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Thiene

Thiene is a city and comune in the province of Vicenza, in northern Italy, located approximately 75 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan.

The city has an active and lively industrial sector, composed mainly of small to medium-sized companies.

The Centro Europeo per i Mestieri del Patrimonio is located at Villa Fabris.

This wealthy community has recently been the destination of numerous immigrants, primarily from Morocco, Asia and Central Europe.

History
Of ancient Roman origin, it was acquired by the Visconti of Padua in the Middle Ages. Later it was a free commune, and subsequently part of the Republic of Venice.

Economy
Once Volare Group had its head office in Thiene.

Main sights
Landmarks include:
 * Palazzo Porto Colleoni Thiene (called The Castle, and also villa), built in the 15th century according to late Venetian-Gothic style. The main façade is characterized by a central portico with mullioned windows flanked by towers with merlons. The interior has frescoes by Giovanni Antonio Fasolo with Giovanni Battista Zelotti.
 * Villa Thiene Cornaggia -Gothic architecture palace from the 15th century.
 * Villa Beregan Cunico (17th century).
 * Duomo -Baroque style Cathedral of Thiene
 * San Vincenzo - Romanesque Gothic church dating to 1333; frescoes depicting the life of St Vincent date to 15th century.
 * Oratory of the Natività della Vergine - small gothic jewel of a church.

Notable people

 * Arturo Ferrarin (1895 - 1941), famous Italian aviator
 * Franco Dal Maso (born 1942), retired Italian professional football player
 * Davide Rigon (born 1986), Italian racing driver
 * Thomas Ceccon (born 2001), Italian swimmer, current world record holder in the long course 100 metre backstroke with a time of 51.60 seconds

title: Thiene


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HMAS Supply (AO 195)

HMAS Supply (AO 195) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Originally named Tide Austral and intended to be the first ship of a post-World War II Royal Australian Fleet Auxiliary, manpower and financial shortages meant that when the Belfast-built ship was launched in 1955, she could not be accepted into Australian service. Instead, she was loaned to the RFA, operating RFA Tide Austral (A99). In August 1962, the ship was commissioned directly into the RAN, then renamed a month later to HMAS Supply. Supply operated as part of the RAN until her decommissioning at the end of 1985.

Design, construction, and acquisition
In the early 1950s, the RAN considered acquiring a fleet tanker to support their forces. It was suggested that Australia order a Tide-class replenishment oiler from the United Kingdom (the Royal Navy having ordered three ships of the design), as the backlog of Navy construction in Australian dockyards would prevent an Australian-built tanker from entering service until at least the late 1950s. The tanker was to be the first ship of a post-war Royal Australian Fleet Auxiliary, would be manned by merchant seafarers to reduce demand on RAN service personnel, and would reduce the RAN's dependency on foreign fuel suppliers. The acquisition was approved by the Defence Committee and the Cabinet of Australia in August 1951, with the order placed by the end of the year.

The ship, which was to be named RAFA Tide Austral, was laid down by Harland and Wolff Limited at Belfast in Northern Ireland on 5 August 1952, and launched on 1 September 1954. The tanker was completed at the start of 1955, at a cost of £A3.13 million: 20% over the forecast price. However, financial difficulties and a manpower shortage meant that the RAN could not operate the ship, and efforts to find a merchant operator were unsuccessful. Efforts to sell the ship to another navy or a civilian operator also failed, but in March 1955, the British Admiralty offered to take Tide Austral on loan and operate her as part of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

RFA service
The tanker was operated by the British Admiralty with a civilian crew as a Royal Fleet Auxiliary under the name Tide Austral from 1955 to 1962. Her service under Admiralty control included various charter periods, including two years (1956–58) when she was employed at the Admiralty's discretion, operating in direct payment of a debt incurred for the taking over of Shell Tankers Ltd building berths.

RAN acquisition
In 1962, the ship was purchased by Australia and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy on 15 August 1962, under her original name. She was renamed HMAS Supply on 7 September 1962 in a ceremony presided over by the wife of Rear Admiral Otto Becher, the Australian Naval Representative in the United Kingdom.

RAN service
During her Australian service, Supply, accompanied initially by Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) frigate HMNZS Otago, and later by RNZN frigate HMNZS Canterbury, sailed to Moruroa Atoll in official protest of the French Canopus atmospheric nuclear test. On 27 December 1974, Supply sailed from Sydney as part of Operation Navy Help Darwin; a 13-ship relief force sent to Darwin following Cyclone Tracy. In 1975, Supply was present for the proclamation of Papua New Guinea's independence from Australia, and later for the bicentennial of the United States of America's independence from Britain.

On 8 September 1980, Supply joined five other RAN vessels to form the Australia Squadron. The Squadron, which included HMA Ships HMAS Melbourne (R21), HMAS Perth (D 38), HMAS Derwent (DE 49), HMAS Stalwart (D 215), and HMAS Otama spent two months in the Indian Ocean as part of a flag-showing cruise; the largest RAN deployment since World War II.

Fate
HMAS Supply paid off on 16 December 1985, and was replaced by HMAS Success (AOR 304).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMAS Supply (AO 195)


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Peter McGill

Peter McGill (August 1789 – September 28, 1860) was a Scots-Quebecer businessman who served as the second mayor of Montreal, Canada East from 1840 to 1842.

Biography
He was born Peter McCutcheon in the village of Creebridge, Wigtownshire (now Dumfries and Galloway) in Scotland. His parents were John McCutcheon and his second wife, Mary McGill. In 1821, he changed his name when he became the heir of his uncle John McGill, at the latter's request.

McGill held a seat in the Legislative Council of Lower Canada from 1832 to 1837, the Special Council of Lower Canada from 1838 to 1841, and the Legislative Council of the United Provinces from 1841 to 1860.

McGill served as president of the Bank of Montreal from 1834 to 1860. He founded the first railway company in Canada in 1834. It is he, rather than James McGill, who is depicted in the stained-glass mural in the McGill station of the Montreal metro, even though the station is named for its proximity to McGill University.

McGill was St. Andrew's Society of Montreal’s first president.

Rue Peter-McGill in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough is named after him.

On his passing in 1860, Peter McGill was interred in Montreal's Mount Royal Cemetery. McGill had three sons with two surviving him:

 * Snydeham Clitheroe McGill 1841-?? - joined as Ensign with the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment (1859), Cheshire Regiment before becoming Staff-Adjutant (1883-1900) and also as acting Commandant at Royal Military College.

 * John Shuter Davenport McGill 1839-?? - born in Montreal but spent rest of his life in England and served in the British Army's 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps

title: Peter McGill


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Cathaya

Cathaya is a genus in the pine family, Pinaceae, with one known living species, Cathaya argyrophylla. Cathaya is a member of the subfamily Laricoideae, most closely related to Pseudotsuga and Larix. A second species, C. nanchuanensis, is now treated as a synonym, as it does not differ from C. argyrophylla in any characters.

Cathaya is confined to a limited area in southern China, in the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and southeast Sichuan. It is found on steep, narrow mountain slopes at 950–1800 m altitude, on limestone soils. A larger population has been reduced by over-cutting before its scientific discovery and protection in 1950.

The leaves are needle-like, 2.5–5 cm long, have ciliate (hairy) margins when young, and grow around the stems in a spiral pattern. The cones are 3–5 cm long, with about 15–20 scales, each scale bearing two winged seeds.

One or two botanists, unhappy with the idea of a new genus in such a familiar family, tried to shoehorn it into other existing genera, as Pseudotsuga argyrophylla and Tsuga argyrophylla. It is however very distinct from both of these genera, and these combinations are not now used.

The Butchart Gardens in Victoria, British Columbia had a small living specimen. The tree died in 2017.

Whistling Gardens in Wilsonville, Ontario has a young specimen in its plant collection.

Hoyt Arboretum in Portland, Oregon has a specimen in its collection. Hoyt’s tree is propagated from a tree that was probably imported illegally back in the 1990s.

Fossil record
Cathaya sp. fossils are described from the early Pleistocene of southern Portugal. They are abundant in European brown coal deposits dating from between 10 and 30 million years ago.

title: Cathaya


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Maximum PC

Maximum PC, formerly known as boot, is an American magazine and website published by Future US. It focuses on cutting-edge PC hardware, with an emphasis on product reviews, step-by-step tutorials, and in-depth technical briefs. Component coverage areas include CPUs, motherboards, core-logic chipsets, memory, videocards, mechanical hard drives, solid-state drives, optical drives, cases, component cooling, and anything else to do with recent tech news. Additional hardware coverage is directed at smartphones, tablet computers, cameras and other consumer electronic devices that interface with consumer PCs. Software coverage focuses on games, anti-virus suites, content-editing programs, and other consumer-level applications.

Prior to September 1998, the magazine was called boot. boot and sister magazine MacAddict (now Mac | Life) launched in September 1996, when Future US shut down CD-ROM Today.

In March 2016, Future US announced that the Maximum PC website would be merged with PCGamer.com, appearing as the hardware section of the website from that point forward. The magazine was not affected by this change. Browsing to the http://MaximumPC.com/forum site no longer forwards to the forums and instead forwards to the Hardware section of PCGamer.com.

The final shipped print issue of Maximum PC was the April 2023 edition. New issues will continue being distributed through digital magazine formats.

Product reviews
Product ratings are rendered by editors on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the best. The only product to receive an "11" rating was Half-Life 2 in January 2005, raising some objections from readers.

Outstanding products are also given a "Kick Ass" award. Exceptional products with a "9" rating and all products with a "10" rating receive this award.

