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Elsipogtog First Nation

The Elsipogtog First Nation, formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Miꞌkmaq First Nations band government in New Brunswick, Canada. The First Nation's territory comprises Richibucto Reserve #15, lying 8 km southwest of Five Rivers, New Brunswick on the Richibucto River off of Route 116. It also comprises Soegao Reserve #35, lying 5 km west of Moncton, New Brunswick. , the registered Elsipogtog population is 3,574, with 2,736 living on reservations and 798 living off reservations.

History
"Elsipogtog" or "L'sipuktuk" means "River of Fire". The area was also called the stronghold of Sikniktuk. The traditional district was assigned to the Mi'kmaq clan of Alguimou, or L'kimu. Misel Alguimou was baptised Michael Augustine in the 18th century. Chief Michael Augustine signed the Peace and Friendship Treaty with the British in 1761, on behalf of the Richibucto Tribe of Mi'kmaq. The Richibucto Reserve was established in 1802 and later reduced in size. Richibucto Reserve # 16 is also known as the Big Cove Reserve. It was also called Big Cove, Mesigig Oalnei, and currently known as Elsipogtog (Pacifique spelling), or L'sipuktuk (Francis-Smith variation) and Elsipogtog First Nation located in Weldford Parish, New Brunswick.

Suicide rate
In 1992, there were seven suicides involving youth and over 75 suicide attempts in the community. An inquest was held and one of the recommendations was the creation of a position at the school to help support the youth in the community. The Elsipogtog Crisis Centre was also established in 1992 to help combat the large number of suicides in the community.

Youth justice system
In 1995, the community held a Justice Awareness Day that led to the creation of a justice alternative for youth. This was due to the high youth suicide rate in Elsipogtog and the large percentage of their youth in the court system. The Elsipogtog Restorative Justice Program includes pre- and post-charge diversion system, mediation, group conferencing programs, and sentencing circles. The program allows the community to "decide what [is] best for itself in terms of resolving wrongdoing...by striving to resolve the effects of an offender's behaviour.

Shale gas project
In May 2013, members of Elsipogtog First Nation demonstrated their concern over a proposed shale gas project and 2D seismic imaging done near their reserve by SWN Resources Canada, a subsidiary of Southwestern Energy. Workers were on site to conduct seismic exploration using sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas. Many residents used social media to voice their concerns about the planned fracking. Throughout the spring, summer, and fall of 2013, protesters prevented SWN workers from accessing their seismic equipment, blocking Routes 11, 116, and 134. On July 24, a video was recorded of a First Nations protester strapping herself to bundles of geophones and other equipment used by SWN for seismic testing at the site. She slowed down the workers' access to the equipment until the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) removed her later that day. On September 29, SWN's trucks were blocked by a mystery van and protesters gathered in support. Shortly afterward, a sacred fire was lit and maintained by a 12-year-old boy who watched over the prayers of the people. On October 1, a video was recorded of Elsipogtog First Nation Chief Arren James Sock delivering an eviction notice to SWN while dozens of protesters continued to block Route 134 in Rexton to prevent the company from moving their exploration equipment.

On October 7, a video was recorded of Sock and New Brunswick premier David Alward addressing the media regarding the blockage of the shale gas research and the injunction regarding the blockade.

On October 17, the RCMP moved in to enforce a court injunction against the road blockade. The situation "exploded in violence, sending dozens of people to jail and reducing five police cars to smouldering ruins". The incident was made famous in a now-iconic photograph of activist Amanda Polchies kneeling before the police and holding an eagle feather. The RCMP said that "more than 40 protesters were arrested for various offences including firearms offences, uttering threats, intimidation, mischief and for refusing to abide by a court injunction". The First Nation's lawyer, T.J. Burke, confirmed that Sock was among those arrested, though he and others were released within hours following their arrests. On October 18, SWN applied for an indefinite injunction against a list of people including John and Jane Doe. Judge Rideout denied this injunction. On November 29, another shale-gas protest resulted in the arrest of five men. Another report on the same day stated that fifteen protesters were jailed for throwing rocks at vehicles. Numerous arrests continued to occur into 2014.

Present day
The community has one school, Elsipogtog School, which has students from kindergarten to grade 8. Elsipogtog has a gas station, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment which is open throughout the week. There is a 7 day/week supermarket and a Pharmasave-brand pharmacy, both of which are 100-percent band-owned and operated. There is also a holistic-approach health and wellness centre which has clinical and physician services available, as well as home and community care services, mental health, and addiction services. There are community justice services available.

