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4 Times Square

4 Times Square (also known as 151 West 42nd Street or One Five One; formerly the Condé Nast Building) is a 48-story skyscraper at Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located at 1472 Broadway, between 42nd and 43rd Streets, the building measures 809 ft tall to its roof and 1118 ft tall to its antenna. The building was designed by Fox & Fowle and developed by the Durst Organization. 4 Times Square, and the Bank of America Tower to the east, occupy an entire city block.

Fox & Fowle planned a masonry facade facing south and east, as well as a glass facade facing west and north. The northwest corner of the building's base contains the eight-story cylindrical facade of Nasdaq MarketSite, which includes a large LED sign. The top of 4 Times Square includes an antenna mast and four large illuminated signs on each side which read ‘H&M’. The building contains 1600000 sqft of floor space, much of which was originally taken by publishing company Condé Nast and law firm Skadden Arps. The lowest three stories contain retail space while the fourth story has a food hall for tenants, originally designed by Frank Gehry for Condé Nast. 4 Times Square is an early example of green design in commercial skyscrapers in the United States.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Park Tower Realty and the Prudential Insurance Company of America had planned to develop a tower for the site as part of a wide-ranging redevelopment of West 42nd Street. After long opposing a tower there, Douglas Durst proposed an office building on the site in late 1995. Condé Nast and Skadden Arps leased the majority of the building in 1996, and the structure was finished in 1999. After Condé Nast and Skadden Arps moved out of the building during the 2010s, a variety of office tenants have occupied 4 Times Square. Several modifications have been made to the building after it opened, including an expansion of the antenna mast atop the building in 2003, as well as a renovation in the late 2010s.

Site
4 Times Square is on the eastern side of Broadway, between 42nd Street and 43rd Street, at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot is trapezoidal and covers 45,800 ft2. The site has a frontage of 208.46 ft on Broadway and a depth of 256.27 ft.

4 Times Square, as well as the Bank of America Tower and Stephen Sondheim Theatre to the east, comprise the entire city block. Other nearby locations include the Town Hall theater and the Chatwal New York hotel to the northeast, 1500 Broadway to the north, 1501 Broadway to the northwest, One Times Square and 3 Times Square to the west, Times Square Tower and 5 Times Square to the southwest, and the Knickerbocker Hotel and Bush Tower to the south. An entrance to the New York City Subway's Times Square–42nd Street station, served by the, is across 42nd Street. There is also an entrance to the 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station, served by the, less than a block east.

3, 4, and 5 Times Square and the Times Square Tower comprise a grouping of office buildings that were developed at Times Square's southern end in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The northern portion of 4 Times Square's site had been occupied by George M. Cohan's Theatre and the Fitzgerald Building before 1938, then by the Big Apple Theatre and a Nathan's Famous. The southern portion of the site had contained the Longacre Building. The Nathan's space was originally a Toffenetti's restaurant, which opened in 1940. Designed by Walker & Gillette, the Toffenetti's restaurant had 1,000 seats; the Nathan's opened in the Toffenetti's building in 1968.

Architecture
The building was designed by Fox & Fowle and developed by the Durst Organization. WSP Cantor Seinuk was the structural engineer, while Tishman Construction was the main contractor. Other companies involved with the project included wind consultant CPP Wind Engineering and Air Quality Consultants, elevator contractor Otis Worldwide, mechanical engineer Cosentini Associates, photovoltaic contractor Kiss + Cathcart Architects, lighting contractor Fisher Marantz Renfro Stone, and cladding contractor Heitmann & Associates. The New York City Economic Development Corporation owns the structure.

4 Times Square has 48 usable floors above ground, as well as two basement floors. Including mechanical stories atop the building, 4 Times Square is 52 stories tall. The building measures 809 ft to its architectural tip and 1118 ft to the top of the antenna mast. The main roof is only 701 ft high.

4 Times Square is one of the first examples of green design in commercial skyscrapers in the United States. The design incorporates many environmentally efficient features. In particular, Fox & Fowle had been chosen for its experience designing ecologically sustainable buildings. One of the building's original major tenants, publisher Condé Nast, had committed to designing its space to environmentally efficient standards (the other major tenant, law firm Skadden Arps, did not make a similar commitment). The building's high energy usage limits the extent of the energy savings; Suzanne Stephens wrote for Architectural Record that the inclusion of such features was "a little like opening up a smoke-enders clinic on a tobacco farm".

Form
The building is part of the 42nd Street Development Project and, thus, could bypass many city zoning rules such as those relating to floor area ratio (FAR). Bruce Fowle of Fox & Fowle estimated that the building had a FAR of 35, while The New York Times stated that the FAR was only 31. The massing of the building contains several setbacks, which were not mandated by zoning ordinances but were included to make the building's design fit in with its setting. The 43rd story contains a glass setback with a cavetto-shaped cornice. Stephens wrote that the building contained a combination of neo-Modernist and traditional design elements. While the building is divided into a base, shaft, and pinnacle similar to older skyscrapers, the design of the facade was more varied.

Antenna mast
If the building's antenna mast is included, the structure's total height is 340.7 m. The original antenna mast measured 132 ft and was built primarily for Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia, Inc.) as a backup transmitter site. After the broadcast equipment atop the World Trade Center's towers was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, the main transmitters for radio stations WKTU, WNYC-FM, and WPAT-FM and the backup transmitter for WSKQ-FM were transferred to 4 Times Square. In 2003, the original installation was replaced with a 385 ft mast. This allowed WKTU, WNYC-FM, and WPAT-FM to build main transmitters at the Empire State Building without disrupting existing FM tenants there. The topmost antenna, designed for Univision's WFUT-TV, was removed in 2015 and replaced with a very high frequency (VHF) antenna for television station WJLP, bringing the mast to 416 ft tall.

The mast includes five antennas. The topmost one is used by WJLP. The second-highest tier contains two antennas for ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasts; the antenna serving UHF channels 40–60 is above that serving channels 24–45. Below that are two antennas for VHF broadcasts: one for low-VHF broadcasts and the other for FM radio stations. The antenna systems and mast were constructed by Andrew Corporation, Dielectric Communications, Shively Labs, and Electronics Research Inc. , the mast at 4 Times Square is used as a primary site by FM radio stations WBGO, WKCR, WNYE, and WBAI. In addition, the mast has been used as a backup site for FM stations such as WKTU, WNYC, WPAT, WSKQ, WHTZ, WAXQ, WWPR, WLTW, and WCAA.

Facade
Fox & Fowle planned a masonry facade, largely oriented south toward 42nd Street and east toward Bryant Park, as well as a glass facade, largely facing west toward Broadway and north toward 43rd Street. The arrangement was meant to fit in with the livelier character of Broadway and the more restrained character of 42nd Street and Bryant Park. This led multiple media sources to compare the facade to the two-faced god Janus. In general, the lower stories have low-reflective glass to increase transparency, while the upper stories have highly reflective glass that deflects heat.

The masonry facade wraps around much of the north, east, and south elevations. In a 1996 press release, Fox & Fowle described the character of the masonry facade as presenting "a more composed personality appropriate to the context of Midtown Manhattan". The offices are accessed from an entrance on 42nd Street, which is named One Five One after its street address of 151 West 42nd Street. The main entrance has a recessed glass wall and originally had an angled glass canopy, which complemented the curving ceiling of the lobby. The entrance originally contained glass doors and was flanked by stone blocks. The masonry facade has windows measuring 5 by, larger than in typical office buildings. The large windows were meant to reduce the amount of electricity required for illuminating the offices.

The glass facade, which wraps around the west elevation and part of the south elevation, is designed to blend in with the surrounding signage. The glass facade contains green panels and is divided by vertical steel mullions. The west elevation on Broadway was designed with video screens, which cover 20000 ft2 and are mandated by the zoning law. There are ten signs, which could be rented to advertisers; when the building was constructed, the signs were projected to earn $7 million per year. The signs were included as part of Robert A. M. Stern's 42nd Street Now! master plan, which required a variety of lighting and signage for facades along Times Square.

The 37th through 43rd stories of the south and east elevations have photovoltaic (PV) panels. These were installed in place of some of the spandrels that separate windows on different floors. There are 208 panels covering 2955 ft2, half a percent of the facade's total area. While the panels can generate enough power for five or six houses, they only supply one-half of a percent of the total power needs of 4 Times Square. The PV modules are placed on a thin glass pane that is then laminated on both sides. The PV panels were included because they were inconspicuous and only cost 10 $/ft2 more than conventional spandrels. Originally, the architects had planned for 14000 ft2 of PV panels. Before deciding to use PV panels, Fox & Fowle had considered installing solar panels on the roof, as well as wind turbines. Douglas Durst of the Durst Organization said the panels were intended to indicate the building's energy-saving features, as the PV panels could be upgraded when the technology was more advanced.

Nasdaq MarketSite

The eight-story cylindrical facade of 4 Times Square's northwest corner, on Broadway and 43rd Street, contains Nasdaq MarketSite. The facade was part of the building's original design and was included before Nasdaq had leased the space. At street level is a three-story glass facade, which contains a view of the studio inside. Above the studio, the facade consists of a giant LED display, variously cited as measuring 12000 ft2 or 14000 ft2. The display was the world's largest at the time of its completion. The display is allowed because 4 Times Square is exempt from the zoning rules regarding signs.

