text:
User talk:Hiphats

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Love is a Many Splendored Thing
I added a bit to the article, and I'm considering doing some more work to it. See the changes and tell me what you think. Mike H 02:57, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

History of the announcements of Another World
I saw your post about the AW introductions and announcements at WoST. Personally, I don't think this needs to be its own article, but when I put Another World (TV series) through FAC in June, people insisted that things that were "too trivial" go to their own articles. :-/ Mike H 18:40, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup
Please don't delete Cleanup headers until the article is actually cleaned up. RickK 06:20, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

SFT
You know those '82 episodes at WoST? Maybe you can give me a faster answer. You know the music blaring in Wendy's apartment in the seventh segment? Who sings that song, and what's it called? I really like that song and want to download it. Mike H 04:59, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)

Templates
Greetings! Most templates can be edited by going to the page Template:XXXX where "XXXX" is the name of the template. To explain it better using an example, if you wanted to edit the content of, you would go to the page Template:Bowl Games. In this same manner, you can create a new template by creating a new article in the Template: namespace, like Template:Burglflikl. You can find some more information on this at Template messages. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  17:56, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Andrew Lloyd Webber
From your edits to the Phantom of the Opera entry, it is apparent that you mistakenly believe that Andrew Lloyd Webber's last name is simply Webber, which it is not. His last name is Lloyd Webber, the same as his brother, cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. The FinalWord 21:12, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sorry
Sorry about the confusion just then with the Smile album. I wasn't sure what was going on! - Akamad 05:46, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Rock opera
Hi, I have just reverted your inclusion of Rock Opera in the opera genres template and I would like to explain why I had to do this. The Opera project recently discussed the issue of Rock Opera at some length and the majority were against including it. The list at present is a short one, not all genres are included, only the more important ones. I trust that explains why rock opera is not there. Regards. - Kleinzach 19:39, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Smile (Brian Wilson album)
Your recent edit to Smile (Brian Wilson album) (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 18:22, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Color Classics
A long time ago you contributed information to the article Color Classics. Would it be possible for you to dig up your sources for your contributions? Thank you. Captainktainer * Talk 05:01, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

About Dune (film)
Hello, i recently changed one of the changes you made, about the Dune film. Much of the article is in fact devoted into debunking the rumour that there was a 4-hours director cut of the film that was never shownd, when in reality this cut never actually existed to begin with, the thing that comes close to it was the workprint cut. I encourage you to read the whole "Production" section of the article.

Bond Soundtrack
Please do not vandalize. Thank you.

Names
1. The Wikipedia convention (indeed, the convention for all English-language reference works) is to give the English version of the name (the article title) first, and the non-English form second. Please don't continue your extensive attempts to change this.

2. Hello. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. Thanks, and happy editing. --Mel Etitis ( Talk ) 11:48, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

The Zoot Cat
I am not sure where you got your information from, but as far as I've always been aware, the cartoon has always been called "The Zoot Cat" and not simply "Zoot Cat." Every book or website I've looked at on the cartoon has "The" in the title, and even the cartoon's title card (which is on the page!) contains the word "the" on it, but if you can find something that suggests otherwise, I'd like to see it. MartinP1983 22:20, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Comment. MartinP1983 is correct. If you look at the original image (located in the article) you will see that it is indeed titled The Zoot Cat. Purgatory Fubar Converse or Snafu 22:25, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

If you look closely at the main titles of said cartoon, Zoot Cat is in quotation marks, so "Zoot Cat" would be an official title. Of course, you can refer to it as "the Zoot Cat" too. Hiphats 02:08, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Bsg(1).jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:GreatHoax.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:18, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

February 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding content without citing a reliable source is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. This is especially important when dealing with biographies of living people, but applies to all Wikipedia articles. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are already familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add your reference to the article. Collectonian (talk) 03:45, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

POV statements
Please do not add commentary or your own personal analysis to Wikipedia articles. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy and breaches the formal tone expected in an encyclopedia. Ward3001 (talk) 05:30, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Unsourced information
Please do not add unsourced or original content. Doing so violates Wikipedia's verifiability policy. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Ward3001 (talk) 05:32, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Cut and paste moves
Hello, Hiphats. I came across Living in the Past (album), which you had moved back in March from the un-disambiguated page title. In the future, please use the "move" button at the top of the page to move articles, not through cut and paste. The reason for this is that the page histories are severed from the article in cut and paste moves, which invalidates the GDFL (because the GDFL requires all contributors to be given credit, which is accomplished through the page history). I just grafted the old history onto the new version of the page; are there any other pages you've moved this way? If so, just let me know, and I'll fix them. If there's a page that needs to be moved, and you can't move it yourself (for example, if there's a redirect with more than one edit), please list it at Requested moves, where an admin can move it for you. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me, either here or on my talk page. Thanks. Parsecboy (talk) 16:09, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Miramax comments in Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Hello, Hiphats!

In September, you made this edit to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, where you added the text "although today the Buena Vista name is used only for video and DVD distribution through certain divisions of Disney's home entertainment unit (such as Miramax)."

At first I parsed this as saying that only certain divisions of Disney use the name Buena Vista, and that Miramax was one such division. But thinking more closely, I think you meant that some divisions of Disney only use the Buena Vista name for home entertainment, and not for theatrical releases, and that Miramx was such an example. Is the second parsing correct?

Either way, I don't quite see why this text belongs here. It might belong in the Walt Disney Home Entertainment article, but even there, since the Buena Vista name is deprecated, it seems like it is in need of revision. Could you please clarify your intent?

Thanks. jhawkinson (talk) 02:09, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Glass Onion
Are you going to provide reliable, verifiable sources for the "song mentionings" in Glass Onion or are you prepared to watch them be deleted? — John Cardinal (talk) 02:35, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I'll see what I can do to research this or at least give references to what I added earlier. I promise. OK, now you can get some sleep. Hiphats (talk) 05:53, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

ITC ownership
Hi there - just wanted to say thanks for keeping up to date with the ownership of ITC... seems like ITV are forever calling themselves new names these days! Howie ☎  10:54, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Improvements for KXOA
Howdy -- noticed you were one of the two principle editors for the KXOA page. Its pretty well written but lacks both citations and links to other articles that might improve it. I've detailed more on its talk page. Ogre lawless (talk) 17:58, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Chronology of Star Wars
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Chronology of Star Wars.

