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Eels (band)

Eels (often typeset as eels or EELS) is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1991 by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Mark Oliver Everett, known by the stage name E. Band members have changed over the years, both in the studio and on stage, making Everett the only official member for most of the band's work. Eels' music is often filled with themes of family, death, and unrequited love. Since 1996, Eels has released fourteen studio albums, seven of which entered the Billboard 200.

E solo records
In 1991, Everett signed a contract with Polydor and released A Man Called E under the name E a year later. The single "Hello Cruel World" was a minor success. Touring to support the album, E opened for Tori Amos. A Man Called E was followed by Broken Toy Shop in 1993. This year also marked the beginning of E's collaboration with drummer Jonathan "Butch" Norton. After Broken Toy Shop, E was released from his record deal with Polydor. E has performed two of the songs from Broken Toy Shop ("The Only Thing I Care About" and "Manchester Girl") for his own live shows with Eels.

Beautiful Freak
Eels were officially founded when Butch and E met Tommy Walter. The name "Eels" was chosen so that the band's records would be close to E's solo records in an alphabetical ordering, although it was too late once they realized that numerous Eagles and Earth, Wind and Fire releases were in between. "I went to the Virgin Megastore and I see the E CDs right at the beginning of the E section," Everett recalled on the Naked Lunch podcast with Phil Rosenthal and David Wild. "And then there's like, 28 Earth, Wind and Fire [albums], 40 Eagles [albums] -- they're nowhere near each other!"

Eels became one of the first groups to sign a record deal with DreamWorks Records, followed by Elliott Smith.

In 1996, the band released their debut album Beautiful Freak. The singles "Novocaine for the Soul", "Susan's House" and "Your Lucky Day in Hell" achieved modest national and international success, with the band winning the Best International Breakthrough Act award at the 1998 BRIT Awards. The single Susans House was extremely popular in the UK as stylistically it was similar to the Triphop genre which was popular at the time with its slow rhythm, mild tune and distorted spoken vocals. In 1996 and 1997, Eels toured extensively to support the album, building their name as a live act in the United States and Europe. In September 1997, Walter quit the band.

Released in May 2001, the motion picture soundtrack for the movie Shrek included the song "My Beloved Monster".

Electro-Shock Blues
Following the success of Beautiful Freak, E experienced a difficult time in his personal life. His sister died by suicide, and his mother was diagnosed with cancer. These events inspired Eels' second album, 1998's Electro-Shock Blues. The album deals with many difficult subjects, including cancer, mental illness, suicide and death. The tragedy of Everett's father's death became prominent once more in the context of his mother's impending death and his sister's suicide, and as a result the song "Baby Genius" is written for his father Hugh Everett III. Contributions to the album were made by Jon Brion, Lisa Germano, Jim Jacobsen, Grant-Lee Phillips, Dust Brother Michael Simpson, and T-Bone Burnett.

The single "Last Stop: This Town" saw minor success, while "Cancer for the Cure", the second single from the album, appeared on the soundtrack for American Beauty (1999).

Still a three-piece band on stage, Tommy Walter was replaced by Adam Siegel. Part of the American leg of the tour was canceled after the death of E's mother. They returned to tour Europe later in the year, to open for Pulp.

Daisies of the Galaxy
In 2000, Eels released Daisies of the Galaxy. The album, which was recorded almost entirely in E's basement, is lighter and more upbeat than its predecessor. Everett noted, "if Electro-Shock Blues was the phone call in the middle of the night that the world doesn't want to answer, then Daisies of the Galaxy is the hotel wake-up call that says your lovely breakfast is ready". He was joined in the studio by Michael Simpson (Dust Brothers), Grant-Lee Phillips (Grant Lee Buffalo), and Peter Buck (R.E.M.).

The first single, "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues", was co-written by Simpson. The song was not intended to be on the album, but the record company insisted on its inclusion. Therefore, it was not featured on the track listing but was instead listed on the cover sticker as a bonus track, separated from the rest of the album by 20 seconds of silence.

To promote Daisies of the Galaxy, another tour took place across the United States and Europe, with the band also playing their first concerts in Australia. For these performances, Eels were transformed into a 6-piece orchestra, including Lisa Germano and Probyn Gregory. E also played some solo shows, opening for Fiona Apple.

Souljacker and Shootenanny!
In 2001, Souljacker was released, an album with a heavier feel and more rock-oriented sound than Daisies of the Galaxy. John Parish, previously of PJ Harvey's band, co-wrote most of the songs and played guitar on the album and first part of the tour. After Parish became a father, he was replaced with Joe Gore for the American leg of the Bus Driving, Band Rocking Tour. Koool G Murder played bass and keyboards and joined Eels on tour.

2003 marked the release of the album Shootenanny!. E now refers to the album as a break from recording the following Blinking Lights album. It was recorded live in the studio in only ten days. "Saturday Morning" was released as a single.

Butch was replaced on drums by Puddin'. In 2003, Eels embarked upon another big tour, called the Tour of Duty. The live band consisted of E, Goldenboy (guitar), Koool G Murder (bass) and Puddin' (drums). Later that year, E composed the score for the film Levity.

Blinking Lights and Other Revelations and Eels with Strings
Eels' next album, Blinking Lights and Other Revelations, was released on April 26, 2005, and was the band's first release for new label Vagrant Records. It is a 33-track double album. Contributions were made by Tom Waits, Peter Buck, John Sebastian (The Lovin' Spoonful), Jim Jacobsen, and Butch.

The first tour in support of the Blinking Lights album, billed as Eels with Strings, featured primarily performances by E on acoustic guitar, organ or piano, backed by Allen "Big Al" Hunter on piano and upright bass, Jeffrey Lyster (also known as Chet Atkins III or "The Chet") on guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, musical saw and drums, and a string quartet consisting of violinists Paloma Udovic and Julie Carpenter, violist Heather Lockie and cellist Ana Lenchantin. The tour resulted in a live album, Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall, recorded in New York City. The performance includes tracks from all of their albums, and was released on CD and DVD on February 21, 2006.

Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I and Useless Trinkets
In early 2008, Eels released their first "greatest hits" compilation as well as a compilation of B-sides, rarities, soundtrack singles and unreleased tracks. Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I spans the first decade of the Eels, including singles from all their albums, as well as a DVD featuring music videos and one live performance video. Useless Trinkets contains 50 B-sides and rarities and a DVD of their Lollapalooza 2006 performances. To promote the releases, the band went on a world tour, An Evening With Eels. This time, only the Chet joined E on stage, both playing a broad cross-section from the Eels repertoire on a variety of instruments. The concerts also featured the Chet reading excerpts from E's 2008 autobiography, Things the Grandchildren Should Know. On this tour, the band released a live CD/DVD package of Eels' 2006 performance at the London Astoria, Live and in Person!, documenting a show from the second tour in support of Blinking Lights and Other Revelations.

The soundtrack of the 2008 comedy film Yes Man features nine songs by Eels, including "Man Up", a brand new song.

Concept album trilogy: Hombre Lobo, End Times, and Tomorrow Morning
Hombre Lobo, the seventh Eels studio album, was released on June 2, 2009. The album comprises twelve new songs. "Hombre Lobo" is Spanish for "wolf man" or "werewolf" and references E's unusually long beard, which he originally grew when writing the song "Dog Faced Boy". On March 31, 2009, the band made the track "Fresh Blood" available on Spinner, explaining that the song would be the lead single for the album. A Jesse Dylan-directed music video was released on April 29, 2009, as well, and the track would become the theme song of the 2015 HBO documentary miniseries The Jinx. The album was released as a single-disc CD and a deluxe edition with a DVD. In September 2009, Eels released a music video for "That Look You Give That Guy", featuring Bobby Jr., E and Top Chef host Padma Lakshmi.

