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HMS Sheffield (D80)

HMS Sheffield was a Type 42 guided missile destroyer and the second Royal Navy ship to be named after the city of Sheffield in Yorkshire. Commissioned on 16 February 1975 the Sheffield was part of the Task Force 317 sent to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. She was struck and heavily damaged by an Exocet air-launched anti-ship missile from an Argentine Super Étendard aircraft on 4 May 1982 and foundered while under tow on 10 May 1982.

Design
The first of the Type 42 class, Sheffield, was initially fitted with the odd-looking "Mickey Mouse" ears on her funnel tops which were in fact exhaust deflectors – "Loxton bends" – for the Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines, to guide the high-temperature exhaust efflux sidewards and minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this provided a prominent target for then-new infrared homing missiles, only Sheffield and the next two in the class, the Argentinian Hércules and Santísima Trinidad, had these 'ears'. Sheffield was the only one of her class to not be fitted with STWS II triple anti-submarine torpedo tubes.

Construction
Ordered in 1968 Sheffield was laid down on 15 January 1970 and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering at Barrow-in-Furness. An explosion during construction killed two dockyard workers and damaged a section of hull which was replaced with a section from an identical ship, ARA Hércules, being built for the Argentine Navy. Sheffield was launched on 10 June 1971 by Queen Elizabeth II and was estimated to have cost £23,200,000 to build.

As the first of her class of Royal Navy destroyers, Sheffield spent her first years trying out the new systems and the Sea Dart missile system, particularly as the intended Sea Dart trials ship, HMS Bristol (D23), suffered serious fires and problems with its steam systems restricting its use in the late 1970s. It was not until 1980 that Sheffield became effective, with Sea Dart and partial installation of electronic warfare Abbey Hill systems. Following a refit in the early 1980s, significant design issues with the ship's Type 909 radar (which was responsible for control and targeting of the Sea Dart missiles) were identified. The ship lacked an electronic countermeasures (ECM) jammer.

Service history
In June 1981 she participated in Exercise Roebuck, following which she fired five Sea Dart missiles. Following participation in Exercise Ocean Safari she sailed in November 1981 to undertake patrols in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.

She was undergoing maintenance at Mombasa when Captain James Salt took over command on 26 January 1982. Both Salt (whose most recent service had been in submarines) and his second in command (who had been an anti-submarine helicopter observer) had little or no relevant experience in surface ships and little experience in air defence.

In March 1982 the ship transited north through the Suez Canal to participate in Exercise Spring Train, which was held in the Atlantic Ocean.

Departs for the Falklands
In response to the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands, Sheffield was ordered on 2 April 1982 to join the task force being assembled to retake the islands. Ammunition and supplies were loaded, loose fittings stowed, and unnecessary memorabilia disembarked. All carpets were removed except for those on Deck 1 and above (which subsequently caught fire when she was hit). To avoid her being mistaken for the Argentine Hércules and Santísima Trinidad, a vertical black marking was painted on the funnel and down to the side to her waterline to aid recognition.

Departing for the South Atlantic on 2 April, Sheffield reached Ascension Island on 14 April, accompanied by HMS Arrow (F173), HMS Brilliant (F90), HMS Coventry (D118), HMS Glasgow (D88) to be later joined by RFA Appleleaf. They joined other vessels of the Task Force 317 and commenced operations in the Total Exclusion Zone around the Falklands on 1 May 1982.

It was British policy that any Royal Navy vessel that suspected itself to be under missile attack turn toward the threat, accelerate to maximum speed and fire chaff to prevent the ship being caught defenceless. The codeword used to start this procedure was 'handbrake', which had to be broadcast once the signal of the Super E Agave radar of Super Étendard aircraft was picked up. Within the task force, the threat from the Type 209 submarine was seen as a higher priority than the threat from the air. Following the sinking of ARA General Belgrano, Captain Salt had ordered the ship to change course every 90 seconds to counter any potential Argentine submarine threat.

Argentinean attack

Sheffield was first detected by an Argentine Naval Aviation Lockheed SP-2H Neptune (2-P-112) patrol aircraft at 07:50 on 4 May 1982. The Neptune kept the British ships under surveillance, verifying Sheffield's position again at 08:14 and 08:43. Two Argentine Navy Super Étendards, both armed with AM39 Exocets, took off from Río Grande naval air base at 09:45 and met with an Argentine Air Force KC-130H Hercules tanker to refuel at 10:00. The two aircraft were 3-A-202, piloted by mission commander Capitán de Fragata (Lieutenant Commander) Augusto Bedacarratz, and 3-A-203, piloted by Teniente (Lieutenant) Armando Mayora.

In the two weeks leading up to the attack, Argentinian pilots had been practising tactics against their own ships, including Type 42 destroyers of the same class as Sheffield, and therefore knew the radar horizon, detection distances, and reaction times of the ship radar, as well as the optimal procedure to programme the Exocet missile for a successful attack profile. The technique they used is known colloquially as "Pecking the Lobes", in reference to the aircraft probing the side lobes of the emitting radar using the radar warning receiver. The aircraft could avoid detection by avoiding the main lobe of the emitting radar.

At 10:35, the Neptune climbed to 1170 m and detected one large and two medium-sized contacts. A few minutes later, the Neptune updated the Super Étendards with the positions. Flying at very low altitude, at approximately 10:50 both Super Étendards climbed to 160 m to verify these contacts, but failed to locate them and returned to low altitude. They later climbed again and after a few seconds of scanning, the targets appeared on their radar screens.

Both pilots loaded the coordinates into their weapons systems, returned to low level, and after last minute checks, each launched an AM39 Exocet missile at 11:04 while 20 to 30 mi away from their targets. The Super Étendards did not need to refuel again from the KC-130, which had been waiting, and landed at Río Grande at 12:04.

Supporting the mission were an Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 as a decoy and two IAI Daggers as the KC-130 escorts.

On Sheffield
At approximately 10:00 on 4 May, Sheffield was at defence watches (second degree readiness), the southernmost of three Type 42 destroyers (the others being HMS Glasgow and HMS Coventry operating as a forward anti-aircraft picket 18 to 30 mi to the west of the main task force which were south-east of the Falklands. The weather was fair and the sea calm with a 2-metre swell. HMS Invincible (R05), which was with the main task force, was responsible for Anti-Air Warfare Coordination (AAWC). Sheffield had relieved her sister ship Coventry as the latter was having technical trouble with her Type 965 radar.

Prior to the attack, Sheffield's radar operators had been experiencing difficulty distinguishing Mirage and Super Étendard aircraft, and the destroyer may have lacked effective IFF or radar jamming. Despite intelligence briefings that identified an Exocet attack by Super Étendards as possible, Sheffield had assessed the Exocet threat as overrated for the previous two days, and disregarded another as a false alarm.

As the Type 965 could not detect low-flying aircraft, the two incoming enemy aircraft were not detected flying at 30 m. The two planes were detected at a distance of only 40 nmi by the UAA1, a radar warning receiver. This was then confirmed by the 965M long range aircraft warning radar of Glasgow when the aircraft popped up to 120 ft above sea-level for a radar check at 45 nmi. The Glasgow immediately went to action stations, and communicated the warning codeword 'Handbrake' by UHF and HF to all task force ships. The radar contacts were also seen by Invincible, which directed Sea Harriers on combat patrol to investigate, but they detected nothing. The AAWC on Invincible declared the radar contacts as false and left the Air Warning at yellow, instead of raising it to red.

In response to Glasgow's warning, an order to stand to was issued to the crews of the 4.5 inch gun, Sea Dart and 20 mm guns. The aircraft were detected on the forward Type 909 radar but not on the aft set. Sheffield's UAA1 sensor was then blocked by an unauthorised transmission by the ship's satellite communications systems (SCOT). No information was received via data link from Glasgow. Seven seconds later, the first Exocet missile was fired, in response to which Glasgow fired its chaff. Onboard Sheffield, it was not until smoke from the missile was sighted by lookouts that the crew realised they were under attack. The bridge officers did not call the captain to the bridge, made no call to action stations, made no evasive measures, and made no effort to prepare the 4.5-inch gun, the Sea Dart missiles, or order chaff to be fired. The antiair warfare officer was called to the operations room by the principal warfare officer, arriving just before the first missile hit.

Two Exocets had been launched, the second missile being sighted by Yarmouth and missing Sheffield, splashing into the sea 0.5 mi off her port beam. The Exocet that struck Sheffield hit her on the starboard side at deck level 2, travelling through the junior ratings' scullery and breaching the Forward Auxiliary Machinery Room/Forward Engine Room bulkhead 2.4 m above the waterline, creating a hole in the hull roughly 1.2 m by 3 m. Contemporary accounts suggested that the missile failed to explode, despite disabling the ship's electrical distribution systems and breaching the pressurised sea water fire main. The damage to the fire system severely hampered any firefighting response and eventually doomed the ship to be consumed by the fire.

At the time of the hit, the captain was off duty in his cabin after having previously visited the operations room, while Sheffield's anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) was in the wardroom chatting to the stewards and his assistant was in the heads. Sheffield and Coventry were chatting over UHF and communications ceased until an unidentified message was heard flatly stating, "Sheffield is hit."

