text:
Talk:John Manley

Opening comments
Hi everyone. I am not sure how this works, as I am very new to Wikipedia, so please bear with me. I've had an interest in Canadian politics for a while, and right now I'm doing a research project on John Manley. Seeing as I'm doing research anyway, I figured I'd see what I could find and contribute to Wikipedia. Any advise/suggestions would be appreciated.
 * (posted by User:Scimitar) -User:Joshuapaquin

--

Manley was involved in a controversy when one of his protégées who was working at the Canadian Space Agency after working as a special assistant to Manley demanded that the head of the Canadian Space Agency back-date one of her expense reports so that she could have several hundred dollars. He refused to do so and was fired by Manley. A subsequent Parliamentary Committee investigation found that his firing was unsubstantiated (more details required).

What does this mean? It says 'he refused to do so, and was fired by Manley'. Just before, it says 'her expense reports'. Why would the protégé be fired, because she didn't backdate her report? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.81.250 (talk) 00:37, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Several days after Prime Minister Martin was sworn in, Manley declined the ambassadorial appointment, mostly because it would take him out of the country and "out of the loop" for fundraising and other political activities with a long-term view towards his own eventual bid to succeed Martin.

This is rather speculative. Can anyone provide a source? --Saforrest 17:20, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

It seems like it is mostly speculation from different sources: [] I am adjusting the text to reflect that it is speculative- User: Scimitar
 * On the other hand, the interview with La Presse (translated) mentioned later in the text explicitly says that Manley remained in the country in order to prepare for the Leadership. This article had been based on an interview conducted for La Presse.  To me, that's not speculation.  -Joshuapaquin 21:51, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

It seems my edit was premature. How do you revert to the previous page? (I could just re-edit it, but I'd like to know how to do this for other situations)- Scimitar
 * To revert a page, click on the "history" tab at the top of the article. Then click on the revision date you want to revert to.  You'll see what the page looked like at that time.  To complete the process, click "edit this page" (you'll see a warning about this being an old version) and then "save". -Joshuapaquin 23:16, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

-The page has been returned to its original content. Thanks for the help- Scimitar

 * Heh, almost a year later I came back to the page, discovered the same paragraph and reacted the same way, i.e. finding the statement speculative. To keep myself from doing this next year, I've added a References section with the CTV story as the first ref. --Saforrest 04:49, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

John (Paul) Manley
If this discussion has already taken place elsewhere, please forgive this question: Why is the article entitled "John Paul Manley" instead of "John Manley"? HistoryBA 00:29, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * John Manley is a disamb. -b 15:19, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, about that... maybe it shouldn't be anymore. There are four JM's in Wikipedia; two are very brief articles, one is the politician, and the other is an American naval officer from the 18th century.  I'm thinking that this page should sit at John Manley, with the current contents of that page put to John Manley (disambiguation). -Joshuapaquin 03:03, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Political ideology
"Manley is regarded by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, although his budget included substantial spending."

This sentence is POV. Spending and "fiscal conservativism" are not antithetical - it depends on the kind of spending. Most so-called fiscal conservatives are capable of quite vast spending in the form of subsidies, tax breaks, etc. for corporations, but spend little on social programmes. If the distinction that is intended here is that, while creating a pro-corporatist budget he nevertheless supported social programmes, that should be stated - and supported with references, if true. Pinkville 01:49, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * In Canadian political parlance, tax cuts are not generally considered "spending" because they're a decrease in revenue rather than an increase in expenditure. Anyway, I'll amend that to "substantial program spending" to make the distinction clear. -Joshuapaquin 06:34, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per request, everything seems to be in order here. -GTBacchus(talk) 02:06, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
[[John Manley (politician)]] → [[John Manley]] — Average user entering "John Manley" is very, very likely to be looking for information about the politician. Other uses can be done through disambiguation. Joshuapaquin 05:28, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * ''Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

 * Support as nom. -Joshuapaquin 05:29, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * ''Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Canadian sovereignty versus foreign investment
I did a Google search of (Canada free trade agreement negotiations Geac computer metropolitan Life Rockefeller) and clicked on a link that explained some interesting things, then another one entitled "The Unhived Mind -> Just who is Mel Hurtig?"

In the information presented was a quotation from a Hurtig news paper article about foreign investment in Canada. Hurtig identified that over 2% of foreign investment in Canada was for new ventures and the remaining over 97% was for takeover of Canadian businesses by foreign corporations.

Hurtig claimed this wave of investment was triggered by huge Canadian funding / tax incentives introduced by the Liberal Party of Canada, and that the majority of branch plant companies import more components, layoff and downsize, etc, amounting to a net negative on employment and balance of trade, not to mention foreign control of the country. When the article was written, key mention of "this takeover of Canada policy" was initiated by John Manley when he outsourced a study of the benefits of foreign investment in Canada to a foreign consulting company (possibly linked to the CFR?), and that this report became the mainstay foreign investment policy of the party that eventually lead to the implementation of the policies that resulted in the Canadian funding of its own takeover by foreign corporations. Up until the time of the Hurtig article, Hurtig states that some 7,000+ Canadian businesses were taken over by foreign corporations.

While some Canadians are familiar with Canadian Conservative Party's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's US-Canada free trade agreement negotiation controversies, they may not be aware that the sell off of Canada is not exclusively the fault of Conservatives, but, according to Hurtig's criticisms, can also be attributed to John Manley and the Liberal Party of Canada too.

Can any of the news paper article criticism of Mel Hurtig be referenced in this John Manley Wiki article to balance what appears to be the lauding of praise on Manley for his public service to Canada?

I was unaware that Manley was involved with the CFR, nor that he was a member of the board of Nortel Networks leading towards its failure and sell-off to many foreign corporations world wide? Oldspammer (talk) 04:49, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:John Manley


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Talk:List of figures in the Hawaiian religion

Polynesian mythology
There are so many ways in which Polynesian mythology deviates from Hawaiian, that it really needs a separate page. Many tales were not brought to the Islands, and many others have been created since that time. Modern Hawaiian mythology is as likely to include Japanese tales of Oni and the peach boy as it is to include native hawaiian myths, and this is just another reason to separate the two. When I have time, I hope to flesh this page out greatly and include the other relevant entires in the actual description.