While promoting this album, Eels released the live EP The Myspace Transmissions Session 2009 on October 14, 2009. That same day, the band's website announced that a new Eels album entitled End Times would be released on January 19, 2010. It was largely recorded on a four-track recorder and is based on the themes of broken love. Three album tracks—"Little Bird", "In My Younger Days", and "A Line in the Dirt"—were made available as music videos or promotional downloads prior to the release of the album. Once again, Butch contributed drums to "A Line in the Dirt". On January 19, 2010, End Times was released. E made no comment on touring and there was no tour scheduled to begin.

A second album was announced on May 20, 2010: Tomorrow Morning was described as the "final installment of a trilogy that began with Hombre Lobo and End Times." The three albums respectively explore themes of desire, loss, and redemption. A world tour, the first since 2007's An Evening With Eels tour, was announced at the same time. This tour once again featured the Chet on various instruments, alongside Koool G Murder on bass, trilogy drummer Knuckles on drums and a new member, P-Boo, on guitar.

Wonderful, Glorious and The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett
On February 5, 2013, the 10th Eels studio album was released, entitled Wonderful, Glorious. The first single from the album, "Peach Blossom", premiered on SoundCloud on November 6, 2012. A month later, on December 4, 2012, the official video was released on Stereogum. The second single, "New Alphabet", was streamed pre-release on December 12, 2012, on Spinner

On March 25, 2013, the band released a parody music video called "Cold Dead Hand" through Funny or Die, with Jim Carrey replacing E on vocals. The song and video, set as a musical act during the variety program Hee Haw, lampoons American gun culture, and specifically Charlton Heston, former President of the National Rifle Association of America.

Eels' eleventh studio album, The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett, was released on April 21, 2014, on E Works Records. In April 2015, the band released the DVD and double live album Live at the Royal Albert Hall.

In 2015, Eels created their own version of Melanie De Biasio's track "I Feel You" for the album Gilles Peterson Presents – No Deal Remixed. The track was later used to promote the 2017 film Alien: Covenant, directed by Ridley Scott, and appears during the entire in-universe short movie Meet Walter starring Michael Fassbender.

The Deconstruction and Earth to Dora
On January 17, 2018, Eels announced their 12th studio album, The Deconstruction, to be released on April 6, 2018, their first in nearly four years. They also announced a supporting tour throughout the United States and Europe, beginning in Pomona, California on May 28, 2018. The album travels through many styles sonically, but its lyrics primarily deal with rebuilding one's life and looking back on what went wrong. Singles include (in release order) the title track, "Today Is the Day", "Premonition", and "Bone Dry". Styles present on the album include orchestral pop, power pop, psychedelic pop/rock, indie/alternative rock and post-modern pop.

The band's next release was the single "Baby Let's Make It Real"/"Who You Say You Are", announced on September 1, 2020. These songs were featured on the subsequent studio album, Earth to Dora (2020).

Extreme Witchcraft and Eels Time!
On September 21, 2021, it was announced that the 14th Eels album would be called Extreme Witchcraft and would be released on January 28, 2022. The album was produced by E and John Parish in their first collaboration since 2001's Souljacker. Eels So Good: Essential Eels, Vol. 2 (2007–2020) came out in late 2023. On February 29, 2024, the band announced Eels Time!, which was released on June 7.

Members
Eels have had a number of lineup changes supporting E since their formation, and in recent years the live band has often differed from the musicians on the albums. Koool G Murder has been credited on bass and production on recent albums, although Big Al has fulfilled the role of bassist during the live shows.

As E

 * A Man Called E (1992)
 * Broken Toy Shop (1993)

As Eels

 * Beautiful Freak (1996)
 * Electro-Shock Blues (1998)
 * Daisies of the Galaxy (2000)
 * Souljacker (2001)
 * Shootenanny! (2003)
 * Blinking Lights and Other Revelations (2005)
 * Hombre Lobo (2009)
 * End Times (2010)
 * Tomorrow Morning (2010)
 * Wonderful, Glorious (2013)
 * The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett (2014)
 * The Deconstruction (2018)
 * Earth to Dora (2020)
 * Extreme Witchcraft (2022)
 * Eels Time! (2024)

title: Eels (band)


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Libertarianz

Libertarianz was a political party in New Zealand (hence the suffix -nz) that advocated libertarianism, favouring self-government and limiting the power of the government over the individual. Ayn Rand's philosophy of Objectivism was a major influence on the party. Its slogan "More Freedom, Less Government" is indicative of the party's basic policy platform. It went into recess and was de-registered by its own request in 29 January 2014.

History
Libertarianz was founded in late 1995 by Ian Fraser, who served as the party's first leader. Later, Lindsay Perigo, a well-known New Zealand broadcaster for Radio New Zealand and TVNZ, assumed the leadership. Perigo was followed as leader by Peter Cresswell and then Russell Watkins. At the time of its deregistration the leader was Richard McGrath, and the Party president was Shane Pleasance.

The party's first campaign was the 1996 election, the first to be held under the MMP electoral system. Libertarianz's involvement in the election produced negligible public interest. They gained 671 votes (0.03%), which placed them in 19th place. In the 1999 elections, the party performed somewhat better, gaining 5,949 votes (0.29%). This put them in 11th place, and in fourth place among the parties which did not gain seats in parliament. Libertarianz did not contest the party vote in the 2002 elections – due to an oversight, the party's bank cheque was not transmitted to the electoral authorities by the appointed time. The party was therefore able to contest the election only through individual electorate candidates. Its five candidates gained 672 votes amongst them.

Darnton v Clark
On 29 June 2006, Bernard Darnton filed proceedings in the High Court, suing Helen Clark for allegedly misappropriating public funds to pay for the Labour Party's pledge cards during the 2005 election. Some commentators labelled the lawsuit a stunt, although it received some media coverage as concern about the "pledge card" funding grew. On Sunday 10 September 2006, the lawsuit was the subject of a front-page story in The Sunday Star-Times newspaper. The Labour party promptly accused the Libertarianz party of being part of a conspiracy with National party, alleging that the small party could not afford to bring such a case to court.

In October 2006, after the auditor-general released a report declaring that the misappropriation of funds was illegal, Labour and other political parties immediately announced that they would pay back the money. On 17 and 18 October, a majority, including the Labour Party, passed a law through Parliament to 'retrospectively validate' the spending, making it legal, which is required under the Public Finance Act 1989. In the circumstances, however, it also effectively makes the misspending immune from court proceedings. In response, the Libertarianz party declared 18 October 2006 to be "Banana Republic Day", and issued press releases.

Dissolution (2014)
In January 2014, Party Leader Richard McGrath asked the Electoral Commission to de-register the party, given that practical administrative tasks such as maintaining membership were rendered impossible by the part-time and voluntary status of its membership and executive. The commission de-registered the party on 29 January 2014. Instead, McGrath advised former party members to support ACT New Zealand, under the organisational leadership of newly elected party president Jamie Whyte.

New Zealand general election, 2008
The Libertarianz party contested the 2008 New Zealand General Election, which was held on 8 November. It fielded candidates in 16 electorates. Altogether, it received 1176 votes (0.05% of the total proportion of votes cast).

Mount Albert by-election 2009
At the 13 June 2009 Mount Albert by-election, Julian Pistorius stood as the candidate for Libertarianz and polled in ninth place (39 votes), lowest of all party-affiliated candidates who contested that by-election.

