text:
Talk:Cheesecake

Order of regions
Why are the regions of the world listed in this order? Should they not be listed alphabetically, i.e. Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America? (Or I guess you could put the Americas first, in the order North, South, then Asia). ZackMartin (talk) 12:11, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Usually, these sections seem to begin as a few facts, with newer information usually going at the bottom, and eventually someone adds in section headings. The result is that the order is often pretty much random until someone else comes along and organizes it.  You should feel free to be that "someone else" and boldly improve the organization.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:25, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Cheese pie
Cheese Pie redirects here. I don't understand this at all - cheese pie is completely unrelated to cheesecake, being a hot savoury dish (at least here in the UK). Is this true in other Anglophone regions? --Ef80 (talk) 18:35, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I think that it you search for "cherry cream cheese pie" at your favorite web search engine, you'll see what the redirect creator was likely thinking about. WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:26, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. It isn't a satisfactory state of affairs though - cheese pie should really be a disambig page, with this article as one of the links. I suppose somebody needs to write a stub for (savoury) cheese pie first though. --Ef80 (talk) 21:25, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

— Berean Hunter   (talk)  21:33, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Torta rustica should be mentioned...and cheese pie is considered savoury in the US.

 * British cheese pie isn't well defined but is usually some mixture of mashed potato, onion and cheese with a pastry top. It was one of the standard World War II austerity dishes and is much less common today though it is still made - see http://cheesepie.co.uk/, http://www.wartimehousewife.com/2009/08/cheese-pie/. --Ef80 (talk) 00:14, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

— Berean Hunter   (talk)  00:50, 27 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Both look good but I imagine the second to be more British. With the first, I see three Italian cheeses in a traditional Brit pie.

Cato's cheesecake
The article says:

Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura includes recipes for two cakes for religious uses: libum and placenta.[5][6] Of the two, placenta is most like most modern cheesecakes, having a crust that is separately prepared and baked.[7] It is important to note that though these early forms are called "cheesecakes", they differed greatly in taste and consistency from the cheesecake that we know today.

There are several mistakes and misconceptions in this passage.

1) Cato indeed gives a recipe for placenta, and indeed the cake contains cheese. But first of all, "placenta" does not mean cheesecake, the word simply means a cake. So the first half the last sentence quoted above is pointless.

2) The other part of the sentence is pointless as well, because the recipe for a cheesecake is given by Cato not in section 85 (placenta), but in section 93 (savillum). A cake baked according to this recipe is virtually identical to modern cheesecake, the only exception being, that Cato's recipe suggests to use honey where we'd use sugar (which was not available to Romans). This adds some flavor (characteristic to honey) to the way the cake tastes, but despite this (minor) difference, savillum is, as I said, identical to modern cheesecake. And yes, I tried the recipe myself.

3) Consequently, the entire passage I am quoting above is wrong, because it first misidentifies the placenta recipe as being a cheesecake recipe, then proceeds to "discover" that placenta "differs greatly in taste and consistency" from our modern cheesecakes. Of course it does - because placenta is NOT a cheesecake. The Cato's cheesecake is savillum.

-79.185.196.88 (talk) 12:50, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Japanese-style cheesecake?
Japan Japanese-style cheesecake relies upon the emulsification of cornstarch and eggs to make a smooth flan-like texture and almost plasticine appearance. There is no citation for this, and it appears to be fanciful. NotYourFathersOldsmobile (talk) 00:23, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

Netherlands/Belgium style
I propose to change "Netherlands/Belgium style" for "Low Countries-style" to avoid repetition--87.115.255.193 (talk) 19:26, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

Contradictions/errors
This sentence from 'History' does not make sense:

 * 'An ancient form of cheesecake may have been a popular dish in ancient Greece even prior to Romans' adoption of it with the conquest of Greece.'

It basically says 'cheesecake was popular in Greece even before Rome got the idea from Greece'. Does anyone know what the intent of the statement is?

This sentence, also from 'History': 'The type of modern cheesecake that has an uncooked, cream-cheese filling on a cookie-crumb base is an American invention that differs greatly from English cheesecakes, which traditionally include dried fruits and spices and are baked in the oven.' implies that english style is baked and does not feature a buscuit base and cream-cheese and american style is unbaked, however everything in the 'National varieties' section contradicts this. Such as here:
 * 'In the United Kingdom and Ireland,, cheesecake is typically made with a base of crushed, buttered biscuits.....The usual filling is a mixture of cream cheese, sugar, and cream[citation needed] and it is not baked, but refrigerated.'

Here:
 * 'The United States has several different recipes for cheesecake and this usually depends on the region in which the cake was baked.....These cheesecakes are typically baked before serving.'

And here:
 * 'New York–style cheesecake......when the cheesecake is cooked. It is mixed with vanilla extract and sugar and replaced in the oven, essentially making the cheesecake twice-baked.
 * 'Cheesecakes represented as being "New York style" are the most common variety in the United States;'

I suspect it is the 'History' section in the wrong but can anyone confirm this? Gehyra Australis (talk) 03:37, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I've tagged the article as cotradictory. Gehyra Australis (talk) 04:34, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't think that the article as it stands is necessarily contradictory; it might merely be unclearly written. I haven't yet gone through all of the sources for the History section, but I think that what it is trying to say is that early European cheesecakes were baked, and that the idea of an unbaked cheesecake is originally an American one.  That doesn't necessarily contradict the statement that today, the unbaked cheesecake is more common in Britain, where baked cheesecakes are referred to as "American-style", that the National varieties section indicates.  (It might, of course, simply be wrong, but I'll determine that when I've actually read the sources...) Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 15:22, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've now read the relevant article (Wilson 2002), and it seems that the history stuff is all correct (or, at least, verifiably what the article says). It also seems clear from looking at recipes that "New York style" cheesecake is baked.  The idea that set cheesecake is in some way British, is, however, more difficult to find a source for.  The only thing I can find is this article, which attributes the idea to wikipedia and hence obviously does not qualify as a reliable source.

 * More problematic is the fact that it turns out that the final paragraph of the section History ("The type of modern cheesecake that has an uncooked, cream-cheese filling on a cookie-crumb base is an American invention that differs greatly from English cheesecakes, which traditionally include dried fruits and spices and are baked in the oven.") is taken verbatim from the article referenced, but it is not inside quotation marks, which is WP:Plagiarism. As far as I can this was the first introduction of the line.  I am fixing it now. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 16:21, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that, I've removed the tag. 58.167.192.180 (talk) 12:04, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Sugar Content (Historical)
I'll start by rambling: it seems to me that cheesecake I ate 30 to 40 years ago was less sweet than the cheesecakes that I eat (occasionally) today. It would be interesting to me to see any kind of historical data as to typical sugar content (separated by type of cheesecake) over the last 50 years or so. Or, suggestions as to a source of such information.--Rhkramer (talk) 19:42, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Update: Well obviously one approach would be to calculate the sugar content based on some recipes, some old, some new. If I get ambitious enough I might try that. I might have to bake a cheesecake or two to get a ratio between unbaked and baked weight--I guess I'd be forced to eat those cakes, too--sounds like a great burden. ;-) --Rhkramer (talk) 19:47, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

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Why?
Why can't I edit this page, despite having an account? --Angol Fear (talk) 17:29, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

Typo
The final photo spells 'sauce' as 'source'.

Vatrushka isnt cheesecake
Russian "Vatrushka" its not a variant of cheesecake! Its bun with cottage cheese. Look: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0 or just images - ватрушка But tvorozhnaya zapekanka - yes, smth similar with cheesecake. --Вадим де Голь (talk) 17:42, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this note. I have removed that sentence. WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:43, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 June 2020
Change type of desert in the table from “tart” to “pie” since cheesecakes are usually taller than a tart and has a creamy filling more similar to a cookies and cream pie than any tart 2600:1700:5C50:B580:8C0C:BC50:38F3:D3FE (talk) 13:32, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. The section gives a number of different possibilities, so I simply changed the infobox to reflect that. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 14:38, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Easy Cheesecake recepie
YIELD: 16-17 cupcake size cheesecakes

INGREDIENTS:

4 pks digestive biscuits/any cookie

4 tbsp margarine, melted

16oz cream cheese

1/2 cup sour cream

2 tsp vanilla essence

1/3 cup granulated sugar

2 eggs

Strawberry topping (or any that you like) DIRECTIONS

Add cookies/biscuits to a food processor. Process until they turn into fine crumbs. Empty in the crumbs into a bowl. Add the melted margarine to the bowl and mix well. Add cupcake liners to a baking tray. Add approx 1 tbsp of the crumbs/margarine mixture to the cupcake liner. Using your fingers, press the crumbs firmly together to form the crust at the bottom of the liner. Add cream cheese to a mixing bowl. Mix/Beat until light and fluffy. Add sugar, sour cream, vanilla essence to the cream cheese. Mix well. Add eggs in one at a time. Beat until the mixture is smooth. Fill each cupcake liner 3/4 way with the cheesecake mixture. Place baking tray in a water bath. Bake at 350 degrees for approx 30 minutes. The cheesecakes should ideally feeling slightly bouncy when you touch it after roughly 30 minutes.

Allow the cheesecakes to cool then top with your favorite topping. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Radz02 (talk • contribs) 17:42, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Add information about Basque cheesecakes
Unsure if this should be a new wiki page or a new "Basque"/"Spain" section in this "Cheesecakes" page under the "National Varieties: Europe" section:

Basque cheesecake was created in 1990 by chef Santiago Rivera of La Viña in San Sebastian, Spain. It is a baked crustless cheesecake with a creamy custard-like centre, which sometimes can be molten like lava cake, and main defining characteristic of a caramelized "burnt" top. This cheesecake is now popularized around the world with other restaurants, bakeries, and home chefs making their own versions.

