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Talk:Peacekeeping

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Disambig page

 * Talk:Peacekeeping/Sandbox
 * Talk:Peacekeeping/Template

Archive of Old Article

I feel this page should be more of a disambig page. Right now, it just redirects to United Nations Peacekeeping, but there are other peacekeeping missions, like the KFOR lead Kosovo Force. Under is a suggestion: - disambig

The word Peacekeeping can refer to different peacekeeping forces:

- Please come with suggestions etc. before I make the change! --Vikingstad 19:20, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * UN Peacekeeping (United Nations)
 * KFOR (The Kosovo Force, NATO)

WikiEdu Edits
I have been working on a new outline and framework for this page which I think will be more cogent and organized. It's not complete yet, but what I have so far can be found in my sandbox here.--Kdion (talk) 22:14, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Darfur
Is the AU mission in Darfur considered peacekeeping? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.58.206.209 (talk) 09:08, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. Although UN approval doesn't "make" a peacekeeping mission, AMIS is recognized by the UN as a so-called "Chapter 8" mission - one which is run by a non-UN organization with UN approval, like the missions in the Balkans and Afghanistan. Geoff NoNick 10:39, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * If you are referring to ISAF, it is not a peacekeeping operation. See e.g. myths and facts section on peacekeeping in unac.org 83.245.225.99 (talk) 16:46, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

IPKF issues
It says here on the peacekeeping page that the IPKF did not have the equipment to rout the LTTE but that is not true. The main reason for the Indian withdrawal was because it was the request of the Sri Lankan prime minister who signed a peace agreement with the LTTE. If anyone disputes this claim, they can check the IPKF Wiki article which states:

Supported by Indian Army tanks, helicopter gunships and heavy artillery, the IPKF temporarily routed the LTTE. But this victory came at a price, as the IPKF lost over 200 soldiers.

The article clearly mentions that the IPKF had more than one helicopter for air support and it also deployed Indian Army Tanks.

Also, the article at the beginning mentions the failure of the IPKF but doesn't talk of the US's failure in Somalia, Vietnam, Lebanon and the failure of other countries. It seems to me like an NPOV issue so I am deleting the line.

UN peacekeeping is highly cost effective
I believe this sentence is subjective. To say that UN peacekeeping is cost effecive suggests that it is efficent and low cost. I belive this is open to debate. I could raise many question: what is considered efficient, what is considered low cost, what about peacekeeping failures in this cost effective assesment, etc. I do not suggest that this statement be supported with evidence, but simply be remove to keep a neutral point of view. Any thoughts on the matter are welcome!

 * Cost effective? No way. Most of the funds that the UN needs to keep running come from US tax dollars, about 3 Billion dollars a year. And thats just to the peacekeeping operation.

-Jakub 12/04/04

 * Most statements on complex issues have an element of subjectivity to them, and most statements about complex issues on Wikipedia are also open to debate. :) But to advocate that an existing statement which has some elements of subjectivity to it (or is open to debate) should therefore be removed -- is not NPOV as I understand it.

 * As the paragraph after the line you want removed states: "The UN spends less per year on peacekeeping worldwide than the City of New York spends on the annual budgets of its fire and police departments. UN peacekeeping cost about $2.6 billion in 2002. In the same year, Governments worldwide spent more than $794 billion on arms — a figure that represents 2.5 per cent of world gross domestic product and shows no sign of decreasing."

 * Wars are horribly expensive. The economic costs (alone) of repairing war-damaged societies are far, far higher than the costs of prevention. The human costs are beyond economic measure.

 * IMO, advocating the removal of this statement is an attempt to remove accurate content from the article -- content which is positive about UN peacekeeping -- and actually make the article less informative, more critical of peacekeeping, and less NPOV. The article already features several subsections of open criticism of peacekeeping in the current section 4, 'Issues with Peacekeeping'. Those subsections can of course be expanded if a more NPOV is appropriate.

 * However, I would suggest any questions or debate about peacekeeping costs or efficiencies be confined to this page prior to editing the existing content. Especially when the fairminded Wikipedian raising this issue and sincerely seeking editorial change for a more NPOV doesn't actually appear to be a real Wikipedia login. :) Cheers, Madmagic 21:21, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Sources on participation
What's the source on how many soldiers each country contributed in 2004? Is there an updated list? I'd like to look at the list (either old or new) to see where otherr countries fall, e.g. Canada and Belgium, and I'd like to re-order the list myself as number of soldiers/population. I'ma also asking this on the reference desk. Thanks. moink 18:43, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Copied from Reference Desk, for the sake of completeness:
 * Are these documents anything like what you're looking for? They're from the official UN website, so they should be reliable. -- Vardion 06:25, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

UN peackeeping???
I don't think that should redirect it to here. UN peacekeeping deserves it's own page. I would think that this article should talk about how peackeeping works and it's history with mention of the United Nations, Nato,and individual nations peackeeping forces(such as India's IPKF) and a link. Am I wrong? Falphin 23:39, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

First sentence appears misleading
This following sentence seems to me misleading: "Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace"

I would say that peacekeeping is a way to facilitate peace negotiation in countries that have been torn by conflict.

One example: Rwanda in 1994 was definitely torn by conflict. However, UN peacekeepers certainly did not create conditions for sustainable peace, because the genocide happened after they arrived.

What they did do was provide a somewhat more positive environment in which leaders could negotiate a peace.

Please respond if you have an objection to this proposed change. --Zaorish

Changing the wording to emphasize the past tense of the verb would not solve the valid problem you bring up. What about changing it to "Peacekeeping attempts to assist contries torn by conflict to create conditions for sustainable peace." --Morph

I would say it depends on the level of conflict and how late the UN arrived. Anyways, the article only says that the UN defines it that way. There are probably different definitions elsewhere. --Yboy403

I think the example of Rwanda was not fully thought out. The aticle on UNAMIR - the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda - states: "Among the first targets of the genocide were the Prime Minister and 10 Belgian members of the UNAMIR forces. These troops were murdered after handing over their weapons to Rwandan government troops. They were advised to do so by their battalion commander who was unclear on the legal issues with authorising them to defend themselves, even though they had been under fire for about two hours already.This confusion over legal protocols typified the response of UNAMIR to the escalating chaos. The misson's vague mandate, created under Chapter VI of the UN Charter was unclear about the right to use force, particularly in defence of civilians. The mission's original intention was to oversee the implementation of the Arusha peace agreement. However, by the time of the genocide, the peace agreement was completely irrelevant and UNAMIR was legally powerless." The UN peacekeepers were unable to intervene during the genocide because it wasnt clear as to what rights they had to fire there weapons. I would also like to point out the recent UN resolution for the crisis in Lebanon. The Resolution and deployment of a UN Peacekeeping force intends to assist both Israel and Lebanon create conditions for the citizens of both countries to live. So in this case the peacekeepers are creating a buffer zone between the countries, and focus the negotiations to the real issue: Hezbollah which created the unrest within the region. It could be changed to "Peacekeeping is a system which creates peaceful conditions in regions that by themselves are unable to create sustainable peace" --alias_pizzaman

 * As an overall reply about the subject of the first sentence, the link for the citation is dead, and the United Nations seems to have taken a new stance on the definition of Peace Keeping as stated here: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/ - Fallenangei (talk) 01:08, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Quite right, thanks for pointing that out. I have fixed it. - Ahunt (talk) 18:33, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

UN endorsement necessary, or not?

 * The U.S., like many of our allies, also participates in peacekeeping operations that are not run by the UN but which have an international stamp of approval in the form of a supportive UN Security Council resolution. The UN is not in charge of such operations, and the U.S. undertakes them for national security reasons, with no expectation of reimbursement. An example of this is the on-going "no-fly" zone in Iraq, undertaken by the U.S. and British governments.

The article states that the UN "authorizes" certain peacekeeping operations that it doesn't run itself. This implies that the UN has sovereignty over the entire world, which is a debatable point. Many people wish for the UN to gain sovereignty; one tactic to empower the UN as sovereign is to assert that it and it alone has the "authority" to require, permit or refuse various things. Then expand the scope of these things.

The US position, for example, is contrary to this position. It asserts that each nation is sovereign - not the UN as a whole (or any of its agencies or councils). It argues thus that the US is not bound in any way (legal or moral) by the UN.

Unless the article wants to assert the POV that no peacekeeping operation may be undertaken without UN approval, we should rephrase this. We should make it clear that it is a United Nations POV or the POV of certain advocates. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 13:44, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Note the second paragraph of the article, quoted below almost entire:

 * "The Charter of the United Nations gives the UN Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself with troops serving under UN operational command. In other cases, where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Economic Community of West African States or coalitions of willing countries to implement certain peacekeeping or peace enforcement functions."

 * I don't see the problem. The UN is the largest and best-known world organization created for the purpose of trying to reduce the tragedy of war and armed conflicts. The article does not directly state -- or IMO imply-- the UN has political sovereignty over the entire world.

 * Are you trying to say the UN does not have the moral authority to judge whether a peacekeeping mission is or isn't an actual peacekeeping mission? Cheers, Madmagic 13:28, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

POV template placed on article
Today I added a POV template to the Peacekeeping article. IMO, this article is about a serious and important subject in current world politics, and in world history for more than half a century. This subject deserves a Wikipedia article of very high quality. IMO, this article is of very, very low quality.

(Disclaimer on personal POV issues: I generally support UN peacekeeping operations. I'm also a Canadian. My family members have gone on UN peacekeeping operations and I've listened to their criticisms. I'm also well aware of Rwanda, Roméo Dallaire, and of many of the recent and historical criticisms of peacekeeping. I am not at all opposed to including those criticisms, and I would welcome clear descriptions of when, how and why UN peacekeeping has gone wrong. In balance with where it has gone right.)

I am personally upset -- and offended -- to see included in this article descriptions of UN peacekeepers as "smurfs" and multiple references and external links to prostitution -- when the article makes little or no mention of dozens of successful UN peacekeeping missions, or of longstanding peacekeeping committments such as Cyprus.

