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Fitzroya

Fitzroya is a monotypic genus in the cypress family. The single living species, Fitzroya cupressoides, is a tall, long-lived conifer native to the Andes mountains and coastal regions of southern Chile, and only to the Argentine Andes, where it is an important member of the Valdivian temperate forests. Common names include alerce ("larch" in Spanish), lahuén (Spanish, from the Mapuche name lahuén), and Patagonian cypress. The genus was named in honour of Robert FitzRoy.

Description
Fitzroya cupressoides is the largest tree species in South America, normally growing to 40–60 m, but occasionally more than 70 m, and up to 5 m in trunk diameter. Its rough pyramidal canopy provides cover for the southern beech, laurel and myrtle. The largest known living specimen is Alerce Milenario in Alerce Costero National Park, Chile. It is more than 60 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 4.26 m. Much larger specimens existed before the species was heavily logged in the 19th and 20th centuries; Charles Darwin reported finding a specimen of 12.6m circumference (some 4.01m in diameter).

The leaves are in decussate whorls of three, 3–6 mm long (to 8 mm long on seedlings) and 2 mm broad, marked with two white stomatal lines. This is a dioecious species, with male and female cones on separate trees. The cones are globose, 6–8 mm in diameter, opening flat to 12 mm across, with nine scales in three whorls of three. Only the central whorl of scales is fertile, bearing 2–3 seeds on each scale; the lower and upper whorls are small and sterile. The seeds are 2–3 mm long and flat, with a wing along each side. The seeds mature 6–8 months after pollination.

The thick bark of F. cupressoides may be an adaptation to wildfire.

In 1993 a specimen from Chile, "Gran Abuelo" or "Alerce Milenario", was found to be 3622 years old, making it the second oldest fully verified (by counting growth rings) age for any living tree species, after the bristlecone pine. More recent research proposed that this individual corresponds to the oldest tree in the world.

A team of researchers from the University of Tasmania found fossilized foliage of a Fitzroya species on the Lea River of northwest Tasmania. The 35-million-year-old (Oligocene) fossil was named F. tasmanensis. The finding demonstrates the ancient floristic affinities between Australasia and southern South America, which botanists identify as the Antarctic flora.

About 40 to 50 thousand years ago, during the interstadials of the Llanquihue glaciation, Fitzroya and other conifers had a much larger and continuous geographical extent than at present including the eastern lowlands of Chiloé Island and the area west of Llanquihue Lake. At present Fitzroya grow mainly at some altitude above sea level. Fitzroya stands near sea level are most likely relicts.

History
Fitzroya cupressoides wood has been found in the site of Monte Verde, implying that it has been used since at least 13,000 years before present. The Huilliche people are known to have used the wood for making tools and weapons.

By the time of the Spanish conquest of Chiloé Archipelago in 1567 most of the islands were covered by dense forest where F. cupressoides grew. The wood was economically important in colonial Chiloé and Valdivia, which exported planks to Peru. A single tree could yield 600 planks with a width of at least 0.5 m and a length of 5 m. The wood was highly valued in Chile and Peru for its elasticity and lightness. With the destruction of Valdivia in 1599 Chiloé gained increased importance as the only locale that could supply the Viceroyalty of Peru with F. cupressoides wood, the first large shipment of which left Chiloé in 1641.

Fitzroya cupressoides wood was the principal means of exchange in the trade with Peru, and even came to be used as a local currency, the real de alerce, in Chiloé Archipelago. It has been argued that the Spanish exclave of Chiloé prevailed over other Spanish settlements in Southern Chile due to the importance of alerce trade. From about 1750 to 1943, when the land between Maullín River and Valdivia was colonized by Spain and then Chile, numerous fires of Fitzroya woods occurred in Cordillera Pelada. These fires were initiated by Spaniards, Chileans and Europeans. Earlier, from 1397 to 1750 the Fitzroya woods of Cordillera Pelada also suffered from fires that originated from lightning strikes and indigenous inhabitants. In the 1850s and 1860s Vicente Pérez Rosales burned down huge tracts of forested lands to provide cleared lands for German settlers in Southern Chile. The area affected by the fires of Pérez Rosales spanned a strip in the Andean foothills from Bueno River to Reloncaví Sound. One of the most famous intentional fires was the one of the Fitzroya forests between Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt in 1863. This burning was done taking advantage of a drought in 1863. Burnings of forest were in many cases necessary for the survival of the settlers who had no means of subsistence other than agriculture.

Logging of Fitzroya continued until 1976 when it became forbidden by law, (with the exception of already dead trees and with the authorization of CONAF, a National Corporation) although illegal logging still occasionally occurs.

title: Fitzroya


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Jennifer Love Hewitt CD.jpg


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Talk:WSTR

Somebody wrote a link to this radio station page in the list of television stations in Ohio page. What happened??

Finally...
This page is now a dis-ambiguation page for both stations. 66.32.90.202 01:50, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:WSTR


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USS John R. Craig

USS John R. Craig (DD-885) was a Gearing-class destroyer in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1979. She was sunk as a target in June 1980.

Namesake and commissioning
The destroyer was named for Lieutenant Commander John R. Craig. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, Craig graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1930 and received flight training the following year. During 1935 and 1936 he underwent submarine training. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, he commanded USS R-17 (SS-94). He took command of USS Grampus (SS-207) on 16 September 1942. During the next 6 months he led the submarine on high risk attacks against Japanese shipping. While on her sixth war patrol, Grampus was lost in the Southwest Pacific with all hands on 22 March 1943. He was declared dead on 23 March 1944. Craig was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously for his extraordinary heroism.

John R. Craig was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas, on 17 November 1944. John R. Craig was launched on 14 April 1945 by Mrs. Lilian Hyde Craig, Craig's widow, and commissioned on 20 August 1945.

After shakedown in Caribbean John R. Craig, departed Charleston, South Carolina on 19 January 1946 for Naval Station San Diego, arriving 1 February. On 7 February it left to join the United States Seventh Fleet and assist in repatriating Japanese soldiers from North China. The destroyer returned San Diego on 31 January 1947. In the years prior to the Korean conflict it alternated Far Eastern deployments with periods of training off the California coast.

Korean War
In the lead-up to the Korean War, the USS Craig was dispatched to Jeju Island to enforce a naval blockade, preventing insurgents from obtaining mainland help. (see: Jeju Uprising) On May 19, Colonel Rothwell Brown was designated the supreme military commander on Jeju island and tasked with suppressing the revolt, declaring “I’m not interested in the cause of the uprising. My mission is to crack down only.” The crackdown would ultimately end in more than 30,000 dead, including more than 14,000 civilians.

After the Korean War broke out, John R. Craig arrived in the combat zone on 19 February 1951. She immediately commenced operations with Task Force 77, screening aircraft carrier strikes on enemy shore positions. During the Chinese spring offensive the destroyer performed shore bombardment in the Wonsan area, knocking out enemy installations and disrupting transportation. But for two brief periods in San Diego, she continued operations off Korea during the remainder of the conflict.

Cold War
Following the cessation of hostilities in July 1953, John R. Craig continued patrol operations south of the 38th parallel. From 1954 to 1962 the destroyer engaged in exercises off the West Coast with annual deployments to the Far East. During her 1955 cruise she took an active part in the evacuation of Chinese nationalists from the Dachen Islands during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis. Subsequent cruises consisted of exercises with the Japanese Self Defense Force in 1957, anti-submarine warfare exercises, Taiwan Strait patrol and maneuvers with the Republic of China Navy during the 1961 cruise.

She arrived San Diego 6 March 1962 and underwent an extensive Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) overhaul at the Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard at San Francisco, California, between 6 March 1962 and 15 March 1963.

Vietnam War
During the Vietnam War, John R. Craig served as a plane guard for aircraft carriers on Yankee Station in the Tonkin Gulf, participated in Operation Sea Dragon, patrolled on search and rescue duties, and carried out naval gunfire support missions. While responding to a mayday on 28–29 July 1965 in the Da Nang area, John R. Craig supported U.S. Marine and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units with naval gunfire support. At night with danger close, she fired 348 5-inch rounds, preventing the overrun of 3rd Platoon, Hotel Company, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines on and near the beach as well as two platoons of the ARVN 2nd Regional Force by a larger Viet Cong (VC) unit. In doing so she effectively destroyed the 7th VC Battalion engaging Marines on the Ca De River Bridge and the northern sector of Da Nang.

On 9 April 1972 while supporting ARVN and American units close to the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone, the John R. Craig took North Vietnamese artillery fire, using 105 mm howitzers captured from the ARVN. Hundreds of artillery shells fell around her and she was struck by numerous fragments as well as five direct hits which started several fires. One hit at the waterline flooded a compartment with 3 ft of water, and was dead in the water until the electrical systems and power could be restored. After a quick fix with a soft patch at Da Nang she returned to fight and support allied units the next day, again receiving enemy fire, but did not take any hits.

Naval Reserve
With newer destroyers coming on the scene during the Vietnam War, John R. Craig was assigned to United States Naval Reserve training at San Diego, California, in 1973. During this time the ship provided naval gunfire support for Naval Gunfire Liaison Officer training, performed plane guard duties for carrier training, and conducted goodwill cruises to ports on the United States West Coast. She made cruises to Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Everett, Washington; San Francisco, California; Long Beach, California; Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia; Eureka, California; and Ensenada, Mexico.

John R. Craig was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 July 1979 and sunk as a target off California on 6 June 1980.

title: USS John R. Craig


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Alerce, Chile

Alerce is a Chilean town in the communes of Puerto Montt and Puerto Varas in Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos Region.

title: Alerce, Chile


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2002 World Cup (disambiguation)

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th edition of the FIFA international association football tournament.

2002 World Cup may also refer to:

 * Alpine skiing – 2002 Alpine Skiing World Cup
 * Athletics (track and field) – 2002 IAAF World Cup
 * Field Hockey:
 * 2002 Men's World Hockey Cup
 * 2002 Women's World Hockey Cup
 * Rugby Union – 2002 Women's Rugby World Cup

title: 2002 World Cup (disambiguation)


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USS Orleck

USS Orleck (DD-886), is a Gearing-class destroyer that was in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1982. In October 1982 she was sold to Turkey and renamed Yücetepe (D 345). After her final decommissioning the Turkish government transferred Yücetepe to the Southeast Texas War Memorial and Heritage Foundation at Orange, Texas, where she was berthed as a museum ship. The Orleck Foundation then decided to move the ship to the Calcasieu River in Lake Charles, Louisiana. On 26 March 2022, she arrived in Jacksonville, FL, where she served as a Naval Museum on the downtown riverfront until 3 April 2023, when she docked to its permanent home at the Shipyards West.

Namesake
Joseph Orleck was born on 22 January 1906 in Columbus, Ohio. He enlisted in the Navy on 23 June 1924. Rising through the enlisted ranks, he was warranted Boatswain on 14 December 1938, and appointed Ensign on 15 June 1942. He assumed command of USS Nauset (AT–89) on 28 May 1943 with the rank of Lieutenant. He went down with his ship after a Luftwaffe bomber attack in the Gulf of Salerno on 9 September 1943. A recipient of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for rescue work during the Casablanca invasion, he was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his firefighting and flood control efforts to prevent total loss of his ship during the Salerno assault.

