text:
Talk:Oscar Niemeyer

Jewish German surname?
Niemeyer may be Jewish or not. His surname is a rural, agricultural, and quite common German name meaning new meyer. A meyer was a medieval administrator of agricultural land, appointed by the local nobleman. I do not see why this name should be classifed as Jewish German. 99.9% of all Niemeyers are not Jewish, and the name also has none of the characteristics typical for Jewish German names. Neither does it have a colorful intrinsic meaning (like Loewenstein), nor is it connected to Hebrew or specifically Jewish words (like Kahn (can refer to Cohen (Jewish origin) or to Kahn = German for ship (non Jewish origin))), nor does the name refer to a city (like Shapiro or Katzenellenbogen). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.179.24.218 (talk) 08:02, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * He was one of the most famous Brazilian atheists. He never declared having any Jewish ancestry: "Having multiple origins, the famous architect likes to emphasize his surnames and their origins: Ribeiro and Soares, Portuguese; Almeida, Arab; and Niemeyer, German. In spite of his Catholic family background, he declares to be atheist. His convictions, however, haven't prevented him from designing various sacred buildings." ("De origens múltiplas, o que lhe agrada particularmente, o arquiteto mais famoso do país gosta de ressaltar os nomes e suas raízes: Ribeiro e Soares, portugueses; Almeida, árabe; e Niemeyer, alemão. Apesar das origens familiares católicas se diz ateu. Suas convicções, no entanto, não o impediram de projetar várias obras sacras.") —capmo (talk) 13:50, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Expansion
avsa alexandre van de sande - This page used to be a stub and I expanded it, as a part of a university work. I hope to find placeable pictures soon, as its difficult to talk about an architech withou seeing his work. I would be really greatfull to hear about you.

Di Cavalcanti?
About this part of the article: "in part due to its unorthodox form, in part due to the modern mural painted by Di Cavalcanti."

I believe the mural outside the church in Pampulha was painted by Candido Portinari, instead of Di Cavalcanti. --Milena 15:51, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

The mural outside is Portinari (unmistakable style!). There are the paintings of the via sacra too, and the altar, but I'm not sure if it's his too. I believe di Cavalcanti made the via sacra to the Brasília cathedral. -- NIC1138 00:11, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Brasilia
When exactly was the National Congress Building planned and built? The cathedral? The article has it dangling somewhere between late 50s and 1963, assuming chronological ordering of events was followed throughout.

From Brasilia:
 * Brasilia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960 when it was officially inaugurated.

Samsara contrib talk 12:36, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Fan page or encyclopedia article?
"Today, Niemeyer is over 98 and still discerning, active and brilliant" and similar quotes throughout the article are unsupported. Some editing in this regard wouldn't hurt. Oswald Glinkmeyer 02:59, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

His ethnicity
Was he Jewish? --1523 01:35, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, not really. Notice that his last (father's) name is Soares which is of Portuguese origin. Tsf 18:30, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Someone has written that he was born to Jewish parents - can someone verify this with a citation? --- The Wonky Gnome

 * I don't have the chance to link up at the moment, but there are many references to his Jewish heritage on-line that can be used. He has not been a religious man, however.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.161.60.171 (talk) 18:10, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

He was definitely not jewish, his ancestry was portuguese and german, see http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=524195. He was not religious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.176.166.229 (talk) 03:09, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Everybody knows that he was 100% Jewish: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&rlz=1G1GGLQ_ENUS244&q=oscar+niemeyer+jewish&btnG=Search —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.61.223 (talk) 07:19, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Well, I do not know whether or not he is Jewish. But that there are entries when entering "oscar niemeyer jewish" into Google proves nothing. Especially if nobody knows whether or not he is Jewish, there will be speculations about this question on the internet. There are other cases like that: Oscar Morgenstern and Dave Brubeck were not jewish, but one finds many entries on the internet claiming otherwise. Either one has a positive proof, for example a specific, reliable website, or his religions remains undisclosed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.56.216 (talk) 20:10, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

His correct name
According to "Fundação Oscar Niemeyer" www.niemeyer.org.br his real name is "Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho". This is the name on his official documents like ID card. However, according to Marcos Sá Correia, who wrote Niemeyer's biography, Niemeyer himself told him that his name was "Oscar Niemeyer Ribeiro de Almeida Soares". I really don't know why Niemeyer said a name that was not his "official" name. Acba 05:56, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Utilitarianism and POV
Who's ever said that he is an utilitarian? He is a formalist, but no utilitarian for sure. By the way, building beautiful but low functional performance buildings is precisely what he's been most criticized for. The claim makes no sense. Diegocunha

 * the article says "Although he was a defender of utilitarianism", and he did - in his autobiography.the article doesn't claim he is one. Artlondon 00:53, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

From his autobiography? So why not try "self proclaimed defender of utilitarianism" along with references? But I still doubt it without the possibilty of checking the "information". By the way, this whole paragraph hurts: "Although he was a defender of utilitarianism, his creations did not have the blocky coldness frequently criticized by post-modern critics. His buildings have forms so dynamic and curves so sensual" These adjectives sound like coming from an admirer. This article shouldn't have been nominated, for it lacks due references. It should be wikified -- Diegocunha 00:13, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Removal of POV message
Thank you, The Wonky Gnome, for the changes in the opening paragraph. The whole article has acquired a better tone, for it has now room for both apraisal and critiques. As my main personal reasons of dispute have been settled, I'm removing the POV message. Perhaps it will be better to have two distinct sections for "legacy" and "criticism", so as to acommodate further contributions and citations. Great work guys! It's good to see the magic of collaboration happening. --Diegocunha 20:32, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Architect box instead of Person box
I'm changing the regular infobox to "architect box". Le Corbusier and others in Wikipedia are in "architect boxes". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jgsodre (talk • contribs) 04:04, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Hospitalisation quote
this quote: 'a very lonely thing; I needed to keep busy, keep in touch with friends, maintain my rhythm of life.': it's repeated as if he said it twice in two different hospitalisations. i don't think this is likely. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 01:21, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

Oscar Niemeyer Auditorium Ravello
I have added a few sentences about this spectacular achievement of Niemeyer, so late in his life, partly to contest the idea that his 'powers' or 'inspiration' are fading, as is argued in the article, but also because the project is in a dramatic setting, was controversial but is a very impressive achievement. A photo should accompany the insertion, would someone who knows how to insert photos please do so? Many thanks PRC 07 (talk) 03:34, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your contribution. Unfortunately we can't host an image of the Auditorium Ravello because of the absence of freedom of panorama in Italy, unless we get a free license release from Oscar Niemeyer. Also thanks to Sionk for wikifying the section. -- ELEKHHT 11:15, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Thank you both. I will make a further change because the current text is out of date, the auditorium is now well and truly open, with a rich program of events. PRC 07 (talk) 09:16, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, saying the auditorium offers a "a rich program of musical and other cultural events" sounds like advertising, particularly when it is sourced to the auditorium's website. I've removed the comment. It would be better to find something that simply says when the auditorium fully opened. Sionk (talk) 09:27, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Summary of late period
I was adding notable late 20th century and 21st century projects from the List of Niemeyer's Works (see "See Also" at bottom of article). They are linked on that list but I did not know how to link them on the main article. --American in Brazil-- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.43.87.117 (talk) 23:03, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The disputed edits are about the summary in the lead of Niemeyer's late period. The current text is "Niemeyer continued working at the end of the 20th and early 21st century, notably designing the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (1996) and the Novo Museu (2002)" I reverted edits which were trying to replace the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum with the IMO less notable Popular Theater of Niterói or the Ibirapuera Auditorium. In the absence of access to a more reputable source, can still say that the obituaries in The Guardian and BBC, clearly single out the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum museum as the most significant from this period. -- ELEKHHT 23:54, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I, for one, concur with the choice. warshytalk 00:04, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Possible vandalism?
At the "Political and Religious views", it says: "He is widely known for donating over 20 million dollars to the Al-Qaeda terrorist group.", without presenting a single source. I smell vandalism in the air (especially because Niemeyer passed out recently), could the more experient editors take a look? Thanks. 200.195.155.178 (talk) 19:40, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I am very sorry for jumping the gun, and for completely missing the correct remark by the person above. It was my mistake, a very bad one at that, and I sincerely apologize. The person above is correct and that sentence is what should be deleted, of course. Sorry again. warshytalk 20:03, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Apologies, and thank you very much again for pointing this out. In the particular paragraph where it is located, and in my particular way of reading certain things in WP, I completely missed that ridiculous little sentence up to now. Unbelievable, both that WP would contain such defamation, and that I could have completely missed it until now... warshytalk 20:13, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It was just added little before and took two hours until reverted. Would have never appeared for readers if we've been using pending changes. -- ELEKHHT 23:03, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yep. Thanks for pointing this out. I think this is the diff, right? Someone should go after this IP. This type of 'addition' to WP borders on the criminal, IMO. Best, warshytalk  23:12, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Ana or Anna
The two references in the article about his daughter are currently using different spelling: one is Anna the other Ana. Google search shows widespread use of both forms, but from her gallery's website it appears that Anna is correct. -- ELEKHHT 00:46, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Ana is the Portuguese spelling. Anna is the English spelling. Presumably, her name was spelled Ana because she was Brazilian. I am an American living in Brazil; my wife is Brazilian, and my sister-in-law's name is spelled Ana. Although the article is in English, the way she spelled her name would appear to be proper and, as noted, Ana is the correct Portuguese spelling. However, using this criterion, it appears from her Galerie's website and her obituary that she used the English spelling Anna. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.43.87.117 (talk • contribs) 9 December 2012
 * That can be the general rule, and given that many Brazilian newspapers published "Anna", as well as that was used on her own website, it is rather a possible explanation for the frequent (mis)spelling as "Ana". -- ELEKHHT 23:42, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

I'm Brazilian and I've actually met her last year. It's Anna, double n! Use her website as reference, should be fine! --RPFigueiredo (talk) 11:27, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Overlapping sections
The sections 'Early Life and Education' at the beginning of the article, and the section 'Personal Life' at the end of the article, contain overlapping information. I suggest that these two sections either be combined or 'Personal Life' be moved to under 'Early Life' and the redundant material be removed. I believe this will improve the article. Any thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.180.140.187 (talk) 01:58, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

Go for it.--RPFigueiredo (talk) 00:23, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

I am trying to merge the two biographical sections by renaming "Early Life and Education" to "Personal Life and Education" at the beginning of the article and eliminate the section "Personal Life" at the end of the article. This will place a more complete biography in one section at the beginning and eliminate repetitious information (such as when he married). I believe this will improve the article without eliminating any factual details. — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 17:41, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

I also suggest that there be a new section break after the second paragraph of the biographical section "Life and Education" beginning with "In 1936, at 29, ..." to be titled "Early Career". This will break up a long section and correctly title the information following, which discusses his early work and professional contacts. However, I am not an experienced Wikipedian and do not know how to do it. Can someone lend some help.

