text:
Lane Sisters

The Lane Sisters were a family of American singers and actresses. The sisters were Leota Lane (October 25, 1903 – July 25, 1963), Lola Lane (May 21, 1906 – June 22, 1981), Rosemary Lane (April 4, 1913 – November 25, 1974) and Priscilla Lane (June 12, 1915 – April 4, 1995).

Lola, Rosemary, and Priscilla co-starred with Gale Page in four films together: Four Daughters (1938), Daughters Courageous (1939), Four Wives (1939) and Four Mothers (1941). Leota did not find the same success as her sisters and left Hollywood for New York City before the sisters' breakthrough.

Early life
The four sisters, Leotabel (Leota), Dorothy (Lola), Rosemary and Priscilla, were from a family of five daughters born to Dr. Lorenzo A. Mullican and his wife, Cora Bell Hicks. (Their other daughter, Martha, did not enter show business.) The first three children had been born in Macy, Indiana, but the family moved in 1907 to Indianola, Iowa, a small college town south of Des Moines. Here Dr. Mullican had a dental practice. The Mullicans owned a large house with 22 rooms, some of which they rented out to students attending nearby Simpson College.

Before marrying, Cora Bell Hicks had been a reporter with a local newspaper in Macy, and had originally harbored acting ambitions herself, but was frustrated by the strict religious beliefs of her Methodist parents who frowned on any form of public entertainment. Cora Mullican encouraged her daughters to sing and play musical instruments. All the girls were fond of music, and at one time or another studied music in night classes at Simpson College in Indianola. Dorothy was already playing piano at age twelve for a silent screen movie house.

Career
Leota was the first to leave home to pursue a musical career in New York in the mid-1920s. In 1928, Dorothy (later Lola) followed Leota to New York. The girls shared an apartment and made the theatrical rounds. They eventually obtained parts in a Gus Edwards show, Greenwich Village Follies. It was Edwards who changed their names to Lane, and consequently Dorothy became Lola Lane. Martha, meanwhile, eloped with a college professor and moved to Des Moines. She had no interest in show business. She had a child, later divorced, and became a medical secretary.

Leota and Lola both made their Broadway debuts in the late twenties, Lola in 1928, as Sally Moss in The War Song, which opened on Broadway on August 24, 1928, at the Nederlander Theatre (then known as the National Theatre) and Leota in 1929 as Contrary Mary in Babes in Toyland, which opened on December 23, 1929 at Jolson's 59th Street Theatre. The War Song closed four months into its run and Lola went to Hollywood where she made her debut starring as Alice Woods alongside Paul Page in the drama Speakeasy (1929). She was soon teamed with Page again in the film The Girl from Havana (1929) as Joan Anders. Meanwhile Babes in Toyland closed after only thirty-two performances. Leota followed her sister to Hollywood where she made her screen appearance in a comedy short film Three Hollywood Girls (1931) directed by Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle, but soon returned to New York.

Rosemary and Priscilla travelled to Des Moines every weekend to study dancing with Rose Lorenz. The girls made their first professional appearance September 30, 1930, at Des Moines' Paramount Theater. Rosemary, then 17, and Priscilla, 15, performed on stage as part of the entertainment accompanying the release of Lola's Hollywood movie, Good News. Rosemary, a member of the National Honor Society, graduated from Indianola High in 1931 and attended Simpson College for a while, playing on the freshman basketball team.

After graduating from high school, Priscilla was permitted to travel to New York to visit Leota who was then appearing in a musical revue in Manhattan. Priscilla decided to enroll at the nearby Fagen School of Dramatics and Leota paid the fee. At this time talent agent Al Altman saw Priscilla performing in one of Fagen's school plays and invited her to screentest for MGM. She was 16 years old. Priscilla wrote to a friend in Indianola, "Leota accompanied me to a sort of theater in a New York skyscraper. Others were there being made up. One was a strange-looking girl with her hair slicked back in a sort of a bun. Her name is said to be Catherine [sic] Hepburn. Not very pretty, I thought, but Mr. Altman said she has something. Margaret Sullavan, the Broadway actress, was there too!" A follow-up letter said that her test had proven unsuitable. Neither Hepburn nor Sullavan were approved, and neither received a contract from MGM at the time.

In the meantime, Cora had left her husband and in 1932, accompanied by Rosemary, arrived in New York. Cora immediately went to work pushing her two young daughters into attending auditions for various prospective Broadway productions, without success. It was while the girls were trying out numbers at a music publishing office that Fred Waring, an orchestra leader, heard them harmonizing. He found them attractive and individually talented. In early 1933 with Cora's approval they were signed to a contract with Waring. Cora acted as chaperone to Rosemary and Priscilla who at this time adopted the name Lane.

Fred Waring not only toured with his band, known as "The Pennsylvanians", but had a weekly radio show. Priscilla quickly became known as the comedienne of the group. Rosemary sang the ballads while Priscilla performed the swing numbers and wisecracked with Waring and various guests. Dr. Mullican instituted divorce proceedings against his wife on the grounds of desertion, and the divorce was granted in 1933.

Rosemary and Priscilla remained with Fred Waring for almost five years. In 1937, Waring was engaged by Warner Bros. in Hollywood to appear with his entire band in Varsity Show, a musical starring Dick Powell. Both Rosemary and Priscilla were tested and awarded feature roles in the film. Rosemary shared the romantic passages with Powell, while Priscilla was a high-spirited college girl.

Although Lola had been in Hollywood since 1929, she had twice retired from the screen for marriage. Now she had made a comeback. She was second lead to Bette Davis in the melodrama, Marked Woman, and won critical acclaim. Lola played the part of Gaby, a tough clip joint "hostess". Warners awarded her a contract in 1937 and her looks suited the hard-edged roles she found at Warners.

Warner's purchased Priscilla and Rosemary's contract from Fred Waring and signed them to seven-year pacts. Priscilla's first film after Varsity Show was Men are Such Fools, in which she starred opposite Wayne Morris. This was followed by Love Honor and Behave, another light romantic comedy again with Morris and Cowboy From Brooklyn again teaming with Dick Powell. The publicity department at the studio suggested that Priscilla and Morris be seen together around town; they liked each other and did date for a period; however, Priscilla later said it was never serious on either side. Rosemary's first film after Varsity Show was the musical Hollywood Hotel, in which she co-starred with sister Lola and former co-star Dick Powell, before starring in Gold Diggers in Paris, opposite Rudy Vallee.

Priscilla was next assigned the lead in Brother Rat, which had been a very successful Broadway play. Again she played opposite Wayne Morris, and among the cast were such newcomers as Ronald Reagan, Jane Wyman, Jane Bryan, and Eddie Albert. The film, when released in October 1938, was a big success for all the young players. At this time of professional success, the sisters were informed that Dr. Mullican had died in Iowa.

Warner Bros. had purchased a story by Fannie Hurst titled Sister Act and planned to star Errol Flynn in the film, along with four actresses. Flynn, however, was withdrawn from the project to star in The Adventures of Robin Hood. The script for Sister Act was then rewritten to place the emphasis on the four girls. Bette Davis was to be the star, but she refused the role. Lola, always enterprising, approached Jack L. Warner with the suggestion she and her sisters star in the film. Warner agreed, and Leota was summoned from New York to test for the part of Emma, but proved unsuitable. The studio substituted Gale Page, a young contractee as the fourth daughter. The actress would be tagged for the rest of her career as the fourth Lane. When the film, now titled Four Daughters, was released on September 24, 1938, it proved to be a big hit and was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It was followed by two sequels, Four Wives in 1939 and Four Mothers in 1941, again starring the Lanes and Gale Page. Leota played Emma in the Lux Radio Theater version of the film heard on the evening of December 18, 1939. In New York, Leota had completed a BS degree in Music at the Juilliard School in May, 1939.

Priscilla's next assignment was Yes, My Darling Daughter, adapted from a successful play. The story concerned a girl, the daughter of a feminist and one time suffragette, who decides to spend a weekend alone with her fiancé, played by Jeffrey Lynn. The premise of the film in which an unmarried couple spent a weekend together unchaperoned was roundly criticized and was banned in some parts of the United States. The publicity, however, piqued public curiosity, and the film became a box office hit. Priscilla received praise for her vivacious performance, as did Lynn playing the boy friend. The supporting cast included Roland Young, Fay Bainter, May Robson, Genevieve Tobin, and Ian Hunter.

Upon completion of this film Warners sent Priscilla, Rosemary, Errol Flynn, and Ann Sheridan among others on a personal appearance tour in conjunction with the release of Flynn's first western Dodge City. Priscilla enjoyed the experience and the chance to travel through the country. Returning to Hollywood, another story was prepared to feature the four daughters, Daughters Courageous, which co-starred John Garfield who had also co-starred in both Four Daughters and Four Wives. Although the story was different, it also covered the lives and loves of four sisters, and proved to be another hit with the public.

Priscilla was again cast with John Garfield in Dust Be My Destiny, a melodrama of prison life. She played the sympathetic stepdaughter of a brutal prison foreman, played by Stanley Ridges. She falls in love with convict Garfield. The original ending of the film had the young lovers dying as fugitives from justice. Audience reaction at previews was so negative that the studio withdrew the film and reshot a happy ending. Variety wrote, "She is completely sincere throughout with several dramatic scenes rising far above the material provided." Rosemary Lane was also teamed with Garfield in Blackwell's Island (1939), however this was not a success.

