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Josiah Royce

Josiah Royce (November 20, 1855 – September 14, 1916) was an American Pragmatist and objective idealist philosopher and the founder of American idealism. His philosophical ideas included his joining of pragmatism and idealism, his philosophy of loyalty, and his defense of absolutism.

Royce's "A Word for the Times" (1914) was quoted in the 1936 State of the Union Address by Franklin Delano Roosevelt: "The human race now passes through one of its great crises. New ideas, new issues – a new call for men to carry on the work of righteousness, of charity, of courage, of patience, and of loyalty. [...] I studied, I loved, I labored, unsparingly and hopefully, to be worthy of my generation."

Royce is the only Classical American philosopher who also studied and wrote history. His historical works mainly focused on the American West.

Life
Royce, born on November 20, 1855, in Grass Valley, California, was the son of Josiah and Sarah Eleanor (Bayliss) Royce, whose families were recent English emigrants and who sought their fortune in the westward movement of the American pioneers in 1849. In 1875 he received a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley (which moved from Oakland to Berkeley during his matriculation), where he later accepted an instructorship teaching English composition, literature, and rhetoric.

While at the university, he studied with Joseph LeConte, Professor of Geology and Natural History and a prominent spokesperson for the compatibility between evolution and religion. In a memorial published shortly after LeConte's death, Royce described the impact of LeConte's teaching on his own development, writing: "the wonder thus aroused was, for me, the beginning of philosophy" (p. 328). After studying in Germany with Hermann Lotze, he returned to the United States to finish his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University, where he was awarded one of the institution's first four doctorates, in philosophy in 1878. At Johns Hopkins he taught a course on the history of German thought, which was “one of his chief interests” because he was able to give consideration to the philosophy of history. After four years at the University of California, Berkeley, he went to Harvard in 1882 as a sabbatical replacement for William James, who was Royce's friend and philosophical antagonist. Royce's position at Harvard was made permanent in 1884, and he remained there until his death on September 14, 1916.

Royce was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

Historiography
Royce stands out starkly in the philosophical crowd because he was the only major American philosopher who spent a significant period of his life studying and writing history, specifically of the American West. “As one of the four giants in American philosophy of his time […] Royce overshadowed himself as historian, in both reputation and output” (Pomeroy, 2). During his first three years at Harvard, Royce taught many different subjects such as English composition, forensics, psychology and philosophy for other professors. Although he eventually settled into writing philosophy, his early adulthood was characterized by wide-ranging interests, during which he wrote a novel, investigated paranormal phenomena (as a skeptic), and published a significant body of literary criticism. Only as historian and philosopher did he distinguish himself. Royce spread himself too thin, however, and in 1888 suffered a nervous breakdown which required him to take a leave of absence from his duties.

John Clendenning's 1999 book is the standard biography of Royce. Autobiographical remarks by Royce can be found in Oppenheim's study. In 1883 Royce was approached by a publishing company who asked him to write the state history of California, “In view of his precarious circumstances at Harvard and his desire to pursue the philosophical work for which he had come east, Royce found the prospect attractive […]. He wrote to a friend that he was ‘tempted by the money’”. Royce viewed the task as a side project, which he could use to fill his free time. In 1891 his historical writing career came to an end, but not before he had published several reviews of California’s historical volumes, and articles in journals to supplement his history.

Philosophy
The years between 1882 and 1895 established Royce as one of the most eminent American philosophers. His publication in 1885 of The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, and in 1892 of The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, both based on Harvard lectures, secured his place in the philosophical world. The former of these contained a new proof for the existence of God based upon the reality of error. All errors are judged to be erroneous in comparison to some total truth, Royce argued, and we must either hold ourselves infallible or accept that even our errors are evidence of a world of truth. Having made it clear that idealism depends upon postulates and proceeds hypothetically, Royce defends the necessity of objective reference of our ideas to a universal whole within which they belong, for without these postulates, "both practical life and the commonest results of theory, from the simplest impressions to the most valuable beliefs, would be for most if not all of us utterly impossible" (see The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, p. 324).

The justification for idealistic postulates is practical (a point Royce made repeatedly in his maturity, accepting the label of pragmatist for himself), to the extent that it embraced practical life as the guide and determiner of the value of philosophical ideas. Royce accepted the fact that he had not and could not offer a complete or satisfactory account of the "relation of the individual minds to the all-embracing mind” (see RAP, p. 371), but he pushes ahead in spite of this difficulty to offer the best account he can manage. This stance is called fallibilism by the philosophers of his generation, and Royce's embrace of it may be attributed to the influence of Charles Sanders Peirce and William James.

Royce also defends a view that was later to be called personalism—i.e., “The ambiguous relation of the conscious individuals to the universal thought...will be decided in the sense of their inclusion, as elements in the universal thought. They will indeed not become 'things in the dream' of any other person than themselves, but their whole reality, just exactly as it is in them, will be found to be but a fragment of a higher reality. This reality will be no power, nor will it produce the individuals by dreaming of them, but it will complete the existence that in them, as separate beings, has no rational completeness”. (RAP, pp. 380–381) This is an unavoidable hypothesis, Royce believed, and its moral and religious aspect point to the existence of an Absolute.

Absolutism and temporalism
The “Absolute" Royce defended was quite different from the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and F. H. Bradley. Royce's Absolute is the ground and originator of community, a personal, temporal being who preserves the past in its entirety, sustains the full present by an act of interpretation, and anticipates every possibility in the future, infusing these possibilities with value as the ideal of community. The principal difference between Royce's Absolute and the similar idea held by other thinkers is its temporal and personal character, and its interpretive activity. This divine activity Royce increasingly came to see in terms of the notion suggested by Charles Sanders Peirce of “agapism”, or “evolutionary love”. Royce believed that human beings do have experience of the Absolute in the irrevocability of each and every deed we do. To confront the way that our acts cannot be undone is to meet the Absolute in its temporal necessity. The philosophical idea of the Absolute is an inevitable hypothesis for a coherent system of thought, Royce argued, but for practical purposes and a meaningful ethical life, all human beings need is an ongoing "will to interpret". The temporal ground of all acts of interpretation is "the Interpreter Spirit", which is another name for the Absolute, but a philosophical understanding of such a being is not required for successful interpretation and ethical life.

The "conception of God" debate
A benchmark in Royce's career and thought occurred when he returned to California to speak to the Philosophical Union at Berkeley, ostensibly to defend his concept of God from the criticisms of George Holmes Howison, Joseph Le Conte, and Sidney Mezes, a meeting the New York Times called “a battle of the giants”. There Royce offered a new modal version of his proof for the reality of God based upon ignorance rather than error, based upon the fragmentariness of individual existence rather than its epistemological uncertainty. However, Howison attacked Royce's doctrine for having left no ontological standing for the individual over against the Absolute, rendering Royce's idealism a kind of pernicious impersonalism, according to Howison. Royce never intended this result and responded to Howison's criticism first in a long supplementary essay to the debate (1897), and then by developing the philosophy of the individual person in greater detail in his Gifford Lectures, published under the title The World and the Individual (1899, 1901). Simultaneously Royce was enduring a resolute assault on his hypothetical absolutism from James. Royce later admitted that his engagement with the philosophy of Bradley may have led to a more robust engagement with the Absolute than was warranted, and it might be added that his persistent reading of Spinoza might have had similar effects.

The World and the individual
The First Series of Gifford Lectures made the case against three historical conceptions of being, called “realism”, “mysticism”, and “critical rationalism”, by Royce, and defended a “Fourth Conception of Being”. Realism, according to Royce, held that to be is to be independent, which mysticism and critical rationalism advanced other criteria, that to be way to, immediacy in the case of mysticism and objective validity in critical rationalism. As hypotheses about the fundamental character of being, Royce shows each of these falls into contradiction. In contrast Royce offers as his hypothesis that “to be is to be uniquely related to a whole”. This formulation preserves all three crucial aspects of being, namely the Whole, the individual, and the relation that constitutes them. Where previously Royce's hypotheses about ontology had taken for granted that relations are discovered in the analysis of terms, here he moves to the recognition that terms are constituted by their relations, and insofar as terms are taken to refer to entities, as we must assume, we are obliged to think about individuals as uniquely constituted by a totality of relations to other individuals and to the Whole that are theirs alone. In the Second Series of Gifford Lectures Royce temporalizes these relations, showing that we learn to think about ideas like succession and space by noting differences and directionality within unified and variable “timespans”, or qualitative, durational episodes of the “specious present”. Royce explains, “our temporal form of experience is thus peculiarly the form of the Will as such”. (The World and the Individual, Second Series, p. 124)

Hence, for Royce, the will is the inner dynamism that reaches beyond itself into a possible future and acts upon an acknowledged past. Space and the abstract descriptions that are appropriate to it are a falsification of this dynamism, and metaphysical error, especially “realism”, proceeds from taking these abstractions literally. Philosophy itself proceeds along descriptive lines and therefore must offer its ontology as a kind of fiction. But ideas, considered dynamically, temporally instead of spatially, in light of what they do in the world of practice and qualities, do have temporal forms and are activities. The narrative presentation of ideas, such as belongs to the World of Appreciation, is “more easily effective than description...for space furnishes indeed the stage and the scenery of the universe, but the world’s play occurs in time”. (WI2, pp. 124–125). Time conceived abstractly in the World of Description, although it can never be wholly spatialized, provides us with an idea of eternity, while time lived and experienced grounds this description (and every other), historically, ethically, and aesthetically. Since philosophy proceeds descriptively rather than narratively, “the real world of our Idealism has to be viewed by us men as a temporal order”, in which “purposes are fulfilled, or where finite internal meanings reach their final expression and attain unity with external meanings”.