Tshbooks (talk) 19:45, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Pineapple cheesecake into Cheesecake

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not merged. Article was deleted at AfD with the conclusion that there was nothing worth merging. Lord Belbury (talk) 10:05, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Trivial variant Spudlace (talk) 06:06, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support also Enyucado, Tu (cake), Smoked salmon cheesecake. UserTwoSix (talk) 06:38, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Those would need separate discussions. Smoked salmon cheesecake would require a rewrite of the lede sentence and a substantial change of the scope of this article. That is not trivial and would be proposed separate from this discussion. Spudlace (talk) 22:27, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, the articles were so short I thought they could be easily merged. But not really knowing about them, they do indeed seem separate from cheesecake. The smoked salmon one is about savoury cheesecake, is that what you were getting at? UserTwoSix (talk) 23:12, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, exactly, trivially it can be topped with any kind of fruit (craberry, strawberry, etc) but rewriting the lead is outside scope when the common name in Merriam Webster is for a dessert. Spudlace (talk) 22:14, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Support. The article has no reason to exist. There's basically no information here, and there's nothing to indicate it's distinct from regular cheesecake DeputyBeagle (talk) 16:42, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment I think someone likes pineapple cheesecake. UserTwoSix (talk) 17:15, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment This is cut and dry. This request is a success, but I cannot find any way to merge the info into the main cheesecake article since it is simply not relevant. Instead I'll propose it's deleted and place a proposed deletion tag at the top of the page since I do not expect it to be controversial DeputyBeagle (talk) 20:03, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment Looks like there has already been a proposed deletion so I will start an AfD discussion instead DeputyBeagle (talk) 20:15, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 March 2021
Veg Cheesecake No eggs are added to this cheesecake. these are gluten free. Cheesecakeloverindia (talk) 02:07, 27 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ƒirefly  ( t · c ) 19:17, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

Good grief
Are people really so fired up about cheesecake the page needed to be locked?!. Unlock the page already, or fix the red links. Fruit sauce probably needs to link to List of sauces #Sweet sauces.
 * ✅, I've made fruit sauce redirect to List_of_sauces. Articles get locked for all kinds of reasons, which are only rarely to do with how important the subject is. --Lord Belbury (talk) 10:02, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

"Cheesecake" with Orange Slices?
Y'all sure that picture in the article's gallery is a cheesecake? It looks like just a wheel of uncut cheese. GuavaTrain (talk) 22:26, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

Reference 14 - Cheesecake.com
I do not believe, that this source is reliable. It is used to show, that yeast was apparently used in the majority (if not all) cheescake recipes as late as the 18th century. But the German wikipedia entry for cheesecake lists the ingredients of a cheesecake from the end of the 16th century, with no yeast to be found. Making the statement from "Cheesecake.com" dubious at best, as it gives no sources what so ever. This is besides the fact, that a cheesecake company's website cannot be a credible source for a wikipedia article - this is for marketing, not a scholarly endevour. 88.152.184.17 (talk) 22:57, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia articles are also bad sources. Can you find a good one that addresses this? WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:46, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Cheesecake Enthusiast
Oliver Lewis-Burrell 2A02:C7E:2B34:2F00:A42E:394:A0FE:2658 (talk) 21:19, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Unify the spelling please
Under Chicago-Style it's "cream-cheese" and under New York-Style it's "cream cheese" 2.202.124.95 (talk) 20:12, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I have amended the former Sbishop (talk) 15:41, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Dutch cheesecake [kwarktaart]
Not sure when or why that image in the gallery section became labelled as Dutch cheesecake. The original image source describes it as Thuringian, which is an area of Germany. Can someone change/remove this for factual accuracy? Thanks in advance :) Anticynicism (talk) 05:04, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 November 2023
it's not "casatta siciliana", it's "Cassata siciliana" 79.31.159.179 (talk) 20:04, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ except for the capitalisation. Maproom (talk) 18:54, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Wrong spelling - Italy section
It's not "pastichiera Napoletana", it is "pastiera Napoletana" 87.9.155.44 (talk) 22:22, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅. Thank you for this note. WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:49, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 December 2023
The section "Switzerland" should not be its own section; it should be part of "National varieties". This seems to be a mistake as "North America" and "South America" are also in the "Switzerland" section. PaU1570 (talk) 10:20, 23 December 2023 (UTC) I have amended the heading format. Ponsonby100 (talk) 10:29, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks for highlighting! Jonathan Deamer (talk) 10:29, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Hip Hop 50
— Assignment last updated by KING162 (talk) 16:32, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheesecake


text:
Magnetorheological fluid

A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications.

MR fluid is different from a ferrofluid which has smaller particles. MR fluid particles are primarily on the micrometre-scale and are too dense for Brownian motion to keep them suspended (in the lower density carrier fluid). Ferrofluid particles are primarily nanoparticles that are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. As a result, these two fluids have very different applications.

How it works
The magnetic particles, which are typically micrometer or nanometer scale spheres or ellipsoids, are suspended within the carrier oil and distributed randomly in suspension under normal circumstances, as below.

When a magnetic field is applied, however, the microscopic particles (usually in the 0.1–10 μm range) align themselves along the lines of magnetic flux, see below.

Material behavior
To understand and predict the behavior of the MR fluid it is necessary to model the fluid mathematically, a task slightly complicated by the varying material properties (such as yield stress). As mentioned above, smart fluids are such that they have a low viscosity in the absence of an applied magnetic field, but become quasi-solid with the application of such a field. In the case of MR fluids (and ER), the fluid actually assumes properties comparable to a solid when in the activated ("on") state, up until a point of yield (the shear stress above which shearing occurs). This yield stress (commonly referred to as apparent yield stress) is dependent on the magnetic field applied to the fluid, but will reach a maximum point after which increases in magnetic flux density have no further effect, as the fluid is then magnetically saturated. The behavior of a MR fluid can thus be considered similar to a Bingham plastic, a material model which has been well-investigated.

However, MR fluid does not exactly follow the characteristics of a Bingham plastic. For example, below the yield stress (in the activated or "on" state), the fluid behaves as a viscoelastic material, with a complex modulus that is also known to be dependent on the magnetic field intensity. MR fluids are also known to be subject to shear thinning, whereby the viscosity above yield decreases with increased shear rate. Furthermore, the behavior of MR fluids when in the "off" state is also non-Newtonian and temperature dependent, however it deviates little enough for the fluid to be ultimately considered as a Bingham plastic for a simple analysis.

Thus our model of MR fluid behavior in the shear mode becomes:

 * $$\tau =\tau_y(H) + \eta\frac{dv}{dz}, \tau>\tau_y$$

Where $$\tau$$ = shear stress; $$\tau_y$$ = yield stress; $$H$$ = Magnetic field intensity $$\eta$$ = Newtonian viscosity; $$\frac{dv}{dz}$$ is the velocity gradient in the z-direction.

Shear strength
Low shear strength has been the primary reason for limited range of applications. In the absence of external pressure the maximum shear strength is about 100 kPa. If the fluid is compressed in the magnetic field direction and the compressive stress is 2 MPa, the shear strength is raised to 1100 kPa. If the standard magnetic particles are replaced with elongated magnetic particles, the shear strength is also improved.

Particle sedimentation
Ferroparticles settle out of the suspension over time due to the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. The rate and degree to which this occurs is one of the primary attributes considered in industry when implementing or designing an MR device. Surfactants are typically used to offset this effect, but at a cost of the fluid's magnetic saturation, and thus the maximum yield stress exhibited in its activated state.

Common MR fluid surfactants
MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to:

 * oleic acid
 * tetramethylammonium hydroxide
 * citric acid
 * soy lecithin

These surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly improbable as developing a perpetual motion machine according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. Surfactant-aided prolonged settling is typically achieved in one of two ways: by addition of surfactants, and by addition of spherical ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Addition of the nanoparticles results in the larger particles staying suspended longer since the non-settling nanoparticles interfere with the settling of the larger micrometre-scale particles due to Brownian motion. Addition of a surfactant allows micelles to form around the ferroparticles. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a ferroparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. This increases the effective particle diameter. Steric repulsion then prevents heavy agglomeration of the particles in their settled state, which makes fluid remixing (particle redispersion) occur far faster and with less effort. For example, magnetorheological dampers will remix within one cycle with a surfactant additive, but are nearly impossible to remix without them.

While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in MR fluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the magnetic saturation), which is commonly a parameter which users wish to maximize in order to increase the maximum apparent yield stress. Whether the anti-settling additive is nanosphere-based or surfactant-based, their addition decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluids on-state/activated viscosity, resulting in a "softer" activated fluid with a lower maximum apparent yield stress. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is also a primary concern for many MR fluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity, maximum apparent yields stress, and settling rate of an MR fluid.

Modes of operation and applications
An MR fluid is used in one of three main modes of operation, these being flow mode, shear mode and squeeze-flow mode. These modes involve, respectively, fluid flowing as a result of pressure gradient between two stationary plates; fluid between two plates moving relative to one another; and fluid between two plates moving in the direction perpendicular to their planes. In all cases the magnetic field is perpendicular to the planes of the plates, so as to restrict fluid in the direction parallel to the plates.

Squeeze-flow mode

The applications of these various modes are numerous. Flow mode can be used in dampers and shock absorbers, by using the movement to be controlled to force the fluid through channels, across which a magnetic field is applied. Shear mode is particularly useful in clutches and brakes - in places where rotational motion must be controlled. Squeeze-flow mode, on the other hand, is most suitable for applications controlling small, millimeter-order movements but involving large forces. This particular flow mode has seen the least investigation so far. Overall, between these three modes of operation, MR fluids can be applied successfully to a wide range of applications. However, some limitations exist which are necessary to mention here.

Limitations
Although smart fluids are rightly seen as having many potential applications, they are limited in commercial feasibility for the following reasons:

 * High density, due to presence of iron, makes them heavy. However, operating volumes are small, so while this is a problem, it is not insurmountable.
 * High-quality fluids are expensive.
 * Fluids are subject to thickening after prolonged use and need replacing.
 * Settling of Ferro-particles can be a problem for some applications.
 * Cannot operate at extremely High/Low temperatures

Commercial applications do exist, as mentioned, but will continue to be few until these problems (particularly cost) are overcome.

Advances in the 2000s
Studies published beginning in the late 2000s which explore the effect of varying the aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic particles have shown several improvements over conventional MR fluids. Nanowire-based fluids show no sedimentation after qualitative observation over a period of three months. This observation has been attributed to a lower close-packing density due to decreased symmetry of the wires compared to spheres, as well as the structurally supportive nature of a nanowire lattice held together by remnant magnetization. Further, they show a different range of loading of particles (typically measured in either volume or weight fraction) than conventional sphere- or ellipsoid-based fluids. Conventional commercial fluids exhibit a typical loading of 30 to 90 wt%, while nanowire-based fluids show a percolation threshold of ~0.5 wt% (depending on the aspect ratio). They also show a maximum loading of ~35 wt%, since high aspect ratio particles exhibit a larger per particle excluded volume as well as inter-particle tangling as they attempt to rotate end-over-end, resulting in a limit imposed by high off-state apparent viscosity of the fluids. This range of loadings suggest a new set of applications are possible which may have not been possible with conventional sphere-based fluids.

Newer studies have focused on dimorphic magnetorheological fluids, which are conventional sphere-based fluids in which a fraction of the spheres, typically 2 to 8 wt%, are replaced with nanowires. These fluids exhibit a much lower sedimentation rate than conventional fluids, yet exhibit a similar range of loading as conventional commercial fluids, making them also useful in existing high-force applications such as damping. Moreover, they also exhibit an improvement in apparent yield stress of 10% across those amounts of particle substitution.