Notable candidates

 * Stephen Berry, controversial politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Libertarianz


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Talk:HTML editor

FrontPage's code mangling
Reply to David's edit summary comment on the best way to mention FrontPage's code mangling, yes, I think it is better. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 14:36, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bias re WYSIWYG
The discussion of WYSIWYG in this article is so horribly biased that I don't even know where to start. Can we just rip the whole thing out and start again? —Kate | Talk 03:41, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

 * With what, specifically, do you take issue? Andy Mabbett 07:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It starts with one neutral sentence describing what a WYSIWYG editor is, then one sentence saying they're easier to use. The entire rest of the article then:
 * Criticises them because they don't produce valid code (without noting that this isn't inherent in the concept of an editor);
 * Refers to "old versions of frontpage" to support this;
 * Criticises them because WYSIWYG "doesn't make sense" for HTML (doesn't it? why not?);
 * Criticises them because the results don't look the same on every browser, without explaining why this should be considered a bad thing;
 * Cites "web specialists" with no references;
 * Makes the dubious claim that "every web browser has bugs";
 * Makes no attempt to then suggest reasons that WYSIWYG editors could be useful.

 * This whole section could be retitled as "Why you shouldn't use HTML editors" and no-one would notice.  —Kate | Talk 08:14, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

 * Yes, there's no reason that a WYSIWYDG editor should necessarily produce invalid code. I'm not sure if there happen to be any that do generate valid code.  What's DreamWeaver like in this regard, for that matter?  As for why WYSIWYG doesn't make sense for HTML, it's simple:
 * Pages can be displayed in many different forms and configurations:
 * different window widths and font scales
 * different browser support and configuration for things like CSS
 * different kinds of presentation (graphical, text, speech, braille....)
 * Even within one mode of presentation, several details are left unspecified by the standard, since HTML is not intended as a graphic design language

 * DreamWeaver currently produces valid XHTML when. When used by a competent person it has always been possible to configure it to produce code which complied to standards but at the current version it produces pretty clean code by default. I prefer hand-coding and don't use much WYSIWYG, so I was taken aback to learn about this fact from co-workers who only know how to use DreamWeaver.

 * I suppose the main reason people criticise rendering differences between browsers is that too many web designers come from graphic design backgrounds and are used to having this level of control. If only it could be got into people's heads that the WWW just isn't like that, the world would be a better place.

 * Maybe I'll think about how I'd refactor the page at some point.... -- Smjg 15:44, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as the claim that "every browser has bugs", I agree that it is an unproven assertion (though almost certainly valid). However, I do know at least one source (Elizabeth Castro, Visual Quickstart Guide to HTML, XHTML & CSS) which claims that there are no browsers which fully support the current CSS specifications. Sometimes a browser tries to comply and does so incorrectly (bug), but more often there are tags/attributes which are simply ignored (arguably not so much a bug as a lack of a feature). Maybe that would be a suitable compromise wording?
 * With regard to your comment about the incumbency on an editor to produce valid HTML, isn't it fair to say that WYSIWYG editors in WYSIWYG mode are in fact not editors but code generators, because in WYSIWYG mode it is not necessary for the human user to interact with the HTML? I agree that it is not inherent that an editor will generate valid code. A C programmer's text editor will not guarantee even compilation, let alone complete ANSI C compliance. However, it is certainly desirable for an automatic code generator to generate syntactically valid code. --Sapphire Wyvern

Attempt at NPOV
I have attempted to remove some obvious bias. Some always/all type generalizations removed. "Web specialists" removed. Reworded discussion about WYSIWYG editors, notably HTML is not WYSIWYG. Focused more on difficulties in achieving WYSIWYG when browsers are free to render the structure differently.

WYSIWYG section still needs a reorganization.

WYSIWYM?
Dbolton has just added a bit on WYSIWYM editors. But does anybody know of one? As much as there ought to be a few out there, it seems silly to talk about what doesn't exist as if it does.

But I do wonder if the HTML Tags view in Mozilla Composer can sensibly be called WYSIWYM.... -- Smjg 11:50, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * On second thoughts, I guess it isn't really WYSIWYM insofar as the rendering of CSS positioning can interfere with the ability to see what you mean. But it's not far off. -- Smjg 14:50, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

"Text" vs "Code" editor?
I'd suggest that the term "text editor" for the one class of html editors implies less than what most of them do. Most references I've seen to the discussion between WYSIWYG html editors call the other class "code editors." And users are hand-coders, not hand-texters. HomeSite has certainly always been referred to this way. Just a suggestion. jwilkinson 21:37, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Try WebTide from http://webtide.lx.ro. It's a freeware HTML editor with tag completion and CSS comletion

Comparison of HTML editors
Shouldn't that section be ripped out of this article? It has its own article already, and since the content isn't somehow linked, it's a purely redundany copy & paste job across two articles. -- Northgrove 22:40, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ugh, sorry, I was confused by the "See also" link pointing to a "comparison", when it was just a redirect to this same article. Removing that link as it should absolutely not be there. -- Northgrove 22:41, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The comparison should have its own page, and include more html editors like Adobe GoLive24.225.231.62 16:25, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree and the new Comparison of HTML editors article should be referenced in the Software comparisons category. --Goa103 09:31, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, do separate and create a new article, on Comparison of HTML editors. No, do not put it into a software comparisons category. The public has evolved.  It is not too challenging to separate these software articles into different types of software.Dogru144 21:39, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you aware that this used to be a seperate article, but the consensus was to merge it into here? -Fadookie Talk 11:24, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This should be removed as Wikipedia is not a review site, and the list is not full. Where is HTMLPad, heck where is the old Hot Dog Pro? (It is an HTML editor still available). No, kill this portion. Guroadrunner 03:30, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There are many comparisons on Wikipedia. Even if sometimes controversial, they are extremely useful, merging several points of view in a synthetic way. Add HTMLPad and Hot Dog Pro if you have info on them.
 * There is even a category for software comparison, Comparison_of_HTML_editors is juste like the other ones. Plus, there was much redundant material between this page and Comparison_of_WYSIWYG_HTML_editors, looked like a copy-paste of a whole page, which we really don't want (partial information on both sides, one page up to date and the other not, etc.). Merge done. Jrouquie 11:42, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

issue of memory needed for programs
Should not the chart include the amount of memory needed to run and store the program? This can be a large amount and so is not inconsequential.Dogru144 21:41, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

NVu Spell Check
NVu 1.0 (20050620) on Windows has its Edit -> Check Spelling item disabled. The only way I could find to check spelling was by turning on View > Show/Hide > Composition Toolbar and then using the Spell button there. A detailed review is at: http://thephantomwriters.com/free_content/d/h/nvu-software-review.shtml

Confusion re Dynamic Web page
Conceptual confusion/mistake on column "Dynamic Web page". It is correlated to "Templates". The "dynamic generation" process "OUT of server" (not a server-side generation). See concept on web template system and dynamic web page. SUGESTION: remove the column. Unsigned October 2006

The software screenshots
While it's nice with open source tools, I'm unsure if the focus should be on these three editors. Perhaps Amaya for the W3C curiosity (although I can't say I've heard many actually using it), but otherwise, isn't both Dreamweaver and even FrontPage more used than the others? Quanta Plus has a prominent screenshot but isn't even listed in the comparison! I thought DW was among the most used editors on the web, and any web designer is probably aware of FrontPage + its FrontPage web extensions. -- Northgrove 22:03, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Remove external links to editors
I'm no moderator but I propose that the links to online editors go either to the List of HTML editors ''with no bold letters! <-BTW, that ones already there.)'' or be removed. May I?

