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Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (born January 17, 1954), also known by his initials RFK Jr., is an American politician, environmental lawyer, anti-vaccine activist, and conspiracy theorist. He is the chairman and founder of Children's Health Defense, an anti-vaccine advocacy group that is a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation, and an independent candidate in the 2024 presidential election. A member of the Kennedy family, he is a son of the U.S. attorney general and senator Robert F. Kennedy, and a nephew of the U.S. president John F. Kennedy and the senator Ted Kennedy.

Kennedy began his career as an assistant district attorney in New York City. In the mid-1980s, he joined two nonprofits focused on environmental protection: Riverkeeper and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). His work at Riverkeeper set long-term environmental legal standards. At both organizations, he won legal battles against large corporate polluters. He became an adjunct professor of environmental law at Pace University School of Law in 1986. In 1987, he founded Pace's Environmental Litigation Clinic, where he held the positions of supervising attorney and co-director until 2017. He founded the nonprofit environmental group Waterkeeper Alliance in 1999, serving as the president of its board.

Since 2005, Kennedy has promoted anti-vaccine misinformation and public-health conspiracy theories, Multiple sources:

 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).
 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).
 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).
 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).
 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).
 * including the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States. Many of his often false public health claims have targeted such prominent figures as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci (2021) and A Letter to Liberals (2022).

Early life and education
Kennedy was born at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C., on January 17, 1954. He is the third of eleven children of senator and U.S. attorney general Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. He is a nephew of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Ted Kennedy.

Kennedy was raised at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and at Hickory Hill, the family estate in McLean, Virginia. He was nine years old when his uncle, President John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in 1963, and 14 when his father was assassinated while running for president in 1968.

Kennedy learned of his father's shooting while at Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit boarding school in North Bethesda, Maryland. A few hours later, he flew to Los Angeles on Vice President Hubert Humphrey's plane, along with his older siblings, Kathleen and Joe. He was with his father when he died. Kennedy was a pallbearer at his father's funeral, where he spoke and read excerpts from his father's speeches at the mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery.

After his father's death, Kennedy struggled with drug abuse, which led to his arrest in Barnstable, Massachusetts for cannabis possession at age 16, and his expulsion from two boarding schools: Millbrook and Pomfret. In June 1972, he graduated from the Palfrey Street School, a day school outside Boston. While attending Palfrey, Kennedy lived with a surrogate family at a farmhouse in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Kennedy continued his education at Harvard University, graduating in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts in American history and literature. He then studied at the London School of Economics before earning a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1982, and a Master of Laws from Pace University in 1987.

Conviction for heroin possession
In 1982, Kennedy was sworn in as an assistant district attorney for Manhattan. After failing the New York bar exam, he resigned in July 1983. That September, he was charged with heroin possession in Rapid City, South Dakota. He pleaded guilty to a single felony charge of possession of heroin in February 1984, whereupon he was sentenced to two years of probation and community service. He originally faced a potential sentence of two years in prison. After his arrest, he entered a drug treatment center. To satisfy one of the conditions of his probation, Kennedy worked as a volunteer for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and was required to attend regular drug-rehabilitation sessions. His probation ended a year early.

Riverkeeper
In 1984, Kennedy began volunteering at The Hudson River Fisherman's Association, renamed Riverkeeper in 1986 after a patrol boat it had built with settlement money from legal victories preceding Kennedy's arrival. The association's office was in a farmhouse near the Natural Resources Defense Council, where Kennedy was doing the community service mandated by his sentence for heroin possession. After he was admitted to the New York bar in 1985, Riverkeeper hired him as senior attorney. Kennedy litigated and supervised environmental enforcement lawsuits on the east coast estuaries on behalf of Hudson Riverkeeper and the Long Island Soundkeeper, where he was also a board member. Long Island Soundkeeper sued several municipalities and cities along the Connecticut and New York coastlines. On the Hudson, Kennedy sued municipalities and industries, including General Electric, to stop discharging pollution and clean up legacy contamination. His work at Riverkeeper set long-term environmental legal standards.

In 1995, Kennedy advocated for repeal of legislation during the 104th Congress that he considered unfriendly to the environment. In 1997, he worked with John Cronin to write The Riverkeepers, a history of the early Riverkeepers and a primer for the Waterkeeper movement.

In 2000, a majority of Riverkeeper's board sided with Kennedy when he insisted on rehiring William Wegner, a wildlife lecturer and falcon trainer whom the organization's founder and president, Robert H. Boyle, had fired six months earlier after learning that Wegner had been convicted in 1995 for tax fraud, perjury, and conspiracy to violate wildlife protection laws. Wegner had recruited and led a team of at least 10 who smuggled cockatoo eggs, including species considered endangered by Australia, from Australia to the U.S. over a period of eight years. He served 3.5 years of a five-year sentence and was hired by Kennedy a few months after his release from prison. After the board's decision, Boyle, eight of the 22 members of the board, and Riverkeeper's treasurer resigned, saying it was not right for an environmental organization to hire someone convicted of environmental crimes and that it would hurt the organization's fundraising.

Kennedy resigned from Riverkeeper in 2017, writing in his resignation letter that he had co-founded the organization.

Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic
In 1987, Kennedy founded the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law, where for three decades he was the clinic's supervising attorney and co-director and Clinical Professor of Law. Kennedy obtained a special order from the New York State Court of Appeals that permitted his 10 clinic students—second- and third-year law students—to practice law and try cases against Hudson River polluters in state and federal court, under the supervision of Kennedy and his co-director, Professor Karl Coplan. The clinic's full-time clients are Riverkeeper and Long Island Soundkeeper.

The clinic has sued governments and companies for polluting Long Island Sound and the Hudson River and its tributaries. It argued cases to expand citizen access to the shoreline and won hundreds of settlements for the Hudson Riverkeeper. Kennedy and his students also sued dozens of municipal wastewater treatment plants to force compliance with the Clean Water Act. In 2010, a Pace lawsuit forced ExxonMobil to clean up tens of millions of gallons of oil from legacy refinery spills in Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, New York.

On April 11, 2001, Men's Journal gave Kennedy its "Heroes" Award for creating the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic. Kennedy and the clinic received other awards for successful legal work cleaning up the environment. The Pace Clinic became a model for similar environmental law clinics throughout the country, including Rutgers, Golden Gate, UCLA, Widener, and Boalt Hall at Berkeley.

Waterkeeper Alliance
In June 1999, as Riverkeeper's success on the Hudson began inspiring the creation of Waterkeepers across North America, Kennedy and a few dozen Riverkeepers gathered in Southampton, Long Island, to found the Waterkeeper Alliance, which is now the umbrella group for the 344 licensed Waterkeeper programs located in 44 countries. As President of the Alliance, Kennedy oversees its legal, membership, policy and fundraising programs. The Alliance states that it is dedicated to promoting "swimmable, fishable, drinkable waterways, worldwide", and is also a clearinghouse, approving new Keeper programs and licensing use of the trademarked "Waterkeeper", "Riverkeeper", "Soundkeeper", "Lakekeeper", "Baykeeper", "Bayoukeeper", "Canalkeeper", "Coastkeeper", etc. names.

Kennedy and his environmental work have been the focus of several films including The Waterkeepers (2000), directed by Les Guthman. In 2008, he appeared in the IMAX documentary film Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk, riding the Grand Canyon in a wooden dory with his daughter Kick and anthropologist Wade Davis.

Kennedy resigned the Waterkeeper Alliance presidency in November 2020.

New York City Watershed Agreement
Beginning in 1991, Kennedy represented environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers in a series of lawsuits against New York City and upstate watershed polluters. Kennedy authored a series of articles and reports  alleging that New York State was abdicating its responsibility to protect the water repository and supply. In 1996, he helped orchestrate the $1.2 billion New York City Watershed Agreement, which New York magazine recognized in its cover story, "The Kennedy Who Matters". This agreement, which Kennedy negotiated on behalf of environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers, is regarded as an international model in stakeholder consensus negotiations and sustainable development.

Kennedy & Madonna LLP

In 2000, Kennedy and the environmental lawyer Kevin Madonna founded the environmental law firm Kennedy & Madonna, LLP, to represent private plaintiffs against polluters. The firm litigates environmental contamination cases on behalf of individuals, non-profit organizations, school districts, public water suppliers, Indian tribes, municipalities and states. In 2001, Kennedy & Madonna organized a team of prestigious plaintiff law firms to challenge pollution from industrial pork and poultry production. In 2004, the firm was part of a legal team that secured a $70 million settlement for property owners in Pensacola, Florida whose properties were contaminated by chemicals from an adjacent Superfund site.

Kennedy & Madonna was profiled in the 2010 HBO documentary Mann v. Ford, which chronicles four years of litigation by the firm on behalf of the Ramapough Mountain Indians against the Ford Motor Company for dumping toxic waste on tribal lands in northern New Jersey. In addition to a monetary settlement for the tribe, the lawsuit contributed to the community's land being re-listed on the federal Superfund list, the first time that a de-listed site was re-listed.

In 2007, Kennedy was one of three finalists nominated as "Trial Lawyer of the Year" by Public Justice for his role in the $396 million jury verdict against DuPont for contamination from its Spelter, West Virginia zinc plant. In 2017, the firm was part of the trial team that secured a $670 million settlement on behalf of over 3,000 residents from Ohio and West Virginia whose drinking water was contaminated by the toxic chemical perfluorooctanoic acid, which DuPont released into the environment in Parkersburg, West Virginia.

Morgan & Morgan
In 2016, Kennedy became counsel to the Morgan & Morgan law firm. The partnership arose from the two firms' successful collaboration on the case against SoCalGas Company following the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California. In 2017, Kennedy and his partners sued Monsanto in federal court in San Francisco, on behalf of plaintiffs seeking to recover damages for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, that, the plaintiffs allege, were a result of exposure to Monsanto's glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup. Kennedy and his team also filed a class action lawsuit against Monsanto for failing to warn consumers about the dangers allegedly posed by exposure to Roundup.

