text:
Talk:Foreign relations of Japan

Added South Korea
I added South Korea as a country having an "anti-Japanese sentiment" and offers this article from South Korea as an evidence.

Koreans Reject Japanese Culture As 'Patriotic Wind' Sweeps Nation

Revth 19:11, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Anti Japanese sentiment in China
It should be noted that some of the anti Japanese sentiment in China exists because history is not taught impartially in China and there is a lot of re hashing of old atrocities, keeping old animosities alive that have been laid to rest in other countries.

China still holds officially sanctioned protests against Japanese atrocities.

Chinese textbooks also use language that is considered unacceptable in Western school books and are written to engender ill feeling rather than to provide an historic view from an open perspective.

 * Rape and murder brings out such animosity in some people! Nelson Ricardo July 2, 2005 23:43 (UTC)

 * as of now, the atrocities commited all over asia are remembered not because of some textbook, but many adults today listened to their grandparents 1st hand account, for all of them tend to give the same account of similiar incident whether they were in china or not. just ask Singapore's 1st prime minister, he was almost deadmeat but he manage to escape the round up. the japanese targetted chinese everywhere they can find, it was no different from holocaust (except there were more chinese than jew so we as a race wasn't in as bad a shape). (during WWII) they fear us, (actually it is more like) their troop hate us because "we" resisted them. in their commanders opinion, it didn't matter if we were really part of the resistance, a mistaken killing is better than a mistaken release. the american should know just how fanatic they were during WWII, didn't feel like invading japan like it did with germany. japan of today is very much different, and i hope they will continue their peaceful coexistant; i don't mind if they normalize their military, as long as they stop trying to claim land (it is unconditional surrender and promise to return all land before the conflict, japan somehow manage to claim island a few days before... lol!?), if only as a sign of goodwill for having taken so much and not having to pay compensation (which China have technically accepted, since it is the only way to get japan to recognised them; you would have to blame China if you want to pursuit this? :P) i talk too much, this is my opinion only; i leave u do your own research, understanding each other is the 1st step in fixing the world. Akinkhoo (talk) 02:46, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

News of relations with other countries
I will try to add more. Ya ya ya ya ya ya 04:06, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Relations with Morocco
 * "Japan seeks Morocco's support for permanent seat in UN Security Council"
 * "Morocco's FM Meets Japanese Official"
 * "Moroccan official meets Japanese parliamentary secretary"
 * "Annual consultation on Moroccan-Japanese cooperation held in Rabat"
 * "King Mohammed receives Prince and Princess Takamado of Japan"
 * Relations with Pakistan
 * "Japan, Germany seek Pak support over UN council"
 * Relations with Uzbekistan
 * "Japan-Uzbekistan Relations"

Please add more news stories if you find them. Ya ya ya ya ya ya 04:06, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

This article needs referencing. Bobo12345 05:41, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

what lessons?
While a citation is given, it's in Japanese and I'm not sure what is meant when it's suggested that Japan changed its policy due to 'lessons' from the Gulf War. What exactly are these 'lessons?' No further explanation is given.

"During the Cold War, Japanese foreign policy was not self-assertive, relatively focused on their economic growth. However the end of the Cold War and bitter lessons from the Gulf War changed the policy slowly." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.107.217.63 (talk) 21:34, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Poor Grammer
The grammer in this article is absolutely terrible. Ill try to clean it up, but the entire article needs to be re-done. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.73.132.76 (talk) 02:40, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * And you're fairly sure this should be done by someone who can't spell grammar? Chris 03:50, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Grammar as a word does not matter, im talking about basic skills, i did alot of it, you should be thanking me, not insulting me. -"Der Kaiser"

To continue, i cut down on most of the article, this is foreign relations, not countries that can attack Japan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.73.132.76 (talk • contribs)
 * Comments like that arent very helpful, Chris. Please do not bite the newcomers. ~ Rangeley ( talk ) 21:08, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Not biting, just pointing out that users shouldn't make grandiose statements like "absolutely terrible" and then have spelling errors in their rather vain postings. New users should be as responsible as anyone posting here. Chris 22:08, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Did i fix the article? Yes. So shut it.-Der Kaiser

Harris/Hotta 1857
I stumbled across this interesting link, but it's not quite developed enough for inclusion in the article -- not yet. The web page identifies a reference source: "Foreign Relations of the U.S., Series 1902, 1879." The "Foreign Relations Series" comprises collections of official papers relating to United States foreign relations, including diplomatic correspondence both to and from foreign governments and their representatives and to and from U.S. representatives abroad. The series is more fully described here. In my view, this potentially illuminating excerpt needs to be placed in a better context. My guess would be that a little more needs to be done by checking this index: I suppose this further research could be incorporated into a number of other related articles, e.g., Townsend Harris, Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan), Ii Naosuke, etc.? --Ooperhoofd (talk) 18:22, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Selected comments from Harris's recolletion of his side of a conversation with Bakufu Grand Councillor Hotta Masayoshi on December 12, 1857
 * Hasse, Adelaide R. Index to United States documents relating to foreign affairs, 1828-1861. Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst., 1914-21. 3v.

Only Two Countries: South Korea and China?
Was there any research actually done by the person who posted that these are the only two countries who didn't see the resurgence of Japan's influence as positive? I don't have to research to know that North Korea should be at the top of the list along with several other Asian countries that were invaded and raped by Japan in WWII. MPA 146.235.130.52 (talk) 13:47, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed WikiProject - Bilateral relations
There is now a upstart WikiProject to establish a concensus about WP's International bilateral relations articles, including "X-Y (country) relations" articles, at Centralized discussion/Bilateral international relations. Interested parties should add their names at WikiProject International relations/Bilateral relations task force if they wish to play a part in the discussions or have an Interest in this going forward. Thank you for your attention. CaribDigita (talk) 23:38, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Counter-argument to irredentism
As the subject of this sub-heading develops, perhaps a sub-article may be considered?

Perhaps part or all of the table would be a good addition to Senkaku Islands or Senkaku Islands dispute? At present, both are locked. --Tenmei (talk) 22:43, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * You may not use this page as a substitute for additions you would like to make to Senkaku Islands dispute. This is a summary of foreign relations of Japan, not a place to list documents that support Japan's claims to one specific disputed set of islands (of, which Japan has several) and disputed territory is just one minor aspect of Japan's overall foreign relations.  There's a reason why we have articles on different topics.  Adding this information here is completely inappropriate.  If you think it's a good addition to the SI articles, propose it there.  Don't try and do an end run around the page locking by adding information to other places.  Adding this info here is pretty strong evidence that you're trying to use Wikipedia not as an online encyclopedia, but to push a particular POV.  Qwyrxian (talk) 01:26, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Qwyrxian -- NO, your words are acknowledged. Characteristically, your opinion is bolstered by neither research nor citations. In contrast, this table has both -- including the explicit links to the MOFA webpage which identifies an approach to foreign relations which you feign not to understand -- see "Image" column. Since you demonstrate that you are either unable or unwilling to ask questions about this, your judgement becomes dubious.  You are welcome to express an opinion about what you believe is appropriate or relevant in this article or any article, but it is only that -- your opinion. --Tenmei (talk) 02:15, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Somehow, I don't think the table belongs here. Even if it does, it seems pretty POV. Bobthefish2 (talk) 04:06, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

 * That the table is researched, and even verified, is only part of the picture. For example, I can verify, using the MOFA website itself, that Japan sent a team of disaster specialists to Christchurch to aid in earthquake assistance.  Does that mean I can add it to this article?  In terms of vertical space (measured by counting the number of pages that display), the table you just added takes up more than 5% of this article.  Does that seem like an appropriate use of space here, given that there exists an article covering this exact same topic into which that table (maybe) could go?  The table is POV in two different ways: 1) It implies, simply by its size and format, that the Senkaku Islands (plus the one line about Liancourt Rocks) are an extremely important part of Japanese foreign relations. 2) It presents only the Japanese arguments, without balancing arguments on the other side.  In an article about Japanese foreign relations, it is appropriate to discuss the disputes; it's even appropriate to state Japan's side in those disputes.  It's not appropriate to attempt to make a massive visual argument about who is "right". This page is not and cannot be an extension of MOFA to argue its points about any given topic.  Qwyrxian (talk) 04:22, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Added some proper templates to that section. Given the discussions we had in the Senkaku Islands dispute (where discussion of this table should've been at), I believe ALL the templates I added are proper and thus should remain there until the table is fixed (unlikely) or deleted. Bobthefish2 (talk) 05:15, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, I will correct myself. Some of the templates appear to be article-specific. The section-specific ones should still stay however. Bobthefish2 (talk) 05:20, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I just took out three; fancruft only applies to info about fictional works (trivial details not of encyclopedic interest). POV check and POV section are essentially the same thing, except that the former is a little softer by saying "There may be a POV problem with this section, but I'm not sure, so please check it," while the latter asserts it with certainty.  Cleanup-rewrite is for sections/articles whose English is jumbled or confused, which I don't see any justification for here.  I don't have any problem understanding the section's point, I just find that point to be at best mislocated and at worst POV.  Qwyrxian (talk)
 * Fair enough. Bobthefish2 (talk) 05:29, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Acknowledging NINE tags added in one sub-section only. --Tenmei (talk) 10:07, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I removed the section listing and showing all the various documents as giving undue weight to the documents within the article. The documents should instead be referenced within the article. Also, Qwyrxian, I think you went quite a bit overboard with your excessive tagging of that section. Please show a little restraint next time. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WikiProject Japan ! 17:10, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I was the one who added the tags. Even though it may seem excessive, they all apply. Bobthefish2 (talk) 17:13, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I must have misread the diff, then. I apologize, Qwyrxian. As for the tags, having nine of them on one section is beyond excessive. It would be better to simply use one or two more broadly-applicable tags and then add all of your concerns here on the talk page. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WikiProject Japan ! 05:14, 26 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Ok, point taken. I will keep 3 as the magic number in the future. Bobthefish2 (talk) 06:03, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Wrong flag
There's a British flag and it says "United Kingdom" when it comes to "Japan-Argentina relations". The text is about Argentina, not the UK, so I assume the flag is wrong. Can somebody please change that?--190.48.83.125 (talk) 00:19, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

