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James B. McPherson

James Birdseye McPherson (/məkˈfərsən/) (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career United States Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. McPherson was on the general staff of Henry Halleck and later of Ulysses S. Grant and was with Grant at the Battle of Shiloh. He was killed at the Battle of Atlanta, facing the army of his old West Point classmate John Bell Hood, who paid a warm tribute to his character. He was the second-highest-ranking Union officer killed in action during the war.

Early life and career

McPherson was born in Clyde, Ohio. He attended Norwalk Academy in Norwalk, Ohio, and graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1853, first in his class, which included Philip H. Sheridan, John M. Schofield, and John Bell Hood; Hood would oppose him later in the Western Theater. McPherson was directly appointed to the Corps of Engineers with the rank of brevet second lieutenant. For a year after his graduation, he was assistant instructor of practical engineering at the Military Academy, a position never before given to so young an officer.

From 1854 to 1857, McPherson was the assistant engineer upon the defenses of the harbor of New York and the improvement of the Hudson River. In 1857 he superintended the building of Fort Delaware, and in 1857–61 was superintending engineer of the construction of the defenses of Alcatraz Island, at San Francisco, California. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1858.

In 1859, while in San Francisco, he met Emily Hoffman, a woman from a prominent merchant family in Baltimore who had come to California to help care for her sister's children. They soon became engaged and a wedding was planned, but ultimately put off by the onset of the Civil War.

Civil War
At the start of the American Civil War, McPherson requested a transfer from California back east. He departed the state on August 1, 1861, and arrived soon after in New York. He requested a position on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, one of the senior Western commanders. Promoted to captain on August 6, he was sent to St. Louis, Missouri, serving under Halleck. Halleck appointed him to command of the Department of the West in November, where he was chosen aide-de-camp to Halleck while also being promoted to lieutenant colonel.

McPherson's career began rising after this assignment. He was a lieutenant colonel and the Chief Engineer in Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's army during the capture of forts Henry and Donelson in February 1862.

During the days that led up to the Battle of Shiloh, McPherson accompanied Sherman questioning people in the area and learned that the Confederates were bringing large numbers of troops from every direction by train to Corinth, Mississippi, which was itself an important railroad junction.

He was promoted to brigadier general on May 15 and served as military superintendent of the railroads in western Tennessee. On October 8 he was promoted to major general and was soon after given command of the XVII Corps in Grant's Army of the Tennessee.

In September 1862, McPherson assumed a position on the staff of General Grant. He briefly commanded an infantry brigade before being promoted to major general, rising to that position primarily due to the influence of Halleck and Grant. Immediately after the siege of Vicksburg in which McPherson commanded the center, on Grant's recommendation McPherson was confirmed a brigadier general in the regular army, dating from August 1, 1863. Soon after this promotion, McPherson led a column of infantry into Mississippi and repulsed the enemy at Canton.

On March 12, 1864, he was given command of the Army of the Tennessee, after its former commander, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, was promoted to command of all armies in the West. He then requested leave to go home and marry his fiancé Emily Hoffman in Baltimore, Maryland. His leave was initially granted, but quickly revoked by Sherman, who explained McPherson was needed for his upcoming Atlanta Campaign. McPherson's army was the right wing of Sherman's army, alongside the Army of the Cumberland and the Army of the Ohio.

Sherman planned to have the bulk of his forces feint toward Dalton, Georgia, while McPherson would bear the brunt of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's attack, and attempt to trap them. However, the Confederate forces eventually escaped, and Sherman blamed McPherson (for being "slow"), although it was mainly faulty planning on Sherman's part that led to the escape. McPherson's troops followed the Confederates "vigorously", and were resupplied at Kingston, Georgia. The troops drew near Pumpkinvine Creek, where they attacked and drove the Confederates from Dallas, Georgia, even before Sherman's order to do so. Johnston and Sherman maneuvered against each other, until the Union tactical defeat at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. McPherson then tried a flanking maneuver at the Battle of Marietta, but that failed as well.

Confederate President Jefferson Davis became frustrated with Johnston's strategy of maneuver and retreat, and on July 17 replaced him with Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. With the Union armies closing in on Atlanta, Hood first attacked George Henry Thomas's Army of the Cumberland north of the city on July 20, at Peachtree Creek, hoping to drive Thomas back before other forces could come to his aid. The attack failed. Then Hood's cavalry reported that the left flank of McPherson's Army of the Tennessee, east of Atlanta, was unprotected. Hood visualized a glorious replay of Jackson's famous flank attack at Chancellorsville and ordered a new attack. McPherson had advanced his troops into Decatur, Georgia, and from there, they moved onto high ground on Bald Hill overlooking Atlanta. Sherman believed that the Confederates had been defeated and were evacuating; however, McPherson rightly believed that they were moving to attack the Union left and rear. On July 22, while they were discussing this new development, however, four Confederate divisions under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee flanked Union Maj. Gen. Grenville Dodge's XVI Corps. While McPherson was riding his horse toward his old XVII Corps, a line of Confederate skirmishers appeared, yelling "Halt!". McPherson raised his hand to his head as if to remove his hat, but suddenly wheeled his horse, attempting to escape. The Confederates opened fire and mortally wounded McPherson in the back. When the Confederate troops approached and asked his orderly who the downed officer was, the aide replied "Sir, it is General McPherson. You have killed the best man in our army." This was early in the one-day Battle of Atlanta, part of the Atlanta Campaign that led to the surrender of Atlanta a month later. General Otis Howard succeeded him as commander of the Army and Department of the Tennessee.

Aftermath and tributes
McPherson was the second-highest-ranking Union officer to be killed in action during the war (the highest ranking was John Sedgwick).

When Sherman received word of McPherson's death, he openly wept. He then penned a letter to Emily Hoffman in Baltimore, stating:

"My Dear Young Lady, A letter from your Mother to General Barry on my Staff reminds me that I owe you heartfelt sympathy and a sacred duty of recording the fame of one of our Country's brightest and most glorious Characters. I yield to none on Earth but yourself the right to excel me in lamentations for our Dead Hero. Why should death's darts reach the young and brilliant instead of older men who could better have been spared?"

Hoffman never recovered from his death, living a quiet and lonely life until her death in 1891.

Sherman declared in his official report:

"His public enemies, even the men who directed the fatal shot, never spoke or wrote of him without expressions of marked respect; those whom he commanded loved him even to idolatry; and I, his associate and commander, fail in words adequate to express my opinion of his great worth. I feel assured that every patriot in America, on hearing this sad news, will feel a sense of personal loss, and the country generally will realize that we have lost, not only an able military leader, but a man who, had he survived, was qualified to heal the national strife which has been raised by designing and ambitious men."

McPherson's adversary, John Bell Hood, wrote,

"I will record the death of my classmate and boyhood friend, General James B. McPherson, the announcement of which caused me sincere sorrow. Since we had graduated in 1853, and had each been ordered off on duty in different directions, it has not been our fortune to meet. Neither the years nor the difference of sentiment that had led us to range ourselves on opposite sides in the war had lessened my friendship; indeed the attachment formed in early youth was strengthened by my admiration and gratitude for his conduct toward our people in the vicinity of Vicksburg. His considerate and kind treatment of them stood in bright contrast to the course pursued by many Federal officers."

Legacy
Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Georgia, area was named in Gen. McPherson's honor on February 20, 1866.

McPherson Square in Washington, D.C., and its Metro rail station are named in the general's honor. At the center of the square is a statue of McPherson on horseback.

McPherson County, Kansas, and the town of McPherson, Kansas, are named in his honor. McPherson Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota is also named for him. There is also an equestrian statue of him in the park across from the McPherson County Courthouse.

McPherson County, South Dakota, founded in 1873, and organized in 1885, was also named in his honor.

McPherson County, Nebraska, and Fort McPherson National Cemetery, located near Maxwell, Nebraska, were named in his honor, and the National Cemetery was established on March 3, 1873. This 20 acre cemetery is located two miles (3 km) south of Interstate 80, near Exit 190.

A monument marking the death of McPherson was established at the location of his death in East Atlanta, at the intersection of McPherson Avenue and Monument Avenue. McPherson Avenue in Atlanta was named for him. The spot is marked by a Union cannon once placed at Glenwood Road and Flat Shoals Road to protect the flank of the front line and return fire against the defensive positions built by Lemuel P. Grant.

A distinctive engraved portrait of McPherson appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected today because of their fine, detailed engraving. The $2 McPherson "fancyback" note of 1890, with an estimated 600–900 in existence relative to the 4.9 million printed, ranks as number 15 in the "100 Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006).

The James B. McPherson Elementary School in the Ravenswood area of Chicago, Illinois, was named for McPherson.

In his home town of Clyde, Ohio, James B. McPherson Highway (US 20) was dedicated and named in his honor on August 9, 1941; the designation was extended across the state in 1973. The McPherson Middle School and McPherson Cemetery are named for him as well. The cemetery was named Evergreen Cemetery, but was renamed McPherson Cemetery on December 15, 1868. There is also a monument that was erected in his honor on July 22, 1881, at the McPherson Cemetery. President Rutherford B. Hayes gave the dedication speech during the ceremony for the monument. There were many US Civil War officers in attendance for the dedication of the monument, including General William Tecumseh Sherman. His childhood home on E. Maple Street in Clyde, Ohio is now owned by the Clyde Heritage League and is a museum that can be toured.

In popular media
The alternate history novel Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory, by Newt Gingrich, and William R. Forstchen, includes McPherson as a major character.

In another alternate history, If the South Had Won the Civil War by MacKinlay Kantor – in which the war ended in 1863 with a decisive Confederate victory – McPherson survived to become President of the United States for two terms in the 1880s and strongly pursue a line of reconciliation with the Confederate States.

McPherson and his hat also feature prominently in the book Map of Thieves, by Michael Karpovage.

