text:
User:Foobar

My web server

Foobar photography

A picture of gallium crystals grown and photographed by me, listed at the Featured pictures gallery

title: User:Foobar


text:
Wyoming County

Wyoming County may refer to one of several counties in the United States:

 * Wyoming County, New York
 * Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
 * Wyoming County, West Virginia

For a list of the 23 counties in the U.S. state of Wyoming, see List of counties in Wyoming

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wyoming County


text:
Mercedes McCambridge

Carlotta Mercedes Agnes McCambridge (March 16, 1916 – March 2, 2004) was an American actress of radio, stage, film, and television. Orson Welles called her "the world's greatest living radio actress". She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her screen debut in All the King's Men (1949) and was nominated in the same category for Giant (1956). She voiced the majority of dialogue for demon Pazuzu in The Exorcist (1973).

Early life
McCambridge was born in Joliet, Illinois, the daughter of Irish-American Catholic parents Marie (née Mahaffry) and John Patrick McCambridge, a farmer. She graduated from Mundelein College in Chicago.

Radio
McCambridge began her career as a radio actor during the 1930s while also performing on Broadway. In 1941, she played Judy's friend in A Date with Judy. She had the title role in Defense Attorney, a crime drama broadcast on ABC in 1951–52. Her other work on radio included:
 * episodes of Lights Out (including "It Happened", 5/11/1938; "Execution", 4/27/1943 and "The Word", 9/14/1943)
 * episodes of Inner Sanctum (including "Blood of Cain", 1/29/1946, "Death's Old Sweet Song", 11/4/1946, "But the Dead Walk Alone" (December 2, 1946 ). and "'Til Death Do Us Part", 10/27/1947)
 * episodes of the Bulldog Drummond radio series
 * episodes of Gang Busters
 * episodes of Murder at Midnight (including "The Man with the Black Beard", 5/8/1950)
 * episodes of Studio One (including "Anthony Adverse", 10/14/1947; "Kitty Foyle", 11/4/1947 and "The Thirty-Nine Steps", 3/28/1948)
 * Episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents as Dr. Constance Peterson in Spellbound
 * episodes of Screen Directors Playhouse (including "Spellbound", 1/25/1951 and "Only Yesterday", 7/5/1951)
 * episodes of Ford Theater (including "The Horn Blows at Midnight", 3/4/1949)
 * Rosemary Levy on Abie's Irish Rose
 * Peggy King Martinson on This Is Nora Drake (1948)
 * various characters on the radio series I Love A Mystery in both its West Coast and East Coast incarnations (including The Stewardess and Charity Martin in The Thing That Cries in the Night, Nasha and Laura in Bury Your Dead, Arizona, Sunny Richards in both The Million Dollar Curse and The Temple of Vampires and Jack "Jacqueline" Dempsey Ross in The Battle of the Century)

She frequently performed feature roles on the CBS Radio Mystery Theater, and was an original cast member on Guiding Light (before the Bauers took over as the central characters). She also starred in her own show, Defense Attorney on ABC 1951–52, as Martha Ellis Bryan.

From June 22, 1953, to March 5, 1954, McCambridge starred in the soap opera Family Skeleton on CBS.

Television
McCambridge played Katherine Wells in Wire Service, a drama series that aired on ABC during 1956–57, produced by Desilu Productions. The series starred McCambridge, George Brent, and Dane Clark as reporters for the fictional Trans Globe Wire Service.

In the season one episode of the original Lost in Space series "The Space Croppers", first aired on CBS on March 30, 1966, McCambridge played Sybilla, the matriarch of a family of supernatural space farmers.

In an episode of Bewitched titled "Darrin Gone! and Forgotten," which first aired on ABC on 17 October 1968, McCambridge played a powerful witch named Carlotta (McCambridge's real first name), a frenemy of Endora. Endora and Carlotta had made a pact "at the turn of the century" that their first-born children would one day marry. When, according to the pact terms, certain celestial phenomena signaled it was time for the marriage, Carlotta (McCambridge) disappeared Darrin and pushed for Samantha to marry her coddled son Juke (played by veteran character actor Steve Franken).

Film
McCambridge's film career took off when she was cast as Sadie Burke opposite Broderick Crawford in All the King's Men (1949). McCambridge won the 1949 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role, while the film won Best Picture for that year. McCambridge also won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Supporting Actress and New Star of the Year – Actress for her performance.

In 1954, she co-starred with Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden in the offbeat western drama, Johnny Guitar, now regarded as a cult classic. McCambridge and Hayden publicly declared their dislike of Crawford, with McCambridge labeling her "a mean, tipsy, powerful, rotten-egg lady."

McCambridge played the supporting role of Luz in the George Stevens classic Giant (1956), which starred Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, and James Dean. She was nominated for another Academy Award as Best Supporting Actress but lost to Dorothy Malone in Written on the Wind. In 1959, McCambridge appeared opposite Katharine Hepburn, Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor in the Joseph L. Mankiewicz film adaptation of Tennessee Williams' Suddenly, Last Summer.

McCambridge appeared as a leather jacket-wearing hoodlum in Touch of Evil, reuniting with her former radio colleague Orson Welles for the 1958 film.

McCambridge provided the dubbed voice of Pazuzu, the demon possessing the young girl Regan (played by Linda Blair) in The Exorcist. To sound as disturbing as possible, McCambridge insisted on swallowing raw eggs, chain smoking and drinking whiskey to make her voice harsh and her performance aggressive. Director William Friedkin also arranged for her to be bound to a chair during recordings, so that the demon seemed to be struggling against its restraints. Friedkin claimed that she initially requested no credit for the film—fearing it would take away from the attention of Blair's performance—but later complained about her absence of credit during the film's premiere. Her dispute with Friedkin and the Warner Bros. over her exclusion ended when, with the help of the Screen Actors Guild, she was properly credited for her vocal work in the film.

In the 1970s, she toured in a road company production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof as Big Mama, opposite John Carradine as Big Daddy.

McCambridge appeared as a guest artist in college productions. In May 1977, she helped dedicate the theater building of El Centro College by starring in a production of The Madwoman of Chaillot. Director Eddie Thomas had known her for many years and she conducted an actors' workshop for the college students during the week prior to the opening night. She returned in 1979 for El Centre's production of The Mousetrap, in which she received top billing despite her character being murdered (by actor Jim Beaver) fewer than 15 minutes into the play. She also starred with longtime character actor Lyle Talbot (of ABC's The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet) in the 1970 production of Come Back, Little Sheba in the University of North Alabama Summer Theatre Productions.

In the mid-1970s, McCambridge briefly took a position as director of Livengrin, a Pennsylvania rehabilitation center for alcoholics. She was at the same time putting the finishing touches on her soon-to-be released autobiography, The Quality of Mercy: An Autobiography (Times Books, 1981), ISBN 0-8129-0945-3.

Personal life
McCambridge married her first husband, William Fifield, in 1939. They had a son, John Lawrence Fifield, born in December 1941. The couple divorced in 1946 after seven years of marriage.

In 1950 McCambridge married Canadian Fletcher Markle, an actor/producer/director who directed her in productions on Ford Theater and Studio One. Her son, John, later took Markle's name, thereafter being known as John Markle. During the marriage and afterward, McCambridge battled alcoholism, often being hospitalized after episodes of heavy drinking. She and Markle divorced in 1962, after twelve years of marriage. In 1969, after years with Alcoholics Anonymous, she achieved sobriety.

From 1975 to 1982, McCambridge devoted her time to the nonprofit Livengrin Foundation of Bensalem, Pennsylvania. She first served as a volunteer member of the Board of Directors, then as president and CEO, responsible for the day-to-day operations of the treatment center, which at the time was a 76-bed residential program for both male and female alcoholics. Livengrin still operates today, and has 129 beds and 8 outpatient clinics throughout southeastern Pennsylvania, treating both alcoholism and drug addiction. McCambridge, through her celebrity and larger-than-life personality, helped bring public recognition to, and acceptance of the disease of addiction, as well as the benefits of seeking treatment for the disease. She freely shared her own story of addiction and recovery as a means of reaching others in need of help.

She was a staunch outspoken liberal Democrat who campaigned for Adlai Stevenson.

McCambridge died on March 2, 2004, at age 87 in La Jolla in San Diego, California, of natural causes.

Family tragedy
McCambridge's son John Markle, a UCLA graduate with a Ph.D. in Economics, joined the Little Rock, Arkansas, investment firm Stephens Inc. in 1979, after working for Salomon Brothers in New York City. Markle was a successful futures trader, and quickly rose through the company's ranks. McCambridge gave Markle $604,000 to manage for her, but in the fall of 1987, the company discovered that Markle had opened a secret account in McCambridge's name. Soon the company found that Markle had been charging trading losses to the Stephens house account, while crediting profitable trades to McCambridge's account. Markle was later shown to have forged his mother's signature in opening the account.

Markle was placed on medical leave, then fired from his position at Stephens. McCambridge refused to cooperate with Markle and the company in instituting a repayment scheme that would have kept the matter from becoming public, saying that she had done nothing wrong and that Stephens Inc. owed her money. Shortly thereafter, in November 1987, Markle killed his family—his wife Christine (age 45) and daughters Amy (age 13) and Suzanne (age 9)—and then himself. He left a note taking responsibility for his crimes and a long, bitter letter to his mother. The letter contained the following: "Initially you said, 'well, we can work it out' but NO, you refused… You called me a liar, a cheat, a criminal, a bum. You said I have ruined your life… You were never around much when I needed you, so now I and my whole family are dead—so you can have the money… 'Night, Mother."

In 1986, McCambridge had played the mother of a child who plans to commit suicide in an Arkansas Repertory Theatre production of 'night, Mother.

Legacy
For her contributions to television and the motion picture industry, Mercedes McCambridge has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one for motion pictures at 1722 Vine Street, and one for television at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard.

title: Mercedes McCambridge


text:
Ben Weider

Benjamin Weider, (1 February 1923 – 17 October 2008) was a Canadian soldier, author, historian (Napoleonic history), fitness proponent, benefactor of the arts, and entrepreneur. He co-founded the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) alongside his brother Joe Weider. The Weiders also founded many successful businesses including gyms, nutritional supplements and magazines such as Muscle & Fitness.

