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Santa Fe Province

The Province of Santa Fe (Provincia de Santa Fe,, lit. "Holy Faith") is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco (divided by the 28th parallel south), Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santiago del Estero. Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region.

Santa Fe's most important cities are Rosario (population 1,193,605), the capital Santa Fe (369,000), Rafaela (100,000), Reconquista (99,000) Villa Gobernador Gálvez (74,000), Venado Tuerto (69,000), and Santo Tomé (58,000).

Demonym
Citizens of the province are known as santafesinos (fem. santafesinas).

History
The aboriginal tribes who inhabited this region were the Tobas, Timbúes, Mocovíes, Pilagás, Guaycurúes, and Guaraníes. They were nomadic, lived from hunting, fishing and fruit recollection.

The first European settlement was established in 1527, at the confluence of the Paraná and Carcarañá rivers, when Sebastian Cabot, on his way to the north, founded a fort named Sancti Spiritus, which was destroyed two years later by the natives.

In 1573 Juan de Garay founded the city of Santa Fe in the surroundings of present town Cayastá, but the city was moved in 1651 and 1660 to its present location.

In 1812 the lawyer and general Manuel Belgrano created and displayed for the first time the Argentine flag on the banks of the Paraná River, at Rosario (by that time a small village), 160 km south of Santa Fe.

In 1815, while Alvear's central government fell due to Ignacio Álvarez Thomas' rebellion (at that time commander of an army sent to Santa Fe against Artigas), Francisco Candioti, the local militia chief, took over the government peacefully, thus starting the era of Santa Fe as an autonomous province. This period was short lived, since that same year Candioti died and central government reestablished the dependent government. However, in 1816, the caudillos Mariano Vera and Estanislao López deposed the governor delegate and proclaimed the sovereignty of the province and its membership into Artigas's Free Peoples League (Liga de Pueblos Libres).

López drew, in 1818, a provincial constitution of a strongly conservative flavour, after rejecting a project proposed by a provincial assembly; Santa Fe was the first province to have its constitution. During the civil strifes of 1820, Santa Fe troops were decisive in the defeat of Buenos Aires' centralist army. So, in time, López gradually became the Federation's Patriarch, establishing himself as the central figure of the Federal Party until his death in 1838.

After López's death it was his secretary and right-hand man, José María Cullen who was elected governor. However, Cullen being a potential rival of Buenos Aires governor and Confederation's Foreign Affairs Representative, Juan Manuel de Rosas, he sought and obtained Cullen's capture and execution, naming the pro-Rosas Juan Pablo López as governor. The new governor remained in power, alternating with Pascual Echagüe, until the province's invasion by Justo José de Urquiza's Great Army in 1851, and during his term the province adopted a new constitution in 1841.

After the organization of the nation, the province entered an era of peace and prosperity; in 1872 the railways already connected many points of the province, as well as the telegraph lines, and in 1889 the Provincial University of Santa Fe was founded.

The political hegemony of the conservative groups was challenged by the new ideas brought by the European immigrants gave birth to the Radical Civic Union (UCR) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and the creation of the Argentine Agrarian Federation. These two parties had many strong electoral contests with the province's conservative parties.

After the Electoral Reform of Roque Sáenz Peña in 1912, the UCR reached the government and stayed until the coup of 1930. During this time, more precisely in 1919, the National University of the Littoral was founded. In 1932 it was the PDP who got the governor's seat.

The contentious 1958 elections (from which Peronist candidates were barred) brought an ally of President-elect Arturo Frondizi to power in Santa Fe, Dr. Carlos Sylvestre Begnis. Gov. Begnis quickly steered budgets into sorely needed public works, most notably the construction of the Hernandarias Tunnel, a 10 mi-long connection between the city of Santa Fe and neighboring Paraná. The tunnel, most of which runs under the massive Paraná River, is the longest in Argentina.

Forced to resign after conservative pressure drove President Frondizi from office in 1962, Begnis had the satisfaction of seeing Hernandarias open in 1969, and voters overwhelmingly return him to office in 1973 (this time as a Peronist).

Santa Fe suffered the violence of the late '70s and the depression of the 1980s more than most other provinces. It continued to languish economically during the prosperous 1990s, as the revalued Argentine peso put pressure on its productive sectors. Touching bottom around 2002, its economy has grown by 7% a year since then. The heart of Argentina's lucrative soy harvest, the province's importance has continued to grow, now rivaling Buenos Aires Province as the nation's leading agricultural producer, with Rosario as one of the most important ports in Argentina.

Geography
Most of the province consists of green flatlands, part of the humid Pampas, bordering to the north with the Gran Chaco region. There are low sierras to the west. The north has higher temperatures, with an annual average of 19 C and precipitations of up to 1100 mm in the east, decreasing towards the west, where there is a distinctive dry season during the winter. The south presents lower temperatures, averaging 14 °C, and slightly less precipitations. Summers are hot and humid throughout the province, with average highs ranging from 30 °C (86F) in the south to 34 °C (93F) in the northwest corner, and night temperatures between 17 °C (63F) in the south and 21 °C (70F) in the north. Thunderstorms are common, and so are heat waves what can bring temperatures up to 40 °C (104F) and hot muggy nights. These are often interrupted by cold fronts that bring crisp, cool weather from the south. March brings cooler nights in the south, and April brings comfortable weather, with highs ranging from 22 °C (72F) in the south to 26 °C (79F) in the north, and lows from 10 °C (50F) to 15 °C (59F). Frost arrives in May in the south, where it occurs frequently until September; in the extreme north, frost is much more sporadic: some years might bring frosty May days, on other years it may come in July, but generally speaking there will always be a few frosty days every year even in the extreme north. Winter is drier in the west of the province and wetter in the east. In the south, temperatures range from 15 °C (59F) in the day to 4 °C (39F) at night, whereas in the north, from 21 °C (70F) to 9 °C (48F). Cold waves often bring temperatures of -5 °C (23F) in the south, with extremes of -8 °C (18F) recorded; further north, the thermometer descends occasionally to -2 °C (28F) and very rarely to -5 °C (23F). There are often short warm periods of up to 30 °C (86F) during the winter, followed by much colder weather with drizzle and temperatures around 6 °C (43F). Spring starts as soon as the end of August in the north, with very warm weather already present by early October; in the south, nights remain cool until most of November. Generally speaking, spring is unpredictable, with heat waves followed by extended periods of cool weather, as well as dry spells followed by severe thunderstorms. Rainfall ranges from 1,200 mm (47 in) in the northeast to 800 mm (31 in) in the southwest and extreme northwest. Snowfall is unprecedented in the northern two-thirds of the province, and very rare in the south, where the last occurrence was in 2007 with several centimeters accumulated. This humid, temperate climate explains why Central and Southern Santa Fe are among the nation's richest agricultural regions, with crops such as maize and soybeans popular, and a very well developed dairy industry.

The main river, and connection to open sea through the Río de la Plata is the Paraná River. There are also other tributaries to the Paraná including the Salado del Norte, the Carcarañá and the Arroyo del Medio. The plain lands tend to be flooded after heavy rains due to the growth of the Paraná and Salado rivers. In 2003 a rapid rise of the Salado produced a catastrophic flood of the capital and many communities in the north-center of the province, prompting the evacuation of no fewer than 100,000 people and major economic losses. In 2007, several days of heavy rainfall flooded more than 60 towns in the center and south of the province, including sections of Santa Fe and Rosario, causing tens of thousands of people to be evacuated, crop losses, and widespread damage to the physical infrastructure of the area.

Economy

Santa Fe's economy is the fourth most important in the country, having been displaced from third place by neighboring Córdoba Province around 1970. Accounting for 8% of the Argentine total, its output was estimated at US$27 billion in 2006 (which shall be around US$43 billion in 2011 according to Argentina's economical growing), or, US$9,000 per capita (around US$13,000 in 2011), somewhat above the national average. Though the economy is well-diversified, agriculture continues to play an indispensable role through its profitability and foreign exchange earnings via exports. Twenty-one percent of the cultivated lands of Argentina are in Santa Fe, whose main crops are soybean (main national producer), sunflower, maize, wheat, and rice. In smaller scale strawberry, honey and derivatives (300,000 beehives), wood, and cotton are produced.

The green grass of the province is ideal for the 6.5 million head of cattle (20% of national stock), which is not only source of meat but of 2.6 billion of liters of milk per year (40% of the national production), which is processed by over 5,000 dairies.

