text:
User talk:Jamesbow

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You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 06:08, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Berlin to Kitchener name change
Just wanted to let you know how surprised I was when I found out there was an article on the name change of Kitchener and that it was so comprehensive. Good work. Cheers. CryptoDerk 23:37, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest
With the festival starting up on Friday, I thought I'd get an article for this up and running finally. Any comments would be appreciated! Radagast 17:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 04:27, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: James Bow
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, but all Wikipedia articles must meet our criteria for inclusion (see What Wikipedia is not and Deletion policy). Since it does not seem to me that James Bow meets these criteria, I have started a discussion about whether this article should be kept or deleted.

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Re:Protection of that Air Show article
Re your edit-summary on Canadian International Air Show, I've requested semi-protection about 20 minutes ago, but it's taking a while. If this keeps up for much longer, I'll see about poking an admin to get it done faster. AddWittyNameHere (talk) 19:47, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamesbow


text:
Metallic

Metallic may be a reference to:

 * Metal
 * Metalloid, metal-like substance
 * Metallic bonding, type of chemical bonding
 * Metallicity, in astronomy the proportion of elements other than helium and hydrogen in an object
 * Metallic color, a color that gives the appearance of metal
 * Metallic dragon, a classification of dragon found in the role playing game Dungeons & Dragons
 * Metallic paint, paint that provides the appearance of metal
 * Heavy metal music, a genre of rock music

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metallic


text:
Ronnie Coleman

Ronald Dean Coleman (born May 13, 1964) is an American retired professional bodybuilder. Known as "The King", Coleman shares the all-time record for most Mr. Olympia titles at eight with Lee Haney. The winner of the Mr. Olympia title for eight consecutive years, he is generally regarded as the greatest professional bodybuilder of all time. Winner of 26 IFBB professional titles, he is also renowned for his combination of size and conditioning, dominant body-parts and extremely heavy workouts.

Coleman was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 and was bestowed with the 'Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award' in 2021.

Early life
Ronnie Dean Coleman was born in Monroe, Louisiana, on May 13, 1964. He graduated cum laude from Grambling State University in 1984 with a BSc in accounting. While there, he played football as a middle linebacker with the Grambling State Tigers under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson. After graduation, he failed to find work as an accountant and instead went to work at Domino's Pizza, where he would eat the complimentary pizza every day due to being so poor that he could barely afford to eat outside of work. He then became a police officer in Arlington, Texas, serving as an officer from 1989 to 2000 and a reserve officer until 2003.

Bodybuilding career
Coleman's fellow officer Gustavo Arlotta suggested he attend the Metroflex gym, owned by amateur bodybuilder Brian Dobson. Dobson offered Coleman a free lifetime membership if he allowed Dobson to train him for the upcoming 1990 Mr. Texas bodybuilding competition. After training for Mr. Texas, Coleman won first place in both the heavyweight and overall categories. He also defeated Dobson himself. Coleman won his first competition as a professional, the Canada Pro Cup, in 1995. The following year, he won the contest again, then went on to win the 1997 Russian Grand Prix. He also participated in powerlifting competitions in the mid-1990s.

His rise at the top in the professional circuit of bodybuilding was relatively slow: for his first participation at the Mr. Olympia contest (the most prestigious worldwide) in 1992, he wasn't ranked; then in 1994 he placed 15th, then 10th in 1995, 6th in 1996, and 9th in 1997 when Dorian Yates won his sixth and last title before retiring. The following year, Kenneth Wheeler was favored to become the 10th individual Mr. Olympia titleholder, with predominant competition coming from Nasser El Sonbaty, Kevin Levrone, and Shawn Ray. However, Coleman—whose Night of Champions victory earlier in the year had considerably elevated his esteem in the bodybuilding world—brought substantial improvements to the stage and went on to defeat Wheeler by three points for his first Mr. Olympia win. Coleman defended his title all the way through the 2005 contest, earning a total of eight consecutive victories and tying Lee Haney as the most successful Mr. Olympia in history. In 2001, he became the first man to win both the Arnold Classic and the Mr. Olympia titles the same year (only Dexter Jackson has repeated this feat, in 2008). Coleman's reign as Mr. Olympia came to an end in 2006 when Jay Cutler, the three-time consecutive runner-up heading into the contest, finally earned his first win. It was only the second time in contest history that a reigning multi-champion Mr. Olympia had lost his title (as opposed to retiring). The previous instance occurred when Arnold Schwarzenegger defeated Sergio Oliva in 1970. Coleman made his final Mr. Olympia appearance in 2007, placing 4th.

Coleman's success as a professional bodybuilder has led to many product endorsements and other opportunities in his career, which he has traveled the world to promote. He has made many guest appearances at gym openings around the U.S. When training, he preferred to use free weights rather than machines in order to maximize his flexibility and range of motion. He has made three training videos: The Unbelievable, The Cost of Redemption, and On the Road. In these videos, he gives tips for more experienced weightlifters, while warning against overexertion and improper form.

Coleman supports the Inner City Games, an organization co-founded by Arnold Schwarzenegger in 1991. He was the recipient of the 2001 Admiral in the Texas Navy Certificate Award from Texas Governor Rick Perry for outstanding achievements in bodybuilding and for the promotion of physical fitness. In 2011, he launched Ronnie Coleman Signature Series, a company that provides sports nutrition and wellness products for bodybuilders and other athletes.

The extreme weights Coleman used over the course of his career competing as a powerlifter and bodybuilder, such as squats and deadlifts with 800 lbs, took a toll on his body and he has undergone numerous surgeries since 2007. These include two hip replacements and various attempts at alleviating chronic pain from damaged intervertebral discs. He has continued to train despite his deteriorated condition, but can only use light weights now, to try to prevent muscle loss as of 2018, and some of his surgeries (each one costing between $300,000 and $500,000) had such poor outcomes that he may never be able to walk unassisted again. Coleman uses a wheelchair if he has to travel long distances. However, he has said that he does not regret his choices and admits that he was determined to be the best bodybuilder at any cost; he said that, if anything, he regrets not having done even more to consolidate his legacy.

In 2018, Vlad Yudin documented Coleman's life and career in the Netflix documentary Ronnie Coleman: The King. For the film's credits, rapper Quan made a song called "Flexin' on Them (Ronnie Coleman)" inspired by Coleman's bodybuilding career.

In popular culture
With his trademark high-pitched voice, some of the vocal gimmicks Coleman popularized in his training videos have become commonplace in the global bodybuilding community, especially after the advent of viral videos. The most popular of these, which he regularly shouted to himself as a form of self-encouragement, include "Yeah buddy!", "Light weight, baby!", "Ain't nothin' but a peanut!", "Ain't nothin' to it, but to do it!", and "Everybody wants to be a bodybuilder, but nobody wants to lift no heavy-ass weights".

Personal life
Coleman is a devout Christian. He met French-Lebanese personal trainer Rouaida Christine Achkar at a sports exposition in Paris in March 1998, and they were married in Beirut on December 28, 2007. They divorced soon after. Coleman married American personal trainer Susan Williamson on April 11, 2016. They reside in Arlington, Texas, and have four children together.

In June 2020, Coleman revealed that he can no longer walk unassisted due to surgical procedures. Saying that he may never walk again, Coleman blamed his problems on questionable surgeries and noted that his last three surgeries cost a total of $2 million.

