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Circle MRT line

The Circle Line (CCL) is a medium-capacity Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. It runs in a loop from Dhoby Ghaut station in the city-centre to HarbourFront station in the south via Bishan station in the centre of the country. It also has a branch to Marina Bay station from Promenade station, which will be extended to HarbourFront station from 2026 to form a complete loop. Coloured orange on the rail map, the fully-underground line is approximately 35.5 km long with 30 stations. Travelling from one end of the line to the other takes about an hour.

The line was the fourth MRT line to be opened on the network, with the first stage From Bartley to Marymount station commenced operations on 28 May 2009. The next stage to Dhoby Ghaut was completed on 17 April 2010 and the next stage to Harbourfront opened on 8 October 2011. A two-station extension to Marina Bay station was opened on 14 January 2012. The last stage of the line from Harbourfront to Marina Bay with stations at Keppel, Cantonment and Prince Edward Road will be completed in 2026, completing the loop.

It is the second line in Singapore after the North East Line to be completely automated and driverless and is among the world's longest driverless rapid transit lines. It is also the first medium capacity line in Singapore, with each Circle Line train, the Alstom Metropolis C830 and C830C, having a three-car configuration.

Original plans

The Circle Line dates back to 1989, when then Minister for Communications and Information, Yeo Ning Hong stated that such a system would be "feasible when the population reaches four million", noting the slow population growth and demand.

Feasibility studies for the proposed line commenced on 11 October 1994. The line, then named the Marina Line, was first announced on 16 October 1997. The line would serve Marina Centre and the new downtown at Marina South, with multiple branches to Chinatown and Dhoby Ghaut via the National Stadium to either Kallang or Paya Lebar stations. The line was planned to have 18 stations, with a possible extension to Tanjong Pagar station. Plans for the line were confirmed and approved by the government on 12 June 1998. However, due to the high costs and lack of development in Marina South, the Chinatown branch was later removed in November 1999 and the line was reduced to 6 stations from the Dhoby Ghaut to Stadium stations. A part of the removed leg later became part of the Downtown Line. On the other hand, a further extension towards Upper Paya Lebar was announced on 28 April 2001.

The Marina line was eventually merged with a planned LRT line that goes from Paya Lebar to Buona Vista via Serangoon and Bishan to form Circle Line Stage 3 on 20 January 2003, and subsequently Circle Line Stage 4 and 5 on 12 December 2003 when Stage 4 was extended from Buona Vista to World Trade Centre to close up the link and to provide connectivity from the west to Sentosa, becoming the Circle Line. On 8 August 2001, SMRT won the bid and was appointed the operator of the Circle Line. Names for the stations for the first three stages of the Circle Line were finalised in July 2005 after the Land Transport Authority (LTA) conducted a public consultation exercise on the naming of stations. In November 2005, the names of the stations in Stages 4 and 5 were finalised.

Construction of the initial stages

Construction started on 13 March 2002 for Stage 1, 5 September 2002 for Stage 2, May 2003 for Stage 3, and January 2005 for Stages 4 and 5. Initially planned to be opened in stages from 2006 to 2010, at an estimated cost of S$6.7 billion, the Nicoll Highway collapse delayed the opening of the first stage to 2009. When the line fully opened on 8 October 2011, the cost of construction had risen to nearly S$10 billion. Due to the collapse, the station was relocated to a new site two-thirds the size of the original 100 m away. Three stations on the Circle Line were initially designed as 'shell stations', but the decision was made to open two of them, Caldecott and Haw Par Villa (previously Thomson and West Coast respectively), leaving Bukit Brown as the only unopened station on the line.

The first section of the line, Stage 3, a 5 km five-station segment stretching from Bartley to Marymount, opened on 28 May 2009. Initial ridership on this section was lower than estimated, at 32,000 passengers per day (ppd) instead of the estimated 55,000 ppd. Tunneling works for the entire line were completed on 17 August 2009. Stages 1 and 2 started operations on 17 April 2010, followed by Stages 4 and 5 (from the Marymount to HarbourFront stations) on 8 October 2011. A two-station extension to Marina Bay opened on 14 January 2012.

Circle Line stage 6
On 17 January 2013, then-Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew announced 'Circle Line stage 6' which will 'close the circle', set to be completed by 2025. The 4 km extension will run between Marina Bay and HarbourFront. The extension will connect commuters between the HarbourFront to Marina Bay stations and expand the rail network to the southern edge of the Central Business District. On 29 October 2015, LTA announced the station locations for Stage 6, with the working names of the stations being Keppel, Cantonment and Prince Edward. Tenders were called for construction between 2016 and 2017.

On 15 May 2017, the LTA invited the public to send in suggestions for names of the three MRT stations or propose to keep their current names. The Keppel and Cantonment stations kept their names, while Prince Edward station has been changed to 'Prince Edward Road' station.

Construction of Stage 6 commenced in late 2017. A joint venture – by China State Construction Engineering (The Singapore branch) and Nishimatsu Construction – won the contract to build the new Keppel MRT station and its associated tunnels.

Stage 6 of the line is now expected to be completed by 2026 instead due to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Tunnelling works for the CCL6 were completed on 12 January 2022, with a final tunnel breakthrough from Prince Edward Road station into Cantonment station. The tunnels between Cantonment station and the adjacent Prince Edward Road station were constructed only 6.7 m below the former Tanjong Pagar Railway Station. Prior to the tunnelling works, an extensive survey was conducted to ensure that the tunnels do not cross through the building's foundations. Structures were erected to protect the railway station's facade and interior, and monitoring instruments were installed to watch out for any building settlement. To construct the tunnels to Keppel station, the Keppel viaduct had to be closely monitored while underpinning the viaduct with new micro piles. Three bored piles were removed for the tunnelling works.

Nicoll Highway collapse
On 20 April 2004, a section of the tunnel being built for the Circle Line collapsed, when a retaining wall used in the tunnel's construction gave way. This incident occurred near the proposed site of the Nicoll Highway station, not far from the Merdeka Bridge. The accident left a collapse zone that was 150 m wide, 100 m long, and 30 m deep. Four workers were killed, and three were injured.

A criminal inquiry found the main contractor Nishimatsu Construction Company and joint venture partner firm Lum Chang Construction Company and their officers, as well as key Land Transport Authority officers responsible for the collapse. Several other officers and subcontractors were reprimanded and issued warnings in connection with the accident.

As a result of this accident, the first phase of the Circle Line, previously scheduled to open in 2008, was completed in 2009 instead. The affected station has been shifted about 100 m away from the accident site and is now located at Republic Avenue.

This accident also resulted in stricter safety regulations for the construction of all future MRT lines. The shifting of the Nicoll Highway station also meant it can no longer serve as a terminus for the Bukit Timah Line, partially influencing the creation of the current Downtown Line.

Other incidents
On 16 August 2007, the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) issued a stop-work order and revoked the contractor's tunnelling permit after a 7 m stretch of two lanes close to the junction of Telok Blangah Road and Alexandra Road sank about 20 cm that evening.

A section of the road above a construction site near Holland Road caved in on the morning of 24 May 2008, creating a hole. The hole, directly in front of two private houses along Cornwall Gardens, measured 8 by 7 metres and was 3 metres deep. No one was injured, but the road was temporarily closed to traffic.

Line disruptions
On 20 September 2011, a power fault disrupted train services at all 16 stations on the Circle Line. The four-hour delay left thousands of commuters stranded during rush-hour. It was reported that leaks and a damaged electrical cable along the Circle Line were the cause of the disruption. The disruption started at about 5.30 am. Train services were gradually restored from 8 am and all services were restored just before 10 am. Dakota and Mountbatten stations were the last two to resume operations. Investigations were carried out, and the fault was traced back to a faulty cable beneath the platform level at Dakota station. 27,000 passengers were affected by the disruption during the four hour delay, with bus bridging services plying the Circle Line route.

