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Hellboy

Hellboy is a superhero created by Mike Mignola and appearing in comic books published by Dark Horse Comics. The character first appeared in San Diego Comic-Con Comics #2 (August 1993), and has since appeared in various miniseries, one-shots and intercompany crossovers. The character has been adapted into four live-action films: Hellboy (2004) and its sequel The Golden Army (2008), a 2019 reboot film, and The Crooked Man, another reboot scheduled to release in 2024. The character also appeared in two straight-to-DVD animated films and three video games – Dogs of the Night (2000), The Science of Evil (2004) and Web of Wyrd (2023).

A well-meaning Cambion (or half-Demon) whose true name is Anung Un Rama ("and upon his brow is set a crown of flame"), Hellboy was summoned from Hell to Earth as a baby by Nazi occultists (spawning his hatred for the Third Reich). He appeared in the ruins of an old church in the Outer Hebrides in front of a team assembled by the Allied Forces; among them, Professor Trevor Bruttenholm, who formed the United States Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense (B.P.R.D.). In time, Hellboy grew to be a large, muscular, red-skinned ape/monkey-like man with a tail, horns (which he files off, leaving behind circular stumps on his forehead that resemble goggles), cloven hooves, and an oversized right hand made of stone (the "Right Hand of Doom"). He has been described as smelling of dry-roasted peanuts. Although a bit gruff, he shows none of the malevolence thought to be intrinsic to classical demons and has an ironic sense of humor. This is said to be because of his upbringing under Professor Bruttenholm, who raised him as a normal boy.

Hellboy works for the B.P.R.D., an international non-governmental agency, and for himself, against dark forces including Nazis and witches, in a series of tales that have their roots in folklore, pulp magazines, vintage adventure, Lovecraftian horror and horror fiction. In earlier stories, he is identified as the "World's Greatest Paranormal Investigator".

Fictional character biography
Hellboy, or "Anung Un Rama" as he was called, was conceived on October 5, 1574, the day his birth-mother, Sarah Hughes, a human woman, was on her deathbed. In life, Sarah was a witch who gained her powers from being a consort of the archdemon Azzael, an Archduke of Hell and Hellboy's "biological" father. Taking Sarah's body to hell when she attempted to repent on her deathbed within a church in East Bromwich, England, Azzael burned her away so their child would be born, and chopped off the newborn's right hand to replace it with the "Right Hand of Doom", a relic with the power to free the Ogdru Jahad (A destructive, seven headed dragon imprisoned in deep space) and awaken the armies of Hell to wage war against Heaven. When the other princes of Hell learned of his actions, Azzael sent his half-demon child away while he was stripped of his powers and imprisoned in ice (like Lucifer in Dante's Divine Comedy).

The child is eventually summoned to Earth in the final months of World War II by the "Mad Monk" Grigori Rasputin on Tarmagant Island, off the coast of Scotland, having been commissioned by the Nazis to change the tide of a losing war ("Project Ragna Rok"). As a direct result of this rite, the child appears on Earth in a fireball at what remains of the ruined Bromwich Church on December 23, 1944, likely guided there by the ghosts of his mother's other children. Proving not to be a devil, in the traditional sense, but a devil-like creature, the child was dubbed "Hellboy" by Professor Trevor "Broom" Bruttenholm.

Taken by the United States Armed Forces to an Air Force base in New Mexico, Hellboy is raised by Professor Bruttenholm in a normal Catholic home environment, and the United States Army where he is introduced to the Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense (BPRD), a private organization dedicated to combating occult threats. Due to the success of his first mission in 1952, Hellboy is granted "honorary human" status by the United Nations and becomes a member of the BPRD as the "world's greatest paranormal investigator". As such, Hellboy interacts regularly with humans, primarily law enforcement officials, the military, Catholic clergy, and various "scholars of the weird", most of whom are not presented as overtly reacting to his strange appearance. During one of his early missions he rescued a young girl named Alice Monaghan, who had been replaced by fairies with a changeling named Gruagach. He also went to Russia and shot out the eye of the witch Baba Yaga. Gruagach and Baba Yaga both held lifelong grudges against Hellboy over these incidents.

As an adult, having matured physically within the years yet aging slowly mentally with a teenage mind, Hellboy becomes the primary agent for the BPRD, alongside other human and quasi-human agents that include Kate Corrigan, a professor of folklore at New York University; Abe Sapien, an amphibian humanoid (Ichthyo sapiens); and Liz Sherman, a young pyrokinetic. Things change dramatically for Hellboy during the events of Seed of Destruction when he searches for Professor Bruttenholm after he disappears during an expedition in the Arctic. He finds his adopted father only to witness his death at the hands of a Lovecraftian frog monster. The search takes Hellboy, Abe, and Liz to the Cavendish Hall mansion, which is a trap established by Rasputin to lure Hellboy into an embrace of his own "destiny", with the assistance of Sadu-Hem; one of the 369 spawn of the Ogdru Jahad. Controlled by the spirit of one of the ancestral Cavendish men, Abe impales Rasputin. Liz's firestorm then incinerates Rasputin's body alongside Sadu-Hem's and destroys Cavendish Hall. Soon after, during a visit to Bromwich Church, Hellboy gets a glimpse of his conception 300+ years ago and learns he has two human half-siblings; a nun and a priest whose spirits haunt the church after their deaths, attempting to stop Azzael from claiming Sarah.

During the events of Hellboy: Wake the Devil, Hellboy, ostensibly content to return to his life of ignorance, is set back on his journey of self-discovery when a mission for the B.P.R.D leads him to Romania to investigate the theft of an ancient box containing the corpse of Vladimir Giurescu, a Napoleonic officer who was, in fact, a vampire before he was "killed" on the order of a fearful Adolf Hitler. The culprit of the theft is revealed to be Ilsa Haupstein, one of the surviving members of Project Ragna Rok, who was revived from suspended animation and then aided in Giurescu's resurrection. Finding Castle Giurescu after splitting up with the other search groups, Hellboy learns that the source of Giurescu's rebirth is the ancient goddess Hecate. Though Hellboy destroys Hecate's original body by forcing her into the sunlight, he faces her again after Rasputin unintentionally provides her with Ilsa's iron-maiden encased body. Hecate swallows Hellboy and reveals to him his ultimate purpose as destroyer of worlds, but he returns to his own reality after he denounces his supposed destiny.

Hellboy later learns that Liz is dying after losing her powers when she accidentally revived a homunculus while searching another location for Giurescu, finding Roger in the events of Hellboy: Almost Colossus as he convinces the homunculus to save Liz's life. Following the events of Hellboy: The Right Hand of Doom, gaining insight about his stone hand and being referenced as a harbinger of the Apocalypse, Hellboy is accompanied by Abe to hunt down the warlock Igor Bromhead in Box Full of Evil. But it turned out to be a trap conducted by Bromhead and the demon Ualac to capture Hellboy, using his True Name, Anung Un Rama, to restrain him, so that the latter can claim Hellboy's normally invisible Crown of the Apocalypse to increase their power. But this act, however, proves to be counter-productive, as it allows Hellboy to no longer be controlled by his true name, Anung Un Rama (as one of the translations of this name is, lit. "and upon his brow is set a crown of flame"; with the theft of his crown, the name is no longer accurate), and he kills Ualac's mortal body before the demon and the crown is taken to Hell by the archdemon Astaroth, who is later revealed to be Hellboy's paternal uncle.

In the events of Hellboy: Conqueror Worm, Hellboy is assisted by the ghost of Lobster Johnson, and Roger the Homunculus in preventing an alien entity called the Conqueror Worm from arriving on Earth through the continued machinations of the surviving members of Ragna Rok. Over the course of the story, Hellboy learns that the B.P.R.D has implanted a bomb in Roger as a failsafe in case he should turn on them. Disillusioned by this knowledge and finally ready to look deeper into his origins, Hellboy quits the BPRD.

After some time with a witch doctor in Africa, Hellboy is captured by a trio of mermaid sisters and brought underwater to a witch known as the Bog Roosh. In exchange for Hellboy, the Bog Roosh grants each sister a wish. The first two sisters are tricked by the Bog Roosh and killed by their wishes, but the third sister is clever and gets her wish, a missing piece of her father's grave. While the third sister returns to her father's grave, the Bog Roosh explains her plan to completely destroy Hellboy, thereby preventing the apocalypse. At the grave, the third sister is told by her father's ghost that the only way to honor him is to save Hellboy. She does, and when the Bog Roosh realizes she cannot prevent the apocalypse, she allows herself to be killed by Hellboy in the ensuing battle. The third sister becomes the new Bog Roosh, releasing the souls of drowned sailors from which the previous Bog Roosh drew her power. She then releases Hellboy, leaving him lost at sea.