If one-half of the negative POV expressed repeatedly in this article -- and the lack of clearly-written factual content -- was stated about (for two examples) the United States Marine Corps or the Royal Navy, then Wikipedians would be screaming -- and I do mean screaming -- foul. Again, IMO, this article very badly needs balance, much more well-written content, and clarity.

End rant. :) I hope it will help provoke and produce a good article. As the article states: since 1948 at least 1,450 UN peacekeepers have lost their lives trying to help make a more peaceful world. They deserve better memorials than this. Madmagic 05:48, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I find it extremely interesting that you have direct contact with Blue Helmets, or former ones. The closer I have been to this was stalking on Internet forums devoted to Bosnia in the hope of interesting people to contribute to Wikipedia, spend hours shearching for Free (or "liberable") photos (by the way, the one on top of the article is just the only photo of a Blue Helmet that I was able to find, do not read it as an attempt to colour the whole article), and reading books.
 * Short, I am interested in working on the article, and I think that aiming toward "Featured article" status would be nice. Do you have a plan ?
 * Thanks and cheers ! Rama 08:40, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
As Falphin noted above, UN Peacekeeping redirects here. I placed the Category: Nobel Peace Prize winners on that redirect so it would show up correctly inside the category.--Bookandcoffee 07:50, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for fixing that. It was the legacy of a article about a person/editor who was supposedly a UN peacekeeper who insisted on placing the Nobel Peace Prize winner category on the bio. As a compromise we created the Peacekeeper category, put him in it, then gave the prize to the category. After all that work it turned out the article was a hoax. Since no one has ever been added to the category, it appears useless. (Odd that there haven't been any real notable UN Peacekeepers.) Cheers, -Will Beback 08:35, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Rant
I know wikipedia ain't a forum, but I just want to say that peacekeepers can be described in one word: armed social workers. The little military uniform, blue helmet and gun are just to make them look like soldiers so  as to seemingly act as a symbol of internation authority. AllStarZ 04:15, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Your one-word description is Armed Social Workers? That description is three words, not one. :-) Just joking around with you, I see your point...Jporcaro 15:01, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. I'm pro-multilateralism and international cooperation, but I think that will only have a chance if the UN toughens up. Disgraces like Rwanda where (Belgian/French/Canadian) UN forces run away as soon as shots are fired are one of the reasons why there is so little faith in UN peacekeeping. Wouter Lievens 16:40, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

The Canadian/French/Belginan troops didn't have adequate numbers to prevent what occured in Rewanda. Perhaps you have a source for claiming that those soldiers "ran away as soon as shots are fired".

 * Actually, Belgium pulled their contigent out when they lost 10 soldiers on a single day at the beginning of the genocide. The Canadian part of the mission was small and consisted of a handful of HQ/ higher command staff (if I remember correctly) and France wasn't even part of the original UNAMIR. I have two issues with the above statement: first, members of UNAMIR received hostile fire even before the genocide started in April 1994 so it's plain wrong to say that they ran away as soon as shots are fired. Second, the original UNAMIR mandate was based on chapter 6 of the UN charta. Which was (more or less) fine as long as they tried to keep the peace, but wholly inadequate when peace enforcement would have been in order beginning in April. That it took the Security Council much too long to upgrade UNAMIR's strength and mandate was surely not UNAMIR's fault. Those of UNAMIR who made it through the genocide in Rwanda are among the bravest military people anywhere in the world. --Uwe 23:08, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

I wouls hate to dispute your facts, but the whole of the 1st Canadian Engineering Division (sounds like a lot of troops but it was more around 600-800 soliders and engineers) was in Rawanda as well as the initial command staff.

Just a point: many Canadian Peacekeepers are RCMP so they're really not soldiers they're police officers. And get real people! International Justice is not the same as national. You can't go into someone else's country and tell those people what to do and control them by force. This has a history of failing. DotDarkCloud 00:24, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Nature of the article
This article is poorly designed, it should be more concise and contain a brief synopsis of the origin of peacekeeping, its legal and command structure, and a list of missions. Most of the article could go into a "peacekeeping controversies" page.

You are not making any argument here. (this should be deleted)

I removed some of the references about peacekeeping/sex trade connections. They appear to be have been intentionally placed there just to make peace keepers look bad. I left a few to allow the truth to be said, without it being excessive.

Misconceptions
Criticisms of UN peacekeeping and its effectiveness are just that. The "criticisms" and "reform" sections should be summarized here in one sentence and given a page of their own. Many seem to have opinions of peacekeeping and peacekeepers based on received notions and little else. Prejudice, hearsay, and emotional reactions do not constitute knowledge.

Not all peacekeepers are "blue helmets" -- that distinction goes to soldiers under peacekeeping command. Civilian police and military observers perform different roles within peacekeeping operations, and are not referred to as blue helmets... sometimes blue berets. Civilians are never called blue helmets or peacekeepers; they are peacekeeping staff or UN mission staff.

More emphasis should be given to the civilian aspect of peacekeeping and the expansion of the UN peacekeeping model since the 1990s. Large peacekeeping missions integrate political and humanitarian efforts on a broad scale, involving many UN agencies. During UNTAET 2000-2002, the UN was effectively the government of East Timor, the first and only time the UN acted in the role of national administration.

UN political and peacebuilding missions are not usually administered by the UN dept. of peacekeeping (DPKO); they often have military observers and police advisors, but no armed soldiers and no military mandate. There is no mention anywhere of this distinction.

UN peacekeeping is a complex issue that deserves a lot better technical synopsis and a lot less opinion mongering. --slammyapple 04:45, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Split?
Seems like UN Peacekeeping should have its own article and this should be about the general concept. The other peacekeeprs (NATO, etc.) should have their own articles too. Thoughts? savidan(talk) (e@) 05:33, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd agree with that...Mike McGregor (Can) 08:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * By the way, what exactly is the nuance convoyed by "Blue Helmet" ? Is it very informal ? I often hear it in official discourse... Rama 09:02, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Blue Helmet is just a metonymy like the crown for the British monarchy. No one has objected, but where do we go from here? savidan(talk) (e@) 02:37, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say UN peacekeeping already has its own page: List of UN peacekeeping missions, including links and wikipedia pages for most missions. A bit more text and a title change of that page to UN Peacekeeping would probably be sufficient (as well as excising some text from this article).  --M4-10 05:48, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

What about an article on ‘peacekeeping controversies' (eg: bias of peacekeepers, links to forced prostitution etc)? Chwyatt 14:44, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Maybe the term peacekeepers would be better wit a disambiguation page. I'm trying to find the page on the snes game and it sent me here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.14.203.32 (talk) 04:46, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Nomenclature
I don't know why, but I'm not liking the title of the section "Issues with Peacekeeping". Perhaps "Criticism" would be more appropriate. Crabbyass 04:52, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

IPKF
In the following paragraph:

"In 1987 an Indian peacekeeping force, IPKF, entered Sri Lanka to help maintain peace. With similar results to the US mission in Vietnam, India was forced to withdraw in 1990. However, the reasons for withdrawal were different in that the IPKF did not have necessary military equipment such as tanks or air support (other than one helicopter)."

The reasoning for withdrawal mentioned here is incorrect.

I believe the undisputed reason was because under the agreement, the Sri Lankan government asked the IPKF to leave (see the join comminique http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/89ipkfwidthdrawal.htm). This was since the IPKF took sides in the Sri Lankan ethnic conflict, going against one of the protaganist, namely the LTTE and led to about 1200 casualties on the IPKF side. As having seen IPKF forces in Sri Lanka at that time and seen their armaments, I should mention having seen T-72 tanks and fighter jets and probably more than one Mi-24 hind gunship. I don't have references to the number of military equipment etc used and hence I wanted to make this point and let someone here/maintainer followup on the leads I have pointed out and make the corrections.

There is also an official set of reasons for India's withdrawal, see the following link from the Jain Commision for the Indian Govt. official stand. http://www.india-today.com/jain/vol8/chap39.html

Johnathan1155 05:57, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

IPKF Was not part of UN Peacekeeping
I agree with the above statement but will also like to comment that if the nature of this article is focused on UN Peacekeeping, the inclusion of this peacekeeping mission, which was not endorsed in any way by the United Nations, seems to be irrelevant. This comment comes directly from Ambassador Jamsheed Marker, a professor and friend of mine, who was involved and the directed the peace mission in east timor. NeoXtremeX 04:54, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Take a look at the introduction of the page. Other missions such as the one in Kososvo are also mentioned. This page would be biased to only focus on U.N. Peacekeeping. So, perhaps the entirety of that small article should be merged as a section of this article. The main reason for the focus on UN peacekeeping is that it is the most common form. Falphin 01:48, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

UN Peacekeeping should be a separate article or there should be only a brief section talking about non-UN attempts to keep the peace between nations.

Canadian Public Opinion
Where is the source for your stating that Canadians support peacekeeping? Is this the result of a public opinion poll, or are you Canadian?

Featured article status
Re a comment above, I'm interested in working towards featured article status (see WP:FA). There are of course very stringent requirements for achieving this, but I think we can manage. First, let's come up with an outline of what we want and need. Any ideas? --Tjss(Talk) 05:29, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

New version
I've drafted a new version (see Talk:Peacekeeping/Sandbox) and will be posting it within a few days unless there is significant objection. It's not a final draft, but I've organized and cleaned up a lot of stuff, and it should provide a basis for future edits. --Tjss(Talk) 22:02, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

New article has been posted. --Tjss(Talk) 21:45, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Kosovo
I've got some concerns about the presentation of the Kosovo bit on peacekeeping. The presence of NATO troops on the ground in Kosovo in 1999 was a result of all parties agreeing to the conditions established in the Rambouillet talks of February/March of that year. By all sides agreeing to the presence of ground troops, it became a bona fide peacekeeping mission, not a unilaterally imposed peace. Although it can be argued that the NATO bombing campaign was convincing enough to agree to the talks, the majority of the points of the talks had been accepted before the air campaign started. In summary, this was not a peace enforcement mission, as it is stated in the article. Somalia was peace enforcement. It was a peacekeeping mission, although not in the "classic" sense. I would recommend removing the whole section on Kosovo and peace enforcement. UEL 08:32, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Contradictory Figures
One section of this article states that Canada has lost the most people on Peacekeeping missions, another states that it is India. In addition, the total number of dead varies between the two sections. In addition, the article states that Canada (currently 53rd in peacekeeping contributions) is "the most experienced" peacekeeping nation. What does this mean, how is it quantified, and what is the source for this claim?--Ggbroad 17:48, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Potential Harm To Troops
"However, the government of one of the world's most experienced peacekeeping nations, Canada, has asserted the costs of peacekeeping are worthwhile ."
 * Irrelevent to start. Next, the Conservative government has said no such thing.  And I can almost guarantee no one can find a statement from the previous three Liberal governments that weighs psychological damage to peacekeepers to mission benefits.  Go ahead and prove me wrong.

