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STS-61-B

STS-61-B was the 23rd NASA Space Shuttle mission, and its second using Space Shuttle Atlantis. The shuttle was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 26, 1985. During STS-61-B, the shuttle crew deployed three communications satellites, and tested techniques of constructing structures in orbit. Atlantis landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 16:33:49 EST on December 3, 1985, after 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, and 49 seconds in orbit.

STS-61-B marked the quickest turnaround of a Shuttle orbiter from launch to launch in history – just 54 days elapsed between Atlantis' launch on STS-51-J and launch on STS-61-B. , this is still the record for turn around between two flights of the same orbital space vehicle. The mission was also notable for carrying the first Mexican astronaut, Rodolfo Neri Vela. This was also Atlantis' second and final mission before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The Challenger disaster would ground the shuttle fleet for two and a half years and Atlantis would not fly again until STS-27, which launched three years later on December 2, 1988.

Shuttle processing
After landing at the Edwards Air Force Base at the end of STS-51-J on October 7, 1985, Atlantis returned to the Kennedy Space Center on October 12, 1985. The shuttle was moved directly into an Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), where post-flight de-servicing and pre-flight processing took place simultaneously.

After only 26 days in the OPF, a record fast processing in the history of the Space Shuttle program, the shuttle was rolled to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on November 7, 1985. Atlantis was mated with the External Tank (ET) and Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) stack and was rolled out to launch LC-39A on November 12, 1985.

Payload

Three satellites were deployed during this mission: Aussat-2, Morelos-2, and Satcom-K2. Aussat-2 and Morelos-2 were the second satellites in their series (the first satellites in the series were deployed during STS-51-I and STS-51-G). Both of these were Hughes Space and Communications HS-376 satellites and were equipped with a Payload Assist Module (PAM-D) booster to reach geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Satcom-K2 was a version of the RCA 4000 series satellites, which were owned and operated by RCA American Communications (RCA). This satellite was deployed using a PAM-D2 booster (which was a larger version of the PAM-D). This was the first flight of the PAM-D2 booster on a Space Shuttle.

All three satellites were successfully deployed, one at a time, and their booster stages fired automatically to lift them to geostationary transfer orbits. Their respective owners assumed charge, and later fired the onboard kick motors at apogee, to circularize the orbits and align them with the equator.

Middeck payloads

 * Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES)
 * Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS)
 * Morelos Payload Specialist Experiments (MPSE) and Orbiter Experiments (OEX)

Other items
A checkered racing flag was carried on board Atlantis during STS-61-B; the flag is now on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. This was also the second test flight of the Orbiter Experiments (OEX) advanced autopilot. It ran for approximately 65 hours and demonstrated the ability to fly the orbiter on nose jets only, aft jets only, to automatically stationkeep on another satellite and to fly an orbit with zero aerodynamic drag. The OEX autopilot was also more fuel efficient than the baseline system.

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center at 19:29:00 p.m. EST on November 26, 1985. The launch marked the second night launch of the Space Shuttle program, and the ninth and final flight of 1985.

A key element of the mission's objectives was EASE/ACCESS, an experiment in assembling large structures in space. EASE/ACCESS was a joint venture between the Langley Research Center (LRC) and the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). ACCESS was a "high-rise" tower composed of many small struts and nodes. EASE was a geometric structure shaped like an inverted pyramid, that was composed of a few large beams and nodes. Together, these experiments demonstrated the feasibility of assembling large preformed structures in space. Astronauts Ross and Spring performed two spacewalks on the mission, which marked the 50th, and 51st extravehicular activity (EVAs) for the United States, and the 12th and the 13th for the Shuttle program. An IMAX camera mounted in the cargo bay filmed the activities of the astronauts engaged in the EASE/ACCESS work, as well as other scenes of interest.

"This is probably not the preferred way of building a space station", Ross said later of EASE. The astronauts reported that the most difficult part of the spacewalks was torquing their own masses while holding the EASE beams. They found that ACCESS worked well, while EASE required too much free floating. The astronauts judged that performing six-hour spacewalks every other day over a five or six-day period was feasible, and recommended glove changes to reduce hand fatigue. Ross said in the EVA debrief that the crew had tried to have the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) manifested for use in the second spacewalk, because "for certain applications it would be very useful. In particular if you were building portions of a space station attached to the orbiter, then moving those portions farther than the manipulator arm could transport them". He added that the MMU could be used to attach cable runs and instruments in places that were out of reach of the shuttle's robotic arm (Canadarm).

During the mission astronaut Rodolfo Neri Vela accomplished a series of experiments, that were primarily related to human physiology. He also photographed Mexico and Mexico City as part of the mission's Earth observations. However, Commander Brewster Shaw installed a padlock on the hatch control because he was "particularly concerned" that the Mexican could "flip out" during the mission. Shaw had noted that he didn't think that Neri Vela noticed the padlock, but that the other members of the crew did. Astronaut Charles Walker again operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), the third flight of this larger and improved equipment, to produce commercial pharmaceutical products in microgravity. An experiment in Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS), was conducted successfully for 3M. The object of this experiment was to grow single crystals that were larger and more pure than any that could be grown on Earth. One Getaway Special (GAS) canister stored in Atlantis's payload bay carried a Canadian student experiment, which involved the fabrication of mirrors in microgravity with higher performance than ones made on Earth.

All the experiments on this mission were successfully accomplished, and all equipment operated within established parameters. Atlantis landed safely at Edwards Air Force Base at 16:33:49 EST on December 3, 1985, after a mission lasting 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds. Atlantis landed one orbit earlier than planned due to lighting concerns at the Edwards. Rollout distance on landing was 3279 m lasting 78 seconds.

Spacewalks
Two spacewalks were conducted during the STS-61-B mission to demonstrate assembly techniques which might be used in space station assembly.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-61-B


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FTSE 100 Index

The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, also called the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 100, FTSE, or, informally, the "Footsie", is the United Kingdom's best-known stock market index of the 100 most highly capitalised blue chips listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Founded in 1984 by Stock Exchange to better reflect activity on the market, it replaced the Financial Times' own FT 30. A new index allowed Stock Exchange to launch the options contract derived from the FTSE's real-time data, while competitors LIFFE launched the futures contract. By 1986, Margaret Thatcher's sweeping financial deregulation and high profile privatisations of index members British Telecom, British Gas, and British Aerospace had culminated in the Big Bang. The combination of a new index, major privatisations, LIFFE tradable derivatives, and promotion by the Financial Times led to the FTSE 100 becoming the most widely used indicator of whether the UK stock market was rising or falling. In 1987, privatisations continued with British Airways and British Petroleum. The latter concluded on the same day as Black Monday, a crash in which the index fell 21.73% in two days; one of those days is still the index's worst single-day return, –12.22%.

The index consists of 32 sectors, four of which have a market capitalisation exceeding £200 billion as at 28 June 2024. These are pharmaceuticals, oil & gas, metals and mining and banking services, which together account for approximately 46% of the index's capitalisation. On the same date, there were four companies with a market cap exceeding £100 billion: Shell, AstraZeneca, HSBC and Unilever, which together account for approximately 30% of the market cap.

Each calendar quarter, the FTSE's constituents are reviewed and some companies exit or enter the index, resulting in irregular trading volume and price changes as market participants rebalance their portfolios.

Overview
The index has trading symbol UKX and is maintained by FTSE Russell, a wholly owned subsidiary of London Stock Exchange Group, which originated as a joint venture between the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange. It is calculated in real time and published every second when the market is open.

The FTSE 100 Index with its 100 constituents was launched on 3 January 1984. The market capitalisation weighted FTSE 100 index replaced the price-weighted FT30 Index as the performance benchmark for most investors.

The FTSE 100 broadly consists of the largest 100 qualifying UK companies by full market value. The total market value of a company is calculated by multiplying the share price of the company by the total number of shares they have issued. However, many of these are internationally focused companies: therefore the index's movements are a fairly weak indicator of how the UK economy is faring and are significantly affected by the exchange rates of the pound sterling. A better indication of the UK economy is the FTSE 250 Index, as it contains a smaller proportion of international companies.

Even though the FTSE All-Share Index is more comprehensive, the FTSE 100 is by far the most widely used UK stock market indicator. Other related indices are the FTSE 250 Index (which includes the next largest 250 companies after the FTSE 100), the FTSE 350 Index (which is the aggregation of the FTSE 100 and 250), FTSE SmallCap Index and the FTSE Fledgling Index. The FTSE All-Share aggregates the FTSE 100, FTSE 250 and FTSE SmallCap.

Weighting
In the FTSE indices, share prices are weighted by free-float capitalisation, so that the larger companies, with more of their stock "floating", make more of a difference to the index than smaller companies. The basic formula for these indices is:

$$ \mathrm{Index~level}=\frac{\sum_i \mathrm{Price~of~stock}_i\times\mathrm{Number~of~shares}_i \times\mathrm{Free~float~adjustment~factor}_i}{\mathrm{Index~divisor}} $$

The free float adjustment factor represents the percentage of all issued shares that are readily available for trading, rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%. The free-float capitalisation of a company is its market capitalisation multiplied by its free float adjustment factor. It therefore does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders.

