of a 'Stern-Brocot' tree, where each iteration adds a new row of a tree. http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml is where I went to actually see this tree.. so Although Farey describes and will inevitably populate a Stern-Brocot tree, by ignoring the limit on Denominators, we actually get the SB tree values by row..

It would populate the right hand side as well.. Neat! Caimbul (talk) 20:39, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

In summary, the Stern-Brocot tree and the Farey sequences eventually include the same numbers: the (reduced) fractions between 0 and 1. They just include them at different times. Stern-Brocot is a sort of depth-first inclusion, whereas the Farey sequences are breadth first. Micro-Parallel (talk) 17:14, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Next Term
There is a typo in the middle of the explanation which precedes the Python code: The right-hand side of the equation following "In other words" is missing a floor operation around the outside. I assume this could be added by imitating the coding of the next two equations, but if there is a way to do it which leaves the equation in the flowing text, that might be superior. In any case, I'll have to leave the changes to a more accomplished editor than I.. Micro-Parallel (talk) 17:01, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion for Programmatic Representation
Could somebody add code for generating Farey sequnces in other programming languages – say, C++? BCG999 (talk) 15:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

You can download a C++ implementing Farey sequence generation at:

I extract the Farey class: — Preceding unsigned comment added by User:Rtomas (talk • contribs) 13:19, 5 February 2014

Historical accidents
It's "a historical accident" that they're called "Farey". Which makes me wonder, is there a section in half the pages on things named after Newton (for example), explaining it was merely "a historical accident" that they're named after him, as the Indians who discovered them centuries earlier were not known in the west? Something curious here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.20.158.134 (talk) 09:10, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is a work in progress. Hyacinth (talk) 13:18, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

constructing FS from mediants?
mediant of a/b and c/d is (a+c)/(b+d)

so sequence starts:

0/1 1/1

0/1 1/2 1/1

0/1 1/3 1/2 2/3 1/1

0/1 1/5 1/4 1/3 2/5 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 1/1

Darcourse (talk) 06:17, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

just noticed the sequence is possibly not well-defined, for example 2/3 + 3/12 = 5/15 = 1/3, whereas 2/3 + 1/4 = 3/7 != 1/3.

a mediant spectrum could be (a+kc)/(b+kd) for c/d in lowest terms.

Darcourse (talk) 07:11, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

The sequence is very well defined. You can only apply the mediant between neighboring fractions. 2/3 and 1/4 are not Farey neighbous as 2*4-3*1 = 5, not 1. Rtomas (talk) 20:40, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

series vs. sequence
One can read near the end of the article:

rationals can often take advantage of the Farey series

but near the begining, one can read that the word "sequence" should be use in this context. Could some one clarify whether this is consistent? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:6B0:E:2B18:0:0:0:80 (talk) 06:52, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

"Equivalent area" details
In https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farey_sequence&type=revision&diff=1105657955&oldid=1104796601 I moved the Austin2008 article information into its own subsection. In its original location it broke the flow of the section. The quality of the discussion there doesn't live up to the original article, either, which made matters worse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.225.50.10 (talk) 05:40, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Error in the F_25 picture?
The initial terms of the Farey sequence with denominators up to 25 are as follows: 0/1, 1/25, 1/24, 1/23, 1/22, 1/21, 1/20, 1/19, 1/18, 1/17, 1/16, 1/15, 1/14, 1/13, 2/25, ...

The diagram agrees with the sequence until the term 1/14, then indicates the next fraction has denominator 25, which is not the case. There could be other mistakes, but I did not check the rest. I do not have the ability to fix this diagram, sorry, because the most reasonable option would be generating it using some code. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.216.63.70 (talk • contribs) 22:27, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

greater than/by 1

 * Every fraction has two continued fraction expansions — in one the final term is 1; in the other the final term is greater by 1.

That word by is a recent change from than, and I disapprove. Greater by 1 than what? Than the term that otherwise preceded the final 1, but that is not mentioned in the context. That the new final term exceeds 1 is also true. —Tamfang (talk) 05:00, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

unhappy symbol
I feel that |F| for the length of F is unhappy; at least a word of explanation seems in order. 151.29.137.229 (talk) 23:52, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farey sequence


text:
Talk:Artificial human companion

Artificial vs manmade?
Is artificial synonymous with man-made ? Jay 11:59, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "3. A living, self-conscious being, as distinct from an animal or a thing; a moral agent; a human being; a man, woman, or child." That says Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. --Vikingstad 20:57, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Pasted from vfd
Page listed on Votes for deletion from Feb 23 to Feb 24. Discussion: — Preceding unsigned comment added by Francs2000 (talk • contribs) 21:21, 24 February 2004 (UTC)

 * Artificial human companions - Apart from being very NPOV, the article really does not say anything and does not appear to be expandable in its current form. Darkcore 05:08, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article with lot of potential. Jay 08:16, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and list on cleanup. Could improve -- Graham  :) 11:14, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to cleanup. There is no article in Wiki for 'companion animals' (not the same as 'pets'), and there is also considerable effort going on in AI to improve the quality of computer-human interaction. Denni 19:17, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Keep - really needs to be rewritten, but the topic is interesting. Seth Mahoney 19:48, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Darkcore, I think you POV, not NPOV, right? Anyway, it's laughable as an article. I personally don't think it's worth keeping around until someone someday perhaps gets around to turning it into a real article. No one yet has seemed so inclined. Delete. —Frecklefoot 20:59, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops, I meant POV. Sorry for the confusion. Darkcore 22:11, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but not with this content :0)AY 05:25, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Denni and Seth that we might have an article on this, but the current content is not in any way useful for doing so, so delete. Andre Engels 13:09, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewritten and annotated. Denni 18:43, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

Emotions?
Why is the word "emotions" in reference to animals in quotation marks? Is there any real doubt that at least some animals have emotions? (# 206.106.73.36)

 * Unfortunately, this is still a lively discussion among those who claim to have knowledge in the field. I personally hold that animals have feelings, and it has been said for as long as I can remember that emotions such as fear and hate stem from the reptilian brain. My guess is that seeing emotions in animals is not just anthropomorphic, and eventually the pro-emotion people will be vindicated. Denni ☯ 18:36, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Artificial human companion


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9

Chapter 9: Judiciary. Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled Judiciary. It is divided into twenty-two sections, setting out the composition and functions of the Judicial branch of the Fijian government.

The three constitutional courts
Section 117 establishes three courts: the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court, and also make provision for other courts to be established by law. The Supreme Court is declared to be "the final appellate court of the State" – in other words, there is no judicial authority higher than the Supreme Court. In this respect, the Supreme Court takes over the functions formerly performed by the British Privy Council before Fiji became a republic in 1987. The Court of Appeal is a new institution established by this constitution; the other two courts predate it.

Jurisdictions of the courts
Section 118 declares the judges of all courts of the State to be independent of the legislative and executive branches of government.

Sections 119 through 122 set out the jurisdiction of the various courts. The Supreme Court and High Court are declared to possess the jurisdiction they formerly possessed prior to the adoption of the Constitution; they, together with the Appeal Court also possess whatever authority may be conferred on them by the Constitution or by law.

The High Court is given unlimited "original jurisdiction" over any civil and criminal cases, constitutional disputes, and appeals from subordinate courts. It is also vested with the authority to oversee all proceedings of subordinate courts, and to issue appropriate directives to such courts.

The Court of Appeal is given the right "to hear and determine appeals" from all judgments of the High Court. From time to time, other powers may be assigned to this court by law.

The Supreme Court is given exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from all final judgments of the Court of Appeal. A case may be brought before the Supreme Court only if the Court of Appeal has determined to refer the case to it, or if the Supreme Court has, in its own judgment, decided to hear an appeal; proceedings in this court may not be initiated by individuals. The Supreme Court has the power to review, vary, affirm, or discard decisions of the Court of Appeal, may order retrials, and may award costs to defendants and plaintiffs. Decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on all subordinate courts. The Supreme Court may, at its own discretion, review any judgment or decision that it has previously rendered.

Section 123 authorizes the President of Fiji, on the advice of the Cabinet, to ask the Supreme Court to rule on actual or potential disagreements pertaining to the Constitution. The Supreme Court is required to pronounce its opinion in open court.

Section 124 empowers the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Court to punish persons for contempt of court. The nature of this offence and of the appropriate punishments are to be prescribed by law.

Section 125 empowers the President of the Supreme Court (who is also the Chief Justice) to make rules, subject to the Constitution and to legislation, for the practice and procedures to be followed in the Supreme Court.

Composition of the courts and qualifications for judges
Sections 126 through 128 set out the composition of the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court.
 * The High Court is chaired by the Chief Justice, and includes a minimum of ten puisne judges. Parliament may also provide for the appointment of Masters of the High Court, or junior judges, with whatever powers Parliament may confer.
 * The Court of Appeal is chaired by the President of the Court of Appeal. The Chief Justice is not permitted to hold this position; the Court of Appeal is the only court from which the Chief Justice is constitutionally barred from membership.  This is to give the Court of Appeal a measure of independence from the other courts.  Also members of the Court of Appeal are the puisne judges of the High Court, and persons specifically appointed as Justices of Appeal.
 * The Supreme Court is chaired by the Chief Justice and includes the Justices of Appeal, along with others appointed specifically to serve as judges of the Supreme Court.

Section 129 declares that "A judge who has sat in a trial of a matter that is the subject of appeal to a higher court must not sit in the appeal." As the membership of the three courts established by the Constitution overlaps to a large extent, this clause is inserted to prevent a conflict of interest.

Section 130 sets out the qualifications for judges. A judge (of any court) must either be a qualified barrister or solicitor with a minimum of seven years' experience in Fiji or another country prescribed by law, or one who holds or has held a high judicial position in Fiji or another country prescribed by Parliament. The judiciary is the only branch of government from which non-citizens are not excluded. This is in recognition that as a developing country, the government may deem it in the national interest to look abroad for judges with expertise in various aspects of the law. Accordingly, judges from the United Kingdom and New Zealand, among other countries, have sometimes served on Fiji's courts.