Hence, for Royce, it is a limitation of conceptual thought that obliges us to philosophize according to logic rather than integrating our psychological and appreciated experience into our philosophical doctrines. There is ample evidence for supposing a parallelism between our conceptual and perceptual experiences, and for using the former as a guide to the latter, according to Royce, particularly with regard to the way that the idealization of our inner purposes enables us to connect them with the purposes of others in a larger whole of which we have no immediate experience. We can appreciate the sense of fulfillment we find in serving a larger whole and form our characters progressively upon the ways in which those experiences of fulfillment point us outwards, beyond the finite self, but we are not so constitute as to experience the greater Whole to which our experiences belong. We cannot help supposing that there is some experiencer within whose inner life the Whole exists, but only the inevitability of the assumption and not any experiential content assures us of the reality of such an experiencer.

The philosophy of loyalty
This social metaphysics lays the groundwork for Royce's philosophy of loyalty. The book of this title published in 1908 derived from lectures given at the Lowell Institute, at Yale, Harvard, and at the University of Illinois in 1906–07. The basic ideas were explicit in his writings as early as his history of California. Here Royce set out one of the most original and important moral philosophies in the recent history of philosophy.

His notion of “loyalty” was essentially a universalized and ecumenical interpretation of Christian agapic love. Broadly speaking, Royce's is a virtue ethic in which our loyalty to increasingly less immediate ideals becomes the formative moral influence in our personal development. As persons become increasingly able to form loyalties, the practical and ongoing devotion to a cause bigger than themselves, and as these loyalties become unifiable in the higher purposes of groups of persons over many generations, humanity is increasingly better able to recognize that the highest ideal is the creation of a perfected “beloved community” in which each and every person shares. The beloved community as an ideal experienced in our acts of loyal service integrates into Royce's moral philosophy a Kingdom of Ends, but construed as immanent and operative instead of transcendental and regulative.

While the philosophical status of this ideal remains hypothetical, the living of it in the fulfillment of our finite purposes concretizes it for each and every individual. Each of us, no matter how morally undeveloped we may be, has fulfilled experiences that point to the reality of experience beyond what is given to us personally. This wider reality is exemplified most commonly by when we fall in love. The “spiritual union [of the lovers] also has a personal, a conscious existence, upon a higher than human level. An analogous unity of consciousness, an unity superhuman in grade, but intimately bound up with, and inclusive of, our separate personalities, must exist, if loyalty is well founded, wherever a real cause wins the true devotion of ourselves. Grant such an hypothesis, and then loyalty becomes no pathetic serving of a myth. The good which our causes possesses, then, also becomes a concrete fact for an experience of a higher than human level”. (The Philosophy of Loyalty, p. 311).

This move illustrates what Royce calls his “absolute pragmatism”, the claim that ideals are thoroughly practical—the more inclusive being more practical. The concretization of ideals cannot therefore be empirically doubted except at the cost of rendering our conscious life inexplicable. If we admit that the concretization of ideals genuinely occurs, Royce argues, then we are not only entitled but compelled to take seriously and regard as real the larger intelligible structures within which those ideals exist, which is the purposive character of the divine Will. The way in which persons sort out higher and lower causes is by examining whether one's service destroys the loyalty of others, or what is best in them. Ultimately personal character reaches its acme in the recognition that service of lost causes, through which we may learn that our ultimate loyalty is to loyalty itself.

Some recent scholarship on Royce has framed his philosophy of loyalty as being based on racist theories of assimilation and conquest. Tommy J. Curry argues that previous generations of Royce scholars have ignored the historical context and primary texts Josiah Royce used to develop his theories of racial contact. Curry writes that Royce was widely read as both an imperialist and an anti-Black racist by his contemporaries. Other American philosophers such as John Moffatt Mecklin, a pragmatist and a segregationist, openly challenged Josiah Royce's views of race and the Negro. Mecklin insisted that Royce's theories suggested that while white Anglos had a racial gift and duty to lead the world towards the ideal, the Negro had no special gift and as such could have their racial traits destroyed through assimilation.

The problem of Christianity
The final phase of Royce's thought involved the application and further illustration of the concepts he had defended since 1881. Some have seen here a fundamental shift in Royce's thinking but the evidence is far from conclusive. Royce's hypothetical ontology, temporalism, personalism, his social metaphysics based on the fourth conception of being remain, along with the operation of agapic loyalty, and the unity of finite purposes in the ideal of the beloved community. There is no obvious shift in method and no overt move to abandon idealism. Royce himself declared the “successive expressions” of the philosophy of loyalty “form a consistent body of ethical as well as religious opinion and teaching, verifiable, in its main outlines, in terms of human experience, and capable of furnishing a foundation for a defensible form of metaphysical idealism”. (The Problem of Christianity, Vol. 1, p. ix)

Royce never was an old-style absolutist in either method or ontology but there were those among his peers who only came to recognize this in his later thought. Some of these believed he had changed his view in some fundamental way. Royce's ethics and religious philosophy certainly matured, but the basic philosophical framework did not shift. Having provided throughout his career an idealistic way of grasping the Will, in contrast to Schopenhauer's pessimistic treatment, it remained for Royce to rescue Pauline Christianity, in its universalized and modernized form, from the critique of Nietzsche and others who tended to understand will in terms of power and who had claimed that the historic doctrine was no longer believable to the modern mind. Striking in this work is the temporal account of the Holy Spirit, the Holy Catholic Church and the communion of saints as a universal community. This community is a process of mutually interpretive activity which requires shared memory and hope. In seeking to show the reality of the invisible community, perhaps Royce was seeking communion with his departed son Christopher and his close friend William James, both of whom had died in 1910. Royce kept these and other personal tragedies far from the text of his published work, but the grieving certainly affected and deepened his insight and perhaps exaggerated the quality of his hope.

Two key influences on the thought of Royce were Charles Sanders Peirce and William James. In fact, it can be argued that a major way Peirce's ideas entered the American academy is through Royce's teaching and writing, and eventually that of his students. Peirce also reviewed Royce's The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (1885). Some have claimed that Peirce also supervised Royce's Ph.D., but that is impossible as Peirce arrived at Johns Hopkins in 1879.

Logic
Royce influenced the Harvard school of logic, Boolean algebra, and foundations of mathematics. His own logic, philosophy of logic, and philosophy of mathematics were influenced by Charles Peirce and Alfred Kempe.

Students who learned logic at Royce's feet include Clarence Irving Lewis, who went on to pioneer modal logic, Edward Vermilye Huntington, the first to axiomatize Boolean algebra, and Henry M. Sheffer, known for his eponymous stroke. Many of Royce's writings on logic and mathematics are critical of the extensional logic of Principia Mathematica, by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, and can be read as an alternative to their approach. Many of his writings on logic and scientific method, are reproduced in Royce (1951, 1961).

Psychology
Royce's philosophy of man as the product of the interrelationship of individual ego and social other laid the foundations for the writings of George Herbert Mead.

Royce saw the self as the product of a process of social interaction. Royce wrote: "In origin, then, the empirical Ego is secondary to our social experiences. In literal social life, the Ego is always known in contrast to the Alter".

He also considered that the social self could itself become diseased, seeing delusions of grandeur or persecution as distortions of everyday self-consciousness, with its concern for social standing and reflected place in the world.

Erving Goffman considered that his pioneering work of 1895 on the distortions in the subjective sense of self which take place in the grandiosity of mania was unsurpassed three quarters of a century later.

Legacy

 * The Royce School, which later merged with Anna Head's School for Girls to become the Head-Royce School
 * Royce Hall, one of the original four buildings at UCLA
 * The Grass Valley Public Library, renamed in Royce's honor in 1933
 * Josiah Royce Hall, Fresno High School
 * Royce House, a dormitory, one of the Alumni Memorial Residences on the Homewood Campus of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Royce Peak, a summit in The Sierra Nevada mountains

Selected publications

 * 1885. The Religious Aspect of Philosophy
 * 1886 California : A Study of American Character : From the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco Berkeley : Heyday Books, c2002. First published Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1886
 * 1887. The Feud of Oakfield Creek: A Novel of California Life Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
 * 1892. The Spirit of Modern Philosophy
 * 1897. The Conception of God, a philosophical discussion concerning the Nature of the Divine Idea as a Demonstrable Reality
 * 1898. Studies of Good and Evil: a series of Essays upon Problems of Philosophy and of Life
 * 1899. The World and the Individual First Series, The Four Historical Conceptions of Being
 * 1900. The Conception of Immortality
 * 1901. The World and the Individual Second Series, Nature, Man, and the Moral Order
 * 1903. Outlines of Psychology: an elementary treatise, with some practical applications
 * 1904. Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and a Review
 * 1908. The Philosophy of Loyalty
 * 1908. Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems
 * 1909. What is Vital in Christianity?
 * 1912. The Sources of Religious Insight. 2001 ed., Catholic Univ. of America Press. online edition
 * 1912. William James, and Other Essays on the Philosophy of Life
 * 1913. The Problem of Christianity. 2001 ed., Catholic Univ. of America Press. online edition (Volume One) Volume Two
 * 1914. War and Insurance Macmillan.
 * 1916. The Hope of the Great Community Macmillan.
 * 1919. Lectures on Modern Idealism Ed. by J. Loewenberg. Yale University Press.
 * 1920. Fugitive Essays
 * 1951. Royce's Logical Essays: Collected Logical Essays of Josiah Royce Ed. by D.S. Robinson. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown Co.
 * 1961. Principles of Logic. Philosophical Library.
 * 1963. Josiah Royce's Seminar 1913–1914: As Recorded in the Notebooks of Harry T. Costello. Ed. by G.C. Smith. Rutgers University Press.
 * 2005 (1969). The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce, 2 vols. Ed. by J. J. McDermott. Fordham University Press.
 * 1970. The Letters of Josiah Royce. Ed. by J. Clendenning. University of Chicago Press.
 * 1998. Metaphysics / Josiah Royce: His Philosophy 9 Course of 1915–1916. Ed. by R. Hocking and F. Oppenheim. State University of New York Press.
 * 2001. Josiah Royce's Late Writings: A Collection of Unpublished and Scattered Works, 2 vols. Ed. by F. Oppenheim. Thoemmes Press.
 * 2021. Josiah Royce's 1909 Pittsburgh Loyalty Lectures. Ed. by M. A. Foust. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

title: Josiah Royce


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Volkstheater Millowitsch

The Volkstheater Millowitsch, also known as the Millowitsch-Theater, was a medium-sized theatre in Cologne, Germany where popular, low-brow comedies were performed.

