text:
Basilique de Saint-Denis station

Basilique de Saint-Denis is a Paris Métro station on line 13 in the town centre of Saint-Denis, north of Paris. It connects with tram line 1 at two nearby stops at Basilique de Saint-Denis and Marché de Saint-Denis.

History
The station opened on 26 May 1976 when the line was extended from Carrefour Pleyel. It was the northern terminus of the northern branch of the line until 25 May 1998 when it was extended to Saint-Denis - Université. It is named after the nearby basilica. However, the display of the new name in the station itself was not changed until later. It bears the subtitle Hôtel de Ville because it is located near the town hall of Saint-Denis. On 21 December 1992 tram line T1 opened. Since 2012, its platforms have been fitted with landing doors.

In 2015-2016, the station was the subject of major modernization works with the holding of the 2016 European Football Championship. The escalators, the ticket office and the automatic ticketing machines were renewed, the lighting of the facades on the platforms, old tiling removed and waterproofing of the station redone.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 2,616,421 travellers entered this station, which places it at the 76th position of metro stations for its use.

Access
The station offers two entrances.
 * exit 1 - Passage de l'Aqueduc (gives access to the town hall of Saint-Denis), opens at the foot of the L'Écran cinema and leads to a connection with the tram T5 (stop Marché de Saint-Denis);
 * exit 2 - Place du Caquet, which opens at the foot of the Basilica shopping centre and leads to a connection with the tram T1.

The 2018 renovation kept the escalator, which accessed the ticket room on the platform towards Saint-Denis-University but did not add an descending escalator on the other platform.

Platforms
Basilique de Saint-Denis is a standard configuration station with two platforms separated by metro tracks. They have a cultural decoration, in order to reflect the prestigious neighbourhood of the basilica and the historical character of Saint-Denis.

From 2015 to 2018, the station was renovated and its decoration modernised. The walls of the platforms were renewed using large-format bevelled earthenware tiles. The old marble-looking columns were revised with religious scenography and stained-glass windows imitating windows of the basilica-cathedral and highlighted by paving stones, fitted with light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

Other connections
Since 1992, a connection with the T1 tram has made it possible to reach, among other things, Saint-Denis station and the eastern part of downtown Saint-Denis.

The station is also served by lines 153, 239 (nearby) and 253 of the RATP Bus Network.

At a short distance (Cité Langevin stop), a connection is possible with line 255 of the RATP Bus Network, with line 11 of the CIF bus network (Marché de Saint-Denis stop) and, at night, with line N44 of the Noctilien bus network. Likewise, since 29 July 2013, travellers can join the T5 tram at the aforementioned stop.

Nearby

 * Saint-Denis city hall.
 * Saint-Denis basilica, a cathedral built during the 12th century, one of the first in the Gothic cathedrals, containing the necropolis of the Kings of France.
 * The house of honour of the Légion d'honneur and its park.
 * Near one of the tram stops are two university schools, for technology and teacher training.
 * This part of the town is a dense group of residential buildings, including shops and a commercial centre.

title: Basilique de Saint-Denis station


text:
User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive 3

 * Old talk moved to User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive1 Jwrosenzweig 00:01, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Old talk moved to User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive 2 Jwrosenzweig 18:09, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to my talk page
Please leave notes/questions/chastisements/haiku/concerns for me here. I will usually respond on your talk page for your convenience. Thanks, and happy editing! Jwrosenzweig

Jwrosenzweig, I just wanted to let you know that I know who Julie Taymor is, and you shouldn't delete that article. Thanks

Agora
''So you know, some of us native English speakers are very familiar with "agora" as a name, and thought your suggestion a pleasant idea -- I don't know how I would have voted had it come down to it. :-) But the discussion you sparked proved to me I need to introduce this word in more of my classes. Thanks! Jwrosenzweig 17:06, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)''

 * Interesting comments! Actually I am really surprised there are so many people who haven't heard of Agora. I thought it was well-known in the western hemishere, and I had the idea that american and european schools were teaching some things about Ancient Greece :) Optim 19:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

There's no need for you to apologize so copiously. I really wasn't in the least offended. I think maybe I didn't make it very clear in the pump that I was just clarifying something. I agree with you that the RD has a lot of unanswerable, silly questions on it, but they don't bother me, just no one answers them. I actually feel kinda bad about moving the Carling Black Label q over there but I didn't know what else to do. moink 21:50, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Capitalization
Thanks for clarifying! Elf 22:32, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Question from Anon
How can you just revert the edits on the GWB file without reason?
 * The changes were reverted because you made massive alterations to a contentious article and then wrote in an edit summary that made the whole thing sound extremely minor. It looked like you were doing something very shady, and I'm still suspicious. If you want major changes in that article, please discuss it on its talk page. Thank you. Jwrosenzweig 01:03, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for letting me know. The second alteration was minor, in the first one I could not sum up everythinh I changed in one line. I am sorry that you thought I was doing something shady. I think parts of that article are shady, which is no wonder as you rightly explain in the introduction. I will explain my suggestions in the discussion zone.

Hi, were you able to figure out how to edit the main page sections? It's a bit tough to figure out, but take a look at Template:Itn for example. Fuzheado 01:20, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'd appreciate it if you gave the same admonition to RadicalBlender. Anthony DiPierro 17:11, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'm not acting innocent. I apologized for making that comment. BTW, RadicalBlender made his comment first. While I understand that doesn't excuse me, I just thought I'd point that out. Anthony DiPierro 17:18, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Another Question
Your vote for deletion of the Life at IIT Delhi page is justified. Guess i made a mistake in the way i wrote the thing. Anyway i was going on to elaborate on asome theory of evolution of language with respect to the social factors. Now that i read the page i realise that its actually crap. To top it all, i cant find a delete option. As you are an administrator i request you to do the needful.
 * No problem. Jwrosenzweig 17:58, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Dear James
Thank you for your kind note. I dont feel insulted by Anthony, actually i find him quite amusing. In VfD he was just copying the comment somebody else addressed to him. And of course i dont take personal any opinions different to mine, otherwise i wouldnt be a wikipedian! As for Namibia, yes its my office, and even more yes its a beautiful country. An oasis is the African chaos, where they actually try to improve people's lifes (despite the 1 billion euro palace the president is building for himself). I am a geologist and i do field work there. Its a wonderful job that allows me to travel all over the world and i am paid for it :) And all the time i carry things to write for the wikipedia, which is a nice way to spend time in Boeings 747. All the best, Muriel 18:18, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Copyvio question
Hi James

Regarding Pierre Eugene du Simitiere. I had already added a copyvio notice to this page; the original user then replaced the copyvio with a new stub, but my understanding is that we still have to delete the entire page and make a new start in a /Temp page. Is that right? What exactly to we need to do in this case? DJ Clayworth 19:15, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Oh, you're welcome; glad to help where I can. Thank you for supporting my slightly controversial nomination. Hope I don't disappoint anyone. :) -- Hadal 00:52, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

re:my user page
Thanks for the welcome! Yes, I'm actually hoping to help Wikipedia improve itself. I guess I came off as a little harsh on my user page.

I've been wondering for awhile, maybe you can help me out--is there no better way to discuss (talk pages, article discussions, etc.) than editing Wiki-style like this? Seems to me the purpose would be much better served by discussion boards (there, I said it!) or something like that. Am I the only one who finds it annoying and yes, inelegant, to have to deal with edit conflicts every time you add a comment? I ran into one just now submitting this comment.

I'm going to hold off on joining the mailing list for now, since I'm a little reluctant to have Wikimail flooding my inbox. I don't think I'm quite ready yet for that level of commitment.

Also, is there a way I can claim all the edits I did as an anonymous user?

Best wishes. -- Wikisux 00:59, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

on Godric
Nope, I've never read the book, I just enjoy the history of the period. Might add more to the article in the future; he's an interesting character. Everyking 17:47, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Blind Faith
Blind faith was just gobbledygook -- I deleted it. -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 20:53, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

Oops - recreated Pretty Pretty Princess trying to redirect it to Prince while you deleted it. Sorry! Mark Richards 22:22, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Haiku
Wikipedia Evergrowing as a plant Everchanging too

Not one of my better ones, I must say. - Arthur George Carrick 02:02, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes, you're the James I have been referring to; have been following the Plautus satire and other developments and sort of admired your stance. --Palapala 22:08, 2004 Mar 9 (UTC)

VfD End
I understand your concern about having the end of VfD, but it is necessary if we're going to link to it from the top of the page. Have a nice day! :-)

- Arthur George Carrick 00:57, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wikibooks
I've only been at Wikibooks a week or two, but since no one else appears to be forthcoming, I'll volunteer to help transition the material from Wikipedia. Tuf-Kat 06:56, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much! I appreciate your willingness, and wish you all the best with the project (and hope it won't consume too much of your time). Jwrosenzweig 16:21, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I just noticed your post and will help in any way possible. I would love to do this and it will be a great first time of (I hope) many collaborative bookwriting sessions. --Karl Wick

That's definetly a troll, and probably the same troll. --Hcheney 19:24, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What, if any, course of action is appropriate? --Hcheney 19:34, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, my name is Henry Cheney, and I used to live in New Jersey. This also fits into the troll's MO of implying I am mentally-ill. --Hcheney 19:49, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with your plan of action. --Hcheney 19:59, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Cordell Hull
Cordell Hull is a very important person. I thought that adding the notice might entice more users to contribute. Perl 02:34, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok. Sorry about that. I will extend the length of the Cordell Hull article myself and remove the notice. Perl 02:47, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

