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Poplar Forest

Poplar Forest is a plantation and retreat home in Forest, Virginia, United States, that belonged to Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and third U.S. president. Jefferson inherited the property in 1773 and began designing and working on his retreat home in 1806. While Jefferson is the most famous individual associated with the property, it had several owners before being purchased for restoration, preservation, and exhibition in 1984.

Poplar Forest was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971 and is now operated as a historic house museum by the nonprofit Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest. The corporation is also responsible for the ongoing archaeological study and restoration work at the property. The Corporation celebrated the completed restoration of Jefferson's villa retreat in April 2023.

History
The land upon which Poplar Forest was built shows archaeological evidence of having been populated by native peoples from the Paleo-Indian through Late Woodland periods. The 4,000-acre property was legally defined by a 1745 patent in which William Stith (a colonial minister and planter) assumed ownership, but did not live on the land. He passed ownership to his daughter Elizabeth Pasteur who sold it to her cousin Peter Randolph, who maintained ownership until 1764. John Wayles purchased the original property in 1764 and slowly added an additional 819 acres prior to 1770; he was the first to use slave labor on the property. Similar to Stith, Wayles did not live on the property due to his career as an attorney and businessman in Charles City County, Virginia.

Wayles' daughter Martha Wayles Skelton was married to Thomas Jefferson, and the couple inherited the full 4,819 acres when Wayles died in 1773. The Jeffersons did not immediately continue developing Poplar Forest, nor were they frequent visitors to the property – their focus was on developing Monticello, Thomas's political and legal career, and raising their family. Martha Jefferson died in 1782, and Thomas spent time away from Virginia in public service following her death, serving as Minister to France (1785–1789), Secretary of State (1790–1793), Vice President (1797–1801), and President (1801–1809).

Even in Jefferson's absence, the plantation was generating revenue from slave labor under the watch of a general steward and a team of overseers; the slave labor force at Poplar Forest produced annual tobacco and wheat crops after 1790.

Jefferson conducted annual visits to Poplar Forest beginning in 1810 and ending in 1823; He frequently brought his granddaughters Ellen and Cornelia Jefferson Randolph to the house after 1816, and always traveled to Poplar Forest with a small cadre of enslaved men and women who were based at Monticello. His visits ranged from a few days to weeklong stays. Jefferson maintained sole ownership of the property and the slaves until 1790, when he gave 1,000 acres and six slave families to his daughter Martha and her husband Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. Randolph would later divide and sell the rest of Jefferson's landholdings; he also sold many of Jefferson's slaves to repay debts.

Near the end of his life, Jefferson sought to find permanent residents for the property, and his grandson Francis W. Eppes and wife Mary Elizabeth moved to Poplar Forest shortly after their 1823 marriage. Jefferson died in 1826 having made his last visit to Poplar Forest in 1823. The Eppeses sold Poplar Forest in November 1828 to William Cobbs; Cobbs assigned the task of managing the property to his son-in-law Edward Hutter in 1840 following his marriage to Cobb's daughter Emma. The period from 1745 to 1840, in which Poplar Forest was sold many times in quick succession many enslaved men, women, and children were separated from their families as the owners settled their predecessor's debts. The Cobbs–Hutter family maintained ownership of Poplar Forest into the twentieth century. The Hutter's son Christian purchased the property in the late nineteenth century and used it as a summer home and working farm into the 1940s employing labor from both black and white hired farmhands and tenant farmers.

Christian Hutter sold the property to James Watts’ family in 1946; the Watts family operated Poplar Forest as a dairy farm and worked with Phelps Barnum and W. Stuart Thompson to restore the house to the way it appeared during Jefferson's time. They also did significant landscape development, and sold a majority of the remaining land to a developer who constructed a nine-hole golf course and a lake along the eastern and southern part of the property.

Dr. James Johnson purchased the house and 50 acres of land from the Watts family in 1980 and then the nonprofit Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest purchased the acreage and the remaining physical structures on the property in 1984. The organization has worked in recent years to reacquire land within the original plantation boundaries, and as of 2008 owned 617 acres of the original property. The Corporation celebrated the completed restoration of Jefferson's villa retreat in April 2023.

Architectural design
When construction began at Poplar Forest in 1806, Jefferson was President of the United States. He supervised the construction from Washington, DC. Thomas Jefferson was a self-taught architect known for his work at Monticello and the Virginia State Capitol; he frequently borrowed designs from classical sources, and was attracted to Palladio's classical architecture in the Veneto as well as designs from 16th century France. Jefferson designed Poplar Forest as his personal retreat house and selected the property because of its distance from his public life. The octagonal house may have been the first of its kind to have been built in the United States. The house at Poplar Forest is made of brick and has an octagonal floor plan; it consists of a central square space and three sides made of elongated octagon rooms. There is an entry hall on the one side of the house, which is two smaller rooms divided by a short entry hall. There is a skylight in the central dining room. The dining room dimensions are 20’ x 20’ x 20’, which makes it a perfect cube. Jefferson also added pedimented porticoes on low arcades that were attached to both the northern and southern facades as well as the east and west stairwells. Scholars agree that the retreat house at Poplar Forest is an excellent example of octagonal symmetry; Jefferson's design for the building reflects a consistent geometric approach likely made possible by his well-known proficiency in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and Newtonian calculus.

Post-Jeffersonian modifications and preservation
Under different owners, the main house underwent many alterations, and the plantation's acreage was incrementally reduced to 50 acres (20 ha) at the time of acquisition by the Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest. There was a fire in 1845; the Cobbs and Hutter families rebuilt in the Greek revival style and added an attic story for sleeping; this modified the interior plan of the house. The original walls, chimney, and columns remained after the renovation.

The Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest used early 19th-century building materials including heavy timber-frame construction, hemp sash cord, and iron hardware from Colonial Williamsburg. They also used 19th-century building techniques, such as column rendering and burning limestone to produce traditional lime mortar and plaster, for their restoration work. The goal of the restorations is to restore Poplar Forest to Jefferson's original architectural vision.

Slavery
Enslaved men, women, and children were present on the property from 1766 through 1865, when slavery was formally abolished in the United States. Present-day knowledge of the slave populations and their contributions to Poplar Forest is based on both archaeological and archival evidence. John Wayles used slave labor to originally develop roadwork on the property, and when Thomas and Martha Jefferson inherited the land that included Poplar Forest from Wayles, they also inherited 135 enslaved men, women, and children as well as other tracts of land in Amherst, Cumberland, Charles City, Goochland, and Powhatan counties. Because Wayles chose to split his estate among several heirs, enslaved families were separated in order for his heirs to pay his debts.