Physical statistics

 * Height: 5 ft
 * Contest weight: 287-300 lbs
 * Off-season weight: 315-330 lbs
 * Chest / Back: 60 in
 * Arms: 24 in
 * Legs: 36 in

Famous lifts

 * Deadlift:  800 lb × 2 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Squat:  800 lb × 2 reps (The Cost of Redemption, 2003)
 * Bench press:  500 lb × 5 reps (The Cost of Redemption, 2003)
 * Dumbbell Bench press:  200 lb Dumbbells × 12 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Military press:  315 lb × 12 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Dumbbell Shoulder press:  160 lb Dumbbells × 7 reps (The Cost of Redemption, 2003)
 * Bent-over row:  515 lb × 10 reps (Relentless, 2006)
 * T-bar (corner) row:  540 lb × 9 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000) & 505 lb x 12 reps (Relentless, 2006)
 * Front Squat:  585 lb × 4 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Hack Squat:  765 lb × 8 reps (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Lunges:  185 lb × 20 reps per leg (The Unbelievable, 2000)
 * Barbell Shrugs:  735 lb × 11 reps (The Cost of Redemption, 2003)
 * Dumbbell Shrugs:  250 lb Dumbbells × 15 reps (Relentless, 2006)
 * Calf raises:  540 lb × 20 reps (Relentless, 2006)
 * Leg press:  2400 lb × 8 reps (The Cost of Redemption, 2003)

title: Ronnie Coleman


text:
Talk:Bran Castle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Untitled
The fortress has been built during 1377-1380 (1382?) as a border citadel of the Hungarian Kingdom, defending one of the main road towards the Southern Carpathians territory. Some are connecting it with Dracula's Legend, but in fact, it has never been the property of Wallachian princes. After 1498, the fortress was under the rule of the town of Brasov. In 1917, the town donated the castle to the Emperor of Austro-Hungary. After the end of World War I, the castle has been donated once again by the city of Brasov, but this time to Queen Mary Of Romania (Marie of Edinburgh). After her death, in 1938, the castle passed to Princess Ileana's (lately Mother Alexandra) property, Queen Mary's daughter, and the archduke Anton of Habsburg's wife. After the forced abdication of Romania's Royal Family (1947), the castle passed into Romanian state property, and in 1950 was granted as National Monument. Nowadays, it is a museum.

Ph.D. Bogdan-Florin POPOVICI, Brasov, Romania (bogdanpopovici@yahoo.com) (with some corrections)

Easily mistaken as Dracula's castle
Please remove if this is breaking rules, text is copied from http://www.draculascastle.com/html/branint1.html

Bran castle should not be mistaken for the actual Castle Dracula (now in ruins), which is located on the Arges River, at a more secluded site.

Prince Vlad spent, I believe, one night there. Hence the 'Dracula's Castle' legend. Vlad was a Romanian, not Transylvanian prince (when they were separate entities). 76.80.13.225 20:04, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

comment: TOTALLY DRACULAS CASTLE. it was draculas castle back from the former family of Habsburgs. -Anonymous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.68.170.185 (talk) 19:47, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

Bran Castle
Bran Castle is almost always at the top of the list of Famous Castles in Romania. Bran Castle is often called "Dracula's Castle" because of rumors that Dracula once lived in that very castle. But some say it is not true. So a discussion has to be made. The question almost everyone has is-- is Bran Castle REALLY Dracula's castle? We just have to see. I've done heaps of research and I've decided that Bran Castle may be Dracula's Castle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.185.4.184 (talk) 21:47, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

I've done heaps of research too and I've decided that elephants can fly. 178.27.90.232 (talk) 11:52, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

Bran Castle may not have been the home of Vlad the Impaler, the Count Dracula of legends, but it was the filming site of the 1991 movie "Subspecies" and it's fictitious vampire Radu Vladislav. i've done research and realized WE NEED JESUS! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.255.78.219 (talk) 01:21, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

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Frankenstein
While Dracula may not be connected to Bran Castle, it seems Frankenstein is https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12473242.the-true-story-of-frankenstein-and-draculas-bloody-fight-to-the-death-life-imitates-art-two-of-literatures-scariest-characters-actually-crossed-paths-in-mediaeval-times/ If someone wants to add this, feel free

09:45, 17 July 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Armorbeast (talk • contribs)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:21, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Bran Castle 001.jpg

"Not Dracula's Castle"
This article seems to be insistent on a belief that Bram Stoker didn't know about Bran Castle.

In fact, it is possible that he read about it, as it appears in one of his reference books, Charles Boner's "Transylvania: Its Products and Its People." The book in question even contains an illustration of it.

It would be a stretch to declare that it was the "inspiration" for Bram Stoker's "Castle Dracula", but the possibility of Stoker knowing of it can't be ruled out.Lonious (talk) 10:26, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

 * On the Bran Castle official website they address this in more detail. See here

Joss (talk) 11:12, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Keep in mind, though, that the folks who run the castle have everything to gain by encouraging that notion. Just saying. – AndyFielding (talk) 11:52, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Referat in engleză
Castelul Bran 188.27.152.157 (talk) 16:03, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bran Castle


text:
Quoted-printable

Quoted-Printable, or QP encoding, is a binary-to-text encoding system using printable ASCII characters (alphanumeric and the equals sign ) to transmit 8-bit data over a 7-bit data path or, generally, over a medium which is not 8-bit clean. Historically, because of the wide range of systems and protocols that could be used to transfer messages, e-mail was often assumed to be non-8-bit-clean – however, modern SMTP servers are in most cases 8-bit clean and support  extension. It can also be used with data that contains non-permitted octets or line lengths exceeding SMTP limits. It is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in e-mail.

QP works by using the equals sign  as an escape character. It also limits line length to 76, as some software has limits on line length.

Introduction
MIME defines mechanisms for sending other kinds of information in e-mail, including text in languages other than English, using character encodings other than ASCII. However, these encodings often use byte values outside the ASCII range so they need to be encoded further before they are suitable for use in a non-8-bit-clean environment. Quoted-Printable encoding is one method used for mapping arbitrary bytes into sequences of ASCII characters. So, Quoted-Printable is not a character encoding scheme itself, but a data coding layer to be used under some byte-oriented character encoding. QP encoding is reversible, meaning the original bytes and hence the non-ASCII characters they represent can be identically recovered.

Quoted-Printable and Base64 are the two MIME content transfer encodings, if the trivial "7bit" and "8bit" encoding are not counted. If the text to be encoded does not contain many non-ASCII characters, then Quoted-Printable results in a fairly readable and compact encoded result. On the other hand, if the input has many 8-bit characters, then Quoted-Printable becomes both unreadable and extremely inefficient. Base64 is not human-readable, but has a uniform overhead for all data and is the more sensible choice for binary formats or text in a script other than the Latin script.

Quoted-printable encoding
Any 8-bit byte value may be encoded with 3 characters: an  followed by two hexadecimal digits (0–9 or A–F) representing the byte's numeric value. For example, an ASCII form feed character (decimal value 12) can be represented by, and an ASCII equal sign (decimal value 61) must be represented by. All characters except printable ASCII characters or end of line characters (but also ) must be encoded in this fashion.

All printable ASCII characters (decimal values between 33 and 126) may be represented by themselves, except  (decimal 61, hexadecimal 3D, therefore  ).

ASCII tab and space characters, decimal values 9 and 32, may be represented by themselves, except if these characters would appear at the end of the encoded line. In that case, they would need to be escaped as  (tab) or   (space), or be followed by a   (soft line break) as the last character of the encoded line. This last solution is valid because it prevents the tab or space from being the last character of the encoded line.

If the data being encoded contains meaningful line breaks, they must be encoded as an ASCII CR LF sequence, not as their original byte values, neither directly nor via  signs. Conversely, if byte values 13 and 10 have meanings other than end of line (in media types, for example), then they must be encoded as  and   respectively.

