text:
Heinie Manush

Henry Emmett Manush (July 20, 1901 – May 12, 1971), nicknamed "Heinie", was an American baseball outfielder. He played professional baseball for 20 years from 1920 to 1939, including 17 years in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers (1923–1927), St. Louis Browns (1928–1930), Washington Senators (1930–1935), Boston Red Sox (1936), Brooklyn Dodgers (1937–1938), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1938–1939). After retiring as a player, Manush was a minor league manager from 1940 to 1945, a scout for the Boston Braves in the late 1940s and a coach for the Senators from 1953 to 1954. He also scouted for the expansion Senators in the early 1960s. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.

A native of Tuscumbia, Alabama, Manush was one of the best batters in baseball in the 1920s and 1930s. He compiled a .330 career batting average, won the American League batting championship in 1926 with a .378 batting average, finished one point short of a second batting championship in 1928, finished among the top four batters in the American League six times (1926, 1928–1929, and 1932–1934) and totaled more than 200 hits four times (1928–1929, 1932–1933). In 1928, he finished second in the voting for the American League Most Valuable Player (MVP) award after leading the American League with 241 hits and 47 doubles, while also hitting 20 triples and compiling 367 total bases. He was Again #2 in the MVP vote in 1929, albeit 'Unofficial' it was the same vote and system as before. He also finished third in the MVP voting in 1932 and 1933 and was the leading batter on the 1933 Washington Senators team that won the American League pennant and lost the 1933 World Series to the New York Giants.

Manush compiled 7 five-hit games and 52 four-hit games in his 17-year major league career.

Manush was also a solid defensive outfielder, appearing in 2,008 major league games, 1,381 as a left fielder, 312 as a center fielder, and 153 as a right fielder. He led the American League with 356 putouts and a .992 fielding percentage in left field in 1928, and five double plays turned by a left fielder in 1935. His 2,855 putouts in left field rank 21st in major league history.

Early years
Manush was born in 1901 at Tuscumbia, Alabama, a city in the Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area that is best known as the hometown of Helen Keller. His father, George Manush, immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1878 and worked as a cabinet maker and carpenter for a railroad company. His mother, Kate Manush, was born in Wisconsin, the daughter of German immigrants.

Manush was nicknamed "Heinie" due to his German ancestry. He was one of eight children in the family, seven boys and one girl. All seven boys took up baseball, five of them playing the game professionally. His brother Frank Manush was 18 years older than Heinie and played professional baseball from 1907 to 1921. Manush was seven years old when Frank made his major league debut in 1908 and later recalled: "When I was as young as 7 or 8, Frank used to bring home all his baseball equipment and uniform. I would look at that weird paraphernalia and wish I could wear it.  From then on, baseball was all I ever had on my mind."

Manush started high school in Tuscumbia but transferred as a senior to Massey Military Academy, located 80 miles northeast of Tuscumbia in Cornersville, Tennessee. In 1918, Manush moved to Iowa to join another brother in the plumbing business. He then moved to California in March 1919 and played semipro baseball with a club in Los Angeles.

Minor leagues
Manush began his professional career in 1920, playing six games for the Portland Beavers in the Pacific Coast League. Moving to the Edmonton Eskimos in the Western Canada League in 1921, Manush hit .321 in 83 games. In 1922, he played for the Omaha Buffaloes in the Western League, hitting 20 home runs and compiling a .376 batting average that was second in the league behind only Carl East.

Detroit Tigers
After Manush's 1922 performance in Omaha, he was purchased by the Detroit Tigers. In early February 1923, Manush returned a signed contract with the Tigers, joining a star-studded Detroit outfield that included future Hall of Famers Harry Heilmann and Ty Cobb, as well as reliable sluggers Bobby Veach (.327 batting average in 1922), Bob Fothergill (.322 average in 1922), and Ira Flagstead (.308 average in 1922). During his rookie season with the Tigers, Manush played well enough to appear in 109 games, 79 as a left fielder, sharing the position with Veach. He compiled a .334 batting average, tenth highest in the American League. He also led the league with 17 times hit by pitch.

In 1924, Manush appeared in 120 games, 71 as the starting left fielder, and his batting average dropped 45 points to .289, though he again led the league with 16 times hit by pitch. Ty Cobb later accepted responsibility for Manush's slump in 1924. Cobb believed that, by studying the "science" of hitting, every batter could improve. Accordingly, he took Manush aside for several days early in the 1924 season to work on improving Manush's technique and batting stance. After working with Cobb, Manush's batting average and self-confidence plummeted. Cobb eventually came to the conclusion that, like Babe Ruth, Manush was a "natural" hitter rather than a "scientific" one and that it was a mistake to try to change a natural hitter.

In 1925, Manush moved to center field as a backup to Cobb. He appeared in 99 games, including 45 as the team's starting center fielder and 12 as the starting left fielder, and compiled a .302 batting average.

In 1926, Manush took over from Ty Cobb as the Tigers' starting center fielder, a position held by Cobb for 20 years. Manush had the best season of his career up to then, compiling a .378 batting average to win the American League batting title. He also ranked among the league's leaders with a .986 on-base plus slugging rating (second behind Babe Ruth) and a .564 slugging percentage (third behind Ruth and Al Simmons).

Manush trailed Babe Ruth for the batting championship going into the last day of the 1926 season. On the final day, September 26, the Tigers played a doubleheader, and Manush overtook Ruth by garnering six hits in nine at bats. By taking the batting crown, Manush also denied Ruth the Triple Crown. In a 1964 interview, Manush cited his beating Ruth on the last day of the 1926 season as one of two events in his career (the other was playing in the 1933 World Series) that most stood out for him.

Manush's improvement in 1926 was credited to the mentoring of teammate Harry Heilmann, who won American League batting crowns in 1921, 1923, 1925 and 1927. After Manush slumped in 1925, Heilmann, who had a talent for placing his hits, "took Manush in tow and taught him some tricks." After Heilmann's lessons, Manush developed a talent for dropping hits over second base between the left and center fielders.

In 1927, Manush continued as the Tigers' starting center fielder, appearing in 146 games at the position, but his batting average dropped by 80 points from .378 to .298. He did still rank among the American League leaders, however, with 18 triples (second), 101 runs scored (seventh), 177 hits (tenth), 55 extra base hits (tenth), and 262 total bases (tenth). He also rated among the league's leading center fielders with a .971 fielding percentage (second) and 356 putouts (third).

St. Louis Browns
On December 13, 1927, the Tigers traded Manush and first baseman Lu Blue to the St. Louis Browns in exchange for outfielder Harry Rice, pitcher Elam Vangilder, and a player to be named later. The trade was promptly criticized as being one-sided in favor of St. Louis, and proved as much when Manush had an outstanding 1928 season for the Browns.

Manush appeared in all 154 games as the Browns' starting left fielder in 1928 and compiled a .378 batting average, narrowly missing a second batting title to Goose Goslin who hit .379, one point higher than Manush. The battle for the batting title was the closest in 18 years, and Manush, who appeared in 19 more games than Goslin, led the league with 241 hits, 68 more than Goslin. Manush also led the American League in 1928 with 47 doubles and finished among the league leaders with 367 total bases (second behind Babe Ruth), 20 triples (second), a 6.8 offensive wins above replacement rating (third behind Ruth and Lou Gehrig), 80 extra base hits (third behind Ruth and Gehrig), a .575 slugging percentage (fourth), and 108 RBIs (fourth). He helped the Browns improve by 23 wins from a 59-94 record in 1927 to an 82-72 record in 1928. He also finished second behind Mickey Cochrane in close voting for the 1928 American League Most Valuable Player award, with Cochrane garnering 53 vote points to 51 for Manush.

Manush had another fine season in 1929, appearing in 145 games in left field for the Browns, while compiling the third-highest batting average (.355) in the American League. He was once again second in the AL MVP vote, losing to Lew Fonseca. He also finished in a three-way tie for the league lead with 45 doubles and ranked fifth in the league with 204 hits.

Manush was a holdout in 1930, refusing to report unless his salary was substantially increased. He finally signed a contract and reported to the club on March 20, 1930. Manush appeared in 48 games as the Browns' starting left fielder and compiled a .328 batting average.

Washington Senators
On June 13, 1930, the Browns traded Manush with pitcher Alvin Crowder to the Washington Senators in exchange for left fielder Goose Goslin, with whom Manush had battled for the 1928 batting title. It was reported at the time of the trade that the team owners were trying to rid themselves of players who held out, Manush and Goslin both having been holdouts at the start of the 1930 season. In the second half of the 1930 season, Manush took over Goslin's spot as Washington's left fielder, starting 86 games at the position and batting .362. In 1931, Manush started 146 games in left field and compiled a .307 batting average.

In 1932, Manush had one of the best seasons of his career. Continuing as the Senators' left fielder, he compiled a .342 batting average, fourth highest in the American League, and finished third in American League MVP voting behind Jimmie Foxx and Lou Gehrig. He also ranked among the league's leaders with 214 hits (second), 121 runs scored (third), 324 total bases (fifth), 14 triples (fifth), a .520 slugging percentage (sixth), and 116 RBIs (sixth).