Priscilla attained full starring status in her next film, The Roaring Twenties and was billed above the title along with James Cagney. A major box office hit, Priscilla was shown to advantage as a night club singer, who marries lawyer Jeffrey Lynn, but is lusted after by gangster Cagney. She sang "It Had to Be You", "Melancholy Baby", and "I’m Just Wild About Harry".

At this point, Priscilla was earning $750 a week, a fantastic salary for the Depression era, but puny compared to the salaries of other studio stars. She demanded an increase. She felt the plot of her next movie, Money and the Woman was sordid and refused to report for work. Her agent explained, "The role is not one she should be asked to do." She was replaced by Brenda Marshall.

Priscilla was next assigned the lead in My Love Came Back, a romantic story involving a female violinist. Again, Priscilla refused the part, so a furious Jack Warner suspended her. Olivia de Havilland, although equally reluctant to do the film, eventually agreed.

Later careers and eventual retirement
Lola continued her career into the 1940s with her tough girl persona in dramas such as Convicted Woman (1940), Gangs of Chicago (1940), Mystery Ship (1941), Miss V from Moscow (1942) and Lost Canyon (1942), although she desperately wanted to break away from her type-casting. She retired at the age of forty in 1946. Her last three films – Why Girls Leave Home (1945) as Irene Mitchell, Deadline at Dawn (1946) as Edna Bartelli, and They Made Me a Killer (1946) as Betty Ford – had her in supporting roles.

Rosemary earned good reviews for 1940's The Boys from Syracuse, based on Rodgers and Hart's Broadway hit of 1938. The next year she made an unusual move for a film actress of her era by becoming a Broadway star in the musical Best Foot Forward, as Gale Joy, which opened on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on October 1, 1941. It closed after 326 performances on the fourth of July 1942. However she lost the subsequent movie role to Lucille Ball. Good movie roles dwindled and Rosemary closed out her film career in 1945 with Sing Me a Song of Texas, as nightclub singer Laurie Lang, the niece of a wealthy Texas rancher. She began a career selling real estate from an office in Pacific Palisades.

After winning her raise, Priscilla returned to work, but the films assigned to her were no better than those she had turned down. Brother Rat and a Baby was an inferior sequel and Three Cheers for the Irish gave her little to do.

The British Picturegoer magazine, always a supporter of the Lane Sisters, stated that all was not right with Priscilla Lane. In its June 15, 1940 issue, they wondered why "Priscilla was still knocking at the door of major stardom". They felt Warner Bros. was casting her as stooge to such actors as John Garfield and James Cagney. They went on to say Priscilla had great charm and while not a really great dramatic actress, deserved much larger and more important roles than she was getting. The same magazine, two years later on August 22, 1942, referred to their 1940 article and once again expressed disappointment at Warners' treatment of the star. They were unaware that she had already left the studio.

On April 28, 1941, she was heard on Lux Radio Theater with George Brent and Gail Patrick in Wife, Husband and Friend. At Warner Bros. she appeared opposite Ronald Reagan in a light hearted comedy, Million Dollar Baby and as a night club singer in Blues in the Night.

Frank Capra requested her for the lead opposite Cary Grant in Arsenic and Old Lace. The hit comedy film was completed in early 1942, but was not released until 1944, held up by contractual agreement not to distribute the film until the play's long Broadway run was over. It was Priscilla's last Warner film. Her contract was terminated by mutual agreement after five years with the studio.

She freelanced next, signing a one-picture deal with Universal Studios where she starred with Robert Cummings in Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur (1942). The director did not want either Cummings or Priscilla in the film. In Priscilla's case, Hitchcock felt she was too much the girl next door. Universal insisted that they play the leads, and when the film was released, Priscilla's acting was praised while some criticism was focused on Hitchcock for reworking so much from his earlier films into this wartime spy drama.

Priscilla had commitments for two more films. The first was Silver Queens for producer Harry Sherman in which she was co-starred with George Brent and played the owner of a gambling house in 1870s San Francisco. The other film was a Jack Benny comedy, The Meanest Man in the World, released in January 1943. Priscilla then retired from films. For the duration of the war, she followed her husband across America as he moved from one military base to another. She was generous with her talents and often performed at camp shows.

Leota, while married to Pitts, enlisted in the Women's Army Corps, serving with the Air Corps, in March 1944. Her husband was an aircraft corporation executive in Los Angeles.

While living in Van Nuys, Priscilla was offered and accepted the leading role in Fun on a Weekend for producer–director Andrew Stone, co-starring Eddie Bracken. When the film was released in 1947, Variety opined, "Miss Lane, who's been absent from films for some time, gives a good enough performance which should ensure her work in more pictures." However, Priscilla returned to domestic life. Once again she and her husband moved, this time to Studio City.

In 1948, Priscilla accepted the offer of the lead role opposite Lawrence Tierney in a film noir, Bodyguard, starring as Doris Brewster. During an interview with a Hollywood correspondent, she stated, "I didn't realize how much I miss filming until I came back. I love this work, and I hope to make many, many more pictures." Bodyguard would be her last picture. An expected contract with RKO Studios did not come to pass.

In January 1951, Cora Mullican died at the San Fernando Valley home her daughters had bought for her years earlier. Priscilla returned to show business briefly in 1958 with her own show on a local television station broadcasting from Boston. Titled The Priscilla Lane Show, she chatted and interviewed celebrities visiting the area. She enjoyed the television experience, but family demands proved too much, and she gave up after a year.

Personal life

 * Leota was married three times. She married her first husband Mischel D. Picard in 1928 and her second husband Edward Joseph Pitts in 1941. Her third husband was Jerome Day, they were married until her death in 1963.
 * Lola was married five times. She was first married to actor Lew Ayres in September 1931. They subsequently divorced in January 1933. She married director Alexander Hall in 1934 and divorced in December 1936. Her next marriage was to Henry Clay Dunham in January 1941.  They divorced in October 1945.  She married Roland West in 1946. West was a producer, director, and screenwriter. He was a suspect in the 1935 death of his girlfriend, actress Thelma Todd. Although a suspect, he was never arrested. West and Lola remained married until his death on March 31, 1952, from heart disease. Lola married Robert Hanlon three years later in 1955; they remained married until her death 26 years later. Hanlon died in 1988.
 * Rosemary married George H. "Bud" Westmore a Hollywood makeup artist on December 28, 1941. The marriage lasted 13 years and produced a daughter. She sued Westmore for separate maintenance in November 1952, saying he walked out on her four months earlier. Frank Westmore, in his book The Westmores of Hollywood, said Lane and Westmore "had been very happy, or so everyone thought, including Rosemary." The couple went through a messy divorce in 1954.
 * Priscilla was married twice. She married assistant director and screenwriter Oren W. Haglund for one day on January 14, 1939, but left him the following day. She married Joseph Howard, an Army Air Corps lieutenant on May 22, 1942. The couple had four children together and remained married until Howard's death in 1976 at age 60.

Deaths

 * Leota died following open-heart surgery on July 25, 1963 in Glendale, California, aged 59.
 * Lola died of arterial disease on June 22, 1981 in Santa Barbara, California, aged 75.
 * Rosemary died on November 25, 1974, at the Motion Picture Country Hospital in Woodland Hills, California, aged 61, from a cerebral blood clot, stemming from diabetes and chronic pulmonary obstruction. Services were held in Santa Monica. For unknown reasons, Rosemary was buried in an unmarked grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale. A grave marker was finally placed on June 14, 2012, giving her true year of birth (1913; sources had consistently cited 1914).
 * Priscilla was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1994. She moved to Wingate Nursing Home in Andover, Massachusetts, to be near her son Joe and his family. She died on April 4, 1995, aged 79, from lung cancer and chronic heart failure. A Roman Catholic convert, her funeral Mass was celebrated at St. Matthew's, Windham, New Hampshire and burial at Arlington National Cemetery, beside her husband, Colonel Joseph A. Howard, USAF, who had served his country for nearly forty years and was buried there with full military honors.

Cultural references

 * In episode 9 of the "Topsy Turvy World" sequence of The Bullwinkle Show, Boris Badenov gives Natasha Fatale three guesses as to who lives at the North Pole. She uses all three guesses in one reply, "Santa Claus, Judge Crater, and the Lane Sisters."
 * Lois Lane, Superman's girlfriend was named after Lola Lane by comic book writer Jerry Siegel.
 * The address of host Lionel Twain (played by Truman Capote) in Neil Simon's Murder By Death is shown on the invitations in the beginning of the movie as "22 Lola Lane".

Leota Lane

 * Three Hollywood Girls (1931)
 * You're Next to Closing (1939)

title: Lane Sisters


text:
BedZED

Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) is an environmentally friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, England. It is in the London Borough of Sutton, 2 mi north-east of the town of Sutton itself. Designed to create zero carbon emissions, it was the first large scale community to do so.

Background
BedZED was designed by the architect Bill Dunster to be carbon neutral. The project was led by the Peabody Trust in partnership with Bill Dunster Architects, Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers, BioRegional, Arup and the cost consultants Gardiner and Theobald. The project was the first construction project where a local authority sold land at below market value to make sustainable development economically viable.

The 82 homes and 1405 m2 of work space was built within the period of 2000–2002. The project was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize in 2003.

