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Ruse de guerre

The French ruse de guerre, sometimes literally translated as ruse of war, is a non-uniform term; generally what is understood by "ruse of war" can be separated into two groups. The first classifies the phrase purely as an act of military deception against one's opponent; the second emphasizes acts against one's opponent by creative, clever, unorthodox means, sometimes involving force multipliers or superior knowledge. The term stratagem, from Ancient Greek strategema (στρατήγημα, 'act of generalship'), is also used in this sense.

Ruses de guerre are described from ancient to modern times, both in semi-mythical accounts such as the story of the Trojan Horse in Virgil's Aeneid, and in well-documented events such as the flying of the American flag by the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 (whilst the United States was a neutral country) to deter attack by German submarines; they also feature in fiction.

The term ruse de guerre is given legal meaning within the rules of war. Good faith is required, but at least 17 different types of ruse, including ambushes, false radio messages, the use of spies and the use of dummy guns, are considered legitimate as long as they do not involve treachery or perfidy. Landmines and similar traps can be considered perfidious under the rules in certain circumstances. Explicitly prohibited ruses under article 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907 include improper use of a flag of truce or the military insignia of the enemy.

Ancient times
According to Homer's somewhat mythical account in the Iliad, the Greeks during the Trojan War pretended to give up their fruitless ten-year siege of the city of Troy and sailed away, leaving behind the Trojan Horse. After the Trojans pulled what they believed was a parting gift within the walls of the city, soldiers that had hidden inside the hollow horse during the previous night emerged and opened the city's gates, allowing the awaiting army to enter the city.

Prior to a naval battle with King Eumenes II of Pergamon, Hannibal sent a herald with a message for the opposing commander. That was a trick aiming to locate Eumenes's ship so that Hannibal could concentrate his forces against it.

Alexander the Great walked his men up and down a river continuously to condition his opponent, Porus, into a false sense of security in the belief that his whole army was searching for a ford. Then, under the cover of night Alexander marched a contingent of his men upriver and crossed the Indus, while his remaining forces marched south to their camp as they usually did. This feint allowed Alexander to hide his troops' location and win the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BC.

As stated in the probably fictional account in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang tricked Sima Yi using the Empty Fort Strategy from Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Zhuge Liang sat upon the walls of the cities, his men far outnumbered by the Wei army which was advancing toward him. Zhuge Liang sat upon the walls and played his instrument, seemingly calm and composed, tricking Sima Yi into thinking that the Shu had troops had hidden in the surrounding area for an ambush. Zhuge Liang was able to quickly flee the area as the Wei retreated.

19th century
The Siege of Detroit was an early engagement in the War of 1812, where a smaller British-First Nations force, led by Major-General Isaac Brock and Shawnee leader Tecumseh, used bluff and deception to intimidate Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort, the town of Detroit, and a dispirited American force that nevertheless outnumbered the British and First Nations. Intercepting American dispatches from Fort Detroit, Brock judged the morale of the American garrison to be low, and that the American general had a fear of First Nations in particular. Brock arranged for misleading letters to fall into American hands, stating an inflated figure of 5,000 First Nations warriors were already in Amherstburg, to simulate a larger First Nations force had attached themselves to his army. Prior to the siege, Brock also sent a letter demanding for surrender to Hull, stating:

To further the illusion that a large First Nations force was attached with Brock's force, Tecumseh extended his men, and marched them three times through an opening in the woods at the rear of the fort in full view of the fort. Brock similarly dressed members of the Canadian militia as British regulars, and instructed soldiers to light individual fires instead of one fire per unit, thereby creating the illusion of a much larger army.

Use of deception to mask an inferior force was also used in another battle during the War of 1812, the Battle of Chateauguay. Outnumbered during battle, the Canadian Fencibles were initially outflanked and falling back, before Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry of the Canadian Voltigeurs ordered bugle calls, cheers and Indian war whoops, in a ruse to make the Americans believe that they were about to be enveloped. Fearing themselves outnumbered and about to be outflanked, Brigadier-General Wade Hampton called off the American advance, withdrawing his forces to Plattsburgh, New York.

During the American Civil War, Union General George Meade's General Order No. 13 of 1865 was retracted after it was determined that his criticism of Brigadier-General McLaughlin was based on "nothing more than the obvious result of those ruses de guerre, by which the very best officers may, at times, be victimized", after the Confederate Army falsely claimed that it had gained a foothold in the Union Army lines.

20th century
An effort by the Imperial Japanese Navy to lure the Russian fleet out of its harbor during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 was described by The New York Times as "a clever ruse of war to entice the Russian ships out of Port Arthur".

The use of the American flag flown on the liner Lusitania while crossing through the Irish Sea to avoid attack by German submarines during the First World War was criticized in debate in the United States House of Representatives by Republican Eben Martin of South Dakota, who stated that "the United States cannot be made a party to a ruse of war where the national colors are involved".

During the Second World War, the crew of the merchant-raiding German light cruiser Emden rigged a dummy fourth funnel on top of her radio room to disguise her as a British cruiser, most of which were equipped with four funnels. During First and Second World Wars, Q-ships were heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry, designed to lure submarines into making surface attacks. This gave Q-ships the chance to open fire and sink them.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the former Imperial Japanese Navy battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi, which had been taken out of reserve shortly after the outbreak of war for use as a troop transport but then converted to a repair ship, was fitted with dummy wooden main batteries fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in Shanghai on 29 December 1938.

In the lead up to the First Battle of Sirte during the Second World War, the fast minelayer HMS Abdiel (M39) successfully impersonated a force of two battleships using false signals traffic, as part of a decoy mission against Italian forces.

The Allied Combined Operations raid on the Normandie Dock in Saint Nazaire employed several legitimate ruses during their voyage up the Loire estuary, including flying German colours and replying to signal challenges by giving misleading replies in German. These measures were all designed to buy time for the attacking force. When these tactics ceased to be effective and German shore batteries opened fire in earnest, all the British ships lowered their German colours and hoisted White Ensigns before returning fire.

German commando Otto Skorzeny led his troops wearing American uniforms to infiltrate American lines in Operation Greif during the Battle of the Bulge. Skorzeny later reported that he was told by experts in military law that wearing American uniforms was a defensible ruse de guerre, provided his troops took off their American uniforms, and put on German uniforms, prior to firing their weapons. Skorzeny was acquitted by a United States military court in Dachau in 1947, after his defense counsel argued that the "wearing of American uniforms was a legitimate ruse of war for espionage and sabotage" as described by The New York Times.

Good faith
According to the rules of war, good faith in dealing with the enemy must be observed as a rule of conduct, but this does not prevent measures such as using spies and secret agents, encouraging defection or insurrection among the enemy civilian population, corrupting enemy civilians or soldiers by bribes, or inducing the enemy's soldiers to desert, surrender, or rebel. In general, a belligerent may resort to those measures for mystifying or misleading the enemy against which the enemy ought to take measures to protect itself.

Legitimate ruses
Legitimate ruses include:
 * surprises; ambushes; feigned attacks, retreats, or flights;
 * simulating quiet and inactivity (to lull the enemy into complacency);
 * use of small forces to simulate large units (for example, inducing an enemy unit to surrender by pretending that it is surrounded by a large force);
 * transmitting false or misleading radio or telephone messages;
 * deception of the enemy by bogus orders purporting to have been issued by the enemy commander;
 * making use of the enemy's signals and passwords or secret handshakes;
 * pretending to communicate with nonexistent troops or reinforcements;
 * deceptive supply movements (which might make the enemy think you are preparing for action when you're not);
 * deliberate planting of false information;
 * use of spies and secret agents;
 * moving landmarks (to confuse the enemy operating in unfamiliar territory);
 * putting up dummy guns and vehicles or laying dummy mines;
 * erection of dummy installations and airfields (to intimidate or encourage useless attack);
 * removing unit identifications (but not those that identify the belligerent while in combat) from uniforms;
 * psychological warfare activities;
 * disguising a warship to appear to be a neutral merchant vessel, or a merchant vessel on the side of one's opponent, has traditionally been considered a legitimate ruse de guerre, provided the belligerent raises their own flag to break the deception before firing their guns. This was called sailing under false colors. Both sides during the world wars used this tactic, most famously the Royal Navy's Q ships. The German raider GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Kormoran used this tactic against the superior HMAS Sydney (D48), disguising herself as the Dutch merchant vessel Straat Malakka prior to their mutually destructive engagement.
 * disguising a warship to appear to be one of the warships of one's opponent has traditionally been considered to be a legitimate ruse de guerre, provided the belligerent raises their own flag to drop the disguise, prior to firing their guns. The Germans took steps to disguise their pocket battleships as Allied cruisers during the Second World War. This tactic was also used by the Royal Navy to great effect during the Napoleonic Wars, since the boarding and capture of enemy vessels was quite common during that time, and information about the current ownership of vessels was not easy to disseminate rapidly.

