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Membrane transport protein

A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, or reverse diffusion. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers (a.k.a. transporters, or permeases). Examples of channel/carrier proteins include the GLUT 1 uniporter, sodium channels, and potassium channels. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are known as the transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.

Difference between channels and carriers
A carrier is not open simultaneously to both the extracellular and intracellular environments. Either its inner gate is open, or outer gate is open. In contrast, a channel can be open to both environments at the same time, allowing the molecules to diffuse without interruption. Carriers have binding sites, but pores and channels do not. When a channel is opened, millions of ions can pass through the membrane per second, but only 100 to 1000 molecules typically pass through a carrier molecule in the same time. Each carrier protein is designed to recognize only one substance or one group of very similar substances. Research has correlated defects in specific carrier proteins with specific diseases.

Active transport
Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient. This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is called primary active transport. Membrane transport proteins that are driven directly by the hydrolysis of ATP are referred to as ATPase pumps. These types of pumps directly the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP to the unfavorable movement of molecules against their concentration gradient. Examples of ATPase pumps include P-type ATPase's, V-type ATPases, F-type ATPases, and ABC binding casettes.

Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient, and does not use energy produced in the cell. Secondary active transport commonly uses types of carrier proteins, typically symporters and antiporters. Symporter proteins couple the transport of one molecule down its concentration gradient to the transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient, and both molecules diffuse in the same direction. Antiporter proteins transport one molecule down its concentration gradient to transport another molecule against its concentration gradient, but the molecules diffuse in opposite directions. As symporters and antiporters are involved in coupling the transport of two molecules, they are commonly referred to as cotransporters. Unlike channel proteins which only transport substances through membranes passively, carrier proteins can transport ions and molecules either passively through facilitated diffusion, or via secondary active transport. A carrier protein is required to move particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. These carrier proteins have receptors that bind to a specific molecule (substrate) needing transport. The molecule or ion to be transported (the substrate) must first bind at a binding site at the carrier molecule, with a certain binding affinity. Following binding, and while the binding site is facing the same way, the carrier will capture or occlude (take in and retain) the substrate within its molecular structure and cause an internal translocation so that the opening in the protein now faces the other side of the plasma membrane. The carrier protein substrate is released at that site, according to its binding affinity there.

Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane through specific transport proteins and requires no energy input. Facilitated diffusion is used especially in the case of large polar molecules and charged ions; once such ions are dissolved in water they cannot diffuse freely across cell membranes due to the hydrophobic nature of the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids that make up the bilayers. The type of carrier proteins used in facilitated diffusion is slightly different from those used in active transport. They are still transmembrane carrier proteins, but these are gated transmembrane channels, meaning they do not internally translocate, nor require ATP to function. The substrate is taken in one side of the gated carrier, and without using ATP the substrate is released into the cell. Facilitated diffusion does not require the use of ATP as facilitated diffusion, like simple diffusion, transports molecules or ions along their concentration gradient.

Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Since Osmosis is a passive process, like facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion, it does not require the use of ATP. Osmosis is important in regulating the balance of water and salt within cells, thus it plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that allow for the rapid passage of water and glycerol through membranes. The aquaporin monomers consist of six transmembrane alpha-helix domains and these monomers can assemble to form the aquaporin proteins. As four of these monomers come together to form the aquaporin protein, it is known as a homotetramer, meaning it is made up of four identical subunits. All aquaporins are tetrameric membrane integral proteins, and the water passes through each individual monomer channel rather than between all of the four channels. Since aquaporins are transmembrane channels for the diffusion of water, the channels that make up the aquaporin are typically lined with hydrophilic side chains to allow water to pass through.

Reverse diffusion
Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter. Transporter reversal typically occurs when a membrane transport protein is phosphorylated by a particular protein kinase, which is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to proteins.

Types
(Grouped by Transporter Classification database categories)

1: Channels/pores

 * α-helical protein channels such as voltage-gated ion channel (VIC), ligand-gated ion channels(LGICs)
 * β-barrel porins such as aquaporin
 * channel-forming toxins, including colicins, diphtheria toxin, and others
 * Nonribosomally synthesized channels such as gramicidin
 * Holins; which function in export of enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls in an early step of cell lysis.

Facilitated diffusion occurs in and out of the cell membrane via channels/pores and carriers/porters.

Note: Channels are either in open state or closed state. When a channel is opened with a slight conformational switch, it is open to both environment simultaneously (extracellular and intracellular) Pores are continuously open to these both environment, because they do not undergo conformational changes. They are always open and active.
 * Channels:
 * Symport.png than what is required to move the green circles so the movement is coupled and some energy is cancelled out. One example is the lactose permease which allows protons to go down its concentration gradient into the cell while also pumping lactose into the cell.]]Pores:

2: Electrochemical potential-driven transporters
Also named carrier proteins or secondary carriers.
 * 2.A: Porters (uniporters, symporters, antiporters), SLCs.
 * Uniport.png. One example is GLUT1 which moves glucose down its concentration gradient into the cell.]] Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs)
 * EAAT1
 * EAAT2
 * EAAT3
 * EAAT4
 * EAAT5
 * Glucose transporter
 * Monoamine transporters, including:
 * Dopamine transporter (DAT)
 * Norepinephrine transporter (NET)
 * Serotonin transporter (SERT)
 * Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT)
 * Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)
 * 2.B: Nonribosomally synthesized porters, such as:
 * The Nigericin family
 * The Ionomycin family
 * 2.C: Ion-gradient-driven energizers

3: Primary Active Transporters

 * 3.A: P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transporters (a.k.a. ATP-driven pumps, or transport ATPases):
 * ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter), such as MDR, CFTR
 * V-type ATPase ; ( "V" related to vacuolar ).
 * P-type ATPase ; ( "P" related to phosphorylation), such as:
 * Na+/K+-ATPase
 * Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
 * Proton pump
 * F-type ATPase; ("F" related to factor), including: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase1Antiport.png than what is required to move the blue circles so the movement is coupled and some energy is cancelled out. One example is the sodium-proton exchanger which allows protons to go down their concentration gradient into the cell while pumping sodium out of the cell.|220x220px]]
 * 3.B: Decarboxylation-driven transporters
 * 3.C: Methyltransfer-driven transporters
 * 3.D: Oxidoreduction-driven transporters
 * 3.E: Light absorption-driven transporters, such as rhodopsin

4: Group translocators
The group translocators provide a special mechanism for the phosphorylation of sugars as they are transported into bacteria (PEP group translocation)

5: Electron carriers
The transmembrane electron transfer carriers in the membrane include two-electron carriers, such as the disulfide bond oxidoreductases  (DsbB and DsbD in E.  coli)  as well as one-electron carriers such as NADPH oxidase. Often these redox proteins are not considered transport proteins.

GLUT 1
Every carrier protein, especially within the same cell membrane, is specific to one type or family of molecules. GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer. This protein is a uniporter, meaning it transports glucose along its concentration in a singular direction. It is an integral membrane protein carrier with a hydrophilic interior, which allows it to bind to glucose. As GLUT 1 is a type of carrier protein, it will undergo a conformational change to allow glucose to enter the other side of the plasma membrane. GLUT 1 is commonly found in the red blood cell membranes of mammals.

Sodium/Potassium Channels
While there are many examples of channels within the human body, two notable ones are sodium and potassium channels. Potassium channels are typically involved in the transport of potassium ions across the cell membrane to the outside of the cell, which helps maintain the negative membrane potential of cells. As there are more potassium channels than sodium channels, more potassium flows out of the cell than sodium into a cell, thus why the membrane potential is negative. Sodium channels are typically involved in the transport of sodium ions across the cell membrane into the cell. These channels are commonly associated with excitable neurons, as an influx of sodium can trigger depolarization, which in turn propagates an action potential. As these proteins are types of channel proteins, they do not undergo a change of conformation after binding their respective substrates.

Other Examples
Other specific carrier proteins also help the body function in important ways. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as carrier proteins for electrons.