History
The Millowitsch family had been active in theatre before ownership of this building with a tradition dating back to 1792. With the onset of the Great Depression and the ensuing inflation, Peter Millowitsch was forced to abandon the family’s old theatre and tour Cologne and the surrounding area, until in 1936 they finally moved into the new theatre in Aachener Straße.

In 1940 Willy Millowitsch took charge of the theatre. During World War II it was damaged, but not too severely, so on September 16, 1945, the theatre was reopened. In the time from 1945–1949 there were daily performances in the theatre, but afterwards the attendance dropped and Millowitsch had to rent out the theatre sometimes. Fortunately, the building doubled as a cinema, so he could still make money with it.

The first live broadcast of a theatrical performance in front of a real audience on German television took place in this theatre. On October 27, 1953 Willy Millowitsch’s Kölsch dialect play Der Etappenhas was broadcast on the Western regional channel WDR. It was immensely successful and just six weeks later was broadcast again, live, from the Millowitsch-Theater. Over the course of the years, over one hundred performances from the Volkstheater Millowitsch were shown on television.

The television plays spawned interest in theatre and the audiences gradually grew and by the 1960s a steady flow of people were teeming in to see Millowitsch’s plays firsthand. He renovated the building in 1967 and the Volkstheater once again became a focal point of local culture. Changing his original concept, Millowitsch turned the theatre from a house just for plays into a venue for local performances of all kinds. Many young dialect artists started their careers there, including the now famous singing groups Bläck Fööss and Höhner.

In 1998 only few months before Willy Millowitsch’s death in 1999, his son Peter Millowitsch took over the running of the establishment.

Location
The Millowitsch-Theater is located at Aachener Straße 5, near the Hahnentor and Rudolfplatz in the centre of Cologne, just by the tramline. It is a medium-sized theatre that can seat up to 383 people. Ticket prices usually range from €19 – €24.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Volkstheater Millowitsch


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Mariza

Marisa dos Reis Nunes (born 16 December 1973), known professionally as Mariza, is a Portuguese fado singer.

Mariza was born in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique, to a Portuguese father, José Brandão Nunes, and a Mozambican mother, Isabel Nunes. When she was three years old, her family moved to Metropolitan Portugal, and she was raised in Lisbon's historic quarters of Mouraria and Alfama. While very young, she began singing in a wide variety of musical styles, including gospel, soul and jazz. Her father strongly encouraged her to adopt fado; he felt that participating in the traditional music would grant her greater acceptance in the Portuguese community. Mariza has sold over 1 million records worldwide.

Music career
In 1999, fado's most famous and beloved interpreter, Amália Rodrigues died. In the public remembrance and mourning that followed, fado regained much of its previous popularity, and Mariza was asked to perform a broadcast tribute to Rodrigues' memory, which caused her friends to begin urging her to record an album of fado music. She did so, and in 2001 Fado em Mim was released. It sold an astounding 100,000 copies (4,000 copies of a fado disc would have been considered successful). After this the record company made the disc available worldwide, and sales eventually topped 140,000 copies.

One of Mariza's hit songs, Transparente is a tribute to her African grandmother.

Mariza sang the Portuguese national anthem at the 2002 FIFA World Cup of football, at the game which pitted the home team (South Korea) against Portugal.

By the time Mariza's second album, Fado Curvo, was released in 2003, she was considered a member of the New Fado movement, with a voice reminiscent of traditional divas of the musical form such as Rodrigues. Her interpretations of fado standards brought her rapid international recognition, leading to her being the recipient, in March 2003, of BBC Radio 3's award for Best European Artist in World Music. Her British television debut was on Later with Jools Holland. For the Olympic Games of Athens 2004 she sang "A Thousand Years," as a duet with Sting. It was released on the official pop album of the Athens Olympics, Unity, on which fado is sung in English and Portuguese.

In 2004 Mariza won an EBBA Award. Every year the European Border Breakers Awards (EBBA) recognize the success of ten emerging artists or groups who reached audiences outside their own countries with their first internationally released album in the past year.

Mariza's third album, Transparente, was recorded in Brazil and released in 2005. She performed at Live 8; she sang at the Eden Project in Cornwall, after which she has been invited to concerts and events worldwide to promote Portuguese culture, from Australia to Finland, the United States and Argentina. That album eventually reached Top Ten in countries which include The Netherlands, Spain and Finland. Mariza, who lives in the upmarket Alcântara dockside area of Lisbon, has received awards from Denmark, Australia, Canada, Germany, UK, Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea.

She has performed at venues such as New York's Carnegie Hall and Central Park, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Barbican, Hollywood Bowl, London's Royal Albert Hall, Union Chapel, Royal Festival Hall, Lisbon's Centro Cultural de Belém, Frankfurt's Alte Oper, Paris' Théâtre de la Ville, Madrid's Teatro Albéniz, Barcelona's Teatro Grec, X Cairo International Song Festival 2004, Centro Cultural de Macau, Moscow International House of Music, Toronto's Massey Hall, Sydney Opera House and the National Concert Hall in Dublin in February 2010. Her album released in 2007 Concerto em Lisboa received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Folk Album. The following year, she again released an album, Terra which also was nominated for Best Folk Album at the Latin Grammy Awards. This album continued to mix a variety of genres, containing basic fado influenced by jazz, flamenco, Latin and African sounds.

In 2010, Mariza was featured in the pilot episode of the PBS music series, Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders, singing the "global hit" -- "Minh' Alma." In 2010, Mariza released the album Fado Tradicional, returning to the roots of Fado, but also interpreting the music in Mariza's unique style.

Beginning on 28 February 2011 the airline TAP Portugal began airing its "TAP With Arms Wide Open" (TAP de Braços Abertos) campaign, featuring its new slogan. Three singers, Mariza, the Brazilian singer Roberta de Sá, and the Angolan singer Paulo Flores starred in a music video with the song "Arms Wide Open."

Mariza performed alongside Ana Moura as the opening act of the Grand Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 held in Lisbon, Portugal, singing Barco Negro.

Personal life
Mariza was married to António Ferreira, father of the singer's first and only child, Martim, born on 6 July 2011 two months ahead of schedule, and later diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mariza said that her Catholic faith strengthened as a result of a promise that she made to Our Lady of Fátima, after the birth of her son.

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Carol Heiss

Carol Elizabeth Heiss Jenkins (born January 20, 1940) is an American former figure skater and actress. Competing in ladies' singles, she became the 1960 Olympic champion, the 1956 Olympic silver medalist, and a five-time World champion (1956–1960).

Competitive
Heiss, a daughter of German immigrants, started skating as a six-year-old in New York. She was coached by Pierre Brunet. She first came to national prominence in 1951, when she won the U.S. novice ladies' title, at age 11. She won the U.S. junior ladies' title in 1952 and then moved up to the senior level in 1953. From 1953 to 1956, she finished second to Tenley Albright at the national championships. She competed with a slashed Achilles' tendon at the 1954 U.S. Championships.

Heiss was named in the U.S. team to the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. She won the silver medal, while Albright took the gold. However, at the following World Championships, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, Heiss defeated Albright for the title; it was the first of her five consecutive world titles.

After the 1956 Winter Olympics, Heiss had offers to turn professional and skate in ice shows. But her mother, Marie Heiss, was quite ill with cancer at the time, and before her death in October 1956, she asked Carol to win a gold medal for her. Between 1957 and 1960, Heiss dominated women's figure skating like nobody since Sonja Henie. She was the World and U.S. Champion each year, and at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, Heiss captured the gold medal, being ranked first by all nine judges. She also took the Olympic Oath as representative of the organizing country to open the 1960 games. By winning the 1960 World Championships held after the Olympics, Heiss became one of three women to have won five consecutive World Championships. She then retired from competitive skating.

In 1953, Heiss became the first female skater to land a double Axel jump. One of her trademarks was performing a series of alternating clockwise and counterclockwise single Axels. She normally rotated her jumps clockwise and spins counterclockwise; it is much more common for skaters to do both in the same direction (usually counterclockwise).

Heiss was inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame and the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Post-competitive

Heiss played the female lead in the 1961 film Snow White and the Three Stooges. In the late 1970s, she began coaching several skaters in Lakewood, Ohio. Her former students include Timothy Goebel, Tonia Kwiatkowski and Miki Ando.

