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Outer Plane

In the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, an Outer Plane is one of a number of general types of planes of existence. They can also be referred to as godly planes, spiritual planes, or divine planes. The Outer Planes are home to beings such as deities and their servants such as demons, celestials and devils. Each Outer Plane is usually the physical manifestation of a particular moral and ethical alignment and the entities that dwell there often embody the traits related to that alignment.

The intangible and esoteric Outer Planes—the realms of ideals, philosophies, and gods—stand in contrast to the Inner Planes, which compose the material building blocks of reality and the realms of energy and matter.

All Outer Planes are spatially infinite but are composed of features and locations of finite scope. Many of these planes are often split into a collection of further infinites called layers, which are essentially sub-planes that represent one particular facet or theme of the plane. For example, Baator's geography is reminiscent of Hell as depicted in Dante's The Divine Comedy. In addition, each layer may also contain a number of realms. Each realm is the home to an individual deity, and occasionally a collection of deities.

Publication history
The Outer Planes were presented for the first time in Volume 1, Number 8 of The Dragon, released July 1977 as part of the Great Wheel of Planes. In the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", Gary Gygax mentions that there are 16 Outer Planes and describes the Seven Heavens, the Twin Paradises, and Elysium as "Typical higher planes", Nirvana as the "plane of ultimate Law" and Limbo as the "plane of ultimate Chaos (entropy)", and the Nine Hells, Hades' three glooms, and the 666 layers of the Abyss as "Typical lower planes". Other Outer Planes mentioned by name in the article include the Happy Hunting Grounds, Olympus, Gladsheim, Pandemonium, Tarterus, Gehenna, Acheron, and Arcadia.

The Outer Planes were further "refined in the Players Handbook (1978) and Deities & Demigods (1980)". The appendix of the Player's Handbook included an abstract diagram of the planes, and mentioned the same 16 Outer Planes: the Seven Heavens of absolute lawful good, the Twin Paradises of neutral good lawfuls, the planes of Elysium of absolute neutral good, the Happy Hunting Grounds of neutral good chaotics, the planes of Olympus of good chaotics, the planes of Gladsheim (Asgard, Valhalla, Vanaheim, etc.) of chaotic good neutrals, the planes of Limbo of neutral (absolute) chaos (entropy), the Planes of Pandemonium of chaotic evil neutrals, the 666 layers of the Abyss of absolute chaotic evil, the planes of Tarterus of evil chaotic neutrals, Hades' "Three Glooms" of absolute (neutral) evil, the furnaces of Gehenna of lawful evil neutrals, the Nine Hells of absolute lawful evil, the nether planes of Acheron of lawful evil neutrals, Nirvana of absolute (neutral) lawfuls, and the planes of Arcadia of neutral good lawfuls. Shannon Appelcline, the author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that throughout the early 1980s Dragon magazine would continue to detail "some of the planes in more depth", however, "there was no overarching plan for the planes of D&D other than a few increasingly old drawings".

Both Appelcline and Curtis D. Carbonell, in his book the Dread Trident: Tabletop Role-Playing Games and the Modern Fantastic, highlighted that information on the planes and the shared cosmology was codified in the Manual of the Planes (1987) and Tales of the Outer Planes (1988). Carbonell wrote that project leader and designer Jeff Grubb detailed "the schematization of the planes' requisite five area: the Prime Material, the Ethereal, the Astral, the Inner, and the Outer planes. This basic structure is still used in 5e, with some changes that provide minor rearrangements and clarifications [...]. Grubb's approach demonstrated a need to codify, while still remaining flexible, that has remained as a primary aim of the latest edition".

Carbonell also highlighted that the 1989 Spelljammer campaign setting added cosmology that "allowed travel between the different settings" such as Dragonlance, Greyhawk, and the Forgotten Realms. However, campaign settings such as Dark Sun and Ravenloft were inaccessible in this cosmology. Then in 1993, TSR wanted to do a series of books about the Outer Planes. Zeb Cook, creator of the Planescape universe, describes it this way: "So there was this huge collection of over ten years of stuff that was just kind of quietly ignored with no sense of logic to it, and we figured that 'Oh, we don't need to explain it—it's enough to say 'It came from The Outer Planes. So [one of the TSR designers] said, 'Let's do this series of books, one about each Plane,' which would have been about 10 million books, so TSR said, 'Well, that's a good idea, but 10 million books is not such a great idea. We'd rather create a campaign world that's set in the Outer Planes,' because they had figured out by that point that worlds sold. And so they came to me, the senior designer with a huge gaping hole in my schedule, and wanted me to take this idea and execute it. 'Make us a campaign world that's completely different from all of the ones we have....'"Carbonell called the 1994 Planescape campaign setting "the most complex example of the multiverse created during the varieties of 2e's AD&D settings" and wrote: "A more nuanced and sophisticated attempt at harmonization, Planescape provided an alternate way to travel between the planes than Spelljammer's science-fantasy-oriented approach". The 3rd edition Manual of the Planes (2001) detailed both the inner and outer planes. Kevin Kulp, for DMs Guild, wrote that "the authors used an approach that said 'here's how it's been done in the past, and here are other ways you can do it,' which allowed the book to avoid setting planar mechanics in stone. Instead it gave DMs a modular approach by presenting Options, a flexible strategy that pleased both 1e and Planescape fans. Vast amounts of new ideas and new locations were presented, dovetailing nicely with canon from earlier editions".

The 4th edition Manual of the Planes (2008) shifted the locations of the various Outer Planes to fit the new World Axis cosmology. However, the 5th edition Player's Handbook (2014) and Dungeon Master's Guide (2014) shifted most of the cosmology of the planes back to the Great Wheel model with some aspects of the World Axis model retained in the descriptions of the inner planes.

Standard D&D cosmology
The standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology contains sixteen Outer Planes. This cosmology is outlined in the Great Wheel model where the Outer Planes are arranged in a ring of sixteen planes with the Good-aligned planes (or Upper Planes) at the top, and the Evil-aligned planes (or Lower Planes) at the bottom. Depictions usually display the Lawful planes (or Planes of Law) to the left, and the Chaotic planes (or Planes of Chaos) to the right. Between all of these sit the Neutral planes, or the Planes of Conflict. The center contains the Inner and Material Planes.

One further plane sits in the center of the ring, the Outlands, being neutral in alignment. At the center of the Outlands is a Spire of infinite height; the city of Sigil floats above the Spire's pinnacle.

This D&D cosmology is the standard cosmology in the 3rd and 5th Editions and is the official cosmology used in campaign settings such as Planescape and Greyhawk. "It's common for gods from different campaign settings to share a plane but maintain their own space. Mount Celestia, for example, houses both Heironeous from Greyhawk and Torm from the Forgotten Realms". Many of the alternative names derive from the 1st-edition Manual of the Planes (1987), and the in-game explanation given in the Planescape setting is that these names are used by the "Clueless", or characters from the Prime Material unfamiliar with the planes.

4th Edition differences
The 4th Edition World Axis model outlines that the mortal world is between "the Astral Sea above and the Elemental Chaos below". Most of the Outer Planes are now located in the Astral Sea (such as Celestia and the Nine Hells). The Abyss is an exception; it is now located in the Elemental Chaos.

Cosmology in campaign settings
Other Dungeons & Dragons cosmologies were developed after Greyhawk for various other campaign settings, however, "they would be subsumed under 5e's umbrella concept of the multiverse".

Forgotten Realms cosmology
The Forgotten Realms cosmology was originally the same as that of a standard Dungeons & Dragons campaign. The cosmology for the 3rd edition of D&D was altered substantially so that it contained twenty-six Outer Planes, arranged in a tree-like structure around the central 'trunk' of the material plane of Toril. Unlike the Outer Planes of the standard D&D cosmology which were heavily alignment-based, the Outer Planes of the Forgotten Realms cosmology were faith-based.

The planes of the Forgotten Realms were retooled in the 4th Edition to match the new default cosmology, with many of the planes or realms being relocated to the Astral Sea, and a handful now located in the Elemental Chaos. Appelcline highlighted that the 4th Edition World Axis model "had actually originated with the Forgotten Realms, which was planning a view of the heavens as early as 2005 or 2006. It was then co-opted by the SCRAMJET world design team for D&D 4e".

The Barrens of Doom and Despair plane is designed to be inhospitable to Dungeons & Dragons player characters. Even though there is little light or water, other characters from the franchise can be found here. Five deities make their homes here, including Bane (his home was previously referred to as Acheron), Beshaba, Hoar, Loviatar, and Talona. The Barrens of Doom and Despair consist of a single infinite plane, with no constituent layers. It links via the Astral Plane to the planes of the Prime Material (such as Toril) and a number of portals directly connect it with Hammergrim and the Blood Rift. Beshaba's realm, the Blood Tor, links directly to the Abyss.

List of Forgotten Realms planes
• The Abyss

• Arvandor

• The Barrens of Doom and Despair

• Blood Rift

• Brightwater

• Clangor

• Deep Caverns

• The Demonweb Pits

• Dragon Eyrie

• Dwarfhome

• Dweomerheart

• The Fated Depths

• Fury's Heart

• The Gates of the Moon

• Golden Hills

• Green Fields

• Hammergrim

• Heliopolis

• The House of Knowledge

• The House of Nature

• The House of the Triad

• Jotunheim

• The Nine Hells

• Nishrek

• The Supreme Throne

• Warrior's Rest

Eberron cosmology
The Eberron cosmology, used in the original Eberron campaign setting, contained thirteen Outer Planes in 3rd edition, and gained at least two for 4th edition under the new cosmology. They exhibit traits similar to those of the standard D&D cosmology but also some (Irian, Mabar, Fernia, and Risia) appear more like Inner Planes. The cosmology was unique in that the Outer Planes orbited around Eberron through the Astral plane. As they orbited, their overlap with the material plane changed and access to those planes became easier or restricted.

