text:
Colonial mentality

A colonial mentality is an internalized ethnic, linguistic, or cultural inferiority complex felt by people as a result of colonization, i.e. being colonized by another people and gaslit into assimilation based on the belief that the language and culture of the colonizer are inherently superior to one's own. The term has been used by postcolonial scholars to discuss the transgenerational effects of colonialism present in former colonies following decolonization. It is commonly used as an operational concept for framing ideological domination in historical colonial experiences. In psychology, colonial mentality has been used to explain instances of collective depression, anxiety, and other widespread mental health issues in populations that have experienced colonization. Notable Marxist influences on the postcolonial concept of colonial mentality include Frantz Fanon's works on the fracturing of the colonial psyche through Western cultural domination, as well as the concept of cultural hegemony developed by Italian Communist Party Founder Antonio Gramsci.

Criticism of the colonial mentality, however, is not solely a Marxist concept. Anti-Marxist nationalist intellectuals, such as Saunders Lewis, Máirtín Ó Direáin, and John Lorne Campbell, who have also favored political, cultural, and linguistic decolonisation, have also denounced the colonial mentality as a serious problem among their own people.

Frantz Fanon
Frantz Fanon's Marxist writings on imperialism, racism, and decolonizing struggles have influenced post-colonial discussions about the internalization of colonial prejudice. Fanon first tackled the problem of, what he called, the "colonial alienation of the person" as a mental health issue through psychiatric analysis.

In The Wretched of the Earth (French: Les Damnés de la Terre), published in 1961, Fanon used psychiatry to analyze how French colonization and the carnage of the Algerian War had mentally affected Algerians' self-identity and mental health. The book argues that during the period of colonization there was a subtle and constant mental pathology that developed within the colonial psyche. Fanon argued that the colonial psyche is fractured by the lack of mental and material homogeneity as a result of the colonial power's Western culture being pressured onto the colonized population despite the existing material differences between them.

Here Fanon expands traditional Marxist understandings of historical materialism to explore how the dissonance between material existence and culture functions to transform the colonized people through the mold of the Western bourgeoisie. This meant that the native Algerian came to view their own traditional culture and identity through the lens of colonial prejudice. Fanon observed that average Algerians internalized and then openly repeated remarks that were in line with the institutionalized racist culture of the French colonizers; dismissing their own culture as backward due to the internalization of Western colonial ideologies.

According to Fanon this results in a destabilizing existential conflict within the colonized culture:"'In the West, the family circle, the effects of education, and the relatively high standard of living of the working class provide a more or less efficient protection against the harmful action of these pastimes. But in an African country, where mental development is uneven, where the violent collision of two worlds has considerably shaken old traditions and thrown the universe of the perceptions out of focus, the impressionability and sensibility of the Young African are at the mercy of the various assaults made upon them by the very Nature of Western Culture.'"

Wales
A person who suffers from excessive Anglophilia, enthusiasm for the British Empire, and embarrassment about Welsh identity is traditionally known in Welsh culture as a Dic Siôn Dafydd.

Anti-Marxist and Welsh nationalist Saunders Lewis fought a decades-long battle against the Far Left leadership of Plaid Cymru, the political party he co-founded, because of his belief believed that cultural nationalism was a preferable cause than Socialism. Unlike the Plaid Cymru leadership, Lewis believed that linguistic and cultural decolonisation needed to precede Welsh devolution or political independence. Lewis called, most of all, for the revival of the Welsh people's increasingly threatened heritage language and moving Welsh-language literature and theatre towards the whole Western canon and away from only emulating English literature. Otherwise, Lewis predicted as early as 1918, "the Welsh Parliament would [only] be an enlarged County Council."

Scotland
Under to the 1872 Education Act, school attendance was compulsory and only English was taught or tolerated in the schools of both the Lowlands and the Highlands and Islands. As a result, any student who spoke Scots or Scottish Gaelic in the school or on its grounds could expect what Ronald Black calls the, "familiar Scottish experience of being thrashed for speaking [their] native language."

In 1891, An Comunn Gàidhealach was founded in Oban to help preserve the Scottish Gaelic language and its literature and to establish the Royal National Mòd (Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail), as a festival of Gaelic music, literature, arts, and culture deliberately modelled upon the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Before serving in the Seaforth Highlanders in British India and during the Fall of France in 1940, however, Gaelic language war poet Aonghas Caimbeul attended the 300-pupil Cross School on the Isle of Lewis after the 1872 Education Act. He later recalled, "A Lowlander, who had not a word of Gaelic, was the schoolmaster. I never had a Gaelic lesson in school, and the impression you got was that your language, people, and tradition had come from unruly, wild, and ignorant tribes and that if you wanted to make your way in the world you would be best to forget them completely. Short of the stories of the German Baron Münchhausen, I have never come across anything as dishonest, untruthful, and inaccurate as the history of Scotland as taught in those days."

Even so, large numbers of the Scottish people, both Highlander and Lowlander, continued to enlist in the British armed forces and the Scottish regiments, through the role in spreading British Colonial rule to other countries, became renowned worldwide as shock troops.

For this reason, literary critic Wilson MacLeod has written that, in post-Culloden Scottish Gaelic literature, anti-colonialist poets such as Duncan Livingstone "must be considered isolated voices. The great majority of Gaelic verse, from the eighteenth century onwards, was steadfastly Pro-British and Pro-Empire, with several poets, including Aonghas Moireasdan and Dòmhnall MacAoidh, enthusiastically asserting the conventual justificatory rationale for imperial expansion, that it was a civilising mission rather than a process of conquest and expropriation. Conversely, there is no evidence that Gaelic poets saw a connection between their own difficult history and the experience of colonised people in other parts of the world."

For this reason, during the final phase of the Second Boer War, Afrikaner residents of Winburg in the former Orange Free State, routinely taunted the Scottish Regiments in the local British Army garrison with a parody of the Jacobite rebel song Bonnie Dundee, which was typically sung in English. The parody celebrated the guerrilla warfare of Boer commando leader Christiaan De Wet.

 * De Wet he is mounted, he rides up the street
 * The English skedaddle an A1 retreat!
 * And the commander swore: They've got through the net
 * That's been spread with such care for Christiaan De Wet.

 * There are hills beyond Winburg and Boers on each hill
 * Sufficient to thwart ten generals' skill
 * There are stout-hearted burghers 10,000 men set
 * On following the Mausers of Christian De Wet.

 * Then away to the hills, to the veld, to the rocks
 * Ere we own a usurper we'll crouch with the fox
 * And tremble false Jingoes amidst all your glee
 * Ye have not seen the last of my Mausers and me!

Colonial India
During the period of European colonial rule in India, Europeans in India typically regarded many aspects Indian culture with disdain and supported colonial rule as a beneficial "civilizing mission". Colonial rule in India was framed as an act which was beneficial to the people of India, rather than a process of political and economic dominance by a small minority of foreigners.

Under colonial rule, many practices were outlawed, such as the practice of forcing widows to immolate themselves (known as sati) with acts being deemed idolatrous being discouraged by Evangelical missionaries, the latter of which has been claimed by some scholars to have played a large role in the developments of the modern definition of Hinduism. These claims base their assumptions on the lack of a unified Hindu identity prior to the period of colonial rule, and modern Hinduism's unprecedented outward focus on a monotheistic Vedanta worldview. These developments have been read as the result of colonial views which discouraged aspects of Indian religions which differed significantly from Christianity. It has been noted that the prominence of the Bhagavad Gita as a primary religious text in Hindu discourse was a historical response to European criticisms of Indian culture. Europeans found that the Gita had more in common with their own Christian Bible, leading to the denouncement of Hindu practices more distantly related to monotheistic world views; with some historians claiming that Indians began to characterize their faith as the equivalent of Christianity in belief (especially in terms of monotheism) and structure (in terms of providing an equivalent primary sacred text). Hindu nationalism developed in the 19th century as an opposition to European ideological prominence; however, local Indian elites often aimed to make themselves and Indian society modern by "emulating the West". This led to the emergence of what some have termed 'neo-Hinduism': consisting of reformist rhetoric transforming Hindu tradition from above, disguised as a revivalist call to return to the traditional practises of the faith. Reflecting the same arguments made by Christian missionaries, who argued that the more superstitious elements of Hindu practice were responsible for corrupting the potential rational philosophy of the faith (i.e. the more Christian-like sentiments). Moving the definitions of Hindu practice away from more overt idol worshiping, reemphasizing the concept of Brahman as a monotheistic divinity, and focusing more on the figure of Krishna in Vaishnavism due to his role as a messianic type figure (more inline with European beliefs) which makes him a suitable alternative to the Christian figure of Jesus Christ.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's current ruling party, follows this tradition of nationalistic Hinduism (Hindutva), and promotes an Indian national identity infused with neo-Vedantic which has been claimed by some to have been influenced by a "colonial mentality".

Some critics have claimed that writer Rudyard Kipling's portrayals of Indian characters in his works supported the view that colonized people were incapable of living without the help of Europeans, describing these portrayals as racist. In his famous poem "The White Man's Burden", Kipling directly argues for this point by romanticizing the "civilising mission" in non-Western countries. Jaway Syed has claimed that Kipling's poems idolizes Western culture as entirely rational and civilized, while treating non-white cultures as 'childlike' and 'demonic'. Similar sentiments have been interpreted in Kipling's other works, such as his characterization of the Second Boer War as a "white man's war"; along with his presentation of 'whiteness' as a morally and culturally superior trait of the West. His portrayal of Indians in his Jungle Book stories have also been criticized by Jane Hotchkiss as examples of the chauvinistic infantilization of colonized peoples in popular culture. Some historians claim that Kipling's works have contributed towards the development of a colonial mentality in the ways that the colonized people in these fictional narratives are made submissive to and dependent on their white rulers.