He wrote several books about Napoleon, including best seller The Murder of Napoleon, translated to 45 languages.

Family

Benjamin Weider was born 1 February 1923 in the old Jewish immigrant quarter ("the Main") of Montréal (Quebec, Canada), the third son of Louis and Anna Weider, Polish Jewish emigrants from the town of Kurów (Poland). Ben left school at 13 to work in restaurants and factories.

Military service
In 1942, he enlisted in the Canadian Army, serving in the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars, in which he did intelligence work as a member of the Canadian Intelligence Corps. Ben Weider served in the Canadian Army during World War II.

Fitness business
Weider and his brother, started a mimeographed magazine (Your Fitness) to promote weightlifting and sell exercise equipment, which expanded into other titles including Flex, Muscle & Fitness, Men's Fitness, and Fit Pregnancy. The magazines were sold in 2003 to American Media.

The brothers are attributed with creating bodybuilding as a sport, where the focus was on the form and fitness of the body shaped by the exercise. In 1965 the brothers formed the first Mr Olympia contest at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (New York City, New York, United States), an alternative to the Mr. Universe competition.

In 1968, the brothers brought Arnold Schwarzenegger, who was then an unknown Austrian bodybuilder, to California.

He co-founded the International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness (IFBB) along with brother Joe Weider, and was its president until he announced his retirement on 29 October 2006. He also co-founded (1936) and ran a physical fitness and sporting goods business from Montreal with his brother, which bears their family name.

Ben Weider opened a number of gyms around the world, including in Lebanon.

Historical research
Weider was known as an advocate of the theory that Napoleon was assassinated with arsenic poisoning by a member of his entourage during his exile in Saint Helena. Weider had even obtained authenticated Napoleon hair samples and arranged for forensic tests that showed that Napoleon had been poisoned with arsenic. He co-authored several Napoleonic history books including, Assassination at St. Helena, Assassination at St. Helena Revisited and The Murder of Napoleon. The Murder of Napoleon became one of the best-selling history books of all time, now with editions in 45 languages.

Weider also founded the International Napoleonic Society, of which he was the president, and wrote numerous articles for this organization.

Weider owned an extensive collection of Napoleon memorabilia. He donated this collection to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, making it one of the largest collections of its kind in the world.

In 2006, the Weider History Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Weider Health and Fitness Inc, acquired Civil War Times in an acquisition of eleven history-related magazines from another magazine chain, along with America's Civil War, Armchair General, Civil War Times, Vietnam, etc. These acquisitions caused controversies over a change in editorial direction, including the resignation of the Civil War Times's editor (Chris Lewis), and general criticisms of anti-Palestine bias.

Religion
Weider was a Jewish Anglophone. He financially assisted the rebuilding of Montreal's Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral. Jean-Claude Turcotte, the Roman Catholic Cardinal, said of him that Ben Weider was "One of the greatest Montrealers I ever knew".

Awards
Weider was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1975 (subsequently promoted to Officer in 2006), a Knight of the National Order of Quebec in 2000, a Knight of the French Legion of Honor on 12 October 2000 (for his research work into Napoleon's death ), a member of the Quebec Sports Hall of Fame, and a Commander of the Venerable Order of St. John (for his charitable work promoting youth fitness and health worldwide). In 1984, Ben Weider was also nominated for a Nobel Peace prize. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Studies program of Florida State University's History Department created the Ben Weider Eminent Scholar Chair in Napoleonic History and the Ben Weider Chair of French Revolutionary History, supported by Weider's bequests.

From 1998 to 2005, Weider was Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of the 62nd (Shawinigan) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA. In 2005, he was promoted to Honorary Colonel of that military unit.

In 2003, he received the first Lifetime Achievement Award from Club Industry's Fitness Business Pro in 2003.

In 2008, he was given the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 20th Anniversary Arnold Classic.

In 2014, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame along with Joe and Betty Weider.

Death
Weider died on October 17, 2008, at the Jewish General Hospital in Montreal.

In popular culture
The film Bigger was released in 2018 on the life of Ben Weider and his brother Joe Weider.

Books

 * Weider B., and Forshufvud S., Assassination At St. Helena: The Poisoning of Napoleon Bonaparte (1978). ISBN 9780888360281
 * Weider B., and Hapgood D. The Murder of Napoleon (1982).ISBN 978-0865530355
 * Weider, B., and Kennedy, R. Superpump!: Hardcore Women's Bodybuilding (1986). ISBN 9780806948003
 * Weider, B. and Forshufvud, S. Assassination at St. Helena Revisited (1995). ISBN 978-0471126775
 * Weider, B. The Murder of Napoleon (1998).ISBN 0312925484
 * Weider, B. Louis Cyr: Amazing Canadian (2000). ISBN 0926888099
 * Weider, B., Weider, J., and Gastelu, D., The Edge (2002). Weider, B. Napoleon: The Man that Shaped Europe (2003). ISBN 1583331441
 * Weider B., Weider J., Schwarzenegger A., Brothers of Iron: Building the Weider Empire (2006) ISBN 1596701242
 * Franceschi, M., and Weider B. Wars Against Napoleon: Debunking the Myth of the Napoleonic Wars (2007). ISBN 1932714375

Journal articles

 * Weider B., and Fournier J.H., Activation analyses of authenticated hairs of Napoleon Bonaparte confirm arsenic poisoning (1999).
 * Weider B., and Fournier J., The Death of Napoleon (1999).

title: Ben Weider


text:
Candomblé Bantu

Candomblé Bantu (also called Candomblé Batuque or Angola) is one of the major branches (nations) of the Candomblé religious belief system. It developed in the Portuguese Empire among Kongo and Mbundu slaves who spoke Kikongo and Kimbundu languages. The supreme and creative god is Nzambi or Nzambi a Mpungu. Below him are the Jinkisi or Minkisi, deities of Bantu mythology. These deities resemble Olorun and the other orishas of the Yoruba religion. Minkisi is a Kongo language term: it is the plural of Nkisi, meaning "receptacle". Akixi comes from the Kimbundu language term Mukixi.

Etymology
The word "Bantu" means "people"; it is a combination of ba, a plural noun marker and -ntu, meaning "person". "Banto" was a generic term used by the Portuguese in Brazil to describe people who spoke Bantu languages.

Pantheon

 * Nzambi is the "sovereign master"; he created the earth, then withdrew from the world. Nzambi Mpungu remains responsible for rainfall and health.
 * Aluvaiá (also Bombo Njila, Pambu Njila, Nzila, Mujilo, Mavambo, Vangira, Njila, Maviletango) is an intermediary between human beings and other Nkisi; he is additionally the protector of the houses.
 * Nkosi Mukumbe (also Hoji Mukumbi, Panzu, Xauê) is the Nkisi of roads, agriculture, and iron. He is associated with Ogun in Yoruba religion.
 * Mutalambô
 * Gongobira
 * Katendê
 * Loango
 * Kaviungo
 * Angorô and Angoroméa
 * Kitembo
 * Matamba
 * Kisimbi
 * Kaitumbá
 * Zumbarandá
 * Wunje
 * Lembá Dilê

title: Candomblé Bantu


text:
List of United States Senate committees

This is a complete list of U.S. congressional committees (standing committees and select or special committees) that are operating in the United States Senate. Senators can be a member of more than one committee.

Standing committees
, there are 88 subsidiary bodies of the US Senate: 16 standing committees with 67 subcommittees, and five non-standing committees.

Non-standing committees
There are five non-standing, select, or special committees, which are treated similarly to standing committees.

Committee classes
Senate committees are divided, according to relative importance, into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C. In general, individual Senators are limited to service on two Class A committees and one Class B committee. Assignment to Class C committees is made without reference to a member's service on any other panels.

Standing committees
Standing committees are permanent bodies with specific responsibilities spelled out in the Senate's rules. Twelve of the sixteen current standing committees are Class A panels: Agriculture; Appropriations; Armed Services; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Energy and Natural Resources; Environment and Public Works; Finance; Foreign Relations; Governmental Affairs; Judiciary; and Health, Education, Labor and Pensions.

There are four Class B standing committees: Budget, Rules and Administration, Small Business, and Veterans' Affairs. There are currently no Class C standing committees.

Other, select and special committees
Other (i.e., Indian Affairs), select and special committees are ranked as Class B or Class C committees. They are created for clearly specified purposes. There are currently two Class B committees: the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Special Committee on Aging, and two Class C committees: the Select Committee on Indian Affairs and the Select Committee on Ethics.

Joint committees
Joint Committees are used for purposes of legislative and administrative coordination. At present there are four: the Joint Economic Committee (Class B), the Joint Committee on the Library (Class C), the Joint Committee on Printing (Class C), and the Joint Committee on Taxation (Class C).

Jurisdiction
Standing committees in the Senate have their jurisdiction set by three primary sources: Senate Rules, ad hoc Senate Resolutions, and Senate Resolutions related to committee funding. To see an overview of the jurisdictions of standing committees in the Senate, see Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXV.

Party leadership
Each party determines their committees leads, who serve as chair in the majority and ranking member in the minority. The table below lists the tenure of when each member was selected for their current term as committee lead. The Republican party rules stipulate that their leads of standing committees may serve no more than three congressional terms (two years each) as chair or ranking member, unless the full party conference grants them a waiver to do so. The current majority party is listed first for each committee.

title: List of United States Senate committees


text:
Woodford County

Woodford County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Woodford County, Illinois
 * Woodford County, Kentucky, originally Woodford County, Virginia (1788–1792)

title: Woodford County


text:
Teri Garr

Teri Ann Garr (born December 11, 1944) is an American former actress, dancer, and comedian. She has frequently appeared in comedic roles throughout her career, which spans four decades and includes over 140 credits in film and television. Her accolades include an Academy Award nomination, a BAFTA Award nomination, and a National Board of Review Award.

Born in Lakewood, Ohio, Garr was raised in North Hollywood, California. She is the third child of a comedic-actor father and a studio costumer mother. In her youth, Garr trained in ballet and other forms of dance. She began her career as a teenager with small roles in television and film in the early 1960s, including appearances as a dancer in six Elvis Presley musicals. After spending two years attending college, Garr left Los Angeles, and studied acting at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York City. Her self-described "big break" as an actress was landing a role in the 1968 Star Trek episode "Assignment: Earth" after which she said, "I finally started to get real acting work."

