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University of Louisiana at Monroe

The University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM) is a public university in Monroe, Louisiana. It is part of the University of Louisiana System.

History

ULM opened in 1931 as Ouachita Parish Junior College. Three years later it became the Northeast Center of Louisiana State University. In 1936 and 1937, its dean was Stephen A. Caldwell.

Its name changed again in 1949, to Northeast Junior College of Louisiana State University. A year later, it became an autonomous four-year institution as Northeast Louisiana State College. In 1969, it granted doctoral degrees for the first time and was elevated to university status as Northeast Louisiana University (NLU).

In 1999, NLU was renamed to its present name (ULM).

21st century

A 2002 "Reclaim Our Campus" effort targeted recovery from financial and auditing difficulties.

In 2010, James Erwin Cofer Sr., left the ULM presidency after eight years to head Missouri State University in Springfield, Missouri. He was succeeded by Nick Bruno as the eighth president of ULM.

Department of Atmospheric Science
The Atmospheric Science program at ULM offers the only four-year Meteorology program in the state of Louisiana. ULM's Atmospheric Science program is the only undergraduate only program with a Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar.

College of Business
The College of Business and Social Sciences (CBSS) seeks to prepare students for productive careers and responsible citizenship. The college benefits students, businesses and the community through research and service. ULM seeks excellence in business education by offering a student-centered learning environment that produces high-quality graduates and by engaging in research and service that benefits students, business and the community. ULM offers AACSB accredited undergraduate and graduate MBA degree programs.

Marriage & Family Therapy
Master's in marriage and family therapy is accredited by both the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education and The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. A doctoral program in marriage and family therapy was approved by the Louisiana Board of Regents in June of 1995.

College of Pharmacy
Established in 1956, the College of Pharmacy is accredited by the American Council on Pharmacy Education, including one of seven Toxicology programs in the U.S. In 2007, the College of Pharmacy moved from the main campus to the off-campus (Bienville) building. There are satellite campuses in Shreveport and Baton Rouge.

The College of Pharmacy at ULM is Louisiana's only publicly supported comprehensive center for pharmaceutical education, research, and service. The college includes several modern specialized instructional and health service facilities and numerous affiliated off-campus teaching hospitals and pharmacies throughout the state.

In 1999, Milburn E. Calhoun, a New Orleans physician, philanthropist, and Pelican Books publisher endowed the million-dollar Mary E. and Darrell L. Calhoun Chair in Pharmacology, named for his late parents.

Theater Arts
ULM is home to the Emy-Lou Biedenharn Recital Hall, named for the opera singer and daughter of the Coca-Cola entrepreneur Joseph A. Biedenharn.

Natural History Museum
The university's Natural History Museum was home to the 6-million-specimen Neil Douglas fish collection and the 500,000-specimen R. Dale Thomas plant collection. In March 2017, museum staff announced that they had been told the collections would have to be divested to enable an expansion of the university's stadium, and that any specimens which had not been relocated to other institutions by July 2017 would be destroyed. The specimens were subsequently distributed to other institutions, with the plant collection going to the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, the herpetological collection to the University of Texas at Arlington, the entomological collection to Mississippi State University, and the ichthyological collection to Tulane University.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report as of 2015 ranks University of Louisiana at Monroe as follows:

 * Regional Universities (South) – 81st
 * Best Undergraduate Business Programs – 338th
 * Top Public Schools (South Regional Universities) – 39th
 * Pharmacy School – 74th
 * Speech Pathology – 181st
 * Best Online Bachelor's Programs – 160th
 * Best Online Graduate Business Programs – 87th
 * Best Online Graduate Education Programs – 103rd

Major sports
Teams participate in NCAA Division I (Division I FBS for football). ULM joined the Sun Belt Conference for all sports on July 1, 2006, after playing in the Southland Conference in all sports except football (swimming and diving team was in Sun Belt Conference, but was dropped in 2005). The school's sports teams previously competed as the Indians until 2006.

ULM moved from Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) to Division I-A (now FBS) in 1994 and played as a I-A independent 1994–2000. It became a football-only Sun Belt Conference member in 2001 and joined as a member in all sports in 2006. ULM shared the 2005 Sun Belt Conference football championship with Arkansas State University and the University of Louisiana–Lafayette (ASU received the conference's New Orleans Bowl bid due to tiebreaking procedures). Also, in 2012, ULM had their first winning season as an FBS school going, 8–5, and a bid to the 2012 Independence Bowl in Shreveport vs. the Ohio Bobcats, but lost 45–14.

ULM basketball coaches have included Arnold R. Kilpatrick, Lenny Fant, and Mike Vining. Fant was the first ULM coach to win three hundred games. Current head coach Keith Richard is a former point guard and alumnus from ULM.

Since being in the Sun Belt, the Warhawks have won conference titles in men's basketball (2006–07 West Co-Champion) and baseball (2008 regular season and 2012 conference tournament).

The ULM football team posted its first six-win season since moving to Division I-A in 2007 going 6–6, which included a 21–14 victory at Alabama. On September 8, 2012, ULM beat number 8 Arkansas 34–31 in overtime to become the first Sun Belt Conference team to beat a top ten SEC team. This was their second ever win against a ranked opponent after defeating number 20 Richmond 14–8 in Monroe in 1973.

The football and baseball stadiums and ULM Activities Center were designed by architect Hugh G. Parker of Bastrop.

Other activities
ULM is home to several award-winning groups including the Sound of Today marching band and the competition cheerleading squad.

The ULM water ski team is the most successful in the history of the collegiate sport, having won 28 National Collegiate Water Skiing Association championships since 1979. In that year, Bayou Desiard was the host site of the national competition.

Greek life
ULM recognizes the following active fraternities and sororities.

Notable alumni
Some of University of Louisiana at Monroe notable alumni include:

 * Businessmen: Tim Brando, Marc Swayze, Willie Robertson, and Rob Redding
 * Entertainers: Tim McGraw
 * Football players: Chris Harris, Marty Booker, Stan Humphries, Stepfret Williams, Jimmy Edwards, Joe Profit, Roosevelt Potts, Bubby Brister, and Doug Pederson, head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars and formerly the Philadelphia Eagles
 * Baseball players: Wayne Causey, Ben Sheets, Terry Mathews and Chuck Finley
 * Basketball players: Kristy Curry and Calvin Natt

title: University of Louisiana at Monroe


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Beep (sound)

A beep is a short, single tone, typically high-pitched, generally made by a computer or other machine. The term has its origin in onomatopoeia. The word "beep-beep" is recorded for the noise of a car horn in 1929, and the modern usage of "beep" for a high-pitched tone is attributed to Arthur C. Clarke in 1951.

Use in computers
In some computer terminals, the ASCII character code 7, bell character, outputs an audible beep. The beep is also sometimes used to notify the user when the BIOS is not working or there is some other error during the start up process, often during the power-on self-test (POST). A beep is also made when holding down too many keys at the same time, as the computer often cannot handle the processes.

The command-line interfaces of the ReactOS, PTS-DOS, SISNE plus, and AROS operating systems include a  command. A  command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

Use in transport
Beeps are also used as a warning when a truck, lorry or bus is reversing. It can also be used to define the sound produced by a car horn. Colloquially, beep is also used to refer to the action of honking the car horn at someone, (e.g., "Why did that guy beep at me?"), and is more likely to be used with vehicles with higher-pitched horns. "Honk" is used if the sound is lower pitched (e.g. Volkswagen Beetles beep, but Oldsmobiles honk. On trains, beeps may be used for communications between members of staff.

Call waiting
A beep is also a colloquialism for a zip tone to indicate a telephone call coming in on the same phone line as someone is currently speaking, either on a landline or mobile phone. The call waiting feature often outputs an audible "beep" noise to indicate that there is a second call coming in.

Paging
The electronic pager is often referred to as a "beeper" for the sound it emits to alert its owner to an incoming message.

Call back request
As a noun, the practice of "beeping" in sub-Saharan Africa refers to the cell phone phenomenon during which a person dials a number but immediately cancels the call before it is answered in order to elicit a call back from the recipient. One reason for this practice is to elicit a recipient to call back when the caller has almost run out of prepaid units for his/her cell phone but still wants or needs to talk to the recipient. In Rwanda, this practice has evolved into an art for courting between men and women, where women "beep" males in order to elicit a call back, which manifests the man's interest and willingness to pay for the woman's call. At times, this practice can be an inconvenience for the recipient, and at times, people ignore the "beeps." "Beeping" is also known as "flashing" in sub Saharan Africa, and is known as "menacing" or "fishing" in Indonesia.

Censorship
The use of profanity and offensive language on free-to-air broadcasts in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Japan is sometimes censored by replacing the profane word or phrase with an audible beep(s), often accompanied by obscuring the speaker's mouth to prevent lip-reading. If there is a closed captioning, the word is commonly replaced by asterisks, used as a mixture of letters and asterisks, or "[bleep]" is used.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beep (sound)


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Ginglymostomatidae

The Ginglymostomatidae are a cosmopolitan family of carpet sharks known as nurse sharks, containing four species in three genera. Common in shallow, tropical and subtropical waters, these sharks are sluggish and docile bottom-dwellers. They are the most abundant species of shark found in shallow coastal waters. Nurse sharks typically attack humans only if directly threatened.