"...most Canadians believe the high cost is justified in order to create a more peaceful world ."
 * Irrelevent, again, and not linked at all to psychological damage. Also where is the poll that asks Canadians "if peacekeeping is worth the costs"?  A more relevent (but probably non-existent) poll would ask that question to veterans of UN peacekeeping missions (Canadian or otherwise).  I know most Canadian soldiers think the UN is a joke and peacekeeping is a dirty word.

"Also, the Canadian government says experience gained in peacekeeping operations has been invaluable to the Canadian Forces when Canadian troops were called out in domestic situations - such as during the Oka Crisis."
 * Irrelevent and not linked to psychological damage. Also, the Conservative government has said no such thing.  I doubt the the previous 3 Liberal governments linked peacekeeping to Oka.
 * And this is why I previous deleted the whole ugly paragraph, and will again in a couple days. --M4-10 00:56, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm for cutting it, too. Not sure it's relevant or fixable. --Ggbroad 01:05, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

This article is just stupid. Troops of all kinds in just about all conflicts suffer these things. I'm deleting the whole bloody article.

 * Thank you for your constructive input.--Ggbroad 12:59, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think what this section of the article needs to state is that peacekeeping, while not the same as combat operations, involves significant risks.--Ggbroad 13:02, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Acutally, specific risks. Normal soldiers on combat operations reply when shot. They are not taken hostages. They do not come back home traumatised for having been forced to watched civilians get butchered without begin able to do anything about it (exceptions for Rwanda). I think of the film Warriors, but lots of other references could be as or more relevant. Rama 13:25, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I know people who've been to peacekeeping missions and they do come out a little bit traumitised. Its not fun been shot at, or being held up in an eight hour fire-fight, or seeing a dead body lying on the side of the road with its head hacked open by a machete but this happens to soldiers in all conflicts, and its completely pointless in stating them. Like I said, I'm deleting the whole section. As for that crap about peacekeeping eroding the will of soldiers, who ever said that has probably never even met someone who has been peacekeeping. If it does anything, it hardens them and makes them more efficient soldiers.

 * The point that needs to be made is one that the general public who turns to an article such as this may not be aware of - the peacekeeping involves considerable risks. This isn't self-evident to many people.--Ggbroad 02:31, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

UN Peacekeeping and the Security Council
"... and all UN Peacekeeping missions must be authorized by the Security Council." This sentences is completely false; the General Assembly can (and has) authorize(d) Peacekeeping missions. For example, UNEF I (Established in 1956) was created by the GA after vetoes in the SC (http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/timeline/pages/funu1.html) --CarlosG

names of mission articles
I hope this is an appropriate place to mention it, but was it wanted, that the articles UNITAF, UNOSOM I and ONUCA and ONUSAL have abbreviations as names and all the other 35 articles full names? --Mandavi 23:40, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

NO. DO NOT MERGE!
UN Peacekeeping would suggest temporary with no training. This middle to long-term and is legitimate structured law enforcement that provides training for the host nation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sallicio (talk • contribs) 05:50, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Russian mirotvortsy not mentioned
Just as War in South Ossetia (2008) gets hot and "peacekeepers" drop their pretense. --Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog (talk) 15:48, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, the article should mention things that are sometimes wrongly called “peacekeepers,” including Russian missions in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and elsewhere. —Michael Z. 20:25, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Clean-up tag
Can you provide some info on what particularly needs cleaning up? - Ahunt (talk) 20:52, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Since no explanation of what was intended by this tag has been forthcoming in almost four months, the tag has been removed. If the tag is still justified please describe here what work needs to be done. - Ahunt (talk) 23:09, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Attacking them
Correct me iuf I am wrong but an offical army or a rebel army ect; attacking Peacekeeper forces woujld be a form of diplomatic suicide no?--Jakezing (talk) 01:23, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Israel did it and got away with it. - Ahunt (talk) 14:18, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * First: When; Second gotta remember ?Isreal is allied to very important UN leaders. So we take a less lineant look on them then we would say; Russia or a african Nation.--Jakezing (talk) 22:36, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I think "Ahunt" might be referring to Attacks on United Nations personnel during the 2006 Lebanon War Nam31ess (talk) 01:16, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Redudant lines
I was reading the lead and found the paragraph about the Security Council: "The Charter of the United Nations gives the UN Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations, as all UN Peacekeeping missions must be authorized by the Security Council."

Is'n't that Redudant? I mean it's like saying "stupid Retard"; --Jakezing (talk) 22:40, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You are quite right, it is redundant. It is unsourced, too, so it can easily be fixed, which I have done. - Ahunt (talk) 23:06, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

merge it already!
This entry is written as though there is a proper noun International Police, but there is no such organization and therefore should be merged with Peacekeeping as suggested. I have already removed International Police as a proper noun from other entries and will continue to do so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by QASIMARA (talk • contribs) 01:49, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Eponymously (talk) 20:44, 3 January 2010 (UTC) Actually, the International Police Service (IPS) and International Police Task Force (IPTF) are official titles and should not be removed. The term International Police is referenced throughout the UN peacekeeping publications where the International Police are deployed. The combined contingents are often referred to as either Civpol or UNPol and are individual entities within the organizational structure of UN peacekeeping, specifically under the pillar of Police and Justice. They are not to be confused with the military forces or the Civil Administration, Institution Building, Economic Reconstruction pillars of peacekeeping.

UN Peacekeeping is a complex undertaking with many facets and multiple entities working in tandem. You would not, for example, merge UN DPKO or UN WFP under United Nations. Even though they are a part of the UN, they are also individual entities each with a specific mission within the greater organization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eponymously (talk • contribs) 20:42, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

List
List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers should be merged onto this page, right? Ckety 20:40, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I think it should be linked from this article, but I don't see any reason to merge it into this article. This article isn't about the UN specifically covers many non-UN peackeeping missions. Perahaps it should be merged into List of United Nations peacekeeping missions instead. - Ahunt (talk) 20:48, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

On definitions
"the deployment of international military and civilian personnel to a conflict area with the consent of the parties to the conflict in order to: stop or contain hostilities or supervise the carrying out of a peace agreement" have been used as a definition of peacekeeping, by e.g. unac.org and Earl Conteh-Morgan in Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts. The original source is said to be Fact Sheet, "The UN and Peacekeeping" p. 1 - does anyone know where to find this particular fact sheet? Nam31ess (talk) 17:44, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Citation Needed
How many "Citation Needed" notes does a single paragraph need? It's a bit silly...

108.171.121.3 (talk) 22:12, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If you prefer we can comply with WP:V and just remove the challenged text. In the meantime the warn readers that the text is not supported by references. - Ahunt (talk) 22:27, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Recommendations for improving page (peer review)
First thoughts and observations:

First, I have to say that I have very little academic experience examining the issue of peacekeeping,

Looking at the page, the first thing that strikes me is that there has not yet been any contributions to the page from the Columbia student editor, Kdion; after searching a while, I found that there is a broad three-part overview of strategies for the page in the User:Kdion page. My first suggestion is to begin editing the main page.

After checking out Jack's comments and @Kdion's talk page, I think the article looks to be in great working shape.

Definition ambiguity

There seems to be some contradictory information about the term peacekeeping. In some reporting, the term is limited to United Nations Peacekeeping; however, I have noticed that there are peacekeeping operations carried out by regional organizations, such as the African Union’s AMISOM in Somalia; the ECOWAS mission in Guinea Bissau; the EU missions in Mali, Somalia, and Central African Republic; non-UN Multinational Force and Observer (MFO) missions in the Sinai, and the NATO peacekeeping missions in the Balkans (IFOR, SFOR. and KFOR). This is also being challenged on the talk page, so it needs to be adequately addressed.

I also understand that there is an array of “types” of peacekeeping deployments, and there is a range of variety in specialists deployed, ranging from military personnel, civilian police, conflict resolution specialists, and hybrid combinations. You should definitely explain these types and variances in personnel.

Definition and Types of Peacekeeping They added information on the "types" of peacekeeping missions is great, but a little confusing to read. I think the language in the first paragraph could be cleaned up a little bit in reference to consent based cases, however since my knowledge of the subject is extremely limited, I have not done so in case I stripped out any unnecessary information.

Case studies

I think the structure of the page should definitely include a chronological listing of all peacekeeping missions – historical and current – with details for each including the reason for deployment (including information on conflict and designated role of peacekeeping force); personnel figures; commitment from each country for each mission (donations of equipment, funds, personnel, or other resources); significant incidents (combat, violence, intimidation, casualties, conduct/disciplinary matters); success in conflict resolution or resumption of hostilities; and an overall summary and assessment gauging successes and failures.

Case Studies...

I agree with user:kdion in that a definitive argument and summary of peacekeeping missions would be far too much of task to take on for this page, and believe the missions should just be listed with external or internal wikilinks if possible. The article displays a very solid amount of specific instances so far, and your sandbox seems to show that more is coming. That being said, the article could definitely be benefited by the inclusion of any relevant case studies, so long as they do not become too burdernsome as you work through all of this information.