Performance
Monitoring conducted in 2003 found that BedZED had achieved these reductions in comparison to UK averages:
 * Space-heating requirements were 88% less.
 * Hot-water consumption was 57% less.
 * The electrical power used, at 3 kilowatt hours per person per day, was 25% less than the UK average; 11% of this was produced by solar panels. The remainder normally would be produced by a combined-heat-and-power plant fuelled by wood chips, but the installation company's financial problems have delayed use of the plant.
 * Mains-water consumption has been reduced by 50%, or 67% compared to a power-shower household.
 * The residents' car mileage is 65% less.

Problems
A review of the BedZed development in 2010 drew mainly positive conclusions. Residents and neighbours were largely happy. However, a few significant failures were highlighted, for example:
 * The biomass wood chip boiler (biomass gasifier) was no longer in operation and the backup power source, a gas boiler, was used from 2005 - 2017. The downdraft wood chip gasifier CHP (combined heat and power) had reliability problems due to technical problems and the intermittent schedule of operation (no late-night operation) imposed by the local authority. However, BedZED switched from gas back to a biomass pellet boiler in 2017 which provides heat for the district heating network but not electricity, which is now sourced from the grid on a green tariff. The biomass pellets are now sourced from Spain, not from local wood waste.
 * The 'Living Machine' water recycling facility had been unable to clean the water sufficiently. The cost of the facility also made it unviable.
 * Passive heating from the sunspaces had been insufficient.
 * Because of its location, the development requires the constant use of cars by residents. This negates its fundamental raison d'être, other than as an interesting experiment.

The results show that the average ecological footprint of a BedZED resident is 4.67 global hectares (2.6 planets), which is 89% of the baseline. This would reduce to 4.32 global hectares (2.4 planets) if the energy was all zero carbon. However, a keen resident at BedZED (if the CHP was working) could achieve an ecological footprint of 3.0 global hectares (1.7 planets) which is 57% of the average. The target was 1 planet.

Awards

 * 2003 – RIBA journal sustainability award – the judges said "BedZED goes way beyond the standard environmental checklist by challenging both the way we live and work... Until now, pioneering communities have often been attained at the expense of architectural ambition but at BedZED the architects have been highly innovative."
 * 2003 – Ashden Awards – for projects building on the experience of BedZED

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BedZED


text:
Joseph-Mathias Tellier

Sir Joseph-Mathias Tellier (January 15, 1861 – October 18, 1952) was a Canadian politician and judge, born in Sainte-Mélanie, Canada East.

Biography
He was a Quebec Conservative Party leader, but never Premier (his party lost the 1912 election, and Lomer Gouin became Premier of Quebec). He was in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1892 to 1916, as a Member for the riding of Joliette.

After his studies at Université Laval, he was admitted to the Barreau du Quebec and he practiced law for over 15 years.

He was mayor of Joliette from 1903 to 1910, and, in 1916, he became a Quebec Superior Court judge. He was Chief Justice of Quebec from 1932 to 1942.

He was made a Knight of the Order of Pius IX in 1906. He was Knighted by King George V in 1934.

Sir Joseph-Mathias Tellier is the brother of Louis Tellier, the father of Maurice Tellier, the grandfather of Paul Tellier, and a first cousin of Raymond Tellier, who is the grandfather of Luc-Normand Tellier.

Elections as party leader
He lost the 1912 election against Sir Lomer Gouin.

title: Joseph-Mathias Tellier


text:
Talk:Boeing 737

Discuss for consensus
This article is getting a bit scrambled. IP editor User:91.74.81.218 has extended the development of the 737 into a third overlapping section. I have not deleted any of 91.74.81.218's data but I have moved it Originally we had: As 91.74.81.218 had it we had: Each of these tells, or repeats, a part of the story about development. I have since: Now, we are back to two parallel stories, Four Generations and Design. Ideally, developments in Design would be relocated into the Four Generations but that doesn't quite work, so maybe into Further developmenst, deleting anything already in Four Generations.
 * Further developments, which was very short and acted as only an index to the Generations for those unfamiliar, so we really had only two accounts
 * 1) Design, and
 * 2) Four Generations
 * 1) Upgrades, which was quite extensive and dealt with developments by component over time.
 * 2) Design, dealing with developments by component.
 * 3) Four generations dealing with developments over time.
 * Reinstated Further developments as an index. Most people new to the 737 will need this and it is introductory.
 * Merged the developments that were in Upgrades into Four Generations. This has created duplications but at least these can now easily be seen and edited out.
 * Temporarily moved The Four Generations up to the top to make it clear what the Further develloments were. I don't think this is necessarily the best place for it.

It would be useful if interested editors agree a structure here before making any futher, major changes. E x nihil (talk) 10:26, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The aircraft project has an established guide at WikiProject Aircraft/page content, why the 737 should be a special case I'm not sure. The 'generations' are simply variants with sub variants. They have correctly been split off to their own articles in accordance with WP:SUMMARYSTYLE but too much prose has been left behind, should be no more than a couple of paragraphs. At 121 kb the article size indicates that it needs splitting again, if the variant summaries were reduced it would probably be under 100 kb. The table of contents is far too long, the header levels need adjusting or remove the headers. I count 43 images, some of these could go with the removed prose.

 * This article is attempting to be a complete guide to the 737 where it should be a summary overview with links to the relevant articles, noting that it contains info on the first variants (no reason why that can't be split off either). I'm sure others will chip in, I have no particular interest in this article, I think it is on my watch list because it was being frequently hit by vandalism. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  13:31, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree that details of the original generation could logically be split off into a separate article. However, this would be at odds with many other airliner articles, where the first generation is covered in the main article, so maybe wider discussion would be worthwhile before making that change. Rosbif73 (talk) 14:33, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I believe the flow will be better covering the generation changes in one main section (usually Development per WP:Air/PC guide). -Fnlayson (talk) 13:42, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Change the image
change the lead image to boeing 737 Iraqi airways And add the Iraqi airways to the premium users Taha16joker (talk) 15:05, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Please post the image here that you want to use for consideration. Note that the purpose of the image in the Infobox is to clearly show the aircraft, preferably in flight and often the most common variant. This is not to show off a certain operator, special livery, etc. -Fnlayson (talk) 15:56, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

 * The suggested image of YI-ASF File:Iraqi Airways Boeing 737-81Z at Munich Airport.jpg that User:Taha16joker was trying to add to the article is not suitable as User:Fnlayson has explained, it is a landing shot with a cluttered background and airborne shots will aways be prefered, the airline is not relevant to picture choice. MilborneOne (talk) 19:01, 21 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with MilborneOne.--Iovecodeabc (talk) 22:29, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Minus signs again
, : First thing I noticed on reading this article was all the incorrect minus signs. I assumed these were just typos and was getting ready to fix them when I found an old talk page discussion that indicates this was done intentionally to confound a misbehaving bot. This seems very wrong to me. These should be changed to hyphens. Then if someone (or some thing) changes them to dashes, that person, or the person who controls the thing, should be reverted and told not to do it again. GA-RT-22 (talk) 02:06, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

 * If you read carefully, the last archived discussion was mainly about bots incorrectly putting ndashes in the model and variant designations, e.g. 737-100. These are NOT number ranges. So ndashes are not appropriate per MOS. Simple dashes or hyphens are more fitting for these. -Fnlayson (talk) 23:17, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:29, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Boeing 737-100 (N73700) on its maiden flight.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:52, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Boeing 737-100 (N73700) on its maiden flight.jpg

Question for wheel wells
I've heard a theory posts that Boeing 737's main landing gears does not have door is because this type lowered cabin floor so the cabin could have more space to save more luggage into cabin. Is it right? --Great Brightstar (talk) 13:05, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * As I recall, the gear wheel forms part of the door due to limited space. I think this is due to using original layout and design for larger variants with larger wheels and/or gear hardware. I'll try looking for a source for this... -Fnlayson (talk) 14:51, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Lighter, less parts thus less cost and less maintenance. No wheel well doors is common for medium range aircraft, eg Airbus A220 (see ref [132] there), Embraer E-Jet, ATR42/72, Pilatus PC-24..., until the small aero gain overturn the weight and complexity.--Marc Lacoste (talk) 14:59, 29 March 2022 (UTC) Wikipedia talk pages are not the best place for these kind of discussions, see WP:NOTFORUM.
 * Users asking questions like these can mean that the information is not covered in the article or the coverage is poor or vague. Regards -Fnlayson (talk) 18:03, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Sorry, can you please move this topic to other place such as WP:RD? Thanks. -- Great Brightstar (talk) 13:09, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Delivery table discrepancy with Boeing database (O&D)
There is a discrepancy between delivery table in the article with the Boeing database (O&D):

Delivery Year :     |Total|2022|2021|2020|2019|...|1967|

Deliveries (WP) :   |11,264|387|263|43|127|...|4|

Deliveries (O&D):   |11,112|386|261|41|126|...|4|

Should it be synced/fixed? Ich-Du-De (talk) 05:20, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it was my mistake I forgot to check the 737BBJ, so case closed! Ich-Du-De (talk) 05:48, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Most important fact about 737 -- numbers -- not WP:Puffery
Please note that I have (mostly) reverted your reversion of my insertion of the phrase "world's most popular jetliner", because -- CONSISTENT with WP:PUFFERY section "Anti-"reliable sources"-ism", I've included it as THE single most important fact about the 737. To accommodate your sensitivity to the language, I've replaced "most popular" with the less vague, more purely-factual, "most-numerous". While some who are fans of rival Airbus may take issue with this (and Airbus has recently outsold the 737), it remains the incontrovertible fact (well documented in my insertion, with another source added) that there have been more 737s built than any other jetliner. THAT, alone, is THE primary reason for the plane's WP:notability. Please do not revert, but read my edit notes (in View History), and then discuss here, for all to see.
 * ~ Zxtxtxz (talk) 14:19, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The 737 is notable anyway, as is the A320 - and they will both remain notable regardless of which one has the most sales or deliveries. Rosbif73 (talk) 14:30, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

