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Edward Ka-Spel

Edward Sharp, better known by his stage name Edward Ka-Spel, (aka 'Archangel, Che Banana, The Prophet Qa'Spell, Qa-Sepel) is an English singer-songwriter and musician, born in London on 23 January 1954, to a family with East Anglia connections. He is best known for his work with the band The Legendary Pink Dots, which he co-founded.

Ka-Spel is also known for his work on The Tear Garden with Skinny Puppy's cEvin Key. In 2017, he collaborated with Amanda Palmer on the album I Can Spin a Rainbow.

Ka-spel's recordings are often of a limited number and only available through an extensive and devoted mail-order system at Soleilmoon. He has also released numerous cassette-only special recordings, usually including materials out-of-print on earlier labels along with new releases. He often appears on stage barefoot, wearing a long scarf and either pink or black glasses. Early in his career, he drew black lines on his face and arms.

Biography
Ka-Spel is best known as the lead singer, keyboard and electronics player, songwriter and co-founder of the band The Legendary Pink Dots, in which he was initially known as D'Archangel, Prophet Q'Sepel and other pseudonyms. He has also released numerous solo albums (initially featuring other members of the Legendary Pink Dots, and including contributions from Steven Stapleton), and has worked in various side projects, including The Tear Garden (with cEvin Key of Skinny Puppy),  and Mimir (with Phil Knight, Christoph Heemann, Jim O'Rourke and others). An album with 48 Cameras, Songs from the Marriage of Heaven & Hell was released in 2019.

Ka-Spel's solo albums range from abstract electronic noise to more traditional pop songs, incorporating diverse elements of psychedelia, industrial, avant garde, experimental electronic, art pop, classical music, folk (nursery songs), sampling, noise, collage, music concrete, etc. His lyrics have been described as mystically bizarre and ambiguous, and incorporate recurrent themes from his own personal mythos. Ka-Spel's songwriting has been compared to that of Syd Barrett and early Pink Floyd, though the artist describes the comparison as being a coincidence, not a direct influence. Ka-Spel has cited Iannis Xenakis, the Beatles, Nurse With Wound, David Bowie, Brainticket, Can, The Residents, Magma, and Throbbing Gristle as significant influences.

Associated acts

 * The Legendary Pink Dots
 * The Tear Garden
 * Terminal Kaleidoscope
 * Mimir
 * Nurse with Wound
 * The Silverman
 * Mimir
 * Twilight CIrcus Dub Soundsystem
 * Strange Attractor
 * Niels Van Hoorn

Albums

 * (1984) Laugh, China Doll
 * (1985) Eyes!, China Doll
 * (1986) Chyekk, China Doll
 * (1987) AaΔzhyd, China Doll
 * (1988) Khataclimici, China Doll
 * (1991) Tanith & the Lion Tree
 * (1995) The Scriptures of Illumina
 * (1995) The Textures of Illumina
 * (1995) DNA LE DRAW D-KEE (with Elke Skelter as DNA LE DRAW D-KEE)
 * (1998) The Blue Room
 * (2000) Red Letters
 * (2001) Absence of Evidence
 * (2001) Caste O' Graye Skreeens
 * (2002) O'er a Shalabast'r Tyde Strolt Ay
 * (2004) Pieces Of ∞
 * (2005) O Darkness! O Darkness!
 * (2005) A Long Red Ladder to the Moon
 * (2005) Fragments of Illumina
 * (2007) Dream Logik Pt 1
 * (2008) Dream Logik Pt 2
 * (2008) The Painted River of Regrets
 * (2009) The Whispering Wail (with The Silverman)
 * (2009) Dream Loops
 * (2009) Transmit Acoustique Abstraction Two (with Armchair Migraine Journey)
 * (2009) Trapped in Amber
 * (2010) Devascapes
 * (2010) Red Sky at Night (with Alena Boikova)
 * (2010) The Thirty Year Itch (with The Silverman)
 * (2010) The Minus Touch
 * (2011) A Pleasure Cruise Through 9 Dimensions
 * (2012) This Saturated Land
 * (2012) Ghost Logik
 * (2013) Fire Island
 * (2013) One Last Pose Before the Ruin
 * (2013) 800 Saints in a Day (with the Twilight Circus)
 * (2014) Are You Receiving Us, Planet Earth?! (with French musician Philippe Petit)
 * (2014) Ghost Logik 2
 * (2015) The Victoria Dimension
 * (2015) Spectrescapes Vol. 2
 * (2015) CybersKapes
 * (2016) Spectrescapes Volume 3
 * (2017) I Can Spin A Rainbow (with Amanda Palmer)
 * (2019) Midnight Pharmacy (with Nuits Rouges)
 * (2021) Prints of Darkness

Singles and EPs

 * (1984) Dance, China Doll
 * (1992) The Char Char / Extracts from "The Inferno"
 * (1993) Inferno / Illusion
 * (1996) The Man Who Never Was
 * (1999) Share The Day
 * (2000) A Birth Marked Conspiracy
 * (2000) Lactamase 01
 * (2001) Meltdown
 * (2002) Clara Rockmore's Dog
 * (2002) 090301
 * (2002) Lilith and The Rose
 * (2005) Happy New Year
 * (2008) Dream Logik X (a small voyage in 3 parts)
 * (2008) Dream Logik 3333333333333
 * (2008) Burning Church
 * (2012) 11.11.11.11
 * (2013) The Patriot / Last Man Standing
 * (2020) Permission To Leave The Temple
 * (2020) The Deep
 * (2020) A Red Winter Night's Dream
 * (2021) The Sympathy Portal

Collections

 * (1989) Perhaps We'll Only See A Thin Blue Line
 * (1990) Lyvv, China Doll (cassette)
 * (1993) Lyvv, China Doll (CD)
 * (1995) Chyekk, China Doll / AaΔzhyd, China Doll
 * (1995) Down in the City of Heartbreak and Needles
 * (1996) Kowskijari
 * (1997) The Carrion
 * (1998) Down in the City of Heartbreak and Needles 2
 * (2000) Needles Three
 * (2007) Melancholics Anonymous
 * (2008) Dream Logik Parts 1–3

Live albums

 * (1987) Apples (Big!), China Doll
 * (2000) Public Disturbance
 * (2000) Angelus Obscuros (16-5-85)
 * (2002) Khalash Nykow, China Doll (4-4-86)
 * (2005) Live in Basel 2005 (with The Silverman)
 * (2012) Live at Bibliotheque Hergé, Paris 2005
 * (2012) Live in Denver 19 May 2012 (with The Silverman)
 * (2014) The Greenhouse Effect (with The Silverman and Nicoletta Stephanz)
 * (2015) Terremoto - Live In Chile 2008 (with The Silverman)

Compilation appearances

 * (1985) Atomic Roses on 59 To 1 Cassette Nr. 6
 * (1986) Jesus Wept on Is That You Santa Claus? Oscar's X-Mas Carols Vol. 3
 * (1987) And The Lord Said, Rise on For Your Ears Only
 * (1992) Hotel X on Mindfield
 * (1993) The Colour Xhine on Tape A Break
 * (1995) Dr. Blizz on The Gothic Compilation Part II
 * (1996) The Forbidden Zone on Electrocity Vol. 7
 * (1996) A Crack in Melancholy Space on A Blind Man's Gallery of Mirrors
 * (1997) Atomic Roses 1995 (Pt. 1 & 2) on Globus And Decibel
 * (2002) Burdon on Electrically Induced Vibrations
 * (2003) Der Khataclimici 2 on Lactamase Bonus Compilation
 * (2004) Complex on See Beyond The Music
 * (2006) Sticks & Stones (Version) on Not Alone
 * (2006) Sepia on Brainwaves
 * (2010) Elvis of the Modern World on The Year 25 / 25 Years Korm Plastics
 * (2010) Yam With Babe on Transmit Acoustique Abstraction 1/2
 * (2010) The Bad Trip on Audiotron

title: Edward Ka-Spel


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Redlight (The Slackers album)

Redlight is an album by the Slackers, released in 1997.

The band promoted the album by touring as part of the NYC Ska Mob Tour '97. The opening track is a tribute to Tommy McCook.

Critical reception
The Washington Post thought that the Slackers "are clearly as interested in ska's jazz roots as its R&B ones." The Gazette concluded that "the ska tempo is slackened, proclaiming Jamaican independence while lowering tariff walls for reggae, dub, R&B, soul, jazz and boogaloo." The Dallas Observer wrote that the album takes the listener on a musical tour "of the studios of Jamaica, the tiny clubs of London, the streets of New York, and the barrios of Los Angeles."

The Deseret News listed the album as one of the best of 1997, writing: "Outside of the Skatalites, the only band that can do traditional ska." The Orange County Register also considered it to be one of 1997's best albums, writing that "Married Girl", a "Double Indemnity-style tale of lustful revenge, is a killer."

Track listing
All songs written by Vic Ruggiero, except where noted.
 * 1) "Cooking for Tommy"  (Dave Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 3:58
 * 2) "Watch This"  – 3:58
 * 3) "Married Girl"  – 3:11
 * 4) "I Still Love You"  (Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 3:15
 * 5) "Soldier"  – 2:55
 * 6) "Fried Chicken/Mary Mary"  – 3:28
 * 7) "You Must Be Good"  – 3:55
 * 8) "Redlight"  (The Slackers) – 4:58
 * 9) "Tin Tin Deo"  (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) – 3:47
 * 10) "She Wants to Be Alone" (Toots Hibbert, Jeremy Mushlin)  – 4:28
 * 11) "Rude and Reckless"  – 4:36
 * 12) "Come Back Baby"  – 4:15

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Redlight (The Slackers album)


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Angaur

Angaur (アンガウル), or Ngeaur in Palauan, is an island and state in the island nation of Palau.

History

Angaur was traditionally divided among some eight clans. Traditional features within clan areas represent important symbols giving identity to families, clans and regions. These features include a variety of stone platforms with historical and traditional importance. Traditional cemeteries are frequently located in or around some of these stone platforms. The large quantities of shell recovered from archaeological sites gives evidence for an intensive exploitation of the limited lagoon surrounding the island and for collecting and fishing outside of the reef as well. On the island, the localized areas of soil were intensively used for garden plots.

