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Harold B. Lee

Harold Bingham Lee (March 28, 1899 – December 26, 1973) was an American religious leader and educator who served as the 11th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from July 1972 until his death in December 1973.

Early life
Lee was born in Clifton, Idaho, to Samuel Lee and Louisa Emeline Bingham and was the second of six children. The Lee family lived the rural life and Lee and his siblings spent most of their youth doing farm chores. During his childhood, his mother saved him from death several times. When he was eight, he was sent to get a can of lye from the shelf and spilled the deadly product all over himself. His mother opened a vat of pickled beets and poured cup after cup of the red vinegar all over him, which neutralized the lye. When Harold was a teen, he punctured an artery on a broken bottle. His mother cleaned it, but it became badly infected. She burned a black stocking to ashes and rubbed it in the open wound and it soon healed.

Lee was fortunate to receive a good education. He finished eighth grade at a grammar school in Clifton and his parents allowed him to continue his education at Oneida Stake Academy in Preston, Idaho. The first few years, Lee focused on music and played the alto, French, and baritone horns. Later, he played basketball and was a reporter for the school newspaper. He graduated in the spring of 1916.

The summer following his graduation Lee worked to receive his teaching certificate from Albion State Normal School at Albion, Idaho. After two summers of study in 1916 and 1917, Lee passed the state's fifteen-subject test to receive his second- and third-class certificates. Lee held his first teaching position in the fall of 1916. He taught a class of 25 students, grades one to eight, in Weston, Idaho. His salary was $60 a month. When he was eighteen, he became principal of a school in Oxford, Idaho. In September 1920, then church president Heber J. Grant called Lee on a mission to the western states, with headquarters in Denver, Colorado. He was twenty-one and served until December 1922.

Marriages
While on his mission, Lee met a sister missionary from Utah, Fern Lucinda Tanner. They renewed their acquaintance when they returned from their missions and were married on November 14, 1923, in the Salt Lake Temple. Fern died in 1962 and on June 17, 1963, Lee married Freda Joan Jensen, a former mission companion's girlfriend who had remained unmarried. She died on July 1, 1981.

Civic and community leadership
In 1932, at the age of thirty-three, Lee became a community leader when he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Salt Lake City Commission. He was assigned to direct the Department of Streets and Public Improvements. A year later his political career was launched when he was elected to the same position.

Service in the LDS Church
In 1930, Lee was called as president of the LDS Church's Pioneer Stake in Salt Lake City. At the time of his setting apart, he was the youngest stake president then serving in the church.

As the 1929 Great Depression in the United States had left more than half of the stakes' members without jobs, Lee established a stake welfare program to aid members in distress. In 1932, the stake organized a Bishop's Storehouse to provide members with basic food necessities. In 1936, Lee became managing director of the Church Welfare Program, overseeing the implementation of a churchwide welfare program based on the Pioneer Stake's. This program—including Bishop's Storehouses—remains in place to this day.

Although he also pursued a political career, he began full-time church service when he was called to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1941.

Lee served on a committee to streamline church organization and functions. For two decades Lee studied the subject and prepared proposals. Lee was the chairman of the Priesthood Correlation Committee under LDS Church president David O. McKay. The committee restructured church organization in the 1960s, including labeling the children's and women's organizations as auxiliary to the priesthood organization.

According to some historians, Hugh B. Brown petitioned McKay to rescind the policy of excluding people of African ancestry from the priesthood. However, McKay had not felt spiritual impressions that the time was right to do so. Historians observe that Brown continued to seek to reverse the ban "administratively", but Lee was among those who noted that it was a matter of God making his will known through revelation. In December 1969, Lee initiated a release to church leaders, signed by Brown and N. Eldon Tanner, both serving as counselors in the First Presidency. This release regarded the Church's support for equal opportunities and civil rights, but also indicated that priesthood policy would not change until God revealed it through revelation.

