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Anthony Shriver

Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver (born July 20, 1965) is an American activist for people with intellectual disabilities. In 1989, he founded Best Buddies International, an international organization that helps people with intellectual disabilities to find employment and social opportunities. Through his mother, he is a nephew of World War II casualty Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and Senator Ted Kennedy. He is currently the chairman of his cousin, Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s We the People Party.

Early life and education
Shriver was born at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, to Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Sargent Shriver, Jr. His mother is the founder of Special Olympics and his father is a founding director of the Peace Corps.

He graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School in 1984. He then attended Brown University before transferring to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., from which he graduated in 1988 with a double major in theology and history.

Career
Shriver is the founder and chairman of Best Buddies International a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization which he created in 1989. Best Buddies is a nonprofit organization that provides adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities social inclusion and job opportunities. He has been able to get the organization to spread throughout the world and it has over 1500 chapters today. Shriver spoke in 2008 about the all-inclusive nature of the program: "The great thing about Best Buddies is there's something for everybody. You can be a volunteer in some shape, form or fashion, whether you're volunteering to get your kids involved, whether your son or daughter is involved in their school program, whether you want to be a mentor yourself as an adult, whether you want to get an online Buddy, whether you're an employer and want to hire someone with a disability to work in your office—if you've got any sense of motivation and determination and want to give back, there's a role for you at Best Buddies, which I think is pretty unique. Even in Special Olympics, for most people, you can be a coach or a spectator, but you're not going to run the 50-yard dash. In Best Buddies, you're running the 50-yard dash with your Buddy. People get a different level of experience by participating, as opposed to writing a check, though that's important, too. But beyond writing checks, we need people to get involved and give their time."

Best Buddies has grown into a leading nonprofit entity with increasing international reach across six continents and 54 countries worldwide; establishing a global volunteer movement that creates opportunities for one-to-one friendships, integrated employment and leadership development for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

In 2017, the Boston Globe uncovered that donations from Best Buddies had been given to Tom Brady's personal charity. "Since 2011, while Brady has served as the face of its signature Massachusetts fund-raiser and helped it raise nearly $20 million, Best Buddies has paid $2.75 million to Brady's own charitable trust and has pledged to grant the organization an additional $500,000 in 2017--a total of $3.25 million.". In 2017, Boston Globe journalists were denied access to the annual Hyannis Port Challenge at Harvard university, Best buddies later apologized for the incident.

In addition, Anthony and his brother Timothy (the chairman of the Special Olympics) have recently aligned Best Buddies and the Special Olympics to create the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Challenge event, aimed to encourage greater acceptance and inclusion for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Shriver has also been a director of UniCapital Corp, an investment house, since March 1998. He participated in the inaugural Forum of Young Global Leaders in 2005, hosted by the World Economic Forum in Zermatt, Switzerland.

Shriver is currently on the board of directors of Level Brands.

Politics
Shriver - along with most members of the extended Kennedy family - is a part of the Democratic Party. In 2005, he considered running for Governor of Florida in the 2006 election. He was also said to have considered a run for Governor of Florida in the 2010 election.

Personal life
Shriver married Alina Mojica on July 2, 1993, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. Until March 2020, he resided in Miami Beach, Florida, with Alina and their five children: Edward Nunez (Teddy), Eunice Julia Shriver, Francesca Maria Shriver, Carolina Fitzgerald Kennedy Shriver, and John Joseph Sargent Shriver (b. July 1, 2009). Alina and Anthony filed for divorce in November 2018; they sold their shared Miami Beach home in March 2020.

title: Anthony Shriver


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Neuilly-sur-Seine Old Communal Cemetery

The Neuilly-sur-Seine Old Communal Cemetery in the Hauts-de-Seine département of France is in the western suburbs of Paris, between Paris and La Défense.

The first is called cimetière ancien (Old Cemetery) and is to be found in Neuilly; the second (New Cemetery) is to be found in Nanterre, near La Défense and adjacent to Paris La Défense Arena, but belongs to Neuilly. It is called cimetière nouveau.

Old Cemetery

 * Alessandro Anzani (1877–1956), inventor
 * Liliane Bettencourt (1922–2017), principal shareholder L'Oréal
 * Henri Betti (1917–2005), composer and pianist
 * Louis de Broglie (1892–1987), Nobel Prize Laureate in science
 * René Clair (1898–1981), film director
 * Pierre Drieu La Rochelle (1893–1945), writer
 * Anatole France (1844–1924), novelist
 * Pierre Fresnay (1897–1975), actor
 * Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), composer

 * André Maurois (1885–1967), writer
 * Antonia "La Argentina" Mercé (1890–1936), dancer
 * Paul Meurisse (1912–1979), actor
 * Pierre Mondy (1925–2012), actor

 * Yvonne Printemps (1894–1977), actress and singer
 * Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (1824–1898), painter
 * Jane Rhodes (1929–2011), operatic soprano
 * Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2018) author, filmmaker, member of the Académie Française
 * Countess Iréne Sampieri (1872–1963), socialite
 * Michel Serrault (1928–2007), actor

The cemetery contains one Commonwealth war grave, of a British Red Cross Society officer of World War I.

New Cemetery

 * Grégoire Aslan (1908–1982), actor
 * Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), painter

The cemetery contains 33 Commonwealth war graves, of 32 service personnel from World War I and one from World War II, as well as an American Legion memorial bearing the names of 250 Americans.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neuilly-sur-Seine Old Communal Cemetery


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Forward market

The forward market is the informal over-the-counter financial market by which contracts for future delivery are entered into. It is mainly used for trading in foreign currencies, where the contracts are used to hedge against foreign exchange risk. Commodities are also traded on forward markets. Examples include agricultural products such as rice, and energy futures, such as oil and natural gas. Transactions on a forward market are typically not standardized, and contracts are customised to the needs of the trading parties. In contrast, standardized forward contracts are called futures contracts and traded on a futures exchange.

title: Forward market


text: Template:History of animation in the United States


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List of covered bridges in Michigan

This is a partial list of wooden covered bridges in the U.S. state of Michigan. These covered bridges may be listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as Michigan State Historic Sites.

title: List of covered bridges in Michigan


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Pentazocine

Pentazocine, sold under the brand name Talwin among others, is a painkiller used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is believed to work by activating (agonizing) κ-opioid receptors (KOR) and μ-opioid receptors (MOR). As such it is called an opioid as it delivers its effects on pain by interacting with the opioid receptors. It shares many of the side effects of other opioids like constipation, nausea, itching, drowsiness and respiratory depression, but unlike most other opioids it fairly frequently causes hallucinations, nightmares and delusions. It is also, unlike most other opioids, subject to a ceiling effect, which is when at a certain dose (which differs from person-to-person) no more pain relief, or side effects, is obtained by increasing the dose any further.

Chemically it is classed as a benzomorphan and it comes in two enantiomers, which are molecules that are exact (non-superimposable) mirror images of one another.

It was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1964. Usually, in its oral formulations, it is combined with naloxone so as to prevent people from crushing the tablets, dissolving them in a solvent (like water) and injecting them for a high (as orally administered naloxone produces no opioid-negating effects, whereas intravenous or intramuscular administration does).

Medical
Pentazocine is used primarily to treat pain, although its analgesic effects are subject to a ceiling effect. It has been discontinued by its corporate sponsor in Australia, although it may be available through the special access scheme.

Recreational
In the 1970s, recreational drug users discovered that combining pentazocine with tripelennamine (a first-generation ethylenediamine antihistamine most commonly dispensed under the brand names Pelamine and Pyribenzamine) produced a euphoric sensation. Since tripelennamine tablets are typically blue in color and brand-name Pentazocine is known as Talwin (hence "Ts"), the pentazocine/tripelennamine combination acquired the slang name Ts and blues. After health-care professionals and drug-enforcement officials became aware of this scenario, the mu opioid receptor antagonist naloxone was added to oral preparations containing pentazocine to prevent perceived "misuse" via injection, and the reported incidence of its recreational use has declined precipitously since.

Research
In an open-label, add-on, single-day, acute-dose small clinical study, pentazocine was found to rapidly and substantially reduce symptoms of mania in individuals with bipolar disorder that were in the manic phase of the condition. It was postulated that the efficacy observed was due to κ-opioid receptor activation-mediated amelioration of hyperdopaminergia in the reward pathways. Minimal sedation and no side effects including psychotomimetic effects or worsening of psychosis were observed at the dose administered.