In September 2018, Kennedy and his partners filed a class-action lawsuit against Columbia Gas of Massachusetts alleging negligence following gas explosions in three towns north of Boston. Of Columbia Gas, Kennedy said "as they build new miles of pipe, the same company is ignoring its existing infrastructure, which we now know is eroding and is dilapidated".

Renewable energy
In 1999, Kennedy, Chris Bartle and John Hoving created a bottled-water company, Keeper Springs, which donated all of its profits to Waterkeeper Alliance.

Kennedy was a venture partner and senior advisor at VantagePoint Capital Partners, one of the world's largest cleantech venture capital firms. Among other activities, VantagePoint was the original and largest pre-IPO institutional investor in Tesla. VantagePoint also backed BrightSource Energy and Solazyme, amongst others. Kennedy is a board member and counselor to several of Vantage Point's portfolio companies in the water and energy space, including Ostara, a Vancouver-based company that markets the technology to remove phosphorus and other excessive nutrients from wastewater, transforming otherwise pollution directly into high-grade fertilizer. He is also a senior advisor to Starwood Energy Group and has played a key role in a number of the firm's investments.

He is on the board of Vionx, a Massachusetts-based utility scale vanadium flow battery systems manufacturer. On October 5, 2017, Vionx, National Grid and the U.S. Department of Energy completed the installation of advanced flow batteries at Holy Name High School in the city of Worcester, Massachusetts. The collaboration also includes Siemens and the United Technologies Research Center and constitutes one of the largest energy storage facilities in Massachusetts.

Kennedy is a Partner in ColorZen, which offers a turnkey-cotton-fiber pre-treatment solution that reduces water usage and toxic discharges in the cotton-dyeing process.

Kennedy was a co-owner and Director of the smart-grid company Utility Integration Solutions (UISol), which was acquired by Alstom. He is presently a co-owner and Director of GridBright, the market-leading grid management specialist.

In October 2011, Kennedy co-founded EcoWatch, an environmental news site. He resigned from its board of directors in January 2018.

Minority and poor communities
In his first case as an environmental attorney, Kennedy represented the NAACP in a lawsuit against a proposal to build a garbage transfer station in a minority neighborhood in Ossining, New York.

In 1987, he successfully sued Westchester County, New York, to reopen the Croton Point Park, which was heavily used primarily by poor and minority communities from the Bronx. He then forced the reopening of the Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, which New York City had closed to the public and converted to a police firing range.

Kennedy has argued that poor communities shoulder the disproportionate burden of environmental pollution. Speaking at the 2016 South by Southwest environment conference in Austin, Texas, he said, "Polluters always choose the soft target of poverty", noting that Chicago's south side has the highest concentration of toxic waste dumps in America. Furthermore, he added that 80 percent of "uncontrolled toxic waste dumps" can be found in black neighborhoods, with the largest site in the United States being in Emelle, Alabama, which is 90 percent black.

International and indigenous rights
Starting in 1985, Kennedy helped develop the Natural Resources Defense Council's international program for environmental, energy, and human rights, traveling to Canada and Latin America to assist indigenous tribes in protecting their homelands and opposing large-scale energy and extractive projects in remote wilderness areas.

In 1990, Kennedy assisted indigenous Pehuenches in Chile in a partially successful campaign to stop the construction of a series of dams on Chile's iconic Biobío River. That campaign derailed all but one of the proposed dams. Beginning in 1992, he assisted the Cree Indians of northern Quebec in their campaign against Hydro-Québec to halt construction of some 600 proposed dams on eleven rivers in James Bay.

In 1993, Kennedy and NRDC, working with the indigenous rights organization Cultural Survival, clashed with other American environmental groups in a dispute about the rights of Indians to govern their own lands in the Oriente region of Ecuador. Kennedy represented the CONFENIAE, a confederation of Indian peoples, in negotiation with the American oil company Conoco to limit oil development in Ecuadorian Amazon and, at the same time, obtain benefits from resource extraction for Amazonian tribes. Kennedy was a vocal critic of Texaco for its previous record for polluting the Ecuadoran Amazon.

From 1993 to 1999, Kennedy worked with five Vancouver Island Indian tribes in their campaign to end industrial logging by MacMillan Bloedel in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia.

In 1996, Kennedy met with Cuban President Fidel Castro to persuade the leader to halt his plans to construct a nuclear power plant at Juraguá. During a lengthy latenight encounter, Castro reminisced about Kennedy's father and uncle, speculating that U.S. relations with Cuba would have been far better had President Kennedy not been assassinated.

Between 1996 and 2000, Kennedy and NRDC helped Mexican commercial fishermen to halt Mitsubishi's proposal to build a salt facility in the Laguna San Ignacio, a known area in Baja where gray whales bred, and nursed their calves. Kennedy wrote in opposition to the project, and took the campaign to Japan, meeting with the Japanese prime minister, Keizo Obuchi.

In 2000, he assisted local environmental activists to stop proposals by Chaffin Light, a real estate developer, and U.S. engineering giant Bechtel from building a large hotel and resort development that, Kennedy argued, threatened coral reefs and public beaches used by local Bahamians, at Clifton Bay, New Providence Island.

Kennedy was one of the early editors of Indian Country Today, North America's largest Native American newspaper. He helped lead the opposition to the damming of the Futaleufú River in the Patagonia region of Chile. In 2016, citing the pressure precipitated by the Futaleufú Riverkeeper's campaign against the dams, the Spanish power company, Endesa, which owned the right to dam the river, reversed its decision and relinquished all claims to the Futaleufú.

Military and Vieques
Kennedy has been a critic of environmental damage by the U.S. military.

In a 2001 article, Kennedy described how he sued the U.S. Navy on behalf of fishermen and residents of Vieques, an island of Puerto Rico, to stop weapons testing, bombing, and other military exercises. Kennedy argued that the activities were unnecessary, and that the Navy had illegally destroyed several endangered species, polluted the island's waters, harmed the residents' health, and damaged its economy. He was arrested for trespassing at Camp Garcia Vieques, the U.S. Navy training facility, where he and others were protesting the use of a section of the island for training. Kennedy served 30 days in a maximum security prison in Puerto Rico. The trespassing incident forced the suspension of live-fire exercises for almost three hours. The lawsuits and protests by Kennedy, and hundreds of Puerto Ricans who were also imprisoned, eventually forced the termination of naval bombing in Vieques by the Bush administration.

In a 2003 article for the Chicago Tribune, Kennedy said the U.S. federal government was "America's biggest polluter" and the U.S. Department of Defense as the worst offender. Citing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), he said, "unexploded ordnance waste can be found on 16,000 military ranges...and more than half may contain biological or chemical weapons".

Factory farms
For almost twenty years, Kennedy and his Waterkeepers waged a legal and public relations battle against pollution by factory farms. In the 1990s, he rallied opposition to factory farms among small independent farmers, convened a series of "National Summits" on factory meat products, and conducted press conference whistle stop tours across North Carolina, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, and in Washington DC. Beginning in 2000, Kennedy sued factory farms in North Carolina, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Iowa. He wrote articles on the subject, arguing that factory farms produce lower-quality, less healthy food, and are harmful to independent family farmers by poisoning their air and water, reducing their property values, and using extensive state and federal subsidies to impose unfair competition against smaller farmers.

In 1995, Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta declared Kennedy persona non grata in the province due to Kennedy's activism against Alberta's large-scale hog production facilities. In 2002, Smithfield Foods filed a lawsuit against Kennedy in Poland, under a Polish law that makes criticizing a corporation illegal, after Kennedy denounced the company in a debate with Smithfield's Polish director before the Polish parliament.

Oil, gas, and pipelines
Kennedy has advocated for a global transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. He has been particularly critical of the oil industry. In one of his first environmental cases, Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Mobil Oil for polluting the Hudson.

Kennedy helped lead the battle against fracking in New York State. He had been an early supporter of natural gas as viable bridge fuel to renewables, and a cleaner alternative to coal. However, he said he turned against this controversial extraction method after investigating its cost to public health, climate and road infrastructure. As a member of Governor Andrew Cuomo's fracking commission, Kennedy helped engineer the Governor's 2013 ban on fracking in New York State.

Kennedy mounted a national effort against the construction of liquefied natural gas facilities. Waterkeepers maintains a national watch that documents numerous crude oil spills annually.

In 2013, Kennedy assisted the Chipewyan First Nation and the Beaver Lake Cree fighting to protect their land from tar sands production. In February 2013, while protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline Kennedy, along with his son, Conor, was arrested for blocking a thoroughfare in front of the White House during a protest. In August 2016, Kennedy and Waterkeeper participated in protests to block the extension of the Dakota Access pipeline across the Sioux Indian Standing Rock Reservation's water supply.

Kennedy has maintained that the oil industry remains competitive against renewables and electric cars only due to massive direct and indirect subsidies and political interventions on behalf of the oil industry. In a June 2017 interview on EnviroNews, Kennedy said about the oil industry, "That's what their strategy is: build as many miles of pipeline as possible. And what the industry is trying to do is to increase that level of infrastructure investment so our country won't be able to walk away from it.

Coal
Under Kennedy's leadership, Waterkeeper launched its "Clean Coal is a Deadly Lie" campaign in 2001, bringing dozens of lawsuits targeting mining practices, which include mountaintop removal, slurry pond construction, and targeting mercury emissions and coal ash piles by coal-burning utilities. Kennedy's Waterkeeper alliance has also been leading the fight against coal export, including from terminals in the Pacific Northwest.

Kennedy has promoted replacing coal energy with renewable energy, which, he argues, would thereby reduce costs and greenhouse gases while improving air and water quality, the health of the citizens, and the number and quality of jobs. In June 2011, film producer Bill Haney televised his award-winning film The Last Mountain, co-written by Haney and Peter Rhodes, depicting Kennedy's fight to stop Appalachian mountaintop removal mining.