 * Hmmm, well, I was the one who wrote the "variant" wording, and that's from extensive reading in various Polynesian mythologies. It was a lazy compromise; I probably should have specified what remained the same, what differed.

 * When I see the words "Hawaiian mythology" I think of pre-contact Hawaiian mythology, as recorded by the earliest writers. If you're going to include post-contact Hawaiian and pidgin/local myths (Pele, obakes and the like) I think we should set up different sections and be very clear about when a version was collected and what community was telling it.
 * I totally agree with this sentiment. Us poor Polynesians have suffered much at others' muddling of our traditions Kahuroa 00:31, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for paying attention to this neglected page. I intended to do a lot, and got sidetracked. I'm grotesquely over-committed to too many Wikipedia articles. This page could do with some determined community effort. Zora 09:34, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External link to Project Gutenberg text
I have created a link to a Project Gutenberg text. Being out of copyright it is somewhat dated, but the preface seems to indicate that the editor was sufficiently particular about his sources for it to be linked here rather than under Folklore. If nothing else it shows that the loss of the true traditions was being mourned 100 years ago. William Avery 14:23, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Polynesian to Polynesian
Kia ora nō Aotearoa. I am working my way thru the Polynesian stubs and trying to find sources for them. A lot of the stubs were originally copied from the very unreliable and garbled Encyclopedia Mythica. A couple of Hawaiian ones I have improved lately are ‘Elepaio and Kahōali'i. Kahuroa 13:34, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Calling an active religion mythology is a POV insult
This page must be renamed Native Hawaiian religion as there are still many adherants to this ancestoral faith. No one would even try to rename the Jesus Christ article to Jesus Christ (myth) it is POV to declare someone else's religion mere mythology.

There has been a recent special on the history channel about the continuing worship of Pele and other ancestoral gods in Hawaii. And you can see as recent as May 25, 2007 an Associated Press news story saying "The area [Halemaumau Crater, at the summit of Kilauea] is one of the most popular parts of the park and is revered by Native Hawaiians as the home of Pele, goddess of the volcano."
 * See http://www.thestate.com/166/story/72786.html or http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/252/story/44414.html
 * --Wowaconia 07:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * E kala mai, but as an adherent to the beliefs in the mythology of my homeland, I am not insulted by having it called mythology. I am, however, insulted by the attempt to a) put some racial label on it, and b) establish it as a religion in the same hierarchical fashion as other major religions.

 * Honoring the gods and goddesses and myths and legends of my homeland does not require either native Hawaiian ancestry, nor does it require the establishment of a religion. --JereKrischel 06:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Hawaiian religion
For what it is worth, Hawaiian religion is a valid article and should be expanded with careful citations. Myths and religions, while similar and overlapping, are entirely different scopes. —Viriditas | Talk 05:48, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, but many of the links in other articles are to the wrong one. Maybe we should change this one to be "List" class, since it seems that is mostly what it is: a list of other topics. Mostly figures of the stories, but also some terms like mana and kapu. I am not an expert by any means on this subject, but am doing some other Hawaii articles and can help with the links as I run into them. W Nowicki (talk) 23:23, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Viriditas (talk) 22:28, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I moved the article to List of figures in the Hawaiian religion and redirect the old redirects to Hawaiian religion.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 16:02, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

Looks like this is a list I should work on
Time for me to work on this.CycoMa (talk) 04:43, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

`I?
Was there also a creator god named `I? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 19:01, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fisher information metric

In information geometry, the Fisher information metric is a particular Riemannian metric which can be defined on a smooth statistical manifold, i.e., a smooth manifold whose points are probability measures defined on a common probability space. It can be used to calculate the informational difference between measurements.

The metric is interesting in several aspects. By Chentsov’s theorem, the Fisher information metric on statistical models is the only Riemannian metric (up to rescaling) that is invariant under sufficient statistics.

It can also be understood to be the infinitesimal form of the relative entropy (i.e., the Kullback–Leibler divergence); specifically, it is the Hessian of the divergence. Alternately, it can be understood as the metric induced by the flat space Euclidean metric, after appropriate changes of variable. When extended to complex projective Hilbert space, it becomes the Fubini–Study metric; when written in terms of mixed states, it is the quantum Bures metric.

Considered purely as a matrix, it is known as the Fisher information matrix. Considered as a measurement technique, where it is used to estimate hidden parameters in terms of observed random variables, it is known as the observed information.

Definition
Given a statistical manifold with coordinates $$\theta=(\theta_1, \theta_2, \ldots, \theta_n)$$, one writes $$p(x,\theta)$$ for the probability density as a function of $$\theta$$. Here $$x$$ is drawn from the value space R for a (discrete or continuous) random variable X. The probability is normalized by $$\int_R p(x,\theta) \,dx = 1,$$ where $$p(x,\theta)\,dx$$ is the distribution of $$X$$.

The Fisher information metric then takes the form:

g_{jk}(\theta) = - \int_R \frac{\partial^2 \log p(x,\theta)}{\partial \theta_j \,\partial \theta_k} p(x,\theta) \, dx. $$

The integral is performed over all values x in R. The variable $$\theta$$ is now a coordinate on a Riemann manifold. The labels j and k index the local coordinate axes on the manifold.

When the probability is derived from the Gibbs measure, as it would be for any Markovian process, then $$\theta$$ can also be understood to be a Lagrange multiplier; Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce constraints, such as holding the expectation value of some quantity constant. If there are n constraints holding n different expectation values constant, then the dimension of the manifold is n dimensions smaller than the original space. In this case, the metric can be explicitly derived from the partition function; a derivation and discussion is presented there.

