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Armin Mueller-Stahl

Armin Mueller-Stahl (born 17 December 1930) is a retired German film actor, painter, author, writer and director who also appeared in numerous English-language films since the 1980s. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Shine. In 2011, he was awarded the Honorary Golden Bear.

Early life
Mueller-Stahl was born in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). His mother, Editta, was from an upper-class family and became a university professor in Leipzig. His father, Alfred Müller, was a bank teller who changed the family's surname to "Mueller-Stahl". The rest of the family moved to Berlin while his father fought on the Eastern Front in World War II. Mueller-Stahl was a concert violinist while he was a teenager and enrolled at an East Berlin acting school in 1952.

Career
Mueller-Stahl was a film and stage actor in East Germany, performing in such films as Her Third and Jacob the Liar. For that country's television, he played the main character of the popular series Das unsichtbare Visier from 1973 to 1979, a spy thriller program designed, in co-operation with the Stasi, as a counterpart to the James Bond films. After protesting against Wolf Biermann's denaturalization in 1976 he was blacklisted by the government. Emigrating in 1980 to West Germany, he found regular work in films. These included Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Lola (1981) and Veronika Voss (1982), Andrzej Wajda's A Love in Germany (1984), Angry Harvest and the Academy Award nominated Hungarian-West German film Colonel Redl (both 1985), the latter about the scandal surrounding Austro-Hungarian Army Colonel Alfred Redl.

Mueller-Stahl played the Soviet general in charge of the occupied United States in the 1987 ABC television miniseries Amerika. He made his American feature film debut as Jessica Lange's character's father in Music Box (1989). His performance as a Jewish immigrant to the United States in the 1990 film Avalon was widely praised. He subsequently took character roles in Kafka by Steven Soderbergh and Night on Earth by Jim Jarmusch (both 1991). Mueller-Stahl won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival for his performance in Utz (1992). Mueller-Stahl was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the abusive father of pianist David Helfgott in the 1996 film Shine. Mueller-Stahl was also in A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995) and the 1997 remake of the film 12 Angry Men. Conversation with the Beast (1996) was his first film as director. In 1998, he played the German scientist and syndicate member, Conrad Strughold, in the feature film The X-Files. In 1999 he played the mastermind of a criminal gang opposite Ray Liotta and Gloria Reuben in Pilgrim, also distributed under the title Inferno.

In the early 2000s, Mueller-Stahl received a positive response for his portrayal of Thomas Mann in a German miniseries about the Mann family called Die Manns - Ein Jahrhundertroman. In 2004, Mueller-Stahl made a foray into American television, guest-starring in four episodes on the television drama series The West Wing as the Prime Minister of Israel. In 2006, he played the role of reclusive Russian artist Nikolai Seroff in Local Color. He had a villainous role in David Cronenberg's crime drama Eastern Promises (2007) and the thriller The International (2009), both of which co-starred British-Australian actress Naomi Watts. In 2008, he won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for Eastern Promises. Mueller-Stahl played the role of Cardinal Strauss, Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Papal conclave, in Angels & Demons (2009).

In 2011, he was awarded the Honorary Golden Bear at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival.

Since the creation of the Freya von Moltke Stiftung, working out of Berlin and Krzyżowa, he has been a supporter and linked with their work.

Filmography

 * Heimliche Ehen (1956), as Norbert
 * Die Flucht aus der Hölle (1960), as Hans Röder
 * Five Cartridges (1960), as Pierre Gireau
 * Star-Crossed Lovers (1962), as Michael
 * … und deine Liebe auch (1962), as Ullrich Settich
 * Naked among Wolves (1963), as André Höfel
 * Christine (1963)
 * Preludio 11 (1964), as Quintana
 * Alaskafüchse (1964), as Sowjetischer Arzt
 * Wolf Among Wolves (1965, TV series), as Wolfgang Pagel
 * Ein Lord am Alexanderplatz (1967), as Dr. Achim Engelhardt
 * Ways across the Country (1968), as Jürgen Leßtorff
 * Tödlicher Irrtum (1970), as Chris Howard
 * Her Third (1972), as The Blind Man
 * Januskopf (1972), as Dr. Brock
 * Die Hosen des Ritters von Bredow (1973), as Dechant von Krummensee
 * Kit & Co (1974), as Mr. Slavovitz
 * Jacob the Liar (1974), as Roman Schtamm
 * Nelken in Aspik (1976), as Wolfgang Schmidt
 * Das unsichtbare Visier (1973–1976, TV series), as Werner Bredebusch
 * Die Flucht (1977), as Schmidt
 * Lola (1981), as Von Bohm
 * Collin (film) (1981, TV film), as Andreas Roth
 * Veronika Voss (1982), as Max Rehbein
 * God Does Not Believe in Us Anymore (1982), as 'Gandhi'
 *  (1982), as Harald Liebe
 * Wings of Night (1982), as Goedel
 * Embers (1983), as François Korb / Andres Korb
 * The Train Killer (film) (1983), as Tetzlav
 *  (1983), as The Lawyer
 * The Wounded Man (1983), as Henri's Father
 * A Love in Germany (1983), as Mayer
 * Trauma (1984 film) (1984), as Sam
 * Rita Ritter (1984)
 *  (1984), as Arnold
 * Crooks in Paradise (1985, TV film), as Otto Flamm
 * Colonel Redl (1985), as Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 * Angry Harvest (1985), as Leon Wolny
 * Die Mitläufer (1985)
 * Forget Mozart (1985), as Graf Pergen
 * The Assault of the Present on the Rest of Time (1985), as Blind Director
 * Close-Up (1985, TV film), as Dold
 * Momo (1986), as Leader of the Men in Grey
 * Franza (1986, TV film), as Jordan
 * Amerika (1987, TV miniseries), as General Petya Samanov
 * Our Man in the Jungle (1987), as Lutz Kehlmann
 * Jokehnen (1987, TV miniseries), as Karl Steputat
 * Lethal Obsession (1987), as Axel Baumgartner
 * A Touch of Danger (film) (1988, TV film), as Max Telligan
 * Midnight Cop a.k.a. Killing Blue (1988), as Inspector Alex Glass
 * Spider's Web (1989), as Baron von Rastchuk
 * C*A*S*H: A Political Fairy Tale (1989), as Maxwell
 * A hecc (1989), as Marnó, kabinos, Tamás barátja
 * Music Box (1989), as Mike Laszlo
 * Avalon (1990), as Sam Krichinsky
 * Night on Earth (1991), as Helmut Grokenberger
 * Kafka (1991), as Grubach
 * Bronstein's Children (1991), as Aaron
 * Utz (1992), as Baron Kaspar Joachim von Utz
 * The Power of One (1992), as Doc
 * Far from Berlin (1992), as Otto Lindner
 * Red Hot (1993), as Dimitri
 * The Movie Teller (1993) (1993), as Movie Teller
 * The House of the Spirits (1993), as Severo
 * Taxandria (1994), as Karol / Virgilus
 * Holy Matrimony (1994), as Wilhelm
 * The Last Good Time (1994), as Joseph Kopple
 * A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995), as Mr. Linzer
 * Theodore Rex (1995), as Elizar Kane
 * Shine (1996), as Peter
 * Conversation with the Beast (1996), as Adolf Hitler
 * The Ogre (1996), as Count von Kaltenborn
 * In the Presence of Mine Enemies (1997, TV Movie), as Rabbi Adam Heller
 * 12 Angry Men (1997, TV Movie), as Juror #4
 * The Game (1997), as Anson Baer
 * The Assistant (1997), as Mr. Morris Bober
 * The Peacemaker (1997), as Dimitri Vertikoff
 * The Commissioner (1998), as Hans Koenig
 * The X-Files (1998), as Strughold
 * The Thirteenth Floor (1999), as Hannon Fuller / Grierson
 * The Third Miracle (1999), as Werner
 * Jakob the Liar (1999), as Kirschbaum
 * Jesus (1999, TV film), as Joseph
 * Mission to Mars (2000), as Ray Beck (uncredited)
 * Pilgrim (2000), as Mac
 * The Long Run (2001), as Bertold 'Barry' Bohmer
 * Die Manns – Ein Jahrhundertroman (2001, TV miniseries), as Thomas Mann
 * The Story of an African Farm (2004), as Otto
 * The West Wing (2004, TV series, 4 episodes), as Israeli Prime Minister Efraim 'Eli' Zahavy
 * The Dust Factory (2004), as Grandpa Randolph
 * Local Color (2006), as Nicholi Seroff
 * I Am the Other Woman (2006), as Karl Winter
 * Eastern Promises (2007), as Semyon
 * Buddenbrooks (2008), as Johann 'Jean' Buddenbrook
 * The International (2009), as Wilhelm Wexler
 * Angels & Demons (2009), as Cardinal Strauss
 * Attack on Leningrad (2009), as Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
 * Knight of Cups (2015), as Fr. Zeitlinger

Awards

 * Berlin Film Festival
 * Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival
 * Berlinale Camera at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival
 * Honorary Golden Bear at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival
 * Lifetime Achievement Award of Zurich Film Festival (2015)
 * Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role (2007)
 * Honorary citizen of Sovetsk (2011)
 * Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany; Knight Commander's Cross ,Great Cross with Star (Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz mit Stern) (2008)
 * Honorary Citizen of Schleswig -Holstein (as of 5. Person) (2010)

title: Armin Mueller-Stahl


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Inshallah

Inshallah (إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ ), also spelled In shaa Allah, In sha Allah, Insya Allah, and İn şa Allah, is an Arabic-language expression meaning "if God wills" or "God willing". Its use is mentioned in the Quran which required the use of it when speaking on future events. In an Islamic context, it expresses the belief that nothing happens unless God wills it, and that his will supersedes all human will; however, more generally the phrase is commonly used by Muslims, Arab Christians and Arabic speakers of other religions to refer to events that one hopes will happen in the future, having the same meaning as the English word "hopefully".

