text:
Talk:Steel and tin cans

Ribbed Design?
Virtually all tin cans have ridges or grooves on the side of the can. What is the purpose of this? If someone can find out and incorporate it, that would be great.--160.39.213.168 00:19, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the purpose is to strengthen the can walls against buckling. This is roughly analogous to the flanges on I-beams: while the beam's web (central part) supports the load in the vertical plane, the flanges keep the beam from buckling in the horizontal plane due to any lateral forces.

 * |   FLANGE   |

 * | W |

 * | E |

 * | B |

 * |   FLANGE   |

 * — ¾-10 21:24, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Role of Tin
Tin isn't used on steel in tin cans to prevent corrosion. Tin is used as a lubricant on steel to prevent ripping during the forming process. Corrosion is prevented through the application of specially formulated polymeric lacquers that are applied in one or two coats dependant on substrate to be coated and product to be stored and protected. [Per history, added by IP 14:02, 2004 Mar 6 83.112.11.173 ]

Important to the article if true; anyone got a source to back up this anon tip? (I am skeptical of the idea that that is the full story rather than at most a side issue, since dented tin cans, IIRC, can have the inner tin coating cracked, leading to corrosion of the steel and people getting sick. --Jerzy (t) 17:45, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

Materials
The section on Materials is very unclear. This question arises: Were tin cans EVER made "primarily or wholly" out of tin? If so, during what era? The sentence that uses the term "second half of the 20th century" is a grammatical train crash. When, exactly, did tinplate steel come into use? Around the mid 20th century..after the mid 20th century? The next sentence talks about aluminum coming into use in 1960... hmmm, that sounds like the "mid 20th century" too!.. or is it "the second half of the 20th century"? Whiskey Tango Foxtrot?!?!

1) Get rid of "THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY" terminology. 2) Get the dates straight. 3) Write a couple of barely-intelligible sentences in English, so a grammar expert can later fix them. I'm not a grammar expert, but I will do my best to smooth out any rough spots until a grammarian becomes available. 71.135.13.69 (talk) 20:30, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Tin Cannikin?
I doubt it, but is the name "tin can" derived from or a shorterned version of "tin cannikin"? I assume the can stands for "canister". Treasure Island: "...[Long John Silver] drew some cognac from the cask into a tin cannikin..." --Joshtek 21:41, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Doesn't look good at first: in the Collegiate, we have "cannikin ... : a small can or drinking vessel" probably from a Danish diminutive for "can" vs. "can ...: a usu. cylindrical receptacle: ... a vessel for holding liquids: specif.: a drinking vessel" with no mention of Danish in the etymology. And "tin can...: a can made of tinplate" w/o etymology.
 * From the context as far as given, it sounds more like a mug than a hip-flask (which would fit better with storage), and bear in mind that the book is set in a time when people thot that eating off of lead-tin alloy was a good idea; "tin" probably means solid pure or alloyed metal, rather than "tin plated", steel being something that i think was then mostly reserved for edged weapons.
 * Can someone with OED handy comment?
 * --Jerzy (t) 17:45, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

Photo
The lighting is too dark, making it useless at illustrating the pull-top. --Jerzy (t) 17:45, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

History
I removed from Can opener the following (re cans):
 * invented in 1810 by Peter Durand in Britain

as later and less documented in WP than the Frenchman. But no doubt his contribution was important and should be described on this talk page's article. --Jerzy (t) 19:42, 2005 May 4 (UTC)
 * The history ought to be expanded in this article, or a clear link given to a main article on the history of tinning. Njál 19:41, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Steal Can Double Seam

Here's an attempt at a sketch:

Double Seam _________ | ____   | | |    |  |                                                       etc., symmetrically | | | |  |                   Can Cover                           | |___| |  |_______________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___|        |         |        | Can Body |

Double Seam — n. A hermetic seal or seam formed by interlocking the edges (flanges) of both the cover (lid or end) and body of a can. v. To attach a cover to a can body by a method in which five (5) thicknesses of plate are interlocked or folded and pressed firmly together. (See Double Seam Formation, 1.010)

The History section is weak. It does not answer the simple question of whether any liners were used or not during WWII, for example, when millions of cans were produced and used, both for military and non-military use. BPA and modern coatings were not around. So, were they just plain tin-coated steel? Or, was something else used inside back then?Starhistory22 (talk) 02:00, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

hide stuff in can
Special cans can be used as a concealment device. It looks like an ordinary can with hairspray or food in it, but you can hide secret things in it like money or keys. :D

"products like engine oil..."
Maybe it's just a regional thing, but I've spent time in 3 continents, and I've never seen engine oil sold in a cardboard can. Axle grease, sure, but engine oil??? Sounds messy. Can anyone confirm this, or think of a more likely non-food product to be sold in such a can? - Blueguy 65.0.212.9 (talk) 04:27, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You may have "spent time on 3 continents", but if you were born after 1980, or so, there's no reason you would ever have seen motor oil sold in cardboard cans with metal lids. Over a very short period they were replaced by the now-ubiquitous plastic bottles.  For proof, see the undated photo at File:Motor_Oils.jpg, taken in a store in Kuwait.  At one time there were special can-piercing spouts for such cans, too, a common fixture in service stations and garages.  The article is currently incorrect, though, in stating that motor oil was sold in cans with pre-scored, tear-off tops:  That would have defeated the purpose of the can-piercing pour spouts.  The lids were always solid and the cylindrical walls were made of cardboard, usually with an aluminum foil or plastic liner to keep the oil from seeping through the paper.  There's a scene in the 1979 movie, The Jerk, starring Steve Martin, where cardboard oil cans are seen stacked up in a filling station, so they were still in use then, but they disappeared fairly quickly in the 1980s.  — QuicksilverT @ 04:59, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

safety concerns of cans
Theres not a whole lot of information about safety. It doesnt verify or debunk that any aluminum can be absorbed into the body. It doesn't even mention that many cans like these, especially when manufactured out of the usa, have a lead content in them that can leech into food. Someone should write about this and find some references to support that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.160.131.17 (talk) 18:46, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

zinc plated/galvanized steel
I have noticed that canned pineapple usually comes in zinc plated cans (there's the classic 'metal flower' pattern on the inside, and NO plastic liner). Can someone confirm this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.165.34.114 (talk) 15:50, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Material
The article states tins are made from aluminium. In the UK most tins (i.e. tins of baked beans) are magnetic, so what are they made from? I always thought they were steel. A beer tin is often aluminium. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.50.110 (talk) 07:39, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Weight of a can hasn't been given
The article mentions 400g cans but that's referring to the contents. What's the weight of metal in an empty standard size tin can? It's the one datum that I came here to find out. ;o) 2.98.246.86 (talk) 13:10, 3 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Whimmy wham wham wozzle! InedibleHulk (talk) 11:21, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Metal Thickness
There is no information about the thickness of the sheet metal used in cans in the article at this time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.135.20 (talk) 11:56, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Indeed. Anyone knows how thick?

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:37, 2 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Nescafé tin Sensationell.jpg

Is steel the most recycled?
It could paper as well which is very recycled as well. 2A01:E34:EC12:36C0:240F:2BEA:9D03:C4E4 (talk) 17:26, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Comparison points should be given, with other materials. 2A01:E34:EC12:36C0:240F:2BEA:9D03:C4E4 (talk) 17:30, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Possible splitting of page.
To make this topic more encyclopedic, we should split this page between tin cans and steel cans. Most people that will use this page only really want information about one of the two, and it would be more convenient to find the information readers are looking for with separate articles. This article has been rated B-class, and it would be much easier to improve this topic if the two are separate. VMDraper (talk) 16:33, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Terminology section? Improved disambiguation?
The article faces a simple-to-formulate (but hard-to-resolve) problem: the vernacular "tin can" can mean pretty much any metal can. We deal with it in two ways: through a disambiguation Metal can and through mildly confusing sentences in the lead of this article: The article tries to reconcile it later: Metal cans are still (inaccurately) widely called "tin cans"; in some dialects, even aluminium cans are called "tin cans"
 * "Steel cans were traditionally made of tinplate" (very old iron cans were produced, too)
 * "Modern cans are often made from steel lined with transparent films made from assorted plastics, instead of tin" (the article is about "Steel and tin cans")
 * "Some are made from aluminum" - ditto

My proposals: Викидим (talk) 18:12, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Add a redirect hatnote that "tin can" redirects here and mention the Metal can (disambiguation)
 * 2) Combine and move the information about the generic vernacular use very close to the beginning of the lead

 * This article is about steel cans, including tinplated steel. In some regions, these are sometimes called "tins".  There is a separate article about Aluminum cans and an article about drink cans (mostly aluminum),  Please do not confuse these.  Pkgx (talk) 13:46, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, there is more confusion with the terminology. It is easy to find references, for example, to "aluminum tin cans". Викидим (talk) 16:52, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

A better ay to clarify this confusion is to title the article "Steel Cans" discussing the vernacular in some regions to include "tin cans". That is a clean break and allows for people to use their regional variants. The separate article on ''Aluminum cans" remains as does "drink cans. this would improve reading of the articles. Pkgx (talk) 19:44, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steel and tin cans


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Otto Fetting

Otto Fetting (November 20, 1871 – January 30, 1933) was an American realtor and editor from Port Huron, Michigan who served first as a pastor and evangelist in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and then later as an apostle in the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), commonly referred to as the "Hedrickites". Fetting claimed to have been visited by John the Baptist thirty or more times between February 4, 1927 and his death on January 30, 1933. Fetting was reportedly given instruction concerning the doctrine and practices of Hedrickites and other factions of Christianity, together with directives to begin construction of a temple on the Temple Lot, including its exact dimensions.