Adverse effects
Side effects are similar to those of morphine, but pentazocine, due to its action at the kappa opioid receptor is more likely to invoke psychotomimetic effects. High dose may cause high blood pressure or high heart rate. It may also increase cardiac work after myocardial infarction when given intravenously and hence this use should be avoided where possible. Respiratory depression is a common side effect, but is subject to a ceiling effect, such that at a certain dose the degree of respiratory depression will no longer increase with dose increases. Likewise rarely it has been associated with agranulocytosis, erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Tissue damage at injection sites
Severe injection site necrosis and sepsis has occurred (sometimes requiring amputation of limb) with multiple injection of pentazocine lactate. In addition, animal studies have demonstrated that Pentazocine is tolerated less well subcutaneously than intramuscularly.

History
Pentazocine was developed by the Sterling Drug Company, Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, of Rensselaer, New York. The analgesic compound was first made at Sterling in 1958. U.S. testing was conducted between 1961 and 1967. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in June 1967 after being favorably reviewed following testing on 12,000 patients in the United States. By mid 1967 Pentazocine was already being sold in Mexico, England, and Argentina, under different trade names.

Legal status
Pentazocine was originally unclassified under the Controlled Substances Act. A petition was filed with the Drug Enforcement Administration on October 1, 1971, to shift it to Schedule III. The petition was filed by Joseph L. Fink III, a pharmacist and law student at Georgetown University Law Center as part of the course Lawyering in the Public Interest. That petition was accepted for review on November 10, 1971. D.E.A. published a Final Rule transferring it to schedule IV on January 10, 1979, with an effective date of February 9, 1979. This is understood to be the first instance of a successful petition to reclassify a substance under the relatively recently enacted Controlled Substances Act. Pentazocine is still classified in Schedule IV under the Controlled Substances Act in the United States, even with the addition of Naloxone. Some states classify it in Schedule II, such as Illinois and South Carolina (injectable form only), or Schedule III such as Kentucky. ) Internationally, pentazocine is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.  Pentazocine has a DEA ACSCN of 9720; being a Schedule IV substance, the DEA does not assign an annual manufacturing quota for pentazocine for the United States.

Brand names
Pentazocine is sold under several brand names, such as Fortral, Sosegon, Talwin NX (with naloxone), Talwin, Talwin PX, Fortwin and Talacen (with paracetamol (acetaminophen)).

title: Pentazocine


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History of the Jews in China

Jews and Judaism in China are predominantly composed of Sephardi Jews and their descendants. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and a number of converts.

The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed through the Tang and Song dynasties (7th to 13th centuries CE) all the way through the Qing dynasty (19th century), most notably the Kaifeng Jews (the term "Chinese Jews" is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture.

Overview
The presence of a community of Jewish immigrants in China arguably began sometime in the Song dynasty, though a number of scholars have argued for their presence there in earlier Tang dynasty times. In the 9th century, the Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh noted the travels of Jewish merchants called Radhanites, whose trade took them to China via the Silk Road through Central Asia and India. He mentioned the presence of Jewish merchants in a number of Chinese cities, and the important economic role they played transporting merchandise as well as transmitting scientific and technological expertise by land and sea all the way from Spain and France via the Middle East to China. The medieval Italian explorer Jacob of Ancona, the supposed author of a book of travels, was a scholarly Jewish merchant who wrote in vernacular Italian, and reached China in 1271, although some authors question its veracity.

During the period of China's opening to the West and British quasi-colonialism, the first group to settle in China were Jews who arrived in China under British protection following the First Opium War. Many of these Jews were of Indian or Iraqi origin, due to significant British colonialism in these regions. The second community came in the first decades of the 20th century when many Jews arrived in Hong Kong and Shanghai during those cities' periods of economic expansion. Many more Jews arrived as refugees from the Russian Revolution of 1917. A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the Holocaust in Europe and were predominantly of European origin. Shanghai was notable for its special area assigned to Jewish refugees, most of whom left after the war, the rest relocating prior to or immediately after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

Many Jews in China converted to Islam and became Hui Muslims.

Over the centuries, the Kaifeng community came to be virtually indistinguishable from the Hui and Han Chinese population and is therefore no longer recognized by the Chinese government as a separate ethnic minority. This is as a result of having maintained already-Jewish and adopted many Han Chinese customs including patrilineal descent and extensive intermarriage with the Hui population. Since their religious practices are considered to be functionally extinct, they are not eligible for expedited immigration to Israel under the Law of Return unless they explicitly convert.

Today, many descendants of the Jews have assimilated into Hui Muslim populace. Some of them, as well as international Jewish communities are beginning to search for these descendants to help them revive their interest in their Jewish roots. This is especially important in modern China because belonging to any minority group includes a variety of benefits including reduced restrictions on the number of children and easier admission standards to tertiary education.

History
It has been asserted by some that the Jews who have historically resided in various places in China originated with the Lost Ten Tribes of the exiled ancient Kingdom of Israel who relocated to the areas of present-day China. Traces of some ancient Jewish rituals have been observed in some places.

One well-known group was the Kaifeng Jews, who are purported to have traveled from Persia to India during the mid-Han dynasty and later migrated from the Muslim-inhabited regions of northwestern China (modern day Gansu province) to Henan province during the early Northern Song dynasty (960–1127).

Origins
There is an oral tradition that the first Jews immigrated to China through Persia following the Roman Emperor Titus's capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. A large number of Jews emigrated from Persia during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (58–75 CE). Writing in 1900, Father Joseph Brucker hypothesized that Jews came to China from India by a sea route since ancient times.

Three steles with inscriptions found at Kaifeng bear some historical suggestions. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue (1163) (bearing the name Qīngzhēn Sì, a term often used for mosque in Chinese), states the Jews entered China from India in the Later Han dynasty (25–220 CE), the Jews' 70 Chinese surnames, their audience with an "un-named" Song dynasty emperor, and finally lists the transmission of their religion from Abraham down to the prophet Ezra. The second tablet, dated 1512 (found in the synagogue Xuanzhang Daojing Si) details the Jews' religious practices. The third is dated 1663 and commemorates the re-rebuilding of the Qingzhen si synagogue and recaps the information from the other two steles.

Father Joseph Brucker believed Matteo Ricci's manuscripts indicate there were only approximately ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in Hangzhou. This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned Emperor Gaozong to Hangzhou. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" (Kaifeng) after the Jingkang Incident.

Many Jewish communities were established in China in the Middle Ages. However, not all left evidence of their existence. The following are those known today: Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Yangzhou, Ningxia, Guangzhou, Beijing, Quanzhou, Nanjing, Xi'an and Luoyang.

Names
The contemporary term for Jews in use among Chinese today is Youtairen in Mandarin Chinese and "yau tai yan" in Cantonese. The terms have a similar pronunciation to יהודאי (Yehudai)—the Aramaic word for Jew—and to Ἰουδαῖος (iudaios), the Greek word.

It has been recorded that the Chinese historically called the Jews Tiao jin jiao (挑筋教), loosely, "the religion which removes the sinew," probably referring to the Jewish dietary prohibition against eating the sciatic nerve (from Genesis 32:32).

Jewish dietary law (kashrut), which forbids the eating of, among other foods, non-ruminant mammals, shellfish and reptiles, would have most likely caused Jewish communities to stand out from the surrounding mainstream Chinese population, as Chinese culture is typically very free in the range of items it deems suitable for food.

Jews have also been called the Blue-Hat Hui, in contrast to other populations of Hui people, who have identified with hats of other colors. The distinction between Muslim and Jewish Hui is not, and historically has not been, well recognised by the dominant Han population.

A modern translation of the "Kaifeng Steles" has shown the Jews referred to their synagogue as "The Pure and Truth", which is essentially the same as the term used in modern China to refer to Muslim mosques (清真寺). lǐbàisì 禮拜寺 and qīngzhēnsì 清真寺 were used as names of both synagogues and mosques by Jews and Muslims.

According to an oral tradition dictated by Xu Xin, Director of the Centre for Judaic Studies at Nanjing University, in his book Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng, the Kaifeng Jews called Judaism Yīcìlèyè jiào (一賜樂業教), lit. the religion of Israel. Yīcìlèyè is a transliteration and partial translation of "Israel". Xu Xin translates this phrase as "Chosen people, endowed by God, and contented with their lives and work".