Manush had another strong season in 1933. Appearing in 150 games in left field, he compiled the second highest batting average (.336) in the American League, trailing only Jimmie Foxx. He led the American League with 221 hits and 17 triples and ranked third in the league with 115 runs scored and 302 total bases. He also had a pair of long hitting streaks, first a 26 gamer one then a 33-game hitting streak in 1933 and finished third in the American League MVP voting. He helped lead the 1933 Washington Senators to the American League pennant with a 99-53 record.

The Senators lost the 1933 World Series to the New York Giants, four games to one. Manush had only two hits and two walks, though he also scored two runs, in 20 plate appearances during the 1933 World Series. In Game 4, Manush was ejected by umpire Charlie Moran after arguing Moran's calling Manush out on a close play at first base. The Senators lost the game in the 11th inning, and the ejection of Manush was bitterly denounced by the Senators after the loss. After the game, baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis opined that Manush should not have been ejected and ruled that Manush would be permitted to play the next day. Manush confessed 31 years later to his actual conduct on that day. He recalled beating out the throw at first, which would have been a turning point in the game with Goose Goslin already on second base. Manush was so angry at the call that he had pulled on Moran's rubber bow tie:

"I didn't lay a hand on Moran, but I did grab that bow tie and pulled it two feet away from his neck and then I let it snap right back into his gullet. ... Even before he could recover his breath his thumb went up and I was out."

In 1934, Manush appeared in 137 games, 129 as the starting left fielder. He began the season on a torrid pace, batting .411 with 111 hits, 24 doubles and 10 triples by June 25. He was selected to play in the 1934 Major League Baseball All-Star Game held on July 10, the second ever All-Star Game. In the first inning, Manush was walked by Carl Hubbell and executed a double steal with Charlie Gehringer.

Manush slumped in the second half of the 1934 season, recording only 83 hits after June 25, but he still ranked among the league leaders for the 1934 season with a .349 batting average (third), 11 triples (second), 292 putouts in left field (second), a .980 fielding percentage in left field (second), and a 2.28 range factor per game in left field (second).

The slump that struck Manush in the last half of the 1934 season continued through the 1935 season. His batting average plummeted to .273, 76 points lower than his 1934 average, and he started only 109 games, fewer than in any season since 1925. Despite limited playing time, he led the American League's left fielders with five double plays turned in 1935.

Boston, Brooklyn and Pittsburgh
On December 17, 1935, the Senators traded Manush to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for Roy Johnson and Carl Reynolds. At the time of the trade, some expressed hope that a change of scenery, and a reunion with manager Joe Cronin who had managed the Senators during Manush's best seasons, would help Manush return to his old form. Instead, the slump followed Manush to Boston, as he appeared in only 82 games, 72 as a starter, and compiled a .291 batting average. He was given an outright release by the Red Sox on September 27, 1936.

On December 9, 1936, Manush signed as a free agent with the Brooklyn Dodgers. The Dodgers had been seeking a young outfielder, and The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reacted with surprise to the signing of Manush, its headline reading, "Dodgers Search for Youth Unearths Manush, Aged 36". In spring training with the Dodgers, Manush broke out of his batting slump, leading the Florida circuit with a .571 average by late March. He became the Dodgers' starting right fielder in 1937, and in his first season facing National League pitching, Manush compiled a .333 batting average, ninth highest in the league.

Manush began the 1938 season with the Dodgers, but his batting slump returned as his average fell to .238 in 17 games. He was released by the Dodgers on May 15, 1938. A week after being released by the Dodgers, Manush signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League. He appeared in 81 games for Toronto and compiled a .310 batting average in 277 at bats.

On August 30, 1938, the Pittsburgh Pirates purchased Manush from Toronto as an "insurance outfielder and pinch hitter" for the last month of the pennant drive with the Chicago Cubs. Manush appeared as a pinch hitter in 15 games for the 1938 Pirates, batting .308 in 13 at bats. Manush returned to the Pirates in 1939, but played sparingly with no hits in 12 at bats. He appeared in his final major league game on May 22, 1939, at age 37, and was released by the Pirates on June 7, 1939.

Minor league player and manager
On June 12, 1939, Manush signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs, with whom he played for most of the 1938 season. He appeared in 66 games for Toronto and compiled a batting average of only .241. Manush spent the next five years as a player-manager in the Piedmont League for the Rocky Mount Red Sox in 1940, the Greensboro Red Sox in 1941 and 1942, the Roanoke Red Sox in 1943. In 1944, he served as manager of the Scranton Miners in the Eastern League, and in 1945 he became manager of the Martinsville A's in the Carolina League.

Manush scouted for the Boston Braves until 1948, then served as a coach for the Senators during the 1953 and 1954 seasons. In October 1954, after Chuck Dressen was hired as the Senators' new manager, he was replaced. He later scouted for the expansion Washington Senators in 1961–62.

Hall of Fame and legacy
In 17 seasons as a player in the major leagues, Manush appeared in 2,008 games, 1,381 as a left fielder, 312 as a center fielder, and 153 as a right fielder, and compiled a .330 batting average with 2,524 hits, 1,288 runs scored, and 1,183 RBIs. His notable career accomplishments include the following:
 * His .330 career batting average ranks 33rd in major league history. His .378 average in 1926 was the highest in Major League Baseball that year, six points higher than Babe Ruth, thus depriving Ruth of the Triple Crown.
 * His 241 hits in 1928, a 154-game season, was the fifth highest single-season total to that point in major league history. It still ranks as the 11th highest single-season total.
 * His 2,855 career putouts in left field rank 21st in major league history. His 1928 total of 356 putouts in left field was the ninth highest single-season total in major league history at the time. He also held the career high fielding pct for a Left Fielder when he retired in '39,  .980.
 * His 33 career double plays turned in left field rank 25th in major league history.

In February 1964, Manush was elected by the Veterans Committee to the Baseball Hall of Fame. On learning the news, Manush, at his home in Sarasota, Florida, told reporters, "It's quite a shock to me to be picked ... I feel wonderful ... I had no idea this would ever happen to me."

The 1942 motion picture Obliging Young Lady opens with a comedic sequence in which Edmond O'Brien keeps repeating "Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush" in cadence with the sound of the train on which he is riding. At one point, a porter interrupts, "Who is Heinie Manush?", and O'Brien replies, "The great baseball player." In the dining car, O'Brien continues even as he orders, "Filet mignon that's for me, filet mignon that's for me, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush, filet mignon, medium rare, Heinie Manush, Heinie Manush." The repetitive, onomatopoeic nature of the phrase fit the sound of the train so well that other riders began to pick it up, driving the conductor to distraction.

Manush was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in 1964, and later posthumously into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.

Family and later years
Manush was married, and he and his wife Betty had three daughters, Shirley who died at age 58 in 1987, Lillis, who also died in 1987 at age 56 and Sue McCaw, who lived in Florida and turned 76 in 2009. She passed on in 2010. They lived in Sarasota, Florida, beginning in 1935. His wife died in June 1949 at age 46 after undergoing an operation at Harper Hospital in Detroit. Manush picked up the game of golf in 1935 and he won multiple city golf championships in Sarasota.

Manush fought an extended battle against throat cancer, was placed in a Sarasota nursing home on March 11, 1971, and died there on May 12, 1971. He was interred next to his wife Betty at Sarasota Memorial Park.

title: Heinie Manush


text:
Three man

Three man (also referred to as Mr. Three, hat man or the trifecta ) is a drinking game played with two dice. It can be played with at least three people but some consider it better with around five.

Rules
A random player is chosen to be the "three man", and may be given a hat to wear to signify this role. Players then take turns around the table to roll two six-sided dice, with one version of the rules stating the following effects:

 * Threes
 * For a roll that totals 3, or shows 3 on one of its dice, the three man must take a drink.

 * Sevens
 * For any roll that totals 7, the person to the left of roller drinks. (If a 3-4 is rolled, "three man" must also drink.)

 * Tens
 * Any roll that totals 10 is called a "social": all players drink.

 * Elevens
 * For any roll that totals 11, the person to the right of roller drinks.

 * Doubles
 * Whenever a double is rolled, the roller may pass the dice to one or two other players, who roll the dice and apply the result. If this results in another double, the original roller must drink the sum of the dice.

If a roll meets none of these criteria, the player's turn is over.

The role of the three man may change during the game. Some versions of the game allow the three man to pass their role on after taking a drink under the "threes" rule, others have the three man lose their role upon rolling "threes" themselves, with the next person to roll "threes" becoming the new three man.

Variations
In the "doubles" variation, whoever rolls doubles (Player A) can "give" them to another player (Player B), who then rolls both the dice to see how many times they must drink. If B rolls doubles, the dice are returned to A, who must roll and drink twice as many times as the value that they roll (e.g., if A rolls 3 and 2, A must drink 10 times).