Construction and commissioning
Orleck was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas, on 28 November 1944, launched on 12 May 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Joseph Orleck, widow of Lieutenant Orleck, and commissioned on 15 September 1945. Her original cost was US$6,313,000.

United States Navy (1945–1982)
On 14 November 1947, Orleck collided with the submarine USS Bugara (SS-331) while Bugara was making a submerged practice attack against her in the Pacific Ocean off Southern California.

Orleck operated with the United States Seventh Fleet in support of United Nations forces during the Korean War.

Orleck underwent an extensive FRAM I overhaul in 1962.

On 7 June 1965, Orleck assisted in the recovery of the Gemini IV space capsule.

During the Vietnam War, Orleck served as plane guard for aircraft carriers on "Yankee Station" in the Gulf of Tonkin, participated in "Operation Sea Dragon", patrolled on search and rescue duties, and carried out naval gunfire support missions.

Orleck was decommissioned on 1 October 1982 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 6 August 1987.

Turkish Navy (1982–2000)
Orleck was transferred to Turkey for service in the Turkish Navy. She was renamed TCG Yücetepe (D 345) in Turkish service.

Museum ship (since 2000)
On 12 August 2000, the Turkish government transferred Yücetepe to the Southeast Texas War Memorial and Heritage Foundation at Orange, Texas, for use as a memorial and museum under her old name, USS Orleck.

When Hurricane Rita struck the Texas coast in September 2005, Orleck was severely damaged. After repairs, Orleck was ready to return to her pier at Ochiltree-Inman Park; however, the City of Orange refused to allow her to return. Orleck was temporarily relocated to Levingston Island, then moored north of Orange Harbor Island.

On 6 May 2009, the Lake Charles, Louisiana, City Council voted in favor of an ordinance authorizing the city to enter into a Cooperative Endeavor Agreement with USS Orleck. On 20 May 2010 it moved to Lake Charles, Louisiana. The grand opening in Lake Charles occurred on 10 April 2011. In 2019, the ship was either going to be moved, sunk, or scrapped; however, the museum remained operational.

In 2019, following the failure of the USS Adams Association and the Jacksonville Naval Museum to acquire the USS Charles F. Adams (DDG-2) as a museum ship in Jacksonville, Florida, it was proposed to acquire Orleck and move her to the proposed berth that was obtained for the Charles F. Adams. The USS Adams Association studied Orleck and deemed that she would survive the tow from Lake Charles to Jacksonville.

On 30 August 2019, the Jacksonville Naval Museum announced that the transfer of Orleck to Jacksonville has been approved and are waiting on finalizing plans with the Jacksonville city council.

In February 2020, the move to Jacksonville was confirmed. She would remain open in Lake Charles until 1 March 2020, before closing in preparation for an inspection by the US Coast Guard for towing to dry dock in Texas for repairs before making the tow to Jacksonville.

The tow to Jacksonville was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. She broke loose from her mooring in the Calcasieu River during Hurricane Laura, drifting a mile down stream before drifting aground with some damage.

In August 2021, the Jacksonville City Council unanimously approved the ship to be moored in downtown Jacksonville.

In December 2021, she was towed from Lake Charles, Louisiana to Port Arthur, Texas to be drydocked. Over the next few weeks she was deemed to be in much better shape than expected and restoration work was done which extended the ship's life by 15 years.

On 11 January 2022, ownership was officially transferred to the museum association in preparation for its tow and set-up in Jacksonville.

With restoration work completed, she passed all inspections by the US Coast Guard, on 17 March 2022, she left Port Arthur, Texas under tow to Jacksonville.

She arrived in Jacksonville on 26 March 2022 and officially opened on 5 October 2022.

title: USS Orleck


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Frontier Thesis

The Frontier Thesis, also known as Turner's Thesis or American frontierism, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that the settlement and colonization of the rugged American frontier was decisive in forming the culture of American democracy and distinguishing it from European nations. He stressed the process of "winning a wilderness" to extend the frontier line further for U.S. colonization, and the impact this had on pioneer culture and character. Turner's text takes the ideas behind Manifest Destiny and uses them to explain how American culture came to be. The features of this unique American culture included democracy, egalitarianism, uninterest in bourgeois or high culture, and an ever-present potential for violence. "American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier," wrote Turner.

In this view, the frontier experience established the distinctively American style of liberty contrasted to deferential European mindsets still affected by the expectations of feudalism. It eroded old, dysfunctional customs. Turner's ideal of frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats, or nobles; there was no landed gentry who controlled the land or charged heavy rents and fees. Rather, pioneers went and claimed territory for themselves using only loose organizations, and the toughness of the experience gave them discipline and self-sufficiency that would be handed down over generations, even after the frontier advanced beyond the old boundaries. The Frontier Thesis was first published in a paper entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 in Chicago. He won wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. Turner elaborated on the theme in his advanced history lectures and in a series of essays published over the next 25 years, published along with his initial paper as The Frontier in American History.

Turner's emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines. It was not confined to academia, but rather was a popular and accepted view. For example, President John F. Kennedy described his programs in the 1960 election as a "New Frontier" to conquer, except meaning space and domestic issues. While this view remains reasonably common at a popular level, since the 1980s academic historians no longer hold to the Frontier Thesis, or only accept its most basic conclusions.

Summary
Turner begins the essay by calling to attention the fact that the western frontier line, which had defined the entirety of American history up to the 1880s, had ended. He elaborates by stating that,

"Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life."

According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. Everything in American history up to the 1880s somehow relates the western frontier, including slavery. In spite of this, Turner laments, the frontier has received little serious study from historians and economists.

The frontier line, which separates civilization from wilderness, is “the most rapid and effective Americanization” on the continent; it takes the European from across the Atlantic and shapes him into something new. American emigration west is not spurred by government incentives, but rather some "expansive power" inherent within them that seeks to dominate nature. Furthermore, there is a need to escape the confines of the State.

The most important aspect of the frontier to Turner is its effect on democracy. The frontier transformed Jeffersonian democracy into Jacksonian democracy. The individualism fostered by the frontier's wilderness created a national spirit complementary to democracy, as the wilderness defies control. Therefore, Andrew Jackson's brand of popular democracy was a triumph of the frontier.

Turner sets up the East and the West as opposing forces; as the West strives for freedom, the East seeks to control it. He cites British attempts to stifle western emigration during the colonial era and as an example of eastern control. Even after independence, the eastern coast of the United States sought to control the West. Religious institutions from the eastern seaboard, in particular, battled for possession of the West. The tensions between small churches as a result of this fight, Turner states, exist today because of the religious attempt to master the West.

American intellect owes its form to the frontier as well. The traits of the frontier are "coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom."

Turner concludes the essay by saying that with the end of the frontier, the first period of American history has ended.

Germanic germ theory
The Frontier Thesis came about at a time when the Germanic germ theory of history was popular. Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes. Americans inherited such traits as adaptability and self-reliance from the Germanic peoples of Europe. According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government. Their germs were, directly and by way of England, carried to the New World where they were allowed to germinate in the North American forests. In so doing, the Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic people's descendants, being exposed to a forest like their Teutonic ancestors, birthed the free political institutions that formed the foundation of American government.

Historian and ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft articulated the latest iteration of the Germanic germ theory just three years before Turner's paper in 1893. He argued that the "tide of intelligence" had always moved from east to west. According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. This Germanic intelligence was only halted by "civil and ecclesiastical restraints" and a lack of "free land." This was Bancroft's explanation for the Dark Ages.

Turner's theory of early American development, which relied on the frontier as a transformative force, opposed Bancroftian racial determinism. Turner referred to the Germanic germ theory by name in his essay, claiming that “too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins.” Turner believed that historians should focus on the settlers’ struggle with the frontier as the catalyst for the creation of American character, not racial or hereditary traits.

Though Turner's view would win over the Germanic germ theory's version of Western history, the theory persisted for decades after Turner's thesis enraptured the American Historical Association. In 1946, medieval historian Carl Stephenson published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory. Evidently, the belief that free political institutions of the United States spawned in ancient Germanic forests endured well into the 1940s.

Racial warfare
A similarly race-based interpretation of Western history also occupied the intellectual sphere in the United States before Turner. The racial warfare theory was an emerging belief in the late nineteenth century advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in The Winning of the West. Though Roosevelt would later accept Turner's historiography on the West, calling Turner's work a correction or supplementation of his own, the two certainly contradict.

Roosevelt was not entirely unfounded in saying that he and Turner agreed; both Turner and Roosevelt agreed that the frontier had shaped what would become distinctly American institutions and the mysterious entity they each called “national character.” They also agreed that studying the history of the West was necessary to face the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s.

Turner and Roosevelt diverged on the exact aspect of frontier life that shaped the contemporary American. Roosevelt contended that the formation of the American character occurred not with early settlers struggling to survive while learning a foreign land, but “on the cutting edge of expansion” in the early battles with Native Americans in the New World. To Roosevelt, the journey westward was one of nonstop encounters with the “hostile races and cultures” of the New World, forcing the early colonists to defend themselves as they pressed forward. Each side, the Westerners and the native savages, struggled for mastery of the land through violence.

Whereas Turner saw the development of American character occur just behind the frontier line, as the colonists tamed and tilled the land, Roosevelt saw it form in battles just beyond the frontier line. In the end, Turner's view would win out among historians, which Roosevelt would accept.

Evolution
Turner set up an evolutionary model (he had studied evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin), using the time dimension of American history, and the geographical space of the land that became the United States. The first settlers who arrived on the east coast in the 17th century acted and thought like Europeans. They adapted to the new physical, economic and political environment in certain ways—the cumulative effect of these adaptations was Americanization.

Successive generations moved further inland, shifting the lines of settlement and wilderness, but preserving the essential tension between the two. European characteristics fell by the wayside and the old country's institutions (e.g., established churches, established aristocracies, standing armies, intrusive government, and highly unequal land distribution) were increasingly out of place. Every generation moved further west and became more American, more democratic, and more intolerant of hierarchy. They also became more violent, more individualistic, more distrustful of authority, less artistic, less scientific, and more dependent on ad-hoc organizations they formed themselves. In broad terms, the further west, the more American the community.

Closed frontier
Turner saw the land frontier was ending, since the U.S. Census of 1890 had officially stated that the American frontier had broken up.

By 1890, settlement in the American West had reached sufficient population density that the frontier line had disappeared; in 1890 the Census Bureau released a bulletin declaring the closing of the frontier, stating: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports."

Comparative frontiers
Historians, geographers, and social scientists have studied frontier-like conditions in other countries, with an eye on the Turnerian model. South Africa, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and Australia—and even ancient Rome—had long frontiers that were also settled by pioneers. However these other frontier societies operated in a very difficult political and economic environment that made democracy and individualism much less likely to appear and it was much more difficult to throw off a powerful royalty, standing armies, established churches and an aristocracy that owned most of the land. The question is whether their frontiers were powerful enough to overcome conservative central forces based in the metropolis. Each nation had quite different frontier experiences. For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain. In Australia, "mateship" and working together was valued more than individualism. Alexander Petrov noted that Russia had its own frontier and Russians moved over centuries across Siberia all the way from the Urals to the Pacific, struggling with nature in many physical ways similar to the American move across North America - without developing the social and political characteristics noted by Turner. To the contrary, Siberia - the Russian Frontier Land - became emblematic of the oppression of Czarist Absolute Monarchy. This comparison, Petrov suggests, shows that it is far from inevitable that an expanding settlement of wild land would produce the American type of cultural and political institutions. Other factors need to be taken into consideration, such as the great difference between British society from which settlers went across the Atlantic and the Russian society which sent its own pioneers across the Urals.

