text:
Talk:386BSD

Untitled
I think this page is a little inaccurate; my sources (which I'm too lazy to quote right now) seem to indicate that 386BSD was developed in parallel with BSD/386 (and even came a little bit after it, as it was developed by an ex- BSDi employee). The common ancestor was the NET2 tape itself from Berkeley.

If anyone knows any better, I'd love to hear about it.

Jhf 02:58, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I also think 386BSD was written by William Jolitz (ex-BSDI employee, and former contributer to the BSD project at Berkeley University).

Here's a time-capsule with interesting information...

http://ftp.svbug.com/ftp/pub/386BSD/386bsd-patchkits/386bsd.faq

You guys are right. Since I did quite some research for the German article on 386BSD, I thought I'd share my findings here and gave this article quite a make over. Please correct for English. But before you correct for contents please do read the various web-links I included. Two mistakes which were there before : --134.100.120.75 10:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 386BSD or rather the Jolitzes did not seem to care much about the law suit. So, the reason for the slow down was not the law suit, but their personal style of developing (which was very controversial). Remember : their release was July 1992, and it took about a year for the users to get frustrated and released NetBSD/FreeBSD, which was BEFORE the law suit was settled.
 * BSD/386 is indeed not developped off 386BSD. See the current text, and again the various weblinks. The first release of BSD/386 was EARLY 1992, and it was that release that caught AT&T's attention. 386BSD was released AFTER BSDi started selling their product.

Actually, this page has long been factually incorrect, and should be either editted or removed. Among the inaccuracies are when 386BSD started (1989), the fact that it was in use for years at Berkeley, Los Alamos, and other research facilities, the fact it was written about extensively in Dr. Dobbs Journal magazine during the creation of the Networking II release, the fact that William Jolitz never did become an employee of BSDi, the fact that BSDi's use of BSD386 was allowed by William Jolitz as a graceful gesture at a BSDi board meeting with Mcusick et al. The authors of 386BSD considers this page to be misleading and inaccurate for unknown reasons.

Also, the mention of 386BSD "encumbered code" in the Wikipedia entry. Specifically:  "Due to a lawsuit by AT&T, USL v. BSDi, some potentially so-called encumbered sources which existed within 386BSD were to be removed from all the derived systems, and the distribution of 386BSD was to be stopped."

This is completely untrue. Neither Jolitz or 386BSD were a party to any lawsuit or settlement, nor was there any demand for any code in 386BSD to be removed, nor were 386BSD distributions stopped - [note the CDROM continued selling well during this time, not based on anything in the 4.4 lite release].

And most importantly, there was no claim filed by AT&T, USL, or other party which expressed any concern for any code done by Jolitz for 386BSD or Berkeley distributions. All Jolitz work was documented thoroughly and published in a well-established industry journal and above-board in all respects. The implication that there was tainted code done by Jolitz by other groups that had to be removed was concocted as a way to steal documented work without maintaining attribution, a basic tenant of the Berkeley Unix license agreement. However, claiming something is encumbered to try to get around a license agreement doesn't make it so. There were disputes over the incorporation of code not in 386BSD releases which could be considered proprietary. The refusal to incorporate "tainted" code into 386BSD led to the creation of freebsd and netbsd, not the other way around.

http://www.386bsd.org/faq

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.7.75.190 (talk • contribs) 23:48, 9 March 2005

POV
A series of edits were made to this article (and to the talk page) last year by an anonymous user which I suspect is either Bill or Lynne Jolitz (based on that user's contributions to other pages, including William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz).

Some of these edits were perfectly fine, fleshing out the history of 386BSD, but there are some I find objectionable. In particular, important factual information (such as the fact that NetBSD and FreeBSD both shipped complete releases before 386BSD) was removed, and the description of certain events (such as the cause of the falling-out that led to the creation of the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects) was changed to place the Jolitzes in a much more favorable light. Needless to say, the previous version is much closer to how the NetBSD and FreeBSD communities perceived those events.

To me, this article now reads more like a press release than an encyclopedia article. I have therefore marked it as POV.

DES 15:56, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Re-added POV. The article presents only one side of the dispute between 386BSD and the other BSDs, and has been edited by participants in the dispute to remove factual information favorable to the other side.

DES 06:24, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. I checked the history and, while there was some blatant pro-Jolitz POV when you made your comments, it seemed later settled to me. However, you're welcome to add information from the other side, so we can perhaps solve the dispute. --Cyclopia 12:43, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

It's been some months since the last NPOV entry on the talk page, so it seems like it's now safe to remove the NPOV tag. CSWarren 01:33, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Lucid Emacs
The 386BSD disagreement between Jolizes and FreeBSD looks similar to the Lucid Emacs disagreement between it and RMS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.110.28.240 (talk • contribs) 23:01, 17 June 2007

Ownership

 * "All rights with respect to 386BSD and JOLIX are now held exclusively by William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz."

I find that very hard to believe. Most of the OS should be copyright The Regents of the University of California, with probably pieces owned by others (wasn't there a lot of GNU code in 4.4BSD?), unless the Jolitzes decided to rewrite the whole thing. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 17:00, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

List of DDJ articles
In section "Further reading", we have 2 DDJ articles dated Apr/1991 and no articles dated Dec/1991 and Jan/1992. Is this an error? --Black Walnut (talk) 01:23, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

License BSD license?
The infobox says the license of 386BSD is a BSD licence.

I've been looking at the project's Github repository.
 * Version 0.0: I couldn't find a global license file for this version, but init_main.c has a 4 clause BSD License crediting the Regents of the University of California.
 * Version 0.1: has a 4 clause BSD License in the COPYRIGHT file crediting William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse
 * Versions 1.0 & 2.0: have a COPYRIGHT file consisting of the 4 clause license from 0.1 with 4 additional clauses forbidding commercial distribution, and non-commercial distribution of modified source or binaries.

The version 1.0/2.0 license is clearly derived from the 4 clause BSD license, but with the additions it appears to fail to meet the Open Source Initiative's The Open Source Definition, specifically sections 3. Derived Works, 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor and 7. Distribution of License.

My gut feel was to update the infobox to say 0.0 + 0.1 are BSD Licensed and 1.0 + 2.0 are proprietary but then I decided I really don't know enough about licenses to accurately categorise the 1.0 + 2.0 license.

Help! Kiore (talk) 05:18, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:386BSD


text:
Parker Road station

Parker Road station (formerly East Plano Transit Center) is an intermodal transit facility in Plano, Texas. The station is located near North Central Expressway (US 75) between Parker Road and Park Boulevard. Operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit, the station services DART Light Rail, four bus routes, and five on-demand service zones.

The station is the northern terminus of the. It is also the northern terminus of the during weekday peak hours.

Plano Transit Center
The first DART facility in Plano was the Plano Transit Center, a small park-and-ride lot located at a former drive-in theater. The facility was very rudimentary, lacking passenger shelters or benches.

In early 1989, DART opened the West Plano Transit Center four miles west of Plano Transit Center. When this did not substantially decrease ridership at the lot, DART opted to build an expanded east Plano facility.

East Plano Transit Center
In 1990, DART purchased 19.2 acres of land for the new East Plano Transit Center. The land was adjacent to a disused Southern Pacific rail corridor that DART was studying for a then-proposed light rail system. The transit center, built at a $7.5 million cost, opened on April 20, 1993.

Parker Road
On December 7, 2002, to celebrate the coming train service, DART and the city of Plano offered free preview rides from Bush Turnpike to East Plano Transit Center. The event also celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Texas Electric Railway, which operated on the same right-of-way from 1902 to 1948.

The Red Line was officially extended to East Plano Transit Center on December 9, 2002 as part of the line's fourth and final extension. Following the extension, the station was renamed to Parker Road.

Fair Share Parking
On April 2, 2012, DART began a pilot program known as "Fair Share Parking". The program, operated by a private contractor, required commuters from non-DART member cities to pay a daily fee for parking at the station. Residents of DART member cities could park for free as long as they applied for and displayed a special resident permit. Parker Road was one of two stations to be included in the program at launch, the other being North Carrollton/Frankford. The program was intended to improve parking availability and to make up for the lack of sales tax revenue from non-residents. However, most commuters at Parker Road simply switched to parking at Bush Turnpike station, which regularly approached capacity in the months following the change.

After the initiative failed to make a profit, DART opted to end it on April 2, 2014 when its contract with the private operator expired. While most stations simply dropped the initiative altogether, Parker Road continued to utilize the resident permits by reserving lots at the station for permit holders.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parker Road station


text:
List of Hindi poets

This is a List of notable Hindi language poets:

A

 * Aalok Shrivastav
 * Acharya Shivpujan Sahay
 * Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana (1556–1627), composer, poet, and produced books on fastrology
 * Agnishekhar (born 1956) real name Kuldeep Sumbly
 * Agyeya
 * A. M. Turaz
 * Amir Khusrow (1253–1325), musician, scholar and poet
 * Asad Zaidi (born 1954), poet, editor, publisher, translator
 * Akshay Chandra Sharma
 * Ashok Chakradhar (born 1951), author and poet
 * Ashok Vajpeyi
 * Atal Bihari Vajpai (1924–2018), author, poet and orator
 * Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay

B

 * Balli Singh Cheema (born 1952)
 * Banarsidas (1586–1643), poet, businessman
 * Bhagwan Datt Sharma
 * Bhai (writer) (1935-2018)
 * Bihari (1595–1663), poet, author
 * Bhikhari Das (1721–?), poet
 * Bharatendu Harishchandra (1850–1885), novelist, poet, playwright
 * Bhawani Prasad Mishra (1913–1985), poet and author
 * Birbal (1528-1586)

C

 * Chand Bardai (1149-1200)
 * Choudhari Mulkiram (1910–1954) poet, philosopher and writer

D

 * Dharmveer Bharti (1926–1997), poet, author, playwright and a social thinker
 * Dinesh Bhramar, Hindi and Bhojpuri poet
 * Dhirendra Verma
 * Dushyant Kumar (1933–1975), poet of modern Hindustani