Garr gained prominence for her roles in Francis Ford Coppola's thriller The Conversation (1974), Mel Brooks' comedy Young Frankenstein (1974), and Steven Spielberg's science fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). She earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the Sydney Pollack comedy Tootsie (1982). She reunited with Coppola in a role in his musical One from the Heart (1982), starred opposite Michael Keaton in the family film Mr. Mom (1983), and acted in Martin Scorsese's black comedy After Hours (1985).

Garr's quick wit and charming banter made her a sought after guest on late-night shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and Late Night with David Letterman. In the 1990s, she appeared in two films by Robert Altman: The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994), followed by supporting roles in Michael (1996) and Ghost World (2001). She also appeared on television as Phoebe Abbott in three episodes of the sitcom Friends (1997–98). In 2002, Garr announced that she had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, the symptoms of which had affected her ability to perform beginning in the 1990s. She retired from acting in 2011.

Early life
Teri Ann Garr was born on December 11, 1944, in Lakewood, Ohio, a suburb west of Cleveland. Her father, Eddie Garr (born Edward Leo Gonnoud), was a vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor, whose career peaked when he briefly took over the lead role in the Broadway drama Tobacco Road. Her mother, Phyllis Lind Garr (born Emma Schmotzer), was a dancer, a Rockette, wardrobe mistress, and model. Her father was of Irish descent and her maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. Garr has two older brothers, Ed and Phil. She spent her early life in Cleveland, and the family briefly relocated to New Jersey before settling in Los Angeles, California.

When Garr was 11, her father died in Los Angeles of a heart attack. She recalled that his death "left us bereft, without any kind of income. And I saw my mother be this incredibly strong, creative woman who put three kids through college — one of my brothers is a surgeon. Any kind of lessons we wanted, we had to have scholarships or sweep the floors. It had to be free. And so we always had to try harder. That was instilled in me very early." During her youth, Garr expressed interest in dancing and trained extensively in ballet. "I'd go for three, four hours a day; my feet would be bleeding", she recalled. "I'd take buses all over the city just to go to the best dancing schools. You could just stand there and be quiet and beat yourself up, push the body." Garr graduated from North Hollywood High School, and attended San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge) for two years before dropping out and relocating to New York City to further pursue acting. In New York, she studied at the Actors Studio and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

Early films and stage
Early in her career, she was credited as Terri Garr, Terry Garr, Teri Hope, or Terry Carr. Her movie debut was as an extra in A Swingin' Affair (1963). During her senior year, she auditioned for the cast of the Los Angeles road company production of West Side Story, where she met one of the most important people in her early career, David Winters, who became her friend, dance teacher, and mentor. Winters cast her in many of his early movies and projects.

Garr began as a background go-go dancer in uncredited roles in youth-oriented films and TV shows choreographed by Winters, including Pajama Party (a beach party film), the T.A.M.I. Show, Shindig!, Shivaree, Hullabaloo, Movin' with Nancy, and six Elvis Presley features (many of which were also choreographed by Winters, including Presley's most profitable film, Viva Las Vegas). When asked in a magazine interview about how she landed jobs in so many Presley films, Garr answered, "One of the dancers in the road show of West Side Story (David Winters) started to choreograph movies, and whatever job he got, I was one of the girls he'd hire. So he was chosen to do Viva Las Vegas. That was my first movie."

She often appeared on television during this time, performing as a go-go dancer on several musical variety shows, along with friend Toni Basil, such as Shindig! and Hullabaloo. In 1966, Garr made one appearance on Batman (episode seven, uncredited). In 1968, she appeared in both The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D.  and was in two episodes of It Takes a Thief.

Film and television; critical acclaim
Her first speaking role in a motion picture was a brief appearance as a damsel in distress in The Monkees' film Head (1968), written by Jack Nicholson; Garr got the role after meeting Nicholson in an acting class. "He wrote the script for Head, so all of us in the class got little tiny parts in the movie," she recalled. "I was… Who was I? Oh yes, I was the girl dying of a snakebite, who falls off the Conestoga wagon and says, 'Quick, suck it before the venom reaches my heart!' " Earlier in that year, she landed her first significant TV role, featured as secretary Roberta Lincoln in the Star Trek episode "Assignment: Earth", designed as a backdoor pilot episode for a new series that was not commissioned. "Star Trek was the first job where I had a fairly big (for me) speaking part," Garr related in her memoir, "I played Roberta Lincoln, a dippy secretary in a pink and orange costume with a very short skirt. Had the spin-off succeeded, I would have continued on as an earthling agent, working to preserve humanity. In a very short skirt." This led to her being, in her words, "cast as birdbrained lasses," in episodes of other TV shows.

In 1972, she landed a regular role in The Ken Berry "WOW" Show, a summer replacement series. Afterward, she was a regular cast member on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, dancing and acting in comedy sketches.

Garr appeared in a string of highly successful films in the mid-to-late 1970s, including a supporting role in Francis Ford Coppola's thriller The Conversation (1974). This was followed with her role as Inga, an assistant to Dr. Frederick Frankenstein, in the Mel Brooks horror comedy Young Frankenstein (1974), which marked a career breakthrough. She then appeared in a dramatic role in Steven Spielberg's science-fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) as the wife of Richard Dreyfuss's character; in Oh, God! (1977) as the wife of John Denver's character; and the drama The Black Stallion (1979) as the mother of the boy protagonist.

In 1978, Garr appeared off-Broadway in a production of One Crack Out by Canadian playwright David French, playing the wife of Charlie, a pool hustler in Toronto. Richard Eder of The New York Times noted that Garr "manages an attractive uncertainty and devotion as Charlie's wife."

In 1982, she starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the comedy Tootsie (1982), playing an actress whose actor friend (Hoffman) disguises himself as a woman to further his career. For her role, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She then appeared in the comedy Mr. Mom (1983) as the wife of Michael Keaton's character, followed by a supporting role in Martin Scorsese's After Hours (1985). In 1992, Garr played Marge Nelson in Mom and Dad Save the World, a sci-fi adventure/family romantic comedy film.

Later work and television
Garr had a recurring role on McCloud, and appeared on M*A*S*H, The Bob Newhart Show, The Odd Couple, Maude, Barnaby Jones, and Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers. She hosted Saturday Night Live three times (in 1980, 1983, and 1985), and was a frequent visitor on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

As a recurring guest on Late Night with David Letterman, Garr was renowned for her unscripted banter with David Letterman, who once goaded her into showering in his office while the camera rolled. Letterman later apologized to Garr, stating that he came to realize the constant requests for her to shower were "maybe kind of a sexist thing to do." In 1986, Garr appeared in episode 2223 of Sesame Street as Amelia Adams, a student of Oscar the Grouch's school, Oscar's New School For Grouch Research.

In 1989, she appeared in Let It Ride, also opposite Dreyfuss. In the late 1990s, Garr landed a role as recurring character Phoebe Abbott in Friends, the estranged birth mother of Phoebe Buffay.

Garr's career began to slow in the late 1990s after a neurologist informed her that symptoms she had been experiencing for many years were those of multiple sclerosis. In film, she appeared in minor supporting roles, including a witch in the children's film Casper Meets Wendy (1998) and the mother of Michelle Williams in the political comedy Dick (1999). This was followed by an uncredited role in Terry Zwigoff's Ghost World (2001). She also provided the voice of Mary McGinnis, Terry McGinnis's mother, in Batman Beyond (1999–2001).

Garr returned to the stage in the fall of 2000, appearing in numerous off-Broadway performances of The Vagina Monologues opposite Sanaa Lathan and Julianna Margulies. She subsequently had minor supporting roles in the Christmas comedy film Unaccompanied Minors (2006), and the independent comedies Expired and Kabluey (both 2007).

Retirement
In 2006, Garr published an autobiography, Speedbumps: Flooring It Through Hollywood, which details her career and health struggles after her diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Garr appeared on The Moth Radio Hour broadcast of December 9, 2009, to tell a humorous reminiscence, "Wake Up Call".

Garr last acted on television in 2011. She appeared at the 19th Annual Race to Erase MS event in 2012. In 2019, it was revealed Garr retired from acting in 2011.

Personal life
In the early 1980s, Garr was in a seven-year relationship with film executive Roger Birnbaum. After separating from Birnbaum, Garr was in a seven-year relationship with David Kipper, a physician, to whom she was introduced by Carrie Fisher. In 1993, Garr married building contractor John O'Neil, and that same year, in November, they were present when their adopted daughter Molly O'Neil was born. The couple divorced in 1996.

In July 1990, a Los Angeles County judge ordered a woman charged with stalking Garr to cease contacting her and to remain 100 yd away from Garr, her home, and her work locations for three years.

Health issues
In October 2002, Garr confirmed that she had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. After years of uncertainty and secrecy about her diagnosis, Garr explained her reasons for deciding to go public: "I'm telling my story for the first time so I can help people. I can help people know they aren't alone and tell them there are reasons to be optimistic because, today, treatment options are available."

In interviews, Garr has said that she first started noticing symptoms while she was in New York filming Tootsie around 1982. After disclosing her condition, she became a National Ambassador for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and National Chair for the Society's Women Against MS program (WAMS). In November 2005, Garr was honored as the society's Ambassador of the Year. The same year, she revealed her treatment regimen for the disease, which included regular steroid injections to help manage symptoms. Closer reported in 2015 that she credited her positive attitude and her family's support for helping her fight the disease.

In December 2006, Garr had a ruptured brain aneurysm. The aneurysm left her in a coma for a week, but after therapy, she regained speech and motor skills, and in 2008 she appeared on Late Show with David Letterman to promote Expired, a 2007 film in which she played one of a set of twins.

Political activism
In March 1988, Garr was arrested for trespassing in Mercury, Nevada, during a protest against nuclear weapons testing in the area.

She has participated in events for The Trevor Project, a nonprofit gay youth suicide prevention organization.

