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User:Vidstige~enwiki/History of AI

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) can be said to have started in 1943 when Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts presents their work on artificial neurons, using knowledge from physiology, logic and maths. It is not until 1956 though, on a 2 month Dartmouth workshop, the field is officially given its name: artificial intelligence. On this workshop, the Logic Theorist, a reasoning program is presented by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.

The general distrust of computers ability to do anything clever, provided the early researchers with lots of relatively easy problems to impress the public with. More noteworthy successes includes the General Problem Solver (Allen Newell and Herbert Simon) and the Geometry Theorem Solver (Herbert Gelernter). LISP was created 1958 by John McCarthy, the same year as he describes the Advice Taker (Programs with Common Sense), considered as the first complete AI system, although hypotethical.

The concept of microworlds where founded, a domain of limited problems which appear to require intelligence to solve, which of the blocks world is the most famous. Works on neural networks, based on McCulloch and Pitts, was done and Frank Rosenblatt proved the famous perceptron convergence theorem.

After a row of successes, researchers began to try their luck on harder problems, which require more domain knowledge. They soon relized that there previous methods where not enough and that even if the problem was solvable in theory, it might take forever to solve it practically.

Knowledge-based system, or expert systems, came as an answer to the need for more domain knowledge to solve advanced problems. By coding a lot of domain knowledge into the program, the programs got a better idea of which steps that where useful to try when solving the problem, making them spending less them on impossible solutions.

Expert systems are taking into commercial service in the 1980s. At this time a Japanese project to build computers that run prolog programs like machine code was started, and the fear in the U.S. for getting behind Japan made researchers having no trouble finding founding. The 1980 also saw a rise in the interest for neural networks.

title: User:Vidstige~enwiki/History of AI


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Akaishi Mountains

The Akaishi Mountains (赤石山脈) are a mountain range in central Honshū, Japan, bordering Nagano, Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures. It is also called the Southern Alps (南アルプス), as it joins with the Hida Mountains ("Northern Alps") and the Kiso Mountains ("Central Alps") to form the Japanese Alps.

Origin of the name
There are a lot of red stones (赤石 Aka-Ishi) around the Akaishi River, a tributary of the Ōi River in the southern part of Southern Alps. Then it was said that the mountain of red stone came to be called Mount Akaishi. The mountain represents the mountain range and the name Akaishi is used for the whole range mountain range, Akaishi Mountains.

Major peaks
Almost all major peaks of the Akaishi Mountains are in Minami Alps National Park that was established on June 1, 1964. The range is the source of two rivers, Ōi River and Tenryū River, which flow to the Pacific Ocean.

Flora and fauna
Alpine plants, such as Siberian dwarf pine can be seen above the tree line. Rock ptarmigan and spotted nutcracker also live in the alpine zone. Japanese serow and sika deer live in the forest belt on the mountain slopes. Callianthemum hondoense (北岳草) is endemic to Mount Kita.

Walter Weston in the Japanese Alps
Englishman Walter Weston introduced the Western world to the Japanese Alps in his book Mountaineering and Exploring in the Japanese Alps. During his visits to Japan, he climbed Akaishi Mountains. Several monuments in his memory have been set up in several places in the Japanese Alps.

He climbed the following peaks:
 * 1892 Mount Akaishi - The first non-Japanese to climb this mountain
 * 1902 Mount Kita
 * 1903 Mount Kaikoma
 * 1904 Mount Hōō and Mount Senjō

Books

 * Mountaineering and Exploring in the Japanese Alps -by Walter Weston (1896)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Akaishi Mountains


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Busuanga Island

Busuanga, is the largest island in the Calamian Group of islands in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. Busuanga Island is the second largest island in the province after Palawan island itself. The island is located halfway between the islands of Mindoro and Palawan with the South China Sea located to the west and the Sulu Sea to the southeast. South of the island are the two other major islands of the Calamian Group: Culion Island and Coron Island. The western third of the island is under the municipality of Busuanga and the eastern two-thirds belong to the municipality of Coron.

Busuanga Island is known as a recreational diving location due to World War II Japanese wrecks that were sunk by American navy bombings in Coron Bay, a natural anchorage near the town center of Coron, on September 24, 1944.

Geology
Part of the North Palawan Block, Busuanga Island consists mainly of the Liminangcong Formation, a Permian to Late Jurassic chert. This chert forms the distinguishing mountain ranges, with the Middle-Late Jurassic Guinlo Formation clastics forming the valleys on Busuanga. Busuanga was known for its tabular manganese deposits found within the chert sequence, 1 m thick and extending laterally up to 200 m. Braunite is the common manganese mineral type found in the ore.

title: Busuanga Island


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Gwiździny, Nowe Miasto County

Gwiździny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km south-east of Mszanowo (the gmina seat), 6 km south-east of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, and 71 km south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

During the Second World War it was the site of the Gwisdyn subcamp of the Nazi Stutthof concentration camp.

title: Gwiździny, Nowe Miasto County


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Busuanga, Palawan

Busuanga, officially the Municipality of Busuanga, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,617 people.

History
Oral tradition has it, that the entire island of Busuanga was once the realm of a Cuyonon datu named Datu Macanas. The island was once part of the four jurisdictions of Cuyonon datus with the other three being Datu Magbanua who reigned over Cuyo archipelago, Datu Cabaylo who had Taytay and surrounding islands and Datu Cabangon reigning over south of Taytay.

The town of Busuanga was created from the barrios of Concepcion, Salvacion, Busuanga, New Busuanga, Buluang, Quezon, Calawit, and Cheey of the town of Coron in 1950.

Quezon was reinstated as a barangay in 2000.

The history of Busuanga could well be said to date back as early as 3,000 B.C. at the time group of nomadic people were known to make such waves of immigration by way of land-bridges from the Asia mainland, some of which lagged and drifted along the Philippines Archipelago. Much later, the Malayans and Indonesians followed. For some thousands of years, they explored, discovered, utilized, and finally spread and populated the Philippines Island, presumably including the island of Busuanga.

Accordingly, as early as the 9th century A.D., Chinese traders were known to transact business with the natives of the coastal regions of Calamianes, and referred to some places as "Pa-laoyu", "Kia-ma-yan", and "Pa-ki-nung", meaning Palawan, Calamian, and Busuanga, respectively, as mentioned in their (Chinese) narratives.

In 1380, nearly a century and half before Christianity reached the Philippines, an Arab missionary from Mallaca, named Mahdu introduced Islam in Sulu. Through the next centuries the Islamic faith must have spread and secured a profound influence in the lives of the early Filipinos. Thus, our ancestors possessed dominantly an Islamic-pagan life and culture, long before the Spaniards came to the islands.

Origin
More than 3000 years before the conversion of Busuanga into a municipality in 1951, the name BUSUANGA was already attributed to the island. Actually the name is ascribed to that of a big river, the largest in the municipality (an average width of 100 meters; length is unknown), christened by the natives after the great calamitous upheaval in nature, handed down then by word of mouth to be a legend.

The legend
According to the age-old legend, *a small limpid river with a narrow picturesque bank no bigger than a brook flow and runs southwards inland in a beautiful valley where people had their livelihood and seems to have always enough. Everyday the inhabitants make good spoils of the bounties of nature around, and lived a contented life. Until on that one fateful day, a violent, strong storm raged and made a rampage of the whole island; and on five or fourteen consecutive days, dilute the place with heaviest rains and strongest winds to sweep the island.

* It is believed that the legend is real account of a natural calamitous event, which could have actually occurred thus causing the sporadically located small rivers and creeks in the island to branch out and unite their flow one great stream, which is the now-evolved Busuanga River.

In the clear, cold dawn that settled after the storm, the inhabitants were amazed to find-in a mixed awe and terror-a massive phenomenal transformation in their place. Out of the darkness of the storm, a wide new channel through the western portion of the mainland into the sea. Thus, nature gave birth to this great river, evolved out of a small brook which up to this day serves an unmistakable beautiful natural landmark.

Busuanga, from the vernacular word meaning "burst" in English, is the popular rendition of this event.

Formation
Busuanga during the Spanish Regime : 1600-1898

In 1622, the colonization of Palawan under Count San Augustine reached the island of Busuanga. A number of Augustinian-Recollect missionaries landed in the eastern coast of the mainland, converted the inhabitants to Christianity and built church for them together with the establishment of the Spanish local government in the barrio, known then as Busuanga*, the oldest barrio in the municipality.

Later, 1636, the Spaniards began constructing fortification with small muzzle-loading artilleries to defend the barrio from an almost perennial raids and onslaught of Muslim rebels. With the establishment of a strong naval station at Puerto Princepe Alfonso, now Balabac, together with the forts of Cuyo, Taytay, Labao, etc. combined with the powerful Spanish fleets cruising the seas, the Muslim attacks was eventually put to an end.

In 1898, the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain brought the more democratic Americans to the island, thus ending the epidotic Spanish rule.

The American regime: 1901-1914
In 1904, with American Military Government ruling the province under Governor Wright, the island of Culion was made into a government reservation, providing a colony for lepers and a vast government farm, its jurisdiction and control eventually served from the municipality of Coron.

On June 2 of the same year, some former inhabitants of Culion was resettled to a place southeastern of the mainland and founded Concepcion, known then as "Kinamotean", from the word camote, a root crop growing abundantly in the place.

* Busuanga, now Old Busuanga, the mother barrio. Present study and research as of 1977; set the year 1600 the earliest probable founding of Busuangan.

Sometime, between 1906 and 1911, with the Governor Edmund Miller in office a number of school buildings were erected in some of the barrios, (Salvacion, Concepcion, Calauit, etc.)

The founding of New Busuanga, formerly called "Kanyepet", is significant. If only its most controversial creation, a part of which she would still play in the last phase of Busuanga history.

Given official recognition by Mayor Restituto Bacnan in 1937, mainly for religious commitments to the members of the Evangelical Church, the barrio was directed another official order in that time for its dissolution. Dissolution followed.

About the year 1938, four or five years before the Second World War, manganese mine deposits were uncovered in the island. In the mining boom that followed a national road was expedite from Coron to the northern barrios passing through Bintuan to Concepcion.

World War II through the liberation: (1941-1949)
In 1942, still a nondescript barrio under the municipality of Coron, Busuanga entered the era of war. The Japanese occupation of Coron and Busuanga was primarily due to the manganese mines-good source of precious metals for ammunitions. Provoked and with no alternatives, the Busuangenos formed the Resistance Movement, foremost of which was the daring Bolo Battalion under Ignacio Libarra.