Another way to increase the performance of magnetorheological fluids is to apply a pressure to them. In particular the properties in term of yield strength can be increased up to ten times in shear mode and up five times in flow mode. The motivation of this behaviour is the increase in the ferromagnetic particles friction, as described by the semiempirical magneto-tribological model by Zhang et al. Even though applying a pressure strongly improves the magnetorheological fluids behaviour, particular attention must be paid in terms of mechanical resistance and chemical compatibility of the sealing system used.

Applications
The application set for MR fluids is vast, and it expands with each advance in the dynamics of the fluid.

Mechanical engineering
Magnetorheological dampers of various applications have been and continue to be developed. These dampers are mainly used in heavy industry with applications such as heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, and more.

As of 2006, materials scientists and mechanical engineers are collaborating to develop stand-alone seismic dampers which, when positioned anywhere within a building, will operate within the building's resonance frequency, absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure, giving these dampers the ability to make any building earthquake-proof, or at least earthquake-resistant.

MR fluids' technology can applied among high-end auxiliary equipment that has flexible fixtures at CNC machining. It can hold irregular surfaces and difficult-to-grasp products.

Military and defense
The U.S. Army Research Office is currently funding research into using MR fluid to enhance body armor. In 2003, researchers stated they were five to ten years away from making the fluid bullet resistant. In addition, HMMWVs, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers and/or dampers.

Optics
Magnetorheological finishing, a magnetorheological fluid-based optical polishing method, has proven to be highly precise. It was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens.

Automotive
If the shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid instead of a plain oil or gas, and the channels which allow the damping fluid to flow between the two chambers is surrounded with electromagnets, the viscosity of the fluid, and hence the critical frequency of the damper, can be varied depending on driver preference or the weight being carried by the vehicle - or it may be dynamically varied in order to provide stability control across vastly different road conditions. This is in effect a magnetorheological damper. For example, the MagneRide active suspension system permits the damping factor to be adjusted once every millisecond in response to conditions. General Motors (in a partnership with Delphi Corporation) has developed this technology for automotive applications. It made its debut in both Cadillac (Seville STS build date on or after 1/15/2002 with RPO F55) as "Magneride" (or "MR") and Chevrolet passenger vehicles (All Corvettes made since 2003 with the F55 option code) as part of the driver selectable "Magnetic Selective Ride Control (MSRC)" system in model year 2003. Other manufacturers have paid for the use of it in their own vehicles, for example Audi and Ferrari offer the MagneRide on various models.

General Motors and other automotive companies are seeking to develop a magnetorheological fluid based clutch system for push-button four wheel drive systems. This clutch system would use electromagnets to solidify the fluid which would lock the driveshaft into the drive train.

Porsche has introduced magnetorheological engine mounts in the 2010 Porsche GT3 and GT2. At high engine revolutions, the magnetorheological engine mounts get stiffer to provide a more precise gearbox shifter feel by reducing the relative motion between the power train and chassis/body.

As of September 2007, Acura (Honda) has begun an advertising campaign highlighting its use of MR technology in passenger vehicles manufactured for the 2007 MDX model year.

Aerospace
Magnetorheological dampers are under development for use in military and commercial helicopter cockpit seats, as safety devices in the event of a crash. They would be used to decrease the shock delivered to a passenger's spinal column, thereby decreasing the rate of permanent injury during a crash.

Human prosthesis
Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agility for the patient.

Haptic feedback input devices
The company XeelTech and CK Materials Lab in Korea use magnetorheological fluid to generate the haptic feedback of their HAPTICORE rotary switches. The MR actuators are primarily used as input devices with adaptive haptic feedback to enable new possibilities in user interface design. The HAPTICORE technology functions like a miniature MR brake. By changing the magnetic field created by a small electromagnet inside the rotary knob, the friction between the outer shell and the stator is modified in such a way that the user perceives the braking effect as haptic feedback.

By modifying the rheological state of the fluid in near real time, a variety of mechanical rotary knob and cam switch haptic patterns such as ticks, grids, and barriers or limits can be simulated. In addition, it is also possible to generate new forms of haptic feedback, such as speed-adaptive and direction-dependent haptic feedback modes. This technology is used, for example, in HMIs of industrial equipment, household appliances or computer peripherals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magnetorheological fluid


text:
Mexican Federal Highway 125

Federal Highway 125 (Carretera Federal No. 125) is a Federal Highway of Mexico that runs from Veracruz south across the Sierra Madre Oriental to just north of the Pacific Ocean in Oaxaca. Federal Highway 125 is split into three segments: the first segment travels from Conejos, Veracruz in the north to Fortín de las Flores in the south. The second segment travels from Tehuacán, Puebla in the north to Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca in the south. The third segment travels from Yucudaa, Oaxaca to Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca.

title: Mexican Federal Highway 125


text:
Claude Wagner

Claude Wagner (April 4, 1925 – July 11, 1979) was a Canadian judge and politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. Throughout his career, he was a Crown prosecutor, professor of criminal law and judge.

Life and career
Wagner was born in Shawinigan, Quebec, as the son of Corona ( Saint-Arnaud) and Benjamin Wagner. His father, a violinist, was a immigrant from the city of Sucheva in the region of Bukovina, Romania. His mother was French-Canadian.

In 1963, Wagner was appointed as a Sessions Court judge. Subsequently, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in a by-election in Montréal-Verdun on October 5, 1964, and was re-elected in the 1966 general election in Verdun. He earned a "law-and-order" reputation when he served successively as Solicitor General, Attorney General, and Minister of Justice from its creation in 1965 to 1966 in the government of Quebec Premier Jean Lesage.

After losing the 1970 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election to Robert Bourassa, Wagner left electoral politics to return to the bench, receiving appointment once more as a Sessions Court judge. He then entered federal politics, and was elected as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Saint-Hyacinthe in the 1972 federal election, serving in the 29th Parliament as an Opposition MP. He was re-elected in the 1974 election, and after Robert Stanfield resigned as leader of the party, he stood as a candidate at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention of 1976.

Wagner attracted support from Tories who believed that having a leader from Quebec would enable the party to break the federal Liberal Party's stranglehold on the province and from right-wing Tories attracted by his law-and-order reputation. He was hurt by revelations of a slush fund that was funded by supporters so that he would be financially solvent if he lost in 1972. Wagner led on the first three ballots of the convention, but Joe Clark won the leadership by 65 votes out of 2,309 on the fourth ballot.

In 1978, he was nominated to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; he accepted the appointment and sat as a Progressive Conservative. One reason for his departure from the House of Commons was that he could not get along well with Clark. He died of cancer the next year at the age of 54, during Clark's brief premiership.

His son, Richard, also pursued a career in the judiciary, eventually being nominated to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada in 2012 by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and who became Chief Justice of Canada in 2017 during the government of Justin Trudeau. On January 21, 2021, Richard Wagner assumed the role of Administrator of Canada, following a workplace review of Rideau Hall and the resignation of Julie Payette as Governor General of Canada, pending the appointment of a new Governor General.

title: Claude Wagner


text:
Ferrofluid

Ferrofluid is a liquid that is attracted to the poles of a magnet. It is a colloidal liquid made of nanoscale ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each magnetic particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of tiny nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as "superparamagnets" rather than ferromagnets.

In contrast to ferrofluids, magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) are magnetic fluids with larger particles. That is, a ferrofluid contains primarily nanoparticles, while an MR fluid contains primarily micrometre-scale particles. The particles in a ferrofluid are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions, while particles in an MR fluid are too heavy to be suspended by Brownian motion. Particles in an MR fluid will therefore settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. As a result, ferrofluids and MR fluids have very different applications.

A process for making a ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell to create liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a fuel pump in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field. The name ferrofluid was introduced, the process improved, more highly magnetic liquids synthesized, additional carrier liquids discovered, and the physical chemistry elucidated by R. E. Rosensweig and colleagues. In addition Rosensweig evolved a new branch of fluid mechanics termed ferrohydrodynamics which sparked further theoretical research on intriguing physical phenomena in ferrofluids. In 2019, researchers at the University of Massachusetts and Beijing University of Chemical Technology succeeded in creating a permanently magnetic ferrofluid which retains its magnetism when the external magnetic field is removed. The researchers also found that the droplet's magnetic properties were preserved even if the shape was physically changed or it was divided.

Description
Ferrofluids are composed of very small nanoscale particles (diameter usually 10 nanometers or less) of magnetite, hematite or some other compound containing iron, and a liquid  (usually oil). This is small enough for thermal agitation to disperse them evenly within a carrier fluid, and for them to contribute to the overall magnetic response of the fluid. This is similar to the way that the ions in an aqueous paramagnetic salt solution (such as an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate or manganese(II) chloride) make the solution paramagnetic. The composition of a typical ferrofluid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier, by volume.

Particles in ferrofluids are dispersed in a liquid, often using a surfactant, and thus ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions – materials with properties of more than one state of matter. In this case, the two states of matter are the solid metal and liquid it is in. This ability to change phases with the application of a magnetic field allows them to be used as seals, lubricants, and may open up further applications in future nanoelectromechanical systems.

True ferrofluids are stable. This means that the solid particles do not agglomerate or phase separate even in extremely strong magnetic fields. However, the surfactant tends to break down over time (a few years), and eventually the nano-particles will agglomerate, and they will separate out and no longer contribute to the fluid's magnetic response.

The term magnetorheological fluid (MRF) refers to liquids similar to ferrofluids (FF) that solidify in the presence of a magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids have micrometre scale magnetic particles that are one to three orders of magnitude larger than those of ferrofluids.

However, ferrofluids lose their magnetic properties at sufficiently high temperatures, known as the Curie temperature.

Normal-field instability

When a paramagnetic fluid is subjected to a strong vertical magnetic field, the surface forms a regular pattern of peaks and valleys. This effect is known as the Rosensweig or normal-field instability. The instability is driven by the magnetic field; it can be explained by considering which shape of the fluid minimizes the total energy of the system.

From the point of view of magnetic energy, peaks and valleys are energetically favorable. In the corrugated configuration, the magnetic field is concentrated in the peaks; since the fluid is more easily magnetized than the air, this lowers the magnetic energy. In consequence the spikes of fluid ride the field lines out into space until there is a balance of the forces involved.

At the same time the formation of peaks and valleys is resisted by gravity and surface tension. It requires energy both to move fluid out of the valleys and up into the spikes, and to increase the surface area of the fluid. In summary, the formation of the corrugations increases the surface free energy and the gravitational energy of the liquid, but reduces the magnetic energy. The corrugations will only form above a critical magnetic field strength, when the reduction in magnetic energy outweighs the increase in surface and gravitation energy terms.