The name nurse shark is thought to be a corruption of nusse, a name which once referred to the catsharks of the family Scyliorhinidae. The nurse shark family name, Ginglymostomatidae, derives from the Greek words ginglymos meaning "hinge" and stoma  meaning "mouth".

Description
The largest species, called simply the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum, may reach a length of 4.3 m; the tawny nurse shark Nebrius ferrugineus is somewhat smaller at 3.2 m, and the short-tail nurse shark Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum is by far the smallest at just 75 cm in length. The first of the three species may reach a weight of 110 kg. Yellowish to dark brown in colour, nurse sharks have muscular pectoral fins, two spineless dorsal fins (the second of which is smaller) in line with the pelvic and anal fins, and a tail exceeding one quarter the shark's body length.

The mouth of nurse sharks is most distinctive; it is far ahead of the eyes and before the snout (subterminal), an indication of the bottom-dwelling (benthic) nature of these sharks. Also present on the lower jaw are two fleshy barbels, chemosensory organs which help the nurse sharks find prey hidden in the sediments. Behind each eye is a very small, circular opening called a spiracle, part of the shark's respiratory system. The serrated teeth are fan-shaped and independent; like other sharks, the teeth are continually replaced throughout the animal's life.

Habits
Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive groups of up to 40 individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices within the reef, the nurse sharks seem to prefer specific haunts and will return to them every day. By night, the sharks are largely solitary; they spend most of their time searching through the bottom sediments in search of food. Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates, and other fish, particularly stingrays.

Nurse sharks are thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would otherwise be too fast for the sharks to catch; although their small mouths limit the size of prey items, the sharks' large throat cavities are used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, nurse sharks are able to suck in their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral.

Reproduction
The mating season runs from late June to the end of July. All nurse sharks are aplacental viviparous, meaning the eggs develop and hatch within the body of the female, where the hatchlings develop further until live birth occurs. The gestation period is six months, with a typical litter of 30–40 pups. The mating cycle is biennial, as it takes 18 months for the female's ovaries to produce another batch of eggs. The young nurse sharks are born fully developed at about 30 cm long in Ginglymostoma cirratum. They possess a spotted coloration that fades with age.

Genera and species

 * Genus Ginglymostoma J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
 * Ginglymostoma cirratum Bonnaterre, 1788 (nurse shark)
 * Ginglymostoma unami Del-Moral-Flores, Ramírez-Antonio, Angulo & Pérez-Ponce de León, 2015
 * Genus Nebrius Rüppell, 1837
 * Nebrius ferrugineus Lesson, 1831 (tawny nurse shark)
 * Genus Pseudoginglymostoma Dingerkus, 1986
 * Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum Günther, 1867 (short-tail nurse shark)

title: Ginglymostomatidae


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Wikipedia:Article creation

Article creation is the process by which new articles are started, titled, formed, stubbed, categorized, and developed.

See Help:Your first article. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles — see the Article Wizard. Note: The ability to create articles directly in mainspace is restricted to autoconfirmed users, though non-confirmed users and non-registered users can submit a proposed article through the Articles for Creation process, where it will be reviewed and considered for publication. Additional help may be found at Help:Your first article.

As far as whether to create a new article on a topic, or add content about the topic to an existing article, that depends on a number of things, including the notability of the topic for treatment in an encyclopedia, and the suitability of the topic for a standalone page.

New pages on Wikipedia are processed in the following pages:

 * Special:Newpages
 * Special:NewPagesFeed
 * New pages patrol
 * New articles by topic
 * Requested articles
 * Articles for creation

title: Wikipedia:Article creation


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Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)

Tokyo Prefecture (東京府) was a Japanese government entity that existed between 1868 and 1943.

History
When the prefecture was established with the merger of the two shogunate city administrations in the Meiji restoration in 1868, Tokyo initially consisted only of the former city area of the shogunate capital Edo. Beginning in 1871, the territory of Tokyo was expanded beyond Edo in several steps to reach roughly its present extent with the Tama transfer in 1893. The surrounding former shogunate domain (incl. hatamoto fiefs) in Musashi province was initially administered by Musashi governors, but then split up between the prefectures Shinagawa, Kosuge and Ōmiya/Urawa. In 1871/72, the surrounding rural areas from these three prefectures and the Setagaya exclave of Hikone ex-domain/prefecture were merged into Tokyo.

The "system of large and small/major and minor districts" (大区小区制, daiku-shōku-sei) which was tied to the modernized family registration system (koseki) created an (unpopular) subdivision of all prefectures into numbered subunits.

In 1878, the ancient ritsuryō districts were reactivated as administrative units in rural areas, and the status of urban districts (-ku) was newly introduced for major cities. Under the gunkuchōson-hensei-hō (郡区町村編制法, "Law on the organization of -gun/-ku/-chō/-son"), both urban and rural districts were further subdivided into urban and rural units (-machi and -mura, i.e. towns and villages in the countryside, but neighbourhood-sized units in larger settlements; for example, there were 13 -machi/-chō and 93 -mura in Ebara District in the 1870s, including five (one "North", three "South", one "New") for Shinagawa alone; the >100 subdivisions of Ebara were merged into only 1 town and 18 villages in 1889, today there are only four special wards left in its former territory: Shinagawa, Meguro, Ōta, Setagaya). Initially, Tokyo contained only six [rural] districts, but other rural areas were added to Tokyo later (Izu & Ogasawara islands 1878/80, the three Tama districts 1893).

When the modern municipalities were introduced in 1889, Tokyo was subdivided into c. 80 municipalities: 1 city, a handful of towns, and dozens of villages. With the Tama transfer of 1893, the number of municipalities in Tokyo grew to over 170. By 1943, there were only 87 municipalities left: 3 cities, 18 towns and 66 villages (see the List of mergers in Tokyo).

Even after the Tama transfer, Tokyo City remained the dominant part of Tokyo in terms of population and economic strength. That increased further during the progressing industrialization and the explosive growth of the city in the early 20th century, only temporarily set back by the devastation brought about by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The outskirts grew, but eventually Tokyo City's dominance within Tokyo only increased again as many of the explosively grown suburbs were merged into Tokyo City in 1932, including some of the largest towns in Japanese history with over 100,000 inhabitants each such as Nishisugamo in Kitatoshima District and Shibuya (town) in Toyotama District.

Various plans for a unification of the prefectural and city government were discussed over the decades. An early proposal in the 1890s by then Home Minister Nomura Yasushi envisioned to separate the rural areas of Tokyo as Musashi prefecture and transform only Tokyo City into a "Metropolis", but it failed in the Imperial Diet. Some plans, especially those by the commoner political parties and during the "Taishō democracy" of the 1920s, envisioned a "Metropolis" more similar to a special city: an enlarged, prefecture-level city with more local autonomy. While the city did gain some additional authority under the 1922 "six major cities law" (more formally: 六大都市行政監督ニ関スル法律, roku-daitoshi gyōsei kantoku ni kan suru hōritsu, "Law relating to the administrative supervision of the six major cities"), and the governments made plans for a "Metropolis" system – the 1932 "Greater Tokyo City" mergers had been part of a Metropolis plan from the Tokyo City Assembly –, the actual reform was carried out later as part of the Tōjō cabinet's wartime authoritarian centralization measures (or "simplification of local government"). Not only was the Home Ministry control over prefectures and municipalities tightened as in the whole country – municipal mayors became appointive similar to the Meiji era –; Tokyo's prefectural government and Tokyo City's municipal government were indeed unified into one "Metropolitan" government, but under still tighter central government supervision.

Thus, in 1943, 86 of Tokyo's 87 municipalities remained Tokyo's municipalities, Tokyo City was abolished, all municipalities and the 35 ex-city wards were now part of Tokyo Metropolis (東京都) which continues to serve as prefectural government for all of Tokyo, but now additionally as the municipal government in former Tokyo City. The governor of Tokyo, previously chiji as in all prefectures, was now called chōkan ("head/chief" [often of a central government agency]) and tied even more closely to the Imperial government than the governors of other prefectures. He became a shinninkan (親任官), meaning he was appointed directly by the Emperor, in the same procedure as a member of the Cabinet, the governors of Chōsen/Korea or Taiwan/Formosa, or an Army General or Navy Admiral.

The "Metropolis" is not to be confused with the Tokyo metropolitan area which extends into prefectures other than Tokyo and, depending on definition, may or may not include all of the "Metropolis".

In 1944/45, the establishment of regional bureaus created new parallel local administrative structures, lacking even the limited control by elected assemblies that prefectures and municipalities featured. And on the local level, the pre-existing neighbourhood associations (see chōnaikai and Tonarigumi) had been tied into the totalitarian Yokusankai vision and were endowed with far-reaching authority to establish an authoritarian system of control reaching down even to individual citizens. But the war tide had turned, and soon, the occupation under Douglas MacArthur overturned the wartime centralization, and beyond that, introduced new far-reaching local autonomy rights for prefectures, municipalities and even citizens in the form of "direct demands" (chokusetsu seikyū: recalls, popular initiative referendums for prefectural/municipal by-laws [excluding taxation], petitions, etc.).

