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Bay of Pomerania

The Bay of Pomerania (Zatoka Pomorska; Pommersche Bucht; Pòmòrskô Hôwinga) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the Pomeranian shores of Poland and Germany. It stretches between the northernmost tip of the island of Rugia called Gellort northwest of Cape Arkona in the west, and the village of Jarosławiec in the east. In the south, it is bounded by the islands of Usedom/Uznam and Wolin, which separate it from the Szczecin Lagoon which is flown through by the Oder River, and is connected to the bay by three straits, the Dziwna, Świna, and Peenestrom.

The Bay of Greifswald with the islands of Koos and Vilm is a large sub-bay in the southwest of the Bay of Pomerania. Apart from Rugia, Usedom/Uznam, and Wolin, the islands Greifswalder Oie and Ruden also lie in the Bay of Pomerania. Maximum depth is 20 metres and salinity is about 8%. The main ports on the Bay of Pomerania are Mukran Port in Sassnitz-Mukran, the port of Świnoujście, the port of Kołobrzeg, the port of Greifswald on the mouth of the Ryck River in Greifswald-Wieck, the port of Dziwnów, and the port of Wolgast.

title: Bay of Pomerania


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Stanford University Medical Center

Stanford University Medical Center is a medical complex which includes Stanford Health Care and Stanford Children's Health. It is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States and serves as a teaching hospital for the Stanford University School of Medicine. In 2022–23, it was ranked by the US News as the 3rd-best hospital in California (behind Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA Medical Center) and 10th-best in the country.

Stanford Hospital
Stanford Health Care is located at 500 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California. The main hospital building and the Hoover Pavilion are within the city limits of Palo Alto. It is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and serves as the primary teaching hospital for the Stanford University School of Medicine. The facility, located at the north end of the university campus, includes the main hospital building, Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blake Wilbur Building, Boswell Building, Hoover Pavilion, Neurosciences Health Center, and the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences building, as well as miscellaneous professional offices & departments of the School of Medicine and Stanford Health Care, plus the recent expansions. The roof of the main building contains a landing facility and Life Flight helicopter.

Stanford Health Care provides both general acute care services and tertiary medical care for patients locally, nationally and internationally. Organ transplantation, cancer diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular medicine and surgery, and neurosciences are clinical specialties of worldwide renown. Among its many achievements, the first combined heart-lung transplant in the world was successfully completed at Stanford University Medical Center in 1981. The hospital plays a key role in the training of physicians and other medical professionals. It provides a clinical environment for the medical school's researchers as they study ways to translate new knowledge into effective patient care. Full-time Stanford faculty and community physicians make up the hospital medical staff.

Stanford Hospital is home to a Level I trauma center. It became a trauma center in 1986 and first received American College of Surgeons certification as a Level I trauma center in 1998.

History
The hospital's history began with the foundation of the Stanford Home for Convalescent Children (the "Con Home") in 1911. When the Stanford Medical School moved south from San Francisco in 1959, the Stanford Hospital was established and was co-owned with the city of Palo Alto; it was then known as Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center. It was purchased by the university in 1968 and renamed.

The Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine opened in 1989; the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford opened in 1991; the Richard M. Lucas Center for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging opened in 1992. In 1999, Stanford University approved a $185 million, five-year plan to improve the 40-year-old School of Medicine facility. The Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR) opened in 2000. The Clark Center for interdisciplinary research and bioengineering opened in 2004.

In 2009, the Stanford outpatient clinics, which were running out of expansion room, were relocated to the Stanford Medicine Outpatient Center, a large new site in Redwood City, California formerly occupied by the corporate headquarters of Excite@Home. The buildings were extensively remodeled for medical use to provide facilities the clinics' old homes lacked. For example, the Sleep Medicine Center's new sleep lab has thorough soundproofing and can accommodate a few morbidly obese patients. In 2018, these outpatient facilities were expanded to receive the main campuses outgoing Digestive Health Center and endoscopy suite, to make room for the new expansions/renovations at the main Stanford Hospital, in addition to nearly doubling the existing imaging facilities and adding an external parking structure at the Stanford Outpatient Center.

The inpatient facilities remain on the main campus, which as of 2019, has undergone another round of major expansions, renovations, and revitalization, including a new inpatient structure, renovation of the old inpatient building, renovations of the Cancer Center and Blake Wilbur Building, and new emergency facilities, all located on a plot adjacent to the existing hospital. These major renovations are part of Stanford University's long-term master planning for renovation and medical advancement, which have included past projects such as the Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford and the Stanford Neurosciences Health Center.

Life Flight
The Stanford Life Flight program began May 1, 1984. Its aircraft is an EC 145 helicopter that can fly under both visual and instrument flight rules, allowing for response to calls in nearly any weather. The aircraft accommodates two patients with two flight nurses, or one patient with up to four caregivers, plus the pilot guru.

Staff
The hospital's medical staff numbers 1,910 with an additional 850 interns and residents, as well as nearly 1,500 registered nurses and approximately 610 licensed beds. Stanford Clinics, the group practice of most faculty physicians of Stanford University School of Medicine, includes 493 full-time faculty physicians. Their areas of expertise range from primary care to the most advanced medical and surgical specialties. Stanford Clinics offer more than 100 specialty and subspecialty service areas. Under the supervision of faculty physicians, Stanford medical students and residents participate in patient care in most specialties. The clinics participate in preferred provider health care programs as well as Medicare and MediCal.

Recognition
Stanford University Medical Center is world-renowned for its work in cardiovascular medicine and cardiothoracic surgery, organ transplantation, neurology, neurosurgery, and cancer medicine. It has over 100,000 emergency department visits per year. In 2017, Stanford Hospital was ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the 9th-best hospital out of 5,462 medical centers in the United States, and third in the West Coast after the UCSF Medical Center and the UCLA Medical Center. As of 2018, Stanford received high rankings in the following specialties:

Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (LPCH) is a nationally ranked women's and children's hospital which is part of the Stanford University Health system. The hospital is located adjacent to the campus at 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, California. It was founded in 1991 and is staffed by over 650 physicians with 4,750 staff and volunteers. The hospital specializes in the care of infants, children, teens, young adults aged 0–21, but sometimes treats older adults and expectant mothers. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital is an ACS verified Level 1 regional pediatric trauma center, 1 of 7 in the state.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stanford University Medical Center


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List of municipalities in South Carolina

South Carolina is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2020 United States census, South Carolina is the 23rd-most populous state with inhabitants, but the 40th-largest by land area spanning 30060.70 sqmi of land. South Carolina is divided into 46 counties and contains 271 municipalities consisting of 71 cities and 200 towns. South Carolina's municipalities cover only 6.2% of the state's land mass but are home to 36.8% of its population.

At incorporation, municipalities may choose to be named either "City of" or "Town of", however there is no legal difference between the two. All municipalities are responsible for providing local service including law enforcement, fire protection, waste and water management, planning and zoning, recreational facilities, and street lighting. Municipalities may incorporate with one of three forms of government: 141 chose mayor–council, 95 chose council, and 33 chose council–manager. Under the mayor–council form of government, an elected municipal council is composed of a mayor and four or more council members. The mayor's responsibilities include: staffing of all municipal employees; directing and supervising the administration of all departments, offices, and agencies; voting in, and presiding over, council meetings; and preparing the annual budget (with council), capital program (with council), and public financial reports. Under the council form of government, the council can be composed of five, seven or nine members including the mayor, all elected, and each with one vote on council. The council has the power to levy taxes and raise funds from other sources that match the operating and capital budgets. Under the council–manager form of government, the council is composed of a mayor and four, six, or eight councilmen each with one vote. The municipality must employ a manager, establish administrative departments upon recommendation of the manager, adopt an annual budget, provide an independent annual audit of the books and business affairs of the municipality, provide for the general health and welfare of the municipality, and enact ordinances of any nature and kind. The manager is the head of the administrative branch of the municipal government and is responsible for staffing (including the hiring, firing and compensation of all municipal employees), preparing the annual budget and financial report for council adoption.

The largest municipality by population in South Carolina is the city of Charleston with 150,227 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Cope with 37 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Columbia which spans 137.188 mi2, while Jenkinsville is the smallest at 0.089 mi2.


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List of cities in South Dakota

This is a list of places incorporated in the U.S. state of South Dakota as cities. Municipalities in South Dakota can also be incorporated as towns. South Dakota has one incorporated village, Wentworth, Lake County. There are 311 municipalities.

title: List of cities in South Dakota


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List of towns in South Dakota

This is a list of towns in South Dakota, arranged in alphabetical order. This is a list of places incorporated in South Dakota as towns, regardless of size. Municipalities in South Dakota can also be incorporated as cities. South Dakota also has one incorporated village, Wentworth.

Towns in South Dakota have small populations, ranging from 3 up to 766 as of the 2010 Census. Cities are usually larger, but many places incorporated as cities also fall within this size range.

See: Howard South Dakota, List of townships in South Dakota.