The first sighting of Angaur, Babeldaob, Koror, and Peleliu recorded by Westerners was by the Spanish expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos at the end of January 1543. They were then charted as Los Arrecifes (The Reefs in Spanish). In November and December 1710, these three islands were again visited and explored by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad. Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer Bernardo de Egoy.

From 1909 until 1954 phosphate mining took place on Angaur, originally by the Germans, then the Japanese, and finally by Americans. Angaur is the site of a major World War II battle. The Battle of Angaur was part of the larger offensive campaign called Operation Forager that ran from June to Nov 1944. Many American and Japanese battle relics remain scattered throughout the island. The 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion under Lieutenant colonel Henry R. Paige served as garrison forces for the remainder of the War. Angaur is the only place in Micronesia that has feral monkeys; they are descended from macaques that escaped during the period of German occupation. Thus it is also called Monkey Island.

Angaur is accessible by boats and small planes, and Belau Air has service to Angaur Airstrip. From 1945 to 1978 the U.S. Coast Guard operated a LORAN transmitting station, LORSTA Palau, as part of the worldwide LORAN navigation system.

Geography
Angaur is a coralline island located some 10 km southwest of Beliliou at the southern tip of the main group of islands in the archipelago, and is situated outside of the lagoon and enclosing reef for this main group. Angaur is surrounded by a thin reef which encloses a narrow lagoon, though for the most part the reef is so small and low that it offers little impediment to the waves which break directly on the steep cliffs which ring the island. Distinct from the rock islands which lie between Beliliou and Koror, Angaur is a raised platform island. The profile of the island is a low table with very little relief. The highest point on the island, a small hill northwest of Rois, is only 40 m above sea level, and most of the island is less than 10 m above sea level. On the ground, however, the terrain is very rugged with steep, jagged outcrops of ancient reef rising unpredictably in a tangled maze. To the northwest the ground is slightly higher, and to the southeast the ground is slightly lower with marshy swamps across the karstic landscape.

Modern settlement on Angaur is concentrated on the west coast south of the harbor to a point of land called Bkul a Usas. Separated by lines of social division are the modern villages of Rois and Ngaramasch.

Most of Angaur is covered with a mixed limestone forest which includes several small stands of casuarina forest (ironwood orngas trees). Surrounding the modern villages and many houses are garden plots and interspersed with these are small pockets of agroforest (a variety of trees providing useful domestic products and foodstuffs). A large area of taro swamp gardens known as Ngetkebui lies in the southern part of the island.

The island, which forms its own state, has an area of 8 km2 (3 mi2). Its population was 130 in 2012. The state capital is the village of Ngeremasch on the western side. A second village, Rois, is immediately east of Ngeremasch. Angaur Island is located southwest of Peleliu, and it is a popular surfing location.

Phosphate
Long before people came to this part of the Pacific Ocean, Angaur was a nesting ground for large numbers of birds whose droppings would eventually become phosphate deposits. In the early part of the 20th century, phosphate mines were started in the rugged terrain in the northwest part of the island and along the east coast. These mines, started during the German administration, were in operation periodically for three administrations ending in the 1950s in the American Period. The mined phosphate was initially processed and loaded on ships at a small harbor on the west side of the island. Apparently this small natural harbor has been expanded during the course of phosphate mining. Also constructed with the harbor expansion was a lighthouse whose abandoned remains are situated on the high ground to the northwest.

Demography
The population of the state was 119 in the 2015 census and median age was 43.3 years.

History of the population:

Ucherbelau is the title of the traditional high chief from the state.

Languages
According to the state constitution of 1982, Angaur's official languages are Palauan (and the Angauran dialect in particular), English and Japanese. It is the only place in the world where Japanese is a de jure official language, as it is only the de facto official language of Japan. At the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese, as was the practice once Japan gained control of South Seas Mandate in 1914.

However, the results of the 2005 census show that in April 2005 there were no usual or legal residents of Angaur aged 5 or older who spoke Japanese at home at all. No residents of Anguar reported themselves or were reported as being of Japanese ethnic origin. One person born (but apparently not residing) on Angaur reported to speak Japanese and Palauan equally often at home. The 2012 mini census showed 7 people aged 10 or older literate in any language other than Palauan and English for Angaur, out of a total population of 130.

Political system
The state of Angaur, with population of less than 150, has an elected chief executive, governor. The state also has a legislature elected every two years. The state population elects one of the members of the House of Delegates of Palau.

Transport
The island is connected by a network of roads. Secondary roads radiate out across the island and almost encircle it. On the east side of the island is a landing strip constructed during the Japanese administration. Although unimproved, the 6600 foot runway known as the Angaur Airstrip is used for the single-engine plane serving Angaur with daily flights from the Airai airport. The presence of the runway played an important role in the decision by the Americans to take Angaur along with Beliliou during World War II. Unlike the battle of Peleliu, however, Angaur received much less shelling before the invasion and the battle did not entail the tragic loss of life witnessed on Beliliou.

Education
The Ministry of Education operates public schools.

Angaur Elementary School was established in 1945. A new building in another location opened in 1953. It moved to the original site in 1966 in a new building but it later moved back to the second site.

Palau High School in Koror is the country's only public high school, so children from this community go there.

Tourism
It is a very popular place for surfing. In 2003, the Palau National Congress legalized casino gambling on the island.

Among other attractions are the cemetery of planes and ships that were destroyed in World War II, a Buddhist memorial honoring the Japanese fallen in combat and a small Japanese Shinto shrine.

title: Angaur


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User:Markwigg

M

title: User:Markwigg


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Talk:2004 unrest in Kosovo/Archive 1

Mitrovica incident
I would like to see some proper references about the riots in Mitrovica.

Title
Hi there - can you tell me about this title? It seems pretty inflamatory - who uses it? Thanks, Mark Richards 17:37, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It appears to be sourced from a (Serbian) report by B92 . -- ChrisO 20:06, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Can we reference and attribute some of the claims of numbers here? Thanks, Mark Richards 18:40, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

In a similar vein, isn't the entire info box on the side rather POV? "a lot of Serbs (and Roms) exiled, including all the refugees that returned since 1999" - there's no possible way that you could say this for certain and this is just for starters. the entire box needs to go, IMO. --Smegpt86 09:48, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Re-write
I would suggest renaming this page, as this term is not in common usage, it was used by one anonymous UNMIK rep, and has not gain common currency. How about Violence in Kosovo (March 2004)? Mark Richards 18:03, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If someone is going to move it, at least be optimistic and move it to Unrests in Kosovo (2004). Nikola 12:47, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * "Unrest" is one of those odd English words that is both singular and plural. "Unrests" doesn't exist as a word. Also, the usual order for date-restricted articles on Wikipedia appears to be date:subject, as in 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks or September 11, 2001 attacks. How about March 2004 unrest in Kosovo? -- ChrisO 13:27, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This article so needs a rewrite - it doesn't even attempt to be NPOV. -- ChrisO 18:58, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed - can we start with the name? Anyone oppose this? Mark Richards 19:54, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think it even needs to exist as a separate article. As an event in the history of Kosovo, it should be rewritten and merged with the main Kosovo and Metohia article after the section on the Kosovo War. -- ChrisO 20:01, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There is clearly enough info on this to warrant a separate article. Everyking 22:04, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there is enough material, there are several articles on individual incidents related to Kosovo, including Racak, which is a good example of how to deal with an issue like this one - the title and style of this article are totally inapropriate. Mark Richards 22:12, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, fair point. I've moved the article to "Unrest in Kosovo" as a (temporary?) more NPOV title. Since this clearly isn't a one-day event and we don't know how long this is likely to go on for, I'm hesitant to give it a chronological entry (e.g. "March 2004 unrest in Kosovo"). We can always revisit the title when things settle down. -- ChrisO 22:16, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I see the name's already been changed, but the Main Page still uses the name 'Kristallnacht'. How about removing everything after the last comma ('IN an event termed the Kosovo Kristallnacht'), and making Renewed ethnic strife the link instead? Sietse 22:22, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've addressed that too. :-) It now says: Violent unrest in Kosovo has led to riots between Serbs and Albanians with at least 31 deaths. That's about as long as it's possible to make it, given the space constraints of the "in the news" box. -- ChrisO 22:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, that's good for now, although some way to make it clear that this is not a general article about unrest in Kosovo in the abstract, and that it refers to a specific set of events would be nice. Let's get to work on the main text then! Mark Richards 22:33, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Could you hold off editing it for half an hour or so? I'm currently working on it. -- ChrisO 22:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC) - OK, I'm done. :-) -- ChrisO 23:24, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey, it's been awhile since March, have all issues been resolved or not? Is this article still disputed despite months of inactivity here? Just fix it! Nikki 02:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Since no one has mentioned any dispute in about a year or so, I'm removing the NPOV disputed tag. If someone believes it needs to go back on the article, that's fine, but please put reasons here on the talk page. Thanks. Wesley 05:34, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

-

Rugova
I can't beleive we don't have a page on Ibrahim Rugova! Mark Richards 18:43, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll write a small stub. Dori | Talk 18:50, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Cheers! Mark Richards 18:53, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Disputed
Dori - can you list the main points that are disputed here so that we can try to resolve them? Thanks, Mark Richards 20:25, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I resent the entire accusatory feel of the article towards Albanians. Regarding, "2000 Serbs and non-Albanians are reported as missing and over a thousand dead" -- I don't think this is factual, but even if it were how come the Albanian deaths are not mentioned? I don't like how the Albanians are made to look like the agressors and instigators, when it was the Serbian and Yugoslav armies that started mass killings and deportations. I don't like how Albanians are always accused of ethnic cleansing by Igor, when it's the other way around. Sure, the Albanians are retaliating, and committing violence against the Serbs, but it is not ethnic cleansing. The majority of Serbs left before Kfor even went in. They left on their own accord, though they were rightly afraid, whereas the Albanians were deported under direct threat and by the Yugoslav armies. What the Serbs have done is not even mentioned in most cases. This is most definitely POV. Dori | Talk 20:36, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's factually accurate at all. According to the BBC television news a few hours ago, about 31 people have died, 500 have been injured and 1000 (apparently mostly Serbs) have been made homeless. -- ChrisO 21:08, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * So it's the 'Unrest since the end of the war' bit that is objected to? Can we just take it out completely, since it is not directly relevant to the March incidents? Also, I don't think the Albanian deportations during the war belong here, this is just for the recent March incidents. Mark Richards 21:18, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I misread the above as relating to the casualties in the latest unrest. I don't know where Igor is getting his figures from but I've been unable to corroborate them myself; I suggest that we leave them out until they can be sourced. However, I do agree with what I think is Igor's general intention here, i.e. to provide a bit of background. I've rewritten the paragraph to try to convey that in a more NPOV way. See what you think. -- ChrisO 21:23, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure - I like that - if this is going to be broader than just March, do we want to rename to Unrest in Kosovo since 2000, or since the end of the Kosovo War or something? Mark Richards 21:30, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there's certainly scope for a broader article on postwar ethnic relations in Kosovo, but if we were to do that it would probably have to be either (a) a new article linking out to this one or (b) an expanded version of this article renamed to something like "Ethnic relations in Kosovo". Either would be viable, I think. If we stick with having this article covering only this outbreak of unrest in detail, I think a one-paragraph summary of preceding events is sufficient. -- ChrisO 21:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, let's just watch how it evolves for now. Mark Richards 21:45, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Just one question - since I'm not on Wikipedia for that long, what happens when an article is so inflamatory? Doesn't even mention what happened in the rest of Serbia, a mosque in Belgrade and a mosque in Nis being torched down... Will someone rewrite this? Muha

