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Welsh Tract

The Welsh Tract, also called the Welsh Barony, was a portion of the Province of Pennsylvania, a British colony in North America (today a U.S. state), settled largely by Welsh-speaking Quakers in the late 17th century. The region is located to the west of Philadelphia. The original settlers, led by John Roberts, negotiated with William Penn in 1684 to constitute the Tract as a separate county whose local government would use the Welsh language. The Barony was never formally created, but the many Welsh settlers gave their communities Welsh names that survive today. A more successful attempt at setting up a Gwladfa (Welsh-speaking colony) occurred two centuries later, in the Chubut Province of Patagonia, Argentina.

History
In the late 17th century, there was significant Welsh immigration to Pennsylvania for religious and cultural reasons. In about 1681, a group of Welsh Quakers met with William Penn to secure a land grant to conduct their affairs in their language. The parties agreed on a tract covering 40,000 acres (160 km2), to be constituted as a separate county whose people and government could conduct their affairs in Welsh.

"Whereas divers considerable persons among ye Welsh Friends have requested me yt all ye Lands Purchased of me by those of North Wales and South Wales, together with ye adjacent counties to ym, as Haverfordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire, about 40,000 acres, may be layd out contiguously as one Barony, alledging yt ye number allready [sic] come and suddenly to come, are such as will be capable of planting ye same much wth in ye proportion allowed by ye custom of ye country, & so not lye in large useless vacancies. And because I am inclined and determined to agree and favor ym wth any reasonable Conveniency and priviledge: I do hereby charge thee and strictly require thee to lay out ye sd tract of Land in as uniform a manner as conveniently may be, upon ye west side of Skoolkill river, running three miles upon ye same, & two miles backward, & then extend ye parallel wth ye river six miles and to run westwardly so far as this ye sd quantity of land be Compleatly surveyed unto you.—Given at Pennsbury, ye 13th Ist mo. [March] 1684."

TRANSCRIPTION: The "y" is the old letter "thorn". It is read as "TH."

"Whereas diverse considerable persons among the Welsh Friends have requested me that all the Lands Purchased of me by those of North Wales and South Wales, together with the adjacent counties to them, as Herefordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire, about forty-thousand acres, may be laid out contiguously as one Barony, alledging that the number already come and suddenly to come, are such as will be capable of planting the same much within the proportion allowed by the custom of the country, and so not lye in large useless vacancies. And because I am inclined and determined to agree and favor them with any reasonable Conveniency and privilege: I do hereby charge thee and strictly require thee to lay out the said tract of Land in as uniform a manner as conveniently may be, upon the west side of Schuylkill river, running three miles upon the same, and two miles backward, and then extend the parallel with the river six miles and to run westwardly so far as this the said quantity of land be Completely surveyed unto you."

- Given at Pennsbury, the 13th Ist mo. [March] 1684.

The Welsh Tract's boundaries were established in 1687, but notwithstanding the prior agreement, by the 1690s the land had already been partitioned among different counties, despite appeals from the Welsh settlers, and the Tract never gained self-government.

The Roberts and other Welsh families became influential in the area, through the building of mills and the eventual introduction of the railroad. It is the railroad that gives the best-known part of the area its current name, the Philadelphia Main Line, named after the mainline of the Pennsylvania Railroad, portions of which were absorbed into Conrail in 1976 (with Amtrak operating intercity passenger rail service from 1971, SEPTA operating commuter rail service from 1983, and Norfolk Southern acquiring Conrail's freight operations in 1997) as one of the principal rail lines running between Chicago, IL and the Eastern seaboard. After the American Civil War, 104 Welsh families from this region migrated to Knoxville, Tennessee, establishing a strong Welsh presence there.

As suburbanization spread westward from Philadelphia in the late 19th century (thanks to the railroads), living in a community with a Welsh name acquired a cachet. Some communities in the area formerly comprising the Welsh Tract were subsequently given Welsh or Welsh-sounding names to improve their perceived desirability. Among these were Gladwyne, formerly "Merion Square" (which was given its new name in 1891, although the name is meaningless in Welsh), and Bryn Mawr, formerly "Humphreysville" (which was renamed in 1869).

Today
The area is now part of Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware counties. Many towns in the area still bear Welsh names. Some, such as North Wales, Lower Gwynedd, Upper Gwynedd, Lower Merion, Upper Merion, Narberth, Bala Cynwyd, Radnor, Berwyn, and Haverford Township, are named after places in Wales. Others, such as Tredyffrin and Uwchlan have independent Welsh names.

A second "Welsh Tract" of 30000 acre was granted to Welsh emigrants by William Penn in 1701. It made up the modern Pencader Hundred, Delaware, and some of Cecil County, Maryland.

title: Welsh Tract


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Geisei, Kōchi

Geisei (芸西村) is a village located in Aki District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 3,636 in 1767 households and a population density of 92 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 39.60 sqkm.

Geography
Geisei is located in southeastern Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is facing the Pacific Ocean to the south and mountains in the north.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Aki
 * Kōnan

Climate
Geisei has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is high, but there is a pronounced difference between the wetter summers and drier winters.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Geisei has decreased steadily since the 1960s.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Geisei was part of ancient Tosa Province. The name of Aki District appears in Nara period records. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The villages of Wajiki (和食村), Umanoue (馬ノ上村) and Nishibun (西分村) were established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. The three villages merged on July 20, 1954 to form the village of Geisei.

Government
Geisei has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of five members. Geisei, together with the other municipalities of Aki District, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Kōchi 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Geisei's first mayor, Masao Okamura, served from 1946 as mayor of Nishibun to his retirement in 1996 for 50 years in the same post. He had been reelected 13 consecutive times, ten of which elections were unopposed.

Economy
The local economy is centered on horticulture and greenhouse farming, with commercial fishing and forestry playing a smaller roles.

Education
Geisei has one public elementary school and one public middle schools operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
Tosa Kuroshio Railway - Asa Line
 * Nishibun - Wajiki

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geisei, Kōchi


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Aki District, Kōchi

Aki (安芸郡) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of December 2014, the district has an estimated population of 17,538 and a density of 31.1 persons per km2. The total area is 563.33 km2.

Aki is known as the birthplace of Iwasaki Yatarō, the founder of the modern day Mitsubishi conglomerate.

Towns and villages

 * Nahari
 * Tano
 * Tōyō
 * Yasuda
 * Geisei
 * Kitagawa
 * Umaji

title: Aki District, Kōchi


text:
Akaoka, Kōchi

Akaoka (赤岡町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,382 and a density of 2,062.20 persons per km2. The total area was 1.64 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Akaoka, along with the towns of Kagami, Noichi and Yasu, and the village of Yoshikawa (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kōnan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Akaoka, Kōchi


text:
Kagami, Kōchi (Kami)

Kagami (香我美町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,365 and a density of 108.08 persons per km2. The total area was 58.89 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Kagami, along with the towns of Akaoka, Noichi and Yasu, and the village of Yoshikawa (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kōnan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kagami, Kōchi (Kami)


text:
Talk:Welsh Tract

Welsh name
Does anyone know of the standard Welsh name for the Welsh Tract? --Adam (Talk) 22:26, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Description
A better description is found in http://www.gwyneddfriends.org/jenkinschapter4.htm the Welsh track 40,000 acres on the west bank of the Schuylkill, embracing what is now the townships of Lower Merion, Haverford, and Radnor Nitpyck (talk) 05:17, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

How do these fit in to what I have seen on Wikipedia?	(copied from talk page for List of Primitive Baptist Churches)
The Historical Marker Database (hmdb.org) site has an entry which has a plaque I have seen in person today: "Oldest Primitive Baptist Church in America". It is Welsh Tract, near Newark, Delaware. (THIS article --Welsh Tract -- does mention such Welsh Tract of Delaware, and there is a Welsh Tract Baptist Church article on wikipedia.)

I have a Revolutionary ancestor Simeon Harris who is listed as being Primitive Baptist minister in the area of Barbour and Randolph counties, an area in Virginia when he died in 1847, but now West Virginia, due west of Washington DC and due south of Pittsburgh.

Gladwyne
"Among these were Gladwyne, formerly "Merion Square" (which was given its new name in 1891, although the name is meaningless in Welsh),"

Do we have a source for "Gladwyne" being "meaningless in Welsh"? It reads to me like it might be derived from "gwlad wen", meaning "white country" or "bright country".

Cythraul (talk) 04:01, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Welsh Tract


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Leon J. Davis

Leon Julian Davis (November 21, 1905 – September 14, 1992) was a Russian-born American labor leader who co-founded 1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union, as well as 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East.

Background
Davis was born in Pinsk, Russian Empire, on November 21, 1906. At the age of 15 he settled with his Russian-speaking family in Hartford, Connecticut, where he attended public schools and learned English. In 1927 his family moved to New York City. After two years at Columbia University's pharmacy school, he left to become a drug store clerk.

Career: Local 1199 union
In 1932 he founded Local 1199 of the Drug, Hospital, and Health Care Employees Union, which he ran for a half century. Local 1199 was a leader in walkouts in New York (1959, 1962) and Charleston, South Carolina (1969). He fought for collective bargaining, higher wages, better work conditions, and higher living standards. Union members included: clerks, janitors, aides, orderlies, laundry workers, porters, dishwashers, elevator operators, and other employees in hospitals, nursing homes and pharmacies. Local 1199 peaked at some 150,000 members in the late 1970s. It was early among unions to establish education and training for members, healthcare and housing for members' families, and scholarships and camps for members' children.