Each review also includes a "Pros and Cons" section, providing a quick summary of the product. Shortly after the "Pros and Cons" first appeared, the editors began attaching humorous notations to their entries, many being puns or word play on the product itself or its function. For example, in a review of two monitors, one section is captioned LCD (pros) vs. LSD (cons). In another it is liquid crystal (pros) vs. crystal meth (cons). Other "Pros and Cons" comparisons have used B-58 vs. XB-70, Miley Cyrus vs. Billy Ray Cyrus, Delicious vs. Malicious, 3dfx Voodoo2 vs. 3dfx Voodoo3, Nvidia RIVA 128 vs. Nvidia RIVA TNT, AA Batteries vs. D Batteries, Fast Times at Ridgemont High vs. The Fast and the Furious, PCB vs. QVC, Counter-Strike vs. Hexen II, Matrix vs. Matrix Reloaded, 10012 vs. 90210, Mars vs. SARS, Comedy Central vs. Lifetime, QWERTY vs. DVDRAM, Jimi Hendrix vs. Jimmy Fallon, Liberty Bell vs. Taco Bell, KVM, vs. Kia, Form Factor vs. Fear Factor, Nvidia vs. Chlamydia, RAID 1 vs. Police raid, Fat Tire Ale vs. Budweiser, College vs. The Real World, and Powered Sub vs. Togo's Sub.

Notable features

 * How To – detailed guides for things like creating a RAM disk or sharing a mouse and keyboard between two PCs.
 * Ask the Doctor – advice for fixing computer-related problems.
 * R&D – a look into the inner workings of commonly used hardware today.
 * In the Lab – a behind-the-scenes look at Maximum PC testing. This section often includes humorous features sometimes involving "torturing" interns.
 * Softy Awards – a yearly roundup of the staff's favorite new software (mostly utilities)
 * Facebook poll – A monthly question about anything to do with tech. It includes comments from readers that are usually funny.
 * Quickstart – a selection of brief news items bringing readers up to speed on notable events in PC technology.
 * Comments – reader mail and questions
 * Dream Machine – an annual attempt to build the best-performing PC on the market, using the best components and techniques available.
 * Build It – a monthly walk-through of a new and interesting PC build, such as a computer submerged in mineral oil.
 * Geek Quiz – an annual computer/technology quiz that claims it will have even the most hardcore geeks grinding their teeth.
 * Gear of the Year – a review of the best PC parts for the current year.
 * Tech Preview – an annual sneak-peek of upcoming hardware.

Circulation
The magazine claims a 2010 circulation rate-base of 250,000.

Maximum PC also provides an archive of back-issues in PDF format free of charge on their website. This archive currently reaches back to the December, 2003 issue although nothing new has been published since the October 2014 issue.

All but a few of the Maximum PC issues published from October 1998 to December 2008 are available to view on various archival websites, such as Google Book Search.

Staff

 * Editor-in-Chief: Guy Cocker
 * Staff Writers: Christian Guyton, Sam Lewis

Maximum PC also has many freelance contributors, including Ian Evenden, Kris Butterill, Chris Lloyd, Jarred Walton, John Knight, Alex Cox, Neil Mohr, Phil Iwanuik, and Matt Hanson.

Maximum Tech
In September 2010, the Maximum PC editors started producing a quarterly magazine focusing on consumer tech. The basic idea of Maximum PC "Minimum BS" would be preserved in the magazine. The last issue of Maximum Tech was the Sept/Oct 2011 issue.

Italian edition
An Italian edition of Maximum PC was launched in December 2004 by Future Media Italy, the Italian division of Future Publishing, and ceased publishing after only six issues.

title: Maximum PC


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Bloc Québécois leadership elections

Lucien Bouchard, the first leader of the Bloc Québécois, was elected by acclamation by the MPs who formed the Bloc in 1990. When the party held its first convention in April 1995, his leadership was ratified by the delegates.

1996 BQ leadership election
The Bloc Québécois leadership election in 1996 was an election to replace Lucien Bouchard after he left the Bloc Québécois to become Premier of Quebec. The vote was conducted among members of the party's directorate rather than by all members of the party. Michel Gauthier won the election and became Leader of the Official Opposition.

1997 BQ leadership election
The Bloc Québécois leadership election in 1997 was held to elect a replacement for Michel Gauthier. The leadership election was conducted by a one member, one vote (OMOV) process involving all party members. Voters were asked to list their first, second and third choices on the ballot. Gilles Duceppe won the leadership election.

2011 BQ leadership election
Gilles Duceppe resigned as party president and leader immediately after the 2011 federal election in which the Bloc lost 44 of its 47 seats, including Duceppe's. Daniel Paillé was declared the winner of the subsequent leadership election on December 11, 2011, defeating Maria Mourani on the second ballot with 61.28% of the vote. A third candidate, Jean-Francois Fortin, was defeated on the first ballot.

2014 BQ leadership election
In 2014, Mario Beaulieu defeated André Bellavance for the leadership, winning 53.5% of the vote compared to Bellavance's 46.5%.

2017 BQ leadership election
Following Gilles Duceppe's second resignation after the 2015 federal election, Rhéal Fortin was appointed interim leader.

Martine Ouellet, a member of the Quebec National Assembly and former Parti Québécois cabinet minister and leadership candidate was acclaimed BQ leader on March 18, 2017.

2019 BQ leadership election
Martine Ouellet resigned on June 11, 2018, after receiving 32% support from a leadership review. Mario Beaulieu was appointed interim leader. Yves-François Blanchet was declared leader in January 2019 after running unopposed for the leadership role.

title: Bloc Québécois leadership elections


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Wireless Institute of Australia

The Wireless Institute of Australia (WIA) was formed in 1910, and is the first and oldest national amateur radio society in the world. It represents the amateur radio operators of Australia as the AR "peak body" in dealings with the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), the authority under the government of Australia that administers communications within and external to Australia. The WIA publishes a bi-monthly journal for its membership called Amateur Radio. The organisation is the national society representing Australia in the International Amateur Radio Union. The WIA holds regular meetings with the ACMA to inform the Authority on matters concerning the Australian amateur radio community.

Origins of the WIA
The WIA today is a single integrated nation-wide body formed at the request of the federal regulator in 2004 to create a single focal point for Amateur Service representation. Originally it commenced as separate though collegiate state-based organisations. Throughout most of its history it was a federation of these state bodies. It traces its origins to the formation in 1910 of the New South Wales Institute of Telegraphy. The Wireless Institute of Victoria was established in 1911. Next came the short-lived Wireless Institute of Queensland, which held its first meeting in May 1912. The Western Australia Radio Club was formed shortly before first World War I.

The WIA and the ITU World Radio Conference (WRC) Representation
The WIA is the Australian "peak" radio amateur society being the sole national organisation recognised by the IARU. The WIA has existed for over 100 years (since 1910), and is a foundation member of the IARU (Region 3). The IARU represents Radio Amateur Service and their global spectrum allocations with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The ITU, originally the International Telegraph Union, is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies. The WRC is held every 3 or 4 years to discuss global terrestrial and satellite communications and agree the global assignment and use of RF Spectrum. The WIA most recently attended the WRC-19 and WRC-21 as part of the Australian delegation at the invitation of the Australian Federal Department of Communications.

Governance
On 16 May 2004, the Annual General Meeting adopted a new constitution that established a national organisational structure (seven Directors with individual membership of persons in the national body) versus the former federal arrangement (membership held in state Divisions, and the Divisions having membership of the Federal body).

100th anniversary
The 100th anniversary of the WIA was commemorated in 2010. A special event callsign and station was established and used throughout 2010: callsign VK100WIA.

The Annual General Meeting was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, over 28–30 May 2010, and included an inspection of Black Mountain Tower, an ARISS contact with the International Space Station, operator astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson, and students from Trinity Christian School, Canberra, and a live broadcast of the weekly WIA news.

Training and licensing
The WIA conducts training sessions and has training materials for people wishing to become licensed amateur radio operators. For over 20 years, the WIA provided exam services for the Radio Amateur qualification, the AOCP. Under the ACMA deed 2009–2019, the testing utilised a system of accredited testers, and issued the authorisations for the ACMA to issue licences.

Between mid-1990 and Feb 2019, the WIA delivered amateur radio examinations, issued certificates and related callsign management services. In 2009 a Deed of Agreement was put in place between the ACMA and the WIA to cover these activities.

A Deed of Agreement was in place, Feb 2019 to Feb 2024, between the ACMA and the Australian Maritime College (AMC) to deliver amateur radio examinations, issue certificates and related callsign management. That Deed has now ended, and the ACMA has taken all previously outsourced activity back in house.

Emergency communication
The Wireless Institute Civil Emergency Network (WICEN) (pronounced 'Wy-sen') trains and rehearses amateur radio operators in amateur radio emergency communications for call-out in civil emergencies. It is organised by state and region, with autonomous bodies in each state linked to that jurisdiction's disaster plan. In most states, WICEN is organised by a committee of the WIA state organisation, but in New South Wales and Victoria, WICEN is separately incorporated. WICEN has been activated for various emergencies, notably in recent years the Black Saturday bushfires on 7 February 2009 in Victoria.

Contests
The WIA sponsors or conducts various Australian and Australasian radio contests.

Remembrance Day (RD) Contest
Amateur radio operators in Australia participate in the Remembrance Day Contest on the weekend nearest Victory in the Pacific Day, 15 August. The competition commemorates amateur radio operators who died during World War II and encourages friendly participation to help improve the operating skills of participants. The contest runs for 24 hours, from 0300 UTC on the Saturday (formerly 0800), preceded by a broadcast including a speech by a dignitary or notable Australian (such as the Prime Minister of Australia, Governor-General of Australia, or a military leader) and the reading of the names of amateur radio operators who are known to have died. It is organised by the WIA, with operators in each Australian state contacting operators in other states, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. A trophy is awarded to the state that can boast the greatest rate of participation, based on a formula including: number of operators, number of contacts made, and radio frequency bands used.

Amateur Radio
Since October 1933, the WIA has published a monthly magazine reporting upon its activities. The magazine is primarily intended for the members but is available at specialist retailers. From 2018 the publication schedule was altered to bimonthly.

Callbook
An Amateur Radio licence is a "broadcast" licence, with the requirement to regularly identify the station on-air by way of a callsign. A callbook lists these callsigns with related identification details. The first Australian callbook known to be published was in 1914, four years after the WIA was formed - with war-time gaps in publishing. Since 1954, the WIA has published its "Callbook" as part of a formal agreement with the communications regulator (then the PMG). The regulator then ceased publishing the call book.

