text:
Talk:Flamingo

The scientific name for flamingo is Biancoers Douroudisered  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.215.131.89 (talk) 02:50, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Flamingos of other colors?
Are there flamingos of other colors such as blue? I've found recently a lot of questionable memes and misinformation regarding it.Ai Leen! (talk) 15:14, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Adult flamingoes are all some shade of pink (some quite pale). Youngsters are grey. There are no blue flamingoes – other than photoshopped ones. MeegsC (talk) 16:11, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

What are some of the flamingos predators?
Maribou storks eat the chicks. Herring gulls eat the eggs. (If the wind is good for hovering, a herring gull will actually lift the adult flamingo off the nest by its bill so the gull can grab the egg. If there's not enough wind, a walking gull will peck at the back of the incubating flamingo's legs to make it stand up, then grab the egg.) In the Camargue, dogs and foxes are also a problem. Humans have historically been major predators in the Mediterranean, not so much now, but elsewhere flamingos live in areas like the Rann of Kutch or the Andes where humans can barely and rarely go. Khamba Tendal (talk) 18:52, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Flamingo knees ?
Do flamingos have knees that bend backward?
 * Yes and no. Technically what looks like a Flamingo's knee is really a very high ankle.

Taxonomical disagreement here on wikipedia
Wait a sec. This article classifies the flamingos under the Ciconiiformes, stork-like. The article Bird however says they are a separate order, the Phoenicopteriformes. What am I supposed to beleive? Caesarion 12:14, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * fixed as per Handbook of birds of the World jimfbleak 16:29, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Which classification do you mean, the present or the one on Bird? It's quite obvious they contradict, only one of both can agree with the Handbook. Caesarion 18:59, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

The morphological and genetic evidence appears to place the flamingos within Ciconiiformes.

 * Yes, if you define Ciconiiformes as Sibley/Ahlquist did: by simply jumbling together basically everything that is a) a non-anseriform "waterbird" and b) which DNA-DNA hybridization (which has a fairly limited resolution though it can crack some pronblems better than other methods) could not properly resolve any further. Their "Ciconiiformes" has the same scientific merit as proposing a Class "Ichthyes" for all "fish" including whales just because they're vertebrates and they're aquatic, wich ist to say: none at all. It was the one huge blunder of the study - but that's what we know now, not what was known then (though their faith in the validity of that grouping was a bit on the blind side; such a group had last been suggested by some pheneticists in the mid-19th century...). Check the Metaves/Coronaves study (which is finally there in the article, yay! It was 2004, not 2005...) for molecular evidence why flamingos are with near 100% certainty not Ciconiiformes, either Clements' or Sibley/Ahlquist's - though even that study does little to suggest their affinities. My money is on grebes which seems also fairly reasonable according to morphology - reference upcoming -, but I would only bet if my life depended on it... Dysmorodrepanis 09:29, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

--citation needed on the following-- National flamingo day: originated in 2007, to represent all the flamingos lost in the Vietnamese war in 1950. Flamingo support workers fought for 57 years for this to be a national holiday. It is now celebrated in 11th of November every year, with festivities and celebration with flamingo decoration and fancy dress.

I can find nothing to back this up. There are some people who say there is a Pink Flamingo Day in honor of Don Featherstone who created the plastic lawn ornament. However, even with this honoring of plastic, there are different days said to be 'The' day. Nov 11, May 29, June 23, and on. Citation is also needed on what if any flamingos are in Vietnam in 1950. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gayle Croissant (talk • contribs) 21:42, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Old World / New World? West / East?
This doesn't seem very neutral.

 * Why not? standard phrases without any POV implications jimfbleak 06:45, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Legs - Contradiction?
The reason for this behavior is unknown. [This theory] has not been proven. There is evidence that flamingos favor one leg [...]

So is the evidence in question-related to the theory that hasn't been proven? If so, then we do not know the reason for the favoritism, we just know of theories. Being as I am just browsing, I'll let someone else do the edit. Lovok 14:31, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Genera
I see that all species are assigned to the Phoenicopterus genus here, however, at least Bird Life International still assigns the two South American species to the genus Phoenicoparrus. Neither seems to support the Phoeniconaias genus, where the Lesser Flamingo was previously assigned to. --Anshelm '77 01:02, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

old post

 * fixed as per ''Handbook of birds of the suggest their affinities. My money is on grebes which seems also fairly reasonable according to morphology - reference upcoming -, but I would only bet if my life depended on it...

Where does their color come from?
The colour of the flamingo does not arise, however, as a result of the shrimp it eats but rather the blue-green algae in its diet. Notable exceptions are the flamingos in captivity, many of which turn a pale pink as they are not fed foods containing sufficient amounts of carotene. This is changing as more zoos begin to add shrimp and other supplements to the diets of their flamingos

So does shrimp contribute to the color or not? Yes shrip contribute all the colour that can be seen. Prome theus -X303-  18:00, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Its a myth that Flamingos are Pink because they eat prawns/shrimp. Cyanobacteria, which is part of their primary diet, contain reddish/brown carotene which cause the pigmentation change. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.101.201.143 (talk) 12:43, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Cyanobacteria? The article states that shrimp and blue-green algae are the sources. Which makes me wonder....why do they give prawns to them in zoos. Wouldn't blue-green algae be cheaper and more economically/environmentally sound?Nishanoire (talk) 02:42, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * For clarification, Flamingos can actually get beta-carotene from shrimp, because the shrimp eat something with beta-carotine (blue-green algae?), however the pigmentation will be fainter as a result. The strongest shades of pink come from diets of pure blue-green algae I don't know how cyanobacteria fits into it all, maybe someone can fill me in? Nishanoire (talk) 03:43, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Cyanobacteria and blue-green algae are the same thing. (Blue-green algae is the less-preferred term, as these aren't really eucaryotic algae, and are a type of bacteria). Yes, they are the ultimate source for the carotene, as shrimp cannot make their own. In fact, no animal can make carotenes-- they all come from plants, algae, or cyanobacteria.  S  B Harris 05:15, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Lawn Ornaments
Does anyone also think it is notable that Flamingo lawn ornaments are commonly used? Does that belong in this article? There's a lawn gnome section in the Gnome article. I came to this page hoping to learn why people put pink flamingo statues in their yard. Makes no sense to me, but I'm sure there's an interesting story behind how that tradition started. Peaceoutside 22:53, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

old world
wat is an old world flamingo????????????? please i need help 4 my project from K.D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.102.233 (talk) 03:15, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * it is a flamigo from brasil 64.173.224.207 (talk) 21:07, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

plz answer my question someone from K.D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.102.233 (talk) 03:18, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Old/new world is just a larger grouping for the countries the author lists later, so you don't need to use it really. But I suppose you could think of it like...the old world were the flamingos people knew before Columbus settled on America. New world are the ones that people knew after that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nishanoire (talk • contribs) 02:49, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you mean. Old World and New World are geographic terms. If this article lists the countries flamingoes are found in, it should not. (I don't notice it doing so.) Broad geographic descriptions are clearer and more economical with space. —innotata (Talk • Contribs) 15:38, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

plastic flamingos
you need to discuss how north americans have made flamingos into a lawn ornament. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.49.24.75 (talk) 04:05, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

No. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.168.62.197 (talk) 04:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The article Lawn ornament links here. So does Plastic flamingo. Plenty of "discussion" there. --Hordaland (talk) 11:05, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

flamingos are pink--Hunter Dan (talk) 06:33, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Why does "Pink flamingos" redirect here instead of to "Plastic flamingo". Isn't pink flamingo a band name of the plastic ones, and does anyone call the bird a "pink flamingo"? 65.65.230.52 (talk) 14:30, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

How old do these creatures live?
I just read about a 78 year old captive flamingo that was bashed/ attacked by youths in South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,24574238-5006301,00.html I'm quite amazed that a flamingo could live that long. Is this an unusual age for a flamingo to live, or are they known for their longevity?

