text:
1762 in music

Events

 * 6-year-old Mozart and his older sister Nannerl perform before Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, in Munich and the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in Vienna.
 * Johann Christian Bach begins composing for the King's Theatre in London; here he meets Carl Friedrich Abel for the first time. He will spend the remaining 20 years of his life in the city.
 * Michael Haydn moves to Salzburg to become Konzertmeister to the Archbishop.
 * Death of Le Riche de La Pouplinière, patron of Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Stamitz and François-Joseph Gossec.
 * The first public concert with a glass harmonica is performed by Marianne Davies.

Classical music

 * Carl Friedrich Abel – Six Overtures in 8 Parts, Op. 4 (London)
 * Johann Albrechtsberger – Passione Domini
 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
 * L'Aly Rupalich, H.95
 * Harpsichord Concerto in C minor, H.448
 * Sonatina in D major, H.449
 * Solo für die Harfe H.563 Wq.139
 * Wilhelm Friedemann Bach – Trio in B-flat major, F.50
 * Franz Ignaz Beck – 6 Symphonies, Op. 3
 * Michel Corrette – 6 Symphonies en Quatuor sur les Noëls
 * Francesco Geminiani – The Second Collection of Pieces for the Harpsichord (London, arrangements by the composer from Opp.1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and treatises on the violin and the guitar)
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Horn Concerto No.1 in D major, Hob.VIId:3
 * Baryton Trio in G major, Hob.XI:116
 * Symphony No. 9 in C major, Hob.I:9
 * Louis Antoine Lefebvre – Andromède (secular cantata)
 * Leopold Mozart – Sacrament Litany in D
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Minuet in F for Piano, K. 2
 * Allegro in B♭ for Piano, K. 3
 * Minuet in F for Piano, K. 4
 * Minuet in F for Piano, K. 5
 * Georg Philipp Telemann – Christmas Oratorio

Opera

 * Thomas Arne – Artaxerxes
 * Johann Christian Bach – Alessandro nell'Indie, W.G 3
 * Domenico Cimarosa – La Cleopatra
 * Baldassare Galuppi – Antigono
 * Christoph Willibald Gluck – Orfeo ed Euridice
 * Johann Adolf Hasse – Il Trionfo di Clelia
 * Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny – Le Roi et le Fermier
 * Johann Gottlieb Naumann – Il tesoro insidiato
 * Niccolò Piccinni – Il Finto Turco
 * Giuseppe Sarti – Didone Abbandonata

Methods and theory writings

 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen, Part II
 * François Clément – Essai sur la basse fondamentale
 * William Riley – Parochial Music Corrected
 * Antonio Soler – Llave de la modulación, y antigüedades de la musica (Madrid: Joachin Ibarra)

Births

 * January 20 – Jérôme-Joseph de Momigny, composer (died 1842)
 * January 21 – Giuseppe Antonio Silvani, composer
 * February 2 – Girolamo Crescentini, composer and castrato (died 1846)
 * February 19 – Friedrich Franz Hurka, composer
 * March 13 – Anine Frölich, ballet dancer (d. 1784)
 * March 24 – Marcos Antonio da Fonseca, Portugal, opera composer
 * March 25 – Francesco Giuseppi Pollini, composer
 * April 4 – Stephen Storace, composer (died 1796)
 * April 13 – Karl Friedrich Horn, composer
 * April 26 – Shyama Shastri, composer (died 1827)
 * June 24 – Johann Paul Wessely, composer
 * July 4 – Marco Santucci, composer
 * July 20 – Jakob Haibel, composer
 * August 10 – Santiago Ferrer, composer
 * October 15 – Samuel Adams Holyoke, composer (died 1820)
 * December 25 – Michael Kelly, editor and tenor (died 1826)
 * December 26 – Franz Wilhelm Tausch, composer
 * unknown date
 * Giovanna Bassi, ballet dancer
 * Michel Dieulafoy, French librettist (died 1823)
 * Christina Fredenheim, singer and member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music (died 1841)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Leonhard Trautsch, composer
 * February 11 – Johann Tobias Krebs, composer (born 1690)
 * February 12 – Laurent Belissen, composer (born 1693)
 * c. March 25 – Johann Christian Schickhardt, German composer (born c. 1682)
 * April 2 – Vincenzo Legrenzio Ciampi, Italian composer (born 1719)
 * April 23 – Johann Samuel Endler, composer (born 1694)
 * May 16 – Ernst Christian Hesse, composer (born 1676)
 * May 24 – Joseph Umstatt, composer (born 1711)
 * June 19 – Johann Ernst Eberlin, composer (born 1702)
 * July 5 – Jakob Adlung, organist, instrument maker, music theorist and historian (born 1699)
 * July 16 – Jacques-Martin Hotteterre, composer (born 1674)
 * July 20 – Christoph Nichelmann, harpsichordist and composer (born 1717)
 * July 30 – Johann Valentin Görner, German composer (born 1702)
 * September 17 – Francesco Geminiani, violinist and composer (born 1687)
 * October 6 – Francesco Manfredini, composer (born 1684)
 * November 25 – Jacques-Christophe Naudot, flautist and composer (born c.1690)

title: 1762 in music


text:
A58 road

The A58 is a major road in Northern England running between Prescot, Merseyside and Wetherby, West Yorkshire.

Route from West to East
Its westbound start is at Prescot on the outskirts of Liverpool via Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire to the eastern terminus at Wetherby. The road goes through the following locations:

 * St Helens
 * Ashton-in-Makerfield
 * Hindley
 * Westhoughton
 * Bolton
 * Bury
 * Heywood
 * Rochdale
 * Littleborough
 * The Pennines
 * Ripponden
 * Sowerby Bridge
 * Halifax
 * Hipperholme
 * Birkenshaw
 * Drighlington
 * New Farnley
 * Leeds City Centre as the A58(M) motorway (part of the Leeds Inner Ring Road),
 * Scarcroft
 * Bardsey
 * Collingham
 * to its terminus at Wetherby

Leeds to Wetherby
The original route between Leeds and Wetherby has a dual carriageway diverting from Roundhay Road/Wetherby Road, at the old Fforde Grene junction in Harehills. It runs along the Easterly Road dual carriageway passing Oakwood and Gipton. The re-routed A58 meets its original route at Boggart Hill in Seacroft. The re-routed section was constructed in the 1930s and had a branch of the Leeds Tramway running along the central reservation until the 1950s. The proposed Leeds Supertram was also to run this route.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A58 road


text:
A58

A58 or A-58 may refer to :
 * A58 road, a road connecting Prescot and Wetherby in England
 * Autostrada A58, a bypass of Milano, Italy
 * A58 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Eindhoven and Breda
 * A-58 highway (Spain), a proposed road to connect Trujillo and the A5 and A66 in Spain
 * One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the Benko Gambit in chess

title: A58


text:
Montreal (disambiguation)

Montreal is the largest city in Quebec, Canada.

Montréal or Montreal may also refer to:

Canada

 * Island of Montreal, an island in the province of Quebec
 * Greater Montreal, the metropolitan area of Montreal
 * Montréal (region), an administrative region and statistical area in the province of Quebec
 * Montreal Metropolitan Community, a supra-municipal level of government
 * Montreal Agglomeration Council, a supra-municipal level of government
 * Montreal Urban Community, a former supra-municipal level of government
 * Montreal River, Ontario, a municipality
 * Montreal River (Algoma–Sudbury, Ontario)
 * Montreal River (Timiskaming District)
 * Montreal River (Saskatchewan)
 * Montreal Lake (Saskatchewan)
 * Montreal Island (Nunavut)

France

 * Château de Montréal, Dordogne
 * Montréal, Ardèche
 * Montréal, Aude
 * Montréal, Gers
 * Montréal, Yonne
 * Montréal-la-Cluse, Ain
 * Montréal-les-Sources, Drôme
 * Villeneuve-lès-Montréal, Aude

Jordan

 * Montréal (Crusader castle)
 * Lordship of Montréal or Oultrejordain

Spain

 * Montreal, Catalonia

United Kingdom

 * Montreal Park, a park where Geoffrey Amherst had his residence

United States

 * Montreal, Missouri
 * Montreal, Wisconsin
 * Montreal River (Michigan)
 * Montreal River (Wisconsin-Michigan)

Ships

 * HMCS Montreal (K319), a River-class frigate in service 1943 to 1945
 * HMCS Montréal (FFH 336), a Halifax-class frigate commissioned in 1994
 * French frigate Montréal
 * HMS Montreal (1761), a 32-gun fifth rate
 * HMS Montreal (1813), a 20-gun sloop

Foods

 * Montreal-style smoked meat
 * Montreal-style bagel
 * Montreal steak seasoning
 * Montreal hot dog
 * Montreal melon

International Agreements and Declarations

 * Declaration of Montreal, a declaration of LGBT rights
 * Montreal Protocol, a 1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer
 * Montreal Convention (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * Alfa Romeo Montreal, a car
 * Montreal Canadiens, a hockey team
 * of Montreal, a band
 * "Montreal", a 2011 song by The Weeknd from Echoes of Silence
 * Montreal Metro (disambiguation)
 * Montreal Cognitive Assessment, a cognitive test
 * Montreal International Games Summit, an annual video game conference

title: Montreal (disambiguation)


text:
Constance of Antioch

Constance of Hauteville (1128–1163) was the ruling princess of Antioch from 1130 to 1163. She was the only child of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem. Constance succeeded her father at the age of two after he fell in battle, although his cousin Roger II of Sicily laid claim to Antioch. Alice assumed the regency, but the Antiochene noblemen replaced her with her father (Constance's grandfather), Baldwin II of Jerusalem. After he died in 1131, Alice again tried to take control of the government, but the Antiochene barons acknowledged the right of her brother-in-law Fulk of Anjou to rule as regent for Constance.

Constance was given in marriage to Raymond of Poitiers in 1136. During the subsequent years, Raymond ruled Antioch while Constance gave birth to four children. After Raymond was murdered after a battle in 1149, Fulk of Anjou's son Baldwin III of Jerusalem assumed the regency. He tried to persuade Constance to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused to marry a middle-aged relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenus. Finally, she found a love interest and was married to Raynald of Châtillon, a knight from France, in 1153.