Legacy
Garr has been called a "comedic legend." In 1982, film critic Pauline Kael called her "the funniest neurotic dizzy dame on the screen." Numerous performers have cited her as an influence, including Jenna Fischer and Tina Fey.

title: Teri Garr


text:
Wood County

Wood County is the name of four counties in the United States:

 * Wood County, Ohio
 * Wood County, Texas
 * Wood County, West Virginia
 * Wood County, Wisconsin

title: Wood County


text:
Where Is My Gnome?

Where is my Gnome? was a viral marketing campaign by Travelocity in early 2004, created by creative agency McKinney. Its mascot, a two-foot tall bearded gnome wearing a blue coat, black boots and a red conical hat, is known as "the Roaming Gnome".

Overview
The advertisements consisted of a man named Bill looking for his garden gnome. On January 3, the Boston Herald and the Boston Globe had these advertisements in their publication. The advertisements were inspired by the travelling gnome prank. Since the initiation of the advertising campaign, the Roaming Gnome has become the de facto mascot of Travelocity. In 2005 the campaign won a Gold Effie Award for marketing. In order to leverage the then new social media trend, Travelocity created an official page for the Roaming Gnome on MySpace in 2007 and later on Chatroulette, Twitter and Instagram.

After TV advertisements voiced by Harry Enfield were screened nationally on United States networks, and on a Web site whereismygnome.com, many readers considered it to be a prank of the Garden Gnome Liberation Front.

As the series progressed, new commercials were aired with updated tag lines: You’ll Never Roam Alone, Go and Smell the Roses and Wander Wisely. For the Wander Wisely campaign, Travelocity hired a new advertising agency, Campbell-Ewald, to feature the company as a trusted travel source. The gnome remains in the commercials; however, he is no longer held against his will, but now works as "The Roaming Gnome: Denouncer of Travel Myths." In these commercials he discusses two myths, one where the gnome states that Travelocity's services are able to denounce the myth, and the other where the gnome ends up causing a mess. In one such commercial, he visits the Bermuda Triangle to see if things really do disappear there, denouncing the myth even as objects disappear behind him until he also vanishes mid-sentence.

In 2006, a major promotion involved 20 Travelocity gnomes carefully hidden throughout the 4.5 acre atrium of Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center in Kissimmee, Florida. During the resort's Best of Florida Christmas promotion, guests were encouraged to find the gnomes to win a cruise to Alaska.

The Amazing Race has featured the Roaming Gnome on a leg in multiple seasons where teams are required to pick and carry the Roaming Gnome around while they complete the episode's tasks and then bring the Roaming Gnome to the Pit Stop. The Roaming Gnome will usually contain the next clue at the bottom of its base.

Inspiration
The concept of the Roaming Gnome and his international escapades dates back to the Travelling gnome prank that began in the 1980s, later reflected in the 2001 French film Amélie. In the film, Amelie's father finds that his lawn gnome has gone missing. In the mail, he receives pictures of the gnome in exotic landmark locations.

Credits
The original campaign was invented by Lisa Shimotakahara and Philip Marchington of McKinney & Silver, an advertising agency in Durham, North Carolina. The tagline, "You'll never roam alone", was written by John Guynn, a copywriter at the same agency. Avant Garde Studio, with lead artists, Amy Medford and Leonid Siveriver, worked with Philip Marchington to design and create the unique look of the Roaming Gnome. Avant Garde Studio is also responsible for sculpting and painting the original 3D sculpture prototypes.

title: Where Is My Gnome?


text:
Backup

In information technology, a backup, or data backup is a copy of computer data taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. The verb form, referring to the process of doing so, is "back up", whereas the noun and adjective form is "backup". Backups can be used to recover data after its loss from data deletion or corruption, or to recover data from an earlier time. Backups provide a simple form of disaster recovery; however not all backup systems are able to reconstitute a computer system or other complex configuration such as a computer cluster, active directory server, or database server.

A backup system contains at least one copy of all data considered worth saving. The data storage requirements can be large. An information repository model may be used to provide structure to this storage. There are different types of data storage devices used for copying backups of data that is already in secondary storage onto archive files. There are also different ways these devices can be arranged to provide geographic dispersion, data security, and portability.

Data is selected, extracted, and manipulated for storage. The process can include methods for dealing with live data, including open files, as well as compression, encryption, and de-duplication. Additional techniques apply to enterprise client-server backup. Backup schemes may include dry runs that validate the reliability of the data being backed up. There are limitations and human factors involved in any backup scheme.

Storage
A backup strategy requires an information repository, "a secondary storage space for data" that aggregates backups of data "sources". The repository could be as simple as a list of all backup media (DVDs, etc.) and the dates produced, or could include a computerized index, catalog, or relational database.

The backup data needs to be stored, requiring a backup rotation scheme, which is a system of backing up data to computer media that limits the number of backups of different dates retained separately, by appropriate re-use of the data storage media by overwriting of backups no longer needed. The scheme determines how and when each piece of removable storage is used for a backup operation and how long it is retained once it has backup data stored on it. The 3-2-1 rule can aid in the backup process. It states that there should be at least 3 copies of the data, stored on 2 different types of storage media, and one copy should be kept offsite, in a remote location (this can include cloud storage). 2 or more different media should be used to eliminate data loss due to similar reasons (for example, optical discs may tolerate being underwater while LTO tapes may not, and SSDs cannot fail due to head crashes or damaged spindle motors since they do not have any moving parts, unlike hard drives). An offsite copy protects against fire, theft of physical media (such as tapes or discs) and natural disasters like floods and earthquakes. Physically protected hard drives are an alternative to an offsite copy, but they have limitations like only being able to resist fire for a limited period of time, so an offsite copy still remains as the ideal choice.

Unstructured
An unstructured repository may simply be a stack of tapes, DVD-Rs or external HDDs with minimal information about what was backed up and when. This method is the easiest to implement, but unlikely to achieve a high level of recoverability as it lacks automation.

Full only/System imaging
A repository using this backup method contains complete source data copies taken at one or more specific points in time. Copying system images, this method is frequently used by computer technicians to record known good configurations. However, imaging is generally more useful as a way of deploying a standard configuration to many systems rather than as a tool for making ongoing backups of diverse systems.

Incremental
An incremental backup stores data changed since a reference point in time. Duplicate copies of unchanged data are not copied. Typically a full backup of all files is made once or at infrequent intervals, serving as the reference point for an incremental repository. Subsequently, a number of incremental backups are made after successive time periods. Restores begin with the last full backup and then apply the incrementals. Some backup systems can create a from a series of incrementals, thus providing the equivalent of frequently doing a full backup. When done to modify a single archive file, this speeds restores of recent versions of files.

Near-CDP
Continuous Data Protection (CDP) refers to a backup that instantly saves a copy of every change made to the data. This allows restoration of data to any point in time and is the most comprehensive and advanced data protection. Near-CDP backup applications—often marketed as "CDP"—automatically take incremental backups at a specific interval, for example every 15 minutes, one hour, or 24 hours. They can therefore only allow restores to an interval boundary. Near-CDP backup applications use journaling and are typically based on periodic "snapshots", read-only copies of the data frozen at a particular point in time.

Near-CDP (except for Apple Time Machine) intent-logs every change on the host system, often by saving byte or block-level differences rather than file-level differences. This backup method differs from simple disk mirroring in that it enables a roll-back of the log and thus a restoration of old images of data. Intent-logging allows precautions for the consistency of live data, protecting self-consistent files but requiring applications "be quiesced and made ready for backup."

Near-CDP is more practicable for ordinary personal backup applications, as opposed to true CDP, which must be run in conjunction with a virtual machine or equivalent and is therefore generally used in enterprise client-server backups.

Software may create copies of individual files such as written documents, multimedia projects, or user preferences, to prevent failed write events caused by power outages, operating system crashes, or exhausted disk space, from causing data loss. A common implementation is an appended ".bak" extension to the file name.

Reverse incremental
A Reverse incremental backup method stores a recent archive file "mirror" of the source data and a series of differences between the "mirror" in its current state and its previous states. A reverse incremental backup method starts with a non-image full backup. After the full backup is performed, the system periodically synchronizes the full backup with the live copy, while storing the data necessary to reconstruct older versions. This can either be done using hard links—as Apple Time Machine does, or using binary diffs.

Differential
A differential backup saves only the data that has changed since the last full backup. This means a maximum of two backups from the repository are used to restore the data. However, as time from the last full backup (and thus the accumulated changes in data) increases, so does the time to perform the differential backup. Restoring an entire system requires starting from the most recent full backup and then applying just the last differential backup.

A differential backup copies files that have been created or changed since the last full backup, regardless of whether any other differential backups have been made since, whereas an incremental backup copies files that have been created or changed since the most recent backup of any type (full or incremental). Changes in files may be detected through a more recent date/time of last modification file attribute, and/or changes in file size. Other variations of incremental backup include multi-level incrementals and block-level incrementals that compare parts of files instead of just entire files.

Storage media
Regardless of the repository model that is used, the data has to be copied onto an archive file data storage medium. The medium used is also referred to as the type of backup destination.

Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape was for a long time the most commonly used medium for bulk data storage, backup, archiving, and interchange. It was previously a less expensive option, but this is no longer the case for smaller amounts of data. Tape is a sequential access medium, so the rate of continuously writing or reading data can be very fast. While tape media itself has a low cost per space, tape drives are typically dozens of times as expensive as hard disk drives and optical drives.

Many tape formats have been proprietary or specific to certain markets like mainframes or a particular brand of personal computer. By 2014 LTO had become the primary tape technology. The other remaining viable "super" format is the IBM 3592 (also referred to as the TS11xx series). The Oracle StorageTek T10000 was discontinued in 2016.

Hard disk
The use of hard disk storage has increased over time as it has become progressively cheaper. Hard disks are usually easy to use, widely available, and can be accessed quickly. However, hard disk backups are close-tolerance mechanical devices and may be more easily damaged than tapes, especially while being transported. In the mid-2000s, several drive manufacturers began to produce portable drives employing ramp loading and accelerometer technology (sometimes termed a "shock sensor"), and by 2010 the industry average in drop tests for drives with that technology showed drives remaining intact and working after a 36-inch non-operating drop onto industrial carpeting. Some manufacturers also offer 'ruggedized' portable hard drives, which include a shock-absorbing case around the hard disk, and claim a range of higher drop specifications. Over a period of years the stability of hard disk backups is shorter than that of tape backups.

