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User:Wapcaplet/Auto diagrams

Automotive diagrams
Wikipedia could use some illustrations for automobile parts; I've begun working on 3D models using Blender of the significant components of an automobile, with the intentions of using them to show where certain parts are, how they relate to other parts, and how they function. My initial goal was to give a generalized view of the engine compartment, but I'm starting to overstep the scope, in what I think is a good direction: lots of detail. Below are some comments about my current plans and progress on the model.

If you are interested in getting a copy of the .blend file for the model, let me know. If you know stuff about cars and want to comment on what I have so far, leave a message on my talk page.

I've started a new WikiProject to give these diagrams a home, when they're eventually done. See WikiProject Automobile construction.

Current plans
Plans right now are to (eventually) render still-images, most likely JPEG or PNG. Conversion to Flash has been suggested, but I am not interested (nor likely capable) of doing this for several reasons: Blender does not currently support Flash export (though it has been proposed); Flash is somewhat of a non-free format, in that it's controlled by Macromedia (unlike SVG, which I think would be a better format to use); and I personally find Flash on most websites highly annoying. The possibility of rendering animations is quite high, though it may be a while before they would be practical for Wikipedia, not least because there is currently no open video format. Once Theora becomes a reality, maybe.

Current progress and renderings
Here are some preliminary test renderings. I've been playing around with the new release of Blender, which supports rendering in Yafray, a damn fine raytracer. With default lighting and only a minimum of tweaking, it can produce fairly photorealistic images. Anyhow, the thumbnail shows a test rendering of the current suspension and power steering gear. Materials are not final, just temporary for testing. Car parts are never that shiny :-) Final versions are more likely to be color-coded for easy reference.

Though you can't see it in the render, the power steering assembly is quite complete---all of the components are there for illustrating how the power steering fluid gets routed to the rack piston. The nicely-meshing pinion and rack are in there too. Animating it may be a possibility, but I'm not thinking about that quite yet. At some point I'll have to devise clever cutaway views of the valve to show how it all works. The whole power steering assembly needs to be rotated towards the driver (to the right in the image), but that comes later.

Also shown is the completed drum brake for the rear wheel. I'm thinking of cleaning up some of the obviously-polygonal edges, especially on things that are supposed to be round (like the hub).

Completed portions
The following are parts of the model that are fairly complete, and could be used with little modification for illustrating articles on related topics. If you're interested in getting some renders of these parts, let me know and I'll post some.

 * 02/25/04:
 * Disc brake - brake caliper and piston
 * Power steering - complete rack and pinion assembly, steering linkages, and rotary valve for delivering fluid to either side of the rack piston
 * Constant velocity (CV) joint - tripod-style CV joint with spider bearing assembly
 * Ball-and-cage style CV joint - used for the inner CV joint
 * Drum brake - used on rear wheels. Drum, pads, cylinder, adjusting lever and adjuster, parking brake lever, springs.
 * Front suspension, wheel bearings on front and back
 * The full model contains about 28,000 polygons, and the .blend file is around 1MB.
 * 02/25/04:
 * Engine block - I was going to save this for later, but practically every other significant engine component connects to it somehow, so it needs to be done. So far, I've only finished a rough start on the cylinder block; the cylinders and water jacket are basically done, but I need to figure out how to connect the water pump, any bypass hoses, the oil pump and oilflow passages. The cylinder head and oil pan will be next, followed by the pistons, crankshaft, valves, camshafts (this model is a dual overhead cam), intake and exhaust manifolds... the list goes on. Stay tuned.
 * 02/28/04:
 * After spending a few hours studying every engine block photo and diagram I could find, I think I know how I'm going to connect everything together. The water inlet is now there, as are the main oil galleries. It'll be a full force feed lubrication system, which means that the pressurized oil travels through passages in the crankshaft into passages in the piston connecting rod, and from there into the pistons. Passages leading to the cylinder head are also now in place. Haven't yet figured out how oil gets back down into the oil pan from the cylinder head, so I'm making an assumption that a particular largish passage I've seen down the side of many engine blocks is in fact a drain for the oil coming from the head. (Someone please correct me if I'm way off base here!) Anyhow, I only need to finish building the walls and base of the block, complete with bolt holes for attaching it to the oil pan. When it's done I'll post a rendering. The engine block alone is around 3,200 polygons right now.
 * The engine block is essentially done. Haven't added bolt-holes to the base yet; I may just skip those, since it doesn't add anything significant. Check out the renders.
 * 03/02/04:
 * Piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft mostly complete. Crankshaft and connecting rod have drilled passages for oil flow (visible as small holes in the rendering). Piston uses full-floating pin.
 * Piston rings and bearing caps. Had to tweak the engine block to allow the crankshaft counterweights to clear the pistons; it wasn't quite tall enough. Engine block and contained components are around 8,000 polys.
 * 03/10/04:
 * Finally, after some hesitation, determined to not include any bolt-holes or bolts (aside from functionally significant ones) in the model. Removed existing bolt-holes from engine parts. Got bronchitis for a week and took a break from modeling.
 * 03/19/04:
 * Getting back into modeling. Did some more tweaking and got most of the oil pump done (rotary type).
 * 03/31/04:
 * The oil pump, oil strainer, oil filter and oil pan are complete. Began work on cylinder head; valve mechanism is done and a portion of the head. Got a cheap auto textbook that should help.
 * Cylinder head is coming along nicely. Test renderings show the bottom and top of the head, as well as an internal view of the water jacket (which was actually less of a headache to model than I expected it to be). Next challenge is routing the oil inlets to the bearings, and the oil drainage back into the engine block. The engine block, cylinder head, and contained components are around 25,000 vertices (7,000 just in the cylinder head water jacket). Blender is finally beginning to exhibit slight sluggishness during modeling :-)
 * 04/07/04:
 * Working on the issue of animation; starting to figure out armatures in Blender, and have managed a rudimentary animation of the pistons and crankshaft turning. Started work on the camshafts and made some adjustments to the head.
 * 04/08/04:
 * Considering the camshafts in depth. Went to HowStuffWorks to see the intake/exhaust in detail, only to find out that I'm pretty sure they got it wrong! According to at least three other sources, the exhaust valve opens well before bottom dead center, is open at the same time as the intake for a while, and the intake doesn't close until almost halfway up the next stroke. And I can't begin to list all the things that are wrong with this animation. Anyhow, I'm anxious to get this part of the model done so Wikipedia's how-engines-work articles can be more correct. Also got the rest of the oil galleries/drains in the head finished, and tried out some animation on the disc brake. Gotta figure out how to attach the distributor to the camshaft... Engine is at 35,000 vertices (which will increase by 22,000 once I create 15 more valves and the second camshaft).
 * Completed cylinder head and cylinder head cover. Two new renders added showing internals of the entire engine assembly and a nice Yafray render of the outside. Don't pay any mind to the materials, colors, lighting, etc. - it's still just in the test-render phase!
 * 04/10/04:
 * Valves and camshafts finished. Set up everything for animation, and (I hope) got all the timings right. New render showing pistons, crankshaft, camshafts and valves. Pondering how to clearly illustrate the stroke cycle of a single cylinder.
 * 04/11/04:
 * The first illustrations are now in use for Four-stroke cycle and Reciprocating engine.

Planned eventually, but probably not for a while:

 * Transmission (preferably automatic, if I can find some good diagrams; probably more complicated than the entire engine block)

Additional possibilities will be listed here as I work on them. Most of the significant parts of the engine are likely to be fully detailed, so they might be used to illustrate how an engine works.

Basis for the model
I'm primarily basing the model on illustrations in the repair manual for my wife's 1990 Toyota Corolla, so decisions about what kinds of part to include are influenced heavily by that fact. I will almost certainly be using a 4-cylinder, 16-valve engine, and if possible, an automatic transmission. Features or capabilities that this car does not have (like anti-lock brakes, airbags, etc.) will most likely not be included (not yet, anyway).

Where the illustrations or information in that manual are lacking, I've been using the repair manual for my 1992 Buick Century - in particular, the CV joints are strongly based on that vehicle. Where illustrations in either are lacking or insufficient, Google has pulled through and provided myriad other resources for all sorts of generic and specific vehicles and the design of their parts.

