text:
Barneville-la-Bertran

Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barnevillais or Barnevillaises.

Geography
Barneville-la-Bertran is located north of the Pays d'Auge some 6 km south-west of Honfleur, 15 km south by south-east of Le Havre (across the Seine Estuary) and 10 km north-east of Deauville. Access to the commune is by the D62 from Pennedepie in the north which passes through the north of the commune and continues east to Équemauville. The D279 branches from the D288 south of the commune - just east of Deauville – Normandie Airport - and passes north through the village and joins the D62 just east of the commune. The commune is mostly farmland.

Toponymy
Barneville was called Barnavilla in 1062: from the Scandinavian antroponym Biarn or Barni and the Latin villa giving the meaning "rural domain". Bertran is the family name of the lords of the area in the Middle Ages.

On 6 November 1995 the commune of Barneville officially changed its name to Barneville-la-Bertran.

History
Barneville-la-Bertran appears as Barneville-la-Bertrand on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Barneville on the 1790 version.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

The municipal council is made up of 11 members including the Mayor and two deputies.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 127 inhabitants.

Civil heritage
The commune has two buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:

 * The Manoir des Vallées (12th century)
 * The Chateau of Barneville Park (1873)

Religious heritage

 * The Church of Saint John the Baptist is flanked by a quadrangular tower and is registered as an historical monument.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Jean Doublet (1655 - 1728 at Barneville), pirate.
 * Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy (1651 at Barneville - 1705), French writer of fairy tales.
 * Françoise Sagan (1935-2004), writer, lived in the Breuil Manor before Lucien and Sacha Guitry. Died in hospital at Équemauville on 24 September 2004. Her body remained in her manor before being buried in Lot where she was born.

title: Barneville-la-Bertran


text:
Talk:Yawn

new source on the subject (bbc)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6270036.stm "Rather than being a precursor to sleep, yawning is designed to keep us awake, say US researchers."

Semi-protected edit request on 21 April 2022
Can the following sentences:

-'Many animal species, including birds and fish, experience yawning' Be changed to 'Almost all vertebrate animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even fish, experience yawning.' -'A yawn is a reflex consisting of the simultaneous inhalation of air and the stretching of the eardrums, followed by an exhalation of breath.' Be changed to: 'A yawn is a reflex lasting 4-7 seconds, and is characterized by a long inspiratory phase with gradual mouth gaping, followed by a brief climax (or acme) with muscle stretching, and a rapid expiratory phase with muscle relaxation. For fsh and birds, this is described as gradual mouth gaping, staying open for at least 3 s and subsequently a rapid closure of the mouth.

 * This is a more accurate defenition of a yawn and animals that perform yawning. Stretching the eardrums is only a small part of the yawn and refers to one specific hypothesis (middle ear clearing). This is considered a side-effect by many scientists in the field of yawning, thus I would not state it in the defenition. Thank you again! — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChristiaanDoelman (talk • contribs) 14:19, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

 * @ChristiaanDoelman Your proposed edits look good and I made the changes.Duke Gilmore (talk)

deep voice
can we include that your voice gets deeper when yawning Dinoroki (talk) 20:27, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

"Relation to empathy" citations.
There were a few statements in the section about empathy that weren't sourced, particularly related to whether autistic people struggle with empathy.

I added citation needed tags, but I'm not an experienced Wikipedian so feel free to remove them if they aren't relevant.

Also, I feel like it's unclear what kind of empathy is being discussed. Squoop (talk) 11:17, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Yawn


text:
Baron-sur-Odon

Baron-sur-Odon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baronnais or Baronnaises.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Baron-sur-Odon is located some 4 km south-west of Caen and 10 km north-east of Villers-Bocage. It is part of the urban area of Caen. Access to the commune is by the D89 from Tourville-sur-Odon in the north which passes through the village and continues south to Esquay-Notre-Dame. The D214 comes from Gavrus in the south-west and also passes through the village as well as Les Crettes and La Bruyère before continuing north-east to Fontaine-Étoupefour. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Tourmauville, Les Crettes, and La Bruyère. The commune is mostly farmland except for some forest in the north.

The river Odon forms the northern border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the Orne in Caen.

Toponymy
The name of the area is attested as Baron in 1138 and Baro in the 14th century. The origin of this place name is uncertain. Albert Dauzat suggests the cognomen Baro or a title of German origin Baron. René Lepelley meanwhile detects the Gallic barro meaning "fence" (in old French barre) or the Germanic anthroponym Baro.

History

Baron-sur-Odon appears as Baron on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

The "Chemin Haussé", which passes through the commune, is a Roman road identified as one of the roads included in the Tabula Peutingeriana. The road is mostly straight with embankments hence the name (Haussé means "raised"). This route was used as a line of communication until the end of the Middle Ages. It is also called the "Path of Duke William" on some land registers.

In June 1944, during Operation Epsom, the heights of Hill 112 south-east of Baron-sur-Odon (also in the communes of Fontaine-Étoupefour, Vieux, and Esquay-Notre-Dame) was one objectives for the liberation of Caen. The fighting lasted more than a month.

Heraldry
The explanation of this blazon follows:

 * The Croix de Guerre was awarded to the commune after the Battle of Hill 112 which took place on its soil.
 * The arms of the Basse-Normandie region are represented by two golden leopards.

The horseshoe symbolizes the escape of William the Conqueror (from Valognes to Falaise in 1047) with his horse shod in reverse to mislead his pursuers. The ripples represent the river Odon.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

The municipal council consists of 15 members including a Mayor and four deputies.

Twinning
Baron-sur-Odon has twinning associations with:
 * 🇩🇪 Gaukönigshofen (Germany) since 1998.
 * Chittlehampton (United Kingdom) since 1986.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 939 inhabitants.

Civil heritage

 * The Chateau of Tourmeauville (18th century) with its Chapel (19th century)
 * A Chateau and Manor (16th century) is registered as an historical monument

Religious heritage
The Church of Notre-Dame of the Nativity (12th century) is registered as an historical monument.

title: Baron-sur-Odon


text:
1776 in music

Events

 * September 24 – The Bolshoi Theatre Company hosts its first annual opera season, with the opening of the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre in St Petersburg.
 * Giovanni Paisiello is invited to the court of Catherine the Great, where he will stay for eight years.
 * Court Theatre in Stockholm built by King Gustav III of Sweden

Popular music

 * Daniel Dow – "Money Musk"
 * Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Worship by Augustus Montague Toplady

Opera

 * Gaetano Marinelli – Il Barone di Sardafritta
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Il finto spettro (December 26, Mannheim)
 * Ignaz Pleyel – Die Fee Urgele
 * Antonio Tozzi – Le Due Gemelli
 * Tommaso Traetta – Germondo

Classical music

 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
 * 6 Keyboard Trios, Wq.89
 * 3 Keyboard Trios, Wq.90
 * Johann Christian Bach – Die Amerikanerin
 * Luigi Boccherini – 6 String Quintets, G.277-282 (Op.13)
 * Felice Giardini – String Quartet in E-flat major
 * William Goodwin – Voluntary XII in D major
 * François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie de chasse; Symphonie en ré
 * Johann Wilhelm Hässler – 6 Keyboard Sonatas
 * James Hook – The Ascension (oratorio)
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Haffner Serenade, K.250
 * Joseph Haydn – Symphony No. 61, Hob.I:61
 * Juliane Reichardt – An den Mond
 * Antonio Salieri – La Passione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo für Soli, vierstimmigen Chor und Orchester
 * Carl Stamitz – 6 Quartets, Op. 14
 * Daniel Gottlob Türk – 6 Keyboard Sonatas, Sammlung 1
 * Johann Adolph Hasse - Te Deum in G major

Methods and theory writings

 * Charles Burney – A General History of Music, vol. 1 (vol. 2 published 1782, vols. 3 and 4 in 1789)
 * John Hawkins – A General History of the Science and Practice of Music

Births

 * January 24 – Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, author and composer
 * February 18 – John Parry, composer
 * February 21 – Vincenzo Lavigna, composer
 * March 31 – Joseph Küffner, composer (died 1856)
 * April 8 – Thaddaus Weigl, composer
 * April 27 – Hyacinthe Jadin, composer (died 1800)
 * May 10 – George Thomas Smart, composer
 * May 12 – Juan Bros y Bertomel, composer
 * May 13 – Charles Ots and Rodrigo Ferreira da Costa, composers
 * June 1 – John George Schetky, composer
 * August 4 – Wenzel Sedlak, composer
 * August 15 – Ignaz Xaver von Seyfried, composer
 * August 16 – Philipp Jakob Riotte, composer
 * August 19 – Johan Peter Strömberg, dancer and theatre director
 * August 29 – Georg Friedrich Treitschke, librettist (died 1842)
 * December 6 – Paul Friedrich Struck, composer

Deaths

 * February 13 – Luis Misón, composer, 50
 * April 22 – Johann Adolph Scheibe, music theorist, 67
 * May 6 – James Kent, composer, 76
 * June 10 – Leopold Widhalm, luthier, 53
 * November 29 – Zanetta Farussi, opera singer, 69
 * date unknown
 * Thomas Capell, organist (date of birth unknown)
 * Josep Carcoler, composer, 78
 * Aaron Williams, composer, 45.
 * probable – Matteo Capranica, composer

title: 1776 in music


text:
Wikipedia:Assume good faith

Assuming good faith (AGF) means assuming that people are not deliberately to hurt Wikipedia, even when their actions are harmful. This is a fundamental principle on Wikipedia. Most people try to help the project, not hurt it.

When disagreement occurs, try as best you can to explain and resolve the problem, not cause more conflict, and so give others the opportunity to reply in kind. Consider whether a dispute stems from different perspectives, and look for ways to reach consensus.

When doubt is cast on good faith, continue to assume good faith yourself when possible. Be civil and follow dispute resolution procedures, rather than attacking editors or edit-warring with them. If you wish to express doubts about the conduct of fellow Wikipedians, please substantiate those doubts with specific diffs and other relevant evidence, so that people can understand the basis for your concerns. Although bad conduct may seem to be due to bad faith, it is usually best to address the conduct without mentioning motives, which might intensify resentments all around.

