text:
Guy Paul Morin

Guy Paul Morin is a Canadian who was wrongly convicted of the October 1984 rape and murder of his nine-year-old next-door neighbour, Christine Jessop of Queensville, north of Toronto, Ontario. DNA testing led to a subsequent overturning of this verdict. On October 15, 2020, the Toronto Police Service announced a DNA match identifying Calvin Hoover as the one whose semen was recovered from Jessop’s underwear. Hoover killed himself in 2015.

Murder of Christine Jessop
On October 3, 1984, Jessop was dropped off at her home from her school bus. She was supposed to meet a friend from school at a nearby park, but failed to show up. When her mother arrived home she found Christine’s school bag on the counter. In early evening after her mother had telephoned Christine’s friends and searched for the little girl herself, police were called. Her body was discovered on December 31, nearly three months later. She had been sexually assaulted and murdered.

Trials
Morin was arrested for Jessop's murder in April 1985. He was acquitted at his first trial in 1986. The Crown exercised its right to appeal the verdict on the grounds that the trial judge made a fundamental error in the charge to the jury. In 1987 the Court of Appeal ordered a new trial. The retrial was delayed until 1992 by Morin's own appeals based on the Crown's non-disclosure of exculpatory evidence and by other issues, including the double jeopardy rule.

The second trial ran for nine months during 1992 – then the longest murder trial in Canadian history – ending with Morin convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Unlike others convicted of murdering children after sexually abusing them, he was kept in the general population throughout his time in prison. He was released on bail, pending his appeal, which had been allowed, in February 1993; up until his release, he was held at Kingston Penitentiary.

Acquittal and aftermath
Improvements in DNA testing led to a test in January 1995 which excluded Morin as the murderer, just days before his appeal was to be heard. The trial for Morin's appeal of his conviction was short, with the judge giving a directed verdict of acquittal on January 23, 1995, in response to the DNA evidence that all parties agreed was accurate. This verdict led to a group of volunteers to form the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC), now known as Innocence Canada.

An inquiry culminating in the Kaufman Report into Morin's case also uncovered evidence of police and prosecutorial misconduct, and of misrepresentation of forensic evidence by the Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences. Morin received $1.25 million in compensation from the Ontario government.

Identification of murderer
On October 15, 2020, just days past the 36th anniversary of Jessop's death, police identified Jessop's murderer as Calvin Hoover based on DNA evidence and genetic genealogy. Hoover died by his own hand in 2015. He was 28 in 1984. Police said that he was an associate to the family and had a criminal record that was unrelated to the case.

title: Guy Paul Morin


text:
Luapula River

The Luapula River is a north-flowing river of central Africa, within the Congo River watershed. It rises in the wetlands of Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), which are fed by the Chambeshi River. The Luapula flows west then north, marking the border between Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo before emptying into Lake Mweru. The river gives its name to Zambia's Luapula Province.

Source and upper Luapula
The Luapula drains Lake Bangweulu and its swamps into which flows the Chambeshi River, the source of the Congo. There is no single clear channel connecting the two rivers and the lake, but a mass of shifting channels, lagoons and swamps, as the explorer David Livingstone found to his cost. (He died exploring the area, and one of his last acts was to question Chief Chitambo about the course of the Luapula.) The channel boldly marked as the 'Luapula' and confidently shown on many maps flowing south out of Lake Bangweulu at 11°25'S 29°49'E can be seen on satellite images such as Google Earth to actually peter out into green vegetation around 11°46'S 29°48'E.

Below the Bangweulu swamps and floodplain, the Luapula flows steadily in an arc south-west turning north-west then north, with some rapids and well-known set of cataracts, Mambilima Falls near the main road. A far less well-known site is Tangwa, about 40 km south where the river has eroded a gap through rocky hills carving huge caves, arches, and potholes, and leaving giant boulders, including two balancing rocks called 'God's Corn Bin'.

Valley
From the Chembe Bridge to Lake Mweru, the 300 km long Luapula Valley has a higher rural population than the plateau through which it cuts to a depth of up to 500 m. The river is known for this valley and for its long thin delta entering Lake Mweru, usually referred to as the Luapula Swamps. The well-populated part of the valley starts north from Mambilima Falls, and along the rest of its length is nicknamed 'Mwapoleni Road', after the Chibemba greeting called out as people pass each other.

For many practical study purposes, the lower Luapula and Mweru can be considered as one entity. They lie in a rift valley or graben once considered separate from the East African Rift but now seen as a branch of it. Mweru, however, drains not into Lake Tanganyika in the Albertine Rift but via the Luvua River, which has cut a deep, narrow zigzag valley to join the Lualaba River, as the upper Congo is named. The Luapula is part of the longest tributary of the Congo, and hence, by convention, is part of its source, even though the upper Lualaba carries more water.

Overlying the edge of the rift valley 60 km west of the Luapula Swamps is the Luizi structure, a 12.6 km wide series of concentric rings. It has been recently confirmed as a meteoritic impact crater (an astrobleme) formed less than 600 million years ago.

Swamps
The swamps stretch along the last 100 km of the river before it reaches the lake, and for much of that, they are 30 km wide, covering an area of about 2500 km2. There are four inhabited islands in the DR Congo part of the delta, including the largest in the system which is connected to dry land in the dry season. Zambia has three inhabited islands in the delta including Chisenga Island. There are also many lagoons, the largest of which is Mofwe Lagoon on the Zambian side.

As in the Bangweulu Swamps, floating beds of papyrus are a feature of the swamps, which often block channels and change the shape of lagoons. However, the main river channel does not get blocked and stays consistently about 400 m wide. It has not developed the branching channels typical of river deltas.

Very tall reeds grow at the edge of the swamps in most places, making it difficult to see over the lagoons from land or to find the way to the maze of narrow channels used by dugout canoes. Guides are needed to navigate through them, and they are a haven for smuggling between the two countries sharing the swamps.

Crocodile and hippopotamus are common and a hazard for fishermen and travellers. However, the Shila people used to hunt hippopotamus using nothing more than harpoons thrown from canoes.

On the western side of the delta in DR Congo is a broad grassy floodplain covering about 1600 km2. At the end of the rainy season, the combined Luapula wetlands exceed 4000 km². The floodplain was home to herds of lechwe and the shy sitatunga, the famous semi-aquatic antelopes of the region, but both are believed extinct in the lower Luapula due to hunting and the lack of wildlife management.

Human settlement
The upper and middle reaches of the Luapula are quite sparsely populated.

The natural resources of the lower valley, which include fisheries in the river, lagoons and wetlands with fertile farmland at the margins, attracted the Lunda invaders of Mwata Kazembe to settle there around 1750. Their present capital is at Mwansabombwe on the edge of the delta. Arab traders and slavers from Zanzibar and Portuguese traders from Mozambique were attracted to the area in the 18th and 19th Centuries. David Livingstone was the first Briton to visit in 1867. He did not explore the river but in his hunt for the origin of the Nile, Mwata Kazembe was the first to tell him that the Luapula connects the Chambeshi/Bangweulu and Mweru/Luvua/Lualaba systems. Livingstone wrongly believed the Lualaba then flowed to the Nile rather than to the River Congo.

Some of the first missionaries in Central Africa were also attracted to the valley. The first was the Garanganze Mission of the Plymouth Brethren at Mambilima around 1892, followed by the London Missionary Society at Mbereshi in 1900.

The first large town of the colonial era was the river port, Kasenga, in DR Congo, which grew prosperous in the 1930s from supplying fish to Elizabethville and other towns of the Katanga Copperbelt via the first motor road to reach the valley. Most of the fish was caught in Lake Mweru and brought by boat up the Luapula to Kasenga, where it was packed in ice produced in several plants. Although the fish catch has declined and most now travels on the better roads of Zambia, Kasenga remains the only port on the river. For more on the fisheries of the area, see Lake Mweru.

On the Zambian side of the Luapula, an outbreak of sleeping sickness made the British colonial authorities move their Fort Rosebery boma out of the valley onto the plateau at Mansa, while fears of malaria in the Luapula Swamps made them establish the next on the plateau at Kawambwa. Consequently, the towns and villages in the valley, such as the largest, Mwansabombwe, do not have the same ex-colonial character as the administrative towns. However, following the lead of missionary builders and Mwata Kazembe, from the early 1900s, most housing in the valley was of solid brick construction, sun-dried brick mainly, but with some burnt brick.

Water transport
Before the advent of road transport, people travelled by canoe along the river between lakes Bangweulu and Mweru.

The lower river between Kasenga and Kilwa on Mweru is now the only stretch of the river carrying much boat transport and most of that is now for DR Congo, where roads are frequently impassable. Up to the late 1940s, the upper Luapula from Kapalala to Lake Bangweulu and the Chambeshi River was one of the most important stretches for river transport in the then Northern Rhodesia. Goods travelled by road from the railhead at Sakania 10 km north of Ndola to Kapalala to be loaded onto dugout canoes and small boats. During World War I, a fleet of 1885 such craft were used to convey matériel to Chambeshi from where it went on a military road to Mbala for the East African Campaign. Unfortunately, the floating papyrus and other vegetation frequently choked the channels through the Bangweulu swamps joining the lake, the Luapula and the Chambeshi, making it difficult to use larger motorboats.

River crossings
The first vehicle pontoon ferries were at Kasenga, Kapalala and Shiniama near Matanda. None remain, though a passenger ferry operates between Kasenga and Kashiba, Zambia. Around 1950 the Chembe Ferry on the Congo Pedicle road became on the main vehicle crossing. The river there is 400 m wide but can flood to 1 km wide in a heavy rainy season. In 1983 the first bridge over the river was built, the 2.5 km long Luapula Bridge on the Samfya-Serenje Road. The bridge approaches include nearly 20 km of elevated causeway over wetlands and another 40 km of embankment over flood plain. The second bridge over the river, the 320 m long Chembe Bridge was completed in 2008 to replace the Chembe Ferry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Luapula River


text:
Baron Cunliffe

Baron Cunliffe, of Headley in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1914 for Walter Cunliffe, Governor of the Bank of England from 1913 to 1918. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1963.

Barons Cunliffe (1914)

 * Walter Cunliffe, 1st Baron Cunliffe (1855–1920)
 * Rolf Cunliffe, 2nd Baron Cunliffe (1899–1963)
 * Roger Cunliffe, 3rd Baron Cunliffe (b. 1932)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Henry Cunliffe (b. 1962)

title: Baron Cunliffe


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject UK subdivisions/English districts

Principals
Ok, this was done back in the day, when we initially started to split out articles about English districts from towns. The principles involved in deciding whether to split were geographically based.

