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Talk:Traditional music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias

Original Article Galician music
Where is the original article about the Galician Music? , Spaniards and Asturian always crushing Galician past and its culture.

We hate you more and more Spaniards, leave us alone

Article removed from Good articles
I can see a deep ideological tension running through this article. The result is confusing and quite poor. Also it seems to be mainly about Galician music, where Asturian music is like a footnote to it. They do not even mention the Asturian "First Dance" ("danza prima" sorry, I do not know how to translate it better). That is a dance Romans already said old Astures (B.C.) use to dance : all of the dancers forming a circle and taking the next person's pinky finger. While they dance they sing simple melodies with a main singer singing first an the rest of the people repiting his verses like a choir. This is an alive tradition, specially in Saint John's day when people make big bonfires and dance the "danza prima" aroung the fire to celebrate the solstice. That is just an example.

- With all respects for Cantabrians, their music shouldn't appear in the group of Galician and Asturian music, because it's note the same thing.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.154.36.60 (talk) 00:14, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

This article was formerly listed as a good article, but was removed from the listing because not comprehensive, poor referencing

This article suggests that the traditional music of Galicia is “Celtic”, implying affinity with the traditional musics of Scotland and Ireland. Readers should be aware that most scholars are likely to consider this poppycock. Galicia is not in any real sense “Celtic”, and its traditional music (as opposed to modern folk-pop music) is much more fundamentally related to that of other parts of northern Iberia than to that of Ireland, Scotland and Brittany.

 * I think I have made this more clear. Remember, you can be bold in updating pages. Tuf-Kat 23:12, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

Sep 3, 2004 - Dear Tuf-Kat... I don't really think you've made this any clearer; I think you've just restated your "Celtic origins" theory, which in my view is unfounded, a sort of modern myth closely associated with Galician nationalism (with which I have no problem per se). I would suggest the following wording for the first paragraph of this article...
 * Galicia is the most ancient Celtic sites in the world, what scholars are saying (Galicia is celtic, but not Spain)

The traditional musics of the northwest Spanish regions of Galicia, Asturias and Cantabria are not really “Celtic” in any strong sense: in fact, these musics are most closely related to the other traditions of Castille and northern Portugal, and their “celticness” is in large measure a latter-day romantic invention. However, it is worth noting a) that much Galician and Asturian traditional music is dominated by bagpipes, and b) that much modern Galician folk and folk-rock is strongly influenced by Irish traditions. Certainly, Galicia is nowadays a strong player on the international Celtic folk scene; and as a result, elements of the pre-industrial Galician tradition have entered the modern Celtic folk repertoire and style.

 * Northern Portugal was part of Galicia and also was Celtic, Asturias was not Celtic Galicia who was radiating its culture (and proven)

 * Well, you can't start an article be explaining what the subject is not, but I have used most of your paragraph as the first in the article. Tuf-Kat 15:40, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

>> you can't start an article by explaining what the subject is not

... unless its inclusion in the category in question is of doubtful validity :) I've taken the liberty of inserting a version of the first paragraph closer to my original, though worded to make clear that some people think Galician traditional music to be more Celtic than I do. And I leave the final wording to you: I promise not to touch it again :) Sep 6

 * I'm satisfied. Tuf-Kat 15:31, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delisted from Good Articles because it's very insufficiently referenced and missing a lot of important information (essentially nothing not about a subset of folk music). Tuf-Kat 02:46, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Phoenician rowing songs?
Please, can anybody justify this? It sounds as whimsical as the Celtic theories. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.79.87.84 (talk) 12:40, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Gaita description
So, the article says that "It is also possible to close the thumb hole with the little finger of the right hand, thus creating a semitone below the tonic." As a piper, I assume the author meant to say tone hole (the lowest holes on the chanter, not used outside of extended practice) or the actual end of the airway itself, since the thumb hole would already be closed in this case.. I don't know how this applies to the gaita, however. Am I right about this? --MatthewLiberal (talk) 22:42, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. I've corrected that. --Xosé (talk) 21:45, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Castile
Mentioning Castile's music among the Galician and Asturian ones is a great mistake. And it is not true. Same with León. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Caghulo (talk • contribs) 22:29, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Why is the same as León? Leons music has much in common with Asturias musics, and in some parts (bierzo) with galician Music. Leon and Asturies even share its ancient language (asturleones)!!

Cantabria is the one which has less in Common. Until 1975, Cantabria was Castile. It was just separated from Castile because it was quite difficult to make such a big administrative region. But Cantabria is more Castillian than Leon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.221.121.135 (talk) 10:59, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Ampliating History section
I wrote some more interesting information, curiosly avoided when talking about celtic influences. I cannot understand why other peoples of Spain insist in denying some parts of galician history. I'm sorry I forgot signing in my last coment.--Caghulo (talk) 22:58, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

 * because Galicia can discover its history and the old history, much older than Spain, Galicia if it is Celtic, Galicia was one of the ancient Celtic world countries, many scholars believe is the oldest and the origin of the Celtic culture, Many people complain of Galician nationalism but worse Spanish nationalism that has erased the history of Galicia and especially denied (as the Kingdom of Galicia), They even have hit all kinds, including the recovery of the Galician Celtic language of Galicia, everything bothers them especially the Spanish and Asturian http://celticmythpodshow.com/blog/rebirth-of-the-gallaic-goidelic-language/

Article naming and overall escheme
I know this article as a whole doesn't do much sense at all in the first place; it would be simplier to have separate articles for Galician and Asturian music. But if you want to keep this article like it is, at least do some of the following things:

-Renaming it. Galician and Asturian music are kinda similar in lots of ways, but Cantabrian is not, really. So I kinda see why you grouped Asturian and Galician music in the same article, but Cantabrian is kinda odd;

a) Just Galician and Asturian music (in order of importance as a region), or Asturian and Galician music (alphabetically) b) If you really want to keep Cantabrian music in, at least rename the article to "Galician, Asturian and Cantabrian music" (in importance, relation and geographical order -the one with most sense-) or "Asturian, Cantabrian and Galician music" (alphabetically). I don't get at all why tf is Cantabrian in the middle.

As a side note, Galician and Asturian music (not Cantabrian) sure have Celtic influence (especially since recent times), but they are not Celtic by any means. They have Celtic influences, of course, but their roots don't actually come from ancient Gallaeci or Astures. And I am not a "southern Spanish nationalist demon" or something. I'm from there, I love our music, I love when our music appears in Celtic festivals in Brittany or New York, but it is what it is.


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User talk:59MingMing

Nice work on Tai Lam Country Park - just what it need to rescue it from deletion. akaDruid 10:24, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:59MingMing


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Direct effect of European Union law

In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which the courts of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce.

Direct effect is not explicitly stated in any of the EU Treaties. The principle of direct effect was first established by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Direct effect has subsequently been loosened in its application to treaty articles and the ECJ has expanded the principle, holding that it is capable of applying to virtually all of the possible forms of EU legislation, the most important of which are regulations, and in certain circumstances to directives.

The ECJ first articulated the doctrine of direct effect in the case of Van Gend en Loos, the European Court of Justice laid down the criteria (commonly referred to as the "Van Gend criteria") for establishing direct effect. The EU article provision had to be:
 * clear,
 * negative (a negative rather than a positive obligation)
 * unconditional,
 * containing no reservation on the part of the member state, and
 * not dependent on any national implementing measure.

If these criteria were satisfied, then the right or rights in question could be enforced before national courts. Whether or not any particular measure satisfies the criteria is a matter of EU law to be determined by the EU Courts.

Varieties of direct effect
In Van Gend en Loos it was decided that a citizen was able to enforce a right granted by European Community legislation against the state – the question of whether rights could be enforced against another citizen was not addressed. In Defrenne v. SABENA (No. 2), the European Court of Justice decided that there were two varieties of direct effect: vertical direct effect and horizontal direct effect, the distinction drawn being based on the person or entity against whom the right is to be enforced.

