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Talk:42 (number)

In Video Games
Can someone please cite the fact that 42 is used in spore and fable II as a reference to Hitchhikers guide, it seems as though the movie was made before the number! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.23.50.162 (talk) 13:05, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Historical
2042 isn't a historical date... its a future date —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.231.159.16 (talk) 16:52, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

iPod?
WTF is the ipod nano advertisement doing in this section. The damn thing didn't exist when the show was written and it is only the answer to Seteve Jobs' pension fund problems.

 * If the nanos indeed weigh 42 grams, it's simply a coincidence, as are most of the references to 42 on this page - many of them have absolutely NOTHING to do with Hitchhiker's if that's what you're thinking. The blatant references to Hitchhiker's are noted here, and on the page The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy cultural references. --JohnDBuell 11:30, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Deep Thought
I removed the line

 * 42 in binary translates to 101010

only because it is made redundant by the Docuan table. However, if someone can elaborate why the binary translation is of interest, they should restore that line and follow it with the elaboration. PrimeFan 22:40, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) Have removed reference to Elvis' death from the pop culture section. It was hardly intentional that he lived to only forty-two. And it's already mentioned further down in the article. TRiG 22:19, 9 July 2006 (UTC) I just added a reference to a web page, Deep Thought, that includes a vast number of sightings of 42. I'd like to copy over the entries to Wikipedia, so I and others could start work on getting references for all of them(many are from TV shows, books, etc.), but I'm not sure if that is OK, what sort of paraphrasing would be necessary, etc... I'll email the webmaster of the page, anyway, and see what reply I get back. JesseW 06:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

If you do start to copy some of these sightings, I think that it would be wise to leave out all the sightings from TV, movies ect. where it is just coincidentally mentioned. Eg. If af person has a phonenumber wich contains "42" then I would say that is beyond the scope of an encyclopedia. If people were interested in that they can always just visit the site. Eruantalon 6 Oct 2004

Do we really need a list of every 42 sighting? Why bother - most of them will be totally insignificant. Gamaliel 19:00, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My point exactly, though I do find some of them amusing, especially those that relate directly back to something in Douglas Adams's Books. Eg. the one about mice, though it might be to much work to try to explain in this article. Perhaps we should mention that Douglas Adams claims that he picked the number at random. Eruantalon 6 Oct 2004

Newsflash: Not every reference of the number 42 must relate to HGTTG. I'm removing a couple of sentences to this effect. --195.92.67.68 21:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well no, of course there are plenty of 42's that have nothing to do with the Hitchhiker's Guide, but at least in the realms of science fiction and comedy, many do. Look around the world of professional sports; there's probably a player on every team wearing the number 23.  For some, it's simply the numbering system, but for most, it's a tribute to Michael Jordan.  As the 23 page says, even David Beckham used the number because of Jordan (although it was Posh's idea).  That said, I think it's noteworthy that Elvis Presley, one of the most important musicians of 20th Century America, died at age 42. Akbeancounter 03:04, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Number of eyes in a deck of cards
I don't have a deck of cards handy right now, so I don't want to edit this new tidbit just yet:

 * The number of eyes in a deck of 52 cards.

But this needs to be verified and clarified (that we're talking about which standard deck of cards, for one thing).

If every Jack, Queen and King has four eyes (two on the top head and two on the head mirrored below), that means that the royal cards of a given suit have twelve eyes total. Multiply that by four suits and you get 48. So if 42 is correct, that means that some of the royal cards, the royal personage is painted in profile so only one eye shows on the top head (and one more eye on the head mirrored below). PrimeFan 21:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hint - think "one-eyed jacks" Bunthorne 19:00, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In the most common playing card illustrations in use today, there are two one-eyed jacks, and one one-eyed king. Not sure which suits they are, though. Dansiman 17:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

God/Devil?
Is the number 6 associated with the Devil and 7 with God? I think that sentence can go.--Lkjhgfdsa 20:22, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've heard of it, but I think that that's more of a folklore thing, rather than actual Scripture. Akbeancounter 03:04, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible new information for '42'
I am not the most experienced person at making wiki edits, so i bring it up here, and invite someone else to try it. But i do believe the article referenced [here] might contain some new insights into the value of 42.
 * Reference to Riemann zeta function has been added, since the article looks serious. Some matematician should review that.

In numerology you usually use single digit numbers.. so if you use 42..=> 4+2=6 6= Devil... what does this mean for the question :: the answer to life, the universe and everything ? To me it means that we are heading down a "dark path" which means the "Devil" is winning .. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.54.3.194 (talk) 00:39, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

4orty 2wo
4orty 2wo is actually a ARG gaming company that has nade the ARG's of the like of 'ilovebees' and 'lastcallpoker'

Unnecessary
Somebody should probably remove the entry of the Capital High students, as it seems as though they added it themselves.

 * Done. --JohnDBuell 02:46, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Nintendo DS
Why does the bit about the Nintendo DS Lite being 42 percent smaller keep getting deleted?

 * According to the edit summaries, it is removed per WikiProject Numbers. --JohnDBuell 12:00, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Third moment of the Riemann zeta function?
This article says:

Actually, the quantity listed is "the sixth moment" of the zeta-function, not the third. There are articles by Conrey & Ghosh and by Conrey & Gonek which conjecture how the number 42 comes into play. It is not exactly as the article describes.

 * It is believed to be the third moment of the Riemann zeta function, based partially upon evidence from quantum mechanics.

I don't know what this means. Here's a guess:

 * $$\int_{(-\infty,\infty)} s^3 \zeta(s)\,ds = 42.$$

I'm accustomed to the definition of momnets of probability measures; if ζ were a probability density function then the integral above would be the third moment of the corresponding probability distribution. But ζ is negative in some places, and from the way ζ(s) blows up at s = 1 it seems we'd have to be thinking of a Cauchy principal value or something like that.

Can someone make the article's statement clearer? Michael Hardy 17:50, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've exchanged some email with John Baez, the mathematical physicist who has edited Wikipedia articles as user:John Baez, and he reports that he cannot access Wikipedia because he is in China. He wrote:

 * So, feel free to post this comment for me:

I don't know anything about the "3rd moment of the Riemann zeta function", but perhaps what's meant is the 3rd moment of the distribution of spacings between zeroes of the Riemann zeta function. There's a lot of evidence relating the distribution of these spacings to the distribution of spaces between eigenvalues of a large random self-adjoint matrix. For lots more, try this:

http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/bump-gue.htm

and for general connections between the Riemann zeta function and quantum mechanics, try:

http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/physics1.htm

Best, jb

 * My wild guess seemed so implausible that I'm both relieved to hear that it's wrong and pleased to hear that this otherwise implausible-seeming statement can be construed in such a way that it makes sense. Michael Hardy 16:20, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Update on this: John Baez was wrong too. See the article as it now stands. Michael Hardy 22:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Alas, it has been removed last year as "trivial nonsense". Anne Bauval (talk) 07:50, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

42 factorial
Someone must have objected to the inclusion of this:

 * The prime factorization of 42! =
 * $$\quad\quad 2^{39} * 3^{19} * 5^9 * 7^6 * 11^3 * 13^3 * 17^2 * 19^2 * 23 * 29 * 31 * 37 *41\,$$

I don't have a problem with it, but I object to the use of an asterisk for ordinary multiplication in TeX. Here's how to do it:

 * $$42! = 2^{39} \times 3^{19} \times 5^9 \times 7^6 \times 11^3 \times 13^3 \times 17^2 \times 19^2 \times 23 \times 29 \times 31 \times 37 \times 41.\,$$

Michael Hardy 22:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

This is a funny coincidence...
I clicked the link "the answer to life, the universe, and everything" into Google, as suggested by the article, and besides seeing the answer from Google's calculator, I noticed that the top result, which is the Wikipedia article, is reported to be 42k long! Itub 03:28, 13 October 2006 (UTC) Onlyabititalian 19:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * now it's 43k. tough luck, :)

42,000 isn't 42 anyway. :-p 205.206.207.250 04:37, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Mostly Harmless
There was a third question to the answer 42, implied in the 5th book in the Hichhiker's series, Mostly Harmless. The address of the bar Stavro Mueller Beta is number 42. This is significant, because Arthur Dent, the last bit of the original Earth computer, had been asking everyone where Stavromula Beta was, because he couldn't die untill he had been there. His arrival there was the final key event in the utter destruction of all Earths, as orchestrated by The Guide 2.0 for the Vogons.