Judicial Services Commission
Section 131 establishes the Judicial Service Commission. It consists of the Chief Justice, who chairs the commission, the Chairperson of the Public Service Commission, and the President of the Fiji Law Society. The commission is empowered to investigate complaints against judges and officials of courts that are subordinate to the High Court, and may take disciplinary actions against them. The Commissioners are entitled to whatever allowances Parliament may determine.

Appointment of judicial officers
Section 132 deals with the manner in which judges are to be appointed.
 * The Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is required to consult with the Leader of the Opposition. This does not give the Leader of the Opposition a veto, only the right to be consulted.
 * The judges of the Supreme Court, the President of the Court of Appeal, the Justices of Appeal, and the puisne judges of the High Court are appointed by the President of Fiji, upon the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission, after consulting with the Cabinet Minister and the committee of the House of Representatives responsible for the administration of justice.
 * In the event of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice, or in the event of the Chief Justice being unable to perform his duties due to absence, illness, or any other cause, the President may, on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, following consultation by it with the appropriate Cabinet Minister, appoint another person (who must be qualified for appointment as a judge) to act in that capacity.
 * In the event of the absence or incapacity of a puisne judge of the High Court, or in the event of a vacancy in such a position, the President may appoint someone to act in that capacity. No person who is not qualified to fill the office may be appointed as an interim judge.

Section 133 empowers the Judicial Service Commission to appoint Magistrates, a central agricultural tribunal (to administer the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act), and any other judicial offices that may be established by Parliament. Parliament may also empower the commission to make appointments to non-judicial offices. In making its appointments, the Commission must consult with the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition, and must obtain the Prime Minister's approval if a non-citizen is to be appointed to a judicial office (other than that of a judge).

Section 134 sets out the criteria for appointment to judicial office. The first principle is that all judicial officers should be based on merit, filled by persons of "the highest quality." The second principle is that, as far as practicable, the composition of the judiciary should reflect Fiji's ethnic balance and should aim for substantially equal representation of males and females.

Section 135 requires all judges, before taking office, to take the oath (prescribed in Part D of the Schedule) before the President of Fiji.

Section 136 forbids any reduction in the salary of judges during their terms of office. This is intended as a safeguard against blackmail.

Terms of office
Section 137 prescribes the terms of office and the retirement ages for judges.
 * The Chief Justice, Supreme Court Judges, and Justices of Appeal (including the President of the Court of Appeal), are required to retire on reaching the age of 70. The retirement of Justices of Appeal may be waived, however, for a term of years or for the duration of one or more sessions of the court concerned.
 * Puisne judges are appointed for terms of not less than four years, nor more than seven years, and are required to retire on the expiry of their term or at the age of 65, whichever event occurs sooner.
 * Upon reaching the applicable retirement age, the retirement of the Chief Justice, any Supreme Court judge, or a Justice of Appeal (including the President of the Court of Appeal) may be waived to allow that person to continue in office, or to transfer to another judicial office, for a term of not more than three years. This may be renewed, but not after the judge has reached the age of 75.  No person, therefore, may serve as a judge after the age of 78.
 * The retirement of puisne judges at the age of 65 is compulsory and may not be waived. They are eligible, however, for appointment as Justices of Appeal (including to the Presidency of the Court of Appeal), as judges of the Supreme Court, or to the office of Chief Justice.
 * The retirement age of judges is not applicable to persons acting in that capacity on a temporary basis. Judges who are past retirement age may therefore be called out of retirement, from time to time, to temporarily fill vacancies or to act in the place of a judge who is absent or otherwise unable to carry out his or her duties.

Removal from office
Section 138 sets out the grounds, and the manner, in which a judge may be removed. A judge may be dismissed only for misbehavior or for inability to perform his or her duties, owing to illness or metal incapacitation, or any other cause.

In the case of alleged misbehavior, the President appoints a tribunal consisting of not less than three persons, who must be past or present judges either in Fiji or another country prescribed by Parliament. In the case of alleged inability to perform the functions of office, the President appoints a medical board, consisting of three qualified medical practitioners. The President, acting on his or her own discretion, may dismiss a judge on the written recommendation of the tribunal or medical board. The President may, at his or her own discretion, suspend from office any judge being investigated by a tribunal or medical board. The suspension automatically ceases if the tribunal or medical board recommends that the judge not be removed from office.

Section 139 declares that all judges in office before the commencement of the Constitution remain in office under it.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9


text:
Talk:AC/DC

Nationality, Australian vs Scottish vs Scottish Born
If you're here to dispute the nationality of AC/DC, Angus, Malcolm, Stevie or George, please understand this, This topic has been discussed countless times here and at Angus Young or brother's Malcolm Young, Stevie Young or George Young articles. All brothers were born in Glasgow, Scotland. In 1963 they moved to Sydney, Australia. AC/DC was officially formed in 1973 in Australia. The consensus discussions (listed below) and the Wikipedia community have concluded that Angus Young, Malcolm. Stevie and AC/DC will be listed as Australian. Any changes to this fact will be promptly removed.

List of nationality discussions

Angus's discussions
 * Angus Young -- Scottish-Australian versus Australian
 * Australian
 * Angus, Malcolm George young Scottish born Austrialian musicians v just Austrialian musicians

Malcolm's discussions
 * Australian versus Scottish-Australian - Malcolm Young
 * Nationality

AC/DC discussions
 * An Australian rock band???
 * AC/DC plain and simple
 * ACDC and Scotland
 * ACDC is a Kiwi/British/Australian Band
 * Possible Mistakes

There are too many to list here, feel free to review other discussions at AC/DC Archive index

- FlightTime  ( open channel ) 04:36, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 April 2024
There is a man named Simon Hury in the member timeline listed as "fan." This is ridiculous, he is not a member of the band. JohnnyPStevens (talk) 15:28, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't see a Hury in this listicle nor the article whose talk page you're in, what are you talking about? Carlinal (talk) 15:35, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Name not in this article. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 16:29, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about...? Hury is not listed in the article at all? ―  VAUGHAN J.   (t · c) 00:31, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean. I checked earlier today, and I saw no mention of Simon Hury in the member timeline. HorrorLover555 (talk) 02:24, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Clarification
Readding this back, so that I could get some of you guys get some clarification. I think he's saying that Hury was in the article because of this image on the right. I'm pretty sure what he's saying is that the image probably needs to be deleted? —  VAUGHAN J.   (t · c) 10:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that the image should be removed to avoid confusion. HorrorLover555 (talk) 13:55, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Image change
Hi all, so many of you guys know that on the infobox image has been OL for the past few months. Should we change it to NE, or keep it as OL, or should we use them for the prose? Let me know what you guys think. —  VAUGHAN J.   (t · c) 00:32, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I suggest you crop the second image if there's any hope of this being changed..... not sure how the top of heads will fly with anyone. Moxy 🍁 01:32, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Cropped. —  VAUGHAN J.   (t · c) 02:57, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:AC/DC


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 10

Chapter 10: State Services. Chapter 10 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled State Services.  Its fifteen sections establish certain civil service offices, specify their functions and jurisdictions, set out the qualifications and preconditions required of persons holding such offices, and prescribes the manner of their appointment.

Section 140 lays down the basic principles for the recruitment and promotion of state officers. With the objective of implementing government policies as effectively and efficiently as possible, appointments are to be made on merit, but care is to be taken to ensure equality of opportunity for both men and women, and for members of all ethnic groups. All levels of the state service should reflect the ethnic composition of the population. However, occupational preferences should also be taken into account when appropriate. This is a recognition that for cultural or religious reasons, certain ethnic groups may disproportionately choose or eschew certain occupations.

Section 141 requires all public office holders, except judges, to be citizens, although exceptions are allowed for with the specific approval of the Prime Minister.

Sections 142 through 145 establish several "independent service commissions." A new body, a three-member Constitutional Offices Commission is established for the first time; two other bodies, the Public Service Commission (four to six members) and the Disciplined Services Commission (three members, formerly known as the Police Service Commission), both established by the former 1990 constitution, are continued in existence.

All appointments to the three Commissions are made by the President of Fiji on the advice of the Cabinet Minister responsible for the civil service, following consultation by the latter with the appropriate Parliamentary committee, which is empowered to confirm or veto the nomination.

In the event of a vacancy or of a Commissioner being unable to carry out his or her duties owing to absence, illness, or any other cause, the Prime Minister may, after consulting with the Leader of the Opposition, advise the President to appoint someone to act in his or her capacity in the interim. If the office of the chairperson of any of the commissions is vacant, or if the chairperson is unable to perform his or her duties for any reason, the remaining members may elect a temporary chairperson from among themselves.

The section disqualifies from membership of an independent service commission persons who are, or have been in the three years prior to appointment:
 * Members of, or candidates for, the House of Representatives or the Senate, or any local authority or representative body.
 * National office bearers of a political party which has contested a general election or a byelection in the said three-year period.
 * Holders of other public offices.
 * Members of either of the other two independent service commissions. The chairpersons of the commissions are exempt from this rule, however.

The section further forbids the appointment of members of any independent service commission to any other state service during their tenure as commissioners, or for three years after the expiry of their term. These disqualifications are intended to safeguard the independence of the commissions from political interference, and to forestall any potential abuse of office by a commissioner to secure appointment to another office.

Section 146 specifies the functions of the Constitutional Offices Commission and empowers it to appoint the Supervisor of Elections, the Ombudsman, the Auditor-General, the Director of Public Prosecutions, the Secretary-General to Parliament, and the Commissioner of Police. In consultation with the applicable Cabinet Minister and with the Board of the Reserve Bank, the Constitutional Offices Commission also appoints the Governor of the Reserve Bank; this last office is declared not to be a public office.

