text:
Talk:Software architecture

Standards Organizations
There are many standards orgs, including the IEEE, ISO, and others.

"Software Architecture" book reference
In references "Software Architecture by Rick Kazman" is mentioned. The closest match I could find on the net is this one:

Software Architecture in Practice, Second Edition by Len Bass (Author), Paul Clements (Author), Rick Kazman (Author) (ISBN 0321154959)

Kazman is the third author. Is this the book mentioned in references?

Software Architecture - An Emerging Discipline by Garlan and Shaw Sujayg (talk) 04:29, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Large-Scale Software Architecture
I've removed the following information since I fail to see why this particular book is important, there are tons of software architecture books, so why this one?

 * Jeff Garland, Richard Anthony: Large-Scale Software Architecture : A Practical Guide using UML. Wiley 2003 ISBN 0-470-84849-9 (applies IEEE 1471 and UML to define a series of viewpoints useful for developing and documenting the architecture of large systems)
 * Large Scale SW Architecture -- companion site to the book Large Scale Software Architecture (see above)

--S.K. 22:53, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reference to creativity?
Reference to creativity is noticeably missing

Structured Link
I've linked the "Structured" list item to "Structured System Analysis and Design". Somebody please check up on me, because I'm no expert on this topic.

--DugDownDeep 16:33, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Examples
The Examples don't distinguish between inter-application architectures (or systems using different processes, even computers, with inter-process communication), like peer-to-peer and client-server, and intra-application architectures. Seems like a significant architectural distinction worth highlighting, to me. In fact, why not consider the difference between inter-app and intra-app architectures in the article?

Relationship to other articles
What about something on the relationship between software architecture and software design? And software engineering? Is there a page on software development? Hmm, there is, but it redirects to software engineering. I don't like that. I think the whole computer software set of articles needs somewhat better organization. Brent 00:31:36, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * I agree there should be something, but it's not entirely clear what yet. Under software development were you looking for something like software development process? --David.alex.lamb 22:09, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Software ontology
I've never heard of anyone claiming that software ontology is a superset of sofwtare architecture. System architecture and systems architecting yes, but not software ontology. Can anyone provide a reference to back up this claim? If not, I will delete it in a few days. --Allan McInnes (talk) 17:14, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

"To Be Engineered"
Any particular reason why "To Be Engineered" is in title case instead of lower case? I cannot find any references using the specific term in title case. Please let me know, just in case. Bwefler 18:59, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Problem has since been fixed -- thanks. Bwefler 22:44, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

I feel that the need for software architecture is a key issue to be addressed ; like "Why is Software Architecture needed". Some people still think that once you understand what the requirement document says, you have understood it all. Maybe at some point of time I shall writing on this. Sujayg (talk) 04:36, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Architectural Reviews
I would like to see info on software architectural reviews, such as the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) (see the Wiki article link), and others such as the Cost-Benefit Analysis Method (CBAM), as covered in referenced book "Software Architecture in Practice" (Bass, Clements, Kazman). (Such reviews seemed like the majority of an SWA course I took...)

Thanks. --Bwefler 13:57, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * FYI such reviews are ways to verify the architecture. --Bwefler 01:08, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Definition
The current definition seems unclear to me. The part about "a representation of a software system, as well as the process and discipline for effectively implementing the design(s) for such a system" implies that an architecture also encompasses such things as SDLC, which is not the understanding of architecture I find in my source materials. --Stephen e nelson 00:51, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem may be that the current definition is perhaps conflating what a software architect produces (a "software architecture") with what a software architect does (which might also be called "software architecting"). The other problem is of course that the current definition is totally unreferenced... --Allan McInnes (talk) 01:13, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. A paraphrase of Software Architecture In Practice p. 23 might do the job. How about: "A software architecture defines the software components of the system, their externally visible properties, and their relationships with one another." Still kind of a muddle, but at least a citeable one. --Stephen e nelson 01:24, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This SEI page has a pretty good collection of definitions from different sources. We can't really interpolate all of those definitions (that'd be original research). But the Software Architecture In Practice definition seems to me to be a pretty good distillation of the common elements in the different definitions. It's also the first definition given on the page, where it is identified as one of two "modern definitions" of software architecture. The other "modern" definition, from ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000, is roughly the same, but adds ...the principles governing [the system's] design and evolution... --Allan McInnes (talk) 05:05, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Went bold and changed to a rewritten intro paragraph referring to Bass. I think it's a less confusing introduction. Adding the reference to the specific page duplicates the reference to SAiP; I've left them both in since I agree that SAiP is a very good overall intro, but perhaps it should be moved to a "further reading" section? --Stephen e nelson 18:37, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit hesitant to edit this page given that I am sure people will disagree whatever it says. The already cited SEI page lists numerous definitions with varying degrees of authority. In my opinion the most authoritive one, and the one most often cited is that by the ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000 document. It not necessarily captures all relevant aspects (hence the other definitions) but it sort of represents a broad consensus (or at least the attempt to create such a thing) at least. A wikipedia specific definition without proper citation is the last thing the world needs. I'm in favour of citing both the IEEE definition and mentioning that this remains a hotly debated topic, along with a reference to the SEI page with definitions. Anything else would be biased in favor of someone's opinion. Unless wikipedia has a strong reason to deviate from the IEEE standard definition, it shouldn't. For better or for worse, the IEEE definition is the only widely endorsed definition available. True, software architecture in practice definition is also widely cited. I would argue that it is mostly the same as the IEEE definition and arguably they are closely related in their origin. The principles bit in the IEEE definition is quite relevant and does not contradict the other definition. It's also worth noting in the article that this definition remains a hotly debated topic at relevant conferences such as e.g. WICSA (working ifip conference on software architecture), much to the dismay of veteran attendees. Jillesvangurp 18:51, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The well-known definition of software architecture that appears in "Software Architecture in Practice" (Bass et al) is very often cited in the literature and presentations. However, this definition was revised (improved) by their authors and colleagues at the Software Engineering Institute. The revised definition appears in the 2nd edition of "Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond". I updated the page with this new definition. Pmerson (talk) 18:26, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Views caveats
The paragraph starting "Several languages..." makes a number of assertions that are not cited. I don't think that they belong in this article. Anyone have a problem with me removing them? --Stephen e nelson 01:15, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Background
The Background section covers the definition of "system", the definition of "software architect", a good definition of a software architecture, the definition of a "robust software architecture", traceability between the architecture and other views of the system (requirements, system tests, etc.). All very good stuff, but I had to reread it three times before I understood the general thrust of the section. I think it needs a reorg and rewrite. Thoughts? --Stephen e nelson 18:55, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Digging in further: the entire first paragraph is a definition of "system". Since the article is specifically about software architecture, I don't see how it advances the cause. I'm going to delete it in 5 days unless someone has a defense of it or a suggestion on how to rewrite it. --Stephen e nelson 23:58, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Deleted for me. :) --Stephen e nelson 02:32, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

The first paragraph has a specific reference for the definition, and a reliable, respectable, and publically available secondary citation for it as well. See http://www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/ accessed 16 Sep 2009. In my mind that is sufficient defence to support keeping it largely intact, although it doesn't preclude an overall article rewrite for better organization and clarity. ThreePD 01:05, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that the current first paragraph is good. I was referring to a previous one. :) --Stephen e nelson 17:17, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The history is a bit incomplete. In my opinion, the 1992 article by Perry and Wolf kicked off the renewed interest in software architecture and largely defined the field. Dewayne E. Perry, Alexander L. Wolf, "Foundations for the study of software architecture", ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages: 40 - 52, 1992. Before then, software architecture was not a big topic in research or practice. Jillesvangurp 19:02, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

Architectural Styles
I guess a section on Software Architectural Styles need to be added to this article. Is it OK with everyone if I add it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kamyar1 (talk • contribs) 18:37, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

"-ilities" pedantry
As great a word as "-ilities" is, "security" is unfortunately not an "-ility".

Proposed change: make it "securitility" instead?

 * ilities is just a generalization. Security is fine. In fact several times ilities is over used (as for example in securitility). If you talk about the software quality attribute security everyone knows what are you talking about. (IMHO) Aludstartups (talk) 19:30, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Distinction between pattern and style
Without any explanation the terms pattern and style are used together as section headline in this article. But where are the differences? I know there are some but not sure where. I would be very happy if anybody could clarify this issue.

Architecture Frameworks
I wonder why the mentioned architecture frameworks have been put in this Software Architecture Page. Ideally other than the 4+1, rest of them are all related to the Enterprise Architecture domain. If anyone could clarify on this, it would be great. Else I would like to remove all the frameworks mentioned except 4 +1, RM-ODP and SMOF. Sai Geetha (talk) 05:47, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Good point. However I think it is maybe even better to explain. Something like: Frameworks relate to the domain of software architecture are 4 +1, RM-ODP and SMOF... Other architectures such .... as relate to the field of Enterprise_architecture. I will give it a try in the article. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 11:31, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Removal of text from Views section
In the process of delinking a deleted page, I noticed what seemed to me off-topic WP:OR in section Views, and removed it. I also took in account the following statement from Talk:Notational bias:

"The programming part is nonsense. If you use a hammer instead of a chair trying to put a nail in the wall you don't have a "pro-hammer bias", you just use the best available tool. If a language would not support lists of integers, but you happen to need one and hash tables (strange enough) are available, using them would not be a bias but probably a rational choice. If you'd use hash tables and there are faster, simpler, etc. options it still wouldn't be a bias but just a lack of knowledge in which case the rational thing to do would still be to use hash tables. The music example sounds better, but still doesn't really convince me of the actual existence of this bias. The questionnaire example isn't a bias, if people must choose between A and B and the best option would be C, they do know that C is not there. It's just a bad questionnaire instead of people changing their minds to think A or B. Joepnl (talk) 03:38, 15 December 2009 (UTC)"

("The programming part" referred to following text:

"Computer programming languages provide another example. Each programming language provides a notation which can introduce a bias in how problem solving is approached. For example, if a programming language makes it easy to notate a hash table then hash tables are more likely to feature in the programmer's articulation of the algorithm used to solve a problem."