After initially accepting his first eleven revelations, a Hedrickite conference vote in early October 1929 rejected a key portion of Fetting's twelfth message, leading him to found the "Church of Jesus Christ" on April 8, 1930. This breakaway faction, later referred to as "Church of Christ", subsequently gave birth to additional rival factions after Fetting's death, which have still further subdivided. These "Fettingite" or "Dravesite" (named after W.A. Draves, a follower of Fetting) factions include: the Church of Christ "With the Elijah Message" Established Anew 1929; the Church of Christ (Restored); the Church of Christ (Assured Way); and the Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff.

Otto Fetting and the Hedrickites
Otto Fetting was born in Casco, Michigan. Eventually making his home in nearby Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9, 1891, and ordained to its priesthood in 1899. In 1925, dismayed by the "Supreme Directional Control" controversy within the RLDS church, Fetting switched his allegiance to the Temple Lot organization. At the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ.

Visitation by John the Baptist
On February 4, 1927, Otto Fetting claimed that he had been visited by John the Baptist, who delivered a message for him to give to the Hedrickite organization. This message commanded construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri, first foretold by Latter Day Saint founder Joseph Smith in 1831. The Temple Lot church had a long history of direction via revelation and angel visits, and thus was originally receptive to these alleged visits of the Biblical prophet, publishing Fetting's messages in their monthly periodical Zion's Advocate. They also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on April 6, 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure.

Fetting's "visitor" revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smith's original marker stones, which Smith had buried ninety-eight years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. He also indicated that the "Articles of Faith and Practice" of the Temple Lot church were correct, and should not be changed from their original form. On other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles.

The twelfth message
Although the Temple Lot organization had enthusiastically accepted the first eleven of Fetting's messages, this would not hold true for the twelfth. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as "the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men". While this reflects the practice of the majority of Latter Day Saint denominations (including the Temple Lot church itself, today), it did not reflect the policy of the Temple Lot church at the time, which accepted members during this period from the Reorganized church, certain other Latter Day Saint organizations, and Joseph Smith's pre-1844 church on their original baptisms. This message equally declared Fetting to have been given the same "keys to the priesthood" that were given to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery on May 15, 1829.

Controversy over the meaning and application of Fetting's twelfth message became so great that Fetting himself was "silenced" in October 1929 by the Temple Lot organization. Choosing to withdraw rather than continue under such a restriction, Fetting led approximately half of the Church of Christ members (including some of its apostles) to found an organization of his own, which became known as the Church of Christ (Fettingite). Since the main Temple Lot organization retained possession of the Temple Lot and its meetinghouse, Fetting's organization met in members' homes for a considerable period prior to building their own worship facilities.

Death and testimonial
Fetting would be visited a total of 30 times by his "messenger" prior to his death on January 30, 1933. To the end of his life, Fetting insisted upon the veracity of his heavenly visitor, and the truth of the messages he was given. He authored the following testimony in 1929:

 * TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

 * I make this solemn declaration before God this day, God being my witness, and I expect some day to stand before the judgement bar to answer for this statement.

 * The manifestation and words of the visits of the Messenger are true. I have seen him from time to time. I heard his voice, I've seen his face, I saw the light, I felt his hand on my head and the slap on my shoulder. I was enwrapt in that wonderful Heavenly and Divine power, and the words I have given you are not my words, but the words God sent by John the Baptist.

 * I want to make this statement, so that everyone may know that this is true; it matters little what will become of me hereafter, but I cannot, nor will not, deny the things I have seen and heard from the Heavenly Messenger as long as I have my right mind, and God gives me life and His grace to endure here on Earth.

 * Others may make statements about me, but I want this to be understood that this statement is true. And I shall abide by the advice and instructions given by the Messenger regardless of what men may say.

 * Signed Otto Fetting

 * Independence, Missouri, October 9, 1929

Four other people claimed to have seen John the Baptist during his final visit to Fetting, and their testimony was notarized.

Division of the Fettingite organization
Four years after Fetting's death, a young Fettingite Elder named William A. Draves from Nucla, Colorado claimed that the same messenger who had appeared to Fetting had begun to appear to him, as well. While many of Fetting's followers accepted Draves and his messages, some did not, leading to a split in the Fettingite organization in 1939. Draves' adherents formed the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, which claims to be the sole legitimate continuance of Fetting's original organization. Draves himself would receive a total of 90 messages prior to his death in 1994, all of which were combined with Fetting's into a book entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel.

The Fettingites who rejected Draves' claims later split into two separate organizations, divided by the decision of the Church of Christ (Fettingite)—the remnant in Independence who rejected William Draves' claims—to introduce the Saturday Sabbath into their organization during the 1950s under Apostle S.T. Bronson. A group of congregations in Louisiana and Mississippi, under the leadership of A.C. DeWolf, rejected this change and formed the Church of Christ (Restored), which continues to observe Sunday as their day of worship.

Other than disagreeing as to the proper day for worship, the "Bronsonite" and "DeWolf" organizations remain virtually identical in doctrine and practice. Both of them accept Fetting's ministry and messages, but not Draves'. Each rejects the other, and considers itself the sole true continuation of Otto Fetting's church. Draves' organization, on the other hand, rejects both of these groups, accepting their founder's messages and those of Otto Fetting.

The Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff has no connection with any of these organizations, though it does accept Fetting's message (but not those of Draves).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Otto Fetting


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Iphitos

Iphitos or Īphitus (Ancient Greek: Ἴφιτος) is the name of six individuals in Greek mythology.

 * Iphitos, son of Eurytus, king of Oechalia. As Iole's brother, he was Heracles' brother-in-law and, according to one version of the myth, also his lover.
 * Iphitos, son of Naubolus and king of Phocis, others say his father was the son of Hippasus from Peloponessus. He entertained Jason when he consulted the Delphic Oracle and later joined the Argonauts. Iphitus an ally of Thebans in the war of the Seven against Thebes. He was the leader of men from Phocis and the cities of Panope, Daulis, Cyparissos, Lebadia and Hyampolis during the war. By his wife Hippolyte or Thrasybule, Iphitos became the father of Schedius and Epistrophus who led the Phocians in the Trojan war.
 * Iphitos, an Elean who was killed by Copreus, son of Pelops, who fled from Elis after the murder and later on was purified by King Eurystheus in Mycenae. According to the writer Alcman, Iphitos along with Lycurgus, belonged to the participants in the first Olympic Games.
 * Iphitus, father of Eurynome, who was the mother of King Adrastus of Argos, one of the Seven against Thebes.
 * Iphitos, an elderly Trojan during the Trojan War. In Book VIII of the Iliad, his son Archeptolemus suddenly becomes the charioteer of Hector when Eniopeus was killed by Diomedes. However, Teucer killed him in the same battle. In Aeneid Book II, Aeneas named Iphitos among half a dozen Trojan heroes who fight by his side during the fall of Troy. When the battle turned against them, Iphitos was the only one of these who remained standing. He was apparently by Aeneas's side until King Priam was killed. In some accounts, Iphitos was also the father of Coeranus who was killed by Odysseus.
 * Iphitos, king of Elis, restored the Olympic Games after the Dorian invasion. The restoration came after he asked the Oracle at Delphi about what should be done to save Greece from civil war and the diseases that were killing the population. The Oracle answered: "Iphitos and the people of Elis must declare a sacred truce for the duration of the game and revive the Olympic Games".

title: Iphitos


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Wikipedia:List of encyclopedia topics

The following is an exhaustive list of encyclopedia topics that do not appear to have articles in Wikipedia, but really should for maximum coverage. The intent is to create a sensible article with the given link - many being redirects - and then to remove it from these pages. Thus each page of the list should get steadily shorter. There are certain links which may be better not having pages created for them. An explanation for this should be noted next to the link and it moved to the bottom of the page.

Some of the topics listed are largely dictionary definitions and may not warrant a distinct article on Wikipedia.

Purpose of this page
The purpose of this page is to help contributors find holes in the coverage of Wikipedia.

Some of the links here can be "activated" with a sensible redirect; if you have a minute of spare time, please take a peek at some of the links. If Wikipedia articles exist on some of the topics, create redirects to them and remove them from the list. Others should become disambiguation pages.

If you find that there is no article to redirect the link to, but an article should exist, you can leave a short note to indicate this so no one duplicates your work, and to give a clue as to why the article deserves to be written. For example: "-- plant"; "-- mineral"; or "-- politician"; etc. Even better yet, write an article and remove the link from the list.

Biographies moved to WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/biographies.

List
Each page started with 1,000 entries except page 78, which started with 877, for 77,877 starting articles. Later we consolidated the lists.

81.0% done Note that page 78 started with 877 missing rather than 1000.

title: Wikipedia:List of encyclopedia topics


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Outline of public relations

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public relations:

Public relations – practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.

Nature of public relations
Public relations can be described as all of the following:
 * Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong.
 * Communication – activity of conveying information
 * Marketing – process which creates, communicates, and delivers value to the customer, and maintains the relationship with customers.