Vertical direct effect concerns the relationship between EU law and national law – specifically, the state's obligation to ensure its observance and its compatibility with EU law, thereby enabling citizens to rely on it in actions against the state or against public bodies; an "emanation of the state" as defined in Foster v. British Gas plc.

Horizontal direct effect concerns the relationship between individuals (including companies). If a certain provision of EU law is horizontally directly effective, then citizens are able to rely on it in actions against each other. This indicates that a citizen is able to rely on a provision from the EU law against another citizen before the national court. These obligations can create rights for or be imposed on citizens in the Member State. Unlike treaty articles and regulations, Directives are usually incapable of being horizontally directly effective. Certain provisions of the treaties and legislative acts such as regulations are capable of being directly enforced horizontally.

Treaty articles
Direct effect is applicable when the particular provision relied on fulfils the Van Gend en Loos criteria. It is therefore applicable in the case of treaty articles (Van Gend en Loos was a claim based on a treaty article), in which case it can be both vertically and horizontally directly effective.

Regulations
Regulations are also subject to direct effect. As Article 288 TFEU (ex Art 249 TEC) explicitly provides that regulations "Shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States" the ECJ has confirmed that they are therefore in principle directly effective stating that "Owing to their very nature and their place in the system of sources of Union law, regulations operate to confer rights on individuals which the national courts have a duty to protect" If a specific right is conferred therefore a regulation can be both vertically and horizontally directly effective. All regulations are directly effective.

Decisions
Decisions are directly effective against whomever they are addressed to, as under Article 288 TFEU (ex Article 249 TEC), they are "binding in its entirety... to whom [they are] addressed".

Directives
The landmark judgments on the direct effect of Directives are Van Duyn v Home Office, which established vertical direct effect of Directives and Marshall v Southampton Health Authority, which established that there is no horizontal direct effect of unimplemented directives.

The horizontal direct effect of Directives is a contentious issue. Numerous Advocates General have supported the case for establishing horizontal direct effect. However, the ECJ has always resisted a change of the Marshall case law as to allow a general right to invoke on unimplemented directives against private parties. In a number of cases the ECJ has established means for limiting the scope of the prohibition of horizontal direct effect, and ensure the full effectiveness of directives as much as possible.

The case of Foster v British Gas demonstrates the court's willingness to confer the rights of a directive unto individuals, for the purpose of this case the court purported that any government organisation, nationalised company or company working in the public sector can be considered as a public body for the purpose of implementing vertical direct effect when a more narrow reading of the case might infer that horizontal direct effect would need to required for application. This is demonstrated in the case of Van Colson where the court established the practice of 'reading in' a directive into existing national law to realise the directive's effect – despite it not actually being a part of the legislation. Further case law to demonstrate this practice is Francovich v Italy where action could be taken against the government by an individual for their failure to implement a directive and the subsequent loss of rights suffered in court.

In Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein, a case involving VAT, the ECJ ruled that a decision could be directly effective, as they imposed an obligation to achieve a required result. As the ECJ held in Becker, another case involving VAT, "wherever the provisions of a directive appear...to be unconditional and sufficiently precise, those provisions may, in the absence of implementing measures adopted within the prescribed period, be relied upon as against any national provision which is incompatible with the directive or insofar as the provisions define rights which individuals are able to assert against the State."

In Pubblico Ministero v. Ratti, however, it was held that if the time limit given for the implementation of the directive has not expired, it cannot have direct effect. Directives were directly effective only if the prescribed date, by which the Member State should have implemented it, had passed. Additionally, in instances where the Member State has introduced the required legislation, but has done so defectively, the directive may still be directly effective, as in the Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen (VNO) case.

Unlike Treaty provisions and regulations, directives cannot have horizontal effect (against another private individual or company), as this is adjudged contrary to the principles of legality and legal certainty (see Marshall v Southampton Health Authority). As such, Directives are currently only vertically directly effective (i.e. against the state, a concept interpreted broadly by the ECJ, including state schools and other "emanations of the state"). However, the obligation of EU Member States to interpret national law in a consistent and harmonious manner with EU law has been said to have produced an indirect horizontal effect regarding directives. Furthermore, in the judgments CIA Security and Unilever Italia SpA v Central Food SpA, the ECJ allowed a private party to rely on the Notification Directive against another private party. Academic commentary has typically referred to these cases as involving "incidental effects" of directives against private parties, as opposed to full-blown horizontal direct effect. However, the exact distinction between "incidental effects" and "horizontal direct effect" has proved difficult to draw. According to recent case law and commentary, it appears a directive can be invoked against a private party insofar as this does not affect the norm(s) directly governing the dispute at hand.

Direct effect on procedural law
In Comet v. Produktschap, the European Court of Justice established that the procedural rules of each member state generally apply to cases of EU law. However, two basic principles must be adhered to: "equivalence" (the procedure for EU cases must be equivalent to the procedure for domestic cases) and "effectiveness" (the procedure cannot render the law functionally ineffective).

title: Direct effect of European Union law


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Talk:Tung Chung

Copyright notices
Please dont place copyright notices on the image thumbnails. --Jiang 09:33, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

New Town description
I understand that colloquially Tung Chung is referred to as the name of the ninth and the newest new town. Nonetheless the name of the new town is officially "North Lantau", which, in its originally planning, covers two main area, that is, Tung Chung and Tai Ho. The government is not mentioning Tai Ho anymore since the Asian Financial Crisis, but the official name remains "North Lantau" (source: Infrastructure Gallery and Advisory Council on the Environment, under Paragraphs 4, 11 and under Table 1).

Tung Chung and Ngong Ping
They're different places, aren't they? The former should be east of the latter. I found there were too many data about Ngong Ping included in this article...I found that in Tung Chung, the best, and most quiet place in Tung Chung was Seaview Crescent. Every house has got one maid room,3 bedrooms, a huge kitchen, 2 great toilets-space for at least four (thin) people and a spacious living room.--Jerry Crimson Mann 17:28, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pinyin
Can anyone verify whether the pinyin for Tung Chung is dōng cōng or dōng yǒng? I thought I could find some online translators but was in vain :( 199.111.230.195 04:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The former one according to the MTR in-train announcement. Note the cōng here is not the simplified form of yǒng in this case, likewise the cōng in Quarry Bay -- Jerry Crimson Mann 05:01, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops... guess I sounded stupid as if I was a hobo! =P When I said translators I meant translating Chinese characters to their pinyins. But thanks for your answer anyway! 199.111.230.195 05:39, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Eating
I think there is an error in this section:

"For something more unusual, one can enjoy a meal at a temple behind the Tung Chung Battery and a restaurant in Po Lin Monastery which serves vegetarian food."

I think the writer means Tung_Chung_Fort where there is an Indian Restaurant just outside the fort's walls. There are no restaurants near to Tung Chung Battery, which is a small collection of ruined walls on the steep road leading down to Ma Wan Chung. DavidWalker 12:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Explaining removals
I copyedited parts of the article to make it better; but in the process, I removed the following. I am putting it here so *the community* can decide. However, I removed them because:
 * The former is covered in Ngong Ping 360 - and the details on that page is much much more up to date.
 * The latter doesn't really need THIS much detail!! (It's just roadworks!! =___=")

Ngong Ping 360 This cable car system between Tung Chung and Ngong Ping to enhance tourism on Lantau was first promulgated in the North Lantau Development Study (NLDS) 1992. The concept was further developed through the Visitor and Tourism Study for Hong Kong (VISTOUR), which was prepared for the Hong Kong Tourist Association (HKTA) and Planning Department in 1995.

The Project includes the following:

 * construction of a cable car system of about 5.7 km long between Tung Chung and Ngong Ping;
 * construction of associated towers and other support structures and ancillary works;
 * construction of two termini, one at Tung Chung and the other at Ngong Ping; and
 * construction of associated angle (for turning) station(s) and other associated infrastructure.

It is proposed that each cable car accommodate up to 17 passengers.

