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Olympic Airlines

Olympic Airlines (Ολυμπιακές Αερογραμμές, Olympiakés Aerogrammés – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations worldwide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, "Eleftherios Venizelos", with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia", Heraklion International Airport, "Nikos Kazantzakis" and Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff.

Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) for their safety practices.

On 6 March 2009, the Greek State announced it had reached an agreement to sell the flight operations, ground handling operations and technical base of the group to Marfin Investment Group, the largest Greek investment fund, thus ending 35 years of state ownership.

On 29 September 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations and most flights. Olympic Air, the new airline formed from privatization, commenced flights. Olympic Airlines continued to operate some public service flights to Greek islands as well as some flights to destinations outside the European Union (Cairo, Alexandria, Tel Aviv, Beirut, Belgrade) until the Greek State conducted a public tender and redistributed the routes.

On 31 December 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations, as flights to Greek islands had already been allocated and were being flown by other carriers, and flights to destinations outside the European Union had been allocated to other carriers who started operating them from 1 January 2010. Until the final closure, Olympic Airlines used the temporary code OP for their flights (instead of OA, which is used by their successor, Olympic Air). All Olympic Airlines flights (using the OP code) since 29 September 2009 and until the final deadline of 31 December 2009, were operated by Olympic Air on a wet lease basis.

The 31 December 2009 deadline as the final possible date that Olympic Airlines should cease operations, was agreed between the Greek Government and the European Commission as part of the deal to close Olympic Airlines and sell the name and assets to Olympic Air. It was initially expected that operations would end much earlier, but due to the change of government in October 2009 the public tenders for the reallocation of subsidized flights to the Greek islands and for international flight rights outside the European Union were postponed. The company stayed alive until the final deadline of 31 December 2009.

History

Icarus, the first predecessor airline to Olympic, was established in 1930. After just a few months Icarus went bankrupt due to financial problems and limited Greek interest in air transport. Ε.Ε.Ε.Σ. (Ελληνική Εταιρεία Εναέριων Συγκοινωνιών, Greek Company for Air Transport) took its place. At the same time, in 1935, a second airline was created, the privately owned T.A.E. (Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις, Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations). Soon after World War II, in 1947, three airlines were based in Greece: T.A.E., ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, Greek Air Transport) and Α.Μ.Ε. (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, Hellenic Air Transport).

Onassis era

In 1951 the poor financial state of the three airlines led to a decision by the Greek state to merge them into a single operator, TAE Greek National Airlines (TAE). The new airline operated a fleet of twin-engine Douglas DC-3 airliners on domestic Greek routes until the last example was disposed of in May 1970. A four-engine Douglas DC-4 was acquired in 1950 and this was operated on a route to London. The new airline faced financial problems so the government closed it down in 1955.

There were no buyers for the airline so the Greek State bought the company back. In July 1956 the Greek State reached an agreement with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis for Onassis to purchase the airline. The company flew under the T.A.E. name until the end of the year and for the first few months of 1957. On 6 April 1957 the company was renamed Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία/Olympiaki Aeroporia).

The new company developed rapidly. To allay the distrust of air transport by Greeks, Onassis developed the "aviation days of ’57" scheme, providing short, free flights in a DC-3 to demonstrate the reliability of air travel. Onassis always wanted to be in the cutting edge of the technology, so in 1959 he signed a deal to buy four de Havilland Comet 4B that in 1960 was Olympic's first jet aircraft, that entered service. Olympic and British European Airways created the first codeshare flights; later the companies expanded their cooperation. When Greek crews had to spend a night in London, British crews would fly the Olympic Comets to BEA destinations, and the same with Greek crews and BEA Comets. On all BEA and OA Comets, there would be a "BEA-OLYMPIC" sign. In 1962 Olympic set a record flying a DH Comet 4B from London to Athens in just two hours and 51 minutes.

In 1965 Olympic ordered Boeing 707-320 jets; they received the first, bearing the name "City of Athens", in 1966. Olympic's first Boeing 707 service was also the inauguration of a non-stop route connecting Athens and New York City (JFK). In 1968 Olympic began serving Africa, with a twice-weekly round-trip linking Athens with Nairobi and Johannesburg. The same year OA received the first of a fleet of Boeing 727-200 jet aircraft. A new Athens-Montreal-Chicago service commenced in 1969. Also in 1969, the airline phased out their Comet 4Bs.

Under Onassis' leadership the airline gained a reputation for lavish style. The cabin crews were attired in Pierre Cardin-designed uniforms and passengers ate with golden cutlery and listened to the stylings of a pianist in the first class cabin.

In 1971 OA purchased new NAMC YS-11 twin-turboprop aircraft to replace the ageing non-pressurized Douglas DC-3 and the Douglas DC-6 pressurized piston-engined airliners still in use on the company's Greek domestic network. In that year they created a subsidiary airline, Olympic Aviation/Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοΐα, to serve the Greek islands more economically and efficiently. To further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propeller Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707-320 operations between Athens and Melbourne twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore.

Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport to give a demonstration.

Post-Onassis era

On 23 January 1973, Aristotle Onassis' son, Alexander, died in a plane crash; the event came as a shock to the Greek people and a new phase began for Olympic Airways. A few months later, Onassis sold all of the OA shares to the Greek state and he died shortly afterward (in 1975). In 1976, under state management, OA purchased eleven Boeing 737-200 jet aircraft and created Olympic Catering, which served both OA and foreign airlines. In 1977, in a cost-cutting effort, OA shut down their Australia route, followed by the Canadian one in 1978, when OA also placed orders for four Airbus A300s, plus four options.

In 1984, three more B747-200 aircraft were purchased from Singapore Airlines, and the Canadian and Australian routes were reopened. A new Olympic Airways Cargo division was created by converting the Boeing 707-320 "City of Lindos", but the plans were soon abandoned. In 1986, there were strikes at OA, and financial losses mounted.

The company faced serious financial trouble from the 1980s on, mostly because of management problems. Greek politicians and their families traveled for free or token amounts on the airline. Successive Greek governments also made Olympic carry the press at a 97 percent discount. Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) was created as a subsidiary of OA, which issued tickets not only for OA, but for other airlines as well. Very soon, Olympic AirTours was renamed Macedonian Airlines and reestablished as a charter flight company.

In 1990 a route to Tokyo via Bangkok was launched but Olympic was soon forced to shut it down, despite very high load factors (95%). Olympic purchased seven Boeing 737-400 aircraft in 1991, as well as the advanced version of the A300, the A300-600R. Due to the rising losses and debts, the government decided to formulate a restructuring program in which all debts were erased. This programme, as well as all the plans that followed, failed. A few years later, in an attempt to make OA profitable, management was given to a subsidiary of British Airways, Speedwing. The result was even larger debts and rising losses. In 1999, Olympic purchased four Airbus A340-313X aircraft, to replace the ageing B747-200.

Olympic Airways to Olympic Airlines
By December 2003, the Olympic Airways Group of Companies owned Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία), Olympic Aviation (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοϊα), Macedonian Airlines (Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές), Galileo Hellas (Γαλιλλαίος Ελλάς), Olympic Fuel Company (Ολυμπιακή Εταιρεία Καυσίμων), and Olympic Into-Plane Company. Olympic Catering had been sold a few months earlier. A company formed in the ’80s called Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) had already been transformed into Macedonian Airlines. Very soon the losses became excessive, so in 2003 the government restructured the Olympic Airways Group of Companies. The subsidiary, Macedonian Airlines S.A., was renamed Olympic Airlines S.A. and took over the flight operations of Olympic Airways, erasing at the same time all of the airline's debts. The remaining group companies, except for Olympic Aviation (Olympic Airways, Olympic Into-Plane Company, Olympic Fuel Company, Olympic Airways Handling and the Olympic Airways Technical Base), merged and formed a new company, called Olympic Airways – Services S.A.. In December 2004, the Greek government decided to privatize Olympic Airlines, but the sale process ended in failure as none of the buyers was eager to repay the Greek state almost 700 million euros in state aid, which was later declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005.

In 2005, the Greek Government looked for potential buyers to privatize OA. In April of that year, a short list of potential buyers was submitted that included Aegean Airlines, German LCC DBA and a Greek-American consortium called Olympic Investors. Shortly afterwards Aegean Airlines pulled out, followed by DBA. In September 2005, the Greek government signed a non-binding agreement with Olympic Investors to buy the airline. In an interview, Olympic Investors stated that they were backed by York Capital with 6.5 billion dollars and assured that OA's workers would not lose their jobs. They stated that OA should continue to operate as an integrated company and that they were not interested in buying just parts of OA. By the end of the year, the offer fell through because the huge fine imposed on the airline by the European Commission had not been dealt with.