Futures contracts
FTSE futures contracts are traded on the Euronext Equities & Index Derivatives (EUREID) exchange. The value of each contract is 10 GBP × index points and is specified as:

Record values
The index has reached the following record values:

The index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1,000. The highest closing value of 8,445.80 was reached on 15 May 2024 and the highest intra-day value of 8,474.71 was also reached on 15 May 2024.

Annual returns
The following table shows the annual development of the calculation of the FT 30 Index from 1969 to 1983, and the FTSE 100 since 1984.

Constituents
The following table lists the FTSE 100 companies after the changes on 8 July 2024.

Past constituents
All changes are due to market capitalisation unless noted otherwise. • Abrdn

• Abbey Life (became subsidiary of Lloyds TSB in 1996, then sold to Deutsche Bank in 2007)

• Abbey National (acquired by Banco Santander Central Hispano, now part of its Santander UK subsidiary)

• Aberdeen Asset Management

• African Barrick Gold

• Aggreko

• Alliance & Leicester (acquired by Banco Santander Central Hispano, now part of its Santander UK subsidiary)

• Alliance Boots (acquired by private equity fund controlled by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts)

• Alliance Trust

• Allied Domecq (acquired by Pernod Ricard)

• Allied Zurich (dual holding company along with Zurich Allied, companies unified in 2000 to form Zurich Financial Services)

• Amec

• Amersham (acquired by GE, now part of its GE Healthcare division)

• Amstrad (acquired by British Sky Broadcasting)

• Argos (acquired by GUS)

• Argyll Group (renamed Safeway in 1996, then taken over by Morrisons in 2004)

• Arjo Wiggins Appleton (acquired by Worms & Cie)

• ARM Holdings (acquired by SoftBank Group)

• ASDA Group (acquired by Wal-Mart)

• Avast (acquired by NortonLifeLock)

• Aveva (acquired by Schneider Electric)

• BAA (acquired by Ferrovial)

• Babcock International

• Balfour Beatty

• Baltimore Technologies (acquired by Oryx International Growth Fund)

• Bank of Scotland (merged with Halifax to form HBOS, now part of the Lloyds Banking Group)

• Bass (became Six Continents and then InterContinental Hotels Group)

• Beecham Group (merged with SmithKline and then with Glaxo to become GlaxoSmithKline)

• Berisford (renamed Enodis, subsequently acquired by The Manitowoc Company)

• BET, formerly British Electric Traction (acquired by Rentokil)

• BG Group (acquired by Royal Dutch Shell)

• BHP (moved main stock listing to the Australian Securities Exchange)

• BICC (renamed Balfour Beatty)

• Blue Arrow (acquired by Corporate Services Group)

• Blue Circle Industries (acquired by Lafarge)

• BOC (acquired by Linde)

• Bowater (renamed Rexam)

• Bookham Technology (renamed Oclaro and now traded on Nasdaq)

• BPB Industries (acquired by Saint-Gobain)

• Bradford & Bingley (branch network acquired by Banco Santander Central Hispano, now part of its Santander UK subsidiary; loans book nationalised)

• Brambles Industries (now only listed on the Australian Securities Exchange)

• British Aerospace (merged with Marconi Electronic Systems to form BAE Systems)

• British Airways (merged with Iberia to form International Airlines Group)

• British Home Stores (acquired by Storehouse and then sold to Philip Green)

• British Land

• British Steel (merged with Koninklijke Hoogovens to become Corus Group, now Tata Steel Europe)

• British & Commonwealth (collapsed in 1990)

• Britoil (acquired by BP)

• BTR (merged with Siebe to form BTR Siebe, subsequently renamed Invensys)

• Burmah Oil (renamed Burmah Castrol and acquired by BP)

• Burton Group (renamed Arcadia and acquired by Philip Green)

• Cable & Wireless Worldwide (acquired by Vodafone)

• Cadbury (acquired by Kraft Foods)

• Cairn Energy

• Capita

• Carlton Communications (merged with Granada to form ITV)

• Carnival Corporation & plc

• Carphone Warehouse

• Celltech (acquired by UCB in 2004)

• Centrica

• CMG (merged with Logica to form LogicaCMG)

• Coats Viyella (acquired by Guinness Peat Group and renamed Coats)

• Cobham

• Colt Group

• Commercial Union Assurance (merged with General Accident to form CGU, itself now part of Aviva)

• Consolidated Gold Fields (acquired by Hanson)

• Cookson Group

• Corus Group (acquired by Tata Steel, now forming its Tata Steel Europe division)

• Courtaulds (demerged into two businesses acquired by Sara Lee and Akzo Nobel)

• CRH moved primary listing to New York

• Daily Mail and General Trust

• Dalgety (renamed PIC International and then Sygen International and subsequently acquired by Genus)

• Darktrace

• Debenhams

• Dechra Pharmaceuticals (acquired by EQT AB)

• De La Rue

• Dimension Data Holdings (market capitalisation fell too low, subsequently acquired by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone)

• Direct Line Group

• Distillers (acquired by Guinness and now part of Diageo)

• Dixons Carphone

• Dixons Group (renamed to DSG International and then Dixons Retail; market capitalisation also fell too low)

• Dowty Group (acquired by TI Group, itself now part of Smiths Group)

• DSG International (renamed Dixons Retail; market capitalisation also fell too low)

• Eagle Star (acquired by BAT Industries and then demerged as part of Zurich Financial Services)

• Eastern Group (acquired by Hanson, renamed The Energy Group; acquired by Texas Utilities)

• ECC Group (acquired by Imetal)

• Edinburgh Investment Trust

• Electrocomponents

• EMAP (acquired by Apax Partners and the Guardian Media Group)

• EMI Group (acquired by Terra Firma Capital Partners, now owned by Citigroup)

• Energis (acquired by Cable and Wireless)

• Enterprise Inns

• Enterprise Oil (acquired by Royal Dutch Shell)

• Essar Energy

• Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation

• Eurotunnel

• Evraz

• Exco International (acquired by British & Commonwealth Holdings)

• Exel (acquired by Deutsche Post)

• Ferguson (moved main listing to New York Stock Exchange)

• Ferranti International (collapsed in 1993)

• Ferrexpo

• FirstGroup

• Fisons (acquired by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, now Sanofi-Aventis)

• Flutter Entertainment (moved listing to New York Stock Exchange)

• Forte (acquired by Granada, now ITV)

• Freeserve (acquired by France Télécom, now Orange)

• Friends Life (acquired by Aviva)

• Friends Provident (acquired by Friends Life Group)

• G4S

• Gallaher Group (acquired by Japan Tobacco)

• Gateway Corporation (renamed Somerfield, subsequently acquired by The Co-operative Group)

• GEC, formerly General Electric Company (renamed Marconi, broken up, remnant renamed Telent)

• General Accident (merged with Commercial Union to form CGU, itself now part of Aviva)

• George Wimpey (merged with Taylor Woodrow to form Taylor Wimpey)

• Glaxo Wellcome (merged with SmithKline Beecham to form GlaxoSmithKline)

• Globe Investment Trust (acquired by British Coal Pension Fund)

• Granada Compass (split in 2001 to leave Granada and Compass Group)

• Granada (merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV)

• Greenall's Group (renamed De Vere Group and then acquired by a joint venture of private investors)

• Grand Metropolitan (merged with Guinness to form Diageo)

• Guardian Royal Exchange (acquired by Axa)

• Guinness (merged with Grand Metropolitan to form Diageo)

• GUS (now demerged into Home Retail Group and Experian)

• GVC Holdings

• Habitat Mothercare (merged with British Home Stores to form Storehouse and subsequently renamed Mothercare again)

• Halifax Group (merged with the Bank of Scotland to form HBOS)

• Hambro Life (renamed Allied Dunbar and acquired by BAT Industries and then demerged as part of Zurich Financial Services)

• Hammerson

• Hanson (acquired by Heidelberg Cement)

• Harbour Energy

• Harrisons & Crosfield (renamed Elementis)

• Hawker Siddeley (acquired by BTR, now Invensys)

• Hays

• HBOS Group plc (acquired by Lloyds Banking Group)

• Hillsdown Holdings (acquired by Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst and then sold on as Premier Foods)

• Hiscox

• Home Retail Group

• Homeserve (acquired by Brookfield Asset Management)

• House of Fraser (acquired by Baugur)

• ICAP

• Imperial Chemical Industries (acquired by Akzo Nobel)

• Imperial Continental Gas Association (broke up into Calor and Contibel)

• Inchcape

• Inmarsat

• Innogy Holdings (renamed Npower and acquired by RWE)

• International Power (acquired by GDF Suez)

• Intu

• Invensys

• Invesco (moved primary listing to NYSE)

• Investec

• ITV

• Jaguar (acquired by Ford and then by Tata Motors)

• Johnson Matthey

• Just Eat Takeaway (nationality reassigned to the Netherlands)

• Kazakhmys

• Kelda Group (acquired by Saltaire Water consortium) a consortium of investment companies including Citigroup and HSBC.