In Hellboy: Strange Places, after several years adrift at sea and then spent drinking with the ghosts of Sailors, Hellboy arrives on a mysterious island. He encounters Hecate, who once again insists that they are bound together and must unite in the destruction of the world, but Hellboy, true to his value and somewhat drunk, brushes her off. He travels deeper into the island, and is attacked by a long slumbering Sadu Hem. The fight with the creature takes him into a temple at the center of the island, where the creature stabs him through the chest, seemingly killing him. While dead, Hellboy has another conversation with the Witch Doctor, who somehow resurrects him. Hellboy awakens to find his spilled blood absorbed by the corpse of a long dead mystic who was killed in the temple. Hellboy's blood resurrects him and transforms him into a more demonic looking version of Hellboy himself. The Mystic reveals to Hellboy the true nature of his Right Hand of Doom, which is actually the severed hand of one of the Angels involved in the creation of the Ogdru Jahad, and is therefore the only power in the universe capable of fully returning the Ogdru Jahad to Earth. The Mystic threatens to force all of mankind to worship the Sadu Hem, and Hellboy fights to stop him. Hellboy is ultimately able to win the fight. Rattled, Hellboy sets sail for England, much to the chagrin of Gruagach and the council of fairies who have been watching over him.

Six years later, as Hellboy: Darkness Calls opens, Hellboy's search takes him to England where he finds himself in the middle of a power vacuum caused by Bromhead incapacitating Hecate in Italy. Refusing to serve the witches as their king, Hellboy ends up in the dimension of the witch Baba Yaga. Managing to defeat Baba Yaga's champion Koshchei the Deathless, Hellboy returns to his reality and is led to Bromhead after he became monstrous and in agony from his attempt to take Hecate's powers for his own. Hellboy gives Bromhead a merciful death before returning to England.

Hellboy: The Wild Hunt opens with Hellboy receiving an invitation by the Osiris Club to join them in hunting Giants. Hellboy joins, but is betrayed by the Club and left to die. He survives, and, despite being given a means to escape, decides to engage the Giants in battle. He grows more bloodthirsty and demonic over the course of the fight, only returning to his senses when all the Giants are dead. He is found by Alice Monaghan, who, since being rescued by Hellboy in her youth, has become a close consort to the faeries of england. She takes Hellboy to meet Mab, Queen of the Faeries, who hints that his mother's ancestry entitles him to a crown. After this, Alice and Hellboy are led into a trap where Alice in nearly fatally poisoned. The two are the taken to the castle of Morgana Le Fay to save Alice.

To enter the castle, Hellboy must fight Eligos, a high-ranking demon from Hell. Hellboy is able to defeat Eligos with the help of one of his slaves, in exchange for Hellboy remembering the slave when he becomes ruler of Hell. Once inside, Morgana reveals to Hellboy that, on his mother's side, he is a descendant of Mordred, and subsequently the rightful ruler of England. She also tells him about Nimue, a long-imprisoned witch who has been freed by Grugach and wants to conquer England. She takes Hellboy to the sword Excalibur, but he does not take it. Alice tries to convince him that he should, but is unsuccessful. Soon afterwards, he is visited again by Astaroth, who reveals to him that he is destined to kill Satan and become the ruler of Hell. Hellboy fights against a demonic illusion of himself, exploding into a fireball that destroys part of the castle and seemingly kills Alice. Convinced that Alice was right, Hellboy takes up Excalibur and suddenly finds himself atop a hill, with Alice, alive and well, standing beside him.

As Hellboy: the Storm and the Fury opens, Hellboy and Alice have begun travelling throughout England, amassing an army from the noble dead of england. Soon, they are attacked by one of Nimue's soldiers. Hellboy is able to defeat the soldier, but while dying the soldier warns Hellboy that Nimue is transforming into something else. The two stop at a pub, where Hellboy decides that he no longer wants the sword, suggesting to Alice that she leave it in a lake. They share a kiss, and Hellboy asks Alice to move to America with him after he's defeated Nimue. On the way to Nimue's fortress Hellboy has another confrontation with Astartoth, rebuking him again. He then runs into Baba Yaga, who tells him that he will only be able to reach the fortress with her magical help. In exchange, Hellboy finally sacrifices his eye to Baba Yaga. Reaching Nimue, Hellboy sees she has been completely possessed by the Ogdru Jahad and now seeks to destroy the world. The two engage in battle as storms rage across England, and Hellboy is able to defeat her using a sword given to him by the ghost of Vasilisa. As the Dragon collapses, Nimue's ghost emerges and plucks out Hellboy's heart, damning him to Hell.

Hellboy in Hell begins with Hellboy stuck in the Abyss, the outermost part of Hell, and being attacked by Eligos. He is saved by Edward Grey, a british paranormal investigator who wound up trapped in Hell and has been watching over Hellboy for many years. Soon after, Hellboy is visited by three spirits. The first takes him to see his birth in Hell and his father's imprisonment. Then he is shown Satan, who he murders as prophesied, but does not remember doing so. Finally, he is shown the sleeping army of Hell that his Right Hand has the power to awaken. After this, he is attacked by his fully demonic half brothers Lusk and Gammon who are being manipulated by Astaroth. All three are killed, and Hellboy falls again into the Abyss. He is saved again by Grey, who convinces him to commit to his new life in Hell. In between helping out lost souls, Hellboy learns gradually that the aristocracy of Hell have all gone into hiding or been killed by their slaves since his arrival, as they panicked over the thought that he might kill them all. He is poisoned by powerful spirits called the Furies, who were set on him by his half sister Gamori. The furies turn on her, dooming her to destroy the remains of Pandemonium, the capital city of Hell. Eventually, Hellboy, in fully demonic form, hunts down the last remaining rulers of Hell and destroys them all with the help of their slaves. After this, he returns to a home on the beach where he is met by three glowing shapes.

Hellboy returns, resurrected, in B.P.R.D: The Devil You Know, the final arc of the narrative. He fights alongside his original companions, Liz Sherman and Abe Sapien, against the rising Sadu Hem and a small group of demons seeking to conquer Earth. The team defeats the demon Yomyael, who is possessing a young girl named Varvara. Once free, however, Varvara reveals herself to be the daughter of their old foe Rasputin, and resurrects him. Hellboy and Rasputin do battle one last time, both dying. As a ghost, Hellboy is shown the remaining path to the end of the world by Edward Grey. Agents of the B.P.R.D. are able to save a small portion of humanity, guiding them to shelter underground. On the surface, the Sadu Hem reign for a short time before the Osiris Club use Hellboy's severed Right Hand of Doom to summon the Ogdru Jahad to Earth and kill it. Once this is done, Hellboy takes back the Hand, killing the Osiris Club in the process. Finally, he sees Liz Sherman, somehow still alive, and instructs her to unleash the full brunt of her pyrokinetic abilities, burning down the world. The world gone, Hecate appears before Hellboy, once again in her Iron Maiden form. She assures him that there is nothing he could have done to prevent any of this. He tries to fight her, but realizes how tired he is of violence. He steps inside her Iron Maiden form, and his blood revives the world.

Powers and abilities
Afforded by his demonic heritage as well as extensive physical training and bodybuilding, Hellboy possesses superhuman strength that exceeds the 1-ton base limit, endurance, a degree of resistance to injury, and a healing factor that allows him to heal quickly from virtually all bodily injuries as well as renders him immune to all diseases. He also has the innate ability to comprehend ancient and magical languages. The extent of his strength is unclear, but he has torn down a large tree and hurled it at an opponent and has lifted massive stones. He has also picked up and thrown opponents weighing at least four to five hundred pounds. Hellboy has a high degree of resilience to injury. He can withstand powerful blows that would severely injure or kill a human. He survived being shot many times in the chest with an MG 42 machine gun before destroying it. He has survived being impaled through the chest with a sword, severe werewolf mauling, being beaten unconscious with heavy iron tongs, falling from extreme heights, being crushed by boulders, and more. In the film version, it is stated that Hellboy is immune to all forms of fire and burns, including Liz Sherman's flames, and electrocution. Despite his ability to quickly recover from seemingly mortal wounds, he is far from invulnerable and can be injured or bloodied by conventional weapons. Curiously in certain instances, the spilling of Hellboy's blood causes lilies to sprout - a supernatural indicator of his true good nature. This unique property comes into play even at the culmination of Ragnarok, where Hecate spills Hellboy's blood onto the incinerated Earth to breathe life back into it. It is revealed to Baba Yaga by the dead Russian nobility that Hellboy may not be slain even through supernatural means and that he appears to be as deathless as her warrior, Koschei the Deathless. In the films, Hellboy has shown skill in necromancy, animating a man's dead body so that it could give him directions. This also happened in the 2019 reboot, where Hellboy is able to raise an entire army of the dead after embracing his power as Anung Un Rama.