 * Actually it does, under "Reactions in Serbia". I added that - the original version of the article made no mention of the mosque attacks. -- ChrisO 20:15, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you think an article is inflammatory, you can dispute the neutrality of the article. →Raul654 19:08, Mar 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoops, excuse little old me for not having noticed, ChrisO. The last thing I saw was the original article :). On the other hand, how do I dispute the neutrality?! Muha

 * Um, no - I added it several days ago... :-/ -- ChrisO 22:23, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It's better, but I don't like the stand-alone "Attacks on Kosovo Serbs" section, while no information is given on Albanian causalties. I unfortunately have not seen any specific reports (the ethnicity is not speficied on most stories). I would like to know the source for the information on this section, which I cannot substantiate from any of the stories. Dori | Talk 22:16, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. There's been a disturbing lack of sourcing for virtually all of the claims made by Igor. Igor, if you do have sources, could you please include them? -- ChrisO 22:25, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm with you - we should not mention things here that we cannot reference to a reliable source. Mark Richards 22:55, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Unicode
Could everyone please be aware that Unicode should be used for Central European characters? If you enter CE characters, they are at risk of being corrupted by subsequent editors who don't have CE fonts installed. In particular, the character š keeps getting corrupted to ?. If you need to enter a CE character, please use the Unicode for that character. You can convert them very easily with the script at http://www.mikezilla.com/exp0012.html. -- ChrisO 21:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually this seems to be a common browser problem. When one inputs characters č, ć, đ in Latin 2, they get correctly converted to Unicode upon submitting the form in Mozilla; however, that doesn't happen for š, ž, they go through unmodified and then whoever comes along later with a different charset corrupts them. But we're way offtopic for this page... --Shallot 02:15, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Map image
Igor, what is the source of your map image? What is its copyright status? -- ChrisO 23:01, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Copyright should not be a problem. --Igor

I don't think this map image should be used, as all it shows is events where Serbs were victims; no retaliations (there must have been some) are mentioned.

 * Can you provide any instances of alleged Serb retalliations against Albanians? There were none to my knowledge. --Igor.

This give the map a very accusatory feel, which point was also raised by Dori] in regard to the text. So either someone edits the map (if its copyright status allows that) to show both sides of the conflict, or else the map should be removed altogether. [[User:Sietse|Sietse 10:48, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that, speaking objectively, Serbs were indeed the principal victims of last weeks' events. From what I've seen in (Western) press reports most of the violence was carried out by Albanians against Serbs. I've not seen any reports of retaliations, although I agree there probably were some. That said, I think there's a legitimate question about how much detail we should go into. Should we just summarise along the lines of "X number of villages were attacked, Y number of homes were burned, Z number of churches were destroyed" or provide a breakdown either in the article or in a map? -- ChrisO 20:21, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree with Chris. The map should be kept. More informative is better than less. However, I'd like to hear about the copyright status of the picture. →Raul654 20:24, Mar 21, 2004 (UTC)

I think the map could be salvaged but it will need major revisions. Looking at it, the main problems appear to lie in the highly POV language that it uses and its assumption that Serbs were the only victims (they were certainly the principal victims, but not the only ones). I suggest the following changes if we're to keep the map:

 * Why are "torched monasteries" treated in two different categories according to how old they are? Also, it's inconsistent with the text, which speaks of churches, shrines and other cultural sites being attacked. The two categories should be combined and renamed as "Cultural or religious sites attacked".

 * Torched monasteries and torched churches, years in paranthesis give the oldest and newest of each of them. --Igor

 * "Killings of Serbs" / "Ethnic cleansing and attacks against Serbs" - replace with a single category, "Flashpoints". (Perhaps this should include the "torched monasteries" category as well?)

 * Or maybe just put a big black dot to make it uniform and simple? --Igor

 * "Serb enclaves" - if this accurate represents the main areas of Serb settlement, fair enough, but I think we'd be better off with a proper demographic map (if one exists).

 * This is more accurate than most maps you see on the news, will make it even more accurate just to spite your attempts to degrade this article. --Igor

 * "Areas that are being cleansed of Serbs" - POV, of questionable value and accuracy and time-dependent anyway; we're supposed to be writing for the long term here. I don't know what Igor's source is for the areas that have been plotted.

 * Will make it more precise. --Igor

I agree now that the map should be kept. I couldn't find a demographic map &emdash; I used the keywords Map, Kosovo, Serb, and Alban, but I didn't find anything. For that matter, I couldn't find the source of Igor's map either. Sietse 10:07, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I did a bit more searching and was unable to find a demographic map either - they all seem to date from before 1999. I gather there was due to be a census in 2001 but it doesn't appear to have taken place in Kosovo (though it did in the rest of Serbia). I suspect it's a rather sensitive political issue... -- ChrisO 13:27, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There are some Serbs living in mixed communities, but the vast majority live in locations that are usually refered to as enclaves. They are relatively small, relatively self contained communities with poor linkages to other communities. I think the term is pretty accuate and not to POV. Mark Richards 21:39, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's in dispute. The enclaves certainly exist. The problem is that I've not found any source, and Igor hasn't provided any source, which details where each of them are and how big they are. From what I've been able gather, it appears that they range in size from entire districts (as in north Kosovo) down to individual villages and even individual buildings, all of which have to be guarded round the clock by police and troops. It beats me why anyone would want to live in such a place but evidently some do... -- ChrisO 23:21, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Is that something that I should address or was that a rhetorical question? --Igor

 * Well, the reasons are pretty depressing, and usually hinge around the people being old / poor / sick / having no-where else to go in the case of the smaller ones, to the larger ones being a mix of no-where else to go and a sense that that is their home. Some of the larger ones are viable as communities, the smaller ones are totally depressing. Anyway, the numbers in them are pretty sensitive, for obvious reaons, and the UN probably does not publish the figures. We could probably track them down, but in most cases these communities are trying to keep a relatively low profile and not draw attention to themselves. The numbers are a political issue. I would be tempted not to go down that road. I'll have a rummage around and see if I can get data on some of the large ones. Mark Richards 00:19, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OSCE has a series of pretty good reports on the status of them, where they are etc, but no numbers - I suspect they have them, but are reluctant to publish. Mark Richards 00:26, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Another rename proposal
Would anyone object to renaming this article to "2004 Kosovo unrest" or something along that line? There were several other instances of what could be called "Unrest in Kosovo" and it would be good to think ahead (not necessarily as in future unrests in Kosovo, but as somebody starting other articles about specific unrests). Some other articles to follow this naming convention are: --dcabrilo 23:18, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 2001 UK foot and mouth crisis
 * 1992 Los Angeles riots

 * I think renaming it to "2004 unrest in Kosovo" is better than using the word "pogrom" which according to MW dictionary means ": an organized massacre of helpless people;". I do not think this meaning fits the unrest that happened in 2004. In march 2004 several churches were destroyed, and people in some cases fired at each other with weapons. Thank you. Regards, ilir_pz 10:50, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004 unrest in Kosovo/Archive 1


text:
David L. Mills

David Lennox Mills (June 3, 1938 – January 17, 2024) was an American computer engineer and professor emeritus at the University of Delaware. He was an Internet pioneer who led the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures (GADS) Task Force. He was known as the internet's "Father Time" for designing the Network Time Protocol, which is intended to synchronize all participating computers across different computer systems and networks to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time.

Early life and education
David Lennox Mills was born in Oakland, California, on June 3, 1938. His mother, Adele (née Dougherty), was a pianist, and his father, Alfred, was an engineer. He had glaucoma since birth, but a surgeon saved some of the vision in his left eye when he was a child. He attended a school in San Mateo, California, for the visually impaired.

Mills earned his PhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan, he worked on the ARPA-sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed DEC PDP-8-based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an IBM 360 mainframe.

Career
In 1977, Mills began working at COMSAT on synchronizing the clocks of computers connected to ARPANET, inventing the Network Time Protocol (NTP). NTP is intended to synchronize all participating computers to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). He told The New Yorker in 2022 that he enjoyed working on synchronized time because no one else was working on it, giving him his own "little fief". In the mid-2000s, Mills turned over full control of the NTP reference implementation to Harlan Stenn.

Mills was a contributor to the standards and software that came to be the Internet. He was the chairman of the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force. He invented the DEC LSI-11-based Fuzzball router that was used for the 56 kbit/s NSFNET (1985), and inspired the author of ping. He authored 28 RFCs, including two Internet Standards.

In 1999, he was inducted as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, he was inducted as a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for contributions to network protocols and network timekeeping in the development of the Internet. In 2008, Mills was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for contributions to Internet timekeeping and the development of the Network Time Protocol. In 2013 he received the IEEE Internet Award "for significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."

Mills was a professor emeritus at the University of Delaware, where he was a full professor from 1986 to 2008. He subsequently held an adjunct appointment at Delaware so that he could continue to teach.

Personal life
Mills married Beverly Csizmadia in 1965.