According to Greek media, the government planned to relaunch the company in late 2006. The code name for the project was Pantheon Airways. In June 2006, Greek media reported that Sabre Aviation Consulting Services was contracted by the Greek government to find investors and develop a business plan for an airline to replace Olympic Airlines, aiming to begin operations in autumn 2006. Under this plan the government would be a minority shareholder of the new carrier, which would be run as a private airline. The planned re-launch date passed without anything happening, and the plan was temporarily frozen.

In 2006 O.A. was thrown a life line, when the courts ordered Greece to repay them almost 564 million euros owed to the airline. The money was owed to O.A. from legally subsidized routes to Greek islands and costs of the relocation to the new airport. The money would be used to pay back part of the state aid declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005. Olympic Airlines redesigned their website to introduce their e-ticket service, launched on 31 July 2007, in response to the surge of online booking and online check-ins. The e-ticket service introduction by Electronic Data Systems meant Olympic abolished their old "Hermes" booking system, which had served the company for more than two decades. As of November 2007, the e-ticket service was available on all European and International routes, and on 19 of the airline's 37 domestic routes.

On 12 September 2007, the Luxembourg-based EU court ruled that Olympic should repay an amount of money less than what the EU Commission had ordered. This amount included unpaid taxes on fuel and spare parts, as well as unpaid fees to Athens International Airport. The new amount owed by Olympic was €130 million, as compared with the original €160 million. On that same day, Olympic Investors, the Greek-American consortium that was interested in buying Olympic in 2005, stated renewed interest in buying the airline. In November 2007, Irish airline Ryanair filed a suit with the European Commission, saying that they had not looked into their claims that Olympic had not paid back their debt. On 1 December 2007 transport minister Kostas Hatzidakis announced that the entire Olympic Airways Group debts amounted to two billion euros, and that the airline in its then form and size would cease existing in 2008. This was deemed to be the only way for the European Commission to write off the company's debts to the Greek public sector. He stated that Athens was under more pressure to recover the money Olympic owed because of the Ryanair lawsuit.

Despite all predictions, traffic for Olympic in 2007 increased to a total of 5,977,104 passengers (3,115,521 in domestic and 2,681,583 in international flights) compared to approximately 5,500,000 passengers in 2006. It is estimated that OA earned approximately 780 million euros in 2007, 500 of which came from international flights. However, in 2008 due to lack of aircraft Olympic Airlines cancelled or merged a significant number of flights, about 6,000 according to their union (as of 26 August 2008). Olympic Airlines officials have declared that this is not the major problem since "after all the income reduction is only 4–5 million euros compared to the initial budget plan".

Olympic Airlines to Olympic Air
On 6 March 2009, Development Minister Kostis Hatzidakis announced the sale of the flight operations and the technical base companies to Marfin Investment Group (MIG). As a result, after 35 years of state control and ten years of failed sales attempts, Olympic once again become a private corporation. The new owners were to secure approximately 5000 of the 8500 jobs of the Group.

On 28 September 2009, Olympic Airlines ceased to fly to most of their 69 destinations, maintaining flights to Tel Aviv, Beirut, Cairo and all public service obligation routes within Greece, until the Ministry for Transport and Communications redistributed the routes in late November, when Olympic Airlines entered liquidation. Existing passengers were accommodated on other airlines. Employees of the old company that were in destinations no longer served may have been affected.

The last Olympic Airlines flight was flight 424 from Toronto via Montreal, landing at 11:10 on 29 September 2009 at the Athens International Airport. Olympic Air took over the rest of the operations on 29 September 2009 and their first flight was on 1 October 2009 at 06:20 leaving the Athens International Airport and heading to Thessaloniki Makedonia Airport.

Destinations
Before their demise in 2009, Olympic Airlines flew to 37 domestic and 32 international destinations throughout 23 countries.

Final fleet
Olympic Airlines operated the following fleet at the time of closure:

Former fleet
Olympic Airlines has previously operated the following aircraft:

Codeshare agreements
Olympic Airlines had the following codeshare agreements:

 * Cyprus Airways connected Athens and Thessaloniki with Larnaca and Athens with Paphos (operated by Cyprus and Olympic)
 * Air Malta connected Athens with Malta (operated by Air Malta)
 * Czech Airlines connected Athens and Thessaloniki with Prague (operated by Czech CSA)
 * Egypt Air connected Athens with Alexandria (operated by Olympic)
 * Kuwait Airways connected Athens with Kuwait (operated by Olympic)

Logo
The first logo of the airline was a white eagle, bearing a resemblance to a propeller, featuring five rings and the name Olympic. Just two years after the first flight, Onassis asked his associates to design a new logo and the coloured rings were created. Onassis wanted to copy the five coloured rings of the Olympic emblem, but the International Olympic Committee claimed the rights to the emblem, so a new, six ring logo was introduced. The first five rings stand for the five continents, while the sixth stands for Greece. Colours used were yellow, red, blue and white.

The new logo for Olympic air was selected from among three proposals by an online vote which was open until 5 July 2009 on oalogo.gr. All proposals were expected to keep the six circles and to modernize the existing logo. The logo that was finally selected is a bevel version of the existing logo and font, with the exception that green has replaced the light blue on some circles. Green along with blue is one of MIG's corporate colours (as seen on Marfin Egnatia bank's logo for example) and was thus also used per the request of MIG on the new uniforms too.

Other

 * The Olympic name came about as a result of Onassis' passion for ancient Greece. Many of his companies carried the Olympic name such as Olympic Maritime. He followed the same naming pattern for his ships (with names such as "Olympic Legacy", "Olympic Palm", "Olympic Explorer", etc.)
 * According to OA regulations, all male flight attendants must wear a black tie, thus paying tribute to the late Alexander Onassis.
 * Uniforms for OA flight attendants were created by famous fashion designers. The first uniform was designed by Jean Dessès in 1957, followed by uniforms designed by Coco Chanel (1966), Pierre Cardin (1969), Yiannis Tseklenis (1971), Roula Stathi (1976), Billy Bo (1981), Aspasia Gerel (1987), Makis Tselios (1992) and Artisti Italiani (1998).

Olympic in popular culture

 * In the film For Your Eyes Only, James Bond calls Miss Moneypenny to book a ticket with Olympic to Madrid.
 * In the film Octopussy, James Bond stands in front of the 'Olympic Airways Building' while watching Kamal Khan leave Sotheby's auction house.
 * A sunglass collection by Paul Frank Sunich is called "Olympic Airways".
 * "Olympic Airways" is the fourth and last single from the album Antidotes by Foals.

Incidents and accidents

 * 29 October 1959: a Douglas DC-3 crashed in the locality of Klitys, on mount Parnitha, near Athens, Greece. All 15 passengers and all three crew members perished. It was reported that one of the wings was detached from the plane.
 * 16 August 1969: a Douglas DC-3 was hijacked on a domestic flight from Ellinikon International Airport, Athens to Agrinion Airport. The four hijackers demanded to be taken to Albania. The aircraft, possibly registered SX-BBF, landed at Valona.
 * 8 December 1969: Olympic Airways Flight 954 crashed near Keratea, 21 miles southeast of Athens, Greece. All 85 passengers and all five crew members were killed.
 * 22 July 1970: Olympic Airways Flight 255 was hijacked over Rhodes, Greece, by Palestinian terrorists and landed in Athens where they successfully negotiated the release of seven Palestinian terrorists from Greek prisons.
 * 18 February 1972: an Olympic Aviation Learjet crashed off the coast of Monte Carlo. Both crew members were killed.
 * 21 October 1972: a NAMC YS-11 crashed off the coast of Voula, Athens, about 3 miles south of Athens/Hellenikon airport, operating a flight from the island of Corfu (Kerkyra) to Athens, in a thunderstorm. Thirty-six passengers and the co-pilot drowned, while 16 passengers and the remaining three crew members were rescued.
 * 23 November 1976: Olympic Airways Flight 830, an NAMC YS-11, crashed on mount Metaxas, outside the village of Servia, near Kozani, Greece. All 46 passengers and four crew members perished. One of the plane's wings is still on the site, near a small church built in memory of the victims.
 * 9 August 1978: Olympic Airways Flight 411, a Boeing 747-200, blew an engine upon takeoff from Athens-Ellinikon International Airport heading for New York-JFK (John F. Kennedy International Airport). The plane slowed to a dangerously low speed of 157 knots and was flying dangerously low over downtown Athens. Captain Sifis Migadis managed to gain enough speed and altitude to return the plane to Ellinikon.
 * 3 August 1989: Olympic Aviation Flight 545, operated by a Shorts 330-200, flew into the cloud-shrouded Mount Kerkis on Samos island killing the 34 people on board.
 * 12 August 1997: A Boeing 727-230 registered as SX-CBI on Olympic Airways Flight 171, inbound from Athens Ellinikon Airport, touched down late and was steered off the runway to avoid overrunning into the sea. None of the 35 passengers and crew were killed, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * 4 January 1998: a passenger on Olympic Airways Flight 417 died of an allergic reaction to cigarette smoke when a flight attendant, against policy, refused to change his seat. The airline banned all smoking from 15 April 2001. The wife of the deceased, Rubina Husain, won compensation of $1.4 million at a lawsuit before a US court. The US Supreme Court upheld that decision.

title: Olympic Airlines


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Companies Registration Office (Ireland)

The Companies Registration Office (CRO; An Oifig um Chlárú Cuideachtaí) registers and incorporates companies in Ireland and files their annual returns.

