text:
Swing bridge

A swing bridge (or swing span bridge) is a movable bridge that can be rotated horizontally around a vertical axis. It has as its primary structural support a vertical locating pin and support ring, usually at or near to its center of gravity, about which the swing span (turning span) can then pivot horizontally as shown in the animated illustration to the right.

In its closed position, a swing bridge carrying a road or railway over a river or canal, for example, allows traffic to cross. When a water vessel needs to pass the bridge, road traffic is stopped (usually by traffic signals and barriers), and then motors rotate the bridge horizontally about its pivot point. The typical swing bridge will rotate approximately 90 degrees, or one-quarter turn; however, a bridge which intersects the navigation channel at an oblique angle may be built to rotate only 45 degrees, or one-eighth turn, in order to clear the channel. Small swing bridges as found over narrow canals may be pivoted only at one end, opening as would a gate, but require substantial underground structure to support the pivot.

Advantages

 * As this type requires no counterweights, the complete weight is significantly reduced as compared to other moveable bridges.
 * Where the channel is wide enough for separate traffic directions on each side, the likelihood of vessel-to-vessel collisions is reduced.
 * The central support is often mounted upon a berm along the axis of the watercourse, intended to protect the bridge from watercraft collisions when it is opened. This artificial island forms an excellent construction area for building the moveable span, as the construction will not impede traffic.

Disadvantages

 * In a symmetrical bridge, the central pier forms a hazard to navigation. Asymmetrical bridges may place the pivot near one side of the channel.
 * Where a wide channel is not available, a large portion of the bridge may be over an area that would be easily spanned by other means.
 * A wide channel will be reduced by the center pivot and foundation.
 * When open, the bridge will have to maintain its own weight as a balanced double cantilever, while when closed and in use for traffic, the live loads will be distributed as in a pair of conventional truss bridges, which may require additional stiffness in some members whose loading will be alternately in compression and tension.
 * If struck from the water near the edge of the span, it may rotate enough to cause safety problems (see Big Bayou Canot rail accident).

Albania

 * Buna river Bridge, in Shkodra, Albania.

Argentina

 * Puente de la Mujer, an asymmetrical cable-stayed span.

Australia

 * Gladesville Bridge, Sydney. Opened 1881, closed 1964 and demolished; had a small swing span on the southern end.
 * Pyrmont Bridge, Sydney. Opened 1902. Closed to traffic 1988. Still in use as a pedestrian bridge.
 * Glebe Island Bridge, Sydney. Opened 1903. Tramway defunct. Closed to traffic, 1995; supplanted by Anzac Bridge. Still in existence.
 * Hay Bridge, Hay, New South Wales. Opened 1873, demolished 1973. Replaced by a fixed concrete bridge.
 * Victoria Bridge, Townsville, Queensland. Opened 1889, closed to traffic 1975. Still in use as a foot bridge.
 * Sale Swing Bridge, Sale, Victoria. Opened 1883. Closed to traffic in 2002. Restored to full working order in 2006.
 * Dunalley Bridge, Dunalley, Tasmania. Still in use.

Belize

 * Belize City Swing Bridge, Belize City, Belize. Oldest such bridge in Central America and one of the few manually operated swing bridge in world still in operation. (Restored in the 2000s)

China

 * Jintang Bridge (Tianjin), across Hai River in Tianjin

Denmark

 * Lille Langebro Pedestrian double swing bridge crossing the inner harbour at Copenhagen.

Egypt

 * The longest swing bridge span is 340 metres, by the El Ferdan Railway Bridge across the Suez Canal.

Estonia

 * The Admiral Bridge (Admiralisild) is a pedestrian bridge in Tallinn, Estonia, connecting two parts of the Old City Harbour. It allows access to the Admiralty Pool (Admiraliteedi bassein) for yachts. It became the first swing bridge in Estonia in 2021.

France

 * Le pont tournant rue Dieu, across the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris, is a distinctive location in the 1938 film Hôtel du Nord, and is featured in the opening shot of the film.

Germany

 * Kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke in Wilhelmshaven, built in 1907, with a length of 159m, it was once Europe's biggest swing bridge.

India

 * Garden Reach Road Swing Bridge, for Calcutta Port, Kidderpore, Kolkata
 * Poira-Corjuem Bridge, for GSIDC, Corjuem, Goa by Rajdeep Buildcon Pvt. Ltd.

Ireland

 * Samuel Beckett Bridge, Dublin
 * Seán O'Casey Bridge, Dublin
 * Michael Davitt Bridge, County Mayo
 * Portumna bridge, between County Galway and County Tipperary

Italy

 * Ponte Girevole, Taranto (built in 1958, after an 1887 one of similar design but using different materials) – a very unusual type, with two spans that separate at the bridge's center and pivot sideways from the bridge's outer ends.

Latvia

 * Kalpaka Tilts, Liepāja, connecting the city with the former Russian/Soviet port Karosta.

Lithuania

 * Chain Bridge, Klaipeda. Built in 1855 and still working today, this is the only swing bridge in Lithuania. When the bridge is turned, boats and yachts can enter the Castle port. Rotation of the bridge is manual; two people can rotate the bridge.

The Netherlands

 * The "Abtsewoudsebrug" in Delft, close to the Technische Universiteit Delft, is a bridge of this type. 52.00159°N, 4.36392°W
 * There are four bridges of this type in use on the Afsluitdijk (Enclosure dam). They span the waterways that link the shipping lock complexes to the Wadden Sea.
 * There is another one on the channel between Ghent (Belgium) and Terneuzen (The Netherlands) at Sas Van Gent.

Many inner cities have swing bridges, since these require less street space than other types of bridges.

New Zealand
(A "swing bridge" in New Zealand refers to a flexible walking track bridge which "swings" as you walk across.)
 * Kopu Bridge, Waihou River, near Thames, New Zealand

Panama

 * A swing bridge at the Gatun Locks provides the only road passage over the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal. This is a small bridge that swings out from each side. Another larger swing bridge at the Miraflores Locks is on the Pacific side but is rarely used, having been supplanted by the Bridge of the Americas and the Centennial Bridge.

Poland

 * A swing bridge at the Giżycko is one of four bridges that cross over the Luczanski Channel. It is one of ten (four still in operation) swing bridges in Poland.
 * A swing bridge in Ustka, which crosses the Słupia River, and is walkable every 20 minutes.

South Africa

 * The Clocktower Bridge is a pedestrian swing bridge at the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town.

Ukraine

 * Varvarivskyi Bridge over the Southern Bug in Mykolaiv, with Europe's longest span (134 m)

United Kingdom
In the UK, there is a legal definition in current statute as to what is, or is not a 'swing bridge'