The LED sign over the studio cost $37 million. The display can show information at a computer display standard of 1280x1824, and it has over 18 million LEDs. The display is made of about 8,200 or 8,400 panels, manufactured by Saco Smart Vision. It is 18 in thick and is interrupted by thirty square windows. The windows are arranged into five rows, which illuminate a portion of Condé Nast's space. There is a 3 ft catwalk and a ventilation space behind the display, creating a gap of about 5 ft between the sign and the actual facade. At 4 Times Square's opening, Nasdaq leased the sign space from Durst for $2 million a year.

Top-story signs
The top of the building was originally ornamented with four signs, each measuring 60 by and displaying the address 4 Times Square. Unlike the signs at the base, the top stories' signs are not required by zoning. While modern New York City building code prohibits logos from being more than 25 ft above the curb or occupying over 200 ft2 on a blockfront, the top-story signs are protected because they are in the 42nd Street Development Project.

The panels were originally vacant, though Durst had sought to market them to tenants at $1 million a year. In 2000, after the building opened, panels with the name of wireless provider Teligent Telecom were installed on the top stories, measuring 70 by. The signs were subsequently replaced by the number "4" during the mid-2000s. Since 2013, the top of the building has contained four illuminated panels with the name of clothing retailer H&M, a retail tenant at the base.

Fuel cells

The building is partially powered by two fuel cells that are capable of 200 kW each. They are installed on the fourth floor. The two cells could provide 50 percent of the exterior signs' nighttime power needs but a minuscule amount of the daytime needs. They could generate eight percent of the building's total electricity. The fuel cells cost $1 million and were made by United Technologies Corporation. As part of an agreement with Consolidated Edison (Con Ed), which operates much of New York City's power-supply system, the cells must be turned off during a power failure, such as the Northeast blackout of 2003.

Fox & Fowle originally planned to include eight fuel cells, which would have been capable of generating 12800000 kWh of power annually, including all of the exterior signs' power needs. Along with the photovoltaic panels on the facade, the fuel cells would have been able to provide most of the power for 4 Times Square, with building managers purchasing power from the city's electrical grid from Con Ed only as needed. The fuel cells would have to run continuously to operate efficiently, since they could not be turned off or on easily, but the building's power needs were much lower at night during the day. Furthermore, each cell cost $600,000. Consequently, plans for six of the eight fuel cells were discarded in 1997.

Air delivery
Fox & Fowle and Durst decided to use chillers powered by natural gas to provide cool air to the offices. At the time, many buildings still used fossil fuels for power generation, and natural gas created much less pollution than fossil fuels. Gas was used instead of electricity because gas could be stored for later use, while electricity had to be used when it is produced. According to Bruce Fowle of Fox & Fowle, the firm had contemplated using electric chillers, which could create and store ice at night, then use the ice to chill the offices during the daytime. Fowle said the firm had decided against using ice storage because it was more expensive than natural gas-powered chillers. After an upgrade in 2003, the building had 4600 ST of air conditioning.

The air-delivery system provides 50 percent more fresh air than is required by New York City building code. It can also be used to ventilate polluted air from specified floors; a separate exhaust shaft was designed for employee smoking areas. The air-circulation system was built so air on any set of three floors could be replaced every 24 to 48 hours. Sensors on each floor are used to monitor air quality, and the building's management team could adjust the air-delivery and ventilation systems as needed. Tenants could also independently adjust the heating and air-conditioning systems in their offices. The building's climate control system was designed to operate in tandem with the wastewater system, further reducing energy use.

Other features
The building is also served by recycling chutes. There are dedicated shafts for paper recycling and trash, which lead to storage bins in the basement. There is mechanical equipment on the 49th floor and on two mezzanines above it. These stories contain three diesel generators, which power the antenna mast and are capable of a combined 5,3 MW. In addition, the 51st floor has FM transmitters and combiners while the 52nd floor has TV combiners.

Interior
The superstructure is made of both concrete and steel, though the structural core is made of concrete. The steel columns are embedded in shear walls made of reinforced concrete. The building uses demolition debris that was recycled from the previous structures on the site, and the previous foundations were also reused. Where newer foundations were installed, deep-rock caissons and deep foundations were used to minimize damage to neighboring buildings and subway tunnels. The building's core and external columns rise to the top of the building. The four large signs on the roof conceal the "hat truss" that connects the core and external columns. Behind the truss is mechanical space, which doubles as a damper. Inside, 4 Times Square has 1600000 sqft of space.

Lower stories
The lobby is on the east side of the ground floor and is accessed from both 42nd and 43rd Streets. The ceiling contains aluminum and fiberglass panels, which curve downward from both entrances toward the center of the space. The lobby has an exhibit of the Durst Organization's history. There are also architectural models of various projects developed by the Durst Organization, such as the VIA 57 West residential development on Manhattan's West Side, as well as brochures of buildings owned by the company. There are also security checkpoints with turnstiles.

The building was designed with 100,000 ft2 of retail space on the lowest three stories. When the building opened, the retail space was occupied by a three-story ESPN Zone entertainment restaurant, operated by The Walt Disney Company. The ground floor had an American grill called the Studio Grill; the second floor had the Screening Room, a sports-viewing area with television screens; and the third floor had the Sports Arena, which included a small practice facility and an arcade video game area. Part of the ground floor and basement was also occupied by a Duane Reade. Since 2013, the old ESPN space has contained a three-story H&M clothing store.

Einhorn Yaffee Prescott designed Nasdaq MarketSite's 28500 sqft space at the northwest corner of the building. The space had a 72-seat auditorium, a public exhibit area, and a pair of broadcast studios below the large LED sign. The ground floor of the MarketSite contains a broadcast studio with a wall of 96 monitors, measuring 20 ft tall and broadcasting information about stocks and the market. It is visible from the windows that overlook Times Square. An exhibit on the second floor was designed as the "MarketSite Experience", displaying items about MarketSite's history.

Condé Nast cafeteria
Frank Gehry designed an employee cafeteria on the fourth floor for Condé Nast. The cafeteria was Gehry's first New York City project since, prior to designing the space, Gehry had had difficulty gaining any major commissions. Gehry had been friends with Condé Nast CEO Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr., who offered to hire Gehry for the interior design of Condé Nast's offices, a role that Gehry declined. When the cafeteria opened in 2000, it was directed by Sean J. Killeen and a staff of 53. The space was given several nicknames, such as "the Commissary" and "the Aquarium". The main cafeteria covered 10800 ft2 and could fit 260 people. Next to the main cafeteria were four smaller dining rooms and an auditorium with 85 seats. The private dining rooms could fit 70. The New York Daily News said that James Truman, Condé Nast's editorial director, "spent months thinking about nothing else" during the design of the cafeteria. The cafeteria reportedly cost $30 to $35 million.

The main cafeteria measures 13 ft tall. It was originally decorated with serpentine blue-titanium walls, as well as a ceiling with blue-titanium panels and hanging white shapes. The floor was made of plywood, but it was resurfaced in linoleum by 2002 because Condé Nast editors' high heels kept damaging the floor. Most of the seats were initially in 39 upholstered-leather booths with yellow elliptical wooden tables. The booths were slightly lifted on concrete podiums clad with wood, and the pathways through the cafeteria varied in elevation depending on the booths' height. Each booth is divided by angled glass partitions that measure 3650 mm tall, 1200 mm wide, and about 22 mm thick and weighing 360 kg apiece. The panes are held in place by metal grommets at the top and bottom. It took one year for Gehry and the glass workers to determine how to bend the glass into a three-dimensional shape. Gehry used CATIA software to modify the glass. The partitions in the private dining rooms were sandblasted and were designed with overlaps. A model of part of the dining area was fabricated in Italy before being shipped to New York City.

After Condé Nast moved out during 2014, the cafeteria was unused for five years. Studios Architecture renovated the dining room, which reopened in 2018 as a tenant-only food hall operated by Claus Meyer. The floors were resurfaced in white oak; the leather seats and tables were replaced; and the titanium walls were covered with curving sheetrock and plaster. A set of test kitchens was turned into a reception area for an adjacent conference room. The northwestern western section of the cafeteria, which had once contained mechanical space behind the MarketSite sign, was converted into a garden room with a full-height green wall containing 2,200 plants. Seating capacity was increased to 300 during the renovation.

Offices
The lowest office floors cover 35000 ft2 each, while the highest floors cover 25000 ft2 each. When designing the building, Fox & Fowle treid to maximize the amount of space illuminated by natural light. Since natural light could only penetrate about 25 percent of each office story, the office stories contain a flexible open plan arrangement. The lighting in the office stories can be controlled by dimmers.

Condé Nast's space originally spanned floors 4 to 23 and cost an estimated $100 million. The Condé Nast offices were designed by Mancini Duffy, though Truman influenced the furnishings in the offices. The company's flagship magazines Vogue and Vanity Fair had their own stories, while The New Yorker had floors 20 and 21; the rest of the space had corporate offices. Most of Condé Nast's stories were shared by two publications; the elevator lobbies served as a common reception area, with glass doors on either side. Past the glass doors were curved "branding walls" with the logo of the publication that occupied the corresponding office space. Behind the "branding walls" on each floor are 750 ft2 rectangular conference rooms with beige or gray decorations, as well as 350 ft2 meeting spaces for editorial teams. Along the outer edges of each story, each publication's offices were connected by an "art corridor" decorated with works of art.