Latin America
In the overseas territories administered by the Spanish Empire, racial mixing between Spanish settlers and the indigenous peoples resulted in a prosperous union later called Mestizo. There were limitations in the racial classes only to people from African descent, this mainly for being descendants of slaves under a current state of slavery. Unlike Mestizos, castizos or indigenous people who were protected by the Leyes de las Indias "to be treated like equals, as citizens of the Spanish Empire". It was completely forbidden to enslave the indígenas under the death penalty charge. Mestizos and other mixed raced combinations were categorized into different castas by viceroyalty administrators. This system was applied to Spanish territories in the Americas and the Philippines, where large populations of mixed raced individuals made up the increasing majority of the viceroyalty population (until the present day). These racial categories punished those with Black African or Afro-Latin heritage; those of European descent were given privilege over these other mixtures. As a result of this system, people of African descent struggled to downplay their indigenous heritage and cultural trappings, in order to appear superficially more Spanish or natives. With these internalized prejudices individuals' choices of clothes, occupations, and forms of religious expression. Those of mixed racial identities who wanted to receive the institutional benefits of being Spanish (such as higher educational institutions and career opportunities), could do so by suppressing their own cultures and acting with "Spanishness". This mentality lead to commonplace racial forgery in Latin America, often accompanied by legitimizing oral accounts of a Spanish ancestor and a Spanish surname. Most mixed-white and white people in Latin America have Spanish surnames inherited from Spanish ancestors, while most other Latin Americans who have Spanish names and surnames acquired them through the Christianization and Hispanicization of the indigenous and African slave populations by Spanish friars.

However, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as Amerindian groups simply blended Catholicism with their traditional beliefs. Syncretism between native beliefs and Christianity is still largely prevalent in Indian and Mestizo communities in Latin America.

Philippines
Prior to the arrival by the Spaniards (1565–1898), the Sulu Archipelago (located in southern Philippines) was a colony of the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) based in Indonesia. The Americans were the last country to colonize the Philippines (1898–1946) and nationalists claim that it continues to act as a neo-colony of the US despite its formal independence in 1946. In the Philippines colonial mentality is most evident in the preference for Filipino mestizos (primarily those of mixed native Filipino and white ancestry, but also mixed indigenous Filipinos and Chinese, and other ethnic groups) in the entertainment industry and mass media, in which they have received extensive exposure despite constituting a small fraction of the population.

The Cádiz Constitution of 1812 automatically gave Spanish citizenship to all Filipinos regardless of race. The census of 1870 stated that at least one-third of the population of Luzon had partial Hispanic ancestry (from varying points of origin and ranging from Latin America to Spain).

The combined number of all types of white mestizos or Eurasians is 3.6%, according to a genetic study by Stanford University. This is contradicted by another genetic study done by California University which stated that Filipinos possess moderate amounts of European admixture.

A cultural preference for relatively light skinned people exists within the Philippines. According to Kevin Nadal and David Okazaki, light skin preference may have pre-colonial origins. However, they also suggest that this preference was strengthened by colonialism. In an undated Philippine epic, the hero covers his face with a shield so that the sun would not "lessen his handsome looks". Some regard this as proof that desire for light-colored skin predates overseas influences. Regardless of the origin of the preference, the use of skin bleaching remains prevalent among Filipino men and women, however there is also a growing embrace of darker skinned female aesthetic within the Philippines.

title: Colonial mentality


text:
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire – Barron County

The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire – Barron County (also known as UWEC–Barron County or UWEC–BC) is a branch campus to the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. It is located in Rice Lake, Wisconsin, and is a member of the University of Wisconsin System. As of the 2016–17 school year, there were 497 full and part-time students.

UWEC–BC is located on approximately 110 acre of partially wooded land. Six buildings comprise the campus. These include Meggers Hall/Ritzinger Hall (administration and classrooms), the Fine Arts Building, library, gymnasium, student center, and physical plant. Other educational and recreational facilities include an observatory, a Japanese Garden, a three-hole golf course, baseball diamonds, soccer fields, an eighteen-hole disc golf course, and a prairie restoration and wildlife habitat study area. The Cedar Side Walking Trail runs directly between the campus and the Red Cedar River.

History
The story of UW-Barron County began in the fall of 1963 when the Wisconsin Coordinating Committee for Higher Education (CCHE) recommended that a two-year liberal arts institution be established in Rice Lake. In April 1964 the Barron County Board of Supervisors undertook the commitment to fund the physical facilities of the 'Branch Campus' with state and federal aid.

The Board of Regents of the State University System designated Stout State University in Menomonie to be the parent institution. Then in November 1965 the Barron County Board of Supervisors authorized the issuance of a $1,500,000 bond issue and tax levy to help finance the institution. And in February 1966 the 142-acre Johnson-Zimmer tract in the south of the city and abutting the east shore of the Red Cedar River was selected as the site for the new campus. For $50,000 the city took title to the property and delivered the deed to Barron County.

In February 1966 Stout State University President William J. Micheels named Dr. John F. Meggers as the first dean of the campus. The newly formed Barron County Campus of Stout State University opened in September 1966, offering a freshman course curriculum to over 100 students in the Ann Street facility which was headquarters for the Barron County Teacher's College. The addition of basic sophomore courses was added the following year, which caused the campus' enrollment to increase dramatically. In June 1967 the Barron County Teacher's College graduated their final class of students and ceased to exist.

In April 1967 groundbreaking ceremonies were held on the site of the new campus after the County Board approved the final bids and alternates on the $3,000,000 project. The architectural firm of Hirsch & Stevens of St. Paul was hired to design the structures and the Rice Lake firm of Vonasek & Schieffer was selected as the general contractor. In September 1967 bricks and mortar rose on the Johnson-Zimmer site and the campus embarked on the second year of liberal arts studies with 201 students, still in the makeshift quarters.

March 1968 was moving day from the Ann Street facility into the new seven building campus, and two months later, on Memorial Day, the first two-year graduation class participated in commencement exercises at the new campus. The formal dedication of the Barron County Campus of Stout State University in Rice Lake, Wisconsin was held in September 1968.

With the 1972 merger of the University of Wisconsin and State University Systems, the campus became part of the University of Wisconsin Center System and was known as UW Center-Barron County, until 1983 when the institution became known as the University of Wisconsin Centers. In 1997, the name of the institution was changed to the University of Wisconsin Colleges and the campus name to UW–Barron County.

Friday, October 27, 2006, marked the dedication of the $6.4 million expansion/renovation project and 40th anniversary celebration. The renovation project connected Meggers and Ritzinger Hall and offered state-of-the-art science labs, high-tech classrooms, tutorial facilities, and a comfortable student activity space.

UW system restructuring
On October 11, 2017, the University of Wisconsin System President, Ray Cross, announced a proposal for merging the 13 two-year UW Colleges with four-year UW institutions. There were two main reasons for the restructuring: enrollment across all of the 13 two-year colleges had declined 32% on average (−35% for UW–Barron County) from 2010 through 2017, as well as current demographic trends indicate that current enrollment challenges are not likely to significantly improve in coming years, with current projections for 2040 indicating a mere 0.4% increase of people age 18–64 in Wisconsin.

The Higher Learning Commission approved the joining of UW-Barron County and UW-Eau Claire on June 29, 2018. The merger became effective on July 1, 2018.

Notable alumni

 * Roger Rivard, politician and businessman
 * Patricia Spafford Smith, politician and businesswoman

Academics
UWEC–BC provides the first two years of a liberal arts general education, and the campus awards graduating students with the Associate of Arts and Sciences degree. The college is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Most students can complete all the appropriate general education courses for their major at the campus. Areas of study that are available include pre-professional programs, agriculture and natural resources, the biological sciences, business, communications and letters, education, engineering, fine arts, foreign languages, health studies, mathematics and computer science, the physical sciences, public affairs and service, and the social sciences.

UWEC–Barron County offers both a textbook rental system and the option to purchase new and used materials through an onsite bookstore or though their website.

Athletics
UWEC–Barron County athletic teams are called the "Chargers". As of the 2017-18 school year, the Chargers belong to the Wisconsin Collegiate Conference (WCC) which comprises the fourteen UW Colleges campuses, and the Wisconsin Junior College Athletic Association (WJCAA). Charger sports include golf, women's volleyball, men's basketball, and men's club baseball. Following the merger with UW–Eau Claire, the school's colors changed from maroon and white to blue and gold. The campus changed to the Blugolds in 2022/23 finalizing the integration with the main campus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire

The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire (UW–Eau Claire, UWEC or simply Eau Claire) is a public university in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor's and master's degrees.

The campus consists of 28 major buildings spanning 333 acre. An additional 168 acre of forested land is used for environmental research. UWEC is situated on the Chippewa River.

The university is affiliated with the NCAA's Division III and the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC). The student body's mascot is Blu the Blugold.

