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Franco Franchi

Francesco Benenato (18 September 1928 – 9 December 1992), known as Franco Franchi, was an Italian actor, comedian and singer.

He was born in Palermo, Sicily and began his career in the 1950s, although his career only really took off in the 1960s. He starred in many comedies, mainly appearing together with Ciccio Ingrassia as the comedy duo Franco and Ciccio, but also in more dramatic material such as Luigi Comencini's Adventures of Pinocchio (1972), in which they paired memorably as the Fox and the Cat.

In the film Due Marines e un Generale (1966), he worked with Buster Keaton and Ciccio Ingrassia.

The comedy duo Franco and Ciccio

In 1959, Franco Franchi settled a contract with his friend Ciccio Ingrassia which started up a brilliant theater career. From 1961 to Franco's death in 1992, they will be one of Italy's most famous comedy duo. Their success is based on a format similar to that of Totò and Peppino De Filippo, or Laurel and Hardy. They play two Sicilian buffoon characters, charlatans and extremely messy, were Franco Franchi is the funny "Franco", a young man completely out of his mind who expresses himself mainly through bodily and facial expressions. Ciccio Ingrassia is the skinny and mustachioed bully who believes to be his best of friend, but is actually during difficult situations proves to be the most stupid of the two. A feature of their commercial success and popularity is the use of the body as a means of communication and simple lines, sharp and not at all vulgar. With these tricks up its sleeve, as both actors will be challenged in youth theater, Franco and Ciccio thanks to their friend Domenico Modugno began to pursue a film career as extras. Then they are noticed by directors of small comedy and so their film career begins. In all years, the two actors churn out at least ten films, working at a pace unimaginable today. In fact, because these days very fast film products are among the best. And unfortunately the criticism then he cut down every film of Franco and Ciccio coming out to the movies, calling it useless and meaningless pecoreccio comedian. However, the popular success of films of Franco and Ciccio was huge and always has been until now in Italy and also in foreign countries. The specialty of the many films of Franco and Ciccio is improvisation during the scenes, as did Toto and De Filippo, but also the use of parody. In fact there are many foreign films chosen by the two above you to pluck a fun comedy, as the saga of James Bond and that of the great adventure films.

Filmography (with Ciccio Ingrassia)

 * Appuntamento a Ischia, directed by Mario Mattoli (26 September 1960)
 * L'onorata società, directed by Riccardo Pazzaglia (30 March 1961)
 * 5 marines per 100 ragazze, directed by Mario Mattoli (10 August 1961)
 * Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai, directed by Mario Mattoli (19 October 1961)
 * Il giudizio universale, directed by Vittorio De Sica (26 October 1961)
 * Pugni pupe e marinai, directed by Daniele D'Anza (17 November 1961)
 * Gerarchi si muore, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (22 December 1961)
 * Il mio amico Benito, directed by Giorgio Bianchi (3 March 1962)
 * I tre nemici, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (23 June 1962)
 * I due della legione, directed by Lucio Fulci (16 August 1962)
 * 2 samurai per 100 geishe, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (7 September 1962)
 * Le massaggiatrici, directed by Lucio Fulci (20 September 1962)
 * I motorizzati, directed by Camillo Mastrocinque (29 November 1962)
 * Vino, whisky e acqua salata, directed by Mario Amendola (7 December 1962)
 * Avventura al motel, directed by Renato Polselli (9 February 1963)
 * Il giorno più corto, directed by Sergio Corbucci (14 February 1963)
 * La donna degli altri è sempre più bella, directed by Marino Girolami (21 February 1963)
 * Obiettivo ragazze, directed by Mario Mattoli (5 August 1963)
 * Tutto è musica, directed by Domenico Modugno (18 August 1963)
 * Gli imbroglioni, directed by Lucio Fulci (25 September 1963)
 * I due mafiosi, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (15 January 1964)
 * Due mattacchioni al Moulin Rouge, directed by Giuseppe Vari (17 January 1964)
 * Le tardone, directed by Marino Girolami (29 January 1964)
 * I maniaci, directed by Lucio Fulci (28 March 1964)
 * Queste pazze pazze donne, directed by Marino Girolami (22 May 1964)
 * Canzoni, bulli e pupe, directed by Carlo Infascelli (29 May 1964)
 * I marziani hanno dodici mani, directed by Franco Castellano & Pipolo (21 June 1964)
 * Due mafiosi nel Far West, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (30 June 1964)
 * L'amore primitivo, directed by Luigi Scattini (17 July 1964)
 * Le sette vipere, directed by Renato Polselli (11 August 1964)
 * Cadavere per signora, directed by Mario Mattoli (19 August 1964)
 * I due evasi di Sing Sing, directed by Lucio Fulci (22 August 1964)
 * Amore facile, directed by Gianni Puccini (3 October 1964)
 * 002 Agenti Segretissimi, directed by Lucio Fulci (10 October 1964)
 * Sedotti e bidonati, directed by Giorgio Bianchi (14 October 1964)
 * I due toreri, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (3 December 1964)
 * Un mostro e mezzo, directed by Steno (18 December 1964)
 * Veneri al sole, directed by Marino Girolami (24 December 1964)
 * I due pericoli pubblici, directed by Lucio Fulci (31 December 1964)
 * Soldati e caporali, directed by Mario Amendola (31 December 1964)
 * Io uccido, tu uccidi, directed by Gianni Puccini (25 March 1965)
 * Letti sbagliati, directed by Steno (6 April 1965)
 * Per un pugno nell'occhio, directed by Michele Lupo (14 April 1965)
 * I figli del leopardo, directed by Sergio Corbucci (21 April 1965)
 * Scandali nudi, directed by Enzo Di Gianni (11 June 1965)
 * Veneri in collegio, directed by Marino Girolami (26 June 1965)
 * Gli amanti latini, directed by Mario Costa (11 August 1965)
 * I due sergenti del generale Custer, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (13 August 1965)
 * Come inguaiammo l'esercito, directed by Lucio Fulci (21 August 1965)
 * Due mafiosi contro Goldginger, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (15 October 1965)
 * 002 Operazione Luna, directed by Lucio Fulci (25 November 1965)
 * Due marines e un generale, directed by Luigi Scattini (26 November 1965)
 * I due parà, directed by Lucio Fulci (24 December 1965)
 * Due mafiosi contro Al Capone, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (4 March 1966)
 * Come svaligiammo la Banca d'Italia, directed by Lucio Fulci (18 March 1966)
 * Le spie vengono dal semifreddo, directed by Mario Bava (29 July 1966)[2]
 * I due sanculotti, directed by Giorgio Simonelli (13 August 1966)
 * Gli altri, gli altri e noi, directed by Maurizio Arena (31 October 1966)
 * I due figli di Ringo, directed by Giorgio Simonelli e Giuliano Carnimeo (7 December 1966)
 * Come rubammo la bomba atomica, directed by Lucio Fulci (3 February 1967)
 * Il lungo, il corto, il gatto, directed by Lucio Fulci (3 May 1967)
 * I Zanzaroni, directed by Ugo La Rosa (17 May 1967)
 * Il bello, il brutto, il cretino, directed by Giovanni Grimaldi (13 August 1967)
 * Due Rrringos nel Texas, directed by Marino Girolami (25 August 1967)
 * Stasera mi butto, directed by Ettore Maria Fizzarotti (27 October 1967)
 * I due vigili, directed by Giuseppe Orlandini (13 December 1967)
 * I barbieri di Sicilia, directed by Marcello Ciorciolini (21 December 1967)
 * Nel sole, directed by Aldo Grimaldi (22 December 1967)
 * Brutti di notte, directed by Giovanni Grimaldi (14 March 1968)
 * L'oro del mondo, directed by Aldo Grimaldi (27 March 1968)
 * Capriccio all'italiana, directed by Mauro Bolognini, Mario Monicelli, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Steno, Franco Rossi (13 April 1968)
 * Franco, Ciccio e le vedove allegre, directed by Marino Girolami (13 April 1968)
 * I due crociati, directed by Giuseppe Orlandini (7 August 1968)
 * Don Chisciotte e Sancio Panza, directed by Giovanni Grimaldi (24 August 1968)
 * Ciccio perdona... Io no!, directed by Marcello Ciorciolini (26 September 1968)
 * I due pompieri, directed by Bruno Corbucci (29 October 1968)
 * I nipoti di Zorro, directed by Marcello Ciorciolini (12 December 1968)
 * I due magnifici fresconi (un imbroglio tutto curve), directed by Marino Girolami (23 December 1968)
 * I due deputati, directed by Giovanni Grimaldi (1 January 1969)
 * Indovina chi viene a merenda?, directed by Marcello Ciorciolini (2 April 1969)
 * Franco, Ciccio e il pirata Barbanera, directed by Mario Amendola (16 September 1969)
 * Franco e Ciccio... ladro e guardia, directed by Marcello Ciorciolini (20 November 1969)
 * Lisa dagli occhi blu, directed by Bruno Corbucci (23 December 1969)
 * Satiricosissimo, directed by Mariano Laurenti (21 January 1970)
 * Nel giorno del Signore, directed by Bruno Corbucci (18 March 1970)
 * Franco e Ciccio sul sentiero di guerra, directed by Aldo Grimaldi (26 March 1970)
 * Don Franco e Don Ciccio nell'anno della contestazione, directed by Marino Girolami (16 April 1970)
 * Ma chi t'ha dato la patente?, directed by Nando Cicero (28 August 1970)
 * I due Maggiolini più matti del mondo, directed by Giuseppe Orlandini (29 August 1970)
 * Principe coronato cercasi per ricca ereditiera, directed by Giovanni Grimaldi (29 August 1970)
 * W le donne, directed by Aldo Grimaldi (4 September 1970)
 * Due bianchi nell'Africa nera, directed by Bruno Corbucci (28 October 1970)
 * I due maghi del pallone, directed by Mariano Laurenti (2 December 1970)
 * Il clan dei due Borsalini, directed by Giuseppe Orlandini (18 February 1971)
 * Mazzabubù... Quante corna stanno quaggiù?, directed by Mariano Laurenti (25 February 1971)
 * Scusi, ma lei le paga le tasse?, directed by Mino Guerrini (11 March 1971)
 * Ma che musica maestro!, directed by Mariano Laurenti (6 April 1971)
 * I due della Formula Uno alla corsa più pazza pazza del mondo, directed by Osvaldo Civirani (12 August 1971)
 * Venga a fare il soldato da noi, directed by Ettore Maria Fizzarotti (12 August 1971)
 * Riuscirà l'avvocato Franco Benenato a sconfiggere il suo acerrimo nemico il pretore Ciccio De Ingras?, directed by Mino Guerrini (19 August 1971)
 * Armiamoci e partite!, directed by Nando Cicero (3 September 1971)
 * I due pezzi da 90, directed by Osvaldo Civirani (28 October 1971)
 * I due assi del guantone, directed by Mariano Laurenti (2 December 1971)
 * Continuavano a chiamarli i due piloti più matti del mondo, directed by Mariano Laurenti (8 March 1972)
 * Continuavano a chiamarli... er più e er meno, directed by Giuseppe Orlandini (24 March 1972)
 * Two Sons of Trinity, directed by Osvaldo Civirani (26 July 1972)
 * I due gattoni a nove code... e mezza ad Amsterdam, directed by Osvaldo Civirani (31 July 1972)
 * Storia di fifa e di coltello – Er seguito d' Er Più, directed by Mario Amendola (14 August 1972)
 * Paolo il freddo, directed by Ciccio Ingrassia (11 April 1974)
 * Farfallon, directed by Riccardo Pazzaglia (12 August 1974)
 * The Exorciccio (L'Esorciccio), directed by Ciccio Ingrassia (1975)
 * Crema, cioccolata e pa... prika, directed by Michele Massimo Tarantini (15 August 1981)
 * Kaos (from the tales by Luigi Pirandello, directed by Paolo & Vittorio Taviani (23 November 1984)