Also, in the "Life" section, Lucio Costa magically appears out of nowhere. In the WP article on Costa, Niemeyer is identified as Costa's intern. I believe a more complete description of their meeting and association would improve the article considerably inasmuch as they collaborated for decades on major projects, such as the Brazil Pavillion at the 1939 NY World's Fair and, of course, Brasilia. I am not well-informed on this aspect of Niemeyer's career and would appreciate any help from knowledgeable WPs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 18:39, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've added back the 'Personal life' section (I didn't notice this thread). Marrying at 98 years old is certainly not 'early' ;) It is fairly standard to have "Early life" or "Early life and education" to contain details of birth, parents, childhood and college education. Because Niemeyer had such a looong life I think separate sections are preferable. "Personal life" sections normally contain info about marriages, children, personal habits etc. Sionk (talk) 18:42, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

I had retitled "Early life and education" to "Personal life and education" which of course includes his whole life, not just his early life. That way all the biographical info is in one place and the chance for repetitous info (such as the year of his marriage) is reduced. I believe this provides a more compact and informative article for Niemeyer's remarkably long and productive career. — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 18:56, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I can see why you thought that seemed sensible. To be honest, I'm surprised someone who lived 104 years doesn't have more 'personal life'!! There was commentary about his smoking habits, which seems to have been removed from the article over the last few weeks... Sionk (talk) 19:05, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

I think that conjoining the two sections makes sense and there is information on how many grandkids and great-grandkids he had. Also remarkable in view of the fact that he had only one child, Anna. I'm not sure how much he smoked is relevant to his life (tho that's also amazing in view of his longevity!). And a marriage of 76 years is another notable number. But the importance of the article rightly emphasizes his contributions to 20th century architecture. This was certainly recognized here in Brazil. When he died last December, his body was flown from Rio to Brasilia and lay in state for a day in the Alvorada Palace, the President of Brazil's home and office, which Niemeyer designed. (Don't know if he ever thought it would be where his body would lay in state when he designed it more than half a century ago.) Why not consider reverting back to my original edit as a way of making the biographical information more compact and in one place? — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 19:36, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

Also note my comment above about adding "Early Career" section after the second paragraph of my original edit to "Personal Life." This breaks up a long section and focuses on his career. — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 20:27, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that having a "personal life" section at the end of the article makes it look like a trivia, but also agree with Sionk that bringing his late-personal life forward does not make the article read better. I think any fact from his personal life is only to be included to the extent it is relevant to what made him notable. I suggest the section be merged with the rest of the article, but following a chronologic order. Regarding the "First works" section, I don't see the need to break it into multiple sections, but wouldn't mind if renamed to the equivalent and broader "Early career". -- ELEKHHT 04:33, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

I agree and did so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by American In Brazil (talk • contribs) 03:12, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Oscar Niemeyer


text:
Morning report (United States military)

In the United States Army, the 'morning report' was a document produced every morning for every basic unit of the Army, by the unit clerk, detailing personnel changes for the previous day. The morning report supported strength accountability from before World War II until the introduction of SIDPERS during the 1970s.

The report was signed by the unit's commanding officer, and submitted to the appropriate higher administrative unit. It was the source for tabulation of the Army's centralized personnel records.

The morning report detailed changes in the status of soldiers in the unit on the day the change occurred, including for example, transfers to or from the unit, temporarily assignment elsewhere (TDY), on leave, promotion or demotion, and other such events. Familiar abbreviations such as KIA (killed in action), AWOL (absent without leave), WIA (wounded in action), and MIA (missing in action) were the authorized notations used on the morning report for those statuses.

When a soldier was transferred to or from another unit, his or her orders specified an Effective Date of Change of Strength Accountability (EDCSA) specifying the exact date that the soldier is counted as leaving one unit and officially joining the other. The morning reports of the respective units will show the soldier transferred out, or in, on that date, as the case may be.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Morning report (United States military)


text:
Yutaka, Hiroshima

Yutaka (豊町) was a town located in Toyota District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The town covered the majority of the island of Ōsakishimojima and outlying small islands.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,706 and a density of 192.19 persons per km2. The total area was 14.08 km2.

On March 20, 2005, Yutaka, along with the towns of Ondo, Kurahashi and Kamagari (all from Aki District), and the towns of Yasuura and Toyohama (all from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Kure and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Yutaka, Hiroshima


text:
User talk:Tyir

Hello and welcom to wikipedia. Anyone can revert a page, see How to revert a page to an earlier version for instructions. User who are administrators have a "[rollback]" link that allows them to revert pages quickly in the event of vandalism and prints the "Reverted edits by X to last version by Y" message. Maximus Rex 04:49, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

To sign an article with a timestamp type ~. The software converts this to your username and a time stamp when the page is saved. Three tildes signs without a timestamp. Maximus Rex 04:54, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

yep that worked Tyir 04:56, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why did you revert Safe sex?
...to a version in which all the text is duplicated? -GTBacchus(talk) 23:11, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Revisions to Telepathy
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title: User talk:Tyir


text:
Setoda, Hiroshima

Setoda (瀬戸田町) was a town located in Toyota District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,310 and a density of 284.19 persons per km2. The total area was 32.76 km2.

On January 10, 2006, Setoda, along with the city of Innoshima, was merged into the expanded city of Onomichi.

Setoda is located on the island of Ikuchijima, where there is a large underground complex in abandoned quarry that Nakajima Aircraft Company used as a warehouse and munitions factory during the Pacific War. It now serves as a museum and concert hall.

title: Setoda, Hiroshima


text:
Ōsakikamijima, Hiroshima

Ōsakikamijima (大崎上島町) is a town located in Toyota District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

Ōsakikamijima is coterminous with the island of the same name, which is one of the Geiyo Islands of the Seto Inland Sea between Hiroshima Prefecture and Ehime Prefecture.

The new town of Ōsakikamijima was formed on April 1, 2003, with the merger of the towns of Ōsaki, Higashino and Kinoe, all from Toyota District.

As of March 31, 2024, the town of Ōsakikamijima had an estimated population of 6,744 and a density of 160 persons per km2. The total area is 43.24 km2.

Transportation
Ōsakikamijima is the largest island in Hiroshima Prefecture, yet has no fixed links to other islands or the mainland. A bridge to the nearby Ōsakishimojima, which is linked with the mainland via the Akinada Tobishima Kaido, has been planned since 1972 but construction is yet to start. There are ferry services to Ōsakishimojima, Ōmishima Island, Takehara (Honshu) and Imabari (Shikoku).

Education

 * Osaki Elementary School
 * Higashino Elementary School
 * Kinoe Elementary School
 * Ōsakikamijima Junior High School
 * Ōsaki Kaisei High School
 * Hiroshima National College of Maritime Technology

Recently, with the gradual migration of youth out of Osakikamijima, three of the elementary schools were combined to make Osakikamijima Elementary. All of the junior high schools were combined to make Osakikamijima Junior High.

title: Ōsakikamijima, Hiroshima


text:
Toyota District, Hiroshima

Toyota (豊田郡) is a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Currently the district has only the town of Ōsakikamijima.

As of April, 2008, the district has an estimated population of 8,739 and a Density of 202 persons/km2. The total area is 43.28 km2.

The towns and villages within Toyota District (As of the city, town, and village status enforcement in 1889)

 * Setoda (瀬戸田町)
 * Tadanoumi (忠海町)
 * Mitarai (御手洗町)
 * Ōkawa (大河村)
 * Ōgusa (大草村)
 * Ōsakinakano (大崎中野村)
 * Ōsakiminami (大崎南村)
 * Ōchō (大長村)
 * Ōnori (大乗村)
 * Kamikitagata (上北方村)
 * Kawamoto (川源村)
 * Kitaikuchi (北生口村)
 * Kidani (木谷村)
 * Kuba (久芳村)
 * Kuwanashi (椹梨村)
 * Koizumi (小泉村)
 * Kōnejima (高根島村)
 * Kodani (小谷村)
 * Saezaki (佐江崎村)
 * Sagiura (鷺浦村)
 * Shimokitagata (下北方村)
 * Sunami (須波村)
 * Zennyūji (善入寺村)
 * Takasaka (高坂村)
 * Takeni (竹仁村)
 * Tanoura (田野浦村)
 * Tamari (田万里村)
 * Tono (戸野村)
 * Toyota (豊田村)
 * Toyohama (豊浜村)
 * Nagatani (長谷村)
 * Nishiikuchi (西生口村)
 * Nishino (西野村)
 * Nyūno (入野村)
 * Nutanishi (沼田西村)
 * Nutahigashi (沼田東村)
 * Nomi (乃美村)
 * Higashiikuchi (東生口村)
 * Higashino (東野村)
 * Hisatomo (久友村)
 * Funaki (船木村)
 * Hongō (本郷村)
 * Minamiikuchi (南生口村)
 * Minamigata (南方村)
 * Myōga (名荷村)
 * Yoshina (吉名村)

(total of 3 towns, 43 villages)

Timeline (April 1, 1889~March 31, 1956)