Personal life
Carol Heiss was born on January 20, 1940, in New York City, and grew up in Ozone Park, Queens. Her younger sister and brother, Nancy Heiss and Bruce Heiss, were also elite figure skating competitors. During the 1950s, the three skating Heiss siblings were featured in publications such as Life magazine.

During her run of world titles, Heiss attended New York University, graduating after the 1960 Winter Olympics. In 1961, she married American figure skater Hayes Alan Jenkins, who had won the 1956 Olympic gold medal. They have three children together.

title: Carol Heiss


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Talk:Godfrey Kneller

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''Below text from article at Sir Godfrey Kneller; put here in case it has anything that should be incorporated into the Godfrey Kneller article. -- Infrogmation 00:36, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC).

Sir Godfrey Kneller, (real name Gottfried Kniller) like his contemporary Sir Peter Lely was a portrait painter and was also German-born. Kneller himself, born in the town of Lübeck but again Dutch trained later settled in England in the year 1676.

Kneller was the greatest master of the English baroque portrait successfully competing with and then succeeding Sir Peter Lely as Court painter to four sovereigns, he dominated English art for more than thirty years.

His talent was greatly admired and officially recognized. Appointed Principal Painter to William III and Mary II in 1689, he initially held this position jointly with John Riley. His knighthood three years later was followed in 1715 by a baronetcy, the first to be conferred on a painter.

Although concerned mostly with his own career, he patronized young artists and looked after their training. In 1711 he founded the Academy of Painting in London and became its first governor.

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title: Talk:Godfrey Kneller


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 3

Removed:
 * 1910 - Rockefeller Foundation: J.D. Rockefeller Jr. announces his retirement to philanthropy.

 * Rockefeller Foundation is a stub and it has not been updated to reflect the historical event. If and when those two things change, this entry can go back in. --mav 00:37, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * 1969 - Sirhan Sirhan admits he killed presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy.

 * Sirhan Sirhan is a stub. Robert F. Kennedy is not, so I'm going to create a Robert F. Kennedy entry on the day of his death. --mav 00:37, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * 1905 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).

 * Same as RFK. Please read the guidelines. --mav

Liberation of Bulgaria
Please fix year to 1878 (currently shown: 1978). Thanks. --Cryout 00:24, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Steve Irwin - did not die on March 3. this is not the date on his Bio page and as March 3 is my Birthdqay I would have remembered if the ensuing drama after his death occurred on my birthday.

"Rocket 88"
March 3, 2011, marks the 60th anniversary of the (probable) recording date of "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston with Ike Turner, widely cited as "the first rock and roll record". This should be marked in some way. I'm aware of some differences between sources as to whether it was recorded on 3 March or 5 March 1951 - there appears to be no consensus, but this should not stand in the way of commemorating the event. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:20, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:10, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Carmen (undergoing major revision)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): The Star-Spangled Banner
 * Omitted: First indoor hockey game, Free State of Fiume, Bethnal Green tube station, Rocket 88
 * Included: Battle of Nassau (first appearance), Pawłokoma massacre (first appearance), Rodney King (3rd appearance, last in 2010), Sky Tower (4th appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Statute of Rhuddlan (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2013
2013 marks the centennial of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913, an important event for women's suffrage in the US. Gobōnobō + c 17:31, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Alas, the article is in dire need of more references. Luckily, you have a couple of weeks to improve it. — howcheng  {chat} 18:55, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I'll see what I can do. Gobōnobō  + c 07:02, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I've provided more sources for the article. While it still could use some expansion, the article has most of the salient details. Gobōnobō  + c 16:23, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks good to go. Nice work! — howcheng  {chat} 16:35, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:00, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: The Star-Spangled Banner
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): American Telephone & Telegraph
 * Omitted: Statute of Rhuddlan; Battle of Nassau; Pawłokoma massacre; Rodney King (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Missouri Compromise (2nd appearance, last in 2004; rescued from Ineligible); Carmen (2nd appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Bethnal Green tube station (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Sky Tower (Auckland) (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:10, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Missouri Compromise; Carmen; Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913; Bethnal Green tube station; Sky Tower (Auckland)
 * Included: Emancipation reform of 1861 (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); AT&T Corporation (first appearance); Free State of Fiume (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 90th anniversary); Bombing of the Bezuidenhout (first appearance); Historical Archive of the City of Cologne (first appearance)

2015 notes

 * Moved to Ineligible: Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 (POTD for 2015)
 * Omitted: AT&T Corporation; Free State of Fiume; Bombing of the Bezuidenhout; Historical Archive of the City of Cologne
 * Included: Statute of Rhuddlan (4th appearance, last in 2012); National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Pawłokoma massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary); Szczekociny rail crash (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Emancipation reform of 1861 (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:46, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913
 * Omitted: Statute of Rhuddlan; Emancipation reform of 1861; First indoor hockey game; National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics; Pawłokoma massacre; Szczekociny rail crash
 * Included: Battle of Nassau (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Carmen (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Free State of Fiume (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Rocket 88 (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Historical Archive of the City of Cologne (2nd appearance, last in 2014)

Ruins of the municipal archive of Cologne
So what is the point of featuring the "Ruins of the municipal archive of Cologne" - feature something more positive and educational. - Owain Knight (talk) 20:58, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:37, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Sky Tower (Auckland) (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Hinamatsuri (ineligible—maintenance); Battle of Nassau; Carmen; Free State of Fiume; Rocket 88; Historical Archive of the City of Cologne
 * Included: Emancipation reform of 1861 (3rd appearance, last in 2015); First indoor hockey game (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Woman suffrage parade of 1913 (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Bethnal Green tube station (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Thick as a Brick (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:55, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: AT&T Corporation (maintenance); National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (maintenance); National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Bulgaria (ineligible—maintenance); Emancipation reform of 1861; First indoor hockey game; Woman suffrage parade of 1913; Thick as a Brick; Robert Hooke; Hergé
 * Included: Hinamatsuri (rescued from Ineligible); Statute of Rhuddlan (5th appearance, last in 2015); Carmen (4th appearance, last in 2016); Free State of Fiume (4th appearance, last in 2016); Rodney King (4th appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); Antony Bek (bishop of Durham) (first appearance); Maurice Garin (3rd appearance, last in 2016; normally appears on July 19); Johanna Wokalek (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Bethnal Green tube station (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 75th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:18, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Sky Tower (Auckland) (moved to August 3)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Emancipation reform of 1861 (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Shoshone National Forest
 * Omitted: Statute of Rhuddlan; Carmen; Free State of Fiume (ineligible—maintenance); Bethnal Green tube station (ineligible—maintenance); Rodney King; Antony Bek (bishop of Durham); Maurice Garin; Johanna Wokalek
 * Included: Bulgaria (rescued from Ineligible); Raid of Nassau (3rd appearance, last in 2016); First indoor ice hockey game (4th appearance, last in 2017); Bombing of the Bezuidenhout (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Thick as a Brick (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Szczekociny rail crash (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu (first appearance); Georg Cantor (first appearance); Rebecca Lancefield (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:52, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Rocket 88 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Raid of Nassau; First indoor ice hockey game; Bombing of the Bezuidenhout; Szczekociny rail crash; Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu; Georg Cantor; Rebecca Lancefield
 * Included: Statute of Rhuddlan (6th appearance, last in 2018); Missouri Compromise (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 200th anniversary); Shoshone National Forest (first appearance); Pawłokoma massacre (3rd appearance, last in 2015; 75th anniversary); Matthias de l'Obel (first appearance); Thomas Otway (first appearance); May Cutler (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Thick as a Brick (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:36, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Carmen (TFA for 2021)
 * New articles (ineligible): Raid of Nassau (maintenance); Ascanio Sforza (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Statute of Rhuddlan; Missouri Compromise; Pawłokoma massacre; Thick as a Brick; Matthias de l'Obel; Thomas Otway; May Cutler
 * Included: First indoor ice hockey game (5th appearance, last in 2019); Abolition of the Caliphate (first appearance; blurb previously featured Abdulmejid II, which is currently ineligible); Rodney King (5th appearance, last in 2018; 30th anniversary); Szczekociny rail crash (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Thomas Field Gibson (first appearance); Maurice Garin (4th appearance, last in 2018); Xavier Bettel (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Shoshone National Forest (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:26, 4 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: First indoor ice hockey game; Shoshone National Forest; Abolition of the Caliphate; Rodney King; Szczekociny rail crash; Thomas Field Gibson; Maurice Garin; Xavier Bettel
 * Included: Raid of Nassau (4th appearance, last in 2019; rescued from Ineligible); Carmen (5th appearance, last in 2018; rescued from Ineligible); Bombing of the Bezuidenhout (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Thick as a Brick (4th appearance, last in 2020; 50th anniversary); Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Ghulam Kadir (first appearance); Tolu Ogunlesi (first appearance; 40th birthday)
 * Repeats: Szczekociny rail crash (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 10th anniversary)


text:
Yeomanry Mounted Division

The Yeomanry Mounted Division was a Territorial Force cavalry division formed at Khan Yunis in Palestine in June 1917 from three yeomanry mounted brigades. It served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War, mostly as part of the Desert Mounted Corps. In April 1918 six of the regiments were withdrawn from the division and sent to France, being converted from Yeomanry to battalions of the Machine Gun Corps. These were replaced by Indian Army cavalry regiments withdrawn from France, and the division was renamed 1st Mounted Division, the third such division to bear that title. In July the combined division was renamed as the 4th Cavalry Division.