FYI, User:Gaz has been on Wikipedia since January 2003, not 2004. Fuzheado 17:06, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Me
Since when have I ever welcomed anybody? You must be confusing me with someone else. Unless counts as welcoming people... and I am not a member of the welcoming committee :-). ugen64 01:08, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I've been meaning to do so, but I can't get MySQL to work... is there another way to check for new users? ugen64 01:23, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, glad to see that... it's definitely a change from typing on a bunch of random IPs... :) ugen64 21:27, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

Unprofessional
I'd like you to know that I disagree that my usage of strong language in regards to Bcorr was unprofessional. For starters, there is clearly no rule against strong language here on the wiki, and I have myself been sworn at, complained about it, and been told it was a non-issue (actually ed poor told me it was a sign that there was something wrong w me, that people would want to swear at me). Additionally, anytime anybody harrasses me as much as Bcorr has, they had better expect a response. If this were a work place, and he had harassed me as regularly as he has, I would have struck him or quit. Things probably never would have come to that however, because nearly every work place has a system to redress differences drastically superior to what we have here (i.e. the boss and I would chat about it). When I tried to bring this up w Jimbo, he seemed disinterested (deleted his talk, and I never heard back about it). I'm not sure what you might have done instead, but I find my response (considering the particulars) to have been not only professional, but moderate and respectful considering. The wiki has HUGE accountability issues regarding its hierarchy, and is honestly profoundly disrespectful to its volonteers. A quick look at the missing wikipedians list will remind you of that, as it grows day by day. Sam Spade 21:32, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your kind words. I hope that you will find reason to change your position regarding Bcorr, but that has no relevence on how I interact with you, friendly or otherwise. If you are interested in getting to know me better, feel free to contact me by IM, my contact information is provided here. Sam Spade 01:44, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your words at "requests for admin" brought up a curious line of thought. I had honestly forgotten that I had welcomed you here, but your words of support on that page reminded me: "Oh right, Honus Wagner!" It is a curious facet of Wikipedias egalitarianism that in my mind you are as much a mainstay of Wikipedia as some other editors who had been here years before even me. In a few weeks, when April 13 trips the meter, I will have been here a full year. It is a cause for reflection and taking stock.

In any case the overwhelming support Fabiform received for adminship, despite only having been here only two months, is heartening as one regards Wikipedias future, and puts to shame any and all claims of Wikipedias insularity or hierarchy. The only meaningful hierarchy I see is that of nice guys having an easier time with most users than those who stir trouble. -- J-V Heiskanen 19:31, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your response on the reference desk to the woman enquiring about protection from ghosts was a model of tact! I couldn't have done it without at least one reference to the protective qualities of tinfoil, which is why I didn't provide one...--Robert Merkel 08:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with Robert Merkel. I felt bad for that poor woman but I couldn't possibly answer her and I figured no one else would.  You are always incredibly tactful with people on the pump and the reference desk.  You do a really good job around here, James.  moink 17:04, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Call me moink (lowercase m... I have to continually resist the urge to post my user page on the List of pages whose correct title is not allowed by MediaWiki) since that's who I am online... the only reason that my mit address doesn't have it as my identity is that I sometimes feel the need to be professional with professors etc. Do you prefer James or your user name (I picked the former cuz it was easier to type :) )?  I lived right near the British Columbia Institute of Technology which I just realized doesn't yet have a page.  moink 17:32, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Jwrosenzweig! Now vandals will not be able to change my page! Perl 19:55, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Your support of me is good. Perl 01:06, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your edits on my user page
Please restrict your activities on my user pages to the User:talk page. You are not among those I have allowed to assist in managing my user page, and for you to delete information from my user page violates my personal space. Bird

Bird is funny. Evercat 21:20, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thank You!
I want to thank you DEEPLY for your support in the vote to promote me to a sysop. I promise to do my best to be as helpful, sensible, and neutral as possible. Your friend, Ryan.

Aah, no problem... Lately I've been too burned out from a new job to do much major editing, so I've only been doing minor stuff and pruning Requested articles/music. Tuf-Kat 21:39, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the quick repair! -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 22:22, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

History of Literature
I'll hold my hand up to having done some work on the page but in fairness to the subject matter I just did some sorting out in some areas that were pretty messy. It really isn't my core area of expertise, well certainly post-Anglo-Saxon lit isn't anyway :) But I will give it some attention as and when I can; I should be able to do some stuff on e.g. 20th century movement literature (particularly e.g. Symbolism and Acmeism), but 17th and 18th century lit is I am afraid something of a black hole for me. Can probably turn in some stuff on the 19th century novel also :) --Sjc 18:50, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes it seems to have changed rather dramatically from the last time I looked at it, and it seems to have rather more of an anglocentric feel to it than I had really in mind when I picked up the original rather tatty piece. The problem with doing an article like this is that management of ethnocentricity and cultural core/periphery balancing are going to be hard to maintain. We also need to get the influence and significance of oral literary (excuse the oxymoron) traditions fairly firmly nailed: the skaldic influence of Old English and Norse was to significantly affect the development of both language and literature in the centuries to follow, etc. This is potentially an amazing article but it is going to take time to get the right shape and balance to it. --Sjc 19:05, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I will have a think about how we can address this and maybe see what can be done. In a cross-cultural community such as Wikipedia this should mot be an insurmountable difficulty. --Sjc 19:20, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

admin actions
Has anyone pointed this out to you? Requests for review of admin actions. Irismeister is claiming that you've abused your admin powers, but, crucially I don't think he understands the difference between blanking (which anyone can do) and deleting. People have already said that if he's saying you blanked things from your talk page (which is what I'm under the impression you did) then it's not anything to do with "admin actions" and doesn't belong on that page, so I'd leave a note there to say that's what you did, if I were you. :) fabiform | talk 20:25, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sam Spade
Thanx for the tip, I'll see what I can do. Unfortunately writing lengthy article content is not my strongpoint, and outside of loving Bogart films I'm not too knowledgable about Raymond Chandler and his books. Still, I'll look into it and see what I can do. Thanks again, Sam Spade 20:50, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bolding titles
"Please don't bold names in the unusual fashion you've been using (i.e. John Joseph Smith) -- it gets confusing for many. Please leave the entire name bolded (i.e. John Joseph Smith). That's the convention we use here. Thanks, Jwrosenzweig 19:00, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)"

convention? WTF are you talking about?! if some reader's head explodes because - egad! - a bio includes the middle name and the heading doesn't, sorry, that's not my problem!

maybe you Wikipedia wonks should get together and define your "conventions" before more heads explode! or, better yet, maybe you should all get lives! either way, since everyone feels entitled to butcher everyone else's contributions, i could give a F! i've wasted too much time here already! Worc63

Joke article
A joke article that commits the cardinal sin of not even being funny. :) Jwrosenzweig
 * The joke was mostly in the links. My motivation in creating it was actually to protest the creation of joke articles by otherwise responsible users.  And of course, the article should be deleted.  ike9898 20:40, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, my pleasure. I do so little actual article writing, so moving pages around helps me feel useful. -- Cyan 22:08, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the comments on my talk page. I just felt bad that it was the very first thing I did after getting my admin powers. And thanks for saying positive things about State your point don't prove it. I was considering dropping it because all I'd gotten so far was negative feedback. Finally, thanks for nominating me as an admin. It was great to see so many people support me. It's very seldom we get that kind of ego-stroking. moink 20:00, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, go ahead. I was planning on putting it there eventually.  I'm not sure what refinements were in my head.  Maybe I'm just scared of sticking my neck out.  :) moink 20:12, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I was only slightly confused by your nomination comment, and I managed at the time to twist it around in my head to be a compliment to myself. :) moink 20:18, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Question from EdColins
Hey! Thanks for your comments on my talk page recently. Well, I have got a small question. Maybe you can help. I would like to have some sort of page where I could find every pages talking about "patents". I think there are quite a lot of pages (more than a dozen at least) but it is very hard to find them all rapidly. Do you think it would be appropriate to create a "List of patent-related topics"? Or would it be better to concentrate the links on the main patent page under "See also"? (I prefer the first solution personally). Edcolins 21:01, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I do agree with you, lists are not very nice... but there are just too many links under "What links here" (it can't be used for the topic I am talking about), I just want the important pages about patents, not the pages where patent is just incidentally mentionned. It is just odd to have two "See also" stuffs under Patent (see the bottom of the patent page). I think I'll create a unique title "See also" or "Internal links" just before the "External links" with just the important pages about patents. What do you think? "See also" or "Internal links"? Do you know any Wikipedia policy about this?Edcolins 21:45, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Question
Since this is apprently where questions get asked...Wik seems to have something against Hcheney that I don't understand but he made this statement.

--Experienced editors" have supported Alex Plank too. Enough said. --Wik 20:43, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)-

What is this a reference to? how does this apply here? and how can we allieviate his concerns that correspond to this?