The CRO has a number of core functions:

 * The incorporation of companies.
 * The receipt and registration of post incorporation documents.
 * The enforcement of the Companies Acts in relation to the filing obligations of companies.
 * Making information on companies available to the public.

It also registers the names of businesses which are non-limited trading entities such as sole traders and partnerships.

It also has the Office of the Registry of Friendly Societies which registers Industrial & Provident Societies, Friendly Societies and trade unions.

In 2019, the Register of Beneficial Ownership was introduced into Ireland. That was implemented on the back of the EU’s Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive, which essentially requires all member states to hold adequate, accurate and current information of all beneficial owners. A beneficial owner is someone who owns more than 25% of a company.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Companies Registration Office (Ireland)


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University of Texas Medical Branch

The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) is a public academic health science center in Galveston, Texas, United States. It is part of the University of Texas System. UTMB includes the oldest medical school in Texas, and has about 11,000 employees. As of April 2024, it had an endowment of $763 million.

Established in 1891 as the University of Texas Medical Department, UTMB has grown from one building, 23 students and 13 faculty members to more than 70 buildings, more than 2,500 students and more than 1,000 faculty. It has five schools (Medicine, Nursing, Health Professions, Public and Population Health, and Graduate Biomedical Sciences), three institutes for advanced study, a comprehensive medical library, four on-site hospitals (including an affiliated Shriners Hospital for Children), a network of clinics that provide primary and specialized medical care and numerous research facilities.

UTMB's primary missions are health sciences education, medical research (it is home to the Galveston National Laboratory) and health care services. Its emergency department at John Sealy Hospital is certified as a Level I Trauma Center and serves as the lead trauma facility for a nine-county region in Southeast Texas; it is one of only three Level I Trauma centers serving all ages in Southeast Texas.

History
The location of the Medical Department of the University of Texas was decided between Galveston and Houston in a popular vote in 1881, but its opening was delayed due to the construction of the main university campus in Austin, Texas. The need for medical training in Texas was great: in 1891, 80 percent of doctors in the state had under a year of formal training in medicine, and so the "Texas Medical College" was formed in Galveston with the idea that it would become the medical department once state funding began.

The original building, the Ashbel Smith Building also called Old Red, was begun in 1890 under the supervision of the Galveston architect Nicholas J. Clayton. Clayton toured several medical colleges in the North and East before drawing up his plans for the building. The medical school campus also included the John Sealy Hospital, which provided charity care for any who claimed Galveston residence.

Upon opening, the Red Building had been starkly underfurnished, a problem which was not fully remedied until after the Hurricane of 1900, when the state rallied around the ravaged city. Dr. Thompson, professor of surgery, said that "the regents were so generous in repairing the damage to the building and restoring the equipment, that we were actually in better shape at the end of the year 1901 than we had been before." In addition, the damage to the roof of Old Red allowed for the addition of skylights, which had always been wanted for the dissection room. Also in 1901, the school admitted their first woman faculty member, Marie Charlotte Schaefer.

In 1915 the medical branch built the first hospital dedicated to children in Texas. By 1924 UTMB had established the first department of pediatrics in the state of Texas – which was also one of the first departments of pediatrics in the United States.

UTMB's annual budget of approximately $1.4 billion includes grants, awards, and contracts from federal and private sources totaling more than $150 million, in addition to institutional allocations for research.

Construction on an emergency department began in 1989, and the Sealy & Smith Foundation spent $28 million to have it built.

In 1996, UTMB purchased the adjacent 128-year-old St. Mary's Hospital, the first catholic hospital in Texas. The building was converted into the Rebecca Sealy Psychiatric Hospital.

Hurricane Ike
Hurricane Ike (2008) caused significant flood damage to nearly every building on campus, including the John Sealy Hospital. However, UTMB has about $1.4 billion to restore, harden and expand its campus. Much of the money was approved by the 81st Texas Legislative session, $450 million comes from FEMA, $130 million from insurance, $200 million from the Sealy and Smith Foundation, and $50 million from the Social Service Block Grant Funds. Reconstruction is actively underway as well as hardening of the campus to protect buildings and resources from future storms. UTMB restored its educational programs within weeks after the Hurricane Ike and the research endeavor came back steadily thereafter. In 2011 the foundation committed $170 million towards the construction of a new Jennie Sealy Hospital on the UTMB campus, an amount that represents the largest single gift ever to a Texas health institution.

Modern history
In 2003 UTMB received funding to construct a $150 million Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory on its campus, one of the few non-military facilities of this level. It houses several Biosafety Level 4 research laboratories, where studies on highly infectious materials can be carried out safely. It has schools of medicine, nursing, allied health professions, and a graduate school of biomedical sciences, as well as an institute for medical humanities. UTMB also has a major contract with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to provide medical care to inmates at all TDC sites in the eastern and southern portions of Texas. UTMB also has similar contracts with local governments needing inmate medical care.

In fiscal year 2012, UTMB received 20 percent of its $1.5 billion budget from the State of Texas to help support its teaching mission, hospital operation and Level 1 Trauma Center; UTMB generates the rest of its budget through its research endeavors, clinical services and philanthropy. It provides a significant amount of charity care (almost $96 million in 2012), and treats complex cases such as transplants and burns.

UTMB became a member of the Houston-based Texas Medical Center in 2010.

On March 10, 2022, UTMB announced that the School of Medicine would be renamed to the John Sealy School of Medicine in honor of the over $1 billion donated to the university and medical school by the Sealy family and the Sealy & Smith Foundation over the last century.

Hospitals and clinics

 * Jennie Sealy Hospital – a 12-story teaching hospital that is a $438 million facility featuring 310 patient rooms, including 60 dedicated ICU beds, a 28-bed day surgery unit and 20 state-of-the-art operating suites. Completed in 2016.
 * John Sealy Hospital – a 12-story teaching hospital housing inpatient units for pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, and burns patients. It is currently undergoing extensive renovation following construction of the new Jennie Sealy Hospital.
 * UTMB Health Clinics Building – a seven-story building housing numerous specialty and subspecialty clinics.
 * UTMB Pediatrics and Children's Hospital – located within John Sealy Hospital, including 50 inpatient beds, 12 PICU beds, 30 low-acuity newborn and 42 NICU beds. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults age 0-21.
 * R. Waverley Smith Pavilion – formerly home to obstetrics services and the neonatal intensive care unit, the Waverley Smith Pavilion is undergoing significant renovations and has become the primary link between Jennie Sealy Hospital and the adjacent John Sealy Hospital and Clinical Sciences Wing.
 * Rebecca Sealy Hospital – formerly housed UTMB's day surgery and inpatient psychiatry services. Following renovations after Hurricane Ike, Rebecca Sealy is now home to administrative and educational space for the university.
 * Shriners Burns Hospital for Children – A 30-bed children's hospital specializing care and treatment of acute burns, patients needing plastic reconstructive or restorative surgery as a result of "healed" burns, and scarring and deformity of the face. It has an Intensive Care Unit with 15 acute beds, a reconstruction and plastic surgery unit with 15 reconstruction beds, three operating rooms, a multi-bed recovery room, and numerous clinics. It is a Verified Burn Center by the American Burn Association.
 * Texas Department of Criminal Justice – Hospital Galveston – operated in collaboration with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, the prison hospital has 172 inpatient beds, a multi-service ambulatory care center, a minor operating room with a recovery room, a telemetry unit of 24 beds, a medical intensive care unit of 24 beds and a 56-bed overnight holding unit.

Schools
UTMB includes five schools:
 * John Sealy School of Medicine – The School of Medicine at UTMB has provided medical school or residency training to one in six Texas physicians. Opened in 1891, it has 20 departments and three institutes.
 * Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences – Biomedical graduate programs were started in 1952, and a separate graduate school was established in 1969, becoming the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in 1972. The GSBS and the UT Telecampus have created a concurrent enrollment program by which graduate students at UTMB can pursue both a PhD and an MBA in preparation for careers in biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry, among other career opportunities.
 * School of Nursing – The UTMB School of Nursing offers programs such as BSN, MSN (Nurse Practitioner, Nurse Educator), PhD (Nursing Education), and DNP (Doctorate of Nursing Practice).
 * School of Health Professions – The School of Health Professions has eight degree-granting programs.
 * School of Public and Population Health – The UTMB School of Public and Population Health is composed of 5 departments and offers degree programs such as MPH, PhD, and MS. It also provides some training and an MPH degree for trainees in UTMB's Aerospace Medicine Residency Program.