Formation
In June 1917, it was decided to reorganize the mounted troops of the Desert Column into three divisions. Previously, the two existing divisions (ANZAC Mounted Division and Imperial Mounted Division) each contained four mounted brigades; hereafter, the three divisions would have three mounted brigades each. As a result, between 20 June and 22 July 1917, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was formed at Khan Yunis, Palestine.
 * the 6th Mounted Brigade was transferred complete from the Imperial Mounted Division on 27 June 1917, joining the new division at el Maraqeb. On 20 June, the Imperial Mounted Division was redesignated Australian Mounted Division as the majority of its units were now Australian.
 * the 8th Mounted Brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 8 June 1917. The Machine Gun Squadron was formed in Egypt on 14 June.  The brigade moved forward and joined the new division on 21 July 1917 at el Fuqari.
 * the 22nd Mounted Brigade was transferred complete from the ANZAC Mounted Division on 6 July 1917, joining the new division at el Fuqari.
 * the CCLXIII (V Lowland) Brigade, RFA from 52nd (Lowland) Division joined as XX Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F.) (less Essex Battery, RHA which was attached to 7th Mounted Brigade) on 7 July 1917 at Khan Yunis. On the same date, the Berkshire Battery, RHA (formerly of the Imperial Mounted Division) and the Leicestershire Battery, RHA (formerly of the ANZAC Mounted Division) joined XX Brigade.
 * the Field Squadron Royal Engineers was newly formed at el Maraqeb between 1 and 22 July 1917.
 * the signal squadron was newly formed at Alexandria between 29 May and 11 July 1917. It joined the division at Khan Yunis on 14 July.

Battles
The Yeomanry Mounted Division served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine throughout its brief existence. From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba (in GHQ Reserve) and the Capture of the Sheria Position under the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC). Still with the DMC, it took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil for 17 to 24 November. From 23 November it was attached to XXI Corps. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem. From 28 November it was attached to XX Corps.

Restructured and renamed
In March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.

By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.

On 24 April 1918, the 6th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade, the 8th Mounted Brigade with the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade, and the 22nd Mounted Brigade with the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade. Six of the Yeomanry Regiments were merged in pairs, converted to Machine Gun Battalions, and posted to the Western Front: They were replaced by Indian Cavalry Regiments from France. The Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections merged with their Indian counterparts. Other units were retained unchanged, though some were renumbered to reflect the new divisional designation.
 * C Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars and the 1/1st Berkshire Yeomanry
 * D Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st Lincolnshire Yeomanry and the 1/1st East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry
 * E Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) and the 1/3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)

On 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigades as the 10th, 11th and 12th Cavalry Brigades. The sub units (Signal Troops, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections) were renumbered on the same date.

title: Yeomanry Mounted Division


text:
Gábor Darvas

Gábor Darvas (until 1952 Gábor Steinberger; 18 January 1911 – 18 February 1985) was a Hungarian composer and musicologist. He was one of the first Hungarian composers to work in the field of electronic music. As a musicologist, his interest was primarily in music of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Biography
He was born at Szatmárnémeti (Austria-Hungary) in 1911. His family moved to Budapest in 1918, where he finished his high school studies.

He studied piano from the age of nine, from 1926 until 1932 he attended the Academy of Music in Budapest as an instrumentalists and later studied composition under Zoltán Kodály. His orchestral compositions of the thirties were performed in concerts and in the Hungarian Radio. In 1939 he left the country. During the World War II, he lived in Chile, working as a conductor and a musicologist. He was a direct assistant of Erich Kleiber, In 1948 he returned to Hungary, where he has continued his composer activity in 1951, commencing an active career as a composer, writing film scores as well as pieces using tape. He was musical expert of various cultural institutions  until 1972. In addition to composing, he explored, orchestrated, published values of European music history, and wrote several musicological books.

He died in 1985 in Budapest.

Compositions

 * Improvisations symphoniques (1963) for piano and orchestra
 * Sectio aurea (1964) for orchestra
 * Medália (Medal) on a poem by Attila József (1965) for soprano, keyboard instruments, percussion and loudspeaker
 * Rotation for 5 (1967) for vibraphone, marimba, guitarre, cimbalom and piano
 * A torony (The tower) (1967) for voices and instruments
 * Magánzárka (Solitary confinement) (1970) for percussion and tape
 * Preludium (Prelude)(1970) for tape
 * Passiózene (Passion music) (1974–78) for voices and tape
 * Bánat (Grief) on a poem by Gábor Karinthy (1978) for baritone, orchestra and tape
 * Reminiszcenciák (Reminiscences) (1979) for tape
 * Poèmes électroniques (1982–83) for tape
 * Fantázia (Phantasy) (1983) for piano and chamber ensemble
 * Etudes symphoniques (1984) for orchestra

Recording

 * 1982 Gábor Darvas : Prelude - Medal - Solitary Confinement - Grief - Reminiscences – Hungaroton Classics SLPX 12365

Books

 * A szimfonikus zenekar (Zeneműkiadó Vállalat Budapest, 1958)
 * A zenekari muzsika műhelytitkai (Zeneműkiadó Vállalat Budapest, 1960)
 * Évezredek hangszerei (Zeneműkiadó Vállalat Budapest, 1961)
 * Zenei ABC (Zeneműkiadó Vállalat Budapest, 1963)
 * Bevezető a zene világába (1-5) (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1965)
 * A zene anatómiája (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1974, 1975, 1985)
 * Zenei minilexikon (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1974)
 * A totem-zenétől a hegedűversenyig (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1977)
 * Zenei zseblexikon (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1978, 1982, 1987)
 * Zene Bachtól napjainkig (Zeneműkiadó Budapest, 1981)

Awards

 * Erkel Prize in 1955

title: Gábor Darvas


text:
Objective idealism

Objective idealism is a philosophical theory that affirms the ideal and spiritual nature of the world and conceives of the idea of which the world is made as the objective and rational form in reality rather than as subjective content of the mind or mental representation. Objective idealism thus differs both from materialism, which holds that the external world is independent of cognizing minds and that mental processes and ideas are by-products of physical events, and from subjective idealism, which conceives of reality as totally dependent on the consciousness of the subject and therefore relative to the subject itself.

Objective idealism starts with Plato’s theory of forms, which maintains that objectively existing but non-material "ideas" give form to reality, thus shaping its basic building blocks.

Objective idealism has also been defined as a form of metaphysical idealism that accepts Naïve realism (the view that empirical objects exist objectively) but rejects epiphenomenalist materialism (according to which the mind and spiritual values have emerged due to material causes), as opposed to subjective idealism, which denies that material objects exist independently of human perception and thus stands opposed to both realism and naturalism.

In German idealism
Within German idealism, objective idealism identifies with the philosophy of Friedrich Schelling. According to Schelling, the rational or spiritual elements of reality are supposed to give conceptual structure to reality and ultimately constitute reality, to the point that nature and mind, matter and concept, are essentially identical: their distinction is merely psychological and depends on our predisposition to distinguish the "outside us" (nature, world) from the "in us" (mind, spirit). Within that tradition of philosophical thought, the entire world manifests itself through ideas and is governed by purposes or ends: regardless of the existence of a self-conscious subject, all reality is a manifestation of reason.

Charles Peirce
The philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce defined his own version of objective idealism as follows:

The one intelligible theory of the universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws (Peirce, CP 6.25). By "objective idealism", Peirce meant that material objects such as organisms have evolved out of mind, that is, out of feelings ("such as pain, blue, cheerfulness") that are immediately present to consciousness. Contrary to Hegel, who identified mind with conceptual thinking or reason, Peirce identified it with feeling, and he claimed that at the origins of the world there was "a chaos of unpersonalized feelings", i.e., feelings that were not located in any individual subject. Therefore, in the 1890s Peirce's philosophy referred to itself as objective idealism because it held that the mind comes first and the world is essentially mind (idealism) and the mind is independent of individuals (objectivism).

Notable proponents

 * Plato
 * Friedrich Schelling
 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 * Charles Sanders Peirce
 * Bernard Bosanquet
 * Josiah Royce
 * Michael Oakeshott

title: Objective idealism


text:
British 4th Cavalry Division

British 4th Cavalry Division may refer to:
 * 1st Indian Cavalry Division which was designated 4th Cavalry Division from November 1916 to March 1918 in France in World War I
 * 4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army) which served from July 1918 in Palestine in World War I

title: British 4th Cavalry Division


text:
Millowitsch

Millowitsch may refer to:

 * Willy Millowitsch (1909–1999), German actor and playwright
 * Peter Millowitsch (born 1949), German actor and current director of Volkstheater Millowitsch
 * Mariele Millowitsch (born 1955), German actress
 * Volkstheater Millowitsch, a traditional Cologne theatre

title: Millowitsch


text:
List of tectonic plates

[[File:Tectonic plates 2022.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Map of Earth's 16 principal tectonic plates, showing plate boundary types:

Divergent:

Convergent:

Transform:

]]

This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly, with mafic basaltic rocks dominating oceanic crust, while continental crust consists principally of lower-density felsic granitic rocks.

Current plates
Geologists generally agree that the following tectonic plates currently exist on Earth's surface with roughly definable boundaries. Tectonic plates are sometimes subdivided into three fairly arbitrary categories: major (or primary) plates, minor (or secondary) plates, and microplates (or tertiary plates).

Major plates

These plates comprise the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean. For purposes of this list, a major plate is any plate with an area greater than 20 e6km2

 * – 61,300,000 km2
 * – 60,900,000 km2
 * – 67,800,000 km2
 * (sometimes considered to be two separate tectonic plates) – 58,900,000 km2
 * – 47,000,000 km2
 * – 11,900,000 km2
 * – 75,900,000 km2
 * – 103,300,000 km2
 * – 43,600,000 km2

Minor plates
These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority of them do not comprise significant land area. For purposes of this list, a minor plate is any plate with an area less than 20 e6km2 but greater than 1 e6km2.

