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Vietnamese alphabet

The Vietnamese alphabet (chữ Quốc ngữ, ) is the modern writing script for Vietnamese. It uses the Latin script based on Romance languages originally developed by Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina (1585–1625).

The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, including seven letters using four diacritics:, , , , , , and. There are an additional five diacritics used to designate tone (as in, , , , and ). The complex vowel system and the large number of letters with diacritics, which can stack twice on the same letter (e.g. nhất meaning 'first'), makes it easy to distinguish the Vietnamese orthography from other writing systems that use the Latin script.

The Vietnamese system's use of diacritics produces an accurate transcription for tones despite the limitations of the Roman alphabet. On the other hand, sound changes in the spoken language have led to different letters, digraphs and trigraphs now representing the same sounds.

Letter names and pronunciation
Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The four remaining letters are not considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write loanwords, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example: or  for southerner pronunciation of  in standard Vietnamese.

In total, there are 12 vowels (nguyên âm) and 17 consonants (phụ âm, literally 'extra sound').

 * Notes:

 * The vowels in the table are bolded and italicized.
 * The use of the terms bê or bờ to refer to and as pê or pờ to refer to  is to avoid confusion in some contexts, the same for  as sờ mạnh or sờ nặng. (literally, 'strong s' or 'heavy s') and  as xờ nhẹ (literally, 'light x'),  as i ngắn (literally, 'short i') and  as y dài (literally, 'long y').
 * is always followed by in every word and phrase in Vietnamese, e.g. quần 'trousers', quyến rũ 'to attract', etc.
 * The name i-cờ-rét for is from the French name for the letter: i grec (literally, 'Greek i'), referring to the letter's origin from the Greek letter upsilon. The other obsolete French pronunciations include   and.
 * The Vietnamese alphabet does not contain the 4 letters (ép, ép-phờ),  (gi),  (u kép 'double u', vê kép, vê đúp 'double v') and  (giét). However, these letters are often used for foreign loanwords (even partially adapted ones: flo 'fluorine', jun 'joule', bazơ 'base') or may be kept for foreign names.
 * is most commonly treated as a vowel along with . represents 'short ' and  represents 'long '.  can have tones as well as other vowels  e.g. Mỹ 'America'. It may also act as a consonant (when used after  and ). It can sometimes be used to replace, e.g. bánh mì 'bread' can also be written bánh mỳ.
 * and are similar to each other in sound in Vietnamese and can sometimes replace each other e.g. sương xáo or sương sáo 'grass jelly'.

Middle Vietnamese alphabet
The Vietnamese alphabet in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum of Alexandre de Rhodes has 23 letters: In this dictionary, there are fewer letters than the modern alphabet. The letters ă, â, ê, ô, ơ, and ư are regarded as separate letters in the modern alphabet and are used in the dictionary, but the author does not regard them as separate letters. In the dictionary, a letter with diacritics, like à, ạ, ă, ằ, and ặ, are not separate from the letter a; à, ạ, ă, ằ, and ặ are just regarded as the letter a with diacritics.

In the alphabet, there is a letter, the letter b with flourish ꞗ, that has fallen out of use. It was used to represents the voiced bilabial fricative /β/.

Two letters, ꞗ and đ, are neither upper nor lower case. So according to that orthography, the names of the two provinces Đồng Nai and Lâm Đồng will be đồng Nai and Lâm đồng. In the modern alphabet, the lower case version of đ is đ, and upper case version of đ is Đ.

There are two variants of minuscule s: the long s, ſ, and the short s, s. In the modern alphabet, the long s, ſ, is no longer used, and the short s, s, is the only variant of s.

Normal v in the dictionary has two variants: the normal v, v, and the curving-bottom v, u. In the 17th century, v and u were not different letters, v being a variant of u.

Consonants
The alphabet is largely derived from Portuguese with some influence from French, although the usage of and  was borrowed from Italian (compare, ) and that for  from (Latinised) Greek and Latin (compare , kinesis, ), mirroring the English usage of these letters (compare , , ).

10 digraphs consist:, , , , , , , , , , and only one trigraph.

 * The consonants also called with its phoneme with ờ, except k. So b will be bờ, c will be cờ and so on.

Pronunciation
The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is somewhat complicated. In some cases, the same letter may represent several different sounds, and different letters may represent the same sound. This is because the orthography was designed centuries ago and the spoken language has changed, as shown in the chart directly above that contrasts the difference between Middle and Modern Vietnamese.

and are mostly equivalent, and there is no concrete rule that says when to use one or the other, except in sequences like  and  (i.e. tay 'arm, hand' is read as  while tai 'ear' is read as ). There have been attempts since the late 20th century to standardize the orthography by replacing with  when it represents a vowel, the latest being a decision from the Vietnamese Ministry of Education in 1984. These efforts seem to have had limited effect. In textbooks published by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục ('Publishing House of Education'), is used to represent  only in Sino-Vietnamese words that are written with one letter  alone (diacritics can still be added, as in, ), at the beginning of a syllable when followed by  (as in yếm, yết), after  and in the sequence ; therefore such forms as *lý and *kỹ are not "standard", though they are much preferred elsewhere. Most people and the popular media continue to use the spelling that they are most accustomed to.

The uses of and  to represent the phoneme  can be categorized as "standard" (as used in textbooks published by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục) and "non-standard" as follows.

This "standard" set by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục is not definite. It is unknown why the literature books use Lí while the history books use Lý.

Vowel nuclei
The table below matches the vowels of Hanoi Vietnamese (written in the IPA) and their respective orthographic symbols used in the writing system.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Front ! colspan="2" | Central ! colspan="2" | Back ! Sound ! Spelling ! Sound ! Spelling ! Sound ! Spelling ! Centering ! Close ! rowspan="2" | Close-mid/ Mid ! rowspan="2" | Open-mid/ Open
 * - align=center
 * align=center | || iê/ia*
 * align=center | || ươ/ưa*
 * align=center | || uô/ua*
 * - align=center
 * align=center | || i, y
 * align=center | || ư
 * align=center | || u
 * - align=center
 * align=center rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | ê
 * align=center | || ơ
 * align=center rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | ô
 * - align=center
 * align=center | || â
 * - align=center
 * align=center rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | e
 * align=center | || a
 * align=center rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | o
 * - align=center
 * align=center | || ă
 * }

Notes:
 * The vowel is:
 * usually written : = sĩ (a suffix indicating profession, similar to the English suffix -er).
 * sometimes written after, , , , , , , , :  = Mỹ 'America'
 * It is always written when:
 * preceded by an orthographic vowel: = khuyên 'to advise';
 * at the beginning of a word derived from Chinese (written as otherwise):  = yêu 'to love'.

 * The vowel is written  before  or  (since  in that position represents ):  = oóc 'organ (musical)';  = kính coong. This generally only occurs in recent loanwords or when representing dialectal pronunciation.
 * Similarly, the vowel is written  before  or :  =  (Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh variant of ông ). But unlike  being frequently used in onomatopoeia, transcriptions from other languages and words "borrowed" from Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects (such as ),  seems to be used solely to convey the feel of the Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh accents. In transcriptions,  is preferred (e.g. các-tông 'cardboard', ắc-coóc-đê-ông 'accordion').

Diphthongs and triphthongs

 * {| class="wikitable" align="center"

! colspan="2" | ! Rising Vowels ! Rising-Falling Vowels ! colspan="2" | Falling Vowels ! ! nucleus (V) ! on-glides ! + V + off-glide ! off-glides ! off-glides ! rowspan="4" | front ! e ! ê ! i ! ia/iê/yê* ! rowspan="6" | central ! a ! ă ! â ! ơ ! ư ! ưa/ươ* ! rowspan="4" | back ! o ! ô ! u ! ua/uô*
 * - align="center"
 * - align="center"
 * - align="center"
 * oe/(q)ue* || oeo/(q)ueo* || ||  eo
 * - align="center"
 * uê || || || êu
 * - align="center"
 * uy || uyu || ||  iu
 * - align="center"
 * uyê/uya* || || || align="center" | iêu/yêu*
 * - align="center"
 * oa/(q)ua* || oai/(q)uai,  oao/(q)uao* ||  ai ||  ao
 * - align="center"
 * oă/(q)uă* || oay/(q)uay* ||  ay ||  au
 * - align="center"
 * uâ || uây ||  ây ||  âu
 * - align="center"
 * uơ || || ơi ||  ơu
 * - align="center"
 * || || ưi ||  ưu
 * - align="center"
 * || || ươi ||  ươu
 * - align="center"
 * || || oi ||
 * - align="center"
 * || || ôi ||
 * - align="center"
 * || || ui ||
 * - align="center"
 * || || uôi ||
 * }

Notes:

The glide is written:
 * after (spelled  in this instance)
 * in front of, , or except after
 * following and
 * in all other cases; is written as  instead of * (cf.  ), and that  is written as  after

The off-glide is written as  except after  and, where it is written as ;  is written as  instead of * (cf. ai ).

The diphthong is written:
 * at the end of a syllable: = mía 'sugar cane'
 * iê before a consonant or off-glide: = miếng 'piece';  = xiêu 'to slope, slant'
 * The of the diphthong changes to  after :
 * = khuya 'late at night'
 * = khuyên 'to advise'
 * changes to at the beginning of a syllable ( does not change):
 * = yên 'calm'; yếu 'weak, feeble'

The diphthong is written:
 * at the end of a syllable: = mua 'to buy'
 * before a consonant or off-glide: = muôn 'ten thousand';  = xuôi 'down'

The diphthong is written:
 * at the end of a syllable: = mưa 'to rain'
 * before a consonant or off-glide: = mương 'irrigation canal';  = tưới 'to water, irrigate, sprinkle'

Tone marks
Vietnamese is a tonal language, so the meaning of each word depends on the pitch in which it is pronounced. Tones are marked in the IPA as suprasegmentals following the phonemic value. Some tones are also associated with a glottalization pattern.

There are six distinct tones in the standard northern dialect. The first one ("level tone") is not marked and the other five are indicated by diacritics applied to the vowel part of the syllable. The tone names are chosen such that the name of each tone is spoken in the tone it identifies.

