text:
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières

The Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR) (English: University of Quebec in Trois-Rivières), also known as "l'université du peuple", established in 1969 and mainly located in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, is a public university within the Université du Québec network. As of April 2016, the university had 14,500 students in 9 different campuses, including the main one in Trois-Rivières. About 788 of them come from overseas, from 50 countries. The university has given more than 88,000 diplomas since its founding. The Trois-Rivières campus also holds a large library with about 400,000 documents.

History
UQTR was created in 1969 with the merger of the "Centre d'Études universitaires de Trois-Rivières" and "L'école normale d'État Maurice Duplessis" (named after Maurice Duplessis). The first major campus, Ringuet, was opened in 1973 and is located in the vicinity of Des Forges and Des Récollets boulevards near downtown Trois-Rivières. Over the following years, UQTR has expanded outside of the city into several towns in the Centre-du-Québec, Montérégie, Lanaudière, Quebec and Chaudière-Appalaches regions. Over the 1973-2009 time period the university has enjoyed a period of long term growth punctuated by several periods of short term fluctuation.

2005 student protests
During the 2005 student protests, students narrowly voted in early March for a three-day student strike whose period included March 16, when several hundred UQTR students participated in a general protest in Montreal. Two days later, the students narrowly voted for a return to class. However, due to complaints made by some student groups, the students and some instructors boycotted again about a week later. During the first boycott, some instructors reported to work to teach classes as scheduled. Groups called "commandos" patrolled the Trois-Rivières area in search of these instructors who failed to honour the pickets, enticing them to stay away from UQTR during the boycott.

Medicine
Since 2004, the University of Montreal Faculty of Medicine has operated a satellite campus of its medical school at UQTR. The preclinical years are simulcast with the respective classes in Montreal, and the two clinical years are completed in the Centre hospitalier régional de Trois-Rivières (CHRTR) and the Centre hospitalier du centre de la Mauricie (CHCM). The degree is granted by the University of Montreal.

In 2007, the construction of a new medical education pavilion began, which was completed in 2010.

Podiatry
In fall of 2004, UQTR launched the first podiatry program in Canada. Upon obtaining all 195 university credits, students are awarded with a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree; thus, this makes UQTR the first French-language university in the world to offer the DPM degree. The foundation of this program was based on the American definition of podiatric medicine and was developed in association with the New York College of Podiatric Medicine. The program enrols 25 students per year.

Chiropractic
UQTR is home to the first public and the first university-based chiropractic school in North America. The program is limited to 47 admissions per year.

Athletic therapy
UQTR is home to the first French-speaking graduate athletic therapy program in North America. This applied Master program is limited to 25 admissions per year. The program is accredited by the Canadian Athletic Therapists Association since 2017.

Midwifery
UQTR is the only university in Quebec offering a midwifery program. It welcomes up to 24 students per year since its implementation in 1999.

Engineering
Students can choose to specialize in the following disciplines: chemical engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Hydrogen
UQTR hosts the Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), established in 1994. The mission of IHR is to advance energy transition through innovation in advanced materials, engineering, and safety. The vision of the IHR is fundamentally multidisciplinary: the research areas encompasses basic Sciences, Engineering, and Social Sciences. The object is to promote the energy transition and train a skilled and versatile workforce capable of innovating in Energy and Materials.

Sports
The university is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport by the UQTR Patriotes which has teams in swimming, golf, hockey, soccer, cheerleading, badminton, athleticism and volleyball.

Faculty

 * Georges Larivière
 * Bruno Georges Pollet

Alumni

 * Robert Aubin
 * Pierre-Michel Auger
 * Xavier Barsalou-Duval
 * Lysane Blanchette-Lamothe
 * Gilles Bouchard
 * Marc-Yvan Côté
 * Jean Damphousse
 * Angèle Delaunois
 * Sam Hamad
 * Donald Martel
 * Michel Matte
 * Macsuzy Mondon
 * Roger Paquin
 * Jean-Guy Paré
 * Fred Pellerin
 * Pierre Pettigrew
 * Louis Plamondon
 * Hery Rajaonarimampianina
 * Jean Rioux
 * Michel Seymour
 * Judy Streatch
 * Luc Tardif
 * Rémy Trudel

title: Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières


text:
Talk:Military of Saint Helena

Can this ever be anything more? Shouldn't it redirect to Saint Helena, and just put this sentence in that article? Jwrosenzweig 00:31, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, if there are military bases on Saint Helena, if it served in an important military capacity in history, etc. Danny 00:34, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Um, do you have any evidence of this, Danny? If such history exists, I'll happily write it up, but google results just return a bunch of copies of this article. Ambi 12:02, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Military of Saint Helena


text: User talk:198.81.26.80

title: User talk:198.81.26.80


text:
Nationwide Building Society

Nationwide Building Society is a British mutual financial institution, the seventh largest cooperative financial institution and the largest building society in the world with over 16 million members. Its headquarters are in Swindon, England.

Nationwide is made up of around 250 different building societies. Among the most significant mergers were those with the Anglia Building Society in 1987 and the Portman Building Society in 2007. It is now the second largest provider of household savings and mortgages in the UK and has a 10.3% market share of current accounts for the 2021/2022 financial year.

For the financial year 2021/2022, Nationwide had assets of around £272.4 billion compared to £483 billion for the entire building society sector, making it larger than the remaining 42 British building societies combined.

It is a member of the Building Societies Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders and Co-operatives UK.

History
The Society's origins lie in the Co-operative Permanent Building Society, founded in 1884. Based at New Oxford House, High Holborn, it changed its name in 1970 after deciding to leave the British Co-operative Union. The new name was put to a member vote, with members voting 135,675 to 15,585 in favour.

In 1987, the Northampton-based Anglia Building Society merged with Nationwide. The new society was known as Nationwide Anglia Building Society at first, but the Anglia name was dropped in 1991. In 1992, Nationwide moved its head office to Nationwide House, Pipers Way, Swindon. It had been operating a computer centre and administrative office in the town since 1974 and head office departments had been gradually migrating to Swindon.

Nationwide launched an early UK internet banking service on 27 May 1997.

In 1999, Nationwide, together with various UK tabloid newspapers and media, launched a campaign against controversial cash machine fees. The campaign reached a peak when Barclays Bank announced a plan to charge all customers of rival banks and financial providers, including those of Nationwide, £1 for every cash machine withdrawal made from a Barclays-owned cash machine. This prompted Nationwide to warn Barclays that it would take legal action against the bank if it did not back down. Nationwide claimed Barclays had broken the rules of the LINK network of cash machines, which the bank had joined earlier in the year. The following year, withdrawals from most cash machines owned by UK banks were made free for customers of all banks and building societies throughout the UK.

2000 – 2010
In 2007, Nationwide members voted at its Annual General Meeting to donate at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charitable activities each year. Nationwide completed a merger with Portman Building Society on 28 August 2007, creating a mutual body with assets of over £160 billion and around 13 million members. Portman's earliest component was the Provident Union Building Society founded in Ramsbury, Wiltshire in 1846.

In the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the Nationwide acted to safeguard the mutual sector, acquiring the ailing Cheshire and Derbyshire building societies in September 2008, followed by the Dunfermline Building Society on 30 March 2009.

On 24 March 2009, Nationwide Building Society opened a direct savings branch in Dublin, Ireland called Nationwide UK (Ireland), to distinguish it from the unconnected and now-defunct Irish Nationwide Building Society. It ceased all operations in the Irish Republic in 2017.

2010 – 2020
In 2012, the Society announced that it would integrate the Cheshire, Derbyshire and Dunfermline building Societies into Nationwide. The Societies had operated under their own brands as divisions of the Society. The rebranding of each business was phased, with the Dunfermline first to be merged in June 2014. The Cheshire and Derbyshire followed in October and November 2014 respectively.

On 22 May 2015, it was announced that the Society's chief executive, Graham Beale, intended to retire. On 16 November 2015, Nationwide announced that Joe Garner, CEO of Openreach, would succeed Graham as Nationwide CEO in Spring 2016. Joe Garner joined the Society as chief executive on 5 April 2016.

In May 2016, the Society confirmed that it would be closing its subsidiary on the Isle of Man, Nationwide International, following a review of its business. The branch, based in Douglas, provided a range of offshore savings accounts in euros, pound sterling and US dollars. It held assets in excess of £2.76 billion as at 31 March 2008, increasing to £3.69 billion by 31 March 2009, making it one of the largest deposit takers in the Isle of Man. Nationwide confirmed it would close on 30 June 2017.

On 1 October 2016, Carillion began providing services for Nationwide's headquarters in Swindon, 'specifically aligned to Nationwide's sustainability strategy'. This contract was expected to be worth approximately £350 million, building on an existing partnership of nearly nine years. When Carillion went into liquidation in January 2018, Nationwide took on 297 staff previously employed by the contractor.

In April 2017, the Society confirmed that it would be closing its subsidiary on the Republic of Ireland, Nationwide UK (Ireland), following a review of its business. Its branch at 13 Merrion Row, Dublin 2 closed on 31 May 2017. The remainder of the business closed at the end of the year. Nationwide announced it would be building a new community at Oakfield in Swindon working in partnership with Swindon Borough Council. Planning permission for the 239 houses was granted in 2019. The homes will be EPC A rated and built on a not-for-profit model. In 2021 the development won the ‘Building for a Healthy Life’ prize as part of the Housing Design Awards.

2020s rebrand and proposed acquisition of Virgin Money
In March 2022, Kevin Parry replaced David Roberts as chairman; and in June 2022, Debbie Crosbie, who had been CEO of TSB Bank, succeeded Joe Garner, as chief executive.

