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Dassault Mirage 5

The Dassault Mirage 5 is a French supersonic attack aircraft/fighter-bomber designed by Dassault Aviation during the 1960s and manufactured in France and other countries. It was derived from Dassault's popular Mirage III fighter and spawned several variants of its own, including the IAI Kfir. In Pakistan's service, the Mirage 5s are modified and are capable of nuclear weapons delivery.

Early development
The Mirage 5 grew out of a request to Dassault from the Israeli Air Force. Since the weather over the Middle East is clear and sunny most of the time, the Israelis suggested removing the air intercept radar and its avionics, normally located behind the cockpit, from the standard Mirage IIIE to reduce cost and maintenance, and replacing them with more fuel storage for attack missions. In September 1966, the Israelis placed an order for 50 of the new aircraft. Due to customer preference some variants of the Mirage 5 were radar-equipped.

Mirage 5
The first Mirage 5 flew on 19 May 1967. It looked much like the Mirage III, except that it had a long slender nose that extended the aircraft's length by about half a metre. A pitot tube was distinctively moved from the tip of the nose to below the nose in the majority of Mirage 5 variants. The Mirage 5 retained the IIIE's twin DEFA guns, but added two additional pylons, for a total of seven. Maximum warload was 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). Provision for the SEPR rocket engine was deleted. Rising tensions in the Middle East led French President Charles de Gaulle to embargo the Israeli Mirage 5s on 3 June 1967. The Mirages continued to roll off the production line, even though they were embargoed, and by 1968 the batch was complete and the Israelis had provided final payments. In late 1969, the Israelis, who had pilots in France testing the aircraft, requested that the aircraft be transferred to Corsica, in theory to allow them to continue flight training during the winter. The French government became suspicious when the Israelis also tried to obtain long-range fuel tanks and cancelled the move. The Israelis finally gave up trying to acquire the aircraft and accepted a refund.

Some sources claim that cooperation with France resumed outside the public's eye and Israel received 50 Mirage 5s in crates from the French Air Force, while the French took over the 50 aircraft originally intended for Israel, as Mirage 5Fs.  Officially, Israel claimed to have built the aircraft after obtaining complete blueprints, naming them IAI Nesher.

Like the Mirage IIIE, the Mirage 5 was popular with export customers, with different export variants fitted with a wide range of different avionics. While the Mirage 5 had been originally oriented to the clear-weather attack role, with some avionic fits it was refocused to the air-combat mission. As electronic systems became more compact and powerful, it was possible to provide the Mirage 5 with increased capability, even though the rear avionics bay had been deleted, therefore in some sub-versions, the result was a "reinvented" Mirage IIIE.

Reconnaissance and two-seat versions of the Mirage 5 were sold, with the designation Mirage 5R, and Mirage 5D respectively.

The Mirage 5 was sold to Abu Dhabi, Belgium, Colombia, Egypt, Gabon, Libya, Pakistan, Peru, Venezuela, and Zaire, with the usual list of subvariant designations and variations in kit. The Belgian aircraft were fitted with mostly US avionics, and some Egyptian aircraft were fitted with the MS2 attack avionics system from the Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jet.

In 1982, Pakistan Chief of Air Staff ACM (Gen.) Anwar Shamim acquired an additional squadron of the Mirage 5 from France to provide effective support to the Navy.

In 1978 and 1980, Israel sold a total of 35 of their Neshers plus 4 Nesher trainer aircraft (Nesher Ts) to Argentina, where they were locally known first as Daggers and after their upgrade as Fingers. The Argentines lost two Mirage IIIEAs and twelve Daggers during the Falklands War in 1982. As a measure of solidarity, the Peruvians transferred ten of their Mirage 5Ps to Argentina, under the name Mirage Mara, to help alleviate its losses.

South Africa purchased five Nesher trainers for trials during its own Atlas Cheetah fighter programme. All the aircraft were eventually upgraded to Cheetah D standard.

Chile incorporated some Mirage 5s under name Mirage Elkan.

A total of 582 Mirage 5s were built, including 51 Israeli Neshers.

Belgian production

In 1968, the Belgian government ordered 106 Mirage 5s from Dassault to re-equip No 3 Wing at Bierset air base. All aircraft but the first one were to be license-built by SABCA in Belgium. Component production at the SABCA Haren plant near Brussels was followed by assembly at the SABCA plant at Gosselies airfield, near Charleroi. The ATAR engines were produced by FN Moteurs at this company's Liège plant. SABCA production included three versions: Mirage 5BA for the ground-attack role, Mirage 5BR for the reconnaissance role and Mirage 5BD for training and conversion.

By the end of the 1980s, a MIRage Safety Improvement Program (MIRSIP) was agreed to by parliament, calling for 20 low-time Mirages (15 Mirage 5BAs and 5 Mirage 5BDs) to be upgraded. Initial plans included a new more powerful engine, but this idea was abandoned to limit cost. The upgrade eventually included a more modern cockpit, a new ejection seat, a laser rangefinder, and canards to improve takeoff performance and overall maneuverability. A new government canceled the MIRSIP but SABCA was allowed to carry out the update, in order to sell the aircraft on the export market. After completion, the Belgian government sold all 20 aircraft to Chile, together with 4 non-upgraded Mirage 5BRs, and one non-upgraded Mirage 5BD.

Mirage 50
The development and subsequent installation of the new Atar 09K-50 engine led to the next Mirage variant, the Mirage 50, during the 1970s. The uprated engine gave the Mirage 50 better takeoff and climb characteristics than its predecessors. The Mirage 50 also incorporated new avionics, such as a Cyrano IV radar system. However, despite these upgrades, it did not prove popular in export sales as the Mirage 5 itself was becoming obsolete.

Chile ordered a quantity of Mirage 50s, receiving both new production as well as updated Armée de l'Air Mirage 5s. The Chilean aircraft were later modernised along the lines of the IAI Kfir and were called the ENAER Pantera. The Pantera incorporates fixed canards and other aerodynamic improvements, as well as advanced avionics. These aircraft have an extended nose to accommodate some of the new systems.

In the early 1990s, Dassault upgraded a batch of Venezuelan Mirage IIIEVs and 5s to Mirage 50 standards.

Mirage 5 ROSE
In the 1990s, the PAF launched a Mid-life update (MLU) program, codenamed as Project ROSE (Retrofit Of Strike Element), to its aging Mirage III and Mirage 5 aircraft with modern avionics provided by French, Italian, and Pakistani software conglomerates. The PAF acquired blueprint drawings of the aircraft from France, redeveloping and redesigning it at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex.

In the first phase of the project, the PAF acquired 33 former Royal Australian Air Force Mirage III fighters which were upgraded and designated ROSE I. The PAF then procured surplus Mirage 5F fighters in the late 1990s from the French Air Force in two batches. Around 20 fighters from the first batch were upgraded with new cockpits, navigation/attack suites, defensive aids systems and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor under the aircraft's nose/cockpit, being designated ROSE II. The cockpits included new MFDs, HUDs, HOTAS controls, radar altimeters and RWRs.

Additionally, 14 Mirage 5F fighters from the second batch were similarly upgraded but with newer systems and designated ROSE III. The FLIR sensors allow the Mirage 5 ROSE fighters to specialise in the night-time attack role.

Pakistan
In February 2019, IAF jets violated Pakistani airspace and bombed a wooded area in Balakot. Resultantly, Pakistan launched retaliatory airstrikes (Codenamed "Operation Swift Retort") on military installations at Indian Administered Kashmir. During the airstrikes, two Dassault Mirage-5PAs from the No. 15 Squadron dropped their H-4 SOW glide bombs which were guided to their specific targets by Weapon System Officers seated in Dassault Mirage-IIIDAs via data link. The operation was a success and the aircraft returned safely.