McPherson has been mentioned several times on the Drunken Peasants podcast by host TJ Kirk who has stated he is a relative of McPherson's. Unless he is a very distant relative then he is not related to McPherson. One of McPherson's brothers died without issue, the other had one son, who then died without issue. McPherson's sister Emeline had 3 children, with only her oldest daughter, Emma McPherson VanderCook, having living decedents today; none of whom are TJ Kirk. In 2023 Kirk stated that it was possible that the claims of his ancestry to McPherson were just "family bullshit."

The 1939 film Union Pacific depicts a (fictional) steam locomotive named after McPherson.

title: James B. McPherson


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Corps of Engineers

Corps of Engineers may refer to:

Military units

 * Canadian Military Engineers, also known as the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers
 * Corps of Engineers (Ireland)
 * Corps of Royal Engineers
 * Indian Army Corps of Engineers
 * Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers
 * United States Army Corps of Engineers

Other uses

 * Corps of Engineers (Star Trek), a 2000–2010 Star Trek novel series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Corps of Engineers


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User:JuanitaJP

& JuanitaJP is Wikipedian from Japan.

He is interesting at
 * Thermophile
 * Industurial application of enzyme
 * Phylogeny
 * Comonote

Normally, he edit article at Wikipedia Japan(Nihongo).

In wikiJP his name is Juanita

title: User:JuanitaJP


text:
Angelshark

Angelsharks are sharks belonging to the genus Squatina. They are the only living members of the family Squatinidae and order Squatiniformes. They commonly inhabit sandy seabeds close to 150 m in depth.

Squatina and other Squatiniformes differ from other sharks in having flattened bodies and broad pectoral fins that give them a strong resemblance to rays. They occur worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most species inhabit shallow temperate or tropical seas, but a few species inhabit deeper water, down to 1300 m. Angel sharks are sometimes called monkfish, although this name is also applied to members of the genus Lophius.

While some species occur over a wide geographic range, the majority are restricted to a smaller area. Restriction in geographic range might be as a result of the behaviour of Squatina species, which are ambush predators with a corresponding stationary bottom-dwelling habit. Thus, trans-ocean migration is extremely unlikely, even though large-scale coastal migratory patterns have been reported in species such as Squatina squatina.

Many species are now classified as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Once common over large areas of the Northeast Atlantic from Norway, Sweden, Morocco and the Canary Islands, to the Mediterranean and Black Seas, fishing pressure has resulted in significant population decline.

Appearance and biology
The angel shark has unique features that differentiates them from other sharks. They are considered as smaller sized sharks because they grow up to only 7 ft and can weigh around 77 lb, as opposed to the whale shark that can measure up to 32 ft and weigh 20000 lb.

While the anterior part of the angel shark's body is broad and flattened, the posterior part retains a muscular appearance more typical of other sharks. The eyes and spiracles are dorsal and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral and pelvic fins are large and held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin and unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types grow to a length of 1.5 m (5 ft), with the Japanese angel shark, known to reach 2 m. Some angel sharks have deformities that have been described in elasmobranchs. These can include skeletal deformities, as lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis), humpback curvature (khyphosis), axial spinal curvature (lordosis), missing fins, additional fins, deformed snout, and more. These abnormalities have only been found in a few sharks, but the causes of these deformities have been found to be from dietary nutritional imbalance, genetic factors, parasites, traumatic injuries, or stress in the specimen. In 2015, two sharks were captured and examined, and both showed a lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis) and also a humpback curvature. Both the animals had the curvature in the middle of their pectoral fins, but the deformity did not affect their swimming capacity.

Spinal scoliosis has been reported to be diverse in sharks, but mostly in pelagic sharks that depend on their swimming abilities to catch their prey. For the angel shark, specifically S. squatina, these curvatures do not seem to significantly affect its hunting capacity, which involves burying itself to ambush their prey. Right now, research is assuming most physical injuries are caused by human interactions because of the constant interference in coastal areas, where most of the sharks reside. There have been few attacks reported, and what few have occurred were due to accidental stepping on of buried newborn sharks. Landings of Pacific angel shark increased through the mid-1980s and reached over 1,125 tonnes in 1986, becoming the shark species with the highest total reported landings off the US West coast that year.

Angel sharks possess extensible jaws that can rapidly snap upwards to capture prey and have long, needle-like teeth. They bury themselves in loose sediment lying in wait for prey, which includes fish, crustaceans and various types of mollusks. They are ovoviviparous, producing litters of up to 13 pups. Pacific angel shark pups are born from March to June in deep water; generally 180 to 300 feet (55 and 90 metres); possibly to protect the pups from predators.

Angel sharks usually reside in depths of 1–200 m and can be seen on muddy or soft benthic substrata where they can easily blend in as they lie in wait. Members of the family Squatinidae have a unique camouflage method, which relates to how they obtain their food, involving lying still on the sea floor, making rapid lunges at passing prey, and using negative pressure to capture prey by sucking it into their mouths.

Species analysis
Morphological identification in the field can be difficult due to discontinuity and similarity of species. In this specific circumstance, the sharks' place within the genus Squatina comprises three species in the southern part of the western Atlantic. The three species observed were Squatina guggenheim, S. occulta and the Brazilian guitarfish Pseudobatos horkelii. These three species are listed in the IUCN Red List as threatened, and they are now protected under Brazilian law, which makes angling and exchange illegal. To prevent landing and trade of these endangered species along the São Paulo, DNA barcoding was used. DNA barcoding revealed fishing and trafficking of these protected species.

Habitat
Angel sharks inhabit temperate and tropical marine environments. They are generally found in shallow waters at depths from 3–100 m off coasts. They are known to bury themselves in sandy or muddy environments during the day, where they remain camouflaged for weeks until a desirable prey crosses paths with them. At night, they take a more active approach and cruise on the bottom of the floor. Squatina preys on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods.

Behaviour
Although this shark is a bottom-dweller and appears harmless, it can inflict painful lacerations if provoked, due to its powerful jaws and sharp teeth. It may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail.

Angelsharks have a unique way of breathing compared to most other benthic fish. They do not pump out water from the oropharyngeal cavity like other fish. Instead they use gill flaps located under their body to pump out water during respiration. Doing so also allows them to be more discreet and prevent detection.

Commercial value
Prior to the late 1980s, the Pacific angel shark was considered a "munk fish". It was a byproduct of commercial gillnetting, with no commercial appeal and was used only for crab bait. In 1977, Michael Wagner, a fish processor in Santa Barbara, California, US, in cooperation with local commercial fishermen, developed the market for angel sharks. The annual take of angel shark in 1977 was an estimated 147 kg. By 1985, the annual take of angel shark on the central California coast had increased to more than 454 tonnes or an estimated 90,000 sharks. The population declined dramatically and is now regulated. Angel sharks live very close to shore, resulting in high bycatch rates. In 1991, the use of gillnets in nearshore state waters of California was forbidden, and fishing was restricted in a larger portion of the Pacific angel shark's range.

In April 2008, the UK government afforded the angel shark full protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.

Conservation
Once considered abundant in the Atlantic Ocean, the angel shark (Squatina squatina) was classified as "Critically Endangered" in 2010, and recent studies from the IUCN in 2019 reaffirm their CR status. Angel sharks are highly sensitive to bottom trawling and are often caught in gillnets, due to their shallow habitat range.

Angel sharks found in the Mediterranean Sea, S. aculeata, S. oculata, and S. squatina, are at a high risk of extinction, with geographic studies projecting severe population declines for the three species. The Angel Shark Conservation Network, a network established by the IUCN and Shark Trust, is working with authorities from Greece and Turkey to establish conservation strategies to protect angel shark populations in the region.

Evolution
The earliest members of the Squatiniformes are known from the Late Jurassic (from around 160 million years ago) of Europe, assigned to the genus Pseudorhina. Preserved full body specimens of Pseudorhina are very similar to those of living Squatina species. The earliest records that can be assigned with confidence to the modern genus are known from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of England.

Species
Currently, the 26 recognized species in this genus are:
 * Squatina aculeata G. Cuvier, 1829 (sawback angelshark)
 * Squatina africana Regan, 1908 (African angelshark)
 * Squatina albipunctata Last & W. T. White, 2008 (eastern angelshark)
 * Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) (Argentine angelshark)
 * Squatina armata (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1887) (Chilean angelshark)
 * Squatina australis Regan, 1906 (Australian angelshark)
 * Squatina caillieti J. H. Walsh, Ebert & Compagno, 2011 (Philippines angelshark)
 * Squatina californica Ayres, 1859 (Pacific angelshark)
 * Squatina david Acero P, Tavera Vargas, Anguila-Gómez & Hernández-Beracasa, 2016 (David's angelshark)
 * Squatina dumeril Lesueur, 1818 (sand devil)
 * Squatina formosa S. C. Shen & W. H. Ting, 1972 (Taiwan angelshark)
 * Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936 (angular angelshark)
 * Squatina heteroptera Castro-Aguirre, Espinoza-Pérez & Huidobro-Campos, 2007 (disparate angelshark)
 * Squatina japonica Bleeker, 1858 (Japanese angelshark)
 * Squatina leae Weigmann, Vaz, Akhilesh, Leeney & Naylor 2023 (Lea’s angel shark)
 * Squatina legnota Last & W. T. White, 2008 (Indonesian angelshark)
 * Squatina mapama Long, Ebert, Tavera, Pizarro, and Robertson, 2021 (Small-crested angelshark)
 * Squatina mexicana Castro-Aguirre, Espinoza-Pérez & Huidobro-Campos, 2007 (Mexican angelshark)
 * Squatina nebulosa Regan, 1906 (clouded angelshark)
 * Squatina occulta Vooren & K. G. da Silva, 1991 (hidden angelshark)
 * Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840 (smoothback angelshark)
 * Squatina pseudocellata Last & W. T. White, 2008 (western angelshark)
 * Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) (angelshark)
 * Squatina tergocellata McCulloch, 1914 (ornate angelshark)
 * Squatina tergocellatoides J. S. T. F. Chen, 1963 (ocellated angelshark)
 * Squatina varii Vaz & Carvalho, 2018 (Brazilian angelshark)

title: Angelshark


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Squatiniformes

Squatiniformes is an order of sharks belonging to Squalomorphii. It contains only a single living genus Squatina, commonly known as angelsharks. The oldest genus of the order, Pseudorhina is known from the Late Jurassic of Europe. Three other genera, Cretasquatina, Cretascyllium and Parasquatina are known from Cretaceous fossils from North America and Europe, though the placement of Parasquatina in the order has been questioned. All living and extinct members of the order share a similar body morphology with a highly flattened body with enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins suggestive of a bottom-dwelling ambush predator ecology. Teeth have been assigned to the modern genus from the Late Jurassic onwards, but the actual genus assignment of many of these species is unclear. The earliest records that can be assigned with confidence to the modern genus are known from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of England.

