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List of rivers of New Hampshire

This is a list of rivers and significant streams in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.

All watercourses named "River" (freshwater or tidal) are listed here, as well as other streams which are either subject to the New Hampshire Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act or are more than 10 mi long. New Hampshire rivers and streams qualify for state shoreland protection (and are listed here in bold) if they are fourth-order or larger water bodies, based on the Strahler method of stream order classification.

By drainage basin
All New Hampshire rivers ultimately flow to the Atlantic Ocean. The list is sorted by major drainage basin, running from north to south along the Atlantic coast, with respective tributaries arranged based on their entry into the main stream from mouth to source. Where several tributaries enter a single lake, they are listed running clockwise from the lake outlet.

Androscoggin River

 * Androscoggin River
 * Wild River
 * Rattle River
 * Peabody River
 * West Branch Peabody River
 * Moose River
 * Moose Brook
 * Dead River
 * Chickwolnepy Stream
 * Mollidgewock Brook
 * Clear Stream
 * Magalloway River
 * Dead Diamond River
 * Swift Diamond River
 * Little Dead Diamond River
 * South Branch Little Dead Diamond River
 * West Branch Little Dead Diamond River
 * West Branch Dead Diamond River
 * Middle Branch Dead Diamond River
 * East Branch Dead Diamond River
 * Little Magalloway River
 * Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
 * West Branch Little Magalloway River
 * West Branch Magalloway River

Saco River

 * Saco River
 * Ossipee River
 * South River
 * Ossipee Lake
 * Pine River
 * Beech River
 * Dan Hole River
 * Lovell River
 * Bearcamp River
 * Chocorua River
 * Swift River (Bearcamp River tributary)
 * Mill Brook
 * Wonalancet River
 * Cold River (Bearcamp River tributary)
 * Whiteface River
 * East Branch Whiteface River
 * West Branch
 * Deer River
 * Shepards River
 * Cold River (Maine – New Hampshire)
 * Little Cold River
 * Mad River
 * South Branch Mad River
 * Middle Branch Mad River
 * Swift River (Saco River tributary)
 * Pequawket Brook
 * East Branch Saco River
 * East Fork East Branch Saco River
 * Ellis River
 * Wildcat Brook
 * New River
 * Cutler River
 * Rocky Branch
 * Sawyer River
 * Dry River

Piscataqua River and New Hampshire Atlantic coast

 * Piscataqua River (tidal)
 * Great Bay (tidal)
 * Bellamy River
 * Oyster River
 * Bunker Creek
 * Winnicut River
 * Squamscott River (tidal)
 * Exeter River
 * Little River (Exeter, New Hampshire)
 * Little River (Brentwood, New Hampshire)
 * Lamprey River
 * Piscassic River
 * Fresh River
 * Little River (Lamprey River tributary)
 * North River
 * Bean River
 * Pawtuckaway River
 * North Branch River
 * Cocheco River
 * Isinglass River
 * Berrys River
 * Rattlesnake River
 * Mad River
 * Ela River
 * Salmon Falls River
 * Branch River
 * Jones Brook

 * Little River

 * Hampton River (tidal)
 * Blackwater River (tidal)
 * Browns River
 * Hampton Falls River
 * Taylor River
 * Drakes River
 * Old River

Merrimack River

 * Merrimack River
 * Powwow River
 * Back River
 * Little River
 * Spicket River
 * Beaver Brook
 * Salmon Brook
 * Nashua River
 * Nissitissit River
 * Souhegan River
 * Baboosic Brook
 * Purgatory Brook
 * Stony Brook
 * South Branch Souhegan River
 * West Branch Souhegan River
 * Cohas Brook
 * Sucker Brook
 * Little Massabesic Brook
 * Piscataquog River
 * South Branch Piscataquog River
 * Middle Branch Piscataquog River
 * Black Brook
 * Suncook River
 * Bear Brook
 * Little Suncook River
 * Big River
 * Little River
 * Soucook River
 * Turkey River
 * Contoocook River
 * Blackwater River
 * Frazier Brook
 * Warner River
 * Lane River
 * West Branch Warner River
 * North Branch Contoocook River
 * Beards Brook
 * Shedd Brook
 * Nubanusit Brook
 * Gridley River
 * Pemigewasset River
 * Smith River
 * Newfound River
 * Newfound Lake
 * Fowler River
 * Cockermouth River
 * Squam River
 * Baker River
 * South Branch Baker River
 * East Branch Baker River
 * Beebe River
 * Mad River
 * West Branch Mad River
 * Moosilauke Brook
 * Lost River
 * East Branch Pemigewasset River
 * North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River
 * Winnipesaukee River
 * Tioga River
 * Lake Winnipesaukee
 * Red Hill River
 * Melvin River
 * Merrymeeting River
 * Gunstock River

Connecticut River

 * Connecticut River
 * Millers River
 * Tarbell Brook
 * North Branch Millers River
 * Ashuelot River
 * Mirey Brook
 * South Branch Ashuelot River
 * The Branch
 * Otter Brook
 * Partridge Brook
 * Cold River
 * Great Brook
 * Little Sugar River
 * Sugar River
 * North Branch Sugar River
 * Stocker Brook
 * South Branch Sugar River
 * Blow-me-down Brook
 * Mascoma River
 * Knox River
 * Indian River
 * Mink Brook
 * Oliverian Brook
 * Ammonoosuc River
 * Wild Ammonoosuc River
 * Gale River
 * Ham Branch
 * North Branch Gale River
 * South Branch Gale River
 * Little River
 * Zealand River
 * Johns River
 * Israel River
 * South Branch Israel River
 * Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * Nash Stream
 * Phillips Brook
 * North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * Simms Stream
 * Mohawk River
 * East Branch Mohawk River
 * West Branch Mohawk River
 * Halls Stream
 * Indian Stream
 * Perry Stream