The ports between Rosario and San Lorenzo are departure points for the export of the production of the Santa Fe and many other provinces; through them leave 65% of the Argentine cereal and 55% of the country's exports. In 2004, Santa Fe's exports (US$7,170 million) accounted for 21% of the national total. Between 2001 and 2004 they increased 65.2%. Derivates of soybean, flours and vegetable oils comprised over US$2 billion and over 7.6 million tonnes. In 2005 the ports of southern Santa Fe shipped 60% of the grains, 93% of the agricultural subproducts and 85% of the vegetable oils exported by Argentina.

Manufacturing in Santa Fe represents 18% of its economy and is also among the top in Argentina. Mills that produce different flours and oils, beer, and other food industries, leather and textiles, hydrocarbon refineries, steel (1 million tonnes a year) and metals production, industrial and agricultural machines, car industry and others.

The services sector is well-developed and very diversified, relying little on tourism or the public sector. Tourism is not an important activity in spite of the wide range of hotels and restaurants. Rosario, home to the National Flag Memorial (Monumento Nacional a la Bandera) and a number of museums, receives a number of visitors from Argentina. The replica of the Sancti Spiritus Fort, the ruins of Cayastá and the city of Santa Fe are also common destinations.

Government
The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a governor, popularly elected for non-reelegible four-year terms, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative, formed by a bicameral legislature (a 50-member Chamber of Deputies and a 19-member Senate, all elected for four-year terms); and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court and completed by several inferior tribunals. The Constitution of Santa Fe Province forms the formal law of the province.

From 1991, the executive and legislative officials were elected in single-round elections by a controversial system known as the Ley de Lemas. This system was abolished in 2004; the new one includes compulsory primary elections, which were held for the first time in August 2005, with good results according to most analysis. The parliamentary elections of 23 October 2005 were the first main elections to be held after the abolition of the Ley de Lemas.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Santa Fe Provincial Police.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Argentine national census, the Province of Santa Fe has 3,556,522 inhabitants. The origin of the population is majority European, descended from the great wave of immigration from 1850 to 1950, being Italians (mainly from Piedmont), Spanish, Swiss and Germans the main ethnic groups in the province. Since 1970, Rosario has been chosen by internal migrants, mainly from the north of Santa Fe and the northern provinces. A smaller minority of the population (20%) are Mestizos and an even lesser number (2-4%) are of full Amerindian descent.

Evolution
Historical evolution of the population of the province:
 * XVIII cent.: 12,000
 * 1820: 15,000-20,000
 * 1847: 20,000
 * 1853: 30,000
 * 1869: 89,117
 * 1895: 397,188
 * 1914: 899,640
 * 1947: 1,702,975
 * 1960: 1,884,918
 * 1970: 2,135,583

Administrative division

The province is divided into 19 departments (in Spanish, departamentos), and the departments are divided in districts which can be organized as communes or municipalities. The communes are smaller towns, generally administered by a local commission led by a "communal president". The municipalities, which must have more than 10,000 inhabitants, are what is commonly called "cities". Municipalities have an executive officer (a mayor, called intendente) and a legislative body (called Concejo Municipal, a deliberative council). For administrative purposes, each department has a head town (cabecera), which may be either kind of district.

Notable natives

 * Roberto Abbondanzieri goalkeeper.
 * Lucas Alario footballer.
 * Alberto J. Armando president of Boca Juniors F.C..
 * Franco Armani goalkeeper.
 * Luciana Aymar hockey player.
 * Osvaldo Bayer writer.
 * Juan Carlos Baglietto singer and musician.
 * Carlos Baldomir boxer.
 * Éver Banega footballer.
 * Gato Barbieri jazz musician and composer.
 * Gabriel Batistuta footballer.
 * Sebastián Battaglia footballer.
 * Edgardo Bauza football player and manager.
 * Antonio Berni figurative artist.
 * Marcelo Bielsa football player and manager.
 * Fernando Birri film maker.
 * Liliana Bodoc novelist.
 * José Bonaparte palaeontologist.
 * Norman Briski actor.
 * Nicolas Brussino basketball player.
 * Alejandro Bulgheroni oil entrepreneur.
 * Chris de Burgh, singer
 * Amadeo Carrizo goalkeeper.
 * Germán Chiaraviglio pole vaulter.
 * Leticia Cossettini educator.
 * Linda Cristal actress.
 * Juan Martín Coggi boxer.
 * Guillermo Coria tennis player.
 * Ángel Correa footballer.
 * Luciano De Cecco volleyball player.
 * Carlos Delfino basketball player.
 * Cesar Delgado footballer.
 * Ángel Di María footballer.
 * Pascual Echagüe (1797-1867), politician
 * Alejandro Fantino television host.
 * Jorge Faurie diplomat and politician.
 * Luciano Figueroa footballer.
 * Roberto Fontanarrosa strip cartoonist.
 * Tayavek Gallizzi basketball player.
 * Cecilia Gentili transgender activist, author, and actress.
 * Leon Gieco folk rock performer.
 * Gastón Gori essayist and poet.
 * Darío Grandinetti actor.
 * Santiago Grassi swimmer.
 * Horacio Guarany folk singer.
 * Ernesto "Che" Guevara revolutionary.
 * Walter Herrmann basketball player.
 * Mauro Icardi footballer.
 * Juan Imhoff Rugby union footballer.
 * Libertad Lamarque actress.
 * Ezequiel Lavezzi footballer.
 * Raúl Lavié tango singer.
 * Mirtha Legrand actress and television presenter.
 * Estanislao López (1786 – 1838) caudillo and governor of the province of Santa Fe.
 * Leopoldo Luque footballer player.
 * Julio Macat cinematographer.
 * Agustín Magaldi tango singer.
 * Marcos Maidana boxer.
 * Esteban Laureano Maradona philanthropist.
 * Gerardo Martino football player and manager.
 * Javier Mascherano football player and coach.
 * Valeria Mazza model.
 * César Luis Menotti football player and manager.
 * Lionel Messi football player.
 * Carlos Monzon boxer.
 * Marcos Mundstock of Les Luthiers musico-comedy act.
 * Litto Nebbia rock performer.
 * Nicki Nicole rapper and singer.
 * Andrés Nocioni basketball player.
 * Alberto Olmedo comedian.
 * Fito Páez singer and performer.
 * Horacio Pagani (auto executive).
 * Los Palmeras cumbia band.
 * Soledad Pastorutti folk singer.
 * José Pedroni poet.
 * Carlota Garrido de la Peña journalist
 * Rogelio Pfirter diplomat.
 * Juan Antonio Pizzi football player and manager.
 * Mauricio Pochettino football player and manager.
 * Nadia Podoroska tennis player.
 * Leonardo Ponzio footballer.
 * Sebastián Porto motorcycle racer.
 * Nery Pumpido football player and manager.
 * Ariel Ramírez composer and musician.
 * Carlos Reutemann racing driver and politician.
 * Rubén Rézola sprint canoeist.
 * Maxi Rodríguez footballer.
 * Sergio Rubin biographer of Pope Francis.
 * Juan José Saer writer.
 * Lionel Scaloni football player and manager.
 * Hugo Sconochini basketball player.
 * Coti Sorokin singer.
 * Ricardo Supisiche painter and engraver.
 * Lisandro de la Torre politician.
 * Virginia Tola soprano.
 * Carlos Thompson cine actor.
 * Francisco Urondo writer and Montonero.
 * Jorge Valdano football player and manager.
 * Julio César Vásquez boxer.
 * Mariano Vera (1780-1840), caudillo.
 * Nelly Vuksic conductor and singer.
 * Spreen, number one streamer by Argentina and top international
 * Cris Huja, writer and filmmaker
 * Dorothy Maud Wrinch mathematician.
 * Juan Carlos Zabala long-distance runner.
 * Pedro E. Zadunaisky astronomer.
 * Estanislao Zeballos writer and politician.

title: Santa Fe Province


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Palato-alveolar consonant

In phonetics, palato-alveolar or palatoalveolar consonants are postalveolar consonants, nearly always sibilants, that are weakly palatalized with a domed (bunched-up) tongue. They are common sounds cross-linguistically and occur in English words such as ship and chip.

The fricatives are transcribed ⟨ʃ⟩ (voiceless) and ⟨ʒ⟩ (voiced) in the International Phonetic Alphabet, while the corresponding affricates are ⟨tʃ⟩ (voiceless) and ⟨dʒ⟩ (voiced). (For the affricates, tied symbols ⟨t͡ʃ⟩ ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ or unitary Unicode symbols ⟨ʧ⟩ ⟨ʤ⟩ are sometimes used instead, especially in languages that make a distinction between an affricate and a sequence of stop + fricative.) Examples of words with these sounds in English are shin, chin , gin  and vision  (in the middle of the word).

Like most other coronal consonants, palato-alveolar consonants can be articulated either with the tip or blade of the tongue, and are correspondingly called apical or laminal. Speakers of English use both variants, and it does not appear to significantly affect the sound of the consonants.