 * does the district include large rural areas? the more rural area included in the district, the clearer a split becomes
 * so therefore Carlisle (district) is an easy case as would be Ashford (district). Hartlepool (borough) is more borderline.
 * if the district does not contain large rural areas;
 * does the district contain several distinct named towns with independent histories and identities? if so, this points to a split.
 * how recently were the district boundaries set? if they are borders that were expanded in 1974, this points towards splitting.  if the borders are older than this, splitting will be awkward, as there will be no firm point to start the coverage of an article from
 * does the district contain an urban core, some inner suburbs, possibly without all its surrounding suburbs? probably this should not be split, as these tight borders are historic.

Counties
done

 * Bedfordshire
 * Berkshire
 * Buckinghamshire
 * Cambridgeshire
 * Cheshire
 * Cornwall
 * Cumbria
 * Derbyshire
 * Devon
 * Dorset
 * County Durham
 * East Riding of Yorkshire
 * East Sussex
 * Essex
 * Gloucestershire - protected!

 * Greater London
 * Greater Manchester
 * Hampshire
 * Hertfordshire
 * Kent
 * Merseyside
 * Lancashire
 * Leicestershire
 * Lincolnshire
 * Norfolk
 * Northamptonshire
 * Northumberland
 * North Yorkshire
 * Nottinghamshire
 * Oxfordshire
 * Shropshire
 * Somerset
 * Staffordshire
 * South Yorkshire
 * Suffolk
 * Surrey
 * Tyne and Wear
 * Warwickshire
 * West Midlands
 * West Sussex
 * West Yorkshire
 * Wiltshire
 * Worcestershire

Done, but the other way

 * village of Kirklees at Kirklees, Kirklees
 * village of Sefton at Sefton, Sefton

Deliberately not done

 * York (City of York)
 * St Edmundsbury (St Edmundsbury is always the district, apparently)

Redirects needed
Ashford (district) Barrow-in-Furness (district) Barnsley (district) Berwick-upon-Tweed (district) Bedford (district) Bolsover (district) Bolton (district) Boston (district) Bradford (borough) Bradford (district) Brentwood (borough) Burnley (district) Bury (district) Canterbury (district) Canterbury (borough) Carlisle (district) Carlisle (borough) Chelmsford (district) Chester (district) Chester (borough) Chorley (district) Doncaster (district) Durham (borough) Durham (district) Eastleigh (district) Fareham (district) Great Yarmouth (district) Guildford (district) Halton (district) Kettering (district) Lancaster (district) Lancaster (borough) Leeds (district) Leeds (borough) Macclesfield (district) Maidstone (district) Milton Keynes (district) Newcastle-under-Lyme (district) Oswestry (district) Peterborough (district) Peterborough (borough) Rochdale (district) Rotherham (district) Rugby (district) Salford (borough) Salford (district) City of St Albans St Albans (district) St Albans (borough) St Helens (district) Stockport (district) Scarborough (district) Sedgefield (district) Sheffield (borough) Sheffield (district) Solihull (district) Stafford (district) Stockton-on-Tees (district) Sunderland (borough) Sunderland (district) Swindon (district) Tewkesbury (district) Tunbridge Wells (district) Wakefield (borough) Wakefield (district) Walsall (district) Wellingborough (district) Wigan (district) Winchester (borough) Winchester (district)

Done

 * Alnwick -> Alnwick (district)
 * Ashford -> Ashford (borough)
 * Barrow-in-Furness -> Barrow-in-Furness (borough)
 * Barnsley -> Barnsley (borough)
 * Basildon - > Basildon (district)
 * Berwick-upon-Tweed -> Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)
 * Blaby -> Blaby (district)
 * Bedford -> Bedford (borough)
 * Bolsover -> Bolsover (district)
 * Bolton -> Bolton (borough)
 * Boston -> Boston (borough)
 * Bradford -> City of Bradford
 * Braintree -> Braintree (district)
 * Brentwood -> Brentwood (borough)
 * Bridgnorth -> Bridgnorth (district)
 * Bromsgrove -> Bromsgrove (district)
 * Burnley -> Burnley (borough)
 * Bury -> Bury (borough)
 * Cannock Chase -> Cannock Chase (district)
 * Canterbury -> City of Canterbury
 * Carlisle -> City of Carlisle
 * Chelmsford -> Chelmsford (borough)
 * Chester -> Chester (district)
 * Chester-le-Street -> Chester-le-Street (district)
 * Chichester -> Chichester (district)
 * Chiltern -> Chiltern (district)
 * Chorley -> Chorley (borough)
 * Colchester -> Colchester (borough)
 * Congleton -> Congleton (borough)
 * Cotswold -> Cotswold (district)
 * Daventry -> Daventry (district)
 * Doncaster -> Doncaster (borough)
 * Dover -> Dover (district)
 * Dudley -> Dudley (borough)
 * Durham -> City of Durham
 * Easington -> Easington (district)
 * Eastleigh -> Eastleigh (borough)
 * Epping Forest -> Epping Forest (district)
 * Fareham -> Fareham (borough)
 * Forest of Dean -> Forest of Dean (district)
 * Gateshead -> Gateshead (borough)
 * Great Yarmouth -> Great Yarmouth (borough)
 * Guildford -> Guildford (borough)
 * Halton -> Halton (borough)
 * Horsham -> Horsham (district)
 * Hull -> Kingston upon Hull
 * Kettering -> Kettering (borough)
 * Lancaster -> City of Lancaster
 * Leeds -> City of Leeds
 * Lichfield -> Lichfield (district)
 * Lewes -> Lewes (district)
 * Macclesfield -> Macclesfield (borough)
 * Maidstone -> Maidstone (borough)
 * Maldon -> Maldon (district)
 * Mansfield -> Mansfield (district)
 * Milton Keynes -> Milton Keynes (borough)
 * Newcastle-under-Lyme -> Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)
 * New Forest -> New Forest (district)
 * Oldham -> Oldham (borough)
 * Oswestry -> Oswestry (borough)
 * Peterborough -> City of Peterborough
 * Rochdale -> Rochdale (borough)
 * Rochford -> Rochford (district)
 * Rotherham -> Rotherham (borough)
 * Rugby -> Rugby (borough)
 * Salford -> City of Salford
 * Salisbury -> Salisbury (district)
 * St Albans -> City and District of St Albans ?
 * St Helens -> St Helens (borough)
 * Stockport -> Stockport (borough)
 * Scarborough -> Scarborough (borough)
 * Sedgefield -> Sedgefield (borough)
 * Selby -> Selby (district)
 * Sevenoaks -> Sevenoaks (district)
 * Sheffield -> City of Sheffield
 * Solihull -> Solihull (borough)
 * Stafford -> Stafford (borough)
 * Stockton-on-Tees -> Stockton-on-Tees (borough)
 * Stratford-on-Avon -> Stratford-on-Avon (district)
 * Stroud -> Stroud (district)
 * Sunderland -> City of Sunderland
 * Swindon -> Swindon (borough)
 * Tewkesbury -> Tewkesbury (borough)
 * Tunbridge Wells -> Tunbridge Wells (borough)
 * Warwick -> Warwick (district)
 * Wakefield -> City of Wakefield
 * Walsall -> Walsall (borough)
 * Wellingborough -> Wellingborough (borough)
 * Wigan -> Wigan (borough)
 * Winchester -> City of Winchester

also

 * West Midlands -> West Midlands (county)

To consider

 * Darlington -> Darlington (borough)
 * Hartlepool -> Hartlepool (borough)
 * Middlesbrough -> Middlesbrough (borough)
 * Preston -> City of Preston (Lancashire)

Historical

 * Medina -> Medina (borough)


text:
Baron Carnock

Baron Carnock, of Carnock in the County of Stirling, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1916 for the former Permanent Under-Secretary in the Foreign Office, Sir Arthur Nicolson, 11th Baronet.

The Nicolson family descends from Thomas Nicolson. In 1636 he was created a Baronet, of Carnock in the County of Stirling, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. His great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, succeeded as the Fourth Lord Napier of Merchistoun in 1683. However, on his death three years later the barony passed to his maternal aunt Margaret Brisbane, while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin and heir-male, the fifth Baronet. He was succeeded by his son, the sixth Baronet. On the death of his younger son, the eighth Baronet, this line of the family failed. The latter was succeeded by his cousin, the ninth Baronet. He was a major-general in the Army, while his son, the tenth Baronet, was an admiral in the Royal Navy.

The latter was succeeded by his son, the eleventh Baronet. In 1916 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carnock, of Carnock in the County of Stirling. His two eldest sons succeeded as second and third Baron, in 1928 and 1952; the fourth Baron succeeded his father in 1982. In 1984 Lord Carnock was recognised as thirteenth Baronet of that Ilk and of Lasswade and as Chief of Clan Nicolson by the Lord Lyon with the undifferenced arms of Nicolson. He was separately recognised in this title by the Registrar of the Baronetage. For earlier history of this title, see Nicolson Baronets. the titles are held by his cousin once removed, the fifth Baron. He is the son of the writer Nigel Nicolson and grandson of the famous diplomat Sir Harold Nicolson, who was the third son of the first Baron and husband of Vita Sackville-West.

The family seat is Perch Hill Farm, near Robertsbridge, East Sussex.

Nicolson Baronets, of Carnock (1636)

 * Sir Thomas Nicholson of Carnock (d. 1646)
 * Sir Thomas Nicolson, 2nd Baronet (1628–1664)
 * Sir Thomas Nicolson, 3rd Baronet (1649–1670)
 * Sir Thomas Nicolson, 4th Lord Napier, 4th Baronet (1669–1688)
 * Sir Thomas Nicolson, 5th Baronet (d. 1699)
 * Sir George Nicolson, 6th Baronet (d. 1771)
 * Sir Walter Philip Nicholson, 7th Baronet (d. 1786)
 * Sir David Nicolson, 8th Baronet (d. 1806)
 * Sir William Nicolson, 9th Baronet (1758–1820)
 * Sir Frederick William Erskine Nicolson, 10th Baronet (1815–1899)
 * Sir Arthur Nicolson, 11th Baronet (1849–1928) (created Baron Carnock in 1916)

Barons Carnock (1916)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Thomas Nicolson (b. 1984).
 * Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock (1849–1928)
 * Frederick Archibald Nicolson, 2nd Baron Carnock (1883–1952)
 * Erskine Arthur Nicolson, 3rd Baron Carnock (1884–1982)
 * David Henry Arthur Nicolson, 4th Baron Carnock (1920–2008)
 * Adam Nicolson, 5th Baron Carnock (b. 1957)

title: Baron Carnock


text:
Baron Colwyn

Baron Colwyn, of Colwyn Bay in the County of Denbigh, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1917 for the businessman Sir Frederick Smith, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet in 1912. the titles are held by his great-grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1966.