 * – 5,000,000 km2
 * – 1,100,000 km2
 * – 3,300,000 km2
 * – 1,700,000 km2
 * – 2,900,000 km2
 * – 11,900,000 km2
 * – 15,600,000 km2
 * – 1,100,000 km2
 * – 5,500,000 km2
 * – 1,600,000 km2
 * – 16,700,000 km2
 * – 1,600,000 km2
 * – 16,700,000 km2

Microplates
These plates are often grouped with an adjacent principal plate on a tectonic plate world map. For purposes of this list, a microplate is any plate with an area less than 1 million km2. Some models identify more minor plates within current orogens (events that lead to a large structural deformation of Earth's lithosphere) like the Apulian, Explorer, Gorda, and Philippine Mobile Belt plates. The latest studies have shown that microplates are the basic elements of which the crust is composed and that the larger plates are composed of amalgamations of these, and a subdivision of ca. 1200 smaller plates has come forward.

 * African Plate
 * Antarctic Plate
 * Australian Plate
 * Caribbean Plate
 * Cocos Plate
 * Eurasian Plate
 * – Small tectonic plate in south Iceland, between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate
 * – 250,000 km2
 * Nazca Plate
 * North American Plate
 * Pacific Plate
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Caribbean Plate
 * Cocos Plate
 * Eurasian Plate
 * – Small tectonic plate in south Iceland, between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate
 * – 250,000 km2
 * Nazca Plate
 * North American Plate
 * Pacific Plate
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * – Small tectonic plate in south Iceland, between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate
 * – 250,000 km2
 * Nazca Plate
 * North American Plate
 * Pacific Plate
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * – 250,000 km2
 * Nazca Plate
 * North American Plate
 * Pacific Plate
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Pacific Plate
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Philippine Sea Plate
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Scotia Plate
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * Somali Plate
 * South American Plate
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)
 * (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)

Ancient tectonic plates
In the history of Earth, many tectonic plates have come into existence and have over the intervening years either accreted onto other plates to form larger plates, rifted into smaller plates, or have been crushed by or subducted under other plates.

The following is a list of ancient cratons, microplates, plates, and terranes which no longer exist as separate plates. Cratons are the oldest and most stable parts of the continental lithosphere, and shields are exposed parts of them. Terranes are fragments of crustal material formed on one tectonic plate and accreted to crust lying on another plate, which may or may not have originated as independent microplates: a terrane may not contain the full thickness of the lithosphere.

African Plate

 * (Zambia)
 * (Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Sudan, and Zambia)
 * (South Africa)
 * (South Africa)
 * (Algeria)
 * (Zimbabwe)
 * (Tanzania)
 * (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo)
 * Zaire Craton (Congo)
 * (Zimbabwe)
 * (Zimbabwe)

Eurasian Plate

 * (France, Germany, Spain and Portugal)
 * (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
 * Belomorian Craton
 * Central Iberian Plate
 * (Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, Indochina and Malaya)
 * East China Craton
 * and Eastern Kazakhstan
 * and the Junngar Basin in China
 * Moravo Silesian Plate
 * Ossa-Morena Plate
 * Proto-Alps Terrane
 * South Portuguese Plate
 * Tarim Craton
 * Teplá-Barrandian Terrane
 * Volgo-Uralian Craton
 * Yakutai Craton
 * Moravo Silesian Plate
 * Ossa-Morena Plate
 * Proto-Alps Terrane
 * South Portuguese Plate
 * Tarim Craton
 * Teplá-Barrandian Terrane
 * Volgo-Uralian Craton
 * Yakutai Craton
 * South Portuguese Plate
 * Tarim Craton
 * Teplá-Barrandian Terrane
 * Volgo-Uralian Craton
 * Yakutai Craton
 * Tarim Craton
 * Teplá-Barrandian Terrane
 * Volgo-Uralian Craton
 * Yakutai Craton
 * Volgo-Uralian Craton
 * Yakutai Craton

Indo-Australian Plate

 * Altjawarra Craton (Australia)
 * Aravalli Craton (India)
 * Bastar Craton (India)
 * Bhandara Craton (India)
 * Bundelkhand Craton (India)
 * Central Craton (Australia)
 * Curnamona Craton (Australia)
 * Singhbhum Craton (India)
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
 * Singhbhum Craton (India)
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
 * Singhbhum Craton (India)
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
 * . See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise

North American Plate

 * (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
 * (Canada)
 * (split into the Cocos, Explorer, Juan de Fuca, Gorda Plates, Nazca Plate, and Rivera Plates)
 * (United States)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada and United States)
 * Mexican Plate
 * (Canada)
 * Newfoundland Plate
 * Nova Scotia Plate
 * (Canada)
 * Sask Craton (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (United States)
 * Sask Craton (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (United States)

South American Plate

 * (Brazil)
 * (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela)
 * (Argentina and Uruguay)
 * (Brazil)
 * (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru)

title: List of tectonic plates


text:
American Railway Union

The American Railway Union (ARU) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU, ending with the jailing of the union's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization. The group's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America (SDA) at its founding convention in June 1897.

Establishment
Volition for a formation of an industrial union uniting all branches of the railroad industry began in the early 1890s with the failure of an attempt at loose federation of several railway brotherhoods by Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen Secretary-Treasurer and Locomotive Firemen's Magazine editor Eugene V. Debs. A new union bringing together all railway workers, regardless of craft or service, was constructed in a series of meetings held in Chicago, Illinois, beginning with a four-hour session held at the Leland Hotel on February 9 and 10, 1893. Headquarters for the new union were to be rented in Chicago.

This preparatory meeting, chaired by George W. Howard of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, former Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Railway Conductors, elected a three-person committee to write a constitution and by-laws for the new organization, which was formally launched at a week-long convention attended by 24 delegates representing many of the numerous railway brotherhoods held at Chicago's Greene Hotel from April 11–17, 1893. This gathering formally elected officers for the new union, including Debs as president, Howard as vice president and Sylvester Keliher (Secretary-Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen) as Secretary-Treasurer of the ARU.

Day-to-day governance was by these three officers as part of a nine-member Board of Directors, which also included W.S. Missemer of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, W.H. Sebring of the Order of Railroad Conductors, Frank W. Arnold of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Henry Walton of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, James A. Clark of the Railway Telegraphers and Louis W. Rogers of the magazine Age of Labor.

A convention to introduce the new union to the broader public and to build organizational momentum was scheduled and held in Chicago on June 20, 1893. A mass meeting of railroad employees was held in conjunction with the gathering, meeting at Uhlich's Hall in Chicago at 8 pm, where it was addressed by Eugene Debs and others.

Structure
The ARU was to be divided into 12 regional districts, each of which maintained a headquarters office in a local urban center. These districts were to in turn be subdivided, apparently on a state basis, with the organization to be governed by annual state conventions and a quadrennial national convention of the entire organization. These national conventions were to choose a governing Board of Directors for the organization and to elect officers.

Only one official national convention of the ARU was held; this convened at Fisher's Hall in Chicago at 10 o'clock on the morning of June 12, 1894. About 400 delegates were in attendance—too many for the venue, which caused the gathering to be immediately moved after convocation to the more spacious room at Uhlich's Hall. There the assembled delegates heard a lengthy keynote address delivered by ARU President Gene Debs before adjourning for additional meetings in secret session.

Great Northern Railway strike
Beginning in August 1893, the Great Northern Railway enacted a series of wage cuts for its workers, reductions amounting to $146,500 per month. The American Railway Union organized all classes of employees of the road in a strike action lasting 18 days and forcing the company to arbitration of its unilateral wage cuts.

The arbitrators, consisting of businessmen from St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, found in favor of the Great Northern workers, thereby pressuring the company to roll back its wage cuts. It was the ARU's first and only victory.

Pullman Strike
Buoyed by the success of the Great Northern strike, railway workers on other lines sought similar redress of their grievances through strike action. Debs and other union officials were concerned that other disruptions were inopportune, with the union needing a brief respite to better organize itself and to restore its finances. However, this was not to be because on May 11, 1894, the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company launched a wildcat strike against their employer.

The Pullman Company had begun a company town on the outskirts of Chicago called Pullman, Illinois, incorporated into the city of Chicago in 1889. The company and town were namesakes of its millionaire owner, George Pullman. The town of Pullman was his "utopia". He owned the land, homes and stores. Workers had to live in his homes and buy from his stores, thereby ensuring virtually all wages returned directly back into his pockets.

Although initially opposed to the strike, Debs responded to notice of the strike of the Pullman workers by traveling to Chicago to investigate the situation in person. Debs later recalled in sworn testimony:"I found that the wages and expenses of the employees were so adjusted that every dollar the employees earned found its way back into the Pullman coffers; that they were not only not getting wages enough to live on, but that they were daily getting deeper into the debt of the Pullman company; that it was impossible for many of them to leave there at all... Wages had been reduced, but the expenses remained the same, and no matter how offensive the conditions where they were compelled to submit to them. After I heard those statements I satisfied myself that they were true and I made up my mind, as president of the American Railway Union, of which these employees were members, to do everything in my power that was within law and within justice to right the wrongs of those employees."

An effort was made by the ARU to engage the Pullman Company and its workers in arbitration, but the officers of the company refused to submit to the proposal, instead claiming that they had nothing to arbitrate. Railway workers had lost confidence in the existing network of craft-based railway brotherhoods—which were essentially fraternal benefit societies—to resist an industry-wide wage reduction campaign coordinated by the railway managers' association and looked to the fledgling ARU as a mechanism to stem the tide. Sympathy for the Pullman Company workers was widespread among other workers in the railroad industry.