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome at Articles for deletion/Chronology of Star Wars (2nd nomination). Ikip (talk) 09:29, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

AC/DC influenced by Queen
Hello, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_%28band%29&diff=prev&oldid=324776350 Have you a source? Because it's doubtful! Elfast (talk) 17:39, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Anthony Shaw
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AfD nomination of Timeline of fictional future events
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Timeline of fictional future events. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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AfD nomination of Superman films on television
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Superman films on television. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Superman films on television. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:15, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

"Given away to charity"
Heya – you should provide a reference to the Golden Road and The Price Is Right (U.S. game show) articles if you're going to add comments that the prize was given away to charity. This is not the standard procedure for any prize offered on the show that is not won. Sottolacqua (talk) 17:07, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

The Price Is Right production companies
Hi. Can you cite a source for adding "The Price Is Right Productions, Inc." and "CBS (in silent partnership)" to the infobox list? Thanks. JTRH (talk) 13:50, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Queen of Jordan "spin-off"
From my perspective, it seemed to be a single episode stunt immersing 30 Rock into the fictional "Queen of Jordan" show that had been referenced in previous episodes. It would hardly be the first time the opening credits of a TV show had been skipped or altered for the sake of a "special episode". You need reliable sources to verify independently that a spin off is in any way being considered. See this info on a Bones spin off, and how well documented it is. Even the one line mentioning a possible spin off to The Closer, speculation as it is to this point, is referenced by an independent source. You need something other than your interpretation to call this a spin-off. You especially need an independent confirmation from NBC or Tina Fey if you're going to use a word like "official". KnownAlias  contact  12:28, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

July 2011
Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to 1941 (film). Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. -- Doniago (talk) 14:26, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Template:Talking Heads
Hello. Just because a record samples "Genius of Love" by Tom Tom Club doesn't mean it's "related" to Talking Heads and belongs on Template:Talking Heads. If you look at the articles listed as "Related articles", you'll find they all have a close relationship with the band. None of the myriad other artists who have sampled "Genius of Love" appear on the template. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 04:09, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

October 2011
Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to 1941 (film). Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. -- Doniago (talk) 05:11, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

November 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Your recent edit to the page Bonanza appears to have added incorrect information and has been reverted or removed. All information in this encyclopedia must be verifiable in a reliable, published source. If you believe the information that you added was correct, please cite the references or sources or before making the changes, discuss them on the article's talk page. Please use the sandbox for any tests that you wish to make. Do take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thank you. Creativity-II (talk) 10:56, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

I&
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Sandy Hook School shooting comment
Hey, I removed your good faith edit because it is original research, and the shooting has not been called an unsolved mystery by any notable media source. (Disregard the "rv vandalism" comment since I didn't check the history and removed the sentence in addition to my original edit purpose). - M0rphzone (talk) 06:23, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Update: Stop trying to re-add original research, and stop undoing edits without proper reasons. - M0rphzone (talk) 06:26, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

December 2012
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Mkdw talk 06:24, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, you may be blocked from editing. Abductive (reasoning) 06:25, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for December 29
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Disambiguation link notification for April 17
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Pricing games
Please don't post WP:OR speculation about "had this happened" etc. in articles. 68.55.123.86 (talk) 23:28, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Schulz's final wishes
I have seen you making many edits on Peanuts-related articles of late, and I appreciate the enthusiasm and willing to be involved. However, the edits you are making are without any sources, and are often of dubious accuracy. For example, in the Peanuts article, you added (regarding the current run of Peanuts comic books) "which feature new material by new writers and artists, although in accordance with Schultz's final wish that no new original stories be written by people other than Schultz". As one of the writers of said comic books, I can tell you that we are indeed putting original stories in there. As a Peanuts historian, I have seen nothing that indicates that Schulz (note the spelling, by the way) ever said that no new stories were to be done with the character; he indicated that no new strips should be done, but Peanuts had long had new stories in various forms outside of the strips. So if you have a reliable source that shows that Schulz's wishes went beyond that, I ask you to put that source forward so it can be verified. If not, I ask that you undo your edits in those regards. If there is any of this that you need help with, please let me know! --Nat Gertler (talk) 03:52, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Internes Can't Take Money
Hi, I reverted your edit to Internes Can't Take Money, as you didn't add a reliable source, nor could I find one. Please do add one if you can. Thanks, Insulam Simia (talk) 06:47, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 26
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Disambiguation link notification for October 18
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Charlie Chaplin
This is just a friendly note to say that I have had to delete your addition to the Charlie Chaplin article as it did not come with a reliable source and seemed trivial. Thanks  Cassianto Talk   09:34, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

January 2014
Hello, I'm 168.156.251.65. I noticed that you made a change to an article, 2013–14 NFL playoffs, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. 168.156.251.65 (talk) 19:32, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Your similar edit on National Football League playoffs has also been reverted. Since at least the 2002 season, the conference championship games have been on a pre-set rotation. During this year, the AFC Championship was already scheduled at 3:00 Eastern, and the NFC Championship at 6:30 Eastern, regardless of the matchups. Even this press release from the NFL, dated December 30, 2013 announcing the wild card and divisional playoffs schedule, states at the bottom that "The AFC (CBS, 3:00 PM ET) and NFC (FOX, 6:30PM ET) Championship Games will be played on Sunday, January 19." (emphasis added).

 * And check out this press release from December 31, 2012. Again, it announces the wild card and divisional playoffs schedule from last season, but also states at the bottom the times of the championship games (the NFC at 3:00 and AFC at 6:30) -- before the matchups were even known. And if I go further, in the NFL's archive of press releases, I can find similar announcements. As I stated, the league has scheduled the conference championship games in a pre-set rotation since 2002. This was about the time that they moved these games to the later times of 3:00pm and 6:30pm so they are pushed into the primetime hours to get better ratings. Prior to 2002, the conference championship games were scheduled around 12:30 and 4:30. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (talk) 04:31, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

October 2014
Please do not add or change content, as you did to  1941 (film), without verifying it by citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. -- DonIago (talk) 20:25, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for March 30
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April 2015
Please do not add or change content, as you did to Versions of Blade Runner, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. DonIago (talk) 16:20, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Caidin Film Company

A tag has been placed on Caidin Film Company requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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Nomination of Caidin Film Company for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Caidin Film Company is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Disambiguation link notification for April 9
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September 2016
Hello, I'm Creativity-II. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Little House on the Prairie (TV series), but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Creativity-II (talk) 03:48, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

POV statement
Please do not add commentary or your own personal analysis to Wikipedia articles as you did to 89th Academy Awards. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. Moriori (talk) 23:25, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Cylon War for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Cylon War is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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No vandalism
I do not believe it was vandalism on the Barsi article. I did read conflicting reports about the subject. Forgive me if I did not include a source for this. I will try and give a source next tine I add info. Hiphats (talk) 04:36, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

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I've reverted a couple of things you added today. I was going to explain to you the need to source and cite, but disappointingly it seems that you have a long, long history of adding unsourced material and your own research to Wikipedia, and have repeatedly been asked not to. Please take this as a last warning. Stop doing this. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 21:44, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

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Turner Classic Movies
What did you mean in this edit to Turner Classic Movies by the following?
 * The current 2020-21 programming season will be extended through April of 2021 (when the 31 Days of Oscar festival will air) due to the current COVID-19 crisis.

