text:
Jan Davis

Nancy Jan Davis (Smotherman; born November 1, 1953) is a former American astronaut. A veteran of three space flights, Davis logged over 673 hours in space. She is now retired from NASA.

Early life
Nancy Jan Davis was born in Cocoa Beach, Florida, but considers Huntsville, Alabama, to be her hometown.

She graduated from Huntsville High School in 1971, received a Bachelor of Science degree in applied biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1975 and another in mechanical engineering from Auburn University in 1977. She received a Master of Science degree in 1983 and a doctorate in 1985, both in mechanical engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.

Engineering career
After graduating from Auburn University in 1977, Davis joined Texaco in Bellaire, Texas, working as a petroleum engineer in tertiary oil recovery. She left there in 1979 to work for NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center as an aerospace engineer. In 1986, she was named as team leader in the Structural Analysis Division, and her team was responsible for the structural analysis and verification of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the HST maintenance mission, and the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility. In 1987, she was also assigned to be the lead engineer for the redesign of the solid rocket booster external tank attach ring. Davis did her graduate research at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, studying the long-term strength of pressure vessels due to the viscoelastic characteristics of filament-wound composites. She holds one patent, has authored several technical papers, and is a Registered Professional Engineer.

Astronaut career
Davis became an astronaut in June 1987. Her first assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for Space Shuttle payloads. Following this, Davis was a CAPCOM in Mission Control, responsible for communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, Davis served as the Astronaut Office representative for the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and International Space Station payloads. A veteran of three space flights, Davis has logged over 673 hours in space. She flew as a mission specialist on STS-47 in 1992 and STS-60 in 1994, and was the payload commander on STS-85 in 1997.

STS-47
STS-47, Spacelab-J, was the 50th Space Shuttle mission. Launched on September 12, 1992, this cooperative venture between the United States and Japan conducted 43 experiments in life sciences and materials processing. During the eight-day mission, she was responsible for operating Spacelab and its subsystems and performing a variety of experiments. Davis's then-husband Mark C. Lee was payload commander on STS-47. After completing 126 orbits of the Earth, STS-47 landed at Kennedy Space Center on September 20, 1992.

STS-60
STS-60 was the second flight of Spacehab (Space Habitation Module) and the first flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF). Launched on February 3, 1994, this flight was the first Space Shuttle flight on which a Russian cosmonaut was a crew member. During the eight-day mission, her prime responsibility was to maneuver the WSF on the RMS, to conduct thin film crystal growth and she was also responsible for performing scientific experiments in the Spacehab. The STS-60 landed at Kennedy Space Center on February 11, 1994, after completing 130 orbits of the Earth.

STS-85
Davis was the payload commander for STS-85, which was launched on Discovery on August 7, 1997. During this 12-day mission, Davis deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS payload, and operated the Japanese Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) robotic arm. The mission also included several other scientific payloads for the conduct of research on astronomy, Earth sciences, life sciences, and materials science. The mission was accomplished in 189 Earth orbits, traveling 4.7 million miles. The STS-85 Discovery landed at Kennedy Space Center on August 19, 1997.

Later NASA career
After her flight on STS-85, Davis was assigned to NASA Headquarters as the Director of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS), Independent Assurance Office for the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. In that position, Davis managed and directed independent assessments for the programs and projects assigned to the HEDS enterprise. In July 1999, she transferred to the Marshall Space Flight Center as Director of the Flight Projects Directorate, which was responsible for the International Space Station (ISS) Payload Operations Center, ISS hardware and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Program. After the accident, she was named head of Safety and Mission Assurance at Marshall, where she assured the safe return to flight of the Space Shuttle. Davis retired from NASA in 2005 and worked for Jacobs Engineering Group as a Vice President and Deputy General Manager. She currently works for Bastion Technologies, Inc. as the Safety and Mission Assurance Support Contract Program Manager at the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Personal life
Davis married fellow astronaut Mark C. Lee, in January 1991. They were the first (and so far, only) married couple to fly together in space. They divorced in 1999.

She is currently married to former Judge Schuyler Richardson.

Medals and honors
She has been awarded the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal in 1998, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1995 and 2002, and the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1992, 1994, and 1997, the NASA Fellowship for Full-Time Study in 1983, the ASME National Old Guard Prize in 1978, the ASME Ralph Coates Roe Medal in 2001. She has been inducted to the Alabama Aviation Hall of Fame, the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame, and the Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive.

title: Jan Davis


text:
TGP

TGP may refer to:

 * Taller de Gráfica Popular, an artist's print collective in Mexico
 * Tencent Gaming Platform
 * The Good Place, an American fantasy comedy series.
 * The Gateway Pundit, an American far-right fake news website
 * The Grocery People, a Canadian Grocery store co-operative
 * Tokyo Ghetto Pussy, a German musical project by Rolf Ellmer and Markus Löffel
 * Turned, ground, and polished, a finishing process for metal shafting
 * Targeting pod, a device used by military aircraft for identifying targets and guiding precision-guided munitions such as laser-guided bombs to those targets

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TGP


text:
Talk:Machismo

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 2 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Avillalobostovar.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 8 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kghadyal.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Undergrad 13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I personally pronounce machismo as "makismo" in English, though I say macho as "matsho". And I think machismo is not necessarily always as negative towards women's role in society as machista. For example, I suspect that Arnold Schwarzenegger might be described as having machismo, while he would say politically he believed in equal rights for women. --Henrygb 14:25, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Henry, but there is no etymological backup for the Italian pronunciation. Yes, some people say "makismo", but thinking it Italian does not make it so.

BrendanH 13:05, Apr 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Makismo is the pronunciation given in my dictionary. Martin Hogbin (talk) 10:42, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Your dictionary is probably not Webster's then. I see this tendency of pronouncing it as "makismo" showing up more conspicuosly with the Brits. It's wrong, nevertheless. afc (talk) 18:38, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * "It's wrong" is a slightly odd way of treating pronunciation, if it's in use (as it is in British English), it is worth noting. Do not be so dismissive about usage in the future. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.246.57 (talk) 05:05, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

The letters “ch” in Spanish is ONE LETTER. Along with ll and ñ, it’s why the Spanish alphabet has 29 letters. Macho is a 4 letter Spanish word. Pronouncing it “mackismo” is arrant nonsense.98.183.25.236 (talk) 02:51, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Delete
I removed the following added by an anon IP:
 * P.S. Many historians believe that Spain's "machismo" culture has its origins in the Middle East and that it came to Spain when the Moors invaded. It was subsequently introduced to Latin America by the conquistadores.

BCorr | Брайен 16:37, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

talk show
On Dr. Laura Bozzo's talk show it is important to point out that most male guest are usually Mexican or Central American because in many South American countries machismo is not part of their culture and it is uncommon and very frowned upon. Also there are very few women in Mexican government which is an another form of machismo

what?
. In Mexico, many men consider it an honor to be called a machista.

this is not true

 * I don't know about Mexico but in European Spanish society some (mostly uneducated) men (and some women maybe too) seem to equate being male to machismo. In Spanish there's sometimes etymological confussion about that and also some of reactive need to reafirm old-fashioned privileges by some.Such reactionary people naturally are proud of being machistas, even if they may hide it because of social acceptance. In some cases, I guess they just don't feel the need to hide their attitude.
 * While women can also be machistas (submissive or traditionalist) they almost never consider themselves to be it. --Sugaar 05:11, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * “Macho” and “machista” do have the same etymological origin, but they have very different meanings. “Macho” means simply virile, while “machista” means that supports men’s dominance on women. Being based solely on gender, it is equivalent to racism, fascism, chauvinism or any superiority believe against others.
 * These two adjectives can be applied to women, reflecting even more their difference in sense: A virile woman is deprecatingly called “marimacho” never “machista”, usually they are feminists. On the other hand, women that support men’s dominance (machistas) are usually feminine and are not feminists. Nonetheless, there are millions of virile men and feminine women that support women’s rights.
 * Feminism, wanting women equality, is thus opposed to machismo. However, those who, in the name of feminism, oppose to virile men or feminine women regardless of their values, are as ignorant and immoral as the machistas. IGomezLeal (talk) 09:47, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Machismo
The article states, "Machistas believe that women were created to stay home and be mothers and wives. Thus, most machistas believe firmly in the superiority of men over women." As has been stated, there is no logical connection between women staying at home and being inferior.

I have personally known hundreds of Latin people, and none have fit the perjorative definition of "machismo". While that's an unscientific sampling, my hunch is that the misogynistic connotation is more myth than fact.

I agree, no one individual can fulfil all the characteristics associated with Machismo as it is essentialist and potentially creates the framework to negatively stereotype Latino people. I vote for a reconstruction of the article in order to detail the historical connotations of Machismo, as well as include the positive characteristics of Machismo as discussed in academic literature24.141.113.105 (talk) 02:00, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages per Sign your posts on talk pages. Thanks! Hyacinth 11:23, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * There are absolutely no positive characteristics of “machismo”. Maybe you are mistaken the meaning of “macho” and “machista”. A man can be proud of being virile (“macho”), but he shouldn’t be proud of believing that men should dominate women (“machista”). Being these concepts clear, there will be no mistake in what they actually are proud of. That does not erase, in any country, the ostracism generated by the lack of education and infrastructure. It has nothing to do with culture or race, these are two words that have equivalents in other languages and regard any country in the world. IGomezLeal (talk) 10:09, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Original Research about wife beating and submission
I have removed this original research about wife beating and submission to this page:

 * Many machistas also believe it is their right as men to seek extramarital relationships, although women are to remain faithful. Machistas believe that women were created to stay home and be mothers and wives. Thus, most machistas believe firmly in the superiority of men over women.

 * Some acts of domestic violence against women have been committed by men who consider themselves superior to women, whereby the doctrine of machista such violence may often be called appropriate or justified.

These claims are pejorative and inflammatory, and as such need to have references to ensure verifiability.