Substituting $$i(x,\theta) = -\log{}p(x,\theta)$$ from information theory, an equivalent form of the above definition is:

g_{jk}(\theta) = \int_R \frac{\partial^2 i(x,\theta)}{\partial \theta_j \,\partial \theta_k} p(x,\theta) \, dx = \mathrm{E} \left[ \frac{\partial^2 i(x,\theta)}{\partial \theta_j \,\partial \theta_k} \right]. $$

To show that the equivalent form equals the above definition note that

\mathrm{E} \left[ \frac{\partial\log{}p(x,\theta)}{\partial \theta_j} \right]=0 $$

and apply $$\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{k}}$$ on both sides.

Examples
The Fisher information metric is particularly simple for the exponential family, which has $$p(x, \theta) = \exp\!\bigl[\ \eta(\theta) \cdot T(x) - A(\theta) + B(x)\ \bigr] $$The metric is $$g_{jk}(\theta) = \frac{\partial^2 A(\theta)}{\partial \theta_j \,\partial \theta_k} - \frac{\partial^2 \eta(\theta)}{\partial \theta_j \,\partial \theta_k} \cdot \mathrm{E}[T(x)]$$The metric has a particularly simple form if we are using the natural parameters. In this case, $$\eta(\theta) = \theta$$, so the metric is just $$\nabla^2_\theta A$$.

Normal distribution
Multivariate normal distribution $$\mathcal N(\mu, \Sigma)$$$$-\ln p(x | \mu, \Sigma) = \frac 12 (x - \mu)^T \Sigma^{-1}(x - \mu) + \frac 12 \ln\det(\Sigma) + C $$Let $$T = \Sigma^{-1} $$ be the precision matrix.

The metric splits to a mean part and a precision/variance part, because $$g_{\mu, \Sigma} = 0 $$. The mean part is the precision matrix: $$g_{\mu_i, \mu_j} = T_{ij}$$. The precision part is $$g_{T,T} = -\frac 12 \nabla_T^2 \ln\det T $$.

In particular, for single variable normal distribution, $$g = \begin{bmatrix} t & 0 \\ 0 & (2t^2)^{-1} \end{bmatrix} = \sigma^{-2}\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix} $$. Let $$x = \mu/\sqrt 2, y = \sigma $$, then $$ds^2 = 2\frac{dx^2 + dy^2}{y^2} $$. This is the Poincaré half-plane model.

The shortest paths (geodesics) between two univariate normal distributions are either parallel to the $$\sigma $$ axis, or half circular arcs centered on the $$\mu/\sqrt 2  $$-axis.

The geodesic connecting $$\delta_{\mu_0}, \delta_{\mu_1}$$ has formula $$\phi \mapsto \mathcal N\left( \frac{\mu_0 + \mu_1}{2} + \frac{\mu_1 - \mu_0}{2} \cos\phi, \sigma^2 \sin^2\phi \right)$$where $$\sigma = \frac{\mu_1 - \mu_0}{2\sqrt 2}$$, and the arc-length parametrization is $$s = \sqrt 2 \ln \tan(\phi/2)$$.

Relation to the Kullback–Leibler divergence
Alternatively, the metric can be obtained as the second derivative of the relative entropy or Kullback–Leibler divergence. To obtain this, one considers two probability distributions $$P(\theta) $$ and $$P(\theta_0)$$, which are infinitesimally close to one another, so that

 * $$P(\theta) = P(\theta_0) + \sum_j \Delta\theta^j \left.\frac{\partial P}{\partial \theta^j}\right|_{\theta_0}$$

with $$\Delta\theta^j$$ an infinitesimally small change of $$\theta$$ in the j direction. Then, since the Kullback–Leibler divergence $$D_{\mathrm{KL}}[P(\theta_0)\| P(\theta)]$$ has an absolute minimum of 0 when $$P(\theta) = P(\theta_0)$$, one has an expansion up to second order in $$\theta = \theta_0$$ of the form
 * $$f_{\theta_0}(\theta) := D_{\mathrm{KL}}[P(\theta_0) \| P(\theta)] = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{jk}\Delta\theta^j\Delta\theta^k g_{jk}(\theta_0) + \mathrm{O}(\Delta\theta^3)$$.

The symmetric matrix $$g_{jk}$$ is positive (semi) definite and is the Hessian matrix of the function $$f_{\theta_0}(\theta)$$ at the extremum point $$\theta_0$$. This can be thought of intuitively as: "The distance between two infinitesimally close points on a statistical differential manifold is the informational difference between them."

Relation to Ruppeiner geometry
The Ruppeiner metric and Weinhold metric are the Fisher information metric calculated for Gibbs distributions as the ones found in equilibrium statistical mechanics.

Change in free entropy
The action of a curve on a Riemannian manifold is given by

 * $$A=\frac{1}{2}\int_a^b

\frac{\partial\theta^j}{\partial t} g_{jk}(\theta)\frac{\partial\theta^k}{\partial t} dt$$

The path parameter here is time t; this action can be understood to give the change in free entropy of a system as it is moved from time a to time b. Specifically, one has

 * $$\Delta S = (b-a) A \, $$

as the change in free entropy. This observation has resulted in practical applications in chemical and processing industry: in order to minimize the change in free entropy of a system, one should follow the minimum geodesic path between the desired endpoints of the process. The geodesic minimizes the entropy, due to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, which states that the action is bounded below by the length of the curve, squared.

Relation to the Jensen–Shannon divergence
The Fisher metric also allows the action and the curve length to be related to the Jensen–Shannon divergence. Specifically, one has

 * $$(b-a)\int_a^b \frac{\partial\theta^j}{\partial t} g_{jk}\frac{\partial\theta^k}{\partial t} \,dt =

8\int_a^b dJSD$$

where the integrand dJSD is understood to be the infinitesimal change in the Jensen–Shannon divergence along the path taken. Similarly, for the curve length, one has

 * $$\int_a^b \sqrt{\frac{\partial\theta^j}{\partial t} g_{jk}\frac{\partial\theta^k}{\partial t}} \,dt = \sqrt{8}\int_a^b \sqrt{dJSD}$$

That is, the square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence is just the Fisher metric (divided by the square root of 8).