• Kingfisher

• Kingston Communications (renamed KCOM Group and market capitalisation fell too low)

• Kwik Save Group (merged with Somerfield)

• Ladbrokes

• Laporte (major divisions acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts)

• Lasmo (acquired by Eni)

• Lattice Group (merged with National Grid to form National Grid Transco)

• Logica

• London Electricity (acquired by Électricité de France, now part of its EDF Energy division)

• Lonhro (renamed Lonmin)

• Lonmin

• Lucas Industries (merged with Varity to form LucasVarity, then acquired by TRW)

• LucasVarity (acquired by TRW)

• Magnet and Southerns (acquired by Berisford)

• Man Group

• Maxwell Communications Corporation (collapsed in 1991)

• MB-Caradon (renamed Caradon and then Novar, then acquired by Honeywell)

• Mediclinic International

• Meggitt (acquired by Parker Hannifin)

• Melrose

• MEPC (acquired by Leconport Estates)

• Mercury Asset Management (acquired by Merrill Lynch)

• Merlin Entertainments

• MFI Furniture (renamed Galiform and then Howden Joinery and market capitalisation fell too low)

• Micro Focus International

• Midlands Electricity (acquired by Acquila Sterling, now part of E.ON Energy UK)

• Midland Bank (acquired by HSBC)

• Misys

• Mitchells & Butlers

• Morrisons (acquired by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice)

• National Westminster Bank (acquired by Royal Bank of Scotland Group)

• NFC (merged with Ocean Group to form Exel, now part of Deutsche Post)

• NMC Health

• Northern Foods (market capitalisation fell too low, before being acquired by Ranjit Boparan)

• Northern Rock (market capitalisation fell too low, before being nationalised)

• Norwich Union (merged with CGU to form CGNU, now Aviva)

• Nycomed Amersham (acquired by GE)

• O2 (renamed Telefónica Europe following acquisition by Telefónica)

• Ocado

• Old Mutual (managed separation of the business)

• Orange (acquired by Mannesmann and then by France Télécom, now Orange)

• PartyGaming (market capitalisation fell too low, before merging with Bwin to become bwin.party digital entertainment)

• P&O (acquired by Dubai Ports World)

• P&O Princess Cruises (merged with Carnival Corporation and re-listed as Carnival Corporation & plc)

• Pennon Group

• Petrofac

• Pilkington (acquired by Nippon Sheet Glass)

• Plessey (acquired by GEC and Siemens)

• Polly Peck (collapsed in 1990)

• Polymetal International

• PowerGen (acquired by E.ON Energy UK)

• Provident Financial

• Psion

• Punch Taverns

• Racal Electronics (acquired by Thomson-CSF and then Thales Group)

• Railtrack (collapsed in 2001)

• Randgold Resources (merged with Barrick Gold Corp)

• Rank Hovis McDougall (acquired by Premier Foods)

• Reckitt and Coleman (merged with Benckiser to form Reckitt Benckiser)

• Redland (acquired by Lafarge)

• Reed International (merged with Elsevier to form Reed Elsevier)

• Renishaw

• Rentokil Initial

• Resolution Limited (changed its name to Friends Life Group)

• Resolution plc (acquired by Pearl Group)

• Rexam (acquired by Ball Corporation)

• RMC Group (acquired by Cemex)

• Rothmans International (acquired by British American Tobacco)

• J Rothschild (renamed St. James's Place and market capitalisation fell too low)

• Rowntree's (acquired by Nestlé)

• Royal Insurance (merged with Sun Alliance Group to form Royal & SunAlliance)

• Royal Mail

• RS Group

• RSA Insurance Group (acquired by Danish insurer Tryg and Canada's Intact Financial Corporation in May 2021).

• Saatchi & Saatchi (acquired by Publicis)

• Safeway (acquired by Morrisons)

• SABMiller (acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev)

• Scottish & Newcastle (acquired by a consortium formed of Heineken & Carlsberg)

• Scottish Hydro Electric (merged with Southern Electric to form Scottish and Southern Energy)

• ScottishPower (acquired by Iberdrola)

• Sears (acquired by January Investments – itself controlled by Philip Green)

• Securicor (merged with Group 4 Falck to form G4S)

• Sedgwick (acquired by Marsh & McLennan)

• Sema Group (acquired by Schlumberger)

• Serco

• Shell Transport and Trading Company (later re-organised with Royal Dutch Petroleum Company as Royal Dutch Shell and then renamed Shell plc)

• Shire (acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company)

• Siebe (merged with BTR to form Invensys)

• Sky (acquired by Comcast)

• SmithKline Beecham (merged with Glaxo Wellcome to form GlaxoSmithKline)

• Smiths Industries (renamed to Smiths Group)

• Smurfit Kappa (merged with WestRock to form Smurfit WestRock)

• Southern Electric (merged with Scottish Hydro Electric to form Scottish and Southern Energy)

• Spirent

• Sports Direct

• Stagecoach Group

• Standard Telephones and Cables (renamed STC and acquired by Nortel)

• St. James's Place

• Storehouse (renamed Mothercare)

• Sun Alliance Group (merged with Royal Insurance to form Royal & Sun Alliance)

• Sun Life Assurance (acquired by Axa)

• Sun Life & Provincial Holdings (acquired by Axa)

• Tarmac (acquired by Anglo American)

• Tate & Lyle

• Taylor Wimpey

• Taylor Woodrow (merged with George Wimpey to form Taylor Wimpey)

• Telewest Communications (merged with NTL to form NTL:Telewest now Virgin Media)

• Thames Water (acquired by RWE and then sold to Macquarie Group)

• The Energy Group (acquired by Texas Utilities)

• Thomas Cook Group

• Thomson Reuters (delisted shares from the London Stock Exchange as it ceased to be a dual-listed company)

• Thorn (acquired by Nomura Group)

• Thorn EMI (renamed EMI Group and then acquired by Terra Firma Capital Partners)

• Thus (market capitalisation fell too low, subsequently acquired by Cable & Wireless Worldwide)

• TI Group (acquired by Smiths Group)

• Tomkins (acquired by Onex Corporation and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board)

• Trafalgar House (acquired by Kværner)

• Travis Perkins

• TSB Group (merged with Lloyds Bank to form Lloyds TSB)

• Trusthouse Forte (acquired by Granada)

• TUI Group

• TUI Travel

• Tullow Oil

• Ultramar (acquired by Lasmo and now part of Eni)

• Unigate (renamed Uniq, then market capitalisation fell too low)

• United Biscuits (acquired by consortium of financial investors)

• United Business Media

• Vedanta Resources

• Warburg SG (acquired by Swiss Bank Corporation, now part of UBS)

• Wellcome (merged with Glaxo to form Glaxo Wellcome, then with SmithKline Beecham to form GlaxoSmithKline)

• WH Smith

• William Hill

• Williams Holdings (demerged into Kidde and Chubb Fire & Security, both now part of United Technologies)

• Willis Corroon (acquired by Trinity Acquisition on behalf of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and renamed Willis Group)

• Willis Faber (acquired by Trinity Acquisition on behalf of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and renamed Willis Coroon and then Willis Group)

• Wood Group

• Worldpay (acquired by Vantiv)

• Woolwich (acquired by Barclays)

• Yell Group

• Zeneca (merged with Astra to form AstraZeneca)

Source: "FTSE: FTSE 100 Constituent Changes" (PDF; 57.9 KB)

FT 30
The oldest continuous index in the UK is the FT 30, also known as the Financial Times Index or the FT Ordinary Index (FTOI). It was established in 1935 and nowadays is largely obsolete due to its redundancy. It is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and companies listed are from the industrial and commercial sectors. Financial sector companies and government stocks are excluded.

Of the original constituents, three are currently in the FTSE 100: Tate & Lyle, Imperial Tobacco and Rolls-Royce, although Rolls-Royce has not been continuously listed and Imperial Tobacco was a subsidiary of Hanson for a number of years, and is now renamed as Imperial Brands. Only one of the original FT 30 companies is still in that index: Tate & Lyle (membership is not strictly based on market capitalisation, so this does not mean they are necessarily among the top thirty companies in the FTSE 100). The best performer from the original lineup has been Imperial Tobacco.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: FTSE 100 Index


text:
STS-61-C

STS-61-C was the 24th mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the seventh mission of Space Shuttle Columbia. It was the first time that Columbia, the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since STS-9. The mission launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center on January 12, 1986, and landed six days later on January 18, 1986. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the first Costa Rican-born astronaut, Franklin Chang-Díaz, and 2 future Administrators of NASA: the second African-American shuttle pilot, Charles Bolden, and the second sitting politician to fly in space, Representative Bill Nelson (D-FL). It was the last shuttle mission before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, which occurred ten days after STS-61-C's landing.

Mission background
STS-61-C saw Columbia return to flight for the first time since the STS-9 mission in November 1983, after having undergone major modifications over the course of 18 months by Rockwell International in California. Most notable of these modifications was the addition of the SILTS (Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing) pod atop Columbia's vertical stabilizer, which used an infrared camera to observe reentry heating on the shuttle's left wing and part of its fuselage. The camera was only used for a few more missions after STS-61-C, but the pod remained on Columbia for the remainder of its operational life. Smaller and more discreet modifications were also added at various points throughout the shuttle. The bulky ejection seats, which had been disabled after STS-4, were replaced with conventional seats and head-up displays for the commander and pilot were installed.