The title chōkan for the governor actually remained in place until 1947 when the Constitution and the Local Autonomy Law made Tokyo equal with other prefectures again and gave the residents of former Tokyo City (almost) the same rights as in other municipalities with the introduction of special wards. The 1947 Tokyo gubernatorial election, held in April 1947 as part of the 1947 unified local elections in Japan, was still held as Tōkyō-to chōkan senkyo, and the first elected governor (who had also been the penultimate appointed governor from 1946 to 1947) initially still took office as chōkan, but became chiji in May 1947.

title: Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)


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Q (disambiguation)

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet.

Q may also refer to:

People

 * Q (drag queen)
 * Q, pseudonym of Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, the Cornish writer
 * Q, pseudonym used by the originator of QAnon, an American far-right conspiracy theory
 * Q, pseudonym of Quentin Elias in his appearances in gay porn site Randy Blue
 * Q, stage name for Qurram Hussain of JoSH
 * Q, stage name for Q Marsden
 * Q, nickname for NBA assistant coach Bruce Fraser
 * Q, or Q Martel, nicknames of Giffard Le Quesne Martel
 * Q, nickname for Joel Quenneville
 * Q, nickname of Qaushiq Mukherjee, an Indian film director
 * Q, nickname of Quincy Jones
 * Q, nickname of American basketball player Quintin Dailey (1961–2010)
 * Q, nickname of former American football player Anquan Boldin
 * Q, main dancer and vocalist of South Korean boy band The Boyz
 * Maggie Q (born 1979), American actress
 * Schoolboy Q, rapper
 * Stacey Q, disco singer
 * Brian "Q" Quinn, member of the American comedy troupe The Tenderloins

Fictional entities

 * Q (James Bond), a character in the James Bond novels and films
 * Q (Star Trek), a character and the name of the character's species
 * Q (Street Fighter), a character from the video game series Street Fighter
 * Q, an amnesiac child from the video-game Zero Time Dilemma
 * Quinton "Q" Brooks, a character from the TV series Moesha
 * Ah Q, the main character in the novella The True Story of Ah Q
 * The Q, a character from the TV series The Lost Islands

Literature

 * Q (magazine), British music magazine
 * Q Awards, yearly music awards given by Q magazine
 * Q (novel), historical novel by Luther Blissett first published in Italian in 1999
 * Q source, also known as Q document, a hypothetical early Gospel writing (Bible)
 * "Q" Is for Quarry, the seventeenth novel in Sue Grafton's "Alphabet mystery" series, published in 2002

Music

 * Q (1970s band), an American disco group
 * SSQ (band), formerly Q, an American synth-pop band
 * Q (album), Japanese language album by Mr. Children, 2000
 * Q, jazz album by Tom Hasslan's Krokofant
 * "Q" (song), by Mental Cube (The Future Sound of London), 1990
 * "Q", a song by AAA, 2006

Networks, stations, and channels

 * Q (TV network), Philippine network previously known as Quality TeleVision (QTV)
 * ARY Qtv, a Pakistani television channel
 * Q Radio, a UK radio station run by Q magazine
 * Q Television Network, an American cable television network
 * Q TV, a UK music channel based on Q magazine
 * Q Channel, former names of BTV, an Indonesian television network

Other titled works

 * Q (1982 film), horror film written and directed by Larry Cohen (Also known as Q – The Winged Serpent)
 * Q (2011 film), French film
 * q (radio show), CBC Radio One show, formerly called Q
 * Q (TV series), Spike Milligan's BBC2 comedy series that ran between 1969 and 1983
 * Q, the production code for the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Space Museum

Business and government

 * Q (dairy), Norwegian dairy brand
 * Q clearance, United States Department of Energy security clearance
 * Q Score, in marketing, way to measure the familiarity of an item
 * Q Theatre, a theatre in London, England
 * Q-telecom, Greek operator
 * Motorola Q, smartphone released in 2006
 * Pentax Q, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera released in 2011
 * Tobin's q, a financial ratio developed by James Tobin

Computing and computer games

 * Amazon Q, AI–powered assistant released in 2023
 * Q (cipher), encryption algorithm
 * Q (emulator), open-source x86 emulator for Mac OS X
 * Q (equational programming language), functional programming language based on term rewriting
 * Q (game engine), 3D middleware from Qube Software
 * Q-learning, AI algorithm
 * Q (number format), fixed-point number format built into certain computer processors
 * Q (programming language from Kx Systems), array processing language
 * Q (software), a computer software package for molecular dynamics simulation
 * Q Sharp (Q#), domain-specific programming language
 * Q, a channel service in QuakeNet's IRC services
 * Panasonic Q, a hybrid video game console between a GameCube and a DVD player, manufactured by Nintendo and Panasonic
 * Q*, a rumored OpenAI project
 * Q Entertainment, developer of Rez HD and the Lumines and Meteos games
 * Q-Games, developer of the Pixel Junk series of PlayStation 3 games

Engineering

 * Q, the standard abbreviation for an electronic transistor, used e.g. in circuit diagrams
 * Q the first moment of area, used in calculating shear stress distributions
 * Q, the reactive power component of apparent power
 * Q Factor (bicycles), the width between where the pedals attach to the cranks
 * Q factor or Q in resonant systems, a measurement of the effect of resistance to oscillation

Linguistics

 * Voiceless uvular stop in the International Phonetic Alphabet
 * Abbreviation for Question

Mathematics

 * $$\mathbb{Q}$$ or Q, set of all rational numbers
 * Q, the Quaternion group
 * Q, Robinson arithmetic, a finitely axiomatized fragment of Peano Arithmetic
 * Q value in statistics, the minimum false discovery rate at which the test may be called significant

Biology and chemistry

 * Q, the symbol for discharge (hydrology)
 * q, an abbreviation for "every" in medicine
 * Q, abbreviation for the amino acid, glutamine
 * Q, abbreviation for quinone
 * q, designation for the long arm of a chromosome
 * Q, reaction quotient
 * Cardiac output (Q), the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
 * Coenzyme Q, a carrier in electron transport
 * Haplogroup Q (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
 * Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup
 * Q value (nuclear science), the differences of energies of the parent nuclides to the daughter nuclides

Physics and astronomy

 * Q or q, dynamic pressure
 * Max q
 * Q, electric charge
 * q, elementary charge
 * Q, Fusion energy gain factor
 * Q, heat
 * q, momentum transfer
 * Q, quasar
 * q, quecto-, a metric prefix of 10−30
 * Q, quetta-, a metric prefix of 1030
 * Q, Toomre's Stability Criterion
 * Q, volumetric flow rate
 * q, quark

Sports

 * Great Southern Bank Arena, formerly JQH Arena, a nickname for the arena on the campus of Missouri State University
 * Q (San Jose Earthquakes mascot), furry blue mascot of the Major League Soccer team San Jose Earthquakes
 * San Diego Stadium, later Qualcomm Stadium, a nickname for a stadium in San Diego, California
 * Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, often referred to as "The Q"
 * Q, a nickname for Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, Cleveland, Ohio; from the arena's previous name, Quicken Loans Arena

Transportation

 * Q (New York City Subway service)
 * Q-ship, converted merchant vessels with concealed armament intended to lure and destroy submarines
 * JRW kinki-Q.svg, the official West Japan Railway Company service symbol for the Kansai Line and Yamatoji Line.

Other uses

 * Q Society of Australia, right-wing, anti-Islamic political society
 * Q, a nickname for Chuluaqui-Quodoushka, a series of New Age sexual meditation exercises developed by Harley Reagan
 * Quintals, an archaic method of measuring crop yield, was often abbreviated as q
 * Quarter, as in "Q1", "Q2", "Q3" and "Q4", a three-month period in a calendar year
 * Q. texture, a Taiwanese term describing the ideal texture of many foods
 * Initiative Q, a new payment network and digital currency devised by Saar Wilf
 * Quebec, the military time zone code for UTC−04:00
 * Sky Q, a subscription-based television and entertainment service
 * The Q (nightclub), an LGBT nightclub in New York City

title: Q (disambiguation)


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Yngling

The Ynglings were a dynasty of kings, first in Sweden and later in Norway, primarily attested through the poem Ynglingatal. The dynasty also appears as Scylfings (Old Norse Skilfingar) in Beowulf. When Beowulf and Ynglingatal were composed sometime in the eighth to tenth centuries, their respective authors (scops and skalds) expected their audience to have a great deal of background information about these kings, which is shown in the allusiveness of the references.

According to sources such as Ynglingatal and Íslendingabók, the Fairhair dynasty in Oppland, Norway was in fact a branch of the Ynglings (here Yngling is explicitly used as the name of the dynasty). Saxo Grammaticus held that the Ynglings also included Eric the Victorious, who is usually the first king in modern regnal lists, and his descendants. However, this does not tally with Icelandic sources.

The dynasty claimed descent from the gods Freyr and Njörðr, and other kings were likely mythical as well, whereas others may have been real: especially Egil, Ottar, Ale and Adils that are mentioned in Beowulf as well as Nordic sources.