) — Sebastian 17:19, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

about the dysfunctional meaning of functional requirements
Sadly I don't have the level of English to fix this but at least I want to make a point: Some people en the MIT and along with they several communities in the world thinks that non functional requirements is a "dysfunctional definition" due the fact that all quality attributes requirements even performance are functional... and there exists too constraints or restrictions. Not functional requirements are the union of both quality attributes requirements and constraint. And you can elicit and work with quality attributes requirements (throughout quality attribute scenarios) but constraint are just that constraint you can "balance" it.

moreover quality attributes requirements need it own section I'll left the references: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/reports/95tr021.cfm and of course kasman, clemments and garlan books on software architecture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aludstartups (talk • contribs) 15:43, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Impending massive change to the Software Architecture page
On November 19, 2012, the members of the IFIP working group 2.10 on software architecture will start rolling out a complete overhaul of this page on Software Architecture, addressing many of the concerns expressed here.--PhilippeKruchten 15:08, 12 November 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kruchten (talk • contribs) 154.20.102.189 (talk) 14:03, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Major overhaul of the Software Architecture page
On November 19, 2012, members of the IFIP working group 2.10 on software architecture have produced a complete overhaul of this page. The subgroup working on the wikipedia page is composed of: Remco de Boer, Ivica Crnkovic, Len Bass, Antony Tang, Philippe Kruchten, Henry Muccini, Eltjo Poort, Tomi Männistö, Eoin Woods, Christina Cooper-Bland, Muhamad Ali Babar, and Rich Hilliard.

Comments are welcome, preferably in this Talk page.

On December 10, 2012, the group will meet to do a review of the changes, and implement further refinements.

PhilippeKruchten 15:13, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Phillipe, I welcome this kind of cooperation. To give you my review of the changes, I have first wikified the article once more, see here. I will try to explain both:
 * As you can see I simplified the structure and rearranged it into the common structure for a Wikipedia articles, that offer and overview of a field of technology. A reference here is the Electrical engineering, which is a featured Wikipedia article for over five years.
 * A good Wikipedia article on a difficult technological subject, should first make a significant effort trying to explain what is it?, before explaining how it is developed in time? Now both the previous and the current article lacks a more simple description on what it is.
 * This second point is also a problem in related articles: in the article "Software" section Software and in the Architecture framework article.
 * This article might still be to technical. The first sentence starts with: The software architecture of a system is the set of structures needed to reason about the software system.... This could/should be explained some more in the first section.
 * The historical development could be divided in subsections, and give some more general introduction and main events
 * The "Software architecture topics" should give an overview of all relevant subjects. Part of the subjects, where moved away which I restored. You could ask, if all relevant (sub)topics are listed?
 * The new sections Architecture activities and (software) architecture supporting activities are a mayor improvement to the article.
 * At the moment I see little added value of the new Software architecture description article
 * The "Examples of architectural styles and patterns" could use some more general introduction
 * The whole article could use some more illustrations.
 * I hope this helps you get some ideas about further improving of this article. -- Mdd (talk) 14:45, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

The misuse of IEEE 1471 as in Enterprise Architecture
There has been no formal acceptance of the definition of architecture used in IEEE 1471 as applying to enterprise architecture by either ISO or IEEE. The committee said that it could be applied and that is all.

--Mgoetsch9 (talk) 02:28, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

That statement is incorrect.

IEEE's "formal acceptance" of IEEE 1471, was on 21 September 2000: "acceptance" means acceptance of all of the text in the Standard. The scope of the Standard – as accepted and published – was: "architecture description of software-intensive systems". The text of the Standard – as accepted and published – clearly includes enterprise:

As used in the Standard, "the term system encompasses individual applications, systems in the traditional sense, subsystems, systems of systems, product lines, product families, whole ENTERPRISES, and other aggregations of interest." (4.1 of IEEE 1471:2000)

So from the earliest publication, enterprise architecture was included in the scope of application.

IEEE 1471 became an ANSI national standard (in the US) – with the same scope and text – August 2001.

ISO adopted IEEE 1471 via a fast-track ballot in March 2006 – with the identical scope and text – published as ISO/IEC 42010.

RfHilliard (talk) 15:45, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Software Architecture vs. Software Architecture
ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000, ISO 42010 only applies to software architecture documentation. Clements and Bass talk about this in the latest edition of the their book "Software Architecture in Practice". Taylor and Medividovic in "Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice" do the Academic Treatment referring to it only as "interesting" (i.e. academic for not being complete).

--Mgoetsch9 (talk) 02:28, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The first sentence is incorrect:
 * (i) ANSI/IEEE 1471 is now withdrawn, replaced by ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010
 * (ii) the scope of that standard was never limited to software architecture. See Talk discussion item above.

 * Can you make your citations more specific?
 * I cannot find what you claim in Bass et al. (3rd edition).
 * Cf. discussion of ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 page 360 and a short discussion of relation of software and enterprise architecture, pages 7-8.
 * Or in Taylor et al's book, cf. pages 68 and 627-628.

 * RfHilliard (talk) 15:47, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Removed 2 sentences about documenting the architecture

 * While making some minor copy edits overall, I admit to:
 * Removing two unreferenced sentences about documenting architectures formally versus informally.
 * They seemed just badly out-of-date. I also felt they gave the exact wrong impression to any budding software architects out there.
 * Overall, this piece seems to be structured around the art of creating a systems software architecture for a stand-alone, highly proprietary, closed system. If the outline was opened up a bit, perspective-wise, I wonder if people might find it easier to contribute new content about collaboration at even the architectural level, given the integrated nature of even proprietary software systems today, as well as anything open-source.
 * (PS - the phrase "document experience in a wikipage" was not me - I just decided to leave it there!)
 * Maura Driscoll (talk) 19:57, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

First use of the term software architecture
The current article states: The term software architecture was first used in the late 1960s ,[13]..., referring to

 * P. Naur and B. Randell, Eds.,, ed. (1969.). "Software Engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Garmisch, Germany, 7-11 Oct. 1968.". Brussels: NATO, Scientific Affairs Division,. Retrieved 2012-11-16.

However, it seems that this publication doesn't the term "Software architecture" or "architecture". -- Mdd (talk) 11:59, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

 * There is a reference to the field of architecture in that publication, though: "software designers are in a similar position to architects and civil engineers...". I've changed the article text accordingly. --Rcdeboer (talk) 20:25, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Software Architecture Erosion
In this section there are references to three RM-based tools Bauhaus Suite, SAVE and Structure 101. Why is Lattix Architect not allowed to be on this list? They are also an RM-based tool that compares high-level model provided by the system architect with what the source code says is the current architectural model. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbarow (talk • contribs) 19:50, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * An external link to Lattix is not allowed for the same reason that links to the other ones are not allowed (which in turn is the same reason I mentioned on your user talk page). I have removed all the external links (and the associated text, since it wasn't referenced).  —Psychonaut (talk) 20:59, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Thank you. I appreciate that. While I think that references to RM-based tools (external) are useful information in this article, I understand your policy against external links and was only asking that it be applied fairly and uniformly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbarow (talk • contribs) 17:25, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

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This sentence does not read well
This statement, due to the comma near the end and the singular "system" in the end does not read well: Software architecture refers to the high level structures of a software system, the discipline of creating such structures, and system.

I suggest changing it to: Software architecture refers to the high level structures of a software system and the discipline of creating such structures and systems.

title: Talk:Software architecture


text:
Talk:Moldavia

English Names ?
What's up with the use of Molvadia instead of Moldova. When the name is Moldova in the actual land, the neighboring Romania, and else where, why do you plain and simple weird people insist on using Molvadia ? London is London for example not, Londra as in romanian, or Lourdes as in french. So why would you butcher a name in an encyclopedia ? Like someone else said quote '' It is not used either by the Republic of Moldova or by Romania to describe the region of Moldova. It's not even very commonly used in English, I'm pretty sure that any English language article would use the Romanian spelling. ''
 * Sign your posts before you insult people, you plain and simple weird person. 74.37.206.38 (talk) 00:41, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Moldova united w Romania
A union between Moldavia and Romania was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1920). this should be reformulated
 * Moldavia/Moldova united with Valahia/Wallachia and Transylvania in 1599-1600 under Michael the brave
 * Bessarabia (eastern Moldova) was annexed by Russia in 1812
 * western Moldavia/Moldova united with Valahia/Wallachia in 1856-1859 under Ioan Cuza
 * Bessarabia (eastern Moldova) united with Romania in 1920 – criztu

Coat of arms and flag of the historic region?
Coats of arms are approved by the rulers and deputies of the country or region of any country. Historical region Moldova is not a country. On the territory of the region there were various historical states (the Moldavian principality, the Romanian kingdom, the Russian Empire, the Moldavian Democratic Republic) and now there are three countries on its territory. Which country has the right to approve the coat of arms and the flag of the historical region? Can it be more correct to talk about the coat of arms and flag: the Moldavian principality, the Romanian kingdom, the Russian Empire (Bessarabian province), the Moldavian Democratic Republic, Romania, the Republic of Moldova? Then the flag and coat of arms should be removed from the article about the historical region. --Лобачев Владимир (talk) 10:14, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This article is not about the historical region but about the principality. I had proposed like two years ago this article for being split into a principality article and a historical region article but it was rejected. Super   Ψ   Dro  17:35, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The split would be absolutely pointless and confusing. The region is the former country, with all the subregions neatly covered by their respective articles. Dahn (talk) 15:28, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ...is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe. I do not understand the problem of this user with a name written in Cyrillic letters. I'm not even trying. I think you both know why...--Kun Kipcsak (talk) 15:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Moldavia


text:
Engineering tolerance

Engineering tolerance is the permissible limit or limits of variation in:

 * 1) a physical dimension;
 * 2) a measured value or physical property of a material, manufactured object, system, or service;
 * 3) other measured values (such as temperature, humidity, etc.);
 * 4) in engineering and safety, a physical distance or space (tolerance), as in a truck (lorry), train or boat under a bridge as well as a train in a tunnel (see structure gauge and loading gauge);
 * 5) in mechanical engineering, the space between a bolt and a nut or a hole, etc.