As Euclidean metric
For a discrete probability space, that is, a probability space on a finite set of objects, the Fisher metric can be understood to simply be the Euclidean metric restricted to a positive orthant (e.g. "quadrant" in $$R^2$$) of a unit sphere, after appropriate changes of variable.

Consider a flat, Euclidean space, of dimension $N+1$, parametrized by points $$y=(y_0,\cdots,y_n)$$. The metric for Euclidean space is given by

 * $$h=\sum_{i=0}^N dy_i \; dy_i$$

where the $$\textstyle dy_i$$ are 1-forms; they are the basis vectors for the cotangent space. Writing $$\textstyle \frac{\partial}{\partial y_j}$$ as the basis vectors for the tangent space, so that

 * $$ dy_j\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_k}\right) = \delta_{jk}$$,

the Euclidean metric may be written as

 * $$h^\mathrm{flat}_{jk} = h\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_j}, \frac{\partial}{\partial y_k}\right) = \delta_{jk}$$

The superscript 'flat' is there to remind that, when written in coordinate form, this metric is with respect to the flat-space coordinate $$y$$.

An N-dimensional unit sphere embedded in (N + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space may be defined as

 * $$\sum_{i=0}^N y_i^2 = 1$$

This embedding induces a metric on the sphere, it is inherited directly from the Euclidean metric on the ambient space. It takes exactly the same form as the above, taking care to ensure that the coordinates are constrained to lie on the surface of the sphere. This can be done, e.g. with the technique of Lagrange multipliers.

Consider now the change of variable $$p_i=y_i^2$$. The sphere condition now becomes the probability normalization condition

 * $$\sum_i p_i = 1$$

while the metric becomes

 * $$\begin{align} h &=\sum_i dy_i \; dy_i

= \sum_i d\sqrt{p_i} \; d\sqrt{p_i} \\ &= \frac{1}{4}\sum_i \frac{dp_i \; dp_i}{p_i} = \frac{1}{4}\sum_i p_i\; d(\log p_i) \; d(\log p_i) \end{align}$$

The last can be recognized as one-fourth of the Fisher information metric. To complete the process, recall that the probabilities are parametric functions of the manifold variables $$\theta$$, that is, one has $$p_i = p_i(\theta)$$. Thus, the above induces a metric on the parameter manifold:

 * $$\begin{align} h

& = \frac{1}{4}\sum_i p_i(\theta) \; d(\log p_i(\theta))\; d(\log p_i(\theta)) \\ &= \frac{1}{4}\sum_{jk} \sum_i p_i(\theta) \; \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_j} \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_k} d\theta_j d\theta_k \end{align}$$

or, in coordinate form, the Fisher information metric is:

 * $$ \begin{align}

g_{jk}(\theta) = 4h_{jk}^\mathrm{fisher} &= 4 h\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_j}, \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_k}\right) \\ & = \sum_i p_i(\theta) \; \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_j} \; \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_k} \\ & = \mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_j} \; \frac{\partial \log p_i(\theta)} {\partial \theta_k} \right] \end{align}$$

where, as before,

 * $$ d\theta_j\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_k}\right) = \delta_{jk}.$$

The superscript 'fisher' is present to remind that this expression is applicable for the coordinates $$\theta$$; whereas the non-coordinate form is the same as the Euclidean (flat-space) metric. That is, the Fisher information metric on a statistical manifold is simply (four times) the Euclidean metric restricted to the positive orthant of the sphere, after appropriate changes of variable.

When the random variable $$p$$ is not discrete, but continuous, the argument still holds. This can be seen in one of two different ways. One way is to carefully recast all of the above steps in an infinite-dimensional space, being careful to define limits appropriately, etc., in order to make sure that all manipulations are well-defined, convergent, etc. The other way, as noted by Gromov, is to use a category-theoretic approach; that is, to note that the above manipulations remain valid in the category of probabilities. Here, one should note that such a category would have the Radon–Nikodym property, that is, the Radon–Nikodym theorem holds in this category. This includes the Hilbert spaces; these are square-integrable, and in the manipulations above, this is sufficient to safely replace the sum over squares by an integral over squares.

As Fubini–Study metric
The above manipulations deriving the Fisher metric from the Euclidean metric can be extended to complex projective Hilbert spaces. In this case, one obtains the Fubini–Study metric. This should perhaps be no surprise, as the Fubini–Study metric provides the means of measuring information in quantum mechanics. The Bures metric, also known as the Helstrom metric, is identical to the Fubini–Study metric, although the latter is usually written in terms of pure states, as below, whereas the Bures metric is written for mixed states. By setting the phase of the complex coordinate to zero, one obtains exactly one-fourth of the Fisher information metric, exactly as above.

One begins with the same trick, of constructing a probability amplitude, written in polar coordinates, so:

 * $$\psi(x;\theta) = \sqrt{p(x; \theta)} \; e^{i\alpha(x;\theta)} $$

Here, $$\psi(x;\theta)$$ is a complex-valued probability amplitude; $$p(x; \theta)$$ and $$\alpha(x;\theta) $$ are strictly real. The previous calculations are obtained by setting $$\alpha(x;\theta)=0$$. The usual condition that probabilities lie within a simplex, namely that

 * $$\int_X p(x;\theta) \, dx =1$$

is equivalently expressed by the idea the square amplitude be normalized:

 * $$\int_X \vert \psi(x;\theta)\vert^2 \, dx = 1$$

When $$\psi(x;\theta)$$ is real, this is the surface of a sphere.