This guideline does not require that editors continue to assume good faith in the presence of obvious evidence to the contrary (e.g. vandalism), nor does assuming good faith prohibit discussion and criticism, as even editors who try to improve Wikipedia may not have the information or skills necessary to succeed in their good-faith goals. Rather, editors should not attribute the actions being criticized to malice unless there is specific evidence of such.

About good faith
Everyone makes mistakes, both behavioral (such as personal attacks) and content-based (such as adding original research). Most of the time, we can correct such mistakes with simple reminders. However, there will be disagreements on Wikipedia for which no policy or guideline has an easy answer. When disagreements happen, ill intent may not be involved. Keep a cool head, and consider dispute resolution if disagreements seem intractable; many of them are not.

Violation of policies—such as engaging in sockpuppetry, violating consensus, and so on—may be perpetrated in either good or bad faith. There are processes for dealing with all of these, and sanctions for repeated violation of policy will apply regardless of whether bad faith was involved or not.

Good faith and newcomers

It is important to be patient with newcomers, who will be unfamiliar with Wikipedia's culture and rules, but may nonetheless turn out to be valuable contributors.

A newcomer's behavior probably seems appropriate to them, and a problem in that regard usually indicates unawareness or misunderstanding of Wikipedian culture. It is not uncommon for a newcomer to believe that an unfamiliar policy should be changed to match their notion of how things should function, especially if they notice that there is already some level of disagreement over the policy in question. Similarly, many newcomers want to have their contributions to articles accepted without question, especially those which pertain to subjects on which they have extensive knowledge. Behaviors arising from these perspectives, while possibly misguided, are usually not malicious and should not be treated as such. Many new users who lack an intuitive grasp of Wikipedia customs are gradually brought around, once the logic behind these customs becomes clearer to them.

Good faith and copyright
When dealing with possible copyright violations, good faith means assuming that editors to comply with site policy and the law. That is different from assuming they have complied with either. Editors have a proactive obligation to document image uploads, etc. and material may be deleted if the documentation is incorrect or inadequate. Good-faith corrective action includes informing editors of problems and helping them improve their practices.

Good faith and administrative action
When dealing with potential breaches of policy, administrators should not assume editors have breached policy in bad faith absent evidence to that effect.

What good faith is not
Many people misunderstand Wikipedia's "assume good faith" policy as meaning "assume another editor performed due diligence" or "assume blind faith" regarding a reference, editor, or content. However, the actual intention is closer to "presume good intent," which does not mean "I do not have access to a source, so I 'assume good faith' about the source's content," nor does it mean "an editor has removed unreferenced material, so I 'assume good faith' that they've performed due diligence to ensure there are no reliable sources available."

This policy also does not mean you should ignore clear evidence of disruptive behavior or violations of site guidelines or accept all edits without question. Some bad actors may insist that trust in them should be immutable, per "assume good faith," even when there is evidence that doubts them. However, editors should remember to not disregard patterns of harmful editing, nor should they overlook obvious attempts to deceive, vandalize, or push a biased agenda. Instead, "assume good faith" encourages editors to start with the belief that others are trying to improve Wikipedia. When you encounter a problematic edit, it's important to investigate and address it, but do so with the mindset that mistakes can happen and not every error is made with malicious intent. The purpose of assuming good faith is to maintain a collaborative and respectful editing environment.

Demonstrate good faith
In addition to assuming good faith, encourage others to assume good faith by demonstrating your own good faith. You can do this by articulating your honest motives and by making edits that show your willingness to compromise, interest in improving Wikipedia, adherence to policies and guidelines, belief in the veracity of your edits, avoidance of gaming the system, and other good-faith behavior. Showing good faith is not required, but it aids smooth and successful interactions with editors.

Dealing with bad faith

Even if bad faith is evident, do not act uncivilly yourself in return, attack others, or lose your cool over it. It is ultimately much easier for others to resolve a dispute and see who is breaching policies if one side is clearly acting appropriately throughout.

Wikipedia administrators and other experienced editors involved in dispute resolution will usually be glad to help, and are very capable of identifying policy-breaching conduct if their attention is drawn to clear and specific evidence.

Be careful about citing this principle too aggressively. Just as one can incorrectly judge that another is acting in bad faith, so too can one mistakenly conclude that bad faith is being assumed; exhortations to "assume good faith" can themselves reflect negative assumptions about others.

Accusing others of bad faith
Avoid accusing other editors of bad faith without clear evidence in the form of diffs. Making such claims often serves no purpose and could be seen as inflammatory and hence aggravate a dispute. Without clear evidence that the action of another editor is actually in bad faith or harassment, repeatedly alleging bad faith motives could be construed as a personal attack. The result could be accusations of bad faith on your part, which tends to create a nasty cycle of unhelpful accusations and counter-accusations.

Guidelines

 * Please do not bite the newcomers
 * Disruptive editing

Essays

 * AssumeGoodFaith (from MeatballWiki)

 * Assume bad faith (humor)
 * Assume faith (also humor)
 * Assume no clue
 * Assume ignorance
 * Assume the assumption of good faith
 * Wikipedia:Assume the presence of a belly-button
 * Be the glue
 * Competence is required
 * Don't assume
 * Don't call a spade a spade
 * Good faith Googling
 * IPs are human too
 * On assuming good faith
 * Our social policies are not a suicide pact
 * Wikipedia policy should follow the spirit of ahimsa (from meta)
 * Wikipedia:Wikispeak § Assume Good Faith
 * Newbies aren't always clueless
 * Wikipedia:Optimist's guide to Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia:Don't link to WP:AGF

Articles

 * Hanlon's razor
 * Presumption of innocence
 * Suspension of judgment

title: Wikipedia:Assume good faith


text:
Barou-en-Auge

Barou-en-Auge (, literally Barou in Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Conias.

Geography
Barou-en-Auge is located some 10 km north-east of Falaise and 8 km south of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives. Access to the commune is by the D90 road from Louvagny in the north which passes through the centre of the commune and the village before continuing south to Le Marais-la-Chapelle. The D39 from Damblainville to Heurtevent forms the northern border of the commune. The D39B goes west from the village to Morteaux-Coulibœuf.

Le Beudron stream rises near the village and flows west to join the Dives west of the commune. The Ruisseau des Ruaux flows west through the south of the commune and also joins the Dives.

Toponymy
The spelling Barou was attested in 1417. René Lepelley suggested a possible attribution of its origin to the Gallic barro (barre in Old French) meaning "fence" joined to the Gallic suffix of presence -avo meaning "enclosure". Albert Dauzat proposes the Latin anthroponym Barus.

The commune of Barou was renamed Barou-en-Auge in 1936.

History
Barou-en-Auge appears as Barou on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

On 10 November 1855 at around 10:00 am a wolf was seen in Barou commune. Upon a declaration by the mayor a hunt was organized. All landowners with a gun had to travel to the edge of the wood where the wolf had entered. After an epic pursuit in the wood the wolf was wounded after several shots. He managed to escape and take refuge in a small wood located in the commune of Norrey. At eight in the evening the wolf was killed by a day labourer living in Barou. It was a wolf about 3 to 4 years old. A prize of 12 francs was granted.

The Falaise Pocket was the last operation of the Battle of Normandy during the Second World War. It took place from 12 to 21 August 1944 in an area between the four Normandy towns of Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois and ended near Falaise.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

The Municipal Council is composed of 7 members including the Mayor and 1 deputy.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 78 inhabitants.

Civil heritage

 * An old Tile Factory. This factory is located on the first clays of the Auge area and close to the woods near Barou which provided fuel. In 1875 it employed four to fifteen workers. The origins of the factory are not known: it is certain that the factory already existed at the beginning of the 19th century when the Tile Factory of Barou was the property of the Jolivet de Colomby family and remains so today. The factory was rented to the Bernuis family. It permanently ceased its activities in 1916 during the First World War with the departure of the men to the front. Production at the factory was seasonal: in spring and summer the clay was mined and tiles were manufactured cooked in ten annual batches. Closed during the winter, the factory reopened after the last frost in April. In summer, especially during the harvest period, the workers went to harvest. Some remains have survived: parts of the oven, the clay insulating cover for baking, a granite millstone for crushing clay, the drying building, and the lodge for the operator who watched the process.
 * The Chemin Haussé Roman road passes through the commune coming from Rouvres via Jort and continuing to Exmes.

The commune has a number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:

 * The Grande Ferme Farmhouse (17th century)
 * The Taverne Farmhouse (16th century) This farmhouse was once a taverne-inn. The rear façade and the two gables are built in masonry while the main façade is half-timbered with a Corbel arch supported at both corners by the gables. This mixed construction evokes both the Pays d'Auge in the timbering, and the Caen-Falaise plain in the limestone masonry, the village being located on the border of the two regions. The servants' quarters date from the 19th century.
 * The Tarenne Farmhouse
 * A Chateau(15th century)
 * A House(18th century)
 * Houses and Farms(16th-19th centuries)

Religious heritage
The Parish Church of Saint Martin (13th century) is registered as an historical monument. There is a statue in high relief representing the charity of Saint Martin above the portal of the bell tower. This 18th century statue is separated from the rest of the church following the disappearance of a large part of the nave in the late 19th century. It is topped by a weather vane decorated with a tricolor flag instead of the traditional rooster (replaced by the commune). The choir from the 13th century is illuminated by windows with Gothic lancets. The bays of the nave have survived and are closed by a facade decorated with a neo-Gothic portal. To the south, adjoining the choir, the lordly chapel is vaulted with intersecting ribs resting on columns. In the 16th century the lordship of Barou belonged to the Morell family of Aubigny. William, squire of the Queen and Governor of Mortagne au Perche, died in April 1615 as shown on a tombstone and Litre funéraire (a black band around the church to honour the deceased). A funeral decoration is painted in fresco on the wall. The conservation of this type of decoration is rare, the murals were frequently covered according to the tastes of the time.