 * Acton swing bridge – road
 * Barmouth Bridge – rail
 * Beccles swing bridge – rail
 * Bell's Bridge, Glasgow – pedestrian
 * Bethells Swing Bridge
 * Boothferry swing bridge at Boothferry, Yorkshire
 * Caernarfon swing bridge
 * Connaught Crossing in London Docklands, built as a low-rising swing bridge to allow marine traffic in the Royal Docks to pass at a place when the proximity of London City Airport meant a higher fixed bridge was not practicable.
 * Cross Keys Bridge in Sutton Bridge – carries the A17 road over the River Nene in Lincolnshire
 * Folkestone Harbour railway station – railway bridge on the branch line.
 * Foxton Swingbridge - road bridge over the Harborough arm of the Grand Union Canal in the village of Foxton.
 * Goole railway swing bridge
 * Glasson Dock swing bridge
 * Hawarden Railway Bridge – rail (now deactivated).
 * Hull, England docks branch bridge – rail
 * Kennet and Avon Canal at Tyle Mill Lock, Sulhamstead, Berkshire
 * Kincardine Bridge – crossing the Firth of Forth from Falkirk council area to Kincardine-on-Forth, Fife (now deactivated).
 * Leeds and Liverpool Canal Has a large number of swing bridges, especially between Bingley and Skipton and Burscough and Liverpool. Many are manually operated, carrying only farm tracks, but a significant number carry road traffic and are mechanised for boater operation.
 * Manchester Ship Canal at Latchford, Stockton Heath and Lower Walton in Warrington, and also slightly further west at Moore. Near the eastern end of the canal in Salford, the Barton Road Swing Bridge is adjacent to the Barton Swing Aqueduct – a 234-foot, 800-ton trough holding some 800 tons of water (retained by gates at either end) swings so that it is at right angles to the Bridgewater Canal to allow ships to pass up the Ship Canal.
 * Myton Swing Bridge - road bridge in Kingston upon Hull
 * Oulton Broad swing bridge – rail
 * Reedham Swing Bridge (52.55887°N, 1.57237°W) – rail
 * Ross Bridge, Penzance
 * Sandwich Toll Bridge (rebuilt 1892)
 * Selby swing bridge – rail
 * Somerleyton swing bridge
 * Trowse Bridge at Norwich. Carries the electrified Great Eastern Main Line over the River Yare. It is the only overhead electrified swing bridge in the country.
 * Tyne swing bridge at Newcastle Upon Tyne, which has an 85.7-metre cantilevered span with a central axis of rotation able to move through 90° to allow vessels to pass on either side of it.
 * Whitby Swing Bridge over the River Esk at Whitby, North Yorkshire, with two swing leaves (though only one is usually opened).
 * Yar Swing Bridge, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight

United States
The largest double swing-span bridge in the United States is the 3250 ft long, 450 ft navigable span, 60 ft clearance George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge.
 * CSXT Blackwater River bridge in Milton, Florida.
 * Alanson Swing Bridge, billed as America's shortest swing bridge, crossing the Crooked River in Alanson, Michigan. The world's shortest are located in the United Kingdom over some of the narrowest canals in the world, for example on the Stroudwater Navigation, or, see Yar Swing Bridge above.
 * Ben Sawyer Bridge, connecting the city of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, with Sullivan's Island
 * Berkley–Dighton Bridge (1896), connecting the towns of Berkley and Dighton, Massachusetts, crossing the Taunton River; removed in 2010. The replacement bridge is not a swing structure.
 * Black Point Bridge carrying Northwestern Pacific Railroad over the Petaluma River at Black Point-Green Point, California
 * Blackburn Point Road Bridge, over the Intracoastal Waterway in Osprey, Florida
 * Bridge No. 4455, Central Avenue over Lewis Gut, Bridgeport, Connecticut (1924 steel swing bridge)
 * Boca Grande Causeway, Built in 1958, this bridge is used for passage between Placida, FL to the island of Boca Grande. The original swing bridge was replaced by the current swing bridge in late 2015.
 * Bridgeport Swing Bridge, Bridgeport, Alabama (demolished in the late 1970s, replaced with new span)
 * Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge 9.6 (or BNSF Railway Bridge 9.6), crossing the Columbia River, from Portland, Oregon, to Vancouver, Washington, built in 1908.
 * Center Street Bridge, Cleveland, Ohio (1901)
 * Chef Menteur Bridge, near Slidell, Louisiana
 * Chincoteague Channel Swing Bridge, Chincoteague, Virginia (demolished)
 * Choptank River, modest swing bridge carrying former Baltimore & Eastern Railroad (PRR subsidiary) at Denton, Maryland (disused and isolated)
 * Clinton Railroad Bridge crossing the Mississippi River, Clinton, Iowa
 * Columbus Drive Bridge, Tampa, Florida, a bobtail swing bridge over the Hillsborough River
 * CSX Rail Bridge, Indiantown, Florida
 * Curtis Creek Rail Bridge, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Deweyville Swing Bridge, crossing the Sabine River east of Deweyville, Texas
 * Dubuque Rail Bridge, crossing the Mississippi River and connecting Dubuque, Iowa with East Dubuque, Illinois
 * Dumbarton Rail Bridge, crossing San Francisco Bay in California (1910); since being decommissioned, the swing portion of the bridge has been welded open.
 * East Haddam Bridge, Route 82 over the Connecticut River, East Haddam, Connecticut (1913)
 * Fort Madison Toll Bridge, crossing the Mississippi River and connecting Fort Madison, Iowa with Niota, Illinois
 * Fort Pike Bridge, near Slidell and New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Fort Denaud Bridge, near LaBelle and Alva, Florida
 * Figure Eight Island Bridge, north of Wilmington, North Carolina
 * Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge, Washington, D.C.
 * George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge, over the York River between Yorktown and Gloucester Point, Virginia
 * Gianella Bridge, near Hamilton City California, connecting Glenn and Butte Counties over the Sacramento River, It was built in 1937 and demolished in 1987.
 * Government Bridge on the Mississippi River between Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois (1896)
 * Grand Haven GTW RR Swing Bridge, connecting Grand Haven and Ferrysburg, Michigan
 * Grand Rapids Swing Bridge, Grand Rapids, Michigan
 * Grosse Ile Toll Bridge and nearby Wayne County Bridge, Grosse Ile, Michigan
 * Hannibal Bridge (1869, demolished) and Second Hannibal Bridge (1917), Kansas City, Missouri, crossing the Missouri River
 * Harlem River bridges in New York City, including from south to north:
 * Willis Avenue Bridge
 * Third Avenue Bridge
 * Madison Avenue Bridge
 * 145th Street Bridge
 * Macombs Dam Bridge
 * University Heights Bridge
 * Spuyten Duyvil Bridge
 * Harmar Railroad Bridge, Marietta, Ohio
 * Hodgdon Island Bridge, Boothbay, Maine. This is one of two manual swing bridges in Maine (see Songo Locks in Naples, Maine)
 * I Street Bridge, Sacramento, California
 * India Point Railroad Bridge, Providence, Rhode Island crossing the Seekonk River
 * International Railway Bridge connecting Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada
 * La Crosse Rail Bridge, crossing the Mississippi River between La Crescent, Minnesota, and La Crosse, Wisconsin
 * Livingston Avenue Bridge, Albany, New York
 * Mathers Bridge, connecting Merritt Island to Indian Harbour Beach, Florida across the Banana River
 * Middle Branch of Patapsco River Rail Bridge, near Camden Yards, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Mystic River Railroad Bridge, Mystic, Connecticut, carries Amtrak's Northeast Corridor tracks over the Mystic River.
 * New Bedford-Fairhaven Bridge, connecting New Bedford and Fairhaven, Massachusetts
 * New Richmond Swing Bridge, near Fennville, Michigan
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Bridge crossing the Maumee River, Toledo, Ohio
 * Norfolk Southern Railway Bridge crossing the Ocmulgee River in Lumber City, Georgia (2800 ft long; built 1916) (electrical swing components removed)
 * Northern Avenue Bridge over Fort Point Channel in Boston, Massachusetts (1908 steel truss)
 * North Landing Bridge, built in the 1950s, on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway where it forms part of the border between Chesapeake and Virginia Beach, Virginia,
 * Omaha Road Bridge Number 15, an asymmetrical single-track railroad bridge over the Mississippi River between Saint Paul and Lilydale, Minnesota (1916)
 * Oregon Slough Railroad Bridge (1908), Portland, Oregon
 * Padanaram Bridge on the causeway protecting Apponagansett Bay in Dartmouth, Massachusetts
 * Passaic River in Newark, New Jersey
 * Jackson Street Bridge
 * Bridge Street Bridge
 * Clay Street Bridge
 * Pennsylvania Railroad's Shellpot Branch over the Christina River in Wilmington, Delaware (original two-track bridge replaced with a single-track bridge in 2003)
 * Pennsylvania Railroad's South Philadelphia Branch Bridge over the Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Point Street Bridge, Providence, Rhode Island crossing the Providence River
 * Portal Bridge, carrying the Northeast Corridor over the Hackensack River between Kearny and Secaucus, New Jersey
 * Providence & Worcester railroad bridge, Middletown, Connecticut
 * Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge over the Beaufort River/Intracoastal Waterway in Beaufort, South CarolinaNavigation Locks Bridge, Bonneville Dam-1.jpg]]
 * Riverside-Delanco Bridge over Rancocas Creek in New Jersey
 * Rock Island Swing Bridge over the Mississippi River between Inver Grove Heights and St. Paul Park, Minnesota
 * "S" Swing Bridge over the Perquimans River, Hertford, North Carolina.
 * Sakonnet River rail bridge, crossing the Sakonnet River between Tiverton and Portsmouth, Rhode Island
 * Saugatuck River Bridge (Bridge No. 1349), Route 136 over the Saugatuck River, Westport, Connecticut (1884 iron-truss swing bridge)
 * Shaw Cove Railroad Bridge, New London, Connecticut, carrying Amtrak's Northeast Corridor tracks over the entrance to Shaw Cove in New London
 * Snow-Reed Swing Bridge, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, crossing the New River and connecting the Sailboat Bend neighborhood with the Riverside Park neighborhood
 * Songo Lock Bridge, Naples, Maine; carries Songo Lock Road over the Songo River just upstream of the lock. Powered by human operator turning gears using a removable crank. Not to be confused with a former swing bridge about two miles upstream which carried US 302 until replaced with a fixed span in May 2012.
 * South Bristol, Maine Asymmetric swing bridge connecting Rutherford Island to the mainland.
 * Southport, ME connects Southport Island to Boothbay Harbor on Route 27.
 * Spokane Street Bridge over the Duwamish Waterway in Seattle, Washington, built 1991. Features two reinforced concrete, serial swing spans, each rotating 45 degrees
 * St. Joseph Swing Bridge over the Missouri River, St. Joseph, Missouri (1904)
 * Topsail Island Swing Bridge, Surf City, North Carolina (Constructed in the 1950s, the swing bridge was demolished after being replaced by a fixed-span high rise bridge in 2018).
 * Trail Creek Swing Bridge in Michigan City, Indiana, carrying the Michigan Central Railroad (now operated by Amtrak)
 * Torry Island Swing Bridge, Torry Island, Florida
 * Umpqua River Bridge near Reedsport, Oregon on US-101
 * Victory Bridge, crossing the Raritan River in Perth Amboy, New Jersey (taken down in 2003)
 * Walt Disney World Railroad (former Florida East Coast Railway) swing bridge, Bay Lake, Florida
 * Woods Memorial Bridge over the Beaufort River in Beaufort, South Carolina
 * Yancopin Bridge, Arkansas River, southeastern Arkansas. Former Missouri Pacific railroad bridge with separate vertical-lift and swing trusses now part of rail-trail; swing span now manually operated
 * State Hwy 87 northbound bridge the eastern boundary of Bridge City, Texas