Impact and influence
Turner's thesis quickly became popular among intellectuals. It explained why the American people and American government were so different from their European counterparts. It was popular among New Dealers—Franklin D. Roosevelt and his top aides thought in terms of finding new frontiers. FDR, in celebrating the third anniversary of Social Security in 1938, advised, "There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered—an America unreclaimed. This is the great, the nation-wide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear. This is the frontier—the America—we have set ourselves to reclaim." Historians adopted it, especially in studies of the west, but also in other areas, such as the influential work of Alfred D. Chandler Jr. (1918–2007) in business history.

Many believed that the end of the frontier represented the beginning of a new stage in American life and that the United States must expand overseas. However, others viewed this interpretation as the impetus for a new wave in the history of United States imperialism. William Appleman Williams led the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic historians by arguing that the frontier thesis encouraged American overseas expansion, especially in Asia, during the 20th century. Williams viewed the frontier concept as a tool to promote democracy through both world wars, to endorse spending on foreign aid, and motivate action against totalitarianism. However, Turner's work, in contrast to Roosevelt's work The Winning of the West, places greater emphasis on the development of American republicanism than on territorial conquest. Other historians, who wanted to focus scholarship on minorities, especially Native Americans and Hispanics, started in the 1970s to criticize the frontier thesis because it did not attempt to explain the evolution of those groups. Indeed, their approach was to reject the frontier as an important process and to study the West as a region, ignoring the frontier experience east of the Mississippi River.

Turner never published a major book on the frontier for which he did 40 years of research. However his ideas presented in his graduate seminars at Wisconsin and Harvard influenced many areas of historiography. In the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the University of Chicago Divinity School as well as Peter G. Mode (in 1930), argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the Mormons, the Church of Christ, the Disciples of Christ, and the Cumberland Presbyterians. The frontier, they argued, shaped uniquely American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant preaching. This view dominated religious historiography for decades. Moos (2002) shows that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist Oscar Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Micheaux promoted the West as a place where blacks could experience less institutionalized forms of racism and earn economic success through hard work and perseverance.

Slatta (2001) argues that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. Disneyland's Frontierland of the mid to late 20th century reflected the myth of rugged individualism that celebrated what was perceived to be the American heritage. The public has ignored academic historians' anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the icons of Western heritage. However, the work of historians during the 1980s–1990s, some of whom sought to bury Turner's conception of the frontier, and others who sought to spare the concept but with nuance, have done much to place Western myths in context.

A modern interpretation describes it as appropriating Indigenous land by means of "American ingenuity", in the process creating a unique cultural identity different from their European ancestors.

A 2020 study in Econometrica found empirical support for the frontier thesis, showing that frontier experience had a causal impact on individualism.

Early anti-Turnerian thought
Though Turner's work was massively popular in its time and for decades after, it received significant intellectual pushback in the midst of World War II. This quote from Turner's The Frontier in American History is arguably the most famous statement of his work and, to later historians, the most controversial:

"American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. Not the constitution but free land and an abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire."

This assertion's racial overtones concerned historians as Adolf Hitler and the Blood and soil ideology, stoking racial and destructive enthusiasm, rose to power in Germany. An example of this concern is in George Wilson Pierson’s influential essay on the frontier. He asked why the Turnerian American character was limited to the Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States, why the frontier did not produce that same character among pre-Columbian Native Americans and Spaniards in the New World.

Despite Pierson and other scholars’ work, Turner's influence did not end during World War II or even after the war. Indeed, his influence was felt in American classrooms until the 1970s and 80s.

New frontiers
Subsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested that other 'frontiers,' such as scientific innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. Historians have noted that John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s explicitly called upon the ideas of the frontier. At his acceptance speech upon securing the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president on July 15, 1960, Kennedy called out to the American people, "I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier. My call is to the young in heart, regardless of age—to the stout in spirit, regardless of party." Mathiopoulos notes that he "cultivated this resurrection of frontier ideology as a motto of progress ('getting America moving') throughout his term of office." He promoted his political platform as the "New Frontier," with a particular emphasis on space exploration and technology. Limerick points out that Kennedy assumed that "the campaigns of the Old Frontier had been successful, and morally justified." The frontier metaphor thus maintained its rhetorical ties to American social progress.

Fermilab
Adrienne Kolb and Lillian Hoddeson argue that during the heyday of Kennedy's "New Frontier," the physicists who built Fermilab explicitly sought to recapture the excitement of the old frontier. They argue that, "Frontier imagery motivates Fermilab physicists, and a rhetoric remarkably similar to that of Turner helped them secure support for their research." Rejecting the East and West coast life styles that most scientists preferred, they selected a Chicago suburb on the prairie as the location of the lab. A small herd of American bison was started at the lab's founding to symbolize Fermilab's presence on the frontier of physics and its connection to the American prairie. This herd, known as the Fermilab bison herd, still lives on the grounds of Fermilab. Architecturally, The lab's designers rejected the militaristic design of Los Alamos and Brookhaven as well as the academic architecture of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Instead Fermilab's planners sought to return to Turnerian themes. They emphasized the values of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, equality, courage, discovery, independence, and naturalism in the service of democratic access, human rights, ecological balance, and the resolution of social, economic, and political issues. Milton Stanley Livingston, the lab's associate director, said in 1968, "The frontier of high energy and the infinitesimally small is a challenge to the mind of man. If we can reach and cross this frontier, our generations will have furnished a significant milestone in human history."

Electronic frontier
John Perry Barlow, along with Mitch Kapor, promoted the idea of cyberspace (the realm of telecommunication) as an "electronic frontier" beyond the borders of any physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could be fully realized. Scholars analyzing the Internet have often cited Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier model. Of special concern is the question whether the electronic frontier will broadly replicate the stages of development of the American land frontier.

People referenced by Turner

 * Lyman Beecher
 * Thomas Benton
 * Edmund Burke
 * John C. Calhoun
 * Christopher Columbus
 * Francis Grund
 * Hermann von Holst
 * Andrew Jackson
 * James Madison
 * James Monroe
 * John Mason Peck

title: Frontier Thesis


text:
Skold

Skold is the debut solo album released in 1996 by Tim Skold.

The song "Chaos" was used in the video game Twisted Metal 4 and the film Universal Soldier: The Return. The song "Hail Mary" can be found on the Disturbing Behavior soundtrack.

Track listing
All songs written by Tim Skold.
 * 1) "Chaos" – 4:14
 * 2) "Remember" – 4:58
 * 3) "P.A.M.F." – 3:29
 * 4) "Neverland" – 4:38
 * 5) "Void" – 4:17
 * 6) "Dust to Dust" – 3:54
 * 7) "Anything" – 4:07
 * 8) "Hail Mary" – 5:08
 * 9) "Devil Inside" – 4:19
 * 10) "Shut Up" – 3:15

Reception
Alan Escher of allmusic suggested that the album's lyrics may be "trying to tap into the incredibly dark overtones" used by Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor, but that the music "is almost always interesting, and [Skold] knows how to rock". He concluded that the album is good, although not "groundbreaking".

title: Skold


text:
Lesley Garrett

Lesley Garrett, CBE (born 10 April 1955) is an English soprano singer, musician, broadcaster and media personality. She is noted for being at home in opera and "crossover music".

Early life
Garrett was born in the town of Thorne, near Doncaster (then in the West Riding of Yorkshire), into a musical family. She attended Thorne Fieldside Infant and Junior Schools and Thorne Grammar School. As she grew up she inherited her family's love of music. Her grandfather Colin Wall was a classical pianist; her father Derek worked as a railway signalman and then as a schoolteacher at Hatfield Woodhouse Primary School, eventually going on to become a headmaster. They lived nearby just south of the village; her mother Margaret (née Wall) was a talented singing seamstress and became the school secretary at Lesley's primary school. She has two sisters, Jill and Kay, one step-sister, Louise, and two step-brothers named Robert and Nicholas. While a student at the Royal Academy of Music she worked as a life model, something of which she is still proud.

Music
Garrett has had an extensive music career. A graduate of the Royal Academy of Music and an alumna of the prestigious National Opera Studio, she won the Decca Prize of the Kathleen Ferrier Award in 1979, thereby launching her career. Her professional debut, in 1979, was as Amor in Orontea at the music festival in Batignano. She subsequently sang, in 1980, Alice in Le comte Ory at the London Coliseum and Dorinda in Orlando at the Wexford Festival, in 1981, also at Wexford, the title role in Zaide, in 1982 Sophie in Werther with Opera North and in 1984 Damigella in L'incoronazione di Poppea at Glyndebourne. From 1984, as principal soprano at English National Opera, she became well known for her performances in productions of the operas Serse, Le Nozze di Figaro, Così fan tutte, Die Fledermaus and The Mikado.

Garrett has performed across the world, in countries throughout Europe, and also the United States, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea. She has also sung opera and pop classics with Bryan Ferry, Eurythmics and Mick Hucknall to celebrate the arrival of the new century on Millennium Eve in the grounds at the Royal Observatory and National Maritime Museum.

She played the lead role of Hanna Glawari in the Welsh National Opera's production of The Merry Widow, which toured the United Kingdom in 2005. In 2006 she sang the role of Mother Abbess in Andrew Lloyd Webber's revival of The Sound of Music. In 2008, she joined the cast of Carousel as Nettie Fowler. The production toured the UK and then transferred to the West End's Savoy Theatre. In 2013 she returned to opera with the monodrama La Voix humaine for Opera North.

She created the role of Val in Pleasure, the first opera by Mark Simpson, directed by Tim Albery and premiered at the Howard Assembly Room by Opera North, in April 2016.

Garrett is a member of the board of the English National Opera and a vice president of Harrogate International Festivals.

In 2002 Garrett was appointed a CBE for her services to music. She was also awarded with a BASCA Gold Badge Award in October 2010, in recognition of her contribution to music.

Performances at sporting events
Garrett has performed at several FA Cup Finals, including the 2000 Final, the last to be held at the old Wembley Stadium, the 2007 final held at the new Wembley Stadium (alongside Sarah Brightman), and the 2008 Final (alongside Katherine Jenkins).

She also sang the British national anthem on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in 2012 after Bradley Wiggins became the first Briton to win the Tour de France, though her performance was not universally appreciated.

