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Torres Strait Creole

Torres Strait Creole, also known as Torres Strait Pidgin, Brokan/Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Kriol, Papuan, Broken English, Blaikman, Big Thap, Pizin, and Ailan Tok, is an English-based creole language (a variety of Pidgin English) spoken on several Torres Strait Islands of Queensland, Australia; Northern Cape York; and south-western coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG).

It has an estimated 20,000–30,000 mother-tongue and bi/tri-lingual speakers. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.

History
Records of pidgin English being used in Torres Strait exist from as early as the 1840s (e.g. Moore 1979), and therefore Torres Strait Creole may very well be as old as, if not older, than its sister languages, and not a descendant of any of these. The main importers of the pidgin were British and other sailors, many of whom were South Sea Islanders, both Melanesian and Polynesian, as well as Island South-East Asians, Jamaicans, Cantonese Chinese, Japanese, and others. Therefore, Torres Strait Creole has various characteristics of these different types of Pidgin, the main ones being mid- to late 1800s Malay-area Pidgin English (but not Singlish, one of its modern representatives), Pacific Pidgin and Jamaican Patois. It may have creolised quite early (pre-1900) on Darnley Island, and somewhat later (post-1910) at St Pauls on Moa and on Yorke Island in the Central Islands. Creolisation is post-1960s elsewhere.

The Papuan dialect was replaced by Hiri Motu in many parts of its former territory, which in turn is being replaced by Tok Pisin.

Dialects
Torres Strait Creole has six main dialects: Papuan, Western-Central, TI, Malay, Eastern, and Cape York. Its main characteristics show that it is a Pacific Pidgin, but the future in X [i] go VERB aligns it with Atlantic Creoles. Related languages are Pijin of the Solomon Islands, Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea, and Bislama of Vanuatu. The other creoles of Australia (such as Roper River Kriol and Australian Kriol language) are more distantly related, being descendants of the Pidgin English that developed in and around Sydney after the colonisation of Australia.

Dialects differ mainly from the influences in the various areas the language is spoken or by the language of the ethnic groups that use the language as well as a certain amount of superstrata influence from English. Apart from accent and intonation, differences are mainly vocabulary used for local fauna, flora and so on, retentions from local indigenous languages or other substrata languages (such as Malay) and minor differences in pronunciation because of substrata influences.

The dialects group generally into the Western-Central-Cape York dialects where the western and central language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya) has a strong influence (an influence which is also 'over-powering' other sub-strata influences), 'TI' Brokan with a strong Malay/Indonesian-Filipino-European influence, Eastern Brokan with a South Seas and Meriam Mìr influence, and Papuan, with influences from languages such as Agöb, Bine, Gizrra, Wipi, Kiwai, Motu and (now) Tok Pisin. Influences from other languages such as Japanese are to do with vocabulary specific to Japanese (or the like) items.

Continuum
Torres Strait Creole exists as part of a lect continuum: a local language, a local language mix called Ap-ne-Ap, a pidgin basilect creole, a mesolect English influenced creole, local Torres Strait (Thursday Island) English, and General Australian English, as this example shows:
 * English: I'm really tired
 * Thursday Island English: I'm proper tired
 * Mesolect Brokan: Ai prapa taiad
 * Basilect Brokan: Ai mina taiad
 * Ap-ne-Ap: Ngai mina taiad mepa
 * Kalau Kawau Ya: Ngai mina gamukœubaasipa

Speakers
The 2016 Australian census recorded 6,171 people who spoke Yumplatok at home, but linguists working on the language have estimated that from 20,000 to 30,000 Indigenous Australians spoke it as their first language in 2010. In 2007 a translation of the Bible was published, called the Holi Baibul, which was the first complete translation of the Bible into any Indigenous language within Australia.

Most Torres Strait Islander people speak Yumplatok in addition to their local languages, and a 2014 study suggests that the numbers of people speaking Kriol are growing. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.

Vowels
The language has the following vowels (with some dialect variation):

Vowel length for the language as a whole is non-contrastive, though in some subdialects/dialects it appears to be contrastive.

Consonants
The dental-alveolar contrast exists in the Western, Central and Cape York dialects, however only exists in other dialects in so far as either English or Western-Central influences force a contrast, or where the voiced alveolar stop $⟨i⟩$ realises as the rhotic tap $⟨u⟩$ (e.g. Western-Central wasamada 'what's the matter/what's wrong', Eastern/Papuan wasamara). In the Papuan dialects, the only alveolar consonant is $⟨ì⟩$, while $⟨ù⟩$ and $⟨e⟩$ can be either dental (i.e. fall together with $⟨œ⟩$ and $⟨o⟩$) or alveolar, according to local language. In Meriam influenced Broken, $⟨ò⟩$ is dental, while $⟨a⟩$ is alveolar.

The stops $⟨m⟩$, $⟨n⟩$, $⟨ng⟩$, $⟨p⟩$, $⟨th⟩$ and $⟨t⟩$ are aspirated and also have fricative allophones, particularly $⟨k⟩$ (thus, , , , , ) while $⟨b⟩$ and $⟨dh⟩$ vary in pronunciation when word initial and medial between and , with only  appearing at the ends of words in Torres Strait and Papuan dialects. These reflect indigenous language allophony as well as a rationalisation of the larger English (and Malay, etc.) consonant phoneme inventory. The consonants $⟨d⟩$, $⟨g⟩$, $⟨s⟩$, $⟨z⟩$, $⟨w⟩$, $⟨y⟩$, $⟨l⟩$ and $⟨r⟩$ do not have any major allophonic variation, while $⟨d⟩$ varies between.

Pronouns
The following are the forms of the personal pronouns in the Western-Central-Cape York dialects. Where the Eastern dialect is concerned, the dental-alveolar contrast is on the whole non-operative, and the dual forms are less commonly used than elsewhere. Furthermore, the 1–2 form yumi is often used as the general non-singular 1–2 form; and is sometimes used as such in other dialects in rhetorical discourse. The Central Islands dialect (and sometimes others) tends to also use wi for the 1st person plural.

The non-identifying 3rd plural òl is also found as a nominal plural marker:
 * I gad òl bùk ianau 'There are books here'

Interrogatives and Demonstratives
There is a strong tendency for dhiswan and its forms to be used to the exclusion of dhaswan.
 * this, these: full form dhiswan, colloquial form dhisan, reduced, clause initial form san, sa
 * that, those: full form dhaswan, colloquial form dhasan, reduced, clause initial form san, sa
 * Who is that? Dhaswan i udhat?, Dhiswan dhe i udhat?, Dhasan i udhat?, Dhisan dhe i udhat?, Dhisan i udhat?, San i udhat?, San dhe i udhat?

Three interrogatives and the two deictics have two forms, this being (interrogatives) a reduced clause initial form and a fuller clause final form, and in the case of the deictics, a pre-clitic and independent form, as in the following examples:

 * Wane yu luk? [alt. Wane yu lukem?] / Yu luk wanem? 'What do you see?'
 * Kenu i ya kam. / Kenu i kam iya. 'A canoe is coming this way.'

Clause position variation (initial, final) Pre-clitic vs independent form:
 * what: wane, wanem
 * where: we, wea
 * who: udha, udhat
 * there: dhe, dhea
 * here: ya, iya

Two interrogatives have variant words/forms, used interchangeably:
 * when: wataim, wen
 * why: aukam, wanempò

Dialectal variation is only found in two forms:
 * how: wiswei; Central Islands: waswei
 * why, what's the matter: wasamada; Eastern-Papuan wasamara

Articles
The language has no indefinite article, and uses the definite article much less than it is in English, it having a more demonstrative feel than the English equivalent. There are singular, dual and plural forms: The demonstrative articles have a general form, and a specific dual form, as well as variation, with a strong tendency to use the clitics iya and dhea to specify position; the definitie articles are often used with the demonstrative clitics to express the demonstrative articles:
 * singular: dha — dha kenu 'the canoe'
 * dual: dhemtu, dhostu — dhemtu kenu, dhostu kenu 'the two canoes'
 * plural: dhem — dhem kenu 'the canoes'
 * this man: dhis man, dhis man ia
 * these men (dual): dhistu man, dhistu man ia, dhemtu man ia
 * these men (plural): òl dhis man, òl dhis man ia, dhem man ia
 * all these men: òlgedha man ia
 * that man: dhas/dhat man, dhis man dhea
 * those men (dual): dhostu man, dhistu man dhea, dhemtu man dhea
 * those men (plural): òl dhas/dhat man, òl dhis man dhea, dhem man dhea
 * all those men: òlgedha man dhea

Syntax
Torres Strait Creole is a somewhat atypical of Pidgin-Creole languages in its word order and various other syntactic (and grammatical) properties. Though the normal sentence word order is the expected transitive S-V-O-X(-) and intransitive S-V-X(-), there is variation in the form of S-X-V(-O), such as where the directional adverbs dhe 'there' and ia/ya 'here' come before the verb, as happens in all local languages (this is in common with virtually all verb tense/aspect/mood markers in the language).

Verb clause strings are normal in the language:
 * Bala blo mi bi teke kenu kam baik. 'My brother brought the canoe back'
 * Plein i dhe plai go / Plein i dhe go plai / Plein i plai dhe go / Plein i plai go dhea 'The plane is flying away (over) there'

The four sentences in Torres Strait Creole carry a semantic difference difficult to show in the English translation. Plein i dhe go plai is the basic sentence — 'the plane is flying [away] over there'. Plein i plai dhe go is more along the lines of 'the plane is flying away that way'; plein i plai go dhea is 'the plane is flying away heading that way', and finally plein i dhe plai go is 'the plane is there flying away'.

Unlike many pidgin-creoles, the adjective categorically comes before the noun. Similarly, adverbs that mark adjectives come before the adjective:
 * Big sisi bl'em bi kese tu prapa big redkala pis lo ausaid sanbaing. 'His/her big sister caught two really big red fish at/on the outer sandbank'

Unlike Tok Pisin, Bislama and the Australian creoles, -pla is not used as an adjective formant.