Response
The flagship, HMS Hermes (R12), dispatched the escorts HMS Arrow and HMS Yarmouth (F101) to investigate, and a helicopter was launched. Confusion reigned until Sheffield's Lynx helicopter unexpectedly landed aboard Hermes carrying the air operations officer and operations officer, confirming the strike.

With the principal fire fighting systems out of action due to the loss of the fire main, the crew were reduced to fighting the fire using portable electrically powered pumps and buckets. The control of firefighting lacked cohesion and was uncoordinated with no emergency HQ being established, while crew members were unclear as to where Command was located. Arrow and Yarmouth assisted in fighting the fire from the outside (to little effect) by stationing themselves to port and starboard respectively.

The crew of Sheffield fought for almost four hours to save the ship before Captain Salt made the decision to abandon ship due to the risk of fires igniting the Sea Dart magazine, the loss of the combat capability of the destroyer, and the exposed position to air attack of Arrow and Yarmouth. Most of the Sheffield's crew climbed over onto Arrow, a few transferred by Gemini RHIB to Yarmouth, while some were taken by helicopter to Hermes. As Sheffield's crew departed in Arrow, Sub-lieutenant Carrington-Wood led the crew in singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from Monty Python's Life of Brian.

Over the next six days from 4 May 1982, as the ship drifted, five inspections were made to see if any equipment was worth salvaging. Orders were issued to shore up the hole in Sheffield's starboard side and tow the ship to South Georgia. Before these orders were issued, the burnt-out hulk had already been taken under tow by Yarmouth. The high seas that the ship was towed through caused slow flooding through the hole in the ship's side, causing a list to starboard and which eventually caused Sheffield to roll over and sink on the edge of the Total Exclusion Zone in 1,000 fathom of water at -53.06667°N, -56.93333°W on 10 May 1982, the first Royal Navy vessel sunk in action since World War II.

Loss of life
Of the 281 crew members, 20 (mainly on duty in the galley area and computer room) died in the attack with another 26–63 injured, mostly from burns, smoke inhalation or shock. Only one body was recovered. The survivors were taken to Ascension Island on the tanker British Esk. The wreck is a war grave and designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

Board of inquiry
In response to the loss of the ship, a Ministry of Defence (MOD) Board of Inquiry was convened in HMS Nelson on 7 June 1982. They reported their findings on 28 June 1982. The board's report severely criticized the ship's fire-fighting equipment, training and procedures identifying that the critical factors leading to loss of Sheffield were:
 * 1) Failure to respond to HMS Glasgow's detection and communication of two approaching Super Etendards by immediately going to action stations, activating the Sea Dart and launching chaff decoys;
 * 2) Lack of ECM jamming capability;
 * 3) Lack of a point defence system;
 * 4) Inadequate operator training, in particular simulated realistic low-level target acquisition.
 * 5) Slow response of the available Type 909 Sea Dart tracking radar and its operator limited the possible response.
 * 6) The spread of the fire was not adequately controlled due to the presence of ignitable material coverings, lack of adequate curtains and sealing to restrict smoke and fires. There was also a shortage of breathing apparatus while the forward escape manholes were found to be too small for men who actually were wearing breathing apparatus.

Captain Salt's handling of the ship following the impact of the missile, and his later decision to abandon the ship, were not faulted. The board, however, found that the principal warfare officer and the anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) were guilty of negligence. Admiral John Fieldhouse, the commander in chief of the navy, decided not to court-martial them, undertake any other disciplinary action or any form of formal administrative proceedings.

It was not until 2006, following an extensive campaign by ex-RN personnel, that a heavily censored summary of the board's findings that concealed all of the board's key conclusions and criticisms, including the findings of negligence was released by the Ministry of Defence under UK Freedom of Information laws.

In 2015, a MOD re-assessment of the attack concluded that the Exocet warhead did indeed detonate inside Sheffield, with the results supported by analysis using modern damage analysis tools not available in 1982 and evidence from weapon hits and trials conducted since the end of the Falklands campaign.

In 2017, a complete copy of the report was issued, revealing information that according to The Guardian had been "suppressed" from the summary of the board's findings in the 2006 release. The Guardian explained the missing information as being due to the British Government's attempts to sell off the remaining Type 42 destroyers at the same time. In the "uncensored" report, multiple issues that left the ship unprepared for the attack were identified, including findings of negligence against two officers, who according to The Guardian "escaped court martial and did not face disciplinary action, apparently in order to avoid undermining the euphoria that gripped much of the UK at the end of the war". Among other findings, the "uncensored" report showed that the ship was not sufficiently prepared to ward off an attack, during the attack the anti-air warfare officer was not in the operations room, while his assistant had gone to the toilet. The anti-air warfare officer did not believe Sheffield was within the range of attack of the Argentinian Air Force.

Fire
The sinking of Sheffield is sometimes blamed on a superstructure made wholly or partially from magnesium-aluminium alloy, the melting point and ignition temperature of which are significantly lower than those of steel. However, this is incorrect as Sheffield's superstructure was made entirely of mild steel. The confusion is related to the US and British navies abandoning aluminium alloys after several fires in the 1970s involving USS Belknap (CG-26) and HMS Amazon (F169) and other ships that had aluminium alloy superstructures. The sinking of the Type 21 frigates HMS Antelope (F170) and HMS Ardent (F184), both of which had aluminium alloy superstructures, probably also had an effect on this belief, though these cases are again incorrect and the presence of aluminium alloy had nothing to do with their loss.

The fires in Sheffield and other ships damaged by fire caused a later shift by the Royal Navy from the nylon and synthetic fabrics then worn by British sailors. The synthetics had a tendency to melt onto the skin, causing more severe burns than if the crew had been wearing non-synthetic clothing.

title: HMS Sheffield (D80)


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HMS Birmingham (D86)

HMS Birmingham was a Type 42 destroyer laid down by Cammell Laird and Company, Limited, at Birkenhead on 28 March 1972, launched on 30 July 1973 by Lady Empson, wife of Sir Derek Empson and commissioned on 3 December 1976. She was named for the city of Birmingham, England.

Birmingham was also one of the first ships together with Ardent that served in the Persian Gulf on the Armilla patrol that protected oil supplies during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980. She was also the first ship to replenish a Sea Dart missile at sea. Birmingham spent much of her service as Fleet Contingency Ship and spent considerable time in the post-Falklands conflict patrol role. In 1984 she patrolled the Falklands and acted as a radar picket ship along with the frigates HMS Broadsword (F88) and HMS Ajax (F114). In 1985 she took part in Standing Naval Force Mediterranean, calling at Gibraltar, Palma de Mallorca, Naples, & Messina. After a refit at Rosyth dockyard, she returned to Portsmouth in 1988 for sea trials and re-acceptance to the fleet. Commanded by Roy Clare, Director of the Maritime Museum in London (2006-7), her first deployment post-refit was a tour to the Persian Gulf region, returning in March 1989.

In July 1990, whilst on deployment as part of the West Indies Guard Ship, Birmingham, supported by RFA Oakleaf was ordered to sail from Florida to Trinidad in response to the Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt, in which Islamist fundamentalists had taken hostages. However, as the Birmingham arrived the hostages were released. Birmingham paid off at Portsmouth on 10 December 1999. In early January 2000 under her own power, she sailed to Devonport where, for the next two months, she was stripped of usable equipment. In May 2000 she was towed back to Portsmouth where she was sold for scrap, leaving under tow for Spain on 20 October 2000.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMS Birmingham (D86)


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HMS Glasgow (D88)

HMS Glasgow was a Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy. The last of the Batch 1 Type 42 destroyers, Glasgow was commissioned in 1979. The destroyer fought during the Falklands War, and on 12 May 1982 was damaged by a bomb from an Argentine A-4 Skyhawk. Glasgow was part of the Royal Navy’s 3rd Destroyer Squadron along with HMS York (Captain D3), HMS Edinburgh and HMS Liverpool (D92). The 3rd Destroyer Squadron was based in Rosyth during the 1980s and early 1990s before being moved to Portsmouth when Rosyth Dockyard was privatised and re-purposed. The destroyer was decommissioned in 2005 and was broken up for scrap in 2009.

Design and construction

She was built at Swan Hunter Shipyard in Wallsend, Tyneside, and launched on 14 April 1976 by Lady Kirstie Treacher, wife of Admiral Sir John Treacher. With a displacement of 4,820 tonnes, Glasgow was the sixth and last Batch 1 Type 42 destroyer in the fleet. Named after the Scottish city of Glasgow, she was the eighth ship to bear the name. On 23 September 1976, while being fitted out, a fire on board killed eight men and injured a further six. The ship was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 25 May 1979.

See below design drawings of HMS Glasgow in 1982 and 1992, the latter showing weapons and sensor upgrades following a major refit in Rosyth 1988-89.

Operational history
The ship was rammed by the Soviet cruiser Admiral Isakov on 27 May 1981, while in the Barents Sea collecting information on new Soviet equipment.