Sections 147 through 151 specify the functions of the Public Service Commission. It is empowered to appoint, remove, and take disciplinary action against holders of public offices.

Offices that are explicitly excluded from the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission include judges, offices for which the Constitutional Offices Commission or the Disciplined Services Commission are responsible, offices which come under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Service Commission or of any body prescribed by Parliament, military offices, and all offices referred to in the Constitution, except for the Secretary to the House of Representatives and the Secretary to the Senate. With the agreement of the Cabinet Minister responsible for the civil service, the Public Service Commission may choose not to exercise its prerogatives; Parliament then has two sitting days to allow or disallow that decision.

There are certain limitations on the powers of the Public Service Commission. No holder of an office under the direct control of the President, the Secretary of the House of Representatives or of the Senate, the Ombudsman, or the Auditor-General, may be appointed, removed, or disciplined, without the approval of the person to whom the office holder is responsible. The Prime Minister must approve all appointments to the positions of Secretary (head) of a government department, or of Secretary to the Cabinet. The Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition must both be consulted over the appointment of members of agricultural tribunals (other than the Central Agricultural Tribunal) under the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act (Fiji), although neither has a veto.

Ambassadors and other diplomats are appointed and removed by the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister. If the person to be appointed as an ambassador or diplomat is a member of a state service, the Prime Minister must consult the Public Service Commission.

Parliament is empowered to specify pensions for ambassadors and diplomats who have been removed from office. It may also authorize the Prime Minister, or another Minister, to transfer holders of public officers to specific roles in department responsible for foreign affairs; in some cases, these may be required to live outside of Fiji.

Subject to conditions imposed by Parliament, the Public Service Commission may delegate to one of its members or officers, or to the holder of any public office, any or all of its functions except its responsibility to appoint, remove, or discipline members of agricultural tribunals, a Secretary of a government department or any person acting in that capacity, and the Secretary to the Cabinet.

Parliament may make laws to provide for appeals against decisions of the Public Service Commission, and may set up a relevant body to hear such appeals.

Sections 152 through 154 specify the functions of Disciplined Services Commission. It is empowered to make appoint, remove, or discipline officers of the police force and the prisons service. The Commissioner of Police and officers holding any rank equal or inferior to senior inspector are excluded from this provision. The Commissioner of Police, rather than the Disciplined Services Commission, exercises authority over such officers; although the decision to dismiss or demote any police officer requires the approval of the Commission.

Subject to conditions prescribed by Parliament, the Disciplined Service Commission may delegate any or all of its powers to one of its members. It may also delegate to the Commissioner of Police or the Commissioner of Prisons any or all of its powers in relation the police force or the prisons service, respectively. The Prime Minister must approve, in writing, any delegation of powers to the Commissioner of Police.

Section 155 clarifies that for the purposes of this chapter, "independent service commission" means the Constitutional Offices Commission, the Public Service Commission, or the Disciplined Services Commission.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 10


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 11

'''Chapter 11:Accountability. Chapter 11' of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled Accountability.'' Its 19 sections, divided into 5 parts, include a code of conduct expected of all government officers and employees, and establish a number of constitutional offices.

Part 1: Code of Conduct
Part 1 of Chapter 11 establishes a code of conduct that applies to all constitutional officers and government employees. It comprises just one section: Section 156.

Political leaders and civil servants are forbidden to engage in activities that entail, or could be seen to entail, a conflict of interest between their private interests and public duties, or that would compromise "fair exercise" of their public responsibilities. They are forbidden to use their offices for private gain, or to allow their own integrity or that of the government to be called into question. Parliament is empowered to legislate to enforce these regulations.

Part 2: Ombudsman
Part 2 of Chapter 11 establishes the office of Ombudsman. It comprises sections 157 through 164 of the constitution.

Section 157 stipulates that there must be at least one Ombudsman. Parliament is empowered to appoint more than one, and if so, one of them shall be designated the Chief Ombudsman, who shall be in charge of the staffing of the Ombudsman's office and of the allocation of work amongst the Ombudsmen.

Section 158 sets out the Ombudsman's functions. The Ombudsman must investigate administrative complaints brought by government departments or parliamentary committees. Complaints to the Ombudsman may also be made by any person whose interests are affected by an action of any government agency. Complaints to the Ombudsman must be made in person, not through another party, but the Ombudsman may waive this rule if satisfied the person concerned is unable to make the complaint in person.

The Ombudsman is not authorized to investigate actions taken by a Cabinet Minister, judge, or any person with respect to that person's appointment to, or dismissal from, public office, or that person's pension entitlement. The proceedings of the Ombudsman are not to be challenged in any court of law.

Sections 159 and 160 empower the Ombudsman to choose not to investigate a complaint brought to them, or to discontinue an investigation at any time. Moreover, the Ombudsman is not generally authorized to hear complaints that could be reviewed by a court or tribunal, except when they involve breaches of the Bill of Rights. Parliament is authorized to legislate to regulate the conduct of the Ombudsman's business.

Sections 161 and 162 deal with the outcome of the Ombudsman's investigations into complaints. If the Ombudsman finds an action to have been unconstitutional, illegal, unreasonable, unjust, oppressive, or improperly discriminatory, they make a report, with copies to the Prime Minister and the Minister of the relevant department, with specifics as to what wrong or wrongs were committed, and what steps will rectify the wrongs. After presenting the report to the Prime Minister and the Minister concerned, if no action is taken in a reasonable time, the Ombudsman may present a further report to the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Section 164 specifies the manner of the Ombudsman's appointment, and the limitations of the office. Following consultation with the Prime Minister, the Constitutional Offices Commission appoints the Ombudsman, who must not hold or derive income from any other public office (except the chairmanship of the Human Rights Commission. Nor may the Ombudsman, except with written permission from the Prime Minister, hold any other paid office or engage in any other paid occupation during their term as Ombudsman.  This safeguards the independence of the office, and prevents conflict of interest.

Section 164 requires the Ombudsman to publish an annual report, and specifies the contents. In particular, investigations involving the police and the Fiji Prisons Service are to be documented.

Part 3: Auditor-General
Part 3 of Chapter 11 establishes the office of the Auditor-General. It comprises sections 166 through 169.

Sections 166 and 167 establish the Auditor-General's office, and define its powers and duties. The Auditor-General is the chief official accountant of the state. They must make an annual inspection and audit, followed by a report to the Parliament, on all transactions concerning public money or public property. The Auditor-General is to investigate the legality of all such transactions. Nevertheless, provision exists for the Parliament to exempt a specified body corporate from audit by the Auditor-General. The report is to be delivered to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and a copy given to the relevant Minister. The Speaker is to require the report to be laid before the House and the Senate within 30 days of receiving it, or, if Parliament is not sitting at the time, on the first sitting day when it resumes.

Section 168 stipulates that the Auditor-General is to be appointed by the Constitutional Offices Commission following consultation with the relevant committee of the House of Representatives. In the event of a vacancy, or of the Auditor-General being unable for any reason to exercise their duties, the Commission may, following consultation with the relevant Minister, appoint an acting Auditor-General. The substitute position may be either permanent or temporary.

Part 4: General Provisions Relating to Certain Constitutional Offices
Part 4 of Chapter 11 makes general provisions relating to certain constitutional offices. It comprises sections 169 through 173 of the Constitution.

Sections 169 through 171 identify the officers to whom the provisions apply, and set out the terms and conditions for holding office.

The Supervisor of Elections, the Ombudsman, the Auditor General, the Director of Public Prosecutions, the Secretary-General to Parliament, and the Commissioner of Police are appointed for 5-year terms, and are eligible for reappointment. Notwithstanding the term limit, all terms of office expire at age 65, after which officers are not eligible for further reappointment. Salaries of all these officers are fixed by the Parliament, and may not be reduced during their terms. In the case of alleged misbehavior or inability to perform the duties of the office, the President appoints a tribunal of at least 3 members, at least 2 of whom hold or have held high judicial office in Fiji or another country prescribed by the Parliament. The tribunal investigates allegations and delivers recommendations to the government. The President may then suspend or dismiss the officer, if recommended by the tribunal, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is required to consult the Leader of the Opposition.

Members of the Human Rights Commission, the Constituency Boundaries Commission, the Electoral Commission, the Parliamentary Emoluments Commission, the Commission on the Prerogative of Mercy, the Constitutional Offices Commission, and the Disciplined Services Commission are appointed for 2-year terms; they may be reappointed for one further 2-year term, but are not eligible for further reappointment. In the case of alleged misbehavior or of inability to perform duties of office, the Constitutional Offices Commission appoints a tribunal of at least 3 members, at least 2 of whom hold or have held high judicial office in Fiji or another country prescribed by the Parliament. The tribunal investigates allegations and delivers recommendations to the government.

Section 173 sets out various regulations governing the functions of commissions and tribunals. Decisions are taken by majority vote; in the event of a tie, the Chairman has a casting vote.

Part 5: Freedom of Information
Part 5 of Chapter 11 consists of a single section, section 174, requiring the Parliament to legislate to give members of the public access rights to official documents of the government and its agencies.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 11


text:
Talk:MP 40

Romania au folosit mp40 ?
da sau nu 2A02:2F01:8A0C:8500:793C:CECC:12D0:2937 (talk) 07:37, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Vigneron can't use MP40 magazine?
The article on the Vigneron states very specifically that these similarly designed magazines are incompatible, and that the MP40 magazine will not work in the Vigneron. I have no knowledge or experience in this myself, but somewhere in one of the two articles there is some kind of error to be corrected. TooManyFingers (talk) 02:28, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Usage in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war
It is fairly easy to find images online of soldiers in the war wielding the weapon. Namely a few reddit posts of Donbass(?) militants with the gun in full combat gear come up when you google the key words. I don't know if regular issuance is a prerequisite for having a conflict listed in the "conflicts" section, but I thought I'd draw attention to it. I see that the STG 44 article now has the Russo-Ukrainian war listed under its conflicts after a similar situation with a few pictures of it being used as a rear-line weapon circulated the internet. Kroaala (talk) 20:03, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:MP 40


text:
1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 17

Chapter 17 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is named "Schedule Oaths and Affirmations." It is the last chapter of the Constitution. It sets out oaths and oaths of offices to be taken by politicians of Fiji.

Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance
Part 1 of Chapter 17 sets out the oath of allegiance. Individuals taking the oath proclaim to be "faithful" to the republic, and faithful "according to law." The oath ends with the statement "So help me God!"

In 2006, Fiji experienced a coup. The Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark argued that the coup should be resisted by citizens, pointing to the oath of allegiance: "You owe it to your oath of allegiance to the Fiji constitution to act to stop this act of mutiny," she said.

Part 2
Part 2 gives the oath and affirmation for the President of Fiji and the Vice-President of Fiji. The oath and affirmation refer to service to the republic from the President's office or Vice-President's office. This oath also ends with "So help me God!"

Part 3
An oath for a cabinet minister in the Cabinet of Fiji is given in Part 3. This oath would be taken by the Prime Minister of Fiji, the Attorney-General Minister of Fiji, or an Assistant Minister. It refers to using the "best... judgment" and advising the President when mandated to do so. This advice, according to the oath, must not be revealed.

Part 4
The last Part of Chapter 17 contains oaths for those holding office in the judiciary of Fiji. This oath also refers to service to the republic, and to upholding the Constitution.

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 17


text:
Otto Wagner

Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect, furniture designer and urban planner. He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture, founded in 1897, and the broader Art Nouveau movement. Many of his works are found in his native city of Vienna, and illustrate the rapid evolution of architecture during the period. His early works were inspired by classical architecture. By mid-1890s, he had already designed several buildings in what became known as the Vienna Secession style. Beginning in 1898, with his designs of Vienna Metro stations, his style became floral and Art Nouveau, with decoration by Koloman Moser. His later works, 1906 until his death in 1918, had geometric forms and minimal ornament, clearly expressing their function. They are considered predecessors to  modern architecture.

Education and early career
Wagner was born in 1841 in Penzing, a district in Vienna. He was the son of Suzanne (née von Helffenstorffer-Hueber) and Rudolf Simeon Wagner, a notary to the Royal Hungarian Court. He began his architectural studies in 1857 at the age of sixteen at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute. When he finished his studies there, in 1860 he traveled to Berlin and studied at the Royal Academy of Architecture under Carl Ferdinand Busse, a classicist and student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, the leader of the German school of neoclassical and neo-Gothic architecture. He returned to Vienna in 1861 and continued his architectural education at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, under August Sicard von von Sicardsburg and Edouard von der Nüll, who had designed the neoclassical Vienna State Opera and the architectural monuments along the Vienna Ringstraße. In 1862, at the age of 22, he joined the architectural firm of Ludwig von Förster, whose studio had designed much of the new architecture along the Ringstraße. The first part of his career was devoted to the transformation of that boulevard into a showcase of neo-Gothic, neo-Renassiance, and neoclassical styles. During this period, which lasted until about 1880, he described his own style as "a sort of free Renaissance".

His first realized major project was the Orthodox Synagogue on Rumbach Street in Budapest. His design was selected in a competition held in 1868, when he was twenty-seven years old. The octagonal hall of the synagogue was concealed behind a four-story structure facing the street. The hall was filled with light from stained glass windows on the octagonal lantern above, and large circular windows in each of the eight bays. On the first floor above the ground floor was an octagonal gallery reserved for women. The facade was made of brick of different colors, and was decorated with minarets and towers with a Moorish appearance, while the interior featured colorful patterns of mosaic slender on the walls and highly decorated columns which supported arches over each of the bays.

He began to develop his own philosophy of architecture, based on the need for buildings to be, above all, functional. He continued to develop this idea throughout his career. In 1896, in his book Modern Architecture, he wrote, "only that which is practical can be beautiful".

Early projects, and the First Villa Wagner (1880s)
In the 1880s, he began to construct buildings of which he was both the architect and investor in the project, sharing in the financial benefits. In 1882 he designed a luxury apartment building on Stadiongasse in Vienna, close to the Parliament and the city hall. The facade was inspired by the Renaissance, but the interior was designed to be highly practical, luxurious, and constructed with the highest quality materials available. The benefits of this building allowed him to build several more similar apartment buildings. It illustrated his doctrine of the connection between beauty and function.

His next major project was the headquarters of the Länderbank in Vienna. He won the design competition in 1882 and built it in 1883–84. It was built on a very irregular site, mostly at an angle to the street, which allowed him to be more creative. The five-story Renaissance facade gave little idea of the complexity of the building behind it, which had multiple diverging axes. The visitor passed through a circular vestibule, then turned at an angle into multi-storied semi-circular central hall with a glass skylight, where the banking function was located. He also used new materials, such as an enduit lisse, and much larger windows than were customary in the period, repeated the plan on each floor. He later described his approach to the building: "The demands for air and light, the desire to assure easy circulation and orientation inside the space, and especially the fact that the activities of a bank can develop on one direction or another, made it desirable to be able to easily transform the work spaces." He was to follow the same concepts twenty years later when he designed the Postal Savings Bank in Vienna.

The following project, in 1886, was the first Villa Wagner, a country house he built for himself on the edge of the Vienna woods. He called it his "Italian Dream", and it had neoclassical elements inspired by Palladio. it was surrounded by a park carefully designed to complement the architecture. The principal facade had a double stairway ascending to a portico with a colonnade, which was the entrance to the grand salon. The porch was decorated curving wrought iron, statuary, and a coffered ceiling. At either end of the main villa were pergolas with open colonnades. On either side of the main stairway to the entrance he placed plaques in Latin concisely stating his philosophy On one side, "Without art and love, there is no life"; and on the other, "Necessity is the sole mistress of art." In 1895, he modified the house. One of the pergolas was transformed from a winter garden into a billiards room, illuminated by floral stained glass windows, one designed by the painter Adolf Böhm. The other pergola was made into his studio, also with colorful decorative windows.

Two more of his buildings appeared on the boulevards of Vienna. The first, completed in 1887, was a six-story apartment building on Universitätsstrase, which had a rigorous vertical facade divided by ornamental pilasters, divided horizontally by a very ornate wrought iron balcony on the first floor and a sculpted cornice beneath the roof, dividing the facade into three distinct parts. The second was the Zum Anker building on Spiegelgasse, and the Graben, the historic boulevard in the heart of the city. This building, completed in 1894, combined apartments on the upper floors, and stores on the street level, bearing large display windows. On top was another glass structure, like a small temple, which contained a photography studio. It was another notable example of Wagner skillfully adapting the design of the building to its practical functions.

Urban planning and the Vienna Stadtbahn (1894–1900)
In the 1890s, Wagner became increasingly interested in urban planning. Vienna was growing rapidly; it reached a population of 1,590,000 residents in 1898. In 1890, the city government decided expand the urban transit system outwards to the new neighborhoods. In April 1894, Wagner was named artistic counselor for the new Stadtbahn and gradually was given responsibility for the design of the bridges, viaducts, and stations, including the elevators, signs, lighting, and decoration. Wagner hired seventy artists and designers for his transit stations, including two young designers who later became very prominent in the birth of modern architecture, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann.

The government committee in charge of the project specified that the buildings should be covered in white plaster, for uniformity, and that the style should be Renaissance, also for uniformity. Working within these requirements, Wagner designed stations and other structures which combined utility, simplicity and elegance. The most notable station he designed was Karlsplatz station (1894–99). It had two separate pavilions, one for each direction, and was constructed with a metal frame, and covered on the exterior with marble plaques and plaster plaques in the interior. The exterior was covered with designs in a sunflower pattern, which continue on the semi-circular facade. The carefully designed gilded decoration gives the building a remarkable combination of functionality and elegance.

The Vienna Secession
In 1894, he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, and increasingly expressed the necessity of leaving behind historical forms and romanticism and developing Architectural Realism, where the form was determined by the function of the building. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy. His style incorporated the use of new materials and new forms to reflect the fact that society itself was changing. In his textbook, he stated that "new human tasks and views called for a change or reconstitution of existing forms". He wrote in his manifesto on Modern Architecture, "Art and artists have the duty and obligation to represent their period. The application here and there of all the previous styles, as we have seen in the last few decades, cannot be the future of architecture...The realism of our time must be present in every newborn work of art.

In 1897, he aligned himself with Vienna Secession, a movement started by fifty Vienna artists formally known as the Association of Austrian plastic artists. Its founding members included Gustav Klimt, its first President, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann, and Koloman Moser. The Secession declared war on the historicism and realism decreed by the Arts academies, and called for the abolition of the boundary between the fine arts and the applied and decorative arts. of architecture and art. Its goal was proclaimed by Wagner's student, Olbrich: "To each epoch its own art, and to each art its freedom." The most famous architectural work of the Secession, Olbrich's Secession Building (1897–98) showed Wagner's influence. However, after the success of Secession works at the 1900 Paris Exposition, many of the members wanted to produce furniture and other Secession designs in series, and disputed the direction of the Secession. The dispute reached a head in 1905, when one of the prominent painters of the Secession, Carl Moll, proposed that the Secession purchase a prominent Vienna art gallery as an outlet for the Secession artists. This was opposed by the more traditional artists in the group. It was put to a vote of the members of the Secession, and Klimt's position was defeated by a single vote. Klimt, Wagner, Moser, and Hoffmann promptly resigned from the Secession. Wagner had a strong influence on his pupils at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. This "Wagner School" included Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Karl Ehn, Jože Plečnik, and Max Fabiani. Another student of Wagner's was Rudolph Schindler, who said "Modern Architecture began with Mackintosh in Scotland, Otto Wagner in Vienna, and Louis Sullivan in Chicago."

