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Woodlawn, Chicago

Woodlawn, on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, is one of Chicago's 77 community areas. It is bounded by Lake Michigan to the east, 60th Street to the north, Martin Luther King Drive to the west, and 67th Street to the south. Both Hyde Park Career Academy and the all-boys Catholic Mount Carmel High School are in this neighborhood; much of its eastern portion is occupied by Jackson Park. The Woodlawn section of the park includes the site of the planned Obama Presidential Center, an estimated $500 million investment. The northern edge of Woodlawn contains a portion of the campus of the University of Chicago.

Demographics
In the 1990 census, Woodlawn had approximately 27,000 individuals, living in 10,000 households. Over 98% of the population was African American, over half were on some form of public aid, and the median household income was over $13,000.

As of 2008, according to city-data.com, the median household income is over $25,000, In parts of eastern Woodlawn the white population is almost 30% and growing.

Racial transition
Up until 1948, Woodlawn was a middle class, white neighborhood, which grew out of the floods of workers and commerce from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. During the first half of the century, many University of Chicago professors lived in Woodlawn. With the Supreme Court ruling outlawing racially restrictive covenants in 1948, the combination of the expanding African American urban population, their limited housing options, and exploitive real estate maneuvers that divided up apartments into kitchenettes, Woodlawn began to have its first African American residents. Cayton and Drake described the anxieties and clashes that took place at the edge of the ghetto in Black Metropolis. The play A Raisin in the Sun is based on the experiences of author Lorraine Hansberry and her family, who were among the first to move in.

Like other communities bordering the ghetto, Woodlawn experienced intense bouts of white flight when the first African Americans moved into the neighborhood (especially the Washington Park Subdivision). Many institutions and people moved to the suburbs, a process that was facilitated by new federal housing loans. This combination of white flight from large apartments and high housing demand of the incoming African American population often proved lucrative for realtors, who routinely subdivided the vacated apartments. From this, buildings were over-filled with families. Absentee landlords seldom did much to maintain the buildings.

Others attempted to integrate this area but met with limited success. For example, the First Presbyterian Church (6400 South Kimbark Avenue) integrated in 1954 and, by the 1960s, had a markedly mixed character. However, older members often felt put out by the demographic and "cultural" changes that came with integration, and by the mid-1960s, the Church's finances and membership rates were in trouble. For better or for worse, there had been an across the board change in the community.

1960s
By the early 1960s, Woodlawn was a predominantly African-American neighborhood with a population of over 80,000 people. 63rd Street was one of the busiest streets on the South Side and was famous for its jazz clubs. Despite its bustle, Woodlawn was an economically deteriorating community, and attempts to revive its citizenry were short-lived and fractured. The community escaped the riots that devastated the West Side after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. mainly because of the works of the Black P. Stone Nation in 1968. Nevertheless, most business owners fled. A rash of arsons destroyed a reported 362 abandoned buildings between 1968 and 1971.

The University of Chicago
In Hyde Park to the north, similar demographic and racial changes began in the 1950s but with radically different results. The University of Chicago, a large land owner with vested interest in the character of the neighborhood, fought through many avenues against what it saw as the encroachment of blight.

As Arnold Hirsch argues in his chapter "Neighborhood on a hill" in Making the Second Ghetto, the University, through the SECC and, at times, with brute force, made Hyde Park the site of one of the first "urban renewal" projects in the country. In an attempt to maintain the number of white families, the University tore down "slum" areas, often employing eminent domain powers. In the process, many African Americans were displaced from Hyde Park, and cultural centers like 55th Street were leveled.

After their success in Hyde Park, the University moved quickly to begin a second urban renewal project in Woodlawn. A one mile wide area from 60th to 61st in Woodlawn was scheduled for renewal and the University's planned South Campus. The plans were drawn, there was a press conference, and the campus was eventually constructed.

At one time, the University of Chicago Law School raised more than $10,000 each year for charitable support for the children of Woodlawn. In 1999, however, it eliminated that support and shifted the funding to student scholarships for public interest jobs primarily outside the Chicago area.

TWO (The Woodlawn Organization)
The Woodlawn Organization coalesced around the perception that the University would pursue a land use policy in Woodlawn as it did in Hyde Park, and it has its roots in the pastors' Alliance of Woodlawn. Several years earlier, the Alliance had called in Saul Alinsky, founder of the Industrial Areas Foundation, to discuss plans to organize the community. But several major members of the Alliance at that time were displeased with Alinsky's brashness and controversial direct tactics. In the initial years, when TWO was still under the IAF umbrella, Nicholas Von Hoffman, Alinsky's second in command, planned most of the actions. After the University's plans were known, several prominent churches gave the seed money for the organization, which began in 1961.