title: Squatiniformes


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Talk:Rooibos

Anticarcinogenic?
I know of no actual science saying any component of Rooibos is anticarcinogenic. If that's to remain in the article, we need to come up with some kind of reference for it. As far as I can see, all of the common herb tea chemicals thought to be anticarcinogenic are absent in Rooibos. It does have some antioxidants, but if that's the only sign, it should be cited directly, without drawing the anticarcinogen conclusion. Kaz 18:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A PubMed search for Aspalathus linearis finds about 20 articles, the first of which seems (based on the abstract) to describe a study on tumorigenesis suppression effects of herbal extracts in mouse tissue, including rooibos. This might be a good starting point for a literature search, if someone is interested. Jks July 6, 2005 18:51 (UTC)

reference links
I replaced the commercial reference links at the bottom of the page with links to noncommercial sources. This seems to be the trend for several of the tea-related pages, many of which had links to greentealovers.com that have now been removed because the site is primarily a commercial sales vehicle.

Feb. 18 2007 - Two more links to africanredtea,com (commercial site) were added to "external links" - I think people from africanredtea,com and grentealovers,com are spammers. Should they be blacklisted ??

Khoisan name
What do the khoi and the san call the Rooibos?

source for grading
under "grading" a line says:

The high-grade rooibos is exported and does not reach local markets, with major consumers being the EU, particularly Germany, where it is used in creating flavoured blends for loose-leaf tea markets.

The source is a copy from an online published book that does not to seem have any other reference. In fact it appears that this is not the case and Rooibos is popular in its local markets. I would like to delete it

Marisajo (talk) 20:03, 18 April 2022 (UTC)Marisajo

Vitamin C in fresh leaves vs. dried leaves to make tea
This statement is easy to understand and is supported by a reliable source: "As a fresh leaf, rooibos contains a high content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which is lost when made into tea." The article is about a bush and its leaves used to make tea. As the source says, fresh (green, as shown in the images) leaves contain high amounts of vitamin C (any fresh green leaf would). As vitamin C is highly heat-sensitive, it is lost when hot tea is made from the leaves. There's no problem with this content and source, yet an IP editor insists it is wrong, with no source to dispute it. Zefr (talk) 04:40, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

See above reference. Quotes expert. Stop screwing around. You didn't even read the original reference. Signed by IP.
 * There are numerous examples one can find in the literature showing that fresh green tea leaves contain high vitamin C, but the drying process and then brewing to make hot tea substantially diminishes vitamin C, such as this one example here. The article images show rooibos bush fresh leaves are green, then the leaves are processed by "oxidation" or fermentation to produce the typical red color of dried rooibos tea leaves - see description and sources under "Production and processing". This drying process would reduce and possibly eliminate ascorbic acid (vitamin C) from the final, dried leaves used to make tea. Zefr (talk) 14:43, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

Add info on green vs. red rooibos, please
Information about benefits and side effects of green rooibos would be appreciated. It's unfermented, more fiddly to bring to market, and costs more. Ocdncntx (talk) 01:19, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Why is it of interest? WP:UNDUE. If you have a proposed statement plus a WP:RS source, then post it here. Zefr (talk) 01:33, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rooibos


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China Policy Institute

The China Policy Institute (CPI) is a research centre in the School of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, that is focused on various aspects of contemporary China. It has a remit to disseminate policy relevant insights from academic research and to actively engage policymakers, society and business actors. The CPI works closely with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other stakeholders. It also publishes an online magazine CPI: Analysis.

Established in 2004, the CPI is committed to impartial and timely analysis of China, drawing on a network of Internal and Non-Resident Senior Fellows, China experts in a broad range of fields, including the economy, environment, politics, law, foreign policy, military, society and culture as well as Taiwan and Hong Kong.

The Director of the China Policy Institute is Jonathan Sullivan. Former Directors include Richard Pascoe, currently Executive Director of the Great Britain China Centre, and Steve Tsang, current Director of the SOAS China Institute.

title: China Policy Institute


text:
User talk:JuanitaJP

Start Wiki, Feb. 21 2004.

title: User talk:JuanitaJP


text:
Talk:James B. McPherson

Untitled
I couldn't find a public domain image of this guy... that would make it look prettier. ugen64 14:45, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Never mind, found one. ugen64 14:49, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

This article contains many dead links. Contributors please review your links and remove or correct as necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.92.67.178 (talk) 04:58, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

he is not the only union army commander killed
Nathaniel Lyons was army of Missouri commander killed Aug 1861 fixed it yesterday and will fix it again if I have to... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jjs63004 (talk • contribs) 15:05, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * A statement of this type probably does not really matter, but I will point out that Lyons commanded the Army of the West, which was really an Army in name only. It had a strength of about 5400 men, about the size of a typical Union brigade or small division. So it would be correct to say McPherson was the only major general commanding an army killed in battle, or the only commander of a multi-corps army killed in battle, but that sounds too much like a lawyer wrote it. :-) Hal Jespersen (talk) 21:24, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

And in 1861 that was a army does not mean size but it was listed as a army. So to say McPherson is the only federal army commander killed is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.160.114.205 (talk) 04:31, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Transferred from what?
'At the start of the Civil War, McPherson... requested a transfer to the Corps of Engineers...'
 * It sounds as though he had been in the Corps of Engineers all along. What was he transferred from in 1861? Valetude (talk) 05:31, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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TJ Kirk
Per article, TJ Kirk is a "lineal descendant" of McPherson. Really? Article doesn't mention any kids, and it appears McPherson died unmarried/childless (still engaged to be married) at age 35. Unless he had children before being engaged to Miss Hoffman, he doesn't have ANY lineal descendants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.204.66.129 (talk) 23:22, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:James B. McPherson


text:
Hubal

In Arabian mythology, Hubal (هُبَل) was a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably by the Quraysh at the Kaaba in Mecca. The god's idol was a human figure believed to control acts of divination, which was performed by tossing arrows before the statue. The direction in which the arrows pointed answered questions asked of the idol. The specific powers and identity attributed to Hubal are equally unclear.

Access to the idol was controlled by the Quraysh tribe. Hubal's devotees fought against followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad during the Battle of Badr in 624 AD. After Muhammad entered Mecca in 630, he destroyed the statue of Hubal from the Kaaba along with the idols of all the other polytheistic gods.

Hubal in Kaaba
Hubal most prominently appeared at Mecca, where an image of him was worshipped at the Kaaba. According to Karen Armstrong, the sanctuary was dedicated to Hubal, who was worshipped as the greatest of the 360 idols the Kaaba contained, which probably represented the days of the year.

Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi's Book of Idols describes the image as shaped like a human, with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was made of red agate, whereas Al-Azraqi, an early Islamic commentator, described it as of "cornelian pearl". Al-Azraqi also relates that it "had a vault for the sacrifice" and that the offering consisted of a hundred camels. Both authors speak of seven arrows, placed before the image, which were cast for divination, in cases of death, virginity, and marriage.

According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was first set up by Khuzaymah ibn-Mudrikah ibn-al-Ya's' ibn-Mudar, but another tradition, recorded by Ibn Ishaq, holds that Amr ibn Luhayy, a leader of the Khuza'a tribe, put an image of Hubal into the Kaaba, where it was worshipped as one of the chief deities of the tribe. The date for Amr is disputed, with dates as late as the end of the fourth century AD suggested, but what is quite sure is that the Quraysh later became the protectors of the ancient holy place, supplanting the Khuza'a.

A tale recorded by Ibn Al-Kalbi has Muhammad's grandfather Abdul Mutallib vowing to sacrifice one of his ten children. He consulted the arrows of Hubal to find out which child he should choose. The arrows pointed to his son Abd-Allah, the future father of Muhammad. However, he was saved when 100 camels were sacrificed in his place. According to Tabari, Abdul Mutallib later also brought the infant Muhammad himself before the image.

After defeat by Muhammad's forces at the Battle of Badr, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, leader of the Quraysh army, is said to have called on Hubal for support to gain victory in their next battle, saying "Show your superiority, Hubal". When Muhammad conquered Mecca in 630, he removed the statue of Hubal, along with the other 360 images at the Kaaba, and dedicated the structure to the Abrahamic God.

Origins of Hubal
There may be some foundation of truth in the story that Amr travelled in Syria and had brought back from there the cults of the goddesses ʻUzzāʼ and Manāt, and had combined it with that of Hubal, the idol of the Khuza'a. According to Al-Azraqi, the image was brought to Mecca "from the land of Hit in Mesopotamia" (Hīt in modern Iraq). Philip K. Hitti, who relates the name Hubal to an Aramaic word for spirit, suggests that the worship of Hubal was imported to Mecca from the north of Arabia, possibly from Moab or Mesopotamia. Hubal may have been the combination of Hu, meaning "spirit" or "god", and the Moabite god Baal meaning "master" or "lord" or as a rendition of Syriac habbǝlā/Hebrew heḇel "vanity". Outside South Arabia, Hubal's name appears just once, in a Nabataean inscription; there Hubal is mentioned along with the gods Dushara (ذو الشراة) and Manawatu—the latter, as Manat, was also popular in Mecca. On the basis of such slender evidence, it has been suggested that Hubal "may actually have been a Nabataean". There are also inscriptions in which the word Hubal appears to be part of personal names, translatable as "Son of Hubal" or "made by Hubal".

