text:
Powder River Country

The Powder River Country is the Powder River Basin area of the Great Plains in northeastern Wyoming, United States. The area is loosely defined as that between the Bighorn Mountains and the Black Hills, in the upper drainage areas of the Powder, Tongue, and Little Bighorn rivers.

During the late 1860s, the area was the scene of Red Cloud's War, fought between the Lakota peoples and the United States. The Lakota victory in the war resulted in the continuation of their control of the area for the next decade.

After control of the area fell to the U.S. government in the 1870s following the end of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77, the area was opened to white settlement for homesteading. In 1892, the area was the scene of the Johnson County War.

In the early 20th century, the discovery of oil in the area led to the development of the area's oil fields. Coal is also mined.

title: Powder River Country


text:
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

The following is a list of Saturn Award nominees and winners for Best Supporting Actress, which rewards the best female supporting performance in a genre film. Anne Ramsey, Tilda Swinton, and Emily Blunt are the only actresses to win this award multiple times (twice), while only Whoopi Goldberg and Mercedes Ruehl have won both the Saturn Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the same role.

Multiple nominations

 * 5 nominations
 * Scarlett Johansson

 * 3 nominations
 * Joan Allen
 * Grace Jones
 * Evangeline Lilly
 * Rene Russo
 * Frances Sternhagen
 * Charlize Theron

 * 2 nominations
 * Kirstie Alley
 * Ana de Armas
 * Kim Basinger
 * Halle Berry
 * Emily Blunt
 * Veronica Cartwright
 * Jessica Chastain
 * Joan Cusack
 * Judi Dench
 * Cameron Diaz
 * Carrie Fisher
 * Whoopi Goldberg
 * Anne Hathaway
 * Nicole Kidman
 * Keira Knightley
 * Diane Kruger
 * Lucy Liu
 * Helen Mirren
 * Anne Ramsey
 * Zelda Rubinstein
 * Maggie Smith
 * Sissy Spacek
 * Meryl Streep
 * Tilda Swinton
 * Emily Watson
 * Robin Wright

Multiple wins

 * 2 wins
 * Emily Blunt
 * Anne Ramsey
 * Tilda Swinton

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Leela

Leela may refer to:

Business

 * The Leela Group, an Indian business conglomerate
 * The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts, an Indian luxury hotel group

Characters

 * Leela, granddaughter of Akela in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
 * Leela (Doctor Who), a fictional character in the British science fiction series Doctor Who
 * Leela (Futurama), a fictional character in the animated television series Futurama
 * Leela Lomax, a fictional character in the British soap opera Hollyoaks
 * Leela, a human character on Sesame Street

Film

 * Leela (2002 film), a drama directed by Somnath Sen
 * Leela (2016 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Ranjith
 * Ek Paheli Leela (Leela: A Mystery), a 2015 Indian thriller film

Other uses

 * Leela (name)
 * Leela (game), a board game with origins in ancient India
 * Leela (software), computer Go software
 * Leela Chess Zero, an open-source chess-playing program
 * Lila (Hinduism), an alternate transliteration for the Hindu cosmological concept
 * Leela Attitude, an attitude of walking Buddha in Thai art
 * Leela, a 1999 book of poetry by Navtej Bharati and Ajmer Rode

title: Leela


text:
User talk:ChessPlayer

NPOV Story
The story has been moved to User:ChessPlayer/example01.

Re: Village pump
Thanks for the reply. I understand why you didn't want to bring specific issues into your NPOV story, but I have to admit scanning your contributions did help me understand why you feel there is a widespread ignorance of NPOV - unfortunately you have been mixing it up with a few users who have fallen into the "Well I am lucky because my POV is the NPOV" trap (admittedly very easy to do!) My belief is though is that core lump of users do actually understand NPOV and strive towards it, so don't despair! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:25, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Revert in error: apology
My apologies for reverting a whole series of your edits; I had only intended to revert a single edit (which removed a sentence that I felt should stay in the article), but I didn't check the edit history to see if it was part of a series. As a result, the reversion software rolled back all of your series of edits in one hit, which was not my intention. This was entirely my fault. I would like to offer my sincere apologies for this, and I hope that you are not put off from editing Wikipedia because of it. -- The Anome 14:12, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The reason for the lack of an edit comment is this: admins have access to a special "one-click revert" feature in the software.  This automatically reverts the most recent set of edits on a given article, all the way back to the last edit by a user other than the user who made the most recent edit.  It also generates an automatic comment which just states what it did.  Given that I intended only to restore the sentence you deleted with your last edit, and anything else, I thought the edit would be self-explanatory (implicitly: "I think this sentence belongs in the article"; I might have written "rv" or "stet" if I was adding a comment), and used the one-click revert feature.  -- The Anome 16:46, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the further education about the admin software.  Since you are being helpful and explaining things, could you tell me the customary way to conduct this sort of dialog on user talk pages? Do we keep it all on one page, or do I post my replies on yours, and you on mine? How does it work? I'll post this reply on both so I know you will see it.  As for the issue about the deletion, obviously you are saying you want it there, by reverting.  The question is, but what about the objection I made, the reason I gave when I deleted it? By not replying, you are telling me there is no dialog, you are just insisting the material remain.  I don't think you really want to send that message, given your fairness and willingness to discuss things as evidenced by our chat.  ChessPlayer 17:32, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Deutsches Ahnenerbe
I see that you have an interest in Nazi-era history. Could you cast an eye over the Ahnenerbe article, which is an attempt to replace a stub which was largely based on fantasy with a more detailed article on this pathological but historically interesting organization. At the moment, the article needs more material on their influence on German academia, the expeditions to Tibet, Iran and so on, and more on the complicity of the medical and anthropological professions in murder as part of their "research". -- The Anome 10:16, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I will look into it.  There is a book on the expedition to Tibet: Himmler's Crusade : The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race by Christopher Hale.  I haven't read it.  There is also a scholarly work, very dry, called The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935 by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke.  It may have some related information; I long ago looked at, and do not remember well what it said.  It is in my university library, and I can look at it if you like.  I recall that contrary to what some think, Hitler himself was not into the occult at all, and didn't approve of Himmler's interest.  Hitler thought it was nonsense, if my memory is correct.  The article on Ahnenerbe looks good, by the way.  ChessPlayer 11:16, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Lead section
Greetings! You are probably not aware that we prefer to have lead sections in articles that summarize the entire topic. This area can be thought of as a parred-down concise encyclopedia article in its own right. It is also part of the requirements for an article to be featured. See What is a featured article. Have a good day. :) --mav 03:55, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You are right, I was not aware of it.  Thank you for the links.  ChessPlayer 04:27, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Could you please take a look at the article Mysticism in Nazi Germany?
Chessplayer, could you please take a look at Mysticism in Nazi Germany, talk:Mysticism in Nazi Germany? I would greatly appreciate you advice. Thanks in advance. Andries 18:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi. Edits from your IP have now been attributed to your username. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 10:42, 2004 Sep 4 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Nomination of Alois Hitler for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Alois Hitler is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Alois Hitler until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 18:06, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:ChessPlayer


text:
Wikipedia:Deletion requests/mock-up

Header and instructions go here

Note: This is an example page only. I used some examples and language from the current VfD page, but took some liberties with the issues and wording to make the examples clear.