G

 * Gafil Swami (born 1953), poet and journalist
 * Ganga Prasad Vimal
 * Geet Chaturvedi (born 1977), poet, short story author and journalist
 * Gopal Singh Nepali (1911–1963), poet of Hindi literature and lyricist of Bollywood
 * Gopal Prasad Vyas (1915–2005), poet, known for his humorous poems
 * Gopaldas Neeraj (born 1924), poet and author
 * Girish Tiwari
 * Gulab Khandelwal (born 1924), poetry including some in Urdu and English
 * Gulzar (born 1934), poet, lyricist, film director
 * Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt'

H

 * Hari Shankar Sharma
 * Harivansh Rai Bachchan (1907–2003), poet of Chhayavaad literary movement (romantic upsurge)
 * Hemant Shesh (born 1952), writer, poet and civil servant
 * Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu (1502–1552), Braj Bhasha poet-sant and bhakti religious leader

I

 * Indra Bahadur Khare (1922–1953), Chhayavaad writer and poet
 * Ibrahim Ashk (1951-2022)

J

 * Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer) (1932-2015)
 * Jagdish Gupt (1924–2001), Chhayavaad literary movement poet
 * Jaishankar Prasad (1889–1937), novelist, playwright, poet
 * Javed Akhtar (born 1945), poet, lyricist and scriptwriter
 * Jwalamukhi (1938–2008), poet, novelist, writer and political activist
 * Jyotsna Milan (1941–2014), poet, novelist, short story writer and editor

K

 * Kabir (1440–1518), mystic poet and saint of India
 * Kamlesh Shukla (Socialist)
 * Koduram Dalit (1910-1967)
 * Kailash Vajpeyi (1936–2015)
 * Kavi Bhushan (1613–1712), poet and scholar
 * Kaka Hathrasi (1906–1995), satirist and humorist poet
 * Kedarnath Agarwal (1911–2000), Hindi language poet and littérateur
 * Kedarnath Singh (1934–2018), poet, critic and essayist
 * Keshavdas (1555–1617), Sanskrit scholar and Hindi poet
 * Kripalu Maharaj (1922–2013), spiritual master (Jagadguru) and a poet-saint
 * Kripa Shankar Sharma
 * Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik" (born 1983), Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu poet and writer
 * Krishna Kumar Sharma
 * Kumar Vikal
 * Kumar Vishwas (born 1970), poet and professor
 * Kunwar Bechain (1942–2021), professor and poet
 * Kunwar Narayan (1927–2017), poet
 * Kunwar Narayan (1927–2017), poet

L

 * Laxmi Shankar Bajpai (born 1955)
 * Laxminarayan Payodhi (born 1957), poet and researcher
 * Lari Azad (born 1959)

M

 * Mahadevi Varma (1906–1987), poet, freedom fighter, woman's activist and educationist
 * Mahendra Bhatnagar (1926-2020)
 * Mahendra Pratap Singh
 * Maithili Sharan Gupt (1886–1964), poet, politician, dramatist, translator
 * Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1889–1968), Indian poet, writer, essayist, playwright and a journalist
 * Meera (1498–1547), mystic singer and composer of Bhajans
 * Mohan Rana (born 1964), poet
 * Mrityunjay Kumar Singh
 * Murari Lal Sharma Neeras (born 1936), poet and educator
 * Mahesh Garg Bedhadak, Hindi poet and writer

N

 * Nagarjun (1911–1998), poet, writer, essayist, novelist
 * Nalin Vilochan Sharma
 * Nand Chaturvedi (1923-2014)
 * Naresh Mehta, poet and playwright
 * Narottam Das (1550–1605), the writer of 'Sudama Charitra' and contemporary of Tulsidas
 * Nathuram SharmaShankar (1859–1932), Hindi poet
 * Nawal Kishore Dhawal (1911–1964), writer, poet, proof reader, editor, critic, journalist and author
 * Neelabh Ashk (1945-2016)
 * Nirmal Verma

O

 * Om Prakash Aditya (1936–2009), poet

P

 * Pandit Narendra Sharma
 * Pawan Karan (born 1964), poet, writer, editor, journalist, columnist, social and political analyst
 * Phoolchand Gupta (born 1958), poet, writer and translator
 * Prabha Kiran Jain, poet and writer
 * Prabha Thakur, poet, writer, composer and Indian politician
 * Prasoon Joshi, advertiser, lyricist, and poet

R

 * Ramkumar Verma
 * Ram Prasad Bismil (1897-1927)
 * Ram Vilas Sharma
 * Rambhadracharya (born 1950), religious leader and educationist.
 * Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (1908–1974), poet, essayist and academic
 * Ramavtar Tyagi
 * Rameshraj Tewarikar
 * Ram Ratan Bhatnagar (born 1914), scholar, professor, writer and critic of poetry and literature
 * Rustam Singh (born 1955), poet, philosopher, translator and editor
 * Ravindra Prabhat (born 1969), writer, poet, editor, critic, journalist and author

S

 * Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1911–1987), poet, writer, novelist, journalist, traveler
 * Samartha Vashishtha
 * Satyapal Anand (born 1931)
 * Sarvesh Asthana (born 1965)
 * Shambhunath Singh
 * Shambhu Shikhar
 * Shivmangal Singh Suman (1915–2002), poet and academician
 * Shail Chaturvedi (1936–2007), poet, humorist, lyricist, actor
 * Shabab Aalam (born 1984), poet
 * Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)
 * Shankardas Kesarilal Shailendra (1923–1966), poet, lyricist; known for his poetry used in Hindi cinema
 * Sheetal Agashe (born 1977), business woman and former actress
 * Sitaram Agrahari (born 1957)
 * Shiv Prasad Dabral (1912-1999)
 * Shrikant Verma
 * Shrinivási
 * Sri Lal Sukla, author, writer
 * Sonroopa Vishal
 * Subhadra Kumari Chauhan (1904–1948), poet known for her emotionally charged songs
 * Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' (1936–1975), poet known for his revolutionary writings and protest-poetry
 * Sunderdas
 * Surdas (1467–1583), composer and devotional poet
 * Surender Sharma
 * Suryadev Singh Bareth, advocate and poet
 * Sūdan (1700–1753), poet
 * Sumitranandan Pant (1900–1975), Chhayavaad poetry, verse plays and essays
 * Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' (1899–1961), poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer
 * Suryakumar Pandey (born 1954), poet, writer

T

 * Tara Singh, poet
 * Teji Grover (born 1955), poet, fiction writer, translator and painter
 * Tulsidas (1497/1532–1623), poet-saint, reformer and philosopher

U

 * Uday Prakash (born 1952), scholar, poet, journalist, translator and short story writer
 * Uday Pratap Singh

V

 * Vibudh Shridhar
 * Viren Dangwal (1947-2015)
 * Virendra Kumar Baranwal (1941-2020)
 * Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari
 * Vishnu Khare (1940–2018), Hindi journalist, translator and poet
 * Vrind (1643–1723), Braj bhasha poet

Misc.Hindi Poets

 * Urmilesh Shankhdhar
 * Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena
 * Samapt Saral
 * Raghuvir Sahay
 * S.R. Harnot
 * Rahi Masoom Raza
 * Ravindra Kalia
 * Raskhan
 * Raidhu
 * Pankaj Rag
 * Balswaroop Raahi
 * Nirjhar Pratapgarhi
 * Imran Pratapgarhi
 * Kavi Pradeep
 * Suman Pokhrel
 * Prem Kishore Patakha
 * Shyam Narayan Pandey
 * Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen
 * Sandeep Nath
 * Kanhaiya Lal Nandan
 * N. Chandrasekharan Nair
 * Joba Murmu
 * Munishree Nagraj
 * Dnyaneshwar Mulay
 * Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh
 * Hullad Moradabadi
 * Soumitra Mohan
 * Narendra Mohan (poet)
 * Raghuvir Sharan Mitra
 * Verma Malik
 * Mirabai
 * Malik Muhammad Jayasi
 * Shailesh Matiyani
 * Susmita Basu Majumdar
 * Madan Mohan Malaviya
 * Shreeraj Kurup
 * Bihari Lal
 * Saroj Kumari Gaurihar
 * Amir Khusrau
 * Chandrakant Devtale
 * Sunil Jogi
 * Jacinta Kerketta
 * Irshad Kamil
 * Bhupendra Nath Kaushik
 * Arun Kamal
 * Mamta Kalia
 * Jwalamukhi (poet)
 * Motilal Jotwani
 * Sharad Joshi
 * Rajesh Joshi
 * Hemant Joshi
 * Hasrat Jaipuri
 * Ramesh Chandra Jha
 * Prabhakiran Jain
 * Nemi Chandra Jain
 * Leeladhar Jagudi
 * Durbalnath
 * Sohan Lal Dwivedi
 * Arun Gemini
 * Ghananand
 * Trilok Chandra Goel
 * Adam Gondvi
 * Kishorilal Goswami
 * Sheila Gujral
 * Harikrishna Prasad Gupta Agrahari
 * Shyamlal Gupta
 * Indira Indu

title: List of Hindi poets


text:
Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire

Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (c. 1479 – 6 April 1523) was an English peer.

Family
Henry Stafford, born c.1479, was the younger of two sons of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Lady Catherine Woodville, the daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, by Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg, Count of St. Pol, and was thus a nephew of Elizabeth Woodville and King Edward IV.

By his father's marriage to Catherine Woodville, Stafford had an elder brother, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, and two sisters, Elizabeth, who married Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, and Anne, who married firstly, Sir Walter Herbert (d. 16 September 1507), an illegitimate son of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and secondly, George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon.

After the execution of the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, his widow, Catherine Woodville, married Jasper Tudor, second son of Owen Tudor and King Henry V's widow, Catherine of Valois. After Jasper Tudor's death on 21 December 1495, Catherine Woodville married Sir Richard Wingfield (d. 22 July 1525). Catherine Woodville died 18 May 1497. After her death, Sir Richard Wingfield married Bridget Wiltshire, daughter and heiress of Sir John Wiltshire of Stone, Kent.