The callbook lists the callsigns and contact details of all licensed Australian radio amateurs, together with a range of key information relevant to Australian amateur radio operators. The "Callbook" has typically been published on an annual basis. The licensee data was made available under exclusive arrangement with the regulator of the day (presently Australian Communications and Media Authority). In 2020, the ACMA advised the WIA to commence transitioning away from use of RRL data for callbooks.

Books
From time to time the WIA produces books on topics specific to Australian amateur radio. The most recent effort (2017) is Wireless Men & Women at War, edited by a team including the WIA historian Peter Wolfenden VK3RV.

Notable members of the WIA

 * Ernest Thomas Fisk (later Sir Ernest) - first President of the WIA, founder of AWA and pioneer of broadcasting
 * Charles Maclurcan - second President of the WIA, pioneer broadcaster through his station 2CM
 * Rev. John Flynn – founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service
 * Alfred Traeger – Australian radio pioneer
 * Florence Vi McKenzie ("Mrs Mac") – Australia's first woman electrical engineer, first licensed woman amateur radio operator, and the first female member of the Wireless Institute of Australia
 * Dick Smith VK2DIK – electronics entrepreneur and adventurer
 * Michael Owen VK3KI (SK) - Past President of the National WIA.

title: Wireless Institute of Australia


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5K

5K or 5-K may refer to:

 * 5K resolution, a display resolution with horizontal resolution on the order of 5,000 pixels
 * Gnome-Rhône 5K, a radial aircraft engine
 * 5000 metres, a long-distance running event in track and field
 * 5K run, a long-distance road running competition
 * Hi Fly (airline) (IATA airline designator)
 * Five Ks in Sikhism, five items that Khalsa Sikhs are commanded to wear at all times
 * Sander Kleinenberg Presents 5K, 2010 album by Dutch DJ Sander Kleinenberg
 * Nightmare of Eden (production code: 5K), a 1979 Doctor Who serial

title: 5K


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Manas

Manas may refer to:

Philosophy and mythology

 * Manas, the Pali and Sanskrit term for "mind"; see
 * Manas (early Buddhism)
 * Manas-vijnana, one of the eight consciousnesses taught in Yogacara Buddhism
 * Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Ramayana
 * Epic of Manas, a Kyrgyz epic poem with 500,000 lines

Toponymy

 * Manas River (Drangme Chhu) in southern Bhutan and northeastern India
 * Royal Manas National Park, a national park in Bhutan
 * Manas National Park, a national park in the state of Assam, India
 * Manas (urban-type settlement), an urban-type settlement in Karabudakhkentsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation
 * Manas, Drôme, a commune in Drôme département in France
 * Manas-Bastanous, a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France
 * Manas District, a district of Talas Province, Kyrgyzstan
 * Manas International Airport, an international airport near Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan
 * Transit Center at Manas, a United States Air Force base at the airport above
 * Manas District, Peru, in the Peruvian province of Cajatambo
 * Manas or Manasi River, a river in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China
 * Manas County, in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China
 * Manas Lake, a lake in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China
 * Manasarovar (Lake Manas), a lake in Tibet

Mañas (Spanish surname)

 * Achero Mañas (born 1966), Spanish film director
 * Fernando Llorente Mañas (born 1990), Spanish footballer
 * José Ángel Mañas (born 1971), Spanish writer
 * Pilar Mañas Brugat (born 1975), Spanish military officer

Armenian surname

 * Manas Family, an Ottoman-Armenian family
 * Edgar Manas (1875–1964), Turkish-Armenian composer, conductor and musicologist

Indian given name

 * Manas Bhunia, Indian politician
 * Manas Bihari Verma, Indian aeronautical scientist (1943–2021)
 * Manas Shah, Indian actor
 * Manas Kumar Mandal, is a scientist and psychologist of Delhi, India
 * Manas Mukherjee, Bengali music director
 * Manas Das, Indian footballer
 * Manas Chaudhuri, Indian politician
 * Manas Chakraborty, Musical artist

Other uses

 * 3349 Manas, a main-belt asteroid
 * Manas University, Kyrgyzstan
 * Manas International Public School, Jehanabad, Bihar, India
 * Manas Air, a defunct airline in Kyrgyzstan
 * MAN Türkiye A.Ş., stylized MANAŞ, MAN AG's truck and bus factory in Turkey
 * MANAS Journal, a weekly philosophical journal published in 1948–1988
 * Manas, a crablike Bionicle (Lego toy)

title: Manas


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Banu (name)

Banu, also spelled Bano, is a Persian name for girls popular in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries. It is also used in Turkey, Pakistan Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, India and Sri Lanka. It means "grand lady", "princess" or "queen" in Persian.

A very different word "Bhanu", meaning "Sun" in Sanskrit. The word is often simplified to "Banu" in certain pronunciations of the word in several Indian languages, notably in Tamil and Telugu.

Notable people with the name Banu or Bano include the following:

Given name

 * Nurbanu Sultan, wife of Ottoman Sultan Selim II
 * Banu Alkan (born 1958), Turkish-Croatian actress
 * Banu Avar (born 1955), Turkish author, journalist, news anchor, and political commentator
 * Banu Bargu, professor of History of Consciousness and Political Theory at the University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Aram Banu Begum (1584–1624), Mughal princess, the youngest daughter of Emperor Akbar from his wife Bibi Daulat Shad
 * Arjumand Banu Begum, Mughal Empress, the chief consort of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
 * Bahar Banu Begum (1590–1653), (meaning "The Blooming Lady"), Mughal princess, the daughter of Mughal emperor Jahangir
 * Bakshi Banu Begum (born 1540), Mughal princess, the second daughter of Emperor Humayun from his wife Gunwar Bibi
 * Dilras Banu Begum (1622–1657), the first wife and chief consort of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb
 * Hamida Banu Begum (1527–1604), wife of the second Mughal emperor Humayun and the mother of his successor
 * Hoshmand Banu Begum (born 1605), (meaning "The Prudent Lady"), Mughal princess, the daughter of Prince Khusrau Mirza
 * Ibn Banu, nominal governor of al-Bahrain for the Abbasid dynasty, serving there in 903
 * Jahanzeb Banu Begum (died 1705), Mughal princess and the chief consort of Muhammad Azam Shah
 * Nadira Banu Begum (1618–1659), Mughal princess and the wife of Crown prince Dara Shukoh
 * Nur Banu Özpak (born 1996), Turkish sport shooter
 * Parhez Banu Begum (1611–1675), Mughal princess, the first child and eldest daughter of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan from his first wife
 * Rahmat Banu Begum (born 1656), the first wife of titular Mughal Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah
 * Sakina Banu Begum (died 1604), Mughal princess, the daughter of Mughal emperor Humayun
 * Saliha Banu Begum (died 1620), Empress consort of the Mughal Empire as the wife of Emperor Jahangir
 * Shahar Banu Begum (1663 – ?), Empress consort of the Mughal Empire as the third (and last) wife of Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah
 * Banu Cennetoğlu, visual artist based in Istanbul
 * Banu Güven (born 1969), Turkish journalist
 * Husna Banu Khanam (1922–2006), Bangladeshi educationist, writer and Nazrul singer
 * Banu Onaral, Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical Engineering at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Raihan Akhter Banu Roni (born 1952), ex Member of Parliament of Bangladesh, leader of Bangladesh Nationalist Party(BNP)
 * Hamida Banu Shova, the founder and chairperson of Queens University, Bangladesh
 * Banu Subramaniam (born 1966), professor of women, gender and sexuality studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst
 * Meriç Banu Yenal (born 1988), Turkish female basketball player
 * Banu Parlak, Turkish pop singer
 * Banu Chichek, character in the Book of Dede Korkut
 * Bano Khalil Ahmed (born 1969), Pakistani politician
 * Bano Haralu, Indian journalist and a conservationist
 * Bano Qudsia (1928–2017), also known as Bano Aapa, Pakistani novelist, playwright and spiritualist
 * Bano Traoré (born 1985), Malian athlete

Surname

 * Constantin Banu (1873–1940), Romanian writer, journalist, Arts and Religious Affairs Minister in 1922–1923
 * Farhat Banu, member of the Dhaka Nawab family and member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly in British India
 * Florentin Banu, businessman from Timișoara
 * Gheorghe Banu (1889–1957), Romanian hygienist, Health Minister in the Octavian Goga government from December 1937 to March 1938
 * Grace Banu, Dalit and transgender activist
 * Gulzar Banu (born 1963), Indian politician and former Mayor of the Mangalore City Corporation, India
 * Hamida Banu, Indian athlete
 * Iksaka Banu (born 1964), Indonesian writer of comics and prose
 * Leila Arjumand Banu (1929–1995), Bangladeshi singer and social activist
 * Naseem Banu (1916–2002), Indian film actress
 * Rahima Banu (born 1972), the last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola major smallpox
 * Saira Banu (born 1943), Indian film actress and the wife of the film actor Dilip Kumar
 * Sayeda Motahera Banu, Bangladesh writer and winner of the Independence Day Award in 2001, the highest civilian award in Bangladesh
 * Selina Banu, Bangladeshi politician, social activist, and feminist
 * Tharika Banu, the first registered transgender person to complete her secondary education in Tamil Nadu
 * Arsénio Bano (born 1974), East Timorese politician
 * Fatima Bano, Indian wrestling coach
 * Franco Bano (born 1986), Argentinian footballer
 * Ilir Bano, Albanian politician
 * Iqbal Bano (1935–2009), Pakistani Ghazal singer
 * Jeelani Bano (born 1936), Indian Urdu writer
 * Khursheed Bano (1914–2001), Pakistani singer and actress
 * Noor Bano (politician), Indian politician
 * Saira Bano (born 1944), Indian actress
 * Shah Bano (born c. 1916), Indian feminist
 * Shamim Bano (1941–1984), Indian Pashtun actress

Arts and entertainment

 * Bano (novel), by Pakistani novelist Razia Butt

title: Banu (name)


text: Talk:Wizo

title: Talk:Wizo


text:
Free migration

Free migration or open immigration is the position that people should be able to migrate to whatever country they choose with few restrictions.