Nuclear power
Kennedy has been an opponent of conventional nuclear power, arguing that it is unsafe and not economically competitive. In June 1981, he spoke at an anti-nuclear rally at the Hollywood Bowl with the musicians Stephen Stills, Bonnie Raitt, and Jackson Browne.

While working with Riverkeeper, he spearheaded a 34-year battle to close the Indian Point nuclear-power plant. Kennedy was featured in a 2004 documentary about the plant, Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable, directed by his sister, the documentary filmmaker Rory Kennedy.

In 2017 Kennedy argued that the electricity Indian Point provided could be fully replaced by renewable energy. In 2022, after the plant's closure, carbon emissions from electricity generation in New York state increased by 37%, compared to 2019, before the start of the closure.

Hydro
In 1991, Kennedy helped lead a campaign to block Hydro-Québec from building the James Bay Hydro-project, a massive dam project in northern Quebec.

His campaigns helped block dams on Chile's Biobío River in 1990 and its Futaleufú River in 2016. In 2002, he mounted what was ultimately an unsuccessful battle against building a dam on Belize's Macal River. Kennedy termed the Chalillo Dam a boondoggle and brought a high-profile legal challenge against Fortis Inc., a Canadian power company and the monopoly owner of Belize's electric utility. In a 3–2 ruling in 2003, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom upheld the Belizean government's decision to permit dam construction.

In 2004, Kennedy met with provincial officials and brought foreign media and political visitors to Canada to protest the building of hydroelectric dams on Quebec's Magpie River. Hydro-Québec dropped plans for the dam in 2017.

In November 2017, the Spanish hydroelectric syndicate Endesa decided to abandon HydroAysen, a massive project to construct dams on dozens of Patagonia's rivers accompanied by thousands of miles of roads, power lines and other infrastructure. Endesa returned its water rights to the Chilean government. The Chilean press credits advocacy by Kennedy and Riverkeeper as critical factors in the company's decision.

Cape Wind
In 2005, Kennedy clashed with national environmental groups over his opposition to the Cape Wind Project, a proposed offshore wind farm off of the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Nantucket Sound. Taking the side of Cape Cod's commercial fishing industry, Kennedy argued that the project was a costly boondoggle. This position angered some environmentalists, and brought Kennedy criticism by commentators such as Rush Limbaugh and John Stossel, the latter of whom called him a hypocrite. Kennedy argued in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, "Vermont wants to take its nuclear plant off line and replace it with clean, green power from Hydro-Québec—power available to Massachusetts utilities—at a cost of six cents per kilowatt hour (kwh). Cape Wind electricity, by a conservative estimate and based on figures they filed with the state, comes in at 25 cents per kwh."

Political views
Kennedy's political rhetoric often uses conspiracy theories.

Economic inequality
Kennedy expressed skepticism about the COVID-19 pandemic, contending that it served to benefit billionaires; according to Kennedy, the pandemic resulted in a "$4.4 trillion shift in wealth from the American middle class to this new oligarchy that we created—500 new billionaires with the lockdowns, and the billionaires that we already had increased their wealth by 30%". Kennedy has also said that the American government is dominated by corporate power; he said the Environmental Protection Agency was run by the "oil industry, the coal industry and the pesticide industry", and described the Food and Drug Administration as overly dominated by "Big Pharma".

Kennedy has stated his belief that "systematic" erosion of the middle class is taking place, remarking in a 2023 interview with UnHerd that American politicians have "been systematically hollowing out the American middle class and printing money to make billionaires richer". He said that the financial industry and the military–industrial complex are funded at the expense of the American middle class. Kennedy sees a "vibrant middle class" as the economy's backbone and said that the economy has deteriorated because the middle class has become poorer.

In an interview with Andrew Serwer, Kennedy remarked that the gap between rich and poor in the U.S. had become too great and said, "the very wealthy people should pay more taxes and corporations". He also expressed his support for Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren's wealth tax plan, which would impose an annual tax of 2% on every dollar of a household's net worth over $50 million and 6% on every dollar of net worth over $1 billion.

Foreign affairs and military intervention
Kennedy is critical of the United States' alliances with dictatorships like Saudi Arabia. He criticized the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, calling it a "genocide against the Iranian-backed Houthi tribe." Kennedy is a supporter of Israel. In December 2023, he had a heated exchange with Breaking Points host Krystal Ball, in what Rabbi Shmuley Boteach called "the single greatest defense of Israel on videos since the start of the" 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

An opponent of the military industry and foreign interventions, Kennedy was critical of the Iraq War as well as American support for Ukraine against Russia's invasion of the country. He condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, but called the Russo-Ukrainian War "a U.S. war against Russia" and said the war's goal was to "sacrifice the flower of Ukrainian youth in an abattoir of death and destruction for the geopolitical ambition of the neocons". He called for a peace agreement in Ukraine based on the Minsk Accords; in his view, the Donbas region should remain in Ukraine but also be given territorial autonomy and placed under the jurisdiction of United Nations peacekeeping forces, while Aegis missile systems should be removed from Eastern Europe.

Kennedy said Ukraine should be forbidden from joining NATO, and announced that as president he would consider admitting Russia to NATO and deescalating tensions with the People's Republic of China. He said the 2014 Ukrainian revolution was an attempted coup sponsored by the U.S. against the Ukrainian government, and that the Ukrainian government committed atrocities against the Russian population in Donbas, wrongly claiming that all casualties of the Donbas War between 2014 and 2022 (about 14,000) were Russians. He said that Russians living there "were being systematically killed by the Ukrainian government".

Kennedy attacked the operations of former CIA director Allen Dulles, condemning U.S.-backed coups and interventions such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état as "bloodthirsty", and blamed U.S. interventions in countries such as Syria and Iran for the rise of terrorist organizations such as ISIS and creating anti-American sentiment in the region. Kennedy said the CIA has no accountability and declared his intention to restructure the agency.

Kennedy's disapproval of U.S. intervention in foreign governments was expressed in a 1974 Atlantic Monthly article titled "Poor Chile", discussing the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende. He also wrote editorials against the execution of Pakistan President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. In 1975, he published an article in The Wall Street Journal criticizing the use of assassination as a foreign policy tool. In 2005, he wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times decrying President Bush's use of torture as anti-American. His uncle Senator Ted Kennedy entered the article into the Congressional Record.

In an article titled "Why the Arabs Don't Want Us in Syria" published in Politico in February 2016, Kennedy referred to the "bloody history that modern interventionists like George W. Bush, Ted Cruz, and Marco Rubio miss when they recite their narcissistic trope that Mideast nationalists 'hate us for our freedoms.' For the most part they don't; instead they hate us for the way we betrayed those freedoms—our own ideals—within their borders". Kennedy blames the Syrian war on a pipeline dispute. He cites apparent WikiLeaks disclosures alleging that the CIA led military and intelligence planners to foment a Sunni uprising against Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad, following his rejection of a proposed Qatar-Turkey pipeline through Syria in 2009, well before the Arab Spring.

In a June 2023 interview, Kennedy said that in broad terms he believes that U.S. foreign relations should involve significantly reducing the military presence in other nations. He specifically said the country must "start unraveling the Empire" by closing U.S. bases in different locations worldwide.

Kennedy believes that the administration of President Joe Biden in large part caused the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia due to reckless and militant action; he has specifically cited the issue of NATO expansion into Eastern Europe. At the same time, he has clarified that he refuses to connect this criticism with anything considered support of the government of Russia under Putin, particularly given Kennedy's ethical opposition to the regime's beliefs and politics. He has called Putin a "monster", a "thug", and a "gangster".

Environmental policy
Calling himself "arguably the leading environmentalist in the country", Kennedy promotes populist and anti-establishment environmental policies, claiming that the climate crisis was hijacked by "Bill Gates and the World Economic Forum and the billionaire boys' club in Davos". In a 2015 interview, of politicians skeptical of global warming, Kennedy said he "wished there were a law you could punish them under". He expressed his support for regenerative farming and said that environmentalists' priority should be to tackle the "carbon industry". He called the current society and economy unsustainable and based on a "longtime deadly addiction to coal and oil" and contended that the economic system rewards pollution. In 2020, Kennedy said: "Right now, we have a market that is governed by rules that were written by the carbon incumbents to reward the dirtiest, filthiest, most poisonous, most toxic, most war-mongering fields from hell, rather than the cheap, clean, green, wholesome and patriotic fields from heaven."

Kennedy stated his support for Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal resolution and announced his plans to implement it. He spoke out against geoengineering, claiming that geoengineering solutions are an attempt by big business to profit from climate change. Despite his reputation as environmentalist, he voiced his support for agrarian movements, saying in 2023: "If we want to have democracy, we need a broad ownership of our land by a wide variety of yeoman farmers, each with a stake in our system." He opposes nuclear energy, considering it too expensive and unsafe. Kennedy believes that nuclear energy is a profit-making venture and that it is promoted by corporate lobbyists rather than environmental activists, saying in a 2023 interview, "it's not hippies in tie-dyed T-shirts who are saying it's dangerous; it's guys on Wall Street with suits and ties".

Throughout the presidency of George W. Bush, Kennedy was critical of Bush's environmental and energy policies, saying Bush was defunding and corrupting federal science projects.

Kennedy was also critical of Bush's 2003 hydrogen car initiative, arguing that it was a gift to the fossil fuel industry disguised as a green automobile.

In 2003, Kennedy wrote an article in Rolling Stone about Bush's environmental record, which he subsequently expanded into a New York Times bestselling book. His opposition to the Bush administration's environmental policies earned him recognition as one of Rolling Stone "100 Agents of Change" on April 2, 2009.