737-300 is supposed to have more range than the -200?
The article for the 737-300 cites that Boeing wanted to give the -300 more range than the -200Adv. But this article cites the -200 having MORE range than the -300 despite this? Can someone clear this up? Looking at the cited graph confuses me, as the graph seems to show the max range you can have with highest payload possible is around 1750 nmi. CorpSimmons (talk) 16:31, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

 * WP:NOTFORUM: we're not here to discuss technicalities (albeit I assume many editors are knowledgeable enough) but to discuss the encyclopedic content of the article. Maybe try airliners.net or comparable forums.--Marc Lacoste (talk) 20:00, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Infobox aircraft replacing Aircraft begin and type
@Fnlayson per the top of the Infobox aircraft begin and Infobox aircraft type, they’re both being merged with Infobox aircraft. Professional Adriazeri (talk) 20:13, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Where is the consensus for such a change? -Fnlayson (talk) 20:56, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Here: Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion Professional Adriazeri (talk) 21:04, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boeing 737


text:
Liangzhu culture

The Liangzhu culture or civilization (3300–2300 BC) was the last Chinese Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta. The culture was highly stratified, as jade, silk, ivory and lacquer artifacts were found exclusively in elite burials, while pottery was more commonly found in the burial plots of poorer individuals. This division of class indicates that the Liangzhu period was an early state, symbolized by the clear distinction drawn between social classes in funeral structures. A pan-regional urban center had emerged at the Liangzhu site in northwestern Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and elite groups from this site presided over the local centers. The Liangzhu culture was extremely influential and its sphere of influence reached as far north as Shanxi and as far south as Guangdong. The primary Liangzhu site was perhaps among the oldest Neolithic sites in East Asia that would be considered a state society. The type site at Liangzhu was discovered in Yuhang County, Zhejiang and initially excavated by Shi Xingeng in 1936.

On 6 July 2019, Liangzhu was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Disappearance
The Liangzhu culture flourished around 2500 BC, but disappeared from the Taihu Lake area after around 2300 BC. Almost no traces of the culture were found from the following years in this area.

Recent research has shown that rising waters interrupted the development of human settlements several times in this area. This led researchers to conclude the demise of the Liangzhu culture was brought about by extreme environmental changes such as floods, as the cultural layers are usually interrupted by muddy or marshy and sandy–gravelly layers with buried paleo trees. An alternative scenario proposes that extremely heavy monsoon rains during this period resulted in massive flooding which destroyed dams and the culture's settlements. This theory was backed by a study in 2021, suggesting that a decades-long period of high precipitation (between 4345 ± 32 years and 4324 ± 30 years B.P.), probably caused by increased frequency of El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions, coincided with the disappearance of the culture. The researchers stated that "massive rainfall in the entire middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley might have induced fluvial flooding and/or overbank marine flooding transported by the Yangtze River plume and thus impeded human habitation and rice farming. Massive flooding and inundation due to poor drainage in the low-lying land may have forced the Liangzhu people to abandon their capital city and dwellings in the Taihu Plain, ultimately leading to the collapse of the entire Liangzhu civilization." This may have all occurred during, or in the century leading up to the global drought that is credited with bringing down most of the first generation of human civilizations, including those in the Indus valley, Old Kingdom Egypt, and the Akkadian Empire in Sumeria.

City-building and agriculture
The culture possessed advanced agriculture, including irrigation, paddy rice cultivation and aquaculture. Houses were often constructed on stilts, on rivers or shorelines.

A new discovery of ancient city wall base relics was announced by the Zhejiang provincial government on November 29, 2007. It was concluded that the site was the center of the Liangzhu culture. A new Liangzhu Culture Museum was completed in 2008 and opened late in the year.

The Liangzhu Ancient City is located in a wetland environment on the plain of river networks between Daxiong Mountain and Dazhe Mountain of the Tianmu Mountain Range. This ancient city is said to be the largest city during this time period. Its interior area is 290 hectares, surrounded by clay walls which had six city gates. Two gates were located in the north, east and south walls. At its center was a palace site that spanned 30 hectares and there was also evidence of an artificial flood protection design implemented within the city. Both of these constructions are said to be indicators of the social complexity developing in Liangzhu at the time. A granary may have been in place containing up to 15,000 kg of rice grain.

There are numerous waterway entrances both inside and outside of the city, linking it to the river networks. Inside the city were artificial earth mounds and natural hills. Outside of the walled area, remains are found for 700 hectares, the residences are said to be built in an urban planning system. 8 kilometers to the north various dam-like sites were found and are speculated to be an ancient flood protection system. Also discovered inside and outside the city are a large number of utensils for production, living, military and ritual purposes represented by numerous delicate Liangzhu jade wares of cultural profoundness; the remains including city walls, foundations of large structures, tombs, altars, residences, docks and workshops. The Liangzhu city-site is said to have been settled and developed with a specific purpose in mind since this area has very few remains that can be traced back to earlier periods.

A typical Liangzhu community, of which there are over 300 found so far, chose to live near rivers. There have been boats and oars recovered which indicate proficiency with boats and watercraft. A Liangzhu site has provided the remains of a wooden pier and an embankment thought to have been used for protection against floods. Houses were raised on wood also to help against flooding, although houses on higher ground included semi-subterranean houses with thatched roofs. Well technology at the Miaoqian site during this period was similar to that of the earlier Hemudu period. The Liangzhu culture is said to have been more socially developed and complex than northern contemporaries in the Han Valley.

Artifacts and technology
The inhabitants of Liangzhu sites used artifact designs of "bent knee" shaped adze handles, stone untangled adzes, art styles emphasizing the use of spirals and circles, cord-marking of pottery, pottery pedestals with cut-out decorations, baked clay spindle whorls, slate reaping knives and spear points. Pottery was often decorated with a red slip. These artifacts are also common in later neolithic Southeast Asia and the technological and economic toolkits of these societies possibly developed in the neolithic Yangtze River area. Some of the Liangzhu pottery is reminiscent of the Shandong Longshan black "eggshell" style, however most differed and were a soft-fired gray with a black or red slip. There has also been evidence of tremolite particles being used as an ingredient for crafting some of the black "eggshell" pottery. It was determined that the black color of the pottery resulted from similar advancements in carburization and firing processes. Similarities between Liangchengzhen, the largest Dawenkou site, pottery making process and that of the Liangzhu were noted, which led researchers to believe there was communication between the two cultures. The Guangfulin site showed influence from more northern cultures but also had pottery practices very similar to that of the typical Liangzhu sites.

Researchers have found that some of the axes at Liangzhu sites were crafted using diamond tools. The inhabitants of Liangzhu, using these tools, worked corundum into ceremonial axes. The axes were said to "have been polished to a mirrorlike luster". The techniques they used generated results that are said to be difficult to replicate even with modern technology. This is the earliest known use of diamond tools worldwide, thousands of years earlier than the gem is known to have been used elsewhere. The researchers also note that this is the only prehistoric culture known to work sapphire.

Jade work

The jade from this culture is characterized by finely worked large ritual jades, commonly incised with the taotie motif. The most exemplary artifacts from the culture were its cong (cylinders). The largest cong discovered weighed 3.5 kg. Bi (discs) and Yue axes (ceremonial axes) were also found. Jade pendants were also found, designed with engraved representations of small birds, turtles and fish. Many Liangzhu jade artefacts had a white milky bone-like aspect due to its tremolite rock origin and influence of water-based fluids at the burial sites, although jade made from actinolite and serpentine were also commonly found. Most of Liangzhu's contemporaries have some jades, but 90 per cent of all the cong and bi jades recovered, and by far the best in quality, are from Liangzhu sites. Jade artifacts unearthed from Liangzhu sites are said to have been influential on the development of other neolithic cultures in China: "The impactful legacy of Liangzhu Culture is seen in Longshan in Shandong, Taosi in Shanxi, Qijia in Ganqing and many other sites in northern Shaanxi, where cong tubes, bi disks and other jade objects reminiscent of Liangzhu Culture have been unearthed." Liangzhu jade work is also said to have had a lasting influence on ritual objects in later periods of Chinese culture.

The Liangzhu "ancient city" or Liangzhu site-complex controlled the best jade products, but less important centers also produced elite crafts, which lead researchers to believe the Liangzhu culture was not a simple pyramid structure society in terms of status levels. Many minor centers had access to their own jade (nephrite). However, the Liangzhu elites at the ancient city communicated and exchanged goods with elites from other parts of the Liangzhu world (and also in other regions of Longshan-era China) and set the criteria of what jade should look like. The Liangzhu did not seem to be importers of jade, even though they did export it extensively.