Early record
The earliest evidence showing the presence of Jews in China is from the beginning of the 8th century: a business letter written in the Judeo-Persian language, discovered by Marc Aurel Stein. The letter (now housed in the British Museum) was found in Dandan Uiliq, an important post along the Silk Road in northwest China during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The text is thirty-seven lines in length and was written on paper, a product then manufactured only in China. It was identified, by David Samuel Margoliouth, as dating from 718 CE. Ibn Zeyd al Hassan of Siraf, a 9th-century Arabian traveler, reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Canton (Guangzhou) and killed a large number of foreign merchants, Arabs, Persians, Christians and Jews, resident there.

China was a destination for Radhanite Jews who brought boys, female slaves from Europe to sell to any local according to the Book of Roads and Kingdoms by ibn Khordadbeh. At Dandan Oilik an 8th-century document written in Judeo-Persian was found and translated by Aurel Stein.

Sources indicate that Jews in China were often mistaken for Muslims by other Chinese. The first plausible recorded written Chinese mention of Jews uses the term Zhuhu (竹忽) or Zhuhudu (朱乎得) (perhaps from Arabic Yehoud or from Hebrew Yehudim, "Jews") found in the Annals of the Yuan Dynasty in 1329 and 1354. The text spoke of the reinforcement of a tax levied on "dissenters" and of a government decree that the Jews come en-masse to Beijing, the capital.

Famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China, then under the Yuan dynasty, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing. Similar references can be found in the notes of the Franciscan John of Montecorvino, first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing in the early 14th century, and the writings of Ibn Batuta, an Arabian envoy to the Mongol Empire in the middle of the 14th century.

Genghis Khan called both Jews and Muslims Huihui when he forbade Jews and Muslims from practicing kosher and halal preparation of their food, calling both of them "slaves" and forcing them to eat Mongol food, and banned them from practicing circumcision.

Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.” He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred seven surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai (艾), Shi (石), Gao (高), Jin (金), Li (李), Zhang (張), and Zhao (趙). Two of these, Jin and Shi, are the equivalent of common Jewish names in the west: Gold and Stone.

The first modern Western record of Jews residing in China is found in the records of the 17th-century Jesuit missionaries in Beijing. The prominent Jesuit Matteo Ricci, received a visit from a young Jewish Chinese man in 1605. Ricci mentioned this man's name as Ngai, who has since been identified by the French sinologist Paul Pelliot as a Jew named Ai T'ien, who explained that the community he belonged to was monotheistic, or believing in only one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian image of Mary with the child Jesus, he took it to be a picture of Rebecca with Esau or Jacob, figures from Hebrew Scripture. Ngai (Ai Tian, Ai T'ien) declared that he had come from Kaifeng, and stated that this was the site of a large Jewish population. Ricci sent an ethnic Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother to visit Kaifeng; later, other Jesuits (mostly European) also visited the city. It was later discovered that the Jewish community had a synagogue (Libai si), which was constructed facing the west, and housed a number of written materials and books.

The Jews who managed the synagogue were called "Mullahs". Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them. Another Hebrew roll of law was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.

The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called the "Huay who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the sinews (removes the sciatic nerve)". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the 13th century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo nee leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use.

A Muslim in Nanjing told Semedo that four families of Jews converted to Islam since they were the last Jews in Nanjing, their numbers diminishing.

Various Jewish Chinese individuals worked in government service and owned big properties in China in the 17th century.

Shanghai's first wave of Jews came in the second half of the 19th century, many being Mizrahi Jews from Iraq. The first Jew who arrived there was Elias David Sassoon, who, about the year 1850, opened a branch in connection with his father's Bombay house. Since that period Jews gradually migrated from India to Shanghai, most of them being engaged from Bombay as clerks by the firm of David Sassoon & Co. The community was composed mainly of "Asian," (Sephardi) German, and Russian Jews, though there were a few of Austrian, French, and Italian origin among them. Jews took a considerable part in developing trade in China, and several served on the municipal councils, among them being Silas Aaron Hardoon, partner in the firm of E. D. Sassoon & Co., who served on the French and English councils at the same time. During the early days of Jewish settlement in Shanghai, Jews were involved in the trade in opium and Bombay cotton yarn.

Modern times
Contemporaneous sources estimated the Jewish population in China in 1940—including Manchukuo—at 36,000 (source: Catholic Encyclopedia).

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse, ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and all other ports throughout China. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions. One of the seven prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim. The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since they are openly proud of their ancestry Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou. It is reported that they came to be more or less totally assimilated into the Hui Muslim populace, due to widespread intermarriage; especially during the Ming dynasty. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups, most notably Shavei Israel, have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots.

Shanghai
Jewish life in Shanghai had really taken off with the arrival of the British. Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East came as traders via India and Hong Kong and established some of the leading trading companies in the second half of the 19th century. Later, after World War I, many Ashkenazi Jews came from Europe. Rebbe Meir Ashkenazi (Chabad-Lubavitch) was the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai (1926–1949).

Russian Jews
At the early 20th century many Russian Jews fleeing pogroms in several towns in Russian Empire decided to move to northeast China for permanent settlement (Rabbi Aharon Moshe Kiselev served in Harbin from 1913 until his death in 1949). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, many White Russians, fled to Harbin (former Manchuria). These included, among others, Dr. Abraham Kaufman, who played a leading role in the Harbin Jewish community after 1919, and the parents of future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. According to estimates, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin and played a key role in the shaping of local politics, economy and international trade.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, admired the Jewish people and Zionism, and he also saw parallels between the persecution of Jews and the domination of China by the Western powers. He stated, "Though their country was destroyed, the Jewish nation has existed to this day ... [Zionism] is one of the greatest movements of the present time. All lovers of democracy cannot help but support wholeheartedly and welcome with enthusiasm the movement to restore your wonderful and historic nation, which has contributed so much to the civilization of the world and which rightfully deserve [sic] an honorable place in the family of nations."

The Japanese occupation of Northeast China in 1931 and the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932 had a negative impact on the Harbin Jewish community (13,000 in 1929). Most of those Jews left Harbin for Tianjin, Shanghai, and the British Mandate of Palestine. Until 1939, the Russian Jews were about 5,000 in Shanghai.

World War II
Another wave of 18,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Poland immigrated to Shanghai in the late 1930s and early 1940s to escape the Holocaust. Shanghai was an open city at the time and it did not have restrictions on immigration, and some Chinese diplomats such as Ho Feng Shan issued "protective" passports and the Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas with which refugees could go to Shanghai after a short stay in Japan. In 1943, the occupying Japanese army required these 18,000 Jews, formally known as "stateless refugees," to relocate to an area of 0.75 sqmi in Shanghai's Hongkew district (today known as the Hongkou District) where many lived in group homes called "Heime". The total number of Jews who entered Shanghai during this period equaled the total number of Jews who fled to Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa combined. Many of the Jews in China later moved to found the modern state of Israel.

Shanghai was an important safe-haven for Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, since it was one of the few places in the world where one didn't need a visa. However, it was not easy to get there. The Japanese, who controlled the city, preferred to look the other way. However, some corrupt officials also exploited the plight of the Jews. By 1941, nearly 20,000 European Jews had found shelter there.

Notable Jews during the Second Sino-Japanese War include Dr. Jakob Rosenfeld, Stanisław Flato, Ruth Weiss, Eva Sandberg (photographer and wife of Communist leader Xiao San), and Morris Abraham Cohen.

Late in the war, Nazi representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population, and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the Allies after their already notorious invasion of China and their additional invasion of a number of other Asian nations, so they delayed the German request until the War ended. With the intercession of the Amshenower Rebbe and the translation skills of Leo (Ariyeh) Hanin, the Japanese ultimately kept the Jews of Shanghai safe.

In general, in the period from 1845 to 1945, more than 40,000 Jews came to China to do business or in search of a safe haven.

Late 20th century
After World War II and the establishment of the PRC in 1949, most of these Jews emigrated to Israel or the West, although a few remained. Three prominent non-Chinese lived in China from the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the contemporary period: Sidney Shapiro, Israel Epstein, and Ruth Weiss, one American, one Polish and one Austrian emigre, were of Jewish descent. Another Jewish-American, Sidney Rittenberg served as interpreter to many top Chinese officials. Klara Blum established herself as one of the few Jewish women writers in post-1949 China.