History
Founded in 1916 as the Eau Claire State Normal School, the university originally offered one-, two- and three-year teachers' courses and a principals' course. At the school's founding ceremony Governor Emanuel L. Philipp said the university was founded "in order that you, the sons and daughters of the commonwealth, might have better educational service." He went on to say the University would "go on benefiting the state of Wisconsin as long as the walls of this massive building (Schofield Hall) last."

As a college primarily focused on educating teachers, Eau Claire housed Park Elementary, a laboratory school. Park Elementary had an unusual architectural design that included a hidden third story balcony used by professors and student teachers to observe classes.

As a result of the changing educational focus of the University, this method of teaching new teachers fell out of use and Park Elementary School was closed. Most of the building was repurposed for general university classroom use, with about a third of the space dedicated to a child daycare center. The building was demolished in 2012.

In 1927, the name of the college was changed to Eau Claire State Teachers College and the school began offering a bachelor's degree program. The campus was also altered to accommodate a 300-man detachment from the Army Air Corps. Eau Claire's role as an educational institution underwent profound changes in the 1940s and 1950s. The university saw a significant rise in enrollment and widened its scope beyond educating future teachers. Eau Claire president W. R. Davies, speaking at a university assembly, said "the goal is a college of education that will rank as one of the best in the middlewest, with a wide enough offering to truly serve the needs of the college youth of northwest Wisconsin." In 1951, the Wisconsin Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System authorized the school to offer bachelor of arts and science degrees in liberal arts; subsequently, the name of the school was changed to the Wisconsin State College at Eau Claire.

During the 1960s, the University saw further expansion. Science and art buildings were erected and several dormitories were built or expanded to meet the needs of an ever-growing student population. The university began to market itself more aggressively because of increased competition from surrounding campuses. Eau Claire's nickname – "Wisconsin's Most Beautiful Campus" – was first developed during this time. Highlighting the university's aesthetic appeal, an Eau Claire poet wrote, "Through and from a shady glen / A charming streamlet hies / And rippling along its picturesque way / A campus glorifies." In 1964, the Board of Regents gave university standing to the state colleges, and the institution at Eau Claire was renamed Wisconsin State University – Eau Claire. The 1960s are remembered as a "flowering of excellence on the campus."

In 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. visited the campus and called on president John F. Kennedy to issue a second Emancipation Proclamation. King said "the first proclamation freed us from slavery – the second will free us from segregation, which is actually nothing more than slavery."

During the late 1960s, the University was involved in several protests against the Vietnam War, including a 42-hour vigil and several marches. Though there were numerous protests, all of them remained peaceful. After the Kent State shootings, the university community planted four trees as a memorial to the dead students. One protester, Eau Claire student John Laird, the son of U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, made headlines when he announced his opposition to the war in Vietnam and his intention to join his fellow students in peaceful protest.

In 1971, the name of the institution was changed to the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire following the merger of the Wisconsin State University System and the University of Wisconsin System. In subsequent years, the University would solidify its tradition as a liberal arts campus. Currently, the University's stated mission is to provide "rigorous undergraduate liberal education" alongside "distinctive professional and graduate programs that build on and strengthen our proud tradition of liberal education." Since the 1971 merger, Eau Claire has expanded its course offerings, added more faculty and students, and enlarged campus grounds. Eau Claire has also acquired hundreds of acres of forested land primarily used for environmental research and purchased St. Bede's Monastery in October 2011.

In 1974, the Richard E. Hibbard Humanities Hall opened on campus and an addition to the Davies Center was finished three years later in 1977. The Allied Health and Clinical Services Building was constructed in 1982 on the north bank of the Chippewa River, and in 1985 an addition to the Nursing building was constructed and opened. The construction of the new W.R. Davies Center was completed in 2012 and Centennial Hall was completed in 2013, later being opened in 2014. The construction of Centennial Hall was the first building on campus to be constructed and funded by "state dollars" in 30 years, while the new Davies Center was funded completely by student fees. Towers Hall, initially built in 1966, began a renovation project in 2017 starting with Towers South renovations during the 2017-2018 school year followed by Towers North renovations during the 2018-2019 school year. This renovation project was funded completely by student housing fees with expenditures over $35 million.

The University was involved in a gay rights controversy in 2016 when Tom Hilton, an information systems professor, negatively responded to a student email asking for his support for the Eau Queer Film Festival. UW–Eau Claire was the center of a controversy related to an oak tree sacred to Native Americans. Eventually, after much publicity, it was decided to scrap the old plans, despite the large added expense, and build the 48.8 million dollar building at another location. * In September 2016, a free speech board on campus had "UWEC is racist" written on it and it was promptly taken down. The board sparked a discussion about racial equity and diversity on campus.

In 2018, UW-Eau Claire adopted UW-Barron College as a branch campus. The "merger" was part of a UW-System wide restructuring plan in an attempt to keep from having to shut down any campuses. The goal of merging the two campuses, and the goal of the UW System restructuring, was to expand access to college education for more students in Wisconsin.

In September 2019, a student’s residence hall door decoration was vandalized with a racial slur against Indigenous people and the words “go back to the rez." In November 2019, five football players were suspended from the team for using social media to convey racist messages targeting the campus Black Empowerment Organization.

Campus
The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire campus sits on the banks of the Chippewa River. The campus is located in an urban setting, close to Eau Claire's historic Water Street.

The main academic building on campus is Schofield Hall, home to administrative offices. The building was named after Harvey Schofield, the first president of the university. Other academic buildings include the Phillips Science Hall, the Hibbard Humanities Hall, the Haas Fine Arts Center, the Schneider Social Sciences Hall, the Nursing Building, Vicki Lord Larson Hall, McIntyre Library, Human Sciences and Service, and Centennial Hall. The newest addition to campus is the Flesch Family Welcome Center, built in 2021.

Residence halls on campus include Horan, Governors, Murray, Bridgman, Sutherland, Oak Ridge, Chancellor's, The Suites, and Karlgaard Towers on upper campus, as well as off-campus residences such as the Priory, Haymarket Landing, and Aspenson-Mogenson.

The Davies Center, a hub of the campus, is home to dining halls, a movie theatre, the office for the student senate, a coffee shop, the student bookstore, and spaces for studying and socializing. The building was named after William R. Davies, a noted president of the University. In 2011, the old Davies Center was torn down. A new facility was completed in 2013.

Sports facilities include the W. L. Zorn Arena, Hobbs Ice Center, McPhee Center, Olson Addition, Bollinger Fields and Carson Park.

The University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire occupies the sacred and ancestral lands of Indigenous Peoples. The campus is on the traditional land of the Ojibwe and Dakota Nations. Before falling down in a windstorm in 1987, a tree on campus called the Council Oak stood where the Ojibwe and Dakota Nations as well as other Nations, including the Ho-Chunk, Menominee, and Potawatomi, met to share knowledge and discuss peaceful resolutions to their differences. The current Council Oak was planted and dedicated in 1990. The Council Oak is integrated into The University Seal to symbolize UW-Eau Claire’s commitment to serving as a place of meeting and exchange.

Organization and administration
Since its founding in 1916, the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has had three presidents and six chancellors. One president, Leonard Haas, took an interim assignment with the UW System and returned as chancellor.
 * Harvey Schofield, President 1916–1940
 * William R. Davies, President 1941–1959
 * Leonard Haas, President 1959–1971, Chancellor 1973–1980
 * M. Emily Hannah, Chancellor 1981–1984
 * Larry G. Schnack, Chancellor 1985–1997
 * Donald J. Mash, Chancellor 1998–2005
 * Brian Levin-Stankevich, Chancellor 2006–2012
 * James C. Schmidt, Chancellor 2013–present

Academics
Eau Claire is organized into four colleges: the College of Business, the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Education and Human Sciences, and the College of Nursing. The school offers about 109 undergraduate majors, 66 undergraduate minors, 48 undergraduate certificates, and 11 graduate programs. The university offers several master's degrees and one doctoral degree. Enrollment is approximately 10,000 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. Eau Claire's academic programs operate on a semester calendar.

The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1950. Other agencies also fully accredit specific programs.

Students are required to show competency in mathematics, English, a foreign language and foreign cultures. Courses that deal with issues relating to diversity are also required. Students are also required to take a "service-learning" course where they engage in charitable work with the Eau Claire community. Service-learning "is intended to provide students with an opportunity to serve their community, apply knowledge gained in the classroom, enhance their critical thinking skills, and become informed, ethical, responsible, and active citizens."

The Center of Excellence for Faculty and Undergraduate Student Research Collaboration was established at UW-Eau Claire to encourage students to incorporate "research into their undergraduate experience." Students working with faculty publish papers in academic journals. Eau Claire's faculty/student research program has been nationally recognized.

Reputation and rankings
For 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked UW-Eau Claire 41st among regional universities in the Midwest out of 157 public and private colleges ranked. U.S. News has ranked Eau Claire among the top ten regional public institutions in the Midwest, and in the top third of public and private Midwestern regional universities every year since 1995.