Recent re-write
I notice that large parts of this article have been rewritten earlier today by Oicumayberight. I'm concerned about the repetition in the paragraph under the heading 'Criticism of WYSIWYG editors'. It seems to say the same thing three times with ever more whacky examples used for emphasis. Is this the three-times repetition trick I heard somewhere that politicians' speech-writers use for rousing an audience, or is there something in there that I'm missing? Nigelj 16:37, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That's because in the original article (not titled as "criticism"), there were 3 examples in which unfair criticism of WYSIWYG editors should have been placed elsewhere:
 * Negligence
 * Inexperience
 * Excessiveness
 * All three of these are examples of bad, web design, not bad software technology. I figure all three needed unique rebutting. The whole section read like "WYSIWYG editing is obsolete, so don't consider using it". Since this is a common practice amongst left-brain types, I decided to make the section about why this common criticism is unfair instead of letting the unfair criticism live un-rebutted. I would be fine with deleting the unfair criticism and moving the whole section to the talk page. Oicumayberight 19:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

I may be out of touch with graphic designers' tools (I spend most of my days writing OO web software these days), but can we have an example of, or an explanation of, what 'Object Editors' are? I've never heard of them as discussed here and can't work it out from what's written. On the same score, what are 'Pallets'? Are these dialog boxes? Maybe another name for panels within some product's main window? Again it's just not a GUI term I'm familiar with, and with no illustration or example of what we're talking about I'm not clear what to visualise. (I have been using, writing and designing GUI user interfaces for some years, so I'm not completely ignorant in this area) Nigelj 16:37, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Palette window to be more specific. I linked the confusing terms. Designers use pallet to distinguish from the Dialog boxes that are cumbersome to open and close and specify the type of windows.
 * Ahh, it's an Apple Mac thing. --Nigelj 20:08, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * More like a graphic designer thing, regardless of platform. The example showed Adobe systems software, which is Microsoft windows and Unix compatible, often before it's made Mac compatible. Oicumayberight 21:01, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * HTML Object editor is an emerging term to describe the function rather than format of editing HTML objects. I used it for lack of a better word to describe the state between full text editing and WYSIWYG. I included this because the article's dichotomy of only two modes of HTML editing (text or WYSIWYG) was false. Oicumayberight 19:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Your link to a blog about storing software objects in a MySql database, and the WP article on software objects don't give me any confidence in all this: neither have anything to do with editing HTML as if it were an object-oriented markup language, which is what I think you have written about. Do you have any examples or references for this? --Nigelj 20:08, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The link was just one of many to prove that it's an emerging term. Here's more  . You don't need to read through them all to determine that it's an emerging term. However, if you know of a better term to describe HTML objects and the practice of editing them in neither a WYSIWYG or full text mode, feel free to replace the term. Oicumayberight 21:01, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Lastly, I'm worried about the bullet points in the 'Criticism of WYSIWYG editors' section now. It seems to read, "Some people say this criticism, but they're wrong, wrong, wrong for all the following reasons..." over and over again. It reads more like a "how to win an argument against people who criticise your editor" guide. If that's a balanced NPOV view, then the subheading is now certainly wrong as there are no criticisms left.

It certainly needs to be made clear again that web pages are used differently by different users, and that that is not just due to some kind of browser-inconsistency bug! Search engines, screen scrapers, portable devices, low-bandwidth clients, small screens, the visually impaired, screen readers etc are all legitimate consumers of our HTML content, and HTML editors have to allow for this.

I was tempted just to revert the whole set of edits, but I'll leave it a while to see what other editors think. --Nigelj 16:37, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There are criticisms left, just not left unrebutted. I would be fine with deleting the rebuttals as long as the unfair criticisms are deleted with it. Oicumayberight 19:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * We don't need to get partisan about this! It's not a case of whether a criticism is "fair", but whether it is valid, current and documented elsewhere. Similarly with the established benefits. As an encyclopedia we just try to reflect and report what is known and documented elsewhere. --Nigelj 20:08, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's shouldn't be a biased article. If I thought the criticism was valid criticism of WYSIWYG technology, I wouldn't have posted the rebuttal. As I said, the criticism is misdirected. A tool shouldn't be criticized for misuse, especially when the misuse was possible without the technology. If you can't blame murder on guns, we shouldn't blame poor web design on web development software technology. Those are valid criticisms of web design practices, just not of WYSIWYG technology. Direct the criticism where it belongs. Oicumayberight 21:01, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's meant to be this way, but the "WYSIWYG Criticisms" section now comes across as saying that WYSIWYG is the best and anyone who criticizes it is ignorant. The analogies sound like a debate rebuttal rather than an encyclopedia article.  I have seen WYSIWYG editors that produce terrible code.  It doesn't mean all WYSIWYG is bad, but there is at least some truth to some of the criticisms.  There really needs to be more outside evidence to both support and rebut these arguments. 00:05, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see anything in the article denying that WYSIWYG editors produce less optimal code than some hand code. If there is any bias for WYSIWYG, it's a counter-balance to the bias against. Without the rebuttal, the criticism comes across as saying that the drawbacks of WYSIWYG outweigh the benefits. The only fair criticism is the less than optimal code, which can be fixed in the same WYSIWYG editors in source mode if you know how to hand code. Hand coders just don't like competition from people who don't know how to hand code, but can get by with WYSIWYG code. If WYSIWYG were as bad as hand-coders made it out to be, it would never sell. Oicumayberight 07:30, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

WebEditor+
Took out paragraph referencing WebEditor+ as it was a shameless ad. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.250.216.219 (talk • contribs) 01:40, 2 April 2007 (UTC2)

Criticisms part NPOV
I added a NPOV tag for the Criticisms part. The person who wrote it is basically saying "People who critize WYSIWYG programs for bad code are wrong", without giving any evidence to prove it. 74.120.133.109 23:56, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You appear to be reading into the rebuttal. Please be specific about which statements you feel are inaccurate or biased. Please provide evidence to the contrary of those statements. Oicumayberight 07:36, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * But the entire section reads like a rebuttal. Under the criticisms section, the first bullet is pretty much correct.  I disagree with the next several bullets, though.  You are misrepresenting the criticisms.

 * The problem is that HTML is not a visual language. You specify what something is (header, citation, paragraph) and the users software will render the HTML how the software sees fit.  WYSIWYG editors give the web page designer the impression that their HTML document is going to be displayed that way on all browsers.Altarbo 04:30, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I requested evidence to the contrary of any of the statements. "I disagree" is not evidence to the contrary.

 * As for your point about HTML not being a visual language, it may not have been designed for sophisticated visual display, but that's the way it's commonly used. The web browser is a visual medium. The language of the browser is HTML. Sure, there are other languages used in web browsers, but they are not perfect either. The real problem is inconsistency between browsers in how they interpret and display the languages. It has little to do with the tools used to code the languages.

 * I'm sure most people who use WYSIWYG editors know that they are not perfect. And those who get the wrong impression, learn about the browser inconsistencies pretty quickly. That's no reason to reject the technology altogether. Computing for any purpose in general is full of bugs and instabilities. Are you going to stop using computers because of it?