Towns
Seven towns are county seats, and are designated with the † symbol and a green background in the table below.

title: List of towns in South Dakota


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Norman Vincent Peale

Norman Vincent Peale (May 31, 1898 – December 24, 1993) was an American Protestant clergyman, and an author best known for popularizing the concept of positive thinking, especially through his best-selling book The Power of Positive Thinking (1952). He served as the pastor of Marble Collegiate Church, New York, from 1932, leading this Reformed Church in America congregation for more than a half century until his retirement in 1984. Alongside his pulpit ministry, he had an extensive career of writing and editing, and radio and television presentations. Despite arguing at times against involvement of clergy in politics, he nevertheless had some controversial affiliations with politically active organizations in the late 1930s, and engaged with national political candidates and their campaigns, having influence on some, including a personal friendship with President Richard Nixon.

Peale led a group opposing the election of John F. Kennedy for president, saying, "Faced with the election of a Catholic, our culture is at stake." Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr responded that Peale was motivated by "blind prejudice," and facing intense public criticism, Peale retracted his statement. He also opposed Adlai Stevenson's candidacy for president because he was divorced, which led Stevenson to famously quip, "I find Saint Paul appealing and Saint Peale appalling."

Following the publication of Peale's 1952 best seller, his ideas became the focus of criticism from several psychiatric professionals, church theologians and leaders. Peale was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, on March 26, 1984, by President Ronald Reagan. He died at age 95, following a stroke, on December 24, 1993, in Pawling, New York. He was survived by Ruth Stafford, his wife of 63 years, who had influenced him with regard to the publication of The Power in 1952, and with whom he had founded Guideposts in 1945; Ruth died on February 6, 2008, at the age of 101.

Early life and education
Peale was born in Bowersville, Ohio on May 31, 1898, the eldest of three sons of Charles and Anna (née Delaney) Peale. Charles was a physician-turned-Methodist minister in southern Ohio, and as such, his three sons were raised as Methodists.

Peale graduated from Bellefontaine High School, Bellefontaine, Ohio in 1916. He attended and earned a degree at Ohio Wesleyan University, where he became a brother at the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He also began to attend Boston University School of Theology.

Beginnings
Serving as a pulpit replacement in a subsequent summer break (for an Ohio church pastor that had fallen ill), the Boston theology trainee was persuaded by his father to abandon the formal preaching style of his training for one of simplicity, which led Peale to talk about "Jesus Christ... relat[ing him] to the simplicities of human lives," and which led, he would later recollect, to a "good reception" and "look[s] of gratitude and goodness" on the faces of congregants. Leaving school thereafter to earn needed funds, Peale would work in journalism at The Detroit Journal, after a year of reporting in Findlay, Ohio at The Morning Republican. Leaving journalism, Peale returned his focus to ministry, and in 1922 was ordained a pastor in the Methodist Episcopal Church. After a first assignment in Rhode Island, at an unknown church in Berkeley, he accepted a call to Brooklyn, where, in 1924, his work from the pulpit, and in general, boosted its membership more than twenty-fold within a year, leading the small congregation to build a new church.

He received a call to Syracuse, New York and in 1927 took the pulpit at the University Methodist Church; it was also while there that he became one of the first American clergymen to bring his sermons to the emerging commercial technology of radio,  a media decision that added to his general popularity, and that he would later extend in the same way to television. During the Depression, Peale teamed up with J.C. Penney & Co. founder James Cash Penney, radio personality Arthur Godfrey, and IBM founder and President Thomas J. Watson, forming (and sitting the first board of) 40Plus, an organization aimed at helping unemployed managers and executives. On June 20, 1930, Peale married Loretta Ruth Stafford.

In 1932 or 1933 he was called to the Marble Collegiate Church in New York City, a call which required that he "switch his denomination" —for a clergyman, transfer his ordination—to the Reformed Church in America, "a transfer made... with no apparent problem for him". His tenure at Marble Collegiate Church, which dated to 1628 and was "said to be the oldest continuous Protestant congregation in the country", began with an attendance at service of 200, but which would grow to thousands, as a result of his "spirited sermons". Peale would remain at Marble until his retirement from pastoral work, in 1984.

His theology was controversial, and prominent theologians such as Ronald Niebuhr and William Miller spoke out publicly against it. They contended that Peale's theology falsely represented Christianity and that Peale's writings and sermons were factually false as well. Niebuhr said "This new cult is dangerous. Anything which corrupts the Gospel hurts Christianity. And it hurts people too." William Miller Wrote that Peale's theology is "hard on the truth," full of undocumented claims, and after reviewing Peale's entire library of books, said "the later ones are worse."

Early association with psychiatry
Following the 1929 market crash, and being presented with congregants with "complex problems" (as Peale would later recount), his wife, Ruth Stafford Peale, counseled him to "fin[d] a psychiatrist who could help parish members," which he did through consultation with his physician, Clarence W. Lieb. Peale was introduced to a Freudian who had trained in psychiatry in Vienna, Smiley Blanton, who Peale later recalled as saying, "I've been praying for years that some minister would see that psychiatry and religion... should work together" (in response to being asked about his believing in the "power of prayer").

The two men wrote books together, notably Faith Is the Answer: A Psychiatrist and a Pastor Discuss Your Problems (1940). The book was written in alternating chapters, with Blanton writing one chapter, then Peale. Blanton espoused no particular religious point of view in his chapters. In 1951 this clinic of psychotherapy and religion grew into the American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry, with Peale serving as president and Blanton as executive director. Blanton handled difficult psychiatric cases and Peale, who had no mental health credentials, handled religious issues.

When Peale came under heavy criticism from the mental health community for his book The Power of Positive Thinking (1952), Blanton distanced himself from Peale and refused to publicly endorse the book. Blanton did not allow Peale to use his name in The Power of Positive Thinking and declined to defend Peale publicly when he came under criticism. As scholar Donald Meyer describes it: "Peale evidently imagined that he marched with Blanton in their joint labors in the Religio-psychiatric Institute. This was not exactly so.":  266  Meyer notes that Blanton's own book, Love or Perish (1956), "contrasted so distinctly at so many points with the Peale evangel" of "positive thinking" that these works had virtually nothing in common.:  273

Radio and publishing
In the same period, Peale returned to the radio work that he began in Syracuse, as a means to deal with what he termed a personal obsession, "reach[ing] as many people as I could with the message of Jesus Christ." His first programs in New York City began in 1935, an effort which led to the National Council of Churches sponsoring a program on the NBC Radio Network entitled The Art of Living, which would grow to reach millions.

This title then became the same as first of his books from New York City, in 1937, from Abingdon Press, which spoke of a power that individuals had within themselves that they could "tap" through "applied Christianity". With the advent of war in 1939, his second book appeared from Abingdon, "You Can Win, which spoke of the tensions of life, the possibility of self-mastery, and ones being one unconquerable with God. Despite a clear and apparent philosophy and message, the books did not "advis[e] people how to apply [the ideas] to their lives," and they did not sell well. (Some of his other works include The Tough-Minded Optimist, and Inspiring Messages for Daily Living.) By the end of World War II in 1945, Peale, his wife Ruth, and Raymond Thornburg (a businessman from Pawling, New York), had founded Guideposts magazine, a non-denominational forum that presented inspirational stories.

With the end of the war—which was marked, in the words of George Vecsey, writing in The New York Times, by Americans having "some leeway to question what they believed and how they should live"—Peale achieved his first best seller, published with Prentice-Hall in 1948, a self-help book entitled A Guide for Confident Living that brought religion to bear on personal problems. This was followed soon thereafter by the book for which he is most widely known, The Power of Positive Thinking; as Vecsey describes it, it arose from a draft book that Ruth Peale "sent to [an] editor without her husband's knowledge", and this usurpation led to a book that would remain on best seller lists for more than three years, which "rank[ed] it... behind the Bible... as one of the highest-selling spiritual books in history".

Vecsey was careful to categorize Peale's book as a best seller in the narrow "spiritual books" category rather than comparing it to the much larger sales figures of the non-fiction or self-help categories. First published in 1952, it stayed on the New York Times bestseller list for 186 consecutive weeks, and according to the publisher, Simon and Schuster, the book has sold around 5 million copies. The fact that the book has sold 5 million copies is printed on the cover of the current edition in both paperback and hard cover, and directly contradicts exaggerated claims that the book has sold more than 20 million copies in 42 languages. The publisher also contradicts the translation claim, saying the book has been translated into only 15 languages. Nearly half of the sales of the book (2.1 mil.) occurred before 1958, and by 1963, the book had still only sold 2 million copies according to Peale. Since then, the book has sold less than 3 million copies over the past 60 years. Some of his other popular works include The Art of Living, A Guide to Confident Living, The Tough-Minded Optimist, and Inspiring Messages for Daily Living.

The Peale radio program, The Art of Living, was ongoing, and would continue for 54 years, and under the continued and evolving sponsorship of the National Council of Churches, he moved into television when the new medium arrived. In the meantime he continued to write books and to edit Guideposts magazine. As well, his sermons went out monthly to an extensive mailing list.

Organizations
In 1947 Peale and educator Kenneth Beebe co-founded The Horatio Alger Association, an organisation that aimed to recognize and honor Americans successful in spite of difficult circumstances. Other organizations founded by Peale include the Peale Center, the Positive Thinking Foundation, and Guideposts Publications, all of which aim to promote Peale's theories about positive thinking.

