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TV Tokyo

JOTX-DTV (channel 7), branded as TV Tokyo, (テレビ東京) is a Japanese television station that serves as the flagship of the TX Network. It is owned and operated by TV Tokyo Corporation, (株式会社テレビ東京) itself a subsidiary of TV Tokyo Holdings Corporation, (株式会社テレビ東京ホールディングス) in turn a subsidiary of Nikkei, Inc. It is headquartered in the Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo. TV Tokyo is one of the five private broadcasters based in Tokyo, and the last to have started its broadcasts on VHF.

The predecessor of TV Tokyo was Tokyo Channel 12, which was broadcast using the bandwidth returned by the US military stationed in Japan. However, similar to Nihon Educational Television (NET TV), which was also a private educational television station, Tokyo Channel 12 faced a serious business crisis after its launch due to low ratings. Nihon Keizai Shimbun took over the operation of Tokyo Channel 12 in 1969 and officially converted it into a comprehensive television station in 1973. In 1981, Tokyo Channel 12 was renamed TV Tokyo. Since its launch, TV Tokyo's ratings have been ranked last among the core bureaus in Tokyo, and its program production costs are also far lower than those of other stations. Moreover, TXN does not cover the whole of Japan, and its scale is much smaller than the other four network networks. However, the above-mentioned unfavorable factors also make TV Tokyo's program arrangement and news content significantly different from other private TV stations. It has unique program creativity and style, and has established unique strong areas such as animation and economic programs.

History

TV Tokyo was established by the Japan Science Foundation in 1951 and started broadcasting, as Science TV Tokyo Channel 12 Television (科学テレビ東京12チャンネルテレビ) on April 12, 1964. It took its name from its VHF frequency channel 12. It almost went bankrupt in 1968; on July 1 that year, a limited liability company, Tokyo Channel 12 Production was established with the help of the Nikkei and Mainichi Broadcasting System.

On July 2, 1960, the Japan Science and Technology Promotion Foundation applied to the Ministry of Post for a television broadcast license for the VHF12 channel returned by the U.S. military stationed in Japan. Science and technology education programs, 15% are general education programs, 25% are education and news programs) broadcast license [4]:59. However, after this decision was issued, three other companies participating in the bidding, including Central Educational Broadcasting, raised objections to the Postmaster General, and the debate was not concluded until 1969 [4]:59-60.

After the Science and Technology Promotion Foundation obtained the broadcasting license, it immediately invited Kurata, the then president of Hitachi Production Co., Ltd., to serve as the head of the television business headquarters and began preparations for the launch. At noon on April 12, 1964, Tokyo Channel 12 officially launched, the first program broadcast was the special program "The Birth of Tokyo Channel 12",  and also broadcast the NHK Symphony Orchestra concert, the 90-minute TV series "The Shore of Sorrow", variety shows such as "Good Night 21st Century". On the first day of broadcast, Tokyo Channel 12's average full-day ratings were 2.1%, and the average prime-time ratings were 3.4%. When Tokyo Channel 12 was launched, its main programs were mainly industrial high school lectures, supplemented by news, social education, TV dramas, foreign movies and other programs. During the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Tokyo Channel 12 arranged all programs other than higher education for Olympic broadcasts, with the longest broadcast time among the flagship stations.

However, due to the extremely low ratings of Tokyo Channel 12’s educational programs (in the first year of its launch, the average daily ratings of Tokyo Channel 12 were only 1%, and only 2% during prime time). as well as the Japanese economy being in a securities recession at the time, Tokyo Channel 12 fell into serious operating difficulties after it started broadcasting. In the first year of broadcasting, TV Tokyo recorded a deficit of 1.38 billion yen. In 1966, Tokyo Channel 12 decided The daily broadcast time is shortened to 5 hours and 30 minutes, and attempts are made to rebuild by requesting donations from powerful financial companies, laying off employees, and suspending advertising business activities. However, Tokyo Channel 12 planned to lay off 200 people. This triggered a strong backlash from the labor union and led to a four-year litigation dispute between the two. In 1967, Tokyo Channel 12 changed its reconstruction plan again, extending the daily broadcast time to 8 hours and 10 minutes, and Requesting companies in the financial sector to donate funds for reconstruction and restart advertising activities. At the same time, four other private TV stations in Tokyo and NHK also formed the "Science TV Coordination Committee" to assist in the reconstruction of Tokyo Channel 12 and provide broadcasting parts Program. These measures halved the accumulated losses of Tokyo Channel 12 to approximately 1.743 billion yen in 1967. On March 28, 1968, Tokyo Channel 12 began broadcasting color programs.

As the operating conditions of Tokyo Channel 12 were in trouble again in 1968, the Science and Technology Promotion Foundation decided to abandon the previous method of soliciting donations from the financial sector and instead invited the financial sector to inject capital to rebuild the television department. On July 1 of the same year, twenty companies in the Japanese financial circle, including Mainichi Broadcasting, Hitachi Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and Nissan Motor, invested in the establishment of Tokyo Channel 12 Production Company (Tokyo Twelve Channel Co., Ltd.) with a capital of 1 billion yen. The Science and Technology Promotion Foundation has the television broadcasting license and facility management rights, while Tokyo Channel 12 Production is responsible for program arrangement and production, and advertising business. As Mainichi Broadcasting invested in the establishment of Tokyo Channel 12 Production Company, a network relationship was actually formed between Tokyo Channel 12 and Mainichi Broadcasting during this period. Some programs of Tokyo Channel 12 were broadcast in Kinki through Mainichi Broadcasting. In 1969, Tokyo Channel 12 Production once again increased its capital by 1 billion yen, of which Nihon Keizai Shimbun invested 600 million yen, becoming the largest shareholder of Tokyo Channel 12 Production. In 1970, Tokyo Channel 12 achieved 100% colorization of evening prime time programs, and achieved profitability for the first time in the same year through business activities. On October 24, 1973, Tokyo Channel 12 Production Co., Ltd. changed its company name to Tokyo Channel 12 Co., Ltd. (Tokyo 12 Channel Co., Ltd.), officially taking over the operation of Tokyo Channel 12 from the Science and Technology Promotion Foundation. On November 1 of the same year, as the Ministry of Post and Post abolished the educational television license in the Keihin area, Tokyo Channel 12 was officially transformed into a comprehensive television station, and the program broadcast ratio was changed to 20% of educational programs, 30% of educational programs, and other programs 50%. In March 1975, due to Mainichi Broadcasting joining JNN, Tokyo Channel 12 terminated its relationship with Mainichi Broadcasting Network and strengthened cooperation with Kinki local independent stations SUN TV and Kinki Broadcasting[7 ]:61-62.

In 1969, the Nikkei and MBS signed a memorandum of understanding which stipulates that Tokyo Channel 12 should share programs with Nihon Educational Television (NET, now TV Asahi). This forms a de facto alliance that lasts until 1975.

In October 1977 Tokyo Channel 12 Production was renamed Tokyo Channel 12, Ltd. (株式会社東京12チャンネル); and shortened the channel's name to Tokyo Channel 12 (東京12チャンネル), dropping "Science TV" from its name. At the same time, the station moved to Shiba Park. A month later, it became a general-purpose TV station along with NET. On April 1, 1978, Tokyo launched a new production company, Softx.

In 1981, it was again renamed, this time to Television Tokyo Channel 12, Ltd. d/b/a TV Tokyo; the current Japanese name of the company was also assumed in the same year.

In 1983, TV Tokyo formed the Mega TON Network (now TX Network) with TV Osaka, and Aichi Television Broadcasting. The company shifted its head offices from Shiba Park to Toranomon in December 1985. On October 4, 1999, Tokyo's production company Softx was renamed TV Tokyo MediaNet. In 2004, TV Tokyo MediaNet was shortened to MediaNet. On June 25, 2004, the company assumed its current English name TV Tokyo Corporation. After the digital transition, the channel began broadcasting on digital channel 7. On November 7, 2016, TV Tokyo moved its headquarters to the new building at Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower from its old studios in Toranomon. The network initially used a Circle 7-style logo to broadcast animated programs. The station mascot is a cartoon banana with eyes, a nose, and a mouth which is bent into a 7, named Nanana (ナナナ).

The network is part of the Japan Consortium, which covers the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup.

Digital

 * Call sign: JOTX-DTV
 * Remote controller ID 7
 * Tokyo Skytree: Channel 23

Analog
Analog transmission ceased on July 24, 2011.
 * Call sign: JOTX-TV
 * Tokyo Tower: Channel 12

Related companies

 * TV Tokyo Holdings (株式会社テレビ東京ホールディングス)
 * BS TV Tokyo (株式会社BSテレビ東京)
 * TV Tokyo Production (テレビ東京ブロードバンド株式会社)
 * TV Tokyo Music (株式会社テレビ東京ミュージック)
 * PROTX (株式会社テレビ東京制作)
 * AT-X (株式会社エー・ティー・エックス)
 * FM Inter-Wave Inc. (エフエムインターウェーブ株式会社)
 * IntaracTV (株式会社インターラクティーヴィ)
 * Nikkei CNBC (株式会社日経CNBC)
 * TV Tokyo America Inc.
 * MediaNet (formerly TV Tokyo MediaNet & Softx)
 * Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions Co., Ltd. (formerly Shogakukan Productions Co., Ltd.)

title: TV Tokyo


text:
Newnham College, Cambridge

Newnham College is a women's constituent college of the University of Cambridge.