The importance of saying Inshallah is also mentioned in several Hadiths.

The phrase can take on an ironic context, implying that something will never happen and is left to God's hands, or can be used as a gentle way of declining invitations.

Other languages

 * In Adyghe, the terms тхьэм ыIомэ (thəm yı'omə) and иншаллахь (inshallah) are widely used by Circassians, with the meaning "hopefully" or "if God wills".
 * The Spanish word ojalá and the words oxalá in Asturleonese and Galician (more rarely in this language ogallá), all come from the Arabic لو شاء الله from the time of Al-Andalus. It means "we hope", "I hope", "we wish", "I wish". The expression tomara – which some argue comes from "atamma 'Llah" in Arabic with the original meaning similar to "The God will is that" – is also used in Andalusian Spanish. The expression oxalá also exists in Portuguese with a similar meaning. Similar equivalents include se Deus quiser and Deus queira; the aforementioned tomara is also commonly used.
 * The Sardinian expressions Deus bollat or Deus chergiat, meaning "If God wills", used to be common and are still used by mainly elderly (religious) people.
 * The Bulgarian and Macedonian дай Боже/дај Боже and Serbo-Croatian ако Бог да/даће Бог/дај Боже are the South Slav versions of the expression, calqued from Arabic, owing to Ottoman rule over the Balkans. They are used extensively in Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and Montenegro, even sometimes by non-theists. They are also widely used in Ukraine and Russia.
 * In Cypriot Greek, the word ίσσαλα is used with the meaning "hopefully".
 * The (Belgian) Dutch expression "Als 't God belieft" (If God wills) used to be common and is still used by mainly elderly (religious) people.
 * In Esperanto, Dio volu means "God willing".
 * Finnish interjection: Jos Luoja suo, meaning "God willing", is used by some artists in popular music to express leaving life to chance/faith/luck.
 * The term is used in the Indonesian and Malay languages with very similar meanings and spellings, i.e. insyaallah (Indonesian) and insya'Allah (Malay), and is used in the same manner, meaning "God willing". It is a very common expression in both languages.
 * A similar expression exists in Maltese: jekk Alla jrid ("if God wills it"). Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic, the Arabic dialect that developed in Sicily and later in Malta between the end of the 9th century and the end of the 12th century.
 * In Persian language the phrase is nearly the same, ان‌شاءالله, being pronounced formally as, or colloquially as.
 * In Polish, Daj Boże and Jak Bóg da are similar expressions to the South Slav versions. They mean "God, give" and "if God will give/allow".
 * In Romanian, Să dea Dumnezeu! or Să dea Domnul! means the same.
 * In Russian, Дай Бог! is a similar expression with the meaning "God, give!".
 * In Tagalog, sana means "I hope" or "we hope". It is the synonym of the Tagalog word nawa.
 * In Turkish, the word inşallah or inşaallah is similarly used to mean "If God wishes and grants", or more generally "hopefully", but is also used in an ironic context when the speaker does not put too much faith in something.
 * In Urdu, the word is used with the meaning "God willing".
 * In Hebrew the same term is used, borrowed from Arabic (אינשאללה). The original Hebrew term is בעזרת השם (with God's help).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inshallah


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Talk:Hawaiian pizza

Origin of Hawaiian Pizza
The article begins claiming that it originated in Canada (with a whopping SIX citations, potentially violating WP:OVERCITE).

However, in the archives of the talk section, a two users noted that the original sources were uncited and lead to circular references, as other websites cited the original unsourced claim, and the article began citing those websites. Furthermore, additional research has come about casting doubt on the original claim.

This link shows many references to both Hawaiian Pizza, pineapple on pizza, and the combination of pineapple and pork products on pizza, well before the claimed creation in 1962. Furthermore, it would not be a stretch for Mr. Panopoulos to have claimed inventing Hawaiian Pizza as it would likely drive traffic to his restaurant. I would argue that this article be rewritten to mention the many instances of variations of Hawaiian Pizza before Mr. Panopoulos's claimed creation, and not speak so definitively on the origins of the style of pizza. 50.193.29.109 (talk) 23:19, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The citations were an intentional choice by the editors. This article received many vandalisms and people simply didn't believe it was a Canadian dish given the name "Hawaiian". The amount of credible source here is appropriate.
 * Your link (source) is a blog - not a credible source as opposed to the ones we display on this article including BBC, CBC, the Guardian, and Globe and Mail. Your source's author also describes himself as "life-long resident of Massachusetts, a licensed attorney, and have been involved in food and wine writing for about 16 years" so he has the inherent incentive to claim the dish is not Canadian - similar to what you're suggesting. His background as a lawyer and simple "involvement in food and wine writing" proves he is not an expert or food historian. Your points about how the current citations are based off unoriginal website is false. Please read the articles. Also, "additional research has come casting doubt" - you did not provide any research and the reality is any credible source out there points to it being a Canadian dish. If anything, over the years, there are even more credible research/articles solidifying the dish being Canadian.
 * Your speculation that "Mr. Panopoulos" to claim to drive traffic to his restaurant is pure guess. That's your own opinion. Ultimately, the overwhelming credible research provided in this article proving this is a Canadian along with other editors consensus will prompt this article to stay the way it is. - Kazuha1029 (talk) 01:23, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The first addition of the claim of Canadian creation to the article occurred here . The first citation added to that claim was the Village Voice, who cited Wikipedia as the source of the claim, and by their own admission was unable to substantiate the claims outside of speaking to Mr. Panopoulos himself. In the next few citations added, in this version of the article, the National Post cites Wikipedia and Mr. Panopoulos, the Chatham Daily News cites Mr. Panopoulos alone, the Sun and [London Free Press which are both the same article cites Wikipedia and Mr. Panopoulos.
 * In the most recent version of the article, the BBC only cites Mr. Panopoulos here; TIME cites the BBC article, the CBC only cites Mr. Panopoulos; Business Insider cites the CBC article, Mr. Panopoulos, and Atlas Obscura which only cites Mr. Panopoulos; The Globe and Mail cites the CBC article, and even mentions the original unsourced claim from Wikipedia and the Village Voice article; and finally The Guardian cites the BBC and the CBC articles.
 * Many of the earliest citations referenced Wikipedia itself, violating WP:CIRCULAR. None of the articles cited in the current version of the article perform any research deeper than an interview of the person in question, violating WP:PRIMARY - there are no menus from back then, there are no news articles back then discussing the dish, there are no advertisements featuring the dish, et cetera. The blog post I linked includes references to instances of the term "Hawaiian pizza" and pineapple on pizza existing before the alleged creation in 1962. I have contacted the blog post writer requesting direct links to the references and will add to this talk page if I receive them.
 * To discount the blog writer as being non-credible due to his background is as to claim that you are biased for being a Canadian citizen, which I would not claim and do not believe. Regardless of his background, he has referenced many sources which would meet reliability standards on their own - please read his blog post. Further, to say that his incentives to claim the dish is not Canadian is on par the incentive that Mr. Panopoulos would have to claim to be the inventor of the dish is a false equivalency - one is performing research for a personal blog, and the other was laying claim to an internationally famous dish. 50.193.29.109 (talk) 18:43, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It is important to remember that pineapple pizza does not equate Hawaiian pizza. There could be cases or food where they add pineapple to pie-like or pizzas, but it was not coined as "Hawaiian Pizza". For example, just because someone added gravy, cheese curds and meat to fries, does not make them the inventor of poutine. The Globe and Mail article actually explained it really well. Prior to Sam's invention and calling it "Hawaiian", and yes Wikipedia's citation (which resulted in Chatham Daily interviewing him, making his Hawaiian pizza famous), the term "Hawaiian Pizza" is unheard of. There are pizzerias in the States (or anywhere else) that adds pineapple to pizzas (maybe), but that is not the Hawaiian pizza where he added ham and as other sources pointed out, some Chinese cuisine elements.
 * The same Globe and Mail article explained: "Recipes published by U.S. newspapers in the late 1950s included pineapple pizzas, though these were to be served with almonds and cinnamon as dessert pie", this proves my point that these pineapple pizzas did not equate Hawaiian pizza. Therefore, you are free to create a new article called Pineapple Pizza if you like and credit it based on your own research. But Hawaiian Pizza is indeed invented and first credited to Sam and being a staple Canadian dish.
 * One thing I find problematic with the blog post you provided is the tone it is written in was opinionated (as are most of his articles with "Rant"), and other than himself, literally no one has ever been able to provide the articles he's citing. It is based on a lot of speculation. Here's my commentary on his sources:
 * Oregonian (OR), February 7, 1957: the restaurant owner seems to simply be adding as many countries as they can on the menu, and the recipe is totally different from the Hawaiian we know today (notably with papaya and pepper, we also don't know how they cook it). By the same logic, are you suggesting because he put "Swedish Pizza" on this menu, it automatically makes this restaurant the inventor of such a dish?
 * Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 12, 1958: different recipe, and cannot find any evidence of this.
 * The Los Angeles Times (CA), March 12, 1958: no idea what the recipe is.
 * Courier-News (NJ), March 20, 1958: the author admitted he has no idea what this is.
 * Quad City Times (IA), September 24, 1958: Like I explained, just because something has pineapple in it doesn't mean it's Hawaiian pizza. Not to mention it is sweet not savory. Remember, today's Hawaiian's pizza is controversial precisely because of its sweet and savory mix (Sam's inspiration from Chinese food), this is so important and I feel like the fact the author just equates all pineapple pizza proves his lack of expertise in this subject matter.
 * Philadelphia Inquirer (PA), August 23, 1959: author admitted he doesn't know as he has no description.
 * Monroe News-Star (LA), October 7, 1959: author admitted this is a totally different recipe.
 * Boston Daily Record, February 17, 1961: I find the author's statement here to be extremely problematic. He doesn't know what this pizza look like, never tasted it, never seen it and never had the recipe. Just because of the name "Hawaiian" he boldly claims this predates the invention of Sam's Hawaiian pizza. The author doesn't even say if there's pineapple in it this time and he directly claims this is the Hawaiian pizza we know today?
 * St. Louis Post-Dispatch (MO), October 12, 1961: this time it is not even called Hawaiian, it was simply "Pineapple Cheese Pizza", again, this does not equate "Hawaiian Pizza". We also do not know the recipe.
 * Ultimately, you cannot deny that the above sources the blogger pointed out were trivial at best. None of these restaurants were "famous" for their Hawaiian pizza and their recipe were drastically different. None of these restaurants ever tried to debate they are the inventor of Hawaiian Pizza either. Sam P. invented the "Hawaiian pizza" we know today and it is cited by all major credible news outlets, especially with the interviews directly with the inventor like you said. None of the sources the blogger pointed out had any detailed interviews or research, it was simply mentions. It is also extremely unlikely that Sam would somehow eat/copy the "Hawaiian pizza" in the States and claim he invented Hawaiian (back then internet was not as widespread). Perhaps throughout the history of time, both Canada and USA had have many chefs make "pineapple pizza", but it is Sam P. who made this dish and its recipe we know today. Therefore, I do not think this article requires any revision.Kazuha1029 (talk) 01:36, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Nah it’s totally not from canada lmao 2600:1702:1B20:CB20:1C84:F351:E9E8:8781 (talk) 01:28, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 November 2023
please let me edit im Italian 135.180.29.34 (talk) 19:39, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone may add them for you, or if you have an account, you can wait until you are autoconfirmed and edit the page yourself.  JTP (talk • contribs) 19:56, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Not an ingrediens
Pizza dough is not 1 ingredience. It's a collection of ingredience. 188.113.95.213 (talk) 08:27, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