In October 2023 Nationwide Building Society committed to its biggest rebrand since 1987, replacing its iconic ‘village icon’. The move was part of a wider commitment to maintain a High Street presence as many banks continue to close branches. The move will see all 605 branches receive investment to enable the building society to protect face-to-face customer interactions.

On 7 March 2024 Nationwide announced that they had made an offer to buy Virgin Money UK plc for £2.9 billion. Under the terms of the deal the resulting company would be rebranded under the Nationwide banner over the next 6 years with the Virgin Money brand eventually disappearing. Nationwide intends to remain as a building society and for the "medium-term" the Virgin Money business would remain its own legal entity with its own banking licence. Nationwide aims to not make any material changes to Virgin Money's 7,300 employees "in the near term". Virgin Money currently issue Scottish bank notes under the Clydesdale branding.

Virgin Money's shareholders approved the deal on 22 May and it is expected to complete by the end of the year. On 31 May, the Competition and Markets Authority said that they would be investigating the proposed merger regarding the potential lessening of competition within the banking sector in the UK.

Mutual status
Nationwide is committed to staying mutual and is keen to emphasise that it has members rather than shareholders. Its mutual status has been challenged.

Nationwide was by far the largest British building society that did not convert to a bank in the wave of demutualisations that occurred from the late 1980s to the late 1990s.

In 1998, society members seeking a windfall, branded as carpetbaggers by the UK media, meant Nationwide members had to vote on whether to demutualise the society and float on the London Stock Exchange. The attempt failed, despite media reports of possible pay-outs to members of around £1,000 to £1,500 each, as Nationwide members voted by a narrow margin of 33,700 against converting the building society into a bank.

Society members again proposed a resolution in 2001 for another vote by Nationwide members to convert the society to a bank. The resolution was rejected by the Nationwide board on legal grounds.

Controversies
In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–08, executive pay practices came under increasing scrutiny at Nationwide as in the rest of the financial sector. The Building Society Members' Association began to campaign against acceptance of remuneration reports at AGMs in 2009, and with the CEO's compensation rising 45% to £2.25 million by 2012 the board's levels of pay attracted criticism in The Guardian, and The Huffington Post.

Nationwide has also had to pay out over £473 million of compensation to customers for the mis-selling of PPI.

Nationwide had to scrap its intentions to pursue a digital business current account in April 2020, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The society has said the pandemic has driven down the medium-term interest rates, which the society believes has made the project unviable. Nationwide has committed to return the £50M grant from the Banking Competition Remedies scheme, which distributes funding that Royal Bank of Scotland was ordered to set aside as a condition of its 2009 bailout. The project is estimated to have cost members £70 million, but Nationwide have said that all staff working on the project will be redeployed elsewhere. It still provides some business savings accounts.

When restrictions were lifted following the COVID-19 pandemic, Nationwide stated that its office-based staff could choose whether to work from home or return to the office. In December 2023 the building society announced that employees would be required to come into the office for two days per week from April 2024.

Products and services
Nationwide Building Society provides financial services both directly, and through 686 branches (as of 2023). Nationwide is a major provider of both mortgage loans and savings in the UK, as well as personal banking such as loans, credit cards, bank accounts and insurance products.

Financial performance
For the 2015/2016 Preliminary Results (April 2015–April 2016), underlying profits were up 9% to £1.337 billion, while statutory profits rose by 23% to £1.279 billion. Cost income ratio was 53.9%. Common Equity Tier 1 and leverage ratios improved to 23.2% and 4.2%. Gross and net lending were at £32.6 billion and £9.1 billion respectively. Nationwide helped 57,200 people buy their first home. Member deposits increased by £6.3 billion.

Credit rating
Nationwide's long-term credit rating, as of the second half of 2022, was A1 with Moody's, A+ with Standard & Poor's and A+ with Fitch Ratings.

Subsidiaries
Nationwide owns several subsidiary companies, including:

 * Nationwide International Limited – offshore deposit taker
 * Nationwide Syndications Limited – syndicated lending
 * The Mortgage Works (UK) plc – specialised mortgage lender
 * UCB Home Loans Corporation Limited – specialised mortgage lender
 * Derbyshire Home Loans Limited – specialised mortgage lender
 * E-MEX Home Funding Limited – specialised mortgage lender

Key people

 * Group Chairman: David Roberts (since July 2015)
 * Group Chief Executive: Debbie Crosbie (since June 2022)

List of chief executives

 * 1) Charles Cooper (1884–1892)
 * 2) Arthur Webb (1892–1939)
 * 3) Harry Score (1939–1947)
 * 4) Stanley Lindsey (1947–1951)
 * 5) Sir Herbert Ashworth (1951–1961)
 * 6) Joe Simpson (1961–1967)
 * 7) Leonard Williams (1967–1981)
 * 8) Cyril English (1981–1985)
 * 9) Sir Timothy Melville-Ross (1985–1994)
 * 10) Brian Davis (1994–2001)
 * 11) Philip Williamson (2002–2007)
 * 12) Graham Beale (2007–2016)
 * 13) Joe Garner (2016–2022)
 * 14) Debbie Crosbie (2022–)

title: Nationwide Building Society


text:
Ray Tabano

Ray Tabano (a.k.a. Crazy Raymond) (born December 23, 1946) is an American musician, who was a founding member of the rock band Aerosmith in 1970.

Career
Tabano was a founding member of the rock band Aerosmith, but was replaced by Brad Whitford in 1971, after which he managed the band's office, hangout, and recording studio, known as The Wherehouse. Tabano started the band's fan club and line of merchandise, designing and selling merchandise himself and writing the band's fan club newsletters. He was fired in 1979, by Aerosmith's managers Steve Leber and David Krebs.

Steven Tyler
Tabano was a childhood friend of Aerosmith lead singer Steven Tyler in their hometown of Yonkers in New York. The two founded Tyler's first music band, The Strangeurs.

The Strangeurs
Originally called the Strangers, the Strangeurs added a "u" to their name to avoid confusion with another band called the Strangers. The band consisted of Ray Tabano on bass guitar, Steven Tyler on drums, Green Mountain Boys member Don Soloman on keyboards and vocals, Peter Stahl on guitar, Alan Strohmayer on bass, and Barry Shapiro on drums. The Strangeurs played in the local area as a cover band. The band focused on Top 40 hits and earned a steady wage as a party band around the New England area.

Post-Aerosmith
As of September 2009, Tabano was running a catering company in Yonkers, New York.

In 2014, Tabano was featured on an episode of Pawn Stars, where he sold two prototype Aerosmith tour T-shirts to Rick Harrison. One was signed by the band; the other had both Tyler's and Tabano's names on the sizing tag. Tabano originally asked $3000 for both shirts. After having them appraised, however, he reduced his asking price to about $2400, and Harrison bought them for $1100.

In 2018, Tabano was featured on an episode of American Pickers, where he authenticated an International Harvester Metro Van as having been used by Aerosmith in the early days of the band's career. The van was purchased by the show's Mike Wolfe for $25,000, after which the van was restored on behalf of the band, who then bought it back.

title: Ray Tabano


text:
Castles Made of Sand

Castles Made of Sand may refer to:

 * Sand castles, see Sand art and play
 * Castles Made of Sand (novel), the novel by Gwyneth Jones
 * "Castles Made of Sand" (song) a song from the album Axis: Bold as Love by Jimi Hendrix
 * "Castles Made of Sand" (Magic City), an episode of the American TV series Magic City

title: Castles Made of Sand


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April 16

 * 1071 - Bari falls to Robert Guiscard, ending Byzantine rule in Italy
 * 1746 - Battle of Culloden, in Scotland, the last battle of the Jacobite Rising destroys Highland clans
 * 1828 - Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter dies
 * 1917 - Vladmir Lenin returns from exile

Editprotected
{Editprotected} Yom Hashoah is currently redirected to Yom HaShoa (though I have put in a request to restore it to Yom Hashoah). In the meantime, please change the link in the Holocaust Remembrance Day to Yom HaShoa so we don't have to deal with a redirect off the main page. Thanks, --  Valley   2   city   ₪‽ 00:50, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Done SGGH 09:52, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks SGGH, but after you fulfilled the edit request the move request (from Yom HaShoa to Yom HaShoah) was surprisingly fulfilled (the backlog on WP:RM is still a week). If you want, you can change it to Yom HaShoah, but the day is almost over in GMT and a single redirect won't screw up things like the previous double redir. Your choice. --  Valley   2   city   ₪‽ 16:21, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Meh, why not? All done. SGGH 19:10, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I thought we are not supposed to fix links to redirects that aren't broken. No ? Anyway, to request small changes on MainPage, please use WP:ERRORS next time. Response is usually quicker. --PFHLai 05:45, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:15, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Rush–Bagot Treaty; Cold War (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Revolt of the Comuneros (first appearance); Indian Railways (5th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Vilna offensive (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); 2001 Indian–Bangladeshi border conflict (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Virginia Tech massacre (4th consecutive appearance, 4 total)

Change
1853 – The first passenger line of what would become Indian Railways, the state-owned railway company of India, opened between Bombay and Thane.

