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Talk:Neve Campbell

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Winta McGrath, Australian 13 year old actor, looks like he could be her son, from Raised by Wolves, who plays Campion 6th child of gen1.
Has anyone else noticed? The entire series, I was thinking why does he look so familiar? Then it hit me. Neve Campbell! I then decided to look up his parents. He would have been a striking good looking resemblance to his mother. But he makes a great looking boy regardless and so talented. 2600:1700:CE90:AF40:A4B5:FB98:94E7:A3D7 (talk) 07:02, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

Birthday?
Her date of birth is not mentioned anywhere on the page? 24.5.142.97 (talk) 04:17, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

 * That is because of a lack of a reliable source - not uncommon for actors born relatively recently. If you can find a reliable source, please add.Sbishop (talk) 07:28, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Requested quote/context
You recently restored the subject's DOB and added a citation that is rather difficult to verify. Can you provide the quote in context please for those that don't have access to the material? Thanks. Toddst1 (talk) 01:45, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neve Campbell


text:
Talk:Christopher II of Denmark

Untitled
This article is wrong. WALDEMAR III (1209-1231) was the son of king Waldemar III and his first wife, Margarethe of Bohemia. He suceeded his father in 1326 and he married to his step-mothers's niece, Eleonor of Portugal. He died young without having any children. He was suceeded by his half-brother, Eric IV.

WALDEMAR IV (1320-1375) was the son of king Christopher II and his wife Eufemia of Pomerania. He suceeded his father in 1340, with the age of 20. In that same year he married Edwiges of Schlesvig, and they had 6 children:

Cristopher(1344-1363) Margarethe(1345-1350) Ingeborg(1347-1370) married to Henry I, duke of Mecklenburg Catherine (1349-...) died in childhood Waldemar (1350-...) died in childhood MARGARETHE I, who suceeded the throne.

 * Eh could you say that again? I'm pretty sure Valdemar III wasn't the son of himself. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 00:00, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 14:13, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Christopher II of Denmark


text:
User talk:204.83.211.251

April 2009
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Quintet

A quintet is a group containing five members. It is commonly associated with musical groups, such as a string quintet, or a group of five singers, but can be applied to any situation where five similar or related objects are considered a single unit.

Overview
In classical instrumental music, any additional instrument (such as a piano, clarinet, oboe, etc.) joined to the usual string quartet (two violins, a viola, and a cello), gives the resulting ensemble its name, such as "piano quintet", "clarinet quintet", etc. A piece of music written for such a group is similarly named.

The standard wind quintet consists of one player each on flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn, while the standard brass quintet has two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. Other combinations are sometimes found, however.

In jazz music, a quintet is group of five players, usually consisting of two of any of the following instruments, guitar, trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, flute or trombone, in addition to those of the traditional jazz trio – piano, double bass, drums.

In some modern bands there are quintets formed from the same family of instruments with various voices, as an all-brass ensemble, or all saxophones, in soprano, alto, baritone, and bass, and sometimes contrabass.

Performing groups

 * Artecombo
 * Bergen Wind Quintet
 * Canadian Brass
 * Danzi Quintet
 * Dorian Wind Quintet
 * Hi-5
 * Imani Winds
 * New London Chamber Ensemble
 * New York Woodwind Quintet
 * Quintet of the Americas
 * Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet
 * Vancouver Woodwind Quintet
 * Vento Chiaro

Classical music

 * Luigi Boccherini: String Quintet in E major, Op. 11, No. 5 (1775)
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Quintet for Piano and Winds, K. 452 (1784), Clarinet Quintet, K. 581 (1789)
 * Franz Schubert: Trout Quintet in A major, D. 667 (1819), String Quintet in C major, Op. 163 (D. 956, 1828)
 * Robert Schumann: Piano Quintet in E-flat, Op. 44 (1842)
 * Johannes Brahms: Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 (1862); String Quintet No. 1 in F major, Op. 88 (1882); Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115 (1891)
 * Antonín Dvořák: Piano Quintet No. 1, Op.5 (1872); Piano Quintet No. 2 (1887); String Quintet No. 3 (1893)
 * Anton Bruckner: String Quintet in F major (1879)
 * Paul Hindemith: Kleine Kammermusik, Op. 24, No. 2 (1922)
 * Carl Nielsen: Wind Quintet (1922)
 * Arnold Schoenberg: Wind Quintet, Op. 26 (1923–24)
 * Heitor Villa-Lobos: Quinteto (em forma de chôros) (1928)
 * Dmitri Shostakovich: Piano Quintet in G minor, Op. 57 (1940)
 * Karlheinz Stockhausen: Zeitmaße (1955–56)
 * George Perle: Wind Quintet No. 4 (1984–85)

Jazz at Massey Hall
Also known as The Greatest Jazz Concert Ever, featuring a group simply known as "The Quintet", made up of Charlie Parker, alto saxophone; Dizzy Gillespie, trumpet; Bud Powell, piano; Charles Mingus, bass; and Max Roach, drums. They performed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada on 15 May 1953. This concert took place against all odds: Bud Powell was drunk; Charlie Parker, identified as "Charlie Chan" in the original notes, played on a plastic alto saxophone; and Dizzy Gillespie would disappear offstage to check on the status of the first Rocky Marciano-Jersey Joe Walcott heavyweight championship match.

Miles Davis

 * The First Great Quintet (1955–1958) Miles Davis, trumpet; John Coltrane, tenor saxophone; Red Garland, piano; Paul Chambers, bass; Philly Joe Jones, drums.
 * The Second Great Quintet (1964–1968) Miles Davis, trumpet; Wayne Shorter, tenor saxophone; Herbie Hancock, piano; Ron Carter, bass; Tony Williams, drums.

Soul/R&B

 * Hi-Five
 * The Temptations 1960–present
 * The Dells 1954–present
 * The Dramatics
 * The Tavares
 * The Stylistics
 * Blue Magic
 * Jackson 5 1964–1975,
 * The Jacksons 1976–

Doo wop

 * The Moonglows
 * The Heartbeats
 * The Jive Five
 * The Flamingos
 * The Five Keys
 * The Five Satins

title: Quintet


text:
Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high or low amounts of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), which include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. Although dyslipidemia is a risk factor for ASCVD, abnormal levels don't mean that lipid lowering agents need to be started. Other factors, such as comorbid conditions and lifestyle in addition to dyslipidemia, is considered in a cardiovascular risk assessment. In developed countries, most dyslipidemias are hyperlipidemias; that is, an elevation of lipids in the blood. This is often due to diet and lifestyle. Prolonged elevation of insulin resistance can also lead to dyslipidemia. Likewise, increased levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) may cause dyslipidemia.

Classification
Physicians and basic researchers classify dyslipidemias in two distinct ways. One way is its presentation in the body (including the specific type of lipid that is increased). The other way is due to the underlying cause for the condition (genetic, or secondary to another condition). This classification can be problematic, because most conditions involve the intersection of genetics and lifestyle issues. However, there are a few well-defined genetic conditions that are usually easy to identify.

The three main blood levels collected to assess for dyslipidemia are triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). High triglyceride levels (>1.7 mmol/L fasting) can indicate dyslipidemia. Triglycerides are transported through the blood by using very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) as a carrier. One thing to note when measuring triglyceride levels is that fasting for 8–12 hours is required to get an accurate result as non-fasting TG results may be falsely elevated. If TG results are greater than 10 mmol/L, then this needs to be addressed since severe hypertriglceridemia is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Another blood level collected to assess dyslipidemia is HDL-C. HDL cholesterol is made up of very little lipids and a high amount of protein. It is beneficial in the body because it functions by going to the tissues and picking up extra cholesterol and fat. Due to the positive effects of HDL-C, it is named "good cholesterol" since it helps prevent plaque formation. Other functions of HDL-C is promoting cardiovascular health such as antioxidation effects, protection against thrombosis, maintenance of endothelial function, and maintaining low blood viscosity. Due to the positive functions of HDL cholesterol, a low level indicates dyslipidemia and is a risk factor for complications. Another diagnostic test that is often reviewed is LDL cholesterol. Low density lipoproteins are made up of cholesterol, TG, phospholipids, and apolipoproteins. LDL-C molecules bind to the endothelium of blood vessels and cause plaque formation. Once plaques are formed, LDL-C floating in the bloodstream can attach to the plaques and cause further accumulation. In addition to plaque formation, LDL-C molecules can undergo oxidation. Oxidation can cause further accumulation of cholesterol and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which damages the blood vessels. Due to the damaging effects of LDL-C, high levels increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and indicate dyslipidemia.