Dimensions, properties, or conditions may have some variation without significantly affecting functioning of systems, machines, structures, etc. A variation beyond the tolerance (for example, a temperature that is too hot or too cold) is said to be noncompliant, rejected, or exceeding the tolerance.

Considerations when setting tolerances
A primary concern is to determine how wide the tolerances may be without affecting other factors or the outcome of a process. This can be by the use of scientific principles, engineering knowledge, and professional experience. Experimental investigation is very useful to investigate the effects of tolerances: Design of experiments, formal engineering evaluations, etc.

A good set of engineering tolerances in a specification, by itself, does not imply that compliance with those tolerances will be achieved. Actual production of any product (or operation of any system) involves some inherent variation of input and output. Measurement error and statistical uncertainty are also present in all measurements. With a normal distribution, the tails of measured values may extend well beyond plus and minus three standard deviations from the process average. Appreciable portions of one (or both) tails might extend beyond the specified tolerance.

The process capability of systems, materials, and products needs to be compatible with the specified engineering tolerances. Process controls must be in place and an effective quality management system, such as Total Quality Management, needs to keep actual production within the desired tolerances. A process capability index is used to indicate the relationship between tolerances and actual measured production.

The choice of tolerances is also affected by the intended statistical sampling plan and its characteristics such as the Acceptable Quality Level. This relates to the question of whether tolerances must be extremely rigid (high confidence in 100% conformance) or whether some small percentage of being out-of-tolerance may sometimes be acceptable.

An alternative view of tolerances
Genichi Taguchi and others have suggested that traditional two-sided tolerancing is analogous to "goal posts" in a football game: It implies that all data within those tolerances are equally acceptable. The alternative is that the best product has a measurement which is precisely on target. There is an increasing loss which is a function of the deviation or variability from the target value of any design parameter. The greater the deviation from target, the greater is the loss. This is described as the Taguchi loss function or quality loss function, and it is the key principle of an alternative system called inertial tolerancing.

Research and development work conducted by M. Pillet and colleagues at the Savoy University has resulted in industry-specific adoption. Recently the publishing of the French standard NFX 04-008 has allowed further consideration by the manufacturing community.

Mechanical component tolerance
Dimensional tolerance is related to, but different from fit in mechanical engineering, which is a designed-in clearance or interference between two parts. Tolerances are assigned to parts for manufacturing purposes, as boundaries for acceptable build. No machine can hold dimensions precisely to the nominal value, so there must be acceptable degrees of variation. If a part is manufactured, but has dimensions that are out of tolerance, it is not a usable part according to the design intent. Tolerances can be applied to any dimension. The commonly used terms are:

 * Basic size: The nominal diameter of the shaft (or bolt) and the hole. This is, in general, the same for both components.
 * Lower deviation: The difference between the minimum possible component size and the basic size.
 * Upper deviation: The difference between the maximum possible component size and the basic size.
 * Fundamental deviation: The minimum difference in size between a component and the basic size.

This is identical to the upper deviation for shafts and the lower deviation for holes. If the fundamental deviation is greater than zero, the bolt will always be smaller than the basic size and he hole will always be wider. Fundamental deviation is a form of allowance, rather than tolerance.
 * International Tolerance grade: This is a standardised measure of the maximum difference in size between the component and the basic size (see below).

For example, if a shaft with a nominal diameter of 10mm is to have a sliding fit within a hole, the shaft might be specified with a tolerance range from 9.964 to 10 mm (i.e., a zero fundamental deviation, but a lower deviation of 0.036 mm) and the hole might be specified with a tolerance range from 10.04 mm to 10.076 mm (0.04 mm fundamental deviation and 0.076 mm upper deviation). This would provide a clearance fit of somewhere between 0.04 mm (largest shaft paired with the smallest hole, called the Maximum Material Condition - MMC) and 0.112 mm (smallest shaft paired with the largest hole, Least Material Condition - LMC). In this case the size of the tolerance range for both the shaft and hole is chosen to be the same (0.036 mm), meaning that both components have the same International Tolerance grade but this need not be the case in general.

When no other tolerances are provided, the machining industry uses the following standard tolerances:

International Tolerance grades
When designing mechanical components, a system of standardized tolerances called International Tolerance grades are often used. The standard (size) tolerances are divided into two categories: hole and shaft. They are labelled with a letter (capitals for holes and lowercase for shafts) and a number. For example: H7 (hole, tapped hole, or nut) and h7 (shaft or bolt). H7/h6 is a very common standard tolerance which gives a tight fit. The tolerances work in such a way that for a hole H7 means that the hole should be made slightly larger than the base dimension (in this case for an ISO fit 10+0.015−0, meaning that it may be up to 0.015 mm larger than the base dimension, and 0 mm smaller). The actual amount bigger/smaller depends on the base dimension. For a shaft of the same size, h6 would mean 10+0−0.009, which means the shaft may be as small as 0.009 mm smaller than the base dimension and 0 mm larger. This method of standard tolerances is also known as Limits and Fits and can be found in ISO 286-1:2010 (Link to ISO catalog).

The table below summarises the International Tolerance (IT) grades and the general applications of these grades:

An analysis of fit by statistical interference is also extremely useful: It indicates the frequency (or probability) of parts properly fitting together.

Electrical component tolerance
An electrical specification might call for a resistor with a nominal value of 100 Ω (ohms), but will also state a tolerance such as "±1%". This means that any resistor with a value in the range 99–101Ω is acceptable. For critical components, one might specify that the actual resistance must remain within tolerance within a specified temperature range, over a specified lifetime, and so on.

Many commercially available resistors and capacitors of standard types, and some small inductors, are often marked with coloured bands to indicate their value and the tolerance. High-precision components of non-standard values may have numerical information printed on them.

Low tolerance means only a small deviation from the components given value, when new, under normal operating conditions and at room temperature. Higher tolerance means the component will have a wider range of possible values.

Difference between allowance and tolerance
The terms are often confused but sometimes a difference is maintained. See.

Clearance (civil engineering)
In civil engineering, clearance refers to the difference between the loading gauge and the structure gauge in the case of railroad cars or trams, or the difference between the size of any vehicle and the width/height of doors, the width/height of an overpass or the diameter of a tunnel as well as the air draft under a bridge, the width of a lock or diameter of a tunnel in the case of watercraft. In addition there is the difference between the deep draft and the stream bed or sea bed of a waterway.

title: Engineering tolerance


text:
TransMilenio

TransMilenio is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system that serves Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, and Soacha, a neighbouring city. The system opened to the public in December 2000. As of 2024, 12 lines totalling 114.4 km run throughout the city. It is part of the city's Integrated Public Transport System (Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público [SITP]), along with the urban, complementary and special bus services operating on neighbourhood and main streets.

TransMilenio consists of several interconnected BRT lines, with raised floor stations in the center of a main avenue, or "troncal". Passengers typically reach the stations via a bridge over the street. Usually four lanes down the center of the street are dedicated to bus traffic. The outer lanes allow express buses to bypass buses stopped at a station.

As of the 4th quarter of 2023, 1,836 buses on average were circulating on the trunk line system. An additional set of 869 regular buses, known as "feeders" (alimentadores in Spanish), carry passengers from certain important stations to many different locations that the main route does not reach. Unlike the main TransMilenio buses, feeders operate without dedicated lanes, are not articulated and are either green or blue (regular TransMilenio buses are red). There is no additional fare to use the feeder buses.

There are 27 bicycle parking facilities in main TransMilenio stations with 7,351 parking spaces to facilitate cyclists using the system. Eight BRT corridors were certified in 2013 to meet the BRT standard with excellence: Autonorte and Caracas silver, Americas, Calle 80, Eldorado, NQS and Suba gold.

Background
Before TransMilenio, Bogotá's mass transit "system" consisted of thousands of independently operated and uncoordinated mini buses. There was also a plan for a network of elevated highways throughout Bogotá, and plans to build a subway as Medellín had done seven years prior. When Enrique Peñalosa was elected mayor he cancelled these projects and oversaw the construction of the initial TransMilenio system at a fraction of the cost.

Construction and opening
The mayor created a special company to build the project and run the central system. The operational design of TransMilenio was undertaken by transport consultants Steer Davies Gleave with the financial structuring of the project led by Capitalcorp S.A., a local investment bank. Most of the money required to build TransMilenio was provided by the Colombian central government, while the city of Bogotá provided the remaining 30%.

Within three years after the initiation of the project, the first phase opened in December 2000, covering Caracas Avenue and 80 street. Other lines were added gradually over the next several years. Prior to construction, a 30 km trip by public transport would take 2 hours and 15 minutes in 1998; the same trip using TransMilenio now takes 55 minutes.

In the beginning, most buses were diesel-powered, purchased from such manufacturers as the Colombian-Brazilian company Marcopolo-Superior, German conglomerate Mercedes-Benz, and Swedish companies such as Volvo and Scania. The buses were articulated and had a capacity of 160 passengers each. In May 2007, a new, larger bi-articulated bus, with capacity for 270 passengers, was presented to the public.

Bogotá won the first Sustainable Transport Award in 2005 due to the BRT system and urban cycling strategy.