 * Should be changed to: The first passenger line of what would become Indian Railways, the state-owned railway company of India, opened between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane. Add the highlighted one if possible! -- ♪Karthik♫ ♪Nadar♫ 13:46, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
NOTE: WP:Today's articles for improvement debuts on the Main Page today, necessitating the inclusion of 6 OTD items. — howcheng  {chat} 06:05, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act; Second Battle of the Aisne
 * Omitted: Vilna offensive; Virginia Tech massacre
 * Included: Bat Masterson (first appearance); Vladimir Lenin (6th appearance, last in 2008; rescued from Ineligible); Cold War (3rd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Revolt of the Comuneros (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Indian Railways (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total); 2001 Indian–Bangladeshi border conflict (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:48, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Texas City disaster
 * New articles (unused): Battle of the Seelow Heights
 * Omitted: Revolt of the Comuneros; Indian Railways; Bat Masterson; Cold War; 2001 Bangladeshi-Indian border skirmish
 * Included: Wanganui Campaign (first appearance); District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (first appearance); Ustaše (first appearance); Letter from Birmingham Jail (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Vladimir Lenin (2nd consecutive appearance 7 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:42, 14 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act; Vladimir Lenin; Ustaše; Letter from Birmingham Jail
 * Included: Margrethe II of Denmark (rescued from Ineligible); Revolt of the Comuneros (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Harriet Quimby (5th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of the Seelow Heights (first appearance; 70th anniversary); Virginia Tech shooting (5th appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Wanganui Campaign (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

Checking list
I checked the lists and did some clean ups. Some of the articles were moved to the ineligible section. Mhhossein (talk) 07:25, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:46, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Indian Railways (maintenance); Ustaše (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Wanganui Campaign; Harriet Quimby; Battle of the Seelow Heights; Virginia Tech shooting
 * Included: Rush–Bagot Treaty (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Vladimir Lenin (8th appearance, last in 2014); Letter from Birmingham Jail (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Sinking of MV Sewol (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Revolt of the Comuneros (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:16, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Battle of the Seelow Heights (maintenance); Texas City disaster (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Rush–Bagot Treaty; Vladimir Lenin; Letter from Birmingham Jail; Sinking of MV Sewol
 * Included: Wanganui Campaign (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Second Battle of the Aisne (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Cold War (6th appearance, last in 2013; 70th anniversary); Virginia Tech shooting (6th appearance, last in 2015; 10th anniversary); Tabinshwehti (first appearance); Francisco Goya (first appearance); John Millington Synge (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Revolt of the Comuneros (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:47, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes (moved to April 15)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Bat Masterson (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Revolt of the Comuneros; Second Battle of the Aisne; Cold War; Virginia Tech shooting; Tabinshwehti; Francisco Goya; John Millington Synge
 * Included: Rush–Bagot Treaty (3rd appearance, last in 2016; 200th anniversary); Harriet Quimby (6th appearance, last in 2015); Vladimir Lenin (9th appearance, last in 2016); Sinking of MV Sewol (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Molly Brant (first appearance); Ponnambalam Ramanathan (first appearance); Khalil al-Wazir (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Wanganui Campaign (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2019
I've added the federal observance of Education and Sharing Day. per its page, it's on April 16 this year. Hydromania (talk) 08:35, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:45, 16 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Rush–Bagot Treaty; Wanganui Campaign (ineligible—maintenance); Harriet Quimby; Vladimir Lenin; Molly Brant; Ponnambalam Ramanathan
 * Included: Revolt of the Comuneros (6th appearance, last in 2017); District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Vilna offensive (3rd appearance, last in 2012; 100th anniversary); Cold War (7th appearance, last in 2017); John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (first appearance); Francisco Goya (2nd appearance, last in 2017)
 * Repeats: Sinking of MV Sewol (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Khalil al-Wazir (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:19, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Rush–Bagot Treaty (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): R. Carlos Nakai
 * Omitted: District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act; Vilna offensive; Cold War (ineligible—maintenance); John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke; Francisco Goya; Khalil al-Wazir
 * Included: Bernadette Soubirous (first appearance); Great Indian Peninsula Railway (first appearance; blurb previously featured Indian Railways, which is currently ineligible, and is making its 7th appearance, last in 2013); Letter from Birmingham Jail (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Fructuosus of Braga (first appearance); Harry Chauvel (first appearance); Joan Bakewell (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Revolt of the Comuneros (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total); Sinking of MV Sewol (3rd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:12, 20 April 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes (moved back from April 15); Gertrude Chandler Warner
 * Omitted: Bernadette Soubirous (ineligible—maintenance); Revolt of the Comuneros; Great Indian Peninsula Railway; Fructuosus of Braga; Harry Chauvel; Joan Bakewell
 * Included: Battle of Mount Tabor (1799) (first appearance); Whanganui campaign (5th appearance, last in 2018; rescued from Ineligible); Vladimir Lenin (10th appearance, last in 2018); Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg) (first appearance); John Millington Synge (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 150th birthday); Johnnie Lewis (first appearance; 75th birthday)
 * Repeats: Letter from Birmingham Jail (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); Sinking of MV Sewol (4th consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:05, 17 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Great Indian Peninsula Railway (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): OECD (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Mount Tabor (1799); Whanganui campaign; Vladimir Lenin; Sinking of MV Sewol; Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg); John Millington Synge; Johnnie Lewis
 * Included: Revolt of the Comuneros (8th appearance, last in 2020); District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Harriet Quimby (7th appearance, last in 2018); 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes (4th appearance, last in 2013); Tabinshwehti (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Farran Zerbe (first appearance); Johnny Peirson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Letter from Birmingham Jail (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)


text:
Irish Bulletin

The Irish Bulletin was the official gazette of the government of the Irish Republic. It was produced by the Department of Propaganda during the Irish War of Independence. and its offices were originally located at No. 6 Harcourt Street, Dublin. The paper's first editor was Desmond FitzGerald, until his arrest and replacement by Erskine Childers. The Bulletin appeared in weekly editions from 11 November 1919 to 11 July 1921.

Genesis
In April 1919, Terence MacSwiney proposed the establishment of a daily paper by the Dáil for the purpose of publicity. His suggestion was not implemented until November, when 'Desmond Fitzgerald decided that some form of printed counter-propaganda was vital to republican aims and to take advantage of the success of Sinn Féin and the increasing international interest in Ireland'. Fitzgerald succeeded Laurence Ginnell in the Ministry following the latter's arrest in April 1919, though he did not take up the position until July. At a Cabinet meeting held on 7 November, there was agreement that there should be "A scheme for daily news bulletin to foreign correspondents, weekly lists of atrocities; entertainment of friendly journalists approved, and £500 voted for expenses under Mr. Griffith's personal supervision." Four days later the Irish Bulletin made its début, in a run consisting of just thirty copies. Five issues of the bulletin were issued each week for the next two years, despite efforts by the British authorities to suppress it.

Personnel and contributors
In the early days, the paper was produced mainly by Frank Gallagher and Robert Brennan. Brennan, as Sinn Féin's Director of Publicity since April 1918, had played a leading role in that party's success in the 1918 General Election.

Following Fitzgerald's arrest in 1921, Erskine Childers was appointed Director of Propaganda taking charge of publicity and thus becoming the paper's new editor. On 9 May 1921, both Childers and Gallagher were arrested and taken to Dublin Castle. Following the intervention of 'Andy' Cope, both were released that night and 'went on the run'. The hasty release of the two led to speculation between Art O'Brien and Michael Collins that there was a rift developing between the British military authorities and the civil administration. Despite the arrests, the Bulletin 'continued to appear on schedule'. Alan J. Ellis, a journalist with the Cork Examiner made occasional contributions to the paper. Kathleen Napoli McKenna was 'a key force behind the daily news-sheet.

Content
In the early days, the Bulletin consisted mainly of lists of raids by the security forces and the arrests of suspects. In order to stimulate interest, this was expanded in 1921 at the behest of the Irish President in his direction to Childers to give more detailed accounts of events. Extracts from foreign publications, particularly sympathetic English papers, were frequently included. A regular feature was accounts from the Dáil Courts, which were reported in detail. The Bulletin was more graphic in its coverage of violence than was usual for its time. An example was its reporting on the deaths of two prominent Sinn Féin leaders, Henry and Patrick Loughnane, from Shanaglish, Gort, County Galway. The men had been handed over by the Royal Irish Constabulary to local members of the Auxiliary Division. On Dec 6th, the bodies were found in a pond. The skulls were battered in and the flesh was hanging loose on both bodies.The two men were evidently tied by the neck to a motor lorry and dragged after it until they were dead. Before the bodies were hidden in a pond an effort was made to burn them.

Counterfeit edition
On the night of 26–27 March 1921, the offices of the Irish Bulletin were discovered by the British authorities. Captured typewriters and duplicators were used to fabricate bogus issues of the paper. These were distributed to the usual subscribers using lists found at the office. Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck MP on receiving some of the counterfeit papers through the post, asked in the House that those responsible 'not (to) waste their money in sending me any more of their forgeries.' The initial efforts of the forgers, Captains Hugh Pollard and William Darling were of poor quality and easily identified as counterfeit.

title: Irish Bulletin


text:
Talk:Black pepper

Ethiopia can't be the world's largest producer of black pepper
According to this paper from 2020 – https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311932.2021.1915558 – chili pepper is the most commonly produced spice in Ethiopia, and «accounts for over 80% of total spice produced in the country». I think someone must have been mixing black pepper with chili pepper.
 * Chilis being 80% of Ethiopia's spice output does nothing to affect the fact (cited to the FAO, a worldwide UN agency) that Ethiopia is the world's largest producer of black pepper. Those figures are not talking about the same thing at all. oknazevad (talk) 14:20, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Cam you state any source pointing ethiopia as the largest producer of black pepper? Overcoookedthumb (talk) 06:38, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Traditional Chinese Medicine
— Assignment last updated by Sienasaint13 (talk) 23:53, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Heads up: Traditional Chinese Medicine often falls into the FRINGE medicine category, so you may encounter some strong opposition here with additions along that line. You may want to redirect your efforts into something more productive. GenQuest  "scribble" 01:03, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black pepper


text:
Ong Teng Cheong

Ong Teng Cheong (22 January 1936 – 8 February 2002) was a Singaporean statesman, architect and union leader who served as the fifth president of Singapore from 1993 to 1999. He was the first president to be directly elected in a popular vote in Singapore's history after winning the 1993 presidential election.