As Jefferson turned more attention to Poplar Forest, he brought enslaved people from Monticello, Elk Hill, Indian Camp, and Judith's Creek, thus increasing the enslaved population at Poplar Forest. Jefferson kept consistent records of the enslaved people living at Poplar Forest; these records show that the enslaved population fluctuated between as few as 28 and as many as 95 enslaved individuals were working at Poplar Forest between the years 1774 and 1819. As an active participant in the slave trade, Jefferson sold and purchased enslaved people throughout the time he owned Poplar Forest, including the sale of 40 enslaved people from his various properties in Bedford County, Virginia in the 1790s. The Eppeses inherited the house, about 1,075 acres of land, and several enslaved men and women after Jefferson's death in 1826. The Cobbs and Hutter families also used slave labor on the property through emancipation and maintained some formerly enslaved people as hired workers following.

Plantation and slave economics
Beginning in 1790, the enslaved community at Poplar Forest grew tobacco and livestock for profit, and later grew wheat. Records from Edward Hutter's tenure at Poplar Forest show that enslaved individuals were regularly tasked with tilling fields and digging ditches in addition to their work growing and harvesting plants to be sold at market. Enslaved people worked six days each week, and were also responsible for constructing and maintaining their housing structures. Scholars have determined that the enslaved community at Poplar Forest devised a commerce system amongst themselves; slaves were allowed a small plot of land on which to grow food and produce goods that could be traded or sold to fellow enslaved people as well as the owners' families and the outside market. Archaeologists at Poplar Forest have uncovered clothing accessories such as buttons, glass beads, gilt chains, aiglet/lace tips, and fancy buckles that were likely used as currency amongst slaves at Poplar Forest and the surrounding plantations.

Documents from the 19th century show that the transition from tobacco-based to mixed-crop plantation agriculture left Poplar Forest with an abundance of laborers; William Cobbs, in particular, is known to have hired out slaves from the plantation to external projects. Other enslaved individuals (including two women named Lucy and Matilda) are known to have had access to money during this time so that they could buy items on behalf of the Cobbs/Hutter families. Edward Hutter regularly leased slaves from Poplar Forest to businesses and planters in Bedford County.

Family networks
Records show that by the 1790s, there were seven different enslaved families represented at Poplar Forest. Jefferson encouraged common-law unions amongst the enslaved community, and recorded the birth dates of each enslaved child born on the property. He also rewarded women who married a fellow slave from Poplar Forest with a pot; archaeologists have found remnants of these gifts in archaeological studies of the property. Jefferson kept records of family connections – surviving records have allowed scholars to conclude that multiple generations of single families were enslaved at Poplar Forest and had relatives at other plantations in Virginia. William and Marian Cobbs inherited an enslaved family that included Mary and her daughters Lucy and Matilda (who are recorded to have worked as house slaves) as well as other siblings and extended family members.

Known enslaved people
Hannah was not born at Poplar Forest, but served there from the time she was a teenager until ca.1821. She married and had a family with a fellow slave, was literate, and worked for a time as Jefferson's housekeeper.

James (Jame) Hubbard was purchased by Jefferson when he was 30 and went on to oversee field laborers at Poplar Forest. He fathered six children with a fellow slave named Cate and fostered several others, and worked as a hogkeeper when he was older. Scholars are also able to trace his family members and their roles at Poplar Forest, which included Nace, Hannah, Nancy, Joan, James, and Phill.

Phill was born at Poplar Forest to James Hubbard and his wife Cate. Phill briefly worked at Monticello before returning to Poplar Forest, where he married Hanah and had a son. He died at age 33, reportedly of poisoning.

William (Billy) was born at Poplar Forest and violently rebelled against slavery by attacking an overseer on more than one occasion. Jefferson sent him and three others to Louisiana, where William attempted to run away, but was caught and sold.

John Hemmings never lived at Poplar Forest, but documentary records show that he was responsible for much of the interior woodwork in the retreat house at Poplar Forest.

Lydia Johnson lived at Poplar Forest when Edward Hutter owned the property. She named one of her children Ida Reeder, after Hutter's niece; expense records show that he purchased a dress for her as a gift. Lydia continued to work for the family after Emancipation until she died in 1919.

Will appears in a ledger from 1772 noting that he purchased rum, buttons, thread, and cloth.

Archaeology
There have been several archaeological digs at Poplar Forest since the archaeology program began in 1989. Archaeology has revealed several sites associated with the enslaved population at Poplar Forest as well as uncovered valuable information about Jefferson's original landscape surrounding his retreat. In Fall of 2022, Poplar Forest celebrated the completion of landscape restoration to the north side of the retreat villa.

More recent excavations focused on an area believed to have held paper mulberry trees; Jefferson planted two rows in order to help create naturalistic wings to complement the Palladian style of his retreat house. Archaeologists at Poplar Forest found stains in the ground indicating areas in which trees were previously planted, and their goal is to analyze the levels of charcoal and pollen to determine which areas were most likely the original location(s) for the paper mulberry trees. Other ongoing and future excavation plans include the area surrounding an antebellum slave cabin as well as Jefferson's ornamental plant nursery.

Slave sites
Archaeological excavations of Poplar Forest have yielded evidence suggesting that maps of Poplar Forest created in Jefferson's time were incomplete and did not illustrate the extent to which enslaved people were present.

Old plantation/North Hill site
The Old Plantation/North Hill is believed to have been established in the 1770s/1780s and was the site of the oldest slave farm structures at Poplar Forest dating from 1764. Maps suggest that the original structures included an overseer's house, large barn, and slave housing built over the course of 40 years. Scholars also refer to this area as the Old Quarter located to the south and west of the main house.

Quarter site
The Quarter site, also called the Wingo quarter farm, dates from 1790 to 1812 at Poplar Forest and was operational when Jefferson owned Poplar Forest; he gave the land on which it was located to Martha and Thomas Mann Randolph as a wedding present. Jefferson's surviving notes tell us that three carpenters were able to construct a slave cabin in three days and that the slaves most often lived next to their field or shop work sites. Documentary evidence suggests that the slave housing structures at Poplar Forest were made of logs and that several houses had two rooms that each measured 12.5 x 15 feet; this is corroborated by archaeological evidence suggesting that the slave structures contained root cellars designed by the occupants, which were used to store clothing, tools, and iron hardware. Archaeologists used soil stains to discover storage pits, burned tree roots, and postholes; this analysis also yielded fragments of glass, ceramics, and iron which were discovered to have been parts of plates, bottles, and cooking pots.

One other structure discovered is believed to have functioned as a smokehouse as well as a residence, while a third is believed to have been built later than the other two, and used primarily as housing. Soil analysis also suggests that there were fences in the slave quarters.

Excavations at this site also yielded a number of objects related to slave life at Poplar Forest. Archaeologists discovered iron saw files, gimlets, wedges, croze irons, and a hinge from a folding ruler; it is likely that these objects are from tools used by slaves either in their work assignments or in their personal space. Scissors, straight pins, and thimbles found at the site suggest that women sewed for both work and for their families. The excavations uncovered stoneware and earthenware that scholars believe to have been used to prepare food. Enslaved men and women at Poplar Forest ate fruits and vegetables as well as beef, pork, venison, opossum, rabbit, chicken, turkey, and fish, and possibly had access to firearms with which to hunt animals.