During an October 2012 interview with Politico, Kennedy called on environmentalists to direct their dissatisfaction towards the U.S. Congress rather than President Barack Obama, reasoning that Obama "didn't deliver" due to having a partisan U.S. Congress "like we haven't seen before in American history". He said politicians who do not act on climate change policy serve special interests and sell out public trust. He said Charles and David Koch—the owners of Koch Industries, Inc., the nation's largest privately owned oil company—subverted democracy and made "themselves billionaires by impoverishing the rest of us". Kennedy has spoken of the Koch Brothers as leading "the apocalyptical forces of Ignorance and Greed".

During the 2014 People's Climate March, Kennedy said: "American politics is driven by two forces. One is intensity, and the other is money. The Koch brothers have all the money. They're putting $300 million this year into their efforts to stop the climate bill. And the only thing we have in our power is people power, and that's why we need to put this demonstration on the street."

Questioning the validity of elections
Kennedy has been critical of the integrity of the voting process. In June 2006, he published an article in Rolling Stone purporting to show that GOP operatives stole the 2004 presidential election for President George W. Bush. Most Democrats and Republicans regarded it as a conspiracy theory. The journalist Farhad Manjoo countered Kennedy's conclusions, writing: "If you do read Kennedy's article, be prepared to machete your way through numerous errors of interpretation and his deliberate omission of key bits of data."

Kennedy has written about the ease of election hacking and the dangers of voter purges and voter-identification laws. He wrote the introduction and a chapter in Billionaires and Ballot Bandits, a 2012 book on election hacking by the investigative journalist Greg Palast.

Political endorsements
Kennedy was on his uncle Ted Kennedy's 1970 and 1976 Massachusetts senatorial campaigns, and was on the national staff and a state coordinator for his uncle's 1980 presidential campaign. He was a co-founder and a former board member of the New York League of Conservation Voters.

Kennedy endorsed and campaigned for Vice President Al Gore during his 2000 presidential campaign, and openly opposed Ralph Nader's Green Party presidential campaign. In the 2004 presidential election, Kennedy endorsed John Kerry, noting his strong environmental record.

In late 2007, Kennedy and his sisters Kerry and Kathleen endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries. After the Democratic Convention, Kennedy campaigned for Obama across the country. After the election, the Obama administration was reportedly considering Kennedy for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, but felt his controversial statements and arrest for heroin possession in the 1980s made him unlikely to win Senate confirmation.

Candidacy aspirations
Kennedy considered running for political office in 2000, when New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan did not seek reelection to the U.S. Senate seat formerly held by Kennedy's father.

In 2005, Kennedy considered running for New York attorney general in the 2006 election, which would have put him up against his then-brother-in-law Andrew Cuomo, but he ultimately chose not to, despite being considered the front-runner.

On December 2, 2008, Kennedy said he did not want New York Governor David Paterson to nominate him to the U.S. Senate seat to be vacated by Hillary Clinton, Obama's nominee for Secretary of State. Some outlets indicated that Kennedy was a possible candidate for the position. He said that Senate service would leave him too little time with his family.

2000s consideration for top environmental jobs
As a "well-respected climate lawyer" in the 2000s, Kennedy was "often linked to top environmental jobs in Democratic administrations", including in the 2000, 2004, and 2008 presidential elections. He was considered as a potential White House Council on Environmental Quality chair for Al Gore in 2000 and considered for the role of EPA administrator under John Kerry in 2004 and Barack Obama in 2008.

According to Politico, the Obama transition team decided to not nominate Kennedy due to his past heroin conviction and opposition from Senate Republicans. Then United States Chamber of Commerce lobbyist William Kovacs said that Kennedy's nomination "would speak volumes as to where Obama is going with his appointments... A Kennedy appointment is as liberal as you can possibly get... There is no one [candidate] based firmer in extremes.” Republican Senator Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma also criticized the proposal, saying Kennedy was too radical and would further a left-wing agenda if appointed.

2024 presidential campaign
In a speech in New Hampshire on March 3, 2023, Kennedy said he was considering a run for president in 2024: "I am thinking about it. I've passed the biggest hurdle, which is that my wife has greenlighted it."

Kennedy filed his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 5, 2023. On October 9, 2023, he became an independent candidate in the election. He is the fifth member of his family to seek the presidency of the United States.

Kennedy's campaign has been noted for receiving significant support from Republican donors and Trump allies who believe he will serve as a 'spoiler', taking the votes of those who would otherwise vote for Joe Biden. In August 2023, it was revealed that Timothy Mellon donated $5 million to Kennedy's Super PAC, making him Kennedy's largest single donor, while also donating $15 million to Donald Trump's Super PAC MAGA Inc. Mellon donated another $5 million to Kennedy's super PAC in April 2024 and $50 million to MAGA Inc. in May.

Overview
Kennedy is a prominent voice in the anti-vaccine movement, spreading anti-vaccine misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda.

The infectious disease specialist Michael Osterholm has said that Kennedy's "anti-vaccine disinformation" is effective "because it's portrayed to the public with graphs and figures and what appears to be scientific data. He has perfected the art of illusion of fact." Osterholm added: "this is about people's lives. And the consequences of promoting this kind of disinformation, as credible as it may seem, is simply dangerous."

Kennedy has said that he is not against vaccines but wants them to be more thoroughly tested and investigated. In Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak, Kennedy writes that he does not see himself as anti-vaccine: "People who advocate for safer vaccines should not be marginalized or denounced as anti-vaccine. I am pro-vaccine. I had all six of my children vaccinated. I believe that vaccines have saved the lives of hundreds of millions of humans over the past century and that broad vaccine coverage is critical to public health. But I want our vaccines to be as safe as possible."

Vaccines and autism claims
Kennedy chairs the Children's Health Defense (formerly known as the World Mercury Project), an anti-vaccine advocacy group he joined in 2015. In its early years, the group focused on mercury in industry and medicine, especially the ethylmercury used in thimerosal in vaccines. The group alleges that many American children have conditions as diverse as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, food allergies, cancer, and autoimmune diseases due to exposure to certain chemicals and radiation. Children's Health Defense has blamed and campaigned against vaccines, fluoridation of drinking water, paracetamol (acetaminophen), aluminum, and wireless communication, among other things. The group has been identified as one of two major buyers of anti-vaccine Facebook advertising in late 2018 and early 2019. Members of his family have criticized Kennedy and his organization, saying he spreads "dangerous misinformation" and that his work has "heartbreaking" consequences.

Kennedy and Children's Health Defense have falsely claimed that vaccines cause autism. Kennedy focused on the subset of vaccines that contained thimerosal, a mercury-based anti-microbial that has been falsely claimed to cause autism. Thimerosal has never been used in MMR, chickenpox, pneumococcal conjugate and inactivated polio vaccines, and in 2001 was removed from all other childhood (under 6 years old) vaccines except for a few versions of flu and hepatitis vaccines. No childhood vaccine now contains more than traces (1 microgram or less) of thimerosal, except for flu, which is also available without thimerosal in the US. For those 6 years and older, including pregnant women, all vaccines are now available in versions with only trace amounts of thimerosal.

In 2020, the Center for Countering Digital Hate stated that Kennedy uses his status as an environmental activist to bolster the anti-vaccination movement, regularly appearing in online conversations with the discredited British former doctor Andrew Wakefield, the anti-vaccination activist Del Bigtree, and the conspiracy theorist Rashid Buttar. Kennedy is listed as executive producer of Vaxxed II: The People's Truth, the 2019 sequel to Wakefield's and Bigtree's anti-vaccination documentary Vaxxed.

In February 2021, Kennedy's Instagram account was deleted "for repeatedly sharing debunked claims" about COVID-19 vaccines. In March 2021, the Center for Countering Digital Hate identified Kennedy as one of 12 people responsible for up to 65% of anti-vaccine content on Facebook and Twitter.

Kennedy has said that governments and the media are conspiring to deny that vaccines cause autism.

Writings and speeches promoting anti-vaccine theories
In June 2005, Kennedy wrote an article, "Deadly Immunity", that appeared in both Rolling Stone and Salon and alleged a government conspiracy to conceal a connection between thimerosal and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. The article contained factual errors, leading Salon to issue five corrections. Joan Walsh, Salon's editor-in-chief at the time and the sole Salon editor of the piece, said she had mistakenly relied on Rolling Stone 's fact-checking, a process she later learned was "less than arduous". As soon as the piece was up, she said, "we were besieged by scientists and advocates showing how Kennedy had misunderstood, incorrectly cited, and perhaps even falsified data.... It was the worst mistake of my career. I probably should have been fired."

Six years later Salon retracted the article in its entirety. According to Salon, the retraction was motivated by accumulating evidence of alleged errors and scientific fraud underlying the vaccine-autism claim. A corrected version of the original article was published on Rolling Stone 's website. Kennedy said on the The Joe Rogan Experience, and was paraphrased in The New York Times as saying, that "Salon caved to pressure from government regulators and the pharmaceutical industry." Walsh responded: "That's just another lie. We caved to pressure from the incontrovertible truth and our journalistic consciences."

In May 2013, Kennedy delivered the keynote address at the anti-vaccination AutismOne / Generation Rescue conference.

In 2014, Kennedy's book Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak: The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury – a Known Neurotoxin – from Vaccines, was published. While methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin, ethylmercury, as used in vaccine preservatives, is safe. The book's preface is by Mark Hyman, a proponent of the alternative medical treatment called functional medicine. Kennedy has published many articles on the inclusion of thimerosal in vaccines.

Describing vaccinations as a "holocaust"
In April 2015, Kennedy participated in a Speakers' Forum to promote the film Trace Amounts, which promotes the discredited claim of a link between autism and mercury in vaccinations. At a screening, he called the increased cases of autism (which he calls an "autism epidemic") a "holocaust".