Career
In October 1483 Stafford's father participated in a rebellion against King Richard III. He was beheaded without trial on 2 November 1483, whereby all his honours were forfeited. However, after Richard III's defeat at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, and King Henry VII's accession to the crown, Stafford's elder brother was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 29 October 1485 as Duke of Buckingham, and attended Henry VII's coronation the following day. Their father's attainder was formally reversed by Parliament in November of that year, and the wardship of both Henry Stafford and his elder brother were granted, on 3 August 1486, to the King's mother, Margaret Beaufort. The reversal of the attainder may have been influenced by the fact that Edward and Henry Stafford's mother, Catherine Woodville, was the sister of Elizabeth Woodville, mother of King Henry VII's wife, Elizabeth of York.

Stafford did not inherit properties which would have ensured his financial independence, and according to Dockray his elder brother, the Duke of Buckingham, did not endow him with lands which would have guaranteed him an income. It was thus perhaps for financial reasons that Stafford became one of his brother's retained councillors and assisted with the management of the extensive Stafford estates. In 1500 Stafford oversaw a survey of his brother's properties in the Welsh Marches, Thornbury, and Bedminster, in 1502 he assisted with an audit of his brother's Gloucestershire estates, and from about 1500 to 1521 he served as steward, and for most of that time also as sheriff, of his brother's Welsh lordships.

Stafford also played a role at the courts of Henry VII and Henry VIII. On 22 April 1505 he was made a member of the Order of the Garter, and in January 1506 was present at a meeting between the Henry VII and Philip of Castile at Windsor. At the accession of Henry VIII on 21 April 1509 Stafford was imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of treason, but was released without charge. On 27 January 1510 he was created Earl of Wiltshire.

According to Dockray, Stafford was thereafter among the King's favoured courtiers, 'sharing his taste for lavish entertainments, tournaments, and hunting'. The King granted Stafford several offices in the West Country, and he served militarily on one of the King's ships in 1512 and as captain of 651 men during Henry VIII's invasion of France in 1513, landing at Calais on 10 June, and marching south-east on 16 June to participate in the siege of Thérouanne.

Stafford was on the commission directed to inquire into riots in Devon on 29 September 1514, and was in attendance in Westminster Abbey when Wolsey received his Cardinal's hat on 18 November 1515. Either in or before 1520 he became a member of the Privy Council, and in 1520 was appointed to attend the King at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June, and at his meeting with the Emperor Charles V in July. Dockray notes that Wiltshire's expenditure at court in the early years of the reign of Henry VIII must have been considerable, as by 1521 he owed the crown £4407 4s.

Stafford was under suspicion in the plot which led to the execution of his elder brother on 17 May 1521, being among those on whom the King ordered Wolsey to keep 'good watch', but apparently retained the King's favour, and was with the army which crossed to France on 12 August 1522.

Stafford died a few months later on 6 April 1523, aged about 44. He left no issue, and the earldom became extinct. On 8 December 1529 the title was granted to Thomas Boleyn, whose daughter, Anne, was betrothed to King Henry VIII.

Marriage and issue
According to Burke, p. 493, Stafford married firstly, Margaret Grey, daughter and co-heiress of John Grey, Viscount Lisle, and widow of Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (d. 24 March 1499). However Cokayne, Vol. XII, p. 738, states that this alleged marriage did not take place. Moreover, Burke mistakenly identifies Margaret Grey as the daughter of John Grey, Viscount Lisle, whereas she was the daughter of Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, and his wife, Elizabeth Talbot (d. 8 September 1487), and the sister of John Grey (d. 6 or 9 September 1509), 4th Viscount Lisle. Pidgeon states that in the supplication he made to obtain a dispensation to marry Cicely Bonville he is described as a widower although "there is no other evidence for a wife."

Before 8 October 1505 Stafford paid Henry VII £2000 for permission to marry the wealthy Cecily Bonville, only child and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, and widow of Henry Stafford's first cousin, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset (c.1455 – 30 August 1501). Cecily Bonville was some nineteen years older than Stafford, and had seven sons and seven daughters by her first marriage. The proposed match prompted Cecily's eldest son, Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, to challenge his mother's right to continue as her late husband's executor. After intervention by King and council, a settlement was reached under which Cecily was prevented from claiming her dower until her eldest son had received his inheritance under his father's will, and limited her control over her own inheritance during her lifetime, requiring her to bequeath it to her eldest son at her death.

title: Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire


text:
Downtown Plano station

Downtown Plano station is a DART Light Rail station in Plano, Texas. The station is located in Plano's historic downtown district on the eastern side of Haggard Park. It serves the and, during peak periods, the.

Predecessor
The rail corridor through Downtown Plano was constructed by the Houston and Texas Central Railway in the late 19th century. The corridor was purchased by Dallas Area Rapid Transit in 1988.

The modern-day station site was previously used by the Texas Electric Railway interurban line from 1908 to 1948 as a passenger station. The Texas Electric Railway's station building, now used by the Interurban Railway Museum, is located in Haggard Park.

Modern station
In 1996, DART released preliminary plans for a downtown Plano station, tentatively named 15th Street. The station would be an at-grade structure on the south side of 15th Street with a small parking lot. The station plan was controversial among downtown merchants, as it would require the demolition of an antique mall and would cause traffic congestion. In 1998, the city of Plano approved a different location north of 15th Street. This location was three times larger and able to accommodate redevelopment, though it did not include any long-term parking. The station was slated to open in 2003.

In 2000, construction began on Transit Village, a $16 million transit-oriented development directly adjacent to the station, which contained both apartments and retail space. In 2002, the city of Plano announced renovations to Haggard Park, which is also adjacent to the station.

In March 2002, DART announced that construction of the North Central Corridor, which included Downtown Plano, was six months ahead of schedule. A sculpture of a steam locomotive-inspired horse, named "Iron Horse", was installed on the station platform.

On December 7, 2002, DART held an opening ceremony for the station. Dubbed "Super Saturday", the event offered a free preview service between the Bush Turnpike, Downtown Plano, and Parker Road stations, as well as a Christmas parade. The ceremony also commemorated the 100th anniversary of the Northern Texas Traction Company, the first interurban in the modern-day Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The station officially opened the following Monday.

title: Downtown Plano station


text:
Radon transform

In mathematics, the Radon transform is the integral transform which takes a function f defined on the plane to a function Rf defined on the (two-dimensional) space of lines in the plane, whose value at a particular line is equal to the line integral of the function over that line. The transform was introduced in 1917 by Johann Radon, who also provided a formula for the inverse transform. Radon further included formulas for the transform in three dimensions, in which the integral is taken over planes (integrating over lines is known as the X-ray transform). It was later generalized to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces and more broadly in the context of integral geometry. The complex analogue of the Radon transform is known as the Penrose transform. The Radon transform is widely applicable to tomography, the creation of an image from the projection data associated with cross-sectional scans of an object.

Explanation
If a function$$f$$ represents an unknown density, then the Radon transform represents the projection data obtained as the output of a tomographic scan. Hence the inverse of the Radon transform can be used to reconstruct the original density from the projection data, and thus it forms the mathematical underpinning for tomographic reconstruction, also known as iterative reconstruction.

The Radon transform data is often called a sinogram because the Radon transform of an off-center point source is a sinusoid. Consequently, the Radon transform of a number of small objects appears graphically as a number of blurred sine waves with different amplitudes and phases.

The Radon transform is useful in computed axial tomography (CAT scan), barcode scanners, electron microscopy of macromolecular assemblies like viruses and protein complexes, reflection seismology and in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations.

Definition
Let $$f(\textbf x) = f(x,y)$$ be a function that satisfies the three regularity conditions:

 * 1) $$f(\textbf x)$$ is continuous;
 * 2) the double integral $$\iint\dfrac{\vert f(\textbf x)\vert }{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \, dx \, dy$$, extending over the whole plane, converges;
 * 3) for any arbitrary point $$(x,y)$$ on the plane it holds that $$\lim_{r\to\infty}\int_0^{2\pi} f(x+r\cos\varphi,y+r\sin\varphi) \, d\varphi=0.$$

The Radon transform, $$Rf$$, is a function defined on the space of straight lines $$L \subset \mathbb R^2$$ by the line integral along each such line as: $$Rf(L) = \int_L f(\mathbf{x}) \vert d\mathbf{x}\vert .$$Concretely, the parametrization of any straight line $$L$$ with respect to arc length $$z$$ can always be written:$$(x(z),y(z)) = \Big( (z\sin\alpha+s\cos\alpha), (-z \cos\alpha + s\sin\alpha) \Big) \,$$where $$s$$ is the distance of $$L $$ from the origin and $$\alpha$$ is the angle the normal vector to $$L$$ makes with the $$X$$-axis. It follows that the quantities $$(\alpha,s)$$ can be considered as coordinates on the space of all lines in $$\mathbb R^2$$, and the Radon transform can be expressed in these coordinates by: $$\begin{align} Rf(\alpha,s) &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x(z),y(z)) \, dz\\ &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty f\big( (z\sin\alpha+s\cos\alpha), (-z\cos\alpha+s\sin\alpha) \big) \, dz. \end{align}$$More generally, in the $$n$$-dimensional Euclidean space $$\mathbb R^n$$, the Radon transform of a function $$f$$ satisfying the regularity conditions is a function $$Rf$$ on the space $$\Sigma_n$$ of all hyperplanes in $$\mathbb R^n$$. It is defined by:

$$Rf(\xi) = \int_\xi f(\mathbf{x})\, d\sigma(\mathbf{x}), \quad \forall \xi \in \Sigma_n$$where the integral is taken with respect to the natural hypersurface measure, $$d \sigma$$ (generalizing the $$\vert d\mathbf{x}\vert$$ term from the $$2$$-dimensional case). Observe that any element of $$\Sigma_n$$ is characterized as the solution locus of an equation $$\mathbf{x}\cdot\alpha = s$$, where $$\alpha \in S^{n-1}$$ is a unit vector and $$s \in \mathbb R$$. Thus the $$n$$-dimensional Radon transform may be rewritten as a function on $$S^{n-1} \times \mathbb R$$ via: $$Rf(\alpha,s) = \int_{\mathbf{x}\cdot\alpha = s} f(\mathbf{x})\, d\sigma(\mathbf{x}).$$It is also possible to generalize the Radon transform still further by integrating instead over $$k$$-dimensional affine subspaces of $$\mathbb R^n$$. The X-ray transform is the most widely used special case of this construction, and is obtained by integrating over straight lines.