After her second husband fell into captivity around 1160–1161, Constance wanted to rule Antioch alone, but BaldwinIII of Jerusalem declared her fifteen-year-old son, Bohemond III, the lawful prince. Constance disregarded this declaration and took control of the administration of the principality with the assistance of Emperor Manuel. Constance was dethroned in favor of her son shortly before her death.

Early life
Born in 1128, Constance was the only child of Prince Bohemond II of Antioch and Princess Alice, the second daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Constance of France. Bohemond was killed in a battle at the Ceyhan River in February 1130. After his death, Alice assumed the regency for Constance. According to rumors spreading in Antioch, Alice was planning to send Constance to a monastery or to marry her off to a commoner. Bohemond's cousin Roger II of Sicily regarded himself as Bohemond's lawful successor because he was the senior member of the House of Hauteville.

The Antiochene noblemen sent envoys to Baldwin II, urging him to come to the principality, but Alice decided to resist her father. The 12th-century historian, William of Tyre, also accused her of seeking assistance from Imad ad-Din Zengi, atabeg of Aleppo. According to William of Tyre's account, her envoys were captured by BaldwinII's soldiers, who had meanwhile reached Antioch. Before long, Alice was forced to beg for mercy from her father. He removed Alice from the regency, ordering her to leave Antioch.

Childhood

The Antiochene noblemen acknowledged Baldwin II as regent, swearing fealty to him and Constance. He made Count Joscelin I of Edessa her guardian to rule the principality until her marriage. BaldwinII died on August21, 1131, and JoscelinI died a week later.

Alice again laid claim to the regency. However, most Antiochene lords remained hostile to the idea of a female ruler and sent envoys to BaldwinII's successor, Fulk of Anjou, who was Alice's brother-in-law. Alice made an alliance with Counts Joscelin II of Edessa and Pons of Tripoli in early 1132. King Fulk had to travel to Antioch by sea because Pons did not allow him to march through the County of Tripoli. Fulk landed at St. Symeon where the Antiochene barons acknowledged him as regent. He appointed Rainald I Masoir, constable of Antioch, to administer the principality.

Fulk returned to Antioch when Zengi dispatched Sawar, governor of Aleppo, to invade the principality in 1132 or 1133. After defeating the invaders, Fulk entered Antioch. Since the principality needed a firm government, the Antiochene noblemen approached Fulk to select a husband for Constance. He chose Raymond of Poitiers, the younger son of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. He did not announce his decision in public because he wanted to prevent Alice and RogerII of Sicily from intervening.

Alice's sister, Queen Melisende, Fulk's wife, persuaded Fulk to allow Alice to return to Antioch in 1135. Alice wanted to tighten the relationship of the principality and the Byzantine Empire; therefore, she offered Constance's hand to Manuel, a son of Emperor John II Komnenos. To prevent the Byzantine marriage, Fulk sent his envoy to France to Raymond of Poitiers to urge him to come to Antioch, which he did, traveling in disguise, because RogerII of Sicily wanted to capture him in southern Italy.

First marriage
Raymond of Poitiers arrived at Antioch in April 1136. Ralph of Domfront, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, made Alice believe that Raymond came to Antioch to marry her instead of her eight-year-old daughter. However, Constance was kidnapped from the palace, and Ralph of Domfront blessed her marriage to Raymond in the cathedral. With the marriage, Raymond became the ruler of the principality, and Alice retired to Lattakieh.

In early 1147 Roger II of Sicily extended an offer to Louis VII of France to transport the French crusaders to the Holy Land during the Second Crusade. Fearing that Roger only wanted to assert his claim to Antioch, LouisVII and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine (niece of Raymond of Poitiers) declined. Louis and his crusaders came to the principality in March 1148. Before long, rumors spread among the crusaders about a love affair between Raymond and Eleanor. The crusaders tried to convince her husband to launch a campaign against Aleppo, the capital of Nur ad-Din, but LouisVII decided to leave Antioch to Jerusalem, forcing Eleanor to accompany him.

Widowhood
Raymond was killed in the Battle of Inab during an expedition against Nur ad-Din Zangi on June29, 1149. Since Raymond and Constance's four children were still underage, there was no one to "perform the duties of a prince and raise the people from despair", according to William of Tyre. Nur ad-Din invaded the principality and seized all Antiochene territories to the east of the Orontes River. Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, directed the defense, but most noblemen preferred a secular ruler. After learning of Raymond's fate, Constance's cousin, Baldwin III of Jerusalem, hurried to Antioch and assumed the regency. He also concluded a truce with Nur ad-Din.

Baldwin III returned to Antioch in summer 1150. He wanted to persuade Constance to remarry, proposing three candidates (Yves, Count of Soissons, Walter of Saint Omer, and Ralph of Merle), but she declined. Urged by BaldwinIII, Constance went to Tripoli in early 1152 to meet him and her two aunts, Melisende and Hodierna. The two ladies tried to persuade Constance to choose among the three candidates, but she returned to Antioch without making a promise to remarry. According to William of Tyre, Patriarch Aimery convinced Constance to resist, because he wanted to control the government of the principality. The Byzantine Emperor ManuelI Komnenos sent his widowed brother-in-law, the middle-aged John Rogerios Dalassenos, to Antioch to marry Constance. However, because of his age, she "regarded him with displeasure", according to the contemporaneous John Kinnamos, and refused to marry him.

Historian Steven Runciman says that Constance may have refused the candidates proposed by BaldwinIII and ManuelI because she had met Raynald of Châtillon, a knight from France. Even though William of Tyre described Raynald as a "knight of common sort", Constance decided to marry Raynald. Their betrothal was kept secret because Constance wanted to obtain BaldwinIII's permission for the marriage.

Second marriage
After Baldwin sanctioned the marriage, Constance and Raynald married in early 1153. Raynald took charge of the administration of the principality. However, he was unpopular because his subjects regarded him as an upstart. His frequent attempts to raise funds brought him into conflict with Patriarch Aimery and Emperor ManuelI during the subsequent years. The emperor forced Raynald to pay homage to him in the spring of 1159. Raynald was captured and imprisoned by Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, during a plundering raid in November 1160 or 1161.

After her husband fell into captivity, Constance announced her intention to administer the principality, but most Antiochene noblemen preferred a male ruler. BaldwinIII of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch and declared Constance's fifteen-year-old son, Bohemond III, the lawful prince, charging Patriarch Aimery with the administration of the principality. Constance did not accept Baldwin's decision and protested against it to Emperor Manuel.

Manuel dispatched his nephew, Alexios Bryennios Komnenos, and John Kamateros to Antioch to begin negotiations about his marriage to Constance's daughter, Maria. The marriage contract was signed and the emperor's delegates confirmed Constance's position as the ruler of the principality. BaldwinIII, who came to Antioch to meet the imperial envoys, did not protest.

Constance's son, Bohemond, reached the age of majority in 1163. To strengthen her position against her son, Constance sought assistance from Constantine Kalamanos, Byzantine governor of Cilicia. However, the Antiochene barons made an alliance with Thoros II of Cilician Armenia and forced her to leave Antioch. After Constance's removal, BohemondIII took control of the principality. Before long, Constance died, probably in Lattakieh or Byblos, according to Steven Runciman.

Family
Constance's first husband, Raymond of Poitiers, was the second son of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and his second wife, Philippa of Toulouse. He was born in 1114. According to William of Tyre, Constance was left with "two sons and as many daughters still underage" when her husband died in 1149. Their elder son, Bohemond, was five at the time of Raymond's death. He seized Antioch from his mother in 1163. Constance and Raymond's daughter Maria, famed for her beauty, married the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1161. Another daughter, Philippa, was given in marriage to Humphrey II of Toron in the late 1160s.

Whether the father of Constance's second son, Baldwin, was Raymond of Poitiers or Raynald of Châtillon cannot be determined with certainty. Baldwin died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the Battle of Myriokephalon on September17, 1176. It is certain that Raynald fathered Agnes, who became the wife of Béla III of Hungary. Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of Azzo VI of Este in 1204.

title: Constance of Antioch


text:
A28 road

The A28 is a trunk road in the counties of Kent and East Sussex in south east England, connecting Margate, Canterbury, Ashford and Hastings.

Starting at the seaside resort of Margate at the north-east point of Kent, the A28 runs inland and west-southwest to the cathedral city of Canterbury, before passing through the chalk hills of the North Downs via the gap cut by the River Stour, to the town of Ashford in the Vale of Holmesdale. From here, the A28 proceeds via the market town of Tenterden, to the East Sussex seaside town of Hastings, on the English Channel.

Route
The A28 leaves Margate via the seaside resorts of Westgate and Birchington, and then heads inland reaching open countryside at the village of Sarre, after which the road roughly parallels both the Ashford-Ramsgate railway line and the Great Stour river on their combined route to Canterbury and then Ashford.

From Sarre, the road passes through the villages of Upstreet, Hersden and Sturry, and then to the city of Canterbury. It forms part of Canterbury's ring road before leaving via Wincheap and Thanington Without, where a sliproad linking to the A2 was completed in 2011.

The A28 passes between the North Downs via the villages of Chartham, Chilham, Godmersham and Bilting, to enter the Vale of Holmesdale. The road reaches surburbia again at Kennington, a suburb of Ashford, but the A28 then skirts around the town centre of Ashford on a section of dual carriageway, where it has a junction with the A20. In 1983, this section was named Simone Weil Avenue, in honour of the French philosopher and mystic who is buried nearby in Bybrook Cemetery. Bypassing the village of Great Chart, the road undulates in a general south-westward direction around the Kentish Weald via the villages of Bethersden and High Halden, to the market town of Tenterden.

The A28 continues via the villages of Rolvenden and Newenden before crossing a narrow bridge over the River Rother and entering East Sussex via Northiam, beyond which the road becomes very winding. After the village of Brede there is a steep descent to bridge the river of the same name. Next is Westfield, just before the road climbs to terminate at its junction with the A21 just north of Hastings.

Improvements
Work has continued to improve the A28 into the 21st century. In 2011 a new slip road was completed to connect the road to the A2 in Canterbury.