External hard disks can be connected via local interfaces like SCSI, USB, FireWire, or eSATA, or via longer-distance technologies like Ethernet, iSCSI, or Fibre Channel. Some disk-based backup systems, via Virtual Tape Libraries or otherwise, support data deduplication, which can reduce the amount of disk storage capacity consumed by daily and weekly backup data.

Optical storage

Optical storage uses lasers to store and retrieve data. Recordable CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs are commonly used with personal computers and are generally cheap. The capacities and speeds of these discs have typically been lower than hard disks or tapes. Advances in optical media may shrink that gap in the future.

Potential future data losses caused by gradual media degradation can be predicted by measuring the rate of correctable minor data errors, of which consecutively too many increase the risk of uncorrectable sectors. Support for error scanning varies among optical drive vendors.

Many optical disc formats are WORM type, which makes them useful for archival purposes since the data cannot be changed. Moreover, optical discs are not vulnerable to head crashes, magnetism, imminent water ingress or power surges; and, a fault of the drive typically just halts the spinning.

Optical media is modular; the storage controller is not tied to media itself like with hard drives or flash storage (→flash memory controller), allowing it to be removed and accessed through a different drive. However, recordable media may degrade earlier under long-term exposure to light.

Some optical storage systems allow for cataloged data backups without human contact with the discs, allowing for longer data integrity. A French study in 2008 indicated that the lifespan of typically-sold CD-Rs was 2–10 years, but one manufacturer later estimated the longevity of its CD-Rs with a gold-sputtered layer to be as high as 100 years. Sony's proprietary Optical Disc Archive can in 2016 reach a read rate of 250 MB/s.

Solid-state drive
Solid-state drives (SSDs) use integrated circuit assemblies to store data. Flash memory, thumb drives, USB flash drives, CompactFlash, SmartMedia, Memory Sticks, and Secure Digital card devices are relatively expensive for their low capacity, but convenient for backing up relatively low data volumes. A solid-state drive does not contain any movable parts, making it less susceptible to physical damage, and can have huge throughput of around 500 Mbit/s up to 6 Gbit/s. Available SSDs have become more capacious and cheaper. Flash memory backups are stable for fewer years than hard disk backups.

Remote backup service
Remote backup services or cloud backups involve service providers storing data offsite. This has been used to protect against events such as fires, floods, or earthquakes which could destroy locally stored backups. Cloud-based backup (through services like or similar to Google Drive, and Microsoft OneDrive) provides a layer of data protection. However, the users must trust the provider to maintain the privacy and integrity of their data, with confidentiality enhanced by the use of encryption. Because speed and availability are limited by a user's online connection, users with large amounts of data may need to use cloud seeding and large-scale recovery.

Management
Various methods can be used to manage backup media, striking a balance between accessibility, security and cost. These media management methods are not mutually exclusive and are frequently combined to meet the user's needs. Using on-line disks for staging data before it is sent to a near-line tape library is a common example.

Online
Online backup storage is typically the most accessible type of data storage, and can begin a restore in milliseconds. An internal hard disk or a disk array (maybe connected to SAN) is an example of an online backup. This type of storage is convenient and speedy, but is vulnerable to being deleted or overwritten, either by accident, by malevolent action, or in the wake of a data-deleting virus payload.

Near-line
Nearline storage is typically less accessible and less expensive than online storage, but still useful for backup data storage. A mechanical device is usually used to move media units from storage into a drive where the data can be read or written. Generally it has safety properties similar to on-line storage. An example is a tape library with restore times ranging from seconds to a few minutes.

Off-line
Off-line storage requires some direct action to provide access to the storage media: for example, inserting a tape into a tape drive or plugging in a cable. Because the data is not accessible via any computer except during limited periods in which they are written or read back, they are largely immune to on-line backup failure modes. Access time varies depending on whether the media are on-site or off-site.

Off-site data protection
Backup media may be sent to an off-site vault to protect against a disaster or other site-specific problem. The vault can be as simple as a system administrator's home office or as sophisticated as a disaster-hardened, temperature-controlled, high-security bunker with facilities for backup media storage. A data replica can be off-site but also on-line (e.g., an off-site RAID mirror).

Backup site
A backup site or disaster recovery center is used to store data that can enable computer systems and networks to be restored and properly configured in the event of a disaster. Some organisations have their own data recovery centres, while others contract this out to a third-party. Due to high costs, backing up is rarely considered the preferred method of moving data to a DR site. A more typical way would be remote disk mirroring, which keeps the DR data as up to date as possible.

Selection and extraction of data
A backup operation starts with selecting and extracting coherent units of data. Most data on modern computer systems is stored in discrete units, known as files. These files are organized into filesystems. Deciding what to back up at any given time involves tradeoffs. By backing up too much redundant data, the information repository will fill up too quickly. Backing up an insufficient amount of data can eventually lead to the loss of critical information.

Files

 * Copying files: Making copies of files is the simplest and most common way to perform a backup. A means to perform this basic function is included in all backup software and all operating systems.
 * Partial file copying: A backup may include only the blocks or bytes within a file that have changed in a given period of time. This can substantially reduce needed storage space, but requires higher sophistication to reconstruct files in a restore situation. Some implementations require integration with the source file system.
 * Deleted files: To prevent the unintentional restoration of files that have been intentionally deleted, a record of the deletion must be kept.
 * Versioning of files: Most backup applications, other than those that do only full only/System imaging, also back up files that have been modified since the last backup. "That way, you can retrieve many different versions of a given file, and if you delete it on your hard disk, you can still find it in your [information repository] archive."

Filesystems

 * Filesystem dump: A copy of the whole filesystem in block-level can be made. This is also known as a "raw partition backup" and is related to disk imaging. The process usually involves unmounting the filesystem and running a program like dd (Unix). Because the disk is read sequentially and with large buffers, this type of backup can be faster than reading every file normally, especially when the filesystem contains many small files, is highly fragmented, or is nearly full. But because this method also reads the free disk blocks that contain no useful data, this method can also be slower than conventional reading, especially when the filesystem is nearly empty. Some filesystems, such as XFS, provide a "dump" utility that reads the disk sequentially for high performance while skipping unused sections. The corresponding restore utility can selectively restore individual files or the entire volume at the operator's choice.
 * Identification of changes: Some filesystems have an archive bit for each file that says it was recently changed. Some backup software looks at the date of the file and compares it with the last backup to determine whether the file was changed.
 * Versioning file system: A versioning filesystem tracks all changes to a file. The NILFS versioning filesystem for Linux is an example.

Live data
Files that are actively being updated present a challenge to back up. One way to back up live data is to temporarily quiesce them (e.g., close all files), take a "snapshot", and then resume live operations. At this point the snapshot can be backed up through normal methods. A snapshot is an instantaneous function of some filesystems that presents a copy of the filesystem as if it were frozen at a specific point in time, often by a copy-on-write mechanism. Snapshotting a file while it is being changed results in a corrupted file that is unusable. This is also the case across interrelated files, as may be found in a conventional database or in applications such as Microsoft Exchange Server. The term fuzzy backup can be used to describe a backup of live data that looks like it ran correctly, but does not represent the state of the data at a single point in time.

Backup options for data files that cannot be or are not quiesced include:
 * Open file backup: Many backup software applications undertake to back up open files in an internally consistent state. Some applications simply check whether open files are in use and try again later. Other applications exclude open files that are updated very frequently. Some low-availability interactive applications can be backed up via natural/induced pausing.
 * Interrelated database files backup: Some interrelated database file systems offer a means to generate a "hot backup" of the database while it is online and usable. This may include a snapshot of the data files plus a snapshotted log of changes made while the backup is running. Upon a restore, the changes in the log files are applied to bring the copy of the database up to the point in time at which the initial backup ended. Other low-availability interactive applications can be backed up via coordinated snapshots. However, genuinely-high-availability interactive applications can be only be backed up via Continuous Data Protection.

Metadata
Not all information stored on the computer is stored in files. Accurately recovering a complete system from scratch requires keeping track of this non-file data too.
 * System description: System specifications are needed to procure an exact replacement after a disaster.
 * Boot sector: The boot sector can sometimes be recreated more easily than saving it. It usually isn't a normal file and the system won't boot without it.
 * Partition layout: The layout of the original disk, as well as partition tables and filesystem settings, is needed to properly recreate the original system.
 * File metadata: Each file's permissions, owner, group, ACLs, and any other metadata need to be backed up for a restore to properly recreate the original environment.
 * System metadata: Different operating systems have different ways of storing configuration information. Microsoft Windows keeps a registry of system information that is more difficult to restore than a typical file.

Manipulation of data and dataset optimization
It is frequently useful or required to manipulate the data being backed up to optimize the backup process. These manipulations can improve backup speed, restore speed, data security, media usage and/or reduced bandwidth requirements.

Automated data grooming
Out-of-date data can be automatically deleted, but for personal backup applications—as opposed to enterprise client-server backup applications where automated data "grooming" can be customized—the deletion can at most be globally delayed or be disabled.

Compression
Various schemes can be employed to shrink the size of the source data to be stored so that it uses less storage space. Compression is frequently a built-in feature of tape drive hardware.

Deduplication
Redundancy due to backing up similarly configured workstations can be reduced, thus storing just one copy. This technique can be applied at the file or raw block level. This potentially large reduction is called deduplication. It can occur on a server before any data moves to backup media, sometimes referred to as source/client side deduplication. This approach also reduces bandwidth required to send backup data to its target media. The process can also occur at the target storage device, sometimes referred to as inline or back-end deduplication.

Duplication
Sometimes backups are duplicated to a second set of storage media. This can be done to rearrange the archive files to optimize restore speed, or to have a second copy at a different location or on a different storage medium—as in the disk-to-disk-to-tape capability of Enterprise client-server backup.

Encryption
High-capacity removable storage media such as backup tapes present a data security risk if they are lost or stolen. Encrypting the data on these media can mitigate this problem, however encryption is a CPU intensive process that can slow down backup speeds, and the security of the encrypted backups is only as effective as the security of the key management policy.