Like most other D&D campaign settings, in 3rd edition D&D Eberron has a number of planes. Besides the Prime Material Plane, the Ethereal Plane, the Plane of Shadow, and the Astral Plane, the Eberron Campaign Setting has thirteen relatively unique planes. Gates or portals to any of the planes are very rare. These thirteen planes metaphysically orbit around Eberron, and depending on their current location are considered in one of four states.
 * Waxing/Waning – The plane is either approaching or moving away from Eberron. Planar travel occurs as normal.
 * Coterminous – The plane actually touches Eberron, and certain effects are strengthened in Eberron. Also, it may be possible to travel between planes by going to an appropriate spot. For example, when Risia, the Plain of Ice is coterminous, one may enter the plane from Eberron by walking into a blizzard. Because of seals placed by the Gatekeeper druids, Xoriat, the Realm of Madness, is incapable of becoming coterminous with Eberron.
 * Remote – The plane is furthest from Eberron, and certain effects are weakened in Eberron. Also, reaching a remote plane with the spell plane shift is difficult and requires a high DC check. Because of the conflict between the Quori and the giants of Xen'drik, Dal Quor is always considered remote from Eberron.

Abyss
The Abyss is known for having hundreds of layers, and many realms of deities and demons, including its horrific first layer of Pazunia (also known as the Plane of Infinite Portals), and the White Kingdom ruled by the King of Ghouls,

In a critical review of Planes of Chaos for White Wolf Inphobia magazine, Keith H. Eisenbeis described the danger of adventuring in planes such as the Abyss, especially for low- and mid-level characters: "Sure, it's possible to design a situation in which first-level characters can accomplish something important and survive in the Abyss, but the immensity and power of the planes is undermined. In addition, on planes such as the Abyss, negotiating with evil creatures is frequently necessary, possibly making these planes useful to only neutral and evil characters."

Ken Denmead of Wired described a number of aspects of the Abyss as psychedelic, calling the doors on one layer of the Abyss similar to the "loony corridor scene from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band."

Acheron
Acheron, also known as The Infernal Battlefield of Acheron, is a lawful neutral/lawful evil–aligned plane of existence.

Arborea
Arborea or more fully, the Olympian Glades of Arborea, is a chaotic good-aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

Arborea is also referred to as "Olympus" or "Arvandor", though technically those names describe separate realms within the plane. Arborea is stylised as a peaceful plane of natural beauty with a multitude of thriving environments. Much of the plane is dominated by vast tall forests, but also includes glades of wildflowers and fields of grain. As a plane that also embodies chaos, it has a wild and often sudden nature. The weather can change drastically at short notice, changing from warm sunshine to raging winds and back again in just a few minutes.

Publication history
The plane known as Olympus was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The planes of Olympus of absolute good chaotics".

Inhabitants
The eladrin, powerful elf-like celestial creatures are the protectors of Arborea, the most common of which is the Ghaele. Lillends are also common on the plane. Many types of celestial and anarchic version of common animals, natural creatures suffused with tendencies of good or chaos, are found in Arborea. Also, primitive Orc-Baboon hybrids known as Losels dwell in its wilderness, occasionally migrating between it and the Beastlands.

Arborea has two main types of petitioner, the first of which are the spirits of the elven dead. Some take the form of celestial creatures or others simply merge with the plane itself, as a final reward after death. The second main type are the bacchae, drunken revellers who perpetually indulge in wild celebrations, enticing visitors to join with them.

Structure
As an outer plane, Arborea is spatially infinite, further consisting of three infinite layers (or sub-planes). Arborea's first layer shares borders with the neighbouring planes of the Heroic Domains of Ysgard and the Wilderness of the Beastlands; travel is possible between Arborea and these planes at certain locations.

Layers
The wandering realm of the Seelie Court often appears on the plane of Arborea, always in a different location.

Arborea has three layers:

In previous editions, this layer was known as Olympus, but the most recent edition of Manual of the Planes refers to it only as Arvandor. Principally, it is the home plane of the Seldarine, the good Elven deities, headed by Corellon Larethian. This layer is mostly endless canopies of forest with huge clearings containing many idealized elven settlements. Arvandor has a day and night cycle matching that of the material plane. The goddess Eilistraee also resides in the forests of Arvandor, despite her banishment.
 * Arvandor/Olympus

The realm of Brightwater, a separate plane in the third edition Forgotten Realms cosmology is located on Arvandor. Four goddesses have domains here, including Lliira, Sharess, Sune, and Tymora.

The actual realm of Olympus is found here, and is home to many deities of the Greek pantheon, including Zeus, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, and the titan Rhea.

There are several other realms located on this layer, including:
 * The aarakocra goddess Syranita's realm of Whistledge;
 * The giant goddess Iallanis's realm of Florallium;
 * Trithereon's realm of The Forking Road;
 * Chih-Nii's realm of Loom of the Celestial River.

When not with the Seldarine, Deep Sashelas also has his own realm of Elavandor on Ossa.
 * Aquallor/Ossa

Poseidon's realm of Caletto can be found on Ossa.

Nephthys has her realm of Amun-thys on Pelion.
 * Mithardir/Pelion

Historic influences
Arborea incorporates many elements of Greek mythology, with the game's version of Mount Olympus as a central feature, to the point that the whole plane was originally named Olympus in 1st edition. The name of Arborea, introduced in 2nd edition AD&D, is derived from its "endless rolling forests", as in arboreal.

Arcadia
Arcadia or more fully, the Peaceable Kingdoms of Arcadia, is a lawful neutral/lawful good-aligned plane of existence.

Baator
Baator, also known as the Nine Hells of Baator or the Nine Hells, is a lawful evil–aligned plane of existence.

Baator is stylised as a plane of sinister evil and cruelty. The different types of devils that dwell here obey a strict hierarchical caste-like social structure. Each continually plots to advance their position through treachery and deception. Unlike the demons of the Abyss, the devils are highly organized, with a logical and calculating nature.

The plane itself is composed of nine different layers, each of which models a differing but no less inhospitable and dreadful environment, from barren plains of ash and rock to frozen wastes of endless ice.

The nine layers in order are Avernus, Dis, Minauros, Phlegethos, Stygia, Malbolge, Maladomini, Cania and Nessus.

Publication history
The plane known as the Nine Hells was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as one of the "Typical lower planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The Nine Hells of absolute lawful evil".

History
The article "The Politics of Hell" by Alexander Von Thorn in Dragon No. 28 (1979) describes how Hell was originally ruled by Satan, who was usurped by Baalzebul, who was in turn overthrown by Asmodeus.

The article "The Possessors" by Arn Ashleigh Parker in Dragon No. 42 (October 1980) follows up on this article by explaining that Selm, a lieutenant of Satan, was made the Prince of Possessors, and remained in that position throughout these various changes in the administration in Hell.

Beastlands
The Beastlands (more properly, the Wilderness of the Beastlands, formerly the Happy Hunting Grounds in early versions of the game) is a neutral (chaotic) good-aligned plane of existence.

Bytopia
Bytopia, also known as the Twin Paradises, (bi- + utopia) or, more fully, the Twin Paradises of Bytopia, is a lawful good/neutral good aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk, and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings. Bytopia is a virtuous plane of cultivated beauty, and is home to many of the deities of the gnomish pantheon.

Publication history
The plane known as the Twin Paradises was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as one of the "Typical higher planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The Twin Paradises of neutral good lawfuls".

Structure
Bytopia is a spatially infinite plane, consisting of two layers or sub-planes. It is unique in the sense that the two layers are laid facing one another, each looking down (or up; the terms are relative here) at the other. A traveller can look up from one layer and see the other above him looking back down (or, from the other side's perspective, up), provided that the sky is clear. To get from one layer to the other, travellers must either climb tall mountains, or fly. Gravity reverses when someone reaches the middle point between the two layers. Bytopia shares its borders with the neighbouring planes of the Seven Mounting Heavens of Celestia and the Blessed Fields of Elysium; travel is possible between Bytopia and these planes at certain locations.

Dothion is a serene pastoral layer of meadows and wild-flowers; it is home to the souls of farmers, craftsmen, honest merchants, and gnomish commoners. The Golden Hills, a separate plane in the 3rd-Edition Forgotten Realms cosmology, is located here, and is home to the gnome deity Garl Glittergold, as well as Baervan Wildwanderer, Baravar Cloakshadow, Flandal Steelskin, Gaerdal Ironhand, Nebelun the Meddler, and Segojan Earthcaller. Flandal shares his Mithral Forge with Ama-Tsu-Mara. The godly realms of Deephome, home of Callarduran Smoothhands, god of the svirfneblin, and Prosperity, realm of Inari, are also located on Dothion.

Shurrock is the mountainous untamed twin, home of hidden beasts and monsters. The gnomish underground mining city of Quarry that specialises in gemcutting is located here. Rangers often foray into this wilderness to slay creatures that have threatened the folk of Dothion.

A number of godly realms exist on this layer, including Heart of Justice, realm of Kiri-Jolith, and Windwrath, realm of Tefnut. Martyrdomain was the realm of Ilmater in previous editions of Dungeons & Dragons.

Carceri
Carceri (more fully, the Tarterian Depths of Carceri; also, Tarterus or The Red Prison ) is a neutral (chaotic) evil-aligned plane of existence.

Elysium
Elysium, or more fully, the Blessed Fields of Elysium, is a strongly good-aligned plane of existence.

Gehenna
Gehenna (beginning in the third edition of the game, the Bleak Eternity of Gehenna; also, The Fourfold Furnaces or The Fires of Perdition ) is a plane of existence of neutral evil/lawful evil alignment. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology. It borders the Gray Waste of Hades and the Nine Hells of Baator.

Gray Waste of Hades
The Gray Waste (more fully, the Gray Wastes of Hades; also, Hades, The Three Glooms, Hope's Loss or The Nadir) is a strongly neutral evil aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk, and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings. Hades is the plane of origin of the yugoloth daemons. Pathfinder's analogue to Hades is the plane called Abaddon (from the Hebraic Abaddon).

Publication history
The plane known as Hades was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as Hades' three glooms, one of the "Typical lower planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "Hades' "Three Glooms" of absolute (neutral) evil".

Description
According to Trenton Webb's critical review of Planes of Conflict for British RPG magazine Arcane, the Gray Waste "erodes the sense of purpose that is the hallmark of an alignment-based philosophy. One symptom of this is the place's ability to fade the colour from a character's clothes!" Stang and Trammell called Hades "the realm of the dead", where larvae created by night hags are used as currency.

Limbo
Limbo or more fully, the Ever-Changing Chaos of Limbo, is a chaotic neutral-aligned plane of existence.