Essence of public relations

 * To create and sustain "shared meaning" or "common understanding" - NB this may be and usually is different from "shared beliefs"
 * Propaganda: the general propagation of information for a specific purpose
 * Psychological warfare:
 * Psyops
 * Public relations: techniques used to influence the publics' perception of an organization
 * Publicity: PR techniques used to promote a specific product or brand
 * Spin (public relations)
 * Spin: both the objective of a PR campaign and the act of obtaining that objective

Public relations methods and approaches

 * Airborne leaflet propaganda
 * Astroturfing and Astroturf PR: fake grassroots
 * Atrocity story
 * Bandwagon effect
 * Big lie
 * Black propaganda
 * Buzzword
 * Card stacking
 * Code word
 * Communist propaganda
 * Corporate image
 * Corporate propaganda
 * Cult of personality
 * Demonization
 * Disinformation: providing false information
 * Dog-whistle politics
 * Doublespeak
 * Enterperience: fusing entertainment and experience together
 * Euphemisms, as done deliberately to advance a cause or position (see also Political correctness)
 * Factoid
 * Fedspeak
 * Front organization
 * Glittering generality
 * Homophobic propaganda
 * Indoctrination
 * Information warfare: the practice of disseminating information in an attempt to advance your agenda relative to a competing viewpoint
 * Junk science
 * Lesser of two evils principle
 * Loaded language
 * Marketing: commercial and business techniques
 * Media bias
 * Media manipulation: the attempt to influence broadcast media decisions in an attempt to present your view to a mass audience
 * Misuse of statistics
 * News management: PR techniques concerned with the news media
 * News propaganda
 * Newspeak
 * Plain folks
 * Propaganda film
 * Public service announcement
 * Revolutionary propaganda
 * Self propaganda
 * Social marketing: techniques used in behavioral change, such as health promotion
 * Sound science
 * Rebuttal: a type of news management technique
 * Rhetoric
 * Slogan
 * Transfer (propaganda)
 * Video news release
 * Weasel Word
 * White propaganda
 * Yellow journalism

Theory of public relations

 * Agenda-setting theory
 * Framing (social sciences)
 * Propaganda model: a model developed by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman to explain how propaganda functions in democracies

History of public relations

 * History of public relations

By country

 * Propaganda in India
 * Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
 * Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Propaganda in the Republic of China
 * Propaganda in Rwanda
 * Propaganda in the Soviet Union
 * Propaganda in the United States

Miscellany

 * Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 * Department for Agitation and Propaganda
 * Operation Mockingbird
 * Propaganda during the Reformation
 * Propaganda in the War in Somalia
 * Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars
 * Socialist Propaganda League

World War II

 * American propaganda during World War II
 * British propaganda during World War II
 * Propaganda in the Republic of China
 * Soviet propaganda during World War II
 * Walt Disney's World War II Propaganda Production

Britain

 * List of British propaganda films of World War II
 * Fougasse
 * Ministry of Information
 * Ministry of Information

People

 * Norman Baillie-Stewart (Radio broadcaster, 1939-1942)
 * Robert Henry Best (Radio broadcaster, 1942)
 * Elsa Bruckmann (Propagandist to industrialists)
 * Hugo Bruckmann
 * Franz Burri (Disseminator of Nazi propaganda in Switzerland)
 * Otto Dietrich (Press chief)
 * Constance Drexel (Radio broadcaster)
 * Hermann Esser (First Nazi Chief of Propaganda)
 * Arnold Fanck (Film director)
 * Paul Ferdonnet (Radio broadcaster)
 * Walter Frentz (Photographer and film producer)
 * Hans Fritzsche (Holder of various posts in the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)
 * Walther Funk (State Secretary for the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1933–1938)
 * Hermann Gauch
 * Herbert Gerdes
 * Karl Gerland
 * Mildred Gillars
 * Joseph Goebbels
 * Hans F. K. Günther
 * Eugen Hadamovsky
 * Ernst Hanfstaengl
 * Karl Hanke
 * Thea von Harbou
 * Veit Harlan
 * Fritz Hippler
 * Heinrich Hoffmann
 * Raymond Davies Hughes
 * Emil Jannings
 * William Joyce
 * Fred W. Kaltenbach (Radio broadcaster)
 * Emil Kirdorf
 * Fritz Julius Kuhn
 * Johann von Leers
 * Wolfgang Liebeneiner
 * Lord Haw-Haw
 * Horst von Möllendorff
 * Martin James Monti
 * Werner Naumann
 * Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
 * Wilfred von Oven
 * Leni Riefenstahl
 * Alfred Rosenberg
 * Fritz Rössler
 * Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch
 * Albert Speer
 * Julius Streicher
 * Eberhard Taubert

Organisations

 * Charlie and his Orchestra
 * Department of Film
 * Gaubildstelle (Office of Slides)
 * Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium, or RNVP)

Campaigns and events

 * Operation Himmler
 * Nuremberg Rallies
 * Sportpalast speech

Media

 * The Eternal Jew (Fritz Hippler, 1940)
 * Triumph of the Will (Leni Riefenstahl, 1935)

Public relations organizations

 * Ad Council
 * Bureau of International Information Programs
 * Institute for Propaganda Analysis
 * Ministry of propaganda
 * United States Information Agency
 * Shared values initiative - Council of American Muslims for Understanding

Public relations media

 * "Al Fateh"
 * America's Army, video game produced by the U.S. government with the stated aim of encouraging players to become interested in joining the U.S. Army.

Books

 * Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
 * Propaganda by Edward Bernays
 * Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes by Jacques Ellul
 * Public Opinion by Walter Lippmann

Film

 * Wag the Dog

title: Outline of public relations


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Casimir Delavigne

Jean-François Casimir Delavigne (4 April 1793 – 11 December 1843) was a French poet and dramatist.

Life and career
Delavigne was born at Le Havre, but was sent to Paris to be educated at the Lycée Napoleon. He read extensively. When, on 20 March 1811 the empress Marie Louise gave birth to a son, named in his cradle as king of Rome, the event was celebrated by Delavigne in a Dithyrambe sur la naissance du roi de Rome, which obtained him a sinecure in the revenue office.

About this time he competed twice for an academy prize, but without success. Inspired by the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, he wrote two impassioned poems, the first entitled Waterloo, the second, Devastation du muse, both written in the heat of patriotic enthusiasm, and teeming with popular political allusions. A third, less successful poem, Sur le besoin de s'unir après le départ des étrangers, was afterwards added. These stirring pieces, termed by him Messéniennes, found an echo in the hearts of the French people. Twenty-five thousand copies were sold; Delavigne was famous. He was appointed to an honorary librarianship, with no duties to discharge. In 1819 his play Les Vêpres Siciliennes was performed at the Odéon, then just rebuilt; it had previously been refused for the Théâtre Français. On the night of the first representation, which was warmly received, Picard, the manager, is said to have exclaimed, "You have saved us! You are the founder of the second French Theatre."

This success was followed up by the production of the Comédiens (1820), an inferior play, with little plot, and the Paria (1821), which contained some well-written choruses. The latter piece obtained a longer lease of life than its intrinsic literary merits warranted, on account of the popularity of the political opinions freely expressed in it: so freely expressed, indeed, that the displeasure of the king was incurred, and Delavigne lost his post. But Louis-Philippe of France, willing to gain the people's good wishes by complimenting their favourite, wrote to him as follows: "The thunder has descended on your house; I offer you an apartment in mine." Accordingly, Delavigne became librarian at the Palais Royal, a position he retained for the rest of his life. It was here that he wrote the École des vieillards (1823), his best comedy, which gained his election to the Académie française in 1825. To this period also belong La Princesse Aurilie (1828), and Marino Faliero (1829), a drama in the romantic style.

For his success as a writer Delavigne was largely indebted to the nature of the times in which he lived. The Messéniennes had their origin in the excitement resulting from the occupation of France by the allies in 1815. Another crisis in his life and in the history of his country, the revolution of 1830, stimulated him to the production of a second masterpiece, La Parisienne. This song, set to music by Daniel Auber, was on the lips of every Frenchman, and rivalled in popularity the Marseillaise. It was the French national anthem during the July Monarchy. A companion piece, La Varsovienne, was written for the Poles, by whom it was sung on the march to battle. Other works of Delavigne followed each other in rapid succession:
 * Louis XI (1832)
 * Les Enfants d'Édouard (1833)
 * Don Juan d'Autriche (1835)
 * Une Famille au temps du Luther (1836)
 * La Popularité (1838)
 * La Fille du Cid (1839)
 * Le Conseiller rapporteur (1840)
 * Charles VI (1843), an opera partly written by his brother Germain Delavigne, music by Fromental Halévy

In 1843 he left Paris to seek in Italy the health his labors had cost him. At Lyon his strength altogether gave way, and he died on 11 December. His Poèsies and his Théâtre were published in 1863. His Œuvres completes (new edition, 1855) contains a biographical notice by his brother, Germain Delavigne, who is best known as a librettist in opera.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "By many of his own time Delavigne was looked upon as unsurpassed and unsurpassable. Every one bought and read his works. But the applause of the moment was gained at the sacrifice of lasting fame. As a writer he had many excellences. He expressed himself in a terse and vigorous style. The poet of reason rather than of imagination, he recognized his own province, and was rarely tempted to flights of fancy beyond his powers. He wrote always as he would have spoken, from sincere conviction."