Pathology
A number of inherited diseases involve defects in carrier proteins in a particular substance or group of cells. Cysteinuria (cysteine in the urine and the bladder) is such a disease involving defective cysteine carrier proteins in the kidney cell membranes. This transport system normally removes cysteine from the fluid destined to become urine and returns this essential amino acid to the blood. When this carrier malfunctions, large quantities of cysteine remain in the urine, where it is relatively insoluble and tends to precipitate. This is one cause of urinary stones. Some vitamin carrier proteins have been shown to be overexpressed in patients with malignant disease. For example, levels of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) have been shown to be significantly elevated in people with breast cancer.

title: Membrane transport protein


text:
Talk:National Armed Forces

Old stuff (section heading added 1/6/2012
The NSZ struggled against the new regime, while allegedly continuing to murder Holocaust survivors, whose as NSZ believed were the base for communist government. This material has been suppressed by a well-known vandal. Wetman 05:09, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

They DID killed Jews. In Warsaw Uprising there were reports about units from NSZ or associated with NSZ which were shooting Jews. Szopen

All of them? Was it general policy? They killed Jews because they belonged to communist underground or they were Jews?

At the end, why they were enlisted as combatants be the new law? Cautious 12:00, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No, not all of them, it was not general policy, and in fact one unit quoted mostly as example was very loosely tied to NSZ (can't remember the name, though - it was quote in one article in GW, don't know if you read that)

Nevertheless some did, and one should note that they WERE ACCUSED of doing so, so mentioning that "SOME ACCUSED" them (or, more rightly, "were widely accused" of...) is stating the fact (they were accused, didn't they.

They received finally combatants status? I stopped following discussion about that after some time, but i thought they won't get it... There were so many attacks against them! Szopen

I have never read anything so biased, partisan and revisionist in anything claiming to be an encyclopaedia. It seems clear to me that the writer has an axe to grind about this matter. Many of the facts (about real or alleged crimes against Jewish people by the NSZ) are obscured by both history and nationalism, but enough witness statements exist from survivors to refute some of the more outrageous claims in this article. I believe it is unworthy to appear in Wikipedia in its present form.

Here are some allegations against the NSZ, any ideas how and where to incorporate?
, is well established and remains an issue of a painful debate (as well as the degree of complicity of the Home Army in the fate of Jews during the Holocaust events in Poland ). At different times NZS was fighting the Nazi forces as well as the forces of the pro-Soviet communist resistance (see below), the Jewish resistance and the Red Army.

There were actually several NZSs
And it really depends on which one you're talking about. Basically the organization kept splitting with more moderate wing coming into the AK in 1944. But I'm pretty sure that NSZ-JK also split (into "Group Szaniec" and the rest). From what I've read the history becomes really murky at this point with a quite real possibility that the group was infiltrated by either Soviet or German agents although basically "who knows". The defining characteristic of the more moderate faction was its anti-Sovietism ("Soviets are as much enemy as the Nazis" compared to AK's stance on Soviets' as "an ally of our allies") while the more extreme splinter groups (and it's also important to keep in mind that for conspiratorial reasons the leadership was very decentralized which meant that a NSZ partisan group in one region could be pretty ideologically different from a NSZ group in another region) being characterized by extreme nationalism, chauvinism and antisemitism. So yes, many of the accusations directed at NSZ are true, many are pure fabrication and communist propaganda and it also depends which NSZ you're talking about.radek (talk) 09:46, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Second largest - NSZ vs BCh
This article states "At the maximum strength it reached about a total of 70,000-75,000 members, making it the second largest organization of the Polish resistance" while the article on Bataliony Chlopskie states "At its height, the organisation had 175,000 members.". Obviously 175,000 is more than 75,000 making BCh the second largest organization. Part of the confusion comes from comparing the two organizations at different points in their history and whether or not one counts the parts that merged with AK as part of "mother" organization or not. The way it is written at the moment counts at least a major part of BCh as part of AK while counting all of NSZ as a separate entity. But of course a good chunk of NSZ was also absorbed into the AK. An even handed comparison would count both groups based on either pre-AK merger numbers or post-AK merger numbers, but the definition should be applied consistently. Either way I think BCh would come out ahead (which is what the numbers in the respective articles indicate) - which would also make sense given that SL was a larger party, with a much broader base of support right before the war. So I propose changing "2nd" to "3rd" (with a "after AK and BCh"). Thoughts or objections? radek (talk) 10:05, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Cite for blaming NSZ for Communist crimes
The following sentence "Reportedly, communist partisans engaged in planting of false evidence like papers and forged receipts at the sites of their own robberies pointing fingers at NSZ.[citation needed] " does need a proper citation but at the moment I can't find anything "scholarly" (not very many books in English go into detail on the NSZ). However there is this post on an internet history forum:. (by Bielszyn, slightly more than halfway down the page). It provides an account of a murder and robbery of eleven Jews by a partisan unit. This account was retold in a book by the Communist era publicist Wladyslaw Machejek (Polish Wiki: ) who presented it as a crime committed by a NSZ unit under the command of Wladyslaw Kolacinski (ps. Zbik). As it turns out the account is taken almost verbatim from a statement made by one Tadeusz Maj (ps. Lokietek), in fact a leader of an AL (Armia Ludowa - communist) partisan unit made after the war in which he is actually describing his own crimes. Other noteworthy aspects of this story are that Machejek himself was a member of GL/AL during the war, and that Maj, despite his freely admitted to crimes, became the chief prosecutor working for the Communist security apparatus in Lodz after the war. Normally I wouldn't consider an online historical forum a reliable source but the author of the post does cite the specific Machejek book in which the story is misattributed to NSZ, as well as the original statement by Maj (in "przesłuchania Tadeusza Maja z 20.5.1953 zdeponowanego w Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN, PG, t. 21/99, k. 99). Informację tę podaję za za "PPR - Droga do władzy 1941-1944" Piotra Gontarczyka, str. 347"). So there is one instance of communist partisans falsely pointing fingers at NSZ for their own crimes (much more serious than robbery. In fact the account cited makes one nauseous). Would it be alright to cite Gontarczyk on this (though I do not have the book myself)? Of course none of this is meant to deny that some NSZ units did murder Jews.radek (talk) 07:27, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It is beyond belief that unsubstantiated rubbish in this article is actually published on Wiki and masquerades itself as an “encyclopedic” entry about NSZ. In fact, it is unconscionable that (and I hate to call many of the suppositions here outright lies) are publically displayed for all to see without any editorial oversight before this “masterpiece” ever found its way on the Wiki pages.  If one was to seriously take the nonsense published here as a “historic” gospel, and the NSZ is to be labeled as " a right wing, anti-communist, anti-semitic paramilitary organization" prominently featured in the "WikiProject Fascism"project, than I suppose, one could also make an equally outrageous assertion that all of the members of the Polish security apparatus were Jews.  Both arguments are of course, absurdly inaccurate.  Bare in mind that I am descendant of Nazi concentration camp survivors, and as such, please don’t try to play the “anti-Semitic” card - It “ain’t” going to work.  The uncomfortable truth is that some Jews joined the UB, and killed Poles and Jews.  Some members of the NSZ killed Jews and Poles, but not because they were Jews, or because they were Poles -they were killed because they were members of the repressive communist security apparatus, caused deaths, inhumane torture, or imprisonment of members of the democratic underground units, or their families.  The “ethnic cleansing” statement is perhaps the most troubling as it equates heroes with barbarians.  I hope it was not the intention of the authors, but unfortunately, it is exactly the way it reads.  If there was any doubt that Wiki is of doubtful scholastic value or has marginal academic credibility, this "creation" is perhaps  the perfect example of what history research is NOT! This article should be removed and rewritten with some editorial oversight.  Best, Robert. Doomed Soldiers (talk) 02:34, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Robert, I'm somewhat sympathetic, especially as regards the more moderate parts of NSZ (which were there), or many of the individual soldiers who joined simply because they wanted to fight Germans and found themselves caught up in an ideological struggle, or the fact that many (though not all!) of the crimes they were blamed for were not true or were committed by others (like the AL, per above). But a good portion of NSZ, especially NSZ-ZJ and its leadership, was most definitely anti-Semitic as its own publications (by Grupa Szanca for example) or other verifiable sources (even very pro-Polish ones, like Lukas) state (and I don't think you're disputing they were right-wing and anti-communist). And an encyclopedia is about gathering together existing knowledge - based on verifiability and reliable - not generating new knowledge (so you're right - this is not history research, it's not supposed to be). Having said that I do agree that NSZ does not fall within the scope of "fascism" (at best it fulfills 3, maybe 4, of the criteria listed on project page, wheareas to qualify it's got to be 6 out of 7). Also if DS is your webpage then got to say, nice job.radek (talk) 04:06, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for bouncing back with your comments “radek”. First of all, thank you for your kind comments about the DS project. We are certain that contrary to some of the opinions voiced elsewhere, it is not a "waste of time" ;) Now to the issue at hand:  My objections are many, but I enumerate just few of them.  One should carefully consider the meaning of the words “nationalistic”,  and "right-wing", "fascist", "anti-Semitic" used in this context. These are the very precise words used for decades by the communist propaganda machine of the PRL to describe any and all forms of social, political, and military opposition to the communist regime. These very words were used to describe activities of Home Army, WiN, and other patriotic underground organizations.  In the light of the foregoing, we can easily discern that an armed insurrection waged against occupying forces (both the Soviets and the Nazis)  and aiming at restoration of national sovereignty would be anything but “nationalistic”, "right-wing", and "anti-Semitic"???. Such accusations were prevalent and cited widely by the "historians" of that period behind the Iron Curtain to discredit the distinguished service of the Doomed Soldiers. Were the similar and distinguished efforts of the Home Army any less “nationalistic”, "right-wing" in this context? Were the motives of the Yugoslav, or Czech partisans any less “nationalistic” or "right-wing"? I do understand that we are playing with words, but words have meaning, particularly when used in this very specific context. Could we suggest then, that if this effort was undertaken under the banner of “International Proletariat” it would then not be "nationalistic" "right-wing", etc, and such that it then would be “good” or “acceptable”? Similarly, and this is one of the more troubling aspects of this “masterpiece”, is that this article portrays the NSZ as a political and military monolith. Nothing could be further from the truth. The conduct of guerilla warfare in the Nazi and Soviet occupied Poland during and after the II WW, was conducted by dispersed groups of small underground cells. This particular situation was endemic, in particular, after the “liberation” of Poland by the Soviets. We appear to take an easy way by tossing all the members of the NSZ into the same bag. The opening sentence of this “literary marvel” reads:

“Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (English National Armed Forces, NSZ) was a right wing, anti-communist, anti-semitic paramilitary organization […]”.

Was Andrzej Kiszka, an NSZ soldier who hid Jews during the Nazi occupation an anti-Semite? Were countless thousands of others whose names we will never know because they were systematically murdered by the Nazis, and by the Communists after the war, also anti-Semites, and “fascists”? Were those members of the NSZ who endured horrific torture at the hand of both Nazis and the communists also anti-Semites, right-wing “extremists, and bad, bad “fascists”?

The content, the tone, and the wording of this “article” denies the rightful place in history to those who have earned it by paying the highest price for their noble efforts. How in clear conscience could this article be ever published under the WikiProject Fascism? It took decades to restore the good name of the "fascists", "extremists", and "nationalists" from the Home Army. How long will it take for the NSZ soldiers to be given their rightful place as well?

Once again, the lack of editorial oversight leading to the publishing of this nonsense is profoundly troubling. Best, Robert Doomed Soldiers (talk) 18:55, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Robert, a lot of that may be true. But the purpose of an encyclopedia is to compile existing knowledge, not carry out research. As a result information that's included in the article has to be referenced to reliable (secondary) sources. For example, the "anti-semitic" claim is cited to Richard Lukas' "The Forgotten Holocaust" . In a similar manner, the fact that despite the fact that a portion of NSZ was anti-semitic, "a number of prominent members of the NSZ made personal efforts to aid and hide Jews" is cited to Jan Marek Chodkiewicz's book. Now, as somebody associated with the Doomed Soldiers website you should probably have access to many sources which are harder to obtain for other editors and it'd be very welcome if you used these sources to expand the article. But in each case the source, the author, the title etc. should be provided (and unfortunately, the website itself does not count as a source). For example, you could add something about Andrzej Kiszka to the article. The article could also use more info on the Communists falsely blaming the organization for their own crimes and the like, again, based on reliable sources.radek (talk) 22:24, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for your engagement “radek”. Time permitting, I will definitely contribute to the expansion of this article and will help with clarifying some of the less-than accurately portrayed "facts" here. In the mean time, I believe that for the sake of objectivity, accuracy, and in order not to unjustly wrong all of the NSZ soldiers en masse, the term “anti-Semitic” should be removed from the opening sentence of this article. Rather than arbitrarily editing the first sentence of this article myself, I would like some advisement from you. I am not oblivious to the fact that just like many very difficult subjects such as this, it will remain controversial. However, a broad generalization such as this is neither accurate, nor warranted. Best, Robert Doomed Soldiers (talk) 16:28, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Tag
This will need careful rewriting for tone. "One article asserts...", the antisemitism not in the lead paragraph, etc -- Relata refero (disp.) 04:27, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

-- Sure. No problem! After we add the "antisemitism" to the opening sentence, we are also going to add that the Jews alone ran the Polish secret police. An all-revealing record of accomplishments of this god-fearing, good 'ol boy organization, who also wrote the skewed "history" of the NSZ you are repeating like a parrot without much thought, is cited for your benefit below. I also think you forgot to mention cannibalism that should be attributed to the NSZ as well. I assume after that you will be satisfied with the tone of this article? Stop trolling. Doomed Soldiers (talk) 18:32, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Here are some points for Relata refero who had discovered on his own (oh boy) apparent anti-semitic agenda in this article. While we are unable to provide an exact number of the Doomed Soldiers who had perished at the hands of the UB, SB, Informacja, KBW, NKVD, SMERSH and other repressive organs of Polish and Soviet communist regimes occupying Poland between 1944-1963, it has been established that over 5,000 death sentences against individual soldiers of the Democratic Underground were carried out. An estimated 21,000 others perished in communist jails and concentration camps. At least 10,000 others died during direct combat engagements against communist forces. Unaccounted for are thousands others who died at the hands of communists during pacification operations conducted by the so-called "Szwadrony Smierci" (Eng., "Death Squads") or agent-provocateur units created by and directed by the communist PPR, AL, GL, or communist secret services. Thousands others died of "natural causes" after being released from the secret police torture houses, i.e. as a result of internal injuries suffered during interrogations. Additionally, at least 50,000 individuals were sent to the Soviet concentration camps, and an additional 250,000 were sentenced to lengthy imprisonment, or to forced labor in the coal mines and labor camps for their participation in, or complicity in the so-called "political crimes" against the state. Guess what, the more we are digging up, the more conservative these numbers look ... Robert, Doomed Soldiers (talk) 20:50, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

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Far right?
The NAF may have been far right - I have no idea - but as it is the article simply states this and implies that opposition to communism makes it far right. Is there any objective evidence that it was far right or even right wing?Royalcourtier (talk) 07:04, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

Calling the NAF/NSZ "far right" is an assertion that doesn't make sense. "Far right" compared to whom? You're dealing with a military formation in wartime, survival is a far greater priority than political slapfights. 192.38.139.170 (talk) 21:45, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

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What's with the Jews?
Almost half of this article is taken up by "NSZ And the Jews". What's up with that? Not saying it shouldn't be covered, but its clearly taking up too much space. Coverage is out of proportion with the importance/relevance of the topic. 192.38.139.170 (talk) 21:52, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Xx236 (talk) 12:11, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

Recent edits
I removed this, as Libionka is not in the cited source. Furthermore an op-ed by a then-phd student in a newspaper is rather UNDUE.Icewhiz (talk) 13:20, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Crimes against national minorities
GhettoInvestigator: I take your point that the scholarly article does not use "war crimes". It does use "crimes against national minorities" (page 452, 453, 455, 468) and "crimes". I will modify to that term would be used. The Polish Wikipedia: as a section on crimes.JoeZ451 (talk) 15:59, 9 January 2020 (UTC) sock puppet Icewhiz JoeZ451: That would be better. A section on crimes or such could be relevant but the Polish page you linked has no footnotes :( - - GI — Preceding unsigned comment added by GhettoInvestigator (talk • contribs) 11:31, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