Nova SS 04:52, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * These claims form part of the definition of “machismo” in Spanish: dominance of men over women. There are degrees of machismo, not every machista beats his wife or is unfaithful, as not all racists pass to a physical act, but any dominance is aggressive, even if it is only psychological. Submissive women are not necessarily happy. Again I insist in the misunderstanding with “macho” that means only virile. A heroe, a soldier, an athlete can be cheered “macho” by the crowd but never “machista”. Virility is a virtue, while aggressiveness to the weak is not. IGomezLeal (talk) 10:26, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

machistas
Certainly in Spain "machista" is regarded as having negative connotations i.e. some people would admit - in front of friends - to being racist but never machista. On the other hand, some (many?) mothers actively encourage their sons to feel themselves superior to their female siblings, and thus women in general, by pampering them and excusing them from daily household chores, etc. Likewise, it is evident that any society which does not actively promote equality is inevitably going to manifest some degree of discrimination, which unfortunately transcends into varying degrees of contempt or even violence. While the above is undisputable(?), as this is potentially a conflictive article/discussion page I have no wish to enter into a flame war on Wikipedia and will not include it, in the hope that someone more qualified than I, can word it better and be more PC. As regards the Schwarznegger reference, I know many men here in Spain - and clearly of certain generations - who are extremely weedy individuals and who nevertheless demonstrate extremely strong "machistic" attitudes. Defence mechanism? 83.180.128.192 09:53, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this article will improve by reading the definition in original Spanish: “Macho” means virile, but “machista” means that who supports a behavior of dominance of men over women through gender clichés, violence, etc. and thus it is NEGATIVE without any doubt.
 * Macho and machista are NOT SYNONIMOUS: There are millions of virile men that are not machistas and support women’s rights. There are gentlemen that support women’s rights. Being polite with women is not synonymous of being in favor of men’s dominance over women. Those men proud of being machistas are ignorants, bullies, or both. In regions with a lack of high education and with a large portion of the population with poor education, there are men that are both machos and machistas and are proud of exert dominance and violence over the others.
 * Certainly, the spoken language may derive from the official one, by many reasons: cohabitation with other languages or dialects, immigrant or foreign influence, lack of basic education, etc. Contrary to English that is ruled by usage, Spanish definitions are hardly controlled by the Academia of Spanish Language (a different one in each country), so it’s not the people who decide a meaning but the acamedics. It is supervised by wisdom.
 * Wikipedia articles should be written by people that have a deep knowledge on both the language and the topic and not being based on the folkloric feelings of people in diverse regions. Because they are absolutely different things, we cannot misunderstand scholar knowledge with neither ethnology nor people’s opinion. Otherwise we start to erase any light that Knowledge and Study can bring us and introduce fog and obscurity. Blurry understanding is prone to be victim of manipulation and fall in ignorance. Clarity and precision are key to reach freedom through knowledge. 46.222.19.35 (talk) 06:31, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles should be written by people that have a deep knowledge on both the language and the topic and not being based on the folkloric feelings of people in diverse regions. Because they are absolutely different things, we cannot misunderstand scholar knowledge with neither ethnology nor people’s opinion. Otherwise we start to erase any light that Knowledge and Study can bring us and introduce fog and obscurity. Blurry understanding is prone to be victim of manipulation and fall in ignorance. Clarity and precision are key to reach freedom through knowledge. 46.222.19.35 (talk) 06:31, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Definition Confusion
The definition of machismo given by the article is completely wrong: 1-Machismo is not an excessive masculin behaviour: It is the consideration of men as superior to women. Male chauvinism or male sexism could be adecuate translations. This is the definition of the Real Academia de la Lengua, the highest authority institution of the Spanish language 2- Although the word is in Spanish language, male sexism is not part of Spanish culture more than in other countries of Europe or of the rest of the world. It is related to ignorance and backwardness of some people, no matter which nationanity they are. I think it is offensive to include the article under the category Spanish culture. Some assertions made in the article are related with the term Macho, as it is used in English language, and with the clichés about Spain, but not to the word Machista. Machista behaviour is not only not part of the Spanish culture, but persecuted by the society and the laws in modern Spain

These statements are inflamatory and essentialist. Stereotypes are not fact and the above statements are not NPOV. I vote for a reconstruction of the definiton of Machismo as well as fine tuning of its role in negatively depicting Latino's in American Literature24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:56, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

24.141.160.232 (talk) 23:24, 22 October 2012 (UTC)I disagree as although the Real Academia de la Lengua, the highest authority institution of the Spanish language it does not nor cannot represent nor respect the heterogeneity of cultures that use the spanish language. Latin American cultures are not present anywhere within this article, nor is any scholarly research from the perspective of Latin American academics. As a result by not acknowledging the historical colonially based power relations. Hence, colonialism must be mentioned in order to acheive a neutral point of view within the article24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:56, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Furthermore, none of the Latin American that argue that there are positive connotations to the concept of machismo also known as Callebrismo. Hence i vote for the inclusion of Callebrismo and its depiction of positive characteristics of Machismo as well as section regarding the criticism and controversy surrounding only depicting only the negative point of view regarding Machismo on the basis that it is neither NPOV nor objective. This is because by sourcing only Real Academia de la Lengua, the article becomes Eurocentric and not NPOV24.141.160.232 (talk) 23:24, 22 October 2012 (UTC) i

 * There is an Academia de la Lengua in every country were Spanish is spoken. There is a Spanish one and there is a Mexican one. They regulate the definitions and vocabulary within their own country. Contrary to English, 1) Spanish is a language with clear rules and very few exceptions, 2) a term is not necessarily accepted because some people use it. The reason of this is not to exert any power over anybody, but to keep the language consistent with itself. These two characteristics have allowed the language to be easy to learn, read, and speak (important to alphabetize a large part of the population and not make it an elitist language, in which only those who can study it many years can speak and write correctly, i.e. in Spanish spelling is not challenging because the rules are one-to-one, so the mistakes you can do are only a few) and they also allow it to be intelligible for 500 years along a vast territory and among very different people. With respect to words, regionalisms (native words, folklore, etc.) are generally accepted because they enrich the language by adding cultural dimensions; however some slang, incorrect use of the language, and foreign words might impoverish it, and they are regulated. We are completely free to speak as we want, we can have many registers and move from one to another, but it is our choice to speak correctly or not. Speaking is an active action. Speaking correctly and precisely in each situation is crucial to have an efficient communication and avoid possible misunderstandings. IGomezLeal (talk) 01:11, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Based on further research and discovery of additional academic sources completed by Latino scholars i am going to rewrite the definition of Machismo to incorporate the above criticism24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:37, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.160.232 (talk) 01:32, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Therefore, I vote for the deletion of the category, and the reestructuration of the contents in two articles, Macho and Machista. --Garcilaso 17:00, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Proceed--Garcilaso 13:49, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This whole article is wrong. Machismo means sexism, so someone is "machista" if they think one sex is superior to the other. While "femenista" is the opposite. Also this has nothing to do with Spanish culture , Spain is as or less sexist than other countries. I find this article offensive , who ever wrote this is a complete idiot , only protect an article when its right ! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alvarodelamo (talk • contribs) 23:59, 19 January, 2007 (UTC)

24.141.160.232 (talk) 23:24, 22 October 2012 (UTC)We must remember that spain is not the only country that subscribes to Machismo and there that are many cultures including Latin American cultures that identify with Machismo. Also of note is that these characteristics generalize and not everyone can subscribe and fullfill them24.141.160.232 (talk)

Rather than a delete, I propose a radical rewrite. "Machismo" is clearly a concept that English speakers feel strongly about. But it should be made clear that:

 * English-"machismo" should not be confused with Spanish-"machismo". The two words are false friends -- they have different meanings in each laguage.
 * What, exactly, is "machismo" supposed to mean in English. FilipeS 20:23, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you, FilipeS, for separating the concepts. The article improved a lot!--Garcilaso 12:19, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Machismo itself derives from macho, a latin word taken from Galician". Excuse me? Im from Galicia and i never listened this. --213.60.86.151 (talk) 13:08, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this indeed needs to be sourced; without any special reference I would assume that the word "macho" derives from the latin "masculus" in both Portuguese/Galician and Castillian. If there is indeed a Galician-Portuguese -> Castillian borrowing then that should perhaps be sourced. The RAE dictionary says that Castillian "macho" is from the Latin "masculus" (http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=macho) so I'm going to remove that reference until something concrete appears that justifies it.--Bellum sine bello (talk) 15:39, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

To trace back everything to colonial based power relations is overly simplistic and hyperbolic,  particularly when it comes to complicated Latin America history given that native empires  were actually defeated by armies that were in many cases comprised mostly of other indigenous warriors. In any event Old World diseases proved to be the real ‘conquerors’ of Latin America, not warfare. So attributing machismo a response to solely  European conquest, as if a few hundred men were responsible for single handedly killing  tens of thousands of indigenous inhabitants,  is tenuous and misguided at best. Furthermore it denies the agency of the indigenous role and involvement in these events and just further promotes a bigoted viewpoint  of Latin American identity being that of  helpless  primitive humans. Just because an individual out there has written something on the topic at hand, shouldn’t mean it should automatically be included; the caliber and pedigree of the author sourced should matter.