Ferrofluids have an exceptionally high magnetic susceptibility and the critical magnetic field for the onset of the corrugations can be realised by a small bar magnet.

Common ferrofluid surfactants
The soapy surfactants used to coat the nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

 * oleic acid
 * tetramethylammonium hydroxide
 * citric acid
 * soy lecithin

These surfactants prevent the nanoparticles from clumping together, so the particles can not fall out of suspension nor clump into a pile of magnetic dust on near the magnet. The magnetic particles in an ideal ferrofluid never settle out, even when exposed to a strong magnetic field. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a nanoparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. Electrostatic repulsion then prevents agglomeration of the particles.

While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in ferrofluids, they also hinder the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the fluid's magnetic saturation). The addition of surfactants (or any other foreign particles) decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluid's on-state viscosity, resulting in a "softer" activated fluid. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is less of a concern for some ferrofluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity versus the settling rate of a ferrofluid.

Electronic devices
Ferrofluids are used to form liquid seals around the spinning drive shafts in hard disks. The rotating shaft is surrounded by magnets. A small amount of ferrofluid, placed in the gap between the magnet and the shaft, will be held in place by its attraction to the magnet. The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris from entering the interior of the hard drive. According to engineers at Ferrotec, ferrofluid seals on rotating shafts typically withstand 3 to 4 psi; additional seals can be stacked to form assemblies capable of withstanding higher pressures.

Mechanical engineering
Ferrofluids have friction-reducing capabilities. If applied to the surface of a strong enough magnet, such as one made of neodymium, it can cause the magnet to glide across smooth surfaces with minimal resistance.

Ferrofluids can also be used in semi-active dampers in mechanical and aerospace applications. While passive dampers are generally bulkier and designed for a particular vibration source in mind, active dampers consume more power. Ferrofluid based dampers solve both of these issues and are becoming popular in the helicopter community, which has to deal with large inertial and aerodynamic vibrations.

Materials science research
Ferrofluids can be used to image magnetic domain structures on the surface of ferromagnetic materials using a technique developed by Francis Bitter.

Loudspeakers
Starting in 1973, ferrofluids have been used in loudspeakers to remove heat from the voice coil, and to passively damp the movement of the cone. They reside in what would normally be the air gap around the voice coil, held in place by the speaker's magnet. Since ferrofluids are paramagnetic, they obey Curie's law and thus become less magnetic at higher temperatures. A strong magnet placed near the voice coil (which produces heat) will attract cold ferrofluid more than hot ferrofluid thus pushing the heated ferrofluid away from the electric voice coil and toward a heat sink. This is a relatively efficient cooling method which requires no additional energy input.

Bob Berkowitz of Acoustic Research began studying ferrofluid in 1972, using it to damp resonance of a tweeter. Dana Hathaway of Epicure in Massachusetts was using ferrofluid for tweeter damping in 1974, and he noticed the cooling mechanism. Fred Becker and Lou Melillo of Becker Electronics were also early adopters in 1976, with Melillo joining Ferrofluidics and publishing a paper in 1980. In concert sound, Showco began using ferrofluid in 1979 for cooling woofers. Panasonic was the first Asian manufacturer to put ferrofluid in commercial loudspeakers, in 1979. The field grew rapidly in the early 1980s. Today, some 300 million sound-generating transducers per year are produced with ferrofluid inside, including speakers installed in laptops, cell phones, headphones and earbuds.

Cell separations
Ferrofluids conjugated with antibodies or common capture agents such as Streptavidin (SA) or rat anti-mouse Ig (RAM) are used in immunomagnetic separation, a subset of cell sorting. These conjugated ferrofluids are used to bind to target cells, and then magnetically separate them from a cell mixture using a low-gradient magnetic separator. These ferrofluids have applications such as cell therapy, gene therapy, cellular manufacturing, among others.

Audio-visualization
On the aesthetic side, ferrofluids can be displayed to visualize sound. For that purpose, the blob of ferrofluid is suspended in a clear liquid. An electromagnet acts on the shape of the ferrofluid in response to the volume or the audio frequency of the music, allowing it to selectively react to a song’s treble or bass.

Ferrolens
A magneto-optic device and magnetic-field flux viewer dynamic lens can be created by using a superparamagnetic thin-film encapsulated and sealed between two optic flat glasses. The thin film is made of a heavily diluted, almost transparent ferrofluid that is several microns thick. The ferrolens has an LED ring array around its perimeter that illuminates it. When an external magnetic field is projected onto the surface of the thin film, it produces a 2D flux magnetic field imprint pattern, similar to the Faraday's classical iron filings experiment. This pattern includes depth of field information of the external field being displayed by the ferrolens device, despite the thin film having a finite thickness only of several microns (i.e. 10 to 20 μm).

Medical applications
Several ferrofluids were marketed for use as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, which depend on the difference in magnetic relaxation times of different tissues to provide contrast. Several agents were introduced and then withdrawn from the market, including Feridex I.V. (also known as Endorem and ferumoxides), discontinued in 2008; resovist (also known as Cliavist), 2001 to 2009; Sinerem (also known as Combidex), withdrawn in 2007; Lumirem (also known as Gastromark), 1996 to 2012; Clariscan (also known as PEG-fero, Feruglose, and NC100150), development of which was discontinued due to safety concerns.

Spacecraft propulsion
Ferrofluids can be made to self-assemble nanometer-scale needle-like sharp tips under the influence of a magnetic field. When they reach a critical thinness, the needles begin emitting jets that might be used in the future as a thruster mechanism to propel small satellites such as CubeSats.

Analytical instrumentation
Ferrofluids have numerous optical applications because of their refractive properties; that is, each grain, a micromagnet, reflects light. These applications include measuring specific viscosity of a liquid placed between a polarizer and an analyzer, illuminated by a helium–neon laser.

Medical applications
Ferrofluids have been proposed for magnetic drug targeting. In this process the drugs would be attached to or enclosed within a ferrofluid and could be targeted and selectively released using magnetic fields.

It has also been proposed for targeted magnetic hyperthermia to convert electromagnetic energy into heat.

It has also been proposed in a form of nanosurgery to separate one tissue from another—for example a tumor from the tissue in which it has grown.

Heat transfer
An external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying susceptibility (e.g., because of a temperature gradient) results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to a form of heat transfer called thermomagnetic convection. This form of heat transfer can be useful when conventional convection heat transfer is inadequate; e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

Ferrofluids of suitable composition can exhibit extremely large enhancement in thermal conductivity (k; ~300% of the base fluid thermal conductivity). The large enhancement in k is due to the efficient transport of heat through percolating nanoparticle paths. Special magnetic nanofluids with tunable thermal conductivity to viscosity ratio can be used as multifunctional ‘smart materials’ that can remove heat and also arrest vibrations (damper). Such fluids may find applications in microfluidic devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Optics
Research is under way to create an adaptive optics shape-shifting magnetic mirror from ferrofluid for Earth-based astronomical telescopes.

Optical filters are used to select different wavelengths of light. The replacement of filters is cumbersome, especially when the wavelength is changed continuously with tunable-type lasers. Optical filters tunable for different wavelengths by varying the magnetic field can be built using ferrofluid emulsion.

Energy harvesting
Ferrofluids enable the harvesting of vibration energy from the environment. Existing methods of harvesting low frequency (<100 Hz) vibrations require the use of solid resonant structures. With ferrofluids, energy harvester designs no longer need solid structure. One example of ferrofluid based energy harvesting is to place the ferrofluid inside a container to use external mechanical vibrations to generate electricity inside a coil wrapped around the container surrounded by a permanent magnet. First a ferrofluid is placed inside a container that is wrapped with a coil of wire. The ferrofluid is then externally magnetized using a permanent magnet. When external vibrations cause the ferrofluid to slosh around in the container, there is a change in magnetic flux fields with respect to the coil of wire. Through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, voltage is induced in the coil of wire due to change in magnetic flux.

title: Ferrofluid


text:
Gnome (disambiguation)

A gnome is a diminutive spirit in Renaissance magic and alchemy.

Gnome or GNOME may also refer to:

Computing

 * GNOME, a desktop environment for computers running Unix-like operating systems
 * GNO/ME (GNO Multitasking Environment), an environment for the Apple IIGS computer
 * Gnome sort, a sorting algorithm

Fictional races

 * Gnome (Dungeons & Dragons), a race in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 * Gnome (Dragonlance)
 * Gnomes (Warcraft), a race in World of Warcraft

Film and television

 * Gnomes (film), a 1980 film based on the 1977 book
 * "Gnomes" (South Park), a 1998 episode of South Park
 * Gnomes, characters in Gravity Falls

Literature

 * "The Gnome" (fairy tale), a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm
 * Gnomes (book), a 1977 book by Wil Huygen and illustrated by Rien Poortvliet
 * Lord Gnome, the fictional proprietor of the British satirical magazine Private Eye
 * Gnome, a villain appearing in the Marvel Comics series Nightmask

Other uses

 * Gnome (band), a stoner rock band notable for their garden gnome-like hats
 * Gnome (rhetoric), saying or maxim providing instruction in compact form
 * Gnome (car), a cyclecar made in London between 1925 and 1926
 * "The Gnome", a song by Pink Floyd
 * G-Nome, a video game released in 1997
 * Gnome Press, a 1948–1962 small-press publishing company
 * Garden gnome, a figurine used as a lawn ornament
 * Project Gnome, a nuclear test in 1961
 * Rolls-Royce Gnome, an aircraft engine
 * Sky Gnome, a device for accessing radio channels and digital television
 * Ramón Mercader (1913–1978), a foreign agent of the USSR codenamed GNOME

title: Gnome (disambiguation)


text:
Ivan Rebroff

Ivan Rebroff (born Hans Rolf Rippert; 31 July 1931 – 27 February 2008) was a German-born vocalist, allegedly of Russian ancestry, who rose to prominence for his distinct and extensive vocal range of four octaves, ranging "from a low F to a high F, one and a quarter octaves above C". An imposing figure on stage, usually bearded and dressed in Cossack clothing, his presence was enhanced by his height, being over 2 metres tall.

Life and career
Rebroff was born on 31 July 1931 in Berlin as Hans Rolf Rippert to German parents. His parents were Paul Rippert, an engineer born in 1897 in Liebenwerda, and Luise Fenske, born in Bydgoszcz (then part of Prussian Bromberg). He claimed Russian descent, and while often disputed, this has never been totally refuted. In a 1989 interview with Izvestia, he said "according to documents I am Ivan Pavlovich Rebroff" (Иван Павлович Ребров).