No, it's the description that's wrong, notice this is in the "Europe" section, I think there's a broken field or something which is damaging the table a bit. m w (talk) 00:20, 25 May 2012 (UTC)Phthinosuchusisanancestor

 * Yes, it is quite strange. I've noticed that the Argentinian Formal Relations Beginning date is in the UK slot, and it starts from there.  This appears to have started due to this edit (compared to the previous revision).  This also appears to hide the entire Africa section.  I've been looking into the problem and I've found that a similar problem occurred even earlier on with Azerbaijan and Iran's description as well (compare how it should be to the current revision; not sure after which edit that this particular problem occurs). --NotYouHaha! (talk) 05:22, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Foreign relations of Japan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Foreign relations of Japan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "mfat": From Tuvalu:  From Foreign relations of Mongolia:  From Kiribati:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:52, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Prose or tables?
Currently there are some inconsistency on the format and style of this article, some are written in prose while some parts; such as Europe, South America, and West Asia are in tables. Recently a new unlogged unidentified user (from his/her IP identified was hail from China) tried to migrate the rest of the content to table format, although his/her efforts seems to be too clumsy and prone to mistakes. So which style shall we make for this article? Prose or tables? personally I prefer prose, since tables often over-simplify prose to just some collection of short points, and somebody might easily vandalize the column of the table, esp the date when the diplomatic relations established. So what do you think guys?Gunkarta (talk) 23:51, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Caroline Kennedy
The statements Caroline Kennedy made to the Senate have absolutely no relevance to this article. First of all the statements were made while Kennedy had no official connection to Japan or its foreign relations--this is essentially the same as saying that we would not include comments by someone running for the office of US President in this article, as they would not actually have a direct effect on those relations. Second, the statements were purely speculative in nature--since Kennedy was not in the job at the time, she cannot state with certainty what actions she will take, especially since an ambassador does not have pure discretion in her/his actions.

Now, after Kennedy takes the job, if she says something that demonstrates a marked or important change in US-Japanese relations, then we could consider including them. To be honest, we still probably wouldn't--we shouldn't be just including any comment made by any random ambassador to or from Japan. We have to focus on major policies, major issues (positive or negative, connection or conflict), not the speeches given by diplomats. Qwyrxian (talk) 14:25, 22 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I think I understand your perspective, but it would help if you could clarify who "we" actually is. Who is this mysterious "we" that you write of? Regards,--Soulparadox (talk) 10:37, 23 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I meant "we" in the sense of what all good Wikipedia editors should do. "We" Wikipedia editors should be careful to focus on major aspects of subjects, not small details. Qwyrxian (talk) 10:49, 23 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the clarification and I will continue to monitor this situation in relation to the page. Regards,--Soulparadox (talk) 12:13, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Foreign relations of Japan


text:
St George's Cathedral, Southwark

The Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George, usually known as St George's Cathedral, Southwark, is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark, south London, and is the seat of the Archbishop of Southwark.

The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Province of Southwark which covers the Archdiocese of Southwark (all of London south of the River Thames including Kent and north Surrey) and the dioceses of Arundel and Brighton, Portsmouth, and Plymouth. It is the metropolitan cathedral of the Archbishop of Southwark. The building was erected in 1848 and reopened after extensive war damage in 1958. It is architecturally listed in the initial category of Grade II.

The cathedral is opposite the Imperial War Museum on Lambeth Road in London (on the corner with St George's Road). On Westminster Bridge Road, close by to the north, is its eponymous Primary School and the headquarters of CAFOD.

History
St George's was built in 1848, when it was opened by Bishop (later Cardinal) Wiseman. Previously, the local Catholic community had used a small chapel on London Road, also dedicated to St George, but the arrival of Irish immigrants in the area necessitated the construction of a larger house of worship. In 1852, following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy, it became one of the first four Catholic churches in England and Wales (and the first in London) raised to cathedral status since the English Reformation. It was designed by Augustus Pugin, famous for his work with Charles Barry on the design of the rebuilt Houses of Parliament, in decorated Gothic, from yellow stock brick with Portland stone dressings. Pugin was the first person to be married in the church on 10 August 1848, to his third wife Jane.

St George's was restored and redecorated by the Scottish ecclesiastical architect Frederick Walters between 1888 and 1905.

In October 1920 St George's was the site of the funeral Mass of Irish nationalist Terence MacSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork, who died on hunger strike in Brixton Prison. John Lavery painted a well-known painting of the funeral, which is in the collection of the Crawford Art Gallery in Cork.

The cathedral was badly bombed during the Second World War, following which the adjacent Amigo Hall served as the pro-cathedral. Within the external structure of Pugin's building, Romilly Craze designed a rebuilt 20th century Gothic revival cathedral, which was opened in 1958. The surviving elements of the bombed cathedral were the two chantries and the Blessed Sacrament Chapel, which had been designed by Pugin's son Edward in 1856.

Pugin's original design include taller towers and a spire. Neither when built nor when rebuilt was there sufficient funding, and these elements remain unrealised.

Since the reconstruction it has resumed its role as a focal point in the local community and has played host to many notable visitors, including the Dalai Lama (1998) and Pope John Paul II (1982), the latter being depicted in one of the cathedral's stained-glass windows by Goddard & Gibbs.

Features
Before the wartime damage, there were two organs, one by Willis and one by Bishop & Son. Both were destroyed. They were replaced by a 72 stop John Compton organ in 1958. The Compton organ has since been modified by both Ellis Scothon and by Whitwell Green.

Easter 2011 saw the partial restoration of the Compton organ and the installation in the chancel of the George Pace Choir Stalls, a gift from the Anglican St Alban's Cathedral. The cathedral has strong links with both the Paderborn Cathedral, North Rhine-Westphalia, which suffered bombing by the British in the Second World War, and Southwark Cathedral, the local Anglican cathedral.

The stained glass in the bombed cathedral was by the prolific stained glass artist William Wailes. In the rebuilt cathedral, the window above the West Door shows the Coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven. The East Window depicts the Crucifixion and Saints of England and Wales. Both East and West windows are by Harry Clarke of Dublin; the stone tracery in the East Window is Pugin's.

A more recent feature is the installation of a cross by the Salvadoran artist Fernando Llort in 2013, as a national shrine to the murdered Archbishop of San Salvador Óscar Romero.

Choirs and music
The cathedral choirs have constantly performed at various events since 1848, and their performances have been broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, such as Christmas Midnight Mass in 2015 on BBC1.

Today
The cathedral is a working church for the community. For example, the Latin American community is served with a Spanish Mass every Sunday at 1pm, celebrated entirely in the Spanish language. Every Mass is attended by people of different ethnicities and ages, ranging from African to Asian to European. The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales have made several visits to the cathedral to celebrate both Low Mass and Solemn High Mass in the usus antiquior (older use) that Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum (2007) authorised as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite (the 1962 version of the Tridentine Mass).

The cathedral is located on a historic site next to Wellington Mills housing estate and close to the Imperial War Museum, and a few minutes' walk from London's South Bank and the Thames, Westminster Bridge, the London Eye, and landmarks such as St Thomas' Hospital and Waterloo station. Each summer it is used by London South Bank University for its graduation ceremonies. It is also frequently used for the convocations of the Academy of Saint Cecilia. The acoustics attract many orchestras and choirs to perform concerts in the nave, and the Whitehall Orchestra and Trinity College of Music are frequent visitors.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St George's Cathedral, Southwark


text:
Richard Brome

Richard Brome ; (c. 1590? – 24 September 1652) was an English dramatist of the Caroline era.

Life
Virtually nothing is known about Brome's private life. Repeated allusions in contemporary works, like Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, indicate that Brome started out as a servant of Jonson, in some capacity. Scholars have interpreted the allusions to mean that Brome may have begun as a menial servant but later became a sort of secretary and general assistant to the older playwright. A single brief mention of his family's need seems to show that he had a wife and children and struggled to support them.

