text:
Pacific Plate

The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At 103 e6km2, it is the largest tectonic plate.

The plate first came into existence as a microplate 190 million years ago, at the triple junction between the Farallon, Phoenix, and Izanagi Plates. The Pacific Plate subsequently grew to where it underlies most of the Pacific Ocean basin. This reduced the Farallon Plate to a few remnants along the west coast of the Americas and the Phoenix Plate to a small remnant near the Drake Passage, and destroyed the Izanagi Plate by subduction under Asia.

The Pacific Plate contains an interior hot spot forming the Hawaiian Islands.

Boundaries
The north-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Explorer Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Gorda Plate forming respectively the Explorer Ridge, the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Gorda Ridge. In the middle of the eastern side is a transform boundary with the North American Plate along the San Andreas Fault, and a boundary with the Cocos Plate. The south-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Nazca Plate forming the East Pacific Rise.

The southern side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate forming the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge.

The western side is bounded by the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and the Japan Trench. The plate forms a convergent boundary by subducting under the Philippine Sea Plate creating the Mariana Trench, has a transform boundary with the Caroline Plate, and has a collision boundary with the North Bismarck Plate.

In the south-west, the Pacific Plate has a complex but generally convergent boundary with the Indo-Australian Plate, subducting under it north of New Zealand forming the Tonga Trench and the Kermadec Trench. The Alpine Fault marks a transform boundary between the two plates, and further south the Indo-Australian Plate subducts under the Pacific Plate forming the Puysegur Trench. The southern part of Zealandia, which is to the east of this boundary, is the plate's largest block of continental crust. Hillis and Müller are reported to consider the Bird's Head Plate to be moving in unison with the Pacific Plate, but Bird considers them to be unconnected.

The northern side is a convergent boundary subducting under the North American Plate forming the Aleutian Trench and the corresponding Aleutian Islands (see also: Aleutian Arc).

Paleo-geology of the Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic crust, but it contains some continental crust in New Zealand, Baja California, and coastal California.

The Pacific Plate has the distinction of showing one of the largest areal sections of the oldest members of seabed geology being entrenched into eastern Asian oceanic trenches. A geologic map of the Pacific Ocean seabed shows not only the geologic sequences, and associated Ring of Fire zones on the ocean's perimeters, but the various ages of the seafloor in a stairstep fashion, youngest to oldest, the oldest being consumed into the Asian oceanic trenches. The oldest part disappearing by way of the plate tectonics cycle is early-Cretaceous (145 to 137 million years ago).

The Pacific Plate originated at the triple junction of the three main oceanic plates of Panthalassa, the Farallon, Phoenix, and Izanagi Plates, around 190 million years ago. The plate formed because the triple junction had converted to an unstable form surrounded on all sides by transform faults, due to the development of a kink in one of the plate boundaries. The "Pacific Triangle", the oldest part of the Pacific Plate, created during the initial stages of plate formation, is located just east of the Mariana Trench. The growth of the Pacific Plate reduced the Farallon Plate to a few remnants along the west coast of the Americas (such as the Juan de Fuca Plate) and the Phoenix Plate to a small remnant near the Drake Passage, and destroyed the Izanagi Plate by subduction under Asia.

title: Pacific Plate


text:
Hoyt Vandenberg

Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (January 24, 1899 – April 2, 1954) was a United States Air Force general. He served as the second Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the second Director of Central Intelligence.

During World War II, Vandenberg was the commanding general of the Ninth Air Force, a tactical air force in England and in France, supporting the Army, from August 1944 until V-E Day. Vandenberg Space Force Base on the central coast of California is named after him. In 1946, he was briefly the U.S. Chief of Military Intelligence. He was the nephew of Arthur H. Vandenberg, a former U.S. Senator from Michigan.

Early life
Vandenberg was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Pearl Kane and William Collins Vandenbergh, both from Dutch ancestry. He grew up in Lowell, Massachusetts, spending his teenage years there. While there he was one of the first Eagle Scouts in the Boy Scouts of America's Lowell Council. He graduated from the United States Military Academy on June 12, 1923, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army Air Service.

Military career

Vandenberg graduated from the Air Service Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas, in February 1924, and from the Air Service Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, Texas, in September 1924.

Vandenberg's first assignment was with the 90th Attack Squadron, part of the 3rd Attack Group at Kelly Field. (In 1926 Lt. Van was also a stunt pilot for the silent film "Wings" which was filming in San Antonio. "Wings" won the first Academy Award for a motion picture.) Vandenberg was appointed commander of the 90th AS on January 1, 1926. In 1927, he became an instructor at the Air Corps Primary Flying School at March Field, Calif. In 1928 he was promoted to first lieutenant. In May 1929 he went to Wheeler Field, Hawaii, to join the 6th Pursuit Squadron, and assumed command of it the following November.

Returning in September 1931, Vandenberg was appointed a flying instructor at Randolph Field, Texas, and became a flight commander and deputy stage commander there in March 1933. He entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1934, and graduated the following June. Two months later he enrolled in the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; he completed the course in June 1936 and was promoted to the rank of captain. He then became an instructor in the Pursuit Section of the Air Corps Tactical School, where he taught until September 1936, when he entered the Army War College, where he specialized in air defense planning for the Philippines.

After graduating from the War College in June 1939, Vandenberg was assigned to the Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, selected personally by its head, Brigadier General Carl Spaatz, whom he had met at the Command and General Staff College. In September 1939 and the autumn of 1940, Vandenberg developed two air plans for the Philippine Department, the second based on Royal Air Force interceptor operations in the Battle of Britain, but neither was adopted by the War Department when the Roosevelt Administration reaffirmed its long-standing opposition to any plan that called for extensive reinforcement of the defenses in the Philippines. In 1940 Vandenberg was promoted to major and in 1941 to lieutenant colonel.

A few months after the United States entered World War II, Vandenberg was promoted to colonel and became operations and training officer of the Air Staff. For his services in these two positions he received the Distinguished Service Medal.

In June 1942, Vandenberg was assigned to the United Kingdom and assisted in the organization of the Air Forces in North Africa. While in Great Britain he was appointed the chief of staff of the Twelfth Air Force, which he helped organize. In December 1942 Vandenberg earned the promotion to brigadier general. On February 18, 1943, Vandenberg became the chief of staff of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF), which was under the command of Major General James Doolittle. NASAF was the strategic arm of the new Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) under Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz. With NASAF, Vandenberg flew on numerous missions over Tunisia, Pantelleria, Sardinia, Sicily, and Italy. He was awarded both the Silver Star and the Distinguished Flying Cross for his services during this time. For his organizational ability with the Twelfth Air Force and his work as chief of staff of the NASAF, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. In August 1943, Vandenberg was assigned to Air Force headquarters as Deputy Chief of Air Staff. In September 1943, he became head of an air mission to Russia, under Ambassador Harriman, and returned to the United States in January 1944. In March 1944, he earned the promotion to major general and then he was transferred to the European theater; in April 1944, he was designated the Deputy Air Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Forces and the Commander of its American Air Component.

In August 1944, Vandenberg assumed command of the Ninth Air Force. On November 28, 1944, he received an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his part in planning the Normandy invasion. He was promoted to lieutenant general in March 1945.

Vandenberg was appointed the Assistant Chief of Air Staff at the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) headquarters in July 1945. In January 1946, he became Director of Intelligence on the War Department general staff where he served until his appointment in June 1946, as Director of Central Intelligence, a position he held until May 1947.

Vandenberg returned to duty with the Air Force in April 1947, and on June 15 became the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Air Staff. Following the division of the United States Department of War into the Departments of the Army and the Air Force, Vandenberg was designated the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on October 1, 1947, and promoted to the rank of general.

Even when Vandenberg was at the pinnacle of his military career, his boyish good looks and outgoing personality often made him the target of attacks on his credibility and experience. However, the attention that his appearance brought on was not all bad. He appeared on the covers of Time and Life magazines. The Washington Post once described him as "the most impossibly handsome man on the entire Washington scene," and Marilyn Monroe once named Vandenberg, along with Joe DiMaggio and Albert Einstein, as one of the three people with whom she would want to be stranded on a deserted island.

On April 30, 1948, Vandenberg became the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, succeeding General Carl Spaatz. He was renominated by President Harry S. Truman for a second term as Air Force Chief of Staff on March 6, 1952. The nomination was confirmed on April 28, with Vandenberg serving until June 30, 1953.

A controversy arose while Vandenberg was the Air Force Chief of Staff, when he opposed the United States Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson on a proposed $5 billion budget reduction for the Air Force. Vandenberg maintained that the cut backed by Wilson would reduce military aviation to a "one-shot Air Force," inferior to that of the Soviet Union. He said it was another instance of "start-stop" planning of a kind that had impeded Air Force development in previous years. The cut in appropriations went into effect in July 1953, immediately after his retirement from the Air Force.

Later life
A scratch golfer, he spent much time on golf courses. He was also a lover of movies, Westerns, and scotch. Vandenberg retired from active duty on June 30, 1953, and he died nine months later, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center of prostate cancer at the age of 55. He is interred in Section 30 of Arlington National Cemetery.

His wife, Gladys Merritt (Rose) Vandenberg (1898–1978), started the concept of the Arlington Ladies while he was Air Force Chief of Staff. The program provides that a woman of the appropriate military service represents the service chief at all military funerals at Arlington National Cemetery. She was buried, alongside her husband, in Arlington National Cemetery upon her death on January 9, 1978. They are survived by their children, Gloria Vandenberg Miller (1925-2022) and Hoyt S. Vandenberg, Jr.

Namesakes
On October 4, 1958, the missile and space base at Camp Cooke in Lompoc, California, was renamed Vandenberg Air Force Base (which was redesignated Vandenberg Space Force Base in 2021). In July 1963, the instrument ship USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg (T-AGM-10) was renamed at Cape Canaveral, Florida, for duty on the Eastern Space and Missile Range in the Atlantic. One of the two cadets' dormitories at the United States Air Force Academy, Vandenberg Hall, is also named in his honor. In addition, a popular enlisted "hangout" for technical school Airmen at Keesler AFB, Mississippi, is named in his honor, as was the Vandenberg Esplanade, along the Merrimack River in Lowell, Massachusetts and part of the Lowell Heritage State Park.