Omaha NE Turn Style Bridge is now a historical landmark. Located 86H674H5+98 Used for rail transport. Connecting Council Bluffs, Iowa to downtown Omaha, Nebraska

Uruguay

 * Carmelo Bridge. Built in 1912 is the oldest swing bridge in all of Latin America.
 * Barra del Santa Lucia Bridge. Built in 1925 as a railway bridge, today is used only by pedestrians.

Vietnam

 * Han River Bridge in Da Nang

title: Swing bridge


text:
Morgan Bible

The Morgan Bible (mostly Morgan Library & Museum, New York, Ms M. 638), also called the Morgan Picture Bible, Crusader Bible, Shah Abbas Bible or Maciejowski Bible, is a unique medieval illuminated manuscript. It is a picture book Bible consisting of 46 surviving folios. The book consists of miniature paintings of events from the Hebrew Bible, set in the scenery and costumes of thirteenth-century France, and depicted from a Christian perspective. It is not a complete Bible, as it consists largely of illustrations of stories of kings, especially King David. The illustrations are now surrounded by text in three scripts and five languages: Latin, Persian, Arabic, Judeo-Persian, and Hebrew. The level of detail in the images and the remarkable state of preservation of the work make it particularly valuable to scholars.

Forty-three folios are in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York City, with two folios in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (MS nouv. acq. lat. 2294). A single folio is now in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (MS 16). Two folios are thought to be missing from the original work.

Description
The Morgan Bible is part of Morgan Library & Museum in New York (Ms M. 638). It is a medieval picture Bible. The Morgan Bible originally contained 48 folios; of these, 43 still reside in the Morgan Museum, two are in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, one is in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, and two have been lost. The cover that once bound the manuscript has also been lost over time. The surviving leaves measure at 32.5 × 29.1 cm (12 13/16 × 11 7/16 in.) In full, the manuscript contained over 380 scenes. It was the work of at least six different artists. The book consists of paintings of events from Hebrew scripture but are given a setting in the customs and costumes of thirteenth-century France, concentrating on stories of kings, especially David.

The Morgan Bible is not a complete Bible. It includes portions of "Genesis, Exodus, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and Samuel" with a particular emphasis on early Israelite heroes who are presented as models of kingship to learn from.

Originally, the Bible contained only miniatures, organized in a consistent visual rhythm from page to page. Within 100 years, the book acquired marginal inscriptions in Latin describing the scenes illustrated. Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski, Bishop of Kraków, had the book given as a gift to Abbas I of Persia in 1608. Abbas ordered inscriptions in Persian to be added, mostly translating the Latin ones already there. Later, in the eighteenth century, inscriptions were added in Judeo-Persian. The Latin text allowed art historians to identify the subjects of the miniatures.

The manuscript is of particular interest to scholars because of the quality and preservation of the illuminations. The level of detail included, from architecture to siege engines to haircuts, provides historians with valuable clues as to what life was like at the time, while the stylistic changes and subtle variations in the story-lines give some insight into one of the most powerful men in Europe.

Provenance
The book has traditionally been thought to have been created in Paris in the mid-1240s for Louis IX of France. A suggestion by Allison Stones, expanding on conclusions by others such as François Avril, that it was instead illuminated in northern France around 1250 has not won general acceptance.

The modern imagery may have been a political statement because the Franks, especially during the reign of Louis IX, saw themselves as the legitimate heirs of Rome. Under Louis IX, France took a militant position against the enemies of Christendom, taking an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. The creation of the Morgan Bible falls around the time Louis IX went on his first crusade, and the style of using modern clothes on biblical figures appears in other works he commissioned around this time such as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel in Paris, whose stained glass is in the same style, suggesting they may have been used to legitimize his position at home and among the other crusaders.

After the death of Louis IX, ownership passed to his brother, Charles of Anjou who defeated Naples in 1266 and founded the Angevin Dynasty. While the book was in Italy, Latin text was added.

Ownership up to this point has been based mostly on guesswork and circumstantial evidence. The first recorded owner of the Bible was Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski, who was the Bishop of Cracow, Poland. Maciejowski studied for the priesthood in Italy and likely gained ownership of the manuscript while there.

In 1604, Cardinal Maciejowski gifted the Bible to Shah Abbas through a delegation, as is evidenced by the inscription of folio 1 that reads in Latin (translated by Daniel Weiss): “Bernard Maciejowski, Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman Church, Bishop of Cracow, Duke of Siewierz, and Senator of the Kingdom of Poland with sincere wishes offers this gift to the supreme King of the Persians at Cracow the mother city of the kingdom of Poland on the seventh of September 1604.” It officially reached the Shah back in Isfahan in 1608. The Shah seemed to enjoy the gift and after having missionaries explain the pictures, he had Persian inscriptions added and added his own seal of ownership on folio 42v.