In the south, there is a merging of the hỏi and ngã tones, in effect leaving five tones.

 * * =  (in TELEX) and   (in VNI) keys are used to remove the mark. For example, in VNI,   =>, then press   =>.
 * Unmarked vowels are pronounced with a level voice, in the middle of the speaking range.
 * The grave accent indicates that the speaker should start somewhat low and drop slightly in tone, with the voice becoming increasingly breathy.
 * The hook indicates in Northern Vietnamese that the speaker should start in the middle range and fall, but in Southern Vietnamese that the speaker should start somewhat low and fall, then rise (as when asking a question in English).
 * In the North, a perispomeni indicates that the speaker should start mid, break off (with a glottal stop), then start again and rise like a question in tone. In the South, it is realized identically to the Hỏi tone.
 * The acute accent indicates that the speaker should start mid and rise sharply in tone.
 * The dot or cross signifies in Northern Vietnamese that the speaker starts low and fall lower in tone, with the voice becoming increasingly creaky and ending in a glottal stop.

In syllables where the vowel part consists of more than one vowel (such as diphthongs and triphthongs), the placement of the tone is still a matter of debate. Generally, there are two methodologies, an "old style" and a "new style". While the "old style" emphasizes aesthetics by placing the tone mark as close as possible to the center of the word (by placing the tone mark on the last vowel if an ending consonant part exists and on the next-to-last vowel if the ending consonant does not exist, as in hóa, hủy), the "new style" emphasizes linguistic principles and tries to apply the tone mark on the main vowel (as in hoá, huỷ). In both styles, when one vowel already has a quality diacritic on it, the tone mark must be applied to it as well, regardless of where it appears in the syllable (thus thuế is acceptable while *thúê is not). In the case of the diphthong, the mark is placed on the. The in  is considered part of the consonant. Currently, the new style is usually used in textbooks published by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục, while most people still prefer the old style in casual uses. Among Overseas Vietnamese communities, the old style is predominant for all purposes.

In lexical ordering, differences in letters are treated as primary, differences in tone markings as secondary and differences in case as tertiary differences. (Letters include for instance and  but not . Older dictionaries also treated digraphs and trigraphs like  and  as base letters. ) Ordering according to primary and secondary differences proceeds syllable by syllable. According to this principle, a dictionary lists tuân thủ before tuần chay because the secondary difference in the first syllable takes precedence over the primary difference in the second syllable.

Structure
In the past, syllables in multisyllabic words were concatenated with hyphens, but this practice has died out and hyphenation is now reserved for word-borrowings from other languages. A written syllable consists of at most three parts, in the following order from left to right:
 * 1) An optional beginning consonant part
 * 2) A required vowel syllable nucleus and the tone mark, if needed, applied above or below it
 * 3) An ending consonant part, can only be one of the following:, , , , , , , , or nothing.

History
Since the beginning of the Chinese rule 111 BC, literature, government papers, scholarly works, and religious scripture were all written in classical Chinese (chữ Hán) while indigenous writing in chữ Hán started around the ninth century. Since the 12th century, several Vietnamese words started to be written in chữ Nôm, using variant Chinese characters, each of them representing one word. The system was based on chữ Hán, but was also supplemented with Vietnamese-invented characters (chữ thuần nôm, proper Nôm characters) to represent native Vietnamese words.

The name
People have called the Latinized script of Vietnamese chữ Quốc ngữ in 1867 as the latest. In 1867, scholar Trương Vĩnh Ký published two grammar books. The first book is Mẹo luật dạy học tiếng pha-lang-sa (Tips to teach and learn French), a Vietnamese book written in chữ Quốc ngữ about French grammar. In this book, the Latinized script of Vietnamese was called chữ quốc ngự (not ngữ). The second book is Abrégé de grammaire annamite (Simplification of Annamite grammar), a French book about Vietnamese grammar. In this book, the Latinized script of Vietnamese was called "l’alphabet européen" (European alphabet), les caractères latins (Latin characters). On Gia Dinh Bao April 15th issue of 1867, when mentioned the French book about Vietnamese grammar, the name chữ quốc ngữ was used to indicate the Latinized script of Vietnamese.

Creation of chữ Quốc ngữ
As early as 1620, with the work of Francisco de Pina, Portuguese and Italian Jesuit missionaries in Vietnam began using Latin script to transcribe the Vietnamese language as an assistance for learning the language. The work was continued by the Avignonese Alexandre de Rhodes. Building on previous dictionaries by Gaspar do Amaral and António Barbosa, Rhodes compiled the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, a Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary, which was later printed in Rome in 1651, using their spelling system. These efforts led eventually to the development of the present Vietnamese alphabet. For 200 years, chữ Quốc ngữ was used within the Catholic community. However, works written in the Vietnamese alphabet was in the minority and Catholic works in chữ Nôm were significantly more widespread. Chữ Nôm was the primary writing system used by Vietnamese Catholics.

Colonial period
In 1910, the French colonial administration enforced chữ Quốc ngữ. The Latin alphabet then became a means to publish Vietnamese popular literature, which was disparaged as vulgar by the Chinese-educated imperial elites. Historian Pamela A. Pears asserted that by instituting the Latin alphabet in Vietnam, the French cut the Vietnamese from their traditional Hán Nôm literature. An important reason why Latin script became the standard writing system in Vietnam but not in Cambodia and Laos, which were both dominated by the French for a similar amount of time under the same colonial framework, had to do with the Nguyễn Emperors of Vietnam heavily promoting its usage. According to the historian Liam Kelley in his 2016 work "Emperor Thành Thái’s Educational Revolution" neither the French nor the revolutionaries had enough power to spread the usage of chữ Quốc ngữ down to the village level. It was by imperial decree in 1906 of Emperor Thành Thái, that parents could decide whether their children will follow a curriculum in Hán văn or Nam âm (, 'Southern sound', the contemporary Vietnamese name for chữ Quốc ngữ). This decree was issued at the same time when other social changes, such as the cutting of long male hair, were occurring. The main reason for the popularisation of the Latin alphabet in Vietnam/Đại Nam during the Nguyễn dynasty (the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin) was because of the pioneering efforts by intellectuals from French Cochinchina combined with the progressive and scientific policies of the French government in French Indochina, that created the momentum for the usage of chữ Quốc ngữ to spread.

Since the 1920s, the Vietnamese mostly use chữ Quốc ngữ, and new Vietnamese terms for new items or words are often calqued from Hán Nôm. Some French had originally planned to replace Vietnamese with French, but this never was a serious project, given the small number of French settlers compared with the native population. The French had to reluctantly accept the use of chữ Quốc ngữ to write Vietnamese since this writing system, created by Portuguese missionaries, is based on Portuguese orthography, not French.

Mass education
Between 1907 and 1908, the short-lived Tonkin Free School promulgated chữ Quốc ngữ and taught French language to the general population.

In 1917, the French system suppressed Vietnam's Confucian examination system, viewed as an aristocratic system linked with the "ancient regime", thereby forcing Vietnamese elites to educate their offspring in the French language education system. Emperor Khải Định declared the traditional writing system abolished in 1918. While traditional nationalists favoured the Confucian examination system and the use of chữ Hán, Vietnamese revolutionaries, progressive nationalists, and pro-French elites viewed the French education system as a means to "liberate" the Vietnamese from old Chinese domination and the unsatisfactory "outdated" Confucian examination system, to democratize education and to help bridge Vietnamese to European philosophies.

The French colonial system then set up another educational system, teaching Vietnamese as a first language using chữ Quốc ngữ in primary school and then the French language (taught in chữ Quốc ngữ). Hundreds of thousands of textbooks for primary education began to be published in chữ Quốc ngữ, with the unintentional result of turning the script into the popular medium for the expression for Vietnamese culture.

Late 20th century to present
Typesetting and printing Vietnamese has been challenging due to its number of accents/diacritics. This had led to the use of accent and diacritic-less names in Overseas Vietnamese, such as Viet instead of the proper Việt. Contemporary Vietnamese texts sometimes include words which have not been adapted to modern Vietnamese orthography, especially for documents written in chữ Hán. The Vietnamese language itself has been likened to a system akin to ruby characters elsewhere in Asia. French, which left a mark on the Vietnamese language in the form of loanwords and other influences, is no longer as widespread in Vietnam, with English or International English the preferred European language for commerce.

Computing
The universal character set Unicode has full support for the Latin Vietnamese writing system, although it does not have a separate segment for it. The required characters that other languages use are scattered throughout the Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A and Latin Extended-B blocks; those that remain (such as the letters with dau hoi) are placed in the Latin Extended Additional block. An ASCII-based writing convention, Vietnamese Quoted Readable and several byte-based encodings including VSCII (TCVN), VNI, VISCII and Windows-1258 were widely used before Unicode became popular. Most new documents now exclusively use the Unicode format UTF-8.

Unicode allows the user to choose between precomposed characters and combining characters in inputting Vietnamese. Because in the past some fonts implemented combining characters in a nonstandard way (see Verdana font), most people use precomposed characters when composing Vietnamese-language documents (except on Windows where Windows-1258 used combining characters).

Most keyboards on modern phone and computer operating systems, including iOS, Android and MacOS, have now supported the Vietnamese language and direct input of diacritics by default. Previously, Vietnamese users had to manually install free software such as Unikey on computers or Laban Key on phones to type Vietnamese diacritics. These keyboards support input methods such as Telex.

Unicode code points
The following table provides Unicode code points for all non-ASCII Vietnamese letters.

title: Vietnamese alphabet


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User talk:Jerzy/Archive 02

Cut and paste move
If it's just a cut and paste move that needs fixing, I can do that. If you tell me where it is of course. :) VfD is also a place you can ask for such things. Angela. 23:53, Jan 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Urgh. I shouldn't do these things when I'm tired. They always confuse me. :) Ok, I believe Magneto is now at Magneto and there's nothing at Magneto (engine component). The stuff that was at Magneto before I did anything is at Talk:Magneto/temp. Where should that go? And did I revert Magneto to the right version? Have a look and let me know if there's anything else you need me to do. Angela. 01:07, Jan 10, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I'm not sure what you're saying. I haven't merged any histories or deleted anything other than historyless redirects, so can you not just move the pages to wherever it you want them now? Angela. 04:29, Jan 10, 2004 (UTC)

Mangled History
(Questions re Magneto history-recapitulation are expected here.)