 * April 1, 1889 Municipal status enforced. It had 3 towns and 43 villages in the past.
 * January 1, 1903 The village of Saezaki added Kuwaki from the village of Tanoura.
 * April 1, 1917 The village of Ōsakinakano renamed to the village of Nakano.
 * January 1, 1920 Parts of the village of Nakano (Noga, etc.) and Higashino (Dochu, etc.) broke off and created the town of Kinoe within the areas (4 towns, 43 villages).
 * April 1, 1924 The village of Ōkawa gained town status to become the town of Kōchi (1st generation) (5 towns, 42 villages)
 * April 1, 1924 The village of Hongō gained town status to become the town of Hongō (1st generation) (6 towns, 41 villages).
 * April 1, 1929 The village of Saizaki renamed and gained town status to become the town of Saizaki (幸崎町) (7 towns, 40 villages).
 * November 15, 1936 The villages of Sunami and Tanoura merged with the towns of Itozaki, Mihara, and the villages of Nishino and Yamanaka, Mitsugi District to form the city of Mihara (1st generation) (7 towns, 38 villages)
 * April 1, 1937 The town of Setoda and the village of Nishiikuchi merged to form the town of Setoda (7 towns, 37 villages).
 * February 20, 1941 The village of Ōchō changed the pronunciation to Daichō.
 * January 1, 1943 The village of Kidani merged with the towns of Mitsu and Hayatahara from Kamo District to form the town of Akitsu in Kamo District (7 towns, 36 villages)
 * October 1, 1943 The town of Kinoe (木ノ江町) becomes the town of Kinoe (木江町).
 * January 1, 1944 The village of Kawamoto and Nomi merged to form the village of Toyosaka (7 towns, 35 villages).
 * April 1, 1944 The town of Setoda and the villages of Kitaikuchi, Kōnejima, and Myōga merged to form the town of Setoda (7 towns, 32 villages)
 * August 9, 1947 The village of Daichō changed the pronunciation to Ōchō.
 * April 1, 1949 The village of Toyosaka gained town status to become the town of Toyosaka (8 towns, 31 villages)
 * June 10, 1950 The village of Zōga (now the city of Higashiiroshima) added Zōga from the village of Tono.
 * April 1, 1951 The villages of Kamikitagata, Shimokitagata, and Zennyūji merged to form the village of Kitakata (8 towns, 29 villages).
 * April 1, 1951 The village of Sakaibara from Mitsugi District (now the city of Mihara) added parts of the village of Takasaka (Kobayashi, Tsuchitori, Yamanakano).
 * November 3, 1951 The village of Ōgusa added Ubagahara from the village of Funaki.
 * March 22, 1953 The village of Nagatani along with the village of Yahata from Mitsugi District merged into the city of Mihara (8 towns, 28 villages).
 * May 1, 1953 The village of Higashiikuchi merged with the towns of Mitsunoshō, Takuma, Habu, and the villages of Ōhama, Shigei, and Nakanoshō from Mitsugi District to form the city of Innoshima (8 towns, 27 villages).
 * March 31, 1954 The village of Ōnori and parts of the village of Minamigata along with the village of Higashino from Kamo District merged into the town of Takehara in Kamo District (8 towns, 26 villages).
 * April 1, 1954 The village of Koizumi, Nutanishi, and Nutahigashi merged into the city of Mihara (8 towns, 23 villages).
 * November 3, 1954 The town of Hongō and the village of Kitagata, Funaki, and Minamigata to form the town of Hongō (8 towns, 20 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The town of Tamari merged with the town of Takehara along with the village of Shōno from Kamo District to become the town of Takehara in Kamo District (8 towns, 19 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The town of Kōchi (1st generation) and the villages of Tono and parts of Oda in the village of Toyota merged to form the town of Kōchi (8 towns, 18 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The villages of Ōgusa, Kuwanashi, and Toyota (excluding parts of Oda) merged with the village of Kanda from Sera District to form the town of Daiwa. As a result, the village of Toyota dissolved (9 towns, 15 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The villages of Nakano and Higashino merged and gained town status to become the town of Ōsaki (10 towns, 13 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The town of Kinoe and the village of Ōsakiminami merged to form the town of Kinoe (10 towns, 12 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 The village of Kodani merged into the village of Takaya in Kamo District (now the city of Higashihiroshima) (10 towns, 11 villages).
 * April 1, 1955 The town of Setoda and the village of Minamiikuchi merged to form the town of Setoda (10 towns, 10 villages).
 * July 10, 1955 The villages of Kuba and Takeni merged and gained town status to become the town of Fukutomi (11 towns, 8 villages).
 * March 31, 1956 The town of Mitarai along with the villages of Ōchō and Hisatomo merged to form the town of Yutaka (11 towns, 6 villages).
 * March 31, 1956 The city of Mihara absorbed the village of Takasaka (11 towns, 5 villages)

The towns and villages of Toyota District as of March 31, 1956 (before the change to the municipalities within both Kamo and Toyota Districts)

 * Ōsaki (大崎町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Kinoe (木江町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Kōchi (河内町; -cho) → Moved to Kamo District (Merged into the city of Higashihiroshima on February 7, 2005)
 * Saizaki (幸崎町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Setoda (瀬戸田町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Daiwa (大和町; -cho) → Moved to Kamo District (Moved to the city of Mihara (2nd) on March 22, 2005)
 * Tadanoumi (忠海町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Toyosaka (豊栄町; -cho) → Moved to Kamo District (Merged into the city of Higashihiroshima on February 7, 2005)
 * Fukutomi (福富町; -cho) → Moved to Kamo District (Merged into the city of Higashihiroshima on February 7, 2005)
 * Hongō (本郷町; -cho) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Yutaka (豊町; -machi) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Sagiura (鷺浦村; -mura) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Toyohama (豊浜村; -mura) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Nyūno (入野村; -mura) → Moved to Kamo District (Merged into the town of Kōchi, Kamo District, on September 30, 1956)
 * Higashino (東野村; -mura) → Remained in Toyota District
 * Yoshina (吉名村; -mura) → Remained in Toyota District

(total of 11 towns, 5 villages)

The towns and villages of Toyota District as of April 1, 1956 (after the change to the municipalities within both Kamo and Toyota Districts)

 * Akitsu (安芸津町; -cho) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Ōsaki (大崎町; -cho)
 * Kawajiri (川尻町; -cho) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Kinoe (木江町; -cho)
 * Saizaki (幸崎町; -cho)
 * Setoda (瀬戸田町; -cho)
 * Takehara (竹原町; -cho) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Tadanoumi (忠海町; -cho)
 * Hongō (本郷町; -cho)
 * Yasuura (安浦町; -cho) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Yutaka (豊町; -machi)
 * Ato (安登村; -mura) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Kanaga (賀永村; -mura) → Moved from Kamo District
 * Sagiura (鷺浦村; -mura)
 * Toyohama (豊浜村; -mura)
 * Higashino (東野村; -mura)
 * Yoshina (吉名村; -mura)

(total of 11 towns, 6 villages)

Timeline (April 1, 1956~Present)

 * April 1, 1956 4 towns and 1 village within Toyota District moved to Kamo District, while 4 towns and 2 villages within Kamo District moved to Toyota District. At this time, the district had 11 towns and 6 villages.
 * September 30, 1956 The town of Saijō, Kamo District (now: the city of Higashihiroshima) absorbed the parts of Niga in the village of Kanaga.
 * September 30, 1956 The town of Takehara, Kamo District, absorbed the villages of Yoshina and Kanaga (excluding parts of Nika). As a result, the village of Kanaga dissolved (11 towns, 4 villages)
 * September 30, 1956 The city of Mihara absorbed the town of Saizaki and the village of Sagiura (10 towns, 3 villages)
 * April 1, 1958 The village of Ato breaks up, merges into the towns of Kawajiri (小用・水落・竜王山と寒風の一部) and Yasuura (前記以外の部分), and dissolves (10 towns, 2 villages).
 * November 3, 1958 The towns of Takehara and Tadanoumi merged and gained city status to become the city of Takehara (8 towns, 2 villages).
 * April 1, 1964 The village of Higashino gained town status to become the town of Higashino (9 towns, 1 villages).
 * November 3, 1969 The village of Toyohama gained town status to become the town of Toyohama (10 villages)
 * April 1, 2003 The towns of Ōsaki, Kinoe, and Higashino merged to form the town of Ōsakikamijima (8 towns).
 * April 1, 2004 The city of Kure absorbed the town of Kawajiri (7 towns).
 * February 7, 2005 The city of Higashihiroshima absorbed the town of Akitsu (6 towns).
 * March 20, 2005 The city of Kure absorbed the towns of Toyohama, Yasuura, and Yutaka (3 towns).
 * March 22, 2005 The town of Hongō merged with the city of Mihara, the town of Daiwa, from Kamo District, and the town of Kui, from Mitsugi District, to form the new city of Mihara (2 towns).

 * January 10, 2006 The city of Onomichi absorbs the city of Innoshima and the town of Setoda (1 town).

title: Toyota District, Hiroshima


text:
Mitsugi, Hiroshima

Mitsugi (御調町) was a town located in Mitsugi District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2004, the town had an estimated population of 8,144 and the density of 98.14 persons per km2. The total area was 82.98 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Mitsugi, along with the town of Mukaishima (also from Mitsugi District), was merged into the expanded city of Onomichi.

Mitsugi is divided into seven hamlets: Kamikawabe, Ichi, Kawachi, Imatsuno, Ayame, Yamato and Sugano.

Points of interest in the town include:
 * The bus station, a roadside station
 * The children's library
 * The Entsuba Memorial Museum.

The town's special product is dried persimmons.

The town was founded on February 1, 1955.

title: Mitsugi, Hiroshima


text:
Kui, Hiroshima

Kui (久井町) was a town located in Mitsugi District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,392 and a density of 86.73 persons per km2. The total area was 62.17 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Kui, along with the town of Daiwa (from Kamo District), and the town of Hongō (from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Mihara and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kui, Hiroshima


text:
Mukaishima, Hiroshima

Mukaishima (向島町) was a town in Mitsugi District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

, the town had an estimated population of 16,283 and a population density of 884.95 persons per km2. The total area was 18.40 km2, covering the majority of Mukaishima Island.

On March 28, 2005, Mukaishima, along with the town of Mitsugi (also from Mitsugi District), was merged into the expanded city of Onomichi.

From November 1942 until September 1945, 100 British POWs who had been brought to Japan on the Dainichi Maru hell ship were imprisoned in Mukaishima and forced to work at the Hitachi Zosen shipyard. Twenty-three of these prisoners died due to a combination of disease, malnutrition and inadequate clothing for the harsh winter conditions. A further 116 American POWs were imprisoned in the same camp from September 1944 that were brought over from the Philippines on the hell ship Noto Maru.

title: Mukaishima, Hiroshima


text: User:Nunh-huh

title: User:Nunh-huh


text:
Mitsugi District, Hiroshima

Mitsugi (御調郡) was a district in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 29,682 and a density of 181.49 persons per km2. The total area was 163.55 km2.

Former towns and villages

 * Kui
 * Mitsugi
 * Mukaishima

Mergers

 * On March 22, 2005 - the town of Kui, along with the town of Daiwa (from Kamo District), and the town of Hongō (from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Mihara.
 * On March 28, 2005 - the towns of Mitsugi and Mukaishima were merged into the expanded city of Onomichi. Mitsugi District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Mitsugi District, Hiroshima


text:
Kōzan, Hiroshima

Kōzan (甲山町) was a town located in Sera District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,732 and a density of 67.46 persons per km2. The total area was 99.79 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kōzan, along with the town of Seranishi (also from Sera District), was merged into the expanded town of Sera and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kōzan, Hiroshima


text:
Sera, Hiroshima

Sera (世羅町) is a town located in Sera District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 15,070 in 6809 households and a population density of 63 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 278.14 sqkm.