No perfidy
Further, according to the rules of war, ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve perfidy on the part of the belligerent resorting to them. They are, however, forbidden if they contravene any generally accepted rule.

 * traps that are attached or associated in any way with:
 * sick, wounded, or dead;
 * burial, cremation, or graves;
 * food or drink;
 * kitchen utensils or appliances;

Prohibited ruses
Article 23 of the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land provides that: "It is especially forbidden....(b) To kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army....(f) To make improper use of a flag of truce, of the national flag, or of the military insignia and military uniform of the enemy, as well as the distinctive badges of the Geneva Convention". Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions expanded the rules of prohibiting certain type of ruses as defined in Articles 37, 38, and 39.

The line of demarcation between legitimate ruses and forbidden acts of perfidy is sometimes indistinct. In general, it would be an improper practice to secure an advantage over the enemy by deliberate lying or misleading conduct which involves a breach of faith, or when there is a moral obligation to speak the truth. For example, it is improper to pretend to surrender to secure an advantage over the opposing belligerent.

To broadcast to the enemy that an armistice had been agreed upon when such is not the case would be treacherous. Abuse of the protections afforded to medical personnel (by disguising combat soldiers as medics, or by putting a red cross on a combat vehicle) is also considered unacceptable. In August 1946, a German soldier, Heinz Hagendorf, was found guilty by a U.S. military tribunal at the Dachau Trials and sentenced to six months imprisonment for having "wrongfully used the Red Cross emblem in a combat zone by firing a weapon at American soldiers from an enemy ambulance displaying such emblem." The verdict and sentence were upheld on appeal.

title: Ruse de guerre


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Mike Mullane

Richard Michael Mullane (born September 10, 1945; Col, USAF, Ret.) is an engineer and weapon systems officer, a retired USAF officer, and a former NASA astronaut. During his career, he flew as a mission specialist on STS-41-D, STS-27, and STS-36.

Early life and education
Richard Michael Mullane was born September 10, 1945, in Wichita Falls, Texas. At the time of his birth, his father, Hugh, was serving as a flight engineer on a B-17 in the Pacific War. His family moved regularly until his father was diagnosed with polio and lost the use of his legs, causing the family to move to Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was a Second Class Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from St. Pius X High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1963, then received a Bachelor of Science degree in military engineering from the United States Military Academy in 1967 and was awarded a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology in 1975.

Air force career
Mullane, an air force colonel, graduated from West Point in 1967. He completed 134 combat missions as an RF-4C weapon systems officer  while stationed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam, from January to November 1969. He subsequently served a 4-year tour of duty, in England. In July 1976, upon completing the USAF Flight Test Engineer Course at Edwards Air Force Base, California, he was assigned as a flight test weapon systems officer to the 3246th Test Wing at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in January 1978, Mullane became an astronaut in August 1979. He flew on three Space Shuttle missions, serving as a mission specialist on the crew of STS-41-D in August 1984, on STS-27 in December 1988, and on STS-36 in March 1990.

On his first mission Mullane served as a mission specialist on the crew of STS-41-D, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1984. This was the maiden flight of the Orbiter Discovery. During this seven-day mission the crew successfully activated the OAST-1 solar cell wing experiment, deployed three satellites, operated the CFES-III experiment, the student crystal growth experiment, and photography experiments using the IMAX motion picture camera. STS 41-D completed 96 orbits of the Earth in 145 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1984.

Mullane then was assigned to STS-62-A, the first Shuttle mission scheduled to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, but the mission was canceled after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. After the Shuttle returned to service, he flew aboard the Orbiter Atlantis, on STS-27, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1988. The mission carried a Department of Defense (DOD) payload, as well as a number of secondary payloads. After 68 orbits of the earth, the mission concluded with a dry lakebed landing on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 6, 1988. Mission duration was 105 hours. The mission is noteworthy due to the severe damage Atlantis sustained to its critical heat-resistant tiles during ascent.

On his third flight, Mullane served on the crew of STS-36, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 28, 1990, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. This mission carried DOD payloads and a number of secondary payloads. After 72 orbits of the earth, the STS-36 mission concluded with a lakebed landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on March 4, 1990.

With the completion of his third flight, Mullane logged a total of 356 hours in space. He retired from NASA and the Air Force July 1, 1990.

Post-NASA career
In 2006, Mullane published an autobiography, Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut, that details his life before and during the space program, and expresses critical views towards the culture of the NASA Astronaut Corps. Mullane appeared on the United States television show The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on Monday, February 13, 2006, to promote his book.

Awards and honors

 * Air Medals (6)
 * Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross
 * Meritorious Service Medal
 * Vietnam Campaign Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Air Force Commendation Medal
 * NASA Space Flight Medals
 * National Intelligence Medal of Achievement
 * Distinguished Graduate of the USAF Navigator Training School (and recipient of its Commander's Trophy), the USAF Institute of Technology, and the USAF Test Pilot School.

He is a member of the Air Force Association and a member of the Leadership Board of For All Moonkind, Inc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mike Mullane


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Charles D. Walker

Charles David "Charlie" Walker (born August 29, 1948) is an American engineer and astronaut who flew on three Space Shuttle missions in 1984 and 1985 as a Payload Specialist for the McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

Personal
Born in Bedford, Indiana, Walker is married to the former Susan Y. Flowers, of Joplin, Missouri. They have one daughter, Catherine Lunde, one grandson, Jacob Lunde and one granddaughter, Haley Curtner.

His recreational interests include photography, running, hiking, scuba diving, reading, collecting books on space, and bonsai. He lives in Arizona.

Education

 * 1966: Graduated from Bedford High School, Bedford, Indiana
 * 1971: Received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Awards and honors

 * U.S. Patent No. 4,394,246, Electrophoresis Apparatus with Flow Control, issued 19 July 1983
 * NASA Space Flight Medals, 1984 and twice in 1985
 * Sagamore of the Wabash, State of Indiana (November 1984)
 * Doctor of Science, honoris causa, St. Louis College of Pharmacy (1985)
 * Aerospace Laurels Award, Aviation Week & Space Technology Magazine (1985)
 * Lindbergh Award, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics – St. Louis Section (1986)
 * NASA Group Achievement Award, as consultant to the 1987–1988 Space Station Operations Task Force
 * Engineering Astronaut Alumnus Award, Purdue University Schools of Engineering (September 1989)
 * Kentucky Colonel, Commonwealth of Kentucky (May 1990)

Career
Following graduation from Purdue University he worked as a civil engineering technician, land acquisition specialist and forest firefighter for the U.S. Forest Service. Subsequently, he was a design engineer with the Bendix Aerospace Company where he worked on aerodynamic analysis, missile subsystem design, and flight testing. He also was employed as project engineer with the Naval Sea Systems Command with responsibility for computer-controlled manufacturing systems.

Walker applied for the 1978 astronaut class but was unsuccessful, as he was neither affiliated with a major university nor had a PhD. He saw the new Payload Specialist program as another way to fly in space, and sought a job that might give him the opportunity to serve as one. He joined the McDonnell Douglas Corporation in 1977 as a test engineer on the Aft Propulsion Subsystem for the Space Shuttle orbiters, then the company's Space Manufacturing (later named Electrophoresis Operations in Space, EOS) team as one of its original members. Walker shares in a patent for the McDonnell Douglas-developed continuous flow electrophoresis (CFES) device. McDonnell Douglas' main partner was Ortho Pharmaceutical, which hoped to manufacture large amounts of purified erythropoietin in space.

From 1979 to 1986, Walker was chief test engineer and payload specialist for the McDonnell Douglas EOS commercialization project, having told company management that he was interested in flying in space if possible. Walker led the EOS laboratory test and operations team developing biomedical products. His contributions to the program included engineering planning, design and development, product research, and space flight and evaluation of the CFES device. Walker was involved with the program support activities at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas. He was responsible for training the NASA astronaut crews in the operation of the CFES payload on STS-4, STS-6, STS-7, and STS-8 shuttle flights during 1982 and 1983. In May 1986, Walker was appointed Special Assistant to the President of McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company, working in Washington, D.C.