In the "party foul" variant, if the dice fall off the table, the player drinks for each fallen die. When a "sloppy jalopy" rule is applied, the player with fallen dice is loudly admonished as a "sloppy jalopy" and immediately becomes the new three man.

One version includes special effects for any roll of 1:
 * 1 and 1 follow the usual rules for passing off doubles.
 * 1 and 2 makes the roller the three man.
 * 1 and 3 makes the three man drink (as with any roll of a 3).
 * 1 and 4 thumb to table or floor: last player to place his/her thumb must drink.
 * 1 and 5 turn ends.
 * When a 1 and 6 is rolled, the player to the left drinks.

Another house rule is a "bathroom penalty": if a player is in the bathroom when it is their turn to roll, they must take a drink for every 5 seconds they are late in returning.

In an Australian version of this game the rules are as follows:

 * 1+1: New Rule (You make a rule affecting the current game, little green man,[5] Nicknames etc)
 * 1+2: 3 man (You are the three man; put on a hat, every time a three is on the dice drink, remains until someone else rolls this)
 * 2-2 3-3 4-4 5-5 6-6 (doubles): Choose a person to fill their drink and finish their drink.
 * 7 or 11: Choose a person to fill their drink and finish their drink. If someone has a double, seven or eleven they roll as soon as the person touches the cup and if they get a 7, 11, or double the person must repeat. If a player touches the dice before that, they must finish their drink. On the third time this is rolled, the roller must finish their drink.
 * 9: Busta Rhyme (Make up one line of a rhyme, go around table, loser drinks)
 * 10: Categories (Select a category, go around the table until someone misses out they drink)

Other rules require the roller to drink on an 11, or the player to the right to drink on a 9. One variant says that on rolling a five, the player must high-five the three man.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Three man


text:
Talk:Pyongan Province

External links modified
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Article title
I don't know if "Pyongan" is the best spelling for this article. Naming conventions (Korean) ideally should govern what we do here, but it doesn't seem to for historical places. There are plenty of Joseon- and Goryeo-related articles that use Revised Romanization of Korean for historical placenames; my suspicion is that's what we should use as well. Will need to think about this some more. toobigtokale (talk) 19:01, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pyongan Province


text:
100 Huntley Street

100 Huntley Street is a Canadian Christian daily television talk show and the flagship program of Crossroads Christian Communications based in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. It is the longest-running Canadian daily television show, with over 12,000 episodes.

Created in 1976 by David Mainse, it first aired on June 15, 1977, from its first studios, located at 100 Huntley Street in the St. James Town area of downtown Toronto with Mainse as the original host. Originally 90 minutes long, it now lasts 30 minutes. The program currently airs at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. weekdays on Yes TV. Guests included Malcolm Muggeridge, Colonel Harland Sanders, Billy Graham and Charlton Heston.

title: 100 Huntley Street


text:
Talk:Hamgyong Province

rv. "was organized" -> "has three tits" -> "was organized."

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hamgyong Province


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Scott Walker (boxer)

Perry Scott Walker (October 30, 1969 – January 31, 2004) was an American professional boxer.

Walker's nickname was "The Pink Cat", and he gained some attention in the 1990s boxing scene for wearing pink boxing trunks and slicked-back hair, the latter a tribute to his idol, James Dean. He is best known for winning a ten-round decision over hall-of-fame champion Alexis Argüello, ending Arguello's ill-conceived bid at a comeback in January 1995. Six months after this victory, Walker won the WBC Continental Americas super lightweight title over Francisco Cuesta on July 17, 1995. This victory led to negotiations for a title shot against another hall-of-famer, Julio César Chávez. Early in January 1996, Bob Arum's Top Rank Boxing offered Walker $55,000 to fight for Chavez's WBC junior welterweight title. This fight was considered a tune-up for Chavez's June 1996 bout against Oscar De La Hoya. Apparently, Chavez didn't want to risk the possibility that Walker could derail his plans for the de la Hoya fight, so Arum switched the Chavez-Walker fight to a non-title, ten-round event. The fight, nationally televised, took place on February 9, 1996, at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. Walker won the first round on two of the three judges' scorecards, but he got caught with a Chavez right hand half-way through the second round, after which he took a pummeling that referee Joe Cortez stopped at the 2:45 mark of the round, resulting in a knockout loss for Walker. This marked the first time (of only two times) that Walker was knocked out. Walker was paid $62,500 for his effort; Top Rank added $7,500 for withdrawing the title opportunity.

He retired with a record of 25–7–1 (13 KO's). His last fight was a decision loss against Martin Ramirez in January 2001.

In addition to his boxing career, Walker was a guitarist, singer and songwriter, and fronted The Pink Cat Band. They released a six-song CD called Bounty Hunter.

Walker was found dead in his home of unspecified causes. He is a member of the Arizona Boxing Hall of Fame.

title: Scott Walker (boxer)


text:
Yeongnam

Yeongnam (Hangul: 영남, ; literally "south of the passes") is a region that coincides with the former Gyeongsang Province in what is now South Korea.

The region includes the modern-day provinces of North and South Gyeongsang and the self-governing cities of Busan, Daegu, and Ulsan. The regional name is used (with a slightly different spelling) as the name of Yeungnam University.

title: Yeongnam


text: Talk:Yeongnam

title: Talk:Yeongnam


text:
Talk:Third generation of video game consoles

8-bit era term description
Hi, I don't usually involve myself with the making and upholding of articles. However, looking over this article I was trying to learn what exactly the term "8-bit" refers to (Is it the color palette?) I did not read the whole article but there is no reference to etymology in the beginning or overview. If someone, who can edit and knows the answer, could add to this? Thanks AidanorAJ (talk) 00:38, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @Aidanor aj Later in the lead, at the second mention of 8-bit, it links to 8-bit computing. This is a reference to the size of instructions that the processor (CPU) handles. -- ferret (talk) 01:42, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * @Ferret thank you, I appreciate it AidanorAJ (talk) 16:55, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Tomy Pyuta Jr is missing
The Tomy Pyuta Jr console is missing from the 3rd generation page. The Pyuta Jr, released in 1983 in Japan, is the console version of the Pyuta (Tutor) computer, just as the Sega SG-1000 is the console counterpart of the SC-3000 computer. Tomy Tutor 177.220.172.239 (talk) 22:48, 16 February 2023 (UTC)


text:
Yeongdong (region)

Yeongdong (,, literally 'east of the passes') is the eastern, coastal region of Gangwon Province, South Korea and Kangwŏn Province, North Korea. It is divided from the inland Yeongseo region by the Taebaek Mountains.

Although Yeongseo describes the western half of the two provinces and Gwandong describes both halves together, "Yeongdong" is used much more frequently in South Korea than either of the other two names, and may be taken loosely to refer to the entire region.

The region's name lends itself to the Yeongdong Railway Line and Yeongdong Expressway, which are major transportation corridors connecting Seoul to Gangwon.

title: Yeongdong (region)


text: Talk:Yeongdong (region)

title: Talk:Yeongdong (region)


text:
NexGen

NexGen, Inc. was a private semiconductor company based in Milpitas, California, that designed x86 microprocessors until it was purchased by AMD in 1996. NexGen was a fabless design house that designed its chips but relied on other companies for production. NexGen's chips were produced by IBM's Microelectronics division in Burlington, Vermont alongside PowerPC and DRAM parts.

The company was best known for the unique implementation of the x86 architecture in its processors. NexGen's CPUs were designed very differently from other processors based on the x86 instruction set at the time: the processor would translate code designed to run on the traditionally CISC-based x86 architecture to run on the chip's internal RISC architecture. The architecture was used in later AMD chips such as the K6, and to an extent most x86 processors today implement a "hybrid" architecture similar to those used in NexGen's processors.

It went public in 1994, and was bought by AMD in 1995 for $850M. The technology forms the platform architecture for all of AMD's current microprocessors. It was an unusual start-up in its time as the original funding came from corporate investors, Compaq and Olivetti, joined in a later round by venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins.

History
The company was founded in 1986 by Thampy Thomas, being funded by Compaq, ASCII and Kleiner Perkins. Its first design was targeted at the 80386 generation of processors. But the design was so large and complicated it could only be implemented using eight chips instead of one and by the time it was ready, the industry had moved onto the 80486 generation. Its second design, the Nx586 CPU, was introduced in 1994, was the first CPU to attempt to compete directly against Intel's Pentium, with its Nx586-P80 and Nx586-P90 CPUs. Unlike competing chips from AMD and Cyrix, the Nx586 was not pin-compatible with the Pentium or any other Intel chip and required its own custom NxVL-based motherboard and chipset. NexGen offered both a VLB and a PCI motherboard for the Nx586 chips.

Like the later Pentium-class CPUs from AMD and Cyrix, clock for clock it was more efficient than the Pentium, so the P80 ran at 75 MHz and the P90 ran at 83.3 MHz. Unfortunately for NexGen, it measured its performance relative to a Pentium using an early chipset; improvements included in Intel's first Triton chipset increased the Pentium's performance relative to the Nx586 and NexGen had difficulty keeping up. Furthermore, PCs identified the Nx586 as an 80386 processor; as a result many applications that require a processor faster than a 386 will not work unless CPU identification software is active. Unlike the Pentium, the Nx586 had no built-in math coprocessor; an optional Nx587 provided this functionality.