Structured Jewish life returned to Beijing in 1979 with the founding of Kehillat Beijing, an egalitarian lay-led community serving ex-patriate Jews from all over the world.

Sara Imas, the Shanghai-born daughter of Shanghai's Jewish Club president, Leiwi Imas, became the first Chinese Jewish immigrant to Israel after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. Leiwi Imas, who had to leave Germany for Poland in 1939, arrived in Shanghai the same year. He spent his final years in Shanghai until 1962, prior to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Although Sara Imas's non-Chinese appearance and family background brought her much trouble during the Cultural Revolution when she was accused of being a foreign capitalist and spy, today Sara Imas has returned to Shanghai, working as the Chinese representative of an Israeli diamond company.

On June 27, 1985, an international group of scholars and activists gathered in Palo Alto, California to establish the Sino-Judaic Institute. Rabbi Anson Laytner serves as the incumbent president.

The Institute of Jewish Studies was established at Nanjing University in 1992.

Since the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government has taken the initiative to preserve historical Western architectures that were constructed during Shanghai's colonial past. Many formerly Jewish-owned hotels and private residence have been included in the preservation project. In 1997, the Kadoorie-residence-turned Shanghai Children's Palace, had their spacious front garden largely removed in order to make room for the city's overpass system under construction. A One Day Tour of the history of Jewish presence in Shanghai can be arranged through the Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai. Rabbi Shalom Greenberg from Chabad-Lubavitch in New York City arrived in Shanghai to serve this community in August 1998. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation of New York, donated a Torah to the community that same year. On the first day of Rosh Hashanah, in September 1999, a Jewish New Year service was held at the Ohel Rachel Synagogue for the first time since 1952.

21st century
As of 2010, it is estimated that 2,000 to 3,000 Jews lived in Shanghai. In May 2010, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai was temporarily reopened to the local Jewish community for weekend services. Synagogues are found in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, serving both native Chinese Jews, Israelis and diaspora Jewish communities across the world.

In 2001, Rabbi Shimon Freundlich from the Chabad-Lubavitch movement came and settled in Beijing with the mission of building and leading the Chabad-Lubavitch Centre of Beijing. Kehillat Beijing continues its practice of conducting weekly lay-led Shabbat services, regular holiday observance, and community activities including retreats and celebrations. In 2007, the Sephardic community of Shanghai opened a synagogue, study hall, kosher kitchen, and educational classes for children and adults. The community has its own hacham, who functions as a teacher and chazan, in addition to Rabbi Ephraim Bezalel, who manages local community affairs and kashrut needs. Since a significant amount of Chinese food products and food ingredients are exported to the American market, a number of kosher certification agencies send rabbis to China to serve as kosher inspectors (mashgichim). As of 2009, over 50 mashgichim have been stationed in China, 7 of them from the Orthodox Union.

As of 2019, Harbin could claim a single Jewish inhabitant, professor Dan Ben-Canaan, who helped advise the local government on restoring the city's synagogues and other Jewish-related buildings.

Kaifeng's Jewish community has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like Passover and Sukkot have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down. Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.

A small number of Chinese Jews have succeeded in making aliyah and immigrating to Israel with the help of private organisations such as Shavei Israel.

Notable Chinese-born people of Jewish ancestry

 * Song Dandan, an actress who often appears in the Chinese New Year's Gala on CCTV
 * Stanley Ho, founder and Chairman of SJM Holdings which owns nineteen casinos in Macau including the Grand Lisboa, nicknamed variously Godfather and King of Gambling, reflecting the government-granted monopoly he held on the Macau gambling industry for 75 years
 * Josie Ho, Stanley Ho's daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Hong Kong-based actress.
 * Laurence Tribe, an American professor of constitutional law born to European Jewish parents
 * Ron Klinger, an Australian leading English-language bridge writer, born in Shanghai to European Jewish parents
 * Mike Medavoy, an American film producer of Ukrainian Jewish descent
 * Zhao Yingcheng, a Ming dynasty official from the 17th century, member of the Kaifeng Jewish community
 * Sir Michael David Kadoorie, a Hong Kong billionaire businessman, and the chairman and 18% owner of CLP Group
 * Harry Triguboff, Australian property tycoon

Historiography and Memory

 * Goldstein, Jonathan, and Benjamin I. Schwartz. The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Routledge, 2015).
 * Goldstein, Jonathan. The Jews of China: v. 2: A Sourcebook and Research Guide (Routledge, 2018) online
 * Raiskin, Shlomy. "A Bibliography on Chinese Jewry", Moreshet Israel (Journal of Judaism, Zionism and Eretz-Israel), No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 60–85.
 * Ross, James R. et al. eds. The Image of Jews in Contemporary China (2019) excerpt
 * Shapiro, Sidney. Jews in Old China, Studies by Chinese Scholars, (Hippocrene Books, 1984), online
 * Shulman, Frank Joseph. "The Chinese Jews and the Jewish Diasporas in China from the Tang Period (CE 618-906) through the Mid-1990s: A Selected Bibliography." The Jews of China (Routledge, 2018) pp. 157–183.
 * Song, Lihong. "From 'Jews in China' to 'Jews and China'." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 17.4 (2018): 487-495.

title: History of the Jews in China


text:
List of state and territorial universities in the United States

In the United States, a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government. In some cases, these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system, while in other cases they are not. Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities.

Although most of these institutions are associated with state governments, a small number of public institutions are directly funded and governed by the U.S. federal government, including the service academies, the Community College of the Air Force, the Naval Postgraduate School, the Air Force Institute of Technology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, military War colleges and staff colleges, and Haskell Indian Nations University. A few universities - George Washington University, Georgetown University, Gallaudet University, Howard University, and American University - are private universities in the District of Columbia that are federally chartered by the United States Government.

Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state, although many have substantial income from tuition and fees, endowment proceeds, donations (such as from alumni or philanthropists), and revenue from royalties. State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents. Substantial financial support is also provided by the federal government, particularly through federal financial aid.

In some states, there is a campus designated as the "flagship" campus in the state's university system. The flagship campus is the most prestigious or the one with the largest student population, e.g. the University of Maryland, College Park campus in the University System of Maryland, the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System, and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System.

There are a number of states that have more than one university system, e.g. California with 2; Colorado with 2; Indiana with 2; New York with 2; Tennessee with 2; and Texas with 7 (the most).

Notes:
 * The list includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only (e.g., medical schools, law schools, or veterinary schools) that are independent of any other school in a state system.
 * Satellite campuses that do not have accreditation separate from the mother institution are not included in the list, e.g. University of Washington Tacoma remains an integral part of the University of Washington, which is based in Seattle. On the other hand, institutions like University of Houston–Downtown and University of California, Santa Cruz are provided separate entries as they are considered independent, autonomous institutions.
 * To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate's degrees, visit the community colleges list.
 * To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States, visit the tribal colleges and universities list.
 * Non-bachelor's degree-granting institutions, such as graduate schools, are listed in italics.

Alabama

 * Alabama A&M University
 * Alabama State University
 * Athens State University
 * Auburn University system
 * Auburn University
 * Auburn University at Montgomery
 * Jacksonville State University
 * Troy University
 * University of Alabama System
 * University of Alabama (Alabama) (Tuscaloosa – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)
 * University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH)
 * University of Montevallo
 * University of North Alabama (UNA)
 * University of South Alabama (USA)
 * University of West Alabama (UWA)

Alaska

 * University of Alaska System
 * University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) (Fairbanks – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA)
 * University of Alaska Southeast (UAS)

Arizona

 * Arizona Board of Regents
 * Arizona State University (ASU)
 * Northern Arizona University (NAU)
 * University of Arizona (UofA)

Arkansas

 * University of Arkansas System
 * University of Arkansas (Arkansas) (Fayetteville – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Arkansas–Fort Smith
 * University of Arkansas at Little Rock
 * University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
 * University of Arkansas at Monticello
 * University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
 * Arkansas State University System
 * Arkansas State University
 * Henderson State University
 * Arkansas Tech University
 * University of Central Arkansas (UCA, Central Arkansas)
 * Southern Arkansas University (SAU)