Personal life
Peale was close to President Richard Nixon's family, and officiated at the 1968 wedding of Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower. He continued calling at the White House throughout the Watergate crisis, and was quoted as saying "Christ didn't shy away from people in trouble."

Peale was a 33-degree Freemason of the Scottish Rite.

Later life
President Ronald Reagan awarded Peale the Presidential Medal of Freedom (the highest civilian honor in the United States) on March 26, 1984, for his contributions to the field of theology.

Peale died at age 95 following a stroke, on December 24, 1993, in Pawling, New York He was survived by his wife of 63 years, Ruth Stafford Peale, who had influenced him with regard to the publication of The Power in 1952, and with regard to his early interactions with psychiatry, and with whom he had founded Guideposts (of which she was chairman emeritus, and which had an annual readership of 8 million in 2008); she died on February 6, 2008, at the age of 101.

General and psychological critique
Peale's works were criticized by several mental health experts who denounced his writings as bad for mental health, and concluded that Peale was a "con man and a fraud," and a "Confidence Man." These critics appeared in the early 1950s after the publication of The Power of Positive Thinking.

One critique of The Power of Positive Thinking noted that the book contained anecdotes that are hard to substantiate. Critics noted many of the testimonials that Peale quoted as supporting his philosophy were unnamed, unknown and unsourced. Examples included a "famous psychologist,"   a two-page letter from a "practicing physician",   another "famous psychologist", a "prominent citizen of New York City",  and dozens, if not hundreds, more unverifiable quotations. Similar scientific studies of questionable validity are also cited. As psychiatrist R.C. Murphy wrote, "All this advertising is vindicated as it were, by a strict cleaving to the side of part truth," and referred to the work and the quoted material as "implausible and woodenly pious". Peale's works were criticized by several mental health experts who declared his writings were actually bad for mental health, concluding that Peale was a "con man and a fraud," with his being referred to as a confidence man in the popular press in 1955.

Agreeing with Murphy is William Lee Miller, a professor at the University of Virginia, who wrote an extensive article called “Some Negative Thinking About Norman Vincent Peale.” After reviewing the entire Peale library, Miller concluded that the books “are hard on the truth,” and that “the later books are worse” than the earlier ones. Miller challenged the plausibility and truthfulness of Peale's testimonials with “Great Men” in his books, almost all of whom were unnamed, unknown and unverifiable. "“In Dr. Peale’s books these men turn out to talk just like Dr. Peale…. There is a continuing recurring episode in his books that goes like this: Peale meets Great Man; Peale humbly asks Great Man for his secret (his formula, technique); Great Man tells Peale his strikingly Peale-like secret (formula, technique)….”"Miller also mocks the success formulas these “great men” reveal, such as the unnamed newspaper editor who credits repeating a single phrase [a technique in auto-hypnosis] as the reason for his success. The unnamed editor's “secret is card in wallet with words to the effect that successful man is successful.” Miller explains, “There is never the suggestion that hard work might be involved in achievement. There are no demands on the reader.” Miller wrote “All this is hard on the truth, but it is good for the preacher’s popularity. It enables him to say exactly what his hearers want to hear.” Miller further mocks Peale's claims that his methods of “religion” are scientifically proven. Miller quotes Peale: “The laws are so precise and have been so often demonstrated… that religion may be said to form an exact science.” Peale provides no scientific evidence in his books to support this claim. He provides no evidence that his methods and “techniques” have been scientifically tested or proven to work. Miller goes on to note that there are no scientific references supporting Peale, no footnotes, no index, no bibliography, no recommendations for further readings, almost no evidence of any kind presented in the Peale books. Miller concluded that the Peale claims were untruthful and unsupported by evidence. Miller wrote that in order to gain followers “He [Peale] is willing to use without flinching the most blatant appeals and to promise without stint.”

A second critique of Peale was that he attempted to conceal that his techniques for giving the reader absolute self-confidence and deliverance from suffering are a well known form of hypnosis, and that he persuaded his readers to follow his beliefs through a combination of false evidence and self-hypnosis (autosuggestion), disguised by the use of terms which may sound more benign from the reader's point of view ("techniques", "formulas", "methods", "prayers", and "prescriptions"). One author called Peale's book "The Bible of American autohypnotism". While his techniques have been debated by psychologists, Peale said his theological practice and strategy was directed more at self-analysis, forgiveness, character development, and growth which has been suggested by some to be much like the teachings of the Jesuits of the Catholic Church.

Psychiatrist R. C. Murphy wrote "Self knowledge, in Mr. Peale's understanding is unequivocally bad: self hypnosis is good." Murphy added that repeated hypnosis defeats an individual's self-motivation, self-knowledge, unique sense of self, sense of reality, and ability to think critically. Murphy describes Peale's understanding of the mind as inaccurate, "without depth", and his description of the workings of the mind and the unconscious as deceptively simplistic and false: "It is the very shallowness of his concept of 'person' that makes his rules appear easy ... If the unconscious of man ... can be conceptualized as a container for a small number of psychic fragments, then ideas like 'mind-drainage' follow. So does the reliance on self-hypnosis, which is the cornerstone of Mr. Peale's philosophy.'"

Psychologist Albert Ellis, founder of the branch of psychology known as cognitive psychology, compared the Peale techniques with those of French psychologist, hypnotherapist and pharmacist Émile Coué, and Ellis said that the repeated use of these hypnotic techniques could lead to significant mental health problems. Ellis, ranked by the American Psychological Association as the second most influential psychologist of the 20th century (behind Carl Rogers, but ahead of Sigmund Freud), documented in several of his books the many individuals he has treated who suffered mental breakdowns from following Peale's teachings. Ellis described one of his case studies: "'One of my 50-year-old clients, Sidney, read everything that Norman Vincent Peale ever wrote, went to many of his sermons at Marble Collegiate Church, and turned many of his friends onto trusting completely in God and in the Reverend Peale to cure them of all their ills. When some of these friends, in spite of their vigorous positive thinking, wound up in the mental hospital, and when Sidney had to turn to massive doses of tranquilizers to keep himself going, he became disillusioned...'"Fortunately, Ellis' client began attending therapy and workshop groups at his clinic (The Albert Ellis Institute), and through cognitive behavioral therapy (at that time, known as Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, or REBT), he was able to improve his mental health and reduce his medications. Ellis' writings repeatedly warn the public not to follow the Peale message. Ellis contends the Peale approach is dangerous, distorted, unrealistic. He compares the black or white view of life that Peale teaches to a psychological disorder (borderline personality disorder), perhaps implying that dangerous mental habits which he sees in the disorder may be brought on by following the teaching. "In the long run [Peale's teachings] lead to failure and disillusionment, and not only boomerang back against people, but often prejudice them against effective therapy."

A third critique was that Peale's philosophy was based on exaggerating the fears of his readers and followers, and that this exaggerated fear inevitably leads to aggression and the destruction of those considered "negative". Peale's views were critically reviewed in a 1955 article by psychiatrist R. C. Murphy, published in The Nation, titled "Think Right: Reverend Peale's Panacea".

"With saccharine terrorism, Mr. Peale refuses to allow his followers to hear, speak or see any evil. For him real human suffering does not exist; there is no such thing as murderous rage, suicidal despair, cruelty, lust, greed, mass poverty, or illiteracy. All these things he would dismiss as trivial mental processes which will evaporate if thoughts are simply turned into more cheerful channels. This attitude is so unpleasant it bears some search for its real meaning. It is clearly not a genuine denial of evil but rather a horror of it. A person turns his eyes away from human bestiality and the suffering it evokes only if he cannot stand to look at it. By doing so he affirms the evil to be absolute, he looks away only when he feels that nothing can be done about it ... The belief in pure evil, an area of experience beyond the possibility of help or redemption, is automatically a summons to action: 'evil' means 'that which must be attacked ... ' Between races for instance, this belief leads to prejudice. In child-rearing it drives parents into trying to obliterate rather than trying to nurture one or another area of the child's emerging personality ... In international relationships it leads to war. As soon as a religious authority endorses our capacity for hatred, either by refusing to recognize unpleasantness in the style of Mr Peale or in the more classical style of setting up a nice comfortable Satan to hate, it lulls our struggles for growth to a standstill ... Thus Mr Peale's book is not only inadequate for our needs but even undertakes to drown out the fragile inner voice which is the spur to inner growth."

Donald B. Meyer seemed to agree with this assessment, presenting similar warnings of a religious nature. In his article "Confidence Man", Meyer wrote, "In more classic literature, this sort of pretension to mastery has often been thought to indicate an alliance with a Lower rather than a Higher power." The mastery Peale speaks of is not the mastery of skills or tasks, but the mastery of fleeing and avoiding one's own "negative thoughts". Meyer wrote, exaggerated fear inevitably leads to aggression: "Battle it is; Peale, in sublime betrayal of the aggression within his philosophy of peace, talks of 'shooting' prayers at people."

Psychologist Martin Seligman, former APA president and the founder of the branch of psychology known as Positive Psychology, differentiated Peale's positive thinking from his own positive psychology, while acknowledging their common roots.