Late of the same year, members of the Resistance Movement burned down the semi-permanent school buildings in Busuanga, Salvacion, Cheey and Calauit, which they fear would be a good headquarters for the Japanese. Spreading havoc and massacre, the enemies were already enjoying their plunder.

On September 24, 1944, however, US bomber planes raided, and several Japanese ships, among them big tankers, were bombed and sunk off Concepcion coast. The sea became so thick laden with oil from the tankers that it burned furiously and spread out the nearby mangroves creating a bright sea-inferno for several days and nights. This was followed, in April 1945, by an ambush kill of two Japanese Officers coming from the manganese mines. Within the same month three more enemy soldiers died in the hands of the gallant Bolo Battalion. This foreshadowed the doom of Japanese invaders and the end of war.

Immediately after the war, the US Government built and caused the establishment of Long Range (LORAN) Transmitting Station on the western coast of Panlaitan. The station was staffed and maintained by US Coast Guards until 1970.

With peace fully reigning in the island, schools were re-opened; and the people vanishing their painful experience of war happily sent their children to school. Accordingly, the US government gave aids and full support for rehabilitation of the people from their low economic state.

Thus Busuanga came out of the ashes of war still recouping and, one year after, still wavering from the moral and economic depression which it suffered in war, was forced to emerge into a full-pledged independent municipality.

Foundation: the ABORDO Bill)
The year 1950 came to be the dawn of the birth of Busuanga as a full pledged municipality. With 13 daughter barrios already settled and populated, it only waited for some process of law turned for its promulgation into an independent municipality.

It was Governor Gaudencio Abordo, then Congressman of Palawan, and foremost of the earliest Palaweno Statesman, who trigged the session of Congress in 1950 into his bill for the realization of the municipality. The bill number 381, sought for the creation of Busuanga, including all the barrios in its realm, into a municipality. Both houses of Congress approved the bill without much restraint, and its final approval by the President of the Philippines was eventually contained and sealed in the Republic of Act No. 560.

New Busuanga, the controverter, once-dissolved barrio founded by the members of the Evangelical Church, became politically the favored site for the municipality.

On December 30, 1951, with a temporary "wood and nipa" structure for a municipal building, the first town mayor, by virtue of appointment, served his term, Mayor Adriano Custodio. He ruled the first few months of its founding years up to December 1952.

The municipal site controversy
It was Tiburcio Barracoso, a southern, of a prominent clan from Salvacion, who ascended the mayorship by rights and virtue of popular election. His first bold act of moving the municipal site to Salvacion created the first wave of "locality conflict" between the southerners and the northerners. Accordingly, when a northerner, Antonio Capague, 1956 to a 1959, won the next election in 1955, the municipal site was moved again from Salvacion back to New Busuanga.

The succeeding mayors however did not cause further migration of the municipal site since the political tide and atmosphere in the higher level favored New Busuanga; and there the municipality remained until 1974.

Relocation of the municipal site: The MITRA Bill
About the tenure of the late Mayor Antero Hachero between 1968 and 1971, the then representative of Palawan, Ramon V. Mitra Jr. was fighting another bill in the session of Congress; this time it provided for the proper relocation and immediate transfer of the municipal site, from New Busuanga to Salvacion.

The bill was approved for various justifiable and sound reasons, among them, Salvacion possessed a relatively more suitable and strategic location geographically and more economically developed community, making in the most suited political center for public service and the strategic seat of the municipal government.

For some nebulous reasons, however, the bill had a hard and jolty time getting its way into the local government. Due to an admixture of conflicting personal and political interest and motives waged from all directions at once, the bill remained unexecuted in the local administration concerned.

Consequently, the barrio council of Salvacion in collaboration filed a case of "Mandamus" with some municipal councilors against the involved municipal officials. But while serving in the middle of his tenure, the incumbent mayor, Antero Hachero, died, and the mandamus case hung like the word of Damocles upon the would-be successor. Eventually when laureano Custodio won in the 1972 local election, the same fell hair to the mandamus.

This time it was the municipal council who sought the power of the court (CFI) to issue an order for the execution of the municipality's transfer to Salvacion against the indifference of the officials concerned. A little "cold war" almost sprung to the surface between the people of Salvacion and New Busuanga.

The final seat of the municipal government
On September 2, 1974, with some constabulary men acting as peacekeepers and mediators between the people of New Busuanga and Salvacion, the municipality was finally transferred and laid to its ultimate site. This historic transfer of the municipal site was characterized by clashing sentiments and convictions by the people and their leaders, both from personal and political motives and interest that made no little significance to the history of Busuanga.

Thus ended the conflict between the two locality-after almost two decades.

These are the barrios found, in chronological order:

Geography
The territory of Busuanga covers the western one-third of Busuanga Island, as well as Calauit Island, which both are part of the Calamian Islands, lying between Mindoro and Palawan Island. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,617 people.

Geographical Location
At the northernmost part of the province of Palawan, Calamianes group of islands is found. This is composed of five islands namely: Busuanga, Calauit, Coron, Culion and Linapacan as it corresponds to four major municipalities which are Busuanga, Coron, Culion and Linapacan. The Municipality of Busuanga is the largest island as it covers 1/3 of Busuanga Island and about 3.8% of Palawan's total land area. Based from the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP 2001–2009) of the municipality, the total land area of the municipality is 52, 748 hectares while according to DENR –CENRO, the total land area was 53, 051 ha. It is bounded by Mindoro strait on the north, municipality of Coron on the east, South China Sea on the west and Culion Island on the south. A majority (59%) of the land area of the Municipality of Busuanga consists of the Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (3,323ha) and the Yulo King Ranch (YKR) (28. 380ha). Lilu Marie Capiral is currently living in this municipality.

Administrative boundary
The Municipality of Busuanga is composed of 14 barangays namely: Bogtong, Buluang, Cheey, Concepcion, Maglalambay, New Busuanga, Old Busuanga, Panlaitan, Quezon, Salvacion, San Isidro, San Rafael, Sagrada and Sto. Niño. San Isidro, Panlaitan, Maglalambay are island barangays. Meanwhile, as shown in Table 2, Barangay Cheey has the largest area as it comprises about 32% of total land area of the municipality. It is followed by Sto. Niño with 11%. Busuanga has also a high number of Islets which mostly are home for the Indigenous People (Tagbanuas) in the municipality.

Barangays
Busuanga is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

• Burabod

• Halsey

Note: On July 15, 2002, plebiscites held in Culion and Busuanga simultaneously with the election of barangay officials and Sangguniang Kabataan representatives resulted in the ratification of the transfer of Halsey and Burabod to Culion and the creation of Barangay Carabao.

Source: DENR-CENRO, 2016

Islet
Source: ECAN Zones Management Framework and Guidelines for Busuanga Municipality, 2006

Famous of these are the following:

A. CALAUIT SAFARI PARK

-Calauit Island is a 4,000 has. Protected are with active environmental and resources management separated by the narrow mangrove channel from nearby Busuanga Island. It includes an 18-kilometers coastline and along the coasting line is about 9-km of reef, although much of it are limestone rock and sand, rubble communities dominated by sea grass, seaweeds and micro invertebrates. About 70-80% of the coastal area of the island is surrounded by coral reefs of moderate cover and sea grass beds, and latter serving as feeding grounds for dugongs and turtles. Another 40% meters wide fins the reef, with an estimated of 1.80 km of living covered. In the 1979 Presidential 1578 declared Calauit Island Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary for the endemic and exotic animals. The latter consisted of a total of 104 composed of GIRAFFES, ZEBRAS, IMPALAS, WATERBUCKS, GRANT GAZELLES, ELANDS, TOPI and BUSHBACKS imported from Kenya and arrived at Calauit Island in March 1977. These animals are now numbered more than 600 mostly island born and only a few of the original stocks lived. The game preserve was originally managed by Ministry of Natural Resources by the Presidential Commission for the conservation of the Tamaraw (PCCT) through the Presidential Assistance for Cultural Minorities (PANAMIN). Later on the management of the park is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through the Conservation and Resources management Foundation (CRMF). At present, management of the park is under the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD).

B. BLACK ISLAND – located near Panlaitan. The island is called Malajom(in native dialect) or Black Island due to its unique physical characteristics. It has three small caves with mini-pool inside, and a black rock of about 150 feet into a majestic cave. The island has natural grass which serves as flooring around the beach, as white silica of more or less 5 km. Assorted fishes are available in a whole year. Fisherman usually staying as a resting place. The island is one of the municipality's sources of edible bird's nests and its quano for fertilizers. Inside the caves, you will find the writings on the wall in Spanish. A mini-pool, a table forms rock, and a bench. Vacationers/Adventurers believed that it was a natural built. It invites the adventurous who dare and explore its interior for discovery, mystery and fun.

C. PAMALICAN ISLAND – Is considered as one of the tourist attraction in the municipality. It is bound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches. The water is so clear that you can see the corals under. The abundant marine life and coral reefs attracts people from neighboring barangays and town to go swimming, scuba diving and snorkeling. This activity cannot be enjoyed if you cannot go to this place. And if you dream of natural resort with all the breathtaking beauty, then go to this island, and is one of the best places to go during summertime. It has a total land of 50 hectares and approximately 30 minutes travel time from the poblacion. Development of the island is potential. The means of transportation form the poblacion to the island is to hire a motorized boat around P200.00 one way. There are no cottages in the island; accommodation is in poblacion, at the rate P 100.00 per day.

D.LAS HAMACAS BEACH RESORT – Located seven kilometers away from the poblacion. The island is surrounded by coconut grooves recently, along its white sand beaches, crystal clear water and idea for swimming, scuba diving, and snorkeling. People will enjoy if they go this place. The resort is presently operating with beautiful cottages as tourist's accommodation and with the necessary transportation facilities as to cater the needs of the tourist. You can go there anytime.

E.CALUMBUYAN ISLAND – It is about ten (10) hectares situated in the islands of considered as one of the tourist's attraction in the municipality. The abundant marine life white beaches attracts the people to go swimming, and if you dream of a natural resort with all the breathtaking beauty then go to this place and one of the best place to go during summertime. A transportation facility from poblacion to Concepcion is service by two units of buses/jeepneys plying between Busuanga to Coron wherein regular fare is only P38.00. The resort is presently operating with the necessary accommodation. There are transportation and cottages to cater the needs of tourist.