Dyslipidemias can also be classified based on the underlying cause, whether it is primary, secondary, or a combination of both. Primary dyslipidemias are caused by genetic disorders that can cause abnormal lipid levels without any other obvious risk factors. Those with primary dyslipidemias are at higher risk of getting complications of dyslipidemias, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, at a younger age. Some common genetic disorders associated with primary dyslipidemias are homozygous or heterozygous hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and HDL-C metabolism disorders. In familial hypercholesterolemia, a mutation in the LDLR, PCSK9, or APOB is usually the reason for this and these mutations result in high LDL cholesterol. In combined hyperlipidemia, there is an overproduction of apoB-100 in the liver. This causes high amounts of LDL and VLDL molecules to form. A unique sign of primary dyslipidemias is that patients will often present with acute pancreatitis or xanthomas on the skin, eyelids or around the cornea. In contrast to primary dyslipidemias, secondary dyslipidemas are based on modifiable environmental or lifestyle factors. Some diseases that are associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia are uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cholestatic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. What people eat can also have an influence, with excessive alcohol use, too much carbohydrates, and diets high in saturated fats having a higher risk. Some medications that may contribute to dyslipidemia are thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, oral contraceptives, atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine), corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and cyclosporine. Other non-hereditary factors that increase the risk of dyslipidemias are smoking, pregnancy, and obesity.

The Fredrickson Classification seen below classifies dyslipidemias into categories:

Screening
There is no clear consensus of when screening for dyslipidemia should be initiated. In general, those with a high risk of cardiovascular disease should be screened at a younger age with males between 25 and 30 years old and females between 30 and 35 years of age. Testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit. UpToDate suggests screening males at age 35 and females at age 45 in those without any risk of cardiovascular disease. All individuals regardless of age, should be screened if they have the risk factors listed below. Cardiovascular risk can be determined using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and should be reassessed every 5 years for patients who are 40 to 75 years of age.

Risk factors
Risk factors include:

 * Family history of dyslipidemia
 * Current cigarette smoking
 * Diabetes mellitus
 * Hypertension
 * Obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2)
 * Atherosclerosis
 * Family history of premature coronary artery disease
 * HIV infection
 * Erectile dysfunction
 * Chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2)
 * Abdominal aneurysm
 * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 * Clinical manifestations of hyperlipidemias (xanthelasmas, xanthomas, premature arcus cornealis)
 * Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
 * Inflammatory bowel disease

Non-pharmacological choices
An important non-pharmacological intervention in dyslipidemia is a diet aimed at reducing blood lipid levels and also weight loss if needed. These dietary changes should always be a part of treatment and the involvement of a dietician is recommended in the initial evaluation and also in follow-up as well. A 3-month trial of dietary changes is recommended in primary prevention before considering medication, but in secondary prevention and in individuals at high-risk, cholesterol-lowering medication is used in conjunction with diet modifications.

Recommended diets include the DASH diet, Mediterranean diet, low glycemic index diet, Portfolio diet, and vegetarian diet. Patients should reduce their intake of saturated fats, dietary cholesterol, and alcohol, and increase their intake of total fibre ( > 30g/day), viscous soluble fibre ( > 10g/day), and omega-3 (EPA and DHA [2-4g/d] used to lower TG only). They should also increase the proportion of mono-and polyunsaturated fats that they intake.

Other lifestyle modifications include weight loss (5 - 10% of body weight loss) and reduction of abdominal obesity, 30–60 minutes per day of moderate-vigorous exercise, smoking cessation, stress management, and getting 6–8 hours of sleep at night.

Pharmacological choices
Based on the Framingham Risk Scores, there are different thresholds that indicate whether treatment should be initiated. Individuals with a score of 20% are considered to have a high cardiovascular risk, a score of 10 – 19% indicates an intermediate risk, and patients with a score less than 10% are at low risk. Statin therapy and non-pharmacological interventions are indicated in those with high cardiovascular risk.

In those at intermediate risk or low risk, the use of statin therapy depends on individual patient factors such as age, cholesterol levels, and risk factors.

Statins are considered the first-line agents but other drugs can be substituted if the lipid targets are not achieved with statin therapy or if they are not tolerated.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
Statins competitively inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase which is used in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and they include atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin. These agents work to lower LDL-C levels and are also associated with a decrease in CVD mortality, CVD morbidity, and total deaths. They have a small effect on HDL-C levels as well.

Resins
Resins are bile acid sequesterants that work by preventing the intestinal re-uptake of bile acids, thus increasing their fecal loss and accelerating the liver's utilization of cholesterol to replace lost bile acids. Resins include cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevalem, and they all decrease LDL-C while increasing HDL-C levels slightly. The Lipid Research Council - Cardiovascular Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT) also showed that when these agents were used alone, they improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Fibrates
The cholesterol lowering effect of fibrates is due to their ability to activate a nuclear receptor called peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha. They include fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and bezafibrate and work to decrease triglycerides, increase HDL-C, and also decrease LDL-C which is variable depending on which drug is used. The FIELD Study showed that fenofibrate reduced both coronary revascularization as well as nonfatal myocardial infarctions (but not in patients with Type 2 diabetes).

PCSK9 inhibitors
PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that target an important protein in the degradation of LDL called proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). These agents reduce LDL-C, increase HDL-C, decrease triglycerides, and decrease lipoprotein(a). The FOURNIER and ODYSSEY trials showed that these agents also reduced the risk of cardiovascular events.

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
Ezetimibe inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and can be used alone or with statins. Regarding cardiovascular events, patients with chronic kidney disease saw a reduction in vascular and major atherosclerotic events when on simvastatin and ezetimibe compared to placebo. This same combination was also shown to reduce death, major coronary events, and nonfatal stroke in patients after acute coronary syndromes.

Icosapent ethyl
This agent consists of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oil and works to lower the hepatic production of triglycerides. In the REDUCE-IT trial, patients on statin therapy and 4g daily of icosapent ethyl saw a reduction in major cardiovascular events.

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors
Lomitapide works to inhibit the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) which results in a reduction of LDL plasma levels.

ATP citrate lyase inhibitors
Bempedoic acid acts on the cholesterol synthesis pathway upstream of statins at ATP citrate lyase. This enzyme synthesizes acetyl-CoA using citrate from the mitochondria.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors include the agents torcetrapib, anacetrapib and obicetrapib. They block transfer of cholesterol from "good" HDL particles to "bad" LDL particles thereby causing an increase in the HDL:LDL ratio. Despite eliciting favorable changes in blood lipids, most CETP inhibitors (with the exception of anacetrapib) do not achieve significant reductions in cardiovascular events.

title: Dyslipidemia


text:
Marcel Iureș

Marcel Iureș (born 2 August 1951) is a Romanian actor. He is one of Romania's most acclaimed stage and film actors. He has acted in films and on stage both in Romania and internationally, and has played at least ten roles on Romanian and British television. His work includes voiceovers for Disney and computer games. Iureș is the president and a judge of the Anonimul International Film Festival and also the president of Ideo Ideis Festival (an annual national theatre festival for teenagers).

Early life
Iureș was born on 2 August 1951 in Băilești, Dolj County. He entered the Theatrical Arts and Cinematography Institute in Bucharest in 1974 and graduated in 1978.