Add NSZ symbol
Adding the symbol, as an image on the top of the wiki article would be good. Use the image from the Polski version of the wiki

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 7 June 2022
I request REMOVING the last two National Armed Forces, namely Reason: These are private sites linking to each other (so one would be enough in any case). Both promote conspiracy theories of the Kaczynski crash (among others) in the sidebar. The second immediately starts by denying the existence of anti-semitic tendencies in the force that is the article's subject. K. Oblique 13:49, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * (in English) The Doomed soldiers - Polish Underground Soldiers 1944-1963 - The Untold Story
 * National Armed Forces Historical Brief

 * Hey @Karl Oblique, it makes sense to ditch at least the first one. While the sidebar yells "conspiracy", the content of the second doesn't (to me) make me think it's inappropriate. The supposed quote from Stalin and the paragraph (One slander stands out above the rest, however - that NSZ was anti-Semitic and implicated in the Holocaust.) are bad, since there are citations backing up the anti-Semitism claim. Is the content of the site also unreliable? I wonder if this was published during a time it was reliable, but then over the years became more conspiratorial. My background in this is non-existent, so I wanna double check. The Polish Wikipedia doesn't have these links, but it also has strange section titles about anti-Semitism (e.g. Attitude towards the Jewish population / The question of anti-Semitism, so idk. I would appreciate more insight into the issue. Thanks! SWinxy (talk) 21:51, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Waiting on . SWinxy (talk) 19:34, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:National Armed Forces


text:
Kincardine, Ontario

Kincardine is a municipality located on the shores of Lake Huron in Bruce County in the province of Ontario, Canada. The current municipality was created in 1999 by the amalgamation of the Town of Kincardine, the Township of Kincardine, and the Township of Bruce.

The municipality had a population of 11,389 in the Canada 2016 Census.

Communities
In addition to the main population centre of Kincardine itself (population 6,725), the municipality also contains the smaller communities of Armow, Baie du Dore, Bervie, Glammis, Inverhuron, Millarton, North Bruce, Tiverton, and Underwood.

History
In 1998, the Village of Tiverton lost its separate incorporation, and became part of the Township of Bruce.

The Town of Kincardine, the Township of Kincardine, and the Township of Bruce were then amalgamated to form the Township of Kincardine-Bruce-Tiverton on January 1, 1999, with boundaries identical to those of the municipality that had existed in 1855. After the first election of the new municipal council, a plebiscite was conducted, and the name changed to the Municipality of Kincardine.

Historic sites
Kincardine has designated a number of historic sites, per the Ontario Heritage Act. These include (with local law numbers and listing dates):
 * Madison House (#4641), also known as 343 Durham Market Square, designated in 1985, a Second Empire house with elements of Italianate style.
 * 490 Broadway (#1988-56; August 18, 1988)
 * 1558 Concession 12 (#2008-174; October 2008), stone house built in 1885
 * 315 Durham Market Square (#4322; November 20, 1980), Italianate house built c.1860
 * 335 Durham Market Square (#4748; July 17, 1986), mortise and tenon-jointed beamed house built in 1868
 * 338 Durham Market Square (#2004-009; June 1, 2004), Victorian house with grey brick and pink mortar, with rose, shamrock and thistle pattern in windows
 * (numerous more)
 * 727 Queen Street (#4381; September 3, 1981), the Kincardine Library Building, built in 1908, stone and red brick, Romanesque Revival in style.
 * 780 Queen Street (#4279; April 17, 1980), built in 1881
 * 786 Queen Street (#4280; April 17, 1980), two-storey commercial block built in 1881
 * 788 Queen Street (#4278; April 17, 1980)
 * 789 Queen Street (#4667; May 16, 1985)
 * 1083 Queen Street

Council
The municipal government is overseen by a council of nine. The council includes a mayor elected at large, a deputy mayor elected at large, two councillors elected from Ward 1 (the former Town of Kincardine), one from Ward 2 (the former Township of Kincardine), one from Ward 3 (the former Township of Bruce). Three additional councillors are elected at large.

The 2022–2026 council consists of:
 * Kenneth Craig, Mayor
 * Andrea Clarke, Deputy Mayor
 * Rory Cavanagh, Councillor At Large
 * Mike Hinchberger, Councillor at Large
 * Jennifer Prenger, Councillor at Large
 * Beth Blackwell, Councillor Ward 1
 * Doug Kennedy, Councillor Ward 1
 * Bill Stewart, Councillor Ward 2
 * Amanda Steinhoff-Gray, Councillor Ward 3

Municipal departments

 * Building & Planning
 * Bylaw Enforcement
 * Clerks Department
 * Chief Administration Office
 * Emergency Management
 * Fire Department
 * Information Technologies
 * Treasury Department
 * Parks & Recreation
 * Public Works
 * Economic Development (Penetangore Regional Economic Development Corporation (PREDC))

Climate
Kincardine has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, snowy winters and warm summers.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kincardine had a population of $12,268$ living in $5,160$ of its $6,142$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $11,389$. With a land area of 537.8 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Mother tongue (2016 census):
 * English as first language: 90.1%
 * French as first language: 1.5%
 * English and French as first language: 0.3%
 * Other as first language: 8.1%

Education
The Bluewater District School Board is the school board for the Kincardine area, and Kincardine District Secondary School is the local high school for most students. Approximately 800 students attended in the 2007/2008 year. There are five local elementary schools: Elgin Market Public School, Huron Heights Public School, St. Anthony's Catholic School, Kincardine Township-Tiverton Public School (located in Kincardine Township), and Ripley Huron Community School (located in Ripley).

Transportation
Kincardine is centrally located along Highway 21 and at the west end of Highway 9. There are two taxi companies in Kincardine. Kincardine Taxi and Fred's Cabs. Kincardine Municipal Airport is a modern full-featured airport which can accommodate traffic ranging from light jets to rotary wing aircraft. The town also has a harbour on Lake Huron for tourists who want to travel by watercraft.

Industry
The economy of Kincardine is dominated by the Bruce Nuclear Power Development since the 1970s, which is currently operated by Bruce Power, a private company under lease from Ontario Power Generation.

Ontario Power Generation's Deep Geologic Repository for low and intermediate-level waste at the plant has been planned since 2001 and is awaiting federal approval.

Since 2016, 7ACRES has been expanding its employment numbers. It's estimated to have 300 employees by 2019.

There is also a thriving tourist industry, centered on its sandy beaches and Scottish cultural tradition.

Healthcare
The Kincardine and District General Hospital of the South Bruce Grey Health Centre is the hospital for the community. Further, the Kincardine Family Health Team, a Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care Initiative is located in the community offering programs and services surrounding health promotion and disease prevention. The Kincardine Family Health Team has locations in the Municipality of Kincardine and Township of Huron-Kinloss.

Recreation
Kincardine is home to many parks and trails that run throughout the town of Kincardine.

The local community centre, The Davidson Centre is the central location for most recreation activities, as it has a park, skate park, soccer fields, track (indoor & outdoor), swimming pool, gym, basketball court and hockey rink. There is also the Tiverton Sports Arena. The original building was constructed back in 1975 and named after the Town of Kincardine's former recreation director, Keith Davidson.

In late 2008 the Municipality of Kincardine approved the plans for a new addition to the Davidson Centre, which was officially opened September 2009. The new addition added on a new health club, seniors room with add joining kitchen, computer room, billiard room and 4 new bathrooms. The new addition costing $3 million includes a new gym for basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer, dodge ball and more. There are 2 curtains that can come down to divide the gym into 3 parts. Above the new gym there is an indoor running track as well as bleachers for the gym and a warm viewing area for the adjacent skating rink. The addition also includes bathrooms and new change rooms for the ice rink including the change rooms for the Kincardine Bulldogs.

Sports teams
The Kincardine Bulldogs is the local hockey team. They compete in the Western Junior C hockey league. In the 2006–2007 and the 2007–2008 seasons the Bulldogs finished 1st in the WJCHL.

All other hockey teams in town go under the name of "The Kincardine Kinucks".