Relationship with the Fourier transform

The Radon transform is closely related to the Fourier transform. We define the univariate Fourier transform here as: $$\hat{f}(\omega)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)e^{-2\pi ix\omega }\,dx. $$ For a function of a $$2$$-vector $$\mathbf{x}=(x,y)$$, the univariate Fourier transform is: $$ \hat{f}(\mathbf{w})=\iint_{\mathbb R^2} f(\mathbf{x})e^{-2\pi i\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{w}}\,dx\, dy. $$ For convenience, denote $$\mathcal{R}_\alpha[f](s)= \mathcal{R}[f](\alpha,s)$$. The Fourier slice theorem then states: $$ \widehat{\mathcal{R}_{\alpha}[f]}(\sigma)=\hat{f}(\sigma\mathbf{n}(\alpha)) $$ where $$\mathbf{n}(\alpha)= (\cos \alpha,\sin\alpha).$$

Thus the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the initial function along a line at the inclination angle $$\alpha$$ is the one variable Fourier transform of the Radon transform (acquired at angle $$\alpha$$) of that function. This fact can be used to compute both the Radon transform and its inverse. The result can be generalized into n dimensions: $$\hat{f}(r\alpha) = \int_{\mathbb R}\mathcal{R}f(\alpha,s)e^{-2\pi i sr} \, ds.$$

Dual transform
The dual Radon transform is a kind of adjoint to the Radon transform. Beginning with a function g on the space $$\Sigma_n$$, the dual Radon transform is the function $$\mathcal{R}^*g$$ on Rn defined by: $$\mathcal{R}^*g(\mathbf{x}) = \int_{\mathbf{x}\in\xi} g(\xi)\,d\mu(\xi).$$The integral here is taken over the set of all hyperplanes incident with the point $$\textbf x \in \mathbb R^n$$, and the measure $$d \mu$$ is the unique probability measure on the set $$\{\xi | \mathbf{x}\in\xi\}$$ invariant under rotations about the point $$\mathbf{x}$$.

Concretely, for the two-dimensional Radon transform, the dual transform is given by: $$\mathcal{R}^*g(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\alpha=0}^{2\pi}g(\alpha,\mathbf{n}(\alpha)\cdot\mathbf{x})\,d\alpha.$$ In the context of image processing, the dual transform is commonly called back-projection as it takes a function defined on each line in the plane and 'smears' or projects it back over the line to produce an image.

Intertwining property
Let $$\Delta$$ denote the Laplacian on $$\mathbb R^n$$ defined by:$$\Delta = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1^2}+\cdots+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_n^2}$$This is a natural rotationally invariant second-order differential operator. On $$\Sigma_n$$, the "radial" second derivative $$Lf(\alpha,s) \equiv \frac{\partial^2}{\partial s^2} f(\alpha,s)$$ is also rotationally invariant. The Radon transform and its dual are intertwining operators for these two differential operators in the sense that: $$\mathcal{R}(\Delta f) = L (\mathcal{R}f),\quad \mathcal{R}^* (Lg) = \Delta(\mathcal{R}^*g).$$In analysing the solutions to the wave equation in multiple spatial dimensions, the intertwining property leads to the translational representation of Lax and Philips. In imaging and numerical analysis this is exploited to reduce multi-dimensional problems into single-dimensional ones, as a dimensional splitting method.

Reconstruction approaches
The process of reconstruction produces the image (or function $$f$$ in the previous section) from its projection data. Reconstruction is an inverse problem.

Radon inversion formula
In the two-dimensional case, the most commonly used analytical formula to recover $$f$$ from its Radon transform is the Filtered Back-projection Formula or Radon Inversion Formula: $$f(\mathbf{x})=\int^\pi_0 (\mathcal{R}f(\cdot,\theta)*h)(\left\langle\mathbf{x},\mathbf{n}_\theta \right\rangle) \, d\theta$$where $$h$$ is such that $$\hat{h}(k)=|k|$$. The convolution kernel $$h$$ is referred to as Ramp filter in some literature.

Ill-posedness
Intuitively, in the filtered back-projection formula, by analogy with differentiation, for which $\left(\widehat{\frac{d}{dx}f}\right)\!(k)=ik\widehat{f}(k)$, we see that the filter performs an operation similar to a derivative. Roughly speaking, then, the filter makes objects more singular. A quantitive statement of the ill-posedness of Radon inversion goes as follows:$$\widehat{\mathcal{R}^*\mathcal{R} [g]}(\mathbf{k}) = \frac{1}{\|\mathbf{k}\|} \hat{g}(\mathbf{k})$$ where $$\mathcal{R}^*$$ is the previously defined adjoint to the Radon Transform. Thus for $$g(\mathbf{x}) = e^{i \left\langle\mathbf{k}_0,\mathbf{x}\right\rangle}$$, we have: $$ \mathcal{R}^*\mathcal{R}[g](\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{\|\mathbf{k_0}\|} e^{i \left\langle\mathbf{k}_0,\mathbf{x}\right\rangle}$$ The complex exponential $$e^{i \left\langle\mathbf{k}_0,\mathbf{x}\right\rangle}$$ is thus an eigenfunction of $$\mathcal{R}^*\mathcal{R}$$ with eigenvalue $\frac{1}{\|\mathbf{k}_0\|}$. Thus the singular values of $$\mathcal{R}$$ are $\frac{1}\sqrt{\|\mathbf{k}\|}$. Since these singular values tend to $$0$$, $$\mathcal{R}^{-1}$$ is unbounded.

Iterative reconstruction methods
Compared with the Filtered Back-projection method, iterative reconstruction costs large computation time, limiting its practical use. However, due to the ill-posedness of Radon Inversion, the Filtered Back-projection method may be infeasible in the presence of discontinuity or noise. Iterative reconstruction methods (e.g. iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance ) could provide metal artefact reduction, noise and dose reduction for the reconstructed result that attract much research interest around the world.

Inversion formulas
Explicit and computationally efficient inversion formulas for the Radon transform and its dual are available. The Radon transform in $$n$$ dimensions can be inverted by the formula: $$c_n f = (-\Delta)^{(n-1)/2}R^*Rf\,$$where $$c_n = (4\pi)^{(n-1)/2}\frac{\Gamma(n/2)}{\Gamma(1/2)}$$, and the power of the Laplacian $$(-\Delta)^{(n-1)/2}$$ is defined as a pseudo-differential operator if necessary by the Fourier transform: $$\left[\mathcal{F}(-\Delta)^{(n-1)/2} \varphi\right](\xi) = |2\pi\xi|^{n-1}(\mathcal{F}\varphi)(\xi).$$For computational purposes, the power of the Laplacian is commuted with the dual transform $$R^*$$ to give: $$c_nf = \begin{cases} R^*\frac{d^{n-1}}{ds^{n-1}}Rf & n \text{ odd}\\ R^* \mathcal H_s\frac{d^{n-1}}{ds^{n-1}}Rf & n \text{ even} \end{cases} $$where $$\mathcal H_s$$ is the Hilbert transform with respect to the s variable. In two dimensions, the operator $$\mathcal H_s\frac{d}{ds} $$ appears in image processing as a ramp filter. One can prove directly from the Fourier slice theorem and change of variables for integration that for a compactly supported continuous function $$f $$ of two variables: $$f = \frac{1}{2}R^{*}\mathcal H_s\frac{d}{ds}Rf.$$Thus in an image processing context the original image $$f $$ can be recovered from the 'sinogram' data $$Rf $$ by applying a ramp filter (in the $$s$$ variable) and then back-projecting. As the filtering step can be performed efficiently (for example using digital signal processing techniques) and the back projection step is simply an accumulation of values in the pixels of the image, this results in a highly efficient, and hence widely used, algorithm.

Explicitly, the inversion formula obtained by the latter method is: $$f(x) = \begin{cases} \displaystyle - \imath 2\pi (2\pi)^{-n}(-1)^{n/2}\int_{S^{n-1}}\frac{\partial^{n-1}}{2\partial s^{n-1}}Rf(\alpha,\alpha\cdot x)\,d\alpha & n \text{ odd} \\ \displaystyle (2\pi)^{-n}(-1)^{n/2}\iint_{\mathbb R \times S^{n-1}}\frac{\partial^{n-1}}{q\partial s^{n-1}} Rf(\alpha,\alpha\cdot x + q)\,d\alpha\,dq & n \text{ even} \\ \end{cases}$$The dual transform can also be inverted by an analogous formula: $$c_n g = (-L)^{(n-1)/2}R(R^*g).\,$$

Radon transform in algebraic geometry
In algebraic geometry, a Radon transform (also known as the Brylinski–Radon transform) is constructed as follows.

Write

 * $$\mathbf P^d \, \stackrel{p_1} \gets \, H \, \stackrel{p_2}\to \, \mathbf P^{\vee, d}$$

for the universal hyperplane, i.e., H consists of pairs (x, h) where x is a point in d-dimensional projective space $$\mathbf P^d$$ and h is a point in the dual projective space (in other words, x is a line through the origin in (d+1)-dimensional affine space, and h is a hyperplane in that space) such that x is contained in h.

Then the Brylinksi–Radon transform is the functor between appropriate derived categories of étale sheaves

 * $$ \operatorname{Rad} := Rp_{2,*} p_1^* : D(\mathbf P^d) \to D(\mathbf P^{\vee, d}).$$

The main theorem about this transform is that this transform induces an equivalence of the categories of perverse sheaves on the projective space and its dual projective space, up to constant sheaves.

title: Radon transform


text:
CityLine/Bush station

CityLine/Bush station (formerly Bush Turnpike station) is a DART Light Rail station in Richardson, Texas. The station is located on a frontage road of President George Bush Turnpike (SH 190) about 1/3 mi east of its interchange with North Central Expressway (US 75). The station serves the and, during peak periods, the. The station will also serve the Silver Line commuter rail service once it is completed.