Of course, occasionally, it helps to actually go out and look at the car itself :-) I am not a mechanic by any stretch of the imagination, so any criticism or suggestions regarding the model by someone with more hands-on automotive experience would be greatly appreciated. Leave a message on my talk page if you have any comments.

A web resource that I've recently discovered is Integrated Publishing, a site that makes electronic publications available for purchase (quite inexpensively) in addition to providing HTML versions (albeit somewhat poorly formatted) on the site. A phenomenal amount of useful books and reference materials which seem to be targeted towards students of various disciplines. I'll definitely be using this site frequently in creating my model, and would highly recommend it to anyone interested in working on writing any mechanics-related articles.

I recently discovered another resource at a local thrift store: a textbook published in 1977 by the Hearst Corporation entitled Auto Engines & Electrical Systems. It's more than 800 pages and has lots of great illustrations and photos; already it has answered a couple of questions that couldn't be answered with extensive Googling, so it should definitely be worth the $5.00 investment. It only covers the engine and related parts, and of course only covers technology up to 1977, but car engines have changed little enough since then that it's easily applicable to my model.

title: User:Wapcaplet/Auto diagrams


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User talk:PhatMama

PhatMama, Welcome to Wikipedia! We'd love it if you'd leave a note at the new user log so we can get to know you. Visit the welcome page (linked above) and How to edit a page for some useful resources. Questions can go on the Village pump or you can ask me on my talk page if you like. Happy editing! Jwrosenzweig 20:17, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:PhatMama


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CIDC-FM

CIDC-FM (103.5 FM, Z103.5) is a radio station licensed to Orangeville, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Evanov Communications, the station broadcasts a rhythmic contemporary format targeting the Greater Toronto Area. Its studios are located on Dundas Street West in the Eatonville neighbourhood in the Etobicoke district of Toronto.

CIDC has historically been known for having a dance and electronic music-leaning format, and has sponsored electronic music events and co-branded dance music compilations. CIDC held a 2.0 share of the market in Numeris's Spring 2018 ratings.

Due to its signal location near Orangeville, the station covers Barrie and Kitchener in addition to rimshotting Downtown Toronto. The station has often marketed itself as a Toronto station, while Evanov made repeated attempts to move or otherwise modify CIDC's signal to better serve the GTA, almost all of which were denied by the CRTC for neglecting its formal city of licence. The CRTC also reprimanded CIDC for not specifically devoting enough on-air community interest programming, news, sports and information specific to Orangeville or Dufferin County, as specified in its original approval.

History
The Orangeville area was struck by a massive F4 tornado as part of the 1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak on May 31, 1985, and the community felt it did not receive adequate warning from stations in Toronto. As such, an application was made to the CRTC for a radio station to serve Orangeville. CRTC approval was given for the station on September 10, 1986, under a guideline not to solicit advertising from Toronto, Barrie or Brampton. The station's frequency allocation was originally specified for Guelph, and was moved to Orangeville to allow for the service.

CIDC was launched on May 1, 1987, on 103.5 FM with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a site located northwest of Orangeville. Its transmitter's terrain, which measured 527.3 m height above average terrain, and tower height of 98.1 m meant it was .6 m higher than the top of CN Tower. CIDC's launch format as "DC 103.5" was 70's/80's hits.

On September 28, 1994, the CRTC approved the ownership transfer of Dufferin Communications from its shareholders to CKMW Radio Ltd., operator of Brampton multicultural station CIAO. The station was branded Hot 103.5 in February 1995 (later calling it "Hot 103 dot 5"), playing only dance music. The station then began adding more R&B and pop tracks to its Top 40/dance playlist in February 1998, and was renamed Hits 103.5.

On July 28, 2000, approval was given to relocate the transmitter site from 6 km west of Orangeville town hall to 11 km east of Orangeville town hall and decrease the station's power from 50,000 watts to 30,700 watts.

In late December 2000, the station was re-branded as Z103.5 (with the decimal point heard as "dot"), with the slogan "The Hit Music Channel", though the CIDC call letters were retained. The slogan was later changed to simply "Today's Hit Music".

Until the summer of 2006, CIDC was the only radio station in Canada that played dance music since CING-FM changed formats in 2001. It was the only Top 40 station left in Toronto after CISS-FM became "Jack FM" in 2003. For a brief period in 2001, CKDX-FM also played dance music but poor ratings led it to switch to an oldies format.

In the summer of 2006, Evanov launched a new station in Halifax, Nova Scotia, also on 103.5, patterned after CIDC, though with a different logo and slogan. In 2011, Evanov began to brand all it stations only by whole numbers. In January 2012, the Halifax station relaunched their Top 40/Dance format and began patterning their direction after its sister station in Winnipeg, CHWE, who uses the moniker Energy 106. However, while the Winnipeg station continues to do well, the Halifax outlet would see their fortunes take a downturn in ratings and format changes that resulted in their flip to Country in September 2015.

Rival CKFM-FM switched from adult top 40 to CHR due to high airplay on top-played singles, while CIDC-FM tweaked its format by adding some adult top 40 singles, such as Bon Jovi's What Do You Got?. Rival CKIS-FM dropped their rhythmic lean and went more mainstream in February 2011. At that same time, CIDC did the reverse: from mainstream to a rhythmic-lean, although it still plays a small percentage of dance music, which was slightly increased by 2015. Most non-top 40 dance hits remain at the station, although they are classics. It continues to report on Mediabase & Nielsen BDS as a contemporary hit radio. As of the summer of 2012, the station's slogan is "#1 For Hit Music", following the other top 40 stations in Toronto, CKIS-FM and CKFM-FM, which both claimed to be "Toronto's #1 Hit Music Station". As of 2016, CIDC reverted to the slogan "All The Hits."

Despite the decrease in dance music, the station's highest-rated program continues to be The Drive @ 5 Street Mix with DJ Danny D. The show is mixed live with vinyl records and Compact Discs. In 2000, the show started out as a 30-minute Friday afternoon mix, but soon expanded into a 1-hour set. By 2004–2005, the set was so popular that CIDC introduced the "Drive @ 5" five times a week. Recently, as of 2008, high-profile guest DJ's have started to mix live for the Drive @ 5 on several occasions including David Guetta, Tiesto, and Armin van Buuren (his show A State of Trance can be heard Sunday nights on this station). The station also had a Saturday Night edition of the "Drive @ 5 Street Mix" for a time. A similar show, The Power Mix with DJ Spence Diamonds, used to air three nights a week (Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday nights). The show, which featured urban music, was cut in the fall of 2007. In 2011, the station introduced a mix show during the lunch hour, dedicated to hits from the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, called the Wayback Lunch.

The station aired some programming hosted by Canadian DJ Chris Sheppard in the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, including Pirate Radio and Groove Station.

CIDC also had a weekly show on Sundays called the Freestyle Frenzy, hosted by veteran Tony Monaco. It was solely a show of freestyle music and mixes. It aired from June 4, 1995, to January 2004, and was replaced with Ryan Seacrest's American Top 40 countdown. As of the summer of 2008, that show was removed from the schedule. CKFM-FM later picked up the show after its relaunch as Virgin Radio.

MC Mario also previously held regular Sunday programming called "The Mixdown" which ran for a full hour in the afternoon until 2004

Dance music makes up approximately 20-30% of the CIDC playlist and programming.

Currently, the station competes with fellow top 40 stations CKFM-FM and CKIS-FM, and to a lesser extent, hot AC station CHUM-FM.

On September 21, 2020, CIDC-FM launched a digital signal in the HD Radio format.

Attempts to relocate
On January 12, 2015, Evanov filed an application for permission to relocate CIDC's transmitter to Georgetown, using the tower of its sister station CIAO-AM, and increase its average power from 37.5 kW to 51 kW. Evanov stated that the move would help to improve reception in Downtown Toronto (especially inside buildings) to add one million potential new listeners, and deploy HD Radio services simulcasting CIAO and CIRR-FM. The application was denied by the CRTC, citing that the proposed changes would reduce coverage in Orangeville and increase its strength in an out-of-market area, thus neglecting its city of licence. The CRTC ruled that Evanov did not "[demonstrate] a financial need justifying the proposed technical changes". On September 15, 2017, Evanov submitted an application to increase the effective radiated power of CIDC-FM, with no change in frequency.