Leon J. Davis was instrumental to securing funding for the 1199 Plaza, a massive 1199 Union housing project.

During the Vietnam War, Local 1199 took an early anti-war position. It also supported the civil rights movement.

Communist accusations
In 1948, Davis appeared before a Congressional committee and denied membership in the Communist Party. However, he did testify that Communists and labor in general shared many social objectives with him.

Personal life and death
Davis married Julia Gaberman, a social worker; they had two daughters.

He loved art, music, and theater, read literature in three languages, gardened at his home in Flushing, Queens, New York.

He died of heart failure on September 14, 1992, at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, New York.

Legacy

Martin Luther King Jr. referred to Davis's organization as "my favorite union".

A Manhattan city block on West 43rd Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, near the Local 1199 headquarters at 310 West 43rd Street, was named in his honor.

Two books about the union, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone and Not for Bread Alone examine the deep, almost patriarchal connection between Davis and Local 1199.

title: Leon J. Davis


text:
Tosayamada, Kōchi

Tosayamada (土佐山田町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 22,160 and a density of 190.28 persons per km2. The total area was 116.46 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Tosayamada, along with the town of Kahoku, and the village of Monobe (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kami and no longer exists as an independent municipality. However it is still considered a town by residents and is still used in official addresses with the post office.

Tosayamada has a sister city relationship with Largo, Florida. Yamada Senior High School and Largo High School (Florida) have an ongoing yearly exchange program.

Tosa-Yamada Station is the town's train station.

Schools

 * Kochi University of Technology
 * Yamada Senior High School
 * Kagamino Junior High School

People from Tosayamada

 * Taira Hara, manga artist
 * Yumiko Kurahashi, writer and translator

title: Tosayamada, Kōchi


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Noichi, Kōchi

Noichi (野市町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 17,465 and a density of 762.66 persons per km2. The total area was 22.90 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Noichi, along with the towns of Akaoka, Kagami and Yasu, and the village of Yoshikawa (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kōnan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Noichi, Kōchi


text:
Yasu, Kōchi

Yasu (夜須町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 2004, the town had an estimated population of 4,440 and a density of 108.32 persons per km2. The total area was 39.07 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Yasu, along with the towns of Akaoka, Kagami and Noichi, and the village of Yoshikawa (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kōnan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

The port, Tei, is located in the south-east of the town and dates from the Edo period, over 200 years ago. The port walls of the time have remained intact.

The main industries of Yasu are fisheries and farming. Local products include melons and various fruits.

As of July 2004, Yasu Junior High School has an enrollment of 97 students between the ages of 12 and 15. As Yasu has no high school, graduating students will continue to high schools in the Kami Area, Aki (to the east) and Kōnan (to the west).

The town merger, originally planned for 2005, was postponed because of the withdrawal of participating towns. Yasu did not withdraw but residents were not overly favorable to the merger. The merger into the new city of Konan took effect on March 1, 2006.

title: Yasu, Kōchi


text:
Kahoku, Kōchi

Kahoku (香北町) was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,507 and a density of 42.24 persons per km2. The total area was 130.37 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Kahoku, along with the town of Tosayamada, and the village of Monobe (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kami and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kahoku, Kōchi


text:
Yoshikawa, Kōchi

Yoshikawa (吉川村) was a village located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,069 and a density of 486.82 persons per km2. The total area was 4.25 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Yoshikawa, along with the towns of Akaoka, Kagami, Noichi and Yasu (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kōnan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Yoshikawa, Kōchi


text:
Leon Davis

Leon Davis may refer to:

 * Leon J. Davis (1906–1992), Polish-born labor leader
 * Leon S. Davis, American politician in Oregon
 * Leon Davis (footballer), Australian rules footballer
 * Leon Davis Jr., American spree killer

title: Leon Davis


text:
Monobe, Kōchi

Monobe (物部村) was a village located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,924 and a density of 10.04 persons per km2. The total area was 291.12 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Monobe, along with the towns of Kahoku and Tosayamada (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kami and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Monobe, Kōchi


text:
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba

The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba (Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba, Canada. It is currently the opposition party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, following a defeat in the 2023 provincial election.

Origins and early years
The origins of the party lie at the end of the 19th century. Party politics were weak in Manitoba for several years after it entered Canadian confederation in 1870. The system of government was essentially one of non-partisan democracy, though some leading figures such as Marc-Amable Girard were identified with the Conservatives at the federal level.

Public representation was mostly a matter of communal loyalties—ethnic, religious, and linguistic—and party affiliation was at best a secondary concern.

In the 1870s, Thomas Scott (Orangeman) (not to be confused with a different Thomas Scott), was executed by Louis Riel's provisional government. Joseph Royal attempted to introduce partisan politics into the province. Both were Conservatives, and both believed that they could lead a provincial Conservative Party. Their plans were thwarted by Premier John Norquay, who also supported the Conservatives at the federal level but included both Liberals and Conservatives in his governing alliance.

Norquay himself formed a reluctant alliance with the provincial Conservatives in 1882, in the face of strong opposition from Thomas Greenway's Provincial Rights Party. His government was for all intents and purposes Conservative for the remainder of its time in office, though Norquay continued to describe it as "non-partisan". Starting in the election of 1883, moreover, political parties began to be listed on the provincial election ballot.

Subsequent development of the party (1887–1898)
When Norquay resigned as Premier in 1887, his successor David H. Harrison also became leader of the Conservative parliamentary caucus. Norquay was able to reclaim the latter position early in 1888, following an extremely divided meeting of senior Conservative politicians. By this time, the new Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway had formally introduced party government to the province, and no one doubted that Norquay was now the province's Conservative leader.

The Conservative Party was not yet a legally-recognized institution in the province, however, and began to lose its coherence again after Norquay's death in 1889. Conservative MLAs simply referred to themselves as "the opposition" for most of the decade that followed. Rodmond Roblin was the dominant Conservative MLA between 1890 and 1892, but he does not seem to have been recognized as an official leader.

After Roblin's defeat in the election of 1892, William Alexander Macdonald became the leader of the opposition. In 1893, his election for Brandon City was declared invalid, and he lost the subsequent by-election. Remarkably, the election of Macdonald's successor, John Andrew Davidson, was also voided in 1894. For the remainder of this parliament, James Fisher seems to have been the leading figure in the opposition ranks. It is not clear if he was formally recognized as "leader of the opposition", or even as an official member of the Conservative Party.

Rodmond Roblin was re-elected in 1896, and officially became opposition leader in the legislature. The next year, Hugh John Macdonald (son of former prime minister John A. Macdonald) became the party's official leader, while Roblin continued to lead the opposition in parliament.

Taking power (1899–1915)
The Conservative Party became an official entity in 1899, and drew up its first election platform in the same year. It promised a board of education for the province, the creation of agricultural and technical colleges, and government ownership of railways.

Hugh John Macdonald became Premier following the 1899 election, but resigned shortly thereafter to re-enter federal politics. Rodmond Roblin succeeded Macdonald, and ruled the province for 15 years. Roblin's government was progressively oriented, negotiated the extension of the railway, bought Manitoba's Bell telephone operations in order to establish a government-run system, introduced corporate taxation, and created a public utilities commission while running a budgetary surplus. It was less progressive on social issues, however, and is most frequently remembered today for its opposition to women's suffrage.

In the political wilderness (1915–1930s)
The Conservatives were brought down in 1915 by a scandal involving the construction of the province's new legislative buildings. Roblin was forced to resign as Premier, and James Aikins led the party to a disastrous loss later in the year.

The Manitoba Conservatives received their greatest support from the francophone community in the 1915 election, because the party was seen as more supportive than the Liberals of francophone education rights. This was a pronounced contrast to the situation in federal politics, where most francophone Canadians opposed the war policies of Prime Minister Robert Borden.

Aime Benard was chosen as leader pro tem of the party on August 15, 1915, and Albert Prefontaine was chosen as the official parliamentary leader shortly thereafter. The party was a minor force in parliament, however, and was largely sidelined by the radical farmer and labour movements of the late 1910s.

On November 6, 1919, the Conservative Party chose farmer R.G. Willis to lead the party into its next electoral campaign. Willis' selection was a response to the provincial victory of the United Farmers of Ontario the previous month; he defeated Major Fawcett Taylor after three other candidates (including Prefontaine) withdrew their names. The vote total was not announced.

Willis was defeated in the election of 1920, and the Conservatives became the fourth-largest group in parliament with only six seats. John Thomas Haig subsequently became their parliamentary leader, and Fawcett Taylor was chosen as the official party leader in early 1922.

The Conservatives gradually regained support in the following 20 years, but were unable to defeat the Progressive government of John Bracken. In 1932, Bracken's Progressives formed an alliance with the Manitoba Liberal Party to ensure that Taylor would not become the province's Premier.

Taylor resigned as party leader in 1933, and W. Sanford Evans served as parliamentary leader for the next three years. In 1936, Errick Willis (son of R.G.) was acclaimed as party leader. He led the party in another unsuccessful challenge to the Bracken ministry in 1936.

In coalition (1940–1950)
In 1940, Willis agreed to join Bracken in a wartime coalition government. Willis himself was given a prominent cabinet position in the all-party ministry which followed.