Variants

 * Mirage 5 : Single-seat radarless ground-attack fighter aircraft.
 * Mirage 5AD : Export version of Mirage 5 for Abu Dhabi, UAE; 12 built.
 * Mirage 5EAD : Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version for Abu Dhabi, UAE. 14 built.
 * Mirage 5BA : Single-seat version of the Mirage 5 for Belgium, fitted with mainly US avionics; 63 built, 62 under license by SABCA.
 * Mirage 5COA : Export version of the Mirage 5 for Colombia. 14 built. Remaining aircraft upgraded by IAI with canards and new avionics.
 * Mirage 5D : Export single-seat ground-attack aircraft of the Mirage 5 for Libya; 53 built.
 * Mirage 5DE : Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version for Libya; 32 built. 31 survivors upgraded with radar warning receivers starting in 1975.
 * Mirage 5F : Single-seat ground-attack fighter aircraft for the French Air Force. 50 ex-Israeli Mirage 5Js. Eight aircraft withdrawn for conversion to Mirage 50C for Chile, with eight new-build 5Fs built as replacements.
 * Mirage 5G : Export version of the Mirage 5 for Gabon. Three built.
 * Mirage 5G2 : Four aircraft for Gabon, with provision for a laser rangefinder under the nose; two new-build and two undelivered ex-Zaire 5M.
 * Mirage 5J : 50 aircraft were ordered by Israel, but the order was later embargoed by the French government. They were delivered instead to the French Air Force as the Mirage 5F.
 * Mirage 5M : Export version of the Mirage 5 for Zaire; 14 built, of which only 11 delivered owing to funding shortages.
 * Mirage 5MA Elkan : Upgraded Mirage 5BA aircraft sold to Chile.
 * Mirage 5P : Export version of the Mirage 5 for Peru; 22 built.
 * Mirage 5P Mara : Upgraded Mirage 5P for Argentina; 10 aircraft sold by Peru.
 * Mirage 5P3 : Upgraded aircraft for Peru, with new Litton inertial navigation system, radio altimeter, and new IFF; 10 built.
 * Mirage 5P4 : Upgraded aircraft for Peru, with all of the improvements found on the Mirage 5P3, as well as a head-up display, a laser rangefinder, HOTAS controls, in-flight refueling probe, and capable of using R.550 Magic missiles; two new-build plus upgraded older aircraft.
 * Mirage 5PA : Single-seat radarless version of the Mirage 5 for Pakistan; 28 built. Later modernized with a head-up display and a Litton inertial navigation system.
 * Mirage 5PA2 : New-build aircraft for Pakistan, fitted with the Agave radar; 18 built.
 * Mirage 5PA3 : New-build anti-shipping aircraft for Pakistan, also fitted with the Agave radar and compatible with the Exocet anti-ship missile. 12 built.
 * Mirage 5SDE : Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version for Egypt, equivalent to Mirage IIIE; 54 built.
 * Mirage 5E2 : Upgraded radarless attack version for Egypt, with a navigation and attack system identical to the one found on the Alpha Jet MS2. 16 built.
 * Mirage 5V : Single-seat ground attack aircraft 5 for Venezuela; six built. 2 survivors rebuilt to Mirage 50EV standard, and 1 to Mirage 50DV.
 * Mirage 5R : Single-seat reconnaissance aircraft.
 * Mirage 5BR : Reconnaissance version of 5BA for Belgium; 27 built, 23 in Belgium.
 * Mirage 5COR : Export version of the Mirage 5R for Colombia; two built.
 * Mirage 5DR : Export version of the Mirage 5R for Libya; ten built.
 * Mirage 5RAD : Export version of the Mirage 5R for Abu Dhabi, UAE; three built.
 * Mirage 5SDR : Export version of the Mirage 5R for Egypt; six built.
 * Mirage 5Dx : Two-seat training version.
 * Mirage 5BD : Two-seat trainer version of 5BA for Belgium; 16 built, 15 built locally.
 * Mirage 5COD : Two-seat trainer for Colombia. Two built. Upgraded with canards and new avionics.
 * Mirage 5DAD : Two-seat trainer for Abu Dhabi, UAE. Three built.
 * Mirage 5DD : Two-seat trainer for Libya; 15 built.
 * Mirage 5DG : Two-seat trainer for Gabon; two delivered in 1978.
 * Mirage 5DG2 : Two-seat trainer for Gabon; two built, delivered in 1984 and 1985 respectively.
 * Mirage 5DM : Two-seat trainer for Zaire; three built, all of which were delivered.
 * Mirage 5DP : Two-seat trainer for Peru; four delivered.
 * Mirage 5DP3 : Upgraded trainer for Peru, with the same improvements as on the Mirage 5P3; one built.
 * Mirage 5DP4 : Upgraded trainer for Peru, with the same improvements as on the Mirage 5P4, except the in-flight refueling probe; one new-build plus upgraded older aircraft.
 * Mirage 5DPA2 : Two-seat trainer version for Pakistan; two built.
 * Mirage 5DV : Two-seat trainer for Venezuela; three built. One survivor rebuilt to Mirage 50DV standard.
 * Mirage 5MD Elkan : Upgraded Mirage 5BD aircraft sold to Chile.
 * Mirage 5SDD : Two-seat trainer for Egypt; six built.
 * Mirage 50 : multi-role fighter-bomber, ground-attack aircraft, powered by more powerful 49.2 kN (11,055 lbf) dry, 70.6 kN (15,870 lbf) with reheat Atar 9K-50 engine. Available with or without radar.
 * Mirage 50C : New-build radar-equipped Mirage 50 for Chile; six built.
 * Mirage 50FC : Eight re-engined Mirage 5F aircraft sold to Chile.
 * Mirage 50DC : Two-seat training version for Chile. Three built, two with lower powered Atar 9C-3 engine.
 * Mirage 50CN Pantera : Mirage 50C and 50FC aircraft upgraded by ENAER with help from the Israeli company IAI for Chile with canards, revised, Kfir style nose and new avionics; 13 50C and FC upgraded plus two 50DC trainers.
 * Mirage 50EV : Single-seat fighter-bomber version for Venezuela. Fitted with canards, and an in-flight refueling probe. New Cyrano IVM3 radar, SAGEM inertial navigation system, and head-up display. Equipped with a Sherloc radar warning receiver, and an ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser. Capable of using the Exocet anti-ship missile. Six new-build, as well as seven upgraded aircraft (two Mirage IIIEV, two Mirage 5V, and three ex-Zairian Mirage 5M).
 * Mirage 50DV : Two-seat training version for Venezuela. Similar standard to 50EV, save for the radar, and the refueling probe that can only be used for training (no fuel transfer possible). One new build plus two upgrades (one Mirage 5V and one Mirage 5DV). This variant is also in service with the Ecuadorian Air Force.

Current

 * 🇪🇬 Egypt: 75 currently operational, out of 101 delivered, one of which was shot down on 14 March 1986 during Iran–Iraq War by AIM-9 Sidewinder launched by an Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat.
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: 92
 * Combat Commanders' School, PAF Base Mushaf, Mirage 5PA
 * No. 8 Squadron, PAF Base Masroor, Mirage 5PA2, 5PA3, 5DPA2 - (1979–2022)
 * 9 Squadron, PAF Base Rafiqui, Mirage 5PA - (1973–1984)
 * 15 Squadron, PAF Base Rafiqui, Mirage 5PA, 5DR (Converted to J-10C in 2022)
 * No.18 Squadron, PAF Base Masroor, Mirage 5PA2 - (1981–1989)
 * No. 22 Squadron, PAF Base Masroor, Mirage 5PA, 5PA2 - (1984–2004)
 * 25 Squadron, PAF Base Rafiqui, Mirage 5F ROSE II
 * 27 Squadron, PAF Base Rafiqui, Mirage 5F ROSE III

Former

 * Abu Dhabi / 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates: 32
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina: 10 Mirage 5P and 39 IAI Nesher
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: 106
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: 42, 25 Mirage 5M ELKAN and 17 Mirage 50
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia: 18
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador: 6 Mirage 50
 * 🇫🇷 France: 50
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon: 11
 * : 61 IAI Nesher
 * 🇱🇾 Libya: 110
 * 🇵🇪 Peru: 40
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: 5 IAI Nesher; all upgraded to Atlas Cheetah
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela: 21, 9 Mirage 5 and 16 Mirage 50 (including 4 rebuilt Mirage 5 that were already used by Venezuela before)
 * Zaire: 17

title: Dassault Mirage 5


text:
Plymouth Company

The Plymouth Company, officially known as the Virginia Company of Plymouth, was a company chartered by King James in 1606 along with the Virginia Company of London with responsibility for colonizing the east coast of America between latitudes 38° and 45° N.

History
The Plymouth Company was funded by wealthy investors from Plymouth, Bristol, and Exeter such as Sir John Popham and Sir Ferdinando Gorges. Competition between the two branches with overlapping territory was intended to motivate efficient settlement, but only the Virginia Company succeeded in establishing a permanent colony.

The Virginia Company emerged at a time when European empires chartered corporations for their imperial efforts. The English East India Company and Dutch East India Company had both recently received royal charters by their governments. The Virginia Company represented a new strategy that relied less on protected trade and ports: settler colonialism. Many of these early colonists sought to establish lasting communities with political institutions, as developed in Jamestown.

The merchants (with George Popham named in the patent ) agreed to finance the settlers’ trip in return for repayment of their expenses plus interest out of the profits made. The Plymouth Company established the one-year Popham Colony in present-day Maine in 1607, the northern answer to Jamestown Colony. Two ships, the Gift of God and Mary and John, arrived in August 1607 with around 100 settlers. The colony was led by George Popham, nephew of Sir John Popham, and Raleigh Gilbert, nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh.

Decline
Popham Colony fared better than Jamestown in the cold winter of 1607, but their President, George Popham, was the only colonist who died. Fifty colonists returned to England that December. Leadership fell to second-in-command Raleigh Gilbert for six months until a supply ship in autumn 1608 brought news that he had inherited a title and land in England following his brother's death. The ship also brought news about the death of Sir John Popham, a major investor in the Plymouth Company. When Gilbert left for England on the returning ship, the discouraged colonists followed him, abandoning Popham Colony.

Beyond crises of leadership, the colony faced poor relationship with local Native Americans and were unable to trade with nearby tribes. The colony was also burdened with few natural resources to exploit and few skilled workers to take advantage of them. Even their time of arrival, two months later than the settlers of Jamestown, gave them less time to prepare for the harsh Maine winter. Unlike Jamestown, colonists abandoned Popham Colony before they found a resource or product to profit from. They did, however, produce the first ship built by English colonists in the Americas, the Virginia of Sagadahoc. Despite failing to establish a permanent settlement, the knowledge of local peoples and geography proved useful for future colonail endeavors under the Council for New England.

The Popham Colony was abandoned in 1608. In 1620, after years of disuse, the Plymouth Company was revived and reorganized as the Plymouth Council for New England with a new charter, the New England Charter of 1620. The Plymouth Company had 40 patentees at that point, and established the Council for New England to oversee their efforts, but it stopped operating in 1624.

The Council for New England was not dissolved until 1635 and issued several patents after 1624, including one to John Mason for New Hampshire and to New Plymouth Colony with the Bradford patent of 1630.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Plymouth Company


text:
Automatic Packet Reporting System

Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio-based system for real time digital communications of information of immediate value in the local area. Data can include object Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates Non-directional beacon, weather station telemetry, text messages, announcements, queries, and other telemetry. APRS data can be displayed on a map, which can show stations, objects, tracks of moving objects, weather stations, search and rescue data, and direction finding data.

APRS data is typically transmitted on a single shared frequency (depending on country) to be repeated locally by area relay stations (digipeaters) for widespread local consumption. In addition, all such data are typically ingested into the APRS Internet System (APRS-IS) via an Internet-connected receiver (IGate) and distributed globally for ubiquitous and immediate access. Data shared via radio or Internet are collected by all users and can be combined with external map data to build a shared live view.

APRS was developed from the late 1980s forward by Bob Bruninga, call sign WB4APR, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy. He maintained the main APRS Web site until his death in 2022. The initialism "APRS" was derived from his call sign.