Multiplexing
When there are many more computers to be backed up than there are destination storage devices, the ability to use a single storage device with several simultaneous backups can be useful. However cramming the scheduled backup window via "multiplexed backup" is only used for tape destinations.

Refactoring
The process of rearranging the sets of backups in an archive file is known as refactoring. For example, if a backup system uses a single tape each day to store the incremental backups for all the protected computers, restoring one of the computers could require many tapes. Refactoring could be used to consolidate all the backups for a single computer onto a single tape, creating a "synthetic full backup". This is especially useful for backup systems that do incrementals forever style backups.

Staging
Sometimes backups are copied to a staging disk before being copied to tape. This process is sometimes referred to as D2D2T, an acronym for Disk-to-disk-to-tape. It can be useful if there is a problem matching the speed of the final destination device with the source device, as is frequently faced in network-based backup systems. It can also serve as a centralized location for applying other data manipulation techniques.

Objectives

 * Recovery point objective (RPO): The point in time that the restarted infrastructure will reflect, expressed as "the maximum targeted period in which data (transactions) might be lost from an IT service due to a major incident". Essentially, this is the roll-back that will be experienced as a result of the recovery. The most desirable RPO would be the point just prior to the data loss event. Making a more recent recovery point achievable requires increasing the frequency of synchronization between the source data and the backup repository.
 * Recovery time objective (RTO): The amount of time elapsed between disaster and restoration of business functions.
 * Data security: In addition to preserving access to data for its owners, data must be restricted from unauthorized access. Backups must be performed in a manner that does not compromise the original owner's undertaking. This can be achieved with data encryption and proper media handling policies.
 * Data retention period: Regulations and policy can lead to situations where backups are expected to be retained for a particular period, but not any further. Retaining backups after this period can lead to unwanted liability and sub-optimal use of storage media.
 * Checksum or hash function validation: Applications that back up to tape archive files need this option to verify that the data was accurately copied.
 * Backup process monitoring: Enterprise client-server backup applications need a user interface that allows administrators to monitor the backup process, and proves compliance to regulatory bodies outside the organization; for example, an insurance company in the USA might be required under HIPAA to demonstrate that its client data meet records retention requirements.
 * User-initiated backups and restores: To avoid or recover from minor disasters, such as inadvertently deleting or overwriting the "good" versions of one or more files, the computer user—rather than an administrator—may initiate backups and restores (from not necessarily the most-recent backup) of files or folders.

title: Backup


text:
User:Guolb1980

i am a chinese:)

title: User:Guolb1980


text:
Talk:Numeracy

Article Review
This article is a little trustworthy, very biased, a little complete, somewhat well-written, and quite accurate. This article makes claims without sufficient citations to support them. Also, the consequences of numeracy are outlined. It would be beneficial to delve into their significance in far more detail. The article should also include ways to improve numeracy, along with a deeper explanation of the root cause of innumeracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.9.61.244 (talk) 19:31, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Hello, and thanks for the review. Could you point out the exact parts that are biased? (And even better, could you fix some of them?) If you could do this it would be very helpful. —  Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 23:32, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The article is biased to the idea that innumeracy is due to environmental factors. No mention is made of genetic factors that might affect mathematical reasoning. Robotczar (talk) 19:05, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Addition to Innumeracy
Just a suggest to the heading entitled "Innumeracy," possible statistics or examples could be added to better illustrate the concepts explained for the layperson. For example, the author of the book, "The Science of Fear," Daniel Gardner provides great examples of how incompetent people are with numbers, statistics, and proportions. On chapter 5, page 95, he describes when people were given the hypothetical situation of saving lives, they would rather save 98% of 150 people, than to save 150 people. This is a great example of how the proportion 98% is ingrained as a high percentage and takes initiative when people are faced with questions involving numbers. 98% of 150 or 147 people is obviously less than 150 people and therefore demonstrates how people misinterpret numbers. Another example that could be used, specifically towards the information of Gambler's Fallacy is presented in Gardner's book on page 97. He states that because a coin has "come up heads five times in a row," those with the belief of Gambler's Fallacy believe that it is more likely that tails will come up on the next roll. Once again, these are just a few thoughts that could improve the article of Numeracy and help readers understand of the concept of numeracy better through specific examples of the opposite disability, Innumeracy.

Mr. Anders (talk) 23:02, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Just a few articles that I found which discuss the topic of numeracy, these may be helpful when creating a more informative page towards Numeracy.

Kleemans, T., Peeters, M., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2012). Child and home predictors of early numeracy skills in kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.12.004

Ciampa, P. J., Osborn, C. Y., Peterson, N. B., & Rothman, R. L. (2010). Patient numeracy, perceptions of provider communication, and colorectal cancer screening utilization. Journal Of Health Communication, 15(Suppl 3), 157-168. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699

Hess, R., Visschers, V. M., & Siegrist, M. (2011). Risk communication with pictographs: The role of numeracy and graph processing. Judgment And Decision Making, 6(3), 263-274.

Donelle, L., Hoffman-Goetz, L., & Arocha, J. F. (2007). Assessing health numeracy among community-dwelling older adults. Journal Of Health Communication, 12(7), 651-665. doi:10.1080/10810730701619919

Gardner, P. H., McMillan, B., Raynor, D. K., Woolf, E., & Knapp, P. (2011). The effect of numeracy on the comprehension of information about medicines in users of a patient information website. Patient Education And Counseling, 83(3), 398-403. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.05.006

Golbeck, A., Paschal, A., Jones, A., & Hsiao, T. (2011). Correlating reading comprehension and health numeracy among adults with low literacy. Patient Education And Counseling, 84(1), 132-134. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.030

Garcia-Retamero, R., & Galesic, M. (2011). Using plausible group sizes to communicate information about medical risks. Patient Education And Counseling, 84(2), 245-250. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.027

Hess, R., Visschers, V. M., Siegrist, M., & Keller, C. (2011). How do people perceive graphical risk communication? The role of subjective numeracy. Journal Of Risk Research, 14(1), 47-61. doi:10.1080/13669877.2010.488745

Keller, C., & Siegrist, M. (2009). Effect of risk communication formats on risk perception depending on numeracy. Medical Decision Making, 29(4), 483-490. doi:10.1177/0272989X09333122

Purpura, D. J., Hume, L. E., Sims, D. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011). Early literacy and early numeracy: The value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy development. Journal Of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(4), 647-658. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.004

Mr. Anders (talk) 16:44, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Age
The Age paragraph discusses numeracy in youth; I would like to suggest that you also include the effects of aging on numeracy (or numerical) skills. I have an octogenarian aunt with dementia who is losing her numeracy skills (i.e., cannot balance a checkbook anymore). Whether that is merely a factor of the dementia or whether there is an age component in losing numeracy as we grow older, it would be helpful to include this point in the article.

Thanks!

66.117.203.158 (talk) 17:21, 29 August 2013 (UTC)James T. Turner

Redirect from Mathematical literacy
I've just noticed the redirect to here from mathematical literacy. Is it just temporary? Certainly math literacy is not limited to number sense or numeracy, it is much more! Thoughts?--5.2.200.163 (talk) 11:29, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Numeracy


text:
Wise County

Wise County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Wise County, Texas
 * Wise County, Virginia

title: Wise County


text:
Canadian Centre for Architecture

The Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA; Centre Canadien d'Architecture) is a museum of architecture and research centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at 1920, rue Baile (1920, Baile Street), between rue Fort (Fort Street) and rue Saint-Marc (Saint-Marc Street) in what was once part of the Golden Square Mile. Today, it is considered to be located in the Shaughnessy Village neighbourhood of the borough of Ville-Marie.

Phyllis Lambert is the founding director emerita, Bruce Kuwabara is chair of the board of trustees, Giovanna Borasi is the director.

The CCA contains a large library and archives, and is host to various exhibits throughout the year. It is also home to a study centre open to the general public. The CCA provides educational programs and cultural activities.

The CCA was designed and built by Peter Rose. It has an architectural garden located on the southern side of René Lévesque Boulevard. The sculpture garden was designed by architect Melvin Charney.

History
The CCA was founded in 1979 by Montreal architect Phyllis Lambert. The purpose of the centre was to promote public awareness of the role architecture plays in society, as well as to encourage scholarly architectural research and to foster innovative design practices.

The CCA was designed and constructed between 1985 and 1989 by Montreal architect Peter Rose. The design of the museum incorporates the Shaughnessy House mansion, built for Thomas Shaughnessy, a Second Empire-style mansion that Lambert purchased in 1974 to prevent its demolition.

The CCA received the Honor Award for Architecture from the American Institute of Architects and the Governor General's Medals in Architecture in 1992.

Building
The current building, which opened in 1989, surrounds Shaughnessy House and was designed by Peter Rose, in collaboration with Phyllis Lambert and Erol Argun. The historic Shaughnessy House, located at 1923 Dorchester Street West (today René Lévesque Boulevard), was built in 1874 according to plans by William Tutin Thomas. It is one of the few nineteenth-century mansions in Montreal that is accessible to the public.

The CCA building, with a surface area of roughly 12000 m2, is home to exhibit halls, the Paul Desmarais Theatre, a bookstore, the library, and a study centre in the Alcan Wing. It also contains restoration laboratories and conservation offices. The work of conservation and restoration of Shaughnessy House, with a floor area of over 1900 m2, was carried out under the direction of Denis Saint-Louis. Also inside is the Devencore Conservatory and reception rooms.

Due to its size, location and use of traditional and modern materials, combining structural aluminum with grey Montreal limestone, the CCA building's architecture blends past and present. Its landscapes, including the CCA sculpture garden facing the building on the south side of René Lévesque Boulevard, were designed according to the ecology of each location. Most of the rooms at Shaughnessy House have been restored to their original 1874 state.

The "Van Horne / Shaughnessy House" was listed as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973, and as a Historical Monument of Quebec on 6 February 1974.

Collection and exhibits
The CCA has large collections of books and artifacts touching on the built environment and certain aspects of industrial design. Within the general collections it has special collections such as those pertaining to architectural games for children, universal exhibitions and their architecture, and significant architects including Ernest Cormier, Peter Eisenman, Arthur Erickson, John Hejduk, Cedric Price, Aldo Rossi, James Stirling, and the artist Gordon Matta-Clark.