The station serves the mixed-use development CityLine, and it is also a park-and-ride lot for commuters using PGBT. A shuttle route, dubbed the Comet Cruiser, connects the station to the University of Texas at Dallas.

Planning and construction
Original plans for the North Central Corridor Extension, which consisted of the modern-day Red Line north of Park Lane, included a station located near the Bush Turnpike/North Central interchange. The station was deferred to a secondary build-out phase, which would occur between 2006 and 2011. DART determined four possible locations, three in Plano and one in Richardson.

In 2000, DART selected the Richardson location and opted to construct the station alongside the rest of the Red Line, as it would be more expensive to defer it. The station opened on December 9, 2002 alongside the Downtown Plano and Parker Road stations.

Parking
Bush Turnpike station opened with 825 parking spaces, were located under an elevated segment of PGBT. This made Bush Turnpike the only DART station to have covered parking. The opening of Bush Turnpike and Parker Road ended parking capacity issues at Arapaho Center, which had previously been the northernmost station with parking. In 2007, DART added 380 additional spaces.

In 2012, DART introduced a paid parking initiative at Parker Road station, which would charge a daily fee to riders that were not residents of a DART member city. Because the initiative did not apply to Bush Turnpike station, many commuters moved to parking there, with an estimated 300 additional cars per day. In response, DART considered adding the parking fee to Bush Turnpike. This did not occur, and the parking initiative was ended in 2014.

Development
At opening, the area surrounding Bush Turnpike station was undeveloped. The vacant nature of the land served as inspiration for the station's design, which sported a rustic theme with several 20 ft illuminated topiaries.

In 2010, Parliament Group, which owned 300 acres of land east of the station, announced plans for a large mixed-use development on the land, which would include residential, office, and retail space. In 2012, it was announced that insurance firm State Farm would lease office space at the development.

Construction of the development, named CityLine, started in 2013 with a projected completion date of 2015. On March 14, 2016, the station was renamed to CityLine/Bush after the development.

Cotton Belt/Silver Line
In 1990, DART obtained a former St. Louis Southwestern rail corridor for use as a potential commuter rail corridor. The 54 mi corridor, nicknamed the Cotton Belt, ran from Fort Worth to Wylie, passing just north of Richardson through Plano. The corridor was divided between DART and the Fort Worth Transportation Authority, with DART's segment containing all parts of the corridor east of Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.

In 2010, the city of Plano proposed 12th Street, a new station that would serve as the eastern terminus of the corridor. Following this, the city of Richardson announced two proposals that would integrate Bush Turnpike to the line. One proposal would eliminate 12th Street entirely, instead routing the line south to Bush Turnpike. The other would divert the line south to Bush Turnpike, then run it northward to 12th Street.

In 2018, DART approved a commuter rail service on the Cotton Belt corridor, which was named the Silver Line. The approved plan included both the Bush Turnpike and 12th Street stations using a southern diversion based on Richardson's proposal. The diversion required the creation of a bridge over North Central Expressway, which was paid for by both Richardson and DART.

Construction of the line began in 2019, and it is expected to open by 2026. The Silver Line platforms at CityLine/Bush will be directly adjacent to the existing light rail platforms, with a green space and several decorative arches connecting them.

title: CityLine/Bush station


text:
Galatyn Park station

Galatyn Park station is a DART Light Rail station in Richardson, Texas. The station serves the and, during peak periods, the. It is located on a frontage road of North Central Expressway (US 75) and is named for the adjacent Galatyn Park Urban Center development.

The station is adjacent to the Charles W. Eisemann Center for Performing Arts and a portion of Richardson's Telecom Corridor, which includes offices for AT&T, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas, GEICO, Goldman Sachs, and CBRE Group. A shuttle bus connects to the Palisades office and residential park on the other side of US 75. A plaza adjacent to the station hosts the annual Wildflower! Arts and Music Festival.

History
Initial plans for the North Central Corridor, which became the northern segment of the Red Line, included a station at Campbell Road, 3/4 mi south of the modern Galatyn Park station. The Campbell Road station was not intended for the initial corridor, being deferred to a second build-out phase.

Around the same time, the city of Richardson and a private developer had proposed a 250-acre development adjacent to the rail line, Galatyn Park Urban Center. The development would contain apartments, office buildings, a hotel, and a performing arts venue. DART agreed to move the Campbell Road station to Galatyn Park and to include it in the initial build-out.

The station opened on July 1, 2002, as part of the Red Line's third major expansion. It served as the northern terminus of the line until December 9, when the line was extended to Parker Road. In tribute to the Telecom Corridor, the station was decorated with a technology theme, featuring abstract satellite dishes, bundles of steel resembling communication wires, stylized circuit boards, and panels that spell "GALATYN PARK" in Morse code, analog signal, and teletype.

title: Galatyn Park station


text:
Norman Ramsey Jr.

Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method (see Ramsey interferometry), which had important applications in the construction of atomic clocks. A physics professor at Harvard University for most of his career, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and international agencies as NATO and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the United States Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.

Early life
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., on August 27, 1915, to Minna Bauer Ramsey and Norman Foster Ramsey. His mother was the daughter of German immigrants and an instructor at the University of Kansas. His father, who was of Scottish descent, was a 1905 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point and an officer in the Ordnance Department who rose to the rank of brigadier general during World War II, commanding the Rock Island Arsenal. He was raised as an Army brat, frequently moving from post to post, and lived in France for a time when his father was Liaison Officer with the Direction d'Artillerie and Assistant Military Attaché. This allowed him to skip a couple of grades along the way, so that he graduated from Leavenworth High School in Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of 15.

Ramsey's parents hoped that he would go to West Point, but at 15, he was too young to be admitted. He was awarded a scholarship to the University of Kansas, but in 1930 his father was posted to Governors Island, New York. Ramsey therefore entered Columbia University in 1931 and began studying engineering. He became interested in mathematics and switched to this as his academic major. By the time he received his BA from Columbia in 1935, he had become interested in physics. Columbia awarded him a Kellett Fellowship to Cambridge University, where he studied physics at Cavendish Laboratory under Lord Rutherford and Maurice Goldhaber, and encountered notable physicists, including Edward Appleton, Max Born, Edward Bullard, James Chadwick, John Cockcroft, Paul Dirac, Arthur Eddington, Ralph Fowler, Mark Oliphant and J. J. Thomson. At Cambridge, he took the tripos in order to study quantum mechanics, which had not been covered at Columbia, resulting in being awarded a second BA degree by Cambridge.

A term paper Ramsey wrote for Goldhaber on magnetic moments caused him to read recent papers on the subject by Isidor Isaac Rabi, and this stimulated an interest in molecular beams and in doing research for a PhD under Rabi at Columbia. Soon after Ramsey arrived at Columbia, Rabi invented molecular-beam resonance spectroscopy, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in physics in 1944. Ramsey was part of Rabi's team that also included Jerome Kellogg, Polykarp Kusch, Sidney Millman and Jerrold Zacharias. Ramsey worked with them on the first experiments making use of the new technique and shared with Rabi and Zacharias in the discovery that the deuteron was a magnetic quadrupole. This meant that the atomic nucleus was not spherical, as had been thought. He received his PhD in physics from Columbia in 1940 and became a fellow at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he studied neutron–proton and proton–helium scattering.

Radiation laboratory

In 1940, he married Elinor Jameson of Brooklyn, New York, and accepted a teaching position at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The two expected to spend the rest of their lives there, but World War II intervened. In September 1940 the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field, which promised to revolutionize radar. Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee established the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop this technology. Ramsey was one of the scientists recruited by Rabi for this work.

Initially, Ramsey was in Rabi's magnetron group. When Rabi became a division head, Ramsey became the group leader. The role of the group was to develop the magnetron to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm or X band. Microwave radar promised to be small, lighter and more efficient than older types. Ramsey's group started with the design produced by Oliphant's team in Britain and attempted to improve it. The Radiation Laboratory produced the designs, which were prototyped by Raytheon, and then tested by the laboratory. In June 1941, Ramsey travelled to Britain, where he met with Oliphant, and the two exchanged ideas. He brought back some British components, which were incorporated into the final design. A night fighter aircraft, the Northrop P-61 Black Widow, was designed around the new radar. Ramsey returned to Washington in late 1942 as an adviser on the use of the new 3 cm microwave radar sets that were now coming into service, working for Edward L. Bowles in the office of the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson.

Manhattan Project
In 1943, Ramsey was approached by Robert Oppenheimer and Robert Bacher, who asked him to join the Manhattan Project. Ramsey agreed to do so, but the intervention of the project director, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves Jr., was necessary in order to prise him away from the Secretary of War's office. A compromise was agreed to, whereby Ramsey remained on the payroll of the Secretary of War and was merely seconded to the Manhattan Project. In October 1943, Group E-7 of the Ordnance Division was created at the Los Alamos Laboratory with Ramsey as group leader, with the task of integrating the design and delivery of the nuclear weapons being built by the laboratory.

The first thing he had to do was determine the characteristics of the aircraft that would be used. There were only two Allied aircraft large enough: the British Avro Lancaster and the US Boeing B-29 Superfortress. The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) wanted to use the B-29 if at all possible, even though it required substantial modification. Ramsey supervised the test drop program, which began at Dahlgren, Virginia, in August 1943, before moving to Muroc Dry Lake, California, in March 1944. Mock-ups of Thin Man and Fat Man bombs were dropped and tracked by an SCR-584 ground-based radar set of the kind that Ramsey had helped develop at the Radiation laboratory. Numerous problems were discovered with the bombs and the aircraft modifications, and corrected.

Plans for the delivery of the weapons in combat were assigned to the Weapons Committee, which was chaired by Ramsey and answerable to Captain William S. Parsons. Ramsey drew up tables of organization and equipment for the Project Alberta detachment that would accompany the USAAF's 509th Composite Group to Tinian. Ramsey briefed the 509th's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, on the nature of the mission when the latter assumed command of the 509th. Ramsey went to Tinian with the Project Alberta detachment as Parsons's scientific and technical deputy. He was involved in the assembly of the Fat Man bomb and relayed Parsons's message indicating the success of the bombing of Hiroshima to Groves in Washington, D.C.