When not before the referent, adjectives are often suffixed by -wan, the adjective nominaliser, or by an appropriate nominal, such as man 'man, person'
 * Bala blo mi i bigwan / bigman. 'My brother is big'
 * Dhis dhamba ya i prapa naiswan. 'This bread is really nice'

All verb tense and aspect markers come before the verb (see Verbs below), apart from the clitic nau.

A fully operational relative clause structure exists, marked by the relative clause marker we:
 * Dha totol we ai bi kese em i stap ananith lo aus. 'The turtle I caught is under the house'
 * Ama bin luk smol gel we i dhe sidaun krai krai krai lo skul blo dhem piknini. 'Mum saw a little girl (who was) sitting and crying at the kids' school'

Questions vary between using English/Meriam Mìr-like word order, i.e. question word initially, or Kala Lagaw Ya/Malay-like word order, i.e. question word order is the same as that of statements. As stated above, the question word has its full form when used clause finally, and a reduced form otherwise. In yes–no questions, statement word order is normal, with the use of a question tag sentence clitic:
 * We yu go? / Yu go wea? 'Where are you going?'
 * Udha nem blo yu? / Nem blo yu udhat? 'What is your name?'
 * Wataim em i go kam bai'gen? / Em i go kam bai'gen wataim? 'When is he going to come back?'
 * Aukam yu sabe blaikman tok? 'How come you can speak the black people's language?'
 * Bambai athe blo dhemtu i go stap ospetal au? 'Is their grandfather going to stay in hospital?'
 * Yu pinis luk piksa a? 'Have you finished watching the film?'

Transitivity and Voice
Verbs can be marked for transitivity and voice (transitive-passive or intransitive-antipassive), but not person, tense, aspect or mood. Voice marking is for the transitive-passive, and made by suffixing -e to the verb stem when the object follows the verb, and -em when the object is elsewhere in the clause. Note that the suffix -em is of fairly recent development, and is in origin an abbreviation of the verb phrase form VERB-e em, where the cross referencing pronoun em and the suffix have coalesced (via -i em → -yem → -em). All these versions exist in everyday speech, as illustrated by tek 'take': intransitive-antipassive tek, transitive-passive teke, teki em, tekyem, tekem: The development of a full passive using this form also exists:
 * Em yustu tek òl buk. 'He used to/would take took all books' (antipassive)
 * Em yustu teke dhem buk. 'He used to take the books' (transitive)
 * Em yustu teke buk. 'He used to take a/the book' (transitive)
 * Dha buk we em i yustu bi tekem i brok. 'The book he used to take is broken' (fronted object transitive)
 * Variants: Dha buk we em i yustu bi teke em / teki em / tekyem i brok.
 * Buk i yustu bi tekem lo em/prom em. 'A/The book used to be taken by him.' the lo–prom variation is dialectal)

Phonological variation of the transitive suffix
If the verb stem has e or a diphthong, then the transitive suffix is -e; if i or u, then it can become -i, while of the stem contains a or o, the suffix can become -a. One or two others verbs have stem extensions to form the verb from a noun:
 * teke → teke 'take, bring'
 * laite → laite 'light'
 * pute → puti 'put'
 * pile → pili 'feel something'
 * broke → broka 'break'
 * ama 'hammer' → verb amare
 * pain 'point' → verb painte

Verb stems that end in vowels do not take the suffix, while a few verbs are irregular in not taking the suffix:
 * 1) Vowel-final stem: lego 'to leave, depart, go off/away, throw, throw at'
 * 2) * Aka bi lego lo kenu. 'Grandma went off in the canoe'
 * 3) * Dhem nugud boi bin lego ston pò dhempla. 'The bad boys threw stones at them'
 * 4) No suffix: luk
 * 5) * Ai bi luk pisin plai kam. 'I saw a bird flying towards me' (the suffixed form is sometimes used: Ai bi luki pisin plai kam).

Verbs of position and movement
Certain verbs of position and movement are not followed by a preposition in their most normal clause types. These are not to be confused with transitive clauses:
 * Awa bi stap aus bikòs em i sikwan. 'Uncle stayed (at) home because he is sick'
 * Dhem piknini stap dhe Bamaga we Kolez. 'The children stay at Bamaga at the College'
 * Dha dog dhe ran go dingi. 'The/That dog is running to the dinghy'
 * Pusi i sidaun seya. 'The cat is sitting in/on the chair'

Verb suffixes
Four derivational suffixes exist which add aspectual meaning to verb stems. Though their origin are English intransitive prepositions, in Torres Strait Creole their status is completely aspectual; they can only be used as suffixes. They are suffixes to the stem of intransitive verbs, and to the full transitive-passive form of transitive verbs. When used as transitive-passive verbs, they also suffix the transitive ending after the suffix. They also derive verbs from other words.
 * -ap — completive, perfective: piksimap(e) 'fix, repair, mend'; rol 'roll' → rolemap(e) 'roll up'; bagarap(e) 'ruin, break, destroy'
 * -aut — movement outwards: kamaut 'come out'; goaut 'go out'; lugaut(e) 'be careful, beware, take care of, look after'
 * -baut — dispersive (this suffix causes the final voiceless consonant of the stem to become voiced): wagbaut 'walk, walk about, walk around, stroll'; togbaut(e) 'talk about/over, discuss'
 * -daun — downwards movement; only found in godaun 'movement downwards from a starting point'; kamdaun 'movement downwards from above', sidaun 'sit down', pòldaun 'fall, fall over, fall down'.

Prepositions
Torres Strait Creole shows strong substrata influence in its use of its prepositions. All local languages are either prepositionless case-marking agglutinative languages, or case-marking agglutinative languages where the case endings have evolved to postposition status, which contrast the following cases to varying extents, but which have little or no number marking on nouns: They also contrast the following derived forms (among others according to language), which are not case forms in the local languages, but rather nominals:
 * nominative
 * accusative
 * ergative
 * genitive
 * dative
 * ablative
 * locative
 * perlative
 * instrumental

 * similative
 * privative
 * proprietive
 * resultative

The use of the prepositions in Torres Strait Creole reflect these cases and nominalisations to a certain (= simplified) extent:

blo — genitive: We aus blo misnari? Where is the priest's house?

pò, lo — dative (in part dialect variation): Em i bin spik pò em se wesis bl’em pinis kam. She told her her wages had already arrived. Bos i bi gibi wesis pò/lo mi. The boss gave the wages to me.

prom – ablative: ’San i dhe kam prom Dhaudhai. This one is coming over from Papua.

lo, we, ene — locative, perlative (lo and we are synonyms, while ene is an archaic word now normally found only in old songs): Aus blo Ama blo mi i stanap dhe antap lo / we il ananith lo / we big mango dhe antap. My Aunty's house is up there on the hill underneath the big mango up there. Yu mas kam wantaim lo mi. You must/have to come with me. Dhemtu baradha i sidaun ene [lo/we] kenu The two brothers were sitting in the canoe.

lo — instrumental: Òl man i kate tœtœl lo naip lo bele / lo ath The men cut (butcher) the turtle with a knife on the bottom shell.

òlsem, waze (waze is the somewhat more common reduced form of òlsem) – similative (like): Dhempla lo Mari Ailan i no tòk waze yumpla. The people on Murray Island don't talk like us. Em i dhe swim go waze aligeta. He's swimming away over there like a crocodile.

Syntactic use of the prepositions
The prepositions also have syntactic uses, including the following, where they govern verbs or adjectives:

Blo: obligation Ai blo go nau I have to go now / I'm supposed to go now.

Pò: a) focus on a goal Bos i kam pò luk wòk blo yumi. The boss has come to see / look at our work. b) extra intensity Dhem pipol blo Saibai i pò dans! The Saibai people can really dance! Ai pò taiad nau! I'm getting really tired!

Prom: avoidance Smòl gel i prait prom dog i baite em. The little girl is afraid that the dog will bite her

lo, prom — comparative (dialect variation): Dhis dhangal ia i mò big prom/lo nadhawan dhea This dugong is bigger than that one.

We: relative clause Aus we Ama i stap i antap lo il we i gad wan big mango. The house where Aunty lives is on the hill where there is a big mango. Boi we yumi bin paitem i krai go Ama bl'em. The boy that/who we fought went off crying to his Mum. Òl pipol we i wande gud wòk i mas lane ingglis Everyone who wants a good job has to learn English.

Waze (òlsem): in order, so that Bos i kam waze em i ken luk òl wòk blo yumi. The Boss is coming so that he can see our work.

Vocabulary
The language has vocabulary from various sources, though the dominant source is English. Here are lists of Non-English words found in Torres Strait Creole:

Kalaw Kawaw Ya: yawo 'goodbye', matha 'only, very', mina 'really, truly', babuk 'crosslegged', aka 'granny', puripuri 'magic action, spells, products, medicines etc.' (from the early Kauraraigau Ya [Kowrareg — the Southern dialect of Kalaw Lagaw Ya] word puri; in modern Kala Lagaw Ya the word is puyi).

Meriam Mir: baker (bakìr) 'money' (beside the more general baks), watai (wathai) 'bamboo break-wind fence'.

Austronesian (Malay, Tagalog, Samoan, Rotuman, etc.): thalinga 'ear', bala 'brother, male friend', thuba 'coconut toddy', makan 'eat', dudu 'sit', kaikai 'eat', nene 'granny', datho, 'grandfather', thawian 'brother-in-law'.

Portuguese: pikinini child, sabe 'to know, understand, know how to, can'

Sample texts
Brokan i kriol langgus we òl i spikem lo dhem ailan blo Thoris Stret, lo nòthsaid gowe prom Kep Yòk, ausaid lo SauthWessaid blo Papua. I gad samwe waze 25,000 pipol i sabe tòkem waze namba-wan langgus, namba-tu langgus 'ne namba-thri langgus blo dhempla. Òl i yuzem lo plande ples waze langgus blo treiding an pò bai òl samthing. I gad siks kain Brokan: blo Papua, blo Westen-Sentrel, blo Tiai, blo Maleman, blo Esten, blo Kep Yòk. Òl dhem wòd blo em soem dhiskain pò yumpla, waze em i pizin blo Pasipik, dhasòl i gad wanwan thing, òlsem we yumpla spik pò taim we i go kam, yumpla yuzi dhis tòk: X [i] go meke samthing, dhisan i gad rilesen lo Kriol blo Atlantic, blo Zameka.

