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Dominions II: The Ascension Wars

Dominions II: The Ascension Wars is a 4X turn-based, computer strategy game. It was developed by Illwinter Game Design and published by Shrapnel Games. The game was released on November 14, 2003 in North America for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux.

Dominions II: The Ascension Wars was the sequel to Dominions: Priests, Prophets and Pretenders. It was followed by Dominions 3: The Awakening in 2006.

Gameplay
Dominions II: The Ascension Wars is a 4X turn-based, computer strategy game. The players play the role of the god of one out of 17 different nations and battle each other for the dominance of a fantasy world. At the most basic level, Dominions II is similar to Risk. It is also similar to Civilization. The world is divided into many provinces that change hands after a tactical battle. The players use armies of men and monsters to fight these battles.

Game planning and startup
The players and game host (who may also play) find each other through out-of-game channels and decide on game setup. These decisions include:
 * which player will play which nation
 * the map which will be used
 * the game patch version and any modifications (mods)
 * settings of adjustable game parameters, such as strength of independent forces, difficulty of magical research, and frequency of random events and magic sites
 * how frequently players will expect turns to be played
 * any house rules for the game

Each player then designs their god. Each god-type costs design points which can be spent on the god's dominion properties, his/her magical abilities, or on the national castle type. The god's initial magic levels also determine the effect of the god's blessing, a special ability which enhances certain types of sacred troops. A god who wields powerful fire magic will enhance the attack skill of such troops and even set their weapons ablaze, whereas a god who focuses on nature magic will instead allow them to go berserk. It is possible to make a god who excels at magic and magical research but is physically weak, as well as a near-unkillable warrior-god with barely any magical powers at all. Dominion effects are adjusted by using design points to 'tilt' 6 scales (graphically 6 balance scales), which represent the nature of the god which becomes manifest in territory under his dominion. The 6 scales are Order/Turmoil, Productivity/Sloth, Heat/Cold, Growth/Death, Luck/Misfortune, and Magic/Drain.

Players each send the file with their pretender design to the host, who starts the game.

Game phases
Each turn of the game is split into two phases:

The planning phase
Each player's turn is a process of assessing the apparent opportunities and risks, and acting to advance their plans for world domination. Recruiting new units, sending messages to other players, reviewing the provinces' tax and unrest levels, and directing magic research are all ways of directing the nation overall.

Players also give specific orders to each of their commanders at the strategic level, such as attacking enemy territory (with any troops under their command); casting a ritual magic spell; forging a magical object; assassinating an enemy commander while hiding in enemy domain; or constructing a building (temple, laboratory, or castle). Planning for combat involves organizing troops under commanders and issuing up to five tactical battle instructions (such as magic spells to cast) to the commanders, and simpler orders to troop squads. Each commander can control up to 5 squads and his leadership skills limit the total and kinds of troops he can command. Leading magical, undead, or demonic troops requires appropriate magical skills. Troops and commanders are organized and a simple overhead-view grid can be used to place them in specific starting locations for combat.

Once all orders are set, the player sends his turn-file by email or by TCP/IP-connection to the host-computer.

The execution phase
The host-computer calculates the results of all battles and random events simultaneously and sends the result-files back to the players. The players can now view the results of last turn's orders and events, watch the replays of the battles and proceed with the planning phase of the next turn.

Features
Dominions II also includes AI for single player games.

Supply and morale are modeled in the game world and play an important role. Dominion (how much a province believes in player's god versus another player's) affects not only combat morale but also the local settings of the province such as climate, richness, luck/bad events or available supply. Strategic preaching can not only shift the outcome of future battles; it can allow an "theological" bloodless victory: if a player loses his dominion in all his provinces, he also loses the game, but mighty his armies may be.

Each nation and theme also have a set of national heroes, which may appear and volunteer to serve as leaders as the game progresses, unless that nation is unlucky.

Different maps are available as well as (player-made) mods. Much of the game is customizable with the help of a simple text editor and paint program.

Tactics
Dominions II allows the player to make some tactical decisions for your units in battle, by setting the combat behaviour of each of their combat units ahead of time. When battle is processed, the player's troops will follow the orders they have been given.

The kinds of tactical commands include whether to attack, delay an attack, retreat, fire missile weapons, use melee weapons or which kind of enemy to target. For commanders, more control is possible. Players can tell them exactly what spells to cast, or exactly how long to wait before performing another kind of action.

Setting
There are seventeen playable nations, each of which has its own selection of troops, commanders, priests and mages. Many nations also have access to unique spells or choices of Pretender, as well as various abilities such as a bonus to castle defense, dominion which spreads death and decay, and more. Many nations may be found in several variants, known as themes, each of which represents a different historical era or alternate timeline. For example, the default form of Ermor is a human empire on the brink of perdition. Ermor's two alternate themes (which may be interpreted as the future of default Ermor), Ashen Empire and Soul Gate, are both wholly undead nations with radically different units and abilities.

Abysia
 * Abysia is a parched wasteland inhabited by large, lava-based humanoids. They radiate heat, which fatigues their enemies and can set them on fire. They have powerful fire and blood magic, and prefer hot provinces. Abysian infantry is strong and heavily armored, but Abysia commands no native mounted troops. Abysia's warlocks add some variety to the nation's troop and commander roster by selectively cross-breeding Abysians, humans, and demons. Abysia may also recruit assassins. They also train salamanders that burn nearby enemies.

Atlantis
 * A nation very loosely based on the Atlanteans described by Plato. Their troops are either marine or amphibious, and their mages proficient in all forms of magic, particularly water. Atlantis is one of the two nations that may build castles underwater.

Pythium
 * Based on Byzantium, these humans combine effective troops and extremely powerful, but expensive mage-priests. Pythium offers recruitable "communicants" (which lend their strength to battlefield mages, enhancing their power), hydra monsters, assassins, one-shot gladiators and very good spear-throwing infantry. It lacks affordable cavalry, substitutes inferior slingers for archers, and has one of the worst militias (province defense) in the game.

Man
 * A human nation with longbows, knights, witches and rabble-rousing bards, loosely based on Celtic mythology.

Ulm
 * Uses earth magic with the heavily armoured human troops and great castle-siegers/protectors. Steel is preferred over casting spells, and the master smiths produce items at a discount.

Having the same name as a German city, this nation could be loosely based on medieval Germany, which is also famous for armor along with other forge knowledge.

Caelum
 * A nation of winged humans ruled by a magical oligarchy, which institutes a rigid caste system. Caelians dwell in cold regions, and many of their troops wear magical ice armor which hardens in colder climes. Caelum employs the game's most cost-effective mages (albeit not the most versatile), and wields both air and water magic. Ground-based Caelian armies typically consist of socially outcast "wingless" (born indistinguishable from humans), temple guards (holy warriors who have torn off their own wings as a sign of loyalty), and mammoths.

C'tis
 * An ancient civilization of lizardmen combining elements from both ancient Egypt and Robert E. Howard's Stygia. C'tis boasts powerful mages of death and nature, skeleton-summoning assassins and, under one theme, a dominion that causes disease.

Arcoscephale
 * An ancient human kingdom modeled on Ancient Greece, with strong astral and elemental magic. A true magic nation, "Arco" can build magic laboratories for less gold then other nations. The famous Priestesses from Arco have the unique ability to heal battle afflictions and even diseases. Arcos can recruit several variants of spear-wielding hoplites supported by primitive cavalry, war elephants and chariots.

Ermor
 * A decadent human empire in its twilight years, based on the declining Roman Empire. Ermor's thaumaturges learned the secrets of death magic from the sauromancers of C'tis, but made irresponsible use of these powers and thereby nearly brought about the empire's downfall.

Marignon
 * A fanatical human nation roughly based on medieval France during the Inquisition. Sacred Flagellants and knights can be blessed by powerful priests, who are also masters of fire magic and preach very effectively against enemy faith. Marignon can cause unrest in enemy lands with its spy and kill enemy leaders with its assassins, while its crossbowmen shoot armor-piercing bolts against invading armies.

Pangaea
 * A nature nation, consisting of halfmen from Greek mythology like Pans and Maenads. All troops of Pangea can heal their own battle afflictions, and most units can employ stealth tactics.

Vanheim
 * A nation of humans, vanir, and dwarven smiths inspired by Norse mythology. Vanir commanders can sail with troops across ocean provinces to attack at unexpected coastal regions in keeping with their viking inspired theme.

Jotunheim
 * Another nation inspired by Norse mythology. The Jotun are a race of frost giants, adept at the magics of blood, nature, and water. Jotunheim's giants are supported by stealthy vættir. Jotun militia provide the strongest province defense of all nations.

R'lyeh
 * An amphibious race from a distant star, based on the writings of H. P. Lovecraft. R'lyeh's armies consist of powerful astral mages and telepaths, enslaved Atlanteans, half-human hybrids, and a wide range of bizarre creatures summoned from "the void". R'lyeh may construct castles underwater.

T'ien Ch'i
 * A human nation based on medieval China. They field a variety of footsoldiers and archers, as well as having horse archers and cavalry. Their casters wield a very broad range of magic, with a moderate emphasis on water spells. T'ien Ch'i is widely considered to be a weak nation, with only average troops and inadequate mages. They are especially vulnerable to the astral duel spell.

Mictlan
 * Aztec-like humans with archaic troops but powerful blood magic. Its commanders conscript slaves into its armies.

Machaka
 * A human kingdom modeled on African tribes. Machaka's elite troops ride giant spiders. Similarly, Machaka's more powerful sorcerers turn into giant spiders when injured, an ability inherited from an ancient, dead god from whom these mages are descended.

Reception
Dominions II was praised for its flexibility in allowing the player to command and customise his armies in a large number of ways. The game's immersiveness and gameplay detail was also appreciated, noting particular appeal to strong fans of the strategy game genre. The long lifespan of Dominions II was also commented on, with the way gameplay concepts are introduced in stages being particularly impressive. It was also noted that because of the large number of options, it is unlikely that a game will be repeated in the same way more than once.