The centre holds regular exhibitions made up of research on thematic subjects, different aspects of its collections, and hosts touring exhibits from other museums. The centre offers tours adapted to specific groups and educational programs for children. It also has a bookstore, a concert hall, and gardens. The sculpture garden which lies across René Lévesque Boulevard offers a full scale ghost-like lower shell of the bottom part of the Shaughnessy mansion, and assorted modernistic sculptures or constructs which are developed around the theme of architecture.

The centre's study room is open to the public by appointment. It celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2009.

Lectures series
Over the years, CCA has organized a variety of lectures and presentations, for example by Evgeny Morozov and Johannes Grenzfurthner.

Sculpture garden
The mansion faces a sculpture garden by Melvin Charney on the south side of René Lévesque Boulevard. Located in between René-Lévesque Boulevard and the Ville-Marie Expressway, it is a park, Esplanade Ernest Cormier, in an area of heavy traffic and is at the edge of a cliff. The park contains a set of sculptures that depict aspects of architecture, and include a reproduction of the base of the facade and size of Shaughnessy House. The vegetation is mixed with sections of open walls. Architectural fixtures and furniture items are placed on pedestals.

Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

title: Canadian Centre for Architecture


text:
User:Yarko Brachini

This User Name has been temporarily blocked (24 hours). This user name is suspected of being a sock puppet. If there is a mistake, please email an admin. Kingturtle 03:19, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Yarko Brachini


text:
Winston County

Winston County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Winston County, Alabama
 * Winston County, Mississippi

title: Winston County


text:
Musicmatch Jukebox

MusicMatch Jukebox was media player software made by San Diego-based MusicMatch, Inc. It provided the ability to manage digital audio files and playlists, audio file conversion, an online music store, Internet radio, Compact Disc Digital Audio playback, CD ripper capabilities, and managing digital media on portable media players.

The company's Radio MX service allowed users choose the artist they want to listen to but not the song.

History
MusicMatch Jukebox was launched in 1997.

MusicMatch Jukebox was bundled with the iPod Classic as its music manager until the introduction of iTunes for Microsoft Windows in 2003.

In September 2003, the company launched a digital music store with 200,000 songs available. The company entered into a partnership with Dell to promote the service and software.

In October 2004, Yahoo acquired Musicmatch for $160 million. However, the service was not integrated well, instead stagnating.

On August 31, 2007, Yahoo! discontinued MusicMatch services in an effort to move users to Yahoo! Music.

title: Musicmatch Jukebox


text:
User talk:Yarko Brachini

Hello there! Welcome to Wikipedia! We've noticed that you've been making some additions to the Wikipedia and we really appreciate it. Why not create an account and stay awhile? The Wikipedia can use as many quality members as possible. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Hope to see you around for a long time to come! Mark Richards 02:16, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Please do not engage in edit wars, especially on pages which are already controversial. Use the discussion page instead.—Eloquence

title: User talk:Yarko Brachini


text:
Working Class Dog

Working Class Dog is the fifth studio album by Australian rock musician Rick Springfield, released by RCA Records in 1981. The album was certified Platinum in the United States and eventually sold over three million US copies. It produced Springfield's biggest career hit with the #1 million-selling song, "Jessie's Girl". Springfield was awarded the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male.

The album was re-released on CD in 2006 as a "25th anniversary edition" with three bonus tracks.

Track listing
All tracks written by Rick Springfield except as indicated.

Album cover
The album cover features a picture of a Bull Terrier dog dressed in a white shirt with a black tie. The dog was Springfield’s pet named Ronnie, and he briefly cameoed in the song’s music video. Ronnie would later be featured in the cover art of his owner’s next album Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet. Working Class Dog‘s cover (credited to Mike Doud) was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Album Package" in 1981. The 2011 Jonathan Coulton song "Je Suis Rick Springfield" makes reference to the album cover. Ronnie passed away in 1994.

Personnel

 * Rick Springfield - vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards
 * Robben Ford - guitar
 * Neil Giraldo - guitar, bass
 * Gabriel Katona - keyboards
 * Jeff Eyrich - bass
 * Mike Baird - drums
 * Jack White - drums
 * Jeremiah Cox - French horn, background vocals
 * Tom Kelly - background vocals

Credits

 * Produced by Rick Springfield, Bill Drescher and Keith Olsen
 * Engineered by Bill Drescher, Chris Minto and Doug Pakes at Sound City
 * Mastered by Greg Fulginiti at Artisan Sound Recorders

title: Working Class Dog


text:
Tom Rideout

Thomas "Tom" Gerald Rideout (born June 25, 1948) is a former Canadian politician who served as the fourth premier of Newfoundland from March 22, 1989 to May 5, 1989.

Life and career
Born in Fleur de Lys, Newfoundland, Rideout was first elected to the provincial House of Assembly in the 1975 general election as a Liberal but left the party in 1980 to join the Progressive Conservative government of Premier Brian Peckford in its fight with Ottawa for control of offshore petroleum resources. Rideout became minister of culture, recreation and youth in 1984 and became minister of fisheries in 1985. With Peckford's retirement from politics in 1989, Rideout was chosen Tory party leader and thus became premier of Newfoundland. One month later at the 1989 provincial election, the Progressive Conservatives narrowly won a higher percentage of votes than the Liberal Party led by Clyde Wells, but the Liberals won the most seats and Wells replaced Rideout as Premier. Rideout remained Leader of the Opposition until October 1991 when he left politics for a federal appointment as a member of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.

Rideout attempted a political comeback in the 1993 federal election, running as the Progressive Conservative candidate in Gander—Grand Falls, but was defeated by Liberal incumbent George Baker.

In 1997, he obtained his law degree from the University of Ottawa, and was called to the Newfoundland bar in 1998.

In 1999, he re-entered public life, and was elected as a Progressive Conservative Member of the House of Assembly for the district of Lewisporte. He was re-elected in 2003, when the PC Party formed the government. He was appointed Minister Responsible for Aboriginal Affairs and Minister of Works, Services & Transportation (the name of which was later changed to Transportation and Works). In addition to these portfolios, Rideout served as acting Minister of Health and Community Services from September 27 to October 1, 2004. On November 8, 2005, Rideout was appointed Minister of Fisheries and Deputy Premier. In the 2007 general election he switched districts and ran in Baie Verte-Springdale, the district he had represented in the House of Assembly from 1975 until 1991.

On May 21, 2008, Rideout tendered his resignation as Deputy Premier, Government House Leader and Minister of Fisheries in the provincial government, in a dispute with the Premier's Office over road funding in his electoral district of Baie Verte-Springdale. On June 30, 2008, Rideout resigned from politics altogether, tendering his resignation as a Member of the House of Assembly.

In 2017, Rideout endorsed Ches Crosbie in the 2018 provincial PC leadership race.

title: Tom Rideout


text:
University of Poitiers

The University of Poitiers (UP; Université de Poitiers) is a public university located in Poitiers, France. It is a member of the Coimbra Group. It is multidisciplinary and contributes to making Poitiers the city with the highest student/inhabitant ratio in France by welcoming nearly 28,000 students in 2017.

The University of Poitiers represents a global operating budget of around 150 million euros per year, one-third of which is for operating and investment costs and two-thirds for personnel costs. As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University.

History
Founded in 1431 by Pope Eugene IV and chartered by King Charles VII, the University of Poitiers was originally composed of five faculties: theology, canon law, civil law, medicine, and arts.

In the 16th century, the university exerted its influence over the town cultural life, and was ranked second only to Paris. Of the 4,000 students who attended it at the time, some were to become famous: Joachim Du Bellay, Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, François Rabelais, René Descartes, and Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, to name but a few.

After temporary closure during the French Revolution when provincial universities were abolished, the University of Poitiers reopened in 1796. The reinstated university was merged from several schools and contained new faculties such as the faculty of science and the faculty of letters.

They established the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers, a department which trains engineers, in 1984 after having created the Institut de sciences et techniques de Poitiers, its predecessor.

The first Confucius Institute in France was created on the campus in 2005 with the cooperation of Nanchang University and Jiujiang University.

After having managed its payroll and budget since January 1, 2010, the University of Poitiers is the third university in France to have its premises.

In late 2011 the university changed its logo. They submitted four so that students and the staff were able to decide. The up-to-date logo is based on the original coat of arms while the former was something modern. Over 9,000 people participated in the selection of the new logo.

In 2012, the university launched a blogging platform where the teaching staff and researchers deal with topical subjects, each in their area of expertise. The slogan is the word of experts.

Organization
The university covers all major academic fields through its 14 teaching and research departments, institutes and schools:

 * Teaching and Research Departments
 * Department of Law and Social Sciences
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Basic and Applied Science
 * Department of Literature and Languages
 * Department of Human Sciences and Arts
 * Department of Sports Sciences
 * Department of Medicine and Pharmacy
 * School
 * Graduate Engineering School - École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP)
 * Institutes
 * Polytechnic of Poitiers (IUT)
 * Polytechnic of Angoulême (IUT)
 * IAE University Business School (IAE Poitiers)
 * Institute of Communication and New Technologies (ICOMTEC)
 * General Administration Preparatory Institute (IPAG)
 * Institute of Industrial, Insurance and Financial Risks (IRIAF)

Research
In the scientific domain, it has these laboratories, where ENSIP is part of:
 * LIAS: automatics
 * IC2MP: chemistry and materials
 * Institut Pprime: physics

In the legal domain, the Center for Studies on International Legal Cooperation (CECOJI) is a joint research unit (UMR) involving the University of Poitiers and the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).

Life on campus
Students can play in athletic teams, or just enjoy all the sports proposed. It is also possible to play golf at the north of the campus of Poitiers and sail in La Rochelle.

The Bitards are also known as the university's most famous student association.