He may have had some experience as a professional actor: a 1628 warrant lists him as a member of the Queen of Bohemia's Men. Yet he had already started writing for the stage by this date. An early collaboration, A Fault in Friendship (now lost) was licensed in 1623 for Prince Charles's Men; a 1629 solo Brome effort, The Lovesick Maid (also lost), was a success for the King's Men. The Northern Lass (1632) was another success, and made Brome's reputation.

Due to the survival of various legal documents, much more is known about Brome's professional activities than his personal life. Once established as a dramatist, Brome wrote for all the major acting companies and theaters of his era – for the Blackfriars Theatre ; for the Red Bull Theatre; and from 1635 onward, for the King's Revels Company and Queen Henrietta's Men at the Salisbury Court Theatre. Brome's Sparagus Garden was a huge success at the Salisbury Court in 1635, earning over £1000. As a result, Brome signed a three-year contract with Richard Heton, manager of the Salisbury Court, to write three plays annually at a salary of 15 shillings per week plus one day's profit per play. Brome, however, was unable to produce dramas at the promised pace; and the stipulated payments to Brome were not kept up. In need of money, Brome resorted to Christopher Beeston, actor, impresario, and owner of the Cockpit Theatre (also known as the Phoenix) as well as the Red Bull. In August 1635 Beeston loaned Brome £6, and in return Brome committed to write Beeston a play. Heton tried to lure Brome back with a £10 payment for a new play; but they fell behind in his payments again, and Brome turned again to Beeston. Heton appealed to Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, to settle the dispute; Herbert decreed that Brome be paid six shillings a week and £5 for each new play, the payments to continue even when the theaters were closed.

The dispute was complicated by the fact that the theatres endured one of their longest enforced closings due to plague in this period; they were closed almost continuously from 10 May 1636 to 2 October 1637. Beeston ejected Queen Henrietta's Men from the Cockpit Theatre in 1636, forcing that company to split up for a time. The King's Revels Men, formerly at the Salisbury Court, dissolved permanently in the crisis of the closure; but the Queen's company made a resurgence, with the help of Sir Henry Herbert, who had a financial stake in the Salisbury Court Theatre. When the plague diminished enough for performances to resume in October 1637, the re-organized Queen Henrietta's Men commenced the new season at the Salisbury Court with, it is thought, Brome's The English Moor.

When Brome's 1635 contract with Heton ended in 1638, new disputes arose among Brome, Beeston, and Heton; a bill of complaint was filed against Brome, though the outcome of the case is unknown.

It seems that once the Puritans closed the theaters in 1642, Brome struggled seriously. He may have authored an entertainment, Juno in Arcadia, which John P. Cutts has argued was performed for Queen Henrietta Maria's arrival at Oxford in 1643. He wrote commendatory verses for the Beaumont and Fletcher First Folio (1647). In 1649–50 he edited a volume of elegies, titled Lachrymae Musarum, on the death of Henry, Lord Hastings. In 1652, in a dedication to Thomas Stanley for a quarto edition of his A Jovial Crew, Brome described himself as "poor and proud."

Brome died at Charterhouse Hospital, London, on 24 September 1652. Prior to this, he signed for quarterly pension payments for washing, 'beverage' and gown money from 1651 to 1652, at which point his entry in the pension book is superscribed 'mort'; a record of payment for his burial follows.

Canon
The plays Brome wrote were certainly, and strongly, influenced by Jonsonian comedy (Brome was not a tragedian). He was, admittedly and unambiguously, one of the Sons of Ben. The canon of his extant plays includes:

 * The City Wit, c. 1629?, revived 1637, printed 1653
 * The Northern Lass, performed 1629, printed 1632
 * The Queen's Exchange, c. 1629–30?, printed 1657
 * The Novella, performed 1632, printed 1653
 * The Weeding of Covent Garden, performed 1633?, printed 1659
 * The Sparagus Garden, performed 1635, printed 1640
 * The Damoiselle or the New Ordinary, c. 1638?; printed 1653
 * The English Moor, or The Mock Marriage, performed 1637, printed 1659
 * The Antipodes, performed 1638, printed 1640
 * A Mad Couple Well-Match'd, performed 1639?, printed 1653
 * The Lovesick Court, or The Ambitious Politic, registered 1640, printed 1659
 * The Court Beggar, ?1640, printed 1653
 * The New Academy, or The New Exchange, registered 1640, printed 1659
 * The Queen and Concubine, c. 1635–39?, printed 1659
 * A Jovial Crew, or the Merry Beggars, performed ?1641, printed 1652.

The English Moor also survives in a manuscript version.

Brome collaborated with Thomas Heywood in The Late Lancashire Witches, which was acted by the King's Men and printed in 1634. The play was based on contemporary events of 1633–34.

Brome plays that have not survived include: The Lovesick Maid (1629); Wit in a Madness (?1637); The Jewish Gentleman (registered 1640); A Fault in Friendship (1623), perhaps with Jonson and another collaborator; two more collaborations with Heywood, The Life and Death of Sir Martin Skink (c. 1634) and The Apprentice's Prize (c. 1633–41); and Christianetta, or Marriage and Hanging Go by Destiny (registered 1640), possibly a collaboration with George Chapman.

Alfred Harbage has argued that two of John Dryden's plays, The Wild Gallant (1663) and The Mistaken Husband (1674), are adaptations of otherwise-lost plays by Brome, based on the plays' internal evidence of plot and style.

In an active playwriting career of not quite fifteen years, 1629 to 1642, Brome produced about two plays a year. Judging by the overall productivity of dramatists in English Renaissance drama, this appears to have been the pragmatic long-term maximum for a playwright who worked primarily as a solo artist (which in turn illustrates the impracticality of Brome's attempt to produce three plays a year).

Editions
Two important collections of Brome's works appeared in 1653 and 1659 – both, confusingly, titled Five New Plays. The 1653 edition, published by Humphrey Moseley, Richard Marriot, and Thomas Dring, contains A Mad Couple Well-Match'd, The Novella, The Court Beggar, The City Wit, and The Demoiselle. It features an Epistle to the Readers by Alexander Brome, thought to be no relation to the playwright. The 1659 volume, published by Andrew Crooke and Henry Brome (again, no relation), contains The English Moor, The Lovesick Court, The Weeding of Covent Garden, The New Academy, and The Queen and Concubine.

The 1653 edition also featured a portrait with a poem by Alexander Brome written in imitation of Jonson's poem on Shakespeare's First Folio portrait:

 * Reader lo heere thou will two faces finde,
 * One of the body, t’other of the Minde;
 * This by the Graver go, that with much strife
 * Wee thinke Brome dead, hee’s drawne so to the life
 * That by’s owne pen’s so ingeinoisly
 * That who read’s it must thinke hee ne’er shall dy
 * A∙ B∙

Influence
When the theaters reopened during the Restoration, a handful of Brome's plays were performed and republished; the most successful was A Jovial Crew, which was acted widely and printed in 1661, 1684, and 1708. It was adapted into an opera in 1731. Other Brome plays reappeared in adapted forms. One example: The Debauchee by Aphra Behn (printed 1677) is a rewrite of Brome's A Mad Couple Well-Match'd, down to the characters' names.

General references

 * "Brome, Richard", Lost Plays Database, ed. Roslyn L. Knutson and David McInnis,

title: Richard Brome


text:
SS Mendi

SS Mendi was a British passenger steamship that was built in 1905 and, as a troopship, sank after collision with great loss of life in 1917.

Alexander Stephen and Sons of Linthouse in Glasgow, Scotland launched her on 18 June 1905 for the British and African Steam Navigation Company, which appointed group company Elder Dempster & Co to manage her on their Liverpool-West Africa trades. In 1916 during the First World War the UK Admiralty chartered her as a troopship. On 21 February 1917 a large cargo steamship, SS Darro (1912), collided with her in the English Channel south of the Isle of Wight. Mendi sank, killing 646 people, mostly black South African troops, as well as white Southern African officers and NCOs, and crew. The new port admin building at the Port of Ngqura, South Africa, has been named eMendi in commemoration of the SS Mendi.

Final voyage
Mendi had sailed from Cape Town carrying 823 men of the 5th Battalion the South African Native Labour Corps to serve in France. She called at Lagos in Nigeria, where a naval gun was mounted on her stern. She next called at Plymouth and then headed up the English Channel toward Le Havre in northern France, escorted by the Acorn-class destroyer HMS Brisk (1910).

Mendi's complement was a mixture characteristic of many UK merchant ships at the time. Officers, stewards, cooks, signallers and gunners were British; firemen and other crew were West Africans, most of them from Sierra Leone.

The South African Native Labour Corps men aboard her came from a range of social backgrounds, and from a number of different peoples spread over the South African provinces and neighbouring territories. 287 were from Transvaal, 139 from the Eastern Cape, 87 from Natal, 27 from Northern Cape, 26 from the Orange Free State, 26 from Basutoland, eight from Bechuanaland (Botswana), five from Western Cape, one from Rhodesia and one from South West Africa. Most had never seen the sea before this voyage, and very few could swim. The officers and NCOs were white Southern Africans.