During CIDC's licence renewal process, the CRTC also noted that the station had been neglecting its city of licence in its news and information content, relating specifically to the GTA as a whole rather than Orangeville; the station's website and social presences contain no mention at all of Orangeville, or of any news and weather. As a condition of its licence renewal, the CRTC ordered the station to regularly broadcast content of direct and particular relevance to Orangeville (including news headlines and other local information), traffic and weather reports for markets within its signal contours, refrain from exclusively devoting this coverage to Toronto, and to identify as an Orangeville station.

In 2018, Evanov filed an application to swap CIDC and CIRR's frequencies and change their ERP, with CIDC moving to 103.9 under reduced power to specifically serve the Orangeville market, and CIRR moving to a full-power signal on 103.5, which would inherit CIDC's existing programming. Evanov proposed moving the previous LGBT community programming on CIRR to an HD Radio subchannel, committing to produce five original hours of programming per-day. Evanov also filed another application to change CIDC-FM's frequency from 103.5 to 103.7. The application was denied by the CRTC on January 31, 2020, who ruled that it would undermine the commission's competitive licensing process, and cited technical restrictions related to use of the frequencies in both markets.

Compilations
Z103.5 has released various music compilation CDs, mixed by DJ Danny D and later The Hammer. The 3 series included Hitmix, Streetmix, and Summer Rush, named after the concert of the same name. They released from 2002 until 2018.

Concerts and live-to-air programs
The station annually hosts a number of live concert events. Past and present concerts include the Hot Rush (created in 1993 as Energy Rush, now Summer Rush), Euro-Freestyle Invasion (now Euro Invasion), and Partymania. Most of the concerts are sold-out because they are mostly filled with performances by dance artists that usually don't get much publicity. Its sister station in Halifax also started holding a similar Summer Rush concert in 2007, usually around the same time as its Toronto sibling.

The Summer Rush has been held at various venues over the years, including the Molson Amphitheatre at Ontario Place, Polson Pier (previously known as The Docks), and, more recently, the Kingswood Theatre at Canada's Wonderland. Typically, venues have changed every three to five years. There have been over a hundred artists featured from Europe, South America, USA, and Canada, including Real McCoy (twice – 1997 and 2009), Culture Beat (twice – 1993 and 2004) Cascada (three times – 2004, 2006, 2008), DHT, B4-4 (a crowd favourite), Joee, Sarina Paris, Len, The Boomtang Boys, Snap!, Waldo's People, Do (singing DJ Sammy's "Heaven"), Haiducci, DC Project, Jam & Spoon, Elissa, Stevie B, Ian Van Dahl, Sash!, Rupee, Kevin Lyttle, Jesse McCartney, JoJo, Elise Estrada, Basshunter and Daddy Yankee.

The station also hosts live-to-airs from various Toronto-area nightclubs three to five nights per week. Wednesdays have been wayback playbacks from Club Menage since 2002 (hence the term Wayback Wednesdays), but they have recently moved to Gravity Soundbar, Bloke, and now Ristorante Buonanotte. Thursdays are live from Sugar Daddy's in Mississauga, playing the best R&B, Hip-Hop, Reggae, and Dancehall. Fridays they broadcast out of Gravity Soundbar. Saturday nights are live from My Apartment in Mississauga.

On November 11, 2015, Tony Monaco announced that after nearly 14 years, Wayback Wednesdays would end on November 25, 2015.

On March 23, 2016, Wayback Wednesdays returned to Z103.5, back by popular demand, broadcasting live from Ristorante Buonanotte. Low turnouts at the venue caused the show's cancellation a few months later.

title: CIDC-FM


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Jim Caviezel

James Patrick Caviezel Jr. (born September 26, 1968) is an American actor. He played Jesus in The Passion of the Christ (2004) and The Passion of the Christ: Resurrection (2025), Tim Ballard in Sound of Freedom (2023), and starred as John Reese on the CBS series Person of Interest (2011–2016). He played Slov in G.I. Jane (1997), Private Witt in The Thin Red Line (1998), Detective John Sullivan in Frequency (2000), Catch in Angel Eyes (2001), and Edmond Dantès in The Count of Monte Cristo (2002).

Early life
Caviezel was born in Mount Vernon, Washington, the son of Margaret (née Lavery), a homemaker and former stage actress, and James Caviezel, a chiropractor. He has a younger brother, Timothy, and three sisters, Ann, Amy, and Erin. He was raised in a tight-knit Catholic family in Conway, Washington. His surname is Romansh. His father is of Swiss and Slovak descent, while his mother is Irish.

Career
Caviezel began acting in plays in Seattle, Washington. He earned his Screen Actors Guild card with a minor role in the 1991 film My Own Private Idaho. He then moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. When he decided to move, "people thought I was out of my mind," he said. He was offered a scholarship to study acting at New York's Juilliard School in 1993, but he turned it down to portray Warren Earp in the 1994 film Wyatt Earp. He later appeared in episodes of Murder, She Wrote and The Wonder Years. After appearing in G.I. Jane (1997), he had a breakthrough performance in the 1998 Terrence Malick-directed World War II film The Thin Red Line. He played Black John, a Missouri bushwhacker, in Ride with the Devil (1999), an American Civil War film.

Caviezel was originally cast to play Scott Summers / Cyclops in X-Men (2000), but dropped out because of a scheduling conflict with the film Frequency (2000). He starred in the mainstream films Pay It Forward (2000), Angel Eyes (2001), The Count of Monte Cristo (2002), and Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius (2004). In 2000, he played the lead role in Madison, a film about hydroplane racing in Madison, Indiana. The film was completed in 2001, but did not appear in theaters until a limited release in 2005. In 2002, he played a pivotal role in the film I Am David.

Caviezel portrayed Jesus Christ in Mel Gibson's 2004 The Passion of the Christ. During filming, he was struck by lightning, scourged by accident, dislocated his shoulder, and suffered from pneumonia and hypothermia. Prior to filming, Gibson reportedly warned Caviezel that playing Jesus in his controversial film could hurt his career. In 2011, he stated that good roles had been hard to come by since, but this movie, in particular, the role of Jesus Christ was a once-in-a-lifetime experience. The Passion of the Christ went on to take in a box office of $612.1 million.

Caviezel had leading roles in the 2006 films Unknown and Déjà Vu. He played Kainan in Outlander (2008) and provided the voice of Jesus on the 2007 New Testament audio dramatization The Word of Promise. In 2008, he starred in Long Weekend.

In 2009, Caviezel played French-Iranian journalist Freidoune Sahebjam in The Stoning of Soraya M., a drama set in 1986 Iran about the execution of a young mother. When asked about how his Catholic faith was affected by this story, he said, "You don't have to go any further than the gospels to figure out what the right thing to do is, whether you should be more concerned helping someone regardless of their religion or where they're from". That same year, he reprised the role of Jesus in the latest installment of The Word of Promise. Caviezel starred in The Prisoner, a remake of the British science fiction series with the same name, in November 2009.

From 2011 to 2016, Caviezel starred in the CBS drama series Person of Interest as John Reese, a former CIA agent who now works for a mysterious billionaire as a vigilante. The show received the highest ratings in 15 years for a series pilot and consistently garnered over 10 million weekly viewers. Caviezel was nominated for the People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actor in 2014 and again in 2016 for his work on Person of Interest.

Caviezel starred in the 2014 football film When the Game Stands Tall as De La Salle High School coach Bob Ladouceur, whose Concord, California, Spartans prep team had a 151-game winning streak from 1992 to 2003, an American sporting record. He appeared in the 2013 film Escape Plan, playing a warden who maintains order in the world's most secret and secure prison.

Caviezel narrated two documentaries in 2016 regarding Christianity. One was Liberating a Continent: John Paul II and the Fall of Communism and the other was The Face of Mercy. In an interview about the former film, he stated that John Paul II had crushed communism "with love".