Kraft Hockeyville
After a fire in September 2020 destroyed the community's arena, the Chief Young Eagle, Elsipogtog entered Kraft Hockeyville, a Canada-wide competition held by Kraft Heinz Canada in collaboration with the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA). The competition, which started in 2006, gives small communities in Canada a chance to win $250,000 in arena upgrades, $10,000 worth of youth hockey equipment, and the opportunity to host an NHL preseason game. Runners-up receive $25,000 in arena upgrades and $10,000 for youth hockey equipment.

On March 20, 2021, the NHL and NHLPA named four communities as finalists in the competition for 2021: Elsipogtog; Lumsden, Saskatchewan; Saint Adolphe, Manitoba; and Bobcaygeon, Ontario. Following two days of online voting, on April 10, 2021, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced Elsipogtog as the winner of the competition live on Hockey Night in Canada. The win came a week after the tragic loss of two community members in a fishing accident, community leader Craig 'Jumbo' Sock and Seth Monahan.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, no NHL preseason was held in 2021, so Elsipogtog's celebrations were delayed until October 2022 after restrictions had been lifted. Three days of activities were held. On the first day, an alumni game was held featuring former NHL players, including Elsipogtog native Everett Sanipass, as well as three female indigenous hockey players who have played for the Canadian and US national teams. Activities on the second day included autograph signings from various players, including New York Islanders legend Bryan Trottier, and a visit from the Stanley Cup. Mascots for the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens were also in attendance. Finally, on the third day, the preseason game between the Senators and Canadiens was held at the J.K. Irving Centre in Bouctouche. Goaltender Jake Allen, a native of Fredericton, New Brunswick, was in the lineup for the Canadiens. The Senators defeated the Canadiens 3–2 in overtime.

Composition
Elsipogtog First Nation is composed of two parts as shown:

Richibucto 15
Population trend

Religious make-up (2001)

Income (2015)

Mother tongue (2016)

Education (2006)

Notable people

 * Albert Levi, former chief and Order of Canada recipient
 * Mildred Milliea, language instructor and Order of Canada recipient
 * Everett Sanipass, former NHL player

title: Elsipogtog First Nation


text:
Talk:Cartoon physics

Merge
this duplicates Cartoon laws of physics - I will merge them (I think into this title, which is better) if nobody objects. - DavidWBrooks 02:49, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

toon
Perhaps we can make a brief mention and link to the toon roleplaying game. It uses a lot of the same physics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_%28role-playing_game%29

 * Also, it looks like at least one of the reference pages may have been partially taken right from that RPG!!! http://funnies.paco.to/cartoon.html mentions characters that are "cool"; this was a trait in that game (my cousin Spencer had a copy when I was a kid) and I remember busting up laughing reading the manual as a kid.. Zaphraud (talk) 23:59, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

More than a list
I have rearranged this article to move the history/sociology up, and the examples down. There's always a danger it could turn into a list of funny things that we've seen in cartoons! - DavidWBrooks 16:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anime Physics
I don't get the most recent addition to the anime physics ... what have missiles and airplanes to do with the amount of blood in a human body? - DavidWBrooks 23:28, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree; I'm going to split it into its own topic if nobody minds. Tlogmer Talk / Contributions 07:40, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * emmm... Anime Physics was discussed and decided to merge with this article earlier. MythSearcher 16:08, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm not really certain that the subjects should be mearged. Normal animation and Japanese animation is so separate that I don't believe any of them are similar. I've copied and pasted the subsection, but am willing to hold-off making a separate article until further discusion is made. Elwin Blaine Coldiron (talk) 18:31, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Why I removed item
This article is about aspects of animation that defy real-world physics in consistent (and usually entertaining) ways. It's not a list of every convention of cartoons - e.g. that anmials talk and women have impossible large breasts. So this "Mecha in many series tend to be superior combatants to more traditional combat vehicles ... " was removed because it's got nothing to do with physics! Maybe we could create a different article for it - e.g. anime conventions or something. - DavidWBrooks 15:12, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it has a great deal to do with physics. Without anime physics, mecha would be pretty well useless combat machines, so their effectiveness in combat is an example of anime physics in action. Iceberg3k 20:23, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * But how is it an example of a consistent physical law that differs from the "real world"? - DavidWBrooks 21:01, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe a little late, but if you go to Universal Century Technology, then you'll understand... Some anime series do have their own physics law. (and have reference from official sources, too.) MythSearcher 16:11, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

lists
I removed the stormtrooper effect link from the anime list, since that is not specific to anime - or even to animation. I also removed the face fault item, since that is behavioral not physics. - DavidWBrooks 21:17, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't know who put it back in, but he's right; "a face fault" is not physics-related! It is completely behavioral, and is related to shock.