Medieval

 * Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) - Greek and Hebrew scholar
 * François Rabelais (c.1490-1553) - writer
 * Hubert Languet (1518-1581) - diplomat
 * Joachim du Bellay (c.1522-1560) - poet, critic
 * Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585) - poet
 * François Viète (1540-1603) - mathematician
 * Robert Hayman (1575-1629) - poet and colonist
 * Georg Anton von Rodenstein (1579-1652) - bishop
 * René Descartes (1596-1650) - philosopher
 * Joseph-François Lafitau (1681-1746) - Jesuit missionary, ethnologist, and naturalist

Humanities

 * Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854-1936) - anthropologist
 * Alfred Jeanroy (1859-1953) - linguist
 * José Fernández Montesinos (1897-1972) - historian and literary critic
 * Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) - philosopher
 * Edmond-René Labande (1908-1992) - archivist and historian
 * Mikel Dufrenne (1910-1995) - philosopher
 * Roger Garaudy (1913-2012) - philosopher
 * John Howard Griffin (1920-1980) - American journalist and author
 * Jean Foyer (1921-2008) - lawyer and politician
 * Pierre Bec (1921-2014) - poet and linguist
 * Michel Clouscard (1928-2009) - philosopher and sociologist
 * Jean-Claude Coquet (1928-2023) - linguist and semiotician
 * Samir Amin (1931-2018) - economist
 * Kweku Etrew Amua-Sekyi (1933-2007) - Ghanaian Supreme Court Judge
 * Claude Hagège (b. 1936) - linguist
 * Joaquim Chissano (b. 1939) - Mozambican politician
 * Pascal Salin (b. 1939) - economist
 * Pascoal Mocumbi (1941-2023) - Mozambican politician
 * Jean-Pierre Arrignon (1943-2021) - historian
 * Jean-Luc Marion (b. 1946) - philosopher
 * François-Bernard Huyghe (1951-2022) - political scientist
 * Pascale Ballet (b. 1953) - Egyptologist

Science

 * Jules Gosselet (1832-1916) - geologist
 * Édouard Louis Trouessart (1842-1927) - zoologist
 * Noël Bernard (1874-1911) - botanist
 * Henri Lebesgue (1875-1941) - mathematician
 * René Maurice Fréchet (1878-1973) - mathematician
 * Paul Becquerel (1879-1955) - biologist
 * Albert Maige (1872-1943) - botanist
 * Michel Lazard (1924-1987) - mathematician
 * Michel Brunet (b. 1940) - paleontologist
 * Mostafa Mir-Salim (b. 1947) - engineer
 * Abderrazak El Albani - sedimentologist

Points of interest

 * Jardin botanique universitaire de Poitiers

title: University of Poitiers


text:
Chellaston

Chellaston is a suburban village on the southern outskirts of Derby, in Derbyshire, England.

History
An early mention of Chellaston is thought to be a reference to Ceolarde's hill. This is mentioned in a 1009 charter when nearby land was given to Morcar by Ethelred the Unready. Historically, Chellaston has been part of the Hundred of Repton and Gresley.

Chellaston was a separate village and was worth three shillings when the king gave it to Henry de Ferrers in the 11th century. It is mentioned as "Celerdestune" in the Domesday Book.

Throughout the centuries, Chellaston grew slowly. By 1676, the village had grown to a population of around 140, and there were still only 42 houses in Chellaston in 1789. There may have been up to two manor houses in Chellaston, but these residences were abandoned sometime around the 17th century. One of them is thought to have been located at the end of the present-day Manor Road.

It is rumoured that Robin Hood was born at a manor house in Chellaston. This claim is mentioned in several directories and gazetteers published in the 19th century, but there is no evidence to substantiate this legend. However, Philip Marc, the local sheriff at the time of the robin hoods legend, had real associations with Chellaston.

Chellaston was once one of the largest producers of mined alabaster in the United Kingdom, which was used to produce Nottingham Alabaster. By the end of the 18th century, Chellaston was exporting its poor grades of alabaster as gypsum and it was transported via the local canals for markets in Derby and The Potteries. It was even used by Josiah Wedgwood for plaster moulds to shape his pottery. The remains of Chellaston's pits can be found at the bottom of Pit Close Lane and Woodgate Drive, and the site is now popular with BMX bikers and teenagers.

Chellaston grew substantially between 1880 and 1950, with a number of areas being developed for housing. These developments included housing around Glenwood Road, Station Road, and north of Sutton Avenue. After 1950, the village grew even more: houses were built in the Springfield Road and St Peter's Road areas, among others. By the 1990s, extensive housing complexes had emerged, most notably on Sutton Avenue, Maple Drive, and Parkway.

As of 2009, Chellaston has become a large Derby suburb; much larger than the original village. Two distinct housing estates to the east and west of the centre have been built. The eastern estate can be found on Snelsmoor Lane, and the west estate sprawls in an arc from the Bonnie Prince public house on Swarkestone Road to the bottom of Sinfin Moor Lane and Baltimore Bridge.

Government
Chellaston formerly lay within the South Derbyshire parliamentary constituency, but moved to Derby South following the electoral boundaries review of 2007. The newly formed Chellaston Fields settlement to the southern edge of Chellaston continue to fall under South Derbyshire. In local council elections, Chellaston is part of the Chellaston ward.

The current councillors for Chellaston and Shelton Lock are Conservative's Harvey Jennings and two independent candidates, husband & wife, Philip and Celia Ingall as of 6 May 2022, with Celia replacing Conservative councillor, Ross McCristal.

In 1961 the civil parish had a population of 3702. On 1 April 1968 the parish was abolished and merged with Derby, Elvaston, Aston upon Trent and Swarkestone. It is now in the unparished area of Derby, in the Derby district.

Geography
Chellaston lies about 5 mi south of Derby city centre, and is the southernmost part of the city. It borders Shelton Lock to the north and South Derbyshire to the south. The southern edge of Chellaston also known as Chellaston Fields, formed by Regents Place Estate and the adjacent Retail Park, falls under South Derbyshire District and isn’t part of Derby City.

Demography
At the 2011 United Kingdom census the population was 15,198 - an increase of 24.95% from 2001. 86.2% are White British, compared to 75.3% for Derby as a whole.

Economy
Chellaston has a Co-operative supermarket on the corner of High Street and Derby Road. The Post Office is located on Derby Road near Station Road, next to Chellaston Garage (a small car repair business) and a Cantonese takeaway – Ming's Court (which used to be a petrol station). A Tesco Express was housed on the site next to the garage until April 2011, when it moved to new premises in the former Red Lion public house.

Culture and community
In the late 2000s, a local public library was built between the community centre and the Co-operative supermarket. There is also a children's playground next to the Chellaston Community Centre, which is situated on Barley Croft, off High Street. The bowls club can be traced back to 1905.

The 25 acre site of the former Chellaston Brickworks is now a designated Local Nature Reserve. Chellaston has intermittently hosted an annual summer carnival complete with floats. Floats were contributed by local groups such as the Scouts and Guides, churches of all denominations, and Chellaston Junior School. The carnival usually took place on the recreation ground, next to the community centre on Barley Croft, but has not been held since the late 1990s.

The Chellaston Beauty tulip was developed in the early 1850s; its flower has a white base and variegated tips in near black.

Before being converted into a public house, The Bonnie Prince used to be a grand private residence named Home Lea, home to the Osbourne family in 1901.

Landmarks
No.4 Swarkestone Road probably originates from the 16th century but has been much altered since. White House Farm on the High Street is a Grade II-listed farmhouse and stables dating from the early 18th century. Pear Tree Cottage at No.49 Derby Road has a plaque dated 1799, though this date is disputed. Opposite the church, at No.84 High Street, is the former village shop, which is Grade II-listed as it is relatively unchanged since the early 19th century.

Transport
The main road through Chellaston is Derby Road A514, which becomes Swarkestone Road at the crossroads with High Street. Approximately 1000 new homes have been built to the west of Chellaston, close to the route of the disused and in-filled Derby Canal.

Formerly, the suburb had its own railway station (at the bottom of Station Road), but little trace of the site exists today. The station's full name was Chellaston and Swarkestone. The main public transport link is the bus service, which journeys either side of Chellaston as far as Derby and Swadlincote.

Education
There are five schools; Chellaston Infant School on School Lane, Chellaston Junior School on Maple Drive, Homefields Primary School on Parkway and Chellaston Academy (senior school and 6th form college) on Swarkestone Road. Chellaston Academy's catchment area includes the nearby villages of Melbourne, Aston-on-Trent, Ticknall, Barrow upon Trent and Weston-on-Trent. Chellaston Fields is the fifth school,located near Aldi which is on the outskirts of the village, towards the A50 and Swarkestone.

Religious sites
There are two churches in Chellaston: St. Peter's Church (Church of England) on St. Peter's Road, and the Methodist Church on High Street. St. Peter's dates from the 15th century although it was largely rebuilt in 1842. The two churches have a signed an ecumenical covenant together, and hold a joint service every month. There used to be a Baptist church in Chellaston near Pear Tree Cottage on Derby Road. There also used to be the St. Ralph Sherwin Church Catholic on Swarkestone Road next to Chellaston School, but this was demolished in 2019 along with the Rose and Crown pub to make way for a Lidl supermarket.

Sport
Chellaston Park on Snelsmoor Lane includes a children's playground, football 3G floodlit courts and grass pitches, a cricket pitch and changing facilities.

The pavilion and sporting facilities are managed by 'not for profit' organisation, Chellaston Leisure Limited.

AFC Chellaston (formally Chellaston Boys & Girls FC); an FA Charter Standard Community Football Club founded in 1992. The club is based at Snelsmoor Park in Chellaston. The club, run by volunteers, has approx. 50 teams, playing in the Derby, Burton and Nottingham junior and adult football leagues. Players are aged from 3 right through to adult and there are approx. 500 registered players within the club.

Chellaston Cricket Club plays in the Derbyshire County Cricket Leagues, with adult and junior teams were formed in 2021 and have adopted Chellaston Park as their home ground.

Notable people
The following came from Chellaston:
 * Paul Aldred (former Derbyshire cricketer)
 * JTBD Platts (former Derbyshire cricketer)
 * Frederick Forman (former Derbyshire cricketer)
 * Roberto S P King, forensic research scientist
 * Georgia Groome, actress, was a member of Chellaston Players theatre group

title: Chellaston


text:
Windham County

Windham County may refer to:

 * Places
 * Two counties in the United States:
 * Windham County, Connecticut
 * Windham County, Vermont

 * Ships
 * USS LST-1170, a United States Navy landing ship tank commissioned in 1954 and renamed USS Windham County (LST-1170) in 1955

title: Windham County