On May 2 and 3, 2006, several groups of bus drivers not associated with TransMilenio held a strike, protesting against some elements and consequences of the system. They disagreed with the amount of monetary compensation that they would receive in exchange for the disposal of old buses (10 to more than 20 years old), traffic restrictions on the TransMilenio main lines, and a new Pico y Placa Ambiental in some city areas, that would restrict the schedules of buses older than 10 years to early morning hours to reduce pollution in the city.

Since the May 2006 expansion, the TransMilenio route system has changed dramatically, with new sections added to the system.

Due to the relatively high price, overcrowding, and delays in the routes, hundreds of people, mostly students protesting and some vandals looted and broke windows on March 9, 2012, causing half a million dollars of damage and 11 injuries. The vandals were confronted and detained by riot police.

At the end of 2018, Transmilenio ordered 1383 new buses as a replacement of the older ones in service. 52% were compressed natural gas (CNG) buses made by Scania with Euro 6 emission rating, 48% were diesel engine made by Volvo with Euro 5 emission rating. More orders have produced an impressive result: "To improve public and environmental health, the City of Bogotá has assembled a fleet of 1,485 electric buses for its public transportation system—placing the city among the three largest e-bus fleets outside of China."

Bogotá won the Sustainable Transport Award again in 2022 also thanks to the continued expansion and success of TransMilenio.

Infrastructure
TransMilenio has 12 lines serving 152 stations in the cities of Bogotá and Soacha:
 * Caracas between Calle 76 and Tercer Milenio: 14 stations
 * Autonorte between Terminal and Héroes: 17 stations
 * Suba between Portal de Suba and San Martín: 14 stations
 * Calle 80 between Portal de la 80 and Polo: 14 stations
 * NQS Central between La Castellana and Tygua - San José: 13 stations
 * Américas between Portal de Las Américas and Avenida Jiménez: 18 stations (including Ricaurte station)
 * NQS Sur between Comuneros and San Mateo: 17 stations
 * Caracas Sur between Hospital and Portal de Usme and Portal del Tunal: 16 stations
 * Eje Ambiental between Museo del Oro and Universidades: 3 stations
 * Calle 26, between Portal Eldorado and Centro Memoria: 13 stations
 * Carrera Décima between Portal 20 de Julio and San Diego: 10 stations
 * Carrera Séptima: Museo Nacional: 1 station

Instead of being numbered, routes have a combination of letters and numbers. In order to fill the information gap, TransMilenio made available an interactive guide that includes routes, stations, nearby places and route combinations.

Construction of a new line in Carrera 7 (North-Downtown) is under consideration. This has been criticized as there are certain locations where the system might not fit.

Vehicles
TransMilenio buses are not equipped with transponders to give them signal priority. Regret over this decision was voiced by the former general manager of the system, Angelica Castro.

Stations
There are six types of stations: All stations have electronic boards announcing the approximate arrival time of the next bus. Wait times are short as there is usually a bus serving the station. There are also station attendants to provide assistance to the passengers, and posted system maps.
 * Sencillas (Simple): local service stations, located approximately every 500 m
 * De transferencia (Transfer): allow transfer between different lines through a tunnel
 * Sin intercambio (No transfer): do not allow transfer between lanes (north-south, south-north, west-east, east-west); located in the Autopista Norte (due to a stretch of the road), Tunal and 6th Street ramification (due to water channels).
 * Intermedias (Intermediate): service both feeder and trunk line.
 * Cabecera (Portal): near the entrances to the city. In addition to feeders and articulated buses, intercity buses from the metropolitan area also arrive at these stations.
 * Paraderos bus dual (dual-bus stop): located in the streets, these stops don't have turnstiles, electronic boards and the floor level is the same of the street; served by buses with station-level and street-level doors. These stops are located in the pretrunk corridors (AK 7, AV Caracas, AV Suba, AC 80, AV El Dorado).

Users pay at the station entrance using a smart card, pass through a turnstile, and wait for buses inside the station, which is typically 5 m wide. The bus and station doors open simultaneously, and passengers board by walking across the threshold. The elevated station platform and the bus floor are at the same height.

TransMilenio stations comply with easy access regulations because they are elevated and have ramps leading to the entrance. The alimentadores (feeders) are normal buses without handicapped accessibility. A lawsuit by disabled user Daniel Bermúdez caused a ruling that all feeder systems must comply with easy access regulations by 2004, but this has not happened yet.

Services
The zoning divides the trunks into 12 lines or zones that have different letters and colors. The maps changed at each station, to show the specific services to the station in question and the way to reach the other zones of the system from there.

The trunk system has three types of services:
 * Regular Routes (Ruta Fácil): These are the numbered routes from 1 to 9 that stop at all stations and work all day. As of August 2008, this type of service was called the Easy Route. On June 17, 2017 these services were modified, replacing the routes that operated since 2006 by shorter trails, in addition to a change of nomenclature, which did not include the letter and the color of the destination area.
 * Express (Expreso): Routes that only stop at the stations determined in their route, and are numbered from 10 to 75.
 * Dual bus trunk (Troncal Bus Dual): Routes to extend the TransMilenio trunk service to arteries, beginning with the Carrera Séptima.

Fares and tickets
The fare is 2,950 Colombian pesos for a single trip (about €0.7 or US$0.75). Cards use a contactless smart card (MIFARE) system, and multiple trips may be purchased using one card.

Costs, ridership, and impact
According to a United States Transportation Research Board (TRB) case study report, the initial construction cost for the first phase of 41 km was US $240 million, or US $5.9 million/km. In a report presented later by the Ministry of Transport of Colombia, the total cost of the construction of Transmilenio phase one was estimated at 1.4 billion COP (about US$703 million), of which 253.053 million COP (about US$126.5 million) was provided by the Colombian government. The construction of the phase two was estimated at 3.2 billion COP (about US$1634 million), of which 2.1 billion COP (about US$1058 million) was provided by the Colombian government and the rest was provided by the city. The numbers of this report are calculated in money of 2009.

The system is overseen by a public body, which awards contracts to private bus companies on a competitive basis. According to TRB, private contractors are paid based on the total number of kilometers that their vehicles operate.

Daily ridership quickly reached 800,000 after the system opened. TransMilenio has since been expanded. Ridership in early 2006 was 1,050,000 daily, in 2009 it was 1,400,000 daily and in September 2018 it was 2.4 million on a weekday.

Other cities are building systems modelled on Transmilenio, for example, Mexico City, and Transantiago in Santiago, Chile, however, in these cities the system is complemented with a Rapid transit system.

User strikes
In 2016, Transmilenio had an 86% disapproval rating from users. User strikes erupted over bad service quality, with users blocking bus lanes and at times halting the entire system. These protests sometimes devolved into riots involving heavy police presence and the use of crowd control measures such as tear gas and water cannons.

Overcrowding
The system was described by users, independent bodies and the media as suffering from overcrowding with an average of eight passengers per square meter, insecurity  and providing bad customer service. During rush hours, "stations are so packed that people can't get off the bus". In some stations, overcrowding was so severe that users had to wait in a long line to top up their Smart card and another line to enter the station. According to official data in 2017, there were 3404 thefts in TransMilenio stations and 1442 more on buses.

Construction
During construction, there were problems with the concrete used to pave the dedicated roads, which had an estimated cost to the city of 1.6 trillion pesos (500 million dollars). In 2012, Bogota's secretary of finance said that the whole line of Avenida Caracas should be rebuilt as well as some parts of the Avenida 26 line.

Air pollution
In 2015 a study made by the National University of Colombia revealed that 70% of the air pollution near Transmilenio exits was caused by the buses of the first phase. According to official data, more than 50% of the first and second phase buses broke atmospheric emissions rules. There was controversy around the fact that the Transmilenio buses were diesel-powered. Some academics, councillors and citizens called the buses dangerous as diesel fuels are carcinogens according to the World Health Organization, and pointed out calls to ban them in other cities like Stuttgart and Stockholm.

Sexual assaults
Women in Bogotá have stated that the overcrowding in the system makes it easy for criminals to attack women and go unnoticed. According to a 2012 survey conducted by the Secretary for Women's Issues of Bogotá, 64% of women said they have been victims of sexual assault in the system. Several policies have been adopted in order to confront this problem, like an exclusive bus for women, and special undercover policewomen, however, no measures have been effective against the problem, and sexual assaults continue to occur in 2018.

Broken buses
In 2017 and 2018, many incidents with Transmilenio buses had been reported while they were operating. There have been cases of buses being burned due to mechanical problems, one bus broken in half, tires flying off the buses and hitting cars, and users reporting that water leaks into the buses when it rains.

title: TransMilenio


text:
Steven J. Ostro

Steven Jeffrey Ostro (March 9, 1946 – December 15, 2008) was an American scientist specializing in radar astronomy. He worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Ostro led radar observations of numerous asteroids, as well as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, Saturn's rings, and Mars and its satellites. As of May 2008, Ostro and his collaborators had detected 222 near-Earth asteroids, including 130 potentially hazardous objects and 24 binaries, and 118 main belt objects with radar.

He died December 15, 2008, due to complications related to cancer. He has been remembered fondly by his colleagues for both his personal and professional contributions.

Education and employment
Ostro received an A.B. in liberal arts and a B.S. in ceramic science from Rutgers University in 1969, a Master's in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1974, and his Ph.D in planetary science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978. At MIT, Ostro was advised by Gordon Pettengill and Irwin I. Shapiro and studied the radar scattering properties of Saturn's rings and the Galilean satellites using the Arecibo Observatory.

After completing his graduate work and a year in postdoctoral research at MIT, Ostro served as an assistant professor of astronomy at Cornell before moving to JPL in 1984. Ostro headed JPL's Asteroid Radar group, and was a member of the Cassini–Huygens RADAR team, studying the moons of Saturn. In 2008, Ostro was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, awarded for acknowledged eminence in the Earth and Space sciences.