Alphabetically

 * Ammonoosuc River
 * Androscoggin River
 * Ashuelot River
 * Baboosic Brook
 * Back River
 * Baker River
 * Bean River
 * Bear Brook
 * Bearcamp River
 * Beards Brook
 * Beaver Brook
 * Beebe River
 * Beech River
 * Bellamy River
 * Berrys River
 * Big River
 * Black Brook
 * Blackwater River (Contoocook River tributary)
 * Blackwater River (Massachusetts-New Hampshire)
 * Blow-me-down Brook
 * Branch River
 * Browns River
 * Bunker Creek
 * Chickwolnepy Stream
 * Clear Stream
 * Chocorua River
 * Cocheco River
 * Cockermouth River
 * Cohas Brook
 * Cold River (Bearcamp River tributary)
 * Cold River (Connecticut River tributary)
 * Cold River (Maine – New Hampshire)
 * Connecticut River
 * Contoocook River
 * Cutler River
 * Dan Hole River
 * Dead River
 * Dead Diamond River
 * Deer River
 * Drakes River
 * Dry River
 * East Branch Baker River
 * East Branch Dead Diamond River
 * East Branch Mohawk River
 * East Branch Pemigewasset River
 * East Branch Saco River
 * East Branch Whiteface River
 * East Fork East Branch Saco River
 * Ela River
 * Ellis River
 * Exeter River
 * Fowler River
 * Frazier Brook
 * Fresh River
 * Gale River
 * Great Brook
 * Gridley River
 * Gunstock River
 * Halls Stream
 * Ham Branch
 * Hampton River
 * Hampton Falls River
 * Indian River
 * Indian Stream
 * Isinglass River
 * Israel River
 * Johns River
 * Jones Brook
 * Knox River
 * Lamprey River
 * Lane River
 * Little River (Ammonoosuc River tributary)
 * Little River (Big River tributary)
 * Little River (Brentwood, New Hampshire)
 * Little River (Exeter, New Hampshire)
 * Little River (Lamprey River tributary)
 * Little River (Merrimack River tributary)
 * Little River (New Hampshire Atlantic coast)
 * Little Cold River
 * Little Dead Diamond River
 * Little Magalloway River
 * Little Massabesic Brook
 * Little Sugar River
 * Little Suncook River
 * Lost River
 * Lovell River
 * Mad River (Cocheco River tributary)
 * Mad River (Cold River tributary)
 * Mad River (Pemigewasset River tributary)
 * Magalloway River
 * Mascoma River
 * Melvin River
 * Merrimack River
 * Merrymeeting River
 * Middle Branch Dead Diamond River
 * Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
 * Middle Branch Mad River
 * Middle Branch Piscataquog River
 * Mill Brook
 * Mink Brook
 * Mirey Brook
 * Mohawk River
 * Mollidgewock Brook
 * Moose Brook
 * Moose River
 * Moosilauke Brook
 * Nash Stream
 * Nashua River
 * New River
 * Newfound River
 * Nissitissit River
 * North River
 * North Branch River
 * North Branch Contoocook River
 * North Branch Gale River
 * North Branch Millers River
 * North Branch Sugar River
 * North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River
 * Nubanusit Brook
 * Old River
 * Oliverian Brook
 * Ossipee River
 * Otter Brook
 * Oyster River
 * Partridge Brook
 * Pawtuckaway River
 * Peabody River
 * Pemigewasset River
 * Pequawket Brook
 * Perry Stream
 * Phillips Brook
 * Pine River
 * Piscassic River
 * Piscataqua River
 * Piscataquog River
 * Powwow River
 * Purgatory Brook
 * Rattle River
 * Rattlesnake River
 * Red Hill River
 * Rocky Branch
 * Saco River
 * Salmon Brook
 * Salmon Falls River
 * Sawyer River
 * Shedd Brook
 * Shepards River
 * Simms Stream
 * Smith River
 * Soucook River
 * Souhegan River
 * South River
 * South Branch Ashuelot River
 * South Branch Baker River
 * South Branch Gale River
 * South Branch Israel River
 * South Branch Little Dead Diamond River
 * South Branch Mad River
 * South Branch Piscataquog River
 * South Branch Souhegan River
 * South Branch Sugar River
 * Spicket River
 * Squam River
 * Squamscott River
 * Stocker Brook
 * Stony Brook
 * Sucker Brook
 * Sugar River
 * Suncook River
 * Swift River (Bearcamp River tributary)
 * Swift River (Saco River tributary)
 * Swift Diamond River
 * Tarbell Brook
 * Taylor River
 * The Branch
 * Tioga River
 * Turkey River
 * Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * Warner River
 * West Branch (New Hampshire)
 * West Branch Dead Diamond River
 * West Branch Little Dead Diamond River
 * West Branch Little Magalloway River
 * West Branch Mad River
 * West Branch Magalloway River
 * West Branch Mohawk River
 * West Branch Peabody River
 * West Branch Souhegan River
 * West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
 * West Branch Warner River
 * Whiteface River
 * Wild River
 * Wild Ammonoosuc River
 * Wildcat Brook
 * Winnicut River
 * Winnipesaukee River
 * Wonalancet River
 * Zealand River

title: List of rivers of New Hampshire


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Talk:Bury St Edmunds

Untitled
I too had wondered about the place name and St Edmundsbury. I could not find evidence (though I am not saying it doesn't exist!) for this usage as the name of the town. As someone bolder than me has now zapped it, I'd be interested to hear if there is any good evidence for this usage. My feeling was that it was the abbey and borough only but I'd be interested to hear anything to the contrary. Nevilley 07:51, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The correct name is Bury St Edmunds for the town and St Edmundsbury for the borough, which includes the towns of Bury St Edmunds and Haverhill. Although locals such as myself call this place simply "Bury", however when speaking to outsiders, it is Bury St Edmunds, so not confuse people with Bury in Greater Manchester. 159753 15:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A Detailed Account of the 1327 Rising at Bury St. Edmund's and the Subsequent Trial by Mary D. Lobel. https://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXI%20Part%203%20(1933)_A%20detailed%20acc%20of%20the%201327%20rising%20at%20Bury%20St%20Edmunds%20M%20D%20Lobel_215%20to%20231.pdf I would like to put this reference into the article to explain the Great Riot mentioned but I do not see how to do this. Help please! — Preceding unsigned comment added by AddtInfo (talk • contribs) 16:12, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Image use policy
User:Edmund Patrick thank you for your edit summary when replacing the gallery of 20+ images. I do not agree that it "serves as an image based introduction to the site" particularly placed as it is near the end of the article. More importantly there is a Wikipedia policy WP:GALLERY which says "Generally, a gallery should not be added so long as there is space for images to be effectively presented adjacent to text." It is possible that some of the images currently in the gallery could be used to illustrate the text in the article, if you think so please move them to the appropriate sections and remove the remaining gallery.SovalValtos (talk) 08:30, 11 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply, will read the link and start if happy. In next week or so, if ok? Edmund Patrick – confer 13:59, 11 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Fine, I am removing the gallery now and you can add back appropriate images at your leisure.SovalValtos (talk) 19:22, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

John Peel
It seems a little odd that there is no mention in the article of DJ Peel, given his connections with the music scene in the town and the fact that his funeral, at St Edmundsbury Cathedral, was attended by "approximately a thousand people including many artists he had championed"? Martinevans123 (talk) 18:03, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

Notable people
There seems to be conflicting information as to whether footballer Andy Marshall is from Bury St Edmunds or Bury, Greater Manchester.Joenthwarls (talk) 03:33, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
 * He was born in Bury St Edmunds, e.g. see here:  86.187.164.131 (talk) 11:12, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

Suffolk Summer
I have pasted the following and temporily removed it from the article as although it is correct it needs references. - Bury St Edmunds features prominently in the book Suffolk Summer, a record of the summer of 1945 by United States Army Air Force serviceman John T Appleby who was based at the nearby airfields RAF Lavenham and later RAF Thorpe Abbotts from March to November 1945. The Rose Garden in the Abbey Gardens was funded by the royalties of his book, first published in 1948. - Edmund Patrick – confer 10:58, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bury St Edmunds


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Blackwater River

A blackwater river is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands.

Blackwater River may also refer to:

Canada

 * West Road River (also Blackwater River), a major tributary of the Fraser River

England

 * Blackwater River (River Axe), a tributary of the River Axe in Devon and Dorset
 * River Blackwater, Essex
 * Blackwater Estuary
 * River Blackwater (River Loddon), a tributary of the Loddon forming boundaries of Hampshire with Surrey and Berkshire
 * River Blackwater (River Test), a tributary of the Test in Wiltshire and Hampshire

Scotland

 * Black Water (Conon), in Wester Ross, Scotland

Ireland

 * Blackwater River, a distributary of the River Shannon
 * Enfield Blackwater, flowing from Staplestown, County Kildare, to the River Boyne in County Meath
 * Kells Blackwater also known as Leinster Blackwater, flowing from Lough Ramor, County Cavan, to Navan, County Meath
 * Kerry Blackwater, a river in County Kerry
 * Kilkenny Blackwater, a tributary of the River Suir in County Kilkenny
 * Munster Blackwater, a river which flows through Counties Kerry, Cork, and Waterford
 * River Blackwater, County Cavan
 * Ulster Blackwater in Counties Armagh, Tyrone and Monaghan

New Zealand

 * Blackwater River (Tasman), a tributary to the Mangles River
 * Blackwater River (Buller River tributary)
 * Blackwater River (Little Grey River tributary)

United States

 * Blackwater River (Alabama), a river in Baldwin County
 * Blackwater River (Florida), a river arising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico
 * Blackwater River (Maine), a river in Aroostook County
 * Blackwater River (Maryland), a largely saltwater river in Dorchester County
 * Little Blackwater River (Maryland), a tributary
 * Blackwater River (Massachusetts–New Hampshire), a tidal inlet in northeastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire
 * Blackwater River (Missouri), a tributary of the Lamine River
 * Blackwater River (Contoocook River tributary), a river in central New Hampshire
 * Blackwater River (Virginia), a river in southeastern Virginia
 * Blackwater River (West Virginia), a river in the Allegheny Mountains (with a tributary named Little Blackwater River)

title: Blackwater River


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Pohjola

Pohjola (from pohja 'base, bottom', but used in derived forms like pohjois- to mean 'north' + -la 'place'), sometimes just Pohja, is a location in Finnish mythology. It is one of the two main polarities in the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, along with Kalevala or Väinölä.