The third Lord Colwyn remained in the House of Lords until his retirement in 2022 as one of ninety elected hereditary peers after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999 and sat on the Conservative benches.

Barons Colwyn (1917)

 * Frederick Henry Smith, 1st Baron Colwyn (1859–1946)
 * Frederick John Vivian Smith, 2nd Baron Colwyn (1914–1966)
 * Ian Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn (b. 1942)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Craig Peter Hamilton-Smith (b. 1968) The heir apparent's heir is his son Joshua Dougal Callum Hamilton-Smith (b. 2006)

title: Baron Colwyn


text:
Chambeshi River

The Chambeshi (or Chambezi) River of northeastern Zambia is the most remote headstream of the Congo River (in length) and therefore it is considered the source of the Congo River. (However, by volume of water, the Lualaba River provides a greater streamflow to the Congo.)

The Chambeshi rises as a stream in the mountains of northeast Zambia near Lake Tanganyika at an elevation of 1760 m above sea level. It flows for 480 km into the Bangweulu Wetlands, which are part of Lake Bangweulu. By the end of the rainy season in May, the river delivers a flood which recharges the wetlands and inundates the Zambesian grasslands to the southeast. The water then flows out of the wetlands as the Luapula River.

For more than 100 km of its length as it flows to the east of Kasama, the river consists of a maze of channels in wetlands about 2 km wide, in a floodplain up to 25 km wide. Further downstream, where it is bridged by the Kasama–Mpika road and the Tazara Railway, the permanent main channel is about 100 m wide, and up to 400 m wide in flood.

title: Chambeshi River


text:
User:Nhamblen

Nathan Hamblen

title: User:Nhamblen


text:
Baron Cawley

Baron Cawley, of Prestwich in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1918 for the Liberal politician Sir Frederick Cawley, 1st Baronet. He had previously represented Prestwich in the House of Commons and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1916 to 1918. Before his elevation to the peerage, Cawley had been created a baronet, of Prestwich in the County Palatine of Lancaster, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, in 1906. His grandson, the third Baron, notably served as Deputy Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1958 to 1967. the titles are held by the latter's eldest son, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 2001.

The Honourable Harold Thomas Cawley, second son of the first Baron, the Honourable Stephen Robert Cawley, second son of the second Baron, and the Honourable Oswald Cawley, fourth son of the first Baron, were all Liberal politicians.

The former seat of the Cawley family was Berrington Hall near Leominster in Herefordshire.

Barons Cawley (1918)

 * Frederick Cawley, 1st Baron Cawley (1850–1937)
 * Robert Hugh Cawley, 2nd Baron Cawley (1877–1954)
 * Frederick Lee Cawley, 3rd Baron Cawley (1913–2001)
 * John Francis Cawley, 4th Baron Cawley (b. 1946)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. William Robert Harold Cawley (b. 1981).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his only son, Arthur Guillermo Cawley (b. 2018).

Attribution

 * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
 * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

title: Baron Cawley


text:
1953 Waco tornado outbreak

A deadly series of at least 33 tornadoes hit at least 10 different U.S. states on May 9–11, 1953. Tornadoes appeared daily from Minnesota in the north to Texas in the south. The strongest and deadliest tornado was a powerful F5 tornado that struck Waco, Texas on May 11, causing 114 of the 144 deaths in the outbreak. Alongside the 1902 Goliad tornado, it was the deadliest tornado in Texas history and is the 11th deadliest tornado in U.S. history. The tornado's winds demolished more than 600 houses, 1,000 other structures, and over 2,000 vehicles. 597 injuries occurred, and many survivors had to wait more than 14 hours for rescue. The destruction dispelled a myth that the geography of the region spared Waco from tornadoes, and along with other deadly tornadoes in 1953, the Waco disaster was a catalyst for advances in understanding the link between tornadoes and radar-detected hook echoes. It also generated support for improved civil defense systems, the formation of weather radar networks, and improved communications between stakeholders such as meteorologists, local officials, and the public.

The Waco tornado was not the only deadly and damaging tornado in the outbreak sequence. On the same day as the Waco disaster, a high-end F4 tornado struck the Texas city of San Angelo, causing catastrophic damage, killing 13 people, and injuring more than 150. The tornado swept away numerous homes and damaged a school, but students inside escaped without serious injuries. On May 9, a long-tracked F3 tornado destroyed a large swath of Hebron, Nebraska and killed five people in the area. The following day, May 10, featured numerous, often long-tracked and intense tornado families across the states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Two families on nearly parallel paths traveled more than 100 mi each and killed a combined total of six people, mostly in Wisconsin. At least one of the tornado families reached F4 intensity in Wisconsin. Two other F4 tornadoes also struck Iowa. Additionally, a relatively moderate tornado of F2 intensity caused significant loss of life in a shack in Minnesota, killing six people. Although 33 tornadoes were officially registered from May 9–11, others likely occurred but either went undetected or were not officially documented.

Background
After two days of intense tornado activity, May 11, 1953, produced a rich, unstable air mass that moved northward over Texas from the Gulf of Mexico. As of 9:30 a.m. CST (15:30 UTC), thunderstorm activity from the overnight hours persisted, generating residual outflow boundaries. Already, anomalously warm surface temperatures reached the mid-70s °F (mid-20s °C) as far north as a line stretching from Dallas to Austin. Dew points were correspondingly high as well, climbing into the lower 70s °F. (lower 20s °C) As a dry line crossed the warm sector in the afternoon, a layer of cool surface temperatures left by the outflow boundaries locally enhanced low-level wind shear, acting as a mechanism to enable supercell and tornado formation. Winds backed along the outflow boundaries, perhaps aiding the formation of violent tornadoes. Due to conducive conditions for severe weather, the U.S. Weather Bureau (later the National Weather Service) Weather Forecast Office in New Orleans issued a tornado alert covering sections of Central and West Texas.

Chester, Iowa/Wykoff–St. Charles, Minnesota/Cochrane–Catawba, Wisconsin
This destructive, violent, and extremely long-tracked tornado family likely contained at least five distinct tornadoes, spawned by one supercell. The first tornado in the series, though officially unconfirmed, may have formed near Greene in Butler County, Iowa, causing significant destruction on a farmstead. Continuous damage resumed near Chester, severely affecting 11 farms south of the Minnesota–Iowa border, with two injuries in Iowa. The storm then crossed into southern Minnesota, killing one person in a destroyed barn near Wykoff. Near Chatfield, the tornado carried a schoolhouse from its foundation, causing its disintegration. The tornado then hit a few cars halfway between Dover and St. Charles, one of which was carried 100 ft, injuring four occupants and killing the fifth, a child.

In Minnesota, four other people sustained injuries while inside a barn, and three more injuries were in another automobile; in all, 17 injuries were confirmed in the state. Across Fillmore, Olmsted, and Winona counties in Minnesota, over 24 farms received widespread, often severe damage, including the destruction of most buildings in some cases. The tornado downed many power lines and utility poles as well, and there was widespread loss of livestock. Entering Whitewater State Park, the tornado splintered "hundreds" of trees, and buildings in the park were badly damaged. After destroying a steel bridge near Crystal Spring, the tornado apparently dissipated into straight-line winds, though Grazulis suggested that tornado damage may have continued to Cochrane, Wisconsin.

Reports indicated that the storm crossed the Mississippi River into Wisconsin, where tornado activity definitely resumed northeast of Cochrane and ended near Brownville. As in Minnesota, damage was discontinuous, implying that two or more tornadoes were involved. Between Cochrane and Brownsvulle, the tornado hit roughly 100 farms, at least 20 of which lost buildings, and produced high-end F3 damage to some homes. "Hundreds" of dead livestock littered the landscape. Beyond Brownsville, the tornado(es) likely weakened and reformed into two, perhaps three, others, starting with spotty damage near Gilman. A farmhouse was swept from its foundation, and fragments of the home were lofted for 7 mi. The tornado was reportedly exceptionally violent while southeast of Catawba, shortly before dissipation. Five injuries occurred in Wisconsin, though the actual total may have been 12.

Maximum damage intensity was F3 in Iowa and Minnesota and F4 in Wisconsin. The swath of damage between St. Charles and Whitewater State Park, Minnesota, across Olmsted and Winona counties, may have been from a separate thunderstorm, as Grazulis does not count it as part of the same tornado family.

River Falls–Amery–Minong, Wisconsin
This was the second of two long-tracked tornado families in Wisconsin on May 10. It first formed on the outskirts of River Falls and tracked to the north-northeast. Here, the tornado demolished a summer house, which collapsed onto occupants, injuring four who had been picnicking but had sought safety during the storm. Initially, multiple tornadoes were likely present, as damage was discontinuous until the tornado(es) passed east of New Richmond. At that point, a continuous swath of significant damage began and continued to near Amery. The first fatality, an elderly female, occurred in St. Croix County when her home was leveled, injuring three other people inside. Farther on, in Polk County, two additional deaths took place: one from flying debris, another in a destroyed barn. In Burnett County, the tornado felled a tree, which hit a dairy building, causing a final death. Beyond Amery, scattered, poorly documented destruction occurred for the remainder of the path. A separate tornado likely formed near Minong and dissipated near Gordon, destroying cabins and other small residences. Six injuries occurred across Washburn and Douglas counties, one of which was severe. There were 11 injuries near Amery and 27 along the entire path. Reports from local staff of the American Red Cross indicated that the tornado family destroyed or damaged 113 homes and affected 215 other structures. Collapsing barns killed livestock inside, though the precise number was undetermined. Numerous trees were downed along the path, and utilities were disrupted. The tornado(es) mostly impacted sparsely populated areas. While officially rated F2, the tornado was assigned an F4 rating by Grazulis, based on damage to homes near Amery.