The way that Dominions II introduces new gameplay concepts was found to present a steep learning curve to the player, requiring constant reference to a manual. This also lead to reviewers describing the game as being over-complicated. The user interface, despite being streamlined from the original, was still described as cumbersome and unintuitive in areas, requiring the player to forcibly exit the game in order to correct errors in turn phases. The graphical representation of the player's armies and battles was also described as being "1998-era", offering little feedback on the progress of encounters with opposing troops.

Computer Games Magazine named Dominions II the third-best computer game of 2003, and presented it with an award for "Best Independent Game". The editors wrote that "there's no fantasy game more epic, varied and vivid" than Dominions II. The editors of Computer Gaming World nominated Dominions II for their 2003 "Strategy Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Age of Wonders: Shadow Magic. They called it the year's best 4X title, and wrote that they "found it impossible to ignore the [game's] almost overwhelming depth of strategy".

title: Dominions II: The Ascension Wars


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Gandalf (disambiguation)

Gandalf is a fictional wizard in J. R. R. Tolkien's book The Lord of the Rings.

Gandalf may also refer to:

In business and technology

 * Gandalf Airlines, an airline company
 * Gandalf Technologies, a modem and PACX manufacturer
 * Gandalf, a chess engine, named after the Tolkien character

In music

 * Gandalf (Finnish band), an early 1990s metal group
 * Gandalf (musician), Austrian New Age musician
 * Gandalf (American band), formerly Rahgoos, an influential late 1960s psychedelic rock group

In Norse mythology and folklore

 * Gandalf (mythology), a dwarf in Norse mythology
 * Gandalf Alfgeirsson, the legendary king of Vingulmark

In popular culture

 * Gandalf the Mad, a Viking king in the Thorgal comic series
 * Gandalf, used to describe lead character Saito, a character in the anime The Familiar of Zero

Other

 * Gandalf's Garden,
 * GANDALF trial, the 1997 UK trial of the editors of Green Anarchist magazine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gandalf (disambiguation)


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Wilton Abbey

Wilton Abbey was a Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England, three miles west of Salisbury, probably on the site now occupied by Wilton House. It was active from the early tenth century until 1539.

Foundation
Wilton Abbey is first recorded in the 930s, but a 15th-century poem dates its foundation to the late 8th century by Weohstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire, and his widow Alburga is said to have been its abbess. This claim has been accepted by some historians, but it is rejected by the ecclesiastical historian, Sarah Foot, who describes it as a new foundation in the tenth century. The story is also dismissed by the historian Elizabeth Crittall. Alburga (or Æthelburh) is said to have been the half-sister of King Ecgberht of Wessex, but she is not mentioned in biographies of Ecgberht.

Anglo Saxon era

The community was to number 26 nuns. It was attached to St Mary's Church. Two daughters of king Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd, Eadflæd and Æthelhild, probably joined the community, Eadflæd as a nun and Æthelhild as a lay sister. They were buried at Wilton with their mother. Their half-brother, king Æthelstan, made two grants of land to a congregation at Wilton in the 930s, including one in 937 for the remission of his sins and those of Eadflæd.

In 955 King Eadwig granted the nuns of Wilton Abbey an estate called Chelke (Chalke, Saxon æt Ceolcum) which included land in Broad Chalke and Bowerchalke.

Wulfthryth era
Wulfthryth of Wilton, the wife (or concubine) of Edgar, King of the English (reigned 959–975), was abbess of Wilton between the early 960s and about 1000. According to Stenton, she was a nun when Edgar (who could not have been more than sixteen at the time, and she a bit older) abducted her from the abbey and carried her off to his palace at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks. Abduction of a bride was not uncommon in pre-Christian and early Christian Anglo-Saxon society, and it is unknown how much of her abduction was with her consent. Nevertheless, she was held at Kemsing for two years, during which time she bore Edgar a daughter Saint Edith, whom he acknowledged and supported for the rest of his life. St. Dunstan, an advisor to Edgar, later talked the king into doing penance for the abduction: reportedly, Edgar refrained from wearing his crown for seven years.

By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married Ælfthryth, in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.

Her daughter died between 984 and 987 at the age of 23, and her mother and various royalty, as well as enormous local popular support, promoted her cult as a saint.

High middle ages
In 1003 Sweyn, King of Denmark, destroyed the town of Wilton but it is unknown whether the abbey shared its fate. Edith of Wessex, the wife of Edward the Confessor, who had been educated at Wilton, rebuilt the abbey in stone; it had formerly been of wood.

In the year before the Norman conquest, a couple gave their daughter Eve of Wilton to the abbey. She left in 1080 to have a notable life in France.

The Abbess of Wilton held an entire barony from the king, a privilege shared by only three other English nunneries, Shaftesbury, Barking, and St Mary's Abbey, Winchester. As the head of a barony, the abbess had the obligation to provide the royal army with knights when summoned. The abbess had the privilege to appoint offices in her realm, which made her an important patron; her most prestigious cause of patronage was her right to appoint deacon to the conventual church, which had a great deal of clergymen in office at any given time.

Wilton Abbey was favoured by the royal family and given many rich donations from members of the royal family, such as from Henry I and Queen Maud. The king, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and sometimes the queen, had the right to nominate nuns to Wilton, and the king exercised this right on his coronation and on the creation of a new abbess, and the queen on her coronation.

In 1143 King Stephen made it his headquarters, but was put to flight by Matilda's forces under Robert, Earl of Gloucester.

During the 13th-century, Wilton Abbey experienced a period of financial crisis, and between 1246 and 1276, several gifts were made from the crown and the church for the repair of the buildings, which were at this point described as having fallen into a serious state of disrepair.

Several scandals are known to have occurred in Wilton Abbey. In 1284 and 1302 nuns of Wilton were found guilty of misconduct, and again in 1379.

In 1528, the crown interfered in the election of a new abbess after the death of Cecily Willoughby. The abbey nominated the election of the prioress, Isabel Jordayne, described as 'ancient, wise and discreet', while Anne Boleyn favoured her brother-in-law William Carey's sister Eleanor Carey. Henry VIII preferred Isabel Jordayne when Eleanor Carey's candidacy was destroyed by serious moral charges against her. In 1535, the abbess complained about Thomas Leigh's too strictly enforced enclosure, as it would not be possible for her to conduct the abbey's business properly if she was not allowed to leave the convent on business, as the abbey was in debt.

Dissolution
Cecily Bodenham, the last abbess, surrendered the convent to the commissioners of King Henry VIII on 25 March 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The site was granted to Sir William Herbert, afterwards Earl of Pembroke, who commenced the building of Wilton House, still the abode of his descendants. There are no remains of the ancient buildings.

Abbesses of Wilton

 * Ælfgyth, occurs 955.
 * Wulfthryth of Wilton, died 1000.
 * Bryghtwyde, occurs 1065 (said to be third abbess after Wulfthryth).
 * Alfyne, succeeds Bryghtwyde 1065, died 1067.
 * Hawise, occurs temp. Henry II.
 * Alice, occurs 1192.
 * Mary, occurs 1194.
 * Asceline, occurs 1197, 1208.
 * Margaret, died before 12 February 1222.
 * Isabel de Warenne, elected 1222, died before 1 April 1228.
 * Alice, elected 1228, died before 7 May 1237.
 * Alice, elected 1237, died before 29 August 1252.
 * Maud de la Mare, elected 1252, died before 2 November 1271.
 * Juliana Gifford, elected between 27 December 1271 and 16 November 1272, died before 6 July 1296.
 * Parnel de Vaux, elected 1296, died before 8 May 1299.
 * Emma Blount, elected 1299, died before 20 Nov. 1321.
 * Constance de Percy, elected 1321, died before 14 August 1344.
 * Robergia de Popham, elected 1344, died before 4 May 1346.
 * Lucy Loveny, 1346, died before 30 October 1361.
 * Sibyl Aucher, elected 1361, died before 20 June 1374.
 * Maud de Bokeland, elected 1374, died before 12 October 1395.
 * Felise Lavington, elected 1395.
 * Joan Beauchamp, elected 1403, died before 19 November 1416.
 * Christine Doulre, elected 1416, died 1441.
 * Christine Codford, elected 1441, died 1448.
 * Isabel Lambard, elected 1448, died 1464.
 * Edith Barough, elected 1464, died before 11 December 1470.
 * Alice Comelonde, elected 1471, died 1485.
 * Cecily Willoughby, elected 24 September 1485, died on 24 April 1528.
 * Isabel Jordayne, elected 1528; on 28 March 1533 abbey said to have been long without an abbess.
 * Cecily Bodenham, elected 1534.

Burials

 * Saint Iwig or Iwi (died c. 690)
 * Edith of Wilton (c. 963 – c. 986) patron saint of Wilton
 * Saint Wulfthryth (died 988), mother of St. Edith of Wilton
 * Ælfflæd, Eadflæd and Æthelhild

title: Wilton Abbey


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A Chorus Line

A Chorus Line is a 1975 musical with music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Edward Kleban, and a book by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante.

Set on the bare stage of a Broadway theater, the musical is centered on seventeen Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line. A Chorus Line provides a glimpse into the personalities of the performers and the choreographer, as they describe the events that have shaped their lives and their decisions to become dancers.

Following several workshops and an Off-Broadway production, A Chorus Line opened at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway July 25, 1975, directed by Michael Bennett and co-choreographed by Bennett and Bob Avian. An unprecedented box office and critical hit, the musical received twelve Tony Award nominations and won nine, in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

The original Broadway production ran for 6,137 performances, becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history until surpassed by Cats in 1997, and the longest-running Broadway musical originally produced in the US, until surpassed in 2011 by the revival of Chicago. It remains the seventh longest-running Broadway show ever. A Chorus Line's success has spawned many successful productions worldwide. It began a lengthy run in the West End in 1976 and was revived on Broadway in 2006, and in the West End in 2013.