Pohjola and the Kalevala storytellers
C. Ganander (1789), characterised Pohjola as
 * 'the most extreme North ... a dark and terrible place. Tartarus and Ultima Thule'.
 * Yttersta Norden, beskrives såsom en mörk och förfärlig ort. Tartarus & ultima Thule

Attempts to treat Pohjola as a non-mythic place
Elias Lönnrot, one of the principal collectors of Finnish folk lyric poetry and composer of the Kalevala, went to some lengths to interpret Pohjola as a real place, considering whether its inhabitants might be Saami or Finns, and precisely where areas such as Luotela / Luode ('North-West region'), Pimentola ('region of darkness'), Sariola, and Untamola / Uni ('region of sleep') might be; many other scholars followed his lead.

However, the idea of an otherworldly far north is a widespread motif in both Classical and medieval European literature, and has a corresponding concept, boasso, in Saami culture. Thus Pohjola can be thought of as a purely abstract place, a literary trope standing as the source of evil – a foreboding, horrible, forever cold land in the far north.

Pohjola in the Kalevala tales
In The Kalevala, Pohjola mainly appears as the home of women whom the male heroes, from the land of Kalevala, seek as wives. The Mistress of Pohjola is Louhi, a powerful, evil witch. The great smith Seppo Ilmarinen forges the Sampo at her demand as a payment for the hand of her daughter in marriage.
 * The Sampo is a magic artefact, possibly a mill of plenty that churns out abundant goods, like the Cornucopia. Its exact nature is unclear, but its churning lid has also been interpreted as a symbol of the celestial vault of the heavens: Embedded with stars, it revolves around a central axis, or the pillar of the world.

Other Kalevala characters also seek marriage with the daughters of Pohjola. These include the adventurer Lemminkäinen, and the wise old man Väinämöinen. Louhi demands from them deeds similar to the forging of Sampo, such as shooting the Swan of Tuonela. When the suitor finally gets the daughter, weddings and great drinking and eating parties are held at the great hall of Pohjola.

The foundation of the world pillar, also thought of as the root of the "world tree", was probably located in Pohjola, somewhere just over the northern horizon from the Finnish mythological perspective. The pillar was thought to rest on the Pohjantähti or North Star.

The bulk of the Kalevala are the stories about the Sampo, kept in Pohjola. The major episodes in the Pojola series are:
 * The forging of the Sampo and its abundance hoarded by the witch Louhi inside a great mountain, in the dark reaches of Pohjola.
 * The struggles of the southern people and their raid of Pohjola to seize the Sampo for their own needs.
 * The Sampo being broken in the course of the struggle over it, and the loss of its all-important lid (which implies shattering the world tree at the north pole).

In music
Pohjola's Daughter is a symphonic tone poem by Jean Sibelius.

The Finnish metal band Sentenced used the frozen land of Pohjola as inspiration for the albums Journey to Pohjola and North from Here released in 1992 and 1993.

Pohjola is also the name of a song on an album Unsung Heroes by a Finnish folk metal band Ensiferum. The lyrics are based on a poem by 19th century freiherr and politician Yrjö Koskinen.

The Finnish folk metal band Moonsorrow has a song entitled "Taistelu Pohjolasta" ("The Battle for Pohjola"). Two different versions of it appear on their 1999 demo Tämä ikuinen talvi (This Eternal Winter) and their 2008 EP Tulimyrsky (Firestorm).

Other uses
In modern Finnish, the word Pohjola or Pohjoismaat is used to refer to the Nordic countries, the equivalent of which in Scandinavian languages is Norden. Pohjola is occasionally translated in English as Northland or Pohjoland.

The anime series Little Witch Academia has an episode entitled "Pohjola's Ordeal".

title: Pohjola


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Klang (city)

Klang or Kelang, officially Royal City of Klang (Bandaraya Diraja Klang), is a city, royal city and former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located within the Klang District. It was the civil capital of Selangor in an earlier era prior to the emergence of Kuala Lumpur and the current capital, Shah Alam. Port Klang, which is located in the Klang District, is the 12th busiest transshipment port and the 12th busiest container port in the world.

The Klang Royal City Council or Majlis Bandaraya Diraja Klang exercises jurisdiction for a majority of the Klang District while the Shah Alam City Council exercises some jurisdiction over the east of Klang District, north of Petaling District and the other parts of Selangor State including Shah Alam itself.

As of 2010, the Klang City has a total population of 240,016 (10,445 in the city centre), while the population of Klang District is 842,146, and the population of all towns managed by Klang Municipal Council is 744,062, making it Selangor's second largest city.

History

The royal city of Klang has been a site of human settlement since prehistoric times. Bronze Age drums, axes and other artefacts have been found in the vicinity of the town and within the town itself. A bronze bell dating from the 2nd century BC was found in Klang and is now in the British Museum. Also found in or near Klang are iron tools called "tulang mawas" ("ape bones") and a bronze drum. Commanding the approaches to the tin rich Klang Valley, Klang has always been of key strategic importance. It was mentioned as a dependency of other states as early as the 11th century. Klang was also mentioned in the 14th century literary work Nagarakretagama dated to the Majapahit Empire, and the Klang River was marked and named on the earliest maritime charts of Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho who visited Malacca from 1409 to 1433.

Klang was under the control of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. The celebrated Tun Perak, the Malacca's greatest Bendahara, came from Klang and became its territorial chief. According to the Malay Annals, the people of Klang overthrew the local chief or penghulu and asked the Sultan of Malacca Muzaffar Shah to appoint another, and Tun Perak was then appointed the leader. Klang was known as a producer of tin; according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia, it produced one hundred bares of tin a year when the Portuguese occupied Malacca. Klang however remained in Malay hands after the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511, and was controlled by the Sultan of Johor-Riau. In the 17th century, the Bugis began to settle in the coastal region of Selangor including Klang, and the Selangor sultanate was created in the 1766, which then controlled Klang.

In the 19th century the importance of Klang greatly increased by the rapid expansion of tin mining as a result of the increased demand for tin from the West. The desire to control the Klang Valley led directly to the Klang War (also called the Selangor Civil War) of 1867–1874 when Raja Mahdi fought to regain what he considered his birthright as territorial chief against Raja Abdullah. During the Klang War, in 1868, the seat of power was moved to Bandar Temasya, Kuala Langat, and then to Jugra which became the royal capital of Selangor.

Klang however did not lose its importance. In 1874, Selangor accepted a British Resident who would "advise" the Sultan, and Klang became the capital of British colonial administration for Selangor from 1875 until 1880 when the capital city was moved to Kuala Lumpur due to the growth of Kuala Lumpur from tin-mining. Today Klang is no longer State capital or the main seat of the ruler, but it remains the headquarters of the District to which it gives it name.

Until the construction of Port Swettenham (now known as Port Klang) in 1901, Klang remained the chief outlet for Selangor's tin, and its position was enhanced by the completion of the Klang Valley railway to Bukit Kuda in 1886, which was then connected to Klang itself via a rail bridge, the Connaught Bridge, completed in 1890. In the 1890s its growth was further stimulated by the development of the district into the State' leading producer of coffee, and later rubber. In 1903, the royal seat was moved back to Klang when it became the official seat of Sultan Sulaiman (Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah).