Lines of Quoted-Printable encoded data must not be longer than 76 characters. To satisfy this requirement without altering the encoded text, soft line breaks may be added as desired. A soft line break consists of an  at the end of an encoded line, and does not appear as a line break in the decoded text. These soft line breaks also allow encoding text without line breaks (or containing very long lines) for an environment where line size is limited, such as the 1000 characters per line limit of some SMTP software, as allowed by RFC 2821.

A slightly modified version of Quoted-Printable is used in message headers; see MIME.

Example
The following example is a French text (encoded in UTF-8), with a high frequency of letters with diacritical marks (such as the é). J'interdis aux marchands de vanter trop leurs marchandises. Car ils se font= vite p=C3=A9dagogues et t'enseignent comme but ce qui n'est par essence qu= 'un moyen, et te trompant ainsi sur la route =C3=A0 suivre les voil=C3=A0 b= ient=C3=B4t qui te d=C3=A9gradent, car si leur musique est vulgaire ils te = fabriquent pour te la vendre une =C3=A2me vulgaire. =E2=80=94=E2=80=89Antoine de Saint-Exup=C3=A9ry, Citadelle (1948)

This encodes the following quotation: "J'interdis aux marchands de vanter trop leurs marchandises. Car ils se font vite pédagogues et t'enseignent comme but ce qui n'est par essence qu'un moyen, et te trompant ainsi sur la route à suivre les voilà bientôt qui te dégradent, car si leur musique est vulgaire ils te fabriquent pour te la vendre une âme vulgaire."

- Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

title: Quoted-printable


text:
John Harlan

John Harlan may refer to:

 * John Marshall Harlan (1833–1911), US Supreme Court Justice, 1877–1911
 * John Marshall Harlan II (1899–1971), US Supreme Court Justice, 1955–1971, grandson of the pre-World War I justice
 * John Harlan (announcer) (1925–2017), American television announcer
 * John Maynard Harlan (1864–1934), American lawyer and politician in Chicago

title: John Harlan


text: User talk:82.51.177.70

title: User talk:82.51.177.70


text:
Human echolocation

Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds: for example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their foot, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths. People trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location and size.

Background
The term "echolocation" was coined by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1944. But the phenomena was known about earlier, for example, Denis Diderot reported in 1749 that blind people could locate silent objects. Human echolocation has been known and formally studied since at least the 1950s. In earlier times, human echolocation was sometimes described as "facial vision" or "obstacle sense", as it was believed that the proximity of nearby objects caused pressure changes on the skin. Only in the 1940s did a series of experiments performed in the Cornell Psychological Laboratory show that sound and hearing, rather than pressure changes on the skin, were the mechanisms driving this ability. The field of human and animal echolocation was surveyed in book form as early as 1959 (see also White, et al. (1970) ).

Many blind individuals passively use natural environmental echoes to sense details about their environment; however, others actively produce mouth clicks and are able to gauge information about their environment using the echoes from those clicks. Both passive and active echolocation help blind individuals sense their environments.

Those who can see their environments often do not readily perceive echoes from nearby objects, due to an echo suppression phenomenon brought on by the precedence effect. However, with training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation is a general human ability.

Lore Thaler led researchers at Durham University to determine if they could teach echolocation to people. Over a ten-week period, they taught it to 12 blind people and 14 others who were not blind.

Mechanics
Vision and hearing are akin in that each interprets detections of reflected waves of energy. Vision processes light waves that travel from their source, bounce off surfaces throughout the environment and enter the eyes. Similarly, the auditory system processes sound waves as they travel from their source, bounce off surfaces and enter the ears. Both neural systems can extract a great deal of information about the environment by interpreting the complex patterns of reflected energy that their sense organs receive. In the case of sound these waves of reflected energy are referred to as echoes.

Echoes and other sounds can convey spatial data that are comparable in many respects to those conveyed by light. A blind traveler using echoes can perceive very complex, detailed, and specific features of the world from distances far beyond the reach of the longest cane or arm. Echoes make information available about the nature and arrangement of objects and environmental features such as overhangs, walls, doorways and recesses, poles, ascending curbs and steps, planter boxes, pedestrians, fire hydrants, parked or moving vehicles, trees and other foliage, and much more. Echoes can give detailed information about location (where objects are), dimension (how big they are and their general shape), and density (how solid they are). Location is generally broken down into distance from the observer and direction (left/right, front/back, high/low). Dimension refers to the object's height (tall or short) and breadth (wide or narrow).

By understanding the interrelationships of these qualities, much can be perceived about the nature of an object or multiple objects. For example, an object that is tall and narrow may be recognized quickly as a pole. An object that is tall and narrow near the bottom while broad near the top would be a tree. Something that is tall and very broad registers as a wall or building. Something that is broad and tall in the middle, while being shorter at either end may be identified as a parked car. An object that is low and broad may be a planter, retaining wall, or curb. And finally, something that starts out close and very low but recedes into the distance as it gets higher is a set of steps. Density refers to the solidity of the object (solid/sparse, hard/soft). Awareness of density adds richness and complexity to one's available information. For instance, an object that is low and solid may be recognized as a table, while something low and sparse sounds like a bush; but an object that is tall and broad and very sparse is probably a fence.

Brain areas associated with echolocation
Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. Although few studies have been performed on the neural basis of human echolocation, those studies report activation of primary visual cortex during echolocation in blind expert echolocators. The driving mechanism of this brain region remapping phenomenon is known as neuroplasticity.

In a 2014 study by Thaler and colleagues, the researchers first made recordings of the clicks and their very faint echoes using tiny microphones placed in the ears of the blind echolocators as they stood outside and tried to identify different objects such as a car, a flag pole, and a tree. The researchers then played the recorded sounds back to the echolocators while their brain activity was being measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Remarkably, when the echolocation recordings were played back to the blind experts, not only did they perceive the objects based on the echoes, but they also showed activity in those areas of their brain that normally process visual information in sighted people, primarily the primary visual cortex or V1. This result is surprising, as visual areas are normally only active during visual tasks. The brain areas that process auditory information were no more activated by sound recordings of outdoor scenes containing echoes than they were by sound recordings of outdoor scenes with the echoes removed. Importantly, when the same experiment was carried out with sighted people who did not echolocate, these individuals could not perceive the objects and there was no echo-related activity anywhere in the brain. This suggests that the cortex of blind echolocators is plastic and reorganizes such that primary visual cortex, rather than any auditory area, becomes involved in the computation of echolocation tasks.

Despite this evidence, the extent to which activation in the visual cortex in blind echolocators contributes to echolocation abilities is unclear. As previously mentioned, sighted individuals have the ability to echolocate; however, they do not show comparable activation in visual cortex. This would suggest that sighted individuals use areas beyond visual cortex for echolocation.

Daniel Kish
Echolocation has been further developed by Daniel Kish, who works with the blind through the non-profit organization World Access for the Blind. He leads blind teenagers hiking and mountain-biking through the wilderness, and teaches them how to navigate new locations safely, with a technique that he calls "FlashSonar". Kish had his eyes removed at the age of 13 months due to retinal cancer. He learned to make palatal clicks with his tongue when he was still a child, and now trains other blind people in the use of echolocation and in what he calls "Perceptual Mobility". Though at first resistant to using a cane for mobility, seeing it as a "handicapped" device, and considering himself "not handicapped at all", Kish developed a technique using his white cane combined with echolocation to further expand his mobility.

Kish reports that "The sense of imagery is very rich for an experienced user. One can get a sense of beauty or starkness or whatever—from sound as well as echo." He is able to distinguish a metal fence from a wooden one by the information returned by the echoes on the arrangement of the fence structures; in extremely quiet conditions, he can also hear the warmer and duller quality of the echoes from wood compared to metal.