University Honors Program
The University Honors Program’s goal is to create opportunities that will help students develop intellectually, personally, and professionally. First-semester students are invited into the program based on ACT scores, SAT scores, and their academic standing in high school, and if students do not meet the requirements for an automatic invitation, they can request to be accepted through a holistic review process. To graduate with Honors, students must complete both first-year and senior Honors Seminars, 24 credits of any combination of Honors colloquia and Honors electives (at least two of which must be 300-level or higher), and attain a total and resident GPA of 3.5 or higher upon graduation. Students can also earn credit towards their 24 required Honors credits through mentoring in Honors, Honors contracts, and departmental honors. Honors courses count toward graduation requirements for general education, major and/or university requirements. Honors colloquia are interdisciplinary courses that encourage students to make connections across disciplines and sample knowledge outside their major while engaging in discussions with their classmates. A few activities within the Honors Program include the Hanging with Honors discussion series and group dinners in the Honors Living Learning Community.

Special Collections and Archives
The Special Collections and Archives at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire houses the official and unofficial records of the university from its founding to the present. It also holds one of the nation's largest collections of jazz, which includes more than 1000 charts and 1000 recordings of artists such as Woody Herman, Sammy Nestico, Count Basie, Stan Kenton, Benny Goodman and Henry Mancini. Several of the charts and recordings are signed and unique.

The UW-Eau Claire Archives is a member of the Area Research Center Network of the Wisconsin Historical Society, serving Buffalo, Chippewa, Clark, Eau Claire, Rusk and Taylor counties, and holds manuscripts and records pertaining to those counties.

Student life
In 2021, 61.1% of the student population was female, 11.1% were students of color, and 28.1% were First-Generation students. Additionally, 16.9% of undergraduate students were low-income. The university mainly attracted students from the Midwest, with 61.8% of students from Wisconsin, 28.8% from Minnesota, 7.5% from other U.S. states, and 1.9% being international students.

Athletics

The university's athletic teams participate in the NCAA Division III sports program as well as the WIAC Intercollegiate Conference. There are twelve men's varsity sports programs (basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, wrestling, soccer, and baseball) and thirteen women's sports programs (basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball). In terms of total wins, the Blugolds rank 14th in the entire NCAA Division III sports program.

The Blugolds have been national champions in cross country (1984, 2009, 2015), softball (2008), golf (2001), swimming (1983, 1987, 1988), ice hockey (1984, 2013) indoor track and field (2015, 2016), outdoor track and field(2019), and volleyball (2021). As of August 2015, the Blugolds have been conference champions in men's swimming 25 of the past 40 years, conference champions in women's swimming for 19 of the past 32 years, conference champions in women's tennis for 10 of the last 18 seasons, conference champions in softball for seven of the last 15 seasons, conference champions in women's golf for seven of the last 13 seasons, conference champions in women's soccer for three of the last six seasons, and conference champions in women's volleyball for three of the last five seasons. The Blugolds hold nine national titles. They hold 140 conference titles and have won 36 Academic All-American Awards. The Blugolds softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1971.

Team name and mascot
Eau Claire athletes are referred to as "Blugolds," a name coined to reflect the school colors, navy blue and old gold. Previous athletic team names include the Normals and the Normalites (because UWEC was founded as the Eau Claire State Normal School), the Blue and Gold Warriors, the Blue and Gold Gridirons, the Zornmen (in honor of Willis L. "Bill" Zorn, basketball and football coach from 1928 to 1968), the Golden Zornadoes, the Blue and Gold Squad, and the Blugold Squad.

The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has no official university mascot. However, in 2011, the student body voted in favor of a mythical bird as a mascot following a student-led initiative. The bird represents "the students of UW-Eau Claire, not the university itself."

Undergraduate Research
Eau Claire offers its students the opportunity to participate in a nationally recognized research program through its Office of Research and Sponsored Programs (ORSP). The student-faculty led, coauthored, research program has been a part of the University for more than 50 years, and continues to be part of student life. Distinctions of Eau Claire's student led research program are its growing presence on campus, as well as its financial allocation for research projects. Since the early 2000's, the total number of projects has increased by 41% and funding to the program by 60% (reaching $935915 in 2015–16). The ORSP also recognizes students who pursue their research programs with funding and scholarships. In 2020, the ORSP gifted around $10,000 in scholarships, along with funding for their projects According to UW-Eau Claire’s Factbook, 39.6% of graduates in 2020-21 were involved in research during their time at UW-Eau Claire.

Study abroad
Some students at the university take advantage of the study abroad programs available. The program at Eau Claire holds one of the top participation rates among Universities at the Master's level in the country. With more than 40 different programs in 35 countries, students can study at colleges in many parts of the world. According to UW-Eau Claire’s Factbook, 13.4% of the Graduating Class of 2021 studied abroad during their collegiate career at UWEC.

National Student Exchange
Since 1984, the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has been a part of the National Student Exchange (NSE), a program that allows students to attend a semester or full academic year at a different institution while still paying UWEC tuition. Through NSE, around 3,500 students participate at 170 universities in 48 states, Canada, Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Virgin Islands; 40-50 of those students are from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire.

Clubs
The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has more than 210 campus organizations for student involvement, including academic and professional organizations, campus media, club sports, Greek life, honor societies, service organizations, special interest clubs, and clubs related to culture and identity, governance and politics, recreation, performing, and spiritual beliefs. The women's rugby club team won the 2022 National Collegiate Rugby Division II National Championship.

Marching band
The UW–Eau Claire Blugold Marching Band (BMB) is one of the largest collegiate marching bands in the country. In 2018, the BMB reached 400 members for the first time in its history and has continued to maintain its membership of 400+ students, as of 2021. The band performs at Blugold home games, field exhibitions, parades, stage shows, and other selected events. Since 2008, the BMB has made seven international performance tours with performances in Paris, Sydney, Venice, Rome, the Vatican, Athens, Singapore, London, Tokyo, Istanbul, and Barcelona. In addition to land-based international performances, BMB has performed on six separate cruise ships for Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Norwegian Cruise Lines, and Costa Cruises. BMB's cruise performances have taken its members to Malaysia, Thailand, Bali, Jerusalem, New Zealand, Haifa, and Izmir. BMB has performed three times as the guest exhibition band at the Bands of America Super Regional in Indianapolis and twice at the BOA St. Louis Super Regional. BMB has performed guest exhibitions for Youth in Music in Minneapolis for 14 of the past 15 years, as well as in high school competitions such as Music Along the Chippewa, Chicagoland, and others in the Twin Cities, Milwaukee, and Chicago areas.

Jazz
UW–Eau Claire's Jazz Ensemble I is an eight-time winner of Down Beat's "Best College Big Band" award and has been nominated for a Grammy twice. The New York Times has called the jazz program one of the most "well regarded in the country." The university also hosts The Eau Claire Jazz Festival, one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious collegiate jazz festivals in the country. The festival regularly attracts respected jazz musicians including Gary Burton, Bill Evans, Rufus Reid, Lewis Nash, Michael Brecker, Stanley Jordan, Eric Marienthal, Bobby Sanabria, Chris Potter, Benny Green, Charlie Byrd, Ira Sullivan and Slide Hampton. The festival is composed of college bands, high school bands and invited performers. The college and high school bands compete to win awards, and UW-Eau Claire's Jazz I regularly performs with the invited guests. The festival also offers clinics, lectures and master classes with the invited performers. As of 2021, the Eau Claire Jazz Festival is 54 years old.

Madrigal Dinner
The Madrigal Dinner is a 15th-century-style banquet. At the dinner, the Chamber Choir performs in costume as a royal court celebrating the harvest season and the holiday season. Traditionally, a student performs as a jester to add levity to the evening's festivities. Additionally, each year different students are chosen to play the roles of King and Queen. Guests attending the Madrigal Dinner often dress in period costumes, though no dress code is required. Beyond choral music, the Madrigal Dinner also incorporates modern Christmas music. Dishes such as wassail, beef vegetable soup and stuffed pork chops are served.

The Forum
The Forum lecture series invites notable speakers to share their ideas with the Chippewa Valley community. The program was founded in 1942 by President W. R. Davies to express his vision of what the college might become as a cultural center. The Forum has hosted a variety of speakers including Martin Luther King Jr., Carl Sagan, Henry Kissinger, William F. Buckley Jr., Maya Angelou, Richard Nixon, Noam Chomsky and Monica Lewinsky.

Ann Devroy Memorial Forum
The Ann Devroy Memorial Forum is a partnership between The Washington Post and the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. The program was set up after the death of Ann Devroy, the chief White House correspondent at The Washington Post and a 1970 UW-Eau Claire graduate. Each year a noted journalist presents a keynote address at the Ann Devroy Memorial Forum, and a fellowship is given to a promising UW-Eau Claire journalism student.

Viennese Ball
The annual Viennese Ball has been a tradition for over 40 years at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. A formal event, the ball "recalls the culture, history and music of 19th-century Vienna." It is modeled on the New Year's Eve Kaiser Ball and showcases the University Women's Concert Choral and Singing Statesmen ensembles, which open the evening with several pieces including the American and Austrian national anthems, University Symphony Orchestra, which performs waltzes and polkas from the Strauss Era, and the Eau Claire Jazz Ensemble I, which plays music from the Big Band Era. Other music is performed by smaller student and faculty ensembles. The ball also offers Austrian and American cuisine. Proceeds have provided more than $1.5 million in music, service and international study awards for UW-Eau Claire students.