In May 1890, a local authority, known as Klang Health Board, was established to administer Klang town. The official boundary of Klang was first defined in 1895. The first road bridge over the Klang River connecting the two parts of the town, the Belfield Bridge, was constructed in 1908. In 1926 the health boards of Klang and Port Swettenham were merged, and in 1945 the local authority was renamed Klang Town Board. In 1954, the Town Board became the Klang Town Council after a local election was set up to select its members in accordance with the Local Government Election Ordinance of 1950. In 1963, the Port Klang Authority was created and it now administers three Port Klang areas: Northport, Southpoint, and West Port.

In 1971, the Klang District Council, which incorporated the nearby townships of Kapar and Meru as well as Port Klang, was formed. After undergoing a further reorganisation according to the Local Government Act of 1976 (Act 171), Klang District Council was upgraded to Klang Municipal Council (KMC) on 1 January 1977 and Klang Royal City Council (KRCC) beginning 5 February 2024. From 1974 to 1977, Klang was the state capital city of Selangor before the seat of government shifted to Shah Alam in 1977.

Etymology
Klang may have taken its name from the Klang River which runs through the city. The entire geographical area in the immediate vicinity of the river, which begins at Kuala Lumpur and runs west all the way to Port Klang, is known as the Klang Valley.

One popular theory on the origin of the name is that it is derived from the Mon–Khmer word Klong, which may mean a canal or waterway. Alternatively it has also been argued that it means "warehouses", from the Malay word Kilang – in the old days, it was full of warehouses (kilang currently means "factory").

Klang was also once known as Pengkalan Batu meaning "stone jetty".

Unlike most other place names in Malaysia, the Chinese name for Klang, is neither a direct transcription nor translation, but likely a transcription of another Malay word Pasang, referring to the rising tides around the Klang Valley.

Districts
Klang is divided into North Klang and South Klang, which are separated by the Klang River. North Klang is divided into three sub-districts which are Kapar (Located at the north of North Klang), Rantau Panjang (situated at the west of North Klang) and Meru (at the east of North Klang).

Klang North used to be the main commercial centre of Klang, but since 2008, more residential and commercial areas as well as government offices are being developed in Klang South. Most major government and private health care facilities are also located at Klang South. Hence, this area tends to be busier and becomes the centre of social and recreational activities after office hours and during the weekends. This is triggered by the rapid growth of new and modern townships such as Bandar Botanic, Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Taman Sentosa Perdana, Taman Sri Andalas, Taman Bayu Perdana, Taman Sentosa, Glenmarie Cove, Kota Bayuemas etc. all located within Klang South.

At the Klang North side, some of the older and established residential areas include Berkeley Garden, Taman Eng Ann, Taman Klang Utama, Bandar Baru Klang and so forth. Newer townships include Bandar Bukit Raja, Aman Perdana and Klang Sentral.

Malaysia's busiest port, Port Klang was previously named Port Swettenham until 1972 when it was renamed Port Klang. Port Klang is located at Klang South.

Economy
Initially, Bukit Kuda port (located at 12.5 miles away from Klang river mouth) was established as a port that connect to mining areas within Kuala Lumpur. Later, a railway line was built connecting Bukit Kuda with Kuala Lumpur. However, the Bukit Kuda port was found to be unsuitable. Therefore, the town of Klang which is located at three miles nearer to the river mouth than Bukti Kuda, was chosen to become the major port. A bridge was constructed across the Klang river and railway was connected to Klang in August 1890. Klang port received huge amount of traffic in the following years, which later the authorities decided to extend the railway line to the mouth of the river where new port named "Port Swettenham" would be constructed in 1901. However, Port Swettenham was plaqued with malaria infections which affected coolies and port staff greatly, causing a delay in unloading cargoes from the ships. Sir Malcom Watson, a district surgeon in Klang solved the malaria problem in 1903 by clearing the forests and undergrowth and construct a drainage system at the same time.

Klang gradually became the main manufacturing centre for Malaya after the end of World War I. The first person who set up a factory in Klang was a millionaire from Singapore named Tan Kah Kee. His factory produced canned pineapples. The setting up of his factory stimulated the pineapple plantations around Klang. After Tan went bankrupt in 1934, Goh Hock Huat, one of the pineapple producers, decided to set up his own pineapple canning factory. More factories opened in Klang due to its proximity to Port Swettenham. In the following years, factories producing rubber products and oil factory producing products from groundnuts were set up with skills and machineries imported from Singapore. The economy of Klang is closely linked with that the greater Klang Valley conurbation which is the most densely populated, urbanised and industrialised region of Malaysia. There is a wide range of industries within the Klang municipality, major industrial areas may be found in Bukit Raja, Kapar, Meru, Taman Klang Utama and Sungai Buloh, Pulau Indah, Teluk Gong and others. Rubber used to be an important part of the economy of the region, but from the 1970s onwards, many rubber plantations have switched to palm oil, and were then converted again for urban development and infrastructure use.

Port Klang forms an important part of the economy of Klang. It is home to about 95 shipping companies and agents, 300 custom brokers, 25 container storage centres, as well as more than 70 freight and transport companies. It handled almost 50% of Malaysia's sea-borne container trade in 2013. The Port Klang Free Zone was established in 2004 to transform Port Klang into a regional distribution hub as well as a trade and logistics centre.

The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to Singapore, towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.

Politics
Klang encompasses three parliamentary seats held by both Perikatan Nasional (1 seat) and also the Pakatan Harapan coalitions (2 seats). These constituencies are subdivided into state seats.

Demographics
The following are the census figures for the population of Klang. The 1957 and 1970 figures are for the Klang district and were collected before the reorganisation of Klang and the Bumiputra status being used as a category. The 2010 figures are for MP Klang. The figure for Klang city is not given as what constitutes Bandar Klang appears to be inconsistent with considerable fluctuation in population figures over the years.

Crime
There are a number of criminal gangs operating in Klang, and gang violence is not uncommon. Among the Chinese community, there are the Ang Bin Hoey triad gangs such as Gang 21 which operates in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. There are also Gang 24, Gang 36 and others, and their members are often Indians. Due to economic development and changes in the industry, many rubber estates where Indian plantation workers used to live and work were closed, and this is thought to have contributed to a rise of gangsterism amongst the displaced and economically-deprived Indians. It is thought that the Indians originally worked for Chinese gang leaders but they now dominate many of these criminal organisations.

Transportation
Klang is served by six commuter stations that constitute the Port Klang Line of the KTM Komuter system, namely Bukit Badak, Kampung Raja Uda, Klang, Teluk Pulai, Teluk Gadong and Pelabuhan Klang stations. By November 2026, Klang will also be connected to the RM 9 billion  LRT Shah Alam transit line.

Klang is connected to the rest of the Klang Valley via the Federal Highway, the New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE), the North Klang Straits Bypass (New North Klang Straits Bypass) as well as the KESAS Highway. The West Coast Expressway (WCE) currently under construction, will run between Changkat Jering, Perak and Klang-Banting, Selangor. The construction is expected to be fully completed by early 2025.

Klang is also served by the RapidKL bus route. Klang Sentral acts as a terminal for long-distance buses and taxis in northern Klang. There is a non-stop hourly bus service every day from and to KLIA2 to Klang, and the embarkation point is located at the AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre. Smart Selangor Bus Programme was established by the Selangor State Government to provide an efficient and high quality free public transportation service to its citizens.

The double-decked Kota Bridge was first built in late 1950s as a replacement for the Belfield Bridge. The double-decked bridge now closed to car traffic after a new Kota Bridge was built alongside it in the 1992, although the lower deck is still used by pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles. A second bridge in Klang, the Musaeddin (Tengku Kelana) Bridge, was built in the 1980s near the Kota Bridge. The RM199 million Klang Third Bridge was opened for traffic in May 2017, complementing the existing two other road bridges in the city that connect Klang North and Klang South.