Similarity to other sounds
These sounds are similar to the alveolo-palatal sibilants and to the retroflex sibilants, all of which are postalveolar consonants. In palato-alveolars the front of the body of the tongue is domed, in that the front of the tongue moves partway towards the palate, giving the consonant a weakly palatalized sound. They differ from other postalveolars in the extent of palatalization, intermediate between the fully palatalized alveolo-palatals and the unpalatalized retroflexes.

It is generally only within sibilants that a palato-alveolar articulation is distinguished. In certain languages nasals or laterals may be said to be palato-alveolar, but it is unclear if such sounds can be consistently distinguished from alveolo-palatals and palatalized alveolars. Even in the case of sibilants, palato-alveolars are often described simply as "post-alveolars" or even as "palatals", since they do not contrast with these sounds in most languages.

Palato-alveolar consonants in the IPA
The two palato-alveolar fricatives with letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and their common affricate homologues in English, are:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Palato-alveolar consonant


text:
Abbas

Abbas may refer to:

People

 * Abbas (name), list of people with the name, including:
 * Abbas ibn Ali (645–680), popularly known as Hazrat-e-Abbas, the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first imam in Shia Islam)
 * Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (567–653), uncle of Muhammad
 * Abbas ibn Firnas (810–887), an Andalusian polymath, mathematician, physician, astronomer, inventor, poet, and reported to have experimented with a form of flight
 * Abbas the Great (1571–1629), Fifth Safavid Shah of Iran (r. 1587–1629)
 * Wazir Abbas (Died 1545), Grand Vizier of the Adal Sultanate
 * Abbas II of Persia (1632–1666), Seventh Safavid Shah of Iran (r. 1642–1666)
 * Abbas I of Egypt (1812–1854), founder of the reigning dynasty of Egypt and Sudan at the time (r. 1849–1854)
 * Abbas II of Egypt (1874–1944), last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (r. 1892–1914)
 * Mahmoud Abbas (born 1935), president of the Palestinian National Authority
 * Abbas (actor) (born 1975), Indian actor
 * Abbas, one half of the Indian filmmaking duo Abbas–Mustan

Algeria

 * Kingdom of Ait Abbas
 * Kalâa of Ait Abbas

Azerbaijan

 * Abbas, Azerbaijan

Iraq

 * Al Abbas Mosque, shrine of Abbas ibn Ali in Karbala

Khuzestan Province

 * Abbas, Ahvaz
 * Abbas, Behbahan

Lorestan Province

 * Abbas, Dowreh
 * Abbas Barfi
 * Abbas-e Kalpat

United Kingdom
In English place-names the affix "Abbas" denotes former ownership by an abbey.
 * Abbas Combe, Somerset
 * Abbas Hall, Suffolk
 * Bradford Abbas, Dorset
 * Cerne Abbas, Dorset
 * Compton Abbas, Dorset
 * Itchen Abbas, Hampshire
 * Melbury Abbas, Dorset
 * Milton Abbas, Dorset
 * Winterbourne Abbas, Dorset

Other uses

 * Abbas (film), 2019 Bangladeshi film

title: Abbas


text:
Talk:Highways in Australia

earlier comments
Seeing as (at time of writing this) none of the linked pages have been built yet, I'm going to put all highways on the one page - it can be separated into multiple lists by state if desired.--Chuq 22:37, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Note that within each state, the highways listed should be in alphabetical order. Some are, and some are not. Whenever I added one I put it in the right place. Could the next person to add to an unsorted list please sort it? Graham 01:13, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and sorted everything out. Seeing as all the other states have their complete lists here, should New South Wales have its seperate list incorporated into this page? Hypernovean 05:29, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I wondered about that. I think it might as well go here - what's special about NSW? It's not as if it has significantly more highways than other states. Graham 06:51, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

What's the difference between the metropolitan roads given highway designations under Victoria (e.g. Hoddle Highway etc.) and say, the Burwood Highway, which is in the metropolitan area but is in the main list? Is it just a matter of lanes and so on? I'm just thinking that the difference in definition might be too fine. Correct me if I'm wrong. TPK 11:55, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"D" Routes
Just added this section in after seeing a few on Australian Geographic Maps of Australia. I generally sourced the information from my own knowledge. Any objections? Boochan 10:17, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

highway vs freeway
There is an article entitled List_of_freeways_in_Australia which lists many of the same roads you have here. I'm not really sure what the difference in definition is. Is there some redundancy here or are one or both lists incorrect?

 * sometimes a freeway will replace a section of old highway, and be similarly named, so Princes Freeway supercedes sections of the Princes Highway. The two roads remain in use and are two different roads. p.s there are many rural freeways throughout Victoria. MinorEdit 13:10, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

State Listings
The state listings take you to pages that list the rural highways in each state and not the metropolitan highways. Also there is the freeway/highway/main road incongruency. What I am proposing for Western Australia is the following structure: two lists, being: and six subcategories of Australian Highways: I think this is more straitforward and of more encyclopaedic benefit. Opinions? Ian peters 04:22, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * "List of freeways, highways and major roads in Perth, Western Australia" (linked to this page, and in the Australian Highways category)
 * "List of freeways, highways and major roads in rural Western Australia" (linked to this page, and in the Australian Highways category)
 * "Freeways in Perth, Western Australia"
 * "Highways in Perth, Western Australia"
 * "Major roads in Perth, Western Australia"
 * "Freeways in rural Western Australia" (note this will be presently empty)
 * "Highways in rural Western Australia"
 * "Major roads in rural Western Australia"

map?
shouldn't there be a map of some sort to illustrate this article? i know wikipedia isn't a travel guide, but still, just to illustrate the network? i imagine it would be quite surprising for people from, say, the US, to learn that there are so few highways in all but the south-east corner of the country. — riana_dzasta • t • c • e  • 15:02, 2 July 2006

 * I've added the map of the National Highway. There are PNG maps of each state's highways at User:Fikri/Maps, but I User:Fikri has not edited Wikipedia in the last 6 months, and there does not seem to be a consolidated national map already uploaded. --Scott Davis Talk 06:49, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

National Highways list
This should probably be converted to an Nation Building Program network table given that the national highway network (and AUSlink) are now defunct. These highways having national shields is largely now an incident of history, and makes some big exclusions, such as the Pacific Highway in NSW which does receive federal funding. -- Nbound (talk) 02:32, 7 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I was thinking that the list should be moved over to National Highway (Australia), and for this articles they should just be listed by name/state. But this articles as a whole really needs attention, I don't know where the division into State highways, Major arterial roads, Minor arterial roads, Outback tracks, and Tourist roads comes from. As seen at Template talk:Infobox Australian road (official maps/lists now also linked from WP:AURD/R), each state/territory uses a different classification system. - Evad37 (talk) 02:50, 7 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes agreed, most of the highway based articles are based more on peoples perceptions of what constitutes a highway and the various other road kinds, rather than what is officially actually a highway, and in this case who gets funding from where, even replacing this list with the NBP list would still need to state that both state and federal both fund these roads (and various others). In all honesty we really need to completely redo all the state based highway articles as best as possible (this article would probably become an overview of the states), NBP stuff would probably be best placed in a "(Federal?) Road Infrastructure in Australia" article. In the short-mid term ill try and get onto at least some of these articles. As well as the new shields and shield transfers! (Ive been sick this last week so havent been bothered). - Nbound (talk) 03:07, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Phase out of National Highways, National Routes, State Routes?
I have marked some particularly troubling sentances in the article related to the issue:

Is there any evidence of them being phased out altogether, or at all, in the NT? Also, there is National Highway 1 in Tasmania, and, SA, Vic, and Qld all use alphanumeric national highways - is there any evidence they will go down the NSW/ACT path of phasing out national highways?
 * Re Northern Territory - yes, see http://www.ozroads.com.au/NT/routenumbering/alpha/alphas.htm. Yes it's from a roadgeek site and not sourced, but there is comprehensive information and a photo so I have no reason to doubt that this is happening. Re phasing out National Highway alphas, recent signs in Victoria for M80 and M31 omit the shield so it does appear this is happening. It's worth noting that the article as it stands has separate sections for National Highways and Alphanumeric Routes, and doesn't really address the hybrid shields that exist in some states.Ausmeerkat (talk) 22:58, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
 * There is a changeover partially underway in the NT (according to imagery), but Im unsure about the loss of "National" Alphas in other states. Whatever we say needs to be cited. -- Nbound (talk) 23:50, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

These routes still exist in WA, NT, Qld, and Vic (Melbourne) - thats hardly "most" states phasing/phased out, unless there is any evidence to the contrary. Both problems - and much of this article - would be helped if refs to reliable sources (not roadgeek websites) could be found - Evad37 (talk) 15:36, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree it's a bit of a mishmash, but I edited the text as the previous version gave the impression that the state routes were in widespread use. They have in fact been completely eliminated from NSW, Tas, SA and regional Victoria, are (probably) in the process of being phased out in NT and never existed in ACT. Feel free to clarify the wording but it does look like the system is slowly on its way out. I agree more sources would be good, if you know of any please use them! Ausmeerkat (talk) 22:58, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that Tasmania retains a standard National Highway 1 shield, as they werent even allowed to modify it when they went alpha. And they did/do exist in the ACT (converting with NSW). Regardless though, whatever we say needs to be cited. -- Nbound (talk) 23:50, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Highways in Australia


text:
Eltham

Eltham is a district of southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It is 8.7 mi east-southeast of Charing Cross, and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459. 88,000 people live in Eltham.