Meeting with Donald Trump
On January 10, 2017, incoming White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer confirmed that Kennedy and President-elect Donald Trump met to discuss a position in the Trump administration. Kennedy said afterward that he had accepted an offer from Trump to chair the Vaccine Safety Task Force, but a spokeswoman for Trump's transition said that no final decision had been made. In an August 2017 interview with STAT News reporter Helen Branswell, Kennedy said that he had been meeting with federal public health regulators at the White House's request to discuss defects in vaccine safety science.

Controversy with Robert De Niro
On February 15, 2017, Kennedy and the actor Robert De Niro gave a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., in which they said the press were working for the vaccination industry and did not allow debates on vaccination science. They offered a $100,000 reward to any journalist or other citizen who could point to a study showing that it is safe to inject mercury into babies and pregnant women at levels currently contained in flu vaccines. Craig Foster, a psychology professor who studies pseudoscience, deemed the challenge "not science", observing that it was a "carefully constructed 'contest' that allows its creators to generate the misleading outcome they presumably want to see". He also stated, "Proving that something is safe is importantly different than proving that something is harmful".

Samoa measles outbreak
On June 4, 2019, during a visit to Samoa coinciding with its 57th annual independence celebration, Kennedy appeared in an Instagram photo with Australian-Samoan anti-vaccine activist Taylor Winterstein. Kennedy's charity and Winterstein have both perpetuated the allegation that the MMR vaccine played a role in the 2018 deaths of two Samoan infants, despite the subsequent revelation that the infants had mistakenly received a muscle relaxant along with the vaccine. Kennedy has drawn criticism for fueling vaccine hesitancy amid a social climate that gave rise to the 2019 Samoa measles outbreak, which killed over 70 people, and the 2019 Tonga measles outbreak.

COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kennedy promoted multiple conspiracy theories related to COVID, including false claims that Anthony Fauci and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation were trying to profit off a vaccine,  and suggesting that Bill Gates would cut off access to money of people who do not get vaccinated, allowing them to starve. In August 2020, Kennedy appeared in an hour-long interview with Alec Baldwin on Instagram and touted a number of incorrect and misleading claims about vaccines and public health measures related to the pandemic. Public health officials and scientists criticized Baldwin for letting Kennedy's claims go unchallenged. Kennedy has promoted misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccine, falsely suggesting that it contributed to the death of Hank Aaron and others. In February 2021, his Instagram account was blocked for "repeatedly sharing debunked claims about the coronavirus or vaccines". The Center for Countering Digital Hate identified Kennedy as one of the main propagators of conspiracy theories about Bill Gates and 5G phone technology. His conspiracy theory activities increased his social media impact considerably; between the spring and fall of 2020, his Instagram account grew from 121,000 followers to 454,000.

In November 2021, Kennedy's book The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health was published. In it, Kennedy alleges that Fauci sabotaged treatments for AIDS, violated federal laws, and conspired with Bill Gates and social media companies such as Facebook to suppress information about COVID-19 cures, to leave vaccines as the only option to fight the pandemic. In the book, Kennedy calls Fauci "a powerful technocrat who helped orchestrate and execute 2020s historic coup d'etat against Western democracy." He claims without proof that Fauci and Gates had schemed to prolong the pandemic and exaggerate its effects, promoting expensive vaccinations for the benefit of "a powerful vaccine cartel". The book repeats several discredited myths about the COVID-19 pandemic, notably about the effectiveness of ivermectin. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung wrote that in the book "polemics alternate with chapters that pedantically seek to substantiate Kennedy's accusations with numerous quotations and studies." Kennedy also released a video depicting Fauci with a Hitler mustache. In response to the book, Fauci called Kennedy "a very disturbed individual".

Kennedy wrote the foreword to Plague of Corruption, a 2020 book by the former research scientist and the anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist Judy Mikovits.

On August 29, 2020, Kennedy appeared as a speaker at a partially violent demonstration in Berlin where populist groups called for an end to restrictions caused by COVID-19. His YouTube account was removed in late September 2021 for breaking the company's new policies on vaccine misinformation.

During a speech on January 23, 2022, at an anti-vaccination rally on the National Mall in Washington D.C., Kennedy said: "Even in Hitler's Germany, you could cross the Alps into Switzerland, you could hide in the attic like Anne Frank did. Today the mechanisms are being put in place that will make it so none of us can run, none of us can hide." The Auschwitz Memorial responded on Twitter: "Exploiting of the tragedy of people who suffered, were humiliated, tortured & murdered by the totalitarian regime of Nazi Germany—including children like Anne Frank—in a debate about vaccines & limitations during global pandemic is a sad symptom of moral & intellectual decay." Kennedy's wife, the actress Cheryl Hines, also condemned his comments, tweeting that the reference to Frank was "reprehensible and insensitive." Two days later, Kennedy apologized for his comment. In June 2023, Instagram reinstated his account.

At a private dinner in July 2023, Kennedy was recorded saying, "there is an argument that [COVID-19] is ethnically targeted", adding, "COVID-19 is targeted to attack Caucasians and Black people. The people who are the most immune are Ashkenazi Jews and Chinese ... we don't know whether it's deliberately targeted or not." The American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League immediately condemned his remarks, with the latter saying that Kennedy's statement "feeds into sinophobic and antisemitic conspiracy theories". Kennedy responded that he "never, ever suggested that the COVID-19 virus was targeted to spare Jews" and that he does not "believe and never implied that the ethnic effect was deliberately engineered". He explained his remarks by citing a 2021 study that he said showed that "COVID-19 appears to disproportionately affect certain races" due to racial differences in the effectiveness of COVID-19's furin cleave docking site, thus serving "as a kind of proof of concept for ethnically targeted bioweapons". Experts roundly criticized these further claims, pointing out that the study said nothing about Chinese people or bioweapons and that Chinese people and Ashkenazi Jews contract COVID at rates similar to other ethnic groups and nationalities. The virologist Angela Rasmussen said, "Jewish or Chinese protease consensus sequences are not a thing in biochemistry, but they are in racism and antisemitism".

Medical racism conspiracy theory
Kennedy targets Black Americans with anti-vaccine propaganda and conspiracy theories, linking vaccination with instances of medical racism such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Echoing others in the anti-vaccination movement, Children's Health Defense claimed that the U.S. government seeks to harm ethnic minorities by prioritizing them for COVID vaccines. In early March 2021, Children's Health Defense released an anti-vaccine propaganda video, "Medical Racism: The New Apartheid", that promotes COVID-19 conspiracy theories and claims that COVID-19 vaccination efforts are medical experiments on Black people. Kennedy appears in the video, inviting viewers to disregard information dispensed by health authorities and doctors. Brandi Collin-Dexter, a Fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy said, "the notorious figures and false narratives in the documentary were recognizable" and "the film's incompatible narratives sought to take advantage of the pain felt by Black communities". At the urging of disinformation experts, the film was removed from Facebook, but Kennedy was permitted to keep his account.

HIV/AIDS denialism
In his book The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the War on Democracy and Public Health, Kennedy writes that he takes "no position on the relationship between HIV and AIDS", but spends over 100 pages quoting HIV denialists such as Peter Duesberg who question the isolation of HIV and the etiology of AIDS. Kennedy refers to the "orthodoxy that HIV alone causes AIDS" and the "theology that HIV is the sole cause of AIDS",  and repeats the false HIV/AIDS denialist claim that no one has isolated the HIV particle and "No one has been able to point to a study that demonstrates their hypothesis using accepted scientific proofs". He also repeats the false claim that the early AIDS drug AZT is "absolutely fatal" due to its "horrendous toxicity". Molecular biologist Dan Wilson points out that Kennedy falsely claims that Luc Montagnier, the discoverer of HIV, was a "convert" to Duesberg's fringe hypothesis. Wilson concludes that Kennedy is a "full blown" HIV/AIDS denialist.

Pushback from the Kennedy family
Several members of Kennedy's close family have distanced themselves from his anti-vaccination activities and conspiracy theories on public health, and condemned his comments equating public health measures with Nazi war crimes. On May 8, 2019, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Joseph P. Kennedy, and Maeve Kennedy McKean wrote an open letter saying that while Kennedy has championed many admirable causes, he "has helped to spread dangerous misinformation over social media and is complicit in sowing distrust of the science behind vaccines". On December 30, 2020, Kennedy's niece Kerry Kennedy Meltzer, a physician, wrote a similar open letter, saying that her uncle published misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines' side effects.

Food allergies
Kennedy was a founding board member of the Food Allergy Initiative. His son has anaphylactic peanut allergies. Kennedy wrote the foreword to The Peanut Allergy Epidemic, in which he and the authors falsely link increasing food allergies in children to certain vaccines that were approved beginning in 1989.

Murder of Martha Moxley
In 2003, Kennedy published an article in The Atlantic Monthly about the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley in Greenwich, Connecticut, in which he insists that his cousin Michael Skakel's indictment "was triggered by an inflamed media, and that an innocent man is now in prison". Kennedy argues that evidence suggests that Kenneth Littleton, the Skakel family's live-in tutor, killed Moxley, and calls Dominick Dunne the "driving force" behind Skakel's prosecution. In 2016, Kennedy released the book Framed: Why Michael Skakel Spent over a Decade in Prison for a Murder He Didn't Commit. In 2017, the rights to the book were optioned by FX Productions to develop a multi-part television series.

In 2018, Skakel's conviction was vacated, and in 2020, prosecutors decided not to seek a new trial.

Assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy
On the evening of January 11, 2013, Charlie Rose interviewed Kennedy and his sister Rory at the Winspear Opera House in Dallas as a part of then Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings's hand-chosen committee's year-long program of celebrating John F. Kennedy's life and presidency. Of JFK's assassination, RFK Jr. said his father was "fairly convinced" Lee Harvey Oswald had not acted alone and believed the Warren Commission report was a "shoddy piece of craftsmanship". According to RFK Jr. in January 2013, "The evidence at this point I think is very, very convincing that it was not a lone gunman". He endorsed the 2013 edition of JFK and the Unspeakable, saying it had moved him to visit Dealey Plaza for the first time.