Hellboy ages quite differently from human beings. In the story Pancakes he is now two-years old but appears to be somewhere between 6 and 10 in human years old. In Nature of the Beast, set in 1954, the ten-year-old Hellboy appears fully grown. His rapid physical maturation is in contrast to his actual rate of aging, however, which seems to be much slower than humans. Throughout the sixty-year span of time depicted in the comics, he does not age beyond the plateau of physical maturity. This mystical aging process is similar to the other demons and supernatural beings that populate Hellboy's world. The lifespan of a demon (or half-demon, as Hellboy's mother was human) is left undefined within the comics and seems to range from decades to many thousands of years. In the films, Hellboy's aging process is described by BRPD as "reverse dog years".

In addition to his natural physical abilities, Hellboy keeps a variety of items in his utility belt and jacket that can be used against various supernatural forces. He has been known to carry holy relics, horseshoes, various herbs, and hand grenades. He frequently carries an oversized revolver, which in the Guillermo del Toro films was named the "Good Samaritan", and whose construction incorporates iron that had been used to forge a church bell. However, Hellboy freely admits to having extremely poor aim with the weapon, and often favors fighting hand-to-hand, preferring to use short-ranged physical weapons like swords, spears, and his massive stone fist over firearms. Hellboy's lack of formal combat training and education is compensated for by his decades of experience as a paranormal investigator, though encounters with unfamiliar threats have often forced him to resort to improvisation and using his wits.

Right Hand of Doom
As revealed in Strange Places, Hellboy's right hand was originally the right hand of Anum, one of the Watcher angels that watched over the burgeoning Earth and created the Ogdru Jahad. After sealing the Ogdru Jahad away, Anum was destroyed by his fellow spirits. Only his right hand remained intact as it was kept and preserved by the Hyperboreans, the first race of man. The Right Hand of Doom eventually ended up in the possession of Azzael before he grafted it onto the newborn Hellboy.

As the hand which created and bound the Ogdru Jahad, it is also the key that will "loose and command" them; in other words, it is a catalyst that will bring about Ragnarok. The comic books themselves never mention how the Right Hand of Doom would actually perform these tasks; they only explain this is the case and someone or something intends to do it, with or without Hellboy's consent. The film shows it working as a key: being turned twice in a special obelisk secured by Rasputin would release the Ogdru Jahad. Astaroth and others also told of how the Hand contains the power to awaken the great Army of Hell, an army powerful enough to shatter the boundaries between Heaven, Hell and Earth for the wielder to rule all of Creation. This prophecy had never come to pass thanks to Hellboy's consistent refusal to embrace his destiny. It is made clear it is not necessary for the arm to be attached to Hellboy to perform its duties. It has been suggested if Hellboy dies while the Hand is attached to him, it would become useless. He has, therefore, concluded the only way to prevent its falling into the wrong hands is to keep and protect it.

Concept and creation
Hellboy originated in 1991 with a drawing Mike Mignola did for a Great Salt Lake Comic-Con promotional pamphlet of a demon with the name "Hell Boy" written on his belt. Mignola had initially no intention of doing anything serious with the concept, but eventually decided he liked the name.

Later, Mignola became interested in doing a creator-owned comic, as he felt it made more sense to create his own characters for the stories he wanted to tell, rather than trying to shoehorn existing characters into these stories. Mignola elaborated, "The kinds of stories I wanted to do I had in mind before I created Hellboy. It's not like I created Hellboy and said, 'Hey, now what does this guy do?' I knew the kinds of stories I wanted to do, but just needed a main guy." He initially created Hellboy as part of a team of five, but scrapped this idea when he realized he could not think of any team names that he liked.

Much like other American comic book superheroes, such as Batman, Wolverine, Iron Man, Daredevil, and Spawn, Hellboy is constantly tormented by the knowledge of his past. One example being in Wake the Devil where he describes his mindset since the aftermath of Seed of Destruction by saying, "I like not knowing. I've gotten by for fifty-two years without knowing. I sleep good not knowing."

Publication history
Before Hellboy was published independently at Dark Horse Comics, the concept was initially pitched to a board of directors for DC Comics, who loved it, but did not like the idea of it involving "Hell".

The early stories were conceived and drawn by Mignola with a script written by John Byrne and some later stories have been crafted by creators other than Mignola, including Christopher Golden, Guy Davis, Ryan Sook, and Duncan Fegredo. The increasing commitments from the Hellboy franchise meant that 2008 one-shot In the Chapel of Moloch was the first Hellboy comic Mignola had provided the script and art for since The Island in 2005.

Issues
Hellboy has an internal numbering on the inside cover of its issues. Below are the stories listed by their internal numbering for the comics.

Issues: Hellboy in Hell
Hellboy in Hell is a finished series with its own numbering.

Issues: Hellboy and the B.P.R.D.
Hellboy and the B.P.R.D. is an ongoing series of miniseries.

Original Graphic Novels: Hellboy
Special stories were created for hardcover original graphic novels.

One-shots

 * Hellboy Winter Special (2016)
 * Hellboy Winter Special 2017
 * Hellboy Winter Special 2018
 * Hellboy Winter Special (2019)
 * Hellboy – Krampusnacht
 * Hellboy vs. Lobster Johnson – The Ring of Death

Trade paperbacks: Hellboy
All in-continuity Hellboy comics are collected in trade paperbacks.

Trade paperbacks: Hellboy in Hell
All Hellboy in Hell comics are collected in trade paperbacks.

Trade paperbacks: Hellboy and the B.P.R.D.
All Hellboy and the B.P.R.D. comics are collected in trade paperbacks.

Library editions
These editions collect the stories in the size they were originally drawn.

Omnibus editions
These editions collect the complete Hellboy series in chronological order.

Other trade paperbacks

 * Hellboy: Weird Tales, Volume 1 (February 2003) – Cover by Mike Mignola. Collects Hellboy: Weird Tales #1–4. ISBN 978-1-56971-622-9.
 * Hellboy: Weird Tales, Volume 2 (October 2004) – Cover by Mike Mignola. Collects Hellboy: Weird Tales #5–8. ISBN 978-1-56971-953-4.
 * Hellboy Junior (January 2004) – Written by Mike Mignola, Bill Wray, et al. Collects Hellboy Junior Halloween Special, Hellboy Junior #1–2, plus original material. ISBN 978-1-56971-862-9.
 * Ghost/Hellboy Special (June 1997) – Written by Mike Mignola. Collects Ghost/Hellboy #1–2. ISBN 978-1-56971-273-3.
 * Savage Dragon/Hellboy (2002) – Cover by Mike Mignola. Collects Savage Dragon #34–35.
 * The Art of Hellboy (March 2003) – Written by Mike Mignola. Dark Horse Books. ISBN 1-56971-910-1.
 * Hellboy: The Companion (May 2008) – Written by Steve Weiner, Jason Hall. Dark Horse Books. ISBN 978-1-59307-655-9.
 * Hellboy: Masks and Monsters (October 2010) – Written by Mike Mignola, James Robinson, Scott Benefiel, Jasen Rodriguez. Collects Batman/Hellboy/Starman #1–2, Ghost/Hellboy #1–2. Dark Horse Books. ISBN 1-59582-567-3.

Other appearances
Beyond the Hellboy comic and its associated spinoffs, Hellboy has made appearances in other publications:

Great Salt Lake Comic-Con pamphlet
The character name "Hell Boy" was included in a drawing by Mike Mignola of a demon character in a black and white illustration, with the later recognized name appearing on the demon's belt buckle. This image, accompanied by a short biography of Mike Mignola and his latest creation, appeared in the pamphlet in 1991. It is the first published mention of the later recognized name. This image was reprinted in The Art of Hellboy. This image was also used to create the “First Hellboy” statue by Mondo Tees, in both black and white and full color.

Dime Press
A prototype incarnation of Hellboy appeared on the cover of Dime Press #4 (Glamour International Production, 1993), an obscure Italian fanzine, with "Hellboy©Mignola 93" written at the bottom of the cover. The cover, illustrated by Mignola and by the Italian artist Nicola Mari, shows Hellboy in the act of attacking a "diabolic" version of the Italian SF comic book character Nathan Never (with bat wings and pointed tail). Mari at the time was one of the artists that worked on Nathan Never, and the first two years of the life of this comic were the main topic of the fanzine. With the exception of the cover, there is no other mention of Hellboy within the fanzine. The character shown was still in a draft stage, and although close to the final design of Hellboy, it had gray skin and an outfit not common to the character.

San Diego Comic-Con Comics
Mike Mignola's Hellboy by Mike Mignola and John Byrne featured the character's first full appearance, and was a four-page black-and-white story that had an approximately 1,500 book print run. It was published by Dark Horse Comics in San Diego Comic-Con Comics #2 (August 1993) for distribution at the San Diego Comic-Con convention held in San Diego, California. It was also reprinted in The Comic's Buyers Guide #1069, along with an interview with creator Mike Mignola.

Hellboy travels to an American ghost town, where he encounters a mangy mutt that transforms into Anubis, the Ancient Egyptian god of mummification.