Not just in Spanish
This might be of little interest but the difference in concept between the English and the Spanish definitions also applies to Portuguese (which aligns with the Spanish). I'll leave it alone since this is perhaps of no concern but perhaps simply mentioning that both the word and the definition apply equally to Spain and Portugal would not be totally superfluous.--Bellum sine bello (talk) 15:44, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

What also must be noted is Machismo is not just a term for Spain and Portugal as the term is often used to describe Latin American masculinity as well. Without mention of Latin American perspectives there runs the risk of repeating historical power relations established through colonialism24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:41, 25 October 2012 (UTC)24.141.160.232 (talk) 23:25, 22 October 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.160.232 (talk) 01:27, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

I vote to change the title of this section to include Latin America cultures, while also awknowleding the differences between the Latino cultures01:41, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I concur. The Spanish word "machismo" simply means "male chauvinism" and is culturally neutral. By borrowing this word, this article (and many iffy academics before it) make a gratuitous association between male chauvinism and Hispanic culture. It's the equivalent of having a "male chauvinism" entry in the Spanish-language Wikipedia and using the term as a reflection of the supposedly male-chauvinistic nature of American culture. The adoption of the word "machismo" by English language must be seen in the context of anti-Hispanic prejudice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.209.187.143 (talk) 15:37, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Disagree. You will need to find a citation that states that " 'machismo' simply means 'male chauvinism' ". Mercy11 (talk) 23:21, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

 * For example, the link that you deleted: "Actitud de prepotencia de los varones respecto de las mujeres."--MiguelMadeira (talk) 23:43, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

 * That is not a rock solid link; it is open to interpretation. If you backwards translate chauvinism from English to Spanish it is "chauvinismo" (See it HERE) We need to stick with statements that support the claim directly, per WP:RS. If we backwards translate your "Actitud de prepotencia de los varones respecto de las mujeres", it says "arrogant attitude of men towards women", and the word "chauvinism" is not mentioned at all (See it HERE). Arrogance is not chauvinism. We need a direct correlation between machismo and chauvinism, and so far I find none. Mercy11 (talk) 19:10, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * You took the first meaning, what about the second one: "forma de sexismo caracterizada por la prevalencia del varón" (in case you don't speak Spanish: https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=es&tl=en&text=forma%20de%20sexismo%20caracterizada%20por%20la%20prevalencia%20del%20var%C3%B3n). More references, just write "machismo definición" on Google: https://www.significados.com/machismo/ https://concepto.de/machismo/  https://diccionario.reverso.net/espanol-definiciones/machismo  https://conceptodefinicion.de/machismo/  https://definicion.mx/machismo/  http://confidencialandaluz.com/definicion-de-machismo/. I don't know in Latin America, but at least in Europe I'm 100% sure "machismo" has this connotation "sexism"/"male chauvinism" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism#Male_chauvinism --> "Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women." I would say it is exactly that).  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.121.152.199 (talk) 09:29, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Anti-Catholicism
Isn't machismo related to certain kind of anti-Catholic stereotype ? Every country that has large numbers of devout Catholics, especially in Latin America, has been accused of this type of mentality or behavior. However, since Spain is less Catholic than it was 20 years ago, all of a sudden the machismo stereotypes have in many ways become obsolete. There are arguably similar steteotypes for Arab-Muslim societies, but none of them have really received the same machismo label. ADM (talk) 20:33, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Mexican "confusion"
I, personally, have only encountered the Spanish meaning in Mexico, not the Nahuatl meaning per se.

My personal perspective does not mean much, and the Nahuatl meaning does reinforce the Spanish behaviour.

So it may be true. However the article in Spanish Wikipedia repeats our paragraph here with no further elaboration. Except to give the date of the dictionary, which is 1885.

So is this "confusion" a problem in 19th century literature only?

Or is there a genuine "funny strange" or "funny ha-ha" problem as we have in English?

Just wondering, Varlaam (talk) 22:02, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

"Machismo" in Portuguese and Spanish
I removed the "nowadays almost always in the sense that supposed feminine traits among males (or traits historically viewed as non-feminine among females, see marianismo) are to be deemed undesirable, socially reprovable or deviations" because this is NOT the main meaning of "machismo" in Portuguese. In Portuguese (and, afaik, in Spanish) the fundamental meaning of "machismo" is to think that men are superior to women, not that "men with stereotypically male traits" are superior to "men with stereotypically female traits".--81.84.110.121 (talk) 21:15, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Bitch, please, you are newbie. Machismo is obviously linked to homophobia. Believing that men have the right to sport privileges over non-males is masculinism and indeed machismo, but it is only a particular set of the whole gender role. 177.65.53.191 (talk) 17:05, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree that "machistas" are usually homophobics, but that is not the meaning of "machismo" in Portuguese (in theory, you can be simultaneously a "machista" and a homossexual man; probably it is rare, but not impossible); "machismo" in Portuguese and Spanish means to believe that man are superior to woman, final point. I think that you are mixing the English and the Portuguese/Spanish meanings of the word.--194.38.144.2 (talk) 12:45, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Where in this article is the mention of the positive aspects of Machismo, research has shown that the characteristics of those who identify with Machismo are expanded to include positive characteristics such as honour and responsibility to the family. Additionally, a glaring absence throughout the article is that the characteristics of Machismo are the exact same characteristics that define North American hegemonic masculinity, which is also seen as having traits. So through this absence we are suggesting that latin americans who identify wtih Machismo are terrible people without recognizing that those in North America glorify the exact same characteristics24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:42, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

I vote to include these similarities in the definition as they are an important parallel, that will decrease the negativity surrounding Machismo, while also making the article more NPOV24.141.113.105 (talk) 01:42, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

24.141.160.232 (talk) 23:25, 22 October 2012 (UTC). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.160.232 (talk) 20:40, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

This article is going nuts... At least a bit
While the recent contributions are very welcome (despite their need to serious clean-up regarding punctuation, use of uppercase letters, use of the "Latin" term and references that should preferably be added after periods and commas, before a space), they lack a bit of NPOV.

It is obviously true that Latin American masculinity is not inherently evil, that the "bad parts" of machismo are not just Latin American and that our historical representation as culture was hugely misconstrued by these stereotypes, nevertheless AFAIK contemporary third-wave feminism holds that gender roles as defined solely by sex are per se a problem – what includes my view, as a Brazilian, of the cavalheirismo (it is important to note the difference between cavalheiro, loanword from Spanish for polite, socially desirable, refined men i.e. Sir, and cavaleiro, a horseman) –, and that in a society with true and complete gender equality, men do not need to act in a way different to women because of pre-established roles, that is, people are supposed to be whatever they want, irrespective of what we Latin American AND Westerners think would be hypermasculine, manly, emasculated, effeminated or feminine ("even cisgender and heterosexual" people may be very apathetic/chippy or sulky about gender roles), so that need to have separated "good male" and "good female" habits is very unlikely – at least that is what everyone can see in the debates in open Iberian-language feminism forums out there when the question of "good machismo" and women's like for it pop up –, and even such "utopic"/unforeseeing points of view are of interest when one does a point here, because it has to do with the topic.

Also, Brazil is culturally closer to Portugal than any other country and as such >80% of the characteristics we share with other Latino countries, want it or not, it is because of our common Iberian heritage rather than common geographic location (not to talk about the differences between Spanish-speaking American countries), and as such too elemental parts of a culture such as religious rites, coming of age rituals (e.g. quinceañera), language use, manners and, obviously, gender roles can't be inherently "Latin American" but rather Ibero-American. Lguipontes (talk) 09:56, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

article a little esoteric?
the article is very informative, but i think that it delves more into analysis than is needed for a wikipedia page. the average person may be confused. (i study human geography so it makes sense to me) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.46.196.161 (talk) 07:55, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

The article is becoming silly
The article was good some months ago, explaining that in English "machismo" has the connotation of agressivness, strenght, courage, etc., while in the orignal Portuguese and Spanish has the meaning of to consider that man are superior to woman.

Today:

- The English meaning of "machismo" was totally removed from the article

- The Portuguese/Spanish meaning becomes totaly confuse; and no, in Portuguese "machismo" does not mean that that "feminine traits among males (or traits historically viewed as non-feminine among females, see marianismo) are to be deemed undesirable, socially reprovable or deviations" (if anything, this is the English meaning); it means to believe that man are superior to woman.

And please, let's remove the "western cultures" from the caption of a picture of a man in India..--194.38.144.2 (talk) 12:39, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Go read a little more before criticizing my text if you know nothing of gender theory.

 * For sexism be reproduced, it needs hegemonic masculinity. For hegemonic masculinity to exist, sexes need gendered education and this include extreme social reprovation of traits associated with the different sex (that are regarded as "opposite" in such societies) in children since an early age, what includes legitimizing and even encouraging social ostracism, by children on their own or by authority/model figures.

 * (For what I learned it? The most obvious way of showing anti-gay hatred based on lack of masculinity sucks is that different societies and species have a blurred line between sexes/genders, and certain gender roles and interpretations of gender non-conformity vary wildly between those, and also that biologically-motivated phenomena such as homosexuality, transsexualism and intersexualism occur in nature in individuals with perfect sex chromossomes and average-looking general genetic background at high percentages of said populations, thus showing that there is nothing natural in sex differences, and they are influenced by environmental factors, including not only varying degrees of womb hormones but also socialization. Try to repeat those things in an Asperger's-like scientific-looking monotonous tone in tl;dr texts everywhere - my behavior in orkut with everything I got mad into x3 - gender difference discussions pops out and you'll surely convince people. If they criticize you, present tons of literature and quoted studies yourself refuting every dumbness they present and arguing in favor of your preferred theory. Try to not get personal, speak like a professional or a teacher, and avoid any kind of personal attacks or acusations, including distancing yourself from ideological comrades with questionable methods or ideas. It works best if you perfected this at school showing alleged intelligence as the best quality you have to socially present yourself in a tone that made everyone think you awesome instead of pretentious. You will note that the profile of people that demonstrate greatest preferrence for different gender outcomes of socialization coming from inborn traits and sex-determinist mentality as purely reflecting the common sense of what we see in nature are exactly the same related to heterosexism and allegiance on social conservative mores on either or both the legal and social acceptance of same-sex relationships. You'll be called names like militant atheist, Gramscist, cultural marxist, child-eating communist, feminazi, gay Nazi or esquerdopata i.e. 'pinkopath' depending on the personality of the person you comfront or comfronts you, so remember on being kind, friendly, gentle and desirable, making friends that aren't seen as ideologically related to you.)