Academic contributions to the subject

This page is presently devoid of social science contributions based upon academic research on the subject matter. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of peacekeeping deployments through the lens of social science to determine whether it actually promotes peaceful outcomes, and to determine political, economic, and social implications.

One important academic contribution comes from Columbia professor Virginia Page Fortna. Take a look at her article in International Studies Quarterly ''Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War'' (easy to locate via CLIO). If you like the work, consider reading her book ''Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices After Civil War'' …then consider requesting to meet with her. Also, as this course is focused on political violence and order, I would suggest honing in on how peacekeeping operations help stabilize (or destabilize) political order within a state following a conflict.

In researching this topic, I have also noted that there is some degree of controversy over where peacekeeping falls in relation to conflict resolution strategies within the dominion of International Relations theory. Does peacekeeping interfere with peacebuilding?

It seems to me that the noble aims of peacekeeping can actually be exploited by different powerbrokers in a regime where there are still divisions, political contestation, and competition for resources. Critiques of Peacekeeping

While I note that you mention failures in peacekeeping as a subject to address, I wanted to mention that the perception I have based upon many lectures and panels I have attended is that government officials involved in policy have a fairly low opinion of peacekeeping missions and their prospects for success. I also recalled reading some pieces in Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy that were highly critical, so I did a little research and located one in Foreign Affairs that I read that I would recommend: Paving the Road to Hell: The Failure of U.N. Peacekeeping by Max Boot (March/April 2000) and one in Foreign Policy that I would recommend: They Just Stood Watching by Colum Lynch

In this section I think it might be beneficial to discuss what actually constitutes success in a region given the specific task of the peacekeeping force. In some instances non-violent transition would be victory, while in others forces must make sure to avoid civil unrest in any major aspect. It would be interesting to see an argument that points this point, or any other information on the subject.

Kevinmccarthy25 (talk) 13:31, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

Sexual abuse, exploitation, and trafficking scandals

The ongoing sexual abuse scandal concerning French and Georgian troops in the Central African Republic (as well as previous such scandals in the Congo and elsewhere) should be explored in depth to determine the impact of these scandals not just on the reputation of UN Peacekeeping, but the effectiveness of their missions. In this regard, I would recommend that you review the Zeid Report  and The United Nations and Sexual Abuse by Ryan McCarrel .

Final recommendation:

A colleague of mine from government suggested a book, Understanding Peacekeeping by Alex Bellamy and Paul Williams, as an excellent overview of peacekeeping

Jp-columbia (talk) 05:25, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Hey JP, thanks for the feedback. I think there was some confusion as to my article because I haven't shifted things over to the main page yet. I'm in the process of doing that now, but I linked at the top of this page my actual work. It's in my sandbox and already addresses a lot (Although not all) of your suggestions. I'll be adding a few case studies today, as well as Fortna's empirical work on whether or not Peacekeeping is effective. My history does include a rough outline of the UN's deployments, including the names of the vast majority of deployments, but I didn't always get into the nitty gritty details for each, because it would take forever to be honest. But if people want to know more about them, at least they'll have the names to do further research on the specifics of that particular UN mission.

General Comments
Hi, this is a really comprehensive overhaul of the page. nicely done. Here are some suggestions for further work:
 * Consider updating the lede to reflect your additions and reorganization
 * Nice job on the definitions and types
 * I added some organization with subheadings. Not sure if it is right but it needed something to organize long sections.
 * I pulled the gender discussion under participation in peacekeeping
 * I thought the other items listed under "Considerations" (not a great heading) actually desrrved to be collected under "Impacts of peacekeeping on participating forces" and moved down
 * In general I tried to make headings a little clearer
 * The effectiveness discussion would benefit from a discussion of what constitutes effectiveness. What are the relevant outcomes?
 * The Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution subsection could integrate some of Michael Gilligan and Bernd Beber's work in Liberia.

Chrisblattman (talk) 19:43, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Foundations of Clinical Trauma Psychology Fall Quarter2022
— Assignment last updated by Samantha Mitchell (talk) 20:56, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Sex, Power and International Politics
— Assignment last updated by 4xxxx4 (talk) 20:00, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Women's Participation in Peacekeeping
As part of a course assignment, my students are attempting to create a new article entitled "Women's Participation in Peacekeeping", and linking to it from the "women's participation in peacekeeping" section on this page. Their work is being immediately and repeatedly taken down every time they post something. This remains a work in progress and they are actively trying to improve it; I ask all editors to be constructive with their criticism rather than discouraging. Please insert comments to alert them to issues rather than deleting their work altogether. Thank you. Mam1220 (talk) 15:21, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note, but that is not how Wikipedia works. All contributions have to meet Wikipedia's standards at the time of addition, regardless of the motivations for adding them, including university course assignments. The students' additions were reviewed as they were added, but all were left in place in the article until the additions were seemingly complete to ascertain if the early poor quality additions would be fixed in later ones. The final result was almost completely off-topic and so poorly written in terms of English grammar and sentence structure as to be largely incomprehensible and so, as a result, was removed (just once, when it was complete, not repeatably and not immediately, but weeks later). Since the additions were so incomprehensible, I requested in my edit summary that future additions be proposed here on the talk page for discussion and editing before being inserted into the article, but no one has done so to date.

 * I had approached other editors to assist in looking over the student additions after they were complete, but they indicated it was beyond fixing and they declined to take it on, as irredeemable. I tried to edit it myself to remove the off-topic portions and fix the English, but found that there was nothing substantive left, hence the reversion to previous text.

 * Thank you also for alerting me to the recent creation of Women's Participation in Peacekeeping which had just been moved from a user sandbox to article mainspace about an hour ago. It was good that I caught it before it was deleted and that I was able to move it to Draft:Women's Participation in Peacekeeping. At this point it is not even an encyclopedia article; it reads like a point-form outline to begin writing one. Obviously much more work is needed as a draft before it can be considered for mainspace.

 * If you are instructing this course I would suggest that your students need better oversight before adding text to Wikipedia, as their ability to write on topic, or write comprehensibly seems to be lacking. Please see Competence is required. It might be a better idea if you personally review and approve all text and references to be inserted, prior to them bringing it to the encyclopedia. That said, any additions to the encyclopedia will always be subject to review, editing, redaction or deletion by any editor here if found to not be useful, accurate, on-topic or comprehensible. - Ahunt (talk) 16:12, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * They are learning, they have never edited Wikipedia before, and they are not native English speakers. Please be encouraging. Mam1220 (talk) 20:59, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply. Their lack of facility in English is apparent. I would suggest that it would be much easier for them to work on the language version of Wikipedia in their primary language of fluency, rather than English. I hope you will take my suggestion and vet their text proposals prior to posting, too. - Ahunt (talk) 21:03, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peacekeeping


text:
Sony Sports Network

The Sony Sports Network, formerly known as the Sony Pictures Sports Network and also known as Sony TEN, is a group of Indian pay television sports channels owned by Culver Max Entertainment.

The original TEN Sports channel was first established on 1 April 2002 by Abdul Rahman Bukhatir. It was acquired by the Essel Group in 2010 and was added to Essel's existing Zee Sports channel, launched in 2005. After the acquisition, Zee launched two new channels, TEN Cricket and TEN Golf, and rebranded Zee Sports as TEN Action.

In August 2016, Sony Pictures Networks India acquired all of the sports channels under Zee from Essel. In 2017, the networks were formally merged with Sony's existing Sony ESPN and Sony Six channels as the Sony Pictures Sports Network, with the TEN channels rebranded as Sony TEN. The channels were then rebranded as the Sony Sports Network in October 2022, with all five channels now carrying the "Sony Sports Ten" prefix.

History
In January 2001, Taj Television Ltd was formed in Dubai with Abdul Rahman Bukhatir as a backer. Bukhatir had various business interests and was known for transforming Sharjah as a major international cricket venue. The company launched the channel as TEN Sports (as part of its Taj Entertainment Network) on 1 April 2002. As of March 2004, the company was headed by Chris McDonald as the CEO and had 100 employees.

In June 2005, Zee Telefilms Limited launched Zee Sports, reportedly India's first private sports channel. Zee Telefilms acquired a 50% stake in TEN Sports for ₹800 crore (₹) in 2006, and eventually acquired the remainder of its Indian operations in 2010. The sale did not include its Pakistani operations, which were retained by the Essel Group via its subsidiary, Tower Sports.

In 2010, Zee rebranded Zee Sports as Ten Action which featured adventure sports and non-cricket content. In 2011 Zee launched a new channel called Ten Cricket, exclusively for cricket matches. In March 2016, all channels in the Zee network were rebranded as Ten 1, Ten 2, and Ten 3 respectively.

In August 2016, Sony Pictures Networks India announced its intent to acquire Zee's sports networks for US$385 million; the first phase of the sale, which included equity stakes in the holding companies Taj Television (India) Pvt Ltd and part of Taj TV Limited Mauritius, was completed in February 2017 for US$350 million. On 18 July 2017, all of Sony's sports channels in India were rebranded as Sony TEN, and the high-definition feeds of Sony TEN 2 and 3 were also launched. The remainder of the sale was completed in September 2017.

The networks, along with new sisters Sony Six and Sony ESPN, were branded under the umbrella name, Sony Pictures Sports Network and began to phase in a rebranding as Sony Sports in 2020. Sony ESPN was shut down on 30 March 2020.

In June 2021, Sony launched Sony TEN 4, which broadcasts in the Telugu and Tamil languages. Actor Rana Daggubati served as a promotional ambassador for the network's launch.

On 24 October 2022, the Sony Pictures Sports Network was rebranded as the Sony Sports Network, as part of a wider rebranding of all Sony Pictures Networks channels, under the versions of the global Sony television branding. Its channels were likewise rebranded under the new prefix Sony Sports Ten, and Sony Six was brought under the Ten branding for the first time as Sony Sports Ten 5.