The college was founded in 1871 by a group organising Lectures for Ladies, members of which included philosopher Henry Sidgwick and suffragist campaigner Millicent Garrett Fawcett. It was the second women's college to be founded at Cambridge, following Girton College. The College celebrated its 150th anniversary throughout 2021 and 2022.

History
The history of Newnham begins with the formation of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge in 1869. The progress of women at Cambridge University owes much to the pioneering work undertaken by the philosopher Henry Sidgwick, fellow of Trinity. Lectures for Ladies had been started in Cambridge in 1869, and such was the demand from those who could not travel in and out on a daily basis that in 1871 Sidgwick, one of the organisers of the lectures, rented a house at 74, Regent Street to house five female students who wished to attend lectures but did not live near enough to the University to do so. He persuaded Anne Clough, who had previously run a school in the Lake District, to take charge of this house. The following year (1872), Clough moved to Merton House (built c. 1800) on Queen's Road, then to premises in Bateman Street. Clough eventually became president of the college.

Demand continued to increase and the supporters of the enterprise formed a limited company to raise funds, lease land and build on it. in 1875 the first building for Newnham College was built on the site off Sidgwick Avenue where the college remains. In 1876 Henry Sidgwick married Eleanor Mildred Balfour who was already a supporter of women's education. They lived at Newnham for two periods during the 1880s and 1890s.

The college formally came into existence in 1880 with the amalgamation of the Association and the Company. Women were allowed to sit University examinations as of right from 1881; their results were recorded in separate class-lists. Its name has occasionally been spelt phonetically  as Newham College.

The demand from prospective students remained buoyant and the Newnham Hall Company built steadily, providing three more halls, a laboratory and a library, in the years up to the First World War. The architect Basil Champneys was employed throughout this period and designed the buildings in the Queen Anne style to much acclaim, giving the main college buildings an extraordinary unity. These and later buildings are grouped around beautiful gardens, which many visitors to Cambridge never discover, and, unlike most Cambridge colleges, students may walk on the grass for most of the year.

Many young women in mid-19th-century England had no access to the kind of formal secondary schooling which would have enabled them to go straight into the same university courses as the young men – the first principal herself had never been a pupil in a school. So Newnham's founders allowed the young women to work at and to a level which suited their attainments and abilities. Some of them, with an extra year's preparation, did indeed go on to degree-level work. And as girls' secondary schools were founded in the last quarter of the 19th century, staffed often by those who had been to the women's colleges of Cambridge, Oxford and London, the situation began to change. In 1890 the Newnham student Philippa Fawcett was ranked above the Senior Wrangler, i.e. top in the Mathematical Tripos. By the First World War the vast majority of Newnham students were going straight into degree-level courses.

A new Pfeiffer Building was built in 1893, largely funded by £5,000 from a bequest by the poet Emily Jane Pfeiffer to support the education of women. In tailoring the curriculum to the students, Newnham found itself at odds with the other Cambridge college for women, Girton, founded two years earlier. Emily Davies, Girton's founder, believed passionately that equality could only be expressed by women doing the same courses as the men, on the same time-table. This meant that Girton attracted a much smaller intake in its early years. But the Newnham Council held its ground, reinforced by the commitment of many of its members to educational reform generally and a wish to change some of the courses Cambridge was offering to its men.

In 1948 Newnham, like Girton, attained the full status of a college of the university.

Women in the university
The university as an institution at first took no notice of these women and arrangements to sit examinations had to be negotiated with each examiner individually. In 1868 Cambridge's Local Examinations Board (governing non-university examinations) allowed women to take exams for the first time. Concrete change within the university would have to wait until the first female colleges were formed, and following the foundation of Girton College (1869) and Newnham (1871) women were allowed into lectures, albeit at the discretion of the lecturer. By 1881, however, a general permission to sit examinations was negotiated.

A first attempt to secure for the women the titles and privileges of their degrees, not just a certificate from their colleges, was rebuffed in 1887 and a second try in 1897 went down to even more spectacular defeat. Undergraduates demonstrating against the women and their supporters did hundreds of pounds' worth of damage in the Market Square.

The First World War brought a catastrophic collapse of fee income for the men's colleges and Cambridge and Oxford both sought state financial help for the first time. This was the context in which the women tried once more to secure inclusion, this time asking not only for the titles of degrees but also for the privileges and involvement in university government that possession of degrees proper would bring. In Oxford this was secured in 1920 but in Cambridge the women went down to defeat again in 1921, having to settle for the titles – the much-joked-about BA tit – but not the substance of degrees. This time the male undergraduates celebrating victory over the women used a handcart as a battering ram to destroy the lower half of the bronze gates at Newnham, a memorial to Anne Clough.

The women spent the inter-war years trapped on the threshold of the university. They could hold university posts but they could not speak or vote in the affairs of their own departments or of the university as a whole. Finally, in 1948 the women were admitted to full membership of the university, although the university still retained powers to limit their numbers. National university expansion after the Second World War brought further change. In 1954, a third women's college, New Hall, (now Murray Edwards College), was founded. In 1965 the first mixed graduate college, Darwin College, was founded. The 1970s saw three men's colleges (Churchill, Clare and King's) admit women for the first time. Gradually Cambridge was ceasing to be "a men's university although of a mixed type", as it had been described in the 1920s in a memorably confused phrase. Cambridge now has no all-male colleges and Girton is also mixed. Newnham and Murray Edwards retain all-female student bodies, whilst Lucy Cavendish College started admitting men in 2021.

With the conversion of the last men-only colleges into mixed colleges in the 1970s and '80s, there were inevitably questions about whether any of the remaining women-only colleges would also change to mixed colleges. The issue again became prominent as women-only colleges throughout the rest of the country began admitting men, and following the 2007 announcement that Oxford University's last remaining women-only college, St Hilda's, would admit men, Cambridge is the only university in the United Kingdom where colleges have admissions policies that discriminate on the basis of gender.

College arms
Argent, on a chevron azure between in chief two crosses botonny fitchy and in base a mullet sable, a griffin's head erased or between two mascles of the field.

These arms, granted in 1923, were designed by the Revd Edward Earle Dorling to incorporate charges from the arms of those intimately connected with the founding of the college.

In the early years of the college Anne Clough was the Principal. She was a member of the landed gentry family of Clough of Plas Clough, Denbighshire, whose arms are blazoned "Azure, between three mascles a greyhound's head couped argent". The out-students were under the care of Marion Kennedy. Her arms were "Argent, a chevron gules between in chief two crosses botonny fitchy sable and in base a boar's head couped sable langued gules" – slightly differing from the arms of Kennedy of Kirkmichael, which has crosses crosslet fitchy.

The other great benefactors of the college were Henry Sidgwick and Eleanor Mildred Balfour, who married in 1876. Mrs Sidgwick was Vice-Principal of one of the College's Halls, later becoming Principal of the College in 1892. Their arms were – Sidgwick (assumed arms): Gules, a fess between three griffins' heads erased or; and Balfour (of Balbirnie): Argent, on a chevron engrailed between three mullets sable an otter's head erased argent.

In the college arms the chevron links them with the coats of Balfour and Kennedy, while its colour and the mascles refer to Clough. The crosses come from Kennedy, the mullet from Balfour, and the griffin's head from Sidgwick. No crest was granted, for although a corporate body may have a crest, it was thought that a crest and helm would be inappropriate to one composed entirely of women.

College life
Basil Champneys designed what was popularly said to be "the second-longest continuous indoor corridor in Europe" in order to prevent the women of the college stepping outside in the rain. The laboratory, which can be found near the sports field, now houses a space which hosts a range of cultural events, such as theatre productions, music recitals and art exhibitions.

Alongside a formal hall, there is also a modern buttery in which to eat and relax. The College is also home to the Grade II* listed 1897 Yates Thompson Library and the Horner Markwick building. The library was originally Newnham students' primary reference source since women were not allowed into the University Library. The library was built with a gift from Henry Yates Thompson and his wife, Elizabeth. It remains one of the largest college libraries in Cambridge with a collection of 100,000 volumes, including approximately 6,000 rare books.

The college has two official combination rooms that represent the interests of students in the college and are responsible for social aspects of college life. Undergraduates are members of the Junior Combination Room (JCR), whilst graduate students are members of the Middle Combination Room (MCR).

Newnham has many societies of its own including clubs for rowing, football, netball, tennis, and many other sports, as well as several choirs. As Newnham is a non-denominational foundation, it does not have its own chapel. Choral scholars at Newnham form part of Selwyn College's chapel choir. Newnham College Boat Club was the university's first women's boat club.

Principals

 * Anne Clough (1871–1892)
 * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (1892–1910)
 * Katharine Stephen (January 1911 – 1920)
 * Blanche Athena Clough (1920–1923)
 * Pernel Strachey (1923–1941)
 * Myra Curtis (1942–1954)
 * Ruth Louisa Cohen (1954–1972)
 * Jean Floud (1973–1982)
 * Sheila Jeanne Browne (1983–1992)
 * Onora O'Neill (1992–2006)
 * Patricia Hodgson (2006–2012)
 * Carol M. Black (2012 – July 2019)
 * Alison Rose (October 2019–present)

In literature and film
Newnham College is described in two of Virginia Woolf's works, A Room of One's Own (under the name 'Fernham') and "A Women's College from the Outside".