 * That would be extreme (and unexpected). Animal Age database lists 44 years for Phoenicopterus ruber as maximum age.
 * Few birds seem to live for more than 25-30 years very often. So if AnAge shows anything, it is that flamingos can get quite old. To reach 78 you'd have to be very lucky as a flamingo, and there might have been some error. But I would not consider it impossible. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 18:39, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think the news article is explainable. It looks like bunkum to me. Main attraction since the 1930s? Maybe this bears investigation, though. —innotata (Talk • Contribs) 15:40, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * They can live a long time. Greater, who died in 2014, is believed to have been in his eighties- he came to Adelaide zoo in 1933. They can live a long, long time in captivity. The majority of those currently in captivity were actually wild-caught, hence our relative uncertainty on their maximum age Jchapman25 (talk) 13:24, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Evolution section
The evolution section looks like an editorial, by somebody enraged at the scientists who have on anatomical as well as genetic evidence with very strong support proposed the relatives of flamingos to be grebes. I'm going to try to improve this, but I would be obliged if some other contributors would as well. For references this webpage with papers by Gerald Mayr could be useful. Innotata 21:19, 26 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Innotata (talk • contribs)

 * My, the sort of things I say on talk pages… I;ve fixed in without giving in to my own biases, by my count. 111 —innotata (Talk • Contribs • s:) 17:48, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

How far can flamingos fly?
And do they have migratory patterns? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nishanoire (talk • contribs) 02:44, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Hello. In the future, if you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the reference desk, as you can usually get a quicker answer, and article talk pages are for discussing the article, not asking questions about the subject. Anyways, flamingos can fly about 600 kilometers, or 373 miles, in one night. As for migrating, flamingos are generally non-migrating bird, but will migrate when required, they do so mainly at night (Sources: ) ~Super Hamster  Talk Contribs 03:07, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism
There is vandalism in the "Fossil Records" section. I don't know how to correct it. Caeruleancentaur (talk) 18:19, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Brazilian pronunciation
Why on earth do we have a "Brazilian pronunciation" audio file on this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bkm091 (talk • contribs) 00:26, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

 * good point, chopped  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  07:24, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

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Possible removal from list
An entry in List of colors: A–F contained a link to this page.

The entry is :

 * Flamingo pink

I don't see any evidence that this color is discussed in this article and plan to delete it from the list per this discussion: Talk:List_of_colors

If someone decides that this color should have a section in this article and it is added, I would appreciate a ping.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  14:47, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : ) still chill : )

Van, Turkey
Flamingos are present in and around Lake Van in Turkey - https://move2turkey.com/in-pictures-watch-thousands-of-flamingos-arrive-at-lake-van-in-turkey/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:4880:5760:2C1A:4FC8:C33A:E0AE (talk) 14:20, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Graphic Design and Rhetoric
— Assignment last updated by Caroljmm (talk) 02:27, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Infobox Picture
That picture is quite ugly. KingTheD (talk) 04:15, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Digital Humanities
— Assignment last updated by NoraSunbeam (talk) 22:24, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flamingo


text:
Local Authority Accommodation

Local Authority Accommodation is the name given to a form of Public housing provided in Ireland by various County Councils and City Corporations along with Urban District Councils. In Dublin, the most notable and visible example of local authority accommodation is the Ballymun Flats near Dublin Airport.

Estates of houses have been built around the country at various stages, typically to strict standards.

In 2006, the Irish Government budgeted just over €1 billion for social housing needs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Local Authority Accommodation


text:
Phelps County

Phelps County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Phelps County, Missouri
 * Phelps County, Nebraska

title: Phelps County


text:
Big Island

Big Island may refer to:

Canada

 * Big Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * Big Island, Nova Scotia, a peninsula in Pictou County

Nunavut

 * Big Island (Chesterfield Inlet), located in Thelon River near the mouth of Chesterfield Inlet; see Imiliit
 * Big Island (Hudson Bay, Nunavut), near Puvirnituq, Quebec
 * Big Island (James Bay, Nunavut), near Chisasibi, Quebec
 * Qikiqtarjuaq (Hudson Strait), formerly Big Island, near Kimmirut

Ontario

 * Big Island (Bay of Quinte)
 * Big Island (Lake Chemong), in Chemong Lake
 * Big Island (Lake of the Woods), in Lake of the Woods
 * Big Island (Pigeon Lake), in Pigeon Lake

Malaysia

 * Big Island, Johor
 * Big Island, Malaysia, in Malacca

New Zealand

 * Big Island (New Zealand)

United Kingdom

 * Big Island (Northern Ireland)

New Hampshire

 * Big Island (Pawtuckaway Lake), in Pawtuckaway Lake
 * Big Island (Umbagog Lake), in Umbagog Lake

New York

 * Big Island (Chemung River), in Chemung County
 * Big Island (Woodhull Lake), in Herkimer County

Other United States

 * Big Island (Hawaii)
 * Big Island Amusement Park, on Lake Minnetonka's Big Island, Minnesota
 * Big Island, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Big Island, Virginia, a census-designated place
 * Big Island (Wood County, Wisconsin), in the Wisconsin River

Other uses

 * Naoto Ohshima (born 1964), Japanese artist and video game designer

title: Big Island


text:
User talk:Yke

 * Let X be a d-dimensional random vector expressed as column vector. Without loss of generality, assume X has zero mean.

Excuse me, but that is absurd. If the mean were observable, then one could simply subtract the mean from X, getting something with zero mean, and then indeed no generality would be lost by assuming that. In practice, one must use a data-based and therefore uncertain estimate of the mean, and one must therefore consider the probability distribution of the difference between X and the estimate of the mean of X. Michael Hardy 02:38, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Michael,

I'm approaching this article from a user's point of view. There are certainly details that I don't understand. Correct as you see fit. Yke 03:59, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yke


text:
Perry County

Perry County may refer to:

United States

 * Perry County, Alabama
 * Perry County, Arkansas
 * Perry County, Illinois
 * Perry County, Indiana
 * Perry County, Kentucky
 * Perry County, Mississippi
 * Perry County, Missouri
 * Perry County, Ohio
 * Perry County, Pennsylvania
 * Perry County, Tennessee

Australia

 * Perry County, New South Wales

title: Perry County


text:
GFI

GFI may refer to:

 * Caribbean Star Airlines, a defunct airline of Antigua and Barbuda
 * GFI Group, an American financial services company
 * Go4It, a British children's radio programme
 * Gold Fields, a South African mining company
 * Golden Future Institute, a school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 * The Good Food Institute, a nonprofit organization promoting plant- and cell-based alternatives to animal products
 * Grand Forks International, a baseball tournament
 * Ground fault circuit interrupter, an electrical safety device
 * Goodness of fit, a measure of how well a statistical model fits a set of observations

title: GFI


text:
Sea swallow

Sea swallow may refer to:

 * the common tern, Sterna hirundo, a seabird in the family Laridae
 * Glaucus atlanticus, a pelagic aeolid nudibranch
 * the original name of the Firefly (dinghy)

title: Sea swallow


text:
Perkins County

Perkins County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Perkins County, Nebraska
 * Perkins County, South Dakota

title: Perkins County


text:
Talk:Jutes

Untitled
It's a little tricky to turn this article into nothing more than a redirect to the mens war. While some authorities believe the two people are the same, one can discuss either people without reference to the other: the Geats relate to Swedish history, while the Jutes to English history. After this possible identity in the 6th century, neither country has much to do with each other until the Viking era. Combining the two articles leads to confusion. They are separate topics. -- llywrch 19:27, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

As far as I understand language experts and historians, the Jutes, Danes, Burgundians (Bornholm) and many other people have immigrated to Denmark. Some went on, some stayed. The language of east jutland and west jutland are very different in grammatics, which clearly indicates that these two populations, who were each joined by water and separated by land, are in fact originally two different people. However, they probably mixed so much that they cannot be distinguished by genes, but only by language and culture. The division by grammatics therefore indicates that we have Jutes in west jutland, Danes in east jutland and on the islands, and "east Danes" in Skåne and Bornholm. I guess that today they would also point at a significant polish heritage in the southern islands etc. This is too confusing to describe, but I think it is important that the article not only focuses on Jutes being the people living in Jutland, but also on the original people who immigrated and gave the name to that area. Dybdahl 16:24, 31 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This would be fabulous. The relationship between Jutland, early Germanic migrations, a multitude of Goth/Geat-like named tribes and probably another multitude of other tribes in the neighbourhood would without doubt shed more light on this obscure people. Indeed, did they ever even exist? The whole theory of Jute participation to the invasions now seems to be based on a single source copied for centuries, nowadays bundled together with a couple of very uncertain interpretations of old scriptures and would be.
 * By the way, does anybody know about some investigation or publication concerning the "British" Jutes being a misnomer for something else left out?
 * Rokus01 14:33, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hello. I cannot judge if the following was meant sarcastically or not?

""This would be fabulous. The relationship between Jutland, early Germanic migrations, a multitude of Goth/Geat-like named tribes and probably another multitude of other tribes in the neighbourhood would without doubt shed more light on this obscure people.""