Dates of rank
Sources:

Awards and decorations
Command Pilot
 * Foreign awards

The Manuscript Collection of Hoyt S. Vandenberg at the Library of Congress as of November 2005 is Classified information.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hoyt Vandenberg


text:
Talk:The History of Cardenio

Performance
"The play was performed in England for the first time since its recovery at the Burton Taylor Theatre in Oxford in March 2004."

Which play? AFAIK there is still no play generally accepted as Shakespeare's Cardenio. Also, Shakespeare's Cardenio was certainly performed in England in the early 17th century. -Kevin Saff 21:33, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The line quoted has been gottn rid of, but it referred to a production of the Second Maiden's Tragedy which they called Cardenio for publicity. mholland 16:25, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Warburton
John Warburton needs to be disambiged, but I do not know how. - SimonP 02:21, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, William Warburton was meant. I've changed it, but I'm no expert; any 18th-century specialists who can help? I'm dying to know about this "infamous cook!" Lusanaherandraton 7 July 2005 08:04 (UTC)

 * Several other articles reference it as John Warburton, but I don't think it's the one we have an article about. The article on Philip Massinger states: "Five of these lost plays were manuscripts used by John Warburton's cook for piecovers." The article on Cyril Tourneur also makes reference to John Warburton's mysterious cook. So I'm changing it back to John Warburton, but I'm leaving it unlinked since it's clearly not the person that article refers to. -- Zawersh 00:49, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's definitely John Warburton, just turned up some search results:  -- Zawersh 00:56, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I now created a stub for John Warburton (herald). -- Zawersh 01:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Lewis Theobald and Double Falshood
I wrote the material that is at present being anonymously sneered at.

I am officially pissed off. John W. Kennedy 03:49, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Rejoice! The sneering is apparently gone. GeorgeTSLC (talk) 23:42, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Title
Is it "The History of Cardenio" or just "Cardenio?" —ScouterSig 16:06, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I haven't looked into the detail, so I don't know, but I would refer you to this discussion. AndyJones (talk) 17:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * In the first lecture of "Lecture Transcript and Course Guidebook" for The Western Literary Canon in Context, a lecture series by Prof. John M. Bowers in "The Great Courses(r)" series, Part 1 of 3, Prof. Bowers says just Cardenio and the transcript makes it [The History of] Cardenio]]. This article makes the same point more explicitly. So the answer to the either-or question above is "Yes"! GeorgeTSLC (talk) 23:37, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Citations needed
Much of the first part has no references. Are there references that need to be added?Fotoguzzi (talk) 17:50, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

How about a summary of the plot?
From Shelton's translation of Quixote, I mean.--99.252.199.159 (talk) 00:16, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Presently Adding it. You're Welcome.Artimaean (talk) 04:35, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Songs?
What I've added to the article about surviving songs is all I know. I think we would all appreciate anyone who knows or finds out more adding info! GeorgeTSLC (talk) 23:41, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Deletion
I deleted the following

"present scholarly opinion is that Theobald may indeed have used the lost Cardenio as his original, but he might have suspected that the work was wholly or partly by John Fletcher, even though he was presumably ignorant of the co-authorship attribution in Moseley's Stationers' Registry entry. "

Here's why I deleted it. There's nothing wrong with the info as such, it's just that it's already there in the article. Having this section above the main discussion makes it illogical and repetitive. We have "present scholarly opinion" that he used an authentic manuscript, then immediately below that we have "many scholars" saying he didn't. The whole passage breaks up the flow and logic of the text making it confusing to a reader. As it is now, the reader gets a logical flow of information. 1. Theobald publishes his play as a revised work by WS. 2. Many scholars came to the conclusion that he just made the text up himself. 3. Recent studies suggest that he may have been using an authentic manuscript.

The deleted text says he was "presumably ignorant" of the attribution to both Shakespeare and Fletcher in the Moseley entry, but he already has attributed it to Shakespeare and the text just asserts that he suspected Fletcher was co-author without indicating why. In fact the source says that scholars until recently thought he was unlikely to have known of it (p.260), so the source does not support the statement. The information contained in the deleted passage tells us nothing of significance that is not already provided in a way that makes sense to the reader. Whether or not Theobald knew about the register, he clearly knew of a claim that Shakespeare was the author or part author, so knowledge or lack of knowledge of Moseley is irrelevant at this point. It may be appropriate to mention later, perhaps if there is reason to believe that he thought Fletcher to be co-author. This is asserted in the deleted text, but I don't know where this is stated in the source. The footnote itself can be moved to the relevant part of the text if anyone thinks that the current citations are inadequate. Paul B (talk) 20:28, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

ps. "The Shakespeare Secret" is the UK title of "Interred with their Bones". They are one and the same book. See the author's website. Paul B (talk) 12:47, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

The "Cardenio in Don Quixote" Section
Yes. I know it is long.

The reason it is so long is first that this is a Renaissance work and complicated plots are really part of the decadence that makes them enjoyable, second that to be helpful at all to the comparison of the original character's story and that of "Double Falsehood" the only real solution is to write the whole story as it originally appears, third, that the story is spread over about two hundred pages in the original novel and selectively put together as it is, and fourth, I was requested to write a complete plot summary in more than once place.

I should mention that this article, and for that matter, the whole discussion of this play is not necessarily a matter of making a presentable article for the public, but far more a matter of listing as many hints, inferences, and sources as we can to bring any light to a lost and highly disputed work.

If it becomes a problem, message me before radically changing it. Artimaean (talk) 09:16, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Breaking news: they may have found the missing play
According to World News Daily, a team of experts from Christie's Auction House in London announced today that the manuscript uncovered last year from the estate of the deceased Sir Humphrey McElroy appears to be genuine, and is the "History of Cardenio". See the article here for more information: http://worldnewsdailyreport.com/london-lost-play-of-shakespeare-discovered-in-family-heirloom/ I'm a little hesitant about just adding this to the article here, in case it turns out to be incorrect, but I wanted to post this here in the talk page so people will be able to know about it. --Saukkomies talk 06:21, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * As I feared, this story is a hoax. However, the fact that it is a hoax might be worth noting. --Saukkomies talk 17:26, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The History of Cardenio


text:
Steve Harris (actor)

Steve Harris (born December 3, 1965) is an American actor. He has played Eugene Young on the legal drama The Practice, Detective Isaiah "Bird" Freeman on the NBC drama Awake, and Charles McCarter in Tyler Perry’s Diary of a Mad Black Woman.

Early life
Harris was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of John Henry Harris, a bus driver and Mattie Harris, a housewife. He is the older brother of actor Wood Harris. He attended St. Joseph High School in Westchester, Illinois, a private school with a reputation for developing star athletes. Harris was a running back, and later played linebacker for Northern Illinois University, where he studied drama. His athletic career was cut short due to a torn ligament in his ankle. After graduating from Northern Illinois University in 1989, Harris obtained a master's degree in acting at the University of Delaware.

Career
Harris appeared on Law & Order and earlier had a role in Homicide: Life on the Street 's pilot. In 2006, he appeared in the now-cancelled TV series Heist. He also appeared in an episode of Grey's Anatomy. He appeared in several episodes of New York Undercover. He has appeared in a number of films including; Quarantine, Tyler Perry's Diary of a Mad Black Woman, Bringing Down the House, The Rock, The Mod Squad, Takers, and Minority Report.

Harris starred in actress Regina King's directorial debut Let The Church Say Amen which was adapted from ReShonda Tate Billingsley's 2005 best selling novel. The film premiered on Black Entertainment Television (BET) in 2013. He appeared in the TNT show Legends, which aired on TNT from August 13, 2014 to December 28, 2015, playing Nelson Gates, the boss of troubled FBI agent Martin Odum (Sean Bean).

title: Steve Harris (actor)


text:
Jujuy Province

Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. The only neighboring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south.

Geography

There are three main areas in Jujuy: The vast difference in height and climate produces desert areas such as the Salinas Grandes salt mines and subtropical Yungas jungle.
 * The Altiplano, a plateau 3500 m high with peaks of 5000 m, covers most of the province.
 * The Río Grande of Jujuy cuts through the Quebrada de Humahuaca canyon, of heights between 1000 and 3500 m.
 * To the southeast, the sierras descends to the Gran Chaco region.

The terrain of the province is mainly arid and semi-desertic across the different areas, except for the El Ramal valley of the San Francisco River. Temperature difference between day and night is wider in higher lands, and precipitation is scarce outside the temperate area of the San Francisco River.

The Grande River and the San Francisco River flow to the Bermejo River. The San Juan, La Quiaca, Yavi and Sansana Rivers flow to the Pilcomayo River.

History
Pre-Columbian inhabitants known as the Omaguacas and Ocloyas practiced agriculture and domesticated the guanaco. They had huts made of mud, and erected stone fortresses to protect their villages. An example of such fortresses is Pucará de Tilcara, Pucará meaning "fortress" (word also used for the Argentine combat aircraft Pucara). Omaguacas and Ocloyas were later conquered by the Incas during their expansion period.

The name Jujuy derives from a type of Inca provincial governor (xuxuyoc) encountered there by the Spanish in the late 16th century.

In 1593, a small settlement (current San Salvador de Jujuy) was erected in the Jujuy valley by the effort of Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía. Colonial forces fought the resistance by the indigenous Calchaquíes and Omaguacas, so that the European population eventually consolidated in the village.

At the end of the 17th century, the customs to the Viceroyalty of Peru was transferred from Córdoba to Jujuy.

With the separation from Peru and the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Jujuy lost its importance and its population started to diminish.

During the May Revolution and the battles for the independence of the United provinces of the South, many confrontations took place in Jujuy because the Spanish concentrated their forces in Peru. The people of Jujuy had to endure the Jujuy Exodus, a massive evacuation with a scorched earth policy, led by General Manuel Belgrano. Eventually the Spanish surrendered, but the war had seriously affected the economy of the area.

After a series of internal conflicts, the province declared its autonomy from Tucumán and Salta Provinces on November 18, 1834. Jujuy started a gradual process of economic and social improvement, and at the end of the 19th century the sugarcane industry arose. At the beginning of the 20th century, the railway connected the province with Buenos Aires, and La Paz, Bolivia.