F.TREASURE ISLAND – The Island is abounding with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches. It has natural beauty with locally made cottages that will attract people to get there especially during summertime. Its white beaches sand with prolific fish life is suitable for snorkeling and scuba diving. The means of transportation from the poblacion is to hire a motorboat amounting to P300.00 one way. Tourist accommodations in the place were locally made cottages.

G.CONCEPCION FALLS – It is located 17 km away from the poblacion and both accessible by land and water transportation. It is an ideal place to those who would dare and like to dip in cool fresh water. Transportation is by 2 units of buses and jeepneys plying between Busuanga and Coron and vice versa at the rate of P38.00 regular and P10.00 from the poblacion. Development of this falls is potential.

H.WEST NALAUT ISLAND – In barangay Panlaitan. The abundant marine life attracts the people from neighboring barangays to go swimming, scuba diving and snorkeling and other activities, and its noted for its beautiful coral reefs and seaweeds. It cannot be docked during rainy season due to large waves. It is approximately 1 hour travel from barangay Panlaitan. Accommodation is in Panlaitan proper, and transportation facilities are to hire a pump boat from the poblacion to the island wherein pump boat hire is amounted to P300.00 one way.

I.MALTATAYOK ISLAND – The Island is abounding with silica and like any other island is also famous for its sparkling white beaches. It is approximately 45 minutes travel from the poblacion to the island and the transportation facilities is to hire a pump boat wherein pump boat hire is amounted to P500.00 one way. Approximately area of the island is 100 hectares. Tourist accommodations are the cottages.

J.NAGTENGA ISLAND – The island abound with silica sand with an area of about 90 hectares and famous for its sparkling white beaches. It is approximately 50 minutes from the poblacion to the islands and the transportation facilities are to hire a pump boat. There are also tourist accommodations in the island. Foremost of which are locally made cottages.

K.PAGBINIT ISLAND – The Island is also considered one of the tourist attractions due to its unique and special features. It is also abound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches. The means of transportation to the island is to hire a pump boat amounting to P300.00 one way.

L.CHINIBAYAN FALLS – In New Busuanga. It is located 16 km from the poblacion and accessibility by both water and land transportation. It is special place to those who would dare and like to dip in cool fresh water. Transportation is serviced by 2 units of jeepneys plying between poblacion to New Busuanga and by pump boat amounting to P260.00 one way. Development of the falls is potential.

M.DIBUTUNAI ISLAND – It is approximately 15 nautical miles from barangay Panlaitan. It is abound with silica sand and famous for its sparkling white beaches. It can be docked even in low tide. It is approximately 1 hour travel to Panlaitan. Means of transportation from Poblacion to Dibutunai amounted to P300.00 one way. Development of the island is potential.

Topography
Elevation The municipality's western and central portions are predominantly rough and mountainous with rolling to hilly terrain. A part of this is the Chinabayan Mountain and Wayan Range that still support extensive parches of Molave forest and Cogon grassland (features which are dominant in the locale). Chinabayan, also called Sinibayan, is approximately near to Sinibayan River and the waterfalls found in Barangay New Busuanga. Chinabayan traverses along Barangay San Rafael and Barangay Sagrada where forest cover is much more extensive. Meanwhile, the hilly portions of the mountain range is covered by lowland beach and limestone forest while those that are confined to the sides of hills following the municipality's streams and river have thicker forest covers. The central hills have low elevation (less than 700 meters above sea level) while some have an elevation reaching more than 500 meters. Also, on the western portion are numerous islets while on the northern tip is the Calauit Island. The Salvacion Mountain Range located in Salvacion, the Sinabuyan Mountain Range between New Busuanga and Cheey, and the Naapac Mountain Range in San Rafael are among the major mountain ranges of the municipality.

Slope Due to the mountainous features of the municipality, most of the areas have high variations of slope composition. Areas more than 50% slope account for 2% of the municipality; about 32% represent those areas with more than 18% slope but lesser than 50% slope; while 59% are areas with less than 18% slope. The relatively flat areas are generally devoted to rice and tree plantations. Areas with slope that ranges from 0-3% can be used for agricultural and urban development while those slope classes with 3-18% can be allocated for human settlement expansion.

Geology
The whole Busuanga Island belongs to the non-volcanic micro-continental fragment of the northern Palawan group of islands which includes all areas on- and offshore north of the Ulugan Bay Fault. Based on geophysical observations, these groups of islands are believed to be part of the southeastern continental shelf of mainland China before the Tertiary period (Mid-Oligocene) (particularly during the beginning of the sea-floor spreading of the South China Sea).

As stated in the Flora Survey and Biodiversity Assessment for Core Zoning Report by the PCSD in 2006, the geology of Busuanga consists of several formations. These include King Ranch Formation, Liminangcong Formation, Quaternary Alluvium and Malajon Limestone. The Liminangcong Formation which is distinguished of its bedded chert is dominant in the municipality while the Quaternary Alluvium which consists of unconsolidated floodplain deposits accumulated at the foot of the hills can be found in the low – lying coastal areas and along the river channels of most of the barangays in Busuanga. On the other hand, Malajon Limestone, typified by creamy to dark gray massive coralline, marbleized limestone, is commonly found in Elet and Kalapisauan Islands located northwest of the municipality. Most of the land formations are karst limestone having silicon dioxide as its major elements. Limestone distribution over the municipality, however, can only be observed in few areas such as Barangay Buluang.

Soil
The soil classification and fertility of lands in the municipality is affected by climate, rainfall, and its varying elevation. There are six major types of soil in Busuanga namely: Rough Mountainous Land, Coron Clay Loam, San Miguel Clay Loam, Aborlan Clay Loam, Busuanga Loam and Hydrosol. Sub-surface textures of these soils can be classified as either loam to clay loam and sandy clay; these fall under the medium to fine- textures soils. The types of soil in the municipality vary on its geographical location. According to the report of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist, those soils located in the plains, valleys and plateaus are made up of silt clay loam while those soils located in the area where it is gently sloping to slightly steep are composed of sandy clay to sandy clay loam. For coastal plains on the southern part of the municipality, the major type of soil is hydrosol while in some valley areas, there is rich Busuanga loam. Of these types of soil, silt clay loam soil, given its properties, makes it suitable for the community to plant their crops and grow their vegetables.

Climate
Busuanga has two distinct climate types. It is dry from December to May and rainy from June to November; the warmest months are March, April, and May while the coldest are December, January, and February. It has an average yearly rainfall measurement of 2,873.9 mm. Meanwhile, though Palawan as a whole is outside the typhoon belt, the northern portion where Busuanga is located experiences persistent gales and torrential rains especially during the months of July to August.

Surface water
Busuanga has three mineral springs. It has several river systems as well. The major ones are as follows.
 * Busuanga River in Old Busuanga
 * Binalayan River in Cheey
 * Dipuyal River in Sto. Niño
 * Lele River in New Busuanga
 * Malabnas River in San Rafael
 * Ditapec River in Calauit
 * Kiwit River in Sagrada

Falls
 * Concepcion Fall in Conception
 * Chinabayan / Sinibayan Falls in New Busuanga

Land resources
The land classification map of the Municipality of Busuanga in 2006 (in accordance with SEMP- ECAN Zoning Project). It can be seen that majority of the land is classified as alienable and disposable; dominance of this land classification is primarily because secondary brushland/ shrub lands are abundant in the area.

On the other side, there are different sources of information indicating the composition of various land classification of the municipality. Department of Environment and Natural Resource- CENRO have identified the total municipal land area of Busuanga with 32, 144 hectares (71.3%) classified as alienable and disposable (A&D) land and 12, 950 hectares (28.7%) of forest land; SEMP-ECAN Zoning Project which formulated a NAMRIA-land classification map, however, revealed that the A&D land is only about 48%. On the other hand; while CLUP showed the allocation of municipal land uses with 46% devoted to brushland and grassland, 39% to forest, 8% for agriculture, and 1% for built-up areas or only about 392 hectares of the total land area.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Busuanga was 25,617 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

title: Busuanga, Palawan


text:
Coron, Palawan

Coron, officially the Municipality of Coron, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,855 people.

The main population center of the municipality is composed of Poblacion barangays 1 to 6, where the Municipal Building, the Municipal Legislative Building, and the Judicial Hall of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court are located. Its fiesta is held annually on August 28 in honor of Saint Augustine. It is the commercial capital of the Calamian Islands.

The municipality is home to the Coron Island Natural Biotic Area, which is listed in the natural category of the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

History
The Calamianes Islands were originally inhabited by the Tagbanuas, Calmiananen, and Cuyonon tribes.

Oral history tells that the Datu Macanas ruled the entire Busuanga Island where present-day Coron town lies. Early on Spanish exploration of the islands, Fray de la Concepcion took note of the friendliness of the people of Busuanga Island and the ferocity of the Tagbanua tribe living in Coron Island.

In this area of the Calamianes, the first permanent Spanish settlement was Culion. Coron was a mere visita of Culion at that time. A fort and church were built in Libis, Culion around 1670 by the Spaniards as part of the defenses (along with Cuyo, Taytay, and Linapacan) against the Muslim raids. This became a settlement for migrants to the Calamianes. Don Nicolas Manlavi a Cuyonon served several years in Spanish Galleons, and an Ilonggo from Jaro, Ilo-ilo named Claudio Sandoval later wed Nicolas' only daughter Evarista. The Sandoval clan of the Calamianes came from this union. It was Don Nicolas Manlavi who established the first settlement in Coron which was initially at Banuang Lague (old town) in present-day Banuang Daan in Coron Island. The town center was then again moved to present-day Maquinit and later on, it was finally established in present-day Bancuang in Barangay 5 where a good water source was found.

Late in the 1890s, an American naturalist, Dean Worcester, journeyed through the Calamianes collecting specimens and stayed briefly in Culion. At the turn of the century, he was appointed part of the First Philippine Commission, becoming the Secretary of the Interior. He recommended Culion as the Philippine Leper Colony. This act forced the transfer of the Sandoval clan in 1900 to the various barrios of what is now Coron and Busuanga. The Coron town was settled by the family of Claudio Sandoval, and the other Sandovals settled in what is now Bintuan, Salvacion, Concepcion, and Old Busuanga.