Names
In the Scandinavian sources they are the descendants of Yngvi-Frey of Vanaheim. Yngling means descendant of Frey, and in the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus they are called the sons of Frey. Several of these kings appear in Beowulf: Eadgils (Adils), Onela (Ale), and Ohthere (Ottar Vendelkråka), but here they are called Scylfings (see the Beowulf section below).

In his Skáldskaparmál the 13th-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson hints at a less divine origin for this dynasty: One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Land. In Ynglinga Saga, Snorri discusses marriages between Swedish and Finnish royal families. In the Skáldskaparmál section of Edda, he discusses King Halfdan the Old, Nór's great-grandson, and nine of his sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended".

According to the Orkneyinga Saga, Nór founded Norway. He was a direct descendant of Fornjótr, the King of "Gotland, Kvenland and Finnland". In traditional Scandinavian lineages we find Halfdan the Old as the Great-grandfather of Ragnvald Eysteinson Jarl of Møre, the father of Rollo, called Gengu-Hrolf in Norse sources, the Viking conqueror who founded Normandy, who Dudo of Saint-Quentin testifies took the name Robert after converting to Christianity. He is also known as Count Rou of Rouen, and is said to have been William the Conqueror's great-great-great-grandfather.

Hversu Noregr byggðist ('How Norway was founded') is a 14th-century account of the origin of various legendary Norwegian lineages. It too traces the descendants of the primeval Finnish ruler Fornjotr back through Nór and his siblings, Góí and Gór; Nór being here the eponym and first great king of Norway, and then gives details of the descendants of Nór and of his brother Gór in the following section known as the Ættartölur ('Genealogies', a.k.a. Fundinn Noregr, 'Founding of Norway'). The Hversu account is closely paralleled by the opening of the Orkneyinga saga.

The 'genealogies' also claim that many heroic families famed in Scandinavian tradition but not located in Norway were of a Finn-Kven stock, mostly sprung from Nór's great-grandson Halfdan the Old. Almost all the lineages sprung from Halfdan are then shown to reconvert in the person of Harald Fairhair, the first king of "all Norway". This information can be confirmed in other sources.

The 'Ættartölur' account ends to a genealogy of Harald's royal descendants down to Olaf IV of Norway with the statement that the account was written in 1387, and with a list of the kings of Norway from this Olaf back to Harald Fair-hair.

Another origin for the name skilfing is possible: Snorri described Erik and Alrik, the sons of Skjalf to be the de facto ancestors of this Norse clan.

 * The kings who resided at Upsal had been the supreme chiefs over the whole Swedish dominions until the death of Agne, when, as before related, the kingdom came to be divided between brothers (Alrek and Erik). After that time the dominions and kingly powers were spread among the branches of the family as these increased; but some kings cleared great tracts of forest-land, and settled them, and thereby increased their domains.

From Sweden to Norway
According to Snorri Sturluson, the dynasty led the settlement of the Swedish provinces and established themselves as the kings of its provinces, accepting the overlordship of the Swedish king at Uppsala, until the dynasty all but exterminated itself with Ingjald Ill-Ruler and his downfall. A survivor Olof Trätälja was the ancestor of the Norwegian branch.

Remaining in Sweden
However, both Snorri (as in the earlier quote) and Saxo described the clan as remaining in Sweden after this date.

Saxo on the Battle of Bråvalla (ca 750):
 * Now the bravest of the Swedes were these: Arwakki, Keklu-Karl (Kelke-Karl), Krok the Peasant, (from Akr), Gudfast and Gummi from Gislamark. These were kindred of the god Frey, and most faithful witnesses to the gods. Ingi (Yngwe) also, and Oly, Alver, Folki, all sons of Elrik (Alrek), embraced the service of Sigurd Hring; they were men ready of hand, quick in counsel, and very close friends of Ring. They likewise held the god Frey to be the founder of their race. Amongst these from the town of Sigtun (Old Sigtuna) also came Sigmund, a champion advocate, versed in making contracts of sale and purchase; besides him Frosti surnamed Bowl: allied with him was Alf the Lofty (Erect?spear-thrower?) from the district of Upsala (Old Uppsala); this man was a swift spear-thrower, and used to go in the front of the battle.

Moreover, both in Icelandic sources and in the Gesta Danorum, King Sigurd Hring would become the ancestor of the houses of Ragnar Lodbrok and would thus be the semi-legendary ancestor of the House of Munsö through Björn Ironside, and the Danish royal house through Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye. Ragnar's eldest son Ivar the Boneless was the leader of the Great Heathen Army and appears to have been the founder of the Uí Ímair dynasty of the Kingdom of York and Kingdom of Dublin, and by extension the Crovan Dynasty of the Kings of Mann.

The family tree
This is the mythic Yngling family tree based on Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Beowulf and other Old Norse sources. The names of Swedish kings are shown in bold.

The name Scylfing
In Old English several kings who are generally identified as Ynglings are called Scylfings. The genealogy is given as:

Ohthere (Ottar) also occurs as the father of Aedgils (Adils) in Ynglingatal. There Skilfing (Skilfingr) appears as a synonym of Yngling, in a line on Egil, the father of Ottar, so that Ongentheow is considered identical to Egil.

Likewise in the Skáldskaparmál the Scylfings are described as an eastern family and East King was a conventional kenning for a Swedish king.

However, in the Ættartolur, (the genealogies attached to Hversu Noregr byggdist), the Skilfings are of Norwegian origin and include a family identified as Skjöldungs. In the eddic poem Grímnismál (stanza 55), Skilfing appears as one of Odin's names, the information there also appearing in the Gylfaginning..

Beowulf
In the Old English poem Beowulf, the word Scylfing occurs twice in the singular and twice in the plural. For alliterative purposes the name could be extended, such as the form Heathoscylfing 'Battle-Scylfing', which occurs once in the singular and twice in the plural. A Scylfing whose name is partly missing but ends in -ela married the sister of Hrothgar and Halga. Specifically identified as Scylfings are Ongentheow, king of Sweden, and by extension his subject Wiglaf son of Weohstan. Wiglaf and Weohstan belonged to the family of the Wægmundings to which Beowulf and his father Ecgtheow also belonged. Another extended form is helm Scylfinga. This literally means 'Scylfings'-helmet'; it is a kenning meaning both "ruler of the Scylfings" and "protector of the Scylfings". The Beowulf poet uses it to refer to Ongentheow's son Onela.

From the Hyndluljóð
The eddic poem Hyndluljóð, in stanza 16 speaks of descendants of an ancient king named Halfdan the Old: Hence come the Skjöldungs, hence the Skilfings,

Hence the Ödlings [Ǫðlingar], hence the Ylfings, ...

From the Skáldskaparmál
In the Skáldskaparmál, Snorri Sturluson speaks of the second group of nine sons of Halfdan the Old, from whom many families of legend descend, one of these sons being Yngvi, purported ancestor of the Yngling lineage. But neither Skylfings or Skjöldungs are specifically derived from these sons. Snorri continues with examples of famous descendants of three of those lineages, followed by: "Of the house of the Ylfings was Eirík the Eloquent (Eiríkr inn málspaki)." But Ylfings have not been previously mentioned. Then follows the names of four ancestors of four lineages not descended from Halfdan, which include Yngvi and the Ynglings a second time. There is obvious confusion or corruption in this passage or its source. The fourth lineage is identified: "One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region." A connection with the east might mean a connection to Sweden, but the vagueness of expression suggests Snorri knows no more about these Skilfings than he has written.

Snorri also gives Skilfing as a kenning for "king" and it appears as a kenning for "sword" in the thulur found in some versions of the Skáldkskaparmál.

From the Ættartǫlur
The Ættartǫlur connected to Hversu Noregr byggdist are a longer variant of the genealogical passages in the Skáldskaparmál, also speaking of Halfdan the Old and lineages descended from him and of other notable lineages, but in much greater detail. In this list of the sons of Halfdan, Yngvi the ancestor of the Ynglings is missing and Skelfir the ancestor of the Skilfings appears in his place. This might be a remembrance of an earlier identity or connection of the Swedish Ynglings and the Swedish Scylfings in Beowulf. But nothing in the following genealogy is necessarily Swedish though possible Swedish parallels do appear, particular the names Alrek and Eirík as discussed below.

There are many oddities in this account.

It claims Skelfir was king of Vörs (Vǫrs), modern Voss in northern Hordaland in southwestern Norway, but Halfdan's inheritance was in southeastern Norway.

Skelfir was the father of Skjöld (Skjǫldr). The account ends by saying that lineage of Skelfir was called the Skilfing lineage or the Skjöldung lineage, seemingly identifying the two. But Skjöldungs are normally the legendary royal family of the rulers of Denmark and no connection with Denmark is made here. Indeed, the Ættartǫlur later twice gives a quite different list of descendants of the Danish Skjöld who is there made a son of Odin as commonly in Norse texts. Skjöld as son of Skelfir might be related to English traditions of Scyld being a son or descendant of Sceafa (as discussed under Sceafa), though here too (at least in Beowulf) the connection is to Danish matters, not to Norway.