Majolika-Haus and the Linke Wienzeile buildings (1898-99)
The Linke Wienzeile Buildings are three apartment buildings in Vienna, constructed in 1898–99. The most famous of these is the Majolica House, at 40 Linke Wienzeile. Its facade is entirely covered with majolica, or glazed earthenware tiles in the colorful floral designs which characterized the early Vienna Secession. The Art Nouveau floral design of its facade was made by his student Alois Ludwig. The other building, Linke Wienzeile 38, is known as House with medallions because of its decor of gilded stucco medallions by Wagner's student and frequent collaborator, Koloman Moser. The roof, visible from far away, features several sculpted heads, called The Criers, or The Crying Women by Othmar Schimkowitz. He provided sculpture for two other Vienna Secession landmarks by Wagner, including the Angels on the roof of the Kirche am Steinhof church in Vienna, and sculpture for the Austrian Postal Savings Bank. The sculptures and other ornament were removed when the style was out of fashion, but have more recently been restored.

Wagner had his own town apartment in a third building, at 3 Köstlergasse. It featured decoration based on Japanese floral prints, and furniture of his own design, but its most famous feature was the bathroom. A marble plaque on the wall supported the shower head, the sink was of marble on nickel legs, and the bathtub was of glass, mounted in a nickel frame. Wagner had the bathroom displayed at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition.

Church of St. Leopold (1902–1907)
The Church of St. Leopold was built to accompany a large new psychiatric hospital constructed on the edge of Vienna. He completed for the design of the hospital, but received a commission only for the church. Wagner had earlier written an academic study entitled The Modern style in Church construction and this was his opportunity to use his ideas in a building.

The main feature of the church is a dome, and the facade was covered with marble plaques two centimeters thick, fixed with copper-headed bolts. The same white and gold design was maintained in the interior. The church could hold eight hundred worshippers, with seats for four hundred, divided into separate sections for men, women, and hospital staff. The ceiling was also white, divided into sections by gilded lines. The altar, the central point, was covered with a lacelike gilded cupola, matching the dome overhead. The floor was made of white and black tiles, and sloped slightly, so those in the church had better view of the altar. The large stained glass windows were designed by Wagner's frequent collaborator, Koloman Moser. It was one of the first and most celebrated examples of modern church architecture.

Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903–1912)
In his later years, Wagner experimented continually. He tried new materials, such as aluminum, which he used in the decoration of the entrance of the dispatch office the Die Zeit newspaper in Vienna. His most ambitious experiment was the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903–1912), which is often considered his most famous and most influential building. It was the prime example of his doctrine that form follows function. He wrote, "All modern creation should correspond to the new materials and the new demands of our time, if it is to harmonize modern man."

Wagner conceived the building in 1903, when he was sixty-two years old, and continued working on it until it was completed, when he was seventy-one. The exterior was covered with marble plates with ornamental aluminium rivets in a purely geometric pattern. The most remarkable features were the interiors. The central banking room, where the cashiers were located, had a suspended steel and glass ceiling, and a floor of glass tiles. He made extensive use of new materials, such as aluminum, for the door knobs, grills, lamps, and other details throughout the building. It had no decoration; every very element was designed to be clean, geometric, and functional. He designed the furniture to complement the style of the architecture.

Later life and projects
By 1905, the year he left the Vienna Secession, Wagner had achieved an international reputation. In that year he proposed a monumental plan for the Palace of Peace proposed by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for construction of the Hague, but it was never realized. His continued to produce new editions of his book Modern Architecture, and three volumes entitled Sketches, Projects, Constructions. He published a series of books on topics including theater architecture, hotel architecture, and a particularly forward-looking work, "The Great City", published in 1911, devoted to urban planning, explaining how the expansion of large cities should be managed. He participated in the International Congress of Architecture in London in 1906, and traveled to New York to the International Congress of Urban Art in 1910. In the same year he became the Vice Rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. He was named Vice President of the Permanent Commission of Congress of Fine Arts in Paris in 1912. In 1912 he proposed a very modern municipal museum for Vienna dedicated to The Emperor Franz-Joseph. However, the final competition for this building was won by one of Wagner's former students, Josef Hoffmann. The project was halted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In 1913, he became an honorary professor at the Academy and retired, but continued to teach students who had enrolled prior to his retirement.

While he proposed many projects, only a few were actually built. These included a strikingly geometric and modernistic hospital for victims of Lupus disease in Vienna (1908). His last large-scale project, a building of thirty large apartments on Neustiftgasse and Döblergasse in Vienna. The building had a very modern white plaster facade with very discreet geometric decoration of blue ceramics (Döblergasse) and pieces of black glass (Neustifgasse). Wagner had his own apartment on the second floor of the Döblergasse building. He designed all the furniture, carpets and decoration in his apartment, as well as the towels and bathroom fixtures. The ground floor of this building also served as the offices of the Wiener Werkstätte architectural movement from 1912 until 1932.

The Second Wagner Villa (1912)
Another of his last projects was the Second Wagner Villa on Hüttelbergstrasse in Vienna. It was located near to, and in sight of, his first villa, which he had sold in 1911. It was considerably smaller than his earlier villa. The building was designed to be extremely simple and functional, with a maximum of light, and a maximum use of new materials, including reinforced concrete, asphalt, glass mosaics, and aluminum. The villa is in the form of a cube, with white plaster walls. The primary decoration elements of the exterior are bands of blue glass tile in geometric patterns. The front door is reached by a monumental stairway to the first floor. The servant's quarters were downstairs, and the main floor was occupied by a large single room, which served as a salon or dining room. For the furniture, he selected many works designed and manufactured by one of his former students, Marcel Kammerer. Wagner intended the house as the main residence of his wife after his death, but she died before him, and he sold the house in September 1916.

Wagner died on April 11. 1918, shortly before the end of the First World War, in his apartment on Döblergasse in Vienna.

Furniture
Wagner often designed the furniture to complement the design of the building. His furnishings for the Postal Savings Bank were particularly notable for their simplicity and functionality, and combination of traditional materials with new materials, such as aluminum

title: Otto Wagner


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/checklist (military)

[back to strategy]

This list has been created as a benchmark for Wikiproject:Aircraft as we work towards Wikipedia 1.0, acting as a guide as to significant aircraft that may not yet have coverage in Wikipedia. Please do not add to or subtract from this list - it then loses its value as a benchmark.

It is based on the aircraft that received feature articles in the World Aircraft Information Files partwork, some 250 military types and 200 civil types. If you are aware of a list of similar scope from another aviation encyclopedia, you might like to submit it as a separate benchmark.

Limitations: It is acknowledged that pre-1940 types are probably under-represented, and British types are probably over-represented. Also, no X-planes or prototypes are listed here.

Note: Also be sure to run a search for the planes name in case an article has already been written under a different name before writing a duplicate article.