In late August 2016, intermittent signal interference led to a five-day series of train disruptions. The issue reappeared in November. A team of data scientists explored the data and discovered via a Marey Chart visualization that it was caused by hardware problems, sending errant signals from a "rogue" train, PV46.

On 30 September 2023, due to the discovery of a crack on the rails near Promenade Station, delays of about 30 minutes occurred between Dhoby Ghaut, Marina Bay and Stadium stations for 14 hours.

Network
The Circle Line is the second line in Singapore to be completely automated and driverless, following the North East Line and is among the world's longest driverless rapid transit lines. It is also the first medium capacity line in Singapore.

Route

The 35.5 km Circle Line forms an incomplete loop from Dhoby Ghaut in the Central Region of Singapore, north to Serangoon and Bishan, and south to HarbourFront, with a branch from Promenade to Marina Bay station which will be extended to HarbourFront in 2026. The fully-underground circular route also makes several links with the other MRT lines. The line begins at Dhoby Ghaut station, which has an interchange with the North–South and North East lines, going eastwards and paralleling Bras Basah Road and Raffles Boulevard, before joining the Circle Line extension at Promenade station, which also interchanges with the Downtown Line. From Promenade station, the line goes northwards and towards the east, passing beneath the Kallang Basin. Between the Stadium and Dakota stations, the line parallels Stadium Boulevard and Old Airport Road, then the line continues northwards and follows the route of Paya Lebar Road and Upper Paya Lebar Road between the Paya Lebar (which interchanges with the East–West Line) and Tai Seng stations.

The line curves and continues westwards between the Bartley and Marymount stations, also interchanging with the North East and North–South lines at Serangoon and Bishan stations respectively, and then it continues in a general southwest direction between Caldecott and Kent Ridge, the former having an interchange with the Thomson East-Coast Line, passing through Bukit Brown Cemetery between the Caldecott and Botanic Gardens stations. The line also interchanges with the Downtown Line at Botanic Gardens station and the East–West Line at Buona Vista station. After Kent Ridge station, the line curves eastwards, paralleling the West Coast Highway and then terminating at HarbourFront station, where it interchanges with the North East Line.

From 2026, upon the completion of Stage 6, the Circle Line will continue eastwards from HarbourFront, paralleling Keppel Road and Ayer Rajah Expressway, and joins the Circle Line extension at Marina Bay station. The Circle Line extension from Marina Bay to Promenade station generally parallels the Downtown Line and Bayfront Avenue, also passing underneath Marina Bay Sands at Bayfront station, which it serves and has cross-platform interchange with the Downtown Line.

Stations
Station codes for the line are orange, corresponding to the line's colour on the system map. All stations have island platforms, with the exception of Promenade and future infill station Bukit Brown.

Legend List The Circle Line's numbering scheme reserves station code "CC18" for future use.

Rolling stock
The rolling stock for the Circle Line uses electric multiple unit (EMU) trains operating in a three-car configuration, with four doors per side on each carriage and can accommodate of up to 931 passengers in each trainsets. It consists of 40 first-generation Alstom Metropolis trains were supplied under contract C830. They are built in France by Alstom between 2006 and 2008. They are stabled at Kim Chuan Depot, which was the world's largest underground depot when it opened in 2009. To increase the capacity of the Circle Line, an additional 24 second-generation Alstom Metropolis trains were supplied under contract C830C, a similar in design to the first-generation trains, were delivered to Singapore from July 2014. They are also built in Shanghai, China by Alstom between 2014 and 2016. To facilitate the extension of the line with the construction of Stage 6, a tender for additional trains for the line was published on 31 March 2017. To increase the capacity of the Circle Line for Circle Line Stage 6, an additional 23 third-generation Alstom Metropolis trains were supplied under contract C851E with the first train set arrived in Singapore on 11 March 2022.

The automated CBTC system on board relies on "continuous two-way digital communication" between each controlled train and the control centre.

Train control
The Circle Line is equipped with Alstom Urbalis 300 Communications-based train control (CBTC) moving block signalling system on the MASTRIA system with Automatic train control (ATC) under Automatic train operation (ATO) GoA 4 (UTO). The subsystems consist of Automatic train protection (ATP) to govern train speed, Iconis Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) to track and schedule trains and Smartlock Computer-based interlocking (CBI) system that prevents incorrect signal and track points to be set.

Train Data Management System (TDMS) which concentrate and dispatch the rolling stock information with fixed equipment. The IAGO Waveguide communications network has the capability to transmit video and is almost maintenance-free. Base stations are located within the signalling equipment room.

Automatic platform screen doors supplied by Westinghouse provide safety for commuters, offering protection from arriving and departing trains.

title: Circle MRT line


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User talk:Gaz~enwiki/Archive-01

Giddy, digger!

Thanks for the note re Sydney Harbour Bridge. Arno

Hey Gaz,

the pictures on dominoes are great. They really improve the article.

Arthur 19:15 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

-- Nice work with the multiple-place names pages. --mav

 * Thanks Mav - What do you think of the idea of converting each of the ABC pages into lists? Gaz

 * ABC? --mav

 * Each of the A, B, C pages. Go have a look at Multiple-place names (V)  Gaz

Do you mean turn Multiple-place names (A) into a list? It is already a list (granted a compact one). IMO that is the better format. But the wikicode can be in a linear list. --mav

 * Nah, a "real" list like Multiple-place names (V) - Gaz

Just a note that the max width images with text flowing around them should be is 250-300 pixels. See Image use policy for the lowdown. --mav

The bridge images are very nice - but a 300 pixel width is really the max width that any aligned image should be. --mav

 * The recommendation for 300 pixel max width is predecated on "many readers are using 800x600 displays". I am an IT consultant working every day with clients ranging from home users to large corporations. The recommendation is based on what now days is considered antique equipment which is rarely seen. I do test each page which contains an image at various horizontal resolutons before I commit the change.  I make sure they are all readable at 800 pixels, albeit a little squeezed.  They all look great at 1024 and above. - Gaz

 * Over 50% of all net users still view pages at 800 x 600. Wikipedia aims to be accessible to all users - squeezing text for over half of them degrades their reading experience. --mav

 * Where do you get the 50% figure? - Gaz

 * It was mentioned on the mailing list. See . MS Windows still has 800 x 600 as the standard screen resolution and all the studies I've seen or heard about indicate that users tend to shy away from playing with default settings. --mav

 * ...and now they are in the minority (and falling fast) http://www.thecounter.com/stats/2003/February/res.php ...but who's counting. As the 300 pixel max is a recommendation, I hope that we can agree to disagree on this. Given enough time (which I believe to be a short time) this point will be moot anyway. - Gaz

 * 47% is still the largest single group. Therefore our pages must be made to look real good at 800 x 600. This is our largest single audience. --mav

(Left a reply for you over on my user talk page. Hephaestos

That works quite well I think. Of course your shots are easier on the psyche than ol' von. :) - Hephaestos

 * Glad you liked my suggestion for an ancestor chart at WikiProject_Genealogy and made it even better! It does save a lot of space placing proband at top. Now we are two (three?) who thinks that such a chart is useful. Nex step is to convince the decisions making non genalogist that it would be vise to use a standard! Dan Koehl 10:25 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Gaz said "Hi Tim, can you please revert your mods to the Brisbane pages. Thanks". Why? This was discussed on Talk:Canberra, Australia, User talk:Karen Johnson, the wikien-l mailing list, and indirectly on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (city names) and Talk:Brisbane. Karen's in favour, Tannin's in favour, Mav's in favour... in fact you could say a consensus has been reached. Except you. Please explain? You can reply here, I'll be watching. -- Tim Starling 13:16 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

Gaz, you've lost this one, I'm afraid. Despite being one of the 'winners' in this particular case, and having a view opposed to yours, I am sympathetic. I know only too well the frustration of seeing a convention harden into something that I'm damn sure is 'wrong' - most recently, the current stupid craze for 'slogan' articles of the 'AIDS kills fags dead' variety that add nothing useful to Wikipedia and serve only to promote shallow thinking and petty hatreds. Errr ... well, no use saying any more about that - it's gone too far to stop now. You win some, you lose some. Next time. Tannin

 * Just because something is popular, doesn't make right or correct. You argue that consensus has been reached, I disagree. I thank Tannin for his sympathy but I still view all pages titled "X (disambiguation)" as redundant abominations. Tim, please revert your changes. Gaz 14:03 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

Tim, I have read the recent discussion on city naming within Australia that transpired on wikiEN-l. I do disagree (strongly) with what you are proposing. Earlier discussions on city naming around Aug 2002 (predating both our involvements) were fractured and resolved very little. I do believe that for the USA and Canada the standard of "City, State/Provence" was most widely accepted. I agree with that and believe that it should be done pre-emptively. I am of the opinion that Australia should follow that standard as well, with the addition of redirects in the form "City, Australia" for those places known to the rest of the world (eg capital cities, tourist spots).