Mythological role
The paucity of evidence concerning Hubal makes it difficult to characterise his role or identity in pagan Arabian mythologies. The 19th century scholar Julius Wellhausen suggested that Hubal was regarded as the son of al-Lāt and the brother of Wadd. Hugo Winckler in the early twentieth century speculated that Hubal was a lunar deity, a view that was repeated by other scholars. This was derived from Ditlef Nielsen's theory that South Arabian mythology was based on a trinity of Moon-father, Sun-mother and the evening star (the planet Venus) envisaged as their son. More recent scholars have rejected this view, partly because it is speculation but also because they believe a Nabataean origin would have made the context of South Arabian beliefs irrelevant.

Mircea Eliade and Charles J. Adams assert that he was "a god of rain and a warrior god. Towards the end of the pre-Islamic era he emerged as an intertribal warrior god worshipped by the Quraysh and the allied tribes of the Kinana and Tihama." The view that he was a warrior rain god is repeated by David Adams Leeming.

John F. Healey in The Religion of the Nabataeans (2001) accepts the Nabataean origins of the god, but says there is little evidence of Hubal's mythological role, but that it is possible that he was closely linked to Dushara in some way. The one surviving inscription concerns a religious injunction to placate Hubal and others for violating a tomb.

Islamists have invoked the figure of Hubal in the ideological struggles of the post-Cold War era. In Islam, Hubal has been used as a symbol of modern forms of "idol worship". According to Adnan A. Musallam, this can be traced to one of the founders of radical Islamism, Sayyid Qutb, who used the label to attack secular rulers such as Nasser, seen as creating "idols" based on un-Islamic Western and Marxist ideologies. In 2001, Osama bin Laden called America the modern Hubal. He referred to allies of America as "hypocrites" who "all stood behind the head of global unbelief, the Hubal of the modern age, America and its supporters". Al Qaeda's then number two, Ayman al-Zawahiri, repeated the phrase (hubal al-'asr) in describing America during his November 2008 message following Barack Obama's election to the presidency. The analogy may have been passed on to Bin Laden by one of his teachers, Abdullah Azzam.

Conversely, since monotheism does not mean the worship of the same one God, many, including evangelicals, have invoked Hubal by claiming that the worship of Allah as proclaimed by Muhammad was not a restoration of Abrahamic monotheism, but an adaptation of the worship of Hubal. Robert Morey's 1994 book Moon-god in the Archeology of the Middle East revives Hugo Winckler's identification of Hubal as a moon god, and claims that worship of Allah evolved from that of Hubal, thus making Allah a "moon god" too. This view is repeated in the Chick tracts "Allah Had No Son" and "The Little Bride", and has been widely circulated in evangelical and anti-Islamic literature in the United States. In 1996, Janet Parshall asserted that Muslims worship a moon god in syndicated radio broadcasts. In 2003 Pat Robertson stated, "The struggle is whether Hubal, the Moon God of Mecca, known as Allah, is supreme, or whether the Judeo-Christian Jehovah God of the Bible is Supreme."

These views about Hubal as Allah have been called propaganda by Muslims, and dismissed by Islamic scholars. Farzana Hassan sees these claims as an extension of longstanding Christian evangelical beliefs that Islam is "pagan" and that Muhammad was an impostor and deceiver.

title: Hubal


text:
Talk:Ryan Giggs/Archive 2

Vandalism
I correted a bit of vandalism which stated that RG GF was HARRIET HARMAN. There were a couple of other changes made re 19810 being changed to 1990 and accrington Stanley being substituted for another oteam. I've no idea if these are right or wrong and hope that the editors who know about Giggs will check these out.89.240.246.207 (talk) 22:01, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Intro
..is far too long. Whilding87 00:13, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but what does this mean? Am I just bad at English? "Giggs is Manchester United's longest-serving current player, but unfortunately suffers from a severe lack of talent."Foreverkeeper2 (talk) 16:18, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Image
Is there any image which can be used for this article? Newone 04:35, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Image:Ryan Giggs.jpg? Kjetil r 18:31, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

You don't have to have English parents or grandparents to play for England
giggs was eligible to play for england but didn't because he's welsh through and through he's said himself on his icons homepage. clean up please! plus as has been discussed earlier his grandfather was african

 * What is so difficult to understand about this? Neither Giggs himself, nor either of his parents, nor any of his grandparents, were born in England. HE NEVER WAS ELIGIBLE TO PLAY FOR ENGLAND. For Giggs the old Rule 18 of the FIFA Regulations Governing the Application of Statutes, in effect from the early 1960s until 31 December 2003 would have applied:

 * “1. Any player who is a naturalised citizen of a country in virtue of that country's laws shall be eligible to play for a national or representative team of that country.

 * “ 2. If a player has been included in a national or representative team of a country for which he is eligible to play pursuant to §1, he shall not be permitted to take part in an international match for another country. Accordingly, any player who is qualified to play for more than one national association (i.e. who has dual nationality) will be deemed to have committed himself to one association only when he plays his first international match in an official competition (at any level) for that association.

 * “ 3. The only players exempt from this provision are those whose nationality has been changed not voluntarily but as the result of an international decree either granting independence to a region or ceding part of one country to another.”

 * For younger players, the new Rule 15, in effect since 1 January 2004 applies:

 * "1. Any person holding the nationality of a country is eligible to play for the representative teams of the Association of his country. The Executive Committee shall decide on the conditions of eligibility for any Player whose nationality entitles him to represent more than one Association.

 * "2. As a general rule, any Player who has already represented one Association (either in full or in part) in an official competition of any category may not play an international match with another Association team.

 * "3. If a Player has more than one nationality, or if a Player acquires a new nationality, or if the Player is eligible to play for several Association teams due to his nationality, the following exceptions apply:

 * "(a) Up to his 21st birthday, a player may only once request changing the Association for which he is eligible to play international matches. A Player may exercise this right to change Associations only if he has not played at “A” international level for his current Association and if, at the time of his first full or partial appearance in an international match in an official competition of any other category, he already had such nationalities. Changing Associations is not permitted during the preliminary competition of a FIFA competition, continental championship or Olympic Tournaments if a player has already been fielded in a match of one of these competitions.

 * "(b) Any Player who has already acquired eligibility to play for one Association but has another nationality imposed upon him by a government authority, is also entitled to change associations. This provision is not subject to any age limits.

 * "4. Any Player who wishes to exercise this right to change Associations shall submit a written and substantiated request to the FIFA general secretariat. After submitting the request, the player is no longer qualified to play for his current Association’s team.  The Players’ Status Committee shall decide on the request. The committee’s decision may be brought before the Appeal Committee. The Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players contain more detailed provisions.
 * "5. Any Players who have already had their 21st birthday at the time of implementation of these provisions and who fulfil the requirements in par. 3 (a) are also entitled to submit such a request to change Associations. This entitlement will expire definitively twelve months after implementation of this provision."

 * So players can switch once between countries for which they are eligible once before they are 21. However, for players eligible to play for the British home nations, since they only have once citizenship between them, the 1993 agreement between the 4 FAs still applies, which provides that a player holding a British passport is eligible to play for the country of his birth, the country of the birth of either of his natural parents or the country of birth of any of his natural grandparents. If the player, his natural parents and his natural grandparents were born  outside the U.K., he may play for the home country of his choice.  -- Arwel (talk) 20:25, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this needs to be explained briefly in a footnote. I read the sentences "Lawrie McMenemy, then-coach of the England under-21 team, checked to see whether Giggs was eligible to play for England. However, he was rebuffed after finding that Giggs had no English grandparents, and was only available to play for Wales." I was immediately puzzled, because there was no subsequent explanation as to why Giggs was then qualified to play for England later on. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 16:20, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Giggs wasn't qualified to play for England, that's the whole point. He played for England Schoolboys, which is an entirely different thing, because he went to school in England, but because of the agreement that the Home Nations have between each other, although FIFA's rules state that any British citizen can play for England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, Giggs was only eligible to play for Wales. – PeeJay 01:06, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, the sentence I quoted clearly states that before Giggs reached the age of 21 years, he could not play for England and only for Wales. However, the article does not subsequently explain why Giggs could then represent England as an adult, and is therefore a little confusing for someone who doesn't know much about football (like me). For instance, the "International career" section is written on the assumption that Giggs can play for England (which of course he can), and does not explain how the position changed once he became an adult. I am suggesting that a summary of the above rules, set out above by Arwel, be mentioned somewhere in the article, even if it just in a footnote. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 07:19, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No, the sentence you quoted states that the manager of the England Under-21 team checked to see if Giggs could play for that country at any level, not just under-21. The article doesn't explain why Giggs could represent England as an adult because he couldn't play for England as an adult; or as a child, or as a geriatric. Giggs is Welsh. – PeeJay 11:24, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh, so I've completely misunderstood the situation. Giggs has never played for England internationally, and the "International career" deals with his appearances for Wales. Gotcha. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 15:49, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Infobox image
User Orangina2/87.244.92.100 keeps removing the image from the infobox. Granted, it's by no means a professional grade photo, But "not particularly good" is not a particularly good reason for removing the image when it is serviceable and adequately shows what Giggs looks like. Unless you have a better reason for removing the image or you can find a better free license alternative, please leave it alone. --Ytny (talk) 14:31, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I second that. Chensiyuan 14:32, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Wikipedia giggs02.jpg
Image:Wikipedia giggs02.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot 04:32, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Appearances
Giggs' appearances for Man Utd seems to have a different figure for every "reliable source" that you go to. One says 504 league appearances, one says 443, the infobox says 722, Manutd.com says 717 total appearances (including Charity Shields and Super Cups), as does the BBC. The BBC says he's been a sub 54 times, this site 60. I'm going to match everything up with the BBC site and put it as a reference now. If there are any problems with this, please discuss them here. --El Pollo Diablo (Talk) 12:06, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * surely everything should be matched to what man utd say, no?? the man utd page here has giggs at over 740 games (743 if i remember correctly, as of time of writing this) yet this page states over 500. why is there a difference? does this page only take league appearances, or something like that? if so, maybe this should be stated? it's confusing reading one number and then the player page has a different number. 194.221.133.226 (talk) 15:47, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I take it this question has been clarified with the addition of the new table at the bottom, but does anyone know how many 'Premier League appearances he has? ie. excluding the few games he played for the '91-92 old First Division season? In the article it says his first full appearance was for the Manchester derby, which was on May 4, 1991. Anyone know how many remaining games Man United played after that? I ask because at the moment, Gary Speed apparently holds the record for the most Premier League appearances at 521, which sits uneasy with me as Giggs has got 528 league appearances to his name. If we knew how many he played in the '91-92 season, we could deduce the no. of Premier League appearances. Thanks. Feudonym (talk) 04:04, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * also, it says he's scored 143 goals in all competitive matches, but it adds up to 144. Can anyone clarify this? Feudonym (talk) 04:22, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

