text:
Talk:Public ownership

Top
Biased entry. Note the confident use of "will" and "are" in the Pro-Nationalization entries, compared to the "might" and "may" used for Anti-Nationalization. (23:12, 9 Mar 2004)

 * Well, that certainly changed! Recent efforts to NPOV the article have resulted in making it biased in the other direction (against nationalization). I've attempted to fix that problem and achieve balance. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:59, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The main entry should be Public ownership. The arguments listed as pro/anti nationalization are largely arguments for/against public ownership. The Nationalization page, if not merely a redirect to public ownership, should discuss the process of change which the term refers to. Rd232 18:25, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm going to move the current page to public ownership and then edit both. Rd232 18:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wasteful competition?
"By creating a publicly accountable monopoly, nationalisation eliminates wasteful competition and transaction costs (e.g. instead of three companies producing the same thing resulting in duplication and inefficiency, one nationally-owned company can not make the same product)." The argumentation is really wandering here. Wasteful competition? That's the most stupid thing I've ever heard. - Jerryseinfeld 20:14, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well it's nice that you can dismiss an entire field of economic theory (transaction cost economics) in a couple of lines. A theory which among other things illuminates why big conglomerates exist and why there is such a thing as an employment contract. Note also two statistics: administrative costs in US healthcare system: 25%; in UK NHS: 2.5% or thereabouts (this was an academic article I read a couple of years ago, so figures are approx; but the difference was an order of magnitude). More fundamentally, competition is not costless. (Though the benefits often outweigh the costs compared to available alternatives, this obviously depends on the relative costs and benefits.) Thanks for listening, you've been a great audience... Rd232 18:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Where's the article you read? - Jerryseinfeld 20:00, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think I have it at work somewhere - I'll see if I can find it. Rd232 20:46, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nationalization
Perhaps you should explain that "nationalization" is when the government buys a corporation, since the word redirects here, and remove the self-redirect. And "public ownership" is the worst kind of POV (point of view), "government ownership" is NPOV (neutral point of view), it should be moved there. - Jerryseinfeld 19:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I just did the first thing - it was work-in-progress when you wrote the above. The second... "Public ownership" isn't POV, and outweighs "government ownership" nearly 3:1 in Google. I agree, though, that "public ownership" is broader than just "government", although the terms are very frequently used synonymously. Certainly we could and should have a section on other forms of public ownership, like cooperatives; and maybe mention/link to the idea of a shareholding democracy (Manchester United fans' shareholding springs to mind). And there certainly needs to be somewhere on Wikipedia a decent discussion of the idea of publicness so that it can be linked to from here (I haven't found one). But simply moving "public ownership" to "government ownership" would need a fairly decent article on public ownership in general to avoid it looking like a POV statement, given the common usage of the term. Rd232 20:25, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "'Public ownership' isn't POV"? "Public ownership" is a communist term for "government ownership". - Jerryseinfeld 02:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * ROTFLMAO. I doubt this is true even in the US. It certainly isn't in Europe. And where communist states are concerned, they usually self-described as a more nebuluous "people's" ownership (eg Volkseigener Betrieb) - whilst non-communists described it as "state" ownership. Yes, "public ownership" contains positive aspirations (public accountability, public service, etc) where "government ownership" doesn't - but that doesn't necessarily make the latter neutral if it's implicitly denying or denigrating such aspirations. Similar criticisms (of non-neutrality) could be made about many other terms in common usage. It isn't Wikipedia's job to NPOV the entire world; see Wikipedia naming conventions on using the most common term - "public ownership" beats "government ownership" 3:1 in Google. Rd232 10:51, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course it outnumbers it, since it can mean pretty much anything you want it to mean. Public ownership is often when a "private" "natural person" own a share of a "publicly traded" corporation. - Jerryseinfeld 17:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, forget Google (though I suspect most references are to the usage of this article); it's certainly the dominant usage, at least in Europe. And I've never seen it used in the way you mention above - for the obvious reason that a person is not a public! A largeish group of people can be a public (see my Manchester United example above). But this is still "private ownership" precisely because it takes rare things like the loyalty given to a football club a - non-economic value - to make them act as a public and not as a group of self-interested shareholders. Don't confuse the issue with "publicly-traded shares", which is public in the sense of "open to all", not in the sense of collective action. (NB further evidence of the need for a good Wiki definition of the multiple meanings of "public".) Rd232 19:44, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's a very good point. - Jerryseinfeld 22:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You know what, I found something that is "government" but not "public", there are no "public bonds" are there? - Jerryseinfeld 04:42, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You seem to be obsessed with proving that "government" does not equal "public". (Congratulations, d'you want a medal?) This has no bearing on which of the terms is more commonly used in cases such as "public debt" (clearly beating "government debt") and "government bonds" (clearly beating "public bonds"). (Yeah, I know, the world is not a consistent place.) Wikipedia policy is to use the most common term. On which basis, maybe the article should be moved to public sector, if you're prepared to overlook slight differences in connotation. Rd232 11:45, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions
Change "public services such as healthcare, education, the police and fire service and others are usually distinguished from nationalized industries that may produce coal, steel or financial services" to "public services such as healthcare, education, the police and fire service and others are usually distinguished from public goods like coal, steel". If one category is "public services" the other category must be "public goods". - Jerryseinfeld 23:03, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * :) See comments elsewhere. They differ in their publicness, not in their serviceness. There is no single convenient term I can think of for "public sector but not a service". That you can suggest coal and financial services are "public goods" suggests you really ought to open an introductory economics book... Rd232 00:27, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually the whole article should be moved to government ownership. And for some reason public good actually list "services" as "goods". - Jerryseinfeld 04:34, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry about tone, but much as I try to bite my tongue, you're infuriating me. It shouldn't be government ownership; it could be public sector. The latter might be better than public ownership, as it's more common; and while they're not identical in meaning they're probably close enough. Rd232 11:35, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Arguments for government ownership
Don't you have a head? Use it. A public good is, by definition, public. It means that the wealth belongs to everyone and, in the case of a "democratic"(does it exists?) state, that this wealth is directly manageable by public vote. Instead of a constant research of profit and cyclic gifts for the "poors" shareholders, the wealth is used for public policies, education, health, everything, and the workers are paid globally THE SAME so extreme imbalances are avoided. There's no more"hey im the boss/master/chief assistant/thief here, give me 9000% of standard wages because i took, 54 years ago, a risk in starting this business!", and no more "hey, its too risky to be the boss, i deserve my HUGE wage(s), and i the business sinks, i will leave with ALL the FUCKIN MONEY ahahhahaha you sheeps...." There's no more of that. Everyone is a worker, the money is democraticaly controled and no one has the power to fuck his neighbour in order to be "rich"(is it really useful if the wages are corrects?) But i wonder why i talk about this, as it belongs to an other thinking system than yours, and if not "HEY YOU COMMUNIST YOU COMMUNIST!"(and im not, but its not an insult), i really wonder what you could learn me86.219.2.34 (talk) 18:26, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * "Public ownership can help prevent extreme imbalances of wealth." Shouldn't you say how? - Jerryseinfeld 23:53, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Arguments against public ownership
Removed "public ownership can prevent extreme imbalances of wealth". How on earth is that supposed to work? With large compensations for lousy work? - Jerryseinfeld 23:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Jerry, jerry, jerry... please stop and think before you dismiss things! Profit-making companies/industries owned by government distribute wealth more widely than private ownership, even when shares are public-traded and widely held. Just think if Microsoft (effectively a monopoly on desktop PC operating systems since about 1990 at least) were owned by the US government. All those billions in annual profits going to government spending (or lower taxation) pot instead of Bill Gates' bank account... It's not a terribly good argument because taxation will generally (not always) do the same job, with probably less effects on incentives/efficiency; but it IS an argument. Please put it back. Rd232 00:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me see if I understand this, it's "arguments against public ownership", and the argument is that "public ownership can prevent extreme imbalances of wealth", but since "progressive taxation" can do that to, it's not needed? - Jerryseinfeld 00:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's "arguments for" - but not a very a good one, because of the persuasive counter of "progressive taxation". Anyway I'm not that bothered about the detail, because the whole page is so bad. It should not be structured that pro/anti way; it's not helpful for the reader. Rd232 11:30, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As the topic says, it was an argument against, with the full text "although public ownership can prevent extreme imbalances of wealth, so can progressive taxation". - Jerryseinfeld 17:12, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Diplomacy
"Rank and yank" was replaced with "threat of redundancy". I kind of like that, it's so, diplomatic. - Jerryseinfeld 00:25, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Move

 * The content of this page is moved to government ownership, since government bonds are not "public bonds", government ownership is not "public ownership. - Jerryseinfeld 04:43, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It was just "unmoved" without explanation. - Jerryseinfeld 00:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Restoration
Smart restoriation G-string. Now you lost half the article. - Jerryseinfeld 23:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Language

 * "Public ownership (government ownership) refers to an industry owned by the state at any level, central, regional or local (municipal)." It should be "Public ownership" refers to any public ownership of assets, industries, and corporations. - Jerryseinfeld 23:56, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "The term "public ownership" is usually used to describe government ownership of commercial operations such as coal and steel producers, rather than public services such as healthcare, education, police, fire service." Says who? - Jerryseinfeld 00:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * They're all commercial operations. If there is ANY demand it's a commerical operation (or a "potential commercial operation" if you like). Instead of removing the sentence I changed it to be very clear, with FACTS, instead of the vague thoughts and ideas of the author of public services of what is "usually" said and thought. - Jerryseinfeld 17:16, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, "commercial" is such a vague term it should't be used unless you're writing one of those vague socialists nonsense articles. So it's "for-profit", in the eyes of who? It just doesn't mean anything and shouldn't be used. - Jerryseinfeld 17:39, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ye gods. In one fell swoops he prohibits the use of 'commercial' unless you're writing one of those vague socialists nonsense articles. Who was it who said "it's better to hold your tongue and be thought a fool than to open it and remove all doubt"? Not a thought that seems ever to have crossed your mind... Rd232 18:47, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Jerryseinfeld - you seem to be talking to yourself. (NB I had put nationalised industries, not "commercial operations"; I don't know who changed it.) Anyway, what do you think of the move request? Rd232 18:47, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"==Glossary== The term "public ownership" is sometimes used exclusively to describe government ownership of operations where the customer pays for all expenses in the production of for example coal and steel. Perhaps in contrast to "public services" where the customers may not pay all expenses so the taxpayer has to fund the revenue shortfall, in areas such as healthcare, education, police, fire service."
 * This is simply not true. Rd232 22:38, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rename