In 1945, heavy industry first arrived in Jujuy at the hand of General Manuel Savio, a presidential economic advisor who, had Argentina's first modern steel mill installed in Jujuy. In 1969, Jujuy joined oil-rich neighboring Salta Province with the discovery of petroleum by the state-owned YPF.

The Gobernador Horacio Guzmán International Airport has operated since 1967.

Indigenous people
The Colla people are indigenous people who have been living in Jujuy for centuries, practicing subsistent living, farming with llamas and goats. A group of small producers from Suqueños have been fighting in defense of Pachamama and their rights as members of Atacama people. Thirty-three villages have united to oppose the lithium extraction as it requires much water which the region has very little of. As of 2019, at a single salt lake 10 billion liters of water were being pumped up from 450 meter depth into solar ponds. They also claim that lithium operations have contaminated the air with residuals of chemicals used to extract lithium, such as lye, hydrated sodium carbonate and others. The dust irritates the eyes of llamas and can cause blindness.

Economy
Jujuy's economy is moderately underdeveloped, yet very diversified. Its 2006 economy was an estimated US$2.998 billion, or, US$4,899 per capita (over 40% below the national average).

Agriculture
Jujuy is, despite its rural profile, not particularly agrarian. Agriculture contributes about 10% to output and the main agricultural activity is sugarcane. Its processing represents more than half of the province's gross production, and 30% of the national sugar production. The second agricultural activity is tobacco, cultivated in the Southeastern valley, as a major national producer.

Other crops include beans, citrus and tomatoes, and other vegetables for local consumption. Cattle and goats are raised on a small scale, mainly for local dairies, and llamas, vicuñas and guanacos are raised in significant numbers for wool.

Manufacturing is more prominent in Jujuy than in some neighboring provinces, adding 15% to its economy. Jujuy is the second largest Argentine producer of iron, used by the Altos Hornos Zapla steel mill.

Mining
Other industrial activities include mining for construction material, petroleum extraction at Caimancito, salt production from Salinas Grandes salt basin, and paper production fed by the Jujuy's forests with 20% of the industrial product of the province.

Argentina is the world's second largest lithium brine producer which is located in Jujuy (e. g. Salar de Olaroz and Salinas Grandes mines). The so-called Lithium Triangle, consisting of NW Argentina, Bolivia and NE Chile holds more than half the world's supply.

Tourism
After the financial crisis of 2001 in Argentina, citizens were encouraged to explore their own country as opposed to travelling abroad. Tourism in the area is still a growing activity and brings a number of Argentine tourists (80%), tourists from other South American countries (12%) and Europeans (7%). Most tourists head for San Salvador de Jujuy to start their exploration of the province. The Horacio Guzmán International Airport, 34 km from San Salvador, connects the province with Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and some destinations in Bolivia.

Apart from the fantastic contrast of land colours and formations, tourists are attracted also by the strong aboriginal roots in the culture of Jujuy. Salta wineries growing in popularity have attracted tourists, combining province traditions with "cosmopolitan culture". Aymará and Quechua cultures coexist in the area, and ruins of the Incas are well conserved.

Tourists who come to Jujuy visit the area of the Quebrada de Humahuaca and its Cerro de los Siete Colores, Pucará de Tilcara, Salinas Grandes and many small towns. Other less frequent destinations include the Calilegua National Park in the Yungas jungle, La Quiaca, Laguna de Pozuelos, and Laguna Guayatayoc.

Government
The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of Jujuy Province forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Jujuy Provincial Police.

Departments
The province is divided into 16 departments (in the Spanish language, departamentos).

Department (Capital):

 * 1) Cochinoca (Abra Pampa)
 * 2) El Carmen (El Carmen)
 * 3) Doctor Manuel Belgrano (San Salvador de Jujuy)
 * 4) Humahuaca (Humahuaca)
 * 5) Ledesma (Libertador General San Martín)
 * 6) Palpalá (Palpalá)
 * 7) Rinconada (Rinconada)
 * 8) San Antonio (San Antonio, Jujuy)
 * 9) San Pedro (San Pedro)
 * 10) Santa Bárbara (Palma Sola, Jujuy)
 * 11) Santa Catalina (Santa Catalina)
 * 12) Susques (Susques)
 * 13) Tilcara (Tilcara)
 * 14) Tumbaya (Tumbaya)
 * 15) Valle Grande (Valle Grande)
 * 16) Yavi (La Quiaca)

Towns and villages

 * Barrios
 * El Cóndor
 * El Talar
 * Guerrero
 * La Almona
 * Llulluchayoc
 * Pampa Blanca
 * San Francisco de la Nueva Provincia de Álava
 * San José
 * San Salvador de Jujuy

Filmed in Jujuy Province

 * Cocaine Wars, (1985).
 * Veronico Cruz, (1988).
 * My Masterpiece (2018), dir. Gastón Duprat.

title: Jujuy Province


text:
Indianapolis metropolitan area

The Indianapolis metropolitan area is an 11-county metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Indiana. Its principal cities are Indianapolis, Carmel, Greenwood, and Anderson. Other primary cities with populations of more than 50,000 include Fishers, Noblesville, and Westfield. Located in Central Indiana, it is the largest metropolitan area entirely within Indiana and the seventh largest in the American Midwest.

There are two official metropolitan boundaries for the Indianapolis metro area: the Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN Combined Statistical Area (CSA). The two regions are identical except for the addition of three metropolitan areas (Columbus, Kokomo, and Muncie) and six micropolitan statistical areas (Crawfordsville, Greencastle, Greensburg, Seymour, New Castle, and Peru) to the Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie CSA that are not included in the Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood MSA. The population of the MSA was 2,111,040 and the population of the CSA was 2,457,286 as of the 2020 Census.

The Indianapolis metropolitan area is a major center for agribusiness, distribution and logistics, life sciences, manufacturing, and motorsports. In 2021, the gross domestic product of the Indianapolis metropolitan area was (USD) $162.1 billion, among the 30 largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. In 2023, the Indianapolis metropolitan area was home to three Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies. The metropolitan area is home to several higher education institutions, including Anderson University, Butler University, Franklin College, Indiana University Indianapolis, Marian University, and the University of Indianapolis, among others. Ivy Tech Community College has several campuses throughout the region.

Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area
In the 2020 Census, there were 2,111,040 people residing in the MSA. The racial demographics were 69.6% White, 15.0% Black or African-American, 0.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, 3.9% Asian, 4.5% Other and 6.6% Two or More Races. 8.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

Municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants

 * Indianapolis – Pop: 887,642 (2020)
 * Fishers – Pop: 101,171 (2021)
 * Carmel – Pop: 100,777 (2021)

Municipalities with 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants

 * Noblesville – Pop: 70,926	(2021)
 * Greenwood – Pop: 64,918 (2021)
 * Anderson – Pop: 55,130
 * Westfield – Pop: 50,630 (2021)

Municipalities with 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants

 * Lawrence – Pop: 47,866
 * Plainfield – Pop: 35,592 (2021)
 * Zionsville – Pop: 31,702 (2021)
 * Brownsburg – Pop: 30,068 (2021)
 * Franklin – Pop: 25,437 (2021)
 * Greenfield – Pop: 24,009 (2021)
 * Avon – Pop: 22,860 (2021)
 * Shelbyville – Pop: 19,048
 * Lebanon – Pop: 16,840 (2021)
 * Beech Grove – Pop: 14,740
 * Speedway – Pop: 12,102
 * Martinsville – Pop: 11,669
 * Whitestown – Pop: 11,093 (2021)
 * Danville – Pop: 10,758 (2021)
 * Bargersville – Pop: 10,239 (2021)

Municipalities with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants

 * Mooresville – Pop: 9,576
 * McCordsville – Pop: 9,524 (2021)
 * Elwood – Pop: 8,480
 * Cumberland – Pop: 6,182 (2021)
 * New Whiteland – Pop: 5,593 (2021)
 * Tipton – Pop: 5,275 (2020)
 * Alexandria – Pop: 5,067
 * Cicero – Pop: 4,891
 * Edinburgh – Pop: 4,533
 * Whiteland – Pop: 4,303
 * Pendleton – Pop: 4,212
 * Fortville – Pop: 3,953
 * Pittsboro – Pop: 3,188
 * Sheridan – Pop: 2,893
 * Chesterfield – Pop: 2,504
 * Ingalls – Pop: 2,390
 * New Palestine – Pop: 2,105
 * Lapel – Pop: 2,051
 * Edgewood – Pop: 1,885
 * Frankton – Pop: 1,831
 * Southport – Pop: 1,753
 * Arcadia – Pop: 1,680
 * Meridian Hills – Pop: 1,673
 * Brooklyn – Pop: 1,604
 * Warren Park – Pop: 1,531
 * Thorntown – Pop: 1,484
 * Clermont – Pop: 1,402
 * Monrovia – Pop: 1,354
 * Morristown – Pop: 1,326
 * Princes Lakes – Pop: 1,326
 * Trafalgar – Pop: 1,145
 * Nashville – Pop: 1,076
 * St. Paul – Pop: 1,052
 * Clayton – Pop: 1,001

Municipalities with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants

 * Summitville – Pop: 991
 * Morgantown – Pop: 988
 * Jamestown – Pop: 939
 * Shirley – Pop: 828
 * Atlanta – Pop: 740
 * Homecroft – Pop: 740
 * Windfall – Pop: 696
 * Paragon – Pop: 662
 * Rocky Ripple – Pop: 625
 * Sharpsville – Pop: 553
 * Coatesville – Pop: 542
 * North Salem – Pop: 525
 * Markleville – Pop: 522
 * Advance – Pop: 509
 * Lizton – Pop: 497
 * Wilkinson – Pop: 451
 * Williams Creek – Pop: 419
 * Amo – Pop: 413
 * Orestes – Pop: 411
 * Stilesville – Pop: 326
 * Fairland – Pop: 316
 * Kempton – Pop: 288 (2020)
 * Wynnedale – Pop: 238
 * Spring Lake – Pop: 218
 * Ulen – Pop: 124
 * Spring Hill – Pop: 101
 * Bethany – Pop: 81
 * Country Club Heights – Pop: 78
 * Woodlawn Heights – Pop: 78
 * Crows Nest – Pop: 75
 * North Crows Nest – Pop: 46
 * River Forest – Pop: 22

Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN Combined Statistical Area
, the Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN Combined Statistical Area (CSA) consists of four metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and six micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) covering 20 counties. In 2022, the CSA's population estimate was 2,631,863, ranking as the 27th largest in the U.S.

 * Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood Metropolitan Statistical Area (11 counties: Marion, Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Hancock, Morgan, Boone, Shelby, Brown, and Tipton); population: 2,089,673 (2020)
 * Muncie, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (Delaware County); population: 111,903
 * Kokomo, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (Howard County); population: 83,658
 * Columbus, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (Bartholomew County); population: 82,208
 * New Castle, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Henry County); population: 48,914
 * Seymour, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Jackson County); population: 46,428
 * Crawfordsville, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Montgomery County); population: 37,936
 * Greencastle, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Putnam County); population: 36,726
 * Peru, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Miami County); population: 35,962
 * Greensburg, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area (Decatur County); population: 26,472

Area codes
The 317 area code covered all of northern and central Indiana until 1948 when the 219 area code was created. Central Indiana remained under the 317 banner until 1997 when growth in and around Indianapolis prompted the creation of 765 area code.

The 317 area code covers the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The counties covered by 317 are Boone, Hancock, Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Morgan, and Shelby.

According to the Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor, the 317 area code was expected to run out of numbers in 2017. Overlay area code 463 was implemented in late 2016, thereby requiring 10-digit dialing.

Economy
In 2021, the gross domestic product of the Indianapolis metropolitan area was (USD) $162.1 billion, among the 30 largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. In 2021, the Indianapolis metropolitan area was home to three Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies. The largest public companies based in the Indianapolis metropolitan area were:

Private companies based in the Indianapolis MSA include financial services company OneAmerica Financial, agricultural cooperative CountryMark, and regional airline Republic Airways Holdings. Other notable companies based in the region include Angi, Barnes & Thornburg, BSA LifeStructures, Complexly, Delta Faucet Company, Emmis Corporation, Envigo, Finish Line, First Internet Bancorp, Formstack, Hackett Publishing Company, Herff Jones, Hubstaff, KLH Audio, Klipsch Audio Technologies, Lids, Lucas Oil Products, Monarch Beverage, Noble Roman's, Pay Less Super Markets, Remy International, and Steak 'n Shake.

The Indianapolis metropolitan area is a major hub for motorsports, specifically American open-wheel car racing. Notable facilities include Anderson Speedway in Anderson, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, and Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park in Brownsburg, among many others. Racing teams based in the area include Andretti Autosport, Arrow McLaren, Chip Ganassi Racing, Ed Carpenter Racing, and Juncos Hollinger Racing in Indianapolis; Dreyer & Reinbold Racing in Carmel, HMD Motorsports in Brownsburg, and Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing in Zionsville, among numerous others. Italian racecar manufacturer Dallara opened a facility in Speedway in 2012.

More than 40 collegiate fraternities and sororities are headquartered in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, the largest concentration in North America.

Highways
Indiana's "Crossroads of America" moniker is largely attributed to the historical function of the Indianapolis metropolitan area has played as a center for logistics and transportation.

Interstates
The Indianapolis area is a major point on the United States Interstate Highway System, as it is a confluence of four major interstate highways:
 * – Runs to Gary, Indiana to the north and Louisville, Kentucky Nashville, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama, to the south.
 * – Runs to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Lansing and Flint, Michigan to the north and is expected to run to Evansville, Indiana, to the south (currently under construction; Martinsville, Indiana, to Evansville completed)
 * – Runs to Dayton and Columbus, Ohio, and Baltimore, Maryland to the east and St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri, and Denver, Colorado, to the west.
 * – Runs to Cincinnati, Ohio, to the east and Peoria, Illinois, to the west.

Other interstates that cross through the Indianapolis area include:
 * – Is a beltway circling suburban Indianapolis that is also known as the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway
 * – Is an east–west connector northwest of Indianapolis in Boone County

Other notable roads
Other notable roads in the area are:
 * Indiana Avenue (Indianapolis) – One of four diagonal streets included in Alexander Ralston's 1821 Plat of Indianapolis, the street became a center for the local African American community and now anchors a cultural district of the same name.
 * Meridian Street (Indianapolis) – A primary north–south route through Marion and Hamilton counties, the street serves as the axis separating east addresses from west addresses.
 * Michigan Road – Indiana's first "highway," built in the 1830s and 1840s, running north to Michigan City, Indiana and south to Madison, Indiana.
 * Sam Jones Expressway (Indianapolis) – Expressway between I-465 and I-70, connecting south-central Indianapolis with the site of the former terminal of the Indianapolis International Airport.
 * Washington Street (Indianapolis) – A primary east–west street through Marion County, the street follows the route of the National Road for almost all of its length in the city of Indianapolis.

Public transit

 * Access Johnson County (Johnson County)
 * Central Indiana Regional Transportation Authority (Boone and Hendricks counties)
 * City of Anderson Transit System (Madison County)
 * IndyGo (Marion County)

Air
The Indianapolis metropolitan area is served by several airports, most under the ownership and operation of the Indianapolis Airport Authority, including Eagle Creek Airpark (EYE), Indianapolis Metropolitan Airport (UMP), Indianapolis Regional Airport (MQJ), Hendricks County Airport (2R2), Indianapolis Downtown Heliport (8A4), and the busiest airport in the state, Indianapolis International Airport (IND). In 2022, Indianapolis International served 8.7 million passengers and handled 1.25 million metric tonnes of cargo.

Other airports within the region include:

 * Alexandria Airport
 * Anderson Municipal Airport
 * Boone County Airport
 * Franklin Flying Field
 * Indianapolis Executive Airport
 * Indy South Greenwood Airport
 * Noblesville Airport
 * Pope Field
 * Shelbyville Municipal Airport
 * Sheridan Airport
 * Westfield Airport

Rail
Indianapolis Union Station is served by Amtrak's Cardinal, which operates thrice-weekly between Chicago and New York City.

Educational institutions
The Indianapolis metropolitan area is home to several higher education institutions, including:

 * Anderson University
 * Ball State University Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning‡
 * Bishop Simon Bruté College Seminary
 * Butler University
 * Christian Theological Seminary
 * College of Biblical Studies‡
 * Franklin College
 * Indiana Bible College
 * Indiana Tech‡
 * Indiana University Indianapolis
 * Indiana Wesleyan University‡ (two sites)
 * Ivy Tech Community College (seven sites)
 * Marian University
 * Martin University
 * Oakland City University‡
 * Purdue Polytechnic Institute‡ (three sites)
 * Purdue University in Indianapolis
 * University of Indianapolis
 * Vincennes University‡

The ‡ symbol denotes university branches whose main campuses are located outside the Indianapolis metropolitan area.

College sports (Division I)
Headquartered in Indianapolis, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the preeminent collegiate athletic governing body in the U.S. and Canada, regulating athletes of 1,281 institutions; conferences; organizations; and individuals. The NCAA also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities and helps more than 450,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports.

Events
The Indianapolis metropolitan area hosts several notable sporting events annually, including the Brickyard 400, Grand Prix of Indianapolis, NHRA U.S. Nationals, NFL Scouting Combine, Big Ten Football Championship Game, the largest half marathon in the U.S., and the largest single-day sporting event in the world, the Indianapolis 500. The cars competing in the latter race are known as IndyCars as a reference to the event. Indianapolis has also been a frequent host of the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's basketball tournaments. Other major sporting events hosted include Pan American Games X in 1987, Super Bowl XLVI in 2012, and the 2013 International Champions Cup between Chelsea F.C. and Inter Milan.

High school sports are highly competitive in Greater Indianapolis. In 2013, MaxPreps ranked Indianapolis No. 3 in its Top 10 Metro Areas for High School Football.

Notable natives

 * Steve Alford
 * Philip Warren Anderson
 * John Andretti
 * Babyface (musician)
 * Melvin E. Biddle
 * Tim Bogar
 * Roger D. Branigin
 * James Brewer
 * Maria Cantwell
 * Rodney Carney
 * Ed Carpenter
 * Lauren Cheney
 * Roosevelt Colvin
 * Mike Conley Jr.
 * James Dean
 * Chris Doleman
 * Tandon Doss
 * Katie Douglas
 * Colonel Eli Lilly
 * Steve Ells
 * Anthony W. England
 * Mike Epps
 * Carl Erskine
 * Michael L. Eskew
 * Carl G. Fisher
 * Jared Fogle
 * Jake Fox
 * Vivica A. Fox
 * Brendan Fraser
 * Katie Gearlds
 * Jeff George
 * Eric Gordon
 * Jeff Gordon
 * John Green
 * William Grose
 * Nick Hardwick
 * Del Harris
 * Gordon Hayward
 * Alan Henderson
 * George Hill
 * Tommy Hunter
 * JaJuan Johnson
 * Mathias Kiwanuka
 * Ron Klain
 * Adam Lambert
 * Courtney Lee
 * David Letterman
 * Richard Lugar
 * Lance Lynn
 * George McGinnis
 * Nick Martin (American football)
 * Zach Martin
 * Steve McQueen
 * Josh McRoberts
 * Brandon Miller
 * Rick Mount
 * Ryan Murphy (producer)
 * Greg Oden
 * Jane Pauley
 * Madelyn Pugh
 * Oscar Robertson
 * Courtney Roby
 * Walter Bedell Smith
 * Brad Stevens
 * Tony Stewart
 * Drew Storen
 * Marc Summers
 * Steve Talley
 * Jeff Teague
 * Jeremy Trueblood
 * Kurt Vonnegut
 * Herman B Wells
 * Jason Whitlock
 * David Wolf
 * John Wooden
 * Mike Woodson
 * Lew Wallace

title: Indianapolis metropolitan area


text:
Padlock Law

The Act to Protect the Province Against Communistic Propaganda (Loi protégeant la province contre la propagande communiste), commonly known as the "Padlock Law" or "Padlock Act" (La loi du cadenas), was a law in the province of Quebec, Canada that allowed the Attorney General of Quebec to close off access to property suspected of being used to propagate or disseminate communist propaganda. The law was introduced by the Union Nationale government of Maurice Duplessis and made it illegal to "use [a house] or allow any person to make use of it to propagate Communism or Bolshevism by any means whatsoever". This included printing, publishing or distributing of "any newspaper, periodical, pamphlet, circular, document or writing, propagating Communism or Bolshevism". Violations of the Act subjected such property to closure by the Attorney General, including the locking of access doors with padlocks, against any use whatsoever for a period of up to one year and any person found guilty of involvement in prohibited media activities could be incarcerated for three to thirteen months.