One club player?
Is Giggs now considered a one club player, its been 15 years, which was the wikipedia criteria? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.183.68.91 (talk) 17:04, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Age
Giggs was born in 1973 not 1971 as mentioned on this page. I have amended his birth-date to reflect this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.151.153.167 (talk) 20:30, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Goals scored
I asked this question earlier but it wasn't answered. Has he scored 144 or 145 for Man U? If you add up the goals scored in the first table it comes up to 145, but it says 144 in the total. And the second table is even worse, the tally comes to 136; apparently he scored 6 extra League Cup goals in those missing years, and the FA Cup tally is 9 but says 10. And finally on top of that, he scored yesterday's pen so that would need updating. If he has scored 145 goals or more, the MUFC Top Goalscorers table would need editing as David Herd is at no. 10 with 145 goals. Hope someone looks into this. Feudonym (talk) 08:42, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Please, visite Stretfordend.co.uk - it is official site of MU's statistics. It lists Giggs' detailed career statistics down to every match he played. All stats are up-to-date.--81.91.48.174 (talk) 18:23, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

As of today Giggs has a 150 goals for Man U —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lifeisboooring (talk • contribs) 06:08, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Overall, yes, but not in the league ;-) – PeeJay 08:55, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Caps/goals
In the infobox, showed caps and goals from all competitions. Changed it to league stats only. —Zwerker (talk) 21:17, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Dutch ancestry
I just wondered where Giggs gets his dutch ancestry from. Was his grandmother on his father's side from the Netherlands? 213.10.46.8 (talk) 20:46, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Sierra Leone his grandmother. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142.153.165 (talk) 14:25, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Overview
I don't understand the need for this section. The content itself isn't an issue, but surely if it's important enough to separate from sections of his career, it belongs in the lead? 82.5.72.161 (talk) 00:18, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Possible citation needed in first paragraph
It says Giggs "is famed as one of the greatest wingers of all time in the game". If that is a quote then it needs to be sourced. If it is merely the opinion of a wikipedia editor then it needs to be removed or reworded. Skip1337 (talk) 10:26, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

British players to win the Champions League twice
This article states in two different places that Giggs is one of a few British Players to win the CL twice. However in one place (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs#cite_ref-4) it says the others are Steve McManaman and Owen Hargreaves and then later says there were 6 and lists them (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs#Records_.26_other_awards). I believe this fact is pointless and inaccurate and should be removed. There are at least 7 British players from the Forest team that won it twice in 1979 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Cup_Final) and 1980 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_European_Cup_Final) that haven't been included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.106.46.47 (talk) 04:15, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This fact refers to the UEFA Champions League, not the European Champion Clubs' Cup, so those Forest players would not be eligible. However, I do think that the two lists need sorting out, at least so they match each other. – PeeJay 07:56, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, it seems the lists are OK as they are. The first list refers to players who played in and won the Champions League final twice, while the other list simply refers to players who have won the Champions League title. Although Wes Brown and Paul Scholes never played in 1999 and Gary Neville never played in 2008, they are all deemed to have won the title twice, as they all received medals for both title wins. – PeeJay 07:59, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * They are the same competition though - when you talk about how many times a team has won it, you include the records for both the time when it was referred to as the "European Champions Clubs' Cup" and the "UEFA Champions League". Even to start with this fact is rather trivial, if you have to restrict it in an uncommon way to make it true that makes it even more silly. I don't think it really adds anything to this article... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.106.46.47 (talk) 16:08, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Corner specialist
There is no mention of Giggs being the main corner taker for both Man United and Wales, being as it has resulted in so many of the team goals, it should be worth mentioning, I also have a free image of giggs taking a corner which I am willing to use to add to the article if needed 13:11, 04 December 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.124.64.142 (talk)
 * More images are always useful, but I'm not sure that taking corners is that much of a specialist role to need an extensive mention here. After all, Michael Carrick, Wayne Rooney and Nani also take corners for Man Utd to equal, and sometimes greater effect than Giggs. – PeeJay 14:55, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Well maybe the word specialist is a bad one to use but he is a very sucessful corner taker and despite other players recently taking them, he has been the primary taker of corners for years (and sometimes free kicks too), I will upload the image and show it on here as I feel a metion of Gigg's set piece ability is needed 16:01, 05 December 2008 (UTC)
 * [[Image:RyanGiggs.jpg|thumb]]

If anyone knows how to remove the copyright tag from it I'd be grateful, its a picture I took myself. and can anyone fit it into the article for me, not sure on the format. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adzer (talk • contribs) 13:41, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Consecutive Champions League goals vs. stats table
The records etc. area states that he has scored in twelve consecutive CL seasons. However the stats table has him scoring in only eleven. Clearly something is wrong - not sure exactly what, though! – BoB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.72.156.26 (talk) 10:10, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You are quite correct. Since Giggs did not score in the 2007-08 CL and United weren't involved in the 1995-96 tournament, he has only scored in 11 consecutive CL tournaments. – PeeJay 12:44, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Champions League goals
I just have to ask, for the 2007-2008 season it says Giggs got no goals in the Champions league. However he did score a penalty in the shoot out against Chelsea. Does that not count as a goal?

29-Jan-09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.192.2 (talk) 00:36, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. – LATICS   talk  00:41, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

What happened to this quote?
By Alessandro Del Piero, "This is embarrassing to say but I have cried twice in my life watching a football player; the first one was Roberto (Baggio) and the second was Ryan Giggs" (source: http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=753361.html)

It's quite rare for a top footballer to give another top footballer such an "accolade".

Pretty sure I saw it before on here, but deleted, because it's not a fact? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.98.100.2 (talk) 06:12, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

If he said it, then its fact, that it is Del Piero's opinion! --2.97.17.22 (talk) 12:19, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Scored in every year of Premiership?
I think RG is the only person to have scored in every season of the Premiership? Is this correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.77.17.17 (talk) 21:51, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is correct. Does it not say so in the article? – PeeJay 22:39, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Not eligible for Sierra Leone
From the relevant pre-2004 FIFA Statutes:

"FIFA Regulations Regarding the Eligibility and Release of International Players

Regulations Governing the Application of Statutes

Chapter VIII. Nationality of Players

Art. 18

1. Any player who is a naturalised citizen of a country in virtue of that country's laws shall be eligible to play for a national or representative team of that country.

2. If a player has been included in a national or representative team of a country for which he is eligible to play pursuant to §1, he shall not be permitted to take part in an international match for another country. Accordingly, any player who is qualified to play for more than one national association (i.e. who has dual nationality) will be deemed to have committed himself to one association only when he plays his first international match in an official competition (at any level) for that association.

3. The only players exempt from this provision are those whose nationality has been changed not voluntarily but as the result of an international decree either granting independence to a region or ceding part of one country to another."

In other words it is irrelevant if his grandfather was from Sierra Leone or not. Only British citizens are traditionally separated according to their bloodlines, because according to the FIFA rules they would be eligible to represent any Home Nation. To represent Sierra Leone one would have to be a citizen of Sierra Leone (and to represent Wales one has to be a British citizen). -91.32.196.59 (talk) 13:21, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Problem with navbox
There's a problem with the Ryan Giggs navbox at the bottom of the article which I have no idea how to fix. Also, I've made a comment at "umm you dont have to have english parents or grand parents to play for england" above, suggesting that part of the article be clarified. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 16:22, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

"Sir Ryan Giggs" campaign
We do not need to talk about some random bloke's campaign to get Giggs knighted in an encyclopaedic article. There is nothing notable about this whatsoever. – PeeJay 19:50, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

League Cup 2009/2010
Did Giggs not get a winners medal for his 2 apps and 1 goal in the 09/10 League Cup? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.24.152.58 (talk) 20:08, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Not as far as we know. The only people we know for certain got League Cup winners medals are those who climbed the 107 steps at Wembley on 28 February. – PeeJay 21:28, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Medal or no medal, the following shoud be added to Gigg's 'Records';

Only Manchester United player to have played in all 4 League Cup winning teams.--92.24.152.58 (talk) 19:36, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? He wasn't part of the team that won this year's final. Sure, he played a part in the earlier rounds, but he didn't play any part in the final. – PeeJay 21:45, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Do you have to play in the final to pick up a winners medal??? --2.97.17.22 (talk) 12:17, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
 * We don't know. However, we do know for certain that the players who climbed the steps at Wembley after the final got medals, and Giggs wasn't one of them. – PeeJay 14:02, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