In 2017, Caviezel signed on as lead character of CBS's SEAL Team series. However, Caviezel left the project due to creative differences before production began and was replaced by David Boreanaz.

Caviezel portrayed the Apostle Luke in the film Paul, Apostle of Christ, which opened in theaters on March 23, 2018, to mixed reviews.

In January 2018, Caviezel's agent announced that Caviezel had signed on with Gibson to reprise his role as Jesus in The Passion of the Christ sequel, entitled The Passion of the Christ: Resurrection. In September 2020, Caviezel said, "Mel Gibson just sent me the third picture, the third draft. It's coming." He added, "It's going to be the biggest film in world history."

In 2018, Caviezel signed on to portray Tim Ballard, a DHS Agent and an anti-human-trafficking activist, in the film Sound of Freedom, about the organization Operation Underground Railroad (O.U.R.) and its mission to save children from sex trafficking and slavery. Ballard had specifically requested that Caviezel play him. Caviezel stated, "This is the second most important film I have ever done since The Passion of the Christ. ... It's going to affect the saving of a lot of children and the changing of lives. It will also bring a lot of light into the darkness." The film was theatrically released on July 3, 2023.

Caviezel starred in the 2020 political thriller film Infidel, produced by Dinesh D'Souza.

Personal life
In 1996, Caviezel married Kerri Browitt, a high school English teacher. They have adopted three children from China.

Out of respect for his wife, Caviezel requested that he wear a shirt and that Jennifer Lopez wear a top during a love scene in the film Angel Eyes, and he refused to strip in a love scene with Ashley Judd in High Crimes. He said, "I do love scenes—but not ones with gratuitous sex. I also don't do gratuitous violence. And it's not just about my wife, although that's important. It's sin, pure and simple. I mean, it's wrong."

Religious beliefs
Caviezel is a devout Catholic. In a 2017 interview, Caviezel talked about the importance of his Catholic faith, the lasting impact that The Passion of the Christ has had on his life, and his special devotion to the Virgin Mary. During the filming of The Passion of the Christ in Italy, he received daily counsel, confession, and Holy Communion from a local Catholic priest, with an interpreter.

Political views
Caviezel is publicly against abortion. In 2006, Caviezel was featured with actress Patricia Heaton and Missouri athletes Kurt Warner and Mike Sweeney in an advertisement opposing Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2, which allowed any form of embryonic stem cell research and therapy in Missouri that is otherwise legal under federal law. He began the advertisement by saying, "Le-bar nash be-neshak" (Aramaic for "You betray the Son of Man with a kiss"), a reference to Judas's betrayal of Jesus Christ and a phrase used in the Gospel According to St. Luke. (In the advertisement, the line did not include a translation into English.) Caviezel closed the commercial with the line, "You know now. Don't do it. Vote no on 2." The advertisement was a response to a commercial featuring Michael J. Fox, who favored embryonic stem cell research.

Support of QAnon
Beginning in 2021, Caviezel endorsed elements of the QAnon conspiracy theory, first doing so during a remote appearance at the "Health and Freedom Conference"  at Rhema Bible Training College in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. The appearance was to promote the film Sound of Freedom, centering on anti-human trafficking activist Tim Ballard. Ballard's activism has been alleged to correspond to the rise of QAnon, though he denies any connection to the movement. Caviezel mentioned that Ballard was supposed to be appearing at the conference but was "saving victims of trafficking" who were victims of "adrenochroming", a fictional practice whose existence is suggested by QAnon adherents. Caviezel suggested he had seen evidence of children being subjected to the practice. The event included appearances by other QAnon promoters, such as L. Lin Wood and Michael Flynn. In October of the same year, Caviezel spoke in Las Vegas at the "For God & Country: Patriot Double Down" conference, where he mentioned the need to fight child sex trafficking, Satan and liberal values. He claimed that "the storm is upon us", a slogan associated with QAnon echoing the belief in a final battle against evil and repeated the battle cry of William Wallace in Braveheart, also urging the audience to "[send] Lucifer and his henchmen straight back to hell where they belong".

After Sound of Freedom was released in 2023, Caviezel continued to promote QAnon during interviews and media appearances related to the film. During a July 2023 appearance on The Charlie Kirk Show, Kirk asked Caviezel to address claims of his belief in QAnon. He claimed he was unaware of QAnon when the movie was filmed in 2018, and subsequently defended followers of QAnon, claiming that they were being persecuted and comparing them to the Christians in the New Testament. Caviezel also made more remarks about adrenochrome and claimed that "QAnon" does not exist, only "Q" and "anons" - a common talking point used by QAnon followers to deflect from their support for the movement.

title: Jim Caviezel


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Morihiro Saito

Morihiro Saito (斉藤 守弘 Saitō Morihiro, March 31, 1928–May 13, 2002) was a teacher of the Japanese martial art of aikido, with many students around the world. Saito's practice of aikido spanned 56 years, from the age of 18, when he first met aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba, until his death in 2002.

Early life
Morihiro Saito was born in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, on 31 March 1928. Growing up in a poor farming village in the 1930s and early 40s, he recounted having the same interest in historical heroes such as Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi and Goto Matabe as most other Japanese boys. In the Japanese schools at that time, the martial arts of kendo and judo were taught to students, and Saito chose to study kendo.

In the years immediately following the end of World War II, the carrying of weapons of any kind, as well the practice of martial arts, was prohibited by the GHQ. As a result, Saito felt he should study some kind of unarmed self-defense technique, and began training in Shinto-ryū karate at the Shudokan in Meguro. After a short time, his work with the Japanese National Railways transferred him to Iwama, and he was forced to find other martial arts training. Thinking judo would be a useful complement to his kendo and karate skills, he began training at a judo dojo in Ishioka. In the summer of 1946, however, Saito heard stories about an "old man doing strange techniques up on the mountain near Iwama." It seemed that people were confused about what martial art, exactly, this old man was practicing, but one judo instructor said the man was teaching "Ueshiba-ryū Judo."

Meeting aikido's founder
By July 1946, the GHQ-imposed ban upon the practice of martial arts had forced Morihei Ueshiba into an official "retirement" from practice for several years. Ueshiba took this opportunity to seclude himself in the small town of Iwama, and was engaged in the practice of ascetic training (shugyō), and some believe that it was during this period that Ueshiba was perfecting the practice of aikido.

It was at this time, at the age of 18, that Saito joined Ueshiba for training, which already included then live-in students Kisshomaru Ueshiba, Koichi Tohei, and Tadashi Abe. This early training was quite brutal, but after persevering for several years, Saito became one of Ueshiba's closest students. Much credit is given to the fortuitous work schedule Saito had with the Japanese National Railways, where Saito worked 24 hours on, 24 hours off. As a result, Saito had the unique opportunity to train with Ueshiba in the practice of the sword and short staff, which occurred early each morning before the other students arrived.

Training
Training at the Iwama dojo consisted of a great deal of farmwork. The life of the full-time live in students consisted of prayer each morning before sunrise, two meals of rice porridge each day, and training interspersed with copious amounts of work on the farm. As a result of Saito's 24 hours on, 24 hours off, position with the National Railway meant that he would train and live as a live-in student only every other 24 hours. Eventually, the other live-in students moved away, and when Saito returned from work, he would train alone with Ueshiba.

Although other students such as Koichi Tohei trained with Ueshiba for more years than Saito did, Saito's work allowed him to train almost as an uchideshi, for long periods as the only student.

From 1946 until Ueshiba’s passing in 1969, Saito served as Ueshiba's assistant in a variety of ways at Iwama while his wife served Mrs. Ueshiba. During Saito’s period as a deshi he taught classes in the Iwama dojo.

Ueshiba's death
Before his death Ueshiba gave Morihiro Saito the responsibility of carrying on the teaching at the Iwama dojo and also the position of caretaker of the Aiki Jinja located in Iwama.

Training methodology and philosophy
Saito's instruction of aikido is particularly remembered for its emphasis upon the basics of aikido, and especially upon the relationship between the armed and unarmed aspects of the art.