title: Franco Franchi


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Pet Sematary

Pet Sematary is a 1983 horror novel by American writer Stephen King. The novel was nominated for a World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1984, and adapted into two films: one in 1989 and another in 2019. In November 2013, PS Publishing released Pet Sematary in a limited 30th-anniversary edition.

Plot
Louis Creed, a doctor from Chicago, is appointed director of the University of Maine's campus health service. He moves to a house near the town of Ludlow with his wife Rachel, their two young children, Ellie and Gage, and Ellie's cat, Winston Churchill ("Church"). Their elderly neighbor, Jud Crandall, warns Louis and Rachel about the highway that runs past their house, which is frequented by speeding trucks.

Jud and Louis become close friends, with Louis viewing Jud as a surrogate father. Jud takes the family on a walk in the woods behind their home. A well-tended path leads to a pet cemetery (misspelled "sematary" on the sign), where the children of the town bury their deceased animals.

Victor Pascow, a student fatally injured in an automobile accident, addresses his dying words to Louis personally, though they are strangers. On the night following Pascow's death, Louis dreams that he meets Pascow's ghost, who leads him to the deadfall at the back of the "sematary" and warns him not to go beyond that point. Louis wakes up in bed the next morning to find his feet and bedsheets covered with dried mud and pine needles.

Ellie's cat, Church, is run over around Thanksgiving. Rachel and the children are visiting Rachel's parents in Chicago, and Louis frets over breaking the bad news to Ellie. Jud takes him to the "sematary", supposedly to bury Church. Instead of stopping there, Jud leads Louis farther on to "the real cemetery": an ancient burial ground that was once used by the Mi'kmaq. Louis buries the cat on Jud's instruction. The next afternoon, Church returns home; the usually vibrant and lively cat now acts ornery and, in Louis's words, "a little dead". Church hunts for mice and birds, ripping them apart without eating them. He also smells so bad that Ellie no longer wants him in her room at night. Jud confirms that Church has been resurrected and that Jud buried his dog there when he was younger. Louis, deeply disturbed, begins to wish that he had not buried Church there.

Several months later, two-year-old Gage is killed by a speeding truck. Overcome with despair, Louis considers bringing his son back to life with the help of the burial ground. Jud attempts to dissuade him by telling him the story of Timmy Baterman, the last person resurrected by the burial ground. After being killed in action during World War II, Timmy's body was shipped back to the United States, and his father Bill buried Timmy in the burial ground. Timmy returned malevolent, terrorizing the people of the town with secrets that Jud asserts he had no way of knowing. Timmy was stopped by Bill, who killed Timmy and set their house on fire before shooting himself. Jud believes that whatever came back was not Timmy, but a "demon" that had possessed his corpse. He concludes that "sometimes, dead is better" and states that "the place has a power... its own evil purpose", and that it may have caused Gage's death because Jud introduced Louis to it.

Despite Jud's warning and his own reservations, Louis's grief and guilt spur him to exhume Gage's body from his grave and inter him in the burial ground. Now malicious in both his words and actions, the resurrected Gage finds one of Louis's scalpels and kills Jud and Rachel. Louis kills Church and Gage with lethal injections of morphine.

Louis, driven insane by grief, burns the Crandall house down before returning to the burial ground with his wife's corpse, thinking that if he buries the body faster than he did Gage's, there will be a different result. One of his colleagues, Steve Masterton, notices him walking into the woods with Rachel's body. Steve, while fearful and concerned, is influenced by the power of the burial ground, and even considers helping Louis bury Rachel, but he flees in terror and eventually moves to St. Louis. Louis sits indoors alone, playing solitaire, when Rachel's reanimated corpse walks up behind him and drops a cold hand on his shoulder, while its voice rasps, "Darling."

Background
In 1979, King was a "writer-in-residence" at the University of Maine and the house his family was renting in Orrington, Maine, was adjacent to a major road where dogs and cats were often killed by oncoming trucks. After his daughter's cat was killed by a truck along that road, he explained the death of the pet to his daughter and buried the cat. Three days later, King imagined what would happen if a family suffered the same tragedy but the cat came back to life "fundamentally wrong". He then imagined what would happen if that family's young son were also killed by a passing truck. He decided to write a book based on these ideas, and that the book would be a re-telling of "The Monkey's Paw" (1902), a short story by W. W. Jacobs about parents whose son resurrects after they wish for that to happen. The first draft was completed in May 1979. In June 1983, King published a short story, "The Return of Timmy Baterman", in the program for the event "Satyricon II" (also known as "DeepSouthCon 21"); this was incorporated into Pet Sematary. King has gone on record stating that of all the novels he has written, Pet Sematary is the one which genuinely scared him the most.

Films
The first film adaptation was released in 1989. Directed by Mary Lambert, it starred Dale Midkiff as Louis, Fred Gwynne as Jud, Denise Crosby as Rachel, Brad Greenquist as Victor, Miko Hughes as Gage, and twins Blaze Berdahl and Beau Berdahl as Ellie. King wrote the screenplay and had a cameo as a minister. Male actor Andrew Hubatsek portrayed Zelda because the filmmakers felt that a grown man playing a disabled, deformed teenage girl would make the character more hideous and frightening. The film received mixed reviews, but it was a commercial success. A sequel, Pet Sematary Two, was released in 1992.

A second film adaptation of the novel was released on April 5, 2019. Directed by Dennis Widmyer and Kevin Kölsch, the film stars Jason Clarke as Louis Creed, Amy Seimetz as Rachel Creed, John Lithgow as Jud Crandall, Jeté Laurence as Ellie Creed, and twins Hugo Lavoie and Lucas Lavoie as Gage Creed. A prequel to the 2019 film was green-lit in February 2021 after producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura laid out plans for a prequel prior to the release of the 2019 film. Pet Sematary: Bloodlines was released on October 6, 2023, as a Paramount+ exclusive release. Taking place fifty years prior, the film follows a young Jud Crandall played by Jackson White.

On December 7, 2021, director Guillermo del Toro said that he would love to make his own version of Pet Sematary, saying, "You know the novel that I would have killed to adapt, and I know there's two versions of it, and I still think maybe in a deranged universe I get to do it again one day is Pet Sematary. Because it not only has the very best final couple of lines, but it scared me when I was a young man. As a father, I now understand it better than I ever would have, and it scares me a hundred times more." Del Toro also pointed out scenes from King's book that were left out of both film versions. "For me, the best scene in that book is when [Louis] opens Gage's coffin, and for a second he thinks the head is gone, because this black fungi from the grave has grown like a fuzz over the kid's face. [...] I think you cannot spare those details and think that you're honoring that book. One of the things I thought about Pet Sematary that we would do in post is when the dead return, when Gage returns, I'd spend an inordinate amount of money taking out the sheen from his eyes. So that the eyes are dull."