Site A
This is the newest of the three sites; current scholarship indicates that it was built in the 1830s and was operational until emancipation. Scholars believe that the site was home to a slave cabin likely occupied between 1840 and 1860. Archaeologists have uncovered a 3 ft. pit that would have been located underneath the floor of the cabin, postholes, and remnants of a shone chimney. The excavation at Site A has yielded buttons, straight pins, needles, thimbles, and the bone cap of a needle case; this suggests that this site may have been the home of a seamstress.

In addition, 191 beads have been recovered, with only one made of bone, and the rest from glass. 159 were seed beads, most predominantly found in aqua, turquoise, red and white cased, and white. Though five single beads in dark blue, light blue, black, dark green, and purple were also uncovered, as well as two light green, and four colorless seed beads. The residual thirty one beads were crafted from different glass bead making methods, and were found in three colors. Twenty six were wound glass in black, three were faceted, two black and one purple, and two drawn glass in white.

A Spanish half real had also been excavated, pierced at the top. Beginning in 1965, Spanish reales were standard currency in Virginia, and were considered legal tender from 1793 to 1857 in the United States as a whole. Though, considering the recovered half zeal was found altered, it suggests that the zeal was worn as an adornment object. Historically, both pierced and unpiered coins were worn for protection and security by enslaved African Americans.

Present day
The Corporation for Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest has worked to restore Jefferson's plantation and retreat home since 1984, when the 501(c)(3) organization purchased 50 acres of land and the original buildings with the goal to preserve the estate for the educational benefit of the public. The corporation operates Poplar Forest as a historic house museum and cites their mission is to preserve, inspire, and tell the emerging story of Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest.

Poplar Forest first welcomed visitors in 1986, and now conducts guided tours thematically dedicated to the main retreat house and the enslaved community in addition to its ongoing restoration and archaeological work. The property is a National Historic Landmark and designated a Virginia History Trails site as part of Virginia's 2019 Commemoration.

title: Poplar Forest


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Sperry

Sperry may refer to:

Places
In the United States:
 * Sperry, Iowa, community in Des Moines County
 * Sperry, Missouri
 * Sperry, Oklahoma, town in Tulsa County
 * Sperry Chalet, historic backcountry chalet, Glacier National Park, Montana
 * Sperry Glacier, located in Glacier National Park in the state of Montana
 * William Miller Sperry Observatory or Sperry Observatory, an astronomical observatory owned by Union County College and operated by Amateur Astronomers, Incorporated on Union County College on their Cranford, New Jersey campus

Sperry Corporation

 * Sperry Corporation, a former American equipment and electronics manufacturer (1910–1986)
 * Sperry Gyroscope Company (1910–1933), founded by Elmer Ambrose Sperry
 * Lawrence Sperry Aircraft Company (1918–1924), founded by Lawrence Sperry
 * Sperry Corporation, 1933–1955
 * Sperry Rand, 1955–1978
 * Sperry Corporation, 1978–1986
 * Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, a landmark U.S. federal court case that in April 1973 invalidated the 1964 patent for the ENIAC

Other uses

 * Sperry Department Store, Port Huron, Michigan
 * Sperry (surname)
 * Sperry & Hutchinson, a brand of trading stamps
 * Sperry Top-Sider, a brand of boat shoes
 * The Secrets of Jonathan Sperry, an American film released in 2009
 * USS Charles S. Sperry (DD-697), a former US Navy destroyer
 * USS Sperry (AS-12), Fulton-class submarine tender in the United States Navy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sperry


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Lake Mweru Wantipa

Lake Mweru Wantipa or Mweru-wa-Ntipa meaning "muddy lake" (also called 'Mweru Marsh') is a lake and swamp system in the Northern Province of Zambia. It has been regarded in the past as something of mystery, displaying fluctuations in water level and salinity which were not entirely explained by variation in rainfall levels; it has been known to dry out almost completely. This is compounded by its remoteness and it not receiving the same attention from geographers and geologists as its larger and more accessible neighbours, Lake Tanganyika, 25 km east, and Lake Mweru, 40 km west, with which its name is sometimes confused. Lake Mweru Wantipa is a rift valley lake lying in a branch of the East African Rift, running from the Luapula River to Lake Tanganyika. There are some hot springs characteristics of a rift valley to the east. Its water is muddy in appearance, at times appearing reddish and 'slightly oily'. In the local dialect "wa ntipa" means "with mud", hence "Mweru Wantipa" distinguishes it from its bigger neighbour, Lake Mweru, which has clearer water.

Sources and drainage
Rivers and streams, none very large, flow into Lake Mweru Wantipa and its swamps from the Mporokoso plateau about 32 km south, and the hills to the north-east in DR Congo. It was thought to drain via its south-western swamps and a dambo called the Mofwe into the Kalungwishi River, which flows into Lake Mweru. However, at the junction of the Kalungwishi and the Mofwe, the elevation is 942 m but the surface of the lake is at only 932 m. It is evident that the Kalungwishi overflows in the rainy season into Mweru Wantipa, but perhaps not vice versa, though one report in 1931 after very heavy rains reported a flood from the Mofwe into the Kalungwishi. Most of the time, though, Mweru Wantipa has no outlet and forms an isolated river basin.

Lake extent
Around 2005, Lake Mweru Wantipa's main north-east to south-west axis was about 65 km long and it was about 20 km wide, but a narrow branch extends roughly 30 km east from the northern end, giving a surface area of about 1500 km². In the south-east at Kampinda, a peninsula divides off a swampy inlet containing the Chimbwe Pools and a lagoon called Lake Cheshi. However at various times in the recent past it has been reported to be not a lake but a swamp with hardly any open water surface, and even to be a plain of dried out mud (littered with fish scales and bones, and the skeletons of dead crocodiles and hippos). These variations in open water surface occur not just within a single dry and rainy season cycle, but over years or decades. For instance it was reported as being a lake in 1890, 1897, 1911, 1919 and 1938, but a swamp in 1892, 1900–11, 1912–19, and 1922; and as having dried out around 1916. Its greatest depth has been reported as 5 m, but at times may be less than 1 m deep over most of its surface.

The salinity also shows long term variation, it was reported as being freshwater in 1929 and 1939, but saline in 1949.

Factors determining water level and salinity
While rainfall is the main factor, this may not be the complete story. Blockage of the Mofwe and of the rivers draining into Mweru Wantipa by papyrus and the growth of rushes may be part of the answer. It may also be that the effects of dry years may be delayed for a few years by the release of groundwater from surrounding hills into dambos which flow into the lake.