Television and radio
In 2004, Garrett was one of the participants in the first series of the celebrity talent contest Strictly Come Dancing; she and her dance partner Anton du Beke finished third. In the same year she took part in the BBC's Who Do You Think You Are?, a genealogy documentary series, in which she journeyed through her home town of Thorne in search of her family history. She was delighted to discover that the musical gene stretched far back and had run in her family for several generations: her maternal grandfather made a living playing the piano with a small orchestra that accompanied silent films at cinemas in and around Sheffield. A great-grandfather was a travelling musician, working across northern England in the 19th century, playing to workers in pubs and clubs. During the First World War he entertained troops on the piano. Garrett is a veteran of Dictionary Corner on the Channel 4 game show Countdown, and in June 2005 it was thought that she was to become one of the show's rotating guest hosts while Richard Whiteley was recovering from illness. After Whiteley's death, however, the plan for rotating guest hosts was abandoned and Des Lynam took the role for the next fifteen months. Garrett did not appear on Countdown again until October 2009.

On Christmas Day 2004, BBC Two broadcast Lesley Garrett – Music from the Movies, co-starring her with Ruthie Henshall, Michael McCarthy with the backing of the Opera North orchestra. The programme was recorded at the Opera In The Park concert which had taken place in the grounds of Temple Newsam, West Yorkshire on 19 July 2003.

In February 2005, Garrett was selected to be one of the judges for BBC's Comic Relief does Fame Academy, and in May she hosted and sang at the 2005 Classical BRIT Awards at the Royal Albert Hall on ITV. She was a regular panellist on the ITV daytime show Loose Women during 2006; she featured there again in 2009 and 2010, before returning in May 2014. Garrett also appeared on This Morning and Loose Women in 2007, to perform a song from her latest album When I Fall in Love. She also continued the post as a judge on Comic Relief Does Fame Academy in 2007. She currently presents a show on the British classical radio station Classic FM.

From February 2008 Garrett presented the show Lesley Garrett's 20 Operas to See Before You Die on Sky Arts.

Over four weeks, beginning on 30 November 2008, she presented the Sunday morning BBC1 programme Christmas Voices.

In November 2010 she joined a long line of panellists on Five's The Wright Stuff.

Along with Larry Lamb, Garrett presented a short BBC series entitled When Royals Wed to celebrate the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in April 2011.

On 30 May 2014 she made her return to the ITV daytime show Loose Women. It was announced on the programme that she would become a regular panellist again.

She featured on the TV show My Life on a Plate on 10 September 2017; chef Brian Turner accompanied her on a trip to key locations from her childhood in Yorkshire, where she was taught by her parents to make the most out of what was available. The chef then created two dishes that wove nostalgia and the taste of home together.

Personal life
Garrett married in May 1991: her husband, Dr. Peter Christian, is a retired G.P. in Muswell Hill. They have a son, Jeremy, and a daughter, Chloe. The family home is in north London.

Discography
As a recording artist, Garrett has released eleven solo albums. Many of them have been successful, receiving gold and silver status. Soprano in Red received the Gramophone Award for "Best-selling Classical Artist of the Year". Garrett was also a featured artist on the platinum selling "Perfect Day" single released by the BBC in aid of Children in Need.

Garrett created the role of Cathy in the London studio recording of Bernard J. Taylor's operatic version of Wuthering Heights, which also featured Dave Willetts, Bonnie Langford and other leading British musical theatre performers. Her rendition of "I Belong to the Earth" was included on two of her solo albums.

Other recordings include complete audio operas: Mozart's The Magic Flute (Papagena) conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras, Mozart's Così fan tutte (Despina), also conducted by Mackerras and Yum-Yum in the audio and video recordings of the Jonathan Miller production of The Mikado from ENO, in which she played the leading soprano role, Yum-Yum. She appears on two other DVDs of complete works from English National Opera, Handel's Ariodante (Dalinda) and Xerxes (Atalanta). In the video of the 1984 Glyndebourne L'incoronazione di Poppea under Raymond Leppard, she sings Nutrice and Valletto.

Garrett's only credit on a hit single was on a version of Ave Maria, which she performed with leukaemia sufferer Amanda Thompson for the television programme Hearts of Gold, which reached no. 16 in the UK singles charts at the end of the November 1993.

Solo albums

 * Studio
 * Diva! A Soprano at the Movies (1991) AUS No. 74
 * Prima Donna (1992)
 * Simple Gifts (1994)
 * The Lesley Garrett Album (1994) – UK No. 25
 * Soprano in Red (1995) – No. 59
 * Soprano in Hollywood (1996) – UK No. 53
 * A Soprano Inspired (1997) – UK No. 48
 * Lesley Garrett (1998) – UK No. 34
 * I Will Wait For You (2000) – UK No. 28
 * Travelling Light (2001) – UK No. 75
 * The Singer (2002)
 * So Deep is the Night (2003)
 * When I Fall in Love (2007) – UK No. 11
 * Amazing Grace (2008) – UK No. 50
 * A North Country Lass (2012) – UK No. 66
 * Centre Stage: The Musicals Album (2015)

Compilation albums

 * The Soprano's Greatest Hits (1997) – UK No. 53
 * The Best of Lesley Garrett (2004)

Solo DVDs

 * Lesley Garrett (1998)
 * I Will Wait For You (2000)
 * Notes From The Heart (2003)
 * Desert Dreams (2004)
 * Lesley Garrett: Music from the Movies (2006)
 * Lesley Garrett Live At Christmas (2008)

title: Lesley Garrett


text:
Talk:Skold

I can't find an online copy of the album art, so when i get a chance, i'll scan in mine. Unfortunatly, it says 'Not for resale" on it, so if someone else has a copy without that, i'd appreciate it if they uploaded it and placed it in this article. Crackshoe 02:20, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I found a copy of the album art, but its smaller than the other art I've been addding (see Praise the Lard), so if you come across something bigger, it'd be cool if you uploaded it. i'm not going to scan in my copy, since it's nonstandard. Crackshoe 02:32, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where Can I find it?
Been looking everywhere, the only place to find a copy is on amazon for extortionate prices. Considering how rare it is, I might be forced to pay, unless anybody knows a better place.
 * download it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.255.251.118 (talk) 11:44, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

Updated
I added an image, will add more if people want to see the actual cd

There is an EP too

Why the heck did someone remove my image I had for it?

I changed it back to an eariler version
I dunno, idiots f'd it up so I fixed it. There is a cover for it somewhere, I've seen it. CaMacKid 15:50, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Updates
Added an infobox, some categories, images and such. The text of the page itself still needs a bit of fleshing out, though. Tarc 01:32, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SkoldAlbumCover.jpg
Image:SkoldAlbumCover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:35, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SkoldAlbumCoverAlt.jpg
Image:SkoldAlbumCoverAlt.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:36, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skold


text:
List of college mascots in the United States

This is an incomplete list of U.S. college mascots' names, consisting of named incarnations of live, costumed, or inflatable mascots.

For school nicknames, see List of college team nicknames in the United States.

For school abbreviation, see List of colloquial names for universities and colleges in the United States

0–9
Secondary mascot of the Saginaw Valley State Cardinals
 * #1 Fan

A
Human mascot of the Erskine College Flying Fleet Humanoid mascot of the Evansville Purple Aces Mascot of the USC Aiken Pacers Mascot of the Stonehill Skyhawks Mascot of the Louisiana-Monroe Warhawks The letter C, mascot of the Central Michigan Chippewas Inflatable mascot of the Murray State Racers, cousin of Dunker Male and female alligator mascots of the Florida Gators Wolf siblings, co-mascots of the Nevada Wolf Pack Mascot of the Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles Cougar mascot of the Misericordia University Cougars English Bulldog mascot of the University of Redlands Bulldogs Mascot of the Tennessee State Tigers and Lady Tigers Three mules that act as the mascots for the Army Black Knights Mascot of the West Florida Argonauts Mascot of the Pikes Peak State College Aardvarks Mascot of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Corsairs Mascot of the Scottsdale Community College Fighting Artichokes Mascot of the Aims Community College Aardvarks Mascot of the Rock Valley College Golden Eagles Goddess and Stag, co-mascots of the Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Stags and Athenas Duck mascot of the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks Tiger mascot of the Auburn Tigers Mascot of the Kutztown Golden Bears Mascot of the Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles Mascot of the Florida Gulf Coast Eagles
 * Ace
 * Ace Purple
 * Ace the Pacer
 * Ace the Skyhawk
 * Ace the Warhawk
 * Action C
 * Air Dunker
 * Albert and Alberta Gator
 * Alphie, Wolfie Jr. & Luna
 * Archibald "Archie" Eagle
 * Archibald "Archie" McGrowl
 * Adelaide, "Addie"
 * Aristocat
 * Army Mules (General Scott, Raider and Ranger)
 * Argie the Argonaut
 * Arnie the Aardvark
 * Arnie the Corsair
 * Artie the Fighting Artichoke
 * Arty the Aardvark
 * Arvee the Golden Eagle
 * Athena and Stanley
 * Attila
 * Aubie
 * Avalanche the Golden Bear
 * Awesome Eagle
 * Azul the Eagle