Culture and events
Kincardine has a strong Scottish culture. The Kincardine Scottish Pipe Band Parades happens every Saturday night during the summer months ending Labour Day weekend. Also every night in the summer (except for Saturdays) the Phantom Piper (a bag piper) plays his bagpipes on top of the light house at sunset. To continue the Scottish culture, every year Kincardine holds the Kincardine Scottish Festival & Highland Games.

Showcasing Kincardine's artistic side, Kincardine is also home to Sundown Theatre (Summer Performance Company), Bluewater Summer Playhouse (Drama Festival) and The Kincardine Summer Music Festival. Kincardine also takes part in Doors Open Kincardine showcasing Kincardine's heritage homes and buildings. Every Monday Starting on the May long weekend until the labour day weekend Kincardine has a "Market in the Square" a sort of flea market in the local park located beside the downtown.

Attractions
Kincardine Lighthouse and museum are located on Harbour Street, as well as a building constructed in 1877 which has served as a bank, a barristers and solicitors office, a newspaper office, a doctor's office, a private residence, and a restaurant. The building is architecturally significant for its intricate brick work design around the windows and parapet. Paddy Walker House, the oldest building in Kincardine, is now a museum. Beaches in Kincardine include Tiny Tot beach, Station Beach (Reunion Park), and Boiler Beach. There are two piers attached to the marina, with the South Pier used for "cliff-jump" style swimming.

Media
Kincardine has two newspaper companies, Kincardine News and the Kincardine Independent. The Kincardine Times, an online newspaper, is a third source of local news. Kincardine also has its own radio station, CIYN-FM.

Notable people

 * Samuel Andreyev, composer
 * Paul Henderson, NHL hockey player
 * Brenley MacEachern, Juno-nominated singer, member of music duo Madison Violet
 * Andrew Malcolm, furniture manufacturer and MPP in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
 * James Malcolm, Member of Parliament of Canada and Minister of Trade and Commerce
 * Malcolm McKenzie, Canadian politician, Liberal Member of Alberta's first Legislature 1909 - 1913
 * Kevin Pollock, NHL referee
 * Graham Ragsdale, Canadian Forces sniper
 * Pat Riggin, NHL goaltender
 * Jessica Stam, supermodel
 * Jordan Willis, NHL goaltender
 * Johnny Wilson, NHL forward

title: Kincardine, Ontario


text:
Miss Cleo

Youree Dell Harris (August 12, 1962 – July 26, 2016) was an American television personality and actress best known for portraying Miss Cleo, a spokeswoman for a psychic pay-per-call-minute service called Psychic Readers Network, in a series of television commercials that aired from 1997 to 2003. Harris used various aliases, including Ree Perris, Youree Cleomili, Youree Dell Harris, Youree Perris, Rae Dell Harris, Cleomili Perris Youree, and Cleomili Harris.

Early life
Youree Harris was born on August 12, 1962, at Los Angeles County Hospital to Alisa Teresa Hopis and David Harris, and raised in a Catholic Afro-Caribbean family. She attended, as a boarder, Ramona Convent Secondary School, a Catholic girls' school in Alhambra, California.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer's Dorothy Parvaz reported that University of Southern California found no records that Harris had enrolled for four classes in 1980, as reported by People magazine.

Seattle
In 1996, Harris as "Ree Perris", wrote a play entitled For Women Only, playing a Jamaican woman named "Cleo", in Seattle.

In 1997, Harris as "Ree Perris", produced and performed two plays with the Langston Hughes Performing Arts Center in Seattle, Summer Rhapsody and Supper Club Cafe.

Her last project, Supper Club Cafe in 1997, was not successful, and she "left town with a trail of debts and broken promises", according to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Some of the cast of her productions claimed that they were never paid, and that Harris "told her cast members she had bone cancer" and "her medical costs would prevent her from paying people immediately", but she wrote each actor and crew member a letter telling him or her how much money she owed them.

Psychic Readers Network
In January 1993, Steven Feder and Peter Stolz (sometimes spelled: Stotz Stoltz Stolz ) started Psychic Advisors Network, launched to compete with Psychic Friends Network using Philip Michael Thomas, Billy Dee Williams and Catherine Oxenberg.

In 1997, Harris moved to Florida, met Steven Feder and Peter Stolz, Fort Lauderdale cousins behind Access Resource Services, doing business as Psychic Readers Network and took a call-taker job as reader No. 16153. Harris was using the Jamaican accent when she moved to Florida and began working as a tarot-reading psychic for a telemarketing center. Harris was approached by Access Resource Services while working at an event in a Pompano Beach, Florida, mall and agreed to appear in an ad in 2000.

"'the whole point was two things: keeping people on the phone as long as possible...and...telling people what they wanted to hear'" In the late 1990s, Harris began work for the Psychic Readers Network under the name Cleo. She appeared as a television infomercial psychic in which she claimed to be a shaman from Jamaica. Her employers' website also stated that Harris had been born in Trelawny, Jamaica, and grown up there.

The network used the title "Miss Cleo" and sent unsolicited emails, some of which stated, "[Miss Cleo has] been authorized to issue you a Special Tarot Reading!... it is vital that you call immediately!" Charges of deceptive advertising and of fraud on the part of the network began to surface around this time. Among the complaints were allegations that calls to Miss Cleo were answered by her "associates" who were actors reading from scripts, and that calls promoted as "free" were in fact charged for.

A tie-in book, Keepin' It Real: A Practical Guide for Spiritual Living appeared in 2001. Its authorship was attributed to Miss Cleo.

In 2001, Access Resource Services, doing business as Psychic Readers Network, was sued in various lawsuits originating in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Florida and elsewhere, as well as the Federal Communications Commission,

In 2002, the Federal Trade Commission charged the company's owners and Harris' promoters, Steven Feder and Peter Stolz, with deceptive advertising, billing, and collection practices; Harris was not indicted. The network had billed its victims for an estimated $1 billion. Her promoters agreed to settle by paying a $5 million fine to the Federal Trade Commission, as well a combined debt forgiveness and refund checks to callers which came to a monumental $500 million. It emerged during a lawsuit in Florida that Harris had been born in Los Angeles, and that her parents were American citizens.

The state of Florida also sued Harris under a provision of the law that allowed spokespeople to be held liable. Dave Aronberg of the Florida Attorney General’s Office led the state’s case against her. His successor dropped the charges.

After Psychic Readers Network
On 11 July 2001, Harris started a company, Waghwaan Entertainment.

Harris voiced the character of Auntie Poulet in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.

In 2003, the New York Daily News reported that TV music network Fuse had signed Harris as a spokeswoman. In early 2005, Harris was reportedly appearing on television as Miss Cleo in advertisements for a used car dealership in Florida, according to the Broward-Palm Beach New Times.

Harris offered "readings", priced from $75 to $250, and "weddings", priced from $350 and up. Harris had a podcast.

In September 2007, Harris released a spoken-word CD, Convicted for My Beliefs.

Under the name Cleomili Harris she spoke, from Toronto, about her experiences at the Psychic Readers Network in the 2014 documentary Hotline, which focuses on the history of telephone hotlines.

Psychic Readers Network's "Miss Cleo" lawsuits
In 2015, as Miss Cleo, Harris appeared in a series of advertisements for the General Mills breakfast cereal French Toast Crunch. The Psychic Readers Network sued on the basis that they owned the character of Miss Cleo. The advertisements were discontinued.

The Psychic Readers Network sued Benefit Cosmetics, a Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey subsidiary, for using Harris as "Miss Cleo" in a makeup commercial, as the persona's owner.

Personal life and death
Harris married at age 19, gave birth to a daughter, and divorced at age 21. She had a second daughter while in her late 20s. In 2006, she came out as a lesbian.

Harris developed colorectal cancer, which metastasized. She died under hospice care in Palm Beach, Florida, on July 26, 2016, at the age of 53.

In December 2022, HBO Max released a feature documentary about Harris' life titled Call Me Miss Cleo.

title: Miss Cleo


text:
Nick Mallett

Nicholas Vivian Haward Mallett (born 30 October 1956) is a former South African rugby union player who played for the Springboks, South Africa's national rugby union team, in 1984. He also coached the Springboks between 1997 and 2000 and was the head coach of Italy's rugby union team between 2007 and 2011.