This Norwegian Skjöld, ancestor of the Norwegian Skjöldungs, is father of Eirík, father of Alrek (Alrekr), father of Eirík the Eloquent, whom the Skáldskaparmál presented as an Ylfing. These two mentions are the only occurrences of Eirík the Eloquent in Norse texts. But what seems to be the same figure appears prominently in book 5 of Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum as Ericus disertus. This Ericus disertus is indeed a Norwegian, but his father is not named Alrek but rather Regnerus pugilex, that is Ragnar the Champion. The Gesta Danorum then somewhat forcibly identifies Ericus disertus with Eirík, a legendary king of Sweden, a king who in the Ynglinga saga and elsewhere has an elder brother (rather than a father) named Alrek. See Alrek and Eirík for details.

In the Ynglinga saga the mother of the Swedish kings Alrek and Eirík is named Skjálf, which might also be an eponym for Skilfing.

Returning to the Ættartǫlur, there Eirík the Eloquent is father of Alrek, father of Víkar (Víkarr), father of Vatnar. This Víkar is the famous Víkar, king of Hördaland, who was sacrificed to Odin by Starkad. The chain of descent from Alrek to Víkar to Vatnar is also found in Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka ('The saga of Hálf and his heroes'). However Gautreks saga gives an entirely different ancestry and different descendants to Víkar. See Víkar for details.

This genealogy may have been based on attempts to ascribe a Norwegian origin to both Swedish Scylfings and Danish Skjöldungs and also be related to Saxo's account of the Norwegian Ericus desertus. If so, as it stands, it has been edited to remove material that would obviously conflict with the standard genealogies of the Skjöldungs and Ynglings which also appear in the Ættartǫlur.

Variant spellings
Other anglicized spellings: Eirík: Eirik ; Eirík the Eloquent: Eirik the Eloquent, Eiríkr the Wise in Speech ; Halfdan the Old: Hálfdan the Old ; Skjöld: Skjold, Skiold, Scyld ; Starkad: Starkath ; Víkar: Vikar ; Vörs: Vor.

title: Yngling


text:
Light machine gun

A light machine gun (LMG) is a light-weight machine gun designed to be operated by a single infantryman, with or without an assistant, as an infantry support weapon. LMGs firing cartridges of the same caliber as the other riflemen of the same combat unit are often referred to as squad automatic weapons.

Characteristics
While early light machine guns fired full-powered rifle cartridges, modern light machine guns often fire smaller-caliber rifle cartridges than medium machine guns – generally the same intermediate cartridge fired by a service's standard assault rifle – and are usually lighter and more compact. Some LMGs, such as the Russian RPK, are modifications of existing designs and designed to share the same ammunition. Adaptations to the original rifle generally include a larger magazine, a heavier barrel to resist overheating, a more robust mechanism to support sustained fire and a bipod.

A light machine gun is also defined by its usage as well as its specifications: some machine guns – notably general-purpose machine guns – may be deployed either as a light machine gun or a medium machine gun. Deployed on a tripod and used for sustained fire, it is a medium machine gun; if deployed with a bipod with the operator in a prone position and firing short bursts, it is a light machine gun.

Light machine guns are also designed to be fired from the hip or on the move as a form of suppressive fire intended to pin down the enemy. Marching fire is a specific tactic that relies on this capability.

Lighter modern LMGs have enabled them to be issued down at the fireteam level, with two or three at the section/squad level.

Ammunition feed
Many light machine guns (such as the Bren gun or the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle) were magazine-fed. Others, such as the Hotchkiss M1922, could be fed either from a belt/strip or from a box magazine. Modern light machine guns are designed to fire smaller caliber rounds and, as such, tend to be belt-fed (from a container attached to the gun) or from a detachable high-capacity drum magazine, but some, such as the FN Minimi, will also accept standard rifle magazine feeding as an auxiliary measure when belted ammunition has been exhausted.

History
In 1903, French military theorists noticed that the heavy machine guns of the day were of little use in infantry assaults. They determined that "the machine gun must learn to walk". They researched the possibility of a light machine gun which could be carried by troops. A marching fire tactic was theorised, using incidental suppressive fire, with the advancing troops considered a deadlier threat than the un-aimed bullets, causing the enemy to fall back. The prototype guns were not approved for production, and none were in service when World War I began. The French quickly brought the prototypes to mass production to boost the firepower of advancing infantry.

By the end of World War II, light machine guns were usually being issued on a scale of one per fire team or squad, and the modern infantry squad had emerged with tactics that were built around the use of the LMG to provide suppressive fire.

Selected examples

The following were either exclusively light machine guns, had a light machine gun variant or were employed in the light machine gun role with certain adaptations.

title: Light machine gun


text:
Talk:Weak topology

Untitled
Quick question: is there any reason for the author(s) of the subsection "Weak-* convergence" to switch back and forth between \phi and \varphi? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:638:502:A006:213:72FF:FE9F:2852 (talk) 11:25, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

Should we glue it with Finer topology?

Tosha 15:08, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. Weaker topology isn't the same as weak topology, which is often used with the specific meaning given in the current article. Lupin 23:26, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Weak star topology
The current definition of the weak star topology is wrong. If $$X$$ is a reflexive space, then $$T:X\to X^{**}$$ is an isometric isomorphism an the initial topology with respect to it therefore produces the norm topology on $$X$$.

I know the terminology "weak-*-topology" only in cases where $$X$$ is a priori a function space and so the topology of pointwise convergence is meant. If there really is a general definition of "weak star topology" for non-reflexive spaces, then someone should write it in this section. If there isn't and all we have is the case of function spaces, then the section should be replaced by a diskussion of pointwise convergence (meaning: delete the false definition and only use the following section). 78.53.90.64 (talk) 19:33, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Weak topology vs. initial topology
The first paragraph defines the weak topology as
 * In mathematics, the weak topology on a set, with respect to a collection of functions from that set into topological spaces, is the weakest (that is, smallest or coarsest) topology on the set which makes all the functions continuous.

Is this a mistake or do some people really refer to the initial topology as the weak topology ? In particular strong topology, the opposite of weak topology, is not equivalent to final topology which makes this usage somewhat strange for me. MathMartin 13:03, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The term weak topology is certainly used in this sense. But there's no need to duplicate the definition of initial topology in this article, so I've modified the introduction to direct readers to the initial topology article instead. --Zundark 08:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

If the weak topology and the initial topology are the same thing, the correct solution is not to delete the redundant information from this article in favor of making the reader follow a link to read another article about the same thing. The correct solution is to merge the two articles. For now, I think the article suffers for clarity by not mentioning what exactly the weak topology "does". A brief definition of terms which may not be known is usual, even if that information is duplicated in that term's article. -Lethe | Talk 19:23, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I see now that the information about what the weak topology does is still made clear in the second paragraph. I retract my complaint about the removal of that information.  We don't need it twice in the same article, right? -Lethe | Talk 19:26, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, there's no reason to have it twice. Merging the articles is not a good idea, since they are about different things: the weak topology article is about the weak topology of a normed vector space and the weak* topology of its dual, while the initial topology article is about the general concept of initial topologies. --Zundark 20:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * They're not really different things though, are they? The same thing in two different contexts, one general, one specific.  -Lethe | Talk 18:19, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but product topology and subspace topology are also specific examples of initial topology. Merging them all into a single article wouldn't be very helpful. --Zundark 18:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

The term weak topology is used in a wider context than that of functional analysis to mean the initial topology. I think the correct thing to do is to redirect weak topology to initial topology (since the terms are supposed to be synonymous) and rename this page to weak topology (functional analysis) or something similiar. -- Fropuff 15:22, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

 * But the functional analysis meaning is the usual one, so redirecting it to some other article doesn't make much sense. --Zundark 18:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Depends on who you are; to a topologist the topological meaning is probably the usual one. When there is more than one context for a specific title, it seems appropriate to link to the most general context applicable. We can put a note at the top of the initial topology page pointing here for purposes of disambiguation. -- Fropuff 18:55, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

I think there is some confusion. The strong topology as used in functional analysis is not a final topology. It is my understanding that the strong topology on a normed vector space X (or locally convex space) is the strongest topology on X to make a set of functions X→R (a linear subspace of the algebraic dual) continuous. Whereas the final topology on X is the finest topology to make a set of functions into X continuous. Thus although weak topology is an example of initial topology, strong topology is not an example of final topology.

 * "is the strongest topology on X to make a set of functions X→R... continuous."
 * Wouldn't that be the discrete topology? Silly rabbit 21:13, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Weak topology (on a normed vector space) is just a simple example of the more general concept of weak topology (polar topology) on locally convex vector spaces (or dual pairs).