Science complex
From its modest beginnings in the 1890s as the first state medical school in Texas, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB) has developed into a large, sophisticated health science complex with numerous schools and institutes, including: UTMB operates an extensive clinical care enterprise with a wide variety of specialty programs.
 * Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
 * School of Medicine,
 * School of Nursing,
 * School of Health Professions,
 * Institute for Human Infections and Immunity,
 * Institute for the Medical Humanities,
 * an affiliated Shriners Burns Hospital,
 * Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine,
 * Sealy Center for Structural Biology,
 * Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases,
 * Center for Addiction Research,
 * Educational Cancer Center,
 * Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's Health,
 * Institute for Translational Sciences,
 * Galveston National Laboratory (GNL),
 * Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology,
 * Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine,
 * World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases,
 * Stark Diabetes Center,
 * Center for Biomedical Engineering,
 * Center for Environmental Toxicology,
 * Sealy Center on Aging,
 * George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases,
 * Institute for Drug Discovery,
 * Sealy Center for Vaccine Development.

Heliports
UTMB has two heliports: the Ewing Hall Heliport and the Emergency Department Heliport.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Ernst Bertner – first president of the Texas Medical Center
 * Greg Bonnen – Neurosurgeon and UTMB assistant professor; Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives.
 * Mark Frederick Boyd - Malariologist, first head of the Department of Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine
 * Dawn Buckingham - 29th Land Commissioner of Texas and former Texas State Senator
 * Cheri L. Canon - Radiologist and Witten-Stanley Endowed Chair of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
 * Minnie Fisher Cunningham – Suffragist, first president of the League of Women Voters
 * Maurice Ewing – Geophysicist
 * Hector P. Garcia – Surgeon, civil rights advocate
 * Bernard A. Harris, Jr. – Astronaut
 * Steven Hotze – Talk Radio Host, Republican Activist
 * Christopher W. Lentz – U.S. Air Force Brigadier General
 * Henry T. Lynch – cancer researcher
 * Ronny Jackson - Physician to the President
 * Mike McKinney - 13th Chancellor of The Texas A&M University System and former Texas House Representative.
 * Michael Obeng - Plastic Surgeon, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
 * C. J. Peters – Virology and immunology
 * Patricia Robertson – Astronaut-candidate
 * Sally Abston - Surgeon
 * Sean Roden – former NASA flight surgeon
 * Robert Shope – Arbovirologist and emerging infectious diseases expert
 * Charles Milton Strother – Neuroradiologist and Emeritus Professor of Radiology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
 * Luther Leonidas Terry – Surgeon General
 * William E. Thornton – Astronaut

title: University of Texas Medical Branch


text:
David Johansen

David Roger Johansen (sometimes spelled David Jo Hansen; born January 9, 1950) is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is best known as a member of the seminal proto-punk band the New York Dolls. He is also known for his work under the pseudonym Buster Poindexter, and for playing the Ghost of Christmas Past in  Scrooged.

Early life
Johansen was born in the New York City borough of Staten Island to a librarian mother, Helen, and an insurance sales representative father, who had previously sung opera. His mother was Irish American and his father was Norwegian American.

Career
Johansen began his career in the late 1960s as the lead singer of the Vagabond Missionaries, a local Staten Island band and later in the early 1970s as the singer/songwriter in the proto-punk band the New York Dolls. The New York Dolls were in the Mercer’s scene, appearing on the bill at a New Year’s Eve 1972 gig with Ruby and the Rednecks. They released two albums, the eponymous New York Dolls (1973) and Too Much Too Soon (1974). The bulk of the material was written by Johansen and guitarist Johnny Thunders. The Dolls were sometimes well received critically, but did not succeed commercially.

In 1975, Johnny Thunders and Jerry Nolan left the band. Johansen and Sylvain Sylvain, along with Peter Jordan, Chris Robison, and Tony Machine, continued playing as the New York Dolls until 1976, after which Johansen embarked on a solo career. His first two solo albums, the eponymous David Johansen and In Style, featured several enduring originals. His self-titled album peaked at number 91 in Australia in August 1978. Sylvain Sylvain frequently performed with him, and his band covered many Dolls songs in concert; his live albums Live It Up and The David Johansen Group Live document Johansen's reputation as an exceptional concert performer. The studio releases Here Comes the Night (which includes a signature number, "Heart of Gold") and Sweet Revenge again showcased his strengths as a writer of new material and featured a guest appearance by jazz saxophone player Big Jay McNeely. A number of the songs on Here Comes the Night were co-written with South African musician Blondie Chaplin. In 1982 Johansen was the opening act for The Who at several U.S. East Coast concerts, including Shea Stadium in New York City and Capital Centre near Washington, D.C.

Buster Poindexter
In the late 1980s, Johansen achieved moderate commercial success under the pseudonym Buster Poindexter, accompanied by The Uptown Horns, performing jump blues, traditional pop, swing, and novelty songs. He also appeared as part of the house band on the television program Saturday Night Live. As Poindexter, he scored his first hit song, "Hot Hot Hot", which, in an interview on National Public Radio's Fresh Air, he called "the bane of my existence" due to its pervasive popularity. "Hot Hot Hot" was initially written and recorded by Montserratian Soca artist Arrow. As Poindexter, Johansen often appeared with his band, The Banshees of Blue. Early Poindexter releases combined an eclectic selection of covers with Johansen's own compositions. Johansen went on to issue Buster's Happy Hour, an album of songs thematically linked by their subject matter: alcohol. It was followed by Buster Poindexter's Spanish Rocket Ship, which focused on salsa and merengue music.

Acting
Johansen acted in several films during the 1980s and 1990s, and in 2000, had a brief role on the HBO drama series Oz. He appeared in the television series The Adventures of Pete & Pete in the episode "On Golden Pete", in which he played a park ranger. He appeared in the Muppet Television segment of an episode of The Jim Henson Hour. Among his more prominent roles are that of the wisecracking Ghost of Christmas Past in Scrooged, as well as the part of "Looney" in the movie Let It Ride, playing opposite Richard Dreyfuss. He starred opposite Hulk Hogan and Sherman Hemsley in Mr. Nanny, and co-starred with John C. McGinley in the movie Car 54, Where Are You?, based on the television series. He can be seen in the Jim White documentary film Searching for the Wrong Eyed Jesus in which he sings a version of Geeshie Wiley's "Last Kind Words" while in a motel room. He also had a supporting role with Mick Jagger and Emilio Estevez in the movie Freejack. He also played Halston (a hired hitman) in the anthology film Tales from the Darkside: The Movie (1990), in the segment "The Cat from Hell". He was also the guest music artist on the Miami Vice episode "The Dutch Oven" (1985) where he sang "King of Babylon". Johansen most recently portrayed the bartender in the Netflix special A Very Murray Christmas. Johansen lent his voice to the villain Ding Dong Daddy in the original Teen Titans animated series in the season 5 episode 9 episode "Revved Up". Johansen's legs appeared in John Lennon and Yoko Ono's 1971 film Up Your Legs Forever. He also voiced the Beartaur character in the 2021 Centaurworld animated Netflix television series.

Later solo career
Johansen then turned to blues with his group, The Harry Smiths. The group was named as a tribute to Harry Everett Smith, who compiled the Anthology of American Folk Music, several songs of which were covered by the band. Johansen's second album with the Harry Smiths is titled Shaker.

In 2004, Johansen reunited with Sylvain Sylvain and Arthur Kane of the New York Dolls. Owing to the success of the tour, in 2006 the New York Dolls released One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This, their first album in nearly thirty years. It was critic Robert Christgau's choice for album of the year. In 2009 the band released Cause I Sez So and in 2011 Dancing Backward in High Heels.

Johansen hosts a weekly show, David Johansen's Mansion of Fun, on Sirius Satellite Radio while continuing to write and perform. Featuring music "from the jungles of Africa to the Bayou of Louisiana, and from Duke Ellington to Phil Spector to Billy Joe Shaver, the show is all over the musical map", the show is free-form and eclectic. , the show airs on channel 710 (stream-only), The Loft.

In October 2007, Johansen participated in "The Staten Island Composers Project", featuring work by three musicians who call the island home: Johansen; Vernon Reid, founder of the '80s rock-metal pioneers Living Colour; and Galt MacDermot, best known as the composer of the musical Hair. The Council on the Arts and Humanities for Staten Island commissioned the program and asked each artist to write 20 minutes of music conveying something of his connection to the island often referred to as New York City's forgotten borough. Johansen's opus, a cinematic and unabashedly romantic Adagio scored mostly for strings, is called "Mara Dreams the Moon Gate of Uncommon Beauty". Inspired by The Moon Gate of Uncommon Beauty, a round portal between two rockscapes in the Chinese Scholar's Garden at the Staten Island Botanical Garden. In September 2009, he appeared on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, the Travel Channel television program, in which he toured Staten Island with the program's host.