TWO, like other IAF organizations, was a coalition of existing community entities such as churches, business and civic associations. These member groups paid dues, and the organization was run by an elected board. The TWO moved quickly to establish itself as the "voice" of Woodlawn, mobilizing existing leadership and bringing up new leadership. A prime example of the newly empowered leadership in TWO was Reverend Arthur M. Brazier, who was the first spokesperson and eventual president. Brazier started out as a mail carrier, became a preacher in a store front church, and then, through TWO, burgeoned into a national spokesman for the black power movement. Brazier became a very powerful pastor in Chicago.

As Fish argues in Black Power/White Control TWO picked issues that mobilized resident participation, and at the same time built power for the organization to take on large outside entities like the University and the City (i.e. Mayor Daley). The group took part in the flurry of activity surrounding the Freedom Rides and the Civil Rights Movement by loading up over 40 buses of people from Woodlawn and riding to City Hall to register to vote. They also rallied against slum landlords and cheating business owners. TWO also took action on the University and were able to gain a seat on the City planning board (which stopped the University's plans).

TWO faced continually worsening conditions in the neighborhood, and there are many arguments about its efficacy. Especially controversial was Brazier's opposition to a planned and nearly completed Green Line extension to Dorchester, which forced the Chicago Transit Authority to tear down the nearly completed station and the tracks east of the Cottage Grove terminal and forfeit millions of dollars in federal funds in 1996.

Woodlawn East Community And Neighbors Inc.
As TWO moved to consolidate its position as the Voice of Woodlawn, other community organizations arose to deal with specific issues of housing and community empowerment, such as the arson fires that destroyed hundreds of buildings in Woodlawn in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Perhaps the most prominent of these organizations is Woodlawn East Community And Neighbors Inc. (WECAN) founded by Mattie C. Butler, a 40-year Woodlawn resident and sister of Hall of Fame R&B singer/current Cook County Commissioner Jerry Butler.

Butler founded WECAN in October 1980 after watching 13 children die in an arson fire in a building next door to her home. WECAN quickly became a neighborhood and citywide advocate for rescuing at-risk and abandoned buildings, preserving an estimated 5000 units of housing in Woodlawn since its founding. Many of its programs - Abandoned Property Program, Vintage Homes For Chicago, Step-Up Housing - have become citywide models. WECAN was a founding member of the citywide Chicago Rehab Network of community developers. The organization and its founder, Mattie C. Butler, have been honored with local and national awards including the 1989 Petra Foundation Award and the 2008 Community Empowerment Advocate of the Year Award.

As the focus of development in Woodlawn has shifted toward new construction and condo conversion, WECAN is seen as a vocal advocate for affordable housing for low-moderate income residents and especially seniors. That stance has on occasion brought the organization into conflict with other groups in Woodlawn, particularly TWO, who have pushed for new development at what WECAN sees as the expense of current residents. WECAN led the opposition to the teardown of the 63rd Street CTA elevated line, a battle it lost. Woodlawn has one of the highest foreclosure rates in the city and is particularly affected by foreclosures of apartment buildings and condominium conversions.

WECAN sits on the New Communities Program Executive Steering Committee, operates 132 units of affordable housing, and operates supportive services, after school programs and its Housing Resource Center.

Project Brotherhood
Project Brotherhood is a health clinic focused on using community outreach and preventive education to meet the needs and improve the health of African American men in the Woodlawn area. The clinic is operated by a combination of staff, volunteers, and interns and hosts a variety of free services for members of the community. In the CNN documentary "Black in America 2", Project Brotherhood was presented as one of America's pioneers in terms of African American health.

Gangs
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jeff Fort and Eugene Hairston ran a small gang of neighborhood kids centered near 66th and Blackstone called the Blackstone Rangers. By the mid 1960s, Fort and Hairston had pulled together twenty-one other local street gangs, thus becoming the dominant gang on Chicago's South Side, engaging in numerous criminal activities while maintaining a political activist facade. For example, in 1966, in the midst of a violent drive to consolidate power and intimidate rivals, the Rangers provided security as Dr. Martin Luther King and the Congress On Racial Equality marched through hostile white neighborhoods like Cicero and Marquette Park.

Under the influence of both the Black Nationalist movement and the nonviolent civil rights movement, they changed their name to "The Black Peace Stone Nation". During the riots in the aftermath of Dr. King's assassination, the "Stones" were credited with preserving and protecting the Woodlawn neighborhood (albeit through extortion and intimidation), which saw minimal disturbance in contrast with neighborhoods like Garfield Park and the West Side.