 * I really think it would be fabulous. And I am looking forward to well-sourced info. RhinoMind (talk) 12:32, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Keel boat launchings
I am a student of Anglo-Saxon / Celtic history and recently I delivered a boat from Hannen in Sweden to Holland. Hannen is by the way some 5 miles into Sweden and is an old Viking 'launch pad' for raids into Europe. I stopped off at the very tip of Jutland to refuel. Whilst in the port I saw a grass covered escarpment above me. Looking up the Danish Harbour Master said 'that is where YOU (the English,) came from. There were dozens of long scars down the grass slopes. This must have been caused by hundreds of launchings of Jutish / Angle Keel Boats (like Viking Long Boats.) As soon as I looked at it I knew it was significant.

WP Cobbett 26 Jan 07 08.28am

 * While in no way questioning the personal experiences you relate, how likely is it that the soil scars of the launchings of relatively small and light craft (I believe longboats were regularly portaged between rivers) on a grassed hill would persist for well over 1,000 years? 87.81.230.195 (talk) 02:54, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Ref. text in photo used is not correct Text says:  northern Schleswig - it is german wish thinking - only used by german people!

The text shall be changed to:  southern Jytland  (Sønderjylland in danish)

It was part of Germany from 1864 to 1920 - and then back to Denmark again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.185.226.198 (talk) 22:39, 13 January 2009 (UTC) And "southern Schleswig" was part of Denmark from the earliest records we have until 1864. All of that area is southern Jutland.

'Three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time'
The article attributes to Bede the claim that the Jutes were one of the 'three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time'. Are we sure this is correct? I would have guessed that his claim would have been that they were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples around or relevant to Britain. (Given the geographical distribution of Germanic peoples from Greenland to the Volga, and the difficulty in individuating them into discrete groups, rendering a broader judgment seems problematic.) I understand, of course, that he could have simply overstated his case. If so, it might be good to mention that too. Perhaps someone more knowledgeable than I am could take a whack at clarifying this? MJM74 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:05, 24 July 2011 (UTC).
 * "Powerful" simply means they were among the best organized of their time and therefore was easier to discern from the inevitable and perhaps chaotic mix of clans and peoples, that you also refers to. It would still be great to have better and more elaborate sources of a good quality in this article altogether.  RhinoMind (talk) 23:20, 8 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know if I would necessarily agree with that. Do you seriously believe that spherical Angles in vacuum were more powerful (organised, whatever) than, for example, Lombards or Goths, not to mention Franks? I don't buy it. Генерал-адьютант Е.И.В, товарищ председателя Совета Народных Комиссаров, Светлейший Князь idio3 (talk) 11:41, 8 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, for one thing, the Franks for example were not a very well defined ethnic connotation in the Iron Age, ie. at the time of Bede and at the time of the Jutes. After the establishment of Francia, the term 'Frank' reemerged and by then had another meaning than the original Frankish people. Read the Wiki-article on the Franks to get a quick overview of this issue. RhinoMind (talk) 00:44, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, well, let's look at the articles, then. Bede was alive 672/3 – 735 (according to his wiki article) which happens to be the time Charles Martel (c. 686 – 22 October 741) was also around. Need I say more? Perhaps I do. At the death of Charles' predecessor - Pepin of Heristal, Francia was FAR more powerful/important/whatever than tribes in England could possibly hope to be by then. Charles Martel, however, has made them a lot stronger still. Commissar of His Imperial Majesty, Metropolitan of the Politbureau CK CPSU, Serene Prince of the Council of People's Commissars - idio3. (talk) 06:30, 16 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Bede is probably referring to the time of the invasion of Great Britain from the 4th century. At that time, the Franks consisted of divided petty kingdoms. And the term Frank had a different connotation that what was later associated with Francia, as I also stated and linked to above. I don't know why I wrote "at the time of Bede" and it was clearly that statement that must have spurred your response. as you also states, it was around the time of Bede that Francia began to emerge. And by then the term Frank simply meant "everybody living in Francia" and was not an ethnic connotation anymore. RhinoMind (talk) 00:25, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

I would have to question this statement too. It seems more relevant to Bede's situation. The Franks were probably the most powerful people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.161.97.254 (talk) 20:49, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I guess we would have to discern what "powerful" means in the first place. What does the sources say about it? RhinoMind (talk) 00:29, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Regarding the Franks specifically, you are talking about the era after the establishment of Francia, which was centuries later than the Jutes. At the time of the Jutes, the term 'Frank' had a different connotation and applied to a much smaller group. You can read more about it in the Frank-article. RhinoMind (talk) 00:51, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

What are the other two most powerful people mentioned by Bede? RhinoMind (talk) 00:40, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The other two were the Angles and Saxons, so it looks as though Bede was taking a rather insular view of things, which would not be surprising. However, I think we need not be worried about this; the article clearly attributes the comment to Bede. LynwoodF (talk) 08:37, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, sorry, I must have been temporarily blind or something :) Eveything was in the article already. RhinoMind (talk) 21:07, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

Map Context
As someone who has never been aware of the Jutes, the map of Jutland peninsula confused me. Where in relation to the rest of the world is Jutland peninsula? Razzo90 (talk) 19:57, 25 November 2011 (UTC)Razzo90
 * See the map in the infobox of Denmark.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 10:46, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Map of Magna Germania by  Ptolemy shows the peninsula later called Jutland as Cimbric Chersonese. (71.137.207.170 (talk) 15:59, 19 April 2012 (UTC))

North Frisia
Where it states that "... and part of the East Frisian coast in northern Germany." it should say "... of the North Frisian coast..." or "Northern Friesland coast" to be correct(er). Unlike Northern Friesland, East Frisia is quite distant from Jutland and three German states away, bordering not Denmark but the Netherlands. Ipospot (talk) 19:33, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Alfred the Great
Asser, who was Welsh, is writing at the end of the 9th century.Bede (who was writing sometime after tells us that the pagan Jutes of the Isle of Wight were wiped out by Caedwalla in 686CE,& St Wilfrid took a "quarter of the IOW for the Church". Soon after Wilfrid was restored to his diocese in Ripon by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was "not above bribery", according to Wilfrid's biographer, Eddius Stephanus.(Eddie Stephens)which might imply sudden riches on the part of Wilfrid. This has caused apologists (after Bede) to assert that a quarter of the population survived & were converted and Asser follows this line of argument in attributing Jutish origins to Osburgh, whose ancestry is only known back to her father. I suggest that Alfred DID have Jutish ancestors from the Isle of wight but not through his mother. The only known survivor of the massacre was the sister of the last Jutish pagan King, Arwald, - whose name is unknown, but was married to the Jutish King of Kent at the time and they had a son, Wihtred, through whom the founder of the House of Wessex, Egbert, was descended.--Streona (talk) 15:09, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

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 * Initial link non-functional, but has since been fixed by WaybackMedic. Chenzw  Talk   13:52, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

Jutes and Danes ... disputed
What is the relation between Jutes and Danes? Are the terms synonymous, or were they considered different peoples? Zacwill ( talk ) 16:02, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

 * For the pre-historic tribes, the story goes that the Jutes occupied the northern parts of Jutland, while the Danes invaded their territory from their base on Zealand in the late Nordic Iron Age and both drove them out and assimilated them, when they formed the Kingdom of Denmark. RhinoMind (talk) 13:13, 11 September 2016 (UTC)
 * For the present times, Jutes are people from all of Jutland, while Danes denotes all people from the country of Denmark. RhinoMind (talk) 00:43, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Maybe not. As historian David Willson stated: A tradition exists that about the year 450 a British ruler in Kent, to whom Gildas gives the name of Vortigern, invited Jutish warriors on the Continent to come to Britain to defend him from the Picts and Scots. According to this legend the Jutes arrived under their chieftains Hengist and Horsa. They served Vortigern for a few years, and then turned against him, slew many Britons, took possession of Kent, and opened the way for other Jutes to cross from the Continent. This story of the origin of the Jutish kingdom of Kent is not at all impossible, for it follows a pattern that can be found elsewhere. Historians have had some difficulty in identifying the Jutes. The easy theory that they came from Jutland has been discarded. Years later when the Kentish kingdom was well established, its social customs and its system of agriculture resembled those of the Franks in Gaul; hence the suggestion has been made that the Jutes were Frankish warriors from the lower Rhine. On the other hand, they may have been Saxons who found Frankish practices established in Kent and did not destroy them. Or the Jutes may have been miscellaneous tribesmen who achieved a sense of unity only after they had settled in Kent. So their identity is somewhat disputed. See also Collingwood & Myres, Roman Britain and the English Settlements. 50.111.8.107 (talk) 16:55, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