The article weak topology is ok for the moment and should remain at this level of abstraction, as many people (e.g. physicists) need only this watered down version, so it deserves its own article. I propose the following renaming

 * weak topology -> weak topology (normed vector space) (example of weak topology)
 * weak topology (polar topology) -> weak topology (example of initial topology)

Perhaps weak topology (polar topology) should not be renamed and we could put a disambiguation article at weak topology. Similar considerations apply to strong topology. MathMartin 19:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Some topology textbooks (such as the book by Willard) use strong topology to mean final topology. In functional analysis, as you say, the meaning is different. Perhaps both, weak topology and strong topology should be disambiguation pages. -- Fropuff 20:30, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

What I'm about to say has been alluded to many times above, but with insufficient force. In topology and analysis, strong and weak do not merely mean different things, but opposite things, and the article should really reflect that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.221.121.69 (talk) 05:08, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This may only serve to complicate matters, but the strong operator topology is actually an example of an initial topology, which some call a weak topology. Given the variety of meanings "weak topology" can take, I'd be in favour of disambiguating it, as with strong topology. It would also make lesser know weak topologies, such as the ultraweak topology easier to find. James pic (talk) 15:05, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Given the variety of meanings and the potential for confusion I think a disambiguation page would really be best here. -- Fropuff (talk) 16:40, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Bounded weak topology
Bounded weak topology is described in German wikipedia:. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 21:01, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

On the use of the term "strong topology"
This article calls "strong topology" to what I think it should be called "norm topology", since "strong topology" has a different meaning for spaces of operators between normed spaces, which are of course normed spaces themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.92.4.4 (talk) 17:20, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Exceptionally bad article
There is a false belief about Wikipedia mathematics articles, namely that as long as they are not mathematically incorrect, that is the only criterion for being "good".

No. It is essential that they explain their subject matter the way you would explain it to a friend who wants to learn about the subject.

Any article that delves into the mathematical formalism of the weak topology without stating what the open sets of this topology are, or at least a base for the open sets, or at the very least a subbase for the topology, is a truly bad article.

I have trouble understanding how anyone could imagine writing such an article without about a topology without stating at least a subbase for the open sets.

Not far, far down in the article, but right where the topology is first described. 2601:200:C000:1A0:55C0:140D:2395:B94 (talk) 23:08, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

About the "topology of uniform convergence"
I consider that this expression is misleading, since for the topology derived from the usual norm of continuous linear maps between normed spaces, convergence does not mean uniform convergence on the whole space but only on the unit ball - because in the formula for the norm, the supremum is taken on this ball. May-be one could accept this expression due to the fact that uniform convergence on the whole space would mean for linear maps the same as with discrete topology. But a warning seems to be needed. Moreover this still could create confusion in contexts where also non linear maps are discussed ... UKe-CH (talk) 10:25, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

"Weak compactness" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_compactness&redirect=no Weak compactness] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 20:51, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weak topology


text:
Talk:Comparison of topologies

Should we glue it with Weak topology?

Tosha 15:08, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think it is more useful to keep weak topology separate.

Charles Matthews 15:52, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Article move and rewrite
Hasn't the rewrite made this harder to understand, for non-experts? Charles Matthews 14:02, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Probably. On a another note: I was thinking that lattice of topologies would be a better name for this page. Comparison of topologies is a little vague. No one is going to search for comparison of topologies, whereas lattice of topologies can be found in the index of numerous topology books. I meant to move it awhile ago (when it was still at finer topology), but forgot. -- Fropuff 14:06, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC)

 * Hmmm - maybe a fresh page for that? Plenty of people need the 'finer'/'coarser' concepts. I can't say I have ever worried about the whole lattice of topologies; it's getting pretty abstract by that stage? Charles Matthews 14:41, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My main aim (besides moving the article to Comparison of topologies) was to use the subset inclusion symbol ($$\subseteq$$) which I find very intuitive in this context, but my explanation was too brief. I had a second try. What do you think now ?

I copied the name comparison of topologies from the English translation of Bourbaki's topology book. Lattice of topologies is definitely better but perhaps a bit too abstract.MathMartin 14:44, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, the big Soviet encyclopedia calls this Comparison of topologies too. Charles Matthews 10:57, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

edited "Properties"
I switched "tau 1" and "tau 2" in the "Properties" section. Please verify that it is correct.

I was ecstatic when I found these mathematics pages. Thanks a million!

Lingji

 * Your edit made the statement correct. Thanks for fixing. MathMartin 07:23, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Wrong sentence
The second sentence is wrong:

"A topology on a set may be defined as the collection of subsets which are considered to be "open". An alternative definition is that it is the collection of subsets which are considered "closed"."

The collection of closed sets of a topological space X is certainly an *equivalent* way to define the topology on X. But it is not an alternative definition.

The word "topology" always means the collection of open sets. Then if you want to define the topology on a set by means of the closed sets, that works fine.

But do not redefine the word "topology".2600:1700:E1C0:F340:C6E:324D:7979:1739 (talk) 23:00, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparison of topologies


text:
Talk:Q

2006 thread
Why not leave the explications of the Q as symbol here? A disambiguation page is for something else. -- User:Docu

I suggest we keep the disambiguation page, but also include the various uses of the letter here, consistent with the other letters. Afterall, the disambiguation page isn't really necessarily ment to be read. -- User:Docu

Does anyone know why Q is always followed by U? Whose idea was it?

Seriously, what's up with that?Cameron Nedland 01:27, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The Romans came up with that one ni ez naiz aldatuko 01:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * And it is not always followed by U, see Iraq, Iraqi (i.e. Arabic place names [etc.] may retain Q from Latin transliteration to English spelling.) ni ez naiz aldatuko 01:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe the Romans actually put a V after the Q, arguably representing the union of male and female pudenda (see also quim). Clearly I wasn't sufficiently close by to speak with any authority on this point, and an hypothesis involving some Egyptianesque or post-Egyptian god and his/her concomitant worship is equally irresistible (see | Qaw or qoph? below). Perhaps they were put together because, if left to nature, they were found to keep avoiding each other's company (as in Iraq and Al Qaeda).

 * '''V was the Roman for both "u" and "v". "Qu" combo was taken from the French language, and was actually written as "cw" in Anglo-Saxon English, before the langauage was influenced by French.  As a side note, I personally think English should scrap the letter Q, and its "qu" combination, all together.  We have a prefectly adequate C that we can use.  Queen - Cween, Quick - Cwick.  Looks a lot better to me, looks more English to me!  SKC

 * I'll just a leave a reply here since I like this nice piece: "cw" vs "qu". 81.89.66.133 (talk) 06:38, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

"Spelling" of Q
Its name in English is cue, occasionally spelled cu.

WHAT? I have never experienced this in my life, as a native English speaker and self-proclaimed "Count of Correctness Affairs™". But seriously, this is not even in my dictionary. I would never recognize "cue" to mean the letter Q, I would think it meant a pool cue, or that it was a misspelling of queue. And "cu" ? I have nothing more to say about this, I think this needs a citation.ni ez naiz aldatuko 01:52, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have found the meaning of "cue" as the letter q in several dictionaries, so I presume it is correct. Of course, the spelling of the letter using the word for the letter is so rare that people don't always recognize it. I am doubtful of the spelling "cu" however; I could not find this in any dictionary I have (and it's not even in the Scrabble word list!)  SCH ZMO  ✍ 02:10, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

"cue" is unambiguously pronounced /kju/, the same as the name of Q. That's the standard spelling I've always seen (in Washington/California). "cu" looks like /ku/ to me, and I have never seen it in reference to Q. British/American dialects also come into play, in that words like "coupon" that are pronounced /kju/ in Britian are pronounced /ku/ in America. So perhaps "cu" is recognizable to those who say /kjupan/. Notice "barbecue" <-> "bar-b-q". But the recognition is mainly one-way. Just the word "cue" alone would not necessarily connote Q unless the context was letters. Sluggoster (talk) 21:03, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The OED goes into detail about the various spellings: "cu", "q", "qu", "que", "kue", "kewe", and "cue". All except "cue" are long obsolete, and I'll change the article to reflect that . --Milkbreath (talk) 12:05, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Sluggoster, "cue" pronounced phonetically would be "kweh". Still, I'll accept that's how Q is spelt. Mnealon (talk) 13:36, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Really, it’s the pronunciation of q, a letter cannot be spelled. Ma nam is geoffrey (talk) 12:09, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Concerning the pronunciation of q and the spelling of the word queue
I find it very disturbing that many English speakers believe the 'regular' pronunciation of the letter q is [kw]. Could anyone enlighten me as to how anyone can make stupid assumptions like that.

Also, I find the fact that, the word queue [kju:] is spelt so, very odd. How could it have ever come about? I know that the vowel shifts (particularly the GVS) wrecked the English language but I didn't realise that they did that much damage.

 * The reason that it is considered the "regular" pronounciation is because that is how it is pronounced in English - in the same way that a speaker of Maltese would consider the "regular" pronounciation of the letter "q" to be [ʔ] (a glottal stop). I don't think it's stupid, just naive. Mo-Al 01:22, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, [kw] is the regular pronunciation of the digraph qu, not of the letter q, even in English. In no language that I have heard of is q by itself pronounced [kw].  --platypeanArchcow 01:49, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. Q on its own is [k] 76.157.162.44 (talk) 02:04, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

"queue" is a French loan word, meaning "tail".
 * and the French spelling is parsed like so: qu-eu-e = /k/-/ø/-(silent). In English, the /ø/ became assimilated as /ju/.  --platypeanArchcow 01:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

It's not "stupid". It's just the fact that kids are taught that Q occurs only before U and is pronounced /kw/. This is true for all Anglo-Saxon words, which are the most-used words in the language. The exceptions come from French, Spanish, or languages with non-Latin alphabets (Arabic, Chinese). People are so used to saying /kw/ that they unconsciously say it before unfamiliar words containing Q + vowel, or /kwə/ before Q + consonant. Sluggoster (talk) 21:03, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * You won't find Q not followed by U in Spanish. --LjL (talk) 20:20, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Not prononuced /kw/ though. Sluggoster (talk) 21:03, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

It would be nice if one of you oh so knowledgeable pedantic elitists would actually explain the right answer, instead of just claiming that others are wrong for the answers they give. I've never seen a q not followed by a u in my langauge, I don't know what it would sound like. I'm not unintelligent, noncreative, or imperceptive, it's just literally never been relevant to my life until this moment. I would argue that learning and professing useless information as proper is more naive than taking a practical approach to life. Are you naive for not understanding the nuances of computer architecture that you've never directly interfaced with? No, even though you rely on it way more than I rely on this particular understanding of English. So how about you guys stop being jerks and start actually trying to spread information, if you're so concerned with the truth? What does 'q' sound like then?