"It is important to see the difference: Is Positive Psychology just positive thinking warmed over? Positive Psychology has a philosophical connection to positive thinking, but not an empirical one. The Arminian Heresy (discussed at length in the notes for Chapter 5) is at the foundations of Methodism, and Norman Vincent Peale's positive thinking grows out of it. Positive Psychology is also tied at its foundations to the individual freely choosing, and in this sense both endeavors have common roots.

But Positive Psychology is also different in significant ways from positive thinking, in that Positive Psychology is based on scientific accuracy while positive thinking is not, and that positive thinking could even be fatal in the wrong circumstances.

First, positive thinking is an armchair activity. Positive Psychology, on the other hand, is tied to a program of empirical and replicable scientific activity. Second, Positive Psychology does not hold a brief for positivity. There is a balance sheet, and in spite of the many advantages of positive thinking, there are times when negative thinking is to be preferred. Although there are many studies that correlate positivity with later health, longevity, sociability, and success, the balance of the evidence suggests that in some situations negative thinking leads to more accuracy. Where accuracy is tied to potentially catastrophic outcomes (for example, when an airplane pilot is deciding whether to de-ice the wings of her airplane), we should all be pessimists. With these benefits in mind, Positive Psychology aims for the optimal balance between positive and negative thinking. Third, many leaders in the Positive Psychology movement have spent decades working on the 'negative' side of things. Positive Psychology is a supplement to negative psychology, not a substitute."

Seligman went on to say "Positive thinking often involves trying to believe upbeat statements such as 'Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better,' in the absence of evidence or even in the face of contrary evidence. ... Learned optimism, in contrast, is about accuracy".

Another difference experts noted was that though Seligman describes his positive psychology as a self-empowering program completely within the ability of the individual to achieve on his or her own, experts described positive thinking as disempowering to the individual and a religion of weakness, where individuals are told by Peale they cannot overcome their negative circumstances without his autosuggestive "techniques," which he claims will give them the power of God. As Meyer quotes Peale as saying, "No man, however resourceful or pugnacious, is a match for so great an adversary as a hostile world. He is at best a puny and impotent creature quite at the mercy of the cosmic and social forces in the midst of which he dwells." Meyer noted that Peale always "reacted to the image of harshness with flight rather than competitive fight", and the only solution Peale offers out of this state of helplessness are his autosuggestive "techniques", which he claims will give people the power of God. Meyer adds that the proof that positive thinking cannot work is that according to Peale, even with God's power on one's side, one still cannot face negative reality, which is always stronger.

Meyer, like Seligman, noted that such unrealistic thinking by a positive thinker could easily be fatal.

"Faith that you could defeat an opponent who could run faster than you would be contemptible since it could only mean you expected God to lend you power He refused to lend your opponent or that you hoped your opponent lacked self-knowledge, lacked faith, and hence failed to use his real powers. Such faith could be fatal if it led you into competitions it would be fatal to lose. As for those competitions where luck or accident or providence might decide, certainly the faith which looked to luck or accident or providence would be contemptible, and also possibly fatal."

Theological critique
Episcopal Church theologian and future bishop, John M. Krumm, criticized Peale and the "heretical character" of his teaching on positive thinking. Krumm cites "the emphasis upon techniques such as the repetition of confident phrases... or the manipulation of certain mechanical devices", which he says "gives the impression of a thoroughly depersonalized religion. Very little is said about the sovereign mind and purpose of God; much is made of the things men can say to themselves and can do to bring about their ambitions and purposes." Krumm cautions that "The predominant use of impersonal symbols for God is a serious and dangerous invitation to regard man as the center of reality and the Divine Reality as an impersonal power, the use and purpose of which is determined by the man who takes hold of it and employs it as he thinks best."

Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, professor of applied Christianity at the Union Theological Seminary, reported similar concerns about positive thinking. "This new cult is dangerous. Anything which corrupts the gospel hurts Christianity. And it hurts people too. It helps them to feel good while they are evading the real issues of life."

Liston Pope, Dean of Yale Divinity School, agreed with Neibuhr. "There is nothing humble or pious in the view this cult takes of God. God becomes sort of a master psychiatrist who will help you get out of your difficulties. The formulas and the constant reiteration of such themes as "You and God can do anything" are very nearly blasphemous."

G. Bromley Oxnam, a Methodist bishop in Washington D.C., also weighed in with his concerns. "When you are told that if you follow seven easy rules you will become president of your company, you are being kidded. There just aren't that many openings. This kind of preaching is making Christianity a cult of success."

A. Powell Davies, pastor of All Souls' Unitarian Church, Washington D.C., added his view:

"It has sort of a drug effect on people to be told they need not worry. They keep coming back for more. It keeps their minds on a superficial level and encourages emotional dependency. It is an escape from reality. People under stress do one of two things; seek shelter or respond to harsh reality by a deeper recognition of what they are up against. The people who flock to the 'peace of mind' preachers are seeking shelter. They don't want to face reality."

William Lee Miller, professor in religious studies at the University of Virginia, expressed similar concerns: "The absolute power that Dr. Peale's followers insist on granting to their Positive Thinking may betray, however, a note of desperation. The optimism is no longer the healthy-minded kind, looking at life whole and seeing it good, but an optimism arranged by a very careful and very anxious selection of the particular bits and pieces of reality one is willing to acknowledge. It is not the response of an expanding epoch when failure, loneliness, death, war, taxes, and the limitations and fragmentariness of all human striving are naturally far from consciousness, but of an anxious time when they are all too present in consciousness and must be thrust aside with slogans and "formulas," assaulted with clenched fists and gritted teeth, and battered down with the insistence on the power of Positive Thinking. The success striving is different, too. The Horatio Alger type seems to have had a simple, clear confidence in getting ahead by mastering a craft, by inventing something out in the barn, or by doing an outstanding job as office boy. The Peale fan has no such confidence and trusts less in such solid realities as ability and work and talent than in the ritual repetition of spirit lifters and thought conditioners written on cards and on the determined refusal to think gloomy thoughts.

In spite of the attacks, Peale did not resign from his church, though he threatened that he would repeatedly. He also never challenged or rebutted his critics directly. Meanwhile, his book The Power of Positive Thinking had stopped selling by 1958. As Donald Meyer noted,

"It was evident that Peale had managed to tap wide audiences formed by prolonged changes in the tone and morale of American society, for whom the coherence of Protestantism even as late as the early twentieth century was not enough. His attackers did not fall short of declaring his Protestantism non-existent. Peale survived. As he himself recounted it, he found himself stunned by the attacks. Troubled, even considering the virtues of resigning his post, he entered his season of withdrawal. There he found his answer. His father assured him he must go on. Was he not, after all, helping millions? Besides, it was unheard of in a democratic society for a man to believe his lonely critics when millions had approved. And so he returned. How to Stay Alive Your Whole Life, Peale entitled his next book; what else was George Beard's neurasthenia but a form of half-living? Finally, in consistent exemplification of the logic of the new religion, Peale proved he was right as well by publishing the testimonies of those declaring that for them positive thinking had indeed worked. There was no particular reason to doubt them."

Religious scholars, however, warned the public not to believe Peale just because he was a minister. They said the Peale message was not only false factually but also misrepresented Christianity. Reinhold Niebuhr told the public the Peale message was "a partial picture of Christianity, a sort of half-truth", and added "The basic sin of this cult is its egocentricity. It puts 'self' instead of the cross at the center of the picture". Edmund Fuller, novelist, book critic, and book review editor of the Episcopal Churchnews took it a step further. "The Peale products and their like are equated blatantly with Christian teaching and preaching. They are represented as a revival or response in Christianity with which they have no valid connection. They influence, mislead and often disillusion sick, maladjusted, unhappy or ill-constructed people, obscuring for them the Christian realities. They offer easy comforts, easy solutions to problems and mysteries that sometimes perhaps, have no comforts or solutions at all, in glib, worldly terms. They offer a cheap 'happiness' in lieu of the joy Christianity can offer, sometimes in the midst of suffering. The panacea of positive thinking has been called by qualified people a positive hazard to the delicate marginal areas of mental health".

Meyer noted Peale's influence over his followers began when "Peale had 'discovered' the power of suggestion over the human mind, and therewith, had caught up with Henry Wood, Charles Fillmore, and Emmett Fox, sixty forty and twenty years before him. He was teaching Mental Photography all over again. Thoughts were things". Meyer described Peale's religion: "Peale's aim in preaching positive thinking was not that of inducing contemplative states of Oneness nor of advancing self-insight nor of strengthening conscious will, let alone sensitizing people to their world. The clue lay here in Peale's reiterated concern that the operation of his positive thoughts and thought conditioners become 'automatic', that the individual truly become 'conditioned ...' But was the automated power of positive thinking liberty or just one more form of mind-cure hypnotism? Was this new power really health or simply further weakness disguised?" After considering all points of view, Meyer answered his own questions, and concluded positive thinking was a religion of "weakness". "Peale's phenomenal popularity represented a culture in impasse. The psychology for which the cult was also religion culminated the treatment of weakness by weakness".