The law was extremely vague; it did not define Communism or Bolshevism in any concrete way. It denied both the presumption of innocence and freedom of speech to individuals. There were also concerns that the law would be used in order to arrest individual activists from international trade unions. Two union leaders were nearly arrested in that period.

The federal government under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King could have used its power of disallowance to nullify the Padlock Law, as it had done to overturn equally controversial laws that had been passed by Alberta's Social Credit government around the same time. However, King chose not to intervene in Quebec.

The Supreme Court of Canada's 1957 decision in Switzman v Elbling struck down the law as ultra vires of the provincial government because it was an attempt by the province to enact a statute respecting criminal law, which is the exclusive domain of the federal parliament under the Constitution of Canada. In their concurrence, justices Ivan Rand, Roy Kellock and Douglas Abbott also argued the law was ultra vires because it contravened an implied bill of rights that underlies the Canadian constitution, but this view was not shared by the rest of the majority.

title: Padlock Law


text:
EPZ

EPZ may refer to:

 * Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland, an operator of coal and nuclear power plants
 * Emergency Planning Zone, a zone (amongst a number of zones) defined around a nuclear power plant or other extremely high-safety installation defined in order to facilitate evacuation and other emergency measures in case of an incident with off-site contamination
 * Equipotential zone, an area of equal potential to protect workers on electrical equipment from electric shock
 * Export processing zone, a specific class of special economic zone

title: EPZ


text:
Charlestown High Bridge

The Charlestown High Bridge (referred to as the John F. Fitzgerald Bridge on old AAA Tourbook maps) spanned the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts and was part of I-93/US 1 at the north end of the Central Artery.

This double-decked truss bridge, built in 1954, was to originally carry I-95 through Boston from southwest to northeast in tandem with the Tobin Bridge, built in 1950. The I-95 project and several other highway projects in and around Boston, including both the highly controversial Inner Belt (I-695) and the Southwest Corridor, completing the right-of-way intended to bring I-95 into Boston from Providence, Rhode Island, were cancelled due to heavy public opposition in the early 1970s. I-93 was allowed to be completed from the Yankee Division Highway (Route 128) to the foot of the Charlestown High Bridge in 1969, and the I-93 designation was extended onto the bridge and the Central Artery in the early 1970s.

Originally intended to carry 75,000 vehicles per day in the 1950s, the Charlestown High Bridge carried upwards of 200,000 vehicles per day in the 1990s. For years, the bridge was a major traffic bottleneck that affected southbound commuters from Boston's North Shore and southern New Hampshire for miles. Travelling northbound, due to a poorly planned lane drop to accommodate incoming vehicles from Storrow Drive, traffic backups leading to the High Bridge threatened to cause hours of daily gridlock in downtown Boston. These problems were addressed in the planning and construction of the $14.6 billion Big Dig project. The cable-stayed Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, which opened fully to traffic in December 2003, replaced the Charlestown High Bridge, which was demolished in 2004.

title: Charlestown High Bridge


text:
Qingpu, Shanghai

Qingpu District, is a suburban district of Shanghai Municipality. Lake Dianshan is located in Qingpu.

The population of Qingpu was counted at 1,271,424 people in the 2020 Census. It has an area of 675.11 km².

Qingpu District is the westernmost district of Shanghai Municipality; it is adjacent to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. Around the lake are a number of tourist scenic areas, all complete in tourist facilities. Among the tourist areas is the waterside town Zhujiajiao, a major tourist destination in the Shanghai region.

There are currently 21 domestic travel services, three international travel business departments, 14 star-rated hotels, and 3 AAAA-grade tourist spots in Qingpu District.

Transport

 * Line 17 (Shanghai Metro)
 * China National Highway 318

Tourism
Qingpu's tourist attractions include the Zhujiajiao Ancient Town, Oriental Land, Jinze Ancient Town, Lake Dianshan, and the Qushui Garden.

Economy
The China offices of Oishi are located here.

Culture
Baihe, the oldest town in Qingpu District, is famous for its performances of Shanghai opera.

Government
Qingpu Prison is in the district. The government of Qingpu:https://www.shqp.gov.cn/shqp/index.html

Education
The French School of Shanghai Qingpu Campus and the German School of Shanghai both share the EuroCampus in Qingpu District.

The International Philippine School of Shanghai (IPSS) is also in Qingpu District.

The Shanghai Business and Information College (SBIC)（Chinese: 上海工商信息学校）is located at No. 2025 Park East Road, Qingpu District.

Notable residents

 * Chen Yun, an important cadre in the Deng Xiaoping era, was born here.
 * Gao Kang, District Governor

Subdistricts and towns
Qingpu District has three subdistricts and eight towns.

title: Qingpu, Shanghai


text:
Salta Province

Salta is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Catamarca. It also surrounds Jujuy. To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile.

History
Before the Spanish conquest, numerous native peoples (now called Diaguitas and Calchaquíes) lived in the valleys of what is now Salta Province; they formed many different tribes, the Quilmes and Humahuacas among them, which all shared the Cacán language. The Atacamas lived in the Puna, and the Wichís (Matacos), in the Chaco region.

The first conquistador to venture into the area was Diego de Almagro in 1535; he was followed by Diego de Rojas. Hernando de Lerma founded San Felipe de Lerma in 1582, following orders of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa; the name of the city was soon changed to "San Felipe de Salta". By 1650, the city had around five hundred inhabitants.

An intendency of "Salta del Tucumán" was created within the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In 1774, San Ramón de La Nueva Orán was founded between Salta and Tarija (Tarija was added to the intendency later, in 1807). In 1783, in recognition of the growing importance of the city, the capital of the intendency of Salta del Tucumán was moved from San Miguel de Tucumán to Salta.

The battle of Salta in 1813 freed the territory from Spain, but occasional attacks were mounted from the Viceroyalty of Peru as late as 1826. Gervasio de Posadas created the province of Salta in 1814, containing the current provinces of Salta, Jujuy, and parts of southern Bolivia and northern Chile.

Exploiting internal Argentine conflicts that arose after the Argentine Declaration of Independence, Bolivia annexed Tarija in 1826. In 1834, Jujuy withdrew from Salta and became a separate province. The borders of Salta were further reduced in 1900, with the loss of Yacuiba to Bolivia.

The National Government of Los Andes, constituted from the province in 1902 with a capital at San Antonio de los Cobres, was returned to Salta Province in 1943 as the Department of Los Andes.

Antonio Alice's painting, La muerte de Güemes, which received a gold medal at the Centenary Exposition, is on display at the offices of the Salta Provincial Government.

Geography

The total land area of the province is 155,488 km2, making it the sixth largest province by area in Argentina. The main rivers of the province are the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, and the Juramento, which later becomes the Salado River. Salta Province is located at a geologically active region, and suffers from occasional earthquakes. There have been four earthquakes of note in the province: The 1692 earthquake was the inspiration for Salta's annual citywide festival, held on 16 September, in honor of El Señor y la Virgen del Milagro.
 * In 1692, registering 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale, and at IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale,
 * In 1844, registering 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale, and VII (Very strong) Mercalli intensity,
 * In 1948, registering 7.0 on the Moment magnitude scale (MMS), and IX (Violent) Mercalli intensity, and
 * In 2010, registering 6.1 or 6.3 (MMS), and VI (Strong) Mercalli intensity.

Climate
Although Salta Province is located near the Tropic of Capricorn, it has a wide range of climates due to variation in altitude and the influence of orography. The orientation of the Andes influences the distribution of precipitation within the province.

The easternmost parts of the province have a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with a rainy season in the summer. The mean annual temperature and precipitation are 20 C and 500 mm. Temperatures can reach up to 47 C during summer, while they can fall down to -5 C during winter.

The first slopes of the Andes force the moist, easterly winds to rise, provoking very high condensation leading to the formation of clouds that generate copious amounts of rain. The eastern slopes of the mountains receive between 1000 to 1500 mm of precipitation a year, although some places receive up to 2500 mm of precipitation annually owing to orographic precipitation. Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer, with winters being dry. The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges, creating an area of great species diversity. At higher altitudes on these slopes, the climate is cooler and more humid, with the vegetation consisting of deciduous and pine trees.

Between the high altitudes to the west and the low plains to the east lie the valleys. The climate of these valleys is either humid subtropical with dry winters (Köppen Cwa) or subtropical highland (Cwb), favouring human settlement and agricultural activities. Mean annual precipitation is around 1000 mm, most of it during summer. Mean temperatures exceed 20 C during the summer, while during winter, they are below 14 C.

Further west, the Altiplano is a plateau at 3,000 to 4,000 m above sea level. This region has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk): high temperatures vary little (since the warmer season is cloudy, and the cooler sunny), ranging from 14 to 21 °C; night temperatures go from 6 °C in midsummer, to −8 °C in midwinter, and extremes under −15 °C might be recorded. All rain falls exclusively in the summer, with annual totals between 200 and 400 mm. Several salt flats exist in this area.

The highest altitudes found in the western parts of the province have a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk), with large diurnal ranges (temperature range between day and night).

Economy
Salta's economy is relatively underdeveloped, yet diverse. Its economy in 2006 was estimated at US$5.141 billion or, US$4,764 per capita, 45% below the national average. In 2012, its economy was estimated at $30.613 billion pesos (about US$6.743 billion) or $23,971 pesos (about US$5,280) per capita.