Theatrical career
He made his stage debut at the Bulandra Theatre, in Bucharest, in the 1975 production of Ferma, playing George. From 1978 to 1981 he acted at the National Theatre, Cluj, in numerous roles such as Beckman in the play Afară în faţa ușii and The Coryphaeus in The Persians by Aeschylus During the early 1980s, Iureș appeared at both the Bulandra and Odeon Theatres in Bucharest. Among his roles were the title roles in Shakespeare's were Hamlet, Henry IV, and Richard III, but also Richard II.

He is the president of Teatrul ACT (the first independent theatre in Romania ) of which he was one of the founders in 1995. Iureș has starred there in various roles, including the title roles of Shakespeare's Richard II, Richard III (directed by Mihai Măniuțiu), and Hamlet (directed by Liviu Ciulei). He has also appeared in Fundația Teatrul ACT-staged shows such as Creatorul de Teatru (The Creator of the Theatre, directed by Alexandru Dabija), Cetatea Soarelui (Citadel of the Sun, directed by Mihai Măniuţiu), and Samuel Beckett's Krapp's Last Tape. Iureș also continues to perform with the Bulandra Theatre, for whom he played the lead in a 2005 production of Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV.

He received many accolades and nominations (in both Romania and abroad) throughout his career. In 2000, he was awarded by Romanian President Emil Constantinescu the National Order of Faithful Service, Officer class.

Film roles
Iureș made his film debut portraying Franz Liszt in the 1978 Romanian film Vis de ianuarie (January Dream). From the early 1980s and into the 1990s, he continued to build a screen career, appearing in many minor and major roles in Romania.

Iureș's international film career sprang from the UK tour in 1994 of Mihai Măniuțiu's production of Richard III, where he played the eponymous hero. The role of Alexander Golitsyn in the 1996 film Mission Impossible was quickly followed by playing Dušan Gavrić in the 1997 film The Peacemaker, starring George Clooney and Nicole Kidman. Other film appearances include roles in Hart's War, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, L4yer Cake, Goal!, Faimosul Paparazzo, Isolation, Vacanţa Cea Mare, and Logodnicii Din America.

Other work
In 2007, Iureș volunteered his help in the Verde 003 project, which aims to build a better environment for all Romanians by planting vegetation.

Partial filmography

 * Aurel Vlaicu (1977), as Molla
 * The Actress, the Dollars and the Transylvanians (1978), as The sharpshooter
 * Vis de ianuarie (1978, January Dream), as Franz Liszt
 * Castle in the Carpathians (1981), as the inventor Orfanik
 * Punga cu libelule (1981), as Lt. Dimitrie Turda
 * Să mori rănit din dragoste de viață (1984, Fatally Injured by Love of Life, a.k.a. To Die from Love of Life), as Mironescu
 * Sezonul pescărușilor (1985, Seagull Season)
 * Domnișoara Aurica (1986, Ms. Aurica), as the elegant man
 * Vacanța cea mare (1988 lit. Vacation by the Sea; a.k.a. The Big Holiday, The Great Vacation), as Neagu
 * Un bulgăre de humă (1989, A Ball of Clay)
 * Cei care plătesc cu viața (1991, Those Who Pay with Their Lives)
 * Balanța (1992, The Oak) a.k.a. Stejarul (known in French as Le Chêne)
 * Un été inoubliable (1994, An Unforgettable Summer), as Gen. Ipsilanti
 * Interview with the Vampire (1994), as the Paris Vampire
 * Somnul insulei (1994, The Sleep of the Island, Director: Mircea Veroiu, adapted from the novel "Al Doilea Mesager"/"The Second Messenger" by Bujor Nedelcovici) .... Jean Elby
 * Mission: Impossible (1996) .... Alexander Golitsyn
 * The Peacemaker (1997) .... Dusan Gavrich
 * Faimosul paparazzo (1999) .... Gari
 * Fii cu ochii pe fericire (1999) .... Pitulice
 * The Elite (2001) .... Nayo
 * I Hope... (2001, Short) .... Will
 * Amen. (2002; a.k.a. Eyewitness, and in Germany as Der Stellvertreter) .... Pope
 * Hart's War (2002) .... Col. Werner Visser
 * Dracula the Impaler (2002) .... Vlad (voice)
 * 3 păzește (2003, Three Warnings) .... Sefu'
 * Cambridge Spies (2003, TV Mini-Series) .... Otto
 * The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 2: Vaux to the Sea (2004) .... General Foestling
 * Layer Cake (2004) .... Slavo
 * A Few Day's Adventures (2004)
 * The Cave (2005) .... Dr. Nicolai
 * Goal! (2005) .... Erik Dornhelm
 * Isolation (2005) .... John
 * Cars (2006) .... Doc Hudson (Romanian dubbing)
 * Logodnicii din America (2007) .... Radu
 * Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) .... Capitaine Chevalle
 * Youth Without Youth (2007) .... Prof. Giuseppe Tucci
 * Gruber's Journey (2008) .... Doctor Gruber
 * Thick as Thieves (2009) .... Zykov
 * Mănuși Roșii (2010) .... Dr. Ghiosdan
 * Bunraku (2010) .... Chief of Police
 * The Phantom Father (2011) .... Robert Traum
 * Crossing Lines (2013-2014, TV Series) .... Alexander Dimitrov
 * O nouă viață (2014) ..... Nae's brother
 * Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015) .... Vlad (Romanian dubbing)
 * Octav (2017) .... Octave

 * Source:

title: Marcel Iureș


text:
Uele River

The Uele, also known by the phonetically identical Uélé, Ouélé, or Welle River, is a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Course
The Uele forms at Dungu, at the confluence of the Dungu and Kibali rivers, which both originate in the mountains near Lake Albert. Combined these rivers flow west for about 1210 km, until the Uele joins the Mbomou River at Yakoma. Main tributaries to the Uele river are the Bomokandi River (left side) and Uere River (right side).

The Uele–Mbomou confluence at Yakoma marks the origin of the Ubangi River, which in turn flows into the Congo River. The Uele is the longest tributary of the Ubangi. The combined Ubangi–Uele length is about 2270 km.

From satellite images, parts of the river look red from the iron oxide contaminants in the river.

title: Uele River


text:
Talk:Freediving

Risks?
I miss more information about the risks of the sports. It is something to be considered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.252.232.240 (talk) 17:04, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

>you shoudl talk about pipin and audrey and how she died doing free-diving. >sports illustrated did an amazing story on these two.

Why sensationalise the subject over a single high profile accident? Very few free divers subject themselves to the risks of record-breaking no-limits diving.

There is a lot of exciting competitive freediving going on around the world, in the disciplines of constant weight, dynamic apnea and static apnea. It is rare for a competition to take place without some national or world record being broken. The advances in endurance are quite phenomenal.

At the same time, the governing organisations ( such as AIDA ) take the safety of these events very seriously, and to date no fatalaties have occurred in competition. ( Which is why no-limits freediving is banned in competition. )

If freediving is to advance as a sport, then this is where the focus should be. I am sure Audrey Maestre would not have wanted her death to be the one thing the world associates freediving with, and even more sure that Pipin is of that opinion too.

 * Wikipedia isn't about advancing sports; it's about describing facts. If a sport's leading female record-holder dies in pursuit of a new world record, that's definitely noteable. As for Audrey and Pipin's wishes, they are immaterial; I'm sure Richard Nixon's ghost would rather his Wikipedia entry left out the stuff about Watergate, too. -Ashley Pomeroy 14:58, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ex nihil 06:19, 6 February 2006 (UTC) I'm not sure how they died. I think Audrey just drowned following a problem with her ascending gear.  Don't know if Pipin was a hyperventilation victim.  Regarding the stress of record-breaking, my experience with regular freediving is that many people push themselves to the absolut limit just for bottom time, I know I did.  I'm a bit more conservative now.