Kazuo Chiba, a live-in student (uchideshi) of Ueshiba at the Aikikai Hombu Dojo in Tokyo, recalled in particular the intensity of the training that occurred at the Iwama dojo,

A large portion of the membership at Iwama Dojo consisted of local farmers, hard workers who spent all day in the fields. They had thick bones and great physical strength, combined with a peculiar local character known as “Mito kishitsu,” a type of manliness close to gallantry. Altogether, it was quite an opposite culture from Hombu Dojo in Tokyo. Because it is in the capital of Japan, Hombu’s membership consists of white-collar workers, intellectuals, businessmen, politicians and university students.

Any members who came to visit Iwama Dojo from Hombu must have looked pale and weak from city living to Iwama members. Indeed, the Iwama students treated us from Hombu as such and challenged us vigorously. It was a matter of survival for members from Hombu Dojo, including Hombu uchideshi like myself. And Saito Sensei was on top of that mountain, which we had to climb with all our might.

Chiba also emphasized Saito's focus upon katai-keiko (固い稽古), or vigorous practice without holding back, which Ueshiba taught and Saito demonstrated in his methods of teaching and practice. Apparently, this rigorous training with Saito, which Ueshiba would often observe, also included intense conditioning exercises, as well as general farmwork that students at the Iwama dojo were expected to assist with.

Other students of Saito attest to his commitment to carry on Ueshiba's legacy, and to follow and preserve Ueshiba's teachings as Saito had learned them. Saito believed that striking techniques (atemi) are a "vital element" of aikido, and also that the principles of swordsmanship formed the basis of aikido techniques. He also advocated training to cope with the attacks of other martial arts, such as the kicks practiced in karate.

According to Saito's son, Hitohiro Saito (now Hitohira), Saito believed that the basis of all empty-handed, sword, and staff techniques was the mastery of aikido's basic posture (hanmi). Saito believed that once the correct posture was mastered, the next step was to develop a proper kiai (sometimes translated as "spirit shout").

Legacy
In the beginning of the 1970s, aikido students from outside Japan began traveling to Iwama to train under Saito. Later they would return to their native countries to teach what they had learned. There were also a small number of Japanese students of Saito who travelled abroad to teach Aikido, such as Takayasu-shihan.

The kind of aikido that Saito's students do is often referred to as Iwama aikido or Iwama style. In Europe, Saito, along with many of his students, formed a dan-ranking network of dojos called Iwama Ryu, with ranks received directly from Saito rather than or in addition to those from the Aikikai although Saito never left that organization. Saito also awarded teaching certifications for Aiki-weapons (bokken and jo) internationally. Receipt of the full set of five weapons certifications is considered the menkyo-kaiden.

Saito Sensei also inspired many around the world to establish dojo that focus on Iwama Style Aikido. Some dojo, like Aikido in Fredericksburg, have full-time uchideshi programs based on what Saito Sensei developed at the Iwama Dojo. Uchideshi can do short-term intensive studies (short stay) or long-term apprenticeships for a year or more to fully immerse in the training.

Saito family line
After Saito's death, his son Hitohiro formed the independent Shinshin Aikishuren Kai (神信合気修練会). Some of the Iwama Ryu network dojos joined Hitohiro while others including some of Saito's longest students chose to remain affiliated with the Aikikai.

Hitohiro had already been the main instructor at Iwama dojo. Like the Aikikai Doshu, he does not claim a dan rank.

Senior (5th, 6th and 7th dan) Direct Students
This short list was chosen based on several criteria including: the rank of the instructor, how long they studied directly with Saito (total time in Iwama), how long they were a student of Saito (total time since becoming his student) and how senior they are in their given region. This list shows the ranks Morihiro Saito personally awarded in his life (under both the Iwama Ryu and Aikikai systems).

Note: Morihiro Saito never awarded any 8th dan rankings. The highest ranks he delivered were the two Iwama Ryu 7th dan Shihan ranks that he awarded to Paolo Corallini (Italy) and Ulf Evenås (Sweden).

For some instructors the current rank is also shown, since some of them continued teaching through other organizations (i.e. Aikikai Tokyo or Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai, founded by Hitohiro Saito, Morihiro's son).

For example, the only 6th dan in a given country might be listed while one of many 6th/7th dans in another country is not even if the latter instructor is senior to the former.

title: Morihiro Saito


text:
Armilla patrol

The Armilla patrol was the name of the Royal Navy's permanent presence in the Persian Gulf during the 1980s and 1990s.

Background
The Royal Navy withdrew its forces from the Persian Gulf in 1971 (the former Flag Officer, Middle East, and Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf) in line with the United Kingdom's general retreat from "East of Suez". However, tensions in the area remained high and Royal Navy ships were still a frequent sight in the area. In 1980, tensions in the Middle East led to the outbreak of war between Iraq and Iran. In response to the increased danger to British shipping and other British interests, in the Persian Gulf, Armilla Patrol was set up. HMS Coventry (D118) and HMS Naiad (F39); and later HMS Alacrity (F174), were the first ships to patrol the Gulf of Oman and the Straits of Hormuz. There has been at least one Royal Navy ship on patrol in the area ever since. In addition to the surface combatant, the Royal Navy has also maintained an auxiliary of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) in the Persian Gulf.

During the Falklands War, the Royal New Zealand Navy dispatched frigates to carry out the Armilla patrol duties, freeing the British ships on station for service with the Royal Navy task force tasked with freeing the Falkland Islands from the Argentine invasion.

The Armilla patrol was praised by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and a call was made in parliament for an Armilla Patrol Medal to go to those serving in the Patrol at the time in 1989. Ships Companies were subsequently awarded the General Service Medal (Gulf) for patrol and escort duties between 17 November 1986 and 31 October 31 October 1988. Mine countermeasures ships were awarded the GSM for service between 1 November 1988 until 28 February 1989. Typical Armilla patrol deployments lasted for six months or so, with the supporting RFA vessel sometimes spending an aggregate total of over a year in the area. The patrol was reinforced with an aircraft carrier or task group in times of high tension or British involvement in wartime operations or by frigates or destroyers transiting the area for other operations in the Far East or Pacific.

The largest British presence in the Persian Gulf during the Armilla patrol was during the two operations against Iraq. In 1991, eight Royal Navy ships supported by a number of RFA vessels were sent to the area.

Post 1990s
In 2003, over 30 British warships and auxiliaries were involved in the invasion of Iraq. A number of vessels, including minesweepers, survey vessels and submarines, are periodically rotated through the area to provide additional capability.

Beginning in 2006 the surface combatant deployed was tasked with patrol in the Persian Gulf and as part of Operation Oracle, the United Kingdom's assistance to the United States in its operations in the Arabian Sea, along with flexibility in tasking for operations in the Far East and Pacific.

title: Armilla patrol


text:
Talk:Superluminal motion

Diagram
Can someone post a diagram. This is one of those things that is very easily explained on a blackboard, but hard to explain with words. Roadrunner 20:24, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

First the blob is moviong towards me and then the blob in on a path perpendicular to me. This doesn't seem to match another explanation I found but I don't fee comfortable changing it.

More explanation needed
This result is not that intuitive (if the object is moving mostly towards you, the tangential velocity cannot be very high, and it is not obvious that the time interval decreases faster), so I think a quantitive treatment is necessary, something like the explanation here. I'll add that as a "See also" link before someone gets around to do a good explanation here. R6144 09:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

How to achieve real superluminal velocity of mass particles see:

http://www.petar-bosnic-petrus.com/science-articles/ conical-and-paraboloidal-superluminal-particle-accelerators/

 * I agree. From current explanation it is not clear that there would be any apparent superluminal velocity involved. In fact, as usual with physics wikipedia pages, the explanation is dim and dense.Crusty007 (talk) 20:37, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

See http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9120/32/1/016/pe7103.pdf?request-id=536d1dcd-4580-4a47-b434-93dd3b9a89bd for another explanation, i find it clearer, and it includes quantitative analysis —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.1.66 (talk) 13:59, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

The explanation relating to signal velocity is far more logical, at last. Nothing moves faster than C, but the information; 'change of position' can of course give the impression of something in a different inertial frame moving faster or slower. Interesting implications too.Nimsdixon (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:46, 10 February 2010 (UTC).