History
Bob Bruninga, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy, implemented the earliest ancestor of APRS on an Apple II computer in 1982. This early version was used to map high frequency Navy position reports. The first use of APRS was in 1984, when Bruninga developed a more advanced version on a VIC-20 for reporting the position and status of horses in a 100 mi endurance run.

During the next two years, Bruninga continued to develop the system, which he then called the Connectionless Emergency Traffic System (CETS). Following a series of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) exercises using CETS, the system was ported to the IBM Personal Computer. During the early 1990s, CETS (then known as the Automatic Position Reporting System) continued to evolve into its current form.

As GPS technology became more widely available, "Position" was replaced with "Packet" to better describe the more generic capabilities of the system and to emphasize its uses beyond mere position reporting.

Bruninga has also stated that APRS was not meant to be a vehicle position tracking system, and can be interpreted rather as "Automatic Presence Reporting System".

Network overview
APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System), is a digital communications protocol for exchanging information among a large number of stations covering a large (local) area, often referred to as "IP-ers". As a multi-user data network, it is quite different from conventional packet radio. Rather than using connected data streams where stations connect to each other and packets are acknowledged and retransmitted if lost, APRS operates entirely in an unconnected broadcast fashion, using unnumbered AX.25 frames.

APRS packets are transmitted for all other stations to hear and use. Packet repeaters, called digipeaters, form the backbone of the APRS system, and use store and forward technology to retransmit packets. All stations operate on the same radio channel, and packets move through the network from digipeater to digipeater, propagating outward from their point of origin. All stations within radio range of each digipeater receive the packet. At each digipeater, the packet path is changed. The packet will be repeated through only a certain number of digipeaters — or hops — depending upon the all-important "PATH" setting.

Digipeaters keep track of the packets they forward for a period of time, thus preventing duplicate packets from being retransmitted. This keeps packets from circulating in endless loops inside the ad hoc network. Eventually, most packets are heard by an APRS Internet Gateway, called an IGate, and the packets are routed on to the Internet APRS backbone (where duplicate packets heard by other IGates are discarded) for display or analysis by other users connected to an APRS-IS server, or on a Web site designed for the purpose.

While it would seem that using unconnected and unnumbered packets without acknowledgment and retransmission on a shared and sometimes congested channel would result in poor reliability due to a packet being lost, this is not the case, because the packets are transmitted (broadcast) to everyone and multiplied many times over by each digipeater. This means that all digipeaters and stations in range get a copy, and then proceed to broadcast it to all other digipeaters and stations within their range. The result is that packets are multiplied more than they are lost. Therefore, packets can sometimes be heard some distance from the originating station. Packets can be digitally repeated tens of kilometers or even hundreds of kilometers, depending on the height and range of the digipeaters in the area.

When a packet is transmitted, it is duplicated many times as it radiates out, taking all available paths simultaneously, until the number of "hops" allowed by the path setting is consumed.

Positions/objects/items

APRS contains a number of packet types, including position/object/item, status, messages, queries, weather reports and telemetry. The position/object/item packets contain the latitude and longitude, and a symbol to be displayed on the map, and have many optional fields for altitude, course, speed, radiated power, antenna height above average terrain, antenna gain, and voice operating frequency. Positions of fixed stations are configured in the APRS software. Moving stations (portable or mobile) automatically derive their position information from a GPS receiver connected to the APRS equipment.

The map display uses these fields to plot communication range of all participants and facilitate the ability to contact users during both routine and emergency situations. Each position/object/item packet can use any of several hundred different symbols. Position/objects/items can also contain weather information or can be any number of dozens of standardised weather symbols. Each symbol on an APRS map can display many attributes, discriminated either by colour or other technique. These attributes are:

 * Moving or fixed
 * Dead-reckoned or old
 * Message capable or not
 * Station, object or item
 * Own object or other station object/item
 * Emergency, priority, or special

Status/messages
The Status packet is free-field format that lets each station announce its current mission or application or contact information or any other information or data of immediate use to surrounding activities. The message packet can be used for point-to-point messages, bulletins, announcements or even email. Bulletins and Announcements are treated specially and displayed on a single "community Bulletin board". This community bulletin board is fixed size and all bulletins from all posters are sorted onto this display. The intent of this display is to be consistent and identical for all viewers so that all participants are seeing the same information at the same time. Since lines are sorted onto the display, then individual posters can edit, update, or delete individual lines of their bulletins at any time to keep the bulletin board up-to-date to all viewers.

All APRS messages are delivered live in real-time to online recipients. Messages are not stored and forwarded, but retried until timed out. The delivery of these messages is global, since the APRS-IS distributes all packets to all other IGates in the world and those that are messages will actually go back to RF via any IGate that is near the intended recipient.

Email
A special case message can be sent to EMAIL where these messages are pulled off the real-time APRS-IS and wrapped into a standard email message type, and forwarded into regular Internet email. This was done by the WU2Z email engine until 2019, when it was replaced by the javAPRSSrvr email gateway.

Capabilities
In its simplest implementation, APRS is used to transmit real-time data, information and reports of the exact location of a person or object via a data signal sent over amateur radio frequencies. In addition to real-time position reporting capabilities using attached GPS receivers, APRS is also capable of transmitting a wide variety of data, including weather reports, short text messages, radio direction finding bearings, telemetry data, short e-mail messages (send only) and storm forecasts. Once transmitted, these reports can be combined with a computer and mapping software to show the transmitted data superimposed with great precision upon a map display.

While the map plotting is the most visible feature of APRS, the text messaging capabilities and local information distribution capabilities, combined with the robust network, should not be overlooked; the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management has an extensive network of APRS stations to allow text messaging between all of the county Emergency Operating Centers in the event of the failure of conventional communications.

Technical information
In its most widely used form, APRS is transported over the AX.25 protocol using 1,200-bit/s Bell 202 AFSK on frequencies located within the 2-meter amateur band.

 * Sample APRS VHF frequencies
 * 144.39 MHz : North America, Colombia, Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
 * 144.575 MHz : New Zealand
 * 144.64 MHz : China
 * 144.64 MHz : Taiwan
 * 144.66 MHz : Japan
 * 144.8 MHz : South Africa, Europe, Russia
 * 144.93 MHz : Argentina, Uruguay, Panama
 * 145.175 MHz : Australia
 * 145.57 MHz : Brazil
 * 145.825 MHz : International Space Station and other satellites

An extensive digital repeater, or "digipeater," network provides transport for APRS packets on these frequencies. Internet gateway stations (IGates) connect the on-air APRS network to the APRS Internet System (APRS-IS), which serves as a worldwide, high-bandwidth backbone for APRS data. Stations can tap into this stream directly, and a number of databases connected to the APRS-IS allow Web-based access to the data as well as more advanced data-mining capabilities. A number of low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station, are capable of relaying APRS data.

Equipment settings
An APRS infrastructure comprises a variety of Terminal Node Controller (TNC) equipment put in place by individual amateur radio operators. This includes sound cards interfacing a radio to a computer, simple TNCs, and "smart" TNCs. The "smart" TNCs are capable of determining what has already happened with the packet and can prevent redundant packet repeating within the network.

Reporting stations use a method of routing called a "path" to broadcast the information through a network. In a typical packet network, a station would use a path of known stations such as "via n8xxx,n8ary." This causes the packet to be repeated through the two stations before it stops. In APRS, generic call signs are assigned to repeater stations to allow a more automatic operation.

Recommended path
Throughout North America (and in many other regions) the recommended path for mobiles or portable stations is now WIDE1-1,WIDE2-1. Fixed Stations (homes, etc.) should not normally use a path routing if they do not need to be digitally repeated outside of their local area, otherwise a path of WIDE2-2 or less should be used as requirements dictate. The path parameter reflects the routing of packets via the radio component of APRS, and fixed stations should carefully consider their choice of path routing. Any path selection for stations that do not require it contributes to congestion of the APRS frequency and may hinder other stations' reporting. Aircraft and balloon APRS stations should avoid beaconing with any path at altitude since digipeating may not be necessary due to their antenna height and likelihood of reaching multiple wide-ranging digipeaters and IGates. Mobile stations in congested areas or more populated areas may consider using only 1 hop (WIDE1-1), as there are usually enough Internet gateways nearby that no path routing is needed. One solution to the path selection is proportional pathing if the user's equipment is capable.

Old path
Early on, the widely accepted method of configuring stations was to enable the short-range stations to repeat packets requesting a path of "RELAY" and long-range stations were configured to repeat both "RELAY" and "WIDE" packets. This was accomplished by setting the station's MYALIAS setting to RELAY or WIDE as needed. This resulted in a path of RELAY,WIDE for reporting stations. However, there was no duplicate packet checking or alias substitution. This sometimes caused beacons to "ping pong" back and forth instead of propagating outwards from the source. This caused much interference. With no alias substitution, one could not tell which digipeaters a beacon had used.

New path
With the advent of the new "smart" TNCs, the stations that used to be "WIDE" became "WIDEn-N." This means a packet with a path of WIDE2-2 would be repeated through the first station as WIDE2-2, but the path will be modified (decremented) to WIDE2-1 for the next station to repeat. The packet stops being repeated when the "-N" portion of the path reaches "-0." This new protocol has caused the old RELAY and WIDE paths to become obsolete. Digi operators are being asked to re-configure fill-in "RELAY" stations to instead respond to WIDE1-1. This results in a new, more efficient path of WIDE1-1,WIDE2-1.

Amateur Radio High Altitude Balloons
Testing radio range is often a large component of these hobbies. Amateur radio is often used with packet radio to communicate with 1200 baud, using the Automatic Packet Reporting System back to the ground station. Smaller packages called micro or pico trackers are also built and run under smaller balloons. These smaller trackers have used Morse code, Field Hell, and RTTY to transmit their locations and other data

Related systems
The APRS protocol has been adapted and extended to support projects not directly related to its original purpose. The most notable of these are the FireNet and PropNET projects.