Walker has been an industry member of the NASA Microgravity Material Science Assessment Task Force, the NASA Space Station Office Quick-is Beautiful/Rapid Response Research Study Group, and the NASA Space Station Operations Task Force. He has been a member of the National Research Council's Space Applications Board. Walker was Faculty Course Advisor and lecturer for the International Space university 1988 summer session. He was a participant in the 1988 Center for Strategic and International Studies' civil Space policy study. He served on the AIAA steering committee formulating the strategic plan for NASA's office of Commercial Programs. Walker has served as a founding board member of the Astronauts Memorial Foundation. He was the organizing committee chairman for the 1992 World Space Congress. He has been a national panel member of the NASA/Industry Manned Flight Awareness Program and the NASA/Industry Education Initiative. Walker advised the NASA/Purdue University space life support research center, a NASA/Penn State space commercial development center and a U.S. Department of Education/Ohio State University science education center. He has been a board director of the Challenger Center for Space Science Education. Walker has served as the volunteer chairman of the board of directors of Spacecause, and is past president and board director of the National Space Society. He has also been a board director of the Association of Space Explorers. As an advisor, Walker works with commercial space firms Space Adventures, Ltd and Deep Space Industries, Inc., and the Commercial Spaceflight Federation. Walker is a professional engineer registered in California. He has been an expert witness testifying before committees of the U.S. Congress. He has authored several papers and book contributions on the EOS electrophoresis program, space development, commercialization, and space history. Walker has also written columns and articles appearing in national newspapers and numerous other publications.

Walker retired in 2005 as the Director for NASA Systems Government Relations with the Washington D.C. Operations office of The Boeing Company. In 2018, Walker, joined Solstar as an advisor. Walker is currently a consultant, author and lecturer.

NASA activities
STS-4 demonstrated the difficulty of Walker assisting astronauts with the complex CFES device. He and others could not speak directly to the space shuttle; the capsule communicator and two other people approved and relayed all messages to space. McDonnell Douglas proposed that Walker fly as a payload specialist to operate the CFES himself. NASA calculated that flying Walker would cost McDonnell Douglas $40,000 per flight, and in May 1983 he was assigned to STS-41-D.

Walker's flight was part of a NASA effort in the 1980s to fly civilians on the shuttle. Although Europeans were training for Spacelab Payload Specialist duties, Walker remained a McDonnell Douglas employee, and commuted between company headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri and the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Training included a flight on a Northrop T-38 Talon jet trainer aircraft, and about 40 flights on the "Vomit Comet". He later stated that his experience showed that a "working passenger" could fly after an abbreviated training program of a few months.

Although Walker believed at the time that 41-D would be his only flight, he also accompanied the CFES equipment on STS-51-D, and STS-61-B, accumulating 20 days of experience in space and traveling 8.2 million miles. Aboard these Space Shuttle missions Walker also performed early protein crystal growth experiments and participated as a test subject in numerous medical studies. He began training fellow McDonnell Douglas employee Robert Wood to fly on STS-61-M in 1986, and expected to fly at least once more himself, perhaps on Space Station Freedom, before the destruction of Challenger in January 1986 ended commercial shuttle payloads.

Since 1986 Walker has served in various NASA study and review team capacities including as a member of the NASA Microgravity Material Science Assessment Task Force, the NASA Space Station Office Quick-is-Beautiful/Rapid Response Research Study Group, the NASA Space Station Operations Task Force, and the International Space Station Strategic Roadmap Committee. He has served on the national panels of the NASA/Industry Manned Flight Awareness Program and the NASA/Industry Education Initiative. He also makes a public appearance occasionally to sign memorabilia at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex and also appears for the complex's "Lunch with an Astronaut" program.

title: Charles D. Walker


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Culture of the Dominican Republic

The culture of the Dominican Republic is a diverse mixture of different influences from around the world. The Dominican people and their customs have origins consisting predominantly in a European cultural basis, with native Taíno and African influences.

The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European settlement in the Western Hemisphere, namely Santo Domingo founded in 1493. As a result of over five centuries of Spanish presence in the island, the core of Dominican culture is derived from the culture of Spain. The European inheritances include ancestry, language, traditions, law, the predominant religion and the colonial architectural styles. Soon after the arrival of Europeans, African people were imported to the island to serve as slave labor. The fusion of European, native Taino, and African traditions and customs contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture.

Language
Spanish is the official language in the Dominican Republic. The country has a variety of accents most of which derive from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands and western Andalusia of southern Spain. The accent spoken in the Cibao region is a mixture of two dialects: that of the 16th- and 17th-century Portuguese colonists in the Cibao valley, and that of the 18th-century Canarian settlers. Dominican Spanish also has borrowed vocabularies from the Arawak language. Some common words derived from the Taino natives include: barbecue, canoe, caribbean, hammock, hurricane, iguana, manatee, mangrove, savannah, and tobacco among others.

Schools in the Dominican Republic are based on a Spanish educational model. Both English and French are taught as secondary languages on private and public schools. Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian origin. There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of Samaná English in the Samaná Peninsula. They are the descendants of formerly enslaved Africans who arrived in the nineteenth century. Tourism, American pop culture, the influence of Dominican Americans, and the country's economic ties with the United States motivates other Dominicans to learn English.

Religion
The Dominican Republic is 68.9% Roman Catholic, 18.2% Evangelical, 10.6% with no religion, and 2.3% other. Recent immigration, as well as proselytizing, has brought other religions, with the following shares of the population: Spiritist: 2.2%, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 1.1%, Buddhist: 0.1%, Baháʼí: 0.1%, Chinese Folk Religion: 0.1%, Islam: 0.02%, Judaism: 0.01%. The nation has two patroness saints: Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (Our Lady Of High Grace) and Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady Of Mercy).

The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late 19th century. This was due to a lack of funding, of priests, and of support programs. During the same time, the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support. Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare.

There has always been religious freedom throughout the entire country. Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed upon churches by Trujillo. Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries. Trujillo began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government. This campaign ended before it was even put into place, with his assassination.

During World War II, a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city of Sosúa. It has remained the center of the Jewish population since.

Music
Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of multiple musical styles and genres but is mostly recognized for merengue, a type of lively, fast-paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute (though it varies) based on musical elements like African drums, brass, piano, chorded instruments, and traditionally the accordion, as well as some elements unique to the Dominican Republic, such as the tambora and güira. Its syncopated beats use Latin percussion, brass instruments, bass, and piano or keyboard. Between 1937 and 1950 merengue music was promoted internationally by Dominican groups like Chapuseaux and Damiron "Los Reyes del Merengue", Joseito Mateo, and others. Radio, television, and international media popularized it further. Some well-known merengue performers include Johnny Ventura, singer/songwriter Juan Luis Guerra, Fernando Villalona, Eddy Herrera, Sergio Vargas, Toño Rosario, Milly Quezada, and Chichí Peralta. Merengue became popular in the United States, mostly on the East Coast, during the 1980s and 1990s, when many Dominican artists, among them Victor Roque y La Gran Manzana, Henry Hierro, Zacarias Ferreira, Aventura, and Milly Jocelyn Y Los Vecinos, residing in the U.S. (particularly New York) started performing in the Latin club scene and gained radio airplay. The emergence of bachata, along with an increase in the number of Dominicans living among other Latino groups in New York, New Jersey, Florida and Massachusetts contributed to Dominican music's overall growth in popularity. Bachata, a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic, has become quite popular in recent years. Its subjects are often romantic; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the original name for the genre was amargue ("bitterness", or "bitter music", or blues music), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral) term bachata became popular. Bachata grew out of, and is still closely related to, the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero. Over time, it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles. Palo is an Afro-Dominican sacred music that can be found through the island. The drum and human voice are the principal instruments. Palo is played at religious ceremonies - usually coinciding with saint's days - as well as for secular parties and special occasions. Its roots are in the Congo region of central-west Africa, but it is mixed with European influences in the melodies. Palos are related to Dominican folk Catholicism, which includes a pantheon of deities/saints (here termed misterios) much like those found in the African derived syncretic religious traditions of Cuba, Brazil, Haiti, and elsewhere. Palos are usually associated with the lower class, black and mixed populations. They can be seen in different regions of the Dominican Republic, but with variations.

Salsa music has had a great deal of popularity in the country. During the late 1960s Dominican native Johnny Pacheco, creator of the famed Fania All Stars, played a significant role in the music's development and popularization, and is also credited for coining the term "Salsa" to denote the genre.

Dominican rock is also popular among younger and not so younger crowds of the Dominican Republic. Dominican rock is influenced by British and American rock, but also has its own sense of unique style. The rock scene in the Dominican Republic has been very vibrant in recent years, spanning genres of rock such as pop rock, reggae/rock, and punk. There are also several underground Metal concerts occurring occasionally mainly in the cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago, where teenagers and young adults usually not satisfied with the other genres express themselves.

Cuisine
Dominican Republic cuisine is predominantly made up of a combination of Spanish, indigenous Taíno, and African influences. Many Middle-Eastern dishes have been adopted into Dominican cuisine, such as the "Quipe" that comes from the Lebanese kibbeh. Dominican cuisine resembles that of other countries in Latin America, those of the nearby islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba, most of all, though the dish names differ sometimes.

A traditional breakfast would consist of mangú, sauteed onions, fried eggs, fried salami, fried cheese and sometimes avocado. This is called "Los Tres Golpes" or "The Three Hits". As in Spain, the largest, most important meal of the day is lunch. Its most typical form, nicknamed La Bandera ("The Flag"), consists of rice, red beans and meat (beef, chicken, pork, or fish), sometimes accompanied by a side of salad.