Natural resources and environmental pressures
Lake Mweru Wantipa's fishery has been productive in the past but has been depleted in recent years. The lake supports a large population of hippopotamus and crocodiles. Except for birds and waterfowl, the wildlife on land and in the marshes, once extensive, has been reduced despite the existence of the Mweru Wantipa National Park. The park lies mainly on the lake's western shore but covers the lake surface, much of the marshes and part of the southern shore. The lake is only a few kilometres from the DR Congo border on its northern side and wars and conflicts in that country have caused many thousands of refugees to enter the district at Kaputa, putting pressure on resources. Most of the refugees have been moved to camps in Kawambwa and Mporokoso districts before repatriation.

Settlements and roads
The main centre of population on the lake is the town of Kaputa, which also forms an administrative district of the Northern Province.

At one time the principal road serving the lake was the one from Mporokoso to its south-east shore where there was a ferry at Bulaya, but that has deteriorated and now the main highway is the one from Lake Mweru along the western and northern shores to Kaputa.

title: Lake Mweru Wantipa


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Horary astrology

Horary astrology is an ancient branch of horoscopic astrology in which an astrologer attempts to answer a question by constructing a horoscope for the exact time at which the question was received and understood by the astrologer.

The answer to the horary question might be a simple yes or no, but is generally more complex with insights into, for example, the motives of the questioners, the motives of others involved in the matter, and the options available to them.

Method
Horary astrology, as a system of divination, relies on principles consistent with broader astrological methods, but with some techniques unique to the branch. Unlike in natal astrology, where the chart represents one person's life, the horary chart represents factors unique to as specific situation, including objects and other people.

The person asking the question, or "querent," is represented by the ruler of the sign the first house cusp falls on in the horoscope. The position of and aspects to the Moon are of prime importance, with the Moon often representing the querent. Planetary aspects to the house cusps are considered more important than in other branches of astrology, although planetary rulers of the houses tend to take precedence in analysis. Other key elements used in horary astrology include the lunar nodes, the planetary antiscia, the fixed stars and the Arabic parts.

Typically, a horary chart is read by first assigning the thing asked about, the "quesited", to a particular house in the chart. For instance, if asking "where is my lost dog?", the dog would be represented by the sixth house, as it is the house that governs small animals (traditionally, smaller than a goat).

The house cusp of the sixth house will be in a particular sign, for example Libra. Libra is ruled by Venus, so Venus is considered the "significator" of the lost dog. Venus's state in the horoscope will give clues to the animal's wellbeing, and its placement will give indications related to its location. Applying astrological aspects between the planet(s) representing the querent and those representing the quesited will indicate those two things coming together in the future.

Assigning houses
Horary astrologers use many different house systems, but in contemporary horary astrology the Regiomontanus house system is commonly used, following influential early modern horary astrologer William Lilly.

Understanding the correct house for the context of the question is pivotal to the correct interpretation of a horary question. In astrological theory, everything can be assigned to a house, and it is to that house, and its planetary ruler, that the assignation of the quesited is derived. Whatever planet is ruling the sign on the cusp of the house is taken to signify the quesited. For example, if the horary is about matters pertaining to career, the ruler of the tenth house, the house for careers and jobs, will indicate the quesited.

A short, non-exhaustive, list of possible associations with houses follows:

 * The First House
 * The querent (person asking the question). The querent's physical appearance, temperament, and mental state.

 * The Second House
 * The querent's finances, wealth, and material and financial possessions. Considered to represent moveable possessions as opposed to immovable possessions. Allies of the querent, such as lawyers in court cases.

 * The Third House
 * Siblings and neighbors. General comings and goings and short journeys and travels. Letters, emails and paperwork, including communications and contracts. Lower education such as elementary through to high school. Cars may be second or third depending on the context of the question.

 * The Fourth House
 * Parents. Immovable possessions as opposed to movable possessions, such as houses, gardens, and orchards. Mines, oil, buried treasure and anything which comes from the ground.

 * The Fifth House
 * Children, love affairs, romance, sex (pleasure and procreation). Gambling, speculation, arguments, games and pleasure. Any venue that caters to pleasures or provide entertainment including restaurants, clubs, bars and music venues.

 * The Sixth House
 * Illness and disease or sickness. Servants, or employees in contemporary horary astrology, including contractors. Pets and small animals, traditionally animals smaller than a goat (larger animals are twelfth house). Work and work environment. People with whom you work together in some kind of agreement.

 * The Seventh House
 * Marriage, partners and partnerships — both business and personal. Competitors and opponents of all kinds. Open enemies, as in enemies that you are aware of (hidden enemies are the twelfth house). If no other house suffices, use the seventh house to represent any other person.

 * The Eighth House
 * Death, fears, anxiety. Commonly used to indicate other people's money (see turning the chart below).

 * The Ninth House
 * Long distance travel, including travel to unknown locations. Foreigners and foreign lands. Universities and students of any subject of higher education such as doctors, lawyers, priests and astrologers. Visions, dreams and religion, as well as churches and philosophies. Books. Pilgrimages or journeys for spiritual or religious reasons.

 * The Tenth House
 * Career and persons of authority. Heads of state, the government generally, judges and royalty. Commonly used to indicate property belonging to a partner or opponent (see turning the chart below).

 * The Eleventh House
 * Friendships or groups. Wishes, hopes and aspirations.

 * The Twelfth House
 * Secrets, hidden motives and enemies, captivity, imprisonment and self-undoing. Things not yet known to the querent. Any form of non-voluntary bondage or captivity, monasteries, being voluntary and religious are ninth house. Traditionally associated with witchcraft, or any manner of secretly undermining the querent.

Turning the chart
"Turning the chart" is a technique to combine house significations, commonly to identify topics or things related to people who are not the querent. This is done by first selecting the house for the other person, and taking that house as if it was the first house of that person, and counting outwards. For example, to identify the house that represents the siblings of the querent's father, first start from the fourth house (which represents the querent's parents), then count to the third house (siblings) from the fourth house, resulting in the sixth house.

In this manner the sixth house (third from the fourth), in addition to its natural meaning, may also be used for any brothers and sisters of the father. In a horary question about, for example, the querent's aunt or uncle, the sixth house could then be used. Turned houses are called "derived" houses, as opposed to the normal "radical" houses.

Interpretation
Fundamental to horary astrology interpretation are the concepts of planetary dignity and reception. Planetary dignity is in two forms, essential and accidental. Essential dignity refers to the quality of a planet at a particular degree of the zodiac, and its ability to express its inherent nature. Accidental dignity refers to non-zodiac related factors that the planet is in. For example, if the planet is in a traditionally bad house (6th, 8th, or 12th) in the chart, if it is retrograde, aspected by malefic planet (Saturn or Mars), combust, or subject to various other factors, then it is considered an accidental debility and circumstantially hindered.