The ARU's constitutionally-required biannual convention was forthcoming and delegates representing the 465 locals of the union—which claimed a total membership of about 150,000—assembled in the city to take up matters of concern to the organization. During the course of the proceedings, the situation of the Pullman workers came before the assembly, which appointed a committee of Pullman employees to study the situation.

On June 21, 1894, two days prior to adjournment of the convention, the Pullman Committee reported that the company continued to refuse to arbitrate its unilateral wage cuts. The committee recommended that an ultimatum be delivered that unless the Pullman Company began arbitration within 5 days, a boycott of railroad workers should be launched under which no member of the ARU would handle a train to which Pullman cars were attached. After discussion this proposal was accepted by majority vote of the convention and a strike deadline was scheduled for June 26.

The June 26 deadline came and still the Pullman Company refused to arbitrate its wage reductions. Railway employees began to refuse to handle trains pulling Pullman cars. The ARU established temporary strike headquarters in Chicago to keep more closely abreast of the situation. Chicago became a constant mass of meetings as workers of the various railway crafts gathered to discuss the strike situation. The railway switchmen were the first to act, refusing to attach Pullman cars to trains. When one switchman would be fired for insubordination, all the others in the shop would quit, in accord with a previously agreed upon plan.

The railway managers took to the courts for relief, gaining a sweeping injunction against the ARU which was served upon union president Debs on July 2. Terms of the injunction prohibited the union from sending out any telegram or letter or issuing any order which would have the effect of inducing or persuading railroad workers to withhold their service in pursuit of the strike action.

The rationale for this legal action lay in the fact that the Mail was transported by rail—transport which was interrupted when trains including Pullman cars were stopped in their tracks. Under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which ruled it illegal for any business combination to restrain trade or commerce, an injunction was issued on July 2 enjoining the ARU leadership from "compelling or inducing by threats, intimidation, persuasion, force or violence, railway employees to refuse or fail to perform their duties". The next day, President Cleveland ordered 20,000 federal troops to crush the strike and run the railways.

Transition to a political party
By July 7, Debs and ten other ARU leaders were arrested and later tried and convicted for conspiracy to halt the free flow of mail. The strike was finally crushed while the board and president spent six months in prison in Woodstock, Illinois. Pullman reopened with all labor union leaders sacked.

During Debs' time in jail, he spent much of his time reading the literary works of Karl Marx and socialist texts brought to jail by Victor L. Berger. After Debs got out of jail, he merged the ARU with the Brotherhood of the Co-operative Commonwealth to form the Social Democracy of America (SDA). In 1900, Elliott ran for Congressman in Montana and Debs ran for President heading the SDA ticket. Elliott was later elected to the Montana Legislature while Debs ran unsuccessfully four more times for the presidency as a socialist.

title: American Railway Union


text:
Aru

Aru or ARU may refer to:

Education

 * Alpha Rho Upsilon, a defunct fraternity in the United States
 * Anglia Ruskin University, a university in England
 * Ardhi University, a Tanzanian public university

Places

 * Aru Islands Regency, a group of islands and the regency in the Moluccas
 * Aru, Democratic Republic of Congo, a town in Ituri province
 * Aru, Harju County, village in Kuusalu Parish, Harju County, Estonia
 * Aru, Saare County, village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia
 * Aru, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, village in Gachsaran County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
 * Aru, Basht, village in Basht County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
 * Aru, Damavand, village in Damavand County, Tehran Province, Iran
 * Aru, Firuzkuh, village in Firuzkuh County, Tehran Province, Iran
 * Aru, Jammu and Kashmir, village in India
 * Aruba, IOC and UNDP country code ARU

Sports

 * Fabio Aru, Italian cyclist
 * Army Rugby Union, organizational body for rugby union in the British Army
 * Australian Rugby Union, former name of Rugby Australia, governing body for rugby union in Australia

Technology

 * Automated response unit, a telecommunications device
 * Autonomous Recording Unit, an audio recording device

People

 * Ines Aru (born 1939), Estonian actress
 * Krista Aru (born 1958), Estonian historian, museologist and politician
 * Peep Aru (born 1953), Estonian politician
 * Aru Tateno (born 1997), Japanese ice dancer
 * Aru Krishansh Verma (born 1986), Indian actor

Other uses

 * American Railway Union, an industrial union in the United States
 * Aquarium Rescue Unit, an American jazz-rock band
 * Araçatuba Airport, IATA airport code
 * Arundel railway station, a railway station in England (National Rail code ARU)
 * Aru language (disambiguation)
 * Aru Kingdom, an early Islamic polity in northeast Sumatra between the 13th and 16th centuries

title: Aru


text:
Talk:Concert

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 3 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ky4649, J morgan28, Sdesai90.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:17, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

When is a concert not musical
The first sentence of this article says that a concert is a performance, "usually of music". When is a concert not "of music"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.125.4 (talk) 12:57, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Jam Bands
I think that something should be noted about jam bands. This genre (for lack of a better word) of music is relevant because it is used to describe the bands that focus their whole career around performing live. These bands are also important because the "pioneers of jam" such as Grateful Dead, Allman Brothers, etc. have contributed to the fairly modern wave of live music appreciation in music fandom.
 * The problem with featuring jam bands is that many different kinds of musical groups focus on performing live, such as most symphony orchestras, jazz combos, and chorales. While among popular musicians with nice recording contracts, jam bands certainly do hold concerts more often and with longer songs, this is the comprehensive article on concerts and cannot limit itself to commercial music. -Acjelen 03:41, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Is a concert a concerto
Concerto?

Is this the same as Concerto? --Romanm 00:49, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * No. A concert is a performance, a concerto is a work. Dysprosia 01:03, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article needs serious improvement if not a complete re-write. Presently the majority of the article discusses rock concerts since about the 1970s. It also takes the present conditions of the record-music industry as necessary conditions. Thousands of musicians perform before an audience without any of the conditions described in the article. -Acjelen 00:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree this article needs a lot of improvement. The article should include specific types of concerts and why concerts are important to musicians. Also including the history of concerts would help the article become more useful. Alisap17 (talk) 01:40, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

Merge Arena concert into Concert
There doesn't seem to be enough at Arena concert there to warrant more than a section in Concert. Thoughts? -Mike5904 01:33, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That's certainly true. I've taken care of it. -Acjelen 02:29, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Dr. K. J. Yesudas
Why are Dr. K. J. Yesudas' concerts so notable to get a "See Also" on this page? --Robbie 09:34, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * He does not currently appear in "See Also" so it is my assumption that this has been addressed. whattoweartoaconcert (talk) 13:58, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

When were the first
What year did the first live pop concerts begin and with which bands???
 * What do you mean by "pop"? The division of popular music from serious or art music is difficult to date exactly and probably varied by country. -Acjelen 20:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

how many concerts are there a year in Europe

Volume and hearing loss
Should add a section about venue/audience size, volume, and hearing loss. There have been lawsuits, such as that of Peter Jeffery (see cites) against The Smashing Pumpkins. Maybe include a statement about ear plugs, especially musician versions with flat attenuation.
 * I agree that this is an important issue however I am not sure an entire section would be warranted. Perhaps one line on hearing loss that directs to the tinnitus page? CorryConcerts (talk) 17:02, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

"Historically concerts were the primary source of revenue for musicians"
This is not the case, it was only in the mid-2000s that the shift happened. It used to be you made the album and used the funds from the album to pay for the tour. Historically recorded music was the main source of revenue for musicians and then after streaming/piracy got really big it became concert revenue that was the big moneymaker.

Adding Classical Concerts
It would be helpful to add concerts that contain larger orchestras and choirs. I have added a segment to a section, types of concerts, about most varieties of classical concerts. I added the concerts: symphony orchestra, chamber orchestra, chamber music, choral music, opera, and music theater. Although some of these concerts are a type of music genre, they are also a type of concert. A lot of the concerts I have posted have direct links to other Wikipedia pages. However, in the case of symphony and chamber orchestra, there was no direct link to their kind of music. Instead, I decided to write a small definition describing each of them. I think there should be another part containing jazz music or as someone listed earlier jam bands. While jam bands and jazz have similar traits to classical music, they do not fit in with that category. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ky4649 (talk • contribs) 01:46, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Adding General Concert History
Since the article appeared to be missing any sort of history, I believe adding in a section specifically for history will help make the article more complete. The section I will add will be a somewhat broad overview of the history of concerts. This general overview will talk about how gatherings that are similar to our definition of concerts began in several European universities. This section also talks about how an English composer and violinist, John Banister, may have actually created the first public concerts, which he performed in his own home. Banister also charged admission for his concerts, which is a practice similar to that of modern concerts. I also briefly mentioned what is thought to be the first rock and roll concert. While this is only a small history of concerts, I believe it will help provide some insight toward concerts that people had not known before. Dexteraccount (talk) 05:01, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Adding Concert History
To help add to the completion of the article, I added the history of the formal concert from the 17th century to the 18th century. The information added covers what the events were like, as well as what music was played at these events. This specific history, paired with a general history of concerts would go nicely together. I felt like having this added to the article makes it better because it gives the background of the topic which the page is covering. Having a single place for all of this information makes it a better resource for those looking for it. I think if we were to add the rest of the centuries leading up to today, It would provide an even clearer and more accurately show change over time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by J morgan28 (talk • contribs) 03:26, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Adding Concert Venues
To help contribute to the completion of this article, I have decided to add a section to shed light on the three types of venues concerts can be hosted at. These venues include halls which are specifically built to host mostly classical music concerts, amphitheaters which have tiers of seats surrounding an outdoor stage, and sporting arenas/centers which can be altered and outfitted with the right equipment to host a concert and is usually the largest of the three types of venues I am addressing. I have also included an example of a well-known venue for each different type of concert venue. Additionally, I mentioned which venues are most likely to host a certain type of musical concert. Currently, the closest section to addressing this topic is the "Formats" section, so I plan to add my new section directly above that. Sdesai90 (talk) 03:44, 28 March 2019 (UTC) Sdesai90