Waco, Texas
According to an old legend—attributed without corroboration to the Huaco, a local Native American tribe—tornadoes, or at least severe ones, could not touch down in Waco, a city located in a geological depression. Supposedly due to the bluffs around the Brazos River, tornadoes and other severe weather were relatively rare and mild in the city. The 1953 storm, however, disproved the myth when it tracked directly through downtown Waco as an F5 tornado. The tornado first formed around 4:10 p.m. CST (22:10 UTC) about 3 mi north-northwest of the Lorena community. It quickly began damaging structures, destroying a home near Lorena as it tracked north-northeastward. As it neared Waco, operators of weather radar at Texas A&M University detected a hook echo in association with the parent supercell. This was one of the first times that radar linked tornadogenesis with hook-echo signatures. However, because heavy rain obscured the tornado, it was largely invisible to people in its path. The high-precipitation nature of the parent storm may have heightened the death toll in Waco by delaying appropriate action. The storm also generated baseball-sized hail in its path. The tornado passed close to Hewitt before entering downtown Waco.

As the thunderstorm began pounding the city with rain, many people on the streets crowded into local buildings for shelter, yet few of the buildings in downtown Waco were constructed sturdily enough to withstand the winds, so they collapsed almost immediately. Thirty people died in the R. T. Dennis building alone. Newer buildings with steel reinforcement, including the 22-story Amicable office building (now called the ALICO Building), weathered the storm. The Dr Pepper bottling plant, today the Dr Pepper Museum, also remained standing but sustained damage. Bricks from the collapsed structures piled up in the street to a depth of 5 ft. Some survivors were trapped under rubble for 14 or more hours; numerous bodies remained buried beneath piles of rubble and for many days were unaccounted for. After devastating downtown Waco, the tornado continued to the north-northeast and dissipated about 5 mi west of Axtell. While the tornado destroyed homes outside the city, media largely focused on destruction in downtown Waco.

In all, 114 deaths occurred in the Waco area, with 597 injured and over $41 million (1953 USD) in property damage. The tornado destroyed 196 businesses and factories. 150 homes were wrecked. Over 2,000 cars sustained at least some damage.

Aftermath and records
Following the Waco tornado, attempts to organize disaster relief were stymied by poor organization. Local residents had not expected the tornado and had assumed that the area's geography safeguarded Waco from tornadoes. Initially, the tornado also severed communications between downtown Waco and outlying areas, so assistance was slow to arrive. The chaotic relief efforts eventually spurred greater coordination between civilians and local governments, leading to the development of civil defense. Notably, the Waco event was one of the first instances that proved the effectiveness of radar in tracking tornadogenesis; coincidentally, another such case occurred later in the same year. A retrospective study of the tornado that struck Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9 revealed that, as at Waco, local radar detected the hook echo that signified the tornado. Researchers concluded that improved communications, coupled with the formation of radar coverage, could lead to accurate tornado warnings, thereby reducing loss of life in future storms. This task proved especially important following the devastating loss of life at Waco and Worcester, along with the June 8 catastrophe at Flint, Michigan, in the same year. The state of Texas supported the implementation of 20 radar facilities, each with a 200 mi radius, that proved successful in reducing death tolls in later tornadoes. The system was known as the Texas Radar Tornado Warning Network and also included communications between weather officials, storm spotters, and local officials. Thus the Waco tornado helped catalyze development of a nationwide severe weather warning system.

The Waco tornado remains the eleventh deadliest tornado on record in the United States and is tied with the 1902 Goliad tornado as the deadliest in Texas history.

The storm also intersected with the long legacy of racism against black residents of Waco. After the disaster, some people in the local African-American community saw the tornado as divine retribution for the lynching of Jesse Washington over thirty years prior.

title: 1953 Waco tornado outbreak


text:
Baron Cochrane of Cults

Baron Cochrane of Cults, of Crawford Priory in the County of Fife, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1919 for the Liberal Unionist politician and former Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Hon. Thomas Cochrane. He was the second and youngest son of Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Earl of Dundonald. the title is held by the first Baron's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year. The fifth Baron is also third in line to the Earl of Dundonald.

Two other members of this branch of the Cochrane family have also gained distinction. Captain the Hon. Sir Archibald Douglas Cochrane, second son of the first Baron, was a naval commander and politician. Air Chief Marshal the Hon. Sir Ralph Cochrane, youngest son of the first Baron, was a notable Royal Air Force commander. Commodore the Honourable Michael Cochrane OBE Royal Navy, younger son of the fourth Baron, has continued the family tradition of Royal Navy service.

The family seat is Cults House, near Cupar, Fife. The former was Crawford Priory, also in Fife.

Barons Cochrane of Cults (1919)

 * Thomas Horatio Arthur Ernest Cochrane, 1st Baron Cochrane of Cults (1857–1951)
 * Thomas George Frederick Cochrane, 2nd Baron Cochrane of Cults (1883–1968)
 * Thomas Charles Anthony Cochrane, 3rd Baron Cochrane of Cults (1922–1990)
 * Ralph Henry Vere Cochrane, 4th Baron Cochrane of Cults (1926–2017)
 * Thomas Hunter Vere Cochrane, 5th Baron Cochrane of Cults (b. 1957)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, Commodore the Hon. Michael Charles Nicholas Cochrane OBE (b. 1959). His heir apparent is his son Edward Michael Thomas Cochrane (b. 2002).

title: Baron Cochrane of Cults


text:
Talk:Verifiability theory of meaning

I'm but an amature, but as I've been reading Gödel, Escher, Bach lately, the following occurred to me.

The contradiction in the theory of verifiability is resolvable if one recognizes the nature of the theory as a meta-theory: it's a statement about statements. It's true that it is meaningless without a context, but it doesn't just exist without context. It's not a statement by itself, it's a statement about statements. It's meaningfulness and verifiability can only be evaluated in the context of the statements it is applied to.

In a way, it's a long way of saying, "if I can't tell the difference, who cares?" The sentance doesn't mean anything by itself, but placed in the context of another statement, it does. "This food is spoiled and poisonous." I can tell the difference, and I care. "Dogs can't tell it's not bacon." I don't know what dogs think, and I don't care.

For the theory to be totally meaningless, all its applications would have to be meaningless too. That is, if the theory is M, then for all statements s, M(s) would have to be unverifiable. Evaluating the theory in terms of itself is meaningless because it's either M(M) or M(M(M(M(M(...))))).

Is there anything wrong with what I'm saying here, or should I add it to the text (rewritten in a less familiar style)?

 * Well, yes and no. What you are saying is correct in a sense, as the logical positivists themselves said that the v.p. was a recommendation for the use of words, and not an axiomatic statement (the obvious answer to this is "Well then - I politely decline to employ your recommendation in my use of words..."). This makes it a metaphysical claim about the fundamentals of reality - and thus a faliure on its own terms.

 * Does this help? --Shikasta 21:52, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

===

This stuff on Kant is all wrong. He said that there were three types of judgement: 1 analytic a priori 2 synthetic a priori 3 synthetic a posteriori The article states that Kant saw mathematics as type 1, but he saw them as type 2 [along with statements like "every cause has an effect"]. It was Hume who said that there were only analytic/a priori and synthetic/a posteriori. Hume is much more assoicated with logical positivism than Kant, although Popper later pointed out that this was misguided.

This author is right, Kant certainly did not think mathematical truths were analytic, this is not a disputed question. Since the entire section was incorrect I deleted it, though it could be replaced by a section on Hume, who did sort of employ a proto-verification principle- Timothy J Scriven.

===

This seems more like a defenition for the word 'meaning' than a theory. i.e.:If I was going to discuss a metaphysical issue and you told me it was meaningless, that then depends on what your definition of 'meaningless' is?

Verification vs. correspondence theory of truth
"The verifiability theory of meaning is also closely related to the correspondence theory of truth."

No, they come to opposite conclusions, unless one starts with the assumption that nothing can correspond to reality that isn't verifiable. For example, according to the correspondence theory, the statement "God exists" is true if (and only if) there really is some being out there that is God. The verifiability theory would simply say that the statement "God exists" is meaningless (hence, untrue?) since the existence of God cannot be proven.

title: Talk:Verifiability theory of meaning


text:
World War II aircraft production

This table lists aircraft production during World War II for the major allied and axis powers:
 * 1) list

title: World War II aircraft production


text:
Borough of Bedford

Bedford, or the Borough of Bedford, is a local government district with borough status in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. Its council is a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. The council is based in Bedford, the borough's namesake and principal settlement, which is the county town of Bedfordshire.

The Bedford built-up-area is the 71st largest in the United Kingdom and also includes Kempston and Biddenham. Away from the Bedford built-up area the borough includes a large rural area with many villages. 75% of the borough's population live in the Bedford built-up and the five large villages which surround it, which makes up slightly less than 6% of the total land area of the borough.

The borough is also the location of the Wixams new settlement, immediately south of Bedford, which received its first residents in 2009.

History
The ancient borough of Bedford was a borough by prescription, with its original date of incorporation unknown. The earliest surviving charter was issued c. 1166 by Henry II, confirming to the borough the liberties and customs which it had held in the reign of Henry I. The borough became a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

The District of Bedford was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the existing borough of Bedford, along with Kempston Urban District and Bedford Rural District. In 1975 the district was granted a royal charter granting borough status as North Bedfordshire. The borough changed its name back from North Bedfordshire to Bedford in 1992.

Bedfordshire's administrative structure was reorganised as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England, meaning that Bedford Borough Council became a unitary authority in April 2009. Bedford Borough Council assumed responsibility in areas such as education, social services and transport which were previously provided by Bedfordshire County Council.

Governance
The council is based at Borough Hall on Cauldwell Street on the banks of the River Great Ouse in the centre of Bedford. The building was previously known as County Hall and had been the headquarters of Bedfordshire County Council prior to 2009. The unitary authority area is divided into 28 wards for elections to the Borough Council.

Parishes
Most of the area of the pre-1974 municipal borough of Bedford is unparished, although the parish of Brickhill was created within that area in 2004. The rest of the modern borough, including Kempston (the borough's only CP with a town council), is parished. The parishes are:

 * Biddenham
 * Bletsoe
 * Bolnhurst and Keysoe
 * Brickhill
 * Bromham
 * Cardington
 * Carlton and Chellington
 * Clapham
 * Colmworth
 * Cople
 * Cotton End
 * Dean and Shelton
 * Elstow
 * Felmersham
 * Great Barford
 * Great Denham
 * Harrold
 * Kempston
 * Kempston Rural
 * Knotting and Souldrop
 * Little Barford
 * Little Staughton
 * Melchbourne and Yielden
 * Milton Ernest
 * Oakley
 * Odell
 * Pavenham
 * Pertenhall
 * Podington
 * Ravensden
 * Renhold
 * Riseley
 * Roxton
 * Sharnbrook
 * Shortstown
 * Stagsden
 * Staploe
 * Stevington
 * Stewartby
 * Swineshead
 * Thurleigh
 * Turvey
 * Wilden
 * Willington
 * Wilshamstead
 * Wixams
 * Wootton
 * Wyboston, Chawston and Colesden
 * Wymington

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Bedford.