The story was collected in the trade paperback Hellboy: Seed of Destruction.

Next Men
Hellboy makes a guest appearance in John Byrne's Next Men #21 (Dark Horse Comics, December 1993); this is the first American appearance in a full-color cameo.

Comics Buyer's Guide
Mike Mignola's Hellboy: World's Greatest Paranormal Investigator by Mike Mignola and John Byrne featured the character's next solo appearance. It was published by Dark Horse Comics in a special four-page mini-comic for distribution in Comics Buyer's Guide #1,070 (May 20, 1994).

In the story Hellboy battles with the disembodied head of Nazi scientist Herman von Klempt and his puppet henchman Brutus the Gorilla to rescue a captive girl from the doctor's transference of nutrient fluids process.

The story was collected in the trade paperback Hellboy: Seed of Destruction.

Celebrate Diversity
Hi, My Name is Hellboy by Mike Mignola was a one-page panel ad that related the character's fictional origins. It was published by Diamond Comic Distributors in catalog supplement Celebrate Diversity collector's edition (October 1994). The ad was collected in the trade paperback The Art of Hellboy.

The Dark Horse Book of...
The Dark Horse Book of... was the banner title given to a series of four one-shot hardcover comic book horror anthologies produced annually by Dark Horse Comics between 2004 and 2007. Each issue contained a Hellboy story — “Dr. Carp’s Experiment” (2004), “The Troll Witch” (2005), “The Ghoul” (2006), and “The Hydra and The Lion” (2007). All four stories were collected into the trade paperback Hellboy: The Troll Witch and Others in 2007. The Dark Horse Book of... series itself was collected into The Dark Horse Book of Horror in 2017.

Hellboy: The First 20 Years was published on 1 April 2014.

Hellboy (2004)
The film was directed and co-written by Guillermo del Toro and starred Ron Perlman as Hellboy (the favorite of both del Toro and Mignola for the role), Selma Blair as Liz Sherman, Rupert Evans as FBI Special Agent John Myers (a character created for the film), John Hurt as Professor Trevor Bruttenholm, Doug Jones as Abe Sapien (voiced by an uncredited David Hyde Pierce), Karel Roden as Grigori Rasputin, and Jeffrey Tambor as FBI Senior Special Agent Tom Manning. The film depicts Hellboy as living at the BPRD with a dozen cats and limited access to the outside world, and considered an urban legend by the general populace.

Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
A sequel, Hellboy II: The Golden Army, was shot in Budapest by Guillermo del Toro and released in 2008, with Perlman and Blair returning. Jones also returned as Abe Sapien (undubbed this time), and also in two other roles: The Angel of Death and The Chamberlain. Revolution Studios had planned on making the film (which Columbia Pictures was to distribute), but the studio went out of business before filming. Universal Studios then picked it up. The plot is a shift to more folklore rather than action, with heavy European overtones. The character of Johann Kraus was added to the team, voiced by Seth MacFarlane. The character Roger the Homunculus was not, but he was written into the plot as a very prominent character in early drafts of the script. The character of Agent Myers from the first film does not return, his absence being explained by Liz remarking that Hellboy had him transferred to Antarctica out of jealousy. Hellboy also reveals himself to the outside world in this film, and Liz is revealed to be pregnant with his children, twins. On November 11, 2008, Hellboy II: The Golden Army was released on DVD.

Cancelled third film
A sequel for Hellboy II: The Golden Army was in development in 2009, entitled Hellboy III: Dark Worlds. Guillermo del Toro was slated to return as the film's director and writer. Ron Perlman, Doug Jones, Seth MacFarlane, Selma Blair and Jeffrey Tambor were set to reprise their roles. In the sequel, Hellboy would live his normal life as a father for his two newborn twins with Liz Sherman, but also has to face an extremely powerful enemy who wishes to rule and bring the darkness upon Earth. In 2017, it was announced that the sequel was canceled due to the difficulty of funding the film, and a reboot would happen instead.

However, in July 2019, Perlman said that he would still love to finish the trilogy with del Toro, ignoring the reboot and that he thought it could happen if financing could be found.

Hellboy (2019)
In May 2017, Mignola announced Millennium Media's plans for an R-rated reboot, at the time titled Hellboy: Rise of the Blood Queen, with David Harbour as the titular character and Neil Marshall directing from a script by Andrew Cosby, Christopher Golden and Mignola. The film draws inspiration from Darkness Calls, The Wild Hunt, The Storm and the Fury, and Hellboy in Mexico. The film, later retitled as Hellboy, was released on April 12, 2019 to negative reviews. It grossed $55.1 million against a $50 million production budget, with several media outlets declaring it a box office bomb. In 2022, Marshall decried the film, calling it the "worst profession experience" of his life due to creative control being taken from him by the producers and that the script was not salvageable, concluding that "there's nothing of me in that movie."

Hellboy: The Crooked Man (2024)
In February 2023, Millennium Media announced plans for another reboot titled Hellboy: The Crooked Man, the first in a potential series of films. Brian Taylor is to direct from a script by Mignola and Golden, based on the 2008 comic of the same name, with Jack Kesy as Hellboy.

Animated films
On November 9, 2005, IDT Entertainment issued a press release announcing that the company had licensed the rights to develop "animated content for television and home entertainment" based on the Hellboy comic. Ron Perlman (Hellboy), Selma Blair (Liz Sherman), Doug Jones (Abe Sapien) and John Hurt (Professor Trevor "Broom" Bruttenholm) have all voiced their respective characters. Actress Peri Gilpin joined the cast as Professor Kate Corrigan.

The first two 75-minute animated films, Sword of Storms and Blood and Iron, were aired on Cartoon Network before being released on DVD. The first one aired on October 28, 2006, and the second aired on March 17, 2007.

Both stories have much more in common with the comic book Hellboy rather than the film — Abe Sapien is not psychic, for example, and the artwork and color palette is derived more from Mignola's original artwork. The DVD of Sword of Storms was released on February 6, 2007; it contains documentary material, commentary, and a Hellboy comic, "Phantom Limbs". Blood and Iron similarly contains a comic called "The Yearning".

After the initial release, some stores included exclusive giveaways with copies of the Hellboy Animated: Blood and Iron DVD:
 * Best Buy: A 7" Hellboy figure
 * Walmart: An 80-page digest titled The Judgment Bell
 * Transworld: A 64-page Hellboy Digest
 * Infinity: A Lobster Johnson magnet
 * Circuit City – A Hellboy "Bust-Up"

A "Hellboy 2 Pak" limited edition DVD set was released July 1, 2008, that contained both films and a 7" figure.

A third animated Hellboy film, The Phantom Claw, has been put on hold. Tad Stones, director and writer of the direct-to-video films, says the film will star Lobster Johnson and will have some familiar characters, but Abe and Liz will not be in the film (at least not as main characters).

Novels and anthologies
Christopher Golden has written several novels about the character, the first two of which, The Lost Army and The Bones of Giants, are part of the official Hellboy story canon. The events of both these novels are listed in the comic's official timeline featured in Hellboy: The Companion. In particular, the Golden-penned character of Anastasia Bransfield was also described in the companion, despite having never actually appeared in a comic.

 * 1) Hellboy: The Lost Army (written by Christopher Golden, cover and other illustrations by Mike Mignola, 1997)
 * 2) Hellboy: Odd Jobs (by editor Christopher Golden, writers include Stephen R. Bissette, Greg Rucka, Nancy A. Collins, and Poppy Z. Brite; with an introduction by Mike Mignola. Milwaukie: Dark Horse Comics, Inc., ISBN 1-56971-440-1, December 1999)
 * 3) Hellboy: The Bones of Giants (written by Christopher Golden, cover and other illustrations by Mike Mignola, 2001)
 * 4) Hellboy: Odder Jobs (by editor Christopher Golden, writers include Frank Darabont, Guillermo del Toro, Charles de Lint, Graham Joyce, Sharyn McCrumb, James Cambias, and Richard Dean Starr, October 2004)
 * 5) Hellboy: On Earth As It Is In Hell (written by Brian Hodge, cover by Mike Mignola, September 2005)
 * 6) Hellboy: Unnatural Selection (written by Tim Lebbon, cover by Mike Mignola, March 2006)
 * 7) Hellboy: The God Machine (written by Thomas E. Sniegoski, cover by Mike Mignola, July 2006)
 * 8) Hellboy: The Dragon Pool (written by Christopher Golden, cover by Mike Mignola, March 2007)
 * 9) Hellboy: Emerald Hell (written by Tom Piccirilli, cover by Mike Mignola, February 2008)
 * 10) Hellboy: The All-Seeing Eye (written by Mark Morris, cover by Mike Mignola, October 2008)
 * 11) Hellboy: Oddest Jobs (by editor Christopher Golden, writers include Joe R. Lansdale, China Miéville, Barbara Hambly, Ken Bruen, Amber Benson, and Tad Williams, July 2008)
 * 12) Hellboy: The Fire Wolves (written by Tim Lebbon, cover by Mike Mignola, April 2009)
 * 13) Hellboy: The Ice Wolves (written by Mark Chadbourn, cover by Duncan Fegredo, September 2009)
 * 14) Hellboy: An Assortment of Horrors (2017)

Video games
A Hellboy video game called Hellboy: Dogs of the Night, developed by Cryo Interactive, was released in 2000 for Microsoft Windows. It was ported to PlayStation as Hellboy: Asylum Seeker with David Gasman voicing Hellboy.