I am FIRMLY of the opinion that NONE of the Aussie place names should be used without some form of qualifier, even if that place is virtually (or completely) unique (eg Canberra). This should be done for consistency. Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney and Perth ALL have overseas equivalents and hence really need to have their state name or "Australia" to qualify them. If this means that Canberra is qualified (you believe unnecessilarily) then so be it. This leaves the generic title, eg Brisbane, available to house the disambiguation page, and means that the abomination titled "Brisbane (disambiguation)" goes away FOREVER!!!

More on the concept of "disambiguation". I prefer to think of it as "context resolution". I am currently preparing an idea to solve this problem in software. Trouble is that, even though I have been a programmer for 22 years, and database consultant for 16 years, I don't write PHP. I you like, I would love to bounce these ideas off you. Get back to me. - Gaz 05:29 Mar 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's just a matter of taste; you haven't brought anything new to the debate. Like Tannin said: you win some, you lose some. I went into the debate on wikien-l quite prepared to back off in the face of popular opinion if need be.

 * As for PHP - you shouldn't find it too hard if you've been a programmer for 22 years. I've only been programming in my spare time for a mere 11 years, and I picked up the basics of Perl pretty quickly. It's such an amusing language -- I love writing "or die" after everything. It doesn't have a "strfry" function like GNU C, though :)

 * Automatic context resolution is an interesting idea -- as long as you don't have to tell the machine what context you're in. If you did, it would be almost equivalent to what we have now. I guess the idea would be to compare the document containing the links with the documents it could be linking to. You could look for similarity in terms of common non-structural words. Hmmm... I guess you could also record what people click on in the disambiguation page. -- Tim Starling 10:47 Mar 29, 2003 (UTC)

I am not suggesting automatic context resolution, just software assisted. Using Mercury as an example, if I create a page linking to just Mercury, I suggest that the wiki software looks at the content of that page and presents me with the bulleted list converted to radio buttons. I select the context that I desire and the software modifies my original link to point to the more specific location, retaining my original text via a pipe. A special option meaning "no change" could be included as well. This method could mean that most people resolve their own links most of the time. An improvement on the current situation I think. - Gaz 16:20 Mar 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that would work. If this was implemented, pre-emptive disambiguation would be unnecessary. Canberra could stay as Canberra until another use for "Canberra" comes to light. It could then be moved to Canberra, Australia or whatever, and the software would soon sort out all the old Canberra links with a minimum of fuss. If you can write this in PHP, and convince the (generally conservative) dev. team it's a good idea, it would satisfy both our senses of style. -- Tim Starling 00:22 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

Added some dates etc to Jim Soorley's term and Tim Quinn's election. The last effort was rather half-hearted, I admit. Hope this is a little better. Melody 00:00, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Moore help request
G'day. I backed into filling a hole in Wiki, and created an article for John Moore (Australian MP). Since I'm not really that famliar with Australian terms and government, and you are a regular contributer from down under, I'm asking for you to please take a look at it, and clean up or point out anything that's obviously wrong. Thanks in advance, Lou I 22:45, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gaz~enwiki/Archive-01


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Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1 September 1453 – 2 December 1515) was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars. His military victories and widespread popularity earned him the nickname "El Gran Capitán" ("The Great Captain"). He also negotiated the final surrender of Granada and later served as Viceroy of Naples.

A masterful military strategist and tactician, he was among the first Europeans to introduce the successful use of firearms on the battlefield and the first to reorganize the infantry to include pikes and firearms in effective defensive and offensive formations. The changes implemented by Fernández de Córdoba, leading to the formation of the tercios, were instrumental in making the Spanish army the dominant force in Europe for more than a century and a half. For his extensive political and military success, he was made Duke of Santángelo (1497), Terranova (1502), Andría, Montalto and Sessa (1507).

Córdoba rose to international prestige during his career, maintaining active relationships not only with the crowns of Castile and Aragon, but also with France, the Papal States, the Italian city-states and the Holy Roman Empire, all of which sought out his services. Chronicler Jerónimo Zurita went to consider him "...the most esteemed person that lived in these times, for such princes, either desired to have him for a friend, or were wary that he might become their enemy."

Early life
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was born on 1 September 1453 at Montilla in the province of Córdoba. He was the younger son of Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, Count of Aguilar (himself the son of Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, 1390–1424 and of Leonor de Arellano) and of Elvira de Herrera (daughter of Pedro Núñez de Herrera y Guzmán, d. 1430, and Blanca Enríquez de Mendoza). In 1455, when Gonzalo was two years old, his father died. His older brother, Alonso, inherited all of their father's estates, leaving Gonzalo to seek his own fortune. In 1467, Gonzalo was first attached to the household of Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, the half-brother of King Henry IV of Castile. After Alfonso died in 1468, Gonzalo devoted himself to Alfonso's sister, Isabella of Castile.

When King Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella proclaimed herself a successor as queen, disputing the right of Juana la Beltraneja (the king's 13-year-old daughter and her niece) to ascend the throne. During the ensuing civil war between the followers of Isabella and Juana, there was also conflict with Portugal since King Afonso V of Portugal sided with his niece Juana. Gonzalo fought for Isabella under Alonso de Cárdenas, grand master of the Order of Santiago. In 1479, he fought in the final against the Portuguese by leading 120 lancers. Cárdenas praised him for his service. When the war ended, Isabella and her husband Ferdinand were the rulers of Castile and Aragon.

Conquest of Granada
Once the Catholic Monarchs had consolidated their rule, they embarked in 1481 on a ten-year campaign to conquer Granada, the last remaining Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula. Fernández de Córdoba was an active participant in the fighting and distinguished himself as a brave and competent military leader. He gained renown for participation in the sieges of several walled towns including Loja, Tajara, Illora, and Montefrío. At Montefrío he was reported to be the first attacker over the walls. In 1492, Fernández de Córdoba captured the city of Granada, bringing an end to the war. The skills of a military engineer and a guerilla fighter were equally useful. Because of his knowledge of Arabic and his familiarity with Boabdil, Gonzalo was chosen as one of the officers to arrange the surrender.

For his service he was rewarded with an Order of Santiago, an encomienda, the manor of Órgiva in Granada as well as silk production rights in the region.

Italian campaigns
Gonzalo was an important military commander during the Italian Wars, holding command twice and earning the name "The Great Captain".

First Italian War
The Italian Wars began in 1494 when Charles VIII of France marched into Italy with 25,000 men to make good his claim to the Kingdom of Naples ruled by Ferdinand II, a cousin to Ferdinand of Aragon. The French easily overwhelmed the Neapolitan defenses and on 12 May 1495 Charles had himself crowned Emperor of Naples. The Catholic Monarchs were anxious to reverse French success in Naples and selected Fernández de Córdoba to lead an expeditionary force against Charles. Fernández de Córdoba landed in Naples shortly after Charles' coronation with a force of about 5,000 infantry and 600 light cavalry. Fearful of being trapped in Italy, Charles installed Gilbert de Bourbon as Viceroy of Naples and returned to France with about half of the French forces.