The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Tombstone of William of Morel (1615)
 * A Lectern (19th century)
 * A Baptismal Font (16th century)
 * A Tabernacle (17th century)
 * An Altar and Retable (17th century)
 * A Statue: Christ on the Cross (18th century)
 * 4 brasses (15th century)
 * A Sacristy Chasuble Cabinet (19th century)
 * A Litre funéraire (1615)
 * 4 Tombstones (19th century)
 * A Group Sculpture: Charity of Saint Martin (16th century)

Festivals

 * Festival Committee: "Entertainment and leisure Barou-en-Auge" (Albea).

title: Barou-en-Auge


text:
Gyeongbuk Line

The Gyeongbuk Line is a railway line serving North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. The line runs from Gimcheon on the Gyeongbu Line via Sangju, Jeomchon (junction with the Mungyeong Line), and Yecheon to Yeongju on the Jungang Line.

History
Construction of the line was begun by the privately owned Chosen Industrial Railway; however, before the line was finished, that company merged with five others to create the Chosen Railway (Chōtetsu) in 1923, and it was the new company which completed the first section of the line, opening the Gimcheon–Sangju section on 1 October 1924, followed by the Sangju–Jeomchon section on 25 December. Chōtetsu then extended the line in several stages, first reaching Yecheon on 1 November 1928, then reaching Gyeongbuk Andong on 16 October 1931; however, the latter section was dismantled in 1944 to use the material elsewhere as Japan's military faced material shortages during the Pacific War. After the Liberation of Korea, the Chosen Railway was nationalised along with all other railways in the country.

Following the 1961 coup, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction started South Korea's first five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth. Under the program, the Gyeongbuk Line was extended to Yeongju, to create a connection both with the Jungang Line and the Yeongdong Line, allowing the transport of coal from the latter. Work began in May 1962, the 28.9 km from Jeomchon to Yecheon was opened in January 1966, the 29.7 km from Yecheon to Yeongju was opened on 10 October 1966. The complete line is 115.2 km long, and remains single-tracked and unelectrified.

A 22.3 km long branch from Jeomchon to Mungyeong, the Mungyeong Line, was opened on 10 May 1969.

Operation
As of 2010, the line is served by both passenger and freight trains along its entire length, as is the Mungyeong branch. As of November 2010, the line is served by Mugunghwa cross-country trains from Busan and Dongdaegu, which travel in 2 hours 12 minutes from Gimcheon to Yeongju.

title: Gyeongbuk Line


text:
Basly

Basly is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Basliens or Basliennes.

Geography
Basly is located some 6 km south-east of Courseulles-sur-Mer and 10 km north-west of Caen. Access to the commune is by the D79 road from Bény-sur-Mer in the north-east which passes through the village and continues south-east to Colomby-sur-Thaon. The D83 comes from Douvres-la-Délivrande in the north-east through the village then south-west to Thaon. The D404 passes through the north-east corner of the commune and the D141 from Fontaine-Henry to Colomby-sur-Thaon passes through the south-west corner. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Mue river forms the border of the south-western corner of the commune as it twists around then flows north-west to join the Seulles at Reviers.

History
At a place called Campagne in the commune (near the Moto-Club) many archaeological remains have been found. This is on a spur blocked by the valley of the Mue. The most famous remains are those of a habitat from the first Iron Age (the Hallstatt culture) with an associated rectangular necropolis. There is archaeological evidence of a Neolithic stockade in medieval times.

Basly appears as Basly on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

The Municipal Council is composed of 15 members including the Mayor and 4 deputies.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,105 inhabitants.

Religious heritage
The Church of Saint Georges Bell Tower (12th century) is registered as an historical monument.

Sports

 * The Football Club of Basly has two soccer teams in district divisions.
 * The 'Moto Club was created in 1977 and has a motocross circuit and a driving school.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Déodat de Basly (1862 at Basly - 1937), religious and Franciscan theologian.

title: Basly


text:
Basseneville

Basseneville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bassenevillais or Bassenevillaises.

Geography
Basseneville is located in the Pays d'Auge some 12 km east of Caen and 8 km south-east of Cabourg. Access to the commune is by the D675 road from Goustranville in the east which passes through the south of the commune continuing south-west to Saint-Samson. The D224A also comes from Saint-Samson and passes through the commune continuing north-east to join the D224 just north-east of the commune. The A13 autoroute passes through the commune from east to west but has no exit - the nearest exit is Exit Dozulé to the east of the commune which has no direct access the commune and Exit  to the south-west which connects to the D675. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of L'Église, Les Marettes, Saint-Richer, and La Chollerie. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Dives river forms the north-western border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the sea at Cabourg. The Grand Canal forms the south-eastern border of the commune.

History
Basseneville appears as Bafneville on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Bosneville on the 1790 version.

A railway station on the Caen to Dozulé-Putot line existed in the commune from 1881 to 1938. The line that passed through the commune was finally closed in 1943.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 257 inhabitants.

Religious heritage
The Chapel of Saint Richer contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Chalice with Paten (18th century)
 * A Trunk (17th century)
 * A Painting with frame: Crucifixion (17th century)

The Parish Church of Notre-Dame also contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Tabernacle (17th century)
 * A Painting: The Holy Family (18th century)
 * A Painting with frame: Holy Family (18th century)
 * An Altar, Retable, and 2 doors (1719)
 * A Lectern (1721)

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Jean-Victor Durand-Duquesnay (1785 at Basseneville - 1862), Normandy botanist
 * Pierre (François-Amand) Bazin (1796 at Basseneville - 1865)

title: Basseneville


text:
Bauquay

Bauquay is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Buxois or Buxoises.

Geography
Bauquay is located some 6 km south by south-east of Villers-Bocage just north-west of Aunay-sur-Odon. Access to the commune is by the D8 road from Aunay-sur-Odon which passes through the length of the commune and the village and continues north-east to Évrecy. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Le Vloquier and Les Perquettes. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Odon river forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north to eventually join the Orne at Caen. The Douvette river forms the eastern border of the commune as it flows north then north-west to join the Odon near Longvillers.

Geologically the commune is part of the Armorican Massif.

The climate is oceanic as in all of western France. The nearest weather station is Caen, 21 km 3.

Toponymy
The name of the locality was attested as Balcheium in 1082 The toponym comes from the Gallic balc, meaning "clay", which gave the old French bauche with the same meaning. The place used to supply clay for construction.

Bauquay appears as Beaugnay on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

The Municipal Council was composed of 11 members including the Mayor and 2 deputies.

Demography
In 2012 the commune had 296 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

 * The Church of Saint-Mathieu (12th century) with an 18th-century bell tower.
 * An Oratory chapel (19th century)

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Renaud Allirand, painter and engraver, lived in the commune from 1974 to 1987.

title: Bauquay


text:
Bavent

Bavent is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baventais or Baventaises.

Geography
Bavent is located on the northern edge of the Caen plain some 8 km north-east of Caen and 6 km south-west of Cabourg. Access to the commune is by the D513 road from Varaville in the north-east which passes through the commune just north of the village and continues south-west to Hérouvillette. Access to the village is by the D236 which comes from Amfreville in the north-west. The D224 branches from the D513 in the commune and goes west to the village and continues to Goustranville. The D95A goes north from the village to Gonneville-en-Auge while the D95 goes south to Troarn. The D37B branches from the D513 in the west of the commune and goes north to Bréville-les-Monts. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Chateau de Beneauville, Chef-de-Rue, Les Harnots, Grand Plain, La Ritachere, Le Prieure, La Petite Bruyere, Roncheville, and Robehomme. The commune is mostly farmland except for a large forest in the south.

At 1845 hectares, the commune is the largest in the canton of Cabourg. Its highest point (66 m) is located in the west near a place called La Grande Bruyère. Its lowest point (2 m) is at the exit of the Dives from the commune.

Due to its proximity to the sea, Bavent enjoys an oceanic climate. The nearest weather station is 19 km away at Caen-Carpiquet.

The river Dives forms the south-eastern border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the ocean at Houlgate. The Divette rises in the commune and flows north to join the Dives. The Douet du Moulin du Pre rises in the commune and flows north-east to join the Divette north of Varaville. The Saint-Laurent stream flows from the south through the commune and continues to join the Divette just north of the commune. The Ruisseau du Bois de Bavent forms part of the southern border of the commune.

Toponymy
Bavent is attested in the forms: Bavent in 1059, Badvento in 1063, and Batvent in 1066.

The origin of this place name divides Toponymists:

 * Dauzat and Rostaing suggest bat vent meaning "a place where the wind blows"
 * René Lepelley makes a similar hypothesis: that of an old mill whose "sails are blown by the wind". There is fact a mill at Sénoville (Manche), called La Masse de Bavent.
 * Ernest Nègre proposes an explanation of Bavent from a German anthroponym Badvin.

It is also possible to suggest the Celtic name -ent- Latinized to -entu (m) which is also found in Douvrend (Dovrent in the 12th century) preceded by an unknown element in the absence of an older form. The same suffix has been identified in Nogent (Novientum, from novio meaning "new") and Drevant (Derventum from Dervo meaning "oak", cf. Breton derv also meaning "oak").

The name is homophonic with Bavans (Bavens 11th century, the name of a German man Bavo with the Germanic suffix -ingen Romanized to -ingos).

Robehomme is attested in the forms: Raimberti Hulmus in 1083, Rambertihulmus in 1149, and Robbehomme in 1190.

The first element Robe- comes from the German anthroponym Raimbert. The second element -hommen is widespread in Normandy in this form with the hiatus (the "h" is aspirated): Le Homme (not l'homme cf. Saint-Quentin-sur-le-Homme). This is a toponymic appellative derived from Old Norse holmr meaning "island" or "meadow at the edge of the water". It also took the forms Houlme and Hom. Moreover, there is a hamlet of Hom at Robehomme.

There is also a personal name associated with a Norse appellative topt giving -tot as in Raimbertot at Cauville-sur-Mer (Seine-Maritime).

Bavent appears as Bavent on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Baven on the 1790 version.