Compare to bulleted format at mock-up2

Reference list of common root arguments
 * Policy violation: Wikipedia is not a dictionary (automatic recommendation to move to Wiktionary)
 * Policy violation: Wikipedia is not a home-page (also known as vanity)
 * Policy violation: Wikipedia is not for advertising
 * Policy violation: Wikipedia is not for original research
 * Policy violation: Wikipedia is not for source material (automatic recommendation to move to Wikisource)
 * Policy violation: copyvio
 * Irredeemably POV (explain)
 * Not encyclopedic (explain)
 * Not famous (provide evidence or explanation. may or may not imply a recommendation to move to Wikimemorial)
 * Candidates for speedy deletion including:
 * Patent nonsense (including Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense and Vandalism)
 * Newbie error (test page, user page in the main article space, etc.)
 * Redirect in the way of a page move

Pulchritudinous
Listed by: User:111 23:44, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Arguments
Policy violation: Wikipedia is not a dictionary

Alternatives
Somebody has now turned this into a redirect to Beauty, but I'm not sure that's a good idea, since anybody presented with "Beauty (redirected from Pulchritudinous)" would be none the wiser as to its meaning. If it were likely to come up in other articles, it should be left as a stub.
 * I have a problem with the redirect. 'Pulchitrude' may be defined as 'physical beauty and appeal,' but in the last few decades it has taken on a connotation of, shall we say, a much earthier kind of appeal. There are some, me for instance, who while not criticising the fleshier, more sensual message the word now carries, may not necessarily see it as pertaining to beauty. Best bet - send it off to Wikt & delete User:112
 * Should be merged with beauty then redirected
 * Agree: User:113, User:114

Transwiki to Wiktionary. There is no encyclopedic content in here at all, just a definition. Wikipedia is neither a dictionary nor a thesaurus, so beauty does not need this.
 * Agree: User:115, User:116, User:117

''Implication of this example. No one disputed that this was a dictionary entry. There was some meaningful discussion about the preferred solution - merge with beauty and redirect vs. move to Wiktionary and delete.''

Michael Shankle
Listed by: User 121 23:44, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Arguments
Non-famous. Evidence: Name gets only 92 hits on google, not all of which are relevant. Orphan.
 * Disagree. Famous. User:124

Alternatives
Merge content into Manowar (band). (IIRC there are several such pages -- one for everybody who's ever been the band. All of them should probably be merged into Manowar (band).)

''Implication of this example. While consensus has not yet been reached, those disagreeing have not provided evidence which disputes the root argument. Their opinions are likely to be steeply discounted by the sysop making the judgement call.''

Abromeitiella
Listed by: User131 23:44, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Arguments
Not encyclopedic. This page is about a deleted plant genus. The page hasn't been edited since 2002.
 * If it existed as a taxonomic classification at one point, then it's probably encyclopedic. People who read references to it in older botany textbooks and aren't aware of the change might want to look it up here.  I suggest moving the info on the taxonomical correction to deuterocohnia and then making this article a redirect.

''Implication of this example. Root argument successfully disputed. Decision to redirect or keep in the interim is left to the sysop.''

title: Wikipedia:Deletion requests/mock-up


text:
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor

The Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor is one of the annual awards given by the American professional organization the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The Saturn Awards are the oldest film-specialized awards to reward science fiction, fantasy, and horror achievements (the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, awarded by the World Science Fiction Society who reward science fiction and fantasy in various media, is the oldest award for science fiction and fantasy films).

The category was first introduced for the 1984 film year, specifically to reward young actors and actresses in films, and was the first acting award of the Academy to reward both males and females. Tom Holland is the only actor to have won it three times, to have won it three years in a row, and to have won three times for the same role. Haley Joel Osment and Chloë Grace Moretz have each won the award twice. Moretz and Daniel Radcliffe have received the most nominations, with 5 each. Christina Ricci, Elijah Wood, Kirsten Dunst, and Tobey Maguire are the only actors to have won both Best Performance by a Younger Actor and later a Saturn Award for adults.

Multiple nominations

 * 5 nominations
 * Chloe Grace Moretz
 * Daniel Radcliffe

 * 4 nominations
 * Freddie Highmore
 * Tom Holland

 * 3 nominations
 * Corey Haim
 * Christina Ricci
 * Saoirse Ronan
 * Millicent Simmonds
 * Kodi Smit-McPhee
 * Jacob Tremblay
 * Elijah Wood

 * 2 nominations
 * Asa Butterfield
 * Kirsten Dunst
 * Alex Etel
 * Elle Fanning
 * Edward Furlong
 * Lukas Haas
 * Josh Hutcherson
 * Justin Long
 * Joshua John Miller
 * Robert Oliveri
 * Haley Joel Osment
 * Jared Rushton
 * Devon Sawa
 * Ty Simpkins
 * Jeremy Sumpter
 * Jonathan Taylor Thomas
 * Mara Wilson

Multiple wins

 * 3 wins
 * Tom Holland

 * 2 wins
 * Chloe Grace Moretz
 * Haley Joel Osment


text: Talk:Hylobates

title: Talk:Hylobates


text:
User talk:Broux

Only one wife? :) Thanks for the contribs on USP! --Xephael 01:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Broux


text:
Fried bread

Fried bread is a slice of bread that has been fried. It is used as a substitute for toast in various dishes or meals. Various oils, butter, lard, bacon drippings, or ghee can be used. Some cooks may choose to fry rather than toast to avoid having to give counter or storage space to or spend money on a toaster. Proponents of frying rather than toasting call out the extra flavor and crispiness that can be achieved by frying in fat rather than dry-toasting.

French toast is a type of fried bread that is dredged in an egg and milk mixture before frying.

Nutrition
A small slice (35g) of fried bread has 174 calories.

Around the world
Multiple cuisines include a dish that involves frying sliced bread.

Brazil
Rabanada is a dish imported from Portugal and popular in Brazil as a Christmas dish.

Czech Republic
or topinka is a Czech dish of pan-fried bread used to prevent wasting stale bread.

Great Britain & Ireland
A full English breakfast / full Irish breakfast will often include bread fried in oil, butter, lard, or bacon drippings. In Northern Ireland, an Ulster fry may include fried soda farls.

Italy
Pane fritto is an Italian fried bread dish often used to prevent wasting stale bread; it is commonly dipped in milk before frying.

United States
In the United States, toast is much more popular at breakfast. However, fried bread is still eaten, particularly in the form of French toast, but sometimes as simply a slice of bread fried in butter.

title: Fried bread


text:
Ruffian

A ruffian is a scoundrel, rascal or unprincipled, deceitful, and unreliable person.

Ruffian may refer to:
 * Ruffian (horse) (1972–1975), a famous thoroughbred racehorse
 * Ruffian (film), a 2007 television movie about the racehorse
 * Ruffian Games, a Scottish games developer
 * Ruffian, a chess engine
 * Ruffian 23, Irish sailboat designed by Billy Brown
 * Border Ruffians, pro-Slavery activists from Missouri in the American Civil War
 * The Ruffian on the Stair, a 1964 British play
 * HMS Bellerophon (1786), also known as Billy Ruffian
 * The Ruffians, the major antagonists of the Nintendo game Sin and Punishment
 * British codename of the German X-Geraet, radar system
 * The Ruffian, a 1983 French-Canadian criminal adventure film

title: Ruffian


text:
Saturn Award for Best Director

The Saturn Award for Best Director (or Saturn Award for Best Direction) is one of the annual awards given by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The Saturn Awards, which are the oldest film-specialized awards to reward genre fiction achievements, in particular for science fiction, fantasy, and horror (the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation is the oldest award for science fiction and fantasy films), included the Best Director category for the first time at the 3rd Saturn Awards, for the 1974/1975 film years.

History
The award is also the oldest to honor film directors in science fiction, fantasy and horror. It has been given 36 times, including a tie for the 1977 film year.

James Cameron holds the record of the most wins with six (for seven nominations), while Steven Spielberg is the most nominated director with fourteen nominations (for four wins). Only three other directors have won the award more than once: Peter Jackson (three times), Bryan Singer and Ridley Scott (two times). As of 2024, Cameron is the only director to have won the award two years in a row (having won at both the 17th and 18th ceremonies for The Abyss and Terminator 2: Judgment Day, respectively). At the 22nd Saturn Awards, Kathryn Bigelow became the first woman to win the award, and is one of three female directors to win the award (the others being Lana and Lily Wachowski). Roland Emmerich became the first of four LGBTQ person to win the award at the 23rd ceremony (the others being the Wachowskis and Singer), while John Woo became the first person of Asian descent to win the award at the 24th ceremony and Ryan Coogler became the first African-American to win the award at the 44th ceremony.