Loss
At 5 am on 21 February 1917, in thick fog about 10 nmi south of St. Catherine's Point on the Isle of Wight, the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company cargo ship Darro accidentally rammed Mendi's starboard quarter, breaching her forward hold. Darro was an ship, almost three times the size of the Mendi, sailing in ballast to Argentina to load meat. Darro survived the collision but Mendi sank, killing 616 Southern Africans - 607 black troops, nine white officers & NCOs, and 30 crew.

Some men were killed outright in the collision; others were trapped below decks. Many others gathered on Mendi's deck as she listed and sank. Oral history records that the men met their fate with great dignity. An interpreter, Isaac Williams Wauchope (also known as Isaac Wauchope Dyobha), who had previously served as a Minister in the Congregational Native Church of Fort Beaufort and Blinkwater, is reported to have calmed the panicked men by raising his arms aloft and crying out in a loud voice: "'Be quiet and calm, my countrymen. What is happening now is what you came to do...you are going to die, but that is what you came to do. Brothers, we are drilling the death drill. I, a Xhosa, say you are my brothers...Swazis, Pondos, Basotho...so let us die like brothers. We are the sons of Africa. Raise your war-cries, brothers, for though they made us leave our assegais in the kraal, our voices are left with our bodies.'"

The damaged Darro did not stay to assist, but Brisk lowered her boats, whose crews then rescued survivors.

The investigation into the accident led to a formal hearing in summer 1917, held in Caxton Hall, Westminster. It opened on 24 July, sat for five days spread over the next fortnight, and concluded on 8 August. The court found Darro's Master, Henry W Stump, guilty of "having travelled at a dangerously high speed in thick fog, and of having failed to ensure that his ship emitted the necessary fog sound signals." It suspended Stump's licence for a year.

The reason for Stump's decision not to help Mendi's survivors has been a source of speculation. There is however no evidence of his state of mind or intention. Certainly Darro was vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines, both as a large merchant ship and having sustained damage that put her out of action for up to three months.

Wreck site
In 1945 Mendi's wreck was known to be 11.3 nmi off Saint Catherine's Light, but it was not positively identified until 1974. The ship rests upright on the sea floor. She has started to break up, exposing her boilers.

In 2006 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission launched an education resource called "Let us die like brothers" to highlight the role played by black Southern Africans during the First World War. In death they are afforded the same level of commemoration as all other Commonwealth war dead.

In December 2006 English Heritage commissioned Wessex Archaeology to make an initial desk-based appraisal of the wreck. The project will identify a range of areas for potential future research and serve as the basis for a possible unintrusive survey of the wreck itself in the near future. In 2017 the ship's bell was handed in anonymously to a BBC journalist. The Prime Minister, Theresa May returned the bell to South Africa while on an official visit there in August 2018.

Monuments
This event is commemorated by monuments in South Africa, Britain, France and the Netherlands, as well as in the name of the port admin building at the Port of Ngqura, the eMendi Admin Building and the names of two South African Navy ships:
 * Newtimber Church SS Mendi memorial plaque.jpg Isaac Dyobha, a Sa'ar 4-class missile boat.
 * SAS Mendi (F148), a Valour-class frigate.

Monuments, ceremonies and other commemorations, such as artworks, in which the loss of men of the Mendi has been commemorated include:

 * Hollybrook Memorial in Southampton, bearing the names of the men of the Mendi who had no known graves.
 * 13 men are buried in cemeteries in England, one in France and five are buried in Noordwijk in the Netherlands.
 * a memorial in the churchyard at Newtimber in West Sussex, England.
 * Mendi Memorial in Avalon Cemetery in Soweto, unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II on 23 March 1995.
 * Mendi Memorial in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
 * Mendi memorial at the Gamothaga Resort in Atteridgeville, South Africa.

 * SS Mendi Memorial on an embankment at the Mowbray campus of the University of Cape Town, at the site where men of the South African Native Labour Contingent were billeted before embarking on the Mendi. This is a sculpture by Cape Town artist Madi Phala that represents a ship's bow cast in heavy metal, sinking into the ground. In front of it are helmets, hats and discs, symbolising Mendi's troops, officers and crew. A plaque simply reads "SS Mendi, S. African troopship, sank next to the Isle of Wight 1917 02 21". The wall was completed in 2014 with the names of all the men who were killed. The military had its first practice parade on 18 October 2014. In 2016 the South African Heritage Resources Agency declared the SS Mendi memorial as a national heritage site.
 * Delville Wood South African National Memorial has a bronze relief and panel bearing the names of men lost in Mendi. On the event of the 90th Anniversary of the tragedy, commemorative events were held at the memorial, including the reading of a Poem, a lament, written by the then South African High Commissioner to London Lindiwe Mabuza. Delville Memorial also has the SS Mendi Poem by S.E.K Mqhayi titled 'The Sinking of Mendi' which was originally written in isiXhosa.

 * The bridge telegraph from the Mendi is at the Maritime Museum, Bembridge, on the Isle of Wight.
 * The Order of Mendi for Bravery, bestowed by the President of South Africa on citizens who have performed extraordinary acts of bravery.
 * A wreath laying ceremony was held on 23 August 2004 when the SAS Mendi and the Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer HMS Nottingham (D91), met at the position where Mendi sank.
 * In 2006 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and History Channel released a 20-minute film, Let Us Die Like Brothers, about the Mendi sinking and the involvement of black Southern Africans in the European theatre of the First World War.
 * On 21 July 2007 a ceremony was held at the Hollybrook Memorial in Southampton, followed by SAS Mendi laying a wreath at sea where the ship sank.
 * In March 2009 the UK Ministry of Defence designated Mendi's wreck site as a protected war grave, thanks to a campaign by retired British Army Major Ned Middleton.
 * A painted triptych, The loss of the Mendi, by Hilary Graham, at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum, Port Elizabeth.
 * An animated short film Off the record by Wendy Morris, 2008 Artist in Residence, In Flanders Fields Museum.
 * BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio documentary, The Lament of the SS Mendi, on 19 November 2008. Scots poet Jackie Kay studied the history of the sinking and recited her own memorial poem.
 * Several websites including those of the British Council, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Wessex Archaeology and Delville Wood.
 * A commemorative white life-belt labelled "SS Mendi 21-02-1917", on public display at Simonstown's quayside in South Africa, next to the popular "Just Nuisance" dog statue.
 * A 23-minute film African Kinship Systems: Emotional Science – Case Study #2: The Fate of the SS Mendi by filmmaker and visual anthropologist Dr Shawn Sobers was shown at the Royal West Academy (RWA) from 10 to 31 August 2014. Sobers' exhibition included the film, an alcohol libation offering, and a screen-based text piece presenting names of all the 646 men who died on the Mendi. The work was exhibited as part of RWA's "Re-Membering" series presenting commissioned artists responses to the First World War.
 * War memorial (next to Parliament of Botswana) in Gaborone, Botswana

100th anniversary commemorative events

 * A special memorial service marking the 100th Anniversary of the disaster was held in Portsmouth on Tuesday 21 February 2017.
 * A memorial service was held at the memorial in the churchyard at Newtimber near Brighton, where some of the dead are buried, on 19 February 2017.
 * On 20 February 2017, a memorial ceremony to mark the 100th anniversary was held at Hollybrook Cemetery in Southampton which was attended by The Princess Anne.
 * A poem titled Waters of Wars Unknown was penned by South African Catholic cleric, writer and poet Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu to mark the 100th Anniversary. It was published in the Huffington Post South Africa on the 100th Anniversary of the Sinking of the SS Mendi.
 * From Friday 29 June - Saturday 14 July 2018, Nuffield Southampton Theatres, NST City presented the world première of the play SS Mendi, Dancing the Death Drill, based on a book by Fred Khumalo.
 * On 8 August 2017, to coincide with the 100-year anniversary, a commemorative granite plaque was placed at the wreck site by a team led by the chairman of the English branch of the Legion of South African military veterans, Claudio Chistè. The plaque contains a dedication.
 * In 2017 Author and public speaker, Brenda Shepherd wrote a book titled Men of The Mendi: South African Forgotten Heroes of World War I.

Sources and further reading

 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra
 * "We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra

title: SS Mendi


text:
Charles H. Percy

Charles Harting Percy (September 27, 1919 – September 17, 2011), also known as Chuck Percy, was an American businessman and politician. He was president of the Bell & Howell Corporation from 1949 to 1964, and served as a Republican U.S. senator from Illinois from 1967 until 1985, following a defeat to Paul Simon. He was mentioned as a Republican presidential hopeful from 1968 through 1988. During his Senate career, Percy concentrated on business and foreign relations.

Early life and education
Charles Harting Percy was born in Pensacola, the seat of Escambia County in far northwestern Florida, the son of Edward H. Percy and the former Elizabeth Harting. His father, an Alabama native descended from illustrious colonial-era Mississippians and Virginians, was at various times an automobile salesman and bank cashier. His Illinois-born mother was a concert violinist. Edward was a son of Charles Brown Percy and Helen Leila Herndon of the powerful Herndon family of Virginia. Elizabeth Harting was a daughter of Phineas Fredrick Harting and Belle Aschenbach.