Gatsby's Gala
The annual Gatsby's Gala is a seven-year fundraising tradition at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. The gala is a roaring 20s-themed party that supports both the Eau Claire Jazz festival and the UW–Eau Claire Jazz Studies program. Performances at this event include "swing classics, sultry ballads, and modern twists" from the UW–Eau Claire Jazz ensembles I and II, community guest artists, and "surprise vocalists." This event offers food and beverages to guests, as well as a raffle and "charity-gaming."

The Pablo Center at the Confluence
The Pablo Center at the Confluence is a building in downtown Eau Claire used for a variety of showings and performance art displays. The center is available for community use, however it is also used by the University for its music and theatre arts students. Inside of the center are the Jamf and RCU theatres, two of the largest performing spaces available to college students in the nation, light and sound projection labs, recording studios, and several art galleries. Often, the works of Blugolds are featured in their galleries.

title: University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire


text:
Alpine climate

Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate.

Definition
There are multiple definitions of alpine climate.

In the Köppen climate classification, the alpine and mountain climates are part of group E, along with the polar climate, where no month has a mean temperature higher than 10 C.

According to the Holdridge life zone system, there are two mountain climates which prevent tree growth :

a) the alpine climate, which occurs when the mean biotemperature of a location is between 1.5 and 3 C. The alpine climate in Holdridge system is roughly equivalent to the warmest tundra climates (ET) in the Köppen system.

b) the alvar climate, the coldest mountain climate since the biotemperature is between 0 °C and 1.5 °C (biotemperature can never be below 0 °C). It corresponds more or less to the coldest tundra climates and to the ice cap climates (EF) as well.

Holdrige reasoned that plants net primary productivity ceases with plants becoming dormant at temperatures below 0 C and above 30 C. Therefore, he defined biotemperature as the mean of all temperatures but with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C; that is, the sum of temperatures not adjusted is divided by the number of all temperatures (including both adjusted and non-adjusted ones).

The variability of the alpine climate throughout the year depends on the latitude of the location. For tropical oceanic locations, such as the summit of Mauna Loa, the temperature is roughly constant throughout the year. For mid-latitude locations, such as Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the temperature varies seasonally, but never gets very warm.

Cause
The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight in the visible spectrum hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K, and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.

However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or 5.4 °F per 1000 feet) of altitude.

The presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes saturated and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses (forming clouds), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the moist adiabatic lapse rate (5.5 °C per kilometre or 3 °F per 1000 feet). The actual lapse rate, called the environmental lapse rate, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a normal lapse rate is 5.5 °C per 1,000 m (3.57 °F per 1,000 ft). Therefore, moving up 100 m on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometres (50 miles or 0.75° of latitude) towards the pole. This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors, such as proximity to oceans, can drastically modify the climate. As the altitude increases, the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase. The temperature continues to drop until the tropopause, at 11000 m, where it does not decrease further. This is higher than the highest summit.

Distribution
Although this climate classification only covers a small portion of the Earth's surface, alpine climates are widely distributed. They are present in the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau, Gansu, Qinghai and Mount Lebanon in Asia; the Alps, the Urals, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and the Sierra Nevada in Europe; the Andes in South America; the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Rocky Mountains, the northern Appalachian Mountains (Adirondacks and White Mountains), and the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt in North America; the Southern Alps in New Zealand; the Snowy Mountains in Australia; high elevations in the Atlas Mountains, Ethiopian Highlands, and Eastern Highlands of Africa; the central parts of Borneo and New Guinea; and the summits of Mount Pico in the Atlantic and Mauna Loa in the Pacific.

The lowest altitude of alpine climate varies dramatically by latitude. If alpine climate is defined by the tree line, then it occurs as low as 650 m at 68°N in Sweden, while on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, the tree line is at 3950 m.

title: Alpine climate


text:
Prime Minister of Malaysia

The prime minister of Malaysia (Perdana Menteri Malaysia; ) is the head of government of Malaysia. The prime minister directs the executive branch of the federal government. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the prime minister as a member of Parliament (MP) who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. The prime minister is usually the leader of the party winning the most seats in a general election.

After the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the chief minister of the Federation of Malaya, became the first prime minister of Malaysia.

Appointment
According to the Federal Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint a prime minister to preside over the Cabinet. The prime minister is to be a member of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives), and who in his majesty's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House. This person must be a Malaysian citizen, but cannot have obtained their citizenship by means of naturalisation or registration. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall appoint other ministers from either the Dewan Rakyat or Dewan Negara (Senate) with the prime minister's advice.

The prime minister and his cabinet ministers must take and subscribe to the oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy in the presence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong before they can exercise functions of office. The Cabinet is collectively accountable to the Parliament of Malaysia. The members of the Cabinet shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause a conflict of interest. The Prime Minister's Department (sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister's Office) is the body and ministry in which the prime minister exercises his/her functions and powers.

In the case where a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or when the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's choice of replacement prime minister will be dictated by the circumstances. All other ministers shall continue to hold office by the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless if the appointment of any minister is revoked by his majesty upon the advice of the prime minister. Any minister may resign his office.

Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeat in an election, or the death of a prime minister, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong would generally appoint as the new leader of the governing party or coalition as new Prime Minister.

Malaysia uses first-past-the-post-voting system, which means a party or coalition who gets 112 seats in lower house will lead the government.

Powers
The power of the prime minister is subject to a number of limitations. Prime ministers removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives, must advise a new election of the lower house or resign the office. The defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of Parliament, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called loss of supply.

The prime minister's party will normally have a majority in the House of Representatives and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Malaysian politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality.

Under the Constitution, the prime minister's role includes advising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on:
 * the appointment of the federal ministers (full members of cabinet);
 * the appointment of the federal deputy ministers, parliamentary secretaries (non-full members of cabinet);
 * the appointment of 44 out of 70 Senators in the Dewan Negara;
 * the summoning and adjournment of sittings of the Dewan Rakyat;
 * the appointment of judges of the superior courts (which are the High Courts, the Court of Appeal, and the Federal Court);
 * the appointment of the attorney-general and the auditor-general; and
 * the appointment of the chairmen and members of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, Election Commission, Police Force Commission, Education Service Commission, National Finance Council, and Armed Forces Council;

Under Article 39 of the Constitution, executive authority is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, Article 40(1) states that in most cases, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is bound to exercise his powers on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. Thus, in practice, actual governing authority is vested in the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

Acting prime minister
From time to time, prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods. However, the position can be fully decided by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the king of Malaysia when the position remains empty following the sudden resignation or death of the prime minister.

Caretaker prime minister
Under Article 55(3) of Constitution of Malaysia, the lower house of Parliament, unless sooner dissolved by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with his own discretion on the advice of the prime minister, shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. Article 55(4) of the Constitution permits a delay of 60 days in the holding of the general election from the date of dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one Parliament and the convening of the next, the prime minister and the cabinet remain in office in a caretaker capacity.

List of prime ministers of Malaysia
Colour key (for political coalitions/parties):

(2) (6)  (2)  (1)

title: Prime Minister of Malaysia


text:
University of Wisconsin–Parkside

The University of Wisconsin–Parkside (UW Parkside or UWP) is a public university in Somers, Wisconsin. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and has 4,644 students, 161 full-time faculty, and 89 lecturers and part-time faculty. The university offers 33 undergraduate majors and 11 master's degrees in 22 academic departments. UW-Parkside is one of two universities in the UW System not named for the city in which it is located, the other being UW-Stout. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

UW–Parkside is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II for athletics. The athletic program is branded as the Parkside Rangers, and its teams wear forest green, black, and white. The Rangers compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Origins and formative years
The history of University of Wisconsin–Parkside began on September 2, 1965, when the Wisconsin State Assembly approved Senate Bill 48, which mandated the creation of new collegiate institutions in northeastern Wisconsin and the Kenosha-Racine area "as soon as practicable". Governor Warren Knowles signed the bill into law. Although designated a Senate bill, much of the political force behind the legislation came from Democratic Representative George Molinaro of Kenosha.

In April 1966 a site-selection committee chose a 690 acre parcel of rolling farmland and woods near Petrifying Springs Park in Kenosha County as the site of the new southeastern University of Wisconsin campus, from around half a dozen alternative options. On April 21, 1966, UW-Madison history professor Irvin Wyllie chose the name University of Wisconsin–Parkside for the campus, writing that: "No place can go anywhere tagged the Petrifying Springs Campus, or snide variations thereof: Putrifying Springs, Stupefying Springs". In May the same year, Wyllie was named the first chancellor by UW President Fred Harvey Harrington.

In October 1977, author Irving Wallace, a Kenosha native, donated a collection of his books, manuscripts, correspondence, awards and other items to UW–Parkside to establish the Irving Wallace Collection, including plays, screenplays, photographs and other materials. The next month ground was broken for the first two buildings of the new campus. 31 parcels of land were acquired for the $6.5 million first phase of the construction project, mostly through condemnation. The first building was finished in time to hold classes in the fall of 1969. The rest of the campus was finished in 1976 with the opening of the Union. Also in 1967, the historic Chiwaukee Prairie in the south of Kenosha County was named a state natural area as The Nature Conservancy Inc., and began donating the land to UW–Parkside.

In June 1968, the university's library opened with 70,000 volumes. A part of the library's collection was stored in a barn on one of the former farms purchased for the university. The University of Wisconsin–Parkside was officially founded the following month, taking administrative control of the two-year UW centers in Racine and Kenosha. Classes were held on the two-year centers, which were later disbanded. In December, the Board of Regents named the administration building on Wood Road for Bernard Tallent, dean of the UW–Kenosha center from 1948 until his death in 1965.