Sony Sports Ten 1
Sony Sports Ten 1 is an English-language channel that broadcasts events from the World Athletics Championships, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games and Sukma Games. Its programming schedule also consists of live coverage of tennis, rally, horse racing, beach volleyball events and basketball. WWE Raw and SmackDown are currently broadcast live weekly, along with NXT, Main Event, Sunday Dhamaal and all premium live events.

Sony Sports Ten 2
Sony Sports Ten 2 is an English-language channel that broadcasts football matches from European football leagues such as Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, DFL-Supercup of Germany and MMA promotion Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in English.

Sony Sports Ten 3
Sony Sports Ten 3 is a Hindi-language channel that airs cricket matches from the Pakistan, Sri Lanka and England cricket boards. It also broadcasts football matches. Sony Ten 3 and Sony Ten 3 HD broadcasts the UFC matches in the SD and HD format respectively in the Hindi language. It also broadcasts WWE with the Hindi commentary.

Sony Sports Ten 4
Sony Sports Ten 4 is a Telugu and Tamil-language channel launched on 1 June 2021.It broadcasts WWE in Tamil and Telugu commentary.

Sony Sports Ten 5
Sony Sports Ten 5 is an English-language channel originally launched as Sony Six in April 2012, before the acquisition of TEN. It has historically featured international cricket.

Sony ESPN
Sony KIX was launched on 8 April 2015, by what is now Sony Pictures Networks India, it was the second sports television channel launched by the company after Sony Six. The channel was rebranded as Sony ESPN on 17 January 2016. Sony and ESPN would partner together on website and app efforts, with ESPN providing and producing content such as cricket, football, tennis, basketball, badminton, field hockey, golf, rugby union, motorsport along with other events. Sony Six and Sony ESPN, which were launched before Sony's purchase of Ten, effectively became part of the group when the acquisition was completed. Sony ESPN was shut down on 31 March 2020.

Sony Ten Golf
It was an HD, golf-focused channel launched on 7 October 2015. It had the broadcasting rights to the European Tour, Asian Tour, Ryder Cup, LPGA Tour, Royal Trophy, US PGA Championship, Senior PGA Championship, Professional Golf Tour of India, and Ladies European Tour. The channel was closed on 31 December 2018.

Tennis

 * Australian Open
 * US Open
 * French Open

Cricket

 * England Cricket 2018-28
 * Sri Lanka Cricket 2013-27
 * T20 Blast
 * The Hundred
 * New Zealand Cricket 2024-31
 * Major League Cricket 2024

National teams

 * FIFA World Cup qualification - UEFA
 * UEFA European Championship
 * UEFA European Championship qualifying
 * UEFA Nations League
 * International friendlies -UEFA
 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

Clubs

 * UEFA Champions League
 * UEFA Europa League
 * UEFA Conference League
 * UEFA Super Cup
 * Bundesliga
 * DFB-Pokal
 * DFL-Supercup
 * FA Cup
 * FA Community Shield
 * Indian Super Cup
 * Durand Cup
 * Saudi Pro League
 * King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)

Mixed martial arts

 * UFC

Professional wrestling

 * WWE (2002-04)

Volleyball

 * Prime Volleyball League

Multi Sport Event

 * Asian Games
 * South Asian Games

Motorsports

 * Formula E
 * Extreme E

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sony Sports Network


text:
Ruby River

The Ruby River is a tributary of the Beaverhead River, approximately 76 mi (122 km) long, in southwestern Montana in the United States. It rises in the Beaverhead National Forest in southwestern Madison County between the Snowcrest Range and the Gravelly Range. It flows north through the Ruby River Reservoir, past Alder, then northwest, flowing between the Tobacco Root Mountains to the northeast and the Ruby Range to the southwest. It joins the Beaverhead near Twin Bridges. The Beaverhead becomes the Jefferson River 2 mi (3.2 km) downstream where it joins the Big Hole River.

The river has also been known by these various names: Pah-mamar-roi, Pak-sam-ma-oi, Pashmaroi, Passamari, Philanthropy River, Stinking Water Creek, Stinking Water River, Stinkingwater River. The Ruby is a Class II river for stream access for recreational purposes.

Ruby River angling
The Ruby River provides excellent fly fishing for anglers despite some battles with whirling disease and a massive fish kill in the lower stretches in 1994.

The upper stretch of the river, above Ruby Reservoir, has excellent fly fishing for rainbows, cutthroats and grayling. The lower stretch of the river, below Ruby Dam, provides excellent brown trout fishing. The average size of browns runs between 10-14 inches, with some fish reaching 18-20 inches. Because of limited access, fishing pressure on the lower river varies. Along private stretches, the river is rarely fished. Most of the angling is done at the few state access sites below the dam. This can cause significant crowding along those stretches, especially during the summer months.

Seyler Lane access litigation
In 2004, the Montana Public Land and Water Access Association (PLWAA) sued Madison County over access to the Ruby river via the Seyler Lane bridge south of Twin Bridges. Landowner James Cox Kennedy who had recently purchased the property was denying access to recreationalists via the Seyler Lane bridge. The litigation was finally resolved in 2014 when the Montana Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PLAWAA that there was an historic prescriptive easement at the bridge for recreational access. The litigation is a key milestone in Montana’s Stream Access Law.

title: Ruby River


text:
WSM

WSM may refer to:

 * WSM, international airport code for Wisman Aviation
 * WSM (AM), a radio station (650 AM) licensed to Nashville, Tennessee, United States
 * WSM-FM, a radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to Nashville, Tennessee, United States
 * WSMV-TV, Nashville, Tennessee, US television station, former callsign WSM-TV
 * Warner Strategic Marketing, part of the Warner Music Group
 * Web-based System Manager, IBM management software
 * Weekly Shōnen Magazine, a Japanese manga mangazine
 * Weighted sum model, for decision analysis
 * Weston-super-Mare railway station, England, station code
 * Winchester Short Magnum, a family of rifle cartridges
 * Workers Solidarity Movement, Ireland
 * World Socialist Movement
 * World's Strongest Man competition
 * Samoa ISO 3166-1 country code
 * WSM Music Group Ltd., Hong Kong
 * W. Somerset Maugham, English playwright

title: WSM


text:
Template talk:USHBS

Untitled
Can someone describe to me the parameters of the new series tables and what is meant by "survey"? And what does USHBS stand for? United States History Bullshit? ;) jengod 19:26, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Looking around, I saw a lot of really good articles on subjects within U.S. history (United States History By Subject, sorry about the title but it was sort of late : -) ). Anyways, I thought it would be a good idea for these to be organized separately, so that someone could browse through social, economic, religious, etc. aspects of U.S. history without having to cross-reference what they're looking for wtih a particular time period. --Alex S 13:12, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent change, Jengod. --Alex S 01:59, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Any chance we can 86 the timeline? It has its own "incumbent-style" nav tables and doesn't quite fit the standard here...I've been meaning to do a major overhaul but that's a ways off. jengod 02:06, Apr 2, 2004 (UTC)

Musical history
I'm going to overhaul music of the United States in the near future, moving the chronological subarticles to something like musical history of the United States (1960s and 70s), and making the main article more of a summary of different facets of American music. Would a musical history be too specific to add here? Tuf-Kat 02:40, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

Years
There is probably some significance to the periods chosen (e.g. 1789–1849), but for us foreigners you may want to explain what that is. E.g. "Abolition - Prohibition" or something. Radiant_* 12:13, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:USHBS


text:
Police woman (disambiguation)

A police woman is a female police officer.

Police woman may also refer to:

 * Police Woman (TV series), a 1970s American drama, starring Angie Dickinson
 * Police Women (TV series), a 2009 American reality documentary series
 * Police Woman (film), a 1974 martial arts movie, starring Yuen Qiu (with a cameo by Jackie Chan)
 * Policewomen (film), a 1974 exploitation film
 * Policewoman (film), a 1974 Italian comedy film
 * The Policewoman, a 2003 Portuguese drama film

title: Police woman (disambiguation)


text:
TrueSpace

TrueSpace (styled as trueSpace) was a commercial 3D computer graphics and animation software developed by Caligari Corporation, bought-out by Microsoft. As of May 2009, it was officially discontinued, but with some 'unofficial support' up to February 2010.

History
The company was founded in 1985 by Roman Ormandy. A prototype 3D video animation package for the Amiga Computer led to the incorporation of Octree Software in 1986. From 1988 to 1992, Octree released several software packages including Caligari1, Caligari2, Caligari Broadcast, and Caligari 24. Caligari wanted to provide inexpensive yet professional, industrial video and corporate presentation software. In 1993 Octree Software moved from New York to California and became known as Caligari Corporation.

In 1994 trueSpace 1.0 was introduced on the Windows platform. In 1998 an employee inadvertently left a copy of the trueSpace 4.0 sourcecode on the company website's public FTP server. The source code was released to the internet by the piracy release group REVOLT. In early 2008, the company was acquired by Microsoft and trueSpace 7.6 was released for free.

End of Life
As of May 19, 2009, Ormandy announced that TrueSpace had been discontinued:

"Dear Caligari customer,

You may have heard that Microsoft Corporation, reacting to difficult business conditions, has been evaluating many of the products it produces and making the difficult decision to reduce investment in certain areas.

It is with regret that I have to tell you that trueSpace is one of the products affected. As a consequence, you will see reduction or elimination of services offered for trueSpace. For example, there will be no phone or email support offered for trueSpace by Microsoft, and our web site may also be affected. While the dates are not absolutely fixed, some services and contacts may come to an end as early as Friday May 22, 2009, while others will continue as long as possible with no firm cutoff date available yet."

- Roman Ormandy

Elsewhere he thanks everyone, urges people to download all the free software as soon as possible. It may currently (as of 2023) be downloaded from a fan site along with various plugins.

After 2010, many of the developers helped develop Microsoft's 3D Builder application available for free in the Windows Store. There are many similarities between 3D Builder and the original TrueSpace product.

Overview
TrueSpace was a modeling/animation/rendering package. It featured a plug-in architecture that allowed the user to create tools to enhance the core package. TrueSpace was at the last release version 7 (also known to its users as tS7). Point upgrades had brought it up to version Rosetta Beta 7.61 and had added new modeling features. It also had an interface that beginners found easy to learn.