It might be fruitless to try to win him over but so far two people have changed their vote from oppose to neutral so it's worth a shot. Thanks.-GrazingshipIV 21:14, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your prompt and well thought out response. GrazingshipIV 21:31, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
yeah, woops... Knight Online requires IE to run, and I set it as my default browser... guess I forgot (I usually use Konqueror and Firefox...). I'll fix it. ugen64 23:37, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

False Accusations
What action can I take now that Wik persists in his nonsensical view that I am a sockpuppet? He is just allowed to make these baseless accusations with no consequences?--GrazingshipIV 00:55, Mar 23, 2004 (UTC)

Wheelers Fascist Edits
I see us butting heads on talk:fascism, and I'm not sure I see a good purpose in it, in fact I'm not entirely sure what your talking about. You seem to have assumed some sort of political bias on my part, and as far as I can tell approved of it "I am glad you agree with Wheeler's political perspective....at least, I have to assume you must because it is the only truly admirable thing I see in that edit" ??? I am honestly confused, and in my experience people have the most vicious of arguments when they don't know what the other person is talking about ;) Anyways, would you mind rephrasing? My position is clear I think: fix spelling errors, add content rather than reverting edits with citations, I liked wheelers edits ALOT. Sam Spade 01:19, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think were making alot of progress pretty fast, but I wanted to catch up w you and make sure you were still in good humours. I have a tendancy (particularly online) to irritate the heck out of certain people when controvercial matters come up. IRL I can pretty easilly smooth things over w how witty and charming I am (and modest too ;) but online the best I can do is a smiley (which kinda sux). Anyhow I honestly would enjoy discussing personal politics, but I hope you don't think I was too bossy in insisting we try to ignore those on the article talk page? Weve always gotten along well in the past despite disagreeing (a feat superhuman on the wiki, I would say) and I'd like a bit of reassurance (if you please) that that hasn't all been tossed out the window on this most contentious of topics. Sam Spade 18:23, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think your doing fine. The only area I think you are a bit wrong in is your judgement of wheeler on my talk page, saying you fear he can't be reasoned with. Its always best to assume good faith, it makes you look squeeky clean when you have been trying to engage someone rationally and they flip their wig on you ;). Anyways, do you use IRC or IM or anything? I'd like to chat w you about some of these particulars in real time if at all possible. Sam Spade 21:45, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S. you might like to archive your page. Wheeler may try to leave a note to explain himself and be unable to the large page size ;) Sam Spade 21:49, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'm not angry, that was just your imagination
No, seriously, I do sometimes get carried away. This was just my first round at VfD and I was AMAZED at the serious consideration given to some of these topics. I am not really one who believes in censorship, but good grief! Given that there appears to be support for some of these topics, my thought is to try to add some additional information on them since they apparently are going to stay around. I noticed that the Cybersex topic did bring up moral and ethical considerations. If people want to know about such stuff they ought to know about the harm such activities can cause also. Anyway, I appreciate your thoughtful words and for taking the time to give me a dose of reality. I kind of knew in my heart I was wasting too much time at VfD and you have confirmed that. Thanks again. H2O 02:04, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism on voting page
Anthony diperro is vandalizing the voting page I have already listed him can you stop him he is changing conversations which is evident if you read you side of each of his statements.GrazingshipIV 03:00, Mar 23, 2004 (UTC)

User: WHEELER
Oh my, Wheeler seems to want to add what basically amounts to "new research" to the wikipedia. He's rather enthusiastic about it too. I'd hate to simply dissapoint him. Do you have any experience with this kind of thing? Kim Bruning 19:18, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your advice! Kim Bruning 20:09, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive 3


text:
Garibaldi station (Paris Métro)

Garibaldi is a station on line 13 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Saint-Ouen.

Location
The station is located under Avenue Gabriel-Péri, south of the beginning of Rue Charles-Schmidt. Oriented approximately along a north–south axis and located on the branch towards Saint-Denis - Université, it is positioned between the Mairie de Saint-Ouen and Porte de Saint-Ouen metro stations.

History
The station opened on 30 June 1952 when the line was extended from Porte de Saint-Ouen to Carrefour Pleyel.

It owes its name to its proximity to rue Garibaldi, which pays homage to Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) who was one of the architects of Italian unification. A staunch republican, desiring Rome as the capital of Italy, he fought against Austria in 1859, the Kingdom of Naples in 1860 and the papacy in 1867. He also served France during the conflict of 1870–1871.

The station is, with Mairie de Saint-Ouen and Carrefour Pleyel on the same section of the line, one of the last three built in the historic style of the network, characterized by the use of bevelled white tiles and an ovoid-shaped vault, before the appearance of the first box stations in the 1970s.

As part of RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated on 25 August 2004.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 1,697,555 travellers entered this station, which places it in 148th position among metro stations for its use.

Access
The station has three accesses divided into four metro entrances, opening on either side of Avenue Gabriel-Péri and decorated with balustrades as well as three Dervaux-type candelabra:
 * Access 1 Rue Garibaldi, consisting of a fixed staircase, located to the right of no. 80 of the avenue;
 * Access 2 Rue Farcot, also made up of a fixed staircase, located opposite no. 78 of the avenue;
 * Access 3 Rue Charles-Schmidt, comprising two exits, one in front of the other, to the right of no. 65 bis of the avenue; one consists of a fixed staircase and the other of an escalator ascending from the exit corridor of the platform in the direction of Saint-Denis - Université.

Platforms
Garibaldi is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, the tunnel exits and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames, in copper-coloured earthenware, are topped with the letter M (a variant found only in 7 other stations in the network) and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the style of the original CMP. The Motte style seats are yellow in colour.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 85, 137, 237 and the urban service L'Audonienne of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N14 and N44 of the Noctilien network.

The station had a connection with the Saint-Ouen-les-Docks line, at the Gare de Saint-Ouen-Garibaldi, until the latter closed in 1988.

title: Garibaldi station (Paris Métro)


text:
Porte de Saint-Ouen station

Porte de Saint-Ouen is a station on line 13 of the Paris Métro on the border of the 17th and 18th arrondissements. Unusually it has an escalator directly linking the platform to the street at the exit to the Rue Leibniz.

Location
The station is located under the northern end of the Avenue de Saint-Ouen, between the Porte and the cutting of the Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture line. Oriented roughly along a north-south axis and located on the branch towards Saint-Denis–Université, it is positioned between the Garibaldi and Guy Môquet metro stations.

History
The station opened on 26 February 1911 as part of the Nord-Sud Company's line B from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen. On 27 March 1931, line B became line 13 following the absorption of the Nord-Sud company on 1 January 1930 by its competitor, the Nord-Sud Company (known as CMP). It was the terminus of the northern branch of the line until 30 June 1952 when the line was extended to Carrefour Pleyel. The station is named after the Porte de Saint-Ouen, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to Saint-Ouen

From the 1950s until 2008, the side walls were clad in metal casing with red horizontal uprights and golden advertising frames. This layout was later supplemented with “shell” seats characteristic of the “Motte” style, in red.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro programme, the station corridors were renovated on 3 June 2005, and then it was the turn of the platforms in 2009, leading to the removal of the bodywork in favour of a restitution of the original North-South decoration.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 2,060,676 passengers entered this station, which places it in 119th position among metro stations for its attendance.

Access
The station has three accesses divided into five metro entrances, located on either side of Avenue de Saint-Ouen:
 * Access 1 - Boulevard Bessières comprising two fixed staircases leading to the right of no. 153 of the avenue, the one furthest at the corner with Boulevard Bessières, decorated with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle;
 * Access 2 - Avenue de Saint-Ouen - Hopital Bichat also comprising two fixed staircases established back-to-back, located opposite no. 154 and 156 of the avenue, the closest to Boulevard Ney is equipped with a yellow “M” mast.
 * Access 3 - Rue Leibniz, consisting of an ascending escalator allowing only an exit from the platform in the direction of Saint-Denis - University, located to the right of no. 136 of the avenue.

Platforms
Porte de Saint-Ouen is a station with a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is semi-elliptical, a shape specific to the old Nord-Sud Company stations. The tiling and ceramics take up the original decorative style with advertising frames and the surrounds of station name in a green colour (a tint used for terminuses and transfer stations). Green geometric designs are found on the side walls and the vault, while station name inscribed in white earthenware on a small blue background with a green border. Green tile borders surrounds the very large advertising frames. The direction incorporated in the ceramic on the south tunnel exit indicating Saint-Lazare was not changed and is kept as it is. Bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the side walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. Lighting is provided by two tube strips and the Akiko style seats are cyan in colour.

Other connections
The station is served by lines 21, 237, 341 and Traverse Batignolles-Bichat of the RATP Bus Network.

It is also connected to, since 24 November 2018, with the line 3b tramway.

Nearby

 * Porte de Saint-Ouen
 * Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital
 * Gare de l'avenue de Saint-Ouen and its cultural space Le Hasard Ludique.

title: Porte de Saint-Ouen station


text:
Guy Môquet station

Guy Môquet is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro. It is located on the border between the 17th arrondissement and 18th arrondissement, on the line's northeastern branch.

Location
The station is located under Avenue de Saint-Ouen, to the south of the intersection of Rue Guy-Môquet, Rue Championnet, Marcadet, Legendre and Rue de la Jonquière. Oriented approximately along a north-south axis and located on the branch towards Saint-Denis–Université, it is located between the Porte de Saint-Ouen and La Fourche metro stations, the latter marking the beginning of the common branch line of line 13 towards Châtillon - Montrouge metro station.