Geography
Sera is located in east-central Hiroshima Prefecture.

Adjoining municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
 * Miyoshi
 * Fuchū
 * Higashihiroshima
 * Mihara
 * Onomichi

Climate
Sera has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by cool to mild winters and hot, humid summers. The average annual temperature in Sera is 12.9 C. The average annual rainfall is 1335.5 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.4 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sera was 37.4 C on 7 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -14.0 C on 31 January 1985.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sera in 2020 is 15,125 people. Sera has been conducting censuses since 1960.

History
The area of Sera was part of an ancient Bingo Province. For the Heian period, Sera was an estate and market town centered on the temple of Ryuge-ji, which belonged to the Shingon center of Mount Koya. The need to make shipments of rice to Mount Koya triggered the construction of a port in Onomichi. During the Edo Period, the area was part of the holdings of Hiroshima Domain and developed as a post town on the Iwami Ginzan Highway. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into villages within Sera District, Hiroshima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The villages of Omi, Nishi-Ota, and Higashi-Ota merged to become the town of Sera on January 10, 1955. On October 1, 2004, the towns of Kōzan and Seranishi, both from Sera District, were merged into the expanded town of Sera. After the merger, the former Sera Town Hall officially closed down and the new town hall is now located in the former town of Kōzan.

Government
Sera has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Sera, together with the city of Mihara contributes three members to the Hiroshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Hiroshima 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Sera is largely agricultural, with matsutake mushrooms, pears, tomatoes, and rice as major crops. Although it has a population of less than 20,000, it is also a transportation hub, so it is the center of commerce in the central Bingo region with large supermarkets, home appliance mass retailers, and home centers. In addition, the highlands in the town are relatively cool in the summer, and are attracting attention as a summer resort because of its convenient transportation.

Education
Sera has four public elementary schools and three public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - Fukuen Line
 * Bingo-Mikawa

Highways

 * JP Expressway E54.svg Onomichi Expressway

Noted people from Sera

 * Kotaka Otsuma, pioneer women's educator

title: Sera, Hiroshima


text:
Seranishi, Hiroshima

Seranishi (世羅西町) was a town located in Sera District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,919 and a density of 56.68 persons per km2. The total area was 69.14 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Seranishi, along with the town of Kōzan (also from Sera District), was merged into the expanded town of Sera and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Seranishi, Hiroshima


text:
Sera District, Hiroshima

Sera (世羅郡) is a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2020, the district has an estimated population of 15,125 and a density of 54.38 persons per km2. The total area is 278.1 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Sera

Merger

 * On October 1, 2004 all three towns in the district merged into the single expanded town of Sera. The other two former towns were Kōzan and Seranishi.

title: Sera District, Hiroshima


text:
Purple Line (CTA)

The Purple Line of the Chicago "L" is a 3.9 mi route on the northernmost section of the system. The service normally begins from Linden in Wilmette and ends at Howard on Chicago's north border, passing through the city of Evanston.

During weekday rush hours, the Purple Line extends another 10.3 mi south on the North Side Main Line from Howard to downtown Chicago running express from Howard to Red, with a single stop at Wilson, and then making all local stops from Belmont to the Loop. The express service is known as the Purple Line Express (or the Evanston Express).

In 2022, the average weekday boardings on the Purple Line was 4,243. It is the shortest route in the CTA rail system except during weekday peaks and rush hours.

Prior to the color-coding of CTA rail lines in 1993, the Purple Line was known as the Evanston Line, Evanston Service or Evanston Shuttle, and the Purple Line Express was called the Evanston Express.

The Purple Line is useful for reaching Northwestern University (Foster and Noyes stops in Evanston), including the sports facilities Ryan Field, Rocky Miller Park, Welsh-Ryan Arena, and Canal Shores Golf Course all at the Purple stop and the Bahá'í House of Worship at Linden. The selection of purple as the line's color was likely from Northwestern's official school color.

Trackage
Beginning at Linden Avenue in Wilmette, which contains a small storage yard and car service shop, the Purple Line traverses the North Shore area on private right-of-way which begins at street grade. Running southeasterly from Wilmette, the line rises past Isabella Street on the Wilmette-Evanston border then bridges the North Shore Channel immediately north of Central Street, the first stop in Evanston. The line, now on an elevated embankment, curves southward parallel to Sherman Avenue. Continuing south, the line enters downtown Evanston and stops at Davis Street, then curves southeasterly again to parallel Chicago Avenue and Metra's Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way to Clark Street just north of the CTA's Howard Yard facilities.

Here the line crosses through the yard area before the junction with the Red Line and the Yellow Line. The tracks are split on grade separated structures to allow Yellow Line trains to enter the junction from the west. Immediately south of the yard lies the Howard Street terminal, where Red, Purple and Yellow Line trains all terminate.

There are four operational tracks starting at Howard Street, continuing on to Armitage Avenue. During weekday rush hours, the Purple Line runs express on the outer tracks, skipping all stops until Wilson Avenue, and then to Belmont Avenue. From Belmont Avenue to Armitage Avenue, the Purple and Brown Lines share the outside tracks and both make all stops along the route. From just south of Armitage Avenue to just north of Chicago Avenue, they are on a two track line on a 4-track structure. After the North Shore Line ceased operations in 1963, the outer tracks in this area were rarely used and received next to no maintenance; they were permanently taken out of service in 1976.

Routing
The original routing of the Purple Line Express was clockwise around the Inner Loop track via Lake-Wabash-Van Buren-Wells, making all Loop stops before returning to Merchandise Mart and making all stops northbound to Linden. Beginning April 2, 2007, the Purple Line Express was rerouted onto the Outer Loop track along with the Brown Line due to the construction at the Belmont and Fullerton stations (see below). Prior to this, Purple Line Express trains were occasionally diverted to the Outer Loop track in the event of emergencies or signal problems in the Loop. On December 4, 2008, the CTA announced that the Purple Line Express would return to the original Inner Loop routing on December 29.

If a problem occurs on the North Side Main Line between the Loop and the Fullerton station, the Purple Line is generally routed into the State Street subway, following the Red Line to Roosevelt before returning north.

For several years, inbound afternoon Purple Line Express trains stopped at Red before weekday evening Chicago Cubs baseball games, in order to provide direct service to Wrigley Field for passengers from northern Chicago, Evanston and Skokie. However, because of a platform reconfiguration in the early 1990s, trains had to cross over to the inner Red Line tracks, as there is no platform access to the outer tracks at Addison. As a result of the Brown Line construction and in effort to minimize delays, trains now stop one station north at Sheridan Road before evening Cubs games. The station was constructed with two island platforms that can access the express tracks, eliminating the need for trains to switch over.

Connections
During its weekday rush hour route, the Purple Line Express is one of only two 'L' lines to have transfers to every other line, the other being the Red Line. The Purple Line Express is also the only 'L' line to provide non-farecard transfers to every other line (the Red Line does not provide a non-farecard transfer to the Pink Line).

The Purple Line stations at Davis and Main are immediately to the east of their Metra counterparts, while the Washington/Wells, Quincy, LaSalle/Van Buren and Washington/Wabash stations on the express leg are within walking distance of Metra trains at Ogilvie Transportation Center, Union Station, LaSalle Street Station and Millennium Station, respectively.

Rolling stock
, the Purple Line is operated with the Bombardier-built 5000-series railcars. Until late May 2014, the 2400-series cars were also assigned to the line; for the entire 2000s and early 2010s, the Purple Line fleet consisted entirely, or nearly entirely of 2400-series cars. In spring 2007, small numbers of 3200-series railcars were transferred to the line, replacing the 2600-series railcars transferred to other lines, the 3200-series cars have since been returned to their original line assignments. The 2600-series cars were officially assigned to the line until early January 2013 when they were transferred to the Red and Blue Lines.

Beginning in October 2013, the CTA started to reassign the 2600-series cars back to the line as they get displaced by the new Bombardier-built 5000-series cars on the Red Line. Beginning in April 2014, CTA started to assign some Bombardier-built 5000-series cars to the line. In May 2014, the last 2400-series cars were removed from service from the line. The 2600-series cars were removed from service from the line in March 2015. The Purple Line typically runs with six cars. Occasionally, the Purple Line borrows cars from the Red Line when short on cars.

Operating hours and headways
The Purple Line operates full-time between Linden and Howard from Mondays to Thursdays from 4:25 a.m. to 1:30 a.m., Fridays from 4:30 a.m. to 2:10 a.m., Saturdays from 5:05 a.m. to 2:15 a.m. and Sundays from 6:05 a.m. to 1:45 a.m. On weekdays, frequencies consist of 12 tph (trains per hour) during rush hours, 6 tph during middays, then 4–5 tph during the evening and 3 tph after midnight. On weekdays, service operates 4tph early morning and night and 5 tph and late afternoons.

The Purple Line Express operates rush hour service between Linden and the Loop on weekday morning only from 5:15 a.m. to 9:20 a.m. (northbound) and from 5:55 a.m. to 10:05 a.m. (southbound). On weekday evenings, service resumes from 2:25 to 6:25 p.m. (southbound) and from 3:05 p.m. to 7:05 p.m. (northbound), with headways of five to eight minutes (with wider headways of 15 minutes possible).

The Northwestern Elevated era
The Evanston Line was placed in operation on May 16, 1908, between Central Street, Evanston and the Loop when the former Northwestern Elevated Railroad extended its mainline service over leased electrified steam railroad trackage owned by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. On April 2, 1912, the line reached its present-day terminal at Linden Avenue, Wilmette. The new terminal was established without permission of Wilmette residents, who feared rail service would encourage construction of large apartment buildings in the affluent community.

In 1922, the surface level section of the North Side 'L' was elevated onto a concrete embankment structure between Leland Avenue and Howard Street and was expanded from two to four tracks, allowing complete express service from Wilmette and Evanston to downtown Chicago. Several segments of the Evanston Branch itself ran at street level until 1928, when it was elevated onto a concrete embankment between Church Street and the North Shore Channel. It was placed in operation on January 29, 1928. Nine stations existed after Howard, including a station at Calvary. That station closed in 1931 and was replaced by a new station at South Boulevard to the north.