Most of Condé Nast's offices were arranged in an open plan, which was not popular among the publication's employees. The open-plan workspaces had white-laminate and blue-gray aluminum workstations with wooden accents. Only five percent of offices were directly adjacent to windows, but the open plan allowed many lower-ranking employees to have desks next to windows. Publishers and top editors had their own offices at the corners, while senior staffers had to work near the building's core. Some editors customized their offices. For example, Anna Wintour of Vogue used aluminum chairs and potted bulbs to resemble a setting in Home and Garden magazine, and Ruth Reichl of Gourmet designed her offices in a contemporary style with red accents. Graydon Carter of Vanity Fair redesigned his editorial office so it looked like his previous accommodations. Test kitchens, two private dining rooms, and a photograph studio were also installed for Gourmet's recipe editors. Newhouse's office was on the 11th floor, unlike other executive offices that were generally placed at the top.

Planning
The Durst family had started acquiring property on the city block bounded by Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 42nd and 43rd Streets in 1967, when Douglas Durst's father Seymour Durst bought a building that housed White's Sea Food Restaurant. Seymour Durst planned to redevelop the area east of Times Square with office skyscrapers, but he canceled these plans in 1973 amid a declining office market. Several other failed proposals followed for the block.

Early plans
The Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981. Four towers designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee were to be built around 42nd Street's intersections with Broadway and Seventh Avenue; the largest of those would have been a 56-story building at the northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway. These towers would have been redeveloped by George Klein of Park Tower Realty, though the Prudential Insurance Company of America joined the project in 1986. Furthermore, as part of the West Midtown special zoning district created in 1982, the New York City government had allowed new buildings in Times Square to be developed with an increased floor area ratio. To ensure the area would not be darkened at nightfall, the city passed zoning regulations that encouraged developers to add large, bright signs on their buildings.

The Durst Organization opposed the redevelopment for 15 years, citing concerns over the subsidies that were to be given to the developers, which in turn would decrease the value of the Dursts' buildings. Durst himself had acquired a small portion of what would be Park Tower and Prudential's office building, part of 20 lots on the same city block that he owned by February 1990. However, he was loath to develop his sites on the block until the 42nd Street redevelopment had been finalized. The Dursts' opposition, along with Prudential and Park Tower's inability to secure tenants for the proposed buildings, led government officials to allow Prudential and Park Tower to postpone the project in 1992. By then, Prudential had spent $300 million on condemning the sites through eminent domain. The partners retained the right to develop the sites in the future, and the ESDC's zoning guidelines remained in effect. Klein ceded decision-making power for the sites to Prudential, which decided to exit the real-estate market altogether, selling off all four sites.

Durst proposal
Seymour Durst ultimately died in mid-1995 before any building was developed on the block. By November 1995, Seymour's son Douglas Durst was negotiating with Prudential to develop the northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway with a larger skyscraper that would use the Durst family's adjacent lots. Durst asked Prudential to postpone the development of the other three sites until Durst had completed his building. The new building would be the first in the same redevelopment project that the Durst family had once opposed. Further, Durst planned to claim a 35 percent tax abatement for the project. Durst acquired a $215 million mortgage loan on three other buildings to fund the proposed skyscraper.

After a slight delay, Prudential's board voted to sell the site to Durst in February 1996. Klein was opposed to the proposed sale, citing the Durst family's previous objections to the redevelopment. Ultimately, Klein received an unknown amount of compensation for ceding the site's development rights to Durst. Durst acquired the plot that April, he combined the newly acquired lot, which covered 33000 ft2, with an adjacent lot owned by his family, covering 11000 ft2. Durst proposed a 1.6 e6ft2 skyscraper on the expanded site. To reduce concerns from community members and civic groups, he showed them his plans. Fox & Fowle was hired to design the building; at the time, it was one of four companies that were allowed to design green buildings in New York City. Its plan for limestone and glass facades was generally well received by civic groups such as the Municipal Art Society.

Before construction started, the state required a commitment from a large tenant. This led media sources to debate whether the building was a speculative development. Though Durst had intended the building to be developed without an anchor tenant, similar to speculative buildings, the state would not approve the project unless a tenant was secured. The author Matthew Wells characterized the building as "the first speculative office block to be completed in Manhattan for over a decade". At the time of the sale, Durst denied rumors that Condé Nast would occupy the building for its headquarters. That May, Condé Nast leased 500,000 ft2, taking up floors 4 to 23, with an option for an additional 150000 ft2. The building was consequently named after Condé Nast. The publisher had wanted to consolidate the operations of 17 of its magazines, which then occupied six separate buildings, and many of its leases were set to expire in 2000. Condé Nast had selected 4 Times Square because of the environmentally-efficient features planned for the structure.

Construction
Preliminary work for 4 Times Square, as the building was known, began in September 1996. At the time, it was the first speculative office development to be built in Midtown Manhattan in fifteen years, and its construction prompted the development of other office buildings in the area. 4 Times Square and its three neighboring developments would collectively add almost 4 e6ft2 of office space. All four projects were being marketed with a Times Square address, which until the early 1990s had not been popular in the city's real estate market. The project was to receive $10.7 million in tax relief and Durst was to receive a $4 million tax exemption every year. That October, law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom agreed to move its headquarters to 4 Times Square, with 660000 ft2 on the top 21 stories. Skadden Arps's commitment was part of an increase in leasing in buildings around Times Square. By March 1997, though the building's site had not been fully excavated, 87 percent of the office space had already been leased. Rainforest Cafe tentatively agreed to lease a storefront in the street level and basement that July.

Since most of the office space had been taken by Condé Nast and Skadden Arps, the Durst Organization decided to distribute CDs to promote the retail space and the signs atop the building. The promotional CD contained a photo gallery of Times Square's history, details of 4 Times Square's green-building features, and a map of planned hotels and stores nearby. The Durst Organization received a $340 million construction in mid-1997. The loan was issued by a syndicate of banks led by the Bank of New York. The site was cleared by that August 1997. The superstructure had risen to 30 stories by the February 1998, though steel construction was delayed by the rainy weather. Around that time, Nasdaq was considering leasing a marketing center and TV studio at 4 Times Square. By mid-1998, it had agreed to lease the space and add an LED sign around the cylindrical northwest corner. Disney leased three stories of retail later that year for the ESPN Zone entertainment restaurant.

Several incidents occurred during construction, leading the city's tabloid newspapers to describe the construction site as "jinxed". A construction crane fell onto a building on 43rd Street in January 1998, and a piece of aluminum dropped from the northern facade that April, though no one was hurt in either incident. That June, a carpenter was crushed to death by an elevator. The most severe incident occurred on July 21, 1998, when a construction elevator fell onto the nearby Woodstock Hotel, killing an 85-year-old woman and injuring twelve other people. The surrounding area was closed to the public and many residents and businesses were displaced; the area could not be reopened until netting was installed around the collapsed scaffold. After the scaffold was disassembled, the surrounding segment of 43rd Street was reopened a month after the collapse,  though Woodstock Hotel residents did not return until that October.

The July 1998 construction collapse delayed construction by two months. Following an investigation, U.S. government officials said in early 1999 that the scaffold had collapsed because it had lacked crucial support beams. The construction crane was being disassembled by February 1999; at the time, it was the eighth-tallest structure in Manhattan. The next month, as the building was being completed, falling debris from the construction site injured three pedestrians.

Opening
The first Condé Nast employees began moving into the building on June 21, 1999, when almost 200 employees from Brides, House & Garden, and Women's Sports and Fitness moved to the structure. The relocations continued over the two following months. The overall reaction among Condé Nast employees was positive, though some were critical of the building; one editor would not preview the building prior to the move, while another expressed concern about the construction incidents. Furthermore, many staff members of The New Yorker were reluctant to move to 4 Times Square, though this was more heavily influenced by the fact that The New Yorker previously occupied a different building from the other Condé Nast publications. Many Condé Nast staff arrived at the building in limousines, which created congestion on nearby streets, prompting the city government to create a limousine-dropoff area nearby.

At the building's opening, Durst also faced two class-action lawsuits from nearby business owners as a result of the construction incidents in 1998. These were both dismissed in July 1999 because the business owners did not suffer physical damage. In addition, Nasdaq and Condé Nast had disagreed over the proposed LED sign since the beginning of 1999, leading the two companies to seek an arbitration proceeding. Condé Nast claimed that the sign would block the windows of its art department and that it protruded too far from the facade. In response, Nasdaq said the sign was within the terms of its own lease and that, in any case, Condé Nast's graphic-arts department did not need natural light. An arbitrator ruled in favor of Nasdaq in August 1999, and the Nasdaq MarketSite sign started illuminating that December. By the end of 1999, Durst was looking to refinance the building to replace the construction loan from the Bank of New York.