 * Let's see how this can be structured. There already is government. Articles on the government topic should be subcategories to government, this one could be government operations. - Jerryseinfeld 17:07, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Or even better, it can be split into government ownership and government operations. - Jerryseinfeld 17:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You seem to oppose public sector on ideological grounds. Fine, but there are Wikipedia conventions you must respect, even if you ignore my opinion. Government operations is an ill-defined term that insofar as its meaning is clear, differs from public sector. In any case, "public sector" outweighs "government operations" in Google fully 17:1. On the other hand, it might be best for my blood pressure if we work on different pages, even if they end up having to be merged later... Rd232 17:59, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, it would be polite to give people a chance to respond to such suggestions rather than implementing them immediately. Rd232 17:59, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

public ownership → public sector
The latter term is more common; the former term, although substantially equivalent, seems to be unhelpful to creating a good page. (See current introduction.) NB The page was originally Nationalization, but the arguments were really about public ownership and about the validity of government involvement in the economy, for example in public services. Public ownership may also be a UK-centric term; I'm not clear on this. Rd232 18:22, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Objection (not really against the move, but as these articles being redirected as they are) — I don't see why the two of these articles are connected in the first place. When you get down to the nitty-gritty of it, the two terms don't define the same thing.  Public Ownership can refer a.) to a company of which shares (securities) are available for sale to the public, or publically held or traded, as much as it can refer to b.) a company whose existence is as regulated monopoly (i.e. Power Companies like the former Montana Power) but the control of the company outside of the regulatory oversight is generally the same as any regular corporate entity, or c.) a company the government has taken over for the public good (through Nationalization). Public Sector on the other hand just refers to the part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services (defense, police, public works, public education, &c.). These, in all reality, should be two separate articles. —ExplorerCDT 06:27, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Public sector and public ownership have distinct meanings.  The former refers to a mode of business financed by public funds and organized on behalf of the community (but sometimes carried out by private contractors), the latter to the legal possession of property, including business assets, by or on behalf of the community by an appointed representative such as the government. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 13:10, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose - different concepts. Icundell 21:19, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW, I invite anyone with an opinion to come and edit the articles and help clarify the matter. Public sector currently directs to public ownership, and any help in developing both articles would be much appreciated. Rd232 22:51, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Your wish is my command. See public sector as an opening gambit. A bit rough and ready. Have tweak public ownership a bit too. Icundell 10:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Boy, I wish people said that to me more often :) ... Cheers for your help. Rd232 20:28, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Paranoia
User:Mihnea Tudoreanu is a communist. User:Mihnea Tudoreanu is a communist.--Jerryseinfeld 01:35, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * For once your paranoid self is correct. I am a communist working to achieve NPOV and remove your neoliberal capitalist bias from this article. So? -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 01:44, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * How can you exactly achieve NPOV if you're removing the true (neoliberal, capitalist) description and if you're a communist? Isn't the final form of your achievements guaranteed to be a CPOV - a Communist Point of View? :-) Do you still view the words "neoliberal" and "capitalist" as insults? I thought that these people have already died decades ago!  --Lumidek 02:00, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha, yes, I forgot that Neoliberalism had been recently promoted to the status of Most Holy and Absolute Truth, and that us anti-capitalist heathens shall be smited by the Sacred Invisible Hand. Thanks for reminding me. :-) -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 02:10, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * "How can you exactly achieve NPOV if you're removing the true (neoliberal, capitalist) description..." ... you've really got the hang of this NPOV thing, haven't you Lumidek? Rd232 11:05, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

NPOV doesn't exist, only the sum of all points of view approach the "truth"(if there's one...) And its true, some of the articles were written by neo-liberals(and if they do not accept this denomination, lets call them "people influenced directly or indirectly by the economic schools of vienna and/or chicago"), but some articles were, to the contrary, by communists(even if i feel closer to them). I dont think that writing POV articles is a good way to proceed, but those "for/against" are really interesting and would make it possible to express nearly all the POV on a given problem. It would be, to me, really informative to have more of 'em done 'round here86.219.2.34 (talk) 18:03, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Weasel words
The following appears in the article:
 * There has been discussion of a public service ethos which makes public sector workers work harder than they would for a private employer.

There has been discussion by whom about the public service ethos? -- backburner001 18:04, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I highly doubt this. Almost every book/article I've read say that it is actually harder to motivate public sector workers, since bonuses, dismissals and such are restricted by law. Rodrigo Novaes 15:18, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Also, another reference in the article reads:
 * Of course, some of these measures may be considered positive rather than negative, but if they are not taken properly, in the long run they are likely to be an inefficient way to meet the desired goals.

Considered positive by whom? Written as it is, this statement is slightly POV toward public ownership supporters (while concealing this POV by acknowledging long-term inefficiency. -- backburner001 18:12, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I am opposed to the merger of Public ownership and Government-owned corporation. A Government-owned corporation is only one of many types of public ownership. Biscuittin 20:09, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed merge flag, dormant since May.--Gregalton 02:58, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
On 29 July 2007 a large part of this article was removed without consultation. I regard this as vandalism and I intend to revert it. Please discuss. Biscuittin 08:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No comments received. Reversion done. Biscuittin 08:25, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Other uses
Why is there no 'State Property redirects here, for other uses see State Property (disambiguation)' line? Since there are other uses for 'State Property' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Merge parastatal here
What's the difference? Tazmaniacs 13:20, 6 September 2007 (UTC) Note also the similarity with Government-linked companies. Tazmaniacs 13:22, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It would probably be more appropriate in the Quangos article. Somearemoreequal 11:39, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The three articles public property, state property and public space are all very similar in kind. I think Wikipedia would be better served if these were merged into public ownership, so that a comprehensive article on the subject could be written. This would make it easier to compare the concepts. If the article grows too long with time, then the concepts can be separated, like has been done with state-owned enterprise. -- M a r c u s      12:47, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * public property, state property yes. public space is substantially different and unlike the other two has a substantial article. Rd232 talk 14:22, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

WP:Bold blanking by User:Jmcnamera
Is it not true that sections may stand merely on their internal consistency and wikilinks which suffice for WP:V? (i.e., it's nice to have external refs to cite for every sentence but hardly expedient.) -MBHiii (talk) 04:48, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Lighten up!
Public ownership is the only way our society can progress! Nobody actually "owns" anything. You can't "steal" something. Everybody owns it, but it's noone's responsibility. This whole wikipedia thing should not exist, because the internet should not exist except as a way of playing network games, because all of this talk is too political. I should be able to communicate my thoughts as unintelligibly as I feel like, because that's how the world works. I should be able to grunt and you get the point. Does somebody want to get me a beer? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.220.211.56 (talk) 06:53, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Clean-up
I removed the unreferenced for and against section, which NPOV and just a list, which is discouraged. I also removed the reference needed header, which was from 2007.--SasiSasi (talk) 13:41, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public ownership


text:
Talk:List of Quebec general elections

Participation rate
It would be nice to see the participation rate throughout history. Tonight is election night, and I heard it was a historical low (56%). Would like to see how true that is, if someone can dig that up.

Also, it may be more relevant to place the ADQ next to the PQ, instead of after the Union nationale (i.e. revert the order Conservative-UN-ADQ to ADQ-UN-Cons. Just seems that most people will want to compare the most recent elections, and the UN and Conservatives are long gone political parties.  69.157.157.127 (talk) 04:45, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

older entries
Results are from DGEQ where possible, but they don't have old historical data.

Also using results from "External sites" section, but beware, these can have errors! So check multiple sources.

- P.T. Aufrette 23:13, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Much better source of old historical info at: http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/index.html Will edit to reflect this.

- P.T. Aufrette 02:04, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I have converted this page from a list of tables of results of each election into a series of summary tables. The tables on individual elections have been enhanced with more information, re-formatted, and transferred to the articles on each election.

Since this is no longer a list, I have re-named the article from "List of Quebec general elections" by moving it to "Quebec general elections". I hope that no-one minds me being bold. I think that this is a more useful arrangement of the information. Ground Zero 21:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Change of layout?
What do people think of re-formatting this page so that it more along the lines of List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections? Tompw (talk) 00:50, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

I took this template from the NS elections page,theres still a few wrong adressses in it,but the dates are correct.If this helps with the change of layout.-Monre

Wikified table?
Beh, the table code is ugly. Granted it only needs updates once in a while, but isn't a wikified table preferable? Arasaka (talk) 14:48, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

RE-edit: sorry, had not realised the above table was part of the previous post... 69.70.111.118 (talk) 16:17, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Done! Arasaka (talk) 13:56, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

switch tables
The 1867-1935 should appear before the 1935-present table. Really. Donutcity (talk) 22:45, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Quebec general elections


text:
Carolina Maria de Jesus

Carolina Maria de Jesus (14 March 1914 – 13 February 1977 ) was a Brazilian outskirts memorialist who lived most of her life as a slum-dweller. She is best known for her diary, published in August 1960 as Quarto de Despejo (lit. Junk Room, English title Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus) after attracting the attention of a Brazilian journalist, which became a bestseller and won international acclaim. The work remains the only document published in English by a Brazilian slum-dweller of that period. De Jesus spent a significant part of her life in the Canindé [pt] favela in North São Paulo, supporting herself and three children as a scrap collector.

Quarto de despejo did not stop at being an editorial success, it also spawned theatrical plays, musical compositions (some by de Jesus herself), illustrations and sayings, and is a source for both individual and collective artistic creations, especially by other Black women from Brazilian city outskirts. De Jesus lends her name to community preparatory schools, theatre halls, saraus and collective action groups. The 2020 edition of the Festa Literária das Periferias (Outskirts Literary Festival) was held in honour of de Jesus' memory, on the 60th anniversary of the book's publication.