When McKay died in 1970, Joseph Fielding Smith became church president and Lee was called as First Counselor in the First Presidency. He continued to gain practical experience for what was expected to be a long presidency of his own, given the fact that he was twenty-four years younger than Smith. In 1972, Smith died and Lee became Church president. Later that year, Lee organized the Church's Jerusalem Branch and presided over the church's second Area Conference, held in Mexico; and four months prior to his death, presided over the first Area Conference for Germany, Austria, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Spain, held in Munich on August 24–26, 1973.

Death
Lee's presidency proved one of the briefest in the history of the church, lasting from July 7, 1972, to Lee's sudden death due to a fatal pulmonary hemorrhage on December 26, 1973, at age 74. Lee was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

Legacy
After his death, a statue of Lee was dedicated at his birthplace. Brigham Young University also honored the former church president by renaming its library after him. The 665000 sqft Harold B. Lee Library is one of the largest libraries in the western United States and contains 98 mi of shelving.

Lee's teachings as an apostle were the 2002 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

Works

 * LDS Church publication number 35892.
 * LDS Church publication number 35892.
 * LDS Church publication number 35892.
 * LDS Church publication number 35892.
 * LDS Church publication number 35892.

title: Harold B. Lee


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User:Aerothorn

Dylan Holmes, a.k.a. Aerothorn, hails from Seattle, Washington. A knowledge enthusiast, he was thrilled when he discovered Wikipedia in early 2004. He mostly just reads it, but will correct information errors and typos when he sees them, and is slowly learning the coding required to edit and write articles. He is currently attending Hampshire College, where there are no good bagels.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Aerothorn


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Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

The title of the Hero of the Czechoslovak Republic was established in 1955. The name of the title was changed to Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1960. It was awarded 31 times to some Czechoslovak war heroes, to the general and later president Ludvík Svoboda, to the Czechoslovak president Gustáv Husák, to the Czech cosmonaut Vladimír Remek, to various Soviet generals and marshals, and to Leonid Brezhnev. The never-awarded 32nd medal has been given to the Czech National Museum.

The title was awarded by the government to honor extraordinary merits for the republic connected with a heroic achievement or repeated achievements.

The Hero was always also awarded the Order of Klement Gottwald in similar fashion to how a Hero of the Soviet Union was also always awarded the Order of Lenin, a Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria was also awarded the Order of Georgi Dimitrov, and a Hero of the German Democratic Republic was also awarded the Order of Karl Marx.

The medal was worn on the left breast side above all the Czechoslovak awards or their ribbons, always in natura and in front of the Gold Star of the Hero of Socialist Labor (Czechoslovakia).

The title was canceled as a result of the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the government of the new Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 7 October 1990 enacted a law setting up a new, de-communized honors system. No new awards of the title have been permitted thenceforth, but existing awardees were (and are) still permitted to wear their medals.

Recipients

 * Josef Frank
 * Gustáv Husák (3 times)
 * Ludvík Svoboda (3 times)
 * Vladimír Remek
 * Jan Šverma
 * Vendelín Opatrný
 * Karol Šmidke
 * Vladimír Clementis
 * Leonid Iljich Brezhnev (3 times)
 * Ivan Stepanovich Konev
 * Karel Klapálek
 * Andrei Antonovich Grechko
 * Ivan Ignatevich Jakubovski
 * Dmitriy Fjodorovich Ustinov
 * Matvej Vasiljevich Zacharov
 * Jurij Viktorovich Romanenko
 * Georgi Michajlovich Grechko
 * Alexei Alexandrovich Gubarev
 * Kiril Semjonovich Moskalenko
 * Andrey Yeryomenko
 * Dmitriy Danilovich Leljusenko


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Independent Order of Rechabites

The Independent Order of Rechabites (IOR), also known as the Sons and Daughters of Rechab, is a fraternal organisation and friendly society founded in England in 1835 as part of the wider temperance movement to promote total abstinence from alcoholic beverages. The Order has been active in Australia from 1843, promoting temperance and as a benefit society. A branch was established in the United States in 1842, and also flourished for a time. In the United Kingdom, the Order trades under the name of Healthy Investment, being well connected in upper society and involved in financial matters; there it gradually transformed into a financial institution which promotes teetotalism.