2000s
The building's fourth-floor cafe opened in April 2000 and was renovated two years afterward. Meanwhile, the signs atop the building remained unused through early 2000. Teligent was the first company to pay $500,000 a year for the signs, but it went bankrupt a year after the signs were installed. By late 2001, Nasdaq was contemplating relocating its offices (which had been damaged in the September 11 attacks) to 4 Times Square, where only 30000 ft2 of office space was vacant. Several radio stations had also been forced to move to 4 Times Square after the attacks, prompting the addition of an FM antenna for WNYC in March 2002. The Duane Reade pharmacy chain leased the remaining ground-floor space and part of the basement in mid-2002.

After the September 11 attacks, Durst was unable to refinance 4 Times Square because his insurer had dropped terrorism coverage from its policy. A judge issued a restraining order preventing mortgage holder Cigna from declaring the building in default until April 2002. The restraining order was extended to May; a few minutes before the extension was set to expire, it was extended again to September. In the meantime, a New York state judge ruled that Cigna could force Durst to carry terror insurance. The lack of insurance led Moody's Investors Service to reduce the credit rating of the loan on 4 Times Square. Following the passage of a terror-insurance law in November 2002, Durst said he was amenable to buy a cheaper terror-insurance policy. Cigna and Durst had reached a settlement by late 2003, when the credit rating of the property loan was upgraded after Durst obtained terror insurance.

Meanwhile, in November 2002, Durst announced that he would construct a 358 ft antenna mast atop 4 Times Square as a backup facility for radio stations that had broadcast from the World Trade Center. The original antenna mast was designed for four stations but was serving eight stations, while the new antenna mast would be designed to serve 18 stations. The old mast was disassembled and the new mast was constructed starting in March 2003. Univision signed an agreement to build an antenna on the building. During construction, a temporary one-bay antenna was mounted atop 4 Times Square. The work, costing $25 million, included adding structural reinforcements. The new mast was finished on October 2, 2003, with the first broadcast occurring on October 30 of the same year.

During the mid-2000s, Durst spent $300,000 to install repeaters and antennas that could operate the core mechanical systems in case of an emergency. The equipment was completed in 2006. By then, the signs atop the building were not being used by any advertiser and contained the number "4". In the late 2000s, Durst developed the Bank of America Tower on the eastern side of the block, obscuring views from 4 Times Square's eastern facade.

2010s to present
The ESPN Zone restaurant closed in June 2010 following the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Around that time, Condé Nast signed a lease to relocate to the new One World Trade Center when that building was completed. The retail space remained vacant for over two years and, following a failed negotiation with Express, Inc., H&M agreed to lease the majority of the retail space in late 2012. H&M announced in August 2013 that it would install panels with its logo atop the building, and the H&M store opened that November. Condé Nast moved to One World Trade Center between November 2014 and January 2015. After the relocation, preservationists expressed concern that the Condé Nast cafeteria would be destroyed, since Skadden Arps had its own cafeteria. In early 2015, the Durst Organization indicated it would preserve the cafeteria but would have to find a tenant for it.

Among the later tenants was Nasdaq, which in February 2018 moved its global headquarters to the building and extended the MarketSite lease. Nasdaq planned to expand MarketSite over the following three years; the expansion included a 10th-story event space with a 2100 ft2 terrace that would be able to accommodate 400 people. During the late 2010s, the Durst Organization renovated the building's main entrance and lobby for $140 million. In addition, the fourth-floor dining room was renovated for $35 million; after the renovation was completed in 2018, the dining room was opened to all of the building's tenants. The Durst Organization also installed beehives on the building's roof to create honey for the dining room. After the renovation, 4 Times Square had 45600 ft2 of amenity space.

Skadden Arps itself planned to move out of Four Times Square by 2020, having signed a lease at One Manhattan West. The building's two major tenants had occupied nearly all the office space, and their departure would leave the building almost vacant. In the five years after Condé Nast's departure, the Durst Organization secured tenants for the publisher's former space. All of the old Condé Nast space had been leased by April 2019. Durst then refinanced the building with $900 million from JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo. The refinancing came after $650 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities, issued by UBS, had matured. The Durst Organization also planned to market the building as 151 West 42nd Street. By July 2022, the Durst Organization had leased out the last two vacant floors that Skadden Arps had occupied.

Tenants
Most of the space at 4 Times Square was occupied by Condé Nast and Skadden Arps prior to 2015. Afterward, their former spaces have been occupied by a variety of companies:
 * SS&C Technologies, a financial technology company, signed for 140,000 sqft in January 2016. The company added 31,396 sqft in 2019, taking up all of floors 5, 6, and 7.
 * Fross Zelnick Lehrman & Zissu, a law firm, leased 41,221 sqft on one full floor in September 2016.
 * ICAP, a financial securities company, leased 82,000 sqft on floors 13 and 14 in September 2016.
 * RSM US, an accounting firm, signed a 95,000 sqft lease to take the entirety of floors 10 and 11, as well as part of floor 12, in January 2017.
 * HedgeServ Corporation, a financial technology firm, signed for 53,456 sqft on floor 8 in August 2017.
 * National Cable Communications signed for 65,000 sqft on floor 11 and part of floor 12 in January 2019. It then expanded by 16,724 sqft on the remainder of floor 12.
 * Analysis Group, an economic consulting firm, leased 58,029 sqft on floor 23 and part of floor 22 in January 2019.
 * BMO Capital Markets leased 215,056 sqft on floors 9 and 29 in April 2019.
 * Nasdaq leased 145,000 sqft for its headquarters in February 2018, then expanded to 180,000 sqft in May 2019 by leasing the entirety of floor 28.
 * Vevo, a video hosting service, leased 38,000 sqft on floor 25 in June 2019.
 * Vidaris, a consulting firm, leased 19,000 sqft on floor 24 in July 2021.
 * Mitsubishi International, a conglomerate, leased 68,000 sqft on floors 34 and 35 in July 2021.
 * Venable LLP, a law firm, leased 158000 ft2 on floors 48 to 52, as well as on a concourse, in October 2021.
 * Varagon Capital Partners, an asset management firm, leased 31515 ft2 in March 2022.
 * Chicago Trading Company leased 68339 ft2 in July 2022, occupying the last full-floor spaces available.

Critical reception
When construction of 4 Times Square began in 1996, Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times, "While the building is far from modest in size, [Fox & Fowle's design] is significantly improved from the original plans by Philip Johnson and John Burgee." For the same newspaper, Herbert Muschamp wrote that the building "is not monstrously out of scale" with other contemporary developments. Muschamp said it looked like a custom design for Condé Nast, "whose stock in trade is the knowing mix of high style and popular culture". Karrie Jacobs of New York magazine also considered Fox & Fowle's design to be better than Johnson and Burgee's plan, adding that "It's the perfect building for a culture that consists of nothing but fragmented references to what has come before". The building was pictured in the August 1998 issue of Vogue magazine, which was published as scheduled despite the fatal construction collapse the previous month.

After the building was completed, Suzanne Stephens wrote that the decorative elements on the glass facades "seem unnecessary" from a purist point of view, though she added that decorative features in the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building were similarly criticized upon their respective completions. Muschamp said of the different facades of the building: "it wants to be at once a background building and a foreground building, both star and chorus". Jacobs called the building "better as a piece of social commentary than as architecture" with its contrasting facades. 4 Times Square also received awards from the American Institute of Architects and AIA's New York state chapter.

The Condé Nast cafeteria was largely praised, with Muschamp referring to the cafeteria as "an underwater hypostyle hall". Brent Richards wrote in the book New Glass Architecture that Gehry was able to create a "seemingly impossible fluidity" with the partitions, while Arcspace magazine said of the cafeteria, "Gehry's formalism has produced an informality that encourages chance encounters of the friendly, and even romantic, kind." The Nasdaq MarketSite facade on Broadway and 43rd Street was also critiqued; Jacobs described it as a "glowing 140-foot-high soda can". Muschamp said the cylindrical facade would "make a dandy giant soda can, film spool, aerosol spray, or a current issue of House and Garden".

title: 4 Times Square


text:
Erik Everhard

Erik Everhard (born December 2, 1976) is the stage name of Mitchell Hartwell, a Canadian pornographic actor and director, known for gonzo pornography films.

Biography
Everhard is a Canadian national of Ukrainian ancestry. In 1995, he moved to Vancouver, British Columbia to attend university, at which time he made his first forays into adult films. Everhard's adult film career began in Canada performing for websites. At the urging of friends and colleagues, he moved to Los Angeles in 1999 to pursue his career. His first shoot in the United States was for director Jules Jordan.

After securing himself as a performer, Everhard began directing videos for Anabolic and Diabolic Video in 2001. In 2003, he landed a distribution deal with Redlight District. In 2005, Everhard left Redlight, suing the company for breach of contract, conversion, claim and delivery, and accounting. He won the suit. He was then hired by Evil Angel Video. After shooting several films with Evil Angel, Everhard returned to work with Jules Jordan.

Everhard performed in about 2,400 films in his pornographic career.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erik Everhard


text:
Layoff

A layoff or downsizing is the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or, more commonly, a group of employees (collective layoff) for business reasons, such as personnel management or downsizing (reducing the size of) an organization. Originally, layoff referred exclusively to a temporary interruption in work, or employment but this has evolved to a permanent elimination of a position in both British and US English, requiring the addition of "temporary" to specify the original meaning of the word. A layoff is not to be confused with wrongful termination.