Prior to his presidency, he was a member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP). Ong served as Chairman of the PAP between 1981 and 1993, after Toh Chin Chye stepped down from the position in 1981. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kim Keat SMC between 1972 and 1991 and the Kim Keat division of Toa Payoh GRC between 1991 and 1993, when the constituency was absorbed into the GRC. His ministerial positions include Minister for Communications between 1978 and 1981, Minister for Labour between 1981 and 1983, and Deputy Prime Minister between 1985 and 1993.

During his tenure in Parliament, Ong was known for being the main advocate behind the construction of an extensive rail network in the country, known as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), the largest construction project in Singapore's history.

In 1993, Ong resigned from the PAP and his ministerial positions to contest in the 1993 presidential election, winning 58.7% of the vote. Ong was nicknamed the "People's President". He was sworn on 1 September 1993 as the fifth president of Singapore. He decided not to run for a second term as president in 1999, in part due to the death of his wife. He was succeeded by S. R. Nathan on 1 September 1999. Ong died in his sleep from lymphoma at his Dalvey Estate residence in Tanglin on 8 February 2002, at the age of 66.

Early life and education
Born to Ong Keng Wee and Chung Lai Heng on 22 January 1936 in Singapore, Ong was the second of five children from a middle-class family. His English-educated father Ong Keng Wee, felt that the Chinese language was important if one ever want to become successful in business at the time and thus sent all of his children to Chinese-medium schools.

Ong graduated with distinctions from The Chinese High School in 1955. Having received a Chinese-language education, Ong saw little opportunity for advancing his studies in the University of Malaya, as English was the university's language medium.

In 1956, with the help of his father's friends, Ong ventured abroad. Those years were to shape both his beliefs and passions. Ong studied architecture at the University of Adelaide along with his childhood sweetheart and future wife, Ling Siew May. Both Ong and Ling met each other during a Christmas party while they were still studying in secondary school.

In 1965, Ong received a Colombo Plan scholarship to pursue a master's degree in urban planning at the University of Liverpool and graduated in 1967.

Career
Upon graduation, Ong worked as an architect in Adelaide, Australia, and married Ling in 1963. Ong and his wife occasionally recite Chinese poetry and verses they learnt during their younger days.

In 1967, Ong joined the Ministry of National Development (MND) as a town planner. After four years of civil service, Ong resigned in 1971, and started his own architectural firm, Ong & Ong Architects & Town Planners, with his wife.

MP and Minister
Ong's political career spanned 21 years. He was a Member of Parliament (MP), Cabinet minister and Deputy Prime Minister, before he resigned to become the first elected President of Singapore in 1993.

Ong's political beginnings started when he got involved in the grassroots activities in Seletar and was then introduced to Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. The People's Action Party (PAP) subsequently fielded him as a PAP candidate contesting in Kim Keat SMC during the 1972 general election.

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)

His first political appointment came just three years later when he was appointed Senior Minister of State for Communications. At that time, he was notable for pushing for an extensive rail network in the country, now known as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), the largest construction project in Singapore's history. During his tenure as Minister for Communications, Ong continued to be a proponent and advocate of the MRT system, often coming at odds with his fellow political colleagues who were against such an idea. He was subsequently appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister in 1985.

The origins of the MRT was first derived from a forecast by the country's planners back in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992. However, opposition from the government on the feasibility of the MRT from prominent ministers, among them Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and Trade and Industry Minister Tony Tan, nearly shuttered the programme due to financial grounds and concerns of jobs saturation in the construction industry.

Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, Ong came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country. Ong was an architect and town planner by training and through his perseverance and dedication became the main figure behind the initial construction of the system. Ong and other pro-rail advocates eventually won the argument, with the MRT being given the go-ahead in May 1982.

Replacing Lim Chee Onn
In 1983, Ong succeeded Lim Chee Onn as Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). Historically, the non-communist trade unions, led by the NTUC, have had a "uniquely cosy relationship" with the PAP government in "a tripartite system" and were key political allies to the PAP's securing of power in the 1960s. Though in 1982, Lim Chee Onn, still the secretary-general, had "proclaimed effusive[ly]" that the "PAP and the NTUC came from the same mother—the struggle with the communists and the colonialists," the relations between the unions and the government had become more strained by the 1980s.

Older grassroots union leaders had been excluded from decisions in the top NTUC leadership, which, by the analysis of Michael Barr, had come to be dominated by de facto appointed PAP technocrats foreign to the grassroots labour movement. Lee Kuan Yew felt that Lim, although his "protégé", was not "progressing well" in the "process of meshing in the [elite] scholars and the professionals with the rank-and-file union leaders" in NTUC, causing "increasing disquiet" among the grassroots union leaders. Lim himself had been preceded by Devan Nair, founder of the NTUC and a well-known democratic socialist member of the PAP's Old Guards, and Phey Yew Kok, a powerful union leader who was instrumental in convincing Chinese unions to join the NTUC during the 1970s, but had been forced to resign in 1980 and fled the country in a corruption scandal.

However, the leadership style of Lim and other newer top NTUC leaders had increasingly alienated elements of the union grassroots. The United Workers of Petroleum Industry (UWPI) and NTUC Triennal Delegates' Conference publicly opposed the government's attempts to make house unions the norm, to the political chagrin of Lee Kuan Yew.

In an open letter, Lee Kuan Yew informed Lim that he would leave the NTUC to "take charge of a Government ministry" and that "Ong Teng Cheong [will] take over from you as secretary general".

According to Barr, though the position of Secretary-General is "routinely occupied by members of Cabinet", Ong "stood out": Ong was Minister for Labor, Chairman of the PAP and "regarded as a potential successor to Lee Kuan Yew".

Implicit pact with unions
Ong made many grounds in repairing the strained relationship between the unions and the government where Lim had failed. After a few months as secretary-general, "he confronted the rebellious leadership of UWPI" where "they quickly reversed their opposition to house unions", and in 1985 the Triennial Delegates Conference endorsed the government's push for house unions. Barr writes, "Ong had a mastery of institutional power".

Although striking was prohibited and trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that "accounted for most earlier labour disputes", the government generally provided measures for workers' safety and welfare since the 1960s and serious union disputes, with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both binding arbitration and voluntary mediation. However, the grassroots leaders in the unions had become increasingly worried about their marginalisation in Singapore politics. Peter Vincent, President of the NTUC from 1980 to 1984, stated that PAP technocrats should "remain in advisory positions [in the NTUC] until they have gained the respect of the union movement". In response, Ong "increased the levels of consultation with his colleagues in the NTUC" and "reversed the trend of excluding grassroots leaders from the upper reaches of the NTUC".

Ong was also a ferocious union activist, "working actively and forcefully in the interests of the unions in a way that Lim had never seen to do" and "stretch[ing] union activism to the very limits of that which would be tolerated by the government"; Barr argues that this activism would have been impossible to tolerate had anyone else less trusted than Ong had been charge of the NTUC. In the implicit pact, the unions would, in return, co-operate with the "government's core industrial relations strategies".

In January 1986, Ong sanctioned a strike in the shipping industry, the first for about a decade in Singapore, believing it was necessary as "[the] management were taking advantage of the workers". However, he did not inform the Cabinet beforehand out of fear that the Cabinet would prevent him from going ahead with the strike. Ong recalled in a 2000 interview in Asiaweek: "Some of them were angry with me about that... the Minister for Trade and Industry was very angry, his officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?" Minister for Trade and Industry Tony Tan, vigorously opposed Ong Teng Cheong's decision to sanction the strike, being concerned with investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations or an impact on foreign direct investment needed for jobs creation. Ong Teng Cheong viewed the strike as a success: "I had the job to do... [the strike] only lasted two days. All the issues were settled. It showed the management was just trying to pull a fast one."

According to Barr, Ong justified his commitment "in Confucian terms" in a "notion akin to noblesse oblige".

Demonstration at the United States Embassy
As Secretary-General of the NTUC, Ong also organised a 4,000-strong demonstration at the United States Embassy in protest against the United States First Secretary E. Mason Hendrickson's encouragement of dissident lawyers to stand for election against the PAP.

Presidency
Ong became Singapore's first elected president in 1993 and was ex officio appointed Chancellor of the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University.

Ong's presidency was marked by many charitable projects—the largest of which is the President's Star Charity, an annual event initiated by Ong. It has benefited many charities, arts groups and youth organisations. He famously stepped up on stage to perform a piano recital of Teresa Teng's famous song The Moon Represents My Heart in his final year as President with Mediacorp artistes Evelyn Tan and Kym Ng singing to the tune. Ong stepped down as president at the age of 63.

Ong ran for the presidency under the PAP's endorsement. He ran against Chua Kim Yeow, former Accountant-General, for the office. A total of 1,756,517 votes were polled. Ong received 952,513 votes while Chua had 670,358 votes despite the former having a higher public exposure and a much more active campaign than Chua. However, soon after his election to the presidency in 1993, Ong was tangled in a dispute over the access of information regarding Singapore's financial reserves. The government said it would take 56-man-years to produce a dollar-and-cents value of the immovable assets. Ong discussed this with the accountant-general and the auditor-general and eventually conceded that the government could easily declare all of its properties, a list that took a few months to produce. Even then, the list was not complete; it took the government a total of three years to produce the information that Ong requested.