Robehomme appears as Robehomme on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Robe homme on the 1790 version.

History
In 1974 the commune of Bavent (984 inhabitants in 1968) merged with Robehomme (122 inhabitants in 1954).

Heraldry

 * These arms do not respect the Rule of tincture and are therefore faulty.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Twinning
Bavent has twinning associations with:
 * 🇩🇪 Geiselbach (Germany) since 1988.
 * Stoke Canon (United Kingdom) since 1983.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,814 inhabitants.

Economy
The Terreal Group has a tile production plant in the commune.

The Mesnil pottery of Bavent manufactures finials of Faience. It holds an Enterprise label of living heritage and its expertise is included in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage in France.

Civil heritage

 * The Manoir Venoix (17th century). In 1944 the mansion had significant damage and was renovated in 1948 with some additions and changes.
 * The Pavilion of Pottery (1842).

The commune has a number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Chateau of Bavent (17th century)
 * The Château of Béneauville (1589)
 * The Château of Béneauville Park The Chateau contains a Clock (16th century) which is registered as an historical object.

Religious heritage

 * The Church of Saint Hilaire (12th century, much altered in the 19th century).
 * The Church at Robehomme

Sports

 * The Bavent Football Club has a soccer team in the district division.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Henri-Gabriel-Marie Le Bègue de Germiny (1811-1900), politician, Mayor of Bavent

title: Bavent


text:
Edgar Meyer

Edgar Meyer (born November 24, 1960) is an American bassist and composer. His styles include classical, bluegrass, newgrass, and jazz. He has won seven Grammy Awards and been nominated ten times.

Meyer is a member of the Telluride Bluegrass Festival's "house band" super group, along with Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Jerry Douglas, Stuart Duncan, and Bryan Sutton. His collaborators have spanned a wide range of musical styles and talents; among them are Joshua Bell, Hilary Hahn, Yo-Yo Ma, Jerry Douglas, Béla Fleck, Zakir Hussain, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, Chris Thile, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Christian McBride, and Emanuel Ax.

Early life
Meyer grew up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where he attended Oak Ridge High School. He learned to play the double bass from his father, Edgar Meyer Sr., who directed the string orchestra program for the local public school system. Meyer later went on to Indiana University to study with Stuart Sankey.

Career
As a composer, Meyer's music has been premiered and recorded by Emanuel Ax, Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Bela Fleck, Zakir Hussain, Hilary Hahn, and the Emerson String Quartet, among others. The Nashville Symphony and the Aspen Music Festival and School commissioned his first purely orchestral work which was premiered by the Nashville Symphony in March 2017. Additionally, Bravo! Vail and The Academy of St. Martin in the Fields commissioned an Overture for Violin and Orchestra that was premiered by Joshua Bell and ASMF in June 2017.

In 2011, Meyer collaborated on The Goat Rodeo Sessions with Yo-Yo Ma, Stuart Duncan, and Chris Thile. The album won two 2013 Grammy Awards. Meyer was honored with his fifth Grammy Award in 2015 for his Bass & Mandolin, recording with Thile. Meyer recorded a collection of Bach trios with Thile and Yo-Yo Ma, released in April 2017. In June 2020, the same group of musicians who recorded The Goat Rodeo Sessions released a second album entitled Not Our First Goat Rodeo.

Meyer is Artist in Residence at Vanderbilt University's Blair School of Music and is on faculty at the Curtis Institute of Music. At Curtis, Meyer taught Punch Brothers bassist and composer Paul Kowert.

Personal life
Edgar Meyer is married to violinist Connie (Cornelia) Heard, and they have one son, George Meyer, who also plays the violin.

Discography
Solo work
 * Unfolding (1986)
 * Dreams of Flight (1987)
 * Love of a Lifetime (1988)
 * Work in Progress (1990)
 * Bach: Unaccompanied Cello Suites Performed on Double Bass (2000)
 * Meyer and Bottesini Concertos (2002)
 * Edgar Meyer (2006)

With Yo-Yo Ma and Mark O'Connor
 * Appalachia Waltz (1996)
 * Appalachian Journey (2000)
 * Won Grammy Award for Best Classical Crossover Album

With Christian McBride
 * But Who's Gonna Play the Melody? (2024)

With Béla Fleck
 * Double Time (1984, on the song "Lowdown")
 * Perpetual Motion (2001)
 * Won two Grammys
 * "Bonnaroo Traveler" (Live at Bonnaroo 2002)
 * Music for Two (live) (2004)

With Chris Thile
 * Edgar Meyer and Chris Thile (2008)
 * Bass & Mandolin (2014)
 * Won Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album

Miscellaneous collaborations
 * Telluride Sessions (1989) – as "Strength in Numbers"
 * Skip, Hop, and Wobble (1993) – with Jerry Douglas and Russ Barenberg
 * Bourbon and Rosewater (1996) – with Vishwa Mohan Bhatt and Jerry Douglas
 * Schubert: Quintet, Op. 114 "The Trout" (1996) – with Emanuel Ax, Pamela Frank, Rebeca Young, and Yo-Yo Ma
 * Uncommon Ritual (1997) – with Béla Fleck and Mike Marshall
 * Quintet (1998) – with the Emerson String Quartet
 * Short Trip Home (1999) – with Joshua Bell
 * Grammy nominated
 * Dawg Duos (1999) – with David Grisman
 * Violin Concerto (2000) – with Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra and Hilary Hahn
 * The Melody of Rhythm – Triple Concerto & Music for Trio (2009) – with Béla Fleck and Zakir Hussain
 * The Goat Rodeo Sessions (2011) – with Yo-Yo Ma, Stuart Duncan and Chris Thile
 * Won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album and the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
 * Bach Trios (2017) – with Yo-Yo Ma and Chris Thile
 * Not Our First Goat Rodeo (2020) – with Yo-Yo Ma, Stuart Duncan and Chris Thile

title: Edgar Meyer


text:
Gyeongchun Line

The Gyeongchun Line is a regional rail line between Seoul and Chuncheon, South Korea, operated by Korail. Its name is derived from Gyeong (京, meaning the capital, Seoul) and Chuncheon. It was completely reconstructed in the 2000s. Service on it has operated between Sangbong station on the Jungang Line in eastern Seoul and Chuncheon station, as part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system, since December 21, 2010. A class of regional rail service named ITX-Cheongchun began operations on February 28, 2012, linking Chuncheon to Cheongnyangni and Yongsan Stations.

History
The original Gyeongchun Line was opened along its full length of 87.3 km between Kwangwoon University on the Gyeongwon Line to Chuncheon by the privately owned Gyeongchun Railway on 20 July 1939. Chuncheon was the most popular destination for students on orientation trips, bringing passengers to the line. Following the Liberation of Korea, all railways, including the Gyeongchun Railway, were nationalised.

Upgrade
The line was upgraded into an electrified and double-tracked line for 180 km/h. Between Geumgok and Chuncheon, from 1997 until 2010, the line was re-laid in a straighter, 64.2 km long alignment with a budget of 2.151,931 billion won. The remaining 17.9 km of the upgraded line was built with a separate budget of 574.124 billion won. Towards Seoul, after Toegyewon station, this section of the new line diverges from the old alignment that ended in Seongbuk, and connects to the Jungang Line at Mangu station.

The new alignment was originally planned to be opened in 2004, but completion of the works was delayed for various reasons, including lack of funds. The complete new alignment opened and the old one closed on December 21, 2010.

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Gyeongchun Line is to be further upgraded for 230 km/h and may see KTX service. For the longer term, the government also considers to build a parallel high-speed line that would continue beyond Chuncheon to Sokcho on South Korea's east coast.

On November 4, 2016, two trains (one in the morning, one in the night) were added to the line. These trains run to and from Kwangwoon University station, allowing for transfers to Line 1. These trains take the Mangu Line Branch.

On September 26, 2016, the service was extended to Cheongnyangni station to improve access to regional trains (KTX, Seoul Metro Line 1) at the station. However, only 10 trains in each direction travel past Sangbong Station; the majority of the trains still terminate at Sangbong Station, and the two special rush-hour trains still run to and from Kwangwoon University Station.

Seoul Metropolitan Subway Gyeongchun Line
When the new Gyeongchun Line was opened on December 21, 2010, passenger service was integrated into the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system as a name of Seoul Metropolitan Subway Gyeongchun Line (수도권 전철 경춘선). It brings that the system from Seoul all the way into Gangwon Province. The new service reduced travel time between Chuncheon and Sangbong in Seoul from two hours to 89 minutes, with different trains operating according to different stopping patterns; and increased capacity five-fold. Compared to the previous Mugunghwa-ho train service on the Gyeongchun Line, fares were reduced by half. For the service, Hyundai Rotem supplied Korail with fifteen eight-car Class 361000 EMU trains, out of which only fourteen trains remain in service on the line today.

Currently, Seoul Metropolitan Subway Gyeongchun Line serves mainly Sangbong station to Chuncheon station. Rare service to Cheongnyangni or Kwangwoon University station is also available, making it a Y-shaped line.

ITX-Cheongchun service
On February 28, 2012, Korail introduced the ITX-Cheongchun service (Intercity Train EXpress), which uses Class 368000 trains with double-deck cars. From Chuncheon Station, the fastest ITX trains take 52 minutes to Cheongnyangni station, and 68 minutes to Yongsan station in Seoul, operating at a maximum speed of 180 km/h. The base fare is 9,800 won between Chuncheon and Yongsan, but Korail offers 15% discount at all time resulting price of 8,300 won. Basic discount rate was 30% until July 31, 2016, 25% until July 31, 2018, 15% since August 1, 2018.

Mugunghwa service
Some special Mugunghwa trains which deploy military troops takes the Gyeongchun Line.

Main Line
The following stations are along the Gyeongui-Jungang Line and the Gyeongchun Line itself.

The negative sign is only a convention for distance notation from Sangbong Station, the terminus of most services.

title: Gyeongchun Line


text:
Susie Bright

Susannah Bright (born March 25, 1958) is an American feminist, author and journalist, often on the subject of politics and sexuality.