The Number of goals scored
Why are only Giggs' premire league goals displayed in the infobox. What's wrong with displaying the others. It's illogical. he has scored 154 goals and there worth mentioning. Aren't they? only League goals doesn't make sense.(Wiki id2 (talk) 20:01, 24 April 2010 (UTC))
 * For consistency with players from the early years of football, only league goals are displayed. Furthermore, since old players didn't have as many cup competitions to compete in, only listing the league goals is deemed a fairer method of comparison. – PeeJay 17:55, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Assault of Davinia Taylor
Someone keeps editing out the information that was public news in 1997- that of Giggs being involved in assaulting then girlfriend Davinia Taylor in a nightclub, that was reported by many newspapers. This biased deliberate attempt to silence this piece of information is not in line with wikipedia's free information and fairness guidelines, and leads to suspcions of truth concealing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.93.165.193 (talk) 12:51, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Early years
The second two paragraphs of this section do not have any references whatsoever and refs 7 and 8 are broken. For example, what is the source for the following claim: "Giggs signed there and then for a record non-professional transfer fee of £350,000, which is still the highest ever."? Decorativeedison (talk) 01:23, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Highpoint of 1998/99 season
It says that his highpoint of the 1998/99 season was setting up the champions league final gaol. Unless hes said other wise (which it doesn't appear he has), I'd have thought that the highlight would have been this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quI_LkMj4HI in the 1999 FA Cup semi replay., where he sent United to the final. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Muncha1 (talk • contribs) 00:42, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Appearances
According to the official United website, Giggs has 862 appearances and 158 goals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.24.207.59 (talk) 20:19, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

– HonorTheKing (talk) 22:38, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The infobox is used for league games only, while "Career statistics" shows all, including cups.

title: Talk:Ryan Giggs/Archive 2


text:
Kamo no Chōmei

Kamo no Chōmei (鴨 長明) was a Japanese author, poet (in the waka form), and essayist. He witnessed a series of natural and social disasters, and, having lost his political backing, was passed over for promotion within the Shinto shrine associated with his family. He decided to turn his back on society, took Buddhist vows, and became a hermit, living outside the capital. This was somewhat unusual for the time, when those who turned their backs on the world usually joined monasteries. Along with the poet-priest Saigyō he is representative of the literary recluses of his time, and his celebrated essay Hōjōki ("An Account of a Ten-Foot-Square Hut") is representative of the genre known as "recluse literature" (sōan bungaku).

Early life
Born with the name Kamo no Nagaakira, he was the second son of Kamo no Nagatsugu, sho-negi or superintendent, of the Lower Kamo (Shimogamo) shrine. He was also known by the title Kikudaifu. The exact year of his birth is unknown, but thought to be either 1153 or 1155, with 1155 being the generally accepted date. From an early age, he studied poetry and music in a comfortable environment. At the time, the Upper and Lower Kamo Shrines owned large amounts of property around the Kamo River, northeast of the Heian capital (Kyoto), holding great power and prestige among the aristocracy. The Kamo Festival (Aoi Matsuri), occurring in the middle of the fourth month, was considered the most important Shinto event and is vividly depicted in literature of the time, most notably in Chapter Nine of The Tale of Genji. Chōmei was raised under these religious and material conditions.

In 1160, his father was promoted to junior fourth rank, lower grade, which ultimately led the seven-year-old Chōmei to being promoted to fifth rank, junior grade; these were high positions within the Kamo Shrine hierarchy. Ill health and political maneuvering led his father to retire in 1169, however, and in the early 1170s he died. Expecting to fill the vacant role left by his father, Chōmei, then in his late teens, was passed over, and instead his cousin was promoted to this position. In poems in Kamo no Chōmei-shū, Chōmei lamented this development. When Chōmei was in his twenties, he moved to his paternal grandmother's house. Disinheritance may have been the reason. Since Chōmei's father had been the youngest in the family, he inherited his mother's residence. In his thirties, Chōmei states in Hōjōki that after losing “backing” in his paternal grandmother's house, he was forced out, built a small house near the Kamo River. Chōmei would live here until he became a recluse.

In Hōjōki, Chōmei states that he was able to leave the world behind because he was not attached to society by marriage or offspring.

The Hōjōki is Chōmei's notebook while he lived "in a small hut" in a suburb of the capital Fukuwara. "His work contains, as well as an obviously first-hand description of Fukuwara, a striking account of material conditions in the capital in the years from 1177 to 1182."

Life as a poet
After his father's death, Chōmei became more interested in poetry, and three poets were influential to his literary growth. His mentor Shōmyō (1112-1187) was of the Rokujō school, which did not receive much recognition because of a lack of patrons from the Imperial household. As his mentor, Shōmyō taught Chōmei the finer techniques and styles of court poetry. Kamo no Shigeyasu, the head Shinto priest of the Upper Kamo Shrine, was also instrumental in developing Chōmei's skill as a poet, inviting him to his poetry contests. Through Shigeyasu's influence and support, Chōmei completed a book of poems called Kamo no Chōmei-shū ("Collection") in 1181. Another important figure in the development of Chōmei's poetry was the poet priest Shun'e. Through his poetry circle, known as Karin'en (Grove of Poetry), an amalgam of people, including Shinto and Buddhist Priests, low- to mid-ranking courtiers and women in the court, shared their writings. The tales from these meetings filled a large part of Chōmei's Mumyōshō.

Music played a significant role throughout Chōmei's life. His musical mentor, Nakahara Ariyasu, was instrumental in his development, and Chōmei, known as Kikudaifu by his audience, was noted for his skill. According to an account by Minamoto no Ienaga, Chōmei's love for music was revealed in the sorrow he felt when he had to return a biwa (lute) called Tenari to the emperor.

In his thirties, Chōmei enjoyed moderate success in poetry contests and inclusion into anthologies, such as the Senzaishū. With inventive phrasing to describe nature, such as "semi no ogawa" to describe the Kamo river, Chōmei caused a bit of controversy. Entering the poem, with this phrase, into the Kamo Shrine's official poetry contest, he lost because the judge thought he was writing about a river that did not exist. Chōmei insisted, however, that the phrase had been used before and was included in the records of the shrine. Chōmei seems to have offended his cousin, who had assumed Nagatsugu's position of sho-negi. This episode shows that Chōmei still held a grudge against his cousin for becoming the new sho-negi. To rub in the embarrassment, the poem with this phrase was later included in the Shin Kokinshū.

Chōmei reached a turning point in his mid-forties. His patron, the cloistered emperor Go-Toba, supported his poetry writing. To create an anthology (Shinkokinshū) to rival the Kokinshū, Go-Toba organized the Imperial Poetry Office, filled with numerous elite courtiers and literati, among whom Chōmei was assigned as a lower level member. As a member of this organization, Chōmei enjoyed benefits that would otherwise not have been given to him, including visits to the Imperial Garden to view the cherry blossoms in bloom. Chōmei worked for the Imperial Poetry Office until he decided to become a recluse in 1204.

Life as a recluse
Chōmei's specific reasons for becoming a recluse are unclear, but a string of bad luck, specifically the death of his father and his inability to fill the position left behind by him, may have caused him to leave court life. He spent the next five years in Ohara, at the foot of Mount Hiei, but considered his time here as a failure, and so he moved to Hino, in the hills southeast of the capital, where he spent the rest of his life. The design of the hut he built in Hino was inspired by the dwelling of the Buddhist recluse Vimalakirti. The Vimalakirti Sutra exerted a profound influence on Hōjōki. Chōmei wrote Mumyōshō, Hosshinshū, and Hōjōki while living as a recluse. Though Chōmei states in Hōjōki that he never left his dwelling, a separate account states that he made a trip to Kamakura to visit the shōgun and poet Minamoto no Sanetomo.

During his later life, Chōmei maintained a socio-historical perspective that was rare in court poets of the time. The accounts of chaos in the capital in the first part of Hōjōki suggest Chōmei's social interests, and he contrasts them with his peaceful life as a Buddhist in seclusion. His account coincides with the spread of Buddhism to the general populace; and his careful depictions of the natural surroundings of his hut and of the natural and social disasters in the capital form a unique microscopic and macroscopic view of life during a violent period of transition. Attention to nature and self-reflection characterize the genre of recluse literature, and Chōmei was its pre-eminent practitioner.

Chōmei died on the tenth day of the intercalary six-month of 1216, when he asked Zenjaku to complete a Kōshiki for him.

Works

 * Kamo no Chōmei shū (鴨長明集)''
 * Hōjōki (方丈記)
 * Mumyōshō (無名抄)
 * Hosshinshū (発心集)

title: Kamo no Chōmei


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text:
1788 in music

Events

 * January 9 – The elderly Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach reviews Johann Nikolaus Forkel's book Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik in the Hamburgischer unpartheyischer Correspondent.
 * January 22 – Composer Ignaz Pleyel marries Franziska Gabrielle Ignatia Lefebvre, daughter of a tapestry maker.
 * January 26 – Australia Day: HMS Sirius (1786) leads the First Fleet into landing at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney) to begin the settlement of Australia; it carries Surgeon George Worgan's London-made square piano which will remain in the country and be donated to the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts collection in 2016.
 * February 6 – The Kärntnertortheater in Vienna closes, after the German Opera Company disbands.
 * February 12 – Antonio Salieri is appointed Imperial Royal Kapellmeister by Emperor Joseph II of Austria, in succession to Giuseppe Bonno, who is forcibly retired.
 * March 6 – Domenico Cimarosa, recently invited to St Petersburg by the Empress Catherine II of Russia, premières his La felicità inaspetata, which fails to impress his new patron.
 * June 25 – Publication of three string quintets (K.406, 515, 516) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is postponed for a year because of a lack of take-up of subscriptions.
 * July 17 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf is officially dismissed from his post as Amtshauptmann of Freiwaldau, but actually continues in the position for another seven years.
 * November 25 – Three weeks before his death, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach writes his last known letter, to Johann Jacob Heinrich Westphal.

