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Fort George, Highland

Fort George is a large 18th-century fortress near Ardersier, to the north-east of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. It was built to control the Scottish Highlands in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745, replacing a Fort George in Inverness constructed after the 1715 Jacobite rising to control the area. The current fortress has never been attacked and has remained in continuous use as a garrison.

The fortification is based on a star design; it remains virtually unaltered and nowadays is open to visitors with exhibits and facsimiles showing the fort's use at different periods, while still serving as an army barracks.

Old Fort George
In 1726, the first fortification known as Fort George was completed in Inverness on the orders of General George Wade. The Georgian fort, which stood on a hillock beside the River Ness, incorporated portions of a medieval castle that had been started by Malcolm III of Scotland in the late 11th century. In the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell strengthened the castle with a citadel but it had been abandoned by the start of the 18th century. Wade's Fort George was capable of housing 400 troops. The first commanding officer of the original Fort George was Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, Colonel of the 42nd Royal Highlanders (Black Watch) and chief of the Highland Clan Munro.

During the 1745 rising the fort was besieged by three thousand Jacobites. Cutoff and unable to be relieved by Crown forces, Fort George was surrendered in February 1746 after mines had reached the outer walls. The victorious Jacobites blew up Old Fort George to prevent it being reused as a military base by the British Army.

In 1747, following the Crown victory at the Battle of Culloden, Colonel William Skinner, the King's Military Engineer for North Britain, was given a contract to rebuild Fort George. The decision was taken to build the new Fort George at a location 10 mi away from Inverness at the mouth of the Moray Firth. The site of Old Fort George lay abandoned for almost 70 years, until in the mid 19th century a red sandstone castellated building called Inverness Castle was built on the fort's former site. Despite its towers and battlements, Inverness Castle had no military purpose. It was used as a prison, and courthouse with complimentary bastioned enclosing walls.

Siting and construction
The site chosen was a level spit of land at Ardersier, about 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Inverness, which forms a promontory jutting into the Moray Firth and controls the sea approach to Inverness. With its own harbour below the walls, the fort could be supplied by sea in the event of a siege.

Work began in 1748, with Colonel Skinner in charge, and the Adam brothers, John, Robert and later James, acting as contractors, overseeing around 1,000 soldiers who provided labour and defended the site against attack. By 1757 the main defences were in place, and Fort George was finally completed in 1769. The original budget was £92,673 19s 1d, but the final cost was more than £200,000, a vast figure at the time.

Fortifications
The fortifications form an example of defence in depth. The main walls are stone-faced, in plan faceted and angled with projecting bastions and redoubts so that every wall face is covered by fire from guns sited on top of other walls. The walls are many yards wide and grassed over, on top of barrel-vaulted casemates which form underground bunkers designed to protect the entire garrison from artillery fire. The approach to the fortress from the landward side is across a wide area of loose shingle which creates a protective barrier.

Sloping grassy banks designed to absorb artillery shells all but hide the fort from view. The entrance is reached via a ravelin, a free-standing defensive structure incorporating a guardhouse and completely exposed to fire from the main fort, then by a raised wooden walkway, complete with drawbridge, bridging across a wide ditch set between heavily defended bastions. The ditch forms a wide killing ground openly exposed to gunfire from these walls.

Operational use
Following the Childers Reforms, the 72nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot and the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot amalgamated to form the Seaforth Highlanders with its depot in the barracks in 1881. In 1961 the regiment amalgamated with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders to form the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons): the new regiment formed its depot at Fort George at that time. The barracks became the home of the Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland in 2007.

In November 2016 the Ministry of Defence announced that the site would close in 2032, with Defence Minister Sir Michael Fallon commenting that it was no longer needed because the Highland rebellions are over.

Visitor access
The barracks are still in use as a military establishment, but much of the site is open to the public (entrance charge). Historic Environment Scotland use part of one of the barracks to display reconstructions of life in the early days of the fort, and the Grand Magazine displays the Seafield Collection of Arms as well as forming a stage for actors recreating the lives and stories of soldiers in the 18th century. The site received 76,169 visitors during 2019.

Highlanders' Museum (Queen's Own Highlanders Collection)
The former Lieutenant Governors’ House is home to the Highlanders' Museum, the official regimental museum of the Queen's Own Highlanders and Lovat Scouts. The exhibits include uniforms, weapons, medals, First World War memorial plaques known as "death pennies", photographs, paintings, memorabilia and regimental regalia. Displays include the history of the regiments, their links to the clans, the Highland charge, Sergeant Alexander Edwards and other notable regimental members, and the regiments' activities in different conflicts. The regimental Chapel is also open to visitors, and features many regimental colours and memorials.

title: Fort George, Highland


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Eric Boucher

Éric Boucher (born December 1, 1958, in Le Bouscat, France) is a former professional footballer.

Career
After beginning his career with French Division 2 side Lyon, Boucher joined Niort. He helped the club gain promotion to the French Division 1, and he scored his first top-flight goal in the 1987–88 season against AS Saint-Étienne.

After he retired from playing football, Boucher was the mayor of Fraisnes-en-Saintois.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eric Boucher


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NAC

NAC may refer to:

Arts

 * National Arts Centre, Canada
 * National Arts Club, New York, United States
 * National Arts Council, Singapore, a statutory board of the Singapore government
 * Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Polish National Digital Archives
 * New adult contemporary, a name once used for the smooth jazz radio format

Aviation

 * NAC Air, a former Native owned air carrier, Canada
 * NAC Fieldmaster, British agricultural aircraft
 * NAC, the IATA code for Naracoorte Airport in South Australia, Australia
 * Namibia Airports Company, operator of eight airports in Namibia
 * National Air Communications, a British government organisation 1939–1940
 * National Airways Corporation (South Africa), a South African commercial aviation company
 * Nauru Air Corporation, the national airline of the Pacific island Republic of Nauru
 * New Zealand National Airways Corporation, the former national domestic airline of New Zealand
 * Northern Air Cargo, a cargo airline based in Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.

Companies

 * NAC Architecture, a U.S. design firm
 * Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation, a Chinese subsidiary of SAIC
 * Nickel Asia Corporation, largest producer of nickel ore in the Philippines
 * Nordic Aviation Capital, Danish based airline lessor
 * North American Communications, a defunct U.S. direct mailer

Education

 * Nakanihon Automotive College, a private junior college in Sakahogi, Gifu, Japan
 * National Academy of Construction, an Indian college
 * Nowra Anglican College, an Anglican College based in Nowra, Australia
 * Nunavut Arctic College, a nursing school in Canada

Politics

 * New Administrative Capital, the new capital center being built to replace Cairo as Egypt's government center
 * National Aboriginal Conference, Australian governmental body 1973–1985
 * National Administrative Council, former governing body of the Independent Labour Party in the UK
 * National Advisory Council, an advisory body set up to monitor the implementation of the UPA government's manifesto in India
 * New Agenda Coalition, an international group advocating nuclear disarmament
 * North Atlantic Council, the most senior political governing body of NATO
 * Nyasaland African Congress, a political party in Malawi

Religion

 * Native American Church, the most widespread indigenous religion among Native Americans
 * New Apostolic Church, a chiliastic church
 * Pontifical North American College, an American seminary in Rome, Italy

Other organizations

 * National Abortion Campaign, a former UK campaigning group for abortion rights
 * National Action Committee on the Status of Women, a Canadian feminist activist organization
 * National Agricultural Centre, now renamed Stoneleigh Park, UK

Media

 * NAC TV, Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada
 * Newspaper Agency Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S

Medicine

 * N-Acetylcarnosine, a compound related to carnosine
 * N-Acetylcysteine, a medication
 * Nucleus accumbens, a region in the brain
 * N-Acetyl as in GlcNAc and GalNAc

Other science and technology

 * Natural Area Code, a geocode system
 * Network Access Code, for public safety radios
 * Network Access Control
 * Network Admission Control
 * North Atlantic Current

Netherlands

 * NAC Basketbal, basketball club based in Breda, Netherland
 * NAC Breda, football club from Breda, Netherlands
 * NAC Stadion, a multi-use stadium in Breda, Netherlands

United States

 * Nashville Athletic Club, a sports club for young men in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
 * North Atlantic Conference, a U.S. collegiate athletic conference based in New England, U.S.
 * Northern Athletics Conference, former name of the U.S. collegiate athletic conference based in the Midwest U.S.

Other places

 * CA Oradea, football club based in Oradea, Bihor County, Romania
 * Nacional Atlético Clube (disambiguation), several Brazilian football teams
 * National Aquatic Centre, indoor aquatics facility in Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland
 * North America Challenge, a laser tag competition in the US and Canada

Other uses

 * Nam Cheong station, of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), Hong Kong
 * New Atlantic Charter, a 2021 agreement between the UK and US
 * North America and the Caribbean, see List of country groupings
 * North American Confederacy, a fictional government in the novel The Probability Broach by L. Neil Smith
 * Notified Area Council or nagar panchayat, one of the three types of urban system in India

title: NAC


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Lubumbashi

Lubumbashi (former names: Élisabethville (French); (Dutch)) is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, along the border with Zambia. The capital and principal city of the Haut-Katanga Province, Lubumbashi is the center of mining in the region, acting as a hub for many of the country's largest mining companies. No definite population figures are available, but the population of the city's urban area is estimated to be around 2,584,000 in 2021.

Élisabethville under Belgian rule
The Belgian government established the modern-day government in the city of Élisabethville (sometimes Elizabethville, both in French, or Elisabethstad in Dutch) in 1910, named in honour of Queen Elisabeth, consort to King Albert I of the Belgians. By that time, the government had taken over the colony from King Leopold II, and renamed it as the Belgian Congo. This site was chosen by Vice-Governor-General Emile Wangermée because of its proximity to the copper mine of Etoile du Congo and the copper ore smelting oven installed by Union Minière du Haut Katanga on the nearby Lubumbashi River.