Radio
In 1997, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a dramatization of the story in six half-hour episodes, later re-edited into three hour-long episodes. It was adapted by Gregory Evans and starred John Sharian as Louis Creed, Briony Glassco as Rachel Creed and Lee Montague as Jud Crandall. The production was directed by Gordon House.

Music
The Ramones recorded a song of the same name as the theme for the 1989 film adaptation. It appeared on their album Brain Drain. It was later covered by the band Starcrawler for the 2019 film.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pet Sematary


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Newton Abbot

Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon, England. Its population was 24,029 in 2011, and was estimated at 26,655 in 2019. It grew rapidly in the Victorian era as the home of the South Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a major steam engine shed, retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives until 1981. It now houses the Brunel industrial estate. The town has a race course nearby, the most westerly in England, and a country park, Decoy. It is twinned with Besigheim in Germany and Ay in France.

Toponymy
Newton Abbot does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086. It is first documented in the late 12th century in Latin as Nova Villa: "new farm". In 1201 it was recorded as Nieweton' abbatis: "New settlement belonging to the abbot". The land was granted to Torre Abbey by William de Briwere in 1196.

Robert Bussell acquired the area in the Highweek parish and Teignbridge Hundred, which was then Newton Bushel. The twin towns worked together and their markets were eventually combined. Local noted antiquarian Cecil Torr states that the town continued to be known simply as Newton or Newton Bushel to the majority of people prior to the arrival of the railway, which named the station Newton Abbot in order to distinguish it from other towns called Newton on the railway network.

Even after the arrival of the railway, the mononym "Newton" remained in common use, with Richard Nicholls Worth noting in 1880 that "Newton is a modern development of the ancient towns of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushell, which the railway has made into an important centre".

Early history
Traces of Neolithic inhabitants have been found at Berry's Wood Hill Fort near Bradley Manor. This was a contour hill fort that enclosed about 11 acre. Milber Down camp was built before the 1st century BC and later occupied briefly by the Romans, whose coins have been found there.

Highweek Hill has the remains of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, known as Castle Dyke. A village grew up around the castle, first called Teignwick, and later Highweek, implying a village on the high ground. Another settlement developed on the low ground around the River Lemon and would become part of Wolborough Manor.

The markets
There has been a thriving market in Newton Abbot for over 750 years – the first market charter was granted in 1220.

The New Town of the Abbots (of Torre Abbey) was given the right some time between 1247 and 1251 to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays. By 1300 the two settlements were renamed as Newton Abbot (taking the low ground) and Newton Bushel (taking the high ground). On the strength of the market, it quickly became a thriving town and a good source of income for the Abbots.

Over the river, on the Highweek side, another weekly market was created. This one was on Tuesdays; and because the Bushel family were the landowners this community became known as Newton Bushel. Over the next 200 years Newton Bushel ran more annual fairs, a number of mills were set up, and the leather and wool trades started. Newton Bushel was also a convenient place for travellers to stay. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and ownership of Wolborough was granted to John Gaverock, who built himself a new house at Forde.

The twin markets of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel continued until they were merged in 1633 as a Wednesday weekly market under the control of Bradley Manor. By 1751 it had been joined by a smaller Saturday market and three annual fairs: a cattle fair on 24 June, a cheese and onion fair in September, and a cloth fair on 6 November. The markets continued to expand, and in 1826 a new market place was built. But over the next 50 years the buildings became dilapidated, and a new corn exchange (now the Alexandra Theatre) and market hall were completed in 1871.

Wool and leather
In medieval times Devon was an important sheep-rearing county. Many towns had their own wool and cloth industries and Newton Abbot had woollen mills, fullers, dyers, spinners, weavers and tailors. In particular, fellmongering (where wool is completely removed from the sheepskin) was well established in the town. In 1724 Daniel Defoe wrote that Newton Abbot had a thriving serge industry that sent goods to Holland via Exeter. The annual cloth fair was the town's busiest fair. Over the 19th century, Vicary's mills became an important employer in the town and by the 1920s was employing over 400 men. However, by 1972 business had declined and the works closed down.

Associated with the woollen industry was the leather business. Hides left after the fell-mongering process were made into leather. Tanners, boot and shoemakers, glovers and saddlers were all in business in Newton Abbot. As with the wool industry, business flourished over 600 years until after the Second World War.

The Newfoundland trade
In 1583 Humphrey Gilbert, a local adventurer landed at St. John's in Newfoundland and claimed the area as an English colony. The fisheries quickly developed. Between 1600 and 1850 there was a steady trade between Newton Abbot and the cod fisheries off Newfoundland. Every year men from the town would gather at the Dartmouth Inn or Newfoundland Inn in East Street in the hope of being hired for a season's work. In the autumn the dried cod was stored in depots and sometimes used as payment. There was a considerable economic spin-off from this trade. Fish hooks, knives, waterproof boots and rope were all made in the town. The Rope Walk in East Street just a few yards from the Cider Bar still exists, together with the names Newfoundland Way and St John's Street.

Ball clay and the Stover Canal
Just 2 mi north-west of Newton Abbot lie the large ball clay workings of the Bovey Basin. The main workings are on the eastern outcrop of the deposits at Kingsteignton, which can lay claim to being the centre of Britain's ball-clay industry. The Bovey Basin took millions of years to fill from rivers that flowed out of Dartmoor. The sediments included clay derived from the decomposed granite. The natural deposition has resulted in clay that is purer and more refined than many others. Clay is used in a wide range of products such as bricks, tyres, porcelain, medicines and toothpaste.

Kingsteignton clay was being used to make pipes around 1680. By 1700, it was being shipped from Teignmouth, and its utilisation by the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood bred success. The clay was extracted by simply digging out the lumps on courses; rather like peat cutting. The bulky clay was transported by packhorse to Hackney Quay at Kingsteignton, then loaded onto barges for shipment down the Teign Estuary, where it was transferred to small ships bound for Liverpool and other ports.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the ball-clay industry was steadily expanding. A local landowner, James Templer, built the Stover Canal in 1792 to help ship clay along the canal and the Teign Estuary from the Bovey Basin to the port of Teignmouth. Coal, manure and agricultural produce were also shipped along the canal. James Templer's father, also called James Templer, purchased the 80000 acre Stover Estate near Newton Abbot in 1765. Granite from Hay Tor was used to build Stover House which was completed by 1792. George Templer, son of James Templer (the second) and brother of Rev. John Templer, rector of Teigngrace, built the Haytor Granite Tramway, which had rails cut from granite, connecting the granite quarries of Haytor to the canal. This was completed by 1820 and enabled large quantities of granite to be transported for major works like the new London Bridge which opened in 1825. However, George Templer overspent his resources and was forced to sell Stover House, Stover Canal, the Haytor Granite Tramway and most of the rest of the family's considerable estates to Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, in 1829. The canal was extended to cope with this, and the industry fared well until 1858 when they were out-competed by the more economic Cornish coastal quarries. The Stover canal reverted to shipping ball clay, but had ceased to do so by 1939.

The ball-clay industry is now highly mechanised and successful. Most of the clay is transported by road and transferred to ships at the nearby port of Teignmouth.

The Stover Canal Society was formed after a public meeting in February 1999, with the aim of preserving and restoring the canal. Railtrack, which owned most of the canal, transferred ownership in 2005 for the sum of £1 to Teignbridge District Council for leisure use by the community. Work then continued to restore it as an amenity.

The railway

The South Devon railway reached Newton Abbot in 1846 and changed it from simply a market town with associated trades (leather and wool) into an industrial base. The South Devon Railway Company opened the station on 30 December 1846. A branch to Torquay was added on 18 December 1848, with one to Moretonhampstead on 26 June 1866, although the latter has since closed to passengers. Isambard Kingdom Brunel used the Teignmouth/Newton Abbot section to experiment with his atmospheric railway. The experiment failed, but the remains of Brunel's pumping house survive at Starcross and the old Dairy Crest milk processing factory in Totnes.

In 1876, the Great Western Railway bought up the railways and developed the repair and maintenance sheds into a substantial works that employed over 600 people to start with and by 1930 over 1,000 men. Extensive sidings were also built making a large marshalling yard. The present station was rebuilt to its current form in 1927 to designs by Chief GWR Architect P. E. Culverhouse. The large clock was a gift from the people of the town.

During the late 1980s, the number of passenger platforms was reduced from around nine down to five, and only three of these are still used for scheduled trains. The remaining platforms were shortened on the southern side and the number of tracks reduced to make way for a new station car park. The South Devon Railway Engineering works was decommissioned and replaced by Brunel Industrial Estate. Of the two buildings that survived into the 21st century, only one remains intact, as the old sheds burned down on 21 October 2018.

Many other industries were set up beside the railway station, including a timber yard, iron and brass foundries, and an engineering works. Newton Abbot power station was built adjacent to the line on the Moretonhampstead branch. The town's population increased from 1,623 in 1801 to 12,518 by 1901. Terraced streets were built to house the workers, and attractive villas sprang up around the town for the wealthier.