Thri langgus we i òlsem Brokan i Pijin blo Solomon Ailan, Tok Pisin blo Niu Gini, ane Bislama blo Banuatu.

The Lord's Prayer
"Padha blo mipla, yu we yu stap dhe antap lo eben, Nem blo yu mipla mas mekem oliwan, Bambai basalaya blo yu i mas kam, Òl i mas meke laik blo yu iya lo apaguwa, òlsem òl i mekem we eben. Gibi dhamba blo tide pò mipla, Pigibi òlgedha nugud pasen blo mipla, òlsem mipla pigibi nugud pasen blo dhempla we òl i meke nugud pasen pò mipla. No libi mipla go pò laik pò nugud thing, Kasa dhasòl lego mipla prom nugudwan. (Waze basalaya i blo yu, 'ne pawa,'ne glòri,) Amen."

title: Torres Strait Creole


text:
Submarine simulator

A submarine simulator is a video game in which the player commands a submarine. The usual form of the game is to go on a series of missions, each of which features a number of encounters where the goal is to sink surface ships and to survive counterattacks by destroyers. Submarine simulators are notable for the highly-variable pace of the game; it may take hours of simulated time to get into position to attack a well-defended convoy, and sub simulators typically include an option for players to adjust the ratio of real time to simulated time up and down as desired.

Most submarine simulators use World War II as the setting; its submarine warfare was lengthy and intense, the historical material is extensive, and the limited capabilities of the period's submarines place a high premium on game playing skill. Games usually feature either US submarines in the Pacific Ocean, or German U-boats in the Atlantic Ocean. Another popular category is modern attack submarines, especially those of the Los Angeles-class submarine also known as "688s" after the hull identification number of the first vessel of the class.

Game displays generally include an overhead map or "radar" view, showing the submarine and any ships whose position can be detected, the periscope view if the sub is close enough to the surface, a set of gauges showing depth and course, and a boat plan showing torpedo availability, damage to various subsystems and other in-game issues that may arise.

The first submarine simulator available to the civilian public was Thorn EMI's Submarine Commander of 1982.

Titles
The adventure game Codename: ICEMAN (1989) by Sierra On-line contained a submarine simulator portion.

The vehicle simulator game Naval Ops: Warship Gunner 2 (2006) by Koei features submarine hulls & puts the player through several submarine piloting missions, though several other missions are also restricted against submarine use.

AUV simulators
There are also a number of simulators available for underwater robots such as AUVs. These simulators are commonly used by research institutes for testing robot control and coordination algorithms before or during the development of a submarine. One of them is UWSim, the Underwater Simulator, which was developed in the IRSLab for marine robotics research and development. UWSim started with the RAUVI and TRIDENT research projects as a tool for testing and integrating perception and control algorithms before running them on the real robots and has continued its development until today.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Submarine simulator


text:
Solférino station

Solférino is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 7th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby rue de Solférino, which in turn was named after the Battle of Solferino, a battle fought in 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, where the Franco-Piedmontese troops commanded by Napoleon III defeated the Austrians. It was also named after then passerelle Solférino, a footbridge over the Seine, now known as the Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when the Nord-Sud was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

From the late 1930s to the early 1970s the station was subtitled "Gare d'Orsay" after the SNCF station 350 meters to the north. The subtitle never appeared on the station platforms, because the Nord-Sud designers used porcelain tiles for the station names.

The station was featured in a brief scene in an advertisement by Givenchy starring Rooney Mara for its perfume L'Interdit in 2018 at the staircase at access 1, although it was mainly shot at the Porte des Lilas - Cinéma ghost station.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,073,832 passengers, making it the 240th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 923,536 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 250th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,269,143 passengers, making it the 254th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The statio has three accesses:

 * Access 1: place Jacques Bainville
 * Access 2: rue de Bellechasse Musée d'Orsay (an ascending escalator)
 * Access 2: rue Saint-Dominique

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as with the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13). It is one of the two stations on the line where the original Nord-Sud company style of décor have been maintained with its characteristic large ceramic tablets indicating the name of the station with the other station being Porte de la Chapelle.

Other connections
It is an out-of-station interchange with the Musée d'Orsay station on line C of the RER located around 250 metres away from the station. It is accessible by walking along rue de Bellechasse towards the north.

The station is also served by line 63, 68, 69, 73, 83, 84, 87, and 94 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N02 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Mairie du 7e arrondissement
 * Musée d'Orsay
 * Promenade Édouard Glissant

title: Solférino station


text:
Rue du Bac station

Rue du Bac is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 7th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby rue du Bac, a street leading to a ferry (bac) across the Seine used in 1564 during the construction of the Tuileries Palace.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

On 24 February 2011, a cultural panel in memory of the poet and resistance fighter René Char (1907-1988) was placed on the platform towards Mairie d'Issy. The station was chosen for the installation of the panel as a nearby public square, Place René-Char, was already named after him on the centenary of his birth in 2007.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,304,665 passengers, making it the 225th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 916,367 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 252nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,423,364 passengers, making it the 241st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has a single access at Boulevard Raspail.

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as were the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 63, 68, 69, 83, 84, 87, and 94 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Beaupassage
 * Hôtel de Matignon (the official residence of the Prime Minister of France)
 * Maison de Verre (a house built between 1928 and 1932 in an early modern style)
 * Musée Maillol

title: Rue du Bac station


text:
Subsim

SUBSIM is an online publication founded by Neal Stevens in Jan. 1997 that focuses on naval and submarine computer game reviews, articles, and news. Subsim is short for Submarine simulator. Subsim's forums have been online since 1999, with archives back to 2001. Membership totals were 117,023 at August 2016, with approximately 7,700 active members daily. International meets have been held in London, Houston, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Groton, Germany, and Tokyo.

Subsim is the media outlet for game publishers that feature naval content, a resource for military strategists, as well as a source of editorial comment on the state of PC computer simulations and games. Subsim members have been consultants and testers for game such as Enigma: Rising Tide, Silent Hunter II, Silent Hunter III, Dangerous Waters, Sub Command, Fleet Command, Destroyer Command, among others. Shortly after the release of the ill-fated Silent Hunter II, Ubisoft agreed to provide Subsim with the game source code to replace the rTime multiplayer engine with DirectPlay. Subsim members raised $10,000 to pay a programmer to make the improvements.

Significant events
1998 - Subsim gets their first industry interview: Mike Jones of Aces of the Deep answers a series of questions about his groundbreaking U-boat sim. Also, the Subsim Fix My 688(I) Campaign begins, designed to urge EA/Sonalysts into producing a no-cheat patch for Jane's 688(I).

2002 - Subsim works with Ubisoft producer Carl Norman to initiate a broad reaching mod that will convert Silent Hunter II and Destroyer Command from the original MP engine (rTime) to Microsoft DirectPlay. The mod is deemed Projekt Messerwetzer (messerwetzer (ms-r-vt-zr-) n. [German] - A craftsman who sharpens old knives.) To avoid legal constraints, Projekt Messerwetzer is funded purely by donations and will be free to all. Subsim donates $1000 and Subsim players eventually raise $10,000 for the project. Multiplayer was significantly improved with this unofficial patch.

2003 - Subsim and Sub Club members meeting in London for the first Intercontinental Meeting.

2004 - Subsim Editor Neal Stevens attends the 2004 E3 convention in Los Angeles. First looks at Sid Meier's Pirates, Akella's PT Boats, and Ubisoft's Silent Hunter III reveal that 2005 will be a very good year for subsim players.

2006 - Neal Stevens of Subsim is invited aboard the new nuclear submarine USS Texas for a media tour. The Sept. 9 commissioning ceremony drew more than 10,000 guests and visitors to Galveston, including ship sponsor First Lady Laura Bush, Sens. Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn.

2007 - Subsim publishes the 2007 Submarine Almanac, celebrating 10 years on the web with a flotilla of stories, articles, and art from naval historians, subsim players, game developers, and Navy men. Foreword by Bestselling Author Joe Buff.

Abraham Zeegers of Netherlands, moderator and host of the 2005 Subsim meet, is found dead in his Amsterdam apartment, less than one week after he had testified at the Willem Holleeder trial. Dutch media discovered that although Abraham was a state witness in protective custody, he had a secret identity and was prominent in the Subsim forums.

2008 - Subsim's server is knocked offline by a transformer explosion and fire at The Planet Internet Services (ex. EV1 & Rackshack) Houston datacenter. At first, the Planet was able to restore power after two days but the datacenter's backup generator failed, and the website was down two more days.

2009 - Subsim hosts their fifth international meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark. Members shuttle to Kiel, Germany to tour GS U-995, the only remaining Type VII U-boat and conduct dives onboard Peter Madsen's 18.2m (approx.) homebuilt submarine, UC3 Nautilus.

2010 - Subsim breaks the 50,000 member mark. The annual April Fools' Day prank causes a furor.

2016 - Swedish submarine game HMS Marulken is picked up as Subsim's first game production: Wolfpack.

2019 - Subsim and Usurpator release Wolfpack on Steam.

2022 - Subsim celebrates 25 years on the web.

title: Subsim


text:
Rennes station (Paris Métro)

Rennes is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 6th arrondissement.

Located in the 6th arrondissement, part of the Left Bank of the city, Rennes is one stations on line 12 that lie beneath Boulevard Raspail, in this case, at its intersection with rue de Rennes. It is from this street that it takes its name, which in turn is named after the city of Rennes.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by its competitor, the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

On 2 September 1939, the station was closed as part of the government's plan that reduced service on the métro network as a cost-saving measure in light of the onset of World War II, with all but 85 stations closed. Most reopened after the war, although some of them, including Rennes, remained closed due to their light traffic, hence, becoming a ghost station. For a period of time while it was closed, it was used to experiment with advertising schemes which could be viewed from passing trains.