Multiple nominations

 * 14 nominations
 * Steven Spielberg

 * 8 nominations
 * Bryan Singer

 * 7 nominations
 * James Cameron
 * Peter Jackson
 * Christopher Nolan
 * Robert Zemeckis

 * 6 nominations
 * J. J. Abrams

 * 5 nominations
 * Tim Burton
 * Guillermo del Toro

 * 4 nominations
 * George Lucas
 * Sam Raimi
 * Matt Reeves
 * Ridley Scott
 * Quentin Tarantino
 * Paul Verhoeven

 * 3 nominations
 * John Badham
 * Kathryn Bigelow
 * Alfonso Cuarón
 * Joe Dante
 * William Dear
 * Clint Eastwood
 * David Fincher
 * Terry Gilliam
 * Ron Howard
 * George Miller
 * Jordan Peele
 * Anthony and Joe Russo
 * David Yates

 * 2 nominations
 * Woody Allen
 * Chris Columbus
 * David Cronenberg
 * Frank Darabont
 * Roland Emmerich
 * Jon Favreau
 * William Friedkin
 * James Gunn
 * Rian Johnson
 * Randal Kleiser
 * Ang Lee
 * Frank Marshall
 * Nicholas Meyer
 * Leonard Nimoy
 * Alex Proyas
 * Guy Ritchie
 * Martin Scorsese
 * Zack Snyder
 * Denis Villeneuve
 * Peter Weir
 * John Woo
 * Zhang Yimou

Multiple wins

 * 6 wins
 * James Cameron

 * 4 wins
 * Steven Spielberg

 * 3 wins
 * Peter Jackson

 * 2 wins
 * J. J. Abrams
 * Ridley Scott
 * Bryan Singer

title: Saturn Award for Best Director


text:
Software (disambiguation)

Software usually refers to instructions for computer hardware to execute.

Software may also refer to:
 * IEEE Software, a magazine
 * Software (novel), part of the Ware Tetralogy, a 1982 cyber-punk novel by Rudy Rucker
 * Software (album), 1999 album by Grace Slick
 * Software (band), a German electronic duo active between 1984 and 2000
 * Software, Etc., a predecessor of the video game retailer GameStop
 * GNOME Software, a GNOME software package for managing software installation

title: Software (disambiguation)


text:
List of squadrons of the South African Air Force

The following is a list of squadrons of the South African Air Force. The list includes both current and past squadrons of the South African Air Force.


text:
Youtiao

Youtiao, known in Southern China as Yu Char Kway, is a long golden-brown deep-fried strip of wheat flour dough of Chinese origin and (by a variety of other names) also popular in other East and Southeast Asian cuisines.

Conventionally, youtiao are lightly salted and easily separated by hand. Youtiao are normally eaten at breakfast as an accompaniment for rice congee, soy milk or cow's milk blended with sugar. Youtiao may also be known as a Chinese cruller, Chinese oil stick, Chinese donut [sticks], and fried breadstick, among others.

In other Asian countries, they may also be called bicho, you char kway, cakwe, cakoi, kueh, kuay, shakoy or pathongko, among others.

Culinary applications and variants
At breakfast, youtiao can be stuffed inside shāobǐng to make a sandwich known as shāobǐng yóutiáo. Youtiao wrapped in a rice noodle roll is known as zháliǎng. In Yunnan, a roasted riceflour pancake usually wrapped around a youtiao is known as erkuai. Yet another name for a sandwich variant is jianbingguǒzi.

Youtiao is occasionally dipped into various liquids, for example the soup xidoufen, soy milk (sweet or salty), and soy sauce.

Youtiao is also an important ingredient of the food Cífàn tuán in Shanghai cuisine.

Tánggāo, or "sugar cake", is a sweet, fried food item similar in appearance to youtiao but shorter in length.

In Thailand, youtiao or pathongko (ปาท่องโก๋) in Thai are eaten for breakfast with soy milk or porridge.

Cambodia
In Cambodia, it is called cha kway (ឆាខ្វៃ) and usually dipped in kuy teav, congee or coffee. Some Chinese Cambodian immigrants in Australia sometimes call it chopstick cake because of its resemblance to a pair of chopsticks.

China
Although generally known as yóutiáo in Standard Mandarin, the dish is also known as guǒzi (餜子) in northern China. In Min Nan-speaking areas, such as Taiwan, it is known as iû-chiā-kóe (油炸粿), where kóe (粿/餜) means cake or pastry, hence "oil-fried cake/pastry". In Cantonese-speaking areas this is rendered as yàuh ja gwái (油炸鬼), where gwái literally means "devil" or "ghost".

Folk etymology
The Cantonese name yàuh ja gwái literally means "oil-fried devil" and, according to folklore, is an act of protest against Song Dynasty official Qin Hui, who is said to have orchestrated the plot to frame the general Yue Fei, an icon of patriotism in Chinese culture. It is said that the food, originally in the shape of two human-shaped pieces of dough but later evolved into two pieces joined in the middle, represents Qin Hui and his wife, both having a hand in collaborating with the enemy to bring about the great general's demise. Thus the youtiao is deep fried and eaten as if done to the traitorous couple. In keeping with the legend, youtiao are often made as two foot-long rolls of dough joined along the middle, with one roll representing the husband and the other the wife. The Cantonese name may derive from Guangzhou being the last resistance front before the Song dynasty collapsed.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the fried dough is known as cakwe. It is commonly chopped or thinly sliced and then eaten for breakfast with bubur ayam (chicken porridge) or eaten as snacks with dipping of local version of chilli vinaigrette or peanut / satay sauce.

In Java, cakwe is usually sold as a street snack at kaki lima, usually at the same stalls that sell bolang-baling or roti goreng (sweet fried dough) and untir-untir (Javanese version of mahua). This snack is sometime served with spicy sweet salty sauce (optional). Savory cakwe, sweet bolang-baling and crunchy untir-untir are to be considered to compliment each other in a snack mix.

Laos
In Laos, youtiao is generally called kao nom kou or patongko (cf. Thai patongko) or "chao quay", and is commonly eaten with coffee at breakfast in place of a baguette (khao jee falang). It is also eaten as an accompaniment to "khao piek sen" (chicken noodle soup) or "jok" (congee).

Malaysia
It is rendered in Malay language as cakoi, an alteration of the Minnan term, char kway. The name pathongko (see Thailand) is more common in the northern states of Kedah, Perlis and Penang, kayu khamak or kuduh in Terengganu, kocok in Pahang and Perak and cakuwe in Kelantan. Cakoi is usually sold in morning street markets or pasar malam night markets and commonly eaten with coffee or soy milk for breakfast or at tea time.

Myanmar

The youtiao is also a popular breakfast food in Myanmar (Burma) where it is called e kya kway (အီကြာကွေး [ì tʒà ku̯éː]). It is usually eaten with steamed yellow beans (with salt and oil) or dipped into coffee or tea, or with condensed milk(နို့ဆီ). E kya kway is also eaten with rice porridge, or cut into small rings and used as a condiment for mohinga. Tea culture is prevalent in Myanmar, and almost every shop will serve e kya kway for breakfast.

Some shops stuff meat into the youtiao and deep fry it over again. It is called e kya kway asar thoot – stuffed e kya kway.

Philippines
In the Philippines, it is either known as Bicho / Bicho-Bicho (Hokkien: 米棗 Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tsó) or Shakoy / Siyakoy (Hokkien: 炸粿 Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tsia̍h-kué) / Pinisi / lubid-lubid. They are usually deep-fried, in the case of Bicho-Bicho, or deep-fried and twisted, in the case of Shakoy. Dry, smaller and crunchy versions are called pilipit.

Singapore
In Singapore, it is known as yu char kway, which is the transliteration of its Hokkien (Minnan) name (油炸粿 iû-tsiā-kué). Apart from the plain version, the Singaporean take on Youtiao also comes with various fillings which are either sweet, such as red bean paste or savory (ham chim peng, 鹹煎餅), such as sardines in tomato sauce. The plain version is often eaten with sweet chili sauce or coconut and egg jam called kaya, or served with bak kut teh (肉骨茶), porridge or rice congee, sliced thinly to be dipped into the broth or congee and eaten.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, Youtiao is often known by its Hokkien name (油炸粿 iû-tsiā-kué) and is a popular breakfast item throughout Taiwan. Youtiao are usually sandwiched into shaobings or cut into sections and wrapped in rice balls, or eaten with almond milk, soy milk, and douhua for breakfast. It is also an essential ingredient for Tainan-style congee and salty soy milk, and it is also an indispensable ingredient for Tainan beef soup and as a side for Taiwanese-style spicy hot pot.