Synopsis
The show opens during an audition for an upcoming Broadway production. The formidable director Zach and his assistant choreographer Larry put the 24 dancers through their paces. Every dancer is desperate for work ("I Hope I Get It"). After a round of cuts, 17 dancers remain. Zach tells them he is looking for a strong 8-member dancing chorus of four boys and four girls. Wanting to learn more about them, he asks the dancers to introduce themselves. Reluctantly, the dancers reveal their pasts. The stories generally progress chronologically from early life experiences through adulthood to the end of a career.

The first candidate, Mike Costa, explains that he is the youngest of 12 children. He recalls his first experience with dance, watching his sister Rosalie's dance class when he was a preschooler ("I Can Do That"). Mike replaced her one-day when she refused to go to class—and he stayed. Bobby Mills tries to hide his unhappy childhood by making jokes. As he speaks, the other dancers distrust this strange audition process and debate what they should reveal to Zach ("And..."), but since they all need the job, the session continues.

Zach is angered that the streetwise Sheila Bryant is seemingly not taking the audition seriously. Opening up, she reveals that her mother married at a young age and her father neither cared about nor loved them. At age six she realized, as had fellow auditionees Bebe Benzenheimer and Maggie Winslow, that ballet helped her escape her unhappy family life ("At the Ballet"). Scatterbrained and tone-deaf Kristine Urich-DeLuca laments being unable to sing, while her husband Al finishes her phrases in tune ("Sing!").

Mark Anthony, the youngest dancer, relates his first exposure to the female anatomy and his first wet dream, while the other dancers share their own memories of adolescence ("Hello Twelve, Hello Thirteen, Hello Love"). The 4'10" Connie Wong laments the problems of being short, and Diana Morales recollects her horrible high school acting class ("Nothing"). Don Kerr remembers his first job at a nightclub and Judy Turner reflects on her problematic childhood while some auditioners talk about their parents' opinions ("Mother"). Greg Gardner discusses discovering his homosexuality and Richie Walters recounts nearly becoming a kindergarten teacher ("Gimme the Ball"). Finally, the newly-buxom Val Clark explains that talent alone isn't everything, and silicone and plastic surgery can really help improve one's image and career prospects ("Dance: Ten; Looks: Three").

The dancers go downstairs to learn a song for the audition's next section, but experienced dancer Cassie Ferguson, who has had notable successes as a soloist, stays onstage to talk to Zach. They have a history together: Zach had previously cast her in a featured part, and they had lived together for several years. Zach tells Cassie that she is too good for the chorus and shouldn't be at this audition. However, she explains her current inability to find solo work and is willing to "come home" to the chorus where she can at least express her passion for dance ("The Music and the Mirror"). Zach relents and sends her downstairs to learn the dance combination.

Zach calls Paul San Marco, who has been reluctant to share his past, onstage for a private talk, and he emotionally relives his childhood and teenage years, his early career in a drag act, facing his manhood and his homosexuality, and his parents ultimately discovering his lifestyle and disowning him for it, before breaking down, with Zach comforting him. Cassie and Zach's complex relationship resurfaces during a run-through of the number created to showcase an unnamed star ("One"). Zach confronts Cassie, feeling that she is "dancing down," and they rehash the issues in their relationship and her career. Zach points to the machine-like movement of the other dancers, who have all blended together and will probably never be recognized individually, and mockingly asks if she wants this. Cassie defiantly defends the dancers: "I’d be proud to be one of them. They’re wonderful....They’re all special. I’d be happy to be dancing in that line. Yes, I would...and I'll take chorus...if you'll take me."

During a tap sequence, Paul falls and injures his knee that recently underwent surgery. After Paul is carried off to the hospital, all at the audition stand in disbelief, realizing that their careers can also end in an instant. Zach asks the remaining dancers what they will do when they can no longer dance. Diana leads the company in "What I Did for Love". The final eight dancers are selected: Mike, Cassie, Bobby, Judy, Richie, Val, Mark, and Diana.

"One" (reprise/finale) begins with an individual bow for each of the 19 characters, their hodgepodge rehearsal clothes replaced by identical spangled gold costumes. As each dancer joins the group, it is suddenly difficult to distinguish one from the other: ironically, each character who was an individual to the audience seems now to be an anonymous member of a never-ending ensemble.

Musical numbers

 * "I Hope I Get It" – Company
 * "I Can Do That" – Mike
 * "And..." – Bobby, Richie, Val, and Judy
 * "At the Ballet" – Sheila, Bebe, and Maggie
 * "Sing!" – Kristine, Al, and Company
 * "Montage Part 1: Hello Twelve, Hello Thirteen, Hello Love" – Mark, Connie, and Company
 * "Montage Part 2: Nothing" – Diana
 * "Montage Part 3: Mother" – Don, Judy, Maggie, and Company
 * "Montage Part 4: Gimme the Ball" – Greg, Richie, and Company
 * "Dance: Ten; Looks: Three" – Val
 * "The Music and the Mirror" – Cassie
 * "One" – Company
 * "The Tap Combination" – Company
 * "What I Did for Love" – Diana and Company
 * "One (Reprise)/Finale" – Company

Original cast album
Issued by Columbia Records (PS33581) containing the following tracks:

Side One
 * "I Hope I Get It" – Company
 * "I Can Do That" – Mike (Wayne Cilento)
 * "At the Ballet" – Sheila (Kelly Bishop), Bebe (Nancy Lane), Maggie (Kay Cole)
 * "Sing!" – Kristine (Renee Baughman), Al (Don Percassi)
 * "Hello Twelve, Hello Thirteen, Hello Love" (Montage) – Company
 * "Nothing" – Diana (Priscilla Lopez)

Side Two
 * "The Music and the Mirror" – Cassie (Donna McKechnie)
 * "Dance: Ten; Looks: Three" – Val (Pamela Blair)
 * "One" – Company
 * "What I Did For Love" – Diana and Company
 * "One (Reprise)/Finale" – Company

Notable casts
Notes

Characters

 * Zach – The imperious, successful director running the audition
 * Larry – Zach's assistant

The Auditionees
 * Don Kerr (#5) – A married man who once worked in a strip club
 * Maggie Winslow (#9) – A sweet woman who grew up in a broken home
 * Mike Costa (#81) – An aggressive dancer who learned to tap at an early age
 * Connie Wong (#149) – A petite Chinese-American who seems ageless
 * Greg Gardner (#67) – A sassy Jewish gay man who divulges his first experience with a woman
 * Cassie Ferguson – A once successful solo dancer down on her luck and a former love of Zach's
 * Sheila Bryant (#152) – A sassy, sexy, aging dancer who tells of her unhappy childhood.
 * Bobby Mills (#84) – Sheila's best friend who jokes about his conservative upbringing in Buffalo, New York
 * Bebe Benzenheimer (#37) – A young dancer who only feels beautiful when she dances
 * Judy Turner (#23) – A tall, gawky, and quirky dancer
 * Richie Walters (#44) – An enthusiastic black man who once planned to be a kindergarten teacher
 * Al DeLuca (#17) – An Italian-American who takes care of his wife
 * Kristine Urich-DeLuca (#10) – Al's scatterbrained wife who can't sing
 * Val Clark (#179) – A foul-mouthed but excellent dancer who couldn't get performing jobs because of her looks until she had plastic surgery
 * Mark Anthony (#63) – The youngest dancer, who recounts the time he told his priest he thought he had gonorrhea
 * Paul San Marco (#45) – A gay Puerto Rican who dropped out of high school and survived a troubled childhood
 * Diana Morales (#2) – Paul's friend, another Puerto Rican who was underestimated by her teachers

Cut Dancers
 * Tricia (#131) – A dancer who prays for a job
 * Vicki (#60) – A dancer who's never studied ballet
 * Lois (#63) – A dancer who excels in ballet
 * Roy (#36) – A dancer who can't seem to get the right arms for the dance
 * Butch (#14) – A dancer who gives attitude in the audition
 * Tom (#40) – A dancer who is also an all-American jock
 * Frank (#59) – A dancer who keeps looking at his feet

Production history
The musical was formed from several taped workshop sessions with Broadway dancers, known as "gypsies," including eight who eventually appeared in the original cast. The sessions were originally hosted by dancers Michon Peacock and Tony Stevens. The first taped session occurred at the Nickolaus Exercise Center on January 26, 1974. They hoped that they would form a professional dance company to make workshops for Broadway dancers.

Michael Bennett was invited to join the group primarily as an observer, but quickly took control of the proceedings. Although Bennett's involvement has been challenged, there has been no question about Kirkwood and Dante's authorship. In later years, Bennett's claim that A Chorus Line had been his brainchild resulted not only in hard feelings but a number of lawsuits as well. During the workshop sessions, random characters would be chosen at the end for the chorus jobs based on their performance quality, resulting in a different "cast" being selected every run-through. However, several of the costumers objected to this ending, citing the stress of having to change random actors in time for the finale. This resulted in the ending being cut in exchange for the same set of characters being "cast." Marvin Hamlisch, who wrote A Chorus Line's score, recalled how, during the first previews, audiences seemed put off by something in the story. This problem was solved when actress Marsha Mason told Bennett that Cassie (Donna McKechnie in the original production) should win the part in the end because she did everything right. Bennett changed it so that Cassie would always win the part.

Original production
A Chorus Line opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on April 15, 1975. At the time, the Public did not have enough money to finance the production so it borrowed $1.6 million to produce the show. The show was directed by Bennett and co-choreographed by Bennett and Bob Avian. Advance word had created such a demand for tickets that the entire run sold out immediately. Producer Joseph Papp moved the production to Broadway and on July 25, 1975, it opened at the Shubert Theatre, where it ran for 6,137 performances until April 28, 1990.

Additional cast members Carole Schweid and John Mineo were understudies named "Barbara" and "Jarad", although they only went on covering other roles. Also, Tim Cassidy was an understudy for "Bobby".