The launch was originally scheduled for December 18, 1985, but the closeout of an aft orbiter compartment was delayed, and the mission was rescheduled for the following day. However, on December 19, 1985, the countdown was stopped at T-14 seconds due to an out-of-tolerance turbine reading on the right SRB's hydraulic system. Another launch attempt, on January 6, 1986, was terminated at T-31 seconds because of a problem in a valve in the liquid oxygen system. The countdown was recycled to T-20 minutes for a second launch attempt on the same day, but was held at T-9 minutes, and then scrubbed as the launch window expired. Another attempt was made on January 7, 1986, but was scrubbed because of bad weather at contingency landing sites at Dakar, Senegal, and Morón de la Frontera, Spain; yet another attempt, on January 9, 1986, was delayed because of a problem with a main engine prevalve, and on January 10, 1986, heavy rainfall in the launch area led to another scrub.

Mission summary

After four unsuccessful launch attempts, Columbia launched successfully from Kennedy Space Center at 6:55:00 a.m. EST on January 12, 1986. There were no significant anomalies reported during the launch.

The primary objective of the mission was to deploy the Satcom-K1 communications satellite, second in a planned series of geosynchronous satellites owned and operated by RCA Americom; the deployment was successful. Columbia also carried a large number of small scientific experiments, including 13 Getaway Special (GAS) canisters devoted to investigations involving the effect of microgravity on materials processing, seed germination, chemical reactions, egg hatching, astronomy, atmospheric physics, and an experiment designed by Ellery Kurtz and Howard Wishnow to determine the effects of the space environment on fine arts materials and original oil paintings, flying four of Kurtz's paintings into space. It also carried the Materials Science Laboratory-2 structure for experiments involving liquid bubble suspension by sound waves, melting and resolidification of metallic samples and container-less melting and solidification of electrically conductive specimens. Another small experiment carrier located in the payload bay was the Hitchhiker G-1 (HHG-1), which carried three experiments to study film particles in the orbiter environment, test a new heat transfer system and determine the effects of contamination and atomic oxygen on ultraviolet optics materials, respectively. There were also four in-cabin experiments, three of them part of the Shuttle Student Involvement Program. The shuttle carried an experiment called the Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP), consisting of a 35 mm camera intended to photograph Halley's Comet through the aft flight deck overhead window. This experiment proved unsuccessful because of battery problems.

According to Bolden, in addition to deploying the RCA satellite, Cenker operated a classified experiment for the United States Air Force during the mission. Bolden was only told that it was a prototype for an infrared imaging camera.

STS-61-C was originally scheduled to last seven days, but NASA decided to end it after four because its delays had delayed the next flight, STS-51-L. It was rescheduled to land on January 17, 1986, but this was brought forward by one day. However, the landing attempt on January 16, 1986, was canceled because of unfavorable weather at Edwards Air Force Base. Continued bad weather forced another wave-off the following day. The flight was extended one more day to provide for a landing opportunity at Kennedy Space Center on January 18, 1986 – this was in order to avoid time lost in an Edwards Air Force Base landing and turnaround. However, bad weather at the KSC landing site resulted in yet another wave-off.

Columbia finally landed at Edwards Air Force Base on its fifth landing attempt at 5:59:51 a.m. PST, on January 18, 1986. The mission lasted a total of 6 days, 2 hours, 3 minutes, and 51 seconds. STS-61-C was the last successful Space Shuttle flight before the Challenger disaster, which occurred on January 28, 1986, only 10 days after Columbia's return. Accordingly, commander Gibson later called the STS-61-C mission "The End of Innocence" for the Shuttle Program.

Nelson, the Florida congressman, had hoped to receive a Florida orange after landing in the state. The personnel at Edwards greeted the crew with what Bolden described as "a peck basket of California oranges and grapefruits".

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Gag photo

During the same session as the official crew photo, the NASA photographer took a gag photo of the STS-61-C crew with their heads and faces obscured by their helmets and visors.

title: STS-61-C


text:
Goldingen

Goldingen is a former municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel merged into the municipality of Eschenbach.

History
The name Goldingen was applied to two different hamlets in the municipality. The current hamlet of Goldingen is first mentioned in 1800 and before that time was known as Thal. The hamlet of Vordersagen was first mentioned in 1266 as Goldelingin and until about 1700 was known as Goldingen. Additionally the hamlet of Hintersagen was known until about 1800 as Hintergoldingen.

Geography
Goldingen had an area,, of 22.1 km2. Of this area, 50.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 45.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.5%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The former municipality is located in the See-Gaster Wahlkreis in the hill country. It consists of the hamlets of Goldingen, Echeltschwil, Hubertingen, Wolfertingen, Eglingen, Vordersagen, Hintersagen, Gibel and Oberholz.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or on a Mount Vert a Linden Tree of the same trunked proper.

Demographics
Goldingen had a population of 1,124, of which about 5.0% are foreign nationals. Of the foreign population,, 8 are from Germany, 2 are from Italy, 8 are from ex-Yugoslavia, 1 person is from Austria, and 10 are from another country. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.2%. Most of the population speaks German (97.9%), with Portuguese being second most common ( 0.7%) and English being third ( 0.6%). Of the Swiss national languages, 1,023 speak German, 1 person speaks, Italian, and 1 person speaks Romansh.

The age distribution,, in Goldingen is; 152 children or 14.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 160 teenagers or 15.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 116 people or 11.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 157 people or 15.0% are between 30 and 39, 152 people or 14.5% are between 40 and 49, and 122 people or 11.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 91 people or 8.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 59 people or 5.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 30 people or 2.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 6 people or 0.6% who are between 90 and 99.

there were 103 persons (or 9.9% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 183 (or 17.5%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 677 (or 64.8%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 40 (or 3.8%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 11 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 4 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 15 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 12 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 45.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (28.5%), the FDP (11.2%) and the SP (4.8%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Goldingen about 62.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Out of the total population in Goldingen,, the highest education level completed by 277 people (26.5% of the population) was Primary, while 351 (33.6%) have completed a Secondary, 76 (7.3%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 46 (4.4%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Fründsberg, a no longer visible castle ruin, is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Economy
, Goldingen had an unemployment rate of 0.87%. , there were 173 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 67 businesses involved in this sector. 136 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 16 businesses in this sector. 87 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 22 businesses in this sector.

the average unemployment rate was 2.6%. There were 107 businesses in the municipality of which 16 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 29 were involved in the third.

there were 233 residents who worked in the municipality, while 335 residents worked outside Goldingen and 52 people commuted into the municipality for work.

Religion
From the, 774 or 74.1% are Roman Catholic, while 159 or 15.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 2 individuals (or about 0.19% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 5 individuals (or about 0.48% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 5 (or about 0.48% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 4 individuals (or about 0.38% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 65 (or about 6.22% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 30 individuals (or about 2.87% of the population) did not answer the question.

title: Goldingen


text:
STS-26

STS-26 was the 26th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the seventh flight of the orbiter Discovery. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on September 29, 1988, and landed four days later on October 3, 1988. STS-26 was declared the "Return to Flight" mission, being the first mission after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986. It was the first mission since STS-9 to use the original Space Transportation System (STS) numbering system, the first to have all its crew members wear pressure suits for launch and landing since STS-4, and the first mission with bailout capacity since STS-4. STS-26 was also the first U.S. space mission with an all-veteran crew since Apollo 11, with all of its crew members having flown at least one prior mission.

The mission is technically designated STS-26R, as the original STS-26 designation previously belonged to STS-51-F (also known as Spacelab-2). Likewise all flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designations would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data between the old and new flight designations.

Crew
The crew roster for STS-26 was based on the original crew assignment for STS-61-F, which would have launched the Ulysses probe from Challenger in 1986. Ulysses was eventually launched on STS-41. Hauck, Lounge and Hilmers were all assigned to that flight, with Roy D. Bridges Jr. as pilot. Bridges never flew again after the Challenger disaster, but would eventually become the director of Langley Research Center (LRC).

Covey was the CAPCOM operator during the STS-51-L launch who uttered the words, "Challenger, go at throttle up", shortly after which the orbiter disintegrated. He also would have been the CAPCOM operator for the canceled STS-61-F mission during launch and landing.

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, at 11:37:00 a.m. EDT on September 29, 1988, 975 days after the Challenger disaster.

The launch was delayed by one hour and thirty-eight minutes due to unseasonable and unusual light winds, and the need to replace fuses in the cooling systems of two crew members' flight suits. The suits were repaired, and a waiver was issued for the wind conditions after officials determined there was a sufficient safety margin for wind loads on the orbiter's wing leading edges. At T-1:30, it was proposed that the launch be delayed at T-0:31 due to a cabin air pressure issue. It was quickly determined that the cabin pressure had been increased slightly by the activation of the oxygen systems in the crew's flight suits, and the launch was conducted without further delay. The shuttle crew, all veteran astronauts, included Commander Frederick H. "Rick" Hauck, Pilot Richard O. Covey, and Mission Specialists John M. "Mike" Lounge, George D. "Pinky" Nelson and David C. Hilmers.