Three anti-coalition Conservatives were elected to the legislature in 1941. One of these, Huntly Ketchen, served as leader of the opposition. This group did not constitute a rival to the official Conservative Party, however.

In 1946, the party changed its name to the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba to reflect the change in name of the federal Progressive Conservatives. Relations between the PCs and Liberal-Progressives deteriorated after Douglas Campbell became Premier in 1948, and the PCs voted 215–7 to leave the coalition in 1950.

Varying fortunes (1953–1975)
The 1953 election was won by the Liberals, and Willis was compelled to accept a leadership challenge the following year. Duff Roblin, grandson of Rodmond Roblin, became party leader on the second ballot and rebuilt the party's organization which had been weakened during the coalition period.

In 1958, Roblin's PCs ran and were elected to a minority government on a progressive platform of increased education grants, crop insurance, extension of hydro to the north, and road construction. Remarkably, his platform was well to the left of that of Campbell's Liberal-Progressives. In 1959, Roblin returned to the polls and won a majority, which pursued a policy of 'social investment', active government and social reform (including reintroducing French to schools and expanding welfare services). In 1967, Roblin left provincial politics and was replaced by Walter Weir, a member of the party's rural conservative wing. Weir led a somewhat more cautious and restrained government, and was defeated by the New Democratic Party under Edward Schreyer in 1969. Sidney Spivak, a Red Tory like Roblin, led the party from 1971 to 1975, but was unable to defeat Schreyer's government.

Sterling Lyon leadership (1975–1981)
Sterling Lyon became leader of the party in 1975 and took it in a more economically liberal direction, anticipating the neoliberal economics of Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, and Mike Harris. The Lyon PCs defeated the NDP in 1977. The Lyon government was to the right of previous PC administrations and implemented a program of spending cuts and reduced taxes (while also promoting mega-projects in the energy sector). Manitobans were unreceptive to the government's economically liberalism, and turned it out of office in 1981 after only one term, bringing the NDP back to power after.

Gary Filmon leadership (1983–1999)
Gary Filmon became leader of the Progressive Conservatives in 1983, and formed a minority government in 1988 after defeating the NDP. Filmon's PCs remained in power for three terms, winning a majority government in 1990 and again in 1995.

Filmon's government avoided excessive conservative rhetoric, but nonetheless reduced corporate taxes, mandated balanced budgets, and limited the power of teacher's and nurse's unions. It supported the Charlottetown Accord (a proposal for amending the Canadian constitution), as well as free trade with the United States. The party's financial austerity program resulted in a balanced budget in 1995, the first in 20 years.

The PCs were hurt in the late 1990s by increased unemployment, a vote-manipulation scandal from the 1995 election (see Independent Native Voice), and the decline of the Manitoba Liberal Party. The latter development allowed the anti-Tory vote to coalesce around the NDP. Ahead of the 1999 election, Filmon announced that his government would undertake a shift further to the right if reelected. The voters were not receptive to this, and ousted the PCs in favour of the NDP.

Post-Filmon (2000s)
Filmon resigned as leader in 2000, and was replaced by Stuart Murray. The party fell to twenty seats in the election of 2003, its worst showing since 1953.

On November 5, 2005, at a meeting regarding a possible leadership convention in the near future, Murray received only 45% support from party members. On November 14, Murray stepped down as leader of the party. Hugh McFadyen became leader of the party at the leadership convention on April 29, 2006, garnering two thirds of the first ballot vote.

In McFadyen's first campaign as party leader during the 2007 provincial election, popular support for PC Party rose 2% over 2003 numbers. Although he managed to capture a greater percentage of the provincial vote, the PCs lost one seat.

Pallister–Stefanson leadership (2012–2024)
After failing to make major gains in the 2011 provincial election, Hugh McFadyen agreed to step down as leader. On July 30, 2012, former federal MP and Filmon cabinet minister Brian Pallister was acclaimed as leader.

By the time the writs were dropped for the 2016 provincial election, the Manitoba PCs had been leading in opinion polls for almost four years, and were heavily favoured to win. As expected, Pallister led the party to a decisive victory. The PCs won 40 out of 57 seats, the largest majority government in the province's history.

Pallister was re-elected to a majority government in 2019.

Pallister announced his resignation on August 10, 2021, and confirmed on August 29, 2021 his departure would take place on September 1, 2021. His interim successor as party leader was confirmed as Kelvin Goertzen on 31 August, 2021. An elected successor as party leader will be determined in a leadership election on October 30.

Goertzen was sworn in as premier of Manitoba, on September 1, 2021. He would serve for only two months, until November 2, and resigned shortly before PC leader Heather Stefanson was appointed and sworn in as his successor as premier later that day.

Stefanson’s succession to the premiership would mark the first female premier in Manitoba history.

The PC government was defeated in the 2023 Manitoba general election. The PCs became the official opposition for the 43rd Manitoba Legislature.

Leaders of the party

 * John Norquay, October 1878 – December 1887 (Premier: 1878–1887)
 * David Howard Harrison, December 1887 – July 1889 (Premier: 1887–1888)
 * Rodmond Roblin, July 1889 – March 1897 (house leader)
 * Hugh John Macdonald, March 1897 – October 1900 (Premier: 1900)
 * Rodmond Roblin, October 1900 – May 1915 (Premier: 1900–1915)
 * Sir James Aikins, May 1915 – January 1916
 * Albert Prefontaine, January 1916 – November 6, 1919
 * R.G. Willis, November 6, 1919 – April 5, 1922
 * Fawcett Taylor, April 5, 1922 – April 1933
 * W. Sanford Evans, April 1933 – June 1936
 * Errick Willis, June 1936 – June 1954
 * Dufferin Roblin, June 1954 – November 1967 (Premier: 1958–1967)
 * Walter Weir, November 1967 – February 1971 (Premier: 1967–1969)
 * Sidney Spivak, February 1971 – December 1975
 * Sterling Lyon, December 1975 – December 1983 (Premier: 1977–1981)
 * Gary Filmon, December 1983 – May 29, 2000 (Premier: 1988–1999)
 * Bonnie Mitchelson, May 29, 2000 – November 4, 2000 (interim)
 * Stuart Murray, November 4, 2000 – April 29, 2006
 * Hugh McFadyen, April 29, 2006 – July 30, 2012
 * Brian Pallister, July 30, 2012 – September 1, 2021 (Premier: 2016–2021)
 * Kelvin Goertzen, September 1, 2021 – October 30, 2021 (interim) (Premier: 2021)
 * Heather Stefanson, October 30, 2021 – January 15, 2024 (Premier: 2021–2023)
 * Wayne Ewasko, January 18, 2024 – present (interim)

Note: John Thomas Haig led the Manitoba Conservatives in the legislature from 1920 to 1922.

Election results

 * 1Includes 7 Liberal-Conservatives
 * 2Includes 3 Liberal-Conservatives


text:
Kami District, Kōchi

Kami (香美郡) was a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 64,104 and a density of 96.44 persons per km2. The total area was 664.70 km2.

Towns and villages
Merged forming the city of Kami:
 * Kahoku
 * Monobe
 * Tosayamada

Merged forming the city of Kōnan:
 * Akaoka
 * Kagami
 * Noichi
 * Yasu
 * Yoshikawa

Mergers

 * On March 1, 2006 - the towns of Akaoka, Kagami, Noichi and Yasu, and the village of Yoshikawa were merged to create the city of Kōnan.

 * On March 1, 2006 - the towns of Kahoku and Tosayamada, and the village of Monobe were merged to create the city of Kami. Kami District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Kami District, Kōchi


text:
Motoyama, Kōchi

Motoyama (本山町) is a town located in Nagaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3‚318 in 1858 households and a population density of 25 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 134.22 sqkm. Motoyama has been named one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Geography
Motoyama is located in the Shikoku Mountains near the center of northern Kōchi Prefecture. The upper reaches of the Yoshino River and Shikoku's largest dam, the Sameura Dam are located in the town.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture Ehime Prefecture
 * Nankoku
 * Kami
 * Ōtoyo
 * Tosa
 * Shikokuchūō

Climate
Motoyama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation throughout the year, especially during June and July. The average annual temperature in Motoyama is 14.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 2892.3 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 C, and lowest in January, at around 3.3 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Motoyama was 38.1 C on 28 July 2007; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -8.9 C on 16 January 2011.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Motoyama has declined by more than half over the past 60 years.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Motoyama was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The village of Nishi-Motoyama was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889 out of 12 smaller hamlets. It was renamed Motoyama Village on June 1, 1890. Motoyama was raised to town status on June 1, 1910. On April 20, 1955, Motomachi merged with the neighboring town of Yoshino. However, on April 1, 1961, five western hamlets of Motomachi were transferred to the neighboring town of Tosa.

Government
Motoyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Motoyama, together with the other municipalities of Tosa District and Nagaoka District, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Kōchi 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Motoyama is based forestry, agriculture and the raising of Japanese Brown beef cattle.

Education
Motomachi has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Kochi Prefectural Board of Education

Railway
Motoyama has no passenger railway service. The nearest station is Ōsugi Station on the JR Shikoku Dosan Line; however, most passengers travel to Kōchi Station by bus.