Caligari had enhanced the modeling, surfacing and rendering capabilities of TrueSpace, and the latest version TrueSpace7 allowed all aspects of real-time design, modeling and animation within a virtual 3D space shared by remote participants over the broadband internet. The TrueSpace7 collaboration server enables multiple participants to connect to a shared 3D space to create and manipulate shared content in real-time.

Features
One of the most distinctive features of trueSpace is its interface, using mainly 3D widgets for most common editing operations. trueSpace can also be scripted, using Python for creating custom scripts, tools and plugins. trueSpace7 introduces the use of VBScript and JScript as scripting tools for developing plugins and interactive scenes. trueSpace is also known for its icon-heavy interface which was drastically overhauled for version 7 onwards. While staff at Caligari had originally made them 'inhouse' during the creation process of earlier releases, trueSpace 7 had a new set of icons made by Paul Woodward, a freelance designer and illustrator.

Capabilities of the software include creating visualizations and animations with realistic lighting (through the use of radiosity, HDRI and global illumination) and organic modelling using NURBS, subdivision surfaces and metaballs.

The software has several native formats: RsScn for scenes, RsObj for objects, RSMat for materials, rsl for layouts, RsLgts for lighting, etc. Older formats native to trueSpace6.6 and earlier are also supported, e.g. one for standalone objects (with the file extension .cob), and another for the scenes (with the file extension .scn). Objects in trueSpace can be embedded in Active Worlds. In addition to its native formats, trueSpace can also import and export several additional model types.

Modeling

 * Polygon modeling
 * NURBS
 * Subdivision surface

Rendering and surfacing
Currently TrueSpace has two native internal rendering engines and also support for DX9 pixel shader output quality images alongside the traditional style Render engines. These engines are:

 * LightWorks (from Lightwork Design Ltd.)
 * VirtuaLight

TrueSpace7 also includes support for the VRay rendering engine.

Rendering

 * HDRI
 * Caustics
 * Multi-pass Rendering for the Lightworks rendering engine with output to Photoshop layers integrated into TrueSpace7
 * Hybrid radiosity, ray tracing, Phong shading
 * Image-based lighting
 * Non-linear tone mapping editor
 * Post process editor
 * Advanced shaders (color, reflectance, transparency, displacement, background, foreground, post processing)
 * Volumetric, anisotropic reflectance

Surfacing

 * DX9 (SL2.0) pixel shaders and HLSL editing
 * Procedural shaders editable in Link Editor
 * Normal mapping
 * Shader trees
 * Modeless UV Editor
 * Advanced UV Editor with real time UV mapping controls
 * Unwrapper with Slice
 * Breaking and welding of vertices in a UV map

title: TrueSpace


text:
Rush (video games)

In video games, rushing or rushdown is a battle tactic similar to the blitzkrieg or the human wave attack tactics in real-world ground warfare, in which speed and surprise are used to overwhelm an enemy's ability to wage war, usually before the enemy is able to achieve an effective buildup of sizable defensive and/or expansionist capabilities.

It is also known as a zerg or zerg rush, a term which originated in the video game StarCraft to describe a common strategy for players of the Zerg race.

Strategy games and tactical games
In the real-time strategy game StarCraft, a Zerg rush is a strategy where a player using the Zerg race tries to overwhelm the opponent through large numbers of smaller units before the enemy is fully prepared for battle.

In strategy games, to perform a rush, the attacking player focuses on quickly building a large number of weak units (or some very rare and potent early game units) early on in the game with the hopes of swarming the opponents before they can defend themselves; this is to catch them off-guard and often to cripple the opponent's economy structures. In the majority of cases, these units are fast and cheap to enable larger numbers and opportunistic attack strategies, but they may sometimes be chosen to exploit a particular weakness of the enemy. The player who rushes may sacrifice options such as long-term resource gathering, defense, or immediate research up the tech tree to opt instead for a quick strike, usually putting the rushing player at a severe disadvantage should the rush be unsuccessful.

A successful rush usually attempts to disrupt the resource gathering of the defending player or annihilate that player entirely. The rush is a risky tactic. If the rush is successful, then the player may have won the game or significantly set his or her opponent back; if the rush fails, then the rushing player may have lost valuable time and resources that would have been better spent on research, building defenses, and building more powerful units. A rush can also be considered a mass attack with primarily only one type of unit used, and depends on overwhelming numbers and force to succeed. The rush is often a suicidal attack (for the units involved); rushing units are often expected to die, but to nevertheless benefit the player initiating the rush by disrupting the opponent's operations. Rushes may also be used to force an opponent between poor decisions. In video-games which track ammunition and other resources, such as in the Men of War and Wargame series, a rush forces an opponent to expend a limited resource (ammunition) to counter the attack, to retreat to evade the attack, or to not return the attack. The consequences of such means that an opponent will have less resources to fight another, well-structured assault, will have lost ground, or will have lost units, respectively.

An alpha strike denotes an all-out attack launched in hopes of achieving a decisive advantage, determining the inevitable defeat of the target before they can respond effectively. This is usually considered a risky manoeuvre, as if the attacker fails to gain a decisive advantage, it can leave the attacker's units overextended and vulnerable to counter-attack.

title: Rush (video games)


text:
Frederick Carter

Sir Frederick Bowker Terrington Carter,  (February 12, 1819 – March 1, 1900) was a lawyer and Prime Minister of Newfoundland from 1865 to 1870 and from 1874 to 1878.

Career
Carter was the son of Peter Weston Carter grandson of William Carter and great-grandson of Robert Carter, who was appointed justice of the peace at Ferryland in 1750. In 1855, he was elected to the House of Assembly as a Conservative and was Speaker from 1861 to 1865. In 1865 he succeeded Sir Hugh Hoyles as Prime Minister.

Carter was a supporter of Canadian confederation having been a delegate to the 1864 Quebec conference. However, the Conservatives were defeated on the Confederation issue in the November 1869 election by the Anti-Confederation Party led by Charles Fox Bennett. Even though Newfoundland did not join the confederation until 1949, Carter is considered one of the Fathers of Confederation. Carter became Premier a second time in 1874, serving until 1878, but had dropped the issue of joining Canada. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1878.

In 1880 Carter was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland, succeeding Sir Hugh Hoyles, and served in the post until 1898. During his term as Chief Justice, Carter was a valued advisor for the Colonial Governors of Newfoundland and acted as administrator of the colony in their absence.

Carter was a Freemason of St. John's Lodge, No. 579, a Newfoundland lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England.

He died in St. John's, Newfoundland in early March 1900.

Family
Carter married, in 1846, Eliza Bayly, daughter of George Bayly, Controller of HM Customs, Newfoundland. The couple had eleven children.

title: Frederick Carter


text:
Stimulation

Stimulation is the encouragement of development or the cause of activity in general. For example, "The press provides stimulation of political discourse." An interesting or fun activity can be described as "stimulating", regardless of its physical effects on senses. Stimulate means to act as a stimulus to; stimulus means something that rouses the recipient to activity; stimuli is the plural of stimulus.

A particular use of the term is physiological stimulation, which refers to sensory excitation, the action of various agents or forms of energy (stimuli) on receptors that generate impulses that travel through nerves to the brain (afferents). There are sensory receptors on or near the surface of the body, such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye, hair cells in the cochlea of the ear, touch receptors in the skin and chemical receptors in the mouth and nasal cavity. There are also sensory receptors in the muscles, joints, digestive tract, and membranes around organs such as the brain, the abdominal cavity, the bladder and the prostate (providing one source of sexual stimulation). Stimulation to the external or internal senses may evoke involuntary activity or guide intentions in action. Such emotional or motivating stimulation typically is also experienced subjectively (enters awareness, is in consciousness). Perception can be regarded as conceptualised stimulation, used in reasoning and intending, for example. When bodily stimulation is perceived it is traditionally called a sensation, such as a kind of touch or a taste or smell, or a painful or pleasurable sensation. This can be thought of as psychological stimulation, which is a stimulus affecting a person's thinking or feeling processes.

Overview
Stimulation, in general, refers to how organisms perceive incoming stimuli. As such it is part of the stimulus-response mechanism. Simple organisms broadly react in three ways to stimulation: too little stimulation causes them to stagnate, too much to die from stress or inability to adapt, and a medium amount causes them to adapt and grow as they overcome it. Similar categories or effects are noted with psychological stress with people. Thus, stimulation may be described as how external events provoke a response by an individual in the attempt to cope.

Over-stimulation
It is possible to become habituated to a particular degree of stimulation, and then find it uncomfortable to have a significant change from that level of the stimulus. Thus one can become used to intense stimuli or a fast-paced life and suffer withdrawal when they are removed. Stress and unhappiness may result an unaccustomed level of stimulation.

Ongoing, long-term stimulation can for some individuals prove harmful, and a more relaxed and less stimulated life may be beneficial despite possible initial discomfort or stress from the change. See also; sensory overload and burnout.

Autistic people often have a much lower threshold for overstimulation, and so suffer sensory overload at levels of stimulus that others find unexceptional. This can lead to an increased frequency of stimming, meltdowns, shutdowns, and dissociation compared to neurotypical people in similar situations.

Chiropractor James Wilson has hypothesized that long-term overstimulation can result eventually in a phenomenon called adrenal fatigue, but there is no evidence that such a condition exists.

title: Stimulation


text:
Kosovo Force

The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a NATO-led international peacekeeping force in Kosovo. Its operations are gradually reducing until Kosovo's Security Force, established in 2009, becomes self-sufficient.

KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999, one day after the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244. At the time, Kosovo was facing a grave humanitarian crisis, with military forces from Yugoslavia in action against the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) in daily engagements. Nearly one million people had fled Kosovo as refugees by that time, and many permanently did not return.

KFOR is gradually transferring responsibilities to the Kosovo Police and other local authorities. Currently, 28 states contribute to the KFOR, with a combined strength of approximately 3,800 military personnel.