The primary payload for the STS-26 mission, TDRS-C, was successfully deployed, and 11 scheduled mid-deck scientific and technological experiments were carried out. The orbiter sustained only minor Space Shuttle thermal protection system tile damage, and the redesigned post-Challenger solid rocket boosters showed no signs of leakage or overheating at any of the joints.

Two minor problems occurred during the flight. After ascent, the Flash Evaporator System for cooling the orbiter iced up and shut down, increasing the crew cabin temperature to approximately 31 °C. The problem was resolved on Flight Day 4 and cooler temperatures resulted. A Ku-band antenna for communications was deployed on Flight Day 2, but it failed to respond properly and had to be stowed for the remainder of the mission.

During STS-26, Discovery became the first spacecraft to fly in space equipped with a VCU (Voice Control Unit), a computer capable of recognising and responding to human speech. The VCU was created by SCI Systems in Huntsville, Alabama, and was based on technology licensed from the Votan company. This speech recognition system controlled the cameras and monitors that were used by the crew to monitor the Canadarm mechanical arm mounted in the cargo bay. Because of the experimental nature of speech recognition at the time, this system was not used for any critical operations. Initial problems almost sidelined the tests when the voice templates that were created prior to liftoff were found to have less than 60% recognition for one crew member and less than 40% recognition for another. This problem was corrected by retraining the templates. It was retested and found to be operational with a recognition success rate of over 96%. It was concluded that weightless conditions caused a fundamental change in human speech, making the templates created prior to liftoff virtually useless.

Besides conducting the mission's various experiments, crew members practiced suiting up in new partial-pressure "launch-and-entry" flight suits, and also practiced the unstowing and attaching of the new crew escape system. On October 2, 1988, the day before the mission ended, the five-man crew paid tribute to the seven crew members lost in the Challenger disaster.

Discovery landed on Runway 17, Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 12:37:11 p.m. EDT on October 3, 1988, after a mission duration of approximately 4 days, 1 hour, 0 minute, and 11 seconds. Capsule Communicator Blaine Hammond Jr. welcomed the crew, saying it was "a great ending to a new beginning".

Payloads and experiments

TDRS-C, which became TDRS-3 in orbit, and its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), were deployed from Discovery's cargo bay six hours and 13 minutes into the flight. The first stage of the IUS placed TDRS-3 in a transfer orbit, and the second stage placed it in a geosynchronous orbit on September 30, 1988. TDRS-3 moved into position over the Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii at 171° west longitude. It joined TDRS-1 in tracking Earth-orbiting spacecraft; a sister satellite, TDRS-B, was lost in the Challenger accident. Also in the payload bay was the Orbiter Experiments Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System (OASIS). OASIS recorded environmental data on the orbiter and the TDRS payload during various inflight phases.

All the mission's mid-deck experiments were deemed to have been performed successfully. However, there were some glitches with two of the five materials science experiments. In the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment, two of the 11 proteins processed – including an enzyme believed to be key to the replication of AIDS – did not produce crystals suitable for analysis. Also, there were some equipment problems with the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF), an experiment to investigate the melting and solidification of various materials in zero-gravity.

The materials processing experiments included two Shuttle Student Involvement Projects, one on titanium grain formation and the other on controlling crystal growth with a membrane. Another materials science experiment, the Physical Vapor Transport of Organic Solids-2 (PVTOS-2), was a joint project of NASA's Office of Commercial Programs and the 3M company.

Three life sciences experiments were conducted, including one on the aggregation of red blood cells, intended to help determine if microgravity can play a beneficial role in clinical research and medical diagnostic tests. Two further experiments involved atmospheric sciences, while one was in communications research.

Primary payload

 * NASA's TDRS-C satellite, attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), became the second Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) deployed. After deployment, the IUS propelled the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit.

Secondary payloads

 * Physical Vapor Transport of Organic Solids (PVTOS-2)
 * Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)
 * Infrared Communications Flight Experiment (IRCFE)
 * Aggregation of Red Blood Cells (ARC)
 * Isoelectric Focusing Experiment (IFE)
 * Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE)
 * Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE)
 * Earth-Limb Radiance Experiment (ELRAD)
 * Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF)
 * Two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments
 * Voice Control Unit test and evaluation (VCU)

Damage to thermal protection
Discovery suffered severe damage to its thermal protection tiles in the underwing area. Post-flight analysis showed that the impact of a 30 cm long piece of cork insulation during ascent was the culprit. The origin of the debris was the forward field joint on the right-hand SRB. The damage was such that, during re-entry, the thermal protection tile eroded almost completely. A similar chain of events ultimately led to the loss of Columbia fifteen years later.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to awaken a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. Kathryn D. Sullivan chose the wakeup music for STS-26, including a contribution from Robin Williams, who provided a pastiche of his Good Morning, Vietnam radio greeting.

title: STS-26


text:
Hyperuricemia

Hyperuricaemia or hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. Serum uric acid concentrations greater than 6 mg/dL for females, 7 mg/dL for men, and 5.5 mg/dL for youth (under 18 years old) are defined as hyperuricemia. The amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of purines eaten in food, the amount of urate synthesised within the body (e.g., through cell turnover), and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperuricemia may be the result of increased production of uric acid, decreased excretion of uric acid, or both increased production and reduced excretion.

Prehyperuricemia: Prehyperuricemia (pre-HU) may be defined as a metabolic condition where serum uric acid value is at a high normal level between 6–7 mg/dL in men and 5–6 mg/dl in women. This value is presently considered normal or high normal. At this level or even below this, UA-induced systemic inflammation develops.

Signs and symptoms
Unless high blood levels of uric acid are determined in a clinical laboratory, hyperuricemia may not cause noticeable symptoms in most people. Development of gout – which is a painful, short-term disorder – is the most common consequence of hyperuricemia, which causes deposition of uric acid crystals usually in joints of the extremities, but may also induce formation of kidney stones, another painful disorder. Gout symptoms are typically inflammation, swelling and redness of a joint, such as a toe or knee, accompanied by intense pain. Not all people with hyperuricemia develop gout.

Causes
Many factors contribute to hyperuricemia, including genetics, insulin resistance, hypertension, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, obesity, diet, iron overload, use of diuretics (e.g. thiazides, loop diuretics), and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Of these, alcohol consumption is the most important.

Causes of hyperuricemia can be classified into three functional types: increased production of uric acid, decreased excretion of uric acid, and mixed type. Causes of increased production include high levels of purine in the diet and increased purine metabolism. Causes of decreased excretion include kidney disease, certain drugs, and competition for excretion between uric acid and other molecules. Mixed causes include high levels of alcohol and/or fructose in the diet, and starvation.

Increased production of uric acid
A purine-rich diet is a common but minor cause of hyperuricemia. Diet alone generally is not sufficient to cause hyperuricemia (see Gout). Foods high in the purines adenine and hypoxanthine may aggravate symptoms of hyperuricemia.

Various studies have found higher uric acid levels to be positively associated with consumption of meat and seafood and inversely associated with dairy food consumption.

Myogenic hyperuricemia, as a result of the myokinase (adenylate kinase) reaction and the Purine Nucleotide Cycle running when ATP reservoirs in muscle cells are low (ADP>ATP), is a common pathophysiologic feature of glycogenoses such as GSD-III, GSD-V and GSD-VII, as they are metabolic myopathies which impair the ability of ATP (energy) production for the muscle cells to use. In these metabolic myopathies, myogenic hyperuricemia is exercise-induced; inosine, hypoxanthine and uric acid increase in plasma after exercise and decrease over hours with rest. Excess AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is converted into uric acid. AMP → IMP → Inosine → Hypoxanthine → Xanthine → Uric Acid

Hyperuricemia experienced as gout is a common complication of solid organ transplant. Apart from normal variation (with a genetic component), tumor lysis syndrome produces extreme levels of uric acid, mainly leading to kidney failure. The Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is also associated with extremely high levels of uric acid.

Decreased excretion of uric acid
The principal drugs that contribute to hyperuricemia by decreased excretion are the primary antiuricosurics. Other drugs and agents include diuretics, salicylates, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, nicotinic acid, ciclosporin, 2-ethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole, and cytotoxic agents.

The gene SLC2A9 encodes a protein that helps to transport uric acid in the kidney. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms of this gene are known to have a significant correlation with blood uric acid. Hyperuricemia cosegregating with osteogenesis imperfecta has been shown to be associated with a mutation in GPATCH8 using exome sequencing

A ketogenic diet impairs the ability of the kidney to excrete uric acid, due to competition for transport between uric acid and ketones.

Elevated blood lead is significantly correlated with both impaired kidney function and hyperuricemia (although the causal relationship among these correlations is not known). In a study of over 2500 people resident in Taiwan, a blood lead level exceeding 7.5 microg/dL (a small elevation) had odds ratios of 1.92 (95% CI: 1.18-3.10) for renal dysfunction and 2.72 (95% CI: 1.64-4.52) for hyperuricemia.

Mixed type
Causes of hyperuricemia that are of mixed type have a dual action, both increasing production and decreasing excretion of uric acid.