In James Hilton's novel Random Harvest Charles Rainier's niece Kitty attended Newnham College.

Newnham College appeared in the 2019 film Red Joan.

ITV's detective series Grantchester set the first episode of the fifth series (2020) in Newnham, in a plot featuring the death of a student after a May Ball.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Newnham College, Cambridge


text:
Baron Plunket

Baron Plunket, of Newtown in the County of Cork, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1827 for the prominent Irish lawyer and Whig politician William Plunket. He served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1830 and 1834 and again from 1835 to 1841. His eldest son, the second Baron, was Bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry between 1839 and 1866. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was a barrister. His eldest son, the fourth Baron, served as Archbishop of Dublin between 1884 and 1897. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fifth Baron. He was a diplomat and held office as Governor of New Zealand between 1904 and 1910. His grandson, Patrick, the seventh Baron, was Equerry to both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Robin who died in 2013 and was in turn succeeded by his nephew, Tyrone who was a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II. Two other members of the family have also gained distinction. The Hon. David Plunket, second son of the third Baron, was a Conservative politician and was created Baron Rathmore in 1895. The Most Reverend the Hon. Benjamin Plunket, second son of the fourth Baron, was Bishop of Meath from 1919 to 1925.

The seventh and eighth barons were related to the Marquesses of Londonderry. Their mother, wife of the sixth baron, was the illegitimate daughter of the actress Fannie Ward and The 7th Marquess of Londonderry. After the sixth baron and his wife were killed in an air accident in 1938, the three Plunket brothers were raised by an aunt and uncle.

Barons Plunket (1827)

 * William Conyngham Plunket, 1st Baron Plunket (1764–1854)
 * Thomas Span Plunket, 2nd Baron Plunket (1792–1866)
 * John Span Plunket, 3rd Baron Plunket (1793–1871)
 * William Conyngham Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket (1828–1897)
 * William Lee Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket (1864–1920)
 * Terence Conyngham Plunket, 6th Baron Plunket (1899–1938)
 * Patrick Terence William Span Plunket, 7th Baron Plunket (1923–1975)
 * Robin Rathmore Plunket, 8th Baron Plunket (1925–2013)
 * Tyrone Shaun Terence Plunket, 9th Baron Plunket (b. 1966)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son Hon. Rory Peter Robin Plunket (b. 2001).

title: Baron Plunket


text:
User:Dagger404

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title: User:Dagger404


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Turlough Hill

Turlough Hill, also known as Tomaneena , is a 681 m mountain in County Wicklow in Ireland and site of Ireland's only pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant. The power station is owned and operated by the ESB and can generate up to 292 MW of electricity at times of peak demand.

The mountain
The historian Liam Price recorded that the mountain was known locally as Tomaneena; Turlough Hill is the name given to it by the ESB when they surveyed the site for the pumped-storage scheme. It is 681 m high and is the 136th highest summit in Ireland. The summit is located to the south-west of the upper reservoir and is easily reached via the tarmac access road that begins at the top of the Wicklow Gap. It is also possible to reach the summit from Glendalough or from the summits of neighbouring Camaderry and Conavalla mountains.

The underlying geology of the mountain is granite, covered with blanket bog, which is a habitat for heather, purple moor grass and sphagnum moss. A number of alpine plants grow near the summit: dwarf willow, cowberry, crowberry, fir clubmoss and common bilberry. To the north-east of the summit, at the head of Glendasan valley, is Lough Nahanagan, a corrie lake carved by a glacier at the end of the last ice age.

The pumped-storage scheme

The Turlough Hill Power Station is owned and operated by the Electricity Supply Board (ESB). Construction commenced in 1968, and the station became fully operational in 1974.

Name
Whilst the original name is Tomaneena, renaming it ‘Turlough Hill’ has a certain validity. The pumped storage station draws water from the mountain top lake, which thus becomes a ‘dry lake’. There is a geological feature known as a Turlough; it is defined as "(in Ireland) a low-lying area on limestone which becomes flooded in wet weather through the welling up of groundwater from the rock. Origin late 17th cent.: from Irish turloch, from tur ‘dry’ + loch ‘lake’."

title: Turlough Hill


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Homerton College, Cambridge

Homerton College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Its first premises were acquired in Homerton, London in 1768, by an informal gathering of Protestant dissenters with origins in the seventeenth century. In 1894, the college moved from Homerton High Street, Hackney, London, to Cambridge. Homerton was admitted as an "Approved Society" of the university in 1976, and received its Royal charter in 2010, affirming its status as a full college of the university. The college celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018.

With around 600 undergraduates, 750 postgraduates, and 90 fellows, it has more students than any other Cambridge college but, because only half of those are resident undergraduates, its undergraduate presence is similar to large colleges such as Trinity and St John's. The college has particularly strong ties to public service, as well as academia, having educated many prominent dissenting thinkers, educationalists, politicians, and missionary explorers.

The college has extensive grounds which encompass sports fields, water features and beehives, and the focal point of the college, its Victorian Gothic hall. It also has a wide range of student clubs and societies, including Homerton College Boat Club, Homerton College Music Society and the Homerton College Rugby Football Club.

Early history
The college's origins date back to the seventeenth century. In 1695, a Congregation Fund was created in London to educate Calvinist ministers. As non-conformists, they were barred by law from attending Oxbridge colleges, and so studied a modern curriculum, with particular emphasis on philosophy, science, and modern history. In 1730, a formal society – known as the King's Head Society after the pub at the Royal Exchange where they held their meetings – was founded to sponsor young men to attend dissenting academies. Today, a secret society and discussion club at the college of the same name maintains some of its traditions. By 1768, the Society was large enough to need its own premises, so it purchased a large property in Homerton High Street, in London's East End.

By 1817, the institution had become known as "Homerton Academy Society", later "Homerton College Society". At that time, it produced some of the nation's foremost dissenting figures, many closely involved in the movements opposed to the slave trade and the Corn Laws. For several years, the college was affiliated to the University of London, but when its theological function was moved to New College London in 1850, it was re-founded by the Congregational Board of Education to concentrate on the study of education itself. It did so by transferring its theological courses to New College London, of which the Rev. John Harris DD was the Congregationalist Principal, and by extending and rebuilding the old mansion house and 1820s buildings of the academy, at a cost of £10,000. The college reopened in April 1852 as the Training Institution of the Congregational Board of Education, with Samuel Morley as its treasurer. Shortly afterwards, it began admitting women students. Then Principal John Horobin called an end to mixed education in 1896, shortly after the move to Cambridge, and the college remained all-women for 80 years thereafter.

Towards the end of the century, the growth of industry had turned the village of Homerton into a manufacturing centre, lowering the quality of life of the students and, between 1878 and 1885, there were seven deaths from tuberculosis, smallpox and typhoid. At the same time, increasing numbers of students required more space.

In 1881, former students of Homerton College who were members of Glyn Cricket Club formed a football section to help keep their players fit during the winter months. The football section continued to grow over the ensuing years and is now Leyton Orient Football Club – a fact acknowledged by an annual match between the college's football team and that of the Leyton Orient Supporters Club.

Move to Cambridge
In 1894, the Congregational Board of Education were able to purchase the estate of Cavendish College, Cambridge (named after the then-Chancellor of the university and not to be confused with Lucy Cavendish College) which had become available. It had been founded to allow poorer students to sit Cambridge tripos exams without the expense of joining a true Cambridge college. It was briefly recognised as a "Public Hostel" of the university in 1882, but a lack of money had brought the venture to an end.

All its estates and furniture were bought for £10,000 by the Congregational Board, and students and staff moved from the old Hackney premises into the vacant college buildings at Cambridge. Initially taking the name of Homerton New College at Cavendish College, it shortly afterwards became just Homerton College, Cambridge. John Charles Horobin became the first Principal: his portrait hangs in the college's Great Hall.

The first woman to head the college was Mary Miller Allan, who was responsible for Homerton's national reputation as a trainer of women teachers. Her successor in 1935 was Miss Alice Skillicorn, a former HMI, who took the college through World War Two, during which time it was bombed. Dame Beryl Paston Brown was Principal in the 1960s, at a time when Homerton's numbers doubled after the introduction of three-year training courses in 1960.

In December 1976, under the headship of Principal Alison Cheveley Shrubsole, Homerton was accepted as an Approved Society of the University of Cambridge following a 3–1 vote of the Regent House in favour of its admission. The possibility of introducing a Cambridge Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree had been given as one of the reasons for the original move into Cambridge. It was after the shake-up and governmental criticisms of teacher training in the early 1970s that the university admitted Homerton because, by then, all of its students were doing four-year honours courses.

In late 2000, the Regent House approved a proposal to "converge" Homerton with the rest of the university. Convergence involved the transfer of most of the college's teaching and research activity to the new University of Cambridge Faculty of Education and the diversification of the college into a wide range of Tripos subjects. In September 2001, Homerton admitted its first non-education Tripos students. At the same time the old BEd degree was retired in favour of a three-year B.A. in Education, followed by a one-year Post Graduate Certificate of Education.

At the time of convergence, it was envisaged that Homerton would move from the status of Approved Society to that of Approved Foundation or full college. In December 2008 Homerton's application to move to full college status was approved by the University Council. The change in status was completed with the grant of a Royal Charter on 11 March 2010.