In November 2023, approaching the 60th anniversary of the assassination, RFK Jr. launched a petition on his presidential campaign website for the Biden administration to release the estimated remaining 1% of documents related to the case. He said that finally releasing full and unredacted documents could help restore trust in the government.

In an interview on Lex Fridman's podcast, Kennedy said that the evidence that the CIA was involved in the assassination was "beyond any reasonable doubt".

Kennedy does not believe that Sirhan Sirhan fired the shot that killed his father, Robert F. Kennedy. Based on the testimony of eyewitnesses, especially Paul Schrade, who was standing next to Kennedy and was shot himself, as well as the autopsy, he believes there was a second gunman. In December 2017, he visited the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego to meet Sirhan. After meeting Sirhan, he gave his support for a reinvestigation of the assassination.

Gender dysphoria
In a June 2023 podcast interview with Jordan Peterson, Kennedy posited that several issues in children, including gender dysphoria, might be linked to atrazine contamination in the water supply. He cited a 2010 study by Hayes that claims that acute atrazine exposure causes chemical castration and feminization in frogs, leading some to become hermaphrodites. Kennedy suggested that there was other evidence indicating potential effects on humans. YouTube removed the interview under its vaccine misinformation policy, a decision Peterson and Kennedy criticized as censorship. Various publications denounced the theory, such as NBC News, Philadelphia Gay News, The Independent, and Vice.

After media criticism, a spokesperson for Kennedy's 2024 presidential campaign told CNN that he was being mischaracterized and that he was not claiming that endocrine disruptors were the sole cause of gender dysphoria, but rather proposing further research. Andrea Gore, a professor of neuroendocrinology at the University of Texas at Austin, said, "I don't think people should be making statements about the relationship between environmental chemicals and changes in sexuality when there's zero evidence".

General interests
Kennedy is a licensed master falconer and has trained hawks since he was 11. He breeds hawks and falcons and is also licensed as a raptor propagator and a wildlife rehabilitator. He holds permits for Federal Game Keeper, Bird Bander, and Scientific Collector. He was president of the New York State Falconry Association from 1988 to 1991. In 1987, while on Governor Mario Cuomo's New York State Falconry Advising Committee, Kennedy authored New York State's examination to qualify apprentice falconers. Later that year, he wrote the New York State Apprentice Falconer's Manual, which was published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and remains in use.

Kennedy is also a whitewater kayaker. His father introduced him and his siblings to whitewater kayaking during early trips down the Green and Yampa Rivers in Utah and Colorado, the Columbia River, the Middle Fork Salmon in Idaho, and the Upper Hudson Gorge. Between 1976 and 1981, Kennedy was a partner and guide at a whitewater company, Utopian, based in West Forks, Maine. He organized and led several "first-descent" whitewater expeditions to Latin America, including three hitherto unexplored rivers: the Apurimac, Peru, in 1975; the Atrato, Colombia, in 1979; and the Caroni, Venezuela, in 1982. In 1993 he made an early descent of the Great Whale River in northern Quebec.

In 2015, Kennedy took two of his sons to the Yukon to visit Mount Kennedy and run the Alsek River, a whitewater river fed by the Alsek Glacier. Mount Kennedy was Canada's highest unclimbed peak when the Canadian government named it for John F. Kennedy in 1964. In 1965, Robert F. Kennedy Sr. was the first person to climb Mount Kennedy.

Marriages and children
On April 3, 1982, Kennedy married Emily Ruth Black, whom he met at the University of Virginia School of Law. They had two children: Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy III (born 1984 and married to the writer, peace activist, and former CIA officer Amaryllis Fox) and Kathleen Alexandra ('Kick') Kennedy (born 1988). The latter shares the nickname of her great-aunt, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington. Kennedy and Black separated in 1992 and divorced in 1994.

On April 15, 1994, Kennedy married Mary Kathleen Richardson aboard a research vessel on the Hudson River. They had four children. On May 12, 2010, Kennedy filed for divorce from Mary. On May 16, 2012, Mary was found dead in a building on the grounds of her home in Bedford, New York. The Westchester County Medical Examiner ruled the death a suicide due to asphyxiation from hanging. Later it was reported that Mary had seen Kennedy's personal journal from 2001, in which he recorded sexual encounters with 37 different women.

Kennedy married the actress Cheryl Hines on August 2, 2014, at the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod. They were introduced by Hines's co-star on Curb Your Enthusiasm, Larry David, and began dating in 2012. Kennedy and Hines reside in Los Angeles and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Health
During Kennedy's college years, he started having heart problems, which he has said were caused by caffeine, stress, and sleep deprivation.

In his 40s, Kennedy developed adductor spasmodic dysphonia, an organic voice disorder that causes his voice to quaver and makes speech difficult. It is a form of involuntary movement affecting the larynx, related to dystonia. Kennedy said he traveled to Kyoto, Japan, for Type II thyroplasty (lateralization thyroplasty), in which a titanium bridge was inserted between his vocal cords to relieve the disorder.

Kennedy began experiencing severe short- and long-term memory loss and mental fog in 2010. In a 2012 divorce court deposition, he said that parasitic worms had been found in his brain and chest, and that his neurological issues had been caused by "a worm eating a portion of his brain", in addition to mercury poisoning from eating large quantities of tuna fish. Kennedy said the worms did not require treatment as they had already died upon discovery.

Religion
Kennedy is a Catholic. In 2005, Michael Paulson called him "a deeply devout Catholic who attends daily Mass". Kennedy considers Francis of Assisi his patron saint and a role model. In a 2005 interview with The Boston Globe, he said he was deeply inspired by Francis's devotion to social justice, helping the poor, animal welfare, and environmentalism; Francis is a patron saint of ecology. In 2004, Kennedy published a biography, Saint Francis of Assisi: A Life of Joy. He also said Catholicism was a vehicle of his environmentalism, adding, "environmental work is spiritual work". Despite identifying as pro-life, Kennedy also identifies with liberal Catholicism. He criticized the church's argument that John Kerry should have been denied communion because of his support for abortion rights. In a 2018 interview with Vatican News, Kennedy expressed his admiration for Pope John XXIII and stated his belief that "the Church should be an instrument of justice and kindness around the world".

Sexual assault allegations
In July 2024, Vanity Fair reported that in the late 1990s, when he was in his 40s, Kennedy engaged in sexual misconduct with Eliza Cooney, a 23-year-old part-time babysitter for his children. Cooney alleges that Kennedy groped her and touched her inappropriately on multiple occasions and asked her to rub lotion on his back when the two were alone in a bedroom. Kennedy did not comment on the allegation, but called the Vanity Fair piece a "lot of garbage".

Selected works
Kennedy has written books on subjects such as the environment, his anti-vaccination stance, biography, and American heroes.

title: Robert F. Kennedy Jr.


text:
Talk:Ground-effect vehicle

Why no hyphen?
Isn't ground effect an adjective in the phrase, "ground-effect vehicle"? Autodidact1 (talk) 04:30, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

Why no mention of rogue waves?
Isn't it the fact that rogue waves occur much more frequently than previously believed that is the major problem with ekranoplans? 69.17.43.162 (talk) 20:13, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * There are no rogue waves on Russian rivers, or the Black Sea, or even the Barents Sea Santamoly (talk) 07:07, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe not on Rivers, but all large open bodies of water have rogue waves - Caspian, Black Sea and Barents sea included.NiD.29 (talk) 10:21, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

removed
I've removed the following paragraph from the article for the moment because I don't see the justification for it.

 * The term ground effect vehicle is often misapplied to hovercrafts, which use fans to form an air cushion (hence the correct term air cushion vehicle) rather than relying on true ground effect.

Firstly, the article is about ekranoplans, so it seems a bit out of place. Secondly, I disagree with the paragraph's claims, the hovercraft's air cushion is very much a ground effect, otherwise a hovercraft would be able to rise to an unlimited height. Both ekranoplans and hovercraft rely on an aircushion (a volume of pressurised air) to support them. The main difference is that the ekranoplan uses the ram effect of its forward speed to produce the cushion below its wings whereas the hovercraft uses fans to produce the cushion below its body. The difference is analagous to the difference between the aeroplane, which uses forward speed to produce lift, and the helicopter, which uses what is, in many ways, a large fan to produce lift. As a result the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of aircushion vehicle are analogous to those of the two types of aircraft as well. -- Derek Ross

 * I disagree - hovercraft do not use ground effect. "Ground Effect" is a specific term referring to an aerodynamic phenomenon resulting from an aerofoil operating close to the ground (as a rule of thumb, within one wing-span of the ground). A wing works by creating a region of high pressure below it and low pressure above it (the exact reason for this is complex, and is often simplistically explained as a result of Bernoulli's principle, although that is only a small part of the story. Anyway, it is largely irrelevant to this discussion). Because of the pressure difference, there is a tendency for the air below the wing to move to above it. It can't do it by going over the leading or trailing edge, but it can do it around the wing tip. Thus, what is known as 'spanwise flow' occurs, where air under the wing moves out towards the tip, while air above it moves in towards the root. At the wing tip, this creates vortices (these vortices can be very powerful - a heavy airliner's wing tip vortices pose a major hazard to smaller aircraft). Unfortunately, these vortices cause drag (known as induced drag) This is why winglets are fitted to some aircraft, to reduce the vortices. Another thing to consider is that behind a wing, there is a downwash - this is again a natural part of the aerodynamics of a wing - as the air passes over the wing, it is deflected downwards (this is a result of the Coanda effect, and is a major factor in the production of lift). However, this downwash also results in induced drag. As an aircraft speeds up, induced drag actually reduces. However, the other form of drag, known as parasite drag, increases.