I guess my point is, why isn't this on the page?
 * Because this is a non-fiction page about the number, and NOT a Hitchhiker's related page? --JohnDBuell 21:01, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Deletion of hte pointless Televion and Film section
I find the Television and Film section very pointless and unnecessary. It seems that if the number 42 apears anywhere, someone has to add it to the list. It has no encyclopedic value! Please, someone delete it. Aaron Pepin

 * I don't think it should be outright deleted, but there are a lot of references that are way too trivial. We should definitely start trying to cut down the absurd size of the section, while still leaving in references that seem notable. Tozoku 12:18, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Repdigit
Probably it is obvious, but I am a biologist and not a mathmatician, but to put a joke in a vector I wanted to write 42 so I squared it to have more nucletides, and I got 0123210 in base 4. is this palindrome of significance to the number part?
 * I know this a long time ago, but 42 = 222$4$, so 42$2$ = 2$2$ × 111$4$$2$ = 10$4$ × 12321$4$ — Arthur Rubin (talk) 23:33, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy
I have put a mention of Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy in the Film & TV and Literature section as I think it is one of the biggest for both. Should I have? - - Nicko 08:11, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

It is not true that there is a relation to Carroll's book. See the Wikipedia article about "Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy". There is not special reason for that number.62.112.52.199 (talk) 10:49, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

Wording of the Book
"'What!' ejaculated Mr Pickwick, laying his hand upon his notebook," is what wikipedia has. Is this accurate?
 * Probably not, but I'll keep it just in case. Someone who actually has the book can verify. (I do see other vandalism though, which I'll remove. Nowhere in the article about Geoff Fortytwo does it say anything about him winning over 9000 internets. >_>) 205.206.207.250 04:40, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about this instance, but I have seen the word used in this context in another book, so I believe it is a valid definition. D a n si m a n  ( talk | Contribs ) 06:30, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've checked with my printed copy of the book, and the word is, indeed, "ejaculated"

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Kay Dekker (talk • contribs) 19:12, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Repeating Decimals
Today I was very bored and noticed something interesting: I couldn't find any integer (aside from zero and multiples/factors of 42) that when divided by 42 didn't produce a repeating decimal pattern. Observe:
 * 1 / 42 = 0.0238095
 * 2 / 42 = 0.047619
 * 23 / 42 = 0.5476190
 * 41 / 42 = 0.9761904
 * 666 / 42 = 15.857142 (also, it ends with 42 <_<)
 * 1,000,000 / 42 = 23809.523809
 * 4,294,967,295 / 42 = 102,261,126.0714285
 * 4,294,967,296 / 42 = 102,261,126.095238

In every one of these cases, the last 6 digits after the decimal point repeat forever. (1/42 = 0.0238095238095238095...) Is there a term for this? Is it a known phenomenon or just a strange coincidence? 205.206.207.250 04:53, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Known phenomenon -- in base 10, any fraction (where common factors are removed from the numerator and denominator) whose denominator is divisible by any prime other than 2 or 5 (the factors of 10) will have a recurring decimal.
 * BTW, 21/42 = 0.5 . -- ArglebargleIV 19:32, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * But 21 is a factor of 42. "I couldn't find any integer (aside from zero and multiples/factors of 42) that when divided by 42 didn't produce a repeating decimal pattern." However, 63/42=1.5 -- 31.46.78.244 (talk) 09:52, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

About Eyrian's heavy purge
Granted that there is some stuff in the article that needs to be removed, but I think Eyrian's latest purge was exceedingly random and indiscriminate.

Some items get stated twice (e.g., that 42 is a LOST number) and other items appear rather ephemeral (WP:NUM prefers "ephemeral" over "trivial" in many contexts). But any purging needs to be done carefully, discriminately, and well-documentedly (with edit summaries and maybe even HTML comments). PrimeFan 22:35, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As I said, 42 can (and generally will) occur in any and every context. Listing each of these is futile. There were no meaningful attachments that belong here at a listing about the number. The few things that might be known by the number (stellar bodes) belong at the disambiguation page. --Eyrian 23:01, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Give us more credit than that. No one's gonna write "I have 42 cents in my pocket right now." But 42 in Hitchhiker's is very much worthy of mention here. So are some tributes to Adams. Knodeltheory 14:54, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Science items for consideration
I removed the following:

 * 10! (10 factorial) seconds is exactly 42 days.
 * On page 7-10 of Volume 1 of "The Feynmann Lectures on Physics" is a marginal figure that illustrates the strength ratio of gravitation attraction and electrical repulsion between two electrons as 1/4.17 x 10^42. The denominator is also written out by hand as a long, snaking 4,170,... followed by 39 more zeros. Feymann mentions the unified field theory, the similarity of the inverse square laws, the disparity of the relative strengths, and asks "Where could such a large number come from? ... it involves something deep in nature."

I don't think anyone would expect an article on 42 to have these items, but I could be wrong. Knodeltheory 14:53, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your handling of this removal, and your humility in acknowledging you might not always be right. PrimeFan 21:16, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I understand why you're removing them. If it's because you aren't sure of their accuracy, well...
 * 10! = 3,628,800. 3,628,800 / 60 (sec->min) = 60,480. 60,480 / 60 (min->hour) = 1,008. 1,008 / 24 (hour->day) = 42.
 * They're certainly interesting points, and I see no reason to leave them out. 205.206.207.250 10:21, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Because they bloat the article with useless information. Just because it's true doesn't mean it belongs in Wikipedia. Please see WP:NOT. --Eyrian 13:14, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * IMHO this fits nature of this article: it is interesting observation. And: it is smalles number of days which seconds equals to fatctorial of natural number (and next 462). This is more interesting than Orion Nebula has name M42, because some nebula must have numner 42, but 10!s=42d is ... ehm ... more rare. --Vitas 19:51, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Ruining the fun
I think you're ruining the fun of 42 by taking away all the inane references. Maybe there's need for two versions of the page. 121.45.231.114 09:01, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Fun? Wikipedia isn't a rollercoaster. --Closedmouth 09:17, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * So?128.12.42.36 (talk) 04:47, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Super Bowl XLII
I still don't think it belongs, but I've escalated the problem to Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Numbers, which seems the appropriate venue. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 00:44, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

What are we doing?
Are we trying to write a contextualized encyclopedia article about the number 42, or a list of loosely associated trivia documenting each and every time the number 42 shows up in a film, book, or television show???  Bur nt sau ce  20:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the year list is OK; those are the most likely years for an unadorned 42 to refer to. I tend to agree with the rest of your suggestions, though.  Perhaps we should bring it up in the WikiProject.  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 20:47, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Which WikiProject should this matter be referred to? I found it especially ridiculous the mention that a canine has 42 teeth.  No one would ever turn to this article, 42 (number), to look up that information.  There are a few dozen more trivia examples just like this, but this one stood out the brightest, and all of them are without a single reliable source, of course.   Bur nt sau ce  20:55, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * WikiProject Numbers would be the one. -- ArglebargleIV 21:29, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Why did you substitute the WikiProject banners? --Closedmouth 05:10, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

42 in Japanese?
"In Japanese, 4 (shi) and 2 (ni) are together pronounced like "going to death" (死に). Because of that, in Japan, 42 is considered as a disastrous number."

Ive never heard of this. Forty two（四十二）is pronounced yonjū-ni (preferred) or shijū-ni. It doesn't sound like 死に at all. Admittedly I have never been to Japan (going on March) but I do study Japanese and I'm really skeptical on this. Jyuichi (talk) 03:22, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

42 is actually related to both string theory and the golden ratio:

1. Take any two integers and add them together (e.g. 8 and 4 = 12), then add that one to the previous one and continue this way (e.g. 8,4,12,16,28...). Then it can be proved that dividing any number in this series by the previous one more and more closely approaches the golden ratio as you go higher and higher in the series. The Fibonacci series (0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21...) is the one such series that approaches the golden ratio most quickly. (The golden ratio is the most irrational of all numbers: (1+sqrt(5))/2 = 1.618....)

2. Double the Fibonacci series and you have the series 0,2,2,4,6,10,16,26,42,..., which happens to add up to 108 (considered a number of completion in Hinduism and Buddhism and critical--along with 42--in the popular "Lost" tv series).