Thailand

In Thailand, youtiao is generally called pathongko (ปาท่องโก๋, ) due to a confusion with a different kind of dessert. Pathongko is a loanword adapted from either Teochew Minnan beh teung guai (白糖粿; Mandarin: bái tángguǒ) or Cantonese of baahktònggòu (白糖糕; Mandarin: bái tánggāo). However, both possible original names referred to a different dessert, the white sugar sponge cake. It was previously sold together with youtiao by street vendors who normally walked around and shouted both names out loud. However, Thai customers often mistakenly thought that the more popular youtiao was "pathongko". Eventually, the real pathongko disappeared from the market because of its unpopularity. The disappearance of real "pathongko" left the youtiao labeled under the former's name, while the latter's real name is generally unknown amongst the Thais. The original white sugar sponge cake can still be easily found in Trang Province in Southern Thailand under its original name while youtiao is still called "chakoi" or "chiakoi" by some Southerners.

In Thailand, pathongko is also dipped into condensed milk or, in the South, eaten with kaya.

Vietnam

In Vietnamese cuisine, it is known by a name that is a pronunciation similar to the Cantonese pronunciation, as dầu cháo quẩy, giò cháo quẩy or simply quẩy. 油 ("dầu/giò"), 鬼 ("quỷ/quẩy") coming from the approximate Cantonese pronunciation. In Vietnam, giò cháo quẩy is eaten typically with congee or phở in Hanoi, and sometimes with wonton noodle (mì hoành thánh or mì vằn thắn). In Southern Vietnam, quẩy is often enjoyed with bánh canh cua, or dipped in hot soymilk as a quick breakfast.

Other Chinese fried dough dishes

 * Ham chim peng
 * Ox-tongue pastry
 * Shuangbaotai

title: Youtiao


text:
Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Recording

The Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Recording (formerly known as Best Dance Recording) is an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for works containing quality vocal performances in the dance music and/or electronic music genres. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

The award for Best Dance Recording was first presented to Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder in 1998 for the song "Carry On". In 2003, the Academy moved the category from the "Pop" field into a new "Dance" field, alongside the category Best Dance/Electronic Album. According to the Academy, the award is designated for solo, duo, group or collaborative performances (vocal or instrumental), and is limited to singles or tracks only.

The award goes to the artist, producer and mixer. The engineer and songwriter can apply for a Winners Certificate.

Skrillex has won the award a record four times, with Justin Timberlake, Diplo and The Chemical Brothers winning twice. Skrillex, Bonobo, The Chemical Brothers and Madonna share the record for the most nominations, with five. Bonobo also holds the record for the most nominations without a win.

History
Though she was not the first to suggest that the genre be recognized officially, Ellyn Harris and her Committee for the Advancement of Dance Music lobbied for more than two years to encourage the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to acknowledge dance music. Some Academy members debated whether dance music, with its heavy use of layering, remixing, "lack of melody or verse", and numerous varieties, was truly considered music. Others were concerned that dance music was not a long-lasting genre, fearing the category would face retirement much like the award for Best Disco Recording, which was presented for one year only at the 22nd Grammy Awards in 1980.

In 1998, Harris' efforts paid off when the Academy first presented the award to Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder at the 40th Grammy Awards for the song "Carry On". While the Academy had once been quoted as saying that "they considered dance music as something pop artists had created in their most frivolous moments", Ivan Bernstein, executive director of the organization's Florida branch, insisted that an award for excellence in dance music would not exist "if there were concerns about excellence".

Starting from the 64th Annual Grammy Awards in 2022, the category was renamed from Best Dance Recording to Best Dance/Electronic Recording. Starting from the 66th Annual Grammy Awards in 2024, a sister category Best Pop Dance Recording, was established in order to prevent well-established pop artists who incorporate dance music into their work from dominating the category over dedicated dance acts.

Criticism
Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys has criticised the award, saying "there's always been a sense that people just think you've pressed a few buttons rather than do real music, the Grammys [...] kind of diss two huge massive genres at the same time by putting them together".

Writing for Mixmag, Annabel Ross noted a lack of gender and racial diversity associated with the award, claiming that one "might assume, judging by the winners and nominees [in the category] that the best dance music is made by white people (mostly men), and that commercial success is a marker of quality".

Recipients

undefined Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

Artists with multiple wins

 * 4 wins
 * Skrillex

 * 2 wins
 * Diplo
 * Justin Timberlake
 * The Chemical Brothers

Artists with multiple nominations

 * 5 nominations
 * Bonobo
 * The Chemical Brothers
 * Madonna
 * Skrillex

 * 4 nominations
 * Daft Punk
 * Diplo
 * Disclosure
 * David Guetta
 * Kylie Minogue

 * 3 nominations
 * Gloria Estefan
 * Lady Gaga
 * Rihanna
 * Rüfüs Du Sol

 * 2 nominations
 * Above & Beyond
 * Avicii
 * Basement Jaxx
 * Britney Spears
 * Calvin Harris
 * Cher
 * Depeche Mode
 * Donna Summer
 * Duke Dumont
 * Fatboy Slim
 * Flume
 * Fred Again
 * Goldfrapp
 * Groove Armada
 * Kaytranada
 * James Blake
 * Jennifer Lopez
 * Justin Timberlake
 * LCD Soundsystem
 * Pet Shop Boys
 * Robyn
 * Swedish House Mafia


text:
Saturn Award for Best Writing

The Saturn Awards for Best Writing is a Saturn Award presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.

Unlike most awards rewarding writing in films, it recognizes only the writer(s) of the screenplay, and not those of the story.

Multiple nominations

 * 7 nominations
 * Guillermo del Toro
 * Peter Jackson
 * Quentin Tarantino
 * Fran Walsh
 * James Cameron

 * 6 nominations
 * Philippa Boyens
 * Christopher Nolan

 * 4 nominations
 * Lawrence Kasdan
 * David Koepp
 * George Miller
 * Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver

 * 3 nominations
 * J. J. Abrams
 * William Peter Blatty
 * Alex Garland
 * Drew Goddard
 * David Hayter
 * John Logan
 * George Lucas
 * Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely
 * Nicholas Meyer
 * Jordan Peele
 * Andrew Stanton
 * The Wachowskis
 * Christopher McQuarrie

 * 2 nominations
 * Woody Allen
 * Michael Arndt
 * Brad Bird
 * Jeffrey Boam
 * C. Robert Cargill
 * Joel and Ethan Coen
 * Chris Columbus
 * Frank Darabont
 * Scott Derrickson
 * Michael Dougherty
 * Scott Frank
 * Tony Gilroy
 * Michael Goldenberg
 * William Goldman
 * David S. Goyer
 * Michael Green
 * Dan Harris
 * James V. Hart
 * Terry Hayes
 * Tom Holland
 * Spike Jonze
 * Charlie Kaufman
 * Steve Kloves
 * Don Mancini
 * Melissa Mathison
 * Edward Neumeier
 * Jonathan Nolan
 * Dan O'Bannon
 * Matt Reeves
 * Matthew Robbins
 * Gary Ross
 * Eric Roth
 * Steven Spielberg
 * Wesley Strick
 * Andrew Kevin Walker
 * Joss Whedon

Multiple wins

 * 4 wins
 * James Cameron
 * Christopher Nolan

 * 3 wins
 * William Peter Blatty

 * 2 wins
 * Lawrence Kasdan
 * Jonathan Nolan
 * Quentin Tarantino

title: Saturn Award for Best Writing


text:
Agent provocateur

An is a person who commits, or who acts to entice another person to commit, an illegal or rash act or falsely implicates them in partaking in an illegal act, so as to ruin the reputation of, or entice legal action against, the target, or a group they belong to or are perceived to belong to. They may target any group, such as a protest or demonstration, a militia, a political party or a company.

In jurisdictions in which conspiracy is a serious crime in itself, it can be sufficient for the agent provocateur to entrap the target into discussing and planning an illegal act. It is not necessary for the illegal act to be carried out or even prepared.

Prevention of infiltration by agents provocateurs is part of the duty of demonstration marshals, also called stewards, deployed by organizers of large or controversial assemblies.