Asteroid radar astronomy

Much of Ostro's career focused on the development of asteroid radar astronomy. In early experiments, such as the first radar detection of Ceres, radar observations of asteroids were restricted to measurements of Doppler shifts and radar cross-sections. Beginning in the early 1980s, Ostro led the development of radar imaging and shape-reconstruction techniques, first determining only outer limits of targets' shapes, then deriving three-dimensional shape models.

From August 19 to 22 of 1989, Ostro and Scott Hudson observed the contact binary 4769 Castalia from the Arecibo Observatory, producing the first resolved radar images of an asteroid, which they later used to construct a model of the object. Following the further development of imaging and shape reconstruction techniques by Ostro, Hudson, and Christopher Magri, and the upgrade of Arecibo in the mid-1990s, the number of radar observations increased dramatically.

Asteroid impact hazard
Ostro was an early participant in discussion of the asteroid impact hazard, placing particular emphasis on the need to characterize asteroids before any deflection attempt. In a paper with Carl Sagan, Ostro noted that while the asteroid impact hazard is a long-term risk to any civilization, the risk associated with maintaining an active deflection program is higher, because it is just as easy to deflect an asteroid to impact Earth as to prevent it from doing so. Ostro advocated for continued funding of the Arecibo Planetary Radar, on both hazard and scientific grounds.

Notable asteroids observed by Ostro include

 * 216 Kleopatra – a large main-belt asteroid, the first asteroid confirmed to have a surface composition of nickel-iron.
 * 1986 DA – the first near-Earth asteroid confirmed to be metallic. The estimated amount of platinum-group metals in 1986 DA is comparable to that in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, the largest source on Earth's surface.
 * 4769 Castalia – the first near-Earth asteroid imaged well enough to determine its shape, which is two distinct 0.9 km lobes in contact (a contact binary).
 * 4179 Toutatis – a contact binary asteroid that is in a non-principal axis rotation state.
 * – a large near-Earth asteroid that rotates exceptionally slowly.
 * – a very small (30 m wide) asteroid that spins so quickly that it has negative effective gravity.
 * 66391 Moshup – one of the first binary near-Earth asteroids known. The shape of the primary (alpha) has been determined by inversion of radar images. This enabled studies of the orbital evolution of the secondary (beta), which is in turn coupled to the system's orbit around the Sun by radiation forces.
 * 6489 Golevka – the first asteroid for which the Yarkovsky effect (radiation force changing the orbit) was measured.
 * 1950 DA – an approximately 1 km wide asteroid with a possible Earth impact in 2880.
 * 99942 Apophis – a near-Earth asteroid that will pass within geosynchronous orbit in 2029. Radar astrometry from observations by Ostro's group have been essential to predicting Apophis' trajectory.

To explore the dynamical implications of these observations in detail, Ostro collaborated with Steven Chesley, Jon D. Giorgini, Scott Hudson, Jean-Luc Margot, and Daniel J. Scheeres.

Radar provides extremely accurate measurement of the positions and velocities of target objects, and such astrometry of near-Earth objects has been recognized as crucial to dealing with the impact hazard. In many cases, radar astrometry has excluded possible Earth impacts from trajectory predictions years before optical astrometry would have been able to do so.

Work on other objects
Ostro worked on radar observations of the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, particularly with the Cassini-Huygens RADAR instrument. Radar observations of Mars' moons, Phobos and Deimos, have refined knowledge of their orbits and show that their surfaces are coated with very low density (~1 g/cm3) material, most likely fine-grain dust, to a depth of several meters.

Awards

 * Gerard P. Kuiper Prize from the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences (2003)
 * NASA Distinguished Service Medal, posthumous (2010)
 * NASA Medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement (1991 and 2004)

Eponym

 * 3169 Ostro, asteroid named after Ostro in 1981

Erdős Number
Three, through Robert Connelly and Peter J. Cameron

title: Steven J. Ostro


text:
Hatfield

Hatfield may refer to:

Australia

 * Hatfield, New South Wales, located in Balranald Shire

England

 * Hatfield, East Riding of Yorkshire
 * Hatfield, Herefordshire
 * Hatfield, Hertfordshire
 * Hatfield, South Yorkshire
 * Hatfield, Worcestershire
 * Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex
 * Hatfield Chase, South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire
 * Hatfield Forest, Essex
 * Hatfield Peverel, Essex

South Africa

 * Hatfield, Pretoria

United States

 * Hatfield, Arkansas
 * Hatfield, California–Oregon
 * Hatfield, Indiana
 * Hatfield, Kentucky
 * Hatfield, Massachusetts, a New England town
 * Hatfield (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town
 * Hatfield, Minnesota
 * Hatfield, Missouri
 * Hatfield, Pennsylvania
 * Hatfield, Wisconsin
 * Hatfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Zimbabwe

 * Hatfield, Harare

Structures

 * Hatfield (Gautrain station), Pretoria, South Africa
 * Hatfield Aerodrome, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
 * Hatfield College, Durham, University of Durham, UK
 * Hatfield House (disambiguation), several places
 * Hatfield Plantation, a historic plantation and mansion in Brenham, Texas, US
 * Hatfield Polytechnic, now the University of Hertfordshire, UK
 * HM Prison Hatfield, near Hatfield, South Yorkshire, UK

Other uses

 * Hatfield (surname)
 * Hatfield Main F.C., an association football club in Doncaster, UK
 * Hatfield Town F.C., an association football club in Hertfordshire, UK
 * Hatfield Quality Meats, a manufacturer and supplier of fresh pork and prepared pork products based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, US
 * Mount Hatfield, a mountain in Canada
 * USS Hatfield (DD-231), a U.S. Navy ship
 * "Hatfield", a 2003 song by Byzantine from The Fundamental Component

title: Hatfield


text:
Sulfonate

In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R\sS(\dO)2\sO-, containing the functional group \sS(\dO)2\sO-, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals feature sulfonates.

Sulfonate salts

Anions with the general formula R\sSO3- are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula R\sS(\dO)2\sOH. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases. Due to the stability of sulfonate anions, the cations of sulfonate salts such as scandium triflate have application as Lewis acids.

A classic preparation of sulfonates is the Strecker sulfite alkylation, in which an alkali sulfite salt displaces a halide, typically in the presence of an iodine catalyst:

An alternative is the condensation of a sulfonyl halide with an alcohol in pyridine:

Sulfonic esters
Esters with the general formula R1SO2OR2 are called sulfonic esters. Individual members of the category are named analogously to how ordinary carboxyl esters are named. For example, if the R2 group is a methyl group and the R1 group is a trifluoromethyl group, the resulting compound is methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

Sulfonic esters are used as reagents in organic synthesis, chiefly because the RSO3− group is a good leaving group, especially when R is electron-withdrawing. Methyl triflate, for example, is a strong methylating reagent.

Sulfonates are commonly used to confer water solubility to protein crosslinkers such as N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS), BS3, Sulfo-SMCC, etc.

Sultones
Cyclic sulfonic esters are called sultones. Two examples are propane-1,3-sultone and 1,4-butane sultone. Some sultones are short-lived intermediates, used as strong alkylating agents to introduce a negatively charged sulfonate group. In the presence of water, they slowly hydrolyze to the hydroxy sulfonic acids. Sultone oximes are key intermediates in the synthesis of the anti-convulsant drug zonisamide.

Tisocromide is an example of a sultone.

Examples

 * Mesylate (methanesulfonate), CH3\sSO3-
 * Triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), CF3\sSO3-
 * Ethanesulfonate (esilate, esylate), CH3CH2\sSO3-
 * Tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate), p-CH3\sC6H4\sSO3-
 * Benzenesulfonate (besylate), C6H5\sSO3-
 * Closilate (closylate, chlorobenzenesulfonate), Cl\sC6H4\sSO3-
 * Camphorsulfonate (camsilate, camsylate), (C10H15O)\sSO3-
 * Pipsylate (p-iodobenzenesulfonate derivative), p-I\sC6R4\sSO3-, where R is any group.
 * Nosylate (o- or p-nitrobenzenesulfonate), o- or p-O2N\sC6H4\sSO3-

title: Sulfonate


text:
Ode to Billie Joe

"Ode to Billie Joe" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry released by Capitol Records in July 1967, and later used as the title-track of her debut album. Five weeks after its release, the song topped Billboard's Pop singles chart. It also appeared in the top 10 of the Adult Contemporary and Hot R&B singles charts, and in the top 20 of the Hot Country Songs list.

The song takes the form of a first-person narrative performed over sparse acoustic guitar accompaniment with strings in the background. It tells of a rural Mississippi family's reaction to the news of the suicide of Billie Joe McAllister, a local boy to whom the daughter (and narrator) is (unknown by the rest of the family) connected. The song received widespread attention, leaving its audience intrigued as to what the narrator and Billie Joe threw off the Tallahatchie Bridge. Gentry later clarified that she intended the song to portray the family's indifference to the suicide in what she deemed "a study in unconscious cruelty," while she remarked the object thrown was not relevant to the message.

"Ode to Billie Joe" was nominated for eight Grammy Awards; Gentry and arranger Jimmie Haskell won three between them. Gentry's writing was adapted for the 1976 film Ode to Billy Joe. The song appeared on Rolling Stone's lists,  500 Greatest Songs of All Time and Greatest Country Songs, while Pitchfork featured it on their 200 Best Songs of the 1960s list. In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry.