The plane known as Limbo was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as the "plane of ultimate Chaos (entropy)". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The planes of Limbo of neutral (absolute) chaos (entropy)".

Limbo is described as a place of pure chaos where everything is in constant motion and change, especially the landscape, which can shift unpredictably and randomly rolls over upon itself like liquid. Very few places in Limbo are stable enough for normal travel.

Limbo is home to the slaadi and their lords (most notably Ygorl and Ssendam), and to the githzerai. Very few gods call Limbo home, as the plane is not well-suited to any sort of permanent structures. The shared realm of Tempus and the Red Knight can be found on Limbo, as can Shaundakul's realm. The elven god Fenmarel Mestarine calls this chaotic plane home as well.

The plane of Limbo is the location of a number of godly realms:
 * The elven god Fenmarel Mestarine's realm of Fennimar.
 * Indra, Vayu, and Agni's realm of Swarga.
 * Llerg's realm of Beasthaven.
 * Procan's realm of Seasedge.
 * Ralishaz's realm of The Kiss of Luck.
 * Shaundakul's realm of Shaunadaur.
 * Shina-Tsu-Hiko's realm of Windshome.
 * Sirrion's realm of The Flame Void.
 * Tempus and the Red Knight's shared realm of Knight's Rest.
 * Susanoo's realm of The Globe of Raging Chaos.

Fauna include the Chaos dragon.

Limbo is named after the Limbo of Catholic mythology, where the souls of the dead who died before Jesus's death went, before he descended there to release them, but there is little similarity of philosophy between the two realms. In appearance, it is based on the Abyss in John Milton's Paradise Lost.

Mechanus
Mechanus, also known as The Clockwork Nirvana of Mechanus (or simply Nirvana in AD&D 1st Edition) is a purely lawful aligned plane of existence.

Mount Celestia
Mount Celestia or more fully, the Seven Mounting Heavens of Celestia, or even the Seven Heavens is a lawful good-aligned plane of existence.

The seven layers in order are Lunia, Mercuria, Venya, Solania, Mertion, Jovar, and Chronias.

Outlands
The Concordant Domain of the Outlands, also known as the Concordant Opposition, is the Outer Plane where the souls of people of Neutral alignment are sent after death. It is popular as a meeting place for treaties between the powers. The Outlands are also home to the gate-towns. At the center of the Outlands is the Spire, atop which Sigil can be seen. The Outlands are the home plane of the neutral-minded rilmani. The Outlands are part of a series of rings that form the multiverse. Travel between the planes of the Outlands is accomplished via The Great Road.

In first edition and second edition AD&D before Planescape, this plane is also at the center of the Outer Planes and known by its original name Concordant Opposition. The First Edition Manual Of Planes states that the center of the plane takes various forms at different times (a mountain, a huge tree, etc.) and godly powers are lost as one moves toward the center, as well as spells, beginning with the highest levels of spells at the farthest out and then gradually losing the lower ones step by step the further one moves inward. Within 100 mi of the center, not even chemical reactions take place, and neither man nor deity can get closer than 100 mi. In Second Edition Outer Planes Monstrous Compendium, under the description of the Mediators of Nirvana (Mechanus), it states that this plane was originally intended for Neutral Powers (deities) and created by the Powers (deities) of creation, but each Neutral Deity asserted their individual influence causing it to become unbalanced, then were cast out by the powers of creation. It also states that three lights of balance exist at the center of this plane, one for each Mediator in Nirvana. (Mechanus) Before Planescape, there is also no mention whatsoever of Sigil being at the Center of this Plane.

Gate-towns are settlements which are built around a permanent portal to a certain Outer Plane on the Great Wheel. Gate-towns are important strategically because they provide a (relatively) stable way to enter a desired Outer Plane. The gate-towns reflect the plane that they lead to, for example, Xaos (or aXos, soaX, etc.) is a town where everything changes from one moment to the next. Even the location of the portal to Limbo changes every day – not that there's any regularity to daybreak and nightfall in Xaos. The character of Xaos mirrors what the plane of Limbo is like.

Realms
The Outlands is the location of a number of godly realms, including the following:

 * The Caverns of Thought, realm of the illithid deity Ilsensine
 * The Court of Light, realm of the naga deity Shekinester
 * The Flowering Hill, the realm of the halfling goddess Sheela Peryroyl
 * Gzemnid's Realm, home of the beholder deity of gases and vapors
 * The Hidden Realm, home of the chief giant deity Annam
 * The Hidden Vale, realm of the Dragonlance god Gilean
 * The Hidden Wood, realm of the nature god Obad-Hai
 * The Library of Lore, realm of the god Boccob
 * The Mausoleum of Chronepsis, realm of the dragon deity Chronepsis
 * The Marketplace Eternal, realm of the god Zilchus
 * The Palace of Judgement, Yen-Wang-Yeh's realm
 * The Scales of Wealth, the realm of Shinare
 * Semuanya's Bog, realm of the lizardfolk deity Semuanya
 * The Steel Hills, realm of the goddess Ulaa
 * Thoth's Estate, the realm of Thoth
 * Tvashtri's Laboratory, realm of the Indian god of artifice
 * The Web of Fate, realm of the goddess Istus
 * The Well of Urd, realm of the Norns
 * Wonderhome, realm of Gond

Three dwarven gods, (Vergadain, Dugmaren Brightmantle, and Dumathoin) share the realm of The Dwarven Mountain on the plane of the Outlands.

The Celtic gods (Daghdha, Diancecht, Goibhniu, Lugh, Manannan mac Lir, Oghma, and Silvanus) share the realm of Tír na nÓg on the Outlands.

Pandemonium
Pandemonium (or, the Windswept Depths of Pandemonium) is the Outer plane where Chaotic Evil and Chaotic Neutral petitioners are sent after death. Pandemonium is a large, complex cavern that never ends. Compounding this problem, howling winds drive most of its residents mad. There are few creatures that are native to this plane; those individuals who do live there usually have no choice in the matter.

Pandemonium had four layers named Pandesmos, Cocytus, Phlegethon and Agathion.

Ysgard
Ysgard is the Outer Plane of Chaotic Neutral / Chaotic Good alignment. It is also called Asgard, Gladsheim or The Heroic Domains.

Reception
Backstab magazine reviewer Lord Winfield characterized the Outer Planes as the place where most of the major powers of the setting are found, and that part of Planescape which has the most potential for exploration by the player characters.

General references

 * Cook, David. Player's Handbook (TSR, 1989).
 * Grubb, Jeff. Manual of the Planes (TSR, 1987).
 * Grubb, Jeff, David Noonan, and Bruce Cordell. Manual of the Planes (Wizards of the Coast, 2001).
 * Redman, Rich, Skip Williams, and James Wyatt. Deities and Demigods (Wizards of the Coast, 2002).
 * Grubb, Jeff, David Noonan, and Bruce Cordell. Manual of the Planes (Wizards of the Coast, 2001).
 * Redman, Rich, Skip Williams, and James Wyatt. Deities and Demigods (Wizards of the Coast, 2002).

title: Outer Plane


text:
Blenniiformes

Blenny (from the Greek ἡ βλέννα and τό βλέννος, mucus, slime) is a common name for many types of fish, including several families of percomorph marine, brackish, and some freshwater fish sharing similar morphology and behaviour. Six families are considered "true blennies", grouped under the order Blenniiformes; its members are referred to as blenniiformids. About 151 genera and nearly 900 species have been described within the order. The order was formerly classified as a suborder of the Perciformes but the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World divided the Perciformes into a number of new orders and the Blenniiformes were placed in the percomorph clade Ovalentaria alongside the such taxa as Cichliformes, Mugiliformes and Gobiesociformes.

Families
The six "true blenny" families are:

 * Blenniidae Rafinesque, 1810 - combtooth blennies, including the sabre-toothed blennies
 * Chaenopsidae Gill, 1865 - pikeblennies, tubeblennies and flagblennies
 * Clinidae Swainson, 1839 - clinids, including the giant kelpfish
 * Dactyloscopidae Gill, 1859 - sand stargazers
 * Labrisomidae Clark Hubbs, 1952
 * Tripterygiidae Whitley, 1931 - threefin blennies

Similarities with other families
The blenniiformids are superficially quite similar to members of the goby and dragonet families, as well as several other unrelated families whose members have occasionally been given the name "blenny". Many blennies demonstrate mimicry of other species, such as Aspidontus taeniatus. This mimicry allows the blenny to get up close to fish that would normally let Labroides dimidiatus (the bluestreak cleaner wrasse), clean them. The blenny then takes nips or larger bites out of the unsuspecting fish. There are two genera of blennies that demonstrate Batesian mimicry - Ecsenius and Plagiotremus.

Morphology
Blenniformids are generally small fish, only occasionally reaching lengths up to 55 cm, with elongated bodies (some almost eel-like), and relatively large eyes and mouths. Their dorsal fins are often continuous and long; the pelvic fins typically have a single embedded spine and are short and slender, situated before the pectoral fins. The tail fin is rounded. The blunt heads of blenniiformids often possess elaborate whisker-like structures called cirri.

Behavior and feeding
As generally benthic fish, blenniiformids spend much of their time on or near the sea floor; many are reclusive and may burrow in sandy substrates or inhabit crevices in reefs, the lower stretches of rivers, or even empty mollusc shells. Some blennies, otherwise known as "rock-hoppers", leap from the water onto rocks in order to reach other pools.

As far as predation, blennies depend on a secretive lifestyle, hiding on the sea floors in shallow water, with cryptic coloration.

Venom
For protection, there is only one genus that is truly venomous, namely Meiacanthus. These fish can inject venom from their mandibular, hollow fangs. They have venom that contains the opioid-like enkephalin, phospholipase, and neuropeptide Y.