The major ecological impacts of this project are the loss of woodland and tall shrub habitat, potential disturbance to significant flora species and temporary disturbance to significant fauna species. Mitigation measures including compensation planting of approximately 20,000 m² of woodland vegetation to compensate for the loss of 2,500 m² of tall shrub and woodland habitats (and total loss of 29,600 m² of habitat not including developed areas). Appropriate construction practices (fencing off areas, restriction of construction areas, use of portable toilets etc.) are proposed. By implementation of mitigation measures and adherence to the practice notes and codes of practice for work within the Country Park, the ecological impacts are deemed to be acceptable. So this project should be carried out, in order to develop the Lantau Island and Hong Kong Tourism, which can benefit to our economy.

Construction work has commenced on 9 February 2004 and is expected to be completed in 2006. These future Cable Cars will allow visitors to glide across Tung Chung Bay and surroundings in Lantau Island. Passengers will be able to view over the North Lantau Country Park, the South China Sea, Hong Kong International Airport, the Tung Chung Valley, surrounding terrain and waterways and also The Big Buddha during the whole journey. The centre piece of the Village at Ngong Ping Terminal will be highlighted by "The Tea House", showcasing the village ambiance of both Northern and Southern China. Visitors will be able to experience the unique cultural features in the Village. It will be a major tourists attraction site in near future.

Tung Chung Road Improvement Works Recently, all vehicles, except franchised buses, Lantau taxis and emergency vehicles, require both the Tung Chung Road Prohibited Zone Permit and the Lantau Closed Road Permit to travel on the section of Tung Chung Road between Shek Mun Kap Road and South Lantau Road from 08:00 to 18:00 everyday. The Vehicles not exceeding 5.5 tonnes but possessing only the Lantau Closed Road Permits can only travel on that section of Tung Chung Road outside the above mentioned time. Vehicles exceeding 5.5 tonnes are generally banned from using that section of the road.

In order to meet the traffic demand generated by existing development and planned development on south Lantau up to 2016 with the improvement of road safety. Tung Chung Road is needed to be upgraded to a single two-lane road of 7.3 m width with a footpath of at least 1.6 m wide.

The works for the section between Pa Mei and Lung Tseng Tau has been completed at end of 2003. The remaining works involve widening and realignment between Lung Tseng Tau and Pak Kung Au along or near to its existing alignment; and construction of a new road for the section between Pak Kung Au and Cheung Sha to reduce the gradient to within 15 per cent.

--mintchocicecream 13:55, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:07, 11 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Concept Plan for Lantau.jpg

title: Talk:Tung Chung


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Talk:Humility

Can Humility be regarded as something that happens when the Parasympathetic Nervous System is Active?
I am wondering if Arrogance, Self Centeredness, Ego happen when the Sympathetic Nervous System is Active, and Humility (the antithesis of ego)happens when the Parasympathetic Nervous system (especially the Ventral Vagal Branch according to Polyvagal Theory of Porges) becomes active. John Mudie (talk) 08:58, 17 February 2022 (UTC) trying to offer this notion in a humble fashion

Anti Humility
I believe that there should be a section that critized the devaluation of the self. See only faults of one self, and seeing that you are with limits too much can fool you into thinking you cannot grow to be something greater than you are now. If they landed a man on the moon, all because of the effort that was required to do so in just a few years; it is evidence that we are capable of far more than we think we can ever do. That doesn't means stupidly trying to do something we would find is not likily; but learning how to do something that we think is too difficult to do (step by step of course). Humility is a killer of potensial. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.137.210 (talk) 05:33, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Criticism is a valuable perspective to include here; there is a discussion of Nietzsche’s views, which are sharply critical of humility, which could be expanded, particularly if one could gather more opinions critical of humility (Nietzsche being rather heterodox in the Western tradition heretofore).
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 00:42, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Removed Vandalism
I removed "Jesus Christ is Humility." from the top of the article. Just vandalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.63.151.183 (talk) 20:01, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Ghandi
Note that Ghandi was not a Christian in the orthodox sense, and that he was not speaking in the context of Christianity. I will try to pick this apart at a later date, as on the other hand some of his views do come from Christianity. Mr. Jones 10:29, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Gandhi was not a Christian in any sense. He explicitly rejected faith in Christ.--LCP 19:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Gandhi didn't eschew Christianity; he believed the teachings of Jesus to be wise and held them in high regard. He did however; have somewhat of a problem with Christians.

 * Good point. I revised my original statement (above).--LCP 15:42, 18 April 200l (UTC)

Humility as a Skill
I don't know that "skills" is exactly the right word for the list of the aspects of humility here. --Christofurio 16:13, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * "Skills" would fit nicely in a pop-psychology book on humility, not a scholarly article.--LCP 19:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it's very scholarly for an article on humility (as a word or a concept) to be categorized only under Christian ethics. Christianity did not invent humility and it can exist independently of religion. Think about it this way - if you were a space alien and wanted to understand what humility means to humans, this article would give you the wrong idea. You would think that humility is mostly expressed in terms of religion... which is just not true at all. People are expected to have humility when dealing with authority figures, elderly people, teachers, professional superiors etc... There's no end to discussing the importance of humility in the secular world. Furthermore, it's obvious that the person who wrote the section on humility in Buddhism was just trying to be inclusive. That section doesn't really make sense. I know because I'm Buddhist and you can trust me that those references are obscure and misleading. 98.203.19.162 (talk) 07:17, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I added a category, but why don't you use WP:RS sources to improve that section. But please read WP:V and WP:RS first, thanks. History2007 (talk) 13:44, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Humility Toward Neighbor
The previous definition under Christianity completely failed to address humility toward neighbor, which is fundamental to the Christian understanding of humility. Furthermore, #3 was in no way part of the virtue of humility. Rather, it falls under the virtue of justice. Along these lines, made extensive edits and refinements. --LCP 19:12, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

"Be like water and flow downwards". (Lao Tzu).

Humility breaks bones of it allows for skills that are hidden. He who is low (close to the Humus www.etymonline.com, to the earth)perceives whats is wrong with the foundations and can rectify the building before it crumbles, there where rectification is required. Humility thus humiliates

Being low allows me to learn not only the problems of the low but also their skills, using such knowledge and skills to My/Their/Our benefit within the realm of Wisdom. That is the use of humility.

If you want to add this passage 8or derive further knowledge from it you must not edit the passage and necessarily quote my name: Lorenzo Andrea Capitani

Honestly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.175.24.193 (talk) 08:16, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Humility in Religion
Removed section, "Humility in religion, spirituality, and philosophy" as it was inaccurate and too general to be of use.--LCP 19:12, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Need for Revision
This topic requires extensive scholarly revision and input. Muslim, Confucian, Buddhist perspectives would also be most welcome.--LCP 19:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Necessary scholarly revision still has not occured, nor have other theological perspectives come to light.--December 12, 2006

Remove Joke
The extensive scripture quote and the “joke” should be abridged or completely removed. Neither have a legitimate place in an encyclopedia entry.--LCP 19:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Humble Pie
I cannot see the connection between the term 'Eating humble pie' (meaning being made to be embarrased by humiliation) and feeling of humility (meaning not thinking your of great worth).

Being embarresed does not to me indicate a sense of worthlessness, just feeling stupid.

 * Humilty has nothing to do with feeling worthless. That would be false humility. I think the phrase, "eating humble pie," indicates a willingness to admit fault and apologize. That requires true humilty.LCP 00:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Add direct link
Under Humnity in Christianity, on the second paragraph, please specify the St. Bernard that speaks of this quote and have that link direct it to his wiki page(if he has one). —Preceding unsigned comment added by PokemontrainerNelly (talk • contribs) 23:00, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Comments
This article has a great potential for improvement from future editors. I suggested the "Criticism" section a month foreseeing POV bias comments. I need some help to think about where to get sources for such a section. I imagine perhaps models from the business literature might be useful to add here. LaSaltarella 03:51, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

I believe comparing and contrasting humility with shame and embarrassment would be helpful. Also, there is nothing in the article to back up the assertion that humility and humiliation are "completely different." Is that to say that one cannot achieve humility by being humiliated? The act of humiliating someone is a different thing altogether from the feeling of being humiliated, and there is no explanation or differentiation of these two things in the article.