The family moved to Chicago when Percy was an infant. As a child, he had entrepreneurial energy and held jobs while attending school. In the mid-1930s, his pluck brought him to the attention of his Sunday school teacher, Joseph McNabb, the president of Bell & Howell, then a small camera company.

Percy completed high school at New Trier High School. He entered the University of Chicago on a half tuition scholarship, and worked his way through college with several part-time jobs. He completed his degree in economics in 1941, and was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

Business career
Percy started at Bell & Howell in 1938 as an apprentice and sales trainee while he was still in college. In 1939 he worked at Crowell Collier.

He returned to Bell & Howell in 1941 to work full-time after graduating from the University of Chicago. Astute at business, within a year he was appointed a director of the company. Percy served three years in the United States Navy during World War II and returned to the company in 1945.

In 1949, the Jaycees named Percy one of the "Outstanding Young Men in America", along with Gerald R. Ford Jr., of Michigan, future U.S. president, and John Ben Shepperd, future Texas attorney general.

After Joseph McNabb died in 1949, Percy was made the president of Bell & Howell. He was instrumental in leading the company during a period of financial success and growth. During his leadership, Percy expanded Bell & Howell, raising revenues 32-fold and the number of employees 12-fold, and listing the company on the New York Stock Exchange. While continuing to manufacture movie cameras and movie and sound projectors for military, commercial, and home use, in the late 1940s the company diversified into the production of microfilm. It later entered the rapidly expanding markets of information services as well.

Political career
In the late 1950s, Percy decided to enter politics. With the encouragement of then U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Percy helped to write Decisions for a Better America, which proposed a set of long-range goals for the Republican Party. He belonged to the moderate and liberal wing of the Republican party, led by Eisenhower during his presidency and later closely identified with New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. In 1958, Percy served on the Rockefeller Foundation's Special Study Fund, essentially working as an informal advisor to Rockefeller's campaign for Governor of New York.

Percy first entered electoral politics with a run for governor of Illinois in 1964, which he narrowly lost to Democratic incumbent Otto Kerner. During his gubernatorial campaign, Percy reluctantly endorsed conservative Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, his future Senate colleague. Goldwater fared poorly throughout the country, although he did marginally better in Illinois than in the nation at large.

U.S. Senate
In 1966, Percy ran for U.S. senator from Illinois. His 21-year-old daughter Valerie was murdered at the family home on the morning of September 18, late in the campaign. Her death was thought to have been caused by an intruder, but the crime was never solved despite a lengthy investigation.

Percy and his opponent both suspended campaigning for a couple of weeks following Valerie's death. He upset Democratic Senator Paul Douglas (a former professor of Percy's at the University of Chicago) with 56 percent of the vote.

After Percy appeared on the television show Face The Nation on January 15, 1967, with the other newly elected Republican Senators, the then President Lyndon Johnson noted privately that he thought Percy would make a fine president if the opportunity should ever arise.

On December 12, 1967, Senator Percy met with South Vietnamese President Thieu and assured him that "no responsible people in either the Democratic or the Republican Party favored US withdrawal from South Vietnam."

In 1967, Senator Percy introduced a bill to establish a program to stimulate production of low-cost housing. Percy's proposal was the first of its kind to provide home ownership to low-income families, and it received strong support from Republicans in both the House and the Senate, although it ultimately did not pass. When asked why he selected housing for his first major legislative proposal, Percy said: "Of all the problems I ran across during three years of campaigning, first for the governorship and then for the Senate, the most appalling in their consequences for the future seemed to be the problems of the declining areas of the city and countryside, the inadequacy of housing." Percy voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court, joined other Rockefeller Republicans in voting against the Supreme Court nominations of Clement Haynsworth and George Harrold Carswell, but did vote for William Rehnquist in 1971.

When in the Senate less than two years, Percy was mentioned as a Republican hopeful for the 1968 presidential nomination. The New York Times columnist James B. Reston referred to him as "the hottest political article in the Republican Party". In 1970, Percy spoke about his enjoyment of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, saying "Every white person should read it."

In 1972, Percy sought a second term to the Senate. In the general election, he defeated Congressman Roman Pucinski by a landslide. He gave up his seat on the important Senate Appropriations Committee for one on the Foreign Relations Committee.

Senator Percy in 1974 introduced legislation making the 55 mph national maximum speed limit permanent, which became law in January 1975, remaining in effect until it was amended in 1987 to allow 65 mph on rural Interstate highways and finally repealed in 1995.

In 1978, as Percy was completing his second term, he appeared invincible. Percy was considered so strong that the Democratic Party was unable to persuade any serious candidates to challenge him in that year's election. Alex Seith, a dark horse candidate, was his Democratic challenger. Seith had never before sought elected office but had served as an appointee on the Cook County Zoning Board of Appeals for twelve years, nine as chairman.

At that time, Percy's reputation as a moderate Rockefeller Republican, contrasted with Seith's ostensible hard-line foreign policy positions, combined to make Percy suddenly vulnerable in the weeks before the election. Percy had earlier worked to broaden the base of the Republican Party and was an outlier to more conservative elements. Sensing his probable loss, Percy went on television days before the polling and, with tear-filled eyes, pleaded with Illinois voters to give him another chance. He said, "I got your message and you're right ... I'm sure that I've made my share of mistakes, but your priorities are mine." He won re-election 53% to Seith's 46%. After the Republicans won control of the Senate in 1980, Percy became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. That year he gave a luncheon in honor of the 16th Karmapa of Tibet at the United States Capitol with other Tibetan Buddhists and congressmen. He served in the Senate until the end of his third term in January 1985, after narrowly losing to Congressman Paul Simon in 1984. Critics had accused Percy of paying more attention to foreign affairs than to the domestic issues of his constituents. After Percy's defeat, no Republican would win a senatorial race in Illinois until Peter Fitzgerald in 1998, and no Republican would ever win Percy’s old seat again.

In 2006, writing about the influence of political lobbies on the U.S. relationship with Israel, political theorists John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt wrote that they believed Percy's loss was the result of a campaign waged against him by the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). They note that despite a generally pro-Israel voting record, Percy incurred AIPAC's wrath by declining to sign the AIPAC-sponsored "Letter of 76" protesting President Ford's threatened "reassessment" of U.S. Middle East policy in 1975. Percy also called PLO leader Yasser Arafat more "moderate" than some other Palestinians. Earlier that year, Percy and the chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Dante Fascell argued that Karl Linnas, a former concentration camp commander who was to be deported from Pennsylvania to Estonia who lied in the papers he used to enter the United States, should not be sent to the Soviet Union. Linnas was found to have ordered, and participated in, the murders of Jews and other prisoners. Percy's view, shared by Fascell, Representative Donald L. Ritter of Pennsylvania, and the Helsinki Commission, was that Linnas should be deported, just not to the Soviet Union as it “would be an acknowledgement that the USSR has formally taken over Estonia.”

While in the Senate, Percy was active in business and international affairs. Although he explored the possibility of running for president in both 1968 and 1976, he did not run either time. During the early 1970s, he clashed with President Nixon and criticized the U.S. conduct of the Vietnam War.

In 1977, Percy and Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey—responding to the 1973 OPEC oil embargo and high energy prices in general—created the Alliance to Save Energy to encourage a national commitment to energy efficiency. Percy was the founding chairman of the organization.

Percy was mentioned again for the presidency in 1980 and 1988, but his candidacies did not progress beyond the exploratory stage. In 1981, three congressional staffers (Bill Strauss, Elaina Newport, and Jim Aidala) of Percy's Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes formed the political-satire group the Capitol Steps, which performed for 40 years.

Perhaps Percy's most important act, and his longest-lasting legacy, was ending the practice of nominating federal judges from a pool of candidates generated by the Chicago political machine. He implemented a system of consultation with, and advice from, groups of legal experts, including the professional bar association, a practice considered novel at the time. One of his nominees, John Paul Stevens, was selected by President Gerald Ford as a justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Marriage and family
Percy was a Christian Scientist. During World War II, he married Jeanne Valerie Dickerson. They had twin daughters, Valerie and Sharon (born 1944) and a son Roger (born 1946). After Jeanne Percy's death in 1947, Percy married Loraine Diane Guyer in 1950. They had two children: Gail (born 1953) and Mark (born 1955).

One of his twin daughters, Valerie Percy, was murdered at age 21 in her bedroom in the family home in Kenilworth, Illinois, near Chicago, during his senatorial campaign in September 1966. She had been beaten and stabbed to death in her bed while the family was in residence. Although her stepmother allegedly briefly glimpsed the killer, and considerable resources were devoted to solving the crime, the identity of the murderer remains unknown. The wife of a first responder physician to the scene stated in 2016 that her late husband, Dr. Robert Hohf, felt that "the crime scene had been cleaned up" by the time he arrived to the Percy home early on the morning of September 18, 1966.

In 1967 her twin sister Sharon Percy married John D. Rockefeller IV. He became a politician and was later elected Democratic governor of West Virginia (1977–1985). He served as a United States senator for West Virginia from 1985 until 2015.