The Comité Spécial du Katanga (CSK), a semi-private concessionary company set up in 1900, had its headquarters in Élisabethville throughout the colonial era. It enjoyed major privileges, mainly in terms of land and mining concessions, in the Katanga province.

The city prospered with the development of a regional copper mining industry. Huge investments in the 1920s, both in the mining industry and in transport infrastructure (railline Elisabethville-Port Francqui and Elisabethville-Dilolo), developed the Katanga province into one of the world's major copper ore producers. The population of the city grew apace from approx. 30,000 in 1930, to 50,000 in 1943 and 180,000 in 1957. It was the second city of the Belgian Congo, after Léopoldville.

As was customary with European colonies, the city centre of Élisabethville was reserved for the minority white (European) population. This consisted mainly of Belgian nationals, but the city also attracted important British and Italian communities, as well as Jewish Greeks. Congolese were allowed in the white city only during the day, except for the house servants ("boys") who often lived in shanty dwellings ("boyeries") located in the backyards of the European city houses.

Many men in the black population were labour immigrants from neighbouring regions in the Belgian Congo (Northern Katanga, Maniema, Kasaï), from Belgian Rwanda and Burundi, and from British Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia). The black population lived initially in a so-called cité indigène called Quartier Albert (now Kamalondo), south of the city centre and separated from the white city by a 700-metres-wide neutral zone. With population growth, new indigenous quarters were created. These still form the main suburbs of present-day Lubumbashi: Kenia, Katuba, and Ruashi. The work and businesses related to the mines made Élisabethville the most prosperous region of the Congo during the last decade of Belgian rule. In 1954, there were 8,000 black homeowners in the city while thousands more were skilled workers. It was estimated that black Africans living in Élisabethville had a higher standard of living than anywhere else on the continent at that time.

Miners in Élisabethville conducted a strike in December 1941 to protest the increasingly severe forced-labour regime that the Belgians imposed on the population because of the "war efforts". A rally in the Union Minière football stadium got out of hand. Police opened fire and numerous protesters were killed. In early 1944, the city was again in the grip of severe tensions and fear of violent protests, following a mutiny of the Force Publique (army) in Luluabourg.

Starting in 1933, the Belgian colonial authorities experimented with a limited form of self-governance by establishing the cité indigène of Élisabethville as a so-called centre extra-coutumier (a centre not subject to customary law). It was administered by an indigenous council and presided over by an indigenous chief. But due to constant interference from the Belgian authorities, the experiment soon proved a failure. The first indigenous chief – Albert Kabongo – appointed in 1937, was dismissed in 1943 and not replaced.

In 1957, Élisabethville was established as a fully autonomous city; it held the first free municipal elections in which the Congolese could vote. The people of Élisabethville gave a vast majority to the nationalist Alliance des Bakongo, which demanded immediate independence from Belgium.

Élisabethville functioned as the administrative capital of the Katanga province. It was also an important commercial and industrial centre, and a centre of education and health services. The Benedictine Order and missionary Order of Salesians offered a wide range of educational facilities to Europeans and Congolese alike, including vocational training (Kafubu). The Belgians established the University of Élisabethville in 1954–1955 (now the University of Lubumbashi).

Lubumbashi from 1960
Élisabethville served as the capital and centre of the secessionist independent state of Katanga during the 1960–1963 Congolese civil war. Moise Tshombe proclaimed Katangan independence in July 1960. Congolese leaders arrested him and charged him with treason in April 1961; however, he agreed to dismiss his foreign advisers and military forces in exchange for his release. Tshombe returned to Élisabethville but repudiated these assurances and began to fight anew. United Nations troops opposed Katangan forces and took control of the city in December 1961 under a strong mandate. Roger Trinquier, well known for his published works on counter-insurgency warfare, served as a French military advisor to President Tshombe until international pressure, led by Belgium, caused his recall to France.

Mobutu Sese Seko ultimately assumed power of the Congo, which he renamed Zaïre. He renamed Élisabethville as "Lubumbashi" in 1966 and in 1972 renamed Katanga as "Shaba."

In May 1990, the university campus of Lubumbashi was the scene of a brutal killing of students by Mobutu's security forces. In 1991–92 ethnic tensions between the Luba from Katanga and the Luba from Kasaï, resident in the city, led to violent confrontations and the forced removal from the city of the latter.

Congo entered another genocidal civil war in the late 1990s. The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo rebels captured Lubumbashi in April 1997. Rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila spoke from Lubumbashi to declare himself president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 after Mobutu Sese Seko fled Kinshasa.

When Laurent-Désiré Kabila decided to appoint a transitional parliament, in 1999, he decided to install the Parliament in Lubumbashi, in order to consolidate the fragile unity of the country. The parliament was installed in the building of the National Assembly of secessionist Katanga (the former city theatre), which had its capital in this city as well, in the 1960s. Lubumbashi was therefore the Legislative capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1999 to 2003, when all the country's central institutions were brought back to Kinshasa.

On 7 September 2010 a large prison break happened in Lubumbashi after gunmen attacked a prison on the outskirts of the city. 960 prisoners managed to escape, including the Mai-Mai leader Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga. On 23 March 2013 a militia group of 100 fighters attacked Lubumbashi and seized a United Nations compound, which was surrounded by Congolese soldiers and members of the president's Republican Guard.

Geography
Lubumbashi lies at around 1208 m above sea level. The high altitude serves to cool the climate, which would otherwise be very hot. The Kafue River rises along the Zambian border near the city and meanders through north-central Zambia to the Zambezi River, cutting a long, deep panhandle into the country.

Climate
Lubumbashi has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Cwa, according to the Köppen climate classification), with warm rainy summers and pleasant, dry winters, with most rainfall occurring during summer and early autumn. Annual average rainfall is 1,238 mm (48.75 inches).

Languages
French is the official language, but the main spoken lingua franca in Lubumbashi is Kiswahili. The dialect of Kiswahili spoken all down the east side of Congo (including the provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu, Maniema, Katanga and Oriental, Western Kasai and Eastern Kasai) and almost all the way across to the Katangan border with Angola is called Kingwana. As many people have moved into Lubumbashi for employment from rural areas, they have brought many other local languages including Kiluba, Chokwe, Bemba and Kisanga. Kiswahili has been the chief language shared by most people.

Religious expression
Religious places of worship in Lubumbashi are predominantly Christian: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubumbashi (Catholic Church), Kimbanguist Church, Baptist Community of Congo (Baptist World Alliance), Baptist Community of the Congo River (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Community in Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches). On April 5, 2020, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced plans to construct a temple in Lubumbashi, its second temple in the country. There are also Muslim mosques.

Economy

Lubumbashi serves as an important commercial and national industrial centre. Manufactures include textiles, food products and beverages, printing, bricks, and copper smelting. The city is home to the Simba brewery, producing the famous Tembo beer.

The city hosts the headquarters of one of the country's largest banks, Trust Merchant Bank. The area also has a daily newspaper.

Mining
Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a base for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of the world's copper and half its cobalt, most of which comes from Katanga."

Transport
The city serves as a distribution centre for such minerals as copper, cobalt, zinc, tin, and coal.

Road
The city is crossed by Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9), which connects it to the cities of Lusaka and Kolwezi.

Rail
Lubumbashi is the center of the railway lines from Cape to Cairo Railway, which serves as a link with the cities of Ilebo, Kindu, Tenke, Sakania and Ndola.

In Tenke, the city connects with Kolwezi and Lobito, through the Benguela railway.

Air
Lubumbashi is home to the modern Lubumbashi International Airport.

Education

The largest institution of higher education is the University of Lubumbashi, founded in 1955, with also the teaching institutions Protestant University of Lubumbashi and the Graduate Institute of Health Sciences.

The Belgian international school École Privée Belge de Lubumbashi and the French international school Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal are in the city.

Parks
Muyambo Kyasa popularized the concept of parks. Muyambo Park opened in 2010. Located about 15 km from Lubumbashi, it is a large garden where children can play games, and adults relax. Other parks (or farms) include Mikembo and Futuka (once a reserve, now closed) on Kasenga Road in the city's outskirts.

Zoo
The zoo of Lubumbashi is one of the most visited tourist attractions. It was created during the colonial period, and is considered the most attractive zoo in the country. During the years of war, it deteriorated but it has been rehabilitated by AZLU, a non-profit organization. By 2007, great animals had been acquired for the zoo. AZLU is keeping the zoo "for education purposes, and the protection of the natural heritage of the country," as it can be read on signs. Today, it has almost been restocked with lions, tigers, monkeys, apes, pelicans, wart hogs, crocodiles, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards, eagles, parrots, ostriches, gazelles, etc. Apart from animals, the zoo features a restaurant, a veterinary center, and a termite museum.

Culture
Attractions in the city include a botanical garden, a zoo, and the regional archaeological and ethnological National Museum of Lubumbashi. Every two years, the Biennale of Lubumbashi is held across the city, showcasing works by artists from the region. In an interview in Ocula Magazine in 2019, the Biennale's artistic director, Sandrine Colard explained, 'The Congo is a country that is perpetually in the future. All of these different periods coalescing in one city is something I wanted to address.'

Art
Bogumił Jewsiewicki says that contemporary Lubumbashi art making is weak, especially when compared to the Kinshasan. He writes, "'No Lubumbashi popular painter has had an international career like that of the Kinshasa artist Chéri Samba, and there are in fact a number of artists and musicians in Kinshasa whom the whirlwind of international success has whisked farther from local audiences than any artist in Lubumbashi, and not only in Lubumbashi but in the surrounding province of Katanga.'"He names painters like Pilipili, Mwenze, Angali, Nkulu wa Nkulu, Maka, Tshimbumba, Dekab, and others.

Cinema
Ciné Bétamax, formerly "Ciné Palace" and "Ciné Eden", are the only modern movie theaters in the city which generally show popular recent Hollywood productions as well as NC-17 films. However, they also show movies about Congolese and African recent history like Mister Bob, Sniper: Reloaded, SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines, and Tears of the Sun. Before films, they both showed Congolese and international music videos, and US wrestling. The communication department of the University of Lubumbashi has collaborated with the movie theater to show students’ films.