 * APRS FireNet is an Internet-based system using the APRS protocol and much of the same client software to provide fire fighting, earthquake, and weather information in much higher volume and detail than the traditional APRS system is capable of carrying.
 * PropNET uses the APRS protocol over AX.25 and PSK31 to study radio frequency propagation. PropNET "probes" transmit position reports, along with information on transmitter power, elevation, and antenna gain, at various frequencies to allow monitoring stations to detect changes in propagation conditions. It is based on ACDS, a special client program running under Microsoft Windows.

title: Automatic Packet Reporting System


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of articles with Java source code

I'm wondering if this should be called "List of Java programming examples"? The current name "List of Java-programs" made me think I was going to see a list of commercial, shareware or freeware applications written in Java. RedWolf 04:39, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)


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The Suicide Six

The Suicide Six was a British comics series drawn by Brian Lewis between 1962 and 1963. It was published in comics magazine Tiger, debuting with issue #13 [362] (January 1962).

Concept
The Suicide Six was a war comic set during World War II, and described the fantastic exploits of a (fictional) six-person squad of Allied troops from various British Empire nations fighting in North Africa.

Characters

 * Captain Dan "Rocky" Rock, from England
 * Sergeant Rafferty
 * "Sapper" Gunn, a cockney formerly of the Royal Engineers
 * "Bluey" Doyle, an Australian and a crack shot with a Lee–Enfield rifle
 * Dave Lawson
 * "Sparks" Grant

title: The Suicide Six


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User:Rozencrantz

Rozencrantz the Sane is the pseudonym of Tristan Parker, reserved for internet related pursuits.

He is a practitioner of esolangery and conlangery, and his hobbies include composing music both electronic and acoustic, and writing comics. He currently writes Dreaming of Eden, A Comic With no Pictures.

title: User:Rozencrantz


text:
Show Aikawa

Show Aikawa (哀川 翔) is a Japanese actor.

Career
Show Aikawa was born in Tokushima and raised in Kagoshima. Aikawa has appeared in a number of Kiyoshi Kurosawa's films, including Eyes of the Spider, Serpent's Path, License to Live, Seance, and Pulse.

Films

 * Orugoru (1989)
 * The Pale Hand (1990)
 * Gokudo no Onna Tachi: Saigo no Tatakai (1990)
 * Shishio Tachi no Natsu (1991)
 * The Passage to Japan (1991)
 * Torarete Tamaruka! (1992)
 * Shishio Tachi no Saigo (1993)
 * Torarete Tamaruka! 2 (1993)
 * A New Love in Tokyo (1994)
 * Like a Rolling Stone (1994)
 * Torarete Tamaruka! 3 (1994)
 * Kitanai Yatsu (1995)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Heist (1995)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Escape (1995)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Loot (1995)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Reversal (1995)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Nouveau Riche (1996)
 * Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself: The Hero (1996)
 * Otokotachi no Kaita E (1996)
 * The Revenge: A Visit from Fate (1996)
 * The Revenge: A Scar That Never Fades (1996)
 * Peking Man (1997)
 * Rainy Dog (1997)
 * The Eel (1997)
 * The Fire Within (1997)
 * Serpent's Path (1997)
 * Eyes of the Spider (1997)
 * Blood (1998)
 * License to Live (1998)
 * Shiawase ni Naro ne (1998)
 * Dead or Alive (1999)
 * Saraba Gokudo: Dead Beat (1999)
 * Ley Lines (1999)
 * Dead or Alive 2: Birds (2000)
 * New Battles Without Honor and Humanity (2000)
 * Seance (2000)
 * Otokogi (2000)
 * Rush! (2001)
 * ''Pulse (2001)
 * Yomigaeri (2002)
 * Muscle Heat (2002)
 * Shangri-La (2002)
 * True Record of an Ando Gang Side-Story: Starving Wolf's Rules (2002)
 * Dead or Alive: Final (2002)
 * Kisarazu Cat's Eye: Nihon Series (2003)
 * Dekotora no Shu (2003)
 * Gozu (2003)
 * Tokyo Wankei: Destiny of Love (2004)
 * Out of This World (2004)
 * Dekotora no Shu 2 (2004)
 * Zebraman (2004)
 * Tokyo Zombie (2005)
 * Tobi ga Kururi to (2005)
 * The Suspect: Muroi Shinji (2005)
 * Specter (2005)
 * Makoto (2005)
 * Dekotora no Shu 3 (2005)
 * Waru: kanketsu-hen (2006)
 * Taiyo no Kizu (2006)
 * Waru (2006)
 * Dekotora no Shu 4 (2006)
 * SS (2008)
 * Kurosagi (2008)
 * Dekotora no Shu 5 (2008)
 * Drop (2009)
 * Zebraman 2: Attack on Zebra City (2010)
 * Me o Tojite Giragira (2011)
 * Helter Skelter (2012)
 * Z Island (2015)
 * Patalliro! (2019)
 * What Happened to Our Nest Egg!? (2021)
 * Dekotora no Shu 6 (2021)
 * One Last Bloom (2023)
 * Old Car (2023), Genta
 * Voice (2024)

Television

 * Tsubasa (1994)
 * Kisarazu Cat's Eye (2002)
 * Kurosagi (2006)
 * Garo: Makai No Hana (Eiji Busujima) (2014)
 * Sanada Maru (2016), Gotō Matabei
 * Maiagare! (2022–23), Gō Kido

Video games

 * Yakuza 5 (2012), Kouichi Takasugi

Dubbing

 * Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway (2021), Barnabas

title: Show Aikawa


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Mariya Takeuchi

Mariya Takeuchi (竹内 まりや) is a Japanese singer and songwriter. Regarded as an influential figure in the city pop genre, she is one of the best-selling music artists in Japan, having sold over 16 million records, and has received several accolades. Her husband is Tatsuro Yamashita, a singer-songwriter and record producer.

Takeuchi was born in Taisha, Hikawa district, now the city of Izumo, Shimane, and attended Keio University. She made her singing debut after signing with the RCA record label in 1978, with whom she released her debut album Beginning (Mariya Takeuchi album), which peaked at No. 17 on Oricon Charts. She then released four albums between 1979 and 1981, all of which obtained commercial success, including the 1980 album Love Songs (Mariya Takeuchi album), which became her first work to peak at No. 1 on Oricon Charts. Takeuchi then announced she would go on a temporary hiatus in 1981, terminating her contract with RCA records. Three years later, Takeuchi and her husband Tatsuro Yamashita signed with Moon Records, and she made her comeback with her sixth studio album Variety in 1984, which was released internationally and shot her to mainstream success, and peaked at No. 1 on Oricon Charts. The track "Plastic Love" was released in 1985 as a single, and became a surprise hit outside of Japan in 2017, after a YouTube upload of the song went viral. The song has since attained a cult following and is seen as the staple in a revival of interest in city pop in the late 2010s.

Following the success of her ventures throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, Takeuchi began releasing albums less frequently, her latest release being in 2014 as she shifted her focus to work and releasing standalone singles. Since 1981, every single she has released has charted on the Oricon Charts. She has stayed with the Moon record label, working with the different branches since signing in 1984 and since 1998 has been signed with Warner Music Japan, with whom she released the single "Inochi no Uta" (いのちの歌) in 2012, for which she re-recorded in 2020; the latter of which charted at No. 1 on Oricon Charts, making her the oldest Japanese singer to achieve a No. 1 single.

Early life
Takeuchi was born in Taisha in the Hikawa district of Shimane Prefecture in Japan. She grew up in the family Shinise Ryokan (Japanese long-established inn) business by the name of Takenoya, that her paternal great grandfather Shigezo Takeuchi (竹内繁蔵) founded in 1877. Her family always played records from all over the world. She had already learned to play piano and guitar by third grade, but the Beatles left an impression that inspired her to travel.

In 1972, for her third year of high school, she studied in Rock Falls, Illinois, United States, as an international exchange student through the AFS Intercultural Programs. Her nickname was Mako, as one of the AFS yearbooks has a caption that reads Mariya "Mako" Takeuchi. She entered the Japanese Keio University in 1974, majoring in English literature and won a nationwide English recitation contest by The Japan Times in the spring of that year. She married fellow musician Tatsuro Yamashita in April 1982. They have one daughter.

Career
Takeuchi joined the music club of her university and there she was invited to participate in Masamichi Sugi (杉真理)'s recordings and in March 1978 so-called the omnibus album Loft Sessions (ロフト・セッションズ) recordings. In August that year she signed up with the RCA recording label, and in November her debut single "Modotte oide, Watashi no Jikan" (戻っておいで・私の時間), and her debut album Beginning (Mariya Takeuchi album) were released. The 1979 singles "Dream of You: Lemon Lime no Aoi Kaze" (ドリーム・オブ・ユー〜レモンライムの青い風〜) and September (Mariya Takeuchi single) were hits, and with that she won the 1979 Japan Record Awards, Tokyo Music Festival, Japan Music Awards, Shinjuku Music Festival, and Ginza Music Festival best new artist awards as a singer. The 1980 single "Fushigi na Peach Pie" (不思議なピーチパイ) was also another hit. Takeuchi has had one song "Apple Papple Princess" (アップル・パップル・プリンセス) (1981) that appear on the NHK program Minna no Uta.

From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, she recorded five albums and several singles. Those recordings featured dozens of prominent Japanese and North American songwriters, instrumentalists and producers, including Kazuhiko Katō, Tetsuji Hayashi, Shigeru Suzuki, Masamichi Sugi, Takashi Matsumoto, Al Capps, Peter Allen, David Lasley, Alan O'Day, David Foster, Jim Keltner, Jay Graydon, Steve Lukather, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, and a fellow RCA artist and her future partner and husband, Tatsuro Yamashita. One of her songs from the 1980 album Miss M (Miss M), "Heart to Heart" (music by Roger Nichols), was given English lyrics and a new title, "Now". It was recorded by the Carpenters, released in 1983, and was the last recording by Karen Carpenter before her death. At the end of 1981, after the release of her fifth album Portrait (PORTRAIT), she announced she was going to take a break for a while and paused holding concerts and new releases, and got married six months later. While taking a break she continued composing for numerous different idols and singers such as Naoko Kawai, Hiroko Yakushimaru, Yukiko Okada, Akina Nakamori, Miho Nakayama, Hiromi Iwasaki, Masahiko Kondo, among many others.