Initially, the light infantry and cavalry under Fernández de Córdoba command were no match against the heavily armed French. A lack of training and poor coordination between Spanish and Italian forces compounded the problem. In their first major engagement on 28 June 1495, Fernández de Córdoba was defeated at the Battle of Seminara against French forces led by Bernard Stewart d'Aubigny. After the defeat, Fernández de Córdoba withdrew to implement a rigorous training program and reorganize his army. The Spanish employed effective guerrilla tactics, striking quickly to disrupt French supply lines and avoiding large-scale battles. Gradually Fernández de Córdoba regained a foothold in the country and then assaulted the French-occupied Italian cities. Within a year, Fernández de Córdoba achieved a decisive victory at Atella, capturing the French viceroy and expelling the remaining French forces from Naples. He also recovered the Roman port of Ostia and returned the captured territories to the Italians by 1498.

Military restructuring
When Fernández de Córdoba returned to Spain he drew on the lessons from the Italian campaign to restructure the Spanish forces and military strategy. In the open field, the loose formation and short swords of the Spanish infantry were unable to withstand a charge of heavy cavalry and infantry armed with pikes. To overcome this weakness, Fernández de Córdoba introduced a new infantry formation armed with pikes and a heavy, shoulder-fired gun called an arquebus. To increase tactical flexibility he assigned different sections of his forces to specific roles, rather than using them as one general force. These new sections could maneuver more independently and act with greater flexibility.

Second Italian War
After Louis XII succeeded Charles as king of France in 1498, he quickly declared his intention to re-invade Italy and once again seize Naples. To buy time, Spain negotiated the Treaty of Granada with France in 1500, agreeing to partition Naples between the two countries. Fernández de Córdoba returned to Italy leading a large force on the pretext of joining with France and Venice to attack the Ottomans in the Ionian Sea. For a time Fernández de Córdoba did fight the Turks, seizing the strongly held island of Cephalonia in December 1500 after a two-month siege.

Fernández de Córdoba returned to Naples and after Frederick IV abdicated, the French and Spanish fought a guerilla war while negotiating the partition of the kingdom. Spain was outnumbered and besieged in Barletta by the French. Gonzalo refused to be drawn into a full-scale battle until he received sufficient reinforcements.

When his army was adequately reinforced, Fernández de Córdoba engaged the French on 28 April 1503 at the Battle of Cerignola where 6,000 Spanish troops faced a French army of 10,000. Gonzalo formed his infantry into units called coronelías with pikemen tightly packed in the center and arquebusiers and swordsmen on the flanks. The French unsuccessfully attacked the front and were assailed by gunfire coming from the flanks. The French commander, the Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, was killed early in the battle. After withstanding two French charges, Fernández de Córdoba, El Gran Capitán, went on the offensive and drove the French off the field. This was the first time in history that a battle had been won largely through the strength of firearms.

Fernández de Córdoba occupied the city of Naples and pushed the French forces back across the Garigliano River. Separated by the river, a stalemate ensued with neither side able to make progress. But Fernández de Córdoba strung together a pontoon bridge and stole across the river on the night of 29 December 1503. The French, commanded by Ludovico II of Saluzzo, had assumed the rain-swollen river was impassable and were taken by complete surprise. Fernández de Córdoba and his army decisively defeated the French with their formations of pikes and arquebuses. Fernández de Córdoba continued to pursue the French and captured the Italian city of Gaeta in January 1504. Unable to mount a defense after these losses, the French were allowed to evacuate Italy by sea and forced to sign the Treaty of Blois in 1505, relinquishing their hold on Naples.

Viceroy of Naples

When the French were driven out of Naples, Fernández de Córdoba was made Duke of Terranova and appointed Viceroy of Naples in 1504. Later that same year Queen Isabel I of Castile died, depriving him of his most ardent supporter. Isabel's death also effectively pushed her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, out of power temporarily in Castile and forced him to defend his interests in Aragon. Naples was an Aragonese kingdom but Gonzalo was a Castilian and widely popular. As a result, Ferdinand suspected his loyalty and also felt that Gonzalo spent too freely from the treasury. In 1507 Ferdinand traveled to Naples, removed him from office and ordered him to return to Spain with a promise that he would be installed as master of the Order of Santiago, a powerful and prestigious position. Although Fernández de Córdoba was awarded the additional title, Duke of Sessa, he never received the promised appointment to lead the Santiago military order. Ferdinand continued to praise him but gave him nothing else to do; he eventually retired to one of his country estates. Fernández de Córdoba died of malaria on 2 December 1515 at his villa near Granada at age 62.

Marriage and family
Fernández de Córdoba first married in 1474 to his cousin María de Sotomayor; about a year later she died giving birth to a stillborn son. On 14 February 1489 he married María Manrique de Lara y Figueroa (also known as María Manrique de Lara y Espinosa, d. 1527) from a powerful and wealthy noble family. His only surviving daughter, Elvira Fernández de Córdoba y Manrique, would inherit all his titles upon his death in 1515.

Legacy
The "Gran Capitán" was a pioneer of modern warfare. He revolutionized 16th-century military strategy by integrating firearms into the Spanish infantry and directed the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms (in this case, arquebuses), the Battle of Cerignola of 1503. He helped found the first modern standing army (the nearly invincible Spanish infantry which dominated European battlefields for most of the 16th and 17th centuries), and he pioneered combined arms warfare by combining the use of infantry, cavalry and artillery with naval support.

He left no sons, and was succeeded in his dukedoms by daughter Elvira Fernández de Córdoba y Manrique. His burial place in the Monastery of San Jerónimo in Granada, was built in Renaissance style. His remains were transferred there in 1552, together with some 700 war trophies (captured banners). His daughter, Elvira, and his wife, Maria, are also buried there, along with a number of other family members. Elvira died in 1524, and Maria died in 1527.

The tomb was desecrated by Napoleonic troops under the command of the Corsican General Sebastiani during the Peninsular War, in 1810/11. The remains of Fernández de Córdoba were illegally exhumed and mutilated, and the 700 banners were burned. Stone from the tower was used to build the Puente Verde bridge over the Genil. The monastery was fully restored at the end of the 19th century.

title: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba


text:
Santa Claus (horse)

Santa Claus (1961–1970) was a British-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He is most notable for his achievements as a three-year-old in 1964 when he won the Irish 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the Irish Derby. His performances earned him the title of British Horse of the Year.

Background
Santa Claus was a dark-coated bay stallion standing a little over 16.1 hands high, bred in Warwickshire by Dr F Smorfitt. He was sired by the St Leger winner Chamoissaire out of Aunt Clara, a mare who failed to win in her three racecourse appearances.

Santa Claus was first sent to the sales as a weanling in December 1961 at Newmarket, where he was sold for 800 guineas. A year later he was returned to the sales and was bought for 1,200 guineas by the Irish division of the British Bloodstock Agency acting on behalf of John Ismay and Mrs Darby Rogers. The colt was sent into training with Mrs Rogers' son, Mick Rogers, at the Curragh.

1963: two-year-old season
Santa Claus made little impression on his debut, finishing unplaced in the six furlong Anglesey Stakes at the Curragh in August. A month later however, he ran in Ireland's most prestigious two-year-old race, the National Stakes, also at the Curragh. He won by eight lengths, establishing himself as a leading contender for the following year's Irish and British Classics.