Early life
Carolina Maria de Jesus was born in the city of Sacramento, Minas Gerais, then a small rural town. Her parents were illiterate sharecroppers. She was the daughter of a single mother, and her father was married to another woman. For those reasons, she was treated as an outcast as a child and was a victim of child mistreatment. When she reached the age of seven, de Jesus' mother forced her to attend school. Maria Leite Monteiro de Barros, a wealthy landowner's wife who was also a benefactor to other poor black neighbourhood children, supported her for a while and paid for her schooling. Her formal education lasted a meagre two years, though by then she was already able to read and write. As her mother had illegitimate children, her family was excluded from Catholic Church. Nevertheless, she never stopped considering herself a Catholic. For instance, she often made biblical references and praises to God in her diary: "I dreamt I was an angel. My dress was billowing and had long pink sleeves. I went from earth to heaven. I put stars in my hands and played with them. I talked to the stars. They put on a show in my honor. They danced around me and made a luminous path. When I woke up I thought: I’m so poor. I can't afford to go to a play so God sends me these dreams for my aching soul. To the God who protects me, I send my thanks."

In 1937, the year her mother died, de Jesus migrated to the metropolis of São Paulo, which was experiencing a demographic upswing and witnessing the appearance of its first slums. Here, she worked as a maid for white families, but found that the work clashed with her independent personality. In 1948, she became pregnant. These reasons led to her dismissal by the family for which she was a maid, and she ended up needing to live in the nearby favela, Canindé. It is reported that authorities in her hometown thought her ability to read meant that she was a practitioner of witchcraft, because it was so unusual for someone like her. In São Paulo, she earned a living by collecting recyclable materials. She would purchase what little food she could afford with the earnings of her hard work. De Jesus made her own shack out of scrap plywood, cans, cardboard, or pretty much anything she could obtain. Among the materials she collected, there would be an occasional journal or notebook, as well as books, which encouraged her to start recording her day-to-day activities and write about life in the favela. It angered her neighbours that she was always writing because they were illiterate and felt uncomfortable at the thought of her writing about them. Her neighbours were jealous of her and tended to treat de Jesus and her children badly. She never considered getting married, on account of having witnessed too much domestic violence in the slums and preferring to remain an independent woman. She had three children, each from a different relationship (at least one of whom was with a wealthy white man). Unlike many fellow black women, de Jesus celebrated her race and was proud of it. To her, her skin and hair looked beautiful.

In her diary, she gives details about the daily life of favelados (the inhabitants of favelas), and bluntly describes the political and social facts which impacted their lives. She writes of how poverty and desperation can cause people of elevated moral character to abandon their principles and dishonour themselves to simply feed their families. According to her, favelados would never get the chance to save money, as any extra earnings would immediately be used to pay off debts.

Publication of her diary
De Jesus' diary was published in August 1960. She had been discovered by journalist Audálio Dantas in April 1958. Dantas was covering the opening of a neighbouring city playground when, immediately after the ribbon-cuttings, a street gang stormed in and claimed the area, chasing the children away. Dantas saw de Jesus standing at the edge of the playground shouting, "If you continue mistreating these children, I'm going to put all of your names in my book!". The intruders departed. Dantas asked what she meant by "book"; she was shy at first, but took him to her shack and showed him everything she had written. He asked her for a small sample and subsequently ran it in the newspaper. However, de Jesus is known to have given interviews and made other newspaper appearances since the early 1940s.

The inspiration for the book's title came from de Jesus' believing the favela was society's junk room: 'I live in the junk room. And whatever's in there, people either set on fire, or throw in the garbage'.

De Jesus's story electrified the town and in 1960, Quarto de Despejo was released. The first edition quickly sold its 10,000 initial copies. 20,000 copies of the second edition and an additional 50,000 copies of the third edition were soon printed to meet the popular demand of the book. Though written in the simple language of a favela dweller, the book was translated into thirteen (another source says fourteen) languages and became a bestseller in North America and Europe. It was published in the United States and UK as Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus in 1962. The book was heavily edited by Dantas, and some critics suspected it a fraud; but the original manuscript was preserved and reprinted in full in 1999, proving not only that de Jesus wrote the book herself, but that she was a much livelier and more poetic writer than Dantas' edition seemed to suggest. Additionally, we know that while de Jesus wanted to publish more of her own stories and poems, Dantas heavily advised her against doing so. The book's status as a bestseller came as a surprise to her neighbourhood as well as the country. Many of de Jesus' neighbours knew about her writings before the publication and would tease and ridicule her because of them. "Most couldn't even read, but thought she should be doing other things with her spare time than writing and saving old writings." Despite the large amount of publicity and popularity caused by the diary, de Jesus continued to be a social pariah.

De Jesus' diary detailed the grim reality of her life as well as that of those around her. She judged her neighbours based on their lifestyles, using actual names and circumstances in the book. "You wrote bad things about me, you did worse than I did", a drunken neighbour once yelled. Many neighbours despised de Jesus because she seemed to look down on slum people's way of life. One man "screamed at her that she was a 'black whore' who had become rich by writing about favelados but refused to share any of her money with them." In addition to their cruel words, people threw stones and full chamber pots at her and her children. They were also angry because she used the proceeds of her diary to move into a brick-house in the high-end neighbourhood of Santana. "Neighbors swarmed around the truck and wouldn't let her leave. 'You think you are high class now, don't you'", they would scream. They despised her for what they saw as a disparagement of their way of life, even though a major achievement of her diary was to increase awareness about Brazilian favelas the world over.

Seeing as de Jesus raised concerns about conditions in the favelas, local politicians started wanting to meet with her to discuss possible ways to amend the situation. São Paulo's governor Francisco Prestes Maia made a move to engage state agencies in providing poverty relief for favelados. Most of his projects were concerned with teaching women to sew, care properly for their children and practice good hygiene. However, these initiatives quickly faded.

Children
De Jesus' had three children: João José, José (aka Zé) Carlos, and Vera Eunice. Through interviews for The Life and Death of Maria de Jesus (see below ), second eldest Zé and daughter Vera provide vital information about her personality.

In her interview, Vera clearly describes how her mother devoted herself entirely to her dream of becoming a writer, without any help from others. Vera admired her mother's aspiration to create a better life not only for herself but for her children. Although living with de Jesus' could be challenging, Vera stated "There is no one in the world I admire more than her." Vera stresses how the success of her mother's work quickly resulted in the family constantly traveling, attending parties, and living in a large mansion that seemed almost prison-like due to its large size. Constantly praising her mother during the interview, Vera gives full credit to de Jesus for her achievements; according to her, she would never have been able to attend school if it were not for her mother's success.

Vera constantly mentions the danger of living in the favela and how, although she and her siblings were born poor, their mother fought for a better life for them. Violence in the favela made it dangerous for Vera and her brothers to be on the streets with her mother, so most of their time was spent idly, sometimes studying, in their shack waiting for her to return. De Jesus rarely let her children leave their shack, fearing for their safety. Leaving her children alone at night was too dangerous. Vera states: "We didn’t have enough money to buy proper food, but my mother wanted us to stay out of the favela! She disliked not only the favela, but the people who lived in it... my mother gave [my brothers] money to stay away the whole day. They only returned at night, to sleep. Movie tickets ended up costing much of our money for food, but she preferred it that way. She preferred to leave at dawn, with her sack on her shoulders, to walk, walk, walk and to go to bed hungry, rather than to leave us alone in Canindé." "Hunger is the world plague of the favela", Vera stated.

Vera made it clear that there was constantly a man in her mother's life. In her words, de Jesus loved being infatuated and was very sexually-oriented. She stressed how her mother did not fancy the Black men of the favela and how they did not favour her too much either. While she had been called a witch in her hometown, in Canindé she was regarded merely as an eccentric. People there were less in awe of her writing than intimidated by it: "In the favela, they thought that she was crazy, walking with her notebook under her arm. There were people who laughed. The worst ones laughed at her piles of paper, but they stopped when they realized that it was neither a joke nor craziness". When someone upset her, she threatened to write about them in her book. Jealousy of her writing, men, and lifestyle resulted in other faveladas (the female inhabitants of favelas) antagonizing her. However, that did not stop de Jesus from continuing to write about what was going on in the favela.

During the interview, Vera recalls an event specifically showing her mother's love and protection towards her children. She recalled a childhood event in which she was playing on the grass when a man approached her and asked her to help him find something. The two headed down towards a river and soon the man began removing Vera's clothes in an indication that he was about to rape her. De Jesus instinctively felt her daughter was in danger, and soon made her way down to the river, thereby rescuing her daughter and chasing the stranger away.

According to Vera, before the publication of Quarto de despejo her mother became obsessed with Audálio Dantas, her publisher, and was constantly anxious about him sending word about her diary. Soon after the book was released, Vera found herself attending her mother's book signings, wearing new clothes, and traveling across Brazil. All of a sudden, everything Vera, her brothers, and her mother wanted was at their fingertips. Vera said her mother always liked to be the centre of attention, and aspired to become a singer and an actress. In spite of her ambitions, her publisher argued that this would bring her no benefit and insisted she should continue writing books.

Soon after the family switched neighbourhoods from the favela to Santana the children witnessed intense discrimination from their wealthy neighbors. There, the family lived in a large brick-house that they thought of as a prison due to its large size in comparison to their previous home. Neighbourhood kids were not allowed to play with Vera and her brothers as their families considered de Jesus was "marked by the favela".

Despite her mother's fame and fortune, Vera noticed de Jesus was becoming impatient due to her lack of privacy. Before the fame, all de Jesus wanted was to have her writing noticed, but she had started regretting her decisions. Now that money was plentiful (it is estimated she made ₢$2,000 by selling her author's rights, as compared to a 20 cruzeiros income from collecting paper), de Jesus began to spend it for no reason. She had intentions of sending both Vera and Zé Carlos to Italy but soon changed her mind and decided to invest in a small ranch in far-flung Parelheiros where she ended up moving with her children. The family was excited about living in a rural area and Vera saw her mother become hard-working again: growing crops, taking care of the household, and tending to her youngest João as his health grew ill. The family was prevented from getting medical help for him from public health services at the time as they did not have a work card, which was required by the social security agency.