History and etymology
While the practice was worldwide in antiquity, modern undercover operations were scaled up in France by Eugène François Vidocq in the early 19th century, and included the use of unlawful tactics against opponents. Later in the same century, police targets included union activists who came to fear plain-clothed policemen (agent de police in French). The French term agent provocateur was then borrowed as-is into English and German. In accordance with French grammar, the correct plural form of the term is agents provocateurs.

Common usage
An agent provocateur may be a police officer or a secret agent of police who encourages suspects to carry out a crime under conditions where evidence can be obtained; or who suggests the commission of a crime to another, in hopes they will go along with the suggestion and be convicted of the crime.

A political organization or government may use agents provocateurs against political opponents. The provocateurs try to incite the opponent to do counter-productive or ineffective acts to foster public disdain or provide a pretext for the final assault against the opponent.

Historically, labor spies, hired to infiltrate, monitor, disrupt, or subvert union activities, have used agent provocateur tactics.

Agent provocateur activities raise ethical and legal issues. In common law jurisdictions, the legal concept of entrapment may apply if the main impetus for the crime was the provocateur.

Canada
On August 20, 2007, during meetings of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America in Montebello, three police officers were revealed among the protesters by Dave Coles, president of the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, and alleged to be provocateurs. The police posing as protestors wore masks and all black clothes; one was notably armed with a large rock. They were asked to leave by protest organizers.

After the three officers had been revealed, their fellow officers in riot gear handcuffed and removed them. The evidence that revealed these three men as "police provocateurs" was initially circumstantial-they were imposing in stature, similarly dressed, and wearing police boots. According to veteran activist Harsha Walia, it was other participants in the black bloc who identified and exposed the undercover police.

After the protest, the police force initially denied, then later admitted that three of their officers disguised themselves as demonstrators; they then denied that the officers were provoking the crowd and instigating violence. The police released a news release in French where they stated "At no time did the police of the Sûreté du Québec act as instigators or commit criminal acts" and "At all times, they responded within their mandate to keep order and security."

During the 2010 G20 Toronto summit, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) arrested five people, two of whom were members of the Toronto Police Service. City and provincial police, including the TPS, went on to arrest 900 people in the largest mass arrest in Canadian history. The RCMP watchdog commission saw no indication that RCMP undercover agents or event monitors acted inappropriately.

Europe
In February 1817, after the Prince Regent was attacked, the British government employed agents provocateurs to obtain evidence against the agitators.

Sir John Retcliffe was an agent provocateur for the Prussian secret police.

Francesco Cossiga, former head of secret services and Head of state of Italy, advised the 2008 minister in charge of the police, on how to deal with the protests from teachers and students: "He should do what I did when I was Minister of the Interior. [...] infiltrate the movement with agents provocateurs inclined to do anything [...] And after that, with the momentum gained from acquired popular consent, [...] beat them for blood and beat for blood also those teachers that incite them. Especially the teachers. Not the elderly, of course, but the girl teachers, yes."

Another example occurred in France in 2010 where police disguised as members of the CGT (a leftist trade union) interacted with people during a demonstration.

Russia
The activities of agents provocateurs against revolutionaries in Imperial Russia were notorious. Jacob Zhitomirsky, Yevno Azef, Roman Malinovsky, and Dmitry Bogrov, all members of Okhrana, were notable provocateurs.

In the "Trust Operation" (1921–1926), the Soviet State Political Directorate (OGPU) set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". The main success of this operation was luring Boris Savinkov and Sidney Reilly into the Soviet Union, where they were arrested and executed.

United States
In the United States, the COINTELPRO program of the Federal Bureau of Investigation included FBI agents posing as political activists to disrupt the activities of political groups in the U.S., such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the American Indian Movement, and the Ku Klux Klan.

The American Civil Liberties Union requested an investigation of Denver police at the 2008 Democratic National Convention where undercover officers allegedly staged a struggle with uniformed police to be removed from the crowd of protestors, which prompted another uniformed officer to use pepper spray.

A New York City police officer undercover in a 2013 motorcycle rally was sentenced to two years in prison in 2015 for second-degree assault, coercion, riot and criminal mischief for their participation in the gang assault of a man driving an SUV with his family, which had hit a motorcyclist and continued driving.

Internet
The internet has been utilized for information warfare, with many internet trolls acting as agents provocateurs by disseminating certain propaganda. Such tactics are used to further the interests of countries,  corporations,    and political movements.

title: Agent provocateur


text: Template:Kearsarge class battleship

title: Template:Kearsarge class battleship


text:
Kearsarge-class battleship

The Kearsarge-class was a group of two pre-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the 1890s. The two ships—USS Kearsarge (BB-5) and USS Kentucky (BB-6)—represented a compromise between two preceding battleship designs, the low-freeboard Indiana-class battleship and the high-freeboard USS Iowa (BB-4), though their design also incorporated several improvements. Their primary advances over earlier designs consisted of new quick-firing guns and improved armor protection, but their most novel feature was their two-story gun turrets that consisted of a secondary 8 in gun turret fixed to the top of their primary 13 in turrets. The ships suffered from a number of problems, however, including a tertiary battery mounted too low in the hull and poorly-designed turrets, though the latter were attempted again with the Virginia-class battleship in the early 1900s, also with negative results.

Kearsarge served as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron after entering service, while Kentucky was initially sent to East Asia. In 1904, Kearsarge was temporarily transferred to the European Squadron, also serving as its flagship. Both vessels returned to the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905, and in 1906, Kentucky carried marines to Cuba during unrest in the country. Both ships participated in the cruise of the Great White Fleet around the world between late 1907 and early 1908, and after their return, they were modernized between 1909 and 1911, thereafter being placed in reserve. The two ships were reactivated in mid-1915 and Kearsarge was used as a training ship, while Kentucky was sent to participate in the United States occupation of Veracruz.

After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, both ships were used as training vessels for the rapidly-expanding fleet before being decommissioned in 1920. Kentucky was quickly discarded, being struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1922 and sold for scrap the following year, but Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship. She was used in this capacity for the next twenty years, being involved in the recovery of the submarine USS Squalus and numerous warship construction, repair, and modernization projects. She was ultimately struck in 1955 and sold to ship breakers later that year.

Design
Following the authorization of the battleship USS Iowa (BB-4) in 1892, the United States Navy failed to order new vessels in 1893 and 1894; this was in part the result of an economic depression in 1893 that reduced naval budgets, and also the views of the new Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert, who had opposed fleets of expensive battleships earlier in the decade. Nevertheless, the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) continued to work on new designs, and by 1893, Herbert had been convinced by Alfred Thayer Mahan's seminal work The Influence of Sea Power upon History. In his requested budget for 1893, Herbert requested Congress appropriate funds for at least one new battleship. Congress delayed until 1895, when it authorized funding for two ships that were to become the Kearsarge class by the Act of 2 March 1895.

Work on the new design began immediately, and by late March, four proposals had been prepared. All four marked a compromise between the high-freeboard Iowa and the coastal battleships of the Indiana-class battleship; they had greater freeboard than the Indiana's, but lacked the raised forecastle that had rendered Iowa an excellent sea boat. Coal storage, again, represented a compromise between the two. Armor protection was increased compared to the earlier vessels, which included an improved arrangement of the armor deck so that it protected a greater volume of the hull. The main battery was to repeat the 12 in guns used in Iowa, since they fired significantly faster than the 13-inch guns the Indianas carried.

The designs varied considerably with regard to their armament. By this time, a new 5 in quick-firing gun had been developed, which significantly increased the offensive power of the tertiary battery. The designers initially considered adopting gun turrets for these weapons, but decided against it owing to the increased weight of such an arrangement, along with problems with ammunition magazines and fire control. All four designs arranged these in a central battery amidships, which forced the secondary battery of 8-inch guns to be pushed toward the ends of the ship. The four variants adopted different arrangements for these guns: "A" called for eight guns, two in centerline positions superfiring over the main battery and two wing turrets amidships. "B" discarded the forward turret and placed two wing turrets further forward and one superfiring aft; "C" retained the centerline turrets and discarded the wing mounts, and "D" opted for the reverse of "C".