California

 * University of California system
 * University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Cal, UCB)
 * University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD)
 * University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine, UCI)
 * University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
 * University of California, Merced (UC Merced, UCM)
 * University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside, UCR)
 * University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego, UCSD)
 * University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
 * University of California, Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara, UCSB)
 * University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz, UCSC)
 * University of California College of the Law, San Francisco (UC Law SF) (law school; administered separately from the other UC campuses)
 * California State University system
 * California State University, Bakersfield (CSUB)
 * California State University, Channel Islands (CSUCI)
 * California State University, Chico (Chico State)
 * California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH)
 * California State University, East Bay (CSUEB)
 * California State University, Fresno (Fresno State)
 * California State University, Fullerton (CSUF, Cal State Fullerton)
 * California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt (Cal Poly Humboldt)
 * California State University, Long Beach (Long Beach State, LBSU, Cal State Long Beach, CSULB)
 * California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA, Cal State LA)
 * California Maritime Academy (Cal Maritime, The Academy)
 * California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB)
 * California State University, Northridge (CSUN)
 * California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona, CPP)
 * California State University, Sacramento (Sacramento State, Sac State)
 * California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB)
 * San Diego State University (SDSU, San Diego State)
 * San Francisco State University (SFSU)
 * San Jose State University (SJSU, San Jose State)
 * California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly SLO)
 * California State University, San Marcos (CSUSM)
 * Sonoma State University (SSU)
 * California State University, Stanislaus (Stan State)

Colorado

 * Adams State University
 * University of Colorado system
 * University of Colorado Boulder (Colorado or CU) (Boulder – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS)
 * University of Colorado Denver (CU-Denver)
 * Colorado Mesa University
 * Colorado School of Mines
 * Colorado State University System
 * Colorado State University (Colorado State) (Fort Collins – flagship/main campus)
 * Colorado State University–Pueblo (CSU-Pueblo)
 * Colorado State University–Global Campus (CSU–Global) – online only
 * Fort Lewis College
 * Metropolitan State University of Denver
 * University of Northern Colorado
 * Western Colorado University (Western)

Connecticut

 * Charter Oak State College (COSC)
 * Connecticut State University System
 * Central Connecticut State University (CCSU)
 * Eastern Connecticut State University (ECSU)
 * Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU)
 * Western Connecticut State University (WCSU)
 * University of Connecticut (UConn)

Delaware

 * University of Delaware (UD)
 * Delaware State University

District of Columbia

 * University of the District of Columbia (UDC)

Universities chartered by Congress (Congressional Charter) are not public state or territorial universities; they are private non-profit universities that do not grant in-state tuition discounts to District of Columbia residents unlike other government-funded state or territorial universities. The United States Federal Government provides tuition grants to District of Columbia residents through the DC Tuition Assistance Grant (DC TAG) towards the difference in price between in-state and out-of-state tuition at public four-year colleges/universities and private Historically Black Colleges and Universities throughout the U.S., Guam, and Puerto Rico. Small amounts of the grant can be used for Washington Metropolitan Area private universities within close proximate of the District.

Florida

 * State University System of Florida
 * Florida A&M University (FAMU)
 * Florida Atlantic University (FAU)
 * Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU)
 * Florida International University (FIU)
 * Florida Polytechnic University (Florida Poly or FPU)
 * Florida State University (FSU)
 * New College of Florida (New College or NCF)
 * University of Central Florida (UCF)
 * University of Florida (UF)
 * University of North Florida (UNF)
 * University of South Florida System
 * University of South Florida (USF)
 * University of South Florida Sarasota–Manatee (USFSM)
 * University of South Florida St. Petersburg (USFSP)
 * University of West Florida (UWF)
 * Florida College System (community college system which offers bachelor's degrees at most of its institutions)
 * Broward College
 * Chipola College
 * College of Central Florida
 * Daytona State College
 * Eastern Florida State College
 * Florida Gateway College
 * Florida SouthWestern State College
 * Florida State College at Jacksonville
 * Gulf Coast State College
 * Indian River State College
 * Lake–Sumter State College
 * Miami Dade College
 * Northwest Florida State College
 * Palm Beach State College
 * Pasco–Hernando State College
 * Pensacola State College
 * Polk State College
 * Santa Fe College
 * Seminole State College of Florida
 * South Florida State College
 * St. Johns River State College
 * St. Petersburg College
 * State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota
 * Tallahassee Community College
 * Valencia College

Georgia

 * University System of Georgia
 * Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College (Abraham Baldwin)
 * Albany State University
 * Atlanta Metropolitan State College
 * Augusta University (Augusta)
 * Clayton State University
 * College of Coastal Georgia (Coastal)
 * Columbus State University
 * Dalton State College
 * East Georgia State College
 * Fort Valley State University (Fort Valley)
 * Georgia College and State University (Georgia College)
 * Georgia Gwinnett College
 * Georgia Highlands College (Highlands)
 * Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)
 * Georgia Southern University
 * Georgia Southwestern State University (GSW)
 * Georgia State University (GSU)
 * Gordon State College
 * Kennesaw State University (KSU)
 * Middle Georgia State University
 * Savannah State University
 * South Georgia State College (SGSC)
 * University of Georgia (UGA)
 * University of North Georgia (UNG)
 * University of West Georgia (UWG)
 * Valdosta State University (VSU)

Guam

 * University of Guam

Hawaii

 * University of Hawaiʻi System
 * University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (Hawaii or UH) (Honolulu – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (UH Hilo)
 * University of Hawaiʻi Maui College
 * University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu (UHWO, pronounced "UH WO")

Idaho

 * Boise State University (Boise State or BSU)
 * University of Idaho (U of I or UI)
 * Idaho State University (Idaho State or ISU)
 * Lewis–Clark State College

Illinois

 * Chicago State University (Chicago State)
 * Eastern Illinois University (Eastern Illinois, EIU)
 * Governors State University
 * Illinois State University (Illinois State, ISU)
 * University of Illinois system
 * University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (Illinois, U of I, UIUC) (Urbana and Champaign – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Illinois Chicago (UIC)
 * University of Illinois Springfield (UIS)
 * Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU)
 * Northern Illinois University (Northern Illinois, NIU)
 * Southern Illinois University system
 * Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Southern Illinois, SIU) (Carbondale – flagship/main campus)
 * Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE)
 * Western Illinois University (Western Illinois, WIU)

Indiana

 * Ball State University
 * Indiana University system
 * Indiana University Bloomington (Indiana or IU) (Bloomington – flagship/main campus)
 * Indiana University East
 * Indiana University Fort Wayne
 * Indiana University Kokomo (IUK)
 * Indiana University Northwest
 * Indiana University South Bend (IUSB)
 * Indiana University Southeast
 * Indiana University – Purdue University Columbus (IUPUC)
 * Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) (IU appoints chancellor; joint academics with Purdue)
 * Indiana State University
 * Purdue University system
 * Purdue University (West Lafayette – flagship/main campus)
 * Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW)
 * Purdue University Northwest – (2016 Merger of Purdue University Calumet and Purdue University North Central)
 * University of Southern Indiana (USI)
 * Vincennes University (VU)

Iowa

 * University of Iowa (Iowa)
 * Iowa State University (ISU)
 * University of Northern Iowa (UNI)

Kansas

 * Emporia State University (Emporia State or ESU)
 * Fort Hays State University (FHSU)
 * University of Kansas (Kansas or KU)
 * Kansas State University (K-State or KSU)
 * Pittsburg State University
 * Wichita State University

Note: Washburn University in Topeka is a municipally-chartered, state-coordinated university. Some funds are sourced from municipal and county taxes, while some financial support is also received from the state of Kansas.