History

The Independent Order of Rechabites was founded on 25 August 1835 as the Salford Unity of Rechabites, in the city of Salford, Lancashire, England. Their first lodge was "Tent Ebenezer #1" and soon "tents" were founded for adult females (over the age of 12), boys (aged 12–16), and for children of both sexes (age 5-12), as well as other adult males (age 16 and up.) In describing the heritage of the Independent Order of Rechabites, a circa 1892 newspaper in Leeds said:

The rituals and ceremonies of the Rechabites vary from place to place but the order promoted three degrees, Knight of Temperance, Knight of Fortitude, and Covenanted Knight of Justice. Lodges are called tents because Jehonadab (or Jonadab) commanded the Biblical sons of Rechab to live in tents (Jeremiah 35:6-7) and the governing body, in England at least, was called the Movable Committee, meeting in a different city every two years. Membership remains open to all who would sign a pledge to completely abstain from alcohol except for religious or medical purposes. There were also death and sickness benefits.

From the late 18th century a number of Friendly Societies had been set up to help working-class people with such things as health insurance and death benefits. Generally these societies held their meetings in pubs. In the 1830s a group of Manchester Methodists became concerned that by encouraging working men to attend public houses to pay their friendly society dues, then the societies were harming the men's health and financial situation and threatening their moral welfare, rather than helping them. To counter this they set up a new Friendly Society called the Independent Order of Rechabites, named after the nomadic, abstaining Rechabites of the Old Testament. The IOR were an offshoot of the Calathumpians, then a diverse collection of social reformers of independent religious views. The organization was still active in the middle 20th century; Sir David Cannadine (British historian, born in Birmingham in 1950) described in 2019 attending a Rechabite meeting with his grandparents who were members.

A branch may be known as a "Tent", since the biblical Rechabites lived exclusively in tents. Each Tent is ruled by a High Chief Ruler, assisted by a High Deputy Ruler, Corresponding Secretary, Sick and Tent Stewards, Inside and Outside Guardians, a Levite of the Tent and a number of Elders. Before one could join the Rechabites and benefit from their insurance and saving scheme a document has to be signed swearing that the proposed member and his family would not drink any alcoholic beverages. This document is known as The Pledge and represents a solemn promise. The initials "IOR" on a tombstone may indicate that the deceased was a member of the organisation.

The Victoria District of the Independent Order of Rechabites currently has 17 Tents and 5 Regions, while the Queensland District of The Independent Order of Rechabites currently has four Tents and two social committees.

United States and Canada
In the United States and Canada there were several orders of Rechabites including the Independent Order of Rechabites of North America and the Encamped Knights of Rechab of North America. The most successful, however, was the Independent Order of Rechabites, which was founded in 1842 and was reported to have 990,000 at the beginning of the twentieth century. Like the Order in Britain, its local groups were called Tents. The national structure was the "High Tent" and the order was headquartered in Washington, DC. Membership was open to males aged 16 to 55, females aged twelve and up, and juveniles aged 5-16; the primary tents were composed of males 16–55 years old who believed in a Supreme Being and signed a total abstinence pledge. Individuals over fifty five were admitted as honorary members, and females over twelve and males under sixteen were permitted to form their own Tents. The Order worked three degrees: Knight of Temperance, Knight of Fortitude and Covenanted Knight of Justice.

Australia
In Australia the IOR was first established in Tasmania in 1843, soon spreading to other states. Members of the IOR were provided with assistance during times of sickness, death and hardship.

IOR was active in Victoria and in 1876 it established 'Tent' 138 in Bung Bong rural Victoria. The Building was also used for community purposes including meetings of the 'Farmers Club' and as a Church of England.

In 1991, IOR Victoria combined with the IOR in other states to form a national private health fund. Members wishing to join IOR's health fund were no longer required to sign a pledge of abstinence from alcohol. In 2005 the IOR health fund was sold to HCF Health Insurance, and the rest of the organisation continued as a temperance promoting organisation. In 2008, 38.5 million dollars of its funds management was transferred to the Foresters Friendly Society. As of 2024, the Independent Order of Rechabites retains a state branch in Victoria, with a number of affiliated tents.