She is the recipient of the 2017 Humanist Feminist Award, and is one of the early writers/activists referred to as a sex-positive feminist. Her papers are part of the Human Sexuality Collection at Cornell University Library along with the archives of On Our Backs.

Career
As a teenager in the 1970s, Susie Bright was active in the feminist, civil rights, and anti-war movements. She was a member of the high school underground newspaper The Red Tide and served as the plaintiff suing the Los Angeles Board of Education for the right of minors to distribute their own publications without prior censorship or approval. (Judgement in favor of Plaintiff).

She was a member of the International Socialists from 1974 to 1976 and worked as a labor and community organizer in Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Detroit, and Louisville, Kentucky. She was also one of the founding members of Teamsters for a Democratic Union, and wrote under the pseudonym Sue Daniels in both The Red Tide and Workers' Power. She has said "I was motivated, always, from the sting of social injustice. The cry of 'That isn't fair!' gets a more impulsive behavior from me than, 'I want to get off!'"

Bright was one of the early staff members of Good Vibrations, a pioneering feminist sex toy store, working at and managing the store from 1981 to 1986. She trained with San Francisco Sex Information in 1981. She wrote Good Vibrations' first mail order catalog, the first sex toy catalog written from a women's point of a view for a female audience. She founded the Good Vibrations Erotic Video Library, the first feminist curation of erotic films available at the time.

Susie Bright co-founded and edited the first women-produced sex-magazine On Our Backs, "entertainment for the adventurous lesbian," from 1984 to 1991. Here she began her sex advice column as "Susie Sexpert." She collected these columns and expanded them to publish her first book, Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World in 1990.

Bright co-edited with Jill Posener and published a portfolio of lesbian erotic photography titled Nothing but the Girl, with 30 interviews with the photographers. It won the Firecracker Award and the Lambda Literary Award in 1997.

Bright founded the first women's erotica book-series Herotica and edited the first three volumes. She started the national bestselling The Best American Erotica series in 1993.

From 1992 to 1994, she was the contributing editor and columnist for San Francisco Review of Books.

Bright was the first female member of the X-Rated Critics Organization in 1986 and was voted into the XRCO Hall of Fame, 5th Estate, in 2005.

Known as the "Pauline Kael of Porn", she wrote feminist reviews of erotic films for Penthouse Forum from 1986 to 1989. She was the first mainstream journalist who covered the adult industry trade— and the first scholar to teach the aesthetics and politics of erotic film imagery, starting in 1986 at Cal Arts Valencia, and then in the early nineties at the University of California. Her film-reviews of mainstream movies are widely published, and her comments on gay film history are featured in the documentary film The Celluloid Closet. As well, she was featured in Maya Gallus's 1997 documentary film Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality.

Bright produced, co-wrote and starred in two plays, Girls Gone Bad and Knife, Paper, Scissors. She worked as a screenwriter and film consultant on several films: Erotique, Monika Treut's Die Jungfrauenmaschine (aka Virgin Machine) film in 1988 as "Susie Sexper," The Celluloid Closet, The Criterion Collection's edition of Luis Buñuel’s Belle de Jour, and the Wachowskis' film, Bound (in which she also had a cameo appearance). She also appeared as "Susie Bright, the feminist sex writer" in an episode of the HBO series Six Feet Under.

In 2013, Bright donated her archives to the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Cornell University Library. They included papers and documents from her early activist days in The Red Tide, Teamsters for a Democratic Union, and International Socialists, her early stage and film work, a complete archive of On Our Backs magazine and Fatale Videos, her reviews and research as a critic for Penthouse Forum, and the X-Rated Critics Association, all of her nonfiction manuscripts and anthology research for "Best American Erotica", costumes, VHS tapes, books, writings— as well as many other artist files from the early lesbian feminist and erotic literary fiction publishing era.

The donation culminated with the 2014 year-long exhibit "Speaking of Sex" where Bright's donations were displayed along with a wide array of the Human Sexuality Collection's historical documents and materials. As part of the exhibit's grand opening, Bright gave the lecture "The Sexual State of the Union", analyzing current sexual attitudes in America, and reprised her show "How to Read a Dirty Movie."

In 2022, Bright was in residence at the Cornell University Library for the exhibition Radical Desire: Making On Our Backs Magazine where she presented the panel discussion Making a Lesbian Sex Magazine in the Age of the Feminist Sex Wars with Lulu Belliveau, Phyllis Christopher, Del LaGrace, Morgan Gwenwald, Nan Kinney, Jill Posener, Jessica Tanzer, Deborah Sundahl, Karen Williams, and On Our Backs’ staffers, artists, and models.

Susie Bright was an editor-at-large and executive producer at Audible Inc. between 2012 and 2023. Her imprint is The Bright List. She has been nominated or awarded an Audie Award four times, including for her production of The Autobiography of Malcolm X. She has produced audiobook titles by Margaret Atwood, Pablo Neruda, Che Guevara, Frank O’Hara, Martin Luther King, Cornel West, Gary Snyder, Charles Bukowski, Noam Chomsky, Ron Kovic and Bruce Springsteen, Betty Medsger, Dorothy Allison, Dan Savage, Tony Hillerman, Joy Harjo, Octavia Butler, and Dave Hickey.

Personal life
Bright is the daughter of linguist William Bright and Elizabeth Bright. Her stepmother is Lise Menn, and her stepbrothers are Joseph Menn and Stephen Menn.

Bright lived with her partner Honey Lee Cottrell in the 1980s. She is married to Jon Bailiff, with whom she has one daughter, Aretha Bright.

Books
As editor

 * With introduction and afterword by the Bright.
 * Authors: William Harrison, Greg Boyd, and Tsaurah Litzky.
 * Authors: Eric Albert, Greta Christina, and Jill Soloway.
 * Authors: William Harrison, Greg Boyd, and Tsaurah Litzky.
 * Authors: Eric Albert, Greta Christina, and Jill Soloway.

As author

Awards

 * National Leather Association International’s Jan Lyon Award for Regional or Local Work, 1987
 * Humanist Feminist Award, 2017
 * Audie Award Winner, Carrie's Story, Executive Producer, 2014
 * Audie Award Nominee, The Invisible Heart, Executive Producer, 2014
 * Audie Award Nominee, Naked at Any Age, Executive Producer, 2013
 * Audie Award, Best Memoir/Autobiography, Best Male Performance, "The Autobiography of Malcolm X", co-producer, 2021
 * Gail Rich Award, Santa Cruz, 2002
 * Lambda Literary Award, Nothing but the Girl, 1997
 * Firecracker Alternative Book Award, Nothing but the Girl, 1997
 * Utne Reader Visionary, 1995

title: Susie Bright


text:
Marc Denis

Joseph Marc Denis (born August 1, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender, who last played with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). For the 2009–10 season, he was hired as the goaltenders' coach of the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, a Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) team. He is currently working as a colour analyst for the Francophone Canadian sports station, RDS. He is the all time leader in save percentage in the shootout among goaltenders who have faced at least 40 shootout attempts.

Playing career
As a youth, Denis played in the 1990 and 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Montreal.

Denis was drafted 25th overall by the Colorado Avalanche at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Upon turning professional with Colorado, Denis mainly played for Colorado's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hershey Bears, and played a total of 28 regular season games in three seasons for the Avalanche. On June 7, 2000, Denis was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets for a second-round pick in the 2000 draft (used to choose Tomas Kurka). During the 2002–03 NHL season, he set the then-NHL record for most minutes in a season with 4,511, playing 77 regular season games that season.

On June 30, 2006, Denis was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Fredrik Modin and Fredrik Norrena. In the 2007–08 season, on December 28, due to his sub-par and inconsistent play, the Lightning waived Denis. After he cleared waivers, Denis was sent down to the Lightning's AHL affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals. The Lightning later recalled Denis from Norfolk on March 26, 2008. Denis replaced goalie Jonathan Boutin, who was earlier recalled from the Admirals on an emergency basis because starting goalie Mike Smith had a sprained left ankle. After the season, Denis was bought out from the Lightning on June 25, 2008.

Denis, who therefore became a free agent, then signed a contract with his hometown team, the Montreal Canadiens, on July 3, 2008. After training camp, Marc Denis was assigned to Montreal's AHL affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs. Denis was recalled as an injury replacement for the Canadiens throughout the season and appeared in one game with the Canadiens when he relieved Jaroslav Halak for the third period in a 4–1 loss to the New Jersey Devils on January 2, 2009.

title: Marc Denis


text:
Broadview Creek

Broadview Creek is a stream in the Broadview neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. It flows for about 2600 ft from its headwaters just off Northshire Road N.W. to its outlet into Puget Sound.

title: Broadview Creek


text:
Academy of Athens

Academy of Athens may refer to:
 * Platonic Academy, founded by Plato in c. 387 BC
 * Academy of Athens (modern), Greece's national academy, established in 1926

title: Academy of Athens


text:
German spring offensive

The German spring offensive, also known as Kaiserschlacht ("Kaiser's Battle") or the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

There were four German offensives, codenamed Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau, and Blücher-Yorck. Michael was the main attack, which was intended to break through the Allied lines, outflank the British forces (which held the front from the Somme River to the English Channel) and defeat the British Army. Once that was achieved, it was hoped that the French would seek armistice terms. The other offensives were subsidiary to Michael and were designed to divert Allied forces from the main offensive effort on the Somme. No clear objective was established before the start of the offensives and once the operations were underway, the targets of the attacks were constantly changed, depending on the tactical situation.

Once they began advancing, the Germans struggled to maintain the momentum, partly due to logistical issues. The fast-moving stormtrooper units could not carry enough food and ammunition to sustain themselves for long, and the army could not move in supplies and reinforcements fast enough to assist them. The Allies concentrated their main forces in the essential areas (the approaches to the Channel Ports and the rail junction of Amiens). Strategically worthless ground, which had been devastated by years of conflict, was left lightly defended. Within a few weeks, the danger of a German breakthrough had passed, though related fighting continued until July.