CTA era
The current service which was to become the Purple Line went into effect on July 31, 1949, after a massive service reorientation on the North–South rapid transit system by the still infant Chicago Transit Authority. Local service was restricted between Linden Avenue and Howard Street, operating at all times. The express service ran weekday rush hours only, stopping at all stations in Wilmette and Evanston, plus Howard, Morse (formerly Rogers Park), Loyola, Wilson, Chicago/Franklin, Merchandise Mart and all Loop stations. While skip-stop service was also introduced at this time, Evanston trains continued to make all stops at their stations. An express surcharge was also instituted for customers traveling to and from the Loop past Howard. Several attempts were made to reduce or eliminate the fare, backed by local politicians. Right-of-way and trackage used by the Evanston Branch and the North–South Route (today's Red Line) between Leland Avenue and the Wilmette terminal was purchased by the CTA in 1953 from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. In turn, the railroad received US$7 million in CTA revenue bonds.

Midday and Saturday Loop Express service was discontinued in the 1950s and the local shuttle service began using one-man operations with single unit cars in the 1960s.

On July 16, 1973, the Isabella station closed, bringing the total number of stations on the Evanston branch to eight.

On November 8, 1973, the third rail system was installed on the Evanston Branch between South Boulevard in Evanston and the Wilmette terminal. Prior to this, Evanston shuttle trains had to be equipped with trolley poles and power collected through overhead catenary wires (similar to the Yellow Line before its conversion to third rail in 2004). The conversion to third rail allowed the CTA to retire the 4000-Series, which were nearly 50 years old and put newer cars on the line. Since parts of the line are at grade level, some community members initially resisted the conversion and worried the proximity of the rail would be hazardous.

By the end of 1976, the Evanston Express ran nonstop between Howard and Merchandise Mart, no longer stopping at Morse, Loyola, Wilson or Chicago/Franklin. The CTA cited complaints about delays in service due to the extra stops as justification for their removal.

However, on January 20, 1989, express trains once more began making additional stops outside the Loop, at the Belmont and Fullerton stations, in order to relieve overcrowding on the rapidly growing Ravenswood branch (now the Brown Line). By the end of the 1990s, trains would make all stops between Belmont and the Loop.

The express surcharge was eventually dropped in 1997 as an incentive for customers to use the new TransitCard system.

The overnight "owl service" was eliminated during a service purge by the CTA on April 26, 1998. However, the hours of express operation were expanded on December 16, 2001, for a 180-day trial period. Trains departed Linden for downtown one hour earlier in the morning rush and one hour later in the evening rush. The expanded hours were later made permanent and in 2004 afternoon rush service was also revised to begin 25 minutes earlier.

In 2005, the CTA embarked on a project to replace six deteriorating viaducts on the Evanston branch of the Purple Line. The poor condition of the century-old viaducts forced the implementation of permanent slow zones and were a point of contention for many Evanston politicians. They claimed CTA had secured funds and promised to begin replacing the viaducts starting in 1999, but had diverted the funds to other projects. The CTA responded that it only provided projected uses and had not committed the money to any specific purpose. The Main Street viaduct was completely replaced over the weekend of November 12–13, 2005, requiring the temporary shutdown of the Purple Line. Construction was completed by the Monday morning rush hour. The Church Street viaduct was replaced next; preliminary work at that location began in July 2006 and the new viaduct was installed in late October 2006 during another weekend closure of the Purple Line.

The Purple Line's Howard terminal underwent a major renovation from 2006 until 2009, during that time it was completely rebuilt and made ADA-accessible. Major work on the station progressed throughout 2007, causing temporary platform boarding changes, typically on the weekends.

The Purple Line Express has often been targeted for elimination during service purges due to its "auxiliary" nature compared to other CTA rail lines, the rationalization being that there are readily available, albeit slower, alternatives along its entire route. One of the first moves at halting express service came in 1973 while one of the most recent was in 2005, when threatened service cuts included the Purple Line Express.

The CTA budget crisis continued into 2007 and the Purple Line Express was once again selected as one of several routes to be eliminated if additional funding was not provided. The suggested service cuts would have taken effect September 17, 2007. However, the final plan retained the downtown service, making the stop at the Sheridan station permanent to supplement the Red Line and provide additional capacity on the system following the elimination of thirty-nine bus routes. Express operation would be a day-to-day decision; if the Red Line was too crowded, Purple Line Express trains would make all local stops between Howard and Belmont, resuming the regular route at that station.

The service cuts were scheduled to be implemented on September 16, 2007, but the CTA received a last-minute $24 million advance on its 2008 operating subsidy, postponing the changes until November 4, 2007. A last-minute $21 million grant from the governor once again postponed the changes to January 20, 2008, this time including the elimination of 42 additional routes. However, the Illinois Legislature successfully passed HB656, a transit funding package, on January 17, 2008, providing the CTA with sufficient operating funds and preventing the service cuts.

The CTA also embarked on a $530 million project to rehabilitate and replace stations and infrastructure along the Brown Line. This project was completed in December 2009. Seven of the stations that were included in the project are shared with the Purple Line, along with the associated trackage and signals from north of the Belmont station to the Loop. Beginning April 2, 2007, operation on the Purple, Brown and Red Lines between Addison and Armitage was restricted to three tracks, down from the previous four, due to construction at the Fullerton and Belmont stations.

Because of this, fewer trains operated to downtown during the rush period in order to prevent a bottleneck. Only every other train was sent to the Loop during rush periods; all other trains operated between Linden and Howard only. Full service was restored by February 2010. In addition, the Purple Line Express routing was changed to the Outer Loop, rather than along the Inner Loop, in order to provide riders more options for accessing stations between Belmont and the Loop. This line was returned to the Inner Loop in Spring 2009.

Canceled project
One form of the CTA's Circle Line plan would call for a rerouting of the Purple Line Express service. Rather than continue to the Loop along with the Brown Line, trains would follow the Red Line after Belmont, making a stop at Fullerton and all current Red Line subway stops and terminate at a new station on Wentworth before heading north. However, this is a study and the final form of the Circle Line and its effects on current CTA rail service, The project was canceled.

Destination signs
These are the destination signs used by the Purple Line since 1993, when they began displaying the route name on the line color background.

Station listing
Between Clark/Lake and Washington/Wells, Purple Line Express trains operate clockwise around the Inner Loop. After stopping at Washington/Wells, trains return to Merchandise Mart then make all stops back to Linden.

title: Purple Line (CTA)


text:
Battle of Caporetto

The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of Kobarid or the Battle of Karfreit) took place on the Italian front of World War I.

The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers and took place from 24th of October to 19th of November 1917, near the town of Kobarid (now in north-western Slovenia, then part of the Austrian Littoral), and near the river Isonzo. The battle was named after the Italian name of the town (also known as Karfreit in German).

Austro-Hungarian forces, reinforced by German units, were able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian forces opposing them. The battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier. The use of poison gas by the Germans also played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army.

The rest of the Italian Army retreated 150 km to the Piave River; its effective strength declined from 1,800,000 troops down to 1,000,000 and the government of Prime Minister Paolo Boselli collapsed.

Prelude
Throughout the spring and summer of 1917, the Italians had launched numerous offensives on the Austro-Hungarian Lines in the Isonzo Sector, with the 11th Battle of the Isonzo being the most successful in pushing back the Austro-Hungarians. After the Italian success in the 11th Battle of the Isonzo, Emperor Karl knew a breakthrough was going to happen at any moment, as both the Austro-Hungarians and Italians were exhausted, and running out of men to sustain the war. So, he wrote to Kaiser Wilhelm II and requested that German forces be deployed to Italy. In August 1917 Paul von Hindenburg and Arthur Arz von Straußenburg decided to send troops from the Eastern Front to the Isonzo Sector. Erich Ludendorff was opposed to this but was overruled. Later, in September three experts from the Imperial General Staff, led by the chemist Otto Hahn, went to the Isonzo front to find a site suitable for a gas attack. They proposed attacking the quiet Caporetto sector, where a good road ran west through a mountain valley to the Venetian Plain. The Germans also sent Lieutenant General Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen, an expert in mountain warfare, to reconnoitre the ground.

The Austro-Hungarian Army Group Boroević, commanded by Svetozar Boroević, was prepared for the offensive. In addition, a new 14th Army was formed with nine Austrian and six to eight German divisions, which were commanded by the German Otto von Below. The German divisions were Ludendorff's general reserve. Lieutenant Colonel Georg Wetzell, Ludendorff's strategic adviser, advised Ludendorff to use the German divisions to attack a weakpoint in the Italian line. The Italians inadvertently helped by providing weather information over their radio.

The German and Austro-Hungarian battle plan was to use Otto von Below's German divisions, which would be guided by Konrad Krafft to attack a part of the Julian Alps which was near the northeastern corner of the Venetian salient. Meanwhile, Svetozar's Austro-Hungarian army would attack the eastern end of the salient and a stretch of ground near the Adriatic shore.

The buildup of German and Austro-Hungarian military forces in the region was noticed by Italian air reconnaissance.

Battle
Foul weather, as well as lack of readiness in some of the Austro-Hungarian divisions and in particular of their artillery, delayed the attack for two days but on 24 October there was no wind and the front was misted over. At 02:00, in the northern area of the battle (near Bovec/Plezzo) 894 metal tubes similar to Livens Projectors (Gaswurfminen), dug into a reverse slope, were triggered electrically to simultaneously fire canisters containing 600 ml of chlorine-arsenic agent and diphosgene, smothering the Italian trenches in a dense cloud of poison gas. Knowing that their gas masks could protect them only for two hours or less, the defenders fled, but 500–600 were killed. Other parts of the valley were bombed with gas from common grenades. Then the front was quiet until 06:00, when all the Italian wire and trenches to be attacked were bombarded by mortars.

At 06:41, 2,200 guns opened fire, many targeting the valley road along which reserves were advancing to plug the gap. At 08:00 two large mines were detonated under strong points on the heights bordering the valley and the infantry attacked. Soon they penetrated the almost undefended Italian fortifications in the valley, breaching the defensive line of the Italian Second Army between the IV and XXVII Corps. To protect the attackers' flanks, Alpine Troops infiltrated the strong points and batteries along the crests of the adjoining ridges, Matajur and Kolovrat, laying out their telephone lines as they advanced to maintain contact with their artillery. Specially-trained and equipped stormtrooper units led attacks, making use of the new German model 08/15 Maxim light machine gun, light trench mortars, mountain guns, flamethrowers and hand grenades.

The attackers in the valley marched almost unopposed along the excellent road toward Italy, some advanced 25 km on the first day. The Italian army beat back the attackers on either side of the sector where the central column attacked, but von Below's successful central penetration threw the entire Italian army into disarray. Forces had to be moved along the Italian front in an attempt to stem von Below's breakout, but this only weakened other points along the line and invited further attacks. At this point, the entire Italian position was threatened.