In later Nx586s, an x87 math coprocessor was included on-chip. Using IBM's multichip module (MCM) technology, NexGen combined the 586 and 587 die in a single package. The new device, which used the same pinout as its predecessor, was marketed as the Nx586-PF100 to distinguish it from the FPU-less Nx586-P100.

Compaq, which had backed the company financially, announced its intention to use the Nx586 and even struck the name "Pentium" from its product literature, demos, and boxes, substituting the "586" moniker, but never used NexGen's chip widely.

AMD purchased NexGen when AMD's K5 chip failed to meet performance and sales expectations. Some NexGen customers were even given free AMD K5 CPUs with motherboards in exchange for sending in their NexGen hardware.

Development of AMD's internal K5 successor was halted in favor of continuing from NexGen's Nx686 designs, eventually becoming K6.

title: NexGen


text:
Talk:Saemaul Undong

Fair use rationale for Image:New Village Movement Logo.JPG
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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:31, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge with 새마을운동
We already have an article about the same subject as a new one. —Largo Plazo (talk) 01:15, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

As the official name is Saemaul Undong, This should be merged and become the official page regarding Saemaul Undong(New Community Movement). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.128.73.13 (talk) 02:41, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 26 July 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Participants generally do not agree with the nominator's interpretation of WP:UE. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 20:25, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Saemaul Undong → New Village Movement – Article title has to be in English if it's not about a certain non-English term but a multi-word name. The current title - the Korean-language name - just has to be added in the beginning of the article alongside the other versions of the name. Ентусиастъ/Entusiast (talk) 13:19, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Polyamorph (talk) 07:22, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per WP:UE: The choice between anglicized and local spellings should follow English-language usage, e.g. the non-anglicized titles Besançon, Søren Kierkegaard, and Göttingen are used because they predominate in English-language reliable sources. Saemaul Undong is more common than any other way of referring to this subject in English language reliable sources . 61.239.39.90 (talk) 01:40, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:UE the English name is Saemaul Undong In ictu oculi (talk) 12:00, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose as above. WP:UE does not mandate the translation of everything into English. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:44, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
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title: Talk:Saemaul Undong


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Talk:Suin Line

Station numbers
Hi. I wanted to ask somebody about the station numbers. In the Bundang Line, Suwon is K244, but here it is written as K243. Shouldn't we change this? Weatherlover819 (talk) 11:14, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suin Line


text:
Talk:Daegu Line

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Middle reliever

In baseball, a middle reliever or middle relief pitcher, is a relief pitcher who typically pitches during the fifth, sixth, and seventh innings of a standard baseball game. In leagues with no designated hitter, such as in the National League prior to 2022 and the Japanese Central League, a middle reliever often comes in after the starting pitcher has been pulled in favor of a pinch hitter. Middle relief pitchers are usually tasked to pitch one, two or three innings. Several factors determine this such as who’s currently winning, what the score is, eligible bullpen pitchers remaining, importance of the current game etc. After the middle relief pitcher has completed his portion, they are then normally replaced in later innings by a left/right-handed specialist, setup pitcher, and/or lastly a closer. When they’re replaced is in part due to deprivation of stamina and/or effectiveness but also characteristics such as pitch arsenal, speed of pitches, which arm they throw with and who’s up to bat next for the opposing team. Middle relievers may sometimes pitch in these later innings as well, especially during games that are tied or close in score.

title: Middle reliever


text:
Cuando River

The Cuando River (or Kwando in the non-colonial spelling) is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River.

Course

The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern bank of this floodplain, not the river channel). As with all rivers in south-central Africa, its flow varies enormously between the rainy season when it floods and may be several kilometres wide, and the dry season when it may disappear into marshes.

The Cuando continues in its marshy channel across the neck of the Caprivi Strip of Namibia (map, 2) and then forms the border between Namibia and Botswana as it continues southeast. Some 10,000 years ago, the Cuando merged with the Okavango River and they flowed south to Lake Makgadikgadi (which is a seasonal wetland in current times ), but the land in that area was uplifted. As a consequence the Cuando now meets slightly higher ground (map, 4) and breaks up into many channels and swamps (called the Linyanti Swamp) dotted with alluvial islands, nearly disappearing into the Kalahari sands like the Okavango (map, 5). But instead it has diverted east and has been captured by the Zambezi. The flow turns sharply east, still forming the border with Botswana. In the dry season there are few open channels through the swamps and marshes. Beginning at this point it is known as the Linyanti (map, 6), and after it flows through a seasonal lake, Lake Liambesi (map, 7), it is called the Chobe (map, 8). The river then flows into the Zambezi just above the former Kazungula Ferry (map, 9), now replaced by the Kazungula Bridge.

In years when the Okavango experiences a good flood some of the water escapes east along the normally dry channel of the Magwekwana River (also known as Selinda Spillway) into the Linyanti Swamp, thus entering the Zambezi basin. The Selinda Spillway and the Boteti River are the only outlets of the Okavango basin.

On the north side of the Chobe River are the Caprivi Swamps, on the edge of which is the ruined capital of the Kololo people who conquered Barotseland in the 19th century.

So much of the water of the Cuando, Linyanti and Chobe is lost to evaporation in the various swamps that its contribution to the flow of the Zambezi is very small except in occasional years when it floods excessively.

The perennial river bifurcation of Selinda Spillway (or Magweggana River), on the Cuando River, connects the Kalahari Basin to the Zambezi Basin.

Wildlife
The Cuando system is noted for its wildlife and for most of its length the land either side is protected as game reserves or wildlife management areas. Some of these suffered poaching during wars and conflict in Namibia and Angola, but with peace restored in those countries they have the chance of returning to their former state.

The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are:
 * Coutada Publica do Luiana (Angola)
 * Sioma Ngwezi National Park (Zambia)
 * Bwabwata National Park (Namibia)
 * Mudumu National Park (Namibia)
 * Nkasa Rupara National Park (Namibia)
 * Chobe National Park (Botswana)

title: Cuando River


text:
Dog kung fu

Dog Kung Fu, i.e. Gǒuquán (狗拳), i.e. Dìshùquán (地术拳), is a martial arts style native to Fujian province China. While sharing many similar features to styles like Wuzuquan, Huzunquan, and many others from the same region, this southern style of Chinese boxing has the unique feature of specializing in takedowns, Chin Na, and ground fighting while often taking advantage of utilizing techniques from an inferior position. This martial art also teaches Iron Shirt and Iron Palm fighting methods as well as specialized leaping techniques. Its creation is traditionally credited to a Buddhist nun who developed the style to defend herself from bandits on her travels.

Origins
One of the legends on the origins of Dog Kung Fu says that in the southern area of China in Fujian Province, resided the White Lotus (白蓮) temple, where often the nuns who were admitted previously lived secular lives. At that time women were often subjugated to the practice of foot binding. Therefore, any practice that required standing physical exertion was difficult in the least and practically impossible at worst. In response to these physical constraints, the nuns developed a system of fighting that they could use to defend themselves from bandits and wild animals. During the Qing Dynasty imperial regime's destruction of the temples, a nun by the name of Si Yue had left White Lotus Temple and traveled to the northern areas of the province. Supposedly she had fallen ill in the Yongtai region near Fuzhou, it was there that she was assisted by the Chen Family who took care of her until recovery. As she was indebted to the Chen Family she remained and taught their son, Chen Biao, Gouquan. The Chen family kept this art a family secret for several generations.

Another legend suggests that the famous Fong Sai-Yuk was a master of Dishuquan and had passed his skills to monks in the Zhuyuansi Temple (nowadays known as Guanyuan Temple), this was passed through various generations until a monk named Hui Kai taught the style to Zheng Yishan.

Training books

 * FuJian Shaolin Dog Boxing by Chen Zhi Fan (TC 515)
 * Shaolin Dog Style Boxing Manual by Ding Xiao Se (TC 509)
 * Fukien Ground Boxing: Nan Shaoling Leg Techniques (Chinese Martial Arts) by Chu-Xian Cai (Author), Mei Xue-Xiong (Translator)

Images and videos

 * Di Tang Ground Boxing 地趟 (VCD#755)

title: Dog kung fu


text:
Georges-Émile Lapalme

Georges-Émile Lapalme (January 14, 1907 – February 5, 1985) was a politician in Quebec, Canada and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, and leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Background
He was born in Montreal. He studied law at the Université de Montréal. Lapalme was married to Maria Langlois for nearly 50 years, with whom he had seven children.

Member of Parliament
Lapalme was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 federal election and served until 1950.

Provincial politics
He resigned his federal seat to be acclaimed Leader of the Liberal Party of Quebec in 1950. He ran for a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the district of Joliette in the 1952 election, but was defeated by Minister of Labor and Union Nationale candidate Antonio Barrette.