Meals tend to favor meats and starches over dairy products and vegetables. Many dishes are made with sofrito, which is a mix of local herbs used as a wet rub for meats and sautéed to bring out all of a dish's flavors. Throughout the south-central coast, bulgur, or whole wheat, is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili (bulgur salad).

Other favorite Dominican foods are chicharrón, yuca, casabe, pastelitos (empanadas), batata, yam, chaca (also called maiz caqueao/casqueado, maiz con dulce and maiz con leche), chimichurris, tostones. Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con leche (or arroz con dulce), bizcocho dominicano (lit. Dominican cake), habichuelas con dulce, flan, frío frío (snow cones), dulce de leche, and caña (sugarcane). The beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir Soñando, rum, beer, Mama Juana, batida (smoothie), jugos naturales (freshly squeezed fruit juices), mabí, and coffee.

Sports

Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic. The country has a baseball league of six teams. The Milwaukee Brewers have a summer league here called the baseball academy. The baseball season usually begins during October and ends in January. After the United States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Ozzie Virgil, Sr. became the first Dominican-born player in the MLB on September 23, 1956. Juan Marichal is the first Dominican-born player in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

The three highest paid baseball players of all time Alex Rodriguez, Albert Pujols, and Robinson Canó are of Dominican descent. Other notable baseball players from the Dominican Republic are: Julián Javier, Pedro Martínez, Francisco Liriano, Manny Ramírez, José Bautista, Hanley Ramírez, David Ortiz, Ubaldo Jiménez, José Reyes, Alcides Escobar, Plácido Polanco and Sammy Sosa. Felipe Alou has also enjoyed success as a manager, and Omar Minaya as a general manager. In 2013, the Dominican team went undefeated en route to winning the World Baseball Classic.

In boxing, the Dominican Republic has produced scores of world-class fighters and several world champions. Basketball also enjoys a relatively high level of popularity. Al Horford, Felipe Lopez, and Francisco Garcia are among the Dominican-born players currently or formerly in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Olympic gold medalist and world champion hurdler Félix Sánchez hails from the Dominican Republic, as does NFL defensive end Luis Castillo.

Other important sports include, Volleyball, which was introduced in 1916 by US Marines, is controlled by the Dominican Volleyball Federation. Other sports include taekwondo, in which Gabriel Mercedes is an Olympic silver medalist, and judo.

Architecture

The architecture in the Dominican Republic represents a complex blend of diverse cultures. The deep influence of the European colonists is the most evident throughout the country. Characterized by ornate designs and baroque structures, the style can best be seen in the capital city of Santo Domingo, which is home to the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in all of the Americas, located in the city's Colonial Zone, an area declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The designs carry over into the villas and buildings throughout the country. It can also be observed on buildings that contain stucco exteriors, arched doors and windows, and red tiled roofs.

The indigenous peoples of the Dominican Republic have also had a significant influence on the architecture of the country. The Taino people relied heavily on the mahogany and guano (dried palm tree leaf) to put together crafts, artwork, furniture, and houses. Utilizing mud, thatched roofs, and mahogany trees give buildings and the furniture inside a natural look, seamlessly blending in with the island's surroundings.

Lately, with the rise in tourism and increasing popularity as a Caribbean vacation destination, architects in the Dominican Republic have now began to incorporate cutting-edge designs that emphasized luxury. In many ways an architectural playground, villas and hotels implemented new styles, while still offering new takes on the old.

This new style, though diverse, is characterized by simplified, angular corners, and large windows that blend outdoor and indoor spaces. As with the culture as a whole, contemporary architects embrace the Dominican Republic's rich history and various cultures to create something new. Surveying modern villas, one can find any combination of the three major styles: a villa may contain angular, modernist building construction, Spanish Colonial-style arched windows, and a traditional Taino hammock in the bedroom balcony.

Visual arts

Dominican art is perhaps most commonly associated with the bright, vibrant colors and images that are sold in every tourist gift shop across the country. However, the country has a long history of fine art that goes back to the middle of the 1800s when the country became independent and the beginnings of a national art scene emerged.

Historically, the painting of this time were centered around images connected to national independence, historical scenes, portraits but also landscapes and images of still life. Styles of painting ranged between neoclassicism and romanticism. Between 1920 and 1940 the art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism. Dominican artists were focused on breaking from previous, academic styles in order to develop more independent and individual styles. The artists of the times were Celeste Woss y Gil (1890–1985), Jaime Colson (1901–1975), Yoryi O. Morel (1906–1979) and Darío Suro (1917–1997).

The 1940s represent an important period in Dominican art. President Rafael Leónidas Trujillo provided asylum for Spanish Civil War refugees and a group of Europeans (including famous artists) subsequently arrived to the DR. They became an inspiration to young Dominican artists who were given a more international perspective on art. The art school Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes was founded as the first official center for teaching art. The country went through a renaissance heavily inspired by the trends happening in Europe.

Between 1950 and 1970 Dominican art expressed the social and political conditions of the time. A need for a renewal of the image language emerged and, as a result, paintings were created in non-figurative, abstract, geometric and cubistic styles. The most notable artists included Paul Giudicelli (1921–1965), Clara Ledesma (1924–1999), Gilberto Hernandez Ortega (1924–1979), Gaspar Mario Cruz (1925–2006), Luichy M. Richiez (1928–2000), Eligio Pichardo (1929–1984), Domingo Liz (b. 1931), Silvano Lora (1934–2003), Cándido Bidó (1936–2011) and José Ramírez Conde (1940–1987).

During the 1970s and 1980s artists were experimenting again with new styles, forms, concepts and themes. Artists such as Ada Balcácer (b. 1930), Fernando Peña Defilló (b. 1928) and Ramón Oviedo (b. 1927) count as the most influential of the decade.

Cinema
Dominican cinema is an emerging film industry, being one of the first countries in Latin America where the Lumière brothers first brought the Curiel theater in San Felipe de Puerto Plata at the beginning of the century in the year 1900, with the industry's beginnings dating back to 1915 in which the first film is produced in Dominican territory.

The Dominican Film Market is officially the first film market in the history of the Caribbean Region, DFM was created and produced by filmmakers Roddy Pérez and Nurgul Shayakhmetova, executives of Audiovisual Dominicana. In its first edition, DFM had the support of important international brands such as Panasonic, Nikon and Blackmagic Design, as well as the co-sponsorship of the Directorate General of Cinema DGCINE, the Center for Export and Investment of the Dominican Republic CEI-RD and the Ministry of Tourism of the Dominican Republic.

Fashion
In only seven years, the Dominican Republic's fashion week has become the most important event of its kind in all of the Caribbean and one of the fastest growing fashion events in the entire Latin American fashion world. The country boasts one of the ten most important design schools in the region, La Escuela de Diseño de Altos de Chavón, which is making the country a key player in the world of fashion and design.

World-famous fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic in 1932 and became a US citizen in 1971. He studied under the leading Spaniard designer Cristóbal Balenciaga and then worked with the house of Lanvin in Paris. Then by 1963, de la Renta had designs carrying his own label. After establishing himself in the US, de la Renta opened boutiques across the country. His work blends French and Spaniard fashion with American styles.

Although he settled in New York, de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America where it became very popular. He remained active in his native Dominican Republic, where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón.

Fashion designer Jenny Polanco was known for women's clothing and handbags that incorporated Dominican and Caribbean influences into her designs.

Festivals
Carnival celebrations are held in the Dominican Republic each February with parades, street dancing, food festivals, and music. Festivities also take place in the week leading up to Easter Sunday. Parades, beauty pageants, and different festivals in each town throughout the country fill the week. In June the country celebrates Espíritu Santo to honor the island's multi-ethnic heritage with nationwide festivals featuring traditional music. Concerts, dance troupes, arts and crafts booths, and chefs also celebrate Dominican heritage with an annual cultural festival in Puerto Plata each June. Fiesta Patria de la Restauración, or Restoration Day, celebrates the Dominican Republic's day of independence from Spain, which occurred in 1863. Nationwide events include parades, music festivals, street festivals, and food festivals.

Three days each June are set aside for the Latin Music Festival in Santo Domingo. Both local and international Latin musicians and bands take the stage. During the last week of July and first week of August Santo Domingo hosts some of the world's top merengue bands at the Festival del Merengue. Other events during the two-week-long party include and food festival and an arts and crafts festival. The merengue festival takes place in July in both Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata. This week-long bacchanal raises the  merengue  and the costumes worn by the dancers to an art form. The dancers dance in the street and on open stages and compete for an array of honors that recognize originality, fluidity, and beauty of the choreography. Posters that are designed to advertise the festival compete for originality and beauty. The crowds who come to watch the dancing and the parades that take place in the evening also dance.