The production was nominated for 12 Tony Awards, winning nine: Best Musical, Best Musical Book, Best Score (Hamlisch and Kleban), Best Director, and Best Choreography, Best Actress (McKechnie), Best Featured Actor (Sammy Williams), Best Featured Actress (Bishop) and Best Lighting Design. The show won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, one of the few musicals ever to receive this honor, and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play of the season.

In 1976, many of the original cast went on to perform in San Francisco. Open roles were recast and the play was again reviewed as the "New" New York Company which included Ann Reinking, [Marsha Mason]], Sandahl Bergman, Christopher Chadman, Justin Ross (who would go on to appear in the film), and Barbara Luna.

When it closed, A Chorus Line was the longest running show in Broadway history until its record was surpassed by Cats in 1997. On September 29, 1983, Bennett and 332 A Chorus Line veterans gathered to celebrate the musical becoming the longest-running show in Broadway history.

Up to February 19, 1990, A Chorus Line had generated $146 million from its Broadway gross and $277 million in total U.S. grosses and had 6.5 million Broadway attendees. At the time, it was the second most profitable show in Broadway history after Cats with profits of $50 million (including ancillary income). 75% of the profits went to Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival and 25% to Bennett's Plum Productions. Since its inception, the show's many worldwide productions, both professional and amateur, have been a major source of income for The Public Theater that Papp had founded.

Subsequent productions
U.S. and international tours were mounted in 1976, including a sit-down engagement in Los Angeles at the Shubert Theatre.

A London production opened in the West End at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in 1976, initially with the International Cast from the US, including Jane Summerhays as Sheila. The production ran for three years and won the Laurence Olivier Award as Best Musical of the Year in 1976, the first year the awards were presented. The original British cast took over in 1977. It included Jean-Pierre Cassel as Zach, Diane Langton as Diana Morales, Jeff Shankley as Al, Michael Staniforth as Paul, Stephen Tate as Greg (later replacing Cassel as Zach) and Geraldine Gardner (aka Trudi van Doorn of The Benny Hill Show) as Sheila. Elizabeth Seal was cast as Cassie but was replaced at the eleventh hour by her understudy Petra Siniawski who played the role for the entire British cast run.

The original Australian production opened in Sydney at Her Majesty's Theatre in May 1977 and moved to Melbourne's Her Majesty's Theatre in January 1978. The cast featured Peta Toppano as Diana, David Atkins as Mike, and Ross Coleman as Paul.

In 1980, under the direction of Roy Smith, the Teatro El Nacional of Buenos Aires produced a Spanish version of A Chorus Line lasting 10 months (and then only to make way for an already scheduled subsequent production).

In Spain the show opened in December 1984 at Teatre Tívoli in Barcelona, directed by Roy Smith and translated into Spanish by Nacho Artime and Jaime Azpilicueta, before transferring to Teatro Monumental in Madrid.

In July 1986, A Chorus Line was produced in Italy for the first time. It premiered at the Nervi Festival of Dance in Genoa, followed by a five-week Italian tour. The choreography was adapted for the festival's performing space by Baayork Lee who had played Connie in the original production and subsequently became a close collaborator of Michael Bennett, the original choreographer.

The German-language version was again directed by Lee and first opened in 1987 in Vienna, Austria, where it ran for one season followed by the German-language CD release produced by Jimmy Bowien in 1988.

The first—and as of 2016 only—professional Hungarian production of the musical opened its limited run on March 25, 1988, under the title Michael Bennett emlékére (In Memory of Michael Bennett). It was performed by Ódry Színpad (the company of the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest) translated into Hungarian by György Gebora, and directed by Imre Kerényi. The character Zach was renamed Michael and played by Kerényi.

The 2006 Broadway revival opened at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theater on October 5, 2006, following a run in San Francisco. The revival closed on August 17, 2008, after 759 performances and 18 previews. It cost $8 million to finance and recouped its investment in 19 weeks. The production was directed by Bob Avian, with the choreography reconstructed by Baayork Lee, who had played Connie Wong in the original Broadway production. The opening night cast included Paul McGill, Michael Berresse, Charlotte d'Amboise, Mara Davi, James T. Lane, Tony Yazbeck, Heather Parcells, Alisan Porter, Jason Tam, Jessica Lee Goldyn, Deidre Goodwin, and Chryssie Whitehead. On April 15, 2008, Mario Lopez joined the cast as the replacement for Zach. The production was the subject of the documentary film Every Little Step.

The production received two Tony Award nominations in 2007 for Featured Role (Charlotte d'Amboise) and Revival (Musical). The original contract for A Chorus Line provided for sharing the revenue from the show with the directors and dancers that had attended the original workshop sessions. However, the contract did not specify revenue when the musical was revived in 2006. In February 2008, an agreement was reached between the dancers and Michael Bennett's estate.

A 2008 U.S. touring production opened on May 4, 2008, at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts and toured through June 2009. This production featured Michael Gruber as Zach, Nikki Snelson as Cassie, Emily Fletcher as Sheila, and Gabrielle Ruiz as Diana.

In 2012, the musical toured Australia, gaining much critical acclaim. Baayork Lee directed the production and it gained many nominations, including Helpmann nominations for Best Actress in a Musical for West End star, Anita Louise Combe playing Cassie, Best supporting Actress in a musical, Deborah Krizak and Best supporting Actor in a musical, Euan Doidge and it won best musical. The same production and cast then came to Singapore, playing at the Marina Bay Sands, Sands Theater from May 4 to 27, 2012.

The show returned to London for a West End revival in February 2013 at the London Palladium, running through August of that year. It was directed by original choreographer Bob Avian, with John Partridge, Scarlett Strallen, and Victoria Hamilton-Barritt starring. James T. Lane is reprising his Broadway role and Leigh Zimmerman won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical for her portrayal of Sheila in this production. Producers announced on June 9, 2013, that the London revival cast would record a new cast album featuring never-before-heard songs which were written for the show but never made the final cut.

In 2015, the Original Broadway cast of Hamilton paid tribute to A Chorus Line 40th anniversary and performed "What I Did For Love", with the original cast of A Chorus Line joining them onstage.

Reports surfaced in June 2016 that a second Broadway revival is planned for 2025, in honor of the show's 50th anniversary.

For its annual fully staged musical event, the Hollywood Bowl produced a limited run of A Chorus Line from July 29-31, 2016, directed and choreographed by Baayork Lee. The cast included Sabrina Bryan as Valerie Clark, Robert Fairchild as Mike Costa, Spencer Liff as Larry, Ross Lynch as Mark Anthony, Mara Davi as Maggie Winslow, J. Elaine Marcos as Connie Wong, Jason Tam as Paul San Marco, Leigh Zimmerman as Sheila Bryant, Mario Lopez as Zach, Sarah Bowden as Cassie Ferguson, Krysta Rodriguez as Diana Morales, and Courtney Lopez as Kristine Ulrich.

In 2016, approval was granted to director Donna Feore to allow changes in choreography so the show could be performed for the first time on a thrust stage, in the Festival Theatre at the Stratford Festival of Canada.

In 2018, New York City Center presented A Chorus Line as their annual gala presentation. The production was directed by Bob Avian, co-choreographer of the original 1975 production, and choreographed by Baayork Lee, Broadway's original Connie Wong.

In 2019, a Spanish-language version of the musical premiered as part of the inaugural season of Teatro del Soho in Málaga, Spain, starring the theater's founder Antonio Banderas as Zach. Banderas also co-directed the musical with Baayork Lee.

Film adaptation
In 1975, the rights for a film were sold to Universal Pictures for $5.5 million plus 20% of the distributor's gross rentals above $30 million. Universal subsequently sold the rights to PolyGram. The film was released in 1985, starring Michael Douglas as Zach. It also featured Alyson Reed and Terrance Mann as Cassie and Larry respectively. The film was directed by Richard Attenborough with a screenplay by Arnold Schulman. It was produced by Cy Feuer and distributed by Columbia Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing only $14 million from a $25 million budget. Songs "Montage Part 1: Hello Twelve, Hello Thirteen, Hello Love" and "Montage Part 4: Gimme The Ball" were cut and replaced with "Surprise, Surprise", a new song written by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban. "The Music and the Mirror" was also cut and replaced with "Let me dance for you" written by Hamlisch and Kleban. "What I Did for Love" was sung by Cassie instead of Diana and was sung as a counterpart during "The Tap Combination." Songs "And...", and "Sing!" were cut entirely.

As Kelly Bishop, who played Sheila in the original Broadway cast, later noted, "it was appalling when director Richard Attenborough went on a talk show and said 'this is a story about kids trying to break into show business.' I almost tossed my TV out the window; I mean what an idiot! It's about veteran dancers looking for one last job before it's too late for them to dance anymore. No wonder the film sucked!"

title: A Chorus Line


text:
Talk:Cliff Richard

Trimming the sexual assault allegations
Now Cliff has been formally declared as innocent, I think the allegation section needs a trim to keep it balanced with the rest of the article. I've cut it down to a bit more of a manageable length, and I see it's gone from the lead too. It really isn't that significant part of his career, all said and done. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  15:34, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Not that Inspector Knacker of the Yard, would ever use the phrase "formally declared as innocent", of course. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:48, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * It was always likely that this would turn out to be Paul Gambaccini Mark Two, but the allegations and the controversy surrounding them remain notable. Ever since someone from South Yorkshire Police tipped off BBC News about the raid on Sir Cliff's home, leading to live TV coverage like the Iranian Embassy siege, there has been criticism of how this was handled.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 17:03, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * It's reported today that Cliff Richard will be taking legal action over this, but there is still an element of WP:FUTURE.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 10:02, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Certainly not WP:FUTURE any more, and article certainly needs another update. e.g. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:05, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTNEWS still applies. Let's wait until something lasting has resulted. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:24, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree we don't need a daily update. But I think we should at least have the date the High Court proceedings started and finished? The UK public hasn't seen so much TV and press coverage of Sir Cliff for quite a few years (in fact, for about 2 years and 9 months). Martinevans123 (talk) 14:30, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