Peale and rightist/anti-semitic claims
For a time, Peale was acting chairman and Secretary of the National Committee to Uphold Constitutional Government (NCUCG), a pressure group opposed to Franklin Roosevelt's policies. In 1938, he was summoned by a Senate Committee Investigating Lobbying Activities, to answer questions concerning the NCUCG's activities.

Also. late in 1938, Peale appeared with Elizabeth Dilling, the Reverend Edward Lodge Curran, Francisco Franco, and other figures at a "Mass Meeting and Pro-American Rally" (on October 30), at the Commodore Hotel in New York; this event was later described by Arthur Derounian (John Roy Carlson) in his 1943 book Under Cover. Rev. Curran was a known supporter of Franco and other right-wing causes, as well as being "an anti‐communist and... an advocate of the, 'social justice' credo of Father [Charles] Coughlin, who was eventually ordered, off the air by his superiors" (and who Peale had earlier called out and harshly criticized for his "bizarre demogogy" in 1935). Peale claimed to have been distressed by Derounian's book, that he had been badgered into giving the convocation (a pre-meeting prayer) by a parishioner, and that he had no idea of the nature of the rally. He further claimed to be particularly distressed at the association with Dilling. He considered but as was advised against filing a defamation case against the publisher, Putnam's, as it was not feasible given the fact that he had in fact delivered the convocation as described.

In 1943, after the U.S. entry into World War II, Peale preached a sermon denouncing antisemitism and demanding that the government and church take steps to "stamp it out." As late as 1944, Peale was still described as the Chairman of the Committee for Constitutional Government, and had his signature appended to its publications.

Peale and Adlai Stevenson
Peale is also remembered in politics because of the Adlai Stevenson quote: "I find Saint Paul appealing and Saint Peale appalling." The origin of the quote can be traced back to the 1952 election, when Stevenson was informed by a reporter that Peale was accusing him of being unfit for the presidency because he was divorced. Later during his 1956 campaign for president against Dwight Eisenhower, Stevenson was introduced at a speech with: "Gov. Stevenson, we want to make it clear you are here as a courtesy because Dr. Norman Vincent Peale has instructed us to vote for your opponent." Stevenson stepped to the podium and quipped, "Speaking as a Christian, I find the Apostle Paul appealing and the Apostle Peale appalling." In 1960, a reporter asked Stevenson about a comment in which he denounced Peale for accusing John F. Kennedy of being unfit for the presidency because he was Catholic, to which Stevenson responded: "Yes, you can say that I find Paul appealing and Peale appalling."

Stevenson continued to lampoon Peale on the campaign trail in speeches for Kennedy. Though Richard Nixon and other Republicans tried to distance themselves from the furor which was caused by Peale's anti-Catholic stance, Democrats did not let voters forget it. President Harry Truman, for one, accused Nixon of tacitly approving Peale's anti-Catholic sentiment, and it remained a hot issue on the campaign trail. Regarding Peale's intrusion into Republican politics, Stevenson said in this transcript of a speech given in San Francisco: "Richard Nixon has tried to step aside in favor of Norman Vincent Peale (APPLAUSE, LAUGHTER) ... We can only surmise that Mr. Nixon has been reading 'The Power of Positive Thinking.' (APPLAUSE). America was not built by wishful thinking. It was built by realists, and it will not be saved by guess work and self-deception. It will only be saved by hard work and facing the facts."

At a later date, according to one report, Stevenson and Peale met, and Stevenson apologized to Peale for any personal pain which his comments might have caused Peale, though Stevenson never publicly recanted the substance of his statements. There is no record of Peale apologizing to Stevenson for his attacks on Stevenson. Historians of the 1950s Millwe and Nowak argued that even Peale's "positive thinking" message was by implication politically conservative: "The underlying assumption of Peale's teaching was that nearly all basic problems were personal."

Peale and John F. Kennedy
Peale was invited to attend a strategy conference of about 30 Evangelicals in Montreux, Switzerland, by its host, the well-known evangelist Billy Graham, in mid-August 1960. There they agreed to kick off a group called The National Conference of Citizens for Religious Freedom in Washington the following month. On September 7, Peale served as its chairman and spoke for 150 Protestant clergymen, opposing the election of John F. Kennedy as president. "Faced with the election of a Catholic," Peale declared, "our culture is at stake."

In a written manifesto, Peale and his group also declared that Kennedy would serve the interests of the Catholic Church before he would serve the interests of the United States: "It is inconceivable that a Roman Catholic president would not be under extreme pressure by the hierarchy of his church to accede to its policies with respect to foreign interests," and the election of a Catholic might even end free speech in America.

Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr responded, "Dr. Peale and his associates ... show blind prejudice." Protestant Episcopal Bishop James Pike echoed Niebuhr: "Any argument which would rule out a Roman Catholic just because he is Roman Catholic is both bigotry and a violation of the constitutional guarantee of no religious test for public office." Peale's statement was also condemned by former President Harry Truman, the Board of Rabbis, and other leading Protestants such as Paul Tillich and John C. Bennett. Peale recanted his statements and he was later fired by his own committee. As conservative William F. Buckley described the fallout: "When ... The Norman Vincent Peale Committee was organized, on the program that a vote for Kennedy was a vote to repeal the First Amendment to the Constitution, the Jesuits fired their Big Bertha, and Dr. Peale fled from the field, mortally wounded." Peale subsequently went into hiding and threatened to resign from his church. The fallout continued as Peale was condemned in a statement by one hundred religious leaders and dropped as a syndicated columnist by a dozen newspapers.

Influence
Five U.S., presidents (Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush) spoke well of Peale in the documentary about his life, Positive Thinking: The Norman Vincent Peale Story.

The Reverend Billy Graham said at the National Council of Churches on June 12, 1966, that "I don't know of anyone who had done more for the kingdom of God than Norman and Ruth Peale or have meant any more in my life for the encouragement they have given me." Mary L. Trump in Too Much and Never Enough wrote that Donald Trump's father, Fred Trump, was heavily influenced by Peale, and that the Trump family regularly attended Peale's sermons during the 1950s.

As a child, Donald Trump attended Marble Collegiate Church with his parents, Fred and Mary. Both he and his two sisters, Maryanne and Elizabeth, were married there. Trump has repeatedly praised Peale and cited him as a formative influence.

Scott Adams, creator of Dilbert, says Peale's writing influenced him to achieve success.

At the invitation of Robert R. Spitzer, former under-secretary in the Ford administration, Peale, accompanied by his wife, Ruth, spoke several times to the student leaders at MSOE University prior to passing in 1993, influencing engineers, technical writers, managers, and architects for decades who today serve as executives in companies like GE, Nvidia, and many others.

Dated entries

 * Peale is sarcastically referred to as a "deep philosopher" in the 1959 Tom Lehrer song "It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier" (on the album An Evening Wasted With Tom Lehrer).
 * Peale was the subject of the 1964 feature film, One Man's Way, starring Don Murray.
 * A clip of Peale's radio program is heard briefly in the 1975 film Grey Gardens.
 * In the 2004 Niels Mueller film, The Assassination of Richard Nixon, the Jack Jones character played by Jack Thompson tries to convince his employee Samuel J. Bicke (Sean Penn), a disillusioned salesman with a history of short-lived jobs, to truly believe in the products he is selling, and to follow the concept of positive thinking, he asking his son to give Bicke a couple of books, one of which is Peale's 1952 The Power....
 * Peale appears as a character in the 2006 Grey Gardens musical, based on the eponymous 1975 film.
 * A widely reprinted editorial in the Los Angeles Times stated that the 2006 book and DVD The Secret both borrow on Peale's ideas, and that The Secret suffers from some of the same weaknesses as Peale's works.

Undated entries

 * The M*A*S*H episode "The Smell of Music" portrays a wounded soldier, Jordan Clarke, who rejects counsel from Col. Sherman Potter (Harry Morgan), saying, "Doc, if there's one thing I don't need right now it's Norman Vincent Peale, so... save that "Everything's Gonna Be All Right" speech for someone else."
 * Peale is referred to in the song "The John Birch Society" by the Chad Mitchell Trio ("Norman Vincent Peale may think he's kidding us along ... he keeps on preaching brotherhood, but we know what he means ...").
 * In the "Treehouse of Horror VI" episode of The Simpsons, a building with the sign "Birthplace of Norman Vincent Peale" is destroyed.
 * In the fourth episode ("The Bracelet") of the HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm, Larry David calls Richard Lewis "Norman Vincent Lewis" after he says, "Every day is a great day for me."
 * In the musical Li'l Abner, General Bullmoose is reminded to take his "Norman Vincent Peale pill", and declares he's "not taking those Peale pills anymore. They make me think too positive."
 * In the graphic novel Watchmen, Adrian Veidt is described as being "a little Norman Vincent Peale" after a vague explanation of how he achieved success in wealth and fitness.
 * Peale was profiled in an episode of the CNN series Race for the White House, entitled "John F. Kennedy vs. Richard Nixon".
 * In Too Much and Never Enough, Mary L. Trump described Peale as a charlatan.
 * In the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II, players see the quote "It's always too soon to quit!" from Peale upon death.