 * Well, I guess it is because of the abnormal gravitational pull making it physics to whoever added it back in. However, I demand some reference about the gravitation part.  Never heard of it before in any Japanese sources.  It is more like having no friction between them and the floor which makes them slip and fall (and requiring friction interaction with other objects like the cell border of the manga/comic).  However, it is more like original research so I am not adding it in. MythSearcher 02:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not even friction; the instinctive explanation held by many ("many" defined as various members of anime clubs at multiple universities, including UC Berkeley) is that the character has suffered from a form of shock and/or surprise, attributed to the stupid/unexpected/unexpectedly stupid comment made by the other character, and thus loses their composure, which manifests itself physically as a loss of balance. bluemonq 10:45, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It is in fact depicted as loss of friction in the Japanese coummunity including Animationists and manga artist in some cases, for example in Manga Science and GS Mikami where characters need to pull on other rigid bodies, including the cell border of the manga, to stand back up right. However, I do see a lot of moments where the characters actually maintained balance before completely on the ground.  I do not route for keeping the unsourced material anyway but defining stuff by pure speculation, even it is among many people, is still not a legimate reason to be put into a wiki article. (well, it is not physics to begin with)
 * I know how it works in the US university anime community, most people ignore the official settings, which are often unavailable in the US, and judge by their own speculation only from the series itself. In so called forum debates they mostly route for their own favoured idea and can hard accept new ideas, even if it is official information from things like official guide books.  Not to say it is wrong, since a lot of official settings are completely nonsense and contradicts itself, just not suitable in wiki that's all.  MythSearcher 16:53, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Assuming what you said was true (source please?), it's very interesting. My invocation of the position of the university anime community was in order to justify the removal of said "face fault" from the realm of anime physics - you agree with the removal, but not with the reason. Yet, you then go on to state that there are examples in which "alternative physics" is involved. It then stands to reason that it should be kept in the section. Your excuse is that it is "original research", that none of the animators, writers, directors, etc. explicitly stipulate such manipulations of "normal" physics, and that there is probably contradictory material. However, by those reasons, the entire anime physics section might as well be removed, since the other "laws" cited also aren't specifically defined and/or held by all anime, even when limited to comedic series. bluemonq 08:46, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I never reason to keep the sentence in the article, in fact I agreed to delete it. I just write to defend the point that some artist display it as altering physics, but not all and it is only my own speculation in the manga.  Therefore I do not want it to be listed in the article, but not because it is not physics related, but there isn't an actual source stating what I have summarized.  If it comes to removing the whole section, fine. I did not create it and do not know any source for it.  I simply edit it when there are vandalism occured.  MythSearcher 09:52, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Counterpoint
Just thought I'd put in a counterpoint to the Anime law about fight attacks not destroying peoples' pants. There's been several examples of what I mentioned (a later point in Megaman Legends, for instance). All these explosions have been indirectly witnessed, and the female caracter only observed from behind or with strategically placed debris etc, of course. ;) --Yar Kramer 19:24, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is hardly unique to Anime, however. Indestructible pants are common in many cartoons. Take Hulk, for example.  No matter how big he expands, and how much his other clothing rips to shreds, his pants (or at least the waist-area of them) always remains intact to preserve his dignity... -- Lurlock 18:06, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Hammerspace
I removed the Hammerspace reference, since it is more an anime term (and is referenced, I think, in anime physics) - DavidWBrooks 02:26, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Articles for deletion/Cartoon physics. -- BD2412 talk 05:00, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Shouldn't this be merged with Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics?Indecisive 19:33, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm ... possibly. I trimmed the thermodyamics item, which was a cut-and-paste from Ebert's Web site, and noted it great similarity to cartoon physics. - DavidWBrooks 19:41, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

I think that Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics should be merged with Cartoon Physics. After all, Thermodynamics is just a branch of physics.