Lapalme won a by-election in the district of Montréal-Outremont in 1953. He was re-elected in the 1956 election, but under his leadership, his party lost the election against the Union Nationale. He remained a Liberal leader until 1958 and remained Leader of the Opposition in Quebec until 1960.

It was during his leadership that the Quebec Liberal Party severed its affiliation with the federal Liberal Party in 1955.

Member of the Cabinet
Lapalme won re-election in the 1960 and 1962 elections. He never became premier, but served as deputy premier under Jean Lesage, and as Attorney-General and was the province's first Minister of Cultural Affairs. Lapalme did not run for re-election in the 1966 election.

Elections as party leader
Lapalme lost two general elections as party leader, the 1952 election and the 1956 election.

title: Georges-Émile Lapalme


text:
Long reliever

A long reliever or long-relief pitcher is a relief pitcher in baseball who enters the game if the starting pitcher leaves the game early.

Long relievers often enter in the first three innings of a game when the starting pitcher cannot continue, whether due to ineffective pitching, lack of endurance, rain delays, injury, or ejection. The hope is that the long reliever will be able to get the game under control, and his team's offense will be able to help get the team back into the game. The hope is also that the long reliever will pitch long enough to save other relievers in the bullpen from having to pitch.

Long relievers are usually players who used to be starters either in the major leagues or in the minors (and still can be a temporary starter if one of the normal starters is injured or otherwise unavailable, or necessary due to workload as a "spot starter"), but whose teams believe they have better starters available. Sometimes a team's long reliever is a former starter who has lost his effectiveness, either through a decline in skills or a series of injuries. Occasionally, long relievers are inexperienced pitchers who may have the potential to become starters or setup pitchers after gaining major league experience.

The quality of long relievers can vary, but when the long reliever is considered to be an ineffective former starter, he is often called the "mop up man" or "mop-up pitcher" and is often called by managers to pitch in games where there is a abundant run margin between either team which is colloquially termed pitching "mop duty".

A secondary use of a long reliever is in the late extra innings of a tied game, once the team's other, generally more effective, relievers have already been used. While a long reliever is often a team's least effective pitcher, he is still often a far better choice in an extended game than resorting to one of the team's starting pitchers (which can spread chaos throughout a pitching rotation, as everyone's future schedule gets adjusted), or even worse, resorting to a position player on the mound. A long man generally enters the game somewhere between the 11th and 16th innings in this role, and can be expected to pitch 5 or more innings, before a team will be forced to resort to other options.

Occasionally during the season, a team may find itself with enough rest days to allow it to use a four-man rotation rather than the now standard five. In these situations, a team may choose to keep their "fifth" starter on the roster in the long reliever role. This happens particularly in the post-season, when the fifth starter is a better pitcher than the "regular" long-reliever, allowing the team to carry either an additional short reliever, or position player, in lieu of the regular long man.

In recent years, teams began experimenting with an opener, a relief pitcher who starts a game but only pitches for at least the first inning. In this strategy, the opener usually pitches against the opponent's best batters at the start of a game in hopes of throwing them off guard, before giving way to a long reliever who would normally be a starter in this situation.

title: Long reliever


text:
O. W. Fischer

Otto Wilhelm Fischer (O. W. Fischer, ; 1 April 1915 – 29 January 2004) was an Austrian film and theatre actor, a leading man of West German cinema during the Wirtschaftswunder era of the 1950s and 1960s.

Biography
He was born in Klosterneuburg near Vienna, where he obtained his Matura degree at the local gymnasium secondary school. Fischer began studying English and German philology and art history at the University of Vienna, in 1936, however, he enlisted at the Max Reinhardt Seminar drama school. He had first engagements as an actor at the Vienna Theater in der Josefstadt, the Munich Kammerspiele, and the Vienna Volkstheater. In 1945 he reached the highpoint of his theatre career when he joined the ensemble of the Burgtheater.

Fischer began filming in 1936, his performance in the 1942 propaganda movie Vienna 1910 earned him an entry on Goebbel's Gottbegnadeten list. He made his breakthrough after the war starring in A Heidelberg Romance and numerous other romance films, often with female co-stars Maria Schell and Ruth Leuwerik.

Fischer enjoyed a great career, but unlike countrymen and -women Oskar Werner, Curd Jürgens, Maria Schell and Romy Schneider, he never made it internationally. Worse, his American break ended before it began: he was signed to star with June Allyson in a remake of My Man Godfrey in 1956, but was fired after 16 days of shooting and replaced by David Niven when Fischer reportedly lost his memory during filming. Fischer directed and starred opposite Anouk Aimée in a 1956 film, Ich suche Dich, based on the play, Jupiter Laughs, by A. J. Cronin. In 1955, he directed and starred in Hanussen, a movie detailing the life of clairvoyant Erik Jan Hanussen. While the film is considered highly romanticized, it assisted historians and biographers in uncovering previously unknown facts. He also starred in the title role of tragic King Ludwig II of Bavaria in the classic German film, Ludwig II: Glanz und Ende eines Königs by Helmut Käutner.

In the early 1970s, he retired to live in Vernate, Ticino and to concentrate on linguistics and philosophy, on which he lectured and published a number of books. He died in Lugano, Switzerland of kidney failure.

Selected filmography

 * Court Theatre (1936) as Schauspieler des Burgtheaters
 * Anton the Last (1939) as Graf Willy von Erlenburg
 * My Daughter Lives in Vienna (1940) as Chauffeur Karl Ewald Hauser
 * Der Meineidbauer (1941) as Franz Ferner
 * Sommerliebe (1942) as Franz von Haflinger
 * Vienna 1910 (1943) as Karl Lechner
 * Die beiden Schwestern (1943) as Andreas Holk
 * Sieben Briefe (1944) as Felix Lombard, Author
 * Glück unterwegs (1944) as Kapellmeister Florian
 * Spiel mit der Liebe (1944) as Dr. Hall
 * Leuchtende Schatten (1945)
 * Triumph der Liebe (1947) as Agathos
 * The Immortal Face (1947) as Anselm Feuerbach
 * Hin und her (1948) as René
 * Verlorenes Rennen (1948) as Robert Rimml
 * Don't Dream, Annette (1949)
 * Rosen der Liebe (1949) as König Raoul
 * Märchen vom Glück (1949) as Fernando
 * Archduke Johann's Great Love (1950) as Erzherzog Johann
 * A Tale of Five Cities (1951)
 * Dreaming Days (1951) as Florian Faber
 * A Heidelberg Romance (1951) as Hans-Joachim, Prinz von Reiningen
 * Desires (1952) as Hans Falkner
 * A Thousand Red Roses Bloom (1952) as Andreas Mahler
 * Ich hab' mich so an Dich gewöhnt (1952) as Dr. Peter Heider – Jurist
 * Until We Meet Again (1952) as Paul Mayrhöfer
 * Cuba Cabana (1952) as Robby Tomsen
 * Dreaming Lips (1953) as Peter
 * A Heart Plays False (1953) as Peter van Booven
 * As Long as You're Near Me (1953) as Frank Tornau
 * Diary of a Married Woman (1953) as Paul Holzmann
 * A Love Story (1954) as Jost v. Fredersdorff, Rittmeister
 * Portrait of an Unknown Woman (1954) as Jan Maria Keller
 * Ludwig II (1955) as Ludwig II
 * Napoleon (1955) as Le prince Karl von Metternich
 * Hanussen (1955) as Eric Jan Hanussen
 * Ich suche Dich (1956) as Dr. Paul Venner
 * My Father, the Actor (1956) as Wolfgang Ohlsen
 * King in Shadow (1957) as Friedrich Struensee
 * Scandal in Bad Ischl (1957) as Dr. Franz Duhr
 * El Hakim (1957) as Ibrahim
 * … und nichts als die Wahrheit (1958) as Dr. Stefan Donat
 * Peter Voss, Thief of Millions (1958) as Peter Voss
 * Il bacio del sole (Don Vesuvio) (1958) as Don Mario Borrelli (Don Vesuvio)
 * Arms and the Man (1958) as Hauptmann Bluntschli
 * Whirlpool (1959) as Rolph
 * And That on Monday Morning (1959) as Alois Kessel
 * Menschen im Hotel (1959) as Baron Felix von Gaigern
 * Rebel Flight to Cuba (1959) as Peter van Houten
 * Peter Voss, Hero of the Day (1959) as Peter Voss
 * Grounds for Divorce (1960) as Dr. Thomas Werther
 * Mit Himbeergeist geht alles besser (1960) as Philipp Kalder
 * Das Riesenrad (1961) as Rudolf von Hill
 * It Can't Always Be Caviar (1961) as Thomas Lieven
 * This Time It Must Be Caviar (1961) as Thomas Lieven
 * Axel Munthe, The Doctor of San Michele (1962) as Axel Munthe
 * Breakfast in Bed (1963) as Henry Clausen
 * The Secret of the Black Widow (1963) as Wellby
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965) as Pierre Saint-Claire
 * El marqués (1965) as Marquis Antonio de las Nieves
 * Geh ins Bett, nicht in den Krieg (1966) as U-Boot-Kommandant Backhaus
 * Love Birds (1969 film) (1969) as Il Conte
 * Shiva und die Galgenblume (1993) as Kriminalassistent Egge (final film role)