In addition to his own albums, Johansen contributed songs to the soundtracks of the films Times Square and The Aviator ("Flowers of the City" and "Ain't Cha Glad" respectively) and guests on About Them Shoes, a CD by veteran blues man Hubert Sumlin. Another non-album track of his, "Johnsonius", appears on the 1984 compilation A Diamond Hidden in the Mouth of a Corpse and "The Rope (The Let Go Song)", a track originally recorded during the sessions for his eponymous first album, and published on the B-side of the single, "Funky But Chic", a song that was performed by the original New York Dolls before breaking up.

An artist noted for his musical unpredictability and versatility, Johansen has been a consistent blues enthusiast since the earliest days of the Dolls, with covers of songs by Bo Diddley and Sonny Boy Williamson among their earliest numbers. The 2006 Dolls CD Private World : The Complete Early Studio Demos 1972/3 featured the Dolls performing songs by Otis Redding, Gary U.S. Bonds, Chuck Berry, The Shangri-Las, and Muddy Waters, in addition to versions of songs from their two Mercury albums. Also featured on the CD was a previously unreleased Dolls number, "Endless Party".

Johansen has worked consistently with Sylvain Sylvain, drummer Tony Machine (formerly an agent who worked for Leber & Krebs, a member of the New York Dolls in 1975-1976, and a fixture in many David Johansen groups and throughout the Buster Poindexter period) and Brian Koonin, guitarist and banjo player with Buster Poindexter and The Harry Smiths, as well as keyboard player with the New York Dolls for the first reunion engagement and the One Day It Will Please Us To Remember Even This CD and tour.

In September 2020, Johansen released a cover of "Sinking Ship" by Gypsy as part of the 2020 US presidential election campaign for Joe Biden.

On July 7, 2020, Showtime Documentary Films announced that renowned filmmaker Martin Scorsese would direct a new feature film on Johansen. The Showtime documentary, Personality Crisis: One Night Only, was released on April 14, 2023. Scorsese was joined in the making of the film by his frequent co-director David Tedeschi, and with Johansen, Scorsese was interviewed about the film by MSNBC host, former Congressman Joe Scarborough.

Personal life
Johansen married the actress Cyrinda Foxe in 1977, but divorced within a year in 1978. From 1983 to 2011, Johansen was married to photographer Kate Simon.

In 2013, Johansen married artist Mara Hennessey.

Buster Poindexter albums

 * 1987: Buster Poindexter US: #40
 * 1989: Buster Goes Berserk
 * 1994: Buster's Happy Hour
 * 1997: Buster's Spanish Rocketship

David Johansen and the Harry Smiths albums

 * 2000: David Johansen and the Harry Smiths
 * 2002: Shaker

Video performances

 * 1979-1990: The Uncle Floyd Show multiple performances as The David Johansen Group or David Johansen and the Banshees of Blue (himself)
 * 1989: Disney MGM Studios Opening special (Performer)
 * 2015: Netflix A Very Murray Christmas (Himself)

Compilation albums

 * Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films (1988), as "Buster Poindexter and The Banshees of Soul"
 * September Songs — The Music of Kurt Weill (1994/1997) — "Alabama Song"
 * Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen (2003) — "Kickin' the Gong Around"
 * Jim White Presents Music From Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus (2005) — "The Last Kind Words", with Larry Saltzman (Geeshie Wiley cover)
 * AngelHeaded Hipster: The Songs of Marc Bolan & T-Rex (2020) - "Bang a Gong (Get it On)"

title: David Johansen


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Power Rangers Time Force

Power Rangers Time Force is a television series and the ninth season of the Power Rangers franchise, based on the 24th Super Sentai series Mirai Sentai Timeranger, running for 40 half-hour episodes from February to November 2001. It was the last season to be distributed by Saban Entertainment Before 2011's Power Rangers Samurai.

Originally, a Time Force film was planned, but ultimately went unproduced in light of the commercial failure of Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie and the purchase of the franchise by Disney. However, Buena Vista Home Entertainment did release the series' final four episodes as a film-length home video in 2002 entitled The End of Time. A video game based on the series was released in November 2001 for PlayStation, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance.

Plot
In the year 3000, Time Force is a police agency that deals with the crimes of mutants, outcasts of society who have developed super powers. Ransik, one of the most dangerous of the mutants, is arrested and sentenced to life for his crimes including murder and the plan to travel back in time to take over the world. However, after sentencing, he escapes and manages to go back in time to 2001, but kills Alex Drake, the Red Time Force Ranger, in the process. Alex's fiancée Jen Scotts, as well as Time Force members Lucas Kendall, Katie Walker, and Trip Regis, decide to break protocol and go back in time after Ransik. However, upon arriving in 2001, they find that the rest of their Chrono Morphers are locked, and cannot be used until someone with Alex's DNA uses the Red Ranger morpher. To that end, they travel to the town of Silver Hills, Washington, and find Alex's ancestor Wes Collins, the son of billionaire tech businessman Albert Collins, who unlocks the Morphers and then helps them battle Ransik's army of mutants as the Time Force Power Rangers. However, Wes does not initially see eye-to-eye with Jen, who is still upset over Alex's death.

As Ransik continues his quest for total domination of Earth, archaeologists discover a box that, unknown to them, contains the Quantum Ranger Morpher and powers. Both Ransik and the Rangers are well aware of its contents, and make attempts to retrieve it. This leads to the team crossing paths with the Silver Guardians, a private security force organized by Wes's father to make a profit protecting the city's wealthy citizens, and the box eventually falls into the hands of Silver Guardians member, Eric Myers, Wes' old rival from prep school. Eric activates the power, and becomes the Quantum Ranger. Eric, however, becomes cocky and irresponsible with his power, forcing Wes and the Rangers to at first, try to get it back from him; however, Eric soon learns the responsibility of using the Quantum Powers and becomes the leader of the Silver Guardians as the Quantum Ranger, and eventually becomes an ally to the Rangers.

Eventually, the Rangers begin receiving help from an unseen ally from the future in the form of the Time Shadow Megazord. Soon, this ally arrives in 2001 and reveals himself to be Alex, stating that he is alive because something the Rangers have done in the present has altered the future, and that he has returned to fix it. Alex reveals to Wes what was meant to happen in the original timeline and encourages him to take action to set it right. Wes reluctantly agrees, and relinquishes control of his Morpher to Alex so he can take care of his father's business while his father lays gravely injured in the hospital after being attacked by Ransik. Alex then briefly leads the team, but his relationship with the Rangers becomes strained when they realize Alex has changed. Alex eventually realizes that Wes is the true Red Ranger and having destroyed his relationship with Jen, returns the Morpher and returns to the future, but not before he uses future tech to heal Wes's father.

When Ransik makes his final assault on Earth, with a powerful army in large amounts, Alex orders the Rangers to return to the future, for fear that if they hesitate, they may not be able to return at all. Wes, however, would have to remain behind, since he's not from 3000. The Rangers refuse, and fight Ransik alongside Wes, who, knowing his friends can't stay, forces them into returning to 3000, leaving only himself and Eric to stop Ransik, or die trying. When the Rangers return to the future, they learn that Silver Hills was saved, but Wes died in the process. The Rangers are ordered to have their minds erased of their memories from 2001, and encouraged to resume their lives. Angered, Jen returns Alex's engagement ring, and the Rangers return to 2001 to help Wes and Eric. During the final battle, Ransik accidentally injures his daughter Nadira and, ashamed that his hatred of humans almost costed him the one person he cared about, surrenders to the Rangers. Right before the Rangers return Ransik and Nadira to the future, Wes and Jen, having soothed over their initially rocky relationship, profess their love for one another. As the Rangers depart, Wes's father states that he will be offering the Silver Guardians' services for free now, and offers to let Wes lead them. Wes accepts, on the condition that Eric co-leads the Guardians with him, which he accepts, and Wes brings the series to a close with a final remark. "I think the future looks pretty bright."

Cast and characters
Time Force Rangers
 * Jason Faunt as Wesley "Wes" Collins, the present-day Red Time Force Ranger who shares leadership duties with Jen.
 * Jason Faunt also portrays Alex Drake, Wesley's descendant and future Red Time Force Ranger.
 * Michael Copon as Lucas Kendall, the Blue Time Force Ranger.
 * Kevin Kleinberg as Trip Regis, the Green Time Force Ranger.
 * Deborah Estelle Philips as Katie Walker, the Yellow Time Force Ranger.
 * Erin Cahill as Jennifer "Jen" Scotts, the Pink Time Force Ranger and the leader of the team.
 * Daniel Southworth as Eric Myers, the Quantum Ranger and the leader of the Silver Guardians.

Supporting characters
 * Edward Laurence Albert as Mr. Collins, Wes' billionaire father, CEO of Bio-Lab, and founder of the Silver Guardians.
 * Brianne Siddall as the voice of Circuit, a robotic owl and ally of the Time Force Rangers who serves as their technical advisor.
 * Douglas Fisher as Phillips, The Collins' butler
 * Roy Werner as Captain Logan, the supervisor to the Time Force Rangers.
 * Ken Merckx as Dr. Michael Zaskin, a scientist at Bio-Lab.