History
The station opened on 26 February 1911 as part of Line B of the Nord-Sud Company, from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen. Its original name, Carrefour Marcadet (in reference to Rue Marcadet), was changed the year after the opening to Marcadet – Balagny, after Rue Balagny, itself named after Auguste Balagny, who served as the first mayor of the 17th arrondissement of Paris from 1860 until 1870.

On 27 March 1931, line B became line 13 following the absorption of the Société du Nord-Sud on 1 January 1930 by its competitor, the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (known as the CMP).

On 27 January 1946, the station was renamed a second time to become Guy Môquet, and at the same time as Rue Balagny, renamed Rue Guy-Môquet in homage to a young French communist activist, shot by the Nazis at the age of seventeen. The station is thus one of the eight in the network to have seen its surname evolve at the end of the World War Two in order to honor the memory of resistance fighters who died for France, with Trinité - d'Estienne d'Orves (line 12), Charles Michels (line 10), Colonel Fabien (line 2), Corentin Celton (line 12), Jacques Bonsergent (line 5), Corentin Cariou (line 7) and Marx Dormoy (line 12).

From the 1950s until 2008, the wall were covered with a metallic panels with blue horizontal uprights and illuminated golden advertising frames. This arrangement was supplemented by benches, which were subsequently removed in favor of shell seats characteristic of the Motte style, in white.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station corridors were renovated on 16 May 2003, then it was the turn of the platforms in 2009, resulting in the removal of their metal panels in favor of a return of the original Nord-Sud decoration.

In 2019, 4,004,960 travelers entered this station, which placed it in the 118th position of metro stations for its use.

Access
The station has four entrances, all made up of fixed stairs, the first three are decorated with a balustrade and an Adolphe Dervaux candelabra:
 * Entrance 1 Rue Legendre - opening in front of 79 Avenue de Saint-Ouen and 193 of Rue Legendre;
 * Entrance 2 Rue de la Jonquiere - located to the right of 73 Rue Guy-Môquet and 1 Rue de la Jonquiere;
 * Entrance 3 Avenue de Saint-Ouen - located opposite 86 Avenue de Saint-Ouen and 253 Rue Marcadet;
 * Entrance 4 Rue Lamarck - adorned with an entourage in the characteristic Nord-Sud style, leads to the right of 68 & 70 Avenue de Saint-Ouen.

Platform
Guy Môquet is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is semi-elliptical, a shape specific to the old Nord-South stations. The tiles and ceramics take up the original decoration with advertising frames and the surrounds of the name of the station in brown color with brown geometric designs on the walls and the vault. The station name is inscribed in white earthenware on a blue background in small font above the advertising frames and very large fonts between these frames, as well as the station directions incorporated into the ceramic on the tunnel exits. The bevelled white earthenware tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The lighting is provided by two canopy strips and the seats are Akiko style, in a burgundy colour.

In the middle of one of the platforms, a display case displays reproductions of photographs of Guy Môquet, his mother, and his father Prosper Môquet, his last letter and various documents. On the occasion of 22 October 2007 commemoration, the shelves were repainted and the lighting equipment was renewed.

During the renovation of the station in 2010, as part of the Renouveau du métro program, on 28 May 2010, the RATP unveiled the new thematic layout replacing this showcase with a 4 m by 1.70 m fresco in memory of Guy Môquet, designed in collaboration with the l’Amicale Châteaubriant-Voves-Rouillé and created by the design agency Curius.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 21, 31 and the urban service Traverse Batignolles-Bichat of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * Hôpital Bretonneau
 * Square Carpeaux
 * Square des Épinettes

title: Guy Môquet station


text:
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is the first novel by British author Alan Sillitoe and won the Author's Club First Novel Award.

It was adapted by Sillitoe into the 1960 film of the same name starring Albert Finney, directed by Karel Reisz, and in 1964 was adapted by David Brett as a play for the Nottingham Playhouse, with Ian McKellen playing one of his first leading roles.

Sillitoe later wrote three further parts to the Seatons' story, Key to the Door (1961), The Open Door (1989) and Birthday (2001).

Plot
The novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is split into two unequal parts: the bulk of the book, Saturday Night, and the much smaller second part, Sunday Morning.

Saturday Night

Saturday Night begins in a working man's club in Nottingham. Arthur Seaton is 22 years old, and enjoying a night out with Brenda, the wife of a colleague at work. Challenged to a drinking contest, Arthur defeats "Loudmouth" before falling down the stairs drunk. Brenda takes him home with her and they spend the night together. Arthur enjoys breakfast with Brenda before her husband Jack gets home from a weekend at the races.

Arthur works at a lathe at a bicycle factory with his friend Jack. Arthur keeps his mind occupied during the mundane and repetitive work through a mental collage of imagined fantasies, and memories of the past. He earns a good wage of 14 pounds a week, and Robboe, his superior, fears he may get in trouble for letting Arthur earn so much. Soon Arthur hears the news that Jack has been switched to nights, which pleases Arthur as he can now spend more time with Jack's wife. At the same time, Arthur carries on with Brenda's sister Winnie.

During another night out at the pub, Arthur meets Doreen, a young unmarried girl with whom he begins a relatively innocent courtship — all the while keeping Brenda and Winnie a secret. However, although Jack is oblivious to his wife's infidelity, Winnie's husband Bill catches on — and Arthur's actions catch up with him when Bill and an accomplice jump Arthur one night, leaving him beaten and bed-ridden for days.

Sunday Morning

Sunday Morning follows the course of events after Arthur's assault. When Doreen comes to check up on him, Arthur finally comes clean about his affairs with Brenda and Winnie. Doreen stays in a relationship with Arthur despite his dishonesty; Brenda and Winnie disappear from the story. By the end of the novel, Arthur and Doreen have made plans to marry.

Cultural references

 * Miranda Grey in John Fowles's The Collector (1963) found the book and its protagonist Arthur Seaton "disgusting".
 * English singer Morrissey was heavily influenced by the book and its 1960 film adaptation. The runout groove on the B-side of vinyl copies of The Smiths' 1986 album The Queen Is Dead feature the line "Them was rotten days" said by Aunt Ada (Hylda Baker) in the film. Also the line said by Doreen before Arthur takes her to the fair "I want to go where there's life and there's people" inspired the song "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" on the same album ("I want to see people and I want to see life").
 * The title of Arctic Monkeys' debut album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not is a direct quote from the book, and many of its songs were inspired by the protagonist Arthur. The art design of the album was influenced by the realist images of British working-class neighbourhoods and night life in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning.
 * During a 2011 BBC interview on Desert Island Discs, the comedian Frank Skinner stated that Saturday Night and Sunday Morning was the first book he read at the age of 21.
 * In 2013, BBC Radio 4 presented a two-part dramatic adaptation (by Robert Rigby) of the novel.

Cast

 * Albert Finney as Arthur Seaton
 * Shirley Anne Field as Doreen
 * Rachel Roberts as Brenda
 * Hylda Baker as Aunt Ada
 * Norman Rossington as Bert
 * Robert Cawdron as Robboe
 * Edna Morris as Mrs. Bull
 * Elsie Wagstaff as Mrs. Seaton
 * Frank Pettitt as Mr. Seaton
 * Avis Bunnage as Blousy Women
 * Colin Blakely as Loudmouth
 * Louise Dunn as Betty
 * John Barrett as Man in Cafe (Uncredited)
 * Peter Sallis as Man in Suit (Uncredited)
 * Michael Sillitoe as Drummer in Pub (Uncredited)
 * Jack Smethurst as Waiter (Uncredited)
 * Roy Spencer as Onlooker (Uncredited)

Critical reception
On 5 November 2019, BBC News included Saturday Night and Sunday Morning on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

title: Saturday Night and Sunday Morning


text:
Mairie de Clichy station

Mairie de Clichy is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro. Located on the line's northwestern branch, it is situated under Rue Matre in the commune of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine.

History
The station opened on 3 May 1980 upon completion of the extension of Line 13 from Porte de Clichy to Gabriel Péri. Its name refers to the town hall of Clichy. In 2017, it was used by 7,107,063 passengers, making it the network's 42nd busiest station out of 302.

It has the particularity of being very far from the surrounding stations, approximately 1,250 meters separate it from the previous station, Porte de Clichy, and 1,600 meters from the next metro station, Gabriel Péri. This choice was made because, during the studies, nearly 90% of the city's population lived less than 800 meters from the station, and because it was particularly difficult to create a station at the outlet of the Pont de Clichy, in a complex interchange and at the point where the line passes by viaduct.

In 2019, according to RATP estimates, 6,342,058 travelers entered this station, which places it in 51st position among metro stations for its use out of 302.

Access
The station has two entrances to Rue Martre, one in front of the administrative center, the other inserted in a lower building on the other side of the street.

Platforms
Mairie de Clichy is a standard configuration station with two platforms separated by metro tracks.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 54, 174, 274, 341 and the TUC urban service of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N15 and N51 of the Noctilien network.

title: Mairie de Clichy station


text:
La Fourche station

La Fourche is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 13.

Location
The station is at the heart of a junction in two branches of line 13: the Asnières - Gennevilliers branch and the Saint-Denis branch. The first remains in a two-lane tunnel from the common trunk. On the other hand, the second is doubled: towards Saint-Denis, it leaves the double track just after the La Fourche station and finds the opposite way coming from Saint-Denis before the Guy Môquet station ; in the other direction, towards Châtillon, the track coming from Saint-Denis separates before La Fourche and passes under the double-track tunnel of the Asnières branch to serve a platform in a station located below and consisting of a single platform of this unique path; then it joins the double-track tunnel just before Place de Clichy station.