Origins
Eltham developed along part of the road from London to Maidstone, and lies 3 mi almost due south of Woolwich. Mottingham, to the south, became part of the parish on the abolition of all extra-parochial areas, which were rare anomalies in the parish system. Eltham College and other parts of Mottingham were therefore not considered within Eltham's boundaries even before the 1860s.

From the sixth century Eltham was in the ancient Lathe of Sutton at Hone. In the Domesday Book of 1086 its hundred was named Gren[u/v]iz (Greenwich), which by 1166 was renamed Blachehedfeld (Blackheath) because it had become the location of the annual or more frequent hundred gathering.

"Eltham lies in the hundred of Blackheath, at the distance of eight miles from London, on the road to Maidstone. The parish is bounded by Woolwich, Plumsted, and the extraparochial hamlet of Kidbrooke, on the north; by Bexley on the east and south east; by Chislehurst on the south; by the extraparochial hamlet of Mottingham, on the south-west, and by Lee on the west. It contains about 2880 acres: of which about 360 are woodland; about 60 waste; about three fifths of the cultivated land are arable. ....This place had formerly a market on Tuesdays, and two fairs; one at the festival of the Holy Trinity, and the other at that of St. Peter and St. Paul; both of which have been long discontinued."

By the 1880s the lathes and hundreds of Kent had become obsolete, with the civil parishes and other districts assuming modern governmental functions.

Eltham was a civil parish of Kent until 1889 when it became part of the County of London and from 1900 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich. The metropolitan borough was abolished in 1965 and Eltham then became part of the then London Borough of Greenwich.

Eltham today is one of the largest suburban developments in the borough with a population of almost 88,000 people.

Early development

Eltham lies on a high, sandy plateau which gave it a strategic significance. That, and the fact of its position close to the main route to the English Channel ports in Kent, led to the creation of the moated medieval Eltham Palace, still its most notable landmark. Daniel Lysons described its origins.

"The Kings of England had a palace at Eltham at a very early period ... Henry the Third, in the year 1270, kept a public Christmas at his palace of Eltham, being accompanied by the Queen, and all the great men of the realm. Anthony Bec, Bishop of Durham, and Patriarch of Jerusalem, bestowed great cost, we are told, on the buildings at this place, and died there on the 28th of March 1311, having, as it is said, some time before given Eltham-house to Edward the Second, or, as some say, to Queen Isabel.... Edward frequently resided here. In 1315, his Queen was brought to bed of a son in this palace, called, from that circumstance, John of Eltham. Edward the Third held a Parliament at Eltham in 1329, and again in 1375."

The nearby manor of Well Hall was home to Sir John Pulteney, four times Lord Mayor of London, and later to wealthy Catholic William Roper and his wife Margaret (daughter of Sir Thomas More, known to Catholics as Saint Thomas More, Chancellor to King Henry VIII). In 1733 Sir Gregory Page bought this estate for £19,000 and demolished Roper House, building Page House – later known as Well Hall House – on the site. Until its demolition in 1931, Well Hall House variously served as a home to watchmaker John Arnold, and later to socialist Hubert Bland and author Edith Nesbit.

Also of note is Avery Hill Park and its former mansion, accessed from Bexley Road and at various points along the three miles (5 km) of other streets that surround the park. Avery Hill was the home of Colonel North, who made his fortune working in the Chilean nitrate industry. A hothouse is still open to the public and contains temperate and tropical plants. There are also remnants of the formal gardens in the public park. The mansion was part of the University of Greenwich, which had a significant presence on two sites in the area. However, in 2014 the university announced its intentions to withdraw from the site and has now done so.

Suburban development after 1900
The village streets adjacent to the Palace, and the surrounding land, remained rural until Archibald Cameron Corbett bought the Eltham Park Estate and developed it with well-built suburban housing between 1900 and 1914. The Bexley Heath Railway (see below) had opened what came to be known as the Bexleyheath Line in 1895. Suburban development of the district accelerated when the Government, through His Majesty's Office of Works, built the Progress Estate in Well Hall and large estates of temporary hutments in 1915, to house the vastly increased numbers of wartime workers in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. In the early years it was called, rather pretentiously, "Well Hall Garden City". Its name was changed to "Progress Estate" when it was purchased by the Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society in 1925. It compares well with later groups of municipal housing in south London – which is surprising given the fact that it was constructed rapidly between February and December 1915 and is sub-divided by the South Circular Road and (until about 1988) by the even busier A2 Trunk Road. The Progress Estate was made a Conservation Area in 2007.

Urban development

Incidents
In 1990, an IRA bomb outside the Eltham Palace headquarters of the Royal Army Educational Corps injured seven people (see 1990 Eltham bombing). The area was targeted three times by the Mardi Gra bomber in the 1990s.

Description and location
Eltham has a varied topography. Map 6 shows contours, spot heights and water courses. The centre of Eltham is on a plateau at about the 60m level with the High Street running along its centre. There is a scarp slope to the west of the plateau from the top of which are unrestricted views across South London. Eltham Palace occupies a commanding position on the edge of the scarp. Eltham Hill offers the steepest descent from the plateau, starting at Eltham High Street and descending 30m over 1 km due west at the Yorkshire Grey (now a McDonald's outlet). The land to the north of Eltham rises to form the southern slope of Shooter's Hill, one of the highest points in London at a height of 130 m. The recently (2014) restored 18th century belvedere Severndroog Castle offers wide views from its observation platform which is 150 m above sea level.

From Eltham Church at 60 m the High Street rises gently to 71 m and continues east as Bexley Road at a slightly lower level.

To the south the plateau slopes gently downwards to Mottingham (at 49.6 m) and New Eltham (at 46.1 m)

Eltham is devoid of any major water features, although the River Thames is approximately 2 km away from Eltham's northern limits. The most prominent body of water is the River Quaggy which runs to the south-west of Eltham and joins the River Ravensbourne at Lewisham. The Quaggy receives additional water from a tributary named Little Quaggy, flowing from the lake of The Tarn in Mottingham, and feeds the wetlands in Sutcliffe Park. The only other significant watercourse is the River Shuttle, which rises in Avery Hill Park and flows east to join the River Cray.

Other nearby areas

 * Blackfen
 * Catford
 * Charlton
 * Chislehurst
 * Downham
 * Hither Green
 * Greenwich
 * Grove Park
 * Lewisham
 * Plumstead
 * Sidcup
 * Welling
 * Woolwich

Parks and open spaces
There is a large variety of open green space in Eltham, in the form of parkland, fields and woodland. "Green Chain Walks" are signposted footpaths that run through or link the green spaces. Some are also bridleways or cycle routes.

Eltham Parks North and South, Avery Hill, Sutcliffe Park, The Tarn, Well Hall Pleasaunce and Horn Park all have Green Flag status.
 * Avery Hill Park is large, open parkland, to the east. It is most notable for its Winter Garden, a hothouse containing tropical trees and plants from around the world. The parkland was acquired by the London County Council in 1902.
 * Oxleas Woods, Castle Wood and Jack Wood, directly north of Eltham, is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Oxleas Wood covers 190.3 acre and is at least 8,000 years old. The wood is home to specimen of tree including oak, silver birch, hornbeam and coppice hazel. Severndroog Castle, built in 1784 as a memorial to William James of the East India Company, stands in Castle Wood.
 * Sutcliffe Park is a 35 acre park at the westernmost point of Eltham. Previously known as Harrow Meadow, the parkland was reclaimed from the River Quaggy in the 1930s. The Quaggy was diverted into culverts, and the park officially opened in 1937 as Sutcliffe Park, named after the Borough's engineer. On 26 June 1954, the athletics track in Sutcliffe Park was opened, and has since been home to the Cambridge Harriers. In 2003, the park was re-landscaped as a wetland area. The River Quaggy was allowed to flow above-ground in the area, for the first time in 70 years. The park borders the Ferrier Estate, which was completed in 1970 and demolished by 2012 to make way for "Kidbrooke Village".
 * The Royal Blackheath Golf Course and the adjoining Tarn date back to Tudor times. The golf club, founded in 1766 to the north in Blackheath and to the south since its merger with Eltham Golf club in 1923, is the oldest golf club in the world outside Scotland. The club house Eltham Lodge is a grade I listed building.
 * Well Hall Pleasaunce – formal gardens, ponds and woodland, originally the site of a manor house, in Well Hall
 * Eltham Park North and Eltham Park South are the final major green areas in Eltham. The southern park is adjacent to the Eltham Warren Golf Course.
 * The Tarn, 1 km south of Eltham High Street, a 9 acre public garden, and bird sanctuary, with a lake amongst woodland.
 * Horn Park', 1.8 km southwest of Eltham High Street, a 16 acre public park in Horn Park, with grassland, woodland, playground, football pitch and skate park.