 * Portuguese machismo stands not only for sexism but also for any kind of problematic hegemonic masculinity with the potential of reforcing patriarchal society or otherwise strong, anti-invidualist gender conformity. Lusophone cultures are each day becoming more and more postmodern, so the language we use may acquire new senses out of different usage because of things that were non-issues or taboos decades ago becoming daily debates today. I am a Brazilian so I would know. ;) Lguipontes (talk) 12:45, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

Chimera article
This article is a Chimera article, trying to mix the English meaning of "machismo" (excessive demonstrations of masculinity) and the Portuguese/Spanish meaning (male chauvinism) in the same article, and if it was the same thing.--MiguelMadeira (talk) 18:28, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Indeed, this still applies in 2020. This article still links to "machismo" in Spanish which means something completely different. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.73.51.229 (talk) 19:05, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

Intended Contributions
This semester, I plan on making revisions to this article as part of a class assignment that intends for students to contribute to articles in Wikipedia concerning human development in global and local communities. Since I feel that the current article really only focuses on the meaning and origin of the word Machismo and how the Machismo front is portrayed through literature and media, I plan on addressing an earlier critique mentioned on this Talk page to detail the historical context of Machismo to see how policies and societal practices have molded around this concept. This will help readers understand how this ideology has translated into the political and social structure of many nations today. I also plan on adding new sections that outline the implications of Machismo on Spain and Latin American countries as well as Latino communities in the United States.

I will structure my contribution into 3 new sections: Implications at the “Community Level”, “Interpersonal Level”, and “Individual Level”. I feel like these subsections are a good way to categorize the difference consequences of Machismo because it helps readers understand how individual pressures affect the social structure of a community and vice versa. Due to the nature of my class, I would like to detail on how the Machismo identity has shaped views on the LGBT community, rape culture, alcohol/drug abuse, domestic violence, gang violence, suicide, and bullying. However, I understand the importance of maintaining neutrality, so I also plan on detailing how Machismo has shaped communities in positive ways as well such as Machismo’s effect family protection, chivalry, work ethic, etc.

I am open to any kind of feedback and am willing to explain further if you have any questions, comments, concerns, etc. Also, I was wondering if someone could give me suggestions as to how to present this information as neutral as possible (positive and negative implications) and also how to make this not sound so much like a cause/effect article but rather more on just how these social issues/benefits tie into the Machismo ideology.

Dmillar23 (talk) 23:55, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

 * As for "as neutral as possible" I'd suggest first becoming thoroughly familiar with WP:NPOV. Together with that, the WP:V on WP:RS. If you get those under your belt, you will be 99% there, as those are, IMO, the common stumbling blocks for many editors. Good luck, Mercy11 (talk) 01:24, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Bullying
Except for the 1st sentence, this entire paragraph is talking about bullying, not about machismo. The 1st entence fails to establish a cause-effect relationship between machismo and bullying; just having both words existing in the same sentence is not a cause-effect relationship. Removed per WP:SYN. Mercy11 (talk) 12:59, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Violence section
Per WP:V, these claims need exact the page number where each claim is found. Mercy11 (talk) 13:19, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Migrant work section
In the 1st paragragh, WP:SYN is evident as it would then imply that every man that migrates to another country is an example of machismo, exhibits machismo and is macho man. If this was correct, we could then argue that every American Blackwater man that migrated to Iraq was a macho man. On that basis even religiuos ministers, perhaps even misionaries, could be considered examples of machismo as lonmg as they migrate from their home country to another country were they get paid better. The 2nd paragraph has absolutely nothing to do with machismo. Removed per WP:UNDUE. Mercy11 (talk) 13:52, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Peer Review
Hi Daniel. I think you've added a good amount of great work here. My main recommendation to you would be to ensure to do a last review of your contribution and edit any grammar issues as well as possibly add more transitions so that the text flows a bit better.Brodgers15 (talk) 23:12, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Gang Membership Subsection is Racist and should be removed
The entire section on gang membership of Mexican American adolescents should be removed from this article. The subject is machismo, which is a very broad subject. To include a subsection on specifically Mexican American teenage criminals is extremely bigoted. It has nothing to do with the subject at hand which is machismo its origins and implications to society at large. This subject is about masculinity not criminality of one small group. I call for the immediate removal of the Gang Membership section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.40.62.32 (talk) 13:49, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Removed section - per WP:OR. The word machismo isn't found once in the citation given. To conclude that gangs and machismo are related falls under WP:SYNC, thus WP:OR. Mercy11 (talk) 18:48, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Copy Edit/Literary Examples Relevant to Latin America In helping to copyedit this particular document I hope to divulge more in the Latin American aspects of machismo that is broadly generalized. Extensive sections fail to follow Wikipedia’s citation policies or its missing proper citations. Throughout the article the contributor relies extensively on a assumed general knowledge in trying to bring forward the concept. In the first section that gives the historical backing of the word the contributor fails to cite any work that can substantiate the claims that are being made. I hope to incorporate Guido Roggerio’s (editor) The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity and the historical insights that is offered on machismo and its Spanish/Portuguese origins. In the section titled “Criticisms and Controversy” it fails to incorporate proper historical and contemporary references to the usage of machismo and how it affects the lived experiences of Latin American males in a non-fiction sense. By integrating the fictional references of the contributor with lived experiences of Latinos a more sturdy framework can be given of the termChantaln876 (talk) 05:12, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Copy Edit/Literary Examples Relevant to Latin America
In helping to copyedit this particular document I hope to divulge more in the Latin American aspects of machismo that is broadly generalized. Extensive sections fail to follow Wikipedia’s citation policies or its missing proper citations. Throughout the article the contributor relies extensively on a assumed general knowledge in trying to bring forward the concept. In the first section that gives the historical backing of the word the contributor fails to cite any work that can substantiate the claims that are being made. I hope to incorporate Guido Roggerio’s (editor) The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity and the historical insights that is offered on machismo and its Spanish/Portuguese origins. In the section titled “Criticisms and Controversy” it fails to incorporate proper historical and contemporary references to the usage of machismo and how it affects the lived experiences of Latin American males in a non-fiction sense. By integrating the fictional references of the contributor with lived experiences of Latinos a more sturdy framework can be given of the term. Chantaln876 (talk) 05:14, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Subjectivity makes for bad gender studies articles
This article does not only reflect facts about the term or it's common usage, it takes an almost complete stance to identify the subject with general misogyny. The implications section should be absolutely removed. Citing articles about HIV and pulling "informed opinions" while citing them at the bottom of the page does not constitute a "objective' opinion, but a completely subjective one unde the guile of "citations", unrelated or twisted to fit the subject at hand. Again, this article should only point the general usage of the term and it's origins, it's history, and then point to misogyny as one of it's byproducts. Another thing to note is that most if not all the opinions on this talk page begin with a personal statement ("I never head the word used this way!", "It means *this* because i experienced it differently!") and then after sufficient discussion, the person bringing up an article from somewhere citing the middle of a sentence and calling it a day without actually reading or cross referencing anything. This is frustating for any person that reads this article to learn about HOW THE WORD CAME TO BE AND IT'S MEANING not it's PERCIEVED NOTION by a group of people. Such notions should be contained in a forum not on a encyclopedia. --Idroppedit (talk) 09:36, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

NPOV under "Influences"
The "Influences" section seems quite biased to me. Words like "rampant" and "submission" and phrases such as "she is once again treated as an object rather than a human" or "It will take major change to overthrow machismo ideas" are, at least in my point of view, quite biased against the concept. --24.72.137.130 (talk) 04:38, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Machismo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070214041050/http://www.janushead.org:80/gwu-2001/staal.cfm to http://www.janushead.org/gwu-2001/staal.cfm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:05, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

Adding Link
In the sentence " American understanding of manliness that focuses more on honour and chivalry." We should link chivalry with the corresponding wiki page. --Sdcox004 (talk) 17:56, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

What have you got against Chile?
If you were going to include analyses of "macho" culture around the world or in Spanish-speaking countries, fine, but singling out one country and depicting its male population with crude stereotypes looks a lot like a hit job.

Either look at other countries or take out this gratuitous swipe. It stands out in what's already a very shaky article like a sore thumb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.95.174.225 (talk) 20:17, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

Definition allegedly from Merriam-Webster
In this edit, you've added the following definition: "a strong sense of masculine pride...[with] the supreme valuation of characteristics culturally associated with the masculine and a denigration of characteristics associated with the feminine", and sourced it to Merriam-Webster. However, in the linked source, only the part "a strong sense of masculine pride" can be found; the rest is nowhere to be seen. The phrasing "supreme valuation" sounds overly florid and clunky, and the phrase "supreme valuation of characteristics" only leads to books and websites which seem to literally quote Wikipedia's definition, which raises suspicion that the quote is made up of whole cloth, but has now spread all over the Internet and propagated into RS (raising concerns of circularity). Maybe the referenced page's content has changed, or the URL you gave was in error, but I can't check the Merriam-Webster's Concise Encyclopedia to see if that's what happened. So an explanation for your edit would really be appreciated. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 15:17, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi. If that is what I added, then that must be what was there when I accessed it, or perhaps a second cite is needed to https://www.britannica.com/topic/machismo or perhaps not.