 * Those who come from design for print have dealt with a similar problem with inconsistencies between desktop publishing software and imagesetters interpreting PostScript language. The solution was not to hand code all PostScript. It took years before DTP software became fully compatible with imagesetters. Desktop publishers learned to live with PostScript problems just as they are learning to live with inconsistent display between browsers. The inefficient code generated from WYSIWYG editors is improving just as quickly as consistent display between browsers is improving. Oicumayberight 08:58, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to cite some specific passages Here.
 * I think specific passages are not the problem though. The entire premise is flawed.  HTML is displayed on computers.  PostScript is designed for print materials.  WYSIWYG is not possible on HTML.  Rather than throw blame around, the article should adress why.Altarbo 21:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

May 15 Edits
I don't edit Wikipedia that much, so if this is just wasting space, I apologize. It seemed like there was conflict over what should be in this article though, so I thought I should explain my edits. Feel free to disagree or question.
 * I removed "So called". There wasn't a need for it, and it was derisive.
 * I removed two of the images for WYSIWYG. It seemed cluttered to have a ton of images making the same point.  I also added the Macromedia Homesite screenshot on Wikipedia.  However, the screen is low quality.  There should be better screenshot of a text editor and a screenshot of an "object editor".  The article mentions some Adobe software, but the only screens already on Wikipedia were not of an object editing mode.
 * I removed actually. Wasn't needed and seemed unproffesional.
 * I replaced the criticisms section with a paragraph explaining the problems of WYSIWYG editing. The criticisms section before made it sound like there was some great divide between text and WYSIWYG editing.  This does not reflect reality.  Many people use both, and many editors have both modes available.  I also felt that the "Problems achieving . . . " section addressed most of the criticisms very well.
 * I added three sources. This is probably more than necessary.  The first source deals with CSS support.  The second source deals with different displays.  It talks about how web designers should be careful with WYSIWYG and test for many platforms.  The third source backs up proffesional use of text editors.Altarbo 08:50, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

What does operating system support mean?
The meaning of this table is unclear. Does operating system support mean that the software is compatible, or that tech support is still provided. If it means that the software is (or isn't) compatible, are we only concerned with the latest version? What exactly does "dropped" mean? Perhaps a legend would clear things up. Oicumayberight 16:42, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Stream editing of HTML?
I visited this wikipedia topic in the hope of finding a pointer to some tools for stream editing of HTML, just as sed can be used as a stream editor for plain text, or xml-sed can be used to stream edit valid XML. Since HTML often isn't valid XML, the xml-coreutils can't be used, and I was hoping to find mention of something similar for HTML. Lukekendall (talk) 13:21, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

History
It is absent. What was the first real HTML editor? CoffeeCup Software says they made the first one.. --85.102.127.183 (talk) 11:22, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The first HTML editor was also the first web browser and web server: WorldWideWeb, an application running on Tim Berners-Lee's NeXT desktop.— Chowbok  ☠  20:55, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Macromedia HomeSite.png
The image File:Macromedia HomeSite.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --22:59, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Online editors
The section Online editors starts by saying "There are many online WYSIWYG HTML editors; some of them are listed here:". There are then 7 wikilinks to articles on editors. I saw that after that there were then 4 external links to webpages on other editors, including one recently added by an IP editor. I removed those 5, with the edit summary: "Remove those not sufficiently notable to have had Wikipedia articles written about them". The IP has now added them back. Does the community feel that such a list should include products which do not have Wikipedia articles? If they should be included then of course WP:EL would say that there shouldn't be external links within the article body text, so they ought to be plain text entries with references to the external websites. --David Biddulph (talk) 17:27, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:59, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:HTML editor


text:
Switched-On Bach

Switched-On Bach is the debut album by American composer Wendy Carlos, originally released in October 1968 by Columbia Records. Produced by Carlos and Rachel Elkind, the album is a collection of pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach performed by Carlos and Benjamin Folkman on a Moog synthesizer. It played a key role in bringing synthesizers to popular music, which had until then been mostly used in experimental music.

Switched-On Bach reached number 10 on the US Billboard 200 chart and topped the Billboard Classical Albums chart from 1969 to 1972. By June 1974, it had sold over one million copies, and in 1986 became the second classical album to be certified platinum. In 1970, it won Grammy Awards for Best Classical Album, Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra), and Best Engineered Classical Recording. After Carlos came out as a transgender woman in 1979, reissues of Switched-On Bach amended the artist credit to reflect her name, as was the case with the rest of her discography up to that point.

Background
Around 1967, Carlos asked the musician Rachel Elkind to listen to her electronic compositions. They included compositions written ten years earlier, and some written from 1964 with her friend Benjamin Folkman at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City. One recording was a rendition of Two-Part Invention in F major by Johann Sebastian Bach, which Carlos described as "charming".

Soon after, Carlos began plans to produce an album of Bach pieces performed on the recently invented Moog synthesizer. She intended to use the novel technology to make "appealing music you could really listen to", not "ugly" music being produced by avant-garde musicians at the time. Elkind was impressed with the recording of Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major and became the album's producer. Elkind contacted her friend, producer and conductor Ettore Stratta at Columbia Records, who "generously spread his enthusiasm throughout the rest of the company" and assisted in the album production. Paul Myers of Columbia Masterworks granted Carlos, Folkman, and Elkind artistic freedom to record and release it.

Recording
Switched-On Bach features ten pieces by Bach available under the public domain, performed by Carlos, with assistance from Folkman, on a Moog synthesizer. Carlos worked closely with Moog designer Robert Moog, testing his components and suggesting improvements. Most of the album was recorded in a rented studio apartment in which Carlos lived at 410 West End Avenue on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, using a custom-built 8-track recording machine constructed by Carlos from components built by Ampex. The initial track created, however, the Invention in F major, was recorded in the spring of 1967 on a Scully tape machine in Gotham Recording Studios at 2 West 46th Street, where Carlos had brought Moog equipment for a commercial project.

According to Carlos, Switched-On Bach took approximately five months and one thousand hours to produce. As the synthesizers were monophonic, meaning only one note can be played at a time, each track was assembled one at a time. Carlos said: "You had to release the note before you could make the next note start, which meant you had to play with a detached feeling on the keyboard, which was really very disturbing in making music." The synthesizer was unreliable and often went out of tune; Carlos recalled hitting it with a hammer prior to recording to obtain correct levels. After several notes were played, it was checked again to make sure it had not drifted.

Bach provided only the two chords of a Phrygian Cadence for the second movement of the Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major, intending that the musician would improvise on these chords. Carlos and Folkman carefully constructed this piece to showcase the capabilities of the Moog.

Artwork
Switched-On Bach was released with two different covers. The most common features a man dressed as Bach standing before a Moog synthesizer. The first pressing featured the same man seated, as shown above. Carlos and Elkind objected to the original cover and had it replaced, finding it "was a clownish, trivializing image of a mugging Bach, supposedly hearing some absurd sound from his earphones". They also objected to the fact that the synthesizer was incorrectly set up: "[The earphones] were plugged into the input, not output, of a 914 filter module, which in turn was connected to nothing, [assuring] that silence is all that would have greeted Johann Sebastian's ears."

Release
In 1968, shortly before the release of Switched-On Bach, Robert Moog spoke at the annual Audio Engineering Society conference and played one of Carlos' recordings from the album. Moog recalled: "I walked off the stage and went to the back of the auditorium while people were listening, and I could feel it in the air. They were jumping out of their skins. These technical people were involved in so much flim-flam, so much shoddy, opportunistic stuff, and here was something that was just impeccably done and had obvious musical content and was totally innovative. The tape got a standing ovation."

Switched-On Bach was released in October 1968. In 1969, it entered the top 40 on the US Billboard 200 before it reached a peak of No. 10 that year, for a total of 59 weeks on the chart. From January 1969 to January 1972, the album was No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart, and it reached the seventh position of the Top 50 Albums chart of the Canadian magazine RPM. In February 1974, Columbia Records estimated 960,000 copies of the album had been sold in the US. In June that year, Billboard reported the album's sales surpassed one million, the second classical music record in history to achieve the feat. In August 1969, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, for sales in excess of 1 million copies. It reached Platinum certification in November 1986.