Laid off workers or displaced workers are workers who have lost or left their jobs because their employer has closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished (Borbely, 2011). Downsizing in a company is defined to involve the reduction of employees in a workforce. Downsizing in companies became a popular practice in the 1980s and early 1990s as it was seen as a way to deliver better shareholder value as it helps to reduce the costs of employers (downsizing, 2015). Research on downsizing in the US, UK,  and Japan  suggests that downsizing is being regarded by management as one of the preferred routes to help declining organizations, cutting unnecessary costs, and improve organizational performance. Usually a layoff occurs as a cost-cutting measure. A study of 391 downsizing announcements of the S&P 100 firms for the period 1990-2006 found, that layoff announcements resulted in substantial increase in the companies’ stock prices, and that the gain was larger, when the company had prior layoffs. The authors suggested, that the stock price manipulation alone creates a sufficient motivation for publicly-traded corporations to adopt the practice of regular layoffs.

Terminology
Euphemisms are often used to "soften the blow" in the process of firing and being fired. The term "layoff" originally meant a temporary interruption in work (and usually pay). The term became a euphemism for permanent termination of employment and now usually means that, requiring the addition of "temporary" to refer to the original meaning. Many other euphemisms have been coined for "(permanent) layoff", including "downsizing", "excess reduction", "rightsizing", "leveraging synergies", "delayering", "smartsizing", "redeployment", "workforce reduction", "workforce optimization", "simplification", "force shaping", "recussion", "manage out people", "resource action", and "reduction in force" (also called "RIF", especially in the government employment sector). "Mass layoff" is defined by the United States Department of Labor as 50 or more workers laid off from the same company around the same time. "Attrition" implies that positions will be eliminated as workers quit or retire. "Early retirement" means workers may quit now yet still remain eligible for their retirement benefits later.

"Redundancy" is a specific legal term in UK labour law with a definition in section 139 of the Employment Rights Act 1996: see Redundancy in United Kingdom law.

When an employer is faced with work of a particular type ceasing or diminishing at a particular location, it may be perceived as obfuscation. Firings imply misconduct or failure while layoffs imply economic forces beyond the employer's and employees' control, especially in the face of a recession.

Common abbreviations for reduction in force
RIF – A generic reduction in force, of undetermined method. Often pronounced like the word riff rather than spelled out. Sometimes used as a verb, as in "the employees were pretty heavily riffed".

eRIF – Layoff notice by email.

IRIF – Involuntary reduction in force – The employee(s) did not voluntarily choose to leave the company. This usually implies that the method of reduction involved either layoffs, firings, or both, but would not usually imply resignations or retirements. If the employee is fired rather than laid off, the term "with cause" may be appended to indicate that the separation was due to this employee's performance and/or behavior, rather than being financially motivated.

VRIF – Voluntary reduction in force – The employee(s) did play a role in choosing to leave the company, most likely through resignation or retirement. In some instances, a company may exert pressure on an employee to make this choice, perhaps by implying that a layoff or termination would otherwise be imminent, or by offering an attractive severance or early retirement package. Conversely, the company is not obliged to accept an employee's decision and may not accept every employee who volunteers for a VRIF.

WFR – Work force reduction.

In the public sector
Following the recession of 2007–2008, the public sector has seen significantly smaller job growth in employment versus the private sector, and layoffs have been used to ensure sustainability. As the public sector declines, the demand for services from the private sector declines as well. Layoffs in the public sector have put limitations on the growth rate of the private sector, inevitably burdening the entire flow of markets.

Unemployment compensation
Risks of being laid off vary depending on the workplace and country a person is working in. Unemployment compensation in any country or workplace typically has two main factors. The first factor of unemployment compensation depends on the distribution of unemployment benefits in a workplace outlined in an employee handbook. The second factor is the risk of inequality being conditioned upon the political regime type in the country an employee is working in. The amount of compensation will usually depend on what level the employee holds in the company.

Packages may also vary if the employee is laid off, or voluntarily quits in the face of a layoff (VRIF). The method of separation may have an effect on a former employee's ability to collect whatever form of unemployment compensation might be available in their jurisdiction. In many U.S. states, workers who are laid off can file an unemployment claim and receive compensation. Depending on local or state laws, workers who leave voluntarily are generally ineligible to collect unemployment benefits, as are those who are fired for gross misconduct. Also, lay-offs due to a firm's moving production overseas may entitle one to increased re-training benefits. Some companies in the United States utilize Supplemental Unemployment Benefits. Since they were first introduced by organized labor and the Department of Labor in the early 1950s, and first issued in a Revenue Ruling by the IRS in 1956, SUB-Pay Plans have enabled employers to supplement the receipt of state unemployment insurance benefits for employees that experience an involuntary layoff. By establishing severance payments as SUB-Pay benefits, the payments are not considered wages for FICA, FUTA, and SUI tax purposes, and employee FICA tax. To qualify for SUB-Pay benefits, the participant must be eligible for state unemployment insurance benefits and the separation benefit must be paid on a periodic basis. There have also been increasing concerns about the organizational effectiveness of the post-downsized 'anorexic organization'. The benefits, which organizations claim to be seeking from downsizing, center on savings in labor costs, speedier decision making, better communication, reduced product development time, enhanced involvement of employees and greater responsiveness to customers (De Meuse et al. 1997, p. 168). However, some writers draw attention to the 'obsessive' pursuit of downsizing to the point of self-starvation marked by excessive cost-cutting, organ failure and extreme pathological fear of becoming inefficient. Hence 'trimming' and 'tightening belts' are the order of the day.

Effects
Traditionally, layoffs directly affect the employee. However, the employee terminated is not alone in this. Layoffs affect the workplace environment and the economy as well as the employee. Layoffs have a widespread effect and the three main components of layoff effects are in the workplace, to the employee, and effects to the economy. One framework to examine the effects on the macro level is PSB, which examines the stakeholders perspective in global downsizing. This framework examines the global perspective of positive and negative stakeholders behavior during downsizing.

Effects of layoffs in the workplace
Layoffs have remained the greatest way for a company to cut costs. Although from the employer's perspective a layoff is beneficial for the business, layoffs create an uncertainty in the workplace environment and lowers other employees' job security as well as creates an apprehension and fear of termination for the remaining employees, and subsequently lowers overall motivation in the workplace environment. According to Healing the Wounds: Overcoming the Trauma of Layoffs and Revitalizing Downsized Organizations, in the post-layoff environment, there is a need for empathy, tangibility, self-knowledge, and relentlessly seeking customers among the surviving employees. The remaining employees may have feelings of survivors guilt. In order to diminish negative effects of layoffs, Wayne Cascio suggests alternative approaches to layoff and downsizing as "Responsible restructuring" approach. Optimism is critical for rebuilding the workplace environment because employees look to their leaders for stability and predictability. No matter the position in an organization, employees will look for job security.

Effects of layoffs to the employee
Employees (or former employees in this case) can be affected in a couple of different ways. When an employee is laid off, his or her general trust in long-term work may decrease, reducing expectations upon rehire. After an employee withstands a layoff, the effects can trickle into future employment and attitudes. Layoffs in the workplace often leave the former employee less inclined to trust future employers which can lead to behavioral conflicts among co-workers and management. Despite new employers not being responsible for a prior circumstances, job performance may still be affected by prior layoffs. Many companies work to make layoffs as minimally burdensome to the employee. At times employers may layoff multiple people at once to soften the impact.

 * Denial stage is the first stage in the emotional reaction to change or layoffs, in which an employee denies that an organization change or layoff will occur.
 * Anger stage is the second stage of the emotional reaction to downsizing, in which an employee becomes angry at the organization.
 * Fear stage is the third emotional stage following an announcement of layoff, in which employees worry about how they will survive financially.
 * Acceptance stage is the fourth and final stage of the emotional reaction to downsizing, in which employees accept that layoffs will occur and are ready to take steps to secure their future.

Effects of layoffs in the American economy
Layoffs create lower job security overall, and an increased competitiveness for available and opening positions. Layoffs have generally two major effects on the economy and stockholders. The way layoffs affect the economy varies from the industry that is doing the layoffs and the size of the layoff. If an industry that employs a majority of a region (freight in the northeast for example) suffers and has to lay employees off, there will be mass unemployment in an economically rich area. This can have leave ripple effects nationwide. Unemployment is the biggest effect on the economy that can come from layoffs.

Around the world
In francophone Belgium, the term Procédure Renault has become a synonym for the consultation process leading to mass redundancies, due to a controversial mass layoff and resultant legislation in the late 1990s.

When an employee has been laid off in Australia their employer has to give them redundancy pay, which is also known as severance pay. The only time that a redundancy payment doesn't have to be paid is if an employee is casual, working for a small business or has worked for a business for less than twelve months. The redundancy compensation payment for employees depends on the length of time an employee has worked for an employer which excludes unpaid leave. If an employer can't afford the redundancy payment they are supposed to give their employee, once making them redundant, or they find their employee another job that is suitable for the employee. An employer is able to apply for a reduction in the amount of money they have to pay the employee they have made redundant. An employer can do this by applying to the Fair Work Commission for a redundancy payment reduction.