De Jesus' new fame was found to be brief mainly due to the military dictatorship coming into power in 1964 (citation of military dictatorship), which turned people away from socially critical works of literature, such as Quarto de Despejo. Without a propagation of her status to provide income, she eventually was forced to move back to the favela, making the situation even more complicated for her sick son, João.

Eventually, João died of kidney failure only four months after his mother had passed from respiratory failure in 1977. Vera Eunice, who was interviewed in 1994, got married and became a teacher, and at the time of the interview was a nighttime higher education student with plans of becoming an English-language translator. On the other hand, her second oldest, José Carlos was twice divorced, occasionally homeless and an alcoholic, and purportedly as smart, angry and erratic as his mother.

Perspective
One of the characteristics differentiating Carolina Maria de Jesus from her neighbours in the Canindé favela was her distinctive perspective on life. Though living among the lowest classes of society, de Jesus had dreams and aspirations not unlike those of any privileged person who enjoyed a comfortable living in Brazil during the mid-1900s. De Jesus believed that her dreams could be realized and, against great odds, many of them were. She stood by a different paradigm than her favelado counterparts, and lived accordingly.

At no point in de Jesus's life was she at peace with the fact that she was born into the lower classes. The activities she occupied her spare time with, her decision to avoid the many risks of a vulnerable life as well as her affairs, all indicated that while she was physically in the favela, her mind wandered free. "[W]hat set Carolina apart in Canindé was her penchant for spending several hours a day writing". In an environment with high illiteracy rates, eloquent writing was a particularly rare accomplishment. She wrote poems, novels and stories. In the early 1940s, de Jesus began taking her work to editors in an attempt to get it published. She persevered until in 1960, Dantas decided to publish her diary.

Among the many things de Jesus chose to write about in her diary were the people living around her. She describes herself as being very different from fellow favelados, and claimed that "she detested other blacks from her social class". While she watched many of the people around her succumb to drugs, alcohol, prostitution, violence, and robbery, she strived to stay loyal to her children and her writing. De Jesus was consistently able to provide for her children by recycling scrap material for money or diving through dumpsters for food and clothing. By saving some of the paper she collected, de Jesus had the material she needed to go on with her writing.

De Jesus offers a non-academic perspective on poverty and exclusionary economic expansion in Brazil, which was then rarely made by someone who did not come from the educated classes. The moment is particularly ironic, as it was a time when Brasilia, the symbol of a 'New Brasil', had just been inaugurated.

Another atypical part of de Jesus' life concerned romantic affairs. Although it was not unusual for Black women at the time to seek light-skinned partners, since lighter skin was openly associated with higher economic status due to white systemic racism and anti-Blackness, de Jesus did not want to leverage relationships in order to improve her own situation. Her children were fathered by white foreigners from Italy, Portugal, and the United States. A few romantic partners offered to marry her, yet she accepted none of their proposals, even though by marrying them, she would have been lifted out of poverty. A possible explanation for that may be that she did not want anyone dictating how she lived. Regardless of the reason, de Jesus remained true to her beliefs and did not conform to the way of life of the favela.

Global impact
Carolina Maria de Jesus had a great cultural impact on Brazil. Her decision to write about the struggles of the community versus strictly about her own struggles was something unprecedented in Brazil and was a perspective that was appreciated internationally

De Jesus wrote another four books after Quarto de despejo, to a scanty success. She rose to fame and fell from grace very rapidly. This could be because of her strong personality, which kept her from getting along with people very well. Also, the Brazilian political landscape changed drastically after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, which left little room for freedom of expression. She still wrote poems, short stories, and brief memoirs, none of which were ever published. In fact, her obituary in a 1977 edition of the Jornal do Brasil speaks of her blaming herself for not being able to take advantage of her brief celebrity status and states that her stubbornness led her to die in poverty. Still, her biography and memoirs provide insight into Brazilian favela life. While her life story can be seen as a struggle with tragedy, it is possible to regard her views as common Brazilian attitudes towards society, family life, equality, poverty, and other aspects of daily existence in the 1960s.

Her book was read extensively both in capitalist areas such as Western Europe and the United States, as well as in the Eastern Bloc and Cuba, the wide range of the audience demonstrating how many people were affected by her story outside of Brazil. For the liberal capitalist West, the book portrayed a cruel and corrupt system which had been reinforced by centuries of colonial ideals they also shared. By contrast, for communist readers the stories depicted perfectly the fundamental flaws of capitalist production in which the worker is the most downtrodden part of the economic system.

As Brazilian historian José Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy noted, "many foreign specialists in Brazil year after year used her translated diary in their classes", which indicates her worldwide role in providing an uncommon first-hand account of 1960s favela life. According to Robert M. Levine, "Carolina's words brought alive a slice of Latin American reality rarely acknowledged in traditional textbooks."

A biography about her was written by author Jarid Arraes as part of her 2015 cordel collection and book Heroínas Negras Brasileiras em 15 cordéis.

On 14 March 2019, search engine Google commemorated de Jesus with a Doodle on the 105th anniversary of her birth.

title: Carolina Maria de Jesus


text:
Myron Waldman

Myron Waldman (April 23, 1908 – February 4, 2006) was an American animator, best known for his work at Fleischer Studios.

Early life
Waldman was born in Brooklyn, New York on April 23, 1908. He was a graduate of the Pratt Institute, where he majored in Art.

Career
Waldman started his first work in 1930 at Fleischer Studio. At Fleischer he worked on Betty Boop, Raggedy Ann, Gulliver's Travels, the animated adaptations of Superman, and Popeye. He was head animator on two Academy Award-nominated shorts, Educated Fish (1937) and Hunky and Spunky (1939).

Waldman made the transition when Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount Pictures and reorganized as Famous Studios in 1942. At Famous he worked mostly on the Casper the Friendly Ghost series.

Waldman served three years in the U.S. Army (1939-1942).

In 1943, Waldman partnered with writer Steve Carlin to produce the Happy the Humbug comic strip.

In 1943, his wordless novel, Eve: A Pictorial Love Story was a critical success.

In 1957, he left Famous to become an animation director at Hal Seeger Productions where he worked on the revival of the Out of the Inkwell series, as well as Milton the Monster, until his retirement in 1968.

In 1986 Waldman received the Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Award, and in 1997 was given the Winsor McCay Award for his lifetime work in the field of animation.

Waldman made limited edition cel, drawing characters on which he worked, Betty Boop, Popeye and Superman.

Personal life
Waldman met his wife, Rosalie, when she was an animation checker at the Fleischer Studio in the early 1940s, and had two sons, Robert and Steve. Waldman died of congestive heart failure on February 4, 2006, at the age of 97 at a hospital in Bethpage, New York.

Filmography (As head animator)