Percy remained active after leaving political office but suffered from Alzheimer's disease in later years. He died on September 17, 2011, at the Washington Home and Community Hospice in Washington, D.C. He was interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Awards

 * 1949 one of 10 outstanding young men of United States Junior Chamber of Commerce
 * 1955 World Trade award World Trade Award Commission
 * 1956 National Sales Executives Management award
 * 1962 Business Man of Year award Saturday Review
 * 1962 Statesmanship award Harvard Business School Association of Chicago
 * 1962 Humanitarian Service award Abraham Lincoln Center
 * 1986 Humanitarian of the Year award Save the Children Fund
 * 1965 Top-Hat award National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
 * 1965 Business Administration award Drexel Institute
 * 1982 UNICEF World of Children award
 * Lifetime Achievement Award Alliance to Save Energy
 * Commander French Legion of Honor

title: Charles H. Percy


text: Template:US state flags

title: Template:US state flags


text:
Sergei Gonchar

Sergei Viktorovich Gonchar (Серге́й Ви́кторович Гонча́р; born 13 April 1974) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who is currently a Defensive Development Coach with the Vancouver Canucks. He formerly served as an assistant coach for the Pittsburgh Penguins, and has previously played for the Washington Capitals, Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins (with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2009), Ottawa Senators, Dallas Stars and the Montreal Canadiens between 1995 and 2015.

Playing career
Gonchar began his professional career in 1991 with Traktor Chelyabinsk in the Soviet Championship League. He also played two seasons for Dynamo Moscow.

Gonchar was the first round pick, 14th overall, of the Washington Capitals in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He began his North American career in 1994, suiting up in two playoff games for the Capitals' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Portland Pirates. He continued with Portland in 1994–95 before making his NHL debut with the Capitals on 7 February 1995, against the Buffalo Sabres. He appeared in 31 games total during the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season. The following year, in his first full-length campaign in the NHL, Gonchar tallied 41 points, showing his potential as an effective offensive defenceman.

In the 1998–99 season, Gonchar became the first Russian defenceman to score over 20 goals in the regular season. The following season, Gonchar broke the 50-point mark for the first time in his career. He also finished in fifth place in Norris Trophy voting as the NHL's best defenceman.

After 57- and 67-point (tied for a career high) seasons in 2000–01 and 2002–03 respectively, Gonchar was named to the second All-Star team both seasons.

On 3 March 2004, in his tenth season with the Capitals, Gonchar was traded to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Shaone Morrisonn and two draft picks. Finishing the season with Boston, he amassed 58 points, leading all NHL defencemen. Between 2000 and 2004, Gonchar recorded more points than any other defenceman, with 74 goals and 241 points.

During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Gonchar returned to Russia to play for Metallurg Magnitogorsk, where he played with future Pittsburgh Penguins teammates Petr Sýkora and Evgeni Malkin. After the lockout, Gonchar signed a five-year, $25 million deal with the Penguins on 4 August 2005. In 2006–07, his second season with Pittsburgh, Gonchar tied a career-high with 67 points. In addition to his on-ice duties for the Penguins, Gonchar housed rookie Evgeni Malkin when he first arrived from Russia in October 2006.

The following season, Gonchar helped lead the Penguins, with offensive superstars Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin, to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, the franchise's first finals appearance since 1992. After a 65-point regular season (the eighth 50-plus point season of his career), Gonchar added 14 points in 20 playoff games as the Penguins eventually lost in the finals to the Detroit Red Wings. Gonchar placed fourth in Norris Trophy voting, tying his best-ever placing for the league's best defenceman.

During the first game of the 2008–09 pre-season, Gonchar was hit into the boards by David Kočí in a game against the Tampa Bay Lightning, dislocating his shoulder. It was reported that he would miss four to six months after opting for arthroscopic surgery. While both Gonchar and defense partner Brooks Orpik claimed the hit was late, well after Gonchar had completed a pass, it was judged by Penguins' head coach Michel Therrien to be a clean hit and that Kočí had simply "finished his check". With the Penguins struggling to make the playoffs, Gonchar returned to play his first game of the season on 14 February 2009, against the Toronto Maple Leafs after being sidelined for 21 weeks. He played in the final 25 games of the regular season and tallied 19 points, helping the Penguins into the 2009 playoffs as the Eastern Conference's fourth seed. However, playing in game four of the conference semi-finals against the Washington Capitals, Gonchar suffered a serious knee injury with a knee on knee hit by Alexander Ovechkin. Despite being initially expected to be out for several weeks and possibly the remainder of the playoffs, Gonchar returned for game seven of the series. Gonchar and the Penguins went on to win the Stanley Cup in seven games, facing the Detroit Red Wings for the second consecutive year. After winning, he revealed he had been playing with a partially torn medial collateral ligament (MCL).

Gonchar was sidelined with injuries again for a total of 20 games in the 2009–10 season. Despite missing time, he went on to record his ninth 50-point season in the past 10 seasons, besting Nicklas Lidström's eight. He also had his 11th season with ten goals or more, tying Sergei Zubov for the most 10+ goal seasons among Russian defencemen. Gonchar finished the season third in points-per-game average among defencemen (behind Norris Trophy nominees Mike Green and Duncan Keith). He set an NHL record on 2 March 2010, by scoring his 200th NHL goal, making him the first Russian defenceman to ever do so.

From the 2000–01 season to the 2009–10 season, Gonchar tallied exactly 500 points, which was second among NHL defencemen only to Nicklas Lidström's 550. Gonchar was also second among NHL defencemen in assists during that span with 372 assists, behind Lidström's 434. He led the League in goals by a defenceman during that span, with 128. Rob Blake was second with 119 goals, while Lidström had 116. Gonchar led the NHL in points-per-game average among NHL defencemen during that span, scoring at 0.80 points per game to Lidström's 0.76 points per game. He also led the league in goals created per game among NHL defencemen with 0.27 to Al MacInnis's 0.26 and Lidström's 0.25. In fact, since his first NHL season in 1995, only Lidström scored more points among defencemen — Lidström tallied 889 points in that time, while Gonchar had 684.

On 1 July 2010, Gonchar signed a three-year, $16 million contract with the Ottawa Senators. The deal included a no-trade clause. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Gonchar returned to his native Russia to play with the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)'s Metallurg Magnitogorsk. He was traded on 7 June 2013, to the Dallas Stars in exchange for a conditional sixth-round pick in 2013. On 8 June 2013, Gonchar signed a two-year, $10 million contract with the Stars. The following year, on 11 November 2014, Gonchar was again traded, this time to the Montreal Canadiens for left winger Travis Moen.

On 15 May 2015, it was announced by Canadiens' GM Marc Bergevin, that Gonchar would not return to the Montreal Canadiens the next season. Gonchar remained un-signed over the summer, and accepted an invitation to return to the Pittsburgh Penguins' training camp on a try-out basis on 14 August 2015. At the conclusion of training camp and during the pre-season, Gonchar was released by the Penguins on 3 October 2015.

Coaching career
Gonchar signalled the end of his professional playing career in accepting a development coaching position within the Pittsburgh Penguins organization on 27 October 2015. Gonchar aided the Penguins defensive unit in back to back Stanley Cup championships in 2016 and 2017, resulting in promotion to a full time assistant on July 12, 2017.

On August 12, 2020, it was announced that Gonchar's contract, along with those of fellow assistant coaches Mark Recchi and Jacques Martin, would not be renewed for the next season. The decision came following the team's loss to the Montreal Canadiens in a best-of-five qualifying round for the 2019-2020 Stanley Cup Playoffs.

On January 22, 2023, the Vancouver Canucks announced the hiring of Sergei Gonchar as a Defensive Development Coach. The decision came alongside the hiring of Rick Tocchet as Head Coach and Adam Foote as Assistant Coach. The Canucks released the following statement about Foote and Gonchar's hiring, "We are also excited about the additions of Adam Foote and Sergei Gonchar to our coaching staff. Both individuals enjoyed long, successful playing careers as NHL defenceman and together provide a wide range of expertise on both sides of the puck. Tocchet, Foote, and Gonchar all bring a championship pedigree to the organization and we look forward to welcoming them to Vancouver."

Awards and achievements

 * 1997-1998 NHL Playoffs Most Goals by Defenseman (7)
 * 2001-2002 NHL Most Goals by Defenseman (26), NHL Most Points by Defenseman (59)
 * 2002-2003 NHL Most Goals by Defenseman (18)
 * 2003-2004 NHL Most Assists by Defenseman (47), NHL Most Points by Defenseman (58)
 * 2006-2007 NHL Most Assists by Defenseman (54)
 * Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2008
 * Named to the NHL second All-Star team in 2002 and 2003
 * Won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009 as a player, and in both 2016 and 2017 as a development coach.

International play
Gonchar is a two-time Olympic medal-winner with Russia. He earned a silver medal at the 1998 Games and a bronze medal at the 2002 Games.

Gonchar met his future wife, Xenia Smetanenko, then a figure skater for Armenia, at the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games.

In addition, Gonchar also competed in the 1993 World Junior Championship, two World Cups and three World Championships.

title: Sergei Gonchar


text:
Pugin

Pugin most commonly refers to Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852), an English architect and designer.