Junction list
51.17759°N, 0.90522°W

title: A28 road


text:
A28

A28 or A-28 may refer to:

Roads

 * A28 road (England), a road in Kent connecting Margate, Canterbury, Ashford, Tenterden and Hastings
 * A28 motorway (France), a road connecting Abbeville, Somme and Tours, Indre-et-Loire
 * A 28 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Leer and Oldenburg with Bremen
 * A28 road (Isle of Man), a road connecting New and the Ballanorris road
 * A28 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Conegliano and Portogruaro
 * A28 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Utrecht and Groningen
 * A28 motorway (Portugal), a road connecting Porto to Viana do Castelo

 * A 28 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Anuradhapura and Padeniya
 * A28 (Sydney), a road in Sydney which is commonly known as Cumberland Highway

Other uses

 * A-28 Hudson, a Lockheed World War II aircraft
 * Aeroprakt A-28 Victor, a 2000s Ukrainian twin engined aircraft design
 * Focke-Wulf A 28, a 1927 German airliner
 * HLA-A28, a human serotype
 * Asahikawa Station, a station in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan, station code A28

title: A28


text:
A33 road

The A33 is a major road in the counties of Berkshire and Hampshire in southern England. The road currently runs in three disjoint sections.

Reading–Basingstoke
The first stretch of the A33 is a relatively new road, built as the A33 relief road, which starts on the Inner Distribution Road and bypasses most of suburban Reading, servicing the Kennet Island residential development, Madejski Stadium and Green Park Business Park, towards the M4, where it connects at junction 11. The first stretch of this road follows the route of the old Coley branch railway, including a passage under the railway era bridge carrying Berkeley Avenue. A two-year redevelopment scheme ran from early 2008 until late 2010, widening the northern section of the dual carriageway and significantly expanding and improving the motorway junction. The Mereoak Roundabout south of the motorway was replaced with two separate junctions with traffic lights.

The section south of the M4 is dual carriageway up to the county boundary with Hampshire, where it reverts to single carriageway towards Basingstoke.

Basingstoke–Winchester
The second section of the A33 starts near Popham, southwest of Basingstoke at a junction with the A30. The road from here to Winchester is a scenic mix of single and dual carriageway, that was progressively improved in the late 1960s. The route runs through much of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane. At Kings Worthy, the road diverts onto part of the original Winchester Bypass, constructed in the late 1930s, up to the A34.

Southampton
The third section of A33 starts at the Chilworth Roundabout, a junction with the A27 and M3, and runs south into the centre of Southampton and further south to Ocean Village. It then turns west and into dual carriageway at a roundabout near the Isle of Wight ferry terminal, past the docks and through Town Quay to run along West Quay Road, continuing past Leisure World and Ikea (which is partially responsible for congestion on the road and immediate surroundings due to its popularity, particularly on weekends). The A33 then bears left slightly to carry on along the Millbrook Road West dual carriageway to meet the M271 and A35 at Redbridge Flyover.

History
The A33 originally started at a junction with what was the A32 at Riseley Common and was a continuous route to Southampton Between Basingstoke and Southampton, it mostly followed the course of the historic Roman Road between these towns. This section of the route became part of the London–Southampton Trunk Road. The road was progressively detrunked as the M3 was extended.

The Winchester Bypass was constructed in the mid-1930s. While a significant improvement at the time, as other parts of the road were improved around it, it became increasingly ineffective and dangerous. The bypass was subsequently replaced by the completion of the M3 over Twyford Down, which generated a significant road protest.

title: A33 road


text:
Talk:Brunswick Centre

Images
Can we have the colour versions please, linked to from the other images? Morwen 20:24, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

In popular culture
Do you have any other examples of Music videos or Movie/ Tv shows that have used the Brunswick Centre apart from the Mansun Video? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.149.43.2 (talk • contribs) 3 August 2007

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Brunswick Centre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130904095756/http://www.blueprintmagazine.co.uk/index.php/everything-else/the-brunswick-centre/ to http://www.blueprintmagazine.co.uk/index.php/everything-else/the-brunswick-centre/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:47, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brunswick Centre


text:
A33

A33, A 33 or A-33 may refer to :
 * Douglas A-33, a 1941 American ground-attack fighter aircraft
 * A33 Excelsior British heavy tank prototype
 * HLA-A33, a human serotype
 * Samsung Galaxy A33 5G, an Android smartphone

and also :
 * One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening in chess

Roads

 * A33 road (England), a road connecting Reading and Southampton
 * A33 motorway (France), a road connecting Nancy and Dombasle-sur-Meurthe
 * A 33 motorway (Germany), a road connecting the A 30 in the north and the A 44 in the south
 * A33 motorway (Italy), a road under construction connecting Asti and Cuneo
 * A33 motorway (Spain), a proposed road in Murcia connecting Cieza and Font de la Figuera
 * A33 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Ja Ela-Ekala-Gampaha-Yakkala
 * A33 road (Botswana), a road in Botswana.

title: A33


text:
A37 road

The A37 is a major road in south west England.

Route
It runs north from the A35 at Dorchester in Dorset into Somerset through Yeovil and Shepton Mallet before terminating at the Three Lamps junction with the A4 in central Bristol. The road is entirely single carriageway, except in the Yeovil and Bristol built-up areas, at Ilchester (where it multiplexes with the A303), and north of Dorchester.

Fosse Way
From the Podimore roundabout northeast of Ilchester to Shepton Mallet the route traces that of the Fosse Way.

The road today
The road is subject to a stream of speed restrictions where it winds through a number of small villages. These parts of the road can be dangerous, especially where wide vehicles pass on sections where buildings are close to the road.

1922 road classification
The original A37 in 1922 started in Fortuneswell, Isle of Portland, however, the section to Dorchester was soon renumbered A354, presumably to create a link between the major port of Weymouth and the A30 at Salisbury, from where the route would continue to London. Such a route has now been superseded by the M27 and M3.

One of the worst accident spots on the A37 was the A371 junction just south of Shepton Mallet. The junction was always very busy and suffered long traffic queues due to the nature of the road. The junction was also a point where traffic would converge or pass through from multiple locations, this was further exacerbated by the A361 Glastonbury junction which backed right onto the first junction. This muddled configuration resulted in numerous road traffic accidents, many of which were fatal.

After a long campaign for the junction to be replaced, a roundabout was constructed in 1999 significantly improving road safety and traffic flow. There have been few other construction schemes on the road in recent decades.

In recent years most of the overtaking lanes, provided on steep stretches just south of Bristol, have been blocked out with chevrons.

Future
A potential extension of the Avon Ring Road (A4174) from the Hicks Gate Roundabout between Keynsham and Bristol to the A37 south of Whitchurch would provide a direct link to the M32 and M4 north of Bristol.

title: A37 road


text:
A37

A37, A 37, A.37 or A-37 may refer to:

Roads

 * A37 road (England), a road connecting Dorchester, Dorset and Bristol
 * A37 road (South) (Northern Ireland), a short road connecting the N53 road in the Republic of Ireland, which is the main road between Castleblaney and Dundalk
 * A37 road (North) (Northern Ireland), a road connecting Coleraine and Limavady
 * A 37 motorway (Germany), a road connecting the borough of Hannover-Buchholz and Burgdorf via Altwarmbüchen and the Hanover fairground to the A7
 * A37 road (Isle of Man), or Marine Drive Road
 * A37 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Hoogeveen with Emmen and the German border near Zwartemeer
 * A-37 (Michigan county highway), a road in Michigan connecting Allegan and Hudsonville

Other

 * A37, one of the English Opening codes in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * Cessna A-37 Dragonfly, a light attack jet aircraft
 * Saunders Roe A.37 Shrimp, a 1939 British two-seat four-engined experimental flying boat

title: A37


text:
Slut

Slut (archaic: slattern) is an English-language term for a person, usually a woman, who is sexually promiscuous or considered to have loose sexual morals. It is predominately used as an insult, sexual slur or offensive term of disparagement. It originally meant "a dirty, slovenly woman", and is rarely used to refer to men, generally requiring clarification by use of the terms male slut or man whore.

The word was used as early as the 1300s (in the form of an adjective, sluttish, referring to a man's untidy appearance) by Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales. From the late 20th century, there have been attempts to reclaim the word, exemplified by various SlutWalk parades, and some individuals embrace the title as a source of pride.

Etymology, common usages and synonyms
The common denotative meanings of slut are 'sexually promiscuous woman', or 'immoral or dissolute woman; prostitute'. These definitions identify a slut as a woman of low character—a person who lacks the ability or chooses not to exercise a power of discernment to order her affairs. Similar terms used for men are cad, rake, male slut, man whore, himbo, womanizer, stud, and player. The adjective slutty carries a similar connotation, but can be applied both to people and to clothing and accessories, such as Halloween costumes.

Although the ultimate origin of the word slut is unknown, it first appeared in Middle English in 1402 as slutte (AHD), with the meaning of 'dirty, untidy, or slovenly woman'. Even earlier, Geoffrey Chaucer used the word sluttish (c. 1386) to describe a slovenly man;   however, later uses appear almost exclusively associated with women. The modern sense of 'sexually promiscuous woman' dates to at least 1450. The word was originally used around 1450 in the late Middle English language. It was used to describe a woman as dirty, or refer to her as a prostitute, harlot, or immoral woman. The word slut also took a similar form around the same era in the Norwegian language as slutr 'sleet', also known as an impure liquor.

Another early meaning was 'kitchen maid or drudge' (c. 1450), a meaning retained as late as the 18th century, when hard knots of dough found in bread were referred to as slut's pennies. An example of this use is Samuel Pepys's diary description of his servant girl as "an admirable slut" who "pleases us mightily, doing more service than both the others and deserves wages better" (February 1664). Slut and slutishness occur in Shakespeare's comedy As You Like It, written in 1599 or 1600. In the nineteenth century, the word was used as a euphemism in place of bitch in the sense of a female dog.

Today, the term slut has a pervasive presence in popular culture and pornography, but is almost exclusively used to describe women. An exact male equivalent of the term does not exist. The lack of a comparably popular term for men highlights the double standard in societal expectations (gender roles) between males and females, as negative terms for sexually promiscuous males are rare. Out of the 220 terms ascribed to females and 20 terms ascribed to males, all female terms are disapproving while some male terms signal approval or praise; these include stud, player, and man whore. While colloquial terms such as male slut or man whore are used in popular culture, they are usually used in a joking manner. There are, however, other terms that can be used to criticize men for their sexuality. For example, a man's masculinity can be undermined by using terms such as weak, sissy, pussy, or whipped. They also dismiss female-on-male abuse, and are just as powerful and representative of modern societal prejudices. Hence, women may find it difficult to hold high positions at their workplace, whereas men may be mocked for choosing to be stay-at-home fathers. Although a sexually active and professionally successful woman might be seen as a threat, a man without those qualities is often regarded with suspicion and questions about his sexuality.