Background and recording
Singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry was born in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. After her parents divorced, she continued to live there with her paternal grandparents. At age 13, Gentry moved to California to live with her mother. She graduated from high school and entered UCLA as a philosophy major, before transferring to the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. After she met Jody Reynolds at one of his concerts, Gentry took part in a recording session with him to sing two duets. Singer-songwriter Jim Ford introduced Gentry to record companies and music publishers. Ford took Gentry to Del-Fi Records, where he presented "Ode to Billie Joe" to the label's A&R man Barry White. Ford claimed credit for writing the song, telling White he had brought Gentry along because he felt he could not sing it himself. The composition impressed White, and Ford expressed an interest in selling it to him. White took the song to Del-Fi Records president Bob Keane, who did not like it and refused to make a purchase.

Capitol Records producer Kelly Gordon received Gentry's demo for "Mississippi Delta". Gordon liked it, and he asked for a B-side for the song. Gentry planned to sell "Ode to Billie Joe" to Capitol Records, and she decided that recording the demo herself was cheaper than using a professional singer. The song's recording happened soon after Gentry's session that yielded "Mississippi Delta" in February 1967, while Bobby Paris assisted her in the studio in exchange for guitar session work on some of his own studio recordings. Gentry intended to have Lou Rawls record the song. Larry Shayne, Gentry's publisher, warned Gordon against adding a rhythm section to the track. Shayne was a friend of David Axelrod, Capitol Record's main A&R man. He sold Axelrod recording rights to the song for $10,000. Gordon liked Gentry's vocals on the demo, but he decided to add a sparse instrumental arrangement to the recording. Gordon called Jimmie Haskell, who prepared an arrangement for string sextet with four violins and two cellos. Jesse Erlich played one cello like a double bass. Haskell felt the song sounded like a film and decided to write the arrangement as if it were a score. Gordon then overdubbed Gentry's recording with the strings. He determined that "Ode to Billie Joe" would be the A-side of the single.

Haskell later claimed that a seven-minute recording of the song existed, but that Gordon cut it to under five minutes for radio airplay. The existence of a seven-minute version has not been confirmed. Meanwhile, a manuscript of a draft of the song donated by Gentry to the University of Mississippi contained verses that were not included on the final recording.

Content
"Ode to Billie Joe" takes the form of a first-person narrative by the young daughter of a Mississippi Delta family. It offers fragments of dinnertime conversation on the day that a local boy, an acquaintance of the narrator, jumped to his death from a nearby bridge. The account is interspersed with everyday, polite, mealtime conversation. The song's last verse conveys the passage of events over the following year.

The song begins on June 3 with the narrator, her brother and her father returning from farming chores to the family house for dinner. After reminding them to wipe their feet, the mother announces she received news from Choctaw Ridge: "Billie Joe McAllister jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge." The verse is repeated through the song as the story develops to "heighten the mystery." Unmoved, the father comments that "Billie Joe never had a lick of sense" before asking for the biscuits and adding "there's five more acres in the lower forty, I've got to plow." The brother then expresses his surprise, but continues eating his meal.

The mother notices her daughter is distraught and not eating. She mentions the "young preacher" Brother Taylor visited the house earlier and that they would have dinner with him on Sunday. As an afterthought, the mother adds the preacher saw Billie Joe with a girl that "looked a lot" like the daughter and that "she and Billie Joe was throwin' somethin' off the Tallahatchie Bridge." A year later, the brother marries and moves to Tupelo, Mississippi, while the father dies of an unnamed virus. Even though she expresses no sadness over her father's death, the daughter notices her mother is still distraught by it. Rather than consoling her, she routinely picks flowers and throws them off the bridge.

The song became a success because it created listener curiosity, given that Gentry did not mention what was thrown off of the bridge or why Billie Joe committed suicide. It features perfect rhymes from the first to the sixth line of every verse. Meanwhile, the fifth and sixth lines of the song repeat the rhyme of "ridge" and "bridge" in every stanza. The composition does not have a chorus. The musical phrases begin with pickup notes, while melismas and downbeats are used for the rhymes.

Gentry's comments on the lyrics

In August 1967, Gentry told the Los Angeles Times she wanted to show "people's lack of ability" to empathize with others' "tragedy." She pointed out the mother, who noticed but did not understand her daughter's lack of appetite, while later the daughter is unaware of the similarity of her mother's behavior after the father dies. Gentry explained that both characters had "isolated themselves in their own personal tragedies" and remained unconcerned for the others. The songwriter compared the end product to a play. On the object thrown off the Tallahatchie Bridge, she commented that the audience had found more meanings than she had intended. Gentry mentioned that theories of the time included a baby, a wedding ring and flowers. While she indicated that what happened at the bridge was the motivation behind Billie Joe's suicide, she also left it open to the listener's interpretation. Gentry said she had no answer and her sole motivation was to show "people's apathy".

In an interview with the Associated Press in November 1967, Gentry called the song "a study in unconscious cruelty." She also said that audiences were still asking her what was thrown off the bridge rather than noticing "the thoughtlessness of people expressed in the song," adding that what had been thrown was unimportant. She said people suggested to her it was a draft card, or a bottle of LSD pills. The songwriter clarified that she knew what it was, but said she considered it irrelevant to the story and deliberately left that interpretation open. Gentry remarked that the song's message revolved around the "nonchalant way" the family discussed the suicide. She also said that what was thrown off of the bridge was included because it established a relationship between Billie Joe and the daughter, providing "a possible motivation for his suicide the next day". The interview ended with Gentry's suggestion that it could have been a wedding ring. Gentry told The New York Times in 1969: "I had my own idea what it was while I was writing it, but it's not that important. Actually it was something symbolic. But I've never told anyone what it was, not even my own dear mother."

Release and reception
The single "Mississippi Delta"-"Ode to Billie Joe" was released in July 1967. Paris was given a co-producer credit on the single with Gordon. Five weeks after its release, it reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. By the sixth week, the single had sold one million copies. It also appeared at number 7 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, at number 8 on the Hot R&B singles chart, and number 17 on the Hot Country Songs chart. Billboard's year-end chart placed the song at number 3, while Canada's RPM placed it at number 16.

In Australia, the song reached number 4 on Go-Set's National Top 40. Meanwhile, it peaked at number 6 on the Irish Singles Chart. On the New Zealand Listener chart, the song reached number 3.

In November 1967, Life published an article about the song's success after a visit with Gentry and her parents in Mississippi. Gentry showed the journalists a bridge in Money, Mississippi, that featured the characteristics of the one she wrote about as she clarified: "this is what I had in mind" she continued: "The river isn't very deep here, but the current is strong." Gentry was photographed crossing the bridge for the story. The single was nominated in eight categories at the 10th Annual Grammy Awards and won three: Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Best New Artist, and Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals. By 1969, Gentry estimated the single had sold three million copies.

Gentry sued Paris to have his co-producer credit removed, claiming she was the recording's sole producer. Paris's credit was removed on the album release. Soon after she left Capitol Records, Paris sued Gentry for $100,000 and the label for $300,000 in punitive damages for failing to pay him one fifth of the royalties from the song's sales. Gentry and Paris testified against one another in the 1973 case. The jury awarded Paris one percent of the total royalties from "Ode to Billie Joe" and "Mississippi Delta", that amounted to $32,277.40. Gentry told Penny Anderson of the New York Times in 1974 that she originally produced "Ode To Billie Joe" and most of her recordings, adding that "a woman doesn't stand much chance in a recording studio. A staff producer's name was nearly always put on the records." Gentry expressed the desire to gain more control over the production of her songs and recordings.

Critical reception
The staff of Billboard welcomed the release as "fascinating material and performance" with a "potent lyric content that is worth the unusual length of the disk". The Los Angeles Times critic Leonard Feather considered it an "aural parallel" to the film In the Heat of the Night (1967), deeming them both "sardonic, knife-edge studies of human nature". Feather concluded Gentry added "a durable new dimension" to American "contemporary folklore". The New York Times commented on the success of the song four weeks after its release. Critic John S. Wilson felt the song was "a most unlikely candidate for success," as it was "long by radio programming standards" and he considered the topic "nothing startling, nothing strange, nothing particularly original," Wilson remarked the lyrics had "something to say about indifference ... which, after a couple of clarifying hearings, drifts off into the midst of forgotten poesy".

Nixon Smiley wrote in his piece for the Miami Herald that "not since William Faulkner wrote As I Lay Dying has anything come out of Mississippi as earthy and as fundamental" as 'Ode to Billie Joe.'" Smiley determined that upon "casual hearing there seems to be nothing great about the song, the lyrics or the rendition," but that it "captivated both the young and old." He noted disc jockeys were "surprised, even flabbergasted," and "sometimes disgusted".

The Montgomery Advertiser found the song "hard to classify." It remarked that it "has [a] rhythm and blues beat, and it's clever," and also noted the presence of mystery. The Fort Worth Star-Telegram called it "one of the most haunting songs of the year." The Honolulu Star-Bulletin wrote that "the lyrics are too much" and that "after a few listenings, the subject matter becomes clear, and the message gets across." The review pointed out that "musically, the song is as fine as it is lyrically inventive" and that it "grips with heretofore taboo themes."

In 2024, Rolling Stone ranked the song at #51 on its 200 Greatest Country Songs of All Time ranking.

Legacy
Following the success of the single, Capitol Records received 500,000 pre-orders for Ode to Billie Joe, surpassing the label's record held by the Beatles' Meet the Beatles! Gentry began receiving offers to make a motion picture based on the song in 1967, but she rejected them, preferring to wait for an offer from a movie maker who would "portray Billie Joe and his girlfriend in a serious, sensitive manner." In 1975, Gentry and Shayne accepted an offer from Max Baer Jr., who decided to direct the film. Baer said his interest was to have two unknown young people "because the audience has to believe they are Bobbie and Billie Joe." The film would be shot on location in Mississippi with a budget of $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Warner Bros. commissioned Herman Raucher to write an adaptation of the song for the upcoming film; Raucher's adaptation and novel were both titled Ode to Billy Joe. Gentry was present during the shooting and contributed a musical score. At the time of the production, she told United Press International that the film would "answer many questions left unanswered by the song." The film starred Robby Benson as Billy Joe and Glynnis O'Connor as Bobbie Lee. It was released in 1976. In the adaptation, the pair throw a rag doll off of the bridge, while a homosexual experience with the owner of the sawmill is established as the reason for Billy Joe's suicide.