History
The station opened on 26 February 1911 as part of the Nord-Sud Company's line B from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen. On 20 January 1912 it became a junction with the opening of the northwesterly branch to Porte de Clichy. On 27 March 1931 line B became line 13 of the Métro.

Its name refers to the place called "La Fourche" which, on the surface, designates the Y-shaped crossroads of Avenue de Saint-Ouen and Avenue de Clichy. At this point, the two branches of line 13 separate.

From its conception, the station was decorated in the very elaborate style of the Nord-Sud Company. From the 1950s until 2010, the upper station had a metallic bodywork with blue horizontal pillars, illuminated gold advertising frames complemented by blue colored Motte seats. The lower and upper stations were renovated in 2010, restoring, for the latter, the original North-South style.

In 2019, 2,563,103 passengers entered this station which places it in 204th position among metro stations for its attendance out of 302.

Access
The station has only one entrance located on the sidewalk at the corner of Avenue de Clichy and Avenue de Saint-Ouen. A SIEL sign located at the ticket hall indicates to travelers the waiting times allowing them to choose between the two platforms in the direction of Châtillon.

Platforms
La Fourche has the particularity of having two stations located one above the other: the first is called the upper station; the second is called the lower station.

The upper station has a platform in the direction of Asnières and Saint-Denis and a platform in the direction of Châtillon-Montrouge served only by trains from Asnières. It is of standard configuration with two platforms separated by the metro tracks. The walls are vertical and the vault is semi-elliptical, characteristic of North-South stations. The tiles and ceramics, completely redone in 2010, takes up the original decoration with advertising frames and the surrounds of the name of the station in brown color, brown geometric designs on the walls and the vault, the name inscribed in white earthenware on a blue background of a small size above the advertising frames and of a very large size between these frames, as well as the directions incorporated in the ceramic on the tunnel exits. The bevelled white earthenware tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tympanums. The lighting is provided by two canopies and the seats, Akiko style, are yellow.

The lower station has a single platform towards Châtillon-Montrouge served only by trains from Saint-Denis. Renovated 2010 at the same time as the upper station, although never having been fitted with a bodywork, it uses the same advertising frames, the same surrounds for the name of the station, the same lighting and the same seats. Being located under the upper station, it has a concrete ceiling, undecorated, supported by vertical walls, unique for a North-South station. It also has on the wall, in front of the platform, several paintings referring to North-South society.

North of La Fourche station and heading south from Guy Môquet, the tracks on the Saint-Denis branch diverge, the northbound track ascending and joining with the tracks from Asnières - Gennevilliers just before reaching the station. The southbound track remains at the same level and enters the station underneath the rest of the tracks. Heading south from the station, the tracks from the upper level platforms descend and the southbound track from the lower level platform joins them just north of the Place de Clichy.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 21, 54 and 74 and, at night, by lines N15 and N51 of the Noctilien network.

title: La Fourche station


text:
Liège station (Paris Métro)

Liège is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro. Opened in 1911, it is located the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements.

History
It was built as part of the Nord-Sud Company's Line B from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen and opened on 26 February 1911 as Berlin, named after the nearby Rue Berlin. As the Rue d'Amsterdam, which the line runs under at this point, is too narrow to accommodate platforms across from each other, the station was built with offset platforms. It was closed on 1 August 1914 at the beginning of World War I. It reopened on 1 December 1914, when it and the street it was named after had been renamed after the Belgian city of Liège, paying homage to the heroic Belgian resistance during the Battle of Liège who surely saved French and British armies. On 27 March 1931 the Nord-Sud Company was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris and line B became line 13 of the Métro.

The station was closed at the beginning of World War II, when many stations were closed for economic reasons. Unlike all but eight of the closed stations, its reopening was significantly delayed, in this case until 1968. Even then its opening hours were limited, being closed on Sunday and closing at 8pm on the other days, with all trains running through without stopping. Although Rennes station, which also reopened in 1968 began to operate normal opening hours in 2004, the authorities refused to agree to Liège working normal hours. Changing lifestyles and increasing redevelopment of the area, with residences replacing offices, inspired a sustained political campaign. Eventually it was agreed to operate normal hours from 4 December 2006.

In 1982, Liège was refurbished with new ceramic decorations made in Welkenraedt, Belgium, which evoke the landscapes and monuments of the Province of Liège. It had further renovation work in December 2006.

Access
The station has only one entrance, a staircase on the median strip opposite no. 21, Rue de Liège.

Station layout

 * Note: The side platforms are offset.

Platforms
Its geographical location explains one of its peculiarities. It has two platforms that do not face each other. The Rue d'Amsterdam, being too narrow to accommodate the traditional station on network, the trains stop at the first half-station encountered. The Commerce metro station, on line 8, is the only other station in the capital built as this model for the same reasons, the trains stopping there on in the second half-station encountered.

The station was originally decorated, like all the non-connecting stations of the Société du Chemin de Fer Électrique Nord-Sud de Paris, simply known as the 'North-South', with its name advertised on vast mosaics and friezes of brown ceramic bearing the initials 'NS'. This decoration was supplemented with a new one based on the framework of cultural exchanges between France and Belgium in 1982. This is based on ceramics made from photos of Welkenraedt and installed in the advertising frames of the right wall facing the single platforms of each half-station. It evokes landscapes and monuments of the province of Liège. This modification also saw the installation of new tiles on the entrance tunnels of each platform, with the coat of arms of the city of Liège on one of the two entrances. The ceramics on the two platforms are the work of two scenographers from Liège, Marie-Claire Van Vuchelen for the southern direction and Daniel Hicter for the northern direction. The eighteen frescoes, nine in each direction, are painted in color in northern direction and blue duotone in the southern direction.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 21 and 95 of the RATP Bus Network.

title: Liège station (Paris Métro)


text:
Varenne station

Varenne is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 7th arrondissement, it is named after the Rue de Varenne.

History
The station opened on 20 December 1923 as part of the original section of Line 10 between Invalides and Croix-Rouge (a station east of Sèvres-Babylone, which was closed during World War II). On 27 July 1937 the section of Line 10 between Invalides and Duroc was transferred to become the first section of the old Line 14, which was connected under the Seine and incorporated into Line 13 on 9 November 1976.

The Rue de Varenne runs east from the station. It has been closely associated with the Government of France, since the President of the Council of Ministers (equivalent to Prime Minister under the Third and Fourth Republics) settled in the nearby Hôtel Matignon in January 1935. Other ministries are also located in the private mansions of the district. During World War II, the station was closed because the government was in Vichy and the private mansions, which had housed ministries, were deserted. Since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958, the Hôtel Matignon has been the official residence of the Prime Minister of France.

Nearby are the Musée Rodin (Rodin Museum) and Les Invalides.

title: Varenne station


text:
Pinar del Río

Pinar del Río is the capital city of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. With a population of 191,081 (2022), it is the 10th-largest city in Cuba. Inhabitants of the area are called Pinareños.

History
Pinar del Río was one of the last major cities in Cuba founded by the Spanish, on 10 September 1867. The city and province was founded as Nueva Filipinas (New Philippines) in response to an influx of Asian laborers coming from the Philippine Islands to work on tobacco plantations.

Pinar del Río's history begins with two tribes, the Guanahatabey, a group of nomadic people who lived in caves and procured most of their livelihood from the sea. Less advanced than the other indigenous natives who lived on the island, the Guanahatabey were a peaceful and passive race whose culture came about largely independently of the Taíno. another culture that inhabited this area was the Ciboney People, a subgroup of the Taino people who inhabited mostly all of the land of Cuba.The Guanahatabey were extinct by the time of the Spanish arrival in 1492; little firsthand documentation remains of how the archaic Guanahatabey society was structured and organized, although some archeological sites have been found on the Guanahacabibes Peninsula.

Post-Columbus, the conquistadors left rugged Pinar del Río largely to its own devices, and the area developed lackadaisically only after Canary Islanders started arriving in the late 1500s. These Canarians became the tobacco farmers of the region. It was originally called Nueva Filipina (New Philippines), but the region was renamed Pinar del Río in 1778, supposedly for the pine forests crowded along the Río Guama. Tobacco plantations and cattle ranches quickly sprang up in the rich soil, along with open grazing land that typifies Pinar. Farmers who made a living from the delicate and well-tended crops were colloquially christened Guajiros, a native word that literally means 'one of us'. By the mid-1800s Europeans were hooked on the fragrant weed, and the region flourished. Sea routes opened up and in 1893 the railways was extended to facilitate the shipping of the perishable product. Pinar del Río is known as "the Mecca of tobacco".

Geography
The municipality borders San Luis, San Juan y Martínez, Viñales and Consolación del Sur. The villages included in the municipality are Briones Montoto, Cayo Conuco, La Coloma, La Conchita and Las Ovas.

Climate
Pinar del Río has a warm tropical climate, more specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification scheme.

Demographics
In the 2002 national census, the following statistics were recorded:
 * Area: 70.7 km2 (city); 708 km2 (municipality)
 * Population: 189,221 (total); 152,200 (city); 30,417 (surrounding rural area)
 * Density: 270,4 /km2

In 2004, the municipality of Pinar del Río had a population of 190,532. With a total area of 708 km2, it has a population density of 269.1 /km2. In December 2022 the municipality reached a population of 191,081.