 * It would not be helpful in the context of this article about a specific type of pizza to list of individual components of pizza dough, eg flour water yeast salt or whatever. What the reader needs to know is what makes this distinctive from otehr pizzas. Ponsonby100 (talk) 09:39, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * So write "contains" instead of "ingredients" or write the ingredients of the pizza dough in it's own paragraf under the "ingredients". 188.113.95.213 (talk) 10:58, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No. Ponsonby100 (talk) 12:26, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Then delete the whole wikipedia page about the Hawaiian pizza. 188.113.95.213 (talk) 13:36, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

Change of name from Hawaiian to Pineapple
Hello from Hawai'i. I'de like to change the title from Hawaiian to pineapple since in acuality it isn't actually hawaiian at all. it just used dole pineapple which was canned in hawai'i. in the intro it should say "Pineapple pizzatraditionally known as Hawaiian pizza". it's quite misleading even if it is known to have been made in Canada 808Poiboy (talk) 21:42, 20 November 2023 (UTC)808Poiboy (talk) 21:43, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

 * If you have evidence it is not the WP:COMMONNAME, feel free to present it. There are plenty of things in the world with misleading names (Peanut, Chinese checkers, king crab, etc.). Furthermore, Hawaiian pizza also has ham or bacon, so "pineapple pizza" does not adequately describe the topic. Cerebral726 (talk) 21:46, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * mostly, people base the "Hawaiian pizza' as just pineapple and usually because of the fact of dole pizza. it is true that it has ham and/or bacon. how could we work around this without creating a false statement? it could also say that "even though it is mainly called pineapple pizza, it can come with bacon and/or ham along with it." 808Poiboy (talk) 21:54, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It’s not our job at Wikipedia to correct common names. This type of pizza is commonly described as Hawaiian. If you can provide reliable sources  that the common name in use is « pineapple pizza », please do do. Thanks. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 22:50, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Whoops – I linked to the wrong one. Sorry! Should be:  WP:COMMONNAME. That’s the more general discussion. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 03:10, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Your argument doesn't make sense. No one says something should be named based on where it is from. For example: French fries isn't necessarily from France, California roll isn't necessarily from California, Mongolian barbecue is invented in Taiwan not Mongolia, and fuji apple may not be grown in Japan (it's grown across the world). For all we know, the name "Hawaiian" could be inspired by Hawaii's tropical flavor (pineapple), or could be completely random. It doesn't matter, the pizza is named Hawaiian and it's commonly referred as such, even though it is created by a Canadian.Kazuha1029 (talk) 04:15, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please see MOS:COMMONNAME for more explanation on this point. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk)

Suggest quotes over hawaiian
“Hawaiian” pizza or “Hawaiian pizza” 2603:9001:7C00:CBB:291C:B2B2:1283:98EE (talk) 02:17, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Despite it being an affront to good taste, it still is technically a pizza, though yes it's not Hawaiian in the slightest.  Liliana UwU  (talk / contributions) 12:34, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawaiian pizza


text:
Concrete (comics)

Concrete is a comic book series created and written by Paul Chadwick and published by Dark Horse Comics.

The character's first appearance is Dark Horse Presents #1 (July 1986). The eponymous central character is a normal man whose brain was transplanted into a large, stone body by aliens, and who lives an extraordinary life on Earth following his escape.

The Concrete series focuses on realism. Apart from the aliens (which appear only in original series issue #3, in Concrete's recounting of his origin) and Concrete's own high-tech, artificial, stone body (which includes a host of attendant abilities), there are no supernatural or science fiction elements to any stories.

The hero tries to use his body for noble endeavors, such as helping out on a family farm. Later, Concrete climbs Mount Everest, becomes involved with a group of hardline environmental militants, and reluctantly agrees to become the spokesperson of a campaign to voluntarily reduce the Earth's population.

Concrete's sexuality is addressed in the series. An artist at heart, he collects paintings of female nudes. He is embarrassed at his lack of sexual organs; this is often the subject of hurtful jokes thrown his way.

Real-world physics apply to Concrete. Examples include Concrete breaking objects by sitting on them, or Concrete being shot forward from a braking car, due to the momentum of his large body. He is constantly breaking telephones and doorknobs, and must hire an assistant, Larry Munro, because his hands are too clumsy to handle a pen.

The series makes frequent use of thought balloons, showing characters' interior thoughts and feelings. In addition to the comic, Paul Chadwick has drawn Concrete in many paintings. Most show the character wandering in nature, perhaps looking at a flower or some other natural curiosity.

Character history
The series focuses on the life of Concrete, formerly Ron Lithgow, whose brain was involuntarily transplanted by aliens into a hulking artificial body which is made up of a substance that closely resembles concrete.

As part of the back-story, he eventually escaped and made contact with the US Senator he worked for as a speechwriter. After a prolonged period of scientific tests and examinations, he was allowed to live on his own with the cover story that he was a cyborg constructed by the government.

In his new body, Concrete decides to use his tremendous strength, endurance and vision for a series of adventures he never thought of in his previous sedate life. Hiring a personal assistant writer and accompanied by a scientist who is assigned to monitor his body, Concrete has a wide variety of adventures.

Awards and recognition
The series won the Eisner Awards for Best Continuing Series for 1988 and 1989, Best Black-and-White Series for 1988 and 1989, and Best New Series for 1988, and their Best Writer/Artist Award for Paul Chadwick for 1989. It received the Harvey Award for Best New Series in 1988, and won Chadwick their Award For Cartoonist (Writer/Artist) for 1989.