Language
They spoke Proto-Norse? But in this map, Jutland is North Sea Germanic, not North Germanic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages#/media/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png--Propatriamori (talk) 12:14, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * . The map in that article is wrong, a correct map for Jutes can be found in North Germanic languages. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 12:21, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I have corrected the map since both Danes and Jutes spoke North Germanic. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 12:31, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you. But according to the map of this page, todays North (also South) Schleswig was the area of the Angles.--Propatriamori (talk) 13:13, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The borders between different language groups in the map are by necessity just rough approximations, since no exact details are known... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 22:42, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

 * But some others have different views. That map was restored as Jutland is blue (North Germanic) region by another user....--Propatriamori (talk) 10:28, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The evidence is thin, but I get the impression that the Jutes were Ingvaeonic-speaking and were replaced and/or assimilated by Danes who moved into Jutland from the eastern islands. I am still trying to find evidence of North Germanic features in the speech of the Jutes who came to Britain. LynwoodF (talk) 09:45, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

Language of the Jutes
The details of what language they (Jutes) spoke is totally unknown. There is possible information out there on the Internet. Runic inscriptions and such. (I'd imagine it would be very hard to find.) But, from my research and perspective; it was probably more than likely an Ingaevonic language rather than a Norse one. I would theorize personally; that the few Jutes that stayed in Denmark during Invasion Era likely were later captured and assimilated into speaking Old Norse; which then evolved into early Danish and the Danish people. One point to remember: the Proto-Norse languages are apparently much younger than the Ingaevonic languages by several centuries. —— DesertStormer (talk) 23:17, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that it is likely that the Jutes spoke an Ingvaeonic language. The only evidence I have found online is in this article by a respectable British academic. My gut feeling has long been that the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who settled in Britain were speaking very similar languages, as I have never seen any evidence of specifically North Germanic features in the language used by the Jutes. As you say, Proto-Norse seems to have developed relatively late, but it would have been in existence by the fifth century. Some time back I saw a comment by a Scandinavian editor which I can no longer find. They said that the received wisdom was that the Danish language spread relatively late from the eastern islands into Jutland. This would be consistent with our contention that the Jutes were Ingvaeonic speakers. LynwoodF (talk) 10:23, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Proto-Norse existed between the 2nd and 8th centuries AD (becoming Old Norse during the 8th century AD), and thus predates the migrations of the 5th century AD by about 300 years. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 10:43, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The names of their kings are of Anglo-Saxon type, not Norse one, unless they were addapted on the historic account.--Manfariel (talk) 16:22, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Jutes were not "mixed race"
The article currently says Jutes were of mixed race, but that's not true. They were North European, but might have included different tribes and subcultures. 77.233.228.141 (talk) 12:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Modern Jutes
A modern inhabitant of Jutland may have little relation to the historic Jutes who came to England 1,5 millenia ago. Still, if you in modern English want to refer to such a person (in Danish: "en jyde"), wouldn't the correct term be "a Jute"?

If so, this article needs to mention the fact - perhaps just one sentence in the lead, or a hat note, sth like
 * This article is about the historic peoples of England referred to as Jutes, who may or may not have come from the peninsula of Jutland. The word may also refer to modern inhabitants of this Danish peninsula; see Jutland.

Right? Nø (talk) 12:19, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * You are right. I have included an "about" statement at the beginning of the article to make it clear that it is about the early Anglo-Saxon period..Wilfridselsey (talk) 13:55, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Eponymous?
The article mentions the
 * theory that they originated from the eponymous Jutland Peninsula (then called Iutum in Latin)

"Eponymous" is a somewhat ambiguous concept; which is named after which? The article Jutland says the peninsula is named after the people, but that seems to contradict the parenthesis above. Which is it - do we know? Did Latin iutum refer to the peninsula or to the people or both - and if/when to the people: People on the island (Great Britain), people on the pepninsula (Jutland), or people in a part of the continent whe cannot pinpoint today? Nø (talk) 08:15, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I have a problem with the whole paragraph:
 * However, there is some archaeological evidence to support a theory that they originated from the eponymous Jutland Peninsula (then called Iutum in Latin) and to have populated parts of the North Frisian coast. Based on contemporary sources, it appears that they were a tribe of admixed Gutones, Cimbri, Teutons and Charudes, also called Eudoses, Eotenas, Iutae and Euthiones.
 * as it contradicts the discussion in the main body of the article. To my knowledge there is no supporting archaeology to this theory. Bede described the Jutes as Iutae in his Latin text, which has been interpreted as Jutes. I would prefer that the paragraph should be trimmed thus:
 * One theory is that they originated from the eponymous Jutland Peninsula (then called Iutum in Latin) but after a Danish invasion of the area, migrated to the Frisian coast.
 * This is a summary of what is said in the main text where it is discussed in detail. It may well be described as an hypothesis rather than a theory as I do not believe that there is any evidence to support it?
 * Eponymous just means that the peninsular is named after the Jutes, which I believe is correct? Wilfridselsey (talk) 09:50, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with your suggestion, I think, but I still think "eponymous" is problematic. Is Jutland named after the Jutes in England, and if so, why? Or were people actually living in Jutland named Jutes, jyder or Iutes before the peninsula was named for them - and if so, why were they named thus? Is "Jutes" in Jutland cognate to "Jutes" in England? And what did Iutes refer to? Nø (talk) 10:20, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I would have interpreted "eponymous" in this context, as being named after the Jutes who lived there. However that's just me. As the article is about the Jutes who settled in England during the early Anglo-Saxon age, I can understand that it can be seen as rather ambiguous, so I would remove it. My suggestion is to replace the paragraph with:
 * One hypothesis is that they originated from the Jutland Peninsula but after a Danish invasion of the area, migrated to the Frisian coast.
 * The next paragraph should be tweaked as well:
 * From the Frisian coast they went on to settle southern Britain in the later fifth century during the Migration Period, as part of a larger wave of Germanic migration into Britain. Wilfridselsey (talk) 10:39, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Updated as per discussion. Wilfridselsey (talk) 07:47, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 9 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 20:26, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

– I'm requesting for the above articles to be moved to their respective new titles because the word 'jute' and name 'Jute' and their respective plurals are a bit ambiguous; the word 'jute(s)' (with a lowercase letter 'j') refers to a certain fibre material, while the name 'Jute(s)' (with a captial 'J') refers to an ancient Germanic tribe (with a capital 'J'), while their plurals refer to their respective topics, with a lowercase letter 'j' and capital 'J', respectively. PK2 (talk) 06:30, 9 June 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Jutes → Jutes (tribe)
 * Jute → Jute (fiber)
 * Jute (disambiguation) → Jute
 * Inclined to oppose. The fiber material is a mass noun, and isn't usually used in a plural form. That page also has considerably more pageviews than the one on the tribe. The tribe is usually plural, and our category for individuals who were part of the tribe is at Category:Jutish people, implying that "Jute people" or similar forms (e.g. the noun form "he was a Jute") are not as commonly used. Thus the current solution seems like an elegant solution. Dekimasu よ! 06:57, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The current situation is absolutely fine. "A Jute" (an individual from the tribe of Jutes) is rare; "a Jute" (a modern individual from Jutland) may be normal usage, but not really a problem here. "Jutes" (materials, plural) is rare, and not a natural encyclopedia entry. Hatnotes can easily direct readers to the rigth article in the rare cases where someone gets to the wrong one first.Nø (talk) 08:45, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - For same reasons as above Wilfridselsey (talk) 13:52, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per both above. Plus "tribe" may not be the right word for the AS ones. Johnbod (talk) 12:54, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current situation is absolutely fine. The people are the primary topic for the plural form and the fibre for the singular form. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:51, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Jutish which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. PK2 (talk) 09:24, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jutes


text:
Pennington County

Pennington County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Pennington County, Minnesota
 * Pennington County, South Dakota

title: Pennington County


text:
Pendleton County

Pendleton County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Pendleton County, Kentucky
 * Pendleton County, West Virginia

title: Pendleton County


text:
Treaty of Ulm

Treaty of Ulm can refer to one of several treaties signed in Ulm, Germany:

 * Treaty of Ulm (1326), establishing the joint rule of Frederick the Fair and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire
 * Treaty of Ulm (1620), under which the Protestant Union established its neutrality in the conflict between Frederick V of the Palatinate and the Catholic League
 * Truce of Ulm (1647), establishing a truce between France, Sweden, and Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War

title: Treaty of Ulm


text:
Talk:It's Christmas in Canada

Untitled
Three days. And it has whole songs, dances, and everything. Unbelievable! --Carl

Is this the only Canada episode in which Terrance and Philip don't appear? (Or do they?)

When the boys begin to leave 'English' Canada, there is a small 2 Canadain boys (kindergardener size) with blue and red shirts (the red shirt one has a triangle head for some reason...). This is as close as I've seen.