Individuals

 * Etienne Stott: 11 December 2012.

Military Units

 * Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment: November 1955
 * RAF Cardington: 16 July 1959.
 * 287 Regiment Royal Artillery: 5 May 1963.
 * 1st Battalion Royal Anglian Regiment: 1980.
 * 201 (Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Battery Royal Artillery (Volunteers): 3 May 1986.
 * RAF Henlow: 26 September 1992.
 * 774th USAF Airbase Group: 15 December 1994.
 * 134 (Bedford) Squadron Air Training Corps: 1 August 1999.

title: Borough of Bedford


text:
Talk:Thinks ...

Is this encyclopedic? G-Man 20:50, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Can't see any reason why it shouldn't be: David Lodge certainly is an eminent English novelist; the discussion of his novel Thinks ... is NPOV. What else would make the article un-encyclopaedic?  21:46, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It needs to be edited WAY down, however. It's practically a blow-by-blow synopsis of the whole novel. The articles on Lodge's other novels seem on the right track. I'd do the editing but I haven't read the book and this article exhausts me just to look at it. - DavidWBrooks 21:35, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Doesn't look very NPOV to me. -- 19 Jun 2005

Hey, it's July 2008!

 * (and nothing has changed...)

I have put the plot template in the section. I will not be reading the book, since the detailed synopsis bored me rigid, so also cannot perform the pruning - but I hope the template will attract the attention of some literary type. LessHeard vanU (talk) 12:10, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Plot summary definitely wrong
Not only is the summary too long, it also completely distorts the novel's central theme. The novel is centered on Ralph and Helen's relationship. Perhaps more on Ralph btw. Even more important, through their relationships, and discussions we are confronted with their opposing views of the mind, its functioning and purpose. It offers a starck contrast between the humanities and sciences approach to the mysteries of the mind in addition to being well, a fiction. This is what makes the novel's real contribution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.212.29.91 (talk) 16:31, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

About the summary plot
Hello.

Yesterday I introduced a structuration of this part, without changing anything else, so that it can be slightly approximative sometimes.

I think that the summary is really a little too long. I, having read the book, can follow the summary, but a non reader could be disturbed. In fact there are too many explanations : for instance, it's not neccessary to write "we know from her diary that she is attracted, etc." : it's enough to write : "she is attracted, etc." (we could know as well from "conscience stream" or "indirect free style", etc., as I know from The Art of Fiction.)

I know that in English Wikipedia, you are not very fond of structuration, contrary to German and French Wikipedias. I think that nevertheless a good structure facilitates understanding : on the French page I use a standard structure (without numbers and letters of course) : 1) Summary a) general sight b) place and time c) characters (not only the main ones) d) detailed summary 2) Analysis a) narrative techniques b) themes

Helen's diary appears in 2a as well as Ralph's recording ; Ludmilla Lisk can appear in 1c, but not necessarily in 1d. In 2b I could write about Jean-Dominique Bauby, theme which does not interfere in the plot, but is relatively important in the cognitive sciences background of the novel.

I hope this can be useful.

Cordially

--LODGESEARCH (talk) 12:26, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thinks ...


text:
Borough of Boston

The Borough of Boston is a local government district with borough status in Lincolnshire, England. Its council is based in the town of Boston. The borough also includes numerous villages and towns in the surrounding rural area including Kirton, Wyberton, Sutterton, Algakirk and Hubberts Bridge.

The borough borders South Holland to the south, North Kesteven to the west, and East Lindsey to the north. To the east, it has a coast onto the Wash.

History
The town of Boston had been incorporated as an ancient borough in 1545. It was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836.

The modern borough was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, by merging the municipal borough of Boston with Boston Rural District. The new district was named Boston after its only town. Boston's borough status passed to the enlarged district from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Boston's series of mayors dating back to 1545. The borough covers the northern part of Holland, one of the three traditional Parts of Lincolnshire. Holland had been an administrative county between 1889 and 1974.

In 2020 the council agreed to share its management and other staff with neighbouring East Lindsey District Council. South Holland District Council joined the partnership in 2021, which is now described as the "South and East Lincolnshire Councils Partnership".

Governance
Boston Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lincolnshire County Council. Much of the borough is covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
Since the 2023 election the council has been under the control of local party the Boston Independents.

Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Boston. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2006 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The Liberal Democrat and three of the independent councillors sit together as the "20-20 Independent Group". The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2015 the council has comprised 30 councillors representing 15 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

The wards are:

 * Coastal
 * Fenside
 * Fishtoft
 * Five Villages
 * Kirton and Frampton
 * Old Leake and Wrangle
 * Skirbeck
 * St Thomas'
 * Staniland
 * Station
 * Swineshead and Holland Fen
 * Trinity
 * West
 * Witham
 * Wyberton

Premises
The council is based at the Municipal Buildings on West Street in Boston. The building was built in 1902 for the old borough council to the designs of architect James Rowell.

Parishes
Much of the borough is covered by civil parishes, the exception being the pre-1974 municipal borough of Boston, which is an unparished area. The parishes are:

 * Algakirk
 * Amber Hill
 * Benington
 * Bicker
 * Butterwick
 * Fishtoft
 * Fosdyke
 * Frampton
 * Freiston
 * Holland Fen with Brothertoft
 * Kirton
 * Leverton
 * Old Leake
 * Sutterton
 * Swineshead
 * Wigtoft
 * Wrangle
 * Wyberton

2016 EU referendum
On 23 June 2016 the Borough of Boston voted in the UK-wide Referendum on membership of the European Union (EU) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015. In a turnout of 77%, over 75% voted to leave the EU, the highest leave majority of the 382 UK voting areas. The local MP Matt Warman, a Conservative, had campaigned for a "Remain" vote.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Boston.

Individuals

 * Professor Sir Jonathan Van-Tam: 21 March 2022.
 * David Medlock: 17 April 2023.

Military Units

 * RAF Coningsby: 16 May 1963.

title: Borough of Boston


text:
Talk:Son montuno

Request for merge
I moved a huge piece from Music of Cuba to already existing Son montuno. Please, someone who knows the topic, merge the two pieces and write a summary for the Music of Cuba section. If no one undertakes this in a week or two, I'll try to do it myself. Mikkalai 20:51, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I apologize to the authors of both articles, but it seems that they start to live their own separate lifes, and it is important to keep information coherent. Mikkalai 20:55, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

son vs. son montuno
Isn't son montuno a particular type of son? Its the impression I've picked up reading liner notes, where they make a distinction. I'm not confident enough to make a separate 'son' page though.
 * I think son is a generic term for many kinds of folk songs. There is something called Mexican son (see Music of Mexico).  I'm not really sure though, and have never found a clear explanation. Tuf-Kat 07:14, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and split things apart, since most information I found indicated that son montuno = son + montuno sections. Also, I removed the reference to 'toques' as a musical instrument. The only reference I can find to them is as something played on a bata drum. --Johnkarp 22:38, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Alright, here's what I have understood. The terms son and montuno both have several meanings.
 * genre:
 * son is a genre (son cubano). It emerged from a combination of Spanish song tradition with African rhythms and instruments (bongó, claves, maracas).
 * montuno is a similar genre, but other than the urban son, this rural (montuno meaning "from the mountains", which in Cuba is synonymous for "from the countryside") form does not have as much of a composition or lyrics. Singers would rather just make up a coro, and improvise pregones. A montuno is basically a 2 to 16 bar form, repeated over and over for new vocal improvisations.
 * son-montuno emerged when the soneros from the cities adapted the montuno and added it to their songs.
 * form:
 * The son is the theme of a son-montuno (or salsa, or timba, for that matter) arrangement. A typical song starts with an introduction, then the theme, some sort of trasition, and at a very noticale point, the montuno takes off.
 * The montuno, then, is the place for improvisations, pregones, mambos, moñas etc.
 * son-montuno refers to an arrangement that uses this form.
 * rhythm:
 * son, montuno and son-montuno basically refer to the same rhythmic patterns, although frequently different rhythms are played in each section of the song; the bongocero nowadays changes to hand bell (campana) when the montuno takes off.
 * patterns:
 * the term montuno also means "the pattern the piano or tres plays in a son-montuno", which is usually rhythmic figures of arpeggiated chords.
 * tempo:
 * montuno and son-montuno are sometimes used to indicate slow tempo and are as such synonyms for guajira or guajira-son. A faster tempo is sometimes indicated as guaracha or guaracha-son.
 * dance:
 * montuno also refers to a dance, approximately the same tempo as a cha-cha-chá, but more relaxed and calm.

And btw, it's montuno, not montuño, which is more Spanish than Spanish itself ;) Tobias Dammers 09:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Capitalization
I don't think this should be capitalized. Music genres are not generally proper nouns in English. Google produces mostly lower-case when not used in a title of some sort. Tuf-Kat 01:34, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Son montuno


text:
Braintree District

Braintree District is a local government district in Essex, England. The district is named after the town of Braintree, where the council is based. The district also includes the towns of Halstead and Witham and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Colchester, Maldon, Chelmsford, Uttlesford, South Cambridgeshire, West Suffolk, and Babergh.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 as one of 14 districts within Essex. The new district covered the area of five former districts, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Braintree, after the area's largest town.
 * Braintree and Bocking Urban District
 * Braintree Rural District
 * Halstead Rural District
 * Halstead Urban District
 * Witham Urban District

Governance
Braintree District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Essex County Council. Much of the district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under Conservative control since 2007.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 1995 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The Greens and independent councillors sit together as the "Independent and Green Group". The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council has its headquarters at Causeway House on Bocking End in Braintree. The building was purpose-built for the council and opened in 1981.