In February 1969, a bill introduced in the State Assembly limited UW–Parkside enrollment to 30,000, with the university's master plan envisioning eventual enrollment of 25,000. In September 1969, the university accepted its first students, holding classes in Greenquist Hall. Enrollment across the three campus sites (including the two former two-year UW Centers in Kenosha and Racine) was 2,911. In November the same year, students chose the name "Rangers" for the university's athletics teams. In May 1970, a host of dignitaries were invited to officially dedicate the new university at the end of its first year. In June the first cohort of 36 students graduated at a modest ceremony in Greenquist Hall with 500 attendees. George Becker of Kenosha was the first to receive his diploma.

In April 1971 the first UW–Parkside student government was elected, and in October that year the State Legislature approved a bill to merge the four-campus University of Wisconsin with the Wisconsin State Universities, creating the University of Wisconsin System. The move had a profound effect on the growth of the UW–Parkside campus. In December 1971, three UW–Parkside researchers, Eugene Goodman, Ben Greenebaum, Michael Marron, received a United States Navy grant to study the effects of a proposed Navy communications system, Project Sanguine, on the cells of slime mold. Since then, the three researchers and others have received hundreds of thousands of dollars in further grants to study the effects of the communication system on living organisms.

In Summer 1972, UW–Parkside runner Lucien Rosa competed in the Olympic marathon in Munich, representing his home country of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He later became the head men's cross country and track coach at the university. In September that year, the Library/Learning Center and the Physical Education Building opened to the public. The library's collection included 200,000 books and 1,700 periodicals, and later grew to include more than 365,000 volumes, 1,680 periodicals, 4,720 maps and 11,600 audio/visual titles. In March 1973, assistant life sciences professor Omar Amin discovered a new species of tiny parasitic worm in the Pike River and named it Acanthocephalus parksidei after the university. In June the same year, the first UW–Parkside Alumni Association was founded, for the around 1,200 alumni of the university.

In July 1975, Alan E. Guskin, acting president of Clark University in Massachusetts, became the second chancellor of UW–Parkside. In Spring 1976, Gary Cole finished his basketball career with a record 2,262 points (20.6 per game) and 1,177 rebounds. Cole, now known as Abdul Jeelani, went on to play for the Portland Trail Blazers and Dallas Mavericks. Around the same time, UW–Parkside race walker Jim Heiring was the university's first to compete in the United States Olympic trials in the 20-kilometer walk, narrowly missing out on a place in the team. He went on to become a six-time national champion and member of the 1980, 1984 and 1988 teams. In October 1976 the $3.7 million student union opened.

1980s
In January 1980, six athletes became the inaugural members of the UW–Parkside Hall of Fame: Heiring; Jeelani; four-time All-American wrestler Ken Martin; Kim Merritt, the first UW–Parkside woman All-American distance runner; marathoner Lucien Rosa; and wrestler Bill West. In February 1981, the university established the Biomedical Research Institute. Over the next decade, members of the institute were awarded nearly $4 million in research grants. In September 1981, in response to a shortage of nurses, UW–Parkside and UW–Milwaukee enrolled the first students in a cooperative program allowing students to earn a UW–Milwaukee nursing degree by taking courses at UW–Parkside, which became a model for the UW System.

In June 1983, researcher Ross Gundersen demonstrated for the first time that a substance released by developing muscle tissue exerts an attraction on growing spinal nerves, illustrating that growing nerves communicate with the muscles to which they eventually attach. That year the university enrolled a record 6,008 students. In September 1985, Chancellor Guskin left UW-Parkside to become president of Antioch University in Yellow Springs, Ohio, and Sheila I. Kaplan, vice chancellor for academic affairs in the Minnesota State University System, became UW–Parkside's third chancellor the following July. In December 1987, the university's biological sciences Professor Chong-maw Chen, a researcher on plant hormones and genetic engineering, was named one of six Wisconsin Distinguished Professors by the Board of Regents, and later reappointed in 1993. The following September, the entire Biological Sciences Department was designated a Center of Excellence by the same board, and approval was granted for the university to offer a master's degree in applied molecular biology, including the study of advanced techniques in cloning, gene splicing and isolating traits on genetic material. In December 1988, professor of engineering science George Perdikaris was also named a Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Applied Science.

In February 1989, the UW–Parkside basketball team set four NCAA records with the new three-point shot during a 121–95 win over Lakeland College: most three-point shots completed by one player (14), most attempts by one team (70), most completions by one team (25) and most three-point attempts by both teams (77).

1990s to present
In March 1991, university officials traveled to Tbilisi, Georgia, to initiate an exchange agreement between UW–Parkside and the Georgian Technical University. Later in the year, Chancellor Kaplan and Vice Chancellor John Stockwell traveled to Ile-Ife, Nigeria to agree final details of an exchange agreement with Obafemi Awolowo University. In April 1991, a human-protein experiment coordinated by Associate Chemistry Professor Z. Richard Korszun launched into orbit aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis. Korszun invented a specialized device to "grow" crystallized human protein samples in the weightlessness of space, in the hope that the crystals will provide new information about the structure of proteins.

In September 1991, UW-Parkside baseball coach Ken Oberbruner, who compiled a 332–229 record as coach from 1970 to 1991, died. His son Jamey was inducted into the UW–Parkside Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995 for his baseball career from 1978 to 1981.

In July 1992, two UW-Parkside connected race walkers competed in the Summer Olympics in Barcelona; 1989 alumna Michelle Marter-Rohl finished 20th, and Debi Spino-Lawrence, a member of the university's race walking team, finished 26th. Marter-Rohl went on to compete in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, finishing 14th in the 10k race, the best US finisher. In the fall of 1992, UW-Parkside history professor Thomas Reeves published A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy, which spent several weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list. Around the same time the university began hosting a national computer Olympics. Coordinated by math professor Donald Piele, the competition is used to pick the United States team to compete in the annual International Olympiad in Informatics. By 1998, UW-Parkside teams had won four gold medals, six silver medals and nine bronze medals.

In May 1993, the university awarded its first honorary doctor of humane letters degree to poet Gwendolyn Brooks. In May 1994, Chancellor Kaplan left the university to become president of the Metropolitan State University of Denver, and was succeeded by Eleanor J. Smith, vice president for academic affairs and provost at the William Paterson College of New Jersey. In 1994, in a project that grew from the university's 25th anniversary celebration, the UW–Parkside Nature Trail was created, including 10 geological and historical markers around the nearly 700 acre campus. The project later included a printed guide and signs marking more than 140 species of trees.

In May 1996, UW–Parkside was granted professional accreditation of its School of Business by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). In the Fall of that year, International Business Machines (IBM) donated an AS/400 computer worth $353,000 to UW–Parkside as part of a program to increase the number of employees with experience on the server. The computer was integrated into the management information systems curriculum in the Department of Business. Chancellor Smith resigned in May 1997 after three years in the post, and Gordon Lamb, president emeritus of Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago, was named interim chancellor by UW System President Katharine Lyall. The university's fifth chancellor, John Keating, previously provost of the University of Alaska-Fairbanks, began his tenure on July 1, 1998.

In the early years of the new millennium, UW–Parkside was one of 64 universities nationwide, and the only one in Wisconsin, to be designated as an "engaged campus" by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Keating stepped down as chancellor in 2008, but his named successor, Robert Felner, was asked to resign in Summer 2008 before he had taken over the position, as he was involved in a federal criminal investigation into possible misuse of funds, related to his time as dean of the University of Louisville's College of Education and Human Development. The investigation included an FBI raid at UW-Parkside of the papers Felner was storing there in preparation for his new job. Lane R. Earns became UW–Parkside's Interim Chancellor on August 25, 2008, and Deborah Ford became the university's sixth chancellor on August 1, 2009.

List of chancellors
The university has had six chancellors: Irvin G. Wyllie (1966–74), Alan Guskin (1975–85), Sheila Kaplan (1986–93), Eleanor J. Smith (1994–97), John P. Keating (1998–2008), and Deborah L. Ford (2009–2023)

Campus
UW–Parkside is a complex of buildings with the main academic buildings and its student center connected by skyways, where one walkway, that between the Student Center and Molinaro Hall, is nicknamed "The Bridge." Nationally known architect Gyo Obata developed the campus master plan with a major library/learning center at its heart. The original buildings, constructed between 1967 and 1976, occupy a small portion of the 700 acre campus, which lies in Kenosha County.

The campus comprises 15 buildings, including Wyllie Hall, Greenquist Hall, Molinaro Hall, Tallent Hall, the Rita Tallent Picken Regional Center for Arts and Humanities, the Student Center, the Sports & Activity Center, Ranger Hall, University Apartments, and Pike River Suites. Recent renovations and expansions to the Sports & Activity Center, Student Center, Rita Tallent Picken Regional Center for Arts and Humanities, and the newly constructed Pike River Suites blended the updates into the existing architecture.

The campus has hundreds of acres of restored prairies, mature oak and maple forests, and a meandering creek. The university also owns hundreds of acres of off-campus nature preserves in Kenosha and Racine Counties.