First sentence, first footnote
I'm not disputing the record sales but suely there should be a better more direct more authoritative cited source than a newspaper article about sex assault allegations with one single unsourced sentence about it included down at the bottom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:86B:4A00:518D:8BA5:3B76:4BF3 (talk) 06:53, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Agreed and changed. ♫ RichardWeiss talk contribs 07:07, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

Genre change
There was a recent change to the genre here. We should have a section discussing the editor's style and support the genres over time. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:57, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm really not sure what you mean by "section discussing the editor's style." Regarding skiffle, the article says only this: "Harry Webb became interested in skiffle. His father bought him a guitar at 16 and he formed the Quintones vocal group in 1957, before singing in the Dick Teague Skiffle Group". His next band, the Drifters, were rock and roll. So in my view skiffle doesn't really belong in the lead section, and therefore probably not in the infobox either. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:11, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I am not speaking for or against the recent genre edits. I am simply stating that one section that gather's the Richard's genres over time, with sources, would be appropriate. Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:57, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds like we should include skiffle, sounds important. Being historical is no reason not to. ♫ RichardWeiss talk contribs 17:58, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree. Was an early contributor to the genre. The infobox should be a summary of the whole career, not just recent works. Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:01, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I really don't think skiffle was a defining characteristic of his career. In fact, Stafford Hildred and Tim Ewbank, in Cliff: An Intimate Portrait of a Living Legend (2010) say "Cliff's flirtation with skiffle lasted for no more than a few months.... Martinevans123 (talk) 18:35, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Lennon quote
The article currently includes this (perfectly well-sourced) quote:
 * "In the opinion of Beatle John Lennon, "before Cliff and the Shadows, there had been nothing worth listening to in British music"."

Apart from the debatable use of the word "Beatle", I think this quote most definitely belongs in the article .But I'm not sure it should appear (only) in the lead section. Any thoughts? Martinevans123 (talk) 23:09, 30 November 2018 (UTC)
 * The quote articulates how important Cliff Richard was in the development of the British beat music and consequently British rock music scene - which itself is of global cultural importance. That needs to be mentioned in the lead, and using Lennon's quote is a way of engaging readers with that idea.  More could be made of Richard's cultural significance (probably not now fully appreciated by younger readers) in the article text itself, but I would support leaving the quote in the lead.  It may have only been the opinion of one person, but it is a valid and widely shared perspective, presented in an engaging way.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 23:26, 30 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't only be in the opening, which needs to be a summary of the article. ♫ RichardWeiss talk contribs 11:23, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that there needs to be more in the main text on his cultural significance in the UK, which could then include the Lennon quote in the article summary. A lot needs to be done to improve this article - but removing the quote from the lead weakens rather than strengthens it.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 11:02, 2 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Tend to agree. The sources look fine, although it's unfortunate The Times obituary of Tony Meehan is behind paywall. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:21, 2 December 2018 (UTC)
 * It needs to be done, not just talked about or the Lennon quote will be at the very least moved into the text itself. Cliff is too notable to ignore the guidelines on his bio. ♫ RichardWeiss talk contribs 12:08, 2 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, so I've stated a section on "Cultural significance and impact", please help to expand it if you can. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:26, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

Update article
Cliff Richard’s new album Christmas with Cliff was released today (25 November). Please update the Discography section of the article and update where it mentions Christmas with Cliff by removing “(upcoming)”. Benfskye1 (talk) 17:25, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Date suggestion pre Beatles era 1950...
If he is born in 1940 then how can he dominate pre Beatles era i.e. 1950...he is just 10 or little. above 10. Kindly look into it. 223.191.58.94 (talk) 23:27, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Kindly, please check your facts first, at The Beatles.😉 AusChartMan (talk) 15:28, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cliff Richard


text:
P-15 Termit

The P-15 Termit (П-15 "Термит"; termite) is an anti-ship missile developed by the Soviet Union's Raduga design bureau in the 1950s. Its GRAU designation was 4K40, its NATO reporting name was Styx or SS-N-2. China acquired the design in 1958 and created at least four versions: the CSS-N-1 Scrubbrush and CSS-N-2 versions were developed for ship-launched operation, while the CSS-C-2 Silkworm and CSS-C-3 Seersucker were used for coastal defence. Other names for this basic type of missile include: HY-1, SY-1, and FL-1 Flying Dragon (Chinese designations typically differ for export and domestic use, even for otherwise identical equipment), North Korean local produced KN-1 or KN-01, derived from both Silkworm variants and Russian & USSR P-15, Rubezh, P-20 P-22.

Despite its large size, thousands of P-15s were built and installed on many classes of ships from torpedo boats to destroyers, and coastal batteries and bomber aircraft (Chinese versions).

Origins
The P-15 was not the first anti-ship missile in Soviet service; that distinction goes to the SS-N-1 Scrubber, and to the aircraft-launched AS-1 Kennel. The SS-N-1 was a powerful but rather raw system, and it was soon superseded by the SS-N-3 Shaddock. This weapon was fitted to 4,000-ton Kynda class cruisers and replaced an initial plan for 30,000-ton battlecruisers armed with 305 mm and 45 mm guns. Rather than rely on a few heavy and costly ships, a new weapons system was designed to fit smaller, more numerous vessels, while maintaining sufficient striking power. The P-15 was developed by the Soviet designer Beresyniak, who helped in the development of the BI rocket interceptor.

Design
The first variant was the P-15, with fixed wings. The basic design of the missile, retained for all subsequent versions, featured a cylindrical body, a rounded nose, two delta wings in the center and three control surfaces in the tail. It was also fitted with a solid-fueled booster under the belly. This design was based on the Yak-1000 experimental fighter built in 1951.

The weapon was meant to be cheap, yet still give an ordinary missile boat the same 'punch' as a battleship salvo. The onboard electronics were based on a simple analog design, with a homing conical scanning radar sensor. It used a more reliable rocket engine with acid fuel in preference to a turbojet.

Some shortcomings were never totally solved, due to the liquid propellant of the rocket engine: the acid fuel gradually corroded the missile fuselage. Launches were not possible outside a temperature range of -15 to 38 C.

The missile weighed around 2340 kg, had a top speed of Mach 0.9 and a range of 40 km. The explosive warhead was behind the fuel tank, and as the missile retained a large amount of unburned fuel at the time of impact, even at maximum range, it acted as an incendiary device.

The warhead was a 500 kg shaped charge, an enlarged version of a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, larger than the semi-armour piercing (SAP) warhead typical of anti-ship missiles. The launch was usually made with the help of electronic warfare support measures (ESM) gear and Garpun radar at a range of between 5.5 and 27 km due to the limits of the targeting system. The Garpun's range against a destroyer was about 20 km.

The onboard sensor was activated at 11 km from impact, the missile would begin to descend at 1-2° to the target, because the flight pattern was about 120 to 250 m above sea level. In minimum range engagements there was the possibility of using active sensors at shorter distances, as little as 2.75 km. The P-15U was introduced in 1965, with improved avionics and folding wings, enabling the use of smaller containers. It was replaced by the P-15M in 1972, which was a further development of the P-15U, with enhanced abilities (its export simplified variants were designated P-21 and P-22, depending on the sensor installed, and a whole export system was designated the P-20M).

Russia
In total, the P-15 family had the following models:
 * P-15: A basic (SS-N-2A) with I-band, a conical search sensor and 40 km range.
 * P-15M: (SS-N-2C), heavier and longer than the P-15, it had a range of 80 km and several minor improvements.
 * P-15MC: Essentially a P-15M, coupled with a Bulgarian-made electronic countermeasure package for that country's navy.
 * P-20: A P-15 updated with the new guidance system but with the original shorter range. They were perhaps known as SS-N-2B and used by Komar and Osa class boats.
 * P-20K: A P-15M with a new guidance system.
 * P-20M: A surface version of the P-20L with folding wings. This was the definitive version of the P-15M with radar guidance.
 * P-22 other development of or along P-20; other variants P-21, P-27
 * 4K51 Rubezh and 4K40, SS-N-2C SSC-3 Styx, using P-20 and P-22, Self-propelled missile