 * 1961: Cape Kidnaveral
 * 1960: The Planet Mouseola with Jack Ehret
 * 1958: Spook and Span with Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1957: Ice Scream with Nick Tafuri
 * 1957: Ghost of Honor with Nick Tafuri
 * 1957: Peakaboo with Nick Tafuri
 * 1957: Hooky Spooky with Nick Tafuri
 * 1957: Spooking About Africa with Nick Tafuri
 * 1956: Line of Screammage with Nick Tafuri
 * 1956: Dutch Treat with Nick Tafuri
 * 1955: Red White and Boo with Nick Tafuri
 * 1955: Bull Fright with Nick Tafuri
 * 1955: Spooking with a Brouge with Nick Tafuri
 * 1955: Keep Your Grin Up with Nick Tafuri
 * 1955: Hide and Shriek with Nick Tafuri
 * 1954: Boo Ribbon Winner with Nick Tafuri
 * 1954: Boos and Arrows with Nick Tafuri
 * 1954: The Oily Bird with Gordon Whittier
 * 1954: Puss 'n Boos with Nick Tafuri
 * 1954: Zero the Hero with Larry Silverman
 * 1954: Boo Moon with Nick Tafuri, Larry Silverman, Gordon Whittier
 * 1953: Boos and Saddles with Larry Silverman
 * 1953: Do or Diet with Nick Tafuri
 * 1953: Little Boo Peep with Larry Silverman
 * 1953: Herman the Catoonist with Larry Silverman
 * 1953: By the Old Mill Scream with Nick Tafuri
 * 1953: Winner by a Hare with Tom Golden
 * 1953: Spook No Evil with Nick Tafuri
 * 1953: Frightday the Thirteenth with Larry Silverman
 * 1952: Feast and Furious with Gordon Whittier
 * 1952: Forest Fantasy with Larry Silverman
 * 1952: Cape Fright with Nick Tafuri
 * 1952: Spunky Skunky with Larry Silverman
 * 1954: Dizzy Dinosaurs with Gordon Whittier
 * 1952: The Deep Boo Sea with Nick Tafuri
 * 1951: Casper takes a Bow-Wow with Larry Silverman
 * 1951: Vegetable Vaudeville with Nick Tafuri
 * 1951: Casper Comes to Clown with Gordon Whittier, Larry Silverman
 * 1951: Boo Scout with Nick Tafuri
 * 1951: Too Boo or Not to Boo with Larry Silverman
 * 1951: Miners Forty-Niners with Larry Silverman
 * 1951: Mississippi River with Gordon Whittier
 * 1950: Once Upon a Rhyme with Larry Silverman
 * 1950: Fresh Yeggs with Nick Tafuri
 * 1950: Fiesta Time with Larry Silverman
 * 1950: Boos in the Nite with Nick Tafuri
 * 1950: Pleased to Eat You with Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1950: Teacher's Pest with Gordon Whittier
 * 1950: The Land of the Lost Jewels with Gordon Whittier
 * 1949: Snow Foolin with Gordon Whittier
 * 1949: The Big Drip with Nick Tafuri
 * 1949: Strolling Thru the Park with Larry Silverman
 * 1949: For Me and My Gal with Gordon Whittier
 * 1949: Toys Will Be Toys with Gordon Whittier
 * 1949: Spring Song with Larry Silverman
 * 1949: A Haunting We Will Go with Irving Dressler
 * 1949: The Little Cut-Up'' with George Whittier
 * 1948: The Land of the Lost with Nick Tafuri
 * 1948: There's Good Boos Tonight with Morey Reden, Nick Tafuri
 * 1948: Flip Flap with Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1948: The Dog Show-Off with Gordon Whittier, Nick Tafuri, Irving Dressler, and Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1947: Santa's Surprise with Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1947: A Bout with a Trout with Gordon Whittier, Nick Tafuri, Irving Dressler, Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1947: Loose in a Caboose with Gordon Whittier, Nick Tafuri, Irving Dressler, Wm.B. Pattengill
 * 1947: Musica-Lulu with Gordon Whittier, Nick Tafuri, Irving Dressler
 * 1943: The Mummy Strikes with Graham Place
 * 1942: Japoteurs with Nick Tafuri
 * 1942: The Magnetic Telescope with Tom Moore
 * 1942: Billion Dollar Limited with Frank Endres
 * 1941: Mr. Bug Goes to Town (sequence director)
 * 1941: Twinkletoes in Hat Stuff with Sam Stimson
 * 1941: Twinkletoes in Hat Stuff with Sam Stimson
 * 1941: Copy Cat with William Henning
 * 1941: Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle with Sidney Pillet
 * 1941: Raggedy Ann and Andy with Joe Oriolo, William Henning, Arnold Gillespie
 * 1941: Problem Pappy with Sidney Pillet
 * 1940: Springtime in the Rockage with Dick Williams
 * 1940: You Can't Shoe a Horsefly with Sam Stimson
 * 1940: Ants in the Plants with George Moreno
 * 1939: Rhythm on the Reservation with Graham Place
 * 1939: The Barnyard Brat with Tony Pabian
 * 1938: The Playful Polar Bears with Graham Place
 * 1938: All's Fair at the Fair with Graham Place
 * 1938: Hunky and Spunky with Graham Place
 * 1938: The Lost Kitten with Lillian Friedman
 * 1938: Honest Love and True with Lillian Friedman
 * 1938: Riding the Rail with Hicks Lokey
 * 1937: Educated Fish with Hicks Lokey
 * 1937: The New Deal Show with Hicks Lokey
 * 1937: The Candid Cancidate with Lillian Friedman
 * 1937: Peeping Penguins with Hicks Lokey
 * 1937: Pudgy Picks a Fight! with Hicks Lokey
 * 1937: Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow with Lillian Friedman
 * 1937: Bunny Mooning with Edward Nolan
 * 1936: Making Friends with Hicks Lokey
 * 1936: Be Human with Lillian Friedman
 * 1936: Training Pigeons with Edward Nolan
 * 1936: Hawaiian Birds with Sam Stimson
 * 1936: You're Not Built that Way with Hicks Lokey
 * 1936: Betty Boop and Little Jimmy with Hicks Lokey
 * 1936: Not Now with Hicks Lokey
 * 1936: Betty Boop and the Little King with Hicks Lokey
 * 1935: Henry the Funniest Living American with Sam Stimson
 * 1935: Making Stars with Edward Nolan
 * 1935: No! No! A Thousand Times No!! with Edward Nolan
 * 1935: Stop that Noise with Edward Nolan
 * 1935: Taking the Blame with Hicks Lokey
 * 1935: A Little Soap and Water with Edward Nolan
 * 1935: A Language All My Own with Hicks Lokey
 * 1935: Judge for a Day with Hicks Lokey
 * 1935: Baby Be Good with Edward Nolan
 * 1934: When My Ship Comes In with Hicks Lokey
 * 1934: Keep in Style with Edward Nolan
 * 1934: Betty Boop's Prize Show with Lillian Friedman
 * 1934: Betty Boop's Little Pal with Edward Nolan
 * 1934: There's Something about a Soldier with Edward Nolan
 * 1934: Love thy Neighbor with Edward Nolan
 * 1934: Betty Boop's Trial with Hicks Lokey
 * 1934: This Little Piggie Went to Market (uncredited)
 * 1934: Can You Take It? with Tom Johnson
 * 1934: Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing with Tom Johnson

Filmography (As animator)

 * 1985: See & Sing: Christmas Favorites
 * 1985: See & Sing: Songs of America
 * 1985: See & Sing: Silly Songs
 * 1985: See & Sing: All-Time Favorites
 * 1967: Batfink – This is Your Life
 * 1967: Father Time Bomb
 * 1967: Ego A-Go-Go
 * 1967: Blankenstein
 * 1967: The Copycat Bat
 * 1967: Unhappy Birthday
 * 1967: Hugo the Crimefighter
 * 1967: Double Double Crossers
 * 1967: Backwards Box
 * 1967: Robber Hood
 * 1967: The Kangarobot
 * 1967: Topsy Turvy
 * 1967: The Beep Booper
 * 1967: Goldstinger
 * 1967: Take Indian Taker
 * 1967: The Mark of Zero
 * 1967: Spin the Batfink
 * 1967: A Living Doll
 * 1967: Go Fly a Bat
 * 1967: Myron the Magician
 * 1967: The Dirty Stinker
 * 1967: Nuts of the Round Table
 * 1967: The Sonic Boomer
 * 1967: Ebenezer the Freezer
 * 1966: The Short Circuit Case
 * 1963: Boy Pest With Osh
 * 1939: Gulliver's Travels (uncredited)
 * 1933: Betty Boop's Hallowe'en Party with Willard Bowsky
 * 1933: I Like Mountain Music with Willard Bowsky
 * 1933: I Heard with Willard Bowsky
 * 1933: Boilesk with Willard Bowsky
 * 1933: Betty Boop's Birthday Party with Seymour Kneitel
 * 1933: Popular Melodies with Willard Bowsky
 * 1932: Sing a Song with Seymour Kneitel
 * 1932: Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie with Seymour Kneitel
 * 1931: By the Light of the Silvery Moon with Seymour Kneitel

Wordless Novels

 * Eve. Published by Stephen Daye, NY, 1943
 * Eve: A Pictorial Love Story. Commemorative Edition published by Toon Art Inc. 1997.
 * Eve. The Comics Journal #299 (August 2009)

Filmography (As self)

 * 1995: Betty Boop: Queen of the Cartoons A&E Biography
 * 2008: Directing the Sailor: The Art of Myron Waldman (7:21)

title: Myron Waldman


text:
Fulton Hall

Fulton Hall is a building on the campus of Boston College that houses the Carroll School of Management. It is named for university president Robert J. Fulton.

History
When World War II ended in 1945 there was a dramatic increase in enrollment at Boston College, due to the returning soldiers and the opportunities afforded to them by the G.I. Bill. The number of undergraduates swelled from 1,000 before the war to 5,000 by 1946. The available facilities could no longer accommodate any more students, so Boston College decided to build Fulton Hall. This building was, by far, the most sparse due to budget constraints. Students went door to door throughout the city of Boston selling “Bricks for Boston College” for $1 each in an attempt to raise funds. Working with whatever resources they could, Maginnis & Walsh designed a building that would never be able to live up to the rest of the existing buildings. The construction of Fulton Hall began in June 1947 and ended in 1948. The building was laid out on the south side of what is now known as the main quad. This area is composed of a large grassy courtyard surrounded by the Lyons, Gasson, Devlin, and Fulton buildings, one in each cardinal direction. The original design consisted of a simple 2-story Gothic-style building with a plain masonry façade, two towers in the front corners and a recessed courtyard on the south side. Because of its hilly location, and a request from the Trustees of Boston College that the building not block the view of Gasson Hall, only the top two stories were visible from the front of the building and the Gasson quadrangle, making it look small amongst the taller adjacent buildings.

Architectural description and renovation
In the summer of 1993, Svigals & Associates radically renovated the exterior with the same polychrome masonry work as the rest of the building, but its interior is drastically different.

and reduces the industrial feel of the exposed structural members. The contrast of a warm and soft material like wood and a cold and stiff one like metal creates a very interesting effect, where the softer warmer material gives the building a finished, refined and elegant look while the steel makes it feel modern, strong and minimalist.

The large glass ceiling of the atrium allows large amounts of light to flow into the building throughout the day because of its east to west layout. This light is softened by the use of diffusing finishes on all of the interior surfaces, creating a naturally lit environment where it is nearly impossible to identify the source of light. All exposed wood has an eggshell finish that diffuses the light, as the masonry walls of the original building naturally do. To use the atrium's natural light and provide a sense of openness, the third, fourth, and fifth-floor north-facing walls (that face the atrium) on the rear section feature large windows. The second floor has a U-shaped balcony area that overlooks the open area in first floor, which is furnished with couches benches and tables and meant to be a meeting place and lounge area for students. The balcony, which connects the old building to the new one, features steel and wood handrails composed of steel vertical elements and wood horizontal elements that provide a softer and warmer material for human interaction. The handrails also feature gothic arches that span from column to column, and represent the union of the classic gothic building and the new, modern addition.

Because of lack of funds when it was constructed, the original Fulton Hall was a short, plain stone building. Many felt it looked out of place amongst the other much more ostentatious and taller colored-stone buildings. For many years, many regarded it as the most unsuccessful of the Maginnis & Walsh buildings. It went through many minor renovations, including construction of a small Library on the south side of the building overlooking the courtyard. This small library now overlooks the atrium. This wall features seven evenly spaced windows in the form of large Gothic arches, each of which is divided into three columns, each featuring a drop-shaped subdivision near the top for decoration. A lead rectangular grid pattern applied to large panels of glass creates the effect of the window being composed of small panes. This is a sharp contrast from the windows in the new addition, which are rectangular and feature large uninterrupted glass panes.

title: Fulton Hall


text: User:Perl/sandbox

title: User:Perl/sandbox


text:
Prime Minister of Dominica

The prime minister of Dominica is the head of government in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Nominally, the position was created on November 3, 1978, when Dominica gained independence from the United Kingdom. Hitherto, the position existed de facto as Premier. Roosevelt Skerrit is the incumbent prime minister. He took office on 8 January 2004

Authority and duties
According to Chapter 59 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica;
 * 1) There shall be a Prime Minister of Dominica, who shall be appointed by the President.
 * 2) Whenever the President has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint an elected member of the House who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the elected members of the House.