Religion
A neolithic altar from the Liangzhu culture, excavated at Yaoshan in Zhejiang was elaborate, made of carefully positioned piles of stones and rock walls: this implies that religion was of considerable importance. The altar has three levels, the highest being a platform of rammed earth. Three additional platforms were paved with cobblestones. There are the remains of a stone wall. On the altar are twelve graves in two rows. Some scholars claim that ritual sacrifice of slaves was part of the Liangzhu tradition.

Genetic studies
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1-M119 (Y-DNA) at Liangzhu culture sites of Maqiao and Xindili, linking them to the Austronesian and Kra–Dai peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the mouth of the Yangtze. Haplogroup O1-M119 was absent in other Liangzhu culture sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia, one coastal and the other inland, with little genetic flow between them.

title: Liangzhu culture


text:
Talk:Subhash Kak

Let's look at Meera Nanda
A single purpose account has made a long list of complaints in April but not returned to defend them. One mentions "Leftist activist Meera Nanda. But they are not historians of science." Her article calls her just that, a "historian of science" " with a PhD in biotechnology from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and a PhD in science studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute." A critique by Michael Danino in what appears to be a Hindutva source isn't going to be

a reliable source. If anyone disagrees, go to WP:RSN. Doug Weller talk 11:31, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

So Michael Danino isnt "reliable" because he is "Hindutva" but Meera Nanda is "reliable" as she is Leftist. Mr IndianCotton (talk) 06:52, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See the other two comments I left for you on this page. Satisfy our policies on WP:RELIABLE, WP:VERIFY and WP:FRINGE. Full stop.  He  iro  07:38, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Please Answer
From User talk:Joshua Jonathan:

you added diff the following text to the lead (in bold):

I removed diff this addition from you for the following reasons:
 * You dumped a piece of text in the lead; the WP:LEAD summarizes the article, which your addition clearly didn't do;
 * "has shed new light and doubt on the whole Aryan Invasion Theory" is incorrect; Narasimhan's research has strengthened the Indo-Aryan migration theory. You obviously didn't read the Smithsonian article:

Clearly, your intention in not to build an encyclopedia, but to build an argument. Wrong place; I removed it diff. See also Talk:Indo-Aryan migration/Archive 10. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  12:47, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "Aryan Invasion Theory" is an outdated term, used by polemicists.

Statement in lede
The statement Some scholars have rejected his theories on these topics in entirety, and have heavily criticized his writings. is not ledeworthy, but this has been contested by an editor. I believe it should be removed. Is there a good reason to retain it? 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * 3 reasons. The content is reliably sourced. Scholarly criticism are lead worthy. Wikipedia is WP:NOTCENSORED Walrus Ji (talk) 13:18, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Ok, thank you. I initially found it strange why content was repeated. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:21, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * One more issue has flared up. Only two sources have been cited for the statement, Scholars have rejected his theories on these topics in entirety, and his writings have been heavily criticized. so we cannot say that it is scholars in general. He has received praise, attested to in the article. The statement should read Some scholars have rejected his theories on these topics in entirety, and have heavily criticized his writings.. Could you clarify your revert? 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:27, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:LEAD is the summary of the article body. I can see that the criticism related content in the body is large and has more than 2 sources, contrary to your claims. Walrus Ji (talk) 13:30, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Other than these, I do not see citations for this. On the other hand, he has been praised by Bryant, Klostermaier etc. (attested in the article with sources) and so, he is not unanimously or near-unanimously criticized on his theories. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:36, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * On account of this, I think the tendentious wording should be changed. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:37, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I hope this clarifies your worries. Thank you for taking the time to discuss; shall I wait a little more in case you still have any issues to raise? 183.83.146.183 (talk) 13:45, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Please wait for other page contributors to see your thread and reply. Walrus Ji (talk) 13:46, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * You were the only editor to voice criticism, and the only editor who reverted. If there is no reason to revert, then WP:RULES say that I can restore the content. Is this not correct? 183.83.146.183 (talk) 14:04, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I have not vacated my objections. Walrus Ji (talk) 14:06, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * But what are your objections? You have not given other citations, while the body contains well-sourced praise of Kak's works in addition to criticism. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 14:32, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Repetition in Argumentation should not be used. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 14:38, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Klaus Klostermaier has been heavily criticized by other scholars on his coverage of the Vedic period. Bryant has also been criticized by other scholars for giving the Indigenous Aryans idea a slimmer of legitimacy, despite it having a non-scholarly agenda. The consensus of scholars is that Kak is a Hinduitva revisionist, and is part of an un-scholarly agenda to further a Hindu nationalist agenda. Chariotrider555 (talk) 15:06, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * All scholars are subject to some or the other criticism. Please provide proof that there is unanimous agreement or consensus among scholars that Kak is "part of an agenda". Saying that "this person who agrees with Kak was criticized" is WP:CHERRYPICKING - near

 * Criticism of Klostermaier's views on the Vedic period: Criticism of Bryant giving legitimacy to Indigenous Aryans:  See the entire current article for the long list of scholars who have criticized Kak. Chariotrider555 (talk) 15:25, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Similarly, many scholars have criticized them. The only critics of Kak in the article are Romila Thapar, Koertge, Nanda, Fagan and Witzel, as opposed to Klostermaier, Bryant, Wolpert etc. who praise him. Just as they criticize Klostermaier and Bryant, they are also subject to criticism. Also, note that I am not denying critism of Kak - I am only saying that it is in no way unanimous among the scholarly community. As a compromise, I propose the following wording:

 * A number of scholars have rejected his theories on these topics in entirety, and have heavily criticized his writings.

 * This is still slightly negative, but as a compromise, I put this forward. The current wording is untenable, as it implies that all scholars disagree with him, which is factually incorrect. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 15:38, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

Looks like all the positive comments that could possibly be found are lumped together, giving a flattered and WP:UNDUE positive impression. Klostermaier's comment is no more than a quote, from "In search of the cradle of civilisation" itself; what's the original source? On the other hand, the criticisms are from reputed scholars; the qualifier "a number of scholars" is misleading, as if it's just a matter of 'opinions'. The opinions in question represent the scholarly status quo; Kak's archaeoastronomy, and the idea of Indigenous Aryans, belongs to the realm of fringe-theories, if not worse. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  16:11, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * It would be WP:UNDUE if the statement read criticism and praise or something to that effect. But that is not being suggested by anyone; the issue at hand is that the wording seems to suggest that scholarly opinion is unanimously against Kak. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 16:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Also, this is not about some of his more nutty theories in particular - those are indeed likely false. The current wording suggests that all his theories are false, and not just some of them. 183.83.146.183 (talk) 16:22, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

Occupation
Can I add the following to the intro of the article saying that he is an Indic scholar? This source says he is an Indic scholar. Although he may not have a degree in Indology, he nevertheless has published about it and has contributed to it.

"and Indic scholar" Shakespeare143 (talk) 19:05, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Without an education in Indology nor an academic position in that field, he cannot be a scholar of Indology. Yes, he is an published author on topics in Indology, but he is not an Indic scholar by any means. Chariotrider555 (talk) 21:54, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't think he needs to have an official education in Indology or an academic position in the field to be an Indologist, although those would probably help him in the field. Indologist Edwin Bryant considers Kak to be an Indologist and a scholar in Indology. Bryant also calls him an intellectual. Shakespeare143 (talk) 06:55, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Without any qualifications, he is just another raving fringe author that commands no respect and little attention from academia. If he had qualifications, then he would be a fringe Indologist, but he doesn't. Chariotrider555 (talk) 12:39, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * He has made contributions to the field and is considered an Indologist. He does command respect and gets attention from academia. He is often criticized by ideologues. He is a part of academia, which also illustrates how he is not a "raving fringe author" - he's also not even a fringe author. Regardless, the Reliable Source describes him as a scholar. Shakespeare143 (talk) 23:33, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

Use of Historical Revisionism as a Slur
The first sentence intends to make the subject look a particular way because (as we will discover reading the article) he holds a minority opinion about about an ancient people's location of origin, which we are to trust the findings of scholars as being invalid without their conclusions as to why that is provided.

Now the origin point of the ancient Aryans is not something in the historical record being reinterpreted by Mr. Kak, it preceeds the historical record and is instead his proposal of an alternative conclusion regarding archeology thus does not make him a historical revisionist and further more the coloring of his character with this charge implies political motives behind this characterization whatever the assumptions about the political nature of his opinion. We can at least try to appear objective on Wikipedia, I hope. ThomasLeonHighbaugh (talk) 10:20, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

 * From a read of the article and supporting literature, the description of Prof. Kak as a historical revisionist is warranted and correct. The tenor of this article is somewhat back and forth--those in support of his arguments seem to have plucked as many quotes as possible to add to the article. As someone with an anthropological background, the Indigenous Aryan hypothesis is not seriously discussed as a possibility. It is seen primarily as a branch of the Hindutva revisionist movement, similar to Prof. Kak's claims about ancient advanced astronomy. Honors from those powerful in the Hindutva movement, such as those delivered by PM Modi's government, do not grant him great credibility in that respect. TarnishedSteel (talk) 01:41, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subhash Kak


text:
Cherry pit spitting

Cherry pit spitting is the act of spitting, or ejecting, the pit (the seed) of a cherry from one's mouth with great speed so as to send the pit a great distance. Spitting cherry pits is an amateur sport; there are no known professional leagues of cherry spitters.

There are multiple international competitions for cherry pit spitting in countries such as the US, Canada, Germany and France. The sport can be traced back many decades.