Ciné Bétamax in particular also screens great football matches, and local singers’ concerts and Christian meetings are regularly held here.

Nigeria's Nollywood films are also, as in many other parts of the DRC and Africa, popular among the residents. These films are often sold on VCD and DVD platforms.

Music
The popular music from Kinshasa is much appreciated and played in Lubumbashi. Jean-Bosco Mwenda is likely the most famous Katangese musician. Many of his songs have become classical, and are endlessly remixed by new young artists. Modern Lubumbashi singers fall into two groups: those who play Soukous, such as Jo Kizi and Képi Prince, and those who play international urban music, such as Ced Koncept, Tshumani, M-Joe, RJ Kanierra, Oxygène, Agresivo, Nelson Tshi, and Da Costa on the other. Most artists are influenced by successful Dj Spilulu's productions, Kinshasa singers Fally Ipupa, Ferré Gola and World Music.

Lubumbashi music is characterized by the use of many languages (Swahili, Lingala, Tshiluba, French and some English) in the lyrics. It is rare to hear songs composed in only one language. This code switching and mixing expresses the cosmopolitan character of the city, but some critics think it weakens the lyrics, which seem to be particularly made for teenagers anyway. Serge Manseba and Karibyona are humorist-singers featured by G'Sparks.

French cultural influence
The "Institut Français" (formally known as "Centre Culturel Français"), located in the heart of the city, contributes a great deal to the cultural and artistic life of Lubumbashi. Students and researchers spend time in its library; it shows European and other French-language films; produces plays and other shows in its theater; and features local singers’ records for sale on display at the entrance.

Radio Okapi's cultural participation
Radio Okapi's Lubumbashi presenters participate each Saturday evening in "métissage," the cultural program of the radio. The whole country is informed of the cultural activities in the city.

National channel (RTNC/Katanga)
RTNC (Congolese National Radio and Television) has a provincial station located in Lubumbashi district at the junction of Lubilanshi and Sandoa. It has been very influential from the 1960s to the mid-1990s, at the end of the one-party system, and before the information technology revolution.

Independent channels
Zenith Radio, the first independent radio station in the city, started broadcasting in 1996; since then numerous radio and television stations have been established. They can be classified in three groups: religious channels (Zenith, RTIV, Canal de Vie, RNS, etc.), commercial channels (RTA, Mwangaza, Nyota, RTLJ, Malaïka, Kyondo, etc.), and mixed ones like Wantanshi Radio and Television.

Notable people

 * Bismack Biyombo (born 1992), NBA player currently with the Memphis Grizzlies
 * Grady Diangana (born 1998), Footballer
 * Albert Kanta Kambala (1958–2008), Zaire international footballer
 * Aimé Ngoy Mukena (1954–2022), Politician (Governor of Katanga, Minister of National Defense, Minister of Hydrocarbons, Member of Parliament) and Professor
 * Freddy Mulongo (born 1965), Congolese journalist
 * Oscar Tshiebwe (born 1999), Basketball player for the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team.
 * Lous and the Yakuza (born 1996), singer, rapper, songwriter, model, and artist
 * Tshala Muana (1958–2022), singer and dancer
 * Baloji (rapper) (born 1978), hip hop artist and actor.
 * Frédéric (1939-2003) Politician (Deputy Minister of Mines and then Minister of Mines in the Laurent-Désiré Kabila government)
 * Robert Kidiaba (born 1976) Politician and former professional footballer He spent most of his club career with TP Mazembe

Football
Football is the most popular sport in Lubumbashi. The city is home to football clubs of the top national level such as FC Saint Eloi Lupopo, CS Don Bosco and TP Mazembe. TP Mazembe is the most successful club in national competitions and the most successful Congolese club in international football achieving 5 Africa's Champions League and reaching a FIFA Club World Cup final. The Chairman of Mazembe is the former governor of the province of Katanga Moïse Katumbi Chapwe.

Until 1960, Congolese football was segregated between whites-only and blacks-only leagues and competitions. In 1911 the whites-only Ligue de Football du Katanga was founded in Elisabethville, organising in 1925 the first official local championship called the B. Smith Cup. The Katanga tournament was won by teams from Lubumbashi every recorded season except 2005. Simultaneously three blacks-only regional tournaments were played in the country. In 1950, the 'black' Elisabethville Football Association (FASI, Fédérations et Associations Sportives Indigènes) had over 30 affiliated clubs competing in four leagues divided over 3 divisions.

Both black and white tournaments in Lubumbashi and the country were played simultaneously until 1960, when they were unified. Since then the traditionally black clubs have dominated both local and national football.

The 'black' Ligue de Football du Elisabethville, now renamed the Ligue de Football du Lubumbashi, is the city's football tournament, organized since 1960 by the city's federation EFLU. FC Saint-Eloi Lupopo won the EFLU league 25 times in all up to 2003 being the most successful club in the seasons for which records are known (some are not known).

Basketball
Basketball players Myck Kabongo and Bismack Biyombo are from Lubumbashi. Oscar Tshiebwe, the consensus 2022 NCAA Division I men's player of the year at the University of Kentucky, is also from Lubumbashi.

Sister city

 * 🇧🇪 Liège, Belgium

title: Lubumbashi


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Gorham

Gorham or Goreham may refer to:

People

 * Arthur F. Gorham (1915–1943), American soldier
 * Benjamin Gorham (1775–1845), American politician
 * Christopher Gorham (born 1974), American actor
 * Claire Gorham (born c. 1966), English journalist and television presenter
 * Eville Gorham (1925–2020), Canadian-American scientist
 * Frederic Poole Gorham (1871–1933), American bacteriologist
 * Geoffrey de Gorham (fl. 1119–46), Norman English abbot and scholar
 * George Congdon Gorham (1832–1909), American politician and newspaper editor
 * George Cornelius Gorham (1787–1857), English cleric
 * Graeme Gorham (born 1987), Canadian ski jumper
 * Henry Stephen Gorham (1839–1920) English entomologist
 * John Gorham (graphic designer) (1937–2001), English graphic designer
 * John Gorham (military officer) (1709–1751), New England soldier, founder of Gorham's Rangers
 * John Gorham (physician) (1783–1829), Harvard Medical School's first professor of chemistry and pharmacology
 * John Gorham Palfrey (1796–1881), American clergyman and historian
 * Joseph Goreham (1725–1790), British soldier, commander at the Battle of Fort Cumberland
 * Justin Gorham (born 1998), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Kathleen Gorham (1928–1983), Australian ballerina
 * Kaye Goreham (fl. 1972), Australian flight attendant aboard hijacked Ansett Airlines Flight 232
 * Maurice Gorham (1902–1975), Irish journalist and broadcasting executive
 * Mel Gorham (born 1959), American actress
 * Nathaniel Gorham (1738–1796), American politician
 * Sire Richard Gorham (1917–2006), Bermudian soldier, aviator, businessman, and philanthropist
 * Robert Gorham, aka Rob da Bank (born 1973), British disc jockey
 * Sarah Gorham (born 1954), American poet
 * Scott Gorham (born 1951), American guitarist and songwriter

Places

 * Gorham, Illinois
 * Gorham, Kansas
 * Gorham, Maine
 * Gorham (CDP), Maine
 * Gorham High School (Maine)
 * Gorham, New Hampshire
 * Gorham (CDP), New Hampshire
 * Gorham, New York
 * Gorham (hamlet), New York
 * Gorham, North Dakota
 * Gorham Township, Fulton County, Ohio
 * Gorham's Bluff, Alabama
 * Gorham's Cave, sea cave and prehistoric settlement site in Gibraltar
 * Phelps and Gorham Purchase, a 1788 land deal in what is now western New York state

Other uses

 * Gorham (horse), an Australian thoroughbred horse, winner of the 1981 Expressway Stakes
 * Gorham Manufacturing Company, an American silver manufacturing and bronze foundry company
 * Gorham's disease, a congenital disorder characterized by massive bone loss

title: Gorham


text:
Talk:Perspective projection

I have removed the redirect to perspective distortion because perspective projection is not perspective distortion. It is just a term given for technically drawing a perspective, need not necessarily be distorted. All the technical explanation has to come here- picture plane, vanishing point, statonary point, etc., KRS 18:04, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Suggest you err. All perspective projection is innately distorted per article Perspective projection distortion. Also Perspective projection distortion would seem a natural sub topic of Perspective projection. Have therefore restored Perspective projection distortion.

"...in a manner that duplicates actual visual perception." This is not correct. have taken the liberty of zapping....Pat Kelso 06:51, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Giving an 'illusion of depth' is not correct, isometric and axonometric views also give an illusion of depth. What distinguishes perspective is that it tries to give an effect close to actual vision(the technique duplicates the effect of light rays falling on the eye), and that is what is correct and that is what I have written. I will wait for your counterargument for a couple of days before I make the changesKRS 03:38, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * ... And in fact, if you take a one-point perspective of an object such as a cube standing in front of it at the middle, then you can't see its third dimension at all!...So it is incorrect to say that illusion of depth is given/ produced... such a situation merely duplicates what the eye sees.
 * Also, since we are talking of normal visual perception of humans, that is the standard of measure... that itself cannot be termed a distortion, abnormality only exists with reference to normality KRS 14:37, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC

 * Isometric projection is just one type of "axonometric" projection. I accept your statement that axonmetrics give the illusion of depth. It shares that phenomenon with Perspective projection.

re: "Perspective projection refers to a type of technical drawing that graphically approximates on a planar(two-dimensional) surface (paper) the images of three dimensional objects so as to duplicate actual visual perception. It is sometimes also referred to as Perspective view or Perspective drawing or simply Perspective.

Please note perspective cannot both "approximate" and also "duplicate". "Approximate" is correct.

 * One point perspective may show (an illusion of) depth if the complete Horizon line appears above or below the object. In the special case where it does not, then there is no good reason for the image to be a perspective projection - unless one shows hidden (dashed) lines, in which case depth is shown again.