He studied singing at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. Although his knowledge and pronunciation of Russian was imperfect, he became famous for singing Russian folk songs, but also performed opera, light classics and folk songs from many other countries. He was known on stage for his gusto. He performed over 6,000 concerts in his career, including a two-year seven-day-a-week stint at the Théâtre Marigny in Paris, singing and acting, among other greats, the role of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof. When he was well into his seventies, Rebroff still performed 13 concerts in 21 days on an Australian tour.

Rebroff described himself as international, the "connection between East and West". He was named an honorary citizen of the Greek Sporades island of Skopelos, his domicile. Rebroff was homosexual.

He died in Frankfurt after a long illness. Four days after his death, his brother Horst Rippert, who is nine years his senior (and by his own unsubstantiated accounts shot down Antoine de Saint-Exupéry during World War II), claimed part of Rebroff's vast fortune.

LP discography

 * 1967
 * Volksweisen aus dem alten Russland (Folk Songs from Old Russia)

 * 1968
 * Volksweisen aus dem alten Russland 2 (Folk Songs from Old Russia Volume II)
 * Original russische Liebeslieder
 * Na Sdarowje (Ivan sings about vodka and wine)
 * Slawische Seele (Compilation album shared with Tatjana Iwanow and Dunja Rajter)

 * 1969
 * Beim Klang der Balalaika, and in French Au son des Balalaikas
 * Favourites from Mother Russia
 * Abendglocken (compilation)
 * Russische Weihnacht mit Ivan Rebroff
 * Ivan Rebroff (includes "Lara's Theme" from Doctor Zhivago)
 * A Russian Christmas
 * Un Violon sur le toit (soundtrack of French production of Fiddler on the Roof)
 * Russische Party (live album)
 * Festliche Weihnacht (with Regensburger Domspatzen boys' choir)
 * A Festive Christmas (Festliche Weihnacht re-issue)

 * 1970
 * Somewhere My Love (English-language versions)
 * Kosaken müssen reiten (German-language versions)
 * Ivan Rebroff

 * 1971
 * The Best of Ivan Rebroff (compilation)
 * Ivan Rebroff Sing Vir Ons (South African album – Gold Disk Award)
 * Vir Jou Suid-Afrika (South African album)
 * Ivan Rebroff (Opera)
 * Kalinka (soundtrack from the 1971 film L'Homme qui vient de la nuit, German: Das Lied der Balalaika)
 * Mein Russland, du bist schön (German-language versions)
 * Starportrait (compilation)
 * Zwischen Donau und Don (with Dunja Rajter)

 * 1972
 * Erinnerungen an Russland (Russian-language versions)
 * The Best of Ivan Rebroff Volume II (compilation)

 * 1973
 * Lieder der Welt (Folk songs from around the world)
 * Mein altes Russland (lushly arranged Russian folk songs)
 * 25 Greatest Russian Melodies (compilation with Tatjana Iwanow (2 duets))
 * 20 Greatest Hits (compilation)

 * 1974
 * Russische Party 2 (live album)
 * Memories of Russia

 * 1975
 * Ivan Rebroff at Carnegie Hall (live)
 * Reich mir die Hand
 * Russische Lieder von Liebe und Tod

 * 1977
 * Midnight in Moscow (Russian-language versions)
 * Komm mit nach Hellas (German-language versions of Greek songs)

 * 1978
 * Mitternacht in Moskau (German version of Midnight in Moscow)

 * 1979
 * Ave Maria
 * Die Ivan Rebroff Versameling (compilation of South African tracks)

 * 1980
 * Zauber einer großen Stimme – 20 unvergängliche Welterfolge
 * Zauber einer großen Stimme – Seine größten Welterfolge
 * Die schönsten Lieder dieser Welt (Ivan Rebroff singt 20 unvergängliche Melodien)
 * Katharina und Potemkin (TV musical/operetta)

CD discography

 * 1976
 * Die Fledermaus conducted by Carlos Kleiber – Deutsche Grammophon – with Hermann Prey, Júlia Várady, Lucia Popp, René Kollo, Bernd Weikl, Benno Kusche – Bavarian State Opera Chorus and Bavarian State Orchestra

 * 2002
 * Meine Reise um die Welt
 * The Great Ivan Rebroff
 * Ach Natascha

 * 2003
 * Seine Größten Welterfolge
 * Best of Ivan Rebroff
 * Golden Stars

Compilation albums

 * Festliche Weihnachten
 * The Art of Ivan Rebroff
 * The Best of Russian Folk Songs Vol. 1
 * The Best of Russian Folk Songs Vol. 2
 * Erinnerungen an das letzte Jahrhundert [Memories of the previous century]
 * Der Zarewitsch
 * Weihnachten mit Ivan Rebroff
 * Die schönste Stimme Rußlands
 * Kosakenträume

title: Ivan Rebroff


text:
List of cities in Iowa

Iowa is a state located in the Midwestern United States. As of 2010, there are 943 incorporated cities in the U.S. state of Iowa. According to the 2020 United States Census, Iowa has 3,190,369 inhabitants and 55857.13 sqmi of land.

Iowa is divided into 99 counties and has 943 cities. Every incorporated place in Iowa is called a "city", regardless of population. Incorporated cities can choose one of six forms of municipal government that differ primarily on how the legislative and administrative responsibilities are separated: mayor-council, mayor-council with an appointed manager, council-manager-at-large, commission, council-manager-ward, home rule charter or special charter. Most operate as mayor–council.

According to the 2020 Census, 2,014,831 of Iowa's 3,190,369 residents lived in urban areas, accounting for 63.1% of the population. The first city to incorporate was Farmington on January 11, 1841, while the most recent was Maharishi Vedic City on July 25, 2001. The largest city by population and by land area is Des Moines with 214,133 residents and 90.65 sqmi. The smallest city by population is Le Roy with 11 residents.

title: List of cities in Iowa


text:
The Dandy Annual

The Dandy Annual is the name of a book that has been published every year since 1938, to tie in with the children's comic The Dandy. there have been 86 editions. The Dandy Annual still continues to be published, even though the weekly comic ended in 2013. The annuals are traditionally published in July or August, in time for Christmas, and since 1965 they have had the date of the following year on the cover. Before then no date was given.

From 1938 to 1951 the annual was called The Dandy Monster Comic. The name changed to The Dandy Book in 1952 and continued, the year changing for each subsequent annual, until the release of the 2003 book in 2002 when it was renamed The Dandy Annual. Despite the comic's relaunch as Dandy Xtreme in 2007, the annual was still known as The Dandy Annual. This is likely because the annuals of the time were mostly made up of Dandy Comix, due to the topical nature of the magazine's Xtreme content.

In unison with the comic at the time, the front cover usually featured Korky the Cat. After Desperate Dan took over the front page in 1984, the annual cover reflected this by featuring both Korky and Dan until the release of the 1991 book in 1990 – which was the first ever Dandy Annual to not feature Korky on the front cover in any way. He has made several appearances since then, despite the main focus shifting to Dan.

In 2006, the original 1939 Monster Comic was reprinted as a facsimile edition in a collector's slipcase.

List of annuals
This information is necessary to identify older annuals which are not dated. If an annual is dated 1940, it would have been published in August 1939. Prices are in shillings and pence with one shilling equal to 5p.

The Dandy Monster Comic
 * 1939: Desperate Dan, Korky the Cat, Keyhole Kate, and the Bamboo Town monkeys are holding up the letter "Y" of "Dandy". Price 2/6
 * 1940: Korky the Cat is hanging from a trapeze, and Freddy the Fearless Fly is sitting upon his tail as he swings on it. Price 2/6
 * 1941: Korky the Cat is leading the other then-current Dandy characters (with Freddy the Fly upon his baton), in a band. Price 3/-
 * 1942: Desperate Dan is towing a rowing boat (which is carrying the other then-current Dandy characters) with his teeth. Price 3/6
 * 1943: All the then-current Dandy characters are taking part in a bike race, and Korky is in the lead of all the others. Price 5/-
 * 1944: Korky the Cat has been hit by a flying football (given that it has been kicked through his net by Desperate Dan). Price 6/-
 * 1945: Korky the Cat on skis passed by Desperate Dan, who is using logs (with other characters sitting on them) as skis. Price 6/-
 * 1946: Korky the Cat and other then-current Dandy characters are displayed in stars (and the Bellboy is aiming at them). Price 6/-
 * 1947: Korky the Cat flies up into the air after landing on a blanket (which is held by all the other Dandy characters). Price 6/-
 * 1948: Korky the Cat is operating all the other then-current Dandy characters (who are all portrayed as string puppets). Price 6/-
 * 1949: Korky the Cat in a top hat and a bow tie while smoking a cigar, as he walks down a red carpet with Desperate Dan. Price 6/-
 * 1950: Korky the Cat pours a kettle of boiling water into the sea upon a beach, with other characters in the background. Price 6/-
 * 1951: Korky the Cat is the ringmaster of a circus, for which Desperate Dan is holding up an elephant in the background. Price 6/-
 * 1952: "Korky's Toy Shop", with a mechanical Desperate Dan pushing a tin of red paint (on a shelf above Korky) onto him. Price 6/-

The Dandy Book
 * 1953: Six pictures of Korky chasing mice (on account of the fact they have stolen his food) then having a slap-up feed. Price 6/-
 * 1954: Four pictures of Korky stealing a fish which he then hides under a large red top hat (that he wears on his head). Price 6/-
 * 1955: Four pictures of Korky fishing in front of a "No Fishing" sign (he is reading a paper when the gamekeeper comes). Price 6/-
 * 1956: Four pictures of Korky on a ladder in front of Korky's Joke Shop (the red paint he used for the name disappears). Price 6/-
 * 1957: Three pictures of Korky in a train with four fishermen. They go through a tunnel and he has eaten all their fish. Price 6/6
 * 1958: Three pictures of Korky in a rowing boat, using a magnet to catch fish (even though fish are not made of metal!). Price 6/6
 * 1959: Three pictures of Korky, first in a rowing boat, and then in a large umbrella after Hungry Horace sunk said boat. Price 6/6
 * 1960: Three pictures of Korky eating a meal, while some mice try to jump up to a mailbox with chains wrapped around it. Price 7/-
 * 1961: Three pictures of Korky balancing an egg on his nose, which falls on him and releases a gas which knocks him out. Price 7/6
 * 1962: Three pictures of Korky leaning on a lamppost (he is smoking as a policeman comes, but the smoke is from a fish). Price 7/6
 * 1963: Four pictures of Korky in a sailor suit looking through a porthole (he becomes sicker-looking with each new one). Price 7/6
 * 1964: Three pictures of a professor lecturing, Korky answering him, and then sitting in a deckchair while eating a pie. Price 7/6
 * 1965: Two pictures of Korky getting his own back on a pantomime horse which has trodden on his tail, with itchy powder. Price 7/6