Dubious sections?
If the ideas proposed in the section "Laser ranging" are based on a mistaken calculation on the part of Gezari, as explained in Franklin's paper, rather than an actual observation, it seems a needlessly distracting detour.

 * Agree. I just read his paper at http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0912/0912.3934.pdf and I'm thinking, what is this guy doing at NASA for so many years? It'd be good if some of his peers can review this crap so that Wikipedia can get rid of this section.-Dhatsavan (talk) 12:05, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

The paper of Gezari was recently updated. (Bgeelhoed (talk) 15:38, 31 August 2010 (UTC))

 * But it remains mistaken, and it does not address the criticisms in the Franklin paper. The Gezari paper and the Franklin rebuttal should both be removed as wastes of space, or regrouped under a new section heading, "Mistaken claims of Superluminal Motion", which could include other examples, too.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.112.25.51 (talk) 07:19, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

The section "Messier 87 etc. Gas Jets" appears to be based on a non-standard theory (the Wikipedia article on this theory is disputed as original research), but that isn't made clear in this article. Dependent Variable (talk) 00:49, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Error in diagram
The diagram shows OB=OC=D_L. If so, then the angle OCB cannot be a right angle. There must consequently also be an error in the derivation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.152.247.201 (talk) 07:24, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Technically, you're right. In practical terms, however, the distance DL is so large that angle ø is approximately zero, so the derivation is correct to a good approximation. For ø = 1 arc-minute, the two distances marked DL in the diagram differ by a factor of about 4E-08.

132.3.33.68 (talk) 13:59, 10 February 2012 (UTC) I think it is worth mentioning this in the derivation. It's good practice to always state your assumptions (especially when they're accompanied by a diagram that appears to contradict them). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.69.239.65 (talk) 10:15, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Superluminal or not?
The article equivovates on whether superluminal motion is observed or not. Are some jets truly superluminal? J Mark Morris (talk) 22:40, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure how you say that it equivocates: "is the apparently faster-than-light motion" in the lede, and "jets traveling very near the speed of light" in the first main paragraph. None of them are truly superluminal, they're all due to projection effects. - Parejkoj (talk) 17:33, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

 * In the contrary evidence section and the history section there are several mentions of superluminal events that are not explained away.J Mark Morris (talk) 23:18, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

Original research?
I've added the "Original research" tag because the section entitled "Derivation of the apparent velocity" is entirely unsourced. It looks like an impressive piece of work, but given the lack of any cites, I wonder if it is original research. Some citations are necessary to support it, in my opinion. WP:ORIGINAL Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 23:04, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superluminal motion


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Twins (2001 EP)

Twins (AVEP) was the first EP for Twins and was released in August 2001. It contained 3 music videos and 6 songs. Among the songs, Ming Ai An Lian Bu Xi She (明愛暗戀補習社) was popular.

Release, promotion and marketing
In an effort to promote the EP to a younger audience, Emperor Entertainment Group bundled the EP with bonus items and coupons, such as hair care products and vouchers for gifts of sushi.

The initial EP release was a success, selling 10,000 copies in under 24 hours.

Tracklist

 * 1) Computer Data Not Playable
 * 2) "明愛暗戀補習社 [Opening Love & Secret Love in Tutoring Class]" (Music Video)
 * 3) "女校男生 [Male Student in Girls' School]" (Music Video)
 * 4) "明愛暗戀補習社 [Opening Love & Secret Love in Tutoring Class]" (Music Video 拍攝花絮 [Behind The Scenes])
 * 5) "快熟時代 [Fast Maturing Era]"
 * 6) "明愛暗戀補習社 [Opening Love & Secret Love in Tutoring Class]" (Assembly Mix)
 * 7) "女校男生 [Male Student in Girls' School]"
 * 8) "換季 [Changing Seasons]"
 * 9) "盲頭烏蠅 (Blind-headed Fly)"
 * 10) "明愛暗戀補習社 [Opening Love & Secret Love in Tutoring Class]" (After School Mix)

title: Twins (2001 EP)


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Harold Loeffelmacher

Harold Loeffelmacher (March 14, 1905 – January 30, 1988 ) was an American musician and bandleader best known for forming the polka band known as the Six Fat Dutchmen. The band, based in New Ulm, Minnesota, traveled extensively and played as many as 335 dates per year, mostly in the Midwestern United States. Over a span of 14 years the Six Fat Dutchmen recorded 800 polkas, waltzes and schottisches on the RCA Victor label, and for ten years they were signed by Dot Records. Loeffelmacher was inducted into the International Polka Association's Hall of Fame in 1975.

Biography
Loeffelmacher was born in 1905 on a Minnesota farm near Fort Ridgely. After his family moved to New Ulm, he took violin lessons, then moved to wind instruments, including the tuba. Later he took up the trombone, which became his primary band instrument.

In 1932, he started "Six Fat Dutchmen," which grew from the initial six to over a dozen musicians. They played the Nebraska State Fair for 26 straight years.

During Loeffelmacher's long career of touring from show to show, it is claimed that he eventually wore out seven buses while accumulating as much as 90,000 miles of road travel annually. In winter while the other band members would break from their hectic schedules and take well-deserved vacations, Loeffelmacher would often continue to perform solo on the bass horn, but his true instrument was the trombone. He performed a dozen times on the long-running nationally televised TV series, The Lawrence Welk Show.

Loeffelmacher died in 1988 at Sioux Valley Hospital in New Ulm, Minnesota.

In 1990, three years after his death, Harold Loeffelmacher and his Six Fat Dutchmen were inducted into the Minnesota Music Hall of Fame. His son Harold and daughter-in-law Virginia accepted the award on his behalf. His family currently resides near St. Paul/Minneapolis, Minnesota.

In 2006, 74 years after the band's founding, a compilation CD of the Six Fat Dutchmen's original recordings was produced.

title: Harold Loeffelmacher


text:
Porsche Carrera GT

The Porsche Carrera GT (Project Code 980) is a mid-engine sports car that was manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche from 2004 to 2006. Sports Car International named the Carrera GT number one on its list of Top Sports Cars of the 2000s, and number eight on its Top Sports Cars of All Time list. For its advanced technology and development of its chassis, Popular Science magazine awarded it the "Best of What's New" award in 2003.

History
The development of the Carrera GT can be traced back to the 911 GT1 and LMP1-98 racing cars. Due in part to the FIA and ACO rule changes in 1998, both designs had ended. Porsche at the time had planned a new Le Mans prototype for the 1999 season.

The car was initially intended to use a turbocharged flat-six engine, but was later redesigned to use a new V10 engine, pushing the project back to planned completion in 2000. The V10 was a unit secretly built by Porsche for the Footwork Formula One team in 1992, but later shelved. The engine was resurrected for the Le Mans prototype.

Porsche did keep part of the project alive by using the 5.5 L V10 from the prototype in a concept car called the Carrera GT shown at the 2000 Paris Motor Show, mainly in an attempt to draw attention to their display. Surprising interest in the vehicle and an influx of revenue provided from the Cayenne helped Porsche decide to produce the car, and development started on a road-legal version that would be produced in small numbers at Porsche's new manufacturing facility in Leipzig. Porsche started a production run of the Carrera GT in 2004. The first Carrera GT went on sale in the United States on 31 January 2004.

Originally a production run of 1,500 cars was planned. However, Porsche announced in August 2005 that it would not continue production of the Carrera GT through to 2006, citing changing airbag regulations in the United States. By the end of production on 6 May 2006, more than 1,270 cars had been sold, with a total of 644 units sold in the United States and 31 units sold in Canada. In the United Kingdom, 49 units were sold.

Design
The Carrera GT is powered by a 5733 cc V10 engine rated at 450 kW, whereas the original concept car featured a 5.5-litre version rated at 416 kW. A road test in June 2004 by Car and Driver showed that the car can accelerate from 0–60 mph in 3.5 seconds, 0–100 mph in 6.8 seconds and 0–130 mph in 10.8 seconds. The official top speed was 330 kph.