A layoff is also known as a retrenchment in (South African English). In the UK, permanent termination due to elimination of a position is usually called redundancy. Certain countries (such as Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France and Germany), distinguish between leaving the company of one's own free will, in which case the person is not entitled to unemployment benefits, but may receive a onetime payment and leaving a company as part of a reduction in labour force size, in which case the person is entitled to them. A RIF reduces the number of positions, rather than laying off specific people, and is usually accompanied by internal redeployment.

Mass layoff
Department of Labor Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) requires employer "to provide at least 60 calendar days advance written notice of a plant closing and mass layoff affecting 50 or more employees".

According to the latest data, nearly 1326 companies have laid off employees which is more than 2 million jobs lost around the globe in 2022.

title: Layoff


text:
Festi Jazz International de Rimouski

Festi Jazz International de Rimouski is a jazz festival held every year from Thursday to Sunday of the first weekend of September in Rimouski, Quebec. The first edition of the festival was held in 1986.

Despite the relatively small size of the city of Rimouski and its distance from major cities, the festival has been a successful cultural event for more than 25 years. Some of the most famous names in jazz have performed at the festival, including Dizzy Gillespie, Stéphane Grappelli and others.

title: Festi Jazz International de Rimouski


text:
Talk:Sky (English/Australian band)

Untitled
What country are they from? Please answer this by adding as the first sentence: Sky is a (nationality) instrumental rock music band. moink 23:00, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * John Williams and Kevin Peek were born in Australia but lived mainly in London while they were part of Sky. AFAIK, Herbie Flowers, Francis Monkman and Tristan Fry are all English. So I've changed "an English based" (sic) to "a London-based". Chris Chittleborough 17:50, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Subjective? The departure of Francis Monkman led to his replacement by Steve Gray who took the band to a more jazz influenced sound. Subsequent albums saw a gradual dwindling in quality and success.--92.10.164.151 (talk) 14:56, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Francis Monkman "left Sky" - I wouldn't say this was 100% true. It depends on your definition of "left", but it's my recollection he was working on the music even if he wasn't touring with them. Someone should really check with the whole band as to whether he was considered a member.

Fjleonhardt (talk) 18:16, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Appears to be a liberal copy/paste from eg http://plum.cream.org/sky/sky3.htm without giving credit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.235.210.52 (talk) 02:42, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Just a FYI, IIRC 'Cannonball' was a minor UK hit in 1979, before 'Toccata' was released, IIRC it got to the bottom regions of the chart. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.147.13 (talk) 20:36, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Minor nit. Their "Souped up electric treatment" was only of the Toccata from Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, BVW 565. At 4:43 long, it can only be the Toccata. https://www.amazon.com/Toccata-Anthology-Remastered-Sky/dp/B0179IKZJG track 6. Meanwhile the whole piece by Bach is 9:15 long. https://www.amazon.com/Toccata-Fugue-Minor-BWV-565/dp/B000S4GHYG — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.70.198.59 (talk) 08:07, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 6 April 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  (t · c)  buidhe  20:45, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Sky (band) → Sky (English/Australian band) – Doesn't appear to be sufficient for a PDAB, 3,726 views for this compared to 891 for the Canadian one and 218 for the American one[|Sky_(US_band)|Sky_(Canadian_band)|Sky_(band)]. Redirect back to Sky (disambiguation). Even though disambiguation here is problematic, partial disambiguation is even more so since its confusing to readers and editors. I welcome and suggestions for a better qualifier maybe Sky (1978–1995) per WP:BANDDAB?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:34, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment The pageviews you shared show that Sky (band) gets about 3x more clicks than the other 2 combined, are you suggesting that this isn't enough for a primary topic? 162.208.168.92 (talk) 21:48, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * This is for partial disambiguation which rarely have primary topics, although there was a RFC that did gain consensus back in 2019 the consensus was that the bar is higher than basename primary topics and it has since still been quite controversial with many editors opposing it and consensus has rarely allowed it, see Talk:Parasite (2019 film).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 08:20, 7 April 2021 (UTC)
 * After reading these discussions and WP:PDAB, I Support as proposed. Disambiguation per country is best as per WP:BANDDAB, and it's an existing redirect too. 162.208.168.92 (talk) 15:28, 7 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, the whole PDAB thing was disruptive and basically only applies to Michael Jackson. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:54, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Automatic support no need to mention pageviews, the title is just plain wrong per WP:TITLE. See Sky (American band) and Sky (Canadian band). NB 162.208.168.92 nothing with a bracket can ever be a primary topic by definition. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:07, 7 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose [Sky (1978–1995)] .. if WP:BANDDAB really says that then it needs fixing. We've seen local-consensus errors on various pop music guidelines before. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:12, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:PRECISE as unnecessary. |Sky_(American_band)|Sky_(US_band)|Sky_(Canadian_band) The graph of pageviews clearly shows that most people are looking for this band, with over 75% of pageviews. Since the other two bands are already directly linked from the hatnote, changing Sky (band) to a dab page helps literally no one, while inconveniencing the majority who are expecting this band. WP:DAB specifically allows for cases like this, and the 75%+ usage here is much higher than the simple majority required in most cases. Station1 (talk) 21:56, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * 75% is nowhere near a PDAB primary topic so fails WP:PRECISE.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 08:57, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Invalid oppose - agree with Crouch - we really need a rule that says must be Michael Jackson to break all en.wp rules. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:31, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Support: ~75% is definitely not enough to justify WP:INCOMPLETEDAB. Complete disambiguation is generally helpful to readers. — BarrelProof (talk) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sky (English/Australian band)


text:
User:Glimz~enwiki

meta:User:Glimz – commons:User:Glimz – bg:& – http://stan.gmuf.com – st-at-gmuf.com

Hello, I'm a Wikipedia user since July 17, 2003.

&

title: User:Glimz~enwiki


text:
Frank Murphy

William Francis Murphy (April 13, 1890 – July 19, 1949) was an American politician, lawyer, and jurist from Michigan. He was a Democrat who was named to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 after a political career that included serving as United States Attorney General, 35th Governor of Michigan, and Mayor of Detroit. He also served as the last Governor-General of the Philippines and the first High Commissioner to the Philippines.

Born in "The Thumb" region of Michigan, Murphy graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1914. After serving in the United States Army during World War I, he served as a federal attorney and trial judge. He served as Mayor of Detroit from 1930 to 1933. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him among the ten best mayors in American history. In 1933 he was appointed as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands. He returned home in 1936 and defeated incumbent Republican Governor Frank Fitzgerald in the 1936 Michigan gubernatorial election and served a single term as Governor of Michigan. Murphy lost re-election to Fitzgerald in 1938 and accepted an appointment as the United States Attorney General the following year.

In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Murphy to the Supreme Court to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler. Murphy served on the Court from 1940 until his death in 1949, and was succeeded by Tom C. Clark. Murphy wrote the Court's majority opinion in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., and wrote a dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States.

Early life
Murphy was born in Harbor Beach (then called Sand Beach), Michigan, in 1890. Both his parents, John T. Murphy and Mary Brennan, were Irish immigrants and raised him as a devout Catholic. He followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a lawyer. He attended the University of Michigan Law School, and graduated with a BA in 1912 and an LLB in 1914. He was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity and the senior society Michigamua.

Murphy was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan in 1914, after which he clerked with a Detroit law firm for three years. He then served with the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I, achieving the rank of captain with the occupation army in Germany before leaving the service in 1919. He remained abroad afterward to pursue graduate studies. He did his graduate work at Lincoln's Inn in London and Trinity College, Dublin, which was said to be formative for his judicial philosophy. He developed a need to decide cases based on his more holistic notions of justice, eschewing technical legal arguments. As one commentator quipped of his later Supreme Court service, he "tempered justice with Murphy."

1919–1922: U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of Michigan
Murphy was appointed and took the oath of office as the first Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan on August 9, 1919. He was one of three assistant attorneys in the office.

When Murphy began his career as a federal attorney, the workload of the attorney's office was increasing at a rapid rate, mainly because of the number of prosecutions resulting from the enforcement of national prohibition. The government's excellent record in winning convictions in the Eastern District was partially due to Murphy's record of winning all but one of the cases he prosecuted. He practiced law privately to a limited extent while still a federal attorney, and resigned his position as a United States attorney on March 1, 1922. He had several offers to join private practices, but decided to go it alone and formed a partnership with Edward G. Kemp in Detroit.

1923–1930: Recorder's Court
Murphy ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat for the United States Congress in 1920, when national and state Republicans swept Michigan, but used his legal reputation and growing political connections to win a seat on the Recorder's Court, Detroit's criminal court. In 1923, he was elected judge of the Recorder's Court on a non-partisan ticket by one of the largest majorities ever cast for a judge in Detroit, took office on January 1, 1924, and served seven years during the Prohibition era.

While on Recorder's Court, he established a reputation as a trial judge. He was a presiding judge in the famous murder trials of Dr. Ossian Sweet and his brother, Henry Sweet, in 1925 and 1926. Clarence Darrow, then one of the most prominent trial lawyers in the country, was lead counsel for the defense. After an initial mistrial of all of the black defendants, Henry Sweet—who admitted that he fired the weapon which killed a member of the mob surrounding Dr. Sweet's home and was retried separately—was acquitted by an all-white jury on grounds of the right of self-defense. The prosecution then elected to not prosecute any of the remaining defendants. Murphy's rulings were material to the outcome of the case.