In the 1990s the defence of Oxleas Wood to the north east of the town became a focus for a pan-European campaign to resist high capacity urban roads. Significantly the European Court of Justice found the UK government at fault for not adequately assessing the environmental impact of the planned road, that would have joined Beckton to Falconwood and perhaps – if objectors' fears are to be believed – been a first stage of a wider orbital road through Catford (a revival of a Greater London Council-backed Ringway Two).

Green places in Eltham

The Royal Borough of Greenwich maintains an online directory of open spaces. Most parks have active Friends groups

Demographics
In December 2010, the population of Eltham parliament constituency was 63,059, although this figure includes the wards of Coldharbour and New Eltham, Kidbrooke with Hornfair and Shooter's Hill. 63,082 people live in the SE9 postcode district; of these, 30,398 are male and 32,684 are female. People over 65 make up 17.9% of Eltham's electorate.

Migration and ethnicity
At the census of 2011, the white population of Eltham was recorded at 80.95%; the largest minority group in Eltham was Black-African and Black-Caribbean people, who comprised 7.46% of the total population with Asians comprising 6.62%. Eltham's proportion of white residents is significantly higher than the Royal Borough of Greenwich average of 62.5%. Eltham's population by ward in 2011 was as follows:

Culture, identity and community
Eltham has an unusually high quotient of green space, with large areas of woodland to the north and east, including the historic woodland of Shooters Hill and Oxleas Wood, the Woodlands Farm community holding, Eltham Parks north and south and extensive parkland heading into Avery Hill park. Thus it is both 'suburban' and 'urban', and it forms part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, an Inner London borough.

The town centre supports a loyal core of shoppers, diners, and drinkers, but the nightlife is modest. In recent years there has been great effort by local town centre businesses and other important Eltham stakeholders, to drive business, community and tourism improvements, that will help sustain the town centre. These efforts resulted in the formation of an Eltham town centre partnership (ETCP), chaired by an elected local stakeholder. Greenwich council had a member and officer representatives along with the University of Greenwich. The ETCP encouraged the development of A new town centre commerce Association – The Association of Commerce for Eltham (ACE). ACE established a new Town Centre web portal, which offered a basic business directory and tried to increase interaction between business and community groups. Both were offline as of June 2023.

In 2007, the new Eltham Centre opened just off the High Street including council offices and a new swimming pool and incorporating the early 20th century library.

The Eltham Society was founded in 1965 with the aim of "Preserving the past, Conserving the present, and Protecting the future". In 1993 it erected the Eltham Town sign in the high street. The Society is responsible for various publications.

In 2006 the community magazine "SEnine" was launched. As of 2023 it is published monthly and distributed free. As well as news and discussion of current affairs it also lists forthcoming events. It also carries many illustrated articles about Eltham history. Digitised copies of old issues are available on the SEnine website. A community website "This is Eltham" provides updates on current events.

High Street and environs

On 22 April 1993, 18-year-old black student Stephen Lawrence was fatally stabbed in Well Hall. The crime quickly became one of the most high-profile racially motivated murders in modern Britain. Five teenagers were later accused of his murder but the case was dropped due to a lack of evidence. In 2011 as a result of new evidence coming to light, Gary Dobson and David Norris stood trial for the murder of Stephen Lawrence. They were convicted on 3 January 2012.

Other instances of racial attacks were documented throughout the 1980s and 1990s, with Eltham compared to a "sundown town" a name used to describe communities in America's Deep South where black people were advised for their own safety to not be out in public after dark. Eltham was, for example, compared to Jasper, Texas.

During the 2011 England riots, Eltham received national attention when, for three nights, a vigilante group of 300–400 people occupied the centre of Eltham, saying they were protecting people and property from rioters. Extra police from other UK forces were sent to maintain order. The group gathered after rumours that Eltham would be the latest place to be hit by unrest. A small number claimed to be EDL members. BBC reporters tracked fans of Millwall and Charlton walking along Eltham High St, with riot police following at a distance. Police were forced to move the crowds on for fear of violence, and were involved in minor clashes, but Eltham did not have any riot damage.

Education
Primary schools in Eltham include: Alderwood, Christ Church (Shooters Hill Rd), Deansfield, Gordon, Middle Park, Ealdham, Eltham C of E (Founded 1814), Gordon, Haimo, Henwick, Holy Family, Kidbrooke Park, St Mary's, St Thomas More and Wingfield.

Secondary schools in Eltham include Harris Academy Greenwich, St Thomas More Catholic School, Eltham Hill School for Girls, and Stationers' Crown Woods Academy (built upon the land of King Henry VIII's hunting grounds, and until 2011 named Crown Woods School).

One campus of the University of Greenwich was in Avery Hill Park, on the borders of Eltham and New Eltham, but has closed.

Sport and leisure
In 1654, three men were prosecuted at Eltham for playing cricket on a Sunday, one of the sport's earliest references.

Eltham Cricket Club, founded in 1863 and the last club for whom WG Grace played, are based at Footscray Rugby Club.

Eltham has a Non-League football club Cray Valley Paper Mills F.C., which plays at Badgers Sports Ground (shared with Greenwich Borough F.C.) in Middle Park. Cray Valley plays an annual charity match against their local non-league rivals Eltham Old Boys Football Club.

Eltham's parks provide many facilities for sports and fitness. Eltham Park South has a jogging track and six tennis courts. The Pleasaunce has a bowling green and pavilion. Avery Hill Park has changing rooms and half a dozen football and rugby pitches and with cricket pitches laid out in the summer. The land adjoining Avery Hill is occupied by many sports grounds which include Footscray RUFC, London Electricity Sorts and Social Club, Charlton Park RFC, Sparrows Lane Sports Ground, Cambridge Mission Sports Ground, Unilever Sports Ground, Metrogas Amateur Sports Association, St James Mar Thoma Amateur Sports Ground and the SRC2 Sports Club. The same area is also home to the training ground of professional football club Charlton Athletic at Sparrows Lane.

Adjacent to Well Hall Pleasaunce is University of Greenwich Athletics Ground. This has a pavilion with changing rooms and six pitches for football and rugby

Preserving these sports areas from the encroachments of property developers is a constant battle for Elthams environmental and community groups. Currently (2014) the focus is on the long disused Gaelic Sports Field in Avery Hill Road, for which there is a planning application to build 150 houses.

Rail
Eltham, along with most other suburbs in south east London, is not served by the London Underground. Commuters rely on two rail lines to central London, and the road network. Trains through Eltham terminate at London Charing Cross, London Cannon Street or London Victoria in a westerly direction, and Crayford, Dartford, Slade Green, Gravesend, Gillingham or Rochester in an easterly direction. Given the lack of London Underground access, the two suburban rail lines work at, or above, their capacity during peak-hour commuting to central London. Fast trains take as little as 20 minutes to get to London Charing Cross. Eltham's closest London Underground station is North Greenwich tube station, a few miles to the northwest.

Bexleyheath line

Originally opened on 1 May 1895 by a private company, the Bexleyheath Line was taken over by the South Eastern Railway after it suffered bankruptcy. There were originally two stations in Eltham: Eltham Well Hall and Eltham Park. Eltham Well Hall station opened in 1895. Eltham Park station opened (after a prolonged legal wrangle) on 1 July 1908. On 11 June 1972, a London-bound train came off the track at Well Hall, killing 6 and injuring 126. Both Eltham stations were closed in 1985 and replaced by a new ‘Eltham’ station; this coincided with the construction of the Rochester Way Relief Road part of which was built on the site of Eltham Well Hall station. Glenlea Road between Well Hall Road and Archery Road was replaced by the station forecourt and a bus station (this had previously been adjacent to Well Hall station). The new rail station was built above the new road at the point it travels through what is sometimes referred to as 'the Eltham tunnel'. The new station has a modernist feel.