C&R preferred the "A" design, since it maximized firepower, while the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) believed that none of the proposals was worth pursuing. An ensign in BuOrd, Joseph Strauss, developed a two-story turret that solved the problem; it would carry the 8-inch guns in a separate turret mounted directly atop (and fixed to) the main battery turret. Strauss accordingly proposed a fifth version, "E", that incorporated his turret. Some officers questioned whether it was advisable that the 8-inch guns could not be directed against targets other than what the 12-inch guns were engaging, but Strauss pointed out that at long range, ships were relatively small targets, and at close range, the much greater reloading time of the large guns would permit the 8-inch guns to direct the rotation of the turret while the gun crews prepared the main guns. By this time, American naval engineers had made improvements to their gun turret designs and significant weight savings were achieved. In addition, the two-story, four-gun turret adopted for the Kearsarge class was lighter than the two-gun turrets used in the Indianas of just five years earlier.

At the same time, BuOrd registered its opposition to what it viewed as a regression to 12-inch guns; while the 13-inch weapons were slower to fire, BuOrd estimated that they were 30 percent more powerful. Experiments with 15 in armor plate demonstrated that 12-inch guns could not penetrate that thickness even at the relatively close range of 1000 yd, while the 13-inch shells were capable of defeating the armor plate. C&R refused to accept BuOrd's objections, but further tests with a mock up of Iowa's belt demonstrated that the 13-inch shells could easily defeat the armor, while the 12-inch shells were kept out. The Navy decided to adopt "E", with 13-inch guns in place of the 12-inch weapons originally proposed.

The Navy repeated the two-story turret arrangement with the Virginia-class battleships designed in the early 1900s, with much the same reasoning, namely the goal of weight reduction and the belief that the faster-firing 8-inch guns could be operated without disrupting the 12-inch guns adopted for the Virginias. A new, sloped turret design remedied the problem with the overly-large gun ports of the Kearsarge turrets, but the advent of large-caliber, quick-firing guns rendered the concept a failure, since the 12-inch guns fired nearly as quickly as the 8-inch weapons, and the latter could not be fired without severe blast effects disrupting the crew of the former.

General characteristics and machinery
The two Kearsarge-class ships were 368 ft long at the waterline and 375 ft long overall, with a beam of 72 ft and a draft of 23 ft. They displaced 11540 LT normally, which increased to 12850 LT at full load. Like the Indiana class, the Kearsarge class also had a very low freeboard, amounting to 14 ft forward under normal conditions, which resulted in her guns becoming unusable in bad weather. The ships' hulls incorporated a prominent ram bow, a common feature for battleships of the period.

Steering was controlled with a single rudder; while steaming at a speed of 12 kn, it took Kearsarge 475 yd to complete a turn to port and 455 yd to turn to starboard. As completed, both ships carried two heavy military masts that carried some of the vessels' light guns, along with spotting tops to help direct the aim of their guns. Kearsarge was manned by 38 officers and 548 enlisted men, while Kentucky carried 38 officers and 549 enlisted men. Their complement was later adjusted to 40 officers and 513 enlisted men.

The battleships had two 3-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines that each drove a single screw propeller. Steam for the engines was provided by five coal-fired Scotch marine boilers, which were ducted into a pair of funnels. The ships' engines were designed to produce a total of 10000 ihp for a top speed of 16 kn. During sea trials, the indicated horsepower and speed exceeded the design, with Kearsarges engines producing a total of 11674 ihp for 16.8 kn and Kentuckys propulsion system reaching 12179 ihp for 16.9 kn. Coal storage amounted to 410 LT normally and up to 1591 LT at full load. At a cruising speed of 10 kn, the ships could steam for 5070 nmi.

Armament

The Kearsarge-class battleships had two double turrets, with two 13 in/35 caliber guns and two 8 in/35 caliber guns each, stacked in two levels. The guns and turret armor were designed by BuOrd, while the turret itself was designed by C&R. Since the turrets retained the vertical walls of the type used in the first generation of American battleships, the ports had to be very large to allow for sufficient elevation. Then-Lieutenant William Sims noted that the floors of the turrets could be easily seen through the ports, and claimed that as a result, a shell fired into the port could reach the magazines below, disabling the guns.

The 13-inch weapons were built-up guns of the Mark II type, mounted in Mark III turrets that were electrically trained. They were originally supplied with brown powder propellant charges that weighed nearly 500 lb, later being replaced by 180 lb smokeless charges. The shells had a muzzle velocity of 2000 ft/s, and at the muzzle, could penetrate up to 25 in of standard steel, and at a range of 2500 yd, could pierce 20 in of steel. The turrets allowed depression to −5 degrees and elevation to 15 degrees, which provided a maximum range of 12100 yd, though this was significantly in excess of what could be achieved with the rudimentary gunnery direction equipment at the time; BuOrd recommended that crews open fire at 8000 yd, and even this was optimistic. The rate of fire was one shot every 320 seconds, and the guns had to be returned to 2 degrees elevation to be reloaded.

The 8-inch guns were the Mark IV version, which had a muzzle velocity of 2080 ft/s. Also originally brown-powder guns, they, too, received updated smokeless charges in the early 1900s. The change improved the rate of fire from one shot per minute to one shot every forty seconds. Reloading was also fixed at 0 degrees. They were mounted in Mark IX turrets that were fixed atop the main battery turrets. The arrangement was adopted because the significantly higher rate of fire of the 8-inch guns was thought to reduce interference between the guns, but with the adoption of smokeless propellant and rapid fire for the main battery in the early 1900s proved this to be an incorrect assumption.

The turret guns were supported by a battery of fourteen 5 in/40 caliber guns mounted individually in casemates in the upper deck, seven on each broadside. Once the ships entered service, it was discovered that the central battery had been placed too close to the waterline, and the casemates were frequently washed out, rendering them unusable in all but calm seas. For defense against torpedo boats, they also carried twenty 6-pounder (57 mm) Hotchkiss guns and eight 1-pounder (37 mm) guns. These were also in individual open mounts distributed around the decks and fighting tops of the masts; eight of the 57 mm guns were placed in a broadside battery one deck above the 5-inch guns, four on either side. Four more were placed in casemates in the bow, and another four were similarly arranged toward the stern. The ships also carried a pair of M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun chambered in 6 mm Lee Navy.

As was customary for battleships of the period, the Kearsarge-class carried four 18 in torpedo tubes. These were placed in above-water mounts in the hull; two were placed abreast of the forward main battery turret and the other two were placed on either side of the aft superstructure. The tubes were supplied with a total of six torpedoes. They were initially equipped with the Mark II Whitehead design, which carried a 140 lb warhead and had a range of 800 yd at a speed of 27 kn.

Armor

The ships were protected with face-hardened Harvey armor, an improvement over earlier compound plates. The main strake of the belt armor extended from the forward boiler room to the aft main battery barbette, and covered a section of the hull from 3 ft above the waterline and 4 ft below the line. It was 16.5 in thick at the top, gradually tapering to 13.25 in at the waterline, and reducing further to 9.5 in at the bottom edge of the belt. Forward of the boiler rooms, the belt was reduced to a maximum thickness of 10.5 in, and from the forward barbette, slimmed further to 4 in. Transverse bulkheads that were 10 in forward and 12 in aft connected the belt on both sides of the ships. Above the main strake was a second one that was 5 in thick, extending from the forward to aft barbette.

The belt structure was reinforced by a curved armor deck that was curved at the sides and connected to the bottom edge of the belt. The flat portion of the deck was level with the upper edge of the belt, and it was 2.75 in thick. Forward, where the belt was significantly reduced in thickness, the deck was increased slightly to 3 in; aft, where there was no side protection, the deck was more significantly strengthened, being 5 in thick. The conning tower had 10 in thick sides and a 2 in roof.

Armor protection for the 13-inch turrets amounted to 15 to 17 in on the sides and 25 in on the rear to balance the turrets, while the 8-inch turrets received 6 to 11 in on the sides and 9 in on the rears. Their roofs were 3.5 in and 2 inches thick for the 13-inch and 8-inch turrets, respectively. The turrets rested in armored barbettes that were 12.5 to 15 in thick. The 5-inch gun battery, which was placed directly above the upper belt, received 6 in of armor plating. The casemate battery lacked splinter screens between each gun, a significant shortcoming since a single hit could disable numerous guns.