Technical specifications

 * Engine
 * Layout: Longitudinal, rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
 * Engine type: 68° V10, aluminium block and heads
 * Code: 980/01
 * Valvetrain: DOHC (chain-driven), 4 valves per cylinder (40 valves total), variable valve timing on intake camshafts, sodium-cooled exhaust valves
 * Bore × stroke: 98x76 mm, Nikasil coated bores, forged titanium connecting rods, forged pistons
 * Displacement: 5733 cc
 * Compression ratio: 12.0:1
 * Rated power: 450 kW @ 8,000 rpm
 * Max. torque: 590 Nm @ 5,750 rpm
 * Specific output: 78.493 kW/L
 * Weight to power ratio: 3.23 kg/kW
 * Redline: 8,400 rpm
 * Transmission
 * Clutch: Twin-plate ceramic dry-clutch (PCCC—Porsche Ceramic Composite Clutch)
 * Gearbox type: 6-speed manual transmission
 * Body
 * Tank capacity: 92 litres
 * Cargo volume: 76 L
 * Max. payload: 180 kg
 * Ground clearance: 3.4 in
 * Dimensions:
 * Length: 4613 mm
 * Width: 1921 mm
 * Height: 1166 mm
 * Mass: 1380 kg
 * Track width: 1612–1587 mm
 * Wheelbase: 2730 mm
 * Drag Coefficient: 0.39
 * Fuel consumption for 2004 model
 * EPA
 * EPA Rated city, highway: 9 mpgus/15 mpgus
 * Range: 241 mi
 * Tank in gal: 24.3 usgal
 * NEFZ:
 * Consumption: 28.3 / 11.7 / 17.8 L/100 km
 * CO2 emission: 429 g/km
 * Emission level: EURO 4
 * Estimated range: 516 km
 * Auto Motor und Sport test:
 * Max: 22.5 L/100 km
 * Avg: 19.7 L/100 km

Performance Test Results

 * 0-60 km/h : 2.06 seconds
 * 0-80 km/h : 2.61 seconds
 * 0-100 km/h : 3.57 seconds
 * 0-120 km/h : 4.33 seconds
 * 0-140 km/h : 5.13 seconds
 * 0-160 km/h : 6.46 seconds
 * 0-180 km/h : 7.59 seconds
 * 0‒1/4 mi: 10.97 seconds
 * 0‒1000 m: 19.42 seconds at 284 km/h
 * Top speed: 334 km/h (official: 330 km/h)
 * 80-120 km/h: 6.35 seconds (in 6th gear)
 * Braking 100 mi/h to 0: 277 ft
 * Braking 60 mi/h to 0: 101 ft
 * Braking 100 km/h to 0: 33.5 m
 * Skid pad, 200 ft ave g: 0.99

Sport Auto tested a maximal lateral acceleration of 1.35 g, even 1.4 g was reached at the Schwalbenschwanz section of the Nürburgring Nordschleife, Motor Trend tested 11.1s at 133.4 mi/h for the 1/4 mi.

Track tests

 * Nürburgring Nordschleife: 7:28
 * Bedford Autodrome: 1:20.2
 * Top Gear Test Track: 1:19.8

Technology
Notable technology includes a pure carbon fibre monocoque and subframe produced by ATR Composites Group of Italy, dry sump lubrication and inboard suspension. At speeds above 70 mi/h, the electronically operated rear wing raises into the airstream to reduce lift. The radiator of the Carrera GT is about five times the size of that of a 911 Turbo of its time. The car's front and rear suspension system consists of pushrod actuated shock absorbers and dampers with anti-roll bars.

Zagato
In 2013, Zagato introduced the Porsche Carrera GTZ based on the Porsche Carrera GT. Commissioned by a Swiss Porsche collector and former racing driver, it has a modified carbon fiber body which is more aerodynamic. The car has the same technical specification as the Porsche Carrera GT. Six Carrera GTZs were built.

title: Porsche Carrera GT


text:
Mascagni

Mascagni is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Donato Mascagni (1579–1636), Italian painter
 * Paolo Mascagni (1755–1815), Italian physician
 * Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Italian composer

title: Mascagni


text:
Six Fat Dutchmen

The Six Fat Dutchmen was an American polka band, formed around 1932 by Harold Loeffelmacher in New Ulm, Minnesota, United States. The band was known mostly for playing the "Oom-pah" style of polka music that originated from Germany and the German-speaking areas of Czechoslovakia. They were regular performers at the then-famous George's Ballroom in New Ulm, and were voted Number One Polka Band for seven years in a row by the National Ballroom Operators Association. Compilations of their music continue to be produced and sold, more than 70 years after the band's founding.

Like Bill Monroe's Bluegrass Boys, the band provided the name to its musical genre, "Dutchman Music". As might be surmised from the band's name, there were initially six members, but over time it grew to include about a dozen musicians. The band appeared often on a local television station in Mankato, Minnesota, and their popularity grew to the point where they played the Nebraska State Fair for 26 straight years. The Six Fat Dutchmen played the Aragon and Trianon ballrooms in Chicago, broadcasting live on radio station WGN.

They enjoyed a 14-year recording career with RCA Victor, during which they recorded 800 songs. After parting ways with RCA, the band recorded for Dot Records for ten years.

The 1995 compilation CD The Six Fat Dutchmen's Greatest Hits earned a 3.5 star rating (out of 5) in AllMusic. Another compilation, Greatest Hits Volume 2 was released in 2006.

Some of their vintage television appearances have made their way to the popular YouTube website. Singer and saxophone player Dick Dale was briefly a member of the Six Fat Dutchmen, before he became a regular on the long-running American television variety series, The Lawrence Welk Show.

In 1990, three years after the death of Harold Loeffelmacher, he and his Six Fat Dutchmen were inducted into the Minnesota Music Hall of Fame.

Partial discography

 * 6 Fat Dutchmen (RCA Victor LSP-1769) 1958
 * Schottisches (1959)
 * Polka Parade! (Hamilton Records, HLP 121) 1964
 * On Tour (Dot DLP 25734) 1960s
 * Polkas: Greatest Hits! (Dot DLP 25358)  1961
 * Polka's No. 1 Band (Polka City PC-402)  1970s
 * Ten Fat Hits! (Pickwick SPC-3083) 1970s
 * Greatest Hits (Ross) 1995
 * Greatest Hits (Polka City PC-6656) 2002
 * Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (Polka City PC-1028) 2006

title: Six Fat Dutchmen


text:
Eckmann–Hilton argument

In mathematics, the Eckmann–Hilton argument (or Eckmann–Hilton principle or Eckmann–Hilton theorem) is an argument about two unital magma structures on a set where one is a homomorphism for the other. Given this, the structures are the same, and the resulting magma is a commutative monoid. This can then be used to prove the commutativity of the higher homotopy groups. The principle is named after Beno Eckmann and Peter Hilton, who used it in a 1962 paper.

The Eckmann–Hilton result
Let $$X$$ be a set equipped with two binary operations, which we will write $$\circ$$ and $$\otimes$$, and suppose:

 * 1) $$\circ$$ and $$\otimes$$ are both unital, meaning that there are identity elements $$1_\circ $$ and $$1_\otimes$$ of $$X$$ such that $$1_\circ \circ a= a =a \circ 1_\circ$$ and $$1_\otimes \otimes a= a =a \otimes 1_\otimes$$, for all $$a\in X$$.

 * 1) $$(a \otimes b) \circ (c \otimes d) = (a \circ c) \otimes (b \circ d)$$ for all  $$a,b,c,d \in X $$.

Then $$\circ$$ and $$\otimes$$ are the same and in fact commutative and associative.

Remarks
The operations $$\otimes$$ and $$\circ$$ are often referred to as monoid structures or multiplications, but this suggests they are assumed to be associative, a property that is not required for the proof. In fact, associativity follows. Likewise, we do not have to require that the two operations have the same neutral element; this is a consequence.

Proof
First, observe that the units of the two operations coincide: $$ 1_\circ = 1_\circ \circ 1_\circ = (1_\otimes \otimes 1_\circ) \circ (1_\circ \otimes 1_\otimes) = (1_\otimes \circ 1_\circ) \otimes (1_\circ \circ 1_\otimes) = 1_\otimes \otimes 1_\otimes = 1_\otimes$$. Now, let $$a,b \in X$$. Then $$a \circ b = (1 \otimes a) \circ (b \otimes 1) = (1 \circ b) \otimes (a \circ 1) = b \otimes a                    = (b \circ 1) \otimes (1 \circ a)                     = (b \otimes 1) \circ (1 \otimes a)                     = b \circ a$$. This establishes that the two operations coincide and are commutative.