Thomas Tajo
Thomas Tajo was born in the remote Himalayan village of Chayangtajo in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the north-east India. He became blind around the age of 7 or 8 due to optic nerve atrophy and taught himself to echolocate. Today he lives in Belgium and works with Visioneers or World Access to impart independent navigational skills to blind individuals across the world. Tajo is also an independent researcher. He researches the cultural and biological evolutionary history of the senses and presents his findings to scientific conferences around the world.

Ben Underwood
Ben Underwood was a blind American who was born on January 26, 1992, in Riverside, California. He was diagnosed with retinal cancer at the age of two, and had his eyes removed at the age of three.

He taught himself echolocation at the age of five, becoming able to detect the location of objects by making frequent clicking noises with his tongue. This case was explained in 20/20: Medical Mysteries. He used it to accomplish such feats as running, playing basketball, riding a bicycle, rollerblading, playing football, and skateboarding. Underwood's childhood eye doctor claimed that Underwood was one of the most proficient human echolocators.

He inspired other blind people to follow his lead. He passed away in 2009 due to cancer.

Lawrence Scadden
Lawrence Scadden lost his sight as a child due to illness, but learned to use echolocation well enough to ride a bicycle in traffic. (His parents thought that he still had some sight remaining.) In 1998, he was interviewed at the Auditory Neuroethology Laboratory at the University of Maryland about his experience with echolocation. The researchers were aware of the Wiederorientierung phenomenon described by Griffin where bats, despite continuing to emit echolocation calls, use path integration in familiar acoustic space. Scadden said he did the same, as echolocation required extra effort.

The National Science Teachers Association created the "Lawrence A. Scadden Outstanding Teacher Award of the Year for Students With Disabilities" in his honor.

Lucas Murray
Lucas Murray, from Poole, Dorset, was born blind, and is one of the first British people to have learned human echolocation, having learned it from Daniel Kish. Lucas' parents saw a documentary about Daniel Kish teaching Ben Underwood echolocation. Months later, they learned that Daniel would be visiting a Scottish charity called Visibility and contacted him. Kish taught the five-year-old Lucas the basics of echolocation over four days. By age seven, Lucas was proficient enough to not only accurately tell the distance of objects, but also their material, and could play with other children in sports such as rock climbing and basketball. In 2019, he enjoyed a week's work experience with South Western Railway.

Kevin Warwick
The scientist Kevin Warwick experimented with feeding ultrasonic pulses into the brain (via electrical stimulation from a neural implant) as an additional sensory input. In tests he was able to discern distance to objects accurately and to detect small movements of those objects.

Juan Ruiz
Blind from birth, Juan Ruiz lives in Los Angeles, California. He appeared in the first episode of Stan Lee's Superhumans, titled "Electro Man". The episode showed him capable of riding a bicycle, avoiding parked cars and other obstacles, and identifying nearby objects. He entered and exited a cave, where he determined its length and other features.

In popular media
The 2017 video game Perception places the player in the role of a blind woman who must use echolocation to navigate the environment.

In the 2012 film Imagine, the main character teaches echolocation to students at a clinic for the visually impaired. This unconventional method spurs a controversy but helps students explore the world.

In the 2007 children's fantasy novel Gregor and the Code of Claw, protagonist Gregor learns echolocation. This skill proves useful for fighting in the Underland, an underground civilization which is the main setting of the book.

The Marvel character Daredevil is a superhero who uses his heightened senses paired with echolocation to perceive the world in extraordinary detail.

title: Human echolocation


text:
Kolyma

Kolyma (Колыма́, ) or Kolyma Krai (Колымский край) is a historical region in the Russian Far East that includes the basin of Kolyma River and the northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the Kolyma Mountains (the watershed of the two ). It is bounded to the north by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean, and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the south. Kolyma Krai was never formally defined and over time it was split among various administrative units. , it consists roughly of the Magadan Oblast, north-eastern areas of Yakutia, and the Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The area, part of which is within the Arctic Circle, has a subarctic climate with very cold winters lasting up to six months of the year. Permafrost and tundra cover a large part of the region. Average winter temperatures range from −19 to −38 C (even lower in the interior), and average summer temperatures, from 3 to 16 C. There are rich reserves of gold, silver, tin, tungsten, mercury, copper, antimony, coal, oil, and peat. Twenty-nine zones of possible oil and gas accumulation have been identified in the Sea of Okhotsk shelf. Total reserves are estimated at 3.5 billion tons of equivalent fuel, including 1.2 billion tons of oil and 1.5 billion m3 of gas.

The principal town Magadan has nearly 100,000 inhabitants and is the largest port in north-eastern Siberia. It has a large fishing fleet and remains open year-round because of icebreakers. Magadan is served by the nearby Sokol Airport. There are many public and private farming enterprises. Gold mines, pasta and sausage factories, fishing companies, and a distillery form the city's industrial base.

Prehistory
During archaeological investigations of Paleolithic sites on the Angara, in 1936 the unique Stone Age site of Buret’ was discovered which yielded an anthropomorphic sculpture, skulls of rhinoceroses, and surface and semisubterranean dwellings. The houses were analogous, on one hand, to Paleolithic European houses and, on the other, to ethnographically studied houses of the Eskimos, Chukchi and Koryaks.

The indigenous peoples of this region include the Evens, Koryaks, Yupiks, Chukchis, Orochs, Chuvans and Itelmens, who traditionally lived from fishing along the Sea of Okhotsk coast or from reindeer herding in the River Kolyma valley.

History
Under Joseph Stalin's rule, The Kolyma Gulag (Колыма гулаг, колымский гулаг) became the most notorious region for the Gulag labor camps. Tens of thousands or more people died en route to the area or in the Kolyma's series of gold mining, road building, lumbering, and construction camps between 1932 and 1954. It was Kolyma's reputation that caused Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, author of The Gulag Archipelago, to characterize it as the "pole of cold and cruelty" in the Gulag system. The Mask of Sorrow monument in Magadan commemorates all those who died in the Kolyma forced-labour camps and the recently dedicated Church of the Nativity remembers the victims in its icons and Stations of the Camps.

Emergence of the Gulag camps
Gold and platinum were discovered in the region in the early 20th century. During the time of the USSR's industrialization (beginning with Joseph Stalin's first five-year plan, 1928–1932) the need for capital to finance economic development was great. The abundant gold resources of the area seemed tailor-made to provide this capital. A government agency Dalstroy (Дальстрой, acronym for Far North Construction Trust) was formed to organize the exploitation of the area. Prisoners were being drawn into the Soviet penal system in large numbers during the initial period of Kolyma's development, most notably from the so-called anti-Kulak campaign and the government's internal war to force collectivization on the USSR's peasantry. These prisoners formed a readily available workforce.

The initial efforts to develop the region began in 1932, with the building of the town of Magadan by forced labor. (Many projects in the USSR were already using forced labor, most notably the White Sea–Baltic Canal.) After a gruelling train ride in unheated boxcars on the Trans-Siberian Railway, prisoners were disembarked at one of several transit camps (such as Nakhodka and later Vanino) and transported across the Sea of Okhotsk to the natural harbor chosen for Magadan's construction. Conditions aboard the ships were harsh. According to a 1987 article in Time magazine: "During the 1930s the only way to reach Magadan was by ship from Khabarovsk, which created an island psychology and the term Gulag archipelago. Within the crowded prison ships thousands died during transportation. One survivor's memoir recounts that the prison ship SS Dzhurma was caught in the autumn ice in 1933 while trying to get to the mouth of the Kolyma River. When it reached port the following spring, it carried only crew and guards. All 12,000 prisoners were missing, left dead on the ice." It turns out that this incident, widely reported since it was first mentioned in a book published in 1947, could not have happened as the ship Dzhurma was not in Soviet hands until mid 1935. In 1932 expeditions pushed their way into the interior of the Kolyma, embarking on the construction of the Kolyma Highway, which was to become known as the Road of Bones. Eventually, about 80 different camps dotted the region of the uninhabited taiga.