Lost Leaves
It appears that at some point during the manuscript's travels, several pages were deliberately removed from it. It has been suggested that Shah Abbas tore out these pages, all involving Absalom's rebellion, because he thought they might be a bad influence on his young son; however, others suggest that he may have removed them in 1615, as they may have provided a painful reminder of how he executed his son that year for treason.

When the Afghans conquered Isfahan in 1722, the royal library was sacked along with the rest of the city. Little is known of the manuscript's whereabouts in the succeeding years, except that a Persian Jew added Judeo-Persian inscriptions to the manuscript, and even commented on and corrected the previous scripts.

The manuscript was not heard of again until 1833, when it was auctioned off by Sotheby's, whose records indicate that they purchased it in Cairo. It was sold to London dealers Payne and Foss, who subsequently sold it to manuscript collector Sir Thomas Phillipps, who owned around 60,000 manuscripts before he died. When Phillipps died, his collection went to his daughter, and then to his grandson, who eventually began selling it off in order to pay off debts. Sotheby's once again took charge of auctioning the book, eventually selling it to J. P. Morgan in 1910 for £10,000.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Morgan Bible


text:
Talk:Boris Trajkovski

Order of St Michael and St George
"He was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St.Michael and St. George in 2000; the Insignia of the Collar of the Order of Merit "Pro Mento Melitense" in 2000; the 2002 World Methodist Peace Award etc."-quote from the speech of Macedonian Prime Minister Ljupco Georgievski in 2004, after the death of the President Boris Trajkovski.

The Order includes three classes, in descending order of seniority:

Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GCMG)

Knight Commander (KCMG) or Dame Commander (DCMG)

Companion (CMG)

"It is used to honour individuals who have rendered important services in relation to Commonwealth or foreign nations. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it. British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. For example, the British Ambassador to the United States, Sir David Manning, was appointed a CMG when he worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), and then after his appointment as British Ambassador to the United States, he was promoted to a Knight Commander (KCMG). Often, when the Queen visits a nation, the British ambassador to that nation automatically becomes a Knight Commander of the Order, and thereafter may use the prefix "Sir". It is the traditional award for members of the FCO." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deshanel X (talk • contribs) 15:44, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

 * It is incorrect to use the title Sir for a person who is not a citizen of the commonwealth. For example, Bill Gates can not use the title Sir, unless he becomes a citizen of the commonwealth.

More details at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dreamercon (talk • contribs) 14:07, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Correct. Unless Trajkovski held British or Commonwealth citizenship, only the postnominal GCMG should be included as he would not have been eligible to use the title Sir. Hack (talk) 07:43, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

An IP editor is repeatedly over the last three years adding "Sir" and even British citizenship, never with an edit summary. I invite that user here to discuss their changes and the sources that back up their position. Unknown Temptation (talk) 21:36, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

Plane Crash

 * I corrected the plane crash-information, with some more details, such as name of the airplane, more exact location, Mostar Airport approach condition, evt. cause of the crash etc. -Mirza

Picture

 * Do you think this picture from the Macedonian government site is fair use? It needs to be cropped, but other than that, it's a good shot of him. http://www.izbori.gov.mk/pretsedatelski%2099/boris.htm

jengod

Trajkowski came from a Methodist family, he never was Orthodox. I corrected that. --Irmgard 21:38, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

View article: "...Trajkovski became active in politics following Macedonia's declaration of ..." Thus it is written wrong! Macedonia is not FYROM. Vergina 06:47, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Methodists in the Balkans
I find it difficult to believe that his family was Methodist.Where are the sources for this?I always believed that he converted while studying in the USA?

American missioanrues started spreading the Word among the Orthodox Christians of the Balkans as early as mid 19 c. --Vladko 14:58, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Boris's family were Methodists. I believe the source is his family. There were Methodists in Strumica going back the late 1800s. N

Assassination speculation
The speculations that the accident may actually have been an assassination really need sources. Assuming good faith, I did a copy-edit to clean up the grammar and spelling and give some context for non-Macedonian readers, but I am still very concerned about that paragraph. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, so normally this sort of speculation would not be appropriate -- but if the current government really has reopened the investigation, it would be important to report on that. We just really need a source for it. --Jaysweet 23:01, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

dobar pretsedatel
bese i ke ostane sekogas najdobriot pretsedatel na republika makedonija —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.16.80.146 (talk) 14:58, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Proposal for art. / Major foreign policy contribution by the President Boris Trajkovski
Someone should add the fact that due to skillful diplomacy of Boris Trajkovski, US later (in Nov.) had recognized Macedonia under its Constitutional name Republic of Macedonia (in bilateral relations) in 2004. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 183.86.209.161 (talk) 14:22, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

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Aircraft Image
Can we ask ASN for permission to use the image?

https://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=20040226-0&vnr=1&kind=PC

OrbitalEnd48401 (talk) 14:09, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boris Trajkovski


text:
Talk:Avatar

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:22, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Lord Krishna with flute.jpg

Gupti-Isma'ili adaptation of the concept
I wonder, why do you think this content about the Gupti-Isma'ili interpretation of avatars is wp:undue? This is a fairly elaborate article, with also a section on the Sikh adaptation of the concept, so why shouldn't we include some info on the Gupti's? Perhaps we could include it without the quote? ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 15:46, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I removed the info as it was specifically only about Kalki.(Sikh one is about many avatars) But you can include it in brief or put the content in the Kalki article. . 245CMR . •👥📜 16:01, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I removed the info as it was specifically only about Kalki.(Sikh one is about many avatars) But you can include it in brief or put the content in the Kalki article. . 245CMR . •👥📜 16:01, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I understand. However, I think that the most relevant aspect of it is that an Islamic sect such as the Isma'ilis should adopt a Hindu concept like that of an avatar at all, which should give it a (small) place in this article. I added the info without the long quote, and added a longer paragraph to the Kalki article. Thanks, ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 16:12, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Vamana avatara not after third step of Vishnu
It is a false interpretation. Vishnu is the constellation Orion (at least this is his cosmic form) which can be seen from his car with eight wheels (similar to Odin's eight footed horse Sleipnir) the constellation Lepus. The river "Ganges" emerging from the right foot of Vishnu is the constellation Eridanus. And the three steps of Vishnu though the universe are the movements up and down of the Orion in the course of precession. This movement begins in the great flood which according to Berossos took place about 33.500 BC (and is the reason why this event is calculated backwards to 36.000 BC). The first movement was upwards the second downwards ended 10.500 BC. The third step is just under way and therefore Originaly cannot be meant the third step. This is confirmed by the fact that Bali (or Mahabali) is the Indian name of Kronos who according to Herodot was overthrown about 17.500 BC, which means after the beginning of the third step and not after the end. Even more: according to the Rigveda and Mahabharata the Kaliyuga will end, when Vishnu finished this third step. 2003:F5:F746:F400:58FF:87C1:D9A3:FC2 (talk) 18:40, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

"License problem"
Obviously the "license problem" is a bullshit-argument to add another Dashavatara-depiction, as the IP re-added the image themselves. Annoying behavior has also been shown by this IP at Dashavatara. Given the twarted nature of their "argument," I'm not inclined to accept multiple images here. Joshua Jonathan -  Let's talk!  16:03, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Change picture.
Add Vishnu / vaishnavism wikipedia thumbnail images to this article, and plz change image for vaishnavism. Vinay viniyl (talk) 14:48, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Vishnu Vinay viniyl (talk) 14:48, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Please be more specific. Thanks, Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!  15:48, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avatar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unsolved problems in biology

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was ambiguous.