Shopping complexes

There are several shopping complexes and hypermarkets in Klang, primarily in Klang South, namely:
 * ÆON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre (Bandar Bukit Tinggi)
 * ÆON Bukit Raja Shopping Centre (Bandar Baru Klang)
 * ÆON Big Hypermarket (Kapar Road)
 * Big Mall (Persiaran Raja Muda Musa) - formerly known as Harbour Place Shopping Mall, now a member of the Tune Group
 * Centro Mall (Jalan Batu Tiga Lama)
 * Central I-City Shopping Centre - with SOGO store, situated at the border of Klang-Shah Alam
 * Giant Hypermarket (Bandar Bukit Tinggi)
 * GM Klang Wholesale City (Bandar Botanic)
 * Klang Parade (Meru Road) - with Parkson store
 * KSL Esplanade City Mall @ Klang (Bandar Bestari) – the largest shopping mall in Klang which is already opened.
 * Lotus's Klang (Bandar Bukit Tinggi) - formerly known as Tesco Extra
 * Mydin Wholesale Emporium @ Plaza MPK (Klang Town)
 * NSK Trade City (Taman Sentosa Perdana & Klang Sentral)

Private hospitals and medical centres

 * Columbia Asia Hospital, Bandar Bukit Raja
 * Hospital Bersalin Razif, Taman Sri Andalas
 * JMC Specialist Medical Centre, Lorong Dato Amar
 * KO Specialist Center Klang, Jalan Goh Hock Huat
 * KPJ Klang Specialist Hospital, Bandar Baru Klang
 * Bukit Tinggi Medical Centre, Bandar Bukit Tinggi (formally known as Manipal Hospitals Klang and Arunamari Specialist Medical Centre)
 * Metro Maternity Hospital (Hospital Wanita Metro), Jalan Pasar
 * Pantai Hospital Klang, Persiaran Raja Muda Musa, Port Klang
 * Sentosa Specialist Hospital
 * Sri Kota Medical Centre, Jalan Mohet

Government hospital and health clinics

 * Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (Klang General Hospital), Jalan Langat
 * Klinik Kesihatan Anika Klang
 * Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Botanic
 * Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Kuda
 * Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Naga
 * Klinik Kesihatan Kapar
 * Klinik Kesihatan Meru
 * Klinik Kesihatan Pandamaran
 * Klinik Kesihatan Pelabuhan Klang
 * Klinik Kesihatan Pulau Indah
 * Klinik Kesihatan Pulau Ketam
 * Klinik Kesihatan Rantau Panjang
 * Klinik Kesihatan Sungai Bertik

Local landmarks and attractions

 * Istana Alam Shah
 * The royal residence of the Sultan of Selangor was built in 1950 in south Klang to replace the old Mahkota Puri Palace. Parts of the Palace are accessible to the public but only on a few days of the week.
 * Near the Palace is the Klang Royal City Park (Taman Bandar Diraja Klang), and located in front of the Palace is a sports stadium (Stadium Padang Sultan Sulaiman) and the Royal Klang Club.
 * Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque
 * The royal Mosque that was built in 1932 and features an eclectic architecture that combines Moorish, Western Art Deco and Neoclassical styles.
 * Kuan Im Teng Klang (巴生观音亭, Goddess of Mercy Temple)
 * Kuan Im Teng (as pronounced in the Hokkien dialect) was established in 1892 and is over 100 years old.
 * The temple is also involved in charity work, contributing to several health and educational organisations. On the eve of Chinese New Year, the temple is opened all night and the street is often packed with devotees queuing shoulder to shoulder to enter the temple hall to offer their incense to the Kwan Yin in hope for an auspicious start to the New Year.
 * Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (巴生露德圣母堂)
 * A Catholic church built in 1928, the church celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2008 after the church building had undergone restoration. Father Souhait played a large part in the design of the church building, modelling it on the pilgrimage church in Lourdes, France.
 * The design of the church follows the style of a Gothic architecture.
 * Kota Raja Mahadi
 * This historic fort was actually an arch of the fort. In the old days, there was a struggle between Raja Mahadi and Raja Abdullah for the control of the Klang district.
 * Tugu Keris (Keris Monument)
 * A memorial erected to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the Sultan of Selangor's installation in 1985. The monument is specially designed to depict the Keris Semenanjung that symbolises power, strength and unity.
 * Kai Hong Hoo Temple (开封府)
 * The only temple in Malaysia dedicated to the worship of Bao Zheng (包公), who was a government officer in ancient China's Song Dynasty. Justice Bao consistently demonstrated extreme honesty and uprightness and is today respected as the cultural symbol of justice in the Chinese community worldwide.
 * Tanjung Harapan (The Esplanade)
 * Fronting the Straits of Malacca, the Esplanade is a sea-side family recreation spot near to North port that houses several seafood restaurants. Nice setup for sunset-gazing and also for anglers to fish.
 * Little India (Klang)
 * Colourful street from the striking saris hanging from shops to the snacks and sweetmeats on sale from shops and roadside stalls. During Deepavali, the Indian festival of lights, the street is astoundingly transformed into a colourful spectacle of lights and booming sound of music.
 * Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple
 * Built in 1896, it is one of the oldest and the largest of the Vaishnavite temples in Malaysia. The temple is often referred to as the "Thirupathi of South East Asia" after its namesake in India.
 * Sri Subramania Swamy Temple, Klang
 * A Hindu temple devoted to the worship of Lord Murugan in Teluk Pulai, Klang that was established on 14 February 1914. It holds a unique distinction among the Hindu temples in Klang as it was founded and managed by the Ceylonese/Sri Lankan community who lived around the vicinity of the temple. Prayer rituals are done like those in Sri Lanka and certain festivals specific to the Ceylonese/Jaffnese community are celebrated here. The arasamaram or sacred fig tree which is in the temple was there since 1914 and is possibly one of the oldest living tree in Klang.
 * Connaught Bridge
 * One of the oldest bridges in Malaysia's Klang Valley region. It was built in 1948 by the British. The bridge is located in Jalan Dato' Mohd Sidin (Federal route) near Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang Selangor.
 * At one time, Connaught bridge can only be crossed one vehicle at a time. No lorry could pass it because it was limited to car, van and small vehicle only. The wooden bridge closed in 1993–1994. In 1995, the wooden bridge was replaced by a concrete box girder bridge.
 * Kota Bridge
 * The first and only double-decker bridge in Malaysia and South East Asia. The bottom deck is a pedestrian walkway bridge while the top deck is a motorist bridge. The bridge was closed to car traffic in the 1990s due to high demand that necessitated the construction of a new bridge.
 * The new Jambatan Kota is located beside of the old bridge. The old bridge was constructed between 1957 and 1960, and was officially opened in 1961 by the late Sultan of Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah as part of the celebration of his coronation as the ninth Sultan of Selangor.
 * Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery
 * Is the royal gallery located at Bangunan Sultan Suleiman, Klang. Various collections depicting the reign of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah; from his early childhood through his appointment as the eighth Sultan Selangor in 1960 and as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1999.
 * Klang Selatan Fire Station
 * Is a Victorian-style structure that was built in 1890s. Today, the building still serves as a fire station.
 * Local firemen have taken the initiative to set up a mini gallery at the fire station in support of the Klang Heritage Walk.

Malay food
The most significant food spot in Klang is at "Emporium Makan", this old spot situated in the heart the city, opposite of Pasar Jawa and next to Jambatan Kota.

Chinese food
Klang is known for its Bak Kut Teh, a non-halal herbal soup that uses pork ribs and tenderloins. The dish is popularly thought to have originated in Klang. Bak Kut Teh is available in various locations including Taman Intan (previously called Taman Rashna), Teluk Pulai, Jalan Kereta Api and Pandamaran. The locals normally eat this food in the morning or afternoon, and you will hardly find this in the evening time.

There are a number of food courts in Klang which served local cuisine. Located in Taman Eng Ann is a large food court serving many daytime snacks ranging from the well-known Chee Cheong Fun, Yong Tau Foo, Popia (Chinese springrolls), the medicinal herb Lin Zhi Kang drink, to Rojak and Cendol. Other stalls found also serving Chee Cheong Fun in Klang are located around the Meru Berjaya area. The Yong Tau Foo, a Malaysian Hakka Chinese delicacy, is a common meal for lunch and dinner as well.