The original director of the Kolyma camps was Eduard Berzin, a Cheka officer. Berzin was later removed (1937) and shot during the period of the Great Purges in the USSR.

The Arctic camps

At the height of the Purges, around 1937, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's account imagines camp commander Naftaly Frenkel as establishing the new law of the Archipelago: "We have to squeeze everything out of a prisoner in the first three months—after that we don't need him anymore." But there is no documentary evidence of this beyond Solzhenitsyn's speculation. The system of hard labor and minimal or no food reduced most prisoners to helpless "goners" (dokhodyaga, in Russian). Conditions varied depending on the state of the country.

Many of the prisoners in Kolyma were academics or intellectuals. They included Mikhail Kravchuk (Krawtschuk), a Ukrainian mathematician who by the early 1930s had received considerable acclaim in the West. After a summary trial, apparently for reluctance to take part in the accusations of some of his colleagues, he was sent to Kolyma where he died in 1942. Hard work in the labor camp, harsh climate and meager food, poor health as well as accusations and abandonment by most of his colleagues, took their toll. Kravchuk perished in Magadan in Eastern Siberia, about 4,000 miles (6,000 km) from the place where he was born. Kravchuk's last article had appeared soon after his arrest in 1938. However, after this publication, Kravchuk's name was stricken from books and journals. The prisoner population of Kolyma increased substantially in 1946 with the arrival of thousands of former Soviet POWs liberated by Western Allied forces or the Red Army at the close of World War II. Those judged guilty of collaboration with the enemy frequently received ten or twenty-five year prison sentences to the gulag, including Kolyma.

There were, however, some exceptions. Rumor suggested that Soviet agents seized Léon Theremin, an inventor, in the United States and forced him to return to the Soviet Union; he actually returned voluntarily. Joseph Stalin had Theremin imprisoned at the Butyrka in Moscow; he later came to work in the Kolyma gold mines. Although rumors of his execution circulated widely, Theremin was, in fact, put to work in a sharashka (a secret research-laboratory), together with other scientists and engineers, including aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev and rocket scientist Sergei Korolyov (also a Kolyma inmate). The Soviet Union rehabilitated Theremin in 1956.

The Kolyma camps switched to using (mostly) free labor after 1954, and in 1956 Nikita Khrushchev ordered a general amnesty that freed many prisoners. Various estimates have put the Kolyma death-toll from 1930 to the mid-1950s between 250,000 and over a million people.

Dalstroy officials
Dalstroy was the agency created to manage exploitation of the Kolyma area, based principally on the use of forced labour.

In the words of Azerbaijani prisoner Ayyub Baghirov, "The entire administration of the Dalstroy—economic, administrative, physical and political—was in the hands of one person who was invested with many rights and privileges." The officials in charge of Dalstroy, i.e., the Kolyma Gulag camps were:
 * Eduard Petrovich Berzin, 1932–1937
 * Karp Aleksandrovich Pavlov, 1937–1939.
 * Ivan Fedorovich Nikishev, 1940–1948.
 * Ivan Grigorevich Petrenko, 1948–1950.
 * I.L. Mitrakov, from 1950 until Dalstroy was taken over by the Ministry of Metallurgy on 18 March 1953.

Calendar of historical events

Calendar of events:
 * 1928–1929: Gold mines established in the Kolyma River region. Commencement of regular mining operations
 * 13 November 1931: Establishment of Dalstroy
 * 4 February 1932: Eduard Berzin, Manager of Dalstroy, arrives with the first 10 prisoners.
 * 1934: The headcount increases to 30,000 inmates.
 * 1937: The number of inmates increases to over 70,000; 51,500 kg of gold mined
 * June 1937: Stalin reprimands the Kolyma commandants for their undue leniency towards the inmates.
 * December 1937: Berzin is charged with espionage and subsequently tried and shot in August 1938.
 * 4 March 1938: Dalstroy is put under the jurisdiction of NKVD, USSR.
 * December 1938: Osip Mandelstam, an eminent Russian poet, dies in a transit camp en route to Kolyma.
 * 1939: Number of inmates now 138,200.
 * 11 October 1939: Commandants Pavlov (Dalstroy) and (Sevvostlag) sacked from their posts. Garanin subsequently shot.
 * 1941: Headcount of inmates reaches 190,000. Also some 3,700 Dalstroy contract workers.
 * 23 May 1944: US Vice President Henry A. Wallace arrives for a NKVD-hosted 25-day tour of Magadan, Kolyma, and the Russian Far East.Гаранин.jpg
 * October 1945: Camp for the Japanese prisoners of war is established in Magadan, to provide extra labour.
 * 1952: 199,726 inmates, the highest ever in the history of the Kolyma camps and Dalstroy.
 * May 1952: According to commandant Mitrakov, Sevvoslag is dissolved, Dalstroy transformed into the General Board of Labour Camps
 * March 1953: After Stalin's death, Dalstroy transferred to the Ministry of Metallurgy, camp units come under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Ministry of Justice.
 * September 1953: Dalstroy camp units taken over by the newly established management board of the North-Eastern Corrective Labour Camps. Harsh camp regime gradually relaxed.
 * 1953–1956: Period of mass amnesties and the release of most political prisoners. Some camp closures begin.
 * 1957: Dalstroy liquidated. Many of the former prisoners continued to work in the mines with a modified status and a few new prisoners arrived, at least until the early 1970s.

Post-Dalstroy developments
The Chukot Autonomous Okrug site provides details of developments after the official closure of the camps. In 1953, the Magadan Oblast (or region) was established. Dalstroy was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Metallurgy and later to the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy.

Industrial and economic evolution
Industrial gold-mining started in 1958 leading to the development of mining settlements, industrial enterprises, power plants, hydro-electric dams, power transmission lines and improved roads. By the 1960s, the region's population exceeded 100,000. With the dissolution of Dalstroy, the Soviets adopted new labor policies. While the prison labor was still important, it mainly consisted of common criminals. New manpower was recruited from all Soviet nationalities on a voluntary basis, to make up for the sudden lack of political prisoners. Young men and women were lured to the frontier land of Kolyma with the promise of high earnings and better living. But many decided to leave. The region's prosperity suffered under Soviet liberal policies in the end of the 1980s and 1990s with a considerable reduction in population, apparently by 40% in Magadan. A U.S. report from the late 1990s gives details of the region's economic shortfall citing outdated equipment, bankruptcies of local companies and lack of central support. It does however report substantial investments from the United States and the governor's optimism for future prosperity based on revival of the mining industries.

Last political prisoners
Dalstroy and the camps did not close down completely. The Kolyma authority, which was reorganised in 1958/59 (31 December 1958), finally closed in 1968. However the mining activities did not stop. Indeed, government structures still exist today under the Ministry of Natural Resources. In some cases, the same individuals seem to have stayed on over the years under new management. There are indications that the political prisoners were gradually phased out over the years but it was only as a result of Boris Yeltsin's far reaching reforms in the 1990s that the very last prisoners were released from Kolyma. The Russian author Andrei Amalrik appears to have been one of the last high-profile political prisoners to be sent to Kolyma. In 1970, he published two books: Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? and Involuntary Journey to Siberia. As a result, he was arrested for "defaming the Soviet state" in November 1970 and sentenced to hard labour, apparently in Kolyma, for what turned out to be a total of almost five years.