 * One point perspective is the only case in which the projected image might duplicate the image that the eye beholds - the case where an object, planar surface is parallel to the plane of projection and the center of the cone of vision projects from the geometric center of the object plane.

 * "...normal visual perception of humans, that is the standard of measure... that itself cannot be termed a distortion." Since we know that parallel lines do not intersect in nature but do in normal vision, I would prefer to think that the distortion obviously present lies in the eyes and not in nature (Euclid?). Pat Kelso 01:47, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

The accompanying graphic for this article is confusing to me, and looks like it may have been originally designed to illustrate another purpose. It seems that choosing two triangles whose points happen to be exactly coincident along the rays being drawn to the camera/eye would only be confusing to somebody who wanted to understand perspective projection. Perhaps a similar image, but of a more easily parsed 3D object (e.g. a cube or two) would be more helpful. Kjl 00:15, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Perspective projection and Perspective (graphical) seem to basically be about the same subject, I think they should be merged (i.e. take what contents is useful from the shorter one and work into the longer one), and decide which name to keep. I also did some literature search and fixed some factual errors with proper references in some of the smaller projection pages (i.e. linked from that views template) recently, so likely there's also still mistakes in the bigger articles (perspective and orthographic projection) - hopefully this can all be cleaned up eventually. --Allefant 20:36, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I think the [Perspective projection]] should probably just be merged & redirected into Perspective (graphical), just as linear perspective was.  They all discuss the exact same thing.  The "projection" template actually seems to be the main thing that Perspective projection has that Perspective (graphical) does not.  The template, however, seems less important than the information that is already at the head of the article (the diagram of perspective & the table of contents).  Perhaps it should be slipped into the "basic concept" section?Sir Isaac Lime 14:47, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think there's actually no information in the current Perspective projection text which is not already here, also the figure doesn't seem to fit the paragraph besides it. The list of concepts likely isn't that useful either as they are already used in the article (I think they all are), and that external spanish link should go away anyway. So the merge should be rather trivial. Whether or not Template:Views is really needed is another question - I'd just place it on Perspective (graphical) initially, and if it's not liked, maybe it should eventually be phased out from all articles who currently have it. --Allefant 15:21, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perspective projection


text:
Newbiggin-by-the-Sea

Newbiggin-by-the-Sea is a seaside town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, located on the North Sea coast.

The town is a fishing port and formerly a part of a trade route for shipping grain. Newbiggin Colliery operated from 1908 until 1967.

Newbiggin became a popular beach resort by 1828 and remains a tourist attraction with landmarks such as the Couple sculpture by Sean Henry, and the 13th-century parish church. The town council oversees governance while the economy remains diverse with 89 active companies as of this date. Newbiggin was part of the Wansbeck local government district until 2009, and lies within the Wansbeck UK Parliamentary constituency, represented by Ian Lavery MP since 2010. The town holds an annual music festival that raises money for charity and is also home to several religious sites representing various denominations.

Name
Newbiggin derives its name from the Old English nīwe (new) + Middle English bigging (building, house), and may refer to an extension of the early settlement and parish of Woodhorn.

Early history
The church was for centuries a chapel only, with a tower surmounted by a spire which was originally used as a beacon. In the 14th century, Newbiggin was a very important maritime centre, called upon to support Edward III in his campaigns against the Scots. In the Middle Ages, Newbiggin was a major port for the shipping of grain, third in importance after London and Hull. Henry III granted a charter for a weekly market on Monday and an annual fair; in 1337, as a borough of note, it sent bailiffs to a council on matters of state, convened by the Bishop of Lincoln, the Earl of Warwick and other noblemen.

1800 – present
In 1805, two boats, with nineteen men, were lost in a storm off Newbiggin, after which £1,700 was donated by fundraising in the Newcastle region to relieve the bereaved families. As early as 1828, Newbiggin was a popular beach resort, with facilities to cater for visitors. The town had five public houses, one of which had a spa-like array of bathing facilities, several shops and lodging houses. The village featured a shore with a beach about a mile in length, well suited for bathing. By 1848 it was established as a resort in warmer seasons. Several guesthouses took hold. The bay gave good anchorage for small vessels, but even then was very little used, except for the numerous boats belonging to the fishery, in which most of the inhabitants were employed. The fish caught were herring, cod, ling, haddock, salmon, trout, turbot, halibut, soles, lobsters and crabs, not only for the supply of the neighbouring markets but the region; and buildings for the curing of herrings.

Governance
Newbiggin-by-the-Sea has a town council.

Under the Local Government Act 1972 Newbiggin-by-the-Sea became part of the local government district of Wansbeck in 1974. The local government district was abolished in 2009, with its responsibilities transferred to the Northumberland County Council unitary authority.

Newbiggin-by-the-Sea is in the UK Parliamentary constituency of Wansbeck, which since the 2010 General Election has been represented at Westminster by Ian Lavery MP. Wansbeck is one of Northumberland's four Parliamentary constituencies.

The former local government district of Wansbeck and the Parliamentary constituency of Wansbeck both derive their names from the River Wansbeck which flows into the North Sea near Newbiggin-by-the-Sea.

Economy
Fishing has always been associated with Newbiggin, although later many inhabitants were employed in coal mining. By the Victorian era, Newbiggin was Northumberland's favourite seaside town, attracting hundreds of visitors every day in the summer months.

In 1869, there were 142 cobles (fishing boats) in Newbiggin-by-the-Sea.

Newbiggin Colliery was sunk in 1908. The colliery closed in 1967, but at its peak in 1940, 1,400 men were employed there. The former Newbiggin Colliery Band is now the Jayess Newbiggin Brass Band, named for its president and former member, cornet legend James Shepherd.

To date, there are 89 active companies based in Newbiggin.

Landmarks
The town was at the end of the first telegraph cable from Scandinavia in 1868, and was laid from Jutland, Denmark. Attractions in Newbiggin today include the 13th-century parish church, and the flagship Newbiggin Maritime Centre, which has replaced the former heritage centre at a cost of £3 million.

The lifeboat station was opened in 1851 following a fishing disaster in which ten Newbiggin fishermen lost their lives in stormy seas. It is the oldest operational boathouse in the British Isles. Celebrating over 160 years as a lifeboat station, Newbiggin has had 13 different station lifeboats over the years; today it operates an inshore Atlantic 85 lifeboat. The crews have been presented with 16 awards for gallantry.

A £10 million renovation to rebuild and improve Newbiggin's rapidly eroding beach involved importing 500,000 tonnes of sand from Skegness, delivered by the trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) Oranje and deposited on the beach through a pipe approximately 1 m in diameter. A new offshore breakwater was installed to accompany the matching breakwater on the opposite side of the bay. Also installed is a brass statue by sculptor Sean Henry named Couple, anchored in the centre of the bay.

Newbiggin-by-the-Sea boasts the longest promenade in Northumberland. Each spring and autumn, the promenade becomes a prime location for naturalists watching the North Sea seabird migratory passage.

Religious sites
The 13th century Parish Church of St Bartholomew, bleakly situated against a North Sea backdrop at Church Point, contains a notable collection of medieval gravestones. Eight complete cross slab grave covers have been reset in the walls of the north aisle which was rebuilt in 1912. The chancel, the east and western bays of arcades and the west tower are all 13th century, while the spire dates to the 14th century.

The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Woodhorn (commonly known as 'Woodhorn Church') is the oldest building in Wansbeck, with parts dating back to the 11th century, but has not functioned as a church since 1973. In recent decades, the building has housed at various times a museum and artists' studios. Newbiggin Town Council has set up the Woodhorn Church Working Group to discuss the future use of the now vacant building.

Woodhorn Church was once the mother church in the Parish of Woodhorn with Newbiggin. When she was declared redundant in 1973, that role passed to St Bartholomew's.

The Salvation Army has had a presence in Newbiggin-by-the-Sea since 1902 and its current premises consist of a worship hall on Front Street, opened in 1939, and a community hall on Vernon Place. The Salvation Army band features in the recollections of those who have grown up in Newbiggin or spent summer holidays there. Mary Heynes, who in her childhood was once head girl at the former West Junior School in Newbiggin, recalls that in the 1960s, "The Salvation Army would be on the Quay wall every Sunday doing a service and the band would play." In 1991 the Newbiggin-by-the-Sea Salvation Army Songster Brigade (the choir) recorded songs for BBC Radio.

St Mark's Church on Gibson Street was built in 1868 by the local stonemason William Gibson. Once a busy Presbyterian church, after the 1972 union of the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations in England St Mark's became a United Reformed church. St Mark's has now closed to worship. St Andrew's Methodist Chapel on Front Street was built in 1876. In 2010, the United Reformed and Methodist congregations in Newbiggin combined to form a single congregation in the South East Northumberland Ecumenical Area, meeting at St Andrew's which is now known as St Andrew's and St Mark's (Methodist/United Reformed) Church.

Prior to the building of St Andrew's in 1876, the Methodists used to meet in the Wesleyan Chapel on Robinson Square, which was built in 1844. In the early 20th century, the Robinson Square building was used by the Salvation Army before the Salvation Army acquired its current premises.

The Apostolic Church, whose beginnings can be traced to South Wales during the 1904-05 Welsh Revival, arrived in Newbiggin in 1936, initially hiring a room above the Co-operative store which still stands on Cleveland Terrace. Subsequently, the Apostolic Church acquired a building at 15–17 Gibson Street, but this closed to worship in 2010 and now houses the Newbiggin Boxing Club gym. After a long association with Newbiggin-by-the-Sea (Mary Heynes, former head girl of the West Junior School, reports that her father was an Apostolic preacher in the 1960s ), the Apostolic Church now has no congregation in the town.

St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, a small building on Front Street, is part of the Parish of St Aidan's in Ashington.