From a human-rights perspective, free migration may be seen to complement Article 13 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights:
 * 1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State.
 * 2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Free migration of war/political refugees
War-related chaos can lead to the breakdown of borders and allow for de facto free immigration. The natural attempts to flee strife, or escape a conquering enemy, can quickly lead to millions of refugees. Even where border controls are in place they can be overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of people. Once settled into refugee camps, these reluctant immigrants may take decades to be either repatriated back or naturalized into their new country. This has been the situation with the Palestinians in Jordan.

During the Cold War, a migration paradox arose in which some of the communist states forbade emigration, while the "Free World" would freely accept the defectors. This policy persists for Cubans and the Hmong, who are both allowed particular forms of free immigration to the United States based on their automatic refugee status.

Areas with free internal migration

 * The Citizens’ Rights Directive (Europe)
 * The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
 * The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
 * The Treaties of Friendship between India and Bhutan and between India and Nepal
 * The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement between New Zealand and Australia
 * The Compact of Free Association between the United States and the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau
 * The CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME in the Caribbean) (with restrictions)
 * Citizenship of the Mercosur (South America)
 * The Common Travel Area "between the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies (Bailiwick of Jersey, Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Isle of Man) and Ireland"
 * The Central America-4 Border Control Agreement between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua

Areas with free external migration
All people, regardless of citizenship are allowed to live and work in Svalbard without a visa or residence permit, as long as they demonstrate they are able to support themselves.

Spiritual perspectives on migration
Through numerous situations and encounters, immigration can be a test of mental fortitude rather than physical ability. In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is considered to be a guide to awakening and to the Pure Lands. "The Buddha declares that we are all bodhisattvas destined to attain full Awakening. It seems that each of us, then, is engaged in 'spiritual immigration'. The Buddha asserts that everyone is a bodhisattva, or a 'spiritual immigrant', who must attain various virtues which ultimately leads to prajnaparamita, or 'transcendent wisdom'. The existence of Buddhas and Mahasattvas—'great beings' who have achieved a high level on the path to awakening—have created various branches of belief like Mahayana Buddhism, which is a form of 'spiritual immigration'. "Buddhism is a type of immigration from the world of suffering to nirvana....We are all immigrants who, paradoxically, are seeking to and the land in which we already dwell". In terms of 'spiritual immigration', the path of the bodhisattva is a change of mental capacity rather than cosmic location.

According to Buddhist teaching, the purpose of a 'spiritual immigration' is to help guide the individual onto their future path. The Pure Land is the state of untainted mind: reaching this land of purity requires persistent effort and practice. Along the journey, individuals learn to envision their future as a land of opportunity. The intention of the pure land is to assure that the individual achieves their personal goals in life—the betterment of oneself in order to reach nirvana. Alongside these goals, practitioners also learn about the relationship of 'self' and 'others', resulting in the renewal of all beings. The concept of the pure lands enforces the idea of 'spiritual immigration' as a form of mental encouragement.

Migration is a spiritual journey that establishes a point of communication between the human and divine. Religious figures migrate from one place to another as immigrants: "In Christianity, God migrated to this world in the form of human Jesus; the Hindu God Krishna descended to earth to become a charioteer, a human being (Bhagavad Gita 1:20-47); and the Buddha 'becomes Awakened' when he became a wanderer and a stranger". Adherents believe that religious figures have travelled from an unpurified state to a purified state: Buddha traveled from his privileged life to a life of poverty to gain divinity and knowledge; therefore divine figures like Gautam Buddha viewed migration as purification. The Qur’an states that "they could migrate from their oppressed positions to another land of God".

The doctrine of Hijrah suggest that freedom of movement is a human right as well as a duty to God. Globalization affects religious perspectives on migration which seek to prevent the "destruction to the sanctity of human life and dignity". Religious figures like Buddha and Jesus practised "a theology of migration". According to adherents, immigrants should have the same rights as legal residents because world religions believe everyone is divine. It is also mentioned in the Qur’an that "strangers are entitled to the equal distribution of wealth". Despite the acquisition of wealth in verse 8:41, the Qur’an states that "know that one-fifth of your battle gains belongs to the God and the messenger, to close relatives and orphans or to the needy and travellers (strangers).”

According to Collier and Strain, the Roman Catholic Church has been helping migrants for decades. The Christian faith receives a sense of justice for migrants from Abrahamic faith traditions. Catholics follow these guidelines to help immigrants: "for all persons on the move". The reasons to help those on the move were established in 1952 when leaders of the Roman Catholic Church published written material that reinforced the teachings of the church. One of the quotes from the Bible used to justify hospitality is "when an alien resides with you in your land, you shall not oppress the alien. The alien who resides with you shall be to you as a citizen among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God" (Leviticus 19:33).

Strangers or those on the move should be treated equally, no less than anyone else. The modern nation state should open its borders because people may be migrating due to unfavorable circumstances. The Catholic Church believes everyone has a right to migrate to support their families; this idea of free migration allows "the human person [to precede] the state".” In some circumstances, the Church provides assistance to migrants and refugees. Some Catholic organizations offer educational activities on the legal process of immigration to the United States. Other types of aid include spiritual companionship, ESL classes for those who want to learn to speak better English, basic hygiene, and food. The Roman Catholic Church believes that helping those in need enables the growth of the human spirit.

Before the Columbian exchange, there was an open border policy in the Americas that gave Native Americans access to travel freely and have open trade with other cultures. There was widespread trade among many First Nations that created free movement and travel for many foreigners. At the time, there was little border control, which allowed migrants to travel to various areas to settle. Immigration policy shifted towards control and nationalism after 1492. In the 20th century, immigration policy solidified borders in America, but many Native Americans advocated free movement and hospitality towards strangers. Native Americans historically have welcomed strangers with hospitality, sometimes making them relatives through an informal adoption system. Migration in America can be understood through the religious and cultural perspectives of Native Americans.

Law and ethics
Many nation states have agreed and disagreed on the topic of open borders and free migration, with some countries allowing people to travel freely from country to country and state to state without the risk of deportation or punishment. The consensus within the open borders debate is to “establish a view of migration that reflects the liberal commitment to the equal moral worth of all people which applies to a truly global view of migration.”

Various ideas have been applied to a global view of migration, such as the ideas of other journalists such as Johnathan Wolff and Avnir De-Shalit to migration. Wolff and De-Shalit's state that the use of law and ethics is a positive factor in the debate over free migration. The debate of free migration does not apply to a specific country but extends beyond, and continues on to a broader spectrum for introducing a freedom of movement amongst all people, for all countries. However, this concept is especially significant to the places that experience the most migration—including both host and receiving countries or states.

Free migration is not limited to a certain time period, but has been more relevant and controversial in recent years, especially in the United States. In the U.S., it has become a more controversial topic since 9/11. Free migration is a concept to consider when comparing basic human rights and migration. "Constraining movement in most cases is therefore, unjustified and immoral". The topic of free migration is not a matter to be only exclusively debated amongst national governments of varying nations, but a worldwide discussion for all people of all nations on the debate of open borders and free migration. In that case, nations and people from all over the world can learn from each other where everyone is involved in the attempt to come to a just conclusion and solution to the problems surrounding both immigration and free migration alike.

Free Migration has been slowly restricted throughout recent history due to the inevitable progression of society, causing more independent societies to create tighter laws, policies, and regulations concerning immigration. With nations closing themselves off and shutting their borders from non-residents, it is difficult for free migration to become secure, as well as having members of society prioritize an institutional issue such as this. Immigration officers and agents must maintain a code of conduct based on policy to provide equal treatment to any and all immigrants. Officers must put their political views behind them and revert to policy law; leaving behind their personal moral conflicts and ethics to abide by law and policy. Political philosophers focus on free movement as a human right and aid for those in poverty or serious global inequality.

Although there is not a necessary definition for something considered to be morally, ethically, or legally accepted in a society, everyone has an individual connection to what may be considered good or bad for society. The United States government has placed many strict laws on immigration that it proposes will produce a better immigration system. Other countries, through United Nations consensus, allow a minimum two year system for refugee relocation, with other countries such as Canada and Switzerland operating within a four-year system.

According to London School of Economics political theorist Chandran Kukathas, immigration control is a threat to freedom and national self-determination. He argues, "immigration control is not merely about preventing outsiders from moving across borders. It is about controlling what outsiders do once in a society: whether they work, reside, study, set up businesses, or share their lives with others. But controlling outsiders-immigrants or would-be immigrants requires regulating, monitoring, and sanctioning insiders, those citizens and residents who might otherwise hire, trade with, house, teach, or generally associate with outsiders."

Arguments against free migration
Arguments against free immigration are usually economical, cultural or security-related. Hans-Werner Sinn, president of Ifo Institute for Economic Research has declared "Welfare states are fundamentally incompatible with the free movement of people" which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or xenophobic, or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.

Economic considerations
According to John Kennan's (2012) data simulations (collected in multiple countries to simulate the effects of open borders), there would be large economic gains between Mexico and the United States of America through the implementation of open borders. Liberal economic reasoning advocates for open borders to prevent economic inequality between countries where country A is more efficient than country B due to restrictions on immigration creating production efficiency gaps between the two countries. Labor share data estimates that there would be more economic gains through free migration between countries. These gains are expressed through the economic and labor growth in the country along with economic gain for foreign and resident workers in that country.

Economic simulations show that migration lowers the real wage for both countries receiving and sending immigrants; however, the effect of this decrease is based on the goods and services consumed by an individual. According to Kennan “these gains are associated with a relatively small reduction in the real wage in developed countries, and even this effect disappears as the capital–labor ratio adjusts over time.” Therefore, the number of workers in both receiving and sending countries would double by the current population of workers. Although the two are not the same issue, free migration is similar in spirit to the concept of free trade, and both are advocated by free market economists on the grounds that economics is not a zero-sum game and that free markets are, in their opinion, the best way to create a fairer and balanced economic system, thereby increasing the overall economic benefits to all concerned parties. Political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration.

Notwithstanding noteworthy differences among these political ideologies, many libertarians, liberals, socialists, and anarchists advocate open immigration, as do Objectivists.