From 1966 all books were dated.
 * 1966: Korky is swinging in a giant boot which he borrowed from a circus stilt-walker who can be seen in the background. Price 7/6
 * 1967: Korky is rolling a giant snowball down a hill (which has gathered up some interfering mice in it on its travels). Price 7/6
 * 1968: Korky is dressed up as Santa Claus, with a sack of presents (some interfering mice are attempting to steal them). Price 7/6
 * 1969: Korky is about to eat a Christmas pudding, and some interfering mice are on a shelf above him trying to steal it. Price 7/6
 * 1970: Three pictures of Korky discovering that the interfering mice have eaten up all of his food on Christmas morning. Price 8/6
 * 1971: Korky is holding a picture of a tomato with a sail sticking out of it (a "tomato sloop" – as the book called it). Price 9/6
 * 1972: Korky is holding a glove puppet of Santa Claus; on the back cover, he squeezes it to squirt two interfering mice. Price 50p
 * 1973: Korky is balancing a string of sausages and a Christmas pudding on his nose. On the back, we see they are frozen. Undated (Pre-production?) copies do exist of this annual. Price 55p
 * 1974: Korky is playing a drum and all the mice are following him. On the back cover he takes some food out of the drum. Price 55p
 * 1975: Korky is wearing a bulging top hat. On the back cover, some mice steal the hidden stash of sweets inside the hat. Price 60p
 * 1976: Korky is loading up the wagons of a model train with sweets. On the back cover, two mice change the track points. Price 70p
 * 1977: Korky is blowing up a giant yellow balloon (which has the face of Santa Claus upon it). On the back cover, a group of four interfering mice throw their harpoons at it and make it explode, but the resulting blast of the explosion knocks them all out. Price 90p
 * 1978: Korky is dressed up as Santa Claus (holding three mice in a cage). On the back cover, one of the mice uses a peashooter to spit a pea at Korky's right paw, forcing him to drop the cage in his pain (and on landing, the door opens and frees all three). Price £1
 * 1979: Korky is having a punch-up with an octopus (or "octo-puss" – as the book referred to it upon its fourth page). Price £1.15
 * 1980: Korky's comic bronco ride – and the "bronco" in question happens to be a Doberman dog. The story is continued on the front and back end-papers of the book, and on the back cover, Korky lands on top of the Doberman (and knocks him out as a result). Price £1.25
 * 1981: Korky and Santa Claus are "dashing through the snow", in a soap-box cart. On the back cover, Santa tells Korky that he was going too fast to stop at the Christmas Party Hall, and that he has to shove him back there as a result of what he had done. Price £1.40
 * 1982: Korky is in a barrel with a spring in the bottom, and being chased by a policeman and a gamekeeper to a river. Price £1.60
 * 1983: Korky is putting a coin into his robot money box. On the back cover, the moneybox beats up some watching mice. Price £1.80
 * 1984: Korky's nephew Lipp (black, like Korky himself) takes a photo of him dressed as a footballer, while Bully Beef prepares to squirt him with his water pistol. On the back cover, Korky stands upon the football, which squirts Bully Beef full in the face. Price £2
 * 1985: Desperate Dan carries Korky's car over a footbridge. On the back cover, we see that cars have a £1 toll on it. Price £2.25
 * 1986: Desperate Dan playing a one-man band, very badly (and shattering all the windows in Dandytown's buildings as a result), as other characters put their fingers in their ears, and Korky applauds him. On the back cover, we see that Korky is a glazier. Price £2.45
 * 1987: Desperate Dan and Korky having a bicycle race. On the back cover, Dan stops, just short of the finishing line as a mouse runs in front of him. Price £2.70
 * 1988: All the characters are riding in a Viking longboat. On the back cover, the boat crashes on Dandytown's shores. Price £2.85
 * 1989: Desperate Dan's shirt buttons fly off and Cuddles, Dimples, Korky and his three nephews attempt to catch them. Price £3.10
 * 1990: Cuddles, Dimples, Dinah Mo, and Korky burst out of one of Desperate Dan's cow pies (as he is about to eat it). Price £3.25
 * 1991: Dimples squirts his water pistol into one of Desperate Dan's ears; it comes out of the other one, and hits Cuddles full in the face. This annual also reveals the origins of Bananaman: Eric became him after he ate up a radioactive banana as a baby. Price £3.55
 * 1992: Desperate Dan is holding a "Licence to Laugh" and all the other characters are pulling funny faces behind him. Price £3.80
 * 1993: Dinah Mo, the Smasher, Cuddles, Dimples, and Korky are hanging on strings from a gigantic Desperate Dan's hat. Price £4.10
 * 1994: Desperate Dan is being ridden by his Aunt Aggie and all the other characters are dressed up as knights. On the back cover, Aunt Aggie rides Dan off into the sunset (but the pennant on the front of her lance, which says "1994", cannot be seen now). Price £4.35
 * 1995: Desperate Dan is bouncing across a field on a pogo stick while all the other characters are rushing to get out of his way. On the back cover, he jumps over the moon as a violin-holding cat (not Korky), a cow, a dog, a dish and a spoon watch (it is a reference to Hey Diddle Diddle). This annual also reveals the real names of Bananaman's enemies (when he went back to school). Price £4.50
 * 1996: All the characters are trying to shelter from a thunderstorm. On the back cover, Dan is hit by a thunderbolt, where he has a metallic skeleton, akin to Wolverine, a miniature furnace for a stomach, and a pump for a heart. The endpaper of this annual, showing Desperate Dan's relations, was the basis for the "Wild West Test" track in Beanotown Racing. Price £4.75
 * 1997: All the characters are performing stunts in a circus. On the back cover they are shot through the tent's roof. Price £4.99
 * 1998: Desperate Dan and Beryl the Peril are having a pillow fight on a balance beam. On the back cover, Dan sneezes (as a result of the feathers flying out of Beryl's pillow), and then falls off the balance beam as she is rightfully declared the winner. Price £5.25
 * 1999: Desperate Dan is playing a lamppost like a flute, and all the other then-current characters are following him. Price £16.90
 * 2000: Desperate Dan is bouncing on the roof of the Millennium Dome. On the back cover, he has bounced onto the moon. Price £5.99
 * 2001: Cuddles and Dimples have broken all the glass panes in a greenhouse and an angry policeman is writing the evidence down in his notebook. Desperate Dan, Korky, Brain Duane, and Bananaman are watching (the last one is also flying) in the background. Price £6.20
 * 2002: Desperate Dan sits at a table with a load of empty cow pie dishes behind him as Aunt Aggie brings another one. Price £6.25

The Dandy Annual
 * 2003: Cuddles and Dimples are rushing down a snow-covered hill on a sledge, and splattering Desperate Dan, Korky, Bananaman, the Sneaker, and Beryl the Peril as they pass by. This was the first annual that actually got referred to as "The Dandy Annual". Price £6.45
 * 2004: Desperate Dan is carving his face into the Moon with his iron-girder skateboard (we see it on the back cover). Price £6.70
 * 2005: Desperate Dan is holding a gigantic snow globe – inside which Cuddles and Dimples are having a snowball fight. On the back cover, Dan is trapped inside the snow globe while Cuddles and Dimples are outside laughing. Price £6.99
 * 2006: Desperate Dan accidentally drops a toy box, which contains figures of all the other (then-current) characters. Price £6.99
 * 2007: Desperate Dan is dressed as Santa Claus while all the other current characters are rushing for their presents. Price £7.25
 * 2008: Desperate Dan is singing a song, while playing a guitar. On the back cover, we see the animals do not like it. Price £7.50
 * 2009: Desperate Dan is paddling a canoe, and sending fish everywhere. On the back cover, we see his old friend Zeke. Price £7.99
 * 2010: Desperate Dan and a bear are having an arm wrestling match. On the back cover, they both fall into the ground. Price £7.99
 * 2011: Desperate Dan is in Cactusville holding Jak and Todd with all the other characters standing behind them. Features the tag-line "Making The Nation Laugh Since 1937". Price £7.99
 * 2012: Desperate Dan is sitting on a horse, that is jumping angrily into the air while all the other characters look on. Features a "75th Birthday Edition" logo (similar to how some printings of the 1988 annual had the "Dandy/Beano 50 Years Young" logo). Price £7.99
 * 2013: All the characters are at a party that is celebrating the Dandy's 75th birthday (even if it was its last day). Price £7.99
 * 2014: Desperate Dan is eating a cow pie, prepared by his old Aunt Aggie (this was the first after the comic folded). Price £7.99
 * 2015: Desperate Dan, Korky the Cat, Brassneck, Keyhole Kate, the Smasher, Winker Watson, the Jocks and the Geordies and Corporal Clott are playing football. Price £7.99
 * 2016: It's the Strictly Cactusville Wild West Barn Dance, and Desperate Dan is spinning his partner, as other characters watch. Greedy Pigg, Mr Creep (Winker Watson's teacher), and Corporal Clott are serving as judges. Price £7.99
 * 2017: Korky, Brassneck, Desperate Dan and Bery the Peril are having a selfie at Mount Laughmore (a parody of Mount Rushmore with Brassneck, Dan, Beryl's grumpy faces). On the back cover, Brassneck and Dan are both playing music while Beryl covers her ears and Korky eats a piece of chicken. Also, the faces on Mount Laughmore are now happy. Price £7.99
 * 2018: Dandys 80th Anniversary, showing different characters at the Cactusville 80th Anniversary. Desperate Dan is winning a tug o-war against several characters, including Corporal Clott (Who is using a tank) by having the rope only tied around his little finger. Smasher is at the Crock Smash game, Keyhole Kate is looking at a 'What The Sheriff Saw' show, Blinky is waving but it's unsure at what or who. Aunt Aggie is, of course, carrying a Cow Pie over for the Tug O-war winner. Price £7.99

title: The Dandy Annual


text:
2001 Fijian general election

General elections were held in Fiji in August and September 2001. The Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party won 18 of the 23 seats reserved for ethnic Fijians and one of three "general electorates" set aside for Fiji's European, Chinese, and other minorities. It also won 13 of the 25 "open electorates," so-called because they are open to candidates of any race and are elected by universal suffrage. The remaining five ethnic Fijian seats, and one open electorate, were won by the Conservative Alliance, one of whom was George Speight who had led the putsch against the lawful government the year before. Chaudhry's Labour Party won all 19 Indo-Fijian seats and eight open electorates. The New Labour Unity Party, formed by defectors from the FLP, won one general electorate and one open electorate. The three remaining seats (one general electorate, one open electorate, and the Rotuman Islanders' seat) were won by minor parties and independent candidates.