B

 * Baby Blue – secondary mascot of the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens
 * Baby Jay and Big Jay – co-mascots of the Kansas Jayhawks
 * Baldwin and Gladys – co-mascots of the Mary Baldwin University Fighting Squirrels
 * Baldwin the Eagle – mascot of the Boston College Eagles
 * Baldwin Jr – inflatable version of Baldwin the Eagle at Boston College
 * Bananas T. Bear – mascot of the Maine Black Bears
 * The Battling Bishop – mascot of the Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops
 * Baxter the Badger – mascot of the Klamath CC Badgers
 * Baxter the Bearcat – mascot of the Binghamton Bearcats
 * Beacon and Blaze – Golden/Labrador Retrievers, co-mascots of the Valparaiso Beacons
 * The Bearcat – mascot of the Cincinnati Bearcats
 * Beaker – Eagle mascot of the Morehead State Eagles
 * Beaver – mascot of the Maine at Farmington Beavers
 * Bella and Roscoe – co-mascots of the Angelo State Rams and Rambelles
 * Ben – Bulldog mascot of the McPherson Bulldogs
 * Benny the Bear – mascot of the Morgan State Bears and Lady Bears
 * Benny the Bengal – Bengal tiger mascot of the Idaho State Bengals
 * Benny Beaver – mascot of the Oregon State Beavers
 * Bernie – St. Bernard dog mascot of the Siena Saints
 * Bernie the Dog – mascot of the Marymount University Saints
 * Bernoulli – Beaver mascot of the Caltech Beavers
 * Bevo – a live Texas longhorn steer, mascot of the Texas Longhorns
 * Big Al – Elephant mascot of the Alabama Crimson Tide
 * Big Blue – Lion mascot of the Old Dominion Monarchs
 * Big Blue – Bull mascot of the Utah State Aggies
 * Big Red – mascot of the Sacred Heart Pioneers
 * Big Red - blob-like mascot of the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers
 * Big Red and LU - Cardinals, co-mascots of the Lamar Cardinals and Lady Cardinals
 * Big Red and Sue E. Pig – Wild pigs, co-mascots of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 * Big Stuff – Eagle mascot of the Winthrop Eagles
 * Bill the Goat – live/costumed mascot of the United States Naval Academy
 * Billiken – mythical mascot of Saint Louis University
 * Billy Bluejay – mascot of the Creighton Bluejays
 * Billy Bronco – mascot of the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos
 * Billy the Panther – mascot of the Eastern Illinois Panthers
 * The Bison – mascot of the Howard Bison
 * The Bird – mascot of the Air Force Falcons
 * Black Jack – mascot of the Army Black Knights
 * Blaster the Burro – co-mascot of the Colorado Mines Orediggers
 * Blaze the Dragon – mascot of the UAB Blazers
 * Blaze the Dragon – mascot of the Cortland Red Dragons
 *  Blaze the Inferno – mascot of the Alverno Inferno
 * Blaze the Maverick – mascot of the UT Arlington Mavericks
 * Blaze the Vulcan – mascot of the California Vulcans
 *  Blitz – Bearcat mascot of the Willamette Bearcats
 *  Blizzard – Husky mascot of the St. Cloud State Huskies
 * Blizzard T. Husky – mascot of the Michigan Tech Huskies
 * Blockie – an anthropomorphized block, unofficial mascot of the University of Houston–Clear Lake
 * Blossom and Weezy – co-mascots of the Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils and Cotton Blossoms
 * Blue – live bobcat mascot of the Kentucky Wildcats (does not attend games)
 * The Blue Devil – mascot of the Duke Blue Devils
 * Bobby – Bearcat mascot of the Northwest Missouri State Bearcats
 * Bobcat – mascot of the NYU Violets and the Bates Bobcats
 * Boilermaker Special – Locomotive replica mascot of the Purdue Boilermakers
 * Boko – Bobcat mascot of the Texas State Bobcats
 * Bogey – Bearcat mascot of the McKendree Bearcats
 * Boomer the Bear – mascot of the Missouri State Bears and Lady Bears and the Lake Forest Foresters
 * Boomer the Bobcat – mascot of the Quinnipiac Bobcats
 * Boomer and Sooner – co-mascots of the Oklahoma Sooners, white ponies who pull the Sooner Schooner
 * Boss – Boston Terrier mascot of the Wofford Terriers
 * Boss Hogg – secondary mascot of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 * Brewer – alcoholic beverage mascot of the Vassar Brewers
 * Brit – Knight mascot of the Albion Britons
 * Brody the Bruin – Bear mascot of the Bob Jones Bruins
 * Brown Dawg and Grey Dawg – Saluki dogs, co-mascots of the Southern Illinois Salukis
 * Bruce D. Bear and Sugar Bear – co-mascots of the Central Arkansas Bears and Sugar Bears
 * Bruiser the Bruin – mascot of the Belmont Bruins
 * Bruiser the Bulldog – mascot of the Adrian Bulldogs
 * Bruiser and Marigold – costumed co-mascots of the Baylor Bears
 * Bruno – Bear mascot of the Brown BearsBrown University mascot Bruno.jpg]]
 * Brutus Buckeye – anthropomorphic buckeye mascot of the Ohio State Buckeyes
 * Brutus the Buffalo – mascot of the Milligan Buffaloes
 * Brutus the Bruin – mascot of the Salt Lake CC Bruins
 * Brutus the Bulldog – mascot of the Ferris State Bulldogs
 * Bucky the Bison – mascot of the Bucknell Bison
 * Bucky Badger – mascot of the Wisconsin Badgers
 * Bucky the Beaver – mascot of the American River Beavers, the Bemidji State Beavers
 * Bucky the Bronco – mascot of the Santa Clara Broncos
 * Bucky The Parrot – mascot of the Barry Buccaneers
 * Buddy Broncho – mascot of the Central Oklahoma Bronchos
 * Buford T. Beaver – mascot of the Buena Vista Beavers
 * Bullet – live black American Quarter Horse mascot of the Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls
 * Bully – Bulldog mascot of the Mississippi State Bulldogs
 * Burghy – Cardinal mascot of the SUNY Plattsburgh Cardinals
 * Buster Bronco – mascot of the Boise State Broncos
 * Buster Bronco – mascot of the Western Michigan Broncos
 * Butch T. Cougar – mascot of the Washington State Cougars
 * Butler Blue – live Bulldog mascot of the Butler Bulldogs
 * Buzz – Yellow jacket mascot of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets

C

 * CAM the Ram – mascot of the Colorado State Rams
 * Captain Skyhawk – mascot of the UT Martin Skyhawks
 * Captain BrUNO – mascot of the New Orleans Privateers
 * Captain Buc – mascot of the Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers
 * Captain Chris – mascot of the Christopher Newport Captains, based on Christopher Newport
 * Captain Cane – anthropomorphized golden hurricane, mascot of the Tulsa Golden Hurricane
 * Cardinal – mascot of the Wesleyan Cardinals
 * Castor – Beaver mascot of the PR Polytechnic Beavers
 * Catawba Indian – mascot of the Catawba College Indians
 * CavMan – mascot of the Virginia Cavaliers
 * Cecil the Crusader – mascot of the North Greenville Crusaders
 * Cecil the Sagehen – mascot of the Pomona-Pitzer Sagehens
 * Champ the Bobcat – mascot of the Montana State Bobcats
 * Champ the Bulldog – live bulldog mascot of the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs
 * Champ the Husky – mascot of the Southern Maine Huskies
 * Chaparral – mascot of the DuPage Chaparrals
 * Charlie Cardinal – mascot of the Ball State Cardinals
 * Charlie the Charger – Horse mascot of the New Haven Chargers
 * Charlie the Coyote – mascot of the South Dakota Coyotes
 * Charlie T. Cougar – mascot of the Concordia Chicago Cougars
 * Charlie Oredigger – mascot of the Montana Tech Orediggers
 * Chauncey the Beaver – mascot of the Champlain Beavers
 * Chauncey the Rooster– mascot of the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers
 * Chester and Melrose – Lions, co-mascots of the Widener Pride
 * Chief Osceola and Renegade - Indigenous chief and horse mascots of the Seminoles
 * Chip – Buffalo mascot of the Colorado Buffaloes
 * Chompers – Alligator mascot of the Allegheny Gators
 * Clash – Titan mascot of the Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans
 * Clawed Z. Eagle – mascot of the American Eagles
 * Clutch – Hawk mascot of the Lehigh Mountain Hawks
 * Clyde and Haley – anthropomorphized comets, co-mascots of the Olivet Comets
 * Clyde The Cougar – mascot of the College of Charleston Cougars
 * Cocky – mascot of the Jacksonville State Gamecocks
 * Cocky – costumed mascot of the South Carolina Gamecocks
 * Cody – Cougar mascot of the Columbus State Cougars
 * The Colonel – mascot of the Eastern Kentucky Colonels and Lady Colonels
 * Colonel Rock – live bulldog mascot of the Western Illinois Leathernecks
 * Colonel Tillou – mascot of the Nicholls State Colonels
 * Cool E. Cougar/Coolie – cougar mascot of the Alameda Cougars
 * Coop and Scarlet – Cardinals, co-mascots of the Saginaw Valley State Cardinals
 * Cooper the Cougar- mascot of the Caldwell Cougars
 * Corky the Cardinal – mascot of the Concordia Ann Arbor Cardinals
 * Corky the Hornet – mascot of the Emporia State Hornets
 * Cosmo the Cougar – mascot of the BYU Cougars
 * Cowboy Joe – live Shetland pony mascot of the Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls
 * Crash the Cougar – mascot of the Cal State San Marcos Cougars
 * Crimson Joe – mascot of the Calumet College of St. Joseph Crimson Wave
 * Cubby – secondary mascot of the Brown Bears, geared towards younger fans
 * Cy the Cardinal – mascot of the Iowa State Cyclones
 * Curtiss the Warhawk – mascot of the Auburn Montgomery Warhawks
 * Cutlass T. Crusader/Cuttie – lion mascot of the Clarke Pride

D

 * D'Artagnan and the Blue Blob – co-mascots of the Xavier Musketeers
 * Damien – Great Dane mascot of the Albany Great Danes
 * Deacon – Bear mascot of Bloomfield College
 * Delphy – Dolphin mascot of the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón
 * Demon Deacon – mascot of the Wake Forest Demon Deacons
 * Diego Torero – Bullfighter mascot of the San Diego Toreros
 * Duke Dog – Bulldog mascot of the James Madison Dukes
 * Doc – Tiger mascot of the Towson Tigers
 * Dominic – Ram mascot of the Angelo State Rams
 * Dooley – Skeleton, co-mascot of Emory University
 * The Don – mascot of the San Francisco Dons
 * The Doyle Owl – unofficial mascot of Reed College, a stone or cement owl sculpture subject to theft, showings, battles royale, capture, and related pranks
 * Dubs II – the 14th live husky mascot of the Washington Huskies
 * Dunker – Horse mascot of the Murray State Racers
 * Durango – Bull mascot of the Omaha Mavericks
 * Dusty – Dustdevil mascot of the Texas A&M International Dustdevils
 * Dutch – mascot of the Hope Flying Dutchmen

E

 * Eddie the Cougar, #57 – mascot of the SIU Edwardsville Cougars
 * Eddie the Eagle – mascot of the North Carolina Central Eagles
 * Eddie the Golden Eagle – mascot of the Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles
 * Eddy the Eagle – mascot of the Edgewood Eagles
 * Edugator – mascot of the Eastern Gateway CC Gators
 * Elbee the Shark – mascot of Long Beach State athletics
 * Eli the Eagle – mascot of the Oral Roberts Golden Eagles
 * Ellsworth the Golden Eagle – mascot of the Brockport Golden Eagles
 * Elwood – Horse mascot of the Longwood Lancers
 * Ember – firebird mascot of the Carthage Firebirds
 * Ernie the Eagle – mascot of the Bridgewater Eagles and the Embry–Riddle Eagles
 * Ephelia the Purple Cow – mascot of the Williams Ephs
 * Eutectic – mascot of the University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis
 * The Explorer – mascot of the La Salle Explorers

F

 * Fandango – falcon mascot of the Messiah Falcons
 * Fear, The Gold Knight – mascot of the Saint Rose Golden Knights
 * The Fighting Okra – unofficial mascot of the Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen since the late 1980s.
 * Fighting Pickle – mascot of UNCSA since 1975
 * Finn – shark mascot of the Landmark Sharks
 * Finnegan – mascot of the USC Beaufort Sand Sharks
 * Flex the Falcon – falcon mascot of the Bentley Falcons
 * Frankie – red fox mascot of the Marist Red Foxes
 * Freddie – falcon mascot of the Fairmont State Fighting Falcons
 * Freddie and Frieda Falcon – co-mascots of the Bowling Green Falcons
 * Freddy the Falcon – mascot of the Concordia Wisconsin Falcons, the Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons and the Friends Falcons
 * Freedom – live bald eagle mascot of the Georgia Southern Eagles
 * Friar Dom – Dominican friar, co-mascot of the Providence Friars
 * Flash – Golden Eagle mascot of the Kent State Golden Flashes