 * Anyway, lets get back to the topic of ground effect. When an aircraft is close to the ground, the vortices can't form fully while the downwash is also reduced, leading to a reduction in induced drag. Because the parasite drag is small at low speeds, an aircraft flying in ground effect experiences a lot less drag than it would flying out of ground effect. This means it can fly without using as much power, which is the major advantage of a WIG/GEV/Ekranoplan etc.

 * This is the major factor behind Ground Effect. While there is also a cushioning, it is the significant reduction in drag close to the ground which is the major issue here. It is very different to the concept of the hovercraft. You are quite right to say the difference between the two is analogous to that between Aeroplanes and Helicopters - there is a major difference between Ground Effect Vehicles and Hovercraft, and it is a mistake to confuse them. Nick Moss 12:46, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

American intelligence "confused"?
I tend to doubt that American intelligence was bewildered by this if they got pictures of it. Ground effects flight is pretty well understood. What is the source of this info?
 * I recall a documentary saying that US intelligence analysts were initially puzzled by the satellite photos which appeared to show an enormous, unfinished aeroplane. They consulted technical experts, who conjectured the 'Caspian sea monster' was a ground effect vehicle.  I'll remove the 'confused' bit until someone can supply better information.  --Townmouse 00:40, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Though I can't vouch for what was going through the mind of an Intel Anallyst when he/she first saw pictures of the "Caspian sea monster", there were many other WIG aircraft that the Soviets had tested prior to building that vehicle. Also, there was an on-going WIG and PAR WIG technology development effort as early as the mid 1970's. See: Gallington, R. W. and H. R. Chaplin, “Theory of Power Auggmented Ram Lift at Zero Forward Speed,” Report no. DTNSRDC ASED 365 (Feb 1976)

Rousseau, D. G. and R. W. Gallington, "Performance Prediction Method for a Wing-In-Ground Effect Vehicle with Blowing Under the Wing," Report no. DTNSRDC ASED 379 (March 1977)

Rousseau, D. G., “Analysis of Empirically Determined Ram and Aero Coefficients for a Power-Augmented-Ram Wing-In-Ground Effect,” Report no. DTNSRDC ASED 396 (Oct 1977) NavyDave (talk) 23:51, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

I haven't got time to look up sources right now, but I believe that this is referencing the first pictures that American Intelligence saw of the pictures, where some merely thought that it was an unfinished aircraft. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.240.185.249 (talk) 17:43, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Compared to hovercraft and aircraft?
I'd like to know more about its advantages and disadvantages to hovercraft, flying boats and ground-based transport aircraft, especially fuel consumption per kilometre, cost of production and cross country performance/seaworthiness.

The number of possible military applications of this vehicle must be somewhat limited - did the Soviets create it to fill a specific role, say delivering a large invasion force by surprise, or was it more general-purpose?--81.178.70.200 12:52, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Military uses limited? You ask the some logistics people what they think of 400km/h 1000 ton lift craft that can run all the way from supply ships to the forward supply dump without requiring dock facilities. --88.96.3.206 19:22, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. A force of these could potentially slip under the radar and deliver a fully armed and equipped force of Soviet T-80s to the East Coast of the United States. Their lift capacity is unrivaled.--TelevisedRevolution 23:59, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing they require very flat water, and may not be suitable for use in many other places than inland seas and salt flats. —Michael Z. 2006-10-23 02:14 Z

 * Water conditions are proportional to size. Larger wingspan craft can fly further above MSL and so will cope with larger waves. The Caspian Sea Monster maintained true ground effect up to ~10m above sea surface, and could hop ("dynamic leap") over 50m. You wouldn't want to go into the teeth of a Force 10, but then I'm guessing that if you ask most ship's masters they wouldn't either! Flicktokick 09:57, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Quote from the Foreign Military Studies Office Publications paper below: "WIG technology has particular appeal to military logisticians. WIG craft can move heavy loads rapidly across the ocean and land—on an undeveloped beach or further inland—and can fly around bad weather. Since it is flying 3 to 90 feet above the ocean surface, it is hard to detect using radar, infrared or satellite. It can presently fly in excess of 400 miles per hour and carry over 500 short tons.17 WIG craft can fly over water, sand, snow or prairie. It can also fly up to an altitude of 3,000 meters, but then it loses its fuel-saving advantages. Russian analysts consider WIG technology so developed that the United States could build a 5,000 ton, ocean-skimming WIG craft with a 1,500-ton capacity, 20,000 kilometer (12,420-mile) range, and a 400 kilometer-per-hour (250 mile-per-hour) speed. Such a craft could deliver 1,200 tons of military equipment and cargo plus 2,000 soldiers.18" --85.197.248.132 (talk) 13:15, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * These machines weren't designed to invade America. They were designed to operate on the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, to defend against possible eruptions from Iran and Turkey (think Chechnya).  Hence the name, "Caspian Sea Monster". Santamoly (talk) 07:16, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Whether or not they were designed for that is irrelevant, and is idle speculation since unless you were a participant in the meetings that led to its being built (or have references from people who were), you cannot say for sure what transpired, and what their long term goals were, nor the fact that once something like this is built, any military will find other uses for it. Its name in this case is meaningless. That said, supposed Russian goals regarding invading the US are largely US paranoia and propaganda anyway, primarily used to support bloated defence budgets. The statement about Russian analysts... repeats a real US proposal that would replace the use of sealift ships and supplement C-5 cargo aircraft for overseas operations for American invasions of other countries.NiD.29 (talk) 10:21, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

More information on Ekranoplan?
Over the past few days, I have developed quite a big interest in the Ground Effect Vehicles. As a result, I have done a frightening amount of reading into them. Unfortunately, when it comes to editing the Ekranoplan pages in wikipedia, I don't really have the confidence to put my money where my mouth is, even if my sources are good. So, these are the sources I've found, which I'm confident could be used to good effect. Scary documents: Foreign Military Studies Office - The Tyranny of Time and Distance: Bridging the Pacific. http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/bridge/bridge.htm While this site is in Russian, and probably doesn't qualify as a notable source, it seems to have some pretty in-depth information about the Espa-Y class of Ekranoplan. http://mkmagazin.almanacwhf.ru/mk_other/okb_mk/8309_ekranoplan.htm This USAF study may be relevant in some way, but the complexity of it causes my brain to palpitate. http://www.ndu.edu/library/ic6/95-S12.pdf Other links This site contains a diagram of the development of the various Ekranoplan classes. It's in French, but its sourced as from "Science & Vie" (Science and Life) which is a French science magazine. One problem is that it labels the first Ekranoplan as Utka, and the anti-ship Ekranoplan as "Lun Militaire", whereas the FMSO article (and another chart I have yet to find a reference for) describe it as Utka. http://membres.lycos.fr/dracken/Ekranoplan/historique.html AlphaSim have created an Ekranoplan for use in Microsoft Fight Simulator 2002 & 2004 http://www.alphasim3.com/store/product_info.php?cPath=26&products_id=67

I currently have emails out to some people, who might be able to give me more reliable references, but I'm not holding my breath on it. Kirai no Tenshi 14:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I found this video on You Tube!, but unfortunately the voice-over is in Russian. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6HQSNERadQ Senji 19:46, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Just another resource for the pot. www.airforce.ru. Google's translation functions do a reasonable job if you don't read Russian. Flicktokick 10:00, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I found another resource: http://www.hisutton.com/Russian-Navy-Ekranoplan-WIG.html. It has some more info on the KM project and more photos of the sea monster itself. Viondri 13:30, 19 July 2024

Veracity of Bentley Yachts
I am hoping that somebody can further verify this source. I can't find anything about the company or its founder on Google other than its own pages. Most of the boats they have for sale are CGI renderings, and their ekranoplan pages simply have photos sourced from elsewhere and obscure the vehicles' Soviet military origins. I remember reading an article a few years ago which said that the design bureau in charge of the Lun model was looking for a private buyer for the one that had been mothballed, but I haven't been able to find that article again; otherwise I would replace the Bentley link. Until then, I'm hoping somebody can get some more information on this company and their ties to the Soviet ekranoplans, if they're for real. oops, forgot to sign istewart 10:12, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

"Two types (Lun and Orlyonok) appear (October 2006) to be available commercially, as private 'superyachts': http://www.yachtboutique.com/Designers/Ekranoplan/Ekranoplanintro.htm"

I think I'm going to remove that line - that site is almost certainly a joke site! --80.43.107.254 23:18, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Shouldn't there be a picture of an ekranoplan so anyone reading the page could identify what one looks like? 202.95.200.12 07:15, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
"Commemorating the 85th anniversary of Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeev" doesn't work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.224.34.152 (talk) 16:54, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

suggestions, observations
this article states the Lun-class ekranoplan has a maximum velocity of 550 knots, more than 1000km/h. however, the wikipedia page of lun-class mentions 297 knots, 550km/h. could some expert clear it up?

useful links, etc
http://autospeed.com/cms/A_1306/article.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSYmSnpQ360&feature=player_embedded#

Where in Metal Gear Solid 3?
Just wondering. Can't remember seeing it. -albrozdude (talk) 03:32, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Ekranoplan in Flight Simulator X
The Ekranoplan was featured in the mission "tokyo Executive transport" in the game Flight Simulator X

--Hornet94 talk 08:10, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

KM take-off
Two main solutions to this problem have been implemented. The first was used by the Russian Ekranoplan program which placed engines in front of the wings to provide more lift. The Caspian Sea Monster had eight such engines, some of which were not used once the craft was airborne. A second, more elegant approach, is to use some form of an air-cushion to raise the vehicle most of the way out of the water, making take-off easier. In fact, KM used the second type of take-off. Rear side of it's wing was in water during take-off, so wing was air trap for engine's air waves. This solution was futher developed on Orlenok vehicles. Ходок (talk) 12:59, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Article structure messed up
First: the current development section is a mess. I don't know what the guy who made it was thinking about. The beggining looks fine, but then someone inserted levels sorted by country, and after that someone esle inserted more levels.