Economy
The city is located in a major tobacco-growing area and is a centre of the cigar industry. The main farming animal in this province is the carabao.

Sport
The local baseball club is Pinar del Río, nicknamed Vegueros, and the association football one is FC Pinar del Río. Both the clubs have their home ground in the Capitán San Luis Stadium. The Vegueros are the Serie del Caribe 2015 champions. Also Major League Baseball and Hall of Famer for the Minnesota Twins Tony Oliva is from Pinar del Rio.

Transport
The city is served by the Carretera Central highway and by the A4 motorway. Pinar del Río Airport is abandoned, and La Coloma Airport has no scheduled flights. There is a railway station on the line to Havana.

Education
The main post-secondary education institution is the University of Pinar del Río.

Notable people

 * Danys Báez – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Mario Bencomo – painter
 * René Capo – Olympic Judoka
 * Willy Chirino – singer-songwriter
 * Jose Contreras - Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Sen Dog – member of Cypress Hill
 * Yunieski Gonzalez – boxer
 * Dagoberto Valdés Hernández – religious leader and writer
 * Carlos Luna – artist
 * Mijaín López – four-time Olympic Greco-Roman Wrestling champion
 * Eugenio Martínez – political activist and Watergate participant
 * Yunesky Maya – pitcher for the Washington Nationals
 * Polo Montañez – singer/songwriter
 * Dolan Mor – writer
 * Pedro Pablo Oliva – painter
 * Tony Oliva – Outfielder for the Minnesota Twins and Major League Baseball Hall of Famer
 * Paulina Pedroso – leader in the Cuban War of Independence
 * Rudy Pérez – composer
 * Alexei Ramírez – infielder for the Chicago White Sox
 * Yoel Romero – Mixed Martial Artist, Olympic wrestler
 * Gonzalo Rubalcaba – pianist
 * Eduardo Zamacois – novelist

title: Pinar del Río


text:
Gaîté station

Gaîté is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 14th arrondissement.

The station is named after the nearby rue de la Gaîté, which was a country road connecting Clamart with the Barrière du Montparnasse, a gate in the Wall of the Farmers-General at the intersection of the Boulevard Edgar-Quinet and the rue du Montparnasse (the location of Edgar Quinet métro station). It was built between 1784 and 1791 by the Ferme générale, the corporation of tax farmers, to enforce the collection of taxes of goods, including wine, that were imported into Paris. Guinguettes, restaurants, and theatres were built outside the wall to avoid these taxes. "Gaîté" is an old French spelling of "gaiety", reflecting this trade.

History
The station opened on 21 January 1937 as part of the initial section of the old line 14 between Porte de Vanves and Bienvenüe (today known as Montparnasse–Bienvenue). On 9 November 1976, the old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 15 July 2001.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,713,799 passengers, making it the 193rd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,205,958 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 214th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,644,148 passengers, making it the 216th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

On 30 November 2021, the station was renamed "Gaîté - Joséphine Baker", after Joséphine Baker (1906-1975), an American-born French entertainer and spy during World War II as part of the French resistance, the day she was inducted into the Pantheon. She is the first Black woman to be honoured there, with her body remaining in Monaco. This follows the wish of the President for a métro station to be named after her. The station is located next to Bobino, a famous theatre where she held her last performance on 9 April 1975, a few days before her death. Place Joséphine-Baker, located at the end of rue de la Gaîté, was also named after her back in 25 September 2000. It is one of the few métro stations to have been named after a woman, after Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac, Barbara, Barbès–Rochechouart, Boucicaut, Chardon Lagache, Europe, Louise Michel, Madeleine, and Pierre et Marie Curie.

On 27 April 2023, two people died at the station after voluntarily going down to the tracks at around 12:45 am. They were hit by an incoming train while attempting to get back onto the platforms. This came five days after another accident on the métro at Bel-Air (on line 6) that resulted in the death of a woman when the train departed the platform with her jacket caught between the doors as she was alighting.

Access
The station has 5 accesses:

 * Access 1: rue Vercingétorix Hôpital Léopold Bellan
 * Access 2: Centre Commercial
 * Access 3: avenue du Maine
 * Access 4: rue Vandamme
 * Access 5: rue de la Gaîté Les Théâtres

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 58, 59, 88, and 92, of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N63 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Montparnasse Cemetery

title: Gaîté station


text:
Pernety station

Pernety is a station on line Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 14th arrondissement.

It is named after the nearby rue Pernety, named after Viscount Joseph Marie de Pernety (1766–1856), one of Napoleon's generals and owned the land where the street was built.

History
The station opened on 21 January 1937 as part of the initial section of the old line 14 between Porte de Vanves and Bienvenüe (today known as Montparnasse–Bienvenue). On 9 November 1976, the old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised during the 2000s.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,050,541 passengers, making it the 167th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,395,770 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 185th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,173,567 passengers, making it the 162nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has two accesses:

 * Access 1: rue Pernety
 * Access 2: rue Niepce (an ascending escalator)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical due to the narrower width of the road it lies beneath.

On the platform towards Les Courtilles or Saint-Denis - Université, the former station manager's office has been turned into a small exhibition, Vitrine Ecolière, by students from EREA Croce Spinelli, a local vocational school. It serves as an opportunity to introduce students to merchandising through applied arts and sales, putting into use their training to develop various showcases in a simultated shop window. The showcase changes depending on the holidays throughout the year, such as Halloween, Christmas, Easter, Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, amongst others.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 59 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N63 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Église Notre-Dame-du-Travail de Paris
 * Jardin des Colonnes - Ricardo-Bofill
 * Jardin du Cloître
 * Jardin Françoise-Héritier
 * Square Alberto-Giacometti
 * Square de l'Abbé-Lemire
 * Square du Cardinal-Wyszynski
 * Square du Chanoine-Viollet

Culture
The station has been depicted in various films throughout the years (particularly its main access):

 * Loulou, a French drama film by Maurice Pialat in 1980
 * Night and Day, a Korean comedy-drama film by Hong Sang-soo in 2008
 * Amitiés sincères, a French comedy-drama by Stéphan Archinard and François Prévôt-Leygonie in 2013
 * PISTOLET ROSE, a song by Alpha Wann, had its music video filmed at Pernety

title: Pernety station


text:
Plaisance station

Plaisance is a station on line Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 14th arrondissement.

It is named after the Château du Maine which was built in the 17th century and possessed a large park. The word "plaisance" is equivalent to the English word "pleasance", that is a pleasure garden. It was purchased in 1842 by a surveyor called Couesnon whose son subdivided it, creating the district of Plaisance between 1858 and 1860, which became one of the largest slums in Paris. The Compagnie générale des omnibus (a major 19th century operator of horse buses and later trams and motor buses) razed the castle to build garages.

History
The station opened on 21 January 1937 as part of the initial section of the old line 14 between Porte de Vanves and Bienvenüe (today known as Montparnasse–Bienvenue). On 9 November 1976, the old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 8 November 2002.

On 24 December 2018, a woman committed suicide at the station, interrupting traffic on the line between Montparnasse-Bienvenüe and Châtillon–Montrouge for over two hours in the evening.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,784,211 passengers, making it the 87th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,590,236 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 79th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,521,753 passengers, making it the 76th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has five accesses:

 * Access 1: rue des Suisses
 * Access 2: rue d'Alésia
 * Access 3: rue Decrès
 * Access 4: Square
 * Access 5: rue Raymond Losserand Hôpitaux (an ascending escalator)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical due to the narrower width of the road it lies beneath.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 59 and 62 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N63 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Hôpital Saint-Joseph
 * Impasse Florimont, where Georges Brassens (1921-1981) lived from 1944 to 1966
 * Jardin Chérifa
 * Jardin de la Place-Louise-Losserand
 * Square Frédéric-Bazille
 * Square Henri-et-Achille-Duchêne
 * Square du Père-Plumier

title: Plaisance station


text:
Rogers Park, Chicago

Rogers Park is the first of Chicago's 77 community areas. Located 9 mi from the Loop, it is on the city's far north side on the shore of Lake Michigan. The neighborhood is culturally diverse and features green spaces, early 20th century architecture, live theater, bars, restaurants, and beaches. It is bounded by the city of Evanston along Juneway Terrace and Howard Street to the north, Ridge Boulevard to the west, Devon Avenue and the Edgewater neighborhood to the south, and Lake Michigan to the east. The neighborhood just to the west, West Ridge, was part of Rogers Park until the 1890s and is still sometimes referred to as West Rogers Park. In the early 1900s, what is now Loyola University Chicago became established at the south eastern end of the community area along the lake.

In 2022, Rogers Park was ranked as a top 5 neighborhood to live in the United States.

19th century
The Rogers Park area was colonized at the convergence of two Native American trails predating modern metropolitan Chicago, that evolved into Rogers Avenue and Ridge Boulevard. The Pottawatomi and other regional tribes settled in Rogers Park from season to season. The name of Indian Boundary Park west of Rogers Park reflects this history as does Pottawattomie Park near Clark Street and Rogers Avenue.

In 1809, the Karthauser Inn was established as stagecoach stop and tavern. Phillip Rogers of Ireland purchased 1600 acres of land in the area from the 1830s to 1856. He operated a toll gate beside his home at what became Ridge and Lunt Avenues and often traded and worked with the local tribes.