"Ode to Billie Joe" reappeared on the charts in 1976. It charted at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100, and in Canada at numbers 92 and 42 on the RPM Top Singles and Adult Contemporary charts, respectively.

After hearing "Ode to Billie Joe" on the radio, Tony Joe White was inspired to write songs. White felt that his own life experience resembled that of Billie Joe, as he inhabited a similar place during his childhood and he remarked that the song was "real." Soon after, White composed "Polk Salad Annie" (1969). By 1969, Leflore County established a fine of $180 for people who jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge and the other bridges of the area. The county estimated that between 40 and 50 men had jumped off the 20 ft structure, but none had died. The bridge collapsed in June 1972 after a fire and a new one was built in its place. In 2013, a memorial marker for the song was added south of the new bridge as part of the Mississippi Country Music Trail.

Rolling Stone included "Ode To Billie Joe" at number 419 on its 2003 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. The publication also listed it at number 47 on its 100 Greatest Country Songs in 2014; Richard Gehr deemed the track a "sultry country blues that drifts downstream on Gentry's ominous acoustic guitar." Meanwhile, Pitchfork placed it at number 144 on its 200 Best Songs of the 1960s list. The song was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023, based on its "cultural, historical or aesthetic importance in the nation’s recorded sound heritage."

In 1999, the 1967 recording of "Ode to Billie Joe" by Bobbie Gentry on Capitol Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Other versions
In August 1967, Margie Singleton released a cover of the song that reached number 40 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. Ray Bryant's version (an instrumental) reached number 89 on Billboard's Hot 100 and number 34 on their Adult Contemporary chart soon after. King Curtis charted with his cover (another instrumental version) at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100, also in 1967, and at number 6 on the R&B chart. Also in 1967, Joe Dassin released a cover of the song in French, entitled "Marie-Jeanne." In the song, the main character is a man, while Marie-Jeanne jumps off of the Garonne bridge.

A parody by Bob Dylan entitled "Clothes Line Saga", originally recorded in 1967, was released on the 1975 album The Basement Tapes. It mimicked the conversational style of "Ode to Billie Joe" with lyrics concentrating on routine household chores. The shocking event buried in all the mundane details is a revelation that "The Vice-President's gone mad!." Dylan's song was originally titled "Answer to 'Ode'".

Sinéad O'Connor performed the song in 1995 on the compilation album Help, a fundraiser for the charity War Child. This downtempo version of the song includes a brief sample of a wailing baby after the words "she and Billy Joe was throwing something off the Tallahatchie Bridge."

A 2008 episode of Saturday Night Live parodied the song where Kristen Wiig and host Paul Rudd play a married singer-songwriter couple who perform "Ode to Tracking Number." Jill Sobule's album California Years (2009) featured "Where is Bobbie Gentry?", which used the same melody in a lyrical sequel. The narrator, seeking the reclusive Gentry, claims to be the abandoned child of Gentry and Billie Joe. In 2016, Lorrie Morgan covered the song at a slower pace for her 2016 album Letting Go... Slow. Morgan commented on recording the song with producer Richard Landis: "Richard purposely slowed the record down to make the musical passages through there really feel kind of spooky and eerie. Everything just felt so swampy and scary. Everybody has their own interpretation of that song and just what they threw off of the Tallahatchie Bridge."

title: Ode to Billie Joe


text:
Bizerte

Bizerte (بنزرت ) is a city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km north of the capital Tunis. It is also known as the last town to remain under French control after the rest of the country won its independence from France. The city had 142,966 inhabitants in 2014.

Names
The classical name of Bizerte, Hippo, is the latinization of a Punic name, probably related to the word ûbôn, meaning "harbor". To distinguish it from Hippo Regius (the modern Annaba, in Algeria), the Greeks and Romans used several epithets. Scylax of Caryanda mentions it as Hippo Acra and Hippo Polis ("Hippo the City"). Polybius mentions it as Hippo Diarrhytus (Ἱππὼν διάρρυτος, Hippōn Diárrhytos), "Hippo Divided-by-the-Water", in reference to the town's prominent canal. It also appears in Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine sources as Hippo Zarytus. Its Arabic name Binzart (بنزرت) and the French and English forms derived from it all represent phonetic developments of its ancient name.

Later history
Arab armies took Bizerte in 647 in their first invasion of the area, but the city reverted to control from Constantinople until the Byzantines were defeated and finally driven from North Africa in 695–98. The troops of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire captured the city in 1535; the Turks took it in 1574. The city then became a corsair harbour and struggled against the French and the Venetians.

With its occupation of Tunisia in 1881, France gained control of Bizerte and built a large naval harbour in the city.

In 1924, after the French government officially recognized the Soviet Union (USSR), the western military fleet of White Russia that had been kept in the port of Bizerte was returned to the Soviet government. The ships were never moved from the port and finally were sold there as scrap metal.

In March 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, Spanish Republican Navy Commander Miguel Buiza ordered the evacuation of the bulk of the Republican fleet. Three cruisers, eight destroyers and two submarines left Cartagena harbor and reached Bizerte, where the French authorities impounded them.

During the Second World War, the German and Italian armies occupied Bizerte until Allied troops defeated them on 7 May 1943. During the fighting between the Allied forces and the German Army, many of the city's inhabitants fled to the countryside or to Tunis. The city suffered significant damage during the battle. Due to Bizerte's strategic location on the Mediterranean, France retained control of the city and their naval base after Tunisian independence in 1956. In 1961 Tunisian forces blockaded the area of Bizerte and demanded French withdrawal. The face-off escalated when a French helicopter took off and drew fire. The French brought in reinforcements; when these were fired upon, France took decisive military action against the Tunisian forces. Using superior weapons and decisive force the French took Bizerte and Menzel Bourguiba. During three days in July 1961, 700 Tunisians died (1200 wounded); the French lost 24 dead (100 wounded).

Meetings at the UN Security Council and other international pressure moved France to agreement; the French military finally abandoned Bizerte on 15 October 1963.

Location
Bizerte is on a section of widened inlet and east-facing coast of the north coast of Tunisia, 15 kilometres from Ras ben Sakka (the northernmost point in Africa on the Mediterranean Sea), 20 kilometers northeast of the Ichkeul lake (a World Heritage Site), 30 km north of the archaeological site of Utica and 65 kilometers north of Tunis.

West of the city there are coastal hills forming an outcrop of the Tell Atlas with well-conserved woods and vantage points. Its associated beaches include Sidi Salem, La Grotte, Rasenjela, and Al Rimel. It is on a section of Mediterranean climate coastline, close to Sardinia and Sicily, as opposed to coasts in the south of the country which have a year-round dry desert climate.

The city is centered on the north shore of the canal of Bizerte linking the Mediterranean Sea to a tidal lake, the Lac de Bizerte which is larger than all parts of the town combined, to the immediate south. Built-up areas are in three directions:
 * South-west along the widening canal with jetties at Pecherie and Jarrouba, the latter associated with Bizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air Base adjoining the opening of the lake and military/rescue heliport.
 * North are Sidi Salam and Corniche. They are within meters of the coast and on coast-facing slopes of the Ain Berda, a range of hills toward Cap Blanc, a small headland in the Ain Damou Plage natural conservation area.
 * Zarzouna, Menzel Jemil and Menzel Abderrahmane are on the south shore of the canal, formed by the locality of Zarzouna and the towns of Menzel Jemil and Menzel Abderrahmane, by a moveable bridge and both Menzels face the lake itself. The rest of the isthmus on which they stand is the gently rising Foret de Remel, reaching a high point east of its forest area at Cap Zebib.

Transport
The bridge leads to the motorway A4 leading to Tunis–Carthage International Airport and the capital. On the town side the P11 passes semi-rural Louata, hugs Ichkeul Lake and branches into a western route, the P7, leading directly to Tabarka on the coast next to the Algerian border. The P11 leads south-west to Béja, a governorate center, in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, forks into several roads at Bou Salem, a small town in a broad fertile plain, and climbs to Firnanah passing two high-altitude lakes and also approaching the north-west border with Algeria.

Climate
Bizerte enjoys a hot-summer mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The Mediterranean Sea breeze makes summers cooler and more humid than in the interior of Tunisia.

Demography
In 2020 the estimated population of Bizerte was 182,662, with a density of 392.4/km2.

Population structure
In 2014 the Males represented 50.3% of the population and the Females 49.7%. The population aged 60 years and over represented 12.4% and the urban population represented 60.4% of the population.

Vieux Port
Le vieux port (the old port) of Bizerte is a port with its small pool surrounded by white houses, cafes and large boats in bright colors. The old port is the most charming place in Bizerte. The quay stretches in an arc along the Siena earth ramparts of the Kasbah and the low white houses. A modest boat painted in red and green slices through the calm water, a fisherman unloads his fish for the nearby market, another weighs anchor... Bizerte presents the familiar spectacle of a small Provençal or Spanish port which would have traded its bell tower for a minaret. The old port of Bizerte comes alive particularly at the end of the day, when the terraces of the bistros invade the quays.

Medina
The medina corresponds to the old town of Bizerte. It stretches north of the modern city, above Avenue Bourguiba, and runs along the old port to the Kasbah (the fortress). Once protected by a rampart facing inland, it was brought down during the French protectorate to assert its power over the city. The medina is a sort of labyrinth of narrow streets that intersect in all directions. In the souks, the smells change from one alley to another, according to the shops of craftsmen and their products. The names of the streets correspond to the old corporations present here: rue des armuriers, rue des carpenters, weavers, jewelers ... In narrow stalls you can see a craftsman at work. The tall octagonal-shaped minaret of the Great Mosque (dating from the 17th century) rises above the medina. At his side, the zaouïa of Sidi Mokhtar Dey, boss of Bizerte.