Honours and awards

 * 1950, 1951: Danube females
 * 1953–1955: Bambi award
 * 1955: Filmband in Silver (best actor) for Ludwig II: Glanz und Ende eines Königs
 * 1956 – San Sebastián International Film Festival: Silver shell (Director, actor) for Ich suche Dich
 * 1956: Price of Spanish film journalists (screenplay) for Ich suche Dich
 * 1958–1961: Bambi award
 * 1958–1963: Bravo Otto
 * 1959: Filmband in Gold (best actor) for Arms and the Man (film)
 * 1960: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 * 1961: Europa Prize for Das Riesenrad
 * 1961: Honorary Member of the Association of the Spanish film journalists
 * 1970: Appointed Professor
 * 1977: Filmband in Gold for long and outstanding achievements in German film
 * 1987, 1990: Bambi award
 * 1987: Cordon Bleu du Saint Esprit
 * 1995: Grand Silver Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * 1996: Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * Grand Merit Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany

Publications

 * [-?-]:  Auferstehung in Hollywood. Texte, Wien: Österreichische Staatsdruckerei, o.J. ISBN 978-3-7046-0037-0
 * 1986: Engelsknabe war ich keiner. Erinnerung an eine Jugend, Munich: Langen Müller ISBN 978-3-7844-2109-4
 * 1999:  Ferner Klang. Texte, Ulm: Hess ISBN 978-3-87336-000-6
 * 2000:  Meine Geheimnisse. Erinnerungen und Gedanken, Munich: Langen Müller ISBN 978-3-7844-2770-6

title: O. W. Fischer


text:
Talk:Hairstyle

Untitled
I think this article seriously needs a discussion on the influence of famous people on hairstyles: Jennifer Aniston and Dido Armstrong, for example. violet/riga 22:26, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Both Bob Marley and The Beatles are mentioned in the corresponding articles (Dreadlocks and Beatle_haircut). I don't believe I can see what contributions Jennifer Aniston and Dido might have made that are known to me. But then again I only got here by clicking on Random article -- GSchjetne 01:04, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Underwhelming article
I think this article should be centered on the historical worldwide social and cultural perceptions and attitudes associated with hairstyles, and not just "such and such hairstyle was fashionable for women in the United States on the 60's". A more global view would be very nice. It would also be nice if it talked about hairstyles of the ancient world. It is also very centered on women hairstyles (which, being fair, are usually the most diverse). Sadly, I'm no expert in the subject so I can't really contribute. Oantonio (talk) 14:42, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think there should even be an article on this. Just leaving a simple definition would be better than this mess. More specific topics with enough content should have their own pages. 75.157.92.226 (talk) 00:07, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with Oantonio (talk). This article, and even more the introduction of it, is totally eurocentric, is almost offensive to talk about a minority like a worlds view on a topic.--Lsanczyk (talk) 19:52, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

More on the above:

This article talks primarily about European and American hair styling. It should be either titled to reflect this, or should be drastically edited to reflect the global population. Especially in the History section. It's a huge oversight. There are some regions where the history of hairstyling may be less well known, but others where there is a lot more information available. For example: When it talks about early human civilization, where's Egypt? What about the Incan civilization? (There are even well-known Incan mummies with styled hair, this is information we are not lacking) What about the long histories of fashion that are known for China, Japan and India? There are also so many times in the article where "throughout history" or some other sweeping statement, is made, and then the Roman empire is immediately referred to. Rome is a part of European history, and does not reflect anything globally.

The history section goes through sections of history that are very regional (such as the bronze age - which is specific to parts of Africa and Eurasia but is not global), and refers to regional styles without naming the region. For example, in the inter-war and post-war eras (again, regionally defined timelines without specifying the region) it makes claims like: "After the war, women started to wear their hair in softer, more natural styles. In the early 1950s women's hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths" - this was only true in some parts of the world. This may have been true of American or European women, but was it true in India? Was in true in Thailand? Was it true for all ethnic groups in America and Europe? This is the history of (predominantly white) European and American hairstyles, not of hairstyles in general.

I am not an expert in hair, and this article needs so many changes to accurately be called an article about hairstyling and its history, rather than an article about European hairstyling and its history. I wouldn't know where to begin to overhaul it, but I encourage anyone who does to get started! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.95.160.200 (talk) 15:20, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Couple of styles missing
No "Slickback" of all things? Come on. 70.69.60.36 (talk) 03:45, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

The picture for "French Braid" is actually of a dutch braid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.249.210.4 (talk) 23:23, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Cow lick, front flipped hair, mushroom cut... just to mention some that I noticed weren't there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.42.152 (talk) 22:09, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

There is no mention of the Hair styles of a Manchu Noble Women. Obsessions28 (talk) 13:00, 22 July 2008 (UTC) you are also missing the v hair style witch is a v witch starts from a mini raty and gos all the way up the sides witch are shorter then the top and gel the sides up and top scruff like and the back spikie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.181.117.104 (talk) 00:13, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ringlet.jpg
Image:Ringlet.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:33, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

also the coral curl cliffter, the bashful afro and the flickstar dove tail is missing. Thse are all pretty well known styles that i would like to see included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.80.142 (talk) 17:31, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Question-
When you put a ponytail on top of your head, what's it called?

DarkestMoonlight (talk) 19:41, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

I remember it being called a "fountain". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.200.7.128 (talk) 18:17, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

That YouTube video needs to be replaced
Why the **** does that link (http://www.weeklydig.com/style/articles/le_gala_hair_group) redirect to some stupid YouTube video? I'm erasing the link.

DarkestMoonlight (talk) 19:43, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

maybe its because you added that link! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.80.142 (talk) 17:34, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

I entirely agree. That video is completely inappropriate for the stylistic standards (no pun intended) of Wikipedia. One can assume that anything with "hairstyles by ____" is not exactly going to be an unbiased source, not to mention the influence of original research :)

"""SHAGGY"" HAIR CUT
http://hariscruff78.tripod.com/id12.html

*LIKE A THE BEATLES,OASIS,THE HIVES... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Albertrocker (talk • contribs) 22:38, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

French Braid
Next to where it says French braid, the picture actually looks more like a Dutch braid to me - underhanded rather than over handed? Ramenking (talk) 13:14, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

id say a polish braid my self it looks asthough it been double crossed under handed.

The name of this hairstyle
The hairstyle that the character Raziel from Soul Reaver has, does anyone know the name of it? Is it listed here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.23.15.242 (talk) 21:51, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Scene hair?
Scene-hairstyles has recently become quite popular among some people - Maybe add a part of this into article? Zevvi (talk) 23:51, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Spanish style?
That reminds me of cornrows. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BennyReyesReturned (talk • contribs) 01:15, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Louise Brooks in Pandora's Box.jpg
The image File:Louise Brooks in Pandora's Box.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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History of Hairstyle
I came to this article looking for a history of hair-cutting and hairstyles, which Wikipedia seem to usually have, but there is not one for hair-cutting and hairstyles correct? --Matthew Bauer (talk) 03:30, 23 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I originally came to this article for the same thing. I've not found any pages recounting the history of hair-cutting, and I believe this would be the appropriate article to contain such information.  If anyone knows of decent sources on this topic, I'll gladly incorporate the information into the article. -Verdatum (talk) 18:52, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Donut style
There may be another word for it, but it's a style worn by girls and Sikh boys. It's basically pigtails twisted up above the ears or at the back of the head. (See here thumb and here 71.236.26.74 (talk) 17:42, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Styles with no picture/explanation
In the Notable Hairstyles section, What is the purpose of listing the style "part" with no corresponding article, description or picture. Also should the cuts which only have links have at least a brief description in the table? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.166.186.198 (talk) 23:22, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * In cleaning up, I left in "part" because I figured it would be possible to write and article (or at least a section) on the concept, and while it may not be a hairstyle in the strictest sense, it is an important aspect of hairstyling. If anyone feels it doesn't belong, and removes it, I certainly won't cry.  While I don't know if a table of hairstyles is the best thing for this article, so long as the table is here, yes, entries in the table should ideally be filled in as completely as possible.  Inlined references to Reliable Sources would be extra nice. -Verdatum (talk) 15:59, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

hairstyle terminology and NPOV
The terminology of the selected haircuts feels really shaky to me. Some terms, like 'ringlets' and 'ponytail' are obviously really established, but 'Dido flip' and 'fauxhawk' - well, maybe I'm out of touch, but I've never heard of these styles outside of the pages of last week's Heat magazine and some of them sound a little more like insider trends than established terminology.