The Fubini–Study metric, written in infinitesimal form, using quantum-mechanical bra–ket notation, is

 * $$ds^2 = \frac{\langle \delta \psi \mid \delta \psi \rangle}

{\langle \psi \mid \psi \rangle} - \frac {\langle \delta \psi \mid \psi \rangle \; \langle \psi \mid \delta \psi \rangle} {{\langle \psi \mid \psi \rangle}^2}. $$

In this notation, one has that $$ \langle x\mid \psi\rangle = \psi(x;\theta)$$ and integration over the entire measure space X is written as

 * $$ \langle \phi \mid \psi\rangle = \int_X \phi^*(x;\theta) \psi(x;\theta) \, dx. $$

The expression $$\vert \delta \psi \rangle$$ can be understood to be an infinitesimal variation; equivalently, it can be understood to be a 1-form in the cotangent space. Using the infinitesimal notation, the polar form of the probability above is simply

 * $$\delta\psi = \left(\frac{\delta p}{2p} + i \delta \alpha\right) \psi$$

Inserting the above into the Fubini–Study metric gives:

 * $$\begin{align} ds^2 = {} &

\frac{1}{4}\int_X (\delta \log p)^2 \;p\,dx\\[8pt] {}&+ \int_X (\delta \alpha)^2 \;p\,dx - \left(\int_X \delta \alpha \;p\,dx\right)^2 \\[8pt] & {} + \frac{i}{2} \int_X (\delta \log p \delta\alpha - \delta\alpha \delta \log p) \;p\,dx \end{align} $$

Setting $$\delta\alpha=0$$ in the above makes it clear that the first term is (one-fourth of) the Fisher information metric. The full form of the above can be made slightly clearer by changing notation to that of standard Riemannian geometry, so that the metric becomes a symmetric 2-form acting on the tangent space. The change of notation is done simply replacing $$\delta \to d$$ and $$ds^2\to h$$ and noting that the integrals are just expectation values; so:

 * $$\begin{align}h ={}& \frac{1}{4} \mathrm{E}\left[(d\log p)^2\right]

+ \mathrm{E}\left[(d\alpha)^2\right] - \left(\mathrm{E}\left[d\alpha\right]\right)^2\\[8pt] {}&+ \frac{i}{2}\mathrm{E}\left[d\log p\wedge d\alpha\right] \end{align} $$

The imaginary term is a symplectic form, it is the Berry phase or geometric phase. In index notation, the metric is:

 * $$\begin{align}h_{jk} = {} &

h\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}, \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_k}\right) \\[8pt] = {} & \frac{1}{4} \mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial\log p}{\partial\theta_j} \frac{\partial\log p}{\partial\theta_k} \right]\\[8pt] {}&+ \mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_j} \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_k} \right] - \mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_j} \right] \mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_k} \right] \\[8pt] & {} + \frac{i}{2}\mathrm{E}\left[ \frac{\partial\log p}{\partial\theta_j} \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_k} - \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_j} \frac{\partial\log p}{\partial\theta_k} \right] \end{align}$$

Again, the first term can be clearly seen to be (one fourth of) the Fisher information metric, by setting $$\alpha=0$$. Equivalently, the Fubini–Study metric can be understood as the metric on complex projective Hilbert space that is induced by the complex extension of the flat Euclidean metric. The difference between this, and the Bures metric, is that the Bures metric is written in terms of mixed states.

Continuously-valued probabilities
A slightly more formal, abstract definition can be given, as follows.

Let X be an orientable manifold, and let $$(X,\Sigma,\mu)$$ be a measure on X. Equivalently, let $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F},P)$$ be a probability space on $$\Omega=X$$, with sigma algebra $$\mathcal{F}=\Sigma$$ and probability $$P=\mu$$.

The statistical manifold S(X) of X is defined as the space of all measures $$\mu$$ on X (with the sigma-algebra $$\Sigma$$ held fixed). Note that this space is infinite-dimensional, and is commonly taken to be a Fréchet space. The points of S(X) are measures.

Pick a point $$\mu\in S(X)$$ and consider the tangent space $$T_\mu S$$. The Fisher information metric is then an inner product on the tangent space. With some abuse of notation, one may write this as

 * $$g(\sigma_1,\sigma_2)=\int_X \frac{d\sigma_1}{d\mu}\frac{d\sigma_2}{d\mu}d\mu$$

Here, $$\sigma_1$$ and $$\sigma_2$$ are vectors in the tangent space; that is, $$\sigma_1,\sigma_2\in T_\mu S$$. The abuse of notation is to write the tangent vectors as if they are derivatives, and to insert the extraneous d in writing the integral: the integration is meant to be carried out using the measure $$\mu$$ over the whole space X. This abuse of notation is, in fact, taken to be perfectly normal in measure theory; it is the standard notation for the Radon–Nikodym derivative.

In order for the integral to be well-defined, the space S(X) must have the Radon–Nikodym property, and more specifically, the tangent space is restricted to those vectors that are square-integrable. Square integrability is equivalent to saying that a Cauchy sequence converges to a finite value under the weak topology: the space contains its limit points. Note that Hilbert spaces possess this property.

This definition of the metric can be seen to be equivalent to the previous, in several steps. First, one selects a submanifold of S(X) by considering only those measures $$\mu$$ that are parameterized by some smoothly varying parameter $$\theta$$. Then, if $$\theta$$ is finite-dimensional, then so is the submanifold; likewise, the tangent space has the same dimension as $$\theta$$.

With some additional abuse of language, one notes that the exponential map provides a map from vectors in a tangent space to points in an underlying manifold. Thus, if $$\sigma\in T_\mu S$$ is a vector in the tangent space, then $$p=\exp(\sigma)$$ is the corresponding probability associated with point $$p\in S(X)$$ (after the parallel transport of the exponential map to $$\mu$$.) Conversely, given a point $$p\in S(X)$$, the logarithm gives a point in the tangent space (roughly speaking, as again, one must transport from the origin to point $$\mu$$; for details, refer to original sources). Thus, one has the appearance of logarithms in the simpler definition, previously given.

title: Fisher information metric


text:
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) is a microangiopathic subgroup of hemolytic anemia (loss of red blood cells through destruction) caused by factors in the small blood vessels. It is identified by the finding of anemia and schistocytes on microscopy of the blood film.