The Medina of Bizerte is an old town that surrounds the picturesque Old Port district. It is a bustling center of traditional crafts. In its winding labyrinth of narrow alleys and covered souks are the workshops of metalworkers and carpenters, and butchers and grocery stores. The streets are named after the artisans who live and work there: the blacksmiths on rue des Forgerons, the gunsmiths on rue des Armuriers, carpenters on rue des Menuisiers and butchers on rue des bouchers. It is a very atmospheric place to walk, and unlike the Medinas of Hammamet and Monastir, it has not been restored so it oozes with all the exotic charm of the Orient.

Kasbah
The Kasbah is located in north of the old port, it has a single entrance from the West side. It has small dimensions: approximately 175m by 120m and has 8 towers and a walkway. It was built in the 17th century. On the other side of the canal, the kasbah rises its ramparts above the medina: it is accessed for the beautiful view of the city, the port, the lake and the sea. The origins of this fortress go back to the time of the Byzantine occupation: rectangular in shape, a tower occupies each corner. The entrance to the kasbah is a narrow arched passageway designed to slow down any invaders attempting to enter it at the time. The interior of the fortress is a maze of small alleys lined with houses. At the foot of the north-west rampart, the market place comes alive with the cry of the merchants, and the stalls give the impression of an organized jumble. Beyond stretches the Andalusian quarter, where the Moors from Spain took refuge in the 17th century. Further along, linked by a rampart of the kasbah, we can see the silhouette of the fort of Spain, which overlooks Bizerte at an altitude of about 40 meters on a height to the north. This fort dates from 1573, built during the Turkish domination by the Pasha of Algiers. It is built so as to be able to face the artillery, composed of thirteen sides with re-entrant angles. Now far from any threat, the fort has since been redeveloped into an open-air theater, which notably hosts the Bizerte International Festival (music, dance, film).

Education
Bizerte is served by the ISG (Institut Supérieur de Gestion)

Health
There is in Bizerte a large hospital Hôpital Régional de Bizerte, one of the biggest in the region.

Economy
Bizerte's economy is very diverse. There are several military bases and year-round tourism. As a tourist centre the region is however not as popular as the eastern coast of Tunisia. There is manufacturing (textile, auto parts, cookware), fishing, fruits and vegetables, and wheat.

Miscellaneous

 * The port of Bizerte is being developed into a significant Mediterranean yachting marina that was scheduled to open in May 2012. The superyacht section of the marina will be called Goga Superyacht Marina, and will have berths for yachts of up to 110m in length. It is expected that this will give a significant boost to the local economy as the yacht owners and also the hundreds of professional crew will become year-round consumers. The service industries supplying the yachts will gradually develop and bring additional employment.
 * The actor Abdelmajid Lakhal was born in Bizerte.
 * The Teapacks song "Lo haya lano klum" is about how bandleader Kobi Oz' family were expelled from Bizerte by the Nazis in 1942.

Titular see
Hippo Diarrhytus is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1989–2002 it was held by Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, then by Jose Paala Salazar, O.P. in 2002–2004 and by Manfred Grothe since 14 October 2004. The city and see of Hippo Diarrhytus should not be confused with those of Hippo Regius where Saint Augustine of Hippo was the bishop.

Army

After the Serbian army's retreat through Albania in 1915, during World War I, part of the army was transported by the French navy to their naval base in Bizerte. Serbian soldiers, and a small number of civilians, arrived in Bizerte on three occasions. In December 1915 and early 1916, after the Albanian Golgotha, then later in 1916 after the first clashes on the Salonica front in Greece and in the early 1917 when Serbian volunteers began to gather in Bizerte. During the entire war, the soldiers were transported to the Salonica front while the wounded were transported back to Tunisia. It is estimated that over 60,000 Serbian soldiers passed through the camp. The training of the volunteers was organized in the camp, education of the disabled but also the cultural events. French-Serbian dictionary was compiled and published by Veselin Čajkanović in Bizerte. Out of 7,000 copies, 5,000 and 1,000 were distributed to Serbian and French soldiers, respectively, while the remaining 1,000 copies were sold, with money being donated to the war invalids.

Serbian wounded soldiers were originally placed in the Lambert barrack. Few days later they were relocated to the 5 km away camp Lazouaz. Almost 200 barracks were built in the camp complex. Citizens of Bizerte, French soldiers and administration were highly obliging to the Serbs, especially the Bizerte governor, admiral Émile Guépratte. He was involved in the care of the soldiers on daily basis and organized ceremonial greetings for every ship upon arrival. The last Serbian soldiers left Bizerte on 18 August 1919. Admiral Guépratte directly disobeyed the order from the French High Command by which he was ordered to dislocate Serbs into the Sahara's hinterland. When Guépratte visited Belgrade for the first time in 1930, he was awaited by the crowd which carried the admiral on their shoulders from the Belgrade Main railway station to the Slavija Square. The street where the admiral was carried, today bears his name (Улица адмирала Гепрата)''.

Hospitals
In Northern Africa, Serbian wounded soldiers were treated in the hospitals in Bizerte, Tunis, Sousse, Sidi Abdala, Algiers, Oran and Annaba. From December 1915 to August 1919, a total of 41,153 Serbian soldiers were treated. In Tunisian hospitals, 833 soldiers died (typhus, malaria, wounds, hunger and frostbites). In Sidi Abdala, local population helped the Serbs providing food, medicines and nurture. A total of 1,722 people died there.

Cemeteries
The dead in Bizerte, Sousse and Tunis were buried in the memorial ossuary on the Christian cemetery in Bizerte. Those who died in Sidi Abdala were interred on the joint French-Serbian military cemetery. Those two cemeteries are the largest of all in Northern Africa where Serbian soldiers were buried – a total of 24 cemeteries in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, with 3,005 buried soldiers.

Notable residents

 * Georges Madon (1892–1924), ace pilot
 * Claude Pujade-Renaud (born 1932), writer
 * Maurice Poli (born 1933), actor
 * Abdelmajid Lakhal (1939–2014), actor and theatre director
 * Nikita Mandryka (1940–2021), cartoonist
 * Lionel Duroy (born 1949), writer
 * Pierre Cohen (born 1950), politician
 * Jean-Marc Luisada (born 1958), pianist
 * Mondher Kebaier (born 1970), football coach
 * Hassen Bejaoui, (born 1975), former footballer
 * Malek Jaziri (born 1984), tennis player
 * Hamdi Harbaoui (born 1985), footballer
 * Souheïl Ben Radhia (born 1985), footballer
 * Farouk Ben Mustapha (born 1989), footballer
 * Hamza Mathlouthi (born 1992), footballer
 * Bilel Saidani (born 1993), footballer

Sister cities
Bizerte is twinned with:

Cooperation agreement

 * 🇫🇷 Clermont-Ferrand, France, (a program of rehabilitation of historic centers)
 * 🇫🇷 Dunkerque, France,

title: Bizerte


text:
Scott Hudson (electrical engineer)

Raymond Scott Hudson (born 1959) is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Washington State University. Hudson was educated at Caltech, where he received his bachelor's degree in engineering and applied science in 1985, his master's degree in electrical engineering in 1986, and his PhD in electrical engineering in 1990. His research interests include radar imaging, optical signal processing, and radar astronomy.

From August 19 to 22 of 1989, Hudson and Steven Ostro observed 4769 Castalia from the Arecibo Observatory, producing the first direct image of an asteroid.

The main-belt asteroid 5723 Hudson, discovered by Edward Bowell at Lowell Observatory in 1986, was named in his honour. The official naming citation was published on 9 September 1995 (M.P.C. 25654).

title: Scott Hudson (electrical engineer)


text:
User:Chrissmith

'''The trouble with the global village are all the global village idiots. - Paul Ginsparg'''

Sadly so very very true

I once had similar idea of a unified knowledgebase. Some day I open a magazine and I see an article on Wikipedia. I was hooked immediately.

About myself I'm a student / 22 / male / lived in Belgium now the UK

title: User:Chrissmith


text:
FST

FST may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Finlands Svenska Television, now Yle Fem, the Swedish-language department of the Finnish Broadcasting Company
 * Florida Studio Theatre, in Sarasota, Florida, United States
 * Free Southern Theater, in Mississippi, United States

Biology

 * Fixation index (FST), in population genetics
 * Follistatin, a mammalian glycoprotein (and gene)

Education

 * Franciscan School of Theology, in California, United States
 * French School of Thessaloniki, in Greece
 * The interdisciplinary field of food science and technology

Government and politics

 * Fermanagh and South Tyrone (Assembly constituency), in Northern Ireland
 * Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), in Northern Ireland
 * Financial Secretary to the Treasury, of the United Kingdom
 * Foreign Sports Talent Scheme, of Singapore

Military

 * Fire Support Team of the Royal Artillery
 * Fleet Survey Team of the United States Navy
 * Forward surgical teams of the United States Army

Technology

 * Feature Selection Toolbox, machine learning software
 * File Streaming Technology, a digital audio format
 * Finite-state transducer
 * Full-Scale Tunnel, a demolished NASA wind tunnel

Transport

 * Fenchurch Street railway station, in London
 * First Stop Travel, a Scottish bus operator
 * Fort Stockton–Pecos County Airport, in Texas, United States
 * Sint-Truiden railway station, in Belgium

Other uses

 * Family Survival Trust, in the United Kingdom
 * Foundation for Science and Technology, in the United Kingdom
 * Field sobriety testing
 * Fiji Standard Time

title: FST