Modern history
Two Royal Navy personnel from Newton Abbot were among the first British casualties in World War I, being killed after their ship was torpedoed by a German U-boat. Over the course of the two world wars, more than 250 Newtonian men gave their lives for the British Empire. They are remembered on the town's war memorial. a further eleven Commonwealth soldiers are also buried in the town. The town was bombed from the air twice during World War II, killing a total of 21 people. There was a severe flood on 27 December 1979, the latest in a long series, when the River Lemon burst its banks after prolonged rain.

Tucked into a corner of the racecourse, Newton Abbot's stock-car track flourished for nearly 30 years and attracted fans and drivers from all over the South of England. A short 300-metre oval track, it featured races for the cars of the BriSCA organization, as well as saloons and "bangers".

A new community hospital to replace the one in East Street was built at the end of Jetty Marsh Road and opened on 12 January 2009.

The Flag of Newton Abbot was adopted in 2009 by the town council. It depicts a stylised image of St Leonard's Tower in the centre of a modified flag of Devon. Henry Cole, of Newton Abbot Town Council, stated that the "green represents the moors, black for the granite and white for the clay" of the surrounding area. The cross of St Petroc is also used to represent a major crossroads in the town which converged on the clock tower. The arm of the cross represent the routes to Exeter and London, Bovey Tracey and the moors, Totnes and Plymouth, and Torquay and Brixham.

In 2023, a survey by The Daily Telegraph named Newton Abbot as one of the ugliest towns in Britain.

Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Newton Abbot, at parish, district and county level: Newton Abbot Town Council, Teignbridge District Council and Devon County Council.

The town council, which was previously based at the old town hall in Devon Square, is now based at Newton's Place at 43 Wolborough Street, which had been built in 1835 as St Leonard's Church (replacing the nearby medieval church of the same name which was demolished shortly afterwards apart from its tower). The former church at 43 Wolborough Street was converted to a museum, community space and town council headquarters, with the first council meeting in the building being held in June 2021. The building was formally opened on 1 April 2023. Teignbridge District Council also has its offices in the town, at Forde House.

Newton Abbot was historically part of the parish of Wolborough. A local government district covering the parish was established in 1864, governed by the Wolborough Local Board. Such local boards were reconstituted as urban district councils in 1894. Ahead of that change, the outgoing local board requested a change of name from Wolborough to Newton Abbot, recognising that Newton Abbot was the main settlement in the district, and so the Wolborough Local Board was replaced by Newton Abbot Urban District Council. The urban district was enlarged in 1901 to take in the parish of Highweek (which included the town's suburb of Newton Bushel on the north bank of the River Lemon) and the Milber area east of the Aller Brook, which had previously been in the parish of Haccombe with Combe. From 1901 to 1974 the Newton Abbot Urban District covered the three civil parishes of Wolborough, Highweek and Milber. As urban parishes the three parishes did not have their own parish councils, but were administered directly by Newton Abbot Urban District Council.

Newton Abbot Urban District was abolished in 1974 with the area becoming part of the new district of Teignbridge. A successor parish called Newton Abbot was established covering the whole of the former urban district, with its council taking the name Newton Abbot Town Council.

Newton Abbot is the main town in the Newton Abbot parliamentary constituency. The constituency was created in 2010, when it was won by the Conservative Anne Marie Morris.

Newton Abbot has two seats on Devon County Council, for Newton Abbot North and Newton Abbot South.

Education
Coombeshead Academy is a comprehensive school in Coombeshead Road. It is a trust school and a specialist media and arts college for some 1,442 pupils aged 11 to 18.

Newton Abbot College, also a comprehensive school in Old Exeter Road. It came into being on 1 September 2008 as a renaming of Knowles Hill School. It is a specialist Technology College for around 1,200 pupils aged 11 to 18.

South Devon UTC is a university technical college in Kingsteignton Road, established on 1 September 2015 for pupils aged 14 to 19.

Stover School - Private School.

The local primary schools include St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary, Highweek Community Primary and Nursery school, Decoy Primary, which has been awarded the Becta ICT Mark, Eco and Healthy School awards, as well as Bearnes Primary, Canada Hill Primary, Wolborough C of E Primary, Bradley Barton Primary, Haytor View Primary and All Saints Marsh CofE Academy.

Areas
The Newton Abbot civil parish has grown to include the areas of Highweek (to the north-west) and Wolborough (to the south). Other areas and suburbs include Abbotsbury, Aller Park, Broadlands, Buckland, Knowles Hill, Milber, Mile End and Newtake.

Alexandra Theatre
The Alexandra Theatre was originally built in 1871 as a corn exchange at the end of the market building. Before it was finished, it was decided instead to use it as a meeting hall for the community. It remained as such until in 1883, when a major upgrade of the building included the addition of a stage with dressing rooms below, further dressing rooms in extensions at the side of the main building and an orchestra pit. Many other alterations followed until it was converted into a two-screen cinema in 1996.

St Leonard's Tower
The centre of the town features the ancient tower of St Leonard; it is all that remains of the medieval chapel of St Leonard, founded in 1220 and first referred to in 1350 in a document of the Bishop de Grandisson of Exeter. The main chapel was demolished in 1836 to ease traffic congestion. Adjacent to the tower is a plaque marking where the first declaration of the newly arrived William III, Prince of Orange was read in 1688: "The first declaration of William III, Prince of Orange, the glorious defender of the Protestant religion and the liberties of England, was read on this pedestal by the Rev. John Reynell, rector of this parish, 5th November, 1688." Although William arrived in Brixham on 5 November, he did not reach Newton Abbot until 6 November, when he stayed overnight at Forde House as he made his way to London to take the English throne.

The tower can regularly be seen flying the Union Flag or the Flag of Newton Abbot (The Flag of Devon defaced by the silhouette of the tower).

Forde House
Forde House (now known as Old Forde House) lies in the south-east corner of the town in the parish of Wolborough. The present house was built in 1610 by Richard Reynell (who later became Sir Richard Reynell) and his wife Lucy. It was built with an E-shaped floor plan thought to be in honour of Queen Elizabeth I, who had recently died. The grounds were originally extensive, including all of what is called Decoy (as wildfowl were decoyed there to extend the house's larder), a deer park known locally as Buckland, which is now home to a housing estate, and the trampoline park.

In 1625, King Charles I stayed at the house overnight on his way to inspect the fleet at Plymouth. He returned a few days later for a further two nights. Forde House gave shelter to Oliver Cromwell and Colonel Fairfax while on their way to besiege Royalist Dartmouth in 1646. In 1648 the estate passed to the Courtenay family through the marriage of Margaret (only daughter of Jane Reynell and Sir William Waller) to Sir William Courtenay, lord of nearby Powderham Castle. William of Orange stayed at the house in 1688 on the way to his coronation in London, having landed in Brixham. The house remained the main residence of a succession of Courtenays until 1762, when it was let to a string of occupiers.

The Courtenay family sold the house in 1936 to Stephen Simpson, who sold it two years later to Mrs M. Sellick. Teignbridge District Council bought the house in 1978 and remains the current owners. It has been refurbished for use as office and conference space, and for weddings and other social events.

Bradley Manor
At the opposite end of Newton Abbot is a National Trust property, Bradley Manor. This 15th-century (c. 1420) manor house in a secluded woodland setting has a notable great hall emblazoned with the royal coat of arms of Elizabeth I. Nearby is Bakers Park.

The Great Western Railway named a 7800 class steam locomotive after the manor, but the engine was never based in Newton Abbot (shed code: 83A) and was withdrawn from mainline service in the 1965. It was restored in the 1980s and passed through Newton Abbot on special runs called The Torbay Express and The Mayflower.

Passmore Edwards Public Library
John Passmore Edwards originally wanted a hospital built for the town in memory of his mother, who was born there, but as the town already had a hospital, he decided on a public library, which opened in 1904. The building, designed by the Cornish architect Silvanus Trevail, is among the most impressive in Newton Abbot. It originally housed a Science, Art and Technical School, which the council added. The elaborate Renaissance style includes yellow terracotta mouldings over windows and doorways. Passmore Edwards donated £2,500, and the County Council and public donations paid for the rest. Renovated in 2010–2012, it was renamed the Passmore Edwards Centre after its benefactor and to reflect its future as a multi-purpose facility. It works closely with Coombeshead Academy.

Almshouses
The several sets of almshouses in Newton Abbot include:
 * Gilberd's in Exeter Road were endowed in 1538 by John Gilberd of Compton Castle to house lepers. The five houses reputedly had sloping floors to help in washing out the houses. Eight modern apartments with a common room and visitors bedroom now occupy the site, administered by the Feoffees of Highweek.
 * In 1576, Robert Hayman set up several houses for the poor in East Street; these were rebuilt in 1840.
 * Reynell's almshouses, built in 1640 beside Torquay Road, housed four clergy widows ("the relicts of preaching ministers, left poor, without a house of their own"). They were rebuilt in 1845.
 * Mackrell's almshouses in Wolborough Street were built in 1874 by J. W. Rowell. Mackrell was a native of Newton Abbot who made his fortune as a chemist in Barnstaple. Mackrell also funded a home in the Forde Park area for the "fallen women of Newton Abbot", housing single mothers fallen on hard times.