Signs and symptoms
In diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and malignant hypertension, the endothelial layer of small vessels is damaged with resulting fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. As red blood cells travel through these damaged vessels, they are fragmented resulting in intravascular hemolysis. The resulting schistocytes (red cell fragments) are also increasingly targeted for destruction by the reticuloendothelial system in the spleen, due to their narrow passage through obstructed vessel lumina. It is seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, where immune complexes aggregate with platelets, forming intravascular thrombi. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is also seen in cancer.

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia may be suspected based on routine medical laboratory tests such as a CBC (complete blood cell count). Automated analysers (the machines that perform routine full blood counts in most hospitals) are designed to flag blood specimens that contain abnormal amounts of red blood cell fragments or schistocytes.

Causes

 * Disseminated intravascular coagulation
 * HELLP syndrome
 * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
 * Hemolytic uremic syndrome
 * Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
 * Cancer
 * Malignant hypertension
 * Scleroderma renal crisis
 * Malfunctioning cardiac valves (called the "Waring Blender syndrome")
 * Kasabach–Merritt syndrome
 * Insertion of foreign bodies
 * Drugs (e.g. cancer chemotherapy)
 * others diseases: eclampsia, renal allograft rejection, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, scleroderma, and vasculitides such as polyarteritis nodosa and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, antiphospholipid syndrome

Pathophysiology
In all causes, the mechanism of MAHA is the formation of a fibrin mesh due to increased activation of the system of coagulation. The red blood cells are physically cut by these protein networks. The resulting fragments are the schistocytes observed in light microscopy

Diagnosis
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia results in isolated increase in serum bilirubin levels. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia above 15% is present. The differential diagnoses are rifampicin or probenecid use, inherited disorders like Gilbert's syndrome and other hemolytic disorders. On peripheral smears, fragmented RBCs, burr cells, helmet cells and triangle cells are seen.

Treatment
Platelets and cryoprecipitate are contraindicated as they facilitate further clot formation and RBC lysis. Plasmapheresis is one treatment for TTP; corticosteroids should also be considered. {mcn}

title: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia


text:
Company of Scotland

The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies, also called the Scottish Darien Company, was an overseas trading company created by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland in 1695. The Act granted the Company a monopoly of Scottish trade to India, Africa and the Americas, extraordinary sovereign rights and 21 years of exemptions from taxation.

Financial and political troubles plagued its early years. The court of directors was divided between those residing and meeting in Edinburgh and those in London, amongst whom were both Scots and English. They were also divided by business intentions; some intended to trade in India and on the African coast, as an effective competitor to the English East India Company, while others were drawn to William Paterson's Darien scheme, which ultimately prevailed.

In July 1698 the company launched its first expedition, led by Paterson, who hoped to establish a colony in Darien (on the Isthmus of Panama), which could then be used as a trading point between Europe and the Far East. Though five ships and 1,200 Scottish colonists landed successfully in Darien, the settlement was poorly provisioned and eventually abandoned. A second, larger expedition (launched before the fate of the first was known) took up the deserted settlement, but was quickly besieged by the Spanish. More than a thousand succumbed to hunger and disease, and in April 1700, two ships carried the few survivors home.

In 1700–01 the Company sent further expeditions to Java and China, but suffered shipwrecks at Malacca and seizure of cargo by pirates at Madagascar.

Founding
On 26 June 1695 the Parliament of Scotland passed the Act for a Company Tradeing to Affrica and the Indies, establishing the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies. The subscription book of the Company of Scotland was opened in Edinburgh on 26 February 1696, inviting investments from a minimum of £100 up to a maximum of £3,000. Such was the popularity of the scheme that on the first day alone 69 subscriptions were taken, worth £50,400. A second book was open in Glasgow between 5 March and 22 April. Although attempts to raise funds in London, Hamburg and Amsterdam had been blocked, by the beginning of August 1696 the full target of £400,000 sterling had been reached.

When the Company of Scotland was first formed, it was managed by its promoters, whose key task was to encourage subscriptions to the Company. Once the subscription target of £400,000 sterling had been reached, however, the Company required a more formal management structure. On 3 April 1696 a general meeting of subscribers elected a committee of twenty from their number to work with the promoters to establish rules and a constitution. By the middle of the month they had agreed that the Company would be managed by a Court of Directors and a Council General. The Court of Directors was to be an elected body with a maximum of fifty members, with each £1,000 of stock entitling its holder to one vote in the election. Twenty-five members would be elected by the subscribers, with up to a further twenty-five being elected by the first twenty-five. Subscribers with a holding of £1,000 or more could stand for election. A different director was to act as president of the Court at each meeting. The first Court of twenty-five directors was elected by shareholders on 12 May 1696. Candidates for election had to own at least £1,000 of company stock and so a limited number of shareholders, 119 out of a total of 1,320 (1,267 individuals and 53 institutions), were eligible to become directors. The Court's directors came from across Scotland's wealthy classes, comprising two nobles, eight merchants and 15 lairds. Shortly afterwards, the first twenty-five directors appointed William Paterson and three others as additional directors. From July 1696 the Court of Directors met in the Company's offices in Mylne Square on Edinburgh's High Street.

The Council General was to be a larger body than the Court of Directors, comprising both the directors themselves and representatives of the remaining subscribers, with one representative for each £10,000 of stock. Whilst the Court of Directors was responsible for the day-to-day running of the Company, the Council General was convened to discuss major decisions, such as capital-raising, the election of future directors and the payment of dividends. The Council General was only convened as and when there were matters to discuss, and therefore meetings were not held at regular intervals.

Consequences of failure
All told, the venture, dubbed the Darien Scheme, drained Scotland of an estimated quarter of its liquid assets and played a key role in forcing the country to the 1707 Act of Union which united the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. By 1707, the Company's debt was over £14,000.

The new joint government, in a political bargain, agreed to cover the costs of winding up the Company of Scotland, in addition to compensate for servicing the English national debt and higher taxes for Scotland.