Members of his family include:

 * Augustus Charles Pugin (1768/9–1832), his French-born father, an artist and architectural draughtsman
 * E. W. Pugin (1834–1875), his eldest son, also an architect
 * Cuthbert Welby Pugin (1840–1928), also an architect, furniture builder and businessman
 * Peter Paul Pugin (1851–1904), his youngest son, also an architect

Other, unrelated people who share the Pugin surname include:

 * Aleksei Pugin (born 1987), Russian football player
 * Jacques Pugin (born 1954), Swiss artist-photographer
 * Vitali Pugin (born 1978), retired Russian professional football player

title: Pugin


text:
Windowlicker

"Windowlicker" is a track by the British electronic music artist and producer Aphex Twin. It was released on 22 March 1999 through Warp Records. The artwork for the single was created by Chris Cunningham, with additional work by The Designers Republic. Cunningham also directed the song's music video, which was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Video.

The song peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, and was later voted by fans as Warp Records' most popular song for its 2009 Warp20 compilation. Pitchfork included the song at number 12 on their list of the "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".

Characteristics
"Windowlicker" has been described variously as "uncompromising cyborg R&B", "hip-hop written in the language of glitches", and "eerie lounge-porn music"; the track's "sleazy, erotic ambiance connote[s] images and emotions alien to James's previous compositions." Heavily digitally processed and rhythmically rearranged breakbeats prominently appear in the song's backing track. Gasps, vocal harmonies and moans reminiscent of sexual vocal tones "glide in and out of the production"; it has been speculated that, like in many of James's productions from the late 1990s, the vocals are his own. The track consists of various sections, including a drum'n'bass intro, a "gooey middle section", and an abrasive noise ending, as well as featuring consistent melodic elements throughout.

In 2012 Pitchfork stated that the track's futuristic elements presaged various musical developments, including "Flying Lotus' digital deconstruction, James Blake's bent vocals, [and] the wobble and knock of dubstep". Similarly, Stereogum stated that "the song's mix of unpredictable syncopation, digital-dub alien transformations, errant noises, and bursts of melody would serve as a starting block for much of today's electronic music". Additionally, Daft Punk credited "Windowlicker" as an influence on the direction of their stylistic approach on their 2001 album Discovery.

Spectrogram
A spectrogram of "Windowlicker" reveals a spiral at the end of the song. This spiral is more impressive when viewed with an X-Y scatter graph, X and Y being the amplitudes of the L and R channels, which shows expanding and contracting concentric circles and spirals.

The effect was achieved through use of the Mac-based program MetaSynth. This program allows the user to insert a digital image as the spectrogram. MetaSynth will then convert the spectrogram to digital sound and "play" the picture. According to an article on the website Wired News, photographs run through the program tend to produce "a kind of discordant, metallic scratching".

A logarithmic spectrogram of the track entitled "$\Delta M_i^{-1} = - \alpha \sum_{n=1}^N D_i \left[ n \right] \left[ \sum_{j \in C \left[ i \right]}^{} F_{ji} \left[ n -1 \right] + Fext_i \left[ n^{-1} \right] \right]$ " (commonly known as 'Equation' or 'Formula') reveals a portrait of James' face near the end of the track, grinning.

Single release
The "Windowlicker" single contains its title track and two B-sides. Track two, commonly known as "[Formula]", "[Equation]", or, as translated on the Japanese edition, "[Symbol]", due to its actual title being a complex mathematical formula ("$\Delta M_i^{-1} = - \alpha \sum_{n=1}^N D_i \left[ n \right] \left[ \sum_{j \in C \left[ i \right]}^{} F_{ji} \left[ n -1 \right] + Fext_i \left[ n^{-1} \right] \right]$ "), has a very experimental sound. Track three, "Nannou", dedicated to his then-girlfriend, is made up of wind-up music box samples.

As of 2001 "Windowlicker" had sold over 300,000 copies.

Music video
The music video for "Windowlicker" was directed by Chris Cunningham, who had also directed Aphex Twin's previous music video, "Come to Daddy". It is a ten-minute long parody of contemporary American gangsta hip-hop music videos. In the video, two foul-mouthed young men in Los Angeles are window shopping for women; the French term for window shopping is faire du lèche-vitrine, which literally translates to "licking the windows"; "window licker" and "window licking" are pejorative British English terms. They come across two women (referred to in the end credits as "hoochies") who repeatedly turn down their advances. Suddenly, a ridiculously long white limousine (38 windows in length, including the driver's window, which takes 20 seconds to fully display) crashes into the two men's black Mazda Miata NA (MX5) convertible, and a "pimped-out" Richard D. James, displaying a hyperbolic amount of wealth and power, emerges with his signature fixed grin, at which point the song begins. After emerging from the limousine, James begins provocatively dancing with an umbrella bearing the Aphex Twin logo in an attempt to seduce the two women. The women then accompany James in his limousine while their faces morph into James' own likeness. When they emerge from the limousine's sunroof, the young men try to woo them again but fail. The men arrive at an area where James and a group of women bearing his face are dancing together, and they receive leis from two of the women. Their attention is eventually drawn to a dancing woman turned away from them, but she turns around to reveal a horrifically ugly, buck-toothed, deformed face (which was later illustrated in a sketch by Swiss artist H. R. Giger titled "The Windowlickers" ), much to the men's horror. The video ends with James' women dancing on Santa Monica Beach while James pops and sprays a bottle of champagne.

James's faces aren't digitally morphed on the women. Masks and make-up were specifically designed by the production, to achieve the desired morphing effect. The cast for the dialogue intro of the clip are Marcus Morris, Gary Cruz, Marcy Turner and Chiquita Martin. Filming was done in the Los Angeles area. The locations are as follows: There are 127 uses of profanity in the dialogue segment of the video (which is under 4 minutes), including 44 uses of the word "fuck". This averages to more than one use of profanity every two seconds. The video was released as a VHS single, containing both uncut and censored versions (the latter being referred to as the "Bleep Version"). It was also nominated for the Best Video award at the BRIT Awards 2000, alongside videos by Supergrass, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim, and eventual winner Robbie Williams.
 * Intro sequence – East 1st Street (bridge over railroad tracks)
 * Aphex Twin dance sequence – Corner of Ducommun Street and North Vignes Street
 * Limo ride externals – Beverly Boulevard
 * Final dance sequence – Santa Monica Beach (Barnard Way and Ocean Park Boulevard)

The full "Windowlicker" video is restricted to being broadcast only during the nighttime on most music television channels. A bleeped-out version of the video exists, and MTV Two even made a daytime version, with all the opening dialogue removed (the censored version starts with the arrival of the limousine), along with some of its more graphic images. In 2008 MTV Networks Europe was fined by the United Kingdom's media regulator Ofcom for several breaches of its broadcasting code, including airing the uncensored version of the "Windowlicker" video on TMF in 2006 before the 9 PM watershed.

Reception
"Windowlicker" received positive reviews from critics. AllMusic gave the EP 4/5 stars. The single was named by NME as Single of the Year in its 1999 year-end charts. In September 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 12 on their list of the "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".

Remixes and use in other media
A remix of "Windowlicker" in the acid techno style, entitled "Windowlicker, Acid Edit", is available on the remix compilation 26 Mixes for Cash. Another remix of "Windowlicker", entitled "WINDuckyQuaCKer", appears on V/VM's HelpAphexTwin/1.0 (2001) and HelpAphexTwin 4.0 (2003). A remix entitled "it's a richJAMs World" appears on V/VM's HelpAphexTwin 4.0 (2003). Run Jeremy (an alias of Danish producer Anders Trentemøller) also made his own remix of "Windowlicker". Beardyman performed a live version of "Windowlicker" as part of his Edinburgh show in 2009.

"Windowlicker" also featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto V, on the fictional radio station FlyLo FM.

Miss Kittin performed Run Jeremy's remix of "Windowlicker live" at the Sónar festival and included it on her album Live at Sónar. Elements of "Windowlicker", including its heavily distorted outro, were sampled by American musician Girl Talk on his track "Get It Get It", from his 2010 album All Day.

The "Windowlicker" cover was featured in a cut scene from the 2000 film High Fidelity.

A. G. Cook made a "note-for-note" cover of Windowlicker in 2017 as part of the PC Music compilation Month of Mayhem.

"Windowlicker" is played almost in full in the 2018 Gaspar Noé film Climax.

The ending section of "Windowlicker" is featured in the 2006 film Grandma's Boy.

Track listing
All tracks written, produced and engineered by Richard D. James. The original single was released on 12-inch, two separate CDs, a special edition Japanese CD and VHS.

CD2

 * The "Windowlicker" video is also included in QuickTime format.

title: Windowlicker


text:
Edward Phillips

Edward Phillips (August 1630 – c. 1696) was an English author.

Life
He was the son of Edward Phillips, of the Crown Office in Chancery, and his wife Anne, only sister of John Milton, the poet. Edward Phillips the younger was born in Strand, London. His father died in 1631, and Anne eventually married her husband's successor in the crown office, Thomas Agar. Edward Phillips and his younger brother, John, were educated by Milton. Edward entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in November 1650, but left the university in 1651 to work as a bookseller's clerk in London.