Not falling
Doesn't seem to be a clear reference to cartoon characters walking off a cliff, and then remaining suspended in midair until they look down and realize there's nothing under their feet. AnonMoos 15:35, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No? This is the second sentence of the article: For example, when a cartoon character runs off a cliff, gravity has no effect until the character notices and mugs an appropriate reaction. - DavidWBrooks 00:39, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And aside from the numerous cartoons where this actually happens, it's also explicitly mentioned and demonstrated in an episode of Tiny Toon Adventures - SAMAS 20:16 28 April 2006 (UTC)

O'Donnell
In Ebert's Bigger Little Movie Glossary the laws appear as "Mark O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion" and O'Donnell's home is given as New York. Esquizombi 05:13, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Laws Of Cartoon Thermodynamics
I propose a merge from Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics, since that article is a rather small list, and Thermodynamics is obviously part of physics. - The preceding signed comment was added by Nazgjunk (talk • contrib) 10:35, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * A smerge might be appropriate, since that much primary source text is a no-no. Esquizombi 13:29, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, two pages with such similar content really should be merged. Support. Witty lama 07:24, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I vote for it being merged. --Dexter111344 19:05, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I merged it but now many things are doubled. Shall we just delete the redundant? --Ton e  23:15, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

See Chuck Jones' autobiography
I vaguely remember a section on cartoon physics in Chuck Jones's autobiography. Might be an authoritative source if someone has a copy handy. --John Nagle 03:02, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

anime stuff
I've removed a number of anime examples because they weren't examples of different laws of physics concistent in anime but just of non-real behavior that's consistent in anime (lots of blood in characters' bodies; women don't notice when their clothes are removed, etc.) - DavidWBrooks 18:52, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Removal of Pentagon comparison
The Pentagon comparison adds nothing to this article and it's needlessly politically charged. I don't think we need examples or demonstrations of why these "laws" are "obviously not true in real life," because they are obviously untrue; that's why they're on this list in the first place. This is why I've removed the Pentagon comparison from the "Examples" heading.

Before the inevitable character assassination begins, yes, I do believe American Airlines 77 hit the Pentagon on Sept. 11th. But this article certainly isn't the place to try to swat down conspiracy theorists. --Kuronekoyama 06:00, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Bokken
Wooden katanas (bokken) can cut just as well as the real thing, if not better (see Tatewaki Kuno from Ranma 1/2 or Twilight Suzuka from Outlaw Star)

Isn't Kuno's move an attack? In Episode two,(Both Manga and Anime) Ranma comments on the airflow around the weapon that makes it invincible.

Plausible Impossible
The third paragraph mentions that Disney mispronounced the "impossible" in this phrase to make it rhyme with the "possible." But in my dialect they already rhyme to two syllables. /plQzIbl/ /ImpQsIbl/. Is my dialect different or did he mispronounce it to rhyme to three syllables? /plQzIbl/ /ImpQzIbl/

What?
Why were my additions to the article removed? All of them were relevant to their specific areas. Maybe I should have suggested them here before adding them to the article. I'll do that now, then.

 * In the initial Examples section:
 * Any item, solid or liquid alike, can freeze. Regardless of the substance, the freezing object will always turn into ice and become extremely fragile. The object is very easily broken or molten, and when melting, will turn into water, regardless of what was originally frozen.
 * In extreme cold, water and mucus will freeze instantaneously

 * In the anime physics section:
 * Even if a person is a few meters away from their target, they must sprint at top speed for several seconds to reach it, particularly if the person is running towards an opponent. This gives bystanders (and sometimes, though rarely, the target; however, both the target and the person can talk or think within the given time) enough time to interfere or react to the situation. This also applies to bullets, lasers, or other projectiles.

The first example can be seen in many classic WB toons (I've mostly seen these in ones that don't involve major recurring characters; though I can say I saw it in a few Sylvester and Tweety shorts, as well as some others). The second can be cited in Dragonball (in the original, Z, and GT), Gash Bell, Naruto (especially Naruto; the scenes surrounding Haku's death are a prime example of this) and Pokemon (look how long it takes to launch a Quick Attack), among countless others. It can even be seen in some Anime-influenced animation, in particular Xaolin Showdown, Teen Titans, and Avatar: The Last Airbender.

Uh, that's about it. Comments? 75.24.92.170 04:00, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Because these are "funny things that happen in cartoons" not "consistent alternations to the basic laws of physics'". (There are, I'll admit, already some of these - hair and swords and whatnot) The list of the former could be endless, and tedious. - DavidWBrooks 11:44, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Real-life physics
One of the Examples entries states that "Likewise, a fan and a sail attached to a wheeled platform will cause the platform to move". Uhm, this happens in real life too. Granted, the sail is unnecessary and the platform will move in the opposite direction of that seen in cartoons, but can we rephrase this entry?