The President, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, appoints the Cabinet of Minister. The Prime Minister supervises Cabinet meetings and in the spirit of the Westminster system is nominally 'Primus Inter Pares' or first among equals. However Prime Ministers of Dominica, like most Prime Ministers in Small-Island States, have generally governed in a presidential manner.

title: Prime Minister of Dominica


text:
I. A. L. Diamond

I. A. L. Diamond (born Ițec (Itzek) Domnici; June 27, 1920 – April 21, 1988) was a Romanian–American screenwriter, best known for his collaborations with Billy Wilder.

Life and career
Diamond was born in Ungheni, Iași County, Bessarabia, Romania, i.e. present day Moldova. He emigrated with his mother and sister, following his father to the Crown Heights area of Brooklyn in the United States. There, he studied at the Boy's High School, showing ability in mathematics, competing in the state Mathematics Olympiads in 1936–37 and winning several medals therein. Diamond was referred to as "Iz" in Hollywood, and was known to quip that his initials stood for "Interscholastic Algebra League", a prize he also won while attending Boys' High School. Diamond completed his undergraduate studies at Columbia in 1941. There he studied journalism, publishing in the Columbia Daily Spectator under the pseudonym "I. A. L. Diamond". He was editor of the humor magazine Jester of Columbia and a member of the Philolexian Society. He became the only person to single-handedly write four consecutive productions of the annual revue, the Varsity Show and a spare should they need one. After graduating, he abandoned the plan to pursue his master's in engineering at Columbia and accepted a short-term contract in Hollywood. A succession of limited-term contracts ensued, notably at Paramount, where Diamond worked on projects without receiving a writing credit. He moved to Universal Pictures, where he made his first film Murder in the Blue Room. It was a year later at Warner Bros., that he achieved his first real success and consequent recognition with Never Say Goodbye. He worked at 20th Century Fox for four years. In 1957, he began collaborating with Billy Wilder, working on the film Love in the Afternoon. They later wrote the classic films, Some Like It Hot, The Apartment (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay), One, Two, Three, Irma la Douce, Kiss Me, Stupid and The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. In 1969, Diamond wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of the play Cactus Flower. In total, Diamond and Wilder wrote the scripts for twelve films. Some featured characters engaging in an endless but friendly squabbling, such as Joe and Jerry in Some Like It Hot and Holmes and Watson in The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. Diamond's widow said that these characters were based on her husband's relationship with Wilder. In 1980, Diamond and Wilder received the Writers Guild of America's Laurel Award for career achievement in screenwriting. Wilder had previously received the Laurel Award in 1957 for his partnership with Charles Brackett. Diamond died of multiple myeloma on April 21, 1988.

As writer

 * Murder in the Blue Room (1944)
 * Never Say Goodbye (1946)
 * Two Guys from Milwaukee (1946)
 * Love and Learn (1947)
 * Two Guys from Texas (1948)
 * Romance on the High Seas (1948) (additional dialogue)
 * Always Together (1948)
 * It's a Great Feeling (1949) (story)
 * The Girl from Jones Beach (1949)
 * Let's Make It Legal (1951)
 * Love Nest (1951)
 * Something for the Birds (1952)
 * Monkey Business (1952)
 * That Certain Feeling (1956)
 * Love in the Afternoon (1957)
 * Merry Andrew (1958)
 * Some Like It Hot (1959) (screenplay)
 * The Apartment (1960)
 * One, Two, Three (1961)
 * Irma la Douce (1963)
 * Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
 * The Fortune Cookie (1966)
 * Cactus Flower (1969)
 * The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 * Avanti! (1972)
 * The Front Page (1974)
 * Fedora (1978)
 * Buddy Buddy (1981)

As associate producer

 * Some Like It Hot (1959)
 * The Apartment (1960)
 * One, Two, Three (1961)
 * Irma la Douce (1963)
 * Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
 * The Fortune Cookie (1966)
 * The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 * Fedora (1978)

WGA Awards

 * 1957: Love in the Afternoon – American Comedy
 * 1959: Some Like It Hot – American Comedy
 * 1960: The Apartment – American Comedy
 * 1961: One, Two, Three – American Comedy
 * 1963: Irma la Douce – American Comedy
 * 1966: The Fortune Cookie – American Comedy
 * 1969: Cactus Flower – Adapted Screenplay (Comedy)
 * 1970: The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes – Original Screenplay (Comedy)
 * 1972: Avanti! – Adapted Screenplay (Comedy)
 * 1974: The Front Page – Adapted Screenplay (Comedy)
 * 1980: Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement

title: I. A. L. Diamond


text:
Muddy Creek (Colorado)

Muddy Creek is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately 60.5 mi long, in north central Colorado in the United States.

It rises in northwestern Grand County, in the Routt National Forest west of Rabbit Ears Pass at the continental divide. It flows south, east, then southwest, and joins the Colorado near Kremmling.

Wolford Mountain Reservoir
The creek was dammed in 1996 to create the Wolford Mountain Reservoir, which forms part of the Wolford Mountain Recreation Area.

title: Muddy Creek (Colorado)


text:
Talk:Colombia

Semi-protected edit request on 14 October 2023
Request the two mentions of Air Force be changed to Aerospace Force to reflect the new name of the Colombian Aerospace Force. Page has already been moved. 75.163.131.46 (talk) 16:36, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ GoingBatty (talk) 13:51, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Mestizo-White
The "Mestizo-White" label wouldnt be acuratte as the govenrment does not specify the number as being mestizo white, and it doesnt include minority groups such as mulatto or east asian. It would be best to keep it as "no ethnic affiliation" as its presented in other pages relating to this topic. This is also because the colombian government doesn't collect data on specifically mestizos or whites instead counting afro and indigenous colombians. Moxy. Zaquezipe (talk) 12:30, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Source? Slatersteven (talk) 12:35, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Looks like this was done all over https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/ Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 14:16, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * So maybe change it to "Mestizo and White" ? Slatersteven (talk) 14:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree we should follow the source https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2016/04/Multicultural-harmony-in-Colombia-Beth-Brady.pdf Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 14:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/servicios/atlas-estadistico/src/Tomo_I_Demografico/3.4.-poblaci%C3%B3n-por-grupos-%C3%A9tnicos.html is how tha government labels the ethnic groups Zaquezipe (talk) 15:22, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that as this does not define who, 85.9% are (outside of "no ethnicity") this is not much help. This does not support your edit of white, rather it would support "no identified ethnicity", but even then, this is one source. Slatersteven (talk) 15:43, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, can I make the change of changing "Human ethnicity and biological diversity" to "Race and ethnicity in Colombia", as that is the name of the article and the previous one is an unnecessary rewording. Zaquezipe (talk) 15:51, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * We do to have a section titled that. If you want to change the name of a page you need to make a case at that article, not here. Slatersteven (talk) 15:54, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2024
Request to add Mass media in Colombia under Colombia. 203.149.142.34 (talk) 10:59, 18 February 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] ⋮ 14:02, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: what are we supposed to do with the article's title? M.Bitton (talk) 01:27, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Already linked under Colombia.

Semi-protected edit request on 12 March 2024
Recommend adding "." to caption after "on the continent" for consistency. RCM741989 (talk) 16:22, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Sincerely, Guessitsavis (she/they) (Talk) 13:35, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

Incorrect statement on economy
I'd edit this myself but the page is locked.

The economy section asserts that "Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index". The World Bank source PDF it cites is no longer there, but looks to be out of date anyway (2017).

According to my own research at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.LGL.CRED.XQ?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=CO, Colombia has never had a perfect score. It peaked at 11 out of 12.

There are (and have been) countries that do have a perfect score, for example New Zealand. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.LGL.CRED.XQ?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=NZ Onetruedave (talk) 14:56, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Vandalism in Ethnic groups
User: @ElMexicanotres has been reverting for several editions without any reason, deleting information from important portals such as CIA and Public Library of Science trying to preserve obsolete genetic information from the 90s and 2000s compared to years like 2014, 2016 and 2018. Please do a review and a response soon. @citationbot @Maxeto0910. Jhoan Batipse (talk) 05:11, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * No I am deleting all of the genetic information because it is not needed you provided proof that there is conflicting evidence between them so it’s best not to add it here and to a different Wikipedia page and I am saying you add it to Race and ethnicity in Colombia where it does show ethnographic studies ElMexicanotres (talk) 05:12, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You say that there cannot be genetic sources when there was an old source from 2010 there for a long time, but you do not eliminate it, you eliminate the sources of important portals such as PLOS of 2016 and 2018. Then you say that the sampled population is small, so I put one of more than 1,600 Colombians and even then you say that it should not go there. Can you explain me? Jhoan Batipse (talk) 05:18, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes I checked the name of the section and it has to do with number of ethnic groups nothing to do with the genetic studies of a country and because there are so many conflicting sources to the genetic information it’s best not to add it and maybe to place it somewhere else where both of the information can be seen, the one from 2010 and the one from 2018. ElMexicanotres (talk) 05:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Now you are changing the situation in your favor, when the first thing you removed was in favor of a genetic study from 2010 with data from 2000, 2003 and 2007. That is why I told you: it is vandalism because there was a genetic source that It was maintained for a long time (even with a circular diagram). I know that all the sources of genetic studies are on the main page, but then do not play to your convenience, if from the beginning you disagreed with genetic information you should delete and explain the situation. Jhoan Batipse (talk) 05:29, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That is because there are two conflicting sources with almost equal amount of people, if you really want to add it so bad then stop insisting on having it on the main page but instead on the Race and ethnicity in Colombia page which I have shown you multiple times yet you continue to ignore it and keep reverting the deletion. ElMexicanotres (talk) 05:31, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, so I examined each of the sources. The 2018 one states “Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates” and uses columbians from solely one state being antioquia which for obvious reasons isn’t suitable for showing as representative of an entire nation because it’s showing genetic isolates, not the common citizen of columbia. The 2015 one uses very isolated native groups for calculating native dna and not ones most present in columbia which explains why it’s not so accurate for the country, because columbians have little in common with the isolated groups which is why it’s not suitable for using. The 2014 one has purple dots over mostly antioquia (seems to be the most European state from Colombia which fits the 2010 observation of antioquia being 70% white) which also makes it not representative of the country because it focuses on one state. The 2010 one is better because it includes the specific states and their ancestries rather than focusing on a specific state, it has more people than all of the other ones, and it uses the most common native groups for their areas, and it examines all columbian ethnic groups and citizens of urban areas of the country. ElMexicanotres (talk) 20:17, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't understand exactly what the conflict here is, but I think both of you may be in danger of being blocked per WP:3RR, and to avoid that, you need to keep discussion about the content here in Talk. Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 06:39, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is a dispute over the quality of studies about genetic ancestry in Colombia. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 23:00, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * List of sources:
 * Older source, preferred by :
 * Sources preferred by :
 * –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 09:43, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Now that the page is extended-confirmed protected, I have no choice but to start an RfC. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 09:43, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Now that the page is extended-confirmed protected, I have no choice but to start an RfC. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 09:43, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Now that the page is extended-confirmed protected, I have no choice but to start an RfC. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