The Slash of the Q
Could someone tell me the name of the slash of the upper case "Q" ? 65.190.135.130 01:14, 1 August 2006 (UTC)Maria

 * Not with ultimate authority, but in view of my recent 'qoph' point below, 'tail' springs inevitably to mind, does it not? As do 'ray,' 'light,' 'heat,' 'energy,' 'love,' 'praise/prayer/worship,' and 'neck' in the circumstances(?). Does anyone else concern themselves with such details? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.216 (talk) 15:32, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Henry. --194.98.58.121 (talk) 12:56, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Scottish surnames?
Where does the "qu" come from in names like "Farquhar" and "Colquhoun"? --platypeanArchcow 01:43, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A Normanesque anglicisation of the original Gaelic, e.g., Farrcar. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.215 (talk) 23:51, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Sign Language
I think that we should put in a picture of the letter Q in Sign Language, does anybdoy agree with me?--67.174.128.249

 * That suggestion seems to have fallen on deaf ears.

 * HAHA!!! ↑ That is funny as ya like!!! HAHA!!!  Nice one.  SKC

 * I think it's been done now. Keith Galveston (talk) 00:09, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Qaw or qoph?
According to Roy Feinson ('The Secret Universe of Names'), 'In the Semitic languages, the letter Q is called qoph (monkey).' Also, I can find no support for the 'qaw (cord of wool)' hypothesis in the Egyptian hieroglyphs entry, which rather seems to link Q, if anything, to the sun and q to 'god.'

Meanwhile, a connection to Latin caput, 'head,' seems irresistible(?). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.216 (talk) 15:26, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

 * The Egyptians had represented the sound /q/ with  but the Semites chose an entirely different glyph to represent this same sound, and it is conjectured by those who have studied Middle Bronze Age alphabets that the hieroglyph that became q was   (cord) or something similar, and was chosen because of a Semitic word for cord that started with this sound, qaw.  Of course, the name has become Qoph or something similar in the modern Semitic languages.  Anyway, we have to stick to sources and not engage in our own speculations here. ፈቃደ (ውይይት) 16:24, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Without wishing to 'engage in our own speculations here,' a blind participant can see that altho 'the Semites chose an entirely different glyph to represent this same sound,' the glyphs they used distinctly resembled distinctly different Egyptian hieroglyphs, as one might perhaps expect given the difference of language; namely,
 * 'sun' and
 * 'god.' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.216 (talk) 16:39, 5 February 2007 (UTC).
 * 'god.' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.216 (talk) 16:39, 5 February 2007 (UTC).
 * 'god.' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.100.250.216 (talk) 16:39, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

I don't have it infront of me but my recollection is that teh random house dictionary's history of the letter Q at the beginning fo that section, traced it to the eqyptian for monkey. Though my personal intrest lies only in continuing to share the triviq that teh letter Q is an image of a monkey's ass.

Why it is rare
Yes, Q is a rare letter, but I don't think you can say it is rare just because it needs to go with a u most of the time. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.75.180.31 (talk) 17:31, 10 February 2007 (UTC). The letter "Q" is indeed, quite rare. In fact, it only comes up (on a Q search in Google.com) only 993,000,000 times. One more thing, the online community seems to be starting to incorporate the letter Q into their vocabulary. (I hope I don't get bashed for entering this in...) There are such diverse words like "Fuq", "Qrap", and any others that use a 'K--' sound. Most of these are to prevent themselves of getting booted/banned from servers during online video games that use an automated language service. (First, you get warned. Then, you get booted. Finally, you use the alphabet in ways it probably shouldn't be used...) Oneevilchef 19:35, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

It's rare because it occurs less commonly in English text than any letter except Z. That's why it's placed in the far corner of the keyboard. The U requirement is a large part of that, plus the fact that C and K are the preferred forms for /k/, and there's no other need for Q. Sluggoster (talk) 21:03, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Q in Chinese words
In Pinyin, why does "Q" make a ch sound? This violates the English language, for "Q" is supposed to make a k sound. Would it not be more correct to spell "Qin" as "Chin"?--71.108.53.234 23:54, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Because  is already in use for /t͡ʂʰ/ 66.87.124.184 (talk) 20:19, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

 * It doesn't violate the English language, because it is not. It is romanized Mandarin. Different languages use the same letter to represent different sound, just as why French use "ch" to represent [ʃ] rather than [tʃ] as in English. In Albanian, it represents the voiceless palatal plosive, which I guess would sound pretty much alike to "ch" in English. And also, Mandarin "q" is not identical to English "ch", and pinyin already has a "ch", which stands for the retroflex sound.

 * In my personal opinion, I'd agree it is unfortunate that they should choose such a counterintuitive spelling convention: in most other writing/transliteration systems "q" represents a velar or uvular sound. If I were to create a romanization system I would'nt use that symbol at all. Still, it hard to say if one romanization system is "more correct" than the other: the present system has the advantage of clearly distinguishing all the consonants. This is how I understand this matter. For more information, you can check out the article pinyin. Keith Galveston (talk) 00:08, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

The Chinese government chose it. It also commandeered C, J, R, X, Z, and ZH for sounds different than the usual Latin assignments. The problem is that English speakers don't know what these rules are or even that they exist. We assume they're pronounced in the normal Latin manner because that's what transliterations are supposed to be. We're use to CH as /ʃ/ in Chicago. The Vietnamese alphabet is based on Portuguese, so Thu and Ghi and Ng do what you expect. We can't do Vietnamese tone diatrics, but our intuitive pronunciation is in the ballpark. Pinyin violated these conventions in order to stick to English letters which are universal on keyboards and fonts. I don't see why English can't respell these words to match our conventions. Turkish and Hungarian have native Latin alphabets so there's a reason to stick to their spelling, plus their assignments are close to the Latin standards. Pinyin is not the everyday Chinese alphabet, and the Pinyin assignments violate both Latin conventions and linguists' usage (which gave us Q in Tariq). So I don't see why we can't respell assimilated Chinese words like we do for Russian. Sluggoster (talk) 21:03, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

It was necessary to have these irregularities in Pinyin. In Chinese there are more consonant sounds than there are in most other languages. There is a whole spectrum of sounds from j-ch-ts that simply don't fit in a Latin alphabet. Q sounds like ch to non Chinese speakers but to Chinese speakers they are distinct consonants. Zh and j sound similar too but are distinct. As with x and sh or z and c. Mnealon (talk) 13:51, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

What was wrong with my edit?
Not everyone can read pronouncion accents. It's no trouble at all, I just am curious about what's wrong with my previous edit. 82.148.70.2 (talk) 12:26, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

I nominate the letter Q for speedy deletion
Most useless letter ever. Alloverme (talk) 09:10, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * You cannot nominate the letter Q for speedy deletion because it is one of the letters of the alphabet and it is very important. CPGirlAJ (talk) 19:52, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And you are hereby banished forever from the Q-Continuum" 173.209.109.16 (talk) 06:39, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

Possible Vandalism in History?
I don't know what to make of this: ''It was Q that created the world. His single mind is what binds everything in the world together (similar to the Jedi religeon, two branches of the same tree)'' Shan't we delete this?

But I like the idea that the Star Trek "Q" (where this might come from) is responsible for a "vandalism in history" : ) --Dtschenz (talk) 18:09, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Explanation of Pinyin Pronunciation
''In Chinese Hanyu Pinyin, 'q' is used to represent the sound [tɕʰ], which is close to English 'ch' in "cheese", but pronounced further toward the front of the mouth.