Research
At the end of the war, Ramsey returned to Columbia as a professor and research scientist. Rabi and Ramsey picked up where they had left off before the war with their molecular-beam experiments. Ramsey and his first graduate student, William Nierenberg, measured various nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. With Rabi, he helped establish the Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island. In 1946, he became the first head of the Physics Department there. His time there was brief, for in 1947, he joined the physics faculty at Harvard University, where he would remain for the next 40 years, except for brief visiting professorships at Middlebury College, Oxford University, Mt. Holyoke College and the University of Virginia. During the 1950s, he was the first science adviser to NATO and initiated a series of fellowships, grants and summer school programs to train European scientists.

Ramsey's research in the immediate post-war years looked at measuring fundamental properties of atoms and molecules by use of molecular beams. On moving to Harvard, his objective was to carry out accurate molecular-beam magnetic-resonance experiments, based on the techniques developed by Rabi. However, the accuracy of the measurements depended on the uniformity of the magnetic field, and Ramsey found that it was difficult to create sufficiently uniform magnetic fields. He developed the separated oscillatory field method in 1949 as a means of achieving the accuracy he wanted.

Ramsey and his PhD student Daniel Kleppner developed the atomic-hydrogen maser, looking to increase the accuracy with which the hyperfine separations of atomic hydrogen, deuterium and tritium could be measured, as well as to investigate how much the hyperfine structure was affected by external magnetic and electric fields. He also participated in developing an extremely stable clock based on a hydrogen maser. From 1967 until 2019, the second has been defined based on 9,192,631,770 hyperfine transition of a cesium-133 atom; the atomic clock which is used to set this standard is an application of Ramsey's work. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks". The Prize was shared with Hans Georg Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul.

In collaboration with the Institut Laue–Langevin, Ramsey also worked on applying similar methods to beams of neutrons, measuring the neutron magnetic moment and finding a limit to its electric dipole moment. As president of the Universities Research Association during the 1960s he was involved in the design and construction of the Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. He also headed a 1982 National Research Council committee that concluded that, contrary to the findings of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations, acoustic evidence did not indicate the presence of a second gunman's involvement in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Later life
Ramsey eventually became the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Harvard and retired in 1986. However, he remained active in physics, spending a year as a research fellow at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) at the University of Colorado. He also continued visiting professorships at the University of Chicago, Williams College and the University of Michigan. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Physics, Ramsey received a number of awards, including the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1960, Davisson–Germer Prize in 1974, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1984, the Rabi Prize in 1985, the Rumford Premium Prize in 1985, the Compton Medal in 1986, and the Oersted Medal and the National Medal of Science in 1988. In 1990, Ramsey received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. In 2004, he signed a letter along with 47 other Nobel laureates endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would "restore science to its appropriate place in government".

His first wife, Elinor, died in 1983, after which he married Ellie Welch of Brookline, Massachusetts. Ramsey died on November 4, 2011. He was survived by his wife Ellie, his four daughters from his first marriage, and his stepdaughter and stepson from his second marriage.

title: Norman Ramsey Jr.


text:
Arapaho Center station

Arapaho Center station (formerly Richardson Transit Center) is an intermodal public transit station in Richardson, Texas. Operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit, the station services DART's and three bus routes. During peak periods, the station also services the. The facility is DART's main bus transfer center in Richardson and includes an indoor waiting area.

The station is located at the intersection of Greenville Avenue and Arapaho Road, one block east of North Central Expressway (US 75). It services the Richardson Civic Center complex and the southern portions of Richardson's Telecom Corridor, including facilities for Honeywell and Verizon. A bus route at the station provides service to the University of Texas at Dallas.

Station
Arapaho Center station consists of both a bus transfer facility and a rail station, which are located on opposite sides of Greenville Avenue. The bus side of the facility includes a large parking lot, two air-conditioned waiting rooms, and restrooms.

A short pedestrian tunnel under Greenville Avenue connects the bus and rail platforms. A street-level signaled crosswalk is also available. At the bus-side entrance to the crosswalk is an 8 ft reproduction of Hans Van de Bovenkamp's sculpture Gateway and matching benches.

Richardson Transit Center
DART first began bus service to Richardson in 1984 with an express bus route to Downtown Dallas. The route used Richardson Terrace Shopping Center as a temporary park-and-ride lot.

In 1989, DART broke ground on Richardson Transit Center, a $2 million parking lot and indoor waiting facility that would replace the Richardson Terrace park-and-ride. The facility opened the following year on August 27, 1990. It was the fourth indoor facility to be built by DART, after South Irving Transit Center, North Carrollton Transit Center, and West Plano Transit Center.

Arapaho Center
Original plans for the rail platforms at Richardson Transit Center called for a signaled pedestrian crosswalk to the parking lot and bus facility. Due to safety concerns, DART and the city opted to build a tunnel between the two platforms. The construction of the tunnel also led to improvements to the Arapaho/Greenville intersection, such as the addition of turn lanes.

On June 29, 2002, DART held an event, Super Saturday, at Arapaho Center and Forest Lane station to celebrate the Red Line's next extension, which would run from Park Lane to Galatyn Park. The extension, which included Arapaho Center, was officially inaugurated the following Monday.

When its rail service opened, Arapaho Center was the northernmost Red Line station with a park-and-ride lot, which resulted in the station's lot regularly exceeding capacity on workdays. Parking concerns at Arapaho subsided in December 2002 following the Red Line's next extension, which added two more park-and-ride stations (namely Bush Turnpike and Parker Road) to the line.

title: Arapaho Center station


text:
Spring Valley station (DART)

Spring Valley station is a DART Light Rail station in Richardson, Texas. The station is located on Spring Valley Road, approximately 1/2 mi east of North Central Expressway (US 75). It serves the and, during peak periods, the.

The station serves southern Richardson, including the headquarters of fashion company Fossil Group. The station is adjacent to Brick Row, a mixed-use development which contains apartments, townhomes, condominiums, and retail space.

History
An elevated station on Spring Valley Road was first proposed and approved in 1997. The station was expected to serve commuters on Spring Valley, including the then-headquarters for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas. The city of Richardson sought a state grant to build a pedestrian bridge between the station and local businesses, but no bridge was ever built.

The station was constructed as part of the Red Line's second expansion, which stretched from Walnut Hill to Galatyn Park. Construction of the extension started in 1999. The station was decorated with a floral theme and two 10 ft brick sculptures. The extension was opened to revenue service on July 1, 2002.

Development
Shortly before the station opened, the City of Richardson announced a study to determine development plans around Spring Valley station, Arapaho Center station, and a proposed station in downtown Richardson. In 2004, the city announced the creation of the Spring Valley Station District, a 61-acre mixed-use development zone in the area surrounding the station.

In 2006, plans were announced for Centennial Park, a 30-acre project directly east of the station in the Spring Valley Station District. The development would include apartments, townhomes, and condominiums for a total of 950 residences. In 2008, shortly after construction began, the development was renamed Brick Row.

title: Spring Valley station (DART)


text:
LBJ/Central station

LBJ/Central station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas that serves the Red Line and Orange Line. During non-peak hours (mornings, evenings, and weekends), it serves as the eastern terminus of the Orange Line.

The station is named for the intersection of Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway (I-635) and North Central Expressway (US 75), which it is adjacent to. The station services the two Dallas campuses of Texas Instruments through employee shuttles. It also services Dallas College Richland Campus through a bus route.

History
Plans for a station servicing Texas Instruments date back to DART's 1983 rail plan. The plan called for the station to be the northern terminus of a starter corridor along North Central Expressway.

Detailed plans for the station were completed in 1997. The plan included a large park-and-ride lot intended for use by commuters on LBJ Freeway, particularly those using LBJ's high-occupancy vehicle lanes, which DART operated at the time.

The station was built atop two baseball fields, which were donated to DART by Texas Instruments. As part of the construction, DART expanded Markville Drive (on the southern side of the station) to meet Floyd Road (now TI Boulevard).

In tribute to Texas Instruments, the station's façade was decorated with circuit boards. The station's canopy was decorated with translucent panels honoring local organizations and individuals, including TI's Jack Kilby. The station was opened on July 1, 2002 as part of the Red Line's third expansion, which expanded the line from Park Lane to Galatyn Park.

title: LBJ/Central station


text:
Forest Lane station

Forest Lane station is a DART Light Rail station in northeastern Dallas, Texas. The elevated station, which serves the and, is located on Forest Lane, 1/3 mi east of North Central Expressway (US 75) and 1 mi south of Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway (I-635).

The station serves the Medical City Dallas hospital complex, the Cottonwood Trail, and the Hamilton Park neighborhood. In tribute to the largely African-American population of Hamilton Park, the station features a sculpture dedicated to African-Americans who fought against housing segregation.

North Central Transit Center
Northeastern Dallas was originally serviced by the North Central Transit Center, a park-and-ride bus station located between North Central Expressway and Coit Road. The transit center was announced by the Texas Department of Transportation in 1983, several months before DART's formation; it was opened in 1985.

The lot consisted of an air-conditioned waiting area and 1,300 parking spaces. In addition to servicing DART, the center was intended to service Surtran, a municipal bus service connecting Dallas to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, but Surtran was discontinued in 1985.

The lot was closed after Forest Lane opened in 2002, with all its bus routes moving to Forest Lane station. The lot was left unused for several years before it was redeveloped; it is currently the location of a Costco store.

Forest Lane
Forest Lane station opened on July 1, 2002, as part of the Red Line's second major expansion. The Saturday before, an opening ceremony, dubbed "Super Saturday", was held at both the Forest Lane and Arapaho Center stations.

In May 2011, the Cottonwood Trail was extended south from North Central Expressway to the White Rock Creek Trail. The extension included a trailhead at Forest Lane, which was the first trailhead to be located at any DART station.

title: Forest Lane station


text:
List of High Priests of Israel

This article gives a list of the High Priests (Kohen Gadol) of Ancient Israel up to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD. Because of a lack of historical data, this list is incomplete and there may be gaps.