The Italian 2nd Army commander Luigi Capello was bedridden with fever. Recognizing that his forces were ill-prepared for this attack and were being routed, Capello requested permission to withdraw to the Tagliamento River. Cadorna, who believed the Italian force could regroup and hold out, denied the request. Finally, on 30 October 1917, Cadorna ordered the majority of the Italian force to retreat to the other side of the Tagliamento. It took the Italians four full days to cross the river, and by this time the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on their heels, ambushing the defenders whenever they could. These ambushes would become known as the Battle of Pozzuolo. Eventually, the retreating Italian soldiers were able to break through the Austro-German encirclement and retreat to the Tagliamento. Then, on 2 November, after an attack by Captain Emil Redl's 4th Battalion of the 4th Bosnian Infantry Regiment, the 55th Infantry Division (Austria-Hungary) established a bridgehead across the Tagliamento River. About this time, however, the rapid success of the attack caught up with them. The German and Austro-Hungarian supply lines were stretched to the breaking point and unable to launch another attack to isolate a part of the Italian army against the Adriatic. Cadorna was able to retreat further and by 10 November had established a position on the Piave River and Monte Grappa.

Even before the battle, Germany was struggling to feed and supply its armies in the field. Erwin Rommel, who as a junior officer won the Pour le Mérite for his accomplishments in the battle, often bemoaned the demands placed upon his "poorly fed troops". The Allied blockade of the German Empire, which the Kaiserliche Marine had been unable to break, had led to food shortages and widespread malnutrition in Germany and the Central Powers in general. The inadequate provisioning, as well as the grueling night marches preliminary to the Battle of Caporetto, took a toll on the German and Austro-Hungarian forces. Despite these logistical problems, the initial assault was extremely successful. However, as the area controlled by the combined Central Powers forces expanded, an already limited logistical capacity was overstrained. By the time the attack reached the Piave, the soldiers of the Central Powers were running low on supplies and were feeling the effects of exhaustion. As the Italians began to counter the pressure put on them, the German forces lost momentum and were once again caught up in another round of attrition warfare.

Analysis
Brian R. Sullivan called Caporetto "the greatest defeat in Italian military history." John R. Schindler wrote "By any standard, Twelfth Isonzo [Caporetto] and its aftermath represented an unprecedented catastrophe for Italian arms." The disaster "came as a shock" and "triggered a search for scapegoats," culminating in a 1919 Italian military commission that investigated the causes of the debacle. At Rapallo, a Supreme War Council was created to improve Allied military co-operation and develop a common strategy. Luigi Cadorna was forced to resign after the defeat, a final straw according to the Prime Minister, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Cadorna was known to have maintained poor relations with the other generals on his staff and by the start of the battle, had sacked 217 generals, 255 colonels and 355 battalion commanders. In addition, he was detested by his troops as being too harsh. Cadorna had been directing the battle some 30 km behind the front and retreated another 160 km to Padua. Cadorna was replaced by Armando Diaz and Pietro Badoglio, who commanded one of the corps easily overwhelmed by the Germans in the early stages of the battle, but escaped from all charges during the commission hearings. Italian propaganda offices were established, promising land and social justice to soldiers. Italy also accepted a more cautious military strategy from this point on. Diaz concentrated his efforts on rebuilding his shattered forces while taking advantage of the national rejuvenation that had been spurred by invasion and defeat.

Casualties
Italian losses were enormous: 13,000 were killed, 30,000 wounded and 265,000–275,000 were taken prisoner. Morale was so low among the Italian troops, mainly due to Cadorna's harsh disciplinary regime, that most of these surrendered willingly. 3,152 artillery pieces, 3,000 machine guns and 1,712 mortars were lost, along with a vast amount of stores and equipment. In contrast, the Austro-Hungarians and Germans sustained around 70,000 casualties.

Subsequent operations
The last push of Austro-Hungarian and German forces was met and defeated by Italian forces at the First Battle of Monte Grappa: they had advanced more than 100 km in the direction of Venice, but they were not able to cross the Piave River. Up to this point the Italians had been left to fight on their own but, after the Battle of Caporetto, Britain and France sent reinforcements to the Italians. They were reinforced by six French infantry divisions and five British infantry divisions as well as sizeable air contingents. However, these troops played no role in stemming the advancing Germans and Austro-Hungarians, because they were deployed on the Mincio River, some 60 mi behind the Piave, as the British and French strategists did not believe the Piave line could be held.

The Piave served as a natural barrier where the Italians could establish a new defensive line, which was held during the subsequent Battle of the Piave River and later served as springboard for the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, where the Austro-Hungarian army was finally defeated after eleven days of resistance. On November 5, Allied officials came together at Rapallo to form the Supreme War Council.

Legacy
Opera Nazionale Combattenti, an Italian charitable organization, was set up in December 1917 in the immediate aftermath of the battle, to provide assistance to veterans of the First World War; it was closed in 1977.

After the battle, the term "Caporetto" gained a particular resonance in Italy. It is used to denote a terrible defeat – the failed General Strike of 1922 by the socialists was referred to by Mussolini as the "Caporetto of Italian Socialism". Many years after the war, Caporetto was still being used to destroy the credibility of the liberal state.

The Battle of Caporetto has been the subject of a number of books. British writer and military historian Cyril Falls's one volume The Battle of Caporetto is an operational and tactical account of the battle as the centerpiece of the larger campaign in northeastern Italy. Infanterie greift an (Infantry Attacks), an interwar memoir and military handbook written by the future German field marshal Erwin Rommel, features the actions of then lieutenant Rommel and units he led during the battle, providing insight into "stormtrooper" tactics. The Swedish author F.J. Nordstedt (pseud. Christian Braw) wrote about the battle in his novel Caporetto. The bloody aftermath of Caporetto was vividly described by Ernest Hemingway in his novel A Farewell to Arms. Curzio Malaparte wrote an excoriation of the battle in his first book, Viva Caporetto, published in 1921. It was censored by the state and suppressed; it was finally published in 1980. The battle also features prominently in the novel Questa storia by Alessandro Baricco.

Today, a museum in the town of Kobarid is dedicated to the Isonzo Battles in general, and the Caporetto Battle in particular.

title: Battle of Caporetto


text:
Numakuma, Hiroshima

Numakuma (沼隈町) was a town located in Numakuma District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,511 and a density of 404.49 persons per km2. The total area was 30.93 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Numakuma was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama.

title: Numakuma, Hiroshima


text:
Numakuma District, Hiroshima

(Japan > Hiroshima Prefecture > Numakuma District)

Numakuma (沼隈郡) was a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

The original district areas contained some parts of the present city of Fukuyama. The district hall was placed together with Fukatsu District (later merged with Yasuna District to form Fukayasu District) at the town of Fukuyama in Fukatsu District, but in 1898, their own district hall was placed at the town of Tomo (now the town of Tomo in the city of Fukuyama).

In 1954, the town of Matsunaga and 6 villages merged and gained city status to become the city of Matsunaga (later in 1966, the city merged with the city of Fukuyama and dissolved). Afterwards, the towns and villages within the district continued on to merge either into the cities of Fukuyama and Onomichi, and the last remaining town of Numakuma merged into the city of Fukuyama on February 1, 2005, and Numakuma District dissolved.

The following towns and villages were part of the district (as of the 1889 municipal status enforcement)

 * Tomo (鞆町)
 * Akasaka (赤坂村)
 * Imazu (今津村)
 * Urasaki (浦崎村)
 * Ka (神村)
 * Kashima (神島村)
 * Kanae (金江村)
 * Kusado (草戸村)
 * Kumano (熊野村)
 * Gōbun (郷分村)
 * Saba (佐波村)
 * Samna (山南村)
 * Sanba (山波村)
 * Seto (瀬戸村)
 * Takasu (高須村)
 * Tashima (田島村)
 * Tajiri (田尻村)
 * Chitose (千年村)
 * Tsunogō (津之郷村)
 * Nishi (西村)
 * Hashirijima (走島村)
 * Higashi (東村)
 * Fujie (藤江村)
 * Hongō (本郷村)
 * Matsunaga (松永村)
 * Minomi (水呑村)
 * Momoshima (百島村)
 * Yanaizu (柳津村)
 * Yamate (山手村)
 * Yokoshima (横島村)

(1 town, 29 villages. The district hall never placed within Numakuma District (~1898), but Numakuma-Fukatsu District Hall was placed at the town of Fukuyama in Fukatsu District.)

Timeline (since 1889)

 * April 1, 1889 - The municipal status enforced. They were 1 town and 29 villages at that time.
 * October 1, 1898 - Numakuma District Hall was placed at the town of Tomo.
 * March 3, 1900 - The village of Matsunaga was elevated to town status to become the town of Matsunaga (1st) (2 towns, 28 villages).
 * November 1, 1926 - The village of Imazu was elevated to town status to become the town of Imazu (3 towns, 27 villages).
 * January 1, 1933 - The villages of Kashima, Kusado and Saba were merged into the city of Fukuyama (1st) (3 towns, 24 villages).
 * July 1, 1939 - The village of Samba was merged into the city of Onomichi (3 towns, 23 villages).
 * July 1, 1942 - The villages of Gōbun and Yamate were merged into the city of Fukuyama (3 towns, 21 villages)
 * July 1, 1942 - The town of Tomo (1st) absorbed the villages of Tajiri and Hashirijima to create the town of Tomo (2nd) (3 towns, 19 villages).
 * August 1, 1947 - The village of Minomi was elevated to town status to become the town of Minomi (4 towns, 18 villages).
 * April 1, 1953 - The towns of Imazu and Matsunaga (1st) were merged to create the town of Matsunaga (2nd) (3 towns, 18 villages)
 * March 31, 1954 - The town of Matsunaga absorbed the villages of Ka, Kanae, Higashi, Fujie, Hongō and Yanaizu to become the city of Matsunaga (now part of the city of Fukuyama) (2 towns, 12 villages).
 * February 1, 1955 - The villages of Takasu and Nishi were merged into the city of Onomichi (2 towns, 10 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 - The villages of Tashima and Yokoshima were merged to create the town of Utsumi (3 towns, 8 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 - The villages of Samba and Chitose were merged to create the town of Numakuma (4 towns, 6 villages).
 * April 1, 1955 - The village of Momoshima was merged into the city of Onomichi (4 towns, 5 villages)
 * September 30, 1956 - The towns of Tomo and Minomi, and the villages of Akasaka, Kumano, Seto, and Tsunogŏ were merged into the city of Fukuyama (2 towns, 1 village).
 * January 1, 1957 - The village of Urasaki was merged into the city of Onomichi (2 towns).
 * February 3, 2003 - The town of Utsumi, along with the town of Shin'ichi (from Ashina District), was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama (2nd) (1 town).
 * February 1, 2005 - The town of Numakuma was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama. Numakuma District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Numakuma District, Hiroshima


text:
Kannabe, Hiroshima

Kannabe (神辺町) was a town located in Fukayasu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 40,498 and a density of 712.87 persons per km2. The total area was 56.81 km2.