Sister city relations

 * 🇺🇸 - Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, United States, friendship city since August 10, 1966

Events

 * Flower Festival (Hana-matsuri) March 25 – May 6
 * A festival which welcomes the coming of spring along with the blooming of various flowers. Cherry blossoms and Tsutsuji (azalea) can be seen in the central area of Motoyama, while the highlight of the festival can be seen at the nearby Kizenzan Park (帰全山公園) where over 30,000 Shakunage (rhododendron) are displayed.

 * Asemi River Marathon late July
 * An annual marathon first held in 1986, where roughly 500 participants run along the Asemi river.

 * Yoshino River Rafting Festival middle of August
 * This raft racing festival has origins from when lumber traders shipped hinoki (cypress) wood from Shiraga Mountain in rafts down the river. Participants can race in either traditional style raft racing or the free style division.  The traditional style race involves teams with 6 participants racing on rafts made of wooden logs over 5m in length.  The free style class involves participating teams bringing their own self made rafts.  These teams compete over not just the visual attractiveness of the raft but also the `style` in which they raft down the river.

 * Town Festival middle of August
 * The annual town festival features a traditional Taiko performance, Bon odori (Japanese folk dance), and fireworks. There is also a parade leading up to the festival where Yosakoi style dancing can be seen.

 * Athletic Festival early October
 * This 50-year-old festival features teams from various businesses and professions participating in athletic competitions. Hundreds of locals participate in various athletic games in hopes of promoting the benefits of team work and healthy competition.

 * Autumn Culture Festival middle of November
 * Held during the time of harvest in Motoyama. There are also shops set up from Motoyama's sister town, Urausu.  The local community center hosts stage performances and also exhibits local art.  At the closing of the festival, a Mochi scattering ceremony is held where hundreds of people fill the assembly grounds.

Tourist sites

 * Mount Kizen Park (帰全山公園)
 * In spring time the park is full of cherry blossoms and shakunage flowers (rhododendron), a sight that is famous within Kochi prefecture. In fact, the park is also called Shakunage Park.  At the entrance is a statue of Kenzan Nonaka (野中 兼山), a local politician during the Edo period.

 * Mount Shiraga (白髪山)
 * At 1470 m Shiraga is Motoyama's most prominent mountain. When ascending the mountain, one can see hinoki (cypress) trees from 150 to 200 years old by the road side.
 * There are two approach sites where mountaineers can begin their ascent, which should take no more than 90 minutes.

 * Asemi River Glen (汗見川渓谷)
 * A location with thousands of years of history with beautiful flowers in the spring but is also a great place to go camping in the summer.

 * Akadaki Falls (赤滝)
 * Deep inside the mountains one can see a waterfall that sews its way through the greenery and foliage.

Local products

 * Organic rice
 * Shiitake mushrooms
 * Reihoku beef
 * Shiso (Perilla frutescens var. crispa) juice
 * Yuzu orange juice
 * Yuzu orange vinegar
 * Miso
 * Green tea and senna tea

title: Motoyama, Kōchi


text:
Ōtoyo, Kōchi

Ōtoyo (大豊町) is a town located in Nagaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3277 in 1968 households and a population density of 10 persons per km². The total area of the town is 315.06 sqkm.

Geography
Ōtoyo is located in northeastern Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. The Yoshino River and the Ananai River flow through the town, which extends 32 kilometers from east to west and 28 kilometers from north to south. The elevation is between 200 and 1,400 meters.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture Tokushima Prefecture Ehime Prefecture
 * Kami
 * Motoyama
 * Miyoshi
 * Shikokuchūō

Climate
Ōtoyo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. There are significant differences in the weather depending on the topography. but since Ōtoyo is a heavy rainfall area in general, the annual rainfall reaches 3,000mm in some places, causing landslides and other disasters. The annual average temperature is 14 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōtoyo has declined precipitously since the 1960s. It is the only municipality in Shikoku where over 50% of the population is aged over 65, therefore qualifying as a genkai shūraku.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Ōtoyo was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The area was organized into villages within Nagaoka District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, including Higashitoyonaga, Nishitoyonaga, Ōsugi, and Tentsubo. These four villages merged on March 31, 1955 to form the village of Ōtoyo. The name Ōtoyo came from taking the Ō (大) in Ōsugi (大杉) and the Toyo (豊) in Toyonaga (豊永). Following this, a section of Ōtoyo was absorbed into the town of Tosayamada (present day Kami, Kōchi). On the April 1, 1972, the village became a town.

Government
Ōtoyo has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Ōtoyo, together with the other municipalities of Nagaoka and Tosa Districts, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ōtoyo is centered on forestry.

Education
Ōtoyo has one public combined elementary/middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
JR Shikoku - Dosan Line
 * Tosa-Iwahara - Toyonaga - Ōtaguchi -Tosa-Ananai - Ōsugi - Tosa-Kitagawa - Kakumodani

Highways

 * JP Expressway E55.svg Kōchi Expressway

Historic Sites

 * Buraku-ji, Buddhist temple whose Yakushi-do is a National Important Cultural Property
 * former Tajikawa Domain Bansho Shoin, National Important Cultural Property

Events

 * Osugi Summer Festival
 * Otaguchi Summer Festival
 * Wild Game Festival
 * Fukujuso Flower Festival

Tourist sites

 * Sugi no Osugi (杉の大スギ), Special Natural Monument
 * Yutoristo Park (ゆとりすとパークおおとよ)
 * Whitewater Rafting - Due to its prime location on the Yoshino River and its proximity to Oboke Gorge Otoyo is the location of a large number of rafting companies.

Local products

 * Goishicha (fermented tea)
 * Yuzu lemon juice
 * Wild Game

Notable people from Ōtoyo

 * Tomoyuki Yamashita, general in the Imperial Japanese Army
 * Masaya Tokuhiro,manga artist

title: Ōtoyo, Kōchi


text:
Nagaoka District, Kōchi

Nagaoka (長岡郡) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 10,393 and a density of 23.14 persons per km2. The total area is 449.15 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Motoyama
 * Ōtoyo

title: Nagaoka District, Kōchi


text:
Jared Leto

Jared Joseph Leto (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. Known for his method acting in a variety of roles, he has received numerous accolades over a career spanning three decades, including an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Golden Globe Award. Additionally, he is recognised for his musicianship and eccentric stage persona as frontman of the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars.

After starting his career on the television series My So-Called Life (1994), Leto made his film debut in How to Make an American Quilt (1995) and gained critical attention for his performance in Prefontaine (1997). After supporting roles in The Thin Red Line (1998), Fight Club (1999), Girl, Interrupted (1999) and American Psycho (2000), he received praise for his lead role as a drug addict in Requiem for a Dream (2000). He then began to focus more on music, but returned to acting with Panic Room (2002), Alexander (2004), Lord of War (2005), Chapter 27 (2007), and Mr. Nobody (2009). His performance as a trans woman in Dallas Buyers Club (2013) earned him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has since starred in Suicide Squad (2016), Blade Runner 2049 (2017), The Little Things (2021), and House of Gucci (2021), the latter two of which earned him nominations for a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award.

Leto is the lead vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and main songwriter for Thirty Seconds to Mars, a band he formed in 1998 with his older brother Shannon Leto. Its debut album, 30 Seconds to Mars (2002), was released to positive reviews but to limited commercial success. Its second album, A Beautiful Lie (2005), pushed the band into the public eye and the next releases, This Is War (2009) and Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013), received further critical and commercial success. They were followed by America (2018) and It's the End of the World but It's a Beautiful Day (2023), both of which polarized critics upon release. The band has sold over 15 million albums worldwide.

Early life
<!-- NEED SOURCE: Jared Joseph Leto was born on December 26, 1971, in Bossier City, Louisiana, to Constance A. "Connie" Leto (née Metrejon), who was a teenager at the time of his birth. , of Cajun ancestry, and to Anthony L. "Tony" Bryant. Shannon Leto, his older brother, was also born from this marriage. His parents divorced when he was a child, leading Leto's family to move frequently to different cities around the country, from Louisiana to Wyoming to Virginia. "My mom's father was in the Air Force," Leto has explained, "so moving around a lot was a normal way of life." Even so, Leto's family was poverty-stricken and found themselves occasionally living in a truck or off of food-stamps.

"Leto" is the surname of his stepfather, opthalmist Dr. Carl J. Leto M.D., who provided Leto's family with financial stability; however, his mother and stepfather ended up divorcing too. Despite this, Jared credits his mother and stepfather for catering his talents and encouraging creativity within his family. Leto's family adapted the surname as their own, even after the divorce. Since then, Leto has been estranged from his stepfather. Leto's maternal half-sister Jamie and maternal half-brother Mateo came from this marriage. While Leto's father Anthony Bryant remarried as well, he died by suicide shortly after. Leto was eight at the time of his father's death. Bryant left a son, Leto's paternal half-brother Matthias, from his second marriage. Leto's family then settled in Haiti for a brief period while his mother volunteered at a rescue facility. Finally moving back to the states, Leto's family moved into the home of his maternal grandparents, Ruby Mae (Russell) and William Lee "Willie" Metrejon. -->

Leto was born on December 26, 1971, in Bossier City, Louisiana, to Constance Leto (née Metrejon). His mother has Cajun ancestry. Leto is his stepfather's surname. His parents divorced when he was a child, and he and his older brother, Shannon, lived with their mother and their maternal grandparents, Ruby (Russell) and William Lee Metrejon. After he remarried, his father died by suicide when Jared was eight. Leto moved frequently with his family from Louisiana to different cities around the country. "My mom's father was in the Air Force," Leto has explained, "so moving around a lot was a normal way of life." Leto has two younger half-brothers from his father's second marriage.