The High Priests, like all Jewish priests, belonged to the Aaronic line. The Bible mentions the majority of high priests before the Babylonian captivity, but does not give a complete list of office holders. Lists would be based on various historical sources. In several periods of non-Jewish rule, high priests were appointed and removed by kings, but still most high priests came from the Aaronic line. One exception is Menelaus, who may not have been from the Tribe of Levi at all, but from the Tribe of Benjamin.

From the Exodus to Solomon's Temple
The following lineage appears in : Although Abishua, Bukki and Uzzi are not directly attested as high priests, this portion of the genealogy is assumed by other sources to give the succession of the high priesthood from father to son.
 * Aaron
 * Eleazar, son of Aaron
 * Phinehas, son of Eleazar
 * Abishua, son of Phinehas
 * The Samaritans insert Sashai as the son of Abishua and father of Bukki.
 * Bukki, son of Abishua
 * Uzzi, son of Bukki

At some time, the office was transferred from descendants of Eleazar to those of his brother Itamar. The first known and most notable high priest of Itamar's line was Eli, a contemporary of Samuel.

 * Eli, descendant of Ithamar, son of Aaron
 * Ahitub, son of Phinehas and grandson of Eli
 * Ahijah, son of Ahitub
 * Ahimelech, son of Ahijah (or brother of Ahijah and son of Ahitub)
 * Abiathar, son of Ahimelech

Abiathar was removed from the high priesthood for conspiring against King Solomon, and was replaced by Zadok, who oversaw the construction of the First Temple. According to the genealogies given in, Zadok was a descendant of Uzzi (through Zerahiah, Meraioth, Amariah and Ahitub) and thus belonged to the line of Eleazar.

First Temple period
Priestly lists for this period appear in the Bible, Josephus and the Seder Olam Zutta, but with differences. While Josephus and Seder 'Olam Zuta each mention 18 high priests, the genealogy given in gives 12 names, culminating in the last high priest Seriah, father of Jehozadak. However, it is unclear whether all those mentioned in the genealogy between Zadok and Jehozadak were high priests, and whether high priests mentioned elsewhere (such as Jehoiada and Jehoiarib) are simply omitted or did not belong to the male line in this genealogy.

Some name Jehozadak, son of Seriah, as a high priest prior to being sent to captivity in Babylonia, based on the biblical references to "Joshua, son of Jehozadak, the high priest". According to the commentary attributed to Rashi, this is a misreading of the phrase, as "the high priest" does not refer to Jehozadak (who was exiled without having served as high priest), but to his son Joshua.

After the Babylonian captivity
The high priests following the exile were:
 * Joshua, son of Jehozadak, after the building of the Second Temple. Contemporary of Cyrus the Great (reigned 538–530 BCE) and Darius I (reigned 522–486 BCE).
 * Joiakim, son of Joshua.
 * Eliashib, son of Joiakim (Nehemiah 12:10). Mentioned in the time of Nehemiah in 444 BCE.
 * Joiada, son of Eliashib (Nehemiah 12:10). (A son married a daughter of Sanballat the Horonite, for which he was driven out of the Temple by Nehemiah )
 * Johanan, son of Joiada (Nehemiah 12:11). Mentioned in the Elephantine papyri in 410 BCE.
 * Jaddua, son of Johanan (Nehemiah 12:11). Contemporary of Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BCE). Some have identified him as Simeon the Just.

Moreover, there are some sources in Rabbinic tradition that supports the notion that Ezra may have served as Kohen Gadol.

The chronology given above, based on Josephus, however is not undisputed, with some alternatively placing Jaddua during the time of Darius II (423–405/4 BC) and some supposing one more Johanan and one more Jaddua in the following time, the latter Jaddua being contemporary of Alexander the Great.

 * Onias I, son of Jaddua. Contemporary of Areus I of Sparta (reigned 309–265 BCE).
 * Simon I, son of Onias. Josephus identified him as Simeon the Just
 * Eleazar, son of Onias and brother of Simon I. Contemporary of Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt (reigned 283–246 BCE).
 * Manasseh, son of Jaddua, brother of Onias I and uncle of Simon I and Eleazar.
 * Onias II, son of Simon I. Contemporary of Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt (reigned 246–221 BCE).
 * Simon II, son of Onias II. Contemporary of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt (221–204 BCE).
 * Onias III, son of Simon II (?–175 BC), murdered 170 BCE
 * Onias IV, son of Onias III, fled to Egypt and built a Jewish Temple at Leontopolis (closed between 66–73 CE).
 * Jason, son of Simon II, 175–172 BCE (the last of the Zadokite dynasty).
 * Menelaus, 172–165 BCE
 * Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias, 165–162 BCE (held the office after the consecration of the Temple)
 * Alcimus, 162–159 BCE

Inter-sacerdotium
It is unknown who held the position of High Priest of Jerusalem between Alcimus' death and the accession of Jonathan Apphus. Josephus relates that the office was vacant for seven years, but this is highly unlikely, if not impossible. As the Yom Kippur Temple service requires the high priest, that service would not have been omitted for so long so soon after the restoration of the Temple service. Politically, Israel's overlords probably would not have allowed a power vacuum to last for so long.

Elsewhere, Josephus suggests that Judas Maccabeus, the brother of Jonathan, held the office for three years, succeeding Alcimus. However, Judas actually predeceased Alcimus by one year. The nature of Jonathan's accession to the high priesthood makes it unlikely that Judas held that office during the inter-sacerdotium. The Jewish Encyclopedia tries to harmonise the contradictions found in Josephus by supposing that Judas held the office "immediately after the consecration of the Temple (165–162), that is, before the election of Alcimus"

It has been argued that the founder of the Qumran community, the Teacher of Righteousness, was High Priest (but not necessarily the sole occupant) during the inter-sacerdotium and was driven off by Jonathan.

Hasmonean dynasty

 * Jonathan Apphus, 153–143 BCE
 * Simon Thassi, brother of Jonathan Apphus, 142–134 BCE
 * John Hyrcanus I, son of Simeon Tassi, 134–104 BCE
 * Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus, 104–103 BCE
 * Alexander Jannaeus, son of John Hyrcanus, 103–76 BCE
 * John Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 76–66 BCE
 * Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 66–63 BCE
 * Hyrcanus II (restored), 63–40 BCE
 * Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, 40–37 BCE

Herodian-Roman period

 * Ananelus, 37–36 BCE
 * Aristobulus III, grandson of Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, 36 BCE (He was the last of the Hasmoneans; brother of Herod's second wife Mariamne I)
 * Ananelus (restored), 36–30 BCE
 * Joshua ben Fabus, 30–23 BCE
 * Simon ben Boethus, 23–5 BCE (his daughter Mariamne II was the third wife of Herod the Great)
 * Matthias ben Theophilus, 5-4 BCE
 * Joazar ben Boethus, 4 BCE
 * Eleazar ben Boethus, 4–3 BCE
 * Joshua ben Sie, 3 BCE – ?
 * Joazar ben Boethus (restored), ? – 6 CE
 * Ananus ben Seth, 6–15
 * Ishmael ben Fabus (Phiabi), 15–16
 * Eleazar ben Ananus, 16–17
 * Simon ben Camithus, 17–18
 * Joseph ben Caiaphas, 18–36 (son-in-law of the high priest Ananus ben Seth)
 * Jonathan ben Ananus, 36–37
 * Theophilus ben Ananus, 37–41
 * Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus, 41–43
 * Matthias ben Ananus, 43
 * Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras, 43–44
 * Jonathan ben Ananus, 44 (restored)
 * Josephus ben Camydus, 44–46
 * Ananias son of Nedebeus, 46–58
 * Jonathan, 58
 * Ishmael II ben Fabus, 58–62 (relation to priest of same name from 15–16 CE?)
 * Joseph Cabi ben Simon, 62–63
 * Ananus ben Ananus, 63
 * Jesus son of Damneus, 63
 * Joshua ben Gamla, 63–64 (his wife Martha belonged to family of Boethus)
 * Mattathias ben Theophilus, 65–66
 * Phannias ben Samuel, 67–70

title: List of High Priests of Israel


text:
Talk:Odon

Comment
Help me understand something. What does "odon" mean in this context? - Texture 03:13, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

'sur' in a French placename just means 'on' (like Stratford upon Avon etc.), so Odon is almost certainly the name of a river. Logically this should redirect to an article about the river. DJ Clayworth 15:18, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Placeholder entries
I placed entries to Jorge Odon and his device, as described in a Times article. Please leave this for now as a placeholder, until the creation of a stub or full article. Please contact me on my talk page if you disagree or wish to remove the same. Bearian (talk) 22:22, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Odon


text:
Walnut Hill station (DART)

Walnut Hill station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is served by the and the. The elevated station is located at the intersection of Walnut Hill Lane and Manderville Lane, roughly halfway between North Central Expressway (US 75) and Greenville Avenue, with exits on both the northern and southern sides of Walnut Hill Lane.

The station serves the northern portions of the Vickery Meadow neighborhood, including Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital and the mixed-use development The Hill.

In tribute to the hospital, the station's columns are decorated with health-related words, and the station contains four pendulums representing that "time heals". The façade was created by local artist Linnea Glatt as part of DART's Station Art & Design Program.

History
Walnut Hill station was opened on July 1, 2002 as part of the Red Line's second expansion. The station was one of four elevated stations in the expansion, alongside Spring Valley, Forest Lane, and a rebuilt Park Lane.

At opening, Walnut Hill had no passenger parking, as it was considered a "destination" station, though a 200-space parking lot was proposed. In 2005, following a spike in ridership brought about by high gas prices, DART announced that parking would be added to the station by the end of 2006.

title: Walnut Hill station (DART)


text:
Texas State Capitol

The Texas State Capitol is the capitol and seat of government of the U.S. state of Texas. Located in downtown Austin, Texas, the structure houses the offices and chambers of the Texas Legislature and of the Governor of Texas. Designed in 1881 by architect Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed from 1882 to 1888 under the direction of civil engineer Reuben Lindsay Walker. A $75 million underground extension was completed in 1993. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

The Texas State Capitol is 302.64 ft tall, making it the sixth-tallest state capitol and one of several taller than the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The capitol was ranked 92nd in the 2007 "America's Favorite Architecture" poll commissioned by the American Institute of Architects.