In an interview with Asiaweek six months after stepping down from the presidency, Ong indicated that he had asked for the audit based on the principle that as an elected president, he was bound to protect the national reserves, and the only way of doing so would be to know what reserves—both liquid cash and assets—the government owned.

In the last year of his presidency, Ong found out, through the newspapers, that the government aimed to submit a bill to Parliament to sell the Post Office Savings Bank to The Development Bank of Singapore Limited. The POSB was a government statutory board whose reserves were under the president's protection; the move according to Ong, was procedurally inappropriate and did not regard Ong's significance as the guardian of the reserves; he had to call and inform the government of this oversight. Still, the sale proceeded, and The Development Bank of Singapore Limited still owns the Post Office Savings Bank.

Ong was appointed as Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1998.

Ong decided not to run for a second term as president in 1999 partially because of the illness and subsequent death of his wife. He was succeeded by S. R. Nathan. In his farewell speech on 30 August 1999, he stated

Having a good government is better than having a good President to check on a bad government. Singaporeans are fortunate to have a clean and able government for the last 35 years.

Death
Ong died in his sleep from lymphoma on 8 February 2002, at the age of 66, at his residence in Dalvey Estate at Tanglin at about 8:14pm Singapore Standard Time (UTC+08:00) after he had been discharged from hospital a few days earlier.

Prior to his death, Ong had asked to be cremated and for the ashes to be placed at Mandai Columbarium with those of ordinary citizens instead of Kranji State Cemetery, where late dignitaries are usually buried. Despite being a former President, Ong was given a "state-assisted funeral", but not an actual state funeral. In a reply to Leong Sze Hian by the Prime Minister's Press Secretary, Chen Hwai Liang said that the decision to offer a state funeral lies with the prime minister and his Cabinet, after which they would take the family's wishes into consideration.

As a mark of respect, state flags at all government buildings were flown at half-mast, including the Istana, on 11 February instead of on 12 February, the day of Ong's funeral, to avoid state flags being flown at half-mast on the first day of Chinese New Year.

Legacy
Ong was also known as "The People's President", as he was the first president to be directly elected by Singaporeans.

 * The Ong Teng Cheong Professorship in Music was launched by National University of Singapore on 2 October 2002.

 * The Ong Teng Cheong Student Activities and Leadership Training Centre was opened in his alma mater Hwa Chong Institution on 21 March 2007.

 * The Singapore Institute of Labour Studies, which opened in 1990, was renamed the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies in March 2002. It was later renamed as the Ong Teng Cheong Labour Leadership Institute.

 * In August 2017, a mountain located in south eastern Kazakhstan near the Kyrgyz border, was named Ong Teng Cheong peak.
 * Two of his autobiographies have been published. The first book, Route to Istana was published a year after being President in 1994 written in Chinese. The second book named: Ong Teng Cheong: Planner, Politician, President was published in 2005 after his death.

title: Ong Teng Cheong


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Meru Betiri National Park

Meru Betiri National Park is a national park in the province of East Java, Indonesia, extending over an area of 580 km2 of which a small part is marine (8.45 km2). The beaches of the park provide nesting grounds for endangered turtle species such as leatherback turtles, hawksbill turtles, green turtles, and olive ridley turtles.

Geography and climate
Meru Betiri National Park has a varied topography reaching from a plain coast to highlands with an altitude of almost 1200 m. The tallest mountains within the park are Mount Gamping (538 m), Mount Butak (609 m), Mount Sukamade Atas (801 m), Mount Gendong (840 m asl), Mount Mandilis (844 m) and Mount Betiri (1,192 m). The topography along the coast is generally hilly to mountainous. There are only a few sandy plain coasts, most of them located in the west, such as Rajegwesi Beach, Sukamade Beach, Permisan Beach, Meru Beach, and Bandealit Beach. Some rivers across Meru Betiri NP are the Sukamade River, a perennial river, the Permisan River, the Meru River, and the Sekar Pisang River which flows to the South coast.

The Meru Betiri area is influenced by monsoon wind. From November to March, the westerly wind brings rainfall to the area, whereas the dry season occurs from April to October. The average annual rainfall is between 2300 and 4000 mm, with 4 dry months and 7 wet months on average.

Vegetation
As a result of its diverse topography, Meru Betiri NP contains five distinct vegetation types:
 * Coastal vegetation is found around Sukamade Bay and Meru Bay. This vegetation includes the Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Terminalia catappa, and Pandanus tectorius.
 * Mangrove vegetation is found on the eastern side of Rajegwesi Bay as the outlet of Lembu and Karang Tambak Rivers, Meru Bay, and Sukamade Coast. The dominant vegetations are Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Bruguiera. At the outlet of the Sukamade River, there is Nypa fruticans.
 * Swamp vegetation is found at the back of the mangrove forest of Sukamade. Some tree species here are Manilkara kauki, Gluta renghas, Alstonia scholaris, and Sterculia foetida.
 * Lowland tropical rain forest, including among others tree species of Pterospermum, Tetrameles nudiflora, Ficus variegata, Diospyros cauliflora, Aglaia variegata, Dracontomelon mangiferum, Bischofia javanica, Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, Pseudobombax septenatum, Litsea, and Plectocomia elongata.
 * Rheophytic vegetation is found in the wetland areas, such as at the Sukamade area. The dominant vegetation species here is the Saccharum spontaneum.

The rare parasitic plant Rafflesia zollingeriana was rediscovered in Meru Betiri NP.

Fauna
The park provides habitat for many other protected animals, including 29 species of mammal and 180 species of bird. Among them are the banteng, Javan leopard, wild boar, long-tailed macaque, Sumatran dhole, Javanese flying squirrel, leopard cat, Javan muntjac, and green peafowl. The beaches of the park provide a nesting ground for leatherback turtles, hawksbill turtles, green turtles, and olive ridley turtles.

Meru Betiri National Park is known as the last habitat of the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) which is now considered extinct, with the last sighting having been recorded in 1976. Due to research in 1997, tiger paw prints at a size of 26 – were found, so the Forestry Ministry agreed to monitor the existence of the Javanese tiger with a camera trap in 2011.

Conservation
The Meru Betiri Forest area was first appointed as a protected forest by the Dutch Colonial Government in 1931. In 1972 the Meru Betiri Protected Forest (500 km2) was appointed as a wildlife sanctuary, prioritized for protecting the habitat of the then endangered Javan tiger. In 1982 the sanctuary was expanded to its current extent of 580 km2 including a marine area of 845 ha. In 1982 the sanctuary was declared a National Park, which finally was designated as such in 1997.

title: Meru Betiri National Park


text:
User talk:112192

Hello, welcome to my page. I will start by informing you of an interesting fact. A human on average sheds 63 litres of tears a lifetime.

title: User talk:112192


text:
Talk:Har Gobind Khorana

Change British India to India
Enough of this western authorship of "British India". There is only one India. Please support and maintain this change to just mention India, and not British India. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Softwrite (talk • contribs) 14:27, 9 January 2018 (UTC) There is no place for your emotions, keep the facts straight, he was born in British India as opposed to independent partitions. His birth place has to go back to British India. 156.75.247.2 (talk) 16:54, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

This Wikipedia article "Presidencies and provinces of British India" also confirms the name was "British India" at the time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rodb56 (talk • contribs) 17:05, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Also see this article, including the British India section. Prior to 1947, it was British India. British Raj

 * Do we need to refer to it as British India in this article? I don't know. Peter K Burian (talk) 23:05, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * He never held Indian nationality. He moved to the UK before Indian independence, and when he returned to the Indian Subcontinent in 1949, he went to Pakistan to look for work, not India. He then left again for the West. He was thus never actually a national of either the Dominion or Republic of India. It’s not even clear he ever stepped foot in any part of what is modern day India. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1012:B01E:3213:F0FD:A96:FB8A:AED6 (talk) 05:24, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
He is Indian and we are proud to be Indian. Please stop changing history. (He was born in India he has a birth certificate from India not Pakistan)     — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.81.192.182 (talk) 01:50, 30 January 2012 (UTC) He was born prior to the partition.

Dr Khorana was an Indian national who became a US citizen by naturalization. My father MK Roy was a diplomat with the Indian Embassy in Stockholm at the time and was asked by the Government of India to host him during his Nobel Prize visit, which he did. Dr Khorana was keen to tell my father he had not wished to give up Indian nationality but had done so reluctantly after facing too many trials and tribulations in India trying to do his research. A photo with my father in Stockholm during his prize visit is placed here at Twitter today https://twitter.com/subyroy/status/950675873992097792 Drsubrotoroy (talk) 13:08, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Please note that photo with Indians, do no make anyone Indian. You may seen many Indian actors and politicians pictures with many people from difference origin. However, reading the article itself.... it is mentioned in "personal life" that he studied in Multan, Pakistan and after Ph.D came back to Pakistan and remain there until 1949 and then returned to England as he was unable to find a job. By the way, his contribution was for whole of humanity therefore, Pakistani or falsely Indian origin doesn't make any difference. Pakistani are also proud that they have marvelous neighbors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ali aff (talk • contribs) 21:09, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
i just wanted to say hi so hi guys!!!!!!! peace out 2018-9-jan!!!!!!!!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.123.51.82 (talk) 17:37, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

The University of Wisconsin generally enjoys the support of Wisconsin's citizens and state legislature, but of course there are exceptions, and in the late sixties, during the era of radicalism and student protest, some conservative legislators frequently sniped at the University. Favorite targets were professors who appeared to be frittering away their time on silly research instead of doing what the legislators felt they were paid to do, namely teaching.