On April 6, 2005, Hellboy director Guillermo del Toro announced on his official site that he had made a deal with the developer Konami to create a new Hellboy video game based on the film version of the character and his world, featuring new monsters, new villains, and a new storyline. Herman von Klempt and his war ape Kriegaffe #10 were slated to make appearances. On May 9, 2006, it was revealed that the Hellboy game would appear in the summer of 2007, on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PlayStation Portable. The game was released in North America on June 24, 2008 with the name Hellboy: The Science of Evil with Ron Perlman reprising his role. It is developed by Krome Studios, and published by Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc. As well as single-player campaign where the player gets to play as Hellboy the game also features co-op play, featuring the characters Abe Sapien and Liz Sherman. Two additional levels and Lobster Johnson as a playable character (voiced by Bruce Campbell) as DLC were developed but were unreleased.

A Hellboy video game called Hellboy II: The Golden Army – Tooth Fairy Terror was released for the iPhone by Tuesday Creative on January 14, 2009.

Hellboy is a playable DLC character in Injustice 2, voiced by Bruce Barker, as part of the "Fighter Pack 2". The character was released for download on Tuesday, November 14, 2017. He is brought to the Injustice universe by Brainiac who decides to add him to his collection as he is fascinated by Hellboy's human-like mind and personality despite being a demon. In his ending, Hellboy escapes from Brainiac's collection and defeats him. As a result, he is asked to assist in rounding up local supervillains before eventually returning to the B.P.R.D. but finds his work there unfulfilling and ends up retiring to Africa.

Hellboy appeared as a playable character in Brawlhalla.

A Hellboy roguelike video game, titled Hellboy: Web of Wyrd, was released on October 18, 2023 by developer Upstream Arcade. It is available on Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. Lance Reddick voices the title character and it was one of his final productions prior to his death. The game is dedicated in his memory.

Tabletop games
In 2002, Hellboy Sourcebook and Roleplaying Game was published by Steve Jackson Games using their GURPS role-playing system, in both softcover and hardback.

Mantic Games released a Hellboy: The Board Game in 2019, after a successful crowdfunding campaign.

In 2020, Mantic Games followed up the boardgame with another Hellboy Kickstarter campaign, this time for a new Hellboy roleplaying game, using D&D 5E as a base for the game rules. The roleplaying game is aiming for a March 2021 release.

Awards
The miniseries Hellboy: Conqueror Worm won a 2002 Eisner Award for "Best Limited Series", while The Art of Hellboy won an Eisner in 2004 for "Best Comics-Related Book". Mignola won a 2000 Harvey Award for "Best Artist", based on Hellboy: Box Full of Evil. Hellboy: Darkness Calls won a 2007 Eagle Award for "Favourite Colour Comicbook – American".

The character Hellboy was nominated for "Favourite Comics Character" at the 2004 and 2005 Eagle Awards. Other Eagle Award nominations include "Favourite Comics Story published during 2007" for Hellboy: Darkness Calls, and "Favourite Comics Hero".

The comics writer Alan Moore listed Hellboy on his recommendations page, particularly Wake the Devil (Vol. 2), calling it "the skillful cutting and the setting of the stone that we can see Mignola's sharp contemporary sensibilities at work".

In March 2009, Hellboy won two categories in the fan voted Project Fanboy Awards for 2008: "Best Indy Hero" and "Best Indy Character".

In 2011, Hellboy was ranked 25th of the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes by IGN.

Merchandise
On May 22, 2017, Dark Horse Comics, XXX Distillery LLC, and Prestige Imports LLC officially released Hellboy Hell Water Cinnamon Whiskey, a small batch, naturally-flavored whiskey.

title: Hellboy


text:
Talk:Compendium

What do we think?
So, what do we think of this? Personally, I have to say it feels very low on content, as though we're stretching to find things to say about compendia. But I'm open to hearing other perspectives. Jwrosenzweig 17:38, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I didn't actually stretch for content at all in making it. There were components of compendium that wikipedia brought up that needed to be resolved so I added them as headings. As a side effect, I proved that even what you would think is a simple definition can have sublevels. Bensaccount 17:55, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. I think the sublevels feel arbitrary and contrived.  I do understand that there could be difference of opinion, however, and am interested in what others feel about this. If I am overwhelmingly outvoted, I will of course concede the point. Jwrosenzweig 17:56, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry to sound harsh, but my first impression on reading the article was that it's probably just one of those things you have to be stoned to get. Mkweise 22:34, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You are right, I took out those links to "cosmos" and "human mind". I didn't get much sleep before I wrote this. Bensaccount 18:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Other sublevels of compendium:
 * The definition page is is major dissaray has been improved by User:dbuckner.
 * The meaning page seems well done but could be simplified.
 * The word page needs some disambiguation.
 * The association page needs disambiguation.
 * The link to human mind could be replaced with something else (im not sure exactly), or that page could be created.
 * The tradition page seems ok.
 * I like the sound page at first glance.

I found most of the article to be incomprehensible and deleted large parts. Unless someone feels compelled to improve this, the article should eventually be deleted and wikilinks to compendium should become wiktionary links. Lambiam 11:01, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Dbuckner has improved the definition article. --72.128.107.62 17:16, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Should this page mention that Wikipedia is a "megacompendium"? -- Escape Artist Swyer Talk to me The mess I've made 00:03, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

The meaning of the term....
by Rekawt Omar Barznjy --222.64.219.102 (talk) 07:14, 3 March 2010 (UTC) by Rekawt Omar Barznjy by Rekawt Omar Barznjy by Rekawt Omar Barznjy by Rekawt Omar Barznjy
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=compendium&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_sdt=1.&as_sdtp=on&as_sdts=5&hl=en

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

The term of non-compendium is created based on the following....
--222.67.201.249 (talk) 04:34, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22non+compendium%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22non-compendium%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

--222.67.201.249 (talk) 04:39, 4 March 2010 (UTC) by Rekawt Omar Barznjy
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22non+compendial%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0
 * http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22non-compendial%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy

by Rekawt Omar Barznjy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.126.99.36 (talk) 19:48, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Any takers ?
Greetings,

A bit different topic. We all know Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. While every 11 January Wikipedia adds up one more year to it's age, encyclopedias and Compendiums too add up a year more to their much longer history.

When did you last visited wikipedia articles Encyclopedia Compendium and History of encyclopedias? What is their status ? When I visited those the last two are tagged for lack citations. In Encyclopedia section too almost six paragraphs are missing in citations.
 * 1) After reading all three articles on Wikipedia as a reader I do not get information what a reader of an encyclopedia is supposed to expect from encyclopedia or readers part many commercial encyclopedias might have done marketing putting those points forward so can one find any such information in any source? (I am not expecting discourses of Wikipedians but discourses of Non Wikipedian intellectuals or marketeers of traditional encyclopedias.
 * 2) Another missing point is how an encyclopedic entry needs to be written features tools challenges etc. again not Wikipedian point of views but editorial or intellectual discourses of traditional encyclopedias writers or editors.
 * 3) How an ideal Compendium and Encyclopedia content quality is supposed to look like (beyond it's alphabetical etc organizational aspects) again not Wikipedian point of views but editorial or intellectual discourses of traditional encyclopedias writers or editors with critique of some Compendium and Encyclopedia.
 * 4) Is there any (Non Wikipedia) source that would say or suggest Compendium and Encyclopedia as  'up to date' state of information / knowledge ?

Does this supposed to concerns women? May be and may not be, depends how one looks at it. At minimum as most in this project focus largely on biographies may be biographies of women who contributed to Encyclopedias and Compendiums may interest. Personally, I do see it one more angle, some of contributors may be facing hurdles of some strange Wikipedia rules and in course of time internalizing them, what was participation of women in forming all those rules ? Whether all of them are logical and fair enough to women? or few of them are avoidable hurdles? If one works on the topic then handling systemic biases will become easier? If no one worked on the topic then that is good opportunity to work on.

Actually one anon IP helped with a list of sources too on Wikipedia:Reference desk/Humanities. If topic interests some one following is list of sources with which one can support the articles.