In most competitions a contestant is given a cherry; this is done to prevent cheating or pit tampering, seen in the Witzenhausen competition in which cherry pits were tampered with. The pit is accessed by eating the cherry around it, then the cherry seed is spat. The pit of a cherry is very small, about the size of a front tooth, and is very slippery when first removed from the cherry, making it easy to spit. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the record cherry pit spitting distance is 28.51 m, set in 2004 by Brian "Young Gun" Krause.

International Cherry Pit-Spitting Championship, Eau Claire, Michigan
The international Cherry Pit-Spitting Championship held in Eau Claire, Michigan was founded in 1974 by Herb Teichman, the owner of the Tree-mendus Fruit Farm to raise awareness for both his farm and the Tart cherry harvest. The contest ran for 45 years from 1974 until 2019 as the farm where the contest takes place has since been sold, thus ending the Michigan competition.

Each contestant is allowed to pick three cherries and one at a time, chew around the cherry pit. They then stand with their feet against a line and spit the cherry seed as far in front of them as they can. The contestant is given three attempts then their longest spit is measured. The competition has multiple categories to compete in including the adult male and female categories as well as the youth categories of youth under 5, youth 6–8 and youth 9–12 categories.

It was at this competition where Brian "Young Gun" Krause claimed his Guinness World Record in 2004 for the longest distance to spit a cherry pit.

Canadian National Pit Spit Championship
The Canadian National Pit Spit Championship is held annually as a part of the Blenheim Cherry Fest. The competition has been a part of the festival since 1981. The contest originated at a cherry festival run by the Cedar Springs Cherry Co-operative, however in 1994 the farming town of Blenheim took over and joined with the July sidewalk sale.

Witzenhausen Cherry Pip Spitting Competition
The German town of Witzenhausen in Germany, a large producer of the countries cherries is also home to a cherry pip spit competition in their annual cherry fair. In addition to the annual competition there is a lane for cherry spitting which remains year round at Diebesturm. The Witzenhausen Cherry pit spit competition was previously involved in a scandal regarding cherry pit tampering. The head of the Witzenhausen organising committee Ulrich Walger said: "After the competition we found manipulated cherry stones on the spitting range". Further inquiry revealed that a competitor has slit open the pip then inserted metal shots and covered it with a filler then varnish. The organisers were unable to identify the culprit and as a result annulled the champions.

Young NSW National Cherry Festival
The annual National Cherry festival in Young NSW features a cherry pip spitting competition, held in early December every year. Contestants are required to pick a cherry randomly from a box then spit the cherry pip as far as possible. Young NSW is known as the cherry capital of Australia, responsible for over 60% of all Australian cherries. There is a junior and senior division, with cash prizes of $50 AUD for the junior category and $100 AUD for the senior category. The 2019 competition had close to 60 entrants participated, each contestant was given 2 pips to spit. Simon Taboury won the men's division with a distance of 11.6 m, Cherie McAllister won the ladies title by spitting her pip 7.5 m and Ronan Winfield won the children's category with a distance of 5.4 m.

Manjimup Cherry Spit
The Manjimup cherry spit competition is an annual event at the Manjimup Cherry Harmony Festival, an annual festival since 2001 in Western Australia, attracting between 7000 and 8000 people in 2017. The cherry festival is held in December and celebrates the start of the Cherry season. The cherry pip spitting contest is made of a round of heats and then finals later in the day. The event is sponsored by GlobeVista, who has previously provided the winner of the cherry pip spitting contest to New Zealand to compete for the title of Australasian Cherry Pip Spit Champion. Clinton Thompson, a Perth resident has won the competition multiple times including the 2012, 2014 and 2017 competitions. An ABC news article states that the 2014 prize was "a ticket to the festival's Long Table Lunch, $150 in cash and a ticket to New Zealand to compete in the New Zealand Cherry Pip Spitting Competition". In 2017, Manjimups victor Clayton Ellis was sponsored by GlobeVista to compete in the New Zealand Olive Stone Spitting competition, which replaced the cherry stone spitting competition after a relocation of the annual Ford Ranger New Zealand Rural Games  from "the cherry capital in Central Otago to Palmerston North" Ellis claimed the national record at the New Zealand Olive Stone Spitting competition with a winning distance of 12.64 m.

Western Regional Cherry Pit Spit
The Western Regional Cherry Pit Spit is an annual contest held at Rowley's Red Barn in Utah, USA, that has been running since 2007. The competition includes two heats, the first round is open to all and includes a male and female division as well as youth age group divisions of 5 and under, 6–8 years, 9–12 years and 13–15 years. The finals round includes the top 10 spitters from the male and female entrant and the top 5 spitters from the youth age group divisions.

Annakirmes (St. Anne’s Fair)
The Annakirmes or St Anne's Fair is held annually in Düren Germany. The fair began in 1715 and the first world championship of cherry-pit-long-spitting at the festival occurred in 1974 on a police dogs training ground. The cherry pit spitting event celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2014 and held a special event for selected teams.

Céret Cherry Festival

The Céret Cherry Festival occurs annually in France at the end of May, including a cherry stone spitting competition as well as music, dancing and food.

Notable contestants
There are many notable contestants and champions within the different competitions held around the world.

Rick "Pellet Gun" Krause is a 19-time champion cherry pit spitter at the International Cherry Pit-Spitting Championship in Michigan in which he has competed for 40 years.

Marlene Krause, wife of Rick “Pellet Gun” Krause, is a seven-time winner of the women's contest at the International Cherry Pit-Spitting Championship competition at the Tree-mendus fruit farm in Eau Claire, Michigan. She and her husband both won consecutively in 2009 and 2010.

Brian "Young Gun" Krause is best known for being the current Guinness world record holder for the longest distance to spit a cherry pit for a distance of 28.51 m at the 2004 International Cherry Pit-Spitting championship in Eau Claire, Michigan USA.

"Gentleman Joe" Lessard Sr. is a well-known competitor in both the Eau Claire, Michigan and Blenheim, Ontario competitions. In 2013 he was a 3-time champion of the International cherry Pit-Spitting Championship in Michigan. He won his three titles in 1986, 1993 and 1996 with a distance of 21.9 m

Kevin Bartz is well known for being the 2019 international cherry pit spitting champion in 2019 with a distance of 16.5 m; he began competition at age ten and won the youth division as well as being the men's division champion twice.

Chloe Bartz is the daughter of Kevin Bartz and is a three time international women's division champion, most recently in 2019.

Martin Salter "The Phantom of the Orchard" was the winner of the Canadian Pit Spit Championship in 2001 with a distance of 15.85 m and placed fourth in the International competition held in Michigan the same year. He won his first Canadian title in 1992 and gained his nickname as he used to wear a costume.

Clinton Thompson was the winner of the Manjimup Cherry Spit in Young NSW three times, in 2012, 2014 and 2017. As a result of his 2014 victory, he was flown to New Zealand to compete in the New Zealand Cherry Pip Spitting Competition.

Clayton Ellis is the winner of the 2016 Manjimup Cherry Spit with a distance of 9.2m. He is also the victor of the 2017 New Zealand Olive Stone Spitting competition, with a distance of 12.64m.

Guinness World Record
The Guinness World Record for the "Greatest distance to spit a cherry stone" is held by Brian "Young Gun" Krause for a spit of 28.51 m at the 2004 International Cherry Pit-Spitting championship in Eau Claire, Michigan. Krause also competed in the freestyle competition on the same day where he spat a stone 33.62 m, unofficially beating his own record.

Media coverage
Cherry pit spitting has been covered frequently in the media including news and television coverage.

The 46th Annual International Cherry Pit spitting competition held in Michigan in 2019 was streamed live on ESPN8: The Ocho in March 2020. This was aired in a 24-hour slot in which many miscellaneous sports were played in light of the COVID-19 pandemic causing the suspension and cancellation of many other sporting leagues.

The Annual International Cherry Pit spitting competition in Michigan has also been featured on the website of The Wall Street Journal. and in an article on ESPN about the competition and the Bartz family.

title: Cherry pit spitting


text:
Sedna (dwarf planet)

Sedna (minor-planet designation: 90377 Sedna) is a dwarf planet in the outermost reaches of the Solar System, orbiting the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune. Discovered in 2003, the planetoid's surface is one of the reddest known among Solar System bodies. Spectroscopy has revealed Sedna's surface to be mostly a mixture of the solid ices of water, methane, and nitrogen, along with widespread deposits of reddish-colored tholins, a chemical makeup similar to those of some other trans-Neptunian objects. Within the range of uncertainties, it is tied with the dwarf planet in the asteroid belt as the largest dwarf planet not known to have a moon. Its diameter is roughly 1,000 km (most likely in between those of Ceres and Saturn's moon Tethys). Owing to its lack of known moons, the Keplerian laws of planetary motion cannot be employed for determining its mass, and the precise figure as yet remains unknown.

Sedna's orbit is one of the widest known in the Solar System. Its aphelion, the farthest point from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, is located 937 astronomical units (AU) away. This is some 31 times the distance of Neptune's aphelion, and 19 times that of Pluto, sending most of its highly elongated orbit well beyond the heliopause, the boundary beyond which the influence of particles from interstellar space dominates over that of the Sun. Sedna's orbit is also one of the most narrow and elliptical discovered, with an eccentricity of 0.8496. This means that its perihelion, or point of closest approach to the Sun, at 76 AU is around 12.3 times closer than its aphelion. At perihelion, Sedna is only 55% further than Pluto's aphelion. , Sedna is near perihelion, 83.55 AU from the Sun, and 2.8 times farther away than Neptune. The dwarf planets and  are presently farther away from the Sun than Sedna. It is suggested that an exploratory fly-by mission to Sedna near its perihelion through a Jupiter gravity assist could be completed in 24.5 years.