1930–1933: Mayor of Detroit
In 1930, Murphy ran as a Democrat and was elected Mayor of Detroit. He served from 1930 to 1933, during the first years of the Great Depression. He presided over an epidemic of urban unemployment, a crisis in which 100,000 were unemployed in the summer of 1931. He named an unemployment committee of private citizens from businesses, churches, and labor and social service organizations to identify all residents who were unemployed and not receiving welfare benefits. The Mayor's Unemployment Committee raised funds for its relief effort and worked to distribute food and clothing to the needy, and a Legal Aid Subcommittee volunteered to assist with the legal problems of needy clients. In 1933, Murphy convened in Detroit and organized the first convention of the United States Conference of Mayors. They met and conferred with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Murphy was elected its first president. He served in that position from 1932 until 1933.

Murphy was an early and enthusiastic supporter of Roosevelt and the New Deal, helping Roosevelt to become the first Democratic presidential candidate to win the state of Michigan since Franklin Pierce in 1852 before the Republican Party was founded.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists, and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago saw Murphy ranked as the seventh-best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993. Holli wrote that Murphy was an exemplary mayor and a highly effective leader.

1933–1935: Governor-General of the Philippine Islands
By 1933, after Murphy's second mayoral term, the reward of a big government job was waiting. Roosevelt appointed Murphy as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

He was sympathetic to the plight of ordinary Filipinos, especially the land-hungry and oppressed tenant farmers, and emphasized the need for social justice.

1935–1936: High Commissioner to the Philippines
When his position as Governor-General was abolished in 1935, he stayed on as United States High Commissioner until 1936. That year, he was a delegate from the Philippine Islands to the Democratic National Convention.

High Commissioner to the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935–1946. The office was created by the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934, which provided for a period of transition from direct American rule to the complete independence of the islands on July 4, 1946.

1937–1939: Governor of Michigan
Murphy was elected the 35th Governor of Michigan on November 3, 1936, defeating Republican incumbent Frank Fitzgerald, and served one two-year term. During his two years in office, an unemployment compensation system was instituted and mental health programs were improved. The United Automobile Workers engaged in an historic sit-down strike at General Motors' Flint plant. The Flint Sit-Down Strike was a turning point in national collective bargaining and labor policy. After 27 people were injured in a battle between the workers and the police, including 13 strikers with gunshot wounds, Murphy sent the National Guard to protect the workers, failed to follow a court order that requested him to expel the strikers, and refused to order the Guard's troops to suppress the strike.

He successfully mediated an agreement and end to the confrontation, and G.M. recognized the U.A.W. as a bargaining agent under the newly adopted National Labor Relations Act. This recognition had a significant effect on the growth of organized labor unions. In the next year, the UAW saw its membership grow from 30,000 to 500,000 members. As later noted by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), this strike was "the strike heard round the world."

In 1938, Murphy was defeated by his predecessor, Fitzgerald, who became the only governor of Michigan to precede, and then succeed, the same person.

1939–1940: Attorney General of the United States
In 1939, Roosevelt appointed Murphy the 56th Attorney General of the United States. He established a Civil Liberties Unit in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice, designed to centralize enforcement responsibility for the Bill of Rights and civil rights statutes.

1940–1949: Supreme Court and military service
One year after becoming Attorney General, on January 4, 1940, Murphy was nominated by President Roosevelt as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler the previous November. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, and sworn in on February 5, 1940. The timing of the appointment put Murphy on the cusp of the Charles Evans Hughes and the Harlan Fiske Stone courts. On the death of Chief Justice Stone, Murphy served in the court led by Frederick Moore Vinson, who was confirmed in 1946. During World War II he served in the Army Reserve during three months of 1942 while the court was in recess. He served as the executive officer to the Chief of Staff of the United States Army George C. Marshall. He retired with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

Murphy took an expansive view of individual liberties, and the limitations on government he found in the Bill of Rights. He authored 199 opinions: 131 for the majority, 68 in dissent. One of the important opinions authored by Justice Murphy was Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co. (1946), in which the Court defined the term "investment contract" under the Securities Act of 1933, thus giving content to the most important concept of what makes something a security in American law.

Opinions differ about him and his jurisprudential philosophy. He has been acclaimed as a legal scholar and a champion of the common man, but Justice Felix Frankfurter disparagingly nicknamed Murphy "the Saint", criticizing his decisions as being rooted more in passion than reason. It has been said he was "neither legal scholar nor craftsman", and he was criticized "for relying on heart over head, results over legal reasoning, clerks over hard work, and emotional solos over team play."

Murphy's support of African Americans, aliens, criminals, dissenters, Jehovah's Witnesses, Native Americans, women, workers and other "outsiders" evoked a pun: "tempering justice with Murphy." As he wrote in Falbo v. United States (1944), "The law knows no finer hour than when it cuts through formal concepts and transitory emotions to protect unpopular citizens against discrimination and persecution." (p. 561)

According to Frankfurter, Murphy was part of the more liberal "axis" of justices on the Court along with justices Wiley B. Rutledge, William O. Douglas, and Hugo L. Black; the group would for years oppose Frankfurter's "judicially restrained" conservative ideology. Douglas, Murphy and then Rutledge were the first justices to agree with Black's notion that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights' protection in it; this view would later become law.

Murphy is perhaps best known for his vehement dissent from the court's ruling in Korematsu v. United States (1944), which upheld the constitutionality of the government's internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. He sharply criticized the majority ruling as "legalization of racism."

This was the first time the word "racism" found its way into a Supreme Court opinion (Murphy had previously used the term twice in a concurring opinion in Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railway Co. (1944) issued that same day). He would use that word again in five separate opinions before the word "racism" disappeared from Murphy's and the High Court's other opinions for almost two decades, not reappearing until the landmark decision of Loving v. Virginia (1967), which struck down as unconstitutional the Virginia anti-miscegenation statute. (See also Jim Crow laws.)

Although Murphy was serving on the Supreme Court during World War II, he still longed to be part of the war effort and so he served at Fort Benning, Georgia as an infantry officer during court recesses.

On January 30, 1944, almost exactly one year before Soviet liberation of the Auschwitz death camp on January 27, 1945, Justice Murphy unveiled the formation of the National Committee Against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews. Serving as committee chair, he declared that it was created to combat Nazi propaganda "breeding the germs of hatred against Jews." This announcement was made on the 11th anniversary of Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany. The eleven committee members included U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace, 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie and Henry St. George Tucker, Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

Murphy was among 12 nominated at the 1944 Democratic National Convention to serve as Roosevelt's running mate in the presidential election that year. He acted as chairman of the National Committee against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews and of the Philippine War Relief Committee. The first committee was established in early 1944 to promote rescue of European Jews, and to combat antisemitism in the United States.

Death and memory
Murphy died in his sleep at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit on July 19, 1949, of a coronary thrombosis at the age of 59. Over 10,000 people attended his funeral in Detroit. He is buried in Our Lady of Lake Huron Catholic Cemetery in Sand Beach Township, Michigan, near Harbor Beach.

The Frank Murphy Hall of Justice was home to Detroit's Recorder's Court and now houses part of Michigan's Third Judicial Circuit Court. There is a plaque in his honor on the first floor, which is recognized as a Michigan Legal Milestone.

Outside the Hall of Justice is Carl Milles's statue "The Hand of God". This rendition was cast in honor of Murphy and financed by the United Automobile Workers. It features a nude figure emerging from the left hand of God. Although commissioned in 1949 and completed by 1953, the work, partly because of the male nudity involved, was kept in storage for a decade and a half. The work was chosen in tribute to Murphy by Walter P. Reuther and Ira W. Jayne. It was placed on a pedestal in 1970 with the help of sculptor Marshall Fredericks, who was a Milles student.

Murphy is also honored with a museum in his home town, Harbor Beach, Michigan. Housed at his former residence, it contains numerous personal artifacts from his life and career, most notably from the Philippines. The Murphy Museum is open during the summer months, by appointment.

Murphy's personal and official files are archived at the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and are open for research. This also includes an oral history project about Murphy. His correspondence and other official documents are deposited in libraries around the country.

In memory of Murphy, one of three University of Michigan Law School alumni to become a U.S. Supreme Court justice, Washington, D.C.-based attorney John H. Pickering, who was a law clerk for Murphy, donated a large sum of money to the law school as a remembrance, establishing the Frank Murphy Seminar Room.

Murphy was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Law degree by the University of Michigan in 1939.

The University of Detroit has a Frank Murphy Honor Society.

The Sweet Trials: Malice Aforethought is a play written by Arthur Beer, based on the trials of Ossian and Henry Sweet, and derived from Kevin Boyle's Arc of Justice.

The Detroit Public Schools named Frank Murphy Elementary in his honor.