3. This doubled Fibonacci series shows up in string theory, in the "hierarchy of dimensional compactification", starting with 26 dimensions. However, some physicists, including Mohammed El Naschie, believe that an extended string theory would begin with at least 42 dimensions (the next number in the series). 209.132.142.122 (talk) 21:05, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I was wondering if someone could possibly explain the above "the golden ratio is the most irrational of all numbers". How can numbers have degrees of irrationality - surely they are either irrational or not? (I could be wrong - I am an undergraduate physicist, not a mathematician!) The Young Ones (talk) 12:09, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right, a number is either irrational or it isn't. However, you can set up a 'hierarchy' of sorts among irrational numbers according to how difficult it is to approximate them with rational numbers.  In this sense one irrational number can be 'more irrational' than another.  For a full explanation, have a read through this series: page 1, page 2, page 3, page 4.   (Needless to say, the 'connection' to 42 from 42 being double the ninth term in the Fibonnaci sequence is meaningless; you can get to pretty much any number you like by kneading a sequence enough).   -- simxp (talk) 19:03, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

shi ni (four two)—sound like the word "dying" like a Latin word "mori". – how exactly is the word mori related to this? Does it also sound like a number? If so, I think it should be specified which, if not, it should be removed. SuperJendrej (talk) 15:42, 24 May 2019 (UTC)

"Book of Change" (I Ching)
The article says the hexagram nro. 42 is the last one in 'The Book of Change'. Assuming that we are talking about THE 'Book of Change' - i.e. the I Ching -, it has 64 (sixty-four) hexagrams.

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.142.180.213 (talk) 05:29, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Addition to "in religion" topic
In the old testament book of Numbers, there is a list of forty two travels the Israelites took from Egypt to the promised land. Many KJV bibles even list "The forty two travels of the Israelites" as a section header. The travels/journeys are listed in Numbers 33:1-49. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.167.22.166 (talk) 15:29, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Is there a problem with adding the "X files" reference?
Is it a notability problem, or what? WNDL42 (talk) 03:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Happy Numbers
I learned of happy numbers from the Doctor Who episode 42. In describing happy numbers to some friends, I used 379 as an example of a happy number, and 42 as an example of an unhappy number. It turns out, 42 demonstrates its unhappiness by repeating itself...

42 -> 42 + 22 = 20 -> 22 + 02 = 4 -> 42=16 -> 12 + 62 = 37 -> 32 + 72 = 58 -> 52 + 82 = 89 -> 82 + 92 = 145 -> 12 + 42 + 52 = 42

Likely not worth noting in the article, but possibly of interest to others looking for numerical features of 42. -FeralDruid (talk) 18:09, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

rubin sequence
For the record, I had nothing to do with it. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 01:00, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

National Treasure 2
I erased the entry about this because if you saw the movie, the president clearly asked Gates to look at page 47 not page 42. 5 May 19:06 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by RandomHero8 (talk • contribs) 19:06, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * there were two versions of the movie one in which the page is 42 and one in which the number is 47 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.240.30.189 (talk • contribs) 17:55, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

Removal of recently added information
Why does someone keep on removing the line that says,

The exact value of the cosine of 42 degrees is $$\frac{\sqrt{10+2\sqrt{5}}+\sqrt{15}-\sqrt{3}}{8}$$, and the simplest polynomial with integer coefficients for which this is a root is believed to be 256x8 − 448x6 + 224x4 − 32x2 + 1?

The things to which this is relevant come up far more often than things to which much of the rest of the article is relevant, so why is most of the rest of the article intact while this is removed? 128.12.42.40 (talk) 02:42, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * That may be. But that statement requires a source as to notability, and "believed to be" is rediculous.  "Is", or "is not".  It would be easy enough to verify.
 * As for mathematical analysis, 42 degrees = $$42 \frac {\pi}{180} = \frac {7 \pi} {30}$$, so cosine 42 degrees does have a total of 8 conjugates. Still, why is it interesting?  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 12:38, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

It is a property of the number that ought to be listed, and it is definitely more interesting than things like the sixth moment of the Riemann zeta function, which, is still on shaky grounds. Anyway, I have just verified the simplicity satement, so I'm putting it back in. 128.12.41.37 (talk) 00:07, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed again. Why not include Sin 42 degrees, cos 6 degrees, cos 30 degrees, etc, etc?  There's just no reason for it to be there. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 01:42, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Fine, the moment of the Riemann zeta function has been removed. It has even less of a reason to be here. 128.12.42.40 (talk) 02:42, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

The value of cos 42° doesn't really involve the number 42 but for the fact that we've chosen 1/360 of the full circle as our unit of measurement. Michael Hardy (talk) 17:26, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Zeta function

 * The first digit (4) taken to the power of the second digit (2) is equal to the second digit (2) taken to the power of the first digit (4)

Inclusion of silly things like the above is questionable: notice that it depends crucially on the somewhat arbitrary choice of a base-10 numeral system, and just why it matters that the digits occupy particular positions in that numeral system (units, tens) rather than the fact being merely about the unodered pair of numbers {4,2} is not even hinted at. Yet someone removed the material on the zeta function that has had some press in refereed publications and is not just recreational trivia like the fact quoted above. I've restored the material on the zeta function. Michael Hardy (talk) 04:17, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

added line under video games in pop culture
The PC game Spore has achievements, one of which is labeled '42' and to complete it, you have to "Find the center of the galaxy". I am sure someone with better linguistic skills than I can edit it for easy reading :). Snugg (talk) 05:19, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This has been removed Arthur Rubin and readded by other people only to be removed by him again. I have asked him on his talk page why he thinks this information is so irrelavent. Is it because he hasn't played the game? I think that since there is a heading for video games already it is perfectly valid to put this point in.Valacan (talk) 14:58, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Unless that's the only (or one of the few) "achivevenments" in the game, it's not even notable in the context of the game. I don't see how it's notable in respect the number.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 15:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not achievment number 42 or something random like that. It is the only achievment that is numbered at all, and the item you receive from accomplishing the achievment has 42 uses, which is extremely random given that all other items have 1 use each. There is no reference in the game as to why the number 42 is used, except probably as homage to Hitchikers.Valacan (talk) 15:38, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The achievements are a part of the game (same as games like Counter Strike, Team Fortress 2, and Half Life: Episode 2). There are around (I'm guessing here) 50-75 achievements in the game. This is the title of the achievement, not the number (it isn't achievement #42). If you do not think that this is important, than the entire pop-culture section should be disputed. Snugg (talk) 05:07, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
Im confused why 101010 is redirected to 42. ♣ Princess  Clown  ♥ 22:15, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Someone was having fun -- 101010 is 42 in binary. Go ahead and list it for deletion. --macrakis (talk) 22:42, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

The lmpossible Quiz
I think that it might be relevent that the 42nd question of the impossible quiz (http://www.notdoppler.com/theimpossiblequiz.php) should be included. It asks about the answer to the ultimate quuestion of life, the world et cetera. Maybe it should be included in the Hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy section of 42.

And it might help if you click on the link.Zheliel (talk) 09:15, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Or not, seems like spam to me. -- ArglebargleIV (talk) 13:34, 27 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You beat me to it. --Closedmouth (talk) 14:25, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Political
Is it interesting that Bill Clinton is the 42nd President of the United States? Or that George W. Bush was the 42nd person to be president (Due to Grover Clevelend being counted twice)? Tipto42 (talk) 06:33, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * No. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 15:09, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

42 image and caption
needs to go or be explained in some form of context. If it really is the meaning of life, wikipedia has saved my soul. thuglasT 16:23, 31 March 2009 (UTC) on reconsideration im just deleting it EVERYONE knows that the number they are learning about is 42 because they had to get here somehow. thuglasT 16:34, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Sports/Baseball
Does Scott Vollmer or the Arkon Colts actually exist? A quick Google search turned up nothing on either one. 70.88.213.74 (talk) 17:43, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Removing non-notable mathematical properties
I removed references to 42 being a 15-gonal number, and being the sum of the totient function for the first 11 integers. Since this was reverted, I thought I'd explain.

I see nothing wrong with mentioning notable mathematical properties of a number. Many of the properties mentioned are notable, or at least borderline interesting, or even "meh... possibly someone might care enough to leave it in." For instance, the thing about the 8 digits of pi starting with the 242422th dighit being 42424242; from a mathematical point of view, that's a completely uninteresting property that only Daniken could love, but it's cute enough that someone might concievably find it interesting.