1964: three-year-old season
In 1964, Santa Claus won the Irish 2,000 Guineas. He started as even-money favourite and won by three lengths. At Epsom, he started favourite at odds of 15/8 for the Derby, in which he was ridden by the fifty-year-old Australian jockey Scobie Breasley. Santa Claus was reported to have arrived at the course under tight security as there were fears of a plot to interfere with the heavily backed colt to prevent him from winning. A crowd estimated at over 200,000, including the Queen and other members of the British royal family, was in attendance to view the most valuable race ever run in Britain. Breasley held the colt up in the early stages before producing him with a run down the centre of the course in the straight. Santa Claus took the lead inside the final furlong and won by a length from the future St Leger winner Indiana. After the race, Breasley called the colt "a dream to ride, a beaut."

A month later, Santa Claus started 4/7 favourite for the Irish Derby at the Curragh and won by four lengths from Lionhearted. At Ascot, he was the shortest-priced favourite in the history of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, starting at odds of 2/13 against three opponents. In one of British racing's biggest upsets he failed to catch the front-running French colt Nasram and was beaten two lengths, having been unsuited by the unusually firm ground.

More firm ground in the autumn led to Santa Claus missing the St Leger and going straight for the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp in October. He finished second of the twenty-two runners, beaten three quarters of a length by the outsider Prince Royal.

Assessment and achievements
Santa Claus was named British Horse of the Year by the Bloodstock Breeders' Review, gaining 10 of the 20 votes. His highest Timeform rating was 133+ Santa Claus's second place in the Arc took his total earnings to £153,646, enabling him to overtake Ballymoss as the biggest prize-money winner in the history of British and Irish racing. He held the record until his total was surpassed by Ribocco in 1967.

In their book A Century of Champions, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Santa Claus as an “average” Derby winner and the fifteenth-best Irish racehorse of the 20th century.

Stud career
Santa Claus was retired in 1965 to stand at stud in Ireland after being sold at the end of his racing career for £400,000. He had some success as a stallion but had little opportunity to distinguish himself as he died of thrombosis in 1970. His best offspring included the Irish Classic winners Reindeer (Irish St. Leger) and Santa Tina (Irish Oaks).

title: Santa Claus (horse)


text:
Talk:1000 (number)

Untitled
The procedure for the articles on the numbers 200, 300, through 900, was based on a procedure that User:GUllman practiced with articles on the numbers 20, 30 through 90, of including at the end stubs for the non-round numbers for the numbers that followed (i.e., the article on 300 has at its end stubs for the articles on 301 to 399). The stubs are grown there until they grow big enough to merit their own articles.

When we come to the thousands, we find that fewer numbers in this range will grow big enough to merit their own articles. In fact, many of them might not merit stubs at all. So there will only be extremely short stubs for selected numbers in the 1000s. Some of these will grow to merit their own articles. Many will not. PrimeFan 1426 3:04 mklo--76.251.40.223 (talk) 00:54, 2 March 2008 (UTC)Feb 2004 [opk]

Bogus Reference?
koouy's there a reference to "Meehan, Eileen R., Why TV is not our fault : television programming, viewers, and who's really in control Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005"?
 * I was going to point out the same. --Ben T/C 14:45, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It is a reference to 1200 being the sample size in Nielsen ratings. Found by brute force - searching edit by edit to find the one where it was added. 195.197.240.134 (talk) 13:29, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Article for chilia-
To make sure you know this, chilia- is the Greek numerical prefix for 1000. The Latin equivalent is mill-. I've been checking to see if there are enough chilia words for Wikipedia to have an article on this prefix. Can anyone think of any?? 66.245.2.106 14:28, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Chiliad (a group of 1000 things; a millennium), chiliagon, chiliahedron, chiliarch (the commander of 1000 men), chiliasm (millenarianism), chiliast, chiliomb (a sacrifice of 1000). I didn't think of these - I looked them up - and I left out the obsolete ones. --Heron 15:44, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * kilo- itself is based on this Greek word, with a simplified spelling. In Italian it is still chilometro and Latinists use chiliometrum.  —Muke Tever 17:35, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, what is the reason for the different spelling?? 66.245.22.143 18:01, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well the form "kilo-" was, I believe, coined by the French. Presumably this was to make a standard pronunciation; chi- can be read several different ways across the languages of Europe, e. with [tS] in English, [S] in French, [cC] in Spanish, [k] in Italian, [C] in German... and French doesn't have the [x] of the original.  As for the second syllable, different languages will read -lio- with either one or two syllables...  This is purely speculation, of course, but not unheard of; similar things have happened, just check the history of the word gas.  —Muke Tever 21:52, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * From the OED: "An arbitrary derivative of Gr. χίλιοι a thousand, introduced in French in 1795, at the institution of the Metric system..." It appears that the precise reason for using the k is unknown. I'm not sure the French had cross-language portability in mind in 1795, but it is a posibility, I suppose. —Tkinias 10:56, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe they just didn't want another prefix starting with c since they also had centi-. Jimp 5Dec05

Docuan table messed up for some reason
For some reason, the Docuan table is messed up. I tried to fix it but my fix didn't work. I think the articles for 2k through 9k have the same problem. PrimeFan 21:43, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Why does 1023 redirect here?
Wyu Huh?

 * Because there's not enough that can be said about it to make it worth giving it its own page. See WikiProject Numbers, and contrast with 1729 or 5040. sjorford (talk)  09:50, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

100000 cards game
There is also a cards game called 1000. It's from Russia, but i have no further information about this game 84.147.96.192 22:09, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

If we allowed humor in the mainspace

 * 1004 - smallest number not discussed in Wikipedia... D'oh!

—Random832 15:31, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A neat paradox, that (set theory is the larger set). kencf0618 (talk) 14:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

now its 1012! Sci09272 (talk) 18:22, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Numbers with A in them
The claim that the letter A does not appear in numbers less than 1,000 is simply not true; what about one hundred and one, one hundred and two, etc.? —Preceding unsigned comment added by SPNic (talk • contribs) 17:56, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've often wondered myself why people insist on repeating that "fact" about "one thousand" being the lowest positive integer to contain the letter A when "one hundred and one" is considerably lower. However I think I may know the answer.  According to this page: 101 (number), it is not pronounced with the word "and" in American English.  Americans, apparently, pronounce it "one hundred one", in which case the fact about the letter A is indeed true.  In British English, though, we do include the "and" and therefore the fact is NOT true.  Can an American confirm that that is indeed how that number is said in the US?  --Stenun (talk) 19:14, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * im an american (a californian), and i have heard and used the words "hundred and one" "one hundred and one" "a hundred and one", "one hundred one", so i suggest they all be included as variants. i really dont know which is most common. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 07:29, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

The article also claims that 1005 is the first number written in English containing all five vowels, which isn't true either, as is shown by one hundred and five, one hundred and fifty and so on. 213.162.73.213 (talk) 21:37, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * It's only true in American English. I've removed the claim.  Thanks for spotting the error. Certes (talk) 23:06, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

And in some cases ...
The article contains the text "... [1001] can in some cases be greater than 1000". I'm reluctant to delete this, because I assume it is there for a reason, but is that wishful thinking, or does the statement have more than just its trivial meaning? Certainly, if there is any reason on Earth for the existance of the text, it needs to be explained. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmsg (talk • contribs) 11:15, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Selected numbers in the thousands
There, in my opinion are too many 'Selected numbers in the thousands'. Most individuals couldn't care less about ALL those Mertens function zero's, put those on a separate page.