Early life
Born on 30 October 1956 in Hertford Heath, England, Mallett moved to Rhodesia with his family in 1956 when he was only six weeks old, and his father, Tony Mallett, took up a post as an English teacher at the recently founded Peterhouse Boys' School, in Marandellas near Salisbury. Nick first arrived in Cape Town, South Africa in 1963, when his father was appointed Headmaster of Diocesan College, after which he attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown. He graduated from the University of Cape Town in 1977 with a BA in English and History. While a student at the university, he was selected to play for the Western Province rugby union team.

Playing career
In 1979 Mallett moved back to England to attend University College at the University of Oxford, where he not only gained further qualifications but also won Blues in rugby union and cricket, famously hitting three sixes in one over off Ian Botham. Eventually he returned to South Africa, where he represented Western Province in four consecutive Currie Cup wins between 1982 and 1985, and played two games for the Springboks in 1984 against the South American Jaguars.

The beginning
Mallett once again left South Africa in 1985, this time for France, where he played and coached rugby for seven years until 1992 before eventually returning to South Africa in 1994 and taking a job as Head of the False Bay Rugby Club until 1995.

Between 1995 and 1996, Mallett took up the role of head coach of the Boland Cavaliers before being appointed assistant coach to the Springboks in 1996 and finally getting the job of Springbok Coach in 1997.

Coach of Springboks (1997–2000)
Between August 1997 and December 1998, under Mallett's guidance, the Springboks went on a record winning streak of 17 consecutive test wins. As part of the unbeaten run the Springboks won the Tri Nations Series undefeated and beat several teams by record margins, including a 52–10 against France in Paris, a 68–10 win over Scotland in Edinburgh, a 33–0 defeat of Ireland and a 96–13 against Wales. The run ended when the Springbok team was defeated by England at Twickenham at the end of a long tour on 5 December 1998.

The relationship between Mallet and Gary Teichmann, one of South Africa's most successful team captains ever (with 36 wins), began to sour and Teichman was controversially excluded from the 1999 Rugby World Cup squad. Mallet looked for a new captain, first turning to Corné Krige then Rassie Erasmus, Joost van der Westhuizen and André Vos for a solution. In the end, despite the internal instability in the squad, the Springboks managed four consecutive wins and were finally knocked out of the championship in the semi-final by eventual winners Australia. Despite his team's relatively mediocre results of 8 wins and 5 losses in 1999, the Springboks still managed to break more records, beating Italy 101–0 and England in the quarter-final 44–21, with Jannie de Beer kicking a world-record five drop goals in that game.

In 2000, Mallett accused the South Africa Rugby Football Union (SARFU) of "greed" for selling Tri-Nations championship tickets at inflated prices. He had alienated the SARFU executive, and on 27 September he resigned as national coach at the start of a disciplinary hearing began into allegations that his comments had brought the game into disrepute. Some fans, upset by how he had treated Teichman and his team's sudden poor performance, were also keen to see him go.

In spite of his team's relatively poor performance and the internal strife that marred his final years as coach, Mallett remains one of South Africa's most successful coaches ever, having won 27 of the 38 tests played under his guidance and rewriting the record books several times

Stade Français (2002–04)
Mallett moved back to France as coach for the Paris club Stade Français, which he led to two consecutive French domestic title wins in 2003 and 2004 before returning to South Africa where he accepted the job of Director of Rugby at Western Province. Initially there was speculation that he might coach the Springbok team again, but those rumours were quashed by the appointment of Jake White as the new South African coach.

Mallet was linked with the position of England coach after the coerced resignation of Andy Robinson in 2006, a position that eventually went to Brian Ashton. In 2007 Mallett became coach of Italy.

Italy (2007–11)
On 3 October 2007, Mallett replaced Frenchman Pierre Berbizier as "CT" ("Technical Commissioner", i.e. coach) of the Italy national rugby union team. His Six Nations debut was fairly impressive; Italy were defeated by Ireland 11–16 in the first game, but came close to victory against Jonny Wilkinson's England team. Italy lost also against Wales and France. In those matches he gave Andrea Marcato and Alberto Sgarbi their debuts'. In the final game, Mallett's team beat Scotland 23–20, thanks to Marcato's late drop goal. However, Italy won the wooden spoon because their points difference was worse than Scotland's.

During the summer test matches, he got a good result against South Africa, the world champions at the time, in Cape Town, despite Italy losing 0–26. In Córdoba Italy beat Argentina for the first time thanks to Leonardo Ghiraldini's try and a late penalty by Marcato.

He also coached the Barbarians against the All Blacks in December 2009 with the 'Baa-Baas' winning 25–18. In 2010 Mallet coached the Barbarians to victory over South Africa.

In the 2010 Six Nations, Mallett guided Italy to a 16–12 win against Scotland. Despite this victory, Italy's only win in the competition, they didn't avoid the wooden spoon because Scotland's points difference was just one better. In the 2011 Six Nations Championship Italy beat France by 22–21 in arguably their best victory to date.

Retirement (2011–present)
In November 2011, after the World Cup in New Zealand, Nick Mallett's contract as head coach of Italy expired and he returned to Cape Town with Frenchman Jacques Brunel taking over the Italy job. Mallett has stated that he wishes to spend time with his family in South Africa, despite being briefly linked to the position as Coach of England following Martin Johnson's resignation.

title: Nick Mallett


text:
Omni (magazine)

Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published for domestic American and UK markets. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995. The first Omni e-magazine was published on CompuServe in 1986 and the magazine switched to a purely online presence in 1996. It ceased publication abruptly in late 1997, following the death of co-founder Kathy Keeton; activity on the magazine's website ended the following April.

Concept
Omni was founded by Kathy Keeton and her long-time collaborator and future husband Bob Guccione, the publisher of Penthouse magazine. The initial concept came from Keeton, who wanted a magazine "that explored all realms of science and the paranormal, that delved into all corners of the unknown and projected some of those discoveries into fiction".

Dick Teresi, an author and former Good Housekeeping editor, wrote the proposal for the magazine, from which a dummy was produced. In pre-launch publicity it was referred to as Nova but the name was changed before the first issue went to print to avoid a conflict with the PBS science show of the same name. Guccione described the magazine as "an original if not controversial mixture of science fact, fiction, fantasy and the paranormal". The debut edition had an exclusive interview with Freeman Dyson, a renowned physicist, and the second edition carried an interview with Alvin Toffler, futurist and author of Future Shock.

Fiction
In its early run, Omni published a number of stories that have become genre classics, such as Orson Scott Card's "Unaccompanied Sonata", William Gibson's "Burning Chrome", "New Rose Hotel" and "Johnny Mnemonic", and George R. R. Martin's "Sandkings". The magazine also published original science fiction and fantasy by William S. Burroughs, Joyce Carol Oates, Jonathan Carroll, Julio Cortázar, T. Coraghessan Boyle, and other mainstream writers. The magazine excerpted Stephen King's novel Firestarter, and featured his short story "The End of the Whole Mess". Omni also brought the works of numerous painters to the attention of a large audience, such as H. R. Giger, De Es Schwertberger and Rallé. In the early 1980s, popular fiction stories from Omni were reprinted in The Best of Omni Science Fiction series and featured art by space artists like Robert McCall. A fictional cover of the magazine appears in the 1984 "Ghostbusters" movie, featuring a photo of the proton pack on the cover.

Market
Omni entered the market at the start of a wave of new science magazines aimed at educated but otherwise "non-professional" readers. Science Digest and Science News already served the high-school market, and Scientific American and New Scientist the professional, while Omni was arguably the first aimed at "armchair scientists" who were nevertheless well informed about technical issues. The next year, however, Time introduced Discover while the AAAS introduced Science '80. Advertising dollars were spread among the different magazines, and those without deep pockets soon folded in the 1980s, notably Science Digest, while Science '80 merged with Discover. Omni appeared to weather this storm better than most, likely due to its wider selection of contents. In early 1996 publisher Bob Guccione suspended publication of the print edition of Omni, attributing the decision to the rising price of paper and postage. At the end of its print run the circulation was still reported to be more than 700,000 copies a month.