Falklands War
Glasgow was among the five Type 42 destroyers which were part of the task force sent to retake the Falkland Islands after invasion by Argentina on 2 April 1982. Armed with the Sea Dart long range anti-aircraft missile system, Glasgow along with her sister ships, HMS Sheffield (D80) and HMS Coventry (D118) were among the first ships to arrive in a 200 nmi exclusion zone imposed by the British around the islands.

Glasgow was deployed towards the South Atlantic direct from Gibraltar, where 18 Royal Navy frigates and destroyers were taking part in "Exercise Spring Train". On Friday 2 April 1982, 8 of the frigates and destroyers (HMS Antrim (D18), HMS Arrow (F173), HMS Brilliant (F90), HMS Coventry (D118), HMS Glamorgan (D19), Glasgow, Plymouth and Sheffield) were ordered by CINCFLEET (Commander-in-Chief Fleet) to "store ship" ready to sail south. The stores, fuel and ammunition required for full operational readiness came from a combination of sources, but mostly from the other ships already in Gibraltar at that time. Using a 'buddy ship' replenishment approach, the ships with less suitable sensor and weapon suites went alongside the deploying ships to transfer stores and ammunition, either by hand or using helicopter vertical replenishment (VERTREP). There were also a number of crew exchanges between the ships deploying and ships returning to the UK i.e. juniors under 17.5 years or crew with other compassionate and operational situations.

Glasgow saw action early in the war when, on 2 May, her Lynx helicopter severely damaged the Argentine naval vessel ARA Alferez Sobral. On 4 May, Glasgow detected an Exocet missile fired at the task force and warned the fleet. However Sheffield failed to receive the warning and was hit, later sinking. Down to two Type 42s (HMS Exeter (D89) and HMS Cardiff (D108) would not arrive until the end of May), Glasgow and Coventry were left as the long-range defence of the fleet. Following the loss of Sheffield, a new air defence tactic was devised to try to maximise the task group's remaining assets; the two remaining Type 42 destroyers paired up with the two Type 22 frigates. The pairs were then deployed much further ahead of the main force in an effort to draw attacking aircraft away from the carrier groups. The idea was that if Sea Dart was unable to neutralise the threat, the short-range Sea Wolf advanced point-defence missile fitted to the frigates could be used. Coventry was paired with Broadsword and Glasgow paired with Brilliant. This combination of ships created a long-range (30 nmi), short-range guided missile capability along with shore bombardment or naval gunfire support (NGS) using the Type 42's 4.5-inch guns (range 12 nmi).

This picketing tactic was effective in drawing Argentine aircraft attacks away from the carrier groups and moderately effective in drawing them away from San Carlos Bay. The pairs would take turns positioning themselves closer to the islands, shelling Argentinean positions and then waiting for the aircraft to come.

On 12 May, Glasgow and the Type 22 frigate Brilliant were on a "42-22" combo around 15 miles south west of Port Stanley. At 11:00 Glasgow was carrying out shore bombardment of Argentinean positions. Then later in the afternoon a wave of four A-4B Skyhawk jets of Grupo 5 attacked. Glasgows Sea Dart system and 4.5 inch Mk.8 gun both failed, but Brilliants Sea Wolf shot down 1st Lt Oscar Bustos (C-246) and Lt Jorge Ibarlucea (C-208), whilst Lt Mario Nivoli (C-206) crashed into the sea evading debris. All three pilots died in the action but were posthumously promoted.

Despite the losses in the first wave, a second wave of Grupo 5 Skyhawks attacked, but Brilliant's Sea Wolf failed and the jets each released three bombs. One bomb from Skyhawk (C-248) piloted by Lt Fausto Gavazzi damaged Glasgow, passing clean through the aft engine room without exploding. It damaged fuel systems and disabled the two Tyne cruising engines. A third wave of aircraft was detected but they did not engage the ships. On his return flight, Lt Gavazzi was shot down by friendly fire over Goose Green and killed. Gavazzi was posthumously promoted to Capitan for his bravery.

Lt Gavazzi's bomb had hit Glasgow 3 feet above the waterline on the starboard side where damage control teams quickly plugged the hole. The exit hole was much more difficult to access behind machinery and closer to the waterline, so the ship was temporarily patched until it could reach calmer waters. The Glasgow was no longer fully operationally effective due to a limited speed of 10 knots and returned to the main group. Glasgow eventually returned home to be repaired in Portsmouth Dockyard. Glasgow then returned to the South Atlantic after the end of the war (August 1982) on routine Atlantic Patrol South.

Post-war
In later years, Glasgow served on a variety of missions including acting as the West Indies Guard Ship (WIGS) in 1987. Glasgow had a major refit in Rosyth during 1991-92 which included major machinery replacements, weapons and sensor upgrades including replacing her dated 30 mm Oerlikons with 20mm Phalanx. While performing sea trials, issues with the new propulsion system and new radar meant she had to keep returning to port. 1990 saw her calling at New York and Toronto. In 1991, the destroyer deployed to the Persian Gulf on ARMILLA Patrol just after the Gulf War. In 1992, the warship was sent to the Mediterranean for the first time as part of the NATO naval force, STANAVFORMED. Glasgow was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping task force from 19 to 29 September 1999. In early 2004, the ship was deployed on the Atlantic Patrol South tasking. Like most Royal Navy Ships, HMS Glasgow maintained a proud and productive relationship with her namesake city of Glasgow; visiting Yorkhill Quay on the River Clyde on several occasions during her commission.

Decommissioning and fate
It was announced in July 2004, as part of the Delivering Security in a Changing World review, that Glasgow would be decommissioned in January 2005. Glasgow was formally decommissioned on 1 February 2005. On 7 January 2009 she was towed from Portsmouth to Turkey for breaking up.

title: HMS Glasgow (D88)


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HMS Coventry (D118)

HMS Coventry was a Type 42 (Sheffield-class) destroyer of the Royal Navy. Laid down by Cammell Laird and Company, Limited, at Birkenhead on 29 January 1973, she was launched on 21 June 1974 and accepted into service on 20 October 1978 at a cost of £37,900,000.

She was sunk by Argentine Air Force A-4 Skyhawks on 25 May 1982 during the Falklands War.

Background
The principal role of these ships was to provide the fleet with mid-range anti-air warfare capability with secondary roles of anti-surface and anti-submarine. A total of fourteen Type 42s were built for the Royal Navy between 1972 and 1985, in three tranches, with Coventry the last of the first tranche to be commissioned. To cut costs, the first two tranches had 47 feet removed from the bow and the beam-to-length ratio reduced. These early Type 42s performed poorly during trials and were notoriously poor sea-keepers.

Type 42 destroyers were fitted with the Sea Dart surface-to-air missiles designed in the 1960s to counter threats from crewed aircraft. Sea Dart was constrained by limitations on its firing capacity and reaction time, but did prove itself during the Falklands War with seven kills, three of these attributed to Coventry.

1978–1982
Coventry was commissioned on 10 November 1978 under the command of Captain C. P. O. Burne at Portsmouth. Following post-commissioning trials, the ship was used to trial the operation of the new Westland Lynx helicopter from the Type 42 platform, to test the combination's safe operating limits.

The ship's first major deployment came in 1980 when she was sent to the Far East; in September of that year, alongside HMS Antrim (D18) and HMS Alacrity (F174), she became the first British warship to visit the People's Republic of China in 30 years. En route back to the UK, Coventry was diverted to the Persian Gulf following the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, where the ship remained on patrol for six weeks until relieved by the start of the permanent Armilla patrol consisting of HMS Ardent (F184) and HMS Apollo (F70). Throughout 1981 and into 1982, Coventry took part in various exercises in home waters, culminating in her deployment as part of Exercise Springtrain '82 in March 1982. Once Springtrain '82 was complete, Coventry was scheduled to return to the UK prior to a deployment on an intelligence-gathering mission against Soviet naval forces in the Barents Sea, for which the ship had been fitted with special communications monitoring equipment.

Falklands campaign
Coventry was taking part in the Exercise Springtrain 82 near the British base of Gibraltar, during March 1982. Along with other vessels involved in the exercise she was detailed for service in the Falklands War. She had a Union Flag painted on the roof of her bridge and a black line painted through her funnel to her waterline to aid recognition, as the Argentines also operated two Type 42 destroyers. On 27 April, Coventry, in company with HMS Glamorgan (D19), HMS Glasgow (D88), HMS Arrow (F173) and HMS Sheffield (D80), entered the Total Exclusion Zone, a 200-mile cordon around the Falkland Islands. Alongside Sheffield and Glasgow, Coventry would form the air defence vanguard for the aircraft carriers following behind.

Coventry's contribution to the Falklands War was considerable. Her helicopter was the first to fire Sea Skua air-to-surface anti-ship missiles in action. Her Westland Lynx HAS.Mk.2 fired two Sea Skua missiles on 3 May at ARA Alferez Sobral, the former USS Salish (ATA-187). One missile missed and the other hit a small boat, knocking out the radio aerials and slightly injuring a crewman manning a 20 mm gun. Glasgow's Lynx fired two more Sea Skua, and the vessel retreated, with eight crew killed, eight wounded and heavy damage. Her damaged bridge is now on display at the Naval Museum in Tigre, Argentina. The vessel remained in service in the Argentine Navy until 2018.