Several of these songs scored top-ten on the Oricon, such as "Kenka wo Yamete" (けんかをやめて) and Invitation (Naoko Kawai song) performed by Naoko Kawai, "Dreaming Girl: Koi, Hajimemashite" (-Dreaming Girl- 恋、はじめまして) performed by Yukiko Okada, and "Iro: White Blend" (色・ホワイトブレンド) performed by Miho Nakayama. Takeuchi has often re-recorded those songs for her own album. "Eki" (駅), a song originally written for the album by Akina Nakamori, became known by the composer's recorded version, and had been covered by many artists. "Genki wo Dashite", a song first recorded by Hiroko Yakushimaru, is recognized as one of Takeuchi's notable compositions. The song was later covered by Hitomi Shimatani in 2003, and became a moderate hit.

Since her return to the Japanese music industry in 1984, she has recorded seven successful studio albums that mainly consist of her self-written songs, and all of them had reached No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon chart. As a singer-songwriter, she has produced eight top-ten hit singles on the Oricon chart, including "Single Again" (シングル・アゲイン), "Kokuhaku" (告白), "Junai Rhapsody" (純愛ラプソディ), "Kon'ya wa Hearty Party" (今夜はHearty Party), and her only No. 1 hit "Camouflage" (カムフラージュ). In addition to her work as a performer, she has continued writing songs and lyrics for other singers, including Ryōko Hirosue, Takako Matsu, Riho Makise, Seiko Matsuda, Masayuki Suzuki and Tackey & Tsubasa.

Several of these songs scored top-ten on the Oricon, such as "Maji de Koi suru 5 byō mae" (MajiでKoiする5秒前) performed by Ryōko Hirosue, "Miracle Love" performed by Riho Makise, "Minna Hitori" (みんなひとり) performed by Takako Matsu, and "Minna no Happy Birthday" (みんなのハッピーバースデイ) performed by Mana Ashida.Up to September 2014, Takeuchi had released 12 studio albums, 42 singles, several compilations and a live album which was recorded in 2000. Her total sales have been estimated at more than 16 million units by 2009. Her 1994 compilation, Impressions, sold more than 3 million copies in Japan alone, and became her best-selling album. In addition to her musical career, she has also managed her family's Ryokan Takenoya since May 2018 "until the next generation can take over". Outside of Japan, she is best known for the city pop song "Plastic Love" from her number-one album Variety (1984). At the time of the song's release, Takeuchi had not considered attempting to release her music in the Western world, stating in a 2018 interview, "Considering that [the song] was mostly performed in Japanese, we figured it would be impossible to go abroad." The song went viral after it was uploaded to YouTube during the mid-late 2010s. Popularized overseas via the vaporwave and future funk scenes, the song has received more than 67 million views on YouTube as of June 2021. It has received critical acclaim, with Noisey calling it "the best pop song in the world" and Gorillaz calling it "a wonder woman slab of Japanese funk". K-pop singer Yubin's "City Love" is also based on this song. The Blessed Madonna closed a Resident Advisor November 2017 mix with a rendition of this song as well. Chai released a cover of the song in 2020. "Plastic Love" has also inspired numerous fan art and videos. On 17 May 2019, Warner Music Japan released on YouTube a short version of a music video for the song, 35 years after its initial release. A longer, five minute version was subsequently released on 11 November 2021.

In 2021, Takeuchi formed a new duo called Peach & Apricot with Anri, a Japanese pop singer-songwriter. "Peach" refers to Takeuchi 's popular hit "Fushigi na Peach Pie" (不思議なピーチパイ), while "Apricot" comes from Anri’s debut album title Apricot Jam. On November 3, 2021, they released their first song together, "Watching Over You". The lyrics were written by Takeuchi, while the music was composed and arranged by Tetsuji Hayashi. The song marks the first collaboration between Hayashi and Takeuchi in 40 years since "Ichigo no Yuuwaku", and Hayashi's first with Anri in 38 years since "You Are Not Alone".

Controversy
Kiyoshi Matsuo, a Japanese record producer, who had mentioned Johnny Kitagawa's sexual harassment allegations in various media, had his management contract terminated in the middle of the period by Smile Company, to which he had belonged. He stated that Takeuchi and her husband Tatsuro Yamashita, who also belong to the company, agreed with the company's policy.

title: Mariya Takeuchi


text:
Mt. San Antonio College

Mt. San Antonio College (Mt. SAC) is a public community college in Walnut, California. It offers more than 400 degree and certificate programs, 36 support programs, and more than 50 student clubs and athletic programs, including food pantry, counseling and tutoring. The college offers associate degrees, career education, community recreation courses, ESL, adult education, and youth summer programs.

History
After World War II, local leaders anticipated the return of young people to college. Four local high school districts voted to approve the formation of the Mt. San Antonio Community College District in December 1945. The board wasted little time. They immediately began to meet on December 26, 1945, and set out to find a suitable location and hire staff. They leased from the state of California a former U.S. Naval hospital located on 445 acres in what was unincorporated Walnut. The land had buildings from as early as 1919, when it was a home for wayward boys. It had also been the State Narcotic Hospital before the war.

The lease began on July 1, 1946, and a newly hired staff immediately set out to open a college and begin to offer classes that fall. With a meager budget of $191,790, faculty and staff worked relentlessly to gather furniture and supplies, design courses, and register students. Family members and students voluntarily pitched in to help collect supplies and paint walls. The school opened for classes on September 16, 1946, with 682 registered students taking classes in programs organized under 7 divisions and 12 departments.

Campus
Sitting on 420 acres in Walnut, California, Mt. San Antonio College is strategically located in the center of the district it serves. While the college accepts students from outside of the district and even internationally, its district focuses on serving communities on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, including Baldwin Park, Bassett, Charter Oak, Covina, Diamond Bar, the southern portion of Glendora, Hacienda Heights, City of Industry, Irwindale, La Puente, La Verne, Pomona, Rowland Heights, San Dimas, Valinda, Walnut, and West Covina.

The college has invested more than $1.5 billion in updating its facilities through public support of Measure R, Measure RR, and Measure GO bonds. The college has a 250-acre farm; a working veterinary hospital; student-run restaurant, new science classrooms and laboratory facilities; a music, dance, and theater building; multi-media/internet connected classrooms; a new Olympic-quality stadium and athletics complex, baseball complex; two soccer fields; and is home of the world-famous Mt. SAC Relays. It has an Olympic size swimming pool, tennis courts, and a working farm which includes horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and a canine facility that works with a greyhound rescue group to rehabilitate retired racing dogs each semester. The school also has a 15 acre wildlife sanctuary that supports a large variety of native species of birds, mammals, and insects. It consists of a lake, swamp, stream, pond, meadow, and forested area. It is one of the last "safe" places for nature to exist in Walnut due to increased development and a growing population.

The Randall Planetarium has been open since 1968. There are more projects in progress, the latest being a modern agricultural sciences complex, including a working animal hospital, set to complete construction in spring 2011. Construction has also begun on a new Design Technology building. More projects are also expected in the next few years as funds from a recently voter approved measure come in. Located on campus are several campus cafes and a "Common Grounds" area.

Academics
Mt. SAC has nearly 400 programs available that provide associate degrees as well as certificates.

It has an aviation and aircraft maintenance program. Through this program, Mt SAC offers Associate of Science degrees in both Aviation Science and Commercial Flight. The school has partnerships with four-year schools to which students can arrange to receive a bachelor's degree. For example, the Mt SAC aviation program has an on-campus partnership with Southern Illinois University to offer a Bachelor of Science degree in Aviation Management. Mt. SAC is one of 36 colleges in the United States to offer the College Training Initiative (CTI) program through the FAA. This program attracts students from across the United States. It trains students to be air traffic controllers for the FAA.

Besides air traffic control, Mt. SAC has the largest Associate of Science, Commercial Flight degree program in California. It maintains a flight training association on and off campus at nearby Brackett Airport, with a hangar and facilities made possible through donations from Sophia Clarke (renowned for also providing generous gifts for the modern and stately, state-of-the-art Sophia B. Clarke theater and its adjacent equally photogenic edifices). Its flying team is ranked as the best among community colleges in the western United States from 1991 to 2006. In 2000, 2002, 2005, and 2013, the flying team ranked #1 among community colleges in the United States. Also in 2005, and in 1987, the school was the recipient of the Loening Trophy, recognizing the school as having the nation's Best Aviation Program. The Mt SAC Flying team is a member of National Intercollegiate Flying Association and Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Flying Association.

Student life
Associated Students is the student government organization at Mt. San Antonio College and serves as the official voice of the student body. Its budget, of more than $600,000, is generated by an optional "Student Activities" fee paid by students during the fall and spring semesters. Associated Students coordinates and sponsors several events for the student body. Events and sponsorships include the following: campus holiday celebration, celebrity speakers, women's history month activities, cultural celebrations, commencement rehearsal, awards and recognition ceremonies, weekend college tours, and the transfer achievement celebration. Associated Students officers include members of the executive board, Student Senate, and Student Court.

Public speaking
Mt. SAC has a national award-winning Speech and Debate (forensics) team. The program has won numerous regional, national and international speech and debate tournaments, including the Phi Rho Pi national community college tournament, the American Forensics Association (AFA) national undergraduate tournament, the International Forensics Association (IFA), as well as many Readers Theater championships. Most recently, the team captured the national title at the 2024 Phi Rho Pi tournament. In 2023, the team won the Sylvia Mariner Perpetual Sweepstakes Award for earning accumulative points – an honor Mt. SAC last won 12 years beforehand in 2011. Coaches John Vitullo (2011) and Danny Cantrell (2021) were awarded the Phi Rho Pi Distinguished Service Award, which is the highest Phi Rho Pi honor awarded to a coach.