I'm all for the inclusion of these for the fullest possible cataloguing of hairstyles, but there should be common standards to acknowledge what is very new and based around trends, and what is very established. Would it be worth mentioning in what period and what cultures each of the hairstyle names/types have been in use? Eg ringlets being in common use between the late 18th Century-late 19th Century in Western cultures, Dido flip being in use since the late 1990s-present in Western cultures, etc etc (I'm guessing here). Otherwise the whole article seems to make no difference between historical styles, long term trends, cutting-edge developments - and things that were just a flash in the pan.

I'd also recommend acknowledging just once some of the UK English equivalents to these uniformly US centric terms, eg 'braids' are 'plaits' in UK English.

Finally, there are a load of assertions that are not NPOV, such as the 'halfdo' being 'considered sexy'.PerditaFall (talk) 22:39, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The way I see it, the list is largely a compilation of any Wikipedia article discussing a particular hairstyle. So if there's an article on it, then it can go in the list.  Personally, I'm alright with this.  On the other hand, some of these hairstyles may have questionable Notability, as per WP:Notability.  In those cases, the appropriateness of the existence of articles for those individual hairstyles should be discussed on their respective article talkpages, and possibly be tagged for WP:Proposed Deletion or discussed at WP:Articles for Deletion.
 * I think ideally, any hairstyle that doesn't yet have it's own article should only be included in the list if its description (and possibly significance) can be backed up by references to Reliable Sources. When I cleaned up the list, I left in a couple entries (e.g. "Short back and sides", "part") because even though I was too lazy to track down such references, I had little doubt that such sources could be found without too much trouble.
 * You make an excellent point about region specific names for hairstyles.
 * I removed the "considered sexy" line you mentioned. Anything even close to that silly can be fixed/removed. -Verdatum (talk) 14:48, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

pointless links
some of the links under the "Selected hairstyles" section of the article, leads striaght to the same article your already looking at, these are pointless and should be removed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.1.127.95 (talk) 22:10, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

someone is deleting content from this page
I added to the list of hairstyles a section about a "virtual hairstyle", it was deleted with no explanation and it is totally a relevant thing to put here, if speaking about hairstyle, a virtual hairstyle is something that may be new, but is certainly here to stay and so why should wikipedia not give an explanation of what it is on its page about hairstyle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.178.164 (talk) 11:04, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Response I agree that virtual hairstyles should form a part of the wiki. Main stream sites mostly have a section on virtual hairstyles. For example http://newhairstyleswomen.com and the hairstyler.com (the main virtual online hair site) discuss virtual hairstyles. It is obvious a subject that receives many searches and the section on it would complete or add to the wiki. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Psychic1 (talk • contribs) 13:32, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Neat video
Stop motion video documenting women's hairstyles through the ages: Stop Mother Short of the Day. SarahStierch (talk) 19:15, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yea this video is interesting and gives a general overview, but the problem is, as with the rest of the article, that this is only representative of the history of "Western" styles. Though, we could use this to find the sources and styles back then. We still need documentation on the styles of different ethnic groups/peoples all over the world (which means that when we have enough info, this article will probably have to be split into different pages since this is a very wide/general topic). - M0rphzone (talk) 08:21, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Earliest history?
I'd love to see mention of when/why/what/how the haircutting began in early man. I know primates groom one another, but at what point did men and women start cutting hair? Wearing hair up and out of the way? Does hair in the wild fall out at a shorter length? Does long hair interfere with hunting (and fleeing)?

And not necessarily germane to this article, I have the same sort of questions about face-shaving. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.182.21.251 (talk) 02:56, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

Part
We had this. It now redirects to List of hairstyles per Articles for deletion/Part (haircut). Some of that content and the gender left/right/middle thing and could reasonably be in this article. I will leave it to others to decide.

 * External link (but lousy ref): http://www.hairfinder.com/hair4/comb-hair.htm

Now, I must part. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 22:39, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:59, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Parting
Part (haircut) redirects to List of hairstyles where you have to do a search to find the entry.

A part is often a big part of a hairstyle, right? Right side for women? Left side for men? Using parts in Afroheritage people to make interesting styles.

I think we need a small section in this article, the redirect to come to that section here, fix the entry at dab page Part, and add an entry to dab page Parting.

I just cannot find good sources because I do not have access to Google books.

I'll try to get some help at IRC to support some content, but if you don't see anything soon, maybe somebody could consider making the section. Thoughts? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 00:01, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Hist401
— Assignment last updated by Ghamilton5000 (talk) 00:44, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Social Implications
This article could use a lot of structural changes. For instance, brief mentions of social and cultural implications are scattered throughout the article when there is a whole section on it. The beginning mention of religious head coverings could be briefly mentioned but the detailing feels more at home under the social/cultural implications section. The section could use an overall update as well, with more information and some edits to the transitional sentences. Shriveled Branch (talk) 22:36, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I added a bit more to social/cultural implications about gender expressions and shaving hair in religion. I hope it doesn't seem to be too redundant to mention hair as a "sex symbol". Especially since the section Health and Hair briefly mentions the "sexual" (and I believe also the emotional) appeal of hair. There seems to be some overlap in what is healthy and beautiful alongside what we perceive as appealing and appropriate in society. Hopefully I could continue to make both sections distinct from each other.Shriveled Branch (talk) 06:32, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Inter and Post War years and contemporary
I added a bit more of the social implications of various hair cuts and styles, eg women's liberation and the bob, Black is Beautiful and the Afro. I also added information regarding issues of hair discrimination in the US against Black hairstyles. However this page could use a thorough cleaning or re-organization.

The organization of time and themes jumbles everything. However I am not comfortable reorganizing the whole article based on my whim.

Additionally, I would delete sections that have no sources or seem to not add to the conversation eg hair washing. Again, I however am not comfortable making these changes at my level. I agree with the previous note about how the section about the Dido flip also seems somewhat irrelevant. The.past.and.the.curious (talk) 07:47, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Composition and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Dancer137 (talk) 14:51, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Typo
The first paragraph in "inter-war years" has a typo. "After WWI women started for to … " should be "After WWI women started to …". Cdellert (talk) 19:09, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hairstyle


text:
Talk:Carbon tax

Carbon tax implementation correction
First, I am not an active Wikimedia contributor, so I am not familiar with the policies here, and look forwarding to learning about them. However, I have been teaching a course on environmental economics at a local community college (Front Range Community College in Colorado) for over ten years, and have read deeply into this topic. So I would like to suggest that some of the information about how a carbon tax is implemented seems flawed: a carbon tax is not based on emissions. Emissions are caused by burning fossil fuels. A cap and trade program is based on emissions; but a carbon tax is not based on the burning of fossil fuels. Ideally, a carbon tax is paid once, at the point that the fossil fuel enters the economy; in other words, by the first wholesaler that sells the fossil fuel. If you read this page on the Citizen Climate Lobby website, this is explained; see this sentence in the section titled "Pricing Carbon 101: What is Carbon Pricing?": "This fee is based on the metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) the fuel would generate, and it would be assessed at the earliest point of sale into the economy...".

I do not profess to be an expert on this topic, but given the serious misconception on this policy tool, and the critical importance it is likely to play in public discussion on the topic, I would hope that Wikipedia can correct this here. I would be glad to contribute more references to support this position, if needed.

Best regards, Rick Casey instructor, environmental economics, Front Range Community College — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rickcasey (talk • contribs) 19:25, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Rickcasey, are you still available to help improve this article? It is on our to do list as part of this project. EMsmile (talk) 14:45, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello EMsmile: sorry for the delayed response. Yes, I am available to help improve this article. I will try to use the wikipedia email function to contact you to discuss. Rickcasey (talk) 22:33, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

Removed further reading section
I've removed the further reading section as it's not adding value (outdated anyway).
 * EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

What to do about "Implementation by country"?
I've moved the section "Implementation by country" to the end for now as it was much bigger than the other sections. I've also given it a sub-structure by region. However, I wonder if we are better off splitting this off into a spin-off article? It's otherwise rather dominating. My other concern is that a lot of this info is nowadays available (and perhaps more up to date) in the "climate change by country" articles, e.g. climate change in the United States. So is it really useful to have a full listing of countries here (with the content probably being a bit out of date by now). Pinging @Sadads and @InformationToKnowledge and @Chidgk1. EMsmile (talk) 15:11, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I notice a lot of them start “Country X does not have a carbon tax but (some not very interesting details about how one was once discussed)”.
 * So those could be deleted or moved to the country articles I guess Chidgk1 (talk) 06:44, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Good point. I have moved those section now to the country articles. Also for Canada I moved the info for the different provinces to the respective sub-articles like carbon pricing in Canada. The "implementation by country" section is still very long but at least not quite as long as before. EMsmile (talk) 08:43, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * + to @Chidgk1's observation that a lot of this is full historical reflection on the conversations about the tax -- I wonder if we could move a big chunk of the discussion parts into the sub articles of "Energy in..." or similar, the map and topline descriptions of the most interesting examples in each region could be better than what is going on right now. Outlinking to the Energy in Articles might be more strategical as well, Sadads (talk) 19:59, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * For example, all the European ones have complicated, unnecessarily detailed "politics of the tax in context" -- worth maintaining for historical memory, but not important for this particular article, Sadads (talk) 20:00, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi User:Sadads, thanks for your suggestion. I agree with you and have now moved most of the country information to the respective "Energy in..." articles. Sometimes I was wondering if I shouldn't rather move it to the "Climate change in... " articles because the info on carbon tax would fit in either type of article (so there is a bit of overlap which is not ideal). What should I do with the remaining country examples? Also move those or leave these sections as examples? For the Costa Rica example, I think it should be moved but I couldn't find a clear article where I could move it to. EMsmile (talk) 14:15, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Suggested revisions from IPCC author
As part of the Meetup/SDGs/Communication of environment SDGs project, I’m proposing some minor revisions to this article. This would include revisions to the structure, some content suggestions, and the incorporation of a broader set of references. These suggestions are based on comments from Michael Grubb, convening Lead Author for Chapter 1 of the IPCC AR6 WGIII report.