Opera

 * Giuseppe Cambini – Le bon pére
 * Thomas Carter – The Constant Maid, or Poll of Plympton
 * Luigi Cherubini – Ifigenia in Aulide
 * Domenico Cimarosa
 * La felicità inaspettata
 * La vergine del sole
 * Franz Danzi – Die Mitternachtsstunde
 * Giovanni Paisiello
 * L'Amor Contrastato
 * Fedra, premiered Jan. 1 in Naples
 * Antonio Sacchini – Arvire et Évélina (posthumous "tragédie lyrique", finished by Jean-Baptiste Rey), premiered April 29.
 * Antonio Salieri
 * Axur, Re d'Ormus (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte after Beaumarchais)
 * Il Talismano (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte after Goldoni)
 * Joseph Weigl – Il pazzo per forza

Classical music

 * William Billings – The Singing Master’s Assistant (including "Vermont" and "Washington")
 * Henry Bishop – Six New Minuets and Twelve Country Dances (including "Knoll Park")
 * Domenico Cimarosa – Atene edificata (cantata)
 * Muzio Clementi
 * 3 Piano Trios, Op.21
 * 3 Piano Trios, Op.22
 * Keyboard sonata op.24/1
 * Michel Corrette – Messe pour le tems de Noël
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf – 6 String Quartets
 * Jan Ladislav Dussek
 * 3 Sonatas for Keyboard with Violin, Op.5
 * Three piano sonatas C.41–43
 * Joseph-Francois Garnier – Simphonie Concertante for 2 Oboes
 * Joseph Haydn
 * 8 Nocturnes, Hob.II:25–32
 * String Quartet in C major, Hob.III:57
 * String Quartet in G major, Hob.III:58
 * String Quartet in E major, Hob.III:59
 * String Quartet in A major, Hob.III:60
 * String Quartet in F minor, Hob.III:61
 * String Quartet in B-flat major, Hob.III:62
 * Baryton Trio in A major, Hob.XI:6
 * Baryton Trio in A major, Hob.XI:8
 * Symphony No.90 in C major, Hob.I:90
 * Symphony No.91 in E-flat major, Hob.I:91
 * Michael Haydn
 * Die Ährenleserin (singspiel)
 * Symphony No.37 in D major, MH 476
 * Pelham Humfrey – O Lord, My God
 * Frantisek Kotzwara – The Battle of Prague (piano with commentary)
 * Leopold Kozeluch – Piano Sonata, Op.26 No.3
 * Anton Kraft – 3 Cello Sonatas, Op. 1
 * Rodolphe Kreutzer – Violin Concerto No.6 in E minor
 * Jean-Baptiste Krumpholz – 6 Harp Sonatas, Opp. 13–14
 * Vicente Martín y Soler – 12 Canzonette Italiane
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * 6 German Dances, K.536
 * Ein deutsches Kriegslied, K.539
 * Adagio in B minor, K.540 (dated March 19)
 * Un bacio di mano, K.541 (dated May)
 * Piano Trio in E major, K.542
 * Symphony No. 39 in E flat major, K.543
 * Piano Trio in C major, K.548
 * Più non si trovano, K.549
 * Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550
 * Symphony No. 41 in C major, K.551, "Jupiter"
 * Canon for 3 Voices in A major (Caro bell'idol mio), K.562
 * Divertimento in E-flat major, K.563
 * Piano Trio in G major, K.564
 * 6 German Dances, K.567
 * 12 Minuets, K.568
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Duet for two violins
 * Ignaz Pleyel
 * Violin Concerto in D major, B.103A
 * 3 Quintets, B.280–282
 * 6 Keyboard Trios, B.431–436
 * Alexander Reinagle – Federal March
 * Giuseppe Sarti – 3 Sonatas for Keyboard and Violin, Op. 4
 * Giovanni Battista Viotti
 * Violin Concerto No.13 in A major
 * Violin Concerto No.14 in A minor
 * 6 Violin Sonatas, W 5.1–6 (Op. 4)

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik
 * Ferdinand Kauer – Kurzgefaßte Anweisung das Violoncell zu spielen
 * Vincenzo Manfredini – Difesa della musica moderna e de' suoi celebri esecutori
 * Ernst Wilhelm Wolf – Musikalischer Unterricht

Births

 * January 5 – Caspar Ett, composer and musician (died 1847)
 * January 8
 * Erzherzog Rudolph, composer and archduke (died 1831)
 * Duke Eugen of Württemberg, composer and general (died 1857)
 * January 22 – George Gordon Byron, lyricist and poet (died 1824)
 * January 31 – Felice Romani, librettist and writer (died 1865)
 * February 10 – Johann Peter Pixis, composer (died 1874)
 * March 10 – Joseph von Eichendorff, lyricist and poet (died 1857)
 * May 16 – Friedrich Rückert, librettist and poet (died 1866)
 * August 20 – José Bernardo Alcedo, composer (died 1878)
 * August 26 – Aloys Schmitt, composer (died 1866)
 * September 5 – George Macfarren, lyricist (died 1843)
 * September 28 – Karl Christian Philipp Reichel composer (died 1857)
 * October 11 – Simon Sechter, composer (died 1867)
 * October 20 – Philip Knapton, composer (died 1833)
 * November 6 – Giuseppe Donizetti, composer (died 1856)
 * November 11 – Michał Wielhorski, Russian composer (died 1856)
 * December 18 – Camille Pleyel, musician (died 1855)
 * December 21 – Charles Chaulieu Sr., composer (died 1849)
 * December 26 – Carl Anton Philipp Braun, composer (died 1835)
 * date unknown
 * Brita Catharina Lidbeck, Swedish concert singer and member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (died 1864)
 * John David Loder, composer and violinist (died 1846)

Deaths

 * January 15 – Gaetano Latilla, composer (b. 1711)
 * March 2 – Salomon Gessner, lyricist and poet (born 1730)
 * March 29 – Charles Wesley, hymn-writer (b. 1707)
 * April 12
 * Carlo Antonio Campioni, composer (b. 1720)
 * Carl Joseph Toeschi, composer (born 1731)
 * April 15 – Giuseppe Bonno, composer (b. 1711)
 * May 17 – Dorothea Biehl, librettist (born 1731)
 * June 28 – Johann Christoph Vogel, composer
 * July 14 – Johann Gottfried Müthel, composer (b. 1728)
 * November 2 – Johann Samuel Schröter, German composer (born 1753)
 * December 14 – Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, composer (b. 1714)
 * December 12 – Joseph Gibbs, composer (b. 1699)

title: 1788 in music


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Peter Boardman

Peter Boardman (25 December 1950 – 17 May 1982) was an English mountaineer and author. He is best known for a series of bold and lightweight expeditions to the Himalayas, often in partnership with Joe Tasker, and for his contribution to mountain literature. Boardman and Tasker died on the North East Ridge of Mount Everest in 1982. The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature was established in their memory.

Early life and education
Boardman was born in Stockport, Cheshire, England, the youngest son of Alan Howe Boardman (1920–1979) and Dorothy Boardman (1923–2007). He attended Stockport Grammar School from 1956 to 1969, going on school trips to Corsica in 1964 and 1965, and to the Swabian Alps in 1966. Boardman first began climbing with school friends at Windgather Rocks in the Peak District National Park. After joining the Mynydd Climbing Club in 1966, Boardman's climbing progressed quickly and he went on to climb in the Pennine Alps in 1968.

From 1969 to 1972, Boardman studied English at the University of Nottingham where he was President of the Mountaineering Club from 1971 to 1972. While at university Boardman climbed extensively in Britain and Europe and embarked on his first expedition, to Afghanistan, in 1972. After Nottingham, Boardman obtained a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (English and outdoor activities) from the University College of North Wales in 1973.

Personal life
Boardman married Hilary Collins in August 1980. They first met in 1974 when Hilary attended a course at Glenmore Lodge instructed by Boardman. After the Changabang expedition in 1976 Hilary arranged for Boardman to give a slide show at Belper High School where she was the teacher responsible for outdoor activities. Soon after they began climbing together in Derbyshire and Scotland. Hilary shared Boardman's passion for mountains and they climbed together on Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya and Carstensz Pyramid. Hilary left Britain to take up a teaching position in Switzerland where she was later joined by Boardman when he took over as Director of the International School of Mountaineering in Leysin.

Career
With his postgraduate qualification, and climbing and mountaineering experience, Boardman was set on the path to becoming a professional mountaineer. In 1973, he became an instructor at Glenmore Lodge, Aviemore. He moved on to become the National Officer at the British Mountaineering Council in 1975. In 1978 Boardman took over as Director of the International School of Mountaineering in Leysin, Switzerland, after Dougal Haston's death, a position he held until his own death in 1982. Other positions and qualifications held by Boardman include:
 * Mountain Guide Carnet – September 1977.
 * Vice-president, British Mountaineering Council. Elected in 1979.
 * President, Association of British Mountain Guides. Elected in 1979.

Europe
Boardman climbed extensively in Europe throughout his career. His early climbs included:
 * 1970 Petit Dru, SW Pillar
 * 1971 First British ascents of the North Face Direct of the Olan, WNW face of Pic Sans Nom and SW face of Aiguille de Sialouze. Boardman also climbed the north face of the Matterhorn, and met Joe Tasker and Dick Renshaw for the first time on the North Spur of the Droites.
 * 1973 First British ascents of the North Face of the Nesthorn and the North Face Direct of the Lauterbrunnen Breithorn.

Hindu Kush, 1972
Boardman's first expedition outside Europe was with fellow members of the Nottingham University Mountaineering Club who drove overland to the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan in the summer of 1972. A training climb on the North Face of Koh-i-Khaaik (5,860m) turned into an epic when the climbers underestimated the difficulty of the Face, taking longer than planned to reach the summit and necessitating a 50-mile walk back to Base Camp. Their main objective, the unclimbed North Face of Koh-i-Mondi (6,234m), was climbed relatively uneventfully. In all, expedition members climbed five new peaks and five new routes.

Mount Dan Beard, Alaska, 1974
In May 1974, Boardman and Roger O'Donovan made the first ascent via the South Face, and the second ascent overall, of Mount Dan Beard (3,127m) in the Alaska Range. An attempt on Mount McKinley was abandoned when O'Donovan became ill.

Everest, South West Face, 1975
When Chris Bonington was recruiting for the large, siege-style expedition to climb the South West Face of Everest, Boardman was recommended by Paul Braithwaite as a talented climber who would be compatible with other team members. The expedition was successful in placing the first two Britons, Doug Scott and Dougal Haston, on the summit on 24 September 1975. Boardman and Pertemba, the expedition's head Sirdar, reached the summit on 26 September. On their descent, they met Mick Burke a short distance below the summit and still ascending. They waited for him at the South Summit in deteriorating weather, but Burke was never seen alive again.