On 20 May 1968, after 29 years of closure, the station was finally reopened, albeit with limited operating hours as a cost saving measure. It was closed after 8pm from Monday to Saturday, and was closed all day on Sundays and public holidays. The walls of the station were coated with a white layer of paint due to the lack of maintenance causing the tiles on the walls to deteriorate.

In 2002, it was reported that the station had 4400 "incoming" commuters per day.

This arrangement lasted until 7 September 2004, when it was adjusted to the standard operating hours of most other stations at the local residents' request. This was due to changes in commuting patterns, where more commuters returned home later in the evening in addition to high traffic to Marché Raspail, a traditional market nearby, on Sundays. Only Liège on line 13 retained limited operating hours, until 4 December 2006.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 7 October 2008.

In 2019, the station was used by 1,181,641 passengers, making it the 287th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 506,779 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 291st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 861,334 passengers, making it the 287th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has two accesses:

 * Access 1: rue de Renne
 * Access 2: Boulevard Raspail (exit only)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as were the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 39, 68, 89, 94, 95, and 96 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N01, N02, N12, and N13 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Marché Raspail

title: Rennes station (Paris Métro)


text:
Falguière station

Falguière is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby rue Falguière, which in turn is named after Alexandre Falguière (1831–1890), a French sculptor and painter.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

In 2019, the station was used by 881,763 passengers, making it the 293rd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 479,988 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 292nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 650,291 passengers, making it the 294th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has a single access at place Camille-Claudel.

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13). Along with Parmentier on line 3, it is one of the last stations on the network to have the station's name to be in yellow capital letters on a black enamelled nameplate. It is incorporated into the bodywork of the station.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 28, 82, 89, and 92 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * L'Institut Paris Région
 * Musée Bourdelle
 * Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital (the first paediatric hospital in the world)

title: Falguière station


text:
Woman's Hour

Woman's Hour is a radio magazine programme broadcast in the United Kingdom on the BBC Light Programme, BBC Radio 2, and later BBC Radio 4. It has been on the air since 1946.

History
The first BBC programme for women was the programme called Women's Hour, which was first broadcast on 2 May 1923. The BBC was then a brand new organisation, just a few months old, grappling with the sorts of programmes that might appeal to its small but growing audience. With married women firmly based in the home, either through convention or because of marriage bars, the BBC would have been aware of this captive daytime audience. The person brought in to oversee Women's Hour was Mrs Ella Fitzgerald, a former Fleet Street journalist, and the inaugural programme included two talks, one on "The Adoption of Babies" given by Princess Alice, the Duchess of Athlone, the other on "Fashions" by the couturier, Lady Duff Gordon.

Broadcast six days a week, initially at 5pm, Women's Hour encompassed topics such as cookery, infant welfare, poultry keeping, tennis, beauty culture, electricity in the home, society gossip and gardening. In many ways, it replicated the sorts of items that were then found in the women's pages of newspapers and Ella Fitzgerald often drew on her journalist friends to write and present talks. So, for example, regular "Kitchen Conversations" were given by the famous cookery writer Mrs CS Peel while Edith Shackleton spoke about journalism as a potential career for women. There was also space for political talks. The former suffragist, Lady Emmott, who sat on a number of local government committees, spoke on "How Local Government affects the Home"; Alderman Miss Smee, who chaired Acton Council's Public Health Committee gave a talk on "Women and Public Health" and Lettice Fisher, the founder of the National Council for the Unmarried Mother and her Child, talked about "Education".

The talks were broadcast from the BBC's first purpose-built studio at Savoy Hill, just off The Strand in London, where the organisation was based for its first ten years. It would have been quite a daunting process. Speakers would have waited outside the large curtain-draped space, clutching their scripts. When the time came to deliver their talk, they would then have stood before a large box-like structure – the microphone – where they would have been given a cue to start. It was then just a matter of continuing on until finished, hopeful that they hadn't spoken too slowly or too fast or made too many mistakes. In the absence of any recordings, it's not possible to know what these talks would have sounded like, but reception on rudimentary wireless sets would have been very poor. It's also impossible to know who would have been tuning-in to the programme in these very early days, but most probably they were the wives and mothers of radio enthusiasts who, evidence suggests, were overwhelmingly male.

Things would change for Women's Hour in December 1923, with the establishment of a Women's Advisory Committee to oversee the running of the programme. Amongst the prestigious membership were the Chairman of the National Federation of Women's Institutes, Lady Denman; the actress Dorothea Baird; the physician Dr Elizabeth Sloan Chesser and the Secretary of the Women's Amateur Athletics Association, Mrs Violet Cambridge. The first full meeting, in January 1924, raised questions about the sorts of talks that should be included in Women's Hour and also the time of day that it was broadcast. It was decided that two members of the Committee, Mrs Hardman Earle (who had worked for the Ministry of Food and Public Kitchens during the First World War) and Evelyn Gates (who was Editor-in-Chief of The Women's Yearbook) should appear on the following Saturday's programme to canvas listener views. The case for practical domestic talks was put forward by Mrs Hardman Earle while Evelyn Gates championed the case for lighter, escapist talks and listeners were also asked about when they could best tune-in.

The results of the 'plebiscite', as it was termed, were discussed at the February meeting of the Women's Advisory Committee. With the majority of the letters received (326 in all) voting for leisure rather than domestic talks, it was agreed that these should feature more prominently in the programme, which would be moved to a new time of 4pm. Writing about the change in the BBC listings periodical Radio Times, Ella Fitzgerald explained how "a tour of Constantinople" was substituted for "the cure of constipation" while "talks on the English country-side" replaced those about "stocking the kitchen cupboard". The decision was also taken at the meeting to abolish the name Women's Hour; in future Radio Times would simply state that "talks of general interest but with particular appeal to women" would be placed either side of the afternoon concert.

Created by Norman Collins and originally presented by Alan Ivimey, Woman's Hour was first broadcast on 7 October 1946 on the BBC Light Programme. Janet Quigley, who was also involved with the birth of the UK radio programme Today, has been credited with "virtually creating" the programme.

The programme was transferred to its current home in 1973. Over the years it has been presented by Mary Hill (1946–1963), Joan Griffiths (1947–1949), Olive Shapley (1949–1953), Jean Metcalfe (1950–1968), Violet Carson (1952–1956), Marjorie Anderson (1958–1972), Teresa McGonagle (1958–1976), Judith Chalmers (1966–1970), Sue MacGregor (1972–1987), Jenni Murray (1987–2020), Martha Kearney (1998 to March 2007), and Jane Garvey (8 October 2007 to December 2020). Fill-in presenters have included Andrea Catherwood, Sangita Myska, Sheila McClennon, Carolyn Quinn, Jane Little, Ritula Shah, Oona King, and Amanda Platell. In September 2020 it was announced that Emma Barnett would become the lead presenter of Woman's Hour after the retirement of Jenni Murray, who presented her final edition on 1 October 2020. Barnett, who had been a fill-in presenter a number of times previously, became the youngest woman to regularly present the programme in January 2021. Anita Rani became the successor to Garvey as the second presenter in the same month.

In the early years the topics for the programme were arranged well in advance and printed in the Radio Times but by the 1980s there was a change to greater topicality. Clare Selerie-Gray became the producer in 1987 and steered the programme away from its tendency to include merely whimsical topics and ensured that the books read in the last section were more relevant to women's lives rather than ordinary novels. She responded to criticism that the programme was too feminist by asserting that it avoided "Spare Rib didactics" but that a feminist influence on the people who made it had occurred.

On 31 December 2004, the show became Man's Hour for one day only, on which it was presented by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow. On 18 July 2010, after 64 years of Woman's Hour, the BBC began broadcasting a full series called Men's Hour on BBC Radio 5 Live, presented by Tim Samuels.

For one week in April 2014, the programme was guest edited by J. K. Rowling, Kelly Holmes, Naomi Alderman, Doreen Lawrence and Lauren Laverne. It was the first time the programme had a guest editor since its initial decade of broadcast. In September 2015, the programme hosted "Woman's Hour Takeover" with a week of guest editors, including Kim Cattrall, Nimko Ali, Rachel Treweek, Michelle Mone and Jacqueline Wilson.

Late Night Woman's Hour, a spinoff series, was launched in 2015, presented by Lauren Laverne. The series is broadcast in an 11pm timeslot and each episode takes a single topic for discussion. The lateness of the broadcast allows for more freedom to handle topics considered unsuitable for the morning broadcast.

The programme has an annual "power list" of highly achieving women. The annual power list is determined by a panel of judges.

On 18 March 2011, Woman's Hour was the first live broadcast from the new dock10 studios at Media City in Salford.

In October 2016, it was recorded that the programme has 3.7 million listeners weekly and is the second most popular daily podcast across BBC Radio. A quarter of its audience were reported to be under 35 and 40% male. In 2013, the programme had 3.9 million listeners, 14% of whom were men. In 2006 it had 2.7 million listeners.

Format
The bulk of the programme has always consisted of reports, interviews and debates on health, education, cultural and political topics aimed at women and mothers. However, until 2021 these occupied only the first 45 minutes of the hour. The final 15 minutes consisted of more lightweight entertainment, usually fiction, still broadly directed at women. Prior to 1998, this slot featured readings. From 1998 to 2021 it featured short-run drama serials, known initially as Woman's Hour Drama and later as 15 Minute Drama. One of the most popular of these was the recurring Ladies of Letters serial, starring Prunella Scales and Patricia Routledge. The drama slot was dropped in 2021, since when the full hour of Woman's Hour has been given over to reports and interviews etc.