Chamber singers
Mt. SAC's choral music department includes the award-winning Chamber Singers. Notable achievements include "Choir of the World" in 2007 at the famed Eisteddfod International Music Competition in Wales. In addition to their world title, the mixed group also won three gold medals for their performances in the Youth Choir, Mixed Choir, and Folk Song Choir divisions, making them the choir with the most gold medals won at any of the 61 Eisteddfod competitions.

Fermata Nowhere
Mt. SAC's TTBB a cappella group, Fermata Nowhere, is the only community college a cappella group to win an International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) title. They qualified for ICCA finals in 2004 and 2009, where they placed 2nd and 1st, respectively. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked Fermata Nowhere at #15 out of all ICCA-competing ensembles.

Athletics
The Mt. San Antonio College (Mt. SAC) athletics teams, the "Mounties", have captured a total of 76 California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) state championships, with 49 titles coming since 2000. Mt. SAC currently fields 23 intercollegiate sports including: baseball (M), basketball (M & W), beach volleyball (W), cross country (M & W), football (M), golf (M & W), soccer (M & W), softball (W), swimming (M & W), tennis (M & W), track and field (M & W), volleyball (W), water polo (M & W), and wrestling (M). Mt. SAC competes in the South Coast Conference in most sports, with golf (Orange Empire), wrestling (So Cal Wrestling Alliance) and football (SoCal Football Association - National Division Central Conference) hosted in other conferences.

In 2015, Mt. SAC Athletics captured the 2014–2015 Learfield/IMG Sports Director's Cup, which is awarded to the nation's top overall athletics programs at the NCAA (I, II, III), NAIA, and community college levels. The Mounties have also captured nine Daktronics National Association of Two-Year College Administrators of Athletics (NATYCAA) Cup Championships, which is awarded to the western United States top overall community college athletics program. Since its inception in 2004, Mt. SAC has also captured five second-place trophies and finished in fourth place and sixth place.

The Mt. SAC track and field/cross country programs led all Mt. SAC programs with a combined total of 30 CCCAA championships (men's track 10, women's track 11, men's cross country 1, women's cross country 8). For the past ten years, women's basketball has led all sports with five state championships and four additional top four state championship finishes. Men's soccer has four state championships (two national championships) and three additional top four state championship finishes. Women's softball has two state championships and five additional top four state championship finishes. Football has three state championships (two national championships) and three additional top two state championship finishes.

Mt. SAC Relays

This event is held annually in April over a three-day period and attracts around 15,000 athletes from more than 150 colleges and universities and 150 high schools throughout the world. The relays are hosted in the college's stadium, Hilmer Lodge Stadium (12,500 expandable seating), which is named after Mt. SAC's first track and field/cross country coach. The stadium has nine 48" running lanes, 86' X 40' Daktronics screen, tifgreen Bermuda natural grass, Musco LED lighting, meeting rooms and a practice track facility with a Field Turf Field and field event practice facilities.

Famous participants at the Mt. SAC Relays include:

 * Randy Barnes
 * Ato Boldon
 * Leroy Burrell
 * Joaquim Cruz
 * Gail Devers
 * Stacy Dragila
 * Allyson Felix
 * Maurice Greene
 * Allen Johnson
 * Marion Jones
 * Jackie Joyner-Kersee
 * Bernard Lagat
 * Carl Lewis
 * Michael Marsh
 * Noureddine Morceli
 * Edwin Moses
 * Maria de Lurdes Mutola
 * Merlene Ottey
 * Mike Powell
 * Bob Seagren
 * Mike Tully
 * Kevin Young

Cross Country Invitational
Since the first event in 1948, the Mt. SAC Cross Country Invitational has grown to be the largest event of its kind in the world. It is often rich in running tradition as generations within families may have run it in the past. Mt. SAC is considered one of the most challenging cross country courses in the nation. The races all take place over the course of two weekends usually in October.

The runners start on a long (former) airstrip and run over three hills. The Valley Loop is a flat loop in the beginning of the race where runners usually overtake others. The first mile, due to the flat and hard surface is extremely quick. This mile is immediately followed by the switchbacks up the side of the first hill. These consist of four tight-knit hairpin turns. The switchbacks are very technical as the runners are often closely packed entering this area, and the hill itself is both steep and loosely packed. Arguably, the most challenging obstacle is the infamous "poop out" hill, which is the steepest hill on the course (as well as one of the shortest). The final climb runners must conquer before a steep descent to the flat finish area is Reservoir Hill, which is a steady uphill. The end of the race loops back to the beginning (on the airstrip), passing behind where the runners for the next race are staged. It is also designed for speed and wraps right around the spectator area for a finish at the gate entering Hilmer Lodge Stadium. The current course high school record holders are Boys 14:23, Austin Tamagno (Brea Olinda), 2014, and Girls 15:49, Claudia Lane (Malibu), 2017.

Notable alumni

 * Brett Tomko, professional baseball player
 * Alfonso Boone, professional football player
 * Sammie Burroughs, professional football player
 * Anthony Calvillo, professional football player
 * Javier Castro, professional soccer player
 * Ronald Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actor
 * Mark Clear (born 1956), professional baseball player
 * Kevin Craft, college football player
 * Tommy Haynes, professional football player
 * Dan Henderson, professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter
 * Mike Hohensee, professional football player and coach
 * Bruce Irvin, professional football player
 * Avi Kaplan, Grammy Award-winning arranger and singer, former member of Pentatonix
 * Joe Keough, professional baseball player
 * Giovanni Lanaro, two-time Olympic pole vaulter, Mexican champion/record holder
 * Tony Lorick (1941–2013), professional football player
 * Chris McAlister, professional football player
 * Gary Miller, U.S. Representative
 * Sona Movsesian, author, executive assistant, and podcaster
 * Halakilangi Muagututia, professional football player
 * Antonio Pierce, professional football player and coach
 * Bob Seagren Olympic gold medalist
 * Rocky Seto, professional football coach
 * Sam Shepard, playwright, actor, and musician
 * Les Shy, professional football player
 * Nu'u Tafisi, professional football player
 * Edward Ulloa, attorney and former criminal prosecutor
 * Javier Vazquez, wrestler, MMA fighter
 * Delanie Walker, professional football player
 * Taco Wallace, professional football player
 * Chris Woodward, professional baseball player and coach
 * Shawn Wooten, professional baseball player
 * Tony Zendejas, professional football player
 * Rachaad White, professional football player

title: Mt. San Antonio College


text:
Kaiserreich

Kaiserreich is a German term for an empire, i.e. a state ruled by an emperor. It was the official name of the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, 1871–1918).

Kaiserreich may also refer to:

 * Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich, 800/962–1806)
 * Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich, 1804–1867)
 * Austro-Hungarian Empire (Kaiserliche und königliche Monarchie Österreich-Ungarn, 1867–1918)
 * Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg, an alternative history mod for the computer games Darkest Hour and Hearts of Iron IV

title: Kaiserreich


text:
Pasadena City College

Pasadena City College (PCC) is a public community college in Pasadena, California.

History
Pasadena City College was founded in 1924 as Pasadena Junior College. It originally operated on Pasadena High School's campus as an extended learning program of the high school. In 1928, PJC and Pasadena High School formally merged. From 1928 to 1953, it operated as a four-year junior college, combining the last two years of high school with the first two years of college.

In 1946, John Muir College was founded due to PJC's enlarged enrollment. The following year, Pasadena Junior College was renamed Pasadena City College. While at John Muir, Fred Phelps was profiled in Time magazine for preaching against "sins committed on campus by students and teachers ... promiscuous petting ... evil language ... profanity ... cheating ... teachers' filthy jokes in classrooms ... [and] pandering to the lusts of the flesh". Phelps later became leader of the Westboro Baptist Church.

In 1954, John Muir and PCC merged, forming the modern Pasadena City College. In 1966, voters approved the creation of the Pasadena Area Junior College District. The name was subsequently changed to the Pasadena Area Community College District. Pasadena City College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, an institutional accrediting body recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education.

The Shatford Library is a direct descendant of the original Pasadena High School library that originally occupied the campus. The $16.5-million Shatford Library opened September 7, 1993, and holds 133,024 volumes in the general book collection, over 300 periodical subscriptions (plus over 2,000 titles in electronic databases) 7,338 audio cassettes, 1,019 paperbacks, 661 CDs and software, 404 volumes in the Special Services collection, and 1,186 videocassettes. Walter T. Shatford II, is the attorney for whom the library was named in recognition of his four decades of service on the school's board and his donations. He was also active in the Civil Rights Movement.

On March 20, 2003, on the day the United States launched Operation Iraqi Freedom, many students led by the Students for Social Justice, protested on campus against the war. Protesters went through the administration building requesting students to join their cause. Three students were arrested by campus police. That same year, voters approved a bond measure for about $150 million that improved campus facilities. A significant portion of these funds were earmarked for the construction of a new building to house the college's art and music departments. The Alumni Commons, the Aquatic Center, the Boone Sculpture Garden, and the Galloway Plaza have all replaced what were once campus parking lots. A new fourth floor parking structure (Lot 5) and a new bus parking area were completed in 2005.

In 2007, many services at the school had to relocate pending demolition of their previous facilities. These included the college bookstore, Student Affairs, Associated Students, the student business services, the campus police and the offices of the school newspaper The Courier. A groundbreaking ceremony for the construction of the new Industrial and Technology building, Campus Center and Bookstore took place in October 2007. The Campus Center and Bookstore opened in August 2009. The school is one of the few community colleges with its own observatory, planetarium, and seismograph. Additionally, in 2007 demonstrators from Philadelphia-based Repent America demonstrated on campus, leading to tensions between demonstrators and some students. PCC students, some who were journalism students and staff members of the campus newspaper, PCC Courier, were involved in the May Day melee at MacArthur Park. Later that year, students and faculty held a rally in support of the Jena Six. Some students were beaten and arrested at the MacArthur Park immigrant rights demonstration on May 1, 2007.