Reception
Switched-On Bach was met with a negative response from some classical music traditionalists, but gained popularity among many younger listeners. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Bruce Eder noted that Carlos' approach "was highly musical in ways that ordinary listeners could appreciate ... characterized by ... amazing sensitivity and finely wrought nuances, in timbre, tone, and expressiveness." Canadian pianist Glenn Gould spoke highly of Switched-On Bach, saying: "The whole record, in fact, is one of the most startling achievements of the recording industry in this generation and certainly one of the great feats in the history of 'keyboard' performance".

In 1970, the album won three Grammy Awards: Best Classical Album, Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (With or Without Orchestra), and Best Engineered Classical Recording.

Influence
Following the album's success, Moog received requests from producers and artists for his synthesizers. A number of other Moog synthesizer albums were released, such as Switched-On Rock by the Moog Machine, Music to Moog By by Gershon Kingsley,  and The Moog Strikes Bach by Hans Wurman. Moog credited the album for demonstrating that synthesizers could be used for more than avant-garde music and sound effects. He said of the album's success:

"CBS had no idea what they had in Switched-On Bach. When it came out, they lumped it in at a studio press party for Terry Riley's In C and an abysmal record called Rock and Other Four Letter Words. Carlos was angered by this, so [s]he refused to come. So CBS, frantic to have some representation, asked me to demonstrate the synthesizer. I remember there was a nice big bowl of joints on top of the mixing console, and Terry Riley was there in his white Jesus suit, up on a pedestal, playing live on a Farfisa electronic organ against a backup of tape delays. Rock and Other Four Letter Words went on to sell a few thousand records. In C sold a few tens of thousands. Switched-On Bach sold over a million, and just keeps going on and on."

In 1972 Columbia Records released an orchestral album, Switched Off Bach, with the same track listing as Switched-On Bach. The producer Giorgio Moroder credits the album for bringing synthesizers to his attention. Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys called it "one of the most electrifying albums I ever heard." It was inducted into the National Recording Registry in 2005.

Reissues
Switched-On Bach was remastered and included as part of the Switched-On Boxed Set, a four-CD box set released in 1999 with The Well-Tempered Synthesizer, Switched-On Bach II, and Switched-On Brandenburgs.

In 2001, a remastered edition of Switched-On Bach was released with a previously unreleased track, "Initial Experiments, demonstration". Carlos wrote: "You may rest assured that this is the best these recordings have ever sounded."

In 1992, Carlos also released Switched-On Bach 2000 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her first album, featuring a re-recording of the record using digital synthesizers and computer-assisted recording with an added introductory composition styled as a birthday fanfare for the project.

Track listing

 * Side two

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Switched-On Bach.
 * Wendy Carlos (originally credited as Walter Carlos) – synthesizer, programming
 * Benjamin Folkman – supplementary keyboards
 * Rachel Elkind – production

title: Switched-On Bach


text:
Hokuriku Shinkansen

The Hokuriku Shinkansen (北陸新幹線) is a high-speed Shinkansen railway line connecting Tokyo with Tsuruga in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It is jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

The first section, between Takasaki and Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, opened on 1 October 1997 in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics, and was originally called the Nagano Shinkansen (長野新幹線). The extension to Toyama in Toyama Prefecture and Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture opened on 14 March 2015. Construction of a further section onward to Fukui and Tsuruga in Fukui Prefecture, covering 125 kilometers and six stations, commenced in 2012 and opened on 16 March 2024. The route of the final section to Shin-Osaka was decided on 20 December 2016 as the Osaka–Kyoto route, with construction expected to begin in 2030 and take about 15 years, after impact assessment procedures for areas along the line are completed.

Train names and service patterns
Since March 2015, services on the line are split into four types, with train names as listed below. Trains operate over the Joetsu and Tohoku Shinkansen tracks between Tokyo and Takasaki.

 * Kagayaki: Tokyo–Tsuruga, limited-stop service, since 14 March 2015
 * Hakutaka: Tokyo–Tsuruga, mostly all-stations service, since 14 March 2015
 * Tsurugi: Toyama–Tsuruga, mostly all-stations shuttle service, since 14 March 2015
 * Asama: Tokyo–Nagano, mostly all-stations service, corresponding to existing Nagano Shinkansen service introduced in 1997

The original Nagano Shinkansen Asama services, introduced in 1997, replaced the conventional Shin'etsu Main Line limited express services, also named Asama, which previously took 2 hours 50 minutes from Tokyo (Ueno Station) to Nagano. Following the opening of the Shinkansen, part of the conventional line was abandoned between Yokokawa and Karuizawa. This section included the steeply-graded Usui Pass which required the use of bank engines on all trains. Travel time between Tokyo and Tsuruga is 3 hours 8 minutes, 50 minutes shorter than using a conventional train between Kanazawa and Tsuruga.

Stations
Legend:

 * The boundary between JR East and JR West lies immediately to the north of Jōetsumyōkō Station.
 * Stations in italics are not currently operational.

Rolling stock

 * E7 series 12-car "F" sets" (since 15 March 2014)
 * W7 series 12-car "W" sets" (since 14 March 2015)

With the start of Nagano Shinkansen services, trains were operated by a new fleet of JR East E2 series 8-car sets. A fleet of 17 new E7 series 12-car trainsets were phased in from March 2014, and these were augmented by a fleet of 10 JR West W7 series 12-car sets introduced from March 2015. The fleet of W7 series was purchased at a cost of ¥32.8 billion. The remaining E2 series trainsets were withdrawn from Hokuriku Shinkansen services on 31 March 2017.

In 2019, ten trains, eight from JR East with a book value of ¥11.8 billion and two from JR West, were damaged when a train yard in Nagano was flooded as the Chikuma River overflowed during typhoon Hagibis. As a result, JR West suffered a loss of.

Former rolling stock

 * E2 series 8-car "N" sets on Tokyo - Nagano Asama services only
 * E2 series 8-car "J" sets
 * E4 series 8-car "P50/P80" sets as Max Asama
 * 200 series 12-car set F80 during February 1998 only

The original E2 series 8-car "J" sets, primarily used on Tohoku Shinkansen services were also used on some Asama services until they were subsequently lengthened to 10 cars. One specially-modified 200 series set, numbered F80, was used on additional Asama services in February 1998 during the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano. The train was modified to operate on both 25 kV AC 50 Hz and 60 Hz overhead power supplies, incorporated weight-saving measures to comply with the 16 tonne axle load restriction, and included additional control equipment to cope with the 30‰ gradient of the Nagano Shinkansen. Its maximum speed was limited to 210 km/h. The last services operated using eight-car E2 series trainsets ran on 31 March 2017, from which date all Asama services were formed of E7 and W7 series trainsets.

Nagano Shinkansen
The initial section between Takasaki and Nagano opened on 1 October 1997, in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

Between May 2012 and March 2014, station platforms on the Nagano Shinkansen had their platform roofs extended to handle the E7 series 12-car trains which entered service in March 2014 ahead of the March 2015 opening of the extension beyond Nagano. The Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa opened in March 2015. The 113-km extension from Kanazawa to Tsuruga was approved for construction in June 2012.

From the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2014, E7 series trainsets were introduced on Asama services. Initially used on seven return services daily, this number was increased to eleven return services daily from 19 April 2014.

Naming
The line's legal name has always been Hokuriku Shinkansen. However, just before the opening of the Nagano section, JR East has decided that using this name in passenger service is to be avoided. From March 22, 1997, until the extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to Kanazawa, the primary route for Hokuriku customers (from the Tokyo area) is to use the Joetsu Shinkansen to Echigo-Yuzawa Station, then transfer to Hakutaka via the Hokuetsu Express, rendering using the Takasaki–Nagano section of the Hokuriku Shinkansen meaningless for them. Therefore, JR East sought other names.