Mills was an amateur radio operator, with callsign W3HCF.

His vision began worsening around 2012, and by 2022 he was fully blind. Mills died in Newark, Delaware, on January 17, 2024, at age 85. He was survived by his wife, his daughter Leigh, his son Keith and his brother Gregory.

title: David L. Mills


text:
Talk:Pomerania/Archive 1

Claim to Pomerania as supposedly inherited by Mieszko I
Here is a text written ca 1050 (referring to ca 970-1000) mentioning the wife Ote and her husband Dagome (who was later called Mieszko I):

Latin: Item in alio tomo sub Iohanne XV papa Dagome iudex et Ote senatrix et filii eorum: Misicam et Lambertus - nescio cuius gentis homines, puto autem Sardos fuisse, quoniam ipsi a III iudicibus reguntur - leguntur beato Petro contulisse unam civitatem in integro, que vocatur Schinesghe, cum omnibus suis pertinentiis infra hos affines, sicuti incipit a primo latere longum mare, fine Bruzze usque in locum, qui dicitur Russe et fines Russe extendente usqie in Craccoa et ab ipsa Craccoa usque ad flumen Oddere recte in locum, qui dicitur Alemure, et ab ipsa Alemura usque in terram Milze recte intra Oddere et exinde ducente iuxta flumen Oddera usque in predictam civitatem Schinesghe.

Translation into English: Also in another book from the times of Pope John XV, Dagome [1], lord, and Ote, lady[3], and their sons Mieszko and Lambert[4] (I don't know of which tribe are those people, but I think they are Sardinians, because those are ruled by four lords) were supposed to give to Saint Peter one state in whole, which is called Shinesghe[5] with all its lands in borders, which from one side are started along the sea[6], along the Prussia to the place called Rus, from there to the Cracow and from that Cracow to the river of Oder, straight to place called Alemure[7], and from that Alemure to the land of Milczanie, and from that borders of that people to Oder and from that, going with river of Oder, ending at earlier mentioned state of Shinesghe.

1. Pomerania is not in this text. 2. the name Pomerania did not exists before 1000. 3. The territory which after 1000 became Pomerania was before 1000 a part of land that Harald Blauzahn Harald Bluetooth had received as lien from Holy Roman Emperor Otto and were H. Bluetooth died in exile from his son. After 1000 (ca 1020) this territory was again given as lien by another HRE emperor to be ruled. 4. The Latin text in the Dagome Iudex or Index talks about Sardinians? That refers to Ote, Oda von Haldensleben being of the royal/imperial family of the Saxon Ottonian emperors and her husband Dago...(supposedly a Northmen) later called Mieszko I, ruler of the Polanen of a land called Poland centuries later and called Piasts eighthundred years later. The Saxon Ottonian German emperors at that time also governed Italy, emperor Otto III had his seat in Rome.

There is much nonsense in Pomerania Wikipedia article Pomerania is absurd

removed to talk:
 * The name of Pomerania was probably first mentioned as Latin words 'longum mare' (=along the sea) in the Dagome Iudex document (ca 992), issued by the Polish duke Mieszko I, describing the boundaries of his Gniezno state.

Along the sea is not the name Pomerania. The first time recording of Pomerania is in the record of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor in 1043

 * Pomerania means ALONG THE SEA. It's direct translation of Polish name. And we went through all of this already

(diff) (hist). . Pomerania; 05:44. . Gdansk (Talk) (According to Prof. Henryk Lowmianski, Poznan University - words 'along the sea' are the first mention of Pomerania)

title: Talk:Pomerania/Archive 1


text:
The Legendary Pink Dots

The Legendary Pink Dots (aka LPD) are an Anglo-Dutch experimental rock band formed in London in August 1980. In 1984, the band moved to Amsterdam, playing with rotating musicians and having, as core members, singer/songwriter/keyboardist Edward Ka-Spel and keyboardist Phil Knight. In 2022, founding member and synthesist Philip Knight retired from touring, and Randall Frazier (Orbit Service, A Star Too Far) joined the band on synths, samples and electronics.

As of 2022, the group is composed of Edward Ka-Spel (vocals, keyboards, songwriter), Randall Frazier (keyboards, electronics), Erik Drost (guitars) and Joep Hendrikx (live sound engineer).

Their music has incorporated elements from neo-psychedelia, ambient music, electronic music, tape music, psychedelic folk, synthpop, post-punk, progressive jazz, noise music, pop music, goth rock and alternative rock. Although outside the mainstream (in terms of their avant-garde music and non-mainstream career path), LPD have released more than forty albums, have a devoted worldwide following, and tour frequently.

Overview
The band was originally called One Day... but subsequently changed the name to The Legendary Pink Dots. In the 1980s, the band released albums on Mirrordot and InPhaze; in 1985 they signed with Play It Again Sam for the release of The Lovers. The line-up had become stable by 1988, with Niels van Hoornblower (horns) and Bob Pistoor (guitar) joining in time for the band's 1988 US tour. Pistoor died of cancer and his place was filled by Martijn de Kleer; drummer Ryan Moore completed the line-up live and in the studio. Their appeal has always been relatively small—a 1995 show in Mexico in front of 2,500 fans was described as "massive (by Dots' standards)". In 2004, Erik Drost replaced Martijn de Kleer on guitar, and the album The Whispering Wall was released.

Their music touches on elements of neo-psychedelia, ambient music, electronic music, tape music, psychedelic folk, synthpop, post-punk, progressive, jazz, noise, pop, and goth rock, with a distinctly experimental/avant-garde bent; their sound has evolved over time and remains distinctive, making it difficult to place the group into a concise style or genre. The group's overall sound combined with Ka-Spel's distinct lyrics and singing have earned comparisons to Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett; the group also has links to the sounds of krautrock bands such as Can, Faust, Brainticket and Neu! (whose "Super" they covered on the 1999 tribute album "A Homage to NEU!"), as well as the music of Magma.

Related bands
The Pink Dots frequently collaborated with Skinny Puppy's cEvin Key, forming a side project named The Tear Garden. Key also played drums on several tracks of the 1994 LPD album 9 Lives to Wonder.

Ryan Moore, who drummed on studio and live performances for the Legendary Pink Dots, left to work on his own musical outlet, the Twilight Circus Dub Sound System. He wrote and produced albums for Michael Rose of Black Uhuru, and has worked with other reggae figures such as Sly Dunbar.

The Pink Dots have influenced a wide range of bands, such as The Dresden Dolls, MGMT, Orbit Service, and Skinny Puppy.

In 2017, Edward Ka-Spel released "I Can Spin A Rainbow" with The Dresden Dolls front-woman Amanda Palmer, and former Legendary Pink Dot Patrick Q. Wright. The release was followed by a US Tour and a European Tour. It's worth noting that on the US tour, Randall Frazier was sound engineer, and on the European tour, Joep Hendrikx was sound engineer, both members of The Legendary Pink Dots.

Discography

 * Studio Albums

 * Only Dreaming (1981)
 * Kleine Krieg (1981)
 * Brighter Now (1982)
 * Atomic Roses (1982)
 * Premonition (1982)
 * Apparition (1982)
 * Basilisk (1982)
 * Chemical Playschool 3 & 4 (1983)
 * Curse (1983)
 * The Tower (1984)
 * Asylum (1985)
 * Prayer For Aradia (1985)
 * Island of Jewels (1986)
 * Any Day Now (1988)
 * The Golden Age (1989)
 * Four Days (1990)
 * Crushed Velvet Apocalypse (1990)
 * The Maria Dimension (1991)
 * Shadow Weaver (1992)
 * Malachai (Shadow Weaver Part 2) (1992)
 * 9 Lives to Wonder (1994)
 * From Here You'll Watch the World Go By (1995)
 * Hallway of the Gods (1997)
 * Nemesis Online (1998)
 * A Perfect Mystery (2000)
 * All the King's Horses (2002)
 * All the King's Men (2002)
 * Poppy Variations (2004)
 * The Whispering Wall (2004)
 * Your Children Placate You from Premature Graves (2006)
 * Alchemical Playschool (2006)
 * Plutonium Blonde (2008)
 * Seconds Late for the Brighton Line (2010)
 * The Creature That Tasted Sound (2012)
 * Taos Hum (2013)
 * The Gethsemane Option (2013)
 * Code Noir (2013)
 * The Curse of Marie Antoinette )2013)
 * 109 (2014)
 * The Seismic Bleats Of Quantum Sheep (2015)
 * Five Days (2015)
 * 5 Days Instrumentals (2015)
 * Pages Of Aquarius (2016)
 * 8118 (2018)
 * Angel in the Detail (2019)
 * The Museum Of Human Happiness (2022)
 * The 13th Step (2022)

title: The Legendary Pink Dots


text:
Talk:Pomerania/Archive 2

Pomeranian cultural and ethnic mix
Because of its rich history Pomerania has produced a unique cultural mix based on the local Pomeranian tradition with heavy Polish, Saxon, German,Danish and Swedish influences. For most of its history Pomerania was an object of conflict between Poland, Saxony, Roman Empire, Danmark, Brandenburg, Sweden, Prussia and Germany. Today the region is inhabited by the Poles, Kashubians, Pomeranians, Germans, Ukrainians and some Greeks.

'''History of Pomerania is very often written from Polish, German or Swedish point of view and very rarely from Pomeranian point of view. '''

Before reverting what you don't like or making flames plase consult the following publications which clarify much of the confusion produced by the 19th century nationalisms:

Pomerania in Polish-German relations in Middle Ages

 * (ed.) Rainer Riemenchneider, Die Rolle Schlesiens and Pommern in der Geschichte der deutschen-polnischen Beziehungen in Mittelater,, Georg-Eckert-Institut fuer Internationale Schulbuchforschung, Braunchweig 1980
 * (ed.) Marian Biskup, Śląsk i Pomorze w historii stosunków polsko-niemieckich w średniowieczu, XII Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków 5-10 VI 1979 Olsztyn, Ossolineum, Wroclaw 1983, second edition: Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1987.