Elections
Since the last full review of boundaries in 2015, the council has comprised 49 councillors representing 26 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Wards
The wards are:

 * Bocking Blackwater
 * Bocking North
 * Bocking South
 * Braintree Central & Beckers Green
 * Braintree South
 * Braintree West
 * Bumpstead
 * Coggeshall
 * Gosfield & Greenstead Green
 * Great Notley & Black Notley
 * Halstead St Andrew's
 * Halstead Trinity
 * Hatfield Peverel & Terling
 * Hedingham
 * Kelvedon & Feering
 * Rayne
 * Silver End and Cressing
 * Stour Valley North
 * Stour Valley South
 * The Colnes
 * Three Fields
 * Witham Central
 * Witham North
 * Witham South
 * Witham West
 * Yeldham

Towns and parishes
There are 63 civil parishes in the district. The former Braintree and Bocking Urban District, covering the town of Braintree itself, is an unparished area. The parish councils for Halstead and Witham are styled "town councils".

title: Braintree District


text:
Borough of Scarborough

The Borough of Scarborough  was a non-metropolitan district with borough status in North Yorkshire, England. In addition to the town of Scarborough, it covered a large stretch of the coast of Yorkshire, including Whitby and Filey. It bordered Redcar and Cleveland to the north, the Ryedale and Hambleton districts to the west and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. It was a merger of the urban district of Filey and part of the Bridlington Rural District, from the historic East Riding of Yorkshire, along with the municipal borough of Scarborough, Scalby and Whitby urban districts, and Scarborough Rural District and Whitby Rural District, from the historic North Riding.

In 2007, the borough was threatened with extinction. In March of that year, North Yorkshire County Council was shortlisted by the Department for Communities and Local Government to become a unitary authority. If the bid had been successful then the Borough of Scarborough would — along with all other districts and boroughs in the present county of North Yorkshire — have been abolished then. The bid, however, was unsuccessful and the districts remained as they were previously constituted.

However, in July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan county would be reorganised into a unitary authority. Scarborough Borough Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to a new single authority for the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire.

Education
There were a total of 64 schools and colleges in the Scarborough area, as of 2012.

Localities
The Borough of Scarborough included many civil parishes and suburbs including: Brompton-by-Sawdon, Broxa-cum-Troutsdale, Cloughton, Commondale, Crossgates, Eastfield, Glaisdale, Houlsyke, Hunmanby, Hutton Buscel, Irton, Littlebeck, Muston, Newby and Scalby, Ravenscar, Ruston, Silpho, Snainton, Seamer, West Ayton, Wykeham and others.

Wards of Scarborough town were Castle, Central, Eastfield, Falsgrave Park, Newby, North Bay, Northstead, Ramshill, Stepney, Weaponness, and Woodlands. Areas without namesake wards included Westborough (centre), Barrowcliff and Newlands.

In 2016, the borough ranked second in Visit England's survey of overall holiday trips and holiday spend, topped only by London.

Media
Since 1882, it has been served by The Scarborough News, which is published every Thursday.

The Scarborough Borough receives a daily radio news services from these radio stations, BBC Radio York also covers Scarborough, BBC Radio Tees covering Whitby & Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast which was previously known as Yorkshire Coast Radio and used to have studios in Scarborough.This is The Coast broadcasts from Scarborough on DAB and provides regular local news bulletins,

Local news and television programmes in Scarborough is covered by BBC Yorkshire & ITV Yorkshire from Leeds and Whitby receives their local news and television programmes from BBC North East & Cumbria & ITV Tyne Tees in Newcastle.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Scarborough.

Individuals

 * H. D. G. Leveson-Gower: 1950
 * Max Jaffa: 1986.
 * Alan Ayckbourn: 1986.
 * Alan Booth: 1999
 * Charles McCarthy: 1996.
 * Max Payne : 1999.
 * Thomas Pindar: 1999.
 * Sir John Wilson: 1999.
 * Bernard Bosomworth: 2005.
 * Elizabeth Mackenzie: 2005.
 * Sir Jimmy Saville: 2005. (Revoked on 5 November 2012 by unanimous vote of Scarborough Borough Council due to the sexual abuse scandal).
 * Christopher Wilby: 2005.
 * Ken Dale: 2009.
 * 5th Baron Derwent: 2009.
 * Tony Peers: 2009.
 * George Thomas Tuby: 2009.
 * Paul Ingle: 24 February 2012.
 * Andrew Boyes: 24 February 2012.
 * Timothy Boyes: 24 February 2012.
 * Donald Robinson: 24 February 2012.
 * Beth Mead: 20 March 2023.
 * Zoe Aldcroft: 20 March 2023.

Military units

 * 64 Medical Squadron 5 Medical Regiment RAMC: 2007.
 * 3 Medical Regiment RAMC: May 2015.
 * The Yorkshire Regiment.

Borough council
The political composition of the council at all-up elections, ignoring intervening by-elections, from the 2003 election to the final election in 2019, is as follows:

title: Borough of Scarborough


text:
4th Golden Raspberry Awards

The 4th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on April 8, 1984, at Third Street Elementary School in Los Angeles, California, to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1983.

Amy Irving, nominated for worst supporting actress for her performance in Yentl, also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the same performance in 1984. Irving became the second person, after supporting actor James Coco in 1982, to be nominated for a Razzie and Oscar for the same work, a feat not repeated until Glenn Close in 2021.

The dolphins "Cindy and Sandy", nominated for Worst New Star for Jaws 3-D, were the first animals to be nominated in the awards history.

Films with multiple nominations
These films received multiple nominations:

title: 4th Golden Raspberry Awards


text:
Krohn–Rhodes theory

In mathematics and computer science, the Krohn–Rhodes theory (or algebraic automata theory) is an approach to the study of finite semigroups and automata that seeks to decompose them in terms of elementary components. These components correspond to finite aperiodic semigroups and finite simple groups that are combined in a feedback-free manner (called a "wreath product" or "cascade").

Krohn and Rhodes found a general decomposition for finite automata. The authors discovered and proved an unexpected major result in finite semigroup theory, revealing a deep connection between finite automata and semigroups.

Definitions and description of the Krohn–Rhodes theorem
Let T be a semigroup. A semigroup S that is a homomorphic image of a subsemigroup of T is said to be a divisor of T.

The Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite semigroups states that every finite semigroup S is a divisor of a finite alternating wreath product of finite simple groups, each a divisor of S, and finite aperiodic semigroups (which contain no nontrivial subgroups).

In the automata formulation, the Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite automata states that given a finite automaton A with states Q and input set I, output alphabet U, then one can expand the states to Q'  such that the new automaton A'  embeds into a cascade of "simple", irreducible automata: In particular, A is emulated by a feed-forward cascade of  (1) automata whose transformation semigroups are finite simple groups and (2) automata that are banks of flip-flops running in parallel. The new automaton A'     has the same input and output symbols as A. Here, both the states and inputs of the cascaded automata have a very special hierarchical coordinate form.

Moreover, each simple group (prime) or non-group irreducible semigroup (subsemigroup of the flip-flop monoid) that divides the transformation semigroup of A must divide the transformation semigroup of some component of the cascade, and only the primes that must occur as divisors of the components are those that divide  A' s transformation semigroup.

Group complexity
The Krohn–Rhodes complexity (also called group complexity or just complexity) of a finite semigroup S is the least number of groups in a wreath product of finite groups and finite aperiodic semigroups of which S is a divisor.

All finite aperiodic semigroups have complexity 0, while non-trivial finite groups have complexity 1. In fact, there are semigroups of every non-negative integer complexity. For example, for any n greater than 1, the multiplicative semigroup of all (n+1) × (n+1) upper-triangular matrices over any fixed finite field has complexity n (Kambites, 2007).

A major open problem in finite semigroup theory is the decidability of complexity: is there an algorithm that will compute the Krohn–Rhodes complexity of a finite semigroup, given its multiplication table? Upper bounds and ever more precise lower bounds on complexity have been obtained (see, e.g. Rhodes & Steinberg, 2009). Rhodes has conjectured that the problem is decidable.

History and applications
At a conference in 1962, Kenneth Krohn and John Rhodes announced a method for decomposing a (deterministic) finite automaton into "simple" components that are themselves finite automata. This joint work, which has implications for philosophy, comprised both Krohn's doctoral thesis at Harvard University and Rhodes' doctoral thesis at MIT. Simpler proofs, and generalizations of the theorem to infinite structures, have been published since then (see Chapter 4 of Rhodes and Steinberg's 2009 book The q-Theory of Finite Semigroups for an overview).

In the 1965 paper by Krohn and Rhodes, the proof of the theorem on the decomposition of finite automata (or, equivalently sequential machines) made extensive use of the algebraic semigroup structure. Later proofs contained major simplifications using finite wreath products of finite transformation semigroups. The theorem generalizes the Jordan–Hölder decomposition for finite groups (in which the primes are the finite simple groups), to all finite transformation semigroups (for which the primes are again the finite simple groups plus all subsemigroups of the "flip-flop" (see above)). Both the group and more general finite automata decomposition require expanding the state-set of the general, but allow for the same number of input symbols. In the general case, these are embedded in a larger structure with a hierarchical "coordinate system".

One must be careful in understanding the notion of "prime" as Krohn and Rhodes explicitly refer to their theorem as a "prime decomposition theorem" for automata. The components in the decomposition, however, are not prime automata (with prime defined in a naïve way); rather, the notion of prime is more sophisticated and algebraic: the semigroups and groups associated to the constituent automata of the decomposition are prime (or irreducible) in a strict and natural algebraic sense with respect to the wreath product (Eilenberg, 1976). Also, unlike earlier decomposition theorems, the Krohn–Rhodes decompositions usually require expansion of the state-set, so that the expanded automaton covers (emulates) the one being decomposed. These facts have made the theorem difficult to understand, and challenging to apply in a practical way—until recently, when computational implementations became available (Egri-Nagy & Nehaniv 2005, 2008).

H.P. Zeiger (1967) proved an important variant called the holonomy decomposition (Eilenberg 1976). The holonomy method appears to be relatively efficient and has been implemented computationally by A. Egri-Nagy (Egri-Nagy & Nehaniv 2005).

Meyer and Thompson (1969) give a version of Krohn–Rhodes decomposition for finite automata that is equivalent to the decomposition previously developed by Hartmanis and Stearns, but for useful decompositions, the notion of expanding the state-set of the original automaton is essential (for the non-permutation automata case).

Many proofs and constructions now exist of Krohn–Rhodes decompositions (e.g., [Krohn, Rhodes & Tilson 1968], [Ésik 2000], [Diekert et al. 2012]), with the holonomy method the most popular and efficient in general (although not in all cases). Owing to the close relation between monoids and categories, a version of the Krohn–Rhodes theorem is applicable to category theory. This observation and a proof of an analogous result were offered by Wells (1980).

The Krohn–Rhodes theorem for semigroups/monoids is an analogue of the Jordan–Hölder theorem for finite groups (for semigroups/monoids rather than groups). As such, the theorem is a deep and important result in semigroup/monoid theory. The theorem was also surprising to many mathematicians and computer scientists since it had previously been widely believed that the semigroup/monoid axioms were too weak to admit a structure theorem of any strength, and prior work (Hartmanis & Stearns) was only able to show much more rigid and less general decomposition results for finite automata.