Villains
 * Vernon Wells as Ransik
 * Kate Sheldon as Nadira
 * Eddie Frierson as the voice of Frax
 * Neil Kaplan as the voice of Gluto

Guest stars
 * Sean Cw Johnson as Carter Grayson, the Red Lightspeed Ranger.
 * Michael Chaturantabut as Chad Lee, the Blue Lightspeed Ranger.
 * Keith Robinson as Joel Rawlings, the Green Lightspeed Ranger.
 * Sasha Williams as Kelsey Winslow, the Yellow Lightspeed Ranger.
 * Alison MacInnis as Dana Mitchell, the Pink Lightspeed Ranger.
 * Rhett Fisher as Ryan Mitchell, the Titanium Ranger.
 * Jennifer L. Yen as Vypra

Comics
Characters have been featured in Power Rangers comics published by Boom! Studios.

In 2018, the Time Force Rangers appeared in "Shattered Grid", a crossover event between teams from all eras commemorating the 25th anniversary of the original television series. It was published in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #25-30 and various tie-ins.

In 2020, Power Rangers: Sins of the Future by Matthew Erman, Trey Moore and Giuseppe Cafaro was published. An original graphic novel taking place after the events of the Power Rangers Time Force television series, it features Jen and Wes being pursued by a new antagonist: the Black Time Force Ranger.

title: Power Rangers Time Force


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File:Triumph self-titled.jpg

Used on Wikipedia under fair use guidelines:
 * Low resolution copy of the album cover

RedWolf 22:36, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: File:Triumph self-titled.jpg


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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section

In Wikipedia, the lead section is an introduction to an article and a summary of its most important contents. It is located at the beginning of the article, before the table of contents and the first heading. It is a news-style lead or "lede" paragraph.

The average Wikipedia visit is a few minutes long. The lead is the first thing most people read upon arriving at an article, and may be the only portion of the article that they read. It gives the basics in a nutshell and cultivates interest in reading on—though not by teasing the reader or hinting at what follows. It should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view.

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies. The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.

As a general rule of thumb, a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate, although it is common for citations to appear in the body and not the lead.

Elements
The lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: short description, disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

Structure of lead section:

 * Short description is a concise explanation of the scope of the page. See Short description and WikiProject Short descriptions for more information.
 * Disambiguation links should be the first visible elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they would want to know that first. Text-only browsers and screen readers present the page sequentially. A "for topics of the same name ..." disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using hatnote templates. Do not make this initial link a section.
 * Deletion tags (speedy deletion, proposed deletion, and articles for deletion notices).
 * Maintenance tags should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
 * English variety and date style tags help editors maintain consistency in articles as they are developed.
 * Infoboxes contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though, in actuality, they generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a navigational box is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.
 *   alert readers that the article contains foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform. If required, the warning should be sufficiently near any text using the foreign characters that scrolling is not required to see the warning. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.
 * Images. As with all images, but particularly the lead, the image used should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then "jump" outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence. See also.
 * Sidebars are a cohesive collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. The placement of a sidebar in the lead is generally discouraged; it may be included on a case-by-case basis, placed preferably the lead-section image and infobox. Outside the lead, sidebars are often placed at the top or bottom of any section of an article.
 * All but the shortest articles should start with introductory text (the "lead"), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. See also.
 * The table of contents (ToC) automatically appears on pages with at least four headings. Avoid floating the ToC if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of screen readers expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they also miss text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

Provide an accessible overview
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective "peacock terms" such as "acclaimed" or "award-winning" or "hit"). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and overly specific descriptions – greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article, but do not hint at startling facts without describing them.

Make the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where possible, avoid difficult-to-understand terminology, symbols, mathematical equations and formulas. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked, and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.

Relative emphasis
According to the policy on due weight, emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published reliable sources. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy.

Significant information should not appear in the lead, apart from basic facts, if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.

Opening paragraph
The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article List of environmental issues succinctly states that the list covers "harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment".

First sentence
The first sentence should introduce the topic, and tell the nonspecialist reader what or who the subject is, and often when or where. It should be in plain English.

Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject. Instead, spread the relevant information out over the entire lead. Avoid cluttering the first sentence with a long parenthetical containing items like alternative spellings and pronunciations: these can make the sentence difficult to read. This information should be placed elsewhere.

 * If possible, the page title should be the subject of the first sentence, although there are exceptions:
 * If the article title is merely descriptive—such as Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
 * Similarly, if the page is a list, do introduce the list as "This is a list of X" or "This list of Xs...". A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title. A good example of this is the List of Benet Academy alumni. (See also Format of the first sentence below.)
 * When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including plural forms (particularly if they are unusual or confusing) or synonyms.
 * If the title has a parenthetical disambiguator, such as Mercury (planet), the parenthetical should be omitted in the text.
 * Dates and locations should be included in the first sentence if they help the reader to quickly determine if they're reading the right article. For instance, in the article Spanish–American War, the text of the lead begins:
 * If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a specialized term, provide the context as early as possible.
 * Avoid constructions like "[Subject] refers to..." or "...is a word for..." – the article is about the subject, not a term for the subject. For articles that are actually about terms, italicize the term to indicate the use–mention distinction.
 * For topics notable for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.
 * If the article is about a fictional character or place, make this clear.

Format of the first sentence
If an article's title is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence:

Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in a natural way:

Bolding of title and alternative names
Only the first occurrence of the title and significant alternative names (which should usually also redirect to the article) are placed in bold:

Common abbreviations (in parentheses after the corresponding title) are considered significant alternative names in this sense:

If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the target of a redirect, the subject should be in bold:

Avoid redundancy
Keep redundancy to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is already given by the title of the article. The title need not appear verbatim in the lead if it is descriptive. For example:

The statement relations are the relations does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of diplomatic relations. The second version sensibly includes new information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.

If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the first sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding unnecessary redundancy.

Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a dictionary in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence should provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:

consider:

Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's most respected dictionary of English.

Avoid these other common mistakes
Links should not be placed in the boldface reiteration of the title in the first sentence of a lead:

As an exception, disambiguation pages may use bolding for the link to the primary topic, if there is one.

In general, if the article's title (or a significant alternative title) is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that appear (example from 1999 Nepalese general election):

Proper names and titles
If the title of the page is normally italicized (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text:

If the mention of the article's title is surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be:

Pronunciation
If the name of the article has a pronunciation that is not apparent from its spelling, include its pronunciation in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases (mate, coup d'état), proper nouns (Ralph Fiennes, Tuolumne River, Tao Te Ching), or very unusual English words (synecdoche, atlatl). It is preferable to move pronunciation guides to a footnote or elsewhere in the article if they would otherwise clutter the first sentence. Do not include pronunciation guides for foreign translations of the article title in the text of the lead sentence, as this clutters the lead sentence and impairs readability.

Do not include in the text of the lead sentence pronunciations for names of foreign locations whose pronunciations are well known in English (e.g., Poland, Paris). Do not include them for common English words, even if their pronunciations are counterintuitive for learners (laughter, sword). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of Jean van Heijenoort but only Cholmondeley in Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.

Contextual links
The first sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that are important to the article's topic or place it into the context where it is notable.

For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.

In an article about a technical or jargon term, the first sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the field of study that the term comes from.

The first sentence of an article about a person should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.

Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.

Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, Van Cliburn's first sentence links to Cold War because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, do not link to years unless the year has some special salience to the topic.

Most Featured Articles contain about 12 to 25 links in the lead, with an average of about 1.5 links per sentence or one link for every 16 words.

Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word "Colonel" should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. (Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.)

Organisms
When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the first sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.

When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name. Avoid putting the most common name in parentheses (this suppresses its display in some views of Wikipedia, including Pop-ups and Google Knowledge Graph).

Scope of article
In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is within scope. For instance, the article on fever notes that an elevated core body temperature due to hyperthermia is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.

Biographies
A summary of the key points in the main guideline on this:
 * Reliably sourced material about encyclopedically relevant controversies is neither suppressed in the lead nor allowed to overwhelm; the lead must correctly summarize the article as a whole.
 * Recent events affecting a subject are kept in historical perspective; most recent is not necessarily most notable. Balance new information with old, giving all information due weight.
 * Wikipedia is not a memorial site; when a subject dies, the lead should not radically change, nor dwell on the death.
 * Do not use primary sources for private details about living persons, including birth dates.

Biographies' first sentence
Under the main guideline on this, the opening paragraph of a biographical article should neutrally describe the person, provide context, establish notability and explain why the person is notable, and reflect the balance of reliable sources.