Schedule
Woman's Hour has been broadcast at 10am Monday to Friday since James Boyle's revision of the Radio 4 schedules in April 1998. Between September 1991 and April 1998 it was broadcast at 10:30am, having previously gone out for many years in an early afternoon slot (2pm). The programme's move to a morning slot was unpopular among some listeners who, for family or other reasons, work only in the morning. Michael Green, the then controller of Radio 4, made his decision the previous year and considered the elimination of the programme title. Weekend Woman's Hour is broadcast on Saturday afternoons at 4pm, features highlights of the previous week introduced by one of the presenters and lasts almost an hour. Additionally, episodes are made available as a podcast following the broadcast of each programme.

Music
In its earlier years, it used a variety of popular light classics as signature tunes, including such pieces as H. Elliott-Smith's Wanderlust (Waltz), Anthony Collins' Vanity Fair, and the lively Overture from Gabriel Fauré's Masques et Bergamasques. From the early 1970s, specially composed pieces were used, several of which were provided by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.

There is also a band called Woman's Hour, based in the UK and signed to the record label Secretly Canadian, who took their name from the radio show.

Breach of BBC impartiality rules
A listener complained about the 1 October 2018, edition of Woman's Hour, which featured an item discussing the nomination of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the US Supreme Court. The feature included an interview with a law professor who had worked with Anita Hill, in her pursuit of a sexual harassment complaint against an earlier nominee, Judge Clarence Thomas. The listener believed that allusions to the earlier case were immaterial and prejudicial, that the selection of interviewee was biased, and that presenter Jane Garvey had expressed her personal view on a controversial topic.

The BBC Executive Complaints Unit partially upheld the listener's complaint, stating that Garvey gave the impression of sympathising with the interviewee's viewpoint, and "did not challenge the interviewee in a manner which would have ensured due impartiality". As a result, the Woman's Hour team and production staff attended a briefing on impartiality.

Sinead O'Connor
In 2021 Emma Barnett interviewed Sinéad O'Connor on Woman's Hour, during which Barnett mentioned a recent comment by a music critic referring to O'Connor as "the crazy woman in pop's attic". O'Connor felt that bringing this up was "unnecessary and hurtful". The interview prompted O'Connor to announce she was quitting music, though she later retracted this, stating that Barnett had been to blame:

"I was already so badly triggered by the time the BBC fucked me up the ass, with no warning, lube or permission, I lost my shit after women's [sic] hour: I felt like I did thirty years ago and for thirty years. That I'd be better off (safer) if I ran away and gave up being in music at all. Because I keep getting used as a coat hanger for people to clothe with whatever they like. My legal vulnerabilities or past agonies dragged up for salacious entertainment and the paying of the mortgages of mostly men, who, thanks be to God, have never and will never know what it's like to be a female trauma survivor in this world. A world falsely claiming every day to be less poisoned by stigma or misogyny that [sic] it is in reality... Of all the shite they could have asked about they grill me on having four kids with four fathers. About being 'a horn dog'. Then Barnett dares to suggest that 'oh aren't we much better now about discussing mental health'. No, Bitch. Because if we were you wouldn't have dragged up the madwoman in the attic scenario."

Feminism
Former Woman's Hour presenter Jenni Murray is president of the Fawcett Society and a former patron of the charity Women's Aid.

In April 2014, Radio 4's Roger Bolton noted on the BBC's Feedback Blog: "As you well know BBC programmes are supposed to be impartial but I'm not sure if that can be said of Woman's Hour, at least when it comes to feminism. Woman's Hour is in fact a powerful advocate for women's empowerment and this week as part of that campaign it produced its second power list."

title: Woman's Hour


text:
Volontaires station

Volontaires is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro located in the 15th arrondissement. The station is named after the nearby rue des Volontaires. In 1822, locals transformed an existing dead end into an alley that led to rue de Vaugirard, hence, its initial name of Ruelle Volontaire, with the "s" added later to pay homage to the soldiers of the French Revolution.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro. From the 1950s, like most stations along the line, the platforms were modernised with the installation of red metal casings and golden advertising frames on the walls until 2015, when it was removed as part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP. It consisted of modernising the platforms by improving lighting, signages, as well as returning the characteristic beveled white tiles of the Paris métro to the station, thereby restoring the platforms to its original "Nord-Sud" decoration, while the station remained open. The new tiles were installed by May 2018, with all work completed by March 2019 after several delays and technical difficulties.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,362,771 passengers, making it the 219th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,111,705 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 232nd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,734,848 passengers, making it the 203rd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

On 7 April 2022, the RATP and in partnership with the Blomet Paradiso association, unveiled a new cultural panel along the corridors of the station. It details the rich artistic history of the district, often attributable to the Bal Blomet, a historic cabaret of the Roaring Twenties in Montparnasse that Joséphine Baker, Simone de Beauvoir, and Ernest Hemingway frequented.

Access
The station has a single access at rue de Vaugirard. Unusually, it consists of an entrance and an exit both located within the same building at the corner of rue de Vaugirard and rue des Volontaires, a rare occurrence on the network. The entrance is along rue de Vaugirard whereas the exit is along rue des Volontaires.

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13). It is distinguished by the presence of niches along the entire length of the side walls, hence, are devoid of advertisements.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 39, 70, and 89 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N13 and N62 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Volontaires station


text:
Oranjeboom Brewery

The Oranjeboom Brewery  was founded in Rotterdam in 1671. The brewery there closed in 1990, with production shifted to Breda. That brewery was sold to Interbrew in 1995 and was closed in 2004 by InBev, Interbrew's successor. Production of the brand Oranjeboom was moved to the Dommelsch brewery. In October 2013, Oranjeboom was relaunched as a "quirky" new European style lager.

History
The brewery dates from 1671, and started with the merger of two Rotterdam breweries, De Dissel and van den Oranjeboom; it was originally housed on the Coolvest, in the center of town.

Late 19th-century developments in the Dutch brewing industry all involved the then-new process of brewing lager, which used a yeast with the capability of cool fermenting; this allowed for production year-round, but required significant investments in modern technology and cold storage. In 1872, the brewery was owned by Willem Baartz, who was looking to get into the lager market. Baartz approached Gerard Adriaan Heineken but instead got involved in a new venture that led to the founding of Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij. By 1882, Oranjeboom had been sold on to the (Protestant) brewing company De Gekroonde Valk, one of the first breweries in the Netherlands to brew lager. In 1885, a brand-new brewery was opened on Oranjeboomstraat in the Feijenoord district, then a new development south of the city. The city named the street after the brewery, which, around the turn of the century, was an important employer providing over 200 jobs, and one of the largest breweries in the country. After World War II, several other breweries were bought to meet demand and stay competitive: De Wereld (Raamsdonk, 1948), Wertha (Weert, 1960), Zuidhollandse Bierbrouwerij (The Hague, 1960), Phoenix (Amersfoort, 1961), and Barbarossa (Groningen, 1964). None of these breweries remain.

In 1967, Oranjeboom was taken over by UK company Allied Breweries, which made an important acquisition in 1968 when it bought the brewery De Drie Hoefijzers in Breda, a town with a long history of beer brewing. The Breda brewery took on the name Oranjeboom. In 1973, the brand Oranjeboom was replaced by Skol, which was deemed to be a more attractive name for the European market, but it was a failure, and the brand name Oranjeboom was reintroduced in 1982. The plant in Rotterdam was closed in 1990, and in 1995, the Breda brewery was sold to Belgian beer giant Interbrew, which modernized the plant, but poor results in 2001 led to the plant's closure in 2004, (with a loss of 335 jobs), with production moved to Belgium and to the (Dutch) Dommelsch Brewery.

Ownership
With the exception of the Benelux area, the tradename Oranjeboom is owned by United Dutch Breweries. It was previously owned by Allied Breweries of the UK.

Beers
The Oranjeboom brewery mainly produced Oranjeboom pils and other lagers, and also Trio Stout. Oranjeboom Breweries were also the manufacturers of the popular Dutch Gold beer, which is one of the best-selling lager beers in retail around the Republic of Ireland.

The main beer produced under the brand name is Oranjeboom Premium Pilsner - a 5% ABV lager. There is also an Extra Strong 8.5% ABV version, a Super Strong 12.0% ABV version as well as lower strength and alcohol-free versions and a bokbier sold under the brand name.

International versions

 * The lager was brewed in Faversham, UK under license by Shepherd Neame at a strength of 3.9%.
 * Oranjeboom pilsener brewed in Germany is labeled for US sales and exported to the US.
 * A high percentage Oranjeboom has been imported to the UK, in 500 ml cans at 8.5% ABV
 * In New Zealand, Oranjeboom has been brewed under license by Lion Nathan since 2005.
 * A variant known as "Premium Strong Beer" is brewed in France for export. It has a high alcohol content of 16% ABV and is labelled "imported mega strong".

title: Oranjeboom Brewery


text:
Vaugirard station

Vaugirard is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement.

It is named after the nearby rue de Vaugirard, which in turn was named after the former Place de Vaugirard, renamed to Place Adolphe Chérioux in 1935. The station's name is subtitled Adolphe Chérioux (1857-1934), a former mayor of the district. This street also lent its name to Vaugirard on line 4, which was renamed Saint-Placide on 15 November 1913 to prevent confusion.