Constance joined the hippie movement and encouraged her sons to get involved in the arts. Leto said he "was raised around a lot of artists, musicians, photographers, painters and people that were in theater," adding that "Just having the art communal hippie experience as a child, there wasn't a clear line that was drawn. We celebrated creative experience and creative expression. We didn't try and curtail it and stunt any of that kind of growth." Leto started playing music with his brother at an early age; his first musical instrument was a broken-down piano.

After dropping out briefly in the 10th grade, Leto decided to return and focus on his education at the private Emerson Preparatory School in Washington, D.C. He was interested in large-scale visual art and enrolled at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. After developing an interest in filmmaking, he transferred to the School of Visual Arts in New York City. While he was a student there, he wrote and starred in his own short film, Crying Joy. He also attended the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, now a part of George Washington University.

1992–1999: Early acting roles, Prefontaine and Thirty Seconds to Mars
In 1992, Leto moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in directing, intending to take acting roles on the side. He found minor roles on television shows but his first break came in 1994 when he was cast opposite Claire Danes as Jordan Catalano, her love interest, in the short-lived but well-reviewed ABC teen drama My So-Called Life. The show was praised for its portrayal of adolescence and, despite its cancellation after one season, gained a strong cult following. The same year, Leto made his television film debut starring alongside Alicia Silverstone in Cool and the Crazy, and landed his first film role in the 1995 drama How to Make an American Quilt. He later co-starred with Christina Ricci in The Last of the High Kings (1996) and got a supporting role in Switchback (1997).

In 1997, Leto starred in the biopic Prefontaine as Olympic hopeful Steve Prefontaine. To prepare for the role, Leto immersed himself in the runner's life, training for six weeks and meeting with members of his family and friends. He bore a striking resemblance to the real Prefontaine, also adopting the athlete's voice and upright running style. His portrayal received positive reviews from critics and is often considered his breakthrough role. Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle noted: "With hypnotic blue eyes and dirty blond hair, Leto captures the rock-star style Prefontaine affected, and he looks natural in fiery performances on the track, as well as off, where Pre affected a brash, confrontational style."

After landing the lead role of a British aristocrat in the 1998 drama Basil, Leto starred in the horror Urban Legend. It was poorly received by most critics, but was a financial success. That year, Terrence Malick cast Leto for a supporting role in the war film The Thin Red Line alongside Sean Penn and Adrien Brody. It garnered mostly positive reviews and was a moderate success. It received multiple awards and nominations, including seven Academy Award nominations; Leto shared a Satellite Award with the rest of the cast.

Leto formed the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 in Los Angeles, California with his brother Shannon. When the group first started, Jared Leto did not allow his position of Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band. Their debut album had been in the works for a couple of years, with Leto writing the majority of the songs. Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records.

In 1999, Leto played a gay high school teacher who attracts the attention of Robert Downey, Jr.'s character in Black and White, and had a supporting role in the drama Girl, Interrupted, an adaptation of the memoir of the same name by Susanna Kaysen. He then portrayed Angel Face in Fight Club (1999), a film adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, directed by David Fincher.

2000–2005: Requiem for a Dream, other roles, Panic Room and A Beautiful Lie
Leto played Paul Allen, a rival of Patrick Bateman, in the psychological thriller American Psycho (2000). Though the film polarized audiences and critics, Leto's performance was well received. The same year, he starred as heroin addict Harry Goldfarb in Requiem for a Dream, an adaptation of Hubert Selby, Jr.'s novel of the same name, directed by Darren Aronofsky and co-starring Ellen Burstyn, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. To prepare for his role, Leto lived on the streets of New York City and refrained from having sex for two months prior to shooting. He starved himself for months, losing 28 pounds to realistically play his heroin addict character. After the shooting of the film, Leto moved to Portugal and lived in a monastery for several months to gain weight. His performance received critical acclaim by film critics who notably praised the actor's emotional courage in portraying the character's physical and mental degradation. Peter Travers from Rolling Stone commented that Leto "excels by going beyond Harry's gaunt look to capture his grieving heart. His scenes with Ellen Burstyn as Sara, Harry's widowed mother, achieve a rare poignancy as son and mother drown in delusions."

Leto next appeared in the independent film Highway. Set in 1994, Jack Hayes (Leto) is caught with the wife of his employer, a Vegas thug, and flees to Seattle with his best friend, Pilot Kelvin (Jake Gyllenhaal), in the week preceding Kurt Cobain's suicide. Filming finished in early 2000, but the film was not released until March 2002 on home video formats, although originally scheduled for a theatrical release.

During this period Leto focused increasingly on his music career, working with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue on his band's debut album 30 Seconds to Mars, which was released on August 27, 2002, in the United States through Immortal and Virgin. It reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers. Upon its release, 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews; music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band managed to "carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm." The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide.

Leto returned to acting in 2002 with the thriller Panic Room, which marked his second teaming with director David Fincher. He played the supporting role of Junior, a burglar who terrorizes Jodie Foster's character Meg Altman. The film was well received by critics and became a financial success, grossing nearly US$200 million worldwide. Leto's next film was the 2004 biographical film Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone. He portrayed Hephaestion, the closest friend of Alexander the Great. The film failed in the United States; Stone attributed its poor reception to disapproval of the depiction of Alexander's bisexuality, but it succeeded internationally, with worldwide revenue of US$167 million.

The following year, Leto starred together with Nicolas Cage in the political crime thriller Lord of War. He played Vitaly, the younger brother of illegal arms dealer Yuri Orlov. The film was officially endorsed by the human rights group Amnesty International for highlighting the arms trafficking by the international arms industry. It was positively received by movie critics and was a moderate commercial success.

It took two years to record Thirty Seconds to Mars' second studio album A Beautiful Lie, with the band traveling to four different continents to accommodate Leto's acting career. A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30, 2005, in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million. The band heavily toured in support of the album and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde, Pinkpop, Rock am Ring, and Download.

2006–2008: Lonely Hearts, Chapter 27, and filmmaking
In 2006, Leto appeared in the neo-noir crime drama Lonely Hearts, the true story of the notorious "lonely hearts killers" of the 1940s, Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck. Playing Fernandez, he co-starred with Salma Hayek who played the role of Beck. The film received mixed reviews from critics; however, Leto's acting was widely praised; Heather Huntington from Reelz wrote that his "layered performance as the nattily dressing dandy with no remorse is truly impressive."

The same year, Leto directed the music video for "The Kill", a song by Thirty Seconds to Mars. At a press release, he stated that an "insanely obnoxious Danish albino" named Bartholomew Cubbins directed the video. He later explained his decision to direct with a pseudonym saying, "I really wanted people to be able to enjoy and experience the video without having any more preconceived notions or distractions, and just to let it be what it was. It wasn't important for me to lay claim to it in that way." Bartholomew Cubbins is a recurring character in the Dr. Seuss universe and one of Leto's favorite characters created by the writer. "The Kill" was inspired by themes of isolation and insanity present in the Stanley Kubrick-directed psychological horror film The Shining (1980). Leto said, "The idea of isolation, identity, and self discovery were all elements present in the song. I thought this light homage was a good starting point and it soon grew to include many more elements outside of Kubrick's original piece." The short film received a largely positive response and numerous accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award. Leto next directed a short film for "From Yesterday". It was filmed in the Forbidden City and became the first ever American music video shot in the People's Republic of China in its entirety. Hundreds of costumed extras were employed for the shoot, inspired by the empires of ancient Chinese dynasties. Leto drew inspiration from Bernardo Bertolucci's historical drama The Last Emperor (1987) as well as the work of Akira Kurosawa.

In 2007, Leto starred in the biographical film Chapter 27. He portrayed Mark David Chapman, a fanatic fan of The Beatles and the murderer of John Lennon. Leto prepared for his role by relying on interviews with Chapman and on audiotapes recorded by a librarian the actor met during a visit to the inmate's hometown. Leto gained 67 pounds to approximate the killer's physique. The abruptness of his weight gain gave him gout. He was forced to use a wheelchair due to the stress the sudden increase in weight put on his body. After the shooting of the film, he quickly went on a liquid diet. Chapter 27 premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Despite divided critical opinion on the film as a whole, Leto's performance was widely praised. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly considered his acting "a genuine transformation, as the actor submerges himself in Chapman's couch-potato flab and red-rimmed eyes. ... Leto disappears inside this angry, mouth-breathing psycho geek with a conviction that had me hanging on his every delusion."

Leto's next short film was "A Beautiful Lie" (2008), which he directed under the pseudonym of Angakok Panipaq. The music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland. Determined to offset the impact that filming would have on the environment, Leto worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption on the shoot. Upon release, "A Beautiful Lie" was met with widespread critical acclaim, resulting in various accolades, including the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video. Proceeds from the video's sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council. The same year, Leto remixed a version of the song "The Only One" by The Cure for their extended play Hypnagogic States.

2008–2011: EMI lawsuit, This Is War, and Mr. Nobody
In August 2008, during the recording process of their third studio album, Thirty Seconds to Mars attempted to sign with a new label, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin), to file a $30 million breach of contract lawsuit. After nearly a year of legal battles, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the suit had been settled following a defence based on the De Havilland Law. Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI and released their third album This Is War in December 2009 to critical acclaim. This Is War reached the top ten of several national album charts and earned numerous music awards.