Summer fair
Until 2004 Newbiggin was host to a street fair that attracted thousands of people every year. In its final years, the fair was set out in the following format: starting at the beginning of the shopping area of Front Street, up to the Cresswell Arms public house flowing into Church Point car park and continuing along the seafront promenade. The lifeboat house and boatyard became the music venue. A stage replaced the boats and the lifeboat house opened its doors, serving food and afternoon tea. Appearances were made by Slade, Leo Sayer and TV show Gladiators star Michael Van Wijk.

Starting in 2010, the annual Old Ship Music Festival is attempting to bring back a summer event to the village. It invites bands from the region and worldwide to play, as well as local comedians, and raises money for charity with the help of local businesses. In 2010 it raised £700 for Help for Heroes, where in 2011, the chosen charity was the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation, and raised £1,100.

Notable people

 * John Braine was working at the library in Newbiggin (1954–56) when he wrote his best-selling novel Room at the Top.
 * James Shepherd (1936-2023), principal cornet of the Black Dyke Band, was born in Newbiggin.

title: Newbiggin-by-the-Sea


text:
Newbiggin

Newbiggin may refer to several places in England:

 * in Cumbria
 * Newbiggin, Ainstable, in the Eden district
 * Newbiggin, Dacre, in Eden district, 3 mi west of Penrith
 * Newbiggin, Furness, in South Lakeland district
 * Newbiggin, Hutton Roof, in the parish of Hutton Roof
 * Newbiggin, Kirkby Thore, in Eden district, 6 mi east of Penrith
 * Newbiggin-on-Lune, in Eden district, near Kirkby Stephen
 * in Derbyshire
 * Newbiggin, a former name of Biggin (Dovedale and Parwich Ward)
 * in County Durham
 * Newbiggin, Lanchester
 * Newbiggin, Teesdale
 * in North Yorkshire
 * Newbiggin, Askrigg, on the north side of Wensleydale
 * Newbiggin, south Wensleydale, on the south side of Wensleydale
 * in Northumberland
 * Newbiggin-by-the-Sea

title: Newbiggin


text:
Talk:Ridley Scott

Scott's World view!
Scott's Worldview ? ==

Would someone be able to tell me what Ridley Scott's worldview is? who shaped his mind? Where did he study? What was he taught by his parents, teaches, university proffessors / lecturers and his peers? What does he really believe? For this film did he research the historical facts? Who does he represent in making this film?

He went to this Brittish arts academy thanks to a school teacher of his who helped him get there, i cant remember any of it, but Scott talks about it in this Directors special, he also stated that his success is largely thanks to his brother, who helped him found RSA. He doesnt seem to research historical facts often, as he usually works close (or fights a lot) with the writter of the script, the worst situation of a script was in Blade Runner, in wich he had to fight with the 2 screen writters almost everyday, as all 3 of them had different views on what the movie should be. However, Scott is an avid reader of history. In representations, he really doesnt seem to have a statement per se, although there was this left-wing message in Kingdom of Heaven, some critics named him the "Leni Riefenstal of America's Army" for his work on Black Hawk Down.

Sir
Why is Sir?

 * Once you are knighted by the Queen, you are refered to Sir before your name ("Dame" if the honour goes to a lady). Its pretty much in the same way we call those who have doctorate: Doctors (usually a medic or lawyer there).

re-work of the movie section
Even though Scott is far from being an autheur director, he seems to have been have several different phases in his directorial career, beginning from what it could be called his years of being heavily influenced by Kubrick (from The Duelist to Blade Runner) to then taking a more visual aproach on his movies, thus a "middle age" in his career in wich movies turned out to be perfect in visuals, yet lacking acting and script (from Legend to 1492, with the exception of Thelma & Louise, wich although still has a visual aproach of what Scott refered as "americana", as all is sharp clean and very bright). To then a small intermezzo in wich he directed White Squal and G.I. Jane to then pass to a resurection perhaps, starting with Gladiator to Kingdom of Heaven. Of course, these are only ideas, as i feel much is lacking from the page, as theres also no clear separation between his commerials director to his movie director career. Thoughts?

Memorable scenes from Black Rain
Sato Steals the Plates

Conklin Meets Sugai

The Oyabun meet

So which one will be his upcomming feature?
According to IMDB, it will be Body of Lies (Penetration) and Blood Meridian (though that one seems unlikely for a number of reassons). But aparently thats not the only picture hes making... since hes also directing Tripoli, Nottingham (?), the invisible world and Shadow Divers. What amazes me the most is that in all these future productions either he's working with William Monahan or Russell Crowe (sometimes even both). Is there any chance to clean this pre-production mess?

P. K. Dick Novel Retitled
In the section Alien the article says that Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep was retitled as Blade Runner after the success of the movie. I believe this to be false, or at least misleading. Dick declined to write a novelization of the film. Instead, the novel Androids was reissued as a paperback under the title Blade Runner, although it was made clear that the real title was still Androids and the text was still that of the original novel. So the title of the book was not permanently changed. The article text on this point should be revised. Grantsky 13 April 2008 (I would have used the four tildes if my keyboard were working properly.)

Final cut
On which films did he have Final Cut Privilege???????????

title: Talk:Ridley Scott


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Brown sugar

Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown color due to the presence of molasses. It is by tradition an unrefined or partially refined soft sugar consisting of sugar crystals with some residual molasses content (natural brown sugar), but is now often produced by the addition of molasses to refined white sugar (commercial brown sugar).

Characteristics
The Codex Alimentarius requires brown sugar to contain at least 88% sucrose plus invert sugar. Commercial brown sugar contains from 3.5% molasses (light brown sugar) to 6.5% molasses (dark brown sugar) based on its total volume. Based on total weight, regular commercial brown sugar contains up to 10% molasses. The product is naturally moist from the hygroscopic nature of the molasses and is often labeled "soft." The product may undergo processing to make it flow better for industrial handling. The addition of dyes or other chemicals may be permitted in some areas or for industrial products.

Particle size is variable but generally smaller than that of granulated white sugar. Products for industrial use (e.g., the industrial production of cakes) may be based on caster sugar, which has crystals of approximately 0.35 mm.

From a type of raw sugar to a consumer product
The meaning of the term 'brown sugar' has changed over time. In the 19th century, American works referred to 'refining brown sugar'. Americans also referred to the 'Brown sugar of Commerce', which could be refined with a yield of 70% of white sugar. In the United Kingdom it was the same. There were two kinds of raw sugar. The most common kind was muscovado a.k.a. brown sugar, and was processed by British sugar refineries. The other kind of raw sugar was brown sugar which had been clayed and was known as clayed sugar. It was used for domestic purposes, but this usage was diminishing. In the 19th century United States the same meaning of the words raw sugar, brown sugar and muscovado was also noted: "Raw sugar, commonly called muscovado or brown sugar, not advanced beyond its raw state by claying, boiling, clarifying or other process".

In the mid 20th century United States, 'brown sugar' could refer to two products. It could be a raw sugar which had been centrifuged to a purity of about 97% pure sugar and that was offered as brown sugar in health food shops. However, in most cases it was white sugar to which molasses had been added. For the latter, a consumer magazine said, "contrary to opinion, this brown sugar is a product of the refinery." The most important consideration is that the term 'brown sugar' now came to refer to a product for consumers, instead of referring to a type of sugar that was processed by sugar refineries.

Smear campaign
In the late 19th century, the newly consolidated refined white sugar industry, which did not have full control over brown sugar production, mounted a smear campaign against brown sugar, reproducing microscopic photographs of harmless but repulsive-looking microbes living in brown sugar. The effort was so successful that by 1900, a best-selling cookbook warned that brown sugar was of inferior quality and was susceptible to infestation by "a minute insect". This campaign of disinformation was also felt in other sectors using raw or brown sugar such as brewing;

"Raw sugars are all more or less liable to be contaminated with decomposing nitrogenous matters, fermentative germs, and other living organisms, both animal and vegetable....For this reason, raw sugars must always be considered dangerous brewing materials."

Production
Brown sugar is often produced by adding sugarcane molasses to completely refined white sugar crystals to more carefully control the ratio of molasses to sugar crystals and to reduce manufacturing costs. Brown sugar prepared in this manner is often much coarser than its unrefined equivalent and its molasses may be easily separated from the crystals by simply washing to reveal the underlying white sugar crystals; in contrast, with unrefined brown sugar, washing will reveal underlying crystals which are off-white due to the inclusion of molasses.

The molasses usually used for food is obtained from sugar cane, because the flavor is generally preferred over beet sugar molasses, although in some areas, especially in Belgium and the Netherlands, sugar beet molasses is used. The white sugar used can be from either beet or cane, as the chemical composition, nutritional value, color, and taste of fully refined white sugar is for practical purposes the same, no matter from what plant it originates. Even with less-than-perfect refining, the small differences in color, odor, and taste of the white sugar will be masked by the molasses.

Definition
Natural brown sugar, raw sugar or whole cane sugar is sugar that retains some amount of the molasses from the mother liquor (the partially evaporated sugar cane juice). The term 'Natural brown sugar' can be traced back to at least the 1940s, when it was noted that the sugar refiners had pushed the brown sugar from the plantation owner out of the consumer market. Natural brown sugar was: 'The raw sugar, not the brown sugar most easily obtained, which usually is white sugar artificially colored.' So the term 'Natural brown sugar' came up to distinguish brown sugar that still contained part of its molasses from brown sugar that was really white sugar to which molasses had been added.

Modern types of natural brown sugar
Some natural brown sugars have particular names and characteristics, and are sold as turbinado, demerara or raw sugar. These have been centrifuged, and therefore can be said to have been refined to a large degree. Muscovado is darkest of the modern types of natural brown sugar.

Turbinado sugar is made from crystallized, partially evaporated sugar cane juice which has been spun in a centrifuge to remove almost all of the molasses. The sugar crystals are large and golden-coloured. This sugar can be sold as is or sent to the refinery to produce white sugar. Demerara sugar is now 97-99% pure sucrose and has also been centrifuged. What is now sold to the United States consumer as 'raw sugar' is also a centrifuged product. If it were raw sugar in the generally accepted meaning of an unrefined product, the Food and Drug Administration would take action. Some say that for consumers, raw sugar means that the sugar is highly refined, but has been crystallized only once.