The station is unusual in that it contains two shops (a newsagent and clothes store) even though it is not an interchange station.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

Like most stations along the line, the platforms were modernised with the installation of green metal casings on the walls from the 1950s, subsequently repainted in red.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,445,009 passengers, making it the 141st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,709,593 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 145th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,482,886 passengers, making it the 136th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 3 accesses:

 * Access 1: Place Adolphe Chérioux (with an ascending escalator)
 * Access 2: rue d'Alleray
 * Access 3: rue des Favorites

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Unlike many other stations on the line, its characteristic Nord-Sud tiling has disappeared: its vault simply painted white and the side walls covered with a metal casing.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 39, 70, 80, and 88 of the RATP bus network, as well as the Traverse Brancion-Commerce, an electric bus operated by BE Green from parc Georges Brassens to the Pasteur Institute. At night, it is served by lines N13 and N62 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Église Saint-Lambert de Vaugirard
 * Maison et atelier du maître-verrier Barillet (built by French architect Robert Mallet-Stevens for French glassmaker Louis Barillet)
 * Square Adolphe-et-Jean-Chérioux
 * Square Saint-Lambert
 * Town hall of the 15th arrondissement

title: Vaugirard station


text:
Convention station

Convention is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby rue de la Convention, in turn named after the National Convention, an assembly that sat from 1792 to 1795.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

Like most stations along the line, the platforms were modernised with the installation of green metal casings on the walls from the 1950s, subsequently repainted in blue.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 17 January 2003.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,275,717 passengers, making it the 76th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,674,415 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 67th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,734,750 passengers, making it the 67th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 2 accesses:

 * Access 1: rue de la Convention (with an ascending escalator)
 * Access 2: rue de Vaugirard

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 39, 62, and 80 of the RATP bus network, as well as the Traverse Brancion-Commerce, an electric bus operated by BE Green from parc Georges Brassens to the Pasteur Institute. At night, it is served by lines N13 and N62 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Convention station


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Porte de Versailles station

Porte de Versailles is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro, a stop on tramway T3a as well as the southern terminus of tramway T2 in the 15th arrondissement. It is named after the Porte de Versailles, a gate in the 19th century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the city of Versailles.

History
The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette.

On 23 April 1930, a collision between two trains near the station resulted in the deaths of two people and 37 injured. A northbound train parked in front of a red signal between Porte de Versailles and Convention was hit in the rear by another train that had passed two stop signals at full speed. In anticipation of its extension south to Mairie d'Issy, the station was relocated south of its original location on 31 December 1929. The old platforms were removed and additional sidings to store trains were installed in its place. The tiling on the vault are the only remaining remnants of the original station; it can still be seen on passing trains. The new station was operated by the Nord-Sud Company for a single day as it was absorbed by its competitor, the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) the next day. Hence, the station was decorated in the traditional Nord-Sud style. On 27 March 1931, line A was renamed line 12. On 24 March 1934, the line's extension to Mairie d'Issy opened, ending the station's role as the southern terminus of the line.

On 10 January 1963, a second collision occurred near the station, injuring around 40 people.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors were renovated and modernised on 18 December 2009.

Since 2016, the Vaugirard Workshops, used for the maintenance of trains on line 12 just north of the station, has been under renovation as part of memorandum of understanding between the RATP and the city of Paris. It includes the construction of a new equipment maintenance workshop (EMW), the restructuring of its train maintenance workshop (TMW), as well as the creation of new social and private housing in two phases on a 2.3-hectare site. The new mixed-used development due for completion by 2029.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,923,995 passengers, making it the 65th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,449,859 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 89th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,268,157 passengers, making it the 93rd busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 5 accesses:

 * Access 1: avenue Ernest Renan Parc des Expositions Halls 2 à 8
 * Access 2: Palais des Sports Parc des Expositions Halls 1
 * Access 3: rue de Vaugirard
 * Access 4: Boulevard Victor
 * Access 5: Boulevard Lefebvre

Platforms
The station has a particular arrangement specific to the stations serving or had served as a terminus. It has 3 tracks divided amongst 1 island platform and 1 side platform. The two platforms are offset from each other by about 40 metres and are separated by a wall. Trains towards Mairie d'Aubervilliers utilise the southern track (on the side platform) whereas trains towards Mairie d'Issy utilise the central track (on the island platform). The yard track is not used in regular service and is normally used as a siding to store trains. However, it is occasionally used to terminate trains from Mairie d'Aubervilliers on weekend evenings; passengers who are heading towards Mairie d'Issy will have to wait for the next train.

Tramway
The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 (as part of its initial section between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry) and by tramway T2 since 21 November 2009 (when it was extended from Issy – Val de Seine), serving as its southern terminus. The tram station's name subtitle is shortened to Parc des Expositions. It is one of four métro stations on the network that are located at one of the former gates of Paris and are served by two tram lines; the other three are Balard (line 8), Porte de Choisy (line 7), and Porte de Vincennes (line 1). Basilique de Saint-Denis (line 13) is the only station served by two tram lines not located at one of the gates of Paris.

Bus
The station is also served by the following bus networks:

 * RATP bus network: line 80
 * Noctilien: lines N13, N62, and N145
 * Sénart bus network: line 54
 * BE Green: Traverse Brancion-Commerce

Nearby

 * Dôme de Paris
 * Paris Expo Porte de Versailles

title: Porte de Versailles station


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Corentin Celton station

Corentin Celton is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Issy-les-Moulineaux.

History
The station opened as Petits Ménages on 24 March 1934 as part of the extension of the line from Porte de Versailles. It was then named after the nearby hospice des Petits-ménage, a retirement home for elderly couples, as well as widowers and widowers capable of paying a modest fee. The hospice was relocated from the 7th arrondissement of Paris to Issy-les-Moulineaux in 1863, leaving a large area for the expansion of Le Bon Marché department store.

On 15 October 1945, the station was renamed Corentin Celton, after the hospice was renamed Hôpital Corentin-Celton in February that year. Its namesake, Corentin Celton (1901-1943), was an employee there and was a member of the French Resistance; he was shot by the Nazis at Fort Mont-Valérien. Hence, the station, along with 7 other stations, were renamed after the Second World War to honour the resistance fighters who had died for France. The other stations were: Charles Michels, Colonel Fabien, Corentin Cariou, Guy Môquet, Jacques Bonsergent, Marx Dormoy, and Trinité - d'Estienne d'Orves.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised during the 2000s.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,438,335 passengers, making it the 144th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,774,654 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 138th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,504,682 passengers, making it the 134th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 3 accesses:

 * Access 1: Boulevard Gambetta
 * Access 2: rue Ernest Renan
 * Access 3: Place Paul Vaillant-Couturier (an ascending escalator)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. It is one of only two stations on the line to be decorated in the style of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) instead of the Nord-Sud style used on the other stations, with the other station being Mairie d'Issy. The Nord-Sud company was absorbed by the CMP in 1930.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 126, 189, 394, and TUVIM of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N62 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Église Maronite Saints-Sauveur-et-Maroun d'Issy-les-Moulineaux
 * Hôpital Corentin-Celton
 * Parc omnisports Suzanne-Lenglen
 * Paris Expo Porte de Versailles
 * Saint-Sulpice Seminary

Culture
The station was featured in the first chapter of Je m'en vais, a french novel by Jean Echenoz that received the Prix Goncourt. It was published in September 1999.

It was also featured in the 2016 comic adaption of Nestor Burma contre C.Q.F.D. by Emmanuel Moynot, a french detective novel originally published in 1945 by Jacques Tardi.

title: Corentin Celton station


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Mairie d'Issy station

Mairie d'Issy is the southern terminus of line 12 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Issy-les-Moulineaux. It is named after and located near the town hall. Shops located on the avenue Victor Cresson and avenue de la République are served by the station.

History
The station opened on 24 March 1934 as part of the extension of the line from Porte de Versailles.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,096,487 passengers, making it the 111st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,083,392 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 116th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,874,138 passengers, making it the 115th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 2 accesses:

 * Access 1: aue du Général Leclerc
 * Access 2: avenue de la République Mairie (exit-only escalator)

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. It is one of only two stations on the line to be decorated in the style of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) instead of the Nord-Sud style used on the other stations, with the other station being Corentin Celton. The Nord-Sud company was absorbed by the CMP in 1930.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 123, 169, 190, 290, 323, and TUVIM of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N13 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer
 * Town hall of Issy-les-Moulineaux

title: Mairie d'Issy station


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Algebraic torus

In mathematics, an algebraic torus, where a one dimensional torus is typically denoted by $$\mathbf G_{\mathbf m}$$, $$\mathbb{G}_m$$, or $$\mathbb{T}$$, is a type of commutative affine algebraic group commonly found in projective algebraic geometry and toric geometry. Higher dimensional algebraic tori can be modelled as a product of algebraic groups $$\mathbf G_{\mathbf m}$$. These groups were named by analogy with the theory of tori in Lie group theory (see Cartan subgroup). For example, over the complex numbers $$\mathbb{C}$$ the algebraic torus $$\mathbf G_{\mathbf m}$$ is isomorphic to the group scheme $$\mathbb{C}^* = \text{Spec}(\mathbb{C}[t,t^{-1}])$$, which is the scheme theoretic analogue of the Lie group $$U(1) \subset \mathbb{C}$$. In fact, any $$\mathbf G_{\mathbf m}$$-action on a complex vector space can be pulled back to a $$U(1)$$-action from the inclusion $$U(1) \subset \mathbb{C}^*$$ as real manifolds.

Tori are of fundamental importance in the theory of algebraic groups and Lie groups and in the study of the geometric objects associated to them such as symmetric spaces and buildings.

Algebraic tori over fields
In most places we suppose that the base field is perfect (for example finite or characteristic zero). This hypothesis is required to have a smooth group scheme pg 64, since for an algebraic group $$G$$ to be smooth over characteristic $$p$$, the maps$$(\cdot)^{p^r}:\mathcal{O}(G) \to \mathcal{O}(G)$$ must be geometrically reduced for large enough $$r$$, meaning the image of the corresponding map on $$G$$ is smooth for large enough $$r$$.

In general one has to use separable closures instead of algebraic closures.

Multiplicative group of a field
If $$F$$ is a field then the multiplicative group over $$F$$ is the algebraic group $$\mathbf G_{\mathbf m}$$ such that for any field extension $$E/F$$ the $$E$$-points are isomorphic to the group $$E^\times$$. To define it properly as an algebraic group one can take the affine variety defined by the equation $$xy = 1$$ in the affine plane over $$F$$ with coordinates $$x, y$$. The multiplication is then given by restricting the regular rational map $$F^2 \times F^2 \to F^2$$ defined by $$((x, y), (x',y')) \mapsto (xx', yy') $$ and the inverse is the restriction of the regular rational map $$(x, y) \mapsto (y, x)$$.