Pomerania in Polish-German relations in 16th-18th centuries:

 * (ed.) Antoni Czubiński, Zbigniew Kulak, Śląsk i Pomorze w stosunkach polsko-niemieckich od XVI do XVII w. XIV Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków, 9-14 VI 1981 r. Zamość, Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1987
 * German edition also available

--[User:caius2ga|Grzes of Poznan]

I am moving the all staff that is not specifically related to Pomerania to the Oder-Neisse-Line, where is an apropriate place to discuss this problem.

If Germany SIGNED an agreement with Poland recognizing something that de facto existed, doesn't that ipso facto make it de jure QED? JHK, having fun with language...

If you are on vacation or out of the country for a while and a transient breaks in your house and lives there. He lives de facto in your house. But does he de jure live in your house ???? user:H.J.

He is if you sign something that says he can live there. That's the definition of de jure. Duh! -- Paul Drye
 * Was just going to say that, Paul -- although, to complete the analogy, it's more like you found out someone was illegally living in your house, and then agreed in writing not to press charges -- this not only makes it de jure, but would set a precedent for future legal occupation...JHK

First : funny thing: "transient breaks in your house and lives there", so may be we should write on the page History/Germany that "Polish general Rydz-Smigly on 1 September 1939 attacked Germany, then burnt Berlin, built concentration camps in Germany and murdered best sons of German homeland (in the first place teachers, priests, doctors). The second, more important thing: Article 2 of treaty signed in 1990 by Kohl and ratified by Bundestag states that: "Agreeing Parties declare that existing between them border is infrangible now and in the future (...)", Article 1 states that "Agreeing Parties confirm existing between them border [here description of border] (...)", Article 3 states that: "Agreeing Parties  declare that they do not have any  territorial claims and that they will not have any claims of this kind in the future". Treaty states nothing about "de jure" or "de facto". Kohl didn't tell nothing about this strange distinction when he signed this document in Poland, so how is it ?

Kazik

Because he didn't need to, Kazik. De jure is the English expression (directly imported from Latin) meaning "legally". In other words, the effects of a signed treaty are by definition de jure. Saying something is de jure is not an attempt to evade the truth, as I think you may be saying here. --Paul Drye

To Kazik ,yes, truly a funny thing : about this Polish general Rydz-Smigly , who in March 1939 had a portrait of himself painted (by Herbert Smagon) riding through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, triumphantly taking over the capital city of Germany.( Never published until 2000.) And there exists a map by Polish history Professor Semkowicz , who shows all of Eastern Germany and including Western Germany south of Hamburg and Bremen at the Atlantic North Sea taken over and claiming it as Poland.

Not only Russia had mobilized and wanted to attack Germany as Alexander Solshenizin had earlier documented and again recent books by Russian author Suworow verify. Poland had also mobilized and wanted to attack Germany. Poland had put a large ammunition depot in the Danzig harbor, against which the Danzig citizens protested. Starting 1922 Poland had built a large harbor called Gdynia at a tiny fishing village of Prussia's Gdingen (this with western financing).

And let us not forget Poland had militarily taken the Ukraine etc from Russia.

In summer 1939 50,000 Germans (1920 they became "Ethnic Germans in Poland") in 'Polish Corridor" were incarcerated and 5000 were butchered during a force death march through cities like Thorn, Bromberg etc.

And you may not know this, as a lot of Americans may not even know this, but the real policy makers behind F.D. Roosevelt ( Morgenthau Plan , White etc),who had called for total destruction of all of Germany and extermination of all Germans , later under Truman silently left the scene , when it surfaced that they were communists.

In 1947 an American Institute of Economics published a book : "Gruesome Harvest, The Costly Attempt To Exterminate The People of Germany". For Americans of that time it must have been a real eye-opener and soon after the Marshal-Plan was established.

May I also point out some books : "An Eye for an Eye" about German prisoners of Polish camps, by John Sack and "A Terrible Revenge" by Alfred deZaya.

As the books by author Suworow show, there are a lot of facts , that have been kept from the public in many countries by the victorious allies for many years.

So, yes it is a funny thing about this Polish general Rydz-Smigly. user:H.J.

"In summer 1939 50,000 Germans (1920 they became "Ethnic Germans in Poland") in 'Polish Corridor" were incarcerated and 5000 were butchered during a force death march through cities like Thorn, Bromberg etc." - I can not belive. Nazi propaganda still alive. Carry on! Poland attacked Germany in 1939. In Gliwitz of course. My congratulations.

The real policy makers behind Roosevelt? It is to laugh. Roosevelt was arguably the most independent of American presidents over the last 100 years. He was rightly notorious for listening to everybody, then doing exactly what he wanted to do. -- Paul Drye

To Paul Drye From what I have been told by older people in USA, who lived through it personally, Roosevelt was too sick, that he really could not handle things. But strangely, the same thing was written of Wilson, 80 years later. So, what is the truth ?

user:H.J. has written:

"And let us not forget Poland had militarily taken the Ukraine etc from Russia."

In my opinion this statement contains partial truth. Poland has taken militarily a part of Ukraine in 1918-1921, Poles have commited crimes on Ukrainians and murdered them. The difference between you and me is that I don't claim that Ukraine "has broken into Polish house" in 1944 or in 1990. Neither that despite treaty signed by Poland with Ukraine "we can't be sure that Lvov de jure belongs to Ukraine".

Kazik

To Kazik, I never claimed that either. user:H.J.

HJ -- you aren't actually clarifying. There is always a reason for what you insist on calling liens (this is NOT what they are called in English, but I'm not sure what you mean, because we usually use Latin terminology or derivatives from Latin) to change hands. You've gone to a lot of trouble to list all these facts, but what primary sources are they from? These kinds of changes were not regular -- for them to happen with such frequency indicats a great deal of insecurity and unrest.

Also, where you tried to rewrite the stuff from about 955-1100...what you are saying about Prussians and Pomeranians driving off the Poles is not supported by the facts as you listed them earlier (the stuff about the Boleslauses, Mieszko, and Canute). Somethine is off here, and I would like to think that it has more to do with your inexperience at using and correctly interpreting historical sources than with a deliberate attempt to twist history. However, given your track record, perhaps it would be better to simply answer the questions I have posed with facts and sources, and merely clarify what you mean by the statements I question. I will then turn this into good English and coherent history.

Finally, please don't answer anything with a Q.E.D. like, "feudal relationships were like this, so that explains it." Feudal relationships were rarely as you seem to understand them, and I am looking for real clarification here, not a justification. Thanks in advance for your help in trying to get this article straight. JHK

HJ -- what is the source for the name Pomesania coming into use in after 1100. What was the area called before that? JHK

JHK, Pomesania (Pomesanien not to be confused with Pommern or Pomerania) was one of the 12 Old Prussian lands. There are nany descriptions by Prussian historians throughtout the centuries ( Lukas David, Peter von Dusburg, Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Simon Grunau, Helmold von Bosau and Prof. Christoph Hartknoch. Martin Cromer also wrote down Prussian history even though it has many mistakes : website http://www.orteliusmaps.com/book/ort156.html. This sample site shows a PRVSSIAE map by Abr. Oertel plus parts of a Cromer description of Prussian tribes. It should state Pomeso (instead Pomego), but states Pomesania.

JHK, in case that you meant to ask about Pomerania (not Pomesania), Pomerania was first recorded at Kloster Altaich after 1046. Mieszko II in 1032 submitted to 'Oberherrschaft' of Conrad I and 1033 recognized 'Lehnshoheit' of the emperor. Pomerania territory (might have been called Slawien at that time) was in 1033 again independend of Poland. In the year 1046 the duke of Polanen, duke of Bohemia and duke Zemuzil (recorded at Kl. Altaich as "dux Bomeraniorum" pledged allegiance to king Henry III (emperor), who had ended a quarrel amongst the three dukes.

user:H.J.
 * You're right about my meaning Pomerania, HJ -- it was a typo. However, could you please actually answer the question?

What are your sources for saying that the name Pomerania was first used in the 11th century. You say it was "first recorded" at Kloster Altaich in 1046. How do you know that? I know that you haven't searched all of the extant European records (or even Central European Records) yourself -- that would take years!

Historians don't say things like this -- we say the "first known instance of a record..." or "first extant recording..." because documents get lost and destroyed.

I am not looking for one of your dubious history lessons. I don't even doubt that this is the first instance. I am just asking you to let us know where you got your information. JHK

I don't know if 'Szczecin' and 'Odra' designations are correct in this context. Are they readily understandable for English-speaking persons ? Referring to the present day geographical names we could give two names but referring to historical ones it'd probably be better to leave the original (?) names. Kpjas

I agree. And both Szczecin and Odra are the original names! Let's not forget, that when those names were already in use for at least a couple of centuries, the closest Germans were hundreds of miles away, behind the Laba river (today Elbe). Space Cadet

As far as I can see this page has false languagelinks, since some of them are not refereing to Pomerania in other languages but to Polish kings? Dan Koehl 21:28 Mar 23, 2003 (UTC)

Why were my extensive comments with sources, from Heinz Neumeyer, not put on the page for discussion -- showing notably that the alleged massacre of Danzig German burghers in 1308 did not happen? I won't even go into the allegation on the Danzig page that the Brandenburg and Bohemian claims were "fictitious", since Pope and Emperor, the "public notaries of Christendom" (my expression) accepted both as being above whatever claim the Piasts had. But I'd like to know the basis for cutting out substantiated sources. [User: Thomas Reimer]

from ugly article edits:

''Note: this article is in a transitional phase, as it was merely a list of events with no sources. An attempt is being made at turning this into something coherent, but the reader should bear in mind that this is an uncited work in progress. Questions to be answered appear in italics. ''

This makes no sense, since the above paragraphs imply that Boleslaus had already conquered Pomerania.

Who began construction?

Liens-taker isn't English, and I'm not sure what this means

How did we get here -- what happened between 1164 and 1170 to transfer rule to Brandenburg?

''Why did he do this and where is Bogidslaw duke? The next paragraph implies that Bradenburg lost its rights, but then regained them -- what happened? And where (except with Canute in 1024) do the Danes come in? Does this mean that the Danes contested other claims?''

''Presumably Danzig, Schwetz, and Altdamm are in Pomerania...except I thought that some might be in Prussia? But if they are in Prussia, why are they here? Also, I think we need clarification on "his brother's parts" -- does this mean "his brother's lands or holdings?''