Seafood
The coastal regions and islands near Port Klang are also known for their seafood, such as Pulau Ketam, Bagan Hailam, Teluk Gong, Pandamaran and Tanjung Harapan.

Climate
Klang has a tropical monsoon climate with heavy rainfall year-round.

Education
Klang is also known as education hub where hundreds of national schools, private schools and colleges were built.

=== National Schools ===

Private Schools & Colleges

 * Acmar International & Private Schools
 * Beaconhouse Sri Lethia Private School
 * Harvest International School
 * Regent International School
 * Sanctus International School
 * Sri KDU International School Klang
 * Wesley Methodist School
 * Zenith Private Schools
 * Chung Hua Independent High School
 * Hin Hua High School
 * Kwang Hua (Private) High School
 * Pin Hwa High School
 * Klang Community College (Kolej Komuniti Klang)
 * WIT College (Kolej WIT)
 * Peninsula College (formerly known as ALC College)

Rehabilitation & Development
Selangor Maritime Gateway's (SMG) master plan covers 88,000 acre of land along 56 km of Klang River. This initiative ascertains the quality and opportunity of potential developments along the river. The project, undertaken by Landasan Lumayan Sdn. Bhd. (a subsidiary of MBI Selangor) will be highly beneficial to the economy of the state. The master plan set-up reserves Klang as an Eco Smart City to spur on new sustainable social and economic growth along Klang River that includes elements of river cleaning, rehabilitation & development. Sungai Klang will be turned into a new source of economy for the state through the Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) project. SMG includes several development components including commerce, hospitality, tourism, housing and service industry.

Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation ensures the sustainability of the surrounding population and environment in a changing climate. The objectives are to restore ecological balance, to improve water quality to avoid flood mitigation as well as to preserve the environment for a better transformation of Klang River. The primary purpose of rehabilitation of Telok Kapas with 98 acres of land in Pasir Panjang, Klang which had been officially stopped in operation in 2007 is to improve water quality as well as restoring the site with a proper safe closure. The comprehensive rehabilitation of Klang River involves creation of new land and utility services with estimated cost of RM 3 billion that involve the Design Concept, Construction and Operation and Maintenance. The objectives are to increase the water quality and economic activities.

Development
The framework sets to re-establish the urban developments along the river from one zone to the other. The plans set the development of six (6) zones in Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) through consolidation of Urban Design, Landscape, Transportation, Environmental and Economic Consideration of the existing condition and cultural context. Six zones are proposed as a basis for creating community identity and place-making along the river stretch. Together, the intention brings the true potential of what Klang River can be as well as gives a new pulse to the river. The catalyst projects includes :

 * Pengkalan Batu Urban Park
 * Mangrove Point
 * Grand Bazaar
 * Cultural Village & Retreat Resort
 * Community River Park

Sister cities

 * Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
 * Yongzhou, Hunan, China

title: Klang (city)


text:
Chris Griffin

Christopher Cross Griffin is a fictional character from the animated television series, Family Guy. He is the second of three children of Peter and Lois Griffin and is also the older brother of Stewie Griffin and the younger brother of Meg Griffin. He is voiced by the American actor, producer, and writer Seth Green and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" on January 31, 1999.

Chris Griffin was created and designed by the series' creator, Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series' pilot episode was based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane which featured a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. Chris was based on Milt, the teenage son character in The Life of Larry. Chris is an overweight adult boy with long, shaggy blond hair and medium skin. He wears a blue t-shirt, black sweatpants, white sneakers with red stripes, and an orange baseball cap with black on the back. His face looks similar to his father's, having the same kind of eyes, nose and chin. In the first three seasons, he wore golden hoop earrings.

Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious, yet unintelligent teenager, Chris has become more awkward and idiotic over the course of the show. Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an 'Evil Monkey' in his closet (though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil), his frequent masturbation, and his perverted admirer, the elderly Herbert who lusts after and repeatedly tries to prey on him throughout the show's run.

Character origins
The character of Chris Griffin resembles that of Milt's, the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry. The animated short film was created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 which later led to the development of Family Guy, which aired three years later.

Seth Green has stated that his main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's restaurant.

Personality
Similar to his older sister Meg, Chris is portrayed as a typical adolescent, albeit one who comes off as being good-natured and easy-going. As such, the character tends to take things in stride, not worrying about much, seemingly enjoying his position in life. On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition, it is stated that Chris "wouldn't hurt a fly, unless it landed on his hot dog".

Chris is seemingly willing to take drastic measures to meet his academic needs, especially to address his below-average grades. In one episode, he thinks he got a bad grade on his geometry test when he tickled his brain with a plastic army man's rifle inserted into his nose, accidentally puncturing a lobe.

Despite frequently displaying Peter's characteristic stupidity, Chris is usually portrayed as a faster learner than Peter, and has a variety of talents, such as filmmaking, video editing, etc. In "Patriot Games", when the family moves to London, Chris is the only member of the family who learns how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds. Conversely, however, when his brother Stewie tries to help him prepare for a history exam in "Stewie, Chris, & Brian's Excellent Adventure", he seems to show great difficulty in grasping new ideas.

He also shares his father's cartoonish lack of common sense, tends to be absent-minded, gets confused easily, and appears to be extremely naïve; in "Lethal Weapons", when Peter and Lois are having a fist fight, Chris cheers for the former, telling him to "kick her ass!". Earlier in the episode, after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him with a spanking, Peter tells him to "punish [himself]" and subsequently spanks himself. In Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, when the children watch Lois and Peter trying to make love, Chris mistakes it for a fight and says, "Meg, why do you think they're fighting?", but Meg angrily whispers to him "They're not." In the episode "Trading Places", after Chris accidentally damages Peter's dirt bike, Peter "punishes" him by making him start smoking.

Although Meg is often humiliated or embarrassed by his actions like she is with Peter's actions, Chris usually loves and cares for her deeply, and the two are frequently shown to get along very well. Up until sometime during the sixth season, Chris is more socially active at school than Meg, having various friends, including several girls, while attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School, and later at James Woods Regional High School (now called Adam West High School).

As the series progresses and Meg is seen more often with her group of friends, Chris's social status is greatly reduced to the point of being unpopular and virtually friendless at James Woods Regional High School. While just as socially looked down upon as Meg (though to a lesser extent of being bullied), he is outwardly confident and spirited, mostly when dealing with the ups and downs of being a teenager, such as running for Homecoming King, standing up to bullies, lashing out against his date, and frequently acting out against Peter's hurtful ways.

In "Stew-Roids", Chris's popularity increases drastically when the school's queen bee, Connie D'Amico, dates him. At first, she does this to be more popular since "dating a loser" improves her self confidence, however she begins to develop feelings towards Chris when he confesses his feelings towards her. Later in the episode, however, Chris's popularity turns him mean and shallow, and he dumps Connie after making out with two other girls at a house party. Connie and Meg then briefly team up to humiliate Chris by having Neil Goldman show the school a video of him re-enacting a scene from The Silence of the Lambs in which Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror, which results in Connie regaining her popularity, while Chris is socially demoted back to being an outcast.

In "Once Bitten", Chris befriends Neil Goldman, the Jewish resident "nerd/geek" and Meg's self-proclaimed love interest. Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg, Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their friendship.

Evil Monkey
As a running gag, starting in the episode "Dammit Janet!", Chris is regularly tormented by the Evil Monkey, who lives in his closet, though whenever he complains about it to anyone, they often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke, after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening and intimidating manner. In "Hannah Banana", Chris proves the monkey's existence to the family, though ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey (who appears not to be evil at all, but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey) helps him write out a book report and subsequently pass.