Mammalian Diving Reflex
The Mammalian diving reflex article linked to from within this article mentions three factors as part of the reflex. The Free-diving article mentions a fourth, Splenic contraction: Releasing red blood cells carrying oxygen. Should splenic contraction be added to Mammalian diving reflex, or should it be removed from free-diving?

Proposal
The initial description and extended description doesn’t completely match. While I do favor the Claude Chapuis kind of freediving, I do think that it is too far fetched to classify it as a type and leave other sub species out of the discription. The following text is an proposal to improve the initial description and the extended description. Comments and a critical look to the grammar is highly appreciated.

Description
Freediving refers to a technique that is used with various aquatic activities. While in general all aquatic activities that include breath-hold diving might be classified as a part of freediving, some sports are more accepted than others. Examples of recognised freediving activities are (non-)competitive freediving, (non-) competive spearfishing, freedive photography and mermaid shows. Less recognised examples of freediving include, but is not limited too, synchronised swimming, underwater rugby, underwater hockey, underwater hunting other than spearfishing and snorkeling.

The discussion remains if freediving is only a synonym for breath-hold diving or it does describes a specific group of underwater activities. Freediving is often strongly associated with compettive breath hold diving or *Competitive Apnea*. It is considered being an extreme sport where divers atempt to attain great depths, times or distances on a single breath and without the assistance of breathing apparatus like SCUBA. The following remainder of this article will only discuss competitive freediving as an athletic sport.

Competitive Freediving
Competitive freediving is currently governed by two world associations AIDA International and CMAS. Most types of competitive freediving have in common that it is an individual sport based on the best individual achievement. Exceptions on this rule is the bi-annually World Championschip for Teams, held by AIDA International, where the combined score of the team members makes up the teams total points. There are currently nine disciplines used by official governing body’s and a dozen disciplines that are only practiced locally. In this article, the recognised disciplines of AIDA International and CMAS will be described. All disciplines can be done by both men as woman and while done outdoor, no differences in the environment between records is recognised any longer. The disciplines of {{AIDA International]] can be done both in competition as in an record attempt with the exception of Variable Weight and No limits who are both only done as record attempts. Following official disciplines are recognised by (AIDA), (CMAS) or both:

{{blockquote|text=Pool Disciplines}} {{blockquote|text=•	Static Apnea is timed breath holding and is usually attempted in a pool. (AIDA)}} {{blockquote|text=•	Dynamic Apnea with fins. This is underwater swimming for in a pool for distance. For this discipline the athlethe can choose if he uses bi-vins or the monovin. (AIDA), (CMAS) }} {{blockquote|text=•	Dynamic Apnea without fins. This is underwater swimming for in a pool for distance without any swimming aids like fins. (AIDA)}}

{{blockquote|text=Depth Disciplines}} {{blockquote|text=The depth of the athlethe is for all AIDA disciplines announced before the dive. This is accepted practice for both competitions as record attempts.}} {{blockquote|text=•	Constant Weight with fins. The athlete has to dive to the depth following a guideline he or she is not allowed to actively use during the dive. The ‘constant weight’ (“poid constant”) refers to the fact that the athlete is not allowed to drop the weights during the dive. Both bi-vin as mono-vin can be used during this discipline (AIDA).}} {{blockquote|text=•	Constant Weight without fins follows the identical rules as Constant Weight with fins, except no swimming aids as fins are allowed. This discipline is the youngest discipline within competitive freediving and is recognised by AIDA International since 2003.(AIDA)}} {{blockquote|text=•	Free Immersion is the discipline where the athlete uses the guideline to pull him or herself down to depth and back to the surface. It is known for its ease compared with the Constant Weight disciplines, while it is still not allowed to release weights (AIDA). }} {{blockquote|text=•	Variable Weight is a record discipline that uses a weighted sled for descent. Athlethe returns to the surface by pulling themselves up along a line or swim while using their fins (AIDA). }} {{blockquote|text=•	No Limits is a record discipline that allows the atlethe to use any means of breath-hold diving to depth and return to the surface as long as an guideline is used to measure the distance. Most divers use an weighted sled to dive down and use an air filled bag to return to the surface (AIDA). }} •	"The Cube" is also known as "Jump Blue" and is a discipline where an athlethe has to descend to 15 meters and have to swim as far as possible in a cubic form of 15 x 15 meters. (CMAS)

Each organisation has its own rules on recognising an attempt. These can be found on the website from the respective organisations.

Audrey Mestre records
Comment on the records and Audrey Mestre case. I recognise the importance to give the reader information about the records and the tragic incident that claimed Audrey’s death. However I do feel that it is best to add another section titled ‘current records’ and ‘history’ to keep things readable. --Apneist 14:57, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Free-diving in fiction
As there is only one item on the list, is this section necessary? Should it be deleted, or does someone have something more to add to it?--Dani 01:30, 2 September 2006 (UTC) Should be able to add 'The Big Blue' and the more recent 'Freediver'. Plus an ep of 'Baywatch' called imaginatively 'the Big Blue'.

 * Delete section. Superfluous, adds nothing useful to article.

 * Delete. Totally agree with above.  I demoted it to below the real thing for clarity but I think it detracts from the whole. Ex nihil (talk) 12:24, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Sorry, but how about Glaucos (comic)? it's a comic of Freediving. Can someone find the refrence?

maybe can be the refrence. Or not? that was absolutely not the reference.

thanks. (sorry if i say wrongly, i am an intermediate English speaker)  Dhio - 270599  16:29, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

While I wholeheartedly agree with the motivation for deleting this section, if we do so it will simply reappear. (I've had the same problem with other articles.) Casual Wikipedians seem obsessed with popular culture, and if their favourite film, TV show or band doesn't get a mention, they feel compelled to add it in a new section, or add to an existing one. This is a public project, so I'm afraid it's something that we need to grit our teeth and bear. --Wally Tharg (talk) 17:15, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Agree with Wally Tharg. Leave the section, and shove it in a corner where it is less annoying. Peter (Southwood) (talk): 08:15, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Free-diving vs. freediving
This article is inconsistent on the use of a hyphen. Considering the title of the article is "Free-diving", I would assume that the hyphenated form should be used, but not being a free-diver (or freediver) myself, I have no knowledge of the matter. For the sake of consistency, though, only one of the forms should be used. Benstrider 01:03, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I have just had a look at my freediving books, and they all omit the hyphen in their cover titles. I vote we change globally to the single word ... but I'm sure someone will insist on reverting it!  --Wally Tharg (talk) 17:15, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I did a quick Google search for Free-diving. Out of the first 100 hits 4 used the hyphen, a few more used two words, nearly 90% one word. I agree to change globally to Freediving, and also recommend change the article name with redirects from Free-diving and Free diving. Cheers, Peter (Southwood) (talk): 08:15, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

"Safety is an integral part of freediving"
The article as currently written states:

Due to the nature of the sport, safety is an integral part of free-diving [...]

"Safety is an integral part of free-diving" is *VERY* sloppily phrased. At first glance it seems to be saying: Hey, don't worry about safety when practicing this sport, freediving is inherently safe!

Rather, the *apparent* intent was to say that any practice of freediving must include strict adherence to safety measures as an integral part of the activity.

Say what you mean!