 * It the fan faces directly into the sail (as it does in cartoons on all such occasions) - such that all of the airflow from the fan hits the sail - then no - the platform won't move in the real world. SteveBaker 18:10, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Not an expert, but wouldn't the fan's intake cause the platform to move at least a little? timrem 04:39, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps very slightly, but only because of the fan's own inaccuracy leading to less than 100% of the air hitting the sail. (The chance of this being less than the frictional force resisting movement is next to nothing though.) If you didn't put a sail on it, the platform would move due to recoil velocity. --tjstrf talk 04:48, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Too many examples, again
As often happens, everybody who wanders by adds their favorite funny example and the lists grow out of control. I've cut some (four or five were variants on the same falling-affected-by-perception meme) but more trims would be nice. - DavidWBrooks 13:27, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I took upon myself the liberty of significantly trimming the "examples" article.

Too much Looney Toons
I love this article, but I think there is too much emphasis on Looney Toons. (There's a whole section on anvils) We should expand the sections to look at other groups of cartoons. (Klasky-Csupo, ToonDisney, Treehouse TV, AdultSwim, ect.)--Wikiphilia 01:14, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup...
I'm going to clean this page up now, cut out some unnecessary stuff, like some references, and fix some typos and grammars. I'd very much like it if the cleaned version is not reverted just because someone feels that it is heinous to cut out certain things, this article IS after all meant to list some of the most common elements of cartoon physics, not the entire halabalooba. Do feel free to correct some eventual typos and/or incorrect grammars that I might leave in my wake though, and keep striving for perfection... That's all. 217.208.25.108 (talk) 12:37, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

STDs?
Okay, how exactly does the lack of transmission of STDs factor into anything? I think STDs are usually just never brought up at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.170.215.135 (talk) 22:05, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Anime physics
Most of the examples are more cliches than they are physics. There needs to be an overhaul. Pacific Coast Highway { talk • contribs } 04:59, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

where did everything go
why is there basically nothing in the article anymore? who ddeleted it, bring it back! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Not G. Ivingname (talk • contribs) 18:40, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe that it is because Wikipedia is not a directory, and listing example of cartoon physics is not needed if it can be summed up by a few sentences. If you disagree with that, please do not revert the page and start an edit war, instead, either view the history for your own purpose, or, if you want it brought back, bring up the topic on this talk page, as you have done. --jftsang 12:45, 6 August 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jftsang (talk • contribs)
 * Because Wikipeople are insufferable spoil-sports who don't get invited to parties is why. This used to be my favourite article. And all the anime stuff went because some people are just really anal about everything. 213.107.151.20 (talk) 23:37, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

If you want the old thing, you should search for mirrors regarding Wikipedia with static content, or copies which continue to aim to improve, like here. On a less serious note, I completely agree with the IP above me :-) --Anime Addict AA (talk) 16:40, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Wow - I don't get invited to parties because I have edited the "Cartoon physics" article! Who would have guessed? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:10, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

Stephen Gould?
The article mentions a "Stephen Gould" writing about cartoon physics, and the name is given a Wikipedia link to Stephen Jay Gould, the evolutionist, while the reference note credits Stephen R. Gould with the cartoon article. I've removed the Wikipedia link and changed the name to match the reference. Ricky of Kokiri (talk) 22:47, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Comedian bit about 'Laws of the Cartoon Universe'
A long time ago when I watched Comic Strip Live on Fox, I recall seeing a comedian who had a bit about a long bearded Moses-type character who would declare 'Theaz are the Lawz of the Cawtoon Yoonivoorz' spoken more or less the way I spell it, almost in a parody of a Bostonian accent. I recall him including cartoon physics in the bit, but I can't seem to turn up anything about who the comic was. Anyone who knows who it was? This post mentions the same guy, but doesn't confirm the identity, and I even found a transcript of the act here:, but I still can't tell who this is. I'm so close, but just can't 'close the search'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.254.85.243 (talk) 20:56, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

new law
It is also a law in cartoon physic that every time they watch tv to forget about something, that exact thing is on all the channels at the same time.Rphb (talk) 21:46, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Non-exclusivity section
I can't make sense of the sentence "For example, a person recovering remarkably quickly from a serious injury would classify as biology rather than physics." PurpleChez (talk) 20:17, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It means wikipedia editors don't always write very well. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 21:33, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

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More Examples
Are there more examples of cartoon physics?