''This is very unclear -- where do the Teutonic knights come in? Also, from what is said earlier, it appears that Boleslaw III also held Pomerania for several years, and that Pomerania had once been under Polish suzereignty...?''

''How did Adolf get the right to do this? Also, can we get a better translation for Lehnshoheit?''

Here follows a 500 year gap in Pomerania's history -- what happened?

''Question--is there any substantiaton for this alleged massacre? Even a basically pro-Polish page such as http://stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/gdanskpre1309.html does not mention this.'' ''Answer -- even a fanatically pro-German book "The Vanished Kingdom" by James Charles Roy talks about the massacre in detail. And why are you calling this German site -"basically pro-Polish"?'' However, rulers of Poland believed they are legal proprietors of Pomerania. Since the wealth of the province was incurred by the trade and the main trade route for the country was the Vistula river, that linked the Pomerania with the rest of Poland, citzens of the province, despite of their language and nationality were driven more and more into links with Poland.

JohnOwen -- I reverted back -- the comments in italics weren't talk -- they were questions that remain to be answered. If you read through this tal page, you'll see that we wen't through a lot of revision just to get here, because one of our old users, user:H.J., who was banned for her inability to work with others, insisted on promoting irredentist nationalist POV that she couldn't support. The questions are ones that some of us added to make it clear that the work was still incomplete. If you can answer the questions, then please do so, and only then remove them. otherwise, it makes sense to leave them in. Thanks! JHK

From Thomas, user. Concerning the slaughter of 5,000 unarmed civilians in Bromberg in the early September days 1939, read Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles. He teaches at the University of Maine.

But about that Danzig "massacre," let me condense from Heinz Neumeyer, Westpreussen: Geschichte und Schicksal (Munich: Universitas Verlag 1993), p. 115 and p.153n17-19, that there is no mention of any kind of such a "massacre" in any writing, not even in the complaints from Poland about the Order seizing Pomerellen from 1312, 1320, and 1339--though this would have been prime material. As Neumeyer, based on Keyser and others, shows, this is what happened (and I hope that whoever is the censor here will leave this here THIS TIME:

During the struggle over the succession of duke Mesrwin II (d. 1294), and Przemyslaw of Poland (d. 1296), Duke of Greater Poland, King Wenzel of Bohemia was elected King of Poland and also accepted as Duke of Pomerania by the local nobles, led by the family of Swenza. King Wenzel II called in the Teutonic Order to repulse attacks from other claimants, notably Wilzlaw of Ruegen, which the Order did in 1301. Wenzel II died in 1305, his son Wenzel III in 1306 (murdered). But he already had sold his rights to Brandenburg (which seems to have had another claim as well, for Neumeyer speaks that it strengthened the claim). But the Brandenburger did not move at once, allowing Wladislaw of Kujavia to take the area. But the Swenza and other nobles did not like his rule, and when Otto and Waldemar of Brandenburg arrived with an army in Spring 1308, the local nobles supported them. Bogussa, whom Wladislaw had made governor of Pomerellen, called the Order for help to hold Danzig. The population of Danzig, 2,000 overwhelmingly Germans, were against Wladyslaw as well, and supported the Swenza family's policies. The Order repelled attacks by the Brandenburger. Then Bogussa refused to pay, and in the resulting fight, the Polish garrison was killed ("massacre" if you want). The German population of Danzig and the Pomeranian population of the villages was not happy. Fifteen or Sixteen mounted Pomeranian knights, probably with foot soldiers as well, attacked the Order's troops in guerilla style, with the support of the German Danziger. The Order was upset. On November 14, it had 4,000 men ready to storm Danzig if the city did not surrender, including the guerillas. The city surrendered, the Pomeranian knights were executed. That's all. After 1945, there was an attempt by some Polish historians (and adopted by some Germans) that traces of burnt timber MUST be from a city-wide fire in 1308. There may have been a fire in those decades. But there is no proof that it happened in 1308 and in any way shows a "massacre."

The idea of a massacre was first purported by the 15th century Polish historian Jan Dlugosz, without documentary evidence (this was not the fashion then), and the story found itself in both Polish but also some German historians. I do not know the James Charles Roy book you cited earlier, and so cannot tell if it is "fanatically pro-German" or not. But check if the source he cites originates with Dlugosz or not. Just because a falsehood is old, even antique, does not make it truer. But since you asked about the Bremen Webseite, let me stress that a lot of German historians (esp. the '68er generation) by no means favor Germans, rather, they tend to believe anything the other side alleges, whether proven or not, in a misguided way for atoning for 1945. I lived there till 1984, and it has become worse today among some intellectuals.

I may add (at the risk of being banned) that I feel that the site is prejudiced against the former native people of the area (the Reimer are from Elbing and surroundings, BTW), and more inclined to believe Polish nationalist views which implicitly defending the ethnic cleansing of 1945-47 (which is not even mentioned, which means implicitly defending it) than those of the ethnically cleansed German natives. Now I may be wrong, but suddenly seeing Wikipedia, that's the impression I get, it makes me feel upset because my family comes from there, and also uncertain about the reliability of this source). I just hope that your treatment of Armenia is not on the same lines, dissing "revanchists" Armenians (worse, "irrendentist" for dreaming to get their homeland back, no matter how small the chance), or Palestinians--I just checked the page of Al-Latrun, since the city of Thorn was founded by the Teutonic Order and named for the castle of Toron in Al-Latrun, and I wanted to read more on that. There was no mention at all of the former Palestinians population of Al-Latrun. If this is a pattern....please tell me and I won't waste my time with you guys, but leave you to your dreams.

 * Thomas Reimer -- please try to understand the history of this and many other pages dealing with territories where there is a long history of changing borders and ethnic interests (especially, unfortunately, German ones). Once upon a time, there was a constant user called user:H.J. -- you can find her on many talk pages.  She had no sense of historic method, and no understanding that nations in the modern sense really didn't exist before a couple of hundred years ago.  Moreover, she had problems understanding that people could speak one language (for example, German as in Pomerania) and choose to be ruled by someone who spoke another language -- because it was the quality of the overlord or his laws that was more important -- not a national identity in the post von Herder sense.  Because the cause of the Heimatvertriebene is near and dear to user:H.J.'s heart, she had no sense of perspective and refused to accept any viewpoint other than that areas like Pomerania were really German and had been forcibly taken from Germany -- you seem to understand that the facts argue for a much richer and complex history.

WHat is on this page is still very much in revision -- but is partly such a mess because it turned into a real struggle between user:H.J. and several Polish contributors. Those who just wished for a neutral, more factual approach generally haven't had time to do any research themselves, so when something gets put in that seems one-sided or unsubstantiated, there are calls for citations, etc. SOmetimes good stuff gets edited out, too, but it's still in the areticle history and can be incorporated. My suggestion for you is that, if you have a real interest in making this a solid article without and agenda (that is, if you can come into it without wanting to prove that Pomerania is either inherently German OR inherently Polish, you should look at the article history and the talk page, find the people you think are like-minded, and try to work with them. JHK

 * "n Bromberg in the early September days 1939, read Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles. He teaches at the University of Maine."

 * Actually, there is much literature which proves that there was no such thing as Bydgoszcz massacre, unless you are referring to shooting few hundreds of Poles. Germans were trying really hard to prepare proofs, but the point is that much of so called "documents" are contradicting themselves and other facts.

 * Second point is that Germans are not natives to Pommern area.
 * About Gdansk massacre, Teutons were officially accused about that in trial between Teutonic Order and Poland. The pope ordered Teutons to pay indemnities and return Pomorze to Poland. Which they never did.

User::Szopen

Szopen: Thank you for your kind words.

I disagree with a few comments, though:

The massacre of 5,000 plus Germans in September 1939 is well-established, incl. by Polish historians, and I suggest you look at Blanke's book to see the documentary evidence. Recently, the Polish historian Wlodimierz Jastrzebski confirmed this in an interview with the Express Bydgoski of 20 Dec. 2002, cited in Der Westpreusse, 19 April 2003, p. 6.

 * I'm sorry, but you are wrong. Closest thing to your allegations was fighting inside of Bydgoiszcz between Polish army and sabotageurs. Few of them was caught, IIRC few was shot on place and the rest was send for trial, but during the mess in September they most probably were killed. Few civilians also died in march, but one of them was killed when trying to take pistol from Polish escort, and few others were killed by Luftwaffe. Number in victims in total wasn't even close to one hundred.

Germans are of course native of Pomerania,for how would you call by 1945 people who settled there in the 13th century, and intermarried with the local people, who then became German as well? They became natives, and the former
 * So, Americans are natives of America?

Pomoranian natives lived in their German descendants who were killed/ethnically cleansed in 1945-46, and not in the people settled there by the Polish state after 1945. Most of the area was of course German in a legal sense as well from 1181 when the Dukes of Western Pomerania joined the German Empire, through the German Confederation, the 2nd

 * Notwithstanding that Eastern Poland was part of Poland and never part of HRE, and with Polish majority, and western part had Slavic majority until XV century, and most Slavic dukes had very strong ties with Poland. But ok, I see that i can't write IIRC, i will take my historic books and post comments.

Empire and so on till 1945. So user:H.J. was not wrong on that, and you could show some understanding for the pain of ethnically cleansed people if they become emotional. Now

 * You know, I understand the pain of expelled people, although they weren't so empatic when their sons and fathers were expelling (ethnic cleansing) Poles from eastern Pommern, Silesia and Greater Poland during the war.

being already born after the Vertreibung, I accept that my ancestors' homeland is part of another legal ensemble (which the EU will make less relevant anyhow), but the ethnic cleansing still hurts. And this

 * Part of my ancestor were expelled from what is now Belarus, from territory with almost 100% Polish population (villages around the Grodno)

acceptance/resignation does not make me accept the theories of Gerard Labuda, Karol Gorski and other luminaries of postwar Polish historiography about the character of Pomerania in the middle ages.

 * G. Labuda are the best from Polish medieval historian. He is not propagandist, but honest scientist, who just happened to have different opinion that pre-War German historians.