Toddcs (talk) 04:32, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Seems to have been changed. Quoted text not found in article. Peter (Southwood) (talk): 08:22, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Equalisation
Do free divers equalise their ears, etc, like scuba divers do? Cesiumfrog (talk) 06:56, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

 * http://freedivingexplained.blogspot.com.au/2008/03/basics-of-freediving-equalization.html
 * Answer seems to be:
 * equalisation is physically necessary for freedivers, but
 * various more advanced equalisation techniques are used compared to scuba. (Mainly because of the shortage of available air. E.g., as the air in the held breath contracts with descent, at depth the lungs are too compressed for simply blowing toward the nose).
 * Seems like an important subtopic for the article to detail? Cesiumfrog (talk) 03:19, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Err ... yes! The rates of descent and ascent are far higher than in SCUBA, so quick and effective equalisation is essential, as is mask volume compensation. I'm sure folks like Emma Farrell could write a whole section on it. --Wally Tharg (talk) 16:41, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Notability of freedivers
I've made my first attempt at revising the list of famous notable freedivers (only a handful are truly famous). My critera were: if they were mentioned in the list of world record-holders in the section above (!), which resulted in one addition; if a Google search for:+freediving +"diver's name" returned a 'reasonable' number of hits, excluding mirrors of the present article; or, if a Google search for:+aida +"diver's name" returned a 'reasonable' number of hits, again excluding mirrors of the present article. This resulted in four deletions, one of which might have been a joke self-inclusion by an editor. If anyone objects to these revisions, I think it is now up to editors to justify themselves in this thread.

I have also removed the broken links, as these are simply encouraging people to create more biographical stubs of non-notable people. --Wally Tharg (talk) 13:54, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * World record holders would probably be accepted by most people as evidence of notability.
 * Title holders of major competitions also probably good, as long as the competition was notable. (sorry, it can get recursive...)
 * The other criteria may be challenged. It depends on what the hits were.
 * Generally, the person should be notable for freediving, but I think you are already addressing this.
 * People who are notable for other reasons and are incidentally freedivers is a grey area and best avoided, but if notable for freediving as well as other reasons, may get away with a lower level of notability in freediving (like playing a freediving role in a major movie, or the stunt person). Play it by ear, and if anyone doesn't agree they can challenge the specific cases.
 * It might be useful if the reason for notability was included in the listing, and a reference or two is never harmful. Cheers, Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:26, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for support, Peter; shall look for some good links. Was reassured to find that most of the divers listed got hundreds of hits on Google, and interestingly, all were primarily freedivers, i.e. none were people notable for things other than freediving who 'also' freedived.  (A good example of the latter would be Jessica Alba, who freedives and does her own freediving stunts.)  Most held records of some flavour.  I deliberately didn't add two people who are well known for their freediving writing, but not for their competitive freediving.  --Wally Tharg (talk) 23:27, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Definition of freediving
The article is still woolly on the definition of freediving, but I didn't want to pile into editing before airing my thoughts. I was taught by AIDA-qualified teachers that any breath-holding underwater sporting activity was freediving, since it uses the mechanisms of freediving, even though (as the article points out) it might not be competitive. It is then useful for the article to say that it will focus on the competitive aspects.

This therefore excludes snorkelling, because a person doing this (by definition) uses of a snorkel to breathe underwater, and need not hold their breath. The moment the snorkeller ducks underwater he/she becomes a freediver, even though they might not 'know' it, be very good at it, or have freediving training. (Analogy: cycling down to the shops is still cycling, even though it's not the Tour-de-France.) Saying that 'to some degree' it includes snorkelling is just a cop-out, because it's quite possible to snorkel without ever freediving – indeed, that's what most snorkellers do. --Wally Tharg (talk) 14:16, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * It is fair to say that while breathing through the snorkel one is not free-diving, but snorkelling is a significant part of many activities which focus on the free-diving aspect. I think this should be explained somewhere. The lead section is probably the best place because you can set the reader straight and redirect to snorkelling if that is what they were looking for.
 * The article may de facto concentrate on competitive aspects, but the title implies that the other aspects are not excluded, and may get a fair share of focus if anyone is prepared to do it. There is no problem with a group of editors providing content on their preferred aspect, but they should not attempt to exclude other valid aspects. If you want an article on competitive aspects only you can always create one with a title that implies competitive aspects. This can always be done later as a split if it becomes desirable.
 * The lead section should broadly describe what the title is about, the table of contents will give a good idea of what the article actually contains. Sometime it helps if the lead includes disambiguation to limit the appropriate range of content intended for the article.
 * If all this seems obvious to you, go ahead and edit. Cheers, Peter (Southwood) (talk): 06:58, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Technique
The current text reads: Murat goes into breath-hold mode for up to 30" I translate that the number and the symbol are 30 inches. But from the context, I assume that 30 feet is meant.  But as I do not know, I won't make the correction on my own.  7&6=thirteen (☎) 01:38, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * It might be intended to mean 30 seconds.
 * There is a lot about this section that appears ambiguous, and is very poorly referenced for material that is quite different from conventional practice and standard diving physiology texts. Exceptional claims require reliable evidence, and this is entirely absent. If anyone knows of references, please either cite them in the article or mention them here. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 05:50, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * This totally uncited section has not been improved since September 2014, probably longer. If there is no improvement including at least one reliable source by 20th May 2015, I propose to delete the entire section. Anyone who disagrees is free to argue their point here. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:19, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * No improvements have been made, no-one has argued for retention. I can find no reliable references and must assume that the information is original research at best. Based on the available evidence I have deleted all the uncited material in the section. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:18, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Hoizontal distance vs depth in records
I suggest that the tables of records have separate columns for depth and horizontal distance records. The current layout is difficult to use for people who are not familiar with the discipline names. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 21:23, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I still find the tables of records difficult to use, and would like to see separate columns for depth and horizontal distance. The use of "distance" for both in the tables is confusing as depth is referred to everywhere else in the text as depth, and only as distance in the tables. This is inconsistent. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 10:16, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Peter (Southwood), I would suggest the following approach. Both tables be re-sorted and split  so that two new tables entitled  'Pool disciplines' and 'Depth disciplines' are created for both AIDA and CMAS records  and that the 'distance' column for both 'Depth disciplines' tables be renamed 'Depth'.  Also, there should be an explanatory sentence added under the heading 'Pool disciplines' to clarify that pool disciplines are concerned with distance and/or time etc.  Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 11:09, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That would work as an alternative. Probably clearer and neater. I will see if I can identify which disciplines would go into each table. I hesitate to make major edits to the tables mainly because of the uncertainty of which items are depth and which are horizontal distance. Bit of a Catch 22. Cheers, • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:55, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * There is also static apnea, which is described as being usually done in a pool, and neither distance nor depth is relevant. Adding a third table seems over the top, so will probably bundle it with the distance items.
 * Jump blue is a distance item, and if a 15m cube is required, is unlikely to be done in a pool, so distance≠pool
 * Starting to reconsider whether just adding a depth column to the existing tables might not be simpler and more generally clear. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 08:29, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I have added a depth column to both tables. It works for me. Please check I have got the depths and distances in the right columns. I will accept any alternative which gives equivalent or better ease of understanding and accessibility. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 09:09, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The depths & distance are in the correct columns for AIDA and appear to be so for CMAS which is more difficult to check due to the very complicated presentation used for its records on the PDF downloaded from its website. It may be a good idea to harmonise the table of CMAS records with the AIDA table, i.e. shorten the names of the CMAS disciplines. Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 21:24, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to alternative proposed name. Andrewa (talk) 05:46, 19 February 2014 (UTC) Andrewa (talk) 05:46, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