This discussion never reached concensus. From the edit history, the discussion is no longer current. I am closing the discussion as an administrative clean-up activity. If anyone feels that this decision should be revisited, please create it as a new nomination. Rossami (talk) 20:27, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If this page is going to exist, shouldn't we remove the questions that do have answers? Here is my short list:

 * Why is it necessary for mammals to sleep? Or dream, come to that? - plenty of answers to this one
 * What is consciousness? - plenty of answers to this from a biological standpoint but the real questions don't belong here but in metaphysical
 * Do the genomes of all animals link together? - I could swear there is a complete tree of all animals that answers this already.

- Texture 20:15, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Are they really solved problems? I'm not sure about the sleep thing ... and consciousness and genomes are iffy as to being "solved" .... mabey more research could help to see if these are "settled" ...
 * I think there is still a general debate on those points (but I could be wrong) ...
 * "plenty of answers" isn't reason to remove the points ... there are "plenty of answers" to the physics questions, but they are still unsolved ...
 * Sincerely, JDR [PS. I tried to reformat the pg to reflect the frmt of the otehr like pages]

Q #6 (animal genomes) needs to be clarified or removed. If it means what I think it means (do all animals have a common ancestor?), then this isn't much of an unanswered Q. There is lots of evidence to support the idea that there was one common ancestor. Of course there is more work to do in this area, but I wouldn't consider it one of the 'big mysteries' of biology.ike9898 21:58, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

''Why is it necessary for mammals to sleep? Or dream, come to that? - plenty of answers to this one'' I'm sure you're right. Would it be appropriate to make an article on "why mammals sleep" or "why mammals dream" (why we dream?) in the Wikipedia? ... I was pretty sure that at least some non-mammals also sleep ... DavidCary 04:43, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just a response to above, I think that should simply be covered in the "dreaming" article as opposed to being seperate.

From the VFD page:

 * What are "solved" problems? Hmm:  How is ATP made, what does the Golgi apparatus do, how are proteins made, what is the structure of DNA, why is that inert stuff DNA present in cells in such large quantity, what is the thymus for, can organs ever be transplanted between two members of the same species; or for bigger questions: is conciousness in the heart, liver, or brain; are viruses dead or alive; do species evolve; what is the function of oxygen.  Kd4ttc 02:43, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

My rambling thoughts on this, not posted on VFD

 * Touché. I'm just being argumentative for the pleasure of it, but it seems to me that during my lifetime the function of the thymus has always been known, it's just that the supposedly known function has changed from decade to decade. I'm not sure that "are viruses dead or alive" is a meaningful question, nor do I happen to know what the current answer is said to be. In junior high school, of course, our biology teacher listed the "seven requirements of life" and one of them was "excrete urea," which got a suppressed giggle... I don't believe most viruses do that, so I suppose the question was settled. To the question "do species evolve" the answer is yes, pacé William Jennings Bryan, but any less trivial questions about how they evolve remain open. Finally, it seems to me that several of your problems are straw men in the sense that you have only defined them as problems because they've been solved. "Can organs ever be transplanted" would be one of those. Nor do I think there was a lot of angst surrounding the question "how is ATP made;" I doubt that this was recognized as an important problem until the point at which it was in the process of being solved. By the way, when I was a kid, the continents did not drift. I don't mean that we didn't know that they drifted. I'll buy the brain as the seat of consciousness, but is there an open question about the locus of the soul? Dpbsmith 13:58, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the kind rejoinder. Yeah, I took the easy way out and didn't say soul.  As a Gastroenterologist I am probably biased, but in France the Liver may well be the answer.  I picked the virus issue because when I was in Junior High in the late 1960's it was a very important question.  What is interesting to me about it was that the question became unasked as the biology of viruses was better understood over time.  One of my patient's this week asked if she had celiac disease but was on the diet she still had celiac disease is used the example of the viurs life question to answer hers: now that she understood the disease it was within her to contemplate the full complexity of the situation without feeling the need to have a simplistic answer.  Organ transplantation was a big issue back before it was shown possible, and the discovery of cyclosporin was a big part of it.  The ATP debate was HUGE, if you were a biochemist.  Excreting urea is a pretty poor defintion of life as bacteria and small life forms, like hmm BIRDS, don't excrete urea.

 * What do they excrete, then? Uric acid, isn't it? Pretty darn close, I'd say.

 * What is interesting about the virus issue is that the answer to that life question was dissipated gradually, other questions were answered quickly. As we advance in knowledge, we forget what the questions were, so there was not a straw man quality. For example, DNA was well known a major constiuent of cells, but it was thought to be chemically inert, and biologists knew that couldn't be right.  It seems some answers are obtained by gradual osmosis with a fade of the question, others get answers. Kd4ttc 02:47, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * And remember... protoplasm? Good old "protoplasm!" Don't you miss "protoplasm." Oh, the dictionary says it still exists—it means cytoplasm and nucleoplasm—but it used to be thought that it actually meant something, that it was some kind of fundamental life-stuff. The nonsense answer to many difficult questions. And remember the once-debated question of whether protozoans, oops, I mean protista, were unicellular or, in fact acellular? Because there was a better homology between a protozoan, oops I mean protist, and an entire multicellular animal, than between a protozoan and any single cell in the multicellular animal. No less an authority than Libbie Hyman weighed in on the "acellular" side. I discussed this once with some young biologists and they just blanked out. They couldn't process the question. It wasn't that they didn't agree with Hyman, it was that they simply couldn't assign any meaning to the concept of something being "acellular." Even slime molds... Dpbsmith 03:10, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I like the idea of sharing with folks who have not pondered some of the larger questions of biology. Many sientific textbooks in early years read like everything is understood. How quaint. But it is of use to understand that science has questions at many levels. Even discussion of is it biology is enlightening to those not scientifically inclined. Kd4ttc

Talk:Unsolved problems in biology has itself revealed a major unsolved problem in biology: how to get more biologists to recognize the importance of clearly identifying and discussing unsolved problems in biology. Maybe Wikibooks is a better place to try to be "enlightening". JWSchmidt 15:37, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Is intelligence affected by the geomagnetic field?"

The view that this is an unsolved problem in biology is idiosyncratic. I'm removing it. -- WOT 20:32, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Votes for Deletion