Adaptations

 * Don John of Austria, opera by Isaac Nathan
 * Il Paria (1828), 2-act opera by Gaetano Donizetti
 * Paria, opera by Stanisław Moniuszko
 * Marino Faliero (1835), 3-act opera by Gaetano Donizetti
 * Marino Faliero (1835), 3-act opera by Gaetano Donizetti

title: Casimir Delavigne


text: Talk:At-will employment

title: Talk:At-will employment


text:
Talk:Michael Bloomberg

Bloomberg's height
Recently User:Chess added Bloomberg's height to the infobox. Chess, I disagree with this and I plan to revert it while we discuss. We don't generally report a person's height or weight, except for sports figures. For example, there has been a lot of coverage about Trump's weight (is he obese or isn't he?) but we don't mention his weight in his article. The argument given for including it was that Trump has been calling attention to Bloomberg's height. Yes, that's true; Trump has been calling him "Mini Mike". I can't imagine a worse reason for including it. Are we now going to list the physical characteristics of everyone Trump mocks? God forbid. Trump loves scornful nicknames and particularly loves mocking people that are shorter than he is; see Little Marco (Rubio), Liddle Adam Schiff, etc. In any case, the reference cited is not authoritative; it says that Bloomberg "once referred to himself as 5-foot-7" but other sources say 5 foot 8. -- MelanieN (talk) 22:11, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

 * MelanieN Although I think height is a bit different from weight (since Trump for example used to be thinner, but he's not getting any taller or shorter), the fact of the matter is people come looking for information, and his height is something people will come looking for. I like Mike, I think he'd be a great president, but I came onto this page looking for his height and couldn't find it; I don't know any good reasons not to include it since it's in the popular zeitgeist other than to resist Trump (which while fun is a bad reason in this instance). 50.204.125.186 (talk) 19:40, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, this seems like something that's worth mentioning on the page. It's also just interesting; there aren't many 5'6" people in politics, and that's not something you'd assume about Mike just from watching him on TV/hearing about him on the news. Haxonek (talk) 06:09, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

We need to add a section where it says Blombers didn't ask for a box to stand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.146.54.223 (talk) 23:06, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

If they want to know his height they can just Google "Bloomberg's height". Try it! The answer pops right up. Aside from Trump's nasty nickname "Mini Mike" he has been blatantly lying about it lately - the other day he claimed Bloomberg is 5'4", and there is a faked picture circulating that makes Bloomberg look like he doesn't even come up to Trump's shoulder. If this keeps up and gets coverage we might want a debunking sentence in the article. But the height generally doesn't go in the infobox except for athletes. (BTW re: "Trump's not getting any shorter": actually he probably is. People his age tend to lose an inch or two of height as they age.) -- MelanieN (talk) 22:20, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
 * This is sort of unrelated but why is snopes fact-checking a meme? Would they also fact-check Seinfeld if they didn't like a joke he made? lol. That said you need to remember that wikipedia is intended for neutral content, it's not about taking political swings at people you don't like. I'm not saying you would do that but some of your comments are coming across as rather political Haxonek (talk) 06:18, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I added a section under personal info about Bloomberg's height. I forgot to add a section where https://nypost.com/2020/02/23/warren-placing-fourth-in-nevada-still-cant-resist-a-mike-bloomberg-height-joke/ also discussed it, making it a topic of political discussion that happens among the most prominent figures of all political stripes. Moreover, the New York Times in the 2000s detailed a lot of speculation and interest about Bloomberg's height, so it has been a long-standing area of public interest--not something that President Trump just fabricated. (I already cited that) HorseDonkey (talk) 07:31, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Lead text not reflected in article
The lead says. Somehow the corresponding text and sources no longer are found in the article. This is an important part of Bloomberg's legacy as mayor and the article text needs to be reinstated or developed in the Mayoralty section.  SPECIFICO talk 13:15, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

I want to add this, seeking consensus.
Would it be appropriate to add this? Mike Bloomberg has pledged at least $100m (£78m) to help Democrat Joe Biden's presidential campaign in Florida. Thank you! AngusMEOW ( chatter  •  paw trail ) 12:23, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

KBE
Under MOS:POSTNOM, the use of state-issued post-nominals is reserved for individuals who have been associated with the issuing state through citizenship or residence. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 04:29, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done --TheImaCow (talk) 13:42, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Thanks. It is in the info box too. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Bangabandhu (talk) 00:19, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

The above statement implies that it is not appropriate to use "KBE" after Mayor Bloomberg's name. The is absolutely not true! It is completely legitimate to put these letters after his name. The principal reason honorary knights aren't made Knight Bachelors is that Knight Bachelors don't have letters after their names to indicate their "Knight Bachelorhood". Foreigners are awarded knighthoods (from Britain, that is) that will allow them an official indication of their knighthoods, that is, the official abbreviations of their knighthoods. For, of course, honorary knights cannot have the knightly title of "Sir". For example, the American pianist Murray Perahia is officially Murray Perahia, KBE. Bill Gates is officially Bill Gates, KBE.

Semi-protected edit request on 8 April 2021
Where it says that he was helped to write his autobiography by the Bloomberg editor-in-chief there is a typo where what's written is "editor-in-ehief" MihoKush (talk) 19:11, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Done. Thank you. Slywriter (talk) 20:08, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Legion of Honour award given to Bloomberg
In September of 2014, the government of France named Michael Bloomberg a Commander of the Legion of Honour. Please include this wonderful award in Mayor Bloomberg's entry. (Some articles from 2014 stated that Bloomberg was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. But the photographs given in articles concerning this award clearly show that he was made a Commander and not simply a Chevalier.)

Estate taxes
How am I misrepresenting the source ?

This is what the source says

ProPublica’s data shows that Michael Bloomberg, the majority owner of the company that bears his name and No. 13 on Forbes’ list of the wealthiest Americans, is himself a heavy user of GRATs. Over the course of a dozen years, he repeatedly cycled pieces of his private company in and out of the trusts — often opening multiple GRATs in one year. During that time, hundreds of millions of dollars in income flowed through Bloomberg’s GRATs, giving him opportunities to shield parts of his fortune for his heirs.

ProPublica described the transactions (but not the name of the person engaging in them) to Lord, the trusts and estates attorney. The GRAT is “the perfect loophole to avoid estate and gift tax in this situation,” said Lord, who is also tax counsel for Americans for Tax Fairness and an advocate for estate tax reform.

When Bloomberg ran for president in 2020, he vowed to shore up the estate tax. “Owners of the biggest estates are expert at gaming the system to reduce what they owe,” a campaign fact sheet for his tax plan said. Bloomberg vowed to “lower the estate-tax threshold, so that more estates are taxed,” and to “shut down multiple estate-tax avoidance schemes.”

The text that I added is a summary which mentions the most important details

He supported decreasing estate-tax threshold to collect more estate taxes and close tax avoidance schemes. According to Propublica investigation he set up multiple GRATs thus shielding parts of his fortune for his heirs.

There is no synthesis whatsoever. The connection is made explicitly by the source. Alaexis¿question? 13:34, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Semi Protected Edit Request on 1 February 2022 at 23:22
Please remove the line in the second paragraph detailing his net worth in September 2020. The line before it in 2021 is the most recent source CollectiveSolidarity (talk) 23:22, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The September 2020 line is useful because it says what his net worth was when he was listed in the Forbes 400 casualdejekyll  01:56, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 November 2022
citation needed for Lithuanian grandmother. He says she is from there in an essay he wrote, here: https://subwayreads.org/book/journeys-an-american-story/ Gossamer armor (talk) 10:14, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Cheers, Ovinus (talk) 23:40, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Bloomberg


text:
Talk:American alligator

Distribution
Should be Texas to North Carolina unless someone can furnish a source. Current sources for western and northeastern limits in range are pretty explicit:

"Though they have not returned to Virginia just yet, American Alligators can be found from Florida to North Carolina, just shy of the VA border." (Virginia Living Museum)

"The American alligators were only spotted in the US side of the Rio Grande in old meandric spots called "Resacas" ... The reports of sightings and capture of alligators in the Mexican side of the Rio Grande are possibly due to specimens that were released or that have escaped from  private  collections,  but  could  also  indicate  a natural  occurring migration of alligators ... We  hope to  come back  to  the site  and do  nocturnal  surveys to  more precisely detect the range limits of these two crocodilian species."(Sigler 2007)

Cheers, Fredlesaltique (talk) 06:41, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Warm Temperate Climate
I have noticed that an editor has changed the term "warm temperate" to "subtropical", which is fine and doesn't require a revert, as the two terms are interchangeable. However the claim "warm temperate climate doesn't exist" is inaccurate in itself. Indeed the Köppen classification system uses the term subtropical, but there are other major classification systems which often use this term, as indicated in bold letters in the article the editor themselves linked while making these claims. Just wanted to make that clear, despite the edit itself not requiring any further changes. 85.153.200.69 (talk) 12:35, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Alligators growing throughout their lives.
I feel like this assumed "fact" about crocodilians and reptiles in general really could use some editing on many wikipedia articles, for the simple fact that despite how often it is repeated as a fact, there is little evidence most reptile species actually grow throughout their lives. Indeed there is substantial evidence most of them don't. I'm new to editing on wikipedia though, so I am unsure how proper it is to remove stated things from an article if the source I include isn't up to snuff. Here's some sources I am considering and I'd like to know if I should just include one or all of them:

https://www.earthtouchnews.com/natural-world/natural-world/no-crocodiles-are-not-immortal/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170503110755.htm

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075719/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Perentie Fan (talk • contribs) 01:34, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Statistics
Hello Do you have a source for this edit? Invasive Spices (talk) 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Age
What is the average lifespan of the American alligator? The article doesn't say. 192.31.105.163 (talk) 01:02, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Ok, I added a Lifespan section. It looks like the average age is around 50 years. Cougroyalty (talk) 23:02, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:American alligator


text:
Ontario Science Centre

The Ontario Science Centre (OSC; originally the Centennial Museum of Science and Technology) is a science museum organization based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its original main location, which was permanently closed to the public on June 21, 2024, was located near the Don Valley Parkway about 11 km northeast of downtown on Don Mills Road in the former city of North York. It was built down the side of a wooded ravine formed by one branch of the Don River located in Flemingdon Park.

On April 23, 2023, Premier of Ontario Doug Ford announced the Ontario government's general plan to replace the Ontario Science Centre with a smaller institution on the Toronto waterfront on the Ontario Place site, which is scheduled to open in 2028. The proposal has aroused significant opposition.