Background
The Constitution of Fiji was restored by a High Court decision on 15 November 2000, following the failure of the political upheaval in which the government had been deposed and the constitution suspended in May that year. On 1 March 2001, the Appeal Court upheld the decision. An election to restore democracy was held in September 2001. In what was one of Fiji's most bitterly fought elections ever, the newly formed Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua of the interim Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase narrowly defeated the Fiji Labour Party of deposed former Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry.

The FLP had been hurt by leadership bickering in the wake of the coup, and the subsequent defection of a number of its high-profile members from the ethnic Fijian community, including Tupeni Baba, the former Deputy Prime Minister. The mutual refusal of the FLP and the National Federation Party, the only other political party with significant Indo-Fijian support, to reach a preference-swapping deal had also worked against both parties. (In Fiji's system of transferable voting, any two or more candidates in a particular constituency can have their votes combined, unless the electors specify a different option by ranking the candidates numerically in order of their preference).

Seats changing hands
This does not include seats that changed candidates but not parties, defections or seats held by members not seeking re-election.

Aftermath
Controversy continued after the 2001 election, with Prime Minister Qarase finding reasons, which many considered to be pretexts, for not implementing the power-sharing provisions of the Constitution, which required that every political party with more than 8 seats in the House of Representatives must be proportionally represented in the Cabinet. On 18 July 2003, the Supreme Court of Fiji ruled that Qarase's exclusion of the Labour Party from the Cabinet was unconstitutional, and demanded that the situation be rectified. Appeals, counter-appeals, and negotiations delayed the implementation of the order. In June 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that the Labour Party was entitled to 14 out of 30 Cabinet posts. Qarase has said that he would abide by the ruling, but his refusal to include Chaudhry in the Cabinet lineup continued to stall negotiations, until the FLP announced in November that it was no longer interested in participating in the Qarase-led government.

title: 2001 Fijian general election


text:
List of cities in Kansas

Kansas is a state located in the Midwestern United States. According to the 2023 United States Census estimate its population is 2,940,546 and Kansas has a growth rate of 0.09% annually, which ranks 31st among all 50 states. Kansas is the 13th largest by land area spanning 81758.72 sqmi of land. Kansas is divided into 105 counties and contains 627 municipalities consisting of cities.

City requirements
All incorporated communities in Kansas are called cities, unlike in some states where some are called towns or villages. (11 of 50 states only have cities).

Once a city is incorporated in Kansas, it will continue to be a city even after falling below the minimum required to become a city, and even if the minimum is later raised. A city can de-incorporate, but if citizens decide to re-incorporate at a later date, then new minimum requirements must be met.

By State law, cities in Kansas are divided into three classes.

 * Cities of the 3rd Class - When a city incorporates, it becomes a city of the 3rd class. To incorporate, a city must generally have either 300 inhabitants or 300 or more platted lots served by water and sewer lines. This minimum requirement has increased since older historical minimum requirements.
 * Cities of the 2nd Class - A city may petition to become a city of the 2nd class when its population is more than 2,000 but less than 15,000. A city whose population is between 2,000 and 15,000 may elect to remain a city of the 3rd class, but must become a city of the 2nd class when it reaches 15,000 population.
 * Cities of the 1st Class - A city may petition to become a city of the 1st class when its population reaches 15,000. A city whose population is between 15,000 and 25,000 may elect to remain a city of the 2nd class but must become a city of the 1st class when it reaches 25,000 population.

Highest population listing
Population data based on 2020 census and 2022 estimate with over 4,000 people. The city of Topeka, in addition to being the county seat for Shawnee County, is the state capital.

Military installations

 * See Kansas forts and posts for a historical list

As a supplement to the list of cities, the following military installations are provided because of their relative size in active duty and/or service members living on the post and their location within the borders of the state of Kansas. The table values for "Population in Quarters" includes reported totals of active duty, family, civilians, reservists, and retired personnel living on the installation.

As of 2016, over 85,000 people live on military installations in Kansas—including over 25,000 active duty personnel. Although not considered "cities", these military installations certainly should be considered as population centers of note.

A

 * Abbyville
 * Abilene
 * Admire
 * Agenda
 * Agra
 * Albert
 * Alden
 * Alexander
 * Allen
 * Alma
 * Almena
 * Alta Vista
 * Altamont
 * Alton
 * Altoona
 * Americus
 * Andale
 * Andover
 * Anthony
 * Arcadia
 * Argonia
 * Arkansas City
 * Arlington
 * Arma
 * Ashland
 * Assaria
 * Atchison
 * Athol
 * Atlanta
 * Attica
 * Atwood
 * Auburn
 * Augusta
 * Aurora
 * Axtell

B

 * Baldwin City
 * Barnard
 * Barnes
 * Bartlett
 * Basehor
 * Bassett
 * Baxter Springs
 * Bazine
 * Beattie
 * Bel Aire
 * Belle Plaine
 * Belleville
 * Beloit
 * Belpre
 * Belvue
 * Benedict
 * Bennington
 * Bentley
 * Benton
 * Bern
 * Beverly
 * Bird City
 * Bison
 * Blue Mound
 * Blue Rapids
 * Bluff City
 * Bogue
 * Bonner Springs
 * Brewster
 * Bronson
 * Brookville
 * Brownell
 * Bucklin
 * Buffalo
 * Buhler
 * Bunker Hill
 * Burden
 * Burdett
 * Burlingame
 * Burlington
 * Burns
 * Burr Oak
 * Burrton
 * Bushong
 * Bushton
 * Byers

C

 * Caldwell
 * Cambridge
 * Caney
 * Canton
 * Carbondale
 * Carlton
 * Cassoday
 * Cawker City
 * Cedar
 * Cedar Point
 * Cedar Vale
 * Centralia
 * Chanute
 * Chapman
 * Chase
 * Chautauqua
 * Cheney
 * Cherokee
 * Cherryvale
 * Chetopa
 * Cimarron
 * Circleville
 * Claflin
 * Clay Center
 * Clayton
 * Clearwater
 * Clifton
 * Climax
 * Clyde
 * Coats
 * Coffeyville
 * Colby
 * Coldwater
 * Collyer
 * Colony
 * Columbus
 * Colwich
 * Concordia
 * Conway Springs
 * Coolidge
 * Copeland
 * Corning
 * Cottonwood Falls
 * Council Grove
 * Courtland
 * Coyville
 * Cuba
 * Cullison
 * Culver
 * Cunningham

D

 * Damar
 * Danville
 * De Soto
 * Dearing
 * Deerfield
 * Delia
 * Delphos
 * Denison
 * Denton
 * Derby
 * Dexter
 * Dighton
 * Dodge City
 * Dorrance
 * Douglass
 * Downs
 * Dresden
 * Dunlap
 * Durham
 * Dwight

E

 * Earlton
 * Eastborough
 * Easton
 * Edgerton
 * Edmond
 * Edna
 * Edwardsville
 * Effingham
 * El Dorado
 * Elbing
 * Elgin
 * Elk City
 * Elk Falls
 * Elkhart
 * Ellinwood
 * Ellis
 * Ellsworth
 * Elmdale
 * Elsmore
 * Elwood
 * Emmett
 * Emporia
 * Englewood
 * Ensign
 * Enterprise
 * Erie
 * Esbon
 * Eskridge
 * Eudora
 * Eureka
 * Everest

F

 * Fairview
 * Fairway
 * Fall River
 * Florence
 * Fontana
 * Ford
 * Formoso
 * Fort Scott
 * Fowler
 * Frankfort
 * Frederick
 * Fredonia
 * Frontenac
 * Fulton

G

 * Galatia
 * Galena
 * Galesburg
 * Galva
 * Garden City
 * Garden Plain
 * Gardner
 * Garfield
 * Garnett
 * Gas
 * Gaylord
 * Gem
 * Geneseo
 * Geuda Springs
 * Girard
 * Glade
 * Glasco
 * Glen Elder
 * Goddard
 * Goessel
 * Goff
 * Goodland
 * Gorham
 * Gove City
 * Grainfield
 * Grandview Plaza
 * Great Bend
 * Greeley
 * Green
 * Greenleaf
 * Greensburg
 * Grenola
 * Gridley
 * Grinnell
 * Gypsum

H

 * Haddam
 * Halstead
 * Hamilton
 * Hamlin
 * Hanover
 * Hanston
 * Hardtner
 * Harper
 * Hartford
 * Harveyville
 * Havana
 * Haven
 * Havensville
 * Haviland
 * Hays
 * Haysville
 * Hazelton
 * Hepler
 * Herington
 * Herndon
 * Hesston
 * Hiawatha
 * Highland
 * Hill City
 * Hillsboro
 * Hoisington
 * Holcomb
 * Hollenberg
 * Holton
 * Holyrood
 * Hope
 * Horace
 * Horton
 * Howard
 * Hoxie
 * Hoyt
 * Hudson
 * Hugoton
 * Humboldt
 * Hunnewell
 * Hunter
 * Huron
 * Hutchinson

I

 * Independence
 * Ingalls
 * Inman
 * Iola
 * Isabel
 * Iuka

J

 * Jamestown
 * Jennings
 * Jetmore
 * Jewell
 * Johnson City
 * Junction City

K

 * Kanopolis
 * Kanorado
 * Kansas City
 * Kechi
 * Kensington
 * Kincaid
 * Kingman
 * Kinsley
 * Kiowa
 * Kirwin
 * Kismet

L

 * Labette
 * La Crosse
 * La Cygne
 * La Harpe
 * Lake Quivira
 * Lakin
 * Lancaster
 * Lane
 * Langdon
 * Lansing
 * Larned
 * Latham
 * Latimer
 * Lawrence
 * Leavenworth
 * Le Roy
 * Leawood
 * Lebanon
 * Lebo
 * Lecompton
 * Lehigh
 * Lenexa
 * Lenora
 * Leon
 * Leona
 * Leonardville
 * Leoti
 * Lewis
 * Liberal
 * Liberty
 * Liebenthal
 * Lincoln Center
 * Lincolnville
 * Lindsborg
 * Linn
 * Linn Valley
 * Linwood
 * Little River
 * Logan
 * Lone Elm
 * Longford
 * Long Island
 * Longton
 * Lorraine
 * Lost Springs
 * Louisburg
 * Louisville
 * Lucas
 * Luray
 * Lyndon
 * Lyons

M

 * Macksville
 * Madison
 * Mahaska
 * Maize
 * Manchester
 * Manhattan
 * Mankato
 * Manter
 * Maple Hill
 * Mapleton
 * Marion
 * Marquette
 * Marysville
 * Matfield Green
 * Mayetta
 * Mayfield
 * McCracken
 * McCune
 * McDonald
 * McFarland
 * McLouth
 * McPherson
 * Meade
 * Medicine Lodge
 * Melvern
 * Menlo
 * Meriden
 * Merriam
 * Milan
 * Milford
 * Miltonvale
 * Minneapolis
 * Minneola
 * Mission
 * Mission Hills
 * Mission Woods
 * Moline
 * Montezuma
 * Moran
 * Morganville
 * Morland
 * Morrill
 * Morrowville
 * Moscow
 * Mound City
 * Mound Valley
 * Moundridge
 * Mount Hope
 * Mulberry
 * Mullinville
 * Mulvane
 * Munden
 * Muscotah