However, being a polygonal number is not notable, since every positive integer is one. Triangular numbers and square numbers are fine to mention, but 15-gonal numbers are definitely not.

Similarly, the bit about the sum of the first 11 integers in the totient function is complete nonsense. The totient function is not normally summed, and this is simply not an interesting property. You'll note that the sum of the first 10 integers in the totient function is 32, and the sum of the first 12 is 46, and you won't find this (utterly tedious) tidbit in the articles for either number, and quite rightly so.

I get the mystique, but could we not desperately add up numbers from all sorts of random mathmatical functions until we eventually somehow get 42, and then insert these pointless contortions into the article? --Ashenai (talk) 14:06, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, I take that back, somehow I missed that 32 and 46 do include the totient nonsense. In the interests of consistency, I'll re-revert myself to put the information back, but I maintain that it is completely worthless information. This is like adding iformation like "In base 10, 42's second digit is the square root of the first digit." True, but completely worthless, un-notable information.

 * Basically, I'd like WP:NOR to apply to number articles too, please. Perhaps I should take this to WikiProject: Numbers? --Ashenai (talk) 14:11, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I reverted you for the reason in your second paragraph: the mathematical properties are interesting, especially to a layman unfamiliar with the wikilinked jargon. =Axlq 13:50, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

"In other fields" section: French department Loire
I disagree with the removal of this entry. French departments are indeed well known by their numbers, unlike most of the other geographical entities. Why wouldn't it belong here? Korg (talk) 02:05, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Because the logic is backwards. If a French department is well known by its number, then the number should be (and is) prominently mentioned in the article for the French department in question, not the other way around. Just like how Kojak is known for eating lollipops: this should be (and is) mentioned on the Kojak page, and not on the lollipop page.
 * Or, if you want to look at it another way: someone looking up Loire needs to know that it's the 42nd district. Someone looking up 42 (number) does not need or want to know about Loire. Wikipedia articles are not supposed to be a collection of trivia. --Ashenai (talk) 02:51, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The article does mention it, though not prominently, I agree, but this is another matter; it is also mentioned in other articles such as Departments of France. Someone might actually want to find a number to know its corresponding French department.
 * It is my understanding that this kind of articles can list notable subjects with a close relation to a number, which is the case for French departments (but perhaps I'm misunderstanding). Are additional criteria needed to include an entry? Korg (talk) 04:42, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * There are way, way too many notable subjects with close relation to a single number. See the "Political" bit, three sections up on this talk page: US presidents are certainly notable, but the 42nd US President also does not belong in this article. --Ashenai (talk) 10:39, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't disagree, actually. Please note that in this case, the department number is not exactly an ordinal number. It's an identifier which is also known by itself; for example, one can say "I live in the 42" instead of "I live in the Loire (department)" (incidentally this example is used in this French Wiktionary entry).
 * My interrogation remains: on what basis can an entry be added? For example, why are car numbers listed?
 * You said: "Someone looking up 42 (number) does not need or want to know about Loire." May I ask why? And why this wouldn't apply to other entries listed in the article? Korg (talk) 14:05, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

6 - In technology: search engines
From the above section: "42 is the result given by the web search engines Google, Wolfram Alpha and Microsoft's Bing when the query "the answer to life the universe and everything" is entered as a search." This actually belongs to section 5.1 "In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", since the result of the search is all about the HG. Agreed? Thanks Kvsh5 (talk) 15:23, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Software
The first (ARPA) Host Name Server Protocol, see rfc1011 specification IEN 116. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPA_Host_Name_Server_Protocol

This service listens on TCP port 42. If you ask it a "question" (domain name), it will give you an answer (ip address).

In Hebrew
The common word for "42" in Hebrew is "Arbayim-Ve-Shtayim" (ארבעים ושתיים), and not "Mem-Bet" like it is written here. "Mem-Bet" is usually only used by religious people, and even then it's only when they are talking about Jewish stuff. I never use that kind of counting and I am Israeli. --Sharnav (talk) 16:55, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

There was a change to Hebrew from: מב (Mem Bet) to: ארבעים ושתיים (Arbayim Ve Shtayim) I'm thinking this might be a change equivalent to changing "42" to "forty-two". What is the standard on this? Maybe there should be both. Obankston (talk) 19:37, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I was wondering the same thing, since online translations for both rendered "42". It turns out that the editor who made the change, User:Sharnav, explained the reason above.  The explanation sounds reasonable but still leaves me wondering if we should include both.  152.16.16.75 (talk) 10:07, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

In Serbian Language (needed correction)
I have fixed the mistake concerning how 42 is written in Serbian. It wrote "četiridesetdva" which translates literaly as 4-10-2, which is incorrect. I have corrected this and wrote it in cyrillic because, although the use both cyrillic and latin letters, the official letters of Serbian language are cyrillic letters. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.189.241.35 (talk) 00:54, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Organization of number pages and number disambiguation pages
Dear Colleagues,

There is an ongoing discussion on the organization of number pages and number disambiguation pages.

Your comments would be much appreciated!! Please see and participate in:

 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Numbers

Thank you for your participation!

Cheers,

PolarYukon (talk) 15:02, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Dates ?
Sorry, but the Dates paragraph doesn't bring any information, the ones written down there are as important to me as would be 1542, 942, 442 or any one else. If these are important, why isn't there a link to the correspondant date in History, or at least a small description phrase ? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.128.13.172 (talk) 12:25, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

4,200,000,000 is just a rounded long integer
4,200,000,000 is not directly related to 42! The number 4,200,000,000 being the top number of items in the game (stated at the term page) is due to a reason.

As you can see in [Long Integer], the range of 4-bytes (32bit) integers is −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned, or 0 to 4,294,967,295 unsigned. Therefore, the game was using a second-degree round to allow a maximum of 4.2e+9 items so it fits within its 32bit counter. Etamar (talk) 13:38, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Non sequitur
I'm not sure if it should be here or in the [The Answer to life] article, but shouldn't it be mentioned that 42 in the Hitchhiker context is a Non sequitur ? Joeywayne (talk) 19:05, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * No. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:55, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Why - Joeywayne (talk) 15:33, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * In the books and in the 2005 movie (I don't know about the BBC radio presentations, audiotapes, or miniseries), it's explained that the mice asked for the answer, without specifying the question. It's a different fallacy, but not a non sequitur.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 16:11, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Hmm.. Since the question is unknown, and it might be a logical counterpart to '42'. Thanks. That was rather stupid of me. - Joeywayne (talk) 19:29, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

New interpretation?
Could 42 possibly be an alchemy reference? God is frequently associated with 7 and man is frequently associated with 6, so could this relate to hermetics? (Why: Lion X Lioness = Cub) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.55.103.145 (talk) 08:39, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Religion
In the last instance in the "religion" section this "The sum of the squares of each of these numbers make 216" is completely random, if this is referring to the numbers 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 then the sum of their squares is 280 and not 216, we would have to remove the 8 to bring that to 216, but in that case 3+4+5+6+7+9=34 and not 42; correct me if I'm wrong anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.13.60.20 (talk) 03:25, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Don't get it..?
The thing about 42 being the number of expected throws of a single die until two 6s show up successively.. How was this calculated? I can't find anything on Google that doesn't look like it was copied from Wikipedia. And why does it have to be 6s? Can't it be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as well? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.14.169.216 (talk) 19:09, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything
Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything is "42" From the Movie Hitch Hiker's Guide To The Galaxy And How This Is To Be Is From This.

How the answer is calculated

it's simple. 42. A die has 6 sides- a 6,5,4,3,2,1. 6+5+4+3+2+1= 21 + another die = 42

The answer is to die ... TO DIE.