Work by Egri-Nagy and Nehaniv (2005, 2008–) continues to further automate the holonomy version of the Krohn–Rhodes decomposition extended with the related decomposition for finite groups (so-called Frobenius–Lagrange coordinates) using the computer algebra system GAP.

Applications outside of the semigroup and monoid theories are now computationally feasible. They include computations in biology and biochemical systems (e.g. Egri-Nagy & Nehaniv 2008), artificial intelligence, finite-state physics, psychology, and game theory (see, for example, Rhodes 2009).

title: Krohn–Rhodes theory


text:
Baron Clwyd

Baron Clwyd, of Abergele in the County of Denbigh, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1919 for the Liberal politician Sir John Roberts, 1st Baronet, who had previously represented Denbighshire West in the House of Commons. He had already been created a Baronet, of Brynwenallt in the parish of Abergele in the County of Denbigh, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1908. Lord Clwyd's father John Roberts had earlier been Member of Parliament for Flint from 1878 to 1892. the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2006.

The title of the barony, Clwyd, is pronounced "Cloo-id".

Barons Clwyd (1919)

 * John Herbert Roberts, 1st Baron Clwyd (1863–1955)
 * (John) Trevor Roberts, 2nd Baron Clwyd (1900–1987)
 * (John) Anthony Roberts, 3rd Baron Clwyd (1935–2006)
 * John Murray Roberts, 4th Baron Clwyd (born 1971)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. John David Roberts (born 2006).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Herbert Roberts, 1st Baron Clwyd (1863–1955)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Trevor Roberts, 2nd Baron Clwyd (1900–1987)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Anthony Roberts, 3rd Baron Clwyd (1935–2006)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Murray Roberts, 4th Baron Clwyd (born 1971)
 * (1) Hon. John David Roberts (b. 2006)
 * (2) Hon. Jeremy Trevor Roberts (b. 1973)
 * (3) Hon. Hugh Gerald Arthur Roberts (b. 1977)
 * Hon. David Stowell Roberts (1900–1956)
 * (4) Hugh Martin Roberts (b. 1941)
 * (5) Thomas Owen Roberts (b. 1973)
 * (6) Peter Gareth Roberts (b. 1947)
 * (7) Matthew Lewis Roberts (b. 1984)

Attribution

 * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
 * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

title: Baron Clwyd


text:
Guajira (music)

Guajira is a music genre derived from the punto cubano. According to some specialists, the punto cubano was known in Spain since the 18th century, where it was called "punto de La Habana", and by the second half of the 19th century it was adopted by the incipient Spanish Flamenco style, which included it within its "palos" with the name of guajira. Guajira was utilized by Spanish Zarzuela composers, such as Ruperto Chapí, who included it in his well known play "La Revoltosa", from 1897. Two years later, in 1899, the Cuban composer Jorge Anckermann inaugurated a new genre with his song "El arroyo que murmura", the first Cuban guajira. This song became a model that was adopted by many other Cuban composers at a later time, and was frequently included in the Cuban Zarzuela and vernacular theater.

The Cuban guajira preserved the characteristic rhythm of its ancestors, the punto cubano and the Spanish guajira, which was the sesquiáltera or horizontal Hemiola.

Its form usually alternates a first section in minor mode, with a second section modulating to its direct Major relative. Its lyrics frequently refer to rural themes in an idealistic and bucolic way, and generally evoke the goodness of rural life and romantic love stories.

Guajira de salón, or guajira-son
From the 1930s, the guajira was refined and popularized by the singer and guitarist Guillermo Portabales, whose elegant style was known as guajira de salón or guajira-son. This is nothing but another case of synonymy within the Cuban popular music, because in spite of being named as guajira, the style of his songs was nothing else but the one of the Cuban Son and Bolero-Son; although their lyrics were always related to rural themes. Since the thirties until his death in a traffic accident, in 1970, Guillermo Portabales sang and recorded numerous guajiras de Salón through North and South America with great popular acclaim.

Other renowned performers of guajira-son were Celina González, Coralia Fernández, Ramón Veloz y Radeúnda Lima. One of the most famous guajiras-son is the Guantanamera, composed by Joseíto Fernández and internationally popularized during the 1960s by the American folk singer Pete Seeger.

Etymology
The term comes from the Antillean Arawak and means: lord, powerful man. In Cuba it is used to name those people who work or live in the field, or to name people who behave like them in the sense that they can be rude or with little knowledge (cf. Hillbilly). Also colloquially you can call people who live outside the capital of Cuba or in rural areas without having to be farm workers. In some phrases it is used to refer to a person who is shy "no seas guajiro y pregúntale" ("don't be a peasant and ask her").

title: Guajira (music)


text:
The Little Ghost Godfrey

Little Ghost Laban (Lilla spöket Laban [Laban the Little Spook]) or "the ghost who wouldn't haunt", is a Swedish children's book character created by Inger and Lasse Sandberg from Karlstad Municipality. The books revolve around the boy ghost Laban and his family, the Father ghost, the Mother ghost and Laban's sister Labolina. The first book about Laban was published in 1965.

Background
Laban is a friendly character who does not want to haunt and scare people, and who lives in the basement of the castle "Gomorronsol" where he is friends with the youngest prince. The setting is domestic and shows the everyday life of the characters. The characters were created to help the creators' son Nicklas get over his fear of ghosts as a child.

Other characters created by the authors include The Thumb and Little Anna.

title: The Little Ghost Godfrey


text:
Qi Yu

Qi Yu (born April 1961) is a Chinese politician serving since 2015 as the deputy head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party. Qi was formerly a provincial official in Jilin and Qinghai provinces.

Qi was born in Wuqi County, Shaanxi province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in December 1982. He graduated from Northwest University of Politics and Law with a degree in philosophy, and later obtained a graduate degree from the Central Party School. He began his work in the Organization Department of the Shaanxi provincial party committee, then was named editor at Party Building Research, a publication of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party. He was elevated to editor-in-chief of the publication in 2001. He also briefly served as the deputy party chief of Taiyuan. In November 2007, he was named Organization Department head of Qinghai province and a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee.

In May 2013, Qi was named head of the provincial Organization Department of Jilin. He was named deputy head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party in December 2015. In January 2019, he was named Party Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

title: Qi Yu


text:
Baron Cullen of Ashbourne

Baron Cullen of Ashbourne, of Roehampton in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 21 April 1920 for Sir Brien Cokayne, Governor of the Bank of England from 1918 to 1920. the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his uncle in 2016.

The first Baron was the son of George Cokayne, Clarenceux King of Arms and editor of the first edition of The Complete Peerage, son of the Hon. Mary Anne Cokayne, granddaughter of Charles Cokayne, 5th Viscount Cullen.

Barons Cullen of Ashbourne (1920)

 * Brien Ibrican Cokayne, 1st Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (1864–1932)
 * Charles Borlase Marsham Cokayne, 2nd Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (1912–2000)
 * Edmund Willoughby Marsham Cokayne, 3rd Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (1916–2016)
 * Michael John Cokayne, 4th Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (b. 1950)

There is no heir to the title.

title: Baron Cullen of Ashbourne


text:
Baron Craigmyle

Baron Craigmyle, of Craigmyle in the County of Aberdeen, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in May 1929 for the Liberal politician and judge Thomas Shaw, Baron Shaw. He had already in 1909 been given a life peerage under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 as Baron Shaw, of Dunfermline in the County of Fife. He served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in the House of Lords from 1909 to 1929, when he was rewarded with a hereditary peerage. On his death in 1937 the life peerage became extinct while he was succeeded in the hereditary barony by his son, the second Baron. He notably represented Kilmarnock in Parliament as a Liberal. the title is held by the latter's grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1998.

Barons Craigmyle (1929)

 * Thomas Shaw, 1st Baron Craigmyle (1850–1937)
 * Alexander Shaw, 2nd Baron Craigmyle (1883–1944)
 * Thomas Shaw, 3rd Baron Craigmyle (1923–1998)
 * Thomas Columba Shaw, 4th Baron Craigmyle (born 1960)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Alexander Francis Shaw (born 1988).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Shaw, Baron Shaw, 1st Baron Craigmyle (1850—1937)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Alexander Shaw, 2nd Baron Craigmyle (1883—1944)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Donald Mackay Shaw, 3rd Baron Craigmyle (1923—1998)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Columba Shaw, 4th Baron Craigmyle (born 1960)
 * (1) Hon. Alexander Francis Shaw (born 1988)
 * (2) Hon. Finnian Donald Shaw (born 1990)
 * (3) Hon. Calum Edward Shaw (born 1993)
 * (4) Hon. Joseph Thomas Shaw (born 1996)
 * (5) Hon. Justin Edward Magnus Shaw (born 1965)
 * (6) Hon. Alexander Joseph Ranald Shaw (born 1971)

The 4th Baron Craigmyle has expressed some sympathy for the Freemen on the land movement, which led to his receiving tens of thousands of oaths of loyalty based on article 61 of Magna Carta.

title: Baron Craigmyle


text:
Baron Catto

Baron Catto, of Cairncatto in the County of Aberdeen, is a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The only hereditary peerage newly conferred during the reign of King Edward VIII, the barony was created on 24 February 1936 for the businessman, banker and public servant, Sir Thomas Catto, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Peterhead, on 5 July 1921. the titles are held by his grandson, the third baron, who succeeded his father in 2001.

Catto baronets (1921)

 * Thomas Sivewright Catto, 1st Baronet (1879–1959)

Baron Catto (1936)

 * Thomas Sivewright Catto, 1st Baron Catto (1879–1959)
 * Stephen Gordon Catto, 2nd Baron Catto (1923–2001)
 * Innes Gordon Catto, 3rd Baron Catto (b. 1950)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Alexander Gordon Catto (b. 1952). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Thomas Innes Gordon Catto (b. 1983).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Thomas Sivewright Catto, 1st Baron Catto (1879–1959)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Stephen Gordon Catto, 2nd Baron Catto (1923–2001)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Innes Gordon Catto, 3rd Baron Catto (born 1950)
 * (1) Hon. Alexander Gordon Catto (b. 1952)
 * (2) Thomas Innes Gordon Catto (b. 1983)
 * (3) Alastair Gordon Catto (b. 1986)
 * (4) Hon. James Stuart Gordon Catto (b. 1966)
 * (5) Hamish Robert Forrest Catto (b. 1998)
 * (6) Jock Stephen Gordon Catto (b. 2001)
 * (7) Angus James Gordon Catto (b. 2004)

title: Baron Catto


text:
Arthur Martin-Leake

Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Martin-Leake, (4 April 1874 – 22 June 1953) was an English  physician, officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps and a double recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Martin-Leake was the first of three men to be awarded the VC twice, the others being Noel Godfrey Chavasse and Charles Upham.