G

 * Gally - bison mascot of the Gallaudet Bison
 * The General – mascot of the Sheridan Generals
 * Gaylord and Gladys – camels, co-mascots of the Campbell Fighting Camels
 * General Grizzly – grizzly bear mascot of the Georgia Gwinnett Grizzlies
 * General The Jaguar – mascot of the Texas A&M-San Antonio Jaguars
 * George – mascot of the George Washington Colonials
 * Gideon the Gael – human mascot of the Saint Mary's Gaels
 * Gila Hank – mascot of the Eastern Arizona Gila Monsters
 * Golden Lion – mascot of the Raritan Valley CC Golden Lions
 * Goldy the Gopher – mascot of the Minnesota Golden Gophers
 * Gompei – goat mascot of the WPI Engineers
 * Gorlok – mascot of Webster University
 * Gnarls – narwhal mascot of The New School since 2013
 * Gnarlz – co-mascot of the New Hampshire Wildcats
 * The Governor— mascot of the Austin Peay Governors
 * Griff the Bulldog – live bulldog mascot of the Drake Bulldogs
 * Griff the Lion – lion mascot of the Emerson Lions
 * Griffin – official or quasi-official mascot of the Reed Griffins, taken from the coat of arms of Simeon Reed, whose widow's bequest funded the establishment of the college
 * Grizz the Grizzly – mascot of the Oakland Golden Grizzlies
 * Grizz the Logger – mascot of the Puget Sound Loggers
 * Grubby Grubstake – miner mascot of the South Dakota Mines Hardrockers
 * Gunrock the Mustang – mascot of the UC Davis Aggies
 * Gus the Eagle – mascot of the Georgia Southern Eagles
 * Gus the Goose – mascot of the Washington College Shoremen & Shorewomen
 * Gus the Gorilla – mascot of the Pittsburg State Gorillas
 * Gus the Lion – mascot of the Gustavus Adolphus College Golden Gusties

H

 * Hairy Dawg – a person costumed as a Bulldog, University of Georgia (See also Uga below)
 * Halo – a live St Bernard dog, mascot of the Carroll College Fighting Saints
 * Handsome Dan – a live Bulldog, mascot of the Yale Bulldogs; the first mascot adopted by a university in the USA
 * Harry the Hawk – mascot of the Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks
 * Harry the Husky – costumed mascot of the Washington Huskies
 * Havoc the Wolf – mascot of the Loyola Wolf Pack
 * The Hawk – mascot of the Saint Joseph's Hawks; flaps its "wings" without interruption (even during halftime) throughout SJU basketball games
 * Hendrix the Husky – mascot of the Washington-Tacoma Huskies
 * Herbie Husker – mascot of the Nebraska Cornhuskers
 * Herky the Hawk – mascot of the Iowa Hawkeyes, a hawk-like bird of indeterminate species,
 * Herky the Hornet – mascot of the Sacramento State Hornets
 * Herm – lion mascot of the Eastern Mennonite Royals
 * The Highlander – mascot of the Radford Highlanders
 * Hink – costumed bulldog mascot of the Butler Bulldogs
 * Hokie Bird – mascot of the Virginia Tech Hokies
 * Holly the Husky – mascot of the Washington-Bothell Huskies
 * Hook 'em – longhorn mascot of the Texas Longhorns
 * Hoot and Owlsley – co-mascots of the Florida Atlantic Owls
 * Hootie the Owl – mascot of the Keene State Owls and the Oregon Tech Hustlin' Owls
 * Hooter T. Owl – costumed mascot of the Temple Owls
 * Howie the Hawk – mascot of the Hartford Hawks
 * Howl and Scarlet – wolves, co-mascots of the Arkansas State Red Wolves
 * Hugo – Hawk mascot of the SUNY New Paltz Hawks
 * Hunter the Hillcat – mascot of the Rogers State Hillcats
 * Huxley – Dalmatian, co-mascot of the Providence Friars

I

 * Ichabod – mascot of the Washburn Ichabods; represents Ichabod Washburn
 * Iggy the Greyhound – mascot of the Loyola Greyhounds
 * Iggy the Golden Eagle – mascot of the Marquette Golden Eagles
 * Iggy the Lion – mascot of the Loyola Marymount Lions
 * Ike the Eagle – mascot of the Oklahoma Christian Eagles and Lady Eagles
 * Indy – greyhound mascot of the Indianapolis Greyhounds

J

 * J.C. – live ram mascot of the Shepherd Rams
 * J. Denny and Jenny Beaver – co-mascots of the Bluffton Beavers
 * Jack Rabbit – mascot of the South Dakota State Jackrabbits
 * Jack the Bulldog – the live and costumed bulldog mascots of the Georgetown Hoyas
 * Jack the Sailfish – mascot of the Palm Beach Atlantic Sailfish
 * Jay – bluejay mascot of the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays
 * Jawz, Jinx and Jazzy – jaguars, co-mascots of the IUPUI Jaguars
 * Jerry the Bulldog – live bulldog mascot of the Arkansas Tech Wonder Boys and Golden Suns
 * Joe Bruin and Josephine Bruin – bears, co-mascots of the UCLA Bruins
 * Joe Miner – mascot of the Missouri S&T Miners
 * Joe Mountie – mascot of the Mt. San Antonio Mounties
 * Joe Vandal – Vandal mascot of the Idaho Vandals.
 * Johnny Poet – mascot of the Whittier Poets; references John Greenleaf Whittier
 * Johnny Thunderbird – mascot of the St. John's Red Storm
 * Jonas the Cougar – mascot of the Clark Cougars
 * Jonathan – husky mascot of the UConn Huskies
 * Joust the Knight – mascot of the Calvin Knights
 * Joy and Lady – live black bear co-mascots of the Baylor Bears
 * Jumbo – the elephant mascot of the Tufts Jumbos
 * Junior Smokey – secondary mascot of the Tennessee Volunteers; catered towards younger audiences

K

 * Kaboom – gargoyle mascot of the Bradley Braves
 * Kate and Willy Pride – lions, co-mascots of the Hofstra Pride
 * Kasey the Kangaroo – mascot of the Kansas City Roos
 * Keggy the Keg – unofficial mascot of the Dartmouth Big Green; proposed by the Jack-o-Lantern humor magazine)
 * Katy the Kangaroo – mascot of the Austin College Kangaroos
 * Kid and Play – tigers, co-mascots of the Texas Southern Tigers
 * Killian the Gael – mascot of the Iona Gaels
 * Knightro – mascot of the Fairleigh Dickinson Knights
 * Knightro and Glycerin – knights, costumed co-mascots of the UCF Knights
 * King Husky – live husky mascot of the Northeastern Huskies
 * King Triton – mascot of the UC San Diego Tritons
 * Klawz Da Bear – mascot of the Northern Colorado Bears
 * Klondike – polar bear mascot of the Ohio Northern Polar Bears
 * Kody – kodiak bear mascot of Cascadia Kodiaks

L

 * LaCumba – jaguar mascot of the Southern Jaguars and Lady Jaguars
 * Laker Louie – duck mascot of the Lake Land Lakers
 * LeeRoy – tiger mascot of the Trinity Tigers
 * Leroy the Lynx – mascot of the Rhodes Lynx; replaced Maximus in 2013 after a vote from the student body
 * Leo the Lion – mascot of the Bryan Lions and the Purdue Northwest Pride
 * Leo and Lea Leopard – co-mascots of the La Verne Leopards
 * Leo and Una – lions, co-mascots of the North Alabama Lions
 * Leo III - live lion mascot of the North Alabama Lions
 * The Leprechaun – mascot of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish
 * Lightning – pegasus-like creature, mascot of the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
 * Lil' Red – secondary mascot of the Nebraska Cornhuskers
 * Lizzie the Screaming Eagle – mascot of the Saint Elizabeth Eagles
 * Lloyd the Lancer – mascot of the Eastern Wyoming Lancers
 * Lobo – wolf mascot of the John Carroll Blue Streaks
 * Louie the Cardinal – mascot of the Louisville Cardinals
 * LU Bison – mascot of the Lipscomb Bisons
 * LU Wolf – mascot of the Loyola Ramblers
 * Louie the Laker – mascot of the Grand Valley State Lakers
 * Louie the Loper – mascot of the Nebraska–Kearney Lopers
 * Louie the Triton – newt mascot of the UMSL Tritons
 * Louie Lobo and Lucy Lobo – wolves, co-mascots of the New Mexico Lobos
 * Louie the Lumberjack – mascot of the Northern Arizona Lumberjacks
 * Lucky the Lion – mascot of the Texas A&M–Commerce Lions
 * Lucy – live binturong mascot of the Cincinnati Bearcats

M

 * Mac - Scottish Terrier mascot of the Immaculata Mighty Macs
 * Mac T. Bulldog and Lulu – bulldogs, co-mascots of the Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs
 * Mac the Scot – mascot of the Macalester Scots
 * Mack – mascot of the Linfield Wildcats
 * Mad Jack – mountaineer mascot of the Western Colorado Mountaineers
 * Magnus – viking mascot of the Cleveland State Vikings
 * Mammoth - mascot of the Amherst Mammoths
 * The Marauder – co-mascot of the Millersville Marauders
 * Marco the Bison – mascot of the Marshall Thundering Herd
 * Mario the Magnificent Dragon – mascot of the Drexel Dragons
 * Marty the Saint – mascot of the Saint Martin's Saints
 * Marvin the Miner – co-mascot of the Colorado Mines Orediggers
 * The Masked Rider – co-mascot of the Texas Tech Red Raiders
 * Matty the Matador – mascot of the Cal State Northridge Matadors
 * Max C. Bear – mascot of the SUNY Potsdam Bears
 * Miami Maniac – the baseball-only mascot of the Miami Hurricanes
 * Mighty the Lizard – mascot of the Truckee Meadows CC Lizards
 * Mike the Knight – mascot of the Saint Michael's Purple Knights
 * Mike the Tiger – live/costumed tiger mascot of the LSU Tigers
 * Mingus – jazz cat, official mascot of the Berklee College of Music
 * Mingo – the costumed Husky mascot of Houston Christian University.
 * Mr. C (full name: Mr. Commodore) – mascot of the Vanderbilt Commodores
 * Mr. Wuf and Mrs. Wuf – wolves, co-mascots of the NC State Wolfpack; they were married during halftime of the NC State-Wake Forest game on February 28, 1981
 * Mocsie – mascot of the Florida Southern Moccasins
 * Moe – kangaroo mascot of the VMI Keydets
 * MoHarv – golden eagle mascot of the Charleston Golden Eagles
 * Mo the Mule – mascot of the Central Missouri Mules and Jennies
 * Monado – tiger mascot of the Zane State Tigers
 * Monte the Eagle – mascot of the Niagara Purple Eagles
 * Monte the Grizzly – grizzly bear mascot of the Montana Grizzlies and Lady Griz
 * Monte the Mustang – mascot of the Morningside Mustangs
 * Monty the Mountaineer – mascot of Eastern Oregon University Mountaineers
 * Monty the Mountain Lion – mascot of the Schreiner Mountaineers
 * Morty the Mule – mascot of the Colby Mules
 * Mountaineer – a West Virginia University student who dresses in pioneer costume as the school's mascotWest Virginia Mountaineer.jpg]]
 * Mulerider and Molly – co-mascots of the Southern Arkansas Muleriders; a student dresses in mule rider costume and rides Molly, a live mule
 * Musty the Mustang – mascot of the Cal Poly Mustangs
 * MUcaw – bird mascot of the Mount Union Purple Raiders
 * Musko – fish mascot of the Lakeland Muskies