 * Unsolved problems in biology - the questions posed are not well-known (e.g. not the biological equivalent of Hilbert's problems), are not a recognized list, are not particularly insightful, are effectively a sort of essay on what the author believes to be relevant, hence POV and "original research." Dpbsmith 17:23, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree with above - Texture 17:47, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * delete - Yes, looks like something made up on the spot by the user. --Obli 18:47, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. questions posed are not well-known? Then they would seem to be unsolved wouldn't they? recognized list? Looks like a compliation stub ... google 21,300 : 198 [nonliteral : literal] ... not particularly insightful? YMMV on that ... effectively a sort of essay? Again YMMV on that ... POV? Nope ... also it's not a type original research that should be exclude (ie., "Specific factual content is not the question") ... I'm not sure if it was "made up on the spot", but a bit of research and copyedting should solve that ... JDR 19:10, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -A stub that could be developed.Pollinator 19:53, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, could develop into something like the IMO quite useful Unsolved problems in physics. -- Cyan 20:06, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Could add a lot more ideas here.  Let it develop for a year and revisit.  Stephen Holland, M.D. (I'm adding sex to the list)Kd4ttc 20:14, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * FYI- if you follow the link it appears that this page is just an advert for a general website. - Texture 20:16, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * YMMV on that .. there is a search engine in the website to look for "odd" things [read: unsolved issues] (bio stuff being just one) [FYI, I put the link in ... AND I have no connection to the site] ... JDR
 * Delete. Most problems in science aren't 'solved' or 'unsolved', they're somewhere in-between.  ike9898 22:01, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Amen to that... one of the things that was bothering me about this page was: what would be the list of solved problems in biology? Dpbsmith 00:09, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Solved problems go in the biology article. JDR 13:57, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What are "solved" problems? Hmm:  How is ATP made, what does the Golgi apparatus do, how are proteins made, what is the structure of DNA, why is that inert stuff DNA present in cells in such large quantity, what is the thymus for, can organs ever be transplanted between two members of the same species; or for bigger questions: is conciousness in the heart, liver, or brain; are viruses dead or alive; do species evolve; what is the function of oxygen.  Kd4ttc 02:43, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If someone of the status in biology that David Hilbert had in mathematics were to compile such a list, then yes, that would be useful. But I doubt they would, given the nature of the subject. Meantime, this is an interesting project, but not a suitable article for Wikipedia. Andrewa 02:55, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually... if I recall correctly... does anyone have a copy of James Watson's book The Molecular Biology of the Gene? I think it was that book... the introduction to which contains a statement that has stuck in my mind for decades because of its monumental arrogance. He says that molecular biology, and only molecular biology, is capable of answering the big unsolved problems of biology, and procedes to list a few. Among them are the cause of cancer, and how the ability to think arises from the structure of the central nervous system. Does anyone want to look 'em up and enumerate them as The Watson Problems? Dpbsmith 14:02, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and see where it goes. Wikipedia is about knowledge and asking questions like these is the way that knowledge expands. Perhaps we should have a general compendium of unanswered, unsolved but significant questions. I know Wikipedia is not about original research but research is what most people will use it for. Also consider another long unsolved problem, Fermat's last theorem, and its significance in the history of mathematics. Unsolved problems are important. ping 07:21, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. silsor 21:19, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not encyclopediac! Muriel 13:20, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - unscientific. Nothing in science is actually "solved" afterall - they are just hypotheses. Secretlondon 22:31, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * So how, then, would you define a scientific law? Xeresblue
 * (Making this up as I go along) An important hypothesis that a) has been subjected to intensive and widespread testing and hasn't been disproven yet; b) is found in textbooks; and c) (if applicable) is used by engineers for practical purposes where lives and money depend on the outcome. Of course it's more complicated than that. Many scientific "laws" are really definitions. For example, consider "Ohm's law." It is really a definition of the term resistance. Some things "obey Ohm's law," some don't. For those that do, it is meaningful to characterize them with a "resistance." Newton's three "laws of motion" have a similar flavor. Anyhoo... science procedes by disproof. Nothing is ever proven, things are only disproven. At least, someone I knew said their science teacher said that he had read somewhere a book review that said Karl Popper said that. Dpbsmith 23:38, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Many scientific "laws" are really definitions (or model descriptions). For example, consider various established "Laws and Theories". It is really a definition of the term duality. Godel and de Broglie both stated this. Most things "obey wave-particle duality". For those that do, it is meaningful to characterize them with a "quantity." YMMV on the "Nothing is ever proven," Experiments and obeservation only disprove and prove things, as far as I can precieve. JDR 13:14, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - the fact that there is already so much discussion about it, proves that this page is meaningful. JoJan 18:48, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)JoJan

Keep. I agree nothing is really solved but for people interested in biology it's an interesting page.

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Style and How-to Directory

Redirecting to community main page
With the new community main page, I think 168's project is no longer needed. We should be able to get everything we need on the new community page, so I propose to redirect there. --Michael Snow 20:16, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Your suggestion no sense at all and could have been said with regard to the old Main Page design. The Main Page is part of the problem, not the solution. There should be links to all the subdirectories like this one from the Main Page, b/c there's not enough space on the Main Page to put together everything that ought to be grouped.168...|...Talk 21:40, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Link to other wiki-media projects
such as the way you can link to wikipedia from wiktionary by preceeding with a w:, i'd like to link to the wiktionary with something like dict: or whatever. But there is NO how to link to other wiki media projects, and I really don't want to guess.

I'll be posting this in requests soon, I suppose.

 * Like this: Hello or Hello . For other languages' wiktionaries, use Bonjour or Bonjour.

 * Urhixidur 17:16, 2004 Sep 8 (UTC)

Style change
I've decided to be bold and remove all the italicizing on this page, except the "(disputed)" labels. Makes for a much more readable page, I think. I also changed the top-level bullets to headings. Do we even need the topmost heading? I believe the page title says it all... - dcljr 23:47, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I've decided to answer my own question (above) "No." I removed the topmost heading. - dcljr 05:39, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Help?
I'm trying to figure out if there's a way to wrap text around the automatically generated table of contents boxes. If there is, that would make several pages I've looked at more visually appealing... Krupo 01:32, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Wrapping text around contents box
Cascading Style Sheets has the "float" attribute. This allows you to "float" a box to the left or right of the normal flow of the text. The text then wraps around the box. I am a Wikipedia newbie so I can't tell you how you would actually get this done.--James Bayley 18:26, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bursting this page
As part of the process of splitting the "style" and "how-to" categories (as approved here) I am going to split up this page. Its contents will be converted into navigational templates, category listings, or both. This will take a few days. When this process is completed, you will be able to visit Category:Wikipedia how-to and Category:Wikipedia style guidelines for how-to and style information, respectively. Feel free to drop a note on my user talk page if you have any concerns or suggestions. Thanks, Beland 02:38, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Days, or...months. The bursting process is complete, and I am now cleaning up inbound links. -- Beland 02:52, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Goa state
New chief minister Pramod savant Ljparmar (talk) 16:27, 16 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Sunbury-on-Thames

Sunbury-on-Thames, known locally as Sunbury, is a town on the north bank of the River Thames in the Borough of Spelthorne, Surrey, England, 13 mi southwest of central London. Historically part of the county of Middlesex, in 1965 Sunbury and other surrounding towns were initially intended to form part of the newly created county of Greater London, but were instead transferred to Surrey. Sunbury adjoins Feltham to the north, Hampton to the east, Ashford to the northwest and Shepperton to the southwest. Walton-on-Thames is to the south, on the opposite bank of the Thames.

The town has two main focal points: Lower Sunbury (known locally as Sunbury Village) is the older part, adjoining the river. Sunbury Common (known locally as Sunbury Cross) is to the north and surrounds the railway station and the London end of the M3 motorway. Lower Sunbury contains most of the town's parks, pubs and listed buildings, whereas Sunbury Common is more urban and includes offices and hotels. Lower Sunbury holds an annual fair and regatta each August.

Sunbury railway station is on the Shepperton branch line. Trains to and from London Waterloo are operated by South Western Railway.

History

The earliest evidence of human settlement in Sunbury has been the discovery of Bronze Age funerary urns dating from the 10th century BCE. There is an important scheduled monument by Rooksmead Road, a prehistoric bowl barrow, known as Cloven Barrow, on low-lying ground that was part of the flood plain of the Thames, now around 1 km to the south. It has a circular mound approximately 14 m in diameter and 2.5 m high, surrounded by a ditch from which material used to build it was excavated. The ditch has become infilled over the years and survives as a buried feature up to 2 m wide. The monument has been partly disturbed by modern gardening activities, and by the construction of a greenhouse on its western side. Cloven Barrow (Old English Clofenan Beorh, or the 'barrow with a cleft') was mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon document, known as the "Sunbury Charter", which has been dated to around AD 962.

Many years later the arrival of Huguenot refugees gave the name to French Street.

The place-name 'Sunbury' is first attested in one of the many Anglo-Saxon charters, one of c. 960 to 962, where it appears as Sunnanbyrg. Another charter of 962 lists it as Sunnanbyrig. Sunbury appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Sunneberie. The name means 'Sunna's burgh or fortification'. The same first name is found in Sonning in Berkshire.