Personal life
Justice Murphy was the subject of "[r]umors of homosexuality [...] all his adult life". According to Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court: "[a] gay reading of [biographies of Murphy] suggests that Murphy's homosexuality was hiding in plain sight. For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. [...] When Murphy appeared to have the better future in politics, Kemp stepped into a supportive, secondary role, much as Hillary Clinton would later do for Bill Clinton."

As well as Murphy's close relationship with Kemp, Murphy's biographer, historian Sidney Fine, found in Murphy's personal papers a letter that "if the words mean what they say, refers to a homosexual encounter some years earlier between Murphy and the writer." The writer of the letter implied that he and Murphy had become lovers while Murphy was Governor-General and congratulated Murphy on his appointment to the Supreme Court.

Murphy did have at least two female companions of note. Ann Parker was frequently seen horseback riding with Murphy in Washington during his tenure as U.S. Attorney General, leading to speculation of a romance in the press. At the time of his death, Murphy was engaged to Joan Cuddihy; the wedding was scheduled for the following month.

General

 * Howard, J. Woodford, Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968).
 * Greg Zipes. Justice and Faith: The Frank Murphy Story. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2021.
 * Howard, J. Woodford, Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968).
 * Greg Zipes. Justice and Faith: The Frank Murphy Story. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2021.
 * Greg Zipes. Justice and Faith: The Frank Murphy Story. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2021.

title: Frank Murphy


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Cement chemist notation

Cement chemist notation (CCN) was developed to simplify the formulas cement chemists use on a daily basis. It is a shorthand way of writing the chemical formula of oxides of calcium, silicon, and various metals.

Abbreviations of oxides
The main oxides present in cement (or in glass and ceramics) are abbreviated in the following way:

Conversion of hydroxides in oxide and free water
For the sake of mass balance calculations, hydroxides present in hydrated phases found in hardened cement paste, such as in portlandite, Ca(OH)2, must first be converted into oxide and water.

To better understand the conversion process of hydroxide anions in oxide and water, it is necessary to consider the autoprotolysis of the hydroxyl anions; it implies a proton exchange between two OH−, like in a classical acid–base reaction:

or also,
 * 2 OH− → O2− + H2O

For portlandite this gives thus the following mass balance:

 * Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O

Thus portlandite can be written as CaO · H2O or CH.

Main phases in Portland cement before and after hydration
These oxides are used to build more complex compounds. The main crystalline phases described hereafter are related respectively to the composition of:
 * Clinker and non-hydrated Portland cement, and;
 * Hardened cement pastes obtained after hydration and cement setting.

Clinker and non-hydrated Portland cement
Four main phases are present in the clinker and in the non-hydrated Portland cement. They are formed at high temperature (1,450 °C) in the cement kiln and are the following:

The four compounds referred as C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF are known as the main crystalline phases of Portland cement. The phase composition of a particular cement can be quantified through a complex set of calculation known as the Bogue formula.

To avoid the flash setting of concrete, due to the very fast hydration of the tricalcium aluminate (C3A), 2–5 wt. % calcium sulfate is interground with the cement clinker to prepare the cement powder. In cement chemist notation, CaSO4 (anhydrite) is abbreviated as C$\overline{C}$, and CaSO4*2H2O (gypsum) as C$\overline{S}$H2.

Similarly, in case of a limestone filler addition, CaCO3, or CaO*CO2, can be noted C$OH^{−} acid 1$.

Hydrated cement paste
Hydration products formed in hardened cement pastes (also known as HCPs) are more complicated, because many of these products have nearly the same formula and some are solid solutions with overlapping formulas. Some examples are given below:

The hyphens in C-S-H indicate a calcium silicate hydrate phase of variable composition, while 'CSH' would indicate a calcium silicate phase, CaH2SiO4.

Use in ceramics, glass, and oxide chemistry
The cement chemist notation is not restricted to cement applications but is in fact a more general notation of oxide chemistry applicable to other domains than cement chemistry sensu stricto.

For instance, in ceramics applications, the kaolinite formula can also be written in terms of oxides, thus the corresponding formula for kaolinite,
 * Al2Si2O5(OH)4,

is
 * Al2O3 · 2 SiO2 · 2 H2O

or in CCN
 * AS2H2.

Possible use of CCN in mineralogy
Although not a very developed practice in mineralogy, some chemical reactions involving silicate and oxide in the melt or in hydrothermal systems, and silicate weathering processes could also be successfully described by applying the cement chemist notation to silicate mineralogy.

An example could be the formal comparison of belite hydration and forsterite serpentinisation dealing both with the hydration of two structurally similar earth -alkaline silicates, Ca2SiO4 and Mg2SiO4, respectively.

 * Calcium system: belite hydration:

 * Magnesium system: forsterite serpentinisation:

The ratio Ca/Si (C/S) and Mg/Si (M/S) decrease from 2 for the dicalcium and dimagnesium silicate reagents to 1.5 for the hydrated silicate products of the hydration reaction. In other term, the C-S-H or the serpentine are less rich in Ca and Mg respectively. This is why the reaction leads to the elimination of the excess of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) and brucite (Mg(OH)2), respectively, out of the silicate system, giving rise to the crystallization of both hydroxides as separate phases.

The rapid reaction of belite hydration in the setting of cement is formally "chemically analogue" to the slow natural hydration of forsterite (the magnesium end-member of olivine) leading to the formation of serpentine and brucite in nature. However, the kinetic of hydration of poorly crystallized artificial belite is much swifter than the slow conversion/weathering of well crystallized Mg-olivine under natural conditions.

This comparison suggests that mineralogists could probably also benefit from the concise formalism of the cement chemist notation in their works.

title: Cement chemist notation


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User:Draconic

I'm an avid player of role-playing games. I grew up in Tucson, Arizona.

title: User:Draconic


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Talk:Cement chemist notation

Prettifying formulae
Request from creating user: (if someone can turn this into pretty-print it'd be great) -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Texture (talk • contribs) on 23:18, 5 March 2004.

(S(bar) means an upper-case S with a bar over it) -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.98.148.10 (talk • contribs) on 23:55, 5 March 2004.

 * You can do that by using the <math> tag, and writing the relevant formula as LaTeX: $$\bar{S}$$ I'm not sure this is a good idea, though, as it would cause the formulae to be rendered as images instead of text. Your call. If you want it turned into LaTex, say so in a reply, and I'll do it. --Christopher Thomas 06:22, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

CAH and infringement
CAH     Believe it or not this is even more complex that CSH and it cannot be explained here without infringing on copyrighted material.

I'd like to know why this is true. -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.225.246.225 (talk • contribs) on 16:34, 6 May 2005.

This contains potentially relevant information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements I have no idea whether it infringes the unspecified intellectual property. ArthurDent006.5 (talk) 08:45, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

Crystalline phases of cement
The molecules referred to in the main page C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF are known as the main chrystalline phases of cement. The phase composition of a particular cement can be quantified through a complex set of calculation known as the Bogue Formula:

C3S=4.07CaO - 7.60SiO2 - 6.72Al2O3 - 1.43Fe2O3

C2S=-3.07CaO + 8.60SiO2 + 5.07Al2O3 + 1.08Fe2O3

C3A=2.65Al2O3 - 1.69Fe2O3

C4AF=3.04Fe2O3

The results given by the Bogue Formula are derived and therefore subject to error as many assumptions need to be made to allow the calculation. A more precise and accurate method for determining phase composition is by means of Xray Diffraction using a technique called Rietveld Analysis. -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.110.139.241 (talk • contribs) on 22:39, 11 April 2006.

title: Talk:Cement chemist notation


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User:Ripi~enwiki

$$Insert formula here$$

title: User:Ripi~enwiki


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Carrousel international du film de Rimouski

Carrousel international du film de Rimouski is a children's film festival taking place each year in Rimouski, Quebec. The jury is composed of children from various countries.


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Battle of Modon (1500)

The Battle of Modon, aka the Second Battle of Lepanto, took place in August 1500 during the war of 1499–1503 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The Ottomans, who had won the Battle of Zonchio (First Battle of Lepanto / Battle of Sapienza) the previous year, were again victorious under Admiral Kemal Reis.

In December 1499, the Venetians attacked Lepanto with the hope of regaining the territories which they lost with the Battle of Zonchio. Kemal Reis set sail from Cefalonia and retook Lepanto from the Venetians. He stayed in Lepanto between April and May 1500, where his ships were repaired by an army of 15,000 Ottoman craftsmen who were brought from the area. From there Kemal Reis set sail and bombarded the Venetian ports on the island of Corfu, and in August 1500 he once again defeated the Venetian fleet. He bombarded the fortress of Modon from the sea and captured the town. He later engaged with the Venetian fleet off the coast of Coron and captured the town along with a Venetian brigantine. From there he sailed towards the Island of Sapientza (Sapienza) and sank the Venetian galley "Lezza". In September 1500, Kemal Reis assaulted Voiussa and in October he appeared at Cape Santa Maria on the Island of Lefkada before ending the campaign and returning to Constantinople in November.

With the Battle of Modon, the Ottoman fleet and army quickly overwhelmed most of the Venetian possessions in Greece.

Modon and Coron, the "two eyes of the Republic", were lost. Ottoman cavalry raids reached Venetian territory in northern Italy, and, in 1503, Venice again had to seek peace, recognizing Ottoman gains.

title: Battle of Modon (1500)