Modern muscovado sugar sold to consumers is different from traditional Muscovado. It is made by refining sugar with lime, but not centrifuging it. This means that impurities like dirt and ash are removed, but the molasses remains.

Traditional types of natural brown sugar
Brown sugars that have been only mildly centrifuged or unrefined (non-centrifuged) retain a much higher degree of molasses than products sold as natural brown sugar to consumers in developed nations. These traditional brown sugars are called various names across the globe often depending on their country of origin: e.g. muscovado, panela, rapadura, jaggery, piloncillo, etc.

Muscovado from the Portuguese açúcar mascavado, was the most common type of raw sugar and was also called brown sugar. In the 19th century, this was the sugar that based upon weight yielded about 70% white sugar when fully refined.

Muscovado, panela, piloncillo, chancaca, jaggery and other natural dark brown sugars have been minimally centrifuged or not at all. Typically these sugars are made in smaller factories or "cottage industries" in developing nations, where they are produced with traditional practices that do not make use of industrialized vacuum evaporators or centrifuges. They are commonly boiled in open pans upon wood-fired stoves until the sugar cane juice reaches approximately 30% of the former volume and sucrose crystallization begins. They are then poured into molds to solidify or onto cooling pans where they are beaten or worked vigorously to produce a granulated brown sugar. In some countries, such as Mauritius or the Philippines, a natural brown sugar called muscovado is produced by partially centrifuging the evaporated and crystallizing cane juice to create a sugar-crystal rich mush, which is allowed to drain under gravity to produce varying degrees of molasses content in the final product. This process approximates a slightly modernized practice introduced in the 19th century to generate a better quality of natural brown sugar.

A similar Japanese version of uncentrifuged natural cane sugar is called kokuto (黒糖 kokutō). This is a regional specialty of Okinawa and is often sold in the form of large lumps. It is sometimes used to make shochu. Okinawan brown sugar is sometimes referred to as 'black sugar' for its darker colour compared to other types of unrefined sugar, although when broken up into smaller pieces its colour becomes lighter. Kokuto is commonly used as a flavouring for drinks and desserts, but can also be eaten raw as it has a taste similar to caramel.

Culinary and health considerations
Brown sugar adds flavor to desserts and baked goods. It can be substituted for maple sugar, and maple sugar can be substituted for it in recipes. Brown sugar caramelizes much more readily than refined sugar, and this effect can be used to make glazes and gravies brown while cooking.

For domestic purposes one can create the equivalent of brown sugar by mixing white sugar with molasses. Suitable proportions are about one tablespoon of molasses to each cup of sugar (one-sixteenth of the total volume). Molasses comprises about 10% of brown sugar's total weight, which is about one ninth of the white sugar weight. Due to varying qualities and colors of molasses products, for lighter or darker sugar, reduce or increase its proportion according to taste.

In following a modern recipe that specifies "brown sugar", one usually may assume that the intended meaning is light brown sugar, but how dark or light one prefers one's sugar is largely a matter of taste. Even in recipes such as cakes, where the overall moisture content might be critical, the amount of water contained in brown sugar is too small to matter. Much more significant than its water content is the fact that darker brown sugar or more molasses will impart a stronger flavor, with more of a suggestion of caramel.

Brown sugar that has hardened can be made soft again by adding a new source of moisture for the molasses, or by heating and remelting the molasses. Storing brown sugar in a freezer will prevent moisture from escaping and molasses from crystallizing, allowing for a much longer shelf life.

Although brown sugar has been touted as having health benefits ranging from soothing menstrual cramps to serving as an anti-aging skin treatment, brown sugar is no better for health than refined sugar, despite the minerals it contains (the amounts are negligible).

Nutritional value
One hundred grams of brown sugar contains 377 Calories (nutrition table), as opposed to 387 Calories in white sugar (link to nutrition table). However, brown sugar packs more densely than white sugar due to the smaller crystal size and may have more calories when measured by volume.

Any minerals present in brown sugar come from the molasses added to the white sugar. In a 100-gram reference amount, brown sugar contains 15% of the Daily Value for iron, with no other vitamins or minerals in significant content (table).

title: Brown sugar


text:
Gorman

Gorman may refer to:

People

 * Gorman (surname) and list of people with the surname

Canada

 * Gorman, Edmonton, Alberta

United States

 * Gorman, California
 * Gorman, Maryland
 * Gorman, North Carolina
 * Gorman, South Dakota
 * Gorman, Texas
 * Gorman Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota

Other

 * Gorman (brand), Australian women's fashion label
 * Bishop Gorman High School, private high school in Las Vegas, Nevada affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church
 * Siebe Gorman, British commercial diving equipment company
 * C.N. Gorman Museum, art museum located in Davis, California

title: Gorman


text:
Buck 65

Richard Terfry (born March 4, 1972), better known by his stage name Buck 65, is a Canadian alternative hip hop rapper. Underpinned by an extensive background in abstract hip hop, his more recent music has extensively incorporated blues, country, rock, folk and avant-garde influences.

Terfry is also a radio host, hosting the weekday Drive show on CBC Music since September 2, 2008. In addition, he once hosted a weekday program on CBC Radio 3's web radio station.

Early career and influences
Terfry was born in 1972 and raised in Mount Uniacke, Nova Scotia, a rural community 40 km north of Halifax. He was first exposed to rap music in the mid-1980s while listening to CBC Stereo's late-night show Brave New Waves, and then by listening to Halifax campus community radio station CKDU. CKDU then broadcast at only 33 watts, and he had to climb a tree in his yard to hear the station's hip hop show on his radio. Fascinated by hip hop, the young Terfry taught himself how to rap, DJ, and, later, to produce records. In 1990, Terfry self-produced his first song, "The Rhyme Has To Be Good", which later received airplay on the Halifax college radio station. His musical influences include MC Shan, David Lynch, Gitche Manitou and Kool Keith.

Using the moniker DJ Critical, he later hosted a hip-hop show on CKDU called The Bassment (later renamed The Treatment Program when he assumed the stage name Jesus Murphy), which aired for several years. This period overlapped with many of his non-major-label releases.

Stage names
Buck 65 has used a number of other stage names including Johnny Rockwell, Stinkin' Rich, Haslam, and Uncle Climax. These pseudonyms typically represent different characters in his raps (as in Uncle Climax, Johnny Rockwell and Stinkin' Rich) or different aspects of Buck's creativity (as noted above, DJ Critical was his DJ name on CKDU).

He explains the origin of his main performance name as follows: "I was born with the name Richard Terfry. Where I come from, it's common when a boy is named after his father, for the father to refer to the son as 'Buck'. I don't know where that comes from or when it started. It might be a 'out-in-the-country' thing. Growing up I knew lots of sons who were referred to as 'Buck'. Sometimes even if they weren't juniors. So the joke became, I was one of 65 (a number picked randomly) 'Bucks' in my town."

However, when appearing on Andy Kershaw's radio show in the UK on August 8, 2004, he gave a totally different explanation: some of his earliest public performances were with an older blues musician who used to joke that Terfry's regularity at showing up made him as reliable as a 1965 Buick. The nickname Buick 65 stuck until it was misprinted on a publicity poster as 'Buck 65' which he then adopted as his stage name.

Buck 65 has recorded an EP under the name of Dirk Thornton alongside Irishman DJ Flip; it was scheduled for release early 2007 but the date was not set. The first release under Dirk Thornton was a 7-inch vinyl single with the tracks "Yesterday's News" and "Catwalk."

Early releases
In 1993, he released his first cassette of rap tunes while performing under the alias Stinkin' Rich on the Halifax label No Records. The five song cassette was titled Chin Music, which was a reference to his interest in baseball. The release brought Stinkin' Rich to the attention of members of Halifax alternative rock band Sloan. Sloan signed him to their independent record label Murderecords and released a 7-inch single and a full-length cassette called Game Tight, again featuring a reference to baseball. As Stinkin' Rich, he also appeared on numerous songs by Halifax hip hop band Hip Club Groove.

After a brief break, Terfry returned reconstituted as Buck 65, releasing Weirdo Magnet (on Metaforensics) and Language Arts in 1996, followed by Vertex in 1997 (both on Four Ways to Rock/Metaforensics), and the 12" single The Wildlife (on Hand'Solo Records) in 1998. He recorded "Sebutonedef" (released in 1996 by Funtrip Records) as a collaboration with fellow Halifax artist Sixtoo. Other releases by the duo, known as Sebutones, are Psoriasis and 50/50 Where It Counts. While still far from mainstream success, he received several odd jobs in Canada's entertainment industry, including making soundtrack music and providing narration for a TV commercial for NBA apparel, and song lyrics for the popular children's program Sesame Street.

Man Overboard, originally released on Anticon in 2001, was a significant turning point in his career. The record, and the entire Anticon collective (of which Sixtoo was also a part), were considered hallmarks of a new avant-garde movement in underground hip hop. It was at this time that Buck met Cincinnati DJ Mr. Dibbs, who inducted him into the 1200 Hobos, a loosely knit hip-hop collective named for their proficiency in manipulating the Technics 1200 turntable. Also in 2001, Buck performed at the Snow Jam festival in 2001, and later that year, he released his next studio album, Synesthesia, on Endemik Records; the album was re-released the next year with a significantly different track listing on Warner Music Canada.

Major label releases
In 2002, Buck 65 signed a record deal with Warner Music Canada, which subsequently released much of his back catalogue, including Weirdo Magnet, Language Arts, Vertex, Man Overboard, and Synesthesia. During this time, he released two albums for the label, the first being Square in 2002, which was nominated for a Juno Award in 2003 for Alternative Album of the Year and Album Design of the Year. In 2003, Buck 65 released Talkin' Honky Blues, which saw a major stylistic shift in his music, incorporating elements of country music, folk, bluegrass, and electronica, amongst other musical styles; it later won the 2004 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year.