O Milesimo?
Why not add the legendary footballer Pele's one thousandth goal in this article? I did, for starters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.16.178.218 (talk) 01:08, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Why add it? It certainly doesn't meet the guidelines at WP:NUM.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 07:59, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 25 June 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. At the current point in time, there is no consensus to move any of these pages to a new title. (non-admin closure).  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )  05:06, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

– No need for the (number) dab. Use of commas disinguishes 1,000 the number from 1000 the year, 2,000 the number from 2000 the year etc. Fish567 (talk) 01:37, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
 * 1000 (number) → 1,000
 * 2000 (number) → 2,000
 * 3000 (number) → 3,000
 * 4000 (number) → 4,000
 * 5000 (number) → 5,000
 * 6000 (number) → 6,000
 * 7000 (number) → 7,000
 * 8000 (number) → 8,000
 * 9000 (number) → 9,000

 * Not yet. MOS:DIGITS is equally happy with 1000 or 1,000. The idea of distinguishing integers from years by a comma is interesting but less explicit than (number), and of course won't work for 999 etc.  There are other four-digit number articles to consider too. I would wait and see how we get on with the Talk:10000 (number), which I've supported. If we need a quick close then I'll have to oppose this proposal but without prejudice to raising the same question again soon. Certes (talk) 13:28, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This nonsense (why the auxiliary grouping symbol should be more prominent than the very important decimal separator?) is confusing for people from the rest of the world, where comma is a decimal separator. It is also against the accepted standards. — Mikhail Ryazanov (talk) 00:49, 27 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Mikhail Ryazanov. I also believe ISO recommends a half-space between the 1 and 000 to denote 1000. Moving these pages will also likely require updates to dozens of number/year templates. — Andy W. ( talk ) 21:00, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
 * (Comment) ISO says that a small space can be used for readability, but this usually does not apply to 4-digit numbers, since "1000" is readable enough, maybe even better than "1 000". Usually, the spaces are added everywhere only in tables to keep the alignment consistent, but it is not the case here. (And, in any case, "1,000" is much worse than "1000".) — Mikhail Ryazanov (talk) 19:33, 29 June 2017 (UTC)
 * pinging and  for awareness. — Andy W. ( talk ) 22:02, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Confusing and unnecessary. "1000 (number)" is a perfectly clear title, in line with policy. Agree with that it would create painful-to-handle exceptions for many templates. — JFG talk 22:08, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment. Thanks for the ping. I did notice the recent moves of 144,000 and 142,857 after minimal discussion. I found the latter curious as its notability seems to be as a decimal, suggesting 0.142857 might be better. I haven't looked into what templates might need to be changed to support such moves. The move of the years 1 through 100 off of the base titles turned out to be a lot more work than anticipated. wbm1058 (talk) 22:28, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Naming conventions (numbers and dates) is the applicable naming convention. wbm1058 (talk) 22:54, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

,Α´
Isn't the Greek numeral just ,Α instead of the current ,Α´? --Backinstadiums (talk) 17:51, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 7 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved 1000→AD 1000; no consensus to move 1000 (number) → 1000. A couple of people were passionate about the Year being the Primary Topic, but this did not seem to be a consensus view. I'll start a move discussion on the 3rd move which garnered support, 1000 (disambiguation)→1000, as this was not in the original request. User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 21:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

– Given the preponderance of the decimal numbering system throughout human history (chiefly because we have ten fingers), the number 1000 should be considered the primary topic for title "1000". In addition, a dab page should be created for usages of "1000" that are not about the number itself; they are currently conflated with discussion of the number in this article. (maybe in a later proposal) — JFG talk 23:52, 7 August 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. Steel1943  (talk) 04:47, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * 1000 (number) → 1000
 * 1000 → AD 1000
 * Oppose. The year is the primary topic, especially as the number should be written with a comma as in the redirect 1,000. 1000 is generally recognisable as a year while 1,000 is obviously a number. The same applies to 2000 (Y2K) and 2,000 (number). No Great Shaker (talk) 12:17, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support 1st, oppose 2nd, Weak oppose 1st, support 2nd, while the number is more |1000_(number)|1000_(N.E.R.D_and_Future_song)|1000s_(decade) popular and has more long-term significance I'd still recommend moving the DAB to the base name to avoid problems with incoming links.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:19, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You mean you support this RM but you reject my further suggestion to create a separate dab page? Or you support just moving 1000 (number) to 1000, but not 1000 → AD 1000? (then where would it go?) Sorry, I probably shouldn't have made an extra suggestion in my RM statement. I'll strike that for now, it can be another discussion some day. — JFG talk 17:28, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I support moving 1000 (disambiguation) to 1000 and moving the year to AD 1000 as proposed. The bit that I'm less sure about is moving the number to the base name. The DAB page should indeed exist so I'm not sure why you've striked that proposal.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:30, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * - Did you mean to say you support the 2nd move and oppose the 1st? The way you put your position makes it seem so, but the bolded section implies you want to move the number. Paintspot Infez (talk) 16:08, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oops that's why 3 editors had questioned my comment, fixed, thanks. Its probably because I'm used to seeing the article being proposed to be primary as the 1st move.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:11, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Partial support. Specifically: support 2nd; weakly oppose 1st but move 1000 (disambiguation) → 1000.   is that what you meant too, or do you have a different suggestion?  The striking above reflects the creation of  during the RM, which seems a good idea whatever the outcome. Certes (talk) 18:01, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes that's correct, my 1st choice would be no PT but regardless of if this is left as is or the number is made primary the DAB should be retained.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:03, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support 2nd; Oppose 1st but move 1000 (disambiguation) → 1000. (Per above, move disambiguation page to basename.) Paintspot Infez (talk) 01:35, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Strongly support as proposed because when people search for 1000 they are not curious about the year when (checks) " Olaf Tryggvason " did something. Red   Slash  02:05, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Weak support second, oppose 1st. Disambiguation (if you include both 1000 and Thousand) should certainly be primary. Much as I'd like one of the pages in a project I actively participate in to be primary, it's not at all clear that there is a primary. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 02:08, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support second and oppose first 2601:541:4500:1760:180D:3FB7:D274:2D33 (talk) 18:56, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support second, move 1000 (disambiguation) as per Certes. Hyperbolick (talk) 19:52, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support both. The number has vastly more significance than the year. I can't think of a single event that happened in that year, off-hand, and it was a really long time ago. No real value in a dab page, since a hatnote can link to the year directly anyway. — Amakuru (talk) 18:31, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose But move 1000 (disambiguation) → 1000. The article on the number does not contain special studies of (this) number itself (with a clear indication of the sources). Only mentions of the fact that this number is a member of such and such numerical series. This article exists only because in enwiki, the removal of articles is not carried out in accordance with the rules on the significance of the subject of the article or the verification of information, but on the basis of consensus. ·Carn !? 11:29, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support year, oppose number move, support dab being the primary to help with incorrect incoming links (among other things). --Gonnym (talk) 10:41, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Post-move cleanup
Comment on primary move outcome: the consensus to move 1000 to AD 1000 does run against the "standard" for other numbers such as 1001, 1002, 1003, etc, but there is nothing intrinsically wrong with that. Really don't want to see a move-war set in motion where all start to be moved en masse by an anxious editor. Would also point out that of the 138 entries among all language Wikipedias (see Wikidata), english is now the only one with a qualifying prefix for the year. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 22:11, 30 August 2019 (UTC) Thanks. I also cleaned out the mess of trivia that was at 1000 (number), and improved the dab page for 1000. — JFG talk 00:05, 8 September 2019 (UTC)
 * revised hatnotes on AD 1000
 * revised category sort key on AD 1000
 * removed force-to-top key (blank space) for Category:1000 on AD 1000
 * revised Wikidata item
 * added move request to Talk:1000 (disambiguation) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ceyockey (talk • contribs) 22:15, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

More entries needed
I need more entries for 4-digit numbers, such as highly abundant number (1008, 1080, 1200, 1440, 1560, 1620, 1800, 1920, and 1980), or maybe seperate to multiples of 100. 14.207.204.171 (talk) 04:27, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Units
Are there philological and mathematical terms for this phenomenon? One doesn't say "Ten hundred", then 1,100 has a choice between "One thousand one hundred" and "Eleven hundred" up to, say... what? Eventually the cohort of hundreds will sound odd, off, until one speaks exclusively in thousands. (Fifteen hundred? Six thousand?) Then again there are millions, billions, trillions, etc., in which the units aren't typically described in terms of the preceding units. 42 ones, anyone?