An engineering report released on June 21, 2024 found that 2-6% of the roofs were at high risk of collapsing during the winter and recommended repairs, but did not recommend closing the building. The same day, the Ford government announced that the site would be closed immediately and permanently, without attempting repairs due to the pending relocation. During construction of the new location, the centre will operate a temporary location and pop-up programming. The decision to close the Don Mills site instead of repairing it was met with significant opposition.

Construction and opening
Planning for the Science Centre started in 1961 during Toronto's massive expansion of the late 1950s and 1960s. In August 1964, Premier of Ontario John Robarts announced the creation of the Centennial Centre of Science and Technology as a Centennial Project. Toronto architect Raymond Moriyama was hired to design the site. Construction started in 1966 with plans to open the Centennial Centre of Science and Technology as part of the Canadian Centennial celebrations in 1967.

However, construction was not completed in 1967, and the Science Centre did not open to the public until two years later, on September 26, 1969. The official opening was held on the morning of September 27 and attended by VIPs, and was followed by opening to 30,000 invited guests in early afternoon. It opened to the general public on September 28, drawing 9,000 visitors. Its advertising slogan at launch was "Come see what would happen if Albert Einstein and Walt Disney had gotten together."

The buildings and design were part of a broader change in Canadian architecture, and remain an example of the brutalist style.

When it first opened, the Science Centre was a pioneer for its hands-on approach to science, along with San Francisco's Exploratorium and the Michigan Science Center in Detroit. Unlike a traditional museum, where exhibits are for viewing only, the majority of the exhibits at the Science Centre were interactive, while many others were live demonstrations (e.g. metalworking). The Communications room contained a number of computerized displays, including a very popular tic-tac-toe game, run on a PDP-11 minicomputer.

By 1974, it hosted about 250,000 students on field trips annually.

Operations from 1990 to 2022
In 1990, the Ontario Science Centre announced a contract with Oman to design a children's museum. The Ontario Science Centre had agreed to boycott Israeli goods and services while under contract. The Ontario Science Centre later amended the contract to specify that all goods sold to Oman would be produced in North America. The centre's Director General Mark Abbott was later fired for knowingly signing the original contract.

In 2001, the Centre embarked on a capital project called "Agents of Change", which focused on innovation and renewed about 85% of the Centre's public space, including the creation of seven new experience areas. The Centre received $47.5 million in contributions from the government of Ontario, private sector companies, and individuals. The Agents of Change transformation was completed 2007, culminating with the opening of the Weston Family Innovation Centre and the Teluscape plaza.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, the Science Centre received $500,000 from the Government of Canada to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake among children and their families.

Facility decay, replacement plans, and closure

Due to structural decay, which required closing of the pedestrian bridge leading to the exhibits, a shuttle bus line ran from 2023 until the Don Mills site's closure, bringing people from the main entrance to Level 6, the main exhibit area at the bottom of a ravine. The detour used Mercedes and Ford custom-built minibuses. No plans to rebuild or replace the decayed bridge had been announced by the time of the site closure.

On April 18, 2023, Doug Ford, the premier of Ontario, announced the provincial government's plan to replace the existing Science Centre with a new facility on the Toronto waterfront. This location would be on the grounds of Ontario Place, a former theme park. The relocation plan has triggered widespread backlash from many community and professional groups. The proposed new location would be substantially smaller than the current one, requiring the Science Centre to downsize and potentially remove certain exhibits. Moreover, the relocation would force Line 5 Eglinton's yet-to-be-opened Science Centre station to change its name.

The municipal government of Toronto strongly opposes the Ontario provincial demolition plans, and is investigating alternative ways to continue museum operations in the current location. The Architectural Conservancy of Ontario (ACO) and Toronto Society of Architects (TSA) have issued separate statements opposing the demolition of the original buildings. A grassroots group called Save Ontario's Science Centre has held rallies and launched a letter campaign for the Ontario government to reverse its decision.

In December 2023, the Auditor General of Ontario concluded that the government's relocation decision "was not fully informed and based on preliminary and incomplete costing information, and had proceeded without full consultation from key stakeholders or a clear plan for the existing site".

On June 21, 2024, the Ministry of Infrastructure announced that the Science Centre's Don Mills location was to be closed effective immediately. An engineering report made public the same day had concluded that 2-6% of the buildings' roofs had been compromised due to water ingress. The report included a recommendation to restrict access to occupied spaces below the compromised roof panels, followed by reinforcement or replacement by October 31. In addition to the emergency repairs, a full repair to the roofs would require at least two years of additional repairs at a minimum budget of $22 million. Safety concerns about the roof material in question, reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC), which constitutes 57% of the Science Centre's roof, had caused the temporary or permanent closure of hundreds of buildings in the United Kingdom in 2023. Approximately 400 public buildings across Ontario contain the material; the OSC buildings are the only buildings in the province that have been closed over such concerns to date, and no other closures were anticipated at the time of the OSC announcement.

Instead of repairs, the Ford government said it would focus on its previously-announced plans to relocate the centre to Ontario Place, with a scheduled opening date of 2028, and thus close the Don Mills facility immediately. The province said it would seek a temporary location to host the centre, with a current target opening date of January 2026. The decision to close the Don Mills site instead of repairing it was met with significant opposition by community leaders, Moriyama Teshima Architects (the architectural firm founded by the Centre's designer), and Ford's political opponents. At least three donors with connections to science and technology, including Geoffrey Hinton, have made donation offers of up to $1 million to cover the costs of the emergency repairs, while Moriyama Teshima Architects offered to provide consulting services related to the repairs at no charge. , the province has yet to directly respond to these offers, but is releasing a report on July 11.

Building
Designed in the early 1960s, the original buildings incorporate Brutalist designs. The building complex is made up of three main buildings connected by a series of bridges and escalators set in a parkland of over 100 acre. The buildings were constructed while avoiding removal or damage to the mature trees in the area, so that "the buildings seem to fit naturally into their environment". They follow the natural contours of the Don River ravine, into which the Centre descends. Ontario's only IMAX Dome theatre opened in 1996.

The Great Hall is an event venue at the Ontario Science Centre and is home to Cloud, a massive, computer-controlled kinetic sculpture by Toronto installation artist David Rokeby, which consists of an array of blue and transparent squares that rotate in various ways to simulate the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

For most of the time since opening in 1969, the Science Centre has hosted a demonstration amateur radio station. Formerly located in the Hall of Space, the station has since been relocated to Level 4 of the Centre, next to the elevator. The station has the call sign "VE3OSC", and licensed amateur radio operators volunteer there daily from 10 am to 3 pm.

Plaza
Lotic Meander by Stacy Levy is an outdoor installation in polished and blasted granite and cast glass set into the solar terrace of the Ontario Science Centre. The work depicts the patterns of water as it moves through a stream bed. In 2007, the Ontario Science Centre unveiled the Teluscape Exploration Plaza, providing several interactive exhibits adjacent to the science centre's exterior main entrance.

FUNtain Aquatic Play
As originally built, the Science Centre had a large fountain area directly in front of the entranceway, located to create a traffic roundabout. The fountain virtually screened views of the building from the street, and provided cooling for the building. The original water fountain has been rejuvenated to provide a more welcoming and accessible entrance to the Science Centre. The new plaza, named "Teluscape", was designed by Reich + Petch Architects and EDA Collaborative. It opened to the public on September 20, 2006, and is accessible 24 hours a day.

The new fountain is also a hydraulophone designed by installation artist Steve Mann. It is a hydraulic-action pipe organ which can be played by anyone walking into the space. Blocking the flow of any one of the 57 water jets in the fountain forces the water across to a corresponding organ pipe, where it makes a loud sound as the water is forced out through the speaking mouth of the pipe. The lowest 12 notes in each pipe division of the organ are visible as pipes arranged in a circle. The North Division consists of stopped hydrapasons (similar to diapasons but running on water rather than air), whereas the South Division pipes are open at both ends (sound emerges from the ends rather than from a mouth as with the North pipes). The North organ console consists of 12 water jets, whereas the south console consists of 45 water jets.

The organ is supplied with water from three Pentair pumps, supplying water at a rate of 130 gal/min, each by way of a 3 in diameter water line. Air is supplied from three Ingersol Rand four-cylinder air compressors, each having a 25 hp motor. Since the instrument runs on both air and water, it may be regarded as a hybrid hydraulophone and pneumatophone, but because it is played by blocking water jets rather than air holes, it is principally a hydraulophone.

The fountain must be shut down and drained to avoid freezing damage during the cold season. On November 21, 2007, the aquatic play facility was temporarily switched from water operation to air operation, effectively becoming perhaps one of the first pneumatic-play facilities, where visitors can frolic in a fountain of air jets. In this mode of operation, the fountain becomes a wind instrument. The hydraulophone may not be operational during the winter months.

, the hydraulophone has not been operational, due to algae buildup, leaks, and pump problems.

Exhibitions
The Science Centre has hosted many travelling exhibits since its opening. In 1982, the exhibition China: 7,000 Years of Discovery broke all attendance records and attracted more than 1.5 million visitors.

In 2003, the Strange Matter exhibition opened, and the Body Worlds 2 exhibition attracted almost half a million visitors over five months when it came to the Centre in 2005. The exhibition Facing Mars ran in 2008. The Centre hosted Harry Potter: The Exhibition, a collection of props from the film series in 2010. Leonardo da Vinci's Workshop (2011) featured physical models of da Vinci's inventions, built from drawings in his Codices. It also included interactive touch-screen digital reproductions of his Codices, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Circus: The Exhibition ran in 2012. Game On 2.0, a video game history exhibition, ran March 9 to September 2, 2013.

In June 2014, the Centre welcomed The Science of Rock 'N' Roll, which explores how advances in science and technology have revolutionized music. The exhibition features eight areas that comprise different interactive components, historical artifacts, informational walls, documentary videos and more. The exhibition was followed by In Knowledge We Trust (October 4 to December 7, 2014), which explored the role trust plays in making us willing to share or use the knowledge we receive.

During summer 2015, the Centre hosted MythBusters: The Explosive Exhibition, based on the popular television series MythBusters. On June 4, 2016, the Centre hosted a one-day exhibit promoting the Nintendo 3DS game Kirby: Planet Robobot, which also featured activities pertaining to the Kirby video game series and a visit by a performer in a full Kirby costume. In 2017, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Canada, the Centre opened the exhibition Canada 150: Discovery Way, featuring Canadian stories behind transformational inventions and innovations.

Permanent galleries and exhibits
The science centre has several hundred interactive and passive permanent exhibits, featuring geology, the science of nature (in the west wing), astronomical science, how to play music and technology in the south wing, human anatomy, communication and bias, and some miscellaneous artifacts of science.

A Question of Truth
A Question of Truth is an exhibit that explores the methodologies, biases, and beliefs of scientific research setup in 2000. The exhibit provides visitors an opportunity to test controversial theories.

AstraZeneca Human Edge
The AstraZeneca Human Edge replaced the original human anatomy gallery, opened in December 2013 with sponsorship from AstraZeneca. In addition to detailing anatomy, the exhibit explores the possibilities of the human body with activities to simulate the experiences of adventure-seekers, elite athletes, and extreme-sports enthusiasts. There are more than 80 exhibits in the hall, which were all developed and built by the Science Centre's staff with input from more than 120 neuroscience, physiology, bio-mechanics and sports medicine experts. The exhibit also features a climbing wall.

Cohon Family Nature Escape
The Cohon Family Nature Escape is an outdoor exhibit, situated within the Don River Valley to the back of the science centre. The exhibit features a giant Baltimore oriole nest, concrete wall canvas for moss graffiti, and a playground slide made from a fallen 125-year-old eastern white pine.

Forest Lane
Forest Lane houses a number of trees and tree trunks from across Canada. The exhibit includes a 464-year-old Douglas fir, with markings on its growth rings denoting notable world events during the tree's lifetime.

KidSpark
KidSpark is a designated space for children eight and under to explore and learn through play. The exhibition was opened in 2003. The exhibition also has a rolling ball machine built by George Rhoads, and a music studio.

Living Earth
The Living Earth hosts simulated environments around the world, including rainforests, coral reefs, and caves, including live animals. It was opened in 1993.

Science Arcade
The Science Arcade is amongst the oldest exhibits at the science centre, having been a permanent fixture in the building since its opening in 1969. The Science Arcade houses a number of "arcade-styled" games.

Space Hall and the Planetarium

The Space Hall was refurbished in the late 2000s and features meteorites from Mars and one of the few Moon rocks on public display in Canada. The Ontario Science Centre also holds Toronto's only operating public planetarium, since McLaughlin Planetarium was closed in 1995.

Weston Family Innovation Centre
The Weston Family Innovation Centre is an exhibit designed to encourage experimentation, and features exhibits that allow visitors to prototype a new type of shoe, and to test their aviation abilities. The Weston Family Innovation Centre houses Pipe Dreams by Bruce Shapiro, a bubble art installation.

Science School
The Ontario Science Centre Science School (OSCSS) offers grade 12 University Preparation courses in STEM subjects: physics, biology, chemistry, calculus, and advanced functions. All students also complete an interdisciplinary studies credit in science communication while enrolled with the OSCSS. The credits are issued by either the Toronto District School Board or the Toronto Catholic District School Board, which also fund the program so it is available at no cost to students from anywhere in Ontario. While at the Science Centre, students earn practicum hours through volunteering and interacting with visitors.

Governance
As an Agency of the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Science Centre is overseen by Trustees appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, who selects not fewer than sixteen and not more than twenty-six trustees, and designates one of them as chair and another as vice-chair. Meetings are held four times a year, and Trustees serve for a term not exceeding three years but may be reappointed for one or more terms.

Affiliations
The Ontario Science Centre is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association (CMA), Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN), and Virtual Museum of Canada. The Ontario Science Centre is a member of the international Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC).

Cultural references
Ontario Science Centre was used by David Cronenberg as a location for his 1970 film Crimes of the Future.

Media
Ontario Science Centre was featured on the Rick Mercer Report in 2016. In his CBC news satire program, Rick Mercer visited numerous scientists' exhibits, took part in a wildlife conservation show, and partook in a psychological fear study during a workshop there.

title: Ontario Science Centre


text:
In-water recompression

In-water recompression (IWR) or underwater oxygen treatment is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) by returning the diver underwater to help the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve. It is a procedure that exposes the diver to significant risk which should be compared with the risk associated with the available options and balanced against the probable benefits. Some authorities recommend that it is only to be used when the time to travel to the nearest recompression chamber is too long to save the victim's life; others take a more pragmatic approach and accept that in some circumstances IWR is the best available option. The risks may not be justified for case of mild symptoms likely to resolve spontaneously, or for cases where the diver is likely to be unsafe in the water, but in-water recompression may be justified in cases where severe outcomes are likely if not recompressed, if conducted by a competent and suitably equipped team.

Carrying out in-water recompression when there is a nearby recompression chamber or without suitable equipment and training is never a desirable option. The risk of the procedure is due to the diver suffering from DCS being seriously ill and may become paralysed, unconscious, or stop breathing while underwater. Any one of these events is likely to result in the diver drowning or asphyxiating or suffering further injury during a subsequent rescue to the surface. This risk can be reduced by improving airway security by using surface supplied gas and a helmet or full-face mask. Risk of injury during emergency surfacing is minimised by treatment on 100% oxygen, which is also the only gas with a reliable record of positive outcomes. Early recompression on oxygen has a high rate of complete resolution of symptoms, even for shallower and shorter treatment than the highly successful US Navy Treatment Table 6.

Several schedules have been published for in-water recompression treatment, but little data on their efficacy is available. The Australian Navy tables and US Navy Tables may have the largest amount of empirical evidence supporting their efficacy.

Background
Decompression sickness (DCS) is a medical condition caused by dissolved gases emerging from solution as bubbles inside the body tissues during decompression. DCS most commonly occurs during or soon after a decompression ascent from underwater diving DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness. Since bubbles can form in, or migrate to, any part of the body, DCS can produce many symptoms, and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day, and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all. The severity of symptoms varies from barely noticeable to rapidly fatal.

The risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures, and contracting the condition has become uncommon. Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it, and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure, to monitor their ascent speed, and to ensure theoretically adequate decompression stops. If DCS is suspected, it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber. Where a chamber is not accessible within a reasonable time frame, In-water recompression mat be indicated for a narrow range of presentations, if there are suitably skilled personnel and appropriate equipment available on site. Diagnosis is confirmed by a positive response to the treatment. Early treatment results in a significantly higher chance of successful recovery.

Treatment of DCS utilizing the US Navy Treatment Table 6 with oxygen at 18m or an equivalent alternative is a widely recognised standard of care. Ideally, treatment should take place in a chamber where there is no risk of drowning or hypothermia, and other medical problems can be managed conveniently. Significant delay to treatment, difficult transport, and facilities with limited experience may lead to consideration of on site treatment. Surface oxygen for first aid has been proven to improve the efficacy of recompression and decreased the number of recompression treatments required when administered within four hours post dive. IWR to 9 m breathing oxygen is one option that has shown success over the years  IWR is not without risk and should be undertaken with certain precautions. IWR would only be suitable for an organised and disciplined group of divers with suitable equipment and practical training in the procedure.

The principle behind IWR treatment is the same as that behind the treatment of DCS in a recompression chamber: an increase in ambient pressure will reduce the volume of the bubbles allowing better blood transport downstream of the bubbles. If the casualty can breathe pure oxygen further improvements will occur because the increase in the proportion of oxygen in the blood may keep previously oxygen-starved tissues alive and the oxygen window will accelerate the removal of inert gases from the bubbles making the bubbles smaller. The unacceptable risks of oxygen toxicity convulsions can be reduced by recompressing to lower pressures and for shorter durations than otherwise preferred.

Experimental work on verification of decompression tables by the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit with outcomes of symptomatic decompression sickness treated divers displaying symptoms by immediate recompression on oxygen, with 100% resolution of symptoms, and almost all cases resolved during the first treatment on Table 6, most of them during repressurisation or within the first 10 minutes at treatment depth. During the experimental work of developing the standard US Navy treatment tables 5 and 6, some experimentation was done with shorter treatment to shallower depths before standardising on 60 fsw (18 msw). This included immediate recompression on oxygen to 33 fsw (10 msw) for 30 minutes, which provided complete resolution in the majority of cases, but was not as effective as the full Table 6. Compression to 60 fsw (18 msw) would follow if symptoms did not resolve during initial treatment at 33 fsw. This previously unpublished data indicates that immediate recompression on oxygen to shallower depths for shorter periods does positively affect the probable long term outcome of decompression sickness, and compares favourably with outcomes for delayed hyperbaric treatment, and has been used as supporting evidence for new (2022) recommendations on in-water recompression. Outcomes for in-water recompression on other gas mixtures are mostly anecdotal and unsuitable for informing medical policy.(Mitchell et al. Sept 2022 in press)

The use of in-water oxygen at 6 meters has been shown to reduce bubble loads in divers compared to divers breathing oxygen on the surface.

Risks
Any potential benefits of using IWR for earlier recompression should be balanced against the risks. These risks are well known, and their potential mitigations are fairly well understood.

The Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine was charged to supervise the then non-sanctioned practice of IWR, in response to the very long delays that often occurred between the presentation of DCS and recompression treatment. The issues identified include:

 * Inappropriate cases for treatment,
 * Oxygen toxicity,
 * Emergency termination of treatment,
 * Hypothermia
 * Adequacy of equipment in remote areas,
 * Seasickness,
 * Operator expertise and training,
 * Safety of the diving attendant and the boat tenders,
 * Requirement for medical supervision,
 * Transport availability,
 * Misuse of equipment,
 * Pulmonary barotrauma cases.

Risk management
In 2018, a group of diving medical experts issued a consensus guideline on pre-hospital decompression sickness management and concluded that IWR is only appropriate in groups that have been trained and are competent in the skills required for IWR and have appropriate equipment.

Mitigation of a CNS oxygen toxicity seizure focuses on protecting the airway to prevent drowning. A full-face mask or mouthpiece retaining strap is reasonably effective though not guaranteed. Tethering the diver to prevent sinking, and providing a safety diver to accompany the diver under treatment at all times, who can recover the diver to the surface immediately in the event of a seizure are also recommended, following the recommended procedures for recovery of a convulsing diver.

Factors influencing a decision to use IWR
Recompression and hyperbaric oxygen administered in a recompression chamber are recognised as the definitive treatment for DCI, but when there is no readily available access to a suitable hyperbaric chamber, and if symptoms are significant or progressing, in-water recompression with oxygen is an option where a group of divers, including the symptomatic diver, already have the necessary equipment and relevant training and knowledge that provides a sufficient understanding of the associated risks to allow the involved parties to collectively accept responsibility for a decision to proceed with IWR.

The decision of whether or not to attempt IWR depends on identifying the diver whose condition is serious enough to justify the risk, but whose clinical condition does not indicate that the risk is unacceptable. The risk may not be justified for mild DCI, if spontaneous recovery is probable whether the diver is recompressed or not, and surface oxygen is indicated for these cases. However, in these cases the risk of the recompression is also low, and early abandonment is also unlikely to cause further harm. There are no firm guidelines regarding expected delay to access of a decompression chamber, but divers generally consider a predicted delay of more than 8 hours from symptom onset to be reason to consider in-water recompression.

Environmental conditions
Water conditions, such as low temperature and rough sea state are relative contraindications, and the team must take these factors into account. Divers undergoing IWR risk becoming cold or hypothermic. They may already have done long dives in cold water, but the use of dry suits is common for such conditions, and the use of active heating systems in dry suit undergarments may be available. IWR requires a stable platform that can remain in one place for three hours. These factors should be considered when deciding whether to undertake IWR. Deteriorating condition of the diver or environmental conditions may make it necessary to abort or shorten treatment, or terminate it before full resolution. There is no known reason to assume that this would be inherently worse than not providing what treatment is possible at reasonable risk.

Indications
Indications are based on symptoms and signs of decompression illness where expected benefits are likely to outweigh risk. There is a tension between conditions serious enough to justify the risks and clinical states which indicate excessive risk. Risk may not be considered justified for cases where the symptoms suggest a spontaneous recovery is likely without recompression, although the actual risk in these cases is likely to be relatively low. As of 2018 there is no widely accepted method for objectively selecting divers suitable for in-water recompression, and although remote consultation with a diving medical practitioner is advised by the Doolette and Mitchell 2018 protocol, it is likely that remote advice will vary significantly depending on who is contacted and how willing they are to accept responsibility for giving advice on a procedure with which they may have little personal experience and for which there is no clear decision tree.

An attempt has been made to provide some structure to the decision process which can be useful to divers without medical training, by the technical diving certification organisation International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD), which in consultation with diving medical experts, produced a decision map for field use. The system relies entirely on gross observation, omitting a detailed neurological examination. It categorises symptoms into three "tiers", which correspond roughly with perceived severity of DCI, and appropriateness of IWR in suitable conditions.

Tier 1 symptoms would not be severe enough to justify IWR, but would be monitored and discussed with a remote consultant. These are generally non-specific symptoms which may or may not be of DCI, and are not an immediate or significant threat, such as headache, lethargy, or nausea.

Tier 2 symptoms are severe enough to suggest IWR if they present soon after surfacing, or are progressive, but not necessarily if there is a delay of some hours and the symptoms are not progressive. IWR would be justified for tier 2 when it may prevent the development of more severe symptoms. These symptoms are likely to be of DCI, but are not likely to result in permanent injury or death if not treated. They include musculoskeletal pain, excepting symmetrical girdle pains, lymphatic obstruction with subcutaneous swelling, skin rashes and paraesthesias such as tingling.

Tier 3: symptoms are severe enough to justify IWR if there are no contraindications and the logistical requirements are in place. These symptoms and signs are likely to be of DCI and indicate a risk of permanent injury or death. Some of them are also contraindications to IWR. They include changes in state of consciousness, or obvious confusion, difficulty with speech, visual changes, disturbances in balance, obvious sensory loss (numbness), obvious weakness or paralysis, bladder dysfunction, (usually inability to urinate), bowel dysfunction, loss of limb coordination, shortness of breath, and bilaterally symmetrical girdle pains.

Contraindications
Symptoms of mild DCS have been described as being one or more of musculoskeletal pain, rash, subjective sensory change in a non-dermatomal distribution, and constitutional symptoms such as fatigue. Divers with only these symptoms could be adequately managed with surface oxygen, observation, and consultation with a diving physician. Exposing divers with stable mild symptoms to the risks of IWR might not be justified. In severe cases the diver may be so compromised that they could not safely endure the procedure. It may be difficult or impossible to reliably codify the decision process.

Some signs of decompression illness which suggest a risk of permanent injury are nevertheless considered contraindications for IWR. Hearing loss and vertigo displayed in isolation with no other symptoms of DCI can have been caused by inner ear barotrauma rather than DCI, and inner ear barotrauma is generally considered a contraindication for recompression. Even when caused by DCI, vertigo can make in-water treatment hazardous if accompanied by nausea and vomiting. A diver with a deteriorating level of consciousness or with a persisting reduced level of consciousness should also not be recompressed in-water nor should a diver who does not want to go back down, or with a history of oxygen toxicity in the preceding dives, altered level of consciousness, shock, respiratory distress, or any physical injury or incapacitation which may make the procedure unsafe. Suspected or confirmed cases of arterial gas embolism (AGE) are generally not considered suitable for IWR due to the high probability of loss of consciousness.

Protocol
Recompression with hyperbaric oxygen administered in a recompression chamber is recognised as the standard of care for decompression sickness, but the infrastructure is expensive and may not be used very often, so many locations do not have convenient access to a suitable facility. If symptoms are significant or deteriorating, in-water recompression using oxygen is an option where groups of divers, including the symptomatic diver, have relevant prior training that allows an understanding of the associated risks and a collective informed acceptance of responsibility for the decision to proceed with treatment. Observational evidence has shown that very early recompression on oxygen usually results in good outcomes, or at least better outcomes than treatment after longer delays.

Recompression on air will initially produce a compression of existing bubbles, and may produce associated clinical improvement, but bubbles will dissolve more slowly due to the lower concentration gradient, and some tissues will absorb more nitrogen. Bubbles nor completely resolved will re-expand during decompression, and may take up more gas, which may cause symptoms to recur or get worse. There is also observational evidence that IWR on air is less effective, so only oxygen is recommended as a treatment gas.

The minimum team would comprise the symptomatic diver, a dive buddy to accompany the diver during the recompression, and a surface supervisor, who must all be competent at decompression procedures using 100% oxygen as the breathing gas.

The team should be suitably equipped with adequate thermal protection, an adequate oxygen supply, a means of delivering oxygen at or near 100% for the duration of both underwater and surface phases of the treatment, a means of voice or written communication, and a method of keeping the diver at the appropriate depth and maintaining position. A full-face mask or mouthpiece retaining strap is strongly recommended as there is observational evidence of these devices preventing drowning of an unconscious diver underwater. Surface supplied oxygen delivered to the casualty by umbilical or airline, and voice communication are desirable options as they allow the surface team members to keep control of the breathing gas supply and allow better monitoring of the diver's condition. Positive pressure masks have been recommended for use with open circuit oxygen, as giving more secure protection of the airway, after their successful use in rescuing the trapped Tham Luang cave group while anaesthetised.

Although the IWR tables are shorter and shallower than most hyperbaric treatment tables, a substantial supply of oxygen is required. The US Navy Type 1 IWR table requires about 160 cuft of oxygen for a diver with a surface consumption rate of 0.5 cuft per minute, and the Type 2 table would use about 180 cuft. The rate of 0.5 cuft per minute may be optimistic if the diver is stressed due to injury, discomfort, or cold, or if some models of full-face mask are used.

Recognised IWR protocols include the "Clipperton protocol", "Australian method", and the US Navy method for in-water recompression on oxygen.

In-water recompression may not produce complete resolution of DCI, and signs or symptoms may recur. Any diver completing an in-water recompression should consult a diving medical practitioner as soon as reasonably practicable.

In-water recompression tables
Six IWR treatment tables have been published in the scientific literature. Each of these methods have several commonalities including the use of a full face mask, a tender to supervise the diver during treatment, a weighted recompression line and a means of communication. The history of the three older methods for providing oxygen at 9 msw (30 fsw) was described in great detail by Pyle and Youngblood. The fourth method for providing oxygen at 7.5 msw (25 fsw) was described by Richard Pyle at the 48th Annual UHMS Workshop on In-water Recompression in 1999. The Clipperton method involves recompression to 9 msw (30 fsw) while the Clipperton(a) rebreather method involves initial recompression to 30 msw (98 fsw).

The treatment tables recommended for use in chambers are not suitable for in-water recompression as the oxygen partial pressures and the associated risk of oxygen toxicity are too high.