The mission was initially called Operation Joint Guardian. In 2004, the codename for the mission was changed to Operation Joint Enterprise.

Objectives

KFOR focuses on building a secure environment and guaranteeing the freedom of movement through all Kosovo territory for all citizens, irrespective of their ethnic origins, in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

The Contact Group countries have said publicly that KFOR will remain in Kosovo to provide the security necessary to support the final settlement of Kosovo authorities.

Structure

KFOR contingents were grouped into five multinational brigades and a lead nation designated for each multinational brigade. All national contingents pursued the same objective to maintain a secure environment in Kosovo.

In August 2005, the North Atlantic Council decided to restructure KFOR, replacing the five existing multinational brigades with five task forces, to allow for greater flexibility with, removing restrictions on the cross-boundary movement of units based in different sectors of Kosovo. Then in February 2010, the Multinational Task Forces became Multinational Battle Groups, and in March 2011, KFOR was restructured again, into just two multinational battlegroups; one based at Camp Bondsteel, and one based at Peja.

In August 2019, the KFOR structure was streamlined. Under the new structure, the former Multinational Battlegroups are reflagged as Regional Commands, with Regional Command-East (RC-E) based at Camp Bondsteel, and Regional Command-West (RC-W) based at Camp Villaggio Italia.

Structure 2023

 * Kosovo Force, at Camp Film City, Pristina
 * Headquarters Support Group (HSG), at Camp Film City;
 * Joint Logistics Support Group (JLSG), in Pristina (Logistics and engineering support)
 * Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Battalion (ISRBN), at Camp Film City
 * Regional Command-East (RC-E), at Camp Bondsteel near Ferizaj (U.S. Army force supported by Greece, Italy, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey)
 * Regional Command-West (RC-W), at Camp Villaggio Italia near Peja (Italian Army force supported by Austria, Croatia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey)
 * Multinational Specialized Unit (MSU), in Pristina (Military Police, crowd and riot control, peacekeeping operations regiment composed entirely of Italian Carabinieri)
 * KFOR Tactical Reserve Battalion (KTRBN), at Camp Novo Selo (composed entirely of Hungarian Army troops)
 * Kosovo Force Office, at Skopje International Airport

Contributing states

At its height, KFOR troops consisted of 50,000 men and women coming from 39 different NATO and non-NATO nations. The official KFOR website indicated that in 2008 a total 14,000 soldiers from 34 countries were participating in KFOR. The following list shows the number of troops which have participated in the KFOR mission. Most of the force has been downsized since 2008; current numbers are reflected here as well:

KFOR commanders

 * 1) Sir Michael Jackson (United Kingdom, 10 June 1999 – 8 October 1999)
 * 2) Klaus Reinhardt (Germany, 8 October 1999 – 18 April 2000)
 * 3) Juan Ortuño Such (Spain, 18 April 2000 – 16 October 2000)
 * 4) Thorstein Skiaker (Norway, 6 April 2001 – 3 October 2001)
 * 5) Marcel Valentin (France, 3 October 2001 – 4 October 2002)
 * 6) Fabio Mini (Italy, 4 October 2002 – 3 October 2003)
 * 7) Holger Kammerhoff (Germany, 3 October 2003 – 1 September 2004)
 * 8) Yves de Kermabon (France, 1 September 2004 – 1 September 2005)
 * 9) Giuseppe Valotto (Italy, 1 September 2005 – 1 September 2006)
 * 10) Roland Kather (Germany, 1 September 2006 – 31 August 2007)
 * 11) Xavier de Marnhac (France, 31 August 2007 – 29 August 2008)
 * 12) Giuseppe Emilio Gay (Italy, 29 August 2008 – 8 September 2009)
 * 13) Markus J. Bentler (Germany, 8 September 2009 – 1 September 2010)
 * 14) Erhard Bühler (Germany, 1 September 2010 – 9 September 2011)
 * 15) Erhard Drews (Germany, 9 September 2011 – 7 September 2012)
 * 16) Volker Halbauer (Germany, 7 September 2012 – 6 September 2013)
 * 17) Salvatore Farina (Italy, 6 September 2013 – 3 September 2014)
 * 18) Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy, 3 September 2014 – 7 August 2015)
 * 19) Guglielmo Luigi Miglietta (Italy, 7 August 2015 – 1 September 2016)
 * 20) Giovanni Fungo (Italy, 1 September 2016 – 15 November 2017)
 * 21) Salvatore Cuoci (Italy, 15 November 2017 – 28 November 2018)
 * 22) Lorenzo D'Addario (Italy, 28 November 2018 – 19 November 2019)
 * 23) Michele Risi (Italy, 19 November 2019 – 13 November 2020 )
 * 24) Franco Federici (Italy, 13 November 2020 – 15 October 2021)
 * 25) Ferenc Kajári (Hungary, 15 October 2021 – 14 October 2022 )
 * 26) Angelo Michele Ristuccia (Italy, 14 October 2022 – 10 October 2023 )
 * 27) Özkan Ulutaş (Turkey, 10 October 2023 – present)

Note: The terms of service are based on the official list of the KFOR commanders and another article.

Events
On 9 June 1999 the Military Technical Agreement or Kumanovo Agreement between KFOR and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia was signed by NATO General Sir Mike Jackson and Yugoslavia Colonel General Svetozar Marjanovic concluding the Kosovo War. This agreement outlined a rapid withdrawal of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Forces from Kosovo, assigning to the KFOR Commander the airspace control over Kosovo and pending the later United Nations Security Council Resolution's approval, the deployment of KFOR to Kosovo. On 10 June 1999 the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244 authorizing the deployment in Kosovo of an international civil and security presence for an initial period of 12 months, and to continue thereafter unless the UNSC decides otherwise. The civil presence was represented by the United Nations Mission In Kosovo (UNMIK), while the security presence was led by KFOR.

Following the adoption of UNSCR 1244, General Jackson, acting on the instructions of the North Atlantic Council, made immediate preparations for the rapid deployment of the security force (Operation Joint Guardian), mandated by the United Nations Security Council. The first NATO-led elements entered Kosovo at 5 a.m. on 12 June. On 21 June, the UCK undertaking of demilitarization and transformation was signed by COMKFOR and the Commander in Chief of the UCK (Mr. Hashim Thaci), moving KFOR into a new phase of enforcing the peace and supporting the implementation of a civil administration under the auspices of the United Nations.

Within three weeks of KFOR entry, more than half a million out of those who had left during the bombing were back in Kosovo. However, in the months following KFOR deployment, approximately 150,000 Serbs, Romani and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo while many of the remaining civilians were subjected to violence and intimidation from ethnic Albanians.

October 28, 2000 the first Municipal Assembly Elections were held. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) announced that approximately 80% of the population participated in this vote for local representatives. The final results were certified by the Special Representative for Kosovo of the UN Secretary-General, Bernard Kouchner, on 7 November.

KFOR was initially composed of 40,000 troops from NATO countries. Troop levels were reduced to 26,000 by June 2003, then to 17,500 by the end that year. Combat troops were reduced more than support troops. KFOR tried to deal with this by transferring tasks to UNMIK and the Kosovo Police Service (KPS), but UNMIK was also reducing its number of international police, and KPS were not numerous enough or competent enough to take over from KFOR.

The 2004 unrest in Kosovo was the worst ethnic violence since 1999, leaving hundreds wounded and at least 14 people dead. On 17 and 18 March 2004, a wave of violent riots swept through Kosovo, triggered by two incidents perceived as ethnically motivated acts. The first incident, on 15 March 2004, an 18-year-old Serb was shot near the all Serb village of Čaglavica, near Pristina. On 16 March, three Albanian children drowned in the Ibar River in the village of Čabar, near the Serb community of Zubin Potok. A fourth boy survived. It was speculated that he and his friends had been chased into the river by Serbs in revenge for the shooting of Ivić the previous day, but this claim has not been proven. According to Human Rights Watch, the violence in March 2004 left 19 dead, 954 wounded, 550 homes destroyed, twenty-seven Orthodox churches and monasteries burned, and leaving approximately 4,100 Serbs, Roma, Ashkali (Albanian-speaking Roma), and other non-Albanian minorities displaced. Nineteen people, eight Kosovo Serbs and eleven Kosovo Albanians, were killed and over a thousand wounded-including more than 120 KFOR soldiers and UNMIK police officers, and fifty-eight Kosovo Police Service (KPS) officers.

The 10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo resulted in 2 deaths and many injuries. A crowd of ethnic Albanians in Pristina protested against a UN plan, also known as the Ahtisaari Plan, they felt fell short of granting full independence for Kosovo. The proposals, unveiled 2 February, recommended a form of self-rule and was strongly opposed by Serbia. The UN Security Council did not endorse the plan.

On February 17, 2008 unrest followed Kosovo's declaration of independence. Some Kosovo Serbs opposed to secession boycotted the move by refusing to follow orders from the central government in Pristina and attempted to seize infrastructure and border posts in Serb-populated regions. There were also sporadic instances of violence against international institutions and governmental institutions, predominantly in North Kosovo. After declaring independence, the Kosovo government introduced new customs stamps, a symbol of their newly declared sovereignty. Serbia refused to recognize the customs stamps which led to the de facto prohibition of both direct import of goods from Kosovo to Serbia, as well as transit to third countries. Goods from Serbia, however, could still be freely imported into Kosovo. Pursuant to the Statement by the President of the Security Council on 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44), UNMIK was restructured and its rule of law executive tasks were transferred to (EULEX). EULEX maintains a limited residual capability as a second security responder and provides continued support to Kosovo Police's crowd and riot control capability.

The 25 August 2009 Pristina protests resulted in vehicle damages and multiple injuries.

On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice delivered its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence declaring that "the adoption of the declaration of independence of the 17 February 2008 did not violate general international law because international law contains no 'prohibition on declarations of independence'," nor did the adoption of the declaration of independence violate UN Security Council Resolution 1244, since this did not describe Kosovo's final status, nor had the Security Council reserved for itself the decision on final status.