Distribution
True blennies are widely distributed in coastal waters, often abundant and easily observed which has made them the subject for many studies of ecology and behaviour. Two of the families, the Blennidae and the Tripterygiidae have global distributions, the Clinidae have a mainly temperate distribution and the remaining three families are largely Neotropical. This distribution makes these fish ideal subjects for studies of biogeography. It is thought that the splitting of the Tethys Sea by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama combined with Pliocene warming of the climate may have been important factors influencing the evolution and biogeography of the Blenniiformes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blenniiformes


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User talk:GaryHayman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Isomorphic 07:58, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)
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Okanagan Lake
No problem; that's what we're here for. DJ Clayworth 20:38, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fullerite
I notice you started this article, so I assume you would want to be notified that it is up for deletion - mastodon 02:46, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello GaryHayman! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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title: User talk:GaryHayman


text:
Victoria Ocampo

Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo (7 April 1890 – 27 January 1979) was an Argentine writer and intellectual. Best known as an advocate for others and as publisher of the literary magazine Sur, she was also a writer and critic in her own right and one of the most prominent South American women of her time. Her sister was Silvina Ocampo, also a writer. In 1970, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature by Argentine writer Miguel Alfredo Olivera.

Biography
Born Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo in Buenos Aires into a high-society family, she was educated at home by a French governess. She later wrote: "the alphabet-book in which I learned to read was French, as was the hand that taught me to draw those first letters."

She is sometimes said to have attended the Sorbonne: on page 39 of her biography of Ocampo, Doris Meyer states that, during the family's 1906–1907 trip to Paris, the same during which she was etched by Paul César Helleu, the Ocampos allowed 17-year-old Victoria, "well-chaperoned," to audit some lectures at the Sorbonne and at the Collège de France. She remembered particularly enjoying Henri Bergson's lectures at the latter. She never matriculated at either. Her old traditional wealthy family frowned on formal education for women, so she had little. In 1912, Ocampo married Bernando de Estrada (also known as Monaco Estrada). The marriage was not happy; the couple separated in 1920, and Ocampo began a long–lasting affair with her husband's cousin Julián Martínez, a diplomat.

In Buenos Aires, she was a lynchpin of the intellectual scene of the 1920s and 1930s. Her first book, written in French, was De Francesca à Beatrice (c. 1923), a commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy. Other works include Domingos en Hyde Park; El Hamlet de Laurence Olivier; Emily Brontë (Terra incógnita); a series called Testimonios (ten volumes); Virginia Woolf, Orlando y Cía; San Isidro; 338171 T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia)–a biography of T. E. Lawrence–and a posthumously published autobiography. There is also an edited book of dialogues between Ocampo and Jorge Luis Borges.

Ocampo corresponded with Virginia Woolf throughout 1930s; the two writers met multiple times, and their friendship ended in London in June 1939 when Ocampo invited a photographer friend, Gisele Freund, to take Woolf's picture, who famously disliked appearing in photographs.

Perhaps of greater significance than her own writing, she was founder (1931) and publisher of the magazine Sur, the most important literary magazine of its time in Latin America. Among the writers published in Sur were Borges, Ernesto Sabato, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Julio Cortázar, José Ortega y Gasset, Manuel Peyrou, Albert Camus, Enrique Anderson Imbert, José Bianco, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Waldo Frank, Gabriela Mistral, Eduardo Mallea, and her own younger sister Silvina Ocampo.

In 1935, Ocampo expressed some approval for Benito Mussolini with whom she was granted an interview in March of that year in Rome, hailing him then as a "genius" and Caesar reborn. "I have seen Italy in blossom turn its face towards him." However, she was never a convinced fascist sympathizer, and expressed disapproval of Mussolini's conservative views on gender roles and the regime's growing militarism. By the time her interview with Mussolini was published in August 1936, Italy had invaded Abyssinia and Ocampo appended a note to it declaring that any hope that the fascist regime might improve was lost and criticized those in Argentina who supported Italy's belligerence. In 1937, Ocampo and the editors of Sur came out openly against fascism and definitively linked the journal with liberalism. During the Spanish Civil War, the magazine sided with the Republicans. She supported and edited from Argentina, in collaboration with her friend and translator Pelegrina Pastorino, the anti-Nazi magazine Les Lettres Francaises, directed by Roger Caillois; and in 1946 she was the only Argentine who attended the Nuremberg Trials. A few months before World War II, in 1939, Ocampo was appointed to the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, but did not participate in its works. In 1953, she was briefly imprisoned for her open opposition to the government of Juan Domingo Perón.

Ocampo was made a member of the Argentine Academy of Letters in 1976. She was the first woman ever admitted to the Academy, and she formally took her seat on 23 June 1977. The "cultural dialog," initiated in 1977 by the de facto government but organized by UNESCO, was held in her home, Villa Ocampo, in San Isidro, Buenos Aires Province; she eventually donated the house to UNESCO in 1973.

At Villa Ocampo, her guests included Igor Stravinsky, André Malraux and Rabindranath Tagore, also Indira Gandhi, José Ortega y Gasset, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Ernest Ansermet and Rafael Alberti. Graham Greene dedicated his 1973 novel The Honorary Consul to her, "with love, and in memory of the many happy weeks I have passed at San Isidro and Mar del Plata."

Victoria Ocampo died in Buenos Aires in 1979, and is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Testimonials

 * Testimonios, 1.ª serie ("Testimonials, 1st series": 1935)
 * Testimonios, 2.ª serie ("Testimonials, 2nd series": 1941)
 * Testimonios, 3.ª serie ("Testimonials, 3rd series": 1950)
 * Testimonios, 4.ª serie ("Testimonials, 4th series": 1950)
 * Testimonios, 5.ª serie ("Testimonials, 5th series": 1954)
 * Testimonios, 6.ª serie ("Testimonials, 6th series": 1962)
 * Testimonios, 7.ª serie ("Testimonials, 7th series": 1967)
 * Testimonios, 8.ª serie ("Testimonials, 8th series": 1971)
 * Testimonios, 9.ª serie ("Testimonials, 9th series": 1975)
 * Testimonios, 10.ª serie ("Testimonials, 10th series": 1998)

Autobiography

 * Autobiografía I: El archipiélago ("Autobiography I: The Archipelago", 1979)
 * Autobiografía II: El imperio insular ("Autobiography II: The Island Empire", 1980)
 * Autobiografía III: La rama de Salzburgo ("Autobiography III: The Salzburg Branch", 1981)
 * Autobiografía IV: Viraje ("Autobiography IV: Turning", 1982)
 * Autobiografía V: Figuras simbólicas ("Autobiography V: Symbolic Figures", 1983)
 * Autobiografía VI: Sur y Cía ("Autobiography VI: Sur y Cía", 1984)

Essays and Non-fictions

 * De Francesca a Beatrice ("From Francesca to Beatrice", 1924 and 1963; with a prologue by José Ortega y Gasset)
 * La laguna de los nenúfares ("The Water Lily Lagoon", 1926)
 * Domingos en Hyde Park ("Sundays in Hyde Park", 1936)
 * San Isidro (with a poem by Silvina Ocampo and 68 photographs by Gustavo Thorlichen, 1941)
 * Le Vert Paradis (1947)
 * Lawrence d'Arabia (published in French and English, 1947)
 * El viajero y una de sus sombras ("The Traveler and One of His Shadows", 1951)
 * Lawrence de Arabia y otros ensayos ("Lawrence of Arabia and Other Essays", 1951)
 * Virginia Woolf en su diario ("Virginia Woolf in Her Diary", 1954)
 * Habla el algarrobo: luz y sonido ("The Carob Tree Speaks: Light and Sound", 1959)
 * Tagore en las barrancas de San Isidro ("Tagore in the San Isidro Ravines", 1961)
 * Juan Sebastián Bach, El hombre ("Juan Sebastian Bach, The Man", 1964)
 * La bella y sus enamorados ("The Beauty and Her Lovers", 1964)
 * Diálogo con Borges ("Dialogue with Borges", 1969)
 * Diálogo con Mallea ("Dialogue with Mallea", 1969)
 * Páginas dispersas de Victoria Ocampo ("Scattered Pages of Victoria Ocampo", 1987)

Translations

 * Caligula (play by Albert Camus, 1946)
 * Gigi (novella by Colette and play by Anita Loos, 1946)
 * El cuarto en que se vive (play by Graham Greene, 1953)
 * Vinoba (biography by Lanza del Vasto, 1955)
 * Réquiem para una reclusa (novel by William Faulkner and adapted play by Albert Camus, 1957)
 * El que pierde gana (novella by Graham Greene, 1957)
 * La casilla de las macetas (play by Graham Greene, 1957)
 * El amante complaciente (play by Graham Greene, 1959)
 * El troquel (book by T. E. Lawrence, 1959)
 * Bajo el bosque de leche (play by Dylan Thomas, 1959)
 * Los poseídos (novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky and adapted play by Albert Camus, 1960)
 * Tallando una estatua (play by Graham Greene, 1965)
 * Antología (selected writings by Jawaharlal Nehru, 1966)
 * Mi vida es mi mensaje (book by Mahatma Gandhi, 1970)
 * La vuelta de A.J.Raffles (play by Graham Greene, 1976)
 * Oda Jubilar (poems by Paul Claudel, 1978)

Honors

 * Maria Moors Cabot prize
 * Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * Doctor honoris causa – Harvard University, Visva-Bharati University
 * Premio de Honor de la Sociedad Argentina de Escritores [Argentine Society of Writers]
 * Gold Medal – Académie française

Biopics

 * Her life was portrayed in a film for TV in 1984 "Four Faces of Victoria", directed by Oscar Barney Finn with four actresses playing the different ages of Victoria (Carola Reyna, Nacha Guevara, Julia von Grolman and China Zorrilla).
 * Her attitude and political views were depicted in Monica Ottino's theater play Eva and Victoria, an imaginary confrontation between the young Eva Perón and the elderly Victoria. The play ran successfully during the eighties with Soledad Silveyra as Eva and China Zorrilla as Victoria.

title: Victoria Ocampo


text:
Lyn McLeod

Lyn McLeod (born c. 1942) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 2003. McLeod was a cabinet minister in the Liberal government of David Peterson from 1987 to 1990, and served as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party from 1992 to 1996.

Background
McLeod graduated from the University of Manitoba and received a Master of Arts degree in Psychology from Lakehead University, in the Northern Ontario city of Thunder Bay. She was trustee on the Lakehead Board of Education for seventeen years and its chair for seven. McLeod was also appointed to the Board of Governors of Lakehead University in 1986.

She was married to the late Neil McLeod, a prominent Thunder Bay family physician.