Buildings and grounds

The original Victorian Cavendish College buildings were constructed in 1876 in the Gothic Revival style, using a combination of red Suffolk brick and Bath stone dressings. One of the most notable features is an oak doorway with an ogee arch flanked above by ornamental grotesques. Several years later, the Cambridge architect William Wren designed additions to the eastern end of the college buildings in the Neo-Gothic style – now occupied by the Principal's office. The castellated tower is the tallest part of the original college buildings, and it is possible to see the spires of Ely Cathedral on a clear day from its uppermost floor.

The Great Hall is one of the largest and grandest dining halls in Cambridge. When it was built in 1889 it was the largest college hall in Cambridge. It now houses one of the college's most notable works of art – the celebrated Pre-Raphaelite piece by Jane Benham Hay known as 'The Florentine Procession', painted in the 1860s and winning 'Picture of the Year' in the 1867 Saturday Review. Also encircling the Hall are portraits of former Principals of the college. The Hall itself features a hammer-beam roof, American walnut panelling, a gallery, rose windows, a fleche, and a bell originating from the old college in London which sounds before the College Grace is read at Formal dinner. A new dining hall was designed by Feilden Fowles and opened in 2022; Rowan Moore named it as one of his five best buildings of the year.

Other notable buildings of the college include the Ibberson Building built in 1914 (named after its architect, Herbert George Ibberson) which is considered by many – including Nikolaus Pevsner in his Buildings of England – to be the college's most significant building; a fact mirrored by its Grade Two listed status, the only listed building on the site. An example of arts and crafts style architecture, its present-day Combination Room was probably the only grade two listed gymnasium in the world. Also of interest is Trumpington House (completed in 1847, and which once held the college's wine collection in its basement) built in the style of classical revival and currently leased to the Faculty of Education. Additionally, there is a science education centre named in honour of Professor Emeritus John Hammond OBE, who campaigned for the college to receive its Royal Charter, being elected as an Emeritus Fellow on the same day as the grant, passing away only a few weeks later.

Like the majority of Cambridge colleges, Homerton offers on-site accommodation for its students for all three years. This is provided by four purpose-built accommodation buildings: East House, West House, South Court (the latest addition to the college, opened in 2007), and Harrison House. Harrison House exclusively houses graduate students and fellows, and was opened in November 2006. Harrison House is named after Sir David Harrison. Other accommodation is provided in the ABC and D&E blocks, both part of the main college buildings, as well as in Queen's Wing (opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1957 ) which also contains the Homerton Union of Students and both the Undergraduate and Graduate Common Rooms. Outside of university terms, the accommodation attracts extensive use for conference purposes.

Like the other colleges of the university, Homerton's library includes thousands of books covering numerous academic disciplines. Unique to Homerton, however, is a children's book collection, which contains early editions of many famous books from 1780 onwards.

Homerton has more green space around its buildings than many other Cambridge colleges. In its grounds are several rare examples of wild orchids and over 150 species of plants, which act as a rich habitat for various forms of wildlife – including grey squirrels, carrion crows, woodpeckers, stock doves, rabbits, the 'College fox', and in the summer a small colony of swifts, which nest under the eaves of the roof of the Cavendish building after their return from Africa. There is also a large orchard, where students relax in warm weather.

Traditions
Homerton has several unique traditions. At its Matriculation Dinner new undergraduates are made to form two lines and drink wine from the 'Homerton Horn' – an African cow horn with silver mounts, whilst speaking several Anglo-Saxon phrases to one another (including the greeting "Wassail!", and the response "Frith and Freondship sae th'y'" – 'peace and friendship be with you'). In recent years, the tradition has been adapted so that undergraduates say these Anglo-Saxon phrases to the person sat across from them on the table, and take subsequent drinks from their own glasses, rather than every undergraduate drinking from the ceremonial horn, which has historically resulted in epidemics of 'Freshers Flu'.

Because the college was all-female for much of its history, the design of the college gown is that of those traditionally worn by female undergraduates in early twentieth century Cambridge (this is shared by all the historically-female colleges: Girton, Newnham, and Murray Edwards). The gown is based on the original Cambridge black gown, still worn by undergraduates at Peterhouse, but has the slits in the sleeves closed up. As a homage to its all-female origins, or simply because the college has never had one re-designed, this gown is now worn by all undergraduates at the college regardless of sex.

Homerton Union of Students
The Homerton Union of Students is one of the most active student unions in the university. The President - the only paid, sabbatical Presidency of all the Cambridge colleges - manages, along with a Vice-President Internal and a Vice President External, a team of students on the executive committee and a team of 'Liberation officers'. Together, they organise 'Freshers Week'. Homerton's Fresher's week is longer than in most colleges, where students only have two to three days of 'Freshers week' before the start of term. They also organise events throughout the year for students, as well as offer pastoral support.

From 2015 until 2020 the HUS organized an annual and immensely popular Harry Potter Formal Hall, at which students and staff would dress as characters from the books, sketches would be acted, and live owls were brought in for entertainment. Formal halls were suspended in 2021 owing to the Covid-19 pandemic, but returned in 2022. Homerton's Harry Potter Formal Halls were discontinued in 2023 when an incoming HUS president allegedly objected to their connection with J. K. Rowling and her gender critical views.

May Ball
The college holds an annual May Ball in Cambridge. In 2018, the ball was attended by over 1500 guests, the largest ever hosted on Homerton's grounds, to celebrate the college's 250th anniversary.

Homerton Charter Choir
The college's Charter Choir sing evensong every Tuesday and is formed of choral scholars and volunteers from the college and the wider community. The choir tours abroad once a year, recently travelling to Portsmouth, Gibraltar and Iceland. The choir is directed by Daniel Trocmé-Latter, the Music Director of Studies at the college.

Boat Club
Homerton College Boat Club (HCBC) is the rowing club of the college. HCBC colours are navy blue with white trim, although the club's Zephyr (garment) is white with blue trim. The blade colour is white with a single blue (RAL-290-20-30) vertical stripe. It is traditional to wear a sock of each of the boat club's colours when racing with a blue sock on the foot opposite the rigger.

The Men's 1st VIII hold the Oxbridge record for the most places advanced during one series of bumps (either Mays, Lents, or Torpids/Eights for Oxford), advancing 13 places in the May Bumps 2001, where the crew moved up a division to division 3 and also won blades.

Widening participation
In 2022, Homerton made offers to five students, who are among more than 50 candidates from backgrounds of educational disadvantage to be offered a place on the University of Cambridge’s first-ever pre-degree foundation year.

People associated with Homerton
Principals, treasurers, fellows (including honorary fellows) or students who studied at Homerton Academy or Homerton College before and after it officially became part of Cambridge University. Graduates of the college are collectively known as Homertonians.

Principals
A list of Homerton principals since the college moved to Cambridge in 1894:

title: Homerton College, Cambridge


text:
List of United States radio networks

The following is a list of commercial radio broadcasters and radio networks in the United States.

Other commercial radio broadcasters and networks

 * American Urban Radio Networks
 * Associated Press Radio Network
 * Bloomberg Radio
 * Business Talk Radio Network
 * Lifestyle Talk Radio Network
 * Cable Radio Network
 * Clear Media Network
 * Chinese Radio Network (Mandarin)
 * Compass Media Networks
 * Walt Disney Television
 * Radio Disney
 * Envision Networks
 * ESPN, Inc.
 * ESPN Radio
 * ESPN Deportes Radio
 * Genesis Communications Network
 * Gen Media Partners
 * HRN Media (Hispanic/ Multi-Cultural Radio Network)
 * Sun Broadcast Group
 * IMG Worldwide
 * IMG College (consisting of 76 individual radio networks)
 * ISP Sports
 * MRN Radio (Motor Racing Network)
 * MannGroup Radio Services
 * Music of Your Life (formerly distributed by Jones Radio Network)
 * Northern Broadcasting System
 * Performance Racing Network
 * Progressive Radio Network
 * Radio America
 * RadioLinx Broadcast Marketing
 * REACH Media
 * Rockcastle Media Networks
 * Salem Media Group
 * Salem Radio Network
 * Skyview Networks
 * ABC News Radio
 * CBS News Radio
 * Spanish Broadcasting System
 * Sports Byline USA
 * Sports Radio America
 * Superadio
 * Syndication Networks
 * Talk Media Network
 * Talk Radio Network
 * Tom Kent Radio Network
 * United Stations Radio Networks
 * Univision Radio (Spanish-language radio network, owned by Univision)
 * USA Radio Network

State commercial networks

 * Alabama Radio Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Arizona News Radio, a subsidiary of Skyview Networks.
 * Arkansas Radio Network, a subsidiary of Cumulus Media
 * California Headline News, a subsidiary of Skyview Networks
 * Cowboy State News Network, a subsidiary of Montgomery Broadcasting L.L.C. (owner of KFBC in Cheyenne, WY)
 * Florida News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Georgia News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Illinois Radio Network, a subsidiary of the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity.
 * Network Indiana, a subsidiary of Emmis Communications.
 * Radio Iowa, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 * Kansas Information Network, a subsidiary of Morris Communications.
 * Kansas Agriculture Network, a subsidiary of Morris Communications.
 * Kentucky News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Louisiana Radio Network.
 * Michigan Media Network.
 * Michigan Talk Network, a subsidiary of Townsquare Media.
 * Millennium News Network (serving New Jersey), a subsidiary of WKXW.
 * Minnesota News Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 * Mississippi News Network, a subsidiary of TeleSouth Communications.
 * Missouri Net, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 * Northern News Network of Montana, a subsidiary of Northern Broadcasting System.
 * Nebraska Radio Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 * North Carolina News Network, a subsidiary of Curtis Media Group.
 * Dakota News Network of North and South Dakota, a subsidiary of Midwest Information Systems.
 * Ohio News Network, a subsidiary of Dispatch Broadcast Group.
 * Oklahoma News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Radio Oklahoma Network, a subsidiary of Griffin Communications
 * Radio PA Networks of Pennsylvania, a subsidiary of WITF Enterprises.
 * South Carolina Radio Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 * Tennessee Radio Networks, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * Texas State Network, a subsidiary of Entercom.
 * Virginia News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 * MetroNews Radio Network of West Virginia, a subsidiary of West Virginia Radio Corporation.
 * Wisconsin Radio Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.