Definition
Let $$F$$ be a field with algebraic closure $$\overline F$$. Then a $$F$$-torus is an algebraic group defined over $$F$$ which is isomorphic over $$\overline F$$ to a finite product of copies of the multiplicative group.

In other words, if $$\mathbf T$$ is an $$F$$-group it is a torus if and only if $$\mathbf T(\overline F) \cong (\overline F^\times)^r$$ for some $$r \ge 1$$. The basic terminology associated to tori is as follows.

 * The integer $$r$$ is called the rank or absolute rank of the torus $$\mathrm T$$.
 * The torus is said to be split over a field extension $$E/F$$ if $$\mathbf T(E) \cong (E^\times)^r$$. There is a unique minimal finite extension of $$F$$ over which $$\mathbf T$$ is split, which is called the splitting field of $$\mathbf T$$.
 * The $$F$$-rank of $$\mathbf T$$ is the maximal rank of a split sub-torus of $$\mathbf T$$. A torus is split if and only if its $$F$$-rank equals its absolute rank.
 * A torus is said to be anisotropic if its $$F$$-rank is zero.

Isogenies
An isogeny between algebraic groups is a surjective morphism with finite kernel; two tori are said to be isogenous if there exists an isogeny from the first to the second. Isogenies between tori are particularly well-behaved: for any isogeny $$\phi:\mathbf T \to \mathbf T'$$ there exists a "dual" isogeny $$\psi: \mathbf T' \to \mathbf T$$ such that $$\psi \circ \phi$$ is a power map. In particular being isogenous is an equivalence relation between tori.

Over an algebraically closed field
Over any algebraically closed field $$k = \overline{k}$$ there is up to isomorphism a unique torus of any given rank. For a rank $$n$$ algebraic torus over $$k$$ this is given by the group scheme $$\mathbf{G}_m^n = \text{Spec}_k(k[t_1,t_1^{-1},\ldots,t_n,t_n^{-1}])$$ pg 230.

Over the real numbers
Over the field of real numbers $$\mathbb R$$ there are exactly (up to isomorphism) two tori of rank 1: Any real torus is isogenous to a finite sum of those two; for example the real torus $$\mathbb C^\times$$ is doubly covered by (but not isomorphic to) $$\mathbb R^\times \times \mathbb T^1$$. This gives an example of isogenous, non-isomorphic tori.
 * the split torus $$\mathbb R^\times$$
 * the compact form, which can be realised as the unitary group $$\mathbf U(1)$$ or as the special orthogonal group $$\mathrm{SO}(2)$$. It is an anisotropic torus. As a Lie group, it is also isomorphic to the 1-torus $$\mathbf T^1$$, which explains the picture of diagonalisable algebraic groups as tori.

Over a finite field
Over the finite field $$\mathbb F_q$$ there are two rank-1 tori: the split one, of cardinality $$q-1$$, and the anisotropic one of cardinality $$q+1$$. The latter can be realised as the matrix group $$ \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} t & du \\ u & t \end{pmatrix} : t,u \in \mathbb F_q, t^2 - du^2=1 \right\} \subset \mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb F_q). $$

More generally, if $$E/F$$ is a finite field extension of degree $$d$$ then the Weil restriction from $$E$$ to $$F$$ of the multiplicative group of $$E$$ is an $$F$$-torus of rank $$d$$ and $$F$$-rank 1 (note that restriction of scalars over an inseparable field extension will yield a commutative algebraic group that is not a torus). The kernel $$N_{E/F}$$ of its field norm is also a torus, which is anisotropic and of rank $$d-1$$. Any $$F$$-torus of rank one is either split or isomorphic to the kernel of the norm of a quadratic extension. The two examples above are special cases of this: the compact real torus is the kernel of the field norm of $$\mathbb C/\mathbb R$$ and the anisotropic torus over $$\mathbb F_q$$ is the kernel of the field norm of $$\mathbb F_{q^2} / \mathbb F_q$$.

Weights and coweights
Over a separably closed field, a torus T admits two primary invariants. The weight lattice $$X^\bullet(T)$$ is the group of algebraic homomorphisms T → Gm, and the coweight lattice $$X_\bullet(T)$$ is the group of algebraic homomorphisms Gm → T. These are both free abelian groups whose rank is that of the torus, and they have a canonical nondegenerate pairing $$X^\bullet(T) \times X_\bullet(T) \to \mathbb{Z}$$ given by $$(f,g) \mapsto \deg(f \circ g)$$, where degree is the number n such that the composition is equal to the nth power map on the multiplicative group. The functor given by taking weights is an antiequivalence of categories between tori and free abelian groups, and the coweight functor is an equivalence. In particular, maps of tori are characterized by linear transformations on weights or coweights, and the automorphism group of a torus is a general linear group over Z. The quasi-inverse of the weights functor is given by a dualization functor from free abelian groups to tori, defined by its functor of points as:

 * $$D(M)_S(X) := \mathrm{Hom}(M, \mathbb{G}_{m,S}(X)).$$

This equivalence can be generalized to pass between groups of multiplicative type (a distinguished class of formal groups) and arbitrary abelian groups, and such a generalization can be convenient if one wants to work in a well-behaved category, since the category of tori doesn't have kernels or filtered colimits.

When a field K is not separably closed, the weight and coweight lattices of a torus over K are defined as the respective lattices over the separable closure. This induces canonical continuous actions of the absolute Galois group of K on the lattices. The weights and coweights that are fixed by this action are precisely the maps that are defined over K. The functor of taking weights is an antiequivalence between the category of tori over K with algebraic homomorphisms and the category of finitely generated torsion free abelian groups with an action of the absolute Galois group of K.

Given a finite separable field extension L/K and a torus T over L, we have a Galois module isomorphism

 * $$X^\bullet(\mathrm{Res}_{L/K}T) \cong \mathrm{Ind}_{G_L}^{G_K} X^\bullet(T).$$

If T is the multiplicative group, then this gives the restriction of scalars a permutation module structure. Tori whose weight lattices are permutation modules for the Galois group are called quasi-split, and all quasi-split tori are finite products of restrictions of scalars.

Linear representations of tori
As seen in the examples above tori can be represented as linear groups. An alternative definition for tori is:

 * A linear algebraic group is a torus if and only if it is diagonalisable over an algebraic closure.

The torus is split over a field if and only if it is diagonalisable over this field.

Split rank of a semisimple group
If $$\mathbf G$$ is a semisimple algebraic group over a field $$F$$ then: Obviously the rank is greater than or equal the $$F$$-rank; the group is called split if and only if equality holds (that is, there is a maximal torus in $$\mathbf G$$ which is split over $$F$$). The group is called anisotropic if it contains no split tori (i.e. its $$F$$-rank is zero).
 * its rank (or absolute rank) is the rank of a maximal torus subgroup in $$\mathbf G$$ (note that all maximal tori are conjugated over $$F$$ so the rank is well-defined);
 * its $$F$$-rank (sometimes called $$F$$-split rank) is the maximal rank of a torus subgroup in $$G$$ which is split over $$F$$.

Classification of semisimple groups
In the classical theory of semisimple Lie algebras over the complex field the Cartan subalgebras play a fundamental rôle in the classification via root systems and Dynkin diagrams. This classification is equivalent to that of connected algebraic groups over the complex field, and Cartan subalgebras correspond to maximal tori in these. In fact the classification carries over to the case of an arbitrary base field under the assumption that there exists a split maximal torus (which is automatically satisfied over an algebraically closed field). Without the splitness assumption things become much more complicated and a more detailed theory has to be developed, which is still based in part on the study of adjoint actions of tori.

If $$\mathbf T$$ is a maximal torus in a semisimple algebraic group $$\mathbf G$$ then over the algebraic closure it gives rise to a root system $$\Phi$$ in the vector space $$V = X^*(\mathbf T) \otimes_{\mathbb Z} \mathbb R$$. On the other hand, if $${}_F \mathbf T \subset \mathbf T$$ is a maximal $$F$$-split torus its action on the $$F$$-Lie algebra of $$\mathbf G$$ gives rise to another root system $${}_F \Phi$$. The restriction map $$X^*(\mathbf T) \to X^*(_F\mathbf T)$$ induces a map $$\Phi \to {}_F\Phi \cup\{0\}$$ and the Tits index is a way to encode the properties of this map and of the action of the Galois group of $$\overline F / F$$ on $$\Phi$$. The Tits index is a "relative" version of the "absolute" Dynkin diagram associated to $$\Phi$$; obviously, only finitely many Tits indices can correspond to a given Dynkin diagram.

Another invariant associated to the split torus $${}_F \mathbf T$$ is the anisotropic kernel: this is the semisimple algebraic group obtained as the derived subgroup of the centraliser of $${}_F \mathbf T$$ in $$\mathbf G$$ (the latter is only a reductive group). As its name indicates it is an anisotropic group, and its absolute type is uniquely determined by $${}_F \Phi$$.

The first step towards a classification is then the following theorem

 * Two semisimple $$F$$-algebraic groups are isomorphic if and only if they have the same Tits indices and isomorphic anisotropic kernels.

This reduces the classification problem to anisotropic groups, and to determining which Tits indices can occur for a given Dynkin diagram. The latter problem has been solved in. The former is related to the Galois cohomology groups of $$F$$. More precisely to each Tits index there is associated a unique quasi-split group over $$F$$; then every $$F$$-group with the same index is an inner form of this quasi-split group, and those are classified by the Galois cohomology of $$F$$ with coefficients in the adjoint group.

Flat subspaces and rank of symmetric spaces
If $$G$$ is a semisimple Lie group then its real rank is the $$\mathbb R$$-rank as defined above (for any $$\mathbb R$$-algebraic group whose group of real points is isomorphic to $$G$$), in other words the maximal $$r$$ such that there exists an embedding $$(\mathbb R^\times)^r \to G$$. For example, the real rank of $$\mathrm{SL}_n(\mathbb R)$$ is equal to $$n-1$$, and the real rank of $$\mathrm{SO}(p,q)$$ is equal to $$\min(p,q)$$.