First term (1987–1990)
She was elected for the riding of Fort William in the provincial election of 1987, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Michael Hennessy by 1,463 votes. The Liberals won a landslide majority in this election and made several historical breakthroughs in Northern Ontario. McLeod was appointed Minister of Colleges and Universities on September 29, 1987. Following a cabinet shuffle on August 2, 1989, she was named Minister of Energy and Minister of Natural Resources.

The Liberals were upset by the New Democratic Party in the provincial election of 1990, although McLeod was able to retain her riding against a strong challenge from NDP candidate Dan Hutsul, winning by 1,345 votes. Unlike most other Liberal candidates in this election, McLeod was supported by prominent members from the Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation in her region.

Second term and Ontario Liberal Party Leadership (1990–1995)
Peterson personally lost his seat in the 1990 campaign, and the Liberal party went through a series of interim leaders before holding a leadership convention in early 1992. McLeod was one of six candidates for the position, and was widely regarded as the main challenger to frontrunner Murray Elston. She finished a strong second on the first ballot, and overtook Elston on the third with support from Steve Mahoney's delegates. McLeod's people had made a deal with second-tier leadership contender Charles Beer. The Elston camp had an unexpectedly large lead on the first ballot, as McLeod lent Beer some of her delegates to give him a respectable showing, and Elston's margin dropped significantly when the eliminated Beer threw his full support behind McLeod. McLeod finally defeated Elston by nine votes on the fifth ballot, becoming the first woman to lead a major party in Ontario.

1995 provincial election campaign
With Bob Rae's NDP government being widely blamed for mishandling the major recession, McLeod's Liberals held a steady lead in the polls for most of the period from 1992 to 1995, and were generally expected to win the 1995 campaign. The party, however, damaged its credibility through a series of high-profile policy reversals in the period leading up to the election.

The most notable of these occurred when McLeod withdrew Liberal support for the proposed Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act (Bill 167), which would have granted same-sex couples most of the same rights as opposite-sex common law couples, introduced by the NDP government of Bob Rae in 1994. The legislation was defeated after the majority of Liberal MPPs and twelve NDP MPPs joined with the entire Progressive Conservative caucus in voting against it. Many regarded McLeod's decision as cynical and opportunistic, and some believe that it was intended to boost Liberal fortunes in rural areas following a by-election loss in the rural, socially conservative riding of Victoria—Haliburton. The result, however, was that the party earned a reputation for "flip-flopping" and inconsistency, while offending its socially progressive supporters.

McLeod also offended some immigrant voters, an electorally important group for Liberals, by criticizing the Rae government's handling of Somali refugee claims. Her intent was to draw attention to criminal gangs that were forcing Somalis to move to Ontario and defraud the provincial welfare system. Several, however, interpreted her criticisms as being directed toward the entire community.

During the campaign itself, McLeod further alienated many voters with an overly aggressive performance in the party leaders' debate, clashing with Premier Bob Rae and waving her party's platform before the cameras on several occasions. Prior to this performance, provincial Liberal support was regarded by many political insiders as soft and unsteady. After the debate, many voters who were previously leaning to the Liberals shifted to Mike Harris's Progressive Conservatives, who were in third place in the legislature. The Tories surpassed the Liberals to grab the swing in support away from the NDP and finished with a majority, while the Liberals finished with less support than the previous campaign and managed only 30 out of 130 seats.

McLeod herself was easily re-elected in Fort William, defeating Thunder Bay municipal councillor and Tory candidate Evelyn Dodds by over 8,000 votes. Some Liberals called on McLeod to step down after the election, and she announced her resignation as party leader two months later.

Third term (1995–1999)
McLeod remained a prominent Liberal MPP under new leader Dalton McGuinty, serving as education critic from 1996 to 1999. She was generally regarded as successful in this role, and proved an able opponent of Education Minister John Snobelen's restructuring policies.

Fourth term (1999–2003)
McLeod was re-elected by a landslide in the provincial election of 1999, in the redistributed riding of Thunder Bay—Atikokan. The Tories won the election with a reduced majority, and McLeod swapped shadow cabinet portfolios with Gerard Kennedy to serve as her party's health critic in the legislature that followed. She did not seek re-election in 2003.

Later life
Following her retirement, McLeod was appointed to the newly founded Health Council of Canada. She also was named as the first chancellor of the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in June 2004, and is a vice-chair of the board of governors at Confederation College in Thunder Bay. In 2014, she was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for having "devoted her career to public service and continuing to be actively involved in community work around the issues of education and health care."

title: Lyn McLeod


text:
List of kings of Commagene

Commagene was a small Irano-Hellenistic kingdom in southern Anatolia near Antioch, which began life as a tributary state of the Seleucid Empire and later became an independent kingdom, before eventually being annexed by the Roman Empire in 72.

Satraps of Commagene, 290–163 BC

 * Sames 290–260 BC
 * Arsames I 260–228 BC
 * Xerxes of Armenia 228–212 BC
 * Ptolemaeus of Commagene 201–163 BC

Kings of Commagene, 163 BC – 72 AD

 * Ptolemaeus of Commagene 163–130 BC
 * Sames II Theosebes Dikaios 130–109 BC
 * Mithridates I Callinicus 109–70 BC
 * Antiochus I of Commagene 70–38 BC
 * Mithridates II of Commagene 38–20 BC
 * Mithridates III of Commagene 20–12 BC
 * Antiochus III of Commagene 12 BC – 17 AD
 * Ruled by Rome 17–38
 * Antiochus IV of Commagene 38–72 and wife, Julia Iotapa

Descendants of the Kings of Commagene

 * Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos
 * Julia Balbilla
 * Gaius Julius Agrippa
 * Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus
 * Julia (sister to Berenicianus), who married consul Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
 * Jotapianus, possibly

title: List of kings of Commagene


text:
List of kings of Galatia

Galatia was a region of Central Anatolia settled by the Gauls after their invasions in the mid-3rd century BC. From then until 62 BC, the Galatians ruled themselves by means of decentralized Tetrarchies, but in 62, the Romans established a Kingdom of Galatia, which lasted around 35 years.

title: List of kings of Galatia


text:
Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)

Prince Frederick Henry Louis of Prussia (Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig; 18 January 1726 – 3 August 1802) was a Prussian general, statesman, and diplomat. He was a son of King Frederick William I of Prussia and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and the younger brother of Frederick the Great. Prince Henry led Prussian armies in the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years' War, having never lost a battle in the latter. In 1786, he was suggested as a candidate to be a monarch in the United States.

Biography
Born in Berlin, Henry was the 13th child of King Frederick William I of Prussia and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover.

When he was only 14, Henry was appointed as Colonel of the 35th Infanterieregiment by Frederick after he became king in 1740, leading Henry to participate in the first two Silesian Wars. Henry's conflicts with his older brother, King Frederick II of Prussia, are almost legendary. Especially when he was young, the king bullied his little brother much like his father had bullied him. Although remarkably similar in appearance and tastes (both were fond of the arts and French literature, and both were exceptional military commanders) Henry resented being in Frederick's shadow while the latter excluded his brothers from all decisions about state affairs. Nonetheless, he loyally served as one of his brother's top generals throughout Frederick's reign. His military achievements eventually earned him the respect of his brother. Henry tended to be less aggressive than the King in battle; although he never won a victory of the scale of Rossbach or Leuthen (two of Frederick's greatest victories), his caution served him well as he was never defeated on the battlefield like his brother at Kolín or Kunersdorf. Henry lived in the shadow of his older brother and sometimes criticized the king's military strategies and foreign policies, although in later years the brothers became closer. In 1753 he published his memoirs under the pseudonym "Maréchal Gessler".

On 25 June 1752, Henry married Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel in Charlottenburg Palace, but they had no children. Henry lived in Rheinsberg Palace after receiving it as a gift from his brother in 1744 who also had a grand palace built for him in Berlin between 1748 and 1753 (today the main building of the Humboldt University of Berlin). He also had an apartment in the City Palace, Potsdam, since he was regularly present at his brother's court there and in nearby Sanssouci.

Despite the marriage, he scarcely concealed his passion for other men and developed intimate friendships with the actor Pierre-Jean Fromentin de Blainville and the French emigre Count La Roche-Aymon. From 1758, his adjutant and main favorite was Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth, the later field marshal, but in 1766 they fell out over the prince's wife. His longtime favourite, Major von Kaphengst, exploited the prince's interest in him to lead a dissipated, wasteful life at Schloss Meseberg, an estate not far from Rheinsberg which Henry had bought for him in 1774 for which he had sold 29 paintings from his collection to Catherine the Great. In 1784, Henry had to take out a loan of 130,000 thalers in France to pay off Kaphengst's debt; King Louis XVI of France personally vouched for it. But then he separated from his lover. The king, himself presumed to have been homosexual, tolerated his brother's love affairs, sometimes even pursuing them with jealousy, but despised Kaphengst and refused his promotion to colonel whereupon the latter took his leave.

Henry successfully led Prussian armies as a general during the Third Silesian War (1756–1763, part of the Seven Years' War). He greatly distinguished himself during his brother's victory at the Battle of Prague and fought during the Prussians' subsequent defeat at Kolin. After the Prussian Army's initial success against one wing of the joint Russian and Austrian Armies in the Battle of Kunersdorf, Henry urged his brother Frederick to stop attacking. The king, who had already sent a message of victory to Berlin, pressed the attack. The day ended with a virtually destroyed Prussian army, a virtually defenseless Kingdom of Prussia, and a complete victory by the Russo-Austrian force. Afterwards, Henry reorganized the routed Prussian forces. Frederick came to rely on his brother as commander of the Prussian forces in the east, Frederick's strategic flank. Henry later won his most famous victory at Freiberg in 1762, the final battle of the war between Austria and Prussia; during subsequent peace negotiations, Frederick wrote to him, "You alone have the honor of breaking down Austrian obstinacy." The statements of the contemporaries culminate in the legendary praise of the king, often quoted by biographers, that his brother was the only general who did not make any mistakes in the Seven Years' War.

After the Seven Years' War, Henry worked as a shrewd diplomat who helped plan the First Partition of Poland through trips to Stockholm and Saint Petersburg. During the War of the Bavarian Succession he commanded one of the two Prussian main armies, but saw little action. In the 1780s he made two diplomatic trips to France. He was a friend of Jean-Louis Favier.