Sunbury's Domesday assets were: seven hides. It had five ploughs, meadow for six ploughs, and cattle pasture. It had about 22 households, including one priest and included the manor of Kempton, Kynaston, Chennes[-ton]/[-tone], Kenton or Kenyngton, listed separately. The manor rendered £6 per year to its feudal system overlords. That of Kempton rendered £4.

Lower Sunbury presented for two centuries a mainly rural and quite gentrified village as still visible in many conserved buildings and structures, see Landmarks. Of particular note are the wealth and community tie of its parish church as well as many ornate and unusual houses and mansions (or mansion remains). The oldest and most extravagant homes are those from the Georgian era: throughout and for three decades after the 18th century, the time when the body of Sunbury's oldest church dates to – many of those on large plots of land have been demolished and subdivided.

Gilbert White described Sunbury, in The Natural History of Selborne, letter, 4 November 1767 as "one of those pleasant villages lying on the Thames, near Hampton Court".

In 1889 a group of music hall stars met in the Magpie Hotel in Lower Sunbury to form the Grand Order of Water Rats. The pub-restaurant it has become was named after the horse that one of the entertainers owned, whilst the Grand Order was named because Magpie – a trotting pony owned by Richard Thornton, music hall owner – had been described as a drowned water rat. The Three Fishes in Green Street is one of the oldest pubs in Surrey, an officially protected building of the late 16th century.

In the twentieth century, kennels near Sunbury Cross in the town were used for keeping greyhounds for racing at the former stadia at Wandsworth, Charlton and Park Royal.

Sunbury-on-Thames is historically in Middlesex. Under the Local Government Act 1888 county councils were established the following year, with Sunbury governed by the new Middlesex County Council. This was further refined by the creation of Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District in 1894. In 1965, all but three districts of Middlesex were absorbed into Greater London; Sunbury was one of these exceptions. The area of Sunbury's Urban District has since been in the county of Surrey as to its upper tier of local government. Royal Mail ignored the change in 1965 and the former postal county is Middlesex. Mention of any county in postal addresses is considered dated but widely practised in some areas. In 1974 the urban district was abolished and it has since formed part of the borough of Spelthorne.

Topography and localities

Sunbury is a post town that is in part north and south of the M3, varying from 14 to 9m AOD with a term for each part.

Lower Sunbury
Lower Sunbury, 51.411°N, -0.409°W, locally known as 'Sunbury village', bordering the Thames and M3, is just over half of the town forming an almost entirely green-buffered residential suburb which includes eight schools: including three of the six secondary schools in the Borough (or of eight including those which are independent). Opposed to London, partially in Shepperton are parts of the Metropolitan Green Belt including four farms, a golf course, riverside horseriding centre at Beasley's Ait, the Swan Sanctuary, a rugby training centre and Upper Halliford's park. Lower Sunbury has one of the larger NHS medical general practitioner (GP) centres in the Borough. Football, playgrounds and tennis grounds are in both halves of the town with London Irish rugby club being the main organised team in the village. Sunbury Park has dog-walking, cycle paths, parking and is in a cluster with five others including a tree-lined linear park, a modest, sloped riverside park and an adjoining café-served park.

The town has been the home to London Irish since 1932 whose premiership team since 2001 has played at the Madejski Stadium in Reading, Berkshire. Many hundreds of players train at Sunbury during the rugby season. Its eastern border is Kempton Park Racecourse which has on the far side of the town the main area of historic woodland and wildlife preservation, the Kempton Park Reservoirs SSSI which blends into the park's own ponds, woods, Portman Brook and additional channels in the Green Belt.

The neighbourhood has a tapestry known as the Millennium Embroidery which was conceived and designed in the 1990s and completed in 2000. Since July 2006 its permanent home is the purpose-built Sunbury Millennium Embroidery Gallery, in a well-tended, free-to-visit Walled Garden adjoining Sunbury Park. The opening of a café within the gallery building, which architecturally resembles a boat, has increased the leisure time spent in the predominantly Georgian and early Victorian conservation area, the majority of which runs along Thames Street, a small section of which King's Lawn is a terraced public riverside. Fishing is permitted here for those with two Environment Agency licences. The Walled Garden hosts annual concerts, flower displays, events related to its facing Millennium Embroidery Café and occasionally plays in summer. Three public pools attract swimmers: Nuffield Health; You Fit (next to the Shepperton border); and Everyone Active's Sunbury Leisure Centre.

In July of each year, Lower Sunbury is the start of the colourful traditional ceremony of Swan Upping, where two livery companies carry out marking of the swans on all upper reaches of the River Thames. In August, the traditional Sunbury Amateur Regatta takes place on the stretch of the river around Rivermead Island.

Lower Sunbury has similar property plot sizes to Shepperton and house prices as Hampton. Most property is 1930s–1960s semi-detached or detached houses with gardens on verge or tree-lined roads. The railway here benefits from seating at peak times but gives lower speed of access to the City of London relative to the South West Main Line developments of Elmbridge. Wide roads and parking provide strengths of the borough. The largest plots of garden measure only around an acre not covering any of the grassy plain, western outlying farms or boundary-lining trees in the far east and west. Lower Sunbury has numerous pubs, independent restaurants. A dog-free meadow permitting informal cricket and football is near the main parade of shops at which annual carols are held and at the regatta time in August a celebratory street market takes place.

Sunbury Common
51.421°N, -0.422°W The northern section is Sunbury Common, patches of which remain, commanded by its four tower blocks and two hotels, overall with a mixed-use urban composition; it also houses major employers including offices of Siemens, European Asbestos Solutions, Chubb and BP. The M3, with its inaugural junction at Sunbury Cross, sections off Lower Sunbury. Sunbury Common has a long, curved shopping parade that includes Marks & Spencer, Halfords, Farmfoods supermarket, Costa and Boots. Also in this area, set off the main road is a Tesco Extra.

North and east of the area is part of the green belt: a small farm and larger natural brookland habitat with most of this area being in the adjoining London Borough of Hounslow and before the early 19th century part of distant Hanworth Park, historically part of Hounslow Heath. Its wild flower meadows, brooks and human-made troughs with wetland plants and insects form the Kempton Park Reservoirs SSSI. The operational Kempton Reservoirs and roads passing into Hampton form the rest of the town's eastern border, a buffer further south.

Sunbury here has five or six high rise tower blocks: 3 residential including the newly converted chubb building; and two hotels. Similarly it has industrial/business parks clustered generally in the acute angles between the M3/A316 (Country Way) and the A308 (Staines Road West). BP's Engineering and Research Centre in the north replaced Meadhurst House and gardens occupied by the Cadbury family and has evolved into BP's international centre for business and technology across a number of landscaped units. A number of other major companies have premises.

Marking the western border of the Upper Halliford/Charlton parts of Sunbury ecclesiastical and historic parish, however no longer by the town, is the Queen Mary Reservoir which was constructed 1914–25 and is home to a sailing club regularly used by schools and youth organisations to teach water sports.

Anglican church

St Mary's Church was built originally in the medieval period, to which its foundations date. It was entirely rebuilt in 1752, designed by Stephen Wright (Clerk of Works to Hampton Court Palace); it has a tall apsidal (dome-like) chancel with a south chapel and western extensions to aisles added in extensive remodelling designed by architect Samuel Sanders Teulon in 1857. A solitary central monument in the church itself is to Lady Jane Coke (died 1761), stained glass and a vestry much extended in the early 20th century. It is a listed building in the mid-category, Grade II*.

Sunbury Court
Sunbury Court in Lower Sunbury (b.1723) is the home of the high council of The Salvation Army since 1925.