Varlam Shalamov
A detailed description of conditions in the camps is provided by Varlam Shalamov in his Kolyma Tales. In Dry Rations he writes: "Each time they brought in the soup... it made us all want to cry. We were ready to cry for fear that the soup would be thin. And when a miracle occurred and the soup was thick we couldn’t believe it and ate it as slowly as possible. But even with thick soup in a warm stomach there remained a sucking pain; we’d been hungry for too long. All human emotions—love, friendship, envy, concern for one's fellow man, compassion, longing for fame, honesty—had left us with the flesh that had melted from our bodies...."

Michael M. Solomon
During and after the Second World War the region saw major influxes of Ukrainian, Polish, German, Japanese, and Korean prisoners. There is a particularly memorable account written by a Jewish Romanian survivor, Michael M. Solomon, in his book Magadan (see Bibliography below) which gives us a vivid picture of both the transit camps leading to the Kolyma and the region itself. Hungarian George Bien, author of the Lost Years, also recounts the horrors of Kolyma. His story has also led to a film.

Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov
Soviet Gold, the first autobiographical book written by Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov, is almost entirely a description of the author's life in Magadan and the Kolyma gold fields.

Ayyub Baghirov
In Bitter Days of Kolyma, Ayyub Baghirov, an Azerbaijani accountant who was finally rehabilitated, provides details of his arrest, torture and sentencing to eight (finally to become 18) years imprisonment in a labour camp for refusing to incriminate a fellow official for financial irregularities. Describing the train journey to Siberia, he writes: "The terrible heat, the lack of fresh air, the unbearable overcrowded conditions all exhausted us. We were all half starved. Some of the elderly prisoners, who had become so weak and emaciated, died along the way. Their corpses were left abandoned alongside the railroad tracks."

Brother Gene Thompson
A vivid account of the conditions in Kolyma is that of Brother Gene Thompson of Kiev's Faith Mission. He recounts how he met Vyacheslav Palman, a prisoner who survived because he knew how to grow cabbages. Palman spoke of how guards read out the names of those to be shot every evening. On one occasion a group of 169 men were shot and thrown into a pit. Their fully clothed bodies were found after the ice melted in 1998.

Vadim Kozin
One of the most famous political prisoners in Kolyma was Vadim Kozin, possibly Russia's most popular romantic tenor, who was sent to the camps in February 1945, apparently for refusing to write a song about Stalin. Although he was initially freed in 1950 and could return to his singing career, he was soon framed by his enemies on charges of homosexuality and sent back to the camps. Though released once again several years later, he was never officially rehabilitated and remained in exile in Magadan where he died in 1994. Speaking to journalists in 1982, he explained how he had been forced to tour the camps: "The Polit bureau formed brigades which would, under surveillance, go on tours of the concentration camps and perform for the prisoners and the guards, including those of the highest rank." In 1993, while being interviewed by Theo Uittenbogaard for the TV documentary Gold – Lost in Siberia, he recalled how he was released from exile temporarily and flown into Yalta for a few hours, because Winston Churchill, unaware of Kozin's forced exile, had asked Stalin for the famous singer Vadim Kozin to perform, during a break in the Yalta Conference, held February 4–11, 1945.

Yevgenia Ginzburg
In her autobiographical account Journey into the Whirlwind, academic Yevgenia Ginzburg details her persecution, arrest, trial, imprisonment, and exile to Kolyma. The book starts with a 4 a.m. phone call on the first of December 1934 calling for her to attend the regional committee office at 6 a.m. and follows the chain of events that ultimately lead to her exile to Kolyma, arriving in Magadan in the winter of 1939. Part 2 chapters 5 to 9 cover her time in Kolyma, first working on land improvements, and then being sent to the "state farm" of Elgen, sometimes El'gen, Russian Эльген, to fell trees.

"During the 18 years of our ordeal, many times I found myself face to face with death, but it was an experience I never got used to....

To begin with, salvation from death in the Elgen forests came to me from cranberries, sour, bitter northern berries, not ripening at the end of summer as they would do in a normal climate, but remaining from the previous year, to be coaxed out of their hiding place by the timid Kolyma spring, after their ten months' sleep under the snow."

Nikolai Getman
Finally, Ukrainian prisoner Nikolai Getman who spent the years 1945–1953 in Kolyma, records his testimony in pictures rather than words. But he does have a plea: "Some may say that the Gulag is a forgotten part of history and that we do not need to be reminded. But I have witnessed monstrous crimes. It is not too late to talk about them and reveal them. It is essential to do so. Some have expressed fear on seeing some of my paintings that I might end up in Kolyma again—this time for good. But the people must be reminded... of one of the harshest acts of political repression in the Soviet Union. My paintings may help achieve this." The Jamestown Foundation provides access to all 50 of Getman's paintings together with explanations of their significance.

Estimating the number of victims
The amount of hard evidence in regard to Kolyma is extremely limited. Unfortunately, no reliable archives exist about the total number of victims of Stalinism; all numbers are estimates. In his book, Stalin (1996), Edvard Radzinsky explains how Stalin, while systematically destroying his comrades-in-arms "at once obliterated every trace of them in history. He personally directed the constant and relentless purging of the archives." That practice continued to exist after the death of the dictator.

In an account of a visit to Magadan by Harry Wu in 1999, there is a reference to the efforts of Alexander Biryukov, a Magadan lawyer to document the terror. He is said to have compiled a book listing every one of the 11,000 people documented to have been shot in Kolyma camps by the state security organ, the NKVD. Biryukov, whose father was in the Gulag at the time he was born, has begun researching the location of graves. He believed some of the bodies were still partially preserved in the permafrost.

It is therefore impossible to provide final figures on the number of victims who died in Kolyma. Robert Conquest, author of The Great Terror, now admits that his original estimate of three million victims was far too high. In his article Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century, Matthew White estimates the number of those who died at 500,000. In Stalin's Slave Ships, Martin Bollinger undertakes a careful analysis of the number of prisoners who could have been transported by ship to Magadan between 1932 and 1953 (some 900,000) and the probable number of deaths each year (averaging 27%). This produces figures significantly below earlier estimates but, as the author emphasizes, his calculations are by no means definitive. In addition to the number of deaths, the dreadful conditions of the camps and the hardships experienced by the prisoners over the years need to be taken into account. In his review of Bollinger's book, Norman Polmar refers to 130,000 victims who died at Kolyma. As Bollinger reports in his book, the 3,000,000 estimate originated with the CIA in the 1950s and appears to be a flawed estimate. This number is also estimated by the last survivors.

Anne Applebaum, 2004 Pulitzer Prize winner for her book Gulag: A History, carried out an extensive investigation of the gulags. In a lecture in 2003, she explained that it's extremely difficult not only to document the facts given the extent of the cover-up but to bring the truth home.

Ecology
This ecoregion encompasses the drainages of Arctic rivers from the Indigirka River eastward to Chaunskaya Guba Bay. In the west, the Indigirka River drainage is separated from the Khroma River and Yana rivers by the spurs of the Polousnyy Kryazh Range and the Chersky Range.

Paleoecology
During the Pleistocene the ecology of this part of Beringia was quite different from modern times, with the extinct Wooly mammoth and the wooly rhinoceros being present.