The workhouse
The original Newton Abbot poorhouse was in East Street. The cellar of the Devon Arms was used as the oakum picking room, where paupers were given the unpleasant job of untwisting old rope to provide oakum, used to seal the seams of wooden boats. Newton Bushel had its own poorhouse, not far from present day Newton Abbot Leisure Centre, previously known as Dyron's.

The 1834 Poor Law Act required changes and incorporation that led, in 1839, to a new workhouse being built in East Street for paupers from surrounding areas. In time, the workhouse became more of a hospital for the sick, infirm and aged poor.

Tucker's Maltings
Close to the railway station is the former Tucker's Maltings, long the only traditional malthouse in the UK open to the public. The malt house produced malt for over 30 breweries and enough to brew 15000000 imppt of beer per annum. It closed in October 2018.

Cider bar
Said to be one of only two remaining cider houses in the United Kingdom, Ye Olde Cider Bar in East Street sells only cider, perry, country wines and soft drinks. Its interior and simple wooden furniture remain relatively unchanged, but some old bar customs, such as limiting women and holidaymakers to half-pint measures and covering the floor with sawdust, have ceased.

Newton Abbot Town & GWR Museum
After a 2019 relocation, the museum is now in the Newton's Place community centre in Newfoundland Way. It displays the history of Newton Abbot and of the Great Western Railway.

Newton Abbot War Memorial
In 1922, Newton Abbot Urban District Council instructed its borough surveyor, Coleridge Dingley White, to design a town memorial reflecting the town's importance and the contribution of its young men to the war effort The unveiling and dedication took place on Sunday 23 July 1922.

Railway

Newton Abbot railway station stands at the east end of Queen Street. It provides both local and long-distance train services between the South West, South Wales, London, the Midlands, the North East and Scotland.

The main line service to/from London Paddington is operated by Great Western Railway and runs at least hourly for much of the day. Half-hourly local trains run from Exmouth and Exeter to Paignton.

CrossCountry services operate through Birmingham to Manchester, the north-east of England (Leeds & Newcastle) and Scotland (Glasgow Central, Dundee & Aberdeen).

Bus services
The main bus operator is Stagecoach South West who run a network of regular services from Newton Abbot to places such as Exeter, Torquay, Paignton and Teignmouth. Local independent operator, Country Bus also run a significant number of services from the Town.

Roads
Newton Abbot has a connection to the A380 dual carriageway, which leads to the M5 motorway via the A38.

Other A roads connected to the town are:
 * A381 from Teignmouth to Salcombe, through Newton Abbot
 * A382 starting at Newton Abbot, and heading through Bovey Tracey to Whiddon Down
 * A383 from Newton Abbot through Bickington where it joins the A38 southbound

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Beacon Hill and the local relay transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Devon on 104.3 FM, Heart West on 96.4, Greatest Hits Radio Devon on 105.5 FM and Radio Exe on 107.3 FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Mid-Devon Advertiser which publishes on Thursdays.

Sport and leisure
Newton Abbot has two non-League football clubs: Buckland Athletic F.C., which plays at Homers Heath, and Newton Abbot Spurs A.F.C., which plays at the Recreation Ground. The headquarters of Devon County Football Association are in the town.

Newton Abbot's South Devon Cricket Club was established in 1851 and also plays at the Recreation Ground.

The town has a long-standing rugby union club, Newton Abbot RFC (established 1873), which plays home games at Rackerhayes in nearby Kingsteignton.

Two greyhound racing tracks existed; the Newton Abbot Greyhound Track lasted from 1974 to 2005 and a short-lived track was laid on the Recreation Ground, where Newton Abbot Spurs plays today. The racing was independent (unaffiliated to the sports governing body, the National Greyhound Racing Club) and so both were known as flapping tracks, a name given to independent tracks. Distances there were 250, 450 and 460 yards and racing lasted about five years.

Notable people
• John Angel, sculptor, born here in 1881. He designed the Exeter War Memorial and emigrated to America, where he did much ecclesiastical carving.

• Sir Samuel White Baker, explorer, big-game hunter, writer and abolitionist, bought the Sandford Orleigh estate in 1874 and died there in 1893.

• Norah Baring, movie actress, was born here in 1907.

• Don Bird, professional footballer, was born here in 1908.

• Len Coldwell, cricketer, was born here in 1933.

• Athelstan Hall Cornish-Bowden (1871–1942), land surveyor, was born and lived the early years of his life in Newton Abbot.

• William Knox D'Arcy, a founder of the petroleum industry in Persia, was born here in 1849.

• Anna Harriett Drury (1824–1912), novelist, poet and writer of boys' stories, lived here for 46 years and died here.

• Hiley Edwards, a cricketer who played for and captained Devon, was born here in 1951.

• Colonel Percy Fawcett, geographer, British Army officer, cartographer, archaeologist and explorer of South America, was educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College between the late 1870's and early 1880's.

• Frank Harry, first-class cricketer, was born here in 1876.

• Robert Hayman, poet, and governor of Newfoundland, was born in Wolborough, now part of Newton Abbot, in 1575.

• Oliver Heaviside, the physicist, lived here from 1897 to 1909.

• Jon Lee (actor), the singer and actor received his early education here.

• John Lethbridge invented a diving salvage machine in 1715.

• Frank Matcham, a theatrical architect, was born here in 1854.

• Edith Mayne, freestyle swimmer, was born here in 1905.

• Paul Mount, modernist sculptor, was born here in 1922.

• Rupert Neve, audio electronics engineer and entrepreneur, was born here in 1926

• John Baptist Lucius Noel, mountaineer and film-maker best known for his film of the 1924 Mount Everest expedition, was born here in 1890.

• Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, writer and literary critic, was educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College between the late 1870's and 1882.

• Robert Cyril Layton Perkins (1866–1955), entomologist, retired here in 1912.

• Sergio Pizzorno, guitarist and songwriter with band Kasabian, was born here in 1980.

• Anthea Redfern, television hostess, was born here in 1948.

• Bertram Fletcher Robinson, writer, editor and sportsman, was educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College between 1882 and 1890.

• General Sir Leslie Rundle, a British Army general, was born here in 1856.

• Lewis Tessier, merchant and political figure in Newfoundland, was born here in 1820.

• David St John Thomas (1929–2014), writer and publisher, ran publishing house David & Charles here from 1960s.

• Fred Thompson, writer and librettist was born in London in 1884, but raised here.

• Peter Truscott, Baron Truscott, peer, petroleum and mining consultant, and writer, was born here in 1959.

• David Vine, TV sports presenter, was born here in 1935.

• Samuel Walkey, author of a number of children’s books, lived in Keyberry Park from 1906 to 1921.

• Ollie Watkins, Aston Villa and England national football team footballer, lived here between 1995 and 2017.

• The Reverend George Townsend Warner, cricketer and headmaster of Newton Abbot Proprietary College between 1875 and 1895.

• John Wilcox, cricketer, was born here in 1940.

• Ivy Williams, the first woman to be called to the English bar, was born here in 1877.

Freedom of the Town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Newton Abbot.

Military Units

 * HMS Triumph, RN: 1 April 2023.

title: Newton Abbot


text:
Stevens County

Stevens County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 * Stevens County, Kansas
 * Stevens County, Minnesota
 * Stevens County, Washington

title: Stevens County


text:
Heaviside layer

Heaviside layer may refer to:
 * Kennelly–Heaviside layer, a layer in the Earth's atmosphere
 * A fictional afterlife in the musical Cats

title: Heaviside layer


text:
Steele County

Steele County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Steele County, Minnesota
 * Steele County, North Dakota

title: Steele County


text:
Brodmann area 21

Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex and is also known as middle temporal area 21. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus.

Function
BA 21 is a higher-order visual association cortex with medium myelin content. As a lateral temporal region, it is likely to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals.

Location
BA21 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of the cerebral cortex. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909).

Guenon
Brodmann area 21 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is cytoarchitecturally homologous to the middle temporal area 21 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): Compared to area 20 of Brodmann-1909, the total cortical thickness of area 21 is greater, the granular cells are less abundant, and the boundary with the subcortical white matter is less distinct; the molecular layer (I) is wider; the pyramidal cells of sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) are larger; the internal granular layer (IV) is less developed and contains fewer cells; ganglion cells of the internal pyramidal layer (V) are larger, rounder, and densely arrayed adjacent to layer IV; the boundary between layer V and the multiform layer (VI) is indistinct; and layer VI is wider and has no sublayers.

title: Brodmann area 21


text:
Roche, Vaud

Roche is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

History
Roche is first mentioned in 1177 as Rochi.

Geography
Roche has an area,, of 6.44 km2. Of this area, 3.28 km2 or 50.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.92 km2 or 29.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.1 km2 or 17.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.05 km2 or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.06 km2 or 0.9% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.7% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.0% of the area Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 45.8% is used for growing crops and 4.0% is pastures, while 1.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Aigle district, in the Rhone valley at the foot of Mont d'Arvel and along the banks of the Eau Froide gelegen. It consists of the village of Roche and the hamlets of Bez. Aigle, in der Rhoneebene am Fuss des Mont d'Arvel und am Ufer der Eau Froide gelegen.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Azure, a base chevrony irregular per pale Vert and Sable, a pine tree Vert and a Chamois proper.