After a deal was signed with V2 Records in the United States, This Right Here Is Buck 65 was released in early 2005. The album is a compilation of previously released songs, re-recordings, and B-sides that was marketed as an introduction to his work for U.S. audiences. However, after V2 chose not to release his next effort, Secret House Against the World, the deal was amicably dissolved. Secret House Against the World was released in 2005 by Warner Music Canada, and saw Buck further experimenting with varying musical styles. Buck 65 gained additional recognition in 2006 when he appeared at the national Juno Awards with Pamela Anderson.

Dirty Work, Situation and Dirtbike
In late 2006, Buck 65 released a 5-song digital EP called Dirty Work. It was released over a month-long campaign, adding one song per week for free download via his website.

Buck 65 released the album Situation on October 30, 2007, on Strange Famous Records in the United States and Warner Music Group worldwide. The album is a concept album based around the year 1957, and is a return to a more "pure" hip hop sound than the previous blues, country and avant-garde influences in Secret House Against the World. It was produced by fellow Halifax DJ Skratch Bastid, aimed at making a "classic hip-hop record that pulses with joy and clarity of purpose". The album appeared on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart for one week at number 31.

He played with Symphony Nova Scotia in the Rebecca Cohn Auditorium on April 18, 2008.

In late 2008, Buck 65 released three one-track albums for free download. The three Dirtbike albums featured guest production and verses by Cadence Weapon, Emily Wells, D-Styles, Skratch Bastid, Serafina Steer, Jorun, Moka Only, Aupheus, Mia Clarke of Electrelane, Doseone among others. Dirtbike 1/3 signified a return to Buck 65's pre-Talkin' Honky Blues hip hop roots that was expected in Situation; in Buck 65's own words "it's a lot like the original versions of Vertex and Man Overboard."

In 2009, Buck 65 contributed "Blood Pt. 2" to the AIDS benefit album, Dark Was the Night, produced by the Red Hot Organization. It is a remix of Sufjan Stevens' take on the song "You Are the Blood", originally by Castanets.

Buck 65 formed Bike for Three! with Belgian producer Greetings from Tuskan (born Joëlle Phuong Minh Lê). Their debut album, More Heart Than Brains, was released on Anticon on May 26, 2009. The album features "sharp lyrical details and storytelling" by Buck 65, combined with Phuong Minh Lê's production creating an "exquisite, shimmering landscape that rarely plays by the rules."

20 Odd Years, Neverlove, and Laundromat Boogie
On February 1, 2011, Buck 65 released 20 Odd Years, named in honor of his twentieth anniversary in the music industry. The album continued the tradition of combining several different musical styles, and featured many different guest collaborators. The album was preceded by a series of four EPs, released digitally and on 7" vinyl: 20 Odd Years, Vol. 1: Avant (released June 8, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 2: Distance (July 12, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 3: Albuquerque (August 10, 2010); and 20 Odd Years, Vol. 4: Cenotaph (September 14, 2010). The latter EP was withdrawn from availability, presumably due to copyright issues involving Buck's sampling of the Bronski Beat single, "Smalltown Boy." The album primarily featured songs from these EPs, including a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Who By Fire", as well as two previously unreleased songs. Buck 65 later released an additional EP in the series titled 20 Odd Years Vol. 4: Ostranenie (November 21, 2011).

Buck 65 released Neverlove on September 30, 2014. The album was inspired by his divorce from his ex-wife. One day before its release, he also released the more lighthearted, and previously unannounced, album Laundromat Boogie through producer Jorun Bombay's Bandcamp page. Prior to the release of Neverlove, a music video for the album track "Super Pretty Naughty" was to be premiered by Entertainment Tonight, but according to Buck 65 on his website, "...when they saw the video and heard the song, they banned it from their show for what they deemed to be objectionable visual and lyrical content."

Hiatus
Terfry released an autobiography Wicked and Weird: The amazing tales of Buck 65 in 2015. Buck 65 played two shows with Symphony Nova Scotia on October 2 and 3, 2015 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in one of his final appearances before an extended hiatus. He was unable to perform a scheduled DJ set at the CBC Music Festival in Toronto on May 28, 2016, due to last-minute technical difficulties.

Aside from a performance on July 10, 2018, at a tribute concert for the late Anticon Records co-founder Brendon Whitney aka Alias, Buck 65 was on a musical hiatus from October 2015 until early 2020.

Return to recording
In May 2020, Controller 7 released a new album, featuring Buck 65 on vocals and DJ scratches.

He released a new album, King of Drums in 2022. Critic Robert Christgau put it at No. 7 on his 2022 Dean's List. That year also included collaboration albums with Tachichi ('Flash Grenade') and Birdapres ('The Last Dig').

Two Buck 65 albums were released in 2023: Super Dope and Punk Rock B-Boy, and both were listed in Robert Christgau's Dean's List for 2023 at No. 2 and No. 39, respectively.

Radio work
Terfry was a host on CBC Radio 3's web radio in 2006 and 2007. He accepted the host role on CBC Radio 2's Radio 2 Drive beginning fall 2008. He continues to host Drive daily from 3:30pm to 7pm EST. In the summer of 2021, he hosted Deep Dive on CBC Radio One on Saturday nights, which was a program playing classic pop music albums with Terfry giving background information on the albums.

Selected discography
Buck 65
 * Year Zero (1996)
 * Weirdo Magnet (1996)
 * Language Arts (1996)
 * Vertex (1997)
 * Man Overboard (2001)
 * Synesthesia (2001)
 * Square (2002)
 * Talkin' Honky Blues (2003)
 * Secret House Against the World (2005)
 * Strong Arm (2006)
 * Situation (2007)
 * Dirtbike 1-3 (2008)
 * 20 Odd Years (2011)
 * Laundromat Boogie (2014)
 * Neverlove (2014)
 * Dirtbike 4 (2015)
 * King Of Drums (2022)
 * Super Dope! (2023)
 * Punk Rock B-Boy (2023)

Stinkin' Rich (Pre-Buck 65 name)
 * Chin Music (1993)
 * Game Tight (1995)
 * Weirdo Magnet (Original version) (1996)

Bike for Three! (Buck 65 with Greetings from Tuskan)
 * More Heart Than Brains (2009)
 * So Much Forever (2014)

Sebutones (Buck 65 with Sixtoo)
 * Psoriasis (1996)
 * 50/50 Where It Counts (1997)

Double Nice (Buck 65 with Birdapres)
 * The Last Dig (2022)

with Greymatter
 * Johnny Rockwell Meets Henry Krinkle (1998)

with Controller 7
 * Tommy and Richie present "Billy" (2020)

with Tachichi
 * Flash Grenade (2022)

Awards and nominations

 * 2003: Square – Nomination for the Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year
 * 2004: Talkin' Honky Blues – Winner of the Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year
 * 2005: Nomination for the Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year
 * 2006: "Devil's Eyes" – Winner of the Juno Award for Video of the Year
 * 2011: "What's Wrong With That?" from the film Year of the Carnivore – Nomination for the Genie Award for Achievement in Music – Original Song

Book

 * Wicked and weird: The amazing tales of Buck 65, Doubleday Canada, 2015

title: Buck 65


text:
User:Arvindn/Paper version

This page outlines my proposal for a paper version of wikipedia.

There are two main possibilities for a paper version: a collection of brilliant prose, and a collection of articles on one narrow subject. Both are good, but I prefer the latter. Many proposals have been made, but AFAIK, none acted upon. I hope that by presenting my idea in fine detail I'm increasing the chances that it will be implemented.

Step 1
Everyone goes to List of Wikipedians by fields of interest and indicates, for each field they are interested in:
 * 1) Their expertise in that field (eg. masters/job experience etc.)
 * 2) Whether they would be interested in a paper version in that subject.

1) is more generally useful. For example, one of the only remaining reasons people hesistate to use/contribute to wikipedia is that they doubt the reliability of information since anyone can edit any article. Wikipedians, however, have a different experience: self-selection works extremely well. Since almost everyone is an expert in something or the other, and people generally stick to working on topics they are most familiar with, it follows that most articles are in fact written by experts.

So if every wikipedian did 1), we it would give us a very powerful tool: we would be able to point the press/skeptics to List of Wikipedians by fields of interest and say: "look, we have so many Ph.Ds and so many professionals contributing to practially every topic under the sun, and that's how we're able to produce kick-ass accurate timely articles in huge quantity".

But we are more interested in 1) in the context of 2). If everyone did 1) and 2), then when someone thinks doing a paper wikipedia on subject X is a good idea, and they find that a sufficient number (20 should be a lower bound IMHO) of wikipedians have expressed interest in subject X, the following happens:

highly incomplete, will continue tomorrow

Step 2
The interested wikipedians announce their project and begin with List of X related articles a starting point. The list is, or will become, the list of articles that will be included in the paper version.

For each article in the list, someone proposes a version of the article for inclusion in the paper WP. This would generally be the current revision, but it could be anything in the history; this would be useful in cases like there's an ongoing edit war etc.

...

title: User:Arvindn/Paper version


text:
Sage Francis

Paul William "Sage" Francis (born November 18, 1976) is an American independent underground rapper from Providence, Rhode Island. He is the founder and CEO of Strange Famous Records.

Early life and education
Francis was born in Miami, Florida, but grew up in Providence, Rhode Island. He is an only child and grew up for most of his childhood with his mother and stepfather after his parents divorced when he was young. He lived in different parts of Rhode Island including North Smithfield and Woonsocket. His mom worked as a bartender and his stepfather worked as a locksmith.

Francis began writing and recording original lyrics at age 8, being inspired by acts such as Run DMC and Public Enemy. According to Artistdirect, Francis began sneaking out of his parents' house at age 12 to participate in rap battles.

Francis received a degree in communications from Dean College in Franklin, Massachusetts and a degree in journalism from the University of Rhode Island.

Career
In 1996, he recorded his first official demo tape, and by 1998 he had a radio show on WRIU called True School Session.

Francis won the Superbowl MC Battle in Boston in 1999, beating Esoteric. Francis won the Scribble Jam emcee battle in 2000, beating Blueprint.