Due to its exceptionally elongated orbit, the dwarf planet takes approximately 11,400 years, over 11 millennia, to return to the same point in its orbit around the Sun. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) initially considered Sedna to be a member of the scattered disc, a group of objects sent into high-eccentricity orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune. Several astronomers who worked in the associated field contested this classification, however, as even its perihelion is far too distant for it to have been scattered by any of the currently known planets. This has led some astronomers to informally refer to it as the first known member of the inner Oort cloud. The dwarf planet is also the prototype of a new orbital class of objects named after itself, the sednoids, which include, Leleākūhonua, and 2021 RR205, all celestial bodies with extremely elongated orbits.

The astronomer Michael E. Brown, co-discoverer of Sedna, believes that studying Sedna's unusual orbit could yield valuable information on the origin and early evolution of the Solar System. It might have been perturbed into its orbit by one or more stars within the Sun's birth cluster, or captured from a nearby wandering star, or to have been sent into its present orbit through a close gravitational encounter with the hypothetical 9th planet, some time during the solar system's formation. The statistically unusual clustering to one side of the solar system of the aphelions of Sedna and other similar objects is speculated to be the evidence for the existence of a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune, which would by itself orbit on the opposing side of the Sun.

Discovery
Sedna (provisionally designated ) was discovered by Michael Brown (Caltech), Chad Trujillo (Gemini Observatory), and David Rabinowitz (Yale University) on 14 November 2003. The discovery formed part of a survey begun in 2001 with the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory near San Diego, California, using Yale's 160-megapixel Palomar Quest camera. On that day, an object was observed to move by 4.6 arcseconds over 3.1 hours relative to stars, which indicated that its distance was about 100 AU. Follow-up observations were made in November–December 2003 with the SMARTS (Small and Medium Research Telescope System) at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, the Tenagra IV telescope in Nogales, Arizona, and the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Combined with precovery observations taken at the Samuel Oschin telescope in August 2003, and by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking consortium in 2001–2002, these observations allowed the accurate determination of its orbit. The calculations showed that the object was moving along a distant and highly eccentric orbit, at a distance of 90.3 AU from the Sun. Precovery images have since been found in the Palomar Digitized Sky Survey dating back to 25 September 1990.

Naming
Brown initially nicknamed Sedna "The Flying Dutchman", or "Dutch", after a legendary ghost ship, because its slow movement had initially masked its presence from his team. He eventually settled on the official name after the goddess Sedna from Inuit mythology, partly because he mistakenly thought the Inuit were the closest polar culture to his home in Pasadena, and partly because the name, unlike Quaoar, would be easily pronounceable by English speakers. Brown further justified his choice of naming by stating that the goddess Sedna's traditional location at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean reflected Sedna's large distance from the Sun. He suggested to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Minor Planet Center that any objects discovered in Sedna's orbital region in the future should be named after mythical entities in Arctic mythologies.

The team made the name "Sedna" public before the object had been officially numbered, which caused some controversy among the community of amateur astronomers. Brian Marsden, the head of the Minor Planet Center, stated that such an action was a violation of protocol, and that some members of the IAU might vote against it. Despite the complaints, no objection was raised to the name, and no competing names were suggested. The IAU's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature accepted the name in September 2004, and considered that, in similar cases of extraordinary interest, it might in the future allow names to be announced before they were officially numbered.

Sedna has no symbol in astronomical literature, as the usage of planetary symbols is discouraged in astronomy. Unicode includes a symbol $11,390$ (U+2BF2), but this is mostly used among astrologers. The symbol is a monogram of ᓴᓐᓇ Sanna, the modern pronunciation of Sedna's name.

Orbit and rotation
Sedna has the longest orbital period of any known object in the Solar System of its size or larger with an orbital period of around 11,400 years. Its orbit is extremely eccentric, with an aphelion of approximately 937 AU and a perihelion of 76.19 AU. Near aphelion, Sedna is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, located far past the termination shock, where temperatures never exceed −240°C (−400°F) due to its extreme distance. At aphelion, Sun as viewed from Sedna is a particularly bright star in the otherwise black sky, being about 45% as bright as the full moon as seen from Earth. Its perihelion was the largest for any known Solar System object until the discovery of the sednoid. At its aphelion, Sedna orbits the Sun at a meagre 377 m/s, 1.3% that of Earth's average orbital speed.

When Sedna was first discovered, it was 89.6 AU away from the Sun, approaching perihelion, and was the most distant object in the Solar System observed. Sedna was later surpassed by Eris, which was detected by the same survey near its aphelion at 97 AU. Because Sedna is near perihelion, both Eris and are farther from the Sun, at 96 AU and 89 AU respectively, than Sedna at 84 AU, despite both of their semi-major axes being shorter than Sedna's.  The orbits of some long-period comets extend further than that of Sedna; they are too dim to be discovered except when approaching perihelion in the inner Solar System. As Sedna nears its perihelion in mid-2076, the Sun will appear merely as a very bright pinpoint in its sky, the G-type star too far away to be visible as a disc to the naked eye.

When first discovered, Sedna was thought to have an unusually long rotational period (20 to 50 days). It was initially speculated that Sedna's rotation was slowed by the gravitational pull of a large binary companion, similar to Pluto's moon Charon. However, a search for such a satellite by the Hubble Space Telescope in March 2004 found no such objects. Subsequent measurements from the MMT telescope showed that Sedna in reality has a much shorter rotation period of about 10 hours, more typical for a body its size. It could rotate in about 18 hours instead, but this is thought to be unlikely.

Physical characteristics
Sedna has a V band absolute magnitude of about 1.8, and is estimated to have an albedo (reflectivity) of around 0.41, giving it a diameter of approximately 900 km. At the time of discovery it was the brightest object found in the Solar System since Pluto in 1930. In 2004, the discoverers placed an upper limit of 1,800 km on its diameter; after observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope, this was revised downward by 2007 to less than 1,600 km. In 2012, measurements from the Herschel Space Observatory suggested that Sedna's diameter was 995 ± 80 km, which would make it smaller than Pluto's moon Charon. In 2013, the same team re-analyzed Sedna's thermal data with an improved thermophysical model and found a consistent value of $906 km$, suggesting that the original model fit was too precise. Australian observations of a stellar occultation by Sedna in 2013 produced similar results on its diameter, giving chord lengths $>1,025 km$ and $10.273$. The size of this object suggests it could have undergone differentiation and may have a sub-surface liquid ocean and possibly geologic activity.

As Sedna has no known moons, the direct determination of its mass is as yet impossible without either sending a space probe, or perhaps locating a nearby object which is gravitationally perturbed by the planetoid. It is the largest trans-Neptunian Sun-orbiting object not known to have a natural satellite. Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2004 were the only published attempt to find a satellite, and it is possible that a satellite could have been lost in the glare from Sedna itself.

Observations from the SMARTS telescope show that Sedna, in visible light, is one of the reddest objects known in the Solar System, nearly as red as Mars. Its deep red spectral slope is indicative of high concentrations of organic material on its surface. Chad Trujillo and his colleagues suggest that Sedna's dark red color is caused by an extensive surface coating of hydrocarbon sludge, termed tholins. Tholins are a reddish-colored, amorphous, and heterogeneous organic mixture hypothesized to have been transmuted from simpler organic compounds, following billions of years of continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation, interstellar particles, and other harsh environs as the dwarf planet either comes close to the Sun or transits interstellar space. Its surface is homogeneous in color and spectrum; this may be because Sedna, unlike objects nearer the Sun, is rarely impacted by other bodies, which would expose bright patches of fresh icy material like that on 8405 Asbolus. Sedna and two other very distant objects – and  – share their color with outer classical Kuiper belt objects and the centaur 5145 Pholus, suggesting a similar region of origin.

Trujillo and colleagues have placed upper limits on Sedna's surface composition of 60% for methane ice and 70% for water ice. The presence of methane further supports the existence of tholins on Sedna's surface, as methane is among the organic compounds capable of giving rise to tholins. Barucci and colleagues compared Sedna's spectrum with that of Triton and detected weak absorption bands belonging to methane and nitrogen ices. From these observations, they suggested the following model of the surface: 24% Triton-type tholins, 7% amorphous carbon, 10% nitrogen ices, 26% methanol, and 33% methane. The detection of methane and water ices was confirmed in 2006 by the Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared photometry. The European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope observed Sedna with the SINFONI near-infrared spectrometer, finding indications of tholins and water ice on the surface.

In 2022, low resolution near-infrared (0.7–5 μm) spectroscopic observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) revealed the presence of significant amounts of ethane ice (C2H6) and of complex organics on the surface of Sedna. The JWST spectra also contain evidence of presence of small amounts of ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2) and possibly carbon dioxide (CO2). On the other hand little evidence of presence of methane (CH4) and nitrogen ices was found at variance with the earlier observations.