20 July 2011 Kosovo banned all imports from Serbia and introduced 10 percent tax for imports from Bosnia as both countries blocked exports from Kosovo. On 26 July 2011, a series of confrontations in North Kosovo began with a Kosovo Police operation to seize two border outposts along the Kosovo Serbia border and consequent clashes continued until 23 November. The clashes, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries, were over differences between who would administer the border crossings between Kosovo and Serbia along with what would happen with the revenue collected from the customs and removal of roadblocks to secure freedom of movement. On 3 September 2011, a deal to unblock the impasse between Serbia and Kosovo over exports was struck at EU-led negotiations in Brussels. Serbia agreed to accept goods marked “Kosovo Customs”, while Pristina gave up including state emblems, coats of arms, flags, or use of the word “republic” allowing Kosovo to interpret the label as referring to the customs of independent Kosovo, whereas Serbia could see it as a provincial customs label.

On 14 and 15 February 2012, an advisory referendum on accepting the institutions of the Republic of Kosovo was held in North Kosovo. 1 June 2012 Kosovo Serbs and a KFOR soldier were wounded when peacekeepers tried to dismantle Serb barricades, among the last on major roads yet to be dismantled, blocking traffic.

On 8 February 2013, a series of protests began against increases in electricity bills which later turned into protests against corruption. On 19 April 2013, the Belgrade Pristina Normalization Agreement was signed between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia. Prior, North Kosovo functioned independently from the institutions in Kosovo by refusing to recognize Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence and the Government of Kosovo opposed any parallel government for Serbs. The Brussels Agreement abolished the parallel structures and both governments agreed upon creating a Community of Serb Municipalities. The association was expected to be officially formed in 2016 but continued discussions has resulted in not forming the Community. By signing the Agreement, the European Union's Commission considered Serbia had met key steps in its relations with Kosovo and recommended that negotiations for accession of Serbia to the European Union be opened. Several days after the agreement was reached, the European Commission recommended authorizing the launch of negotiations between the EU and Kosovo on the Stabilisation and Association Process.

The 2014 student protest in Kosovo demanded the resignation or dismissal of the University of Pristina Rector. Students threw red paint and rocks at the Kosovo Police who responded with tear gas. 30 Kosovo Police officers were injured and more than 30 students were arrested. The upper airspace over Kosovo, skies over 10,000 feet, was re-opened for civilian traffic overflights on 3 April 2014. This followed a decision by the North Atlantic Council to accept the offer by the Government of Hungary to act as a technical enabler through its national air navigation service provider, Hungarocontrol.

The 2015 Kosovo protests were a series of violent protests calling for the resignation of a Minister and the passage of a bill on Trepca Mines ownership. On 6 January protestors claiming that among the pilgrims visiting a local church for Orthodox Christmas included displaced Serbs from Gjakova involved in war crimes against Albanians in 1998-1999 threw blocks of ice at the bus breaking one of its windows. Kosovo Police arrested two protestors. The Minister For Community and Return, who accompanied the pilgrims, made a statement that was perceived by Kosovo Albanians as an ethnic slur leading to riots. The rioters, which included students and opposition parties, demanded his resignation and he was dismissed by the Kosovo Prime Minister. The Kosovo government's announcement it was postponing a decision on the privatization process of the Trepca mining complex after Serb Kosovo Parliamentary Representatives protested claiming that the Serbian government had the right to retain ownership was met with student-led protests in Pristina, Lipljan and Ferizaj/Urosevac, Kosovo Albanian Miners in South Trepca and Kosovo Serbian Miners in North Trepca. Trepca's lead, zinc, and silver mines once accounted for 75 percent of the mineral wealth of socialist Yugoslavia, employing 20,000 people. Trepca now operates at a minimum level to keep the mines alive employing several thousand miners. The Trepca mines are under the oversight of the Kosovo Privatization Agency.

9 January 2016, thousands of protestors wanted the government to withdraw from a border demarcation agreement with Montenegro and an agreement to set up a Community of Serb Municipalities. Police fired tear gas responding to protesters who threw Molotov cocktails and set fire to a government building. The Kosovo Assembly later withdrew the agreements.

On 14 January 2017, the Belgrade-Kosovska Mitrovica train incident happened when rhetoric was exchanged between Kosovo and Serbian Officials after Serbia announced restarting train service between Kosovo and Serbia and Kosovo responded stating that the train would be stopped at the border. The initial train was painted in the colors of the Serbian flag with the words “Kosovo is Serbia” printed down the side which was considered provocative by Kosovo Officials and Kosovo Officials stated that Police would stop it at the border. The train traveled from Belgrade to the border town of Raska and returned never crossing into Kosovo. Train service between Kosovo and Serbia remains non-existent.

On 21 March 2018, Kosovo's Assembly ratified the border agreement with Montenegro. The European Union set ratification as a condition before it would grant Kosovo nationals visa-free access to the pass-port free Schengen area. 8 September, Serbia's president visited North Kosovo's Gazivode Lake, an important source of Kosovo's water. The following day, his planned visit to the majority-Serb village Banje was cancelled by the Kosovo government after Kosovo Albanian protestors put up barricades at the village's entrance. 29 Sept, Kosovo's president visited Gazivode Lake. Serbia accused Kosovo police of seizing control of the lake and briefly detaining workers and Kosovo said police were there to provide security for the visit and nobody was detained. A Kosovo Serbian representative said Serbia was putting its military as well as police under high alert as a result. 20 November The international police agency (INTERPOL), rejected Kosovo's membership. On 21 November, Kosovo imposed an import tax on Serbian and Bosnia Herzogovina goods. Kosovo said the tariff would be lifted when Serbia recognizes its sovereignty and stops blocking it from joining international organizations and Serbia said it will not participate in further dialogue until the measure is lifted.

On 29 September 2023, the NATO Secretary-General announced the authorisation of additional forces to address the build up of Serbian troops on the border of Kosovo and Serbia in order to keep peace within the region.

KFOR fatalities

Since the KFOR entered Kosovo in June 1999, soldiers from Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States were killed in the line of duty.

The biggest fatal event is that of the 42 Slovak soldiers dead in a 2006 military plane crash in Hungary. In 20 years, more than 200 NATO soldiers have died as part of KFOR. On 1 July 2021, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg confirmed that the KFOR mission will continue. On 29 May 2023, more than 30 NATO peacekeeping soldiers defending three town halls in northern Kosovo have been injured in clashes with Serb protesters, while Serbia's president put the army on the highest level of combat alert. The tense situation developed after ethnic Albanian mayors took office in northern Kosovo's Serb-majority area after elections that the Serbs boycotted.

title: Kosovo Force


text:
Talk:Police woman (disambiguation)

Untitled
"A Police Woman is a female police officer."

Well, certainly not according to the pages that link to here!

Don't make a redirect to police woman, that's not on the wanted list!  19:37, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Too late. Morven redirected it to police officer.  19:40, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Added ref to TV series. Ideally, "police woman" could be the disamb page, with "Police Woman" the article about the series. Niteowlneils 19:53, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Great. In such a case that's the only sensible thing to do because all pages that link to this new one here are about the 1970s TV series. A redirect (let alone a double redirect, which was created in this case) is of no help whatsoever, but it usually only takes a minute or two for someone to do exactly that. Well, let's hope this new article will grow.  22:35, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

a police woman could be found of broward county.

It would be nice to find some sort of link to the history and duties of female police officers. So far I have failed to find anything in Wikipedia about the specific roles for women in policing, and the history thereof, in answer to my grand-daughter's question, and am not qualified to add anything myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JMBryant (talk • contribs) 09:33, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Added Women in law enforcement under see also, which provides what you want. Mike Linksvayer (talk) 16:40, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Police woman (disambiguation)


text:
S-Methylmethionine

S-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2CH(NH3+)CO2−. This cation is a naturally-occurring intermediate in many biosynthetic pathways owing to the sulfonium functional group. It is biosynthesized from L -methionine and S-adenosylmethionine by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. S-methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine.

S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.

Biosynthesis and biochemical function
S-Methylmethionine arises via the methylation of methionine by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). The coproduct is S-adenosyl homocysteine.

The biological roles of S-methylmethionine are not well understood. Speculated roles include methionine storage, use as a methyl donor, regulation of SAM. A few plants use S-methylmethionine as a precursor to the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Intermediates include dimethylsulfoniumpropylamine and dimethylsulfoniumpropionaldehyde.

Beer flavor precursor in barley malt
S-Methylmethionine is found in barley and is further created during the malting process. SMM can be subsequently converted to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) during the malt kilning process, causing an undesirable flavor. Lightly kilned malts such as pilsner or lager malts retain much of their SMM content while higher kilned malt such as pale ale malt has substantially more of the SMM converted to DMS in the malt. Darker kilned malts such as Munich malt have virtually no SMM content since most has been converted to DMS. Other crystal malts and roasted malts have no SMM content and often no DMS content since the kilning also drives that compound out of the malt.

title: S-Methylmethionine


text:
User:Biggins

=Me=

I graduated from Brigham Young University with a BS in Computer Science in December 2009. I got a JD at the University of Virginia in 2013. I enjoy crosswords, reading, Mormon history, humor, and computers. I lived in Estonia for two years and I love the Estonian language (no, it's not like Russian).

I don't do too much editing on wikipedia anymore, but I like to correct typos and glaring errors. My claim to fame: I started the Pearls Before Swine article :)

=Todo=

 * Keep an eye on errors thrown by the LDS template/ module

=Past projects=
 * Migrate LDS to use Wikisource as its default source Completed August 20, 2020 (see template talk page)
 * Proposal
 * Initially implemented in LDS/sandbox (via Module:)
 * Subpage for seeing how the LDS/sandbox template renders
 * Make sure the weird spacing as used on Tithe works right DONE

=Some of my Subpages=
 * My box of sand
 * A "time capsule" from 2004
 * Random playing with Wikipedia signatures and recursion

title: User:Biggins