People's Republic of China
The Chinese used this missile as a basis for their Silkworm series, with infrared (IR), radar, and turbojets or rocket engines depending on the model. The fuselage width is 75 to 80 cm. The mass is over 2 tonnes. This is comparable to the 600 to 800 kg and 35 to 40 cm of Western missiles. With improved electronics, the warhead reduced to 250 kg and the original rocket engine replaced with a turbojet, this weapon was much improved with a range of over 100 km. Chinese Silkworm missiles were used in hundreds of ships and shore batteries. The Chinese Navy built more than two hundred modified versions of the 183R (Komar-class), the Hegu-class, (complete with a longer hull and an added 25mm mount aft) and the Osa-class. Frigates and destroyers were also equipped with the missile. Some were exported and they were used in shore batteries built for North Korea, Iraq and Iran. The Soviet Union developed an equivalent, the P-120 Malakhit.
 * SY-1 (C.201) (SY is the abbreviation of pinyin: Shàng Yóu, literal meaning is upper river): The original Chinese copy of P-15 as ship-to-ship missile, called as Project 544, designed and assembled by Nanchang Aerocraft Factory from 1960, first inland test flight in December 1964 and ship-mounted test-fired in August 1965, finished the research tests in June 1966, began definitizing test from Nov 1966, permitted definitize in August 1967. It entered service during 1968 in missile boats and destroyers and later coastal batteries. Its length was 6.55 m, it had a diameter of 0.76 m, and a wingspan of 2.4 m. It weighed 2,095 kg of which 513 kg was the HEAT warhead. Its range was 40 km at Mach 0.8, with a flight altitude of 100 to 300 m, it used inertial and active radar guidance systems. This unit employed conical scanning and was vulnerable to electronic counter measures (ECM), due to its slow onboard computer. The SY-1A entered service after 1984, with a monopulse surface-search radar comparable to the evolution of the AIM-7 F to M model as well as sea-skimming flight profile enabled by a radar altimeter.
 * SY-2: Originally a supersonic development, a less-ambitious proposal for an improved version of SY-1A using a solid-fuel rocket engine was adopted in 1976 and ultimately selected for service. The new engine not only allows the missile to forgo its predecessor's pre-launch fueling process but also makes the missile smaller and lighter while actually extending its range to 50 km.  Just as importantly, the missile uses the existing launchers and logistical equipments of earlier SY-1, allowing for drop-in replacement of ordnance on older PLAN surface combatants. The export designation is FL-2.
 * HY-2 (C.201) (HY is the abbreviation of pinyin:Hǎi Yīng, literal meaning is Sea Eagle): It was the equivalent of the P-15M, and was known as the C-SS-3 Saccade. Designed for coastal batteries, with a larger airframe, its dimensions were: 7.48 ×, weight 2,998 kg. extended range from the SY-1's 30 to 50 km. Trials were carried out from 1967 to 1970 with 10 missiles out of 11 hitting the target. It entered service in China and was also exported. There were several versions:
 * HY-2: Basic, inertial and conical radar search (improved to SY-1), 1970.
 * HY-2A: IR-guidance variant. Developed during the 1970s and in 1980, it did not enter service despite certification in 1982. It was the equivalent of the P-22.
 * HY-2A-II: An improved variant of the HY-2A with an improved IR sensor, it entered service in 1988. It was also available for export.
 * HY-2B: Fitted with monopulse-search radar to improve accuracy and reliability, it was test-fired, scoring five hits out of six and entered service two years later in 1984. The YB-2B-II had another radar search system, entering service in 1989. These two missiles could fly at an altitude of 20–50m, so the overall abilities (altitude, range, reliability, electronic counter counter measures (ECCM)) were greatly superior.
 * C-201W: Fitted with a turbojet engine instead of a liquid rocket version. It was only used for export, it had a 150 km range. It is arguably also called HY-4 or C-SS-N-7 Sadpack, its dimensions are similar to the HY-1 and HY-2, but its weight is only 2,000 kg, demonstrating the differences between turbojet and rocket propulsion systems. It can fly at 70 m and attack at 8 m, with a 300 to 500 kg charge. The XW-41 land attack missile was extrapolated from this design, it had a range of about 400 km, which was enough to attack Taiwan. It is not known if this model entered service.

Substitutes of these missiles are the FL-2 and FL-7, which were solid-rocket fuelled and the C-701 and C-801, which were similar to the Exocet and other missile systems, among them the SS-N-22 Sunburn, it was bought for Sovremenny class destroyers.

North Korea

 * KN-1 or KN-01 locally produced Geum Seong-1 Korean 금성-1호, derived from both Silkworm and Russian P-15 Termit, Rubezh, P-20 P-22.

Launch platforms
This missile, despite its mass, was used in small and medium ships, from 60 to 4,000 tons, shore batteries and (only for derived models) aircraft and submarines. The main users were:
 * Komar-class missile boats
 * Osa-class missile boats
 * Vidyut class missile boat (Indian version of OSA-1 class)
 * Chamak class missile boat (Indian version of OSA-2 class)
 * Tarantul-class corvettes
 * Veer Class Corvette (Indian licence built version of Tarantul-class corvette)
 * Nanuchka-class corvettes
 * Koni-class frigates
 * Kotor-class frigates
 * The frigate Mărășești
 * Kildin-class destroyers
 * Kashin-class destroyers
 * Rajput Class destroyers (Indian version of Kashin Class)

Cuban Missile Crisis
The first use of these weapons was in 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Komar-class missile boats were deployed in Operation "Anadyr" ("Анадырь"), organized by the Soviet Union to help the Castro government. At least eight were sent in cargo ships, due partly to their small dimensions and were presumably left to the Cuban Navy after the crisis, together with many other weapons of Soviet origin.

War of Attrition
During the War of Attrition, after the Six-Day War in 1967, the Israeli destroyer Eilat was sailing at low speed outside Port Said on 21 October. At a range of 17 nmi, she was attacked by two Egyptian Komars, acting as a coastal missile battery both fired their missiles from inside the harbour. Eilat was hit, despite defensive anti-aircraft fire. The first two missiles almost blew the Eilat in two; another hit soon after, and the last exploded near the wreck in the sea. Eilat sank two hours after the first attack. 47 crew were killed. After this engagement, interest in this type of weapon was raised in both offensive weapons and defensive weapons such as close-in weapon systems (CIWS) and electronic countermeasures (ECM).

Indo-Pakistani War
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Indian Osa-class boats raided the port of Karachi in two highly successful operations causing severe damage and sinking several ships with their P-15s, among them the destroyer, Khaibar. She was a former Battle-class destroyer, originally designed as an anti-aircraft ship. Her armament might be effective against conventional air threats, (mounting 5 × 114 mm guns and several 40 mm Bofors), but had little chance against anti-ship missiles.

These raids were meant to strike Karachi and destroy the Pakistani Navy in Western Pakistan. The first action, Operation Trident, was carried out by three Osa class missile boats on the night of 5 December. 'Operation Trident' involved:
 * INS Nipat (Lt.-Cdr B.N Kavina, Vir Chakra (VrC))
 * INS Nirghat (Lt.-Cdr I.J Sharma, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), VrC)
 * INS Veer (Lt.-Cdr O.P Mehta, VrC, NM)

Around 20:30, a target was acquired by radar, at a distance of over 40 mi, and Nirghat fired two missiles. This target was the destroyer Khaibar, sailing at 20 kn. The crew of the ship saw a "bright light" in the sky, low on the water. Believing it to be the afterburner of a fighter aircraft, Khaibar opened fire with her Bofors guns, but these were not effective against such a small, fast target. The missile struck the starboard side at 22:45, destroying the electrical system. One of the boilers, possibly struck by the HEAT charge, also exploded. Despite thick smoke and a fire, Khaibar was still able to engage the second missile, again mistaking it for an enemy fighter. This missile struck the ship four minutes after the first, destroying and quickly sinking her.

During this action, Nipat attacked another two ships; the cargo vessel Venus Challenger, which was carrying ammunition from Saigon, was destroyed. Her escort, the destroyer PNS Shahjahan was severely damaged and later scrapped.

Veer then attacked Muhafiz at 23:05, (she was a minesweeper that had witnessed the attacks against Khaibar); she was hit and disintegrated, throwing most of the crew into the water before she sank.

Nipat fired two missiles at the port of Karachi. This is the first known use of an anti-ship missile against land targets. Large oil tanks, identified by radar, were hit by the first missile, destroying it, while the second weapon failed. Over the following nights there were other ship actions. Karachi was again attacked with missiles, while Petya-class frigates provided anti-submarine protection to the Osa-class boats.

On the night of 8 December, in the second operation, Operation Python, the Osa-class boat Vinash, escorted by two frigates, fired missiles at Karachi in a six-minute action. One missile hit an oil tank, destroying it. The British ship Harmattan was sunk, the Panamanian ship Gulfstar was set on fire. The Pakistan Navy fleet tanker, PNS Dacca, was badly damaged and only survived because the commanding officer, Captain. S.Q. Raza S.J. P.N., ordered the release of steam in the pipes that prevented the fire reaching the tanks. Though anti-aircraft guns opened fire in response, they only managed to hit a Greek ship, Zoë, that was moored in the port and consequently sank.

In all these actions against large ships, the P-15 proved to be an effective weapon, with a devastating warhead. Out of eleven missiles fired, only one malfunctioned, giving a 91% success rate. This gave every Osa FAC the possibility of striking several targets. Big ships, without any specialized defence, were targets for P-15s.

United States
CIA inspected and analyzed data on Styx missiles from the guidance systems of missiles delivered to Indonesia. The US Navy had underestimated the threat of Soviet missiles, but after 1967 this changed. The US Navy thought that North Vietnam missile boats and coastal defenses using P-15 missiles could be met by US vessels off the coast and that ECM and air defense missiles would be effective countermeasures. The Soviet Union in fact decided not to supply P-15 missiles to North Vietnam, even though a promise to do so had been made in 1965.

In April 1972 the US Navy claimed to have been attacked by P-15 missiles during the Battle of Đồng Hới and they were shot down by Terrier missiles.

Yom Kippur War
Despite these early successes, the 1973 Yom Kippur War saw P-15 missiles used by the Egyptian and Syrian navies prove ineffective against Israeli ships. The Israeli Navy had phased out their old ships, building a fleet of Sa'ar-class FACs: faster, smaller, more maneuverable and equipped with new missiles and countermeasures.

Although the range of the P-15 was twice that of the Israeli Gabriel, allowing Arab ships to fire first, radar jamming and chaff degraded their accuracy. In the Battle of Latakia and Battle of Baltim, several dozen P-15s were fired and all missed. Arab ships did not possess heavy firepower required for surface combat against enemy vessels, usually only 25 and 30 mm guns, and Osa and Komar boats were not always able to outrun their Israeli pursuers.

Iran–Iraq War
P-15 variants, including the Chinese duplication "Silkworm", were employed by Iran against Iraq in the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War, with some success. As the Iranian coastline is longer than Iraq's, control of the Persian Gulf was relatively easy. Shore batteries with missiles can control a large part of this area, especially around the Hormuz Strait.

Iraq also acquired Silkworms, some with an IR homing ability. Iraqi OSA-class missile boats equipped with SS-N-2 used them against the IRIN navy, managed to hit and sink an Iranian Kaman-class fast attack craft, but sustained heavy losses, especially from Iranian Harpoons and Mavericks. Iraqi forces combined SS-N-2 (P-15 Termit) launched from Tu-22, Exocet missiles launched from Mirage F1 and Super Etendard, as well as Silkworm missiles and C-601 missiles launched from Tu-16 and H-6 bombers, bought from the Soviet Union and China to engage the Iranian Navy and tankers carrying Iranian oil.