Even odder, the command line command date +%F:%H:%M:%S%N just now yields 2021-11-07:08:46:16697136990 kencf0618

Years

 * A period of one thousand years is called a chiliad.

No, it's called a millennium. Chiliad can be used generically of any thousand things but it's emphatically not the standard term for thousand year periods. — Llywelyn II   08:51, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Using “M” as an abbreviation too
[https://writingexplained.org/english-abbreviations/thousand#:~:text=%E2%80%9CK%E2%80%9D%20is%20a%20more%20casual,or%20cost%20per%20thousand%20impressions. “M” as an abbreviation for thousand dates back to the Roman numeral system. It is still used in instances like] CPM, or cost per thousand impressions. JMGN (talk) 15:38, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:300 (number) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:47, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1000 (number)


text:
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992 ) is a book written by American author and relationship counselor John Gray. The book states that most common relationship problems between men and women are a result of fundamental psychological differences between the sexes, which the author exemplifies by means of its eponymous metaphor: that men and women are from distinct planets—men from Mars and women from Venus—and that each sex is acclimated to its own planet's society and customs, but not to those of the other. One example is men's complaint that if they offer solutions to problems that women bring up in conversation, the women are not necessarily interested in solving those problems, but talking about them. The book asserts each sex can be understood in terms of distinct ways they respond to stress and stressful situations.

The book has sold more than 15 million copies and, according to a CNN report, it was the "highest ranked work of non-fiction" of the 1990s, spending 121 weeks on the bestseller list. The book and its central metaphor have become a part of popular culture and the foundation for the author's subsequent books, recordings, seminars, and other ventures.

Summary of results
Gray writes how men and women each monitor the amount of give and take in relationships. If the balance shifts, one person feeling they have given more than they have received, resentment can develop. This is a time when only communication can help to bring the relationship back into balance.

Gray further asserts men and women view giving and receiving love differently; one's intended loving expressions may not be so perceived by the other, for whom such actions are "tallied up." According to Gray, women and men are often surprised to find their partners "keep score" at all, or that their scoring methods widely differ.

He says women use a points system which few men are aware of. Each individual act of love gets one point, regardless of magnitude. Men, on the other hand, assign small acts, small expenditures, fewer points. Larger blocks of points (20, 30, 40 points, etc.) go to what they consider bigger expenditures. To a woman, the emotional stroke delivered by sincere attention is inseparable from the act. The different perception of expenditure can lead to conflict when the man thinks his work has earned him, say, 20 points and deserves corresponding recognition, while the woman has assigned him only 1 point and recognizes him accordingly. The man tends to think he can do one Big Thing for her (scoring 50 points) and not do much else, assuming he has "banked" points and can afford to "coast." The woman should be satisfied with his performance and give him credit for it. Instead, the woman would rather have many little things done for her on a regular basis, because women like to think their men are thinking of them and care for them more constantly. Gray clarifies how these two perceptions of "strokes" cause conflict. He encourages talking about these issues openly.

Another major idea put forth in Gray's book regards the difference in the way the genders react to stress. Gray states that when male tolerance to stressful situations is exceeded, they withdraw temporarily, "retreating into their cave", so to speak. Often, they literally retreat: for example, to the garage, or to go spend time with friends. In their "caves", Gray writes, men are not necessarily focused on the problem at hand. Yet this "time-out" lets them distance themselves from the problem and relax, allowing them to re-examine the problem later from a fresh perspective.

Gray holds that male retreat into the cave has historically been hard for women to understand. When women become unduly stressed, their natural reaction is to talk with someone close about it (even if talking doesn't provide a solution to the problem at hand). This sets up a natural dynamic where the man retreats as the woman tries to get closer, which becomes a major source of conflict between them.

The "wave" is a term Gray uses to describe a natural dynamic centered around a woman's ability to give to other people. He writes when she feels full of love and energy to give to others, her wave is stable. When she gives of herself, but doesn't receive adequate love and attention in return, her wave becomes unbalanced, cresting and eventually crashing. Then, a woman needs the attention, listening, understanding, and reassurance of those around her—as well as self-love. Gray explains that once she is rejuvenated by getting the support she needs, her wave is able to build and rise once again, with renewed love and energy to give. Men, advises Gray, should support this natural cycle by not being threatened by it or telling her why she should not feel the way a woman feels.

Popularity
The book has sold more than 15 million copies and, according to a CNN report, it was the "highest ranked work of non-fiction" of the 1990s.

The book has become a “popular paradigm” for problems in relationships based on the different tendencies in each gender and has spawned infomercials, audiotapes and videotapes, weekend seminars, theme vacations, a one-man Broadway show, a TV sitcom, and a proposed movie topic with 20th Century Fox. The book has been turned into a successful stage show in France in 2006, where it has been running for six years in Paris. In 2012, an English version went on tour in the UK.

Criticism of the book
The book has been criticized for placing human psychology into stereotypes.

Michael Kimmel, a professor of sociology at Stony Brook University, makes the assertion that men and women are not fundamentally different, contrary to what Gray suggests in his book. In Kimmel's 2008 lecture at Middlebury College in Vermont, titled "Venus, Mars, or Planet Earth? Women and Men in a New Millennium", Kimmel contends that the perceived differences between men and women are ultimately a social construction, and that socially and politically, men and women want the same things.

In 2002, author Julia T. Wood published a critical response to the portrayal of the genders in Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. In the first chapter of the 2003 book, The Essential Difference, Simon Baron-Cohen states: "the view that men are from Mars and women Venus paints the differences between the two sexes as too extreme. The two sexes are different, but are not so different that we cannot understand each other." In 2004, Erina MacGeorge, a Purdue University communications professor, said that based on research she conducted using questionnaires and interviews, men and women are not so different and "books like John Gray's Men are From Mars and Women are From Venus and Deborah Tannen's You Just Don't Understand tell men that being masculine means dismissing feelings and downplaying problems (which many men themselves that read the book disagree with). That isn't what most men do, and it isn't good for either men or women."

A study by Bobbi Carothers and Harry Reis involving over 13,000 individuals found that on most psychological characteristics or tendencies, including the Big Five personality traits as well as sex-related questions like rating level of desire for casual sex, there was not a taxonomic difference between men and women on the vast majority of personality traits and preferences. Despite there being differences in averages by gender, the distributions overlapped so much that a taxonomic distinction was not meaningful. "Thus, contrary to the assertions of pop psychology titles like Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, it is untrue that men and women think about their relationships in qualitatively different ways." There were notable taxonomic differences on physical attributes and measurements of physical strength.

title: Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus


text:
Viktor Schauberger

Viktor Schauberger (30 June 1885 – 25 September 1958) was an Austrian forest caretaker, naturalist, philosopher, inventor and pseudoscientist.

Early life
Schauberger was born in Holzschlag, Upper Austria on 30 June 1885. His parents were Leopold Schauberger and Josefa, née Klimitsch. From 1891 to 1897 he attended the elementary school in Aigen, then until 1900 the state grammar school in Linz. Until 1904 he went to the forestry school in Aggsbach in the Kartause Aggsbach, where he passed the exam as a forester. From 1904 to 1906 he was a forest clerk in Groß-Schweinbarth in Lower Austria.