That's the joke. — Preceding unsigned comment added by En0ch911 (talk • contribs) 06:31, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

That Can't Be Right...
Grammatically correct, two of a game-related object called a die is 'two dice' (its plural form), technically either saying that the computer was not smart enough to know about plurals, or that theory is incorrect. Just saying. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.214.222.24 (talk) 23:03, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Level 42 from Clockwork Orange?
The statement that the pop band Level 42 got it's name from Clockwork Orange appears to be a mistake. I suspect someone has confused Level 42 with a similar band of the same era, Heaven 17. The page for Level 42 gives no clue where the name came from. Not sure it's worth mentioning the band at all if we don't know where the name comes from.Lafong (talk) 23:42, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

"In popular culture"
I've tried to trim out all the trivial entries of the "In popular culture" section, and I think I've trimmed enough to remove the tag from the top of the section (The This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. one), but I wanted to discuss it here before removing it. - SudoGhost™ 22:12, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and removed the tag. - SudoGhost™ 15:54, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Primes
It should be said somewhere that 42 is the sum of the first 7 primes viz 1,2,3,5,7,11,13, This is especially relevant to the issue of the ultimate answer since God created the world in 7 days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alf Heben (talk • contribs) 15:50, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * 1 is not prime. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 16:39, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

New Interpretation of the Possible Origin of the Number 42
I've never written for Wikipedia before so be gentle.

Last week I noticed that if the phrase "To Be" were numerically encoded using 'A=1 ... Z=26' then the answer is 42 (T(20) + o(15) + B(2) + e(5) = 42).

I'm not suggesting any cosmic significance just an interesting and provocative coincidence.

Abstractspoon (talk) 00:46, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

4.2M articles on 4/2
As of a few minutes ago, Wikipedia had 4,200,400 articles according to Special:Statistics.

It was probably April 2nd somewhere when we crossed the 4.2M article threshold. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  03:17, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

What is the meaning?
I have done some simple calculations, one came out with the letter U (42 = letter U), another DB (4 = D, 2 = B). Any suggestions? 124.120.114.154 (talk) 11:25, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

Other languages
seem to have disappeared from the visible text of the article. Any ideas? — Arthur Rubin (talk) 18:21, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Citation needed!
There are a lot of unsubstantiated claims on this page. Half of them have no reference! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ultan42 (talk • contribs) 00:04, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

42-minute trip
Assuming a uniformly-dense spherical Earth, all straight-line frictionless trips take 42.177 minutes. Unfortunately, the density of the Earth is extremely non-uniform, being about 4 times greater at the middle than at the surface.

"The phrase 'the answer to life, the universe and everything is' has exactly 42 characters, including the comma after 'life'."
By my count, "the answer to life, the universe and everything is" has 50 characters. Am I missing something? It's been a long time since I read Hitchhiker's Guide. Laurasbadideas (talk) 09:48, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Looks like you're right. I don't remember anything like this being in the books, I assume it's just somebody's miscounted coincidence. I've cut it. --McGeddon (talk) 09:57, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

42 as a Scrabble Solution
In the final episode of Douglas Adam's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Arthur Dent attempts to channel the solution to Deep Thought's calculation hidden within in his primate brain by randomly selecting letters one at a time from a bag of Scrabble letters and placing them on a Scrabble board.

The result of this, as depicted in the last episode of the BBC television series, spells 'FOURTY' horizontally, and 'TWO' vertically, using the 'T' of FOURTY as the first letter of the second word.

In the television series image, this is done near the center of the Scrabble board. However, if you replace the "Y" with a blank, and place the T at the vertex of the triple word score position at the top of the scrabble board, (and also ignore the double letter score for the 'F'), what you get is:

'F'(4) + 'O'(1) + 'U'(1) + 'R'(1) + 'T'(1) + 'BLANK'(0) = 8 x 3 = 24, and 'T'(1) + 'W'(4) + 'O'(1) = 6 x 3 = 18, and 24 + 18 = 42

Notice that the letter 'Y' (WHY?) must be "BLANK". In other words, there is no 'Y' (WHY?) to the question associated with Life, the Universe, and Everything.

Scrabble is unique as a game because it is the only game which closely associates both letters and numbers in skilled play. Symbols are quantitative (numbers) and letters are tokens of meaning, the only symbols used as tools by finite minds to assimilate infinitesimal bits of meaning from the whole of infinite truth, which is impossible for a finite mind such as ours to understand in its entirety.

This is, I think, pretty close to the meaning Adams intended to convey in HHG, the greatest work of his genius. Danshawen (talk)danshawen —Preceding undated comment added 04:19, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

Bingo names -
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numbers for a centralized discusion as to whether Bingo names should be included in thiese articles. Arthur Rubin (alternate) (talk) 23:34, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Connect Four
This Connect Four set was from a mental ward in SCUH, Australia, between Jan and March 2019. At the time I thought that the meaning of life, etc, (Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy) was 42, and the question was "what's 6x7?". For some reason I thought I'd count the pieces and the result was unexpected. I wonder how often sets are like this - 1 in 1000? And it was the first time I'd ever tried counting the pieces. There should be 21 of each because tied games are possible. Zephyr103 (talk) 03:46, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Prove for the information about isomorphism classes
I am doing a similar round-robin analysis, and my answer is different. Since there is no external links for validations, is there anyone here with mathematical background so that we can verify this statement: ″It is the number of isomorphism classes of all simple and oriented directed graphs on 4 vertices. In other words, it is the number of all possible outcomes (up to isomorphism) of a tournament consisting of 4 teams where the game between any pair of teams results in three possible outcomes: the first team wins, the second team wins, or there is a draw. The group stage of the FIFA World cup is a good example″. My answer is 40, by the way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Long Doan (talk • contribs) 11:49, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

 * It is 42; a Google search will reveal images of all possible graphs, and it is also included on the OEIS (oeis.org/A001174). Thank you though, you're right that it should have a reference. Justinorbit (talk) 00:06, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I have searched up on OEIS and the first part is indeed correct. However, the second FIFA World Cup part seems to be different, as I found another OEIS sequence that state directly to the case of a round-robin tournament (https://oeis.org/A064626, the sequence state directly for World Cup rule of 3-point for a win and 1-point for a draw) and the answer with number of teams = 4 is 40. However, since I do not have much mathematical background, I do not know why do we have differences in answer and thus, if it is okay, to have someone with mathematical background to re-verify the second part. Long Doan (talk) 03:27, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Okay I understand. 42 comes from the outcomes, so win, draw, lose. 40 comes from the total points at the end. There are 42 possible outcomes for the games played, but when looking at total point distribution, two pairs of these outcomes give the same points, namely [7,4,4,1] and [6,4,4,3] (win = 3, draw = 1, lose = 0). So the original statement is correct as it talks about outcomes, but you're also correct if you change that into points. Justinorbit (talk) 08:36, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Got it, so the fact still stand (although a bit modification would be nice). However, one question remains: the sequence (https://oeis.org/A317723) that gives n points for win and 1 point for draw also give the answer 40 for n=4; since the number a win could be found by having points divides by n only take integer, number a draw could be found by having points modulos n, this methods finds number of unique results, like 1.(2,0,1); 2.(1,0,1); 3. (1,0,1); 4 (0,1,2) (written in the form ranking.(win,draw,lose)). Do you mean by having two [7,4,4,1]s, they are 1) first-place got the win with two 4-point participants and draw with the last-place; 2) first-place got the win with one 4-point participant in addition with last-place, and draw with other 4-point (which is pretty much differences if Head-2-head is used as an tie-breaker like in UEFA competitions)? I am asking because I am not quite sure if there is any additional cases like that in other point distribution. By the way, thanks for your time looking into the question! Long Doan (talk) 12:17, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely sure what you are asking so I'll explain my method and hope it helps (it's probably not the most efficient way but it's how I saw it). Each team can be represented using a vertex. If a team wins against another team we can draw an arrow pointing to the winning vertex from the losing vertex. If two teams draw, we can leave the vertices unconnected. After all six games, we will have one of these 42 possible outcomes (up to isomorphism) (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-42-isomorphism-types-of-oriented-graphs-of-order-4_fig4_335258169). Now if we want we can assign points to each vertex depending on wins/loses/draws, say win=3, draw=1, lose=0 to start with. So for example, looking at G8, one vertex has won two games and lost one (total 6), two vertices have lost one game and drew two (total 2 each), and the last vertex has won one game and drew two (total 5). It doesn't matter which specific team has which points (isomorphism), all we care about is that we have the points 6, 2, 2, and 5, which we represented as [6,5,2,2]. Doing this for all possible outcomes, we see that both G25 and G26 have the points [7,4,4,1], while both G32 and G34 have the points [6,4,4,3]. Although unique outcomes in regards to win/lose, points-wise these are the same up to isomorphism, hence we only have 40 unique point outcomes. Now if win=n=4, draw=1, lose=0, we see again G25 and G26 have points [9,5,5,1] while G32 and G34 have [8,5,5,4], hence 40 again. Both being 40 is coincidental and depends on the point weighting. Similarly for greater n, say n=5, there are a total of 582 outcomes but only 355 unique point distributions when win=3, and 367 unique point distributions when win=n=5. Hope this helps and clears my answer up a little, feel free to ask if not though! Justinorbit (talk) 13:32, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * After looking at your sources and again at my sources, you are absolutely right. Just like what you said, it is a matter of perspective. I look at the raw result numbers and thus the number is 40, but when we looks at different tournament results possible (which is the better and more useful views), the correct number would be 42. For clearing my questions (which now I got the answer, but I still want to share you my observation, and of course you might have already know it), if we write the win-draw-lose table, both G32 and G34 (for example) would both look like this:

which in my calculation treated both the same (in fact, if we give points for winning larger or equal than n, hence both OESIS sequence I gave you agree with the answer 40). However, if we need to have a deep tournament analysis, G32 and G34 are indeed very differences. And actually, your (and the current method) are much more useful for round-robin tournament analysis, since separating G32 and G34 reveals more information (I gave the confusing UEFA tournaments example, to clarify, UEFA tournaments first tie-break is head-to-head result (team with better result in head-to-head match is ranked higher). If we merge both G32 and G34, we cannot sure whether the match between second and third place is decisive and need to look up the exact match to check whether the second-place ranked higher than the third-place. However, if we keep the separated results, if we know our tournament falls in the case G34, we can surely know the second team ranked higher than the third team. Again, thank you very much for looking up to the problem and answer all my questions. I am really clear now!Long Doan (talk) 15:24, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

Agatha Christie: Hickory Dickory Dock
The transcript for the television adaptation has the following:

The shoe, it was discovered on the bus with a number 42.

Now, that bus, I believe, passes close by.

That bus goes to the hospital.

Notably, the number is not mentioned in the novel. --Lmstearn (talk) 12:53, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Formatting
The following error message is in red following the phrase "42 is the smallest number such that for every Riemann surface  of genus"

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \#\text{Aut}(C) \leq k\ \text{deg}(K_{C})=k(2g-2)} Dlcarlson (talk) 20:52, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't see an error. It may have been a transient problem.  Does anyone else see an error? Certes (talk) 10:14, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:42 (number)


text:
Endgame (play)

Endgame is an absurdist, tragicomic one-act play by Irish playwright Samuel Beckett. It is about a blind, paralyzed, domineering elderly man, his geriatric parents, and his servile companion in an abandoned house in a post-apocalyptic wasteland, who await an unspecified "end". Much of the play's content consists of terse, back and forth dialogue between the characters reminiscent of bantering, along with trivial stage actions. The plot is supplanted by the development of a grotesque story-within-a-story that the character Hamm is relating. The play's title refers to chess and frames the characters as acting out a losing battle with each other or their fate.

Originally written in French (entitled Fin de partie), the play was translated into English by Beckett himself and first performed on 3 April 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre in London in a French-language production. Written before but premiering after Waiting for Godot, it is usually considered among Beckett's most notable works. The literary critic Harold Bloom called it the most original work of literature of the 20th century, saying that "[Other dramatists of the time] have no Endgame; to find a drama of its reverberatory power, you have to return to Ibsen." Beckett considered it his masterpiece and saw it as the most aesthetically perfect, compact representation of his artistic views on human existence, and refers to it when speaking autobiographically through Krapp in Krapp's Last Tape when he mentions he had "already written the masterpiece"..

Characters

 * Hamm: Throughout the play remains seated in an armchair fitted with castors, unable to stand, and blind. Hamm is dominating, acrimonious, banterous and comfortable in his misery. He claims to suffer, but his pessimism seems self-elected. He chooses to be isolated and self-absorbed. His relationships come off as parched of human empathy; he refers to his father as a "fornicator", refused to help his neighbor with oil for her lamp when she badly needed it, and has a fake pet dog which is a stuffed animal.
 * Clov: Hamm's servant who is unable to sit. Taken in by Hamm as a child. Clov is wistful. He longs for something else, but has nothing to pursue. More mundane than Hamm, he reflects on his opportunities but takes little charge. Clov is benevolent, but weary.
 * Nagg: Hamm's father who has no legs and lives in a dustbin. Nagg is gentle and fatherly, yet sorrowful and aggrieved in the face of his son's ingratitude.
 * Nell: Hamm's mother who has no legs and lives in a dustbin next to Nagg. Reflective, she delivers a monologue about a beautiful day on Lake Como, and apparently dies during the course of the play.

Samuel Beckett said that in his choice of character's names, he had in mind the word "hammer" and the word "nail" in English, French and German respectively, "clou" and "nagel".

Beckett was an avid chess player, and the term endgame refers to the ending phase of a chess game. The play is dimly visible as a kind of metaphorical chess, albeit with limited symbolic meaning. Hamm at one point says "My kingdom for a knight-man!". Hamm, limited in his movement, resembles the king piece on a chess board, and Clov, who moves for him, a knight.

Synopsis
In a dreary, dim and nondescript room, Clov draws the curtains from the windows and prepares his master Hamm for his day. He says, "It's nearly finished," though it is not clear what he is referring to. He awakes Hamm by pulling a sheet from over him. After Hamm removes a bloodstained handkerchief from over his head and face, he says "It's time it ended." He summons Clov by means of a whistle, and they banter briefly.

Eventually, Hamm's parents, Nell and Nagg, appear from inside two trash cans at the back of the stage. Hamm is as equally threatening, condescending and acrimonious with his parents as with his servant, though they still share a degree of mutual humor; Nell eventually sinks back into her bin, and Clov, examining her, says, "She has no pulse." Hamm tells his father he is telling a story and recites it partially to him, a fragment which treats on a derelict man who comes crawling on his belly to the narrator, who is putting up Christmas decorations, begging him for food for his starving boy sheltering in the wilderness.

Clov returns, and they continue to banter in a way that is both quick-witted and comical yet with dark, undertones. Clov often threatens to leave Hamm, but it is made clear that he has nowhere to go as the world outside seems to be destroyed. Much of the stage action is intentionally banal and monotonous, including sequences where Clov moves Hamm's chair in various directions so that he feels himself to be in the right position, as well as moving him nearer to the window.

By the end of the play, Clov finally seems intent on pursuing his commitment of leaving his cruel master Hamm. Clov tells him there is no more of the painkiller left, which Hamm has been insisting on getting his dose of throughout the play. Hamm finishes his dark, chilling story by having the narrator berate the collapsed man for the futility of trying to feed his son for a few more days when evidently their luck has run out (it becomes plain that the character of the narrator is Hamm himself, relating the events which brought Clov [the man's son] to him). Hamm believes Clov has left, being blind, but Clov re-enters and stands in the room silently with his coat on and carrying luggage, going nowhere. Hamm calls for his father, but receives no answer; he discards some of his belongings, and says that, though he has made his exit, his bloodstained handkerchief, which he replaces over his face and head, will "remain".

Themes
Themes of Endgame include decay, insatiety and dissatisfaction, pain, monotony, absurdity, humor, horror, meaninglessness, nothingness, existentialism, nonsense, solipsism and people's inability to relate to or find completion in one another. Other themes include narrative or story-telling, family relations, nature, destruction, abandonment, and sorrow.

Key features, symbols and motifs
Hamm's story is broken up and told in segments throughout the play. It serves essentially as part of the climax of Endgame, albeit somewhat inconclusively.

Hamm's story is gripping for how the narrative tone it is told in contrasts with the way the play the characters are in seems to be written or proceed. Whereas Endgame is somehow lurching, starting and stopping, rambling, unbearably impatient and sometimes incoherent, Hamm's story in some ways has a much more clear, liquid, fluid, descriptive narrative lens to it. In fact, in the way it uses run-of-the-mill literary techniques like describing the setting, facial expressions or an exchange of dialogue, in slightly bizarre ways, it almost seems like a parody of writing itself. Beckett's eerie stories about people at their last gasp often doing or seeking something futile is central to his art. It could be taken to represent the inanity of existence, but it also seems to hint at mocking not only life but storytelling itself, inverting and negating the literary craft with stories that are idiotically written and overwrought.

Characteristic Beckettian features in Endgame include bicycles, a seemingly imaginary son, pity, darkness, a shelter, and a story being told within the play.

The play has postmodernist and metafictional elements, including the fact that characters recurrently hint that they are aware they are characters in a play.

Production history
The play was premiered on 3 April 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre, London, performed in French. The production was directed by Roger Blin, who also played Hamm, with Jean Martin as Clov, Georges Adet as Nagg and Christine Tsingos as Nell.

Other early productions included a 1958 production at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York, directed by Alan Schneider with Lester Rawlins as Hamm, Alvin Epstein as Clov, Nydia Westman as Nell and P. J. Kelly as Nagg (a recording of the play, with Gerald Hiken replacing Epstein, was released by Evergreen Records in 1958); and at the Royal Court Theatre in London directed by George Devine who also played Hamm, with Jack MacGowran as Clov.

In the early 1960s, an English language production produced by Philippe Staib and directed by Beckett, with Patrick Magee and Jack MacGowran, was staged at the Studio des Champs-Elysees, Paris. After the Paris production, Beckett directed two other productions of the play: at the Schiller Theater Werkstatt, Berlin, 26 September 1967, with Ernst Schröder as Hamm and Horst Bollmann as Clov; and at the Riverside Studios, London, May 1980 with Rick Cluchey as Hamm and Bud Thorpe as Clov.

In 1984, JoAnne Akalaitis directed the play at the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The production featured music from Philip Glass and was set in a derelict subway tunnel. Grove Press, the owner of Beckett's work, took legal action against the theatre. The issue was settled out of court through the agreement of an insert into the program, part of which was written by Beckett:

"Any production of Endgame which ignores my stage directions is completely unacceptable to me. My play requires an empty room and two small windows. The American Repertory Theater production which dismisses my directions is a complete parody of the play as conceived by me. Anybody who cares for the work couldn't fail to be disgusted by this."

In 1985 Beckett directed "Waiting for Godot", "Krapp's Last Tape" and "Endgame" as stage pieces with the San Quentin Players. All three productions were grouped together under the title "Beckett Directs Beckett", and the production toured Europe and parts of Asia.

In 1991, a TV movie production was filmed with Stephen Rea as Clov, Norman Beaton as Hamm, Charlie Drake as Nagg and Kate Binchy as Nell.

In 1992, a videotaped production directed by Beckett, with Walter Asmus as the television director, was made as part of the Beckett Directs Beckett series, with Rick Cluchey as Hamm, Bud Thorpe as Clov, Alan Mandell as Nagg and Teresita Garcia-Suro as Nell.

A production with Michael Gambon as Hamm and David Thewlis as Clov and directed by Conor McPherson was filmed in 2000 as part of the Beckett on Film project.

In 2004, a production with Michael Gambon as Hamm and Lee Evans as Clov was staged at London's Albery Theatre, directed by Matthew Warchus.

In 2005, Tony Roberts starred as Hamm in a production directed by Charlotte Moore at the Irish Repertory Theater in New York City with Alvin Epstein as Nagg, Adam Heller as Clov and Kathryn Grody as Nell.

In 2008 there was a brief revival staged at the Brooklyn Academy of Music starring John Turturro as Hamm, Max Casella as Clov, Alvin Epstein as Nagg and Elaine Stritch as Nell. New York theatre veteran Andrei Belgrader directed, replacing originally-sought Sam Mendes.

In 2009, the British theatre company Complicite staged the play in London's West End with Mark Rylance as Hamm and Simon McBurney (who also directed the production) as Clov. The production also featured Tom Hickey as Nagg and Miriam Margolyes as Nell. The production opened on 2 October 2009 at the Duchess Theatre. Tim Hatley designed the set.

In 2010, Steppenwolf Theatre Company staged Endgame. It was directed by Frank Galati and starred Ian Barford as Clov, William Petersen as Hamm, Francis Guinan as Nagg, and Martha Lavey as Nell. James Schuette was responsible for set and scenic design.

In 2015, two of Australia's major state theatre companies staged the play. For Sydney Theatre Company, Andrew Upton directed the production, featuring Hugo Weaving as Hamm, and for Melbourne Theatre Company, Colin Friels starred in a production directed by Sam Strong and designed by visual artist Callum Morton.

In 2016, Coronation Street actors David Neilson and Chris Gascoyne starred in a staging of the play at both the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow and HOME in Manchester.

In 2019, the play was produced by Pan Pan Theatre at the Project Arts Centre in Dublin. The production was directed by Gavin Quinn and starred Andrew Bennett, Des Keogh, Rosaleen Linehan and Antony Morris. The production was designed by Aedin Cosgrove.

In 2020, the Old Vic in London staged a production directed by Richard Jones with Alan Cumming as Hamm, Daniel Radcliffe as Clov, Jane Horrocks as Nell and Karl Johnson as Nagg in a double bill with Rough for Theatre II. Unfortunately, the production had to end its run two weeks earlier than its planned closing date of 28 March 2020 due to concerns over an outbreak of COVID-19.

Dublin's Gate Theatre staged the play in 2022. Directed by Danya Taymor, Hamm was played by Frankie Boyle and Clov by Robert Sheehan, with Seán McGinley and Gina Moxley as Nagg and Nell.

The French version was staged in 2022 at the Théâtre de l'Atelier in Paris. Jacques Osinski directed, Hamm was played by Frédéric Leidgens, Clov by Denis Lavant, Nagg and Nell by Peter Bonke and Claudine Delvaux.

A new production directed by Ciarán O'Reilly opened at the Irish Repertory Theater in New York City with previews beginning 25 January 2023 and an opening date of 2 February, with John Douglas Thompson as Hamm, Bill Irwin as Clov, Joe Grifasi as Nagg and Patrice Johnson Chevannes as Nell. The production was originally scheduled to run until 12 March, but has now been extended until 9 April.

Adaptations
The play was adapted into an opera by György Kurtág, premiered at the Teatro alla Scala in 2018.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Endgame (play)


text:
The Greens of the Community of Madrid

The Greens of the Community of Madrid (Los Verdes de la Comunidad de Madrid, LVCM) is a Spanish political party.

title: The Greens of the Community of Madrid


text:
Heptagonal number

A heptagonal number is a figurate number that is constructed by combining heptagons with ascending size. The n-th heptagonal number is given by the formula
 * $$H_n=\frac{5n^2 - 3n}{2}$$.

The first few heptagonal numbers are:
 * 0, 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, 81, 112, 148, 189, 235, 286, 342, 403, 469, 540, 616, 697, 783, 874, 970, 1071, 1177, 1288, 1404, 1525, 1651, 1782, …

Parity
The parity of heptagonal numbers follows the pattern odd-odd-even-even. Like square numbers, the digital root in base 10 of a heptagonal number can only be 1, 4, 7 or 9. Five times a heptagonal number, plus 1 equals a triangular number.

Additional properties

 * The heptagonal numbers have several notable formulas:
 * $$H_{m+n}=H_m+H_n+5mn$$
 * $$H_{m-n}=H_m+H_n-5mn+3n$$
 * $$H_m-H_n=\frac{(5(m+n)-3)(m-n)}{2}$$
 * $$40H_n+9=(10n-3)^2$$

Sum of reciprocals
A formula for the sum of the reciprocals of the heptagonal numbers is given by:

\begin{align}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{2}{n(5n-3)} &= \frac{1}{15}{\pi}{\sqrt{25-10\sqrt{5}}}+\frac{2}{3}\ln(5)+\frac{{1}+\sqrt{5}}{3}\ln\left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{10-2\sqrt{5}}\right)+\frac{{1}-\sqrt{5}}{3}\ln\left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{10+2\sqrt{5}}\right)\\ &=\frac13\left(\frac{\pi}{\sqrt[4]{5\,\phi^6}}+\frac52\ln(5) -\sqrt5 \ln(\phi)\right)\\ &=1.3227792531223888567\dots \end{align} $$

with golden ratio $$\phi = \tfrac{1+\sqrt5}2$$.

Heptagonal roots
In analogy to the square root of x, one can calculate the heptagonal root of x, meaning the number of terms in the sequence up to and including x.

The heptagonal root of x  is given by the formula

 * $$n = \frac{\sqrt{40x + 9} + 3}{10},$$

which is obtained by using the quadratic formula to solve $$x = \frac{5n^2 - 3n}{2}$$ for its unique positive root n.

title: Heptagonal number


text:
Mug

A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot drinks, such as coffee, hot chocolate, or tea. Mugs usually have handles and hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cups. Typically, a mug holds approximately 8 – of liquid. A mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a teacup or coffee cup is preferred. Shaving mugs are used to assist in wet shaving.

Ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, made of ceramic, or shaped of clay, while most modern ones are made of ceramic materials such as bone china, earthenware, porcelain, or stoneware. Some are made from strengthened glass, such as Pyrex. Other materials, including enameled metal, plastic, or steel are preferred, when reduced weight or resistance to breakage is at a premium, such as for camping. A travel mug is insulated and has a cover with a small sipping opening to prevent spills. Techniques such as silk screen printing or decals are used to apply decorations such as logos or images and fan art, which are fired onto the mug to ensure permanence.

Early mugs

Wooden mugs were produced probably from the earliest days of woodworking, but most of them have not survived intact.

The first pottery was shaped by hand and was later facilitated by the invention of the potter's wheel (date unknown, between 6,500 and 3000 BCE). It was relatively easy to add a handle to a cup in the process thus producing a mug. For example, a rather advanced, decorated clay mug from 4000 to 5000 BCE was found in Greece.

The biggest disadvantage of those clay mugs was thick walls unfit for the mouth. The walls were thinned with development of metalworking techniques. Metal mugs were produced from bronze, silver, gold, and even lead, starting from roughly 2000 BCE, but were hard to use with hot drinks.

The invention of porcelain around 600 CE in China brought a new era of thin-walled mugs suitable both for cold and hot liquids, which are enjoyed today.

Shaving mugs and scuttles

A shaving scuttle and shaving mug were developed around the 19th century; the first patent for a shaving mug is dated 1867. As hot water was not common in many households, one way to provide hot lather was to use a scuttle or mug. A traditional scuttle resembles a teapot with a wide spout where hot water is poured in; this is where it differs from a shaving mug, which has no spout. Both shaving scuttles and mugs usually have a handle, but some have none. Shaving mugs often look like a standard mug, however, some also have a built in brush rest, so the brush does not sit in lather. Modern versions of the scuttle are in limited production, usually by independent potters working in small volumes.

At the top of the scuttle or mug is a soap holder. Traditionally, it was used with a hard block of shaving soap (rather than soft soap or cream) and therefore had drain holes at the bottom. Later scuttles and mugs do not include the holes, and thus can be used with creams and soft soaps. Some scuttles and mugs have concentric circles on the bottom, which retain some water thus helping to build lather.

In use, the shaving brush is dunked into the wide spout, allowing it to soak into the water and heat up. The soap is placed in the soap holder. When needed, one can take the brush and brush it against the soap, bringing up a layer of lather; excess water is drained back. This allows conservation of water and soap, whilst retaining enough heat to ensure a long shave.

Tiki mugs

Tiki mugs, drinking vessels usually made of ceramics, originated in mid-20th century tropical themed restaurants and tiki bars. The term "Tiki mugs" is a generic, blanket term for sculptural drink ware that depict imagery from Melanesia, Micronesia, or Polynesia, and more recently anything tropical or related to surfing. Often sold as souvenirs, tiki mugs are highly collectable. Modern manufacturers include Muntiki and Tiki Farm. Individual artists, such as Van Tiki, also produced limited one-of-a-kind hand sculpted mugs.

Travel mugs

Travel mugs (introduced in the 1980s) generally employ thermal insulation properties for transporting hot or cold liquids. Similar to a vacuum flask, a travel mug is usually well-insulated and completely enclosed to prevent spillage or leaking, but will generally have an opening in the cover through which the contents can be consumed during transportation without spillage. As the primary mechanism by which hot (not warm) beverages lose heat is evaporation, a lid serves a vital role in keeping the drink hot; even a thin plastic one which conducts heat quite quickly.

Mugs with inner and outer walls, but not vacuum treated, are generally called double wall mugs. Usually stainless steel will be used for the inner wall while outer wall can be stainless steel, plastic, or even embedded with other materials.

Mugs designed for use when driving are called auto mugs or commuter mugs. Travel mugs have a spill-proof lid with a sipping opening and in many cases, a narrower base, so that they will fit into the cup-holders that are built into many vehicles. Additional criteria for evaluating auto mugs include: they must be easy to open single-handedly (to prevent distractions while driving), include a fill line (to prevent over-filling, which contributes to leaking), preferably have no handles (no-handled mugs are easier to grab while driving), should not obstruct a driver's view of the road when he or she is drinking, and - with regard to cup-holders be able to fit, stably, into a wide range of mug holders.

Amusement mugs
The whistle mug or hubblebubble is an amusement mug. It has a hollow handle which can be blown through the mug like a whistle. With an empty mug, only one note is emitted, whereas a filled mug produces melodious trills and warblings.

Puzzle mugs
A puzzle mug is a mug which has some trick preventing normal operation. One example is a mug with multiple holes in the rim, making it impossible to drink from it in the normal way. Although it is tempting to grasp the body of the mug covering the visible holes and drink the liquid in the usual manner, this would pour the liquid through hidden perforations near the mug's top. The solution is to cover the holes in the rim with hands, but to drink not through the top, but through a "secret" hole in the hollow handle.

A puzzle mug called fuddling cups consists of three mugs connected through their walls and handles. The inner holes in the mugs walls are designed in such a way that the mugs must be emptied in a unique sequence, or they will drain.

The Pythagorean cup (see picture) contains a small siphon hidden in a rod placed in the mug center. The cup holds liquid if filled below the height of the rod, but once filled above that level, it drains all liquid through the siphon to a hole in its base.

Heat changing mugs
Heat changing, heat sensitive, or magic mugs make use of thermochromism to change appearance when a hot beverage is poured into them.

General design and functions
Much of the mug design aims at thermal insulation: the thick walls of a mug, as compared to the thinner walls of teacups, insulate the beverage to prevent it from cooling or warming quickly. The mug bottom is often not flat, but either concave or has an extra rim, to reduce the thermal contact with the surface on which a mug is placed. These features often leave a characteristic circular stain on the surface. Finally, the handle of a mug keeps the hand away from the hot sides of a mug. The small cross section of the handle reduces heat flow between the liquid and the hand. For the same reason of thermal insulation, mugs are usually made of materials with low thermal conductivity, such as earthenware, bone china, porcelain, or glass.

Decoration
As a ubiquitous desktop item, the mug is often used as an object of art or advertisement; some mugs are rather decorations than drinking vessels. Carving had been traditionally applied to mugs in the ancient times. Deforming a mug into an unusual shape is sometimes used. However, the most popular decoration technique nowadays is printing on mugs, which is usually performed as follows: Ceramic powder is mixed with dyes of chosen color and a plasticizer. Then it is printed on a gelatin-coated paper using a traditional screen-printing technique, which applies the mixture through a fine woven mesh, which is stretched on a frame and has a mask of desired shape. This technique produces a thin homogeneous coating; however, if smoothness is not required, the ceramic mixture is painted directly with a brush. Another, more complex alternative is to coat the paper with a photographic emulsion, photoprint the image and then cure the emulsion with ultraviolet light.

After drying, the printed paper, called a litho, can be stored indefinitely. When a litho is applied to the mug, it is first softened in warm water. This detaches the gelatin cover, with the printed image, from the paper; this cover is then transferred to the mug. The mug is then fired around 700 - 750 C, which softens the top surface of the glaze, thereby embedding the image into it.

Storage
A popular way to store mugs is on a 'mug tree', a wooden or metal pole mounted on a round base and fitted with pegs to hang mugs by their handles. There are also racks designed for hanging mugs so that they are ready to hand. Those are especially useful on ships in high waves. Mugs can often be a collectible item, making storage and display tools/strategies something important to think about for collectors.

In mathematics
The mug serves as one of the most popular examples of homeomorphism in topology. Two objects are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other without cutting or gluing. Thus in topology, a mug is equivalent (homeomorphic) to a doughnut (torus) as it can be reshaped into a doughnut by a continuous deformation, without cutting, breaking, punching holes or gluing. Another topological example is a mug with two handles, which is equivalent to a double torus – an object resembling number 8. A mug without a handle, i.e., a bowl or a beaker, is topologically equivalent to a saucer, which is quite evident when a raw clay bowl is flattened on a potter's wheel.

title: Mug