 * In any event, want to actualize it into something else yet? Be bold and go ahead! So long as it is sourced, it is permissible. Best wishes, Mercy11 (talk) 02:03, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Fixed to current source. Desette (talk) 07:36, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Cuba, Brazil

 * The page doesn't mention Cuba. My sources are controversial, so I don't edit the page at the moment.
 * Sources about Brazil are mainly in Portuguese, so I don't understand them.Xx236 (talk) 10:20, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

This article is a disgrace, vague and unacademic phrases like "in many Latin american countries" would not even be tolerated in a basic academic essay
This article is a disgrace, vague and unacademic phrases like "in many Latin american countries" would not even be tolerated in a basic academic essay. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.193.135.85 (talk) 19:57, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

Potential Articles to Cite
Hello, I'm planning on using some of the articles below to present research that identifies machismo's current prevalence (primarily in the United States) and how acculturation may be affecting it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EzraFernandezCastaneda (talk • contribs) 19:52, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

1.	Barker, G., & Loewenstein, I. (1997). Where the boys are: Attitudes related to masculinity, fatherhood, and violence toward women among low-income adolescent and young adult males in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Youth & Society, 29(2), 166-196. doi:10.1177/0044118X97029002002

2.	Hirai, M., Winkel, M. H., & Popan, J. R. (2014). The role of machismo in prejudice toward lesbians and gay men: Personality traits as moderators. Personality And Individual Differences, 70105-110. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.028

3.	Dotti Sani, G. M., & Quaranta, M. (2017). The best is yet to come? Attitudes toward gender roles among adolescents in 36 countries. Sex Roles, 77(1-2), 30-45. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0698-7

4.	Rogers, A. A., DeLay, D., & Martin, C. L. (2017). Traditional masculinity during the middle school transition: Associations with depressive symptoms and academic engagement. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 46(4), 709-724. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0545-8

5.	Intindola, M. L., Jacobson, R. P., Jacobson, K. L., & DelCampo, R. G. (2016). Machismo in organizations: Individual predictors & context-dependent outcomes. Employee Responsibilities And Rights Journal, 28(2), 113-131. doi:10.1007/s10672-015-9274-5

6.	Matsuda, Y. (2017). Actor–partner interdependence model analysis of sexual communication and relationship/family planning factors among immigrant Latino couples in the United States. Health Communication, 32(5), 612-620. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1160317

7.	Rueda, H. A., & Williams, L. R. (2016). Mexican American adolescent couples communicating about conflict: An integrated developmental and cultural perspective. Journal Of Adolescent Research, 31(3), 375-403. doi:10.1177/0743558415584999

8.	Sanchez, D., Whittaker, T. A., Hamilton, E., & Arango, S. (2017). Familial ethnic socialization, gender role attitudes, and ethnic identity development in Mexican-origin early adolescents. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(3), 335-347. doi:10.1037/cdp0000142 — Preceding unsigned comment added by EzraFernandezCastaneda (talk • contribs) 06:52, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

Attack on Machismo(Men)
I think this article blatantly attacks Machismo (Men) and is discriminative against men and generally tries to make them feel guilty of their natural masculinity and again pussifies men. Sbuda777 (talk) 23:27, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

The perspective of a male inhabitant of Argentina
The term machismo in Argentina is a direct translation of male chauvinism, that is "male prejudice against women; the belief that men are superior in terms of ability, intelligence, etc.". No one would think of linking it to being "very manly" or "self reliant" as it is a very delicate term associated with the modern feminist movement. For that approach the words macho or "macho man" already exist.

If you want to talk about chivalry and its associated Spanish word "caballerosidad" do a different article, as it only adds to the confusion.

Backward thinking men will try to argue that the word has positive connotations it is up to you to give them room or not here perpetuating gender inequality. A feminist man is perfectly capable of protecting his family and providing for it.

I vote for the removal of the article as it mixes different terminology that has no direct relation to each other and it doesn't even link to the male chauvinism Wikipedia article which is absolutely key, and ultimately the only real analogy of the term.

Also I don't think it's relevant what English speaking communities believe the term means as it is a foreign word and they are talking from a position of ignorance. The discussion of its meaning should be left to Spanish speaking communities. Something that should be common sense but it seems that it isn't. If English speaking people decide to "re purpose" the term machismo making it a derivation of macho man they are only harming Spanish cultures by showing total indifference towards their opinion.

In summary:

Machista: Male chauvinist.

Macho/macho man: The prototype of tough guy, self reliant and very manly (from a traditional point of view).

Caballero: Gentlemen, somewhat associated with the chivalric code. (It is also considered a male chauvinistic attitude in many ways, as they depict women as fragile damsels in distress.

Emicesar (talk) 18:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Not Femininity; Discrimination
I don't think it's the case men 'fear femininity' as such. Rather they fear judgmentalism; that if they are perceived as insufficiently masculine they will be judged and treated adversely. Justifiably so, and by both sexes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.151.210.84 (talk) 15:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender Welfare and Poverty
— Assignment last updated by Shakaigaku Obasan (talk) 00:58, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Sexuality in World Civilizations I
— Assignment last updated by Natalyval (talk) 20:37, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

Confusing Discussion of Machismo's Negative Consequences in Introduction
The introduction includes a paragraph that attempts to summarize critiques of Machismo:

"Machismo is a factor challenged among different groups due to how an ideal man is expected to be portrayed, which builds pressure. Mentally, men may feel the need to take up more opportunities to meet expectations, such as supporting the home, or maintaining employment, leading to increased stress. This may also take a toll as physically well straining to be strong and overexerting the body, or the opposite of putting on weight by not having the desired physique and feeling inferior. Furthermore, researchers suggest that machismo can portray the supremacy or dominance that a man feels he has over a woman due to cultural and societal factors."

This is poorly written to the point of making little sense, leaving the reader without a fundamental grasp of Machismo's negative impacts on men, women, and society. In an article about a complex socio-cultural concept, it is crucial that the debates over Machismo be laid out in completely clear terms. The introduction and many other sections of this article need to be substantially improved. Milkbaba (talk) 04:26, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Added paragraph linking Machismo to femicide in Latin America
I added a paragraph discussing how machismo can create conditions that result in increased incidence of Femicide in Latin America which is an article I am working on as a student right now. Stud3nt1947 (talk) 05:28, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Request for feedback on related article
I am currently editing the Femicide in Latin America article and am open to any feedback on the section that relates to this article (titled Gender Roles) or the article overall! Stud3nt1947 (talk) 03:03, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Monday - Spring 2024 HIST 401
— Assignment last updated by Jawgarci (talk) 03:23, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Representation of Machismo and External Influences
Hello.

This article offers a surprisingly balanced perspective for an English-language take on a Latin American cultural phenomenon. However, there are still areas that could be improved. In discussing changes in attitudes toward machismo, it would be beneficial for the article to better acknowledge the significant roles played by Latin American feminists and LGBTQ+ activists, who have been the primary drivers of cultural and social change. Instead, the focus is predominantly on "acculturation" in the United States and the impact of American social values on Latino immigrants.

While influence from socially progressive countries can affect the development of a progressive consciousness in Latin America, the article's lack of discussion on the impact of Latin American social movements oversimplifies these changes as being primarily due to American influence. This perspective not only ignores the fact that the USA is not always a beacon of progressiveness—having one of the highest femicide rates among so-called "First World" countries—but also that attitudes toward women and homosexuality in many Latin American countries are similar to, or more progressive than, those in the USA. For instance, according to Pew Research country surveys, acceptance of gay marriage is similar in Mexico (63%) and higher in Argentina (67%) than in the United States (62%). Acceptance for gay marriage is also higher in young Mexicans (83%) than young Americans (72%).

This observation highlights the irony in how the article, despite acknowledging the problematic views of machismo as "all that is wrong in a man" from a Nordicist/American perspective, seems to be written from an American viewpoint that views Latin American social norms as antiquated, violent, outdated, and inferior.

Additionally, I am concerned about the article's association between "machismo" and Latino criminality in the USA. This connection is a significant stretch. Research indicates that U.S. Latinos have a crime rate similar to that of whites when adjusted for age and income. Moreover, issues such as high school dropout rates, a lack of interest in academics, and a focus on hard physical labor are more often results of socioeconomic factors rather than gender roles. This portrayal risks reducing Latin American males to stereotypes of violence and manual labor.

Given the talk page history, it appears this article has long perpetuated such clichés. I strongly recommend reevaluating how these aspects are represented to avoid further perpetuating harmful stereotypes.

Thank you for considering these points to ensure a more accurate and respectful representation of the topic. 178.197.215.115 (talk) 10:18, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Machismo


text:
Tim Minear

Timothy P. Minear  (born October 29, 1963) is an American screenwriter and director. He has been nominated for four Emmy Awards (2013, 2014, 2015, 2017) for his role as an executive producer on American Horror Story and Feud.

Life and career
Minear was born in New York City, grew up in Whittier, California, and studied film at California State University, Long Beach.

Minear was an assistant director on the film Platoon, and wrote episodes for several television series including The X-Files, Zorro, and Lois and Clark. He later wrote, executive-produced, and directed episodes of Strange World, Angel, Firefly, Wonderfalls, and The Inside (which he also created, with Howard Gordon).

Minear had another series, Drive, airing on Fox in April 2007; however' it was cancelled by the network after only four episodes. Drive was set to return with two additional episodes on July 4, 2007, but these were rescheduled to July 13 and then cancelled. This continued his tradition of short-lived work on Fox.

Tim Minear has worked on several shows that have lasted for only one season, including  Strange World,  Firefly, Wonderfalls,  The Inside,  Drive,  Terriers, and The Chicago Code. After nearly a decade of writing, and producing tv shows which lasted for a single season, the streak came to an end when he was hired to write and produce for Ryan Murphy's American Horror Story. Because of all of the shows he has written and produced that lasted for only one season, he took the Twitter handle "@CancelledAgain" to mark his status as a writer/producer who was consistently in search of more work.

Minear often works with Joss Whedon, and his work is typically characterized by a sharp, black humour and an ability to portray characters who are sympathetic and understandable, but morally ambiguous. Minear wrote the key episodes of Angel Season Two.

In 2004, Minear stated that he was hired to write a screenplay of The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress.