About the 1308, you are correct that they were accused (I apologize for my too quick glance at Neumeyer--the footnotes shows that Dlugosz expanded on the alleged massacre, but that indeed it was made in 1308, though as Neumeyer notes on p. 153, n. 17, based on Erich Keyser, that while it was used to get the Pope to create an investigation about the legality of the Order's possession of Pomerellen, it was not made an official accusation in 1312, 1320 or 1339. This is also admitted by Heinz Lingenberg, who otherwise believes that there was a massacre. Rather, the allegations of the massacre was used as background noise to poison the proceedings, but did not have to be proven since it was not part of the accusation. The Papal legates, such as Francois of Moliano, from Laon in France, in 1312, called only witnesses proposed by the Polish side. But the Emperor, the other person who had to right to investigate and judge such international cases in Christendom, here Emperor Henry VII of Luxemburg, after seeing that the massacre was not true and the Order had bought the rights of the Brandenburger (which were better than the claims of Poland), confirmed the legality of the Order's possession in 1311, and also put the territory under the protection of the Empire to protect the Order from further Polish claims through Papal courts. After Poland got another biased investigation started, Emperor Ludwig in 1338 even forbade the Order to accept Papal jurisdiction in that matter. The local clergy, from the abbots of Oliva to the monks of Elbing, Danzig, Kulm, Thorn, Dirschau and Brzesc, all testified for the Order, but their testimonies were not accepted by the Papal legates (p. 120-121). But in 1342 the new Pope Clemens VI refused to continue this policy. And so King Kasimir of Poland in the Treaty of Kalish in 1343 surrendered all claims to Pomerellen. (Neumeyer, 114-121, notes 153-155)

 * Actually I agree that ther is hard to prove 10.000 numbers of victims. Most of historians i've read (real ones, not popular) believe that number of victims was much lower, and moreover most of victims were Germans - Polish part of city was mostly saved - plus Polish knights.

There is nothing in the recorded proceedings establishing a massacre, merely allegations from the Polish side that one happened. Some historians believe it, especially as Dlugosz gave what seemed believable details. But there is no proof that this is true.

 * and no proof otherwise. I guess in final version there had to be mentioning about it.

 * Now, to explain my stance: maybe i too fast turned into anti-user:H.J. mode. I turned very nervous during my discussions with her. She simply could not admit that Poland had ever any claims on the territories and different other strange theories. I know that Germans expelled were not colonizers, at least most of them - i am not talking about Baltic Germans and others settled in Greater Poland during the war for example, but about those living in Prussia, Pommern, Silesia etc. I understand what they can feel since part of my family was also expelled. But The problem with Germn historiography is that it usually ignores Polish historiography, very often is turning blind eye to many things signaled by Poles etc (take simple thing: so called German colonisation, where usually Germans were taking _all_ village settled on German law as settled by Germans etc). I am however open for normal discussion.

ACTUALISATION: I've found the itnerview with Jastrzebski. He indeed confirms that massacre mya had place. But he said that verified number of victims is 358 persons and 5.000 is taken from air. User::szopen

(Thomas, user) But Blanke showed it were 5,000, and his numbers were not disproven so far. About "native"--yes, Americans are becoming natives, too. Like the Slavs did, though they settled on land inhabited by Germans before, and before that by Illyrians and other groups we can't identify. So who is really "native" to any area save the first group of homo sapiens who came there. You brush off the crimes against German civilians a bit too easily. Fortunatly, Wikipedia will be probably seen as a P.C. enterprise anyway, so whatever schmonzes you write won't matter really.

The lands east of Laba (Elbe) were never "inhabited" by Germans, before the German invasion of Polabian Slavic teritories in X and XI centuries. Archeology tells us about some nomadic Germanic (not German!) tribes wandering through those lands before III century, leaving behind old fire places and camp sites. A couple of centuries after these tribes migrated away, the Slavs settled in with highly organized Slavonic countries, with well developed cities, administrative organisations, very advanced judiciary systems and rich religious life. Space Cadet 13:40 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Well, i do not think that the territories east of the Elbe were ever completely empty, so "highly organized" Slavs with "very advanced judiciary systems and rich religious life" could colonise an empty, cultureless, having-to-be-grateful-for-slawic-culturebringing-invasion, not inhabitated area. The point is, that always when you enter a country, there are some native inhabitants. If they are settled down or roving the lands, it does not matter that much - you have to displace other people. Happened when slawic tribes came in Century III or whatever, and happened again in Century X and after when the Germans came. Happened again in 1945 when the Polish came. So what ? No invasion is better than the other one...

CHris

Kashubians _are_ Poles, even if using distinct language. In recent census people reporting separate "Kashubian" nationality were close to nonexistent, while there are vigourous Kashubians organisation in the area.

lol, so those kaschubians stating their kaschubian ethnicity are wrong? anyway, this article should be careful with "pommerellen". Traditionally pommerellia as distinct from pomerania was just the small region highly correspondent west of east prussia and danzig and east of the old duchy. In other words, the coastal corridor region.

user:Tridesch

If large majority of Kashubians think about themselves as Poles, and large majority ofPoles consider Kashubians Poles, then "Kashubian" used in such context leades to wrong conclusion.

WELL, YOU REFUSE TO DISCUSS THE EVIDENCE, AND JUST GIVE AS EXCUSE SOME POLISH-NATIONALIST RANTING (WHICH PASSES AS HISTORY FOR YOU). IT DOES NOT HELP WIKIPEDIA BECOME A MAINSTREAM ENCYCLOPEDIA. THOMAS REIMER

title: Talk:Pomerania/Archive 2


text:
Fictitious entry

Fictitious or fake entries are deliberately incorrect entries in reference works such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, maps, and directories, added by the editors as copyright traps to reveal subsequent plagiarism or copyright infringement. There are more specific terms for particular kinds of fictitious entry, such as Mountweazel, trap street, paper town, phantom settlement, and nihilartikel.

Terminology
The neologism Mountweazel was coined by The New Yorker writer Henry Alford in an article that mentioned a fictitious biographical entry intentionally placed as a copyright trap in the 1975 New Columbia Encyclopedia. The entry described Lillian Virginia Mountweazel as a fountain designer turned photographer, who died in an explosion while on assignment for Combustibles magazine. Allegedly, she was widely known for her photo-essays of unusual subject matter, including New York City buses, the cemeteries of Paris, and rural American mailboxes. According to the encyclopedia's editor, it is a tradition for encyclopedias to put a fake entry to trap competitors for plagiarism. The surname came to be associated with all such fictitious entries.

The term, combining the Latin nihil ("nothing") and German Artikel ("article"), is sometimes used.

Copyright traps
By including a trivial piece of false information in a larger work, it is easier to demonstrate subsequent plagiarism if the fictitious entry is copied along with other material. An admission of this motive appears in the preface to Chambers' 1964 mathematical tables: "those [errors] that are known to exist form an uncomfortable trap for any would-be plagiarist". Similarly, trap streets may be included in a map, or invented phone numbers in a telephone directory.

Fictitious entries may be used to demonstrate copying, but to prove legal infringement, the material must also be shown to be eligible for copyright (see Feist v. Rural, Fred Worth lawsuit or Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co., 796 F.Supp. 729, E.D.N.Y., 1992).

Reference works

 * In August 2005, The New Oxford American Dictionary gained media coverage when it was leaked that the second edition contained at least one fictional entry. This later was determined to be the word "esquivalience", defined as "the wilful avoidance of one's official responsibilities", which had been added to the edition published in 2001. It was intended as a copyright trap, as the text of the book was distributed electronically and thus easy to copy.
 * David Pogue, author of several books offering tips and tricks for computer users, deliberately placed a bogus tip in one of his books as a way of catching plagiarism. The fake tip, which purported to make a rabbit appear on the computer screen when certain keys were pressed, did indeed appear in subsequent works.
 * In addition to the 1975 New Columbia Encyclopedia entry on Lillian Virginia Mountweazel, the editors created another fictitious entry concerning the purported blind American artist, Robert Dayton. The article claims Dayton experimented “with odor-emitting gases that resemble pungent body odors." His supposed "Aroma-Art" is presented in a sealed chamber where an audience inhales scented air.
 * The German-language medical encyclopedia Pschyrembel Klinisches Wörterbuch features an entry on the Steinlaus (stone louse), a rock-eating animal. This was originally included as a copyright trap. The scientific name Petrophaga lorioti implies its origin: a creation of the German humorist Loriot. The Pschyrembel entry was removed in 1996 but, after reader protests, was restored the next year, with an extended section on the role of the stone louse in the fall of the Berlin Wall.
 * Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language once contained an entry for the fictitious bird jungftak:

Maps
Fictitious entries on maps may be called phantom settlements, trap streets, paper towns, cartographer's follies, or other names. They are intended to help reveal copyright infringements. They are not to be confused with paper streets, which are streets which are planned but as of the printing of the map have not yet been built.

 * In 1978, the fictional American towns of Beatosu and Goblu in Ohio were inserted into that year's official state of Michigan map as nods to the University of Michigan and its traditional rival, The Ohio State University.
 * The fictional town of Agloe, New York in the United States was invented by map makers, but eventually became identified as a real place by its county administration because a building, the Agloe General Store, was erected at its fictional location. The "town" is featured in the novel Paper Towns by John Green and its film adaptation. Agloe is also featured prominently in the 2022 novel The Cartographers by Peng Shepherd.
 * Mount Richard, a fictitious peak on the continental divide in the United States, appeared on county maps in the early 1970s. It was believed to be the work of a draftsman, Richard Ciacci. The nonexistence of the mountain was undiscovered for two years.
 * In the United Kingdom in 2001, the Ordnance Survey (OS) obtained a £20m out-of-court settlement from the Automobile Association (the AA) after content from OS maps was reproduced on AA maps. The Ordnance Survey denied that it included "deliberate mistakes" in its maps as copyright traps, claiming the "fingerprints" which identified a copy were stylistic features such as the width of roads.
 * The 2002 Geographers A-Z Map of Manchester contains traps. For example, Dickinson Street in central Manchester is falsely named "Philpott St".
 * The fictitious English town of Argleton was investigated by Steve Punt in an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme Punt P.I. The programme concluded that the town's entry may well have originated as a copyright trap.

Trivia books

 * Fred L. Worth, the author of The Trivia Encyclopedia, placed deliberately false information about the first name of TV detective Columbo for copy-trap purposes. He later sued the creators of Trivial Pursuit, as they had based some of their questions and answers on entries found in the work.  The suit was unsuccessful, as the makers of Trivial Pursuit were able to show that the game was based on questions and answers about facts obtained from a number of sources, and the information was laid out in a way that was demonstrably different from the original "encyclopedia".