Leto's next film was the 2009 science fiction drama Mr. Nobody, directed by Jaco Van Dormael. He portrayed the title role of Nemo Nobody, the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi-immortality. His role required him to play various versions of his character, from 34 to 118 years old, spending six hours daily for the full make-up and adopting the voice of an old-aged man. Mr. Nobody premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival. Critical response praised the film's artistry and Leto's performance. Boyd van Hoeij from Variety felt that "his acting talent really comes into full view in his scenes as the last dying man on Earth. Despite too much old-age makeup, Leto nevertheless infuses the character with some real raw emotional power;" while Bruce Kirkland of Toronto Sun claimed that Leto gave "a marvelously full-blooded, brain-spinning, tour-de-force performance."

In 2009, Leto recruited scores of extras and all manner of surrealist street performers for the short film of "Kings and Queens", which features a critical mass movement founded with forward-thinking and eco-conscious intentions, through Los Angeles at night. The short film premiered on November 9, 2009, at the Montalban Theater in Los Angeles and was positively received. At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, "Kings and Queens" received four nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Direction, and went on to win Best Rock Video. Thirty Seconds to Mars began their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010 and was among the hardest-working touring artists of the year.

Leto filmed "Closer to the Edge" (2010), a short film featuring tour footage, fan commentary and pictures of Thirty Seconds to Mars from their youth, during the band's Into the Wild Tour. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video; James Montgomery from MTV wrote, "there's no denying the power of seeing tens of thousands of fans finding a simultaneous salvation, of a crowd of individuals becoming one. It's what rock and roll is supposed to be about, really: inclusion." In December 2011, Thirty Seconds to Mars entered the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows.

Leto's next project was "Hurricane" (2010), an experimental short film which explores personal demons and unlocking secret fantasies in what is believed to be a dream. Leto filmed it in New York City and described its concept as a "surrealistic nightmare dream-fantasy." Upon release, "Hurricane" garnered controversy and was initially censored due to its elements of violence. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the short film received three nominations in the categories of Best Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Editing.

2012–2013: Artifact; Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams and Dallas Buyers Club
In 2012, Leto made his directorial debut with the documentary film Artifact. It chronicles the modern music business as it charts the legal dispute between Thirty Seconds to Mars and record label EMI, after the band tried to exit its contract over a royalties dispute. Artifact was made on a limited budget provided by Leto and personal assistant Emma Ludbrook through the production company Sisyphus Corporation. It premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival where it received the People's Choice Award for Best Documentary. Critics praised the examination of the state of the modern music industry and its focus on the relationship between artists and record companies. The film received a limited theatrical release beginning November 23, 2013, before being released digitally on December 3, 2013.

Thirty Seconds to Mars released their fourth album, Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams, in May 2013 through Universal. The album was produced by Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite. It received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. Leto filmed the 2013 short film for "Up in the Air" at a now-defunct aerospace manufacturing building in Los Angeles, California. He described it as a "bizarre and hallucinogenic journey through an incredibly surreal landscape." The short film features several artists, including burlesque dancer Dita Von Teese, gymnasts McKayla Maroney and Jordyn Wieber, writer Neil Strauss and a number of animals. It garnered several awards, including the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video, and competed at the 2013 Camerimage.

Leto described the concept of his next short film, "Do or Die" (2013), as a companion piece to "Closer to the Edge" (2010). It was filmed during the Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour and features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as fan commentary. The same year, Leto directed the critically praised short film for "City of Angels", which premiered on October 12, 2013, at the Hollywood Bowl. The music video features a number of celebrities who join the three members of Thirty Seconds to Mars in sharing their visions about Los Angeles. Multiple monoliths and murals, including Michael Jackson and Marilyn Monroe impersonators, also appear, as well as homeless people hired by Leto himself for the video.

After a five years hiatus from filming, Leto returned to act in the drama Dallas Buyers Club (2013), directed by Jean-Marc Vallée and co-starring Matthew McConaughey. Leto portrayed Rayon, a drug-addicted transgender woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey's character Ron Woodroof. In order to accurately portray his role, Leto lost 30 pounds, shaved his eyebrows and waxed his entire body. He stated the portrayal was grounded in his meeting transgender people while researching the role. During filming, Leto refused to break character. Dallas Buyers Club received widespread critical acclaim and became a financial success, resulting in various accolades for Leto, who was awarded the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and a variety of film critics' circle awards for the role.

2014–2021: From Suicide Squad to America
In 2014, Leto premiered the documentary series Into the Wild, which tells the story behind the concert tour of the same name by Thirty Seconds to Mars that propelled the group into arenas around the world and was certified by the Guinness World Records as the longest running tour in the history of rock music. The series was produced by Leto and Emma Ludbrook and was released through the online platform VyRT. On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars were working on their fifth studio album.

In December of that year, Warner Bros. confirmed that Leto would play the role of the Joker in Suicide Squad (2016), a supervillain film based on the comic book series of the same name. Leto received some attention for his method acting during the film's production. Fellow Suicide Squad cast member Will Smith, who played Deadshot in the film, stated that he had "never actually met Jared Leto", saying, "We worked together for six months and we've never exchanged a word outside of 'action!' and 'cut!' We've never said 'hello,' we've never said 'good day.' I've only ever spoken to him as Deadshot and him as the Joker. I literally have not met him yet... Not a single word exchanged off-camera. He was all in on the Joker."

Leto's method acting on Suicide Squad also reportedly involved sending unorthodox gifts to his fellow cast members, including live rats and bullets. His co-star Margot Robbie said that he gifted her a live rat, which she stated she kept as a pet until her landlord discovered it. Speaking with Vanity Fair, Viola Davis stated, "He did some bad things, Jared Leto did. He gave some really horrific gifts. He had a henchman who would come into the rehearsal room, and the henchman came in with a dead pig and plopped it on the table, and then he walked out. And that was our introduction into Jared Leto." In an interview with E! News at the film's premiere in 2016, Leto claimed that he also sent anal beads and used condoms to his co-stars, stating, "I did a lot of things to create a dynamic, to create an element of surprise, of spontaneity, and to really break down any kind of walls that may be there. The Joker is somebody who doesn't really respect things like personal space or boundaries."

In a 2021 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Leto claimed that the comments he made at Suicide Squad premiere were "in jest", and stated that, "there were no used condoms [...] Any of the very few gifts that were ever given were given with a spirit of fun and adventure and received with laughter, fun, and adventure. It's all filmed! They filmed it all! People were dying. We were just having a goof." Regarding the rat he reportedly gave Robbie, he stated, "The only gifts I ever gave Margot were cupcakes. I think I gave her a mouse, and some of the other guys got gifts that you'd get as a joke at a party." He also added, "I'm an artist at the end of the day. If I do something risky and you don't like it, basically, you can kiss my ass."

Suicide Squad opened to generally negative reviews from critics, but Leto's performance received some praise from critics despite his character's limited screen time. Following the film's release, Leto expressed interest in reprising his role as the Joker in future DC Extended Universe instalments. In October 2020, it was reported that Leto would reprise his role of the Joker in Zack Snyder's Justice League.

In April 2016, it was announced that Leto would appear in the film The Outsider (2018), directed by Martin Zandvliet. In August 2016, Thirty Seconds to Mars revealed they had signed to Interscope Records and confirmed that they were working on new music. That same month Leto was cast as the villain Niander Wallace in the 2017 film Blade Runner 2049, the sequel to Blade Runner. Leto later also appeared in 2036: Nexus Dawn, a promotional short film that takes place before Blade Runner 2049 directed by Luke Scott and co-starring Benedict Wong.

From May to September 2017, Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS. Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott. During the ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell, who both died earlier that year. In February 2018, the band officially announced the Monolith Tour with Walk the Moon, Misterwives, K. Flay, Joywave, and Welshly Arms. Thirty Seconds to Mars later confirmed America as title of their fifth album, which was released on April 6, 2018. The album received polarized reviews from critics and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming the band's highest entry on the chart. It was promoted with an accompanying documentary film, A Day in the Life of America, directed by Leto and released in January 2021 to general praise.

2021–present: The Little Things, House of Gucci and Morbius
Leto played suspected serial killer Albert Sparma in John Lee Hancock's 2021 film The Little Things. The film earned him nominations for a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award—both for Best Supporting Actor. Leto portrays fashion designer and business magnate Paolo Gucci in Ridley Scott's biographical crime drama film House of Gucci, for which he was nominated for a Satellite Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award and Screen Actors Guild Award.

He plays Adam Neumann alongside Anne Hathaway in Apple+'s 2022 WeCrashed about the rise and fall of the WeWork, for which he was nominated for a Best Actor in a Miniseries, Limited Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television. In November 2017, Sony Pictures announced plans for a film adaptation of Morbius, the Living Vampire, which is part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. On June 27, 2018, it was announced that Leto would star, and Daniel Espinosa would direct. The film was released on 1 April 2022. On July 30, 2022, it was announced that Leto would star in a film directed by Justin Simien titled Haunted Mansion for Disney. The film was released on July 28, 2023.

Upcoming projects
In September 2016, it was announced that Leto would play Andy Warhol in a biopic written by Terence Winter and produced by Michael De Luca. Leto later confirmed his portrayal as Warhol on his Instagram in August 2020.