Although the king treated him generously, which of course did not prevent Henry from often being short of money, Henry attempted to secure a principality for himself and twice tried to become King of Poland, but was opposed by a displeased Frederick. The king frustrated Henry's attempt to become ruler of a kingdom Catherine II of Russia planned to create in Wallachia.

Proposal for King of the United States
In 1786, either Nathaniel Gorham, then-President of the Continental Congress, or Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the Prussian general who served in the Continental Army, suggested to Alexander Hamilton that Henry should become monarch of the United States, but the prince declined and the new nation had no support for monarchy.

Last years
After the death of Frederick in 1786, Henry hoped to become more influential in the Prussian government as the advisor of his nephew, the new King Frederick William II of Prussia. Although he was less influential than he hoped, Henry was more important during the last years of his life in advising King Frederick William III, who began his reign in 1797.

In 1784, Henry had made a journey of several months to Paris; in October 1788 he went there for the second time, frequented the court of Versailles and met the politically influential circles of the capital, and also visited the Duke of Orléans (soon to become "Philippe Égalité") in the Château du Raincy. He returned to Rheinsberg in good time in March 1789, before the Storming of the Bastille began in July.

From 1798 to 1801 Henry spent a few weeks in August at Königs Wusterhausen Castle, his father's hunting lodge and favorite place to stay, out of sentimental memories to where he had spent his childhood vacations. His youngest brother Ferdinand accompanied him there several times.

Voltaire had seen in Frederick the embodiment of his "Philosopher King". Arguably, Henry was by deed the man Voltaire had hoped the "Age of Reason" would produce. The Swedish ambassador, count Carl Gustaf Tessin, a fierce opponent of the king, had written as early as 1760: "Prince Henry is equal to his royal brother in the art of war, superior in virtue. Many Henrys would make the world happy, just as two Fredericks would destroy it."

Henry died at Rheinsberg Palace on 3 August 1802, at the age of 76.

title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)


text:
University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh (UW Oshkosh or UWO) is a public university in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs to around 14,000 students each year.

History
In 1871, Oshkosh State Normal School, a teacher-training school was established. It became the first school of this type in the nation to have a kindergarten; Professor Rose C. Swart introduced practice teaching in 1872. Tuition was originally free to all who declared their intention to teach in Wisconsin public schools.

Fire destroyed the main campus building in 1916; Dempsey Hall replaced it in 1918. The institution changed its name to Oshkosh State Teachers College in 1927 and Wisconsin State College-Oshkosh in 1951. Graduate school was added in 1963. In 1971, the institution merged into the University of Wisconsin System, becoming the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. Led by Chancellor Andrew J. Leavitt, UW Oshkosh serves the region as the third largest university in Wisconsin with an annual on- and off-campus enrollment of nearly 14,000. The university has pledged a campus goal of being carbon-neutral by 2030.

The University of Wisconsin System dissolved the University of Wisconsin Colleges In 2018 and their campuses became affiliated with area universities in the system. University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh now operates satellite campuses in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin as University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Fond du Lac Campus (formerly UW-Fond du Lac) and Menasha, Wisconsin as University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Fox Cities Campus (formerly UW-Fox Valley).

In 2023, the university faced significant financial challenges. State legislators had imposed a tuition freeze through 2021, enrollment had declined, and state legislature cut the university system's budget by $32 million (the amount equal to what they believed was previously spent on diversity and equity programs and services throughout the system). In response, the university has an $18 million deficit that it plans to address by eliminating 200 non-faculty jobs and requiring all remaining employees to take furlough days.

Athletics
Since 2003 the men's club volleyball team has finished in the top five every year except 2008 at the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) championships. In 2005, the team finished second, and first in 2006, 2007 and 2011. The small Division 3 team won back-to-back to back NCVF Division 1 men's club volleyball national championships in 2014, 2015 and 2016.

The baseball program appeared in 5 Division III championship games between 1985 and 1994. There have been eight Titans players to play in Major League Baseball: Jim Magnuson, Dan Neumeier, Jim Gantner, Dorian "Doe" Boyland, Gary Varsho, Terry Jorgensen, Jarrod Washburn, and Jack Taschner.

In 2012, the UW Oshkosh Titans football team advanced to the NCAA Division III Semi-finals before falling to St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. The Titans finished with a 13-1 (7-0 WIAC) record and ranked as the #4 team by d3football.com. In 2015, the Titans were again undefeated in the WIAC regular season and advanced to the NCAA Division III Quarterfinals before losing to WIAC rival UW-Whitewater. The Titans were 2016 national runners-up, losing to the University of Mary Hardin–Baylor in the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl, the NCAA Division III Championship game. In 2017 the Titans were again undefeated and were the #1-seeded team in the Division III NCAA tournament. They were defeated in the semi-final game in Oshkosh by eventual national champions, the University of Mount Union.

The men's basketball program was in the NAIA Men's Basketball Championships in 1960, 1963, 1967, and 1968; and the NCAA Division III men's basketball tournaments in 1996–1998, and 2002–2003. In 2019, the men's team won the Division III National Championship.

The women's basketball program played in the NCAA Division III Women's Basketball Championship every year from 1990 to 1992, and again from 1994 to 2000. In 1995, they reached the Final Four, and the following year (1996), won the National Championship.

The women's gymnastics program won the AIAW Championship for Division III in 1980, the NAIA national women's gymnastics championship in 1986, and National Collegiate Gymnastics Association championships in 1989, 2007, 2022, and 2023.

The men's gymnastics program won NAIA gymnastics championships under Titans Hall of Fame coach Ken Allen in 1973, 1974, and then 5 straight years from 1978 to 1982. In addition, they won the NCAA Men's Gymnastics championship in Division II in 1980, 1981, and 1982, before the two divisions were merged in 1984.

The women's track and field team has won the Division III outdoor championship in 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2011. They won the Division III indoor championship in 1994, 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011, and 2013. The Titans finished as runners-up in the 1989, 1992, 1999, 2005, 2009, 2010 and 2012 at the Division III outdoor championships, and finished as runners-up in the 1990, 1991, 1992, 2002, 2010 and 2012 at the Division III indoor championships.

The women's cross-country team won the NCAA Division III Championship in 1987, 1988, 1991, and 1996, and were runners-up in 1989, 1990, and 1995.

The men's track and field team won both the Division III Indoor and Outdoor Championships in 2009 and were runners-up in the NCAA Division III Indoor Track and Field meet in 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2013.

The men's cross-country team won the NCAA Division III Championship in 1988, 1989, 1990, and 2002.

The women's softball program went to the World Series in 1988. They also made NCAA tournament appearances in 2007 and 2008 coming up one game short of the World Series after losing the regional championship game to conference rival Wisconsin-Eau Claire. The Titans returned to the NCAA tournament in 2017, losing to Trine University in the NCAA Division III Super-Regional round.

The main on-campus sports facility is Kolf Sports Center, which contains facilities for basketball, indoor track, volleyball, gymnastics, and wrestling. Other events held there include commencement ceremonies, concerts, and regional conventions. Albee Hall and Pool host swimming and diving events. Titan Stadium (the football/soccer/outdoor track venue), Tiedemann Field at Alumni Stadium (baseball), and the UW-Oshkosh Softball Park are located across the Fox River, 1.3 miles from campus. In 2005, a multimillion-dollar renovation was completed with support of the Oshkosh community. In 2017, a new, state-of-the-art synthetic surface was laid for the football/soccer field. The best attended sporting events at Titan Stadium are for the two Oshkosh public high school football teams that use it as their home field.

Greek life
Fraternities (as of Spring 2023) and Sororities (as of Spring 2023)

 * Fraternities
 * Alpha Phi Alpha - chapter founded 2022
 * Beta Theta Pi - chapter founded 1991
 * Delta Sigma Phi - chapter founded 1965
 * Omega Delta Phi - chapter founded 2006
 * Phi Beta Sigma - chapter founded 1984
 * Sigma Pi - chapter founded 1985

 * Sororities
 * Alpha Xi Delta - chapter founded 1965, re-founded 1986
 * Gamma Alpha Omega - chapter founded 1999, re-founded 2022
 * Gamma Phi Beta - chapter founded 1966, re-founded 1980
 * Zeta Tau Alpha - chapter founded 1997
 * Sigma Sigma Sigma - chapter founded 1987

Among campus dormant chapters, Phi Sigma Kappa was present since 1925, first as the Periclean Club, which in 1965 renamed itself as a chapter of Phi Sigma Epsilon, closing with most other groups in the late 1970s. Its national merged with the larger and older Phi Sigma Kappa in 1985, and its alumni remain active today.

From this downturn, fraternities and sororities began to re-emerge in the mid-1980s, according to the Fraternity & Sorority Life office.

Student media
The school's newspaper is the award-winning Advance-Titan, a weekly publication produced by students. It was founded in 1894 by students and faculty.

The school's radio station, WRST-FM 90.3, is located in the Arts & Communications building. The call letters stand for "Radio Station of the Titans." The station carries Wisconsin Public Radio and student programming.

Dr. Robert "Doc" Snyder founded the Radio-TV-Film program in 1964, with the aim of motivating students by fostering considerate and responsible communication. The department offers a comprehensive media curriculum that includes critical media analysis and extensive practical experience. Additionally, the program provides various extracurricular organizations such as Film Society and the International Film Series.

The Radio-TV-Film program broadened its reach across the nation by introducing Titan TV in 1984, a national satellite station that featured a complete lineup of student-produced programming.

Historic places
Four locations on the campus have been listed on Registered Historic Places.

Oshkosh State Normal School Historic District
Three buildings on the original campus comprise this historic district. Dempsey Hall serves as the administration center of the campus. Harrington Hall hosts geology classes. Swart Hall, completed in 1928, is used by the mathematics, social work, and sociology departments and houses the Center for Economic Education. It was originally used as a lab school where student teachers taught kindergarten through ninth grade students.

Oviatt House
Moses Hooper moved to Oshkosh in 1863 and started construction of the house in 1882. It was located at the north edge of the Wisconsin State Normal School at Oshkosh. It cost approximately $20,000 to build. Hooper moved into his new residence on October 31, 1883. The structure had modern amenities including hot water, heat, and running water. The interior was painted by local painters Frank Waldo and Gustav Behncke. The house was sold on September 20, 1900, to Dr. Charles W. Oviatt, a surgeon who paid $18,000 for the property. After Oviatt's death in 1912, his heirs sold the house and grounds to the State Normal School Regents in 1913 with the agreement that the heirs could live in the house until June 1914.