Other copyright infringement

 * In the summer of 2008, the state-owned Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav, short: SHMÚ) suspected that a competing commercial service, the website meteo.sk, was copying their data. (This is legal in most countries, where such data is either offered under a free license or deeded into the public domain, but not in Slovakia.) On 7 August 2008, SHMÚ deliberately altered the temperature for Chopok from 9.5 °C to 1 °C. In a short time, the temperature of 1 °C appeared for Chopok at meteo.sk as well.
 * Google, alleging its search results for a misspelling of tarsorrhaphy started appearing in Bing results partway through the summer of 2010, created fabricated search results where a hundred query terms like "hiybbprqag", "delhipublicschool40 chdjob" and "juegosdeben1ogrande" each returned a link to a single unrelated webpage. Nine of the hundred fraudulent results planted by Google were later observed as the first result for the bogus term on Bing.
 * In 2019, media company Genius revealed that they had caught Google reprinting their song lyrics as "Featured Snippets" on top of Google search result pages. The former company used a mix of two different types of apostrophes (curly and straight) in several of their song lyrics. When converted to Morse code, these apostrophes spelled out the phrase "Red Handed".

Scrutiny checks
Some publications such as those published by Harvard biologist John Bohannon are used to detect lack of academic scrutiny, editorial oversight, fraud, or data dredging on the part of authors or their publishers. Trap publications may be used by publishers to immediately reject articles citing them, or by academics to detect journals of ill repute (those that would publish them or works citing them).

A survey of food tastes by the US Army in the 1970s included "funistrada", "buttered ermal" and "braised trake" to control for inattentive answers.

In 1985, the fictitious town of Ripton, Massachusetts, was "created" in an effort to protest the ignorance of state officials about rural areas. The town received a budget appropriation and several grants before the hoax was revealed.

Reference publications

 * The German-language Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopaedie der Antike, edited by H. Cancik and H. Schneider, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1996, ISBN 3-476-01470-3) includes a fictitious entry now well known amongst classicists: a deadpan description of an entirely fictional Roman sport, apopudobalia, which resembles modern association football.
 * Zzxjoanw was the last entry in Rupert Hughes's Music Lovers' Encyclopedia of 1903, and it continued as an entry in subsequent editions down to the 1950s. It was described as a Māori word for a drum. It was proved to be a hoax. The Māori language does not use the letters J, X or Z.
 * Most listings of the members of the German parliament feature the fictitious politician Jakob Maria Mierscheid, allegedly a member of the parliament since 1979. Among other activities, he is reported to have contributed to a major symposium on the equally fictitious stone louse in Frankfurt.
 * The 1975 New Columbia Encyclopedia contains a fictitious entry on Lillian Virginia Mountweazel (1942–1973). Her biography claims she was a fountain designer and photographer, best known for Flags Up!, a collection of photographs of rural American mailboxes. Supposedly, she was born in Bangs, Ohio, and died in an explosion while on assignment for Combustibles magazine. Mountweazel was the subject of an exhibit in Dublin, Ireland, in March 2009 examining her fictitious life and works.
 * The first printing in 1980 of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians contains two fictitious entries: on Guglielmo Baldini, a nonexistent Italian composer, and Dag Henrik Esrum-Hellerup, who purportedly composed a small amount of music for flute. Esrum-Hellerup's surname derives from a Danish village and a suburb in Copenhagen. The two entries were removed from later editions, as well as from later printings of the 1980 edition.
 * The Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit includes entries from Tales of Maghrebinia, a 1953 collection of short stories by Gregor von Rezzori set in a fictional Balkan country.

Practical jokes

 * Rhinogradentia are a fictitious mammalian order, extensively documented in a series of articles and books by the equally fictitious German naturalist Harald Stümpke. Allegedly, both the animals and the scientist were the creations of Gerolf Steiner, a zoology professor at the University of Heidelberg.
 * Taro Tsujimoto is a fictional character often included in Buffalo Sabres reference works. Tsujimoto, an alleged Japanese forward, was the creation of Sabres general manager George "Punch" Imlach, designed to fool the National Hockey League during the 1974 NHL amateur draft; Imlach drafted Tsujimoto and only months later—well after the pick was made official—admitted that the league had been fooled by the fictitious player.
 * Franz Bibfeldt is a fictitious theologian created by Robert Howard Clausen for a footnote in a student paper. Bibfeldt was later popularized by Clausen's classmate Martin Marty as an ongoing injoke among theologians, including a book and a parody lecture series at the University of Chicago Divinity School.
 * Sports Illustrated commissioned an April 1, 1985 cover story from George Plimpton on "The Curious Case of Sidd Finch", a fictitious self-taught baseball player who could pitch a baseball as fast as 168 mph.
 * At least two sports teams at Georgia Tech have long included George P. Burdell, a fictitious student originally created as a practical joke by a Tech student in 1927, in their lists of lettermen in team media guides:
 * Football: Lists Burdell as a letterman in the 1928, 1929, and 1930 seasons.
 * Men's basketball: Lists Burdell as a letterman in the 1955–56, 1956–57, and 1957–58 seasons.
 * Jean-Baptiste Botul is a fictional French philosopher created in 1995 by the journalist Frédéric Pagès and other members of a group calling itself the Association of the Friends of Jean-Baptiste Botul. Originating as a literary hoax, the names of both Botul and his philosophy of botulism derive from botulism, an often deadly type of food poisoning. The works of Botul have been cited by authors who missed the joke, including most notably TV personality Bernard-Henri Lévy.

Puzzles and games

 * Australian palaeontologist Tim Flannery's book Astonishing Animals includes one imaginary animal and leaves it up to the reader to distinguish which one it is.
 * The product catalogue for Swedish personal-use electronics and hobby articles retailer Teknikmagasinet contains a fictitious product. Finding that product is a contest, Blufftävlingen, in which the best suggestion for another fictitious product from someone who spotted the product gets included in the next issue.
 * Muse, a US magazine for children 10–14, regularly includes a two-page spread containing science and technology news. One of the news stories is false and readers are encouraged to guess which one.
 * Games (a magazine devoted to games and puzzles) used to include a fake advertisement in each issue as one of the magazine's regular games.
 * The book The Golden Turkey Awards describes many bizarre and obscure films. The authors of the work state that one film described by the book is a hoax, which they challenged readers to identify. The imaginary film was Dog of Norway, supposedly starring Muki the Wonder Dog, named after the authors' own dog. (A clue is that the same dog shown in a purported publicity shot for the 1948 film, also appears next to the authors in the "About The Authors" bio on the back cover.)

Fictitious entries in works of fiction

 * Jorge Luis Borges's short story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" tells of an encyclopedia entry on what turns out to be the imaginary country of Uqbar. This leads the narrator to the equally fantastic region of Tlön, the setting for much of the country's literature. Borges went on to invent the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, purportedly an ancient Chinese encyclopedia, two years later.
 * In Cordwainer Smith's 1961 short story "Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons", agents of Norstrilia plant a fake article about the titular "kittons" in an encyclopedia consulted by a thief, in order to deceive him about the nature of their planet's defenses.
 * In the Fred Saberhagen short story, "The Annihilation of Angkor Apeiron" a Berserker ship comes to grief after trying to find a nonexistent star system inserted into an encyclopedia to catch plagiarists.
 * Agloe, New York, is a key plot point in John Green's 2008 novel Paper Towns and its film adaptation. The novels also references the fictitious entry "Lillian Mountweazel" with the name of the Spiegelman family's dog, Myrna Mountweazel.
 * In Eley Williams's novel The Liar's Dictionary (2020), the protagonist is tasked with hunting down several fictitious entries inserted in Swansby's New Encyclopaedic Dictionary before the work is digitized.
 * In the Inside No. 9 episode "Misdirection", Mountweazel is used to prove the plagiarism of a magic trick.
 * The Doctor Who episode "Face the Raven" revolves around the idea of "trap streets", in this case located in London.

Legal action
Fictitious entries may be used to demonstrate copying, but to prove legal infringement, the material must also be shown to be eligible for copyright. However, due to the Feist v. Rural lawsuit, where the Supreme Court (USA) ruled that "information alone without a minimum of original creativity cannot be protected by copyright", there are very few cases where copyright has been proven and many are dismissed.

 * Fred L. Worth, author of The Trivia Encyclopedia, filed a $300 million lawsuit against the distributors of Trivial Pursuit. He claimed that more than a quarter of the questions in the game's Genus Edition had been taken from his books, even his own fictitious entries that he had added to the books to catch anyone who wanted to violate his copyright. However, the case was thrown out by the district court judge as the Trivial Pursuit inventors argued that facts are not protected by copyright.
 * In Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co., a New York corporation which published and sold Official New York Taxi Driver's Guide sued Hagstrom Map Corporation for publishing and selling New York City Taxi & Limousine Drivers Guide, alleging violation of the Copyright Act of 1976. A United States Federal Court found that Nester's selection of addresses involved a sufficient level of creativity to be eligible for copyright and enjoined Hagstrom from copying that portion of the guide. However, the court also found that fictitious entries (in this case, a "trap street") are not themselves protected by copyright.
 * In Alexandria Drafting Co. v. Andrew H. Amsterdam dba Franklin Maps, Alexandria Drafting Corporation filed suit against Franklin Maps alleging that Franklin Maps had violated the Copyright Act of 1976 by copying their map books. However, this case was dismissed although the judge cited that there was a single instance of original copyright, but this was not sufficient evidence to support copyright infringement. Additionally, the judge cited Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co. as previous case law to support that "fictitious names may not be copyrighted" and "the existence, or non-existence, of a road is a non-copyrightable fact."
 * In one particular case, in 2001 The Automobile Association in the United Kingdom agreed to settle a case for £20,000,000 when it was caught copying Ordnance Survey maps. However, in this copyright infringement case there was no instance of a deliberate copyright trap. Instead, the prosecution sued for specific stylistic choices, such as the width and style of the roads.

Simple errors
Often there will be errors in maps, dictionaries, and other publications, that are not deliberate and thus are not fictitious entries. For example, within dictionaries there are such mistakes known as ghost words, "words which have no real existence [...] being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors."

title: Fictitious entry