N

 * Narka
 * Nashville
 * Natoma
 * Neodesha
 * Neosho Falls
 * Neosho Rapids
 * Ness City
 * Netawaka
 * New Albany
 * New Cambria
 * New Strawn
 * Newton
 * Nickerson
 * Niotaze
 * Norcatur
 * North Newton
 * Norton
 * Nortonville
 * Norwich

O

 * Oak Hill
 * Oakley
 * Oberlin
 * Offerle
 * Ogden
 * Oketo
 * Olathe
 * Olivet
 * Olmitz
 * Olpe
 * Olsburg
 * Onaga
 * Oneida
 * Osage City
 * Osawatomie
 * Osborne
 * Oskaloosa
 * Oswego
 * Otis
 * Ottawa
 * Overbrook
 * Overland Park
 * Oxford
 * Ozawkie

P

 * Palco
 * Palmer
 * Paola
 * Paradise
 * Park
 * Park City
 * Parker
 * Parkerfield
 * Parkerville
 * Parsons
 * Partridge
 * Pawnee Rock
 * Paxico
 * Peabody
 * Penalosa
 * Perry
 * Peru
 * Phillipsburg
 * Pittsburg
 * Plains
 * Plainville
 * Pleasanton
 * Plevna
 * Pomona
 * Portis
 * Potwin
 * Powhattan
 * Prairie View
 * Prairie Village
 * Pratt
 * Prescott
 * Preston
 * Pretty Prairie
 * Princeton
 * Protection

Q

 * Quenemo
 * Quinter

R

 * Radium
 * Ramona
 * Randall
 * Randolph
 * Ransom
 * Rantoul
 * Raymond
 * Reading
 * Redfield
 * Republic
 * Reserve
 * Rexford
 * Richfield
 * Richmond
 * Riley
 * Robinson
 * Roeland Park
 * Rolla
 * Rose Hill
 * Roseland
 * Rossville
 * Rozel
 * Rush Center
 * Russell
 * Russell Springs

S

 * Sabetha
 * St. Francis
 * St. George
 * St. John
 * St. Marys
 * St. Paul
 * Salina
 * Satanta
 * Savonburg
 * Sawyer
 * Scammon
 * Scandia
 * Schoenchen
 * Scott City
 * Scottsville
 * Scranton
 * Sedan
 * Sedgwick
 * Selden
 * Seneca
 * Severance
 * Severy
 * Seward
 * Sharon
 * Sharon Springs
 * Shawnee
 * Silver Lake
 * Simpson
 * Smith Center
 * Smolan
 * Soldier
 * Solomon
 * South Haven
 * South Hutchinson
 * Spearville
 * Speed
 * Spivey
 * Spring Hill
 * Stafford
 * Stark
 * Sterling
 * Stockton
 * Strong City
 * Sublette
 * Summerfield
 * Sun City
 * Susank
 * Sylvan Grove
 * Sylvia
 * Syracuse

T

 * Tampa
 * Tescott
 * Thayer
 * The Highlands
 * Timken
 * Tipton
 * Tonganoxie
 * Topeka
 * Toronto
 * Towanda
 * Tribune
 * Troy
 * Turon
 * Tyro

U

 * Udall
 * Ulysses
 * Uniontown
 * Utica

V

 * Valley Center
 * Valley Falls
 * Vermillion
 * Victoria
 * Vining
 * Viola
 * Virgil

W

 * WaKeeney
 * Wakefield
 * Waldo
 * Waldron
 * Wallace
 * Walnut
 * Walton
 * Wamego
 * Washington
 * Waterville
 * Wathena
 * Waverly
 * Webber
 * Weir
 * Wellington
 * Wellsville
 * West Mineral
 * Westmoreland
 * Westphalia
 * Westwood
 * Westwood Hills
 * Wetmore
 * Wheaton
 * White City
 * White Cloud
 * Whitewater
 * Whiting
 * Wichita
 * Willard
 * Williamsburg
 * Willis
 * Willowbrook
 * Wilmore
 * Wilsey
 * Wilson
 * Winchester
 * Windom
 * Winfield
 * Winona
 * Woodbine
 * Woodston

X

 * none

Y

 * Yates Center

Z

 * Zenda
 * Zurich

Fictional cities

 * Flowers, Kansas, from the book The Van Gogh Cafe, located on I-70 interstate.
 * Jericho, Kansas, setting of the 2006 TV series Jericho, located approximately where the real cities of Colby and Oakley are located in northwest Kansas.
 * Rustwater, Kansas, the setting of the 1992 film Leap of Faith.
 * Smallville, Kansas, childhood hometown of fictional character Superman.
 * Stubbville, Kansas, the town the "people train" passes through near Wichita in the film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles.
 * Nowhere, Kansas, the nearest town to the main farmhouse in the 1999 animated series Courage the Cowardly Dog.
 * Rachel, Kansas, the setting of the 1966 film, The Ghost and Mr. Chicken.
 * Pork Corners, Kansas, hometown of Sgt. Orville Snorkel of Beetle Bailey comics.

title: List of cities in Kansas


text:
Young County

Young County may refer to:
 * Young County, Texas
 * Young County, New South Wales
 * County of Young, South Australia

title: Young County


text:
Burnham Thorpe

Burnham Thorpe is a hamlet and civil parish on the River Burn and near the coast of Norfolk, England. It is famous for being the birthplace of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, victor at the Battle of Trafalgar and one of Britain's greatest heroes. At the time of his birth, Nelson's father, Edmund Nelson, was rector of the church in Burnham Thorpe.

The house in which Nelson was born was demolished soon after his father's death, though the rectory that replaced it and the church at which his father preached can still be seen. The site of the former rectory is marked by a roadside plaque.

The village’s name means 'Homestead/village on the River Burn' or perhaps, 'hemmed-in land on the River Burn'. 'Thorpe', meaning 'Outlying farm/settlement' was added to distinguish it from the other Burnhams in Norfolk.

The village's main public house was built in 1637 and was known as The Plough until 1798 when it was renamed The Lord Nelson in honour of the victory at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson held a dinner here for the men of the village prior to his departure to join HMS Agamemnon (1781). The pub survives to this day.

Burnhamthorpe Road in Toronto and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada was named after this settlement.

All Saints Church
A church at Burnham Thorpe was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1087. The present building has an arcade dating from the 13th-century, aisles from the 14th-century and the clerestorey, north porch and chancel date from the 15th-century. A bell tower of three stages at the west end also dates from the 15th-century. A 13th-century baptismal font of Purbeck marble was where the infant Horatio Nelson was Christened by his father. The church includes a number of monuments including an 1803 statue of Reverend Edmund Nelson by John Flaxman. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Famous people from or associated with Burnham Thorpe

 * Sir William Calthorpe (1410- 1494), High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk
 * Horatio Nelson, naval commander
 * Miranda Raison, actress
 * Lord Zuckerman, scientist and civil servant

title: Burnham Thorpe


text:
List of cities in Kentucky

Kentucky, a state in the United States, has 418 active cities.

The two largest, Louisville and Lexington, are designated "first class" cities. A first class city would normally have a mayor-alderman government, but that does not apply to the merged governments in Louisville and Lexington. All other cities have a different form of government, including mayor-council, commission, and city manager, and are designated "home rule class" cities.

Classes

The two-class system went into effect on January 1, 2015, following the 2014 passage of House Bill 331 by the Kentucky General Assembly and the bill's signing into law by Governor Steve Beshear.

The new system replaced one in which cities were divided into six classes based on their population at the time of their classification. Before the enactment of House Bill 331, more than 400 classification-related laws affected public safety, alcohol beverage control, revenue options and others. Lexington and Fayette County are completely merged in a unitary urban county government (UCG); Louisville and other cities within Jefferson County have also merged into a single metro government. However, under state law, both major cities retained their pre-merger classification before the new scheme took effect. The General Assembly had historically reclassified cities only when requested by the city government. If all cities had been reclassified in the pre-2015 scheme according to actual population, about one-third of classifications would have changed. In particular, Lexington would have been classified as a first-class (Class 1) city.

Although basic city classification changed in 2015, the old classifications will remain relevant for some time. Because many provisions of state law applied only to cities of certain pre-2015 classes, House Bill 331 was explicitly written to address such issues. In certain areas of law, class-based distinctions between cities have been replaced by population-based distinctions. In certain other areas that were more controversial, the pre-2015 status quo is being maintained through a registry of cities that were covered by prior laws.

Under the new system, Louisville and Lexington are classified as first class. All other cities in the state are in the home rule class.

 * Pre-2015 classifications

List of cities
Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.
 * A All but two of Kentucky's county seats are cities. The exceptions are Whitley City (McCreary Co.) and Burlington (Boone Co.). Two Kentucky counties have dual seats of government: the seats of Campbell Co. are Alexandria and Newport and the seats of Kenton Co. are Independence and Covington.
 * B Unless otherwise noted, population and area are given according to the 2010 U.S. census.
 * C Dates are those of the most recent formal incorporation, according to the records of the Commonwealth of Kentucky's Land Office.
 * D For municipalities located in more than one county, the primary county (according to the U.S. Census) is listed first.

Former cities
Since the 2010 census, some cities in Kentucky were disincorporated and did not appear in the next census.

title: List of cities in Kentucky


text:
York County

York County may refer to:

Australia

 * York County, Western Australia
 * County of York (South Australia)

Canada

 * York County, New Brunswick
 * York County, Ontario

United Kingdom

 * Yorkshire, England
 * County of York, East Riding
 * County of York, North Riding
 * County of York, West Riding

United States

 * York County, Maine
 * York County, Massachusetts, a former county in what is now Maine
 * York County, Nebraska
 * York County, Pennsylvania
 * York County, South Carolina
 * York County, Virginia

Other

 * York County Community College, in Wells, Maine, United States
 * York County Hospital, a former hospital in York, England

title: York County


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for page protection

Update
I suggest moving the fourth bullet to second since it's very similar to the first, but more importantly, it says follow instructions at the top, but it should say click "request edit" at the bottom of the page. Seananony (talk) 01:08, 3 July 2024 (UTC) ''(Comment moved off of WT:Requests for page protection/Edit. I take no position on this request.) —Jéské Couriano v^_^v  threads critiques 01:12, 3 July 2024 (UTC)