Collections

 * The Complete Concrete (TPB of the original 1987 ten-issue series)
 * Concrete: Fragile Creatures (TPB of the 1991 four-issue limited series, in black-and-white (the earlier version was in color), plus "Fire at Twilight".
 * Concrete: Killer Smile (TPB of the 1994 four-issue limited series)
 * Concrete: Think Like A Mountain (TPB of the 1996 six-issue limited series)
 * Concrete: Strange Armor (TPB of the 1997 five-issue limited series)
 * Concrete: Complete Short Stories 1986-1989
 * "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" from Dark Horse Presents #1, July 1986
 * "Under the Desert Stars" from Dark Horse Presents #2, September 1986
 * "The Four-Wheeled Sleeping Pill" from Dark Horse Presents #3, November 1986
 * "The Gray Embrace" from Dark Horse Presents #4, January 1987
 * "Burning Brightly Brightly" from Dark Horse Presents #5, February 1987
 * "Little Pushes" from Dark Horse Presents #6, April 1987
 * "Water God" from Dark Horse Presents #8, July 1987
 * "Straight in the Eye" from Dark Horse Presents #10, September 1987
 * "Next Best" from Dark Horse Presents #12, November 1987
 * "Now Is Now" from Dark Horse Presents #14, January 1988
 * "A Sky of Heads: With a Whimper" from Dark Horse Presents #16, March 1988
 * "A Sky of Heads: Quality Time" from Dark Horse Presents #18, May 1988
 * "Fitful Sleep" from Dark Horse Presents #20, July 1988
 * "Watching A Sunset" from Dark Horse Presents #20, July 1988
 * "Goodwill Ambassador" from Dark Horse Presents #22, September 1988
 * "Stay Tuned For Pearl Harbor" from Dark Horse Presents #28, March 1989
 * "Visible Breath" from Dark Horse Presents #32, August 1989
 * Concrete: Complete Short Stories 1990-1995
 * "Fire at Twilight" from Dark Horse Presents #38, April 1990
 * "Like Disneyland, Only Toxic" & "A Billion Conscious Acts" from Concrete Celebrates Earth Day, April 1990
 * "What Needs to be Done" from Concrete: Odd Jobs, July 1990
 * "Objects of Value" from Dark Horse Presents Fifth Anniversary Special, April 1991
 * "American Christmas" from Within Our Reach, December 1991
 * "Byrdland's Secret" from Dark Horse Presents #66, September 1992
 * "King of the Early Evening" in black-and-white (the original was in color) from Concrete Eclectica #1, April 1993
 * "I Strive For Realism", in black-and-white (the original was in color) from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
 * "Steel Rain" from San Diego Comic Con Comics #2, August 1993
 * "Enough World" from Dark Horse Presents #87, September 1994
 * "The Artistic Impulse" from Dark Horse Presents #100 [3], August 1995
 * Concrete: Volume One – Depths collects:
 * Concrete #1-5
 * "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", "Water God", and "Straight in the Eye" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "Orange Glow" from Dark Horse Presents Annual 1999, August 1999
 * "Sympathy From A Devil" from Dark Horse Presents #150, January 2000
 * Concrete: Volume Two – Heights collects:
 * Concrete #6-10
 * "Now Is Now" and "Goodwill Ambassador" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "What Needs to be Done" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
 * "The Damp Descent" from Concrete Color Special #1, here in black-and-white, February 1989
 * Concrete: Volume Three – Fragile Creature collects:
 * 1991 four-issue limited series
 * "The Gray Embrace", "Burning Brightly Brightly", "Little Pushes", and "Next Best" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "Fire at Twilight", "Byrdland's Secret", and "The Artistic Impulse" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
 * Concrete: Volume Four – Killer Smile collects:
 * 1994 four-issue limited series
 * "Under the Desert Stars", "The Four-Wheeled Sleeping Pill", and "Visible Breath" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "Enough World", "King of the Early Evening", and "American Christmas" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
 * "The Lyle Committee", "The Ugly Boy", and "Jack O'Fingers" all from Concrete Eclectica #1, April 1993
 * "The Dictator's Dream" and "The Maiden of Crete" from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
 * "Coming Soon: Emptiness", "Life Bomb", and "Frozen" from the Killer Smile series
 * "The Cave", "The Bore", "Earth's Birthday", "The Wish" and "The Arm" from the Think Like a Mountain series
 * "Family Night" from Dark Horse Maverick 2000, July 2000
 * Concrete: Volume Five – Think Like a Mountain collects:
 * 1996 six-issue limited series
 * "A Sky of Heads: With a Whimper" and "Stay Tuned For Pearl Harbor" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "Like Disneyland, Only Toxic", "A Billion Conscious Acts", and "Steel Rain" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
 * "Objects of Value" from Dark Horse Presents Fifth Anniversary Special, April 1991
 * "Riotus Life (Lost in Amazonis)" from Dark Horse Extra #1-4, June 1998
 * Concrete: Volume Six – Strange Armor collects
 * 1997 five-issue limited series
 * "A Sky of Heads: Quality Time", "Fitful Sleep", and "Watching A Sunset" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
 * "I Strive For Realism" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
 * "A Sky of Heads" from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
 * "World Beneath the Skin" from Dark Horse Decade #4, October 1996
 * "Running" and "On Van Gogh's 'The Bedroom'" previously unpublished
 * Concrete: Land and Sea, 1989, reprints "A Stone Among Stones" and "The Transatlantic Swim" with several pages of new art and story.
 * Concrete: A New Life, 1989, reprints "Mountain With a Steel Heart" and "In the Glare of the Lights" with several pages of new art.
 * Concrete: Odd Jobs, 1990, reprints the original issues #5 and #6, plus one new story set immediately after the events in #6, "What Needs to be Done".
 * Concrete: Volume Seven – The Human Dilemma collects
 * 2006 six-issue limited series
 * "Winter" one-page story
 * "Discovery" one-page story
 * Concrete: Three Uneasy Pieces (one-shot) collects the Concrete stories from Dark Horse Presents v.2 #1–#3, January 2012

Variants

 * Fragile Creatures, full color version, 1994
 * Killer Smile, full color version, 1995
 * Think Like a Mountain, full color version, 1997
 * Strange Armor, full color version, 1998
 * Concrete: Eclectica #1, color comic, April 1993, has color versions of "King of the Early Evening", "100 Horrors" #1, #2, and #3, and a nine-page art portfolio.
 * Concrete: Eclectica #2, color comic, has color versions of "I Strive for Realism", "Soon, we'll all float in A Sky of Heads", "100 Horrors" #4, and a five-page art portfolio.
 * Concrete Hero Special, April 1995, reprinted "Moving a Big Rock" with 2 alternate pages not published elsewhere. This was an eight-page story produced to promote the then upcoming "Think Like a Mountain" mini-series. Six pages of this story are actually straight from Think Like a Mountain #4, and appear both in the original issue and the collected editions. However, the first and last page of the story were redone for the Hero Special so the story would make sense in the context of eight pages. Much of the dialogue is the same as what appears in the original comics and collected editions, so there really isn't much difference between the two alternate pages that appear in the Hero Special and what appears in Think Like a Mountain #4 and the subsequent collected editions.

In other media
A film based on the character was in pre-production during the early 1990s, with a script written by Larry Wilson and Paul Chadwick. The film was cancelled.

title: Concrete (comics)


text:
I2P

The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an anonymous network layer (implemented as a mix network) that allows for censorship-resistant, peer-to-peer communication. Anonymous connections are achieved by encrypting the user's traffic (by using end-to-end encryption), and sending it through a volunteer-run network of roughly 55,000 computers distributed around the world. Given the high number of possible paths the traffic can transit, a third party watching a full connection is unlikely. The software that implements this layer is called an "I2P router", and a computer running I2P is called an "I2P node". I2P is free and open sourced, and is published under multiple licenses.

Technical design
I2P started in 2003 as a fork of Freenet.

The network is strictly message-based, like IP, but a library is available to allow reliable streaming communication on top of it (similar to Non-blocking IO-based TCP, although from version 0.6, a new Secure Semi-reliable UDP transport is used ). All communication is end-to-end encrypted (in total, four layers of encryption are used when sending a message) through garlic routing, and even the end points ("destinations") are cryptographic identifiers (essentially a pair of public keys), so that neither senders nor recipients of messages need to reveal their IP address to the other side or to third-party observers.

Although many developers had been a part of the Invisible IRC Project (IIP) and Freenet communities, significant differences exist between their designs and concepts. IIP was an anonymous centralized IRC server. Freenet is a censorship-resistant distributed data store. I2P is an anonymous peer-to-peer distributed communication layer designed to run any traditional internet service (e.g. Usenet, email, IRC, file sharing, Web hosting and HTTP, or Telnet), as well as more traditional distributed applications (e.g. a distributed data store, a web proxy network using Squid, or DNS).

Many developers of I2P are known only under pseudonyms. While the previous main developer, jrandom, is currently on hiatus, others, such as zzz, killyourtv, and Complication have continued to lead development efforts, and are assisted by numerous contributors.

I2P uses 2048bit ElGamal/AES256/SHA256+Session Tags encryption and Ed25519 EdDSA/ECDSA signatures.

Releases
I2P has had a stable release every six to eight weeks. Updates are distributed via I2P torrents and are signed by the release manager (generally zzz or str4d).