Dartford Loop

The Dartford Loop line, about 1 km south of Eltham High Street, was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 1 September 1866. It is commonly known by locals as the 'Dartford line via Sidcup'. There are two stations on this line that serve the population living to the south of Eltham: Mottingham station, originally named 'Eltham Station' until 'Eltham Well Hall' opened, and New Eltham station. Neither station is as large as Eltham station, but both have been heavily upgraded since opening.

Roads
Eltham High Street lies on the A210, the original A20 London to Maidstone road. But the A20 has now been diverted southwards, passing through Mottingham, and it is a dual carriageway that connects to the M20 motorway in Kent. Similarly, to the north, the dual carriageway A2 has replaced the Rochester Road section, which was always very congested (the old road had dangerous readings of lead pollution, close to schools, before the advent of lead-free petrol).

The upgrading of these two arterial routes in and out of London means that Eltham is handily positioned between the A20 and A2. Driving on either of these roads into London soon results in congestion, although the A2 does connect through to the Blackwall Tunnel under the Thames, and thus into east London, all on dual carriageway. Driving eastwards allows access to the Dartford Tunnel, and the Kent countryside, in as little as 20 minutes in off-peak hours.

Crossing the two from north to the south is the A205 South Circular road, a busy arterial route.

The back streets of Eltham have been largely traffic-calmed by the local Council, but there are chronic rat-runs as many of the measures are ineffective or insufficient. Provision for cyclists is modest, while there are some interesting footpaths along ancient rights of way, for example in Oxleas Wood and Avery Hill Park.

Buses
Scheduled coaches, marketed as part of the National Express network, link Eltham Green to Pimlico and Victoria in central London and to several destinations on the Kent coast via Bluewater (a retail-based development on a grand scale in Dartford borough) and Canterbury. Eltham Green is one of the few places in south London served by National Express coaches.

Eltham is served by Transport for London bus routes 122, 124, 126, 132, 160, 161, 162, 233, 286, 314, 321, B15 and B16. These routes connect Eltham to Beckenham, Bexley, Bexleyheath, Blackfen, Bromley, Catford, Charlton, Chinbrook, Chislehurst, Crystal Palace, Foots Cray, Greenwich, Grove Park, Horn Park, Kidbrooke, Lee, Lewisham, Middle Park, New Addington, New Cross, North Greenwich, Plumstead, Ruxley, Sidcup, Swanley, Well Hall, Welling and Woolwich.

Notable residents

 * John Arnold – Internationally renowned watchmaker; lived in Well Hall House
 * John Ayldon – An operatic bass-baritone and former member of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
 * Hubert Bland – Socialist and co-founder of the Fabian Society; lived in Well Hall House from 1899 to 1922
 * Billy Bonds, MBE – Former Charlton Athletic and West Ham United footballer and former Millwall F.C. manager
 * Bridget of York – Princess, seventh daughter of Edward IV
 * Kate Bush – Singer and musician
 * Conflict – Anarcho-punk band, some of whose members originated in Eltham
 * Stephen Courtauld – Millionaire, war veteran and philanthropist; lived at Eltham Palace from the mid-1930s to 1944
 * Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex – Commander of the Parliamentary Army; last resident of Eltham Palace, where he died
 * Bernardine Evaristo – Novelist, critic, poet, playwright and academic
 * Boy George – Singer, raised in Middle Park, Eltham
 * W. G. Grace – Cricketer
 * Lord Healey (Denis Healey, Baron Healey) – Politician and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, once lived in the Eltham "Hutments"
 * Bob Hope, KBE – Actor and Hollywood film star, born in Eltham in 1903 (blue plaque at 44, Craigton Road). In 1982, the Eltham Little Theatre was renamed The Bob Hope Theatre in his honour, following his donations that saved the theatre from closure.
 * Jack Hope – Film and television producer; elder brother of Bob Hope
 * Frankie Howerd – Comedian and comic actor, born in York, but moved to Eltham as a young child
 * Peter Howitt – Actor and film director
 * Commodore Sir William James – Naval commander; settled in Eltham at Park Farm Place in 1759 and is commemorated by Severndroog Castle on nearby Shooter's Hill
 * James Jameson – British Army Surgeon-General; lived in Eltham and died at his home, Newlands, in September 1904
 * Richard Jefferies – Naturalist and writer; blue plaque at 59, Footscray Road
 * John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall – Prince of England
 * Ruth Williams Khama – first lady of Botswana
 * Delroy Lindo – Actor
 * E. V. Lucas – Writer
 * Sir Dermot Milman, 8th Baronet – Rugby union player and first-class cricketer
 * Herbert Morrison – Labour Cabinet minister and leader of London County Council; lived at 55, Archery Road (1929–1960)
 * Edith Nesbit – Author, writer of "The Railway Children" and wife of Hubert Bland; lived in Well Hall House
 * Ellis O'Reilly – Former Irish international gymnast and Olympian
 * Katharine O'Shea – Housewife, mistress and later wife of Charles Stewart Parnell
 * John Partridge – EastEnders actor
 * Gavin Peacock – Former Charlton Athletic, Chelsea, and Queens Park Rangers footballer; former football pundit for the BBC
 * Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster
 * Louise Redknapp – Singer
 * Steve Peregrin Took – Musician
 * Dudley Stamp, CBE – Geologist and geographer
 * Alan White – Former drummer of British rock band Oasis

title: Eltham


text:
Talk:Deanna Troi

Purpose
Not military my eye. The Enterprise functions to "show the flag" and enforce the Federation's will - by military force if necessary. If she weren't "military," why would she be heavily armed, well-protected and equipped with extensive systems dedicated toward tactical combat and fleet command and control?

 * Iceberg3k 22:38, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The Enterprise is primarily an exploration vessel. "Its continuing mission [is] to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations[, and] to boldy go where no one has gone before." It's equipped with tactical combat and weapons systems because it gets attacked a lot. It's for protection of the ship, not for policing the galaxy. -Branddobbe 23:13, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

If she's an exploration vessel, why is she so large and well-armed? And why does she have systems specifically geared toward fleet control, which an exploration vessel should not need? The NCC-1701-D may serve as an exploration ship during times of peace, but her ability to stand down the most powerful weapons of the Federation's enemies should conclusively lend lie to claims that she is not a warship.

The NCC-1701-E (and to a lesser extent, because of poor design and conflicting design goals of the Galaxy class, the 1701-D) continues the classic naval mandate of intimidating the enemies of the Federation, defending her interests and her allies, and showing the flag in troubled regions. By Lt. Worf's own words, Enterprise is a "battleship" (TNG: Conundrums), albeit one which shows a remarkably schizophrenic design. The ready modification of Galaxy-class starships to battleship standards (really battlecruiser; Galaxies are armed to the gills, fast and maneuverable, but they can't take their own firepower, which is a defining characterstic of a classic battleship) during the Dominion War underscores my point. Enterprise ' s primary mission is to deter enemy aggression and to defend Federation life and civilization. Seeking out new life and new civilizations is what Starfleet has her doing when the Federation's interests aren't at stake.

 * Iceberg3k 23:51, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps it's only a story? -- Karada 23:56, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It's a dorkfight. We need not your logic. ;-) Iceberg3k 00:00, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How dare you suggest that Star Trek is fiction! I'm going to have Section 31 all over your ass. -Branddobbe 00:20, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

"Why would she be heavily armed, well-protected and equipped with extensive systems dedicated toward tactical combat and fleet command and control?" Why were RN ships for three hundred years, when they were also used for exploration? Why were the British East Indiamen armed, when they were mainly merchantmen? Because the "new civilizations" are liable to be hostile (as we've seen often in the canon...). --trekphiler, 16/11/05

Whether this is an appropriate discussion for Wikipedia at all aside, might it be sensible to move this to the Star Trek main page? I believe that there's been some scholarly work examining the Federation as a (slightly idealised) representation of the U.S. Perhaps a summary of that work could be included instead of an argument that essentially in novel "research". --xx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.189.142.60 (talk) 13:23, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Troi and Riker
Doesn't there need to be a bit more about Troi and Riker in this article, being as how the tension created by their previous relationship plays a part in more than one episode? At least some mention? The way it reads now, it sounds like they met on the Enterprise and got married, and that's it. --72.65.29.155 13:57, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Deanna's Accent
Can Deanna's accent in the movies really be considered a British accent? To me, a Brit, it sounds sort of Transatlantic, neutral, slightly American-ish accent. Briefly at the beginning of Nemesis she does turn a bit more British, then gets back to her usual accent, but as far as I know she has never used her real accent, which is quite a pronounced London one.