The word slut is commonly interchanged with the words tramp, whore, hoe, nympho, and hooker. All of these words have a very negative connotation. Additional meanings and connotations of the term are negative and identify a slut as being a slovenly and ugly person, for example, as in these quotations from OED2:

"Hearne, 1715: "Nor was she a Woman of any Beauty, but was a nasty Slut.""

"Shenstone, 1765: "She's ugly, she's old, ... And a slut, and a scold.""

The attack on the character of the person is perhaps best brought together by the highly suggestive and related compound word, slut's-hole, meaning a place or receptacle for rubbish; the associated quote provides a sense of this original meaning:

"Saturday Review (London), 1862: "There are a good many slut-holes in London to rake out.""

Slut can also be used as verb to denote behavior characterized as that of a slut. For example, in the 1972 play, That Championship Season, by Jason Miller, contained the exchange:

"COACH: I don't care what that hot pantsed bitch said. Go home and kick her ass all over the kitchen. All that slutting around... GEORGE. She's not a slut... COACH. She was punished for slutting, wasn't she? She was punished and so were you!"

General
The word slut is used as a slang term in the BDSM, polyamorous, and gay and bisexual communities. A parallel exists between the female term slut and the term gay for males. Unlike women, who are usually policed for being sexually promiscuous, men are often criticized for not being masculine or dominant enough, thus questioning their heterosexuality. Unlike women, who are expected to be sexually chaste, men are expected to be sexually active, thus having more sexual freedom. Although slut is rarely used to describe heterosexual men, it is commonly used among gay males. When discussing sexual activity, slut is used to shame gay men for taking sexual risks, such as unprotected sex or having multiple partners. However, if used in a humorous way, slut may also favor sexual freedom and mark the shift from traditional gender roles in gay men.

With BDSM, polyamorous, and non-monogamous people, in usage taken from the book The Ethical Slut, the term has been used as an expression of choice to openly have multiple partners, and revel in that choice: "a slut is a person of any gender who has the courage to lead life according to the radical proposition that sex is nice and pleasure is good for you." A slut is a person who has taken control of their sexuality and has sex with whomever they choose, regardless of religious or social pressures or conventions to conform to a strait-laced monogamous lifestyle committed to one partner for life.

The term has been reappropriated to express the rejection of the concept that government, society, or religion may judge or control one's personal liberties, and the right to control one's own sexuality. In April 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to "provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, UnSlut: A Documentary Film, coincides with the project and is screened across the country.

The double standard associated with slut-labeling is part of the modern day rape culture. Rape culture is "the casual debasement [of women] ... that has become such a part of our lives that it is often invisible." Though people in society are vocally anti-rape, there is an insinuation that certain types of rape are acceptable or that women are voluntarily taking actions that justify sexual advances. "For example, women continue to be blamed if they are raped because of how they are dressed, the assumption that women purportedly lie about being raped remains popular, and certain women, such as married women or women of colour, are still considered 'unrapeable'". The word slut and the double standard it contains reflects the gender norms and gender biases that are prevalent in a culture in which rape is constantly justified. People from all sects of society contribute to this justification.

There have been many movements or "SlutWalks" taking place around the world to regain a sense of pride in women. Many slut walks or movements protest against the idea that a woman's appearance, often considered promiscuous, is a justification of sexual assault and rape. The participants in these walks protest against individuals that excuse rape due to the woman's appearance, including victim blaming and slut shaming; slut walks have now become a worldwide movement.

Women of color
The word slut means different things to white women and people of color, especially black women. Slut has different associations for black women. Anna North of The New York Times covered Leora Tanenbaum who stated, "As Black women, we do not have the privilege or the space to call ourselves 'slut' without validating the already historically entrenched ideology and recurring messages about what and who the Black woman is." She argued that, for black women, the word slut does not mean anything very harmful due to the history of being treated as slaves in the past. Black women's "relationship to the term slut" is informed by a history of racism and slavery, of "having been seen as objects of property, not just for the sexual gratification of those in power but also for reproduction of whole generations of slaves, which involved rape most of the time."

Most of the SlutWalks were coordinated by white women, and some black women felt uncomfortable when joining. Sociologist Jo Reger writes: "Women of color ... argued that the white women organizers and participants had not considered the ways in which the sexuality of women of color had been constructed through a history of oppression, rape, and sexual exploitation." People of color, especially black people, had been avoiding words like slut, jezebel, hottentot, mammy, mule, sapphire, or welfare queens.

Model and actress Amber Rose was one of the first people to conduct and take a lead for a SlutWalk for people of color. "The Amber Rose SlutWalk Festival is a completely inclusive space. This event is a zero tolerance event and we do not condone hateful language, racism, sexism, ableism, fat-shaming, transphobia or any other kind of bigotry. Further, we recognize that shaming, oppression, assault and violence have disproportionately impacted marginalized groups, including women of color, transgender people and sex workers, and thus we are actively working to center these groups at our events."

title: Slut


text:
Harmonia axyridis

Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. It is native to eastern Asia, but has been artificially introduced to North America and Europe to control aphids and scale insects. It is now common, well known, and spreading in those regions, and has also established in Africa and widely across South America. This species is conspicuous in North America, where it may locally be known as the Halloween beetle, as it often invades homes during October to overwinter.

When the species first arrived in the UK, it was labelled in jest as the "many-named ladybird" due to the great quantity of vernacular names. Among those already listed other names include multivariate, southern, Japanese, and pumpkin ladybird.

Description
Harmonia axyridis is a typical coccinellid beetle in shape and structure, being domed and having a "smooth" transition between its elytra (wing coverings), pronotum, and head. It ranges from 5.5–8.5mm in size. The common color form, f. "succinea", is orange or red in colouration with 0–22 black spots of variable size. The other usual forms, f. "conspicua" and f. "spectabilis", are uniformly black with, respectively, two or four red markings. The pronotum is white with variable black patterning, ranging from a few black spots in an M formation to almost entirely black. The underside is dark with a wide reddish-brown border.

However, numerous other forms have also been recorded. Extreme forms may be entirely black, or feature complex patterns of black, orange and red.

The large size of this species is usually the first clue to its identification. Despite variation, this species does not generally overlap in pronotal or elytral pattern with any other species, except in unmarked orange or red forms. In Europe it is similar to the much smaller Adalia decempunctata, while in America it is similar to the much smaller Mulsantina picta and spotless forms of Adalia bipunctata. When identification is difficult, the underside pattern usually enables a reliable conclusion. Identification is most simple for the common forms, while less common varieties may take longer to identify. They always have reddish-brown legs and are obviously brown on the underside of the abdomen, even in the melanic colour forms.

Range
Harmonia axyridis is native to eastern Asia from central Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan in the west, through Russia south to the Himalayas and east to the Pacific coast and Japan, including Korea, Mongolia, China, and Taiwan. As a voracious predator, it was identified as a biocontrol agent for aphids and scale insects. Consequently, it has been introduced into greenhouses, crop fields, and gardens in many countries, including the United States and parts of Europe. The species is now established in North America (United States, Canada, Mexico), Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama), South America (Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile), Europe (Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland), Israel, New Zealand, and South Africa.

North America
This species spread across continents because of human-mediated processes. They became established in North America as the result of introductions into the United States in an attempt to control the spread of aphids. In the last three decades, this insect has spread throughout the US and Canada, and has been a prominent factor in controlling aphid populations. The first introductions into the US took place as far back as 1916. The species repeatedly failed to establish in the wild after successfully controlling aphid populations, but an established population of beetles was observed in the wild near New Orleans, Louisiana, in about 1988. In the following years, it quickly spread to other states, being occasionally observed in the Midwest within five to seven years and becoming common in the region by about 2000. The species was also established in the Northwest by 1991, and the Northeast by 1994, aided by additional introductions from the native range, rather than just reaching there from the Southeast. Reportedly, it has heavily fed on soybean aphids (which recently appeared in the US after coming from China), supposedly saving farmers vast sums of money in 2001.

Worldwide propagation
Worldwide routes of propagation of H. axyridis were described with genetic markers in 2010. The populations in eastern and western North America originated from two independent introductions from the native range. The South American and African populations both originated independently from eastern North America. The European population also originated from eastern North America, but with substantial genetic admixture with individuals of the European biocontrol strain (estimated at 40%).

This species is widely considered to be one of the world's most invasive insects, partly due to their tendency to overwinter indoors and the unpleasant odor and stain left by their bodily fluids when frightened or crushed, as well as their tendency to bite humans. In Europe it is currently increasing to the detriment of indigenous species, its voracious appetite enabling it to outcompete and even consume other ladybirds. The harlequin ladybird is also highly resistant to diseases that affect other ladybird species, and carries a microsporidian parasite to which it is immune, but that can infect and kill other species. Native ladybird species have experienced often dramatic declines in areas invaded by H. axyridis. In 2015, it was declared the fastest invading species in the UK, spreading throughout the country after the first sighting was confirmed in 2004.

In addition to its household pest status, the harlequin has been reported to be a minor agricultural pest that is inadvertently harvested with crops in Iowa, Ohio, New York State, and Ontario. This can cause visible and sensory contamination. Contamination of grapes by this beetle has been found to alter the taste of wine.

Biology and behaviour
Harmonia axyridis becomes dormant in cooler months, though it will move around whenever the temperature reaches about 10 C. Because the beetles will use crevices and other cool, dry, confined spaces to overwinter, significant numbers may congregate inside walls if given a large enough opening.

Large aggregations are often seen in autumn. The beetles have pheromones to signal to each other. However, many aggregation cues are visual, picking out sites at both long (light-coloured structures that are distinct from their surroundings) and short (pre-existing aggregations to join) distances. Non-volatile long-chain hydrocarbons laid down by previous aggregations also play a significant role in site selection. Both visual and hydrocarbon cues are more important than volatile pheromones.

They often congregate in sunlit areas because of the heat available, so even on fairly cold winter days, some of the hibernating beetles will "wake up" because of solar heating. Large populations can be problematic because they can form swarms and linger in an area for a long time. The beetles can form groups that stay in upper corners of windows. This beetle has been also found to be attracted to dark screening material for its warmth. It has good eyesight; it will return from a location to which it is removed, and is known to give a small bite if provoked.