Funding
The website states that "funding for I2P comes entirely from donations". Admins and managers of the project said that "the core project itself doesn't take donations". These should instead go to secondary applications or be spent on hiring others, to work on I2P. Support for the onboarding for I2P came from the Open Technology Fund. In contrast to The Tor Project, I2P has "not the financial or legal infrastructure to support a network of exit nodes". The reseed servers, a sort of bootstrap nodes, which connect the user with the initial set of peers to join the I2P-network, should be run by volunteers.

Software

Since I2P is an anonymizing network layer, it is designed so other software can use it for anonymous communication. As such, there are a variety of tools currently available for I2P or in development.

The I2P router is controlled through the router console, which is a web frontend accessed through a web browser.

General networking

 * I2PTunnel is an application embedded into I2P that allows arbitrary TCP/IP applications to communicate over I2P by setting up "tunnels" which can be accessed by connecting to pre-determined ports on localhost.
 * SAM (Simple Anonymous Messaging) is a protocol which allows a client application written in any programming language to communicate over I2P, by using a socket-based interface to the I2P router.
 * BOB (Basic Open Bridge) is a less complex app to router protocol similar to "SAM"
 * Orchid Outproxy Tor plugin

Chat

 * Any IRC client made for the Internet Relay Chat can work, once connected to the I2P IRC server (on localhost). I2P have the option to create tunnels that are specific for this usage, where certain commands that could de-anonymize the user are filtered out.
 * Some XMPP clients like Gajim, Pidgin or a modified Conversations client can work with I2P XMPP servers using Prosody that are using the mod_darknet module

File sharing

 * Several programs provide BitTorrent functionality for use within the I2P network. Users cannot connect to non-I2P torrents or peers from within I2P, nor can they connect to I2P torrents or peers from outside I2P. I2PSnark, included in the I2P install package, is a port of the BitTorrent client named Snark. Vuze, formerly known as Azureus, is a BitTorrent client that includes a plugin for I2P, allowing anonymous swarming through this network. This plugin is still in an early stage of development, however it is already fairly stable. I2P-BT is a BitTorrent client for I2P that allows anonymous swarming for file sharing. This client is a modified version of the original BitTorrent 3.4.2 program which runs on MS Windows and most dialects of Unix in a GUI and command-line environment. It was developed by the individual known as 'duck' on I2P in cooperation with 'smeghead'. It is no longer being actively developed; however, there is a small effort to upgrade the I2P-BT client up to par with the BitTorrent 4.0 release. I2PRufus is an I2P port of the Rufus BitTorrent client. Robert (P2P Software) is the most actively maintained I2PRufus fork. XD is a standalone BitTorrent client written in Go.  BiglyBT is a bittorrent client based on Vuze which also allows the use of i2p for downloading/seeding. Additionally, there exists a torrent index named Postman, ran by the individual with the same name, its rules says that it does not allow illegal content, but warez and piracy is accepted.
 * Two Kad network clients exist for the I2P network, iMule and Nachtblitz. iMule (invisible Mule) is a port of eMule for I2P network. iMule has not been developed since 2013. iMule is made for anonymous file sharing. In contrast to other eDonkey clients, iMule only uses the Kademlia for proceeding to connect through I2P network, so no servers are needed. Nachtblitz is a custom client built on the .NET Framework. The latest version is 1.4.27, released on March 23, 2016. Nachtblitz includes a time lock to disable the software one year after its release date.
 * I2Phex is a port of the popular Gnutella client Phex to I2P. It is stable and fairly functional.
 * Tahoe-LAFS has been ported to I2P. This allows for files to be anonymously stored in Tahoe-LAFS grids.
 * MuWire is a file-sharing program inspired by the LimeWire Gnutella client that works atop the I2P network. The development of MuWire halted on February 14th 2023

Bridging to clearnet
Currently, Vuze and BiglyBT are the torrent clients that make clearnet (connections not through I2P) torrents available on I2P and vice versa. Depending on the client settings, torrents from the internet can be made available on I2P (via announcements to I2P's DHT network) and torrents from I2P can be made available to the internet. For this reason, torrents previously published only on I2P can be made available to the entire Internet, and users of I2P can often download popular content from the Internet while maintaining the anonymity of I2P. As of August 2022, the default outproxy is exit.stormycloud.i2p which is run by StormyCloud Inc.

Email

 * I2P-Bote is a free, fully decentralized and distributed anonymous email system with a strong focus on security. It supports multiple identities and does not expose email metadata., it is still considered beta software. I2P-Bote is accessible via the I2P web console interface or using standard email protocols (i.e. IMAP/SMTP). All bote-mails are transparently end-to-end encrypted and signed by the sender's private key, thus removing the need for PGP or other email encryption software. I2P-Bote offers additional anonymity by allowing for the use of mail relays with variable length delays. Since it is decentralized, there is no centralized email server that could correlate different email identities as communicating with each other (i.e. profiling). Even the nodes relaying the mails do not know the sender, and apart from sender and receiver, only the end of the high-latency mail route and the storing nodes will know to whom (which I2P-Bote address – the user's IP address is still hidden by I2P) the mail is destined. The original sender could have gone offline long before the email becomes available to the recipient. No account registration is necessary, all you have to do in order to use it is create a new identity. I2P-Bote can be installed as an I2P plugin.
 * I2P also has a free pseudonymous e-mail service run by an individual called Postman. Susimail is a web-based email client intended primarily for use with Postman's mail servers, and is designed with security and anonymity in mind. Susimail was created to address privacy concerns in using these servers directly using traditional email clients, such as leaking the user's hostname while communicating with the SMTP server. It is currently included in the default I2P distribution, and can be accessed through the I2P router console web interface. Mail.i2p can contact both I2P email users and public internet email users.
 * Bitmessage.ch can be used over I2P

Instant messaging

 * I2P-Messenger is a simple Qt-based, serverless, end-to-end-encrypted instant messenger for I2P. No servers can log the user's conversations. No ISP can log with whom the user chats, when, or for how long. As it is serverless, it can make use of I2P's end-to-end encryption, preventing any node between two parties from having access to the plain text. I2P-Messenger can be used for fully anonymous instant communication with persons the user doesn't even know, or, alternatively, to communicate securely and untraceably with friends, family members, or colleagues. In addition to messaging, file transfer is also supported.

 * I2P-Talk is another simple instant messenger incompatible with I2P-Messenger, but having the same security properties

Publishing

 * Syndie is a content distribution application, suitable for blogs, newsgroups, forums and small media attachments. Syndie is designed for network resilience. It supports connections to I2P, the Tor network (Syndie does not support Socks proxies, workaround needed for Tor access), Freenet and the regular internet. Server connections are intermittent, and support higher-latency communications. Connections can be made to any number of known servers. Content is spread efficiently using a Gossip protocol.
 * Aktie is an anonymous file sharing and distributed Web of trust forums system. Aktie can connect to I2P with its internal router or use an external router. To fight spam, "hash payments" (proof of CPU work) is computed for every published item.

Routers

 * i2pd is a light-weight I2P router written in C++, stripping the excessive applications such as e-mail, torrents, and others that can be regarded as bloat. The I2PSnark standalone BitTorrent client by I2P+ Team can still be used with it.

The Privacy Solutions project
The Privacy Solutions project, a new organization that develops and maintains I2P software, launched several new development efforts designed to enhance the privacy, security, and anonymity for users, based on I2P protocols and technology.

These efforts include:

 * The Abscond browser bundle.
 * i2pd, an alternate implementation of I2P, written in C++ (rather than Java).
 * The "BigBrother" I2P network monitoring project.

The code repository and download sections for the i2pd and Abscond project is available for the public to review and download. Effective January, 2015 i2pd is operating under PurpleI2P.

Android

 * Release builds of an I2P Router application for Android can be found on the Google Play store under The Privacy Solutions Project's Google Play account or on an F-Droid repository hosted by the developers.
 * Nightweb is an Android application that utilizes I2P and Bittorrent to share blog posts, photos, and other similar content. It can also be run as a desktop application. It is no longer in development.

Cryptocurrency
Some cryptocurrencies that support I2P are listed below.

 * Bitcoin
 * Monero
 * Verge

Terminology

 * Eepsite: Eepsites are websites that are hosted anonymously within the I2P network. Eepsite names end in .i2p, such as ugha.i2p or forum.i2p. EepProxy can locate these sites through the cryptographic identifier keys stored in the hosts.txt file found within the I2P program directory.  Typically, I2P is required to access these eepsites.
 * .i2p: 'I2p' is a pseudo-top-level domain which is only valid within the I2P overlay network scope.  names are resolved by browsers by submitting requests to EepProxy which will resolve names to an I2P peer key and will handle data transfers over the I2P network while remaining transparent to the browser.
 * EepProxy: The EepProxy program handles all communication between the browser and any eepsite. It functions as a proxy server that can be used by any web browser.
 * Peers, I2P nodes: Other machines using I2P that are connected to user's machine within the network. Each machine within the network shares the routing and forwarding of encrypted packets.
 * Tunnels: Every ten minutes, a connection is established between the user's machine and another peer. Data to and from the user, along with the data for other peers (routed through the user's machine), pass through these tunnels and are forwarded to their final destination (may include more jumps).
 * netDb: The distributed hash table (DHT) database based on the Kademlia algorithm that holds information on I2P nodes and I2P eepsites. This database is split up among routers known as "floodfill routers". When a user wants to know how to contact an eepsite, or where more peers are, they query the database.