N

 * Nathan the Quaker – mascot of the Guilford Quakers
 * Nellie – Dolphin mascot of the Jacksonville Dolphins
 * The Nittany Lion – mascot of the Penn State Nittany Lions
 * Norm the Niner – mascot of the Charlotte 49ers
 * Norm the Crimson Hawk – mascot of the IUP Crimson Hawks
 * NYIT Bear – mascot of the NYIT Bears
 * Nestor – Owl mascot of the Westfield State Owls

O

 * Oakie – acorn mascot of the SUNY-ESF Mighty Oaks
 * Oakley the Barn Owl – mascot of the Texas Woman's Pioneers
 * Objee – bear mascot of the Coast Guard Bears and until 1984 a live bear kept on campus.
 * Ody Owl – mascot of the Mississippi University for Women Owls
 * Ole the Lion – mascot of the St. Olaf Oles
 * Olé Gaucho – unofficial mascot of the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos
 * Olé the Viking – mascot of Long Beach City Vikings
 * Ollie the Owl – mascot of the Brandeis Judges
 * The Oregon Duck – mascot of the Oregon Ducks
 * Oski the Bear – mascot of the California Golden Bears
 * Otto the Orange – mascot of the Syracuse Orange
 * Otus the Owl - mascot of the Southern Connecticut Owls
 * Owl – mascot of Bryn Mawr and Kenyon
 * Ozzie – osprey mascot of the North Florida Ospreys
 * Ozzy the Eagle – mascot of the Ozarks Tech CC Eagles

P

 * The Panther – mascot of the Middlebury Panthers.
 * The Patriot – mascot of the George Mason Patriots
 * Patrick the Patriot – mascot of the Dallas Baptist Patriots
 * Paws – mascot of the Western Carolina Catamounts
 * Paws – costumed mascot of the Northeastern Huskies
 * Paydirt Pete – mascot of the UTEP Miners
 * Pedey – bull mascot of the Mesalands CC Stampede
 * PeeDee – pirate mascot of the East Carolina Pirates
 * Pegasus – live white Andalusian mascot of the UCF Knights
 * Peruna – Shetland pony mascot of the SMU Mustangs
 * Pete & Penny – emperor penguins dressed in scarfs and stocking caps; mascots of the Youngstown State Penguins
 * Pete the Panther – mascot of the Florida Tech Panthers
 * Peter the Anteater – mascot of the UCI Anteaters; based on the "ZOT!"-emitting animal from the comic strip B.C.
 * Peter the Peacock - mascot of the Saint Peter's Peacocks
 * Petey the Griffin – mascot of the Canisius Golden Griffins
 * Petey Penmen – mascot of Southern New Hampshire Penmen
 * Petey the Pirate – mascot of the Hampton Pirates
 * Petey the Stormy Petrel – mascot of the Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels
 * Phil the Phoenix – mascot of the Chicago Maroons
 * Philip D. Tiger – tiger mascot of the St. Philip's Tigers
 * Phineas the Phoenix – mascot of the Swarthmore Garnet
 * Phlash the Phoenix – mascot of the Green Bay Phoenix
 * The Phoenix – mascot of Elon, Florida Poly, and Olin
 * Pio Pete – pioneer mascot of the Carroll University Pioneers
 * Pioneer – mascot of the Grinnell Pioneers
 * Pioneer Pete – mascot of the Cal State East Bay Pioneers
 * Pirate – mascot of the Seton Hall Pirates
 * Pistol Pete – mascot of the Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls
 * Pistol Pete – mascot of the New Mexico State Aggies
 * Pistol Pete – costumed mascot of the Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls
 * Polar Bear – mascot of the Bowdoin Polar Bears
 * Pork Chop – secondary mascot of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 * Porky the Javelina – mascot of the Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas
 * Pouncer – costumed tiger mascot of the Memphis Tigers.
 * Pounce the Cougar – mascot of the Minnesota–Morris Cougars
 * Pounce the Panther – mascot of the Georgia State Panthers
 * Pounce the Panther – mascot of the Milwaukee Panthers
 * Power Cat – tiger mascot of the Pacific Tigers
 * Privateer Pete – mascot of the Maritime Privateers
 * The Pronghorn – mascot of the Gillette Pronghorns
 * Prowler – panther mascot of the High Point Panthers
 * Purple Knight – mascot of the Bridgeport Purple Knights
 * Puckman – anthropomorphichockey puck mascot of the RPI Engineers
 * Purdue Pete – mascot of the Purdue Boilermakers

R

 * Racer 1— live horse mascot of the Murray State Racers
 * The Raider – mascot of Colgate University
 * Raider Red – one of the official mascots of the Texas Tech Red Raiders
 * Rally – the mascot of the University of Vermont Catamounts.
 * Rally the Red Hawk – the mascot of the Ripon College (Wisconsin) Red Hawks.
 * Ralphie – a live American bison the official mascot of the Colorado Buffaloes
 * Ralphie and Roxie – greyhounds, co-mascots of the Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds
 * The Ram – mascot of the Fordham Rams
 * Ramblin' Wreck – the Model A Sports Coupe mascot of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
 * Rameses – live/costumed ram mascot of the North Carolina Tar Heels
 * Rammy – mascot of the West Chester Golden Rams
 * Ram-bo - mascot of Farmingdale State College
 * RAMbo – costumed mascot of the Shepherd Rams.
 * Ranger D. Bear – mascot of the Wisconsin–Parkside Rangers
 * Razor the Shark – mascot of the Nova Southeastern Sharks
 * Rawhide – mustang mascot of the Western New Mexico Mustangs
 * R.B. Bbhoggawact – "riverbat" mascot of the Austin CC Riverbats
 * Red The Cardinal – mascot of the Incarnate Word Cardinals and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Cardinals
 * Red Dragon – mascot of the SUNY Oneonta Red Dragons
 * Reddie Spirit – athletic emblem of the Henderson State Reddies
 * Reggie Redbird – mascot of the Illinois State Redbirds
 * Reveille – live collie mascot of the Texas A&M Aggies; is taken care of by the Corps of Cadets
 * Reveley - griffin mascot of the William & Mary Tribe
 * Rex the Lion – mascot of the Queens Royals
 * Rett and Ave – cougars, co-mascots of the Averett Cougars
 * Rhett the Boston Terrier – mascot of the Boston University Terriers
 * Rhody the Ram – mascot of the Rhode Island Rams
 * Ribby – baseball-only mascot of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 * RITchie the Tiger – mascot of the RIT Tigers
 * Riptide – pelican mascot of the Tulane Green Wave
 * Roar-ee the Lion – mascot of the Columbia Lions
 * Roary the Lion – mascot of the Missouri Southern Lions
 * Roary the Panther – mascot of the FIU Panthers
 * Roc the Panther – mascot of the Pittsburgh Panthers
 * RoCCy – tiger mascot of Colorado College; changed from Prowler in 2020
 * Rocky Raider – mascot of the Three Rivers CC Raiders
 * Rocky the Bull – mascot of the South Florida Bulls
 * Rocky the Bulldog – costumed mascot of the UNC Asheville Bulldogs and the Western Illinois Leathernecks
 * Rocky II the Lion – mascot of the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
 * Rocky the Raven – mascot of the Franklin Pierce Ravens
 * Rocky the Red Hawk – mascot of the Montclair State Red Hawks
 * Rocky the Rocket and Rocksy the Rockette – anthropomorphized rockets, co-mascots of the Toledo Rockets
 * Rocky the Yellowjacket – mascot of the Rochester Yellowjackets
 * Rocky I – live bulldog mascot of the UNC Asheville Bulldogs
 * Rodney the Ram – mascot of the VCU Rams
 * Rodney the Raven – mascot of the Anderson Ravens and Lady Ravens
 * Roscoe The Lion – mascot of the TCNJ Lions
 * Rosie – elephant mascot of the Rose–Hulman Fightin' Engineers
 * Roomie the Lion – mascot of the Southeastern Louisiana Lions
 * Roongo the Husky – mascot of the Bloomsburg Huskies
 * Rooney – mascot of the Roanoke Maroons
 * Rowdy – secondary mascot of the Purdue Boilermakers
 * Rowdy – a roadrunner that is the mascot for the University of Texas at San Antonio.
 * Rowdy Raider – wolf mascot of the Wright State Raiders; was a Viking until 1997
 * Rowdy the Cowboy – mascot of the McNeese State Cowboys
 * Rowdy the Gopher – mascot of the Goucher Gophers
 * Rowdy the Maverick – mascot of the Colorado Mesa Mavericks
 * Rowdy the Panther – mascot of the Birmingham-Southern Panthers
 * Rowdy the Riverhawk – mascot of the UMass Lowell River Hawks
 * Rowdy the Red Hawk – mascot of the Southeast Missouri State Redhawks
 * Rowdy the Roadrunner – mascot of the Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners and the MSU Denver Roadrunners
 * Rudy Flyer – mascot of the Dayton Flyers
 * Rudy the Redhawk – mascot of the Seattle Redhawks
 * Rufus the Bobcat – mascot of the Ohio Bobcats
 * Rufus the Bobcat – mascot of the UC Merced Golden Bobcats
 * Rufus the Red Wolf – mascot of the Indiana East Red Wolves
 * Rusty the Rustler – mascot of the Central Wyoming Rustlers