 * Sanford, Eva (1949) Famous Latin Encyclopaedias
 * Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1952) A History of Bibliographic Classification in China
 * Preece, Warren (1965) The Organization of Knowledge and the Planning of Encyclopaedias: The Case of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica"
 * Sullivan, Lawrence (1990) Circumscribing Knowledge: Encyclopedias in Historical Perspective
 * Burke, Peter (1996) Reflections on the history of encyclopaedias
 * Binkley, Peter (ed.) (1996) Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts.
 * Fowler, Robert (1996) Encyclopaedias: definitions and theoretical problems
 * Twomey, Michael (1996) Towards a reception history of western medieval encyclopaedias in England before 1500
 * Harvey, Steven (1998) The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy
 * Stockwell, Foster (2000) A History of Information Storage and Retrieval
 * Toshio, Yokoyama (2007) Some notes on the history of Japanese traditional household encyclopedias
 * Würth, Stefanie (2008) Historiography and Pseudo-History
 * Burke, Peter (2013). A Social History of Knowledge.
 * Hope this is a helpful start. If you can’t read any of the paywalled articles, you can request them at WP:RX because you are using them to improve Wikipedia.

Any takers for the task?

Thanks and warm regards

Bookku (talk) 06:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Compendium


text:
User:Ebonmuse

At the time of Richard Feynman's death, written on his blackboard at Caltech were the words: "Know how to solve every problem that has been solved." Suffice it to say that I sympathize very strongly with that motto.

My interests include biology, astronomy, neurology, archaeology and classical literature, but in general they're oriented more towards whatever I happen to be reading at the moment.

I have a website of sorts at: http://www.ebonmusings.org

title: User:Ebonmuse


text:
Talk:Korail

Gauge?
What gauge is this railroad? --Ragemanchoo (talk) 23:04, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The gauge is all standard one. There used to be a limited narrow gauge leg, but service was terminated 13 years ago and the track is abandoned. There are still great deal of narrow gauge tracks remaining not utilized.Vnvnfls (talk) 03:10, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Official Name
Korail's Oficial Name is Korea Railroad Corporation. So I suggest Korail move to Korea Railroad Corporation. Please participate Changing name suggestion.--FREEZA (talk) 11:43, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Is this necessary? The American National Railroad Passenger Corporation is at Amtrak, the common name, and it works just fine. —   AjaxSmack   22:18, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * No response or further participation? Then, oppose per WP:UCN. —   AjaxSmack   04:09, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Closing as no consensus to move. The common name does appear to be Korail. The nominator is active on other Wikis and isn't a native English speaker. He/she may not have been aware of the naming conventions here. Dekimasu よ! 03:25, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korail


text:
Talk:Pumsa

Title
What would people think of renaming this article to simply "Pumsa"? There are no other articles with this name at the moment, and it seems to fulfil our naming guidelines fairly well. Would anyone have any objections to this? —  Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 08:02, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * It sounds good to me. The only thing is, I'm not sure whether this article shouldn't eventually be merged into something else. But for the interim, that's a better name. I'll go ahead and change it. JohnDavidWard (talk) 19:52, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * If you think it should be merged with something else, then I say go ahead and do it. This topic area seems understaffed by editors, so here it will pay to be bold in making your changes. Best —  Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 14:44, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pumsa


text:
Talk:Korean shamanism

comments
Korean Shamanism has about a million adherents in China.

Is this meant to indicate that all one million ethnic-Korean Chinese people are shamanism followers? Is there a source? -Baixue

Shamans consider themselves Buddhists
It seems like it might be kind of hard to say how many people hold shamanism as their religion, since, when asked, most people who practice it self-identify as Buddhist. In fact, of course, the two co-exist--shamanic gods (some of whom are Buddhist or Taoist) for day-to-day, Buddhas for more ultimate concerns like salvation after death.

Maybe people with a Western view of religion (as in, you're either Christian or Jewish or Muslim or atheist or neopagan, but not any two at once) aren't the best people to collect data on Asian religion. Look at the hash that idea has made of the statistics on Shinto. Under normal circumstances, nobody but the most devout self-identify as any one thing, except for Christians. 71.223.169.27 01:47, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's a good point. However, I would note that the Choson Dynasty did try to impose one religion (Confucianism) on Korea to the exclusion of both Shamanism and Buddhism.  We can really only report what reliable sources say about this topic.  I believem, based on the note at the bottom of the article, that most of the current text comes from a public source document from the Libary of Congress Country Studies series. I'm in the process of trying to rewrite this on the basis of a monograph written by a professor at Kyung Hee University.  JChap2007 02:15, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Small issues with writing; otherwise, immensely better
In general, I cannot praise the improvements to this article enough. Some actual depth in an article about Korea is a breath of fresh air; too many of the Korea articles just seem to be content with a big table or list, and precious little explanation. See, for example, the article on Korean honorifics. The shamanism article used to be little more than that, just a list of some gut without a scrap of detail about what, specifically, a shaman does.

That said, hanja for as many terms as hanja exist for would be quite helpful (apparently gut doesn't have one). They're useful in showing a) the syllable breaks in words, and b) the precise meanings of words. For instance, until I saw it written in Hanja, I just assumed the psychopomps god, Saja, meant "Death something," possibly Death Child (死子); imagine my surprise to discover it means something along the lines of "agent, messenger" (使者).

Also, isn't it the Wikipedia policy to use Revised Romanization? Don't sweat that too much, though. Nagakura shin8 20:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the kind words. I don't know much hanja and cannot type it (nor can I type hangul for that matter), so in the best tradition of sofixit, feel free to add hanja characters where appropriate. However, as shamanism is a native/Siberian-derived rather than being borrowed by the Koreans from China, it wouldn't surprise me if none of the words that are used to discuss it were Sino-Korean. If the words aren't Sino-Korean, they will not have associated hanja characters. ObiterDicta ( pleadings • errata • appeals ) 03:42, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I mean the compliments; it's much improved. Actually, though, a surprising number of Shamanic terms have hanja, at least for parts of the words.  "Mudang" for instance is 巫堂.
 * I have no problem with going through and adding hanja for words I know the hanja for (the above, for instance), but I'd really like hanja for the types of shaman, as those are terms I'd never encountered before. Possibly someone more acquainted with the hanja for this specialized area can help?  Nagakura shin8 18:37, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * A quick search on http://alldic.empas.com reveals the following: 강신무 (Kangshinmu) = 降神巫 (Shamans characterised by the possession of a spirit/god - i.e. a charismatic shaman); and Sessŭmu = 世襲巫 (hereditary shamans). Please feel free to add this to the article if you so wish! I don't want to just unilaterally make changes. Although...if no one says anything in a week, I'll just go ahead and make the changes.. Dark_chancellor 10:37, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Issue with this passage in the "Origins" section
" Shamanism has its roots in ancient, land-based cultures, dating at least as far back as 40,000 years. ..... During a trance, the shaman’s soul left his body and travelled to other realms, where helping spirits guided him in his work."

From my research (I'll provide the source later when I get a chance to find it) there is no form astral travel in Korean Shamanism but rather the opposit where the shaman allows the dieties from other realms to enter her body for spiritual guidance and insight.

-Bill July 27, 2007

Refimprove tag
I've added a refimprove tag to this page because the entire page is sourced by one book: Korean Shamanism—Muism. Other references would be more than helpful. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 04:48, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

If I had the time, I'd add my contributions from other sources; but in the meantime, if anyone DOES have the time, I would suggest using Don Baker's Religions of Korea in Practice, Korean Spirituality, and Laurel Kendall's The Life and Hard Times of a Korean Shaman. Being not well-read in this field, I don't know what other books are out there; but given that Baker is a respected historian, and Kendall is a respected anthropologist, I believe that an article that includes their works is at least better than an article based entirely on one source. — Dark_chancellor 10:30, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

The part about the word 'shaman'
WHAT does that have to do with Korean culture? The Korean word for shamans is 무당 (Mudang). I don't think those two words are related to each other. If anyone has to say anything about the removal, say it. --119.149.173.53 (talk) 09:33, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

I think you're looking too much into what the English word might mean. Academia refers to a lot of people from folk religions who communicate with (or are possessed by for the purposes of communication with) deities as shamans. This is not to say that Siberian shamans are the same as Mongolian shamans, and thus are the same as Korean shamans. That's like saying Sri Lankan Buddhists are the same as Tibetan Buddhist, and thus are the same as Japanese Buddhists. Think of "shamans" as being an umbrella term that encompasses a large group of people who share the trait of "being an elite group whereby its members have the special ability to communicate with supernatural beings." I hope that helps. — Dark_chancellor 12:44, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

I meant that the origin of the word 'shaman' has nothing to do with actual Korean Shamanism.--Younghyun1 (talk) 12:39, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I think I'll have to ask you to expand on that a little more; I'm having a little trouble understanding what you mean. Sorry about that. — Dark_chancellor 11:36, 31 January 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dark chancellor (talk • contribs)

I didn't explain clearly. I'll explain again. Here's the removed part from the original article.