Pseudohypoxia (disrupted NADH/NAD+ ratio), caused by diabetic hyperglycemia and excessive alcohol consumption, results in hyperuricemia. The lactic acidosis inhibits uric acid secretion by the kidney, while the energy shortage from inhibited oxidative phosphorylation leads to increased production of uric acid due to increased turnover of adenosine nucleotides by the myokinase reaction and purine nucleotide cycle.

High intake of alcohol (ethanol), a significant cause of hyperuricemia, has a dual action that is compounded by multiple mechanisms. Ethanol increases production of uric acid by increasing production of lactic acid, hence lactic acidosis. Ethanol also increases the plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine via the acceleration of adenine nucleotide degradation, and is a possible weak inhibitor of xanthine dehydrogenase. As a byproduct of its fermentation process, beer additionally contributes purines. Ethanol decreases excretion of uric acid by promoting dehydration and (rarely) clinical ketoacidosis.

High dietary intake of fructose contributes significantly to hyperuricemia. In a large study in the United States, consumption of four or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day gave an odds ratio of 1.82 for hyperuricemia. Increased production of uric acid is the result of interference, by a product of fructose metabolism, in purine metabolism. This interference has a dual action, both increasing the conversion of ATP to inosine and hence uric acid and increasing the synthesis of purine. Fructose also inhibits the excretion of uric acid, apparently by competing with uric acid for access to the transport protein SLC2A9. The effect of fructose in reducing excretion of uric acid is increased in people with a hereditary (genetic) predisposition toward hyperuricemia and/or gout.

Starvation causes the body to metabolize its own (purine-rich) tissues for energy. Thus, like a high purine diet, starvation increases the amount of purine converted to uric acid. A very low calorie diet lacking in carbohydrates can induce extreme hyperuricemia; including some carbohydrate (and reducing the protein) reduces the level of hyperuricemia. Starvation also impairs the ability of the kidney to excrete uric acid, due to competition for transport between uric acid and ketones.

Diagnosis
Hyperuricemia can be detected using blood and urine tests.

Medications that aim to lower the uric acid concentration
Medications used to treat hyperuricemia are divided into two categories: xanthine oxidase inhibitors and uricosurics. For people who have recurring attacks of gout, one of these two categories of drugs is recommended. The evidence for people with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia to take these medications is not clear.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, including allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat, decrease the production of uric acid, by interfering with xanthine oxidase.

Uricosurics
Uricosuric agents (benzbromarone, benziodarone, probenecid, lesinurad, sulfinpyrazone, ethebencid, zoxazolamine, and ticrynafen) increase the excretion of uric acid, by reducing the reabsorption of uric acid once it has been filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

Some of these medications are used as indicated, others are used off-label. In people receiving hemodialysis, sevelamer can significantly reduce serum uric acid, apparently by adsorbing urate in the gut. In women, use of combined oral contraceptive pills is significantly associated with lower serum uric acid. Following Le Chatelier's principle, lowering the blood concentration of uric acid may permit any existing crystals of uric acid to gradually dissolve into the blood, whence the dissolved uric acid can be excreted. Maintaining a lower blood concentration of uric acid similarly should reduce the formation of new crystals. If the person has chronic gout or known tophi, then large quantities of uric acid crystals may have accumulated in joints and other tissues, and aggressive and/or long duration use of medications may be needed. Precipitation of uric acid crystals, and conversely their dissolution, is known to be dependent on the concentration of uric acid in solution, pH, sodium concentration, and temperature.

Non-medication treatments for hyperuricemia include a low purine diet (see Gout) and a variety of dietary supplements. Treatment with lithium salts has been used as lithium improves uric acid solubility.

pH
Serum pH is neither safely nor easily altered. Therapies that alter pH principally alter the pH of urine, to discourage a possible complication of uricosuric therapy: formation of uric acid kidney stones due to increased uric acid in the urine (see nephrolithiasis). Medications that have a similar effect include acetazolamide.

Temperature
Low temperature is a reported trigger of acute gout. An example would be a day spent standing in cold water, followed by an attack of gout the next morning. This is believed to be due to temperature-dependent precipitation of uric acid crystals in tissues at below normal temperature. Thus, one aim of prevention is to keep the hands and feet warm, and soaking in hot water may be therapeutic.

Prognosis
Increased levels predispose for gout and, if very high, kidney failure. Metabolic syndrome often presents with hyperuricemia. Prognosis is good with regular consumption of allopurinol or febuxostat.

title: Hyperuricemia


text:
STS-27

STS-27 was the 27th NASA Space Shuttle mission, and the third flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis. Launching on December 2, 1988, on a four-day mission, it was the second shuttle flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 1986. STS-27 carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), ultimately determined to be a Lacrosse surveillance satellite. The vessel's heat shielding was substantially damaged during lift-off, and crew members thought that they would die during reentry. This was a situation that was similar to the one that would prove fatal 15 years later on STS-107. Compared to the damage that Columbia sustained on STS-107, Atlantis experienced more extensive damage. However, this was over less critical areas and the missing tile was over an antenna which gave extra protection to the spacecraft structure (and not part of a wing as cited initially). The mission landed successfully, although intense heat damage needed to be repaired.

The mission is technically designated STS-27R, as the original STS-27 designator belonged to STS-51-I, the twentieth Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation for that mission contained the designator STS-27 throughout. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Mission summary

The Space Shuttle Atlantis (OV-104), at the time the youngest in NASA's shuttle fleet, made its third flight on a classified mission for the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It deployed a single satellite, USA-34. NASA archival information has identified USA-34 as Lacrosse 1, a side-looking radar, all-weather surveillance satellite for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The mission was originally scheduled to launch on December 1, 1988, but the launch was postponed one day because of cloud cover and strong wind conditions at the launch site. Liftoff occurred from LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1988, at 09:30:34 a.m. EST. Atlantis touched down on December 6, 1988, on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 18:36:11 EST. The total mission elapsed time at wheels-stop was 4 days, 9 hours, 5 minutes, and 37 seconds. Atlantis was returned to the Kennedy Space Center on December 13, 1988, and moved into an OPF on December 14, 1988.

There has been speculation that an EVA was conducted during this mission. Interviews with members of the crew several years after the flight confirmed there had been a problem with the satellite upon release, whereupon a rendezvous with the satellite was effected and repairs performed. These unspecified repairs could have necessitated a spacewalk, likely performed by Ross and Shepherd. As a classified DoD mission, details or confirmation of such an EVA remain unreleased.

The day after Atlantis landed, the 1988 Armenian earthquake killed tens of thousands in the Soviet Union. At an astronaut meeting Gibson said, "I know many of you may have been very curious about our classified payload. While I can't go into its design features, I can say Armenia was its first target! And we only had the weapon set on stun!"

Tile damage

Atlantis' Thermal Protection System tiles sustained extensive damage during the flight. Ablative insulating material from the starboard solid rocket booster nose cap had hit the orbiter about 85 seconds into the flight, as seen in footage of the ascent. The STS-27 crew also commented that white material was observed on the windshield at various times during ascent. The crew made an inspection of the shuttle's impacted starboard side using the shuttle's Canadarm, but the limited resolution and range of the cameras made it impossible to determine the full extent of the tile damage.

The problem was compounded by the fact that the crew was prohibited from using their standard method of sending images to ground control due to the classified nature of the mission. The crew was forced to use a slow, encrypted transmission method, likely causing the images NASA engineers received to be of poor quality, causing them to think the damage was actually "just lights and shadows". They told the crew the damage did not look any more severe than on past missions.

One report describes the crew as "infuriated" that Mission Control Center seemed unconcerned. When Gibson saw the damage he thought to himself, "We are going to die"; he and others did not believe that the shuttle would survive reentry. Gibson advised the crew to relax because "No use dying all tensed-up", he said, but if instruments indicated that the shuttle was disintegrating, Gibson planned to "tell mission control what I thought of their analysis" in the remaining seconds before his death.

Mullane recalled that while filming the reentry through the upper deck's overhead windows, "I had visions of molten aluminum being smeared backwards, like rain on a windshield". Although the shuttle landed safely, "The damage was much worse than any of us had expected", he wrote. Upon landing, the magnitude of the damage to the shuttle astonished NASA; over 700 damaged tiles were noted, and one tile was missing altogether. This missing tile had fortunately been located over the aluminum mounting plate for an L-band antenna (one of six, part of the Tactical air navigation system (TACAN) landing system), perhaps preventing a burn-through of the sort that would ultimately doom Columbia in 2003. There was almost no damage present on the orbiter's left side. STS-27 Atlantis was the most damaged launch-entry vehicle to return to Earth successfully. Gibson believed that had the shuttle been destroyed, Congress would have ended the shuttle program given that only one successful mission had occurred between his flight and the loss of Challenger.

A review team investigated the cause, beginning with a detailed inspection of the Atlantis TPS damage, and a review of related inspection reports to establish an in-depth anomaly definition. An exhaustive data review followed to develop a fault tree and several failure scenarios. This and other information gained during the review formed the basis for the team's findings and recommendations.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during Project Gemini, and first used music to awaken a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-27


text:
STS-29

STS-29 was the 28th NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Discovery inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the Challenger disaster in 1986, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on March 13, 1989. STS-29R was the eighth flight of Discovery and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor, STS-28, was delayed until August 1989.