Some free market economists believe that competition is the essence of a healthy economic system, and that any short-term negative impact on individual economic factors that is caused by free migration is more than justified by the prospects of long-term growth for the economy as a whole. Whilst not defending fully open borders, political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration.

title: Free migration


text: Template:Christianity and LGBT topics

title: Template:Christianity and LGBT topics


text:
Wikipedia:Elections

In general, Wikipedia operates based on consensus, and voting is discouraged as a method of settling content disputes (though well-designed surveys can be useful to gauge and develop consensus). However, in order to fill certain specific functions in the community, there are a few instances in which we have used elections to select individuals for particular positions.

Wikimedia Board
The Wikimedia Foundation is the parent organization of Wikipedia. The affairs of the Wikimedia Foundation are handled by a Board of Trustees. Currently, three seats on the Board (out of ten total) are elected by members of the Wikimedia community. The first election was for two positions that were held for one year. The second election was for two positions to be held for two years.

The first election was held from May 29 to June 12, 2004, and the second from June 28 to July 11, 2005. Both elections used approval voting. Angela Beesley and Florence Nibart-Devouard were elected as trustees between 2004 and 2005, and again between 2005 and 2007.

In August 2006, a special election was called to fill the vacancy left by Angela's resignation. Voting took place between September 1 and September 21, 2006; Erik Möller, also known as User:Eloquence, was elected to a term ending with the regular July 2007 election.

In December 2006, the board approved a resolution expanding the size of the board of trustees, including expanding the number of seats elected by the Wikimedia community to three. Elections were held in June 2007, for three positions, each for a term of two years.

During April 2008, the Board was restructured to include, most notably, two chapter-appointed seats. This resulted in elections held in June, 2008, appointing a single new member to the Board. Since 2022 there is no separate process for the affiliate-appointed seats, the process being merged with the community elections.

Further elections were held in 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2021, and 2022.

Related links

 * Wikimedia bylaws
 * Election Overview
 * 2004 Election
 * 2005 Election
 * 2006 Special Election
 * 2007 Election
 * 2008 Election
 * 2009 Election
 * 2011 Election
 * 2013 Election
 * 2015 Election
 * 2017 Election
 * 2021 Election
 * 2022 Election

Arbitration Committee
See Arbitration Committee Election for information about the Arbitration Committee elections.

Administrator elections
Administrator elections is a process, pending a trial run, by which the Wikipedia community decides who will become administrators through a secret ballot vote. It is an alternative to the Requests for Adminship process.

Mediation Committee
The Mediation Committee was closed by RfC in November 2018 after not accepting any cases for over a year.

The Mediation Committee was created and appointed at the same time as the Arbitration Committee, but no election procedure was specified. Instead, the Mediation Committee was structured so that new people were free to nominate themselves for membership on the Committee; members could withdraw from active mediating (become emeriti) and become active again at their convenience.

The Committee did not use a fixed number of positions, so elections were unnecessary. New mediators were nominated and duly promoted, subject to approval by the existing Committee members under their practices for outcomes of nominations. The community could comment on nominations, but approval for membership lay within the Committee. There was no strict deadline on time for a nomination and it changed depending on the status of the nomination, but they generally lasted between two and four weeks. The one official rule with nominations to the Committee was the "two oppose rule", by which any candidate receiving two opposes from members of the Committee could not be promoted.

In addition, the Committee internally elected a Chair to help with coordination and facilitation of the Committee's duties. There was initially no limit on the length of terms, nor the maximum number of times a person could serve, and frequently the Chair held their position until they chose to step down or become inactive. More recent Committee chairs were required to have their status as chair "confirmed" every six months, by means of an internal discussion, although every confirmation was a matter of routinely supporting the Chairperson continuing for another six months.

Association of Members' Advocates
The coordinator of the Association of Members' Advocates (AMA) was an elected position. It was the first position on Wikipedia to actually go through an election process. The election, held in April 2004, resulted in the selection of Alex756, a founder of the association, as the first elected AMA Coordinator on April 30, 2004.

The AMA was nominated for deletion in April, 2007. The nomination was closed as "no consensus," but sparked discussion about the function and organization of the AMA, including proposals to "de-bureaucratize" the group. Nothing of this was achieved, and in May 2007 the AMA was closed with its page marked as historical.

Checkuser and oversight
Historically, checkuser and oversight permissions have been handled by the Arbitration Committee. In 2009 and 2010 the committee changed to a model that incorporated direct elections during the selection of checkusers and oversighters. There were three such elections before the selection model reverted to an application-appointment model after requests for community input.

 * Election, February 2009

The first open checkuser and oversight elections were held in February 2009. Kylu, Lucasbfr, and Versageek were granted checkuser permission. Daniel Case, EVula, Luna Santin, and Mailer diablo were granted oversight permission.

 * Election, August 2009

The second open checkuser and oversight elections were held in August 2009. Brandon, Hersfold, and J.delanoy were granted checkuser permission. Avraham, Dweller, Howcheng, Keegan, Happy-melon, Hmwith, Mr.Z-man, Nishkid64, and Thatcher were granted oversight permission.

 * Election, May 2010

The third open checkuser and oversight elections were held in May 2010. Amalthea was granted checkuser permission. No users were granted oversight permission.

title: Wikipedia:Elections


text:
United States Capitol shooting incident

United States Capitol shooting incident can refer to three different events:
 * 1954 United States Capitol shooting
 * 1998 United States Capitol shooting
 * Shooting of Ashli Babbitt

title: United States Capitol shooting incident


text:
Candomblé Ketu

Candomblé Ketu (or Queto in Portuguese) is the largest and most influential branch (nation) of Candomblé, a religion practiced primarily in Brazil. The word Candomblé means "ritual dancing or gather in honor of gods" and Ketu is the name of the Ketu region of Benin. Its liturgical language, known as yorubá or Nagô, is a dialect of Yoruba. Candomblé Ketu developed in the early 19th century and gained great importance to Brazilian heritage in the 20th century.

History
Queto is a system of beliefs that merges the Yoruba mythology (brought to the New World by Yoruba slaves) with different influences of other African Communities within Brazil, especially Bahia, where the Ala-Queto Nation is most prevalent. Queto developed in the Portuguese Empire. Yoruba slaves carried with them various religious customs, including a trance and divination system for communicating with their ancestors and spirits, animal sacrifice, and sacred drumming and dance. The religion grew popular among slaves because it was a way for Yoruba slaves to maintain their culture and express independence.

Its origins are entwined with the religious and beneficent brotherhoods (irmandades) organized by the Roman Catholic Church among ethnic Yoruba, Jeje and Bantu enslaved people; the Order of Our Lady of the Good Death (Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte), for women, and the Order of Our Lord of the Martyrdom (Nosso Senhor dos Martírios), for men.

Numerous terreiros of the Ketu branch of Candomblé have received historic status and government protection from the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN). Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká in Salvador was the first non-Roman Catholic and first Afro-Brazilian religious place of worship to receive protected heritage status in Brazil. Ilê Odó Ogé, also known as Terreiro Pilão de Prata, has protected heritage status from the state of Bahia.

Religious practices
As the largest branch of the Candomblé religion, Ketu origins have a major influence on the religion as a whole. Although there are various branches of Candomblé, the foundational beliefs are the same. They differ based on names, songs, and rituals primarily due to no written scripture. Each branch possesses a unique deity under the Supreme god Olódùmarè who is seen as unequaled and beyond all existence. Ketu's deities are called Orixá. Orixá control the destiny of the people and act as a guardian. Orixá also represent different forces in nature, foods, colors, animals, and days of the week.

In Ketu, Candomblé storytelling and animal sacrifices are important. Storytelling is expected to be done in a clear and precise way in order to be passed down to further generations. Animals such as pigs, goats, cows, sheep, and chicken are often sacrificed. Animals are seen as sacred, so they are often sacrificed as a way to transfer energy between nature, humans, and the Orixá.

Catholic resistance
There was a great deal of Catholic resistance due to the belief that the religion was devil's work. Slaves often incorporated front Catholic Saints in order to keep their practices a secret. Catholics wanted slaves to convert to their religion and feared retaliation if slaves became too independent.

Pantheon

 * Olorum (Supreme Being)
 * Exu
 * Ogum
 * Oxóssi
 * Oxum
 * Oxalufã
 * Oxaguiã
 * Orixá Okô
 * Olissá
 * Orunmilá
 * Xangô
 * Ayrá
 * Iemanjá
 * Ossãe
 * Oyá
 * Obaluaiê
 * Omolu
 * Jagun
 * Nanã Buruku
 * Oxumarê
 * Obá
 * Ewá
 * Ibêji
 * Logun Edé
 * Iroko
 * Olorokê
 * Apaoká
 * Iyami Oxorongá
 * Egungun (the ancestors)

title: Candomblé Ketu


text:
Nickel Creek

Nickel Creek (formerly known as the Nickel Creek Band) is an American bluegrass band consisting of Chris Thile (mandolin), and siblings Sara Watkins (fiddle) and Sean Watkins (guitar). Formed in 1989 in Southern California, they released six albums between 1993 and 2006. The band broke out in 2000 with a platinum-selling self-titled album produced by Alison Krauss, earning a number of Grammy and CMA nominations.

Their fourth album “This Side” won a 2003 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Following a fifth studio album and a compilation album, the band announced an indefinite hiatus at the conclusion of their 2007 Farewell (For Now) Tour. Following numerous solo projects from the band members, Nickel Creek reformed in 2014 with announcement of a new album and subsequent tour.

History
The Watkins and Thile families met after Sean Watkins and Chris Thile had mandolin lessons with the same music instructor, John Moore. Sara Watkins studied with Moore's bandmate, Dennis Caplinger. The band name comes from a song by Byron Berline, who was Sara Watkins' fiddle instructor.

Early days: 1989–99
Nickel Creek's first performance was at That Pizza Place in Carlsbad, California, in 1989 with Scott Thile, Chris's father, playing string bass. The oldest of the Watkins children, Sean was only twelve years old at the time. At the start of Nickel Creek's history, Chris Thile played guitar and Sean Watkins played mandolin but later they decided to switch instruments. The band played many bluegrass festivals throughout the 1990s, and the band members were home-schooled to accommodate their tour schedule. Nickel Creek's first two albums were Little Cowpoke (1993) and Here to There (1997).