Demographics
Roche has a population of. , 19.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5.9%. It has changed at a rate of 7.5% due to migration and at a rate of -0.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (835 or 93.4%), with German being second most common (18 or 2.0%) and Italian being third (13 or 1.5%).

Of the population in the municipality 288 or about 32.2% were born in Roche and lived there in 2000. There were 296 or 33.1% who were born in the same canton, while 149 or 16.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 122 or 13.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 11 live births to Swiss citizens and 4 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 9 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 4. There were 2 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 5 non-Swiss men and 11 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 20 and the non-Swiss population increased by 26 people. This represents a population growth rate of 5.1%.

The age distribution,, in Roche is; 100 children or 10.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 119 teenagers or 12.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 115 people or 12.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 121 people or 12.7% are between 30 and 39, 140 people or 14.7% are between 40 and 49, and 132 people or 13.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 117 people or 12.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 64 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79,there are 43 people or 4.5% who are 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.

, there were 309 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 469 married individuals, 70 widows or widowers and 46 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 369 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 115 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 376 households that answered this question, 30.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 117 married couples without children, 115 married couples with children There were 16 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 110 single family homes (or 55.3% of the total) out of a total of 199 inhabited buildings. There were 53 multi-family buildings (26.6%), along with 20 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.1%) and 16 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.0%). Of the single family homes 27 were built before 1919, while 4 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (24) were built before 1919 and the next most (7) were built between 1961 and 1970.

there were 428 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 142. There were 19 single room apartments and 78 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 359 apartments (83.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 43 apartments (10.0%) were seasonally occupied and 26 apartments (6.1%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 51.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.04%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 35.31% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (29.04%), the FDP (18.61%) and the Green Party (5.64%). In the federal election, a total of 203 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 35.0%.

Economy
, Roche had an unemployment rate of 4.4%. , there were 46 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 11 businesses involved in this sector. 247 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 16 businesses in this sector. 171 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 35 businesses in this sector. There were 462 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 416. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 38, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 237 of which 129 or (54.4%) were in manufacturing and 84 (35.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 141. In the tertiary sector; 82 or 58.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 23 or 16.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 9 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.4% were in the information industry, 8 or 5.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 3.5% were in education and 2 or 1.4% were in health care.

, there were 256 workers who commuted into the municipality and 327 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 4.3% of the workforce coming into Roche are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 11.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 285 or 31.9% were Roman Catholic, while 447 or 50.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.22% of the population), and there were 18 individuals (or about 2.01% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 (or about 1.01% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist. 70 (or about 7.83% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 60 individuals (or about 6.71% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Roche about 364 or (40.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 41 or (4.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 41 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.9% were Swiss men, 14.6% were Swiss women, 14.6% were non-Swiss men.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 156 students in the Roche (VD) school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 88 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 66 students in those schools. There were also 2 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 86 students in Roche who came from another municipality, while 65 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Roche VD, on the Simplon line. It has regular service to Grandson, Lausanne, and Aigle.

title: Roche, Vaud


text:
User:John Palkovic

I reside in the USA. I am a physicist and an educator. I have a PhD in physics and mathematics. Humans are heating the earth with CO$2$.

Science is a way of trying not to fool yourself. The first principle is that you must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to fool. Feynman, from a lecture given in 1964 in Italy.

Links for my own reference

 * markup
 * Interwiki linking
 * FAQ

de:Benutzer:Wissenschaftler9

title: User:John Palkovic


text:
Don Miguel Ruiz

Miguel Ángel Ruiz Macías (born August 27, 1952), better known as Don Miguel Ruiz, is a Mexican author of Toltec spiritual and neoshamanistic texts.

His work is best-received among members of the New Thought movement that focuses on ancient teachings as a means to achieve spiritual enlightenment. Ruiz is listed as one of the Watkins 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People in 2018. Some have associated Ruiz's work with Carlos Castaneda, author of The Teachings of Don Juan.

Biography
Don Miguel Ruiz was born in rural Mexico, the youngest of 13 children. He attended medical school, and became a surgeon.

The Four Agreements, published in 1997; was a New York Times bestseller for more than a decade. Other books have followed: The Mastery of Love, The Voice of Knowledge, The Circle of Fire, The Four Agreements Companion Book and The Fifth Agreement, a collaboration with his son Don José. His The Toltec Art of Life and Death was published in late 2015.

Works

 * The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom (A Toltec Wisdom Book), 1997, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-31-0
 * The Mastery of Love: A Practical Guide to the Art of Relationship (A Toltec Wisdom Book), 1999, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-42-6
 * ''The Four Agreements Companion Book: Using The Four Agreements to Master the Dream of Your Life (A Toltec Wisdom Book)", 2000, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-48-8
 * The Circle of Fire (Toltec Wisdom), 2001, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-52-5
 * Wisdom from the Four Agreements (Charming Petites), 2003, Peter Pauper Press, ISBN 0-88088-990-X
 * Wisdom from the Mastery of Love (Charming Petites), 2003, Peter Pauper Press, ISBN 0-88088-425-8
 * The Voice of Knowledge: A Practical Guide To Inner Peace, 2004, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-54-9
 * The Fifth Agreement: A Practical Guide to Self-Mastery, 2010, Amber-Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-1-878424-68-6
 * The Toltec Art of Life and Death: A Story of Discovery, 2015, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-00-814796-9
 * The Three Questions, 2018, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-239109-4

title: Don Miguel Ruiz


text:
Stark County

Stark County may refer to:

 * Stark County, Illinois
 * Stark County, North Dakota
 * Stark County, Ohio

title: Stark County


text:
Ifá

Ifá is a divination system originating among the Yoruba people of West Africa. It plays an important role in Yoruba religion and certain African diasporic religions deriving from it, such as Cuban Santería.

According to traditional belief, Ifá is associated with Orunmila, who is one of the orisha spirits central to Yoruba religion. Its oracular literary body is made up of 256 volumes (signs) that are divided into two categories, the first called Ojú Odù or main Odù that consists of 16 chapters. The second category is composed of 240 chapters called Amúlù Odù (omoluos), these are composed through the combination of the main Odù.

The system of divination used in Ifá is a code to access a literary corpus, the Odù Ifá. Orunmila is identified as the Grand Priest, as he revealed the foundational divinity and prophecy (the first 16 Odu) to the world. Babaláwos or Ìyánífás are usually called Ifa priests, but really, they are both priests and scholars; the equivalent of professors in classical university systems. They use either the divining chain known as Ọ̀pẹ̀lẹ̀, or the sacred palm (Elaeis guineensis) or kola nuts called Ikin, on the wooden divination tray called Ọpọ́n Ifá to mathematically calculate which Odu to use for what problem.

History
The 16-principle system has its earliest history in West Africa. Each Niger–Congo-speaking ethnic group that practices it has its own myths of origin; Yoruba religion suggests that it was founded by Orunmila in Ilé-Ifẹ̀ when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students, Akoda and Aseda. According to the book The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate (1921) by Nigerian historian Samuel Johnson and Obadiah Johnson, it was Arugba, the mother of Onibogi, the 8th Alaafin of Oyo, who introduced Oyo to Ifá in the late 1400s. She initiated the Alado of Ato and conferred on him the right to initiate others. The Alado, in turn, initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifá came to be in the Oyo empire.

Yoruba tradition
In Yorubaland, divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Orunmila. Eshu is the one said to lend ashe to the oracle during provision of direction and/or clarification of counsel. Eshu is also the one that holds the keys to one's ire (fortune or blessing) and thus acts as Oluwinni (one's Creditor): he can grant ire or remove it. Ifá divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of one's destiny.

Odù Ifá
There are sixteen major books in the Odu Ifá literary corpus. When combined, there are a total of 256 Odu (a collection of sixteen, each of which has sixteen alternatives ⇔ 162, or 44) that are believed to reference all situations, circumstances, actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable ese (or "poetic tutorials") relative to the 256 Odu coding. These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems. Ifá proverbs, stories, and poetry are not written down. Rather, they are passed down orally from one babalawo to another. Yoruba people consult Ifá for divine intervention and spiritual guidance.

The Messenger sign of Ifá
In addition to the sixteen fundamental signs, Ifá divination includes a major sign, which is the combination of Ọse and Otura, from right to left (Ọse-Tura).

That sign must be written each time a ritual is performed: Ọse-Tura is the messenger and the carrier of the sacrifice. It is closely associated with the god Èṣù in the system of Ifá. That Messenger sign was known in Arab and Latin medieval geomancy as the Morning Star, that is as the planet Venus. In other words, Ọse-Tura is a remainder of ancient astrology in Ifá divination.

Babalawos
In Cuba, traditionally only heterosexual men are allowed to become babalawos, although homosexual male babalawos now exist due to the more open policy for Santería initiates. Women are typically prohibited from taking on this role, a restriction explained through the story that the òrìṣà Orula was furious that Yemayá, his wife, had used his tabla divining board and subsequently decided to ban women from ever touching it again. In spite of this legend, by the early 21st century, a small number of women have since been initiated as babalawos. Female practitioners have also been reported in Mexico.

Initiation as a babalawo requires a payment to the initiator and is typically regarded as highly expensive.