Manufacturing plays a significant role in Salta, adding 20% to the economy. Gas and petroleum from the Tartagal, Aguas Blancas, Madrejones and Campo Durán centres is transported to Buenos Aires and Rosario by pipes. There is also an oil refinery located at Campo Durán. Mining includes uranium at Iruya, La Poma and San Carlos; and silver at the Diablillos mine.

Agriculture and its derived industries are still an important activity in the province, adding over 10% to output. Tobacco, sugar cane and viticulture are the most important and produce most of the exports from the area. Other crops mostly for local consumption are maize, beans, citrus, bananas, and tomatoes. The sugar cane is processed in plants in Salta before it is sent to the rest of Argentina and other countries. The plant in San Martín de Tabacal is the most important of them. The famous wines of the Valles Calchaquíes region (mainly Torrontés, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon) near Cafayate are produced in numerous vineyards of diverse sizes. American breeds of cattle are raised only on the humid subtropical east, along with some sheep and goats.

Tourism

The Salta province is home to a number of natural, social and historic attractions.

The provincial capital city, also named Salta and nicknamed "La Linda" ("The beautiful") is both an important tourist destination, and the centre point for visiting the rest of the province. The city holds different attractions; among them are its colonial houses and cathedral, and the Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña de Salta that holds the three frozen Inca mummies found at the Llullaillaco volcano and known as the Children of Llullaillaco.

The Tren a las Nubes ("Train to the Clouds") crosses canyons and cliffs before arriving at the 3,775 metres altitude (12,500 feet) of San Antonio de los Cobres. The red-rock formations of the Valles Calchaquíes and the wine-town of Cafayate are the second most visited place in the province. Many visit the Cachi mountains and the villages (such as Payogasta) around it.

There are three national parks in Salta: El Rey National Park in the Yungas jungle, Baritú National Park and Los Cardones National Park.

Demographics
According to the results from the, the province has a population of 1,214,441. It constitutes 3.0% of the total population in Argentina. This represented a 12.5% increase in the population compared to which had 1,079,051 inhabitants. 6.5% of the population or 79,204 persons declared themselves as having Indigenous background, making it one of the provinces that has a high percentage of indigenous people, being ranked 5th behind Chubut, Neuquén, Jujuy and Río Negro. The most populous indigenous groups in the province are the Wichí, which make up 24.9% of the total indigenous population followed by the Kolla (21.6%), and the Guaraní (13.7%). As well, only 4,189 persons declared themselves to be Afro-Argentine.

The province hosts a diverse foreign community: Christian Levantines of Syrian-Lebanese origin, Spaniards and Italians make up the largest groups. A small Ukrainian community has been there since the collapse of the Soviet Union and an Indian Sikh community has been living in Rosario de la Frontera since the 1940s. Other foreign people settled in the province are the Greek Cypriots, the Chinese, the Germans, the Francs, the Chileans, the Bolivians, the Paraguayans and the Slavs from the Adriatic (mainly Serbs and Croats). The Jewish community has a synagogue and the Muslims have a mosque, both in Salta City. Salta's Jews are mostly of Ashkenazim origin, but there are also a few Sefardim families.

Politics
The province is governed as representative and republican form of government. The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of Salta Province forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Salta Provincial Police.

Political division

The province is divided in 23 departments (departamentos), containing 59 municipalities (municipios). The capital of the province is the city of Salta, which is where the provincial government is located at.

Villages
• Campichuelo

• Campo La Cruz

• Capiazuti

• Carboncito

• Copo Quile

• El Naranjo

• El Potrero

• La Misión

• La Puerta

• La Unión

• Las Costas

• Luracatao

• Misión Chaqueña

• Misión Kilómetro 6

• Misión Tierras Fiscales

• Nazareno

• Piquirenda

• Pluma de Pato

• Poscaya

title: Salta Province


text:
User talk:Gosox

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 21:41, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image:Edo de Waart in 2008.jpg
Hi did you take this pic?Genisock2 (talk) 18:33, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I did! I was at the press conference announcing de Waart's appointment as MSO music director and was able to get a candid of him talking to some musicians. Gosox (talk) 19:46, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thankyou for letting me know.Genisock2 (talk) 18:48, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good picture of Edo de Waart. Somewhat resembles Colin Mochrie, no? --BaronLarf 04:13, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

WBQK
Thanks for the correction on the WBQK page. I get my information from 100000watts.com which is seeming to be more and more out-of-date. I appericate the help :) Take Care...  NeutralHomer  •  Talk  05:27, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification
Hi. In Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, you recently added a link to the disambiguation page Lang Lang (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:44, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Citations required
Please note that changes or additions to Wikipedia must be accompanied by a reliable source citation. Please do not make uncited claims, please do not change claims to say something that the cited source does not. Please see WP:VERIFY for the policy. --Tenebrae (talk) 19:40, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

License tagging for File:New Massachusetts Mohawk Trail sign 2015.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:New Massachusetts Mohawk Trail sign 2015.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information.

To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 17:05, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:New Massachusetts Mohawk Trail sign 2015.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:New Massachusetts Mohawk Trail sign 2015.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status and its source. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously.

If you did not create this work entirely yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. You will also need to state under what licensing terms it was released. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file.

Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is [ a list of your uploads]. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. VernoWhitney (talk) 23:17, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Are you the person who took this photograph? I assume so, but you haven't explicitly said so and I would like to finish clearing up the status of the image. VernoWhitney (talk) 13:31, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gosox


text:
Guacanagaríx

Guacanagarix (alternate transcriptions: Guacanacaríc, Guacanagarí) was one of five Taíno caciques of the Caribbean island henceforth known as Hispaniola at the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. This was contemporaneous with the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

He was the chief of the cacicazgo of Marién, which occupied the northwest of the island.

Guacanagarix received Christopher Columbus after the Santa María was wrecked during his first voyage to the New World. He allowed Columbus to establish the settlement of La Navidad near his village. The colonists that remained there were killed by a rival tribe before Columbus returned on his second voyage.

Guacanagarix refused to ally himself with other caciques, who were trying to expel the Spaniards from the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, and many times served as an informant and spy for the European settlers.

Guacanagarix complex
In the Dominican Republic, the term Guacanagarix complex (Spanish: complejo de Guacanagarix) has been used to describe a Dominican who is considered more interested in foreign culture than in his own country.

title: Guacanagaríx


text:
Talk:Battle of the Chesapeake

Untitled
I found it's hard to believe that there are 1 million people died or wounded from French side... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:5450:9EF0:48CC:CFCD:E354:7D4C (talk) 04:24, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

This page doesnt give enough information on the battle of the chesapeake bay!!!!!!!!!!

Erika B

The solution to this problem is to look up some facts and add them. :-) Isomorphic 21:46, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This article says there were no French or British casualties and that only a few British ships were damaged. I've seen one source that said there were 300 British casualties and 200 French. Page Smith gives an account of the battle in A New Age Now Begins and he indicates a number of sailors on both sides were dismembered and killed. [anon]

 * The solution to this problem, having looked up some facts, would have been to add them- which I've now done. There were, by American Revolutionary War standards, quite a lot of casualties at the (second) Battle of the Chesapeake. I've also made a lot of other changes to the article, but I consider this just a temporary patch- I'd rate this as Start Class, not B-Class, and it really needs a complete rewrite with proper referencing. So do lots of other articles about the American Revolutionary War, hence I'm afraid this is not high on my personal list of priorities. David Trochos (talk) 16:59, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

There is something more important missing here than just information, that is, the fact that there was a confusion of signals on the British side between "keeping line of battle" and "close action". The British naval force should have won this naval battle and imagine the consequences! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vdorta (talk • contribs) 22:05, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Yes I can. We would have a President of America and Scotland and Wales. England would be a self governing commonwealth vis a vis Porto Rico. More to come.

 * "Should have" doesn't count in history; why not say that the French had 25% more ships and therefore "should have" won? What happened happened; however the reasons why it happened are interesting- and to military planners very important. British naval signalling was just in the process of being improved at the time, and once the new system was fully adopted it made possible some extraordinary tactics. David Trochos (talk) 16:59, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Indecisive?
Why this battle is described as tactically indecisive? The british wished to relieve Yorktown and were unable to do so by the french fleet, it was clearly a french victory. Gywon (talk) 16:38, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not shocked by "tactically indecisive": the casualties were relatively light and balanced, so "tactically indecisive seems fair; and the French did achieve their objective and deal a severe blow to British aspirations to keep their colonies, a strategix victory.
 * At the Chesapeake, the loss of HMS Terrible must have been depressing to the British staff, but did not threaten the existence of their squadron like the Battle of Trafalagar crushed the Franco-Spanish fleet, or like the Battle of Grand Port obliterated Pym's squadron. Or a the Glorious First of June, the French squadron was significantly and irrevocably debilitated (tatical defeat), while at the same time achieving its objective and saving France from starvation (resounding strategic victory). Rama (talk) 17:18, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

 * What Rama said. The relief of Yorktown was the British fleet's strategic (not tactical) objective.  Magic ♪piano 18:11, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Really? When people talk about strategic objectives they usually talk about whole countries or campaigns, not the relief of a single garrison on a theater. In dispute were the surrounding waters, not the entire ocean or the naval supremacy. And if the relief of Yorktown was the British fleet's strategic objective, what was their tactical objective? Gywon (talk) 19:50, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, Gywon, I agree with you on the idea that "strategic" is too often used in "too small" a sense. But I do not think that it necessarly follows that we should widen our acceptation of the tactical level.
 * By scaling up the notion of "strategic level", you might be heading towards the Russian school of military thinking, which distinguishes three levels: tactical, theatre-wide, and strategic. From this perspective, the Battle of the Chesapeake is a tactical draw (slight advantage to the French), but a French victory at the theatre and strategic levels. Wikipedia tends to assimilate the theatre level to the strategic, which I agree somewhat limits and cheapens the term "strategic". But this is another story. Rama (talk) 20:16, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Sceptre and Vaudreuil
I am pretty sure that the French 74 Sceptre was not commanded by Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil, who was preparing to command the 80-gun Triomphant under Guichen, to cross the Atlantic in December 1781. Sceptre was under the command of his younger brother Louis de Rigaud, comte de Vaudreuil. Check in Villiers, La Marine de Louis XVI. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ferreiro (talk • contribs) 14:36, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Chesapeake


text:
Belleza

Belleza (Spanish "beauty") may refer to:

 * La Belleza, Santander Colombia
 * Belleza Argentina, beauty contest
 * Admiral Belleza in Skies of Arcadia

Music

 * "La Belleza", single by Marta Sánchez Mi Mundo (Marta Sánchez album)
 * "La Belleza", song by Mercedes Sosa Al Despertar 1998
 * "La Belleza", song by Mijares from Éxitos Eternos (Mijares album)
 * "La Belleza", song by Luis Eduardo Aute from Mano a Mano (Silvio Rodríguez and Luis Eduardo Aute album)
 * "La Belleza", song by Miguel Bosé from Girados en Concierto 2002

title: Belleza


text:
Will Hay

William Thomson Hay (6 December 1888 – 18 April 1949) was an English comedian who wrote and acted in a schoolmaster sketch that later transferred to the screen, where he also played other authority figures with comic failings. His film Oh, Mr. Porter! (1937), made by Gainsborough Pictures, is often cited as the supreme British-produced film-comedy, and in 1938 he was the third highest-grossing star in the UK. Many comedians have acknowledged him as a major influence. Hay was also a keen amateur astronomer.