Harmonia axyridis, like other ladybeetles or ladybirds, uses isopropyl methoxy pyrazine as a defensive chemical to deter predation, and also carries this chemical in its hemolymph at much higher concentrations than many other ladybeetle species, along with species-/genus-specific defensive compounds such as harmonine. These insects will "reflex bleed" when agitated, releasing hemolymph from their legs. The liquid has a foul odour (similar to that of dead leaves), a bitter taste, and can stain porous materials. Some people have allergic reactions, including allergic rhinoconjunctivitis when exposed to these beetles. Occasionally, the beetles will bite humans, presumably in an attempt to acquire salt, although many people feel a pricking sensation as a beetle walks across the skin. Bites normally do no more harm than cause irritation, although a small number of people are allergic to bites. Their natural predators include birds, spined soldier bugs, ants (including the also invasive Solenopsis invicta) and other coccinellids, including fellow Harmonia axyridis.

These beetles can be difficult to identify because of their variations in color, spot size, and spot count of the elytra. The easiest way to identify H. axyridis f. succinea is to look at the pronotum and see whether the black markings look like a letter "W" or "M". This species has more white markings on the pronotum than have most native North American species, though this feature is not useful when attempting to separate it from species in other parts of the world.

Control
Numerous methods of control have been investigated in areas where this beetle has been introduced and causes a threat to native species and biodiversity and to the grape industry. Methods of control include insecticides, trapping, removal of aggregates of beetles, and mechanically preventing entry to buildings. Methods under development involve the investigation of natural parasites and pathogens, including the use of parasitic sexually transmitted mites and fungal diseases.

The best methods for dealing with H. axyridis in private homes involve sealing openings they may enter. Sweeping and vacuuming are considered effective methods for removing them from homes, though this should be done carefully so as not to trigger reflex bleeding. A nylon stocking placed inside the vacuum cleaner's hose, secured with a rubber band, allows the beetles to be "bagged" rather than collected inside the machine. A trap designed for indoor use was developed which attracts the beetles with a light and seals them in a removable bag.

Biochemistry
Harmonia axyridis secretes a number of defensive compounds, one of which, (9Z,17R)-9-Octadecene-1,17-diamine (harmonine) has been isolated from its hemolymph. This molecule has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that includes human pathogens. Antibacterial activity is most pronounced against fast-growing mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the growth of both chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains is also inhibited; causative agents of tuberculosis and malaria respectively.

title: Harmonia axyridis


text:
A65 road

The A65 is a major road in England. It runs north west from Leeds in West Yorkshire via Kirkstall, Horsforth, Yeadon, Guiseley, Ilkley and Skipton, west of Settle, Ingleton and Kirkby Lonsdale before terminating at Kendal in Cumbria.

Bypasses
Listed from south to north, beginning at Leeds:

 * The 2 mi £5.5 million dual-carriageway Burley in Wharfedale Bypass opened in April 1995.
 * The 2 mi £4 million Addingham bypass opened in January 1991.
 * The £2.8 million Draughton Bypass opened in December 1991.
 * The north section of the £16.4 million Skipton Bypass opened in December 1981, which is part of the A59.
 * North of Skipton, where the road meets the busy A629 from Bradford, there have been plans for a bypass around Gargrave, which is where the road crosses the Pennine Way.
 * The 4 mi £8.5 million Settle & Giggleswick Bypass opened in December 1988.
 * The 1 mi Clapham bypass is the earliest of these bypasses. The National Archives have a file "West Riding CC: Clapham Bypass (A65); consideration of proposals" covering 1948–1969.

Road safety
The A65 between Long Preston and junction 36 of the M6 motorway has a poor safety record, according to EuroRAP being listed as a medium-high risk road. This 42 km stretch of single carriageway road suffered 48 fatal or serious injury accidents between 2002 and 2004. The road features in the list of highest risk roads in Britain (excluding motorcycle accidents). The section between Leeds and Long Preston is listed as being a low-medium risk road.

Junctions (A/B roads)

 * A58 Leeds Inner Ring Road (start)
 * B6157 Kirkstall
 * A6120 Horsforth
 * B6152 Rawdon
 * A658 Yeadon
 * B6153 Guiseley (demerge)
 * A6038 Guiseley (merge)
 * A6038 Menston (demerge)
 * A660 Burley in Wharfedale (merge)
 * B6382 Ben Rhydding (demerge)
 * B6382 Ilkley (merge)
 * A6034 & B6160 Addingham
 * A6069 Skipton (demerge)
 * A59 Skipton (merge)
 * A6131 Skipton (demerge)
 * B6265 Skipton
 * A59 & A629 Skipton (demerge)
 * B6253 Hellifield (demerge)
 * A682 Long Preston (merge)
 * B6478 Long Preston (demerge)
 * B6480 near Settle (demerge)
 * B6480 (merge)
 * B6480 Clapham (demerge)
 * B6480 Clapham (merge)
 * B6480 Newby (demerge)
 * B6255 Ingleton (demerge)
 * A687 Ingleton (demerge)
 * A683 Kirkby Lonsdale (merge)
 * A683 Kirkby Lonsdale (demerge)
 * B6254 Kirkby Lonsdale (demerge)
 * B6446 Kirkby Lonsdale (merge)
 * A6070 (merge) & A590 (demerge) near M6 Junction 36
 * B6385 Crooklands (demerge)
 * B6254 Kendal (merge)
 * A6 Kendal (demerge)
 * A6 Kendal (demerge)
 * A6 Kendal (demerge)
 * A684 Kendal (end)

title: A65 road


text:
A65

A65 or A-65 may refer to:

 * A65 road (England), a major road in England
 * A65 motorway (France), a major road in France
 * A65 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Kandel and Wörth am Rhein
 * A65 motorway (Netherlands)
 * A65 motorway (Spain)
 * Benoni Defense, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * BSA A65 Rocket, a motorcycle made by BSA

title: A65


text: User talk:66.82.9.33

title: User talk:66.82.9.33


text:
User:Adamk

es:usuario:adamk pt:usuário:adamk

Hi, I'm Adam.

title: User:Adamk


text: Template:Terrorism

title: Template:Terrorism


text:
Sexaholics Anonymous

Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) founded in 1979 is one of several twelve-step programs for compulsive sexual behavior based on the original twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. SA takes its place among various twelve-step groups that seek recovery from sexual addiction: Sex Addicts Anonymous, Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous, Sexual Compulsives Anonymous and Sexual Recovery Anonymous. Collectively these groups are referred to as "S" groups since all their acronyms begin with that letter: SA, SAA, SLAA, SCA, SRA.

SA helps recovering "sexaholics." According to the group, a sexaholic is someone for whom "lust has become an addiction." SA distinguishes itself from other "S" groups by defining sexual sobriety as no sex with self or with partners other than with one's spouse "in a marriage between a man and a woman," and progressive victory over lust.

"In defining sobriety, we do not speak for those outside Sexaholics Anonymous. We can only speak for ourselves. Thus, for the married sexaholic, sexual sobriety means having no form of sex with self or with persons other than the spouse. For the unmarried sexaholic, sexual sobriety means freedom from sex of any kind. And for all of us, single and married alike, sexual sobriety also includes progressive victory over lust."

The group uses the Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous and the book "Sexaholics Anonymous" (often referred to as "The White Book") as a guide. The White Book explains that "the sexaholic has taken himself or herself out of the whole context of what is right or wrong. He or she has lost control, no longer has the power of choice, and is not free to stop."

History
Sexaholics Anonymous was founded by Roy K. (in twelve-step fellowships it is customary to refer to members by their first name and the first initial of their last name, in order to preserve their anonymity). SA received permission from AA to use its Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions in 1979.

Roy K. died from cancer on the afternoon of September 15, 2009. He had been sexually sober since January 31, 1976.

Group commitment to sobriety definition
From the earliest attempts by Roy K. to found SA in the 1970s, and throughout the history of SA, some members have sought to change the group's concept of sexual sobriety. This was an attempt to generalize marriage similar to the 12 Step concept from Step 3 of "God as you understand God." It was an attempt to endorse as sexually sober, sexual activity by couples, not legally married, whether they be of the same or opposite sex. The fellowship did not accept this and, as a result, in 1991 some SA members and groups left SA to form Sexual Recovery Anonymous (SRA), citing the SA sobriety definition's lack of endorsement of same sex relationships and committed relationships. Murray R., one of the SRA founders had served on the SA General Service Board and had long attempted to change the SA sobriety definition to include committed relationships with either the same or opposite sex.

As early as 1991 Roy was writing to the fellowship regarding same-sex acting out. In an article titled Principles Corroborating SA's Interpretation of Sexual Sobriety Roy wrote, "Ever since attending the April 1986 and 1987 NYC Marathons, I have been examining my own assumptions in the same-sex area. That year I wrote a letter to a same-sex member sharing my thoughts; it now has the title "Recovery Reveals Our False Assumptions." That paper, which follows, gives reasons from within our common recovery experience why I believe we in SA should not endorse or validate, even indirectly, same-sex or "committed relationship" sexualizing in SA." In the section titled "The Great Same-Sex Controversy" Roy goes on to explain how society was divided on the "nature vs. nurture" argument about homosexuality, ''"Intense controversies rage about this issue in every area of modern life in highly polarized and publicized passion. It is one of the most explosive political issues of the day. Congress is divided. Religions and churches are divided. The Twelve Step program is divided. The same-sex culture itself is divided. The "experts" are divided. The point here is this: For SA to validate same-sex sexualizing in SA, even indirectly, would have us endorsing a highly controversial biological theory and political movement against our Tenth Tradition. If we validate same-sex sexualizing as normative for the sexaholic in recovery, and it turns out not to be normative, SA will have been promoting an untruth and doing a devilish disservice, supporting the problem instead of recovery. That's an awesome responsibility we're dealing with here—human lives!"''

The issue came up again in the late 1990s. A survey was held, reaching out to various individual meetings through the regional councils and local Intergroups. A solid majority of responders felt that the sobriety definition did not require clarification. Agitation on the issue continued due to a perception that the ambiguous nature of the survey questions rendered the results meaningless. The Chair of the SA Delegates Assembly summed up this ambiguity: "I received conflicting opinions about the meaning of the January 1999 vote that we do not need to clarify the SA sobriety definition. Many (probably most) were convinced this vote meant that we are already clear on the meaning of traditional SA sobriety and no further clarification is needed. Others were equally convinced this vote meant that "spouse" and "marriage" could be interpreted as understood by each member. Some were convinced that SA is afraid to "say what it means and mean what it says."