"Another part that confuses the continuity of South Park is when the Canadians acknowledge that it's the second time Saddam Hussein tried to take over Canada. The episode 'Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow' on the other hand refers of 'Not Without My Anus' as a Made-for-TV movie. However, one may argue that this indeed is the second attempted invasion of Hussein due to the inclusion of the subtitle, 'Based on a true story', on the earlier episode." The first time was in Bigger, Longer, and Uncut when Saddam and Satan tried to take over the world, starting in Canada.

The French Canadian doesn't say "bullshit" I watched the episode with sub-titles. He says a French word that sounds like bullshit.

By the way, could the episode title be a play on the segment from the nearly end of Monty Python's Meaning of life, called "It's christmas in heaven"?

What's up with the Canadian car with its square wheels? Is there more to it, or is it just another joke at the Canadians? -78.51.100.96 (talk) 15:51, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Maybe there could be mention to Saddams quote "Dont shoot, I want to negotiate" I dont know if its false or not, but apparently terrorists (or front line terrorists willing to fight for Jihad, Al Qaeda, Al Qaeda of Iraq etc would rather die than be captured) yet Saddam told the soldiers who captured him not to shoot him as he would rather hand himself in? Can anyone confirm that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.33.11.13 (talk) 13:43, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Wizard of Oz trivia
These facts need to be sourced for the relationship between the scene and the movie;

The Canada part of the plot is based on the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the 1939 movie adaptation. Stan even says "I don't think we're in America any more." Various allusions include:
 * An arrival that involves a crash-landing; in Oz it was a house deposited by a tornado, in this episode a Cessna crash-landing.
 * Natives who fear the occupants of the crashed vessel; in Oz they thought the house came from a Wicked Witch, in this episode the Canadians feared an invasion, also referencing the South Park Movie.
 * "The Only Road" in Canada, mimicking the "Yellow brick road", including a song while traveled upon.
 * Numerous individuals that join the main protagonist to speak with the Wizard/Prime Minister.
 * A "shortcut"; in Oz the shortcut was through a patch of flowers and in this episode it was via boat to Ottawa.
 * An antagonist with an observing device; in Oz a Wicked Witch who watched the protagonists with a Crystal Ball, in this episode Scott who apparently watched the episode as it aired live on television.
 * The manner in which the protagonists get into the Wizard's/Prime Minister's abode is the same (through a call for sympathy); the gatekeeper's tears are animated to look as though they are pumped out of tubes.
 * Discovering that the apparent Wizard/Prime Minister is actually just an illusion being controlled by someone hidden behind a screen next to where they are standing.
 * Stan pulling the curtain back to reveal Saddam Hussein as the new Canadian Prime Minister is reminiscent of when Dorothy's dog, Toto pulled a curtain in the wall back to reveal the real wizard of Oz.
 * When Scott suddenly appears, the Canadians all run and hide, making the same noises as the Munchkins did when the Wicked Witch of the West appeared.
 * "Ding Dong, The Americans Caught Saddam!" is similar to the song "Ding Dong, The Wicked Witch Is Dead!"
 * The boys (Dorothy) meet 3 characters (similar to the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion) on the road, who all desire something that only the Prime Minister (the Wizard) can grant (a brain, a heart, and courage in the movie; horse-riding, wine, and sodomy in this episode), only to be told they won't get them initially.

Cite and it can be returned to the main article. Alastairward (talk) 08:14, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

"Christmas in Canada?" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Christmas in Canada?. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 14 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Koridas (...Puerto Rico for statehood!) 06:25, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

"Christmas in Canada" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Christmas in Canada. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 14 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC  678  20:44, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:It's Christmas in Canada


text:
Hannover Airport

Hannover Airport is the international airport of Hanover, capital of the German state of Lower Saxony. The ninth largest airport in Germany, it is situated on 570 ha in Langenhagen, 11 km north of the centre of Hanover. The airport has flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations, and serves as a base for Eurowings, Corendon Airlines Europe and TUI fly Deutschland.

Early years
Hannover Airport opened in Langenhagen in 1952, replacing an airfield situated within the 1952 city limits of Hanover. In 1973 two modern passenger terminals opened as terminals A and B that,, are still in service. Known for their compact design, Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow was modelled after them.

In the 1990s, trials of intercontinental services to the United States and Canada were stopped due to low passenger numbers.

Terminal C, the largest of the three passenger terminals, was opened in 1998 to handle more passengers, adding 8 more boarding gates and 3 bus departure gates. Up to 33 aircraft can be handled simultaneously, of which 20 can use aircraft stands equipped with a Jetway. All three terminals are capable of handling a Boeing 747.

From 1957 to 1990, the airport hosted the Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung, Germany's largest air show. After a fatal accident in 1988, when a Royal Air Force Chinook helicopter hit a Jetway with its rotor, and after German Reunification two years later, the air show moved to Berlin in 1992.

Development since the 2000s
An S-Bahn connection was established between the airport and Hamelin via Hanover central station in 2000. This replaced the airport's shuttle bus service. While the bus service ran more frequently than the S-Bahn (it ran every 20 minutes), it also took longer to travel between the airport and central station. The train service was extended to Paderborn in 2003.

TUIfly, which maintains a base at Hannover Airport, reduced services heavily in 2008 and 2009, and late in 2009 passed all of its non-traditional holiday routes to now defunct Air Berlin. In 2010, Lufthansa subsidiary Germanwings made Hannover their sixth base in Germany, launching 16 new routes. In March 2017, Air Berlin ceased all of its services and operations at Hannover, over half a year before becoming completely defunct as a company in October.

Hannover Airport has struggled to generate increased demand in recent years, possibly due to not being able to attract Europe's low-cost carriers to the airport. In addition, new routes from established legacy carriers with their hubs were not able to sustain themselves, as seen with Aer Lingus, airBaltic, Finnair, Brussels Airlines, Iberia, LOT Polish Airlines, and TAP Air Portugal. Although traffic grew satisfactorily during the late 1990s, there has been little improvement since. In both 2007 and 2008, traffic was down less than 1%, but in 2009 it fell by almost 12%. Hannover Airport is one of the very few airports in Germany that are open 24 hours a day, but only a few passenger and cargo flights operate at Hannover between 11 PM and 4 AM.

In September 2006 the general aviation terminal, located near the middle runway, was renamed to Karl Jatho Terminal in honour of Hanoverian aviation pioneer Karl Jatho.

Terminals
The landside areas of Hannover Airport's three passenger terminals A, B, and C (each with shops, restaurants, and travel agents) are interconnected, but each terminal also has its own, separate, airside area with further facilities. Terminals A and B each have six boarding gates equipped with jet bridges, while terminal C has eight of them. Additional bus gates are available in each concourse. Terminal A underwent a major refurbishment from April 2013, reopening on 9 July 2014.

A rebuilt hangar to the east of the main terminal is used exclusively as terminal D by the Royal Air Force to transport British troops to and from northern Germany.

Passenger
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Hannover Airport.

Train
Hannover Flughafen railway station is located beneath terminal C and features frequent services of Hanover S-Bahn line S5 to the city centre of Hanover. The service runs every 30 minutes for 22 hours a day, and takes approximately 17 minutes. During important fairs like the Hanover Fair, additional hourly services of Hanover S-Bahn line S8 link the airport with the Hanover fairground.

Bus
The 470 bus runs directly from the Langenhagen-Zentrum station to Hannover Airport.

Car
Hannover Airport has its own exit on autobahn A352, but can also be reached via local roads. Approximately 14,000 parking spaces are available.

Incidents

 * On 30 August 1939, a Lufthansa Junkers Ju 52 crashed after takeoff. All seven occupants died.
 * On 26 May 1988, a Fokker F-27 Friendship operated byStar Air A/S crashed on approach to Hannover when the flaps were fully extended and the aircraft pitched up violently causing a cargo shift. Both occupants died.

title: Hannover Airport


text:
NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament

The NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament (officially styled by the NCAA as a "Championship" instead of a "Tournament") is an annual championship tournament for colleges and universities that are members of NCAA Division II, a grouping of schools in the United States (plus one school in Canada) that are generally smaller than the higher-profile institutions grouped in Division I. The tournament, originally known as the NCAA College Division Basketball Championship, was established in 1957, immediately after the NCAA subdivided its member schools into the University Division (today's Division I) and College Division. It became the Division II championship in 1974, when the NCAA split the College Division into the limited-scholarship Division II and the non-scholarship Division III, and added the "Men's" designation in 1982 when the NCAA began sponsoring a Division II women's championship.