2600:8800:8880:6A60:152:6688:B7D8:279E (talk) 12:01, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

Double vision?
"Wolf looks both ways down the road, sees nothing, gets hit by bus". Doesn't this oly apply to Wile E. Coyote? Chuck Jones Shinoda meep, meep!  11:39, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cartoon physics


text:
Bill Mitchell (automobile designer)

William Leroy Mitchell (July 2, 1912 – September 12, 1988) was an American automobile designer. Mitchell worked briefly as an advertising illustrator and as the official illustrator of the Automobile Racing Club of America before being recruited by Harley Earl to join the Art and Color Section of General Motors in 1935.

Mitchell is responsible for creating or influencing the design of over 72.5 million automobiles produced by GM, including such landmark vehicles as the 1938 Cadillac Sixty Special, the 1949 Cadillac Coupe deVille, the 1955-57 Chevrolet Bel Air, the 1959-1984 Cadillac DeVille, the 1963–65 and 1966-67 Buick Riviera, the 1961-76 Corvette Stingray, the 1970-81 Chevrolet Camaro, the 1976-79 Cadillac Seville, and the 1980-85 Cadillac Seville. Mitchell spent the entirety of his 42-year career in automobile design at General Motors, eventually becoming Vice President of Design, a position he held for 19 years until his retirement in 1977. His design stewardship at General Motors became known as the 'Bill Mitchell era'.

Early life and education
Bill Mitchell was the son of a Buick dealer and developed a talent for sketching automobiles at an early age. He grew up in Greenville, Pennsylvania and New York City. Mitchell attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later studied at the Art Students' League in New York, New York.

At Barron Collier Advertising
After completing art school, Mitchell joined the New York City based Barron Collier Advertising where he prepared layouts and advertising illustrations, including U.S. advertisements for MG cars. While working at the agency, Mitchell met brothers Barron Collier Jr., Miles Collier and Sam Collier, who had founded the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) (a forerunner of the Sports Car Club of America) in 1931. Mitchell became the official illustrator of the club and his sketches for the club eventually came to the attention of Harley Earl, then head of General Motors Art and Color Section.

Art and Color Section
Based on sketches Mitchell created as the official illustrator for the ARCA, Harley Earl recruited Mitchell to General Motors' then new Art and Color Section on December 15, 1935.

Chief Designer, Cadillac
In 1936 Earl appointed Mitchell as the Chief Designer in the then newly created Cadillac design studio.

Director of Styling (under the Vice President of styling section)
On May 1, 1954 Mitchell became General Motors Director of Styling under Harley Earl.

Vice President, Styling Section (in charge of all styling at GM)
In December 1958, Harley Earl reached GM's mandatory retirement age of 65 and thus retired from his position as chief stylist. The 46-year-old Mitchell succeeded him as General Motors Vice President, Styling Section. Mitchell set out to break with the styling cues used under Harley Earl, wanting to eliminate chrome excess, fat fins and similar signature marks.

1960s

In the 60s, Mitchell promoted what he called the "sheer look," a more aerodynamic, "shoulderless" drop off from a car's windows to its sides.

Mitchell gave GM designers the assignment of combining Rolls-Royce and Ferrari styling cues to create Buick's classic 1963 Riviera. According to a popular story, Mitchell got the idea for the Riviera in Paris. He had originally envisaged the design for Cadillac Division, as a new La Salle, "a baby Cadillac". The Riviera also featured frameless glass in the front doors, giving hardtops an even sleeker look.

An encounter with a shark, while skin diving in the Bahamas, inspired Mitchell's Corvette Shark show car, his Stingray racer and the production 1963 Corvette Stingray, largely designed by Larry Shinoda, under Mitchell's direction. The designs for both the 1963 Corvette and the 1963 Riviera were accepted by their respective divisions on Christmas Eve 1961, in what Mitchell referred to as perhaps the greatest moment of his life.

Mitchell's fondness for split rear windows as featured on the 1957 Buick and on the 1963 Corvette Stingray coupe was not shared by some of his fellow stylists or the buying public and both cars dropped the feature after a measure of public resistance. The split rear window would be eliminated (and re-worked into one pane of curved glass) for the 1964 Corvette coupe. The 1963-1967 Stingray (in both coupe and roadster editions), with its slightly bulged front and rear quarter-panels, would be one of the first General Motors cars to feature what came to be known as "Coke bottle" styling, creating an aggressive and muscular look.

Mitchell also influenced the dramatic styling of the second generation 1965 rear-engine Corvair, which, like other GM models introduced for that year, used curved side-window glass to enhance its "Coke Bottle" profile.