Vulnerabilities
Denial of service attacks are possible against websites hosted on the network, though a site operator may secure their site against certain versions of this type of attack to some extent.

A zero-day vulnerability was discovered for I2P in 2014, and was exploited to de-anonymize at least 30,000 users. This included users of the operating system Tails. This vulnerability was later patched.

A 2017 study examining how forensic investigators might exploit vulnerabilities in I2P software to gather useful evidence indicated that a seized machine which had been running I2P router software may hold unencrypted local data that could be useful to law enforcement. Records of which eepsites a user of a later-seized machine was interested in may also be inferred. The study identified a "trusted" I2P domain registrar ("NO.i2p") which appeared to have been abandoned by its administrator, and which the study identified as a potential target for law enforcement takeover. It alternatively suggested waiting for NO.i2p's server to fail, only to social engineer the I2P community into moving to a phony replacement. Another suggestion the study proposed was to register a mirror version of a target website under an identical domain.

I2PCon

From an I2P convention was held in Toronto, Ontario. The conference was hosted by a local hackerspace, Hacklab. The conference featured presentations from I2P developers and security researchers.

Software

 * Freenet
 * Mixnet
 * Retroshare
 * Tor
 * Tribler
 * ZeroNet

title: I2P


text:
David Graham

David Graham may refer to:

Authors and intellectuals

 * David Graham (American poet), American writer and poet
 * David Graham (author) (1919–1994), pen name of British writer Robert Hale
 * David Graham (Canadian academic), Canadian academic administrator and literary historian
 * David Crockett Graham (1884–1961), American Baptist minister and polymath

Sports

 * David Graham (Irish cricketer) (1922–2009), Northern Irish cricketer
 * David Graham (English cricketer) (born 1971), English cricketer
 * David Graham (footballer, born 1978), Scottish footballer
 * David Graham (footballer, born 1983), Scottish footballer
 * David Graham (golfer) (born 1946), Australian golfer
 * David Graham (rugby union) (1875–1962), English rugby football player
 * David Graham (tennis) (born 1962), Australian former professional tennis player
 * Dave Graham (American football) (born 1939), former professional American football player
 * Dave Graham (climber) (born 1981), American professional rock climber

Arts

 * David Graham (actor) (born 1925), British character actor and voice artist

 * David Graham (photographer) (born 1952), American photographer
 * Davey Graham (1940–2008), English guitarist
 * David Graham (casting director) (1924–2015), American casting director
 * David Graham, "housemate" who appeared in Big Brother Australia 2006

Others

 * David de Burgh Graham (born 1981), Canadian Member of Parliament
 * David Graham (epidemiologist), United States FDA official who testified against Vioxx and the structuring of the FDA
 * David Graham (architect), American architect
 * David Graham (US politician) (born 1954), candidate for Attorney General of Delaware
 * David Graham, former cadet at the US Air Force Academy convicted of murder alongside Diane Zamora

title: David Graham


text:
1st Congress

1st Congress may refer to:

Countries

 * 1st Congress of the Philippines (1946–1949)
 * 1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1945–1946)
 * 1st National People's Congress (1954–1959)
 * 1st United States Congress (1789–1791)
 * First Continental Congress (1774)

Parties

 * 1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party (1976)
 * 1st Congress of the National Christian Party (1945)
 * 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1898)
 * 1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea (1946)
 * 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1921)
 * 1st National Congress of the Kuomintang (1924)
 * 1st National Congress of the Lao People's Party (1955)
 * 1st Otan Founding Congress (1999)

Internationals

 * 1st Congress of the Comintern (1919)
 * First International Syndicalist Congress (1913)
 * Geneva Congress (1866), the 1st Congress of the First International
 * International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889, the 1st Congress of the Second International

title: 1st Congress


text:
2nd Congress

2nd Congress may refer to:
 * 2nd Congress of the Philippines (1949–1953)
 * 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1903)
 * 2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea (1948)
 * 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1922)
 * 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India (1948)
 * 2nd National Congress of the Kuomintang (1926)
 * 2nd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1972)
 * 2nd National People's Congress (1959–1964)
 * 2nd United States Congress (1791–1793)
 * 2nd World Congress of the Comintern (1920)
 * International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels, 1891, the 2nd Congress of the Second International
 * Lausanne Congress (1867), the 2nd Congress of the First International

title: 2nd Congress


text:
3rd Congress

3rd Congress may refer to:
 * 3rd Congress of the Philippines (1954–1957)
 * 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1905)
 * 3rd Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea (1956)
 * 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1923)
 * 3rd National Congress of the Kuomintang (1929)
 * 3rd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1982)
 * 3rd National People's Congress (1964–1975)
 * 3rd United States Congress (1793–1795)
 * 3rd World Congress of the Comintern (1921)
 * Brussels Congress (1868), the 3rd Congress of the First International
 * International Socialist Workers Congress, Zürich 1893, the 3rd Congress of the Second International

title: 3rd Congress


text:
Black Box (band)

Black Box is an Italian house music group popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group is currently made up of DJ Daniele Davoli, classically trained clarinet teacher Valerio Semplici, keyboardist and electronic musician Mirko Limoni, and vocalist Celestine Walcott-Gordon. French fashion model Katrin Quinol joined the act in 1989 and became the official face of Black Box, appearing on the cover of their single and album releases as well as in music videos, including the hit "Ride on Time", which was the highest-selling single of 1989 in the UK. The following year, it was revealed that Quinol was lip-syncing and had not performed on the recording. American singer Martha Wash performed the majority of the songs on the group's debut album, Dreamland, while being uncredited.

1988–1989: Early beginnings
Daniele Davoli, Valerio Semplici, and Mirko Limoni formed a production team called Starlight (often credited as Starlight Invention Group). The group's first single was a dance single called "Numero Uno", released in 1988. The song was often credited by their other alias, Groove Groove Melody. "Numero Uno" peaked at number nine on the UK Singles chart. In early 1989, they produced a single called "Vocalizado" for Italian singer Robby Magno. In mid-1989, the group released the maxi-single "Airport 89" under the name Wood Allen. The single peaked at number 99 on the UK Singles chart.

1989–1992: Dreamland

In 1989, the group changed their name to Black Box and began working on their first album. They added French Caribbean model Katrin Quinol to the lineup as the group's "frontwoman". Quinol's contribution was to lip sync songs in music videos and during televised performances. In July 1989, Black Box released their single "Ride on Time". The song became an international hit, peaking at number one in three countries, including the UK, where it became the UK's best-selling single of 1989, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide. In November 1989, they released the single "Grand Piano" under the alias Mixmaster. The song peaked at number nine on the UK Singles chart. In December 1989, they released the follow-up single "I Don't Know Anybody Else". The song became an international top-ten hit and gave the group their first number-one song on Billboard's Dance chart. In March 1990, they released their fourth single, "Everybody Everybody". Like its predecessors, the song also became an international hit and earned the group their second number one on the Dance chart.

In May 1990, they released their debut album Dreamland. Despite its moderate performance on the charts, the album became certified gold in the United Kingdom and United States and peaked at number one in the Australian chart. In late 1990, the album's fourth single, "Fantasy", a cover of the 1978 hit by Earth, Wind & Fire, peaked at number five on the UK Singles chart and became certified silver in the United Kingdom.

In February 1991, "Strike It Up" was released as the album's fifth single. The song became another international top-ten hit for the group and earned them their third number-one single on the Dance chart. The album's final singles "Open Your Eyes" and "Hold On" performed moderately well on the charts. In the same year, Black Box released a re-issue of "Ride on Time" called "Bright on Time". Quinol, who did not contribute vocally or musically to the group's music, left Black Box in late 1991 after the band became the subject of a media backlash involving lip-syncing scandals and lawsuits.

1993–1999: Positive Vibration and lineup changes
In 1993, Black Box added American singer Charvoni Woodson to the lineup. They released the single "Rockin' to the Music", which performed poorly on the charts. In 1995, Black Box released their second album, Positive Vibration, which failed to chart or rise to the same level of success as their previous record. The album spawned the singles "Not Anyone" and "A Positive Vibration", both of which fared well on the charts. In 1997, the album was re-issued with three additional singles: "I Got the Vibration", "Native New Yorker", and "Fall into My Love".

In April 1998, Black Box released a compilation album, Strike It Up: The Best of Black Box. In June 1998, they released another compilation, Hits & Mixes. In 1999, a maxi single of remixes for "Bright on Time" was exclusively released in France.

2003–present
Woodson continued touring and performing as the lead vocalist of the group periodically until 2015. That year, Celestine Walcott-Gordon began performing live as the new lead vocalist. In 2018, the group released the single "Everyone Will Follow", featuring vocals by Walcott-Gordon.