In February 2017, it was announced that Leto would direct the thriller 77 for Paramount Pictures.

In August 2020, it was announced that Leto would star as the character Ares in Tron: Ares, a new instalment in the Tron franchise, which he later confirmed on his Instagram. Production for the third Tron film is set to begin in Vancouver on August 14, 2023, but was postponed indefinitely due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America and the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strikes.

On January 28, 2021, it was announced that Leto would star in a film directed by Darren Aronofsky titled Adrift, in their first project together since Requiem for a Dream.

On October 6, 2022, it was announced that Leto would play the late Chanel designer Karl Lagerfeld in a biopic. Leto will also produce the film.

Business ventures
After the strong relationship between Thirty Seconds to Mars and its audience, Leto launched the social media management and digital marketing company The Hive. It is based in Studio City, Los Angeles and focuses on creative community building. In recent years, it has expanded to other artists such as Jessie J and Semi Precious Weapons. In 2010, Leto launched The One and Only Golden Tickets, a full service company which operates worldwide and manages exclusive services for concerts, festivals, and events. In 2013, the company was renamed Adventures In Wonderland.

In 2011, Leto launched the online platform VyRT. Created as a live video streaming service, it also features social networking and official merchandise. Its idea came from some frustrating experiences Leto faced with Thirty Seconds to Mars in streaming their own live events. In June 2012, VyRT was awarded Best Online Concert Experience at the O Music Awards. In 2012, Leto became an investor in Surf Air, a California-based air service. He is also a funder for Reddit and Robinhood Markets.

Political views

In 2008, he supported the California Proposition 2 regarding the treatment of farm animals. In the 2008 presidential election, Leto supported Senator Barack Obama of Illinois. In 2012, he chaired a Gen44 event, a campaign set up by Obama to energize voters under 40. Leto is a gay rights activist. In October 2009, he raised money for the campaign against California Proposition 8, created by opponents of same-sex marriage to overturn the California Supreme Court decision that had legalized same-sex marriage. He spoke out in support of the LGBT rights group Freedom Action Inclusion Rights (FAIR). In May 2012, he expressed support after hearing that Barack Obama had endorsed same-sex marriage.

Philanthropy
Leto has been active in several charitable pursuits. He has been volunteering at the charity Art of Elysium, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He has supported the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, a program specializing in type 1 diabetes research and care. In 2006, he created the cover art for the album 97X Green Room: Volume 2, which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy. In June 2008, he joined Habitat for Humanity to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's "A Brush With Kindness" programme. He also supported Habitat for Humanity in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Leto has supported Aid Still Required, a non-profit corporation committed to bringing attention and humanitarian aid to areas suffering from natural disasters or human crises. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, he released a book of photographs taken during his trip to the Caribbean country in 2011, in a bid to raise funds for the earthquake-ravaged country. He has connected with and helped various organizations since arriving there, including J/P Haitian Relief Organization. Leto spent a year in Haiti during his childhood, and returned there in January 2011 to "reconnect" with his former home following the tremor of January 2010. On September 30, 2014, Leto hosted the event Haiti: The Journey Is the Destination in New York City, benefitting those affected by the 2010 earthquake in the Caribbean country. In February 2015, Leto was named a global ambassador for World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), supporting online fundraisers and leading one for his 47th birthday in 2018.

Personal life
He began dating actress Cameron Diaz in 1999 and the couple became engaged in 2000. In 2003, Leto and Diaz ended their four-year relationship. From 2015 to 2022, he was in a relationship with Russian model Valery Kaufman.

Discography

 * Thirty Seconds to Mars studio albums
 * 30 Seconds to Mars (2002)
 * A Beautiful Lie (2005)
 * This Is War (2009)
 * Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013)
 * America (2018)
 * It's the End of the World but It's a Beautiful Day (2023)

title: Jared Leto


text:
Kagami, Kōchi

Kagami in Kōchi Prefecture was the name of:
 * Kagami, Kōchi (Kami), a former town in Kami District, Kōchi (now part of Kōnan, Kōchi)
 * Kagami, Kōchi (Tosa), a former village in Tosa District, Kōchi (now part of Kōchi, Kōchi)

title: Kagami, Kōchi


text:
Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)

The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is a third-level military decoration awarded for gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea to officers; and, since 1993, ratings and other ranks of the British Armed Forces, Royal Fleet Auxiliary and the British Merchant Navy have been eligible. The award was formerly also awarded to members of armed forces of other Commonwealth countries.

The DSC is "awarded in recognition of an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea." Since 1979, it can be awarded posthumously.

History
The award was originally created in 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross, for award to warrant and subordinate officers, including midshipmen, ineligible for the Distinguished Service Order. It was renamed the Distinguished Service Cross in October 1914, eligibility being extended to all naval officers (commissioned and warrant) below the rank of lieutenant commander.

From March 1915, foreign officers of equivalent rank in allied navies could receive honorary awards; in August 1916, bars were introduced to reward further acts of gallantry meriting the Cross, with a silver rosette worn on the ribbon when worn alone, to denote the award of each bar. During World War I, officers of the Merchant and Fishing Fleets had been awarded the DSC, and their eligibility was legally clarified by an order in council in 1931.

World War II saw a number of changes. In December 1939, eligibility was extended to Naval Officers of the rank of Commander and Lieutenant-Commander. In April 1940, equivalent ranks in the Royal Air Force serving with the Fleet could receive the DSC, and, from November 1942, so could those in the Army aboard defensively equipped merchant ships.

Since the 1993 review of the honours system, as part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in awards for bravery, the Distinguished Service Medal, formerly the third-level decoration for ratings, has been discontinued. The DSC now serves as the third-level award for gallantry at sea for all ranks, not to the standard required to receive the Victoria Cross or the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross.

The DSC had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries; however, by the 1990s, most of these—including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand—were establishing their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours.

Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal "DSC".

Description
The DSC is a plain silver cross with rounded ends, with a width of 43 mm and with the following design:
 * The obverse has a circular centre containing the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of award surmounted by a crown.
 * The reverse is plain apart from the hallmark, and the ribbon is attached via a hallmarked silver ring. From 1940, the year of issue was engraved on lower limb of cross, and since 1984 it has been awarded named to the recipient.
 * The ribbon has three equal stripes of dark blue, white, and dark blue.
 * The ribbon bar denoting a further award is plain silver, with convex ends and a central crown.

Numbers awarded
Since 1901 at least 6,658 Crosses and 603 bars have been awarded. The dates below reflect the relevant London Gazette entries:

A number of honorary awards were made to members of allied foreign forces, including 151 for World War I, and 228 (with 12 first bars and 2 second bars) for World War II. Eight honorary awards were made in 1955 to members of the US Navy for service in Korea.

The above table includes awards to the Dominions: In all, 199 DSCs have gone to those serving with Canadian forces, with 34 first bars and five second bars. It was replaced in 1993 by the Medal of Military Valour. 182 were awarded to Australians, in addition to 13 first bars and three second bars. Last awarded to an Australian in 1972, it was replaced in 1991 by the Medal for Gallantry.

Four-time recipient
Only one person has ever been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross four times. Norman Eyre Morley served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War I and World War II. He was awarded the DSC for the first time in 1919. He was awarded his second DSC in 1944. He was awarded the DSC a further two times in 1945. He gained an entry into the Guinness Book of Records as the most decorated reserve naval officer.

List of three-time recipients

 * Sir Robert Atkinson, served in the Royal Navy during World War II
 * Patrick Bayly, served in the Royal Navy and rose to the rank of vice admiral
 * Richard Gatehouse, served in the Royal Navy during World War II and later during the Korean War
 * George Onslow Graham, served in the Royal Navy and the Royal New Zealand Navy
 * Robert Peverell Hichens, served in the Royal Navy during World War II and was later recommended unsuccessfully for the Victoria Cross
 * Geoffrey John Kirkby, served in the Royal Navy during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1940, 1942 and 1944

 * Thomas Le Mesurier, served in the Royal Air Force during World War I as a flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. Awarded DSC twice in 1917 and in 1918
 * George James Macdonald, served in the Royal New Zealand Navy
 * Richard Minifie, served in the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I. Awarded DSC in twice in 1917 and in 1918
 * Stanley Orr, served in the Royal Navy during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1940, 1941, and 1944
 * Peter Piper, served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1939 and twice in 1941
 * Jack Scatchard, served in the Royal Navy during World War II and the Cold War
 * Skule Storheill, served in the Royal Norwegian Navy and attached to the Royal Navy during World War II
 * Bob Whinney, served in the Royal Navy during World War II. Awarded DSC thrice in 1944

Collective award
In 1919, the Distinguished Service Cross was awarded to the City of Dunkirk for the gallant behaviour of its citizens during World War I, and the Cross appears in the coat of arms of the city.


text:
Talk:Rupee (The Legend of Zelda series)

Are the gray parts of the top 2 rupees supposed to gray, like the background? It looks like mistake in rendering transparency. --Menchi 02:24, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

They are. These pixels were transparent in the game. I used the grey background to show this. Derrick Coetzee 03:15, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This is confirmed by the "scrolling items list" that appears if you let the game sit and go into demo mode. On that the background is black, and so too are the rupee details. NO other Zelda game since (except perhaps Zelda 2, not sure) has transparent highlights, but instead has the entire shape done with black pixels (like in Zelda 3, shown). The original Zelda only ever had about two colours per sprite/tile which is why they "cheated" and used the background to add a third colour. This is likely due to some technological limit or other.--Garrett 04:54, 12 Apr 2005 (GMT)

Change the caption to the image, no games were ever called Zelda 1 or Zelda 3. The only numbered title was Zelda II & the time sequence doesn't follow the order they were made. change it to either "the first and third Legend of Zelda installments" or use their titles. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.80.129.254 (talk • contribs).