The word "shaman" derives from Siberia and Central Asia, from the Tungusic saman. The term has been applied widely to refer to those experiences best described in Mircea Eliade’s classic work, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Eliade calls shamanism a “technique of ecstasy”, not to be confused with other forms of magic, sorcery or even experiences of religious ecstasy.

Sure, Korean mudangs can be called shamans, but my point is, what does the origin of the word 'shaman' have to do with Korean Shamanism?--119.149.173.53 (talk) 06:12, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Are you there?--Younghyun1 (talk) 09:49, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Article image
The image shows what a typical Korean shamanistic ritual would look like, including the bit with cross-gender aesthetics, but shouldn't it show a female shaman as opposed to a more rarely seen male shamans? The fact that mudangs are predominantly female seems a distinctive enough characteristic that I think the article image should reflect it... Though this isn't to say that baksu mudangs are in any way inferior or unqualified. Just not as prototypical. --70.94.212.86 (talk) 07:52, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

A Male Mudang
A Male Mudang is a Pansu, not a Mudang. It's like saying a Male Waitress--uhh... that's a waiter. Fixing it. I hope someone does sweeps in the actual article as well as the caption.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 15:51, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

 * The male mudang is Baksu... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.189.246.84 (talk) 18:42, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Initiation causes illness or cures it? One or the other it cannot be both.
Clarify this, it is the kangshinmu who undergo the self-loss which causes a manic psychotic episode otherwise similar to a kundalini awakening psychosis. Hyun-key Kim Hogarth in her book Kut: Happiness Through Recriprocity makes the case clear that beyond being a psychotic episode, that the self-loss is a sacrifice of 'ki', of vitae or lifeforce energy. Similar in principle to acupuncture. P.S., Dr. Wilhelm Reich was a western scientist who studied orgone, a LifeForce he theorized to be held within muscular tension. the British Spiritualists as well were interested in eastern religion and yoga. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is very clear in his History of Spiritualism book that it is a sacrifice of 'ki' or 'prana' that causes mania in the medium and starts the initiation.

The research done into spiritism has been very clear on this for over 100yrs so please clarify — Preceding unsigned comment added by Troll ov Grimness (talk • contribs) 19:50, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Central Asia
Why should this article and related ones have a WikiProject Central Asia template? Korea is not even close to Central Asia.--DThomsen8 (talk) 00:49, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

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신교 means both "Shinism" (i.e. shamanism) and "Protestantism"
신교 (S(h)ingyo or S(h)inkyo) means both "Shinism" ("religion of the spirits", cf. Korean Culture 1998 p. 33 / Korean Journal 1985 p. 22) and "Protestantism" in Korean, although in the case of Protestantism it is a shortening of Gaesingyo (개신교), which means "renewed spiritual teaching (within Christianity)". This overlap is interesting, and may explain the large % of South Koreans identifying as believers of "Protestantism" in censuses.--Aethelwolf Emsworth (talk) 13:48, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm glad you created the terminology section, because I think the article really needed it. However, I have not found any sources in Korean using 신교 to mean shamanism. (I only looked at modern dictionaries and encyclopedias though, so it's possible it's out there in scholarly works or older texts.) 무속 and 무교 are the terms I've come across most frequently in Korean sources, which is why I put them at the top of the article. Again, it's possible they're not the most common terms in English-language scholarship. Just wanted to explain my edits in more detail. Best, Lenoresm (talk) 16:41, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi . "S(h)inkyo/-gyo//-ism" and "Sindo" are frequently mentioned in thorough English-language academic scholarship about the topic, attesting a long tradition of this name in spoken Korean. As the sources say, it means an indigenous "belief in spirits", i.e. Korean folk religion, which contains shamanism. Based on a quick Google search for 신교, it seems that it is used on a variety of websites to refer to the indigenous religion practised at shrines (similar to Japanese Shinto, though far less important in Korea due to historical circumstances and hindrances). "Korean shamanism", which we use as the title of the article, is surely the most used in generalist sources because the leaders of this "religion of the spirits" are the shamans. 무속/무교, which are "shamanic practice" and "Muism", are indeed frequently used for the same reason.--Aethelwolf Emsworth (talk) 21:46, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

To create: redirect from Shinism
To create: a redirect to this article from Shinism. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 19:24, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Black magic?
Korean black magic should be mentioned in the article as well. Black Magic (마법- Mabob)

Also alternative terms: “muism and shaman mudang” (무당巫堂).

Ted 2607:FEA8:4A2:4100:918D:B2E1:3F13:E888 (talk) 07:35, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Korean Characters needed
Korean characters are needed eg like in the "Talismans and divination" section for "pujuk (bujeok)".

... An important component of the mudang's role is to produce talismans called pujǒk (bujeok)

Without the Korean characters English terms used in the article is no good. Its needed through out article not just in some areas. For translation accuracy.

Ed 2607:FEA8:4A2:4100:918D:B2E1:3F13:E888 (talk) 07:50, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Also romanizations used need to be standardized. I standardized a few (now uses "kut" consistently), but there are a few stragglers. I think the article should mostly use McCune Reischauer, with the exceptions being if any existing article uses Revised Romanization. toobigtokale (talk) 06:05, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean shamanism


text:
Talk:Television in South Korea

Launch dates
Is the "launch date" of a station the first date it went on the air, or something else?

The following launch dates are copiously documented for (most of) the South Korean networks:

KBS (KBS1) - 1961 December 31

TBC (became KBS2) - 1964 December 7

MBC - 1969 August 8

KBS2 expropriated from TBC - 1980 December 1

SBS - 1991 December 9

See please the footnotes in the article "Korean drama" sv "History" (the only date above not given *and footnoted* in that article is the 1980 one for KBS2). Also see please the Korea Times for the relevant dates, except for KBS (1) which it didn't cover until the following October, and TBC which it didn't cover for the first week. Note the prominence of commemorative programming on the first dates of MBC and SBS.

I'm not correcting this article at this time just in case a "launch date" is actually the date a network got a license, or opened a corporate office, or held a parade, or whatever. But if it's first date on the air, the only date listed above that agrees with the article is the KBS2 one. Which leaves me suspicious of the claimed launch dates of EBS and the local stations, too.

Joe Bernstein  joe@sfbooks.com   not a registered Wikipedian, but author of the history section mentioned

66.212.78.203 (talk) 18:43, 7 January 2014 (UTC) 66.212.78.203 (talk) 18:44, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

BTS V
Where's he ? 110.39.77.17 (talk) 17:24, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television in South Korea


text:
Interesting number paradox

The interesting number paradox is a humorous paradox which arises from the attempt to classify every natural number as either "interesting" or "uninteresting". The paradox states that every natural number is interesting. The "proof" is by contradiction: if there exists a non-empty set of uninteresting natural numbers, there would be a smallest uninteresting number – but the smallest uninteresting number is itself interesting because it is the smallest uninteresting number, thus producing a contradiction.

"Interestingness" concerning numbers is not a formal concept in normal terms, but an innate notion of "interestingness" seems to run among some number theorists. Famously, in a discussion between the mathematicians G. H. Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan about interesting and uninteresting numbers, Hardy remarked that the number 1729 of the taxicab he had ridden seemed "rather a dull one", and Ramanujan immediately answered that it is interesting, being the smallest number that is the sum of two cubes in two different ways.

Paradoxical nature
Attempting to classify all numbers this way leads to a paradox or an antinomy of definition. Any hypothetical partition of natural numbers into interesting and uninteresting sets seems to fail. Since the definition of interesting is usually a subjective, intuitive notion, it should be understood as a semi-humorous application of self-reference in order to obtain a paradox.

The paradox is alleviated if "interesting" is instead defined objectively: for example, the smallest natural number that does not appear in an entry of the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) was originally found to be 11630 on 12 June 2009. The number fitting this definition later became 12407 from November 2009 until at least November 2011, then 13794 as of April 2012, until it appeared in sequence as of 3 November 2012. Since November 2013, that number was 14228, at least until 14 April 2014. In May 2021, the number was 20067. (This definition of uninteresting is possible only because the OEIS lists only a finite number of terms for each entry. For instance, is the sequence of all natural numbers, and if continued indefinitely would contain all positive integers. As it is, the sequence is recorded in its entry only as far as 77.) Depending on the sources used for the list of interesting numbers, a variety of other numbers can be characterized as uninteresting in the same way. For instance, the mathematician and philosopher Alex Bellos suggested in 2014 that a candidate for the lowest uninteresting number would be 224 because it was, at the time, "the lowest number not to have its own page on [the English-language version of] Wikipedia".

However, as there are many significant results in mathematics that make use of self-reference (such as Gödel's incompleteness theorems), the paradox illustrates some of the power of self-reference, and thus touches on serious issues in many fields of study. The paradox can be related directly to Gödel's incompleteness theorems if one defines an "interesting" number as one that can be computed by a program that contains fewer bits than the number itself. Similarly, instead of trying to quantify the subjective feeling of interestingness, one can consider the length of a phrase needed to specify a number. For example, the phrase "the least number not expressible in fewer than eleven words" sounds like it should identify a unique number, but the phrase itself contains only ten words, and so the number identified by the phrase would have an expression in fewer than eleven words after all. This is known as the Berry paradox.

History
In 1945, Edwin F. Beckenbach published a short letter in The American Mathematical Monthly suggesting that"One might conjecture that there is an interesting fact concerning each of the positive integers. Here is a 'proof by induction' that such is the case. Certainly, 1, which is a factor of each positive integer, qualifies, as do 2, the smallest prime; 3, the smallest odd prime; 4, Bieberbach's number; etc. Suppose the set S of positive integers concerning each of which there is no interesting fact is not vacuous, and let k be the smallest member of S. But this is a most interesting fact concerning k! Hence S has no smallest member and therefore is vacuous. Is the proof valid?"

Constance Reid included the paradox in the 1955 first edition of her popular mathematics book From Zero to Infinity, but removed it from later editions. Martin Gardner presented the paradox as a "fallacy" in his Scientific American column in 1958, including it with six other "astonishing assertions" whose purported proofs were also subtly erroneous. A 1980 letter to The Mathematics Teacher mentions a jocular proof that "all natural numbers are interesting" having been discussed three decades earlier. In 1977, Greg Chaitin referred to Gardner's statement of the paradox and pointed out its relation to an earlier paradox of Bertrand Russell on the existence of a smallest undefinable ordinal (despite the fact that all sets of ordinals have a smallest element and that "the smallest undefinable ordinal" would appear to be a definition).

In The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers (1987), David Wells commented that 39 "appears to be the first uninteresting number", a fact that made it "especially interesting", and thus 39 must be simultaneously interesting and dull.

title: Interesting number paradox


text:
Talk:Workers' Party of Korea/Archive 1

Removed quotation marks. Seen too many of them in old Taiwanese newspapers talking about the Beijing "government" and new Beijing newspapers talking about the Taiwanese "legislature".

Roadrunner 22:21, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

Removed the quotes again. It's far better to say something explicitly than to say leave it implied, but keep in mind that

 * the parties did merge. Whether it was a coerced merger or a bogus merger, is a another matter, and if it was coerced or bogus, it should be stated explicitly.

 * I don't know much about the history of the KWP. However, I do know that in other cases (Poland and East Germany) there was a genuine merger in which two or three smaller leftist parties did merge to form a Stalinist uber-party.  (In the case of East Germany, it was a merger between the KPD and the SPD.  In the case of Poland, it was the PWP and PSP).  While the new Stalinist uber-party was your standard communist dictatorship, it was a real merger in the sense that members of the former parties did share power more or less equally in the merged party.  I also know of cases (China, Vietnam, and Czechslovakia) where the dominant party effectively took over the smaller ones.

Now do you know enough about the history of the KWP to know which of the two it was? Also do you know enough about the KWP to know what they officially try to portray it as?

Roadrunner 05:23, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Roadrunner:

 * The use of quotes to imply scepticism or irony in the use of a word or expression is widely accepted and extremely common. If you don't like the practice you are free not to use it in your own writing. But you have no right to go through other people's writing reversing it, any more than I have the right to impose my personal orthographic preferences on your writing. In any case if you are going to reverse it throughout Wikipedia you will be very busy for some years.

 * If you are going to edit articles, try to pay some attention to the consequences of your edits. By inserting your text about mergers, you created a paragraph that did not flow logically from the previous one, which I have had to fix.

 * The merger between the KPD and an element of the eastern SPD led by Grotewohl was not coerced, but then it only involved a minority faction of the SPD. It was repudiated by the great majority of the SPD even in the east. The so-called merger of the Polish CP and the PSP was completely bogus - it only involved Cyrankiewicz and a handful of other careerists. Most of the PSP (not much of which had survived the war anyway) emigrated or went underground.

 * I have seen the names of the groups that the Korean CP merged with to form the KWP but I don't recall them and didn't consider it important enough to name them in the text. They were very small groups anyway - the "merger" was done to provide a figleaf of united frontedness for CP rule.

Adam 07:43, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Adam: Skepticism and irony are opinion. They make the article POV and thus remove its encyclopedic value.  Implying skepticism and irony is even worse, because it introduces concealed opinion into the article and essentially turns it into propaganda.  If there's reason to distrust the official line, it's better to simply say why. -- Sekicho 17:20, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

- is the Korea Workers party active in the south???

The old Korean Communist Party was suppressed in the south during and after the Korean War. The DPRK presumably has agents in the south but I have never heard of communism having any domestic support there. There are plenty of radical students who like throwing rocks at police but they all become Daewoo executives when they graduate. Adam 05:26, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * The KWP isn't active in the South, but pro-DPRK groupings in the ROK and Japan established the National Democratic Front of South Korea, which supports the KWP line in the South. Here's their website if anyone wants a good laugh. http://ndfsk.dyndns.org/kuguk8/pym/0000/index.htm 172 11:53, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The old Communist Party had a degree of support in the South but was virtually non-existent in the north. When the Soviets occupied the northern part of Korea they bascially created a party from scratch using Soviet Koreans (who had were ethnic Koreans born in the USSR) and guerillas such as Kim Il Sung who had spent time in the USSR (Kim was actually a Captain in the Red Army). Initially the North Korean Communists were nominally under the authority of the Communist Party based in Seoul and the southern CP actually was relatively successful in destablising South Korea and running a low-impact guerilla campaign. This was supressed by the Americans who put Syngman Rhee in charge. Under increased repression most of the southern Korean Communists fled to the North. Ultimately, it was decided that the DPKK would be set up not as a North Korean soviet state but as a state based in North Korea that claimed the entire peninsula (Seoul was the official capital of the DPKK until 1972). The Rhee regime in the South similarly claimed jurisdiction over the entire peninnsula. AndyL 19:08, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Are we to assume that Alexei Ivanovich Hagai and A I Hagai are the same person? If so, why is he wikified under both versions of his name? Is "Hegia" also the same person? If so, this needs to be fixed. It also needs to be explained whether he was a Russian (and if he was, how a Russian came to be a leader of the Korean Communist Party), or a Korean with a Russian pseudonym. Adam 08:43, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

He was a "Soviet Korean" ie a Korean born in Russia where there is a significant Korean minority. That is explained in the paragraph on the Soviet Korean faction: 'The Soviet Koreans, led first by Alexei Ivanovich Hagai and then by Pak Chang-ok were made up of waves of ethnic Koreans who were born or raised in Russia after their families moved there starting in the 1870s.' AndyL 15:53, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

classical stalinism?
I reacted to the describtion of KWP as "classical Stalinist". What is a classical stalinist (as opposed to what, a modern stalinist?)? I find that the semireligious Juche ideology and monarchical behaviour of KWP has rather little to do with classical marxism-leninism. In many ways the Korean WP is one of the least orthodox CPs as far as diverting from the original ideology is concerned. The fact that the regime in DPRK is totalitarian does not alone make it stalinist per se.

Also, isn't the official English translation of the party name Workers' Party of Korea and not KWP? --Soman 15:16, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose that "classical Stalinism" was meant to distinguish it from the ruling parties of the People's Republic of China, Cuba, Vietnam or Laos which some may regard as Stalinist (in that they are "bureaucratiised" Communist parties in the mold of the CPSU after Stalin took power) and also refers to the presence of a personality cult which is largely absent from Cuba (where you can hardly find a poster with Castro's image), Vietnam or Laos. However, I agree that ideologically the KWP cannot be described as "classical" or "orthodox" Stalinist or Maoist (indeed, Stalin would probably regard North Korea as "Titoite" for having developed its only "national Communist" variant rather than slavishly follow the Stalinist model - in any case I don't think North Korea ever refers to Stalin in its propaganda and I don't even think Stalin's works are widely available in North Korea (or Lenin's for that matter)). Perhaps it would be better to describe North Korea as the closest thing still existing to a Stalinist state? The party might also be considered Stalinist in that it is anti-revisionist and rejected the reforms of Khrushchev and his successors.

AndyL 05:12, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I agree with most of Andy's comments. I used the phrase "classical Stalinism" to distinguish the KWP from the Chinese or Vietnamese parties, which maintain a veneer of Leninist orthodoxy while largely abandoning Leninist practice. The DPRK and Cuba are the last states which take Communism seriously. But I agree that the term has problems and the current formulation is better. I have however said that the DPRK claims to have a new ideology called Juche rather than stating it as a fact. What is the ideological content of Juche? It seems to me just a slogan to rationalise the hereditary rule of the Kims and economic isolationism. Adam 12:46, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Workers' Party of Korea/Archive 1