 * She does, or did, have quite a strong London accent years ago when I last heard her speak in an interview. She has lived in the US for most of the time between then and Nemisis I believe, so many be she is profound at picking up the lcoal accent and that in Nemesis is her, then real accent. And perhaps due to it sounding parlty English, those less familiar with English accents, or Marina's real accent may think she sounds English or even 'like her self' in Nemesis. Any way, I'm waffling now... Evil Eye 22:14, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Anybody know anything about what the accent was intended to be? Sounds mostly U.S., but I gather it's not Sirtis's normal accent. Any linguists? --xx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.189.142.60 (talk) 13:28, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

I recall in an interview that she stated it was to be a mix between a Russian and an Israeli accent, since one of her friends spoke with an Israeli accent and it inspired her. If I can locate the interview I can link it but I think the explanation is already covered. The wiki page Marina Sirtis states: "She also created an accent (described as a mixture of Eastern European and Hebrew) for her character, although her natural accent is English." ~ A Caffeinated Fool (talk) 00:31, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Kent/Essex

 * In These Are The Voyages Deanna mentions that she went to a grammar school, which is usually a British term, and at the time of writing a predominantly estuary term, suggesting that her origins coincide with her estuary accent. What do we make of it? Matthew Platts 23:29, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Ian Andrew Troi
Do we have any data on Troi's father's "maiden name"? Matthew Platts 11:37, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I know nothing was ever said on the TV show itself and I can't rememebr anything in the Imzadi novel (but weren't there at least two Imazdi novels? I have only read the first). I do hope the answer is out there somewhere as it would be nice to know. Evil Eye 13:01, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The question you should be asking is who changes their name. I don't think that was even mention, though. It is never stated, however, who changes their name in a Betazoid marriage. The only other marriage that we see is Captain Riker's and Commander Troi's in Nemesis. In this instance, most likely because they work together, neither of them changed their name. I also don't believe the subject came up when Deanna was betrothed to Wyatt Miller, even though he is human. So the whole question boils down to who was born a Troi, Ian or Lwaxanna. Mainphramephreak 07:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Counsellor
The fact she was turned into a psychologist seems to me a flaw in the writing, or the show bible; the early shows suggested a role more like protocol officer (or Michael's consigliere in "Godfather). --trekphiler, 16/11/05

Perhaps someone can say something more detailed about her abilities: is there some metaphysical account of how they "operate"? And, an analysis of their use as a plot device might also be nice. --xx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.189.142.60 (talk) 13:31, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Asymmetric clothing
Anyone else noticed the cut in Deanna's dress in the photo is asymmetric? To accommodate her com-badge perhaps, or a weird design? Marky1981 14:03, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Does it matter really? That blue dress was one of her better outfits (appart from the proper uniform she wore in latter series :) Evil Eye 15:01, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, doesn't matter at all! Just something I had wondered. I agree it's a lot better than her 'cheer-leader' outfit in the first season! Marky1981 17:17, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This woman's attire throughout most of the television run was, IMO, a joke. If she was ideed meant to be a counselor to a Starfleet crew, why did she deliberately and visually alienate herself from that crew? Her attire did not say "I am one of you. I can understand you." Her attire primarily shouted "Check out my boobs!" Aside from that, it shouted "I am NOT one of you. I don't have to adhere to those fussy dress codes." It's no coincidence that the UNI in "uniform" also appears in "unite." The primary purpose of uniforms is to provide a visual confirmation of one's unity with a particular group. The purpose of a ship's counselor was, as I understand it, to provide the crew with professional psychological counseling. In order for counseling to be effective, the recipient generally needs to feel that the counselor knows what she's doing and that there is on some level a connection. Thus, putting this "counselor" in casual clothes was a mistake on many levels, as it disconnected her from the crew. It also opened the way for resentment ("Why does she get to skip the uniform when I can't?) from the crew, which is entirely counterproductive to effective counseling. Yes, I know that Trek has had a long-standing penchant for dressing women in the William Ware Theiss (original costumer on ST:OS) tradition of "Will she or won't she fall out of that before the next commercial break?" but I wish the writers/producers had had the guts to break with that and present a professional, competent female in a power position. Troi was, for all intents and purposes, eye candy, good for little more than sitting around "sensing" the blindingly obvious.

Bcr8ve 16:32, 11 March 2006 (UTC)bcr8ve
 * Perhaps some alienation was necessary. It could be that her patients needed to get away from the whole Starfleet machinery for a while and address their own personal problems. --GSchjetne (talk) 19:19, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I've seen her in interview(s) (unfortuneatly I don't have a reference) say she, and here style of clothing, was there to add a bit of sexyness/sex appeal; with particular emphasis on her chest/cleavage. Dannman (talk) 14:45, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Deanna & Worf
I liked the Deanna and Worf angle better than the Jadzia and Worf angle. It was just more enjoyable to watch, especially with their personalities being so completely different. The Jadzia and Worf relationship seemed a bit forced to me by the writers. I wish the Worf and Troi relationship could've been continued, the wedding would've been more enjoyable - especially seeing the reaction of Troi's mother to her new son-in-law. JesseG 01:53, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Refs corrupted
Something needs to be done about the references, the section looks corrupted. Digifiend (talk) 13:44, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Underscore
I deleted a sentence which seemed to be sophisticated vandalism, that her powers came from her ability to hear the underscore. OK?Bellagio99 (talk) 02:13, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Durango disambiguation page
On the Durango (disambiguation) page it states "Durango, a pseudonym of the Star Trek character Deanna Troi". I found a link thats states "Ian's nickname for Deanna was 'Durango'. The last time Deanna spoke to her father, he promised to return home with a surprise. Sadly, Ian Troi was killed in the line of duty before returning home.(TLE novel: The Art of the Impossible)." Should add this info to this page. As looking at the Durango page it looks like vandalism with no reference --Mrebus (talk) 22:33, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Deanna Troi Human?
I haven't seen any episode that specifically says Troi's father was Human. It stated him as being in Star Fleet and on earth but so was Warf. does anyone know which one says he was human? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.53.197.15 (talk) 08:18, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Similarities to Asimov's Bliss
I have been re-reading the Foundation series and this time through I was struck by the similarities between Deanna Troi and Bliss of Asimov's Foundation series (introduced in Foundation's Edge and particularly prominent in Foundation and Earth). What made the connection was not just the telepathic aspect, but also the overtly sexual aspect. Asimov describes Bliss as curvy, with one character noting that she is "too bottom-heavy" for his preference, but she is clearly described as conventionally sexy by all. Bliss is even described as having long, black hair.

Her telepathic abilities are used to detect life signs, interpret emotions, and even to influence the emotions and behaviors of others. It strikes me that Bliss may have been the initial inspiration for Troi. Note that Foundation's Edge was published in 1982, and Foundation and Earth in 1986, while ST:TNG was announced in 1986, with the first episodes in September, 1987.

Obviously this is purely my own speculation at this point, but it seems quite plausible. In my brief searches thus far (totaling perhaps 30-40 minutes) I haven't found any reference to Roddenberry being inspired by Asimov/Foundation, but it is such a standard element listed by most science-fiction writers as their inspiration that it seems to me unlikely that he wasn't a fan. Does anyone more familiar with Roddenberry than I am know anything about this? Thanks! 63.248.99.211 (talk) 17:18, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

Similarity of name
I think it should be some comment about the similarity of name regarding DC Comics character Donna Troy, in case there be a known relationship.--Manfariel (talk) 02:41, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * What kind of relationship are you hinting at? I've never read anything about Roddenberry being a comics fan that would make someone think he borrowed this name from DC. All things are possible. StarHOG (Talk) 14:25, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Season 4 Episode "The Loss"
In the main article, I can find no mention of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season-4 episode The Loss. This episode had two main plots,

 * (1) The Enterprise caught up in -- and unable to escape from -- a powerful gravity field generated by strange two-dimensional beings.
 * (2) Deanna Troi experiencing the sudden loss of her empathic abilities, and having a very difficult time coping.

Would adding to the main article a brief mention (maybe one or two lines) of the "The Loss" and the crisis Troi undergoes within the episode be all right ??

Thanx-A-Lot. Stay Safe And Well. Fgf2007 (talk) 01:07, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

The Next Generation absences
Hide And Q Datalore 11001001 Heart of Glory A Matter Of Honor Identity Crisis The Perfect Mate The Inner Light Birthright, Part II Rightful Heir Goojrr (talk) 06:35, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deanna Troi


text:
Eltham, Victoria

Eltham is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 20 km north-east of the Central Business District, located within the Shire of Nillumbik local government area. Eltham recorded a population of 18,847 at the 2021 census.