Early life
Hay was born at 23 Durham Street in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He was one of two sons and three daughters of William Robert Hay (1859–1920) and his wife, Elizabeth (1859–1910) (née Ebden). When Will Hay Jr. was less than a year old the family moved to Lowestoft in Suffolk. By his late teens, Hay had become fluent in Italian, French and German and secured employment as an interpreter.

Early career
Hay decided to become an actor when he was 21 after watching W. C. Fields perform a juggling act in Manchester. In the early years of the twentieth century Hay experienced some moderate success as a stand-up comedian and an after-dinner speaker. Hay's first professional job came when he was offered a contract to perform at a theatre in Belper. In 1914 Hay began working with the impresario Fred Karno who had previously helped Stan Laurel and Charlie Chaplin achieve success. He worked with Karno for four years. He first performed his schoolmaster character in 1910 which he based upon a colleague of his sister, who was a teaching mistress. The characterisation was initially performed in drag as a schoolmistress, but he transferred the character to a headmaster.

The acts in which Hay performed the schoolmaster sketch became known as "The Fourth Form at St. Michael's". Hay toured with the act and appeared in the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa (where he added Afrikaans to his languages). His wife, Gladys, often played a schoolboy or the character Harbottle in his sketches. The Harbottle character was one of the most appreciated in Hay's act, a dim-witted, nearly deaf old man who is still in school because he's so backward. The character later featured in Hay's films portrayed by Moore Marriott. In a 1976 interview, Val Guest, who served as a screenwriter for many of Hay's films, recalled transposing Harbottle from school into other everyday situations. He famously performed the schoolmaster routine at the 1925 Royal Command Performance before King George V and Queen Mary.

Hay published a magazine piece entitled Philosophy of Laughter, in which he discussed the psychology of comedy. In the essay he rhetorically asks, "Why does every one of us laugh at seeing somebody else slapped in the face with a large piece of cold custard pie? Is it because we're all naturally cruel? Or is it because there's something inherently funny in custard pies? Or in faces? Or in throwing things? No, no, and no! The real reason why we laugh is because we are relieved. Because we are released from a sense of fear. Wherever we may happen to be – in the cinema, theatre, or music-hall – we tend to identify with the actors we are watching. So that when a custard pie is thrown we fear for a moment that it has been thrown at us. And then, immediately we realise that it hasn't hit us, we experience a feeling of relief, and we laugh".

From 1934 to 1943, he was a prolific film star in Britain and was ranked the third highest grossing star at the British box office in 1938, behind George Formby and Gracie Fields. He is widely regarded as one of the most prolific and influential British comedians of all time.

Hay worked with Gainsborough Pictures from 1935 to 1940, during which time he developed a partnership with Graham Moffatt, playing an insolent overweight schoolboy, and Moore Marriott as a toothless old man. Hay's 1937 film, with Moffatt and Marriott, Oh, Mr. Porter! was credited by The Times as being "a comic masterpiece of the British cinema", while the writer Jimmy Perry cited the film as an influence on key character development for Dad's Army.

Hay often portrayed incompetent authority figures who attempt to conceal their incompetence but whose true traits are gradually exposed. As well as being incompetent, his characters are often immoral; for example, a clergyman involved in horse betting in Dandy Dick, a fraudster who lies about his career as a distinguished sea captain in Windbag the Sailor, and a prison warden, Dr Benjamin Twist, in Convict 99, who obtains his job under false pretences. He is often compared to W. C. Fields, who typically portrayed characters similar to those of Hay, being misanthropic, self-centered scoundrels who nevertheless remain sympathetic.

Elstree Studios
Hay had become interested in film making while touring in the United States in the 1920s, although, at the time he doubted he had a future in this field. Having returned to Britain, Hay started work at Elstree Studios in 1934 where he made three films, Those Were the Days, Radio Parade of 1935 and Dandy Dick.

Gainsborough Pictures
Hay's work at Gainsborough was his most successful, and source of his reputation as a great comic actor. During this period he became one of the most prolific film stars in Britain. On three occasions, British film exhibitors voted him among the top ten box office stars in an annual poll run by the Motion Picture Herald. He was ranked 8th in 1936, 4th in 1937 and 3rd in 1938.

His first film for the studio was Boys Will Be Boys, whose screenplay was written by Hay himself. The movie's satire on the public school system was loosely based on the Narkover vein of humour in the work of Daily Express columnist, Beachcomber. Hay's film was widely seen as subversive towards authority, and it was granted an 'A' (adult) certificate by the British Board of Film Classification. Boys Will Be Boys is widely regarded as Hay's break-out film. Writing for The Spectator, Graham Greene described the film as "very amusing", and Hay's portrayal of Dr. Smart as "competent", though Green thought Claude Dampier's portrayal of Second Master Finch (Hay's adversary) was the film's "finest performance". Many years later, the Radio Times Guide to Films gave Boys Will Be Boys three stars out of five, observing that the film contains "the blend of bluster and dishonesty that makes his films irresistible".

During his time with Gainsborough Hay worked with Marcel Varnel, Val Guest, Charles Hawtrey, and Marriott Edgar, as well as Moore Marriott and Graham Moffatt, who were Hay's straight men in a number of his films. Moffatt played Albert, the overweight, insolent schoolboy reminiscent of Billy Bunter, while Marriott was the toothless old Harbottle. The trio appeared in six films together between 1936 and 1940, Windbag the Sailor, Oh, Mr. Porter!, Convict 99, Old Bones of the River, Ask a Policeman and Where's That Fire?.

Hay's 1937 film alongside Moffatt and Marriott, Oh, Mr. Porter! is often considered to be one of the greatest British comedy films of all-time. The British Film Institute included the film in its 360 Classic Feature Films list; Variety magazine described the movie as "amusing, if over-long", noting that there was "no love interest to mar the comedy"; and the cult website TV Cream listed it at number 41 in its list of cinema's Top 100 Films. The director Marcel Varnel considered the film as among his best work, and it was described in 2006, by The Times in its obituary for writer Val Guest, as "a comic masterpiece of the British cinema". Jimmy Perry, in his autobiography, wrote that the triumvirate of Captain Mainwaring, Corporal Jones and Private Pike in Dad's Army was inspired by watching Oh, Mr Porter.

Both Moffatt and Marriott were absent from Hay's 1938 film, Hey! Hey! USA with American comedy actor Edgar Kennedy being cast as Hay's sidekick instead; the film was a somewhat unsuccessful attempt to crack the American market. In his Gainsborough films, Hay wore a wig, which made it appear as if he was balding.

Hay decided to break up the partnership with Moffatt and Marriott after their 1940 film Where's That Fire? due to his concern that their act was becoming repetitive. He was known to dislike working with the pair, describing their partnership as "a three legged stool". He had also expressed concern that Moore Marriott, who portrayed Harbottle, received a bigger reaction from audiences than he did. He had been seeking to break up their partnership in previous years, and it was only due to his film Hey! Hey! USA being somewhat unsuccessful that the writers and producers successfully talked him into bringing Moffatt and Marriott back.

Ealing Studios
Hay left Gainsborough and began working with Ealing Studios in 1940, in an attempt to break up his partnership with Moffatt and Marriott. Claude Hulbert and Charles Hawtrey were Hay's sidekicks in his first film for Ealing, The Ghost of St. Michael's (1941). Both would return to act with Hay in subsequent films - Hawtrey in The Goose Steps Out (1942) and Hulbert in Hay's final film, My Learned Friend (1943). John Mills, who had appeared in Hay's first film, Those Were the Days returned to act as his sidekick in The Black Sheep of Whitehall. The Goose Steps Out (1942) for Ealing was an effective piece of anti-Nazi slapstick. In the film, Hay acts as a British spy posing as a Nazi agent and teaches Nazi students about British customs. When lecturing them on this topic, he tells the students that the V sign (often used in Britain as an insult) is a mark of respect, and instructs the class to make a synchronised V sign to a portrait of Adolf Hitler. This scene is often considered one of the most iconic from a British comedy film.

During Hay's tenure with Ealing he was credited as a director in three of his films, The Black Sheep of Whitehall, The Goose Steps Out and My Learned Friend. In all three, he co-directed with Basil Dearden. In 1942, he starred in a short information film, Go to Blazes alongside Thora Hird and Muriel George. The film was set during the Blitz and his role was a dim-witted father who tried unsuccessfully to defuse a bomb which had landed near his house, the bomb is only defused through the help of his daughter, portrayed by Hird. Also in 1942, he made an appearance in the propaganda film, The Big Blockade among other prolific actors of the time, including Leslie Banks, John Mills and Michael Redgrave.

His final film, My Learned Friend in 1943 has been described as a masterpiece of black comedy and has been cited as paving the way for the future Ealing comedy films Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) and The Ladykillers (1955). Due to ailing health, My Learned Friend was Hay's final film.

Hay was scheduled to star in another film for Ealing in 1943, Bob's Your Uncle, but his diagnosis of cancer prevented him from proceeding.