Coventry was the first warship to fire Sea Dart surface-to-air missiles in anger when the ship fired three on 9 May at two Learjets of Escuadrón Fénix, just missing the aircraft. HMS Broadsword (F88) reported that her radar tracked the missiles merging with the pair of contacts (call signs Litro and Pepe), but they missed the aircraft.

Coventry's captain, David Hart Dyke, claimed that two A-4C Skyhawks of Grupo 4 were shot down by Sea Darts (C-303 and C-313). However, both were actually lost to bad weather, and both wrecks were found on South Jason Island, one on the northwest side of the cliffs, the other in shallow waters on the southwest. Lt Casco and Lt Farias were both killed.

The first confirmed kill made by Coventry was an Aérospatiale Puma helicopter of 601 Assault Helicopter Battalion, shot down by a Sea Dart over Choiseul Sound, killing its three-man crew. Coventry had been one of three Type 42 destroyers providing anti-aircraft cover for the fleet. With the loss of Sheffield and damage to Glasgow on 12 May, forcing her to return to the UK, Coventry was left to carry out the role alone, until other ships could arrive from the UK.

"Type 64"
Following the loss of Sheffield, a new air defence tactic was devised to try to maximise the task group's remaining assets. This saw the two remaining Type 42s paired with the two Type 22 frigates (a pairing unofficially termed Type 64) and deployed much further ahead of the main force in an effort to draw attacking aircraft away from the carriers. The idea was that in the event of Sea Dart being unable to function, the short range Sea Wolf advanced point defence missile fitted to the frigates could be used. In this, Coventry was paired with HMS Broadsword (F88).

25 May 1982
On 25 May 1982, Coventry and Broadsword were ordered to take up position to the north-west of Falkland Sound. There she would act as a decoy to draw Argentinian aircraft away from other ships at San Carlos Bay. In this position, close to land, with not enough open sea between her and the coast, her Sea Dart missiles would be less effective. Broadsword was armed with the Sea Wolf missile, which is for short range anti-aircraft and anti-missile use.

At first, the trap worked, with FAA A-4B Skyhawk C-244 of Grupo 5 shot down north of Pebble Island by a Sea Dart. Pilot Capitán Hugo Ángel del Valle Palaver was killed. Later a FAA A-4C Skyhawk coded C-304 of Grupo 4 de Caza deployed to San Julian was shot down north east of Pebble Island by another Sea Dart while returning from a mission to San Carlos Water. Capitán Jorge Osvaldo García successfully ejected but was not recovered from the water. His body was washed ashore in a dinghy at Golding Island in 1983. Garcia's wingman, Lieutenant Ricardo Lucero, was also shot down by the combined San Carlos air defences. Teniente Lucero ejected, and was recovered by HMS Fearless (L10).

The two ships then came under attack by two waves of two Argentine Douglas A-4 Skyhawks. The first wave carried one 1,000 lb free-fall bomb each while the aircraft of the second carried 3 x 250 kg bombs. The four Skyhawks flew so low that Coventry's targeting radar could not distinguish between them and the land and failed to lock on. Broadsword attempted to target the first pair of attackers (Captain Pablo Carballo and Lieutenant Carlos Rinke) with her Sea Wolf missile system, but her own tracking system locked down during the attack and could not be reset before the aircraft released their bombs.

Of the bombs released, one bounced off the sea and struck Broadsword's flight deck and, though it failed to explode, wrecked the ship's Westland Lynx helicopter. Coventry claimed to have hit the second Skyhawk (Captain Pablo Marcos Carballo) in the tail with small arms fire, although the aircraft returned safely to Argentina. Carballo's plane was hit under the right wing by a piece of shrapnel, on his way in, which pierced his aircraft's right fuel tank.

The second pair of Skyhawks (First Lieutenant Mariano Ángel Velasco and Ensign Jorge Nelson Barrionuevo), headed for Coventry 90 seconds later at a 20-degree angle to her port bow. Still unable to gain a missile lock, Coventry launched a Sea Dart missile in an attempt to distract them and turned hard to starboard to reduce her profile. On Broadsword the Sea Wolf system had been reset and successfully acquired the attacking aircraft, but was unable to fire as Coventry's turn took her directly into the line of fire.

Coventry used her 4.5-inch gun and small arms against the attacking aircraft. The port Oerlikon 20 mm cannon jammed, leaving the ship with only rifles and machine guns to defend herself. Coventry was struck by three bombs just above the water line on the port side. One of the bombs exploded beneath the computer room, destroying it and the nearby operations room, incapacitating almost all senior officers. The other entered the forward engine room, exploding beneath the junior ratings dining room where the first aid party was stationed, and the ship immediately began listing to port. The latter hit caused critical damage as it breached the bulkhead between the forward and aft engine rooms, exposing the largest open space in the ship to uncontrollable flooding. Given the design of the ship, with multiple watertight compartments, two hits virtually anywhere else might have been just survivable. The third bomb did not explode.

Within 20 minutes Coventry had been abandoned and had completely capsized. Coventry sank shortly after. Nineteen of her crew were killed and a further 30 injured. One of the wounded, Paul Mills, suffered complications from a skull fracture sustained in the sinking of the ship and later died on 29 March 1983; he is buried in his home town of Swavesey, Cambridgeshire. After the ship was struck, her crew, waiting to be rescued, sang "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from Monty Python's Life of Brian.

Broadsword subsequently rescued 170 of Coventry's crew.

Tributes
No member of Coventry received an award for bravery. CPO Aircrewman M J Tupper of No.846 NAS was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his part in the rescue. After the war, a cross to commemorate crew members who lost their lives was erected on Pebble Island.

David Hart Dyke, Coventry's commanding officer during the Falklands War, wrote about the ship's tale in his book Four Weeks in May: The Loss of HMS Coventry. This was adapted by the BBC into a documentary Sea of Fire, with dramatised sequences and shown in June 2007. In 2011 it was announced that a feature-length film would be produced based on Four Weeks in May, to be written and directed by Tom Shankland. The documentary television series Seconds from Disaster featured the attack on the Coventry in the episode "Sinking the Coventry" in December 2012.

The wreck site is a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act. Five months after Coventry sank, a RN Fleet Diving Team conducted an underwater survey of the wreck, which they found lying on her port side in approximately 100 m of water. This survey was the beginning of "Operation Blackleg", a series of dives to recover classified documentation and equipment and to make the remaining weapons safe by means of explosive demolition. The dive team recovered several personal items belonging to Hart Dyke and other officers along with the ship's battle ensign, later presented to the next HMS Coventry (F98), a Type 22 frigate. The divers also recovered the Cross of Nails, originally presented to the ship by Coventry Cathedral. This too was loaned to the new Coventry, until her decommissioning in 2002, when it returned to the cathedral. The Cross is now carried on board HMS Diamond (D34), a Type 45 destroyer.

There is a memorial plaque to the dead of HMS Coventry at Holy Trinity Church, Coventry.

title: HMS Coventry (D118)


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Film transition

A film transition is a technique used in the post-production process of film editing and video editing by which scenes or shots are combined. Most commonly this is through a normal cut to the next shot. Most films will also include selective use of other transitions, usually to convey a tone or mood, suggest the passage of time, or separate parts of the story. These other transitions may include dissolves, L cuts, fades (usually to black), match cuts, and wipes.

Shot transitions
Every film today, whether it be live-action, computer generated, or traditional hand-drawn animation is made up of hundreds of individual shots that are all placed together during editing to form the single film that is viewed by the audience. The shot transition is the way in which two of these individual shots are joined together.

Caesura
Principally a literary term denoting a rhythmical pause and break in a line of verse. In poetry, the caesura is used to diversify rhythmical progress and thereby enrich accentual verse.

Some applications
The term first gained significance in motion-picture art through the editing experiments of Sergei Eisenstein. In applying his concept of montage as the "collision of shots", Eisenstein often included caesuras – rhythmical breaks – in his films. The acts of The Battleship Potemkin (1925) are separated by caesuras that provide a rhythmical contrast to the preceding action. The intense, frenetic action of the mutiny, for example, is followed by the lyrical journey of a dinghy to the shore. The three Burt Bacharach musical sequences in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) provide contrasting caesuras that separate the major actions of the film. Several intense action sequences in Master and Commander (2003), including a raging sea storm and fight scenes, are followed by caesuras – quiet, scenic interludes that are often accompanied by melodic cello music.

Continuity
The continuity is the development and structuring of film segments and ideas so that the intended meaning is clear, and the transitions employed to connect the film parts. In a more specific meaning, "continuity" refers to the matching of individual scenic elements from shot to shot so that details and actions, filmed at different times, will edit together without error. This process is referred to as "continuity editing". To maintain continuity within sequences, the editor will often cut on character action so that the scene flows together without noticeable jump-cuts (see below). Lapses in the flow of action can be avoided by transition and cutaway devices (see below). Music and sound are often utilized to provide a sense of continuity to a scene or sequences that may contain a variety of unmatched shots taken in different locations. For example, in Rocky (1976), the song "Getting High" served as a continuity device during the highly fragmentary sequence showing Rocky in the various training preparations for his title fight. The song connected the numerous brief shots so that they appeared as a single and complete unit within the film.