Rita Tallent Picken Regional Center for Arts and Humanities

The Rita Tallent Picken Regional Center for Arts and Humanities, also known as "The Rita", underwent remodeling and expansion in 2012, with a goal of developing a creative and cultural hub for southeast Wisconsin with greater community access and new performance venues. The remodeling and expansion included a new music recital hall; a studio theater for smaller theater productions; galleries for art exhibitions; instructional studios for music, theater arts, and 2-D art programs; and expanded and upgraded classrooms.

The Rita houses the UW-Parkside Theatre Arts Department, which caps the company at approximately 65 students.

Colleges
UW-Parkside is organized into four colleges:

 * The College of Arts and Humanities
 * The College of Social Sciences and Professional Studies
 * The College of Business, Economics, and Computing
 * The College of Natural and Health Sciences

Academics
UW-Parkside offers more than 30 undergraduate majors and graduate-level degrees in business, applied molecular biology, information systems, and sustainable management. Housed within the College of Social Sciences and Professional Studies is the Institute for Professional Educator Development, which offers courses leading to teacher certification in early adolescence through adolescence in several specializations.

Ranking
In 2020, UW-Parkside was ranked #164-#215 in National Liberal Arts Colleges by U.S. News & World Report. As of 2023, Parkside is ranked, in the midwestern category, #28 in Top Performers on Social Mobility and #41 in Top Public Schools.

Library
The University Library, located in Wyllie Hall, houses a collection of over 380,000 volumes, 19,000 audio visual titles, 972,991 microform pieces, over 80,000 electronic books, maintains subscriptions to 1200 periodicals, and offers access to over 200 databases, most of which are available remotely.

The library is also home to the university archives and the Parkside Area Research Center (ARC). The ARC houses local and regional manuscript collections, including the Vincent F. Ruffolo Collection of Nash and AMC materials, the Irving Wallace collection, the David Kherdian collection, and the John Sullivan collection of Aviation materials, and documents on the history of UW-Parkside.

Parkside's Library was named Library of the Year for 2017 by the Wisconsin Library Association.

Housing

The university has three student housing facilities: Pike River Suites, Ranger Hall, and the University Apartments.

Built in 2009, Pike River Suites is the newest residence hall at UW-Parkside. It can house approximately 250 residents.

Ranger Hall is a traditional-style residence hall and can house approximately 410 residents. Most rooms are designed to house up to two students, though there are a limited number of single rooms available.

The University Apartments is an apartment-style residence hall that can house approximately 370 student residents. It consists of seven separate buildings, each with 6-10 four-bedroom apartments.

Media
The Ranger News is the student-run paper, available online and in print. WIPZ (101.5 FM) is the on-campus radio station that broadcasts music, branded as Ranger Radio. As of May 29, 2020, the station suspended operations after filing the FCC's Notification of Suspension.

Athletics
UW–Parkside is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II and the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Varsity sports for men and women include soccer, basketball, track, golf, and cross country. Men's varsity sports are baseball, and wrestling. Women's varsity sports are softball and volleyball.

The athletic program has been branded as the Parkside Rangers since joining the GLIAC in 2018. The university's mascot, depicted by a brown bear in a Parkside jersey, is Ranger Bear. In January 2011 Ranger Bear qualified for the first time for the Universal Cheer Association Mascot Nationals, where he took third place.

Notable alumni

 * John Martin Antaramian, mayor of Kenosha
 * Jimmy Banks, Milwaukee Wave soccer player
 * Dominic A. Cariello, U.S. National Guard general
 * Jason Collum, film director
 * Darren Elkins, Ranger wrestler; professional mixed martial artist, currently competing in the Featherweight division of the UFC
 * Linda Ham, NASA first female flight director
 * Abdul Jeelani, former NBA basketball player
 * Jim Kreuser, Kenosha County executive
 * Kim Merritt, long-distance runner, winner of the New York City Marathon
 * John Nichols, progressive journalist and author
 * Alex Pettit, Oklahoma's and Oregon's chief information officer
 * Kimberly Plache, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and Wisconsin Senate
 * William S. Pocan, lawyer and judge
 * Tim Seaman, race walker who competed at the 2000 and 2004 Olympics
 * Robert L. Turner, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Robert Wirch, member of the Wisconsin Senate

title: University of Wisconsin–Parkside


text:
University of Wisconsin–Stout

The University of Wisconsin–Stout (UW–Stout or Stout) is a public university in Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States. A member of the Universities of Wisconsin, it enrolls more than 6,900 students. The school was founded in 1891 and named in honor of its founder, lumber magnate James Huff Stout. UW–Stout was designated "Wisconsin's Polytechnic University" in 2007 by UW Board of Regents.

UW–Stout provides focused programs "related to professional careers in industry, technology, home economics, applied art, and the helping professions." UW–Stout offers more than 50 undergraduate majors and 22 graduate majors, including 2 advanced graduate majors and a doctorate.

History

In 1891, James Huff Stout, a lumber magnate who represented Menomonie in the Wisconsin State Senate, founded the Stout Manual Training School as a manual training school, the first of several educational enterprises he launched in Menomonie. The Manual Training movement was an educational philosophy that influenced modern vocational education. In the United States, this philosophy was established in the 1870s and used to train engineers, later working its way into public education. Manual training promoted a classical liberal education, but emphasizing practical application such as practical judgment, perception and visual accuracy, and manual dexterity over theory. It was not meant to be used to teach specific trades, but rather to enhance the traditional educational model. Students learned drafting, mechanics, woodworking, metal working, in addition to science, mathematics, language, literature, and history. After the American Civil War, leaders of industry and politics were turning to public education to augment existing apprenticeship programs by incorporating Manual Training philosophy into their curricula.

Stout was influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, the philosophies of which influenced his own philosophy of education, specifically that making things by hand, through skill and creativity, would provide more thoughtful and creative consumer goods because of the personal satisfaction of the craftsperson. The American interpretation of the Arts and Crafts movement was not in opposition to modern industry. Rather, it embraced creativity and intellectual development as necessary components of the educational model, leading the school to teach classes in drawing, jewelry making, embroidery, and photography.

In addition to the Stout Manual Training School, James Huff Stout established kindergarten classes (1894), a Kindergarten Training School (1899), a School of Physical Culture (1901), training schools for manual training teachers and domestic science teachers (1903), and a Homemaker's School (1907).

In 1908, to simplify and clarify administration, Stout merged his various educational enterprises into the Stout Institute, which was sold to the state of Wisconsin after Stout's death in 1911. The school was governed by its own board of trustees until 1955, when it became part of the Wisconsin State Colleges system as Stout State College. The state colleges were all upgraded to university status in 1965, and accordingly Stout State College became Stout State University. In 1971, after the merger of the former University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin State Universities, the school became part of the University of Wisconsin System under its present name, the University of Wisconsin–Stout. In March 2007, UW–Stout was designated "Wisconsin's Polytechnic University" by the UW System Board of Regents.

Academics
UW–Stout offers more than 50 undergraduate majors and 70 minors, along with 22 graduate degrees. The Graduate School provides oversight for graduate education at the university. UW–Stout offers three terminal degree programs; the Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) in Design, the Educational Specialist degree in both School Psychology and Career & Technical Education, and the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Career & Technical Education.

Colleges & schools
UW–Stout is organized into two colleges: the College of Arts & Human Sciences, which houses the School of Art & Design and the School of Education; and the College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management, which houses the Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering and the School of Management.

The Graduate School provides oversight for graduate education at the university.

English as a Second Language Institute
The English as a Second Language Institute offers year-round English immersion courses to non-native English speakers.

Campus
UW–Stout is made up of two parts, a main campus and north campus. The main campus has most classrooms, five of nine residence halls, and three dining facilities, while the north campus is the remaining four residence halls, along with one dining hall and the student health facilities. The campus is 124 acre with 25 major academic and administrative buildings, 9 residence halls, and 245 laboratories.

More than 3,000 students live on campus. All freshmen and sophomores are required to live on campus for their first two academic years. Housing includes traditional dorms and modern suite-styled rooms. There are nine residence halls. All are co-ed.

Stout Student Association
The Stout Student Association is the student government representing all students at UW–Stout.

Research
The university was designated Wisconsin's polytechnic university by the Universities of Wisconsin Board of Regents in the spring of 2007. In 2013, officials from MIT helped open a fab lab on the UW–Stout campus, the only university in Wisconsin with such a facility.

=== Research Centers ===
 * Applied Research Center
 * Archives & Area Research Center
 * Assistive Technology & Assessment Center
 * Center for Applied Ethics
 * Center for Innovation & Development
 * Center for Limnological Research & Rehabilitation
 * Center for Nutrition Education
 * Center for Sustainable Communities
 * Child & Family Study Center
 * Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center
 * Emerging Center for Career & Technical Education Excellence
 * Fab Lab
 * Manufacturing Outreach Center
 * Menard Center for the Study of Institutions & Innovation
 * Nakatani Teaching & Learning Center
 * People Process Culture
 * Stout Vocational Rehabilitation Institute
 * Weidner Center for Residential Property Management

Stout Technology and Research Park
Just east of the main campus lies the Stout Technology and Research Park, an area housing facilities and laboratories dedicated to research, high technology, engineering, product development and prototype manufacturing, product testing, experimental and commercial testing, and light manufacturing. Business and industry entities located in the STBP include facilities owned by 3M, Andersen Corporation, and ConAgra Foods.