In 1950, the town of Busuanga was created from the barrios of Concepcion, Salvacion, Busuanga, New Busuanga, Buluang, Quezon, Calawit, and Cheey which used to belong to Coron. In 1954, the islands of Linapacan, Cabunlaoan, Niangalao, Decabayotot, Calibanbangan, Pical, and Barangonan were separated from Coron to form the town of Linapacan.

Geography
The municipality of Busuanga comprises the western part of Busuanga Island, while Coron comprises the eastern part of Busuanga Island, all of Coron Island and about 50 other minor islets stretching as far as Tara Island in the north-east and Canipo Island in the south. All these islands are part of the Calamian Archipelago in northern Palawan that separates the South China Sea from the Sulu Sea.

Barangays
Coron is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Banuang Daan
 * Bintuan
 * Borac
 * Buenavista
 * Bulalacao
 * Cabugao
 * Decabobo
 * Decalachao
 * Guadalupe (also called Binalabag)
 * Lajala
 * Malawig
 * Marcilla
 * Barangay I (Poblacion)
 * Barangay II (Poblacion)
 * Barangay III (Poblacion)
 * Barangay IV (Poblacion)
 * Barangay V (Poblacion)
 * Barangay VI (Poblacion)
 * San Jose
 * San Nicolas
 * Tagumpay
 * Tara
 * Turda

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Coron, Palawan, was 65,855 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Economy
The main industries of Coron are fishing and tourism. Former industries include manganese mining at Singay Mines in Barangay San Nicolas during the Japanese Occupation period. This was followed by the fishing industry boom during the 1970s up to the 1990s which gradually dwindled due to illegal blast and sodium cyanide fishing. The rattan and basket-weaving industry which also gradually declined during the same period due to the ensuing depletion of raw materials.

Currently tourism is the top industry in Coron due to local beaches, dive sites, Lagoons and other natural tourist spots. A dozen sunken Japanese warships at depths between 10 and 40 m off Coron Island is a diving destination, listed in Forbes Traveler Magazine’s top 10 best scuba diving sites in the world. A description of the diving highlights in 2021 is provided by Dive the World.

Siete Pecados Marine Park
On April 17, 2024, the Siete Pecados Marine Park, under Jose Mazo, manager, in Coron, as one of 3 marine protected areas, won the Blue Park Award by Marine Conservation Institute at the 9th Our Ocean Conference in Athens for its role in conservation of marine biodiversity. It is part of the Calamian Islands Network in the Philippines, within a short distance from the coast of Coron. Founded in 2005 by the United States Agency for International Development, it is currently an ecotourism landmark.

Transportation
The Francisco B. Reyes Airport serves the town. The airport has direct flights such as Manila, Cebu and Angeles

title: Coron, Palawan


text:
Kiso Mountains

Kiso Mountains (木曽山脈) are a mountain range in Nagano and Gifu prefectures in Japan. They are also called the Central Alps (中央アルプス) and they combine with the Hida Mountains ("Northern Alps") and the Akaishi Mountains ("Southern Alps") to form a group collectively known as the Japanese Alps.

Outline
The mountain range consists of granite. The Komagatake Ropeway is on the east side of Mount Kisokoma. A lot of tourists visit the station on the top. The upper part of the mountain range is the tree line, and a lot of alpine plants grow naturally. Leontopodium shinanense of Leontopodium is endemic around Mount Kisokoma.

Major peaks

 * Foothills
 * Mount Nenjō (念丈岳), 2291 m
 * Mount Nagiso (南木曽岳), 1677 m
 * Mount Kazakoshi (Kiso) (風越山), 1699 m
 * Mount Kazakoshi (Ena) (風越山), 1535 m

Rivers
Rivers with headwaters in the Kiso Mountains drain to Ise Bay of the Pacific Ocean. They include:
 * Kiso River
 * Tenryū River

title: Kiso Mountains


text:
Hida Mountains

The Hida Mountains (飛騨山脈), or Northern Alps (北アルプス), is a Japanese mountain range which stretches through Nagano, Toyama and Gifu prefectures. A small portion of the mountains also reach into Niigata Prefecture. William Gowland coined the phrase "Japanese Alps" during his time in Japan, but he was only referring to the Hida Mountains when he used that name. The Kiso and Akaishi mountains received the name in the ensuing years.

Geography
The layout of the Hida Mountains forms a large Y-shape. The southern peaks are the lower portion of the Y-shape, with the northern peaks forming two parallel bands separated by a deep V-shaped valley. It is one of the steepest V-shaped valleys in Japan. The Kurobe Dam, Japan's largest dam, is an arch dam located in the Kurobe Valley in the central area of the mountains. The western arm of mountains, also known as the Tateyama Peaks (立山連峰 Tateyama Renpō), are dominated by Mount Tsurugi and Mount Tate. The eastern arm, known as the Ushiro Tateyama Peaks (後立山連峰 Ushiro Tateyama Renpō), are dominated by Mount Shirouma and Mount Kashimayari.

Glaciers
Although it was originally thought that no glaciers existed in East Asia south of Kamchatka, recent research has shown that three small glaciers still survive in Mount Tsurugi and Mount Tate owing to the extremely wet climate of the Hokuriku region allowing for very heavy snowfalls on the high peaks.

Major peaks

 * Mount Shirouma, 2932 m
 * Mount Kashimayari, 2889 m
 * Mount Tate, 3015 m
 * Mount Tsubakuro, 2763 m
 * Mount Tsurugi, 2999 m
 * Mount Noguchigoro, 2924 m
 * Mount Yari, 3180 m
 * Mount Hotaka, 3190 m
 * Mount Norikura, 3026 m

title: Hida Mountains


text:
Kerio Technologies

Kerio Technologies, Inc. is a former technology company specializing in collaboration software and unified threat management for small and medium organizations. Founded in 1997, Kerio is headquartered in San Jose, California. In January 2017, GFI Software acquired Kerio. GFI Software is owned by Aurea SMB Solutions, which in turn is owned by ESW Capital Group.

History
Kerio Technologies incorporated in 2001, but its first product WinRoute Pro entered the Internet security market in 1997, as it was owned and maintained by Tiny Software until February 1, 2002. Tiny Software then transferred sales and development of its software to Kerio, where the developers continued to work on it under the Kerio brand.

Kerio's main products (in the early 2000s) were Kerio Personal Firewall and Kerio WinRoute Firewall and the company focused on collaboration software with Kerio MailServer. Kerio discontinued its Personal Firewall in late 2005, which was then acquired by Sunbelt Software.

Starting in 2010, Kerio MailServer was renamed to Kerio Connect and Kerio WinRoute to Kerio Control. Kerio introduced Kerio Operator, an IP PBX system, in 2011 and Samepage, a file sharing and collaboration software, in 2013.

In January 2017, Kerio was bought by GFI Software. Kerio Connect, Kerio Control, Kerio Operator and Kerio Cloud became GFI assets but Samepage was not part of the acquisition.

title: Kerio Technologies


text: User talk:207.74.115.22

title: User talk:207.74.115.22


text:
Eugène Rousseau (chess player)

Eugène Rousseau (13 November 1805, Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France – Paris, France, 1870) was a French chess master. He was the strongest chess player in New Orleans in the first half of the 1840s. The Rousseau Gambit is named after him.

Chess biography
In 1845, Rousseau played a match against the Englishman Charles Stanley for the title of chess champion of the US, the first contest ever for that title. The match was played for a stake of $1,000. Rousseau lost the match (+8 −15 =8) and Stanley became the first US Champion.

Rousseau's second in the match was Ernest Morphy, who took his eight-year-old nephew, Paul Morphy, along and allowed him to be present for the contests. Later, Paul was allowed to play Rousseau, and it became clear that Paul was the better player, despite his young age.

In 1850, Johann Löwenthal paid a visit to New Orleans, and beat Rousseau five games straight.

Notable game
Rousseau beat Winawer with the black pieces in Paris in 1867:
 * 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Bc5 3.Nf3 d6 4.c3 Bg4 5.Bc4 Nd7 6.h3 Bxf3 7.Qxf3 Qe7 8.a4 a6 9.b4 Ba7 10.Na3 Ngf6 11.f5 c6 12.d3 h6 13.Nc2 Rd8 14.Be3 Bb8 15.0-0 Nh7 16.Qg4 Qf8 17.h4 Ndf6 18.Qf3 Qe7 19.g4 d5 20.Bc5 Bd6 21.Bxd6 Qxd6 22.Bb3 0-0 23.Rad1 g5 24.Ne3 Kg7 25.h5 Rfe8 26.Rf2 Nf8 27.Rb2 b5 28.Ra2 d4 29.axb5 axb5 30.Nc2 Ra8 31.Rxa8 Rxa8 32.cxd4 exd4 33.Kg2 N8d7 34.Qf2 Nxg4 35.Qxd4+ Qxd4 36.Nxd4 Ne3+ 37.Kf3 Nxd1 38.Bxd1 Ne5+ 39.Ke3 Ra1 40.Be2 Rb1 41.Nf3 Nxf3 42.Bxf3 Rxb4 43.e5 c5 44.Bc6 Rb1 45.Ke4 b4 46.Kd5 b3 47.Kd6 b2 48.Ke7 Re1 49.f6+ Kg8 50.Be4 Rxe4 51.dxe4 b1=Q 52.Kd6 Qxe4 0–1

title: Eugène Rousseau (chess player)


text:
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie

Nowe Miasto Lubawskie (Neumark in Westpreußen) is a town in northern Poland, situated on the River Drwęca. The total population in June 2018 was 11,062. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is the capital of Nowe Miasto County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

Geographical location
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie lies on the right (west) bank of the upper course of the River Drwęca in Chełmno Land in the historic region of Pomerania, some 15 km south-west of the town of Lubawa, 70 km south-west of the town of Olsztyn, and 120 km south-east of the region's capital, Gdańsk.

History
Early history involved settlement by early Slavic peoples; later settlement was by Old Prussians who were conquered by Polish ruler Bolesław Krzywousty. In 1310 the Teutonic Order invaded and occupied the region of Gdańsk Pomerania and Otto von Luttenberg, commander of Culm (Chełmno), founded the settlement in 1325. It was known under the names Nuwenmarkt, Novum Forum and Nowy Targ. Between 1334–43 it was the seat of a Vogt of the Teutonic Order. It adopted Kulm law in 1353.