United Kingdom
Since 2004 the Rechabite Friendly Society has traded as Healthy Investment, a financial services organisation that continues to specialise in providing ethical savings and investment products, not restricted to teetotallers. The Society avoids direct investment in companies in the alcohol, arms, tobacco, gambling and pornography industries. It is a with-profits provider, which as a mutual insurance company means that there are no shareholders to benefit from members' investments.

The Society provides Tax Exempt Savings Plans only offered by Friendly Societies, and other savings products.

Archives
The archives of the Independent Order of Rechabites have been deposited at Senate House Library, University of London. Some material, including a history of the Glasgow District No. 40, is also held by the Archives of the University of Glasgow. Numerous archives of branches are held at local record offices.

Publications

 * Leach, W. T. (William Turnbull), 1805-1886 An address on rechabitism: delivered at the quarterly meeting of the members of the Independent Order of Rechabites, in the hall of the Spring of Canada Tent on the 18th July, 1845 Montreal? : s.n.] 1845
 * Rules for the government of the Stepney Tent, no. 83 : of the Independent Order of Rechabites, Salford Unity, Friendly Society, East Riding District Hull : Printed by F. Oliver 1873
 * General laws for the government of the Independent Order of Rechabites, Salford Unity, Friendly Society : adopted by the Moveable Conference, August, 1853, and amended by subsequent M.C.s, 1854 to 1873 : registered under the Friendly Societies' Act 13 and 14 Victoria, Cap. 115 Manchester : Published by the Board of Directors, at the Offices of the Order 1873
 * Rules of the Independent Order of Rechabites, Salford Unity, Friendly Society, as amended by the Glasgow H.M.C., 1887 : registered under the Friendly Societies Acts 1887

title: Independent Order of Rechabites


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Paperboy

A paperboy is someone – often an older child or adolescent – who distributes printed newspapers to homes or offices on a regular route, usually by bicycle or automobile. In Western nations during the heyday of print newspapers during the early 20th century, this was often a young person's first job, perhaps undertaken before or after school. This contrasts with the newsboy or newspaper hawker, now extremely rare in Western nations, who would sell newspapers to passersby on the street, often with very vocal promotion. They were common when multiple daily papers in every city – as many as 50 in New York City alone – competed.

History

The paperboy occupies a prominent place in the popular memory of many countries, including the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and Japan. This is because it has long been the first paying job available to young boys. Newspaper industry lore suggests that the first paperboy, hired in 1833, was 10-year-old Barney Flaherty who was hired after seeing an advertisement in the Sun News and signing up for the job.

The duties of a paperboy varied by distributor, but usually included counting and separating papers, rolling papers and inserting them in newspaper bags during inclement weather, and collecting payments from customers.

The number of paperboys experienced a major decline. This is due partly to the disappearance of afternoon newspapers, whose delivery times worked better for school-aged children than did those of morning papers, which were typically delivered before 6 a.m. The numbers have also been affected by changing demographics, the availability of news and newspapers on the Internet; employment laws (particularly the mid-20th century ban of child labour), the decline of small towns that could be traversed by bicycle, and growing concerns for the safety of un-escorted children, all of which have led many newspapers to switch to delivery by adults. Today, they are mainly used by weekly community newspapers and free shopper papers, which still tend to be delivered in the afternoons. Alternatively, sometimes paperboys are only employed once a week to deliver the paper on Sunday. Many deliveries these days are by adults in cars, known as newspaper carriers. They have traditionally been hired by the newspapers as independent contractors.

title: Paperboy


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Antecedent (grammar)

In grammar, an antecedent is one or more words that establish the meaning of a pronoun or other pro-form. For example, in the sentence "John arrived late because traffic held him up," the word "John" is the antecedent of the pronoun "him." Pro-forms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes precede them. In the latter case, the more accurate term would technically be postcedent, although this term is not commonly distinguished from antecedent because the definition of antecedent usually encompasses it. The linguistic term that is closely related to antecedent and pro-form is anaphora. Theories of syntax explore the distinction between antecedents and postcedents in terms of binding.