TCM doesn't have programming seasons like the broadcast networks, because it's almost entirely dedicated to showing movies, not original programming. Even on the broadcast networks, the 2020-21 programming season would normally be expected to run from September through May, meaning that continuing until April would not be an "extension". --Metropolitan90 (talk) 08:48, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

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03:08 +33
Absolutely not. It was removed within 30 minutes. Funny, but cruel and completely unnecessary, you should know that no wiki page has such information displayed like that, EVER. Do you know how common miscarriage is? I think you should look up such statistics before continuing to post such borderline inflammatory and insensitive information to such a renowned person’s wiki pages. I’m just saying. I laughed. Then I said, “you are going to hell my friend.” ;P —Cprice45 (talk) 22:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Hiphats


text:
Talk:Nazi concentration camps

IP user questions
Why is there absolutely no mention of when camps were discovered? This is important in understanding that it was not cruelty but simple ignorance, from other nations and from many German citizens, that allowed this horror to continue for so long. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.73.175.85 (talk) 16:28, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

 * have been seeking this answer as well. 1 - when did the allies suspect existence of such camps and 2 - when did they know, with proof. 70.31.166.89 (talk) 22:27, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

 * There wasn't "simple ignorance" but World War 2 made it more complicated. 10 November 1938 was Kristallnacht during which hundreds of Jews were murdered throughout Germany and 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps. Also, Nazi Germany notified neutral nations during WW2 to re-patriate their Jewish citizens who were in Germany, e.g. Turkey. (See Baer, Marc D. (2020). Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04542-3, pp. 202.) Turkey didn't do so, apparently. I don't know when that was. I don't know when German citizens (who were not in the SS) knew about the extermination camps, or if that question is answerable.--FeralOink (talk) 11:41, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Despite my cranky tone, IP user the second, you make a good point in wondering about when the Allies knew. I read a scholarly journal article about Jewish life (such as it was) for the first two years in post-World War 2 Germany under Allied occupation; it mentioned when the U.S. government became aware, I recall. I'll try to find the citation and if possible, include it in the Wikipedia article here.--FeralOink (talk) 11:41, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * KZ were never secret. As stated in this article, they were advertised in Nazi propaganda from 1933 onwards. Of course the Allies were aware of them throughout. (Mass extermination in the death camps was another story, but that is not the subject of this article). (t · c)  buidhe  14:00, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

Concentration Camps history
The article above seems to infer that the Nazi camps were the first but that is actually incorrect. British concentration camps and their remains can be found in parts of South Africa and date back to the Anglo-Boer war. Sadly the camps had three times as many children than there were adults. Most died from the poor conditions in the camps due to sanitation and hygiene. Evidence found there date back to the 1890's. 97.107.51.176 (talk) 20:03, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * No. The very first sentence of the lead links an article about internment/concentration camps, which has this in its lead:
 * The title also makes it clear that this article is specifically about Nazi concentration camps, not concentration camps in general, and not Extermination camps. (Hohum @ ) 22:23, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The title also makes it clear that this article is specifically about Nazi concentration camps, not concentration camps in general, and not Extermination camps. (Hohum @ ) 22:23, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Hohum, yes, you are correct about the lead of the article as quoted, but what is the source? I am bringing this up because Wikipedia has articles for extermination camps, internment camps, and this article, "Nazi concentration camps". "Concentration camps" is mentioned in the lead of this article, with a wikilink, and it redirects to internment camps. There is an entire article about Nazi camps; nevertheless, it becomes confusing, as many Nazi concentration camps were in fact extermination camps. Also, the lead of the extermination camps article begins as follows:
 * That contradicts what you said (and what this article states) that this article is NOT about extermination camps, no?
 * The extermination camps article has this in the lead,
 * That does not contradict what you said, i.e. that Nazi concentration camps are not concentration camps in general. I am not BOLD enough to attempt to sort this out on my own, as I know that altering these article leads (i.e., Nazi concentration camps, internment camps, and extermination camps) will be contentious. Any suggestions?--FeralOink (talk) 10:15, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That does not contradict what you said, i.e. that Nazi concentration camps are not concentration camps in general. I am not BOLD enough to attempt to sort this out on my own, as I know that altering these article leads (i.e., Nazi concentration camps, internment camps, and extermination camps) will be contentious. Any suggestions?--FeralOink (talk) 10:15, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That does not contradict what you said, i.e. that Nazi concentration camps are not concentration camps in general. I am not BOLD enough to attempt to sort this out on my own, as I know that altering these article leads (i.e., Nazi concentration camps, internment camps, and extermination camps) will be contentious. Any suggestions?--FeralOink (talk) 10:15, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Humanities 2 1400-present
— Assignment last updated by Meerkat77 (talk) 22:45, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nazi concentration camps


text:
Diplomonad

The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include Giardia duodenalis, which causes giardiasis in humans. They are placed among the metamonads, and appear to be particularly close relatives of the retortamonads.

Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each with four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis. Like the retortamonads, they lack both mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. However, they are now known to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of G. duodenalis, called mitosomes. These are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins.

Possible sexual reproduction in Giardia
The common intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis (synonyms Giardia lamblia, G. intestinalis) was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However, researchers found G. duodenalis to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes. These results suggested that Giardia duodenalis is capable of meiosis and thus sexual reproduction. Furthermore, Cooper et al. found direct evidence in Giardia duodenalis for infrequent meiotic recombination, indicative of sexual reproduction between individuals. Lasek-Nesselquist et al. also detected molecular signatures consistent with meiotic sex. The possibility of sexual reproduction is still debated.

Giardia duodenalis contains two functionally equivalent nuclei that are inherited independently during mitosis. In the giardial cyst these nuclei fuse (karyogamy) and undergo homologous recombination facilitated by meiosis gene homologs. The recombination associated with karyogamy may primarily function to repair DNA damage.