Non-commercial broadcasters

 * National Public Radio
 * Native Voice 1
 * Public Radio International
 * Pacifica Network
 * Radio Bilingüe (Spanish language)
 * Northwest Community Radio Network
 * American Public Media
 * WRN Broadcast
 * Public Radio Exchange
 * Heartland Public Radio
 * WFMT Radio Network

National government broadcasters

 * American Forces Network (information/entertainment, for members of the U.S. military deployed abroad)
 * NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (information, for U.S. listeners)
 * Radio Free Asia (For Asian listeners)
 * Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (For Eastern European listeners)
 * Radio Martí (For Cuban listeners)
 * Radio Sawa (information/entertainment, for Middle East listeners)
 * Voice of America (information/entertainment, for worldwide listeners)
 * WWV Time Service (information, for U.S. and worldwide listeners)

Public radio state networks

 * Alaska Public Radio Network
 * Capital Public Radio Network
 * CMU Public Radio (Michigan)
 * Connecticut Public Radio
 * ETV (South Carolina Public Radio Network)
 * GPB Radio
 * High Plains Public Radio
 * Independent Public Radio (Minnesota)
 * Indiana Public Radio
 * Iowa Public Radio
 * Jefferson Public Radio (southern Oregon/northern California)
 * Kansas Public Radio
 * Maine Public Broadcasting Network
 * Minnesota Public Radio
 * Montana Public Radio
 * New Hampshire Public Radio
 * New Jersey Public Radio
 * North Carolina Public Radio
 * Northeast Public Radio
 * Ohio Public Radio
 * Oregon Public Broadcasting
 * Prairie Public (North Dakota)
 * South Carolina Public Radio
 * South Dakota Public Radio
 * Utah Public Radio
 * Vermont Public Radio
 * Wisconsin Public Radio
 * West Virginia Public Radio
 * Wyoming Public Radio
 * Yellowstone Public Radio

Religious broadcasters

 * American Family Radio
 * Bible Broadcasting Network
 * Bott Radio Network
 * Calvary Radio Network
 * Christian FM Media Group
 * CSN International (formerly Calvary Satellite Network)
 * CDR Radio Network
 * Edgewater Broadcasting Network
 * EMF Broadcasting (Educational Media Foundation)
 * Air 1
 * K-LOVE
 * EWTN Radio
 * Family Life Communications
 * Family Life Network
 * Family Radio
 * Flavor Radio Network
 * Fundamental Broadcasting Network
 * Immanuel Broadcasting Network
 * Mars Hill Network
 * Moody Radio
 * Pilgrim Radio
 * Pillar of Fire, Intl.
 * Radio 74 Internationale
 * Radio Maria
 * Redeemer Broadcasting
 * Relevant Radio
 * Sheridan Gospel Network
 * Smile FM (Michigan)
 * Sound of Life Radio
 * Three Angels Broadcasting Network (3ABN Radio Network)
 * 3ABN Latino Radio Network (Spanish-language Christian radio, owned by 3ABN)
 * 3ABN Radio Music Channel (Christian music radio, owned by 3ABN)
 * USA Radio Network
 * VCY America Radio Network

Former networks

 * ABC News & Talk
 * Accent Radio Network
 * Air America Radio
 * Amalgamated Broadcasting System
 * Broadcast Programming Incorporated (now owned by Dial Global)
 * CBN Northeast (an arm of the Christian Broadcasting Network)
 * Dial Global (now named Westwood One)
 * Drake-Chenault (now owned by Dial Global)
 * Don Lee Network
 * Enterprise Radio Network
 * For the People Radio Network
 * I.E. America Radio Network
 * Independent Broadcasters Network
 * Jones Radio Networks (now owned by Dial Global)
 * Keystone Broadcasting System
 * Liberty Broadcasting System (created by Gordon McLendon, father of Top-40 Radio; a subsidiary of the telecommunications company IDT Corp)
 * MetroMedia Radio
 * Mutual Black Network
 * Mutual Broadcasting System (absorbed by Westwood One)
 * Mutual Lifestyle Radio
 * National Black Network
 * National Radio Network
 * NBC News and Information Service
 * NBC Talknet
 * NBC Radio Network
 * NBG Radio Network
 * Progressive Broadcasting System
 * Radio Disney
 * Radio Unica (Spanish-language radio network)
 * Radiovisa (Spanish-language talk radio network)
 * Richard Field Lewis Jr. Stations (later Mid Atlantic Network Inc.)
 * RKO Radio Network (absorbed by Westwood One, see also Transtar)
 * Rural Radio Network (operated 1948-1960 in New York state)
 * Satellite Music Network (now owned by Cumulus Media Networks)
 * Sheridan Broadcasting Network
 * The Source
 * Sports Fan Radio Network
 * Talk America Radio Network (renamed Liberty Broadcasting System, a subsidiary of the telecommunications company IDT Corp)
 * Transtar (still in operation under other names, now owned by Dial Global)
 * United Press International Radio Network
 * United Stations Radio Network (the original version, merged into Westwood One; the similarly named United Stations Radio Networks was a revival based on this version and is still in operation)
 * Washington News Desk
 * Waitt Radio Networks (now owned by Dial Global)
 * Westinghouse Broadcasting Company (Group W)
 * Yankee Network and Colonial Network

title: List of United States radio networks


text:
Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa

Tassilo, Baron von Heydebrand und der Lasa (known in English as Baron von der Lasa; 17 October 1818 – 27 July 1899) was a German chess master, chess historian and theoretician of the nineteenth century, a member of the Berlin Chess Club and a founder of the Berlin Chess School (the Berlin Pleiades).

Name
His name is usually abbreviated as "von der Lasa", as this is how he signed his letters. However both contemporary and more recent writers have used other abbreviations, such as "von Heydebrandt" (which is a misspelling) and "Der Lasa". The Prussian King (later Emperor) William I made a joke out of the confusion by saying, "Good morning, dear Heydebrand. What is von der Lasa doing?"

Biography
Von der Lasa was born 17 October 1818 in Berlin. He studied law in Bonn and Berlin. From 1845 he was a diplomat in the service of Prussia. His career took him to Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Rio de Janeiro, among other places. He retired from the diplomatic service in 1864, and thereafter devoted himself to the world of chess.

He played several matches and defeated the strongest masters in the period 1843–1853. He won against Henry Thomas Buckle 2-1 (1843), Adolf Anderssen 4-2 (1845), Johann Löwenthal 6-1 (1846), John William Schulten 4-1 (1850), Anderssen 10-5 (1851), and Howard Staunton 7-6 (1853).

To the modern chess world he is known above all as the main author of the Handbuch des Schachspiels (first published in 1843). His friend Paul Rudolf von Bilguer, responsible for the original plan, had died in 1840, with the work still in the early stages. Von der Lasa took over, and, in a noble gesture of friendship, put his friend's name as author. In later editions of the Handbuch, in German commonly called der Bilguer, von der Lasa was named as co-author.

In 1850 von der Lasa published in the Deutsche Schachzeitung (German Chess Magazine) a call for an international chess tournament, the first ever, to be held in Trier. Instead the first such tournament was held in 1851 in London. Von der Lasa did not play in tournaments, being usually busy as an organizer, but played well in off-hand games against such leading masters as Howard Staunton and Adolf Anderssen. He was also a renowned chess investigator and theoretician, publishing numerous articles in the German Chess Magazine and, in 1897, his great work Zur Geschichte und Literatur des Schachspiels, Forschungen (Researches in the History and Literature of Chess). In the course of his researches he traveled extensively (including a trip around the world in 1887–88) and accumulated a comprehensive chess library, to which he published a catalog in 1896. In 1898 the German Chess Federation saluted his tireless efforts and accomplishments by conferring on him its first honorary membership.

One of von der Lasa's last services was to encourage H. J. R. Murray to pursue further researches into the early history of chess. Von der Lasa died on 27 July 1899 in Storchnest bei Lissa, Posen (then in Prussia, now Osieczna in Poland). His library is still intact at Kórnik Castle near Poznań.

title: Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa


text:
Talk:Oryx

Taxo Issue
The family this animal is listed under is incorrect, the article on Antilocapridae says only one animal still exists under that family. Online searches of IUCN show all the Oryx's listed under family Bovidae. Can someone give me a source to somewhere saying otherwise if I am wrong? Also, the name "Oryx beisa" is not listed in IUCN, a main source I thought was being used for these taxo articles. Reference for that too please? Just trying to clear things up, thanks. --Flockmeal 00:43, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

I find it under Bovidae Hippotraginae Oryx beisa. BUT... there are actually four species of Oryx, Oryx beisa the East African Oryx, Oryx dammah the Scimitar Oryx, Oryx gazella the Gemsbok and Oryx leucoryx the Arabian Oryx. However as you mention 'the smallest species' are you writing about the whole genus? in that case you don't need the species. --Furius 05:04, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Images
I am not sure the one you show as "Arabian oryx in Israel" is actually an Arabian oryx. The title of the picture says it's a Beissa oryx. To see a real Arabian oryx try to take a look at its proper schede. Besides "Oryx leucoryx" means "White oryx": that's the reason why its main colour is white (as it really is) and not brown!!!