In September 1997, Keeton died of complications from surgery for an intestinal obstruction. The staff of Omni Internet was laid off, and no new content was added to the website after April 1998. General Media shut the site down and removed the Omni archives from the Internet in 2003.

International editions
Omni magazine was published in at least six languages. The content in the British editions closely followed the North American editions, but with a different numbering sequence. This was mainly accomplished by wrapping the American edition in a new cover which featured British advertising on the inside. At least one British edition was entirely unique and was shipped under the banner of Omni UK. An Italian edition was edited by Alberto Peruzzo and ran for 20 issues from 1981 to 1983, when Peruzzo detached the name Omni from his local edition. The Italian spin-off continued with the name Futura, while maintaining the same graphical style and with an unchanged intended audience, for another twenty issues, up to July 1985. The Japanese edition ran from 1982 to the summer of 1989 and included almost entirely different content from the American edition. The German edition began in 1984 and ended in early 1986. The first Spanish edition appeared in November 1986 and ran until the summer of 1988. A Russian edition was published in the Soviet Union beginning in September 1989 in conjunction with the USSR Academy of Sciences. These editions were 80% in English and featured both Russian and English advertising. Publisher Guccione arranged for 20,000 copies of the Russian edition to be placed on news stands and onboard internal Aeroflot flights in the Soviet Union in exchange for an equivalent number of copies of Science in Russia being distributed in the USA. Omni ran subscription adverts beginning in August 1989 for Science in Russia. This arrangement was intended to last for one year and was made possible by the Glasnost events in the Soviet Union.

Webzine
Omni first began its online presence as part of Compuserve in the summer of 1986. On September 5, 1993, Omni became part of the America Online service. The AOL unveiling took place at the 51st World Science Fiction Convention in San Francisco. AOL subscribers had access to much of the Omni printed archive as well as forums, chat groups and new fiction. After the print magazine folded, the Omni Internet webzine was launched on September 15, 1996. For the first few months the new website was integrated into the AOL service, replacing the existing AOL Omni interface. Now free of pressure to focus on fringe science areas, Omni returned to its roots as the home of gonzo science writing, becoming one of the first large-scale venues to deliver a journalism geared specifically to cyberspace, complete with real-time coverage of major science events, chats and blogs with scientific luminaries, and interactive experiments that users could join. The world's top science fiction writers also joined in, writing collaborative fiction pieces for Omni's readers live online.

Television
A short-lived syndicated television show based on the magazine's format (and called Omni: The New Frontier) aired in the United States beginning in September 1981, hosted by Peter Ustinov. A French-language, dubbed version of the show appeared on the Canadian public TV network Radio-Québec (now known as Télé-Québec) in 1994. In 1985, extracts of the 1981 television series were re-edited and repackaged into four television shows hosted by Keir Dullea under the title Omni: Visions of the Future. Episodes were titled Futurebody, Space, Amazing Medicine and Lifestyles in the 21st Century.

Comics
An equally short-lived spin-off magazine called Omni Comix debuted in 1995, and was published in the same glossy, newsstand magazine format as its sister publications Omni, Penthouse and Penthouse Comix. Omni Comix ran for only three issues, and the third and final issue featured an abortive revival of the 1960s superhero series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents.

Anthologies
From 1983 to 1986, Zebra Books published a series of anthologies containing selected non-fiction content from Omni magazine:

 * The Omni Book of Space edited by Owen Davies                    (ISBN 0-8217-1275-6, published in October 1983)
 * The Omni Book of Computers and Robots edited by Owen Davies (ISBN 0-8217-1276-4, published in October 1983)
 * The Omni Book of Medicine edited by Owen Davies (ISBN 0-8217-1364-7, published in April 1984)
 * The Omni Book of the Paranormal & the Mind edited by Owen Davies (ISBN 0-8217-1365-5, published in April 1984)
 * The Omni Book of Psychology edited by Peter Tyson (ISBN 0-8217-1868-1, published in July 1986)
 * The Omni Book of High-Tech Society 2000 edited by Peter Tyson (ISBN 0-8217-1896-7, published in September 1986)

From 1984 to 1989, Zebra Books also published a series of Science Fiction anthologies containing stories published in Omni magazine with all volumes edited by Ellen Datlow who was also serving as the editor of Omni magazine at the time:
 * The First Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-1319-1, published in January 1984)
 * The Second Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-1320-5, published in January 1984)
 * The Third Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-1575-5, published in April 1985)
 * The Fourth Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-1630-1, published in July 1985)
 * The Fifth Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-2050-3, published in April 1987)
 * The Sixth Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-2606-4, published in March 1989)
 * The Seventh Omni Book of Science Fiction (ISBN 0-8217-2688-9, published in June 1989)

Ellen Datlow also edited and released the following Science Fiction anthologies of stories published in Omni magazine under the OMNI Books imprint:
 * Omni Best Science Fiction One (ISBN 0-87455-277-X, published in October 1992)
 * Omni Best Science Fiction Two (ISBN 0-87455-278-8, published in November 1992)
 * Omni Best Science Fiction Three (ISBN 0-87455-284-2, published in June 1993)
 * Omni Visions One               (ISBN 0-87455-298-2, published in November 1993)
 * Omni Visions Two               (ISBN 0-87455-308-3, published in July 1994)

Pharos books also published The Omni Future Almanac edited by Robert Weil.
 * The Omni Future Almanac        (ISBN 978-0345310347, published in December 1983)

Editorial staff
The magazine was initially edited by Frank Kendig, who left several months after the magazine's launch. Ben Bova, who was hired as fiction editor, was promoted to editor. Bova then left the magazine in 1981. Subsequent editors included Dick Teresi, Gurney Williams III, Patrice Adcroft, Keith Ferrell, and Pamela Weintraub (editor of Omni as one of the first major standalone webzines from 1996 to 1998). Kathleen Stein managed the magazine's prestigious Q&A interviews with the top scientists of the 20th century through 1998. Ellen Datlow was associate fiction editor of Omni under Robert Sheckley for one and a half years, and took over as fiction editor in 1981 until the magazine was suspended in 1998. In 2016, two print issues of OMNI were published by members of the original staff, including Weintraub and Datlow. Under the umbrella of PGMI, OMNI was reimagined as a series of print quarterlies starting in 2017, with Pamela Weintraub as editor-in-chief and Ellen Datlow as fiction editor. Other team members include Robert Killheffer and Corey S. Powell as executive editors and Matt Westphalen as creative director.

Ownership
In 2013, Glenn Fleishman undertook a research project with the goal of learning who currently owns the Omni intellectual property, and concluded that the rights to the fiction published in Omni had long since reverted to the original authors (who had only sold first North American publication rights), and that "possibly even the current ostensible owner" may not know who owns the rights to the rest of the content.

Reboot
In August 2013, plans to launch "a new online project", described as an "Omni reboot" were reported by The Verge. The project was said to be under the guidance of producer Rick Schwartz and businessman/collector Jeremy Frommer who purchased a storage locker "on a whim" in November 2012 that was found to contain "a sizable chunk of the estate of Bob Guccione". The rediscovered materials include "cover drafts with greasy pencil notations, thousands of 35-mm slides, large-format chromes, magazines bundled with stapled paperwork, production materials, and untold amounts of photos and artwork."

Penthouse publishes new Omni
Penthouse Global Media acquired Omni in 2017, and announced plans for a new print issue, to commence publication on 24 October. The issue was published, and billed as the Winter 2017 issue, the first on a quarterly schedule but no further issues were ever published.

title: Omni (magazine)


text:
User:Sj/promotionofwp

Other WP-like sources
For joint promotion, sharing of resources and experiences, umbrella orgs.
 * Math/Sci: PlanetMath
 * Travel: WikiTravel, World66

Papers written on WP

 * Halavais.net dissertation
 * "a student in Milan" (from #wp's schopenhauer, 3/30]
 * "recent paper from a uni in sussex" [from #wp's Imran, ditto]

Promotion project
There should be a team of WP editors, enthusiastic about promoting WP, who spend time honing different versions of the mission statement and latest press release, at multiple levels of detail and in presentation formats -- from elevator pitches to 20-slide presentations.