Australian in-water recompression table
The Australian IWR Tables were developed by the Royal Australian Navy in the 1960s in response to their need for treatment in remote locations far away from recompression chambers. It was the shallow portion of the table developed for recompression chamber use.

Initial recompression is to 30 fsw (9 msw). Oxygen is breathed during the entire treatment without any air breaks and is followed by alternating periods (12 hours) of oxygen and air breathing on the surface. Surfacing is at 4 minutes per fsw.

Clipperton in-water recompression tables
The Clipperton and Clipperton(a) methods were developed for use on a scientific expedition to the atoll of Clipperton, 1,300 km from the Mexican coast. The two versions are based on the equipment available for treatment with the Clipperton(a) table being designed for use with rebreathers.

Both methods begin with 10 minutes of surface oxygen. Recompression is to 30 fsw (9 msw) for the Clipperton IWR table, oxygen is then breathed for 60 minutes and while surfacing at 1 metre per minute without any air breaks. For the Clipperton(a) IWR table, descent is made to the initial treatment depth of 30 msw, maintaining a partial pressure of 1.4 ATA. and breathed at that depth for 10 minutes followed by ascent to 9 msw at 1 metre per minute. As near as possible to 100% oxygen is breathed at 9 msw for 30 minutes, followed by ascent to the surface at 1 metre per minute. Oxygen breathing on the surface for 6 hours post treatment and intravenous hydration fluids are also administered following both treatment tables.

Hawaiian in-water recompression table
The Hawaiian IWR table was first described by Farm et al. while studying the diving habits of Hawaii's diving fishermen.

The initial portion of the treatment involves descent on air to the depth of relief plus 30 fsw or a maximum of 165 fsw for ten minutes. Ascent from initial treatment depth to 30 fsw occurs over 10 minutes. The diver then completes the treatment breathing oxygen and is followed by oxygen breathing on the surface for 30 minutes post treatment.

The Hawaiian IWR Table with Pyle modifications can be found in the proceedings of the DAN 2008 Technical Diving Conference.

Pyle in-water recompression table
The Pyle IWR table was developed by Dr. Richard Pyle as a method for treating DCS in the field following scientific dives.

This method begins with a 10-minute surface oxygen evaluation period. Compression to 25 fsw on oxygen for another 10-minute evaluation period. The table is best described by the treatment algorithm. This table does include alternating air breathing periods or "air breaks".

US Navy in-water recompression tables
The US Navy developed two IWR treatment tables. The table used depends on the symptoms diagnosed by the medical officer.

Oxygen is breathed the entire treatment without any air breaks and is followed by 3 hours of oxygen breathing on the surface.

IANTD in water recompression protocol
The certification agency International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) have developed a training program for technical divers to run in water therapeutic recompression for suitably competent technical divers in remote locations, when conditions and equipment are suitable and the condition of the diver is assessed to require emergency treatment and the diver is likely to benefit sufficiently to justify the risk.

Most of the time on hyperbaric oxygen is at 25 fsw (7.5 msw) Oxygen is breathed, with air breaks.

Clinical significance
In-water recompression is a clinically significant method to manage a global shortage of chamber availability for recreational, technical and scientific divers who often dive in places many hours, or days, from the nearest chamber. Minimal delay of recompression is directly related to improved outcomes, and probably to reduced mortality. Divers with the appropriate equipment and training can treat decompression sickness on-site. Such treatment may prevent long-term disability, and can reduce costs and risk to rescue personnel. In-water recompression is a viable alternative when safe and rapid transfer to a suitable recompression chamber is not practicable.

"Informal" in-water recompression
Although in-water recompression is widely regarded as risky, and to be avoided, there is increasing evidence that technical divers who surface and demonstrate mild DCS symptoms may often get back into the water and breathe pure oxygen at a depth of 20 ft for a period in an effort to alleviate the symptoms. Divers Alert Network's 2008 accident report mentions this trend, and that although the reported incidents showed very little success, "[w]e must recognize that these calls were mostly because the attempted IWR failed. In case the IWR were successful, [the] diver would not have called to report the event. Thus we do not know how often IWR may have been used successfully."

Historically, the pearl divers of Broome, Western Australia, used decompression tables developed from personal experience, and would return to depth if symptoms of DCI developed on surfacing. These dives and recompression were done on air, using standard diving dress, which provides relatively good airway security. Success was variable, but some divers were treated in this way on several occasions.

title: In-water recompression


text: Template:Romanian historical regions

title: Template:Romanian historical regions


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Strait of Georgia

The Strait of Georgia (Détroit de Géorgie) or the Georgia Strait is an arm of the Salish Sea between Vancouver Island and the extreme southwestern mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada, and the extreme northwestern mainland coast of Washington, United States. It is approximately 240 km long and varies in width from 20 to 58 km. Along with the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound, it is a constituent part of the Salish Sea.

Archipelagos and narrow channels mark each end of the Strait of Georgia, the Gulf Islands and San Juan Islands in the south, and the Discovery Islands in the north. The main channels to the south are Boundary Pass, Haro Strait and Rosario Strait, which connect the Strait of Georgia to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In the north, Discovery Passage is the main channel connecting the Strait of Georgia to Johnstone Strait. The strait is a major navigation channel on the west coast of North America, owing to the presence of the port of Vancouver, and also due to its role as the southern entrance to the Intracoastal route known as the Inside Passage.

Geography
The United States Geological Survey defines the southern boundary of the Strait of Georgia as a line running from East Point on Saturna Island to Patos Island, Sucia Island, and Matia Island, then to Point Midgley on Lummi Island. This line touches the northern edges of Rosario Strait, which leads south to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Boundary Pass, which leads south to Haro Strait and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

The Strait of Georgia has a mean depth of 156 m and average surface area of 6800 km2. The Ballenas Basin in the centre of the strait reaches a maximum depth of 420 m approximately 15 km north of Nanaimo.

The Fraser River accounts for roughly 80 percent of the freshwater entering the strait. Water circulates in the strait in a generally counterclockwise direction.

Major islands
The strait contains several major islands, the largest by far being Texada Island at 300.45 km2. Other major islands include Nelson Island, Denman Island, Lasqueti Island, and Hornby Island.

"Gulf of Georgia"
The term "Gulf of Georgia" includes waters other than the Georgia Strait proper, such as the inter-insular straits and channels of the Gulf Islands, and may refer to communities on the shore of southern Vancouver Island. As defined by George Vancouver in 1792, the Gulf of Georgia included all the inland waters beyond the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Puget Sound, Bellingham Bay, the waters around the San Juan Islands, as well as the Strait of Georgia.

History
First Nations communities have surrounded the Strait of Georgia for thousands of years. The first European exploration of the area was undertaken by Captain Jose Maria Narvaez and Pilot Juan Carrasco of Spain in 1791. At this time Francisco de Eliza gave the strait the name "Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera."

In 1792, it was renamed for King George III as the "Gulf of Georgia" by George Vancouver of Great Britain, during his extensive expedition along the west coast of North America. Vancouver designated the mainland in this region as New Georgia and areas farther north as New Hanover and New Bremen.

The June 23, 1946, Vancouver Island earthquake shocked the Strait of Georgia region, causing the bottom of Deep Bay to sink between 3 and 26 m.

The two busiest routes of the BC Ferries system cross the strait, between Tsawwassen (south of Vancouver) and Swartz Bay (near Victoria) and between Horseshoe Bay (north of Vancouver) and Nanaimo.

The Strait of Georgia is known as a premier scuba diving and whale watching location.

In 1967, the Georgia Strait inspired the name of Vancouver's alternative newspaper, The Georgia Straight, which has been published continuously since.

Cities
Towns and cities on the strait include Campbell River, Courtenay, Comox, Qualicum Beach, Parksville, Lantzville, and Nanaimo on the western shore, as well as Powell River, Sechelt, Gibsons, and Greater Vancouver on the east. Across the border in the United States, Bellingham, Washington and other communities also lie on the eastern shore. Other settlements on Vancouver Island (such as Duncan) and the mainland are separated from Georgia Strait itself by islands and lesser straits but are often spoken of as being in the Strait of Georgia region.

Transportation
BC Ferries operates ferry services connecting Vancouver Island with the mainland. Notable lines include Duke Point-Tsawwassen, Departure Bay-Horseshoe Bay, and Little River-Westview. Minor ferry operators and water taxis provide service to minor islands dotting the strait.

Salish Sea

In March 2008, the Chemainus First Nation proposed renaming the strait the "Salish Sea", an idea that reportedly met with approval by B.C.'s Aboriginal Relations Minister Mike de Jong, who pledged to put it before the B.C. cabinet for discussion. Making the name "Salish Sea" official required a formal application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada. A parallel American movement promoting the name had a different definition, combining of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound as well as the Strait of Georgia and related waters under the name Salish Sea. This latter definition was made official in 2009 by geographic boards of Canada and the United States.

In October 2009, the Washington state Board of Geographic Names approved the Salish Sea toponym, not to replace the names of the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Strait of Juan de Fuca, but instead as a collective term for all three. The British Columbia Geographical Names Office passed a resolution recommending that the name only be adopted by the Geographical Names Board of Canada should its US counterpart approve the name change. The United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name on November 12, 2009 and Canada approved it in 2010.

Counties and regional districts facing the Strait

 * British Columbia
 * Capital Regional District
 * Comox Valley Regional District
 * Cowichan Valley Regional District
 * Metro Vancouver Regional District
 * Nanaimo Regional District
 * qathet Regional District
 * Strathcona Regional District
 * Sunshine Coast Regional District
 * Washington
 * San Juan County
 * Whatcom County

title: Strait of Georgia