For associativity, $$(a \otimes b) \otimes c = (a \otimes b) \otimes (1 \otimes c) = (a \otimes 1) \otimes (b \otimes c) = a \otimes (b \otimes c)$$.

Two-dimensional proof
The above proof also has a "two-dimensional" presentation that better illustrates the application to higher homotopy groups. For this version of the proof, we write the two operations as vertical and horizontal juxtaposition, i.e., $$\begin{matrix}a\\[-60pt]b\end{matrix}$$ and $$a \ b$$. The interchange property can then be expressed as follows:

For all $$a,b,c,d\in X$$, $$\begin{matrix}(a \ b)\\[-60pt](c \ d)\end{matrix} = \begin{pmatrix}a\\[-60pt]c\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}b\\[-60pt]d\end{pmatrix}$$, so we can write $$ \begin{matrix} a \ b \\[-60pt] c \ d \end{matrix} $$ without ambiguity.

Let $$\bullet$$ and $$\circ$$ be the units for vertical and horizontal composition respectively. Then $$\bullet = \begin{matrix}\bullet \\[-60pt] \bullet \end{matrix} = \begin{matrix} \bullet \ \ \circ \\[-60pt] \circ \ \ \bullet \end{matrix} = \circ \ \circ = \circ $$, so both units are equal.

Now, for all $$a,b\in X$$, $$a \ b = \begin{matrix} a \ \ \bullet\\[-60pt] \bullet \ \ b \end{matrix} = \begin{matrix}a \\[-60pt] b\end{matrix} = \begin{matrix} \bullet \ \ a \\[-60pt] b \ \ \bullet \end{matrix} = b \ a = \begin{matrix} b \ \ \bullet \\[-60pt] \bullet \ \ a \end{matrix} = \begin{matrix}b \\[-60pt] a\end{matrix} $$, so horizontal composition is the same as vertical composition and both operations are commutative.

Finally, for all $$a,b,c\in X$$, $$a \ (b \ c) = a\ \begin{pmatrix}b\\[-60pt]c\end{pmatrix} = \begin{matrix} a \ \ b\\[-60pt] \bullet \ \ c \end{matrix} = \begin{matrix} (a \ b) \\[-60pt] c \end{matrix} = (a \ b) \ c $$, so composition is associative.

Remarks
If the operations are associative, each one defines the structure of a monoid on $$X$$, and the conditions above are equivalent to the more abstract condition that $$\otimes$$ is a monoid homomorphism $$(X,\circ)\times(X,\circ)\to(X,\circ)$$ (or vice versa). An even more abstract way of stating the theorem is: If $$X$$ is a monoid object in the category of monoids, then $$X$$ is in fact a commutative monoid.

It is important that a similar argument does NOT give such a trivial result in the case of monoid objects in the categories of small categories or of groupoids. Instead the notion of group object in the category of groupoids turns out to be equivalent to the notion of crossed module. This leads to the idea of using multiple groupoid objects in homotopy theory.

More generally, the Eckmann–Hilton argument is a special case of the use of the interchange law in the theory of (strict) double and multiple categories. A (strict) double category is a set, or class, equipped with two category structures, each of which is a morphism for the other structure. If the compositions in the two category structures are written $$\circ, \otimes$$ then the interchange law reads
 * $$ (a \circ b) \otimes (c \circ d) = (a \otimes c) \circ (b \otimes d)$$

whenever both sides are defined. For an example of its use, and some discussion, see the paper of Higgins referenced below. The interchange law implies that a double category contains a family of abelian monoids.

The history in relation to homotopy groups is interesting. The workers in topology of the early 20th century were aware that the nonabelian fundamental group was of use in geometry and analysis; that abelian homology groups could be defined in all dimensions; and that for a connected space, the first homology group was the fundamental group made abelian. So there was a desire to generalise the nonabelian fundamental group to all dimensions.

In 1932, Eduard Čech submitted a paper on higher homotopy groups to the International Congress of Mathematics at Zürich. However, Pavel Alexandroff and Heinz Hopf quickly proved these groups were abelian for $$n > 1$$, and on these grounds persuaded Čech to withdraw his paper, so that only a small paragraph appeared in the Proceedings. It is said that Witold Hurewicz attended this conference, and his first work on higher homotopy groups appeared in 1935. Thus the dreams of the early topologists have long been regarded as a mirage.

Cubical higher homotopy groupoids are constructed for filtered spaces in the book Nonabelian algebraic topology cited below, which develops basic algebraic topology, including higher analogues to the Seifert–Van Kampen theorem, without using singular homology or simplicial approximation.

title: Eckmann–Hilton argument


text:
Silver sulfide

Silver sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula. A dense black solid, it is the only sulfide of silver. It is useful as a photosensitizer in photography. It constitutes the tarnish that forms over time on silverware and other silver objects. Silver sulfide is insoluble in most solvents, but is degraded by strong acids. Silver sulfide is a network solid made up of silver (electronegativity of 1.98) and sulfur (electronegativity of 2.58) where the bonds have low ionic character (approximately 10%).

Formation
Silver sulfide naturally occurs as the tarnish on silverware. When combined with silver, hydrogen sulfide gas creates a layer of black silver sulfide patina on the silver, protecting the inner silver from further conversion to silver sulfide. Silver whiskers can form when silver sulfide forms on the surface of silver electrical contacts operating in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulfide and high humidity. Such atmospheres can exist in sewage treatment and paper mills.

Structure and properties
Three forms are known: monoclinic acanthite (β-form), stable below 179 °C, body centered cubic so-called argentite (α-form), stable above 180 °C, and a high temperature face-centred cubic (γ-form) stable above 586 °C. The higher temperature forms are electrical conductors. It is found in nature as relatively low temperature mineral acanthite. Acanthite is an important ore of silver. The acanthite, monoclinic, form features two kinds of silver centers, one with two and the other with three near neighbour sulfur atoms. Argentite refers to a cubic form, which, due to instability in "normal" temperatures, is found in form of the pseudomorphosis of acanthite after argentite.

Exceptional ductility of α-Ag2S
Relative to most inorganic materials, α-Ag2S displays exceptional ductility at room temperature. This material can undergo extensive deformation, akin to metals, without fracturing. Such behavior is evident in various mechanical tests; for instance, α-Ag2S can be easily machined into cylindrical or bar shapes and can withstand substantial deformation under compression, three-point bending, and tensile stresses. The material sustains over 50% engineering strain in compression tests and up to 20% or more in bending tests.

The intrinsic ductility of alpha-phase silver sulfide (α-Ag2S) is underpinned by its unique structural and chemical bonding characteristics. At the atomic level, its monoclinic crystal structure, which remains stable up to 451 K, enables the movement of atoms and dislocations along well-defined crystallographic planes known as slip planes. Additionally, the dynamic bonding within the crystal structure supports both the sliding of atomic layers and the maintenance of material integrity during deformation. The interatomic forces within the slip planes are sufficiently strong to prevent the material from cleaving while still allowing for considerable flexibility. Further insights into α-Ag2S's ductility come from density functional theory calculations, which reveal that the primary slip planes align with the [100] direction and slipping occurs along the [001] direction. This arrangement permits atoms to glide over each other under stress through minute adjustments in the interlayer distances, which are energetically favorable as indicated by low slipping energy barriers (ΔEB) and high cleavage energies (ΔEC). These properties ensure significant deformation capability without fracture. Silver and sulfur atoms in α-Ag2S form transient, yet robust interactions that enable the material to retain its integrity while deforming. This behavior is akin to that of metals, where dislocations move with relative ease, providing α-Ag2S with a unique combination of flexibility and strength, making it exceptionally resistant to cracking under mechanical stress.

History
In 1833 Michael Faraday noticed that the resistance of silver sulfide decreased dramatically as temperature increased. This constituted the first report of a semiconducting material.

Silver sulfide is a component of classical qualitative inorganic analysis.

title: Silver sulfide