On the other hand, local governments in Hokuriku, fearing construction west of Nagano may be halted, petitioned that the name "Hokuriku" should remain in use for operational purposes.

JR East announced the following solution at July 25, 1997:

 * Voice announcements using "Nagano Shinkansen"
 * Tokyo area stations using depictions with "Nagano-bound Shinkansen".
 * Stations between Annaka-Haruna Station and Nagano Station depicting "Shinkansen" only.

Soon, "Nagano-bound Shinkansen" fell out of use, and timetables by various publishers use "Nagano Shinkansen" only. Construction to Kanazawa was officially decided, thereby reducing the opposition to the name.

Extension beyond Nagano
Construction of the extension from Nagano to Kanazawa was completed on 24 May 2014. When services commenced in March 2015, the travel time from Tokyo to Toyama was reduced to about 2 hours, with Kanazawa an additional 30 minutes away. Final permission to start construction to Fukui was granted in December 2011, with modification works to Fukui Station already in progress for several years in anticipation of the extension. The extension to Tsuruga was approved for construction on 30 June 2012, and opened on 16 March 2024. Beyond Jōetsumyōkō Station, the line is operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) instead of East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Naming issue rises again
Many people speculated about and discussed what the line's operational name should be after Nagano–Kanazawa section is completed.

Nagano economic associations argued a sudden change in name will confuse customers, propose "Nagano–Hokuriku Shinkansen" to be used. In contrast government officials and economic associations in Hokuriku region defended the legal name, including statements such as "a just result should come after 3 prefectures striving for 40 years".

Section west of Jōetsumyōkō belongs to JR West, which did not state an opinion and used "Hokuriku Shinkansen" only.

On October 2, 2013, JR East announced formal line name will be Hokuriku Shinkansen (consistent with National Shinkansen Railway Development Act) and depicted as Hokuriku Shinkansen (via Nagano) to reflect its expansion into the region, resolving the naming issue.

Test-running
Test-running on the JR East section of the line between Nagano and Kurobe-Unazukionsen commenced on 1 December 2013, initially at low speeds using the "East i" test train. From 6 December, test-running commenced using 10-car E2 series trainsets, with running speeds gradually increased to the full line speed of 260 km/h. Test-running continued until the end of March 2014. Test-running on the entire line between Nagano and Kanazawa (Hakusan Depot) started on 1 August 2014, using the "East i" test train. Test-running using W7 series trains commenced on 5 August 2014, initially at low speed, on the JR West section between Kanazawa and Jōetsumyōkō.

Tsuruga extension
In the months preceding the opening, JR West conducted various low speed runs on the new Kanazawa-Tsuruga section using "East i" test trains on 23 September 2023. Runs using regular W7 series trainsets started on 26 September. Regular passenger service began on 16 March 2024, with ceremonies at both Tsuruga and Tōkyō from the respective presidents of JR West and JR East. The extension cost to build.

In accordance with the opening of the extension, the limited express service Thunderbird ended its service between Tsuruga and Kanazawa on 15 March 2024.

Future plans
The route of the final section from Tsuruga to Ōsaka was finalized on 20 December 2016 as the 'Obama–Kyoto' route. The following four options were under consideration, with a fifth unofficial option suggested by a local politician.
 * 1) Maibara Route (米原ルート): This involved building a full standard shinkansen track to Maibara Station. The proposal was one third of the length of the Obama Route, and provided good access to both Kyoto and Nagoya. However, a severe drawback was that it would have resulted in longer travel time to Osaka than the other options and trains would have had to use the existing, already heavily congested Tokaido Shinkansen tracks between Maibara and Shin-Osaka.
 * 2) Kosei Route (湖西ルート): This involved no new track construction; instead, this proposal would have upgraded the Kosei Line to Kyōto, either by regauging or dual-gauging the line to support Mini-Shinkansen, or alternatively utilizing Gauge Change Train (GCT) operations. This was the cheapest option, but meant train speeds would likely be limited to a maximum of 160 km/h and hence travel times would have been longer than the other options.
 * 3) Obama Route (小浜ルート): First proposed in 1973, this route involved building a full standard shinkansen track via Obama and Kameoka. It was the shortest route to Osaka, but also the most expensive (approximately 1 trillion yen), and would have bypassed Kyōto.
 * 4) Obama–Kyoto Route (小浜・京都ルート): This, the now selected route, was first made public in August 2015, and involves following the proposed Obama Route west as far as Obama and then building shinkansen track southward to link with the Tokaido Shinkansen at Kyōto. Including Kyoto on the route is seen as important to increase tourism.
 * 5) Maizuru Route (舞鶴ルート): Kyoto politician, Shoji Nishida's proposal from Tsuruga, via Obama, to Maizuru then south-east to Kyoto, eastern Osaka and Kansai Airport. This option did not have a price estimated, but would have likely been the most expensive due to the scale of the proposal. Its case was to provide development to the Maizuru region as per the Japanese national government's policy, with the Maizuru Maritime Self-Defence Force Base and several nuclear power stations put forward as reasonable traffic generators. The option to extend the line south of Kyoto to a new Osaka station (located to the south east of Osaka) and onwards to Kansai International Airport was seen as a means to avoid the congestion of the Tokaido line. It may have served as an alternative route or terminus to Shin-Osaka station for Tokaido line trains, reducing Tokaido line congestion.

A government committee deliberating the proposals decided in April 2016 to narrow the proposed route to three alignments between Tsuruga and Kyōto and two alignments between Kyoto and Shin-Ōsaka (a northern route through Minoh and a southern route through the Kansai Science City). On 6 March 2017 the government committee announced the chosen route from Kyoto to Shin-Osaka is to be via Kyotanabe, with a station at Matsuiyamate on the Katamachi Line. There had previously been discussion of routing the line to Tennōji, a major terminal in southeast Osaka, which would allow an extension of the line to Kansai Airport.

Interim plans
In an attempt to extend the benefits of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to stations west of Tsuruga before the section to Shin-Osaka is completed, JR West was working in partnership with Talgo on the development of a Gauge Change Train (GCT), which was proposed to be capable of operating under both the 25 kV AC electrification used on the Shinkansen and the 1.5 kV DC system employed on conventional lines. The six-car train was due to start trials on the Hokuriku Shinkansen and the 1067 mm-gauge Hokuriku and Kosei lines in 2017. As part of the project JR West had begun trials with a purpose-built 180 m-long gauge-changer at Tsuruga. However, as a result of the abandonment of the proposed use of a GCT on the West Kyushu Shinkansen to Nagasaki by JR Kyushu, in August 2018 JR West announced that the proposed GCT between Tsuruga and Osaka had been abandoned.

Conventional lines running parallel to the Hokuriku Shinkansen
With the opening of the initial Nagano Shinkansen section in October 1997, the section of the conventional (narrow gauge) Shinetsu Main Line running along approximately the same route between Karuizawa and Shinonoi was transferred from the control of JR East to a newly established third-sector railway operating company, Shinano Railway, becoming the Shinano Railway Line.

With the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension north of Nagano on 14 March 2015, the conventional lines running along approximately the same route were transferred from the control of their respective JR owning companies to newly established third-sector railway operating companies funded primarily by the prefectural and municipal governments through which the lines pass. A total of 252.2 km of route between Nagano and Kanazawa was transferred to four separate operating companies, including 75.0 km of the Shinetsu Main Line between Nagano and Naoetsu, and 177.2 km of the Hokuriku Main Line between Naoetsu and Kanazawa. Details of the five third-sector operating companies and their respective lines are as shown below.