On March 1, 2006, Kannabe was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama.

title: Kannabe, Hiroshima


text:
Fukayasu District, Hiroshima

Fukayasu (深安郡) was a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

On October 1, 1898, the district was formed by the mergers of both Fukatsu and Yasuna Districts.

On March 1, 2006, the last remaining town of Kannabe was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama. Therefore, Fukayasu District was dissolved as a result of this merger. The entire district is now within the city of Fukuyama.

The list of towns and villages at the time of the creation of Fukayasu District (October 1, 1898)
Note: "○" is for the towns and villages of Fukatsu District and "●" is for the towns and villages of Yasuna District.
 * ○Fukuyama (福山町)
 * ○Ichi (市村)
 * ○Oōtsuno (大津野村)
 * ○Kasuga (春日村)
 * ○Kamiiwanari (上岩成村)
 * ●Kamitakeda (上竹田村)
 * ●Kamo (加茂村)
 * ●Kawakita (川北村)
 * ○Kawaguchi (川口村)
 * ●Kawaminami (川南村)
 * ○Kinoshō (木之庄村)
 * ○Shimoiwanari (下岩成村)
 * ●Shimokamo (下加茂村)
 * ●Shimotakeda (下竹田村)
 * ○Senda (千田村)
 * ●Chūjō (中条村)
 * ○Tsubou (坪生村)
 * ○Teshiro (手城村)
 * ○Nakatsuhara (中津原村)
 * ○Narazu (奈良津村)
 * ○Nogami (野上村)
 * ○Hikino (引野村)
 * ●Hirose (広瀬村)
 * ○Fukatsu (深津村)
 * ●Hōjōji (法成寺村)
 * ○Honjō (本庄村)
 * ●Michinoue (道上村)
 * ●Mino (御野村)
 * ○Miyoshi (三吉村)
 * ○Moriwake (森脇村)
 * ●Yahiro (八尋村)
 * ●Yamano (山野村)
 * ●Yuda (湯田村)
 * ○Yoshizu (吉津村)

(Total of 1 town and 33 villages)

Timeline

 * October 1, 1898 - Both Fukatsu and Yasuna District were merged to create Fukayasu District (1 town, 33 villages).
 * April 1, 1913 - The villages of Nogami and Miyoshi were merged into the town of Fukuyama (1 town, 31 villages).
 * July 1, 1916 - The town of Fukuyama was elevated to city status to become the city of Fukuyama (31 villages).
 * March 1, 1929 - The villages of Kawakita and Kawaminami were merged to create the town of Kannabe (1 town, 29 villages).
 * January 1, 1933 - The villages of Kawaguchi, Kinoshō, Teshiro, Narazu, Fukatsu, Honjō and Yoshizu were merged into the city of Fukuyama (1 town, 22 village).
 * October 1, 1938 - The villages of Kamiiwanari, Shimoiwanari, Nakatsuhara, and Moriwake were merged to create the village of Gyōkō (1 town, 19 villages, the village was named after the imperial visit of the emperor in November 1930)
 * February 11, 1941 - The villages of Kamitakeda, Shimotakeda and Yahiro were merged to create the village of Takehiro (竹尋村) (1 town, 17 villages).
 * October 1, 1941 - The villages of Shimokamo and Hōjōji were merged to create the village of Kahō (1 town, 16 villages).
 * March 31, 1954 - The town of Kannabe absorbed the villages of Takehiro, Chūjō, Michinoue, Mino and Yuda to create the town of Kannabe (1 town, 11 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 - The villages of Kamo absorbed the villages of Hirose and Yamano to create the town of Kamo (2 towns, 8 villages).
 * March 31, 1955 - The villages of Oōtsuno, Kasuga and Tsubou were merged to create the town of Fukayasu (3 towns, 5 villages).
 * September 30, 1956 - The villages of Ichi, Senda, Hikino and Gyōkō were merged into the city of Fukuyama (3 towns, 1 village).
 * September 30, 1956 - The village of Kahō was dissolved and split into the town of Kamo (the locality of Shimokamo and parts of the locality of Torigoe in Hōjōji), and the town of Ekiya (from Ashina District) (remaining parts of the locality of Hōjōji) (respectively) (3 towns).
 * January 1, 1962 - The town of Fukayasu was merged into the city of Fukuyama (2 towns).
 * February 1, 1975 - The town of Kamo was merged into the city of Fukuyama (1 town).
 * ※At the same time, the town of Ekiya (from Ashina District) was also merged into the city of Fukuyama.

 * March 1, 2006 - The town of Kannabe was merged into the expanded city of Fukuyama. Fukayasu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Fukayasu District, Hiroshima


text:
Yuki, Hiroshima

Yuki, Hiroshima may refer to:

 * Yuki, Hiroshima (Saeki), Japan
 * Yuki, Hiroshima (Jinseki), Japan

title: Yuki, Hiroshima


text:
William B. Lenoir

William Benjamin Lenoir (March 14, 1939 – August 26, 2010) was an American electrical engineer and NASA astronaut.

Early life and education
William Benjamin Lenoir was born on March 14, 1939, in Miami, Florida, as a son of Samuel Staples Lenoir (1910–1989) and Iona Catherine Lenoir (née Yann; 1915–1977). He attended Coral Gables Elementary School, Ponce de Leon Junior High School, and graduated from Coral Gables Senior High School in 1957. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961, where he was an active member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE). Lenoir continued at MIT, earning a Master of Science degree in 1962, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in EECS in 1965. While working for his doctoral degree, Lenoir received an award for excelling at teaching undergraduate courses.

From 1964 to 1965, Lenoir was an instructor at MIT; and in 1965, he was named associate professor of electrical engineering. His work at MIT included teaching electromagnetic theory and systems theory, as well as performing research in remote sensing. He was an investigator in several satellite experiments and continued research in this area while fulfilling his astronaut assignments.

NASA career
Lenoir was working on Apollo Applications experiments at MIT when he saw an advertisement in a science magazine recruiting NASA astronauts. He sent in an application and was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967. He completed the initial academic training and a 53-week course in flight training at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas. He received his wings with distinguished graduate honors in April 1969.

Lenoir was backup science pilot for Skylab 3 and Skylab 4, the second and third crewed missions in the Skylab program. During Skylab 4, he was co-leader of the visual observations project and coordinator between the flight crew and the principal investigators for the solar science experiments.

From September 1974 to July 1976, Lenoir spent approximately one-half of his time as leader of the NASA Satellite Power Team. This team was formed to investigate the potential of large-scale satellite power systems for terrestrial utility consumption and to make program recommendations to NASA Headquarters. Lenoir supported the Space Shuttle program in the areas of orbit operations, training, extravehicular activity, and payload deployment and retrieval.

Lenoir flew as a mission specialist on STS-5 (November 11–16, 1982), the first Space Shuttle flight to deploy commercial satellites, and logged over 122 hours in space. Following STS-5, Lenoir was responsible for the direction and management of mission development within the Astronaut Office.

Lenoir resigned from NASA in September 1984, to assume a position with the management and technology consulting firm of Booz Allen Hamilton in Arlington, Virginia. He returned to NASA in June 1989 as the Associate Administrator for Space Flight, responsible for the development, operating and implementation of the necessary policy for the Space Shuttle and all U.S. government civil launch activities.

Lenoir resigned from NASA again in April 1992, to become vice president of the Applied Systems Division at Booz Allen Hamilton in Bethesda, Maryland.

Spaceflight experience
STS-5 launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 11, 1982. This was the first operational flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and became known as the "We Deliver" mission. Two commercial communications satellites with Payload Assist Module upper stages (PAM-D) were successfully deployed from the Orbiter's cargo bay, a new first. This activity was shared with the world when the onboard television tape was played to the control center later that evening. In addition to collecting precise data to document the Shuttle's performance during launch, boost, orbit, atmospheric entry and landing phases, STS-5 carried a Getaway Special experiment, three Student Involvement Project experiments, and medical experiments. STS-5 was the last flight to carry the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) package to support flight testing.

Lenoir and Allen were to perform a spacewalk, the first of the Shuttle program, to test newly developed space suits. The space suits were developed as cheaper and less complicated alternatives to the Apollo versions. The test was delayed by one day due to Lenoir succumbing to motion sickness. Then an underperforming oxygen regulator in Lenoir's suit caused them to cancel the extravehicular activity (EVA) entirely. It was the first time in the history of the space program that an EVA had been cancelled due to space suit issues.

The STS-5 crew successfully concluded the 5-day orbital flight of Columbia with the first entry and landing through a cloud deck to a hard-surface runway, demonstrating maximum braking. STS-5 completed 81 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on November 16, 1982.

Personal life
Lenoir was married twice. He had three children.

Lenoir logged over 3,000 hours of flying time in jet aircraft.

Death
Lenoir died August 26, 2010, after suffering head injuries during a bicycle accident near his home in Sandoval County, New Mexico.

Organizations
Lenoir was a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Eta Kappa Nu and the Society of Sigma Xi.