October's Puerto Plata Festival brings musicians from around the country together to perform live music in a variety of genres. Blues, jazz, folk, salsa, and merengue are the most common. Another musical event takes place in October during Columbus Day Weekend: the Dominican Republic Jazz Festival. Concerts are held in Puerto Plata, Sosua, and Cabarete, and feature some of the country's top jazz musicians and bands. Other festivals include the Festivales del Santo Cristo de Bayaguana on New Year's Day. Events leading up to Mass include a parade, music, and dance. Each January the Dominican Republic honors Juan Pablo Duarte with gun salutes in Santo Domingo and numerous carnivals throughout the country. Duarte is celebrated as the man who gained independence from Haiti for the Dominican Republic. The premier culinary event in all of the Caribbean is Taste SD, which takes place in October of each year.

During the event, hundreds of restaurants, food vendors, chefs, and others on the culinary scene host a series of presentations, tastings, and more. The event stretches out over several days and venues and is known to attract several thousand guests. The main event, unveiled in 2012, is the Culinary Cup of the Americas in which chefs participate in several cooking and baking events hoping to win the top prize. Another event is the Dominican Republic International Film Festival. During four days each December, independent films, shorts, and documentaries are screened.

Holidays
Notes:
 * Non-working holidays are not moved to another day.
 * If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day. If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday. If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the holiday is moved to the next Monday.
 * Roman Catholic religious holidays are not moved to another day.

title: Culture of the Dominican Republic


text:
Tart card

A tart card is a card which advertises the services of a prostitute. The cards are found in many countries, usually in capital cities or red-light districts. Originating in the 1960s, the cards are placed in locations such as newsagents' windows or telephone boxes. Alternatively they are handed out or dropped in the street. Legal action is sometimes taken against their use. Illustrated tart cards from the 1980s and 1990s have come to be regarded as examples of sub-cultural accidental art.

History
In England and Wales the Sexual Offences Act 1956 made soliciting for street prostitution illegal. As a result, indoor sex work became more common and sex workers began to advertise their services and telephone numbers on small, cheaply produced cards in the windows of newsagents.

Known as tart cards, they became established in the 1960s in places such as Soho, London, where they were typically handwritten postcards which were displayed outside prostitutes' flats or in the windows of newsagents or shops. As direct references to prostitution would generally be unacceptable, the cards were carefully worded and often contained euphemistic references to sex, with terms such as large chest for sale.

The abolition of the 1953 Post Office Act in 1984 inadvertently legalised the placement of advertisements in telephone boxes, and they became the main location for tart cards, particularly in London. By the late 1980s the cards had become black-and-white photocopied cards containing printed text and telephone numbers.

The cards from the 1980s and 1990s often included black-and-white drawings printed on neon-coloured card along with tongue-in-cheek phrases. In larger cities, the cards were placed in phone boxes. The style of illustration changed in the early twenty-first century, when tart cards began to appear with full-colour nude photographs, mobile telephone numbers and websites.

The cards from the 1980s and 1990s have become a memorable part of London counter-culture from that era. Over time they have become regarded as items of "accidental art" and developed a cult following. They have influenced the work of mainstream artists, inspiring collections, research, exhibitions and books such as the 2003 publication Tart Cards: London’s Illicit Advertising Art.

Subsequently, they have been recognised as a sociological record of trends related to sex work, advertising, design and print. The Wellcome Collection in London contains thousands of examples, just over half of which advertise BDSM services.

Tart cards by country

 * Argentina: They are found in Buenos Aires.
 * Brazil: They are found in São Paulo.
 * China: They are commonly put under the doors of hotels during the day after the cleaning staff have finished in the rooms.
 * Dubai: Cards advertising "massage" services, often printed with images of scantily-clad young East Asian women, were slipped under front doors or car windows. This practice has since been made illegal.
 * Japan: In Japan they were known as "pink flyers" (ピンクチラシ).
 * Macau: They are dropped in the city's sidewalks and underpasses.
 * United Kingdom: in London tart cards are placed in phone boxes by professional "carders", who tour the phone boxes, replacing cards which have been removed by the telephone companies' cleaners. Carders often remove cards placed by rival carders. Placing tart cards in phone boxes was made illegal by the passing of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 which made carding punishable by up to six months imprisonment or a fine of up to £5000. By 2002 most convicted carders were receiving fines of £200–£1000, although persistent offenders were receiving jail terms of 28 days. An estimated 13 million tart cards per year were being distributed across Britain at that time; the telephone company British Telecom was removing 150,000 tart cards per week from central London telephone boxes and it had call-barred 500 of the telephone numbers used on tart cards. However, despite police operations against carders the practice of carding still continues.
 * United States: In hispanophone parts of New York City they are known as "Chica Chica" (Girl Girl) cards and men hand them out as flyers at night on the streets. In Las Vegas they are known as "sex cards" and left on sidewalks and hotel stairways or handed out as flyers.

title: Tart card


text:
List of Hindi authors

This is a list of authors of Hindi literature, i.e. people who write in Hindi language, its dialects and Hindustani language.

A

 * Amarkant (1925–2014), novelist
 * Amar Goswami (1945–2012), Hindi author and journalist
 * Amir Khusro (1253–1325 AD), author of pahelis and mukris in the "Hindavi" dialect
 * Acharya Ramlochan Saran (1889–1971), author, grammarian and publisher
 * Abid Surti (1935–), author
 * Acharya Chatursen Shastri (1891–1960)
 * Amrita Pritam (1919–2005)
 * Asghar Wajahat (1946-) Hindi scholar, novelist

B
Writer
 * Bharatendu Harishchandra (1850–1885), the "father of modern Hindi literature"
 * Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan (1905–1988)
 * Bhisham Sahni (1915–2003), author
 * Bhupendra Nath Kaushik (1924–2007), poet, writer, satirist
 * Badri Narain Sinha (1930–1979), poet, critic, journalist
 * Balendu Dwivedi (1975–), Hindi author
 * Bihari (1595–1664), author of Satasai ("Seven Hundred Verses")
 * Banarasidas (1586–1643), author of 'Ardhakathanaka', the first biography in Hindi
 * Bhagwati Charan Verma (1903–1981), author of Chitralekha and Sahitya Akademy award winning Bhoole Bisre Chitra
 * [[ Bhagavanta Anamola](1990-2012)

C

 * Chand Bardai (1148–1191), author of Prithviraj Raso
 * Chandrakiran Sonrexa (1920-2009), author of Chandan Chandni
 * Chitra Mudgal (1943–) The first Indian woman to receive the Vyas Samman for her novel "Aavaan".

D

 * Darchhawna (1936–), Hindi writer and Padma Shri awardee
 * Devaki Nandan Khatri (1861–1913), novelist, author of Chandrakanta
 * Dharamvir Bharati (1926–1997), Hindi poet, playwright
 * Dushyant Kumar (1931–1975), poet of modern Hindustani
 * Divya Prakash Dubey (1982–), Hindi author
 * Doodhnath Singh (1936–2018), Hindi writer, critic, poet and a recipient of Bharat Bharti Samman

G

 * Ganga Das (1823–1913), author of about fifty kavya-granthas and thousands of padas, he is known as Bhismpitama of the Hindi poetry.
 * Geetanjali Shree (1957 - ) author of Tomb of Sand (Ret Samadhi) which won the International Booker Prize in 2022
 * Gopal Singh Nepali (1911–1963), poet, lyricist
 * Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh (1917–1964), modern Hindi poet
 * Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt' (1893–1983), "Wordsworth of India"
 * Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1666–1708), the tenth Guru of Sikhism
 * Babu Gulabrai (1888–1963), philosopher and Hindi writer
 * Gopaldas Neeraj (1925–2018), poet and author
 * Giriraj Kishore (1937–2020), writer

H

 * Hari Joshi (1943–), satirist, novelist, writer, poet
 * Harishankar Parsai (1924–1995), satirist
 * Harivanshrai Bachchan (1907–2003): Madhushala
 * Hazari Prasad Dwivedi (1907–1979), novelist, literary historian
 * Hetu Bhardwaj, Hindi fiction writer
 * Hrishikesh Sulabh (1955–)

I

 * Indira Dangi (1980–), novelist, writer

J

 * Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj (1922–2013), religious leader
 * Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya (1950–), spiritual leader, scholar, poet, textual commentator, philosopher and playwright
 * Jagdish Piyush (1950–2021), author, writer
 * Jaishankar Prasad (1889–1937), poet known for Kamayani
 * Jainendra Kumar (1905–1988), author, short story writer
 * Janki Ballabh Shastri (1916–2011), poet, author
 * Jyotsna Milan (1941–2014), novelist, short story writer, poet and editor