Selected works

 * The Positive Power of Jesus Christ (1980) ISBN 0-8423-4875-1
 * Stay Alive All Your Life (1957)
 * Why Some Positive Thinkers Get Powerful Results (1987). ISBN 0-449-21359-5
 * The Power of Positive Thinking, Ballantine Books; Reissue edition (August 1, 1996). ISBN 0-449-91147-0
 * Guide to Confident Living, Ballantine Books; Reissue edition (September 1, 1996). ISBN 0-449-91192-6
 * Six Attitudes for Winners, Tyndale House Publishers; (May 1, 1990). ISBN 0-8423-5906-0
 * Positive Thinking Every Day : An Inspiration for Each Day of the Year, Fireside Books; (December 6, 1993). ISBN 0-671-86891-8
 * Positive Imaging, Ballantine Books; Reissue edition (September 1, 1996). ISBN 0-449-91164-0
 * You Can If You Think You Can, Fireside Books; (August 26, 1987). ISBN 0-671-76591-4
 * Thought Conditioners, Foundation for Christian; Reprint edition (December 1, 1989). ISBN 99910-38-92-2
 * In God We Trust: A Positive Faith for Troubled Times, Thomas Nelson Inc; Reprint edition (November 1, 1995). ISBN 0-7852-7675-0
 * Norman Vincent Peale's Treasury of Courage and Confidence, Doubleday; (June 1970). ISBN 0-385-07062-4
 * My Favorite Hymns and the Stories Behind Them, HarperCollins; 1st ed edition (September 1, 1994). ISBN 0-06-066463-0
 * The Power of Positive Thinking for Young People, Random House Children's Books (A Division of Random House Group); (December 31, 1955). ISBN 0-437-95110-3
 * The Amazing Results of Positive Thinking, Fireside; Fireside edition (March 12, 2003). ISBN 0-7432-3483-9
 * Stay Alive All Your Life, Fawcett Books; Reissue edition (August 1, 1996). ISBN 0-449-91204-3
 * You Can Have God's Help with Daily Problems, FCL Copyright 1956–1980 LOC card #7957646
 * Faith Is the Answer: A Psychiatrist and a Pastor Discuss Your Problems, Smiley Blanton and Norman Vincent Peale, Kessinger Publishing (March 28, 2007), ISBN 1-4325-7000-5 (10), ISBN 978-1-4325-7000-2 (13)
 * Power of the Plus Factor, A Fawcett Crest Book, Published by Ballantine Books, 1987, ISBN 0-449-21600-4
 * This Incredible Century, Peale Center for Christian Living, 1991, ISBN 0-8423-4615-5
 * Sin, Sex and Self-Control, 1977, ISBN 0-449-23583-1, ISBN 978-0-449-23583-6, Fawcett (December 12, 1977)

title: Norman Vincent Peale


text:
Bay of Greifswald

The Bay of Greifswald or Greifswald Bodden  (Greifswalder Bodden) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Germany in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. With an area of 514 km², it is the largest Bodden of the German Baltic coast.

To the west is the island of Rügen; to the southeast, the island of Usedom; to the east, the Bay of Pomerania, and to the south, the German mainland. The bay is also joined to the Baltic Sea through the Strelasund, a narrow sound separating Rügen from the mainland. The bay's northern end is sometimes called the Rügischer Bodden.

The bay itself has a heavily indented coastline, making it a bay of bays. The headlands of Mönchgut (in east Rügen) and Zudar (in south Rügen) – the former actually being made up of several peninsulae – subdivide the bay into many smaller bays. The bay's main port is Greifswald. Amongst the islands in the east of the bodden are Vilm, Koos, Riems and the former island of Stubber, now a sandbank.

The Bay of Greifswald is quite shallow, with an average depth of 5.6 m, and a maximum depth of 13.5 m. Its water is brackish rather than briny owing to inflow from rivers, and the Baltic Sea's complex hydrography (saltier water is generally found only at greater depths there). The average salinity is at 7 to 8 psu, ranging from 5.3 and 12.2 psu.

Before German reunification in 1990, the Bay of Greifswald was a public watersports venue, unlike most of East Germany's Baltic coast. The local geography made it easy to keep watch over the bay, thereby thwarting those who thought to use it to flee the country. The place outside the Warsaw Pact nearest the bay was the Danish island of Bornholm, more than 100 km away.

title: Bay of Greifswald


text:
Höganäs Keramik

Höganäs Keramik began its manufacturing operations in 1909. It is now a design company and a part of Iittala Group, which is also known for BodaNova, Rörstrand and Iittala design brands.

The company's range includes stoneware from Höganäs Keramik, cutlery, glass, serving products from BodaNova and porcelain tableware from Rörstrand.

History
The company was founded in 1909 and was originally called Andersson & Johansson's Pottery Factory. Sigfrid Johansson was glazier and colleague Karl Andersson was master turner. The production of ceramics in earthenware was initially conducted in rather modest forms, but already after five years - 1914 - it was possible to participate in the Baltic exhibition in Malmö. During the 1920s, the factory was expanded to accommodate five turntables. Since Höganäs AB in 1926 switched completely to stoneware production, it was possible to take over their premises for pottery production. During the 1930s came the first own collections. They now began to manufacture various refractory products for trade, including ashtrays with red glaze.

A factory twice the size was taken into use in the 1940s, and in 1948 the business was transformed into a limited company. Molds, pots and pans became increasingly common elements in the range. During the exhibition H55 in Helsingborg, the ceramic series Old Höganäs was launched, inspired by the light lead-glazed goods from Höganäsbolaget. During this time, several well-known artists are also associated with the factory, including John Andersson, Signe Persson-Melin and Hertha Bengtsson.

title: Höganäs Keramik


text:
List of municipalities in Tennessee

Tennessee is a state located in the Southern United States. There are 346 municipalities in the state of Tennessee. Municipalities in the state are designated as "cities" or "towns". As of the 2010 U.S. Census, 3,564,494 Tennesseans, or just over 56% of the state's total population of 6,346,105, lived in municipalities. The remainder lived in unincorporated areas.

Municipal charters
Before 1954, all Tennessee municipalities were established by private act of the state legislature and operated under charters established by private act of the legislature. As of 2007, 212 of the state's municipalities were operating under charters established by private act of the legislature. In 1953, amendments to the Tennessee Constitution prohibited subsequent incorporations by private act and provided for several new forms of municipal charter. Fourteen cities, including Memphis, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, three of the state's four largest cities, are "home rule cities" organized under charters approved by referendum of the citizens. Home rule charters are authorized by Article XI, Section 9, of the Tennessee State Constitution, as amended in 1953. Other municipalities are incorporated under one of several standardized types of charter authorized by state statute:
 * 67 cities use a mayor-aldermanic charter under Tennessee Code Annotated (TCA) §6-1-101 et seq. Hendersonville is the largest city using this type of charter.
 * 49 cities use a uniform city manager-commission charter under TCA §6-18-101 et seq. Brentwood is the largest city operating with a uniform manager-commission charter.
 * Two cities (Elizabethton and Union City) are incorporated under a modified city manager-council charter under TCA §6-30-101 et seq.
 * Consolidated city-county governments exist in three places: Nashville and Davidson County, Lynchburg and Moore County, and Hartsville and Trousdale County. City-county government consolidation is authorized by the Tennessee Constitution as amended in 1953 and TCA Title 7.

Some Tennessee municipalities are called "cities" and others are called "towns." These terms do not have legal significance in Tennessee and are not related to population, date of establishment, or type of municipal charter.

Under current state law (TCA Title 6), a minimum of 1,500 residents are required to incorporate as a new municipality under the mayor-alderman or city manager-commission charter, and a minimum of 5,000 residents are required to incorporate under a modified city manager-council charter. In general, unincorporated areas within three miles of an existing municipality (within five miles if the municipality has a population of 100,000 or more) are not permitted to incorporate as new municipalities. Provisions for incorporation were less restrictive in the past. The capital of Tennessee is Nashville.

List of incorporated cities and towns

 * A All but one of Tennessee's county seats are municipalities. The exception is Blountville, county seat of Sullivan County.
 * B For municipalities located in more than one county, the primary county (according to U.S. Census) is listed first.

title: List of municipalities in Tennessee


text:
Bay of Mecklenburg

The Bay of Mecklenburg (Mecklenburger Bucht or Mecklenburgische Bucht; Mecklenburg Bugt), also known as the Mecklenburg Bay or Mecklenburg Bight, is a long narrow basin making up the southwestern finger-like arm of the Baltic Sea, between the shores of Germany to the south and the Danish islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn to the north, the shores of Jutland to the west, and joining the largest part of the Baltic to the east.

The Bay of Mecklenburg, which includes the Bay of Wismar and the Bay of Lübeck, connects to the Bay of Kiel in the northwest. Notable ports in the bay are Lübeck, Rostock and Wismar.

The Blinkerwall
In 2024, a 971 m wall was discovered on the seabed at a depth of 21 m, 10 km off the coast. Named "the Blinkerwall" by its discoverers, the wall is around 1 m high. Its direction changes when it meets a series of larger boulders (too heavy to be moved by humans). This suggests that the smaller stones were positioned intentionally to link them together. In total, the wall's stones weigh more than 142 tonnes. It is thought to be Europe's oldest megastructure (around 10,000 years old) and may have been used by hunter-gatherers as a driving lane for pursuit of herds of reindeer.