Films

 * In 1930, "Tragendes Wasser" was filmed, showing the function of the log flumes.
 * Nature Was My Teacher, narrated by Tom Brown (1993, Borderland Science Research Foundation) ISBN 0-945685-94-7
 * Sacred Living Geometry: The Enlightened Environmental Theories of Viktor Schauberger, narrated by Callum Coats (1995, Talkstudio)
 * Extraordinary Nature of Water, narrated by Callum Coats (2000, Filmstream)
 * Viktor Schauberger: Comprehend and Copy Nature, directed by Franz Fitzke (2007, Schauberger Verlag) ISBN 978-3-902262-01-1

Books

 * Schauberger, Viktor: Unsere sinnlose Arbeit – Die Quelle der Weltkrise, Der Aufbau durch Atomverwandlung, nicht Atomzertrümmerung (1933, Krystall-Verlag GmbH, 2001, Jörg Schauberger, ISBN 978-3902262004) (Released in English as "Our Senseless Toil – The Cause of the World Crisis – Progress Through Transformation of the Atom – Not its destruction!")
 * Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 1: The Water Wizard – The Extraordinary Properties of Natural Water (1998, Gateway Books, ISBN 978-1858600482)
 * Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 2: Nature as Teacher – New Principles in the Working of Nature (1999, Gateway Books, ISBN 978-1858600567)
 * Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 3: The Fertile Earth – Nature's Energies in Agriculture, Soil Fertilisation and Forestry (1999, Gateway Books, ISBN 978-1858600604)
 * Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 4: Energy Evolution – Harnessing Free Energy from Nature (2000, Gateway Books, ISBN 978-1858600611)

title: Viktor Schauberger


text:
Robert Wright (British historian)

Robert Wright (1906–1992) was a historian and biographer of Hugh Dowding, the RAF's commanding officer in the Battle of Britain. Wright served as Dowding's personal assistant during the Battle. In his book Dowding and the Battle of Britain (1969) Wright was one of the early proponents of the Big Wing conspiracy theory that blamed Trafford Leigh-Mallory and the British Air Ministry for Dowding's removal from command at the end of the battle. Many of Wright's claims, some based on Dowding's faulty recollections, have been repudiated by witnesses and documentary evidence, but his allegations have proven popular and persistent over the years.

In November 1944, whilst serving as radar operator on No. 85 Squadron RAF, the Mosquito he was in crashed. The pilot died, but Wright survived and was taken to RAF Hospital Ely.

Prior to becoming a champion of Dowding, Wright co-wrote the biography of Dowding's rival and replacement at Fighter Command, Sholto Douglas in two volumes titled: Years of Combat and Years of Command (1966).

title: Robert Wright (British historian)


text:
Isomorphism of categories

In category theory, two categories C and D are isomorphic if there exist functors F : C → D and G : D → C that are mutually inverse to each other, i.e. FG = 1D (the identity functor on D) and GF = 1C. This means that both the objects and the morphisms of C and D stand in a one-to-one correspondence to each other. Two isomorphic categories share all properties that are defined solely in terms of category theory; for all practical purposes, they are identical and differ only in the notation of their objects and morphisms.

Isomorphism of categories is a very strong condition and rarely satisfied in practice. Much more important is the notion of equivalence of categories; roughly speaking, for an equivalence of categories we don't require that $$FG$$ be equal to $$1_D$$, but only naturally isomorphic to $$1_D$$, and likewise that $$GF$$ be naturally isomorphic to $$1_C$$.

Properties
As is true for any notion of isomorphism, we have the following general properties formally similar to an equivalence relation:
 * any category C is isomorphic to itself
 * if C is isomorphic to D, then D is isomorphic to C
 * if C is isomorphic to D and D is isomorphic to E, then C is isomorphic to E.

A functor F : C → D yields an isomorphism of categories if and only if it is bijective on objects and on morphism sets. This criterion can be convenient as it avoids the need to construct the inverse functor G.

Examples

 * Consider a finite group G, a field k and the group algebra kG. The category of k-linear group representations of G is isomorphic to the category of left modules over kG. The isomorphism can be described as follows: given a group representation ρ : G → GL(V), where V is a vector space over k, GL(V) is the group of its k-linear automorphisms, and ρ is a group homomorphism, we turn V into a left kG module by defining $$\left(\sum_{g\in G} a_g g\right) v = \sum_{g\in G} a_g \rho(g)(v)$$ for every v in V and every element Σ ag g in kG. Conversely, given a left kG module M, then M is a k vector space, and multiplication with an element g of G yields a k-linear automorphism of M (since g is invertible in kG), which describes a group homomorphism G → GL(M). (There are still several things to check: both these assignments are functors, i.e. they can be applied to maps between group representations resp. kG modules, and they are inverse to each other, both on objects and on morphisms). See also.
 * Every ring can be viewed as a preadditive category with a single object. The functor category of all additive functors from this category to the category of abelian groups is isomorphic to the category of left modules over the ring.
 * Another isomorphism of categories arises in the theory of Boolean algebras: the category of Boolean algebras is isomorphic to the category of Boolean rings. Given a Boolean algebra B, we turn B into a Boolean ring by using the symmetric difference as addition and the meet operation $$\land$$ as multiplication. Conversely, given a Boolean ring R, we define the join operation by a$$\lor$$b = a + b + ab, and the meet operation as multiplication. Again, both of these assignments can be extended to morphisms to yield functors, and these functors are inverse to each other.
 * If C is a category with an initial object s, then the slice category (s↓C) is isomorphic to C. Dually, if t is a terminal object in C, the functor category (C↓t) is isomorphic to C. Similarly, if 1 is the category with one object and only its identity morphism (in fact, 1 is the terminal category), and C is any category, then the functor category C1, with objects functors c: 1 → C, selecting an object c∈Ob(C), and arrows natural transformations f: c → d between these functors, selecting a morphism f: c → d in C, is again isomorphic to C.

title: Isomorphism of categories


text:
Plestiodon anthracinus

Plestiodon anthracinus, the coal skink, is a species of lizard which is endemic to the United States.

Description
It is a mid-sized lizard with short well developed legs, and overlap when addressed in most specimens, except gravid females. It grows to 13 – in total length with a maximum snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 7 cm. It is a four-lined skink whose light stripes extend onto the tail. The broad dark lateral stripe is 4–4.5 scales wide and there are no light lines on top of the head. The dorsolateral light stripe is on the edges of the 3rd and 4th scale rows, counting from midline of back. One postmental scale is present. The sides of the head of the male are reddish during spring breeding season, at least in some parts of the range.

Taxonomy
Two subspecies of the coal skink are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies:
 * Northern coal skink – Plestiodon anthracinus anthracinus Baird, 1850
 * Southern coal skink – Plestiodon anthracinus pluvialis (Cope, 1880)

The (northern) coal skink was first described by Baird in 1850; the southern subspecies P. a. pluvialis was identified by Cope in 1880. They are the near the ancestral form for the fasciatus group.

The southern coal skink as a subspecies has posterior supralabials with light centers and dark edges, producing a spotted appearance. There are 26 or more rows of scales around the middle of the body.

Reproduction
The coal skink mates in spring or early summer, laying a clutch of 8 or 9 eggs. Their eggs are typically around 10–11 mm in length. Courting for this species usually involves the male's initial investigation and recognition of a potential female through pheromonal cues. The young hatch after four to five weeks and are about 5 cm long. The hatchlings have a blue tail; those of the northern coal skink are striped like the adults, but young southern coal skinks have black bodies with at the utmost faint traces of stripes.

Habitat and Geographic range
 Coal skink distribution

The more humid portions of wooded hillsides with abundant leaf litter or loose stones are favorite habitats. Coal skinks' habitat may also include areas around springs, rocky bluffs overlooking creek valleys, and mesic sites. If pursued, they will take refuge in shallow water, going to the bottom and hiding under stones or debris.

The northern coal skink (blue in the figure) occurs in western New York and central Pennsylvania and in isolated colonies in the Appalachians. The southern coal skink (orange) can be found on the eastern Gulf coast from the Florida panhandle to Louisiana as well as west of the Mississippi from eastern Kansas and central Missouri to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana. Scattered intermingled occurrences of both subspecies (green in the figure) occur in Alabama and in Georgia. Their current natural threats include a number of small mammals, snakes, and larger species of lizards. Human influence has also been known to pose a threat to this species, due to habitat decrease and degradation for a number of reptile species.

title: Plestiodon anthracinus