Over time, the ties with the nonviolence movement faded as the gang's name was altered to "Black P. Stone Nation" Hairston's incarceration led Jeff Fort to take sole leadership of the gang, which by then stretched across numerous neighborhoods of the city and boasted as many as 50,000 members. During this time, the Stones became more political and more involved in community power structure. It even received funding from the US Office Of Economic Opportunity to run a job-training program in Woodlawn, the pilfering of which led Fort to another prison sentence.

While jailed, Fort was influenced by the Nation of Islam and upon his release renamed the gang again, to the El Rukn Tribe Of The Moorish Science Temple of America, usually shortened to El Rukns. The gang, whose home territory is in between the "-Stone streets" of Blackstone Avenue and Stony Island Avenue, are still a very strong force in the Woodlawn community.

Present-day Woodlawn
The area between 59th and 60th Streets is known as the Midway Plaisance, incorporating Midway Plaisance North (south of 59th Street) and Midway Plaisance South, north of 60th Street. Now dominated by a green space of low valleys, the Plaisance is widely known as the site of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, in which the green space was to be designated as the Fair location (but was never utilized). The Plaisance is now a well-maintained walking and bike riding thoroughfare amidst the University's campuses. Between 60th and 61st Streets (with Stony Island Avenue to the east and Cottage Grove Avenue to the west) are several of the University's South Campus buildings including: University of Chicago Press, the law quadrangle and law library, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the National Opinion Research Center, the Center for Research Libraries, Chapin Hall, and Granville-Grossman Residential Commons. Some of the University's faculty and several hundred of its graduate and undergraduate students live south of 60th Street in University-owned real estate and dormitories, as well as in privately owned residences.

To replace the decaying Shoreland Hotel, the University of Chicago constructed a new residence hall on the corner of 61st St. and Ellis, designed with input from residents of both Hyde Park and Woodlawn so as to minimize possible alienation of the neighboring community.

Jackson Park
Jackson Park is a 500-acre (2 km$2$) park on Lake Michigan in the neighborhoods of Woodlawn, Hyde Park, and bordering South Shore.

The land for Jackson Park was set aside in the 1870s. The area was originally a "rough, tangled stretch of bog and dune" until it was transformed by Frederick Law Olmsted, the architect of New York City's Central Park. The park is connected by the Midway Plaisance to Washington Park on Woodlawn's North end.

Jackson Park was the site of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. For this event, hundreds of acres of undeveloped park was turned into the spectacular, but temporary, Beaux-Arts "White City." A small number of structures built for or used during the fair still remain in the park.

Attractions inside Jackson Park include Osaka Garden, the Jackson Park Golf Course, Jackson Park Harbor, Wooded Isle, the gilded Daniel Chester French statue Republic (a replica of a much larger statue built for the Columbian Exposition), several lagoons, and the 63rd Street Beach with its magnificent beach house.

Education
It is within Chicago Public Schools. Emmett Till Math & Science Academy is in Woodlawn. Emmett Till, its namesake, was an alumnus of the school when it was called James McCosh Elementary School; in that period all of its students were African-American. It was given its current name in 2006.

Notable people

 * Dayvon Daquan Bennett (1994–2020), alias "King Von", rapper and songwriter
 * Arthur M. Brazier (1921–2010), pastor and activist
 * Ernest Burgess (1886–1966), urban sociologist and formulator of the concentric zone model. He resided at 6140 South Drexel Avenue at the time of his death.
 * Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000), American poet and teacher, and the first African American to receive a Pulitzer Prize.
 * Jesse Brown (1944–2002), 2nd United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was a childhood resident living in Woodlawn near East 63rd Street and South Ingleside Avenue.
 * Robert Conrad (1935-2020), actor
 * Clarence Darrow (1857–1938), attorney, resided at 1537 East 60th Street for most of his adult life
 * Walter Eckersall (1886–1930), football official and sportswriter
 * Hamlin Garland (1860–1940), author
 * Sam Greenlee (1930–2014), author. He was raised in the western area of Woodlawn.
 * Herbie Hancock (born 1940), musician
 * Carl Augustus Hansberry (1895–1946), real estate broker and political activist; he was the plaintiff in Hansberry v. Lee, which stemmed from his effort to live in the Washington Park Subdivision
 * Lorraine Hansberry (1930–1965), playwright; her father Carl moved the family to the neighborhood's Washington Park Subdivision when she was eight years old
 * Hugh Hefner (1926–2017), magazine publisher, resided at 6052 South Harper Avenue when he produced the first copy of Playboy
 * Richard Hunt (born 1935), lived at 6324 S Eberhart Ave from birth until four years of age.
 * Mae Jemison (born 1956), physician and former NASA astronaut. She was a childhood resident of Woodlawn prior to her family's move to Morgan Park.
 * John Joseph Kelly (1898–1957), United States Marine who was awarded Medals of Honor from both the Army and Navy for his actions on October 13, 1918, at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge during World War I. He was a childhood resident of 6558 South Ellis Avenue.
 * Richard Kiley (1922–1999), Tony-winning actor
 * Joe Louis (1914–1981), professional boxer and world heavyweight champion 1937–1949. He resided at the Wedgewood Hotel on the corner of East 64th Street and South Minerva Avenue for a time.
 * Charles Edward Merriam (1874–1953), professor of political science at the University of Chicago
 * Minnie Miñoso (1925–2015), professional baseball player. He resided at the Wedgewood Hotel on the corner of East 64th Street and South Minerva Avenue for a time.
 * Jesse Owens (1913–1980), four-time gold medalist in the 1936 Olympic Games in track and field
 * Henry J. Schlacks (1867–1938), architect
 * Seymour Stedman (1871–1948), attorney and founding member of the Socialist Party of America. He resided at 6630 South Minerva Avenue.
 * Bill Veeck (1914-1986), Major League Baseball team owner & promoter, St. Louis Browns, Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox
 * James H. Wilkerson (1869–1948), U.S. district judge who presided over the 1931 Al Capone tax-evasion trial