Free-diving → Free diving – The hyphen is never used this way in sources; the space is common; the compound noun "free diving" of course takes a hyphen when it is used as an adjective, as in "free-diving apparatus", but otherwise usually not, as was agreed by several users already in this talk page. Dicklyon (talk) 07:06, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Support move to Free diving for reasons given above and redirect from Free-diving E x nihil (talk) 09:03, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. Per WP:COMMONNAME.  --B2C 00:30, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Please consider third option "Freediving" which appears to come up considerably more often than free diving or free-diving in my searches. See also earlier discussion on this page. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 03:58, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree, freediving is an acceptable alternative, though it looks like it has only become as popular recently. Dicklyon (talk) 04:22, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Another point to consider is that all the items in the freediving graph almost certainly refer to underwater breath-hold diving, whereas some of the cases of free diving may be parts of longer phrases referring to something which is free and connected with diving (not that much diving related stuff is free). • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 09:33, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Support Freediving. I supported the move to Free diving above but following the suggestion by Pbsouthwood I did a little research and came to the conclusion that the overwhelming diving industry standard usage is Freediving and I am just behind the times.  Free diving still seems to be a popular but layman's term but diminishing, to almost everybody engaged in the industry or the sport it is freediving.  I also found that most successful searches on free diving actually went to freediving when the link was followed.  My local diveshop, who advertise Freediving courses pointed out that it might be complicated if they advertised Free diving courses.  After a little thought I would like to change my support to freediving. E x nihil  (talk) 05:13, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Support Freediving. Cowdy001 (talk) 10:47, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support either move Red Slash 03:11, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Assessment for B-class
Article could be brought up to B class with a bit of work, but keeping it at C until listed items have been improved, particularly the dubious claims and the lack of content on other underwater sports. It is a top importance article for WP:SCUBA, so worth a bit of effort. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 10:36, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Main problem now is poor referencing. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 12:02, 11 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Deleted a few dubious claims, and added some content, so promoting to B. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 12:23, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Proposed move of references to reflist for maintenence
There are a lot of inadequately formatted references, which I propose to improve. However, I find that this is easier if the reference definitions are assembled in the references section. If there are no objections I will move the ref definitions to the ref section and format them more consistently, and try to expand them where possible. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 09:03, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a great idea. E x nihil (talk) 04:45, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

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Abbreviations for disciplines?
They are important because names of disciplines are quite long. It is important to have a consensus so that articles are uniform. I'll mention abbreviations which I'd encountered 213.149.61.214 (talk) 02:14, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) Skandalopetra: SKA, SP or something else? Even though very rarely (any kind of) abbreviation is used and quite possibly doesn't have official one, it can be useful especially in tables.
 * 2) Jump blue: JB, JMB or something else?
 * 3) Dynamic apnea with bifins: sometimes shortened to DYN BiFins or DYN Bi-Fins instead of DYN BF. I think shorter is better, more useful, and in the end truly abbreviated.
 * 4) Variable weight apnea without fins: weird discipline by CMAS, doesn't have official abbreviation, but VNF pops up possibly as a copy of CNF and DNF abbreviations.
 * 5) Guinness disciplines dynamic apnea with fins under ice and dynamic apnea without fins under ice (diving suit allowed) which are usually called differently like horizontal swim breath held under ice with fins or wide-diving under ice with fins or wide diving under ice without fins (just some examples) and that creates confusion but have the same rules as DYN and DNF (only under ice) i propose to be DYN under ice and DNF under ice.
 * 6) There is also Guinness discipline deepest human under ice or deep diving under ice. Found somewhere that it's essentially NLT under ice. Is it or is it not?
 * Where do you propose to use the suggested abbreviations?
 * How would readers know what they mean? · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:18, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Abbreviations are already used in articles connected to freediving; most often biographies of freedivers. But they are used inconsistently (that is first of two reasons for this; the second one is: names of disciplines are too long (you can imagine if average freediver competes in 3.5 disciplines, while each discipline has more than 3 words on average and diver competes at, at least, 5 world championships (not to mention other competitions) how his biography looks like and what a hassle it is to write one) -so abbreviations are effective in the articles.). How would they know? How does one find out 4x100m is a relay? Learning. They would come to the general wiki article about freediving, which is this one, and find out. So that means that this article needs to establish the norm. 213.149.51.113 (talk) 00:49, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I can see the value of abbreviations when the full term has been used and then the discipline is mentioned again several times in the same article, or there is a space problem in a table, but each abbreviation should be defined somewhere in each article that uses it, usually the first time it is used, as they are not common knowledge, and that is what the manual of style recommends as far as I remember. If there are commonly used abbreviations used by the competitions organisers we should stick with them, otherwise I suggest the freediving editors agree to a set, record them here and on the project page, and use them consistently. Cheers, · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 19:48, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * For the under ice disciplines, if there is no existing standard why not just use ice as the qualifier, people will get the under part without spelling it out., like NKT (ice) or NLT-ice or similar.
 * Footnotes can be used to provide definitions if there is no other convenient place. · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 19:56, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Unless someone comes up with a plausible reason why Free immersion apnea should remain an independent article, I intend to merge it into Freediving with a redirect to section.

The information is limited and duplicated, but the title should be a redirect.

Oppose If you do that than you have to do that for the other 11 or so disciplines, otherwise you create chaos. Encyclopedia needs to be organized, not chaotic. The article is too short but that only means that it can be expanded upon. 213.149.51.113 (talk) 00:54, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Discussion:
 * Do we actually have articles for all those disciplines? I agree that we should handle them consistently.· · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 18:28, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I found that we have several, maybe not all yet, but they were not tagged for the WikiProject so I didn't know about them. I will try to tag them all so they can get better integration with the rest of the project articles. I accept consensus against merging into Freediving and have untagged accordingly. However, I would ask you all to consider whether it would make sense to have a single article with redirects for all the disciplines. Maintenance would be easier, and a more comprehensive and interesting article is possible. Some have been stubs for a long time. · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 19:41, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Oppose Freediving is a generic page that covers eleven different AIDA disciplines in addition to non-competitive activities. Merging just one of the AIDA disciplines into Freediving would be an anomaly and merging all of them would be impractical and unhelpful. However, it might be useful to further develop the Freediving page to make finding associated disciplines and non-competitive activities easier to find although for the AIDA activities it already does this pretty well.. E x nihil (talk) : Ex nihil (talk) 10:45, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Oppose per Ex nihil. --Pelmeen10 (talk) 21:31, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Competitive apnea, official since??
There is quite a number of disciplines and 2 federations, disciplines were added afterwards, some were official then became unofficial so I think YEARS when each of the disciplines in each federation became OFFICIAL should be added to the article. 213.149.51.251 (talk) 12:26, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Biographies of freedivers
Not sure if this is the right place for it, but nonetheless. There is a problem with almost all biographies of freedivers. At the moment there are 3 organizations that award world record title (AIDA, CMAS, Guinness), historically there was a fourth organization (IAFD), which had quite a few world records. Since this is quite a small sport almost all biographies are of previous or current world record holders and as such list their world records. The problem is that very, very rarely organization under which the record was achieved is noted. It should be noted that usually freedivers achieve more than one record and in more than one organization so unless it is clear in the records list, what is what, the list and information itself is essentially useless. It has become poor practice. I tried mentioning it on talk pages but that is not effective. Infobox at the top of the article could do the job, if it is specific enough. Why is that a problem? For example you can set DYN under ice WR under CMAS which can also become Guinness' WR if it's better than the latter's (as Guinness "inherits" records), but you can also set DYN under ice under Guinness but not under CMAS - this situation happened in 2017. Or you have 3 WR's in DYN (3 divers with 300m) but two are under AIDA and one is under CMAS; and as Guinness "inherits records" they (could) list all three of them. 213.149.51.151 (talk) 12:23, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a good place to discuss this problem. Any claim of a record should be referenced to a reliable source. If it is not, there is a template cn which produces, which can be added to the source text just after the unreferenced claim. If the claim is not referenced within a reasonable period (I allow a month) you are free to delete the claim as unreferenced. You can also use the tag clarify to request specification of which organisation recognises a record. Alternatively you are welcome to fix these problems by adding references yourself. If you need help with the formatting, just ask me on my talk page. · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 19:37, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

records
world records need to be updated, for example Alexey 130 m, Alessia 107 m, see Vertical Blue in September 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.252.62.40 (talk) 19:53, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

Record again
Alenka Artnik went down 120 meters:. Please update. --VanBuren (talk) 13:57, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

NLT (No Limit)
From AIDA web site: NLT (No Limit) ... not NLT No-limits ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.237.30.70 (talk) 21:47, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

Sector No Limits and Sector are Italian wristwatch and diving watch brands by homonymous company, this has nothing to do with AIDA International's NLT (No Limit).

title: Talk:Freediving


text:
A few acres of snow

"A few acres of snow" (in the original French, "quelques arpents de neige",, with "vers le Canada") is one of several quotations from 18th-century writer French Voltaire, indicative of his sneering evaluation of the colony of Canada as lacking economic value and strategic importance to 18th-century France.