1970s

During the 1973-74 energy crisis, which brought on a greater demand for smaller cars in place of the larger cars that had been GM's bread and butter profit machine for decades, Mitchell oversaw the styling and design efforts of GM's downsized full-sized and intermediate-sized cars which were introduced in the late 1970s, some of the last designs that he would lead—and all largely based on themes first developed in his 1976 Cadillac Seville. However, when it came to compact and subcompact cars, Mitchell, who often struggled with alcoholism, reflected that "Small cars are like vodka. Sure people will try them out but they won't stay with them."

Mitchell stepped down as chief stylist in July 1977 following his 65th birthday. The last car he designed at GM was the 1977 Pontiac Phantom concept, which now resides at the Sloan Museum. He was also instrumental in the design of what would become the 1980-85 Cadillac Seville. On August 1, 1977, Irv Rybicki succeeded Mitchell as Vice President of General Motors Design.

1980s
Following his retirement from General Motors, Mitchell ran William L. Mitchell Design, a private design-consulting firm, from 1977 to 1984. He was a vocal critic of the new fourth-generation Corvette's styling, which he referred to as "bland." Bill Mitchell died at the age of 76 from heart failure at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan, on September 12, 1988.

Awards and recognition
Bill Mitchell was inducted into the Corvette Hall of Fame by the National Corvette Museum in 1998.

title: Bill Mitchell (automobile designer)


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Edward Furlong

Edward Walter Furlong (born August 2, 1977) is an American actor. He won Saturn and MTV Movie Awards for his breakthrough performance at age 13 as John Connor in James Cameron's 1991 science fiction action film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was followed by a mini-sequel, short attraction film T2-3D: Battle Across Time.

In 1992, he gave an Independent Spirit Award-nominated turn opposite Jeff Bridges in American Heart, and earned a second Saturn Award nomination for his work in Pet Sematary Two. He won a Young Artist Award for his performance alongside Kathy Bates in A Home of Our Own (1993) and appeared in Before and After (1996) with Meryl Streep and Liam Neeson. Furlong received acclaim for his starring roles in the 1998 motion pictures Pecker, co-starring Christina Ricci, and American History X, co-starring Edward Norton. He had significant roles in the comedy Detroit Rock City (1999) and the crime drama Animal Factory (2000).

Early life
Edward Furlong was born August 2, 1977, in Glendale, California, the son of Eleanor Torres (née Tafoya), a youth-center worker, and Heinrich Bruno Wittig. Furlong is of Mexican descent on his mother's side, and has also described himself as "part Russian".

Furlong never met his biological father, who died in June 1980 when Edward was two years old. His mother's sister, Nancy Tafoya, and their half-brother, Sean Furlong, obtained custody of him for several years, including 1990–1991, when he began his acting career. Initially, the two served as Furlong's managers.

1990s
In 1991, Furlong began his film career as John Connor in Terminator 2: Judgment Day, a role that earned him an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Role and a Saturn Award for best young actor. He was discovered for the part by casting director Mali Finn while visiting the Pasadena Boys and Girls Club in September 1990.

He followed this role with a string of moderately successful high-profile films and independent films, sharing the screen with Meryl Streep and Liam Neeson in Before and After (1996); Tim Roth, Maximilian Schell and Vanessa Redgrave in Little Odessa (1995); Jeff Bridges in American Heart (1993); and Anthony Edwards and Clancy Brown in Pet Sematary Two (1992).

In 1993, he was featured in Aerosmith's music video for "Livin' on the Edge". He played the lead role of Michael Brower, a horror and videogame-obsessed teen in the sci-fi horror film Brainscan (1994). In 1995, he starred in the film adaptation of Truman Capote's The Grass Harp. He reprised his role as John Connor in the 1996 theme park ride T2-3D: Battle Across Time alongside Linda Hamilton, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Robert Patrick.

In 1998, he starred in American History X alongside Edward Norton and appeared in his first comedy role in Pecker, directed by John Waters. Of his title role in Pecker, Furlong stated, "It's true most of the characters that I've played so far are kind of like suicidal. Really dark roles, which I like. But I wanted to do something different and John gave me a chance to do that."

In 1998, he starred in the film Detroit Rock City. During filming, he met Natasha Lyonne whom he then dated. He played a young convict in Steve Buscemi's film Animal Factory (2000).

2000s
Furlong's career and stardom declined considerably after 2000, with most of his subsequent films being released straight to DVD. In 2001 he took a role in I Cavalieri che fecero l'impresa aka The Knights of the Quest, a little-seen film by Italian filmmaker Pupi Avati. Furlong was expected to play John Connor again in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003); however, Nick Stahl was cast just before filming began. He later said he had a deal to reprise his role, and was removed after the producers discovered his drug addiction.