The mission was technically designated STS-29R as the original STS-29 designator belonged to STS-61-A, the 22nd Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and paperwork for that mission contained the designator STS-29 when it was allocated to Space Shuttle Columbia and later as STS-30 when allocated to Challenger. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Mission summary
Discovery lifted off from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, at 9:57:00 a.m. EST on March 13, 1989. The launch was originally scheduled for February 18, 1989, but was postponed to allow for the replacement of faulty liquid oxygen turbopumps on the three main engines. The amended target date of March 11, 1989, was postponed by 1 day, because of the failure of a master event controller (MEC); #2 when it was powered up during prelaunch checkout, as well as an additional day to replace a faulty fuel preburner oxidizer valve (FPOV). On the rescheduled launch day of March 13, 1989, the launch was delayed for nearly two hours because of ground fog and high upper winds. A waiver was approved for the orbiter's wing loads.

The primary payload was TDRS-D, the third and final component of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) constellation in geosynchronous orbit. The three on-orbit satellites were stationed over the equator at about 35900 km above Earth; two of them were positioned 130° apart, while the third was located between them as an on-orbit spare.

On Flight Day 1, one of three cryogenic hydrogen tanks which supplied shuttle's electricity-generating fuel cells exhibited erratic pressure fluctuations. It was deactivated while engineers studied the problem, and the crew was told to conserve electrical power. The tank was reactivated on Flight Day 3, March 15, 1989, and operated successfully thereafter.

Discovery landed on March 18, 1989, after orbit 80, one orbit earlier than planned, in order to avoid possible excessive wind buildup expected at the landing site. The shuttle touched down on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 9:35:51 a.m. EST. The total mission duration was 4 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes, and 52 seconds.

Payload and experiments

The mission's primary payload was TDRS-D, which became TDRS-4 after deployment, and its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). The satellite was deployed from the shuttle's payload bay less than six hours after launch, at 3:12 a.m. EST. The first-stage orbit burn of the IUS took place an hour later, and the second burn to circularize the orbit occurred 12 hours and 30 minutes into the mission. The satellite was stationed at 41.0° West longitude.

Discovery also carried eight secondary payloads, including two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments. One student experiment, using four live rats with tiny pieces of bone removed from their bodies, was to test whether the environmental effects of space flight inhibit bone healing. The other student experiment was to fly 32 chicken eggs to determine the effects of space flight on fertilized chicken embryos.

One experiment, mounted in the payload bay, was only termed "partially successful". The Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element (SHARE), a potential cooling system for the planned Space Station Freedom, operated continuously for less than 30 minutes under powered electrical loads. The failure was blamed on the faulty design of the equipment, especially the manifold section.

All other experiments operated successfully. Crystals were obtained from all the proteins in the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment. The Chromosomes and Plant Cell Division in Space (CHROMEX), a life sciences experiment, was designed to show the effects of microgravity on root development. An IMAX (70 mm) camera was used to film a variety of scenes for the 1990 IMAX film Blue Planet, including the effects of floods, hurricanes, wildfires and volcanic eruptions on Earth. A ground-based U.S. Air Force experiment used the orbiter as a calibration target for the Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) in Hawaii.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-29


text:
STS-30

STS-30 was the 29th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fourth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis. It was the fourth shuttle launch since the Challenger disaster and the first shuttle mission since the disaster to have a female astronaut on board. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on May 4, 1989, and landed four days later on May 8, 1989. During the mission, Atlantis deployed the Venus-bound Magellan probe into orbit.

The mission was officially designated STS-30R as the original STS-30 designator belonged to STS-61-A, the 22nd Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation for that mission contained the designator STS-30 throughout. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Shuttle processing
Atlantis spent three months in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF-2) after returning to the Kennedy Space Center at the end of STS-27. During this period technicians got to work removing and replacing all of the damaged Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles that Atlantis sustained during her prior flight. They also took detailed inspections of the shuttle while simultaneously preparing Atlantis for STS-30R. The shuttle was rolled over to the Vehicle Assembly Building and mated with ET-29 and an SRB set on March 11, 1989. Eleven days later on March 22, 1989, Atlantis was rolled out to launch pad 39B.

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, at 14:46:59 EDT on May 4, 1989. The primary payload, the Magellan spacecraft with its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), was successfully deployed later that day. Magellan was the first American planetary mission in 11 years.

The launch was originally scheduled for April 28, 1989, the first day of a 31-day launch period when Earth and Venus were properly aligned. However, the liftoff was scrubbed at T-31 seconds because of a problem with the liquid hydrogen recirculation pump on Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) No. 1, and a vapor leak in the liquid hydrogen recirculation line between the orbiter and external tank (ET). On the rescheduled liftoff date of May 4, 1989, the launch was again delayed until the final five minutes of the launch window due to cloud cover and excessive crosswinds at KSC's Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Good landing conditions were required at the SLF in case of a Return To Launch Site (RTLS) abort early in the flight.

The only major glitch during the flight occurred on May 7, 1989, when one of the four general-purpose computers programmed to operate the orbiter failed. The shuttle crew replaced the computer, part of a redundant set, with a backup one. It was the first time a computer had been replaced while in orbit. The glitch had no impact on the crew's safety or the primary objectives of the mission, although some of the activities involved in conducting experiments had to be canceled while the crew was replacing the computer. There also was no impact to the mission when one of the three thrusters on Atlantis' aft right-hand Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pod failed during ascent.

However, the STS-30 crew experienced several minor annoyances. A Hasselblad camera used to photograph sites on Earth had to be stowed for the remainder of the mission after a shutter stuck during the crew's third day in space. The Text and Graphics Systems (TAGS), a device to send images and graphics to the orbiter from Mission Control Center, had to be turned off on Flight Day 2 because of a paper jam. Commander Walker and Pilot Grabe had problems with a device used to take measurements of central venous pressure to determine the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system. On the second full day in space, the water dispensing system in the galley malfunctioned, causing some difficulties for the crew in preparing meals.

Atlantis touched down at Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base, California, on May 8, 1989, at 15:43:27 EDT. Minutes before landing, the runway had to be switched from 17 to 22 due to high crosswinds. The mission lasted a total of 4days, 0hours, 56minutes, and 28seconds.

Payload and experiments
The Magellan spacecraft was deployed from the shuttle's payload bay six hours and 14 minutes into the mission. Two successive IUS propulsion burns placed the spacecraft on its trajectory to Venus about an hour later. Magellan arrived at Venus in August 1990 and began a 243-day mission of mapping the planet's surface with radar.

Three mid-deck experiments were included on the mission. All had flown before. Mission Specialist Cleave used a portable laptop computer to operate and monitor the Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA). An 8 mm video camcorder, flown for the first time on the Shuttle, provided the opportunity for the crew to record and downlink on-orbit activities such as the FEA, which was a joint endeavor between Rockwell International and NASA. Payload bay video cameras were used to record storm systems from orbit as part of the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to awaken a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-30


text:
Talk:Roosevelt, Seattle

Untitled
Moved from the body of the article to this Talk page:

"I believe RHS won the state championship in chess in the late 1970s, and the state championship in basketball in the late 1970s or early 1980s, but am unable to find confirmation on the Web. Hopefully someone with a better memory can provide more details."

[--Lukobe 20:54, 1 March 2004 (UTC)]

Summary: + cit, + cite web, ft congruent wrt sources, punc; see Talk. Explication: Add citations, add cite web template, add short full text so congruent with respect to sources; see Discussion. Please see also Talk:Seattle, Citing sources.

Boundaries congruent with sources; cf. Shenk et al, and description at Seattle neighborhoods # Informal districts and Shenk et al at Talk:Seattle # About sources cited.
 * Since the abolition of wards in 1910, there exist no official neighborhoods or their boundaries in Seattle. From, the designation as official at the link About RNA is for the non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation.
 * Arterials, cf. "Street Classification Maps". They should know—that's their job. --GoDot 10:44, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Sears. For the relevant historical period, the entity was Sears, Roebuck and Company, popularly known as Sears Roebuck. Sears merged with Kmart in early 2005, creating the Sears Holdings Corporation. In the 1970s, the name "Roebuck" was dropped from the trade name of the stores, though not from the official corporate name. In 1893, the corporate business name became Sears, Roebuck and Company. [ Sears ] --GoDot 10:44, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Citation needed noted where needed to distinguish from citation following. Cf. Talk:Seattle, Citing sources.
 * "External links" -> "Further reading", per MoS Further reading/external links.

"Retrieved [date]", since on-line reference links can break (per Embedded links).