Modifications
After the US Navy introduced rapid-firing for main guns in 1903, Kearsarge and Kentucky had automatic shutters installed in the ammunition hoists to prevent an explosion in the turret from traveling down to the magazines. After a propellant charge was accidentally detonated by an electrical short aboard Kentucky in April 1906, most electrical equipment was removed from the ships' turrets and additional precautions were installed, including bulkheads between the guns in each turret and gas evacuators in the breeches of the guns to prevent propellant gasses from blowing back into the turrets.

Between 1909 and 1911, most of the 57 mm guns were removed and four more 5-inch guns were installed. The original military masts were replaced with lattice masts, and the torpedo tubes were also removed. The ships also had their original boilers replaced with eight Mosher boilers. The ships underwent another refit by 1919 that included the removal of all but eight of the 5-inch guns. The guns that were removed were used to arm merchant ships to defend themselves against German U-boat attacks. A pair of 3 in anti-aircraft guns were installed aboard each vessel. At some point in the ships' careers, splinter bulkheads were added to the 5-inch battery to improve survivability.

USS Kearsarge (BB-5)
Kearsarge was laid down on 30 June 1896. She was launched on 24 March 1898 and was commissioned on 20 February 1900. From 1900 to 1905, Kearsarge served as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron, except for a short period in 1904 when she was reassigned as flagship of the European Squadron. In 1905, the battleship USS Maine (BB-10) replaced Kearsarge as flagship of the North Atlantic Fleet, although she remained with the fleet. In April, the ship suffered an explosion in her forward 13-inch turret that killed ten of its crew; Isadore Nordstrom and George Breeman both received the Medal of Honor, the former for rescuing several badly wounded men and the latter for preventing the fire from reaching the propellant magazines.

In 1907, the Great White Fleet was ordered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to circle the world as a demonstration of the might of the United States Navy. Kearsarge was attached to the Fourth Division of the Second Squadron. The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii. From there they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal. The fleet split at Port Said to visit various ports, with Kearsarge leaving for Malta and Algiers, before reforming with the rest of the fleet at Gibraltar. The ships arrived back in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1908.

Between 1909 and 1911, Kearsarge was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and thereafter was placed in reserve. She was recommissioned on 23 June 1915 and operated along the Atlantic coast for the next two years as a training ship for naval militia from Massachusetts and Maine. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, she was used to train armed guard crews and naval engineers during cruises along the Atlantic seaboard. Following the end of the war, she continued training duties until being decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on either 10 May or 18 May 1920.

Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship, and was given hull classification symbol IX-16 on 17 July 1920, but it was changed to AB-1 on 5 August. Her turrets, superstructure, and armor were removed, and were replaced by a large revolving crane with a lifting capacity of 250 LT, as well as 10 ft blisters, which improved her stability. The crane ship was used often over the next 20 years, including the raising of USS Squalus (SS-192) in 1939. On 6 November 1941, Kearsarge was renamed Crane Ship No. 1, allowing her name to be given to the aircraft carrier that was eventually renamed USS Hornet (CV-12), and later to the carrier USS Kearsarge (CV-33). She continued her service, however, handling guns, turrets, armor, and other heavy lifts for vessels such as the battleships USS Indiana (BB-58), USS Alabama (BB-60), and USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) and the cruisers USS Savannah (CL-42) and USS Chicago (CA-29). She was transferred to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard in 1945, where she participated in the construction of Hornet, the carrier USS Boxer (CV-21), and the re-construction of the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3). In 1948, she left the West Coast for the Boston Naval Shipyard. On 22 June 1955, her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register, and she was sold for scrap on 9 August.

USS Kentucky (BB-6)

Kentucky laid down on the same day as her sister ship, and was launched the same day as well. She was commissioned on 15 May 1900. Later that year, she left for China to join the Eight Nation Alliance then in the process of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Kentucky arrived in East Asia in early 1901 and she saw no action during the final stage of the uprising. The ship operated in the region until early 1904. After returning to the United States, she joined the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905. During the 1906 Cuban Insurrection, she carried Marines to the island, embarking them in Provincetown and landing them at Havana, Cuba for the Second Occupation of Cuba.

In 1907, Kentucky participated in the Great White Fleet, as part of the Fourth Division with her sister. The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii. From there, they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal. The fleet split at Port Said, with Kentucky visiting Tripoli and Algiers, before reforming with the fleet at Gibraltar. She returned to Hampton Roads on 22 February.

From 1909–1911, Kentucky was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. She was thereafter placed in reserve, where she remained until she was recommissioned at Philadelphia on 23 June 1915. Following the United States occupation of Veracruz, she sailed to Mexico, patrolling the coast off Veracruz until 1916. She then returned to New York, where she laid until the United States entered World War I. During the war, she operated as a training ship as part of the mobilization effort, training several thousand men along the Atlantic coast.

In late 1918 and early 1919, Kentucky was overhauled at the Boston Navy Yard. She then left for exercises in Guantanamo Bay, Norfolk, and along the New England coast, and later trained United States Naval Academy midshipmen. Kentucky was decommissioned on 29 March 1920; the Navy briefly considered rebuilding her into a crane ship as well, but ultimately decided against it. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 May 1922 and she was sold for scrap to Dravo Corporation on 24 March 1923.

title: Kearsarge-class battleship


text: Template:Illinois class battleship

title: Template:Illinois class battleship


text:
Illinois-class battleship

The Illinois class was a group of three pre-dreadnought battleships of the United States Navy commissioned at the beginning of the 20th century. The three ships, USS Illinois (BB-7), USS Alabama (BB-8), and USS Wisconsin (BB-9), were built between 1896 and 1901. They were transitional ships; they incorporated advances over preceding designs, including the first modern gun turrets for the main battery, and new rapid-firing secondary guns, but they were also the last American battleships to feature dated technologies like fire-tube boilers and Harvey armor. They were armed with a main battery of four 13 in guns in two twin turrets, supported by a secondary battery of fourteen 6 in guns. The ships had a designed speed of 16 kn, though they exceeded that speed by a significant margin.

The three ships served in a variety of roles and locations throughout their career. Illinois served with the North Atlantic Squadron and the European Squadron early in her career, while Wisconsin served as the flagship of the Pacific Fleet and then in the Asiatic Fleet. Illinois and Alabama started the cruise of the Great White Fleet in December 1907 from the east coast of the United States, though by the time they had rounded South America and stopped in California, Alabama was forced to leave the fleet due to machinery problems. Wisconsin joined the fleet there and continued on with it to the conclusion of its tour in February 1909. All three ships were modernized in 1909 and served in the Atlantic Fleet for a short time.

By 1912, all three ships had been reduced to the reserve fleet and were primarily employed as training ships. They continued in this role during World War I, training men to operate the machinery of warships and transports for the war effort. They were all decommissioned by 1920. Illinois was loaned to the New York Naval Militia and was converted into a floating arsenal. Renamed Prairie State in 1941, she was eventually sold for scrapping in 1956. Wisconsin was broken up for scrap in 1922, while Alabama was expended as a target ship in September 1921 in bombing tests with the US Army Air Service.

Design
Design work on what became the Illinois class began on 25 March 1896, when Rear Admiral J. G. Walker convened a board to consider future battleship designs. At the time, the only modern battleship in service was the low-freeboard USS Indiana (BB-1); the high-freeboard battleship USS Iowa (BB-4) and the low-freeboard Kearsarge-class battleship were under construction. As the Navy had little experience with modern battleships, the question settled on whether to repeat one of the low-freeboard designs, which were suitable for coast defense, to build another Iowa, or to request a new design altogether. The Walker Board determined that another coastal battleship design would be imprudent, since the United States had long coastlines and therefore the new ships would need to have better seakeeping qualities than the Indiana or Kearsarge designs.

War games conducted by the fleet led the board to specify a draft of no more than 23 ft to allow the ships to enter the comparatively shallow ports of the Gulf Coast. This limitation had a significant effect on the design; to meet it, weight would have to be kept to a minimum, which prevented copying the Iowa design outright, unless the main armament was reduced from 13 in to 12 in guns. The board was unwilling to make that concession, and so a new design would be required. In addition, the board had determined that the 8 in secondary gun was unnecessary, since though it could penetrate the thinner casemate armor on enemy battleships, it could not deliver a high-explosive shell through the armor. Instead, the board decided that a new 6 in rapid-firing gun would be superior. It would also simplify the ammunition supply, since there would be only one secondary caliber.