--Suhardian 22:17, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Put Navpages-box for faster display
29-Aug-09: The article "Oryx" has been one of hundreds that displayed the huge bottom navbox Artiodactyla which shows over 370 wikilinks to related species, families, suborders, etc. I have simply reduced that entire navbox to an elective choice, allowing each user to decide whether to display all the related species, from a single wikilink shown by using Navpages. Because article "Oryx" is viewed 400x times per day (average of 300-550 pageviews daily), and is now 10x times smaller, it will be displayed 4,000x times faster each day (meaning 4,000 fewer data-transfer blocks). Although WP developers dislike talking about performance, it is acceptable to make articles 4,000x times faster, as long as the decision is not forced onto other users. Gigantic bottom navboxes are a real problem (in my opinion), as explained more in WP:Overlink crisis. To help fight the excessive navbox sizes, consider shortening the articles which are read most during each day, such as those with navboxes exceeding 100 wikilinks. Rare articles or small navboxes are not a problem. -Wikid77 (talk) 06:01, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Deleting Unicorn Theory
This totally crazy statement: "The oryx may offer one explanation for the root of unicorns in mythology: from a distance, the animal's two horns may appear to be one." is given without citation of any source, and it has nothing to do with the section "Ecology" anyway, so I'm removing it. If you have any objections, put it back in a proper place and as a well referenced claim. - Blueguy 65.0.221.140 (talk) 17:42, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

I'm not going to look it all up and edit it back in right now, because I'm busy -- and I agree that "Ecology" was a poor section for that -- but it is in fact the case that at least some Greeks believed the Oryx had a single horn. Aristotle lists it as one of two animals to do so -- the other being the mythical "Indian ass" -- and from one or both, the legend of the unicorn did grow. See also Chapter 2 of "Sacred Monsters" by Rabbi Natan Slifkin, which discusses the possible oryx/unicorn link in some detail. 76.121.187.193 (talk) 04:48, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Scope in intro
The following sentence doesn't seem to make sense: "Oryx is one of four large antelope species of the genus Oryx." The article covers all species of the genus, so what is meant? FunkMonk (talk) 14:20, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Oryx. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070904054718/http://www.iht.com:80/articles/ap/2007/01/02/america/NA_GEN_US_Reviving_a_Breed.php to http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/02/america/NA_GEN_US_Reviving_a_Breed.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:30, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Oryx (operator for Rainbow Six Siege)
Hey, just changed the phrasing for the mention of Tom Clancy's: Rainbow Six Siege to make a little more sense. Hope that's okay.

Operator Saif "Oryx" El Hadid was introduced alongside Nienke "Iana" Meijer in Year 5 Season 1, Operation Void Edge. Links provided are to Oryx's Operator page, and the update page for Y5S1, Operation Void Edge (released early 2020).

I don't know if the mention is worth a citation or not, I'm fairly new to edits outside of game fansites. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Your-Toothbrush (talk • contribs) 23:05, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Oryxspioenkop (OSINT) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:03, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Redundant section
Does the two-sentence section "As an introduced species" need to be in this article? There's a much clearer and better-written paragraph about the same topic a bit earlier in the article. (Also, the number of oryx introduced into White Sands is inconsistent between the two sections.) I almost deleted the short section, but I thought I would mention it here to get other opinions. I guess I'm not feeling "bold" today... David10244 (talk) 07:00, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oryx


text: Template:Middle-earth

title: Template:Middle-earth


text:
Inward light

Inward light, Light of God, Light of Christ, Christ within, That of God, Spirit of God within us, Light within, and inner light are related phrases commonly used within the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) as metaphors for Christ's light shining on or in them. It was propagated by the founder of the Quaker movement, George Fox, who "preached faith in and reliance on 'inward light' (the presence of Christ in the heart)". The first Quakers were known to sit in silence and meditate on the words of the Bible until they felt the inward light of God shining upon them and the Holy Spirit speaking. The concept was highly important to early Quakers, who taught: "God reveals Himself within each individual's conscience and consciousness by the Holy Spirit, Christ Himself being the Light to illuminate man's sinfulness and lead in the way of truth and righteousness. ... this light is in all men by the grace of God to lead them to Christ, and that the same light will give daily guidance to the Christian."

The Key to the Faith and Practice of the Religious Society of Friends states that the Inward Light is "both the historical, living Jesus, and as the Grace of God extended to people that simultaneously makes us conscious of our sins, forgives them, and gives us the strength and the will to overcome them" and "teaches us the difference between right and wrong, truth and falseness, good and evil". As such, the word light is commonly used by Christians (including Quakers) as a metaphor for Christ, derived from many Biblical passages including John 8:12, which states: I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life. Quakers take this idea of walking in the Light of Christ to refer to God's presence within a person, and to a direct and personal experience of God, although this varies to some extent between Quakers in different yearly meetings. Quakers believe not only that individuals can be guided by this light, but that Friends might meet together and receive collective guidance from God by sharing the concerns and leadings that he gives to individuals. This is often done in meeting for worship; Pierre Lacout, a Swiss Quaker, describes a "silence which is active" causing the Inner Light to "glow", in his book God is silence. In a Friends meeting it is usually called "ministry" when a person shares aloud what the Inward Light is saying to him or her, which is revealed "by the direct prompting of Christ through his Holy Spirit." The term inward light was first used by early Friends to refer to Christ's light shining on them; the term inner light has also been used since the twentieth century to describe this Quaker doctrine. Rufus Jones, in 1904, wrote that: "The Inner Light is the doctrine that there is something Divine, 'Something of God' in the human soul". Jones argued that his interpretation of the Quaker doctrine of the inner light was something shared by George Fox and other early Quakers, but some Quaker theologians and historians, most notably Lewis Benson reject this viewpoint. For certain Conservative Friends, Evangelical Friends and Holiness Friends, Jones' definition represents "modernistic thought" rather than early Quaker teaching, which emphasizes the necessity of a personal conversion to be a child of God."

Related terms
The term "Inward light" appears in early Quaker writings. Originally, Inward Light was used much more often than "Inner Light". This term evokes an image of people being illuminated by the light of God or Christ. Although the terms are now often used interchangeably, according to Quaker historian Pink Dandelion the terms were not thought of as equivalents until Rufus Jones incorrectly used the terms as literal synonyms.

Synonyms for the Inward Light include Inner Light, Light of God, Light of Christ, Christ within, That of God, Spirit of God within us, and Light within. These are often used interchangeably by modern and arguably early Friends. Liberal Friends may identify it with the expression "that of God in everyone". Conservative Friends, Evangelical Friends and Holiness Friends identify the Inward Light as "the indwelling Holy Spirit as the Guide by whom the Scriptures are understood (I Cor. 2:10, 11) and the specific will of God for every man is made known (Rom. 8:14)." At the same time, the Bible is "the guide by which every spirit may be discerned (I Jn. 4:1-3) and every belief and practice tested (II Tim. 3:16)."

Basis
The Quaker belief that the Inward Light shines on each person is based in part on a passage from the New Testament, namely John 1:9, which says, "That was the true light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world." Early Friends took this verse as one of their mottos and often referred to themselves as "Children of the Light". Moreover, Friends emphasize the part of the verse that indicates that the Light "is extended to all people everywhere", even "people who have never heard of Christianity in a meaningful way or at all can share in the Light, if they sincerely respond to God's grace. For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law. They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness, and their conflicting thoughts accuse or excuse them on the day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus (Romans 2:14–16)."

The principal founder of what became the Religious Society of Friends, George Fox, claimed that he had a direct experience of God. Having explored various sects and listened to an assortment of preachers, he finally concluded that none of them were adequate to be his ultimate guide. At that point he reported hearing a voice that told him, "There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition." He felt that God wanted him to teach others that they need not depend on human teachers or guides either, because each one of them could experience God directly and hear his voice within. He wrote in his journal, "I was glad that I was commanded to turn people to that inward light, spirit, and grace, by which all might know their salvation, and their way to God; even that divine Spirit which would lead them into all Truth, and which I infallibly knew would never deceive any." Fox taught: that Christ, the Light, had come to teach his people himself; that "people had no need of any teacher but the Light that was in all men and women" (the anointing they had received); if people would be silent, waiting on God, the Light would teach them how to conduct their lives, teach them about Christ, show them the condition of their hearts; they loving the Light, it would rid them of the "cause of sin"; and soon after, Christ would return in his glory to establish his Kingdom in their hearts. Fox called the Light destroying sin within as the Cross of Christ, the Power of God.