During 2012 and 2013, the school became embroiled in conflict between students and faculty and the campus administration. On August 29, 2012, the PCC Board unilaterally cancelled the subsequent six-week winter session. One student was arrested at this board meeting. Organized by a newly formed group called Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement, a rally during the first week back of the illegitimate new Spring semester kicked off a steady wave of student and faculty activism. Eventually, course sections were cut, student transfers to four-year institutions were delayed, overall full-time student enrollments were reduced, and Proposition 30 monies allotted to the school were jeopardized. According to the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office, 2012–2013 had the lowest full-time enrollments in 17 years at 20,219; Spring 2013 had the lowest full-time enrollments in 10 years at 9838 students. The Faculty Association filed an unfair labor practice on the District for canceling winter abruptly and won in November 2013. The district filed an appeal to the ruling, thus prolonging the orders to rescind the trimester calendar and return to the status quo while ratcheting up annual 7% compensation to affected employees.

In Spring 2013, in an unprecedented move, the Associated Students unanimously censured the administration and passed a vote of no confidence in the school's president, Mark W. Rocha, and collectively called for his immediate ouster. Separately, a vote among full-time faculty members expressed no confidence in Rocha by a margin of 92 percent to 8 percent. The Academic Faculty Senate also voted, 24–0, no confidence in the president.

The board of trustees remained firm in their support of Rocha, extending his contract another year and giving Rocha a raise. In 2014, however, the faculty maintained its disapproval of the college president's performance as revealed in the faculty-wide evaluation of the PCC President. The negative campus climate has also been a concern with the staff and faculty, which prompted a campus-wide town hall sponsored by the faculty senate. Rocha was named one of Pasadena Weekly's less-than-stellar local "turkey" leaders of 2013. After a failed attempt to find work elsewhere, Rocha announced his retirement on August 7, 2014, but later became the Chancellor of San Francisco City College, where after less than three years he was placed on leave in March 2020, according to the San Francisco Examiner.

In 2014, the Oscar-winning screenplay writer Dustin Lance Black was invited to speak at commencement, but in a controversial move he was subsequently uninvited by PCC Board of Trustees Anthony Fellow, who said, "We just don't want to give PCC a bad name." According to the Los Angeles Times, "School officials pretended that Black was never approved as commencement speaker, when in fact they approved him. They said that his brush with a sex scandal has 'no place in public discussion,' when in fact they discussed it with reporters, students and each other." The college issued an apology, and later re-extended the invitation.

Administration and governance
The college is governed by a nine-member board of trustees. Seven members are elected (each of whom represents a geographical section of the Pasadena Area Community College District, which includes Pasadena, Altadena, La Caňada Flintridge, Sierra Madre, South Pasadena, San Marino, Arcadia, Temple City, the western portion of El Monte, the northern portion of Rosemead and the East Pasadena/East San Gabriel unincorporated area); one is a student trustee who is elected by the student body; and one is the sitting college president, who is also the district superintendent. Mark W. Rocha, former West Los Angeles College president, assumed the role of president/superintendent on July 1, 2010, when he was chosen to replace Lisa Sugimoto. His presidency was controversial with some constituents, including the faculty who twice voted "no confidence" in him, and he resigned in the summer of 2014.

Previous presidents/superintendents include Jack Scott (1987–1995), who served as California State Assemblymember from 1996 to 2000 and California State Senator from 2000 to 2008. , Scott is Chancellor of the California Community College system; James Kossler, 1995–2007; Paulette Perfumo, who held the position from August 2007 until her abrupt resignation in 2009; and Lisa Sugimoto, who served as acting president through the end of the 2009–2010 academic year.

Demographics
The school attracts students from throughout Southern California, enrolling a large percentage of student from outside the bounds of the Pasadena Area Community College District, which was established in 1966. The district includes the cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, Altadena, San Marino, Temple City, La Cañada Flintridge, Arcadia, Sierra Madre, and portions of Rosemead and El Monte.

, there are approximately 27,324 students enrolled in the school. Full-time enrollment 10,422 and part-time 16,902 students. The student-faculty ratio is 26-to-1. The demographics of the students in 2012: 43.2 percent Hispanic, 26.8 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 9 percent Caucasian, 3.9 percent African American, and 0.1 percent American Indian. 51.2 percent of the students are female, while 48.3 percent are male.

The in-state tuition and fees for 2017-2018 were $1,348, and out-of-state tuition and fees were $7,004. There is no application fee.

The staff members of the International Student Office assist international students in the application process and support their transition during their time at the school. Before registration, international students are required to pass the English as a Second Language (ESL) and Math placement examinations before being accepted into the school. They are also required to attend counseling to plan for classes. Assistance is available to become familiar with campus resources, i.e., Counseling Office, Library, Learning Assistance Center (LAC), the ESL Center, and Computing Services. It is recommended that all students meet with a counselor to develop a Student Educational Plan (SEP) (L104).

In 2015, there were 425 full-time professors and 1,119 part-time professors. They are represented by the Academic Senate and the Faculty Association. There were 322 classified staff. There were a total of 77 administrators (managers, directors, supervisors, deans, vice-president and president), represented by the Management Association.

Media
The Courier is the official student award-winning newspaper of Pasadena City College. It has been honored with a General Excellence Award by the Journalism Association of Community Colleges. The students were also honored for their work on the campus newspaper.

Athletics
Athletic programs at Pasadena City College include basketball, cross country, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, baseball, softball, football, and soccer. The sports teams are known as the Lancers, and the school colors are cardinal red and gold. Pasadena's teams were known as the Bulldogs prior the school's merger with John Muir College in 1954. Muir's teams were known as the "Mustangs"

The school's baseball team uses the Jackie Robinson Field, located near the Rose Bowl, for practices and home games. Robinson Stadium is named for Jackie and Mack Robinson, both of whom were PCC alumni. The stadium was completed in 1999, after a renovation to move the stadium from a North-West position to an East-West direction. The stadium's surface is SprinTurf, while the track has been converted to an all-weather surface. In addition to the school students, the stadium is used by local students from Marshall Fundamental Secondary School, Pasadena High School, and Blair International Baccalaureate School for some high school home football games due to lack of resources on the respective campus fields. It has been the home of the annual two-day "Bandfest" for the Pasadena Tournament of Roses for many years.

The Pasadena City College women's badminton team won AIAW national intercollegiate championships in 1972 and 1973, topping fields that included previous champions Long Beach State and Arizona State.

Satellite campuses
Pasadena City College has four satellite campuses, the Child Development Center, the Foothill campus, the Rosemead campus, and the Northwest campus at John Muir High School.

The Child Development Center, located one block west of the PCC campus, is a childcare center for children of the school's students.

The Foothill campus (formally known as the Community Education Center), located two miles east of the main campus, is an offsite facility where vocational training, some ESL courses, American Citizenship courses, and the college's high school diploma program take place.

The Rosemead campus was established in the Fall of 2013 in efforts to provide more offerings to students throughout the district.

The Northwest campus at John Muir High School was established in the Spring of 2016 which offers career training programs and offering high school students opportunity in applying for college courses.

Shuttles connect the main (Colorado) campus with the Foothill and Rosemead campuses (see Transportation section below).

Classes at high schools
Pasadena City College offers courses that can be taken at nearby high schools. Courses are also offered at the Armory Center for the Arts in downtown Pasadena.
 * Arroyo High School in El Monte
 * John Muir High School in Pasadena
 * Pasadena High School
 * Marshall Fundamental Secondary School in Pasadena
 * Blair International Baccalaureate School in Pasadena
 * South Pasadena High School
 * La Cañada High School in La Cañada Flintridge
 * Arcadia High School
 * Temple City High School
 * San Marino High School

Notable people
Below is a list of Pasadena City College faculty and alumni.

Faculty

 * Edward Feser, professor of philosophy.
 * Nicholas Martin, Associate Professor of the French department, is a two-time Olympic gold medalist with the 1952 and 1956 Hungarian water polo teams
 * Ben Sakoguchi, artist and art educator