Eltham is one of the 'green wedge' areas that provide relatively undeveloped, accessible environments within the Melbourne suburban region. These green wedge areas are under constant pressure from developments such as road and freeway expansions, but Eltham has managed to retain many tree-lined streets and leafy reserves. However, the character of the suburb is changing rapidly, with increased road traffic and higher-density housing becoming more common.

Eltham's tourist attractions include the artists colony Montsalvat and the Diamond Valley Railway, the largest ridable miniature railway in Australia.

History
A reserve for a village at the junction of the Diamond Creek and Yarra River is shown on maps around 1848. By 1851 the first Crown allotments were being subdivided and sold, along with a private subdivision developed by J. M. Holloway, known as Little Eltham. At this time, the town's centre was located around the intersection of Pitt Street and Main Road. An early settler was Henry Dendy who operated a flour mill.

Eltham Post Office opened on 1 February 1854.

The first Eltham Cemetery Trust was appointed in February 1860. The Eltham Court House was built in 1860 and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Database. The Eltham Magistrates' Court closed on 1 February 1985.

St Margaret's Church commenced construction in 1861 at 10 John St Eltham.

The Evelyn Observer was a weekly newspaper published from 1873 to 1942. It had various titles over the years. Digitsed copies can be accessed for various dates via Trove. Other local newspapers have included Eltham and Whittlesea Shires Advertiser and Diamond Creek Valley Advocate (1917-1922) and Eltham and Whittlesea Shire Advertiser (1940-1942) These papers can also be accessed via Trove.

The Eltham Hotel was established in 1867 and continues to be in business.

The arrival of the railway line in 1902 drew business further north along Main Road to the current town centre.

A war memorial in the form of an obelisk of granite was unveiled 3 August 1919 in what was then the centre of the township. In the 1960s it was relocated to the front of the Eltham RSL sub branch. It was moved again in 2010 in front of the Eltham War Memorial Building Complex. The Eltham War Memorial Building Complex recognises those who served and died in World War 2. The community complex originally featured an infant welfare centre, war memorial gates and a wrought iron arch, memorial garden, pre-school and children's library.

Eltham Presbyterian Church opened in 1958.

The Eltham Refugee Housing and Support Project was delivered in partnership with St Vincent's Health Australia and CatholicCare to provide accommodation and settlement support to newly arrived refugees from Syria and Iraq. From November 2016 to October 2018, refugees were provided with affordable accommodation in refurbished units on the site of St Vincent's Care Services Eltham Aged Care facility. During this time, CatholicCare provided tenancy and settlement support.

Leader Community Newspapers published the Diamond Valley Leader which included Eltham in its reporting area for some years before it ceased publication in June 2020.

The historic courthouse, the oldest building in the Shire of Nillumbik was restored by Ducon Building Solutions and RBA Architects and Conservation Consultants and completed by March 2022

Appeal to artists

Eltham is famous for the Montsalvat artist community, which built a rustic set of medieval-style buildings in the 1930s.

Aside from the Montsalvat artist community, Eltham has also been home to artists such as Walter Withers and Neil Douglas, as well as to writers such as Alan Marshall and Mervyn Skipper.

Education
Primary schools include Eltham Primary School which was established in Little Eltham in July 1855, Our Lady Help of Christians Primary, Eltham East Primary and Eltham North Primary School.

Eltham encompasses the state secondary school, Eltham High School, as well as a private girls secondary school, Catholic Ladies College, Eltham. Another private secondary school, Eltham College, takes its name from Eltham, but is located in nearby Research. There are various childcare and early learning centres available. Several schools are also located in the exclusive connecting area of Eltham North, including St. Helena Secondary College, Plenty Valley International Montessori School, Holy Trinity Primary School, Glen Katherine Primary School and near Eltham College there is Research Primary.

Transport
Eltham railway station is located on the Hurstbridge Line.

Eltham is a key connection point of bus services across the northern and eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including the Route 902 orbital service. Eltham Railway Station services as a local hub for buses to locations including Warrandyte, Diamond Creek, Greensborough, Doncaster and local services.

Sport
World champions Emma Carney (triathlete) and Cadel Evans (racing cyclist) are both Eltham residents.

The suburb is home to the Eltham Wildcats Basketball Club which is the largest basketball club in Australia, Eltham Redbacks Football Club and Eltham Cricket Club.

Eltham Old Collegians Football Club compete in the VAFA.

Eltham Football Club, known as the Panthers is an Australian Rules Club competing in the Northern Football League. Eltham Rugby Union Football Club is centrally located in Bridge St with teams for all groups including Masters. The suburb is home to the Eltham Tennis Club, Eltham Netball Club and Eltham Bowling Club (which has both grass and synthetic greens), and Eltham Lacrosse Club.

Eltham Little Athletics Club is one of the largest of the eight clubs competing weekly at the Diamond Valley Little Athletics Centre at Willinda Park, Greensborough.

Historic trestle bridge
Eltham is home to a historic wooden railway trestle bridge. The bridge was built in 1902 and is the only wooden trestle bridge still in use in Melbourne's electric railway network. It is also one of few wooden trestle bridges in use in Victoria. It was built as part of the extension of the Hurstbridge Railway line from Heidelberg to Hurstbridge which opened in 1912.

Facilities
The Diamond Creek trail passes through Eltham.

Eltham Cemetery

Eltham Farmers' Market

Eltham Library is operated by Yarra Plenty Regional Library.

Eltham Leisure Centre features the Platinum Pool Program which meets the gold standard by Life Saving Victoria.

The Senior Citizen's Centre was completed in 1967.

Parks
Alistair Knox Park(-37.7187°N, 145.1445°W) is named after Alistair Knox, a famous local landscape architect who specialised in mud brick. The park is located on Main Road near the central Eltham shopping strip. The Eltham Library is located nearby. The kids playground is found within the open and lightly wooded forest. Facilities include an old wooden playground, toilets, barbecues, a duck pond, and a sculpture. Alan Marshall Reserve is located on the corner of Main Road and Leane Drive. It was named for the author who lived part of his life locally. The park has been there since at least 2007.

Barak Bushlands are at the location previously known as Falkiner Street Reserve, located to the west of Wingrove Park along the Diamond Creek. They were named for Indigenous leader William Barak by Nillumbik Shire Council in 2004.

Laughing Waters park is a bushland named after the sound of the kookaburras, and the water running over the rocks in the nearby waterhole, which is a busy spot for tourists. It was a popular spot for the artists of Montsalvat to live and paint. Closer to the Yarra River, it is riparian forest, inland it is damp dry open forest.

Community groups

 * 1st Eltham Scouts
 * 2nd Eltham Sea Scouts
 * Eltham Child Care Cooperative
 * Eltham Community Action Group are active in the community and work to maintain Eltham's character.
 * Eltham District Historical Society collects, preserves and share stories about the local history of the Eltham district.
 * Eltham Toy Library provides an environment for children to learn, grow and play.
 * Rotary Club of Eltham
 * Welcome to Eltham supports refugees and people seeking asylum settling in Eltham.

Notable residents

 * Peter Bassett-Smith - Cameraman
 * Clem Christesen - Literary Editor
 * Nina Christesen - Russian Academic
 * Peter Hitchener- news reader
 * Kerry Armstrong - actor
 * Emily Browning - actor
 * Tim Burstall - film director
 * Emma Carney - Multiple World Champion Triathlete, Sport Australia Hall of Fame Member, World Triathlon Hall of Fame, Triathlon Australia Hall of Fame. Athletics Australia Member #700.
 * Cadel Evans - cyclist
 * Peter Helliar - comedian
 * Phil Judd - musician and artist. Founder of Split Enz and The Swingers. Wrote the No. 1 hit "Counting The Beat"
 * Alistair Knox - house builder and landscape architect
 * Percy Leason - Political cartoonist and artist
 * Greg Macainsh - musician and songwriter
 * Alan Marshall - author
 * Ben Mendelsohn - actor
 * Peter Moore - Australian Rules Footballer
 * Adam Simpson - former captain of the Kangaroos Australian rules football club
 * Donald Thomson - anthropologist
 * Terry Wallace - former AFL coach, Richmond Football Club
 * Merrick Watts - comedian
 * Wilbur Wilde - musician, television personality
 * Daniel Young aka Muph - Rap lyricist from the Puah Hedz and Muph & Plutonic (Aria nominated 2008 album "And Then Tomorrow Came"). Released 8 albums from 1999 to 2019. Every release mentioned "Eltham" in the lyrics and it even had the 2003 song "A Tribute To Eltham".

title: Eltham, Victoria