In 2001, the song "Makeshift Patriot," recorded on October 11, 2001, became an Internet hit for its critique of American media during and immediately following the September 11 attacks. Francis considers "Makeshift Patriot" to be the song that really made things come together for him. It was on the 2002 mix tape, The Known Unsoldier – Sick Of Waging War... and was widely circulated for free.

He released the critically acclaimed first solo album Personal Journals in 2002. The record Hope, his only album with Joe Beats released under the name Non-Prophets, was named after the state of Rhode Island's motto of hope, and was meant to be very Rhode Island-centric.

Francis broke music genre barriers by getting signed to Epitaph Records, making himself the first hip hop artist to sign with the punk rock label. He released three albums with Epitaph: A Healthy Distrust, Human the Death Dance and Life.

Francis has described A Healthy Distrust as being a political record, which reflected his mistrust of government and big business with a focus on socio-political matters.

In May 2007, a music video of the song "Got Up This Morning" from Human the Death Dance was released. The song featured vocals by Jolie Holland and beats produced by Buck 65. The video featured cameos from B. Dolan, Brother Ali, Buck 65, Divinci from Solillaquists of Sound, Holland, Slug, and Tom Inhaler from Francis' band and Strange Famous Records

Life was a shift into a different style for Francis, focusing on spoken word and indie rock. The record featured contributions and collaborations with Califone, Chris Walla, Jason Lytle, and Mark Linkous.

Francis made a guest appearance on Bad Religion's The Empire Strikes First, on the track "Let Them Eat War".

In 2014, Francis released Copper Gone after a four-year break from touring. The album was named after the phenomenon Francis saw in his neighborhood where abandoned buildings would have their copper pipes stripped to be sold, and then tagged as "Copper Gone" to let others know that there was no copper left to steal.

Francis says that he has been releasing mix tapes consistently since 1999, and will continue to release the Sick of... mix tape series on an ongoing basis.

Francis has toured extensively, and has performed shows with Atmosphere, Brother Ali, and Eyedea & Abilities.

Epic Beard Men
Francis collaborated with B. Dolan under the name Epic Beard Men. The duo's official debut single, "War on Christmas", was released in 2017. In 2018, the duo released the Season 1 EP, as well as "Five Hearts", a single from the EP. In 2019, the duo released the first studio album, This Was Supposed to Be Fun. It includes "You Can't Tell Me Shit", which became The Stranger's "Inbox Jukebox Track of the Day". The album was placed at number 20 on PopMatters' "20 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2019" list.

Strange Famous Records
Francis is the founder and CEO of the independent hip hop record label Strange Famous Records. The label first began in 1996 as a way for him to release his previously unreleased songs in the late 1990s. It has since evolved into an official enterprise with an expanding roster of like-minded artists. He released several Sick Of mixtapes available on his website.

Social activism
Francis worked with fellow rapper B. Dolan who had the idea to start an organization and website named KnowMore.org aka KnowMore: The People's Corporation Watch Project which focused on connecting consumers with social responsibility information about corporations and responsible consumerism.

Francis went to South Africa to work on solutions to AIDS in South Africa, especially in regards to children. As part of that effort he was part of a documentary on HIV in South Africa.

Other work
Francis is also part of the contemporary spoken word movement. His relationship with the Providence poetry slam community (he was on their 1998, 1999 and 2002 national poetry slam teams) led to it being called "The House that Sage Francis Built." From 2000 to 2002, he also DJ-ed for the NYC-Urbana poetry slam, a weekly slam series held at the legendary punk rock venue CBGB.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Voice Mail Bomb Threat (1998) (with Art Official Intelligence)
 * Personal Journals (Anticon, 2002)
 * Hope (Lex, 2003) (with Joe Beats, as Non-Prophets)
 * A Healthy Distrust (Epitaph, 2005)
 * Human the Death Dance (Epitaph, 2007)
 * Li(f)e (Anti-, 2010)
 * Copper Gone (Strange Famous, 2014)
 * This Was Supposed to Be Fun (Strange Famous, 2019) (with B. Dolan, as Epic Beard Men)

title: Sage Francis


text:
Talk:Susan Sarandon

Her statement
Adding this sentence is crucial to understanding what she said. She made an accusation that is blatantly false, and it is not original research to cite this fact here. ". This is despite the fact that in 2022 according to the FBI there were over 7 times as many (1,122) hate crimes against Jews than there were against (158) Muslims. "

Leaving her false allegation up without correction is a libel against the Jewish people, and a violation of English Wikipedia non-discrimination policy

Truth matters and Wikipedia should pride itself on truth not antisemitism. Yestyest2000

 * It is against WP:SYNTH to be placing "Sarandon said X" from one source versus "Y is the truth" to create the suggestion that Sarandon lied; it's practically a textbook example. --Nat Gertler (talk) 08:24, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * As Nat says above, the disputed content is an example of synthesis. We don't have a source which compares Sarandon's statement with the rates of hate crime, so we should not make the comparison either. If a reliable source draws a comparison between Sarandon's statement and the rate of hate crime in the US, we could consider including it in her bio.
 * * Sarandon's statement was "There are a lot of people afraid of being Jewish at this time, and are getting a taste of what it feels like to be a Muslim in this country, so often subjected to violence". What allegation is she making? What is the "libel against the Jewish people"? Burrobert (talk) 08:31, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Calling this WP:SYNTH is false. either way there are articles linking some false numbers making the same point, so I will incorperate that into the article and then we'll see if you still have problems.
 * https://www.nysun.com/article/susan-sarandon-is-dropped-by-her-agent-after-saying-jews-coming-under-antisemitic-attacks-are-getting-a-taste-of-what-its-like-to-be-muslim-in-america
 * https://twitter.com/HonestReporting/status/1727103807300223113 Yestyest2000 (talk) 08:59, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I suggest you bring any exact wording here, with citations (from reliable sources) and gaining consensus prior to attempting to edit in any material concerning this again. TarnishedPathtalk 10:27, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've reverted the addition. Twitter is not a RS, the second sentence was classic WP:SYNTH. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 10:32, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Just noting that I've blocked for a week for BLPvio. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:33, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

"After" but not "because of"
At this point, we have in both the intro and and the body of the article that her representation dropped her after her comments, and that matches what we have in the sources, that X happened after Y. What we don't have is sourcing saying she was dropped because of, due to, in response to those comments. There is no public statement from the agency being quoted. There's probably enough mention to justify including it in the body, but in the introduction? It's not as though we tend to mention representation at all in the intro for major actors, much less a change of representation. I think we should delete that final sentence. Thoughts? -- Nat Gertler (talk) 17:46, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @NatGertler, I think there's an argument for removing the material in its entirety per WP:WEIGHT, WP:DUE and WP:BLP given she wasn't even doing work for the agency. TarnishedPathtalk 07:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The agency was not representing her, is that what you're saying? If so, source? -- Nat Gertler (talk) 07:30, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What I'm saying is that there's no indication in any of the reporting that Sarandon was currently doing any work that they'd gotten for her, or had any upcoming work which came from them. Given how much UTA made this about themselves they would have put that in their press release. This appears to be nothing more than UTA big noting themselves. Even if the material does stay in the article, given that it takes up all of 13 words in the body of the article, there's extremely little argument for it to be lede at all. The amount of space it takes up in the lede (10 words) is almost as much as is take up in the body which is a ludicrous situation and not at all in keeping with MOS:LEADBIO, WP:DUE and WP:WEIGHT. TarnishedPathtalk 09:47, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not finding anywhere where UTA "made this about themselves". Doing a quick Google search, I'm not seeing that they did anything but answer press inquiries with the simple statement that they no longer represent Sarandon. Given that her IMDb listing includes a work in "preproduction", that is a deal which was presumably negotiated through her agent. She is also in the cast of a TV series the release of which has been put on pause (for reasons relating to the war but not to Sarandon's comments on it) which is mentioned as a six-part series but could, presumably, have a second season (if ever released.) -- Nat Gertler (talk) 16:15, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The very act of saying they are not representing someone is virtue signalling. There's no other way to interpret it than through the lense of PR. If they didn't want to make it about themselves, they would have decided to not represent her and not told the world about it.
 * In any case, I'm having a hard time seeing how something which makes up 13 words in the body gets 10 words in the lede. TarnishedPathtalk 02:19, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you show me where they "told the word about it" rather than answer inquiries? if someone calls you about someone that they think is your client but is a former client, telling them that you no longer represent them is the simple and direct answer, no signaling beyond the facts involved. Had they put out a press release announcing that they were no longer representing her, that might be a different matter, but I have found no sign that they did so. -- Nat Gertler (talk) 05:37, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * After doing some searches, it appears you are correct. It appears as though it was Deadline that approached UTA. As I stated above though given that only 13 words is dedicated to this in the body of the article it seems WP:UNDUE to dedicate 10 words to it in the lede. TarnishedPathtalk 08:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I have made the deletion from the introduction. -- Nat Gertler (talk) 20:28, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that's sensible. Not everything can be jammed into a lede just because it is the issue of the second. TarnishedPathtalk 23:52, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Susan Sarandon


text:
Gosnell

Gosnell may refer to:

People

 * Bert Gosnell (1880–1972), English international footballer
 * Harold Foote Gosnell (1896–1997), American political scientist and author
 * James Frederick Gosnell, mayor of London, Ontario, Canada
 * Jim Gosnell (1899–1969), Australian rules footballer
 * Joseph Gosnell (1936–2020), distinguished leader of the Nisga'a people of northern British Columbia, Canada
 * Kermit Gosnell (born 1941), American doctor, abortion provider, and convicted murderer in Philadelphia
 * Raja Gosnell (born 1958), American film director and editor
 * Tom Gosnell (1951–2014), mayor of London, Ontario, Canada

Other uses

 * Gosnell, Arkansas - a city in Mississippi County, Arkansas, United States
 * Gosnell: The Trial of America's Biggest Serial Killer, a movie about Kermit Gosnell
 * Gosnell School District

title: Gosnell