title: Woodlawn, Chicago


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HMS Locust (T28)

HMS Locust was one of 4 Dragonfly-class river gunboats of the Royal Navy, and was named after the locust, an insect. Launched on 28 September 1939 and commissioned on 17 May 1940, she survived the Second World War despite being severely damaged many times, including taking a shell hit during Operation Overlord.

Service
Designed as a Gunboat for the Yangtze River, she was equipped with two 4-inch guns; fore and aft, two 3-pounders each side, and a 3.5-inch howitzer midship plus a multi-barrel 2-pounder (40 mm) anti-aircraft gun. She was flat bottomed with a triple rudder configuration.

She participated in the Dunkirk evacuation during which she was attacked by German aircraft and evacuated 1,000 troops.

Locust had a central role in Operation Jubilee, the Dieppe Raid in August 1942, in which she was part of the "Cutting Out Force" that was to seize barges and trawlers and tow them back to England. She carried about 200 Royal Marine Commandos.

She served during Operation Overlord, during which she received a hit from shellfire. She survived the war, was recommissioned as a training vessel and eventually sold for scrap in 1968.

Fate
She was placed in reserve from 1946 until 1951 when she was converted to a drill ship for the Royal Naval Reserve and used for training. When moored next to the RNVR ship HMS Flying Fox in Bristol, the vessel's shallow draught (essential for navigating shallow rivers) could be seen easily, around a foot or so below the waterline. Locust had three propellers and three large-bladed shallow rudders, equally spaced across its stern. She was decommissioned in 1968 and sold on 24 May 1968 to Cashmore for breaking. She was broken up in Newport.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMS Locust (T28)


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HMS Londonderry

Two ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Londonderry, after the city of Londonderry in Northern Ireland.

 * HMS Londonderry (U76) was a Grimsby-class sloop sloop launched in 1935 and sold in 1948.
 * HMS Londonderry (F108) was a Rothesay-class frigate launched in 1958. She was a training ship between 1984 and 1988, and was expended as a target in June 1989 (After rocket hits, finally sunk by the long range gunfire of the German destroyer Rommel).

title: HMS Londonderry


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Joseph Brazier

Joseph Brazier was originally a gun-locksmith firm, based in Wolverhampton, England, having begun as a family business around 1700 in London. The firm was very active in the 19th century, and was well known as a manufacturer of precision locks for rifles – including some used in the American Civil War – and the American Hawken plains rifle.

Today Joseph Brazier manufactures precision interchangeable parts, components, and one solid piece over/under shotgun barrels as well as side by side and double rifle barrels. The company maintains offices in Arundel, UK and Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. Karl C. Lippard is the current Managing Director.

title: Joseph Brazier


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HMS Lookout

Two destroyers of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Lookout.

 * The first HMS Lookout (1914), a Laforey-class destroyer (1913) destroyer, was in service 1914–1922.
 * The second HMS Lookout (G32) was in service 1940–1948.

title: HMS Lookout


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Charles Galton Darwin

Sir Charles Galton Darwin (19 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist who served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War. He was a son of the mathematician George Howard Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin.