Cut
The cut is the most basic and common type of transition. In a cut, one image on the screen is instantly replaced by another, often with a change in camera angle. Shot A ends abruptly and shot B begins. Cuts can be classified into different types, as detailed below.

Cutaway
A shot edited into a scene that presents information that is not a part of the first shot. The cutaway shot is usually followed by a return to the original shot, and is often used to condense time in a scene by eliminating undesired action or to cover a loss of continuity in the action. For example, a series of shots of a woman smoking a cigarette may not match correctly in editing because of the varied lengths of cigarette ash from shot to shot. A cutaway to a mantel clock, ticking away the time, would provide enough distraction to cover the loss of continuity. Or the cutaway of the clock could be inserted between a shot of the woman smoking a cigarette and one of the woman reading a book. The cutaway would permit the editor to advance the action in time.

Cut-in
A shot that presents material in a scene in greater detail, usually through a close-up shot. A cut-in isolates and emphasizes an element of the mise-en-scène for dramatic or informational value. Each progressive movement through the shot sequence, from long shot to close-up, constitutes a form of cut-in. A cut-in made from a long shot to a big close-up can have a startling effect on the viewer because of this immediate magnification. This technique is frequently an editing method of suspense films.

Related, there is the insert shot, which is a shot containing visual detail that is inserted into a scene for informational purposes or to provide dramatic emphasis. A close-up view of printed material in a book, intercut as a character reads, is a type of informational point-of-view insert. The intercutting of a close-up view of a gun resting on a desk within a room where a violent argument is occurring constitutes a type of dramatic insert. Detail shot is another term for insert short.

Contrast cut
An editor can strategically cut to juxtapose two subjects. For instance, somebody dreaming of a beautiful field of flowers, shot A, may suddenly wake up inside a burning building, shot B. The sound would be serene and peaceful in shot A, and suddenly loud and painful in shot B.  This contrast between peace and chaos is intensified through the sudden transition.

Dynamic cutting
The dynamic cutting is an approach to film editing in which the cutting from one shot to the next is made abruptly apparent to the viewer. In matched cutting or invisible editing, the cuts are not as obvious to the viewer because these approaches adhere to continuity procedures designed to hide the edit -for instance, cutting on action. Dynamic cutting, on the other hand, is self-conscious and will often startle the viewer by moving abruptly in time or space or by rapid cutting within a scene for expressive as well as narrative purposes. Bob Fosse's All That Jazz (1979), Richard Rush's The Stunt Man (1980), and Oliver Stone's JFK (1991) and Natural Born Killers (1994) employed dynamic cutting extensively. Dynamic cutting is a featured editing element in the films of Quentin Tarantino, from Reservoir Dogs (1992) to Django Unchained (2012).

Direct cut
Related to the dynamic cutting, the direct cut is an instantaneous change of shots, usually to a new locale or time frame, and executed without an optical transition device. The direct cut serves to replace, dynamically, one shot with another.

L cut
An L Cut is an editing technique that results in a cut occurring at a different time for audio than for video. For example, we may hear characters' voices a few seconds before we see them on film. In order to achieve this effect, the editor had to make an L-shaped cut on the filmstrip itself. Even today with the advent of computerized non-linear editing systems, the digital representation of the film in the program still takes on this L-shaped appearance.

Match cut
The match cut joins together two pieces of film that contain two similarly shaped objects in similar positions in the frame. One of the most famous examples of this is the edit in 2001: A Space Odyssey where the bone thrown by a prehistoric ape cuts to a futuristic space station.

Invisible cut
Like the match cut, the invisible cut attempts to join two shots with similar frames together. The invisible cut, however, is designed to completely hide the transition from the audience. The audience can deduce a cut has occurred, but it would have a hard time pinpointing the exact moment. For example, if a character walks towards the camera, completely covering it, the cut is introduced when the back of the character is shown walking away. The invisible cut can also be hidden by a whip pan, entering/leaving a very dark or very light environment, or by an object crossing the screen.

Parallel editing cut
For example, imagine an action scene where a villain is chasing the hero of the film. To spend the entire chase scene trying to keep both the hero and the villain in the frame at the same time will become very difficult and un-engaging after a while. A better way to approach this problem is through the use of parallel cutting. In this example, the scene would consist of several shots of the hero running in one direction, and some shots of the villain running in the same direction. Perhaps the hero looks back, out of frame, at his pursuer. At this point, the editor would insert a shot of the villain. Neither character occupies the same screen space, yet the audience still understands that one is chasing the other. This technique is parodied in the film "Naked Gun 2½" where the editing swaps between showing the hero and the villain firing at each other, then finally in a long shot we realize they are in fact only about four feet away from each other.

Jump cut
A jump cut is usually the result of a continuity error, and not a stylistic choice by the director. But The director can purposely use it to create an effect of passing time without showing the whole event take place. A jump cut occurs when a cut, designed to act merely as a camera angle change (less than 30-degrees), reveals a continuity discrepancy between the two shots. For instance, if a character has their hand over their mouth in a medium shot, and not in their close-up, this little detail, which probably was not noticed on set, is now painfully obvious to the viewers.

Defocus transition
The defocus transition is a type of transition accomplished by rolling the lens focus until the scene becomes blurred. Passage of time within a scene can be suggested by refocusing the shot after alterations are made in the scene: change of costume, lighting, and other continuity elements. The defocus device has also been frequently employed in transitions to dream or fantasy sequences.

Fade in/out
A fade occurs when the picture gradually turns to a single color, usually black, or when a picture gradually appears on screen. Fade ins generally occur at the beginning of a film or act, while fade outs are typically found at the end of a film or act.

Dissolve

Like the fade, a dissolve involves gradually changing the visibility of the picture. However, rather than transitioning from a shot to a color, a dissolve is when a shot changes into another shot gradually. Dissolves, like cuts, can be used to create a link between two different objects, a man telling a story, and a visual of his story, for instance.

Ripple dissolve
A ripple dissolve is a type of transition characterized by a wavering image that is usually employed to indicate a change to flashback material, commonly a character's memory of an event. Sometimes the ripple dissolve is used as a transition to an imagined event or action. A series of three ripple dissolved appeared in Mamma mia! (2008) as Donna (Meryl Streep) discovers her three former lovers in the attic of her Greek villa. The brief ripple dissolved transport each man visually back in time to reveal their 1960's "hippy", "love children" appearances as Donna remembers them.

Washout
The washout is an optical transition used for editing purposes that is similar to the fade. Unlike the fade-out, where the images fade to black, in a washout the images suddenly start to bleach out or to color until the screen becomes a frame of white or colored light. A new scene will then follow.

Also, the washout is the most extreme form of overexposure, which is the act of exposing each frame of film to more light or for a longer period of time than would be required to produce a "normal" exposure of the same subject. There is little or no visible detail in the highlights - the bright areas of the picture - and images appear bleached, more or less washed out. The effect is accomplished by directing the camera at a bright light source that would wash out most, if not all, of the frame area, or by having the effect processed in the film laboratory. While in 2014 some motion-picture directors were still opting for film emulsion-based photographic materials rather than digitally retrieved imagery, the number doing so was rapidly decreasing.

Some applications
Ingmar Bergman made extensive use of the washout in this psychological film Cries and Whispers (1972). Bergman varied the technique for both the purposes of transition and for continuing his expressive use of color in the picture. The washouts would bring a single, rich color to the end of a scene to symbolize the emotions and psychological passions at work in the story. Washouts were also effectively employed in the fantasy sequences of Catch-22 (1970). Monster (2003) concludes with a washout as Aileen Wuornos (Charlize Theron) leaves the courtroom after she is sentenced to death. Similarly, a slow washout to white brings Hours (2012) to a tearful but happy conclusion in a shot where a father (Paul Walker) cuddles his premature daughter, whose life he has saved in a New Orleans hospital without electricity while Hurricane Katrina rages.

Wipe
A wipe involves one shot replacing another, traveling from one side of the frame to another. Think of a vertical line passing from the right side of the frame to the left. On the left side of this line, we have shot A, and on the right side of this line is shot B. When this line reaches the left edge of the frame, shot B will completely fill the scene, and the transition is complete. This example describes a vertical line wipe, though this is but one type of wipe.

Another common type of wipe uses objects in the scene, rather than an invisible vertical line. One interesting application of this creates the illusion of a camera passing through the ceiling of the bottom floor of a multi-story house to the ground of the floor above. In this case, shot A would consist of the camera rising to the ceiling, and shot B would have the camera rising from the ground. A wipe transition gives the impression the camera is passing between the floors of a house.

Natural wipe
A transition technique accomplished by an element within the mise-en-scène rather than by a laboratory process. A character or an object is brought to the lens of the camera and wipes away the scene by completely blocking or blurring the frame. A closing door often serves as a natural wipe. The natural wipe is followed by a new scene. A head-on, tail-away transition is a type of natural wipe that is used to end one scene and to reveal another.

Iris wipe
The wipe shape can also be circular through the use of the camera's iris. By closing the iris, a blurry circle sweeps inwards to the middle of the frame, drawing attention to the subject occupying this center space.