The house was first used by the school as a women's dormitory, the first on campus. Because the dormitory operated at a loss, school president Polk discontinued the venture in 1932. After considering dismantling the building, Polk started renting the house from the school in 1934. The following three presidents of the school also resided in the house, ending with President Penson in 1989. The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Foundation moved its office in the house the following year.

The Oviatt House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Currently the Oviatt House is head for the Honors College.

Thomas R. Wall Residence
The Thomas R. Wall Residence is a Colonial Revival style house located on campus. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1984. The Thomas R. Wall Residence was built between 1898 and 1900 by the prominent local architect William Waters. In 1947, the residence was purchased by the university and has been used in various functions. It is currently used as the Multi-Cultural Education Center, which it has done so since 1972.

William E. Pollock Residence
William E. Pollock managed OshKosh B'Gosh. He had Fluor Brothers construction company build the house in 1920 for $19,000. The yard included a three-car garage, garden, and fishing pond. Pollock lived in the house from 1920 until 1937. He sold the house on a land contract, but the house was returned to him after the contract was unfulfilled. Pollock then donated the house to the Oshkosh State Teachers College in 1943.

The college turned the residence into a women's dormitory which could house up to 32 students. In the 1960s it was used as an honors dormitory until closing in 1967. From 1967 until 1970 it housed the College of Nursing offices. When the College of Nursing was relocated to a new building, the structure was taken over by the Alumni Association, who have occupied it since 1970. It is occasionally used for special functions. Notable visitors have included President Jimmy Carter, United Nations ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, and Edward Albee.

The house is designed as a Mediterranean Revival style house with Italian and Spanish motif. The entrance has an ornate semi-circular wrought iron door leading into a large foyer. The front entry hall opens into a large living room and a smaller parlor. A formal staircase rises to an open landing and to a study. The second story bedrooms are used as offices for Alumni and Foundation staff. The rear consists of a formal dining room, kitchen, and pantry. The building has three chimneys capped with campaniles that resemble Italian bell towers. The residence's exterior is framed by concrete planters and topped by a wrought iron balcony outside of the second-story French windows. The roof is low-pitched red-barrel tile.

title: University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh


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List of kings of Lydia

This article lists the known kings of Lydia, both legendary and historical. Lydia was an ancient kingdom in western Anatolia during the first millennium BC. It may have originated as a country in the second millennium BC and was possibly called Maeonia at one time, given that Herodotus says the people were called Maeonians before they became known as Lydians. Herodotus and other sources refer to three dynasties: the Maeoniae, Heracleidae (Heraclids) and Mermnadae. The first two are legendary, though later members of the Heraclid dynasty are at least semi-legendary. The Mermnadae are historical.

Maeoniae
The earliest Maeonian or Lydian king mentioned by Herodotus is Manes who was the father of Atys. There was a severe famine during the reign of Atys and half of the citizens, led by Atys' son Tyrrhenus, emigrated to Italy as the Tyrrhenians. Other sources, such as Strabo, name Tmolus and his son Tantalus as kings of the region about the same time, supposedly ruling from the land about Mount Sipylus, but it is asserted that these two were the same people as Manes and Atys, especially as Omphale is a member of both families. Dionysius of Halicarnassus instead puts Cotys as the son of Manes, and as the father of Atys.

The known legendary kings are:

 * Manes
 * Atys, son of Manes
 * Lydus, son of Atys
 * Iardanus

Herodotus says that Lydus gave his name to the country and its people. The line of Lydus continued through an unstated number of generations until they, as Herodotus says, "turned over the management of affairs to the Heraclids". He adds that the Heraclids in Lydia were the descendants of Heracles and a slave-girl belonging to Iardanus; the line was from Heracles through Alcaeus, Belus and Ninus to Agron who was the first Heraclid king of Lydia.

Heraclidae
Herodotus says the Heraclids ruled Lydia for 505 years through 22 generations with son succeeding father all down the line from Agron to Candaules. While Candaules was the last of the Heraclids to reign at Sardis, Herodotus says Agron was the first and thereby implies that Sardis was already the capital of Lydia in Maeonian times. Candaules died c.687 BC and so the 505-year span stated by Herodotus suggests c.1192 BC for Agron's accession. That is about the time the Hurri-Hittite empire collapsed and thus the land of seha river could become independent from its Hittite overlords and gives more credibility to the tradition heard by Herodotus.

The known Heraclid kings are:

 * Agron (fl. c.1192 BC; legendary great-great-grandson of Heracles and a Lydian slave-girl via Alcaeus, Belus and Ninus)
 * 19 legendary kings, names unknown, all succeeding father to son
 * Meles, aka Myrsus (8th century BC; semi-legendary father of Candaules)
 * Candaules, aka Myrsilus (died c.687 BC; probably historical; son of Meles; murdered by Gyges)

Mermnadae
Although this dynasty is historical, the dates for it have never been determined with certainty. The traditional dates are derived from Herodotus, who gives some reign-lengths, but these have been questioned by modern scholars on the basis of synchronisms with Assyrian history. The name of the dynasty (Μερμνάδαι) may be attested in Lydian transmission as -𐤪𐤷𐤦𐤪𐤫𐤠 mλimna-. Etymologically, it possibly contains the Carian word mno- 'son' or 'descendant', which would then represent an argument for the Carian origin of the Mermnad clan.

There were five kings, all historical figures, in the Mermnad line:
 * Gyges, aka Guges (c.680–c.644 BCE; husband of Candaules' widow)
 * Ardys, aka Ardysus (c.644–c.637 BC; son of Gyges)
 * Sadyattes (c.637–c.635 BCE; son of Ardys)
 * Alyattes (c.635–585 BCE; son of Sadyattes)
 * Croesus, aka Kroisos (c.585–546 BC; son of Alyattes)

Gyges died in battle c.644 BCE, fighting against the Cimmerians, and was succeeded by Ardys. The most successful king was Alyattes, under whom Lydia reached its peak of power and prosperity. Croesus was defeated by Cyrus the Great at the battles of Pteria and Thymbra. Cyrus annexed Lydia after the Siege of Sardis which ended in early 546 BC, but the fate of Croesus himself is uncertain.

Genealogy
{{legend|#FFE4B5|Consanguineous relatives of Gyges}}

title: List of kings of Lydia


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Gil Gerard

Gil Gerard (born January 23, 1943) is an American actor, whose roles include Captain William "Buck" Rogers in the 1979–81 television series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century.

Early life
Gerard was born January 23, 1943, in Little Rock, Arkansas, to a college instructor mother and a salesman father. In 1960, he attended Maryknoll Seminary in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, and played the title role in an all-male production of The Music Man. He graduated from Little Rock Catholic High School for Boys, and later attended the University of Central Arkansas but dropped out before graduation.

Career
Gerard traveled to New York City, where he studied drama by day and drove a taxicab at night. Gerard picked up a fare who showed a lively interest in the problems of unknown, unemployed actors. Before he left the cab, he told Gerard to report in a few days to the set of Love Story, which was being filmed on location in New York. When Gerard arrived on the Love Story set, he was hired as an extra. Later that day, he was singled out for a "bit" part, but he was not included in the finished film.

During the next few years, he did most of his acting in television commercials, almost 400, including a stint as spokesman for the Ford Motor Company. After small roles in the gay-themed film Some of My Best Friends Are... (1971), and the thriller Man on a Swing (1974), Gerard gained a prominent role in the daytime soap opera The Doctors for two years. Gerard formed his own production company in partnership with a writer-producer, co-authored a screenplay called Hooch (1977) and filmed it as a starring vehicle for himself. With Hooch completed, he traveled to California to co-star with Yvette Mimieux in Ransom for Alice! (1977) and to play Lee Grant's youthful lover in Universal's Airport '77 (1977). He appeared in a 1977 episode of Hawaii Five-O ("The Ninth Step") as Marty Cobb, a former cop and recovering alcoholic. A guest appearance in Little House on the Prairie impressed producer-star Michael Landon, who cast him in the leading role in the 1978 TV movie Killing Stone.

Gerard then landed his best-known role, as Captain William "Buck" Rogers in the TV series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century which ran from 1979-81, with the feature-length pilot episode being released theatrically some months prior to the first broadcast of the series. After this, he was featured in a number of other TV shows and movies, including starring roles in the 1982 TV movie Hear No Evil as Dragon, the short-lived series Sidekicks (1986) and E.A.R.T.H. Force (1990).

In 1992, Gerard hosted the reality TV series Code 3, which followed firefighters from different areas of the US as they responded to emergency calls. The show ran on the Fox TV Network until the following year. For the remainder of the 1990s, Gerard made guest appearances on various TV shows, including Fish Police, Brotherly Love, The Big Easy, Days of Our Lives and Pacific Blue.

In January 2007, Gerard was the subject of the one-hour documentary Action Hero Makeover, which was written, produced and directed by his then-longtime companion, Adrienne Crow for the Discovery Health Channel. The film documented his year-long progress after undergoing life-saving mini-gastric bypass surgery in October 2005. According to the program, he had been struggling with his weight for 40 years, losing weight only to gain it back. By the time of the program's production, his weight had risen to over 350 lb, and he had many life-threatening health issues including a severe problem with type 2 diabetes. Within five days of the surgery he had lost 20 lbs, within three months he had lost 80 lbs, and within ten months he lost a total of 145 lbs.

Gerard and his Buck Rogers co-star Erin Gray reunited in 2007 for the TV film Nuclear Hurricane, and also returned to the Buck Rogers universe by playing the characters' parents in the pilot episode of James Cawley's Buck Rogers Begins Internet video series in 2009.

Gerard guest-starred as Admiral Jack Sheehan in "Kitumba", the January 1, 2014, episode of the fan web series Star Trek: Phase II.

In 2015, Gerard voiced Megatronus in Transformers: Robots in Disguise.