The wall was constructed on land (perhaps beside a lake shore) in the period after the Weichselian glaciation, when the southern Baltic area was above ground. In the millennia following this, post-glacial rebound caused the land to sink, and the waters of the Baltic inundated the site. This process preserves some Stone Age artifacts, which are more likely to have been erased had they remained above water. Stone age structures have also been discovered in the inundated lands west of Denmark, the area known as Doggerland.

title: Bay of Mecklenburg


text:
Talk:IBM hexadecimal floating-point

IBM 360 vs IBM 370 and zSeries
This article describes in detail the Floating point format for IBM 360 platform. Regarding my edits from 15:54, 27 August 2013. Starting from the IBM370 Systems there are enhancements to the floating point format.

Should there be a section that describe the changes for newer hardware ? Or should there be a new article ? Wingsofcourage (talk) 13:50, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The enhancements are IEEE754-2008 binary and decimal forms, described in the appropriate page. IBM might suggest that this page be called Hexadecimal Floating Point, as that is what the newer documentation calls it. Gah4 (talk) 21:12, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Also, extended (quad) precision might be considered an enhancement, but that dates to the 360/85, so is still part of S/360. Gah4 (talk) 21:55, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Misleading
This page, aside from being badly written, is misleading. As far as I can tell, what it is trying to describe is the floating-point format used by IBM's S/390 hardware, whose fp format dates back to the System/360 of the 1960s, and may also be similar to a 56-bit mantissa format used by some VAX machines. On the other hand, IBM POWER chips use the IEEE 754 format, and I can't find any reference to support the idea that the S/390 format is named the IBM Floating Point Standard. —Steven G. Johnson 21:25, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I have tidied it up a bit; the information down to the code section is useful and was basically correct, however.  It should be renamed 'IBM Floating Point Architecture' .. is there an easy way to rename a Wikipedia page and all references to it? mfc 08:57, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * (Ah, rename is called 'move'. Done. mfc 08:15, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC))
 * The article by Gerwig et al. in the IBM Systems Journal 48(3) May/July 2004 refers to it as the "zSeries/trademark hexadecimal floating-point architecture (HFP)".

(Also, Wikipedia is not a code repository; the Java snippet is probably inappropriate, even if it is not a copyright infringement. Steven G. Johnson)

 * Agreed. Suggest commenting it out, or move it to here? mfc

Algorithm instead of code
One reason we still care about this format has been added. The code has been replaced with an algorithm, that I think could be valuable. --Tumb 22:01, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Name
This article is specifically about IBM System/360 (et seq.) architecture floating-point, not about IBM in general. So the name should be changed. --Macrakis 17:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This article should be renamed to reflect the name of the floating point format, which is I believe base-16 excess-64 floating point format, possibly in a different order 81.187.162.109 08:33, 15 July 2007 (UTC).

 * IBM calls it HFP, for Hexadecimal Floating Point. As IBM now supports binary and decimal IEEE formats, the name does seem a little wrong. Gah4 (talk) 20:50, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Comparison to 754
Article says "hexadecimal floating-point uses a similar approach to IEEE 754 binary floating-point", but 360 FP is different from IEEE FP in almost every way that two FP formats can differ: different radix, different exponent range, different significand precision and range (360 is 1/16<=c<1, IEEE is 1<=c<2), no hidden bit, no special values (NaN, Inf, etc.), different rounding behavior. Also, didn't 360 also support single-precision FP (and quad?)? --Macrakis 17:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

360 FP
The 360 floating point is always normalized, so that the leftmost hex digit of the significand is nonzero. This gives each size (single, double, quad) a variable-precision behavior that can be annoying. The single-precision 360 FP, for example, can have as little as 21 bits precision in its significand, or as much as 24 bits. This is particularly vexing when one must account for all the bits while converting from 360 FP to IEEE 754 and vice versa.

 * It is not always normalized, as there are the AU and AW instructions for unnormalized add. (Also, SU and SW.)  But yes the bit precision is variable. Note that the bit precision is also variable in the decimal representation commonly used by people (and also some computers). That is, one should be careful in calculating significant digits. Gah4 (talk) 20:48, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Representation of zero
The standard representation of zero is missing. Probably it's 0x40000000, but I don't know. --84.150.204.140 02:04, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * After thinking about it, 0x00000000 makes more sense, and that's what I found in GRIB files. --84.150.204.140 02:14, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes X'00000000'. (IBM assembler representation.) If you add zero with any other exponent value, you can lose significant digits. The Fortran AINT function is implemented by adding 0x47000000. For multiply, I think it doesn't matter, but I am not sure about that. Gah4 (talk) 20:46, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

i think it is terrible
The deferent format of data bings a great difficults in our daily works. it is time to do something to stop it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.17.4.30 (talk) 09:31, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This format dates to about 1962. A little late to change now. Gah4 (talk) 01:34, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

Bit Order or Endianness
The first two references (IBM System/360/370 Principles of Operation) state quite clearly that bit 0 is the sign. For example the 360 document says on page 12: "Bit position 0 in either [short or long] format is the sign (S) of the fraction". I suggest that this be corrected in the ASCII-Art diagrams. --130.75.243.201 (talk) 16:19, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Unlike everyone else, IBM numbers bits from left to right, so what IBM calls "bit 0" is the leftmost (most significant) bit within a word. — Loadmaster (talk) 17:37, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Yet the article has this self-contradictory note: "Note that IBM documentation numbers the bits from right to left, so that the most significant bit is designated as bit number 0."

 * I added that note, and I just corrected it; thanks for catching it. Hopefully it is clear that IBM names the bits the opposite way of what practically everyone else does, thus what IBM calls bit 0 is the most significant (left-most) bit of a word. — Loadmaster (talk) 19:55, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Also, practically everyone else didn't exist at the time. But yes, IBM tends to do things their way. Note that the bit numbering is consistent with big-endian storage. Gah4 (talk) 01:36, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

Representation of 0.1
Is the representation of 0.1 given in the article correct? The article gives:

S	Exp	Fraction 0	100 0000	0001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1010

where the rightmost nybble is 1010 rather than the recurring 1001.

This could be a mistake or is the rounding up from 1001 to 1010 intentional and necessary? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.11.138.63 (talk) 10:43, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
 * 10011001 rounded to 4 binary digits is 1010, since 1001 > 1000. --Macrakis (talk) 14:10, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

 * In many cases, they are defined as truncated. For example DER and DDR give the truncated quotient, not the rounded quotient.  This was a documented incompatibility for the 360/91, which generates the rounded quotient. But as an arithmetic example, that isn't necessarily the answer. I am not sure what compilers and assemblers do if give 0.1. Gah4 (talk) 21:21, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

rename to IBM Hexadecimal Floating Point?
Any thought to renaming this IBM Hexadecimal Floating Point? That is what IBM now calls it, since the added BFP to ESA/390. Gah4 (talk) 21:23, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for making the change. Gah4 (talk) 19:08, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

fraction
IBM calls the significand fraction as noted in the figures. The text mostly does that, too. I believe the remaining significand are describing formats in general, and not specifically HFP. Gah4 (talk) 01:39, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

Special uses
The bullet point about SEG Y is inaccurate but Philip Trueman objected to my correction by undoing it. SEG has supported IBM hexadecimal single precision in SEG Y since its original publication in 1975. Complementary standard SEG C supported IBM FP earlier, since 1972. My correction was altering the parenthesis to read (IEEE single-precision floating-point was added in 2002). I was indicating that IEEE was added in 2002 in revision 1, supplementing the existing IBM support. Citations for SEG documents should be updated, the base URL is https://seg.org/Publications/SEG-Technical-Standards/ Pete Forman (talk) 18:17, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that such a comment belongs on an IEEE format page, not this one. Removal of support for HFP could go here, I suppose. Gah4 (talk) 22:00, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

HFP
This article was (properly) renamed to include the hexadecimal part some time ago, and IBM supports HFP, BFP, and DFP on many current machines. The text of the article, though, still says IBM floating point throughout, suggesting that it is the only IBM format. As well as I know, HFP is not used for any other floating point formats, IBM or otherwise. Is it too strange to call it HFP throughout? Gah4 (talk) 04:07, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, the article should be updated. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 12:13, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * OK by me. I assume it’s “IBM floating point” because it was developed and used by IBM. As the article says, it was also used on other systems.Peter Flass (talk) 13:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, but IBM also had other floating point formats, such as the one used on the 704 and 7090 36 bit machines. DFP was, as well as I know, mostly developed by IBM but is now part of IEEE 754. If we identify it as HFP at the top, then we can call it that through the rest of the article. Gah4 (talk) 02:08, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, but IBM also had other floating point formats, such as the one used on the 704 and 7090 36 bit machines. DFP was, as well as I know, mostly developed by IBM but is now part of IEEE 754. If we identify it as HFP at the top, then we can call it that through the rest of the article. Gah4 (talk) 02:08, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, but IBM also had other floating point formats, such as the one used on the 704 and 7090 36 bit machines. DFP was, as well as I know, mostly developed by IBM but is now part of IEEE 754. If we identify it as HFP at the top, then we can call it that through the rest of the article. Gah4 (talk) 02:08, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