 * Aeritalia G.91
 * Aermacchi MB.326
 * Aero L-39 Albatross
 * Aérospatiale Alouette II/Alouette III
 * Aérospatiale Super Frelon
 * Aérospatiale Puma
 * Aérospatiale Gazelle
 * Aichi D3A
 * Albatros D.I, D.II, D.III, D.V,
 * AMX
 * AIDC Ching Kuo
 * Airco DH.4
 * Alenia G.222
 * Antonov An-12
 * Antonov An-26
 * Arado Ar 196
 * Arado Ar 234
 * Armstrong Whitworth Siskin
 * Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
 * Atlas Cheetah
 * Avro Lancaster
 * Avro Lincoln
 * Avro Shackleton
 * Avro Vulcan
 * Beech C-12 Huron
 * Bell AH-1 Cobra
 * Bell UH-1 Iroquois
 * Bell 212/412
 * Bell P-39 Airacobra/P-63 Kingcobra
 * Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey
 * Blackburn Buccaneer
 * Blohm & Voss BV 138
 * Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
 * Boeing B-29 Superfortress/B-50
 * Boeing B-47 Stratojet
 * Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
 * Boeing (K)C-97 Stratocruiser
 * Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker
 * Boeing E-3 Sentry/E-767 AWACS
 * Boeing E-4
 * Boeing E-6 Mercury/E-8 J-STARS/C-137/military 707s
 * Boeing PW-9/P-12/FB/F2B/F3B/F4B
 * Boeing P-26 Peashooter
 * Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook
 * Boeing-Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight
 * Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche
 * Breguet 14
 * Breguet 19
 * Breguet Alizé
 * Breguet Atlantic/Dassault Atlantique
 * Bristol Beaufighter
 * Bristol Beaufort
 * Bristol Blenheim
 * Bristol Bulldog
 * Bristol F2B Fighter
 * BAe Hawk
 * BAe Nimrod
 * BAe Sea Harrier
 * CASA C-101 Aviojet
 * Cessna A-37 Dragonfly/T-37 Tweet
 * Consolidated B-24 Liberator
 * Consolidated PBY Catalina
 * Convair B-36 Peacemaker
 * Convair B-58 Hustler
 * Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
 * Convair F-106 Delta Dart
 * Curtiss C-46 Commando
 * Curtiss P-36 Hawk
 * Curtiss P-40 Warhawk family
 * Curtiss PW-8/P-1/P-6 Hawk family
 * Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
 * Dassault Étendard IV/Dassault Super Étendard
 * Dassault Mirage III/5/50
 * Dassault Mirage F1
 * Dassault Mirage 2000
 * Dassault Ouragan/Mystère/Super Mystère
 * Dassault Rafale
 * Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet
 * de Havilland Mosquito
 * de Havilland Vampire
 * de Havilland Hornet
 * de Havilland Sea Vixen
 * de Havilland Venom
 * Dewoitine D.520
 * Dornier Do 17/215
 * Dornier Do 217
 * Douglas AD/A-1 Skyraider
 * Douglas A3D/A-3 Skywarrior
 * Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
 * Project KAHU
 * Lockheed-Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk
 * Douglas A-20/P-70/Boston/Havoc
 * Douglas A-26 Invader
 * Douglas B-66 Destroyer
 * Douglas C-47 Skytrain
 * Douglas C-124 Globemaster II
 * Douglas C-133 Skymaster
 * Douglas F4D Skyray
 * Douglas SBD Dauntless
 * EH Industries EH101
 * EMBRAER EMB-312 EMBRAER Tucano
 * English Electric Canberra
 * English Electric Lightning
 * Eurocopter Tiger
 * Eurofighter Typhoon
 * Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II
 * Fairey Barracuda
 * Fairey Firefly
 * Fairey Gannet
 * Fairey Swordfish
 * Fiat CR.32
 * Fiat CR.42
 * Fieseler Fi 156
 * FMA IA-58 Pucarà
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 189
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 190
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 200
 * Fokker D.VII
 * Fokker Dr.I
 * Fokker E.I, E.II, E.III
 * Folland Gnat
 * Fouga Magister
 * General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
 * Gloster Gladiator
 * Gloster Javelin
 * Gloster Meteor
 * Grumman A-6 Intruder/EA-6B Prowler
 * Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
 * Grumman F2F/F3F
 * Grumman F4F Wildcat
 * Grumman F6F Hellcat
 * Grumman F7F Tigercat
 * Grumman F8F Bearcat
 * Grumman F9F Panther/F9F Cougar
 * Grumman F-14 Tomcat
 * Grumman OV-1 Mohawk
 * Grumman S-2 Tracker
 * Grumman TBF Avenger
 * Handley Page O/400
 * Handley Page Halifax
 * Handley Page Hampden
 * Handley Page Victor
 * Hawker Fury
 * Hawker Hart/Hind family
 * Hawker Hunter
 * Hawker Hurricane
 * Hawker Sea Fury
 * Hawker Sea Hawk
 * Hawker Typhoon/Tempest
 * Hawker Siddeley Harrier
 * Heinkel He 111
 * Heinkel He 162
 * Heinkel He 177
 * Heinkel He 219
 * Henschel Hs 123
 * Henschel Hs 129
 * Hughes OH-6 Cayuse/500
 * IAI Kfir
 * Ilyushin Il-2/Il-10
 * Ilyushin Il-28
 * Ilyushin Il-76/Il-78
 * Junkers Ju 52
 * Junkers Ju 87
 * Junkers Ju 88
 * Junkers Ju 90/290
 * Junkers Ju 188
 * Kaman SH-2 Seasprite
 * Kamov Ka-25/Ka-27
 * Kamov Ka-50/Ka-52
 * Kawanishi H6K
 * Kawasaki Ki-61
 * Lavochkin La-5/La-7
 * Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
 * Lockheed C-130 Hercules
 * Lockheed C-141 Starlifter
 * Lockheed F-94 Starfire
 * Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
 * Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
 * Lockheed Hudson/Harpoon etc
 * Lockheed P-2 Neptune
 * Lockheed P-3 Orion
 * Lockheed P-38 Lightning
 * Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
 * Lockheed S-3 Viking
 * Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
 * Lockheed T-33
 * Lockheed U-2
 * Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
 * Macchi C.200/202/205
 * Martin B-26 Marauder
 * Martin B-57
 * McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
 * McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III
 * Mcdonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
 * McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
 * McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender
 * McDonnell Douglas Helicopters AH-64 Apache
 * McDonnell Douglas/Bae AV-8B Harrier II
 * Messerschmitt Bf 109
 * Messerschmitt Bf 110
 * Messerschmitt Me 163
 * Messerschmitt Me 262
 * Messerschmitt Me 321
 * Messerschmitt Me 410
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1/MiG-3
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17/Shenyang J-5
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19/Shenyang J-6
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21/Shenyang J-7
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23/MiG-27
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31
 * Mil Mi-8/Mi-14/Mi-27
 * Mil Mi-24/Mi-25/Mi-35
 * Mil Mi-28
 * Mitsubishi A5M
 * Mitsubishi Zero
 * Mitsubishi F-1/T-2
 * Mitsubishi G4M
 * Morane-Saulnier M.S.406
 * Nakajima B5N/B6N
 * Nakajima Ki-43
 * Nakajima Ki-84
 * Nieuport 14/17/24/28 etc
 * North American A-5 Vigilante
 * North American B-25 Mitchell
 * North American F-86 Sabre
 * North American F-100 Super Sabre
 * North American OV-10 Bronco
 * North American P-51 Mustang
 * North American T-6 Texan
 * Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter family (T-38 Talon, F-20 Tigershark)
 * Northrop P-61 Black Widow
 * Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
 * Panavia Tornado
 * Petlyakov Pe-2
 * Polikarpov I-15/I-152/I-153
 * Polikarpov I-16
 * Republic F-84 Thunderjet
 * Republic F-105 Thunderchief
 * Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
 * Rockwell B-1 Lancer
 * Rockwell T-2 Buckeye
 * Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2
 * Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5
 * Saab Draken
 * Saab Viggen
 * Saab Gripen
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
 * SEPECAT Jaguar
 * ShinMaywa PS-1/US-1
 * Short Stirling
 * Short Sunderland
 * Sikorsky H-3/Westland Sea King
 * Sikorsky H-19/Westland Whirlwind
 * Sikorsky H-34/Westland Wessex
 * Sikorsky CH-53
 * Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk/SH-60 Sea Hawk
 * Sopwith Camel
 * Sopwith Pup
 * Sopwith Snipe
 * SPAD VII/XIII
 * Sud-Ouest Vautour
 * Sukhoi Su-7
 * Sukhoi Su-9/Su-11/Su-15
 * Sukhoi Su-17/Su-20/Su-22
 * Sukhoi Su-24
 * Sukhoi Su-25
 * Sukhoi Su-27
 * Supermarine Spitfire
 * Transall C-160
 * Tupolev Tu-2
 * Tupolev Tu-16
 * Tupolev Tu-22
 * Tupolev Tu-95
 * Tupolev Tu-160
 * Vickers Valiant
 * Vickers VC10
 * Vickers Vimy
 * Vickers Wellington
 * Vought A-7 Corsair II
 * Vought F4U Corsair
 * Vought F-8 Crusader
 * Westland Lynx
 * Westland Lysander
 * Westland Wyvern
 * Yakovlev Yak-1/Yak-3/Yak-9
 * Yakovlev Yak-25/Yak-27/Yak-28
 * Yakovlev Yak-38


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/checklist (civil)

[back to strategy]

This list has been created as a benchmark for Wikiproject:Aircraft as we work towards Wikipedia 1.0, acting as a guide as to significant aircraft that may not yet have coverage in Wikipedia. Please do not add to or subtract from this list - it then loses its value as a benchmark.

It is based on the aircraft that received feature articles in the World Aircraft Information Files partwork, some 250 military types and 200 civil types. If you are aware of a list of similar scope from another aviation encyclopedia, you might like to submit it as a separate benchmark.

Limitations: It is acknowledged that pre-1940 types are probably under-represented, and British types are probably over-represented. Also, no X-planes or prototypes are listed here.

Note: Also be sure to run a search for the planes name in case an article has already been written under a different name before writing a duplicate article

 * Aero Spacelines Guppy
 * Aérospatiale SA 365/Eurocopter AS 365 Dauphin family
 * Aérospatiale/Eurocopter AS 350 Ecureuil family
 * Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma/SA 442/Eurocopter AS 532 Super Puma
 * Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde
 * Airbus A300
 * Airbus A310
 * Airbus A319/A320/A321
 * Airbus A330
 * Airbus A340
 * Airtech CN.235
 * Antonov An-2
 * Antonov An-12
 * Antonov An-22
 * Antonov An-24
 * Antonov An-124
 * Antonov An-225
 * Armstrong Whitworth Argosy
 * ATR 42/72
 * BAC One-Eleven
 * Beechcraft Baron
 * Beechcraft Bonanza
 * Beechcraft Model 18
 * Beechcraft King Air
 * Beechcraft Model 99
 * Beechcraft 1900
 * Bell 206
 * Bell 212
 * Bell 222
 * Boeing 247
 * Boeing 307 Stratoliner
 * Boeing 314
 * Boeing 367
 * Boeing 707
 * Boeing 720
 * Boeing 727
 * Boeing 737-100/200
 * Boeing 737-300/400/500
 * Boeing 737 600/700/800
 * Boeing 747-100/200/300
 * Boeing 747-400
 * Boeing 747SP
 * Boeing 757
 * Boeing 767
 * Boeing 777
 * Boeing-Vertol 234 Commercial Chinook
 * Bombardier Global Express
 * Breguet Br.760
 * Bristol Freighter
 * Bristol Brabazon
 * Bristol Britannia
 * BAe 146
 * BAe ATP
 * BAe Jetstream
 * Britten-Norman Islander
 * Canadair CL-44
 * Canadair CL-215
 * Canadair CL-600
 * Canadair RJ
 * Cessna 150/152/172/180/182/205/206/210
 * Cessna 310/337/340/401/414/421
 * Cessna Citation
 * Convair 240/440 etc
 * Convair 880
 * Convair 990
 * Curtiss CW-20
 * Dassault Falcon
 * de Havilland D.H.60/61/71/75/80/81/82/83/85/87/94 Moth family
 * de Havilland Dragon Rapide
 * de Havilland Dove
 * de Havilland Comet
 * de Havilland Heron
 * de Havilland Canada Beaver
 * de Havilland Canada Otter
 * de Havilland Canada Twin Otter
 * de Havilland Canada Dash 7
 * de Havilland Canada Dash-8
 * Dornier Do X
 * Dornier Wal
 * Douglas DC-2
 * Douglas DC-3
 * Douglas DC-4
 * Douglas DC-6
 * Douglas DC-7
 * Douglas DC-8
 * Douglas DC-9
 * Douglas DC-10
 * EMBRAER EMB-110/111
 * EMBRAER EMB-120
 * EMBRAER ERJ 145
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 200
 * Fokker F.VII
 * Fokker F27
 * Fokker F28/F70/F100
 * Ford Trimotor
 * Gulfstream I
 * Gulfstream II/III/IV
 * Handley Page Herald
 * Handley Page HP.42
 * Hawker Siddeley HS.748
 * Hawker Siddeley HS.125
 * Hawker Siddeley Trident
 * Heinkel He 70
 * IAI/Rockwell Jet Commander/Westwind/Astra
 * Ilyushin Il-12
 * Ilyushin Il-18
 * Ilyushin Il-62
 * Ilyushin Il-76
 * Ilyushin Il-86/Il-96
 * Ilyushin Il-114
 * Junkers F.13
 * Junkers G.38
 * Junkers Ju 52
 * Latécoère 631
 * Learjet family
 * LET 410/LET 610
 * Lockheed 10 Electra/12 Electa/14 Super Electra/18 Lodestar
 * Lockheed Constellation/Super Constellation
 * Lockheed Electra
 * Lockheed Hercules
 * Lockheed L-1011 Tristar
 * Lockheed Vega/Orion
 * Martin 2-0-2/4-0-4
 * McDonnell Douglas MD-11
 * McDonnell Douglas MD-80
 * McDonnell Douglas MD-90
 * McDonnell Douglas MD500
 * McDonnell Douglas MD900
 * Mil Mi-8/Mi-17
 * Mitsubishi Diamond II
 * Mitsubishi MU-2
 * NAMC YS-11
 * Piper Cherokee
 * Piper Cub
 * Piper Apache/Aztec
 * Piper Navajo
 * Pitts Special
 * PZL/Antonov An-28
 * Robinson R22/R44
 * Rockwell Sabreliner
 * Saab 340/2000
 * Saab Scandia
 * SATIC Belouga
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.73
 * Shorts 330/360
 * Shorts C-/G-class
 * Short Sandringham/Solent
 * Sikorsky S-61
 * Sikorsky S-76
 * Sud Caravelle
 * Sud-Est Languedoc
 * Swearingen Merlin/Metro
 * Tupolev Tu-104
 * Tupolev Tu-114
 * Tupolev Tu-124
 * Tupolev Tu-134
 * Tupolev Tu-144
 * Tupolev Tu-154
 * Tupolev Tu-204/Tu-214
 * Vickers Vanguard
 * Vickers VC10
 * Vickers Viking
 * Vickers Viscount