Giardia duodenalis is divided into eight assemblages based on host specificities and genetic divergence of marker genes. Although recombination can occur infrequently within assemblages, Xu et al. found that recombination between individuals from different assemblages is very rare. They suggested that the assemblages are genetically isolated lineages, and thus could be viewed as separated Giardia species.

title: Diplomonad


text:
User:Sumeria

Sumeria's user page.

title: User:Sumeria


text:
User talk:Sumeria

Hi Sumeria. Regardless of how we figure that best way to phrase the whaling stuff, would you mind adhering to the capitalization convention we have for named animal species... thus you need to write Minke Whale not Minke whale or minke whale. I would be realyl grateful if you could do this, thanks (see WikiProject Tree of Life for talk about this.) Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:01, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sumeria


text:
Elliott Roosevelt (general)

Elliott Roosevelt (September 23, 1910 – October 27, 1990) was an American aviation official and wartime officer in the United States Army Air Forces, reaching the rank of brigadier general. He was a son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

As a reconnaissance commander, Roosevelt pioneered new techniques in night photography and meteorological data-gathering, but his claims to a distinguished record on combat missions have been largely discounted.

After the war ended, he faced an investigation by the United States Congress on charges of corruption, including accusations that he had recommended the purchase of the experimental Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft ahead of a Lockheed model that was believed to be superior. Ultimately, he was found blameless.

Roosevelt published a book about his attendance at several major Allied war conferences and a controversial exposé of his parents' private life. He also wrote 22 mystery novels. His career also embraced broadcasting, ranching, politics and business. He served as the 24th mayor of Miami Beach, Florida from 1965 to 1967.

Early life
Elliott Roosevelt was a son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962). He was named after his maternal grandfather, Elliott Roosevelt (1860–1894). His siblings were Anna (1906–1975), James (1907–1991), Franklin Jr. (1914–1988), and John (1916–1981).

An older brother, Franklin, died in 1909 as an infant.

Roosevelt attended the Hun School of Princeton and went to Groton School, as did his brothers. He refused to attend Harvard College. Instead, he worked a series of briefly held jobs, beginning with advertising and settling in broadcasting in the 1930s, including a management position in the Hearst radio chain.

Military service
Roosevelt had always been interested in flight, and in 1933 he briefly served as general manager of Gilpin Airlines of Glendale, California, a small airline owned by Rep. Isabella Greenway (D-AZ), a close friend of the family. Later that year he became aviation editor for the William Randolph Hearst newspapers. After controversial involvement in the Air Mail Scandal and a secret attempt to sell bombers in civilian disguise to the USSR, he was hired as vice president of the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce (see Aerospace Industries Association), a post he held until 1935. That year, he moved to Fort Worth, Texas and became involved in broadcasting and farming.

Roosevelt received a captain's commission in the United States Army Air Corps on 23 September 1940, his 30th birthday. His appointment in the middle of the 1940 election campaign caused a furious political row, although General Henry H. Arnold, the Chief of the Air Corps, asserted that there was no pressure or nepotism involved. After brief service at Wright Field, Ohio, he took an intelligence course and served with the 21st Reconnaissance Squadron at the new U.S. facility in Gander, Newfoundland.

In the summer of 1941, Roosevelt searched for and located air base sites in Labrador, Baffin Island, and Greenland and reported on conditions in Iceland and along the rest of the embryonic North Atlantic ferry route. During this time, he coordinated closely with FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Arnold. Elliott Roosevelt was the first to interest Churchill in American bases in Africa (including Bathurst in the Gambia), a step for which his father was not yet ready. He served as a procurement specialist, navigator, and intelligence and reconnaissance officer and rose to brigadier general by January 1945. Despite having poor eyesight and being classified 4-F (unfit), he also became a pilot and reportedly flew 89 combat missions by the time of his inactivation from the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in August 1945.

While Roosevelt operated from Gander in August 1941, FDR detached him and brother Franklin Jr. to attend the Atlantic Conference (Atlantic Charter) in Argentia between Churchill and FDR, which was nearby. In January 1943, Roosevelt accompanied FDR as a military attaché to the Casablanca meeting and the subsequent Cairo and Tehran Conferences in November–December 1943. At a dinner during the Tehran Conference, Joseph Stalin proposed to round up and shoot some 50,000 German officers and technicians after the war in order to permanently incapacitate Germany. Roosevelt spoke in favor of the proposal which earned him Stalin's cheers and the vocal and lasting hostility of Churchill who said "I would rather be taken out into the garden here and now and be shot myself".

Following a navigator/bombardier course in the fall of 1941 and a brief stint on antisubmarine patrol duty with the 6th Reconnaissance Squadron at Muroc AAB, Roosevelt received a top-secret assignment to carry out clandestine reconnaissance flights over the Sahara Desert, with emphasis on French West Africa, with which the United States was not at war. Having been successful with this (Project Rusty), he was given command of the new 3d Reconnaissance Group at Colorado Springs. From Gibraltar and then Oran, Algeria, he led this unit in Operation Torch, the invasion of Northwest Africa in early November 1942. Roosevelt (with a pilot) flew the first U.S. reconnaissance missions over the theater in a borrowed RAF de Havilland Mosquito. This led to a long campaign for the U.S. adoption of this British aircraft, as Roosevelt held the American counterparts (modified Boeing B-17Cs and early Lockheed P-38s) to be inadequate and unlikely to survive in contested airspace.

From Maison Blanche, Algeria, and after the fall of Tunis, La Marsa near ancient Carthage, Roosevelt pioneered new tactics, including night aerial photography and obtained before and after imagery of Rome during that city's first heavy bombing on 19 July 1943.

After his detachment to investigate reconnaissance issues in the United States (see the Hughes scandal section below), Roosevelt received command of the 8th Air Force's reconnaissance wing in England: the 8th Provisional RW, later renamed the 325th Reconnaissance Wing. During this period, Roosevelt worked on the shuttle-bombing project with the USSR, and participated in the May 1944 mission to the USSR which inspected the new American bases at Poltava, Mirgorod, and Piryatin. His units also supported the D-Day invasion of Normandy and the bombing campaign against V-weapon sites.