If ever there was a need for sofixit, the above comment would be it... Anyway, I went ahead and changed the caption. Amalas  =^_^=  18:35, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Hey folks... Koholint Island wasn't mentioned in the fictional lands of the Legend of Zelda series, so I added it. The one thing that I am limited by is that I played the original Game Boy game, which had just "single" rupees (colored in gray due to the system limitations, but worth single rupees) and a rupee max of 999. I could mention this and even include a picture, but there is also the DX Game Boy Color remake of the game. Besides colorizing the game... I don't know if they simply colorized the existing rupees as green or if they added different denominations now that they have color. Someone else who knows this should probably be the one to add info on the Link's Awakening incarnation of this stuff. 72.192.237.134 16:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC) Ismail

Wait just a time unit of your choice...
I don't remember seeing any silver rupees in Twilight Princess. Is it's inclusion just an assumption? Totema1 04:33, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * They're rare, but they're in. Check the treasure vault near the final boss. --HeroicJay 22:27, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Deletion
I disagree with the deletion nomination. See Hard drives are cheap. Specifically, see the passage that reads: ''There is no reason why there shouldn't be a page for every Simpsons character, and even a table listing every episode, all neatly cross-linked and introduced by a shorter central page. Every episode name in the list could link to a separate page for each of those episodes, with links to reviews and trivia. Each of the 100+ poker games can have its own page with rules, history, and strategy. Jimbo Wales has agreed: Hard disks are cheap.'' I see this article as falling under that category, and rupees are notable enough (given the popularity of the series and references from other games). I can see someone finding this information interesting at the very least, and I really don't see any reason to disagree with it. Template removed for now, please talk here before adding it back. E946 11:08, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to put it back, as it's against the prod rules: instead, I'm going to nominate the article at AfD. Hard disk space is not my concern: my concern is an article that does not meet the criteria for inclusion in Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information - I'm looking specifically at the part that mentions "video game guides," which this is. The numerical values of Rupees have nothing to do with what Zelda games are or why they're important: as such, they have no place on Wikipedia. - Chardish 18:13, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Merged
I've merged this into The Legend of Zelda (series) per the VFD discussion. Voretus 16:06, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rupee (The Legend of Zelda series)


text:
Kagami, Kōchi (Tosa)

Kagami (鏡村) was a village located in Tosa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,582 and a density of 26.34 persons per km2. The total area was 60.06 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Kagami, along with the village of Tosayama (also from Tosa District), was merged into the expanded city of Kōchi, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kagami, Kōchi (Tosa)


text:
Tosayama, Kōchi

Tosayama (土佐山村) was a village located in Tosa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,251 and a density of 21.12 persons per km2. The total area was 59.22 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Tosayama, along with the village of Kagami (also from Tosa District), was merged into the expanded city of Kōchi, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Tosayama, Kōchi


text:
Prehensile tail

A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects. Fully prehensile tails can be used to hold and manipulate objects, and in particular to aid arboreal creatures in finding and eating food in the trees. If the tail cannot be used for this it is considered only partially prehensile; such tails are often used to anchor an animal's body to dangle from a branch, or as an aid for climbing. The term prehensile means "able to grasp" (from the Latin prehendere, to take hold of, to grasp).

Evolution
One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia. In contrast, less dense forests such as in Southeast Asia have been observed to have more abundant gliding animals such as colugos or flying snakes; few gliding vertebrates are found in South America. South American rainforests also differ by having more lianas, as there are fewer large animals to eat them than in Africa and Asia; the presence of lianas may aid climbers but obstruct gliders. Curiously, Australia-New Guinea contains many mammals with prehensile tails and also many mammals which can glide; in fact, all Australian mammalian gliders have tails that are prehensile to an extent.

Anatomy and physiology
Tails are mostly a feature of vertebrates; however, some invertebrates such as scorpions also have appendages that can be considered tails. However, only vertebrates are known to have developed prehensile tails. Many mammals with prehensile tails will have a bare patch to aid gripping. This bare patch is known as a "friction pad".

Mammals

 * New World monkeys. Many New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, which includes howler monkeys, spider monkeys and woolly monkeys, have grasping tails often with a bare tactile pad. This is in contrast with their distant Old World monkey cousins who do not have prehensile tails.
 * Opossum. A marsupial group from the Americas. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest.
 * Anteaters. Anteaters are found in Central and South America. Three of the four species of anteater, the silky anteater and the two species of tamandua, have prehensile tails.
 * Binturong. One of the few Old World animals with fully prehensile tails, although they use only the tip of the tail.
 * Kinkajou. The kinkajou of South and Central America is the only other animal of the order Carnivora, besides the binturong, to sport the adaptation.
 * Harvest mouse. Another Old World mammal, the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) also has a fully prehensile tail. It is commonly found amongst areas of tall grasses such as cereal crops (particularly wheat and oats), roadside verges, hedgerows, reedbeds, dykes and salt-marshes.
 * New World porcupines of the genera Coendou and Chaetomys have fully prehensile tails that help them to climb and prevent them from falling from trees.
 * Tree pangolin. One of the few Old World mammals with a fully prehensile tail.
 * Microgale longicaudata, an arboreal species of the tenrec family.

Fish

 * Seahorses. Seahorses have fully prehensile tails, which they use to attach themselves to objects such as seagrass, algae, sponges, corals, or even man-made objects.

Mammals

 * New World monkeys. The capuchin monkey. The capuchin is more than intelligent enough to make full use of its prehensile tail, but since the tail lacks an area of bare skin for a good grip it is only used in climbing and dangling. Other reasons for partial prehensility might include the lack of strength or flexibility in the tail, or simply having no need to manipulate objects with it.
 * Tree porcupines. The 15 species of tree porcupine (genus Coendou). They are found in South America, with one species extending to Mexico. All have prehensile tails.
 * Rats have been known to be able to wrap the tail around an object after running around it, therefore giving the creature a small bit of balance. They have also been seen to be able to briefly hang off an object, though not for long.
 * Possums. This large, diverse group of 63 species forms the marsupial suborder Phalangeriformes, found in Australia, New Guinea, and some nearby islands. All members of the suborder have prehensile tails; however, the tails of some members such as the Acrobatidae have only limited prehensile capacity. Notably, all three marsupial glider groups belong to this suborder.
 * Potoroidae. A marsupial group found in Australia that includes the bettongs and the potoroos. They have weakly prehensile tails.
 * Monito del monte. A small South American marsupial with a prehensile tail.

Reptiles

 * Prehensile-tailed skink. Several kinds of skink (e.g. Corucia zebrata) have partially prehensile tails.
 * Chameleons.
 * Snakes. Many snakes have prehensile tails (or a prehensile body)
 * Crested gecko and their relatives have prehensile tails
 * Alligator lizard. Some alligator lizards such as the southern alligator lizard, the Texas alligator lizard, and the arboreal alligator lizards (genus Abronia) have prehensile tails.
 * Big-headed turtle, and juvenile specimens of the family Chelydridae.
 * Urocoyledon rasmusseni

Amphibians

 * Salamanders. A number of North American forest-dwelling climbing salamanders have prehensile tails that help them climb. Some are from the genus Aneides such as the clouded salamander (Aneides ferreus), the wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans), and the arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris). Others are the large Red Hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti) and the cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga). There are also the Central American Bolitoglossa sombra and Mexican and Central American Bolitoglossa mexicana salamanders.

Fish

 * Syngnathidae. Many species from this group, which includes seahorses and pipefish, have prehensile tails.

title: Prehensile tail


text:
L0phtCrack

L0phtCrack is a password auditing and recovery application originally produced by Mudge from L0pht Heavy Industries. It is used to test password strength and sometimes to recover lost Microsoft Windows passwords, by using dictionary, brute-force, hybrid attacks, and rainbow tables.

The initial version was released in the Spring of 1997.

The application was produced by @stake after the L0pht merged with @stake in 2000. @stake was then acquired by Symantec in 2004. Symantec later stopped selling this tool to new customers, citing US Government export regulations, and discontinued support in December 2006.

In January 2009, L0phtCrack was acquired by the original authors Zatko, Wysopal, and Rioux from Symantec. L0phtCrack 6 was announced on 11 March 2009 at the SOURCE Boston Conference. L0phtCrack 6 contains support for 64-bit Windows platforms as well as upgraded rainbow tables support. L0phtCrack 7 was released on 30 August 2016, seven years after the previous release. L0phtCrack 7 supports GPU cracking, increasing performance up to 500 times that of previous versions.

On April 21, 2020, Terahash announced it had acquired L0phtCrack. Details of the sale were not released.

On July 1, 2021 L0pht Holdings, LLC repossessed L0phtCrack after Terahash defaulted on its instalment sale loan. The current owners announced that they were exploring open source options for L0phtcrack. Due to commercial libraries existing within the software this may take some time.

On October 17, 2021 L0phtCrack version 7.2.0 was released open-source, with different portions of the software being published under different licenses.

title: L0phtCrack