Ships

 * Rising Sun
 * Saint Andrew (1697) (a 56-gun, 350 ton East Indiaman built in Lübeck)
 * Caledonia (1697) (a 56-gun, 350 ton East Indiaman built in Lübeck)
 * Dolphin (originally a French snow, Royal Louis, bought by James Gibson in Amsterdam)
 * Endeavour (a pink bought by Dr. John Munro in Newcastle upon Tyne)
 * Unicorn (a 46-gun merchant vessel, originally named Saint Francis, bought by James Gibson in Amsterdam)

Original signators and major shareholders, May 1695
Note:

 * James Balfour of Edinburgh (later styled "of Pilrig")
 * Robert Blackwood of Pitreavie
 * Sir Robert Chiesley of Bonnington, Lord Provost of Edinburgh
 * James Chiesley, brother of the above, Scottish merchant in London
 * George Clerk, bailie of Edinburgh
 * Adam Cockburn, Lord Ormiston
 * John Corse, sugar merchant in Glasgow, brother of Robert Corse
 * Thomas Coutts, Scottish merchant in London
 * Joseph Cowan, Scottish merchant in London
 * Thomas Deans
 * James Foulis of Colinton
 * Hugh Fraser, Scottish merchant in London
 * John Hamilton, Lord Belhaven
 * Sir John Maxwell of Nether Pollok
 * Francis Montgomerie of Giffen
 * David Nairn
 * David Ovedo of London
 * William Paterson, Scottish banker in London
 * Walter Stewart, Scottish merchant in London
 * John Swinton of Swinton

All were Scots by birth except John Smith, who was Lord of the Treasury for the English parliament.

Court of Directors, May 1696

 * William Arbuckle - Glasgow merchant
 * George Baillie of Jerviswood - Commissioner for Berwickshire
 * James Balfour - Edinburgh merchant
 * John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton
 * Robert Blackwood - Edinburgh merchant
 * James Campbell - London merchant
 * George Clark - Edinburgh merchant
 * Adam Cockburn, Lord Ormiston - Lord Justice Clerk
 * John Corse - Glasgow merchant
 * Hew Dalrymple - Commissioner for New Galloway
 * James Drummond of Newton
 * Lieutenant Colonel John Erskine
 * John Haldane of Gleneagles
 * William Hay of Drumelzier
 * Sir John Home of Blackadder - Commissioner for Berwickshire
 * Daniel Lodge - London merchant
 * James McLurg of Vogrie - Edinburgh merchant
 * Sir John Maxwell of Pollock, 1st Baronet - Commissioner for Renfrewshire
 * Francis Montgomerie of Giffen - Commissioner for Ayrshire
 * Hugh Montgomery - Glasgow merchant
 * Sir Archibald Muir of Thornton - Commissioner for Cupar
 * William Paterson - London banker
 * James Pringle of Torwoodlee - Commissioner for Selkirkshire
 * David Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven of Freeland
 * Sir Francis Scott of Thirlestane - Commissioner for Selkirkshire (father of William Scott of Thirlestane)
 * Sir Patrick Scott of Ancrum
 * Sir John Shaw, 2nd Baronet of Greenock
 * James Smyth - London merchant
 * Sir John Swinton of that Ilk - Commissioner for Berwickshire
 * Robert Watson - Edinburgh merchant
 * William Wooddrop - Glasgow merchant

title: Company of Scotland


text:
Talk:Retriever

Untitled
I'm not entirely sure where "retriever" ends and "spaniel" or "pointer" comes in--haven't tracked down all the various divisions & tried to make sure that all appropriate dogs from the main list of dog breeds are included, and there are some here that are *not* on that page at the moment. Elf 19:19, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Picture
How about a picture where the duck doesn't look like its been dragged through the mud for a week? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:7:880:281:AF70:8DE9:4F6F:2482 (talk) 03:04, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Sure. Chrisrus (talk) 06:07, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Editing for Organization
I will be working on editing this article for the next few weeks! My first plan is to improve the "skills" section. While reading it I came to the realization that some of these skills, while some are great for this specific type of dog (retriever), skills such as "shake on command" are very common in the dog training world and would be best to either delete said skill or, improve on why this exact retriever version of shaking on command is crucial to their history.Pennynm (talk) 03:32, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

Spaniels
The lede says retrievers are one of three kinds of gun dog, along with spaniels and pointers. Then several of the pictures on this page are pictures of spaniels. Is a spaniel a kind of retriever, or not?

The page Spaniel doesn't mention retrievers at all. Marnanel (talk) 13:52, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Retriever


text:
Talisman Timescape

Talisman Timescape is a 1988 expansion for the second edition of the fantasy board game Talisman, both produced by Games Workshop (GW).

Description
Talisman Timescape adds a new "Timescape" board to Talisman as well as eight new characters (Astropath, Chainsaw Warrior, Astronaut, Space Pirate, Cyborg, Space Marine, Archaeologist, and Scientist). This is only an expansion set, not a complete game — the Talisman game is also required for play.

Contents
Timescape contains these items:
 * Timescape game board
 * 42 Timescape Cards
 * 12 Timescape Purchase Cards
 * 2 Spell Cards
 * 8 Character Cards
 * 8 cardboard playing pieces. (These could be replaced by separately purchased 25mm metal miniatures produced by GW's sister company Citadel Miniatures.)
 * 4 Timescape Data Sheets
 * 1 rulesheet

Setup
After setting up the main Talisman game board, the Timescape board is set out beside the main gameboard, along with the deck of cards and Purchase cards. The eight new characters are shuffled into the main character deck.

Gameplay
Players may enter the Timescape board by encountering a Warp Gate, via the Horrible Black Void (from the Talisman The Adventure expansion set), or by visiting special encounters such as the Enchantress or the Warlock.

Once on the Timescape board, characters do not move from square to square as with the regular game, but are randomly teleported (via a die roll) to a new area, always moving in a clockwise direction. Unlike the main game, players cannot encounter each other in the Timescape, even if they are in the same area.