The first sentence should usually state:
 * 1) Name(s) and title(s), if any . Handling of the subject's name is covered under MOS:NAMES.
 * 2) Dates of birth and death (if found in secondary sources – do not use primary sources for birth dates of living persons or other private details about them). If specific day–month–year dates for birth/death are given elsewhere in the article, then a simple year–year range may be sufficient to provide context.
 * 3) Context (location, nationality, etc.) for the activities that made the person notable.
 * One, or possibly more, noteworthy positions, activities, or roles that the person held, avoiding subjective or contentious terms.
 * 1) The main reason the person is notable (key accomplishment, record, etc.)

Examples:

However, try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject; instead, spread relevant information over the lead section.

Alternative biographical names
The basic instructions for biographical names are summarized below; the main guideline on this provides additional detail.

 * While a commonly recognizable form of name is used as the title of a biographical article, fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article Paul McCartney, the text of the lead begins: "Sir James Paul McCartney ...".
 * The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on Calvin Coolidge gives his name as John Calvin Coolidge Jr.
 * If a person changed their full name at some point after birth, the birth name may be given as well, if relevant. For example, a lead may mention a woman's birth name when there are relevant matters before she became notable under her married name; also the lead of the article on Caitlyn Jenner includes her birth name William Bruce Jenner because she was also notable under that name.
 * If a hypocorism (diminutive) that is common in English is often used for the subject in lieu of a given name, it is inserted into the name or given after it, e.g., Tom Hopper has simply Thomas Edward Hopper.
 * Also acceptable are formulations like Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, known as Sandro Botticelli, when applicable. Hypocorisms are put in quotation marks.
 * If a person is commonly known by a nickname (other than a hypocorism), it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for Bunny Berigan, which has Roland Bernard "Bunny" Berigan. The quotation marks are not boldfaced.

Alternative names

By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called "Gdańsk" can be referred to as "Danzig" in suitable historical contexts.

The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability. Use this principle to decide whether mentioning alternative names in the first sentence, elsewhere in the article, or not at all.

The title can be followed in the first sentence by one or two alternative names in parentheses.

Separate section usage
If there are three or more alternative names, they should not be included in the first sentence as this creates clutter. Instead, the names may be footnoted, or moved elsewhere in the article such as in a "Names" or "Etymology" section. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.

Archaic names, including names used before the standardization of English orthography should be clearly marked as such, i.e., (archaic: name), and should not be placed in the first sentence.

Foreign language
Wikipedia's naming conventions recommend the use of English. However, where the subject of an article is best known in English-language sources by its non-English name (e.g., Taj Mahal, Champs-Élysées), the non-English title may be appropriate for the article. foreign-language names, such as those of people who do not write their names in English, are encouraged.

If the subject of the article is closely associated with a non-English language, a single foreign language equivalent name may be included in the lead sentence, usually in parentheses. For example, an article about a location in a non-English-speaking country typically includes the local-language equivalent:

Do not include foreign equivalents in the text of the lead sentence for alternative names or for particularly lengthy names, as this clutters the lead sentence and impairs readability. Do not include foreign equivalents in the lead sentence just to show etymology. Foreign-language names should be moved to a footnote or elsewhere in the article if they would otherwise clutter the first sentence.

Separate languages should be divided by semicolons; romanizations of non-Latin scripts, by commas. Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English. Some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the Manual of Style for text formatting.

Stubs
Where the article is a stub and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification. Note that as the lead is recommended to be one to four paragraphs in length, articles consisting of up to four full paragraphs usually do not need a lead.

Length
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline—but not absolute rule—the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestions about lead length may be useful:

Most featured articles have a lead length of about three paragraphs, containing 10 to 18 sentences, or 250 to 400 words.

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at Summary style. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at News style.

Editing the lead section
All users can edit the lead by clicking the edit link of the whole article. By default, there is no edit link just for the lead section, but registered users can get it by enabling one or both of the following preferences (both require JavaScript):

Comparison to the news-style lead
Wikipedia leads are not written in news style. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some differences. The lead paragraph (sometimes spelled "lede") of newspaper journalism is a compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as the "five Ws": who, what, when, where, and why. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in Wikipedia articles, the first sentence is usually a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.

Cleanup
For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.

title: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section


text:
Talk:Sandy Hook

Opening comment
I changed the name from Sandy Hook, New Jersey to Sandy Hook (New Jersey) to reflect the fact that it is a geographical feature, not a municipality. -- Decumanus 22:37, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sandy Hook Isn't in Middletown
Sandy Hook's entrance is in Sea Bright. *sandy hook is part of fort hancock a coast guard base and has its own zip code
 * It is. See this map showing Sandy Hook as part of Middletown Township, despite the fact that it is noncontiguous via land. Alansohn 19:28, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Should we explain that this is because Sandy Hook is what was left over when Sea Bright was subtracted from Middletown? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:00, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * "The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968" states on page 16 that "The Sandy Hook area is unique in New Jersey in that it is not included in the boundaries of any municipality." This is referenced to a personal communication the author had with a J. Russell Woolley, the Monmouth County Clerk in 1966. Is the author wrong? Did Middletown annex it after 1966? Might the Census Bureau be mistaken? (wouldn't be the first time. Armandtanzarian (talk) 22:13, 17 December 2011 (UTC)
 * This is an excellent question. Old maps from the mid-1800s show Sandy Hook as having been part of Ocean Township back when it extended all the way up the coast.  It became part of Eatontown after the town split from Ocean in the 1870s.  In the decades following, a bunch of new municipalities were created from Eatontown along the coast, which probably meant Sandy Hook became non-contiguous with the rest of Eatontown further south.  Now, did that land disincorporate at some point along the way, finally being handed over to Middletown after 1968, or was the territory transfered when Sandy Hook found itself closer to Middletown than the rest of Eatontown?  98.221.141.21 (talk) 10:00, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Requested Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move the page to Sandy Hook, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 09:14, 15 April 2008 (UTC) Sandy Hook, New Jersey → Sandy Hook — This geographical feature is the primary usage of the name; it's not a settlement, not having been settled since Fort Hancock was decommissioned in 1972. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:07, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support as nom. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:07, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Google hits show that the New Jersey barrier peninsula is the most common usage. PeterSymonds | talk  19:12, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * ''Please place long comments here.

This will imply moving Sandy Hook to Sandy Hook (disambiguation), to make room. A dab header here should follow. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:10, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Problems with this article
There is a huge POV towards Sandy Hook being a military installation, a site for history buffs; there is very little attention to the fact that it has become a major tourist site for beachgoers, bikers, sailboaters. One editor consistently has been removing photos which suggest the beach theme. The article needs greater balance.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 01:55, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The photos which this editor wishes to put into the article are absolutely generic shots of people having fun on the beach. They tell nothing about Sandy Hook, there's not even any indication that they were taken on Sandy Hook (although I don't doubt that they were.) They add not a thing at all to the article.  Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a travel guide, or a promotional brochure put out by the local Chamber of Commerce to attract visitors. In retaliation for my removal of these useless shots, the editor is removing pictures of the ruins of the military installations on Sandy Hook, which, of course, illustrate the beach's long and significant history of use by the military for the protection of New York Bay.  Editors should comment here on the relative usefullness of these images. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:12, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Most people come to Sandy Hook for the beach. At present, there are NO photos of people swimming or surfing or doing any beach-related activity. The photos tell people that there is a beach, that people love to swim in the ocean there. The current article suggests Sandy Hook is some kind of military base only, or a historical military site, only.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 02:19, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sandy Hook is NOW a tourist spot. How long has it been a tourist spot?  What is the history of it being a tourist spot?  Back up your assertion that it is a tourist spot with historical facts and references.  There are many facts and details that Sandy Hook was a VERY significant military location during WW II and the Cold War for the defense of NY city and the east coast, which are not even included here.  Maybe add some history about the National Park or the ferry docks.  Please don't complain that the article is unbalanced if you don't want to do anything to fix it.  Also see "My two cents" comment below about the pictures.Plmerry (talk) 09:09, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * And there other photos of Sandy Hook to choose from if these two are not acceptable. Note: these photos were deleted summarily by one contributor who insists that his view of what this article is about is the only one.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 02:25, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * These photos offer no context at all. They could be anywhere. Photos of tourists or beachgoers identifiably at Sandy Hook would be of value. These are "how I spent my summer vacation". Leave 'em out.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  08:52, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

My two cents: The pictures above, except first and fourth (starting from left), tell me nothing about Sandy Hook that would not be seen on any beach. The 1st pictures gives me a geographical perspective of Sandy Hooks closeness to NY City and the importance it would have played geographically to the history of the city. The fourth picture does depict the extent and the contiguous quality of the beach which someone not from the area would not necessarily understand or comprehend. Both of these pictures paint a great dichotomy between a scenic tranquil beach and the city in the background, which if I'm not mistaken is part of the charm/beauty of Sandy Hook. Also I would like to see the two deleted pictures depicting the military use added back to the page. Plmerry (talk) 07:37, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Very belated followup. I think either would be good; however, which beaches at Sandy Hook were they taken from?  That should be added to the description.    --Erp (talk) 04:11, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Shooting Reference
Is there any way the introductory paragraph referring to commonly confused topics could be changed? Instead of referencing the Sandy Hook shooting, I think it would be more appropriate to simply refer to Sandy Hook, Conn. (the place) in general. (If readers are still in need of finding information about the shooting, it should be accessible from that page.) Treyhazard2001 (talk) 20:41, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Title name changed - and its still not proper
I notice that this article formerly was "Sandy Hook, New Jersey" and there's discussion here regarding moving it to "Sandy Hook" as the main article that uses that name, and it not being proper for a geographic feature to be named "Name, State". I don't object to keeping the state name in the title, but properly, it should be "Sandy Hook (New Jersey)", since its a geographic feature, not a settlement. Famartin (talk) 07:46, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Mathglot (talk) 10:43, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed as well. Castncoot (talk) 12:18, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Article has been moved back to Sandy Hook. For a discussion regarding a change of the article's title, please follow the steps outlined at WP:RM. 162 etc. (talk) 05:43, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandy Hook


text:
Joseph Auslander

Joseph Auslander (October 11, 1897 – June 22, 1965) was an American poet, anthologist, translator of poems, and novelist. Auslander was appointed the first Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1937 and 1941.