During the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, in 1410, the town briefly became part of Poland due to result of local fighting, and remained so until the 1411 peace treaty. In 1440, the town was a founding member of the Prussian Confederation, an association of towns and gentry that opposed the policies of the Order and wanted the region to become part of Poland. In 1454, the association asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation in Kraków in 1454. In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the area, and the reincorporation of the town into the Kingdom of Poland was confirmed. Administratively, it was part of the Chełmno Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia (which after 1569 was itself part of the province of Greater Poland). During the Reformation, in 1581 the parish church, which is almost as old as the town itself, became evangelical. In the 18th century the town was still surrounded by a town wall and by a rampart, and the parish church was Catholic. A Protestant church was built in 1824.

In the First Partition of Poland in 1772 the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and as Neumark it was included to the newly formed province of West Prussia. It was briefly regained by the Poles and was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw between 1807 and 1815, and later it, again, fell under Prussian rule. The population was subjected to Germanisation policies. In October 1831, various Polish infantry units of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places. At the end of the 19th century, the town was capital of Landkreis Löbau in the Prussian administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in West Prussia, where it remained until 1919. According to the German census of 1890, the town had a population of 2,723, of which 800 (29.4%) were Poles. It had a Lutheran and a Catholic church, a Progymnasium, a court, a steam mill with grain trading, and (as of 1885) 2,678 inhabitants. The monastery Maria-Lonk was nearby. Around 1908 the town also had a dairy, an electric power plant, three sawmills and brickwork.

Following World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence, and after the Treaty of Versailles became effective in January 1920, the town was reintegrated with Poland. Within the Second Polish Republic, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was the capital of Nowe Miasto County (powiat nowomiejski) in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship. On 3 September 1939, during the German Invasion of Poland which started World War II, the town and area were captured and then occupied by Germany. Afterwards 2,500 civilians were murdered in actions carried out by the SS and units made up from German minority's militia, the Selbstschutz. Under German occupation, from 26 October 1939 to 1945, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was annexed directly to Germany and administratively made part of the Landkreis Löbau/Neumark in the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. On 21 January 1945 the town was captured by the Red Army. After the war the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime which stayed in power until the 1980s (see People's Republic of Poland).

Sports
The local football club is Drwęca Nowe Miasto Lubawskie. It competes in the lower leagues.

Famous people

 * Katarzyna Dąbrowska, Polish actress
 * Zyta Gilowska, Polish economist and politician
 * Wiesław Lendzion, Polish footballer
 * Joseph Newmark (1799–1881), American Orthodox rabbi
 * Philip Newmark, father of Harris Newmark, Los Angeles pioneer and retailer
 * (1869–1923), German military person
 * Jonatan Straus, Polish footballer
 * Nikolaus von Vormann, German military person, Wehrmacht general
 * (1937–2014), Polish organist and music educator

Twin towns — Sister cities
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Hude, Germany
 * 🇱🇹 Šalčininkai, Lithuania

title: Nowe Miasto Lubawskie


text:
Darwin College, Cambridge

Darwin College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Founded on 28 July 1964, Darwin was Cambridge University's first graduate-only college, and also the first to admit both men and women. The college is named after one of the university's most famous families and alumni, that of Charles Darwin. The Darwin family previously owned some of the land, Newnham Grange, on which the college now stands.

The college has between 650 and 800 students, mostly studying for PhD or MPhil degrees with strengths in the sciences, humanities, and law. About half the students come from outside the United Kingdom, representing 80 nationalities as of 2016. Darwin is the largest graduate college of Cambridge. Darwin's sister college at Oxford University is Wolfson College.

Members of Darwin College are termed Darwinians. The college has several distinguished alumni including prominent heads of government and state, politicians, diplomats, and scientists from various countries such as British primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall, American conservationist Dian Fossey, Barbadian Governor-General Elliott Belgrave, Nobel Prize winner Elizabeth Blackburn, Nobel Prize winner Eric Maskin, Solicitor-General of the United States Paul Clement, Global Energy Prize winning scientist Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, and Pulitzer Prize nominated neurosurgeon Paul Kalanithi.

Sir Ian Wilmut, the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell (a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly), is also an alumnus of the college. Honorary fellows include Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, and the scientist Martin Rees. Notable students and fellows of Darwin College include British politician Oliver Letwin, Nobel Prize winner Richard Henderson and four Nobel Laureates. The college has 23 Fellows of the Royal Society among its current, emeritus, and honorary fellows including Dame Jane Francis.

History
A significant increase in the number of postgraduate students at Cambridge University in the post-war period led to a growing realisation that a graduate college was becoming a necessity. In 1963, three of the university's older colleges – Trinity College, St John's College, and Gonville and Caius College – announced their intention to jointly form a new, wholly graduate college. The college was established in 1964, located on the bank of the River Cam, opposite Queens' College. On 29 January 1965, the Privy Council gave formal approval to the college as an Approved Foundation. It received its Royal Charter as an independent college within the university in 1976.

The college is named after the Darwin family, Charles Darwin's second son, George Darwin, having owned some of the property which the college now occupies. He bought Newnham Grange, the oldest part of the college, in 1885, together with the adjacent building known as The Old Granary, and Small Island. (Newnham Grange was originally built in 1793 for the family of Patrick Beales, a local corn and coal merchant. It was extensively remodelled by George Darwin.)

Following the death of George's son, Sir Charles Galton Darwin, in 1962, those concerned with the foundation of the new college learned that the property was to become available. Katherine, Lady Darwin, and her family were very receptive to the idea of their home becoming the nucleus of a new college, and to the suggestion that it should bear the family's name. Family portraits of the Darwin family are on loan to the college from the Darwin Heirloom Trust and can be found on the walls of several of the college's main rooms. In the book Period Piece: A Cambridge Childhood, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, Gwen Raverat describes how she grew up at Newnham Grange.

A commemorative book entitled Darwin College: A 50th Anniversary Portrait was commissioned and published by the college in 2014 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the college in 1964.

Buildings
Darwin College is known for its distinctive Georgian and Victorian architecture, gardens, and college site which is integrated into the nearby River Cam.

Located on Silver Street and Newnham Road, the college is also known for the Darwin College Bridges which connect the college grounds with the two islands of the college.

In 1966 the college acquired the Hermitage (a house built in the nineteenth century on the west side of Newnham Grange) from St John's College. Work to convert and extend the college's buildings was funded by the founding colleges and through substantial donations from the Rayne Foundation established by Sir Max Rayne, a Jewish businessman and philanthropist.

In 1994 Darwin College completed construction of a new library and study centre along the side of The Old Granary. The centre is built on a narrow strip of land alongside the millpond in Cambridge, and uses a structure of green oak and lime mortar brickwork. The building uses high-level automatically opening windows and a chimney to control natural ventilation.

In 2004, the college acquired the Malting House to accommodate 12 students. The Malting House is Grade II listed and its name reflects the original purpose of the building. The building was the home of the Malting House School, which experimented with radical ideas in education in the 1920s.

In 2010 the college acquired No 4 Newnham Terrace, the former Rectory for the Church of St Mary the Less, Cambridge (Little St Mary's) thereby finally establishing an entire boundary for the college from Queen's Bridge to Newnham Road and to the River Granta. The long boundary returns to Queen's Bridge and is formed by the two islands in the middle of the river.

Academic profile
Darwin College has particular strengths across a range of subjects and is particularly strong in the sciences, law, and humanities with the majority of the postgraduate students graduating with PhDs and MPhils in these academic subjects.

As a postgraduate college, Darwin College is not ranked in the Tompkins Table ranking of Cambridge colleges that provide undergraduate studies.

Student life

The college organises the annual prestigious Darwin Lecture Series, eight talks over eight weeks structured around a single theme (such as 'Power') examined from very different perspectives (scientific, humanities, arts), given by eminent speakers who are leading international authorities in their fields. The lectures have been hosted for over twenty-five years and form one of the key events in the Cambridge calendar. Most of the series of lectures have been published as books and the more recent series are also available as videos for free live-streaming and download. Past speakers at the Darwin Lecture Series have included Sir Walter Bodmer, Rose George, Andrew Fabian, and historian David Olusoga. The inaugural lecture was given by Karl Popper.

The college has a 24-hour library and study centre overlooking the River Cam and provides extensive punting for its students.

In sports, Darwin College Boat Club is a popular student society at Darwin College, as well as Darwin College Football Club who play in the long established Cambridge University Association Football League (CUAFL), representing the only graduate college within CUAFL. The club plays throughout the year in and out of term.

The college has regular formal dinners with students and fellows and also holds annual May Balls during Cambridge's May Week. In 2023, Darwin College became the first University of Cambridge college to have a fully plant-based May Ball.

Every Darwinian is automatically a member of the Darwin College Student Association (DCSA). The DCSA committee comprises 20 students, organising events and parties, supporting societies, and helping students make the most of their time in Cambridge.

The Darwin College University Challenge team achieved some success on University Challenge in the 2018-2019 season reaching the semi-finals of the competition led by captain Jason Golfinos. The college team reached the first-round of the 2020-21 season of University Challenge.

Notable alumni
Darwin College is associated with a number of distinguished alumni including former students, fellows of the college and past masters. Darwinians have achieved great success in a wide variety of careers including as scientists, lawyers, politicians, academics, civil servants, diplomats, and representatives of international organisations.

Elizabeth Blackburn, the 2009 Nobel laureate in medicine, studied for her PhD at Darwin. Eric Maskin, the 2007 Nobel laureate in economics, was a visiting student in 1975–76.

Conservationists Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey, Brian Gibson, Seamus O'Regan and Sir Ian Wilmut, the leader of the research group that first cloned the sheep Dolly, a mammal from an adult somatic cell, are alumni/ae.

Paul Clement, the former United States Solicitor General, read for an MPhil in Politics and Economics at Darwin in 1988–89. Elliott Belgrave, the Governor-General and High Court Judge of Barbados was an alumnus of the college.

Eyimofe Atake, Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) read for a PhD degree in Law from 1984-87

Paul Kalanithi, the Pulitzer Prize nominated Stanford neurosurgeon and author of the New York Times Best Seller 'When Breath Becomes Air', was an MPhil student at Darwin.