The German Army made the deepest advances either side had made on the Western Front since 1914. They re-took much ground that they had lost in 1916–17 and took some ground that they had not yet controlled. Despite these apparent successes, they suffered heavy casualties in return for land that was of little strategic value and hard to defend. The offensive failed to deliver a blow that could save Germany from defeat, which has led some historians to describe it as a Pyrrhic victory. In July 1918, the Allies regained their numerical advantage with the arrival of American troops. In August, they used this and improved tactics to launch a counteroffensive. The ensuing Hundred Days Offensive resulted in the Germans losing all of the ground that they had taken in the Spring Offensive, the collapse of the Hindenburg Line, and the capitulation of Germany that November.

Strategy

The German High Command—in particular General Erich Ludendorff, the Chief Quartermaster General at Oberste Heeresleitung, the supreme army headquarters—has been criticised by military historians for the failure to formulate sound and clear strategy. Ludendorff privately conceded that Germany could no longer win a war of attrition, yet he was not ready to give up the German gains in the west and east and was one of the main obstacles to the German government's attempts to reach a settlement with the Western Allies.

Although Ludendorff was unsure whether the Americans would enter the war in strength, at a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff of the German armies on the Western Front on 11 November 1917, he decided to launch an offensive. The German government and Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, nominally the Chief of the General Staff, were not party to the planning process. Eventually it was decided to launch Operation Michael near Saint-Quentin, at the hinge between the French and British armies, and strike north to Arras. The main reason for the choice was tactical expediency. The ground on this sector of the front would dry out much sooner after the winter and spring rains and would therefore be easier to advance across. It was also a line of least resistance as the British and French armies were weak in the sector.

The intention was not to reach the English Channel coast, but to break through the Allied lines and roll up the flank of the British army from the south, pushing it back toward the Channel ports or destroying it if the British chose to stand and fight. Further operations such as Operation Georgette and Operation Mars were designed to strike further north to seize the remaining Allied ports in Belgium and France while diverting Allied forces from Michael. However, these remained only secondary and weaker operations, subordinate to Michael.

The constant changing of operational targets once the offensive was underway gave the impression the German command had no coherent strategic goal. Any capture of an important strategic objective, such as the Channel ports, or the vital railway junction of Amiens, would have occurred more by chance than by design.

Changes in tactics
The German army had concentrated many of its best troops into stormtrooper units, trained in infiltration tactics to infiltrate and bypass enemy front line units, leaving these strong points to be "mopped-up" by follow-up troops. The stormtrooper tactic was to attack and disrupt enemy headquarters, artillery units and supply depots in the rear areas, as well as to occupy territory rapidly. Each major formation "creamed off" its best and fittest soldiers into storm units; several complete divisions were formed from these elite units. This process gave the German army an initial advantage in the attack, but meant that the best formations would suffer disproportionately heavy casualties, while the quality of the remaining formations declined as they were stripped of their best personnel to provide the stormtroops. The Germans also failed to arm their forces with a mobile exploitation force, such as cavalry, to exploit gains quickly. This tactical error meant the infantry had to keep up an exhausting tempo of advance. Notwithstanding the effectiveness of the stormtroopers, the following German infantry often made attacks in large traditional waves and suffered heavy casualties.

To enable the initial breakthrough, Lieutenant Colonel Georg Bruchmüller, a German artillery officer, developed the Feuerwalze, (literally: rolling fire, rolling barrage) an effective and economical creeping barrage scheme. There were three phases: first, a brief bombardment on the enemy's command and communications (headquarters, telephone exchanges, etc.); then, destruction of their artillery; lastly an attack upon the enemy front-line infantry defences. Bombardment would always be brief so as to retain surprise. Bruchmüller's tactics were made possible by the vast numbers of heavy guns—with correspondingly plentiful amounts of ammunition for them—which Germany possessed by 1918.

Defensive tactics
In their turn, the Allies had developed defences in depth, reducing the proportion of troops in their front line and pulling reserves and supply dumps back beyond German artillery range. This change had been made after experience of the successful German use of defence in depth during 1917.

In theory, the front line was an "outpost zone" (later renamed the "forward zone"), lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts only. Behind, out of range of German field artillery, was the "battle zone" where the offensive was to be firmly resisted, and behind that again, out of range of all but the heaviest German guns, was a "rear zone" where reserves were held ready to counter-attack or seal off penetrations. In theory, a British infantry division (with nine infantry battalions) deployed three battalions in the outpost zone, four battalions in the battle zone and two battalions in the rear zone.

This change had not been completely implemented by the Allies. In particular, in the sector held by the British Fifth Army, which they had recently taken over from French units, the defences were incomplete and there were too few troops to hold the complete position in depth. The rear zone existed as outline markings only, and the battle zone consisted of battalion "redoubts" which were not mutually supporting (allowing stormtroopers to penetrate between them).

Operation Michael
On 21 March 1918, the Germans launched a large offensive against the British Fifth Army and the right wing of the British Third Army.

"The artillery bombardment began at 4.40am on March 21. The bombardment [hit] targets over an area of 150 sqmi, the biggest barrage of the entire war. Over 1,100,000 shells were fired in five hours..."

The German armies involved were—from north to south—the Seventeenth Army under Otto von Below, the Second Army under Georg von der Marwitz and the Eighteenth Army under Oskar von Hutier, with a Corps (Gruppe Gayl) from the Seventh Army supporting Hutier's attack. Although the British had learned the approximate time and location of the offensive, the weight of the attack and of the preliminary bombardment was an unpleasant surprise. The Germans were also fortunate in that the morning of the attack was foggy, allowing the stormtroopers leading the attack to penetrate deep into the British positions undetected.

By the end of the first day, the British had lost 7,512 dead and 10,000 wounded and the Germans had broken through at several points on the front of the British Fifth Army. After two days the Fifth Army was in full retreat. As they fell back, many of the isolated "redoubts" were left to be surrounded and overwhelmed by the following German infantry. The right wing of Third Army became separated from the retreating Fifth Army, and also retreated to avoid being outflanked.

Ludendorff failed to follow the correct stormtrooper tactics, as described above. His lack of a coherent strategy to accompany the new tactics was expressed in a remark to Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria—commander of one of his Army Groups—in which he stated, "We chop a hole. The rest follows." Ludendorff's dilemma was that the most important parts of the Allied line were also the most strongly held. Much of the German advance was achieved where it was not strategically significant. Because of this, Ludendorff continually exhausted his forces by attacking strongly entrenched British units. At Arras on 28 March, he launched a hastily prepared attack (Operation Mars) against the left wing of the British Third Army, to try to widen the breach in the Allied lines. In this sector, the British defences in depth were complete and fully manned, some of the opening German bombardment hit only empty positions and there was no fog to give cover to the attacking stormtroopers. After a day, the Germans had achieved only minor gains and had suffered heavy casualties. Operation Mars was immediately cancelled.

The German breakthrough had occurred just to the north of the boundary between the French and British armies. The French commander-in-chief, General Philippe Pétain, sent reinforcements to the sector too slowly in the opinion of the British commander-in-chief, Field Marshal Douglas Haig, and the British government, though the historian Elizabeth Greenhalgh disputes this, arguing that Petain sent the six additional divisions quicker than had been arranged with Haig – in 2 days instead of 4 – and arranging for extra divisions several times – 12 divisions on 23 March and 13 on the 25/26 March – before requests came in from Haig. The Allies reacted by appointing the French General Ferdinand Foch to coordinate all Allied activity in France, and subsequently as commander-in-chief of all Allied forces everywhere.

The success of Operation Michael led German infantry to advance too far from its supply bases and railheads. The stormtrooper units leading the advance carried supplies for only a few days, to avoid being overburdened, and relied on supplies delivered quickly from the rear. The advance was slowed by supply shortages, which gave Allied commanders more time to reinforce the threatened areas and to slow the advance still more. German supply difficulties were made worse by the direction of advance, which crossed the wasteland created during the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and by Operation Alberich, the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line from February to March 1917.

After a few days, the German advance began to falter, as the infantry became exhausted and it became increasingly difficult to move artillery and supplies forward to support them. Fresh British and Australian units were moved to the vital rail centre of Amiens and the defence began to stiffen. After fruitless attempts to capture Amiens, Ludendorff called off Operation Michael on 5 April. By the standards of the time, there had been a substantial advance. It was, however, of little value; a Pyrrhic victory in terms of the casualties suffered by the crack troops, as the vital positions of Amiens and Arras remained in Allied hands. The newly-won territory would later be difficult to defend against Allied counter-attacks.

The Allies lost nearly 255,000 men (British, British Empire and French). They also lost 1,300 artillery pieces and 200 tanks. All of this could be replaced, either from French and British factories or from American manpower. German troop losses were 239,000 men, many of them specialist shocktroops (Stoßtruppen) who were irreplaceable. In terms of morale, the initial German jubilation at the successful opening of the offensive soon turned to disappointment, as it became clear that the attack had not achieved decisive results.

Georgette

Michael had drawn British forces to defend Amiens, leaving the rail route through Hazebrouck and the approaches to the Channel ports of Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk vulnerable. German success here could choke the British into defeat.

The attack started on 9 April after a creeping barrage. The main attack was made on the open and flat sector defended by the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps. After an entire year spent in the trenches, the Portuguese were tired and had suffered heavy losses. They were being replaced in the front line by fresh British divisions, an operation that was planned to be completed on 9 April, the same day as the Germans attacked the sector. The process of relief in place was poorly organized by the British First Army's command, and the Portuguese 1st Division had been withdrawn to the rear on 6 April, leaving the Portuguese 2nd Division to defend the entire sector alone. They were left with an extensive 7 mi front, without natural obstacles which might benefit the defence.

Hit hard by the bombardment and under the assault of eight German divisions, the Portuguese 2nd Division made a desperate defence, trying to hold their positions, which, however, were rapidly enveloped and overrun by the masses of German forces. The 2nd Division was virtually annihilated, losing more than 7,000 men. The British 40th Division, on the northern flank of the Portuguese, also rapidly collapsed before the attack, opening a gap that further facilitated the envelopment of the Portuguese by the Germans. However, under much less pressure from the Germans and occupying good defensive positions protected by the La Bassée Canal, the British 55th Division on the southern flank of the Portuguese were able to hold much of their position throughout the battle.