Isn't [tɕʰ] alveolo-palatal? The article on alveolo-palatal consonants describe them as palatalized palato-alveolars, and English 'ch' or [tʃʰ] is a palato-alveolar. Palatalizing it would make it go further back in the mouth, wouldn't it? 76.18.160.47 (talk) 20:00, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

Your tongue should almost touch the back of your front teeth for q. It's a lighter ch sound, like a cross between tsh and ch. For ch your tongue should be further back like in "church". Mnealon (talk) 13:56, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Useless fact
What is the point of this statement: "It is the only letter not included in the name of any US state"? This is so very stupid and ridiculous, it makes me want to never read Wikipedia again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.246.235.187 (talk) 04:22, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's no use, I'm deleting it. No encyclopedia I've seen would dump little trivia around like that. Hill Crest's WikiLaser! (BOOM!) 18:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Moreover, it's a "WP:OR" if not supplemented with a ref'. 81.89.66.133 (talk) 06:40, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Phonemic and phonetic values
To do: 77.179.17.231 (talk) 01:21, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Salishan languages, Greenlandic? languages, Arabic.
 * distinguish phonemic values from phonetic values

ʒ
There being nothing I can find about the use of Q as /ʒ] in some "International Latin Alphabet" (apart from Tobias Conradi's invention, see ), I am deleting that from the table. -- Evertype·✆ 20:51, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

Q slash on the left
In the English town of Penrith in Cumbria there are a few old possibly 19th century street signs where the slash or tail on the letter Q on the left rather than the more conventional right was this a common practice of the time if it was then maybe it should be added to the article but I suspect it may be a mistake by the possibly not very well educated sign makers. Penrithguy (talk) 13:38, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Fijian "Q"
I believe there to be an error in the table, based on Fijian language. However, since this page─ like most letters of the alphabet─ is protected, I cannot edit it. currently it says that $⟨Q⟩$ in Fijian is used for the phoneme "", that is with a nasal release (and linking to the ) but based on the corresponding section of the table in the "Οrthοgraphy" seϲtiοn of the article οn Fijian, and what seems to make more sense here, I believe it is actually used to represent the prenasalised stop. Even though this is a relatively minor change, only correcting an easy-to-make transcription error so it links to the appropriate article, I am not allowed to make it because I currently cannot edit this article.

Could somebody please change this for me? Thank you very much.

Sincerely, A fellow Wikipedian (2600:6C44:237F:ACCB:10D1:BD3:D4DB:B978 (talk) 23:10, 7 May 2021 (UTC))
 * Corrected. Burzuchius (talk) 09:15, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Needs a cursive "Q"
The article needs a cursive "Q" - not the Americanized "q", but the calligraphic "Q". Quick hint: I am referring to the variant of capital "Q" that looks like a digit "2". 81.89.66.133 (talk) 06:42, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Clarification
"⟨q⟩ has a wide variety of other pronunciations in some European languages and in non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet." Which pronounciations are you talking about? As far as I know, I'm an English speaker and I know a little Spanish and Q sounds the same in both languages. Q sounds the same in Spanish, French, then Italian, etc. Then there are languages that don't use the same script as English does? Without evidence, I don't know weather that claim is correct or not. 76.157.162.44 (talk) 02:12, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Q


text:
Baron Bellew

Baron Bellew, of Barmeath in the County of Louth, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 17 July 1848 for Sir Patrick Bellew, 7th Baronet, who had previously represented Louth in the House of Commons as a Whig and also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Louth. His grandson, the third Baron, was also Lord Lieutenant of County Louth and sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1904 to 1911. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He was an Irish Representative Peer from 1914 to 1931. In 1881 Lord Bellew assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Bryan under the terms of the will of his maternal uncle Colonel George Bryan. However, he is the only one of the Barons to have held this surname. On his death the titles passed to his nephew, the fifth Baron, and then to his younger brother, the sixth Baron. the titles are held by the latter's grandson, the eighth Baron, who succeeded in 2010.

The Bellew Baronetcy, of Barmeath in the County of Louth, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 11 December 1688 for the first Baron Bellew's great-great-grandfather Patrick Bellew, a Jacobite supporter of James II. His brother Christopher Bellew was the ancestor of the Grattan-Bellew Baronets, of Mount Bellew, a title created in 1838.

The family seat is Barmeath Castle, near Dunleer, County Louth. Another branch of the family was created Baron Bellew of Duleek in 1686 for their loyalty to James II.

Coat of arms
The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the barony is: Sable, fretty or.

Bellew baronets, of Barmeath (1688)

 * Sir Patrick Bellew, 1st Baronet (died 1716)
 * Sir John Bellew, 2nd Baronet (c. 1660–1734)
 * Sir Edward Bellew, 3rd Baronet (c. 1695–1741)
 * Sir John Bellew, 4th Baronet (1728–1750)
 * Sir Patrick Bellew, 5th Baronet (c. 1735–1795)
 * Sir Edward Bellew, 6th Baronet (c. 1760–1827)
 * Sir Patrick Bellew, 7th Baronet (1798–1866) (created Baron Bellew in 1848)

Barons Bellew (1848)

 * Patrick Bellew, 1st Baron Bellew (1798–1866)
 * Edward Joseph Bellew, 2nd Baron Bellew (1830–1895)
 * Charles Bertram Bellew, 3rd Baron Bellew (1855–1911)
 * George Leopold Bryan Bellew-Bryan, 4th Baron Bellew (1857–1935)
 * Edward Henry Bellew, 5th Baron Bellew (1889–1975)
 * Bryan Bertram Bellew, 6th Baron Bellew (1890–1981)
 * James Bryan Bellew, 7th Baron Bellew (1920–2010)
 * Bryan Edward Bellew, 8th Baron Bellew (b. 1943)

The heir apparent is the present holder's surviving son the Hon. Anthony Richard Brooke Bellew (b. 1972) The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Oliver James Bellew (b. 2003)

title: Baron Bellew


text:
Talk:Atlanta FM radio stations

If you have any advanced characteristics of an Atlanta FM radio station to add, please put them in one of the links mentioned on the Atlanta FM radio stations page (whichever station it belongs to.) The basic characteristics are the ones explained at Atlanta FM radio stations. Here are some advanced characteristics:

The exact location if the tenths digit is not a 5

Any morning shows (e.g. Steve & Vikki) that the station has

What the station historically was (if already mentioned, you may put it into more detail)

The company (e.g. Clear Channel) that owns the station

A list of songs with female singers that the station plays

The station's official homepage

Anything else except the basic characteristics mentioned at Atlanta FM radio stations

title: Talk:Atlanta FM radio stations


text:
Baron Oranmore and Browne

Baron Oranmore and Browne, of Carrabrowne Castle in the County of Galway and of Castle Macgarrett in the County of Mayo, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1836 for Dominick Browne, who had earlier represented County Mayo in the House of Commons. His son, the second Baron, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1869 to 1900. Lord Oranmore and Browne assumed the surname of Guthrie on his marriage in 1859 to Christina Guthrie. He was succeeded by his son, the third Baron. He was an Irish Representative Peer from 1902 to 1926 and a member of the short-lived Senate of Southern Ireland. In 1926 he was created Baron Mereworth, of Mereworth Castle in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the barons an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. On his death in 1927 the title passed to his son, the fourth Baron. He married, as his third wife, the actress Sally Gray. Lord Oranmore and Browne died in August 2002, aged 100 years and 291 days. He was thereby the third-oldest hereditary peer ever. the titles are held by his son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2002.

In May 2011, Mereworth went to court to attempt to force the House of Lords to issue him a Writ of Summons allowing him to sit and vote in the House by virtue of the Letters Patent issued in the creation of the barony. The case – Baron Mereworth v Ministry of Justice – was dismissed on the grounds that the High Court did not have jurisdiction on how the House of Lords conducted its business. Furthermore, even if the court did have jurisdiction, the House of Lords Act 1999 clearly withdrew the right of holders of Letters Patent to be issued a Writ of Summons purely "by virtue" of those Letters. Mereworth was also ordered to pay £8,800 in costs. This case was referenced as precedent in the official rebuttal of a claim by Viscount Monckton that he was entitled to claim membership of the House of Lords.

Baron Oranmore and Browne (1836)

 * Dominick Browne, 1st Baron Oranmore and Browne (1787–1860)
 * Geoffrey Dominick Augustus Frederick Guthrie-Browne, 2nd Baron Oranmore and Browne (1819–1900)
 * Geoffrey Henry Browne, 3rd Baron Oranmore and Browne (1861–1927) (created Baron Mereworth [UK] in 1926)
 * Dominick Geoffrey Edward Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne (1901–2002)
 * Dominick Geoffrey Thomas Browne, 5th Baron Oranmore and Browne (born 1929)

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dominick Browne, 1st Baron Oranmore and Browne (1787–1860)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Geoffrey Dominick Augustus Frederick Guthrie-Browne, 2nd Oranmore and Browne (1819–1900)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg Geoffrey Henry Browne, 3rd Baron Oranmore and Browne, 1st Baron Mereworth (1861–1927)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dominick Geoffrey Edward Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne, 2nd Baron Mereworth (1901–2002)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dominick Geoffrey Thomas Browne, 5th Baron Oranmore and Browne, 3rd Baron Mereworth (b. 1929)
 * Hon. Martin Michael Dominick Browne (1931–2013)
 * (1) Shaun Dominick Browne (b. 1964)
 * (2) Hugo Dominick Browne (b. 1997)
 * (3) Myles Henry Browne (b. 1999)
 * Hon. Tara Browne (1945–1966)
 * (4) Dorian Clifford Browne (b. 1963)
 * (5) Sebastian Browne (b. 1994)
 * (6) Gabriel Browne (b. 1997)
 * (7) Julian Dominick Browne (b. 1965)
 * (8) Nicolai Tara Dillon Browne (b. 1999)
 * (9) Joachim Browne (b. 2002)

title: Baron Oranmore and Browne