On July 9, 1999, the General Delegates Assembly, meeting at an international conference in Cleveland, unanimously voted (9-0) to clarify the definition of "spouse" to be "one's partner in a marriage between a man and a woman." This is known as the Cleveland Clarification or the Cleveland Statement of Principle. It was overwhelmingly accepted by the membership at the group, intergroup and regional levels. In 2000 same-sex attracted SA members expressed their support for the Cleveland Clarification in a letter to SA delegates and trustees signed by 66 members from 7 countries. Candidates for membership in the SA Board of Trustees, are now required to affirm the SA Sobriety Definition including the Cleveland Clarification.

This controversy continues to circulate within the fellowship. The General Delegate Assembly (GDA) "is the policy making body of SA." Any Delegate is free to propose a motion at the GDA to debate the SA sobriety definition. SA Conferences are about recovery, not for debating policy matters like the sobriety definition. ESSAY, the bimonthly international SA newsletter, states the principle in its Editorial Philosophy: "SA’s sobriety definition is not debated, since it distinguishes SA from other sex addiction fellowships."

In July 2016, the SA General Delegates Assembly (GDA) passed a motion further entrenching the 1999 Cleveland Statement of Principle: "In SA's sobriety definition, the term "spouse" refers to one's partner in a marriage between a man and a woman." The motion requires the inclusion of the Statement of Principle in all SA literature on the SA website home page. Further, the motion declared that “Meetings that do not adhere to and follow ... the Statement of Principle ... are not SA meetings and shall not call themselves SA meetings.”

SA has attracted a subsection of the same-sex attracted population who seek not to act sexually on such attractions. At the July 2007 SA International Convention a survey was conducted of 176 SA members. Asked the object of their sexual fantasy and acting out, 23% nominated same-sex and a further 7% indicated both genders. Topic meetings on same-sex issues are held at SA International Conferences and personal stories of same–sex recovery appear in ESSAY, the official SA publication. There also exist other organizations which serve such individuals; see Ex-gay.

International conventions
''All SA & S-Anon conventions from inception to 2016 have been held in the United States, except July 1992 and July 1997 which were both held in Canada. In 2017, the first SA International Convention was held outside North America in Israel, Middle East. In January 2019 we held our first International Convention in Spain.''

Literature
SA fully accepts all AA General Conference-approved literature for use in SA meetings, and SA groups frequently read from AA literature in their own meetings. SA adheres closely to the AA model, applying all of AA's principles to lust and sexual addiction, and whereas other members of other S-groups define sobriety for themselves, SA is closer to AA in proposing an understanding of sobriety which requires abstinence and is common to the group.

Books

 * Sexaholics Anonymous. This book is also known as the "White Book." WorldCat ID . (Also available as an audiobook on CDs.)
 * Recovery Continues. (Also available as an audiobook on CDs.)
 * Best of Essay, Practical Recovery Tools, 1994–2003.
 * Step into Action: One, Two, Three.
 * Step into Action: Four, Five, Six, Seven.
 * Step Into Action: Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, and Twelve.
 * Member Stories 1989.
 * Member Stories 2007.
 * SA Service Manual.

Booklets

 * Best of Essay volume 1, Member Stories (2001).
 * Best of Essay volume 2, Practical Recovery Tools (2001).
 * Discovering the Principles.
 * Beginnings... Notes on the Early Growth and Origin of SA.

Pamphlets

 * SA Brochure.
 * SA to the Newcomer.
 * Why Stop Lusting?
 * SA as a Resource for the Health & Helping Professional.
 * First Step Inventory.
 * Practical Guidelines for Group Recovery.
 * The SA Correctional Facilities Committee.
 * Do You Have a Problem with Pornography or Lust on the Internet?

Criticism
A psychologist involved in sexual addiction treatment, Patrick Carnes, encourages self-defined sobriety in his writings, saying that a no-masturbation definition of sobriety is only appropriate for some sex addicts and that bottom lines can in fact be modified over time. Joe Kort criticizes SA for its pro-heterosexual marriage stance.

However, the founder Roy K. knew ahead of time that this was a controversial subject and often wrote letters from a contrarian perspective. "If we come into an SA group where we can define our own sobriety, watch those rationalizations come alive! And if we define our own level of sobriety, that's all we're likely to reach." In addition, Roy studied Theology for many years at a Seminary. He often would leave an SA convention where he was one of the 'keynote speakers' and preach at a church around the corner for those interested in listening to a more evangelical point of view. "We don't claim to understand all the ramifications of sexual sobriety. Some of us have come to believe that there is a deeper spiritual significance in sexual sobriety, while others simply report that without a firm and clear bottom line, our "cunning, baffling, and powerful" sexaholism takes over sooner or later.

Related organizations
S-Anon is an organization for relatives of sex addicts based on the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.

title: Sexaholics Anonymous


text:
UAN

UAN is a solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water used as a fertilizer. The combination of urea and ammonium nitrate has an extremely low critical relative humidity (18% at 30 °C) and can therefore only be used in liquid fertilizers. The most commonly used grade of these fertilizer solutions is UAN 32.0.0 (32%N) known as UN32 or UN-32, which consists of 45% ammonium nitrate, 35% urea and only 20% water. Other grades are UAN 28, UAN 30 and UAN 18. The solutions are quite corrosive towards mild steel (up to 0.5 in per year on C1010 steel) and are therefore generally equipped with a corrosion inhibitor to protect tanks, pipelines, nozzles, etc. Urea–ammonium nitrate solutions should not be combined with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN-17) or other solutions prepared from calcium nitrate. A thick, milky-white insoluble precipitate forms that may plug nozzles.

Physical and chemical characteristics of urea ammonium nitrate solutions
The solutions contain a remarkably low amount of water and nevertheless have a low salt-out temperature:

title: UAN


text:
Moshe Feiglin

Moshe Zalman Feiglin (מֹשֶׁה זַלְמָן פֶייגְּלִין; born 31 July 1962) is a far-right Israeli politician and activist, and the leader of libertarian Zionist party Zehut. As a member of Likud, he headed the Manhigut Yehudit (Jewish Leadership) faction within the party, and represented Likud in the Knesset between 2013 and 2015.

Prior to becoming a Knesset member, Feiglin co-founded the Zo Artzeinu ("This is our Land") movement with Shmuel Sackett in 1993 to protest the Oslo Accords. On 8 August 1995, eighty intersections throughout the country were blocked in a massive act of non-violent civil disobedience against the Oslo process. As a result of his activities, Feiglin was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for sedition against the state by Israel's Supreme Court. The sentence was later commuted to community service. In November 1996, Feiglin established the Manhigut Yehudit movement; it joined Likud in 2000, with Feiglin declaring that he would be a candidate for chairmanship of the party as a springboard for premiership of the State of Israel.

In early January 2015, Feiglin announced that he was leaving the Likud and forming his own party, after the Likud primaries the previous month.

Feiglin complained about efforts that were done to try to keep him out of Israel's parliament, the Knesset. He referred to alleged political corruption in the Likud primary and legal maneuvers Benjamin Netanyahu took in the past to move him down the party’s list, accusing the prime minister of trying to assassinate him politically.

As a result of the above issues and timing, Feiglin did not form a new party for the Knesset elections in March, and instead decided to take his time to build a strong new party ("If we have to give up on the coming Knesset to build ourselves well and fundamentally, we will do so. We will take the time that we need to build ourselves in the proper and most exacting way."). In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud. In January 2024, Feiglin left Likud and reestablished Zehut.

Feiglin's party Zehut is in favor of legalizing marijuana.

Biography
Moshe Feiglin was born in Haifa, the son of Ya'akov Zvi and Esther Feiglin. His ancestors moved to Israel; then known as Ottoman Palestine, from Imperial Russia during the First Aliyah. His grandfather was the first child born in Metula, and some of his ancestors were among the founders of several settlements, including Mishmar HaYarden, Hadera, and Kinneret. His father served in the Jewish Settlement Police during the British Mandate era. His family later moved to Rehovot, where he attended the local Tachkemoni school of the Mizrachi movement, and subsequently graduated from Rabbi Haim Drukman's Yeshivat Or Etzion. They are also related to Rebbes of The Chabad Dynasty.

During his IDF national service, Feiglin served in the Engineering Corps. He later signed on to one additional year as a career soldier, and attained the rank of captain. He fought in the 1982 Lebanon War.

Feiglin ran a company that used rope rappelling in the construction industry.

Feiglin is married, and has five children, and lives in the settlement of Karnei Shomron.

Manhigut Yehudit
Feiglin co-founded the Manhigut Yehudit movement in 1996. It began as a brainchild of Feiglin and a friend of his, Moti Karpel, who established the organization as the continuation of the Zo Artzeinu protest movement. The main tactical difference between the two in Feiglin's thought is that Zo Artzeinu protested government policy without suggesting an alternative, whereas Manhigut Yehudit seeks to become the government and be the alternative.

Lacking the tools to do this, and without a political party with which to stake his run, he was approached by a founding member of the Likud party and participant in the Zo Artzeinu protests who proposed that Feiglin register for the Likud party and register, in turn, the thousands who participated in the protests, thereby building a support base for himself in the party, from which he could run for the party presidency and, in turn, Prime Minister.

According to Feiglin's own words, Manhigut Yehudit was started to "return the country to the people and lead the State of Israel through authentic Jewish values".

Feiglin says that the movement's leadership will arise from "those who have a deep commitment to Torah values". Still, 30 percent of its present members are secular (2005). He opposes the surrender of what he regards as Jewish land, and has demanded the government take action against the estimated 50,000 illegal Arab structures built throughout the country. Feiglin has stated that Likud had "given up true Likud values and acquiesced in the Gaza evacuation".

Likud
Feiglin was a minor candidate in the 2002 Likud leadership election.