During the period 1844 to 1850 arriving colonizers started farms along a ridge in the western portion of Rogers Park, avoiding the often flooded lowlands to the east. In 1870 Rogers' son-in-law, Patrick I. Touhy, sold 100 acres to land speculators, including John Farwell, Luther Greenleaf, Stephen Lunt, Charles Morse, and George Estes; all of whom contributed names to streets in the area. With an additional purchase of 125 acres in 1873 these speculators together with Touhy formed the Rogers Park Building and Land Company. Also in 1873, the Chicago & Northwestern Railway completed a line through the area and constructed a station at Greenleaf Ave. The population was 200 and a post office was opened in July 1873.

On April 29, 1878, voters incorporated Rogers Park as a village of Illinois governed by six trustees. In 1885, the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, built a combination freight and commuter line through eastern Rogers Park on the present "L" right-of-way with a stop at Morse Avenue. By 1893, the population was 3500, the North Shore Electric Railroad expanded its service into the area, and the village of Rogers Park was annexed to Chicago.

The Rogers Park Women's Club opened the first library in 1894. In that year, the Great Fire of Rogers Park destroyed the business district.

20th century
By 1904 the population had grown to 7,500. The Northwestern elevated line was extended from Wilson (4600N) to Howard Street (7600N). St. Ignatius College moved to the lakefront in 1912 and changed its name to Loyola University in 1915. Successive generations brought about vast cultural changes to the former village. By 1930 the population was 57,094 making Rogers Park one of Chicago's most densely populated areas. Chicagoans began to move to new planned communities in the north suburbs by the 1930s, which ushered in the migration of German, English, Irish, and Jewish families to Rogers Park. With the devastation in Europe following World War II, many additional immigrants found their way to Chicago and the Rogers Park neighborhood. A growing and vibrant Hispanic community has grown along Clark Street since 2000.

For decades, most of the neighborhood has been within the 49th Ward of the City of Chicago. The ward covered much of Edgewater and went as far south as Hollywood in the 1960s, while the 50th ward extended east to Ashland Avenue (in some areas as late as 1990). But, through redistricting, a part of Rogers Park came within the 40th ward, and the 49th Ward encompasses part of West Rogers Park.

Geography
Rogers Park is Community Area #1. It is on the far north side of the city, being 9 mi from the Loop.

Demographics
Rogers Park has a higher rate of residents with Master's, Professional, and Doctorate degrees than the state average. In addition, the rate of residents that work for non-profit institutions is almost twice as high as the state average.

According to an analysis by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, as of 2019 in Rogers Park, 43.9% of residents were White, 27.4% were Black, 19.6% were Hispanic or Latino, and 4.9% were Asian. 34% of residents are foreign-born.

Economy and culture
The dominant educational institution in Rogers Park is Loyola University Chicago, located in the southeast corner of the neighborhood. Historic places of interest include Madonna Della Strada Chapel, the mother church of the Jesuit Province of Chicago (one of the largest Jesuit provinces) and Mundelein Center for the Fine and Performing Arts, one of the tallest Art Deco buildings in Chicago outside of the downtown area. The neighborhood continues to be home to many Jesuit religious-order institutions. However, modern Rogers Park contains many different religious institutions.

The presence of its diverse array of students and academics from Loyola University Chicago and Northwestern University, just a few miles to the north, has historically lent Rogers Park a high degree of liberalism and tolerance. The community also has a high Internet presence. In 2007, the Web site outside.in named Rogers Park one of the country's "bloggiest neighborhoods."

Rogers Park has over 130 restaurants plus coffee shops and cafes and has been ranked "very walkable" by Walk Score. Rogers Park is also home to the Glenwood Sunday Market, a farmers market, a program of the Rogers Park Business Alliance, devoted to providing local, sustainable foods that are also organic whenever possible. The Chicago Comedy Film Festival calls Rogers Park home and is held annually at The New 400 Theaters. The international film festival brings over 500 filmmakers, actors and agents to the neighborhood from around the world.

A plethora of beaches line the shores of Lake Michigan through much of the neighborhood. The Artists of the Wall festival at the Lake Michigan shoreline at Farwell Avenue pier (Hartigan Park on Albion Avenue on the streetmap above), in which community members paint murals on benches along the lake, has been held for over twenty years, the longest event of its kind in Chicago's history.

The Luxembourg Brotherhood of America has held an annual event called Schobermesse in Rogers Park in June. The event was discontinued between 1967-2001, but continues to this day.

Crime and policing
In 1993, Chicago's 24th Police District, which includes Rogers Park and the adjacent Chicago neighborhood of West Ridge, was selected as one of five police districts to pilot a new concept for Chicago law enforcement called Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy ("CAPS"). A merger of police and community efforts was implemented, which resulted in a noticeable effect on crime statistics. Weekly beat meetings (planning and strategy sessions) were held across the 24th Police District. All of Chicago's police districts put the strategy into practice by 1996. Index crimes in the 24th police district fell by about half between 1996 and 2009. According to an e-mail from 49th Ward Alderman Joe Moore, between January 1, 2013, and February 26, 2013, the 24th Police District was the only police district in Chicago in which no one was shot. In that same eight week period, the 24th District reported fewer crimes than all but one of Chicago's 22 police districts.

Schools, libraries, and museum
Chicago Public Schools operates zoned schools serving the community:
 * Zoned K-8 schools include: Gale Elementary Community Academy, Eugene Field Elementary School (including New Field), Joyce Kilmer Elementary School, George B. Swift Elementary Specialty School, George B. Armstrong School of International Studies, and Jordan Community Elementary School.
 * Roger C. Sullivan High School serves most of Rogers Park while a small section is zoned to Senn High School

Other CPS schools:
 * Chicago Math and Science Academy
 * PACTT Learning Center

Charter schools:
 * UNO Rogers Park Charter School
 * Howard Area Leadership Academy (Closed)

Private schools:
 * Northside Catholic Academy Elementary School
 * Northside Catholic Academy Middle School (formerly St. Margaret Mary Catholic Elementary School)
 * The Family Matters School

Colleges and universities:
 * City Colleges of Chicago provides community college services
 * Loyola University Chicago/Lake Shore Campus

Libraries
 * Rogers Park Branch of the Chicago Public Library
 * Cudahy Library at Loyola University, which mainly serves students but is open to the public
 * Gerber/Hart Library and Archives, dedicated to LGBT books and other materials

Lastly, Rogers Park is also home to the Leather Archives and Museum, a community archives, library, and museum of leather, kink, fetish, and BDSM history and culture.

Transportation
Public transportation in Rogers Park is provided by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) in the form of the Chicago 'L'. The CTA also operates bus routes in the area. A commuter rail service is provided by Metra. Rogers Park is served by three 'L' lines - the Red, Yellow and Purple lines. There are four Red Line stations: Howard, Jarvis, Morse, and Loyola. The Yellow Line and the Purple Line connect at Howard Station, offering service westward to Skokie and north to Evanston and Wilmette, respectively. The Howard Street 'L' station, the northernmost Chicago Transit Authority rail stop in the city, experienced major renovation from 2006 to 2009 and is now a major transportation terminal for the northern Chicago region. Several bus routes allow travel to Chicago's Downtown, called the Loop, as well as the city's suburban areas. They consist of the,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. The Metra commuter Rogers Park station, at the intersection of Lunt and Ravenswood Avenues, is centrally located in the Rogers Park neighborhood. Rogers Park is one of the Metra system's most heavily used stops.

The neighborhood has taken measures to improve bicycle and pedestrian travel. Participatory budgeting, community meetings, and task force efforts led to an extensive neighborhood greenway project to improve bicycle infrastructure. A combination of buffered bike lanes, raised crosswalks, traffic circles, curb extensions, and more have helped connect residents to the neighborhood's most popular destinations (Loyola University, CTA Red Line stations, schools) via bike.

Chicago City Council
Rogers Park lies mainly within the 49th and 50th wards in Chicago City Council, with small areas in the 40th ward.

Politics
Rogers Park has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In 2016, Hillary Clinton received 86.1% of the vote compared to 7.5% for Republican Donald Trump. In 2020, Democrat Joe Biden won 89.3% over Trump’s 8.5%.

In popular culture
Grammy-nominated Irish-American fiddler and composer Liz Carroll lived for a time in Rogers Park, and Rogers Park street names are referenced in the titles of her compositions the Morse Avenue reel, included on the Cherish the Ladies debut recording Irish Women Musicians in America on Schanachie, and The Greenleaf Strathsprey, included on the eponymous Liz Carroll on Green Linnet; both tunes are collected in her 2010 book Collected.

Rogers Park, an indie drama released in 2018, is set in the neighborhood and prominently features Pratt Beach.