The board determined that the armor layout of the Kearsarge design was sufficient and adopted it without change for the new ships. They discarded the superposed turrets of the Kearsarges, though, by mounting most of the secondary guns in a battery amidships. A new turret design for the main battery was adopted; instead of the old, round USS Monitor-style turrets of earlier ships, the Illinois ' design featured a balanced turret with sloped armor on the face. Since it was balanced, it would prevent the ship from listing when the battery was trained to either broadside, as was the case with the Indianas. The US Congress authorized three new battleships on 10 June 1896; the Bureau of Construction and Repair issued its requests for tenders from the various American shipbuilding companies twelve days later. Contracts for the new ships, to be named Illinois, Alabama, and Wisconsin, were awarded on 28 August.

General characteristics and machinery

The ships of the Illinois class were 368 ft long at the waterline and 374 ft long overall. They had a beam of 72 ft and a draft of 23 ft. They displaced 11565 LT as designed and up to 12250 LT at full load. As built, they were fitted with heavy military masts, but these were replaced by cage masts in 1909. They had a crew of 40 officers and 496 enlisted men. The crew increased to 690–713 later in her career. Steering was controlled with a single rudder, and the ships had a turning radius of 362 yd at a speed of 12 kn. The ships' transverse metacentric height was 2.7 ft.

The ships were powered by two-shaft triple-expansion steam engines rated at 10000 ihp. Steam was provided by eight coal-fired fire-tube boilers that were trunked into a pair of funnels that were arranged side-by-side. They were the last ships of the US Navy to use fire-tube boilers; subsequent designs changed to more efficient and lighter water-tube boilers. The engines generating a top speed of 16 kn, though they exceeded their rated performance on trials, with Illinois reaching 17.45 kn on 12757 ihp. The ships could store up to 1270 LT of coal, which allowed them to steam for 4190 nmi at a cruising speed of 10 kn.

Armament
The ships were armed with a main battery of four 13 in/35 caliber guns guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline, one forward and aft. These guns fired a 1130 lb shell with a 500 lb brown powder charge, though this was replaced with a 180 lb smokeless powder charge, which produced a muzzle velocity of 2000 ft/s. The gun had a range of 12500 yd, though Navy regulations prescribed opening fire at 8000 yd; even this was beyond the range at which gunners at the time could reliably hit. At a range of 2000 yd, the shells could penetrate 20 in of steel. The gun was slow-firing, requiring 320 seconds between shots. The guns were mounted in Mark IV turrets, which had a range of elevation of 15 degrees to -5 degrees. The turrets required the guns to return to 2 degrees for loading. Ammunition storage was 60 shells per gun.

The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 6 in/40 caliber Mark IV guns, which were placed in casemates in the hull. They fired a 105 lb shell at a muzzle velocity of 2150 ft/s. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried sixteen 57 mm 6-pounder guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and six 37 mm 1-pounder guns. These guns fired 6.03 lb and 1.088 lb shells, respectively. As was standard for capital ships of the period, the Illinois class carried four 18 in torpedo tubes in above-water, hull mounted torpedo launchers. They were initially equipped with the Mark II Whitehead design, which carried a 140 lb warhead and had a range of 800 yd at a speed of 27 kn.

Armor
All three ships were protected with Harvey armor; they were the last ships of the US Navy to rely entirely on Harvey steel. The ships' main armored belt was 16.5 in thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and reduced to 9.5 in on the lower edge. It gradually reduced to 4 in toward the bow. Transverse bulkheads that were 12 in thick connected both ends of the central belt and the main battery barbettes. The ships' armored deck was 2.75 in thick on the flat portion, with 3 in thick sloped sides forward; the sloped sides aft were 5 in thick. The conning tower had 10 in thick sides with a 2 in thick roof.

The main battery gun turrets had 14 in thick faces and 3 in thick roofs, and the supporting barbettes had 15 in of armor plating on their exposed sides. The portion of the barbettes that were behind the belt armor were reduced to 10 in. Armor that was 6 in thick protected the secondary battery, and the lower half of the casemate armor was backed by coal bunkers, which increased the level of protection. Anti-splinter bulkheads that were 1.5 in thick were placed between each of the secondary guns to reduce the possibility of one shell from disabling multiple guns.

Service history

From their commissioning, Alabama and Illinois served with the North Atlantic Squadron. Both ships made visits to Europe during their early careers, and Illinois served as the flagship of the European Squadron for a short time in 1902. She accidentally ran aground outside Oslo, Norway, in 1902 and returned to the North Atlantic Squadron in January 1903. Wisconsin, having been built on the west coast of the United States, instead served in the Pacific Fleet as its flagship. In 1903, she was transferred to the Asiatic Fleet, and remained there until late 1906 when she returned to California.

Illinois and Alabama steamed with the Great White Fleet on its world cruise that started in December 1907. Wisconsin joined the fleet after it had rounded South America in July 1908; Alabama had to leave the fleet owing to engine damage that required repairs. Alabama was detached along with the battleship USS Maine (BB-10); the two ships continued the journey independently and on a greatly shortened itinerary. The rest of the ships then crossed the Pacific and stopped in Australia, the Philippines, and Japan before continuing on through the Indian Ocean. They transited the Suez Canal and toured the Mediterranean before crossing the Atlantic, arriving bank in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 for a naval review with President Theodore Roosevelt.

The three ships were modernized after their return in 1909; from 1912, they were placed in reserve commission and employed as training ships for midshipmen from the US Naval Academy and naval militia units. They continued in this role through World War I, which the United States entered on 6 April 1917. The ships trained engine room personnel, armed guards for merchant ships, and other specialties. Following the German surrender in November 1918, most of the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet were used as transports to ferry American soldiers back from France. The Illinois-class ships were not so employed, however, owing to their short range and small size, which would not permit sufficient additional accommodations.

The Illinois-class ships served with the fleet only briefly after the war, still as training ships. By 1920, they had all been decommissioned. Wisconsin was sold for scrapping in January 1922 and broken up for scrap. Illinois was instead converted into a floating armory for the New York Naval Militia; renamed Prairie State in 1941, she served in this role until 1956, when she too was sold for scrap. Alabama met a more spectacular end as a target ship for bombing experiments conducted with the US Army Air Service in September 1921. She was hit with several bombs, including white phosphorus weapons and 2000 lb armor-piercing bombs, before eventually foundering.

title: Illinois-class battleship


text:
List of Norwegian governments

This is a list of Norwegian governments with parties and Prime Ministers. Within coalition governments the parties are listed according to parliamentary representation with the most popular party first. The Prime Ministers' parties are italicized.

Between 1814 and 1884
With exception of the Cabinet of 1814, that was appointed by the then Crown-Prince of Denmark, Christian Fredrik, all the cabinets were appointed by the King of Sweden, who was also King of Norway.

Between 1884 and 1945
In 1884 the parliamentary system was introduced in Norway. Since then, all governments had to have support in the Parliament of Norway, and consisted of party member ministers.

De facto Governments during World War II
During the German occupation of Norway during World War II there were four cabinets, that ruled as part of Josef Terbovens administration of Norway. These Governments were the de facto ruling body of Norway during the war, though the Cabinet Nygaardsvold still held the de jure office, in exile in London, United Kingdom.

Parties
The following parties have had cabinet seats.

 * Communist Party (NKP) (Norges Kommunistiske Parti)
 * Socialist Left Party (SV) (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)
 * Labour Party (Ap) (Det norske Arbeiderparti)
 * Centre Party (Sp) (Senterpartiet) – formerly known as the Agrarian Party, Bondepartiet
 * Christian Democrats (KrF) (Kristelig Folkeparti)
 * Liberal Party (V) (Venstre)
 * Coalition Party (Samlingspartiet)
 * Liberal Left Party (FV) (Frisinnede Venstre)
 * Moderate Liberal Party (MV) (Moderate Venstre)
 * Conservative Party (H) (Høyre)
 * National Unification (NS) (Nasjonal Samling)

title: List of Norwegian governments


text: Template:Maine class battleship

title: Template:Maine class battleship