The polar bear most likely evolved here.

title: Kolyma


text:
User talk:Wiki Wikardo

Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here and decide to stick around. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Welcome is a good place to start. How does one edit a page gives editing help. Manual of Style gives formatting info. Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now. Help covers a broad range of useful topics. Village pump is a place to ask questions. Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 06:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I just saw your edit to Euro. Please note that it doesn't much matter whether a date is shown as "January 1" or "1 January", though it looks nice if it's consistent within a particular article, and the Wikipedia standard is to use the local standard format, so for Euro we'd use the British/Irish "1 January" style rather than the American "January 1". What is  important, however, is that all dates are Wikified so that each reader gets to see the dates in the format they chose under "preferences". -- Arwel 22:08, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Capitalization
That's an awesome user name. "Hey, Wuuuucy, I'm home!" I thought I had left the "name of your face" thing on my page. Whatever. Anyway, when I was being taught English grammar and usage, they told us that titles were spelled with capitals. Maybe the rules have changed since I was a kid. But as an example, here is this book title: "Yankee Stadium: Fifty Years of Drama". Note that only articles and prepositions are uncapitalized, unless they happen to begin the phrase, as with "A Place for Summer: A Narrative History of Tiger Stadium". d:) Wahkeenah 17:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

The original was just a single entry with no "attribution", and then someone else rubbed it out, which was technicall also "vandalism", even if they were trying to be helpful. So I just threw in my tupence worth and let it go at that. I reckon I should see how the EB or some other "old fashioned" encyclopedia does capitalisation. But I'm not any sort of crusade about it. As long as we have a consistent standard. d:) Wahkeenah 17:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Great user name. Best one I have seen yet.--Looper5920 09:02, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

India related links
Welcome!! --Gurubrahma 13:29, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Capitalisation in links
Note that the capitalisation in telco is not displayed; if you want to alter it, I'm not going to stop you, but it makes absolutely no difference to how the article appears or functions. --Calair 22:41, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, that makes sense. I noticed mention of capitalisation in your edit summary and so thought it was a deliberate change, when you were actually referring to a different capitalisation issue. --Calair 00:19, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Packer
Two things:
 * 1) The official standard abbreviation for Australian dollars is AUD or AU$ .  A$ is incorrect ; for all I know it might refer to an entirely different currency.
 * 2) Stop swearing in edit summaries. The contribution histories are not just another talk forum; they provides information on article provenance and are therefore a core part of the encyclopaedia that we are building.  The presence of the word "shit" in edit summaries is unencyclopaedic, and it cannot be reverted. Drew (Snottygobble) | Talk 22:47, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ISO 4217 Drew (Snottygobble) | Talk 00:01, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Portuguese Wikipedia
Well, what I can say is the following:
 * 1) I admit that my mistake in L.A. and "Monterrey" was pretty stupid, since I had not noticed that the link was wrong, and should be "Monterey" instead, as you had corrected, and I had not seen. (I searched the English Wikipedia for the former, so I got all messed up because of my error). For that, I apologize. I'm very sorry for the my mistake, and for the misunderstanding it created.
 * 2) In "cidades globais", however, you should know well that, for correcting links, the use of the following: ALTERNATE NAME TO BE SHOWN, for directing a given word to an article, and not just altering one format of a given word to another (Frankfurt > Francoforte, etc) since, in the case of cities, many English names are extensively used in Portuguese, and often, they are more commonly used than their Portuguese counterparts, not being appropriate to just modify one version to another.
 * 3) I did not put anything that you had put previously on the article "cidades globais" and was removed when the article was reverted, except removing two useless headlines, days after the reversion, which I had not noticed that were removed in your edition, because what I had seen in your edit there was only the modification of the naming of the cities from one format to another.

Regards, Leslie Mateus 01:11, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Cricket v Baseball
Yes... it is me. Sorry, but I'm not sure who you are - I surmise you're Indian, but I know several Indians. As for baseball in Australia, not very big at all. It's actually played mostly in winter, to avoid the competition with cricket. There are many school-level competitions, but the pro adult league died out some years ago with a whimper. -dmmaus 22:03, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Internet
I mean, I'm just saying... Wiki Wikardo 07:48, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As it says, the trend is towards using lower case, especially outside Merka. ReeseM 13:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: Cantonese
 Thanks for the request on my talk page. What did you mean by " there’s no vowel-initials in Cantonese "? — Instantnood 20:11, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 *  In Cantonese there are characters with null-initial pronunciations. — Instantnood 20:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 *  Perhaps 艾力. — Instantnood 13:51, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Pet peeve
Why would it bother you that English Wikipedia “chooses” the English spellings of Catalonia and Majorca? —Wiki Wikardo

 * "Majorca" especially bothers me because I think it is archaic and falling out of use. And it often leads to a pronunciation that is dead wrong. Somewhat the same on "Catalonia", but Orwell's famous book will certainly keep that spelling in the language, if only as a common alternative. But also it is a little weird that we effectively end up with the Castilian name of a place where much of the population rather resents historic Castilian domination. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:32, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Forgive me if I’m wrong—no hablo bien catalán—but isn’t the difference between the Castillian spelling and the Catalan spelling of Catalonia an Ñ versus an NY? —Wiki Wikardo

 * That's just orthography; the issue as an "O" vs. a "U", which really does affect pronunciation. (Y yo no hablo tampoco catalán, pero puedo leerlo.) But there is another issue: In Spain, for Catalan-speaking regions, even the central government now pretty consistently uses Catalan placenames. The Spanish names, in writing, tend to suggest centralizing Spanish-nationalist politics. - Jmabel | Talk 19:49, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Regarding edits made during August 1 2006
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. Tangot a ngo 08:43, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

–Wiki Wikardo did not 'damage' any articles, maybe you're not aware of it, but there is a significant movement to acknowledge the phenomena that is taking place with the population in elephants worldwide. you (Tangot) are damaging wikipedia --Everett3 23:37, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hi, I noticed your edit summary on this edit. I don't see how that is relevant to either the change or the article. Generally, it's not a good idea to add personal commentary to edit summaries, especially if they are off-topic. -- Gogo Dodo 16:27, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

about Cathay
Thanks for your message. I just found that the English name of 國泰航空 is Cathay Pacific. Probably that's why you added zh:国泰 as the interwikilink to Cathay. But I still don't think that Cathay is the translation of 國泰 even for the company's name. Probably the company translates 國 as Cathay, and 泰 as Pacific. Anyway 國泰 is not an indepedent word in Chinese language. It means "Peaceful State" and is usually used in the phrase of 国泰民安 (state is peaceful and the people are safe). So we do not need to find a specific English word for 國泰. Thanks. --Neo-Jay 08:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Well, many thanks for your information. I found that it was as early as 1921 when 国泰 was translated as Cathay (for a ship's name). Probably the other 国泰 companies just followed this translation. --Neo-Jay 14:37, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

You are right. Some, if not many, 國泰 companies do not use Cathay as their English names. I also had found that many, if not most, mainland China 国泰 companies use "Guotai" as the translation. See, e.g., 国泰基金, 上海市国泰电影院, 国泰君安证券研究所, and 江苏国泰国际集团. Thank YOU for your quesiton and research. --Neo-Jay 01:36, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Esteban "Steve" Jordan
Your recent edit to Esteban "Steve" Jordan (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 05:21, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Jin
Well, apparently Jin's wikipedia page says he's from the Chinatown in Flushing

QueensFinest86 20:07, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm glad you think vandalism is funny
Ultimately it is, since everything is ephemeral anyway. - gohlkus (talk) (Changing my tune) 01:36, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Nation's Giant Hamburgers
An article that you have been involved in editing, Nation's Giant Hamburgers, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Nation's Giant Hamburgers (2nd nomination). Thank you. --B. Wolterding 08:59, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

“and Dutch”
Good lookin’ out, man. —Wiki Wikardo 02:14, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You better should adress that other editor, who recently removed the Dutch translation from these text samples. Still better lookin' out, man! Ad43 (talk) 09:09, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Latin-Urdu Converter
Hi! thanx for your post, but it seems you catched wrong guy. I'm not the person whome you ar giving credit for Latin-Urdu Converter it is some Syed Rizwan Mohammad Rizvi of Karachi, Pakistan while I am Sayed Mohammad Faiz Haider Rizvi of Barabanki, India. --Sayed Mohammad Faiz Haider Rizvi (talk) 07:10, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It's fine friend... :) --Sayed Mohammad Faiz Haider Rizvi (talk) 07:16, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Awesome name