Changabang, West Wall, 1976
Boardman and Joe Tasker, on their first expedition together, made the first ascent of the West Wall of Changabang (6,864m) in the Garhwal Himalaya in India. The climb took 25 days during September and October 1976. It was considered "probably the most outstanding lightweight Himalayan climb so far achieved". Changabang had been Joe Tasker's idea; he had seen it the previous year while on Dunagiri with Dick Renshaw. As Renshaw was recovering from frostbite Tasker had asked Boardman if he was interested in a new route on Changabang. Boardman had agreed readily with Tasker's proposal: "This climb would be all that I wanted. Something that would be totally committing, that would bring my self-respect into line with the public recognition I had received for Everest."

K2, West Ridge, 1978
Boardman was invited by Chris Bonington to join an expedition to K2 (8,611m) in 1978. The team was composed of climbers Paul Braithwaite, Nick Estcourt, Doug Scott and Joe Tasker, as well as a doctor, Jim Duff, and cameraman Tony Riley. At the time, K2 had been climbed successfully only twice and the West Ridge not at all. Boardman and Tasker reached a height of approximately 6,700m, but the expedition was abandoned when Estcourt was killed in an avalanche.

Carstensz Pyramid, 1978
In December 1978 Boardman and Hilary Collins made the first ascent of the South Face of Carstensz Pyramid (4,884m) in the Indonesian province of Papua on the island of New Guinea. In early January 1979 they climbed the nearby peak Dugundugu and, with two French climbers, traversed the three summits of Ngga Pulu.

Kangchenjunga, North Ridge, 1979
On 16 May 1979 Boardman, together with Doug Scott and Joe Tasker, reached the summit of Kangchenjunga (8,586m) via the North Ridge. This was the third ascent overall and the first via this route. Two earlier attempts by the team (which included French mountaineer Georges Bettembourg) were thwarted by storms high on the mountain.

Gauri Sankar, South Summit, 1979
Boardman led an Anglo-Nepalese expedition to make the first ascent of the southern summit of Gauri Sankar, a twin-peaked mountain in Nepal. The team composed of Boardman, Pemba Lama, Tim Leach and Guy Neithardt reached the South Summit (7,010m) on 9 November 1979 via the West Ridge. Fellow expedition member John Barry, who had been injured in a fall, waited at a lower camp.

K2, West Ridge and Abruzzi Spur, 1980
Immediately after the 1978 K2 expedition, Boardman and Tasker had applied for a permit for another attempt on the mountain. In May 1980 they returned to the West Ridge with Dick Renshaw and Doug Scott. Their route avoided the avalanche-prone slope of 1978, but proved too difficult and the team, now minus Scott, turned their attention to the Abruzzi Spur, the route taken by the first ascensionists. On their second attempt on this route, they reached a height of 8,077m but their tent was overwhelmed by an avalanche in the middle of the night leading to a lengthy and precarious retreat off the mountain. A third and final attempt was abandoned due to storms on the mountain.

Kongur, 1981
Boardman was part of the British team that made the first ascent of Kongur (7,719m), in China. The climbing team, consisting of Boardman, Chris Bonington, Al Rouse and Joe Tasker, was supplemented by cameraman, Jim Curran, and a medical team carrying out research on the effects of altitude on expedition members. The ascent was made alpine style via the southwest rib with the summit reached on the evening of 12 July 1981.

Everest, North East Ridge, 1982
British mountaineers had last visited the north side of Everest in the 1930s. Permission for the 1982 expedition was obtained after the Chinese government began opening up mountains to foreign expeditions. The North East Ridge was "an obvious choice [...] elegant, unknown and looked, from the few photographs we had, difficult but possible." The North East Ridge rises two miles from the Raphu La (6,510m) to the North East Shoulder (8,393m) and the junction with the North Ridge. From there the summit is almost another mile away. The crux of the North East Ridge is a series of pinnacles high on the ridge before the junction with the North Ridge.

The expedition consisted of Boardman, Chris Bonington, Dick Renshaw and Joe Tasker, supported by expedition doctor Charles Clarke and Adrian Gordon, and Chinese Base Camp staff. Tasker had responsibility for filming the expedition documentary. The expedition arrived at Base Camp on 16 March 1982 and began acclimatisation forays and establishment of camps further up the Rongbuk glacier. By April the team had begun climbing on the Ridge, establishing snow caves at 6,850m and 7,256m. In early May their third and highest snow cave was established at 7,850m. While climbing on the First Pinnacle above 8,000m Renshaw experienced a minor stroke. After suffering a second stroke at Base Camp, and following medical advice, Renshaw left to return home accompanied by Clarke as far as Chengdu. By this time Bonington realised that he would be unable to go much higher on the mountain without the use of supplementary oxygen and switched to a support role. He intended to climb to the North Col with Gordon and wait there while Boardman and Tasker made a final push to cross the Three Pinnacles. Boardman and Tasker left Advance Base Camp on 15 May and reached the second snow cave the same day. By 16 May they reached the third snow cave and made what was to be their last radio contact with Bonington that evening. On 17 May they moved slowly beyond the First Pinnacle and were last seen at 9:00pm at the foot of the Second Pinnacle at 8,250m having been climbing for 14 hours. By 21 May, with no sign of Boardman and Tasker for four days Bonington and Clarke travelled up the Kangshung Valley to search the other side of the ridge for any sign of the missing climbers, while Gordon maintained a watch at Advance Base Camp. By the beginning of June the expedition was back at Base Camp and Bonington travelled to Chengdu to break the news of the deaths to Boardman and Tasker's families.

Death
News of Boardman's death was relayed to Hilary Boardman in Leysin, and Dorothy Boardman in Manchester, and covered in the media. A memorial service was held for Boardman at St George's Church in Stockport on 11 July 1982. In September 1982 Hilary Boardman and Maria Coffey, Joe Tasker's girlfriend, travelled to the north side of Everest as far as Advance Base Camp to retrace the last journey made by Boardman and Tasker.

Discovery of body
Expeditions to the North East Ridge in 1985, 1986 and 1987 failed to reach Boardman and Tasker's high point. In August 1988, Russell Brice and Harry Taylor succeeded in crossing the Pinnacles, thus completing the unclimbed section of the route, before descending via the North Ridge. They saw no sign of Boardman or Tasker due to heavy monsoon snow cover.

The next expedition on the ridge was in 1992 when a joint Japanese-Kazakh expedition crossed the Pinnacles but were unable to continue to the summit. They found a body beyond the second pinnacle at approximately 8,200m on the Rongbuk side of the ridge. Photographs taken by Vladimir Suviga and sent to Chris Bonington enabled the body to be identified, from the clothing and features, as Peter Boardman.

In 1995 the complete ridge was climbed by a Japanese expedition. They also came across a body which was initially thought to be Joe Tasker. Upon re-examining all the evidence, Chris Bonington concluded that both sightings were of Boardman: "At first it was surmised that this was Joe Tasker, but after carefully comparing the written descriptions and the photographs provided by each expedition, I became convinced that this was the same as the original sighting and therefore that of Pete."

Writing
Boardman's book about the 1976 Changabang expedition, The Shining Mountain, is one of the outstanding works of mountaineering literature, and won the 1979 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for literature. A second book, Sacred Summits, detailing his climbing exploits in 1979 on Carstensz Pyramid, Kangchenjunga and Gauri Sankar, was published posthumously.

In 1995, these books, along with those of Joe Tasker, were republished in the Boardman Tasker Omnibus.

Commemoration

 * The Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature was set up in 1983 by family and friends of the two climbers to honour their literary legacy.
 * The Peter Boardman Climbing Wall at Stockport Grammar School was dedicated in 2008.
 * In 2012, a calendar was produced for 2013 to mark the 30th anniversary of the disappearance of Boardman and Tasker.
 * In 2016, The Peter Boardman Climbing wall was opened at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China to mark Boardman's contribution both as a mountaineer and as a Nottingham alumnus.

Books

 * The Shining Mountain: Two men on Changabang's West Wall (with material by Joe Tasker) (1978) Hodder and Stoughton, London.
 * Sacred Summits: A Climber's Year (1982) Hodder and Stoughton, London.

Articles

 * "The Rock Rush", Nottingham University Mountaineering Club Journal, No. 9 December 1971. pp24–28.
 * "Hindu Kush – Alpine Style", Alpine Journal, 1974. p110-114.
 * "Long Necks in the Hindu Kush", Mountain, No. 36, June 1974. pp15–21.
 * (with R. Richards) "British Everest Expedition SW Face 1975", Alpine Journal, 1976. pp3–15.
 * "Everest is not a Private Affair", Mountain Life, Dec 1975/Jan 1976.
 * "Peter the Pooh", Crags, No. 4, 1976, pp8–9.
 * "Changabang Commentary", Mountain, No. 55, May/June 1977. pp15–27.
 * "A Westerner's Luxury", The Listener, 2 March 1978. pp266–267.
 * "No More Himalayan Heroes", Climber and Rambler, November 1979. pp34–41.
 * "The Untrodden Peak", The Observer Magazine, [issue to be confirmed].
 * "Gauri Sankar Report", Climber and Rambler, April 1980. pp40–42.
 * "So You're an Everest Climber", Mountain, No. 76. Nov/Dec 1980. pp26–29.
 * "Gaurishankar, South Summit", American Alpine Journal, 1980. pp616–617.
 * "The British-Nepalese Gauri Shankar Expedition, 1979", Himalayan Journal, 1979–80, Vol. 37. p15.
 * "1980 K2 Expedition", American Alpine Journal, 1981. pp286–89.
 * "Fight for Life on the Savage Mountain", The Observer Magazine, 15 February 1981.
 * "Mount Kongur", The Observer Magazine, 15 November 1981.

title: Peter Boardman