In 2007, he received a pilot commitment from ABC for Miracle Man, a drama series for which the company engaged in a bidding war with Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was being produced by 20th Century Fox Television, with which Minear had signed in an overall deal. Minear, since 2011, when American Horror Story (AHS) debuted, has been an executive producer for multiple successful shows for 20th Century Fox Television. These successful shows include AHS, as well as two shows Minear co-created, and showruns,  9-1-1, and its spin-off 9-1-1: Lone Star. All of these shows were co-created with Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. In 2018, his ReamWorks company signed a new Fox deal. Minear signed this deal to make sure the shows he had co-created at Fox with Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk would remain under their creative control, as Murphy had just recently left Fox to produce shows for Netflix.

Credits

 * Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
 * 4x05 "Brutal Youth" (writer)
 * 4x11 "'Twas the Night Before Mxymas" (writer)
 * 4x14 "Meet John Doe" (writer)
 * 4x20 "I've Got You Under My Skin" (writer)
 * The X-Files
 * 5x08 "Kitsunegari" (co-writer)
 * 5x16 "Mind's Eye" (writer)
 * Strange World
 * 1x02 "Lullaby" (writer)
 * 1x04 "Spirit Falls" (co-writer)
 * Angel
 * 1x05 "Sense & Sensitivity" (writer)
 * 1x09 "Hero" (co-writer)
 * 1x11 "Somnambulist" (writer)
 * 1x15 "The Prodigal" (writer)
 * 1x19 "Sanctuary" (co-writer)
 * 2x02 "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been" (writer)
 * 2x07 "Darla" (writer/director)
 * 2x09 "The Trial" (co-writer)
 * 2x10 "Reunion" (co-writer)
 * 2x15 "Reprise" (writer)
 * 2x16 "Epiphany" (writer)
 * 2x21 "Through The Looking Glass" (writer/director)
 * 3x03 "That Old Gang of Mine" (writer)
 * 3x06 "Billy" (co-writer)
 * 3x09 "Lullaby" (writer/director)
 * 3x14 "Couplet" (co-writer/director)
 * 3x20 "A New World" (director)
 * 3x21 "Benediction" (writer/director)
 * 4x22 "Home" (writer/director)
 * Firefly
 * 1x02 "The Train Job" (co-writer)
 * 1x03 "Bushwhacked" (writer/director)
 * 1x08 "Out of Gas" (writer)
 * 1x12 "The Message" (co-writer/director)
 * Wonderfalls
 * 1x02 "Karma Chameleon" (writer)
 * 1x07 "Barrel Bear" (unaired) (co-writer)
 * The Inside
 * 1x01 "New Girl In Town" (teleplay & story/director)
 * 1x06 "Thief of Hearts" (co-writer)
 * 1x10 "Little Girl Lost" (unaired in US, UK Airdate 03/17/2006) (co-writer)
 * 1x13 "Skin and Bone" (unaired) (story)
 * Drive
 * 1x00 "Unaired Pilot" (co-writer)
 * 1x01 "The Starting Line" (co-writer)
 * 1x02 "Partners" (co-writer)
 * Dollhouse
 * 1x05 "True Believer" (writer)
 * 1x12 "Omega" (writer/director)
 * 2x03 "Belle Chose" (writer)
 * 2x11 "Getting Closer" (writer/director)
 * Terriers
 * 1x11 "Sins of the Past" (writer)
 * The Chicago Code
 * 1x04 "Cabrini-Green" (co-writer)
 * American Horror Story
 * 1x05 "Halloween (Part 2)" (writer)
 * 1x11 "Birth" (writer)
 * 2x01 "Welcome to Briarcliff" (writer)
 * 2x07 "Dark Cousin" (writer)
 * 2x13 "Madness Ends" (writer)
 * 3x02 "Boy Parts" (writer)
 * 3x09 "Head" (writer)
 * 4x02 "Massacres and Matinees" (writer)
 * 5x02 "Chutes and Ladders" (writer)
 * 6x02 "Chapter 2" (writer)
 * 6x09 "Chapter 9" (writer)
 * 7x02 "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (writer)
 * 7x11 "Great Again" (writer)
 * 8x04 "Could It Be... Satan?" (writer)
 * 9x02 "Mr. Jingles" (writer)
 * Feud: Bette and Joan
 * 1x02 "The Other Woman" (co-writer)
 * 1x03 "Mommie Dearest" (writer)
 * 1x04 "More, or Less" (co-writer)
 * 1x06 "Hagsploitation" (co-writer, director)
 * 9-1-1
 * 1x01 "Pilot" (writer)
 * 1x02 "Let Go" (writer)
 * 1x10 "A Whole New You" (writer)
 * 2x01 "Under Pressure" (writer)
 * 5x01 "Panic" (writer)
 * 7x01 "Abandon Ship" (writer)
 * 7x06 "There Goes The Groom" (writer)
 * 7x08 "Step Nine" (writer)
 * 9-1-1: Lone Star
 * 1x01 "Pilot" (writer)
 * 3x01 "The Big Chill" (writer)
 * 3x03 "Stock & Thaw" (writer)

title: Tim Minear


text:
Lab notebook

A laboratory notebook (colloq. lab notebook or lab book) is a primary record of research. Researchers use a lab notebook to document their hypotheses, experiments and initial analysis or interpretation of these experiments. The notebook serves as an organizational tool, a memory aid, and can also have a role in protecting any intellectual property that comes from the research.

Structure
The guidelines for lab notebooks vary widely between institution and between individual labs, but some guidelines are fairly common, for example, like those in the reference. The lab notebook is typically permanently bound and pages are numbered. Dates are given as a rule. All entries are with a permanent writing tool, e.g., a ballpoint pen (though a permanent marker may be undesirable, as the ink might bleed through multiple pages). The lab notebook is usually written as the experiments progress, rather than at a later date. In many laboratories, it is the original place of record of data (no copying is carried out from other notes) as well as any observations or insights. For data recorded by other means (e.g., on a computer), the lab notebook will record that the data was obtained and the identification of the data set will be given in the notebook. Many adhere to the concept that a lab notebook should be thought of as a diary of activities that are described in sufficient detail to allow another scientist to replicate the steps. In laboratories with several staff and a common laboratory notebook, entries in the notebook are signed by those making them.

Legal aspects
To ensure that data cannot be easily altered, notebooks with permanently bound pages are often recommended. Researchers are often encouraged to write only with unerasable pen, to sign and date each page, and to have their notebooks inspected periodically by another scientist who can read and understand it. All of these guidelines can be useful in proving exactly when a discovery was made, in the case of a patent dispute. It is worth noting however that following March 2013, lab notebooks are of limited legal use in the United States, due to a change in the law that grants patents to the first person to file, rather than the first person to invent. The lab notebook is still useful for proving that work was not stolen, but can no longer be used to dispute the patent of an unrelated party.

Electronic formats
Several companies now offer electronic lab notebooks. This format has gained some popularity, especially in large pharmaceutical companies, which have large numbers of researchers and great need to document their experiments.

Open lab notebooks
Lab notebooks kept online have started to become as transparent to the world as they are to the researcher keeping them, a trend often referred to as Open Notebook Science, after the title of a 2006 blogpost by chemist Jean-Claude Bradley. The term is frequently used to distinguish this aspect of Open Science from the related but rather independent developments commonly labeled as Open Source, Open Access, Open Data and so forth. The openness of the notebook, then, specifically refers to the set of the following points, or elements thereof: The use of a wiki makes it convenient to track contributions by individual authors.
 * 1) Sharing of the researcher's laboratory notebook online in real time without password protection or limitations on the use of the data.
 * 2) The raw data used by the researcher to derive observations and conclusions are made available online to anyone.
 * 3) All experimental data are shared, including failed or ambiguous attempts.
 * 4) Feedback and other contributions to the research effort can be integrated easily with the understanding that everything is donated to the public domain.

title: Lab notebook


text:
Cristian Vasile

Cristian Vasile (May 8, 1908 – June 15, 1974) was a well-known Romanian tango-romance (Romanță) singer between 1928 and 1949, famous for songs such as "Zaraza", "Aprinde o țigară", "Ce să-ți mai scriu", "Pentru tine am făcut nebunii", and "Nunuțo". He was born in Brăila, and died in 1974 in Sibiu.

His greatest success, the song "Zaraza", that was said to refer to a Roma woman he was in love with at that time, was in fact an adapted version of a Uruguayan tango written in 1929 by Benjamín Alfonso Tagle Lara. A popular rumour surrounding the song says that Vasile's lover was murdered by a rival singer, Zavaidoc, and her death caused Vasile to never sing again. Vasile did in fact abruptly stop his singing career, but a more credible explanation is that he lost his voice due to cancer. Although he was supposedly at odds with Zavaidoc, there is no proof that such a rivalry existed beyond mere rumours.

title: Cristian Vasile


text:
Joseph Henry Blackburne

Joseph Henry Blackburne (10 December 1841 – 1 September 1924) was a British chess player. Nicknamed "The Black Death", he dominated the British scene during the latter part of the 19th century. Blackburne learned the game at the relatively late age of 17 or 18, but he quickly became a strong player and went on to develop a professional chess career that spanned over 50 years. At one point he was one of the world's leading players, with a string of tournament victories behind him, and popularised chess by giving simultaneous and blindfold displays around the country. Blackburne also published a collection of his own games.

Biography
Joseph Henry Blackburne was born in Manchester in December 1841. He learned how to play draughts as a child, but when he was aged 17 or 18, he heard about Paul Morphy's exploits around Europe, and he switched to playing chess:

"I learnt the game in, say, 1859."

Blackburne joined the Manchester Chess Club in 1861. In July 1861 he lost 5–0 in a match with Manchester's strongest player, Eduard Pindar (and champion of the Provinces), but in August/September, Blackburne defeated Pindar (five wins, two draws, one loss). By the next year, Blackburne became champion of the city club, ahead of Bernhard Horwitz (who taught him endgame theory).

Blackburne's introduction to blindfold chess was a little later. In November 1861, Louis Paulsen gave a simultaneous blindfold exhibition in Manchester, beating Blackburne among others; Blackburne was soon thereafter playing chess blindfolded with three players simultaneously.