Early life
Darwin was born at Newnham Grange in Cambridge, England into a scientific dynasty. He was a son of mathematician Sir George Howard Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin. His mother was Lady Darwin, Maud du Puy of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Darwin's elder sister was the artist Gwen Raverat, and his younger sister Margaret married Geoffrey Keynes, the brother of the economist John Maynard Keynes. His younger brother William Robert Darwin was a London stockbroker. Darwin was educated at Marlborough College (1901–1906) and then studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1910, later promoted to MA by seniority.

Career
He secured a post-graduate position at the Victoria University of Manchester, working under Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr on Rutherford's atomic theory. In 1912, his interests developed into using his mathematical skills assisting Henry Moseley on X-ray diffraction. His two 1914 papers on the dynamical theory of diffraction of X-rays from perfect crystals became often cited classics, minting the Darwin Curve of reflectivity. In a further paper of 1922, he introduced the mosaic crystal model.

On the outbreak of World War I, he was commissioned and sent to France as a censor. A year later William Lawrence Bragg had him transferred to the Royal Engineers to participate in the work on the localisation of enemy artillery by sound ranging. When that research was on a solid footing, he was transferred to the RAF to study aircraft noise. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918.

From 1919 to 1922 he was a lecturer and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he worked with R.H. Fowler on statistical mechanics and, what came to be known as, the Darwin–Fowler method. He then worked for a year at the California Institute of Technology before becoming the first Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1924, working on quantum optics and magneto-optic effects. He was the first in 1928, to calculate the fine structure of the hydrogen atom under Paul Dirac's relativistic theory of the electron. He was assisted at the university by Dr Robert Schlapp.

In 1936 Darwin asked fellow physicist Max Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor, an offer that Born promptly accepted. He then resigned his post in Edinburgh to become Master of Christ's College, beginning his career as an active and able administrator, becoming director of the National Physical Laboratory on the approach of war in 1938. He served in the role into the post-war period, unafraid to seek improved laboratory performance through re-organisation, but spending much of the war years working on the Manhattan Project co-ordinating the American, British, and Canadian efforts.

Darwin was appointed KBE in 1942. In 1952, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Private life
In 1925, he married Katharine Pember, a mathematician and daughter of Francis William Pember. They had four sons and a daughter:
 * Cecily Darwin (1926–2022) became an X-ray crystallographer and in 1951 married John Littleton of Philadelphia.
 * George Pember Darwin (1928–2001) worked developing computers, and then (1964) married Angela Huxley, daughter of David Bruce Huxley. She was also a granddaughter of the writer Leonard Huxley and a great-granddaughter of Thomas Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog".
 * Henry Galton Darwin (1929–1992) was with the British Foreign Office, and married Jane Christie.
 * Francis William Darwin (1932–1999) was a zoologist and taught at the University of London, and married in 1976.
 * Edward Leonard Darwin (1934–2020) became a civil engineer.

In his spare time, Darwin also served as a wartime vice-president of the Simplified Spelling Society.

On his retirement, his attention turned to issues of population, genetics and eugenics. His conclusions were pessimistic and entailed a resigned belief in an inevitable Malthusian catastrophe, as described in his 1952 book The Next Million Years. He first argued in this book that voluntary birth control (family planning) establishes a selective system that ensures its own failure. The cause is that people with the strongest instinct for wanting children will have the largest families and they will hand on the instinct to their children, while those with weaker instincts will have smaller families and will hand on that instinct to their children. In the long run society will consist mainly of people with the strongest instinct to reproduce. This would ultimately have dysgenic effects.

In later years he travelled widely, an enthusiastic collaborator across national borders and an able communicator of scientific ideas.

He died at Newnham Grange in Cambridge (the house where he was born) on New Year's Eve 1962/3; he was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium on 4 January 1963. He and his late wife are commemorated with a memorial at St Botolph's Church, Cambridge; she was cremated, the funeral was in Wimbledon, where she had been living.

Publications

 * The New Conceptions of Matter (1931)
 * The Next Million Years (1952)

title: Charles Galton Darwin


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Talk:Woodlawn, Chicago

Untitled
Nice job with Woodlawn. I've written articles on urban themes as well, including the articles on Hyde Park, Pullman, and Pilsen. User:Dinopup

For improvements to the article, why not mention 63rd St. in the old days?

For a fun factoid on Woodlawn, Hugh Hefner put together the first Playboy while living near the power plant on Blackstone. Amelia Earhart was a grad of Hyde Park HS in Woodlawn.