History
The current Texas State Capitol is the fourth building to serve that purpose in Austin. The first was a two-room wooden structure (located on the northeast corner of 8th St and Colorado St) which served as the national capitol of the Texas Republic and continued as the seat of government upon Texas' admission to the Union. The second Texas capitol was built of limestone in 1853, on the same site as the present capitol in Austin; it was destroyed by fire in 1881, but plans had already been made to replace it with a new, much larger structure. A temporary capitol was then constructed across the street at 11th St and Congress Ave in 1882. The temporary capitol later burned down in a fire also in 1899.

Construction
Construction of the Italian Renaissance Revival–style capitol was funded by an article of the state constitution, adopted on February 15, 1876, which authorized the sale of public lands for the purpose. In one of the largest barter transactions of recorded history, the builders of the capitol (John V. Farwell and Charles B. Farwell), known as the Capitol Syndicate, were paid with more than three million acres (12,000 km2) of public land in the Texas Panhandle; this tract later became the largest cattle ranch in the world, the XIT Ranch. The value of the land, combined with expenses, added to a total cost of $3.7 million for the original building. It was constructed largely by convicts or migrant workers, as many as a thousand at a time. The building has been renovated several times, with central air conditioning installed in 1955 and the most recent refurbishments completed in 1997.

The designers originally planned for the building to be clad entirely with hill country limestone quarried in Oatmanville (present-day Oak Hill), about 10 mi to the southwest. However, the high iron content of the limestone led it to discolor rapidly with rust stains when exposed to the elements. Learning of the problem, business partners George W. Lacy, Nimrod L. Norton, and William H. Westfall, who were the owners of Granite Mountain near Marble Falls, offered to donate to the state, free of charge, the necessary amount of sunset red (also known as pink) granite to sheathe the building. A new 2.3 mile (3.7 km) spur of the Austin and Northwestern Railroad was constructed to transport the stone from Granite Mountain Quarry to the Austin train terminal. This new branch of the railway line had one fault however: there was a bend in the tracks that was a bit too sharp and trains would occasionally derail, accidentally dumping some of the pink granite. Many of the fallen rocks remain in place and are a local point of interest. Oak Hill limestone does comprise much of the Capitol but most is hidden behind the walls or is in the foundations. Granite Mountain red (or pink) granite was subsequently used for many state government buildings in the Austin area. The project's 900 workers included 86 granite cutters brought from Scotland.

The cornerstone for the building was laid on March 2, 1885, Texas Independence Day, and the building was opened to the public on April 21, 1888, San Jacinto Day, before its completion. The building was officially dedicated by Texas State Senator Temple Houston on May 18, 1888. The dedication ceremony was marked by a weeklong celebration from May 14–19, 1888, that attracted nearly 20,000 visitors and included events such as military drill demonstrations, cattle roping, baseball games, German choral singing, and fireworks. Guests were able to purchase souvenirs such as pieces of red granite and copies of a song written by composer and pianist Leonora Rives-Diaz called the "State Capitol Grand Waltz".

Capitol View Corridors
In 1931, the City of Austin enacted a local ordinance limiting the height of new buildings to a maximum of 200 ft, aiming to preserve the visual preeminence of the capitol. From that time until the early 1960s, only the University of Texas Main Building Tower was built higher than the limit, but in 1962, developers announced a new 261 ft high-rise residential building to be built adjacent to the capitol, called the Westgate Tower. Governor Price Daniel voiced his opposition to the proposed tower, and State Representative Henry Grover of Houston introducing a bill to condemn the property, which was defeated in the Texas House of Representatives by only two votes. The Westgate was eventually completed in 1966, but the controversy over the preservation of the capitol's visual presence that dogged its construction continued to grow.

The Westgate was followed by even taller structures: first the 307 ft Dobie Center (designed in 1968), and then a series of ever larger downtown bank towers, culminating in the 395 ft One American Center (designed in 1982). In early 1983, inspired by the Westgate and these other structures, State Senator Lloyd Doggett and State Representative Gerald Hill advanced a bill proposing a list of protected "Capitol View Corridors" along which construction would not be permitted, so as to protect the capitol's visibility from a series of points around Austin. The bill was signed into law on May 3, 1983, defining 30 state-protected viewing corridors and prohibiting any construction that would intersect one of them. The City of Austin has adopted similar rules, so that the majority of the corridors are also protected under municipal zoning code, as well as under state law.

Capitol extension and restorations
On February 6, 1983, a fire began in the apartment of William P. Hobby Jr., then the state lieutenant governor. A guest of Hobby's was killed, and four firemen and a policeman were injured by the subsequent blaze. The capitol was crowded with accumulated archives, and the fire was intense and came dangerously close to destroying the structure. It caused severe damage to the east wing and compromised much of the framing, which was largely composed of exposed cast iron posts and beams.

Following the fire, the state took advantage of the extensive rebuilding to update the mechanical and structural systems to modern standards. In November 1985, the original Goddess of Liberty statue on top of the dome was removed by helicopter. A new statue, cast of aluminum in molds made from the original zinc statue, was placed on the dome in June 1986 by the Mississippi National Guard, since Texas lacked the capacity to lift the approx. 3,000-pound statue. The original statue was restored and displayed on the Capitol grounds in a special structure built for it in 1995; it was later moved to the Bullock Texas State History Museum in 2001.

The Old Texas Land Office, on the Capitol grounds, was rebuilt and updated between 1988 and 1990, after which the Capitol Visitors Center was moved there, freeing space in the Capitol. Previously, the building had housed the Texas Confederate Museum, which began in a ground floor room of the Capitol (1903–1920), before moving to the Land Office building.

Additionally, the state sought to address the intensifying shortage of space in the old building, deciding that a new office wing should be added. The logical place for an addition was the plaza immediately to the north; however, a large building there would have eliminated the historic north façade and covered what had traditionally been seen as an important public space. Instead, an expansion to the capitol was built beneath the north plaza, connecting to the existing capitol underground.

In 1993, the $75 million, four-story, underground capitol extension was completed to the north, doubling the square footage available to capitol occupants and providing much-improved functionality. Though the extension encompasses 667000 sqft (nearly twice the floor space of the original building), little evidence exists of such a large structure at ground level, except for extensive skylights camouflaged as planter rows, and the four-story, open-air, inverted rotunda. In 1995, a comprehensive interior and exterior restoration of the original building was completed at a cost of about $98 million. In 1997, the park-like grounds surrounding the capitol received an $8 million renovation and restoration.

In 2016 the Texas Capitol Complex began a master renovation project. Involving the participation and collaboration of The Texas Facilities Commission, the Partnership Advisory Commission, Texas General Land Office, Texas State  Preservation Board, Texas Historical Commission, the project sought to create the Texas Mall—an expansion of the Capitol Extension open  space. Another goal was to address the rising cost of leased office space for state agencies which were then dispersed around the city by concentrating them in State-owned facilities. After the project completion, Congress Avenue became a pedestrian-only tree-lined mall with lawn panels extending  north of 15th Street to 18th Street. Vehicular access for these blocks is now limited to emergency and service vehicles. The lawn panels continue from 18th Street to Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard with travel lanes for vehicular drop off.

Design and features
The Texas State Capitol and grounds are located on a hilltop overlooking downtown Austin, with the main entrance facing onto the Congress Avenue Historic District to the south, for which it forms a terminating vista. The northern edge of the capitol grounds lies four blocks south of the University of Texas at Austin.

Building
The capitol is a roughly rectangular building with a four-story central block, symmetrical three-story wings extending to the east and west, and a dome rising from the center. It is built in an Italian Renaissance Revival style and modeled on the design of the United States Capitol, but with its exterior clad with local red granite. It contains 360000 sqft of floor space (not including the Capitol Extension), more than any other state capitol building, and rests on a 2.25 acre footprint. The building has nearly 400 rooms and more than 900 windows.

The interior of the central portion forms an open rotunda beneath the dome. Massive cast-iron staircases flanking the rotunda connect the various levels of the building. The two chambers of the Texas Legislature (the Texas Senate and Texas House of Representatives) meet in large, double-height spaces in the centers of the two wings on the second floor, overlooked by public galleries on the third floor. The remainder of the building is filled with office space, courts, and archives; additional offices fill the underground extension.

Public art and museums
The central rotunda is hung with portraits of all the past presidents of the Republic of Texas and governors of the State of Texas; the rotunda is also a whispering gallery. The south foyer features a large portrait of David Crockett, a painting depicting the surrender of General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, and sculptures of Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin made by Elisabet Ney. The Texas Confederate Museum was held in a room on the first floor from its opening in 1903 until 1920, when it was moved into the General Land Office Building (today the Capitol Visitors Center).

Grounds
The Capitol building is surrounded by 22 acre of grounds scattered with statues and monuments. William Munro Johnson, civil engineer, was hired in 1888 to improve the appearance of the grounds. By the time the first monument, commemorating the Heroes of the Alamo, was installed in 1891, the major components of Johnson's plan were in place. These included a "Great Walk" of black and white diamond-patterned pavement shaded by trees. The four oldest monuments are the Heroes of the Alamo Monument (1891), Volunteer Firemen Monument (1896), Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903) and Terry's Texas Rangers Monument (1907), and these flank the tree-lined Great Walk. In the spring of 2013, ground was broken for the Texas Capitol Vietnam Veterans Monument; dedication took place on March 29, 2014.

A granite monument of the Ten Commandments on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol was the topic of a 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case, Van Orden v. Perry, in which the display was challenged as unconstitutional. In late June 2005, the Court in a 5–4 ruling declared that the display was not unconstitutional.

For visitors, the Capitol and downtown Austin feature several convenient garages along with on street parking.

title: Texas State Capitol