Kentucky

 * Eastern Kentucky University (EKU)
 * University of Kentucky (Kentucky or UK)
 * Kentucky State University
 * University of Louisville (Louisville, U of L, or UL)
 * Morehead State University
 * Murray State University
 * Northern Kentucky University (NKU)
 * Western Kentucky University (WKU)

Louisiana

 * Louisiana State University System
 * Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (LSU) (Baton Rouge – flagship/main campus)
 * Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
 * Louisiana State University at Eunice (LSU-Eunice)
 * Louisiana State University of Alexandria (LSU-Alexandria)
 * Louisiana State University Shreveport (LSU-Shreveport)
 * LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans
 * LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport
 * Paul M. Hebert Law Center (law school on the main Baton Rouge campus, separate institution)
 * Pennington Biomedical Research Center
 * University of Louisiana System
 * Grambling State University (GSU)
 * Louisiana Tech University (Louisiana Tech or La Tech)
 * McNeese State University (MSU)
 * Nicholls State University
 * Northwestern State University (NSULA)
 * Southeastern Louisiana University (SELU)
 * University of Louisiana at Lafayette (UL Lafayette)
 * University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM)
 * University of New Orleans (UNO)
 * Southern University System
 * Southern University (Baton Rouge – flagship/main campus)
 * Southern University at New Orleans (SUNO)
 * Southern University at Shreveport (SUSLA)

Maine

 * Maine Maritime Academy
 * University of Maine System
 * University of Maine (UMaine or Maine) (Orono – flagship university)
 * University of Maine School of Law
 * University of Maine at Augusta (UMaine Augusta, UM-Augusta, or UMA)
 * University of Maine at Farmington (UMaine Farmington, UM-Farmington, or UMF)
 * University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMaine Fort Kent, UM-Fort Kent, or UMFK)
 * University of Maine at Machias (UMaine Machias, UM-Machias, or UMM, pronounced "UM M")
 * University of Maine at Presque Isle (UMaine Presque Isle, UM-Presque Isle, or UMPI, pronounced "UM PI")
 * University of Southern Maine (Southern Maine or USM)

Maryland

 * Morgan State University
 * St. Mary's College of Maryland
 * University System of Maryland
 * University of Maryland, College Park (Maryland or UMD) (College Park – flagship/main campus)
 * Bowie State University
 * Coppin State University
 * Frostburg State University
 * Salisbury University
 * Towson University (Towson)
 * University of Baltimore (UB)
 * University of Maryland, Baltimore (UM Baltimore or UMB)
 * University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
 * University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES)
 * University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC)
 * University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
 * University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute

Massachusetts

 * University of Massachusetts system
 * University of Massachusetts Amherst (Massachusetts, UMass, UMass Amherst) (Amherst – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Massachusetts Boston (UMass Boston)
 * University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (UMass Dartmouth)
 * University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass Lowell)
 * University of Massachusetts Medical School
 * State University system
 * Bridgewater State University
 * Fitchburg State University
 * Framingham State University
 * Salem State University
 * Westfield State University
 * Worcester State University
 * Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt)
 * Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
 * Massachusetts Maritime Academy

Michigan

 * Central Michigan University (CMU)
 * Eastern Michigan University (EMU)
 * Ferris State University (Ferris State)
 * Grand Valley State University (Grand Valley State or GVSU)
 * Lake Superior State University
 * University of Michigan system
 * University of Michigan (Michigan) (Ann Arbor – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Michigan–Dearborn
 * University of Michigan–Flint
 * Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU)
 * Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech)
 * Northern Michigan University (NMU)
 * Oakland University (OU)
 * Saginaw Valley State University
 * Wayne State University (Wayne State or WSU)
 * Western Michigan University (WMU)

Minnesota

 * Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system (Listed below are the state universities. The Minnesota State system also includes the state's community and technical colleges.)
 * Bemidji State University
 * Minnesota State University, Mankato (Mankato- flagship campus)
 * Minnesota State University Moorhead
 * Metropolitan State University
 * Southwest Minnesota State University
 * St. Cloud State University
 * Winona State University
 * University of Minnesota system
 * University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (U of M or Minnesota) (Minneapolis – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Minnesota Crookston
 * University of Minnesota Duluth
 * University of Minnesota Morris
 * University of Minnesota Rochester

Mississippi

 * Alcorn State University (Alcorn)
 * Delta State University (Delta State)
 * Jackson State University (Jackson State or JSU)
 * Mississippi State University (Mississippi State or MSU)
 * Mississippi University for Women (MUW)
 * Mississippi Valley State University
 * University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
 * University of Southern Mississippi (Southern Miss or USM)

Missouri

 * University of Central Missouri (UCM)
 * Harris–Stowe State University
 * Lincoln University of Missouri
 * University of Missouri System
 * University of Missouri (Missouri or Mizzou) (Columbia – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC)
 * Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T)
 * University of Missouri–St. Louis (UMSL)
 * Missouri Southern State University
 * Missouri State University (formerly Southwest Missouri State University)
 * Missouri Western State University
 * Northwest Missouri State University
 * Southeast Missouri State University
 * Truman State University (formerly Northeast Missouri State University)

Montana

 * Montana University System (Listed below are the state universities. The MUS also includes the state's community, technical, and tribal colleges.)
 * Montana State University System
 * Montana State University (Montana State) (Bozeman – flagship/main campus)
 * Montana State University Billings (Billings)
 * Montana State University–Northern (Havre)
 * University of Montana System
 * University of Montana (Montana) (Missoula – flagship/main campus)
 * Montana Technological University (Montana Tech)
 * University of Montana Western (Dillon)

Nebraska

 * Nebraska State College System
 * Chadron State College
 * Peru State College
 * Wayne State College
 * University of Nebraska system
 * University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Nebraska or UNL) (Lincoln – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Nebraska at Kearney (UNK)
 * University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO)
 * University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)

Nevada

 * Nevada System of Higher Education
 * University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) (Reno – flagship/main campus)
 * College of Southern Nevada (community college; in addition to associate's degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
 * Great Basin College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a few bachelor's degrees)
 * Nevada State University
 * University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)
 * Western Nevada College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
 * Truckee Meadows Community College (Community college located in Northern Reno. Offers a variety of associate degree programs, as well as bachelor's degrees, which are provided through a partnership with Sierra Nevada College)

New Hampshire

 * University System of New Hampshire
 * Granite State College
 * Keene State College
 * Plymouth State University
 * University of New Hampshire (UNH) (Durham- flagship/main campus)

New Jersey

 * The College of New Jersey
 * Kean University
 * Montclair State University
 * New Jersey City University
 * New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT)
 * Ramapo College of New Jersey
 * Rowan University
 * Rutgers University system
 * Rutgers University–New Brunswick (Rutgers) (New Brunswick and Piscataway – flagship/main campus)
 * Rutgers University–Newark
 * Rutgers University–Camden
 * Stockton University
 * Thomas Edison State University
 * William Paterson University of New Jersey

New Mexico

 * Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU)
 * University of New Mexico (New Mexico or UNM)
 * New Mexico Highlands University
 * New Mexico State University (NMSU)
 * New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech)
 * Northern New Mexico College
 * Western New Mexico University (WNMU)

New York

 * State University of New York (SUNY) system
 * University centers
 * The State University of New York at Buffalo (University at Buffalo, UBuffalo)
 * University at Albany (Albany, UAlbany)
 * Binghamton University (Binghamton)
 * Stony Brook University (Stony Brook)
 * Other doctoral-granting institutions
 * Health Science Center Brooklyn
 * State University of New York Upstate Medical University
 * State University of New York Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly)
 * New York State College of Ceramics (contract college at Alfred University)
 * College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (contract college at Cornell University)
 * College of Human Ecology (contract college at Cornell University)
 * College of Veterinary Medicine (contract college at Cornell University)
 * School of Industrial and Labor Relations (contract college at Cornell University)
 * State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
 * State University of New York State College of Optometry
 * Comprehensive colleges
 * Buffalo State University
 * Empire State University
 * State University of New York at Brockport (SUNY Brockport)
 * State University of New York at Cortland (SUNY Cortland)
 * State University of New York at Fredonia (SUNY Fredonia)
 * State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo)
 * State University of New York at New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz)
 * State University of New York at Old Westbury (SUNY Old Westbury)
 * State University of New York at Oneonta (SUNY Oneonta)
 * State University of New York at Oswego (SUNY Oswego)
 * State University of New York at Plattsburgh (SUNY Plattsburgh)
 * State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam)
 * State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase)
 * Technology colleges
 * Alfred State College
 * Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) (a SUNY community college; in addition to associate's degrees, also offers bachelor's and master's degrees)
 * State University of New York at Canton (SUNY Canton)
 * State University of New York at Cobleskill (SUNY Cobleskill)
 * State University of New York at Delhi (SUNY Delhi)
 * State University of New York at Farmingdale (SUNY Farmingdale)
 * State University of New York Maritime College (SUNY Maritime)
 * State University of New York at Morrisville (SUNY Morrisville)
 * City University of New York (CUNY) system
 * Colleges
 * Baruch College
 * Brooklyn College
 * City College of New York
 * College of Staten Island
 * Hunter College
 * John Jay College of Criminal Justice
 * Lehman College
 * Medgar Evers College
 * New York City College of Technology
 * Queens College
 * York College
 * Graduate and professional schools
 * CUNY Graduate Center
 * CUNY Graduate School of Journalism
 * CUNY School of Law
 * CUNY School of Medicine
 * CUNY School of Professional Studies
 * CUNY School of Public Health
 * William E. Macaulay Honors College