Following threats of resignation and pressure from "very high topside," in January 1945 General Arnold ordered General Carl Spaatz in England to appoint Roosevelt a rated pilot, and the president submitted his son's name to the Senate for promotion to brigadier general. By standard rules, Roosevelt was eligible for the rank, but not for the pilot's wings. Roosevelt continued in that rank in Europe until his father's death on April 12, 1945. After VE-Day, the Air Forces could no longer find a "suitable vacancy" for him, and he was on leave and had staff duties in the United States. By coincidence, his last day of service was VJ-Day.

Roosevelt commanded the following units:

 * 3d Reconnaissance Group, 11 July – 13 August 1942 at the rank of major; 30 September 1942 – 1 March 1943 ending at the rank of colonel
 * Assigned to Twelfth Air Force and flew aboard numerous aircraft types during reconnaissance missions for the North Africa campaign in Algeria and Tunisia
 * Northwest African Photographic Reconnaissance Wing, February 1943 – November 1943, as lieutenant colonel and colonel. This was a composite unit with U.S., British, South African, and French squadrons.
 * 90th Photographic Wing, 22 November 1943 – 25 January 1944 at the rank of colonel.
 * Assigned to Twelfth Air Force, command and control organization that provided photographic reconnaissance to both Twelfth and Fifteenth Air Forces. Operationally controlled both 3d and 5th Reconnaissance Groups in Tunisia. The 90th's subordinate units reconnoitered airdromes, roads, marshaling yards, and harbors in Italy after the Allied landings at Salerno.
 * 325th Photographic Wing, 9 August 1944 – 17 January 1945 at the rank of colonel; 22 January – 13 April 1945 ending at the rank of brigadier general.
 * Assigned to Eighth Air Force, command and control organization that through subordinate units, flew reconnaissance over the waters adjacent to the British Isles and the European continent to obtain meteorological data. Wing aircraft collected weather information needed in planning operations; flew night photographic missions to detect enemy activity; and provided daylight photographic and mapping missions. The wing also flew photographic missions over the Netherlands in support of Operation Market Garden in September 1944 and operated closely with tactical units in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – February 1945).

Roosevelt stated that he flew 89 combat missions and 470 combat hours prior to being called back for his father's funeral in April 1945 (he did not return to active theaters). His decorations included the Distinguished Flying Cross. He also received the Order of the British Empire, the Croix de Guerre and Legion d'Honneur, the Moroccan Order of Ouissam Alaouite, and the U.S. Legion of Merit. He ended the war holding the Air Medal with reportedly eleven clusters. As a chase pilot for the Operation Aphrodite flights in 1944, Roosevelt said he witnessed the death of Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. over Blythburgh, England (there is no evidence in Aphrodite files that Roosevelt participated in this project, nor did he fly as chase pilot and witness the death of Joseph P. Kennedy).

After the war, Roosevelt no longer played a significant role in aviation, although he maintained a private pilot's license and owned a small aircraft. He briefly served as president of short-lived Empire Airlines of New York (1946), citing his influence with the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), which, however, did not result in route awards. Reported attempts to assist Howard Hughes's TWA in obtaining air routes to the USSR also did not succeed.

Warplanes purchasing scandal
In August 1943, Colonel Roosevelt was asked by Chief of the Army Air Forces, General Henry H. Arnold, to investigate several reconnaissance aircraft under development to select a successor to the Lockheed P-38 Lightning (F-4 and F-5 in the recon version), but the reason for Arnold's choice of Roosevelt was not made public. Roosevelt assembled a group of five air officers, including veteran RAF reconnaissance pilot Wing Commander D.W. Steventon. Upon their arrival in Los Angeles, Roosevelt and his group were met by eight limousines arranged by John W. Meyer, a publicist and former nightclub owner who was employed by Hughes Aircraft Company. On his first day in town, Roosevelt was taken by Meyer to the Hollywood film studio of Warner Bros. and introduced to Faye Emerson, an actress with whom Roosevelt was linked romantically (the two would eventually marry). Over the next three days, Roosevelt and his group were seen with Meyer in Hollywood nightclubs and at parties in luxurious mansions in the company of aspiring actresses paid $100–400 per night by Meyer, the higher figure equivalent to $0 in current value.

On August 11, Howard Hughes showed the group his Culver City aircraft factory, then personally flew them to see the private-venture Hughes D-2, an experimental twin-engine wooden aircraft then being test-flown at a Hughes facility at Harper Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert. The aircraft had already been turned down ten months earlier by Chief of Army Air Forces Material Division Oliver P. Echols, for being inadequate to military service; it was considered unlikely to become successful for numerous reasons, wooden construction and Hughes's limited facilities among them. Roosevelt and his committee, however, fervently recommended the D-2. When Roosevelt returned to the East Coast of the United States, Meyer hosted another round of parties and nightclub outings in Manhattan and arranged for Faye Emerson to accompany Roosevelt. Among many favors, Meyer gave Emerson $132 worth of nylon stockings, a rare treat during wartime rationing.

On August 20, Roosevelt sent a report to General Arnold recommending immediate purchase of the D-2. On September 1, Arnold ordered Echols to contract with Hughes for an all-metal reconnaissance aircraft "against my better judgment and the advice of my staff." During these two weeks, Arnold, Elliott Roosevelt, and FDR conferred frequently at the White House, and it is documented that Elliott Roosevelt complained to his father about Arnold's reluctance to order the F-11.

Major General Charles E. Bradshaw wrote to Arnold to suggest that the Lockheed Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning was much farther along in development and could outperform the D-2 in every important aspect, but was unsuccessful in halting the Hughes contract. Implicating Roosevelt and United States Secretary of Commerce Jesse H. Jones, Assistant Secretary of War Robert A. Lovett noted to Major General Bennett E. Meyers that "Hughes has got powerful friends here in Washington" and that, if the background of the contract were uncovered, "there's going to be an awful smell." Nonetheless, Hughes was given $43 million (worth $0 in dollars) to build 100 all-metal aircraft to be designated the Hughes XF-11.

In 1947, Roosevelt telephoned Hughes to warn him that a United States Senate subcommittee (the "Brewster Committee", formerly the "Truman Committee") intended to call them both to account for financial irregularities regarding the XF-11 as well as for Hughes' H-4 Hercules, popularly known as the "Spruce Goose". As part of the ongoing "Investigation of the National Defense Program", on August 4, 1947, the subcommittee called Roosevelt and Meyer to testify about the Hollywood and Manhattan parties and women that Meyer had arranged and paid for. Meyer's extensive financial records during such parties showed him paying $200 for "presents for four girls" and $50 for "girls at hotel (late)". At one point, Roosevelt asked Meyer: "[A]ny of those girls who were paid, were they procured for my entertainment?" Meyer responded: "I don't like the word 'procured,' because a girl who attends a party and is given a present is not necessarily 'procured'." The committee found that Meyer had spent at least $1,000 in picking up Roosevelt's hotel bills as well as his nightclub and party checks, and Faye Emerson's bets at Agua Caliente Racetrack, and that Meyer had arranged for weekends in Palm Springs, California and Washington, D.C. for Roosevelt and Emerson, who eventually married in December 1944 after Roosevelt divorced his second wife in March 1944. The wedding at the Grand Canyon was also paid for by Meyer.