In Voltaire's time, Canada was the name of a territory of New France that covered most of modern-day southern Quebec. However, "Canada" was also commonly used as a generic term to cover all of New France, including the whole of the Louisiana territory, as well as modern-day southern Ontario, Labrador, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The meaning of "Canada" that Voltaire intended is a matter of some dispute.

The exact phrase "quelques arpents de neige" first appears in 1759 in chapter 23 of Voltaire's book Candide, but the phrase "a few acres of ice" appeared in a letter he wrote in 1757. Voltaire wrote similar sarcastic remarks in other works.

Background
In Voltaire's day, New France included Canada, Acadia, Louisiana, and other territories. All of those colonies were the object of Voltaire's sarcastic comments at one point or another.

Through all his writings on the subject, Voltaire's basic idea about France's Canadian colony always remained the same. It can be summarized as comprising an economic premise and a strategic premise, both of which concur to a practical conclusion, as follows:

 * Almost the entirety of Canada's territory is and will remain an unproductive and useless frozen wasteland.
 * Great Britain, having establishing colonies on the more productive territories to the south and to the east (the Thirteen Colonies), and provided them with a much larger population, will not tolerate the presence of another European power in that area and will relentlessly attack Canada until such presence is ousted. Given the enormous disproportion in population and material resources between the French and British colonies in North America, the impossibility of modifying that imbalance in the foreseeable future and Britain's generally-better control of the maritime routes to Europe, Britain will inevitably prevail sooner or later.
 * Therefore, an effective defence of Canada by France requires an extraordinarily large commitment of resources in comparison to the scant economic value in return, and any resources thus expended, even if they allowed victories in the short term, are wasted as they can serve at best only to postpone for a few more decades the handing over of Canada to Britain, which is inevitable in the long term. Consequently, sound economic policy dictates handing over Canada to Britain as soon as possible and concentrating France's resources in its West Indian colonies, which are more valuable economically and more readily defensible.

The year 1758 included the Battle of Fort Frontenac (August 26–28, a French defeat) and French naval secretary Nicolas René Berryer's October refusal to provide Louis Antoine de Bougainville with much-needed reinforcements to defend Quebec City. According to Berryer, "we don't try to save the stables when the fire is at the house" (infamously, « qu'on ne cherche point à sauver les écuries quand le feu est à la maison »). The British siege of Québec City ended in a French defeat in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September 1759, and Montréal surrendered the next year.

Today's critics of Voltaire's opinion are directed primarily at his economic assessment of the Canadian colony. Voltaire's idea of the Canadian colony based essentially on fur trade was even during his own writings already outdated by almost a century. Thus, although it may be difficult to determine exactly what part of his depiction of Canada might be attributed to deliberate exaggeration for polemical purposes, attachment to a preconceived idea, or mere misinformation, his few writings on the subject seem to display a certain level of short-sightedness regarding the actual level of economic evolution that had already been reached in the settled parts of Canada and about the colony's potential for further development.

On the other hand, Voltaire's assessment of the heavy financial burden required for France's military defence of Canada and of the practical impossibility of such defence in the long term remains valid. Consequently, if he had espoused a more favourable idea of the economic potential of the colony, it would likely not have changed his general conclusion.

Voltaire's famous quotations about New France were for the most part written between 1753 and 1763, shortly before and then during the Seven Years' War. Voltaire was living in Switzerland during most of that period. During the war, he sometimes appeared to favor King Frederick II of Prussia, who was allied with Britain against France. They maintained a regular personal correspondence during the war and were on better terms again after their quarrel of 1753.

Voltaire was also then in correspondence with some French ministers. He thus corresponded with both sides of the belligerents in the war although mostly on personal and literary levels, rather than a political level. Thinking that the war was a mistake for France, he used several opportunities to ask the French ministers to simply quit the war. Boundary disputes in their American colonies had been an early casus belli between Britain and France in 1754 in the war, which was in 1756 further complicated by purely-European considerations and ended in 1763. Voltaire's position that France should let go of its North American colonies was in accord with his position about the war in general. For Voltaire, handing over New France would appease Britain. His position about the European war likely increased his tendency to paint New France as being of little value.

Quotations in their textual context
These quotations are presented in chronological order.

1753 — Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations
Chapter 151 — Of the possessions of the French in America:

"Already the English were taking possession of the best lands and of those most advantageously situated that could be possessed in northern America beyond Florida, when two or three merchants from Normandy, on the slight hope of a small commerce of furs, equipped a few vessels, and established a colony in Canada, a country covered with snows and ices eight months of the year, inhabited by barbarians, bears and beavers. That land, already discovered as early as 1535, had been abandoned but, after several attempts, ineffectively supported by a government that did not possess a navy, a small company of merchants from Dieppe and St. Malo founded Québec, in 1608, that is to say, built a few cabins; and those cabins became a city only under Louis XIV.

...Those bad countries have nonetheless been an almost continual object of war, either with the natives, or with the English, who, being the possessors of the best territories, wanted to take that of the French, so as to be the sole masters of the commerce of that boreal part of the world.

...Colonies were sent to the Mississippi (1717 and 1718); the plan was set of a wonderful and regular city, named the New Orleans. Most of the settlers perished from misery, and the city was reduced to a few bad houses. Maybe one day, if there are millions of inhabitants in excess in France, will it be advantageous to populate Louisiana, but it is more likely that it will have to be abandoned."

1756 — Letter to François Tronchin
In this letter to François Tronchin, written at Monriond, near Lausanne, dated January 29, 1756, Voltaire mentions the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon, Portugal, on November 1, 1755.

"The war is serious, then. I wish the earthquake had engulfed that miserable Acadia instead of Lisbon and Mequines."

1757 — Letter to Mr de Moncrif
This letter from Voltaire to François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif (1687–1770), written at Monrion, near Lausanne, on March 27, 1757, contains the first known direct use by Voltaire of his famous turn of phrase "a few acres of ice in Canada." Also of note is the clear preposition of location "in Canada." The relevant passage of the letter reads as follows:

"...I am a bad actor in the winter in Lausanne and I have success in the roles of old men, I am a gardener in the spring, in Mes Délices near Geneva, in a climate more southern than yours. From my bed I see the lake, the Rhône and another river. Do you have, my dear colleague, a better view? Do you have tulips in the month of March? Also, one dabbles in some philosophy and some history, one mocks the follies of the human race, and the charlatanism of our physicists who believe that they have measured the Earth, and of those who pass for wise men because they have said that eels are made with sourdough. One pities that poor human race that slits its throat on our continent about a few acres of ice in Canada. One is free as the air from morning to evening. My orchards, my vineyards and me, we do not owe anything to anyone."

The sentence from Voltaire's letter to Moncrif has been quoted often. The 19th-century writer Jules Verne (1828–1905) quoted it in his novel A Family without a name (Famille sans nom), published in 1889, which was set in the Canada of 1837 during the Lower Canada Rebellion. The famous sentence is quoted in Chapter 1 of the novel, which has likely contributed to the quotation's popularity.

1758 — Candide
Voltaire used his "few acres of ice" phrase again the following year, slightly modified, in his novel Candide (written in 1758 and published in 1759) although "ice" was now replaced by "snow". The "snow" version of 1758 has generally become better known today in Canada than the "ice" version of 1757, perhaps because Candide is sometimes used in high school courses. The relevant passage appears in chapter 23 of Candide, l when two characters of the novel are exchanging thoughts about France and Britain:

"You know that these two nations are at war about a few acres of snow somewhere around Canada, and that they are spending on this beautiful war more than all Canada is worth."