 * Excellent point about the potential for humiliation to lead to humility.LCP 21:01, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * From the Catholic Encyclopedia entry: "As restricted to persons, humility is understood also in the sense of afflictions or miseries, which may be inflicted by external agents, as when a man humiliates another by causing him pain or suffering. It is in this sense that others may bring about humiliations and subject us to them."--Geremia (talk) 21:48, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This emphasizes that this article is not from the point of view of a psychological state but rather about a religious state.  — Mattisse  (Talk) 21:53, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Suggested Improvements
The subsection "Catholicism" contains references to biblical figures (Moses, for example) and scripture on humility which are common to Christianity and Judaism. The section also reference new testament scriptures shared by Catholics and other Christians: Amish, for example, are also referenced. (Catholicism does not encompass the entirety of Christianity and the Amish, in particular, would be the first to tell you this...)

I suggest the following changes: move the subsection on Judaism to above the subsection on Catholicism and include those parts of the present Catholicism section that makes reference to Moses and other Old Testament examples of humility. (takiecare not to delete any of the present information in 'Judaism" ) Take the remainder of the "Catholicism" section and rename it to 'Christianity'.  Break that into a sub-sub-section on Catholicism and other sub-sub-sections on other branches of Christianity, like the Amish for example.  (Again, taking care not to delete the present information, but make certain to delineate what is strictly Catholicism for what is not and make note of the shared heritage, and therefore, the shared definitions and examples...)  Take pains to also refer back to the subsection on 'Judaism' to  clarify the shared parts.

Another suggested change: the 'Criticism' section ought to be made a subsection under 'philosophical views of humility'. To my knowledge there are no criticisms of humility made by anybody other than philosophers like Nietzche and Rand.

Also, if anyone is so inclined, there is an entirely different section to be written on social stratification and caste structures where humility is, or was once, imposed, either by economics, patriarchal (monarchy/oligarchy) or religious or political doctrine. Much of our present understanding of humility derives from social and economic factors as much as religious ones. Just some thoughts Petrsw (talk) 18:39, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

False humility/modesty?
I wonder if the kind humility that is expected in social situations is not necessarily deceptive even at face value if all parties understand the expected social decorum. It seems like if humility is displayed then it would be considered unethical by any philosophy that values forthrightness and or identifies manipulation for gain as an indecent or even harmful act. What's more is because a show of humility is "expected" then both parties are entering a pact that expects the other to behave indecently that could easily impose discomfort upon an individual's sense of rightness --172.243.161.115 (talk) 21:57, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

Don't Forget Saint Benedict
Just a suggestion - Saint Benedict has had major impact on Western Christianity through The Rule of Saint Benedict. In The Rule, Benedict writes about humility in terms of climbing a ladder with twelve rungs. May I suggest that his contribution be acknowledged in your article on Humility. Thanks. Max3400 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Max3400 (talk • contribs) 12:28, 25 June 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Cults?
It's absurd that this page would include "Meher Baba" under world religions. Anything to do with a guru or cult shouldn't be part of this page. It's insulting that page authors would choose to include Meher Baba and not Scientology or Heaven's Gate or any other BS religion. Offensive. And misleading. Please take this down and stop using classic religious concepts to plug your personal guru. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:806C:670:98F5:52EF:C128:574A (talk) 05:35, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

Intrinsic/extrinsic
Humility, in various interpretations, is widely seen as a virtue which centers on low self-preoccupation, or unwillingness to put oneself forward, so it is in many religious and philosophical traditions, it contrasts with narcissism, hubris and other forms of pride and is an idealistic and rare intrinsic construct that has an extrinsic side.

In many contexts, this would be a fairly clever summary/bridge sentence, except it wouldn't quite pass a sentencehood inquisition at the New Yorker.

Here's the same sentence with stylistic verb dislocation revised out:

Humility, in various interpretations, is widely seen as a virtue which centers on low self-preoccupation, or unwillingness to put oneself forward, and as such it is, in many religious and philosophical traditions, it contrasts with narcissism, hubris and other forms of pride and is displays itself as an idealistic and rare intrinsic construct that has with an extrinsic side.

The problem remains that while I'm way up to speed on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (cognitive psychology), the phrase becomes ever more fuzzy in my understanding as the context skews into moral philosophy, sentiment, asceticism, deference, virtue signalling, and social hierarchy; this intrinsic semantic dislocation having much to do with why the original version reads so elegantly with its passive verbs, baby pronouns, and subtle verb dislocation—a perfect union of message and form.

The tonal nuance of this sentence is actually desired and hard to achieve in many writing venues (English is widely revered by poets and diplomats for its many overlapping registers of tonal evasion), but it's not really suitable for a hard boiled, street cop encyclopedia. — MaxEnt 16:58, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Etymology section
The article includes this line:

The word "humble" may be related to feudal England where the lowest cuts of meat, or 'umbles',' that is to say whatever was left over when the upper classes had taken their parts, were provided to the lowest class of citizen.

But this is a completely inaccurate paraphrase of the source, which describes the origin of the phrase "to eat humble pie" saying

Once the carcass had been redistributed, the consumption of the venison (a word which is derived from the Anglo-Norman venesoun, literally `the product of hunting') was also distributed on the basis of rank: while the lords consumed the prized portions, such as the liver and testicles, persons of lower standing were offered the remaining offal or umbles. Indeed, the saying 'to eat humble pie' is derived from the social humiliation association with the consumption of the poorer cuts.

The word 'humble' comes from 'humilis', much like 'humility', they are merely different levels of borrowing, 'humility' coming from (likely Ecclesiastical) Latin, and 'humble' from Old French, where it had the same meaning as it has today. To 'eat humble pie' was to eat the portions of meat meant for the poor and humble. I'm not sure how to reword the sentence so that it accurate captures the etymology, so help is sought. Qwed117 (talk) 23:43, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humility


text:
Missing (Canadian TV series)

Missing (originally titled 1-800-Missing) is a Canadian crime drama television series based on the 1-800-WHERE-R-YOU book series by Meg Cabot. The series aired on the A-Channel network and W Network in Canada, and on Lifetime in the United States from August 2003 to February 2006.

The theme song was "This Dream Is Real", performed by actress Gloria Reuben, was heard during the first season, while the second season, it was replaced with a song called "Till I Find You" performed by Kina, which was heard during the opening credits as well.

Synopsis
The series is centred on Jess Mastriani, played by Caterina Scorsone, a woman in her twenties who receives psychic abilities after being hit by lightning. She is employed by a special FBI Task Force because she has visions which, once interpreted, contain clues that will help her find missing people. The series initially starred Gloria Reuben as Brooke Haslett, Jess's skeptical partner. Other stars of the series during its first season included Justina Machado as Sunny Estrada, and Dean McDermott as Alan Coyle. Alberta Watson appeared in the pilot as Jess' mother, however; the part was later recast and Watson did not appear on the show again.

In the second season, significant changes, including casting, were made. The show was completely retooled. Jess's partner was changed to Nicole Scott, portrayed by Vivica A. Fox. Taking Sunny's place was Mark Consuelos, and Justin Louis assumed the role of the Assistant Director John Pollock. Jess's psychic powers remained important, but more focus was given to the other characters.

The series finale aired on February 5, 2006 alongside the show's partner Strong Medicine and, in April 2006, it was revealed that Missing had been cancelled after a successful three-year, fifty-six-episode run. Lifetime said the show had "run its course."

Cast

 * Gloria Reuben as FBI Agent Brooke Haslett (season 1)
 * Caterina Scorsone as FBI Agent Jess Mastriani
 * Dean McDermott as FBI Special Agent in Charge Alan Coyle (season 1)
 * Adam MacDonald as Douglas (main: season 1; guest: season 2)
 * Alberta Watson/Maria Ricossa as Toni Mastriani (guest: seasons 1–2)
 * Justina Machado as FBI Agent Sunny Estrada (season 1)
 * Vivica A. Fox as FBI Agent Nicole Scott (seasons 2–3)
 * Mark Consuelos as FBI Agent Antonio Cortez (seasons 2–3)
 * Justin Louis as Assistant Director John Pollock (seasons 2–3)

Home media
The only DVD release to date has been the show's second season (titled as Missing: Season 2) as a four disc set from Lions Gate Home Entertainment on January 24, 2006.

Broadcast
The series started airing reruns on Start TV in April 2022 and in Latin America on Telexitos in December 2023.

title: Missing (Canadian TV series)


text:
Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum

The Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum is a historic house museum located at 15415 East Don Julian Road in City of Industry, California, that features the homes and private cemetery that belonged to the pioneer Workman-Temple family.

Workman House
Born in England, William Workman (1799–1876) immigrated to the United States as a young man with his older brother David. He migrated to Taos, where he married and worked for some time. Then he went further west, to the San Gabriel Valley in 1841, then within Alta California of the Mexican Republic.

He bought part of the Rancho La Puente and built an adobe house in 1842. It was enlarged over the years and, by 1870, was remodeled with the addition of brick wings and a second story, as well as impressive exterior decorative details. This renovation was said to have been designed by the first trained architect in Los Angeles, Ezra F. Kysor, designer of the extant Pico House hotel, St. Vibiana's Cathedral, and the Perry House, all in Los Angeles. But there is no known documentation of Kysor's work on the building. The Workman Adobe was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on November 20, 1974. It was added to the California State Register of Historic Landmarks, No. 874, in conjunction with the family "El Campo Santo" Cemetery on the site. An historic marker was placed on the site on 5 November 1976, the 135th anniversary of the arrival of the Workman family to the area.

The broad outlines of the structure, including large porches on the north and south sides, measure 19' deep by 72' wide. There are eight rooms on the first floor and three finished rooms (with three others evidently finished in the late 19th century) on the second story. The home was dramatically altered over the years, especially when it was used for military school classrooms from 1930 to 1935. It was later used as a residence and then office and nurses' quarters for El Encanto sanitarium from 1940 to 1963. The home and cemetery were then purchased by the City of Industry. Many original details have long been lost, but historic elements survive, such as the ca. 1870 interior staircase, two marble coal-burning fireplaces from the same period, and a ceiling cartouche from that era. Late 1970s-era restoration efforts were limited to the outside of the structure. The entire east wall was reconstructed, as it was mostly of adobe and had collapsed during work in 1977.

Two houses are open for tours on the property: admission is free, as is parking. Each is a 45-minute guided only tour. Several aspects of the house remain off limits: the cellars, upstairs of the Workman home, and dormitories of the former military school.

La Casa Nueva (Temple residence)
The Homestead Museum also includes "La Casa Nueva" – a  spectacular example of Spanish Colonial Revival style, built by the Temple family between 1922 and 1927. The family's own design was drawn up by the well-known Los Angeles architectural firm of Walker and Eisen, although in 1924, Beverly Hills-based architect Roy Selden Price was hired to reconfigure the design.

The structure is largely built of adobe bricks handmade by artisans led by Pablo Urzua of Guadalajara, Jalisco, while the supervising contractor was Sylvester Cook of Whittier. The home (9,000 square feet, as built, with 2000 sqft of dormitory space constructed in 1930 for a military school using the home) contains twenty-six rooms, including nine bedrooms, six bathrooms, a barber shop, commercial size electric cold storage unit, basement with a late 1870s bank vault for storage, and other notable features such as hand painted designs on windows as well as a vibrant use of stained glass of the period. The home is also unique as it features a madonna with child, however not with a traditional face, the face is more contemporary; wearing makeup, facial structure changed etc. The home was lived in by the Temple family for only two full years (1928 and 1929) as a fully completed structure, the home was leased to Lawrence Lewis, who was headmaster of a boys' military academy, Raenford (later Golden State), which moved from Redondo Beach and operated at the 92 acre ranch from 1930 to 1935. The home and property were then owned by the California Bank and occupied by caretakers until purchased in October 1940 by Harry and Lois Brown, operators of El Encanto, a sanitarium moved to the site from Monrovia. The Brown family took excellent care of the house until it was sold to the City of Industry in 1975.

Restoration took place in subsequent years with the home opened as part of the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum in May 1981. While most of the house was intact, some replication was done and the house was almost entirely furnished with acquired period pieces, though some original family furniture and artifacts have been donated by Temple descendants.

El Campo Santo Cemetery
The family cemetery, El Campo Santo, was established in the 1850s. The earliest documented date is the burial of founder William Workman's older brother, David, in November 1855. A year later, artist Henry Miller, touring California to visit and sketch the Spanish and Mexican-era Roman Catholic missions, stayed at the Workman House and prepared sketches for a chapel contemplated by Workman. On 30 May 1857, the cornerstone to St. Nicholas's Chapel (named in honor of Workman's wife, Nicolasa Urioste de Valencia) was laid and blessed by Bishop Thaddeus Amat. Construction of the Gothic Revival structure, which measured 24' x 48' and featured gilt ceilings and stained glass windows, was completed by the early 1860s. The cemetery was used exclusively as a private burial ground for Workman and Temple family members and friends. and Masses were regularly heard at the chapel, presumably celebrated by a priest visiting from Mission San Gabriel.

After the property, reduced from 24,000 to 75 acre after the family's bank failed in 1876, was lost by the family in 1900, the chapel was said to have burned and was razed, as were three of the original brick enclosure walls. Numerous gravestones were removed and the site desecrated. A lawsuit by Walter Temple, Workman's grandson, in 1907 halted the destruction, but the cemetery languished for a decade until Temple, newly enriched with oil revenue from his Montebello ranch, bought the ranch and cemetery. From 1919 to 1921, Temple's first priority on the ranch was the renovation of El Campo Santo and the building of a mausoleum, designed by the architectural firm of Garstang and Rea, on the site of the chapel. The reopening of the cemetery took place in April 1921, at which time the remains of the last governor of Alta California, Pío Pico, and his wife, Ygnacia Alvarado, were placed in the mausoleum. It also contains the remains of other prominent pioneer families. The Workman Home And Family Cemetery are designated California Historical Landmark No. 874.

The cemetery remained in use during the occupancy of the Temple family in the 1920s and during that of the Brown family from 1940 to 1981. In recent years there have been three burials. Walter P. Temple was relocated to the site in 2002 from Mission San Gabriel, where he was buried in 1938 after the cemetery's owner, California Bank, refused the Temples' request to have him buried there. Temple's son, Walter Jr., the last member of the family to have lived at the Homestead, and daughter-in-law, Nellie Didier, were buried in the cemetery in 1998. A spot is reserved for their daughter, after which the cemetery will cease being in active use.

Public access to the Homestead Museum
The museum, opened 1 May 1981, is owned and fully funded by the City of Industry and its management is currently contracted to Historical Resources, Inc., owned by museum director Paul R. Spitzzeri. Guided public tours of the Workman Home,  'La Casa Nueva' , and El Campo Santo Cemetery at the Homestead Museum are available on the hour from 1 to 4 p.m. Wednesday through Sunday, excepting major holidays. The museum also maintains a full schedule of festivals, weekend living history tours, behind-the-scenes tours, workshops and other events throughout the year.

California Historic Landmark Marker
California Historic Landmark Marker on the site reads:
 * NO. 874 WORKMAN HOME AND FAMILY CEMETERY - William Workman and John Rowland organized the first wagon train of permanent eastern settlers, which arrived in Southern California on November 5, 1841. Together they owned and developed the 48,790-acre La Puente Rancho. Workman began this adobe home in 1842 and remodeled it in 1872 to resemble a manor house in his native England. He also established 'El Campo Santo,' this region's earliest known private family cemetery, in 1850, the miniature Classic Grecian mausoleum was built in 1919 by grandson Walter P. Temple.

Local school
Also located in the city of Industry is Workman High School named after William Workman.


text:
Talk:Civics

Origin of the term
What is the origin of this term? When did it start being used, and by whom? Mr. Jones 10:36, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I am also curious about this page and why "forms of government" is not a subsection under Politics. This is not right. Civics is a Latin term for society and this definition is adding things I didn't know. Civics is compartive government???? There are no references and no history of the term, no reference to it in Latin history. I am with Mr. Jones. This needs to be discussed and some references provided here.WHEELER 00:12, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Civis is Latin for citizen.
 * Civitas is the technical Latin word for the right of citizenship. This current definition of this site is not right.  It should all fall under Politics.WHEELER 00:14, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where it says "not conclusive," I think you really meant "not exhaustive." (Or maybe both?) Hal G

14 years later, this is still relevant. What is Civics? I feel I understand what the topic Civic education refers to, and what topics are studied in such a class. Is there anything else? power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 03:05, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

Need of differentiating between Civics and Legal awareness
Since this article is tagged rightly for entire re-writing I will be taking following mentioned nuances into account.

I have been working on some of legal theory articles since last five years. There seems to be a lack of standardisation in using terminologies and many authors seems to use one terminology for describing some thing else and readers also get confused with the same. Making diffrenciation between oranges and lemons becomes difficult for encyclopedic presentation of knowledge. For an example Some authors from some countries use 'Legal literacy' term for Legal awareness i.e. Public legal education where as some authors use 'Legal literacy' for whole of legal education that includes school and college education. Actually Legal awareness i.e. Public legal education and Civics are simmiler but different concepts.

As Crittenden Jack & Levine Peter mention. in their essay 'Civic Education'. "..Nevertheless, most scholarship that uses the phrase “civic education” investigates deliberate programs of instruction within schools or colleges,.....Nevertheless, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that civic education takes place at all stages of life and in many venues other than schools. also Para 1 ...It is certainly not limited to schooling and the education of children and youth. Families, governments, religions, and mass media are just some of the institutions involved in civic education, understood as a lifelong process."

Legal awareness i.e. Public legal education sticks to legal rights and essential legal duties. Civics expects ideal behaviour too. For example simple Legal awareness informs an individual that you have right even to not report an untoward incidance unless there is a statutory duty to inform; Where as education in Civics expects an individual to adher to an ideal behaviour to report and provide possible help in case he observes an untoward incidance as part of positive community engagement.

But few authors and thier readers do not seem to take above nuance into account and go beyond the scope without acknowledging so. Again U.S. authors and readers seems to use different terminology than UK lead commonwealth countries. But again there too since US is a leading nation even in commonwealth countires like in India there is a trend to use US terminologies. So let that be for us at wikipedia's encyclopedic writing we need to take these nuances in to account and also remember that US is not center for univers as far as an encyclopedia is concerned.

Since this article is tagged rightly for entire re-writing I will be taking above mentioned nuances into account and re-writing the article. Others can have a different view please feel free to discuss and make changes.

Thanks and Regards

Mahitgar (talk) 04:31, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Forking out 'civic education in the United States' as a separate article
Since this article is tagged rightly for entire re-writing I will be taking following mentioned nuances into account.

'Civic education in the United States' has taken too much of space in the article as if US is centere of the universe but for encyclopedia it can not be so. I do belive 'Civic education in the United States' can rightfully have a separate article specially so when enough content is available, secondly definition of civics reffered by US people is bit broader compared to rest of the globe. We shall fork out that portion as a new article. and we can have a small paragraph about the same in main Civics article here.

Mahitgar (talk) 04:39, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Forked out to new article Civic education in the United States

Mahitgar (talk) 12:12, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Based on the current size of the article, I'm not sure think this is an improvement, and am considering reverting the split. A lot of that content isn't terribly high-quality; I suspect that once I edit it the section will not be too long. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 03:10, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

Part of content forking out to wikibooks
At Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance undersigned has made a request to have a look at Civics article. First four sections of the article (namely:1 Examples of civic activity,1.1 Voting,1.2 Taxation,2 Jury duty,3 Townhall meeting,4 Government, 4.1 Examples of different types) seem to be more suitable for en wikibooks. So I propose to fork them out to en-wikibooks if en-wikibooks project is ready to do so. If necessary at a latter stage we can incorporate the necessary info back into the article. But as of now forking out will help in rewriting the article from scratch since the article has been tagged for rewriting.

Thanks and regards Mahitgar (talk) 05:27, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

 * exported to wikibooks b:Transwiki:Civics with help of wikibooks admin.

Mahitgar (talk) 11:50, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Civic education
How is civic enjoyed by citizens and how they suffer from it 102.143.10.71 (talk) 18:01, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

Life
Life is like race 154.80.95.107 (talk) 11:46, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Civis
what is civis 41.223.116.242 (talk) 05:23, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Civic education
What is civic education 41.223.116.242 (talk) 05:27, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Civics


text:
Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area

The Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area is a county park located in Irwindale, California, US, in the San Gabriel Valley, inside the Santa Fe Dam. The park and dam are nestled among gravel quarries in the area, many of which are currently inactive. The dam is a flood-control dam on the San Gabriel River. The dam functions as a dry dam most of the time. The San Gabriels produce more gravel than most other mountains. The park is maintained and operated by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation. The park, located off the San Gabriel River Freeway (Interstate 605), contains a 70-acre (280,000 m2) lake for year-round fishing and non motorized watercraft.

The dam is a popular tourist attraction, most likely due to the views of the San Gabriel Mountains. Recreational activities at the park include seasonal swimming, fishing, non-motorized boating, cycling, birdwatching, and hiking. In 2005, the annual Renaissance Pleasure Faire of Southern California was relocated to the park from its long-established location at the Glen Helen Regional Park in Devore, California. The San Gabriel River Bike Trail runs through the recreation area. The bike path traces the rim of the dam around to the east of the flood basin and park, with access at Azusa Canyon Drive (main entrance to park)

Fish found in the lake include largemouth bass, bluegills, crappie, and carp. Rainbow trout are stocked in the cooler months, and channel catfish are stocked in the summer months. Some of the rare plants and wildlife found in the river fan include the alluvial fan sage scrub, cactus wrens, California gnatcatchers, scissor-tail flycatchers, horned lizards, and kangaroo rats.

Santa Fe Dam Nature Center
The focus of the Santa Fe Dam Nature Center is the plant life and wildlife of the alluvial fan of the San Gabriel River. The nature center is open Saturdays from 10 AM to 1 PM, and is operated by the San Gabriel Mountains Regional Conservancy. Programs include nature and bird walks, nature hobby presentations, insect identification, Tongva cultural history and other special programs.

title: Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area


text:
Indirect effect

Indirect effect is a principle of the European Union (EU) law, whereby national courts of the member states of the EU are required to interpret national law in line with provisions of EU law. The principle of indirect effect contrasts with the principle of direct effect, which, under certain conditions, allows individuals to invoke the EU law itself before national courts.

The indirect effect arises from the failure of a member state to implement a directive—either correctly or at all—but where the direct effect cannot apply because the party against whom the directive is sought to be enforced is a private entity or otherwise fails to meet the conditions which would give the directive direct effect. In Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, the ECJ ruled that national courts should interpret national law in line with the directive, "in so far as it is given the discretion to do so under national law". While Von Colson dealt with a situation where a member state had failed to implement a directive correctly, in Marleasing v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion the ECJ extended indirect effect to situations where the member state concerned had not implemented the directive at all.

While the indirect effect is of great importance especially in relation to directives, recommendations and opinions could have indirect effect as well. Recommendations and opinions have no binding force, like directives have. However, in Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionnelles the ECJ has ruled that since recommendations and opinions must have some legal effect, they should be taken into consideration when dealing with measures that the two were supposed to supplement.

title: Indirect effect


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Mark Tully

Sir William Mark Tully, KBE (born 24 October 1935) is a British journalist and the former Bureau Chief of BBC, New Delhi, a position he held for 20 years. He worked with the BBC for a total of 30 years before resigning in July 1994. The recipient of several awards, Tully has authored nine books. He is a member of the Oriental Club.

Personal life
Tully was born in Tollygunge in India His father was a British businessman who was a partner in one of the leading managing agencies of the British Raj. He spent the first decade of his childhood in India, although without being allowed to socialise with Indian people; at the age of four, he was sent to a "British boarding school" in Darjeeling, before going to England for further schooling from the age of nine. There he was educated at Twyford School (Hampshire), Marlborough College and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he studied Theology.

After Cambridge, Tully intended to become a priest in the Church of England but abandoned the vocation after just two terms at Lincoln Theological College, admitting later that he had doubts about "trusting [his] sexuality to behave as a Christian priest". His personal life has been complex. In 2001 he married Margaret, with whom he has four children in London. When in India, however, he lives with his girlfriend Gillian Wright. Tully also holds an Overseas Citizenship of India card.

Journalistic career
Tully joined the BBC in 1964 and moved back to India in 1965 to work as the corporation's India Correspondent. He covered all the major incidents in South Asia during his tenure, ranging from Indo-Pakistan conflicts, Bhopal gas tragedy, Operation Blue Star (and the subsequent assassination of Indira Gandhi, anti-Sikh riots), Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi to the Demolition of Babri Masjid. He was barred from entering India during Emergency in 1975–77 when Prime Minister Mrs Gandhi had imposed censorship curbs on the media.

Tully resigned from the BBC in July 1994, after an argument with John Birt, the then Director General. He accused Birt of "running the corporation by fear" and "turning the BBC into a secretive monolith with poor ratings and a demoralised staff". In 1994 he presented an episode of BBCs Great Railway Journeys "Karachi to The Khyber Pass" travelling by train across Pakistan. Since 1994 he has been working as a freelance journalist and broadcaster based in New Delhi. He was the regular presenter of the weekly BBC Radio 4 programme Something Understood until the BBC announced its cessation in 2019.

As a guest of the Bangalore Initiative for Religious Dialogue on 7 October 2010 he spoke on ''How certain should we be? The problem of religious pluralism''. He described his experiences and the fact that India had historically been home to all the world's major religions. He said that had taught him that there are many ways to God.

Tully is patron of the British branch of Child in Need India (CINI UK). Tully is equally well versed in English and Hindi. He had contributed his heartfelt efforts to keep literature alive and had been key speaker among 50 speakers of second Kalinga Literary Festival on 17 May 2015, where he explored the role of literature in nation building.

Awards and honours
Tully was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1985 and was awarded the Padma Shree in 1992. He was knighted in the New Year Honours 2002, receiving a KBE, and in 2005 he received the Padma Bhushan. BAFTA in 1985 for lifelong achievement. He was conferred the coveted RedInk Lifetime Achievement Award of the Mumbai Press Club

Books
Tully's first book on India Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle (1985) was co-authored with his colleague at BBC Delhi, Satish Jacob; the book dealt with the events leading up to Operation Blue Star, Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

His next book Raj to Rajiv: 40 Years of Indian Independence was written with Zareer Masani, and was based on a BBC radio series of the same name. In the US, this book was published under the title India: Forty Years of Independence.

Tully's No Full Stops in India (1988), a collection of journalistic essays, was published in the US as The Defeat of a Congress-man. The Independent wrote that "Tully's profound knowledge and sympathy .. unravels a few of the more bewildering and enchanting mysteries of the subcontinent."

Tully's only work of fiction, The Heart of India, was published in 1995.

In 2002 came India in Slow Motion, written in collaboration with Gillian Wright and published by Viking. Reviewing the book in The Observer, Michael Holland wrote of Tully that "Few foreigners manage to get under the skin of the world's biggest democracy the way he does, and fewer still can write about it with the clarity and insight he brings to all his work."

Tully later wrote India's Unending Journey (2008) and India: The Road Ahead (2011), published in India under the title Non-Stop India.

In the area of religion, Tully has written An Investigation into The Lives of Jesus (1996) to accompany the BBC series of the same name, and Mother (1992) on Mother Teresa.

The anonymously authored Hindutva Sex and Adventure is a novel featuring a main character with strong similarities to Tully. Tully himself has stated that "I am amazed that Roli Books should publish such thinly disguised plagiarism, and allow the author to hide in a cavalier manner behind a nom-de-plume. The book is clearly modelled on my career, even down to the name of the main character. That character's journalism is abysmal, and his views on Hindutva and Hinduism do not in any way reflect mine. I would disagree with them profoundly".

His latest book Upcountry Tales: Once Upon A Time In The Heart Of India (2017) is a collection of short stories set in rural north India.

title: Mark Tully


text:
The Ring: Boxing the 20th Century

The Ring: Boxing the 20th Century (ISBN 0-7924-5850-8) is a book that was published in 1993 by The Ring magazine editors Steve Farhood and Stanley Weston.

The book has chapters for each of the decades that comprised the 20th century, with special pages dedicated to Jack Johnson, Jimmy Wilde, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Mickey Walker, Henry Armstrong, Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Sugar Ray Robinson, Muhammad Ali, Roberto Durán, Sugar Ray Leonard, Barry McGuigan and Mike Tyson.

The book covers news making boxing events from 1900 to 1992, with such article names as "When the judges need judges" (about Lupe Pintor's decision win over Carlos Zarate), "Ellis in Wonderland" (when Joe Frazier conquered the world Heavyweight title knocking out Jimmy Ellis) and "Midnight for the Cinderella Man" (when Joe Louis conquered the world Heavyweight title knocking out James J. Braddock, nicknamed "Cinderella Man").

title: The Ring: Boxing the 20th Century


text:
Voronezh State University

Voronezh State University (Воро́нежский госуда́рственный университе́т, ВГУ; VSU) is one of the main universities in Central Russia, located in the city of Voronezh. The university was established in 1918 by professors evacuated from the University of Tartu in Estonia. The university has 18 faculties and an enrollment of 22,000 students from Russia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia. Besides, the university has 6 research institutes and 16 research laboratories administered by the Russian Academy of Science. The university is composed of 10 buildings and 7 resident halls situated throughout the city. For over 90 years the University has trained more than 100,000 professionals.

Sanctions
Dmitry Yendovitsky (Ендовицкий Дмитрий Александрович), the rector of the Voronezh State University has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History
In 1802 following a decree of Russian Emperor Alexander I the University of Tartu in Estonia was re-established. As a result of the German occupation of Estonia during World War I in March 1918, Russian students and professors had to leave the Estonian territory for their own safety. It was decided that a new university would be established in central Russia. In July and September 1918 from Dorpat (now Tartu), 39 professors, 45 lecturers, 43 staff and about 800 students arrived in Voronezh. The first rector of the university was Basil E. Regel.

On 12 November 1918 four faculties started working, namely the faculty of Medicine, the faculty of Physics and Mathematics, the faculty of History and Philology and the Law faculty. In the beginning of 1919, the University had an enrollment of 10,000 students. Anyone could study there, only 4 years later in 1923 that entrance exams were introduced. In 1920, after the Treaty of Tartu, the properties of the University of Tartu (libraries, archives, manuals, documents and other objects) were returned to Estonia. However, most of the teachers who have left due to the onset of the army of Imperial Germany and the occupation of Estonia, did not return to Estonia.

In the early 1920s, Voronezh Institute of Education was added to the university, which marked the beginning of pedagogical faculties, departments that prepares teachers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural science, Russian language and literature, social and economic disciplines for schools. In 1930, the Medical Faculty was transformed into an independent institute. During World War II the university was relocated in Yelabuga in the Republic of Tatarstan for a period of two years from 1941 to 1943.

Faculties

 * Applied Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics
 * Mathematics
 * Computer Sciences
 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Pharmaceutics
 * Medicine and Biology
 * Economics
 * Geography, Geoecology & Tourism
 * Geology
 * History
 * Institute of International Education
 * International Relations
 * Journalism
 * Law
 * Philology
 * Philosophy and Psychology
 * Romance and Germanic Philology
 * Military education

Buildings and infrastructures
Voronezh State University has 10 academic buildings and 7 residence halls located primarily in the city centre.

research centres

 * Wave Processes in Inhomogeneous and Non-Linear Media ( Director: Prof. Aleksandr S. Sidorkin http://www.rec.vsu.ru/eng/)
 * Innovative Technologies (Director: Prof. Boris A. Zon )
 * Spacecraft and Rocket Engineering (Co-Director: Prof. Sergey A. Zapryagayev )
 * Radio Engineering and Electronics (Co-Director: Prof. Ivan I. Borisov )
 * Scientific and technological cooperation with the EU ( Director: Prof. Igor N. Zornikov )
 * Shared use of research equipment ( Director: Dr. Mikhail V. Lesovoy )
 * Technology Transfer ( Director: Dr. Igor V. Aristov )
 * Geography, Land use and Geo-ecology( Co-Director: Prof. Vladimir I. Fedotov )
 * Geology ( Co-Director: Prof. Sergey A. Zapryagayev )
 * Human ecology ( Co-Director: Prof. Semyon A. Kurolap )
 * Biology ("Venevitino")
 * Chemical Physics ( Co-Director: Prof. Ivan I. Borisov )

research laboratories

 * Wave Processes (Co-Director: Prof. Boris A. Zon http://www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/waveproc.html )
 * X-ray Crystallography (Co-Director: Dr. Kseniya B. Aleynikova )
 * Electron Spectroscopy for Solid-State Physics (Academic Director: Prof. Evelina P.Domashevskaya Administrative Director: Dr. S.V. Ryabtsev http://www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/spectroscopy.html)
 * Mathematical Simulation of Complex Nonlinear Processes and Structures (Co-Director: Prof. V.V. Obukhovskiy http://www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/mathsim.html)
 * Theoretical Physics (Director: Kopitin I.V. )
 * Biodiversity and Ecosystems Monitoring
 * Conjugated Processes in Electrochemistry and Corrosion
 * Economics and Management
 * Ellipsometric Materials Research
 * Geodynamics and Seismic Monitoring Academic
 * Geology and Minerals
 * History of Archaeological Research and Records in Eurasia
 * Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geo-Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Voronezh Branch ( Director: Prof. Nikolay M. Chernyshov )
 * Ion Exchange and Chromatography
 * Photostimulated Processes in Crystals (Co-Director: Prof. Anatoly N. Latyshev )
 * Physics and Chemistry of Nanoscale Structured Systems ( Co-Director: Prof. Irina Ya. Mittova )
 * Systematics and Ecology of Insects ( Co-Director: Prof. Oleg P. Negrobov )

research institutes

 * Chemistry and Pharmacy
 * Geology
 * Mathematics (Director: Prof. Victor G. Zvyagin)
 * Physics
 * Social Sciences

Alumni

 * Svitlana Bilyayeva, archaeologist
 * Anna Bogomazova, Russian kickboxer, professional wrestler and valet
 * Pavel Cherenkov, a Nobel Prize in Physics winner
 * Bridget Kendall, a British journalist
 * Mark Krasnosel'skii, Soviet mathematician
 * Sally Laird, British writer, editor and translator
 * Lev Pavlovich Rapoport Soviet (Russian) theoretician physicist
 * Ali Mohamed Shein, 7th President of Zanzibar

title: Voronezh State University


text:
Raging Waters

Raging Waters is a chain of two water theme parks in San Dimas, California, and Sydney, Australia. The parks are operated by Palace Entertainment and owned by its parent company Parques Reunidos, but they each contain different attractions. The parks are generally closed during the winter months.

Raging Waters Los Angeles

Raging Waters Los Angeles opened June 18, 1983, located in Los Angeles County in the city of San Dimas, near SR 57 between Interstate 10 and Interstate 210. At 60 acres, park management described it as California's largest waterpark (2011). The park was formerly known as "Raging Waters San Dimas" but, as of 2016, official media was using the name "Raging Waters Los Angeles" for this location. The park inspired the waterpark scenes in the 1989 movie Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure.

Attractions
Aqua Rocket is a ProSlide Hydro Magnetic slide that uses magnetic propulsion to propel a raft up hills.

Amazon Adventure is a quarter-mile-long, 3 ft, tropical river that runs through a section of the park. Riders sit in rafts as the current pulls them around the river route.

Bermuda Triangle consists of three twisting, turning tunnels that recycle more than 2,500 gallons of water per minute, and make riders feel like they have ‘entered’ the Bermuda Triangle.

Bombs Away are two WhiteWater trapdoor slides, one with an open free-fall drop, and the other with an enclosed loop; opened in 2023.

Dark Hole is a system of two tunnel water slides with a drop of 52 feet. Riders formerly had to sit in a single-person raft (identical to the ones used in Amazon River), but as of 2016, riders sit in a two-person raft, speeding through total darkness. This attraction was the first of its kind in the country. Riders travel at a speed of 26 miles per hour.

Dr. Von Dark's Tunnel of Terror is a ProSlide Trantrum slide in which riders experience a 40-foot drop into a dark tunnel. Riders will then drop into a small mini-funnel.

Dragon's Den is a slide which debuted in 2004, and is a two-person tube-ride that sends guests plummeting down a steep 45 ft tunnel, circling around a 35 ft bowl 9 ft until they fall through a secret tunnel at the bottom. As of 2016, Dragon's Den is also ridden as a single-rider attraction, with tubes identical to the ones used in Amazon River.

High Extreme is the name of two 600-foot-long (180 m) mat slides that reach speeds of up to 35 miles an hour (56 km/h).

Kid's Kingdom is a small kids’ water playground with 4 small water slides.

Little Dipper Lagoon is a kids’ splash area with a few small water slides for toddlers and very young kids.

Neptune’s Fury is a 600-foot (180 m) long, pitch-black raft slide which can hold up to 4 people.

Ragin’ Racer is a ProSlide 8-lane mat racer slide where riders experience multiple drops before a splash-down.

Speed Slides are high speed body slides called Raging Rocket and Screamer.

Splash Island Adventure is an SCS Interactive water playground with 4 water slides, a 1,000-gallon tipping bucket, and more than 75 interactive water features.

Thunder Rapids is a five-person family raft slide that is open-air.

Volcano Fantasea is a small volcano themed kids area.

Wave Cove is a wave pool that produces 3-foot-tall waves every 12 minutes.

Raging Waters Sydney
Raging Waters Sydney is located in Greater Western Sydney, and was formerly known as Wet'n'Wild until being acquired in 2018 by Parques Reunidos.

Morey's Piers
The Raging Waters in Wildwood, New Jersey is operated by Morey's Piers; only the three Raging Waters parks are owned by Palace Entertainment.

Sacramento
Raging Waters Sacramento is located at Cal Expo and was formerly known as Six Flags Waterworld. Palace Entertainment would terminate their lease on November 8, 2022 "after a careful review of company priorities". In 2023, Silverwood Entertainment took over the park and announced a 3-year plan to completely refurbish the park. The park is reopen in 2025 under the name "Calibunga" and will include a year-round restaurant named "Cal Soleil".

San Jose
Raging Waters San Jose was located in Lake Cunningham Park in East San Jose, adjacent to Capitol Expressway, Eastridge Mall, Eastridge Transit Center and Reid-Hillview Airport. The park opened to the public in 1985, and was the largest water park in Northern California. On September 6, 2023, it was announced via Raging Waters San Jose's social media that the park would not be reopening for the 2024 season.

On May 10, 2024, it was announced that the water park will reopen as CaliBunga Waterpark.

The park reopened on July 4th, five days after the original planned opening date of June 29th.

Salt Lake City
Until early 2011, there was also a Raging Waters park in Salt Lake City, Utah, later operated as Seven Peaks Salt Lake. The Raging Waters/Seven Peaks park in Salt Lake City would close down in 2018 with the site being demolished in 2021.

title: Raging Waters


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