Morph
Although not always confined to shot transitions, a morph can be thought of as a dissolve combined with a visual effect. Rather than simply blending the colors together, a morph is able to gradually reshape an object to become another object, creating a much stronger connection than a simple dissolve can provide. One famous example of this can be found towards the end of the film Saving Private Ryan. The face of young private Ryan (played by actor Matt Damon) is slowly morphed back to an older private Ryan (played by Harrison Young), while at the same time the background is dissolved from a besieged city during World War 2, into a graveyard set in the modern day; there is no doubt in the audience's mind about the two men being one and the same.

Overlapping sound
An overlapping sound is usually a sound effect or speech that continues briefly from one shot into the next. Overlapping sound may be a sound advance, where a speech or sound effect in an incoming shot is heard briefly in the outgoing shot. Overlapping sound may be used to connect, dynamically, two separate pieces of dramatic action or to enhance the pace of story development.

Sound advance / sound bridge
It is the advancement of a sound, to be heard in a new shot or scene, taken from the end of the preceding scene. Sound advances, common in modern films, are actually combined with cut transitions to pull the action of the story forward in a dynamic manner.

Some applications
Alfred Hitchcock fairly well patented the sound advance in his 1929 classic Blackmail. A young woman (Anny Ondra) wandering the streets of London in shock after killing a man, comes upon a drunk lying on the pavement, his arm extended in the same manner as the artist just murdered by the woman in his studio apartment. The image of the arm seems to precipitate a scream from the young woman. A cut, however, reveals that the scream is coming from a landlady who has just discovered the dead artist's body in his apartment. The sound advance also has conceptual, satirical, and dramatic possibilities. In Five Easy Pieces (1970), the unexpected sound of a bowling ball rolling down a bowling lane is heard in the final seconds of a scene in a motel room where Jack Nicholson has taken a girlfriend. Just as the ball strikes the tenpin, a cut is made to a new scene where Nicholson is bowling with the woman. The combined sound advance and the cut transition together serve as a sexual metaphor.

Asynchronous sound
An asynchronous sound is a term for sound that has not been synchronized with the screen image. Asynchronous sound also includes aesthetic use of sound for expressive purposes. Because of the composite nature of film art, the element of sound (music, dialogue, sound effects) is highly manipulative. The sounds of a clucking chicken can be juxtaposed with a shot of a ranting politician for satirical effect.

A popular variation of asynchronous sound in contemporary filmmaking has been in the use of sound advances in the editing scenes. An asynchronous sound advance can occur when the editor shows the face of a character screaming in horror, and instead of using the natural sound of the character's horrified voice, inserts the piercing, shrill siren of a police car, to be seen in the following scene. The device of the sound advance combines asynchronous and synchronous sound in a uniquely cinematic way. Francis Ford Coppola made extensive use of combined synchronous-asynchronous sound in the baptism scene of The Godfather (1972). Near the end of the film, shots of a solemn religious ceremony are juxtaposed with scenes of a vendetta occurring simultaneously in various parts of the city. The sounds of the grand church music and priestly intonations of the baptismal rite continue uninterrupted as the gunmen carry out their tasks. Through the use of synchronous-asynchronous sound, and visual crosscutting, an ironic, psychological linking of past, present, and future occurs. Asynchronous sound can serve to create irony between sound and image, to satirize and parody dramatic situations, and to link separate moments of time in expressive ways.

Psychological time
Psychological time is a term referring to the use of filming devices that, in the continuity of a motion-picture narrative, suggest not chronological time but time as it is perceived by a character's mind. A dissolve (see above) for example, most commonly reveals a passage of time when used within an ongoing scene. The dissolve, by tradition, serves to include intervening time and action. If however, a dissolve rather than a cut is used in a continuing uninterrupted action, its unconventional placement carries psychological implications. Subjectively inspired psychodramas by experimental filmmakers, such as Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) by Maya Deren, often exploit the psychological dissolve for a mind's-time effect. Psychological time can also be suggested by the repeated use of a piece of action. The condemned traitor's final, desperate effort in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (1962) to reach his wife is conveyed in psychological time by a repeated telephoto shot of the man running down the road to his home. He appears suspended in time and place, which in fact he is; shortly after these shot repetitions the viewer discovers that the traitor's entire flight has been a fantasy revealed through an extended use of psychological time. A particularly engaging and sometimes bewildering use of psychological character perception accurs in Memento (2000), a film about a man who is searching for his wife's murderer. The search is complicated by the fact that the man has lost his short-term memory. Events come and go on the screen without their meaning being clear at first revelation. Psychological time is a distinguishing element in Shane Carruth's 2013 experimental science-fiction film Upstream Color. Avoiding a well-made narrative structure, the plot of Upstream Color centers on a man and woman who are targets of parasitic engineering and whose lives dissolve into mental and psychological disarray. Time is rendered in abrupt, discontinuous fragments, with daily reality intermingling with mental apparitions and abstract imagery.

title: Film transition


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C. L. Schmitt

Chester L. Schmitt (May 8, 1912 – February 20, 1993) of New Kensington, Pennsylvania served in the Pennsylvania State Legislature for sixteen years, serving the 54th District. He is noted for working to establish the Pennsylvania Consumer Credit Act, which served as the model for the Federal Truth In Lending Law.

Schmitt was known to his constituents as "Mr. Consumer." A bridge built in 1927 to connect New Kensington to East Deer Township across the Allegheny River, was named in his honor in 1989.

Formative years and family
Schmitt was married to Sally Lou Schmitt, a licensed insurance and real estate sales agent who was the co-manager of their business. They had four children and eight grandchildren.

Career
Before and after his time in office, Schmitt owned a successful insurance and real estate company in New Kensington, which he opened in 1945.

He was president of the International Brotherhood of Magicians during the 1961-1962 membership year. Per that organization's house organ, The Linking Ring (Vol. 41, No. 5), his jobs previous to his time in office (and his later business interests) included being a newsboy, bowling alley pin-boy (and later, the alley's manager), movie projectionist and grocery chain store manager.

Death
Schmitt died in 1993 from complications related to Parkinson's disease.

title: C. L. Schmitt


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HMS Exeter (D89)

HMS Exeter was a Type 42 destroyer, the fifth ship of the Royal Navy to be named Exeter, after the city of Exeter in Devon. The vessel fought in the Falklands War and the first Gulf War, she was scrapped in 2011.

Design and construction
Exeter was the first of the slightly modified 'Batch 2' Type 42 destroyers which had weapons and sensor upgrades with no discernible hull modifications. The weapons and sensors fit was the first grouping of the 1022, 992Q and 1006 radars in a British warship.

The ship was built by Swan Hunter, and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 19 September 1980. In 1981 HMS London (D16), fired the last Mk 1 Sea Slug missiles to allow Exeter's new radars to fully integrate and align the superior Sea Dart missile against, high and low missile targets.

Early in her first commission, Exeter had a turquoise hull on and below the waterline; this was an experimental co-polymer paint which was only available in a few non-standard colours at the time. The light-blue 'boot topping' visible on the waterline was eventually repainted to standard brick red/black during her first docking period, after the Falklands War.

1981-1990
The ship saw service in the Falklands War, deploying from the Caribbean after the loss of HMS Sheffield (D80). During the conflict, Exeter shot down three Argentine aircraft (two A-4C Skyhawks on 30 May, and a Learjet 35A on 7 June; all with Sea Dart missiles). She may also have shot down an Exocet missile on 30 May. Between 1982 and 1984 she was commanded by Captain Hugh Balfour.

1991-2000
Exeter also served in Operation Granby during the 1991 Gulf War, under the command of Captain Nigel Essenhigh. Among her roles was the air defence of the US battleships bombarding enemy positions.

In autumn 1998, she emerged from a major refit in Rosyth dockyard. After post refit trials she undertook Operational Sea Training in the spring of 1999 and a Joint Maritime Course with Sea Dart high seas firings in June of that year. September 1999 saw her deploy on Armilla patrol. She was alongside in Dubai for the Millennium and remained on station until relieved by a large Task Group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (R06) in February 2000, arriving back at Portsmouth the following month.

2001-2008
As the last remaining Royal Navy ship in commission to have served in the Falklands, Exeter attended the 25th-anniversary commemorations of the Falklands War in Newquay, Cornwall in 2007.

In May 2008, Exeter visited London to provide the centerpiece for the launch of a new James Bond novel; the day before Devil May Care was launched, the press party to publicise the launch of the book included Tuuli Shipster bringing copies up the River Thames on a speedboat for a party on Exeter, while two Lynx helicopters circled the ship.

Disposal
On 30 July 2008, Exeter was placed in a state of 'extended readiness' at HMNB Portsmouth, until being decommissioned there on 27 May 2009.

In early 2010, Exeter was used to assist with the training of new naval base tugs. She was put up for sale by auction on 28 March 2011 and finally towed away to be scrapped at Leyal Ship Recycling in Turkey on 23 September 2011, provoking some criticism from former crew members who were upset that the Ministry of Defence had apparently failed to inform them of the ship's fate.