Athletics
UW–Stout's athletic varsity teams mascot is the Blue Devils and the athletic colors are navy blue and white. The school competes in the WIAC in NCAA Division III. The women's gymnastics team is affiliated with National Collegiate Gymnastics Association (NCGA).

As a DIII university, student athletes compete without the benefit of athletics aid or scholarships. Men's teams include: baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, soccer and track and field. Women's teams include: basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field and volleyball.

UW–Stout was the first university among the Universities of Wisconsin with a varsity esports program. The Blue Devils compete as members of the National Association of Collegiate Esports (NACE).

title: University of Wisconsin–Stout


text:
University of Wisconsin–Superior

The University of Wisconsin–Superior (UW–Superior or UWS) is a public liberal arts university in Superior, Wisconsin. UW–Superior grants associate, bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees. The university enrolls 2,559 undergraduates and 364 graduate students.

History
Originally named Superior Normal School, the university was founded by Wisconsin legislators as a school to train teachers in 1893. Superior Normal School's first class graduated in 1897. In 1909, the institution became Wisconsin's first normal school to offer a full-scale training program for the new idea of kindergarten. It also was the first to offer a four-year program for high school teachers beginning in 1923. After authorization to grant bachelor's degrees in education in 1926, the school took on the new name of Superior State Teachers College. Graduate degrees were authorized in 1947 and first offered in 1950. In 1951 the state board of regents changed the institution's name to Wisconsin State College–Superior to better reflect its expanding role. Wisconsin's state colleges eventually were reclassified as universities, resulting in another name change in 1964 to Wisconsin State University–Superior. In 1971 Superior became part of the University of Wisconsin System and acquired its present name. To respond to cuts in state funding, in 2018 UW-Superior suspended a number of academic programs, claiming the cuts were in order to encourage more students to graduate on time.

Mission
UW–Superior has been designated as the public liberal arts college in the University of Wisconsin System, and is a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.

Campus
The university's main campus is at the corner of Belknap Street (U.S. Highway 2) and Catlin Avenue. Its north section is the site of all academic buildings and most residence halls. The south section, at the corner of North 28th Street and Catlin Avenue, contains Hawkes and Ross residence halls, Wessman Arena, and the University Services Center.

Academic buildings

 * Barstow Hall, named for regent Barney Barstow: science programs, Lake Superior Research Institute
 * Erlanson Hall, named for regent Clarence Erlanson: School of Business and Economics, Transportation and Logistics Research Center
 * Gates Physical Education Building, named for regent Clough Gates: classrooms and labs, Mortorelli Gymnasium
 * Holden Fine Arts Center, named for university benefactor Paul Holden: communicating arts, music, and visual arts programs, Wisconsin Public Radio studios, Manion Theatre, Webb Recital Hall
 * Jim Dan Hill Library, named for the university's fifth president (1931–1964): University Library, Markwood Center for Learning, Innovation, and Collaboration, Area Research Center
 * Marcovich Wellness Center, named for regent Toby Marcovich: athletics, health and human performance programs, recreation, Thering Field House
 * Old Main, the oldest building on campus: Chancellor's Office, Provost's Office, Financial Aid Office, Center for Continuing Education, Bursar's (cashier's) Office, Center for Academic Advising, University Relations, Human Resources, Multicultural Center, Office of International Programs, Veteran & Non-Traditional Student Center, Thorpe Langley Auditorium
 * Swenson Hall, named for university benefactors James and Susan Swenson: social sciences, education, languages, mathematics and computer science, Technology Services, First Nations Center, Student Support Services, Erlenbach Lecture Hall
 * Wessman Arena, named for regent Siinto Wessman
 * Yellowjacket Union: Admissions Office, Jacket Book and Supply, Union Cafe, Union Desk Information and Services, Rothwell Opportunity Center and student organization offices.

Residence halls

 * Crownhart Hall, named for regent Charles Crownhart
 * Curran Hall, named for regent Robert Curran
 * McNeill Hall, named for first president Israel McNeill (1896–1907)
 * Ostrander Hall, named for regent Frank Ostrander
 * Ross Hall, named for regent Frank Ross (president, 1903)
 * Hawkes Hall, named for regent Elizabeth Hawkes

Satellite locations
The university manages four external properties:

 * Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve, on Barker's Island in the Superior harbor, accessed from U.S. Highways 2/53
 * Montreal Pier Testing Facility, also along the Superior waterfront, conducts invasive species research
 * Nelson Outdoor Laboratory, 76 acres, on the Lake Superior shoreline within the city of Superior, at the end of Moccasin Mike Road
 * Superior Small Business Development Center, in the Superior Entrepreneur Center at 1401 Tower Avenue, in partnership with the Wisconsin Small Business Development Center and other regional economic development organizations.

Research centers
UW-Superior hosts four regional research centers and has two other research institute affiliations.

 * Area Research Center, in Jim Dan Hill Library, collects public, historical, and genealogical records for Douglas and Washburn counties, in partnership with the Wisconsin Historical Society
 * Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve studies the estuarine environment of the St. Louis River and the south shore of Lake Superior, in partnership with University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension and NOAA
 * Lake Superior Research Institute conducts original and applied research within the Lake Superior basin and beyond in Wisconsin
 * Transportation and Logistics Research Center studies regional transportation issues

Affiliated research institutes:
 * Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute is a shipping research consortium of UW-Superior and the University of Minnesota-Duluth
 * Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute has its Lake Superior regional office at the Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve

Athletics
UW–Superior's athletic teams, nicknamed the Yellowjackets, are affiliated with the NCAA's Division III class. Most teams compete in the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference (UMAC) and competed prior to 2015–2016 in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC). Men's and women's ice hockey teams continue to compete in the WIAC. The men's hockey team won the NAIA national championship in 1976 and the NCAA Division III national championship in 2002.

Radio station
KUWS, the university's radio station, broadcasts with 83,000 watts at 91.3 FM. KUWS is an affiliate of the Wisconsin Public Radio Music Network, and also originates its own jazz, alternative rock, and other music programming as well as UW-Superior sports broadcasts. The KUWS studios also serve as the WPR Northern Bureau and provide programming to stations WHSA, WHWA, WSSU(FM), and WUWS.

Student newspaper
The Promethean is the student newspaper for the University of Wisconsin–Superior. It began as The Peptomist, in 1920. Students voted to change the name to Promethean in 1974. The name was changed again at the start of the 2007–2008 academic year, to The Stinger. In Fall 2009, it became primarily an online newspaper, publishing a print magazine compilation at the end of each term. In 2013, the newspaper returned to print, publishing bi-weekly. In 2015, the name returned to Promethean.

Accreditation
The University of Wisconsin–Superior has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and its predecessor, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, since 1916.

Notable alumni

 * Morrie Arnovich, MLB All Star outfielder
 * Richard Bong (attended), World War II flying ace
 * Frank Boyle, Wisconsin state legislator
 * Esther Bubley, photojournalist
 * Anthony Bukoski (graduate and later professor), short story writer
 * Howard W. Cameron, Wisconsin state senator
 * Herbert Clow, NFL player
 * David DiFrancesco, co-founder of Pixar
 * Bernard E. Gehrmann, Wisconsin state legislator
 * Sandra A. Gregory, U.S. Air Force general
 * Yadamini Gunawardena Member of Parliament, Parliament of Sri Lanka
 * Mary Hubler, Wisconsin state legislator
 * Oluf (Ole) Haugsrud (attended), owner of the Duluth Eskimos and a founding owner of the Minnesota Vikings
 * Steven L. Johnson, President and CEO of Sinclair College, Dayton, Ohio
 * Joe Kelly, co-founder of Dads and Daughters
 * Ernest J. Korpela, educator and Wisconsin state legislator
 * Gordon MacQuarrie, outdoor writer
 * Thomas W. MacQuarrie, president of San Jose State College from 1927 to 1952
 * Dom Moselle, NFL player
 * Tom Murphy, NFL player
 * Thomas B. Murray, Wisconsin state legislator
 * Scott O'Brien, NFL assistant coach
 * Wally O'Neill, NFL player
 * Reino A. Perala (attended), Wisconsin state legislator
 * Angus B. Rothwell, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin
 * Fritz Scholder (attended), Native American artist
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger, 38th Governor of the state of California, bodybuilder and actor
 * Patricia Spafford Smith (attended), small business owner and Wisconsin state legislator
 * Stephen J. Smith, small business owner and Wisconsin state legislator, son of Patricia
 * Doug Sutherland, former NFL player with the Minnesota Vikings

Notable faculty and staff

 * Scott O'Brien, NFL assistant coach
 * Barton Sutter, poet and essayist
 * Irl Tubbs, head coach of the Miami Hurricanes and the Iowa Hawkeyes football teams
 * Albert D. Whealdon, chemistry professor and Wisconsin State Representative

title: University of Wisconsin–Superior


text:
User talk:Xinoph

Other 2004 Republican Presidential Candidates listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Other 2004 Republican Presidential Candidates. Since you had some involvement with the Other 2004 Republican Presidential Candidates redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 15:09, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xinoph


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikivacation

I'm abiding by the request for no edits, but it'll drive me nuts if I don't note it: [...] refers to the voluntary desicion [...]

The correct spelling is decision. -- Jake 07:54, 2004 Mar 1 (UTC)

 * Thanks for informing me! :) I'll correct it. Optim 08:01, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikivacation