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Dellys

Dellys (دلّس, Berber: Delles) is a small Mediterranean town in northern Algeria's coastal Boumerdès Province, almost due north of Tizi-Ouzou and just east of the Sebaou River. It is the district seat of the daïra of Dellys. The town is 45 km from Tizi Ouzou, 50 km from Boumerdes (the provincial capital), and about 100 km from the capital Algiers.

It is notable for its Ottoman-era Casbah, two colonial-era lighthouses (marking Cape Bengut), and some beaches; the principal activities of the area are fishing and farming.

As of 2008, the population of the municipality is 32,954.

Geography
The Dellys area presents a natural harbour in the form of a small bay sheltered on the west and northwest by the peninsula of Sidi Abdelkader (largely occupied by the town cemetery, along with a small lighthouse). This peninsula is the seaward extension of the mountain of Assouaf, looming over the town. Around this harbour grew the Casbah of Dellys. During the colonial period the town grew southwards, as the port was expanded; a technical school, the École des arts et métiers, was also built to the north, near the cemetery. Expansion further up the mountain was prevented by the preservation of the Bou-Arbi forest; instead, the town's growth after independence in 1962 was mainly concentrated in two "wings" on each side of it.

To the south, former agricultural areas on the mountain slopes were built up with apartment buildings to form the new suburb Nouvelle-Ville, still surrounded by farmland on both sides. To the west, the relatively level Ladjenna (or "Les Jardins") area, with rocky coasts, consisted mainly of family gardens and small farms until the mid-twentieth century, but is now largely built up. It includes the tiny fishing port of El-Kouss; Cape Bengut, the northernmost land in the region, marked by a larger lighthouse; and the rock promontory of Sid El-Medjni. Further west, the village of Takdempt, at the mouth of the Sebaou river, remains marginally separated from Dellys proper.

The municipality has a total of 678 hectares of forest, most of it accounted for by Bou-Arbi above the old town (74 hectares, Aleppo pine), Assouaf above the Ladjennna suburb (50 hectares, thuya and degraded maquis), Achtoub (290 hectares, brush), and an area around Takdempt (250 hectares, brush).

Locations, districts and hamlets
In addition to its seat, Dellys proper, the Dellys District is composed of the following localities: Ain Salem, Takdempt, Sidi El Medjni, Ladjenna, Bordj Fnar, Beni Azeroual, L'Assouaf, Lemchachka, Thouabet, Boukmach, Bouafia, Brarat, Dar El Melh (Les Salines), Boumedas, Ouled Mahdjoub, Beni Amara, Tizeghouine, Dar Rabah, Ouled Sabeur, Chegga, Mezoudj, Houasna, Azrou, Afir, Amadhi, Thissira, Ifri Tamarth, Ivehlal (Bhalil), Thala Ayache, Thala Arousse, El Marssa Tofaha.

These are divided among three municipalities: Dellys itself, Aafir to the east, and Ben Choud to the south.

Postcode
From independence in 1962 to 1984, Dellys was part of the Wilaya of Tizi Ouzou, and each wilaya had a single postcode, in this case 15000.

After the administrative division of Algeria in 1984, Dellys was attached to the newly created wilaya of Boumerdès, whose postcodes started with 35; the Daïra of Dellys was indicated by a following 1 (351xx), its chief town (Dellys) with the number 0 (3510x), and its town centre with a further 0, giving the town centre of Dellys the complete postal code 35100.

In 2008, Dellys was given the new postcode 350043 as part of the restructuring undertaken by Algérie Poste.

Prehistoric
The Dellys area has been inhabited since prehistoric times; archeological finds in the area include Iberomaurusian remains, a Neolithic polished axe, and (at Takdempt) some dolmens and covered alleys.

Antiquity
Dellys first entered written history as the Phoenician colony of Rusucurru or Rusuccuru, known to the Greeks as Rhousoukkórrou (῾Ρουσουκκόρρου). (A few authorities instead identify the ancient Rusucurru with Tigzirt.)

Rusuccuru became part of the Roman Empire about 42 CE with Claudius' annexation of the Kingdom of Mauretania, and was subsequently promoted to the rank of municipium after the suppression of Aedemon's revolt. The town's regional importance in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis was sufficient that inscriptions in the nearest towns, Iomnium to the east (modern Tigzirt) and Cissi to the west (modern Djinet), were dedicated to Rusucurru's genius loci.

With the advent of Christianity, Rusucurru became a suffragan bishopric, variously known as Rusucurium, Rusucurrum, and Rhusuncorae; it was the birthplace of the Christian martyr Marciana (d. 303). The town survived Firmus' revolt in 373–375, as witnessed by attestations of the names of its later bishops:
 * Fortunatus (mentioned in 411)
 * Optatus (a Donatist mentioned in 411)
 * Ninellus (mentioned in 419)
 * Metcum (mentioned in 484, exiled by Huneric)

However, it disappears from written sources during later centuries.

Medieval
Under the name of Tedelles, the town reappears in the 12th century as the final refuge of the last Banu Sumadih emir of Almeria in Spain, Mu'izz ud-Dawla ibn Sumadih, who was granted land there by the Hammadid dynasty after fleeing the advance of the Almoravids.

After a period of prosperity, it was hard hit by the wars of the 14th century between the Hafsid, Merinid, and Zayyanid kingdoms, changing hands no less than 12 times between 1285 and 1373. The town (then in Zayyanid hands) was also sacked by a Valencian and Majorcan fleet in 1398, following a raid on Torreblanca.

After 1438, Dellys came under the rule of the Thaaliba family of Algiers.

Early Modern
With the arrival of Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa in the 16th century, Dellys became part of the Ottoman Empire; they initially made the town their eastern headquarters. The Casbah of Dellys in its current form dates back in large part to this period, while also reflecting earlier periods with its urbanistic styles.

French colonization
In 1830, France decided to invade. On 15 May that year, as their fleet prepared to attack, one French brig was shipwrecked near Dellys (main article: Shipwreck of Dellys). Within a couple of months France had occupied Algiers, beginning the process of French colonization of Algeria.

Dellys, however, would remain independent for a few years longer. The first French attack on the town came in 1837, in the wake of the First Battle of the Issers. In the same year, French expansion was temporarily put on hold by the Treaty of Tafna, in which France recognized Emir Abdelkader's authority over most of western Algeria. Areas east of Algiers, including Dellys, soon swore allegiance to Emir Abdelkader, who appointed Ahmed bin Salem to lead the district. In 1839 Emir Abdelkader visited Dellys in person as part of a tour of his eastern frontiers, urging the inhabitants to prepare themselves for war rather than to place their trust in saints' tombs. The war did indeed resume that very year, following a French violation of the treaty further south at the Iron Gates.

On 12 May 1844, French troops under the command of Bugeaud made a second assault on Dellys, finally occupying the town. A European quarter was then built immediately south of the Casbah. The town was bisected by the road which would eventually become the RN24. The troops turned the town's principal mosque into a military hospital on arrival, replacing it with a new one nearby which they completed in 1847.

In 1871, Cheikh Mokrani led much of eastern Algeria in an attempt to end French rule. The tribes surrounding the town of Dellys, the Beni-Thour and Beni-Slyem, joined in this revolt. On 22 April they laid siege to Dellys proper, where the French garrison managed to retain control with help from passing warships. On 18 May, a column led by Lallemand arrived from the west and broke the siege. In the wake of the revolt's failure, much of the agricultural land surrounding Dellys was confiscated and given to French settlers, notably at Sidi Daoud and Baghlia. Mokrani's defeat, and the hardships that followed it, marked the end of organized military resistance to French rule in the region for almost three generations.

Algerian Revolution
Like the rest of Algeria, Dellys was engulfed in the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962.

This commune saw the creation of several clandestine torture centers during the Algerian revolution:
 * Camp Gualota in the commune of Dellys.

Independence
Algeria became independent in 1962; during the following decades, the town grew substantially.

The 2003 Boumerdès earthquake caused significant damage, notably to the Casbah and Nouvelle-Ville.

On 8 September 2007, a suicide car bomb attack on the naval barracks in the port, claimed by AQIM, took at least 30 lives.

Health
The Dellys hospital is the main health structure in the municipality of Dellys. This public hospital establishment (E.P.H.) of Dellys has a technical capacity of 150 beds as well as an organized capacity of 162 beds distributed as follows:

 * Internal medicine (male/female): 67 beds.
 * Maternity/gynecology: 32 beds.
 * Pediatrics: 32 beds.
 * General surgery: 31 beds.

Transport and roads
Dellys is connected to the rest of the country through two main roads:
 * RN 24, a coastal road leading to Algiers in the west (via Djinet) and Bejaia in the east (via Aafir and Tigzirt)
 * RN 25, providing a southward connection via Baghlia to Tizi-Ouzou.

From 1894 to ca. 1935, a railway line connected Dellys to Mirabeau (modern Draâ Ben Khedda).

At present there are three long-distance bus destinations: Dellys-Algiers; Dellys-Boumerdes; and Dellys-Tizi Ouzou.

Economy
Dellys has an agricultural land and mixed port (fisheries and trade).

The port of Dellys, built in 1925, is now almost completely saturated with ships docking at its level. To remedy this situation, those in charge of the sector have decided to redevelop it.

In fact, in addition to the reinforcement work carried out after the 2003 earthquake, a dredging operation to correct its water level has been launched.

Its fleet is made up of 11 trawlers, 32 sardine boats and 150 small crafts.

Sports
As elsewhere in Algeria, football (soccer) is popular; Dellys-born footballers include Abderrahman Ibrir, former manager of the Algerian national team, and Rachid Nadji, a striker for MC Oran. The local team is the Union sportive de Dellys (USD); before independence, it was called the Association sportive de Dellys (ASD), founded in 1921. The town is equipped with a stadium capable of holding up to 7,000 people.

Ecclesiastical titles
Although no bishop has resided in Dellys for well over a millennium, and no church currently exists in the town, the Catholic Church nevertheless added the bishopric of Rusuccuru (the town's Latin name) to its list of titular sees in 1933. In Latin the titular bishopric is known as Rusuccurrensis.

The Ancient diocese has had the following incumbents, all Latin Church and of the lowest episcopal rank:
 * Dennis Walter Hickey (1968.01.05 – 1999.10.06)
 * Kevin Joseph Farrell (2001.12.28 – 2007.03.06)
 * Marek Mendyk, Auxiliary Bishop of Legnica (2008.12.24 – ...)

Notable people

 * Habib Ayyoub, writer
 * Abderrahmane Benhamida, former Minister of Education
 * Abderrahmane Hammad, athlete
 * Mokhtar Hasbellaoui, doctor
 * Abderrahman Ibrir, footballer
 * Marciana of Mauretania, Christian martyr
 * Rachid Nadji, footballer
 * Sidi Yahya al-Tadallisi al-Thaalibi, imam
 * Jean Raoux, general
 * Mu'izz ud-Dawla ibn Sumadih, ruler
 * Georges-Fernand Widal, physician
 * , Algerian footballer.

title: Dellys


text:
List of cities and towns in Uganda

This is a list of cities and towns in Uganda: The population data are for 2014, except where otherwise indicated. The references from which the estimated populations are sourced are listed in each article for the cities and towns where the population estimates are given.

Twenty largest cities by population
The following population numbers are from the August 2014 national census, as documented in the final report of November 2016, by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).

Cities
In May 2019, the Cabinet of Uganda approved the creation of 15 cities, in a phased manner, over the course of the next one to three years, as illustrated in the table below. The 7 of the 15 cities started operations on 1 July 2020 as approved by the Parliament of Uganda.

Municipalities
• # Abim - 17,400

• # Adjumani - 43,022

• # Alebtong - 15,100

• # Amolatar - 14,800

• # Amuria - 5,400

• # Amuru

• # Apac - 14,503

• # Arua - 62,657

• # Bombo - 26,370

• # Budaka - 23,834

• # Bugembe - 41,323

• # Bugiri - 29,013

• # Buikwe - 16,633

• # Bukedea - 13,900

• # Bukomansimbi - 9,900 (2012)

• # Bukungu - 19,033 (2013)

• # Buliisa - 28,100

• # Bundibugyo - 21,600

• # Busembatya - 15,700

• # Bushenyi - 41,063

• # Busia - 55,958

• # Busolwe - 16.730

• # Butaleja - 19,519

• # Buwenge - 22,074

• # Buyende - 23,039

• # Dokolo - 19,810

• # Elegu - 5,000 (2012)

• # Entebbe - 69,958

• # Fort Portal - 54,275

• # Gombe, Butambala - 15,196

• # Gulu - 152,276

• # Hima - 29,700

• # Hoima - 100,625

• # Ibanda - 31,316

• # Iganga - 53,870

• # Isingiro - 29,721

• # Jinja - 72,931

• # Kaabong - 23,900

• # Kabale - 49,667

• # Kaberamaido - 3,400

• # Kabuyanda - 16,325

• # Kabwohe - 20,300

• # Kagadi - 22,813

• # Kakinga - 22,151

• # Kakira - 32,819

• # Kakiri - 19,449

• # Kalangala - 5,200

• # Kaliro - 16,796

• # Kalisizo - 32,700

• # Kalongo - 15,000

• # Kalungu

• # Kampala - 1,659,600

• # Kamuli - 17,725

• # Kamwenge - 19,240

• # Kanoni

• # Kanungu - 15,138

• # Kapchorwa - 12,900

• # Kasese - 101,679

• # Katakwi - 8,400

• # Kayunga - 26,588

• # Kibaale - 7,600

• # Kibingo - 15,918

• # Kiboga - 19,591

• # Kihiihi - 20,349

• # Kira - 313,761

• # Kiruhura - 14,300 (2012)

• # Kiryandongo - 31,610

• # Kisoro - 17,561

• # Kitgum - 44,604

• # Koboko - 37,825

• # Kotido - 22,900

• # Kumi - 36,493

• # Kyazanga - 15,531

• # Kyegegwa - 18,729

• # Kyenjojo - 23,467

• # Kyotera - 9,000

• # Lira - 99,059

• # Lugazi - 39,483

• # Lukaya - 24,250

• # Luweero - 42,734

• # Lwakhakha - 10,700

• # Lwengo - 15,527

• # Lyantonde - 8,900

• # Malaba - 18,228

• # Manafwa - 15,800

• # Masaka - 103,829

• # Masindi - 94,622

• # Masindi Port - 10,400 (2009)

• # Masulita - 14,762

• # Matugga - 15,000 (2010)

• # Mayuge - 17,151

• # Mbale - 92,863

• # Mbarara - 195,013

• # Mitooma

• # Mityana - 48,002

• # Moroto - 14,818

• # Moyo - 23,700

• # Mpigi - 44,274

• # Mpondwe - 51,018

• # Mubende - 46,921

• # Mukono - 161,996

• # Mutukula - 15,000 (2009)

• # Nagongera - 11,800

• # Nakaseke - 8,600

• # Nakapiripirit - 2,800

• # Nakasongola - 7,800

• # Namayingo - 15,741

• # Namayumba - 15,205

• # Namutumba - 18,736

• # Nansana - 144,441

• # Nebbi - 34,975

• # Ngora - 15,086

• # Njeru - 159,549

• # Nkokonjeru - 14,000

• # Ntungamo - 18,854

• # Oyam - 14,500

• # Pader - 14,080

• # Paidha - 33,426

• # Pakwach - 22,360

• # Pallisa - 32,681

• # Rakai - 7,000

• # Rukungiri - 36,509

• # Rwimi - 16,256

• # Sanga - 5,200 (2012)

• # Sembabule - 4,800

• # Sironko - 18,884

• # Soroti - 49,452

• # Ssabagabo - 282,664

• # Tororo - 41,906

• # Wakiso - 60,911

• # Wobulenzi - 27,027

• # Yumbe - 35,606

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of cities and towns in Uganda


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The Saddle Club

The Saddle Club is an Australian-Canadian children's television series developed by Sarah Dodd, based on the books written by Bonnie Bryant. Like the book series, the scripted live action series follows the lives of three best friends in training to compete in equestrian competitions at the fictional Pine Hollow Stables, while dealing with problems in their personal lives. This series debuted in 2001 and ended in 2009.

Overview
The series revolves around the experiences of three girls, who form a club named "The Saddle Club" after recognizing their shared love for horse riding. Their rival is another young rider at the stables named Veronica DiAngelo.

Throughout the series, The Saddle Club navigates their rivalry with Veronica, training for competitions, horse shows, and the quotidian dramas that arise between friends and staff in the fictional Pine Hollow Stables. In each show, The Saddle Club prevails over its adversities, usually sending a message emphasizing the importance of friendship and teamwork.

Cast

 * Note: A grey cell indicates the character did not appear in that series.

Production
The original series was filmed in Yarra Valley, Victoria in Australia, but involved a cast of mixed nationalities.

In 2007, a news release announced a casting call and the production of a third series, which was filmed from late 2007 to early 2008. The third series was filmed in Daylesford, Victoria.

Broadcast
The show was broadcast from 2001 until 2009, with 78 episodes over three series. The third series broadcast from 7 September 2008 to 10 April 2009. Regionally, the cast of the television series released a series of music albums such as Friends Forever, On Top of the World, Secrets & Dreams and Hello World – The Best of the Saddle Club, and appeared in live performances such as the 2004 Sydney Royal Easter Show. A new Saddle Club CD, Best Friends, was sold in Australia in stores and on The Saddle Club's website and in the US and Canada as a digital download.

The popularity of the series soon after its premiere on YTV and the ABC promoted international syndication and it made its American debut in January 2002 on Discovery Kids.

In the United States, the series later aired on Horse Racing TV and was distributed independently by Connecticut Public Television and American Public Television through public television stations nationwide, most notably PBS. The series also briefly aired in reruns on The Hub.

In Canada, it aired on YTV, and in the United Kingdom on CITV, Horse & Country and Pop Girl. It was broadcast by the French children's specialty channel Gulli, dubbed into French.

Series 3 was broadcast on Discovery Kids in the United States starting on February 22, 2009, while sneak views has been shown on "Saddle Club Sundays" in December 2008. In Australia, the new series commenced on Channel Nine and WIN TV on March 7, 2009.

WIN Television airs a compilation movie of “Horse Shy”, “Mystery Weekend” and “School Horse” (episode 6-8 of series 1) every Christmas Day since 2017.

Australian Videos

 * The Saddle Club: Adventures At Pine Hollow (2001)
 * The Saddle Club: Horse Crazy (2002)
 * The Saddle Club: The Mane Event (2003)
 * The Saddle Club: The First Adventure (2003)
 * The Saddle Club: Friends Forever (2004)
 * The Saddle Club: Storm (2004)
 * The Saddle Club: Saving Pine Hollow (2005)

Australian DVDs

 * The Saddle Club: Adventures At Pine Hollow (2002)
 * The Saddle Club: Horse Crazy (2003)
 * The Saddle Club: The Mane Event (2003)
 * The Saddle Club: The First Adventure (2003)
 * The Saddle Club: Friends Forever (2004)
 * The Saddle Club: Storm (2004)
 * The Saddle Club: Saving Pine Hollow (2005)
 * The Saddle Club: Series 1 (2005)
 * The Saddle Club: Series 2 (2006)
 * The Saddle Club: The First Adventure (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: Adventures at Pine Hollow (2009 Re-release) - Released as "More Adventures at Pine Hollow"
 * The Saddle Club: Horse Crazy (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: The Mane Event (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: Friends Forever (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: Storm (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: Saving Pine Hollow (2009 Re-release)
 * The Saddle Club: Back in the Saddle (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Back in the Saddle (Handle Case) (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Horseback Riders (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Horseback Riders (Handle Case) (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Ride Free (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Staying the Distance (2010)
 * The Saddle Club: Happy Trails (2010)

Computer game

 * The Saddle Club: Willowbrook Stables (2002)
 * The Saddle Club (2010)

Extended plays

 * Special Mane Event (2004)

Read Along CD

 * The Saddle Club: Horse Sense (2002) – ABC Audio 3-hour, 3-CD set read by Lucy Bell

Albums
Singles
 * Planet Tokyo (2005) – Australia
 * He's Everything (2005) – Australia
 * Raw Beauty (2005) – Australia
 * Spin (2005) – Australia
 * Raw Beauty Acoustic Sessions (2005) – Australia
 * "Planet Tokyo" (2005) – No. 41 Australia
 * "He's Everything" (2005) – No. 40 Australia

Albums

 * Princess Veronica (2004)

Extended plays

 * Princess Veronica Tour (2004)

Singles

 * "Don't Ask Me" (2004) – No. 16 Australia

Singles

 * "Trouble" (2003) – No. 30 Australia

title: The Saddle Club


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Talk:Gerry Adams

Discussion relating to this article taking place
Please see Talk:Leader of Sinn Féin. Thank you. FDW777 (talk) 09:01, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Discussion now moved to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ireland. Thank you. FDW777 (talk) 16:16, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Following the discussion here consensus is to change this article to remove mentions of the "Leader of Sinn Féin in the Northern Ireland Assembly" position. FDW777 (talk) 09:02, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

Controversies?
Should the section on his family's history of abuse really be included under the "controversy" section? It feels really out of place. Controversy implies that he himself was criticized for his actions or views, as in the "n-word" fiasco. I would place it in a section on his family and background. I am not going to take any action myself, just a thought.--Óli Gneisti (talk) 11:09, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

Context on Adams' denial of IRA membership
Hi, let's discuss! There's no reason to think that Graham is an unreliable source. Any number of 'subject matter experts' have expressed the same view in writing, including those cited earlier in the section (Moloney, English). I don't know what the general view on this page on Radden Keefe's work is, but he discusses the same idea at length. From what I know the accuracy of his book has not been challenged, except by Adams and the like (which falls under the category of WP:MANDY). I'm not sure what the second half of your edit summary meant, so if you could expand on that that would be great. Ganesha811 (talk) 13:18, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

 * David A. Graham has no expertise in the subject area. What he's written is also inaccurate. Gerry Kelly was a Sinn Féin negotiator during the peace process, see for example this and this. His IRA background is not in dispute. Similarly Martin McGuinness was Sinn Féin chief negotiator during the peace process, see for example this and this. Although in later years he disputed the length of membership and the level of his seniority in the IRA, his IRA background is not in dispute. So it makes no sense for Graham to claim that Adams needed to deny IRA membership to be a credible negotiating partner, when two of Sinn Féin's negotiating team, including the chief negotiator, were convicted of IRA membership and/or activitity. Moloney deals with the denials in more sensible terms, stating that as Sinn Féin became more active and its election candidates, including Adams, were subjected to media questioning in particular Sinn Féin's links with the IRA and whether they were IRA members. Since answering "yes" to the latter question could lead to a five-year prison sentence, even for past membership, it is hardly surprising Sinn Féin candidates were instructed not to do so. The second half of my edit summary is a nod to WP:BLPCRIME, we state the allegation, and that Adams denies it. We don't need to try and hammer home his alleged guilt by claiming his denial is "plainly ridiculous". FDW777 (talk) 13:58, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * , fair enough, and you make good points. I think it would be helpful to add some of this information to the section to make clear to readers why it is in Adams' interest to deny he was in the IRA despite widespread evidence of membership, as that is the obvious question that may come to mind when reading the article. Ganesha811 (talk) 16:31, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * While I understand the desire to add context to the denial, it's very problematic due to WP:BLPCRIME. As a living person, Adams is innocent until proven guilty. So I really don't see how to add context to the denial in a "he says he wasn't in the IRA, but he was really" type way while still being compliant with BLPCRIME. FDW777 (talk) 07:22, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * , fair enough. But the question of whether Adams was in the IRA is not exactly obscure - it's been a widespread topic of discussion in reliable sources. I think the approach has to be to cover it using those sources - accurately conveying what reliable sources have said about his denial, while not using Wikipedia's voice to make accusations or analyze the situation directly. Focus on the statements of subject matter experts. It is tricky, though, and I understand your desire for caution. Ganesha811 (talk) 13:28, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The article does cover his alleged IRA membership, but I still don't see how to get involved in analysis of his denial without violating BLPCRIME. FDW777 (talk) 15:21, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Regarding historic membership and prosecutions see for example Ivor Bell was was charged with historic IRA membership in 2014 (despite being expelleed from the IRA in the mid-1980s, see here). Similarly Kieran Conway would only travel to England to give evidence at an inquest if he was assured he wouldn't be prosecuted for past IRA membership. FDW777 (talk) 14:16, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Controversy
This article has a controversy section that contains information about one single tweet containing the n-word. I‘m not saying that isn’t relevant, but we’re talking about one of the most controversial figures in the 20th century here. The tweet seems a bit ridiculous compared to all of the controversy around his potential IRA membership, the condolence of violence etc. I realise that information is in the other sections but this seems a bit strange. I think either the IRA stuff should be also referenced in the Controversy section or that section should be renamed to something like recent controversies. 95.222.53.72 (talk) 18:44, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

Low value sources
As I have pointed out, there is no need accusations from primary references to be included when we already cite much more reliable secondary references, who have listened to what people like Price, Hughes et al say and made their determination accordingly. This is a position backed up by the request for comment at Talk:Gerry Adams/Archive 3, in particular "I can see citing a couple instances as examples of evidence and leaving the rest as references, but a laundry list of purported evidence does not belong here" and "Yes, exactly. It's a notable allegation denied by the subject, we should present it in those terms, in the simplest way possible and using the two or three best sources, and leave it at that" (which were the only responses!). "Person x says so too" adds nothing of value to what the article already says. FDW777 (talk) 13:30, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * User:FDW777 they are different allegations by different people in a RS and so worthy of inclusion. You do seem very keen to remove allegations of Adams' IRA involvement: . A discussion from 2007 doesn't necessarily represent current consensus. Mztourist (talk) 06:52, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No, they are the same allegation. You might also want to look at the history of this article, and see exactly who it is that fleshed out the section here so it became more about Adams' alleged trajectory through the IRA and less of a "this person says he was in the IRA, and so does this person, and this person, and this person, and this person" to the point of tedium. FDW777 (talk) 15:26, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Come on, man. Readers should be able to see what actual IRA members say about Adams' involvement. Anything less is just whitewashing. Jessintime (talk) 17:16, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * See the request for comment regarding laundry lists of accusers/evidence. Think differently? Start a new request for comment. FDW777 (talk) 14:25, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I've removed what can only be described as a "laundry list" of additonal accusers, which flew in the face of the "using the two or three best sources" reply during the request for comment. Also I have removed the following addition, pending discussuion.

 * Almost all academics and researchers agree Adams was in the IRA and on his history in the organisation. They concur that he joined the IRA in the 1960s, was OC of the 2nd battalion of the Belfast Brigade from 1971-1972, became adjutant for the brigade in 1972, and had become OC of the brigade by 1973. Many also believe that Adams went on to become a key figure in the IRA's senior leadership, and that he joined the IRA Army Council in 1977 and remained in it for a significant period.

 * This is essentially redundant to the current content, since it makes no sense to list many academics and researchers, then hammer it home with "Almost all academics and researchers agree Adams was in the IRA and on his history in the organisation". If anything, I believe this should replace the current text not be used in addition to it. However without qutes from the sources cited I am unable to say if they cover the entirety of the existing text, so if quotes can be provided that would be helpful.

 * Per WP:ONUS please do not restore this text, especially since it has been the subject of a request for comment. Kathleen's bike (talk) 14:27, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gerry Adams


text:
Talk:Birmingham Six

Granada Television documentaries
I note that anonymous IP 188.141.15.253 is making a concerted effort to remove details of the two Granada Television documentaries on this subject. These are major and entirely legitimate productions from a major UK broadcaster. To frame their inclusion on this page as "commercial spam" is utterly preposterous. Any further vandalism of this section will be treated accordingly. Nick Cooper (talk) 17:15, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * While the material appears worthy of inclusion, reliable sources are needed in order to prove that it is in fact not spam. If such sources cannot be incorporated into the article within a reasonable amount of time, the material should be removed. —Eustress talk 18:47, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but what exactly are you asking for citations of? Are you disputing that these programmes were actually made?  Who Bombed Birmingham? dramatises Chris Mullin MP's work with World in Action already mentioned on the page, and was made by the same broadcaster. Significant documentaries/dramatisations are mentioned on numerous WIkipedia pages, as appropriate, but I don't see the demand for this level of scrutiny being applied to them. Nick Cooper (talk) 18:53, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Ideally, all material on Wikipedia would be supported by reliable citations, but when the material is called into question (in this case, the anonymous editor believes they constitute spam), they become necessary. The quickest way to assuage WP:SPAMMER is to incorporate reliable sources: Award the 1991 documentary won? Proof that the 1990 documentary was about these bombings and not others? Citation that it was repackaged as "The Investigation"? —Eustress talk 19:08, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you serious? The section on Who Bombed Birmingham? has been on this page for over three years, and nobody has tried to suggest that it was not about the Birmingham Six! As to the alternate title, that's what it's listed on IMDB and, what it was released on DVD in the US as. Nick Cooper (talk) 19:20, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Section now cited. I await demands for comparable scrutiny of similar material on other pages. Nick Cooper (talk)

 * I am reverting the section because I don't see any justification for deleting the cast and production team information, nor the original UK transmission date, especially when later US date remained intact. The same applies to the broadcast date of the follow-up World in Action Special. It also seems bizarre to delete the exact details of the latter's DVD release, since such information is routinely included on WIkipedia pages, and we should not pander to 188.141.15.253's bizarre and spurious cry of "commercial spam."

 * Finally, the section heading of "Granada Television Productions" is more appropriate, because it is specifically dealing with programmes made by that broadcaster, and no others. As with the earlier editions of World in Action mentioned in the narrative events, Who Bombed Birmingham? is widely acknowleded as having had an influence on the events the page deals with, so to marginalise them is a gross misrepresenation. Granada's role was frequently noted in Parliament (e.g., , , ), not least that the original WiA programme which disputed the work of forensic scientist Frank Skuse, prompted not only the initial Home Office investigation, but also Skuse's sudden early retirement (at only 50) just three days after the broadcast.. Who Bombed Birmingham? was similarly discussed in Parliament, especially in the context of Granada passing corroborating evidence to the Home Office after the broadcast. Granada's active and influential role is also acknowledged here, here, here, here, and here. Nick Cooper (talk) 10:26, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. The section violates WP:UNDUE, going into unnecessary detail and supporting the anon's claim that this resembles spam. If this documentary is as notable as you claim, you should create Who Bombed Birmingham? and put the detail there. (This would actually be the preferred solution since the content is duplicated in Birmingham pub bombings.) The rationale for naming the section "Media attention" instead of "GT productions" is to show its relation to the article's subject and to facilitate future growth of the section. —Eustress talk 16:09, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It is categorically not undue weight, given the wide acknowledgement that the Granada productions had a direct bearing on how the case actually developed. Granada's work should not be marginalised as general detached media coverage, because it wasn't, and that's the reason it merits a section of its own. They were inextricably part of the process that led to the eventual release of the Six. Clearly these programmes are notable, as per the numerous references I've already provided, not least because they directly provoked debate and discussion in Parliament. Do I actually have to explain the significance of that? The duplication on Birmingham pub bombings is a red herring, given that that page deals with the event and its after effects, while this one is about the Birmingham Six, who would not have been released as early as they were - if at all - without the Granada productions. I remain mystified by the "spam" claim. Nick Cooper (talk) 17:38, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Two things. 1. Keep an eye on this page, it keeps getting vandalised 2. Nobody cares about your wiki turf war, if it's relevant it's relevant. Keep the Granada thing in —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.105.80.229 (talk) 17:02, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Reference
Hi Egghead, I've added a reference. Gob Lofa (talk) 13:59, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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. . . who had accidentally killed himself while planting a bomb . ..
Suggested rewrite: . . . who was a victim of his own bomb attack. . . (Pamour (talk) 20:19, 19 July 2018 (UTC)).
 * Oppose. He was killed whilst planting it, which correctly implies that it didn't go off as planned, and doesn't imply (incorrectly) that the IRA were using suicide bombers. Andy Dingley (talk) 21:20, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Per AD. People who get blown up by their own bombs =/= suicide bombers.  serial   # 09:12, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Use of "Irishmen" in lead
At present the lead reads "The Birmingham Six were six Irishmen who were each sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975...". The use of "Irishmen" seems somewhat improper here, as to the best of my knowledge the term has been deprecated for some time, and so I'd appreciate some thoughts on whether it should be replaced. I'd considered using "men from Northern Ireland", noting their birthplaces, but I fear this may be controversial – while the alternative "men from Ireland" could be regarded as inaccurate.

I also think that the lead should mention that the men were tried and sentenced in the UK, or even better England specifically (being the jurisdiction), as at the moment this isn't directly specified in the article at all. Thanks. XAM2175 (T) 16:17, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birmingham Six


text:
List of cities and towns in Suriname

This is a list of cities and towns in Suriname:

 * Abenaston
 * Albina
 * Alfonsdorp
 * Alliance
 * Anapaike
 * Apetina
 * Apoera
 * Aurora
 * Batavia
 * Benzdorp
 * Berg en Dal
 * Berlijn
 * Bitagron
 * Boskamp
 * Boslanti
 * Botopasi
 * Brokopondo
 * Brownsweg
 * Cabendadorp
 * Cassipora
 * Corneliskondre
 * Cottica
 * Djumu
 * Donderskamp
 * Friendship
 * Goddo
 * Groningen
 * Hollandse Kamp
 * Jenny
 * Kalebaskreek
 * Kasuela (disputed)
 * Kajana
 * Koewarasan
 * Kwakoegron
 * Kwamalasamutu
 * Lelydorp
 * Lebidoti
 * Manlobi
 * Mary's Hope
 * Matta
 * Moengo
 * Mora kondre
 * Nason
 * Nieuw Amsterdam
 * Nieuw Jacobkondre
 * Nieuw Nickerie
 * Onverdacht
 * Onverwacht
 * Paramaribo (Capital and largest city)
 * Paranam
 * Pelelu Tepu
 * Pikin Saron
 * Pokigron
 * Pontoetoe
 * Powakka
 * Redi Doti
 * Ricanau Mofo
 * Snesiekondre
 * Totness
 * Uitkijk
 * Villa Brazil
 * Wageningen
 * Wanhatti
 * Washabo
 * Witsanti
 * Zanderij

title: List of cities and towns in Suriname


text:
Barry Green

Barry Green is an American orchestral and solo double bass player and teacher. He was the principal bassist for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. He has developed and publicized his own method for double bass.

Works
He has published three instructional books, The Inner Game of Music (Doubleday, 1986-over 250,000 copies sold ), The Mastery of Music: Ten Pathways to True Artistry (Broadway Books 2003), and Bringing Music to Life (2009 GIA Music). Also, he has published a DVD on The Inner Game of Music (U. of Wisconsin-Clinics on cassette) and Bringing Music to Life (2009 GIA Music). In addition, he has released seven Inner Game of Music Workbooks for band, orchestra, small ensembles, keyboard, voice and all instruments in C and transposing keys plus a workbook for SEBSEQUA (Barber Shop and Sweet Adelines choruses).

His bass methods include The Popular Bass Method (with Jeff Neighbor) and Advanced Techniques of Double Bass Playing. He has seven solo LPs and three solo CDs, including, most recently, Live from St. Croix with Barry Green and James Hart and Ole-Cool with accompanying colleagues from Spain and America, and Seat of the Pants (music of Lenny Carlson).

He taught bass and music for the San Francisco Symphony Education Department and still teaches at The University of California, Santa Cruz. He is a former Executive Director of the International Society of Bassists (1975-1981) and is the founder of the Northern California Bass Club. In San Diego, Green is active performing and directing unique concert programs for the public including a narrative story of Anna's Way with text by Alan Scofield with solo bass, piano, percussion, narrator and background visuals. He tours extensively with this uniquely powerful and emotional story of the tai chi Master and his apprentice-15-year-old female bass prodigy.

He performs on Evanescence's Synthesis and on numerous albums with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra.

title: Barry Green


text:
Berthierville

Berthierville (also called Berthier-en-haut, and legally called Berthier before 1942) is a town located between Montreal and Trois-Rivières on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada. Berthierville is the seat of D'Autray Regional County Municipality, and is served by Autoroute 40, and is the junction of Routes 138 and 158. It is surrounded by the parish municipality of Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier.

The Marie Reine du Canada Pilgrimage column stops at the church of Sainte-Geneviève de Berthierville for Mass on the first day of its three-day walk from Lanoraie to Cap-de-la-Madeleine.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Berthierville had a population of $4,386$ living in $2,166$ of its $2,225$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $4,189$. With a land area of 6.77 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend:
 * Population in 2011: 4091 (2006 to 2011 population change: 2.1%)
 * Population in 2006: 4007
 * Population in 2001: 3939
 * Population in 1996: 3952
 * Population in 1991: 3854

Mother tongue:
 * English as first language: 0.3%
 * French as first language: 96.5%
 * English and French as first language: 0.3%
 * Other as first language: 3.0%

Education
Centre de services scolaire des Samares, formerly the Commission scolaire des Samares, operates francophone public schools, including:
 * École secondaire Pierre-de-Lestage
 * École du Chemin-du-Roy
 * pavillon maternelle Sainte-Geneviève
 * pavillon Sainte-Geneviève
 * pavillon Saint-Joseph
 * École de l'Île Saint-Ignace (currently in Berthierville)

The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates anglophone public schools, including:
 * Joliette Elementary School in Saint-Charles-Borromée
 * Joliette High School in Joliette

Notable people

 * Alexis St. Martin, Gastrointestinal experimentation pioneer
 * Gilles Villeneuve, Formula One race car driver
 * Jacques Villeneuve (born 1953), racing driver
 * Aristide Blais, Canadian Senator for Alberta
 * Richard Landry, architect

title: Berthierville


text:
Rodney Slatford

Rodney Slatford OBE (born 18 July 1944) is an English contemporary double bass player and teacher. He was the principal bass player of the Midland Sinfonia, Academy of St. Martin in the Fields, and English Chamber Orchestra, a founder of the Nash Ensemble, and has been a principal player in other early music ensembles. He is also a publisher of sheet music for double bass. He had studied with Adrian Beers and wrote his obituary in The Independent.

title: Rodney Slatford


text:
Viktor Khristenko

Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (Виктор Борисович Христенко; born 28 August 1957) is a Russian politician who was chairman of the board of the Eurasian Economic Commission from 1 February 2012 to 1 February 2016. He was First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia from 31 May 1999 to 10 January 2000 and Minister of Industry from 9 March 2004 to 31 January 2012.

Early life and education
Khristenko was born in Chelyabinsk on 28 August 1957. Kristenko graduated in 1979 from Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute with a specialization in construction management and Economics. In 1983, he completed his Candidate of Sciences in Management at the Moscow Institute of Management. Khristenko has acknowledged the influence of Georgy Shchedrovitsky in his approach to management. He contributed three chapters to Methodological School of Management, a book based on the work of Shchedrovitsky's Moscow Methodological Circle and its successors.

Ministerial posts in the Yeltsin Presidency
In 1998, Viktor Khristenko was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister for Economy and Finance in Sergei Kiriyenko's Cabinet. Described as a "little-known reformist", his appointment drew quite some attention as it was seen as a sign towards economic reform under the Yeltsin Presidency. He however didn't survive the government reshuffling under the following Prime Minister Primakov. From 1999 until early 2000, he was however appointed to Vladimir Putin's First Cabinet serving as First Deputy Prime Minister.

Ministerial posts in the Putin Presidency
In February 2004, Khristenko briefly served as the acting Prime Minister of Russia, when President Vladimir Putin fired Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov on 24 February 2004.

Khristenko was described as a "broadly reformist technocrat," who had shown "loyalty mixed with extreme caution," unlike the outgoing prime minister who had "openly disagreed with Mr Putin several times, criticizing the criminal investigations into the owners of Yukos. The Washington Post called Kasyanov "the most powerful ally of big business remaining in the Russian government." Khristenko, 46 at the time, was promoted from deputy prime minister to acting prime minister. Putin commented that Kasyanov's ousting was not related to the results of the government's activities, which he characterized as positive, but rather was caused by a necessity to once again confirm his position, which would guide the development of the country after 14 March 2004.

Two weeks ahead of the 2004 presidential election, Putin however nominated Mikhail Fradkov to become the next prime minister, four days later to be confirmed by the State Duma. On 9 March 2004, Kristenko was appointed Minister of Industry and Trade instead, a post which he held until 31 January 2012.

Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission
Khristenko became the first Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission, which started operations in February 2012. He resigned on 1 February 2016.

Personal life
Khristenko's second wife, Tatyana Golikova, was Minister of Health and Social Development from 2007 to 2012. They married in 2003.

Honours and awards

 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
 * 3rd class (3 October 2007) - for his great personal contribution to the economic policy of the state and many years of fruitful activity
 * 4th class (28 August 2006) - for his great personal contribution to the development of technical and economic cooperation between the states
 * Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2009)
 * Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation
 * Diploma of the Russian Federation Government
 * Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 1st class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2010)
 * Order of Friendship, 2nd class (Kazakhstan, 2002)

title: Viktor Khristenko


text:
List of cities in Eswatini

This is a list of cities and towns in Eswatini. The table below also includes the population and region information.

title: List of cities in Eswatini


text:
Green Lake, Seattle

Green Lake is a neighborhood in north central Seattle, Washington. Its centerpiece is the lake and park after which it is named.

Its generally accepted boundaries are Interstate 5 to the east, beyond which lie Roosevelt and Maple Leaf; N 85th Street to the north, beyond which lies the neighborhood North College Park/Licton Springs; Aurora Avenue N (State Route 99) to the west, beyond which lies Phinney Ridge and Greenwood, and N 60th Street and Woodland Park to the south, beyond which lies Wallingford.

Its main thoroughfares are the circumferential road around the lake, known at different points as East Green Lake Way N, East Green Lake Drive N, West Green Lake Drive N, Aurora Avenue N, and West Green Lake Way N; N 65th, N 71st, and N 80th Streets (east- and westbound); Wallingford Avenue N and 1st, 5th, Latona, and Woodlawn Avenues NE (generally north- and southbound but following the contours of the shoreline at some points); Green Lake Drive N and NE Ravenna Boulevard (northwest- and southeast-bound); and Winona Avenue N (northeast- and southwest-bound).

David Phillips surveyed the Green Lake area in September 1855 for the United States Surveyor General. The first settler was Erhart Seifried with a 132 acre homestead on the northeast shore of the lake in 1869. In 1891 a trolley line was extended from Fremont along the eastern shore and around the northern end of Green Lake. Also in 1891, Green Lake was annexed to Seattle.

There is an extensive variety of housing types in Green Lake. Since 1995, the neighborhood has undergone significant redevelopment. Many houses have been completely remodeled and enlarged, often with the addition of another floor. This is a consequence of Green Lake's easy access to Downtown via both Interstate 5 and Aurora Avenue N.

The Green Lake Library, a Carnegie library that occupies 5000 sqft and cost $35,000 to build, was opened in 1910. In 1999 the library held 54,000 catalogued items. The library was closed during 2003 for remodeling and reopened in March 2004. It is part of the Seattle Public Library system.

Prior to the 1991 redistricting, Green Lake formed the center of Washington's 32nd Legislative District. The well-organized and rather left-leaning Democratic Party organization of that district was widely known both to friend and foe alike as "the Soviet of Green Lake", possibly an allusion to James Farley's legendary (though possibly apocryphal) 1930s remark "there are 47 States in the Union, and the Soviet of Washington".

Green Lake is home to Green Lake Elementary School, Daniel Bagley Elementary School, Bishop Blanchet High School, and Seattle Parks and Recreation Department's Green Lake Small Craft Center (GLSCC). GLSCC is the site of both Green Lake Crew, a public rowing program, and the Seattle Canoe and Kayak Club.

There is also a 2.8-mile path around the lake for runners, bikers, skaters and walkers. Many others use the athletic fields or visit the park for boating, picnics and swimming.

Landmarks
Green Lake Library is an officially designated Seattle landmark. Other, unofficial landmarks include:
 * Beth's Cafe a notable restaurant in the Green Lake neighborhood since 1954
 * Colson House is a historic house constructed in 1904 by Charles and Sophie Colson.

title: Green Lake, Seattle


text:
List of cities and towns in Saint Kitts and Nevis

This is a list of cities and towns in Saint Kitts and Nevis. For convenience, the list is organized by parishes, which are the administrative units of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Note that the majority of these settlements, especially on Nevis, are small and would usually be considered to be villages rather than towns.

Notes and references
ORDNANCE SURVEY, GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1984, Nevis, with part of St. Christopher (Saint Kitts). Series E803 (D.O.S. 343), Sheet NEVIS, Edition 5 O.S.D. 1984. Reprinted in 1995, published by the Government of the United Kingdom (Ordnance Survey) for the Government of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) and Nevis.


text:
François Rabbath

François Rabbath (born 1931 in Aleppo, Syria) is a contemporary French double-bass virtuoso, soloist, and composer.

Career
Rabbath was born into a Syrian family of musicians but his only instruction came from a book written by a Parisian bassist Edouard Nanny. In 1955 he went to Paris, hoping to meet Nanny, who had died nearly ten years prior to his arrival, but he continued to study, and in 1964 recorded for the first time.

He is a virtuoso player, and he has inspired a large cadre of bassists from disparate musical genres and continues to travel the world as a soloist and clinician.

In 1977 Rabbath began a collaboration with American composer Frank Proto. Proto has written five major works for double bass and orchestra especially for Rabbath who has premiered and recorded them all. Included are two of the most often-performed works in the double bass repertoire: A Carmen Fantasy and Nine Variants on Paganini. both for double bass and orchestra.

Rabbath's major contribution to the field of bass pedagogy is represented in the three-volume Nouvelle technique de la contrebasse. The main differences in Rabbath's approach from that of the double bass method of Franz Simandl is Rabbath's use of the left hand and his detailed attention to the bow arm. In Simandl's system, first position (below thumb position) encompasses only a whole step. In Rabbath's method, the entire fingerboard is divided into only six positions, defined by the location of natural harmonics on the strings. Playing the bass with six positions is possible by using a technique called pivoting.

Pivots are often mistakenly called extensions or shifts. An extension is a widening of the hand to reach a new note (as outlined by Zimmermann). A pivot is a rocking of the hand to reach a new note where the thumb remains stationary but all fingers gain the technical freedom to move anywhere else possible/required. Pivots thus enable the fusing of several different positions at once.

By placing the thumb in an appropriate place and just rocking the hand back and forth the player can use for example Simandl's half, 1st, and 2nd positions without the need for shifts. Usually, the thumb should be relatively behind the index finger or closer to the middle finger (when not in thumb position) so the bassist can fully utilize the weight of the left arm and have a very free pivot. The reason a pivot is not a shift is because the thumb does not move either on the string or behind the neck. A shift requires that the whole hand moves and results in a change of position.

Another technique used by Francois Rabbath is the crab technique, named for the way the hand movement resembles a crab's sideways walking. The technique is outlined in the third volume of the rabbath method and allows for part of the hand to move while the other part remains and vice versa – in this way the hand can move up and down the string in certain passages without ever fully shifting. Rabbath is not the first person to use the Crab Technique but he is the first double bassist to name it and give it a thorough full technical exploration.

For example, similar exercises are found on the first page of Franco Petracchi's Simplifed Higher Technique. Some small examples can be found in method books such as Simandl, but it is a point of contention whether these were intended as crabs or shifts as they do not contain textual explanations.

Notable students and associates

 * John Clayton
 * Paul Ellison
 * Renaud Garcia-Fons
 * Rufus Reid
 * Hal Robinson
 * George Vance

title: François Rabbath


text:
List of body horror media

Body horror, biological horror, organic horror or visceral horror is horror fiction in which the horror is principally derived from the unnatural graphic transformation, degeneration or destruction of the physical body. Such works may deal with decay, disease, deformity, parasitism, mutation or mutilation. Other types of body horror include unnatural movements or the anatomically incorrect placement of limbs to create "monsters" from human body parts. David Cronenberg, Frank Henenlotter, Brian Yuzna, Stuart Gordon, Lloyd Kaufman, and Clive Barker are notable directors of this genre. The term body horror was coined with the "Body Horror" theme issue of the University of Glasgow film journal Screen (vol. 27, no. 1, January–February 1986), which contains several essays on the subject.

Notable writers
In his introduction to The Mammoth Book of Body Horror, the film director Stuart Gordon says that "Body Horror has been with us since long before there were movies". According to the summary of this anthology, the important writers of Body Horror are :

 * Mary Shelley
 * Edgar Allan Poe
 * H. P. Lovecraft
 * John W. Campbell
 * George Langelaan
 * Richard Matheson
 * Stephen King
 * Clive Barker
 * Robert Bloch
 * Ramsey Campbell
 * Brian Lumley
 * Nancy A. Collins
 * Richard Christian Matheson
 * Michael Marshall Smith
 * Neil Gaiman
 * James Herbert
 * Christopher Fowler
 * Alice Henderson
 * Graham Masterton
 * Gemma Files
 * Simon Clark
 * Barbie Wilde
 * David Moody
 * Axelle Carolyn
 * Tony Vilgotsky
 * H. G. Wells
 * Harlan Ellison

But others names could be quoted, according to Xavier Aldana Reyes in his book Body Gothic :

 * Poppy Z. Brite
 * Kathe Koja
 * Dennis Cooper
 * Bret Easton Ellis

Use in video games
In recent years, the subjects of human experimentation, medical research, and infection have played large roles in video games whose plots are heavily influenced by themes common in body horror.

title: List of body horror media


text:
Larder Lake, Ontario

Larder Lake is an incorporated municipal township and eponymous constituent dispersed rural community in Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is located along Ontario Highway 66 and Ontario Highway 624 at the north-western part of the lake bearing the same name. The area of the township is 229.65 km2 and includes the geographic townships of Hearst, McVittie and Skead.

Located within the "Larder Lake-Cadillac Fault Zone", a geologic region rich in precious metals, the town was the site of the first gold rush in northeastern Ontario.

History
Gold in the area was originally reported in the late 1800’s by Chief Ignace Tonené of the Temagami First Nation. He staked a claim near the north arm of Larder Lake but claimed it was stolen. He reported it, but Indian Affairs was unable to help. Chief Tonenè Lake was named in his honour.

The discovery of silver in Cobalt, Ontario in 1903 led prospectors to search across northern Ontario for new finds. The discovery of gold led to 4,000 claims by the winter of 1906 and the eventual development of the Omega (1936-1947), Chesterville gold mine (1938-1952), and Kerr Addison gold mines (started in 1936). H.L. Kerr explored the Larder Lake area in 1904, but did not find gold. He returned with his partner Bill Addison in 1906, and discovered traces of gold near the north arm of Larder Lake, next to Robert Reddick's claims. Within months, 40 gold mining companies were established, and there was tremendous optimism and financial speculation. A mining investment company published an advertisement in the Ottawa Citizen in 1907 stating: "The Larder Lake district is believed to be the richest gold country ever known, and it is just now being opened up. Soon will commence the most tremendous outpouring of gold known to civilization." Three-thousand men made their way to the area via canoe and portage to look for work, settling in a camp known as "Larder City". Excitement led to disappointment, as no large deposits of gold were found, and most of the town was abandoned by 1911. The Kerr-Addison Gold Mine, between 1907 and 1911, was able to produce just $314 worth of gold, though that small output was used to mint Canada's first $5 gold pieces.

In 1936, a large gold deposit was discovered in Larder Lake, leading to the establishment of several productive mines. In total 13 million ounces of gold were produced in the area.

Ontario Highway 66 was built in the 1930s to connect the various mining towns in the region. The highway connected Larder Lake to Kirkland Lake in the west, and to other mining communities to the east. The section between Kirkland Lake and Larder Lake was paved in 1944.

In 1937, a boat traveling across Larder Lake to Miller Island on a fishing expedition capsized, killing all 7 on board. Searchers discovered the boat filled with water, and slowly began to recover bodies. The boat's captain, John C. Skinner, Chief Engineer of the Lake Shore Mining Company, had been warned by a forest ranger that the weather conditions were too dangerous for the journey.

The Lakeshore Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1938. Guests lost all their belongings, though no injuries were reported.

By 1941, labourers at Larder Lake's Omega Gold Mine were earning $4.64 per day, and the mine captain was earning $8.70 per day. Omega was awarded the John T. Ryan Trophy in 1943 by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum for having the lowest accident frequency in Canada during the previous year.

The Catholic church in Larder Lake caught fire in 1947, just moments after Sunday mass. No injuries were reported, though all sacred vessels, organ drapes, vestments and pews were destroyed.

In 1952, the Larder Lake Fire Department took first place in a regional competition of the Timiskaming Firemen's Association, beating 22 other fire brigades.

Larder Lake's train station, located north-east of the town, was the site of a large robbery in 1965. Five gold bars worth $165,000 were awaiting shipment to the mint in Ottawa, when 4 armed men broke in. A float plane in Larder Lake was believed used in the getaway.

A damaging storm moved through northeastern Ontario on July 17, 2006, bringing with it winds of 120 km/h to 150 km/h. Approximately 1904 ha of forest southwest of Larder Lake suffered blowdown.

The 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay passed through Larder Lake on January 1, 2010.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Larder Lake had a population of $745$ living in $352$ of its $440$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $730$. With a land area of 227.62 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Larder Lake, Ontario


text:
DECstation

The DECstation was a brand of computers used by DEC, and refers to three distinct lines of computer systems—the first released in 1978 as a word processing system, and the latter (more widely known) two both released in 1989. These comprised a range of computer workstations based on the MIPS architecture and a range of PC compatibles. The MIPS-based workstations ran ULTRIX, a DEC-proprietary version of UNIX, and early releases of OSF/1.

DECstation 78
The first line of computer systems given the DECstation name were word processing systems based on the PDP-8. These systems, built into a VT52 terminal, were also known as the VT78.

History
The second (and completely unrelated) line of DECstations began with the DECstation 3100, which was released on 11 January 1989. The DECstation 3100 was the first commercially available RISC-based machine built by DEC.

This line of DECstations was the fruit of an advanced development skunkworks project carried out in DEC's Palo Alto Hamilton Ave facility. Known as the PMAX project, its focus was to produce a computer systems family with the economics and performance to compete against the likes of Sun Microsystems and other RISC-based UNIX platforms of the day. The brainchild of James Billmaier, Mario Pagliaro, Armando Stettner and Joseph DiNucci, the systems family was to also employ a truly RISC-based architecture when compared to the heavier and very CISC VAX or the then still under development PRISM architectures. At the time DEC was mostly known for their CISC systems including the successful PDP-11 and VAX lines.

Several architectures were considered from Intel, Motorola and others but the group quickly selected the MIPS line of microprocessors. The (early) MIPS microprocessors supported both big- and little-endian modes (configured during hardware reset). Little-endian mode was chosen both to match the byte ordering of VAX-based systems and the growing number of Intel-based PCs and computers.

In contrast to the VAX and the later DEC Alpha architectures, the DECstation 3100 and family were specifically designed and built to run a UNIX system, ULTRIX, and no version of the VMS operating system was ever released for DECstations. One of the issues being debated at the project's inception was whether or not DEC could sustain, grow, and compete with an architecture it did not invent or own (manage). As the core advocates later left the company, the MIPS-based line of computers was shut down in favor of the Alpha-based computers, a DEC invented and owned architecture, descended from the PRISM development work.

The first generation of commercially marketed DEC Alpha systems, the DEC 3000 AXP series, were similar in some respects to contemporaneous MIPS-based DECstations, which were sold alongside the Alpha systems as the DECstation line was gradually phased out. Both used the TURBOchannel expansion bus for video and network cards, as well as being sold with the same TURBOchannel option modules, mice, monitors, and keyboards.

Later DECstations planned to be based on the ECL-based R6000 were canceled on 14 August 1990 after Bipolar Integrated Technology failed to deliver sufficient volumes of the microprocessor, which was difficult to fabricate. Yields of the R6000 were further reduced as DEC required the little-endian mode used from the beginning to continue to be available.

The MIPS-based DECstations were used as the first target system and development platform for the Mach microkernel, as well as early development of the Windows NT operating system. More recently, various free operating systems such as NetBSD and Linux/MIPS have been ported to the MIPS-based DECstations, extending their useful life by providing a modern operating system.

DEC originally planned to introduce OSF/1 as its chosen Unix product, starting with a 1.0 version in March 1992 that promised to offer several enhancements over ULTRIX, albeit with some deficiencies that were meant to be fixed in a 2.0 version scheduled for the summer of that year. However, during a period of strategic uncertainty only weeks later in 1992, DEC appeared to abandon plans to officially provide OSF/1 on MIPS-based DECstations, instead re-emphasising ULTRIX for these models whilst intending to offer OSF/1 for the company's impending Alpha-based product lines. At this time, the DECstation 2100, 3100, 3100S, 5000–120, 5000–125 and 5000–200 models were stated as being able to run OSF/1, along with certain DECsystem models.

User dissatisfaction with the decision, driven by uncertainty about the future of the MIPS-based DECstations and ULTRIX, led to a revision of the company's strategy, with DEC promising "a production-quality version of OSF/1" with support for all of the company's Unix-based workstations and servers. Following on from the "advanced developer's kit" - this being the version offering support for only certain models - the intention was to produce an "end-user release" of OSF/1 during 1993 for R2000-, R3000- and R4000-based models, offering compatibility with OSF/1 on Alpha. Alongside such plans, DEC would also continue to support ULTRIX on its R4000-based systems. The strategic confusion was blamed on power struggles within DEC, with the decision made to abandon further OSF/1 work on DECstations being attributed to an executive having gained control over the Unix workstation group, thus reportedly causing "as much of an internal uproar as it did an external one".

At the end of 1992, company representatives were once again less certain about the prospects of delivering OSF/1 on the DECstation range, with the projected release in the first half of 1993 "up in the air" and under threat of being cancelled if sufficient interest were not forthcoming from software vendors. Internally, the marketing group for the DECstation had been able to convince DEC's product strategy group that the loss in sales in failing to offer OSF/1 on the hardware would exceed the research and development costs involved in making it available, but company-wide spending cuts threatened such projects. Subsequent indications from DEC confirmed, without further elaboration, the cancellation of the product alongside increasing uncertainty around further hardware upgrades to the DECstation range beyond the planned R4400-based products. Shortly prior to the release of the DEC Alpha systems, a port of OSF/1 to the DECstation was completed, but it was not commercially released. As the previously announced strategy had "fizzled", DEC representatives had reportedly "informed ULTRIX customers that they should start planning to move to Alpha workstations running OSF/1 in 1993", having the effect of undermining customer confidence in both the DECstation line and in ULTRIX, but also raising more serious concerns about the company's broader Unix strategy.

Although introduced before DEC started to pursue a strategy based on the Advanced Computing Environment platform, the company's stated intention was that DECstation users could potentially migrate to an OSF/1-based product, potentially delivered in the form of SCO Open Desktop for the platform, offering binary compatibility with the existing ULTRIX system. DEC even suggested that Windows NT would be available for DECstation models, and Microsoft demonstrated NT running on Personal DECstation models. However, throughout the lifespan of the Alpha design activity, it had long been envisaged that VAX and MIPS binaries would be made to run on Alpha systems, leading to the development of the mx binary translator to run ULTRIX MIPS program images on Alpha-based DEC OSF/1 systems.

The GXemul project emulates several of these DECstation models.

Models
The original MIPS-based DECstation 3100 was followed by a cost reduced 2100. The DECstation 3100 was claimed to be the world's fastest UNIX workstation at the time. When it was introduced it was about three times as fast as the VAXstation 3100 which was introduced at about the same time. Server configurations of DECstation models, distributed without a framebuffer or a graphics accelerator, both Turbochannel and Q-bus based, were called "DECsystem" but should not be confused with some PDP-10 machines of the same name.

Early models of the DECstation were heavily integrated systems with little expansion capability and do not even possess expansion buses. The DECstation 5000 systems, introduced later, improved on the lack of expansion capabilities by providing the TURBOchannel Interconnect. The DECstation 5000 systems are also ARC (Advanced RISC Computing) compatible. The last DECstation models focused on increased component integration by using more custom ASICs to reduce the number of discrete components. This began with the DECstation 5000 Model 240, which replaced discrete components with LSI ASICs and ended with the last model, the DECstation 5000 Model 260, which used a single VLSI ASIC for much of the control logic.

Packaged DECstation 5000 systems were sometimes suffixed with two or three letters. These letters refer to what graphics option the system has.

Processor
The DECstation 3100 and 2100 uses a R2000 processor, a R2010 floating point coprocessor and four R2020 write buffers. The R2000 uses an external 64 KB direct-mapped instruction cache and a 64 KB direct-mapped write-through data cache with a cache line size of four bytes. Four R2020 implement a four-stage write buffer to improve performance by permitting the R2000 to write to its write-through data cache without stalling.

The R2000 microprocessor could be configured to run either in big-endian or little-endian mode. In the DECstation family, the decision was made to run little-endian to maintain compatibility with both the VAX family and the growing population of Intel-based PC's.

Memory
The DECstation 3100 and 2100's memory system contains both the DRAM-based system memory and VRAM-based framebuffers. The amount of system memory supported is 4 to 24 MB, organized into six physical memory banks. These systems has 12 SIMM slots that use 2 MB SIMMs, with each SIMM containing 1,048,576 word × 18-bit DRAMs. The SIMMs are installed in pairs (in increments of 4 MB) and the memory system is byte-parity protected. The monochrome framebuffer are implemented with a 256 KB VFB01 SIMM and the color framebuffer, a 1 MB VBF02 SIMM. If one of these framebuffer SIMMs are not present, the framebuffer cannot be used. The SIMM slots were rated for 25 removal and insertion cycles, with five being the recommended limit.

Graphics
Graphics capability was provided by two frame buffer modules, the monochrome and color frame buffer. The monochrome frame buffer supports 1-bit color and a resolution of 1024 × 864 pixels, while the color frame buffer supports 8-bit color and the same resolution as the monochrome frame buffer. Both frame buffers use the Brooktree Bt478 RAMDAC with three 256-entry, 8-bit color maps. The hardware cursor is generated by DC503 PCC (Programmable Cursor Chip), which can provide a 16 × 16 pixel, 2-bit color cursor. The color frame buffer has an 8-bit write mask, also known as a "planemask", used to select which pixels are to be updated. None of the framebuffers use all the memory provided by the frame buffer module, this being organized as 1024 × 1024 pixels, and thus only the uppermost 864 pixels are used for the display. Unused areas of the frame buffer memory may be used to store graphical structures such as fonts, although this was considered to offer "no performance advantage over main memory" and, in the context of the X server implemented by Digital, would have complicated the memory management involved. The frame buffers are not parity-protected, unlike the rest of the system memory. A DB15 male connector is used for video. The connector uses RS343A/RS170 compatible signals.

Ethernet and SCSI
These DECstations have onboard 10 Mbit/s Ethernet provided by an AMD 7990 LANCE (Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet) and an AMD 7992 SIA (Serial Interface Adapter), which implements the interface, a BNC ThinWire Ethernet connector. A 32 768 word × 16-bit (64 KB) network buffer constructed out of SRAMs is provided to improve performance. A 32 word by 8-bit Ethernet Station Address ROM (ESAR) provides the MAC address. It is mounted in a DIP socket and is removable.

The 5 MB/s single-ended SCSI interface is provided by a DC7061 SII gate array with a 64 K by 16-bit (128 KB) SCSI buffer used to improve performance. The SCSI interface is connected to the internal 3.5 drive bays and an external port (HONDA68 male connector) to be connected to drive expansion boxes.

Other
These systems have four asynchronous serial lines that are provided by a DC7085 gate array. Of the four serial lines, only the third line has the required modem control signals to support a modem. A 4-pin MMJ connector is provided for the keyboard line, a 7-pin DIN connector for mouse line, and two 6-pin MMJ connectors for printer and modem lines. The real time clock is a Motorola MC146818, which also has 50 bytes of RAM for storing console configuration information, and the 256 KB of ROM for storing boot-strap and self-test software is provided by two 128 KB ROMs in DIP sockets.

Enclosure
The enclosure used by the DECstation 3100 and 2100 is identical to the enclosure used by the VAXstation 3100 as these systems use a mechanically identical system module. The enclosure can accommodate two 3.5-inch drives, which are mounted on trays above the system module. The system module is located on the left of the enclosure and the power supply, which takes up a fourth of the space inside the enclosure, is located on the left.

Personal DECstation 5000 Series
The Personal DECstation 5000 Series are entry-level workstations, code named "MAXine". The Personal DECstation uses a low-profile desktop case, which contained a power supply on the left and two mounts for two fixed drives, or one fixed drive and one diskette drive, at the front. The system logic was contained on two printed circuit boards, the base system module, which contained the majority of the logic, and the CPU module, which contained the processor.

Initial pricing for these 5000 series models started at $3,995 for a diskless 5000/20 with 8 MB of RAM and 17-inch greyscale display.

CPU module
There were three models of the CPU module, which contains the CPU subsystem. The first model contains a chipset consisting of a 20, 25 or 33 MHz R3000A CPU and R3010 FPU accompanied by a 64 KB instruction cache and a 64 KB data cache. Both caches are direct-mapped and have a 4-byte cache line. The data cache is write through. All components on the CPU module operate at the same clock frequency as the R300A.

A CPUCTL ASIC is also present, its purpose to provide interfacing and buffering between the faster CPU module and the slower 12.5 MHz system module. The CPUCTL ASIC also implements a 12.5 MHz TURBOchannel that serves as the system interconnect.

The second model is a revised version of the first module with a 20 or 25 MHz R3000A and R3010 that used plastic packaging, whereas the previous model used ceramic packaging. The third model contains a R4000 microprocessor with internal instruction and data caches complemented by a 1 MB secondary cache.

Memory
These systems have 8 MB of onboard memory and four SIMM slots that can be used to expand the amount of memory by 32 MB, for a total of 40 MB of memory. These SIMM slots accept 2 and 8 MB SIMMs in pairs. All SIMMs in the system must be of the same size. The memory bus is 40 bits wide, with 32 bits used for data and four bits used to for byte-parity. The Memory Control ASIC controls the memory and communicates with the CPU subsystem via the TURBOchannel bus.

Expansion
Expansion is provided by two TURBOchannel slots, each with 64 MB of physical address space.

Graphics
The Personal DECstation features an integrated 8-bit color frame buffer capable of a resolution of 1024 × 768 at a refresh rate of 72 Hz. The frame buffer consists of 1 MB of VRAM organized as 262,144 32-bit words, with each 32-bit word containing four 8-bit pixels. The frame buffer uses an INMOS IMS G332 RAMDAC with a 256-entry 24-bit color look up table, which selects 256 colors for display out of a palette of 16,777,216. The frame buffer is treated as part of the memory subsystem.

I/O subsystem
The I/O subsystem provides the system with an 8-bit single-ended SCSI bus, 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, serial line, the Serial Desktop Bus and analog audio. SCSI is provided by a NCR 53C94 ASC (Advanced SCSI Controller). Ethernet is provided by an AMD Am7990 LANCE (Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet) and an AMD Am7992 SIA (Serial Interface Adapter) that implements the AUI interface. A single serial port capable of 50 to 19,200 baud with full modem control capability is provided by a Zilog Z85C30 SCC (Serial Communications Controller). Analog audio and ISDN support is provided by an AMD 79C30A DSC (Digital Subscriber Controller). These devices are connected to IOCTL ASIC via two 8-bit buses or one 16-bit bus. The ASIC interfaces the subsystem to the TURBOchannel interconnect.

DECstation 5000 Model 100 Series

The DECstation 5000 Model 100 Series, code named "3MIN", are mid-range workstations. Early models used a chipset consisting of a R3000A CPU and a R3010 CPU on 3- by 5-inch daughter card that plugs into a connector on the system module. The Model 150 replaces the R3000A and R3010 with a single R4000 with an integrated FPU. The Model 120 and 125 have two external caches, a 64 KB instruction cache and a 64 KB data cache. The Model 133 has a 128 KB instruction cache.

These systems support 16 to 128 MB of memory through 16 SIMM slots that accept 2 or 8 MB SIMMs. Only one type of SIMM may be used, 2 and 8 MB SIMMs cannot be mixed in the same system. The 2 MB SIMM is identical to the SIMM used in the DECstation 2100 and 3100, allowing upgrades from these older systems to the Model 100 Series to reuse the old memory.

Three TURBOchannel option slots are provided. The Model 100 Series introduces the I/O Controller ASIC (later known as the IOCTL ASIC), which interfaces the two 8-bit I/O buses to the 12.5 MHz TURBOchannel.

DECstation 5000 Model 200 Series
The DECstation 200 Series are high-end workstations. Server configurations of the DECstation 500 Model 200, 240 and 260 were known as the DECsystem 5000 Model 200, 240 and 260 respectively. These systems only contain a CPU module, a system module and a power supply located on left side of the enclosure. They do not have any internal storage capability. Drives were intended to be installed in external single- or multiple-drive enclosures. These enclosures were connected to system via a SCSI connector located at the rear of the system. Alternatively, storage was to be provided by a file server accessed over a network.

CPU subsystem
Each member of the Model 200 Series had a unique CPU subsystem. The Model 200's CPU subsystem is located on the KN02 system module and contains a chipset composed of the R3000 CPU, R3010 FPU and R3220 MB (six-stage write/memory buffer). Also part of the subsystem is the processor's external 64 KB instruction cache and 64 KB write-through data cache. In contrast, the Model 240's CPU subsystem is located on a daughter card, the CPU module, and does not use a processor chipset, featuring a single 40 MHz R3400 instead. The R3400 integrates the R3000A CPU and the R3010 FPU in a single die and package. The processor's external 64 KB instruction cache and 64 KB data cache is connected to the R3400 by a 40 MHz bus that also serves as the datapath to the MB ASIC. The Model 260's CPU subsystem is also located on a CPU module daughter card, but it features a 120 MHz (60 MHz external) R4000 with internal instruction and data caches and an external secondary cache. The Model 260's CPU subsystem is unique in the Model 200 Series as it contains the boot ROM firmware, unlike the other members, which have their boot ROM located in the system module. This difference is due to the R4000 requiring different firmware that could not be replaced when upgrading a Model 240 to a Model 260.

Differences in the provision of the CPU subsystem had an impact on the design of CPU upgrades to the DECstation range. "Snap-in" upgrades providing the R4000 CPU, designed as replacement CPU modules, were announced for "all current DECstations" in 1992. However, a CPU upgrade for the Model 200 required a replacement motherboard.

Memory subsystem
The Model 200 Series has 15 SIMM slots located on the system module that can hold 8 to 480 MB of memory. Proprietary 128-pin memory array modules (SIMMs) with capacities of 8 MB (39 1 Mbit DRAM chips) or 32 MB (39 4 Mbit DRAM chips) are used. All SIMMs installed in a system must be of the same size. If 8 MB SIMMs are used, the system may contain 8 to 120 MB of memory. If 32 MB SIMMs are used, the system may contain 32 to 480 MB of memory. The memory subsystem operates at 25 MHz and is 32 bits wide to match the native word length of the R3000. The memory subsystem is protected by an ECC scheme with seven bits of check for every 32-bit transaction.

The SIMMs are two-way interleaved using the low-order method, where even and odd memory addresses are treated as separate banks of memory. Interleaving the memory subsystem doubles the bandwidth of a non-interleaved memory subsystem using the same DRAMs, allowing the Model 200 Series to achieve an effective maximum bandwidth of 100 MB/s.

An optional 1 MB NVRAM module that provides a disk cache to improve performance can be installed in one of the SIMM slots (slot 14, the SIMM slot closest to the front edge of the system module). The module uses a battery to prevent data from being lost in case of power failure. The module is useful only when optional software is installed.

The Model 200 uses discrete components to implement the memory subsystem logic. In the Model 240, these discrete components are replaced by three ASICs, the MB ASIC, the MT ASIC and the MS ASIC. The MB (Memory Buffer) ASIC serves as an interface between the 40 MHz CPU module domain and the 25 MHz system module domain. It is connected to the MT ASIC, which serves as the memory controller. The MT ASIC provides memory control and refresh, handles memory DMA and transactions, and ECC checking. The MS (Memory Strobe) ASIC provides 15 sets of memory control lines and routes memory control signals from the MT ASIC to the destination SIMM. The MS ASIC replaces 16 discrete components used in the Model 200 and also generates the 25 MHz system clock signal, replacing a further three discrete components used in the Model 200.

Expansion
The Model 200 Series uses the TURBOchannel Interconnect for expansion and all models have three TURBOchannel option slots. The Model 200 provides 4 MB of physical address space for each TURBOchannel option, while the Model 240 and 260 provides 8 MB. TURBOchannel in the Model 240 and 260 is clocked at 25 MHz. In the Model 240 and 260, the MT ASIC implements TURBOchannel and serves as the controller.

I/O subsystem
The Model 200's I/O subsystem is significantly different from the Model 240 and 260's I/O subsystem. In the Model 200, Ethernet and SCSI capabilities are provided by two integrated TURBOchannel option modules, PMAD-AA for Ethernet and PMAZ-AA for SCSI. The PMAD-AA uses an AMD 7990 LANCE (Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet), which provides 10BASE-T Ethernet. The interface is implemented by an AMD 7992 SIA (Serial Interface Adapter) and a BNC ThinWire connector. The 8-bit, single-ended SCSI bus is provided by an NCR 53C94 ASC (Advanced SCSI Controller). Both integrated option modules have 128 KB of SRAM each serving as a buffer to improve performance. Four serial lines are also provided for the keyboard, mouse, communications port and printer. These lines are implemented by two DC7085s. A Dallas Semiconductor DS1287 real time clock with 50 bytes of NVRAM is also featured, as is a 256 KB system boot-strap and diagnostic ROM in a socket.

In contrast, the Model 240's and 260's I/O subsystem is based around an I/O Controller ASIC that serves as a bridge between TURBOchannel and the two I/O buses it implements. I/O devices such as the two Zilog Z85C30 SCCs (Serial Communications Controller), a NCR 53C94 ASC, an AMD 7990 LANCE, Dallas Semiconductor DS1287 real time clock and system ROM are connected to the I/O buses. The I/O Controller ASIC was not introduced by the Model 240, it was first featured in the Model 100 series, but the ASIC used in the Model 240 differs by being clocked twice as high, at 25 MHz instead of 12.5 MHz. The Model 240's I/O subsystem would later be used in the DEC 3000 AXP in a modified form.

Graphics
DECstation systems with TURBOchannel slots could use TURBOchannel-based framebuffers, 2D graphics accelerators and 3D graphics accelerators.

Framebuffers

 * CX "Color Frame-Buffer Graphics Module", model PMAG-BA. It was capable of 8-bit color at a resolution of 1024 × 864.
 * HX "Smart Frame-Buffer Graphics Module", models PMAGB-BA/BC/BE. The HX is a framebuffer with a custom ASIC with limited, but very fast, 2D acceleration capabilities.
 * MX "Monochrome Frame-Buffer Graphics Module", model PMAG-AA. The MX is capable of 1-bit color at a resolution of 1280 × 1024 with a refresh rate of 72 Hz.
 * TX "True Color Frame-Buffer Graphics Module", models PMAG-JA, PMAGB-JA. Both models were capable of 24-bit color at a resolution of 1280 × 1024. The two models differ only in refresh rate, the PMAG-JA had a 66 Hz refresh rate and the PMAGB-JA, 72 Hz.

2D graphics accelerators

 * PX "2D Graphics Accelerator". The PX was based on the PixelStamp architecture, but without the geometry engine, meaning that it could only accelerate 2D graphics. It was superseded by the HX at some point in most applications.

3D graphics accelerators
These options were:

 * The PXG, also known as the "Lo 3D Graphics Accelerator" or the "Mid 3D Graphics Accelerator" depending on configuration
 * The PXG+, also known as the "Lo 3D Plus Graphics Accelerator" or the "Mid 3D Plus Graphics Accelerator" depending on configuration
 * The PXG Turbo, also known as the "Hi 3D Graphics Accelerator"
 * The PXG Turbo+, also known as the "Hi 3D Plus Graphics Accelerator"

All PXG variants are capable of either 8-bit or 24-bit color, a resolution of 1280 × 1024 and a refresh rate of either 66 or 72 Hz. The PXG also has an 8-bit or 24-bit Z-buffer and is double buffered. The color depth and the depth of Z-buffer can be extended by installing additional VSIMMs or Z-buffer modules on the module. The PXG Turbo variants are capable of 24-bit color, a resolution of 1280 × 1024 and a refresh rate of either 66 or 72 Hz. They differ by featuring a 24-bit buffer for storing off-screen pixmaps in addition to the 24-bit Z-buffer and double buffer.

These 3D graphics accelerators implemented Digital's proprietary PixelStamp architecture, which is derived from two research projects, Pixel Planes from the University of North Carolina and The 8 by 8 Display from the Carnegie Mellon University.

The PixelStamp architecture is a geometry pipeline that consists of a DMA engine, a geometry engine and a PixelStamp. The DMA engine interfaces the pipeline to the system via TURBOchannel, receiving packets from the CPU and sending them to the geometry engine. The geometry engine consists of an amount of SRAM and an Intel i860. Packets from the DMA engine are stored in the SRAM, where they are processed by the i860, which writes the results to a FIFO.

The PixelStamp consists of a STIC (STamp Interface Chip) ASIC and one or two STAMP ASICs. The STIC fetches the results in the FIFO and passes them on to the STAMP ASIC(s), which performs scan conversion and other graphical functions. Once the data has been processed by the STAMP ASICs, the result, which consists of RGB data, is written into the framebuffer built from VSIMMs (a SIMM with VRAMs) that are located on the graphics accelerator option module to be displayed.

These graphics accelerators can be grouped into two distinct categories, the double-width options and the triple-width options. The PXG and PXG+ are double-width TURBOchannel option modules and the PXG Turbo and PXG Turbo+ are triple-width TURBOchannel option modules. Models suffixed with a "+" are higher performance models of the base model, with a 44 MHz i860 instead of a 40 MHz i860 and STIC and STAMP ASICs that operate at clock frequencies 33% higher. Models suffixed with "Turbo" differ by featuring 256 KB of SRAM and two STAMP ASICs instead of 128 KB of SRAM and one STAMP ASIC. Models known as a "Lo 3D Graphics Accelerator" or a "Lo 3D Plus Graphics Accelerator" can be upgraded to a "Mid 3D Graphics Accelerator" or a "Mid 3D Plus Graphics Accelerator" by installing more VSIMMs and Z-buffer modules.

Multimedia
Depending on the model of DECstation, some systems were capable of performing video conferencing, high-quality audio output and video input. These were achieved through the use of TURBOchannel option modules and external peripherals. Video input was achieved by using the DECvideo (also known as the PIP (Picture-in-Picture) live-video-in) option, a daughterboard that plugs into the TX framebuffer to provide NTSC, PAL and SECAM input. When this option was used in conjunction with a video camera, a microphone and the required software, the DECstation can be used for video conferencing.

Audio capabilities were provided by the DECaudio TURBOchannel option module, which contained two AMD 79C30A DSC (Digital Subscriber Controller) devices and a Motorola 56001 DSP. The two AMD 79C30A DSCs were used for voice-quality audio input and output, while the Motorola 56001 was used for high-quality audio. The DSP was initially not used, due to the firmware being incomplete, although the capability was provided later in an update.

The DECspin software, introduced for the DECstation 5000 and Personal DECstation 5000 models, utilised DECmedia, DECvideo and DECaudio cards to provide videoconferencing capabilities to up to six users over a local area network and, via a DECnet router, over a dedicated long distance communications link. Pricing for this software at its introduction in 1992 started at $2,995 per workstation.

DECstation PCs
Confusingly, simultaneous with the launch of the DECstation workstation line, Digital also announced a range of DECstation-branded PC compatibles with Intel x86 processors that ran MS-DOS. These were identified by three-digit model numbers; the DECstation 2xx, 3xx and 4xx series using the Intel 80286, 80386 and 80486 processors respectively. These computers were not built by Digital, but by Tandy Corporation in the United States and Olivetti in Europe. At the time of introduction, Digital offered a trade-in program for owners of its earlier x86, but PC incompatible, computer, the Rainbow 100.

Systems based on the 80286 are:

 * DECstation 210
 * DECstation 220
 * DECstation 212
 * DECstation 212LP

Systems based on the 80386 are:

 * DECstation 316
 * DECstation 316+
 * DECstation 316sx
 * DECstation 320
 * DECstation 320+
 * DECstation 320sx
 * DECstation 325c
 * DECstation 333c

Systems based on the 80486 are:

 * DECstation 420sx
 * DECstation 425c
 * DECstation 433T
 * DECstation 433W
 * DECstation 450dx2

title: DECstation