RfC: Genetic ancestry of Colombians
There are two questions. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Should information about genetic studies in Colombia be included in this article, or only in Race and ethnicity in Colombia?
 * 2) Which studies should be used for this information (in both articles)?
 * 3) * A study not included on this list (please provide full citation).
 * 1) * A study not included on this list (please provide full citation).
 * 1) * A study not included on this list (please provide full citation).
 * 1) * A study not included on this list (please provide full citation).
 * 1) * A study not included on this list (please provide full citation).

 * The 2010 source should be used 100%, I will list reasons why
 * The 2014, 2015, and 2018 sources all have less sample size than the 2010 one
 * 2014 and 2018 sources focus mostly on antioquia and not all of columbia, the 2018 one shows the genetics of population isolates from antioquia which it literally shows in the title and is not representative of the country, the 2014 one mostly conducts on people from antioquia and surrounding regions and not the entire country as shown by the purple dot concentration mostly being around antioquia which supported by the 2010 source is the most European state there
 * The 2015 one uses isolated native groups that aren’t even similar to the native groups that colombians are closest to and being that colombians have little in common with these groups the ancestry for the native contribution shows as lower than usual
 * The 2010 study shows the contribution of most of the populated states and urban columbians from those states and it has the most sample size with around 2000 it takes the genetic ancestry of the most common native groups in columbia which are more similar to the general population it has a specific breakdown of each state which has antioquia has the most white genetics and the amazon has the least
 * The 2014 2015 and 2015 sources don’t specifically focus on columbia but Latin America as a whole and focus in on a specific region or city with smaller samples, they focus more on having a general overview of Latin America but aren’t specific sources for the genetics of colombians
 * This one the 2010 one has been used previously and focuses on specifically columbia and the individual states while also doing research on the most common ancestry groups for colombians it is specifically trying to get the average genetics for colombians which the other three don’t and rather are trying to get a general overview of latin america
 * ElMexicanotres (talk) 14:19, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And because of these things only the 2010 one should be used for the specific genetics of Colombia because it is specific to the country ElMexicanotres (talk) 14:23, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And that includes both Colombia and Race and ethnicity in Colombia ElMexicanotres (talk) 14:24, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Rojas et al. should be included - All could be used for small details but Rojas et al. is best for generalizations about the entire country. XeCyranium (talk) 01:30, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

2010, only, on both.Mwinog2777 (talk) 16:26, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No an overview article about a country isn't the place for genetic studies.... As seen by every other country article. Moxy 🍁 01:41, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment It could be helpful to include if there is general agreement among the studies on certain positions. Senorangel (talk) 04:54, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not here, but maybe race and ethnicity. I don't think genetic studies make much sense in this Colombia article. The Race and ethnicity article make more sense for genetics, but I would caution that genetically race and ethnicity do not exist. Racism would be validated on genetic grounds if such was actually the case. Ramos1990 (talk) 07:58, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * While I probably won’t vote on this RfC (at least #2), I feel obligated to chime in that this is completely and utterly fallacious as it misses the point. The social construction of race is not the point, as these genetic studies deal with tracing ancestry to multiple discrete and highly disparate populations, which are indeed identifiable genetically. RadioactiveBoulevardier (talk) 12:18, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, agree with those above that genetics is not really due at this level of article. Human societies are not structured by haplotype. The sources in question may be relevant at Race and ethnicity in Colombia, but as RadioactiveBoulevardier mentions both race and ethnicity are more a question of sociology than of genetics. CMD (talk) 07:15, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colombia


text:
Talk:List of deaths by accidental drug overdose

Marilyn Monroe
Ok, I notice that Marilyn Monroe is listed here. However, her death is generally believed a suicide (or possibly a conspiracy-related murder) - I've never heard accidental drug overdose mentioned, and it's hard to see how someone could take a fatal dose of sleeping pills accidentally. Pakaran. 23:29, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, thought that was her "official cause of death"--apparently the coroner called it suicide. My bad. jengod 23:56, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

What about Gia Carangi and Margaux Hemingway? On the former's page, she is said to have died from complications of AIDS while the latter is said to have died from an intentional -- that is, not accidental -- overdose. I don't think either of them belong on this list.

what drug
It would be good to also list what drug was taken, and cause of death. --Pfafrich 12:18, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

cleanup
This page needs to be organized or sorted in some manner. Kidvicious 00:36, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Dana Plato
I am going to take out Dana Plato, since her death was ruled a suicide, and since this entry conflicts with the main Dana Plato entry. --DavidShankBone 14:59, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

double listing
brad nowell has been listed twice..

Title/purpose
What a weird article. Why not leave out the "accidental"? How can you for certain know these were accidental and not suicides? 81.244.151.129 19:04, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

This article really needs to be cleaned up
I just removed Hugh O'Connor from the list, who died of a self-inflicted gunshot to the head, which wouldn't be a big deal if the article had been recently changed, but this incorrect information has been on the page since February 25, 2006. It's inexcusable that such a blatantly obvious error would remain on this page for almost two years and calls into question the accuracy of the rest of the page. 68.45.106.216 (talk) 22:05, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Help Expand...
I thought that the imprecation to "help expand this list" was a bit macabre, so I removed it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.220.59.253 (talk) 04:53, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Redirected
I redirected this page to a similar but more comprehensive page. Of all the deaths listed here, only Sonny Liston, Christopher Pettiet, Edgar Allan Poe and Elvis Presley were not on the target page. I've added Pettiet, but don't believe the others should be counted as drug-related. 82.1.53.159 (talk) 11:07, 1 November 2008 (UTC)


text:
Muddy Creek

Muddy Creek may refer to:

Colorado

 * Muddy Creek (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River

Iowa

 * Muddy Creek (Iowa River tributary), a stream

Missouri

 * Muddy Creek (Cass County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
 * Muddy Creek (Daviess County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
 * Muddy Creek (Grand River tributary Livingston County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
 * Muddy Creek (Lamine River tributary), a stream
 * Muddy Creek (Nodaway River tributary), a stream

North Carolina

 * Muddy Creek (Deep River tributary), a stream in Randolph and Guilford Counties

Ohio

 * Muddy Creek (Little Miami River tributary), a stream

Oregon

 * Muddy Creek (Oregon), several bodies of water, including:
 * Muddy Creek (Linn County, Oregon), a tributary of the Willamette River
 * Muddy Creek Reservoir or Junipers Reservoir, in Lake County

Pennsylvania

 * Muddy Creek (Conestoga River tributary), a stream
 * Muddy Creek (French Creek tributary), a stream
 * Muddy Creek (Slippery Rock Creek tributary), a stream
 * Muddy Creek (Susquehanna River tributary), a stream

Utah

 * Muddy Creek (central Utah), a tributary of the Dirty Devil River

title: Muddy Creek


text:
Talk:Randomized algorithms

Should be merged with randomized algorithm. Fredrik 23:34, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Randomized algorithms


text:
1956 Quebec general election

The 1956 Quebec general election was held on June 20, 1956, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Georges-Émile Lapalme.

This was the fifth and final time (and the fourth in a row) that Duplessis led his party to a general election victory. No party has since been able to win more than three elections in a row. Duplessis died in office in 1959.

It was Lapalme's second (and final) loss in a row as Liberal leader. The Liberals did not manage to improve on their performance in the previous 1952 election.

Expansion of the Legislative Assembly
An Act passed in 1954 provided for the creation of the new electoral district of Jonquière-Kénogami for the next election, which was carved out from Chicoutimi and Lac-Saint-Jean.

Campaign
The Liberals and the Union des électeurs pooled their resources to conduct a joint campaign against the UN in at least 50 ridings. They collaborated to such a degree that in February 1956 the Liberal MPP René Hamel had proposed a motion espousing social credit theory in the Assembly, and a joint rally was held in May 1956 in Shawinigan to mark that event. While the strategy was viewed within the parties as a means to maximize their strength in opposing the UN, the electorate tended to view it as being confusing, while the Montreal Gazette called it "an irresponsible alliance". There were also Liberals in the old guard that wanted the UN to win.

The Liberals supported four UdE and two Nationalist candidates, respectively running as Liberals and Independents, of which none won:

 * on the Social Credit side, there were Réal Caouette (Abitibi-Est), Arthur Marcoux (Beauce), Urbain Lajeunesse (Îles-de-la-Madeleine) and Paul-Eugène Drolet (Portneuf),
 * René Chaloult campaigned in the new riding of Jonquière-Kénogami, and came within 320 votes of winning. This would be his last campaign.
 * Pierre Laporte, director of the magazine L'Action nationale and previously parliamentary correspondent for Le Devoir, ran in Montréal-Laurier. He would later campaign and win as a Liberal candidate in a 1961 byelection in Chambly.