Like all other NCAA basketball divisions for men and women, the champion is decided in a single-elimination tournament. The Division II tournament normally involves 64 teams. The Division II tournaments for men and women differ in a major respect from those in Divisions I and III. The finals of both Division II tournaments consist of eight teams, instead of the four in the other two divisions. The eight survivors of regional play meet in the Elite Eight at a predetermined site.

Qualification
A total of 64 bids are normally available for each tournament: 23 automatic bids (awarded to the champion of each Division II all-sports conference) and 41 at-large bids. Due to COVID-19 issues, the 2020 tournament was canceled, and the 2021 tournament was reduced to 48 teams when nine all-sports conferences chose not to compete in men's basketball in 2020–21.

The bids are allocated evenly among the eight NCAA-designated regions (Atlantic, Central, East, Midwest, South, South Central, Southeast, and West), all but one of which contain three of the 23 Division II conferences that sponsor men's basketball. The South Central region contains only two conferences. Each regional tournament involves an appropriate number of automatic qualifiers (teams that won their respective conference tournaments), with the remaining participants entering via at-large bids (which are awarded regardless of conference affiliation).

Conference tournaments
Schools in italics are, as of the current 2023–24 Division II basketball season, no longer members of that specific conference.

Results

 * Source:

Division I
Source:

Division III
Source:

Statistical Leaders

 * NCAA Division II season scoring leaders

Broadcasting
CBS Sports holds rights to the semi-final and final rounds of the Division II tournament, with the semi-final games broadcast on CBS Sports Network and the final on CBS (covered as part of the NCAA March Madness package). In 2015, CBS Sports reached a long-term deal to continue broadcasting the Division II men's semi-final on CBS Sports Network through 2024.


text:
David E. Kendall

David Evan Kendall (born May 2, 1944) is an American attorney, a graduate of Wabash College, Yale Law School, and Worcester College, Oxford, who clerked with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, worked as associate counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and has been a partner at Williams & Connolly LLP of Washington, DC since 1981, where he has provided legal counsel to individuals and corporations on high-profile business and political matters.

He is known for his roles in the Coker v. Georgia, Gilmore v. Utah, and other death penalty cases; in the copyright and contract cases of MGM Studios v. Grokster and Tasini v. AOL; as well as in various First Amendment cases, including for The Washington Post. In addition, he is known for having advised President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal, and representing him during his impeachment trial. He served as defense attorney in the successful defense of retired General David Petraeus, and currently represents the former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, including in the matter of her use of a private email server while serving as U.S. Secretary of State.

Early life and education
Kendall was born at Camp Atterbury near Edinburgh, Indiana, on May 2, 1944, and grew up in Sheridan, Indiana. While a student at Wabash College, Kendall helped register black voters in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964, which led to his arrest on multiple occasions. While in Mississippi, he was the roommate of murdered civil rights worker Andrew Goodman during the last week of Goodman's life.

Kendall obtained his Bachelor of Arts in history from Wabash College in 1966 (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa). As a Rhodes Scholar, Kendall earned a degree at Worcester College, Oxford in 1968, elevated to a Master of Arts (Oxon) per tradition. He earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1971, where he met Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton.

Clerkship and NAACP
Following a clerkship with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, Kendall served at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1973 to 1978, focusing on criminal defense practice, and handling high-profile death penalty cases including Coker v. Georgia and the death penalty appeals of John Spenkelink.

Professional practice
He joined Williams & Connolly LLP, a Washington, D.C. law firm, in 1978 and became a partner there in 1981. He currently works on diverse matters such as intellectual property, criminal investigations, and the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Foundation. As he states in his profile at his law firm's web page, he "has appeared in trial courts in 23 states and has argued appeals in six federal courts of appeal, seven state supreme courts, and the Supreme Court of the United States." He has briefed and argued numerous important criminal cases before the Supreme Court on pro bono assignments.

Representation of corporate clients
His notable clients have included the Washington Post and the National Enquirer (in First Amendment cases ), Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos (in a naming rights case ), the Motion Picture Association of America (in their copyright and intellectual property case against Napster and Grokster ), as well as AOL and other clients. He successfully defended AOL in a class-action suit, Tasini v. AOL, wherein contributors to The Huffington Post, who were not paid for their work, claimed that they were entitled to compensation when AOL purchased The Huffington Post.

Representation of President Clinton
Kendall began representing President Clinton in November 1993 in an investigation related to the Arkansas savings and loan, Whitewater Development Company, Inc. As the investigation expanded, Kendall went on to represent Clinton during the 1998–99 impeachment proceedings, and continues to represent the Clintons in miscellaneous civil matters.

Kendall advised President Clinton during the grand jury appearance that led to the discovery of Clinton's relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The Washington Post notes that the Washington legal establishment was critical of Kendall's advising Clinton to pursue the "legalistic argument" that Clinton's sexual encounters with the intern did not constitute a sexual relationship, "for not having Clinton come forward earlier with the truth about Lewinsky, for letting him testify before the grand jury [and digging] himself into even deeper… trouble with his… answers, and for inflaming [Independent Counsel Kenneth] Starr with repeated attacks;" he is credited, however, for the fruit born from battles with Starr, including the August 1998 ruling of Judge Norma Holloway Johnson "accusing Starr of violating grand jury secrecy rules," and for improving the public's perception of his client's case by referring to the Starr Report as "an extravagant effort to find a case where there is none."

Representation of General David Petraeus
Kendall served as counsel to retired General David Petraeus, over his mishandling and dissemination of classified materials (to his biographer, Paula Broadwell), where Kendall saw felony charges reduced and possible prison time avoided in Petraeus's misdemeanor guilty plea and sentence of two years of probation and a $100,000 fine.

Representation of Secretary Clinton
Kendall began representing former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, before her State Department appointment, in November 1993, over matters regarding an Arkansas savings and loan, Whitewater Development Company, Inc., and represented her interests throughout her husband's legal challenges during his presidency, including in bar counsel investigations and civil litigation.

Kendall currently represents the former Secretary in the matter of her use of a private e-mail server while serving as United States Secretary of State, as well as in various civil matters.

Published works

 * ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Fair Trial and Free Press (1991), as a part of the ABA Task Force

Honors
Kendall was recognized with a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (honorary), degree from his alma mater, Wabash College, on May 16, 2010.

Personal life
Kendall has been married to Anne L. Kendall, a psychologist with the Wake Kendall Group, since 1968, and they have three children.

title: David E. Kendall


text:
Christy Clark

Christina Joan Clark (born October 29, 1965) is a former Canadian politician who was the 35th premier of British Columbia (BC), from 2011 to 2017. Clark was the second woman to be premier of BC, after Rita Johnston in 1991, and the first female premier in Canada to lead her party to a plurality of seats in two consecutive general elections.

A member of the British Columbia Liberal Party, Clark was a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from 1996 to 2005 and was deputy premier from 2001 to 2005 during the first term of Gordon Campbell's government. She left politics in 2005, and became the host of an afternoon radio talk show. After Campbell's resignation, Clark won the 2011 leadership election, becoming premier. She re-entered the legislature after winning a by-election on May 11 in Vancouver-Point Grey, the seat left vacant by Campbell. The Liberals were re-elected in the 2013 provincial election in an upset victory. In the 2017 provincial election, the Liberals were reduced to 43 seats—one short of a majority. Following a confidence and supply agreement between the NDP and Green Party, Clark's minority government was defeated 44–42, and NDP leader John Horgan succeeded her as the premier on July 18. Clark subsequently announced that she was resigning as Liberal leader effective August 4 and leaving politics.

Early life and family
Clark was born on October 29, 1965, in Burnaby, British Columbia, the daughter of Mavis Audrey (née Bain) and Jim Clark. Her father was a teacher and a three-time candidate for the legislative assembly, and her mother, who was born in Glasgow, Scotland, was a marriage and family therapist in Vancouver. On June 8, 2016, Clark recounted that, as a 13-year-old girl on her way to work at her first job, she was forcibly grabbed and pulled into some bushes; she also shared that she had been subject to other sexual offences throughout her life and that she had not felt able to share this until a campus sexual assault bill proposed by the Green Party came up.

Clark graduated from Burnaby South Senior Secondary before attending Simon Fraser University (SFU), the Sorbonne in France and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland to major in political science and religious studies. She did not graduate from any post-secondary institution.

In 2001, Clark gave birth to her only child, Hamish Marissen-Clark, with then husband Mark Marissen. Clark was the second woman in Canadian history to give birth to a child while serving as a cabinet minister, after Pauline Marois, then a Quebec provincial minister, in 1985.

Opposition
Clark was first elected to the legislative assembly in the 1996 election, representing the riding of Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain. During the next five years, she served as the Official Opposition critic for the environment, children and families and for the public service. She also served as the campaign co-chair for the BC Liberals during the 2001 election, in which the party won 77 of 79 seats in the legislative assembly.