Why is there a paragraph about concert psychology in the lead?
The third paragraph of the lead section talks about concert psychology, but isn't that a bit inappropriate to put in the introduction? When reading the article for the first time, I was taken aback by this unusual addition. Concert psychology is not one of the main points of the article, and it does not appear anywhere else in the article. Like the rest of the article, it is lacking in sources. I think concert psychology should be in its own section, if it should even have a place in the article at all. NovaChromatic (talk) 18:17, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, good point, . It should be WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY. I have shuffled the psychology bit to a separate section at the bottom, and created a few sentences about rock concerts to incorporate the line about hearing loss. All still very poorly cited, but I don't have time to do more now. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 01:41, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

File:A young pianist performing a recital.png
This image seems... well it doesnt seem to provide any benefit to the article. Indeed no one uninformed could even tell what the person is doing in the image. I'm removing it. Sephiroth storm (talk) 02:22, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Concert


text:
Lytle family

The Lytle family was a prominent American family that played significant roles in the settlement and development of Kentucky and Ohio from the late 18th to the mid-19th centuries. The family's prominence began with Captain William Lytle (1728–1797), who led settlers to Kentucky in 1780. His son, William Lytle II (1770–1831), became the first landed millionaire in the West and founded Cincinnati College and Cincinnati Law College. The family produced several notable figures, including William Haines Lytle (1826–1863), a lawyer, poet, and Brigadier General who died in the American Civil War. Lytles served in various conflicts, including the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, the Mexican–American War, and the Civil War. The family's influence extended to politics, with members such as Robert Todd Lytle serving in the United States Congress. Their legacy is commemorated in Cincinnati's Lytle Park Historic District, which includes the site of the former Lytle mansion, donated to the city in 1903.

Captain William Lytle
Captain William Lytle (1728–97), son of Christopher Lytle, 1693–1783, from Cumberland County. Pa. served in the British army in the French and Indian War and was deeded 1,200 acre of land for service in the Revolutionary War. He solicited settlers to follow him with the promise of land in Kentucky, then part of Virginia. In April 1780, Capt. Lytle and his family led 63 Kentucky flatboats of settlers accompanied by 1,000 fighting men, down the Ohio to the falls of the Ohio. They passed the future site of Cincinnati April 11 where they attacked and chased an Indian party which escaped on horseback. (Lytle, William. "Personal Narrative of William Lytle." Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio 1 (January–March 1906): 3-30.) (Centennial History of Cincinnati, p. 120) They continued on to Beargrass Creek (the site of Louisville), landing on April 15, 1780. Lytle made his permanent home near Lexington, Ky, in August, 1787.

Three Lytle relatives were named Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory, based in Cincinnati after 1808. Family members included William Lytle II, the Surveyor General of Illinois, Congressman Robert Todd Lytle (a relative of the Todd-Lincoln family), Brig. Gen. William Haines Lytle (the poet), and members of the Livingood family. Captain Lytle (1728–97) gave land to his daughter Anne for a wedding gift on which she and her husband, Judge John Rowan, built the Federal Hill Mansion, in Bardstown, Kentucky, which, according to tradition, inspired the song My Old Kentucky Home.

William Lytle
His son, William Lytle (1770–1831), amassed a fortune surveying the lands of Revolutionary War veterans granted land in Ohio, and was a good friend of Andrew Jackson, serving in his "kitchen cabinet". Considered the first landed millionaire in the West, Lytle lost most of his money during a financial panic when western landowners could not pay their debts and the banks in Cincinnati failed. Using the land from his father's land grant, he founded Cincinnati College and Cincinnati Law College (the University of Cincinnati). He funded it with $500 of his personal money, land donated by his father William Lytle, and $500 he solicited from a group of prominent first citizens of Cincinnati (John H. Piatt, David E. Wade, Ethan Stone, William Corry, John H. Lytle, Gen. James Findlay, Andrew Mack, Jacob Burnet). Each shareholder took turns serving on the Board of the Cincinnati College.

As a lad of only sixteen, William rode with Colonel (later General) Benjamin Logan on his famed "Logan's Raid," a punitive expedition against the Shawnee villages located near the headwaters of the Great Miami and Mad Rivers in west central Ohio in October, 1786. Lytle later penned his eyewitness account of the raid, and of the brutal murder of the great Shawnee chief Moluntha by Colonel Hugh McGary which Lytle himself attempted unsuccessfully to thwart.

The Lytles served in the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, the Mexican–American War, and the Civil War.

William Haines Lytle
Brigadier Gen. William Haines Lytle (1826–1863) was a lawyer, educated man and syndicated poet (in newspapers). His poems spoke of courage, loss, the glory of war and tales of gallantry. He led the Irish troops (the most recent immigrants to the U.S.) and was so admired by his troops that six weeks before his death they presented him with a medal to show their affection. His most famous poem, Antony and Cleopatra, was beloved by both North and South in antebellum America and regularly memorized by school children in the U.S. through the 1940s. General William Haines Lytle died leading a charge at Chickamauga in the Civil War. Lytle Hill, in Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, is named for him and a monument in the shape of a pile of cannonballs marks the spot where he fell. When he was shot, he fell from his horse with a half-finished poem in his pocket. A southern soldier who served with him in the Mexican–American War, stood guard over his body until arrangements could be made to return his body to the North. A Guard of Honor composed of fifteen officers and men from the 10th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was appointed to escort Lytle's body from Chickamauga to Cincinnati. Under a flag of truce, both southern and northern soldiers escorted his body to Louisville where it was loaded on a paddle-wheeler and returned to Cincinnati. Since most soldiers were buried where they fell in the Civil War, few bodies were returned to their families. The city immediately went into mourning with all the windows of the stores draped in black. His horse, Fallaballaugh, another gift from his troops, led a parade down 4th street, with Lytle's boots turned backwards in the stirrups to represent a riderless horse. A long line of dignitaries followed the coffin.

A branch of this family settled to the north in Butler County, where Judge Robert Lytle acquired a section of land from the U.S. and named it Milford Township. Prominent descendants include Sen. Homer Truett Bone, Secretary of Agriculture Claude R. Wickard, Gov. Andrew L. Harris, James McBride of Hamilton, and others.

Lytle Park, where the Lytle mansion was located, was donated to the city in 1903 by the family, with terms that it remain a park in perpetuity. When an expressway needed to be built downtown, the terms forced the Lytle Tunnel to be built under the park to preserve it. The statue of Abraham Lincoln at the entrance of the park was commissioned by the WPA Works Progress Administration.

title: Lytle family


text:
Talk:Modern dance in the United States

Untitled
This page is being voted for deletion as it duplicates modern dance and ballet as well as being US-centric. redcountess 01:00, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

Other styles
Could some editors who know Native American and African-American dance styles add their knowledge? The current article needs expansion. Durova 10:58, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern dance in the United States


text:
LinuxQuestions.org

LinuxQuestions.org (commonly abbreviated LQ) is a community-driven, self-help web site for Linux users. As of August 2011, it has over 462,200 registered members. Started in 2000 by Jeremy Garcia, LQ is one of the most popular free software community sites and is usually reputed for helpfulness.

The most popular section of the site are the forums, where Linux users can share their knowledge and experience. Newcomers to the Linux world (often called newbies) can ask questions and Linux experts can offer advice. Topics include security, installation, and networking. Currently available forums fall into the following categories: LinuxQuestions.org, Linux, Enterprise Linux, Other *NIX Forums, Non-*NIX Forums. As of April 2009, the forums had more than 3.5 million posts.

On March 5, 2004, LinuxQuestions.org set up a wiki aimed at building the largest online Linux knowledge base. The software used for this task is MediaWiki.

LQ also has a section where one can download CD/DVD ISO images of Linux installation and Live CDs. Other than the download section and forums LQ also has the following sections:
 * Linux Podcast
 * LQ Radio
 * Linux distributions reviews
 * Book reviews
 * Linux Tutorials
 * Linux hardware compatibility list
 * Articles (member written and submitted)
 * Linux Bookmarks
 * Member Blogs

Despite its growth, it is still essentially run by one person — owner and founder Jeremy Garcia — with help from a team of moderators. LQ is active in the community, often having either a stall or presence at Linux conferences or expositions. These are primarily in the United States, but have also been in the United Kingdom and in Canada.

title: LinuxQuestions.org


text:
Borte

Borte, Börte, Boerte or Børte is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

 * Börte (c. 1161 – 1230), wife of Temüjin, the founder of the Mongol Empire
 * Derrick Borte (born 1967), German-born American filmmaker
 * Torstein Børte (1899–1985), Norwegian politician

title: Borte


text:
Edgar Bronfman

Edgar Bronfman may refer to:

 * Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1929–2013), Canadian businessman and long-time president of the World Jewish Congress
 * Edgar Bronfman Jr. (born 1955), American businessman and CEO of the Warner Music Group

title: Edgar Bronfman