North Carolina

 * University of North Carolina system
 * Appalachian State University (Appalachian State or App State)
 * East Carolina University (ECU)
 * Elizabeth City State University (ECSU)
 * Fayetteville State University (FSU)
 * North Carolina A&T State University (North Carolina A&T)
 * North Carolina Central University (North Carolina Central or NCCU)
 * North Carolina State University (North Carolina State, NC State, NCSU)
 * University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC Asheville or UNCA)
 * University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC Chapel Hill or UNC—flagship/main campus)
 * University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte or Charlotte)
 * University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNC Greensboro or UNCG)
 * University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNC Pembroke)
 * University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNC Wilmington or UNCW)
 * University of North Carolina School of the Arts (UNC School of the Arts)
 * Western Carolina University (WCU)
 * Winston-Salem State University (WSSU)

North Dakota

 * North Dakota University System (Listed below are the state universities. The NDUS also includes the state's community colleges.)
 * Dickinson State University
 * Mayville State University
 * Minot State University
 * University of North Dakota (UND) (Grand Forks)
 * North Dakota State University (North Dakota State or NDSU)
 * Valley City State University

Northern Mariana Islands

 * Northern Marianas College (community college; offers associate's degrees, Bachelor of Science degrees in Education and Business Management)

Ohio

 * University System of Ohio
 * University of Akron (Akron)
 * Bowling Green State University (BGSU)
 * Central State University
 * University of Cincinnati
 * Cleveland State University
 * Kent State University
 * Miami University
 * Northeast Ohio Medical University
 * Ohio State University
 * Ohio University
 * Shawnee State University
 * University of Toledo
 * Wright State University
 * Youngstown State University

Oklahoma

 * Cameron University
 * East Central University
 * Langston University
 * Northeastern State University
 * Northwestern Oklahoma State University
 * University of Oklahoma system
 * University of Oklahoma (Oklahoma) (Norman – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Oklahoma-Tulsa Schusterman Center
 * University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
 * Oklahoma Panhandle State University
 * Oklahoma State University System
 * Oklahoma State University–Stillwater (Oklahoma State) (Stillwater – flagship/main campus)
 * Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences
 * Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology
 * Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City
 * Oklahoma State University–Tulsa
 * Rogers State University
 * University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
 * Southeastern Oklahoma State University
 * Southwestern Oklahoma State University
 * University of Central Oklahoma

Oregon

 * Eastern Oregon University (EOU)
 * Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)
 * Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech or OIT)
 * Oregon State University (Oregon State or OSU)
 * Oregon State University-Cascades (OSU Cascades)
 * Portland State University (Portland State or PSU)
 * Southern Oregon University (SOU)
 * University of Oregon (Oregon or UO)
 * Western Oregon University (WOU)

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE)

The 14 universities in PaSSHE are state-owned. They are directly governed by gubernatorial appointees sitting on the PaSSHE Board of Governors. Each university also has an independent Council of Trustees appointed by the Commonwealth's governor.
 * State-owned universities:
 * Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania
 * California University of Pennsylvania
 * Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
 * Clarion University of Pennsylvania
 * East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania
 * Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
 * Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP)
 * Kutztown University of Pennsylvania
 * Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
 * Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
 * Millersville University of Pennsylvania
 * Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
 * Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
 * West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Commonwealth System of Higher Education

Universities of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education receive public funds and reduce tuition for residents of Pennsylvania. Gubernatorial appointees are always a minority of their respective governing boards. Each university is a multi-campus institution throughout the state.
 * State-related institutions:
 * Lincoln University
 * Pennsylvania State University
 * Penn State University Park (PSU-University Park, administrative hub)
 * Penn State Abington (PSU-Abington)
 * Penn State Altoona (PSU-Altoona)
 * Penn State Berks (PSU-Berks)
 * Penn State Beaver (PSU-Beaver)
 * Penn State Brandywine (PSU-Brandywine)
 * Penn State College of Medicine
 * Penn State Dickinson Law
 * Penn State DuBois (PSU-DuBois)
 * Penn State Erie, The Behrend College (PSU-Erie or Behrend)
 * Penn State Fayette (PSU-Fayette)
 * Penn State Great Valley (PSU-Great Valley)
 * Penn State Greater Allegheny (PSU-Greater Allegheny)
 * Penn State Harrisburg (PSU-Harrisburg)
 * Penn State Hazleton (PSU-Hazleton)
 * Penn State Lehigh Valley (PSU-Lehigh Valley)
 * Penn State Mont Alto (PSU-Mont Alto)
 * Penn State New Kensington (PSU-New Kensington)
 * Penn State Schuylkill (PSU-Schuylkill)
 * Penn State Scranton (PSU-Scranton)
 * Penn State Shenango (PSU-Shenango)
 * Penn State Wilkes-Barre (PSU-Wilkes-Barre)
 * Penn State World Campus
 * Penn State York (PSU-York)
 * Temple University
 * Temple University (Temple or TU)
 * Temple University Ambler (TU-Ambler)
 * University of Pittsburgh
 * University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh or Pitt)
 * University of Pittsburgh at Bradford
 * University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg
 * University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
 * University of Pittsburgh at Titusville

Puerto Rico

 * University of Puerto Rico system
 * University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras (UPR-RP) (Rio Piedras – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (UPRA)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón (UPRB)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Carolina (UPRC)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Cayey (UPR-Cayey)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Humacao (UPRH)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla (UPRAG)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Ponce (UPRP)
 * University of Puerto Rico at Utuado (UPRU)
 * University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (UPR-CM)
 * Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico
 * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

 * Rhode Island College (RIC)
 * University of Rhode Island

South Carolina

 * The Citadel
 * Clemson University
 * Coastal Carolina University (Coastal Carolina or CCU)
 * College of Charleston (Charleston or CofC)
 * Francis Marion University
 * Lander University
 * Medical University of South Carolina
 * University of South Carolina System
 * University of South Carolina (Carolina, USC, or SCar) (Columbia – flagship/main campus)
 * University of South Carolina Aiken (USC-Aiken)
 * University of South Carolina Beaufort (USC-Beaufort)
 * University of South Carolina Lancaster (USC-Lancaster)
 * University of South Carolina Salkehatchie (USC-Salkehatchie)
 * University of South Carolina Sumter (USC-Sumter)
 * University of South Carolina Union (USC-Union)
 * University of South Carolina Upstate (USC-Upstate or Upstate)
 * South Carolina State University (SCSU)
 * Winthrop University (WU)

South Dakota

 * Black Hills State University
 * Dakota State University
 * Northern State University

 * University of South Dakota (South Dakota or USD)
 * South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (South Dakota School of Mines, South Dakota Tech, or SDSM&T, pronounced "SDSM and T")
 * South Dakota State University (South Dakota State or SDSU)

Tennessee

 * Austin Peay State University (Austin Peay or APSU)
 * East Tennessee State University (ETSU)
 * Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU)
 * Tennessee State University (TSU)
 * Tennessee Technological University (Tennessee Tech or TTU)
 * University of Memphis (U of M) (Memphis – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Tennessee System (UT, UTC, and UT Martin are primary campuses of the UT System, whereas the UTHSC, UT Southern, and the Space Institute are three other educational campuses.)
 * University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UT Knoxville, UTK, or UT) (Knoxville – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UT Chattanooga or UTC)
 * University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin or UTM)
 * University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC or UT Medical School) (Memphis)
 * University of Tennessee Southern (formerly Martin Methodist College) (Pulaski)
 * University of Tennessee Space Institute (UT Space Institute) (Tullahoma)