All told, Meyer reported to the committee that he had spent $5,083.79 ($0 in dollars) on entertainment for Roosevelt. In his own defense, Roosevelt testified that he never heard of the XF-11 until General Arnold let him know about it, and that several of the parties appeared to have taken place on days when he was out of the country on active duty. Roosevelt said: "If it is true that for the price of entertainment I made recommendations which would have in any way endangered the lives of the men under me...that fact should be made known to the public."

Later life
After FDR's death in 1945, Roosevelt and his family moved to Top Cottage to be near his mother, who considered him her favorite child. She gave him financial assistance throughout her life. In 1947, Eleanor bought from the FDR estate Val-Kill farms, the home she lived in after FDR's death, and deeded the property to Elliott Roosevelt. After he moved to Miami Beach and Havana with his fourth wife in 1952, his brother John bought the Hyde Park tract. Later, the property became the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site.

Roosevelt pursued many different careers during his life, including owning a pre-war radio station network (Texas State Network) in Texas and living as a rancher. He again moved to Florida and was elected mayor of Miami Beach in 1965, then was unseated two years later. After a business career marked by ties to organized crime, he was investigated by the Senate's "Jackson Committee" in 1973.

In 1973 during the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearings on corruption, Roosevelt was accused of involvement in an assassination plot on the Bahamanian prime minister. In 1968, he and an "alleged mobster front man," Michael J. McLaney, offered Louis Mastriana US$100000 (equivalent to $ in ) to assassinate Prime Minister Lynden Pindling. Mastriana was paid US$10000 (equivalent to $ in ) up front, most of which came from Elliott Roosevelt (as proved by a signature on a check for the money). The assassination plot was conceived after Prime Minister Pindling's failure to issue a gambling license to an associate of Meyer Lansky, (whom Michael J. McLaney worked for until his conviction in 1971). It was uncovered by Mastriana; he taped all of his conversation with Elliott Roosevelt, allegedly using equipment from the U.S. Postal Service. Roosevelt maintained that this was a lie until his death.

Roosevelt emigrated to Portugal in 1972, but left for England after Portuguese Carnation Revolution in 1974. He moved back to the United States, living in Bellevue, Washington; Indian Wells, California; and Scottsdale, Arizona. As Roosevelt approached his eightieth year, his final ambition was to "outlive James." However, Roosevelt died at age 80 of heart and liver failure. Brother James died 10 months later in August 1991.

Author and biographer
Elliott authored numerous books, including a mystery series in which his mother, Eleanor Roosevelt, is the detective, as Murder and the First Lady (1984). Roosevelt described his experiences with his father during five important war conferences in his best-selling book As He Saw It. He also edited FDR: His Personal Letters, published after the war in four volumes. With James Brough, Roosevelt wrote a highly personal book about his parents called The Roosevelts of Hyde Park: An Untold Story, in which he revealed details about the sexual lives of his parents, including his father's relationships with mistress Lucy Mercer and secretary Marguerite ("Missy") LeHand as well as graphic details surrounding the 1921 paralytic illness that crippled his father. Published in 1973, the biography also contains valuable insights into FDR's run for vice-president, his rise to the governorship of New York, and his capture of the presidency in 1932, particularly with the help of Louis McHenry Howe. A sequel to An Untold Story with James Brough, published in 1975 and titled A Rendezvous With Destiny, carried the Roosevelt saga to the end of World War II. Mother R.: Eleanor Roosevelt's Untold Story, also with Brough, was published in 1977; The Conservators, a political book, in 1982. Eleanor Roosevelt, with Love: A Centenary Remembrance, came out in 1984.

Marriages and children
Roosevelt was married five times:

 * On January 16, 1932, he married Elizabeth Browning Donner (1911–1980), daughter of William Henry Donner. They had one son, William Donner Roosevelt (1932–2003), an investment banker and philanthropist. On July 17, 1933, Donner filed a cross petition charging Roosevelt with "extreme cruelty" to a court at Minden, Nevada, and they were divorced.
 * On July 22, 1933, in Burlington, Iowa, he married Ruth Josephine Googins (1908–1974). They had three children: Ruth Chandler Roosevelt (1934–2018), Elliott Roosevelt, Jr. (b. 1936), a Texas oilman, and David Boynton Roosevelt (1942–2022). Roosevelt and Googins were divorced in March 1944. She married Harry T. Eidson on June 23, 1944.
 * On December 3, 1944, at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, he married actress Faye Emerson. They were divorced on January 17, 1950. She died of stomach cancer in 1983 in Spain.
 * On March 15, 1951, in Miami Beach, Florida, he married Minnewa Bell (Gray Burnside Ross). They were divorced in 1960. Minnewa died in 1983.
 * On November 3, 1960, in Qualicum Beach, British Columbia, he married Patricia Peabody Whitehead. Her four children, James M. Whitehead, Ford Whitehead, Gretchen Whitehead, and David Macauley Whitehead, were all adopted by Roosevelt. The couple's only child together, Livingston Delano Roosevelt, died in 1962 as an infant.

Military awards
Roosevelt's military decorations and awards include:

General sources

 * Barlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness. W. W. Norton, 2004. ISBN 0-393-32602-0
 * Flynn, John T. The Roosevelt Myth. New York: Devin-Adair, 1948.
 * Hansen, Chris. Enfant Terrible: The Times and Schemes of General Elliott Roosevelt. Tucson: Able Baker Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0615-66892-5
 * Higham, Charles. Howard Hughes: The Secret Life. Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 0-312-32997-0
 * Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, Diane Publishing, 1983. ISBN 0-912799-02-1.
 * Montefiore, Simon Sebag. The Court of the Red Tsar. Random House: 2003.
 * National Park Service. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers
 * The New York Times, October 28, 1990. "Elliott Roosevelt, General and Author, Dies at 80".
 * Porter, Darwin. Howard Hughes: Hell's Angel. Blood Moon Productions, 2005 ISBN 0-9748118-1-5
 * Roosevelt, Elliot and Brough, James. The Roosevelts of Hyde Park: An Untold Story (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1973)
 * Roosevelt, Elliott. As He Saw It, Greenwood Press, 1946.
 * Time, August 4, 1947. Check, Please!
 * Time, August 11, 1947. Pay Dirt, page 2 of 3.
 * Ward, Geoffrey C. Closest Companion, Simon & Schuster, 1995.

title: Elliott Roosevelt (general)


text:
User:Charles Matthews/1729 (number)

1729 is an integer, most notable for being the Hardy-Ramanujan number (the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways). It is also the third Carmichael number.