 * meta:Collaboration
 * A short list of International promo material -- some 15 items, mostly French, German, and Esperanto.
 * (and related links re: translation of materiel across languages)

 * Projects list (this should move to a page linked from there soon)

 * WP as press source for reference in promo materials... there should be a profusion of new instances starting this month.
 * CNN and FOX News articles ref'ing WP.

 * Template:InPrint

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User:Sj/promotionofwp


text:
Bruce County

Bruce County is a county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It has eight lower-tier municipalities with a total 2016 population of 66,491. It is named for James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine, the sixth Governor General of the Province of Canada. The Bruce name is also linked to the Bruce Trail and the Bruce Peninsula.

The county has three distinct areas. The Bruce Peninsula is part of the Niagara Escarpment and is known for its views, rock formations, cliffs, and hiking trails. The Lakeshore includes nearly 100 km of fresh water and soft sandy beaches. Finally, the Interior Region has a strong history in farming.

Cessions of First Nations lands
The territory of the County arose from various surrenders of First Nations lands.

The bulk of the land arose from the Queen's Bush, as a result of the 1836 Saugeen Tract Agreement. That was followed by the cession of the Indian Strip in 1851 for a road between Owen Sound and Southampton that was never constructed. Friction between the Chippewas arising out of that led to significant delay in later negotiations.

The Saugeen Surrenders of 1854, known as "Treaty 72," transferred the remainder of the Bruce Peninsula to the Crown and reserved the following lands:

Municipal history
Huron County was organized in the Huron District in 1845, and the District itself, which had been continued for judicial purposes, was abolished in early 1850. Legislation passed later in the same session of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada provided instead for it to be reconstituted as the United Counties of Huron, Perth and Bruce, with the territory of the Bruce Peninsula (referred to as the "Indian Reserve") to ne withdrawn and annexed to Waterloo County. Bruce County consisted of the following townships:

 * Huron
 * Kinloss
 * Curloss
 * Carrick
 * Kincardine
 * Greenock
 * Brant
 * Bruce
 * Saugeen
 * Elderslie
 * Arran

The Indian Reserve (being the part not otherwise transferred to Grey County) was later withdrawn from Waterloo and transferred to Bruce in 1851. The County of Perth was given its own Provisional Municipal Council at that time, and was separated from the United Counties in 1853.

In 1849, the Huron District Council initially united the area of the county with the United Townships of Wawanosh and Ashfield as a single municipality, which lasted until 1851, when Wawanosh and Ashfield were withdrawn. The area then became known as the "United Townships in the County of Bruce," which lasted until its division into municipalities in 1854.

The Bruce Peninsula was later surveyed into townships, starting with Amabel and Albemarle in 1855, Eastnor in 1862,  followed by Lindsay in 1870  and St. Edmunds in 1871.

The following villages and towns would be constituted over the years:

Formation of separate county council (1857–1867)
A Provisional Municipal Council was established for Bruce County at the beginning of 1857, Walkerton was initially proclaimed as the county seat, in preference to Kincardine, but local opposition forced the proclamation to be deferred until each town and village had presented a case for its selection. A subsequent proclamation confirmed Walkerton's selection.

In 1863, the provisional council promoted a bill in the Legislative Assembly to divide the county into the counties of Bruce and Wallace, with Kincardine and Southampton once more proposed as the respective county towns, but it went only as far as thé second reading and did not proceed further.

The provisional council later asked for legislation to provide for a referendum as to whether Walkerton, Paisley, Kincardine, or another place would be the most acceptable choice. The referendum was held in September 1864, and Paisley received a plurality of the votes. In early 1865, the provisional council asked for legislation to confirm the result but changed its mind later in the year in favour of Walkerton. Confirming legislation was passed in 1866 to provide for the dissolution of the United Counties on January 1, 1867, with Huron and Bruce becoming separate counties for all purposes.

Indigenous lands
Two First Nations are included within the Bruce census division, but their lands are separate from the county administration:

Land disputes
There have been disputes relating to cottage owners leasing properties on First Nations lands in the county. At Hope Bay, the occupiers of 68 cottages saw their leases revoked in 2007, resulting in a lawsuit that was only settled in 2018, leading to the resulting demolition of the cottages. in the Saugeen and Chief's Point reserves, there are four blocks of land encompassing 1,200 cottages that had been subject to ten-year lease agreements, on which a new five-year agreement came into effect in May 2021.

Litigation is underway, in which the Saugeen Ojibway First Nation is claiming the following:

 * 1) Compensation resulting from the Crown breaching its fiduciary trust to protect and preserve the territory of the Saugeen Ojibway Nation;
 * 2) Aboriginal title over the water territory around the Bruce Peninsula, from the international boundary with the United States in Lake Huron across to Georgian Bay; and
 * 3) A declaration that their harvesting (i.e., hunting and fishing) rights within their traditional territory were not extinguished by Treaty 72 of 1854.

In July 2021, the Ontario Superior Court dismissed the first two claims, but upheld the third. It deferred the question of liability with respect to municipal defendants for a subsequent hearing. An appeal has been filed with respect to the dismissals. Settlements on municipal liability have since been reached with Bruce County and Saugeen Shores.

The Saugeen First Nation is pursuing separate litigation relating to the determination of the actual reserve boundary. Treaty 72 had originally provided for the following reservation of land:

"...for the benefit of the Saugeen Indians we reserve all that block of land bounded on the west by a straight line running due north from the River Saugeen, at the spot where it is entered by a ravine, immediately to the west of the village [of Saugeen], and over which a bridge has recently been constructed, to the shore of Lake Huron; on the south by the aforesaid northern limit of the lately surrendered strip; on the east by a line drawn from a spot upon the coast at a distance of about (9½) nine miles and a half from the western boundary aforesaid, and running parallel thereto until it touches the aforementioned northern limits of the recently surrendered strip; and we wish it to be clearly understood that we wish the Peninsula at the mouth of the Saugeen River to the west of the western boundary aforesaid to be laid out in town park lots and sold for our benefit without delay; and we also wish it to be understood that our surrender includes that parcel of land which is in continuation of the strip recently surrendered to the Saugeen River."

A dispute has arisen because the original survey of Amabel Township appears to be at variance with the treaty's specifications, with the eastern limit being drawn at 8 miles from the western limit, instead of the 9½ stated. The matter had been partially resolved some years earlier, with certain lands running from Sauble Beach down to Southampton reverting to the reserve. However, another part of the public beach in Sauble Beach, approximately 2 km in length, is still in dispute. The matter has been in protracted litigation, with separate claims being filed in 1990 by the federal government and in 1995 by the First Nation. An attempted settlement, arising from mediation overseen by the former Supreme Court of Canada justice Ian Binnie, collapsed in 2014. The case hearing began in November 2021. In the meantime, some friction has occurred between the First Nation and local authorities over maintenance work being undertaken on the local dunes.

The southern portion of Sauble Beach, known as Sauble Park, is within the limits of the reserve. As of 2018, beach parking is no longer available there, in line with what is already the case at Wasaga Beach and Grand Bend.

In April 2023, the Ontario Superior Court ruled that the entire portion of the fish landing ground fronting on Lake Huron that was reserved from surrender in Treaty 72, being the substantial part of Sauble Beach, continues to be part of the Saugeen reserve, and no third parties have an interest in any part of it. A proposal to allow a life interest to the private landowners being displaced is currently under consideration by the court. The Town of South Bruce Peninsula subsequently announced that it would take the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal.

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bruce County had a population of $73,396$ living in $31,112$ of its $42,592$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $68,147$. With a land area of 4076.22 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Municipalities
Bruce County comprises eight municipalities (in population order):

The County of Bruce is governed by a council consisting of a warden and mayors of the area municipalities. County council meetings are held in the Bruce County Administration building, in Walkerton.

National parks

 * Bruce Peninsula National Park
 * Fathom Five National Marine Park

Provincial parks

 * Inverhuron Provincial Park
 * MacGregor Point Provincial Park
 * Sauble Falls Provincial Park
 * Black Creek Provincial Park

Conservation areas
Bruce County is home to a number of conservation areas with the jurisdiction of Saugeen Valley Conservation Authority and Grey Sauble Conservation Authority.

Endangered species

 * Massasauga Rattlesnake
 * Hungerford's crawling water beetle

title: Bruce County