The Church of Ifá (Nigeria, Benin)
According to William Bascom, "an indication of the importance of Ifá to the [Yoruba] religious system as a whole is the fact that the most striking religious syncretisms resulting from European contact are to be found in a church established in Lagos in 1934, the Ijọ Ọ̀rúnmila Adulawọ, which was founded on the premise that the teachings of Ifa constitute the Yoruba Bible." It was also set up in Porto-Novo (Benin) the same year.

According to Erwan Dianteill, the Church of Ifá is still active in 2024, in Nigeria and Benin, with around 2000 followers in Lagos, Porto-Novo and Cotonou.

Ifá in Cuba
At the time of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, there were an estimated 200 babalawos active on Cuba; by the 1990s, Cuban babalawos were claiming that they numbered tens of thousands on the island. Ifá is used in the Afro-Cuban religion of Santería; it is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion. The two are closely linked, sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe, although Ifá also has a separate existence from Santería. High priests of Ifá are known as babalawos and although their presence is not essential to Santería ceremonies, they often attend in their capacity as diviners. Many santeros are also babalawos, although it is not uncommon for babalawos to perceive themselves as being superior to most santeros. Other Cuban babalawos have been initiates of the Abakuá society.

The òrìṣà of Ifá, Orula or Ọ̀rúnmila, also has a prominent place within Santería. He is believed to oversee divination; once an individual is initiated as a babalawo they are given a pot containing various items, including palm nuts, which is believed to be the literal embodiment of Orula. Babalawos provide offerings to Orula, including animal sacrifices and gifts of money. In Cuba, Ifá typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question. The babalawo then interprets the message of the nuts depending on how they have fallen; there are 256 possible configurations in the Ifá system, which the babalawo is expected to have memorised. Individuals approach the babalawo seeking guidance, often on financial matters, at which the diviner will consult Orula through the established divinatory method. In turn, those visiting the babalawos pay them for their services.

Ifá in Brazil
Although surviving in Cuban Santería, Ifá did not remain part of a Brazilian religion that owed much to Yoruba traditions, Candomblé. In Candomblé, dilogun instead forms the primary method of divination employed by its initiates. One of the earliest practitioners of Ifá in Brazil was the French ethnographer Pierre Verger, who had become a babalawo in West Africa and who was also involved in Candomblé.

As a result of growing links between Brazil and Nigeria, in the 1970s various educational efforts to promote understandings of Yoruba culture were established in Brazilian cities. This included the Yoruba Culture Research and Study Centre, founded in 1977 by Fernandes Portugal, and which brought in Nigerian teachers to run a course teaching Ifá. The closing ceremony took place in January 1978, attended by 14 students who were granted the status of omo (son of) Ifá. One of these pupils, a Candomblé initiate named José Nilton Vianna Reis (Torodê de Ogun), later went on to become a babalawo nine years later, before setting out his own Ifá teaching course in 1984.

Ifá in the United States
In 1978, Ifá ceremonies took place in Miami, Florida, overseen by the Nigerian babalawo Ifayẹmi Elébùìbọn Awise of Osogbo. He was assisted in this by two Cuban babalawos, Luis Fernández-Pelón and José-Miguel Gómez, both of whom were Abakuá members.

International recognition
The Ifá divination system was added in 2005 by UNESCO to its list of the "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity".

Notable followers

 * Yoshiaki Koshikawa, Japanese professor of literature at Meiji University and first Japanese person to be initiated as a babalawo.
 * Susanne Wenger, Austrian artist
 * Patrisse Cullors, American co-founder of the Black Lives Matter movement
 * Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph (21 Savage), British-American rap artist.
 * Xolo Maridueña, American actor.
 * Iyanla Vanzant, American author, life and spiritual coach, Iyanifa and Priestess of Obatala.
 * Ifáyẹmi Ọ̀ṣúndàgbonù Elebuibon Nigerian writer, poet, author, linguist.
 * Wande Abimbola Nigerian academician, professor, researcher

title: Ifá


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Stanton County

Stanton County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Stanton County, Kansas
 * Stanton County, Nebraska

title: Stanton County


text: User talk:209.158.180.252

title: User talk:209.158.180.252


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Stanley County

Stanley County may refer to:

 * Stanley County, South Dakota, United States
 * County of Stanley (South Australia), Australia

title: Stanley County


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Villeneuve

Villeneuve, LaVilleneuve or deVilleneuve may refer to:

People

 * Villeneuve (surname)

Australia

 * Villeneuve, Queensland, a town in the Somerset Region

Canada

 * Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, a Formula One racetrack in Montréal
 * Villeneuve (electoral district), a former federal electoral district
 * Villeneuve, Alberta
 * Villeneuve Road

France

 * Villeneuve, Ain, in the Ain département
 * Villeneuve, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département
 * Villeneuve, Ariège, in the Ariège département
 * Villeneuve, Aveyron, in the Aveyron département
 * Villeneuve, Gironde, in the Gironde département
 * Villeneuve, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Puy-de-Dôme département
 * Villeneuve-au-Chemin, in the Aube département
 * Villeneuve-d'Allier, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Villeneuve-d'Amont, in the Doubs département
 * Villeneuve-d'Ascq, in the Nord département
 * Villeneuve-d'Aval, in the Jura département
 * Villeneuve-de-Berg, in the Ardeche département
 * Villeneuve-de-Duras, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 * Villeneuve-de-la-Raho, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 * Villeneuve-de-Marc, in the Isère département
 * Villeneuve-de-Marsan, in the Landes département
 * Villeneuve-d'Entraunes, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 * Villeneuve-de-Rivière, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * Villeneuve-d'Olmes, in the Ariège département
 * Villeneuve-du-Latou, in the Ariège département
 * Villeneuve-du-Paréage, in the Ariège département
 * Villeneuve-en-Montagne, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Villeneuve-Frouville, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Villeneuve-la-Comptal, in the Aude département
 * Villeneuve-la-Comtesse, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Villeneuve-la-Dondagre, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-la-Garenne, in the Hauts-de-Seine département
 * Villeneuve-la-Guyard, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-la-Lionne, in the Marne département
 * Villeneuve-l'Archevêque, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-la-Rivière, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 * Villeneuve-le-Comte, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-Lécussan, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * Villeneuve-le-Roi, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, in the Gard département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Béziers, in the Hérault département
 * Villeneuve-les-Bordes, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Bouloc, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * Villeneuve-les-Cerfs, in the Puy-de-Dôme département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Charnod, in the Jura département
 * Villeneuve-les-Corbières, in the Aude département
 * Villeneuve-les-Genêts, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Lavaur, in the Tarn département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, in the Hérault département
 * Villeneuve-lès-Montréal, in the Aude département
 * Villeneuve-les-Sablons, in the Oise département
 * Villeneuve-Loubet, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 * Villeneuve-Minervois, in the Aude département
 * Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny, in the Marne département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Denis, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, in the Aisne département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Nicolas, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Salves, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-Saint-Vistre-et-Villevotte, in the Marne département
 * Villeneuve-sous-Charigny, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-sous-Pymont, in the Jura (département)|Jura département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Allier, in the Allier département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Auvers, in the Essonne département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Bellot, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Cher, in the Cher département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Conie, in the Loiret département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Fère, in the Aisne département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Lot, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Verberie, in the Oise département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Vère, in the Tarn département
 * Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, in the Yonne département
 * Villeneuve-Tolosane, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * La Villeneuve, Creuse, in the Creuse département
 * La Villeneuve, Saône-et-Loire, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot, in the Aube département
 * La Villeneuve-au-Chêne, in the Aube département
 * La Villeneuve-Bellenoye-et-la-Maize, in the Haute-Saône département
 * La Villeneuve-en-Chevrie, in the Yvelines département
 * La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville, in the Marne département
 * La Villeneuve-les-Convers, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * La Villeneuve-sous-Thury, in the Oise département
 * Lavilleneuve in the Haute-Marne département
 * Lavilleneuve-aux-Fresnes in the Haute-Marne département
 * Lavilleneuve-au-Roi in the Haute-Marne département

Italy

 * Villeneuve, Aosta Valley

Switzerland

 * Villeneuve, Fribourg
 * Villeneuve, Vaud

Other uses

 * Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, a WWI airfield near Vertus, Marne, France

title: Villeneuve


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Newton Aycliffe

Newton Aycliffe is a town in County Durham, England. Founded in 1947 under the New Towns Act of 1946, the town is 5 miles to the north of Darlington and 10 miles to the south of Durham. It is the oldest new town in the north of England. Together with the bordering Aycliffe Village (to the south) and the north part of School Aycliffe (to the west), it forms the civil parish of Great Aycliffe. The population of the town at the time of the 2021 census was 26,415.

Anglo-Saxons
Prior to the Newtown development, Aycliffe (originally 'Acley') was the site of an Anglo-Saxon settlement. The name Acley came from the Old English words: 'Ac', meaning oak, and 'ley', meaning 'a clearing'. Aycliffe was the location of a church synods in AD 782 and AD 789. Another old name was 'Yacley'. The town's motto is Latin for "Not the Least, but the Greatest we seek".

Transport
On the edge of the town is the Bishop Auckland to Darlington railway branch line which is part of the 1825 Stockton and Darlington Railway. George Stephenson's steam locomotive Locomotion No 1 was placed on the rails close to Newton Aycliffe near to where Heighington station is.

The Great North Road (A1) passed through the town until 1969.