K

 * Kabir (1440–1518), poet, figure of the Bhakti movement
 * Kavi Bhushan (1613–1712), poet and scholar who mainly wrote in braj bhasha
 * Kaka Kalelkar (1885–1961), Gandhian, social reformer, scholar
 * Kamleshwar (1932–2007), author, screenwriter, 2003 Sahitya Akademi Award for Kitne Pakistan (2000)
 * Kashinath Singh (1937–), novelist, short story writer, 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for Rehan Par Ragghu (2008), author of Kashi Ka Assi etc.
 * Kedarnath Agarwal (1911–2000), recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award (1986) for Apurva (poetry collection)
 * Kedarnath Singh (1934–2018), modern poet
 * Keshavdas (1555–1625), Sanskrit scholar, Hindi poet, author of Rasik Priya
 * Krishna Sobti (1925–), recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award for the novel Zindaginama
 * Kamta Prasad Guru (1875–1947), grammar expert
 * Kaifi Azmi (1919–2002)

L

 * Lallu Lal (1763–1835), author and translator
 * Laxmi Narayan Mishra (1903–1987), playwright

M

 * Mirabai (1498–1546/1547), poet
 * Malik Muhammad Jayasi (1477–1542), Avadhi poet; author of Padmawat
 * Mahadevi Varma (1907–1987), poet, writer, recipient of the Jnanpith Award
 * Maithili Sharan Gupt (1886–1964), modern Hindi poet; a pioneer of Khadi boli poetry; author of the epic Saket
 * Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1889–1968), poet, playwright, journalist
 * Mannu Bhandari (1931–), novelist
 * Mohan Rakesh (1925–1972), a pioneer of the Nai Kahani ("New Story") literary movement
 * Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi (1864–1938), writer, linguist, translator
 * Mamta Kalia (1940–), Novelists

 * Manohar Shyam Joshi (1933–2006), journalist, screenwriter
 * Mehrunnisa Parvez (1944–), Hindi novelist, short story writer and Padma Shri awardee
 * Madhur Kapila (1942–), art critic, Hindi writer, recipient of the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for contribution to literature
 * Mohan Rana (1964–), Hindi poet and philosopher
 * Mridula Garg (1938–), short story writer and novelist

N

 * Nagarjun (1911–2002), poet, biographer
 * Naresh Mehta (1922–2000), one of the pioneers Nakenwad movement
 * Nalin Vilochan Sharma (1916–1961), one of the pioneers Nakenwad movement
 * Neelam Saxena Chandra (1969–), poet, fiction
 * Nirmal Verma (1929–2005), novelist, translator
 * Narendra Kohli (1940–2021), credited with reinventing the ancient form of epic writing in modern prose
 * Nasira Sharma(1948-) writer, novelist

P

 * Pandit Narendra Sharma (1913–1989), poet, lyricist
 * Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' (1921–1977), Hindi novelist
 * Padma Sachdev (1940–), poet, novelist in Hindi and Dogri
 * Pran Kumar Sharma (1938–), creator of Chacha Choudhary
 * Premchand (1880–1936), modern Hindustani literature
 * Parichay Das (1964–), writer and editor in contemporary Bhojpuri poetry
 * Pankaj Prasun (1984–), writer and poet of Satire poetry

R

 * Ram Ratan Bhatnagar (1914–1992), writer, literary critic
 * Ramesh Chandra Jha (1928–1994), poet, novelist
 * Raghuvir Sahay (1929–1990), poet, translator, short-story writer and journalist
 * Rahi Masoom Raza (1927–1992), writer, lyricist
 * Rajkamal Choudhary (1929–1967), poet, short story writer, novelist, critic
 * Rahul Sankrityayan (1893–1963), the "father of Hindi travel literature"
 * Ravidas (1398–1448), guru, songwriter
 * Rajendra Mishra (1919–1979), Hindi author, critic
 * Rajendra Yadav (1929–2013), pioneer of "Nayi Kahani" movement
 * Rajinder Singh Bedi (1915–1984), writer, screenwriter
 * Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (1908–1974), nationalist poet, essayist
 * Ramnarayan Yadavendu (1909–1951), writer, fictionist, essayist and social reformer
 * Ram Vilas Sharma (1912–2000), literary critic
 * Ramvriksh Benipuri (1899–1968), writer
 * Rangeya Raghav (1923–1962), writer
 * Raskhan (1533–1618), poet
 * Rustam Singh (1955–), poet, philosopher, translator and editor
 * Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), writer, poet, and musician

S

 * Sahajanand Saraswati (1889–1950), writer, scholar
 * Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1911–1987) ("Agyeya"), recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, and Jnanpith Award
 * Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena (1927–1983), recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, 1983
 * Sharad Joshi (1931–1991), satirist, screenwriter
 * Shekhar Joshi (1939–), Hindi author
 * Acharya Shivpujan Sahay (1893–1963), writer of novels and prose
 * Sri Lal Sukla (1925–2011), satirist
 * Sumitranandan Pant (1900–1977), Hindi poet
 * Surdas (1467–1583), composer
 * Sūdan (1700–1753), author and poet
 * Shahnaz Fatmi (1949–), writer, scholar
 * Shankar Dayal Singh (1937–1995)
 * Yagyadutt Sharma (1916–1993), Hindi novelist, writer and poet
 * Subhadra Kumari Chauhan (1904–1948), poet, songwriter
 * Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' (1896–1961), poet and author
 * Safdar Hashmi (1889–1954), author, street theatre, activist
 * Shyam Narayan Pandey (1907–1991), Hindi poet
 * Saadat Hassan Manto (1912–1955), Hindi author
 * Surender Mohan Pathak (1940–), Hindi author
 * Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' (1936–1975), Hindi poet, recipient of 1979 Sahitya Akademi Award for Kal Sunana Mujhe

T

 * Teji Grover (1955–), poet, fiction writer, translator and painter
 * Tulsidas (1532–1623), author of Shrī Rāmcharitmānas

U

 * Usha Priyamvada (1930–), novelist, short-story writer, translator

V

 * Vidyapati (1352–1448), a prominent poet of Eastern dialects
 * Vishnu Prabhakar (1912–2009), recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award for the novel Ardhanarishvara
 * Vibhuti Narain Rai (1951–), novelist
 * Viveki Rai (1924–2016), novelist
 * Vrindavan Lal Verma (1889–1969), historical novelist
 * Vidya Niwas Mishra (1926–2005), scholar, journalist
 * Vrind (1643–1723), Braj bhasha poet

Y

 * Yashpal (1903–1976), novelist, author, Jhutha Sach (The False Truth, 1958–1960)

title: List of Hindi authors


text:
Monetary Authority of Macao

The Monetary Authority of Macao (Autoridade Monetária de Macau, AMCM) is the currency board and the de facto central bank of Macau. The regulatory institution was established on December 20, 1999, upon the transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to the People's Republic of China as the Macau Special Administrative Region.

History
It was formerly known as the "Monetary and Foreign Exchange Authority of Macao" (Autoridade Monetaria e Cambial de Macau, AMCM), which was established on 1 July 1989.

According to Decree-law No. 14/96/M of 11 March, the Monetary Authority of Macao carries the following major statutory duties:

 * To advise and assist the Chief Executive in formulating and applying monetary, financial, exchange rate and insurance policies;
 * To guide, co-ordinate and oversee the monetary, financial, foreign exchange and insurance markets, ensure their smooth operation and supervise the actions of those operating within them according to the terms established in the regulatory statutes governing each respective area;
 * To monitor internal monetary stability and the external solvency of the local currency, ensuring its full convertibility;
 * To exercise the functions of a central monetary depository and manage the territory's currency reserves and other foreign assets;
 * To monitor the stability of the financial system.

Offices
The head offices in order:
 * 6 Avenida da República
 * Avenida Sidónio Pais, which later housed the Macau Polytechnic Institute
 * St. Raphael Hospital (built 1939 ), served as the head office from 1990 to 1999 - now Consulate-General of the Portuguese Republic in Macao
 * The head office at 45 Rua Pedro Nolasco da Silva opened on 26 September 1991.
 * Current: 24-26 Calçada do Gaio, São Lázaro (and the former Convent of the Precious Blood or Convento do Precioso Sangue) 1999–present - next to Escola Leng Nam

Chairman

 * Anselmo Teng (丁連星)
 * Chan Sau San (陳守信)

title: Monetary Authority of Macao


text:
Talk:Korean Empire

View of Jack London? Relevance?
There's a section mentioning the very racist opinion of an American novelist that visited Imperial Korea... I'm really not sure what this adds to the article, why is his opinion important enough to warrant a mention? It doesn't describe any particularly notable feelings of America or the Western world at large towards Korea in any detailed way. One could replace the nouns with any country and it would fit the racism of the time. Articles on other countries of the era don't break for the opinion of a tourist.