Some months after Khorana won the Nobel prize, one state legislator was on a tear, fulminating about "university employees who earn more than the Governor." I wish I could remember which legislator it was. Gordon Roseleip was always going after the University, but I believe it was someone else. Anyway, on television, he sounded off and said, and this is as close to a verbatim quote as three-decade-old-memory permits, "Look at these people! I don't know who they are. For example, who ever heard of this 'Har Gobind Khorana' fellow? What does he do that makes him worth more than the Governor?" Dpbsmith 00:43, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Moved the page from Gobind Khorana to Har Gobind Khorana. The latter gives 1670 Google hits. The former name seems to be exclusive for Wikipedia and related sites only.

Here are some more Google results:

 * "h. gobind khorana" - 766
 * "hargobind khorana" - 169
 * "hargobind khurana" - 121

These will be made redirects sooner or later. Jay 21:20, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Raipur
This article says he was born in Raipur, Pakistan. But the link goes to a Raipur in India. Two other Wikipedia articles say India. The Nobel Prize site says Pakistan. Brutannica 04:37, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've corrected it link to Raipur, Pakistan. Which are the other two wikipedia articles? Jay (talk) 09:36, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Continuing Vandalism by 72.64.122.196
The person 72.64.122.196 is continuing to vandalize the page by insisting on changing the name of Dr Khorana (adding a "Singh") and so on. DaveBorman 22:54, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Government College
There is some confusion regarding where he studied for his B Sc degree. He actually studied at Government College Lahore. In those days, it was a college affiliated with University of Punjab. That is, the students graduating from the college got a PU degree. As of 2002, Government College Lahore it self has become an autonomous university by the name of 'GC University, Lahore'. Since, GC itself is prestigious institution, this information MUST be included in this article.

Death
The NY Times, Washington Post and other news surces report that H. Gobind Khoran has died on Nov 9th at the age of 89. See: http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/h-gobind-khorana-biochemist-and-nobel-prize-winner-dies/2011/11/11/gIQAe4rIDN_story.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.41.166.9 (talk) 17:14, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Oddly, any and all mention of Dr. H.G. Khorana's death seems to be omitted from the currently available Wikipedia article about him. I intend to insert the date of his passing in the parentheses which currently contain his date of birth, in the opening sentence of the article. Elysium0820 (talk) 12:32, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

...but the vandalism protection on this article prevents me from inserting his date of death, which, regrettably, will mislead readers into assuming Dr. H.G. Khorana is still living:( Elysium0820 (talk) 12:38, 9 Jan0uary 2018 (UTC)

 * I added a section on his death today. Peter K. Burian

Khorana would have known there is no "natural causes" of death
Shocking to read such faulty descriptions of the cause of death here, and in the news; especially in the case of this biochemist! Please, he died of cancer or something else specific. Don't insult the man by resorting to unscientific garbage statements like "natural causes". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.85.14.106 (talk) 11:05, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * "Natural causes" is a commonly-accepted definition for death due to illness, and is typically used by those responsible for recording cause of death - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes 216.68.184.194 (talk) 12:26, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Nationality
The overview saying "pakistani-born" is not quite correct, there was Pakistan at this time. Explaining all of that would seem a bit excessive in the lead, so I am removing everything that would invite discussions over nationality from the lead. Richiez (talk) 11:35, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Who gave you the right to do that sir? He was born in Pakistan, got his schooling, bachelors and masters from Pakistan. You can check the nobelprize.org website for an official history. Please stop changing facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.129.251.17 (talk) 16:19, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

 * He left the region well before the Pakistan/India split. The main text seems to have the known facts correctly and in better detail, no need to give oversimplified view in the lead. I was searching if he ever declared himself Pakistani or Indian nationality but could not find anything - do you have some source? - Richiez (talk) 21:31, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

As i understand that he has left well before the partition of India and Pakistan. He was born in Lahore, now turned Pakistan. Before the split of these two countries, they remain as one nation, known as India. Should we say that he was born in India? My this question should not be treated as the matter of discussions please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.212.251.189 (talk) 11:04, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I noted that this was Pre-Partition India.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   14:55, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

Before Independence British ruled parts in both India and Pakistan are called British India. Winnan Tirunallur (talk) 13:02, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

From the article itself..... he was in Pakistan until 1949 (i.e. after partition), meaning when he had choice he opted to remain in Pakistan rather than migrating to remainder of British-India — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ali aff (talk • contribs) 21:16, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

IF this article wants to be historically correct and accurate, it should mention his residence and place of birth as either "British India" (factually correct) or "Pakistan" (geographically correct). He was born in the vicinity of what is modern day Pakistan, and he kept a connection with that part of the world well into the late 1940s, which is after the partition took place. He went to high school in Multan and did his undergraduate studies in Lahore. Both places are not some shanty villages, but actual major metropolises throughout Pakistan's history to this day. I don't understand why modern day India has any connection to this person, when he was clearly never within India's boundaries from the moment he was born to the moment he left for the United States. Nothing against modern day India, but this article should be uniform. Either call him and his place of residence "British Indian" throughout the article or simply "Pakistani". 128.230.163.91 (talk) 03:36, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I am Canadian and have no bias at all, although I have visited India and not Pakistan. In Toronto, I have worked with many nice folks from both countries.
 * Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent homeland for Indian Muslims.
 * Anything before 1947 in this article was really part of India at that time, and sure, British India. Yes, it is all now in Pakistan. Since this article, like most biographies is organised in chronological order, not geographic, the fact is that his early years were spent in India. But honestly, I don't see any emphasis on that at all.
 * For example, the The link to Lahore does lead to an article about the city of Pakistan, since that is where it is located. As does the link to the University of the Punjab, previously in India but in Pakistan now.
 * So, I agree, call it British India when we do refer to India pre-1947. Peter K Burian (talk) 03:56, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Someone had already made the edit: Har Gobind Khorana was born to Indian parents Shrimati Krishna Krishna Devi Khorana and Shri Ganpat Rai Khorana in Raipur, a village in Punjab, British Occupied India at the time, which later became Pakistan.[9][10] That seems fine to me.

The version at this moment appears fair to both India and Pakistan and it will all make sense to the reader who is not familiar with the history of the area (especially 1947 on). Of course, I don't know if this version will stand or whether it will continue to be revised re: India and Pakistan. Peter K Burian (talk) 04:10, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Not the first to synthesize oligonucleotides
Im pretty sure that Sir Alexander Todd was the first to chemically synthesize a thymidine dimer using the "phosphotriester method" in 1955 ref (Michelson, A.M. & Todd, A.R. Nucleotides. XXXII. Synthesis of a dithymidine dinucleotide containing a 3',5'-internucleotidic linkage. Journal of the Chemical Society, 2632-8 (1955).)

Khorana did work with Todd in 1953, and published a paper, but it was not on the synthesis of nucleotides, but rather on pyrophoaphate synthesis.

He then later, in his own group, published a paper in 1958 regarding the synthesis and study of a thymidine dimer Ref(Gilham, P.T. & Khorana, H.G. Studies on Polynucleotides. I. A New and General Method for the Chemical Synthesis of the C5′-C3′ Internucleotidic Linkage. Syntheses of Deoxyribo-dinucleotides1. Journal of the American Chemical Society 80, 6212-6222 (1958).)

 * Here is what the Nobel Committee says: https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html

Solving the Rest of the Puzzle Har Gobind Khorana, at the University of Wisconsin, devised precise and intricate biochemical methods to produce well-defined nucleic acids, long strands of RNA with every nucleotide in exact position. The first one he made was a strand repeating the two nucleotides UCUCUC. This translated into a strand of amino acids, reading serine-leucine-serine-leucine... Synthetic RNA were later used to decipher the rest of the genetic code. Peter K Burian (talk) 19:03, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

What happened to this man in the missing 30 years?
The article says he was born in 1922, but then suddenly he disappears for 30 years until he reappears when joining the faculty of University of British Columbia in 1952. That's a huge gap that needs filling. Where did he go to school and university etc? Moriori (talk) 19:56, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * If you read the article now, you should not find huge gaps. I added a lot of content, now fully cited. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
In Section Research work, please change opening sentence "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units..." to "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with two repeating units..." Thanks 124.168.121.77 (talk) 01:33, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: from the article it doesn't look like three is necessarily incorrect, and the source provided is a bit too technical for my expertise. Could you highlight in the source (or provide a different source) which supports the change you want to make? Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * And from an scientific article:

Dr Khorana had shown that a ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids.
 * http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/nobel-prizes/the-role-of-the-genetic-code-protein-synthesis/ But all of this is beyond my scope too due to its complexity.

Peter K Burian (talk) 19:07, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
His son's name was Dave, not Davel. From the link listed already: http://news.mit.edu/2011/obit-khorana-1110 2600:6C50:417F:D887:2D04:6510:9ACA:4F05 (talk) 06:27, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:51, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree; the article now shows his name as Dave. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:21, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
His name in Punjabi is ਹਰ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਖੁਰਾਨਾ 70.16.208.64 (talk) 10:48, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:52, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
103.206.105.134 (talk) 11:10, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

veeranjaneyulu and ramanjaneyulu

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Needs Update to Clearly Reflect Subject's Death in 2011
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/us/h-gobind-khorana-1968-nobel-winner-for-rna-research-dies.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8892230/H-Gobind-Khorana.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/h-gobind-khorana-biochemist-and-nobel-prize-winner-dies/2011/11/11/gIQAe4rIDN_story.html?utm_term=.8df04282077e

https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/31398/title/Har-Gobind-Khorana-Dies-at-89/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:186:202:348:7987:6B4E:3DE4:3194 (talk) 12:40, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I updated Personal Life about his death and family. What more information is needed?? Peter K Burian (talk) 18:43, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
Where the article talks about his marriage, a chunk of the text is almost a direct quote from Dr. Khorana's writing and should be attributed. From Wikipedia article: "Har Gobind Khorana was married in 1952 to Esther Elizabeth Sibler, who is of Swiss origin. Esther brought a consistent sense of purpose into his life at a time when, after six years' absence from the country of his birth, Khorana felt out of place everywhere and at home nowhere."