Nickel Creek: 2000–01
Nickel Creek met Alison Krauss at one of their shows and later invited her to produce their next album. According to band member Sara Watkins, the group was "thrilled" with the guidance they received from Krauss to upgrade their vocal sound and the overall "production of the CD."

The group received two Grammy nominations: Best Bluegrass Album and Best Country Instrumental for the song "Ode to a Butterfly". The trio was nominated at the Country Music Awards for Best Vocal Group and the Horizon Award and were named one of the "Five Music Innovators of the Millennium" by TIME Magazine in May 2000. Nickel Creek's "The Lighthouse's Tale" video was nominated for a CMT "Flameworthy Video Award" for Group/Duo Video of the Year.

The band went on tour and opened eleven shows for Lyle Lovett in the summer of 2000 and appeared on Austin City Limits in January 2001 with Dolly Parton. A month later, Parton invited Nickel Creek to perform as her backup band at the 2001 Grammy Awards. The trio also had a spring tour with Glen Phillips in a collaboration dubbed Mutual Admiration Society. A self-titled album was set for release, but was delayed until 2004. Nickel Creek also opened for Vince Gill and Amy Grant that winter. Shortly after Nickel Creek started touring, Scott Thile decided to leave the band to spend time with his family. He was replaced by bassist Byron House, who was in March 2001 replaced by bassist Derek Jones.

This Side: 2002–04
In 2002, the band released their fourth album, This Side, produced by Alison Krauss. It was a departure from their previous, purely bluegrass releases. The core bluegrass influence remained, but with other genres, such as indie rock and folk rock, and they included cover songs—"Spit on a Stranger" by Pavement and "Should've Known Better" by Carrie Newcomer.

A review in Allmusic said that "Thile and the Watkins siblings' originals, easily outdo the likes of folk-rockers Dave Matthews and Hootie & the Blowfish, while forging a new style to rejuvenate a genre that has always been a bit of a dark horse."

This Side entered the Billboard 200 at No. 18 on the chart, and at No. 2 on the magazine's Top Country Albums chart. The album was certified gold the following year by the RIAA. The success of This Side earned the group a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. The band was featured in Rolling Stone ' s "Best Of 2002" edition.

During their 2002 and 2003 tour, Nickel Creek opened five shows for John Mayer in November 2002, and toured with Gillian Welch and David Rawlings earlier in the year. In 2003, Nickel Creek appeared on the Béla Fleck and the Flecktones album Little Worlds.

Why Should the Fire Die?: 2005
In 2005, the band released their fifth album, Why Should the Fire Die? with more rock and pop influences. The album debuted and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 and topped the Billboard bluegrass chart.

In the summer of 2006, Nickel Creek appeared at numerous music festivals, including Bonnaroo, High Sierra Music Festival, Austin City Limits, SXSW, Lollapalooza and Star Fest.

Farewell (For Now) Tour: 2006–07
In late summer 2006, via Billboard and their official website, Nickel Creek announced that at the end of the year they would no longer record as a group and their tour, scheduled through 2007, would be their last for an indefinite period so band members could expand their musical horizons.

In November 2006, Sugar Hill released Reasons Why: The Very Best, a compilation of selected studio tracks from Nickel Creek's three latest albums, as well as two previously unreleased tracks and all of the music videos from the trio's singles. Their seven-month Farewell (For Now) Tour started in April 2007 and ended in November. The tour was originally to be called the Victory Lap Tour, but the band's managers thought that would sound "presumptuous and boastful."

The tour featured guest appearances by Glen Phillips, Jon Brion, Fiona Apple,  Bruce Molsky, Bela Fleck, Tom Brosseau and Tift Merritt, among others.

Reunion and A Dotted Line: 2014–2020
The band announced on February 3, 2014, that they would release a new album in the spring of 2014. Titled A Dotted Line, the album was produced by previous collaborator Eric Valentine and marked the group's first release on Nonesuch Records. Released on April 1, 2014, in the United States, the album coincided with the group's 25th anniversary. A subsequent tour began in April 2014 with over two dozen dates.

Nickel Creek has occasionally reunited to perform on the radio show Live from Here (hosted by Thile), including once in November 2017 and again in February 2019. A Dotted Line's "Destination" was selected as the theme song for the Netflix original series, "Sweet Magnolias." The series premiered May 19, 2020.

On October 2, 2020, the band announced the release of their debut live album, Live From The Fox Theater, recorded on May 19, 2014, at the Fox Theater in Oakland, CA.

Nickel Stream: A Livecreek Experience (2021)
On February 9, 2021, Nickel Creek announced a series of livestream concerts on Feb. 21 and 28 as the start of a new series known as Livecreek. They continued to release other streams throughout early 2021.

Celebrants (2023)
After intermittent performances between 2014 and 2019, Nickel Creek began writing new material in early 2021. On January 24, 2023, Nickel Creek announced a new album titled Celebrants, slated for release on March 24, 2023. The lead single “Strangers” was released the day the album was announced. They subsequently announced a tour on February 7, 2023. On 27th August 2023 they played Towersey Festival.

Wins

 * 2000: IBMA Emerging Artist of the Year
 * 2001: IBMA Instrumental Group of the Year
 * 2002: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (This Side)
 * 2006: CMT Top 10 Country Compilations of 2006 (Reasons Why: The Very Best)
 * 2023: Americana Trailblazer Award

Nominations

 * 2001: Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album (Nickel Creek)
 * 2001: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Ode to a Butterfly")
 * 2001: CMA Horizon Award
 * 2001: Country Music Association Award for Vocal Group of the Year
 * 2005: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (Why Should the Fire Die?)
 * 2005: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Scotch & Chocolate")
 * 2015: Grammy Award for Best American Roots Performance ("Destination")
 * 2015: Grammy Award for Best Americana Album (A Dotted Line)
 * 2023: Americana Music Award for Duo/Group of the Year
 * 2024: Grammy Award for Best Folk Album (Celebrants)

Albums

 * 1993: Little Cowpoke
 * 1997: Here to There
 * 2000: Nickel Creek
 * 2002: This Side
 * 2005: Why Should the Fire Die?
 * 2014: A Dotted Line
 * 2023: Celebrants

Compilations

 * 2006: Reasons Why: The Very Best

Live albums

 * 2021: Live from the Fox Theater

Singles

 * 2001: "When You Come Back Down"
 * 2001: "The Lighthouse's Tale"
 * 2002: "Reasons Why"
 * 2003: "This Side"
 * 2003: "Speak"
 * 2003: "Smoothie Song"
 * 2005: "When in Rome"
 * 2014: "Destination"
 * 2023: "Strangers"
 * 2023: "Holding Pattern"
 * 2023: "Where the Long Line Leads"

title: Nickel Creek


text:
British E-class submarine

The British E-class submarines started out as improved versions of the British D-class submarine. The E class served with the Royal Navy throughout World War I as the backbone of the submarine fleet. The last surviving E class submarines were withdrawn from service by 1922.

All of the first group and some of the second group of the class were completed before the outbreak of World War I. The group 1 boats cost £101,900 per hull. As submarine technology improved, the E class went through several design modifications. The group 2 boats cost £105,700 per hull. The group 3 boats, the last group, incorporated all improvements.

The class primarily served in the North Sea and the Baltic, while some served with Russian ships in Russian coastal waters before their crews scuttled the submarines to avoid them falling into the hands of the Germans after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended fighting between Germany and Russia. Additionally, some of the submarines operated against the Turks.

The British L-class submarine eventually replaced the E class.

Boats

 * Group 1
 * E1 – Launched 9 November 1912. Scuttled by her crew on 3 April 1918.
 * E2 – Launched 23 November 1912. Sold on 7 March 1921.
 * E3 – Launched 29 October 1912. Torpedoed by U-27 on 18 October 1914.
 * E4 – Launched 5 February 1912. Sold for scrap on 21 February 1922
 * E5 – Launched 17 May 1912. Mined & sunk in the North Sea, 7 March 1916.
 * E6 – Launched 12 November 1912. Mined on 26 December 1915.
 * E7 – Launched 2 October 1913. Scuttled on 4 September 1915.
 * E8 – Launched 30 October 1913.
 * AE1 – Built for the RAN. Lost near Papua New Guinea, 14 September 1914.
 * AE2 – Built for the RAN. Scuttled on 28 April 1915, in the Sea of Marmara during the Battle of Gallipoli.
 * Group 2
 * E9 – Launched 29 November 1913. Part of the British submarine flotilla in the Baltic.
 * E10 – Launched 29 November 1913. Lost 18 January 1915.
 * E11 – Launched 23 April 1914.
 * E12 – Launched 5 September 1914.
 * E13 – Launched 22 September 1914. Ran aground and interned by the Danes.
 * E14 – Launched 7 July 1914. 27 January 1918, Sunk by coastal battery fire. Nine survivors.
 * E15 – Launched 23 April 1914. Destroyed on 19 April 1915 in the Dardanelles.
 * E16 – Launched 23 September 1914.
 * E17 – Launched 16 January 1915. Conning tower preserved at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport United Kingdom.
 * E18 – Launched 4 March 1915. Mined & sunk in the Baltic Sea close to the Estonian island of Hiiumaa, possibly on 2 June 1916.
 * E19 – Launched 13 May 1915.
 * E20 – Launched 12 June 1915. Torpedoed on 5 November 1915 in the Dardanelles.
 * Group 3
 * E21 – Launched 24 July 1915.
 * E22 – Launched 27 August 1915. In 1916 fitted as aircraft carrier for two Sopwith Baby floatplanes. Torpedoed and sunk in North Sea off Great Yarmouth while on surface by German U-boat, 25 April 1916.
 * E23 – Launched 28 September 1915.
 * E24 – Launched 9 December 1915. Minelayer. Conning preserved at a museum in Cuxhaven.
 * E25 – Launched 23 August 1915.
 * E26 – Launched 11 November 1915. Lost on 6 July 1916.
 * E27 – Launched 9 June 1917.
 * HMS E28 was cancelled on 20 April 1915.
 * E29 – Launched 1 June 1915.
 * E30 – Launched 29 June 1915. Lost on 22 November 1916.
 * E31 – Launched 23 August 1915.
 * E32 – Launched 16 August 1916.
 * E33 – Launched 18 April 1916.
 * E34 – Launched 27 January 1917. Minelayer. Mined off the Frisian Islands 20 July 1918.
 * E35 – Launched 20 May 1916.
 * E36 – Launched 16 September 1916. Lost on 17 January 1917.
 * E37 – Launched 2 September 1915. Lost on 1 December 1916.
 * E38 – Launched 13 June 1916.
 * E39 – Launched 18 May 1916.
 * E40 – Launched 9 November 1916.
 * E41 – Launched 22 October 1915. Minelayer.
 * E42 – Launched 22 October 1915.
 * E43 – Launched 11 November 1915.
 * E44 – Launched 21 February 1916.
 * E45 – Launched 25 January 1916. Minelayer.
 * E46 – Launched 4 April 1916. Minelayer.
 * E47 – Launched 29 May 1916. Lost on 20 August 1917.
 * E48 – Launched 2 August 1916.
 * E49 – Launched 18 September 1916. Mined & sunk near Huney in the Shetland Islands, 12 March 1917.
 * E50 – Launched 13 November 1916. Mined & sunk, 1 February 1918. Conning tower preserved at the Sea War Museum Jutland in Thyborøn, Denmark.
 * E51 – Launched 30 November 1916. Minelayer.
 * E52 – Launched 25 January 1917.
 * E53 – Launched in 1916.
 * E54 – Launched in 1916.
 * E55 – Launched 5 February 1916.
 * E56 – Launched 19 June 1916.