The philosopher Huw Price, current Bertrand Russell Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge, studied for his PhD in philosophy at Darwin under the philosopher Hugh Mellor, an erstwhile fellow of the college. The philosopher Nigel Warburton also studied for his PhD at Darwin. British nutritionist Professor Ann Prentice is also an alumnus of the university.

British architect and founder of van Heyningen and Haward Architects Joanna Van Heyningen is an alumnus of the college.

Alumni who became notable in sport include Helen McFie, a Scottish rower who as a member of the Cambridge University Boat Club won the 1971 and 1972 Boat Races and who competed for Great Britain at the 1975 World Rowing Championships. The Sri Lankan first-class cricketer Gajan Pathmanathan studied at Darwin College in 1982 and played first-class cricket at Cambridge.

Three current or former masters of Cambridge colleges are Darwin alumnae: Professor Mary Fowler (Darwin), Nicola Padfield (Fitzwilliam), and Professor Dame Jean Thomas (St. Catharine's).

Fellows
César Milstein, who received the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, was a Fellow of Darwin College from 1980 to 2002. Richard Henderson, winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, has been a Fellow since 1981.

Sir Karl Popper and the Nobel Prize winner Max Perutz were Honorary Fellows, as are Amartya Sen and Martin Rees. Oliver Letwin was a research Fellow from 1981 to 1982.

Nick Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers, the inaugural president of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and Tom Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill, a Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were visiting professors at Darwin College in 1996 and between 2005 and 2008

title: Darwin College, Cambridge


text:
Nonscience

Nonscience is a 1971 book which claims to have the longest and most complex title in publishing history.

Its full title is Nonscience and the Pseudotransmogrificationalific Egocentrified Reorientational Proclivities Inherently Intracorporated In Expertistical Cerebrointellectualised Redeploymentation with Special Reference to Quasi-Notional Fashionistic Normativity, The Indoctrinationalistic Methodological Modalities and Scalar Socio-Economic Promulgationary Improvementalisationalism Predelineated Positotaxically Toward Individualistified Mass-Acceptance Gratificationalistic Securipermanentalisationary Professionism, or How To Rule The World, London: Wolfe Publishing (ISBN 0-7234-0449-6). The book was updated and reissued in 2020 as Nonscience Returns by the Curtis Press.

Its author Brian J. Ford pokes fun at those who conceal their lack of real expertise by using long and complicated words, whilst making the serious point that many people are fooled by these so-called experts. Some consider the book prescient, thinking that modern society, where decisions are taken by unseen experts, is much as Ford predicted.

Spanish edition
In the Spanish edition the title was rendered as Como se falsifica la Ciencia; la Nonciencia y las proclividades Reorientacionales egocentrificadas pseudotransmigrificacionalificas inheremente intracorporadas a la Redesplegamentacion Expertistica Cerebrointelecualizada, con especial referencia a la Normatividad Modaistica Cuasi-nocional, las Modilidades Metodologicas adoctrinamientisticas y el Perfeccionamientalismo Escelar Socioeconomico Promulgacionario predelineado Postitotaxativaments Hacia el Profesionalismo Seguripermanentalinicario Gratificionalistico Individualistificado el la Aceptacion de las Masas, o Como Regir el Mundo [translation by Oscar Muslera], Libertad y Cambio, Buenos Aires: Granica Editor.

Reviews
In Britain, the book was reviewed in the following publications:
 * The Times Higher Education Supplement, October 22, 1971
 * Atticus Column, Sunday Times, October 24, 1971
 * Irish Press, October 30, 1971
 * Time Out magazine, November 12, 1971.
 * New Statesman, November 12, 1971.
 * Nature: 234, December 3, 1971
 * The Times Educational Supplement, December 3, 1971
 * Times Literary Supplement, January 21, 1972
 * Mensa Journal, January 22, 1972

The book was also featured on the BBC television show Tomorrow's World.

title: Nonscience


text:
Talk:Nonscience

[Untitled]
Entry has been expanded and cross-linked.

I have a copy of this but am unfortunately unable to locate it right now. Maybe someone with more immediate access could expand this article properly. --Phil 13:07, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

Does this book "claim" to have the longest and most complex title in publishing history ever, or does it actually have it? -Anon 9:29 Jan 19 2009

title: Talk:Nonscience


text:
St. Edmund's College

St. Edmund's College may refer to:

 * St Edmund's College, Cambridge, a constituent college of the University of Cambridge
 * St Edmund's College, Salisbury, England, a collegiate church and later St Edmund's Church, Salisbury
 * St Edmund's College, Ware, a public school in Hertfordshire, England
 * St Edmund's College, Canberra, a Catholic school in Australia
 * St. Edmund's College, Shillong, a Catholic school in Meghalaya, India

title: St. Edmund's College


text:
ARts

aRts (which stands for analog real time synthesizer) is an audio framework that is no longer under development. It was best known for previously being used in K Desktop Environment 2 and 3 to simulate an analog synthesizer.

A key component of aRts was the sound server which mixes several sound streams in real time. The sound server, called artsd (d for daemon), was also utilized as the standard sound server for K Desktop Environment 2–3. However, the sound server was not dependent on K Desktop Environment and can be used in other projects. It was a direct competitor to PulseAudio, another sound server, and an indirect competitor to the Enlightened Sound Daemon (ESD). It is now common to use PulseAudio instead of artsd.

The aRts platform also includes aRts Builder — an application for building custom layouts and configurations for audio mixers, sequencers, synthesizers and other audio schema via a user-friendly graphical user interface. aRts is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

End of project
On December 2, 2004 aRts' creator and primary developer Stefan Westerfeld announced he was leaving the project due to a variety of fundamental development and technical issues with aRts.

In KDE Software Compilation 4 developers chose to replace aRts with a new multimedia API known as Phonon. Phonon provides a common interface on top of other systems, usually VLC media player or GStreamer, to avoid being dependent on a single multimedia framework.

title: ARts


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Elsloo, Limburg

Elsloo is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Stein, about 2 km south of the town of Stein itself. Beek-Elsloo railway station serves Elsloo.

History
The village was first mentioned in 855 (CL I, 23; RI I, 1277), than 1002 as Elisla, and means "forest with alder trees". Elsloo developed in the Early Middle Ages in the valley of the Maas. The Maas flooded the village several times, and in 1459 the church was moved to higher grounds.

Elsloo Castle was built in the 12th century and was flooded in the early-17th century. The brewery was converted into a castle and extended. It suffered from fires in 1835 and 1885. A Gothic Revival style corner tower was added in 1838.

The Catholic St Augustinus Church is a three aisled church built between 1848 and 1849 as a replacement of the 1459 church.

Elsloo was home to 495 people in 1840. Until 1982, when it was merged with Stein, Elsloo was a separate municipality, also incorporating the smaller villages of Meers and Catsop.

The first artificially inseminated calf in the Netherlands was born on 5 December 1935 at the farm of Jan Werner in Elsloo. The father was Sjors from Lierop who later fathered many children.

title: Elsloo, Limburg


title: User:Hugh2414


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Supervision

Supervision is an act or instance of directing, managing, or oversight.

Etymology
The English noun "supervision" derives from the two Latin words "super" (above) and "videre" (see, observe).

Spelling
The spelling is "Supervision" in Standard English of all English linguistic varieties, including North American English.

Definitions
Supervision is the act or function of overseeing something or somebody. It is the process that involves guiding, instructing and correcting someone.

A person who performs supervision is a "supervisor", but does not always have the formal title of supervisor. A person who is getting supervision is the "supervisee".

Theoretical scope
Generally, supervision contains elements of providing knowledge, helping to organize tasks, enhance motivation, and monitoring activity and results; the amount of each element is varying in different contexts.

Academia
In academia, supervision is aiding and guiding of a postgraduate research student, graduate student, or undergraduate student, in their research project; offering both moral support and scientific insight and guidance. The supervisor is often a senior scientist or scholar, and in some countries called doctoral advisor.

Business
In business, supervision is overseeing the work of staff. The person performing supervision could lack a formal title or carry the title supervisor or manager, where the latter has wider authority.

Counseling
In clinical supervision, the psychologist or psychiatrist has talk sessions with another professional in the field to debrief and mentally process the patient work.

Society
In society, supervision could be performed by the state or corporate entities to monitor and control its citizens. Public entities often do supervision of different activities in the nation, such as bank supervision.

title: Supervision


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Walewice

Walewice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielawy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland, on the Bzura River. It lies approximately 19 km west of Łowicz and 39 km north of the regional capital Łódź.

It is the site of a 19th-century palace that belonged to Anastazy Colonna-Walewski, who was chamberlain of King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski. Walewice attracts tourists because Napoleon Bonaparte had a love affair with Countess Walewska, who bore their son, Alexandre Walewski, at the palace in Walewice.

title: Walewice


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Battle of Cedynia

In the Battle of Cedynia or Zehden, an army of Mieszko I of Poland defeated forces of Hodo or Odo I of Lusatia on 24 June 972, near the Oder river. Whether or not the battle actually took place near the modern-day town of Cedynia is disputed in modern scholarship.

Mieszko I, Poland's first documented ruler based in Greater Poland, had successfully campaigned in the Cedynia area, then a West Slavic tribal territory also coveted by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I and German nobles. While Mieszko's differences with Otto I were settled by an alliance and payment of tribute to the latter, the nobles whom Otto I had invested with the former Saxon Eastern March, most notably Odo I, challenged Mieszko's gains. The battle was to determine the possession of the area between Mieszko and Odo. Records of the battle are sparse, it was briefly described by the chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg (975−1018), whose father participated in the battle (Chronicon II.19).

Background
About 937 the Saxon margrave Gero had conquered vast territories east of the Elbe River, where he subdued the tribes of the Polabian Slavs. The German forces thereby reached the Oder River and the western border of the young Polish country. After several clashes of arms the conflict for the present was settled by an agreement in 963 whereafter Duke Mieszko had to pay a recurrent tribute to Emperor Otto.

Upon Gero's death in 965, his vast Marca Geronis was divided into several smaller marches, while the power in the area was exercised by unchecked warlords. Duke Mieszko took the occasion to capture the lightly defended and economically important estuary of the Oder on the Baltic Sea, in order to secure his influence in Pomerania up to Wolin. In turn Odo I had been vested with the Saxon Eastern March (the later March of Lusatia) by Emperor Otto I and was responsible for gathering tribute of the tribes which were Mieszko's point of interest.