"London said that if Western foreigner visit Korea, there would be two impulses. First is killing the Koreans and second is committing suicide. London said that Koreans are weak, lazy, strong to the weak, and unnecessary curiosities.[18]"

Seriously? This isn't worth being in this Wikipedia article. 2001:1970:54DD:5100:4D76:3DAA:3EE2:4336 (talk) 20:16, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

English language check
There are many English language issues in the current article. Edits are needed. 172.58.160.33 (talk) 07:26, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

Foreign Affairs section
What about adding some more details in this section? E.g. listing the different countries that they signed treaties with and showing how increasingly they got less unequal? Also the establishment of embassies and sending diplomatic envoys is not mentioned here. The part about Russia is apt but leaves out the Chinese, American, British, and Japanese relations with Korea. 182.221.247.146 (talk) 15:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean Empire


text:
Accademia Filarmonica

The Accademia Filarmonica may refer to:

 * The Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna
 * The Accademia Filarmonica di Verona

title: Accademia Filarmonica


text:
User:Marcus-e

Hiya! I'm Marcus. Pleased to meet you.

For more info, check out http://marcus.pixelmagic.nu/

Stuff

 * Computers
 * Linux
 * Programming
 * C/C++
 * PHP
 * Python
 * KDE/Qt

 * Anime
 * Neon Genesis Evangelion
 * Transformers
 * Last Exile

 * Games
 * Final Fantasy

 * The Universe

More as it develops.

title: User:Marcus-e


text:
Iraqi Council

Iraqi Council may refer to:

 * Council of Representatives of Iraq, the unicameral legislature of Iraq
 * Iraqi Governing Council, the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003, to June 1, 2004
 * Iraqi National Dialogue Council, a Sunni Islamist political party initially established as an umbrella organization of approximately ten smaller Sunni parties to take part in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution drafting process
 * Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq), the ultimate decision-making body in Iraq before the 2003 Invasion of Iraq

title: Iraqi Council


text:
Sultan Khan

Sultan Khan may refer to:

 * Sultan Khan (chess player) (1903–1966), Indian chess player
 * Sultan Khan (musician) (1940–2011), Indian sarangi player
 * Sultan Mohammed Khan (1919–2010), Pakistani civil servant and British India Army officer
 * Sultan Mohammad Khan (politician) (born 1980), Pakistani politician in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 * Sultan Muzaffar Khan, sultan of Kashmir
 * Sultan Said Khan, medieval ruler of East Turkestan
 * Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Uyghur ruler

title: Sultan Khan


text:
Talk:Norman Borlaug

Green Revolution problems
This article makes it sound like perfection. I was taught by professors that the disadvantages of the Green Revolution was that the new plants were more suseptible to disease. So if it work, it worked well. If it failed, it failed worse than the old crops. President of Chicago (talk) 04:22, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * That may or may not be true, but even so, a chance that a crop will fail occasionally is far better than chronically inadequate harvests. Life is a crap-shoot, high-yield farming greatly improves the odds

 * Not that they are more susceptible to disease in general but that monocultured crops are more vulnerable when a disease does hit since they are all equally susceptible; a more diverse crop usually means that some plants will survive. Surprisingly this topic is not covered at all at monoculture except for an external link!  --71.174.165.63 (talk) 05:53, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * indeed it isnt, am adding section to Monoculture now about monocultured crops being more vunerable to a disease if one does strike.Philman132 (talk) 11:13, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

President of Chicago is indicative of the problem Wikipedia faces: the ability for someone with a rudimentary education to pontificate on something with no credible basis to support it outside of "my professor told me". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.72.135.171 (talk) 02:08, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Does this comment fall within the guidelines? In any event, the original comment is not indicative of a problem with Wikipedia. This poster has not changed anything, but merely asked a question, which resulted in clarification. The poster may have expertise in another area. You don't know that he or she doesn't. We don't know anything about this person's educational level. To the extent that someone raises questions about areas they don't understand, they serve the function of showing us what the typical readers see. Many times, such perspectives can show us what needs to be made clearer. Ileanadu (talk) 18:11, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

I'm confused about some of the areas in Criticism: The intro material says he helped created disease resistant wheat, but the Criticism section says that he was criticized for increasing herbicide use due to herbicide resistant crops. Wouldn't disease resistant crops require less herbicide? In any event, nothing in the article indicates that herbicide use increased, unless this is one part of large industrial farming. Similarly, the Criticism section mentions the economic effects of using "inorganic fertilizer and pesticides," but nothing in the sections prior to criticism mention anything other than the section on Dwarfing which mentions the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer can be organic or inorganic. Did Borlaug insist that inorganic fertilizers and pesticides be used? Only in a later section - on Africa - is any possibly inorganic fertilizer mentioned:
 * Visiting Ethiopia in 1994, Jimmy Carter won Prime Minister Meles Zenawi's support for a campaign seeking to aid farmers, using the fertilizer diammonium phosphate and Borlaug's methods.

I also don't see from the article how Borlaug's work resulted in (or increased the drive to) industrial farming. There's no reason the crops could not be planted and harvested by local farms, except for the [mention of] resistance from native populations. Borlaug worked directly with governments and a lot of his work was funded by the Rockefeller foundation. Were they the ones who implemented Borlaug's methods through industrial farming or was that something Borlaug did? The quote above suggests that in Ethiopia at least, Borlaug's methods were introduced via local farmers. There are facts that missing here to make the link between what Borlaug is described as doing in the article and how this led to large industrial farms. There's no foundation laid to be able to understand nor evaluate several of the criticisms. Ileanadu (talk) 18:11, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Honorary Degree Awarded by Dakota Wesleyan University
Norman Borglaug received an honorary degree from Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, South Dakota, in December, 2008. It was awarded in a private ceremony at his home. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.176.121.49 (talk) 15:29, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Graphs
It is a shame that the graphs have a 500kg/Ha baseline instead of 0. Also they might be better in Tonnes/HA, decreasing the number of digits. Rich Farmbrough, 12:25, 17 September 2009 (UTC).
 * Except it is neither Ha (which appears on the graph as well as in Farmbrough's usage) nor HA (Farmbrough), and you shouldn't use a slash with spelled out word. Starting at 0 t/ha rather than 0.5 t/ha would be less misleading; that still hasn't been fixed.  Gene Nygaard (talk) 00:29, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Criticisms?
Given the controversy surrounding the Green Revolution and GMO, there should be a section outlining the criticisms of Borlaug's work and research. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.58.81.248 (talk) 02:42, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion to improve accuracy
May I request some help with an edit of mine that was reverted due to my COI because I work for the organization mentioned - IRRI. It relates to the last paragraph in the Expansion to South Asia: the Green Revolution section. The information as presented may give the impression it was only Borlaug involved in developing semi-dwarf rice, which does not accurately reflect the very significant role others played. It is captured a bit better on the Green_Revolution page under history. This non-IRRI source seems to capture it well too I think and another source written by someone around at the time is the IRRI-published book An adventure in applied science - see page 53, for mention of who was responsible. Sophie Clayton (talk) 06:57, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I have reworded the passage slightly, in a way i think is consistent with the cited source, but which also (I think) gives greater emphasis to the collective nature of the endeavor. -- [ UseTheCommandLine  ~/ talk  ]# ▄ 09:15, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * UseTheCommandLine I'm not sure your edit is accurate. It doesn't make sense to credit colleagues at CGIAR with developing the first high-yielding rice because the first high-yielding rice was released in 1966 (as per this book's foreword and this 2013 science paper and this older paper from 1999 to name a couple) which is before CGIAR was formed in 1970. Your source for this edit is not online so I can't see what it says, nor can I verify the involvement of Hunan Rice Research Institute elsewhere (I'll keep looking!), but aside from that would it be possible to to cross reference this paragraph with other online sources? Sophie Clayton (talk) 08:53, 19 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You're going to have to wait for someone who knows this material to come along. All I did was change the wording (very slightly) of what the article said before you changed it. I don't know enough about the subject to be competent to evaluate your evidence. -- [ UseTheCommandLine  ~/ talk  ]# ▄ 09:00, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Norman Borlaug was biologist not agronomist, check here
.......Immediately before and immediately after receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937, he worked for the U.S. Forestry Service at stations in Massachusetts and Idaho. Returning to the University of Minnesota to study plant pathology, he received the master's degree in 1939 and the doctorate in 1942.

From 1942 to 1944, he was a microbiologist on the staff of the du Pont de Nemours Foundation where he was in charge of research on industrial and agricultural bactericides, fungicides, and preservatives.......

He achieved a B.Sc in Science not in agronomy

It's declared also in Nobel Prize biography: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-bio.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.5.238.156 (talk) 09:26, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Widespread starvation/famine, in India? need sourcing
I would like to emphasize the need for fact-checking and/or reliable sourcing on this statement:

"During the mid-1960s, the Indian subcontinent was at war and experiencing widespread famine and starvation, even though the U.S. was making emergency shipments of millions of tons of grain, including over one fifth of its total wheat, to the region."

The citation-needed tag is from 2012, and my informal Google research tells me there were serious food shortages in Bihar state in the mid 1960s (1966 in particular) but nothing that would be called a widespread famine or starvation as claimed in the content.