Second: the wing configurations section has more problems. Someone put an Ekranoplan text at the bottom of the section wich doesn't have anything to do with wing configurations, it explains what an ekranoplan is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ElPeski (talk • contribs) 09:09, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Science Fiction Novel
118.208.0.199 (talk) 00:32, 27 June 2009 (UTC)At 73 years of age I am writing my first science fiction novel; although I have written many other items over the years. I would like to offer GEV as a major form of transport in a ruined world, in the early 22nd century.

My question is, does anyone think it is feasible to have this type of vehicle operating on land as well as water and in your wildest would they work on normal or specially modifies roads.

One important trip the vessel would have to make regualrly is from the Western European Federation governament in Cologne; down the Rhine across the North Sea and up the Tyne River to the burgeoning City of Gateshead passing the ruined Newwcastle on Tyne along the way.

Is this journey feasible in most weather conditions?

If it is feasible to travel on land as well would a more direct course be better route.

Rgds Ian J Brown Kawana Island

 * This talk page is solely for the discussion of matters directly related to the article itself and its improvement. As such, your questions are beyond the scope of this talk page. However, I find the question fascinating, and so I'll copy your question over to the talk page of your IP address, and respond there. - BillCJ (talk) 04:16, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

In Fiction
Any thoughts on whether it would be appropriate to add a section on ground effect vehicles in fiction/science fiction? The Australian children's author Ivan Southall described ground effect vehicles in his 'Simon Black' series, based on his experiences flying Short Sunderland flying boats close to the ocean during the second world war, for example (and also described the experience of utilizing ground effect in his non-fiction work on flying Short Sunderlands during the war in the Mediterranean). Caitifty (talk) 22:41, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * If he describes actual GEVs (and not just aircraft flying low), and they are a major recurring part of the story I'd say go for it.NiD.29 (talk) 18:44, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

The ekranoplane in soviet russia seems like an unconventional craft for delusional americans, probably say that thing can't fly, or that plane is half-built type of joke, but i can see it as a 747 on the water for tourists. Its too bad their was no s-class sized ekranoplane ever built in the west. It would be a profitable luxury cruise to say japan or russia via the pacific, safer and faster! On top of that, everyone doesnt die if you do crash! actually no one would die, no mid-air collisions...nothing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asfd666 (talk • contribs) 18:51, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I didn't get this implication - they were fast attack ships similar to hydrofoils and jet boats without the limitations, but don't require flight. The small luxury cruiser market can't support development on its own and is dependent on large scale use as military vessels or as freighters. Politics killed them but they will reappear.
 * They can move at 300+mph which is fast enough to kill even if it comes down in the water and they won't be built any heavier than needed. If enough get built, mid-air collisions will happen, as will collisions with ships and buildings.NiD.29 (talk) 18:44, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Wing in ground Kiwi!
This is interesting.--TraceyR (talk) 10:07, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Top speed of Soviet model ambiguous
From the article:

reaching a top speed of 300 kn (560 km/h; 350 mph) (400 kn (740 km/h; 460 mph) in research flight).

So... 300 or 400 kn? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.64.215.5 (talk) 07:12, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Sea Eagle?
Near the end of the article, under History > GEVs since the 1980s, there is an image captioned "Sea Eagle", but there is no other info with the image and no mention of this craft in the text. Who built it? When? For what purpose? More info, please! 108.23.18.55 (talk) 08:47, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

I've been bold and removed it for the moment, pending explanation ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 13:42, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

English translation of 'Ekranoplan'
'Screen effect' or 'screen glider'? This article and the Caspian Sea Monster article disagree; here we have 'screenglider' as the English translation of the Russian 'ekranoplan', while the KM article says the English translation is 'screen effect'. Can it be both? I don't say it's impossible. 2A00:23C7:3119:AD01:FC95:479:191E:1958 (talk) 05:13, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Why are the comparisons only to aircraft, rather than seacraft?
They are intended to be flown just above the water, so they don't replace (or function as) air-travel, but sea-travel. Thus it makes no sense to compare it to other aircraft, but instead to compare it to sea-craft. To ships and hovercraft. GEV are essentially like hovercraft, just slightly further above the water. 155.4.221.27 (talk) 18:25, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ground-effect vehicle


text:
Darton State College

Darton State College was a public college in Albany, Georgia. It was part of the University System of Georgia and had its higher enrollment, 6,097 students, in 2011. Prior to its merger with Albany State University in 2016, the college offered 84 two-year transfer and career associate degrees, 4 four-year baccalaureate degrees, and 49 certificate programs.

History
The institution was founded as Albany Junior College in 1963 and offered its first classes in 1966.

In 1987, a committee of faculty, staff, students and community members chose the name Darton College as part of its reclassification as a state college. "Darton" is an Old English word probably meaning "town by the (River) Dearne," as evidenced in the British village of that name; it refers to Albany's location on the Flint River.

In November 2015, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia announced the consolidation of Albany State University and Darton State College, appointing Dr. Arthur Dunning as President of the university. The new combined institutions assumed the name and branding of Albany State University. The Darton campus became Albany State University West Campus and the location of the university's Darton College of Health Professions.

The merger of the two institutions greatly decreased the combined enrollment. Fall 2013 enrollments were 6,195 for Darton State College and 4,260 for Albany State University, while Fall 2017 enrollments for the new combined Albany State University were 6,615. This represents a 27% decrease over that period.

Campus
The 186 acre campus on Albany's western edge  included a 470-seat theater, library, fitness center, computer labs, and sports facilities such as tennis and racquetball courts, indoor swimming pool, indoor bowling alley and climbing wall, with surrounding nature trails, soccer fields, ball fields, and pecan trees.

Student population
At one time, Darton College enrolled more than half of the area's high school graduates and approximately 45% of the students were from Dougherty County. (The population of the MSA was 162,800 in 2004.) Approximately 1% of students were from out-of-state and about 100 were from other countries.

About 57% of Darton's students were under age 24. Approximately 45% were non-Hispanic black, and 50% were non-Hispanic white — no other group constituted more than 3% (self-reported).

Full-time enrollment was approximately 47%.

In August, 2013, President Sireno stated that "Darton State College has seen a 90.5 percent enrollment increase over the past decade."

Academics
Darton State College provided educational opportunities and services to Southwest Georgia with a variety of programs, including three bachelors of science and one bachelor of arts degree, four associate degrees, 10 career associate degrees and 15 certificates. Darton prepared students to enter the workforce or continue their education at another four-year institution. Darton State College was a public institution as part of the University System of Georgia and was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Distance learning
To increase access to a college education, grants enabled Darton to offer 39 fully online degrees, 10 partially online degrees, 13 fully online certificate programs, and over 96 individual distance learning courses over the Internet, through local Channel 19 telecasts, GVNS video-conferencing, and at sites off the main campus: Cordele, Thomasville, Colquitt, Rome, Barnesville, Columbus, Valdosta, Waycross, Sandersville, Swainsboro, and Atlanta, Georgia. Darton College had a strong presence in state distance learning initiatives, with its core curriculum courses in many programs available online.

Nursing Division
Darton's Nursing Division provided education for many of Southwest Georgia's nurses — including 70% of all Registered Nurses (RNs) in Albany hospitals and 30% of all RNs in 38 southwest Georgia counties. As of spring 2005, the college had awarded 2,259 nursing degrees. In 2009, there were 177 graduates from the nursing program and 25 faculty members.

The division had satellite programs in Cordele, Sandersville, Swainsboro and Thomasville. Darton College received a $2.48 million grant from the U.S. Department of Labor in 2005 to develop an online nursing program. In 2010, a new 25,800 square foot Nursing Building opened on the main campus in Albany.

The five-semester nursing program led to an Associate of Science in Nursing degree and eligibility to take registered nurse licensure exams. In May 2011, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia approved Darton's change to State College status so that a four-year program leading to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing could be developed. The program was intended for RNs with an associate degree in Nursing. Darton offered the program beginning in fall 2013.

The nursing program was accredited by the NLNAC.

Instructional technology
Darton was a leader in educational technology use. It was named a “Most-Wired Campus” by Yahoo and a “Leader in Digital Technology” by the American Association of Community Colleges. In addition to its huge variety of online course offerings, Darton used technologies such as Wimba Classroom, streaming media, and motion capture technology.

Extracurricular activities
Extracurricular activities included groups such as the Cultural Exchange Club, Book Talk and the Darton Association of Nursing Students, as well as intramural athletics, pecan picking, league tournament athletics, community service associations and honor societies.

Sports
Students were able to participate in an array of Georgia Junior College Athletic Association/National Junior College Athletic Association intercollegiate athletics, including women's soccer, golf, women's softball and basketball, and men's baseball.

Darton received the 2005–06 Trophy Cup from the GJCAA for having the top two-year athletic program in the state. Four of the college's teams went to nationals in 2006. The Men's Golf Team won the NJCAA National Championship for the second year in a row in 2006. Darton College men's golf team won the national title in 2005, 2006, 2007 and came runners up in 2008. The women's soccer team were national runners-up in 2005 and were later ranked highly in the NJCAA.

Darton's men and women swimming programs placed third overall at the 2007 NJCAA National Championships with virtually every member on the competing roster securing All-American Honors. In addition, two of the swimmers won their events, making them national champions.

Darton College women's soccer team went all the way to the NJCAA National Championship game again in 2008 but lost 3–2. They finished ranked second in the nation with a 23-1-1 record.

Darton College Men's XC team final time winning the GCAA Cross Country Championship back on October 25, 2014, was a year to remember. Not only did the Men's XC team win the Championship but David Thornton won the (Eight Kilometer) meet and also broke the school record with a winning time of 25 minutes and 38 seconds. The previous record was 26:04.(2012)

title: Darton State College