Reception refers to how each planet in a horary question chart views, or "receives", another planet, either favourably, unfavourably, or somewhere in between. This is determined by the zodiacal placement of the planets in question. For example, if Mars is in Taurus, and Venus is in Scorpio, then each of the planets is in the sign the other planet rules. This is called mutual reception by rulership, and although each planet is in its detriment, it nevertheless receives the other planet favourably. In some horary questions, reception is used to delineate if different factors involved in the question are able to "receive" or interact with each other.

One factor of horary astrology is called the "radicality" of the chart. Some astrologers believe that they should avoid further judgment if a horary chart does not meet specific criteria. This rule is sometimes criticized by modern horary astrologers, such as John Frawley in his Horary Textbook, who states that the traditional rules of radicality should be ignored, while other astrologers continue to use them.

title: Horary astrology


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Talk:European long-distance paths

Untitled
Stranraer and Larne spelled incorrectly on the map. Could someone fix this?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.147.64.64 (talk) 19:51, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Is this a proper name or should this be moved to European long distance paths? Rmhermen 13:20, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

Its name should be in line with the other long distance footpath pages (for instance Long-distance footpaths in the UK - but see also the comment on "List of long-distance footpaths in the UK" on Talk:Long-distance_footpaths_in_the_UK).

I guess the many 'Grand Randonee' (GR) routes should also be included on this page. The GR-AE, the GR10, GR11 and the HRP all immediately come to mind. Are they listed anywhere else?

--David Edgar 07:51, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * They are listed on the article GR footpath, I've linked to it under 'see also' Grunners 16:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Do not forget to add Cyprus to E4 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.152.16.220 (talk) 09:46, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

proposed mergers
On several of the route pages (e.g. e2, e8) the proposal to merge the routes into this article war posted.

Against: Althought the very scarce infomration on the pages may not warrant the separate pages at this moment, I do not see how that information fits into this pag. Let's just hope someone takes up the challenge and fills out the pages. Arnoutf 16:36, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, it would be better to expand the existing pages than merge them here. I added some information to the E2 and E8 pages. --David Edgar 17:54, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Wouldn't it be logical to merge them and then later split them off if they ever become too large for the parent article? Looking at the various ones that exist, most of them haven't been touched since July (or earlier), no one's expanded them. Radagast83 05:15, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

I would be happy, as part of my plan to walk the E2, to fill out the E2 page with a list of towns etc. but unsure how to do anything other than modify existing pages, is there an 'ideal' page for me to copy that you folks would like to see E2 look like. --Geofones 17:05, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure if this is 'ideal', but you could just add the towns as a list, as is done on the Pennine Way page.
 * For an example of an article on a similar subject which is rather more developed, how about Appalachian Trail? (See also Appalachian Trail by state which goes into lots of detail on the route.) --David Edgar 17:29, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

E8?
How come that E8 crosses from Poland to Bulgaria? The two countries have no common border. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.216.204.130 (talk) 20:20, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the problem is that the route between them hasn't been defined yet. If you look at http://www.era-ewv-ferp.org/index.php?page_id=29 you'll see that the map has separate unconnected sections of line for E8, and the route description currently includes the text " – Dukla-Pass - ..... – Sofia – " which suggests that the countries between Poland and Bulgaria are currently unknown. --David Edgar (talk) 15:55, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

proposed splits
So in 2006 the vote was to merge the articles together because they were too small. Now this page is overly large, in my opinion, is it time to split them off again? The advantages would be that you could then crosslink from each to the corresponding pages in other languages, apply proper categories, and make things more understandable. Thrapper (talk) 20:12, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

E12
I have added basic information about E12, but have no time just now to do a page for it, or a map. There is some information at http://www.e12med.eu/ita/storia/storia.php, if anyone interested has the leisure to chase it up. seglea (talk) 14:53, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:European long-distance paths


text:
Raag

Raag may refer to:

 * Raga, a melodic framework in Indian classical music
 * Raag (film), a 2014 Assamese-language drama film
 * Raag (surname)
 * Radio Amateur Association of Greece
 * Right-angled Artin groups, in geometric group theory

title: Raag


text:
Talk:Elysium

Comments
mentioned in Ode to Joy

Joy, thou glorious spark of heaven, Daughter of Elysium, We approach fire-drunk, Heavenly One, your shrine.

Elysium was not as much fun as it sounds here. Quotes from those poets would be illuminating.

From the fields, the most virtuous of the souls could be reborn into another human body. No. Not any more than in Catholicism. Transmigration of souls? No. No. Wetman 20:58, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Transmigration of the soul? Yes. Pythagoras and the Greek mysteries taught what we now call reincarnation. We now have scientific proof of it through Reincarnation Theory & its 21 Principles. - Brad Watson, Miami 66.229.56.118 (talk) 16:51, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Organizing Afterlife Articles
I would like to organize the articles that deal with an otherworld as a real existence. I propose that Afterlife would be the best hub for such articles. Eschatology and Underworld are other possibilities, but I don't think they work as well as Afterlife. Any thoughts on such a project? Please come to Talk:Afterlife to discuss. Tom (hawstom) 14:44, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Small edit
ʔ I took out the word "literate" in the section on the Greek Elysian Fields as Homer's epics were passed down orally for centuries before being put in written form.

Just another small edit- in the Pop Culture section the word used at the end of the Gladiator article was      Elysium fields rather than the Elysian used throughout the rest of the article. Just thought I'd make all things mesh a bit better.--Arynknight 01:20, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

User:Tomf688 has unspoken issues
User:Tomf688 has reapplied a "cleanup" tag, demanding even more introductory "context". We may expect his explanation: (Wetman 00:01, 10 May 2005 (UTC))
 * Check your attitude at the door. The intro needs less focus on shakespeare (and does not need the excerpt from Twelfth Night) and better flow.  Make a clear and concise definition of what an "Elysium" is at the beginning of the article, as is standard in encyclopedias (Elysium is blah blah). -- tomf688 (talk) 01:03, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the text that follows is trying to trace the changes in "what an 'Elysium' is", which a thoughtful reader might detect as a main theme in this article, perhaps confident User:tomf688 had best provide for us his selected "meaning", where angels fear to tread. The better sort of Wikipedians do not use those "clean up" labels. Especially not at entries where they have not previously contributed. We await a brilliant opening paragraph. --Wetman 04:31, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I wonder User:Wetman what your problem is? I found this page following one of my random paging sessions and have no education in the matter to write a thoughtful introduction.  The one right now is confusing.