Organizational issues:
 * A new section, dealing with the evolution in practice, the empirical lessons, and those implications would be helpful. It could be located between current Sections 2 (Economic theory) and 3 (Impacts).
 * Section 4 (Supporters) should be shortened.

Other general comments:
 * Disciplinary bias. The article mostly a text of economics, which the general reader may find hard to access.  It doesn’t address much at all the other social science perspectives.
 * Lack of balance. Most of the core text appears to be written by economists advocating carbon taxes – even when it strays into non-economic issues.  In truth, almost every attempt to introduce carbon taxes has encountered severe public (and business) opposition.  And there are plenty of academic articles now charting political opposition (not just of industry …) as the prime challenge.
 * Regional bias. The coverage seems overly focused on the US, with brief nods to the few places that have actually implemented carbon taxes (Scandinavia, British Colombia, others with a range of energy taxation policies).
 * Incorporation of a broader set of references. For instance Climate Policy>Carbon Pricing & Emission Trading has a list of excellent recent articles, some of which could be incorporated here.

I will be working to incorporate these suggestions into the article. Dtetta (talk) 21:00, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Dtetta, thanks for that. Just to close the loop, have you in the meantime addressed most/all of these comments? Are there any remaining to-dos that came out of this? Thanks. EMsmile (talk) 20:44, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * My edits focused on the organizational comments. These dealt with a small number of the sections. The other comments are more general and deal with the overall tone of the article. Additional work is needed to address these. Dtetta (talk) 00:21, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carbon tax


text:
Cunene River

The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (common Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia. It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.

Geography
One of the few perennial rivers in the region, the Cunene is about 1,050 km long, with a drainage basin 106,560 km2 in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m3/s to 222 m3/s at its mouth. The Epupa Falls lie on the river. Olushandja Dam dams a tributary of the river, the Etaka, and helps to provide the Ruacana Power Station with water.

The main stream rises in 12° 30′ S. and about 160 miles in a direct line from the sea at Benguella, runs generally from north to south through four degrees of latitude, but finally flows west to the sea through a break in the outer highlands.

Between the mouths of the two of its tributaries, the Cunene traverses a swampy plain, inundated during high water, and containing several small lakes at other parts of the year. From this swampy region divergent branches run S.E. They are mainly intermittent, but the Kwamatuo, which leaves the main stream in about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S., flows into a large marsh or lake called Etosha, which occupies a depression in the inner table-land about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From the S.E. end of the Etosha lake streams issue in the direction of the Okavango, to which in times of great flood they contribute some water.

On leaving the swampy region the Cunene turns decidedly to the west, and descends to the coast plain by a number of cataracts, of which the chief (in 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E.) has a fall of 330 ft. The river becomes smaller in volume as it passes through an almost desert region with little or no vegetation. The stream is sometimes shallow and fordable, at others confined to a narrow rocky channel. Near the sea the Cunene traverses a region of sand-hills, its mouth being completely blocked at low water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. There are indications that a former branch of the river once entered a bay to the south.

Dam controversies
The Namibian government proposed in the late 1990s to build the Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam on the Cunene. In 2012 the Governments of Namibia and Angola announced plans to jointly build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains. According to the indigenous Himba who would have been most affected by the construction of the dam, the dam would threaten the local ecosystem and therefore the economic basis of the Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued a declaration to the African Union and to the United Nations Human Rights Council of the United Nations, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains," which outlines the fierce objections against the dam from the traditional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River.

In September 2012, the United Nations special rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the Himba, and heard their concerns.

On November 23, 2012, hundreds of Himba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.

On March 25, 2013, over a thousand Himba and Zemba people marched in Opuwo to protest once more against Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Cunene River without consulting with the indigenous peoples that do not consent to the construction plans.

Attraction
Tourists frequent campsites or lodges at Epupa, which offer water sports on the river, including rafting and canoeing. Ancient baobab trees grow alongside the gorge, and there is an attractive and well-kept viewpoint high above the village and falls.

title: Cunene River


text:
Talk:Etruscan shrew

A note
renamed to common name in accordance with normal wikipedia practice. See WikiProject Tree of Life seglea 05:58, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Milk
How much milk does it dispense, then? Imagine Reason (talk) 20:51, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Would this make a good pet?
You know, like mice. GMRE (talk) 11:12, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

No such thing as can x same body size or not. Size doesn't matter, big can be inferiorx. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lyhendy (talk • contribs) 02:09, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Etruscan shrew


text:
Camillien Houde

Camillien Houde (August 13, 1889 – September 11, 1958) was a Quebec politician, a Member of Parliament, and a four-time mayor of Montreal. He is of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government. During World War II, Houde was interned under the War Measures Act for campaigning against conscription.

Political career
Houde was born in Montreal on August 13, 1889 and died there on September 11, 1958. He was nicknamed "l'imprévisible"—the unpredictable. He was the only surviving child of Azade Houde and Josephine Frenette. He is descended from the first Houde ancestor, Louis Houde, who came from Manou, Eure-et-Loir, France to New France in 1647. Louis Houde's son was Louis H. who married Marie Lemay in 1685.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Conservative Party for the riding of Montréal–Sainte-Marie in the 1923 election. He was defeated in the 1927 election, but re-elected in a by-election on October 24, 1928. He was elected leader of the Conservative Party on July 10, 1929, led the party to defeat in the 1931 election, and failed to win a seat in Montréal–Saint-Jacques after vacating his previous seat. He resigned as Conservative leader on September 19, 1932.

When George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Montreal on the 1939 royal tour of Canada and were greeted by cheering crowds, Houde turned to the King and said: "You know, Your Majesty, some of this is for you."

He moved to federal politics and lost in a bid for election as a Conservative candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in a 1938 by-election in the Montreal riding of St. Mary. In 1940, he was arrested and charged under the Defence of Canada Regulations. He was imprisoned at Camp Petawawa in Ontario until the end of the war. He ran again in St. Mary, this time as an independent candidate, in the 1945 federal election, but was again defeated. He won a seat as an independent candidate in the riding of Papineau in the 1949 federal election by less than 100 votes. He did not run for re-election in the 1953 election.

Houde became a figure of ridicule in parts of English Canada because of his conduct in opposition to conscription. During the 1949 federal election, the Toronto Star, which openly supported the Liberal Party, attempted to link the unpopular Houde with George Drew, then leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada even though Houde was running as an independent candidate against an official Progressive Conservative candidate. The Star accused Drew of making a secret pact with Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis to appoint Houde to the Cabinet as Drew's Quebec lieutenant should the Tories win the election. The newspaper's campaign reached its culmination the Saturday before the election with a banner front-page headline reading:

"KEEP CANADA BRITISH

DESTROY DREW'S HOUDE

GOD SAVE THE KING"

(in later editions, the last line was changed to "VOTE ST. LAURENT").

Concurrent to his career in provincial and federal politics, Houde was mayor of Montreal from 1928 to 1932, from 1934 to 1936, from 1938 to 1940, and from 1944 to 1954.

World War II controversy
During World War II, Houde campaigned against conscription. On August 2, 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government. Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick for four years. Upon his release on August 18, 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers, and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election.

After the war, Houde signed a petition protesting Nazi collaborator Jacques de Bernonville's extradition to France.

Honours
Houde was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1935 and an Officer of the Order of St John in 1953.

Legacy
On his death in 1958, Camillien Houde was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, Quebec in an Italian marble replica of Napoleon's tomb.

Mayor Houde was a reform-minded mayor in the areas of patronage, unemployment, and organized crime. He was also responsible for some of the major public park improvements in Montreal including the park on Mont Royal with its man-made lake and park facilities. "Camilliennes" were public washrooms built by Houde during the Great Depression.

After his death, Mayor Jean Drapeau named a new road over Mount Royal after Houde, an act many considered ironic, as Houde and many others had long opposed building roads over the city's famous mountain.

Other information
Mayor Houde threw a party for the then-new fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous, which was described by Bill W in the book Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age as "probably the first official reception that any A.A. group ever had."

title: Camillien Houde