Although he did not share Milton's religious and political views, and seems, to judge from the free character of his Mysteries of Love and Eloquence (1658), to have undergone a certain revulsion from his Puritan upbringing, he remained on affectionate terms with his uncle to the end. He was tutor to the son of John Evelyn, the diarist, from 1663 to 1672 at Sayes Court, Deptford, and in 1677–1679 in the family of Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, a prominent Roman Catholic. The date of Phillips's death is unknown but his last book is dated 1696.

Works
His most important work is Theatrum poetarum (1675), a list of the chief poets of all ages and countries, but principally of the English poets, with short critical notes and a prefatory Discourse of the Poets and Poetry, which has usually been traced to Milton's hand. He also wrote The New World of English Words (1658), which went through many editions; a new edition of Baker's Chronicle, of which the section on the period from 1650 to 1658 was written by himself from the royalist standpoint; a supplement (1676) to John Speed's Theatre of Great Britain; and in 1684 Enchiridion linguae latinae, said to have been taken chiefly from notes prepared by Milton. John Aubrey states that all Milton's papers came into Phillips's hands, and in 1694 he published a translation of his Letters of State with a valuable memoir.

title: Edward Phillips


text:
Columbia Data Products

Columbia Data Products, Inc. (CDP) is a company which produced the first legally reverse-engineered IBM PC clones. It faltered in that market after only a few years, and later reinvented itself as a software development company.

1976–1986: As a hardware company
Columbia Data Products was founded by William Diaz in 1976 in Columbia, Maryland. In 1980, Columbia Data Products made some Z80-based computers, most notably their Commander 900 series, which had several models, some of which were multiprocessors and had graphics capabilities.

CDP introduced the MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer", designed by David Howse, in June 1982. It was an exact functional copy of the IBM Personal Computer model 5150 except for the BIOS which was Clean room designed. IBM had published the bus and BIOS specifications, wrongly assuming that this would not be enough to facilitate unlicensed copying of the design, but be enough to encourage the add-on market.

CDP advertisements stated that the MPC "can use software and hardware originally intended for the IBM Personal Computer". The "Multi" in its name hinted to the fact that it could also run the multi-user operating system MP/M-86. The MPC was the first IBM PC clone and was actually superior to the IBM original.

It came with 128 KB RAM standard, compared to the IBM's 64 KB maximum. The MPC had eight PC expansion slots, with one filled by its video card. Its floppy disk drive interface was built into the motherboard.

The IBM PC, in contrast, had only five expansion slots, with the video card and floppy disk controller taking two of them. The MPC also included two floppy disk drives, one parallel and two serial ports, which were all optional on the original IBM PC. The MPC was followed up with a portable PC, the 32 pound (15 kg) "luggable" Columbia VP in 1983.

In May 1983, Future Computing ranked Columbia and Compaq computers as "Best" in the category of "Operationally Compatible", its highest tier of PC compatibility. PC Magazine in June 1983 criticized the MPC's documentation, but reported that it had very good hardware and software compatibility with the IBM PC. BYTE in November 1984 approved of the portable MPC-VP's PC compatibility, reporting that it ran Microsoft Flight Simulator, WordStar, Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE II, and other popular applications without problems. It concluded that the computer was "one of the best overall bargains on the market today".

The success of the MPC and its successors built CDP revenue from US$9.4 million in 1982 to US$56 million in 1983, with an IPO at US$11 in January 1983.

In February 1984, IBM announced the introduction of their first portable PC, thus putting pressure on its competitors in this niche as well, which besides CDP already included Compaq as the market leader in this segment, as well as Kaypro, TeleVideo Corporation, and Eagle Computer.

Columbia also released upgraded desktop models in order to compete with the IBM PC XT. Their MPC 1600-4, briefly reviewed in PC Magazine of April 1984, was found a worthy competitor of the XT and without major compatibility problems, even though its hard drive controller was quite different from IBM XT's, being based on a Z80 microprocessor with 64 KB of RAM emulating the ASIC used by IBM.

In May 1984, Richard T. Gralton, formerly a vice-chairman of Savin Corporation, became the president and chief operating officer of CDP.

The competition in the PC market became more intense in June–July 1984 with several companies, including IBM, announcing price cuts, and with AT&T entering the PC market as well. Besides CDP, other PC clone companies like Eagle were also having a hard time as a result. Discussing the perspectives of the smaller PC firms like CDP, Eagle, or Corona Data Systems, one Morgan Stanley analyst was quoted in the June 9, 1984 issue of the New York Times saying "Some of them are operating at 5 percent pretax margins, and there is just no room for more price cuts." By August 1984 the CDP sales were faltering and CDP announced layoffs of 114 employees at its Maryland headquarters and 409 employees at a second factory in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. By April 1985 their stock had dropped to US$0.50 and was delisted. The company filed for Chapter 11 protection in May 1985.

1986–present: As a software company
The company was taken private in 1986 and continues to operate under that name.

In 1987 CDP shifted emphasis from hardware to software. They developed and licensed Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) software to Western Digital (WD), a supplier of hard drive controllers. In 1991, WD sold their SCSI business to Future Domain, where it languished.

CDP is now headquartered in Altamonte Springs, Florida. The company currently specializes in data backup.

title: Columbia Data Products


text:
John Phillips (author)

John Phillips (1631–1706) was an English author, the brother of Edward Phillips, and a nephew of John Milton.

Life
Anne Phillips, mother of John and Edward, was the sister of John Milton, the poet. In 1652, John Phillips published a Latin reply to the anonymous attack on Milton entitled Pro Rege et populo anglicano. He appears to have acted as unofficial secretary to Milton, but, unable to obtain regular political employment, and (like his brother) chafing against the discipline he was under, he published in 1655, a bitter attack on Puritanism titled a Satyr against Hypocrites (1655). In 1656, he was summoned before the privy council for his share in a book of licentious poems, Sportive Wit, which was suppressed by the authorities, but almost immediately replaced by a similar collection, Wit and Drollery.

In Montelion (1660) he ridiculed the astrological almanacs of William Lilly. Two other skits of this name, in 1661 and 1662, also full of coarse royalist wit, were probably by another hand. In 1678, he supported the agitation of Titus Oates, writing on his behalf, says Anthony Wood, many lies and villanies. Dr Oates's Narrative of the Popish Plot indicated it was the first of these tracts. In the same year he published the first English translation of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's 'Six Voyages' recounting a lifetime of travel in the Middle East and South Asia.

He began a monthly historical review in 1688, entitled Modern History or a Monthly Account of all considerable Occurrences, Civil, Ecclesiastical and Military, followed in 1690, by The Present State of Europe, or a Historical and Political Mercury, which was supplemented by a preliminary volume giving a history of events from 1688. He executed many translations from the French language, and a version (1687) of Don Quixote, which has been called by Quixote translator Samuel Putnam the worst English translation ever made of the novel. Putnam goes so far as to say in his Translator's Preface that Phillips's version "cannot be called a translation". This is largely because Phillips actually changes the novel by substituting references to famous English locales in place of the original Spanish ones, and including references to things British not found in the original novel.

An extended account of the brothers is given by Wood in Athenæ Oxononienses (ed. Bliss, iv. 764 seq.), where a long list of their works is dealt with. This formed the basis of William Godwin's Lives of Edward and John Phillips (1815), with which was reprinted Edward Phillips's Life of John Milton.

title: John Phillips (author)


text:
Sand stargazer

Sand stargazers are blennioids; perciform marine fish of the family Dactyloscopidae. Found in temperate to tropical waters of North and South America; some may also inhabit brackish environments. The giant sand stargazer (Dactylagnus mundus) is the largest at 15 cm in length; all other species are under 10 cm.

These blennies are named well: sand stargazers have protruding eyes on the top of their heads, fixed in an upward gaze, and may be on stalks. Their large mouths are also upturned. The dorsal fin is long and may or may not be continuous, with seven to 23 spines; the pelvic fins are situated below the throat and possess one spine. The anal fin is equally long and flowing. The mouth is fringed, and like the upper edge of the operculum (the gill cover), this fringe is divided into finger-like structures. The body is greatly elongated, and coloration is generally drab.

As their name would suggest, sand stargazers spend most of their time buried in sandy substrates waiting for unsuspecting prey; only the eyes, nose and mouth are usually visible. Their mode of respiration is also unique among the blennioids, using a branchiostegal rather than opercular pump; this is thought to be an adaptation to their largely sedentary, obscured lives. Sand stargazers generally stay within shallow (< 10 m) intertidal zones in areas protected from surges. Small invertebrates and fish make up the bulk of the sand stargazer's diet.

The family name Dactyloscopidae derives from the Greek words daktylos meaning "finger" (a reference to the divided mouth and operculum fringes) and skopein meaning "to watch".

title: Sand stargazer


text:
Stalin Peak

Stalin Peak may refer to the former name of:
 * Ismoil Somoni Peak (Pamir), the highest point in Tajikistan and the former USSR
 * Gerlach Peak (Carpathians)

title: Stalin Peak