Gulf War (1990–1991)
During the First Gulf War an Iraqi missile crew attacked US battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) with a Silkworm, while it was escorting a fleet of minesweepers engaged in coastal anti-mine operations. HMS Gloucester engaged the missile with a salvo shot of Sea Dart missiles which destroyed it after it had flown over its initial target.

Operators
The P-15 missile family and their clones were widely deployed from the 1960s. The German Navy, after reunification, gave its stock of almost 200 P-15s to the United States Navy in 1991, these weapons being mainly the P-15M/P-22. They were used for missile defence tests.

Current operators

 * – P-20U and 4K51 Rubezh.
 * – P-22, P-20U, and 4K51 Rubezh.
 * – P-20.
 * – P-27 Termit-R mounted on destroyers and corvettes.
 * – HY-2.
 * – P-22.
 * – P-15, P-20, HY-1 and Kumsong-3.
 * – HY-1, HY-2, and HY-4.
 * – P-22.
 * – P-22 Mounted on Tarantul-class corvettes and 4K51 Rubezh on coastal batteries.
 * – P-15M and P-22.
 * – P-15, P-20, and 4K51 Rubezh.

Former operators

 * – retired from service.
 * – retired from service.
 * – HY-1 and HY-2 used on Type 021-class missile boats and Type 024 missile boats, retired from service.
 * – P-22, used until 2021.
 * – retired from service.
 * – passed on to Germany.
 * – acquired from East Germany after the German reunification and withdrawn from service shortly thereafter.
 * – P-15M missiles transferred from Ukraine in 1999 for the Matka-class missile boat, Tbilisi.
 * – passed on to Eritrea.
 * – acquired from Ethiopia. Out of service in 2004.
 * – used on Komar-class missile boats.
 * – retired from service after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.
 * – retired from service.
 * – P-21/22 used until 2014.
 * – out of service after the Somali Civil War.
 * South Yemen – passed on to the unified Yemeni state.
 * – passed on to successor states.
 * – operated some prior to the 2022 Invasion of Ukraine.
 * – acquired after the Yemeni unification. Non-operational after the civil war.
 * – passed on to successor states.

Captured-only operators

 * , for experimental activities.
 * , acquired from Egyptian Navy for experimental activities only, no deployment.

title: P-15 Termit


text:
User talk:SonicAD/archive 1

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
 * You can find lots more information, including open tasks and daily tips, at the community portal.
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 22:29, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions
Your suggestions have been very helpful. Consider this my response preceeding (retroactively) my deleting them from my talk page. Thanks! ka1iban 19:27, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

[No header]
You have no right to pick and choose what sites directly related to the topic will be allowed, an informative message forum or discussion site is an intelligent well placed link. You want to start an issue i'd be happy to change and delete any changes you ever make.

You're showing bias is what you're doing —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.174.230.64 (talk • contribs) 03:57, Mar 3 2006 (UTC).

Thanks!
Thank you for cleaning up and adding info on the NASCAR Criticisms section about the Roundy Round racing tracks... Bubby the Tour G 23:00 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your kind words on my talk page. Nach0king 09:43, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Spam category link
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Thunderroad 05:06, 4 March 2006 (UTC) Jayski category link removed from NASCAR category. Please stop spamming

 * First off, I apologize for calling you a vandal in that edit summary. I thought it was the earlier vandal who had deleted the link to the Jayski page. The link to the Jayski's article (which I did create a couple days back) should stay, as should the link to it in the external links. It's a popular, well-known website, and I've heard it mentioned many times by drivers on TV. I believe that it merits inclusion, as does the article on the website itself. -- SonicAD (talk) 05:11, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In addition, I should also note that if you search for NASCAR on Google, Jayski's is the #2 result. It's not spam, it's a relevant link. -- SonicAD (talk) 05:16, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Thunderroad 05:17, 4 March 2006 (UTC) Please stop adding spam links to the NASCAR category

 * Well, the rest of the links weren't top 10... I propose to keep the link to the Jayski article itself on the NASCAR page right now, but to do a straw poll on the talk page to see what people think about the link to the website itself on the NASCAR page. -- SonicAD (talk) 05:34, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree that Jayski's is a NASCAR related link and so are the dozens of other external links that have been listed in the past and rank in the Google top-10. I beleive to avoid spamming it's best to leave the external links to official sources and media outlets such as NASCAR.com, SpeedTV, NBC, and FoxSports.

 * Can you at least keep the link to the Jayski article in? There's no reason not to include it, though if you believe it shouldn't be here I invite you to nominate it for deletion.-- SonicAD (talk) 05:50, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

NASCAR
I got your back. :) I am wondering though. Why is the safety section under Car of Tomorrow? And I'm not sure that either should be under history. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 05:56, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I just semi protected it. Looks like this link spammer is doing some IP hopping. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 06:00, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, we need to get that article sorted out... A couple days ago was when I decided to make more of a contribution (after doing things on and off for 2 years), and here I am stuck in an edit war with a spammer, then getting called a spammer myself. It's both fun and totally exhausting. And about time someone semi-protected it, I was trying to get that hours ago... watch Nextel Cup as well. -- SonicAD (talk) 06:02, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, as you did to NASCAR, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Thunderroad 06:03, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not re-add the Jayski link, someone else did.-- SonicAD (talk) 06:04, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I noted it in my talk page, but I ask to please rescind the "last warning." I was not the one to re-add the link to the Jayski page.-- SonicAD (talk) 06:06, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You are having one hell of a night aren't you? I'll stick with ya and help out. I just warned Thunderroad. He should not be using the test templates on you. Period. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 06:07, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No dog in this fight, auto revert. Sorry! TKE 06:09, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's been a whole day of hell, I've been fighting since last night!-- SonicAD (talk) 06:10, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I protected NASCAR and Nextel Cup. Busch Series isn't getting hit right no but if it does, I'll protect that as well. As I said on RfPP, blocking people for violating 3RR works fine in these cases, but we seemt o be stopping one and then 2 more come up. Losing the battle. So protection is a better option for now. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 06:15, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep, saw that. I'm also laughing at how he's constantly trying to make me look likethe bad guy by saying that I'm doing it to protect sites I'm affiliated with, when the only NASCAR site of my own that I have, and I've linked to is in my user page. Which is what I recommended he do instead of spamming it. *sigh* Will be glad to be able to go to sleep in a half-hour. -- SonicAD (talk) 06:24, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Does it get hit alot with linkspam? Sports articles tend to be. I'll unprotect in a little while but I'll keep them on my WL. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 07:53, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I would suppose so, but I don't check all the time, some of it has probably been missed in the past, which lead to a bunch of links of questionable relevancy being lost in the shuffle last night.-- SonicAD (talk) 16:45, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Regarding AfD on Jayski's Silly Season Site
''Having created the article on Jayski's, and being unsure whether you've checked the deletion discussion since then, I'd like to ask you to reconsider your nomination. I do believe that, contrary to your nomination, it meets two criteria of WP:WEB: Part 1 (see and ), and Part 3 (being hosted by ESPN.com, noted on Jayski's home page  and linked to in the racing section of ESPN.com.  Thanks! -- SonicAD (talk) 03:18, 9 March 2006 (UTC)''

 * In light of this information, I am happy to reconsider my opinion. It seems I was wrong and that the website does indeed meet WP:WEB, per these arguments, and I have thus withdrawn my deletion nomination and voted to 'Keep the article. └ UkPaolo/talk┐ 09:49, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

My RFA
Nacon kantari  e |t||c|m 23:25, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome,, to Esperanza, the Wikipedia member association! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member you should read the guide to what to do now or you may be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is the StressUnit, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. We have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Possibles.

I encourage you to take an active voice in the running of Esperanza. We have a small government system, headed by our Administrator general, Celestianpower, and guided by the Advisory Committee comprised of KnowledgeOfSelf, JoanneB, FireFox and Titoxd. The next set of elections will be in February, and I would be glad to see you vote, or even consider running for a position.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact me via email or talk page. Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users via our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to be!

Thanks!

Srik e it 18:20, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I would also like to welcome you. - [[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]]  nath a  nrdotcom  ( T •  C  • W) 18:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Congrats!

 * Happy 1st edit day. Many happy returns. haz  (user talk)e 16:16, 15 March 2006
 * Happy 1st edit day! - [[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]]  nath a  nrdotcom  ( T •  C  • W) 17:30, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

User Page Award - judging
Hi SonicAD. This is a quick message to remind you that all 5 finalists for the Esperanza User Page Award have been chosen. You now need to judge those 5 pages, awarding each one 1-10 points for attractiveness, usefulness, interesting-ness and general niceness. Refer to the Scores section at Esperanza/User Page Award if you are unsure.

Once you have scored the 5 pages, email KnowledgeOfSelf using the specified format. As soon as all the scores have been tallied, a winner will be announced! Thanks. haz  (user talk)e 16:18, 15 March 2006

 * Yes please do not forget! :D KnowledgeOfSelf 13:04, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Chart
Can we doing chart on Wikipedia??? I can, teach me. Aleenf1 07:51, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

A KISS Rfa Thanks
Thank you, I've been promoted. psch e  mp  |  talk  01:24, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Translation
''Pour un analphabète, c'est comme si le texte était écrit dans une langue étrangère. Facilitez-leur la tâche.'' Cheers. Solensean 16:03, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

thanks
Thank you for the support in the AC elections. I Lov  E Plankton 00:00, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, ! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. AmiDaniel (Talk) 04:54, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

WA
Interesting point about Western Australia. Washington has about three times as many people, but there are also a lot of other possible uses of WA... hmm. Sometime soon I may just go through and fix all the links (nothing should be pointing to the disamb page anyways) and then we can see about having it point to Washington or for WA (disambiguation) to be moved back to WA. In the meantime, I'll accept your pointing of the redirect. Thanks for the note on my talk page. Happy editing! Matt Yeager ♫ ( Talk? ) 07:11, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That said, please try to avoid copy-and-paste moves. They leave behind no record of history. After we get a consensus together on what WA should be, if you end up "winning", we'll do a WP:RM and move WA (disambiguation) to WA. Until then, leave WA as just a redirect, please. (See Help:Moving a page, if memory serves, for the specific guideline that you accidently went against, if you're curious.) Cheers! Matt Yeager ♫ ( Talk? ) 07:17, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

May the Force be with you.
Dear ,
 * Thanks for voting on my RFA! I appreciate your faith in me, and was overwhelmed by the positive response to my RFA; for it shows that at least I'm doing something right. :) I've started working to improve myself already, and I hope that next time, things run better, and maybe, just maybe, one day we can bask on the shores of Admintopia together. Thanks and cheers, <font color="D70000">_-M  o   P-_  21:54, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Hey!
I dont know what your talking about. I didn't remove content from Wallaby, I just put that info in a better spot. Fictional people/places/things should not be put in the factual section.