Affiliations

 * The Rifles
 * Exeter College, Oxford
 * Worshipful Company of Plaisterers

title: HMS Exeter (D89)


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HMS Southampton (D90)

HMS Southampton was a batch two Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was named after the city of Southampton, England, and built by Vosper Thornycroft, in Southampton. She was the sixth Royal Navy ship to bear the name.

1981–2005
In 1982, Southampton ran over one of the Shambles Buoys off Portland during the final Thursday War intended to prepare her to deploy to the Falklands Islands. The collision sank the buoy and resulted in a period in dry dock for repair, after which Southampton left for a six-month deployment as a Falkland Islands guard ship. On 3 September 1988, whilst serving on the Armilla Patrol, Southampton was involved in a collision with MV Tor Bay, a container ship in a convoy being escorted through the Straits of Hormuz. Three members of her crew were slightly injured and a 10 m hole torn in Southampton's hull. The destroyer was returned to the UK aboard a semi-submersible heavy lift ship.

2006–2011
On 3 February 2006, the ship was involved in the seizing of 3.5 t of cocaine in the Caribbean.

Fate
On 31 July 2008, Southampton was placed in a state of "Extended Readiness" and was decommissioned on 12 February 2009. The ship was auctioned on 28 March 2011 and was later towed from Portsmouth on 14 October 2011 to Leyal Ship Recycling's scrapyard in Aliağa, Turkey.

Affiliations

 * The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires)
 * No. 25 Squadron RAF
 * City of Southampton
 * Worshipful Company of Fletchers
 * Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire
 * Canford School Combined Cadet Force
 * Mill Hill School
 * Old Southamptons (veterans of the previous HMS Southampton)
 * Royal Southampton Yacht Club
 * Southampton and Fareham Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 * Southampton University Royal Naval Unit
 * TS Southampton (Sea Cadet Corps)
 * Royal Naval Association Southampton
 * Southampton RN Officers Association

title: HMS Southampton (D90)


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HMS Gloucester (D96)

HMS Gloucester was a Batch 3 Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy, built by Vosper Thorneycroft at Woolston, Southampton and launched on 2 November 1982 by The Duchess of Gloucester. Gloucester was one of the modified last four of the class to be built, having a lengthened hull design giving better seakeeping qualities, greater endurance and an external 'strake' to counter longitudinal cracking, seen on earlier ships of the type. The flight deck recognition letters worn by Gloucester were GC, and her international callsign was GBBF.

History
In January 1987 Gloucester sailed for her first deployment; Armilla patrol, protecting civilian ships transiting the Strait of Hormuz. Port visits included Djibouti City; Sharjah; Manama; Karachi; Mombasa and Naples, returning to her homeport in June 1987.

In January 1988 the ship again deployed to the Gulf for an Armilla patrol. Port visits this time included Bahrain; Dubai; Mombasa and Rhodes. Further visits were planned but these were curtailed due to increasing tensions in the region.

In April 1989 Gloucester deployed westbound to perform duties as West Indies Guard Ship. Port visits included Nassau, Bahamas; Anguilla; Antigua; British Virgin Islands; Kingston, Jamaica; Acapulco; Long Beach, California; San Francisco and West Palm Beach.

First Gulf War
Gloucester served in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 under the command of Commander (later Rear Admiral) Philip Wilcocks where her most notable action was to shoot down an Iraqi Silkworm missile with Sea Dart missiles. The Iraqi missile had targeted the US battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) and the intercept was the first validated, successful missile-versus-missile strike of its kind.

After a missile warning, both the USS Missouri and USS Jarrett fired flares and chaff to decoy the missile. Gloucester, drawing from the Royal Navy's experience during the Falklands War, when Exocet missiles sunk the merchant ship Atlantic Conveyor after decoys were deployed, did not activate her own decoys. The Royal Navy considered missiles like the Silkworm as targets to be shot down and firing chaff made that action difficult. Gloucester initiated a hard turn, firing two Sea Darts "over her starboard shoulder". The entire engagement, from detection to destruction, took just 89 seconds. The interception range was between 2¾ Nautical miles to 4 Nautical miles away from Gloucester, and 4 Nautical miles to 7 Nautical miles away from USS Missouri. USS Jarrett‘s history listed the missile's altitude at 375 feet while witnesses aboard HMS London estimated between 680 to 1,000 feet.

Later, Missouri‘s 16-inch guns destroyed the Iraqi missile battery.

Gloucester avoided two naval mines, conducted boardings and the ship's Lynx helicopter destroyed several Iraqi warships including three fast attack craft, a T43 minelayer, and a Polnocny-class landing ship, with Sea Skua missiles. She spent the longest period in the combat area of any coalition warship and her captain (Commander Philip Wilcocks) and flight commander (Lt Cdr David Livingstone) were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with the operations officer and flight observer both mentioned in Despatches. After this service Gloucester was rebranded "The Fighting G", after the earlier HMS Gloucester, a Town-class cruiser, sunk by German aircraft, in May 1941.

Later Deployments
In 1997, Gloucester took part in Ocean Wave 97. Ocean Wave lasted 8 months, which saw her visit countries including Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and the UAE as well as taking part in the Five Power Defence Arrangements Exercise Flying Fish. She sailed as part of Task Group 327.01, under the flag of Commander United Kingdom Task Group, Rear Admiral Alan West, along with the flagship HMS Illustrious (R06) and other ships such as HMS Richmond (F239) and support ships. Part of the role of the Task Force was to oversee the peaceful handover of Hong Kong to the Chinese.

During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Gloucester was the first Royal Navy vessel to evacuate British nationals from Beirut, berthing on 18 July 2006. She made three trips taking evacuees to Cyprus, and was the last Royal Navy ship to leave Beirut. She underwent a £6 million refit at Rosyth Dockyard in Fife, Scotland, in 2007. On the morning of 26 August 2010 she intercepted the yacht Tortuga, smuggling £4 million of cocaine, during Gloucester's voyage out to the Falkland Islands, where she was deployed from August 2010 to early 2011. On 20 September 2010 the government of Uruguay denied Gloucester access to Montevideo as a result of the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.

In May 2011, she took part in Exercise Saxon Warrior. As part of Saxon Warrior '11, on 21 May 2011, Carrier Strike Group 2's USS Truxtun (DDG-103) and USS Mitscher (DDG-57) joined the U.S. replenishment tanker USNS Leroy Grumman (T-AO-195) and the SPANISH FRIGATE Almirante Juan de Borbón in conducting a transit exercise, with Gloucester and frigate HMS Westminster (F237) acting as hostile forces. This was the final deployment for Gloucester prior to its decommissioning.

Decommissioning
Gloucester returned to HMNB Portsmouth for the final time on 24 May 2011 and was decommissioned on 30 June 2011, under the command of her last captain, Commander David George. On 22 September 2015 she left Portsmouth harbour under tow, bound for a breaker's yard in Turkey. During her service she sailed 787,928 miles (1,268,047 km)

On decommissioning, Commander David George, said:

"I cannot express how proud I am of the ship. It was a very emotional final entry for the very best of ships, but she is 29 years old, and with more than 750,000 miles [1.2m kilometres] under her belt. There are more capable Type 45 destroyers now taking the stage, and Gloucester’s time has come to bow out with dignity."

Affiliations
The ship retains links with the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment and the City of Gloucester. The ship's crest features a horseshoe, part of the city's Tudor arms.

 * The Rifles
 * City of Gloucester
 * Worshipful Company of Grocers
 * Gloucester R.F.C.
 * 2nd Durrington Sea Scout Group
 * Gloucester Royal Naval Association
 * Milton Abbey Combined Cadet Force (CCF)

title: HMS Gloucester (D96)


text:
User talk:29vincentmak

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:26, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:29vincentmak


text:
1840 in Canada

Events from the year 1840 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 15th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * May 6 — Postage stamps come into use.
 * June 10 — Queen Victoria and Prince Albert are shot at.
 * June 28 — Queen Victoria is crowned.
 * July 23 — Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.

Births

 * January 1 — John Christian Schultz, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (died 1896)
 * March 24 — Laurent-Olivier David, journalist, lawyer, and politician (died 1926)
 * September 26 — Louis-Olivier Taillon, politician and Premier of Quebec (died 1923)
 * October 15 — Honoré Mercier, lawyer, journalist, politician and Premier of Quebec (died 1894)
 * November 6 — James Fisher, politician (died 1927)
 * November 9 — Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, lawyer, politician and 5th Premier of Quebec (died 1898)

Full date unknown

 * Patrick J. Whelan, tailor and alleged Fenian sympathizer executed following the 1868 assassination of Canadian journalist and politician Thomas D'Arcy McGee (died 1869)

Deaths

 * February 21 — Andrew Stuart, lawyer, politician, office holder, and author (born 1785)
 * April 19 — Jean-Jacques Lartigue, bishop of Montreal (born 1777)

title: 1840 in Canada


text:
1846 in Canada

Events from the year 1846 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 2nd

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * January 29 – Many persons in the Eastern Townships are arrested on charge of counterfeiting, being afterwards tried before Sir James Stuart and other Judges. Hon L. T. Drummond and Edward Short, (afterwards judges), prosecute; H. B. Terrill (afterwards M.P.P. for Stanstead), defends. All are acquitted.
 * April 18 – The commission on Rebellion Losses reports.
 * 16 May – Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.
 * June 9 – Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland.
 * June 12 – Theatre burned at Quebec.
 * June 15 – Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.