Citation needed Buck as alumnus of RHS not found so far: Search seattleschools.org?
 * Linda B. Buck – Curriculum Vitae [Begins with UW, 1975] 2004 http://joklit.narod.ru/buck-cv.html
 * HHMI Howard Hughes Medical Institute > Scientists and Research > Linda B. Buck, Ph.D. [No c.v.] http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/buck_bio.html
 * Fred Huchinson Cancer Research Center: Our Nobel Laureates. Linda Buck, Ph.D.: Nobel Laureate, Physiology or Medicine, 2004. "Fred Huchinson CRC Linda Buck lbuck_cv.pdf" 20Jn05. [Begins with UW, 1975] Dr. Buck's CV - http://www.fhcrc.org/research/nobel/buck/lbuck_cv.pdf at http://www.fhcrc.org/research/nobel/buck/
 * Nobelprize.org. Medicine > Laureates. Linda B. Buck – Curriculum Vitae. [Begins with UW, 1975]. Last modified May 24, 2006. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2004/buck-cv.html

--GoDot 07:09, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roosevelt, Seattle


text:
STS-28

STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, the fourth shuttle mission dedicated to United States Department of Defense (DoD) purposes, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. The mission launched on August 8, 1989, and traveled 3400000 km during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 13, 1989. STS-28 was also Columbia's first flight since January 1986, when it had flown STS-61-C, the mission directly preceding the Challenger disaster of STS-51-L. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been the first SDS-2 relay communications satellite. The altitude of the mission was between 295 km and 307 km.

The mission was officially designated STS-28R as the original STS-28 designator belonged to STS-51-J, the 21st Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation for that mission contained the designator STS-28 throughout. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) lifted off from Pad 39B, Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 8, 1989. The launch took place at 8:37:00 a.m. EDT.

During STS-28, Columbia deployed two satellites: USA-40 and USA-41. Early reports speculated that STS-28's primary payload was an Advanced KH-11 photo-reconnaissance satellite. Later reports, and amateur satellite observations, suggest that USA-40 was instead a second-generation Satellite Data System (SDS) relay, similar to those likely launched on STS-38 and STS-53. These satellites had the same bus design as the LEASAT satellites deployed on other shuttle missions, and were likely deployed in the same fashion.

The mission marked the first flight of a 5 kg human skull, which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution (IDRD) experiment. This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of radiation into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermoluminescent dosimeters were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on STS-36 and STS-31, was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.

During the flight, the crew shut down a thruster in the reaction control system (RCS) after receiving indications of a leak. An RCS heater also malfunctioned during the flight. Post-flight analysis of STS-28 discovered unusual heating of the thermal protection system (TPS) during re-entry, caused by an early transition to turbulent plasma flow around the vehicle. A detailed report identified protruding gap filler as the likely cause. This filler material was the same material that was removed during a spacewalk during STS-114, the Space Shuttle's post-Columbia disaster Return to Flight mission, in 2005.

The Shuttle Lee-side Temperature Sensing (SILTS) infrared camera package made its second flight aboard Columbia on this mission. The cylindrical pod and surrounding black tiles on the orbiter's vertical stabilizer housed an imaging system, designed to map thermodynamic conditions during reentry, on the surfaces visible from the top of the tail fin. Ironically, the camera faced the port wing of Columbia, which was breached by superheated plasma on its disastrous final flight, destroying the wing and, later, the orbiter. The SILTS system was used for only six missions before being deactivated, but the pod remained for the duration of Columbia's career. Columbia's thermal protection system was also upgraded to a similar configuration as Discovery and Atlantis in between the loss of Challenger and STS-28, with many of the white LRSI tiles replaced with felt insulation blankets in order to reduce weight and turnaround time. One other minor modification that debuted on STS-28 was the move of Columbia's name from its payload bay doors to the fuselage, allowing the orbiter to be easily recognized while in orbit.

Columbia landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 9:37:08 a.m. EDT on August 13, 1989, after a mission lasting 5 days, 1 hour, 0 minutes, and 8 seconds. Because of a software glitch with the weight-on-wheels sensors installed on the landing gear, the crew was instructed to touch down on the runway as softly as possible. This instruction resulted in a touchdown airspeed of 154 knots, the slowest of the entire Shuttle program by a wide margin and barely above the Orbiter's stall speed.

title: STS-28


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STS-34

STS-34 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis. It was the 31st shuttle mission overall, and the fifth flight for Atlantis. STS-34 launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 18, 1989, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 23, 1989. During the mission, the Jupiter-bound Galileo probe was deployed into space.

Mission summary

Atlantis lifted off from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center (KSC), at 12:53:40 EDT on October 18, 1989. It carried the Jupiter-bound Galileo spacecraft in its cargo bay. The countdown was delayed at T-minus 5 minutes for 3 minutes and 40 seconds to update the onboard computer for a change in the Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) site. The TAL site was changed from Ben Guerir Air Base, Morocco, to Zaragoza Air Base, Spain, because of heavy rain at Ben Guerir.

The launch was originally targeted for October 12, 1989, the first day of a 41-day launch period during which the planets were properly aligned for a direct flight to Jupiter. The liftoff was rescheduled for October 17, 1989, to replace a faulty main engine controller for Space Shuttle Main Engine No. 2. It was postponed again until October 18, 1989, because of rain-showers within 32 km of Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. The weather conditions were in violation of the launch commit criteria for a Return To Launch Site (RTLS) landing in the event of an aborted flight.

The primary payload, the Galileo spacecraft with its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), was successfully deployed on its journey to Jupiter. STS-34 was only the second shuttle flight to deploy a planetary spacecraft, the first being STS-30, which deployed the Magellan spacecraft.

Galileo became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer Solar System planet and to penetrate the atmosphere of an outer planet. Also, the spacecraft was scheduled to make the first extended observations of the Jovian system and first direct sampling of Jupiter's atmosphere, as well as the first asteroid flybys.

Several anomalies occurred during the flight, but none had a major impact on the mission. On October 22, 1989, an alarm woke the shuttle crew when the gas generator fuel pump system A heaters on Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 2 failed to recycle at the upper limits of the system. There were also some minor problems with the Flash Evaporator System for cooling the orbiter, and the cryogenic oxygen manifold valve 2, which was left closed for the rest of the mission. A Hasselblad camera jammed twice, and a spare camera had to be used.

Chang-Díaz described his second flight as much more "subdued". Demonstrators protested at launch time against the flight because it had a nuclear device on board to power the Galileo spacecraft. He also said they almost aborted the flight in orbit three times because of malfunctions, but continued because the alternative was to land with the nuclear device at an airport in Senegal, which could have caused an "international incident", according to the astronaut. He identified the deployment of Galileo as another tricky part of the mission as he only had a tight six-second opportunity to succeed.

On October 21, 1989, Costa Rican President Dr. Óscar Arias talked in Spanish with Chang-Díaz, a native of Costa Rica, and greeted the other crew members via a special telephone linkup. Arias told Chang-Díaz, "You raise high the name of Costa Rica and Latin America in general". Chang-Díaz also explained the mission's objectives in Spanish to Costa Rican listeners on the ground.

Because of high winds predicted at the nominal landing time, the landing was moved two orbits earlier to 12:33:00EDT on October 23, 1989. Atlantis landed on Runway 23 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, after a mission duration of 4days, 23hours, 39minutes, and 20seconds.

Payload and experiments
The mission's primary task was to deploy the Galileo spacecraft with its attached IUS booster. Deployment occurred on schedule at 19:15 EDT on October 18, 1989, slightly more than six hours after launch, and the IUS successfully boosted Galileo toward Venus on the first leg of its six-year journey to Jupiter. The spacecraft was injected on a Venus transfer orbit at 20:20 EDT, and separated from the IUS 47 minutes later.

Galileo required a triple gravity assist – from Venus, Earth, and then Earth again – to propel it from the inner part of the Solar System to Jupiter in the outer system. The trajectory made it possible to also observe asteroids 951 Gaspra and 243 Ida. Galileo had two major components: an orbiter which examined Jupiter and its four largest moons for eight years, and a probe which descended into the Jovian atmosphere to take direct samplings before being destroyed by the gas giant's heat and pressure.

Besides the Galileo spacecraft, Atlantis' payload bay held two canisters containing the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment. SSBUV, which made its first flight on STS-34, was developed by NASA to check the calibration of the ozone sounders on free-flying satellites, and to verify the accuracy of atmospheric ozone and solar irradiance data. The experiment operated successfully.

STS-34 carried a further five mid-deck experiments, all of which were deemed successful, including the Polymer Morphology (PM) experiment, sponsored by the 3M company under a joint endeavor agreement with NASA. The PM experiment was designed to observe the melting and resolidifying of different types of polymers while in orbit. The Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE), which had been flown on previous shuttle missions, observed the visual characteristics of large-scale lightning in the upper atmosphere.

The crew successfully troubleshot a student experiment on ice crystal growth. The experiment's first activation did not produce crystals because the supercooled water formed an ice slag on the cooling plate. The crew turned the experiment off, allowing the ice to thaw, and then redispersed the liquid. Several crystals formed. On October 22, 1989, Lucid and Baker completed the Growth Hormone Concentration and Distribution in Plants experiment by freezing samples of corn seedlings grown in orbit during the mission.

In the cabin, the crew operated an IMAX (70 mm) camera, last flown on STS-29. Werner Herzog's 2005 film The Wild Blue Yonder featured footage filmed on the flight.

Chang-Díaz and Baker, a medical doctor, performed a detailed supplementary objective by photographing and videotaping the veins and arteries in the retinal wall of Baker's eyeball to provide detailed measurements which might give clues about a possible relationship between cranial pressure and motion sickness. Baker also tested the effectiveness of anti-motion sickness medication in space.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-34