Why My "Your Heading Here" Headings
Why do you keep adding == Your Heading Here == to talk pages? --Jiang
 * J, I suggest you indicate what you do and don't understand about it as a starting point for discussing whatever is on your mind about it. --Jerzy 16:06, 2003 Nov 14 (UTC)

No one else does it... It will get in the way of things if people decide to use the "post a comment" feature. --Jiang 01:01, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Tnx, Jiang; that is even more helpful than your summary at 2003 Nov 14 06:51 EST on Talk:Treaty of London, 1839, saying
 * (no need to add that; just ask people to use the "post a comment" feature)
 * which i was already planning to respond to.
 * I have an opinion abt whether "post a comment" or "Your Heading Here" is more useful, but our respective opinions are far from definitive, and the question is an empirical one. I'm going to start alternating the two approaches (once i've counted up how many of the YHH ones are already out there, and balanced them with PaCs).  That will give us two samples that will reflect the biases of the same editor in choosing what to edit, and will reveal which style is more successful in the context that bias.
 * I don't know how strong your interest is, but of course your doing something similar would test both methods in a different population of talk pages, and help validate the results. More importantly, it would help a lot if you'd hold off reverting further YHHs until we discuss further.
 * The conflict you perceive between the 2 methods is relevant, but that concern needs to be tempered by the fact that the conflict is not inherant; if either becomes widespread enuf to warrant it, without one disappearing, it's a SMOP to resolve the conflict. I think that for the moment, both practices are so rare in these 150k articles that all we need to worry about is if/when either becomes a lot more frequent. --Jerzy 02:12, 2003 Nov 15 (UTC)

Paul added (probably Wed, Dec 17, 2003 13:07 EST / 18:07 UTC(GMT) Update 13:12 EST) this 'graph:

(note to someone adding another item, be sure to push the 'Your heading' and 4 - line below yours so the next person coming along will know where to put their remarks. The system will automatically split that part from yours.)

But the next colleague who left a note here did not comply. I suspect (partly from the time i spent puzzling over a similar request on Paul-Talk) that that was not just bad luck, and that compliance is likely to be low, at least unless the wording is tuned up and maybe no matter what. But in any case, i'm not looking (on my own talk page, or article-talk page that i follow closely, for a scheme that gets anyone adding to a talk page to keep it perfectly organized. (Obviously: who is as qualified as i, to make it perfect? [wink]) Rather, i hope to ameliorate the disorder, without forcing any colleagues into a strait-jacket.
 * Multiple colleagues in a single strait-jacket, now there's a pretty picture! --The Masked Grammatical Avenger

Of course the ideal thing for someone leaving a note on a new subject to do is put a heading just above the "YHH" heading, and write between the two headings. But IMO it ain't no big thang.

Die Walküre
The page history of Die Walküre is now back with the Die Walküre article and Die Walkure is just a redirect. Angela. 07:41, Jan 12, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome back
Welcome back, Jerzy! Actually I have not done on Russia anything expect putting the texts we composed in. The Estonian Wikipedia is rapidly increasing (with just three very active users, including myself), and I am tracking the recent changes there. Andres 17:38, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

In Use msg
(From my page at User Talk:Rfc1394): The "In Use" msg you created is useful in concept, effective in implementation (i.e., eye-catching), and pleasant to look at. I guess that's a hat trick; bravo. --Jerzy 09:12, 2004 Jan 12 (UTC)
 * My Comment:
 * I wish I could take credit for the 'revised edition' of the Mediawiki:Inuse message ; I thought of the Inuse message because there were times when I was changing a page which required several minutes to do (for example, check out the List of television stations in USA by Call Sign and if I'm putting all of the entries for, say,  California in from the current list by states, that's going to take a while.  If someone else comes in and changes the list (for Colorado for example) while I'm doing an edit as well, then my work is wasted or at least I have to now go in and re-edit to include their changes, since the list is in alphabetical order.  In this sort of circumstance I don't really want to put a few entries in, save it, then put more in, and so on, I'd prefer to put all of them in as one batch.  I'm less likely to items out if I do it that way.  (Yes, I wrote that last sentence with the intentionally missing word to see if someone would notice.)
 * What someone else did was, they came along, rewrote the Inuse message and inserted the banners. A distinct improvement to what I had done and a really great change.  I wish I had thought of it.
 * -- Paul Rfc1394 17:51, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I really have very little clue what a godparent is. I just created that page based on my own understanding of the term, but it if it wrong, edit away. That's the wikipedia way. user:J.J.

Brianism
I do not know if you are watching Brianism Talk, but it is fair that you should see this: An Open Letter from Rex Mundi, co-founder of Brianism. In view of this, I have changed my vote to Delete. Link has apparently been "e-mailed to participants in the discussion", but not posted on WP by the writer - which is why I am doing it. I also do not see how the writer would have all the e-mail addresses involved. Kind regards, Anjouli 13:56, 16 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Battery disambiguation
Sorry I didn't reply sooner. I had things come up. Also, I'm not sure what you wanted. I think what you did was fine. Is someone giving you a hard time about it? - UtherSRG 04:54, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

np - UtherSRG 05:03, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

You can get a charge on my talk. :) - UtherSRG 05:13, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Polar something
Hi Jerzy. Thanks for bringing that to my attention. I have been changing links that point to a redirect so that they avoid the redirect. In this case, it seems that the page Polar coordinates should not be a redirect, but rather a disambiguation page. I'll change all the links back. Maybe you wouldn't mind making it a disambiguation page, as I know nothing of the topic, whereas you do. Best, snoyes 05:10, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I just saw that you changed the page back to a redirect. Was that to stop snobot from making modifications, or should it be a redirect and not a disambiguation page? --snoyes 05:13, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually the edit to my user talk page got my attention, not the redirect thiny. Anyway, I'm sorry but I can't quite understand what you mean with the following (after the comma): "to make me suspect you couldn't figure out another way around the redir, and might be having snobot do something with side you'd not recognize.". I anticipated that the "lala" thing would cause people to notice the bot. I am running the bot because many people link like this: Shakespeare, instead of either William Shakespeare, or Shakespeare. I strongly suspect that linking to the redirect instead of the real location of the page lowers the google rankings for pages like William Shakespeare. I am doing the weird "lala" thing because I'm using a bot that someone else developed for something else. And this bot unfortunately won't work on a redirect page. Naturally I change it back after the bot has run. I can either leave the work of the bot as it is or revert it. Just say which, and why. --snoyes 05:37, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

No problem. I'll most likely be gone at the time you come back, just leave me a note on my talk page. --snoyes 05:45, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Yes. Cutting and pasting should be avoided if at all possible, because it loses the author attribution. But one can see from the edit history exactly who has pasted what from where. Moved pages are another matter. These are harder to find out, but we'll see.

Hi. I don't see how Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is a contravention of the naming conventions. It was agreed on Talk:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel that the page should be moved there, because it is the most common usage. (Apart from simply "Hegel"). If you think it is against naming conventions, then please be more specific. The "lala" method is working quite well, but I'm open to suggestions. I'm using solve_disambiguation.py from Rob Hooft's pywikipediabot. --snoyes 21:52, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

All that happens is that the redirect is disabled for the time that the bot runs. normally one or two hours. That is hardly a problem. Also, where would you move the Hegel page? I can't think of any better place than it is now. --snoyes 23:15, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Yeti disagreement
I would appreciate your input on talk:Yeti. Thanks! - UtherSRG 01:30, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

List of people by name
Hi, I'm sorry but your explanation of the issues with the list of people article isn't really clear. What exactly is it you need me to do? Angela. 01:38, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * It appears you might be making some conflicting moves with Hemanshu. May I recommend that you discuss this with him. Hopefully this might give you a better idea of what is going on and what he had planned to do with the page. Angela. 01:48, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)

The history on List of people by name: Mas-Maz goes back to January 15th. Perhaps you are having cache problems? The history I can see looks like:

* (cur) (last). . M 14:23, Jan 21, 2004. . Hemanshu * (cur) (last). . M 14:11, Jan 21, 2004. . Hemanshu * (cur) (last). . 14:10, Jan 21, 2004. . Hemanshu * (cur) (last). . 14:06, Jan 21, 2004. . Hemanshu * (cur) (last). . 13:57, Jan 21, 2004. . Hemanshu * (cur) (last). . 06:36, Jan 21, 2004. . Jerzy (touch up Cardinal Mazarin) * (cur) (last). . 06:21, Jan 21, 2004. . Jerzy (alph in Mays) * (cur) (last). . 06:19, Jan 21, 2004. . Jerzy (break out Maximilians ,Maximuses) * (cur) (last). . 06:07, Jan 21, 2004. . Jerzy (Mary Matalin: activist ->consultant; break out Matthew and Matthews; headings w/in Mat) * (cur) (last). . 05:57, Jan 21, 2004. . Jerzy (break out mason, move **Mason, Wide Mouth, singing group to talk) * (cur) (last). . 09:04, Jan 20, 2004. . Jerzy (add *Mazzetta, Rose Marie, (born 1923), actor as "Baby Rose Marie" (age 3 to 11 or 15) and as "Rose Marie", still performing as of 2003) * (cur) (last). . 17:09, Jan 15, 2004. . Jerzy (new page, from "... by name: Ma" plus 3rd index row)

Is that different to what you see? Tim Starling has also replied to you on the Village pump. I wouldn't report it as a server fault just yet. Angela. 01:55, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)

If someone moves A to B and then someone else moves B to A, the first move isn't shown, but assuming they moved it using thr "move this page" link, not by cut and paste, the history should be back at A and there will be only a redirect at B, with no history. Angela. 02:36, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I take it your problem is fixed? Sorry to be late, but I just got here now. Bmills 09:17, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Kylchap
The original article was

 * System of Kylchap has been used also by a few Czech steam locomotives (for instance Series 477.0, 556.0 etc.).