 * That wasn't the problem, the problem was that you had accidentally deleted a whole section of the article. I can see it's an accident, so don't worry about it. Just be more careful. Also, please do not remove warnings from now on, even if you believe they are in error. Talk to the person who warned you first, and ask them for permission to remove it (or to remove it themselves). Thanks. -- SonicAD (talk) 02:39, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I did? Whoops! Sorry! --66.218.13.117 02:48, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Doctor Who and Lost ROCK!!! --66.218.13.117 02:37, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Header for separation
hello Sonic,

I removed 2 sentences in the article about Walloons, that's right (see below). However, i did removed erroneous and fallacious sentences only ! I tried to inform about those 2 sentences in the discussion page before but without result. You can check the validity of my removal in any authorized publications concerning that subject. I hope I didnt offence any wikipedia users.

Best regards

They are ethnically characterized by darker skin and a distinctive wide nose that set them apart from their Flemish counterparts. The Walloons were enslaved by the Flemish for nearly 200 years until the second Belgian civil war, which cost many lives and did hundreds of dollars of damage.

This is totally nonsense and somehow quite racist ! There is no physical difference among Flemish and Walloon population. None were ever enslaved and no Belgian civil war ever occured since 21 July 1830, independence day in Belgium. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.44.136.42 (talk • contribs)

''Okay, I might've jumped the gun on it, let me take a moment to research it more properly. -- SonicAD (talk) 04:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)''

Re:
''The reason the articles you created are being tagged for deletion is that those people are not notable. Please see Wikipedia:Notability (people) for guidelines. -- SonicAD (talk)'' 03:54, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You can write as much as you want for that in the userspace, but I warn that any attempts to place it in the article space will result in a quick deletion, unless you can prove the person's notability.
 * Well I'm trying, but the users that want it deleted have no patience. I will post it once it is complete. Curt-Schilling 04:02, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

"vandalism" RE: Bell High School article
Hm. That was not nonsense. It's all true, 100%. Put that back up right now, it only has to be on there for one month so I can show my classmates. I happen to be a student of BHS, and what are you doing up at 12:30 a.m. reading an article on Bell High School anyway? Do you also happen to be Sonichl2 or Soniclove of the Joint Operations community? If so, we have spoken before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.49.206.5 (talk • contribs)
 * Perhaps not nonsense (the message you got is the same message everyone gets when I click that button), but all the same. It's not something that is verifiable (WP:V), nor is it very important. It does not belong on Wikipedia whatsoever. And the reason I was reading it? I patrol for vandals. Happened upon it. And no, we've ever met anywhere online, AFAIK. -- SonicAD (talk) 04:42, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

for information
Hi again Sonic,

Thanks for your reply concerning my text removal in the article about the walloons. I've also checked the history of this article and I've found when those 2 controversial sentences were added. I give your here the links related with those changes. I let you judge about the relevance of that part. I won't modify anything in the article no more, however those who are playing with misinformation, are also weakening the credibility of this encyclopedia.

Regards,

JLG

A. Revision as of 19:05, 3 April 2006 Bluebot (Talk | contribs) (Unicodifying using AWB) ← Older edit

B. Revision as of 02:00, 2 May 2006 140.247.248.133 (Talk)

Newer edit →

C. Revision as of 01:43, 5 May 2006 140.247.240.93 (Talk)

Newer edit → —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.44.136.42 (talk • contribs)

 * Who wrote it is pretty much irrelevant to me (and the person who put it in is long gone anyway). It all appears to be taken care of now. Anyways, go ahead and add to that article (or any other) if you know anything (though I'd suggest you get an account). G'night, mate. -- SonicAD (talk) 15:36, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

65.103.86.243
Hi. Thanks for the message. And sir, what I said on the Tin Woodman article is true. Go to the Wicked article and you'll see why. 65.103.86.243

''Reverted back to your version, it seems to be correct. You have quite a few warnings, thus why I jumped on it. Sorry. -- SonicAD (talk) 22:22, 24 May 2006 (UTC)''

Notable
I included info on the article being notable. Dossier 03:21, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I see that Kim McGinn has been deleted and marked not to be replaced in the past, so, unless you can provide good reasoning (only 53 Google hits for that name). Kim Mcginn will probably be deleted pretty quickly. -- SonicAD (talk) 03:25, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

also, this must be a different subject than the other one. Dossier 03:26, 27 May 2006 (UTC) - actually it's the same subject, but the other article was deleted because not enough info was posted. Dossier 03:39, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I just provided good reasoning on the talk page. Dossier 03:32, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:SonicAD/archive 1


text:
Gérard D. Levesque

Gérard D. Levesque  (May 2, 1926 – November 17, 1993) was a longtime Quebec politician and Cabinet minister, who twice served as interim leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Levesque was first elected to what is now called the Quebec National Assembly in the riding of Bonaventure in 1956 and sat in the legislature continuously until the end of his life. Under Premier Jean Lesage he served as minister of housing and fisheries and then as minister for trade. In the first cabinet of Robert Bourassa, who came to power in 1970, he served in various capacities including minister of trade, Minister of Justice and deputy premier.

After the defeat of the Bourassa government in 1976, Levesque served as Leader of the opposition until 1979, while leaders Robert Bourassa and then Claude Ryan were without parliamentary seats. Levesque was noted for his fierce opposition to what was introduced as Bill 1, the Charter of the French Language; his procedural wrangling meant it had to be eventually reintroduced as Bill 101. Levesque was also interim leader of the party between Bourassa's resignation and the election of Ryan. Levesque again served as Leader of the Opposition and acting leader of the party from August 1982 to September 1983 after the resignation of Ryan and until the return of Bourassa for his second stint as party leader.

In the second Bourassa government, elected in 1985, Levesque served as minister of finance, a position he held until his death in 1993 at the age of 67.

In popular culture
The name of the fictional character Gérard D. Laflaque, protagonist of the satirical TV program Et Dieu créa... Laflaque, is a variation of his name.

title: Gérard D. Levesque


text:
Proximal tubule

The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle. At this location, the glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) lining bowman’s capsule abruptly transition to proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). The proximal tubule can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the proximal straight tubule (PST).

Structure
The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its luminal brush border.

Brush border cell
The luminal surface of the epithelial cells of this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed microvilli forming a border readily visible under the light microscope giving the brush border cell its name. The microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their reabsorptive function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen. The microvilli are composed of actin filament bundles that have been visualized using confocal microscopy.

The cytoplasm of the cells is densely packed with mitochondria, which are largely found in the basal region within the infoldings of the basal plasma membrane. The high quantity of mitochondria gives the cells an acidophilic appearance. The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient.

Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope.

Agonal resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the capillaries surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of cell nuclei into the tubule lumen.

This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or "dirty-looking", in contrast to the "clean" appearance of distal tubules, which have quite different properties.

Divisions
Based on its appearance at low magnification, the proximal tubule can be divided into two sections: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and the proximal straight tubule (PST). Differences in cell outlines exist between these segments, and therefore presumably in function too.

Based on ultrastructure, it can be divided into three segments, S1, S2, and S3.

Proximal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta)
The pars convoluta (Latin "convoluted part") is the initial convoluted portion.

In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the renal cortex.

Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2.

Proximal straight tubule (pars recta)
The pars recta (Latin "straight part") is the following straight (descending) portion.

Straight segments descend into the outer medulla. They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla.

As a logical extension of the nomenclature described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3.

Absorption
The proximal tubule efficiently regulates the pH of the filtrate by secreting hydrogen ions (acid) into the tubule and reabsorbing approximately 80% of the filtered bicarbonate.

Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+-ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.

Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this P-type ATPase – 60–70% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through active transport, solvent drag, and paracellular electrodiffusion. Active transport is mainly through the sodium/hydrogen antiporter NHE3. Paracellular transport increases transport efficiency, as determined by oxygen consumed per unit of Na+ reabsorbed, thus playing a part in maintaining renal oxygen homeostasis.

Secretion
Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further reading: Drugs secreted in the kidney

Most of the ammonium that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion: the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The alpha-ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two bicarbonate anions, which are pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions.

Clinical significance
Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian cell lines are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule: porcine LLC-PK1 cells and marsupial OK cells.

Cancer
Most renal cell carcinoma, the most common form of kidney cancer, arises from the convoluted tubules.

Other
Acute tubular necrosis occurs when PTECs are directly damaged by toxins such as antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin), pigments (e.g., myoglobin) and sepsis (e.g., mediated by lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria). Renal tubular acidosis (proximal type) (Fanconi syndrome) occurs when the PTECs are unable to properly reabsorb glomerular filtrate so that there is increased loss of bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and phosphate.

PTECs also participate in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury due to glomerulonephritis, ischemia, interstitial nephritis, vascular injury, and diabetic nephropathy. In these situations, PTECs may be directly affected by protein (e.g., proteinuria in glomerulonephritis), glucose (in diabetes mellitus), or cytokines (e.g., interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factors). There are several ways in which PTECs may respond: producing cytokines, chemokines, and collagen; undergoing epithelial mesenchymal trans-differentiation; necrosis or apoptosis.

title: Proximal tubule