New name "IBM hexadecimal floating-point"

 * I think that "IBM hexadecimal floating-point" is not OK because "floating-point" has a hyphen but is not followed by a noun. "IBM hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic" would probably be more meaningful. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 15:27, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think the article is up to arithmetic, but maybe only format. I am almost not sure about IEEE 754, but at least it describes rounding modes and lists the operations. This one does not include rounding modes (truncate), or operations, but only the bit formats. (HFP truncates on division, except for the 360/91 where it rounds. This is a documented difference, I don't know how often if cause problems.) Gah4 (talk) 17:24, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is not just on the format, but also the arithmetic. See section Arithmetic operations, though it is currently very short; but I think that it should be expanded. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 17:33, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, but I think that isn't enough to name the page with arithmetic. To me, IEEE 754 is barely enough. Gah4 (talk) 19:29, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is not just on the format, but also the arithmetic. See section Arithmetic operations, though it is currently very short; but I think that it should be expanded. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 17:33, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, but I think that isn't enough to name the page with arithmetic. To me, IEEE 754 is barely enough. Gah4 (talk) 19:29, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, but I think that isn't enough to name the page with arithmetic. To me, IEEE 754 is barely enough. Gah4 (talk) 19:29, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

TI-990
The article mentions the TI-990 as using this format, but I can't find anything in TI-990 documentation about it. As far as I can tell, floating point is done in software for Fortran and BASIC. Gah4 (talk) 12:21, 25 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't know for this one, but IMHO, at least a source should be required for all the items of this list. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 16:44, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBM hexadecimal floating-point


text:
Bay of Lübeck

The Bay of Lübeck (Lübecker Bucht, ) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of the German states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein. It forms the southwestern part of the Bay of Mecklenburg.

The main port is Travemünde, a borough of the city of Lübeck, at the mouth of river Trave. The Elbe–Lübeck Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the Elbe River. The bay is surrounded by the land strips of Ostholstein and Nordwestmecklenburg. Located in the North of the Bay, the Hansa-Park amusement park creates a popular sight for families all around the region and Southern Denmark. The Pötenitzer Wiek Lake splits the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and got historical attention, as it gave East Germany refugees the possibility to flee from East Germany into West Germany.

title: Bay of Lübeck


text:
Pogradec

Pogradec is the eleventh most populous city in Albania and the capital of the eponymous municipality. It is located on a narrow plain between two mountain chains along the southwestern banks of the Lake of Ohrid. Its climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean and Continental climate. The total population is 61,530, of which 20,848 in the municipal unit (the pre-2015 municipality) Pogradec (2011 census).

Pogradec and its surroundings were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site as part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region of Ohrid. Nevertheless, the Illyrian Royal Tombs in the adjacent unit of Proptisht are on the Albanian tentative list for becoming a World Heritage Site.

Etymology
The name of the town is Eastern South Slavic in origin. Pogradec comes from Po(d) (under/beneath) and Gradec (town, city, castle or fortified settlement) and means literally "under the city". This is a reference to the ancient Illyrian settlement, which was situated on a hill above the contemporary region of Pogradec. In the medieval period during the Ottoman occupation, the town was known as İstarova or İstarye during Ottoman rule and was bounded to as kaza center in Görice Sanjak of Manastır Vilayet before Balkan Wars.

History

From the 8th until the 14th century, Pogradec area was captured by various medieval states such as the Bulgarian, Byzantine and Serbian Empires as well as by noble Albanian families such as Gropa. In the middle of 15th century the area became part of Skanderbeg state and after his death in 1468, it was invaded by the Ottomans who kept it until Albania's Independence in 1912. During their occupation Pogradec was the center of the kaza of Starova and was developed as a small town of craftsmen and fishermen. When the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi visited the area in 1662 he wrote that "Pogradec was a sweet city with red roofs, four neighborhoods, four mosques, two elementary schools, six hundred houses and one hundred and fifty shops".

During the second half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Pogradec area played an important role in the Albanian National Renaissance. In 14 March 1887 the second Albanian language school was started here.

During WWI Pogradec became a battlefield divided between the enemy fronts. From 1914 until 1920 Austro-Hungarian, Serbian, Greek, Bulgarian and French armies, captured the city replacing each-other from time to time.

During WWII the city was first invaded by the Italian army in 12 April 1939. Italian occupation of Pogradec was interrupted due to Greco-Italian War and Greek troops occupied the city between 30 November 1940 and 14 April 1941. After Italy's capitulation in 1943 it was liberated by the Albanian partisans.

After the war the town was a favorite summer escape for many communist government officials and particularly Enver Hoxha. The summer residences and the area around them were sealed off from the public.

Geography
Pogradec is located at 40.9°N, 20.65°W, on the shore of the southwestern corner of the Lake of Ohrid between two mountain chains located in the north and east. The mountain chain of Mali i Thatë in the Prespa National Park rises in the east of the city and divides the region from the Lake of Prespa. Defined in an area of 584.77 km2, the municipality of Pogradec is encompassed in the county of Korçë within the Southern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Buçimas, Çërravë, Dardhas, Proptisht, Trebinjë, Udenisht, Velçan and Pogradec as its seat.

Climate
The climate of the Lake Ohrid is classified as a local-continental type because of a microclime that is created in that area influenced by Mediterranean climate. The average annual rainfall in the Lake basin amount to approximately 730 mm.

Economy
Pogradec is located about 139 km from Tirana, the capital city of Albania, 40 km from Korça, and 5 km from North Macedonia. Pogradec is the last railway station: Tirana - Durrës - Elbasan - Librazhd - Pogradec and located along SH3 road that passes through Devoll and continues to Greece. However, the train service now finishes at Elbasan, and parts of the line from there on are derelict. There are some proposals to revive the line and extend it to connect to the Greek railway network. Translake transport started on 15 June 2014 with a tourist ferry between Pogradec and Ohrid, but the service is sporadic and unreliable.

Culture

Pogradec is well known for its famous writers and poets such as Lasgush Poradeci and Mitrush Kuteli, and lately Luan Starova. Their works are a crucial part of Albanian literature.

The main characters of Luan Starova's cycle of novels, "The Balkan Saga", are the author's own parents and their family, who fled Pogradec for Macedonia during World War II. Separated from their old hometown and their relatives by the Albania-Yugoslavia border during the Enver Hoxha's era, they would often look at Pogradec through a binocular from the vantage point of Monastery of Saint Naum on the other side of the lake.

Pogradec is also the home of nationally acclaimed painters like Anastas Kostandini(Taso), Gjergji Lako, Gentian Zeka, Vangjo Vasili and Ilir Dhima. All kinds of sports are practiced in town, especially by the youth.

Pogradec has a professional football team called KS Pogradeci. There are several varsity soccer teams mainly composed of high school students. Even volleyball and basketball are played competitively. During the summer, beach volleyball draws the attention of all the residents. Many professional volleyball teams from Albania and other Balkanic countries participate in a championship which lasts about two weeks. Pogradeci team has been awarded the first prize several times. Other sports to mention are swimming and boxing. The boxing team, "Dragoi", is one of the top teams in the nation and has always trained champions.

Pogradec also has a rich folklore. Many songs and dances have been created throughout the centuries. Their themes are based on the beauty of the lake and a love for nature.

Some of the main recurring cultural events in the city are:

"Puppet Theater Festival" - Takes place every June. Participants vary from national to European level.

"Lake Day" - Takes place in 21 June. All the towns surrounding lake Ohrid (Pogradec, Ohrid and Struga) gather in a festival where local delicacies, including food and culture are showcased.

"Balkan Film Food Festival" - Takes place in September. Balkan movies, documentaries and culinary are showcased throughout the days of the festival.

"Wine Fest" - Takes place in December. Pogradec families compete together for the best homemade wine in the city. The days of the festival are accompanied by great food and live music.

Pogradec area is very rich in cultural and natural monuments among which can be mentioned
 * Pogradec Castle
 * 19th and 20th century historical center of the city of Pogradec
 * Castle of Blace village
 * Castle of Zemçë village
 * Fortifications in the village of Slabinjë
 * Prehistoric settlement of Zagradie in the village of Lin
 * Bridge near the villages Jollë and Llëngë
 * Bridge near the village of Golik
 * Bridge near the village of Niçë
 * Bridge near the village of Çezmë
 * Bridge in the village of Zgallë
 * Bridge in the village of Servatinë
 * Terziu Bridge in the village of Proptisht
 * Fortification in the village of Shpellë in Mokra
 * St. Marina's Monastery in the village of Llëngë
 * Paleo-Christian church and mosaics in the village of Lin
 * Byzantine church in the village of Lin
 * Mosaic in the village of Tushemisht
 * Drilon water sources and swans park near Tushemisht
 * Guri i Kamjes in Mokra
 * The karstic cave and small lake inside it above the village of Hudenisht

Newspapers

 * ''Nositi, founded 1998

Twin towns – sister cities
Pogradec is twinned with:
 * 🇲🇰 Ohrid, North Macedonia
 * 🇩🇪 Wismar, Germany

title: Pogradec