Alumni

 * Michael Anthony, bassist and a founding member of Van Halen
 * Stan Atkinson, television news reporter and anchor
 * Jennifer Batten, guitarist, known for solo work and touring with Jeff Beck and Michael Jackson
 * Dustin Lance Black, Oscar-award winning screenwriter, actor and LGBT activist, known for his work in the film Milk and the TV series Big Love.
 * Nicholas Brendon, actor (Xander on Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Tim Brewster, former head coach, Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
 * Jamal Brooks, former NFL linebacker
 * Don Burroughs, former NFL player
 * Octavia E. Butler, science fiction writer
 * Kim Carnes, singer, known for her 1981 hit song "Bette Davis Eyes"
 * Vic Carroll, former NFL player
 * Tommy Cole, award-winning American make-up artist, Mouseketeer, and former actor and singer
 * Mike Connelly, former NFL player
 * Dennis Cooper, poet and novelist
 * Michael Cooper, former Los Angeles Lakers basketball player, Coach of LA Sparks of the WNBA
 * John Culver, Queen of the Rose Parade
 * Clive Cussler, novelist
 * James Deen, pornographic actor
 * Michael Dorn, actor, best known as Worf on Star Trek (PCC connection referenced on South Park episode "Fun With Veal")
 * Arthur Duncan, tap dancer (attended)
 * Jaime Escalante, former Garfield High School (Los Angeles) teacher, work dramatized in Stand and Deliver
 * Darrell Evans, major league baseball player
 * Judi Evans, actor
 * Paul Fussell, literary scholar and social critic, National Book Award winner
 * Michelle Hamilton, Playboy playmate
 * Armie Hammer, actor from The Social Network
 * Jerome Harrison, former NFL running back
 * Ed Hervey, Edmonton Eskimos general manager and former CFL All-Star.
 * William Holden, Academy Award–winning actor
 * Michael Holton, former college basketball player
 * William Hung, American Singer, American Idol Participant
 * Pierre Koenig, Architect of the Case Study Home No.22 in the Hollywood Hills
 * Joyce Kennard, California Supreme Court
 * Quinton Knight, Arena Football League player
 * Mike Lansford, former NFL player
 * Jack Larson, Playwright and actor ('Jimmy Olsen' on The Adventures of Superman)
 * Kenny Loggins, singer and songwriter
 * Danella Lucioni, fashion and runway model and actress
 * Bob Mackie, fashion designer
 * Charles Manson, songwriter, philosopher, and convicted serial killer
 * Saladin McCullough, American football player
 * Elizabeth McGrath, artist
 * Bruce Merrifield, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, 1984
 * Anthony Miller, former NFL wide receiver
 * Charles Mincy, former NFL player
 * Carol Merrill, Let's Make a Deal model
 * Nate Montana, son of Joe Montana
 * Yura Movsisyan, Spartak Moscow player
 * James Mtume, Grammy-award winning songwriter, producer, singer and activist
 * Dennis Muren, film special effects artist
 * Porntip Nakhirunkanok, Miss Universe 1988 representing Thailand
 * Nick Nolte, Academy Award nominated actor
 * Kemper Nomland, architect
 * Jack Parsons, rocket scientist, JPL co-founder, and occultist
 * Fred Phelps, the pastor and leader of the Westboro Baptist Church
 * George Reeves, who portrayed Superman in the 1950s TV series The Adventures of Superman
 * William Reynolds, actor
 * Stan Ridgway, singer, songwriter, composer
 * Jackie Robinson, first African American in Major League Baseball, member of the MLB Hall of Fame
 * Mack Robinson, Jackie's brother, silver medalist sprinter at the 1936 Olympics as a student from PJC
 * David Lee Roth, vocalist of Van Halen
 * Betye Saar, artist
 * Mike Saxon, former NFL player
 * Herman Alfred Schmid, US Air Force Brigadier General
 * Rod Sherman, former NFL player
 * Larry Shinoda, automobile designer
 * Ken Shutt, American sculptor
 * John Singleton, film director, well known for his film Boyz n the Hood
 * Sirhan Sirhan, Robert F. Kennedy's assassin
 * Madylin Sweeten, actress
 * Esther Takei Nishio, WWII internee
 * Jerry Tarkanian, famed former college basketball coach
 * Charles Tuaau, NFL nose tackle
 * Alex Van Halen, drummer of Van Halen
 * Eddie Van Halen, lead guitar of Van Halen
 * DeWayne Walker, college football coach
 * Jim Wilks, former NFL player
 * Kirby Wilson, NFL football coach
 * Verne Winchell, founder of Winchell's Donuts and former chairman of Denny's Restaurants
 * Matt Young, major league baseball player

title: Pasadena City College


text:
East Los Angeles College

East Los Angeles College (ELAC) is a public community college in Monterey Park, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. It is part of the California Community Colleges System and the Los Angeles Community College District. With fourteen communities comprising its primary service area and an enrollment of 35,403 students, ELAC had the largest student body campus by enrollment in the state of California as of 2018. It was situated in northeastern East Los Angeles before that part of unincorporated East Los Angeles was annexed by Monterey Park in the early 1970s. ELAC offers associate degrees and certificates.

History
At the end of World War II, Los Angeles faced the need for another city college to accommodate the vast numbers of servicemen returning from deployment. Los Angeles City College (LACC) was the first city college serving Los Angeles, and by the war's end, it remained the only one in the area. Limited and costly transportation hindered the number of students who could attend LACC. Meanwhile, the Eastside was rapidly evolving into the city's industrial hub.

Arthur Baum, the editor of the East Los Angeles Tribune, led a citizens' committee, composed of presidents of various clubs and organizations in the community. The committee included Principal D. Raymond Brothers of Garfield High School, County Supervisor Smith, Superintendent Kersey, and several industrial leaders. They presented the proposition of establishing a junior college to the Los Angeles City Board of Education in a special meeting on March 1, 1945. The Los Angeles Board of Education voted in favor, leading to the establishment of a Junior College on the Garfield High School campus in June 1945. This marked the creation of East Los Angeles College, only the second city college (or junior college) serving the Los Angeles area.

The college commenced classes on September 4, 1945, operating on the Garfield High School campus with an initial enrollment of 373 students and 19 faculty members, even though the school board had authorized a faculty of 25, drawn from the LACC staff. Of these, 107 students attended college classes at Garfield, while 266 pursued health careers at L.A. County Hospital, primarily in nursing. The junior college was part of the Los Angeles City Public Schools system (now part of the L.A. Unified School District)."

On September 19, 1945, the first edition of the Campus News (a temporary newspaper) for the college was published. On September 25, a constitution for the Junior College was adopted and presented during an assembly. The college had to cope with the significant number of returning servicemen (veterans) enrolling, thanks to the G.I. Bill, as approximately 50,000 men were being discharged in the state each month.

The college relocated to its current 82 acre site on Avenida Cesar Chavez in February 1948. It is situated six miles from the Los Angeles Civic Center. A portion of the 2005 movie Goal! was filmed at the ELAC Weingart Stadium. The ELAC men's basketball team is prominently featured in the Netflix series Last Chance U: Basketball, a spin-off of the original Last Chance U, which premiered on March 10, 2021.

East Los Angeles College will offer the state's first community college program in Central American studies.

South Gate Campus
The East Los Angeles College (ELAC) South Gate Campus is an extension of East Los Angeles College, created to expand its academic services to the southeast corridor of Los Angeles. Construction of the new South Gate campus began in 2019 on the former site of Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., with an expected opening in fall 2022. On March 22, 2021, the California Community Colleges Board of Governors officially approved the South Gate Campus as an 'education center.

Performing Arts and Theatrical Expression
ELAC is home to the Vincent Price Art Museum, a contemporary art museum named in honor of the American actor and art collector, Vincent Price. In 1957, inspired by the students' spirit and the community's need to experience original artworks firsthand, Vincent and Mary Grant Price donated 90 pieces from their private collection to establish the museum. It was the first 'teaching art collection' owned by a community college in the United States. Over their lifetimes, the Price family ultimately donated 2,000 pieces, and the museum's permanent collection now boasts over 9,000 pieces valued at over $5 million.

In 1974, Roberto Esteban Chavez painted The Path to Knowledge and the False University, a 200-foot mural on the East Los Angeles Community College campus, where he served as an arts educator and chair of the Chicano Studies department. Although the college destroyed the mural, its impact and the political questions surrounding its destruction were documented in two museum exhibits: 'Roberto Chavez and The False University: A Retrospective' at the Vincent Price Museum and "Murales Rebeldes: L.A. Chicana/o Murals under Siege" as part of the Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA Beyond Borders initiative in 2017.

Student life
The school follows a semester-based academic year. The student-faculty ratio is 34-to-1. For the 2017–2018 academic year, in-state tuition and fees were $1,220, while out-of-state tuition and fees were $7,746. There is no application fee. As of fall 2018, the total enrollment at ELAC was 35,403, with 7,810 full-time students and 27,593 part-time students. The total number of entering students for fall 2017 was 34,697, with 8,538 full-time students and 26,569 part-time students.

The popular programs include: Social Sciences, Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting and Related Protective Services, and Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services.

Honors Program
The East Los Angeles Honors Program, recognized by the UC system, the Claremont Colleges, Occidental College, and Loyola Marymount, offers rigorous courses designed to help students transfer and successfully transition to four-year universities. The Honors Program is open to both part-time and full-time students and requires a 3.0 GPA to apply and be considered for enrollment. Successful completion of the Honors Program guarantees priority consideration for admission at 11 four-year universities throughout California and Washington.

Rankings
In 2016, the school was ranked 13th for the Best 2-Year College for adult learners in 'America's Best Colleges for Adult Learners' by Washington Monthly. In 2019, it achieved the top ranking in California and the 6th position nationwide for awarding degrees and certificates to Hispanic students, as reported by Hispanic Outlook on Education Magazine.

Engagement with local high schools

ELAC's Weingart Stadium, located on its football field, serves as the venue for graduation ceremonies of local high schools, including Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. The stadium also hosts the annual "East L.A. Classic" football game, featuring a matchup between Garfield and Theodore Roosevelt High School. This event traditionally draws over 20,000 fans, with notable figures like U.S. Senate candidate Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez even in attendance at the 2016 game.

Billy McMillin, a first-time director, won the 2017 storytelling award at the LA Film Festival for his documentary film The Classic about the football game.

Notable alumni

 * Leroy D. Baca, former Sheriff of Los Angeles
 * Raymond Cruz, actor
 * Ben Davidson, professional football player
 * Clarence Davis, professional football player
 * Katrina Dimaranan, beauty queen, actress, host, Binibining Pilipinas-Tousim 2012, Miss Supranational USA 2018, Miss Supranational 2018 1st runner-up
 * Mike Fong, California State Assembly from the 49th district
 * Antoinette Harris, college football player
 * Ethan Katz, professional baseball coach
 * Gloria Molina, Los Angeles County Supervisor
 * Sylvia Mosqueda, long-distance runner
 * Julian Nava, former U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, writer
 * Edward James Olmos, actor
 * Bob Pacheco, former 60th District Assemblyman
 * Richard Polanco, former California State Senate Majority leader and member of the California State Assembly
 * Ruben Quesada, poet, editor, board member at the National Book Critics Circle
 * Luis J. Rodriguez, poet, novelist, journalist, critic, columnist, and Los Angeles Poet Laureate
 * Susan Rubio, Member of the California State Senate from the 22nd
 * Alexander Salazar auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles from 2004 to 2018.
 * Ruben Salazar, reporter
 * Dennis Sanchez, founder of East Side Spirit and Pride
 * Arthur Torres, California Democratic Party chairman
 * Esteban Edward Torres, former United States Ambassador to UNESCO, Special Assistant to President Jimmy Carter, and U.S. Congress Member
 * Kent Twitchell, muralist
 * Antonio Villaraigosa, former Mayor of Los Angeles
 * Albert C. Zapanta, businessman and politician

Faculty

 * Judy Chu, an American politician serving as a U.S. Representative

title: East Los Angeles College