Publication history
Talisman was published by GW in 1983, and became a bestseller. GW published a second edition, and then several expansion sets including Talisman Expansion Set (1986), Talisman The Adventure (1986), Talisman Dungeon (1987), and Talisman Timescape in 1988. Timescape was designed by Canadian Frank Bourque, who loosely based the areas and characters (such as the Astropath and Space Marine) on GW's popular Warhammer 40,000 game.

Reception
In the 2018 book Storytelling in the Modern Board Game: Narrative Trends from the Late 1960s to Today, Marco Arnaudo said of Talisman Timescape and other expansion sets, "Given that the pleasure of playing Talisman was never in strategy and optimization but in trying on heroic identities, discovering things, and defeating enemies, the addition of such expansions greatly increased the entertainment value of the game."

Other reviews

 * Casus Belli #44 (April 1988)
 * Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine v12 n10 (1988 10)

title: Talisman Timescape


text:
Vištytis (lake)

Lake Vištytis (Vištyčio ežeras, Wystiter See, Виштынецкое озеро) is a lake on the border between Lithuania (Vilkaviškis district) and Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), near the tripoint with Poland. The small Lithuanian town of Vištytis on the northern shore was named after the lake. In the west, the extended Romincka Forest stretches along the Russian-Polish border. On the Lithuanian side, the lake and its environs are part of a protected area named Vištytis Regional Park. The lake has 15 inflows, but only one river, the Pissa, tributary to Pregolya, flows from this lake.

Lake Vištytis covers an area of 17.83 km2, of which 5.44 km2 belongs to Lithuania. This is a marked increase over 0.4 km2 that belonged to Lithuania before ratification of a Russian–Lithuanian border treaty in 2003. On occasion, high winds or broken equipment can force tourist boats to the opposite western shore. Even if unintentional, such incidents constitute illegal border crossings and can lead to sanctions from the border guards. Before the 2003 treaty, the border ran along the waterline of the beaches on the Lithuanian side, so anyone paddling in the water was technically crossing into Russia. Sometimes the lake is used for smuggling goods, usually cigarettes, across the border.

Prior to World War II the lake formed part of the border between the German province of East Prussia and Lithuania.

title: Vištytis (lake)


text:
Talk:February 24

Untitled
Samuel Colt received his patent for the "revolver" on Feb. 25, 1836 by almost every other source I checked. You might want to revisit this article.

Communist Manifesto is attributed to 2 dates
Feb 24th has an entry, as has Feb 21st.

The "Communist Manifesto" entry itself says Feb 21st.

I'm not a scholar, I was just born on Feb 24th and was checking for trivia when I found this inconsistency.

Best,

Farhad.

 * Thanks, Farhad. I've removed the entry on Feb. 24th. -- PFHLai 01:18, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)

Air traffic controller murder

 * 2004 - Air traffic controller Peter Neilson was stabbed to death by Russian architect Vitaly Kaloyev as the revenge for the Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 crash allegedly caused by the incompetence of Swiss air traffic controller company Skyguide.

 * This entry does not seem to me to be globally notable enough for inclusion. It is an interesting news item, but not notable.  I can't imagine that this event can be considered a social milestone, major crime or impetus for widespread change.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 02:05, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Long introduction
Adding a long introduction to this article is not in keeping with the standard format of the date articles. The long narrative on the origin of the leap day is better left to its own article. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 19:26, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The IP user who is responsible for this has a long history of trying to promote inaccurate ideas about Roman leap years in Wikipedia, based on outdated scholarship poorly understood. He refuses to discuss his ideas on Talk pages, and basically is incapable of accepting any ideas other than his own.  In short, he's a crank.  Most Wikipedia calendar articles related to this issue have been permanently semiprotected against him, but this one has slipped through the cracks until now.

 * I have changed the Roman discussion to something more appropriate for this type of page, and asked an admin who has been following this case to take appropriate action if it turns out to be needed, which I expect it will. --Chris Bennett (talk) 02:15, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Additional attempts to inject this information will be reverted on sight unless communication to consensus takes place. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 14:48, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

1925 Thermite Bomb
Does anyone have any objection to my removing this event?

I cannot fathom that one thermite "device" could come anywhere close to doing the job. A chemist tried to dislodge an ice jam in the Allegheny River Gorge in Oil City, PA, back in 1926. After 38 attempts over several days using 8 pound shells, he couldn't come close. The Sun eventually did the job. That section of river is only 500 feet wide. The narrowest section of the St. Lawrence River near Waddington, NY, is at least 1500 feet wide (give or take).

This event is listed on many hundreds of "This Day in History" sites, but doesn't appear to be listed anywhere else. I suspect it's hogwash. Kentholke (talk) 14:42, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Semiprotection review

 * 08:55, 25 April 2008 Steel protected February 24  (Problem anon [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed])
 * 16:01, 15 June 2008 Wizardman changed protection level for "February 24"  (No need to move. using TW [move=sysop])
 * 22:12, 15 June 2008 Wizardman changed protection level for "February 24"  (Re-semiprotecting after finding out why it was originally semi'd. [edit=autoconfirmed:move=sysop])

The reason seems to have been edits like this. Similar problematic edits led to the semiprotection of February 29 at about the same time.

After nearly 18 months, I'd like to review this to see if it's still necessary. As well as welcoming comments from regular editors I've contacted Steel, the protecting admin. --TS 07:01, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The discussion here gives a little insight into the protection. Protection can be removed and the situation monitored.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 12:17, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

See brief mention of Battle of Los Angeles Feb 24th 1942
See brief mention of the battle of Los Angeles (A UFO? Caused anti aircraft guns to fire . Real or imgained 3 people died from the excite,emnt of this!) Late father an Air Raid Warden Glassell Park area of Los Angeles even obtained from a police freind neighbor a piece of whatever was shot down1 Wellmaybe!??? Also the Battle of Los Angeles went into early morning of Feb 25th 1942 as well! Teslaedsonfan (talk) 02:16, 25 February 2011 (UTC)EdsonandreJohnsonTeslaedsonfan (talk) 02:16, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

24 FEBRUARY 1979 SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN
how is this not on there? PreserveOurHistory (talk) 14:32, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:February 24