 * And don't lecture me on what a "better sort of Wikipedian" is; a better Wikipedian and a half-decent person wouldn't act like such an ass. -- tomf688 (talk) 12:26, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the intro isn't very good. In fact it's poor. If no one is capable of rewritting it, it could simply be deleted. If the article simply started with the Greek section it would be a major improvement. And it would suffice until someone got around to writing a suitable intro.--198.93.113.49 14:20, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Back to elysios
As the Elysium is supposedly latinalization of the Greek word propably this page and all content should be renamed after the greek word and make a redir from Latin to Greek. Who care's what's the name of the place in Latin, English or Finnish? (Anonymous)

 * If one stops to think, what will the Wikipedia reader look for? one will rarely make such mistakes. --Wetman 14:21, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Elysian Fields: the band
I agree that it's not quite as relevant but yesterday, when I did a search for Elysian Fields, to see if the band had an entry, it brought me to Elysium and not to the disambiguation page. Having no idea that the disambiguation page even existed, I figured the line would help others, looking for the band, who were probably also getting sent to Elysium, to find what they were looking for. I've since discovered that someone had created a redirect page that was sending people searching for Elysian Fields to Elysium. I've fixed the mistake. JohnBWatt

--That may have been counterproductive for the purposes of facilitating someone researching the mythological Elysian Fields. Could someone replace it, if that isnt too rude of me to ask? I would myself, but i dont know how.

Self-contradiction
This article is confusing. It starts out by saying that Elysium was a section of the Underworld (which was subterranean, according to its article). But then the article goes on to say that classical literature says that Elysium was actually an island or islands in the "Western Ocean", or in the Black Sea. That doesn't sound subterranean to me, so saying it was a section of the Underworld probably isn't entirely accurate. Maybe it should just say something vague like "In Greek Mythology, Elysium was a final resting place of the heroic and virtuous." (this is taken from the second paragraph) -kotra 23:55, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In Greek mythology one of the ways of getting to the "underworld" is by sailing to the edge of the world, e.g. Odyssey book 11, or the labors in which Heracles goes to the western edge of the world (Apples of the Hesperides, Cattle of Geryon). In other words, the underworld is both beneath the earth and at its edge--and the western ocean and the Black Sea were both believed to be the edges of the earth at some point in Greek mythology. That may well seem contradictory, but it's a contradiction that comes from the classical sources. --Akhilleus (talk) 05:44, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

well, I think its ok. This is like many older words, many meanings and spellings have ocurred over time, and we do not know for sure for sure the original and in some ways it does not matter too much, all things evolve. I actually think overall the article read well. I like that it progressed for the most part by age. Just think about how much 'thats bad' has changed over the years. This is an ecyclopeida, so I would expect some of the history. If was just a dictionary then it would fit more to just have current definitions. My 2 cents.-Craig

Etymology concerns
I'm not sure the etymologies listed would really stand up to linguistic scrutiny. For the previously mentioned example about Elisha, this would be much more convincing if the Greek upsilon (υ) were pronounced like modern English "y", which all evidence points to being pronounced more like modern German "ü".

Furthermore, the Egyptian pronunciation given for "jʔrw" as "iaru" is a shorthand for people who want to merely communicate the hieroglyphs without worrying about the actual pronunciation (which can only be hypothesized based on contemporary accounts of the language and comparisson to the later Coptic dialect). Given the reconstruction by Antonio Loprieno, my (uneducated) guess would be that it would be pronounced more like "yaɜraw", as compared with "jfdw" ("ifedu" in shorthand pronunciation) which Loprieno posits as "yafdaw", and "stpw" (shorthand "setepu") "satpaw".

All the Coptic words I've found meaning "reed" contain a "k" sound, which leads me to believe that the Coptic word is not based on the jʔrw root, so I have nothing for comparisson. However, I think it's highly unlikely that jʔrw was pronounced much like "iaru", which is, more or less, the point of my rant. AndrewT 14:33, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

It's all Greek...and Roman
That Elysium is derived from Greek for "struck by lightning" doesn't seem so unusual to me. If you take into context of ancient Greek mythos that Zeus was given credit for lightning, the phrase could be paralleled to a holy blessing. It's also noteworthy that the Roman version of Zeus, Jupiter, was also addressed as Elicius, a word also atributed to lightning; thus the origin could be Latin as well as Greek.

I don't know if there's any actual sources that make note of these things or not. I just thought I'd bring it up and see what people think. - Signed, D.

Serenade
Edgar Allan Poe mentions Elysium in his poem Serenade. I think it should be added to the page somewhere but I've no idea. Someone else with experience could though :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben0104 (talk • contribs) 01:46, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

You could do it, it doesn't take skill to edit wikipedia pages. 13:14, 29 October 2007 (UTC)Ihsbislns

Trying to add pictures, but it wont work!
As you can see, the links aren't putting up pictures, which this article needs, any help? Ihsbislns 13:25, 29 October 2007 (UTC)Ihsbisln

Deleted cruft
If anyone wants to add back any golf greens or whorehouses etc etc, they have to show how the usage expands, changes or deepens the reader's understanding of Elysium, the subject of this article. That is what relevant means, and it's never to late to learn... I'm told. --Wetman (talk) 20:18, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Gladiator
Would anyone mind if I threw a Gladiator reference in?--ronin13 (talk) 13:57, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Not at all. this article is a mockery of references already... SSPecter  Talk  ◆  10:08, 24 October 2008 (UTC).

Associated
The phrase "associated with" in the first paragraph seems out of place and has no explanation of or reference to, any 'special' association, I suggest it is left out and the later paragraphs allowed to link the subject with various heaven myths. Splodgeness (talk) 15:59, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A little research reveals that the phrase was spuriously inserted a year ago without any references. I have removed it and feel that the introductory first section is complete as is.  I don't dispute that the christian heaven myths owe something to the Greek myths, but their plagiarism is no more notable than the many other religions which have borrowed from this particular story. Splodgeness (talk) 23:39, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Anarchy Online
In Anarchy Online, the second area of the Shadowlands (after Nascense, before Scheol) is called Elysium. Seems somehow relevant.--Healyhatman (talk) 16:06, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

quote
Someone change quote so that it can incorporate such formatting.96.53.149.117 (talk) 16:39, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Tolkien
Article says: "In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Elysian Undying Lands, the home of the gods, elves, and a select few others, can only be reached by crossing the western sea, much as one would have to cross the stream of Oceanus to reach the Fortunate Isles." -- This appears to be WP:OR. It should be removed, or at least cited to a reliable objectve source. -- 201.53.7.16 (talk) 18:21, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