The quote is quoted in the followng NYT article, though they don't have a specific reference for it: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/us/h-gobind-khorana-1968-nobel-winner-for-rna-research-dies.html 170.140.182.106 (talk) 14:18, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Corrected. See my Talk topic about content copied from other sources. I have deleted all of that and replaced it with facts, fully-cited from reliable sources. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:22, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018 - Typo in Research Work
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for serine and CUC codes for leucine.

--->

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with two repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for serine and CUC codes for leucine.

Auckerman (talk) 15:10, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * From a scientific article.

Dr Khorana had shown that a ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/nobel-prizes/the-role-of-the-genetic-code-protein-synthesis/ Content such as that should be quoted when requesting a revision, IMHO. But all of this is beyond my scope too due to its complexity. Peter K Burian (talk) 19:14, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply! In the context of the source article,

''Independently, Dr Khorana had shown that a ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for Serine and CUC codes for Leucine. He also showed that RNAs with three repeating units (UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different strings of amino acids. RNAs with four repeating units including UAG, UAA, or UGA, produced only dipeptides and tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA and UGA are stop codons.''

The first "three" is clearly a typo and should read "two". UC is two units, UAC is three. I am admittedly new to wikipedia, but it seems that if there's a typo in the source material it should be okay for the article not to reflect that.

Here http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-definition/Har_Gobind_Khorana/ is a source with "two" in the correct place:

''RNAs with two repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment showed that UCU codes for Ser and CUC for Leu.''

Auckerman (talk) 15:16, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
Under "Born" information, Raipur should be categorized as Pakistan. This town of Raipur, is part of pre-partition Indian subcontinent (when Pakistan and India were one) but after partition once India and Pakistan were separate countries it has never been an Indian town but Pakistani, India did not exist as a independent country before partition in 1947. The Indian Raipur is a city in Raipur district, the erstwhile capital city of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh

"Born	January 9, 1922 Raipur, Punjab, India" Shockchaudry (talk) 15:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree. From the current version of the article, fully cited: During a brief period in 1949, he was unable to find a job in his home province of the Punjab, which was by then part of Pakistan. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
In Residence section, Mr Khorana is listed having lived in India, United Kingdom and United States. However, Mr Khorana also lived in Switzerland and Canada. These two countries should be added. Kevlangdo (talk) 16:12, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The personal life section DOES cover Canada and Switzerland; unfortunately, nearly that entire section is copied from a book, Physiology Or Medicine, 1963-1970

edited by Jan Lindsten https://books.google.ca/books?id=O5jQ-GRTvPUC&pg=PA370&lpg=PA370&dq=mahan+singh+professor+researcher+Punjab+university&source=bl&ots=vXbrdAsnTG&sig=hrmK6ZPr8wMcH4Q5rHdqtCBFrqw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcnPChp8vYAhVY1GMKHZTcABUQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=mahan%20singh%20professor%20researcher%20Punjab%20university&f=false Peter K Burian (talk) 16:40, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I deleted content that had been copied from a book. The current content includes facts, all fully cited. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:39, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Too much of the article is copied from a book
Much of the Personal Life is copied from this book: Physiology Or Medicine, 1963-1970 edited by Jan Lindsten

See https://books.google.ca/books?id=O5jQ-GRTvPUC&pg=PA370&lpg=PA370&dq=mahan+singh+professor+researcher+Punjab+university&source=bl&ots=vXbrdAsnTG&sig=hrmK6ZPr8wMcH4Q5rHdqtCBFrqw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcnPChp8vYAhVY1GMKHZTcABUQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=mahan%20singh%20professor%20researcher%20Punjab%20university&f=false

I am trying to paraphrase content to minimize the problem but SO much of that section is directly from the book, that I don't know how to proceed. Peter K Burian (talk) 16:45, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Here is a useful article that could be used when paraphrasing the content about his life. (NOT copying the article) https://www.vox.com/2018/1/9/16862980/google-doodle-har-gobind-khorana-genetics-dna Peter K Burian (talk) 16:58, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Problem solved, for the most part. I deleted most of the content that had been copied from the book and added facts that are now fully cited from sources such as MIT and obituaries in major news media. Peter K Burian (talk) 17:41, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
Birth place was in "British India" and not Pakistan( no such country existed back then ) 156.75.247.2 (talk) 16:46, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Agreed;

From the Personal Life section (fully cited): During a brief period in 1949, he was unable to find a job in his home province of the Punjab, which was by then part of Pakistan. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:41, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

google image
in the end of "awards and honors" there is a mention of the google image "ee-letter The illustration depicted his use of thrcombinations to represent the four chemical bases found in RNA" this is not accurate. The image depicts his discovery that three letters of RNA code for each amino acid. source: https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/genetic-code-13 Es2241 (talk) 16:48, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * OK, then revise a few words of the article to specify the correct information.

The article should state instead: "The image depicts three letter RNA codons to represent his work deciphering the code of RNA and determining which three-letter codon matches which amino acid". source: https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/genetic-code-13  (I can not make this change myself because the page is locked.  someone else has to update this for me)  Es2241 (talk) 18:06, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * There are two previous requests for revision (Talk topics) that discuss the accuracy of the RNA statement. Have you read those? Peter K Burian (talk) 19:16, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
How is it possible that he apparently studied for and received a Phd. from U. Liverpool during 1945-48 while (at the same time?) studying for and receiving an MS from U. Punjab? Please clarify the timing. 100.2.184.28 (talk) 16:51, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The article was wrong; he got his only Phd. in the UK. The article is correct now.

Khorana attended high school in the nearby city of Multan before enrolling in Punjab University, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1943 and master’s in 1945, both in chemistry and biochemistry. Upon graduating, he received a fellowship from the Indian government to study at the University of Liverpool in the U.K., where he received his PhD in 1948. http://news.mit.edu/2011/obit-khorana-1110 Peter K Burian (talk) 17:24, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Possible reference for some missing details
I am adding this to the talk page to save and share what looks like a good source for some of the missing details of Har Gobind Khorana and/or his family. It will take me some time to process and assess the information for inclusion in the Wikipedia article.

The three part article published in India Abroad a newspaper based in New York City. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Abroad

Part I:  Dr Khorana, 'Nobel laureate and one of science's immortals' Part II: Dr Khorana: 'Considerate, most remarkable man' Part III: Dr Khorana: 'A loving father, a caring mentor'

This URL jumps to part III because they added links in part III that jump to parts I and II.

http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-dr-khorana-a-loving-father-a-caring-mentor/20111128.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rodb56 (talk • contribs) 17:40, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
Place of residency should include Pakistan since he was born there. Miyunus (talk) 17:42, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * No, he was not born in Pakistan. See these sentences from the Personal Life section, all with citations:

Khorana lived in India until 1945, ... During a brief period in 1949, he was unable to find a job in his home province of the Punjab, which was by then part of Pakistan. Peter K Burian (talk) 18:38, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2018
Khorna should be changed to Khorana 24.80.226.255 (talk) 18:06, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes. "Har Gobind Khorana" is the correct spelling. Is there a mistake somewhere in the article? https://www.vox.com/2018/1/9/16862980/google-doodle-har-gobind-khorana-genetics-dna

Peter K Burian (talk) 18:19, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. — MRD2014 Talk 00:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Raipur WAS in India but now, it is Raipur, Pakistan
Someone keeps changing this but the heading above is correct. See the Raipur, Pakistan article, for example.

AND this book, which confirms that by 1949, the town was in Pakistan. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic https://books.google.ca/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA653&dq=early+life+har+gobind+khorana&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNreuXt8vYAhVOxGMKHW7dB10Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=early%20life%20har%20gobind%20khorana&f=false

AND this book Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh https://books.google.ca/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&pg=PA890&dq=Raipur+originally+in+India+and+now+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew7Tp9MvYAhVB6GMKHad_CHUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Raipur%20originally%20in%20India%20and%20now%20Pakistan&f=false

AND this book Encyclopedia of World Scientists https://books.google.ca/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA396&dq=Raipur+originally+in+India+and+now+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew7Tp9MvYAhVB6GMKHad_CHUQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=Raipur%20originally%20in%20India%20and%20now%20Pakistan&f=false Peter K Burian (talk) 22:18, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

HELP, fix coding re Birth Place
I don't know how this problem suddenly occurred in the infobox

Born	January Expression error: Missing operand for *., 1922Expression error: Unexpected > operator Raipur, British India, Punjab, British India

I hope someone can fix it. He was born in Raipur which was then in British India, but by 1949 was part of Pakistan. See Raipur, Pakistan.

I assume that there is some debate about the India/Pakistan aspect but as the previous Talk item indicates, major sources confirm it was in India and then became part of Pakistan.

In any event, at the time of his birth it was part of India. Peter K Burian (talk) 22:33, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It was subsequently fixed by 71.202.235.29. Thanks, Peter K Burian (talk) 22:35, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

There is still vandalism to this article! Needs protection
We have seen a few issues of vandalism this afternoon, such as this one indicating Iran. In spite of being semi-protected.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Har_Gobind_Khorana&diff=next&oldid=819532939

And this one. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Har_Gobind_Khorana&diff=next&oldid=819531319

So this article definitely needs some protection. @User:Ivanvector, was the protection removed? How can those users be making changes?