The possible presence of nitrogen on the surface suggests that, at least for a short time, Sedna may have a tenuous atmosphere. During a 200-year period near perihelion, the maximum temperature on Sedna should exceed 35.6 K, the transition temperature between alpha-phase solid N2 and the beta-phase seen on Triton. At 38 K, the N2 vapor pressure would be 14 microbar (1.4 Pa). The weak methane absorption bands indicate that methane on Sedna's surface is ancient, as opposed to being freshly deposited. This finding indicates that Sedna's surface never reaches a temperature high enough for methane on the surface to evaporate and subsequently fall back as snow, which happens on Triton and probably on Pluto.

Origin
In their paper announcing the discovery of Sedna, Brown and his colleagues described it as the first observed body belonging to the Oort cloud, the hypothetical cloud of comets thought to exist out to nearly a light-year from the Sun. They observed that, unlike scattered disc objects such as Eris, Sedna's perihelion (76 AU) is too distant for it to have been scattered by the gravitational influence of Neptune. Because it is considerably closer to the Sun than was expected for an Oort cloud object, and has an inclination roughly in line with the planets and the Kuiper belt, they described the planetoid as being an "inner Oort cloud object", situated in the disc reaching from the Kuiper belt to the spherical part of the cloud.

If Sedna formed in its current location, the Sun's original protoplanetary disc must have extended as far as 75 AU into space. Also, Sedna's initial orbit must have been approximately circular, otherwise its formation by the accretion of smaller bodies into a whole would not have been possible, because the large relative velocities between planetesimals would have been too disruptive. Therefore, it must have been tugged into its current eccentric orbit by a gravitational interaction with another body. In their initial paper, Brown, Rabinowitz and colleagues suggested three possible candidates for the perturbing body: an unseen planet beyond the Kuiper belt, a single passing star, or one of the young stars embedded with the Sun in the stellar cluster in which it formed.

Brown and his team favored the hypothesis that Sedna was lifted into its current orbit by a star from the Sun's birth cluster, arguing that Sedna's aphelion of about 1,000 AU, which is relatively close compared to those of long-period comets, is not distant enough to be affected by passing stars at their current distances from the Sun. They propose that Sedna's orbit is best explained by the Sun having formed in an open cluster of several stars that gradually disassociated over time. That hypothesis has also been advanced by both Alessandro Morbidelli and Scott Jay Kenyon. Computer simulations by Julio A. Fernandez and Adrian Brunini suggest that multiple close passes by young stars in such a cluster would pull many objects into Sedna-like orbits. A study by Morbidelli and Levison suggested that the most likely explanation for Sedna's orbit was that it had been perturbed by a close (approximately 800 AU) pass by another star in the first 100 million years or so of the Solar System's existence.

The trans-Neptunian planet hypothesis has been advanced in several forms by a number of astronomers, including Rodney Gomes and Patryk Lykawka. One scenario involves perturbations of Sedna's orbit by a hypothetical planetary-sized body in the inner Oort cloud. In 2006, simulations suggested that Sedna's orbital traits could be explained by perturbations of a Jupiter-mass object at 5,000 AU (or less), a Neptune-mass object at 2,000 AU, or even an Earth-mass object at 1,000 AU. Computer simulations by Patryk Lykawka have indicated that Sedna's orbit may have been caused by a body roughly the size of Earth, ejected outward by Neptune early in the Solar System's formation and currently in an elongated orbit between 80 and 170 AU from the Sun. Brown's various sky surveys have not detected any Earth-sized objects out to a distance of about 100 AU. It is possible that such an object may have been scattered out of the Solar System after the formation of the inner Oort cloud.

Caltech researchers Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown have hypothesized the existence of a super-Earth planet in the outer Solar System—Planet Nine—to explain the orbits of a group of extreme trans-Neptunian objects that includes Sedna. This planet would be perhaps six times as massive as Earth. It would have a highly eccentric orbit, and its average distance from the Sun would be about 15 times that of Neptune (which orbits at an average distance of 30.1 AU). Accordingly, its orbital period would be approximately 7,000 to 15,000 years.

Morbidelli and Kenyon have suggested that Sedna did not originate in the Solar System, but was captured by the Sun from a passing extrasolar planetary system, specifically that of a brown dwarf about 1/20th the mass of the Sun  or a main-sequence star 80 percent more massive than the Sun, which, owing to its larger mass, may now be a white dwarf. In either case, the stellar encounter had likely occurred within 100 million years after the Sun's formation. Stellar encounters during this time would have minimal effect on the Oort cloud's final mass and population since the Sun had excess material for replenishing the Oort cloud.

Population

Sedna's highly elliptical orbit, and thus a narrow temporal window for detection and observation with currently available technology, means that the probability of its detection was roughly 1 in 80. Unless its discovery were a fluke, it is expected that another 40–120 Sedna-sized objects with roughly the same orbital parameters would exist in the outer solar system.

In 2007, astronomer Megan Schwamb outlined how each of the proposed mechanisms for Sedna's extreme orbit would affect the structure and dynamics of any wider population. If a trans-Neptunian planet was responsible, all such objects would share roughly the same perihelion (about 80 AU). If Sedna was captured from another planetary system that rotated in the same direction as the Solar System, then all of its population would have orbits on relatively low inclinations and have semi-major axes ranging from 100 to 500 AU. If it rotated in the opposite direction, then two populations would form, one with low and one with high inclinations. The perturbations from passing stars would produce a wide variety of perihelia and inclinations, each dependent on the number and angle of such encounters.

A larger sample of objects with Sedna's extreme perihelion may help in determining which scenario is most likely. "I call Sedna a fossil record of the earliest Solar System", said Brown in 2006. "Eventually, when other fossil records are found, Sedna will help tell us how the Sun formed and the number of stars that were close to the Sun when it formed." A 2007–2008 survey by Brown, Rabinowitz and Megan Schwamb attempted to locate another member of Sedna's hypothetical population. Although the survey was sensitive to movement out to 1,000 AU and discovered the likely dwarf planet Gonggong, it detected no new sednoid. Subsequent simulations incorporating the new data suggested about 40 Sedna-sized objects probably exist in this region, with the brightest being about Eris's magnitude (−1.0).

In 2014, Chad Trujillo and Scott Sheppard announced the discovery of, an object half the size of Sedna, a 4,200-year orbit similar to Sedna's, and a perihelion within Sedna's range of roughly 80 AU; they speculated that this similarity of orbits may be due to the gravitational shepherding effect of a trans-Neptunian planet. Another high-perihelion trans-Neptunian object was announced by Sheppard and colleagues in 2018, provisionally designated and now named Leleākūhonua. With a perihelion of 65 AU and an even more distant orbit with a period of 40,000 years, its longitude of perihelion (the location where it makes its closest approach to the Sun) appears to be aligned with the directions of both Sedna and, strengthening the case for an apparent orbital clustering of trans-Neptunian objects suspected to be influenced by a hypothetical distant planet, dubbed Planet Nine. In a study detailing Sedna's population and Leleākūhonua's orbital dynamics, Sheppard concluded that the discovery implies a population of about 2 million inner Oort Cloud objects larger than 40 km, with a total mass in the range of $1.83$ (several times the mass of the asteroid belt and 80% the mass of Pluto).

Sedna was recovered from Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite data in 2020, as part of preliminary work for an all-sky survey searching for Planet Nine and other as-yet-unknown trans-Neptunian objects.

Classification
The discovery of Sedna renewed the old question of just which astronomical objects ought to be considered planets, and which ones ought not be. On 15 March 2004, articles on Sedna in the popular press reported misleadingly that a tenth planet had been discovered. This question was resolved for many astronomers by applying the International Astronomical Union's definition of a planet, adopted on 24 August 2006, which mandated that a planet must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. Sedna is not expected to have cleared its neighborhood; quantitatively speaking, its Stern–Levison parameter is estimated to be much less than 1. The IAU also adopted dwarf planet as a term for the largest non-planets (despite the name) that, like planets, are in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus can display planet-like geological activity, yet have not cleared their orbital neighborhoods. Sedna is bright enough, and therefore large enough, that it is expected to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Hence, astronomers generally consider Sedna a dwarf planet.

Beside its physical classification, Sedna is also categorized according to its orbit. The Minor Planet Center, which officially catalogs the objects in the Solar System, designates Sedna only as a trans-Neptunian object (as it orbits beyond Neptune), as does the JPL Small-Body Database. The question of a more precise orbital classification has been much debated, and many astronomers have suggested that the sednoids, together with similar objects such as, be placed in a new category of distant objects named extended scattered disc objects (E-SDO), detached objects, distant detached objects (DDO), or scattered-extended in the formal classification by the Deep Ecliptic Survey.

Exploration
Sedna will come to perihelion around July 2076. This close approach to the Sun provides a window of opportunity for studying it that will not occur again for more than 11 thousand years. Because Sedna spends much of its orbit beyond the heliopause, the point at which the solar wind gives way to the interstellar particle wind, examining Sedna's surface would provide unique information on the effects of interstellar radiation, as well as the properties of the solar wind at its farthest extent. It was calculated in 2011 that a flyby mission to Sedna could take 24.48 years using a Jupiter gravity assist, based on launch dates of 6 May 2033 or 23 June 2046. Sedna would be either 77.27 or 76.43 AU from the Sun when the spacecraft arrives near the end of 2057 or 2070, respectively. Other potential flight trajectories involve gravity assists from Venus, Earth, Saturn, and Neptune as well as Jupiter. Research at the University of Tennessee has also examined the potential for a lander.

title: Sedna (dwarf planet)