The next day, the Germans widened their attack to the north, forcing the defenders of Armentières to withdraw before they were surrounded, and capturing most of Messines Ridge. By the end of the day, the few British divisions in reserve were hard-pressed to hold a line along the River Lys.

Without French reinforcements, it was feared that the Germans could advance the remaining 15 mi to the ports within a week. The commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, issued an "Order of the Day" on 11 April stating, "With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause, each one of us must fight on to the end."

However, the German offensive had stalled because of logistical problems and exposed flanks. Counterattacks by British, French and Anzac forces slowed and stopped the German advance. Ludendorff ended Georgette on 29 April.

As with Michael, losses were roughly equal, approximately 110,000 men wounded or killed, each. Again, the strategic results were disappointing for the Germans. Hazebrouck remained in Allied hands and the Germans occupied a vulnerable salient under fire from three sides. The British abandoned the comparatively worthless territory they had captured at vast cost the previous year around Ypres, freeing several divisions to face the German attackers.

Blücher–Yorck

While Georgette ground to a halt, a new attack on French positions was planned to draw forces further away from the Channel and allow renewed German progress in the north. The strategic objective remained to split the British and the French and gain victory before American forces could make their presence felt on the battlefield. The Americans were originally deployed in the quiet Saint-Mihiel sector in Lorraine where they had their first significant engagement in the defence of Seicheprey on 20 April. After the British had held off the Michael advance on the Somme, the US 1st Division was moved to reinforce the line in that sector in mid-April and launched their first attack of the war on Cantigny on 28 May 1918.

The German attack took place on 27 May, between Soissons and Reims. The sector was partly held by four depleted British divisions which were "resting" after their exertions earlier in the year. In this sector, the defences had not been developed in depth, mainly due to the obstinacy of the commander of the French Sixth Army, General Denis Auguste Duchêne. As a result, the German creeping barrage was very effective and the Allied front, with a few notable exceptions, collapsed. Duchêne's massing of his troops in the forward trenches also meant there were no local reserves to delay the Germans once the front had broken. Despite French and British resistance on the flanks, German troops advanced to the Marne River and Paris seemed a realistic objective. There was a frenzied atmosphere in Paris, which German long-range guns had been shelling since 21 March, with many citizens fleeing and the government drawing up plans to evacuate to Bordeaux.

Yet again, losses were much the same on each side: 127,000 Allied and 130,000 German casualties up to 6 June. German losses were again mainly from the difficult-to-replace assault divisions.

Gneisenau
Although Ludendorff had intended Blücher-Yorck to be a prelude to a decisive offensive (Hagen) to defeat the British forces further north, he made the error of reinforcing merely tactical success by moving reserves from Flanders to the Aisne, whereas Foch and Haig did not overcommit reserves to the Aisne. Ludendorff sought to extend Blücher-Yorck westward with Operation Gneisenau, intending to draw yet more Allied reserves south, widen the German salient and link with the German salient at Amiens.

The French had been warned of this attack (the Battle of Matz (Bataille du Matz)) by information from German prisoners, and their defence in depth reduced the impact of the artillery bombardment on 9 June. Nonetheless, the German advance (consisting of 21 divisions attacking over a 23 mi front) along the Matz River was impressive, resulting in an advance of 9 mi despite fierce French and American resistance. At Compiègne, a sudden French counter-attack on 11 June, by four divisions and 150 tanks (under General Charles Mangin) with no preliminary bombardment, caught the Germans by surprise and halted their advance. Gneisenau was called off the following day.

Losses were approximately 35,000 Allied and 30,000 German.

Last German attack (Marneschutz-Reims/Friedensturm)
Ludendorff now postponed Hagen and launched the German Seventh, First and Third Armies in the Friedensturm (Peace Offensive) of 15 July, a renewed attempt to draw Allied reserves south from Flanders and to expand the salient created by Blücher–Yorck eastwards. An attack east of Rheims was thwarted by the French defence in depth. In many sectors, the Germans, deprived of any surprise as their fuel-starved air force had lost air superiority to the Allies, advanced no further than the French Forward Zone, and nowhere did they break the French Battle (Second) Zone.

Although German troops southwest of Rheims succeeded in crossing the River Marne, the French launched a major offensive of their own on the west side of the salient on 18 July, threatening to cut off the Germans in the salient. Ludendorff had to evacuate most of the Blücher–Yorck salient by 7 August and Hagen was finally cancelled. The initiative had clearly passed to the Allies, who were shortly to begin the Hundred Days Offensive which ended the war.

Analysis
The Kaiserschlacht offensives had yielded large territorial gains for the Germans, in First World War terms. However, victory was not achieved and the German armies were severely depleted, exhausted and in exposed positions. The territorial gains were in the form of salients which greatly increased the length of the line that would have to be defended when Allied reinforcements gave the Allies the initiative. In six months, the strength of the German army had fallen from 5.1 million fighting men to 4.2 million. By July, the German superiority of numbers on the Western Front had sunk to 207 divisions to 203 Allied, a negligible lead which would be reversed as more American troops arrived. German manpower was exhausted. The German High Command predicted they would need 200,000 men per month to make good the losses suffered. Returning convalescents could supply 70,000–80,000/month but there were only 300,000 recruits available from the next annual class of eighteen-year-olds. Even worse, they lost most of their best-trained men: stormtrooper tactics had them leading the attacks. Even so, about a million German soldiers remained tied up in the east until the end of the war.

The Allies had been badly hurt but not broken. The lack of a unified high command was partly rectified by the appointment of General Foch to the supreme command, and coordination would improve in later Allied operations. American troops were for the first time also used as independent formations.

Ironically, the offensive's initial success may have hastened Germany's defeat by undermining morale. German leadership had hitherto told their soldiers that food and other supply shortages were comparable on both sides. By breaking into Allied lines, the German soldiers realized that the Allies were in fact much better fed and supplied than they were, and thus that their leaders had been lying to them.

Books

 * Brown, Ian.(1998) British Logistics on the Western Front: 1914–1919. Praeger Publishers, 1998. ISBN 978-0-275-95894-7
 * Gray, Randal (1991) Kaiserschlacht, 1918: The Final German Offensive, Osprey Campaign Series 11, London: Osprey, ISBN 1-85532-157-2
 * Hart, Peter (2008). 1918: A Very British Victory, Phoenix Books, London. ISBN 978-0-7538-2689-8
 * Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich and Irina Renz (2018). 1918. Die Deutschen zwischen Weltkrieg und Revolution, Chr. Links Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86153-990-2. (in German)
 * Kitchen, Martin. The German Offensive of 1918 (2001)
 * Marix Evans, Martin (2002) 1918: The Year of Victories, Arcturus Military History Series, London: Arcturus, ISBN 0-572-02838-5
 * Middlebrook, Martin. The Kaiser's Battle: 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive. Penguin. 1983. ISBN 0-14-017135-5
 * Zabecki, David T. (2006) The German 1918 Offensives. A Case Study in the Operational Level of War, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-35600-8
 * Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich and Irina Renz (2018). 1918. Die Deutschen zwischen Weltkrieg und Revolution, Chr. Links Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86153-990-2. (in German)
 * Kitchen, Martin. The German Offensive of 1918 (2001)
 * Marix Evans, Martin (2002) 1918: The Year of Victories, Arcturus Military History Series, London: Arcturus, ISBN 0-572-02838-5
 * Middlebrook, Martin. The Kaiser's Battle: 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive. Penguin. 1983. ISBN 0-14-017135-5
 * Zabecki, David T. (2006) The German 1918 Offensives. A Case Study in the Operational Level of War, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-35600-8

Journals

 * Astore, William J. "The Tragic Pursuit of Total Victory." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Autumn 2007) 20#1 pp 64-73.
 * Phifer, Mike. "The Kaiser's blitz: The Germans launched a massive spring offensive in 1918 spearheaded by elite storm-troop units in a desperate Did to break the stalemate and win the war." Military Heritage (Fall 2020) 22#3 pp 54-63.
 * Terraine, John. "The March Offensive, 1918." History Today (Apr 1968) 18#4 pp 234-24.
 * Kaulisch, Baldur. "Strategie Der Niederlage. Betrachtungen Zur Deutschen Frühjahrsoffensive 1918." ['Strategy of defeat. Observations on the German spring offensive, 1918'] Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte (1968) 7#6 pp 661-675, in German.
 * Kaulisch, Baldur. "Strategie Der Niederlage. Betrachtungen Zur Deutschen Frühjahrsoffensive 1918." ['Strategy of defeat. Observations on the German spring offensive, 1918'] Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte (1968) 7#6 pp 661-675, in German.

title: German spring offensive


text:
Bazenville

Bazenville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Bazenville Airfield was a former World War II Advanced Landing Ground, mostly located outside the commune of Bazenville 1.8 km to the north-east.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bazenvillais or Bazenvillaises.

Geography
Bazenville is located some 6 km east by north-east of Bayeux and 4 km south by south-east of Arromanches-les-Bains. Access to the commune is by the D87 road from Ryes in the north-west which passes through the commune south of the village and continues south-east to Villiers-le-Sec. The D112 from Sommervieu to Crépon forms the north-western border of the commune. Apart from the village there is the hamlet of Les Noyaux. There is a British Military Cemetery in the west of the commune on the D87. The commune is entirely farmland.

Toponymy
Bazonille is mentioned as Basonni villa in 875.

Bazenville appears as Bazanville on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Bazan ville on the 1790 version.

History

Bazenville was liberated on the same day as the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944. An interim Canadian aerodrome (referred to as Bazenville Airfield, Advanced Landing Ground B-2 Bazenville, or B-2 Crépon) was built commencing the following night near the commune in a large part of the triangle formed by the Bazenville, Crépon, and Villiers-le-Sec villages.