title: British E-class submarine


text:
Talk:Toffoli gate

Untitled
In normal logic, XOR is NOT reversible. It is not possible to tell which input did what given only the output. If this isn't what you meant, the ststement needs clarification Graham 03:57, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I meant the gate with two outputs, one equal to the first input and the other being the XOR. That's reversible. But now I see that it's confusing that I talk about 2-output version of XOR, then about 1-output AND. So, let the sentence about XOR stay deleted. Andris 04:37, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

GH:   In discreet electronics, the gate first refer to as CCNOT is (to my mind) a 'NAND' Gate:   If both Ins are high, output is low (Invert of an AND Gate), If not high. You can take a feed off any of the inputs by just connecting to them. So:

An AND: Any Low on any input (two to n inputs) = Low Out a NAND: Inverter on the OUTPUT. Ie if the above have a low out, this would give a high out.

An OR:  Any High (on any input be it a one or two or n input Or Gate) = A High out. A NOR:  Same as the above but with inverter on output.

AN XOR: (Two Input). Difference between one & other = High out, else low.

A 'NOT' (or invert). High in = Low Out, Low in = High out.

I'm sure you all know this but just for reference sake and an easy way to remember it. Gavin Hampshire. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.44.215.132 (talk) 09:46, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 March 2020 and 30 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Pbellys.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Universality and Toffoli gate
"Toffoli gate is universal. This means that for any Boolean function f(x1, x2, ..., xm), there is a circuit consisting of Toffoli gates which takes x1, x2, ..., xm and some extra bits to 0 and outputs x1, x2, ..., xm, f(x1, x2, ..., xm). Essentially, this means that Toffoli gate is sufficient for any computation." I don't think that's right. For example, show me a function that consists of Toffoli gates and outputs 1 independent of input, like, f(x1, x2, ... xm)=1. AFAIK, you need at least some bits to 1, not 0.

 * That's a bit of a quibble. Typically you assume that inputs of gates can be tied to a variables (one of the x1, x2, ..., xm) or to a constant (0, or 1).  This is not an unreasonable assumption in an actual hardware implementation.  With this assumption the 3 input Toffoli gate is universal.  The 2 input version is still not universal, even with this assumption.  --David Battle 20:24, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, "tied to a variable or to a constant (0 or 1)". However, the article claims it needs to be possible to tie it only to variables and zeroes, which I think is wrong.

 * OK, a network of Fredkin gates (since it can't change the number of zeros or ones) needs *both* "0" and "1" constants to be able to implement "NOT" and other important functions. However, a network of Toffoli gates only needs "1" constants to implement "NOT" and any other arbitrary function, right? Toffoli networks don't absolutely need "0" constants, because we can can synthesize a "0" constant by feeding "1" constants into a Toffoli gate, right? (I agree that in an actual hardware implementation, it will probably be simpler to just hard-wire "0" constants rather than synthesize them from "1" constants). --DavidCary 23:38, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Use of the word "invented"
Great article. It's refreshing to see an article on quantum computing without pedantic descriptions of orthogonality, Hamiltonians... I do have a problem with the intro. Generally, scientists don't "invent" abstract concepts, only the methods used to describe them. So Einstein described/discovered special relativity but Feynman invented Feynman diagrams (used to describe particle-antiparticle interactions). Anybody else agree that the wording needs to be changed? Zyxoas (talk to me - I'll listen) 20:03, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

3-bit Adder Diagram
I tested out different combinations of A, B and C inputs for the 3-bit adder diagram. From what I understand, this is supposed to just add the three bits, so if all are 0, Xor = 0 and Carry = 0. If one bit is 1, then Xor = 1 and Carry = 0, if two bits are 1, then Xor = 0 and Carry = 1, and if all three are 1, then Xor = 1 and Carry = 1.

This is true for all cases, except for the case where A = 1, B = 0 and C = 1. This should give Xor = 0 and Carry = 1, but instead it gives Xor = 0 and Carry = 0. Am I calculating this right??? -Jeff Marks

I did the calculations and reached the same conclusion. Either we made the same mistake, or that diagram is in error. -L. M.

I came up with a solution to correctly calculate the carry value. Gate 1 Inputs: C C B Gate 2 Inputs: B B A Gate 3 Inputs: Gate1 Gate2 B The Carry is the output of Gate 3 - Jeff Marks

Link to Universal
The introduction had linked the word universal to Universality (philosophy) which is clearly wrong - universal as used here is a mathematical/computer science term. A closer link would be Turing completeness but I'm not sure whether the definition of universal here is quite the same as in that article (one seems to be about boolean functions, the other about natural numbers, for example). At least for now I just unlinked "universal". The relevant definition of "universal" is given further down in the article. Kingdon 21:04, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Image
The logic image is unclear. What do the dots, lines, and circle represent? Zylstra (talk) 20:24, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Quantum cost
I removed the text ", thus its quantum cost is five." following the sentence regarding how the Toffoli gate can be implemented with 5 two-bit gates. First of all, there is no agreed on measurement for "quantum cost". You would only care about the number 5 rather than say 17 if you were actually implementing things, and then you would be measuring cost in terms of your implementation, in which it may be the case that not all two-bit gates are created equal.

Additionally, it is not proven that the Toffoli cannot be implemented with fewer than 5 quantum gates. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Phrenophobia (talk • contribs) 06:58, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Create Reversible Gate Entry
The information in Background is very helpful to understanding the confusing, multidisciplinary aspects of quantum computing. I recommend creating an entry for Reversible Gates and expanding on the information presented in the background. I am aware of the entry Reversible Computing, but I believe it lacks a tangible nature that was clarified here. --*elAndres (talk) 18:28, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Weird sentence
At the end of the article, there is a sentence I can't understand : "However, the Toffoli gate can not be used for universal quantum computation, though it does mean that a quantum computer can implement all possible classical computations." Can someone explain or make it clear ? Thanks, Zandr4[Kupopo ?] 07:54, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

non-trivial gate
In the article there is : "the only non-trivial gate is the controlled NOT gate". What make it non-trivial is not clear (if I add to guess I would say it's would be the use of a logical function like XOR). It's not clear either if being non-trivial is an important property and why. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Astyan42 (talk • contribs) 01:53, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Citations needed for Background section
The section mentions the relationship between Toffoli gates and thermodynamics, and the following source may provide the relevant information necessary for a citation: R. Landauer, "Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process," IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 5, pp. 183-191, 1961. --Beaker Bytes (talk) 14:52, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Deutsch gate
The article references the Deutsch gate in the Related logic gates section. The Deutsch gate has an angle associated with it that when chosen to be pi/2 yields the Toffoli gate. I think this may be worth mentioning. Pbellys (talk) 02:01, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toffoli gate


text:
Anti-twister mechanism

The anti-twister or antitwister mechanism is a method of connecting a flexible link between two objects, one of which is rotating with respect to the other, in a way that prevents the link from becoming twisted. The link could be an electrical cable or a flexible conduit.

This mechanism is intended as an alternative to the usual method of supplying electric power to a rotating device, the use of slip rings. The slip rings are attached to one part of the machine, and a set of fine metal brushes are attached to the other part. The brushes are kept in sliding contact with the slip rings, providing an electrical path between the two parts while allowing the parts to rotate about each other.

However, this presents problems with smaller devices. Whereas with large devices minor fluctuations in the power provided through the brush mechanism are inconsequential, in the case of tiny electronic components, the brushing introduces unacceptable levels of noise in the stream of power supplied. Therefore, a smoother means of power delivery is needed.

A device designed and patented in 1971 by Dale A. Adams and reported in The Amateur Scientist in December 1975, solves this problem with a rotating disk above a base from which a cable extends up, over, and onto the top of the disk. As the disk rotates the plane of this cable is rotated at exactly half the rate of the disk so the cable experiences no net twisting.

What makes the device possible is the peculiar connectivity of the space of 3D rotations, as discovered by P. A. M. Dirac and illustrated in his Plate trick (also known as the string trick or belt trick). Its covering Spin(3) group can be represented by unit quaternions, also known as versors.

title: Anti-twister mechanism


text:
Jacques-Yvan Morin

Jacques-Yvan Morin (July 15, 1931 – July 26, 2023) was a Canadian law professor and politician in Quebec. Morin graduated from the McGill University Faculty of Law with a BCL in 1953, where he was the founder of the McGill Law Journal. He taught international and constitutional law at Université de Montréal from 1958 until 1973. He was deputy director of the Canadian Yearbook of International Law from 1963 to 1973 and founded the Quebec Journal of International Law in 1984.