In the original French version, Voltaire uses the phrase "... pour quelques arpents de neige vers le Canada," and the preposition "" did not have the usual meaning that it now has in French. Instead, "vers" was commonly used by Voltaire in his writings to express a general meaning of vagueness about an area in the general sense of "somewhere in or around the general area." It is apparent from the whole of his writings that he viewed or pretended to view, Canada as a vast icy and snowy area. Thus, it is immaterial to ponder if by "a few acres" Voltaire had in mind one of the areas in dispute in 1754, such as the Ohio Valley (in itself hardly an insignificant patch of land) or the Acadian border. By 1758, the war had extended to all possessions of the belligerents. Under Voltaire's pen, the term is deliberately vague, and the point of using it is to convey the idea that any acres of land in the general area of Canada are so unimportant that even their location is not worth worrying about.

1760 — Letter from Étienne de Choiseul
Although not a Voltaire quotation, this letter from Étienne François, duc de Choiseul (1719–1785), French Secretary of State (minister) for Foreign Affairs, to Voltaire, is an example of the correspondence between Voltaire and the French ministry and of Choiseul's dry humour in the manner he informs Voltaire of the fall of Canada:

"Versailles, October 12

...I have learned that we have lost Montréal and consequently all of Canada. If you relied on us for this winter's furs, I advise you that it is with the English that you must deal."

1760 — Letter to the marquis de Chauvelin
In this letter to Bernard-François, marquis de Chauvelin (1716–1773), written at Les Délices, Voltaire's property near Geneva, on November 3, 1760, Voltaire writes:

"Would I dare, I would beg you on my knees to forever rid the government of France from Canada. If you lose it, you lose almost nothing; if you want it returned to you, all you will be returned is an eternal cause of war and humiliation. Consider that the English are at least fifty to one in northern America."

1762 — Letter to César Gabriel de Choiseul
This letter from Voltaire to César Gabriel de Choiseul (1712–1785), who had replaced his cousin Étienne de Choiseul as French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1761, was written at Les Délices, on September 6, 1762 and is one of the best known of Voltaire's letters about Canada and is mentioned anecdotally in some high school history textbooks. A short letter, it can be quoted in full:

"Aux Délices 6 septembre 1762

If I wanted to speak only for myself, milord, I would remain silent in the crisis of affairs where you find yourself. But I hear the voices of many strangers, all saying that you must be blessed if you make peace, whatever the cost. Therefore, allow me, milord, to compliment you. I am like the public, I like peace more than Canada, and I believe that France can be happy without Québec. You give us precisely what we need. We owe you our gratitude. Until then, please receive, with your usual kindness, the deep respect of Voltaire."

1763 — Précis du siècle de Louis XV
The Précis was written by Voltaire over several years. These relevant passages were likely written in or after 1763.

"Chapter 31 — The state of Europe in 1756 - ... - Disastrous wars for some territories somewhere in Canada - ...

The revolutions that the aforementioned king of Prussia and his enemies were preparing were thenceforth a fire that smouldered under embers. That fire soon spread to Europe, but the first sparks came from America. A slight quarrel between France and England, about some savage lands somewhere around Acadia, inspired a new politic to all the sovereigns of Europe."

"Chapter 35 — Losses of the French

In one day were lost fifteen hundred leagues of land. Those fifteen hundred leagues, the three quarters of which are frozen deserts, were perhaps not a real loss. If one tenth of the money engulfed in that colony had been used to clear our uncultivated lands in France, it would have brought a considerable benefit, but it had been decided to support Canada, and one hundred years of effort were lost with all the money invested without benefit in return.

...

The State lost, during that disastrous war, the most flourishing youth, more than half the money that circulated in the realm, its navy, its commerce, its credit. One would have believed that it would have been very easy to prevent so many woes through some accommodation with the English for a small litigious patch of land somewhere in Canada, but a few ambitious, to acquire prestige and to render themselves necessary, precipitated France into this fatal war."

1763 — Letter to d'Argental
Although the quotation is not directly in it, this letter from Voltaire to Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental (date uncertain, likely around 1763) illustrates Voltaire's position and actions about the matter:

"Will the government not forgive me for having said that the English took Canada, which I had, incidentally, offered, four years ago, to sell to the English, which would have ended everything, and which Mr Pitt's brother had proposed to me."

Modern usage
The phrase continues to be referenced in the modern era. Canadian poet Louis-Honoré Fréchette paid himself a revenge on Voltaire in his poem "Sous la statue de Voltaire" ("Under the statue of Voltaire"), published in La Légende d'un Peuple (1887).

Quelques arpents de neige is the title of a 1972 movie by Denis Héroux, also known by the English title The Rebels. "Pour quelques arpents de neige" is a 1972 song by Claude Léveillée, written for the film.

In the 1980s, the marketers of the Quebec edition of the game Trivial Pursuit punningly named their product "Quelques arpents de pièges" (A few acres of traps).

The name of the board game A Few Acres of Snow is derived from this phrase. Designed by Martin Wallace, it is about the French and British conflict over what is now Canada.

title: A few acres of snow


text:
Talk:Positive feedback

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title: Talk:Positive feedback


text:
User talk:Mellum

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Cheers!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~  --Yacht 16:37, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, saw that you reverted my incorrect edit on NP-complete. Got the point, thanks. Can you also answer the question that I've posted in Talk:NP-complete? -- Sundar 11:03, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Provably vs. probably
Just saw the history of you fighting the change made by many an editor from provably to probably on Heuristic: I guess you're solution will hold, but a technique that might also have worked is surrounding the word by comments, saying "the text really should stay the way it is" or "when I wrote provably, I didn't mean probably". --- Charles Stewart 14:32, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

1. bogus grammar & 2.invalid link on NP Completeness...
1. true, 2.false. True I corrected a grammatical error. False the link was invalid pehaps not specific enough but certainly the right link. Tagging as in a flash of persistence on a cat scan and relevant to my knowledge of P=NP and the deg of things. Apparently once it's true lots of things are true and I would argue it can be proved this way... Wittgenstein as in music and its various truths... the sound is the music the score is the music the masterpiece it's all true so all manifestations of it are essentially the same things and so in math when we solve NP Complete, then it's all true and all solved. Chicken and egg problem. Like Plato's last thoughts (so I read), it reuires a new language which underlies the language we use.

Anyway I was out of order and should have gone through a discussion on the merits of inclusion of a thread in my mind i.e. I should write the paper and have it recognised before I quote it but I'm lazy about that.

Regards, Brian.Fagan@Gmail.com

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NP-complete
Thanks for working on reverting User:ANONYMOUS COWARD0xC0DE's ill-conceived changes to NP-complete. I haven't gotten involved in the discussion myself, because so far you've said everything I thought was necessary. -- Dominus 15:28, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Egaun

Are you going to expand Design in Singapore? Who is Theseus Chan? What is the website for? - Texture 16:42, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egaun


text:
Sex Bomb (disambiguation)

"Sex Bomb" is a 1999 song by Tom Jones and Mousse T., also covered by Max Raabe.

Sex Bomb may also refer to:

 * Sex Bomb, a 1993 album by Spitfire
 * "Sex Bomb", a song by Flipper from the 1982 album Album – Generic Flipper
 * "Sex Bomb", a song by Lords of Acid from the 2001 album Farstucker
 * "Sex Bomb", a song by Spinnerette from the 2009 album Spinnerette
 * Sex Bomb, a Spanish musical group made up of Yola Berrocal, Malena Gracia, and Sonia Monroy

title: Sex Bomb (disambiguation)


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User talk:Karl Naylor

Thanks for the greeting, Yacht. I've blanked it because I like a nice tidy page, but it's most welcome. Don't worry, I know where to find the policies and stuff.

Karl Naylor 16:51, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Only one ctrl key and for some reason it was located in a place that made it a bigger stretch for the pinkie finger than some other keyboards... Dpbsmith 17:25, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * [nods knowingly] -- Karl Naylor

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title: User talk:Karl Naylor