The margrave wanted to extend his territory and influence, he finally gathered his forces and decided to attack. He was sure of victory; his raid was a private conflict, against the agreements made by the Emperor, who at the same time struggled to secure his rule in the Kingdom of Italy. However, against Odo's expectations, the battle was won by Mieszko.

The battle as reported by Thietmar
The only more-or-less contemporary account of the battle is chapter 19 of the second book of Thietmar of Merseburg's Chronicon, consisting of three sentences:

Aftermath
After Emperor Otto I returned to Germany, he mediated a truce between the belligerents at the Hoftag diet of 973 in Quedlinburg, according to which Mieszko was obliged to transfer his minor son Bolesław as a hostage to the Imperial court. Nevertheless, the Emperor died a few weeks later and the conflict with the Saxon margraves continued to smoulder. After Mieszko had interfered in the conflict of Otto's son and successor Emperor Otto II with the Bavarian duke Henry the Wrangler, German forces again attacked Poland without success in 979.

The relations with the Empire improved upon Mieszko's marriage with Oda of Haldensleben, daughter of Margrave Dietrich of the Northern March.

Modern era
In 1945, the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line resulted in the transfer of the town of Zehden from the German province of Brandenburg to the People's Republic of Poland. The town was renamed Cedynia. Contemporary Polish historiography, tasked to justify the post-war borders, turned the encounter of 972 into the first medieval battle between Poles and Germans.

Largely unknown in Poland before World War II, the battle was instrumentalized by post-war Polish propaganda to justify the Oder-Neisse line, which in 1945 made former German Cedynia Poland's westernmost town, and rendered into a German-Polish battle to underline the doctrine of "eternal German-Polish enmity". Several memorials were erected in Cedynia to that effect, including a 15 m tall concrete statue of a Polish eagle on a sword overseeing town and Oder river from a hilltop. With the fall of Communism, the propagandistic approach was discarded, yet the battle retained some prominence and is included in modern Polish curricula.

Several battle memorials were installed in the small town: walls were covered with mosaics depicting medieval battle scenarios, wooden statues of knights were placed in the town, the hotel was named "Piast" after the dynasty founded by Mieszko I. A hill near the town was converted into the battle memorial "Victory at Cedynia", with a 15 m tall concrete statue on the hilltop, showing a Polish eagle sitting on a sword rammed in the hill, the face turned west overseeing town and Oder river. The mosaics on the hill's foot show white knights encircling and defeating black knights. The monument was erected in 1972 to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the battle, which was celebrated in the town by people from all regions of Poland, including high-ranking politicians, and accompanied by a large youth festival, "Cedynia 72".

The lower Oder area, Cedynia and the associated battle in particular, had also played a prominent role in the 1000th anniversary of the Polish state in 1966. The story of the battle was popularized by various means: rallies, monuments, press reports, popular science, travel guides, prosaic and lyrical works, movies, a dedicated medal, post stamps and envelope editions, even special match box designs.

Recent reassessment has resulted in doubts whether the battle had taken place near modern-day Cedynia. According to Pawel Migdalski, "Cedynia has lost its propagandistic value and is now just one of several small border towns". The memory of the battle is now upheld in a non-political fashion, by an annual festival and re-enactments.

The Battle of Cedynia is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CEDYNIA 24 VI 972"

title: Battle of Cedynia


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Portland Pirates

The Portland Pirates were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League (AHL). Their home arena was the Cross Insurance Arena in downtown Portland, Maine. The franchise was previously known as the Baltimore Skipjacks from 1982 to 1993.

The Pirates were affiliated with the Washington Capitals (1993–2005), the Anaheim Ducks (2005–2008), the Buffalo Sabres (2008–2011), Arizona Coyotes (2011–2015), and the Florida Panthers (2015–2016). The organization hosted the AHL All-Star Classic in 2003 and 2010.

On May 4, 2016, the Pirates announced it had signed a letter of intent with an outside buyer to sell and relocate the franchise for the 2016–17 season. It was reported that the team would be relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts following the pending sale and relocation of the Springfield Falcons franchise to Tucson, Arizona. The transaction was approved by the AHL on May 23, 2016, and the franchise became the Springfield Thunderbirds.

Capitals era
Tom Ebright, owner of the Baltimore Skipjacks, had a daughter who was an intern at the East Coast Hockey League's Nashville Knights. Liking the way the Knights did business, Ebright contacted Knights owner, W. Godfrey Wood, asking to relocate the Skipjacks to a better market. Wood relocated the team to his home region of Portland, Maine, leading to the creation of the Portland Pirates in 1993 with an affiliation to the Washington Capitals. The Pirates filled the void made by the Maine Mariners who had departed to become the Providence Bruins a year earlier. On August 4, 1993, forward Eric Fenton was signed to a professional contract to become the very first member of the Portland Pirates team.

Under general manager and CEO Wood, who invested in management and creative marketing, the Pirates led the AHL in tickets sold, sponsorships, and sellouts for their first 3 years. The Pirates first season proved to be their most successful as they won the Calder Cup with a 43–27–10 record and was third overall in attendance with an average of 5,872 fans. Their next season they had 104 points but were upset in the 1st round of the playoffs. In the 1995–96 season they again reached the Calder Cup Finals, despite a sub-par record of 32–34–10, but lost to the Rochester Americans. For the first four seasons, the head coach was Barry Trotz, who later became a long-time NHL head coach and won a Stanley Cup.

Since then, the Pirates had mixed success, routinely making the playoffs and being eliminated early on. This included an excellent 100 point season in 1999–00 only to be eliminated from the playoffs in the first round. The Capitals affiliation ended after 12 seasons in 2005.

Ducks era
In 2005, the Pirates announced a five-year lease extension at the Cross Insurance Arena, ending speculation that the team might relocate. The Pirates also signed a three-year affiliation agreement with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

With the Ducks, the Pirates had more mixed success. The team qualified for the 2006 Calder Cup playoffs and made it to the Calder Cup conference finals, only to be defeated by the eventual Calder Cup-winning Hershey Bears in seven games. The team then missed the 2007 playoff. Then the Pirates again made it to the Calder Cup conference finals again in 2008 before being eliminated by the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins in seven games.

Sabres era
On June 3, 2008, the Anaheim Ducks announced they were affiliating with the Iowa Chops instead of renewing the agreement with the Pirates. On June 10, 2008, the Pirates and the Buffalo Sabres announced that they had reached a new affiliation agreement, ending several months of speculation.

On August 5, 2008, the team announced that Kevin Dineen has been retained as head coach.

On February 10, 2009, the team played in Buffalo at HSBC Arena for the first time before a crowd of 11,144. The Pirates lost 4-3 in a shootout to the Albany River Rats. The Sabres' faithful were pleased with the aggressive play and numerous fights during the game. It was then announced that the Pirates would play in Buffalo twice in 2009–10. The first game would be played on November 12 and the second would be March 7; both games would be against the Rochester Americans (the Sabres' then previous AHL affiliate).

On March 17, 2010, the Pirates signed a two-year lease extension with the Cross Insurance Arena. The agreement prevented any further Pirates home games from being played outside the arena.

In May 2011, the Sabres had indicated a willingness to break from its affiliation agreement with the Pirates and re-affiliate with the Rochester Americans, with Sabres owner Terry Pegula intending to buy the Amerks. The Pirates had to sign off on the agreement, since their agreement with the Sabres ran through 2014. On June 24, 2011, the American Hockey League approved the sale of the Rochester Americans to Pegula; it also included the buyout of the affiliation contract with the Portland Pirates.

Coyotes era
On June 27, 2011, the Phoenix Coyotes announced that the franchise had entered into a five-year player development contract with the Pirates. WMTW-TV mentioned that during the announcement of the Coyotes being the Pirates affiliate that two of the four teams that were negotiating with the Pirates wanted the Pirates to change the team name and logo, but the Pirates agreed to the deal with Phoenix in order to keep their name and logo and because the Coyotes "wanted it the most".

During the 2012–13 season, the Pirates played six games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisee in Lewiston, Maine in preparation of renovations at the Cross Insurance Arena. On April 17, 2013, the Pirates and Cumberland County announced a five-year lease, with the option for another five years, to stay at the Cross Insurance Arena in Portland, though that was thrown into question due to a dispute over revenue from food sales (see lease dispute section below). Due to the dispute, the Pirates played their entire 2013-14 home schedule in Lewiston.

The Pirates were forced to play their final game of the 2013–14 season at their 400-seat practice facility in Saco, due to the Colisée being double booked with the game and a circus. The Pirates promised refunds to those who had bought tickets for the game in Lewiston, and stated that all ticket proceeds from the Saco game would go to the Barbara Bush Children's Hospital in Portland.

On May 7, 2014, they announced a one-year extension of the affiliation agreement and a small increase in ticket prices as part of the changes the team was doing to rebuild confidence with the community. Ron Cain, the new majority owner stated he was not concerned about getting a new affiliation agreement with the Coyotes for 2015–16 because it seemed likely that they were going to move their affiliate closer to Glendale, Arizona.

2013 lease dispute
In 2013, the Pirates negotiated a new lease agreement with arena trustees, but refused to sign it after they determined that the percentage of food sales they were to receive under the lease would not result in the same amount of money as previously agreed terms calling for the Pirates to get a percentage of food and alcohol sales, which was ruled illegal by the State (as alcohol sales can only be controlled by the property owner).

The Pirates then announced that they would look for another arena to play their 2013–14 season in, most likely the Androscoggin Bank Colisee in Lewiston, where they were already playing the start of the season due to renovations at the arena. Arena trustees stated there would be no Pirates hockey at the arena that year and began seeking other tenants for the dates originally given to the Pirates. They further claimed to only break even on the presence of the Pirates and that their expenses would actually be less without them. The Pirates responded by filing a lawsuit against the arena seeking enforcement of the original unsigned agreement outline and an injunction to prevent the arena from reassigning dates for Pirates home games to other events.

The Pirates announced on September 26, 2013, that they would indeed play their entire 2013–14 home schedule at the Colisée. The dates for four games had to be changed from the original schedule. A spokesman for the AHL said that the Pirates had the rights to the Portland market and could play anywhere within a 50-mile radius of the city. The Phoenix Coyotes said they were prepared to move forward despite having hoped differences with the arena would be resolved. The Chairman of the Cross Insurance Arena Board of Trustees criticized the Pirates for demanding more of a "subsidy" for themselves and stated their desired lease agreement would cost county taxpayers money. The Pirates also stated they would continue their lawsuit against the arena with the hopes of playing there in the future.