Lip-syncing scandals and lawsuits
In 1990, American singer Loleatta Holloway and American producer Dan Hartman sued Black Box for copyright infringement and unauthorized sampling. "Ride on Time" sampled Holloway's 1980 song "Love Sensation", which was written and produced by Hartman. Neither Holloway nor Hartman were consulted for permission to sample the song, and Black Box failed to credit Holloway's vocals in the song. Additionally, Black Box had used Quinol to lip-sync Holloway's vocals in the music video for "Ride on Time", which led the public to believe Quinol was the actual singer. Holloway and Hartman eventually received an undisclosed out-of-court settlement. As a result, Black Box re-issued "Ride on Time", removing Holloway's vocals and featuring newly recorded vocals by English singer Heather Small. The group still retained the original version on their re-issued album Dreamland and added Holloway's name as the featured vocalist on "Ride on Time" as well as giving Hartman songwriting credits. Black Box would later issue another new version of the song called "Bright on Time" in 1991.

In September 1990, American singer Martha Wash sued Black Box and RCA Records for commercial appropriation after she became aware of the lip-sync scandal perpetrated by the group. During the recording session of their album Dreamland in 1989, Wash was recruited as a session singer to simply demo songs produced by Black Box. Unbeknownst to her, Black Box retained Wash's vocals on a total of six songs, including "Everybody Everybody", "Open Your Eyes", "Hold On", "I Don't Know Anybody Else", "Strike It Up", and "Fantasy" on the album Dreamland. Despite Wash's contributions to the songs, Black Box never credited her for her vocals and instead used Quinol to lip-sync Wash's vocals during music videos, televised performances, and concert performances. RCA settled the case out of court in December 1990, agreeing to pay Wash a "substantial" fee. The company also signed her to an eight-album recording contract and financed her national tour. Wash's lawsuit also resulted in federal legislation in the United States, making vocal credit mandatory for all albums and music videos.

title: Black Box (band)


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Battle of Hatfield Chase

The Battle of Hatfield Chase (Hæðfeld; Meigen) was fought on 12 October 633 It pitted the Northumbrians against an alliance of Gwynedd and Mercia. The Northumbrians were led by Edwin and the Gwynedd-Mercian alliance was led by Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda. The site of the battle was a marshy area about 8 mi northeast of Doncaster on the south bank of the River Don, though this location has been disputed. It was a decisive victory for Gwynedd and the Mercians: Edwin was killed and his army defeated, leading to the temporary collapse of Northumbria.

Background
Edwin, the most powerful ruler in Britain at the time, had seemingly defeated Cadwallon a few years before the battle. Bede refers to Edwin establishing his rule over what he called the Mevanian islands, one of which was Anglesey, and another source refers to Cadwallon being besieged on the island of Priestholm (AC: Glannauc), which is off the coast of Anglesey. Later, Cadwallon defeated and drove the Northumbrians from his territories and then allied with Penda (Cadwallon being the stronger member of the alliance). Penda's status in Mercia at this time is uncertain—Bede suggests he was not yet king, but became king soon after Hatfield; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however, says that he became king in 626.

Results of the battle
The battle was a disaster for Northumbria. With both Edwin and his son Osfrith killed, and his other son Eadfrith captured by Penda (and later killed), the kingdom was divided between its constituent kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Eanfrith, a son of the former king Æthelfrith, returned from exile to take power in Bernicia, while Edwin's cousin Osric took over Deira. Cadwallon continued to wage a war against the Northumbrians, and was not stopped until he was defeated by Oswald at the Battle of Heavenfield (also known as Deniseburna, AC : Cantscaul) a year after Hatfield.

The historian D. P. Kirby suggested that the defeat of Edwin was the outcome of a wide-ranging alliance of interests opposed to him, including the deposed Bernician line of Æthelfrith; but considering the subsequent hostility between Cadwallon and Æthelfrith's sons, such an alliance must not have survived the battle for long.

Challenged location
An investigation group has challenged the alleged site of the battle, mooted as being near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, suggesting an alternative location of nearby Cuckney, Nottinghamshire, at a place called locally High Hatfield, with an ancient name of 'Cukeney upon Hattfeild'.

During the 1950s workmen undertaking underpinning work at St Mary's Church (responding to subsidence due to local coal mining) uncovered a mass grave, which was thought to predate the 1100s church.

The group, known as the Battle of Hatfield Investigation Society (BOHIS), received grants from Heritage Lottery Fund of £15,600 in 2016, enabling ground penetrating radar surveys to take place identifying places where further mass burials could be located. The Diocese of Southwell refused permission for excavations on the locations identified in November 2017.

In April 2018 the group was awarded a further £58,000 from lottery funding and a private donation, to cover costs of LIDAR scanning and opening archaeological trenches in fields surrounding church land.

title: Battle of Hatfield Chase


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Talk:Jewel and Esk College

This page needs sorted out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cloud (talk • contribs) 09:35, 20 March 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jewel and Esk College


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Nakajima B5N

The Nakajima B5N (中島 B5N, Allied reporting name "Kate") was the standard carrier-based torpedo bomber of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) for much of World War II. It also served as a high level bomber.

Although the B5N was substantially faster and more capable than its Allied counterparts, the American Douglas TBD Devastator monoplane (the U.S. Navy's first all-metal, carrier-borne monoplane of any type with retracting gear), and the British Fairey Swordfish and Fairey Albacore torpedo biplanes, it was nearing obsolescence by 1941. Nevertheless, the B5N operated throughout the whole war, due to the delayed development of its successor, the B6N.

In the early part of the Pacific War, when flown by well-trained IJN aircrews and as part of well-coordinated attacks, the B5N achieved particular successes at the battles of Pearl Harbor, Coral Sea, Midway, and Santa Cruz Islands.

Design and development
The B5N was designed by a team led by Katsuji Nakamura in response to a 1935 specification by the Navy for a torpedo bomber to replace the Yokosuka B4Y. Internally designated Type K by Nakajima, it successfully competed with the Mitsubishi B5M for a production contract. The first prototype flew in January 1937 and was ordered into production soon afterwards with the full designation Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber (九七式艦上攻撃機) (kyū-nana-shiki kanjō kōgeki-ki or kankō for short).

Combat experience during the Second Sino-Japanese War revealed several weaknesses in the original B5N1 production model. These were mainly concerned with the lack of protection that the design offered its crew and its fuel tanks. Keen to maintain the high performance of the type, the Navy was reluctant to add weight in the form of armor, and instead looked to obtaining a faster version of the aircraft in the hopes of outrunning enemy fighters. The B5N2 was given a much more powerful engine - Nakajima's own Sakae Model 11, 14-cylinder twin-row radial, as used in the initial models of the Mitsubishi A6M fighter – and various modifications were made to streamline it. Although its performance was only marginally better, and its weaknesses remained unremedied, this version replaced the B5N1 in production and service from 1939.

Equipment

The navigator/bombardier/observer position was equipped with a Type 90 bombsight, which was a long vertical tube located in the front-left of the seat. There was also a Type 3 reflector compass for precise navigation that was mounted on the top of the cockpit frame. The radio-operator/gunner position was equipped with one of the standard-issue radio sets for navy three-seater aircraft (Type 96 Mk3 earlier and Type 2 Mk3 later) that was mounted in front of the radio-operator/gunner's seat and behind the navigator/bombardier/observer's seat.

The radio-operator/gunner also operated one flexible 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 92 machine gun at the rear end of the cockpit. One Type 91 torpedo could be mounted on the racks that were fixed eccentrically to the right at the bottom of the fuselage. Alternatively, racks could be replaced to carry either one 800 kg bomb (e.g., Type 99 No 80 armor-piercing bomb) or two 250 kg bombs (e.g., Type 98 No 25 land bomb) or six 60 kg bombs (e.g., Type 2 No 6 land bomb). Replacing the racks and exchanging between the torpedo and bombs was not a trivial process and could take more than two hours to complete.

Initially, most of the B5N bombers were painted in silver, which was the color used throughout the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The color eventually changed to dark green before the start of the Pacific War.

Operational history

The B5N was primarily employed as a carrier-based aircraft and occasionally as a land-based bomber. It carried a crew of three: pilot, navigator/bombardier/observer, and radio-operator/gunner. As with other IJN multi-seat aircraft, an individual bomber was commanded by the senior ranking crew member aboard, which could be the observer rather than the pilot.

The initial model B5N1 first saw action in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938. The updated B5N2 played a major role in the Attack on Pearl Harbor. One of the B5N2s carried Mitsuo Fuchida, the commander of the attack, with one high-level bomber from the carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiryū credited with sinking the American battleship USS Arizona (BB-39). The B5N2 torpedo bombers also sank the battleships USS West Virginia (BB-48), USS California (BB-44), USS Oklahoma (BB-37) and USS Utah (BB-31). Five torpedo bombers were shot down in the first wave. Apart from this raid, the greatest successes of the B5N2 were the key roles it played in sinking the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Lexington (CV-2) at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, and the disabling of the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) at the Battle of Midway, later sunk by the JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-168.

B5N2 torpedo bombers normally performed a coordinated attack on enemy carriers with Aichi D3A dive bombers. Ideally, dive bombers would help to suppress the ship's anti-aircraft fire, which improved the chances of success for the slow-flying torpedo bombers. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the IJN tried to minimize losses to torpedo bombers and initially sent only the dive bombers to attack and cripple US carriers for the subsequent torpedo strike, this proved unsuccessful, as the torpedo bombers did not launch until the battle was over.