In 2005, Feiglin again ran for Likud chairman and won 12.5% of the votes, coming third out of seven candidates, after Benjamin Netanyahu and Silvan Shalom. He attempted to run for a slot on the party's Knesset list, but encountered severe opposition from Netanyahu, who delayed party elections and advocated making changes to its charter to bar "anyone who has served three or more months in prison" from running as a Likud MK. This would have prevented Feiglin, who served a six-month sentence in the mid-1990s for civil disobedience, from running for either an MK or leadership position in the future. Feiglin withdrew from the race on 3 January 2006, following the release of a statement from the Likud party election chairman declaring, in agreement with a prior decision by the Israeli High Court, that Feiglin's conviction was not for "dishonorable" violations of the law, allowing him to participate in future Likud affairs.

In the 14 August 2007 primaries, Feiglin nearly doubled his previous showing and received 23.4% of the votes to Netanyahu's 72.8%. Netanyahu, fearing a strong showing by Feiglin, tried to have him ousted from the party prior to the vote, and said he would continue such efforts. On 10 December 2008, Feiglin was won twentieth place in the Likud primaries. On 11 December, following a petition submitted against him by Ophir Akunis, he was demoted to the 36th spot.

In an article written in 2009, Feiglin stated: "Sad to say, Prime Minister Netanyahu is a pitiful puppet of Peres and his cohorts."

Feiglin ran against Netanyahu again in the 2012 Likud leadership election, held on 31 January 2012, and again received 23% of the vote. In the Likud primaries held in late 2012 to select candidates for the 2013 elections, Feiglin finished thirteenth, and was elected to the Knesset in the 2013 elections.

Feiglin served as Deputy Speaker in the 19th Knesset. He and his Manhigut Yehudit faction suffered a serious setback in the December 2014 Likud primaries, held in the run-up to the 2015 Knesset elections, when he fell to the 36th position on the Likud list, making it unlikely he would be returned to the Knesset. In January 2015, he announced that he was leaving Likud to form his own party, although he did not do so in time for the elections. Shortly after the elections, he announced that the new party was to be called Zehut (Identity).

In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud.

Views and opinions
Feiglin has openly stated that, though he is not opposed to peace, peace is not his goal, and would not be on the top of his agenda as Prime Minister. Rather, Feiglin's focus is on reforming Israel as an essentially Jewish State by acting on several campaigns on the religious, social, legal, and security fronts.

In a May 2012 article on liberty that originally appeared on the NRG Maariv Hebrew website, Feiglin wrote: "Liberty means fighting against coercion of all kinds; religious, anti-religious, economic, cultural, educational, and more. Liberty means allocating state land to the citizen. It means privatization of government firms to the public, and not to core shareholders. Liberty means liberalized communication - broadcasting license and not broadcast franchise. You want to open up a television or radio station? Buy a wavelength and broadcast as you please within the framework of the law. Liberty means restoring the responsibility for education to the parents, using the education coupon method. It means a gradual transfer to a professional volunteer army. Liberty means prohibiting biometric data bases or any other type of human designation. There is no difference in principle between sophisticated biological marking and tattooing an ID number; both turn our identities into the property of a third party. In both, we lose our freedom. Simply put: We have one G-d above us, and we should not be enslaved to another person or mechanism. The state is ours, and under no circumstance is the opposite true."

He is against religious coercion and the establishment of religious political parties. He has come out against legislation such as the Chametz Law, which forbids selling leavened products on the Passover Holiday, when eating or owning leavened food products is prohibited by Jewish law.

He is also a proponent of the civil marriage initiative in Israel which would allow any Israeli citizen to marry without a religious cleric. At present, marriage in Israel is impossible outside the confines of a religious system; hence, for tens of thousands of people with problematic religious status, it is impossible ever to get married in the country. The present system also places the power of divorce in the hand of the Religious courts, who are answerable only to the Supreme Courts. The civil marriage initiative would make the religious nature of marriage entirely voluntary, effectively separating religion and state in this matter.

Feiglin has advocated removing the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf's control over the entire al-Aqsa complex, and suggested a synagogue should be established on the Temple Mount. In February 2014, at Feiglin's insistence, the Knesset debated the status of the Temple Mount. Feiglin's platform states:"We have to internalize that this is our Land - exclusively... Most important: We must expel the Moslem wakf from the Temple Mount and restore exclusive Israeli sovereignty over this most holy site."

In July 2014, during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Feiglin outlined steps toward "achieving quiet in Gaza". His plan included attacking all of Gaza, its infrastructure and military sites, without regard to civilian "human shields". After conquering and annexing Gaza into Israel, that portion of Gaza's "enemy population that is innocent of wrong-doing and separated itself from the armed terrorists will be treated in accordance with international law and will be allowed to leave". After becoming part of Israel, Gaza would be re-populated by Jews. He said the civilians of Gaza could go to Sinai, and his plan would also "ease the housing crisis in Israel". Feiglin criticized lawmaker Aliza Lavie for discussing legislation on sexual violence, protesting that in wartime, no one should be "talking about things like flowers and sexual assault".

On August 4, 2014, the Daily Mail tabloid newspaper alleged that Feiglin had called for concentration camps in Gaza. In a TV show with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Feiglin denied that claim, saying he was talking about creating "sheltered areas" for the civilians of Gaza so that Israel could stop rockets by Hamas in a more effective way. He also said that he "definitely" supported "tent encampments" before the people in Gaza can be relocated to another place.

In 2008, Feiglin has proposed a plan to end the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. His plan would include annexing all post-1967 land currently in Israel's hands and offering financial incentive for Palestinian families in these areas to emigrate to other countries. Feiglin pointed to a poll by An-Najah University in Nablus, which showed that one in three Palestinian Arabs would emigrate to other countries even without a financial incentive, as supporting his plan. Feiglin also proposed that Israel actively encourage Israeli-Arabs to emigrate to the Arab world, and provide assistance to any Arab who chooses to do so.

About 20% of Israel's citizens are Israeli Arabs. Feiglin was asked about Israel's status as a "Jewish and democratic state" in a 2004 interview, and stated: "Why should non-Jews have a say in the policy of a Jewish state? ... For two thousand years, Jews dreamed of a Jewish state, not a democratic state. Democracy should serve the values of the state, not destroy them..."

In 2003, Feiglin proposed replacing the Knesset with a bicameral legislature, whose upper house, which would control all "national affairs", would be "composed exclusively of Jews". Point three in the program states that he will enact a new Basic Law which will set forth a detailed proposal for a constitution. The Law will replace the at-large election of the Knesset with regional representatives, and would also create a lower house to handle municipal issues, in which Israeli Arabs could be represented. The posting was taken down on December 9, 2008, the day after Feiglin won twentieth place in the Likud primaries. However, the posting had been archived by Israeli scholar Tomer Persico prior to being removed, and Persico wrote a 2012 article analyzing Feiglin's program, referencing the 2003 posting.

On 3 April 2019, Feiglin gave a speech at Maariv Jerusalem Post conference in Tel Aviv, Israel, in which he called to rebuild the Third Temple on Temple Mount immediately. He said in a statement: "I don't want to build a Third Temple in one or two years, I want to build it now. To build the Temple, I need support; I can't do it alone."

On 15 june 2024, Feiglin said, in the context of the Gaza War, 'As Hitler said 'I can't live if one Jew is left,' we can't live here if one 'Islamo-Nazi' remains in Gaza'

Published works
In his 2005 book "War of Dreams", Feiglin wrote that his program was: "Israeli citizenship to Jews only [and] the immediate expulsion of any person of another people who claims any sort of sovereignty in the Land of Israel." "We are busy fighting for Yesha, and refuse to recognize the more dangerous front against the fifth column inside Israel." "We established a state so that we could stop being different and start being normal. If only Jews can be Israelis, then we will never be normal. . . .The fundamental solution is leadership that is not looking for normalcy. The solution is leadership that emphasizes our Jewish identity. Paradoxically, it is only when the Arabs understand that the Israelis do not need them to help them to forget that they are Jews - will we be able to live here in peace with non-Jews who unequivocally accept the fact that Israel is a Jewish state." It appears that the Israeli Arabs identify with our enemies. There are laws in this country that deal with treason and they should be applied when required. If Israeli Arabs are found helping our enemies, they should be stripped of their citizenship. In addition, if they are citizens, they should not be exempt from paying taxes; they should serve in the IDF, or at least in Sherut Le'umi, the National Service. . . . .If they are against us, we must make every effort to ensure that they leave. If they collaborate with our enemy, they must be removed.

Comments on Arabs
Of Israeli Arabs, Feiglin said, "They will have to seek the right to self-determination in Arab states. Israel will encourage the Arabs to emigrate to their countries and assist any Arab who wishes to do so." He insisted there is no such thing as a Palestinian people, and that they and Israeli Arabs should relocate, citing a text he had posted on the website of his Manhigut Yehudit ("Jewish Leadership") movement. In a 2004 interview with Yedioth Ahronoth, he spoke of "a voluntary transfer to the 22 neighbouring Arab states" of the some 1.4 million Israeli Arabs, who make up 20 percent of Israel's population. "Arabs are not the sons of the desert, but its father", he quoted Sir Claude Jarvis, British governor of Sinai from 1923.

In a 2004 report in The New Yorker, Feiglin was quoted as saying: "Why should non-Jews have a say in the policy of a Jewish state?... For two thousand years, Jews dreamed of a Jewish state, not a democratic state. Democracy should serve the values of the state, not destroy them... You can’t teach a monkey to speak and you can’t teach an Arab to be democratic. You’re dealing with a culture of thieves and robbers. The Arab destroys everything he touches."

In an interview with the U.S.-based The Jewish Press, Feiglin said: "You can find places where we say the same things. You can also find places where we are different. I was in the army when Meir, Hashem yikom damo [may God avenge his blood], was [most] active, so I didn't get to know him so well. But I can definitely say that the slogan 'Kahane tzadak - Kahane was right' has proven itself many times." Several commentators have depicted Feiglin as a fascist.

In 2013, he set forth his legislative agenda regarding Israeli Arabs: "Zero tolerance for Arab citizens' defiance. Enforcement of laws of treason. Enforcement of laws against robbery, rape, and vandalism." Feiglin, responding to a report that Israel's first permanent Arab Supreme Court judge Salim Joubran had refused to sing Israel's national anthem, asserted that Joubran "must return his Israeli ID card and make do with the status of 'permanent resident'".

According to a 2012 article in Haaretz, Feiglin condemned Baruch Goldstein over his killing of 29 Palestinian Muslims in a mosque in the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, though he did not condemn Goldstein's motivations.

Hitler comments
In an article in Haaretz, Yossi Sarid quoted Feiglin, in the context of demonstrations against the Oslo accords, as saying, "Hitler was an unparalleled military genius. Nazism promoted Germany from a low to a fantastic physical and ideological status. The ragged, trashy youth body turned into a neat and orderly part of society and Germany received an exemplary regime, a proper justice system and public order. Hitler savored good music. He would paint. This was no bunch of thugs. They merely used thugs and homosexuals." Feiglin clarified his position to the Maariv newspaper that just because he considers Hitler a military genius, this does not mean he admires him.

Banned from Britain
Feiglin is banned from entering the United Kingdom due to a decision by Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, made public in March 2008, excluding Feiglin on the grounds that his presence in the country "would not be conducive to the public good". A letter to Feiglin from the Home Office said that Smith based her decision on an assessment that his activities "foment or justify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs; seek to provoke others to terrorist acts; foment other serious criminal activity or seek to provoke others to serious criminal acts; and foster hatred, which might lead to inter-community violence in the UK". Feiglin responded, "Seeing that renowned terrorists like Hizbullah member Ibrahim Mousawi are welcomed in your country in open arms, I understand that your policy is aimed at encouraging and supporting terror."

Oslo Accords
Feiglin was arrested for organizing mass acts of resistance and blocked highways across Israel during the period in which the Oslo accords were debated and implemented. Feiglin was charged with "break[ing] the barrier of obedience to the rule of law" and incitement to commit crimes. Regarding his organization of peaceful demonstrations and the blocking of intersections without a permit, Feiglin was quoted as stating, "We will do all that it's possible to do, including breaking the law." He was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for sedition, and the sentence was later performed via community service.

Likud members
Relations between Feiglin and his fellow Likud members have been mixed. Likud Knesset member Limor Livnat stated that Feiglin and his friends are "not real Likudniks", and that his faction "cannot be allowed to prevail". In an interview with the Jerusalem Post, Livnat explained that Feiglin and his faction must be prevented "from taking over, or the party and the state will be in danger", adding that, "this is not democracy, this is anarchy".

Despite criticism from fellow Likud members, Feiglin has displayed favorable relations with a significant number of former Likud Knesset members. This was manifest during a Feiglin rally at Jerusalem's Ramada Hotel that took place before the 2008 Likud primary after Feiglin promised to throw all his votes to them if they showed up. Former Likud Knesset members Gila Gamliel, David Mena, Daniel Benlulu, and Ayoub Kara attended the event, despite warnings from Netanyahu's advisers not to do so. Gila Gamliel, who did not vote against the Disengagement from Gaza, eventually took Feiglin's votes and placed 19th, one spot ahead of Feiglin. This ultimately resulted in Feiglin getting pushed down to the 36th spot, and out of the Eighteenth Knesset.

Support for Jonathan Pollard
Feiglin is a highly vocal supporter of Jonathan Pollard, a former American naval intelligence analyst who formerly served a sentence in the American Federal prison system for spying for Israel. Feiglin, who has called Pollard a hero, has written a number of articles in support of Pollard. In a later 2008 article, Feiglin stated that, "Pollard is a Jew who saved the Israelis from American treachery."

Criticism of U.S. Vice President Biden
Feiglin referred to U.S. Vice President Joseph Biden as a "diseased leper" in a 2010 op-ed column published by Israel's third-largest news outlet, Maariv.

Support for cannabis legalization
As part of his libertarian political philosophy, Feiglin supports the full legalization of cannabis in Israel, stating of legalization in Amsterdam: "I don't see Amsterdam as a bad thing. ... There's no chaos, there's more freedom for citizens. [Legalization] didn't upend the way of life." And stating that, "This may be one of the reasons why marijuana is illegal. God owns the patent on cannabis, and the large pharmaceutical companies do not appreciate such an intervention in their market and exert their influence accordingly." The opposition of the Knesset Health committee to Feiglin's proposals have led to multiple controversial confrontations in the Knesset. Feiglin says that, "When I expressed my opinion on this issue over a year ago, I had no idea that I had climbed atop such a potent barrel of social dynamite... The debate is not about cannabis. Cannabis is just the tip of the iceberg. The debate is about liberty."

Approach to homosexuals
Feiglin wrote an article in 2009 entitled "I Am A Proud Homophobe". In 2012, he wrote several posts on his Facebook page detailing his views on gays. "The gay pride parade isn't about rights. It's about forcing the values of the minority onto the majority, effectively locking the majority into the proverbial closet. Homosexual "rights" undermine the normative family, the foundation of our nation."

""Throughout history", Feiglin explained, "from Rome to Europe in our day, the approval and spread of homosexuality presaged the decline of nations and cultures. If one reads the Torah portion 'Noah' - this comes as no surprise. . . .The organizers of a pride parade do not wish to gain rights. They strive to force homosexuality as a culture upon the public sphere. . . . A minority has no right to take over public assets. Let the marchers kindly go back to their individual closets. And let them do it without whining, because no one interferes with their affairs in there. Let them give up their attempts at takeovers, and leave the public sphere to normal people. . . .Feiglin added in an additional post: "I have no problem with homosexuals, most of whom are, most likely, good and talented people and no one wants to interfere in their private lives. I have a problem with homosexuality as a culture. This culture subverts the status of the family. And without the family there is no nation, and without a nation there is no civilization." Feiglin refused to meet with a gay faction within the Likud, and was quoting as stating: "[A]s individuals I can’t tell them how to lead their lives and I can cooperate with them on different subjects, but as a group that tries to promote an ideology of their sexual orientation, I don’t think they have legitimacy, especially not in the Likud." On Feb. 7, 2013, Feiglin met with an Israeli gay advocacy group in Tel Aviv, and said he was no longer a homophobe. News accounts of the meeting reported Feiglin's views: "'I am in favor of you having all your human rights, but I am not prepared by the way to invalidate the special value of the classic family', he said and made it clear that he still opposed gay marriage and same-sex parenting. 'Every child in the world has a right to a mother and father. It has nothing to do with religion, but with my basic perception of the good of the child', he said."

After his election to the Knesset, Moshe Feiglin met with homosexual groups. Although he does not identify with their lifestyle choices, he told them, he supports their rights as individuals and will fight to ensure that those rights are upheld.

When asked by a lesbian supporter if he would support her running in the primaries for the Zehut party, Feiglin was enthusiastically positive about it.

Women
During his 2013 campaign, Feiglin reiterated his view that women's role in Israeli society should be based on Jewish Biblical principles. In response to a question about feminism, Feiglin was quoted as saying: "'Tel Aviv has become a city that has erased masculinity and where being a man is considered a sickness', and added that feminism has destroyed family values, something essential to Judaism. ... Pressed further, he stated that 'the man is the family, while the woman is the home [literally "house"]', and that in our current culture, we are forgetting 'what it means to be a man'."

When the Jerusalem city government voted to permit sex-segregated public buses, according to the wishes of some ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Jews, Feiglin supported the action: "I see discrimination against women as despicable. But it is unreasonable to force an ultra-Orthodox bus company to institute mixed seating on its buses against the wishes of its customers." Feiglin also opposes the Israeli army's decision to allow women into combat units.

Christians and Christianity
Feiglin has criticized some Christian supporters of Israel, such as Glenn Beck, and challenged the sincerity of Christians who have defended Israel, as well as Israeli Jews who supported Beck. "Glenn Beck doesn't back the Jewish mission. What drives him is the Christian mission. I have no problem doing business with him, but he has to respect me when he comes here just like I don't try to force my identity on him when I come to him. Jews like it when Goyim finally smile at them, but sometimes, a smile is more dangerous than a scowl, and this is one of those occasions", Feiglin said. Feiglin also said he had a "deep problem" with Efrat Chief Rabbi Shlomo Riskin participating as a featured speaker at a Christian prayer rally Glenn Beck organized at the Caesarea Amphitheater in Israel. Danny Danon responded to Feiglin, saying: "Israel has too many real foes, and very few genuine friends like Glenn Beck. I cannot understand the urge to reject his friendship with pseudo-theological argumentation... Rejecting friendship is not a sign of national pride, but a proof of very low self-confidence."

Petition by "Scholars for Israel and Palestine"
In December 2014, a group of academics who are part of the anti-BDS movement and members of The Third Narrative, a Labor Zionist organization, have called on the U.S. and E.U. to impose sanctions on Feiglin and three other Israelis "who lead efforts to insure permanent Israeli occupation of the West Bank and to annex all or parts of it unilaterally in violation of international law". These academics, calling themselves Scholars for Israel and Palestine (SIP) and claiming to be "pro-Israel, pro-Palestine, pro-peace", are asking the U.S. and EU to freeze Feiglin's foreign assets and impose visa restrictions. One of the signatories was quoted in Haaretz as saying the four leaders were chosen because they "were particularly dismissive of Secretary of State Kerry's peace-making efforts, and explicitly call for and work towards the formal annexation of the West Bank or part of it, and thereby push Israel in the direction of violating international law. They are the ones who cross particularly sharp red lines." The group of mainly Jewish academics blasted Feiglin for his "straightforward and undisguised extremism" and "annexationist" agenda.

Comments following the 2020 Beirut explosion
Celebrating the 2020 Beirut explosions, which killed at least 220 people and injured thousands more, Feiglin referred to the explosion as "a spectacular pyrotechnics show", and wrote:

"You don’t actually believe this was some disorganized fuel depot, right? You do realize that this inferno was supposed to land on us as a rain of rockets? [...] Today is Tu B'Av, a day of joy, and a true and huge thank you to G-d and all the geniuses and heroes really (!) who organized for us this wonderful celebration in honor of the day of love."

The Times of Israel reported that the post was subsequently removed by Facebook. Explaining the removal, Facebook stated: “The post was removed because its content mocks the victims, which goes against our policy." Feiglin confirmed the removal of his post via his official Facebook account, claiming to "stand behind every word"

Comments during Israel-Hamas war
Haaretz reported that while being interviewed by Channel 12 about the Israel-Hamas war in June 2024, Feiglin quoted Adolf Hitler stating that Israelis "cannot live in this land if one Islamo-Nazi remains in Gaza." He continued stating that he wanted to "turn Gaza Hebrew" as Jews were "not guest in our own land, it is entirely ours."

title: Moshe Feiglin