Numbers such as

 * 1729 = 13+123 = 93+103

which can be expressed as the sum of cubes in n distinct ways have been dubbed taxicab numbers, written Ta(n). 1729 is thus Ta(2).

Another interesting property of the number is that the 1729th decimal place is the beginning of the first occurrence of all ten digits consecutively in the decimal representation of e.

External link

 * The Dullness of 1729

title: User:Charles Matthews/1729 (number)


text:
User:Charles Matthews/1729 (anecdote)

1729 is known as the Hardy-Ramanujan number, after a famous anecdote of the British mathematician G. H. Hardy regarding a hospital visit to the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan. In Hardy's words :

 * I remember once going to see him when he was lying ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen. "No," he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways."

In fact

 * 1729 = 13+123 = 93+103

as both men would have verified mentally; but it is much less obvious that this is the smallest example.

Two things have been observed regarding the anecdote, both of which detract from the surprise element. Firstly, Ramanujan didn't discover the taxicab property on-the-spot; it has been found in one of his notebooks dated years before the incident. Secondly, Hardy possibly knew it as well, and pretended not to only to cheer up the ailing Ramanujan. Indeed, such behaviour would have been in keeping with Hardy's self-deprecating character.

Quote
"Every positive integer is one of Ramanujan's personal friends" -- J. E. Littlewood, on hearing of the taxicab incident.

title: User:Charles Matthews/1729 (anecdote)


text:
User:Charles Matthews/interesting and uninteresting numbers

The issue of classifying numbers as "dull" and "interesting" leads to a paradox (strictly speaking, an antinomy). In a classification of numbers as to whether they had 'interesting' properties or not, would there be a smallest number with no interesting properties (for instance, 38 could be a candidate)? If there was a finite, definite list of 'interesting properties of positive integers', which didn't exhaust all integers, there would be such a number.

This in itself would be an 'interesting' property of the number, making it interesting, thus excluding it from the list. The Berry paradox is closely related.

Of course the argument fails if there could be infinitely many such properties; or if interesting is not a very well-defined predicate.

The anecdote about 1729 has been cited in this connection. Here 1729 is the third Carmichael number. Would Hardy have really thought it "dull"? The 1729th decimal place is the beginning of the first occurrence of all ten digits consecutively in the decimal representation of e. This fact would not (presumably) have been known. It seems that over time what is 'interesting' may change, too.


text:
Thomas Cavalier-Smith

Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021 ), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.

His research has led to discovery of a number of unicellular organisms (protists) and advocated for a variety of major taxonomic groups, such as the Chromista, Chromalveolata, Opisthokonta, Rhizaria, and Excavata. He was known for his systems of classification of all organisms.

Life and career
Cavalier-Smith was born on 21 October 1942 in London. His parents were Mary Maude (née Bratt) and Alan Hailes Spencer Cavalier Smith.

He was educated at Norwich School, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (MA) in Biology and King's College London (PhD) in Zoology. He was under the supervision of Sir John Randall for his PhD thesis between 1964 and 1967; his thesis was entitled "Organelle Development in Chlamydomonas reinhardii".

From 1967 to 1969, Cavalier-Smith was a guest investigator at Rockefeller University. He became Lecturer of biophysics at King's College London in 1969. He was promoted to Reader in 1982. From the early 1980s, Smith promoted views about the taxonomic relationships among living organisms. He was prolific, drawing on a near-unparalleled wealth of information to suggest novel relationships. In 1989 he was appointed Professor of Botany at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, he joined the University of Oxford, becoming Professor of evolutionary biology in 2000.

Thomas Cavalier-Smith died in March 2021 following the development of cancer.

Taxonomy
Cavalier-Smith was a prolific taxonomist, drawing on a near-unparalleled wealth of information to suggest novel relationships. His suggestions were translated into taxonomic concepts and classifications with which he associated new names, or in some cases, reused old names. Cavalier-Smith did not follow or espouse an explicit taxonomic philosophy but his approach was closest to evolutionary taxonomy. He and several other colleagues were opposed to cladistic approaches to taxonomy arguing that the goals of cladification and classification were different; his approach was similar to that of many others' broad-based treatments of protists.

The scope of Cavalier-Smith's taxonomic propositions was grand, but the numbers and composition of the components (taxa), and, often, their relations were not stable. Propositions were often ambiguous and short-lived; he frequently amended taxa without any change in the name. His approach was not universally accepted: Others attempted to underpin taxonomy of protists with a nested series of atomised, falsifiable propositions, following the philosophy of transformed cladistics. However, this approach is no longer considered defensible.

Cavalier-Smith's ideas that led to the taxonomic structures were usually first presented in the form of tables and complex, annotated diagrams. When presented at scientific meetings, they were sometimes too rich, and often written too small, for the ideas to be easily grasped. Some such diagrams made their way into publications, where careful scrutiny was possible, and where the conjectural nature of some assertions was evident. The richness of his ideas, their continuing evolution, and the transition into taxonomies that gave Cavalier-Smith's investigations into evolutionary paths (phylogeny) and the resulting classifications, its distinctive character.

Cavalier-Smith's narrative style
Cavalier-Smith was courageous in his adherence to the earlier traditionalist style characterized by Charles Darwin, that of relying on narratives. One example was his advocacy for the Chromista that united lineages that had plastids with chlorophylls a and c (primarily chrysophytes and other stramenopiles, cryptophytes, and haptophytes) despite clear evidence that the group corresponded to a clade.

It was Cavalier-Smith's claim that there was a single endosymbiotic event by which chlorophyll a c containing plastids were acquired by a common ancestor of all three groups, and that the differences (such as cytological components and their arrangements) among the groups were the result of subsequent evolutionary changes. This interpretation that chromists were monophyletic also required that the heterotrophic (protozoan) members of all three groups had arisen from ancestors with plastids.