Life
Joseph Auslander was born to Louis and Martha (Asyueck) Auslander on October 11, 1897, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Harvard University in 1917, and in 1919 became an instructor in English at Harvard while engaged in graduate studies. From 1921 to 1922 he attended the Sorbonne in Paris on a Parker fellowship.

In 1930, Auslander married Svanhild Kreutz, who died in childbirth two years later, leaving a daughter, Svanhild Frances Martha. In 1932 Auslander was married to Pulitzer Prize winning poet, Audrey Wurdemann.; The couple had two children, Louis and Mary. From 1937 to 1941, Auslander was the Poet Laureate Consultant in English Poetry for the Library of Congress. During this time, he and Wurdemann lived at 3117 35th Street Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Cathedral Heights neighborhood.

Auslander's best-known work is "The Unconquerables" (1943), a collection of poems addressed to the German-occupied countries of Europe. He served as the poetry editor for the North American Review and The Measure. Auslander was honored with the Robert Frost Prize for Poetry.

Joseph Auslander died of a heart attack on June 22, 1965, in Coral Gables, Florida.

The papers of Joseph Auslander and Audrey Wurdemann are held at the University of Miami. Additional Auslander papers are held by The Grolier Club.

Works

 * Sunrise Trumpets, Harper, 1924
 * Cyclop's Eye, Harper & brothers, 1926
 * Historia amoris mea, Harold Vinal, 1927
 * Letters to Women, Harper & brothers, 1929
 * Hell in Harness, Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1929
 * No Traveller Returns: A Book of Poems, Harper & brothers, 1935
 * Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 9781417995660
 * Riders at the Gate, The Macmillan co., 1938
 * The Unconquerables: Salutes to the Undying Spirit of the Nazi-Occupied Countries, Saturday Evening Post, 1941
 * "Four Sonnets on the Eve of Invasion", Life, May 22, 1944. p. 40
 * (Joseph Auslander; Audrey Wurdemann) My Uncle Jan,: A Novel, Longmans, Green and Company, 1948
 * The Islanders, Longmans, Green, 1951

title: Joseph Auslander


text:
1976 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1976.

January

 * 1 — Iowa repeals its "sexual psychopath" law. Passed in the wake of a moral panic following the 1954 rape and murder of a young boy, the law had been used to detain dozens of gay men in mental institutions in the 1950s.

February

 * 12 — The Pennsylvania Council for Sexual Minorities is formed by Governor Milton J. Shapp of Pennsylvania.
 * 29 — New York City's public radio channel, WNET, airs a special titled "OUTREACH: LESBIANS AND GAY MEN".

May

 * City council of Los Angeles prohibits employment discrimination by the city based on sexual orientation.

July

 * 1 — U.S. state of Indiana decriminalizes private consensual adult homosexual acts.
 * 19 — Homosexual activity becomes illegal, as does same-sex marriage, in Liberia.

September

 * 4 — Start of the three-day "Fourth Annual Gay Conference for Canada and Quebec," held in Toronto, including a rally and march.

November

 * 4 — A law on decriminalizing male homosexual acts goes into effect in Australian Capital Territory

title: 1976 in LGBT rights


text:
User:Lupin/images

See also: User:Lupin/imagelist

title: User:Lupin/images


text:
1975 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1975.

January

 * 7 — A Maricopa County clerk issues a marriage license to a same-sex couple.

February

 * The first gay-oriented television commercial airs on two Washington, D.C. stations. The Lambda Rising bookstore sponsored the ads on episodes of Phil Donahue and Marcus Welby, M.D.. Stations balked at airing the ads, but relented after getting approval from the Association of Broadcasters Standards office.

March

 * 26 — Boulder County, Colorado clerk Clela Rorex begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Colorado Attorney General J.D. MacFarlane later issues an opinion that the licenses are invalid and orders that no additional licenses be issued.

April

 * Milton Shapp, governor of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, issues the first state executive order banning sexual orientation employment discrimination by the government.

July

 * 1 — The U.S. states of California and Washington decriminalize private consensual adult homosexual acts.
 * 3 — The United States Civil Service Commission ends its policy of automatically disqualifying gay and lesbian applicants.

Deaths

 * February 10 — Lige Clarke, LGBT rights activist and journalist. Murdered in Vera Cruz, Mexico.

title: 1975 in LGBT rights


text:
Animositisomina

Animositisomina is the eighth studio album by American industrial metal band Ministry, released on February 18, 2003 by Sanctuary Records.

Background
The album's title is a palindrome made of the word "animosity" spelled without the final letter and both forward and backward. According to an interview on Fuse's Uranium, Jourgensen was bored at the time he was coming up with an album title. It is Ministry's first album to feature lyrics in the album sleeve, which prior albums did not provide.

"The Light Pours Out of Me" was written and originally recorded by Magazine for their Real Life album in 1978 and it is the only song in the album to have more than one word in the title. Ministry performed the song several times in concerts in the late 1980s, but it was never released or recorded officially.

Animositisomina is the last Ministry album with Paul Barker, thus ending the band's "Hypo Luxa/Hermes Pan" production duo. In addition, it is also the last album to feature Ministry performing in their traditional industrial metal style before switching to a more thrash-oriented sound on their next album, Houses of the Molé.

In April 2016, Jourgensen called Animositisomina his least-favourite Ministry album, declaring it was "not fun to make" as he was finally quitting heroin cold turkey during the recording sessions. Additionally, his relationship with Barker's had become antagonistic, which prompted the latter to quit the band after the Animositisomina tour. "Leper," the last song on the album, was left as an instrumental as Jourgensen had left the studio earlier than scheduled and was uninterested in writing lyrics. Jourgensen considers Animositisomina a "non-album" and left most of the recording responsibilities to Barker.

Ministry

 * Al Jourgensen – vocals (1-8), guitars (1-8, 10), keyboards (1, 4-6, 8, 10), de-programming, production
 * Paul Barker – bass, programming, keyboards (2, 5, 7, 9, 10), vocals (9), rhythm guitar (5, 7, 9), production

Additional personnel

 * Max Brody – drums and percussion, programming (1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), sax (9)
 * Adam Grossman – guitars (1)
 * Rey Washam – drums and percussion (2–4, 8)
 * Louis Svitek – guitars (2–4, 8)
 * Angela Lukacin-Jourgensen – background vocals (4)
 * Kathryn Kinslow – chorus vocals (8)
 * Justin Leeah - engineer
 * Joey Cazares - assistant engineer
 * Bobby Torres - assistant engineer
 * Paul Elledge - art & direction
 * Leasha Elledge - art & direction
 * Tim Bruce - design
 * Tom Baker - mastering

title: Animositisomina


text:
1984 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1984.

Events

 * Laguna Beach, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.
 * Oakland, California, prohibits employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the private sector.
 * In Australia, homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in New South Wales and the Northern Territory.

March

 * 14 — The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in National Gay Task Force v. Board of Education of the City of Oklahoma City rules that a statute allowing teachers to be fired for "advocating, soliciting, imposing, encouraging or promoting public or private homosexual activity in a manner that creates a substantial risk that such conduct will come to the attention of school children or school employees" is facially overbroad and infringes on First Amendment rights.

November

 * 10 — In the United Kingdom, Chris Smith comes out as gay, becoming the first openly gay member of the House of Commons.
 * 29 — West Hollywood, California, approves a gay rights ordinance.

December

 * 5 — Berkeley, California, extends domestic partnership benefits to the same-sex partners of city employees.

title: 1984 in LGBT rights


text:
Linda Brown

Linda Brown may refer to:

 * Linda Carol Brown (1943–2018), daughter of plaintiff Oliver Brown known for the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education
 * Linda Beatrice Brown (born 1939), African American author and educator

title: Linda Brown