Regarding this, Fox wrote, "Now ye that know the power of God and are come to it—which is the Cross of Christ, that crucifies you to the state that Adam and Eve were in the fall, and so to the world—by this power of God ye come to see the state they were in before they fell, which power of God is the Cross, in which stands the everlasting glory; which brings up into the righteousness, holiness and image of God, and crucifies to the unrighteousness, unholiness and image of Satan." The Cross is no "dead fact stranded on the shore of the oblivious years", but is to be a living experience deep in the heart of the believer, and changing his whole life. "You that know the power and feel the power, you feel the Cross of Christ, you feel the Gospel, which is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth." All real experience of the Cross must lead, he thought, to the same way of life that brought the Master there—to the way of humility and non-resistance, of overcoming evil by the sole force of love and goodness. To Fox it seemed that a high profession of Christianity often went with a way of life in flagrant opposition to this. He writes to the persecutors: "Your fruits have manifested that you are not of this (wisdom from above); and so out of the power of God which is the Cross of Christ; for you are found in the world, out of the power of God, out of the Cross of Christ, persecuting."

Contrast with other inner sources
Many Friends consider this divine guidance (or "promptings" or "leadings of the Spirit") distinct both from impulses originating within oneself and from generally agreed-on moral guidelines. In fact, as Marianne McMullen pointed out, a person can be prompted to say something in meeting that is contrary to what he or she thinks. In other words, Friends do not usually consider the Inner Light the conscience or moral sensibility but something higher and deeper that informs and sometimes corrects these aspects of human nature.

Contrast with rules and creeds
Historically, Friends have been suspicious of formal creeds or religious philosophy that is not grounded in one's own experience. Instead one must be guided by the Inward Teacher, the Inner Light. This is not, however, a release for Friends to decide and do whatever they want; it is incumbent upon Friends to consider the wisdom of other Friends, as one must listen for the Inner Light of others as well as their own. Friends have various established procedures for collectively discerning and following the Spirit while making decisions.

Friends procedure is to collect together their best advice in a book of "Faith and Practice", which is revised gradually over time. Many or most books of Faith and Practice contain the following, which was originally attached to a list of "Advices" published in 1656, and illustrates Friends' emphasis on the Inward Light:

 * Dearly beloved Friends, these things we do not lay upon you as a rule or form to walk by, but that all, with the measure of light which is pure and holy, may be guided: and so in the light walking and abiding, these may be fulfilled in the Spirit, not from the letter, for the letter killeth, but the Spirit giveth life.

In the Bible
Most Friends, especially in the past, have looked to the Bible as a source of doctrine, wisdom and guidance. Many, if not most of them, have considered the Bible a book inspired by God. Early Quakers, like George Fox and Robert Barclay, as well as most modern Quakers (including the Conservative Friends, Evangelical Friends, Gurneyite Friends and Holiness Friends) believed that promptings which were truly from the Holy Spirit would not contradict the Bible. They did, furthermore, believe that to correctly understand the Bible, one needed the Inward Light to clarify it and guide one in applying its teachings to current situations.

In the United States, in the nineteenth century, Friends of the Orthodox branch concluded that a minority of those of their faith, especially those of the Liberal Friends tradition, were using the concept of the Inner Light to justify unbiblical views. These Orthodox Friends held that the revelations of the Inward Light would not be in contradiction to the teachings of the Bible: "the Scriptures were foundational to Christian doctrine, and the indwelling Spirit was the immediate guide for holy living and worship." Friends remain formally, but usually respectfully, divided on the matter.

title: Inward light


text:
Aldol reaction

The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an enolized ketone to another:

These products are known as aldols, from the aldehyde + alcohol, a structural motif seen in many of the products. The use of aldehyde in the name comes from its history: aldehydes are more reactive than ketones, so that the reaction was discovered first with them.

The aldol reaction is paradigmatic in organic chemistry and perhaps the most common means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry. It lends its name to the family of aldol reactions and similar techniques analyze a whole family of carbonyl α-substitution reactions, as well as the diketone condensations. When the nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the converse, when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization.

Aldol structural units are found in many important molecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic. The reaction is used in several industrial syntheses, notably of pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, the plasticizer 2-ethylhexanol, and the drug Lipitor (atorvastatin, calcium salt). For many of the commodity applications, the stereochemistry of the aldol reaction is unimportant, but the topic is of intense interest for the synthesis of many specialty chemicals.

Mechanisms
The aldol reaction has one underlying mechanism, but it appears in different forms depending on pH:

If the catalyst is a moderate base such as hydroxide ion or an alkoxide, the aldol reaction occurs via nucleophilic attack by the resonance-stabilized enolate on the carbonyl group of another molecule. The product is the alkoxide salt of the aldol product. The aldol itself is then formed, and it may then undergo dehydration to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound. The scheme shows a simple mechanism for the base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself.

Although only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS. In this case, enolate formation is irreversible, and the aldol product is not formed until the metal alkoxide of the aldol product is protonated in a separate workup step.

When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, allowing it to attack the protonated carbonyl compound, leading to the aldol after deprotonation. Some may also dehydrate past the intended product to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound through aldol condensation.

Crossed-aldol reactant control
Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the process effective. The first problem is a thermodynamic one: most aldol reactions are reversible. Furthermore, the equilibrium is also just barely on the side of the products in the case of simple aldehyde–ketone aldol reactions. If the conditions are particularly harsh (e.g.: NaOMe/MeOH/reflux), condensation may occur, but this can usually be avoided with mild reagents and low temperatures (e.g., LDA (a strong base), THF, −78 °C). Although the aldol addition usually proceeds to near completion under irreversible conditions, the isolated aldol adducts are sensitive to base-induced retro-aldol cleavage to return starting materials. In contrast, retro-aldol condensations are rare, but possible. This is the basis of the catalytic strategy of class I aldolases in nature, as well as numerous small-molecule amine catalysts.

When a mixture of unsymmetrical ketones are reacted, four crossed-aldol (addition) products can be anticipated:  Thus, if one wishes to obtain only one of the cross-products, one must control which carbonyl becomes the nucleophilic enol/enolate and which remains in its electrophilic carbonyl form.

The simplest control is if only one of the reactants has acidic protons, and only this molecule forms the enolate. For example, the addition of diethyl malonate into benzaldehyde produces only one product:

If one group is considerably more acidic than the other, the most acidic proton is abstracted by the base and an enolate is formed at that carbonyl while the less-acidic carbonyl remains electrophilic. This type of control works only if the difference in acidity is large enough and base is the limiting reactant. A typical substrate for this situation is when the deprotonatable position is activated by more than one carbonyl-like group. Common examples include a CH2 group flanked by two carbonyls or nitriles (see for example the Knoevenagel condensation and the first steps of the malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis).

Otherwise, the most acidic carbonyls are typically also the most active electrophiles: first aldehydes, then ketones, then esters, and finally amides. Thus cross-aldehyde reactions are typically most challenging because they can polymerize easily or react unselectively to give a statistical mixture of products.

One common solution is to form the enolate of one partner first, and then add the other partner under kinetic control. Kinetic control means that the forward aldol addition reaction must be significantly faster than the reverse retro-aldol reaction. For this approach to succeed, two other conditions must also be satisfied; it must be possible to quantitatively form the enolate of one partner, and the forward aldol reaction must be significantly faster than the transfer of the enolate from one partner to another. Common kinetic control conditions involve the formation of the enolate of a ketone with LDA at −78 °C, followed by the slow addition of an aldehyde.

Stereoselectivity
The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple molecules into a more complex one. Increased complexity arises because each end of the new bond may become a stereocenter. Modern methodology has not only developed high-yielding aldol reactions, but also completely controls both the relative and absolute configuration of these new stereocenters.

To describe relative stereochemistry at the α- and β-carbon, older papers use saccharide chemistry's erythro/threo nomenclature; more modern papers use the following syn/anti convention. When propionate (or higher order) nucleophiles add to aldehydes, the reader visualizes the R group of the ketone and the R' group of the aldehyde aligned in a "zig zag" pattern on the paper (or screen). The disposition of the formed stereocenters is deemed syn or anti, depending if they are on the same or opposite sides of the main chain: The principal factor determining an aldol reaction's stereoselectivity is the enolizing metal counterion. Shorter metal-oxygen bonds "tighten" the transition state and effects greater stereoselection. Boron is often used because its bond lengths are significantly shorter than other cheap metals (lithium, aluminium, or magnesium). The following reaction gives a syn:anti ratio of 80:20 using a lithium enolate compared to 97:3 using a bibutylboron enolate. Where the counterion determines stereoinduction strength, the enolate isomer determines its direction. E isomers give anti products and Z give syn:

Zimmermann-Traxler model
If the two reactants have carbonyls adjacent to a pre-existing stereocenter, then the new stereocenters may form at a fixed orientation relative to the old. This "substrate-based stereocontrol" has seen extensive study and examples pervade the literature. In many cases, a stylized transition state, called the Zimmerman–Traxler model, can predict the new orientation from the configuration of a 6-membered ring.

On the enol
If the enol has an adjacent stereocenter, then the two stereocenters flanking the carbonyl in the product are naturally syn: The underlying mechanistic reason depends on the enol isomer. For an E enolate, the stereoinduction is necessary to avoid 1,3-allylic strain, while a Z enolate instead seeks to avoid 1,3-diaxial interactions:

However, Fráter & Seebach showed that a chelating Lewis basic moiety adjacent to the enol will instead cause anti addition.