The scribbling is over
The pop culture laundry lists may now be found at Greek mythology in popular culture, where they are relevant. No further scribbling here will be tolerated. All additions of passing mentions in tv shows, video games or ice cream flavors etc. will be deleted without comment. --Wetman (talk) 06:17, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Memoirs of a fox hunting man
Added a bit that I found whilst reading Memoirs of a fox hunting man. Seemed appropriate. --Ausnick2001 (talk) 09:06, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Proposed edit
I believe the second sentence is confusing and inaccurate: "Initially separate from Hades, admission was initially reserved for mortals related to the gods and other heroes" I propose wording it this way and would appreciate comments: "Separate from Hades, it was sometimes seen as a destination and at other times a way station or waiting area. Admission was initially reserved for mortals related to the gods and other heroes" Thanks for comments. Brulater — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brulater (talk • contribs) 14:58, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Sports
Elysian Fields is the name given to the wide fairway of the Long Par 5 14th Hole at The Old Course at St. Andrews, Scotland - Brad Watson, Miami 66.229.56.118 (talk) 16:36, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Please explain how adding this would help the reader understand the topic of this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.197.98.28 (talk) 20:35, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Rousseau should be added
Julie ou la nouvelle Heloise contains an important relevance to Elysium. It's the secret garden of the protagonist and can be regarded as iconic for Rousseau's quest for authenticity. I'm not a native speaker or enough a scholar to write something substantial about it, but would like to mention it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.68.140.213 (talk) 21:28, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Champs Élysées
The Paris (France) Champs Élysées were a burying ground for the fallen crusaders, In old french it was called Les Alyscamps. See https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyscamps for more information. GMC0507 (talk) 16:27, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elysium


text:
James Robert Wilson

James Robert Wilson, (September 16, 1866 – April 3, 1941) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Almonte, Canada West, he moved to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan in 1884 and was employed at a grocery and hardware store. During the 1885 North-West Rebellion he led the first medical corps to Saskatoon. After the rebellion he worked as a farmer, before opening a general store in Saskatoon in 1896.

In January 1903 he was elected overseer over the village of Saskatoon, and when on July 1 of that year the village was incorporated as a town, he became its first mayor. He served until 1904, and again later as mayor of the by now city of Saskatoon from 1907 to 1908. He also sat on the city council from 1914 to 1919.

In his times as mayor he personally guaranteed a bank loan that allowed for the completion of sewer, water and electrical works, and it was also whilst he was mayor that Saskatoon's City Park was purchased.

Wilson also tried his hand at national politics, standing unsuccessfully as a federal candidate for the Conservatives in 1908, before managing to be elected in 1917. He served for four years, including a spell as a cabinet minister, before being defeated in 1921.

His brother Russell also served as mayor of Saskatoon.

Wilson Crescent, which runs through Saskatoon's Avalon, Adelaide/Churchill and Nutana Park neighbourhoods, is named in James Wilson's honour.

title: James Robert Wilson


text:
Newent

Newent (originally called "Noent") is a market town and civil parish in the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England. The town is 11 mi north-west of Gloucester. Its population was 5,073 at the 2001 census, rising to 5,207 in 2011, The population was 6,777 at the 2021 Census. Once a medieval market and fair town, its site had been settled at least since Roman times. The first written record of it appears in the 1086 Domesday Book.

Etymology
Noent, Newent's original name, may have meant "new place" in Celtic. It also may mean "new inn", referring to lodgings for travellers to Wales, according to John Leland (c. 1503–1552), who mentioned a house called New Inn, later named The Boothall, which provided lodging along the road to Wales. There was indeed such a house in Lewall Street, owned by members of the Richardson family in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Lewall Street runs between High Street and Court Lane, north of Broad Street.

Geography
Newent is on the northern edge of the Forest of Dean, within the Forest of Dean District of Gloucestershire. and south-east of the River Wye. The river was connected via Newent to Gloucester in the late 18th century by the 34-mile Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal.

Romano-British period
A Roman road was laid between Newent and Ariconium, near what is now Ross-on-Wye. Within 1 mi of Newent, there were several metal-working sites used by the Romans. Further evidence of Romano-British settlement occurs at 56 sites within 6 mi of the town. Archaeological finds there include Roman coins and pottery near the town itself, Roman coins and treasure at Little Gorsley, and a settlement at Dymock.

Medieval period
The priory established in Newent was a cell of Cormeilles Abbey, founded in Normandy in 1060 by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford. The abbey received an endowment from him that included the manor of Newent and surrounding woods, the church and its income, and other property he owned in England. The once Benedictine priory became part of the college of Fotheringhay after the suppression of alien priories during the Hundred Years' War with France. Its site is now occupied by the Court House, adjacent to the parish church.

The Domesday Book records that in 1066 the lord of Noemt (Newent) had been Edward the Confessor. Twenty years later the tenant-in-chief and one of the lords was Cormeilles Abbey. Other lords were Durand of Gloucester (brother of Roger de Pitres) and William son of Baderon (William fitzBaderon).

Newent, with 34.5 households, was located within the Botloe Hundred of Gloucestershire. There were 10 villagers, 19 smallholders, four serfs and one reeve. There were also four lord's plough teams, 19 men's plough teams, and three mills.

Henry III approved an annual fair in 1226 and additionally allowed for a weekly market, which began in 1253. The town still has a half-timbered market house.

St Mary's
The Church of England Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a Grade I listed building located in Church Street. It dates from the 13th century, but the site had been occupied since the Anglo-Saxon period.

St Mary's has stained glass windows from the famed company of Clayton and Bell. Set on a 65 ft tower with a ring of eight bells is an 88 ft spire. The church organ was built in 1737 by Thomas Warne, a resident of the town.

19th century
In 1848, Newent had a population of 3,099, of whom 1,454 people lived in the town itself. This was fewer than in earlier periods. There were mineral springs near the canal.

The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal between Gloucester and Ledbury closed on 30 June 1881 and the section between Ledbury and Gloucester was converted into a railway line. The line opened on 27 July 1885 as a branch of the Great Western Railway. It closed in 1959, but the canal is now being restored. )

Survivals
Newent's many historical buildings include a stilted Market House and several other black-and-white, half-timbered buildings typical of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. Behind Church Street, an erstwhile museum of Victorian life called the Shambles took the form of a replica 19th-century street. The shops are now occupied by real traders.

Historic England lists over 50 town-centre buildings and monuments, including most of Church Street and the Devonia in High Street, a Grade II-listed house of the Georgian period. The early 18th-century Court House, standing in a small park by the parish church, occupies the site of the ancient priory and is reputed to contain its foundations. Its historic features include a fine Rococo plaster ceiling and several completely panelled rooms. It was restored by R. V. Morris, Chairman of Gloucester Civic Trust.

Transport
The nearest railway station is 9 mi away at Ledbury on the Cotswold Line. Bus routes through the town connect it to Ross, Ledbury and Gloucester, such as the 32 Gloucester–Ross-on-Wye route.

Newent used to be served by Newent railway station on the Ledbury and Gloucester Railway, which opened in 1885, opposite what is now the fire station. It was closed to passengers in 1959 and for freight traffic in 1964. The buttresses of the Station Bridge can be seen in Old Station Road.

Outdoor attractions
Newent is near a National Birds of Prey Centre, just east of the neighbouring village of Cliffords Mesne, and a vineyard, the Three Choirs. It is at the centre of the Golden Triangle, so-called after the daffodils in the surrounding area.