The B5N served as the basis for a follow-on design, the B6N, which eventually replaced it in front-line service. The B5N continued to fly in secondary roles, such as training, target towing, and anti-submarine warfare. Some of the aircraft used for this latter purpose were equipped with early radars and magnetic anomaly detectors. B5Ns were also used as bombers during the unsuccessful defense of the Philippines in October 1944, suffering severe losses. Later in the war, they were used for kamikaze attacks.

Variants

 * Type K: Prototype.
 * B5N1: First production model.
 * B5N1-K: Many B5N1s were converted into advanced training aircraft.
 * B5N2: Improved version.

Operators

 * Imperial Japanese Navy
 * Imperial Japanese Navy

Surviving aircraft

None of the 1,150 production B5Ns survived World War II intact. Only two partially-recovered B5Ns are known to exist, neither of them airworthy.

Replicas of the B5N2s were made using stretched fuselages from U.S. Canadian Car and Foundry "Harvard" - a variant of the North American T-6 Texan trainers, which were modified to represent Japanese aircraft for the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!, and have been used in a number of movies and airshows since to depict the aircraft.

One recovered B5N2 is at the Wings Museum in Balcombe, West Sussex, UK. This large portion was recovered from the Kuril Islands by a British private collector in 2003.

A B5N was unveiled at the Pacific Aviation Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii on 18 April 2016.

title: Nakajima B5N


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Haier

Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese multinational home appliances and consumer electronics company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells products including refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, dryers, microwave ovens, mobile phones, computers, and televisions. The home appliances business, namely Haier Smart Home, has seven global brands – Haier, Casarte, Leader, GE Appliances, Fisher & Paykel, Aqua and Candy.

According to data released by Euromonitor, Haier was the number one brand globally in major appliances for 10 consecutive years from 2009 to 2018. The Haier brand was also recognized by BrandZ in 2019 as the most valuable IoT ecosystem brand in the world with a brand value of $16.3 billion. In 2019, Haier Smart Home ranked 448 on Fortune's Global 500 list with a revenue of $27.7 billion.

Haier Group also consisted of two listed subsidiaries in three exchanges: Haier Smart Home (海尔智家) (sse: 600690; ex-Qingdao Haier Co., Ltd.), Haier Electronics Group Co., Ltd. (sehk: 1169), and "D-share" listing of Haier Smart Home in China Europe International Exchange of Frankfurt.

History
The origins of Haier date back long before the actual founding of the company. In the 1920s, a refrigerator factory was built in Qingdao to supply the Chinese market. After the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China, the factory was then taken over and turned into a state-owned enterprise.

By the 1980s, the factory had a debt of over CN¥1.4 million and suffered from dilapidated infrastructure, poor management, and lack of quality controls, resulting from the planned economic system and relevant policies. Production had slowed, rarely surpassing 80 refrigerators a month, and the factory was close to bankruptcy. The Qingdao government hired a young assistant city-manager, Zhang Ruimin, responsible for a number of city-owned appliance companies. Zhang was appointed the managing director of the factory in 1984.

Founding
Haier had been founded as Qingdao Refrigerator Co. in 1984. With China opening up to world markets, foreign corporations began searching for partnerships in China. One of these, Germany's refrigerator company Liebherr, entered into a joint-venture contract with Qingdao Refrigerator Co., offering technology and equipment to its Chinese counterpart. Refrigerators were to be manufactured under the name of Qindao-Liebherr. The current brand "Haier" came from the last two syllables of the Chinese transliteration of Liebherr.

The installation of Liebherr's equipment and technology was accompanied by new quality control and management processes. By 1986, Qingdao Refrigerator had returned to profitability and grew in sales at an average of 83 percent annually. Between 1984 and 2000, sales grew from CNY ¥3.5 million to ¥40.5 billion.

In 1988, the municipal government asked Haier to take over some of the city's other ailing appliance manufacturers. The company assumed control of Qingdao Electroplating Company (manufacturing microwave ovens). In 1991, the company changed its name to "Qingdao Haier Group" and acquired Qingdao Air Conditioner Plant and Qingdao Freezer. The company's name was simplified to its current name "Haier" in 1992. In 1995, the company took over Qingdao Red Star Electronics Co., a washing machine manufacturer, along with five of its subsidiaries. Haier acquired seven companies between 1995 and 1997, and began exporting to foreign markets.

International expansion
In Southeast Asia, Haier opened production facilities in Indonesia in 1996 and the Philippines in 1997 and failed in an attempt to enter the Thai market due to the presence of local competitors.

Haier entered the US market in 1999. In the US it focused upon two niche markets in compact refrigerators and electric wine cellars. Haier began to manufacture full-sized refrigerators for North American market. This would bring it into direct competition with established American companies GE, Whirlpool, Frigidaire, and Maytag. As part of its strategy, Haier built a production facility in the United States at Camden, South Carolina, opened in 2000. By 2002, US revenues reached USD $200 million, still small compared to its overall revenue of $7 billion. Also in 2002, Haier moved into the Greenwich Savings Bank Building in midtown Manhattan. Formerly the headquarters for the Greenwich Savings Bank, the 52000 sqft building was built in 1924 in the neo-classical style.

Production facilities were constructed in Pakistan in 2002 (see Haier Pakistan) and Jordan in 2003. In Africa, Haier has plants in five countries: Tunisia, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria and South Africa. The company also purchased a Meneghetti's factory in Italy and began placing its products in European retail chains, either under its own brand or under OEM agreements with foreign partners. Currently Haier has entered into a joint venture agreement with the government of Venezuela.

Haier Appliances (India) P. Ltd initiated its commercial operations in January 2004. Its headquarters is in New Delhi, and in 2015 it had 33 operations, including those in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, and Kolkata. It was listed among the top 20 most trusted brands in India by The Brand Trust Report, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.

In June 2005, Haier made a bid to acquire Maytag Corporation, backed by private equity funds Blackstone Group and Bain Capital. The bid was for US$1.28 billion, or $16 per share, topping a previous offer of $14.26 per share made by Ripplewood Holdings. In the end, however, Maytag was bought by Michigan based Whirlpool Corporation which offered $1.7 billion in cash and stock, or $21 per share, plus assumed debt.

In 2009, Haier surpassed Whirlpool to become the fourth largest refrigerator producer in terms of sales with a global market share of 6.3%.

In 2012, Haier Group acquired the appliance business from New Zealand-based Fisher & Paykel, and Sanyo's Southeast Asian appliance manufacturing unit.

In June 2016 Haier Group acquired General Electric's appliance division for $5.4 billion. GE Appliances is headquartered in Louisville, KY.

On 28 September 2018, it was announced that Haier had acquired Italy based Candy group.

By 2020, Haier had been the world's number one home appliance brand for 12 consecutive years.

Brands

 * Haier
 * Casarte
 * Leader
 * GE Appliances
 * Fisher & Paykel
 * AQUA
 * CANDY
 * Hoover
 * Thunderobot

Technology
In 2015, Haier began investigating how the internet of things could be integrated into their devices. The company cited by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, which found three barriers to the adoption of smart home technology: lack of unified protocols/single point of access, passive services and the lack of complete solutions. At the time Haier's core competencies lay within the large appliance sector and not the small electronics sector. Subsequently, they partnered with the then leading IoT platform IngDan (硬蛋) owned by the Cogobuy Group to overcome their shortcomings. By utilising Cogobuy's ecosystem and supply chain, they were able to integrate IngDan's portfolio of components, modules, and edge voice analysis into smart appliance products. Haier introduced their smart appliances across seven product lines in the major appliance industry: air, water, clothes care, security, voice control, health and information.

Company strategy
Zhang Ruimin, soon after becoming managing director in 1985, ordered his employees to destroy 76 refrigerators with sledgehammers following a customer complaint in an effort to radically change the company's culture to one that embodies quality control practices. At the time, Chinese brands for domestically produced consumer goods were generally regarded by overseas consumer markets as being of poor quality, even when compared subjectively with foreign brands manufactured in China. The cultural transformation towards quality driven manufacturing resulted in Haier becoming the first company in China to get ISO 9001 certification. Haier also announces environmental sustainable development strategy to improve the environment by conserving energy and recycling. In 2018，Haier got “Greener China Business Award” due to its outstanding efforts to protect the environment. In 2015, Haier joined WIPO GREEN as an official partner in an effort to address climate change.

Ownership structure
In 1993, it listed a subsidiary Qingdao Haier Refrigerator Co. on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, raising CN¥370 million. In 2005, Haier entered the Hong Kong Stock Exchange through a "backdoor listing" by acquiring a controlling stake in a publicly listed joint venture Haier-CCT Holdings Ltd. (sehk: 1169). Haier is also an index stock of the Dow Jones China 88 Index.

Because all subsidiaries aren't listed in the Chinese exchange, obtaining financial information about the company in its entirety separately from the company itself is difficult.

Controversy
In 2014, Haier was accused by German media of delivering smartphones and tablets with pre-installed malware.

In 2024, Haier sent cease and desist letters to the open-source projects hOn and pyhOn, which developed an add-on for Home Assistant that allowed one to control appliances without Haier's 3rd-party cloud service.

title: Haier