Morven deleted this because it was not an article, and replaced it with a real one. I'm not sure what the problem is. Why would you want that sentence undeleted? Angela. 00:40, Feb 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Clarification: Infrogmation did the deletion. I saw it on Cleanup, remembered that I'd written an article on that very topic over at E2, and imported it. —Morven 00:52, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Extro
Hi Jerzy

The through variable does not change over the lumped parameter (e.g. resistor). Current on one side of a resistor is equal to current on the other side. The voltage, on the other hand, differs. So the voltage differs ACROSS the resistor.

-Extro

Sandy (?)
Thanks. I'll leave the history on the FLDS talk page. Hawstom 02:08, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Senate
Jerzy, accurate explanation of the Senate and Congressional elections, but it still seems bewildering to folks who don't know the system well. Perhaps a way to simplify the explanation? Fuzheado 02:19, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC) [transferred from User page by Jerzy 05:08, 2004 Feb 5 (UTC)]
 * Don't worry, no offense taken. Fuzheado 09:43, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Request for Comment
Requests for comment/Homegrown images - UtherSRG 16:31, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jerzy/Archive 02


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 16

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 * 1270 – Livonian Crusade: In the Battle of Karuse, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania achieved a decisive victory over the Livonian Order on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.
 * 1804 – First Barbary War: Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a U.S. Navy raid to destroy the captured USS Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli (depicted), denying her use to the Barbary States.
 * 1859 – The French government passed a law setting the musical note A4 to a frequency of 435 hertz, in the first attempt to standardize concert pitch.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: A Union victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson gave General Ulysses S. Grant the nickname "Unconditional Surrender".
 * 1900 – The Southern Cross expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink achieved a new Farthest South of 78° 50'S, making the first landing at the Great Ice Barrier.
 * 1936 – The Popular Front, a coalition of left-wing parties, came to power in the Spanish general election, a factor in the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War five months later.
 * 1959 – Fidel Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba, beginning his decades-long rule over the country.
 * 1961 – The DuSable Museum, the first museum dedicated to the study and conservation of African American history, culture, and art, was chartered.
 * 1983 – The Ash Wednesday bushfires burned over half a million acres (over 2,000 km2) each in both South Australia and Victoria, killing 75 people and injuring 2,676 others.
 * 1985 – The Lebanese Shia political and paramilitary organization Hezbollah released a manifesto describing its ideology and goals.
 * 2005 – The Kyoto Protocol, an extension to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, entered into force.
 * 2013 – At least 91 people were killed and 190 others injured after a bomb hidden in a water tank exploded at a market in Hazara Town, Pakistan.
 * Born/died: | Mary the Younger |d|902| Henry Raspe |d|1247| Jean du Bellay |d|1560| Henry Wilson |b|1812| Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer |b|1922|  Lanny McDonald |b|1953| Roberta Williams |b|1953|  Theresa Goh |b|1987| The Weeknd |b|1990| Mary Amdur |d|1998

February 16: Day of the Shining Star in North Korea; Elizabeth Peratrovich Day in Alaska

 * 1249 – King Louis IX dispatched André de Longjumeau as the French ambassador to the Mongol Empire.
 * 1918 – The Council of Lithuania signed the Act of Independence (pictured), proclaiming the restoration of an independent Lithuania.
 * 1922 – A landslide in Byblos revealed a sarcophagus in an underground tomb, later discovered to be part of a large Bronze Age necropolis.
 * 1996 – Eleven people died in a train collision in Silver Spring, Maryland, leading to the creation of comprehensive U.S. federal rules for the design of passenger cars.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 23

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 * 1739 – The identity of English highwayman Dick Turpin was uncovered by his former schoolmate, who recognised his handwriting, leading to Turpin's trial.
 * 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Prussian military officer Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrived at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania as a volunteer for the Continental Army.
 * 1847 – Mexican–American War: The United States Army used artillery to repulse the much larger Mexican army at the Battle of Buena Vista near Saltillo.
 * 1941 – Plutonium was first chemically identified by chemist Glenn T. Seaborg and his team at the University of California, Berkeley.
 * 1943 - 35 children and 1 adult employee were killed in a fire at an orphanage in the town of Cavan, Ireland.
 * 1945 – Second World War: An Allied bombing run on Pforzheim, Germany, killed approximately 31 percent of its population and destroyed about 83 percent of its buildings.
 * 1945 – American photographer Joe Rosenthal took the Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima during the Battle of Iwo Jima, an image that was later reproduced on the Marine Corps War Memorial.
 * 1971 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese General Đỗ Cao Trí was killed in a helicopter crash en route to taking control of the faltering Operation Lam Son 719.
 * 2008 – A B-2 Spirit stealth bomber crashed on the runway shortly after takeoff from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam in the most expensive crash in U.S. Air Force history.
 * 2017 – Syrian civil war: Allied troops led by the Turkish Armed Forces captured the city of al-Bab from the Islamic State.
 * Born/died: Herbert II, Count of Vermandois |d|943| Pope Paul II |b|1417| Balthazar Gerbier |b|1592| Nicholas Fuller |d|1620| George Frideric Handel |b|1685| Richard Price |b|1723| George Taylor |d|1781| Edmund Evans |b|1826| César Ritz |b|1850| Zygmunt Krasiński |d|1859| Anna Hofman-Uddgren |b|1868| Johnny Carey |b|1919| Horst Wessel |d|1930| L. S. Lowry |d|1976| Mido |b|1983| Lotika Sarkar |d|2013| James Herriot |d|1995| Julien Ries |d|2013

February 23: The Emperor's Birthday in Japan (1960)

 * 1854 – The Orange River Convention was signed in Bloemfontein, with the United Kingdom agreeing to recognise the independence of the Orange Free State in present-day South Africa.
 * 1886 – American inventor Charles Martin Hall discovered an inexpensive method of producing aluminium (sample pictured).
 * 1944 – In response to an insurgency in Chechnya, the Soviet Union began the forced deportation of the native Chechen and Ingush of North Caucasus.
 * 1987 – SN 1987A, a supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, was observed from Earth.
 * 2021 – Caused by gang rivalries, riots in four Ecuadorian prisons resulted in the deaths of 79 inmates.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 24

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 * 303 – The Diocletianic Persecution, the last and most severe episode of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, began with the publication of a first edict by Roman emperor Diocletian.
 * 1607 – Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, considered the first fully developed opera, premiered in Mantua.
 * 1720 – War of the Quadruple Alliance: Spanish forces began a failed assault on the British settlement of Nassau in the Bahamas.
 * 1803 – In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time, forming the basis of judicial review in the United States.
 * 1809 – After standing for only 15 years, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane (pictured), the third building in London of that name, burned down.
 * 1826 – The Treaty of Yandabo was signed, ending the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and most expensive war in the history of British India.
 * 1868 – Andrew Johnson became the first U.S. president to be impeached.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Kasserine Pass, the first major engagement between American and Axis forces in Africa, ended with the Allied forces suffering heavy losses.
 * 1968 – Vietnam War: Led by Ngô Quang Trưởng, South Vietnamese forces recaptured the citadel of Huế.
 * 1978 – Five men disappeared after attending a college basketball game in Chico, California; the bodies of four of them were discovered months later.
 * 2015 – At a restaurant in Uherský Brod, Czech Republic, a gunman opened fire in a restaurant, killing eight people before committing suicide.
 * Born/died: | Ibn Battuta |b|1304| Properzia de' Rossi |d|1530| Edmund Andros |d|1714| Carlo Buonaparte |d|1785| Leo von Caprivi |b|1831| Denis Law |b|1940| Alain Prost |b|1955| Risa Hontiveros |b|1966


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List of heads of state of Panama

This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903. Since 1904 the head of state of Panama has been the President of Panama.

List of officeholders
{{legend||Conservative Party (PC)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend||National Liberal Party (PLN)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend||Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Revolutionary Party (PNR)→Panameñista Party (PP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Authentic Revolutionary Party (PPA)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Patriotic Coalition (CPN)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend||Military (National Guard) and (Panama Defense Forces)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Orange|Republican Party (PR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend||Democratic Change (CD)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Realizing Goals (RM)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting or provisional president }}
 * Political parties
 * Status

Symbols

Died in office

Military leaders of Panama (1968–1989)
From 1968 to 1989 a military junta exerted actual control over the country and nominated the president, who himself held little power. The following individuals were leaders of the junta.

title: List of heads of state of Panama


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 25

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 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius as his son and successor following the death of Hadrian's first adopted son Lucius Aelius.
 * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, was overthrown by his son Kavad II.
 * 1705 – George Frideric Handel's opera Nero premiered in Hamburg.
 * 1866 – Miners in Calaveras County, California, discovered a human skull that was taken to show that humans had existed during the Pliocene, a thesis that was later disproved.
 * 1870 – Mississippi senator Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first African American to be seated in the U.S. Congress.
 * 1948 – Fearful of civil war and Soviet intervention in recent unrest, President Edvard Beneš (pictured) ceded control of the government to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
 * 1956 – In a speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the personality cult and dictatorship of his predecessor Joseph Stalin.
 * 1980 – The first prime minister of independent Suriname, Henck Arron (pictured), was deposed in a military coup led by Dési Bouterse.
 * 1986 – Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda were ousted from power by the non-violent People Power Revolution, with Corazon Aquino succeeding as president.
 * 2020 – Hong Kong–based writer and publisher Gui Minhai, known for writing about Chinese Communist Party politicians, was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for intelligence violations.
 * Born/died this day: | Sharafkhan Bidlisi |b|1543|  Andranik |b|1865|Mary Locke Petermann |b|1908| George Harrison |b|1943| Mário de Andrade|d|1945|S. O. Davies |d|1972|  Kana Hanazawa |b|1989| Yi Han-yong |d|1997|  Hans Raj Khanna |d|2008


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Old Pasadena

Old Pasadena, often referred to as Old Town Pasadena or simply Old Town, is the original commercial center of Pasadena, a city in California, United States, and had a latter-day revitalization after a period of decay.

Old Pasadena began as the center of a research hub where science and research institutions such as Caltech and Jet Propulsion Laboratory and companies such as Beckman Instruments and Aerojet were founded. The large concentration of such companies in the area gave it the nickname "Athens of the West". The area was also an artistic center, the home to Andy Warhol's West Coast museum debut and the first Marcel Duchamp retrospective, both at the Pasadena Art Museum (one of the earliest modern art museums in the country, now the Norton Simon Museum). Before that, Pasadena was a center of suffragist and pacifist movements and other liberal causes. By the late 1940s, the downtown area was blighted by flophouses, dive bars and pawn shops. It later became a hippie destination, with head shops, adult bookstores and massage parlors. By the late 1980s, Old Pasadena was undergoing a period of urban renewal and regeneration.

Fair Oaks and Colorado Boulevard
Old Pasadena's center is the postal zero/zero intersection for the city of Pasadena at Fair Oaks Avenue (N-S) and Colorado Boulevard (E-W). The first of the businesses of the original Indiana Colony were established at old Pasadena. J. D. Hollingsworth's general store served as the main supplier for the town as well as the post office when mail arrived from Los Angeles.

On the northwest corner was the Grand Hotel, in a building originally owned by Barney Williams, where the Williams family had run a general store on the ground floor. On the southwest corner (1 Fair Oaks Avenue) stood Williams Hall, also owned by the Williams family; this building was re-modeled in 1902 and became known as the Dodsworth Building, and now houses the Dodsworth Hotel.

The first meeting of Masons in Pasadena, later to become Pasadena Masonic Lodge No. 272, took place on 20 February 1883. A meeting in the library hall followed in October, at which the newly elected officials decided to make Williams Hall their permanent meeting place. An ornate front, similar to the facade of the present lodge, was erected on the upper story of the Colorado Boulevard building by H. Ridgway, an architect who was Master of the lodge in 1886. The Lodge continued to grow, and by 1917 it encompassed three separate lodges and fourteen affiliated bodies.

From the 1940s until the early 1970s, the Dodsworth Building, still displaying the masonic compass symbol on the inscribed stone in front of the building on its lower sides, contained a five-story furniture store belonging to Harry Steinberg and his son Albert Philip Steinberg, a 32nd degree mason and Shriner; that cornerstone now sits at the southwest corner of the Pasadena Masonic Temple at 200 S. Euclid Avenue.

Schoolhouse Block
In its infancy, the Indiana Colony was a quiet farming community centered around Orange Grove Boulevard, about a half mile west of Fair Oaks Avenue. Fair Oaks Avenue, just south of Colorado Boulevard, became the site of a new school, the Fair Oaks schoolhouse, a gift from Benjamin "Don Benito" Wilson. Fearing for the safety of children, the council of city fathers sought to move the schoolhouse away from the developing center of the town and its bustling activity, but Benjamin Wilson had died and his estate had passed to family members still living in the area. The council sought permission from the family on the understanding that the school would be moved immediately for the benefit of the children, but an improved school would be established somewhere outside Old Pasadena soon thereafter. The block of Fair Oaks Avenue, Colorado Boulevard, Raymond Avenue, and Green Street retained the name "schoolhouse block."

No record of the subsequent location of the school was retained in the records, but the location of the new school can be drawn from several historical accounts. Hiram Reid's History of Pasadena (1895) states that the schoolhouse was "moved several feet east to a frontage on Raymond 500 feet north of a line parallel to the north wall of the Post Office building." In 1895 the Post Office was in the Morgan Block just north of Kansas Street (Green Street). Reid goes on to say that "a beautiful new edifice stands there now," a reference to the Van der Vort building, built in 1894, replacing the schoolhouse. Eventually that building was sold to someone who moved it away for a residence, and a new Wilson School was later built outside of Old Pasadena, 4.2 miles to the east on Del Mar Boulevard and Madre Street.

Downtown Pasadena is currently served by Roosevelt, San Rafael, and McKinley Elementary Schools; Blair, and McKinley Middle Schools;, and Blair International Baccalaureate School. Maranatha High School is a Christian school in the area.

Castle Green
As Pasadena's population grew in the late 19th and early 20th century, grand hotels were built which established Pasadena's national reputation as a winter tourist destination for the wealthy. In 1887 Edward C. Webster began construction of a hotel at 1929 Green Street, on the southeast corner of Raymond Avenue and Kansas Street. When he was unable to complete the job, a newcomer to the area, Colonel George Gill Green, took over the construction and finished the Green Hotel, which opened in 1888.

Green was a friend of Andrew McNally, a prominent printer from Chicago who had moved West and made his home in Altadena. McNally had invited Green to come out and join him in this new community. Together Green and McNally invested heavily in the short-lived Altadena Railroad, which provided them private sidings at their residences and which Green rode daily to the construction site of his new hotel. Green and Andrew McNally were next door neighbors on Mariposa Street just west of Lake Avenue. The McNally home still stands and the old Green carriage house remains in use as a residence, and is visible from the rear parking lot of the Altadena Library, which stands on the site of the Green house.

The new Green Hotel was a 6-story edifice that faced Central Park on South Raymond, just north of the original Victorian Pasadena Train Station, where trains stopped between Chicago and Los Angeles. That station was replaced by the current station, in the Southwestern style.

In 1898, Green built a grander Mediterranean style hotel on the opposite side of Raymond. The first became referred to as the annex, and the second became the winter home for some of the most prominent industrial magnates in the Eastern United States. The two buildings were connected by a bridge across Raymond, and a tunnel under it. Guests arriving by train would pass through the annex, to the second floor, and be trammed across the bridge. In the main residence they would retire to their suites, and the luggage would follow via the tunnel. Many of the servants and attendants of the guests were forced to find accommodation in the adjacent buildings. In 1902 a new wing of the hotel was built along Kansas (now Green) Street to the P.G. Wooster Block, home of Throop University (forerunner to Caltech).

In 1924 the hotel was converted into residential apartments. The original building (annex) was razed to its first floor. All that is left of that original hotel is a portico on the corner of Raymond and Green. The building is now owned by Stats Floral Supply. In 1970, the U.S. government's Department of Housing and Urban Development acquired the 1902 wing and separated the buildings into the Green Hotel on Green and the Castle Green on Raymond.

Other developments
In 1887, a Chicago land speculator named Morgan built a three-story block next to the site of the County Jail. In 1895, John Woodbury built a modest office building for himself which he shared with Jared S. Torrance. This building was replaced by the Marsh Block in 1902, which took up the whole corner lot of Raymond and Kansas south of the Morgan. In 1894 Van der Vort constructed the building that still bears his name at 32 S. Raymond. In 1889, Robert MacComber built the MacComber block on the northwest corner of Raymond and Kansas. In 1906 Braley built a bike manufacturing building, which eventually became an Oldsmobile dealership.

In 1887, a three-story Victorian red-brick building with bay windows and a turret on the southeast corner was constructed at 107 South Fair Oaks on the northwest corner at Dayton Street. It was named the "Doty Block" and housed a stagecoach showroom. In later years, it became The Mikado Hotel, which served the Japanese-American community. It became a freight depot for the Pasadena and Los Angeles Railroad, which later became part of the Pacific Electric Railway. Above the second floor windows on the south wall, the faint lettering "Pasadena and Los Angeles" that advertised that service can be seen today.

During the 1900s to the 1940s, Downtown Pasadena went through rapid change as the city's population was continuously growing. Despite The Depression that occurred in the 1930s, Downtown Pasadena continued developing. Its hotels were converted into industrial, manufacturing and research offices. The transition of Downtown Pasadena from a tourist destination to an industrial site allowed for the area to continue its expansion and growth.

In the 1940s, the building became Pasadena's first black-owned hotel, the Hotel Carver, when it was purchased and operated by Percy Clark and his sons Percy Jr., Robert and Littleton. In the basement was a prominent jazz club known first as the Onyx Club and later as the Cobra Club. In 1970, the hotel was sold and the building was converted into artist and performance studios. Over the next fifteen years, hundreds of artists, musicians, writers, dancers and filmmakers rented space at the Hotel Carver. The building was best known during this period for the John Bull English Pub, operated by Danny and Denise Sharp, and for the quirky word mural by Paul Waszink on the north wall reading: "My people are the people of the dessert," said T.E. Lawrence, picking up his fork. Several art shows were held in the third-floor ballroom and other parts of the building. In 1985, the artists were evicted and the building closed. The 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake caused the collapse of the building immediately to the north of the Carver, and caused a large section of bricks on the top of the north wall to fall to the ground, destroying part of Waszink's T.E. Lawrence mural. Following the earthquake, the north wall was re-bricked and the building remodeled and earthquake retrofitted, as part of the general redevelopment of Old Pasadena.

Robertson Motors built an auto factory just south of the Green Hotel Annex, which is now occupied by Fishbeck Furnishings.

In 1911, City Hall occupied a building at Union Street and Fair Oaks Avenue. Since then, City Hall has moved several times, and the building was lost, only to be replaced in 2003 by a quasi replica now known as the Container Store. The California National Guard used several buildings in Old Pasadena before they built The Armory on Raymond above Holly. The old brick building on Holly across from the senior center was a National Guard motor depot.

In 1929, Colorado Street (now Colorado Boulevard) was widened on the north side, and many of the elaborate Victorian facades of the buildings were lost to reconstruction and replaced with cheaper and more modern frontages. Colorado Street became 14 feet wider as a result. In 1929, Kansas Street was widened and renamed Green Street. Union and Holly streets were part of a city gateway that were to lead toward City Hall (1933) from the statue and flag at Orange Grove Boulevard and Colorado Boulevard. The whole plan was scaled down, but the streets were put in.

Historic District
As Downtown Pasadena was going through a time of decline during the 1970s, the city had established a Central District Improvement Plan which to improve the conditions of the area. The plan involved the demolition of old historical buildings in order to make way for more modern buildings. However, there was a preservationist group called Pasadena Heritage that fought to save and redevelop the existing historic structures. Pasadena Heritage was founded in 1977 to save Civic Center buildings that were facing demolition.

The Historic Old Pasadena District was designated in 1980 as a historic district of the Pasadena Charter, defined by its boundaries: to the North, Holly Street from Fair Oaks Avenue to Arroyo Parkway; to the East, Arroyo Parkway south to Green Street, moving half a block west to the old Santa Fe RR right-of-way; continuing south to encompass the Old Train Station and Central Park, then north on Fair Oaks Avenue to De Lacey Street, then west to Pasadena Avenue; on the West by Pasadena Avenue, north to Union Street, back to Fair Oaks Avenue, and north to Holly Street.

It was chartered as a means of revitalizing the oldest part of Pasadena, which, though not abandoned, had fallen derelict and was economically and commercially barren. With this charter, a controlled redevelopment was established, with federal tax incentives to qualifying investors. Under strict guidelines, buildings were stripped of old paint, revealing some of the early brickwork fasciae. All renovations and remodeling were overseen by a city commission, which approved materials, colors and styles, most of which were to reflect the period from 1925 to 1940.

The Old Pasadena Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Old Pasadena today

As business started to move out of Downtown Pasadena in the 1950s, the area started to go through a period of decline. This area began to be known as Skid Row as buildings were left abandoned. Pasadena's downtown declined between 1930 and 1980, but has since been revived as “Old Pasadena”, one of Southern California's most popular shopping and entertainment destinations.

Redevelopment of the downtown area started as there was an infusion of about more than $400 million in public and private money. With the infusion in money, it allowed for private property developments, street improvements, and construction of new buildings such as more parking garages and a retail shopping center. However, not all of this money was focused on new buildings as existing structures were rehabilitated. The existing buildings were redeveloped in order to recreate old Downtown Pasadena. As the redevelopment plans were completed, Downtown Pasadena went through a period of continuous growth. According to Shigley, Pasadena became a model of smart growth for California. This was because of the mixed-use buildings with housing units, retail shops, and professional services which allowed for the growth of Downtown Pasadena commercially and residentially.

Old Pasadena today is mostly a business district, with some mixed use. It contains a shopping mall, up-market restaurants, a movie theater, nightclubs, shops, outdoor cafés, pubs and comedy clubs, and has an active nightlife. The Pasadena Playhouse is located in Old Pasadena. Most of the buildings also have offices and apartments on the upper floors.

Old Pasadena is connected to Downtown Los Angeles via the Metro A Line light rail. Del Mar station is two blocks south of Colorado Boulevard, while Memorial Park station enters from Holly Street and Arroyo Parkway. The Norton Simon Museum is located at Orange Grove Boulevard and Colorado Boulevard. Pacific Oaks College Eureka campus is located at Fair Oaks Avenue and Eureka Street, the very north end of Old Pasadena. On New Year's Day, the Tournament of Roses Parade travels through Old Pasadena on Colorado Boulevard. The spectacle draws an average of 1.5 million spectators each year, thousands of whom camp overnight on the route to have a prime view of the parade.

ArtPerformance is an annual outdoor music event featuring free concerts on multiple stages throughout Old Pasadena, in conjunction with PasadenART Weekend, a three-day citywide event.

Three street intersections in Old Pasadena, Colorado/DeLacey, Colorado/Fair Oaks and Colorado/Raymond, use the pedestrian scramble system, as used in Tokyo, Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills.

Mass transit
The Metro A Line has two stations Downtown, at and  stations. Downtown is also served by Metro Rapid lines 762 and 780; and Metro Local lines 177, 180, 181, 256, 260, 267, 686, and 687; as well as Pasadena ARTS routes 10, 20, 31, 32, 40, 51, 52, and 70; and Foothill Transit line 187.

Major streets

 * Arroyo Parkway
 * Colorado Boulevard
 * Fair Oaks Avenue
 * Holly Street
 * Orange Grove Boulevard
 * Pasadena Avenue

Highways

 * U.S. Highway 66
 * Interstate 210
 * California State Route 110
 * California State Route 134
 * California State Route 710

Notable residents
Notable people who have lived or spent time in Old Pasadena include General George Patton, Alexander Calder, Upton Sinclair, L. Ron Hubbard, Jack Parsons, Albert Einstein, Bobby Fischer and David Lee Roth.

title: Old Pasadena


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 26

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Eligible

 * 1606 – Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon made the first recorded European landing in Australia, although he believed that he was on New Guinea.
 * 1815 – Napoleon escaped from the Italian island of Elba (depicted), to which he had been exiled after the signing of the Treaty of Fontainebleau.
 * 1917 – The Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded "Livery Stable Blues", the first jazz single ever released.
 * 1935 – Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe reinstated, violating the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of World War I.
 * 1935 – With the aid of a radio station in Daventry, England, and two receiving antennae, Scottish engineer and inventor Robert Watson-Watt first demonstrated the use of radar.
 * 1936 – Imperial Japanese Army troops attempted a coup d'etat, occupying parts of Tokyo, and killing several politicians, including finance minister Takahashi Korekiyo.
 * 1995 – Barings Bank, the oldest merchant bank in London, was declared insolvent after its head derivatives trader in Singapore, Nick Leeson, lost £827 million while making unauthorised trades on futures contracts.
 * 2008 – In the first significant cultural visit from the United States to North Korea since the Korean War, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra performed in Pyongyang.
 * 2012 – African-American teenager Trayvon Martin was killed by neighborhood-watch coordinator George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida, prompting a nationwide controversy.
 * 2013 – A hot air balloon crashed near Luxor, Egypt, killing 19 people in the deadliest ballooning disaster in history.
 * Born/died this day: | John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford |d|1462| Lorenzino de' Medici |d|1548|  Thomas-Alexandre Dumas |d|1806| Camille Flammarion |b|1842|  Kenneth Edgeworth |b|1880| Reginald St John Battersby|b|1900| Howard Hanson |d|1981| Joseph Wapner |d|2017 |Raosaheb Gogte |d|2000|

February 26

 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonassar (name in Akkadian pictured) began, marking a new era characterized by the systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records.
 * 1914 – RMS Britannic, the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner of the White Star Line after RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic, was launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
 * 1979 – The Superliner railcar entered revenue service with Amtrak.
 * 2014 – Former editor-in-chief of Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao Kevin Lau was stabbed, prompting concerns and protests about media freedom.


text:
Grumman F9F Panther

The Grumman F9F Panther is an early carrier-based jet fighter designed and produced by the American aircraft manufacturer Grumman. It was the first jet-powered fighter aircraft to see air-to-air combat with the United States Navy as well as being Grumman’s first jet fighter.

Development of the Panther commenced in the final months of World War II to harness the recent innovation of the jet engine. Grumman designed a single-engined, straight-winged day fighter that was armed with four 20 mm cannons and could also carry a wide assortment of air-to-ground munitions. Production aircraft were typically powered by a single Allison J33 or Pratt & Whitney J48-P-2 turbojet engine. On 21 November 1947, the prototype performed its maiden flight, powered by an imported Rolls-Royce Nene engine. During September 1949, the F9F was cleared for flight from aircraft carriers.

The Panther was used extensively by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps in the Korean War. On 3 July 1950, a F9F-3 recorded the first U.S. Navy air victory of the conflict, having shot down a propeller-powered Yak-9. In the Korean theatre, Panther pilots cumulatively claimed the shooting down of seven Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s. During 1956, the type was withdrawn from front-line combat service, but remained in secondary roles, such as for training and with U.S. Naval Air Reserve and U.S. Marine Air Reserve units, until 1958. The Panther was also the first jet aircraft used by the Blue Angels aerobatics demonstration team, being flown in this capacity from 1949 through to late 1954. Future astronauts Neil Armstrong and John Glenn both flew the F9F extensively during the Korean War.

While Australia was interested in the Panther during the late 1940s, the nation ultimately opted for the Gloster Meteor F.8 and the CAC Sabre instead. The aircraft's only export customer was Argentina, where it became the first jet aircraft to be operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation. It was operated mainly from land, as the catapults of the aircraft carrier ARA Independencia lacked sufficient power to readily launch the F9F. Several Panthers participated in the 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt, firing upon Argentine Army forces sent to quell the revolt. During 1969, it was withdrawn from Argentine service due to a lack of spare parts. Grumman would develop the F9F design in response to U.S. Navy interest, producing the swept wing Grumman F-9 Cougar.

Background

The origins of the Panther can be traced back to development studies performed by Grumman into jet-powered fighter aircraft near the end of World War II. The company was keen to capitalise on the emergence of the first practical jet engines by integrating them into a new aircraft design. This design, which was internally designated G-75, was submitted to a United States Navy competition that sought a jet-powered night fighter to equip its aircraft carriers with. However, on 3 April 1946, it was announced that the Douglas F3D Skyknight, a competing two-seat aircraft powered by four Westinghouse J30 turbojets, had been selected. On 11 April 1946, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) issued a development contract to Grumman to produce a pair of G-75 prototypes, which were given the Navy designation XF9F-1, in case development of the Skyknight encountered severe problems.

Shortly thereafter, Grumman recognised that the G-75 did not have much potential for either performance or growth; the company had already undertaken work on a completely different single-engine day fighter, the G-79. In a bureaucratic maneuver, BuAer opted not to cancel the G-75 contract, but instead changed the wording to include three prototypes of the entirely different G-79. It was this design that became the Panther.

At that time, the few American engines that were available for use, such as the Allison J33 and Westinghouse J34, were not considered to be sufficiently reliable; thus, the Navy specified the imported Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, which was also more powerful, at 5,000 lb of thrust. Production aircraft were to also be powered by the Nene, built under license by Pratt & Whitney as the J42. Since there was insufficient space within the wings and fuselage to provide sufficient fuel for the thirsty jet engine, the design team opted to add permanently mounted wingtip fuel tanks, which had incidental advantage of improving the fighter's rate of roll. The wings featured another innovation in the form of leading edge flaps that generated additional lift while landing; speed brakes were also present on the underside of the fuselage.

Flight testing
On 21 November 1947, the prototype Panther conducted its maiden flight, piloted by test pilot Corky Meyer. It was followed by the second prototype only five days later. Initial issues with directional and longitudinal stability were encountered, but were quickly rectified. During one early land-based arresting gear test, the detachable rear section of the aircraft unintentionally came off; remedial changes were made to avoid any future repetition.

During May 1949, carrier suitability trails commenced. In September 1949, the F9F was cleared for flight from aircraft carriers. During the development phase, Grumman decided to change the Panther's engine, selecting the Pratt & Whitney J48-P-2, a license built version of the Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay. The other engine that had been tested was the Allison J33-A-16. The armament was a quartet of 20mm guns, the Navy having already switched to this caliber (as opposed to the USAAF/USAF which continued to use .50 caliber M2/M3 guns). In addition, the Panther was soon armed with underwing air-to-ground rockets and up to 2000 lb of bombs.

From 1946, interest in developing an aircraft that harnessed the increasingly popular swept wing grew and, following concerns that the Panther was inferior to its MiG opponents over the skies of Korea, Grumman launched work on a conversion project, known as Design 93. This effort resulted in a swept-wing derivative, the F9F Cougar, which retained the Panther's designation number. Later stage development work on the Panther continued, being largely focused on engine improvements, expanding fuel capacity, and the use of alternative munitions.

In 1949, the Panther was considered by the Australian government, as a possible locally-built replacement for the Mustang Mk 23 and De Havilland Vampire then operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The other designs considered initially were an Australian design, the CAC CA-23 (an unconventional, twin-jet all-weather fighter) and the Hawker P.1081. By mid-1950, however, RAAF Mustangs were in action in Korea and seen as highly vulnerable to the MiG-15. An immediately available stop-gap in the shape of the Gloster Meteor F.8 was operated by the RAAF in Korea from July 1951. (After its less-than-satisfactory performance against MiGs, the Meteor was replaced from 1954 by the CAC Sabre – an Australian-built, up-engined variant of the F-86. )

US Navy

The Panther was the primary jet fighter and ground-attack aircraft of both the US Navy and USMC during the Korean War. It was the widest used Navy jet fighter of the conflict, cumulatively flying 78,000 sorties. F9F-2s, F9F-3s and F9F-5s, as rugged attack aircraft, were able to sustain operations despite being frequently opposed by intense anti-aircraft fire. The pilots also appreciated the air conditioned cockpit, which made for a welcome change from the humid environment of piston-powered aircraft.

On 3 July 1950, Lieutenant, junior grade Leonard H. Plog, of VF-51, flying an F9F-3 scored the first US Navy air victory of the war by shooting down a propeller-powered Yak-9.

Despite their relatively low speed, Panther pilots also claimed seven Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s, for the loss of two F9Fs. The first MiG-15 was downed on 9 November 1950, by Lieutenant Commander William (Bill) Amen of VF-111 flying an F9F-2B, during a UN Command attack on the Sinuiju bridges, near the mouth of the Yalu River. Two more MiG-15s were downed on 18 November 1950.

On 18 November 1952, the American aircraft carrier USS Oriskany (CV-34) and three other carriers were operating in the Sea of Japan conducting air strikes against the North Korean city of Hoeryong. The group launched four F9F's for a combat patrol near the North Korean border with China. The group's leader suffered mechanical problems and returned to the carrier together with his wingman. Lt Royce Williams of VF-781, flying off USS Oriskany (CV-34) and his wingman continued on the mission. They then identified seven Soviet Naval Aviation Migs heading towards the task force from the Russian mainland. The naval commanders therefore ordered the two F9Fs to position themselves between the Migs and the carrier group.

During this maneuver, four Soviet MiG-15s opened fire, despite the fact that the countries were not at war. Williams opened fire on the tail Mig, which dropped out of formation, and was followed down by Williams' wingman. What followed was a 35-minute dogfight between Williams and six MiG-15s. The Mig 15 was a more capable plane, but Williams nevertheless succeeded in shooting down three more. He ascribed this to both sides doing as they were trained, but the Soviet pilots making mistakes. While heading back to the carriers, Williams was out of ammo, but still had one Mig on his tail. The re-appearance of his wingman on the Mig's tail then scared this one off. By that time Williams's plane was so damaged that he could not turn sideways anymore. Oriskany was therefore aligned with the plane, so he could land. After landing, his Panther was found to have 263 hits by cannon shells or fragments and was beyond repair. It was therefore pushed overboard.

The engagement is little-known for two reasons. The US feared that publication of the incident could increase tensions with the Soviet Union. Another reason was the involvement of the US National Security Agency (NSA) – the existence of which was then top secret – in planning the mission; the MiGs were intercepted as a result of intelligence provided by the NSA. The four MiGs that were shot down were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov.

As the conflict progressed, Panthers became primarily tasked with ground attack missions. Attacks upon hostile anti-aircraft equipment were commonly conducted. This was a risky mission type, with numerous Panthers being damaged or even lost to fire from the same ground batteries that they were seeking to neutralize. Furthermore, the danger posed by these systems increased over time as more capable AA apparatus was supplied to the North Korean force. Panthers also routinely undertook aerial reconnaissance missions over Korea. Starting in 1952, the Panther began to be supplemented by the newer Cougar derivative in the theatre.

Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the Korean conflict, although he ejected from one of the aircraft after it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots.

During 1956, the Panther was withdrawn from frontline combat service, having been displaced by new fighter aircraft, including its swept-wing Cougar derivative. However, the type remained active in secondary roles, such as for training and with U.S. Naval Air Reserve and U.S. Marine Air Reserve units, until 1958. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team used the Panther for four years, beginning in 1951. The Panther was the Blue Angels' first jet. Some Panthers continued to serve in small numbers into the 1960s. From September 1962, surviving operational Panthers were designated F-9 within the new combined US tri-service designation system.

Argentine Navy

The only foreign buyer of the Panther was the Argentine Naval Aviation, which purchased 28 ex-USN F9F-2B aircraft during 1957; the first 10 arrived in 1958. Only 24 aircraft were put in service, as the remainder were used as spares. The first flight of an Argentine Panther was in December 1958, and the last aircraft entered into service during January 1961.

The catapult on the then only Argentine carrier, ARA Independencia, was not powerful enough to launch the F9F, so the aircraft were land-based. However, in July 1963, a Panther (serial 0453/3-A-119) landed on Independencia as part of trials, the first jet to land on an Argentine aircraft carrier; it was not then catapult-launched, but off-loaded by crane when the ship returned to port.

Argentine Navy F9F-2 Panthers were engaged in combat during the 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt. Several rebel-controlled aircraft flew bombing and strafing runs against a column of the Army 8th Tank Regiment which was advancing on the rebelling Punta Indio Naval Air Base. The attack destroyed several M4 Sherman tanks while one F9F Panther was shot down.

The Argentine Panthers were involved in the general mobilization during the 1965 border clash between Argentina and Chile, but no combat occurred. The type was removed from service during 1969 due to a lack of available spare parts, the service opted to replace them with Douglas A-4Q Skyhawks.

The Argentine Navy also operated the F-9 Cougar trainer version.

Variants

 * XF9F-2
 * Prototypes, two built

 * F9F-2
 * First production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney J42 engine, 567 built.

 * F9F-2B
 * Version fitted with underwing racks for bombs and rockets. As all F9F-2s were brought up to this standard, the B designation was dropped.

 * F9F-2P
 * Unarmed photo-reconnaissance version used in Korea, 36 built.

 * XF9F-3
 * Prototype for the F9F-3, one built.

 * F9F-3
 * Allison J33 powered version produced as insurance against the failure of the J42, with all converted to the J42 later; redesignated F-9B in 1962, 54 built.

 * XF9F-4
 * Prototypes used in the development of the F9F-4, two built.

 * F9F-4
 * Version with longer fuselage with greater fuel load and powered by J33 engine. Most re-engined with J42s. F9F-4s were the first aircraft to successfully employ pressurized bleed air, tapped from the engine's compressor stages, and blown across the surface of the slot flaps, simulating a higher airspeed across the control surface, and thus achieving a decrease in stalling speed of 9 kn for takeoff and 7 kn on power approach for landing; re-designated F-9C in 1962, 109 ordered, all completed as F9F-5s.

 * F9F-5:
 * Variant of F9F-4, but powered by Pratt & Whitney J48 engine, 616 built. Re-designated F-9D in 1962.

 * F9F-5P
 * Unarmed photo-reconnaissance version, with longer nose; redesignated RF-9D in 1962, 36 built.

 * F9F-5K
 * After the F9F Panther was withdrawn from operational service, a number of F9F-5s were converted into unmanned target drone aircraft; redesignated QF-9D in 1962.

 * F9F-5KD
 * Radio controlled drone director conversions for F9F-5K drones; redesignated DF-9E in 1962.

Operators

 * Argentine Navy - Argentine Naval Aviation
 * United States Navy
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Navy
 * United States Marine Corps

Argentina

 * On display
 * F9F-2B
 * 0421/3-A-106 (Argentine Navy) - Gate guardian at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base (Base Naval Puerto Belgrano - BNPB) at Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
 * 0425/3-A-113 (Argentine Navy) - Being restored at Argentine Naval Aviation Museum (es:Museo de la Aviación Naval Argentina - MUAN) at Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
 * 0452/3-A-111 (Argentine Navy) - Gate guardian at Punta Indio Naval Air Base (Base Aeronaval Punta Indio - BAPI) near La Plata, Argentina.
 * 0453/3-A-118 (Argentine Navy) - Displayed at National Naval Museum (es:Museo Naval de la Nación) at Tigre, Argentina.

United States

 * Airworthy
 * F9F-2B
 * 123078 - Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas. Removed from public display when the museum indefinitely closed on 1 January 2024. To be moved to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas.
 * On display
 * F9F-2
 * 123050 - National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
 * 123557 - VFW Post 1621 in Janesville, Wisconsin.
 * 123612 - NAS Oceana Air Park, Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia.
 * 123652 - Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California.
 * 125183 - Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.
 * 127120 - Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum at the former NAS JRB Willow Grove in Horsham, Pennsylvania.
 * F9F-2B
 * 123526 - National Museum of the Marine Corps, adjacent to Marine Corps Base Quantico in Triangle, Virginia.
 * F9F-4
 * 125180 - Lion's Park in Costa Mesa, California.
 * F9F-5
 * bureau number unknown (incorrectly marked as 141136) - USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California
 * 125295 - Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum at Space Coast Regional Airport in Titusville, Florida.
 * 125992 - Aviation Heritage Park in Bowling Green, KY.
 * 126226 - Combat Air Museum adjacent to Forbes Air National Guard Base at Topeka Regional Airport / Forbes Field (former Forbes AFB) in Topeka, Kansas.
 * 126275 - Battleship Memorial Park in Mobile, Alabama.
 * F9F-5P
 * 125316 - Palm Springs Air Museum, Palm Springs, California.
 * 126277 - Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California.
 * Under restoration or in storage
 * F9F-2
 * 123054 - under restoration at Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 123092 - in storage for restoration at USS John F. Kennedy Museum in North Kingston, Rhode Island.
 * 123420 - in storage at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
 * F9F-5
 * 125467 - in storage by private owner in Bulverde, Texas.

Notable appearances in media
The F9F Panther was featured in the 1954 Korean War film The Bridges at Toko-Ri starring William Holden, Grace Kelly, Mickey Rooney and Fredric March, and in Men of the Fighting Lady starring Van Johnson, Walter Pidgeon and Keenan Wynn.

Stock footage of an F9F piloted by George Chamberlain Duncan crashing into the fantail of the USS Midway (CV-41) during a 1951 test flight appears in several Hollywood films.
 * In 1954's Men of the Fighting Lady, the crash is portrayed as the death of Lieutenant Commander Ted Dodson (played by Keenan Wynn).
 * In the 1976 film Midway, the F9F footage stands in for an SB2C Helldiver crash-landing.
 * In the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, the F9F footage is used to depict the crash-landing of an F-14A Tomcat that had collided with a Soviet aircraft onto the USS Enterprise (CVN-65), reenacting an incident from Tom Clancy's original novel.

title: Grumman F9F Panther


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 27

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 * 1560 – The Treaty of Berwick was signed, setting the terms under which an English fleet and army could enter Scotland to expel French troops defending the regency of Mary of Guise (pictured).
 * 1617 – Sweden signed the Treaty of Stolbovo to end the Ingrian War with Russia, making large territorial gains.
 * 1870 – The current flag of Japan was first adopted as a civil ensign for Japanese merchant ships.
 * 1900 – FC Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful football club, was founded.
 * 1933 – The Reichstag building, the seat of the German parliament in Berlin, was set on fire in a pivotal event in the establishment of the Nazi regime.
 * 1940 – American biochemists Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discovered carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, which is now used extensively as the basis of the radiocarbon dating method to date archaeological and geological samples.
 * 1962 – Two dissident Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots bombed the Independence Palace in Saigon in a failed attempt to assassinate President Ngo Dinh Diem.
 * 1972 – The Sunday People revealed that James Humphreys, a notorious pornographer, had bribed a senior London police officer with a holiday to Cyprus and Beirut.
 * 1982 – The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, known for its performances of Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas, gave its final performance.
 * 2002 – Violent riots, perceived to have been instigated by a train fire that killed 59 Hindu pilgrims, broke out in the Indian state of Gujarat, killing at least 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, over three days.
 * 2015 – Russian statesman and politician Boris Nemtsov, an outspoken critic of Vladimir Putin, was assassinated in central Moscow.
 * Born/died this day: | Ruprecht of the Palatinate |b|1427| William Alabaster |b|1567| Joaquín Sorolla |b|1863|Pietro Gnocchi |b|1689|  Ellen Terry |b|1847| Mabel Keaton Staupers |b|1890| Ivan Pavlov |d|1936|  Chelsea Clinton |b|1980|  Necmettin Erbakan |d|2011 |Tina Strobos |d|2012


text:
List of places named for Francis Marion

This is a list of places named after Francis Marion, a brigadier general from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War. He had more places named after him than any other Revolutionary War soldier, with the exception of George Washington.

 * Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina
 * Fort Marion (Modern Day Castillo de San Marcos Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL)
 * Francis Marion Military Academy, Ocala, Florida
 * Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina
 * Francis Marion Intermediate School, Marion, Iowa
 * Francis Marion High School, Marion, Alabama
 * Francis Marion Park, Georgetown, South Carolina
 * Marion, Alabama
 * Marion, Connecticut
 * Marion, Georgia
 * Marion, Idaho
 * Marion, Illinois
 * Marion, Indiana
 * Marion, Iowa
 * Marion, Louisiana
 * Marion, Kansas
 * Marion, Kentucky
 * Marion, Maine
 * Marion Station, Maryland
 * Marion, Massachusetts
 * Marion, Michigan
 * Marion Military Institute, Marion, Al.
 * Marion, Minnesota
 * Marion, Mississippi
 * Marionville, Missouri
 * Marion, Montana
 * Marion, Nebraska
 * Marion, New Jersey
 * East Marion, New York
 * Marion, New York
 * Mount Marion, New York
 * Marion, North Carolina
 * Marion, North Dakota
 * Marion, Ohio
 * Marion, Oregon
 * Marion, Pennsylvania
 * Marion Center, Pennsylvania
 * Marion Heights, Pennsylvania
 * Point Marion, Pennsylvania
 * Marion, South Carolina
 * Marion, South Dakota
 * Marion, Virginia
 * Marion, Wisconsin
 * Marion County, Alabama
 * Marion County, Arkansas
 * Marion County, Florida
 * Marion County, Georgia
 * Marion County, Illinois
 * Marion County, Indiana
 * Marion County, Iowa
 * Marion County, Kansas
 * Marion County, Kentucky
 * Marion County, Mississippi
 * Marion County, Missouri
 * Marion County, Ohio
 * Marion County, Oregon
 * Marion County, South Carolina
 * Marion County, Tennessee
 * Marion County, Texas
 * Marion County, West Virginia
 * Marion Park, Washington, DC
 * Marion Square, Charleston, South Carolina
 * Marion Township, Arkansas (disambiguation) (7 different counties have a Marion Township)
 * Marion Township, Michigan (disambiguation) (5 different counties have a Marion Township)
 * Marion Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation) (4 different counties have a Marion Township)
 * Francis Marion Hotel, Charleston, South Carolina
 * Swamp Fox Roller Coaster, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
 * Swamp Fox Hotel, now called Compass Cove, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
 * Swamp Fox HWY, running from Tabor City, North Carolina, to Pireway, North Carolina
 * Lake Marion, South Carolina
 * Marion Lake, Minnesota
 * Marion Lake, Oregon
 * Marion & Hopkinson Playground, on Marion Street, in Brooklyn, New York

title: List of places named for Francis Marion


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 28

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 * 202 BC – Rebel leader Liu Bang declared himself Emperor Gaozu of Han after overthrowing the Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China.
 * 1638 – The National Covenant was formally adopted in opposition to proposed reforms to the Church of Scotland by King Charles I.
 * 1893 – USS Indiana, the lead ship of her class and the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to foreign battleships of the time, was launched.
 * 1897 – Ranavalona III, the last sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of Madagascar, was deposed by French military forces.
 * 1928 – Indian physicist C. V. Raman and his colleagues discovered what is now known as Raman scattering, for which he later became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * 1947 – Nationalist soldiers fired on protesters in Taipei (crowd pictured), triggering widespread uprisings and violent suppression in the White Terror.
 * 1963 – Chicago alderman Benjamin F. Lewis was murdered in his office by unknown assailants two days after having been reelected.
 * 1972 – Japanese police stormed a mountain lodge near Karuizawa, Nagano Prefecture, to end a ten-day siege by members of the paramilitary group United Red Army.
 * 1975 – A London Underground train failed to stop at the terminal Moorgate station, crashing and causing the deaths of 43 people.
 * 1985 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launched a mortar attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary station in Newry, Northern Ireland, killing nine people.
 * 1997 – GRB 970228, a highly luminous 80-second flash of gamma rays, was detected on Earth, providing early evidence that gamma-ray bursts occur well beyond the Milky Way.
 * 1997 – Two heavily armed bank robbers exchanged gunfire with officers of the Los Angeles Police Department in North Hollywood, in one of the most intense gun battles in American police history.
 * 2001 – A high-speed train crash occurred near Selby in North Yorkshire, England, killing 10 and injuring 82.
 * 2002 – During a period of religious violence in Gujarat, India, mobs of Hindus attacked Muslims in Naroda Patiya and in Chamanpura, resulting in 166 deaths.
 * 2013 – Benedict XVI became the first pope in nearly 600 years to resign from the papacy.
 * 2021 – Bus drivers in Greater Manchester began an eleven-week strike, one of the longest in British transportation history.
 * Born/died this day: | Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway |b|1261| Michel de Montaigne |b|1533|  Cornelius Gemma |b|1535| Martin Bucer |d|1551| Guillaume Delisle |b|1675| Thomas Cushing |d|1788| Alfred von Schlieffen |b|1833|Pierre Fatou |b|1878| Sjafruddin Prawiranegara |b|1911|  Charles Bassett and Elliot See |d|1966| Neville Cardus |d|1975| Anna Muzychuk|b|1990| Koesbini |d|1991 |Yaşar Kemal |d|2015


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 29

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 * 1980 – La Bougie du Sapeur, a humorous French newspaper that is published only on leap days, printed its first issue.
 * 1996 – In the deadliest aviation accident in Peruvian history, Faucett Flight 251 crashed on approach to Rodríguez Ballón International Airport, killing all 123 people aboard.
 * 2008 – Belgian author Misha Defonseca admitted that her bestselling memoir about surviving the Holocaust was in fact a literary forgery.
 * Born/died:   Emmeline B. Wells |b|1928|

February 29: Beginning of the Nineteen-Day Fast (Baháʼí Faith, 2024)

 * 1704 – Queen Anne's War: French and Native American forces raided the English settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing more than 50 colonists.
 * 1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands campaign began when American forces assaulted Los Negros Island, the third largest of the Admiralty Islands.
 * 1960 – The deadliest earthquake in Moroccan history (damaged building pictured) struck the city of Agadir, killing at least 12,000 people.
 * 2004 – Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrown following popular rebel uprising.
 * 2012 – Construction of Tokyo Skytree, the world's tallest tower and third-tallest structure, was completed.