Early life
Arthur, the fifth son of Stephen Martin-Leake of Thorpe Hall, Essex, was born at Standon, near Ware, Hertfordshire, and was educated at Westminster School before studying medicine at University College Hospital, qualifying in 1893. He was employed at Hemel Hempstead District Hospital before enlisting in the 42nd (Hertfordshire) Company, Imperial Yeomanry in 1899 to serve in the Boer War.

Boer War
After his year of service as a trooper in the Imperial Yeomanry was completed, Martin-Leake stayed on in South Africa as a civil surgeon. He then joined the South African Constabulary until he was forced to return home due to his wounds.

He was 27 years old and a surgeon captain in the South African Constabulary attached to the 5th Field Ambulance during the Second Boer War on 8 February 1902, at Vlakfontein, when he was awarded his first VC. "During the action at Vlakfontein, on the 8th February, 1902, Surgeon-Captain Martin-Leake went up to a wounded man, and attended to him under a heavy fire from about 40 Boers at 100 yards range. He then went to the assistance of a wounded Officer, and, whilst trying to place him in a comfortable position, was shot three times, but would not give in till he rolled over thoroughly exhausted. All the eight men at this point were wounded, and while they were lying on the Veldt, Surgeon-Captain Martin-Leake refused water till every one else had been served."

He received the decoration from King Edward VII at St James's Palace on 2 June 1902.

Interbellum
Martin-Leake qualified as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1903 after studying while convalescing from wounds. He then took up an appointment in India as Chief Medical Officer with the Bengal-Nagpur Railway.

In 1912, he volunteered to serve with the British Red Cross during the Balkan Wars, attached to the Montenegrin army, and was present during the Siege of Scutari (1912–13) and at Tarabosh Mountain. He was awarded the Order of the Montenegran Red Cross.

First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War, Martin-Leake returned to service as a lieutenant with the 5th Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps, on the Western Front.

He was awarded his second VC, aged 40, during the period 29 October to 8 November 1914 near Zonnebeke, Belgium, whilst serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army.

His award citation reads: "Lieutenant Arthur Martin Leake, Royal Army Medical Corps, who was awarded the Victoria Cross on 13th May, 1902, is granted a Clasp for conspicuous bravery in the present campaign: — For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty throughout the campaign, especially during the period 29th October to 8th November, 1914, near Zonnebeke, in rescuing, whilst exposed to constant fire, a large number of the wounded who were lying close to the enemy's trenches."

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum, Aldershot, England.

He was promoted captain in March 1915, major in November the same year, and in April 1917 took command of 46th Field Ambulance at the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Postwar
Martin-Leake retired from the army after the war and resumed his company employment in India until he retired to England in 1937. Although there is no record of his being a pilot, he was registered in 1939 as the owner of a de Havilland Moth Minor aircraft, registered G-AFRY.

During the Second World War, he commanded an ARP post.

He died, aged 79, at High Cross, Hertfordshire. Following cremation at Enfield Crematorium, Middlesex, Martin-Leake was buried in St John's Church, High Cross. He is commemorated with a plaque and a tree at the National Memorial Arboretum in Alrewas, Staffordshire.

title: Arthur Martin-Leake


text: User talk:152.163.252.70

title: User talk:152.163.252.70


text:
Baron Chatfield

Baron Chatfield, of Ditchling in the County of Sussex, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1937 for the naval commander Sir Ernle Chatfield. The title became extinct on the death of his son, the second Baron, in 2007 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Barons Chatfield (1937)

 * (Alfred) Ernle (Montacute) Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield (1873–1967)
 * Ernle David Lewis Chatfield, 2nd Baron Chatfield (1917–2007)

title: Baron Chatfield


text:
Baron Cadman

Baron Cadman, of Silverdale in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1937 for John Cadman, a mining engineer, petroleum technologist and public servant. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1966.

Barons Cadman (1937)

 * John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman (1877–1941)
 * John Basil Cope Cadman, 2nd Baron Cadman (1909–1966)
 * John Anthony Cadman, 3rd Baron Cadman (b. 1938)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Nicholas Anthony James Cadman (b. 1977)

Arms

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman (1877—1941)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Basil Cope Cadman, 2nd Baron Cadman (1909—1966)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Anthony Cadman, 3rd Baron Cadman (b. 1938)
 * (1) Hon. Nicholas Anthony James Cadman (b. 1977)
 * (2) Hon. Giles Oliver Richard Cadman (b. 1979)
 * (3) Hon. James Rupert Cadman (b. 1944)
 * Hon. Arthur Denys Cadman (1911—1999)
 * (4) Dr. John Denys Cadman (b. 1941)
 * (5) David Baker (b. 1948)
 * (6) Darcy Eryn Baker (b. 1984)

title: Baron Cadman


text:
Baron Croft

Baron Croft, of Bournemouth in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 May 1940 for the Conservative politician Sir Henry Page Croft, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet of Knole in the Borough of Bournemouth in the County of Southampton in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 28 February 1924. Croft was the grandson of Reverend Richard Croft, third son of Dr. Sir Richard Croft, 6th Baronet, of Croft Castle. the titles are held by the first Baron's grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1997.

Barons Croft (1940)

 * Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft (1881–1947)
 * Michael Henry Glendower Page Croft, 2nd Baron Croft (1916–1997)
 * Bernard William Henry Page Croft, 3rd Baron Croft (born 1949)

There is no heir to the titles.

title: Baron Croft


text:
Baron Chetwode

Baron Chetwode, of Chetwode in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the noted military commander Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode, 7th Baronet. the titles are held by his grandson, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1950. He is the eldest son of Captain Roger Charles George Chetwode, who was killed in the Second World War.

The Baronetcy, of Oakley in the County of Stafford, was created in the Baronetage of England on 6 April 1700 for the first Baron's ancestor, John Chetwode of Oakley Hall, Staffordshire. He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1698. His grandson, the third Baronet also High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1756. The fourth Baronet, represented Newcastle-under-Lyme and Buckingham in the House of Commons and was High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1789. His son, the fifth Baronet, High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1852, married Elizabeth Juliana Newdigate-Ludford, daughter of John Newdigate-Ludford, and in 1826 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Newdigate-Ludford. He was succeeded by his nephew, the sixth Baronet. He was a Colonel in the Army. On the latter's death in 1905 the title passed to his son, the aforementioned seventh Baronet, who was elevated to the peerage in 1945.

Chetwode Baronets, of Oakley (1700)

 * Sir John Chetwode, 1st Baronet (1666–1733)
 * Sir Philip Touchet Chetwode, 2nd Baronet (1700–1764)
 * Sir John Touchet Chetwode, 3rd Baronet (1732–1779)
 * Sir John Chetwode, 4th Baronet (1764–1845)
 * Sir John Newdigate-Ludford-Chetwode, 5th Baronet (1788–1873).
 * Sir George Chetwode, 6th Baronet (1823–1905)
 * Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 7th Baronet (1869–1950) (created Baron Chetwode in 1945)

Barons Chetwode (1945)

 * Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode (1869–1950)
 * Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode (b. 1937)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Roger Chetwode (b. 1968).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Philip Rowan Chetwode (b. 2002).

title: Baron Chetwode


text:
User:Secretlondon/Photo Galleries

I have taken too many photos to show them all as thumbnails on one page. This is a list of themed galleries.

 * Traffic
 * Bankside
 * Elephant and Castle
 * Tube stations
 * London Bridges
 * Covent Garden
 * Leicester Square
 * Food
 * Lambeth
 * Other Southwark
 * East(ern) Germany

title: User:Secretlondon/Photo Galleries


text:
Baron Chorley

Baron Chorley, of Kendal in the County of Westmorland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 November 1945 for the barrister, academic and Labour politician, Robert Chorley. He was Sir Ernest Cassel Professor of Commercial and Industrial Law at the University of London from 1930 to 1946 and served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1946 to 1950 in the Labour administration of Clement Attlee. The second Baron, who succeeded his father in 1978, was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers elected remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act of 1999, where he sat as a cross-bencher. the title is held by his son.

Barons Chorley (1945)

 * Robert Samuel Theodore Chorley, 1st Baron Chorley (1895–1978)
 * Roger Richard Edward Chorley, 2nd Baron Chorley (1930–2016)
 * Nicholas Rupert Debenham Chorley, 3rd Baron Chorley (born 1966), educated at Marlborough College followed by Durham University (BSc) and Edinburgh University (MSc); Director at IT firm Hexagon Safety and Infrastructure

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Patrick Chorley (b. 2000).

title: Baron Chorley


text:
Asrael

Asrael is a leggenda or opera in four acts by composer Alberto Franchetti and librettist Ferdinando Fontana. The plot, based on German fairy tale and folklore, displays the conflict between the spirit of evil and the spirit of Christian love, represented by Asrael and Nefta respectively. The work is Franchetti's first opera and displays strong influences of Meyerbeer and Wagner, mixed with late 19th-century Italian idioms. The opera premiered at the Teatro Municipale di Reggio on 11 February 1888. The opera made its United States debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 26 November 1890 with Andreas Dippel in the title role.

title: Asrael


text:
Baron Calverley

Baron Calverley, of the City of Bradford in the West Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the Labour politician George Muff. He had previously represented Kingston upon Hull East in the House of Commons. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1971.

Barons Calverley (1945)

 * George Muff, 1st Baron Calverley (1877–1955)
 * George Raymond Orford Muff, 2nd Baron Calverley (1914–1971)
 * Charles Rodney Muff, 3rd Baron Calverley (b. 1946)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Jonathan Edward Muff (b. 1975)

title: Baron Calverley


text:
Assamese

Assamese may refer to:

 * Assamese people, a socio-ethnolinguistic identity of north-eastern India
 * People of Assam, multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-religious people of Assam
 * Assamese language, one of the easternmost Indo-Aryan languages
 * Assamese script, a writing system of the Assamese language
 * Culture of Assam, the culture of Assamese people
 * Assamese cuisine, a style of cooking
 * Assam tea, a black tea
 * Assam silk, three types of indigenous wild silk

title: Assamese