If $$X$$ is the symmetric space associated to $$G$$ and $$T \subset G$$ is a maximal split torus then there exists a unique orbit of $$T$$ in $$X$$ which is a totally geodesic flat subspace in $$X$$. It is in fact a maximal flat subspace and all maximal such are obtained as orbits of split tori in this way. Thus there is a geometric definition of the real rank, as the maximal dimension of a flat subspace in $$X$$.

Q-rank of lattices
If the Lie group $$G$$ is obtained as the real points of an algebraic group $$\mathbf G$$ over the rational field $$\mathbb Q$$ then the $$\mathbb Q$$-rank of $$\mathbf G$$ has also a geometric significance. To get to it one has to introduce an arithmetic group $$\Gamma$$ associated to $$\mathbf G$$, which roughly is the group of integer points of $$\mathbf G$$, and the quotient space $$M = \Gamma \backslash X$$, which is a Riemannian orbifold and hence a metric space. Then any asymptotic cone of $$M$$ is homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex with top-dimensional simplices of dimension equal to the $$\mathbb Q$$-rank of $$\mathbf G$$. In particular, $$M$$ is compact if and only if $$\mathbf G$$ is anisotropic.

Note that this allows to define the $$\mathbf Q$$-rank of any lattice in a semisimple Lie group, as the dimension of its asymptotic cone.

Buildings
If $$\mathbf G$$ is a semisimple group over $$\mathbb Q_p$$ the maximal split tori in $$\mathbf G$$ correspond to the apartments of the Bruhat-Tits building $$X$$ associated to $$\mathbf G$$. In particular the dimension of $$X$$ is equal to the $$\mathbb Q_p$$-rank of $$\mathbf G$$.

Definition
Given a base scheme S, an algebraic torus over S is defined to be a group scheme over S that is fpqc locally isomorphic to a finite product of copies of the multiplicative group scheme Gm/S over S. In other words, there exists a faithfully flat map X → S such that any point in X has a quasi-compact open neighborhood U whose image is an open affine subscheme of S, such that base change to U yields a finite product of copies of GL1,U = Gm/U. One particularly important case is when S is the spectrum of a field K, making a torus over S an algebraic group whose extension to some finite separable extension L is a finite product of copies of Gm/L. In general, the multiplicity of this product (i.e., the dimension of the scheme) is called the rank of the torus, and it is a locally constant function on S.

Most notions defined for tori over fields carry to this more general setting.

Examples
One common example of an algebraic torus is to consider the affine cone $$\text{Aff}(X) \subset \mathbb{A}^{n+1}$$ of a projective scheme $$X \subset \mathbb{P}^n$$. Then, with the origin removed, the induced projection map $$\pi: (\text{Aff}(X) - \{0\}) \to X$$ gives the structure of an algebraic torus over $$X$$.

Weights
For a general base scheme S, weights and coweights are defined as fpqc sheaves of free abelian groups on S. These provide representations of fundamental groupoids of the base with respect the fpqc topology. If the torus is locally trivializable with respect to a weaker topology such as the etale topology, then the sheaves of groups descend to the same topologies and these representations factor through the respective quotient groupoids. In particular, an etale sheaf gives rise to a quasi-isotrivial torus, and if S is locally noetherian and normal (more generally, geometrically unibranched), the torus is isotrivial. As a partial converse, a theorem of Grothendieck asserts that any torus of finite type is quasi-isotrivial, i.e., split by an etale surjection.

Given a rank n torus T over S, a twisted form is a torus over S for which there exists a fpqc covering of S for which their base extensions are isomorphic, i.e., it is a torus of the same rank. Isomorphism classes of twisted forms of a split torus are parametrized by nonabelian flat cohomology $$H^1(S, GL_n(\mathbb{Z}))$$, where the coefficient group forms a constant sheaf. In particular, twisted forms of a split torus T over a field K are parametrized by elements of the Galois cohomology pointed set $$H^1(G_K, GL_n(\mathbb{Z}))$$ with trivial Galois action on the coefficients. In the one-dimensional case, the coefficients form a group of order two, and isomorphism classes of twisted forms of Gm are in natural bijection with separable quadratic extensions of K.

Since taking a weight lattice is an equivalence of categories, short exact sequences of tori correspond to short exact sequences of the corresponding weight lattices. In particular, extensions of tori are classified by Ext1 sheaves. These are naturally isomorphic to the flat cohomology groups $$H^1(S, \mathrm{Hom}_\mathbb{Z} (X^\bullet(T_1), X^\bullet(T_2)))$$. Over a field, the extensions are parametrized by elements of the corresponding Galois cohomology group.

Arithmetic invariants
In his work on Tamagawa numbers, T. Ono introduced a type of functorial invariants of tori over finite separable extensions of a chosen field k. Such an invariant is a collection of positive real-valued functions fK on isomorphism classes of tori over K, as K runs over finite separable extensions of k, satisfying three properties:
 * 1) Multiplicativity: Given two tori T1 and T2 over K, fK(T1 × T2) = fK(T1) fK(T2)
 * 2) Restriction: For a finite separable extension L/K, fL evaluated on an L torus is equal to fK evaluated on its restriction of scalars to K.
 * 3) Projective triviality: If T is a torus over K whose weight lattice is a projective Galois module, then fK(T) = 1.

T. Ono showed that the Tamagawa number of a torus over a number field is such an invariant. Furthermore, he showed that it is a quotient of two cohomological invariants, namely the order of the group $$H^1(G_k, X^\bullet(T)) \cong Ext^1(T, \mathbb{G}_m)$$ (sometimes mistakenly called the Picard group of T, although it doesn't classify Gm torsors over T), and the order of the Tate–Shafarevich group.

The notion of invariant given above generalizes naturally to tori over arbitrary base schemes, with functions taking values in more general rings. While the order of the extension group is a general invariant, the other two invariants above do not seem to have interesting analogues outside the realm of fraction fields of one-dimensional domains and their completions.

title: Algebraic torus


text:
Saint-Denis-Université station

Saint-Denis–Université is the terminus of the northeastern branch of Line 13 of the Paris Métro, located in the suburban town of Saint-Denis. It is the most northerly station on the Paris Métro system. It serves the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, as well as the new facility of the National Archives, which is located in Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, next to the metro station and bus station.

History
The station and a bus station was opened on 25 May 1998 in the presence of the Minister of Transport Jean-Claude Gayssot after an investment of €525 million (70% financed by the Region) with the extension of the line from Basilique de Saint-Denis.

Initially planned for 1999, a carpark with 300 spaces was inaugurated in September 2001 in the presence of elected officials and the regional prefect, because it was meant to foreshadow Île-de-France's future intermodal transport facilities for its urban transport plan.

The name of the station comes from its immediate proximity to the University of Paris-VIII in Saint-Denis. In 2004, the government chose the site for the new headquarters of the National Archives. Scheduled for 2009, the opening took place in 2013.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 2,626,602 travellers entered this station, which places it in the 72nd position of metro stations for its use.

Passenger services
As with all new metro stations since 1992, the station is fully accessible.

Access
One exit from the station faces the University of Paris VIII and the other overlooks the bus station.

Platforms
The two platforms, flanking the two tracks, are covered by a slab below a large reception hall. There is therefore no intermediate level between the surface and the platforms, a very unusual situation for the Paris metro.

The platforms are in the shape of an I, as at the Basilique de Saint-Denis station, wide at both ends, business premises reduce their width in the centre. The tracks extends beyond the line open to the public, towards a turning point and sidings.

Other connections
The bus station is served by lines 168, 253, 255, 256, 268, 353 and 356 of the RATP Bus Network and by line 11 of the CIF bus network. Since 29 July 2013, it is possible to reach the T5 at the Guynemer station, located a short distance away.

At night, a connection with the N44 line of the Noctilien is possible a short distance away.

On 5 November 2015, the station benefited from the first secure lockers for bicycles (52 places) (Véligo) on line 13 at 30 € per year.

Nearby

 * Université Paris-VIII
 * Archives Nationales
 * Église Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc de la Mutualité

Line 13 extension project
A subsequent extension of line 13 to the Stains-La Cerisaie station, included in the master plan for the Île-de-France region (SDRIF), adopted in 2008 by its Regional Council, is no longer envisaged. The project no longer appears in the new version of the SDRIF plan adopted on 18 October 2013 and approved by decree of 27 December 2013.

title: Saint-Denis-Université station


text:
Talk:Indoor ski slope

The first indoor slope in the world was Mt. Thebarton, Adelaide, Australia and it's still in operation today. SSAWS in Tokyo was certainly one of the first and one of the longest, but it is now closed and the site will be redeveloped.

The UK has a third operation indoor slope at Castleford.

There's a big map of all the UK indoor proposals at www.theboarder.co.uk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.213.254.241 (talk • contribs)

 * They are building one in Berlin right now. It is supposed to open in 2007. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.73.34.130 (talk • contribs)

Endless
What does this mean? Is it a circle or something with a lift partway along? A treadmill? There is a * symbol next to this, but no explanation129.67.86.189 (talk) 16:24, 1 May 2011 (UTC) There is a link below the table to another wikipedia page that is also a bit light on information. Lampbus (talk) 12:54, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Longest UK indoor slope
The biggest indoor slope in the UK is Snow Factor, Braehead, Glasgow, Scotland [1] featuring a 200m long main slope, with a 50m x 50m dedicated teaching slope.

According to the Snow Factor website, this is incorrect. It is 168m long: http://www.snowfactor.com/welcome/we-are-snowfactor.php

The longest appears to currently be Chil Factore in Manchester at 180m long: http://www2.chillfactore.com/

However, this would be eclipsed by the Leisure Dome in Weston-super-Mare when it is built, which is planned to be 210m http://www.leisuredome.co.uk/Home.aspx/Introduction Rbirkby (talk) 13:17, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Dates of operation
The summary table should list the dates of operation (end date, if closed; otherwise, with no end date) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.91.45.231 (talk) 17:05, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indoor ski slope