On the electrophile
E enolates exhibit Felkin diastereoface selection, while Z enolates exhibit anti-Felkin selectivity. The general model is presented below:

Since the transition state for Z enolates must contain either a destabilizing syn-pentane interaction or an anti-Felkin rotamer, Z-enolates are less diastereoselective:

On both
If both the enolate and the aldehyde contain pre-existing chirality, then the outcome of the "double stereodifferentiating" aldol reaction may be predicted using a merged stereochemical model that takes into account all the effects discussed above. Several examples are as follows:

Oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries
In the late 1970s and 1980s, David A. Evans and coworkers developed a technique for stereoselection in the aldol syntheses of aldehydes and carboxylic acids. The method works by temporarily appending a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary to create a chiral enolate. The pre-existing chirality from the auxiliary is then transferred to the aldol adduct through Zimmermann-Traxler methods, and then the oxazolidinone cleaved away.

Commercial oxazolidinones are relatively expensive, but derive in 2 synthetic steps from comparatively inexpensive amino acids. (Economical large-scale syntheses prepare the auxiliary in-house.) First, a borohydride reduces the acid moiety. Then the resulting amino alcohol dehydratively cyclises with a simple carbonate ester, such as diethylcarbonate.

The acylation of an oxazolidinone is informally referred to as "loading done".

Anti adducts, which require an E enolate, cannot be obtained reliably with the Evans method. However, Z enolates, leading to syn adducts, can be reliably formed using boron-mediated soft enolization:

Often, a single diastereomer may be obtained by one crystallization of the aldol adduct.

Many methods cleave the auxiliary:

Variations
A common additional chiral auxiliary is a thioether group:

Crimmins thiazolidinethione aldol
In the Crimmins thiazolidinethione approach, a thiazolidinethione is the chiral auxiliary and can produce the "Evans syn" or "non-Evans syn" adducts by simply varying the amount of (−)-sparteine. The reaction is believed to proceed via six-membered, titanium-bound transition states, analogous to the proposed transition states for the Evans auxiliary.

"Masked" enols
A common modification of the aldol reaction uses other, similar functional groups as ersatz enols. In the Mukaiyama aldol reaction, silyl enol ethers add to carbonyls in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as boron trifluoride (as boron trifluoride etherate) or titanium tetrachloride.

In the Stork enamine alkylation, secondary amines form enamines when exposed to ketones. These enamines then react (possibly enantioselectively ) with suitable electrophiles. This strategy offers simple enantioselection without transition metals. In contrast to the preference for syn adducts typically observed in enolate-based aldol additions, these aldol additions are anti-selective.

In aqueous solution, the enamine can then be hydrolyzed from the product, making it a small organic molecule catalyst. In a seminal example, proline efficiently catalyzed the cyclization of a triketone: This combination is the Hajos-Parrish reaction  Under Hajos-Parrish conditions only a catalytic amount of proline is necessary (3 mol%). There is no danger of an achiral background reaction because the transient enamine intermediates are much more nucleophilic than their parent ketone enols.

A Stork-type strategy also allows the otherwise challenging cross-reactions between two aldehydes. In many cases, the conditions are mild enough to avoid polymerization: However, selectivity requires the slow syringe-pump controlled addition of the desired electrophilic partner because both reacting partners typically have enolizable protons. If one aldehyde has no enolizable protons or alpha- or beta-branching, additional control can be achieved.

"Direct" aldol additions
In the usual aldol addition, a carbonyl compound is deprotonated to form the enolate. The enolate is added to an aldehyde or ketone, which forms an alkoxide, which is then protonated on workup. A superior method, in principle, would avoid the requirement for a multistep sequence in favor of a "direct" reaction that could be done in a single process step.

If one coupling partner preferentially enolizes, then the general problem is that the addition generates an alkoxide, which is much more basic than the starting materials. This product binds tightly to the enolizing agent, preventing it from catalyzing additional reactants:

One approach, demonstrated by Evans, is to silylate the aldol adduct. A silicon reagent such as TMSCl is added in the reaction, which replaces the metal on the alkoxide, allowing turnover of the metal catalyst:

Use in carbohydrate synthesis
Traditional syntheses of hexoses use variations of iterative protection-deprotection strategies, requiring 8–14 steps, organocatalysis can access many of the same substrates by a two-step protocol involving the proline-catalyzed dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes followed by tandem Mukaiyama aldol cyclization.

The aldol dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes requires that the aldol adduct, itself an aldehyde, be inert to further aldol reactions. Earlier studies revealed that aldehydes bearing alpha-alkyloxy or alpha-silyloxy substituents were suitable for this reaction, while aldehydes bearing Electron-withdrawing groups such as acetoxy were unreactive. The protected erythrose product could then be converted to four possible sugars via Mukaiyama aldol addition followed by lactol formation. This requires appropriate diastereocontrol in the Mukaiyama aldol addition and the product silyloxycarbenium ion to preferentially cyclize, rather than undergo further aldol reaction. In the end, glucose, mannose, and allose were synthesized:

Biological aldol reactions
Examples of aldol reactions in biochemistry include the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the fourth stage of glycolysis, which is an example of a reverse ("retro") aldol reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase A (also known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase).

In the glyoxylate cycle of plants and some prokaryotes, isocitrate lyase produces glyoxylate and succinate from isocitrate. Following deprotonation of the OH group, isocitrate lyase cleaves isocitrate into the four-carbon succinate and the two-carbon glyoxylate by an aldol cleavage reaction. This cleavage is similar mechanistically to the aldolase A reaction of glycolysis.

History
The aldol reaction was discovered independently by the Russian chemist (and Romantic composer) Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, which originally used aldehydes to perform the reaction.

Howard Zimmerman and Marjorie D. Traxler proposed their model for stereoinduction in a 1957 paper.

title: Aldol reaction


text:
User talk:Spm

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WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 14:55, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Hexayurt
I have redeleted this talk page per CSD G8. If you wish to appeal the deletion (which had very clear consensus to delete), then WP:DRV is the place, rather than the talk page of a non-existing article. You should be aware that it seems rather unlikely that the deletion be overturned; the afd was a unanimous call for "delete" I would advise that a better course of action would be to rewrite the article and avoid the issues raised in the afd while doing so. -- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 11:45, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Hallgrímskirkja image
Hello, a file you uploaded (File:Hallgrimskirkja transposed.jpg) has been nominated for deletion on Wikimedia Commons because of freedom of panorama laws restricting commercial use. Would you be able to upload it here on the English Wikipedia with a fair use rationale? Thanks, Hayden120 (talk) 05:10, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Jérémie Zimmermann

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Shingo Kobayashi
You recently commented to keep the article Shingo Kobayashi, a BLP tagged as unreferenced since January 2009. Unreferenced BLPs are a serious concern facing Wikipedia. Since you believe this article should be kept, any assistance you can provide to add substantive citations to the article would be appreciated. --Vassyana (talk) 15:35, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Microsegregation

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Discussion at Talk:Foreman Thuridur
I invite you to please join the discussion at Talk:Foreman Thuridur.

Hello, I am seeking help with the Foreman Thuridur article, recently translated from is:Þuríður formaður, and the discussion on its talk page. I am writing to you because you are in Category:User is-N and you are either part of WikiProject Iceland, interested in translating, or have been active on the Icelandic or English Wikipedias or other Wikimedia projects.

I realize that some of you are very busy (especially the admins), while others may no longer be editing. Nevertheless, I thought it wise to consult with you.

Thank your for whatever work that you do on Wiki[mp]edia! Peaceray (talk) 05:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spm


text:
Unorganized South Nipissing District

Unorganized South Nipissing District is an unorganized area in north-central Ontario, in the District of Nipissing. It is almost entirely within and includes most of Algonquin Provincial Park.

Localities
Localities located within the unorganized area are:

Communities

 * Acanthus
 * Achray
 * Brent
 * Canoe Lake
 * Coristine
 * Daventry
 * Government Park
 * Kilrush
 * Kiosk
 * Lake Traverse
 * Mink Lake
 * Odenback
 * Radiant
 * Stuart

Townships
The following geographic townships are included:

 * Anglin
 * Ballantyne
 * Barron
 * Biggar
 * Bishop
 * Boulter
 * Bower
 * Boyd
 * Bronson
 * Butt
 * Canisbay
 * Clancy
 * Deacon
 * Devine
 * Dickson
 * Edgar
 * Finlayson
 * Fitzgerald
 * Freswick
 * Guthrie
 * Hunter
 * Lauder
 * Lister
 * Master
 * McCraney
 * McLaughlin
 * Niven
 * Osler
 * Paxton
 * Peck
 * Pentland
 * Preston
 * Sproule
 * Stratton
 * White
 * Wilkes

All, except Boulter, Lauder, and parts of Ballantyne, Boyd and Paxton are within Algonquin Provincial Park.

Population distribution
Most of the population lives outside of Algonquin Park on the northern or northwestern fringes of the region. According to the 2016 Census, the blocks that encompass the Townships of Boulter, Lauder, Pentland and Boyd had a combined population of 57. The area around Loxton Lake in Ballantyne Township (Census Block 35480228012) had a population of 26. Census Block 35480228215 which covers parts of Bronson and Stratton Townships in the Northeast corner of Algonquin Park had a population of 5, while 15 people lived in Census Block 35480228146 which covers most of the western part of the region.

title: Unorganized South Nipissing District