From 1966 to 1969, he chaired the Estates General of French Canada and joined in 1970 the Quebec sovereignty movement. He became president of the Mouvement national des Québécois in 1971. He failed to win a seat in Bourassa in the 1970 Quebec provincial election but won a seat in the riding of Sauvé in the 1973 election. After the latter election the Parti québécois became the official opposition since the former opposition party, the Union Nationale, had failed to win any seats. Since the party leader, René Lévesque, had not won a seat in the 1973 election, Morin became leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly until the 1976 election, which the Parti québécois won. As a member of Lévesque's government, Morin was appointed successively Minister of Education (1976–1981), Cultural and Scientific Development (1981–1982) and Intergovernmental Affairs (1982–1984). During those years, he also served as Deputy Premier of Quebec.

Morin returned to teaching in 1984 at Université de Montréal, where he became professor emeritus in 1997.

In 2001, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. Other honours include the Rights and Freedoms Prize of the Commission on Human Rights in Quebec (2000) and the Prix René-Chaloult of the Association of Former Parliamentarians (2011).

Jacques-Yvan Morin died on July 26, 2023, at the age of 92.

title: Jacques-Yvan Morin


text:
UEFA Euro 2000

The 2000 UEFA European Football Championship, also known as Euro 2000, was the 11th UEFA European Championship, a football tournament held every four years and organised by UEFA, the sport's governing body in Europe.

The finals tournament was played between 10 June and 2 July 2000, and co-hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands, the first time the tournament had been held in more than one nation. Spain and Austria also bid to host the event. The finals tournament was contested by 16 nations; with the exception of the hosts, Belgium and the Netherlands, the finalists had to go through a qualifying tournament to reach the final stage. France won the tournament by defeating Italy 2–1 in the final, via a golden goal.

The finals saw the first major UEFA competition contested in the King Baudouin Stadium (formerly the Heysel Stadium) since the events of the 1985 European Cup final and the Heysel Stadium disaster, with the opening game being played in the rebuilt stadium.

A high-scoring championship with many exciting matches and an elite standard of play, Euro 2000 is often labelled by football writers one of the greatest international tournaments.

Bid process
Belgium and the Netherlands were selected as co-hosts on 14 July 1995 by the UEFA Executive Committee at a meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.

Hooliganism concerns
Football hooliganism was a significant problem in the Netherlands in the 1990s, especially the fierce rivalry between Ajax and Feyenoord. There were concerns that hooliganism would overshadow the finals. Many instances of violence occurred, including several football riots in Rotterdam between 1995 and 1999, which would host the Euro 2000 final. One of the most infamous incidents was the Battle of Beverwijk in 1997. Although the violence is normally associated with domestic clubs, there were concerns that it could attach to the Dutch national team.

Violence did eventually occur during the Euro 2000 finals, albeit not involving the Dutch team. On 17 June 174 England fans were arrested in Brussels, Belgium, following violence with Germans ahead of an England v Germany match.

Summary
One of the biggest surprises of the tournament was Portugal, winning Group A with three wins, including a 3–0 win against Germany, with Sérgio Conceição scoring a hat-trick, and a 3–2 win over England, in which they came back from 2–0 down. Romania was the other qualifier from the group, beating England with a late penalty in their last group game.

Belgium had a surprise exit in the group stage, winning the tournament's first game against Sweden, but losing to Turkey and Italy. They finished third in Group B, behind Italy and Turkey. The other co-host and favourite, the Netherlands, progressed as expected from Group D, along with World Cup winners France. The Netherlands won the group, by beating France in their last group match. Also in Group D, Denmark's three losses with eight goals conceded and none scored set a new record for the worst team performance in the group stages of a Euros. Group C was memorable for the match between FR Yugoslavia and Spain. Spain needed a win to ensure progression, but found themselves trailing 3–2 after Slobodan Komljenović scored in the 75th minute. The Spanish side rescued their tournament by scoring twice in injury time to record a 4–3 victory. FR Yugoslavia managed to go through as well, despite losing because Norway and Slovenia played to a draw.

Italy and Portugal maintained their perfect records in the quarter-finals, beating Romania and Turkey, respectively, and the Netherlands started a goal-avalanche against FR Yugoslavia, winning 6–1. Spain fell 2–1 to France; Raúl missed a late penalty that ended Spanish hopes.

Italy eliminated the Netherlands in the semi-finals, despite going down to ten men and facing two penalty kicks. Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo, who had been drafted into the starting XI as Gianluigi Buffon missed the tournament through injury, made two saves in the penalty shootout (in addition to his penalty save in normal time) to carry the Italians to the final.

In the other semi-final, Portugal lost in extra time to France after Zinedine Zidane converted a controversial penalty kick. Several Portuguese players challenged the awarding of the penalty for a handball and were given lengthy suspensions for shoving the referee. France won the tournament, defeating Italy 2–1 in the final with a golden goal by David Trezeguet after equalising with a last-minute goal, and became the first team to win the European championship while being world champion.

In Britain, Match of the Day named Stefano Fiore's goal against Belgium the Goal of the Tournament, ahead of Patrick Kluivert's against France and Zinedine Zidane's against Spain.

Qualification
Qualification for the tournament took place throughout 1998 and 1999. Forty-nine teams were divided into nine groups and each played the others in their group, on a home-and-away basis. The winner of each group and the best runner-up qualified automatically for the final tournament. The eight other runners-up played an additional set of play-off matches to determine the last four qualifiers. Belgium and the Netherlands automatically qualified for the tournament as co-hosts.

As of 2024, this was the only time Norway qualified for the European Championship finals, as well as the last time that Croatia failed to qualify.

Final draw
The finals draw took place 15:00 CET on 12 December 1999, at the Brussels Expo in Belgium; and was streamed live on UEFA's official website.

The composition of pots 1 to 4 was based on the teams' UEFA national team coefficient ranking at the end of 1999, with the exception of pot 1 automatically top seeding Germany as holders along with co-hosts Belgium and Netherlands.

{{legend|#ccffcc|Automatically selected as a top-seeded team into pot 1, irrespectively of their ranking position.}}

Prior to the draw, the seeded teams in Pot 1 were assigned positions: Germany (defending champion) to A1, Belgium (co-host) to B1, Spain (highest coefficient) to C1, and the Netherlands (co-host) to D1. Teams were drawn consecutively from Pots 2 to 4 into a group, with each team then being assigned a specific position (for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group).

The draw resulted in the following groups:

Venues
Capacity figures are those for matches at UEFA Euro 2000 and are not necessarily the total capacity that the stadium is capable of holding.

Team base camps
The 16 national teams each stayed in their own "team base camp" during the tournament.

Squads
Each national team had to submit a squad of 22 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers.

Match officials
On 15 February 2000, UEFA appointed 12 referees, 16 assistant referees and four fourth officials for the competition, including a referee and an assistant referee from the Confederation of African Football. The event saw assistant referees being allowed to intervene an ongoing game, in particular to help the match official apply the 10-metre rule when deciding free-kicks – as well as warn the referee instantly if he had booked or ejected the wrong player, something that was not possible in previous tournaments. Also, fourth officials were given a larger role in assisting to take command of the match if any decisions are gone unnoticed by the referee or an assistant referee. The German referee Markus Merk was selected to referee the opening game between Belgium and Sweden.

Group stage

The teams finishing in the top two positions in each of the four groups progress to the quarter-finals, while the bottom two teams in each group were eliminated.

All times are local, CEST (UTC+2).

Tiebreakers
If two or more teams finished level on points after completion of the group matches, the following tie-breakers were used to determine the final ranking:

 * 1) greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question;
 * 2) greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question;
 * 3) greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question;
 * 4) greater goal difference in all group games;
 * 5) greater number of goals scored in all group games;
 * 6) higher coefficient derived from Euro 2000 and 1998 World Cup qualifiers (points obtained divided by number of matches played);
 * 7) fair play conduct in Euro 2000;
 * 8) drawing of lots.

Knockout stage
The knockout stage was a single-elimination tournament with each round eliminating the losers. Any game that was undecided by the end of the regular 90 minutes, was followed by up to thirty minutes of extra time. For the second time the golden goal system was applied, whereby the first team to score during the extra time would become the winner. If no goal was scored there would be a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner. For the second time the final was won by a golden goal.

As with every tournament since UEFA Euro 1984, there was no third place play-off.

All times are local, CEST (UTC+2).

Awards

 * UEFA Team of the Tournament

Golden Boot
 * Patrick Kluivert (5 goals)
 * Savo Milošević (5 goals)

UEFA Player of the Tournament
 * 🇫🇷 Zinedine Zidane

Prize money
A sum of CHF120 million was awarded to the 16 qualified teams in the competition. France, the winners of the tournament, received a total prize money of CHF14.4 million. Below is a complete list of the allocations:

Extra payment based on teams performances:
 * Winner: CHF14.4 million
 * Runner-up: CHF13.2 million
 * Semi-finals: CHF10.2 million
 * Quarter-finals: CHF7.8 million
 * Group stage:
 * Third place: CHF5.4 million
 * Fourth place: CHF4.8 million

On 9 July 2000, UEFA refused to hand FR Yugoslavia their prize money of CHF7.8 million, because of alleged ties between the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government. However, no connections were found and the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia later received their money with an additional bonus.

Slogan and theme song
The slogan of the competition was "Football without frontiers". "Campione 2000" by E-Type was the official anthem of the event.

Match ball
The Adidas Terrestra Silverstream was unveiled as the official match ball of the competition on 13 December 1999 at Constant Vanden Stock Stadium, Anderlecht's home arena by Alessandro Del Piero, Edwin van der Sar, Zinedine Zidane and Luc Nilis.

Mascot
The official mascot for the tournament was Benelucky (a pun on Benelux), a lion-devil hybrid with its mane having the flag colours of both host nations. The lion is the national football emblem of the Netherlands and a devil is the emblem of Belgium (the team being nicknamed "the Red Devils").

title: UEFA Euro 2000