Inner City Chicago

 * I'm not sure why this is a sub-title, and for the record, it existed before I made the first post in it. Does whoever created the "Inner City Chicago" sub-title know where Woodlawn is located? If they think that Woodlawn, Chicago is in inner city Chicago, then Inner city needs to be redefined. 173.75.117.35 (talk) 05:26, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Where it could go

 * http://www.chas.uchicago.edu/healthdata/atlas/ca42.html
 * http://cdhs-ycic.chapinhall.org/cap/ycic_cap_42.html
 * http://www.chipublib.org/008subject/012special/wcc.html
 * http://www.cagis.uic.edu/commarea/carepts/carept_42.txt

Hello,

I've lived in Woodlawn a long, long time and I wonder about the article's references to "improvement" in Woodlawn. *In the part of the neighborhood adjoining the University of Chicago,* it is true that crime has dropped, and that students are no longer officialy discouraged from living here. But that's mostly because of the University Police patrolling that area, and because wealthier, often white professional families are moving in. Gentrification here is not a unilateral "improvement." The shrinking of the rental housing market and the rise in property taxes have been displacing a lot of longtime, lower-income African American residents. Affordable housing is now in even shorter supply.

Marykderr 00:46, 16 July 2007 (UTC)M.

Yes, because a lower crime rate and an influx of intelligent, hardworking, tax PAYING citizens is never an improvement to an area. Nope. Can't have that. Maybe if the idiot, slack, tax RECEIVING citizens would learn to stop crapping all over everything they've ever gotten (been given?) things wouldn't be that way now would they? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.81.2 (talk) 19:30, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Woodlawn, Chicago


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User:LarryGilbert/Other sites

These are other Web sites that I frequent, with links to my identities there wherever possible.

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 * SourceForge (me)
 * StumbleUpon (me)
 * Tribe.net (me)
 * Yahoo! (me)

title: User:LarryGilbert/Other sites


text:
HMS Lynx (F27)

HMS Lynx (F27), was a Leopard-class Type 41 anti aircraft frigate of the Royal Navy, named after the lynx.

She was laid down by John Brown & Company, Clydebank,[Scotland, on 13 August 1953, launched on 12 January 1955, and commissioned on 14 March 1957. On 12 March 1982 she was sold to the Bangladesh Navy and renamed BNS Abu Bakr. She was decommissioned and scrapped in 2014.

Construction and design
The Leopard-class, or Type 41, frigates were designed for a main role of providing anti-aircraft protection for convoys. As such they were provided with a heavy gun armament but did not require high speed. They shared a common hull and machinery with the Salisbury-class frigate (or Type 61) aircraft direction frigates.

Leopard was 339 ft long overall, 330 ft at the waterline and 320 ft, with a Beam of 40 ft and a draught of 11 ft. Displacement was 2300 LT standard and 2520 LT deep load. She was powered by eight Admiralty Standard Range 1 (ASR1) diesel engines, with a total power of 14400 bhp, driving two propeller shafts giving a speed of 25 kn. Four more of these engines were used to generate electricity, driving 500 kW alternators. The ship had a range of 2300 nmi at full power and 7500 nmi at 16 kn.

The ship's main gun armament consisted of two twin 4.5 inch (113 mm) Mark 6 dual-purpose gun turrets, mounted one forward and one aft, with a STAAG twin stabilised 40mm Bofors mount providing close-in anti-aircraft defence, although this mounting was unreliable and later replaced by a single Bofors gun. A single Squid anti submarine mortar was fitted. As built, Leopard was fitted with a Type 960 long-range radar on the ship's mainmast and Type 293Q surface/air search radar on the foremast. A Mark 6M fire control system (including a Type 275 radar) for the 4.5 inch guns was mounted above the ship's bridge, with a secondary CRBF (Close-Range Blind Fire) director aft, fitted with Type 262 Radar, while the STAAG mount was fitted with its own Type 262 fire control radar. while a Type 974 navigation radar was also fitted. Type 965 long-range air search radar replaced Type 960 during a refit in 1964 and 1966, with Type 993 surface/air search and target indication radar replaced the Type 293Q. The ship's sonar fit consisted of Type 174 search, Type 170 fire control sonar for Squid and a Type 162 sonar for classifying targets on the sea floor.

Lynx was laid down at John Brown & Company's Clydebank shipyard on 13 August 1953, was launched on 12 January 1955 by Mary, Princess Royal and commissioned on 14 March 1957, as the first of her class.

Royal Navy service
On commissioning Lynx served as the leader of the 7th Frigate Squadron, with the squadron alternating between service in home waters and on the South Atlantic Station. On 3 May 1960, Lynx, carrying out trials off Portsmouth, was diverted to search for survivors after a small fishing boat was sunk in a collision with the German tanker Caperata. In September 1964, with tensions heightening between Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute, an Argentine light aircraft landed on Port Stanley racecourse, and its pilot, Miguel Fitzgerald, planted an Argentine flag and handed a written proclamation of Argentine sovereignty to an islander before flying back to Argentina. In response, Lynx, forming part of a task group off the coast of South America, was ordered to the Falklands, remaining there from 14 October to 11 November.