Personal life
By the end of the 1980s, Gerard had been married and divorced four times. His first marriage, in the 1960s to a secretary in his home state of Arkansas, lasted just eight months. After moving to New York to pursue his acting ambitions, his second marriage to a bank executive was equally troubled though lasted (on and off) for seven years. Following his move to Los Angeles in the late 1970s, he married model/actress Connie Sellecca in 1979. Their son, Gilbert Vincent Gerard, or "Gib", was born in 1981. Their seven-year marriage began to disintegrate following the cancellation of Gerard's show Buck Rogers in the 25th Century and his increasing addictions to drugs, alcohol, and overeating. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1987, following a bitter custody battle which gave Sellecca main custody of their son. Gerard married again the same year, to interior designer Bobi Leonard, though the marriage lasted only a year and was then formally dissolved in 1989.

Gerard has been frank about his battle with addictions. Although he went through recovery for his addiction to cocaine and alcohol, following his divorce from Sellecca in the mid 1980s, his compulsive eating habits increased and he would find himself devouring unhealthy portions of junk food. By 1988, he weighed 300 lbs and used a self-help treatment for his addiction, though he estimated that his weight problem had cost him work opportunities in the region of a million dollars. By 1990, he weighed 220 lbs.

title: Gil Gerard


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Yorker

In cricket, a yorker is a ball bowled (a delivery) which hits the cricket pitch around the batsman's feet. When a batsman assumes a normal stance, this generally means that the cricket ball bounces on the cricket pitch on or near the batsman's popping crease. A batsman who advances down the pitch to strike the ball (typically to slower or spin bowlers) may by so advancing cause the ball to pitch (or land) at or around his feet and may thus cause himself to be "yorked". Yorkers are considered to be one of the most difficult deliveries to bowl.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the derivation of the term as originating in Yorkshire, a notable English cricketing county.

According to Oxford dictionaries, the term was coined because players from York bowled these deliveries. Another theory attributes the name to the other meaning of yorker which is a cheater. However, other derivations have been suggested. The term may derive from the 18th and 19th century slang term "to pull Yorkshire" on a person meaning to trick or deceive them, although there is evidence to suggest that the Middle English word yuerke (meaning to trick or deceive) may have been the source.

Play
A batsman who has been beaten by a yorker is said to have been yorked. "Beaten" in this context does not mean that the batsman is bowled or given out lbw but can include the batsman missing the ball with the bat. A delivery which is intended to be a yorker but which does not york the batsman is known as an attempted yorker.

A batsman in his normal stance will raise his bat (backlift) as the bowler bowls which can make the yorker difficult to play when it arrives at the batsman's feet. A batsman may only realise very late that the delivery is of yorker length and will jam his bat down to "dig out" the yorker.

Use

A yorker is a difficult delivery to bowl as a mistimed delivery can either result in a full toss or half-volley which can easily be played by the batsman. Bowling yorkers is a tactic used most often by fast bowlers. A fast yorker is one of the most difficult types of delivery in cricket to play successfully, as the bat must be swung down right to the pitch to intercept the ball—if any gap remains between the bat and the pitch, the ball can squeeze through and potentially go on to hit the wicket. The yorker might miss the bat but hit the pads in front of the wicket, resulting in the batsman getting out lbw. When the batsman blocks such a ball, it is referred to as "dug out". A bowler who achieves swing when bowling yorkers can be even more dangerous, as the ball will deviate sideways as it travels towards the batsman, making it even harder to hit.

Yorkers can also be aimed directly at the batsman's feet, forcing the batsman to shift his feet while attempting to play the ball, or risk being hit. Inswinging yorkers have a reputation for being particularly hard to defend and difficult to score runs off. Such a delivery is colloquially known as a sandshoe crusher, toe crusher, cobbler's delight or nail breaker. A recent variation is the wide yorker, which is delivered wide of the batsman on the off side. This is particularly useful in Twenty20 cricket as a ploy to restrict runs rather than to get the batsman out.

Despite the effectiveness of yorkers, they are notoriously difficult to bowl correctly and usually will be attempted only a handful of times during a sequence of several overs. Yorkers are best used to surprise a batsman who has become accustomed to hitting shorter-pitched balls and not with the bat speed necessary to defend against a yorker. As such, a yorker is frequently bowled quickly to give the batsman less time to react and position his bat.

The yorker is regarded as particularly effective against weak tail-end batsmen, who often lack the skill to defend even a non-swinging yorker and who are sometimes less susceptible to other bowling tactics. It is also particularly effective in the later stages of an innings in one-day cricket, because it is the most difficult of all deliveries to score off even if defended successfully. Runs will often only be scored off edges or straight down the ground.

The most notable bowlers in delivering yorkers are Pakistanis Waqar Younis, Wasim Akram, and Shoaib Akhtar, Sri Lankan Lasith Malinga, Australians Brett Lee, Mitchell Starc, Pat Cummins and Mitchell Johnson, New Zealanders Trent Boult, Shane Bond and Tim Southee, South Africans Dale Steyn and Allan Donald, West Indians Patrick Patterson, Malcolm Marshall, Courtney Walsh, Curtly Ambrose and Jerome Taylor, Indians Zaheer Khan, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Jasprit Bumrah, T. Natarajan and Englishmen Andrew Flintoff and Chris Jordan.

Bowling a yorker
A yorker is usually delivered very late in the bowling action with the hand pointing almost vertically. The aim is both to get more pace and to deliver it later so as to deceive the batsman in flight. It is usually recommended to deliver the ball with some inswing but an away-swinging yorker aimed at the pads can be just as effective. Because yorkers are quite difficult to bowl they require substantial practice in order to achieve consistent success.

title: Yorker


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Sudbury District

The Sudbury District is a district in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1894 from townships of eastern Algoma District and west Nipissing District.

The overwhelming majority of the district (about 92%) is unincorporated and part of Unorganized North Sudbury District. With the exception of Chapleau, all of the district's incorporated municipalities are found in the area immediately surrounding the city of Greater Sudbury to the west, east and south. North of the Greater Sudbury area, the district is sparsely populated; between Sudbury and Chapleau, only unincorporated settlements, ghost towns and small First Nations reserves are found.

Status of Greater Sudbury
Because the districts of Northern Ontario are unincorporated territorial divisions, unlike the counties or regional municipalities of Southern Ontario, the city of Greater Sudbury is legally defined as part of the district in the geographic sense.

Politically, however, the district and the city are considered two distinct census divisions and two distinct jurisdictions for provincial government services. The district's social services board—which has offices in the district seat of Espanola, as well as satellite offices in several other communities in the district—instead shares its jurisdictional area with the neighbouring Manitoulin District, whereas equivalent services in Greater Sudbury, which has the status of a single-tier municipality, are provided directly from the city.

With the city included, the district would have had a population of 183,077 in the 2016 census.

Towns

 * Espanola
 * French River
 * Markstay-Warren
 * St. Charles

Townships

 * Baldwin
 * Chapleau
 * Killarney
 * Nairn and Hyman
 * Sables-Spanish Rivers

Unorganized areas

 * Sudbury, Unorganized, North Part

Local services areas in Unorganized Sudbury include:

 * Cartier
 * Foleyet
 * Gogama
 * Rainbow Country

First Nations reserves

 * Chapleau 74A
 * Chapleau 75
 * Duck Lake
 * Mattagami
 * Mountbatten
 * Whitefish Lake
 * Whitefish River (boundaries include parts of both Sudbury and Manitoulin Districts)

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Sudbury District had a population of $22,368$ living in $9,915$ of its $13,453$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $21,546$. With a land area of 39896.79 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Provincial highways
The Sudbury District is served by Trans-Canada Highways 17, which leads from the community of Walford (Sables-Spanish Rivers) in the west to the community of Warren (Markstay-Warren) in the east, and 69, which enters the district at French River and exits at the southern boundary of Greater Sudbury.

The Ontario government is converting Highway 69 to a freeway. Virtually the entire route of Highway 69 within the Sudbury District is now four-laned as of December 2021, with the completion of the segment between the French River and Grundy Lake Provincial Park, while the route narrows back to a two-lane highway in the Parry Sound District until widening back into Highway 400 at Carling. The freeway conversion of the remaining route, and its eventual renumbering as an extension of Highway 400, are expected in the future, although no exact date has been confirmed as of 2022 for the completion of the project.

Other primary provincial highways in the district are:
 * Highway 6, which extends from Highway 17 south to Whitefish Falls, where it enters the Manitoulin District,
 * Highway 64, which runs from Highway 69 east and north through the Municipality of French River, and enters the Nipissing District at Mashkinonje Provincial Park,
 * Highway 101, which extends from the boundary of Algoma District, west of Chapleau, to the boundary of Cochrane District, just outside Timmins,
 * Highway 129, which runs from Highway 101 to the boundary of Algoma District south of Chapleau,
 * Highway 144, which runs from the northwestern city limits of Greater Sudbury north to the boundary of Timiskaming District, just outside Timmins.

The Sudbury District also has a number of secondary provincial highways, which are the analogue in a district to county or municipal roads in Southern Ontario. They are important connections to the communities they serve, but are not significant routes for through traffic. The secondary highways are:
 * Highway 528, connecting the community of Wolseley Bay (French River) to Highway 64,
 * Highway 528A, which provides access to the south side of the water body at Wolseley Bay,
 * Highway 535, connecting Highway 64 at Noëlville (French River) to Highway 17 at Hagar (St. Charles),
 * Highway 553, extending north from the community of Massey (Sables-Spanish Rivers),
 * Highway 560, which runs from Highway 144 to the boundary of Timiskaming District, through Shining Tree,
 * Highway 560A, which connects Westree to Highway 560,
 * Highway 607, which runs from Bigwood (French River) to Highway 64,
 * Highway 607A, which provides road access to the French River,
 * Highway 637, which runs from Highway 69 to the community of Killarney,
 * Highway 661, which connects the community of Gogama to Highway 144.

See also Sultan Industrial Road.

Provincial parks

 * Biscotasi Lake
 * Chapleau-Nemegosenda River
 * Chiniguchi River Waterway
 * Chutes
 * Esker Provincial Park
 * Five Mile Lake
 * French River
 * Halfway Lake
 * Ivanhoe Lake
 * Killarney
 * Killarney Lakelands and Headwaters
 * La Cloche
 * La Motte
 * Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater
 * Mashkinonje
 * Missinaibi
 * Mississagi River
 * Obabika River
 * The Shoals
 * Solace
 * Sturgeon River
 * Wakami Lake
 * Windy Lake

title: Sudbury District