The alternative hypothesis was that the three chromophytic lineages were not closely related (to the exclusion of other lineages) (i.e. were polyphyletic), likely that all were ancestrally without plastids, and that separate symbiotic events established the chlorophyll a/c plastids stramenopiles, cryptomonads and haptophytes. The polyphyly of the chromists has been re-asserted in subsequent studies.

Cavalier-Smith's lack of an objective and reproducible methodology that would translate evolutionary insights into taxa and hierarchical schemes, were often confusing to those who did not follow his publications closely. Many of his taxa requiring his frequent adjustment, as illustrated below. In turn this led to confusion as to the scope of taxa a taxonomic name was applied to.

Cavalier-Smith also reused familiar names (such as Protozoa) for innovative taxonomic concepts. This created confusion because Protozoa was and still is used in its old sense, alongside its use in the newer senses. Because of Cavalier-Smith's tendency to publish rapidly and to change his narratives and taxonomic summaries frequently, his approach and claims were frequently debated.

Palaeos.com described his writing style as follows: Prof. Cavalier-Smith of Oxford University has produced a large body of work which is well regarded. Still, he is controversial in a way that is a bit difficult to describe. The issue may be one of writing style. Cavalier-Smith has a tendency to make pronouncements where others would use declarative sentences, to use declarative sentences where others would express an opinion, and to express opinions where angels would fear to tread. In addition, he can sound arrogant, reactionary, and even perverse. On the other [hand], he has a long history of being right when everyone else was wrong. To our way of thinking, all of this is overshadowed by one incomparable virtue: the fact that he will grapple with the details. This makes for very long, very complex papers and causes all manner of dark murmuring, tearing of hair, and gnashing of teeth among those tasked with trying to explain his views of early life. See, [for example], Zrzavý (2001) [and] Patterson (1999). Nevertheless, he deals with all of the relevant facts.

Cavalier-Smith's contributions

Cavalier-Smith wrote extensively on the taxonomy and classification of all life forms, but especially protists. One of his major contributions to biology was his proposal of a new kingdom of life: the Chromista, even though it is not widely accepted to be monophyletic (see above).

He also introduced new taxonomic groupings group for eukaryotes such as the Chromalveolata (1981), Opisthokonta (1987), Rhizaria (2002), and Excavata (2002). Though well known, many of his claims have been controversial and have not gained widespread acceptance in the scientific community. His taxonomic revisions often influenced the overall classification of all life forms.

Eight kingdoms model
Cavalier-Smith's first major classification system was the division of all organisms into eight kingdoms. In 1981, he proposed that by completely revising Robert Whittaker's Five Kingdom system, there could be eight kingdoms: Bacteria, Eufungi, Ciliofungi, Animalia, Biliphyta, Viridiplantae, Cryptophyta, and Euglenozoa.

In 1983, he revised his system particularly in the light of growing evidence that Archaebacteria were a separate group from Bacteria, to include an array of lineages that had been excluded from his 1981 treatment, to deal with issues of polyphyly, and to promote new ideas of relationships. In addition, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered. As mitochondria were known to be the result of the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in eukaryogenesis. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were given special status as a protozan subkingdom Archezoa, that he later elevated to kingdom status. This was later referred to as the Archezoa hypothesis. In 1993, the eight kingdoms became: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Archezoa, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

The kingdom Archezoa went through many compositional changes due to evidence of polyphyly and paraphyly before being abandoned. He assigned some former members of the kingdom Archezoa to the phylum Amoebozoa.

Six kingdoms models
By 1998, Cavalier-Smith had reduced the total number of kingdoms from eight to six: Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae (including Glaucophyte, red and green algae), Chromista, and Bacteria. Nevertheless, he had already presented this simplified scheme for the first time on his 1981 paper and endorsed it in 1983.

Five of Cavalier-Smith's kingdoms are classified as eukaryotes as shown in the following scheme:
 * Eubacteria
 * Neomura
 * Archaebacteria
 * Eukaryotes
 * Kingdom Protozoa
 * Unikonts (heterotrophs)
 * Kingdom Animalia
 * Kingdom Fungi
 * Bikonts (primarily photosynthetic)
 * Kingdom Plantae (including red and green algae)
 * Kingdom Chromista

The kingdom Animalia was divided into four subkingdoms: Radiata (phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Ctenophora), Myxozoa, Mesozoa, and Bilateria (all other animal phyla).

He created three new animal phyla: Acanthognatha (rotifers, acanthocephalans, gastrotrichs, and gnathostomulids), Brachiozoa (brachiopods and phoronids), and Lobopoda (onychophorans and tardigrades) and recognised a total of 23 animal phyla.

Cavalier-Smith's 2003 classification scheme:
 * Unikonts
 * protozoan phylum Amoebozoa (ancestrally uniciliate)
 * opisthokonts
 * uniciliate protozoan phylum Choanozoa
 * kingdom Fungi
 * kingdom Animalia
 * Bikonts
 * protozoan infrakingdom Rhizaria
 * phylum Cercozoa
 * phylum Retaria (Radiozoa and Foraminifera)
 * protozoan infrakingdom Excavata
 * phylum Loukozoa
 * phylum Metamonada
 * phylum Euglenozoa
 * phylum Percolozoa
 * protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea and Diphylleida)
 * the chromalveolate clade
 * kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, and Haptophyta)
 * protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata
 * phylum Ciliophora
 * phylum Miozoa (Protalveolata, Dinozoa, and Apicomplexa)
 * kingdom Plantae (Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta)

Seven kingdoms model
Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised the classification in 2015, and published it in PLOS ONE. In this scheme they reintroduced the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms, Bacteria (previously 'Eubacteria') and Archaea (previously 'Archebacteria'). This is based on the consensus in the Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA) and the Catalogue of Life.

Proposed root of the tree of life
In 2006, Cavalier-Smith proposed that the last universal common ancestor to all life was a non-flagellate Gram-negative bacterium ("negibacterium") with two membranes (also known as diderm bacterium).

Awards and honours
Cavalier-Smith was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society of London (FLS) in 1980, the Institute of Biology (FIBiol) in 1983, the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) in 1987, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) in 1988, the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) in 1997, and the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1998.

He received the International Prize for Biology from the Emperor of Japan in 2004, and the Linnean Medal for Zoology in 2007. He was appointed Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) between 1998 and 2007, and Advisor of the Integrated Microbial Biodiversity of CIFAR. He won the 2007 Frink Medal of the Zoological Society of London.

title: Thomas Cavalier-Smith