In 2019, it was decided that the section of the Hokuriku Main Line between Tsuruga and Fukui would be transferred to third-sector railway operating companies. Three years later in 2022, it was determined that the section would be split among two operators. The IR Ishikawa Railway would extend their operations from Kanazawa to Daishoji, while a new company, Hapi-Line Fukui, established during the preparation phase, would take over the section between Daishoji and Tsuruga. Hapi-Line Fukui is expected to overtake the 84.3 km section of the Hokuriku Main Line effective the 16 March 2024 timetable revision.

title: Hokuriku Shinkansen


text:
Junkers Ju 89

The Junkers Ju 89 was a heavy bomber designed for the Luftwaffe prior to World War II. Two prototypes were constructed, but the project was abandoned without the aircraft entering production. Elements of its design were incorporated into later Junkers aircraft.

Development
From the very beginnings of the Luftwaffe in 1933, General Walther Wever, the chief of staff, realised the importance that strategic bombing would play in any future conflict. A Langstrecken-Grossbomber ("long-range big bomber") was needed to fulfill this role.

Under the Ural bomber programme, he began secret talks with two of Nazi Germany's leading aircraft manufacturers - Dornier and Junkers - requesting designs for a long-range bomber. The two companies responded with the Dornier Do 19 and the Junkers Ju 89, respectively, and the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ordered prototypes for both aircraft in 1935. The RLM request asked for two prototypes and a prototype series of nine aircraft.

The Ju 89 and its competitor, the Dornier Do 19, proved promising, but fell victim to a change of direction within the Luftwaffe. Wever was killed in a plane crash in 1936. His successors – Albert Kesselring, Ernst Udet, and Hans Jeschonnek – favoured smaller, tactical aircraft, since they could be used to support army operations; they also did not require as much material and manpower. They were proponents of the dive bomber (Ju 87 Stuka) and the doctrine of close support and destruction of the opposing air forces on the battle-ground rather than through attacking enemy industry. They convinced Hermann Göring by emphasising the need for tactical bombers to act in an army support role. Albert Kesselring, Wever's successor, believed that what Germany required were more fighters and tactical bombers.

Kesselring and Jeschonnek had suggested to Göring that it would be better to drop heavy bomber projects due to material shortages. Around 2.5 tactical bombers could be built with the same material as one heavy bomber. In May 1937 Göring is reported as saying to Erhard Milch 'The Führer does not ask me how big my bombers are, but how many there are'.

While these beliefs seemed validated by Germany's early successes in the Blitzkrieg, the lack of strategic bombing capability severely hampered the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa.

First prototype
On 11 April 1937, the Ju 89 prototype D-AFIT (V1, c/n 4911) was first flown by Peter Hesselbach. Just 2½ weeks after the first flight, on 29 April 1937, the further development of both the Ju 89 and the Dornier Do 19 was cancelled by the RLM. The reason for this step was the high fuel consumption of heavy bombers, as well as because a large number of bombers could only be manufactured if these bombers were medium bombers, like the Ju 88.

Second prototype
Junkers completed the second Ju 89 prototype D-ALAT July 1937. Junkers used both prototypes for extensive flight tests to get experience of the stability and flight controls of large aircraft, but the third prototype V3 was stopped after the programme was cancelled.

On 4 June 1938, Junkers achieved a new payload/altitude world record with the second prototype D-ALAT with 5000 kg payload at an altitude of 9312 m, (4000 m more than a Short Stirling with the same payload). On 8 June 1938, D-ALAT reached an altitude of 7242 m with 10000 kg. In late 1938, both aircraft were transferred to the Luftwaffe, where they were used as heavy transport aircraft.

Both Ju 89 prototypes seem to have been scrapped by the end of 1939, although some sources claim that they were still in use the following year in Norway. During testing, Luft Hansa expressed an interest in an airliner to be developed from the type, which led Junkers to rebuild the incomplete third prototype as the Ju 90.

title: Junkers Ju 89


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Compactor

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of material such as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by business and public places like hospitals (And in the United States also by homes) to reduce the volume of trash they produce. A baler-wrapper compactor is often used for making compact and wrapped bales in order to improve logistics.

Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes and sizes. In landfill sites for example, a large tractor (typically a converted front end loader with some variant of a bulldozer blade attached) with spiked steel wheels called a landfill compactor is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).

WCVs themselves incorporate a compacting mechanism which is used to increase the payload of the vehicle and reduce the number of times it has to empty. This usually takes the form of hydraulically powered sliding plates which sweep out the collection hopper and compress the material into what has already been loaded.

Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most familiar being the car crusher. Such devices can be of either the "pancake" type, where a scrap automobile is flattened by a huge descending hydraulically powered plate, or the baling press, where the automobile is compressed from several directions until it resembles a large cube

Commercial use
Many retail and service businesses, such as fast food, restaurants, and hotels, use compactors to reduce the volume of non-recyclable waste as well as curb nuisance such as rodents and smell. In the hospitality industry tolerance for such nuisances is particularly low. These compactors typically come in electric and hydraulic operation, with quite a few loading configurations. Most popular loading configurations fall under the following:

 * Ground-access;
 * Walk-on;
 * Secured indoor chute.

These compactors are almost exclusively of welded steel construction for two reasons: durability under pressure and exposure to the elements, as compactors are installed either completely outdoors or sometimes under a covered loading dock.

Agricultural use
As a means to preserve and store forage, baler-wrapper compactors are used to exclude oxygen from the forage and wrap it in air tight film. Without access to air the forage is preserved fresh for longer periods of time.

Residential use
In the United States, there are also trash compactors, hydraulic or manual, designed for residential use. Likewise, they reduce the volume of garbage. For example, some compactors reduce the volume of polystyrene to 1/30.

Municipal use
In the United States, in addition to the waste vehicle and landfill use, there are solar-powered trash compactors that can hold the equivalent of 200 gallons of trash before they need to be emptied.

The large compactors in garbage trucks can be dangerous for workers, and played a role in the US Civil Rights Movement. The 1968 Memphis sanitation strike took place when two sanitation workers were crushed to death in garbage compactors, after which 700 of their 1300 black coworkers decided to strike.

Recycling and energy
Baler-wrapper compactors are used for efficient storage and transport of materials like RDF (refuse-derived fuel) and bin waste, as well as compost and saw dust, enabling higher rates of recycling.

Construction industry
In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate, the rammer, and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs. The plate compactor, vibrating plate, or tamper, has a large vibrating baseplate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the rammer compactor has a smaller foot. The rammer, or trench rammer, is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

In plates and rollers, the vibration is provided by rapidly rotating eccentric masses. In smaller plates, the vibration causes a tendency to move forwards, while some larger plates are provided with a directional control. In the rammer the foot is mounted on a sleeve that slides vertically in the leg. Inside the sleeve, a piston is driven up and down by the engine through a reduction gear, crank and connecting rod. Substantial coil springs above and below the piston connect it to the sliding sleeve. The connection between the sleeve and foot is at a small angle so that the whole rammer leans away from the operator. The vibrating motion is therefore slightly off the vertical, and this gives the rammer a tendency to 'walk' forwards. The sliding joint in the leg is protected by a flexible bellows.

In England the name "wacker plate" or just "wacker" is commonly used to refer to plate compactors, derived from the name of Wacker Neuson, a well-known manufacturer of such devices. The name is pronounced in the English style as whacker, as opposed to the correct German vacker. A rammer is colloquially referred to as "Paddy's Motorbike", due to the traditional resource of Irish construction labourers, and the way that the operator appears to "ride" the hammer holding the handles like a motorcycle.

Patents

 *  — Can crusher and baler — 1941
 *  — Compactor Service & Monitoring System — 2006

title: Compactor