Zigger has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Cheers, and Happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Wonderful account name, Wiki Wicardo. Wascally wabbits evewywhere awe in awe   ! -- Zigger «º» 08:10, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree that Wiki Wicardo is a wonderful account name! Pdfpdf (talk) 03:14, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * As someone who just noticed this name today while doing copyright cleanup, I agree with the above. Wizardman  22:34, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

npr?
What is "npr" an abbreviation of? Thanks in advance, Pdfpdf (talk) 03:12, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

sf net
whole thing should be restored within 24 hours. DS (talk) 05:34, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Anti-French Sentiment in the United States
This one is a tough one. I reverted your edit. Although the article is about America, British style may be used if the entire article is consistent and if the article begins with British style. There is no compelling interest to convert the style from British to American English. GnarlyLikeWhoa (talk) 07:42, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Mother Teresa
You were just trying to make the criticism easier to find! Someone is curious about criticism of Mother Teresa and goes to the article and has to search around looking for it, that's an unnecessary hassle. I hope to hear you make your case against those who reverted your very helpful edit. Be bold! Chrisrus (talk) 16:56, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

nom nom

⊂ Andyzweb ⊃ (Talk) haz givn u Cheezburgr! Cheezburgrs promot WikiLovez and hoapfuly thiz one haz made yore day bettr. Spreadd teh WikiLovez by givin sumone else Cheezburgr, whethr it be sumeone youz hav had disagreementz with in teh past or a gud frend. Hapy munchins!

Spredd teh goudnesz of Cheezburgerz to all lolcat buddiez by addin {{subst:Cheezburgr}} to their talk paj with friendly messuj to all.

November 2010
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Overlinking
WP:OVERLINK: "Avoid linking plain English words". Cresix (talk) 00:30, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Big Game with Santa Clara?
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Orphaned non-free media (File:RUS-BSD logo.png)
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Discussion at Talk:San_Francisco_burrito#Requested_move
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:San_Francisco_burrito. Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 18:53, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

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Jack Montoucet
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Input request
Hello Wiki Wikardo,

I noticed your comment in this discussion on gender and football article names and am requesting your input for a proposal at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/National teams. Thank you in advance for any feedback. Dkreisst (talk) 21:07, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

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March 2014
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 * Minifootball Federation|EMF]] (the European Minifootball Federation). The tournament is uses six-a-side rules.

Talkback
LukeSurlt c 13:28, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

June 2014
Hello, I'm Walter Görlitz. I noticed that you made a change to an article, 2014 FIFA World Cup Group G, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. ''It's not the group of death. That has been established. At least three different groups have been conferred that label this tournament. And the stating it's because of the US's "strong play" is WP:OR. The pundits who have called it the group of death have done so on the strong play of Germany, Portugal and Ghana. The US are the bottom-feeders in the group.'' Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:17, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Talk:2014 FIFA World Cup/Archive 2. Cheers. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:32, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

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MOS link for your edification
Hi, Wiki Wikardo. You might want to note the MOS guideline WP:PBUH for honorifics for future reference. Cheers, and keep up the great work! --Iryna Harpy (talk) 22:52, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

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Džef Samardžija
Can you be more precise? Самарџија (talk) 15:14, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Listen to this video and you will hear how Jeff Samardzija pronounces his name. You probably used Google translate for translation from English to Serbian so I had to revert your edits. I will add better picture of him. Самарџија (talk) 19:51, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Unnecessary edit
Hi, thought I'd let you know I reverted your edit: unnecessary edit as per MOS:LINK, MOS:PIPE and WP:NOTBROKEN at this diff. Waddie96 (talk) 11:54, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Suspension of habeas corpus
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title: User talk:Wiki Wikardo


text:
George S. Parker High School

George S. Parker High School is a comprehensive public high school located on the west side of the city of Janesville, Wisconsin. The school, named for George S. Parker, founder of the Parker Pen Company, is a part of the School District of Janesville and was constructed in 1967. The rival east side school is Joseph A. Craig High School.

In Nov 2006, a referendum passed that provided nearly $71 million for updates and renovation to both Parker and Craig High Schools. Construction began in October 2007 and lasted two years.

Athletics
The school sports teams compete in the Big Eight Conference. State level competition is governed by the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA).

Baseball

 * 1977 State champion; beat Middleton, 6-2

Basketball (boys)

 * 1971 State champion; beat Milwaukee King, 79-68

Basketball (girls)

 * 1993 State champion; beat Middleton, 58-40
 * 2000 State champion; beat Hudson, 57-56
 * 2001 State champion; beat Stevens Point 51-44

Notable alumni

 * Mistie Bass, basketball player in the WNBA
 * Steve Preston, administrator of the Small Business Administration, 2006-2008, and 14th Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2008-2009
 * Terry Ryan, general manager of the Minnesota Twins
 * Michael J. Sheridan, Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Matthew Flynn, Parker AP-US History Teacher
 * Todd M. Buehl, Former CFO of ABC Supply, Current position "In the works"Todd Buehl LinkedIn

title: George S. Parker High School


text:
Fox Lane High School

Fox Lane High School is a public high school located in Bedford, New York, United States. It is named after the road, Fox Lane, that begins just to the side of the school's driveway. It is a part of the Bedford Central School District.

Administration
The current principal is Dr. Jennifer Amos. There are three assistant principals. Each assistant principal is responsible for half of the students in two grades, and follows them through graduation.

History
The school, designed by the Manhattan-based architectural firm of Moore & Hutchins, opened in 1956.

In recent years the school has undergone several renovations; these include the school's commons and theater in 1990, library in 1993, and cafeteria in 1999. The school has completed a multimillion-dollar renovation that began in the summer of 2005. The entire construction project ended by the start of 2008–2009 school year. The entire campus also renovated the entrances, adding another one on the other side of Route 172, and revamping the older entrance with a traffic circle. Most recently in 2015, the main track and turf field was rebuilt. Shortly after the conclusion of the 2023 baseball season, the old baseball field was torn down and a new turf field began installation.

Athletics
The Fox Lane Foxes teams include football, field hockey, ice hockey, diving, volleyball, soccer, swimming, cross country, winter track, spring track, dance, cheerleading, basketball, skiing, wrestling, lacrosse, ultimate frisbee, softball, baseball, golf and tennis. The Fox Lane Varsity Football team, coached by Andrew Giuliano, faced cross-town rivals Horace Greeley in the 2023 Gridiron cup, and beat Greeley 27-6.

Notable alumni

 * Vincent L. Briccetti, federal judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
 * Rick Carey, athlete
 * Henry Davis, professional baseball player
 * Kimya Dawson, musician
 * Susan Dey, actress
 * Ari Fleischer, White House Press Secretary for U.S. President George W. Bush
 * Drew Goodman, Rockies play by play TV broadcaster
 * Adam Green, musician
 * Sam Hollander, music producer
 * Michael J. Knowles, conservative political commentator and author.
 * Roberto Mandje, athlete
 * Kate Mara, actress
 * Rooney Mara, actress
 * Ingram Marshall, composer
 * Tim Matheson, actor, Animal House
 * John Schneider, actor
 * Bitsie Tulloch, actress
 * Paul Westcott, radio talk host
 * Marissa Jaret Winokur, Tony Award-winning actress
 * Trevor Zegras, professional hockey player

title: Fox Lane High School