In March 1967, following the disbanding of the South Atlantic station, Lynx was the last Royal Navy ship based at the Simonstown naval base in South Africa, then transferring to the Far East. On 18 September 1970, Lynx found an abandoned 24 ft long barge adrift off the coast of Johor, Malaysia and towed it back to Singapore. On 30 December 1972, the Japanese cargo ship Kyoryu Maru, carrying a cargo of timber from Selat Panjang to Singapore, sank after a collision with the Japanese tanker Shoen Maru, 30 nmi from Singapore. Lynx, on patrol off Singapore, took part in the search for nine missing crewmembers from Kyoryu Maru. Lynx was paid off in June 1974, and after a refit at Rosyth, joined the Standby Squadron at Chatham. She attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead.

Bangladeshi Navy service
She was transferred to the Bangladeshi Navy 12 March 1982 and renamed BNS Abu Bakr. She was assigned to the Commodore Commanding BN Flotilla (COMBAN). About 200 personnel served aboard Abu Bakr, with most living aboard her.

In November 2008, BNS Abu Bakr  along with BNS Nirbhoy and BNS Madhumati intercepted Myanmar Navy ships at a disputed region of Bay of Bengal where they were supporting an exploration of oil and gas fields.

She was decommissioned during a ceremony held in her homeport Chittagong on 22 January 2014. She was replaced by a Chinese Type 053H2 frigate with the same name and pennant number.

title: HMS Lynx (F27)


text:
1777 in music

Events

 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart resigns his position in the Salzburg court.
 * Samuel Arnold becomes musical director of the Haymarket Theatre in London.
 * Über die Theorie der Musik by Johann Nikolaus Forkel is published in Göttingen.
 * Thomas Arne and his wife are reconciled after a separation of over twenty years.

Opera

 * Agostino Accorimboni – Nitteti
 * Luigi de Baillou – Il casino di campagna
 * Domenico Cimarosa
 * L'Armida immaginaria
 * Il fanatico per gli antichi romani
 * I tre amanti
 * Christoph Willibald Gluck – Armide
 * Joseph Haydn – Il mondo della luna
 * Elizabeth Ryves – The Prude

Classical music

 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – 4 Keyboard Trios, Wq.91
 * Johann Christian Bach – 6 Keyboard Concertos, Op. 13
 * Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach – Flute Sonata No.1 in D major
 * Charles Burney – 4 Sonatas for Keyboard 4-Hands
 * Giuseppe Maria Cambini – 6 Flute Quintets, Op. 8
 * Michael Haydn – Missa S Hieronymi
 * Gottfried August Homilius – Christmas Oratorio
 * John Keeble – Diapason Movement in F major
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Piano Concerto No. 9 ("Jeunehomme")
 * Josef Mysliveček – Isacco figura del redentore (oratorio)
 * Antonio Salieri – La Passione di Gesu Christo
 * Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 9
 * Carl Stamitz
 * 6 Symphonies, Op. 13
 * Clarinet Concerto No.2 in B-flat major
 * Johann Baptist Wanhal – Violin Concerto in B-flat major

Popular Music

 * "A-Hunting We Will Go" w.m. Thomas Arne (written for insertion into a London production of The Beggar's Opera and first sung by the contralto Mrs. Farrell playing Captain Macheath (sic.))

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Über die Theorie der Musik
 * Johann Caspar Heck – The Art of Playing Thorough Bass
 * Valentin Roeser – Gamme et 12 Duo pour la Flûte Traversière

Births

 * January 1 – Micah Hawkins, composer
 * January 3 – Louis Poinsot, instrument maker
 * January 8 – Filippo Traetta, musicologist
 * January 12 – Stepan Davydov, Russian composer (died 1825)
 * April 18 – Ignac Ruzitska, composer
 * May 4 – Charles-Louis-Joseph Hanssens, composer
 * May 8 – Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Carelian Folksinger
 * May 12 – Giovanni Morandi, Italian composer (died 1856)
 * May 28 – Joseph-Henri-Ignace Mees, composer
 * June 2 – Christian Traugott Tag, composer
 * September 30 – Ramon Felix Cuellar y Altarriba, composer
 * October 3 – Hedda Hjortsberg, ballerina
 * October 6 – William Russell, organist and composer
 * November 5 – Filippo Taglioni, dancer and choreographer
 * December 16 – János Fusz, composer