The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions. Chris introduces him to his friends, they hang out with each other in "fun" places, and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school, which Peter does not do. This, however, causes a rift between Chris and Peter when the former realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father. Eventually, the Evil Monkey helps the two characters to patch things up, especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus (who is depicted as an android) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong. After that, the monkey happily moves out of Chris' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker's son, Jake, where the cycle will start in anew, as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father.

In a 2003 interview, Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real, since he has "a childlike mind". The monkey's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker.

Identification with Seth Green
Another running gag, which began in the Star Wars remake episode "Blue Harvest", has Chris defend the overall career of voice actor Seth Green, along with the animated series Robot Chicken: an Adult Swim show Green co-created as an in-joke where Green and Seth MacFarlane are jokingly portrayed as 'bitter competitors' in the field of adult animation.

When Peter (MacFarlane) methodically denigrates Robot Chicken in "Blue Harvest", Chris loses his temper and storms off. This gag is continued in "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side": though Chris attempts to maintain a cool head, he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle, a critically panned film that featured Green. Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode (in which the family recounts the events of the original Star Wars trilogy whilst they have lost power during a storm) and not in the interior Star Wars narrative, in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker.

In the final Star Wars parody, "It's a Trap!", mocking Green's career provokes further dismay in Chris: who attempts to defend Green from Carter Pewterschmidt's remarks: claiming the actor "gets under [his] skin" and has failed to be part of any successful project, by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the Austin Powers film series as prominent examples of success in Green's career. Chris is rebuffed by Pewterschmidt: who argues that the popularity of Buffy was largely over-stated by coverage of the show by Entertainment Weekly and that moviegoers were largely uninterested in Green's involvement in the Austin Powers films. Furthermore, after Chris refuses to fight Stewie, the latter claims to be unfazed, as Stewie could simply "get Seth Green to fight [him]", claiming Green will "do anything for money" citing Sex Drive: a critically and commercially unsuccessful film starring Green as an example of the actor's greed, and deriding the film due to its obscurity.

These taunts give Chris (in character as Skywalker) the conviction to retaliate against Stewie/Darth Vader and Carter/Darth Sidious (both played by MacFarlane).

In the closing scenes of the episode's framing device, an irritated Chris asks his father Peter about his negative perception of Seth Green, to which Peter retorts that he simply finds Green to be a "douche". An agitated Chris thus pokes fun at MacFarlane's career: going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip-off of The Simpsons; MacFarlane is then defended by the characters whom he voices (Peter, Brian and Stewie): who refer to MacFarlane as handsome and talented.

Outside of the Star Wars-themed episodes, "Road to the Multiverse" plays on the running gag, but with Stewie provoking the Robot Chicken universe counterpart of Chris by asking "How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds?", which prompts Chris to scream "Fuck you!"

Chris' birthday is February 8, which also happens to be the same day as Seth Green.

title: Chris Griffin


text: Talk:Barings Bank

title: Talk:Barings Bank


text:
User talk:Perl/contact

Come ON! You cannot treat me like that, Alex! I was very worried.

Welcome back.

You know where I am. Pfortuny 08:01, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Perl/contact


text:
Cooking off

Cooking off (or thermally induced firing) is unfired weapon ammunition exploding prematurely due to heat in the surrounding environment. The term is used both for detonation of ammunition not loaded into a weapon, and unintended firing of a loaded weapon due to heating.

A fast cook-off is a cook-off caused by fire. A slow cook-off is caused by a sustained thermal event less intense than fire.

A cooked-off round may cause a sympathetic detonation of adjacent rounds. Insensitive munitions are designed to be less vulnerable to accidental firing induced by external heat.

Artillery
Inherent design flaws in early 17th century Swedish leather cannons led to the gun tube overheating which prematurely ignited the gunpowder, injuring the loader.

Muzzle-loading cannon on merchant and naval vessels of the Age of Sail would fire if the vessels caught fire while the guns were loaded. Examples include the merchantman Earl Fitzwilliam and HMS Queen Charlotte (1790).

After the cooking off of artillery shells in the G5 howitzers in the late 1980s, the South African Army changed commands from "cease fire" to "cease loading". This allowed crews to fire any loaded shells to prevent them from heating up and exploding.

Machine guns
Cooking off is a characteristic of certain air-cooled machine guns firing from a closed bolt. In such a design, when the trigger is released the weapon feed leaves a final round in the chamber. Residual heat conducts through the cartridge case. If the kindling point of the propellant is eventually reached it will burn even though the primer has not been struck, thus firing the chambered round. Nitrocellulose, the primary component of modern smokeless powder, has a relatively low autoignition temperature of around 160 - 170 °C. Contrary to popular myth, this will not cause the machine gun to "runaway" at cyclic rate of fire (as compared to a slamfire) because each chambered round has to first be brought up to temperature. The time this takes depends on the temperature of the chamber and of the environment, but is usually several seconds, although if caused deliberately may be very fast. During this time the barrel is cooling.

Cook offs in machine guns are prevented by:
 * Cased ammunition: Among its many functions, the metallic cartridge case acts as a heat sink protecting the propellant from chamber heat. The case must first be brought up to temperature before the propellant inside can burn.
 * Cooling: Barrels can be liquid-cooled (like a radiator in an automobile engine), or exchanged periodically. Most modern infantry machine guns (GPMG, general-purpose machine gun) are issued with several quick change barrels that are swapped out allowing one barrel to cool while the gun fires with the other.
 * Open bolt: Most modern infantry machine guns (and submachine guns) fire from an open bolt, meaning the bolt remains to the rear when the trigger is released. Pulling the trigger releases the bolt forward and fires the weapon simultaneously. Assuming proper operation (no stoppages) a cook off is not possible with this design because a cartridge is not chambered until the moment the trigger is pulled and the weapon is fired, thus there is nothing in the chamber.

Closed bolt
Most modern infantry assault rifles fire from a closed bolt, meaning that when ready to fire, there is a round in the chamber of the barrel and the bolt and working parts are in the forward position, closing the breech. Squeezing the trigger releases the striker or hammer, firing the cartridge in the chamber. Assuming proper operation (no stoppages) a cook off is possible with this design because a cartridge is kept chambered in the potentially hot chamber, where it can absorb enough heat to cause ignition of its propellant. Apart from the possibility to cook off the heated propellant requires a special formula to allow for consistent muzzle velocity throughout all temperatures.

Caseless ammunition
Caseless ammunition eliminates the metal case that typically holds the primer or igniter and the powder charge (smokeless powder) that propels the bullet. The metal case absorbs a large portion of the waste heat of firing. Ejecting this hot, empty case removes that heat from the weapon. With caseless rounds, other means of reducing waste heat are necessary, especially in automatic fire.

Tanks
Cooking off is a serious hazard to crews in damaged and disabled tanks. Attempted solutions include storing ammunition under water and insulating ammunition compartments. The current technique, used in tanks such as the M1 Abrams, is to armor the compartments and provide blow-off panels to channel the force of the explosion to the exterior of the tank and prevent the jack-in-the-box effect.

Missiles and air-dropped bombs
The risk of aircraft armament cooking off is a significant hazard during pre-flight operations, especially for aircraft carriers. Fuel fires, which can spread across the flight deck rapidly and engulf many aircraft, are the most serious risk. This was a significant contributor to the 1967 fire disaster aboard the USS Forrestal (CV-59), when such a fire (set off by an inadvertently fired Zuni rocket striking the fuel tanks of a waiting A-4 Skyhawk) detonated two unguided bombs of Korean War vintage which had been loaded onto the stricken bomber, rupturing the fuel tanks of adjacent aircraft and setting off a chain reaction of similarly cooked off bombs. Because of the age and condition of the first two bombs, the fire safety crew was unable to cool them before they cooked off, which should have been possible for contemporary weapons with higher cook-off temperatures.