Daftar pesawat udara


text:
Hyvinkää

Hyvinkää (Hyvinge, ) is a town in Finland, located in the southern interior of the country. Hyvinkää is situated in the northern part of the Uusimaa region. The population of Hyvinkää is approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland. Hyvinkää is part of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, which has approximately 0 million inhabitants.

Hyvinkää is located approximately 50 km north of the capital Helsinki. The city was granted its charter in 1960. The municipality shares borders with Riihimäki and Hausjärvi to the north, Mäntsälä to the east, Tuusula and Nurmijärvi to the south, and Vihti and Loppi to the west.

Highways, such as the Tampere Highway (E12) and Hanko Highway, as well as rail connections, make it one of the suburban commuter centres of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The city planning has placed emphasis on recreational facilities.

Hyvinkää is home to several well-known buildings, including the 1961 church and the Kytäjä manor house. Additionally, the Finnish Railway Museum is located in Hyvinkää. Kytäjä Golf is located in the village of Kytäjä in the Hyvinkää countryside.

Hyvinkää is also home to Konecranes, which specialises in the manufacture and service of cranes, and KONE Elevators, the world's third largest elevator company, which manufactures, installs and services elevators and escalators.

History
In the 16th century there was a tavern in the area now known as Hyvinkäänkylä (literally "the village of Hyvinkää"), which lies approximately halfway between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. It was mentioned the first time in 1495 as Höffinga. The first tax catalogues also marked the existence of some houses in the area around the same time. During the 16th century there was also a mine close to current-day Kytäjä village.

Hyvinkää village gradually grew in the latter half of the 19th century, though it was the construction of the railway network through Finland, beginning in 1861, that marked the starting point for the town's rapid growth. Hyvinkää, who still belonged to the Nurmijärvi parish at that time, resigned in 1917 as its own parishioner.

The construction of Finland's first stretch of railroad, the Helsinki–Hämeenlinna line, determined the location of the present city centre and the railway station of Hyvinkää is one of the few original stations still in use. From Hyvinkää the railway also branches off to the port of Hanko. The Hanko–Hyvinkää Railroad was the first private railroad in Finland, founded in 1862, and acquired by the Finnish State RR Co. in 1875. In the early 20th century, the station village in Hyvinkää was an intermediate stopping point for many emigrants leaving by ship from Hanko for a new life in North America.

The air quality of Hyvinkää was considered healthy due to dense pine forests, and in the 1880s a group of physicians from Helsinki opened a sanatorium for patients seeking rest and recuperation.

Industrialization brought a wool factory to Hyvinkää in 1892 – the Donner family's Hyvinge Yllespinneri. The factory ceased operation in the 1990s, but the red-brick halls still remain. The building has found several new uses, including an exhibition centre and a theater.

Hyvinkää Airfield served as the country's main airport for a short time after the second World War while Helsinki-Malmi Airport was under the control of the Allied Powers. There is now a motorsports centre near the airfield.

Hyvinkää's population grew quickly following the Second World War. It became home to many Finnish Karelian refugees after Karelia was handed out to Soviet Union by the Moscow Peace Treaty. Nowadays Hyvinkää is the sixth biggest town by inhabitants of Uusimaa.

Population
The city of Hyvinkää has 0 inhabitants, making it the most populous municipality in Finland. The city of Hyvinkää is part of the Helsinki metropolitan area, which is the largest urban area in Finland with 0 inhabitants. In Hyvinkää, 7.9% of the population has a foreign background, which is below the national average.

Languages
Hyvinkää is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population - 0 people or NaN% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Hyvinkää, 0 people, or NaN% of the population, speak Swedish. NaN of the population of Hyvinkää have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 30 different languages are spoken in Hyvinkää. The most common foreign languages are Estonian (1.2%), Russian (1.1%), Albanian (0.6%) and Arabic (0.5%).

Immigration
, there were 3,709 persons with a migrant background living in Hyvinkää, or 7.9% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,418, or 7.3% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Hyvinkää was 2,421. Most foreign-born citizens came from Estonia, the former Soviet Union, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia.

The relative share of immigrants in Hyvinkää's population is below the national average. Moreover, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion
In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 62.5% of the population of Hyvinkää. Other religious groups accounted for 2.3% of the population. 35.2% of the population had no religious affiliation.

Politics
Results of the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election in Hyvinkää:

 * Social Democratic Party 25.2%
 * Finns Party 24.9%
 * National Coalition Party 21.2%
 * Centre Party 5.8%
 * Green League 5.6%
 * Left Alliance 5.1%
 * Christian Democrats 3.8%
 * Freedom Alliance 1.1%
 * Swedish People's Party 1.0%

Health care
There are three health care centers in Hyvinkää. Hyvinkää hospital is one of largest general hospitals in Finland. The emergency unit services 24 hours in day.

Education
There are twenty primary schools in Hyvinkää: Anttila school (grades 1–2), Asema school (and the English classes of Hyvinkää), Hakala school, Hyvinkäänkylä school, Hämeenkatu school, Härkävehmas school (grades 3–9), Kaukas school, Kytäjä school, Martti school, Noppo school, Paavola school, Pohjoispuisto school (grades 7–9), Puolimatka school (grades 1–9), Ridasjärvi school, Svenska skolan i Hyvinge (Grades 1–6), Talvisilta school (Grades 1–2), Tapainlinna school (Grades 1–9), Uusikylä school and Vehkoja school (grades 3–9).

As of 2021 there is only high school in Hyvinkää following the merger of Hyvinkään yhteiskoulun lukio and Hyvinkään Sveitsin lukio.

Railway
Hyvinkää is an important railway city, located on the primary rail route in southern Finland. Station building is one of the original Helsinki-Hämeenlinna railway stations in original use. The city is also home to the Finnish Railway Museum and a VR maintenance area. Hyvinkää also has another railway line, the Hyvinkää-Karis railway towards Hanko (founded on 8 October 1873). Passenger traffic between Hyvinkää and Karis ended in September 1983, but the railway is still in use by VR Cargo.

Airfield
Hyvinkää airfield was the main airport of Finland in 1944–1947, when Helsinki-Malmi Airport was in use by the Allied Commission. Finnair used Hyvinkää as a major hub. Finnair's DC-3-pilots trained to fly at Hyvinkää airfield in 1948.

Since the 1950s, the airfield has mainly been in use by general aviation. Aviation clubs including Jukolan Pilotit, Mäntsälän Ilmailukerho and Hyvinkään Ilmailukerho operate from the airfield as of 2020.

Buses
The Local bus service is operated by Hyvinkään Liikenne. There are six local bus lines.

Sport
Hyvinkää has a large variety of sports. Hyvinkään Tahko plays pesäpallo at men's top league, Superpesis. Hyvinkää Falcons plays american football in nation's second level in both men's and women's league system. Hyvinkään Palloseura or HyPS plays association football in the fourth division in men's and in the fifth division in women's football. Hyvinkää has three men's ice hockey teams of which Hoki Klupi Hyvinkää plays in the fourth division and Hyvinkää Bruins and Hyvinkää Storm in the fifth division. In basketball Hyvinkään Ponteva plays in men's 1st Division B and in women's second division.