Notable people

 * Mitch Altman, hacker and inventor
 * Manda Aufochs Gillespie, author. She resided in Rogers Park in the mid-2000s with her husband Sadhu.
 * Sadhu Aufochs Johnston, city manager for Vancouver. He and his wife Manda resided in Rogers Park while employed in Richard M. Daley's administration.
 * Betty Ford, former first lady
 * Lara Flynn Boyle, actress (childhood)
 * Eula Biss, author
 * Herbert Blitzstein (1934–1997) member of the Chicago Outfit. He resided at 6720 North Damen Avenue for a time.
 * Shani Davis, Olympic speed skater
 * G. Walter Dittmar, dentist
 * Hugh Downs, TV personality
 * Tom Dundee, folk singer
 * Larry Eyler, serial killer
 * Tina Fey, actress (early to mid 90s)
 * Edward Gorey, illustrator (childhood)
 * Shecky Greene, comedian (former Sullivan High School student)
 * Marion Mahony Griffin (1876–1961), architect notable for designing Canberra, the capitol of Australia. She lived in Rogers Park from 1939 until her death in 1961.
 * Mary Maher, journalist, trade unionist and feminist
 * Neil Hartigan, 40th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. He was raised in Rogers Park and lived there during his political career.
 * Hampar Kelikian (1899–1983), orthopedic surgeon and Armenian American activist. He resided at 6921 North Ridge Boulevard for a time.
 * Dan Kotowski, state senator
 * Robert Spencer Long, president of Shimer College
 * Vivian Maier, street photographer
 * Clayton Moore, actor famous for The Lone Ranger
 * Marisol Nichols, actress
 * David Orr, politician
 * Fritz Pollard, coach, NFL Hall of Fame
 * Harold Ramis, actor, writer, director
 * Dan Savage, writer (childhood)
 * Jan Schakowsky, U.S. House of Representatives, grew up in Rogers Park.
 * Genndy Tartakovsky, animator, director, producer
 * Burr Tillstrom, puppeteer and the creator of Kukla, Fran and Ollie
 * Laken Tomlinson, American football offensive lineman in the NFL
 * Lucas Jade Zumann, actor (20th century women, Sinister 2, Anne with an ‘E’.)

title: Rogers Park, Chicago


text:
Porte de Vanves station

Porte de Vanves is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro and a stop on tramway Line 3a in the 14th arrondissement.

It is named after the Porte de Vanves, a gate in the 19th century Thiers wall of Paris. Contrary to what its name suggests, it gave access to the commune of Malakoff – the commune of Vanves is instead accessible by Porte Brancion located 250 metres west.

History
The station opened on 21 January 1937 as part of the initial section of the old line 14 between Porte de Vanves and Bienvenüe (today known as Montparnasse–Bienvenue). It served as its southern terminus until 9 November 1976 when it was extended to Châtillon–Montrouge. The old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 on the same day following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,660,158 passengers, making it the 92nd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,460,078 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 87th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,395,358 passengers, making it the 87th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has four accesses:

 * Access 1: rue Raymond Losserand
 * Access 2: Boulevard Brune Marché aux Puces (flea market)
 * Access 3: Place de la Porte de Vanves
 * Access 4: Boulevard Lefebvre

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, unlike many other stations on the network.

Tramway
The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 (as part of its initial section between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry).

Bus

 * RATP bus network: lines 58, 59, 95, and 191
 * Noctilien: line N63
 * Sénart bus network: line 54
 * BE Green: Traverse Brancion-Commerce

Nearby

 * Jardin Monique-Wittig

title: Porte de Vanves station


text:
Châtillon–Montrouge station

Châtillon–Montrouge station is the southern terminus of Line 13 of the Paris Métro and the eastern terminus of tramway Line 6. It is an elevated station located on the border between the communes of Châtillon and Montrouge in Hauts-de-Seine.

History
The station opened on 9 November 1976 as part of the extension of line 13 from Porte de Vanves to Châtillon–Montrouge, on the same day the old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

Since June 2008, to enable automatic train reversal at the station, platform screen doors have been installed on the platforms to prevent passengers from falling onto the tracks when no drivers are present in the trains during this operation. It was the first station on the line to receive them.

In 2019, the station was used by 7,196,503 passengers, making it the 39th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 3,738,453 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 33rd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 5,034,012 passengers, making it the 35th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

As part of the Grand Paris Express, the station will become an interchange with line 15, with preparatory work having begun in 2015 to free up space for the station, and construction since 2018. It is slated to open in late 2025. The station will consist of five intermediate levels, including a mezzanine, with an artistic ceiling in the atrium designed by Laurent Grasso and David Trottin. The 800 m2 work will consist of 2750 printed aluminum blades that form a trompe-l'oeil sky inspired by Renaissance paintings and will vibrate with the circulation of air. As part of the Illustrer le Grand Paris programme by the Société du Grand Paris, which aimed to illustrate Ile-de-France territories served by the new métro lines, the station's platforms will feature a fresco designed by Roxane Lumeret.

In November 2019, the tunnel boring machine, Ellen, reached the station, completing the tunneling at the station. Civil works, including the excavation of the station box, were completed in end-May 2022. The installation of infrastructure such as escalators and lifts, networks (electrical, telephony, plumbing), painting, and construction of the surface building will take place over the next two years.

The existing line 13's station was upgraded in early 2023 as part of the project. Its existing platforms were renovated and a sheltered footbridge was added above the platforms to connect to line 15. A new side platform was constructed to serve as an additional departure platform to accommodate the increased traffic expected when line 15 opens. It is located next to the surface building for line 15 and is equipped with an emergency exit.

Access
The station has two accesses:

 * Access 1: avenue Marx Dormoy (Montrouge)
 * Access 2: rue de l'Avenir (Châtillon)

Tramway
The station has been served by a rubber-tired tram, tramway T6, since 13 December 2014 as part of its initial section between Châtillon–Montrouge and Robert Wagner, serving as its eastern terminus.

Bus

 * RATP bus network: lines 68, 194, 195, 294, 323, 388, and 391
 * Noctilien: lines 63 and 68
 * Vallée Sud bus network: lines Montbus and Amibus
 * Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines bus network: line 475

title: Châtillon–Montrouge station


text:
STS-85

STS-85 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission to perform multiple space science packages. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 7 August 1997. A major experiment was the CRISTA-SPAS free-flyer which had various telescopes on board.

Crew
Jeffrey Ashby was originally assigned to be pilot on this mission, but asked to be relieved in order to take care of his wife, who was dying from cancer. He was replaced by Kent Rominger and was assigned to pilot STS-93 instead. The launch occurred on Rominger's 41st birthday.

Mission highlights
The deployment and retrieval of a satellite designed to study Earth's middle atmosphere along with a test of potential International Space Station hardware highlighted NASA's sixth Shuttle mission of 1997. The prime payload for the flight, the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS-2) made its second flight on the Space Shuttle (previous flight STS-66 in 1994) and was the fourth mission in a cooperative venture between the German Space Agency (DARA) and NASA.

During the flight, Davis used Discovery's robot arm to deploy the CRISTA-SPAS payload for about 9 days of free-flight. CRISTA-SPAS consists of three telescopes and four spectrometers that measured trace gases and dynamics of the Earth's middle atmosphere. Davis also operated the robot arm for CRISTA-SPAS retrieval. The Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) on which the scientific instruments were mounted is a self-contained platform that provides power, command, control and communication with Discovery during free-flight.

Two other instruments mounted on the SPAS also studied the Earth's atmosphere. The Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Instrument (MAHRSI) measured hydroxyl and nitric oxide by sensing UV radiation emitted and scattered by the atmosphere, while the Surface Effects Sample Monitor (SESAM) was a passive carrier for state-of-the-art optical surfaces to study the impact of the atomic oxygen and the space environment on materials and services.

The crew also supported the Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) experiment being sponsored by NASDA, the Japanese Space Agency. MFD consists of three separate experiments located on a support truss in the payload bay. The primary objective was to demonstrate the newly designed dexterous robot arm in the space environment, before installing on the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station.

Several Hitchhiker payloads, including the Technology Applications and Science Payload (TAS-01), the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH-02), and the Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR) were housed in Discovery's payload bay, operating independently of crew support during the flight.

The Microgravity Vibration Isolation Mount (MIM) experiment was operated by Canadian Space Agency astronaut Bjarni Tryggvason. The MIM experiment is a small double-locker size device designed to isolate International Space Station payloads and experiments from disturbances created by thruster firings or crew activity. MIM was operated for 30 hours with real-time data transmission to investigators on the ground. (Reference NASA Press Release 96–224)

Another experiment onboard STS-85 was the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS-01) from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) along with scientific collaborators from JPL, APL, and the University of Maryland. SWUIS (pronounced, "Swiss") is a wide-field UV imager to which was used to observe comet Hale-Bopp. It is based around an 18-cm Maksutov UV telescope and a UV-sensitive, Xybion image-intensified CCD camera that frames at video rates (30 Hz). Each SWUIS observation period lasted approximately 3 hours, and garnered approximately 10^5 images in up to 7 filter bandpasses. SWUIS was operated from a 2-axis mount inside the Shuttle mid-deck cockpit, and looked out of the Shuttle through a quartz window. SWUIS can be pointed anywhere in a 4.5 deg cone around the centerline of the comet. Mission specialists set up and operated the instrument.

On Day 8, the crew was awakened by the song "You Will Go to the Moon" by Canadian artists Moxy Früvous, selected by astronaut Marc Garneau, the first Canadian in space.

The mission lasted a day longer than originally planned due to a threat of ground fog at Kennedy Space Center.

title: STS-85


text:
Richard Hooker (disambiguation)

Richard Hooker (1554–1600) was an English priest and theologian.

Richard Hooker may also refer to:

 * Richard Hooker (author) (1924–1997), American writer and surgeon
 * Richard Hooker (tennis), played in 1898 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

title: Richard Hooker (disambiguation)