On October 24, 2013, it was announced that the team had taken out an option on city-owned land in Saco for possibly building a $40 million arena with 5,000 seats as a new home. The team stated, though, that doing so was not the cheapest option for them and that they would prefer to return to Portland.

After obtaining a majority share of the team, former minority owner Ron Cain stated on December 17 that should an agreement with arena trustees not be reached within a month, that he would consider moving the team to the aforementioned Saco land or even out of state if necessary. Continued requests for negotiation were rebuffed by the trustees. Two days later, Cain announced that the team dropped its lawsuit and that arena trustees would resume negotiations, both seeking "to strike a balance between the team's business needs and the arena's financial obligations" according to Cain. The chairman of the trustees stated that he found Cain's comments on the issue "constructive" and he thus was willing to restart talks.

Maine Senate President Justin Alfond, who is from Portland, announced that he submitted emergency legislation to the Maine Legislature to allow the Pirates to receive a share of alcohol revenue, as the original agreement had called for. Cain said that Alfond's efforts did not play a role in their decision on the lawsuit, but could help the team going forward.

On February 4, 2014, arena trustees and the Pirates announced that a five-year lease agreement had been reached and that the team would return to the Cross Insurance Arena for the 2014–15 season and should the team make the 2014 playoffs, it is possible they could return for those games, though Pirates ownership joked that with the team at the bottom of the division that day making such a scenario unlikely. The agreement included the sharing of concessions revenue the Pirates sought, which may or may not have included alcohol sales pending passage of Sen. Alfond's bill. Owner Ron Cain also revealed that he had explored the possibility of moving the team to Glens Falls, New York to replace the departing Adirondack Phantoms, going so far as to send CEO Brian Petrovek to Glens Falls for discussions, but that he wanted the Pirates to remain in Maine too much to do so.

Panthers era and final season
On March 18, 2015, the Pirates announced an affiliation agreement with the Florida Panthers to begin in the 2015–16 season and that Eric Joyce, the general manager of Florida's previous AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage, would take over the same position in Portland. On May 4, 2016, the Pirates announced it had signed a letter of intent with an outside buyer to sell and relocate the franchise for the 2016–17 season. On May 23, the franchise was relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts, following the sale and relocation of the Springfield Falcons franchise to Tucson, Arizona. On June 15, the franchise's new name was announced as the Springfield Thunderbirds.

A team of investors headed by former Pirates executives W. Godfrey Wood and Brad Church—the latter a former Portland player as well—announced their intentions to put an ECHL team in Portland to fill the void, joining as early as 2017. However, progress to attain a franchise by the Portland group stalled until four groups, none of which involved Wood, submitted their own proposals at the end of February 2017. By March 8, the arena owners had narrowed their choices to the proposals submitted by Spectra and National Sports Services, with both groups having been involved with managing ECHL teams in their past. In June 2017, Comcast Spectacor, the operators of the Cross Insurance Arena and the NHL's Philadelphia Flyers, purchased the franchise rights of the recently dormant Alaska Aces of the ECHL. The league approved of the sale and relocation of the franchise to Portland on June 15.

The market was previously home to:
 * Maine Mariners (1977–1992): American Hockey League

The franchise was replaced by:
 * Maine Mariners (2018–): ECHL

Season-by-season results
The results from the 23 seasons played by the Portland Pirates.

Team captains
• Chris Jensen, 1993–1995

• Jeff Nelson, 1995–1996

• Kent Hulst, 1995–2001

• Terry Yake, 2001–2002

• Dean Melanson, 2001–2003

• Todd Rohloff 2002–2003

• Trent Whitfield, 2003–2005

• Graham Mink, 2003–2004

• Aaron Gavey, 2005–2006

• Shawn Thornton, 2006–2007

• Tyler Bouck, 2007–2009

• Brad Larsen, 2009–2010

• Matt Ellis, 2010–2011

• Dean Arsene, 2011–12

• Alexandre Bolduc, 2012–2013

• Jordan Szwarz, 2013–2014

• Alexandre Bolduc, 2014–2015

• Brent Regner, 2015–2016

Pirates Hall of Fame
Officially only #50 has been retired by the Portland Pirates. However a banner still hangs in the rafters in tribute to the 5 Maine Mariners who had their number retired before moving to Providence. • 37 Olaf Kolzig (1993–96) Inducted 1999

• 19 Andrew Brunette (1993–98) Inducted 1999

• 34 Byron Dafoe (1993–95) Inducted 1999

• 32 Kevin 'Killer' Kaminski (1993–95, 1997–98) Inducted 2000

• 3 Steve Poapst (1993–2000) Inducted 2001

• 10 Kent Hulst (1993–96) Inducted 2002

• 30 Martin Brochu (1996–2000) Inducted 2003

• 23 Ryan Mulhern (1995–98, 1999–2000) Inducted 2004

• Head coach Barry Trotz (1993–97) Inducted 2005

• 44 Todd Nelson (1993–95) Inducted 2006

• 31 Jim Carey (1994–96) Inducted 2007

• Owner 50 Tom Ebright (1993–97) Inducted 2008

• 26 Chris Jensen (1993–95) Inducted 2010

• 17 Martin Gendron (1994–96) Inducted 2011

AHL awards and trophies
Calder Cup
 * 1993–94

Richard F. Canning Trophy
 * 1993–94, 1995–96

Frank Mathers Trophy
 * 2005–06

Emile Francis Trophy
 * 2005–06
 * 2010–11

Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award
 * Olaf Kolzig and Byron Dafoe: 1993–94

Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award
 * Barry Trotz: 1993–94
 * Glen Hanlon: 1999–00
 * Kevin Dineen: 2005–06

James C. Hendy Memorial Award
 * Tom Ebright: 1993–94

Jack A. Butterfield Trophy
 * Olaf Kolzig: 1993–94

Eddie Shore Award
 * Marc-Andre Gragnani: 2010–11

Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award
 * Jim Carey: 1994–95
 * Jaroslav Svejkovsky: 1995–96
 * Nathan Gerbe: 2008–09
 * Tyler Ennis: 2009–10
 * Luke Adam: 2010–11

Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award
 * Jim Carey: 1994–95
 * Martin Brochu: 1999–00

Les Cunningham Award
 * Martin Brochu: 1999–00

Fred T. Hunt Memorial Award
 * Kent Hulst: 2000–01
 * Chris Ferraro: 2002–03

James H. Ellery Memorial Awards
 * Dave Ahlers: 2002–03

Single season

 * Goals: Michel Picard, 41 (1993–94)
 * Assists: Jeff Nelson, 73 (1993–94)
 * Points: Jeff Nelson, 107 (1993–94)
 * Points (By a Defenseman): Marc-Andre Gragnani, 60 (2010–11)
 * Penalty minutes: Mark Major 355 (1997–98)
 * GAA: Maxime Ouellet, 1.99 (2003–04)
 * SV%: Maxime Ouellet, .930 (2003–04)

Career

 * Career goals: Kent Hulst, 147 (1993–2001)
 * Career assists: Andrew Brunette, 224 (1993–98)
 * Career points: Kent Hulst, 360 (1993–2001)
 * Career penalty minutes: Kevin Kaminski, 797 (1994–95, 98)
 * Career goaltending wins: Mike McKenna, 84 (2007–08, 2014–16)
 * Career shutouts: Maxime Ouellet, 17 (2002–05)
 * Career games: Kent Hulst, 473 (1993–2001)

title: Portland Pirates


text:
Giuseppe Torelli

Giuseppe Torelli (22 April 1658 Verona – 8 February 1709) was an Italian violist, violinist, teacher, and composer of the middle Baroque era.

Torelli is most remembered for contributing to the development of the instrumental concerto., especially concerti grossi and the solo concerto, for strings and continuo, as well as being the most prolific Baroque composer for trumpets.

Life
Torelli was born in Verona. It is not known with whom he studied violin, although it has been speculated that he was a pupil of Leonardo Brugnoli or Bartolomeo Laurenti, but it is certain that he studied composition with Giacomo Antonio Perti. On 27 June 1684, at the age of 26, he became a member of the Accademia Filarmonica as suonatore di violino. He was employed as a viola player at the San Petronio basilica beginning in 1686, where he stayed until 1695. or January 1696. when the orchestra was discontinued because of financial constraints. On 1687 Giuseppe Corsi da Celano played Torelli's music, from Op. 3, in Parma at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata. By 1698 he was maestro di concerto at the court of Georg Friedrich II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, where he conducted the orchestra for Le pazzie d'amore e dell'interesse, an idea drammatica composed by the maestro di cappella, and the castrato Francesco Antonio Pistocchi, before leaving for Vienna in December 1699. He returned to Bologna sometime before February 1701, when he is listed as a violinist in the newly re-formed cappella musicale at San Petronio, directed by his former composition teacher Perti.

He died at age 50 on 8 February 1709 in Bologna, where his manuscripts are conserved in the San Petronio archives.

Giuseppe's brother, Felice Torelli, was a Bolognese painter of modest reputation, who went on to be a founding member of the Accademia Clementina. The most notable amongst Giuseppe's many pupils was Francesco Manfredini.

Selected works

 * 10 Sonate a 3, with basso continuo, Op. 1 (1686).
 * 12 Concerto da camera, for 2 violins and basso continuo, Op. 2 (1686).
 * 12	Sinfonie, for 2–4 instruments, Op. 3 (1687).
 * 12 Concertino per camera for violin and cello, Op. 4 (1688).
 * 12 Sinfonie a 3 e concerti a 4, Op. 5 (1692).
 * 12 Concerti musicali a quattro, Op. 6 (1698).
 * 12 Concerti grossi con una pastorale per il Santissimo Natale, Op. 8 (1709).
 * More than 30 concertos for 1 to 4 trumpets, including a Sinfonia à 4, composed after 1702. and unpublished during his lifetime, which is a concerto for four trumpets, with an orchestra requiring a minimum of four oboes, two bassoons, trombone, timpani, four violins, two violas, four cellos, two double basses, and continuo.

Selected recordings

 * Cantata "Lumi dolenti lumi" on Agitata Delphine Galou, Accademia Bizantina, Ottavio Dantone, Alpha. 2017

title: Giuseppe Torelli