Hawke House
Sunbury has the main home, Hawke House, of Admiral Hawke who blockaded Rochefort in 1757 and in 1758 he directed the blockade of Brest for six months. Its three parts are Georgian buildings with small gardens to front and rear. The vast bulk of the land behind and across the road belonging to the house was re-planned in stages in the mid 20th century as private detached homes with gardens.

Millennium Embroidery
Its own modernist gallery contains the wall-dominating commissioned artwork, a substantial tapestry, that commemorates Sunbury's ascension to the third millennium. It was designed by John Stamp and David Brown to be a large patchwork of Sunbury landmarks, including St. Mary's Church, the Admiral Hawke/Hawke House and the river. The finished piece is actually composed of several embroideries, the largest of which measures 9 x. It took four years to complete and enlisted the help of over 140 volunteers and artists. Queen Elizabeth II visited the Embroidery in 2001 and the gallery built for it in 2006.

Wheatley's Ait
This residential island of Sunbury is one of the longest on the River Thames and is divided into two sections by a storm weir. It is connected by a wide footbridge. The main weir, maintained and owned by the Environment Agency, connects the downstream end of the island to Sunbury Lock Ait, which is almost uninhabited, and is within the modern parish bounds of Walton and has the Middle Thames Yachting and Motorboat Club.

Sunbury Court Island
Sunbury Court Island, as with most of Sunbury's riverside, privately owned, is another residential island, connected by a narrow arched footbridge well above river level.

Sunbury House
An abortive proposal for this western part of the manor was designed by Sir Christopher Wren to be the local army barracks but not built. Sunbury House was a large building with gardens and allotments covering the rectangle of land between Thames Street, Green Street, Forge Lane and Halliford Road. It was leased in 1855 by the Bishop family, who had owned it since its 1789 commencement of construction for Charles Bishop, HM Procurator General, to Captain Auguste Frederic Lendy, a French officer, who, with the assistance of the exiled French Royal family (living at Orleans House) founded a military academy.

This was a period when military commissions were still bought and sold, and training of officers in the army itself was quite rudimentary, so these establishments existed to teach students the necessary skills before taking up their posts.

On New Year's Eve 1915 the house was largely destroyed by fire and the two wings survived. One of these was later demolished, the remaining large west wing becoming a nursing home in two parts: Sunbury House which has not yet been listed and West Lodge almost entirely late 18th century and a building listed in the initial category at Grade II.

Primary schools
The town has six primary schools:
 * Chennestone Primary School

Founded in the 1950s as Manor Lane Primary School. In 1967 the school changed its name to Chennestone to reflect the name of one of four manors in the parish, as spelt in the Domesday Book, when its pronunciation as with "Chent" in that book (Kent) would have been close to Kenyngton, its other form soon after recorded and its eventual form, Kempton.
 * Beauclerc Infants School (federated with above)
 * Hawkedale Infants School
 * Kenyngton Manor School
 * St Ignatius RC Primary School
 * Springfield Primary School

Secondary schools

 * St. Paul's Catholic College, voluntary aided
 * Sunbury Manor School, Foundation school, a specialist humanities school
 * The Bishop Wand Church of England School, voluntary aided

Independent schools
Selective secondary independent schools (of approximately equal distance of less than three miles from the centre) are Hampton School (for boys) and Lady Eleanor Holles School (for girls) in Hampton, Sir William Perkins's School (for girls) in Chertsey, Halliford School (for boys) in Shepperton and St James Senior Boys School in Ashford.

Local preparatory schools include Hampton Preparatory School, formerly Denmead School in Hampton (part of the Hampton School Trust), Newland House School in Twickenham, Twickenham Preparatory School in Hampton, and Staines Preparatory School in Staines-upon-Thames. An alternative, progressive form of independent education for boys and girls aged 3 to 18, is provided by St Michael Steiner School in Hanworth Park.

Sport and fitness

 * The Hazelwood Centre home of London Irish Amateur Rugby Club and training grounds and headquarters of London Irish
 * Sunbury cricket club
 * Sunbury and Walton Hawks Hockey Club
 * Nuffield Health Club (private sector membership club)
 * Everyone Active Sunbury Leisure Centre (private-public enterprise)

Other

 * Kempton Park Racecourse – National Hunt and Flat horse racing, November fair with fireworks and reindeer racing
 * 1st–4th Sunbury Scouts/Guides
 * West Surrey Racing – touring car racing
 * 862 (Sunbury) Air Training Corps
 * Sunbury Riding School – horse riding

River Thames

 * Sunbury Skiff and Punting Club and Sunbury Amateur Regatta
 * Licensed rod fishing
 * Motor boat hire

Sharing a border

 * Hampton & Kempton steam train children's railway
 * Kempton Park Steam Engines museum
 * Staines Rugby Football Club
 * Middle Thames Yacht (motorboat) club
 * Walton Rowing Club
 * Walton Casuals Football Club

Within historic boundary

 * Sunbury Golf Club

Entertainment

 * The Riverside Arts Centre: theatre, amateur dramatics society; classical, jazz and blues music (see above)
 * Live music at public houses (see above)

In literature
The riverside St Mary's Anglican Church and the Ferry House nearby are mentioned in the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.

Sunbury's islands and the ardour of rowing up Sunbury backwater (weir stream) to access the public riverside are mentioned in Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome.

Sunbury is the setting for the 1890 novel Kit and Kitty by R. D. Blackmore.

Sunbury is passed through briefly in H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, where it is described to have been partially covered in heavy, inky vapour by the Martians.

Sunbury is mentioned in the opening chapter of Rural Rides by farmers' champion William Cobbett: "All Middlesex is ugly, notwithstanding the millions upon millions which it is continually sucking up from the rest of the kingdom; and though the Thames and its meadows now-and-then are seen from the road, the country is not less ugly from Richmond to Chertsey-bridge, through Twickenham, Hampton, Sunbury and Sheperton [sic], than it is elsewhere. The soil is a gravel at bottom with a black loam at top near the Thames; further back it is a sort of spewy gravel; and, the buildings consist generally of tax-eaters showy, tea-garden-like boxes, and of shabby dwellings of labouring people, who in this part of the country look to be about half Saint Giles's: dirty, and have every appearance of drinking gin." A few years after Cobbett's death Thomas Babington wrote in 1843, "An acre in Middlesex is worth a principality in Utopia" which contrasts neatly with its agricultural caricature.

Demography and housing
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.

The proportion of households in the settlement who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free). Map showing Super Outputs areas Office for National Statistics Retrieved 16 December 2013

Road

 * A316, becomes the start of the M3 motorway.
 * A308, directions towards Staines-upon-Thames and Kingston-upon-Thames.
 * A244, directions towards Hounslow and Walton-on-Thames.

Rail

 * Sunbury
 * Kempton Park

Bus
Although Sunbury is officially outside London, it is predominantly served by three Transport for London bus routes:
 * 216 (Staines-upon-Thames – Kingston upon Thames)
 * 235 (starts at Sunbury and runs to North Brentford Quarter)
 * 290 (Staines-upon-Thames – Twickenham; serves Sunbury Cross).

In addition, two other local bus routes serve Sunbury:
 * 555 (Hatton Cross Station – Walton-on-Thames)
 * 557 (Heathrow Terminal 5 – Woking)

Air

 * Heathrow Airport is 5 miles away from its centre.

Emergency services
Sunbury is served by these emergency services:
 * Surrey Police (it was within the boundary of the Metropolitan Police district until 2000).
 * South East Coast Ambulance Service as of 1 July 2006, formed from the former Surrey Ambulance Service, Sussex, and Kent Ambulance services.
 * Surrey Fire & Rescue Service.

Namesakes
Sunbury, the suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Sunbury, Pennsylvania, a city (town in UK standards) in Northumberland County.

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References

title: Sunbury-on-Thames


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