S
ida Keys]] Tugas; named for poet Shel Silverstein
 * Sam the Minuteman – mascot of the UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen
 * Sam the Ram – mascot of the Framingham State Rams
 * Sam the Ram – mascot of the Fresno City College Rams
 * Sammy D. Eagle – mascot of the Mary Washington Eagles
 * Sammy Seahawk – mascot of the Broward College Seahawks and the Salve Regina Seahawks
 * Sammy Spartan – mascot of the San Jose State SpartansSammy Spartan.jpg]]
 * Sammy the Owl – mascot of the Rice Owls
 * Sammy the Sabre – mascot of the Marian Sabres
 * Sammy the Seagull – mascot of the Salisbury Seagulls
 * Sammy the Slug – mascot of the UC Santa Cruz Banana Slugs
 * Sammy and Samantha Bearkat – co-mascots of the Sam Houston State Bearkats
 * Scorch – humanoid mascot of the Southeastern University (Florida) Fire
 * Scorch the Dragon – mascot of the Minnesota State–Moorhead Dragons
 * Scrappy Moc – Mockingbird, mascot of the Chattanooga Mocs
 * Scrappy the Eagle – the eagle mascot of the North Texas Mean Green
 * Scrappy the Owl – costumed mascot of the Kennesaw State Owls
 * Scratch – secondary mascot of the Kentucky Wildcats; catered towards younger audiences
 * Screech A. Eagle – mascot of the University of Northwestern Eagles
 * Screech the Owl – mascot of the William Woods Owls
 * Scottie – scottie dog mascot of the Agnes Scott Scotties
 * Scotty – human mascot of the Alma Scots
 * Scotty the Scottie Dog – mascot of the Carnegie Mellon Tartans
 * Scotty the Scotsman – human mascot of the Presbyterian Blue Hose
 * Scotty Highlander – tartan-clad bear mascot of the UC Riverside Highlanders
 * Scrotie – unofficial mascot of the Rhode Island School of Design
 * Sebastian the Ibis – mascot of the Miami Hurricanes
 * Seymour D'Campus – mascot of the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and Lady Eagles
 * Shadow – mascot of the Monmouth Hawks
 * The Shark – mascot of the UNLV Rebels; while the school's teams are named the Rebels, the mascot is a shark in honor of former men's basketball coach Jerry Tarkanian, nicknamed "The Shark"
 * Shasta and Sasha – cougars, co-mascots of the Houston Cougars
 * Shel – turtle mascot of the [[College of the Florida Keys|Flor
 * Sir Big Spur – live rooster mascot of the South Carolina Gamecocks since 2006
 * Sir Henry – knight mascot of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights
 * Sir Lance-a-lute – mascot of the Pacific Lutheran Lutes
 * Sir Paladin – mascot of the Furman Paladins
 * Skitch – Sasquatch (Bigfoot) mascot of the CC Spokane Sasquatch
 * Skully the Parrot – co-mascot of the Millersville Marauders
 * Skully – unofficial skull mascot of the East Carolina Pirates
 * Slater – mascot of the Green River Gators
 * Smokey – live/costumed bluetick coonhound mascot of the Tennessee Volunteers
 * Sol the Suncat – the yellow cat mascot of Central New Mexico CC
 * Southpaw and Miss Pawla – jaguars, co-mascots of the South Alabama Jaguars
 * Sparky the Sun Devil – mascot of the Arizona State Sun Devils
 * Sparky the Dragon– dragon mascot of the UIC Flames
 * Sparky the Eagle – eagle mascot of the Liberty Flames and Lady Flames
 * Spartacus - Spartan mascot of the Missouri Baptist Spartans
 * Sparty – Spartan mascot of the Michigan State Spartans; a comical (and extremely buff) representation of a Spartan hoplite soldier clad in green with an elongated head.
 * Sparty the Spartan – mascot of the USC Upstate Spartans
 * Speedy the Geoduck – mascot of the Evergreen State Geoducks
 * Spike the Bulldog – mascot of the Drake Bulldogs, the Gonzaga Bulldogs, the Samford Bulldogs, and The Citadel Bulldogs
 * Spike and Simone – bulldogs, co-mascots of the Truman Bulldogs
 * Spike the Whale - mascot of the University of Alaska Southeast
 * Spirit Leader - mascot of the San Diego State Aztecs; changed from Monty Montezuma, represented by a student wearing inaccurate Indigenous garments
 * Spiro and Minerva – Spartan and Goddess, co-mascots of the UNC Greensboro Spartans
 * Spiro the Spartan – mascot of the Norfolk State Spartans
 * The Stag – mascot of the Fairfield Stags
 * The Stanford Tree – official mascot of Stanford Band and unofficial mascot of the Stanford Cardinal.
 * Star the Pacific Tree Frog – mascot of the North Seattle Tree Frogs
 * The Statesman – the official mascot of the Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen
 * Stella – live owl mascot of the Temple Owls
 * Stertorous "Tor" Thunder – mascot of the Wheaton Thunder
 * Stevie Pointer – mascot of the Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers
 * Sting – yellow jacket mascot of the Black Hills State Yellow Jackets
 * Stinger the Wasp – mascot of the Emory and Henry Wasps
 * Stomper – maverick mascot of the Minnesota State Mavericks
 * Storm – tiger mascot of the Trine Thunder, first introduced in 2010
 * Stormy – anthropomorphic cyclone mascot of the Lake Erie Storm
 * Stormy the Shark – mascot of the Simmons Sharks
 * Stormin' Normin' – mascot of the New England Nor'easters.
 * Sturgis – live owl mascot of the Kennesaw State Owls
 * Sunny the Sunbird – mascot of the Fresno Pacific Sunbirds
 * Superfrog – horned frog mascot of the TCU Horned Frogs
 * Swoop – mascot of the Eastern Michigan Eagles
 * Swoop the Eagle – mascot of the Eastern Washington Eagles and the Emory Eagles
 * Swoop the Hawk – mascot of the Utah Utes and the Miami RedHawks
 * Sycamore Sam – mascot of the Indiana State Sycamores; forest animal costume of no particular species but looks like a blue fox or dog

T

 * Talon the Eagle – mascot of the Laramie County CC Golden Eagles
 * Talon the Hawk – mascot of the Illinois Tech Scarlet Hawks
 * Tarzán and Jane – live bulldogs, co-mascots of the Puerto Rico-Mayagüez Bulldogs
 * TC and TK — panthers, co-mascots of the Northern Iowa Panthers
 * Tech – live bulldog mascot of the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs
 * Terrible Swede – mascot of the Bethany Swedes
 * Temoc – comet mascot of the Texas-Dallas Comets
 * Texan Rider – cowboy mascot of the Tarleton State Texans
 * Testudo – Diamondback Terrapin mascot of the Maryland Terrapins.
 * Teton – buffalo mascot of the Williston State Tetons
 * Thor – thunderbird mascot of Cloud County CC, Mesa CC, and the Southern Utah Thunderbirds
 * Thresher – mascot of the Bethel Threshers
 * Thundar – bison mascot of the North Dakota State Bison
 * Thunder the Antelope – mascot of the Grand Canyon Antelopes
 * Thunder the Bison – live mascot of the West Texas A&M Buffaloes
 * Thunder the Bobcat – mascot of the Georgia College Bobcats
 * Thunder the Mustang – mascot of the Western Wyoming CC Mustangs
 * Thunder the Wolf – mascot of the Northern State Wolves
 * Thunderbird – mascot of the Casper Thunderbirds
 * Thundercat – mascot of the Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm
 * The Tiger – mascot of the Princeton Tigers
 * The Tiger – mascot of the Clemson Tigers
 * The Tiger Cub – secondary mascot of the Clemson Tigers; catered towards younger audiences
 * Tim the Beaver – mascot of the MIT Engineers
 * Timeout – bulldog mascot of the Fresno State Bulldogs
 * Toby the Bear – bear mascot of the Mercer Bears
 * Toby the Tiger – mascot of the East Texas Baptist Tigers
 * TOM III – live Bengal tiger mascot of the Memphis Tigers
 * Tommy Mo – saint mascot of the Thomas More Saints
 * Tommy Titan – mascot of the Detroit Mercy Titans
 * Tommy Trojan – unofficial mascot of the USC Trojans
 * Top Daug - mascot of the Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team
 * Topper the Hilltopper – mountain goat mascot of the St. Edward's Hilltoppers
 * Touchdown – unofficial black bear mascot of the Cornell Big Red; also known as the Big Red Bear
 * Tony the Landshark – mascot of the Ole Miss Rebels; replaced Rebel Black Bear and Colonel Reb
 * The Trapper – mascot of the Northwest Trappers
 * Traveler – live white horse mascot of the USC Trojans
 * True Grit – Chesapeake Bay Retriever mascot of the UMBC Retrievers
 * Truman the Tiger – mascot of the Missouri Tigers, named for former U.S. president Harry S. Truman (the only Missouri native to hold the office).
 * Tupper the Bulldog – mascot of the Bryant Bulldogs and named for Earl Tupper, the creator of Tupperware
 * Tuffy – eagle mascot of the Ashland Eagles and elephant mascot of the Cal State Fullerton Titans
 * T-Roy – Trojan mascot of the Troy Trojans
 * Tusk – live Russian boar mascot of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 * Tyler the Tiger – tiger mascot of the DePauw Tigers

U

 * Uga – live Bulldog, mascot of the Georgia Bulldogs

V

 * Val the Valkyrie – mascot of the Converse Valkyries
 * 'Valor – Horse mascot of the Evangel Crusaders
 * Venom – Rattlesnake mascot of the Florida A&M Rattlers and Lady Rattlers
 * Vic and Tory – live Greyhounds, co-mascots of the Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds
 * Vic the Demon – mascot of the Northwestern State Demons and Lady Demons
 * Victor E. Bluejay – mascot of the Elmhurst Bluejays
 * Victor E. Bull – mascot of the Buffalo Bulls
 * Victor E. Bulldog – mascot of the Fresno State Bulldogs
 * Victor E. Huskie – mascot of the Northern Illinois Huskies
 * Victor E. Tiger – mascot of the Fort Hays State Tigers
 * Victor E. Lion – mascot of the Molloy Lions
 * Victor E. Viking – mascot of the Northern Kentucky Norse, the Portland State Vikings, and the Western Washington Vikings
 * Victor E. Hawk – mascot of the Viterbo V-Hawks
 * Victor E. Warrior – mascot of the Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors
 * Viktor the Viking – mascot of the Grand View Vikings
 * Vili – unofficial mascot of the Hawai'i—Mānoa, played by Vili Fehoko
 * Vinny the Dolphin – mascot of the Mount Saint Vincent Dolphins
 * Vixen – mascot of the Sweet Briar Vixens

W

 * W – mascot of the Wayne State Warriors
 * Wakiza (Kiza) – live Husky mascot of the Houston Christian Huskies
 * Waldo – Wildcat mascot of the Weber State Wildcats
 * War Eagle VII – live golden eagle mascot of the Auburn Tigers
 * Wally Pilot – mascot of the Portland Pilots
 * Wally Wabash – Human mascot of the Wabash Little Giants
 * WebstUR – Spider mascot of the Richmond Spiders
 * Wellington – Wildcat mascot of the Central Washington Wildcats
 * Wesley the Wildcat – mascot of the Indiana Wesleyan Wildcats
 * Whoo RU – Owl mascot of the Rowan Profs
 * Wilbur and Wilma T. Wildcat – co-mascots of the Arizona Wildcats
 * Wild E. Cat – co-mascot of the New Hampshire Wildcats
 * The Wildcat – a costumed student who is one of three official mascots of the Kentucky Wildcats, two of which attend games.
 * Wildcat Willy – mascot of the Northern Michigan Wildcats
 * Will D. Cat – mascot of the Villanova Wildcats
 * Will E. Wildcat - mascot of the Davidson Wildcats
 * Willie Warhawk – mascot of the Wisconsin–Whitewater Warhawks
 * Willie the Wave – mascot of the Pepperdine Waves
 * Willie T. Wildcat – mascot of the Johnson & Wales Wildcats
 * Willie Wildcat - mascot of the Kansas State Wildcats
 * Willie the Wildcat – mascot of the Chico State Wildcats
 * Willie the Wildcat - mascot of the Northwestern Wildcats
 * Wily the Bobcat – mascot of the Lees-McRae Bobcats
 * Wiley D. Wildcat – mascot of the Wilmington Wildcats
 * Winnie the Lakes Monster - mascot of Lakes Region Community College
 * Wolfie – mascot of the West Georgia Wolves and the Western Oregon Wolves
 * Wolfie the Seawolf – mascot of the Stony Brook SeawolvesWolfie, mascot of Stony Brook University.jpg]]
 * Woody – Timberwolf, mascot of the Northwood Timberwolves
 * Woody Wood Duck – mascot of the Century Wood Ducks
 * WuShock – Anthropomorphic wheat, mascot of the Wichita State Shockers

Y

 * Yank – Tiger, mascot of the Hampden–Sydney Tigers
 * YoUDee – Blue hen, mascot of the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens
 * Yosef – Human mascot of the Appalachian State Mountaineers

Z

 * Zippy the Kangaroo – Kangaroo, mascot of the Akron Zips