Note that there is a source at the end of that sentence, but it's a bio piece on Borlaug. I would like to see an uninvolved source (not about Borlaug) sourcing the claim of widespread famine in India in the mid-1960s, if that is correct factually, and specify the years more accurately if so, as that should be very specifically available information. Otherwise, i would like to remove or tone down the content to be more accurate.

My sense is that there is a story being told here in favor of Borlaug as being a hero of humanity, and in service of this story, some reality is being distorted to paint a picture. We ought to be on guard against such bias if that is the case. SageRad (talk) 13:31, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Note that the assumed famine is not on this list of famines. SageRad (talk) 15:57, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I suggest reading the source, namely the third to last paragraph. It's from Science, so there's really no question we're dealing with a reliable source here for a biography and general related history. It documents there was famine on the subcontinent in 1966-67, the shipping of the wheat from the US, and the role the new variety played. I've removed the citation needed template and the mention of war since it's not really needed here. The Green Giant ref mentions war, but it's tangential. Kingofaces43 (talk) 16:00, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I reverted your removal of the cn tag because it appears to be a contentious edit, and discussion is underway here. That tag was there since 2012, and there is no immediate rush to remove it at this very moment just because i brought this topic to discussion. As you can tell, i am not satisfied by the existing sourcing, which is a 1970 hagiographic article on Borlaug, and i cannot find other sufficient evidence that there really was what would be called "widespread famine" in the "Indian subcontinent" in the mid 1960s. I would think some basic Google searching would find evidence for this huge event if it were seriously true as presented. It appears the article is not representing reality properly here, on my first glance, and i would appreciate if you'd take my concern more seriously. It has the appearance of following or hounding me, as you and i have had contentious interactions in the recent few months, as well. That's another reason for being a bit more cautious in your editing on this, after my bringing this point up. SageRad (talk) 16:23, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Okay. I have downloaded the Science article, the report on Borlaug by Lester Brown, and i find it does not support the content in the article, not even by a stretch. Therefore, you've either misread the source or are misrepresenting it here. The source specifically says: "One need only recall the close brush with famine on the Indian-Pakistan subcontinent in 1966 and 1967, a famine that was averted only by shipping one-fifth of the U.S. wheat crop to India, and the projection of massive famine in Asia in the 1970's, to realize that the new seeds are a godsend." Keep in mind, this is not a peer-reviewed article. It's a report on Borlaug written by one author who appears to have a strong agenda to present in the piece. The piece appears hagiographic in tone and nature, and to be biased to present reality in a way that forwards an agenda. It being in Science does not make it the last word on the subject, and it is not a peer-reviewed article. It's a product of the time, the year 1970, and reflects that mindset. It also does not establish the claim that there was widespread famine on the Indian subcontinent in the mid 1960s, so the claim is not sufficiently sourced and actually should be removed immediately. SageRad (talk) 16:35, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * First, please refrain from WP:ASPERSIONS, especially since your behavior is being discussed at ArbCom. Best to WP:FOC with that in mind.
 * The content was sourced, so there was nothing more to discuss here in terms of the tag. The source documents that famine/food shortages were a problem at that time in that area. Keep in mind that we do not require peer-reviewed sources for biographic content or general history of this type. Science is one of the most reputable journals out there, has fact checking, etc, so that makes it a higher quality source than say most newspapers. If you really want to go forward with the idea that the source isn't reliable for the content, you are more than welcome to bring this up WP:RSN. Kingofaces43 (talk) 17:06, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * What aspersions do you refer to? Please be specific.

 * The source definitely does not support the claims. I quoted the source and the quote does not support the content in the article. SageRad (talk) 17:34, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Given that this tends to be a low traffic article in the time I've had it on my watchlist, I went ahead and posted at RSN. [] Kingofaces43 (talk) 17:51, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * The issue is not whether Science is a reliable source, but rather that the source does not support the content as written. So it's not a sourcing issue. And over at RS noticeboard, you completely misrepresented this conflict. SageRad (talk) 18:05, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

undent: I've fixed it. The 5th of wheat is cited to the science article, though the more I read of it the less I'm sure of it's reliability...but don't think that stat is disputed, the not-widespreadness is linked to the full article on the famine/near famine, which has numerous excellent sources. 78.144.221.190 (talk) 19:24, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Further note, I see other examples of statement that simply aren't backed up by the source. Dunno if there's some kinda environmentalist/GMO pov stuff going on here, and I don't care enough to investigate further. The whole section seems a little sensationalist & misleading. 78.144.221.190 (talk) 19:36, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks, IP user, looks good to me. SageRad (talk) 19:37, 8 October 2015 (UTC)
 * In the future, please be much more clear on what you're actually looking to do with content. Your language above indicates that the source couldn't be used to indicate the famine occurred or what was done to alleviate it, and we have a very different content outcome that you are saying looks good. That being said, there are issues with the current language because just calling it a minor famine doesn't convey the detail about the major initial food shortage that was alleviated by aid and other methods. Context will be important for expanding this piece of content, but I'm leaving that be until ArbCom is wrapped up. Kingofaces43 (talk) 21:30, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Kingofaces43, i agree that clarity is useful. In this case, i wasn't clear what to do about the content, but i had simply flagged that it seemed problematic based on my reading, and made this comment on the talk page. I am glad we at least improved the article through this dialogue. Thought it may have been a bit rough and a few misunderstandings arose, i think this process worked eventually. SageRad (talk) 22:22, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

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Lives saved
There seems to be provided no trustworthy source for the number of lives saved being over a billion. ScienceHeroes.com says about 300 million. Shouldn't the number be changed to 295 million lives? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.167.170.110 (talk) 14:23, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

An agency founded in 1935 enabled Borlaug to enroll in 1933
According to the article as it stood, "Through a Depression-era program known as the National Youth Administration, he was able to enroll at the University of Minnesota in 1933." For the moment, I've removed that statement from this article. According to Wikipedia, the Roosevelt administration established that agency in 1935.
 * Wordsmith (talk) 03:25, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

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New Borlaug biography
There's a new biography of Borlaug, with the focus on the Mexican wheat-breeding project, in Charles C. Mann's 2018 book The Wizard and the Prophet: Two Remarkable Scientists and Their Dueling Visions to Shape Tomorrow's World. It will fill some holes and cites in our biography, and I'll try to add those before my copy has to go back to the library. Borlaug is the titular "Wizard", and the bio of Borlaug and colleagues is by far the best part of the new book. --Pete Tillman (talk) 22:50, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Support for pesticide use
Hi What is tendentious about this? Invasive Spices (talk) 17:21, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

The source doesn't establish that the opposition was widespread enough to justify a mention. Pablo Stafforini (talk) 12:52, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll second that in that it seemed to be reaching a bit in my glance over. Is there something in the source that really puts that piece of content front and center for Borlaug? KoA (talk) 14:39, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Look who it is again. Only so many hours in the day and yet here you are, "You were wrong to say Borlaug faced opposition". Why are you spending so many of your few edits in this manner? Interesting that you are interested in what the source said. You are listening to someone else. That's good to see. Invasive Spices (talk) 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You're pinging me from a 4 month old comment, and these comments are especially inappropriate for an article talk page. Please follow talk page policy per WP:TPNO and WP:FOC. KoA (talk) 00:12, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm a little baffled. The source is an AR, a biographical AR about Borlaug. Its mention is sufficient to establish that it was worth mentioning. Invasive Spices (talk) 19:42, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Here's the text itself from the source: Although Borlaug was a leader, who commanded loyalty, he did not particularly foster leadership. Each style has its time and place. Inevitably, as a man of such strong convictions, combined with extraordinary achievements, he was to attract a loyal following and a band of fierce critics, many of whom attacked him for his defense of DDT and other pesticides (13) and his open espousal of biotechnology (14). He gave scant concessions to either group.
 * Looking at the overall AR, this seems like a minor footnote. If there was more depth behind that comment rather than a one-liner, then I'd be more apt to say it warrants WP:DUE mention. Otherwise, I'm left wondering specifics like what kind of pesticide use did he support, what were the nuances of what he supported about DDT (there were blanket use camps back in the day vs. those who mentioned narrow niches for it while agreeing with the problems it has), etc. KoA (talk) 04:47, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
 * We see you are quoting Sanjaya Rajaram and elaborating upon the general subject of Rajaram's words. What else should we see here? Invasive Spices (talk) 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * About four months later, I'd say there doesn't seem to be much more I could add to my above comment that goes into those details. It still seems like passing mention unless other sources are creating more depth on this subject. KoA (talk) 22:57, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Nutrients
Is it true that the higher-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties Borlaug introduced are lower in nutrients and higher in starch than earlier varieties of wheat? Source 173.88.246.138 (talk) 21:58, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norman Borlaug