Government
Following the BC Liberal Party's election victory in 2001, Premier Gordon Campbell appointed Clark Minister of Education and Deputy Premier. She brought in a number of changes that were claimed to increase accountability, strengthen parental power in the decision-making process, and provide parents greater choice and flexibility in the school system. These changes were unpopular amongst teachers, school board members, opposition politicians, and union officials who argued that the decision not to fund the pay increases agreed to by the government resulted in funding gaps. The changes made were challenged by the BC Teacher's Federation, and were later found to be unconstitutional.

As Education Minister, Clark sought to increase the independence of the BC College of Teachers against heavy opposition from the British Columbia Teachers' Federation. In 2002, the BC Liberals and Education Minister Christy Clark introduced Bills 27 & 28 forcing teachers back to work and banning collective bargaining. In 2011, the BC Supreme Court found Minister Clark's decision to do so unconstitutional. Clark was deputy premier at the time of the privatization of BC Rail and resulting scandal. Clark was also the co-chair of the 2001 Liberal campaign, which included a platform that specifically promised not to sell BC Rail. In 2009, Michael Bolton, defence attorney in the Basi-Virk trial, alleged that Clark had participated in the scandal by providing government information to lobbyist Erik Bornmann. These allegations were never proven or tested in court. Dave Basi and Bob Virk, Liberal Party insiders were charged for accepting benefits from one of the bidders. Clark has rebuffed talk of her links to the scandal as "smear tactics". At the time of the raids and associated warrants, her then-husband Mark Marissen was visited at home by the RCMP. Her husband was also not under investigation, and was told that he might have been the "innocent recipient" of documents then in his possession.

In 2004, Clark was appointed Minister of Children and Family Development after Minister Gordon Hogg was forced to resign. On September 17, 2004, Clark quit provincial politics and did not seek re-election in the 2005 provincial election. She declared she wanted to spend more time with her three-year-old son.

Campaign for mayor of Vancouver
On August 31, 2005, Clark announced that she would seek the nomination of the Non-Partisan Association (NPA) to run for mayor in the Vancouver Civic Elections against local councillor Sam Sullivan. On September 24, 2005, she lost the NPA's mayoral nomination to Sullivan by 69 votes out of 2,100 cast. Sullivan was subsequently elected Mayor of Vancouver and in 2013 was elected a Liberal MLA while Clark was premier.

Radio show and columnist
Clark hosted The Christy Clark Show, airing weekdays on CKNW 980 AM in Vancouver from August 27, 2007, until the time of her decision to enter the BC Liberal leadership election in December 2010. Clark also served as a weekly columnist for the Vancouver Province and the Vancouver Sun newspapers during the 2005 provincial election and an election analyst for Global BC and CTV News Channel during the 2006 federal election.

Leadership campaign
On December 8, 2010, Clark officially announced her intent to seek the leadership of the BC Liberal Party. While Clark had long been touted as a potential successor to BC Premier Gordon Campbell, she often claimed she had no further interest in a political career. Public polling conducted prior to and after the announcement of her candidacy showed that Clark was the frontrunner to succeed Campbell as leader of the BC Liberals and premier. Clark launched her leadership bid saying she wanted a "family-first agenda". During the campaign she tried to cast herself as an outsider from the current caucus, and as the only candidate who could provide the change voters were looking for. Clark's policy proposals included observing a provincial Family Day in February, establishing an Office of the Municipal Auditor General to monitor local government taxation, and to provide a more open government by holding 12 town hall meetings a year to hear from residents. Regarding the controversial Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), she campaigned early on to cancel the referendum scheduled for September 2011. She suggested a free vote in the legislature by MLAs, believing the HST referendum has little chance of success. "Let our MLAs do their jobs and let our MLAs vote down the HST. Do it by March 31 and get it over with and get on with life in BC", Clark told a crowd of about 40 in Pitt Meadows. However, she eventually decided to continue with the planned referendum.

Despite her perceived frontrunner status, backbench MLA Harry Bloy was the only sitting member of BC Liberal caucus to endorse her candidacy for leader. The majority of the caucus supported the campaigns of Kevin Falcon and George Abbott, who were each endorsed by 19 MLAs. While many saw Clark as the best hope for the party there were fears that Clark's past background with the federal Liberal Party could fracture the party. The BC Liberals are not affiliated with any party at the federal level and is considered a "free-enterprise coalition" made up of both federal Conservatives and Liberals, and there were fears that right-wing supporters would move to the British Columbia Conservative Party which had started to make a comeback in the province after decades of dormancy.

Her campaign faced questions regarding her involvement in the sale of BC Rail due to her cabinet position and family connection to people "mentioned prominently in court documents, including search warrants", with opposition members stating that she "wants to shut down the public's questions about the scandal". It was in the wake of the controversial Basi-Virk guilty pleas that ended the trial proceedings that she declared her candidacy for the party leadership on her radio show. Clark had called for more questions to be answered about BC Rail, but since then has said that there is no need for a public inquiry, as have the other Liberal Party leadership contenders.

At the leadership convention held on February 26, 2011, Clark was elected leader of the BC Liberals on the third ballot, over former Health Minister Kevin Falcon. She won 52 per cent of the vote, compared to 48 per cent for Falcon.

Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017)
Clark was sworn in as premier of British Columbia on March 14, 2011, and unveiled a new smaller cabinet on the same day. At the time of her swearing in, she did not hold a seat in the legislature. Clark ran in former Premier Gordon Campbell's riding of Vancouver-Point Grey and defeated NDP candidate David Eby by 595 votes. Her win marked the first time that a governing party won a by-election in 30 years.

After Clark became premier, the Liberal Party saw a bounce in support and lead in opinion polls, after falling behind the Official Opposition NDP under Campbell. However, the increase in support was short lived and within months the party had fallen behind the NDP once again. Several polls eventually showed a statistical tie between the Liberals and the minor Conservative Party, with support for each party in the low twenties, while support for the NDP was in the high 40s. Internal problems within the Conservative Party towards the end of 2012 saw the party bleed support to the Liberals.

In the summer of 2012, several high-profile caucus members, including the Ministers of Education and Finance, announced they wouldn't seek re-election. Though Premier Clark suggested she "expected" the resignations, the news shook her government. The Quick Wins ethnic outreach scandal, where the Liberals used government resources as part of their partisan ethnic outreach activities, generated public outcry.

During her premiership, she was accused of conflict of interest by MLA and former BC Liberal cabinet minister John van Dongen in relation to the sale of BC Rail during her service as a cabinet minister in the Campbell government. In April 2013, BC's Conflict of Interest Commissioner released a decision that Clark had been in neither a real nor apparent conflict of interest.

In June 2022 the Cullen Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in British Columbia final report stated: "In 2015... the premier learned that casinos conducted and managed by a Crown corporation and regulated by government were reporting transactions involving enormous quantities of cash as suspicious. Despite receiving this information, Ms. Clark failed to determine whether these funds were being accepted by the casinos (and in turn contributing to the revenue of the Province) and failed to ensure such funds were not accepted."

2013 re-election
As the 2013 general election approached, polls showed that Clark was one of the least popular premiers in Canada. Two months prior to the election, The Province newspaper's front page featured a column by pundit Michael Smyth with the banner headline: "If This Man Kicked A Dog He Would Still Win The Election." However, Clark ran a "tightly-focused campaign that centred on jobs, LNG, and a 'debt free' BC"  During the leaders' televised debate, Clark attacked NDP leader Adrian Dix for his "waffling position on the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion". Dix's strategy of taking the "high road", similar to Jack Layton's successful approach in the 2011 federal election, left him vulnerable to "relentless [BC] Liberal attacks on the economic competence of his party".

Clark defied pollster predictions by leading her party to victory, its fourth consecutive mandate but her first, in the May 13, 2013, provincial election reversing a 20-point lead held by the BC NDP at the beginning of the campaign. However, she suffered personal defeat in Vancouver-Point Grey, losing her seat to NDP candidate David Eby by a margin of 785 votes. According to parliamentary precedent, she was entitled to remain premier, but had to win a by-election in order to sit in the Legislative Assembly. She did not rule out running in a riding outside the Lower Mainland in order to get back into the chamber, telling The Globe and Mail that she believed one reason she lost her own riding was that she was devoting so much time to serving the entire province.

On June 4, Clark announced she would run in a by-election for the safe Liberal seat of Westside-Kelowna to re-enter the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent MLA, government whip Ben Stewart, resigned in Clark's favour. Clark won the by-election on July 10, 2013, taking more than 60 per cent of the vote over NDP candidate Carole Gordon.