Deaths

 * January 1 – Emanuele Barbella, composer
 * January 22 – Simon Leduc, composer violinist (born 1742)
 * March 1 – Georg Christoph Wagenseil
 * July 27 – William Hayes, composer (b. 1708)
 * August 17 – Giuseppe Scarlatti, composer
 * August 23 – Giuseppe Sellitti, composer
 * September 1 – Johann Ernst Bach, composer
 * November – Marco Coltellini, opera librettist (b. 1724)
 * November 30 – Jean-Marie Leclair the younger, composer (b. 1703)
 * December 21 – Anton Cajetan Adlgasser, organist (b. 1729)

title: 1777 in music


text:
HMS Marigold

Six ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Marigold, after the marigold flower:

 * HMS Marigold (1650), a 22-gun ship captured from the Portuguese in 1650 and sold 1658
 * Marigold, a 3-gun hoy, a 42-ton vessel built at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1653 and broken up in 1712
 * HMS Marigold (1673), a 4-gun fireship purchased in 1673 and lost in action in August of that year
 * HMS Marigold (1677), a 44-gun fourth rate captured from Algeria in 1677 and wrecked 1679
 * HMS Marigold (1915), an Acacia-class sloop sloop launched in 1915 and sold 1920
 * HMS Marigold (K87), a Flower-class corvette launched in 1940 and sunk December 1942

title: HMS Marigold


text:
HMS Lysander

Three vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Lysander, after Lysander, a military commander of ancient Sparta.

 * The first Lysander was a 4-gun brig, listed from 1842 to 1844 but with little further information available.
 * The second HMS Lysander (1913) was a Laforey-class destroyer (1913) destroyer launched in 1913 as Ulysses but renamed a few weeks later, and sold in 1922. Rescued the survivors of HMHS Llandovery Castle.
 * The third HMS Lysander (J379) was an Algerine-class minesweeper launched in 1943 as HMCS Hespeler, renamed Cornflower in 1956, and broken up 1957.

title: HMS Lysander


text:
HMS Mauritius (80)

HMS Mauritius, pennant C80, was a Fiji-class cruiser light cruiser of the Royal Navy. The ship was built by Swan Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne. She was named after Mauritius, which was a British colony when she was built and entered service in 1941.

Service
Mauritius was completed with an internal degaussing system which induced severe corrosion to the ship's fire main (made of copper); this major defect, which rendered her unfit for action, required refits, first at Simonstown, later at Singapore, and finally at Plymouth. The future Admiral of the Fleet Henry Leach served as a midshipman aboard Mauritius during this time. She joined the Eastern Fleet in 1942, but was withdrawn in April 1943 to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet. After repairs following grounding, she was operational in June 1943 and thereafter participated in the landings in Sicily, (Operation Husky), in July as a unit of Support Force East, when she carried out shore bombardment duties.

In September she was part of the covering force for the Salerno landings, but by the end of the year had been transferred to the Bay of Biscay to carry out anti-blockade-runner patrols, as part of Operation Stonewall. However, she soon returned to the Mediterranean, this time for Operation Shingle, the Anzio landings, in January 1944. In June 1944 she covered the landings in Normandy as part of Force D off Sword Beach, then carried out offensive patrols of the Brittany coast in August to mop up the remnants of the German shipping in the area. Operating with destroyers, she sank Sperrbrecher 157 on 14/15 August and during the Battle of Audierne Bay sank five Vorpostenboote on 22/23 August. After this she returned to the Home Fleet, covering the carrier raids along the Norwegian coast and making anti-shipping strikes. On the night of 27/28 January 1945, in company with the cruiser HMS Diadem (84), she fought the action of 28 January 1945 with German destroyers in which GERMAN DESTROYER Z31 was badly damaged. Following this action she was refitted at Cammell Laird's between February 1945 and March 1946.

She then served in the Mediterranean, including passing through the Corfu Channel during the Corfu Channel Incident in 1946, with the 15th (later lst) Cruiser Squadron, returning to the UK in 1948. After a spell in reserve and in refit, she recommissioned in 1949 for the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean, sailing on 6 May 1949. The years 1949 to 1951 were spent on the East Indies Station with the 4th Cruiser Squadron until she returned to Chatham on 18 December 1951.

Decommissioning and disposal
Mauritius was placed in reserve in 1952 and remained there until 1965, when she was sold for scrapping to Thos. W. Ward. She arrived at their yard at Inverkeithing, on 27 March 1965.

Shore establishment
HMS Mauritius was also the name of a Royal Navy shore establishment in Mauritius.

title: HMS Mauritius (80)