Peter K Burian (talk) 22:58, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please protect this article. It has been repeatedly vandalized today owing to the Google Doodle, such as this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Har_Gobind_Khorana&oldid=819558437

tetralophodon

Google's Doodle under "Awards and honors" heading
Can Google's birthday Doodle be considered as an award or honor? As per this Google's url a Doodle is written by a team of engineers and illustrators within Google. They may get ideas from Google's users on the net too. As per the Doodle's page the purpose is to celebrate not to honor. It is not a formal body to honor or award anyone, like for example organisations like Nobel foundation. Further, Google creates doodles for birthday of hip hop music or anniversary of a flower or Google's own birthday. Clearly Google wants to celebrate its birthday and not to honor itself with a doodle. A news reporter reporting doodle honoring Khorana (referred in the page) does not appear to be a valid reason to list this under "Awards and honors" heading here. Can we say "Google's engineers/doodlers awarded Albert Einstein with a doodle"? Can we edit Wiki page on Albert Einstein to add this line along with Nobel prize and Max Planck Medal? At best this can serve as an honor and an advertisement for Doodle itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ganesh H Shankar (talk • contribs) 16:29, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the above rationale. It is an honour to be the featured person in the worldwide Google network! AND the honour was reported by the major news media: TIME, CNN, USA Today, National Public Radio, Newsweek, and numerous others.

See https://www.google.ca/search?source=hp&ei=fcZYWobqMJTQjwOEs57QCA&q=Har+Gobind+Khorana+google+doodle&oq=Har+Gobind+Khorana+google+doodle&gs_l=psy-ab.3..35i39k1.2993.6914.0.7687.18.13.0.0.0.0.492.1780.0j9j4-1.11.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..7.11.2521.6..0.741.hKO4dBZ6ZaU Peter K Burian (talk) 14:32, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * This was the GOOGLE comment about him. People worldwide now know of his achievements. That is an honour whether the content was written by engineers or not!

Today’s Doodle celebrates Har Gobind Khorana, an Indian-American biochemist whose passion for science started under a tree in the small village of Raipur, India, and grew into Nobel Prize-winning research on nucleotides and genes.

Dr. Khorana was born in 1922 as the youngest of five children. His father instilled the importance of learning by helping his children to read and write, which wasn’t common for villagers at the time. Scholarships helped propel the budding scientist through his scholastic journey, obtaining his doctorate in organic chemistry in 1948.

Dr. Khorana conducted research at universities in England, Switzerland, and Canada, and it was at the University of Wisconsin that he and two fellow researchers received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968. Together, they discovered that the order of nucleotides in our DNA determines which amino acids are built. These amino acids form proteins, which carry out essential cell functions.

His accomplishments didn’t stop there. Fewer than five years later, Dr. Khorana made a second scientific breakthrough when he constructed the first synthetic gene. He received a host of awards during his lifetime, including the National Medal of Science.

Bangalore-based illustrator Rohan Dahotre drew today’s Doodle, which celebrates Dr. Khorana’s pioneering work in understanding our DNA. https://www.google.com/doodles/har-gobind-khoranas-96th-birthday Peter K Burian (talk) 14:34, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Yes, "celebrates" is the more appropriate word because that is what Doodle is all about according to Google itself. Thanks to Doodle more people are now aware of Khorana's achievements. However, the point is it important to differentiate between "celebration" and "award/honor". Note worthy awards and honors are often peer reviewed by experts in the concerned field before it is bestowed. News reports using the word "honor" in the context of a Doodle is not the correct characterisation of what a Doodle actually is.

I think it is important we take a stand on this before we start listing a Doodle as one more honor (along with other honors like Nobel prize) in Wiki pages of all great people. For example, should we add:

"Doodle honored Einstein on March 14 2003" in Einstein's Wiki Page?

"Doodle honored Sir Isaac Newton on Jan 4, 2010" in Sir Isaac Newton's Wiki Page?

Will these edits enrich these Wiki pages? Back linked Doodle pages typically are not as exhaustive as Wiki pages themselves on the people. I think we will set a wrong precedence with this practice diluting the "Awards and honors" heading in Wiki pages of people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ganesh H Shankar (talk • contribs) 17:26, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The difference is this: those historical figures have received massive amounts of as well as numerous honours. They are household names, so to speak. There is no need to mention that they were also celebrated by Google

 * On the other hand, Har Gobind Khorana is a relatively obscure figure. The recognition of his contribution by a worldwide organization is more important, and relevant, in his case. IMHO. Peter K Burian (talk) 17:45, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Are we saying Doodle is an honor to be listed in Wiki pages of people who are not considered household names? Honor is an honor whether it is for Har Gobind Khorana or for Albert Einstein.

Celebrating the event and letting more people know is a great cause served by Doodles. That is not what is contested. If we agree that a Doodle is a celebration event then adding such celebration as an honor under "Awards and honors" heading or selectively adding it based on perceived popularity of the person is very subjective and lacks rigor in my view. I am voicing this as a general concern since we keep seeing such page updates in Wiki quoting a news report. Ganesh H Shankar (talk) 10:45, 14 January 2018 (IST)

Need additional Protection.... Deletion of "Indian"
Earlier today, someone deleted the words Indian and Indian-American because there has been a debate about India/Pakistan in the Talk section.

But there has never been any consensus that important facts like that should be deleted.

The person who deleted it was not an autoconfirmed user, as far as I can tell. The summary after his name showed that he has 43 edits on Wikipedia and so, should not be able to delete content in a semi-protected article.

IF we get consensus that the words Indian and Indian-American should be deleted, fine, but that has not happened.

@User:MRD2014: I know the Protection level has changed from time to time. Is it not currently semi-protected, at least? Thanks, Peter K Burian (talk) 14:23, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It is now. — MRD2014 Talk 15:50, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There are hundreds of thousands of Users who can edit semi-protected articles, and that is as it should be. The vast majority of edits on this one, however, were by Users who had only edited on Wikipedia on a very few occasions. Aside from the vandalism problems. Peter K Burian (talk) 17:14, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

I think in fairness that Har Gobind Khorana should be considered an AMERICAN, not an Indian and certainly not Pakistani. All of his achievements have been outside of the subcontinent. I therefore implore the moderators not to call him an Indian American or a Pakistani American.

However, it is disingenuous to say that he was born in Pakistan. He was born in British India. There is very little evidence that Khorana returned to Pakistan or ever considered himself a Pakistani. It even says on Nobel's article that he returned to INDIA briefly. (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/khorana/biographical/) It is also unbelievably unlikely that he or his family would have chosen to remain in Pakistan, especially Punjab after partition.

Since we are unable to find any sources to confirm his citizenship prior to being naturalized as a US citizen or gather any details about his parents and what happened to them, it is only fair to call him an American and nothing else.

I implore the moderators to take action against those who keep trying to vandalise the page and keep changing this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.2.158.122 (talk) 16:57, 22 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Not sure American was removed (WP:ETHNICITY). General consensus has been to include only citizenship in the lead. It is best to just state American in the lead as has been the case with other people who became US citizens (e.g.: Satya Nadella, Indira Nooyi). Sometimes "... [country] born [citizen]" is added when it is notable, but since the country of origin is not clear here it is best left out. Gotitbro (talk) 11:43, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Consider also that Bhagat Singh was born on present-day Pakistan and died in present-day Pakistan before partition. Why does his article say Indian then? The simple reason is that rationally, we can assume that he would have picked India. Also, saying British India is pointless because even in those days, it was known as India. We don't say that someone is from the Fifth French Republic. We just say that they are from France. — Preceding unsigned comment added byF 1.64.230.210 (talk) 09:29, 6 October 2019 (UTC)
 * 1.64.230.210, Bhagat Singh lived from 1907 until 1931. Choudhry Rahmat Ali coined the name Pakistan two years after Singh's death, & the Dominion of Pakistan was established in 1947. Bhagat Singh lived when the area was part of British India, & it would be anachronistic to say he lived in Pakistan. It is more accurate to say that Bhagat Singh was born in Banga, Punjab, British-ruled India (now Punjab, Pakistan) & died in Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Punjab, Pakistan), which is in fact what the article says.

 * Your example about France is not the same. The bulk of France has been France for over a millenium. The more appropriate comparison would be for people from Alsace-Lorraine which was part of Germany until France annexed it in 1918/1919 after the end of World War I. For example, as per the infobox, Alphonse Antoine was born in Corny-sur-Moselle, Alsace-Lorraine, German Empire.

 * Peaceray (talk) 21:08, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

 * In that case, if you really want to be accurate, the way you've written it now sounds wrong. You should write that Har Gobind Khorana was an American biochemist who was born in British India since you are unable to confirm if he ever held Indian citizenship. By the way, his Nobel article (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/khorana/biographical/) says that he lived in "India" until 1945 and then spent a brief period in "India" until 1949. 1.64.230.210 (talk) 02:58, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The infobox already says what you suggested, & the Biography section indicates the same information as the Nobel article. I am unsure about your suggestion, as it appears that the article is already incorporated all that. Peaceray (talk) 04:57, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

subsequent research and anticipation of PCR
isnt their a JBC paper with Malcolm Gefter that describes PCR in the discussion ? I always assumed it wasn't noticed cause a) oligos were $$ and b) there wasn't a lot of DNA seq info available, so it wasn't that useful — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.245.17.105 (talk) 12:51, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Har Gobind Khorana