Honors and awards
Lenoir received a number of honors. He was a Sloan Scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, winner of the Carleton E. Tucker Award for Teaching Excellence at MIT, and recipient of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1974) and NASA Space Flight Medal (1982).

title: William B. Lenoir


text:
Yuki

Yuki, Yūki or Yuuki may refer to:

Places

 * Yuki, Hiroshima (Jinseki), a town in Jinseki District, Hiroshima, Japan
 * Yuki, Hiroshima (Saeki), a town in Saeki District, Hiroshima, Japan
 * Yūki, Ibaraki, a city on Honshu island in Japan
 * Yuki, Tokushima, a town in Kaifu District, Japan
 * Yuki, North Korea, now officially called 'Sonbong', a sub-division of the North Korean city of Rason

People

 * Yuki (given name), including a list of people named Yuki or Yūki
 * Yūki clan, a clan in 14th century Japan
 * Yuki people, an indigenous people of northwestern California
 * Yuqui people, also spelled Yuki, an indigenous people of Bolivia
 * Yu~ki, a 1990s bassist of Malice Mizer

Family name

 * Yūki (surname), Japanese surname (結城, 夕樹, 結木, etc.)
 * Hiroe Yuki (1948–2011), Japanese badminton player
 * Kaori Yuki, manga artist active since 1987

Characters

 * Yuki-onna, a character in Japanese folklore
 * Asuna Yuuki, a character in the Sword Art Online light novel series
 * Mikan Yuuki, a character in theTo Love Ru manga series
 * Yuki (King of Fighters), a character in The King of Fighters video game series
 * Yuki (The Last Blade), a character in The Last Blade video game series
 * Yuki (Neo Geo Battle Coliseum), a character in the Neo Geo Battle Coliseum video game
 * Yuki Cross, a character in the Vampire Knight manga series
 * Yuki Funahara, a character in the Psycho-Pass anime series
 * Yuuki Konno, a character in the Sword Art Online light novel series
 * Yuki Maeda, the Ultimate Lucky Student, from Danganronpa Another: Another Despair Academy.
 * Yuki Nagato, a character in the Haruhi Suzumiya light novel series
 * Yuki Umemiya, a character in Iketeru Futari
 * Yuki Soma (Fruits Basket), a character from the Fruits Basket manga series
 * Yuki Takeya, a character in the School-Live! manga series
 * Yūki Terumi, a character in the BlazBlue video game series
 * Eiri Yuki, a character in the Gravitation manga series
 * Judai Yuki, known as Jaden Yuki in the English dub, a character in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX anime series
 * Ringo Yuuki, a character in theTo Love Ru manga series
 * Rito Yuuki, a character in theTo Love Ru manga series
 * Saibai Yuuki, a character in theTo Love Ru manga series
 * Setsu Yuuki, known as Dylan Yuki in the English anime dub, a character in the Mirmo de Pon! manga series
 * Yukiteru Amano, nicknamed Yuki, a character in the Future Diary manga series
 * Yuki, a snow-white cat in The Cat Returns film
 * Yuki Minakami, a character in the Wonderful Everyday visual novel.
 * Yuki. from Wonderful PreCure!

Other uses

 * Yuki Enterprise, former name of Examu, a Japanese video game company
 * Yuki language, an extinct language of California
 * Yuuki, Japanese musician and member of Chai

title: Yuki


text:
William Lenoir

William Lenoir may refer to:
 * William Lenoir (general) (1751–1839), American Revolutionary War officer and later a general in the North Carolina militia
 * William Ballard Lenoir (1775–1852), his son, member of Tennessee state house of representatives, 1815–1817
 * William B. Lenoir (1939–2010), American engineer and NASA astronaut
 * Billy Lenoir (William Lenoir, 1942–2007), American tennis player

title: William Lenoir


text:
User talk:LJMyersMyers

Hi, welcome to the wikipedia! We really appreciate your being here--this place needs all the help it can get, and then some. Anyway, just a suggestion: you probably shouldn't alter other peoples' user pages (for example, User:Nunh-huh. If you want to leave someone a message, you can use User talk:Nunh-huh (or "User talk:Whoever").  Thanks again, and happy editing! Meelar 04:54, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, just got your email. To leave a message at the bottom of my talk page, just click "edit this page" and scroll down. Enter your message at the bottom. As far as the hedron goes, I don't know what the original question was, so I don't think I can help you. If you need anything else, just contact me through my talk page or email. Cheers, Meelar 16:52, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:LJMyersMyers


text:
User:RadicalBender/Sandbox

Test3
Date January 15, 1967 Location Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, CA Attendance 61,946 MVP Bart Starr, QB, Green Bay

title: User:RadicalBender/Sandbox


text:
Jinseki, Hiroshima

Jinseki (神石町) was a town located in Jinseki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,746 and a density of 26.41 persons per km2. The total area was 103.98 km2.

On November 5, 2004, Jinseki, along with the towns of Sanwa and Yuki, and the village of Toyomatsu (all from Jinseki District), was merged to create the town of Jinsekikōgen.

title: Jinseki, Hiroshima


text:
Toyomatsu, Hiroshima

Toyomatsu (豊松村) was a village located in Jinseki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The village maintained their village status since the end of 19th century.

On November 5, 2004, Toyomatsu, along with the towns of Jinseki, Sanwa and Yuki (all from Jinseki District), was merged to create the town of Jinsekikōgen. It was the last municipality in Hiroshima Prefecture to act as a village and due to the disbanding this village, all villages have been dissolved within Hiroshima Prefecture (only the third case following Hyōgo and Kagawa Prefectures).

Timeline

 * April 1, 1889 - The village was established. The village area includes 有木, 上豊松, 笹尾, 下豊松, 中平.
 * July 1, 1897 - The villages of Arugi, Kamitoyomatsu, Sasao, Shimotoyomatsu, and Nakadaira were merged to create the village of Toyomatsu.
 * In the mid-1950s - Toyomatsu and Yuki town had a merger discussion. but that did not come true.
 * November 5, 2004 - Toyomatsu, along with the towns of Jinseki, Sanwa and Yuki (all from Jinseki District), was merged to create the town of Jinsekikōgen and the village dissolved.

Geography

 * River
 * Senwa River flows in north of the village. One of the Takahashi River's branch.
 * Mountains
 * Yonamiyama (米見山, Elevation 663m)

Famous and historic place

 * 仙養ヶ原 (Senyōgahara)
 * Lucky Buddha (幸運仏)
 * Toyomatsu Paper Plane Tower (とよまつ紙ヒコーキ・タワー)

Industry

 * Agriculture is main industry. special products are konnyaku potato and tomato.

Localities

 * Arugi (有木)
 * Kamitoyomatsu (上豊松)
 * Sasao (笹尾)
 * Shimotoyomatsu (下豊松)
 * Nakadaira (中平)

Education (as per November 4, 2004 data)

 * Elementary schools
 * Toyomatsu Village Elementary School
 * Middle Schools
 * Toyomatsu Village Middle School

title: Toyomatsu, Hiroshima


text:
Sanwa, Hiroshima

Sanwa (三和町) was a town located in Jinseki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,397 and a density of 34.50 persons per km2. The total area was 127.46 km2.

On November 5, 2004, Sanwa, along with the towns of Jinseki and Yuki, and the village of Toyomatsu (all from Jinseki District), was merged to create the town of Jinsekikōgen.

title: Sanwa, Hiroshima


text:
Jinseki District, Hiroshima

Jinseki (神石郡) is a district located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The district has an estimated population of 11,863. The total area is 381.81 km2. (As of March 31, 2007)

The district has one town
 * Jinsekikōgen

District villages as of incorporation in 1889
(30 villages in all)
 * Age
 * Arugi
 * Ueno
 * Ono
 * Kami
 * Kamitoyomatsu
 * Kameishi
 * Kitsuwa
 * Kusagi
 * Kurumi
 * Kobatake (location of district offices until 1889)
 * Sasao
 * Shimotoyomatsu
 * Shinsaka
 * Sumomo
 * Takafuta
 * Takamitsu
 * Tandō
 * Chikada
 * Chichikino
 * Tsunemitsu
 * Nakadaira
 * Nagato
 * Hanazumi
 * Fukunaga
 * Furukawa
 * Maki
 * Mitsusue
 * Mitsunobu
 * Yuki

Timeline

 * 1889年 4月1日 市町村制施行. 当時の町村数は30村.
 * July 1, 1897 The villages of Arugi, Kamitoyomatsu, Sasao, Shimotoyomatsu, and Nakadaira merge to form Toyomatsu Village (26 villages in district)
 * July 11, 1897 Ueno, Sumomo, Chikada, and Hanazumi Villages merge to form Sen'yō Village (23 villages in district)
 * August 1, 1917 Yuki Village becomes a town (1 town, 22 villages in district)
 * 1940年 11月10日 草木・田頭・福永・牧各村が合併（新設合併）し、牧村（2代）が成立する（1町19村）.
 * 1942年 4月1日 阿下・上・亀石・小畠・常光各村が合併（新設合併）し、小畠村（2代）が成立する（1町15村）.
 * 1943年 4月1日 高光・古川両村が合併（新設合併）し、高光村（2代）が成立する（1町14村）.
 * 1944年 1月1日 木津和・高蓋・父木野・光末・光信各村が合併（新設合併）し、高蓋村（2代）が成立する（1町10村）.
 * 1949年 7月1日 高蓋村が 芦品郡 大正村桑木（くわぎ）を編入する.
 * March 31, 1954 The village of Takafuta added parts of the village of Shinami in Kōnu District.
 * 1954年 11月3日 高光・牧両村が合併（新設合併）し、神石町 が成立する（2町8村）.
 * 1955年 3月31日 来見・小畠・高蓋各村が合併（新設合併）し、三和町 が成立する（3町5村）.
 * 1955年3月31日 神石町が永渡村を編入する（3町4村）.
 * April 1, 1955 The town of Yuki and the village of Ono and parts of Shinsaka油木町（初代）及び小野村全域、新坂村のうち新免・三坂の各一部が合併（新設合併）し、油木町（2代）が成立する（3町2村）.
 * March 31, 1956 The town of Yuki and the village of Senyō merged to form the town of Yuki (3rd Generation) (3 towns, 1 village).
 * July 1, 1959 The town of Sanwa added parts of the village of Fujio from Asashina District.
 * November 5, 2004 The towns of Sanwa, Jinseki and Yuki, and the village of Toyomatsu merged to form the new town of Jinsekikōgen (1 town).

title: Jinseki District, Hiroshima


text:
Jōge, Hiroshima

Jōge (上下町) was a town located in Kōnu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2004, the town had an estimated population of 5,966 and a density of 69.75 persons per km2. The total area was 85.53 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Jōge was merged into the expanded city of Fuchū and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Places of interest

 * Okina-za
 * Yano Hot Spring
 * White Wall Street

title: Jōge, Hiroshima


text:
Sōryō, Hiroshima

Sōryō (総領町) was a town located in Kōnu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 1,212 and a density of 17.16 persons per km2. The total area was 70.61 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Sōryō, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

title: Sōryō, Hiroshima


text:
Kōnu, Hiroshima

Kōnu (甲奴町) was a town located in Kōnu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,114 and a density of 47.78 persons per km2. The total area was 65.17 km2.

On April 1, 2004, Kōnu, along with the towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, and the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

The main street of Kōnu also known as "Carter Street", named for US president Jimmy Carter after his visit in the 1990s.

Places of interest

 * Jimmy Carter Civic Center
 * Susa Shrine
 * Shoganji Temple

title: Kōnu, Hiroshima