It was on this aerodrome that the French ace Pierre Clostermann flew, on 11 June 1944, for the first time in France after his entry into the war in 1942: "All my life I will remember the people of Bazenville the first French to whom I spoke".

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 137 inhabitants.

Civil heritage

 * A Commemorative plaque remembering the site of the airfield where Pierre Clostermann arrived on 11 June 1944.

The commune has many buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A Farmhouse at Rue des Alliés (1759)
 * A Tradesman's house at Rue des Cordiers (19th century)
 * The Bazenville Farmhouse at Rue de l'Eglise (17th century)
 * A House at Rue de l'Eglise (18th century)
 * A Notable's House at Rue de l'Eglise (18th century)
 * The Chateau of Bazenville at Rue de la Grotte (17th century)
 * The Manor of Tournebu at Rue des Noyaux (17th century)
 * A Worker's House at Route de Villiers-le-Sec (19th century)
 * The Chateau de la Croix at Route de Villiers-le-Sec (1727)
 * The British Cemetery of Ryes (20th century). The cemetery contains 979 graves: 630 British, 21 Canadians, one Australian, one Pole, and 326 Germans.
 * The War Memorial (1929)
 * The Grotto of Lourdes (1947)
 * Bazenville Village (Ancient times)
 * Houses (17th-19th century)

Religious heritage
The commune has several religious buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A Presbytery at Rue de l'Eglise (19th century)
 * The Parish Church of Saint-Martin at le Bourg (13th century) The Church contains a large number of objects which are registered as historical objects.

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Antoine Halley, born in 1593 at Bazenville died in 1675, poet.

title: Bazenville


text:
Anthropophagy

Anthropophagy is the custom and practice of eating the flesh or internal organs of human beings. It may refer to:

 * Human cannibalism, the consumption of human flesh or organs by other humans. Human cannibalism has been observed in various contexts, including religious human sacrifices, warfare, and survival strategies in extreme conditions.
 * Anthropophages, a mythical race of cannibals first described by Herodotus.
 * Child cannibalism, the act of eating a child or fetus – a recurrent topic in myths, legends, and folktales, but also a documented practice in various societies, often connected with infanticide (the killing of unwanted infants) or with slavery.
 * Self-cannibalism, the act of eating one's own flesh. This can be a symptom of a mental disorder, motivated by curiosity and a desire to shock, or an act enforced as a form of torture.
 * Man-eater, a human or animal who feeds on human flesh. More specifically, the term is used for non-human predators such as tigers, wolves, hyenas, crocodiles, and piranhas that attack humans to kill and consume them as a part of their hunting behaviour. Man-eating plants exist in legends, but not in reality.
 * Anthropophagic movement, a Brazilian art movement of the 1920s founded and theorized by the poet Oswald de Andrade and the painter Tarsila do Amaral.
 * Manifesto Antropófago ("Anthropophagic Manifesto"), a 1928 essay by the Brazilian poet Oswald de Andrade which suggests that Brazil's history of "cannibalizing" other cultures, absorbing their best elements, is a major strength and a way for Brazil (and South America in general) to assert itself against European post-colonial cultural domination. The manifesto has been regarded an important influence on the Tropicália art movement.

title: Anthropophagy


text:
Beaufour-Druval

Beaufour-Druval is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Beaufourquais-Druvalais or Beaufourquaises-Druvalaises.

Geography
Beaufour-Druval is located some 25 km east by north-east of Caen and 12 km south-east of Cabourg. Access to the commune is by the D287 road from Angerville in the north-west, the D276 from Cresseveuille in the north which continues south-east to Auvillars, and the D146 from Beuvron-en-Auge in the south-west which continues to join the D45 in the north-east. The D85 from Saint-Léger-Dubosq in the west to Rumesnil in the south forms part of the south-western border of the commune. Apart from the village, there are the hamlets of Saint-Aubin-Lebizay and La Ruelle. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Ruisseau de Druval forms the south-eastern border of the commune as it flows south-west to join the Doigt west of Rumesnil. Several unnamed tributaries rise in the commune and flow south-east to join the Ruisseau de Druval.

Toponymy
Beaufour was attested in its Romanesque form Belfou in 1040 and 1066 then badly Latinized to Bellafagus in 1195.

The name has no relationship with "un four" as shown in the old forms but comes from the beech tree, which was formerly called fou in the west.

Druval comes from Drudo plus the Latin suffix vallem.

Beaufour appears as Beaufou on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Druval appears as Druval on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

History
The commune was created in 1972 from the merger of Beaufour, Druval, and Saint-Aubin-Lebizay.

The commune is probably the birthplace of William de Beaufeu, Bishop of Thetford from 1086 to 1091. It is also the probable birthplace of Richard de Beaufou, bishop of Avranches from 1134 to 1142 who is probably related to William de Beaufou.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 444 inhabitants.

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A Chateau (19th century)

Religious heritage
The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Druval (13th century) is registered as an historical monument. It contains a large number of items that are registered as historical objects.

title: Beaufour-Druval


text:
College Democrats

College Democrats is an organization located on several college campuses. Their main focus is to elect Democratic Party candidates and provide networking and leadership opportunities for student members. The chapters have served as a way for college students to connect with the Democratic Party and Democratic campaigns, and has produced many prominent liberal and progressive activists.

Many of these chapters are organized under the College Democrats of America, the official youth outreach arm of the Democratic National Committee, which claims over 100,000 college and university student members from across the United States. Other chapters are organized under the Young Democrats of America and its College Caucus.

Activities

Immediately leading up to election day, chapters are expected to participate in get out the vote (GOTV) activities, both on-campus and in surrounding communities.

Other activities are not centrally determined, and thus vary from chapter to chapter. Typical activities might include inviting guest speakers (often elected officials or party activists) to campus, organizing issue advocacy and lobbying efforts (like letter-writing campaigns or phone banks), and arranging service activities for members to attend.

College Democrats chapters also often organize social events (like sporting competitions with College Republicans chapters) and other recruitment activities.

During the election season, campus chapters typically partake in campaign work. These efforts generally include voter registration drives and dorm storms to register youth voters that have just gained voter eligibility. They also include providing youth manpower to campaigns for canvassing and phone banks. During presidential election years, chapters have organized proxy debates and run mock elections.

Presidential Primaries
Many chapters of the College Democrats took part in the 2016 Democratic Primary between Secretary Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT). In the run-up to the campaign's launch, many students participated in Ready for Hillary PAC's efforts to build support for Clinton. The statewide organization in California actively supported the PAC and recruited supporters while many chapters hosted the PAC's Hillary Bus on their campuses to build support for Clinton.

title: College Democrats


text:
User:Bagel~enwiki

Greetings, I am Bagel.

I'm a low-intensity Wikipedier (or whatever we're called). I lurk more than I edit.

My interests are wide-ranging.

title: User:Bagel~enwiki


text:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire

Beaulieu-sur-Loire (, literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.

title: Beaulieu-sur-Loire


text:
Beaulieu, Calvados

Beaulieu is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

Beaulieu is situated 10 km northeast of Vire and 45 km southwest of Caen.

title: Beaulieu, Calvados


text:
Beaumais

Beaumais is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Its Church of the Nativity dates from the 11th century, and chateau dates from the 16th century.

title: Beaumais


text:
Gyeongwon Line

The Gyeongwon Line is a railway line serving northeastern Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. The line is operated by Korail. The name of the line came from Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Wonsan, the original terminus of the line, in what is now North Korea.

History
For the original line's history and other information prior to 1945, see Gyeongwon Line (1911–1945)

One of the first construction projects undertaken by the Railway Bureau of the Government General of Korea was for an east−west trunk line to connect Keijō to the important port of Wonsan. The Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) opened the line in several stages between 1911 and 1914. The first section of mainline to be electrified by Sentetsu was also along the Gyeongwon Line, with the Pokkye−Gosan section being energised on 27 March 1944, as part of a plan made jointly with the South Manchuria Railway for an electrified railway all the way from Busan to Xinjing, capital of Manchukuo.

After the partition of Korea following the end of the Pacific War in 1945, the Gyeongwon Line was split along the 38th parallel between the stations of Hantangang and Choseongni. The railways in both South and North were nationalised, and the newly-established Korean National Railroad took over operation of the truncated Gyeongwon Line, from Seoul to Choseongni; in the North, the Korean State Railway merged its section of the Gyeongwon Line, Choseong-ri−Wonsan, with the Wonsan−Gowon section of the former Hamgyeong Line to create the Gangwon Line.

The line was severely damaged during the Korean War. After the ceasefire and the subsequent establishment of the Military Demarcation Line, the division of the line changed, with the South gaining control of the line further northwards as far as Woljeongni. However, the line was rebuilt only as far as Sintalli, resulting in an operation line from Yongsan and Sintalli with a length of 88.8 km.

Following the 1961 coup, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction started South Korea's first five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth. As part of the program, in the outskirts of Seoul, a 4.9 km long avoiding line was built from Kwangwoon University to Mangu on the Jungang Line, called the Mangu Line, which opened on December 30, 1963.

Upgrade
The section of the Gyeongwon Line in the Seoul metropolitan area was among the first to be electrified with the 25 kV/60 Hz AC catenary system in South Korea when to allow for through train services with Seoul Subway Line 1. Further sections were electrified and urban services to Line 1 was extended in the 1980s and then in the 2000s:

Altogether 55.6 km of the line was electrified, and 53.1 km was double-tracked.

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Gyeongwon Line is to be further upgraded until Uijeongbu for 230 km/h and may see KTX service.

In 2012 restoration of the line was completed between Sintan-ri and Cheorwon.

Route
A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

title: Gyeongwon Line


text:
Beaumesnil, Calvados

Beaumesnil is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The village is centred on a staggered crossroads between the D52 which heads to Pont-Farcy to the north and Vire to the south and the D81 which leads to Le Beny-Bocage to the north east and Landelles-et-Coupigny to the south west.

title: Beaumesnil, Calvados


text:
Beaumesnil

Beaumesnil may refer to places in France:
 * Beaumesnil, Calvados
 * Beaumesnil, Eure

title: Beaumesnil