One observer noted, "The Union Nationale’s strongly entrenched position could not be seriously challenged unless a united front was formed of all opposing groups." The UN chose to campaign on Quebec's right to fiscal autonomy, the party's accomplishments and the future of Ungava, while the Liberals' chances were restrained by their alliance with the UdE (while shutting out the Parti social démocratique), the choice of Chaloult and Laporte not to identify themselves as Liberal candidates, and the party's tendency to side with Ottawa's centralizing policies. The UN correctly assumed that Quebec voters, when given a choice, would prefer a nationalist policy over a social one.

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1952 !1956 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
 * 93||68||72||4||956,082||108,099||51.80%||1.30

 * style="text-align:left;"|Georges-Émile Lapalme
 * 92||23||20||3||828,264||59,725||44.87%||0.90

 * style="text-align:left;"|Thérèse Casgrain
 * 26||–||–||–||11,232||4,807||0.61%||0.35

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|93 ! " colspan="2"|1,845,729 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * style="text-align:left;"|Gui Caron
 * 32||–||–||–||6,517||2,585||0.35%||0.12
 * rowspan="7" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 7||1||1||||33,205||19,359||1.80%||0.98
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 7||–||–||–||4,438||528||0.24%||0.06
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 10||–||–||–||4,108||9,089||0.22%||0.57
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 3||–||–||–||1,274||247||0.07%||0.01
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 1||–||–||–||516||New||0.03%||New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 1||–||–||–||93||New||0.01%||New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 1||–||–||–||516||New||0.03%||New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 1||–||–||–||93||New||0.01%||New
 * 1||–||–||–||93||New||0.01%||New
 * 272||92
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 28,781
 * 3,133
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 1,874,510
 * 169,599
 * 78.32
 * 2.44
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 2,393,360
 * 146,362
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 146,362
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = UdE candidates under the Liberal banner
 * = Nationalist candidates supported by the Liberals
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1956 Quebec general election


text:
Eagle River

Eagle River may refer to:

Streams
In the United States:
 * Eagle River (Bradfield Canal), Alaska
 * Eagle River (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River
 * Eagle River (Cook Inlet), Alaska
 * Eagle River (Favorite Channel), Alaska
 * Eagle River (Michigan), a river flowing into Lake Superior
 * Eagle River (Wisconsin), a tributary of the Wisconsin River

In Canada:
 * Eagle River (Labrador)
 * Two rivers in British Columbia:
 * Eagle River (Dease River), a river flowing into the Dease River
 * Eagle River (Shuswap Lake), a river flowing into Shuswap Lake

Communities
In the United States:
 * Eagle River, Alaska
 * Eagle River, Michigan
 * Eagle River, Wisconsin

In Canada:
 * Eagle River, Ontario

Buildings

 * Eagle River Lighthouse, in Eagle River, Michigan, United States

title: Eagle River


text:
1952 Quebec general election

The 1952 Quebec general election was held on July 16, 1952, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Georges-Émile Lapalme.

This was the fourth time (and the third in a row) that Duplessis led his party to a general election victory.

The number of seats won by the Liberals, and their share of the popular vote, were considerably increased over the previous election in 1948.

Campaign
Thérèse Casgrain became the first female leader of a Quebec political party, heading the CCF.

Of the 92 races, 56 were two-way contests between the two major parties:

Outcome
Henri Groulx (Montréal-Outremont) was the first candidate to learn that he had been reelected, but he died within an hour of hearing the news. Georges-Émile Lapalme, who had lost his campaign to take Joliette, would subsequently win the Outremont byelection held on July 9, 1953.

There were two notable results that arose from the election:

 * From 1952 until the 1966 election, Frank Hanley (Montréal–Sainte-Anne) would be the only candidate outside the UN and Liberals to win a seat in the Legislature.
 * For the first time since the 1936 election, no party other than the UN and the Liberals received more than 1% of the popular vote. This would continue until 1966.

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1948 !1952 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
 * 91 || 82 || 68 || 14 || 847,983 ||72,236 || 50.50% || 0.75

 * style="text-align:left;"|Georges-Émile Lapalme
 * 92 || 8 || 23 || 15 || 768,539 ||221,061 || 45.77% || 9.61

 * style="text-align:left;"|Thérèse Casgrain
 * 23 || – || – || – || 16,039 ||7,023 || 0.96% || 0.36

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"| 92 ! " colspan="2"| 1,679,263 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|did not campaign
 * rowspan="7" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 13,846 || 10,110 || 0.82% || 0.76
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 10 || – || – || – || 13,197 ||4,548 || 0.79% || 0.22
 * style="text-align:left;" |Parti National
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 1 || – || – || – || 9,734 ||New || 0.58% ||New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 8 || – || – || – || 4,966 ||1,998 || 0.30% || 0.10
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 4 || – || – || – || 3,932 || 967 || 0.23% || 0.09
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 3 || – || – || – || 1,027 || 71 || 0.06% || 0.01
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 4 || – || – || – || 3,932 || 967 || 0.23% || 0.09
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 3 || – || – || – || 1,027 || 71 || 0.06% || 0.01
 * 3 || – || – || – || 1,027 || 71 || 0.06% || 0.01
 * 236
 * 92
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 25,648
 * 7,720
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 1,704,911
 * 173,012
 * 75.88
 * 0.66
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 2,246,998
 * 210,422
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 210,422
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = other incumbents renominated

title: 1952 Quebec general election


text:
WWIII (album)

WWIII is KMFDM's thirteenth studio album, released on September 23, 2003. It follows the common KMFDM practice of naming albums with five-letter words. This is KMFDM's only release on Sanctuary Records. Lyrically, the album is very political. The songs primarily attack George W. Bush's presidency, various US wars in the Middle East, and America's foreign policy. The last track, "Intro", introduces the members of the band. It was recorded in Seattle, Washington. The album's first and eponymous single was featured in the game Saints Row: The Third.

Reception
WWIII received mixed reviews. The News-Times called it a "butt-rock masterpiece". David Jeffries of AllMusic said, "The most frustrating thing about WWIII is that it's so darn inconsistent".

Personnel

 * Sascha Konietzko – programming, loops, synths, vocals (1–5, 7–9, 11), bass (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10)
 * Jules Hodgson – guitar, programming (1, 3, 5, 8–11), bass (3, 5, 8), synths (1, 5), banjo (1), strings (3), piano (6, 8), drums (11)
 * Andy Selway – drums, vocals (11)
 * Lucia Cifarelli – vocals (1–5, 7–11)
 * Raymond Watts – vocals (2, 3, 6–8, 10, 11)
 * Bill Rieflin – drums (11), vocals (11), loops (4, 10)
 * Cheryl Wilson – vocals (6, 10)
 * Curt Golden – harmonica (8)
 * Mona Mur – "dominance" (5)

title: WWIII (album)


text:
Eagle River (Colorado)

The Eagle River is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately 60.5 mi long, in west central Colorado in the United States.

It rises in southeastern Eagle County, at the continental divide, and flows northwest past Red Cliff,Gilman, Minturn, Avon. Near Wolcott, it turns west, flowing past Eagle and Gypsum, and joins the Colorado at Dotsero, in western Eagle County.

Its flow ranges from 200 cuft/s in late summer of dry years to 7000 cuft/s during spring runoff.

Acid mine drainage from the abandoned Eagle Mine has entered the river.

title: Eagle River (Colorado)


text:
Attak

Attak is the eleventh studio album by German industrial band KMFDM, released on March 19, 2002 by Metropolis Records. The band's first album following a three-year hiatus, it was the first to feature member Lucia Cifarelli and the last to feature member Tim Sköld.

History
The album was originally going to be titled Attaq and written in a Middle Eastern font, but was changed by Konietzko after the September 11 attacks, who explained that the band's history with the Columbine shootings would have made the original title "pretty fucking harsh".

Reception
Attak received mixed reviews. Bradley Torreano of AllMusic describes the album's production as "ugly" and that it has a "few songs that are way too long" but still claims it has a "few truly inspiring industrial metal anthems". Sonya Sutherland of The Michigan Daily is more positive of the album, stating its "filled with subtle beat changes and progressive riffs every track on Attak is superior to the metal shit that’s being served up to the mainstream by the spoonful and reflects the true talent of these Deutschland musical heroes".

Personnel

 * Sascha Konietzko – drums (1–7, 9, 10), programming (1–11), synthesizers (1–6, 10), vocals (1–8, 10, 11), bass (3–7, 9, 10), guitars (3, 4, 6, 7, 11), percussion (5), cockpit voice recorder (6)
 * Tim Sköld – guitars (1, 2, 5, 8, 10), bass (2, 8, 10), drums (2, 8, 10), programming (2, 5, 8, 10), synthesizers (2, 5, 8, 10), vocals (2, 5, 8, 10), percussion (5), drumloops (9)
 * Bill Rieflin – drums (1, 5, 11), bass (1, 11), programming (3, 5), synthesizers (3, 5, 11), percussion (5, 11), guitars (11)
 * Lucia Cifarelli – vocals (1, 4–7, 11), Sidstation "Ninja" (4)
 * Jules Hodgson – guitars (3, 9)
 * Raymond Watts – vocals (3, 6, 9), drumloops (9)
 * Arianne Schreiber – vocals (3)
 * Curt Golden – slide guitars (11)
 * Dorona Alberti – vocals (11)

title: Attak


text:
Doberman (disambiguation)

Doberman or Dobermann most commonly refers to Dobermann, a breed of dog.

It may also refer to:

 * Doberman (album), a 2003 album by Tomoyasu Hotei
 * Doberman (band), a Japanese ska/punk band
 * "The Doberman", a song by Kasabian on their album Empire
 * Dobermann (film), a 1997 French film starring Vincent Cassel
 * Dobermann (surname)
 * Doberman-Yppan, a North American music publisher
 * Doberman Detective, a manga series and its feature film adaptation
 * Duane Doberman, a character from The Phil Silvers Show

title: Doberman (disambiguation)