Vauhtipuisto, Hyvinkää Speedway track is a motorcycle speedway venue located to the north east of the city in the motor sport complex, adjacent to the Hyvinkaa Airfield. The complex also features a motocross and a race track. The speedway track has held the final of the Finnish Individual Speedway Championship on four occasions in 1992, 2013, 2016 and 2021.

Festivals

In the Summer, there is an annual beer festival which attracts rock bands from Scandinavia and about 10,000 visitors.

Notable residents

 * Tomi Kalliola, musician
 * Niko Kari, racing driver
 * Jaan Markus Keski-Kastari, California champion wake boarder, MX-3 racer, Olympic candidate snowboarder
 * Aki Klemm, musician, composer, artist
 * Sauli Koskinen, TV presenter living in Los Angeles
 * Heikki Mikkola, motocross racer; four-time world champion
 * Peetu Piiroinen, Olympic silver medallist, men's halfpipe
 * Katri Rosendahl, endurance riding national champion 2007
 * Juha Ruokangas, master luthier, founder of Ruokangas Guitars
 * Jalmari Ruokokoski, painter
 * Esa Saarinen, philosopher
 * Yrjö Saarinen, painter
 * Tyko Sallinen, painter
 * Ossi Savolainen, mayor of Hyvinkää
 * Helene Schjerfbeck, painter
 * Roni Tran Binh Trong, singer
 * Lauri Tukonen, professional ice hockey player
 * Markku Uusipaavalniemi, curler, politician
 * Sanna Valkonen, professional football player
 * Petteri Wirtanen, professional ice hockey player

Twin towns – Sister cities
Hyvinkää is twinned with:

 * 🇳🇴 Eigersund, Norway
 * 🇭🇺 Kecskemét, Hungary
 * 🇷🇺 Kostroma, Russia
 * 🇸🇪 Motala, Sweden
 * 🇩🇪 Hersfeld-Rotenburg district, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Kunshan, China

Projects
The educational department takes part in Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in Finland.

title: Hyvinkää


text:
Singspiel

A Singspiel (plural: Singspiele; lit. 'sing-play') is a form of German-language music drama, now regarded as a genre of opera. It is characterized by spoken dialogue, which is alternated with ensembles, songs, ballads, and arias which were often strophic, or folk-like. Singspiel plots are generally comic or romantic in nature, and frequently include elements of magic, fantastical creatures, and comically exaggerated characterizations of good and evil.

History
Some of the first Singspiele were miracle plays in Germany, where dialogue was interspersed with singing. By the early 17th century, miracle plays had grown profane, the word "Singspiel" is found in print, and secular Singspiele were also being performed, both in translated borrowings or imitations from English and Italian songs and plays, and in original German creations.

In the 18th century, some Singspiele were translations of English ballad operas. In 1736, the Prussian ambassador to England commissioned a translation of the ballad opera The Devil to Pay. This was successfully performed in the 1740s in Hamburg and Leipzig. A further version of this was made by Johann Adam Hiller and C. F. Weiße in 1766 (Der Teufel ist los oder Die verwandelten Weiber), the first of a string of such collaborations which led to Hiller and Weisse being called "the fathers of the German Singspiel."

French operas with spoken dialogue (opéras comiques) were frequently transcribed into the German and became very successful in Vienna in the late 1770s and early 1780s. By contrast, German translations of contemporary Italian opere buffe, which were quite successful in England and France at the time, were significantly less frequent. Singspiele were considered middle-to-lower class entertainment – as opposed to the predominantly aristocratic genres of opera, ballet and stage play – and were usually performed by traveling troupes (such as the Koch, Döbbelin and Koberwein companies), rather than by established companies within metropolitan centers.

Mozart wrote several Singspiele: Bastien und Bastienne (1768), Zaide (1780), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782), Der Schauspieldirektor (1786), and finally Die Zauberflöte (1791). E. T. A. Hoffmann, who admired him, composed Singspiele, such as Liebe und Eifersucht in 1807.

In 1927, Kurt Weill created a new word, "Songspiel", to describe his work Mahagonny-Songspiel.

title: Singspiel


text:
Talk:Gumbel distribution

This article is a mess, and needs rewriting. -- Anon.

 * I agree; maybe I'll get to it at some point. I've done some small fixes, but more is needed. Michael Hardy 22:11, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If I may give a suggestion, I would redirect the page to the on the generalized extreme value distribution (which I just wrote and I hope in a decent way) of which the Fisher-Tippett is a special case. Since I'm a newbie, I'm not sure it is appropriate to do so, so I prefer to ask.

At any rate, the total lack of any references is troubling, and the fact that neither Pi nor the Euler constant are expressly defined is sloppy. -- Anon.

Gumbel distribution itself makes readers be confused because there are several different definitions of Gumbel distributions. The Gumbel distribution in Wikipedia is the Generalized Extreme Value distribution Type-I. However, other sources such as Wolfram does not follow this definition and they refer Gumbel distribution as a minimum extreme value distribution. In addition, you can see other definitions of Gumbel distribution in several textbooks. For this reason, Matlab does not use the term Gumbel distribution and they don't have any function that directly refers Gumbel distribution. Instead of using the term Gumbel, Mathworks uses "Generalized Extreme Value" distribution (e.g. gevrnd). I agree their way to avoid directly using the term Gumbel distribution in their software because there are many different definitions of Gumbel distributions. Wikipedia editors also have to carefully edit this page. -- Jaekwan — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jkshin933 (talk • contribs) 21:07, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Symbol mismatch - text and graphics
The images use symbols β and γ, but the text uses β and μ. One or the other needs correcting for consistency. DFH 20:25, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I suppose those symbols are BETA, GAMMA, and MU. In the table at right MU is the location parameter which is not the mean.
 * The two top right graphs use parameters LAMBDA and BETA but the table below them uses MU and BETA. Is LAMBDA also the location parameter?
 * Is consistency across articles on probability distributions intended regarding symbols for location, scale, and shape parameters? If not entirely, is consistency intended for the top right graphs?  for the righthand tables?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.247.23.33 (talk) 23:56, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

changed the figures to remove the figure inconsistencies. --Herr blaschke (talk) 11:12, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Distribution name
Isn't this also called the Gompertz distribution? If you see, the Shifted Gompertz distribution links this distribution, but nothing is written here about the other name, so it is confusing. Faermi 16:03, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Mean Value Calculation
I think that tere is a mistake in the calculation of the mean value, because I've done some experiments in Mattab and the sign in the equation should be (-), i.e., mean$$=\mu - \beta\,\gamma\!$$, and not mean$$=\mu + \beta\,\gamma\!$$, as it was before.

Anyone can confirm if that's right?

Thank you all.

08:37, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Response: see Location-scale_family for the rules of location scale transormations. Also, it is cited with a + in the body of the article. If you are careful with the - signs in the distribution, you will see that the + sign in the mean is the correct formula. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.110.112.62 (talk) 20:17, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Response 2: Matlab has a different definition of the Gumbel distribution from that used here (it has a heavy left tail). Thus the mean of the Matlab Gumbel distribution is indeed $$=\mu - \beta\,\gamma\!$$. This caused someone to incorrectly change the sign to minus on 27 Nov. 2010. I have now changed it back to plus. Kristjan.Jonasson (talk) 11:55, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Gumbel graph paper
The attached image of the graph paper doesn't make much sense. How is it related to this distribution? This should be explained. --Ghtx (talk) 15:27, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

i think something is wrong. the maximum is not the first order statistic? which ( the first order statistic or the nth order statistic) is distributed as gumbel? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.91.62.24 (talk) 15:06, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Minimum vs Maximum Case
From the text: "It is also known as the log-Weibull distribution"

Actually, per NIST, the Gumbel (minimum case) distribution is the distribution of the log of a Weibull-distributed variable, whereas this page is talking about the Gumbel (maximum case) distribution... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4898:0:FFF:0:5EFE:A7D:8603 (talk) 21:32, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Sum of two Gumble variables
The formula under Related distributions, claiming that for Gumble X and Y, X+Y is Logistic seems incorrect. Simple argument: X+Y should not be symmetric.

More complicated argument: Saralees Nadarajah "Linear combination of Gumbel random variables" (2006) Gives expression for the cdf of the sum (Corollary 2), and it is a Bassel function.

The same applies also to the similar formula for generalized extreme value distribution. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexander Shekhovtsov (CTU) (talk • contribs) 16:19, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gumbel distribution


text:
Hydroplane

Hydroplaning and hydroplane may refer to:

 * Aquaplaning or hydroplaning, a loss of steering or braking due to water on the road
 * Hydroplane (boat), a fast motor boat used in racing
 * Hydroplane racing, a sport involving racing hydroplanes on lakes and rivers
 * Floatplane, a type of seaplane, with one or more slender pontoons
 * Flying boat, a fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water
 * Gallaudet Hydroplane, an early aircraft employing the use of wing-warping for roll control
 * Hydrofoil, a boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull
 * Planing (boat), a method by which the hull of a boat skims over the surface of the water
 * Seaplane, a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water
 * Diving plane, a submarine control surface used to help control depth
 * Hydroblading, a figure skating move sometimes referred to as hydroplaning

title: Hydroplane


text:
Sten Andersson

Sten Sture Andersson (20 April 1923 – 16 September 2006) was a Swedish social democratic politician, who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs 1985–1991 and as President of the Nordic Council in 1994.

He worked closely with Olof Palme, and became known internationally for his support of Palestinian independence. In November 2010 he was posthumously awarded the Star of Jerusalem, the highest Palestinian order, by Mahmoud Abbas.

He was awarded the Illis quorum in 1995.

Death
Andersson died suddenly from a heart attack on 16 September 2006 in Stockholm.

Appointments

 * Minister for Foreign Affairs (1985–1991)
 * Minister for Social Affairs (1982–1985)
 * Member of the Riksdag (1966–1994)
 * Member of the executive committee of the Social Democrat Party (1962–1993)
 * Secretary of the Social Democrat Party (1962–1982)

title: Sten Andersson