Competitive chess
Less than three years after learning the moves to chess, Blackburne entered the 1862 London International Tournament (the world's first chess round-robin or all-play-all tournament) and defeated Wilhelm Steinitz in their individual game, although Blackburne finished in 9th place. Up to that point, timekeeping was measured with hourglasses, and it was Blackburne who suggested chess clocks. This trip cost Blackburne his job back in Manchester (accounts vary about what it was), and he became a professional chess player.

In the 1868–'69 season he won the British championship by beating the current holder, Cecil Valentine De Vere, and he was therefore regarded as England's best player. His first major international success was in a strong tournament at Baden-Baden in 1870, where he shared 3rd place with Gustav Neumann, behind Adolf Anderssen and Wilhelm Steinitz but ahead of Paulsen, De Vere, Simon Winawer, Samuel Rosenthal and Johannes von Minckwitz.

Blackburne was regularly one of the world's top five players from 1871 to 1889, although Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker and, during his brief prime, Johannes Zukertort were clearly better players; and he remained in the top 20 until 1902, when he was 61 years old. His best results were in international tournaments. Although tournaments were much less frequent then than they are now, Blackburne played in nearly one strong tournament per year from 1870 to 1899; in particular he competed regularly in the German Chess Championship, which was an open tournament. In the 1870s and 1880s he was almost always a high prize-winner. His best results were 1st equal with Steinitz at Vienna 1873, where the commentators nicknamed Blackburne "the Black Death" (Steinitz won the play-off); 1st in London 1876 with a score of 10/11, ahead of Zukertort; and 1st in Berlin 1881, 3 points ahead of Zukertort. He also achieved 2nd place in: a strong mini-tournament in London 1872 (behind Steinitz but ahead of Zukertort), George Alcock MacDonnell and De Vere; shared 2nd place at Hamburg 1885 (with Siegbert Tarrasch, James Mason, Berthold Englisch and Max Weiss; behind Isidor Gunsberg; ahead of George Henry Mackenzie and five others); shared 2nd place at Frankfurt 1887 (with Weiss; behind Mackenzie; ahead of Curt von Bardeleben, Tarrasch and several others). His worst result from this 20-year period was 6th place in the very strong Vienna 1882 chess tournament, the one occasion on which all his major rivals placed ahead of him.

In the mid to late 1890s Blackburne's was less successful in tournaments, but by this time he was competing against the next generation of players, Emanuel Lasker and Lasker's major rivals. Blackburne's worst results were 10th place at Hastings 1895 and 11th at Nuremberg 1896; but both of these tournaments included Lasker and most of the other top players of the new generation; and in both of these he finished ahead of several of the new stars and ahead of the few competing players of his own generation.

Chessmetrics concludes that Blackburne's best performances, taking account of the strength of his opponents, were his second places at Frankfurt 1887 (behind Mackenzie) and London 1892 (behind Emanuel Lasker). At London 1892 he finished only ½ point behind Emanuel Lasker and 2 points ahead of the third-placed player, Mason. Emanuel Lasker thought that Blackburne had more talent than Steinitz, but lacked the willpower and capacity for hard work needed for becoming world champion.

Blackburne's match results are weaker. He was twice soundly beat by Steinitz, in 1862/3 (+1−7=2) and 1876 (+0−7=0); but in 1862 Blackburne had been playing chess for barely 3 years, and in 1876 Steinitz was playing at his life-time best and in the middle of a 24-game winning streak. Emanuel Lasker beat Blackburne in 1892, but Lasker also beat Steinitz very decisively in their 1894 championship match. Blackburne was also comfortably beaten in 1881 by Zukertort (+2−7=5), who was in great form at the time; and Zukertort's health and play were declining rapidly when Blackburne beat him in 1887 (+5−1=7). On the other hand, against Gunsberg, Blackburne won his 1881 match (+7−4=3) and lost his 1887 match (+2−5=6); the 1887 match was Gunsberg's strongest performance, and Gunsberg only narrowly lost a world title match against Steinitz in 1890 (+6−4=9).

The 1876 match against Steinitz was held at the West-end Chess Club in London. The stakes were £60 a side with the winner taking all. This was a considerable sum of money in Victorian times – £60 in 1876 would be roughly equivalent to £29,000 in 2006's money. This was the first time that spectators were charged an entrance fee (half a guinea, = 52.5p in decimal terms) to see a chess match.

Exhibitions and other games
After losing his job and discovering that he had a special aptitude for blindfold chess, Blackburne began giving blindfold and simultaneous exhibitions all over Britain, and for most of his career made most of his income from these exhibitions, including blindfold displays against up to twelve opponents simultaneously. He even travelled to Australia in 1885 to give exhibitions; on his arrival in Melbourne he was fined five pounds for assaulting a fellow passenger on the ship.

The Teesside Chess Association (formed in 1883; now called the Cleveland Chess Association) invited world-class players to give exhibitions, in order to raise money for the Association. Blackburne's fee for two simultaneous displays and a blindfold event in 1889 was 9 guineas (about £4,600 at 2006 values ). Players paid the club a shilling for a simultaneous game or a half-crown to play him blindfold. In the simultaneous games he won 29, drew two and lost only one; in the blindfold he won seven and drew one with no losses.

In addition he played (mostly on top board) for the British team in 11 of the Anglo-American cable matches which commenced in 1896 and in the first six matches he recorded a score of 3½–2½ against the top American, Harry Pillsbury.

It is estimated that Blackburne played 100,000 games in his career, more than any other professional chess-player. However, he still had time to marry three times and with his second wife, Beatrice Lapham, he had a son, Julius, and with his third wife Mary Goodway (née Fox) another son, Frederick.

The dubious chess opening the Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4) has been named for Blackburne because he purportedly used it to win quickly against amateurs, thus winning the shilling wagered on the game. The opening is mentioned by Steinitz in his book The Modern Chess Instructor (1889).

Writings
In 1899 he published Mr. Blackburne's Games at Chess, edited by P. Anderson Graham.

Blackburne wrote two articles on chess for The Strand Magazine, in December 1906 and December 1907, and annotated numerous games for chess magazines, but he was never a chess correspondent for any publication.

Final years
In 1914, at the age of 72, Blackburne won a Special Brilliancy Prize for his win over Aron Nimzowitsch at the great St. Petersburg 1914 tournament, but failed to qualify for the final stage. That same year he tied for first place in the British championship with Frederick Yates, but ill health prevented him from contesting the play-off for the title. This was Blackburne's last major tournament. However, in 1921 Blackburne was still giving simultaneous exhibitions.

In 1922 his wife died. Blackburne died of a heart attack on 1 September 1924 at the age of 82. He is buried in the Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries in Lewisham.

Legacy
Blackburne is an icon of Romantic chess because of his wide-open and highly tactical style of play. His large black beard and aggressive style earned him the nickname of "der Schwarze Tod" ("the Black Death", based on the plague of the same name) after his performance in the 1873 Vienna tournament. According to Chessmetrics, he was ranked second in the world at various times between 1873 and 1889. He was especially strong at endgames and had a great combinative ability which enabled him to win many brilliancy prizes. He was also widely known for his popular simultaneous and blindfold displays.

Mr. Blackburne's Games at Chess, which he published in 1899, has been recently reprinted by Moravian Chess. It contains over 400 of his games, around 20 problems composed by him, and a short biography.

A new book about him was published by McFarland in August 2015. It contains over a thousand of his games and more than 50 problems with a detailed account of his life, family, and career.

Notable games

 * Joseph Henry Blackburne vs. Jacques Schwarz, DSB Kongress, Berlin 1881 Wilhelm Steinitz, who was no friend of Blackburne, wrote, "White's design ...belongs to the finest efforts of chess genius ..."
 * Joseph Henry Blackburne vs. Samuel Lipschutz, New York 1889 A series of sacrifices demolishes the Black defenses.
 * Emanuel Lasker vs. Joseph Henry Blackburne, London (England) 1899 Blackburne, 58 years old and playing with the black pieces, beat the reigning world champion.

Tournament results
Sources:

Match results
Here are Blackburne's results in matches:
 * Under score, + games won, = games drawn, − games lost

title: Joseph Henry Blackburne


text:
Talk:Hemocytometer

[Untitled]
Can this be moved to Haemocytometer? It is inconsistent with all the spellings within the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.5.146 (talk) 10:18, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

Moved this to US spelling (hemo- as opposed to haemo). I know, it's hard for Britishers, and I would normally spell everything with "ae" (ischemic vs. ischaemic etc.) Jfdwolff 14:41, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I have taken the liberty to merge the content with the 'hemacytometer' page and redirect that page to this. No content has been lost. I'll see what I can do about a few diagrams or pictures. Rob cowie 15:23, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Incorrect Diagram
The diagram I jst created is incorrect. I will update it asap.

 * Rob cowie, is it still wrong? Where's the error? -- 199.71.174.100 21:21, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah I think it is. I think the areas on the diagram are incorrect. I'll check but I can't do it for a few days. Rob cowie 22:44, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the blue area should be 1/256mm squared. Although I'd appreciate your corroboration. Rob cowie 22:48, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeap, 1/256 sounds right. As an anon. contributor, I can't upload images. And my dumb machine can't process 'svg' files. Sorry, can't help much but edit the text. -- 199.71.174.100 14:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Are you intending to use the image? Just interested, I've released all rights to it so feel free to do with it what you will. Rob cowie 15:08, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing. I've printed out the whole wikiarticle for personal reference. I find it quite useful. Thank you.-- 199.71.174.100 23:11, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Before skimming through this article, I was under the impression that the haemocytometer's 'A' square (1mm2 square that is) was split into 25 seperate 'B' squares (yellow) of width 0.2mm2, and is then further divided into 16 'C' squares (ie 1/400mm2). As shown here: http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~bme517/supporting%20documents/Microscopy/Microscopy%20lab_files/image004.jpg Or perhaps more diagramatically here: http://static.flickr.com/38/104330384_bf4d7b72f9_o.jpg So blue squares should be 1/400mm2. If this is another model of haemocytometer, then perhaps a distinction between them should be made... Flooble 14:06, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm unsure. I created the current diagram from notes I made whilst at uni. It is possible that my notes were wrong. I'll see if I can get hold of a haemocytometer and a microscope for 10 minutes. Of course, there may be several different types floating around - I don't know. Rob cowie 15:01, 10 April 2006 (UTC).