In 2004, he appeared in a music video for Metallica's "The Unnamed Feeling", and played Jimmy in the low budget independent film Jimmy & Judy (2004), during which time he met Rachael Bella. The two became romantically involved and later married. He played the lead in The Crow series' fourth film The Crow: Wicked Prayer (2005), alongside David Boreanaz and Tara Reid, which was planned for a theatrical release but upon release was widely panned by critics and audiences and was released to DVD after one week in limited theaters. He appeared in Night of the Demons, the 2009 remake of the 1988 horror classic, which was shot in New Orleans and released straight to DVD.

In 2006 and again in 2010, he appeared in five episodes of the television program CSI: NY as Shane Casey.

2010s
Furlong appeared in two scenes of Seth Rogen's film The Green Hornet (2011). Next he starred in This Is Not a Movie, an English-language Mexican film written and directed by Olallo Rubio and co-starring Peter Coyote and Edi Gathegi. He was featured as Fixer in the crowdfunded pilot Star Trek: Renegades.

In 2019, James Cameron confirmed that Furlong would be returning to reprise his role of John Connor. It was later reported that his facial likeness would be used via CGI in Terminator: Dark Fate (2019) with Jude Collie as a CGI stand-in, and he was involved in one day of filming for facial capture performance, as John Connor was killed off in the opening scene.

2020s
In 2023, Furlong was slated to star in the movie Forest Hills alongside Shelley Duvall and Dee Wallace as well as Charlie's House.

Other work
In October 1992, Furlong released an album in Japan called Hold on Tight, with a cover of "People Are Strange" by the Doors.

Personal life
When Furlong was 16 he began a relationship with his  stand-in and tutor, 26-year-old Jacqueline Domac, whom he had met when he was 13. They eventually began living together. When California's statutory rape law changed in 1994 to allow the prosecution of adult women who have sex with minors, his uncle Sean Furlong filed a complaint against Domac alleging rape, but was unsuccessful in having Domac prosecuted. In May 1999, Domac sued Edward Furlong for domestic violence and for 15 percent of everything he had made in the previous three years, including his pay for Pecker and American History X, which she claimed that she was owed because she had worked for Furlong as his manager.

Furlong married Rachael Bella on April 19, 2006. The couple's son was born in September 2006. On July 8, 2009, she filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences. Later in 2009, she sought to dissolve the restraining order she had filed, so that he could visit their child. In 2012, Bella alleged in court documents that their six-year-old son tested positive for cocaine, which led a judge to rule Furlong's visits had to be supervised.

Substance abuse and legal problems
Furlong has battled alcoholism and drug addiction throughout his career. He first went into rehab in October 2000. In 2006, Furlong stated he was "on and off" hard drugs from ages 22 to 26 and added that "I was a heroin and cocaine addict. It was really scary." and "I don't even think about (partying) anymore. It seems lonely now: running and clubbing and doing coke. I have nightmares about doing hard drugs. I'll wake up and I'm like, 'Did I relapse?

In September 2009, Bella filed a restraining order against Furlong after he allegedly punched her in a drug-fueled altercation. In 2010, he received three years of probation for violation of the civil protective order obtained by Bella.

In October 2012, Furlong was arrested and charged with felony domestic violence against his girlfriend Monica Keena. In November 2012, he was arrested for allegedly assaulting Keena. In January 2013, he was arrested and charged with misdemeanor battery against Keena and arraigned on an outstanding misdemeanor warrant for a December 12 misdemeanor domestic violence charge also involving Keena. In March 2013, he was sentenced to 180 days in jail for a violation of probation after he "used force" against his ex-girlfriend, and for violation of a protective order, prohibiting approach and contact with Keena. He was arrested again in May 2013 for assaulting his girlfriend and avoided a further prison sentence after agreeing to five years' probation, 90 days rehab for drug addiction, and one year of domestic violence counseling. He had served 61 days in jail.

Rehabilitation and reconciliation
After his arrest in 2013, Furlong committed to rehabilitation.

In February 2021, he reunited with his American History X co-star, Ethan Suplee, on Suplee's podcast American Glutton to discuss Furlong's recovery from drug addiction and compulsive eating. At the time of publication, he was three years sober from alcohol and illegal substances. Speaking on his initial hesitancy to maintain sobriety, he said, "I genuinely was afraid of facing what I would be without all that, because I carried all that as who I was."

title: Edward Furlong