The town's Onion Fayre included competitions for growing onions and for eating them. It dated from 1996 as a revival of an agricultural fair suspended about the time of World War I. It claimed to be Gloucestershire's largest free, one-day festival, with up to 15,000 visitors on the second Saturday in September. The fair was cancelled in 2022 after being unable to restore support after it was not held for two years because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The arts
The town is home to an orchestra, founded in 1940, a choral society, and several other amateur musical and performing groups.

Traditionally, May Day was celebrated by morris dancing on the summit of nearby May Hill at dawn, after which the dancers would process into Newent. Between 2007 and 2014, a Joe Meek festival was held in venues around the town. Artist Paul Nash took a collection of photographs around Carswalls Farm, Upleadon, Newent in the late 1930s or early 1940s that are held in the archives of the Tate.

Education
Education commissioners in the reign of Edward VI (1547–53) noted the lack of schooling in Newent, then a market town with over 500 inhabitants, but "all the youth of a great distance there hence rudely brought up and in no manner of knowledge and learning, where were a place meet to... erect a school for the better and more godly bringing up of the same youth." Today's Newent has three schools, two of them federated, all within the town. The federated Glebe Infant School and Picklenash Junior School provides primary education. Newent Community School offers secondary and tertiary education to those aged 11 and up.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from the Ridge Hill TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Gloucestershire, Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio South West, and Dean Radio, a community radio station with broadcast to the Forest of Dean.

The town's local newspaper is The Forester.

Sports and recreation

 * The town's football team, Newent Town AFC, plays in the Hellenic League System. It was promoted as Champions of the North Gloucester Premier League after winning the title on 14 May 2013. Newent Town also won the Northern Senior "Reg Davis" League Cup in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. It then won the Hellenic Div 2 West at its first attempt in the 2017/2018 season. Its reserve team plays in the Hellenic League 2 West. There is a third team which plays in the North Gloucester League. At youth level, the Under 16s won the Cheltenham top division without losing a game in the 2016/2017 season. In the 2018/2019 season there were only Under 18s. The home pitch and club house are at Wildsmith Meadow.
 * Newent RFC plays Rugby Union in the Gloucester Premier Division of the Rugby Football Union South West Division and is based at the recreation ground in Watery Lane. It was promoted as Champions of Division 1 on 22 April 2013.
 * Newent Cricket Club plays in the Gloucestershire County Cricket League, Division 2. The club is located at Three Ashes Lane, just outside Newent.
 * Newent Leisure Centre is run by the Forest of Dean District Council within the grounds of Newent Community School. Its facilities include a gym, a multi-use indoor arena, a squash court and a swimming pool, along with tennis courts and an all-weather, artificial turf pitch for football and hockey. These are run by the adjacent Sports Bar.

Notable people

 * Rutland Boughton – English composer – lived for much of his life at a house called Bevan's Hill, Kilcot, near Newent
 * Alex Cuthbert – the Wales rugby star – went to Newent Community School. He scored the decisive try in the 2012 Six Nations game, and two tries in the 30–3 win over England in the 2013 title-deciding game. Cuthbert was raised and schooled in England but was given his chance in international rugby by the Welsh Sevens team, after being overlooked by the England set-up.
 * Charlotte Dujardin – Gold Medal Winner in the Team Dressage and Individual Dressage events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London – is based at Newent.
 * Stuart Fleetwood – a professional footballer currently playing for Luton Town F.C. – attended Newent Community School and played for various Newent Youth Football teams. Fleetwood previously played for Cardiff and represented Wales at U21 and U23 levels.
 * Andi Gladwin – well-known magician who went to Newent Community School – has featured on Penn & Teller: Fool Us, Next Great Magician, Masters of Illusion and other shows. Gladwin is the author of several books on magic.
 * Carl Hester – Gold Medal Winner in the Team Dressage and Individual Dressage events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London – is based at Newent.
 * Vicky Holland – World Triathlon Champion 2018 – went to Newent Community School. She became the only female Triathlon Olympic medal winner (Bronze 2016). She is a twice World Mixed Team Champion.
 * Joe Meek – record producer and songwriter – was born at 1 Market Square. He produced the 1962 number 1 hit 'Telstar' by The Tornados. He is buried at Newent Cemetery under a black granite tombstone.
 * Michael Steven Park (1966-2005) – a rally co-driver, one of the top co-drivers of his generation – died as a result of injuries sustained in an accident on the final leg of Wales Rally Great Britain, when his Peugeot 307 WRC left the road and struck a tree. As co-driver to Estonian Markko Märtin, he enjoyed considerable success for three seasons at Ford before joining Peugeot for 2005.

title: Newent


text:
Talk:Jose P. Laurel

Untitled
The material posted is identical to that published at with strict copyright notices. As it was posted anonymously, I have removed it. EdH 13:39, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Laurel Jose.jpg
Image:Laurel Jose.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:17, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

De facto
What is being implied by the phrase "de facto"? It makes it sound like Quezón and Osmeña were pretenders. If you look at the box for Philippe Pétain, it gives De Gaulle's most formal title and doesn't describe anyone as de facto. Laurel's formal title was "president of the Republic of the Philippines," so that should appear somewhere in the article. Kauffner (talk) 03:22, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Reputation
Why is it that a Japanese puppet president is regarded favourably, when Quisling, a German puppet Prime Minister, is vilified? Surely they were both "quislings"?203.184.41.226 (talk) 04:06, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * When Quezon went into exile, he asked Laurel to stay behind and mediate with the Japanese. So the fact that Laurel took the job as puppet president couldn't really be held against him, although some people objected to the declaration of war he issued against the United States. Since the 1960s, the government has recognized Laurel's administration as legit. So nowadays he is referred to as "third president of the Philippines" and "president of the Second Republic". Kauffner (talk) 07:27, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Most probably, for one thing, his administration had been considered one of the least corrupt mainly because it was the Japanese Military Administration that exported most of the resources of the Philippines to Japan. Also, later, he would seem to be a hero because when the Philippine Executive Commission was made to choose whether Japan will install a puppet dictator (Artemio Ricarte, who was said to be pro-Japanese) or a republic be established. The latter was fulfilled. Arius1998 (talk) 09:11, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Martial Law
Citation requested for section on declaration of Martial Law by the Laurel Administration. Coincidentally similar to how the Marcos Administration declared it. Asking the help of Philippine Historians to add citations for this section. Thanks Judgedtwice (talk) 05:08, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on José P. Laurel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150212173824/https://www.scribd.com/mlq3/d/33654204-Official-Program-Aquino-Inaugural-Excerpts to https://www.scribd.com/mlq3/d/33654204-Official-Program-Aquino-Inaugural-Excerpts

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:13, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

This feels biased
The language especially in the part of his presidency feels kinda biased I sell eggs (talk) 14:41, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jose P. Laurel