Hay's tenure with Ealing was a box office success and his films were critically acclaimed, but have been described as not at the level of his Gainsborough films with Moffatt and Marriott.

Radio career
The half-hour weekly Will Hay Programme began in August 1944, and was broadcast live from the BBC Paris Theatre in Lower Regent Street. With him in his schoolmaster role, were his pupils, Charles Hawtrey playing the cheeky Smart, John Clark as the class swot D'arcy Minor, and Billy Nicholls playing the dumb Beckett. The series lasted for four months and was cancelled, it is said, due to Hay's dispute with the BBC over the quality of the scripts. Just before Christmas, the show went live at the Victoria Palace for six weeks.

The sketch was performed one more time at a gathering of variety entertainers at midnight on 4 May 1945 (4 days before VE Day) before the royal family and many military notables. This was at a private function at the Life Guards barracks in Windsor. It was not publicised in the newspapers due to security concerns. Hay's character during his radio series was called Dr Muffin, a name chosen so that the students could mock him with the name "Old Crumpet".

Astronomy
In June 1932 he joined the British Astronomical Association, in November of the same year he became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. He is noted for having discovered a Great White Spot on the planet Saturn in 1933.

Hay kept his career in astronomy separate from his comedy career and published Through My Telescope under the name of W.T. Hay, using the same title when giving lectures on astronomy. Hay was an advocate for education on astronomy and considered those who had an interest in astronomy "the only men who see life in its true proportion". In a 1933 interview with the Daily Mail he stated "If we were all astronomers, there'd be no more war." He was a friend of William Herbert Steavenson, who would go on to become the President of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1957.

Just before Hay died, a few items of his equipment were donated to the British Astronomical Association.

He also has an asteroid named in his honour - Asteroid 3125 Hay.

Personal life
In 1907 Hay married Gladys Perkins (1889–1982), whom he had known since he was 15. They legally separated on 18 November 1935. However, they never divorced and Gladys cited the reason for this was that she was a Roman Catholic. They had two daughters and a son: Gladys Elspeth Hay (1909–1979), William Edward Hay (1913–1995) and Joan Athol Hay (1917–1975). Following his separation from Gladys in 1935, he was in a long-term relationship with Randi Kopstadt, a native of Norway.

Off-screen, Hay was described as being something of an eccentric, and a very serious and private man, and some thought he may have had a dark side due to his demeanour. Peter Ustinov, who made his film debut in The Goose Steps Out as a straight man to Hay, said in a 1990 interview when asked about working with him "Well, Will Hay wasn't very funny but I found that very few comics are"; he also said "And Will Hay was always wrapped in a blanket at certain hours and had his tea, and we all stopped talking while he was having his tea, and then we went on shooting. I don't remember him saying anything memorable, nothing I could remember at all. He was very funny when you saw him on the screen, but in life all those people are very, very strange."

He was known to be a hypochondriac, and would often complain of illness to his colleagues when working.

Hay was a passionate aviator, and gave flying lessons to Amy Johnson.

In 1946 while on holiday, Hay suffered a stroke which left the right side of his body crippled and also affected his speech. He was told by his doctors that he would in all likelihood only make a partial recovery. Following his stroke, he spent time in South Africa on the advice of his doctors, because of the climate. His health had improved slightly by the following year, when he had plans to become a film producer but, in 1947, his friend Marcel Varnel, who had directed many of Hay's films, died in a car accident, and Hay postponed his plans.

Death
He made his last public appearance on Good Friday (15 April) 1949. Hay died at the age of 60 on 18 April 1949 after suffering a stroke at his flat in Chelsea, London. His body was buried in Streatham Park Cemetery in London. Those who were present at Hay's final appearance described him as showing no sign of illness, and said he had discussed his plans for the future.

Influences
Comedians who have cited Hay as an influence include Ken Dodd, Eric Morecambe, Tommy Cooper, Harry Worth, Harry Enfield, Jimmy Perry and David Croft. Ronnie Barker also cited Hay as an influence, and in 1976 hosted a documentary on BBC Radio that discussed Hay's life and career.

Legacy
'The Will Hay Appreciation Society' was founded in 2009 by British artist Tom Marshall and aims to preserve Hay's legacy and bring his work to a new generation of fans. As of October 2023, the organisation has over 8000 members. The Will Hay Appreciation Society unveiled a memorial bench to Will Hay, Moore Marriott and Graham Moffatt in October 2018, in Cliddesden, Hampshire, the filming location for 'Buggleskelly' in Oh, Mr. Porter!. The bench was unveiled by Pete Waterman.

The humour of Hay's films has been described as subversive and similar to that of fellow English comedian Frank Randle. His films are often characterised as exhibiting traits of anti-authoritarianism and having a satirical approach towards how authority figures are portrayed. This is notable with Hay himself, who often played an incompetent authority figure who struggled not to be found out, but whose idiocy was discovered by those around him.

In 2009 a biography of Hay by Graham Rinaldi was published with a foreword by Ken Dodd. Hay never published an autobiography during his lifetime; however, when ill in the 1940s, he had begun writing one, entitled I Enjoyed Every Minute. Excerpts from this unpublished autobiography were included in the 2009 book.

Roy Hudd defined Hay as the "supreme master" of sketch comedy.

title: Will Hay


text:
Hydroplane (boat)

A hydroplane (or hydro, or thunderboat) is a fast motorboat, where the hull shape is such that at speed, the weight of the boat is supported by planing forces, rather than simple buoyancy.

A key aspect of hydroplanes is that they use the water they are on for lift rather than buoyancy, as well as for propulsion and steering: when travelling at high speed water is forced downwards by the bottom of the boat's hull. The water therefore exerts an equal and opposite force upwards, lifting the vast majority of the hull out of the water. This process, happening at the surface of the water, is known as 'foiling'.

Hydroplane design
Early designs of the 1920s were often built by amateurs, who employed the lightest materials available to them at the time, which were often glued timber boarding or plywood on the floor, 4 mm plywood topsides, and varnished canvas decks. Most were about 4 m long and stepped hulls were employed with a 75 mm step to induce air under the hull, to enable the boat to float on air bubbles. The principle behind 'planing' was not fully understood. Thus, hulls were flat bottomed with an upward curve at the bow and the step $2/3$ of the way aft. The sheer weight of a 100 hp. engine was enough to keep the bow from digging in. In Ireland the sport was managed by the Motor Yacht Club of Ireland which had a base at the Lough Ree Yacht Club near Athlone.

One of the earliest examples can be seen in the May 1935 Popular Mechanics issue. "Mile A Minute-Thrills of the Water" tells the story of the No-Vac by LeRoy F. Malrose Sr. aka. Fred W. McQuigg (pen name). Malrose was the lead design illustrator for Popular Mechanics magazine, which at the time was located in Chicago. The No-Vac design and build actually began in 1933, when Malrose conceptualized an airfoil hull surface design which proved to produce far less drag than conventional "V" style boat hull designs of the time. In June 1933 the No-Vac was put to the test with professional racing driver Jimmy Rodgers at the helm. That day the No-Vac set the world water speed record for an outboard powered boat of 78 mph.

The basic hull design of most hydroplanes has remained relatively unchanged since the 1950s: two sponsons in front, one on each side of the bow; behind the wide bow, is a narrower, mostly rectangular section housing the driver, engine, and steering equipment. The aft part of the vessel is supported in the water by the lower half of the propeller, which is designed to operate semi-submerged at all times. The goal is to keep as little of the boat in contact with the water as possible, as water is much denser than air, exerting more drag on the vehicle. Essentially the boat 'flies' over the surface of the water rather than actually traveling through it.

One of the few significant attempts at a radically different design since the three-point propriding design was introduced was referred to as Canard. It reversed the width properties, having a very narrow bow that only touched the water in one place, and two small outrigger sponsons in the back.

Early hydroplanes had mostly straight lines and flat surfaces aside from the uniformly curved bow and sponsons. The curved bow was eventually replaced by what is known as a pickle fork bow, where a space is left between the front few feet of the sponsons. Also, the centered single, vertical tail (similar to the ones on most modern airplanes) was gradually replaced by a horizontal stabilizer supported by vertical tails on either side of the boat. Later, as fine-tuning the hydrodynamics became more important, the bottoms of the main hull have subtle curves to give the best lift.

Unlimited hydroplane engines
The aviation industry has been the main source of engines for the boats. For the first few decades after World War II, they used surplus World War II-era internal-combustion airplane engines, typically Rolls-Royce Merlins or Griffons, or Allison V-1710s, all liquid-cooled V-12s. The loud roar of these engines earned hydroplanes the nickname thunderboats or dinoboats.

The Ted Jones-designed Slo-Mo-Shun IV three-point, Allison-powered hydroplane set the water speed record (160.323 mph) in Lake Washington, off Seattle, Washington's Sand Point, on June 26, 1950, breaking the previous (ten-plus-year-old) record (141.740 mph by almost 20 mph. Donald Campbell set seven world water speed records between 1955 and 1964 in the jet engine hydroplane, Bluebird.

Starting in 1980, they have increasingly used Vietnam War-era turboshaft engines from helicopters (in 1973–1974, one hydroplane, U-95, used turbine engines in races to test the technology). The most commonly used turbine is the Lycoming T55, used in the CH-47 Chinook.

Efforts have occasionally been made to use automotive engines, but they generally have not proven competitive.

The "limited" classes of inboard hydroplane racing are organized under the name Inboard Powerboat Circuit. These classes utilize automotive power, as well as two-stroke power. There are races throughout the country from April to October. Many Unlimited drivers got their start in the "limited" classes.

Prior to 1977, every official water speed record had been set by an American, Briton, Irishman or Canadian. On November 20, Australian Ken Warby piloted his Spirit of Australia purely on the jet thrust of its Westinghouse J34 turbojet to a velocity of 464.5 km/h to beat Lee Taylor's record. Warby, who had built the craft in his back yard, used the publicity to find sponsorship to pay for improvements to the Spirit. On October 8, 1978, Warby travelled to Blowering Dam, Australia, and broke both the 480 km/h and 500 km/h barriers with an average speed of 510 km/h.

As of 2018, Warby's record still stands, and there have only been two official attempts to break it.

title: Hydroplane (boat)