Photo layout
I've had a miserable time trying to get the photos to float in useful ways to make this layout look good. What I've got now is a little hackish and still gives a barely tolerable result, so if anybody with more wiki fu can improve it, please, have at it. -- JVinocur 02:33, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

New photo
Found this image of a view of a haemocytometer down a microscope on the commons, not sure where to fit it in though! - Zephyris Talk 11:26, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Whats happened to the images in the article? copyright problems?

Vandalism
"'Often known as the 'Pope of Biology', the hemocytometer is often prayed to in order to receive good results. As it is such an important instrument for many biological experiments, breaking or misuse of a haemocytometer will result in bad luck in science for 8 years, the total number of quadrants on a haemocytometer.'" Aaaaah, you gotta love it :) I dont have the heart to remove this work of literary genius... - Zephyris Talk 18:56, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Usage tricks
This section isn't terribly encylopedic. The list should be prose, should not contain "you(r)..." and should be merged under usage. -Superbeecat 04:05, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure that the counting details are clear, I suggest that we refer to the diagram i.e. the number of cells counted in the red square area = 1/10000th of the number of cells/ml in the solution counted. If this solution was the cells mixed with dye in a 1:1 ratio then double the number is present in your starting solution Tom Kean 20:44, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Please be careful when replacing text
At some point someone went through this article replacing all "haemocytometer"s to "hemocytometer"s, and this broke the links to several images. Please be carful editing this page - automated text replacement is never a good idea. - Zephyris Talk 14:49, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

add the french link
A link to the french translation should be added : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellule_de_Malassez —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.186.212.231 (talk) 22:22, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not a translation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.146.12.168 (talk) 11:45, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect photo
Does anybody have a photo of a chamber being loaded correctly? The picture on the article shows it being loaded without a coverslip. I'd make my own photo but my haemocytometer is pretty battered. --life is short (talk) 16:42, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Neubauer Chamber
Are Hemocytometer and Neubauer Chamber synonyms? ~KvnG 21:13, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Spotting, श्वसन मूल, मूल ग्रंथि, प्रकंद, स्तंभ कंद ,जायांग ,पुमंग, घटपर्णी,पुष्पक्रम
इसका आंसर चाहिए 2409:4081:9E8C:BBBE:0:0:16C8:BB11 (talk) 14:30, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

Spotting, श्वसन मूल, मूल ग्रंथि, प्रकंद, स्तंभ कंद ,जायांग ,पुमंग, घटपर्णी,पुष्पक्रम
इसका आंसर चाहिए 2409:4081:9E8C:BBBE:0:0:16C8:BB11 (talk) 14:30, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hemocytometer


text:
International Youth Year

The year 1985 was proclaimed by the United Nations as the International Youth Year (IYY). It was held to focus attention on issues of concern to and relating to youth. The proclamation was signed on 1 January 1985, by United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.

Events
Throughout the year, activities took place all over the world. These activities were coordinated by the Youth Secretariat within the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs, at the time based at the UN offices in Vienna, Austria. The Secretariat's director, Mohammad Sharif, was also the Executive Secretary for IYY. The President of IYY was Nicu Ceauşescu, son of the then dictator of Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu

While not organising any specific events itself, under the year's slogan of "Participation, Development, Peace", the IYY Secretariat helped facilitate numerous events helping to make IYY a success. On 11 October 1985, the Secretary-General of the UN, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, in his report to the General Assembly, summarised the principal activities for IYY.

The main UN event for IYY was the World Congress on Youth (in Spanish: Congreso Mundial Sobre La Juventud) organised by UNESCO and held in Barcelona, Spain, 8–15 July 1985. It issued the "Barcelona Declaration" on youth.

Other international events mentioned in the Secretary General's report (11 October 1985 A/40/701):
 * International Youth Conference and World Youth Festival (Kingston, Jamaica, 6–10 April 1985). Issued the "Kingston Declaration" on youth.
 * Friendly Gathering of Youth, (Beijing, China, 10–24 May 1985)
 * 12th World Festival of Youth and Students, (Moscow, USSR, 27 July–3 August 1985)
 * International Youth Year Conference on Law (Montreal, 5–9 August 1985)

title: International Youth Year


text:
Constantin Hansen

Carl Christian Constantin Hansen (Constantin Hansen) (3 November 1804 – 29 March 1880) was one of the painters associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting. He was deeply interested in literature and mythology, and inspired by art historian Niels Laurits Høyen, he tried to recreate a national historical painting based on Norse mythology. He painted also many altarpieces and portraits, including the monumental oil painting The Danish Constituent Assembly (Den grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling) between 1861 and 1865.

Early life
He was born in Rome, the son of portrait painter Hans Hansen. The family soon relocated to Vienna, where Constanze Mozart, the widow of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, became godmother at his christening and he was named after her. Within his first year, the family moved to Copenhagen, where he was raised.

Education
He entered the architecture school of the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi) at 12 years of age, but changed his course of study to painting at the age of 21. He began his training under Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg in 1828. He lost both his parents at about this time to typhus, and became the sole supporter of his younger sisters. He took over several commissions that had belonged to his father, including some copies to the Portrait Collection at Frederiksborg Palace and decorative paintings to Christiansborg Palace.

Foreign study
In 1835 he received a two-year stipend to travel abroad, which was followed up by an additional year's stipend. His travels took him through Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Nuremberg and Munich on his way to Italy, where he travelled extensively and stayed longer periods in Rome, Naples and Pompeii. In Italy he met fellow Dane, the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. He travelled with other Danish artists, including Jørgen Roed, Christen Købke and decorative painter Georg Hilker (1807–1875).

The Copenhagen Art Union (Kunstforening) commissioned a painting from Hansen in 1837. He provided them with A Group of Danish Artists in Rome, (Et Selskab af danske Kunstnere i Rom). In addition he painted Italian folk scenes, and studies of Roman antiquities and architecture that reflect Eckersberg's spirit.

After eight years in Italy he finally returned to Denmark, staying briefly in Munich, where he studied the technique of fresco painting, in anticipation of a commission, along with Georg Hilker, to decorate the University of Copenhagen's vestibule on Frue Plads. This work continued from 1844 until 1853. Hansen painted the mythological figures, while Hilker painted the decorations and frameworks.

Marriage
He married Magdalene Barbara Købke in 1846, and they had thirteen children. However, four children died within one year after being born and one of their sons, Hans Christian, was killed at the age of nineteen in a shipwreck.

In 1854 he was named professor at the Academy, but first became member of the Academy in 1864. One of his daughters, Elise Konstantin-Hansen, (1858–1946) became a recognized painter, and another Kristiane Konstantin-Hansen (1848–1925), became a tapestry weaver.

Other sources

 * KID Kunst Index Danmark ("Art Index Denmark")
 * Danish Biographical Encyclopedia ("Dansk biografisk Leksikion")
 * Images of the Old Norse Gods
 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Monrad, Kasper (1993). The Golden Age of Danish Painting. New York: Hudson Hills Press.

title: Constantin Hansen


text:
Beretta M1935

The Beretta M1935 is a compact .32 ACP caliber blowback pistol that was manufactured by Italian firm Beretta.

History
In the early 1930s, the Italian army was impressed by the Walther PP pistol. Beretta did not want to lose a big Italian military contract and designed the compact M1934 for the Italian army, which accepted it in 1937. The M1935 is simply an M1934, modified to fire .32ACP ammunition.

Specifications
The M1935 is a single-action semi-automatic blowback pistol that fires .32 ACP ammunition. It is constructed from carbon steel with plastic grips and is equipped with a frame safety that also acts as a take down lever and slide hold open. When the last shot has been fired the slide is retained open by the empty magazine and must be held open manually by the safety lever to reload the pistol. The magazine capacity is 8 rounds.

Intended market
The M1935 was purpose built and designed for the Italian armed forces; however, it was also sold to the civilian market and issued to the German forces in 1944 and 1945.

Design advantages
Fitted with the Beretta-style open slide, the M1935 has a very reliable feeding and extraction cycle. It was made with few parts and is very simple to maintain. The M1935 has a very robust construction with long service life if properly maintained.

Limitations
The low magazine capacity of 8 rounds and short effective range reduces the M1935 to a last resort self-defense weapon. The slide is not of the self-catching type; the magazine retains the action to the rear. When the magazine is removed the action returns forward on an empty chamber. This slows down reloading of the pistol. However, if the safety is thumbed into the safe position it also acts as a slide catch, the magazine can then be released and a full magazine can be inserted, the slide release / safety can then be released, loading a round, then the pistol can now be fired in single action.

Production

 * From 1935 to 1967, about 525,000 units.
 * Mod. 1935 cal. 7.65 / .32ACP
 * Start / end of production from 1935 to 1967
 * Quantity produced about 525,000
 * Start - End -Serial numbers
 * 1935 - 1959 from about 410000 to 923048
 * 1962 - 1963 from A10001 to A14130
 * 1966 - 1967 from H14131 to H14673

World War II prize guns
The Beretta M1935 was captured in huge numbers during World War II from Italian and German armed forces by allied soldiers, who liked it because of its small size, rugged design and good construction. Many of these captured pistols are operational to this day and widespread in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France and in the United Kingdom. The M1935 is compact and easy to hide, with ammunition available for it.

title: Beretta M1935