A different sort of cook-off event was the trigger for the 1969 explosion and fire aboard the USS Enterprise (CVN-65), which also involved a Zuni rocket. During this event, the exhaust from an MD-3A "Huffer" Air Start Unit (ASU) overheated the warhead of a Zuni that was mounted on a parked aircraft, causing it to cook off. As with the Forrestal disaster, this led to procedural and equipment changes, specifically regarding ASUs.

title: Cooking off


text:
User:Gcom

My real home is http://embrash.com ;)

title: User:Gcom


text:
List of emperors of the Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty was a dynasty of China that existed from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and falling amidst much political turmoil to the short-lived Shun dynasty. Sixteen emperors ruled over the whole of China proper spanning 276 years. Following the collapse of the Ming dynasty in 1644, members of the Ming imperial family continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662; this regime is known as the Southern Ming in historiography.

Southern Ming
Other Ming claimants included Zhu Benli, Prince of Han (1646–1663) and Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai (1648–1661). If Zhu Benli existed, he would be the last legal emperor of Southern Ming from the execution (1662) of Zhu Youlang. However, Zhu Benli's identity and existence are disputed, and Zhu Youlang is generally taken to be the last emperor of Southern Ming. Ming prince Zhu Shugui carried out his duties in the Kingdom of Tungning in the name of the last Southern Ming emperor until 1683.

Individuals posthumously recognized as emperors
This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Ming emperors posthumously.

Timeline
Legend:
 * Orange denotes Ming emperors
 * Cyan denotes Southern Ming emperors

title: List of emperors of the Ming dynasty


text:
Talk:Atlantic 10 Conference

Basketball only?
Is it correct to call these schools "basketball only members"? Aren't they members for everything except football? john 08:17, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure when, but this appears to have been completed.--MikeUMA (talk) 04:02, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

A-10 logo
Someone needs to upload the general A-10 logo, and place it in the article as a supplement (NOT a replacement). The logo currently in the article is for the football conference only, and looks nothing like the general conference logo. Dale Arnett 04:21, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure when, but this has been completed.--MikeUMA (talk) 04:02, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Sports team logo discussion
There is a discussion to clarify our policy/guideline on the use of sports team logos. Please see Wikipedia_talk:Logos if you wish to participate in the discussion. Johntex\talk 16:38, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Member table
Endowment numbers might be wrong. The "smallest" endowments here are listed at, like, a million dollars or so, but they actually have billion dollar endowments.

https://xkcd.com/558/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wesduplantier (talk • contribs) 03:50, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

School type/religious affiliation
The religious affiliation or designation as "non-sectarian" is not so clear cut. For example, Duke University describes its ties with Methodism as "formal, on-going, and symbolic" while Wake Forest University maintains "a dedication to the values rooted in its Baptist heritage". Both schools can be considered "non-sectarian" in that they are no longer under the direct auspices of their founding religious organizations. Likewise, Boston College maintains its Jesuit identity in spite of the fact that it severed its formal ties with the Jesuit Order (and thereby the Catholic Church) in the 1960s when it was independently incorporated under a lay board of trustees. Unlike the Catholic University of America, which is under the direct auspices of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, or the University of Notre Dame, which is governed by "fellows" who must be priests of the Congregation of Holy Cross, The Trustees of Boston College (BC's governing body) operate independent of any religious jurisdiction. This arrangement is probably similar to that at Duke or Wake Forest, except that the BC trustees have voluntarily chosen to elect members of the founding religious organization to the presidency (though they are not required to do so). In fact, similar arrangements exist at other Jesuit colleges and universities, where both women and non-clerics have been elected to presidency (most recently at Georgetown University). All of this is to say that I think the nature of a school's religious affiliation is beyond the scope of this article, and that "public" or "private" suffice in the context of the members table. --24.63.125.78 10:20, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * 24.63.125.78 has coppied and pasted this on almost every college conference discussion board. Please refer to Talk:Atlantic Coast Conference so we can keep all the discussion in one place.  Thanks. -- Masonpatriot

Facilities
Why are the football stadiums still listed for all the schools, even though the conference doesn't even sponsor football anymore? All the teams that made the switch are listed with their respective stadia at Colonial Athletic Association. Oughgh 23:19, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've thought about this myself. On related notes, the I-AA football conferences template should be removed and the map of conference members should be updated to reflect this change. On the other hand, I think I have seen other "I-AAA" conference pages with football stadia listed where appropriate, even though the conference doesn't sponsor football. If no one else responds to this, I'll start making the changes. Boneillhawk 01:07, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Ten or 10
it seems that the conference's website uses Atlantic 10 not Ten. Perhaps the page should be moved to Atlantic 10 Conference. Smith03 17:42, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Not sure when, but this has been completed.--MikeUMA (talk) 04:02, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Rivalries
The page has a section for "Atlantic 10 Rivalries". I have some problems with this section. Anyone else care to comment?--MikeUMA (talk) 04:02, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) We need other A-10 fans to chime in on this, but the rivalries seem to be to be primarily focused on men's basketball.  This is definitely true for the rivalries mentioning UMass.  UMass was and is a rival with URI, and was a rival with Temple.  So if these are men's basketball rivalries, maybe this whole section should be part of Men's Basketball, and not a section on its own.
 * 2) Present vs Past tense.  There is little tense used in this section.  It needs to be improved for clarity.
 * 3) I question the need for this section entirely.  Perhaps these "rivalries" should be mentioned on the individual school pages.  Generally, any member of your conference is somewhat of a rival anyway, as you regularly face them.

These are not just MBB rivalries. A lot of times the rivalries transcend the games being played. The coach of dayton women's soccer famously said he thought Dayton fans would come out to watch tiddlywinks as long as the opponent was Xavier. As for the present/past tense confusion, it may exist because some of the rivalries no longer exist today. I would have mentioned Dayton/Xavier before URI/Fordham, myself. Thwackings (talk) 15:11, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Proposal to make timelines more consistent
I noticed that conferences in List of NCAA conferences have articles, usually including a membership timeline. While some of the decisions made for each conference make some sense, there is a wide variety of styles for the various timelines, particularly involving color choices, but also other matters of style that could be more consistent.

for example, a school with a yellow bar means:
 * An associate member in one sport (if part of the BE)
 * A former member of the conference (in the SEC)
 * A future member of the conference (in the SEC and Big West)
 * A football only member (in the Sun Belt)
 * A team that has moved to another conference (in the WAC, NEC)
 * A full member of the Big Sky

Some graphs have captions, some do not, and none are centered. To see the variety of styles, review Current conference timelines

I think it would be worth discussing how best to provide some measure of consistency, recognizing that there may be legitimate reasons for some differences from a standard presentation (for example, some conferences show the name of the new conference for former members. In some cases, this makes sense, in other, it may not.)

I've produced a draft of how the timelines would look with some consistency added. Please see Draft proposal of conference timelines.

I propose a discussion to see if there is consensus on improving the consistency.

Because it would not be practical to have this discussion on each and every conference talk page, I suggest centralizing this discussion at the Talk page of Project College football SPhilbrick  (Talk)  12:49, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Standardize facility sections
See the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject College baseball.

Discussion about overview maps for US collegiate athletic conferences
A discussion on the Project College Football talk page has been created to discuss the proper format of the overview maps that are used for the US collegiate athletic conference pages.

If you're interested, please join the discussion here: Athletic conference overview maps and their lack of consistency. Mdak06 (talk) 00:00, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

College basketball team navboxes
Please join discussion at the College Basketball Wikiproject for forming a consensus on the creation of a basic navbox for college basketball teams. CrazyPaco (talk) 06:15, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Maps
With Davidson's addition into the A10, the two maps need to be updated to reflect this change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:A:3D80:56E:B9B0:6621:B401:B953 (talk) 05:54, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

North Carolina needs to be shaded in on the map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.9.213.49 (talk) 19:17, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Atlantic 10 Conference. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120227154805/http://www.atlantic10.com/genrel/081309aad.html to http://www.atlantic10.com/genrel/081309aad.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:06, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atlantic 10 Conference