World War II
During World War II, Aycliffe was the site of ammunitions manufacturing. Huge grass-covered munitions factories were built and served by the nearby railway lines. The factories were largely staffed by thousands of women, dubbed the "Aycliffe Angels", who bravely took up the dangerous work.

Beveridge Report
The government asked William Beveridge to produce a report on what he wanted Britain to be like after the war. In 1942 he produced his report. Five giants, he said, oppressed mankind – Poverty, Disease, Homelessness, Ignorance and Unemployment. To end this once and for all, Beveridge proposed a state system of Social Security benefits, a National Health Service, council housing, free education and full employment. He called it the Welfare State. The Welfare State was introduced across Britain in 1948. Beveridge selected an area of moorland which lay between Aycliffe and Middridge to be developed into what would become his flagship “new-town”. Newton Aycliffe was intended to be the very embodiment of his vision for postwar Britain. Beveridge, committed as he was to his vision for the emerging social landscape of postwar Britain, also took up residence in the Pease Way area of his flagship new town.

Industry
The factories were eventually replaced by manufacturing buildings which overtime became the industrial district of the town. After the war, many companies moved onto the industrial estate, including Great Lakes Chemicals, which retained the munitions factories until 2004 when it was closed and demolished, along with numerous factories. There were also Eaton Axles, and B.I.P., who were to become two of the largest employers of the town until the early 1980s. One other company was Union Carbide. Eaton Axles closed down and shipped itself to Poland; B.I.P. is now Hydro Polymers; meanwhile, Union Carbide was taken over by STC (Standard Telephone and Cables) before being taken over by Sanyo for several years, but this has now closed. Businesses currently located in the town include Flymo, 3M, Ebac and Ineos (who have taken over Hydro Polymers) with many more small factory units. One of the largest factories in the district is Gestamp Tallent (Formerly Thyssenkrupp), which now holds 7 plants around the industrial estate. In 2015, Hitachi commenced production at their £82 million railway rolling stock factory at Newton Aycliffe, called Hitachi Newton Aycliffe. It employs 720 people.

Governance
Great Aycliffe was once part of a wider ancient parish of Aycliffe which included Brafferton, Newton-Ketton and Preston-le-Skerne.

From 1974 until 2009, Great Aycliffe was in the borough of Sedgefield, based in Spennymoor, and it was the largest town in the borough. Since April 2009, Newton Aycliffe has been governed by the Great Aycliffe Town Council and the County Durham Unitary Authority.

Geography
At the 2001 census, Great Aycliffe had a population of 26,385, although in 2007 Great Aycliffe Town Council reported this had risen to 29,000. It is the largest town within the Sedgefield constituency. Within a radius of 10 mi are several towns and villages including Darlington, Bishop Auckland, Shildon and Heighington. To the south of the town is the village of Aycliffe. Newton comes from 'New Town'.

Aycliffe Village is near to the A1(M) junction with the A167 (former A1).

Woodham
The original Woodham was a medieval village, although apart from a few low mound earthworks (on private land) there is no trace of this original village. It was located on the northern side of the Woodham Burn stream and to the East of the A167 that cuts through the site in a north–south direction. The village itself was said to have been 'burned by the Scots' during the English – Scottish wars of the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and appears not to have been rebuilt, although several buildings did appear in the 18th and 19th centuries, some of which still remain on both east and west sides of the A167. There appears to have been a small 18th-century stone quarry on the eastern side of this site with associated buildings, which can be seen on the original 1860 Ordnance Survey maps, however most of these buildings were demolished towards the end of the 19th century.

Afterwards the hamlet of Woodham remained relatively unchanged until the late 1970s – early 1980s, when some of its farms, such as Woodham North, Woodham South and the original Woodham Farm itself, were all demolished and their land used for new housing developments, as nearby Newton Aycliffe expanded and began to encroach on the original Woodham area.

Newton Aycliffe, in common with many of the post war "New Towns" consisted originally of mostly social / public housing, a large proportion of which is now privately owned. Woodham is the largest of a number of private housing developments that have taken place since the late 1970s, to the North of Woodham Burn; which at one time formed a natural northern boundary to the town of Newton Aycliffe.

From its start Newton Aycliffe kept expanding in size, until 1980 when the council stopped building council homes. Since then private houses and housing associations have been building the town's homes. In the early 1980s an area of private housing called Woodham Village was built on the site of what was once Woodham Farm, it was designed and developed around a community centre, church and a parade of shops overlooking a central green. The Huntsman Public house is also situated on the same central green, whilst the Woodham Golf and Country Club lies a short way to the north of the main development, on the road to Rushyford.

Woodham Way is the centre of Woodham containing a row of shops including dentists, takeaways and newsagents. Woodham lies close to the town centre and the local supermarket, both within walking distance. Recently the area has been expanded by more housing developments increasing the size of the village by a notable amount.

Economy
The town has a large industrial estate to the south of the town, split into three.
 * On the Heighington Lane Business Park, Lidl have a main distribution centre on Millennium Way, and with RF Micro Devices, are to the south of the estate. The RFMD plant was formerly a DRAM factory for Fujitsu until 1999, when bought by Filtronic, who then sold their semiconductor business to RFMD in 2007. The plant uses pHEMT technologies (High-electron-mobility transistor), using Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and Gallium nitride (GaN). The plant makes electronic wafers.
 * Aycliffe Industrial Estate
 * Aycliffe Industrial Park (nearest to the town)

The Ineos plant (former Hydro Polymers PVC plant) is near the railway.

Education
Schools in the area are
 * Aycliffe School – North East Centre for Autism – Website
 * Aycliffe Village Primary School – Website
 * Byerley Park Primary School – Website
 * Greenfield Academy – Website
 * Heighington Church of England Primary School
 * Horndale Infant School
 * St Francis Church of England Junior School
 * St Joseph's Roman Catholic Voluntary Aided Primary School
 * St Mary's Roman Catholic Voluntary Aided Primary School – Website
 * Stephenson Way Community Primary School – Website
 * Sugar Hill Primary School
 * Vane Road Primary School – Website
 * Woodham Burn Infant School
 * Woodham Burn Junior School – Website
 * Walworth School Blue bell Way
 * Woodham Academy – Website
 * Milton and Marlow Hall's were two adjacent secondary schools which originally served the town. They merged in 1971 to create the Avenue Comprehensive. The Avenue was closed in 1992. It was later demolished and the area stood as wasteland for around ten years. The site is now occupied by a Tesco Extra.

Colleges in the area are
 * Thornbeck College – North East Autism Society – Website
 * Bishop Auckland College – Home – Bishop Auckland College

Media
Local news and television signals are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from either the Bilsdale or Pontop Pike TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, Capital North East, Heart North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio North East, Sun FM, TFM and Aycliffe Radio, a community-based station which broadcasts from the town.

The town is served by the local newspapers The Northern Echo and Aycliffe Today, as well as the Newton News, which is the town's local community magazine.

Road
The A167, formerly the A1, is the main road to the town, it runs to Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne (30 miles) in the north and Darlington (8 miles) and Northallerton in the south.

The A1(M) is near to the town and runs to Edinburgh in the north and London to the south, it provides as an alternative route to Durham and Newcastle in the north. The A689 is also near the town and it runs to Bishop Auckland in the west and Hartlepool and Teesside in the east.

By bus, the town has bus services provided by Arriva North East to Bishop Auckland, Durham, Darlington, Spennymoor, Ferryhill, Peterlee and Sedgefield. Town services are provided by Hodgsons service 17.

Rail
The Newton Aycliffe railway station, which is on the Tees Valley Line, has train services provided by Northern to Bishop Auckland and Saltburn. There are connections to East Coast services to Edinburgh and London at Darlington, connections to Grand Central services to Northallerton, York and London at Eaglescliffe, and connections to Northern Rail services to Hartlepool, Sunderland and Newcastle at Thornaby.

Healthcare
There is one nearby Accident and Emergency department in the area – Darlington Memorial Hospital. The hospital is equipped for dealing with chest pain, shortness of breath, headaches, convulsions, diabetes and general ill health and will liaise with the regional psychiatric teams in the event of mental health cases or for referral to the West Park Mental Health Hospital. Mental Health teams operate from the Pioneering Care Centre also in the case of Child and Adolescent Mental to the new centre in Burn Lane. Darlington is well equipped for injuries such as broken bones, severe abdominal pain which may require surgery, eye conditions and maternity and baby cases. For cancer treatments a visit many miles away to the James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough is required. There are several care homes in the area such as Woodham Grange and Woodham Lodge, both of which are situated on Burn Lane.

Notable people

 * Ross Turnbull, former goalkeeper
 * Scott Mann, film director
 * George Courtney, football referee
 * Jason Steele, goalkeeper
 * Lewis Wing, footballer
 * Brian Atkinson, former professional footballer & manager
 * Danny Mellanby, former footballer
 * David Bryan, lead singer for Hotel FM
 * Mark Gatiss, actor, comedian, screenwriter and novelist
 * Paul Magrs Writer of Doctor Who
 * Vic Reeves, comedian, artist, actor and television presenter
 * Harold Shipman, serial killer, lived here 1976-1978
 * Howard Martin, general practitioner acquitted for murder
 * Kate Avery, long-distance runner
 * Darren Craddock, former footballer
 * Paul Howell, MP

title: Newton Aycliffe