Texas

 * University of Houston System
 * University of Houston (Houston- flagship/main campus)
 * University of Houston–Clear Lake
 * University of Houston–Downtown
 * University of Houston–Victoria
 * University of North Texas System
 * University of North Texas (Denton- flagship/main campus)
 * University of North Texas at Dallas
 * University of North Texas Health Science Center
 * The University of Texas System
 * Academic institutions
 * The University of Texas at Arlington
 * The University of Texas at Austin (Austin- flagship/main campus)
 * The University of Texas at Dallas
 * The University of Texas at El Paso
 * The University of Texas Permian Basin
 * The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
 * The University of Texas at San Antonio
 * The University of Texas at Tyler
 * Stephen F. Austin State University
 * Health institutions
 * University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
 * University of Texas Medical Branch
 * University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
 * University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
 * University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 * University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler
 * Texas A&M University System
 * Texas A&M University (Texas A&M or A&M) (College Station, Galveston, Doha- flagship/main campus)
 * Prairie View A&M University
 * Tarleton State University
 * Texas A&M International University
 * Texas A&M University–Central Texas
 * Texas A&M University–Commerce
 * Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
 * Texas A&M University–Kingsville
 * Texas A&M University–San Antonio
 * Texas A&M University–Texarkana
 * West Texas A&M University
 * Texas Southern University
 * Texas State University System
 * Lamar University
 * Sam Houston State University
 * Sul Ross State University
 * Texas State University
 * Texas Tech University System
 * Academic institutions
 * Angelo State University
 * Midwestern State University
 * Texas Tech University (Texas Tech) (Lubbock- flagship/main campus)
 * Health institutions
 * Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
 * Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
 * Texas Woman's University System-The system was created in 2021. Texas Woman's University in Denton is currently the only system component; however, the establishing legislation anticipates the university's branch campuses becoming standalone institutions within the system.
 * Texas Woman's University
 * Dallas branch
 * Houston branch

Utah

 * Utah System of Higher Education
 * Snow College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a few bachelor's degrees)
 * Southern Utah University (Southern Utah or SUU)
 * University of Utah (Utah, U of U, or UU)
 * Utah State University (Utah State or USU)
 * Utah State University Eastern (USUE)
 * Utah Tech University (Utah Tech or UT)
 * Utah Valley University (Utah Valley or UVU)
 * Weber State University (Weber State)

Vermont

 * Vermont State Colleges (Listed below are the state universities. The VSC also includes the state's community college.)
 * Vermont State University Castleton, Johnson, Lyndon, and Randolph
 * University of Vermont (UVM)

Virginia

 * Christopher Newport University (CNU)
 * Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS)
 * George Mason University (George Mason, GMU, or Mason)
 * James Madison University (JMU or James Madison)
 * Longwood University
 * University of Mary Washington (Mary Washington, Mary Wash, or UMW)
 * Norfolk State University
 * Old Dominion University (Old Dominion or ODU)
 * Radford University
 * University of Virginia (UVA)
 * University of Virginia's College at Wise (UVA at Wise or UVA-Wise)
 * Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU)
 * Virginia Military Institute (VMI)
 * Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech or VT)
 * Virginia State University (VSU)
 * The College of William & Mary (William and Mary, W&M)

Virgin Islands

 * University of the Virgin Islands system
 * University of the Virgin Islands – St. Croix campus (UVI-St. Croix)
 * University of the Virgin Islands – St. Thomas campus (UVI-St. Thomas)

Washington

 * Central Washington University (CWU)
 * Eastern Washington University (EWU)
 * Evergreen State College
 * University of Washington (campuses in Seattle, Bothell, and Tacoma)
 * Washington State University System
 * Washington State University (Pullman – flagship/main campus)
 * Washington State University Everett
 * Washington State University Spokane
 * Washington State University Tri-Cities
 * Washington State University Vancouver
 * Washington State University Global Campus
 * Western Washington University (WWU)

West Virginia

 * Bluefield State University
 * Concord University
 * Fairmont State University
 * Glenville State University
 * Marshall University
 * Shepherd University
 * West Liberty University
 * West Virginia University at Parkersburg
 * West Virginia University system
 * West Virginia University (WVU) (Morgantown – flagship/main campus)
 * Potomac State College of West Virginia University (Potomac State College or Potomac State) (community college; in addition to associate's degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
 * West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech or West Virginia Tech)
 * West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine
 * West Virginia State University (WVSU)

Wisconsin

 * University of Wisconsin System
 * University of Wisconsin–Madison (Wisconsin) (Madison – flagship/main campus)
 * University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
 * University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
 * University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
 * University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
 * University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh
 * University of Wisconsin–Parkside
 * University of Wisconsin–Platteville
 * University of Wisconsin–River Falls
 * University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
 * University of Wisconsin–Stout
 * University of Wisconsin–Superior
 * University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Wyoming

 * University of Wyoming


text:
United States service academies

The United States service academies, also known as United States military academies, are federal academies for the undergraduate education and training of commissioned officers for the United States Armed Forces.

There are five U.S. service academies:

 * The United States Military Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York, founded in 1802
 * The United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland, founded in 1845
 * The United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) in New London, Connecticut, founded in 1876
 * The United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) in Kings Point, New York, founded in 1943
 * The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, founded in 1954

Description
Service academies can be used to refer to all of the academies collectively. While they are often referred to as military academies, only the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy are operated by the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard Academy is operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and the Merchant Marine Academy is operated by the Department of Transportation. Students enrolled at the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are considered to be on active duty in the United States Armed Forces from the day they enter the academy, with the rank of cadet or midshipman, and subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Students enrolled at the Merchant Marine Academy serve in the U.S. Navy Reserve, with the rank of midshipman and are only subject to the UCMJ while actively training with the U.S. military on Navy orders.

The Naval Academy and Air Force Academy are noteworthy in that they each serve two different services. The Naval Academy commissions midshipmen into both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. The Air Force Academy commissions cadets into both the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Space Force.

In the case of the non–military Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen may elect to receive an active duty or reserves commission in any branch of the uniformed services, including NOAA and the United States Public Health Service, most are commissioned into the Navy Reserve, Strategic Sealift Officer Force.

Students at the Military Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are cadets, while students at the Naval Academy and the Merchant Marine Academy are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of an O-1 under two years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive taxable pay at US$1,217.10 a month only during their required 300+ days at sea during their four-year studies.

Nominations
All applicants, except for the Coast Guard Academy, are required to obtain a nomination to the academies. Nominations may be made by Congressional Representatives, Senators, the Vice President, and the President. Applicants to the Coast Guard Academy compete in a direct nationwide competitive process that has no by-state quotas.

Admissions
The admissions process to the U.S. service academies is an extensive and very competitive process. The Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy all require an applicant to submit an online file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. The Merchant Marine Academy requires an applicant to submit part 1 of the 3 part application prior to receiving a nomination. All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes as some of the most selective colleges and universities in the United States. The average acceptance rate is between 8-17% for each of the schools.

Duty commitments
Upon graduation and the receipt of a Bachelor of Science degree, the cadets and midshipmen commission as second lieutenants or ensigns and must serve a minimum term of duty, usually five years plus another three years in the reserves. If the student's chosen occupation requires particularly extensive training (such as aviation or special operations), the service commitment may be longer.

At the Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen repay their service obligations through a variety of methods depending on their selected career path. On average, about one third of the graduating class each year will actively sail on their Coast Guard license as either Unlimited Third Mates or Third Assistant Engineers in the U.S. Merchant Marine, about one third will go to work in the civilian maritime industry ashore, and the remaining one third will enter active duty military service.

A Merchant Marine midshipman who enters active duty military service will typically assume a service obligation similar to those of cadets and midshipmen entering the military services from their respective service academies (i.e., a Merchant Marine midshipman entering the U.S. Marine Corps would assume a similar obligation to a midshipman from the Naval Academy entering the Marine Corps).

Merchant Marine midshipmen not entering active duty typically assume an eight-year obligation to the Navy Reserve Strategic Sealift Officer Program, unless they have elected to enter another branch of the armed forces. In addition, midshipmen who do not serve on active duty are restricted from working outside the maritime industry or merchant marine for a period of five years following graduation and must seek annual MARAD approval for their employment.

Preparatory schools
Preparatory schools provide for strengthening of academic potential of candidates to each of the above-described U.S. service academies. Admission is restricted to those students who have applied to an academy, failed initially to qualify, either academically or physically, but who have demonstrated an ability to qualify during the initial admission selection process:
 * United States Military Academy Preparatory School
 * Naval Academy Preparatory School
 * United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School

title: United States service academies