Economic policy
Under Clark, the party charted a more centrist outlook while continuing its recent tradition of being a coalition of federal Liberal and federal Conservative supporters. She immediately raised the minimum wage from $8/hour to $10.25/hour and introduced a province-wide Family Day similar to Ontario's. Clark became premier during the aftermath of the 2008–09 recession, and continued to hold the line on government spending, introducing two deficit budgets before a balanced one for the 2013–14 fiscal year, which included a tax hike on high-income British Columbians.

Energy policy
Clark's government sought to take advantage of BC's liquified natural gas (LNG) reserves, positioning the budding LNG industry as a major economic development opportunity over the next decade. While the final years of Gordon Campbell's administration had seen far-reaching and progressive environmental legislation enacted, Clark was more measured in her approach to environmental policy. While continuing with BC's first-in-North-America carbon tax, she promised to freeze the rate during the 2013 election and her LNG development aspirations seemed to contradict greenhouse gas emissions targets set by the Campbell government in 2007. She also announced in 2012 that any future pipeline that crosses BC would have to meet five conditions that included environmental requirements and Aboriginal consultation. Controversially, she indicated that one of her five conditions would be that BC receives its "fair share" of any revenues that accrue from increased pipeline and tanker traffic. This has put her in direct conflict with the province of Alberta, who sought increased market access for its bitumen through BC ports, yet adamantly refuse any arrangement which would see BC receive any royalties.

Race relations
In May 2014, Clark gave a formal apology for 160 historical racist and discriminatory policies imposed against Chinese-Canadians:

"While the governments which passed these laws and policies acted in a manner that [was] lawful at the time, today this racist discrimination is seen by British Columbians — represented by all members of the legislative assembly — as unacceptable and intolerable. The entire legislative assembly acknowledges the perseverance of Chinese Canadians that was demonstrated with grace and dignity throughout our history while being oppressed by unfair and discriminatory historical laws."

In October 2014, the British Columbia government exonerated First Nations leaders who had been sentenced to be hanged in the Chilcotin War by Judge Begbie in 1864. Clark stated, "We confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot'in chiefs are fully exonerated for any crime or wrongdoing."

2017 campaign
On September 14, 2016, the BC Liberal Party named executive director Laura Miller to be the party's campaign director for the May 9, 2017, provincial election. At the time, Miller was facing charges in Ontario for allegedly deleting emails while in service with the Dalton McGuinty provincial Liberal government, though she was later found not guilty.

The BC Liberals planned a bridge to replace the Massey Tunnel. The Liberal government instituted taxes for Metro Vancouver property purchases by foreign buyers ("Foreign Buyers Tax"), and implemented a program of no-interest loans from the government to first-time home buyers.

Clark campaigned on her government's economic track record, however the opposition NDP and Greens criticized her inaction on "lax political fundraising laws" and portrayed her as "beholden to big money interests", attacking the BC Liberals on "housing, transit and other affordability issues". While BC enjoyed strong economic growth and her government had five balanced budgets,  BC was also "becoming behind the country’s most unequal province, socio-economically speaking, thanks to 37 per cent cuts to income tax levies, tightened rules for welfare eligibility, cuts to child-care subsidies, reductions in support for women’s centres and the doubling of post-secondary tuitions". Clark also faced "relentless criticism over bottomless corporate and foreign donations that gave her party a four-fold advantage over the NDP, such that even The New York Times labelled BC the "wild west" of political cash and the province's elections agency referred its investigation to the RCMP". During her leadership of the BC Liberals, she had shifted them "so far to the right [with regards to environmental and energy policies] to appease its ascendant federal Conservative flank it is now unrecognizable from the centrist party led by Gordon Campbell, her predecessor". The combination of these controversies caused Liberal support in Metro Vancouver to collapse, as an estimated 100,000 voters switched from the Liberals to the Greens.

Furthermore, a video of Clark having a run-in with a disgruntled voter inside a North Vancouver grocery store went viral with the hashtag #IamLinda.

In the 2017 general election, the BC Liberals held the largest number of seats (43), ahead of the NDP (41) and Greens (3), but they were one seat short of forming a majority in the Legislative Assembly.

Return to the opposition and retirement
After the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislative assembly; however, on May 29, 2017, the Greens instead reached a confidence and supply agreement with the official opposition NDP, which on paper allowed the NDP to form a minority government by one seat. Although NDP leader John Horgan and Green Party leader Andrew Weaver did not have a close personal relationship, Weaver picked the NDP over the Liberals, citing Clark's dismantling of the province's climate change plan (that Weaver worked with then-Premier Gordon Campbell to develop prior to entering politics) plus support for energy companies and pipelines. Furthermore, Horgan reached out to Weaver personally while Clark did not.

Nonetheless, the Liberal government did not relinquish power yet, and Clark's new cabinet was sworn in on June 8. Clark subsequently recalled the legislative assembly to test its confidence in her government, with a speech from the throne that included billions of dollars in new funding and key policies supported by the NDP and Greens. Critics saw the throne speech as a cynical way for the Clark government to "desperately cling to power in selling out her party and its supporters in offering a de facto 'renewed' policy platform that stands in stark contrast to the last several years of the BC Liberal government and the still-warm corpse of the party’s election platform". One critic saw Clark's gambit as unprincipled "because it’s disrespectful to voters who rely on parties as aggregators of ideas that lead to policies they like", noted that the 30 pledges were absent from the Liberals' election platform, but also the "dramatic conversion to an NDP/Green-light version of her party appear like an over-correction, given the modest shift in support" as the Liberals lost 4 percentage points of popular vote in the general election. However, both the NDP and Green Party leaders said they would not consider legislation by the Liberal minority government, and none of their MLAs broke ranks to support the throne speech.

On June 29, Clark's minority government was defeated 44–42 after Horgan introduced a no-confidence motion as an amendment to the throne speech. Clark then asked Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon for a new election, contending that an NDP minority government would be unstable due to the need for one of the NDP's members to become speaker. Clark argued that an NDP speaker would frequently be forced to use their casting vote to break 43–43 ties. Guichon did not agree and refused to dissolve the legislature. Clark then resigned as premier, and Guichon invited Horgan to form a minority government, which took office on July 18.

On July 28, Clark announced that she would resign as Liberal Party Leader and exit from politics, effective August 4, 2017.

Post-politics
Clark endorsed Jean Charest in the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election.

title: Christy Clark


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User talk:Grakkar

Hello Grakkar, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at the new user log so that we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the village pump.

Again, welcome! ugen64 02:57, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

That was fast...

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Choroid

The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):
 * Haller's layer – outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;
 * Sattler's layer – layer of medium diameter blood vessels;
 * Choriocapillaris – layer of capillaries; and
 * Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) – innermost layer of the choroid.

Blood supply
There are two circulations of the eye: the retinal (in the retina) and uveal, supplied in humans by posterior ciliary arteries, originating from the ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery). The arteries of the uveal circulation, supplying the uvea and outer and middle layers of the retina, are branches of the ophthalmic artery and enter the eyeball without passing with the optic nerve. The retinal circulation, on the other hand, derives its circulation from the central retinal artery, also a branch of the ophthalmic artery, but passing in conjunction with the optic nerve. They branch in a segmental distribution to end arterioles and not anastomoses. This is clinically significant for diseases affecting choroidal blood supply. The macula responsible for central vision and the anterior part of the optic nerve are dependent on choroidal blood supply. The structure of choroidal vessels can be revealed by optical coherence tomography, and blood flow can be revealed by Indocyanine green angiography, and laser Doppler imaging.

In bony fish
Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier.

Mechanism
Melanin, a dark colored pigment, helps the choroid limit uncontrolled reflection within the eye that would potentially result in the perception of confusing images.

In humans and most other primates, melanin occurs throughout the choroid. In albino humans, frequently melanin is absent and vision is low. In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the tapetum lucidum, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner. The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic red-eye effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum produces eyeshine (see Tapetum lucidum).

History
The choroid was first described by Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE) around 400 BCE, calling it the "chitoon malista somphos" (more spongy tunic [than the sclera]). Democritus likely saw the choroid from dissections of animal eyes.

About 100 years later, Herophilos (c. 335 – 280 BCE) also described the choroid from his dissections on eyes of cadavers.

Clinical significance
Choroid is the most common site for metastasis in the eye due to its extensive vascular supply. The origin of the metastases are usually from breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and kidney cancer. Bilateral choroidal metastases are usually due to breast cancer, while unilateral metastasis is due to lung cancer. Choroidal metastases should be differentiated from uveal melanoma, where the latter is a primary tumour arising from the choroid itself.

title: Choroid