Full date unknown

 * Mines north of Lake Superior are explored.
 * The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8½ miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power.
 * Hon. John Young writes the Economist, favoring a bridge across the St. Lawrence.
 * The Great Famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly treated Catholics.
 * David Thompson begins compiling a book about his travels.
 * The first copper mine in Canada opens at Bruce Mines.

Births

 * January 14 – Daniel Hunter McMillan, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (died 1933)
 * May 1 – Pierre-Amand Landry, lawyer, judge and politician (died 1916)
 * July 31 – Thomas George Roddick, surgeon, medical administrator and politician (died 1923)
 * August 12 – Graham Fraser (industrialist) (died 1915)
 * October 26 – Gilbert Anselme Girouard, politician (died 1885)
 * December 8 – Antoine Audet, politician (died 1915)
 * December 13 – John Howatt Bell, lawyer, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1929)

Deaths

 * September 5 – Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe, colonial administrator (born 1785)
 * November 23 – James Evans, missionary and linguist (born 1801)

title: 1846 in Canada


text:
1841 in Canada

Events from the year 1841 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 1st (starting June 15)

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham (until 16 September); vacant then
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley
 * Governor of Canada West: John Clitherow then Richard Downes Jackson
 * Governor of Upper Canada: Charles Poulett Thomson

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * February 10 – The Union of Upper and Lower Canada establishes the Province of Canada.
 * June 15 – The 1st Parliament of the Province of Canada meets at Kingston.
 * October 2 – The Canada Gazette publishes its first issue.
 * December 20 – The Kingston Common Council establishes a police force.
 * The Dawn Settlement, in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities.

Births

 * January 15 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, Governor General of Canada (died 1908)
 * March 9 – Robert Atkinson Davis, businessman, politician and 4th Premier of Manitoba (died 1903)
 * April 15 – Joseph E. Seagram, distillery founder, politician, philanthropist and racehorse owner (died 1919)
 * April 21 – Jennie Kidd Trout, physician, first woman in Canada legally to become a medical doctor and only woman in Canada licensed to practice medicine until 1880 (died 1921)
 * May 8 – John Norquay, politician and 5th Premier of Manitoba (died 1889)
 * August 3 – Juliana Horatio Ewing, poet and writer of children's novels set in Canada.(died 1885)
 * August 10
 * James David Edgar, politician (died 1899)
 * Oronhyatekha, Mohawk physician, CEO of an international benefit society, native statesman, scholar, rights campaigner and international shooter (died 1907)
 * September 13 – George Airey Kirkpatrick, politician (died 1899)
 * September 18 – George William Ross, educator, politician and 5th Premier of Ontario (died 1914)
 * November 20 – Wilfrid Laurier, politician and 7th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1919)
 * December 23 – John Brown, politician, miller, mining consultant and prospector (died 1905)

title: 1841 in Canada


text:
1842 in Canada

Events from the year 1842 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 1st

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Bagot (starting 12 January)
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley
 * Governor of Canada West: Richard Downes Jackson

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * January 10 – Governor General of Canada Sir Charles Bagot arrives at Kingston, Ontario.
 * January 12 – The Islander is founded Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
 * August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine–New Brunswick border dispute.
 * October 16 – Queen's University is founded
 * The first Railway in Nova Scotia is begun.

Full date unknown

 * 1842 Newfoundland general election
 * Cornish emigrants begin to arrive in the area of Bruce Mines

Births

 * January 1 – John Morison Gibson, politician and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1929)
 * March 4 – Hector Berthelot, lawyer, journalist and publisher (died 1895)
 * June 26 – Zoé Lafontaine, wife of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1921)
 * June 30 – William Smithe, politician and 6th Premier of British Columbia (died 1887)
 * July 11 – Louis-Philippe Turcotte, historian (died 1878)
 * August 14 – Malcolm Alexander MacLean, 1st Mayor of Vancouver (died 1895)
 * August 15 – Judson Burpee Black, physician and politician (died 1924)
 * September 9 – Silas Tertius Rand Bill, politician, merchant and shipowner (died 1890)
 * December 15 – Neil McLeod, lawyer, judge, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1915)
 * December 28 – Calixa Lavallée, musician and composer (died 1891)

Full date unknown

 * Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Cree chief (died 1886)
 * Jean Baptiste Blanchet, politician (died 1904)
 * Arthur Boyle, politician (died 1919)
 * Thomas Scott, Orangemen (died 1870)

title: 1842 in Canada


text:
Ensemble La Fenice

Ensemble La Fenice is a period wind band based in the town of Auxerre in the Burgundy region of France.

Founded in 1990 by the cornett player Jean Tubéry, the ensemble specializes in music of the Baroque era played on period instruments.

title: Ensemble La Fenice


text:
1843 in Canada

Events from the year 1843 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 1st

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Bagot (until 19 May); Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (starting 30 May)
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * January 19 – Mount Allison University is founded.
 * September 1 – First Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald marries Isabella Clark
 * December 9 – Bishop's University is founded.

Full date unknown

 * Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island.
 * David Thompson sends a set of refined maps to London.
 * Lord Metcalfe comes to Montreal.
 * The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened.
 * Survey of Boundary, between the U.S. and Canada, is begun.
 * Grace Marks is controversially convicted of murder after her trial on November 3 and 4, 1843. The crime and trial will form the basis for Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace in 1996.

January to June

 * February 3 – William Cornelius Van Horne, pioneering railway executive (died 1915)
 * February 10 – Jean Blanchet, politician (died 1908)
 * March 16 – James Mitchell, politician and 7th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1897)
 * May 2 – Elijah McCoy, inventor and engineer (died 1929)
 * May 17 – Robert Beith, politician (died 1922)
 * June 1 – David Howard Harrison, farmer, physician, politician and 6th Premier of Manitoba (died 1905)

July to December

 * August 4 – Joseph-Guillaume Bossé, politician and lawyer (died 1908)
 * September 30 – Samuel Barton Burdett, politician, lawyer and lecturer (died 1892)
 * October 2 – James Whitney, politician and 6th Premier of Ontario (died 1914)
 * October 25 – Thomas Simpson Sproule, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (died 1917)
 * December 3 – William Dillon Otter, soldier and first Canadian-born Chief of the General Staff (died 1929)
 * December 6 – William Wilfred Sullivan, journalist, jurist, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1920)

Deaths

 * February 26 (baptised) – William Carson (born 1770)
 * September 16 – Ezekiel Hart, entrepreneur, politician, and first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire (born 1767)
 * October 6 – Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet, army officer and colonial administrator (born 1769)

title: 1843 in Canada


text:
1844 in Canada

Events from the year 1844 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 2nd (starting November 28)

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * March 5 – The Toronto Globe is founded by George Brown
 * May 10 – Government moves from Kingston to Montreal.
 * Amnesty in Montreal provides for Papineau's return.

Births

 * January 19 – William Mulock, politician and Minister (died 1944)
 * February 20 – Joshua Slocum, seaman, adventurer, writer, and first man to sail single-handedly around the world (died 1909)
 * March 7 – Andrew George Blair, politician and 6th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1907)
 * May 8 – Théotime Blanchard, farmer, merchant and politician (died 1911)
 * October 22 – Louis Riel, politician and Métis leader (died 1885)

Deaths

 * January 8 – William Warren Baldwin, doctor, militia officer, jp, lawyer, office holder, judge, businessman, and politician (born 1775)
 * February 6 – William Abrams, businessman, jp, judge, office holder, and militia officer (born 1785)

title: 1844 in Canada


text:
1845 in Canada

Events from the year 1845 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament: 2nd

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada: Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (until 26 November); Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart (from 26 November)
 * Governor of New Brunswick: William MacBean George Colebrooke
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: John Harvey
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Henry Vere Huntley

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * William Henry Draper, Canada West Premier
 * Samuel Harrison, Canada East Premier

Events

 * Halifax native Samuel Cunard chooses Boston as the western terminus for his steamships.
 * Lord Cathcart, the new governor, arrives.
 * The Rebellion Losses Commission sits.
 * The Welland Canal is opened.

January to June

 * January 9 – Laure Conan, novelist (died 1924)
 * January 14 – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, Governor General of Canada (died 1927)
 * February 13 – William James Topley, photographer (died 1930)
 * April 5 – Leonard Burnett, politician, farmer and teacher (died 1932)
 * May 4 – Louis Henry Davies, lawyer, businessman, politician and 3rd Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1924)

July to December

 * July 9 – Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, Governor General of Canada (died 1914)
 * July 20 – Charles-Eusèbe Dionne, naturalist and taxidermist (died 1925)
 * August 6 – John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, Governor General of Canada (died 1914)
 * November 10 – John Sparrow David Thompson, lawyer, judge, politician, and 4th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1894)
 * December 15 – Edward Charles Bowers, politician (died 1929)

title: 1845 in Canada