Examples
Almost any syntactic category can serve as the antecedent to a pro-form. The following examples illustrate a range of proforms and their antecedents. The pro-forms are in bold, and their antecedents are underlined:

 * a. Willy said he likes chocolate. - Noun as antecedent

 * b. My eccentric uncle likes chocolate. He tells everyone to buy him chocolate. - Noun phrase as antecedent

 * c. Larry was helpful, and so was Kim. - Adjective as antecedent

 * d. He arrived in the afternoon, when nobody was home. - Prepositional phrase as antecedent

 * e. Thomas plays soccer in the park . The kids all congregate there. - Prepositional phrase as antecedent

 * f. Our helpers did it very carefully, and we did it like that as well. - Adverb phrase as antecedent

 * g. Fred works hard, but Tom does not do the same. - Verb phrase as antecedent

 * h. Susan lies all the time, which everybody knows about. - Entire clause as antecedent

 * i. Our politicians have been pandering again . This demotivates the voters. - Entire sentence as antecedent

 * j. Rob is a dentist and, as such, he fixes teeth. - Noun phrase as antecedent

 * k. Someone called who offered to help . She was really friendly. - Discontinuous word combination as antecedent

 * l. The paragraph has in fact been checked by Sam, but Susan won't do it. - Discontinuous word combination as antecedent

This list of proforms and the types of antecedents that they take is by no means exhaustive, but rather it is intended to merely deliver an impression of the breadth of expressions that can function as proforms and antecedents. While the stereotypical proform is a pronoun and the stereotypical antecedent a noun or noun phrase, these examples demonstrate that most any syntactic category can in fact serve as an antecedent to a proform, whereby the proforms themselves are a diverse bunch. The last two examples are particularly interesting, because they show that some proforms can even take discontinuous word combinations as antecedents, i.e. the antecedents are constituents. A particularly frequent type of proform occurs in relative clauses. Many relative clauses contain a relative pronoun, and these relative pronouns have an antecedent. Sentences d and h above contain relative clauses; the proforms when and which are relative proforms.

Uncertain antecedents
In some cases, the wording could have an uncertain antecedent, where the antecedent of a pronoun is not clear because two or more prior nouns or phrases could match the count, gender, or logic as a prior reference. In such cases, scholars have recommended to rewrite the sentence structure to be more specific, or repeat the words of the antecedent rather than use only a pronoun phrase, as a technique to resolve the uncertain antecedent.

For example, consider the sentence, "There was a doll inside the box that was made of clay", where the word "that" could refer to either the box or the doll. To make it clear that the doll is what is made of clay, the sentence could be reworded as one of the following: "Inside the box, there was a doll that was made of clay", "Inside the box, there was a doll made of clay", or "There was a girl doll inside the box, and she was made of clay" (or similar wording).

Antecedents may also be unclear when they occur far from the noun or phrase they refer to. Bryan Garner calls these "remote relatives" and gives this example from the New York Times: As Garner points out, “that were…the border” modifies “messages”, which occurs 7 words (3 of which are nouns) before. In context, the phrase could also modify “the Iraqi people”, hence the uncertainty.

Postcedents
The ante- in antecedent means 'before; in front of'. Thus, when a pro-form precedes its antecedent, the antecedent is not literally an antecedent, but rather it is a postcedent, post- meaning 'after; behind'. The following examples, wherein the pro-forms are bolded and their postcedents are underlined, illustrate this distinction:
 * a. When it is ready, I'll have a cup of coffee . - Noun as postcedent
 * b. In her bed, my friend spends the entire morning. - Noun phrase as postcedent
 * c. It bothered me that she did not call . - Clause as postcedent, example of it-extraposition
 * d. Two violinists were there, at the party . - Prepositional phrase as postcedent
 * e. Sam tries to work then, when it is raining . - Clause as postcedent

Postcedents are rare compared to antecedents, and in practice, the distinction between antecedents and postcedents is often ignored, with the term antecedent being used to denote both. This practice is a source of confusion, and some have therefore denounced using the term antecedent to mean postcedent because of this confusion.

Implied antecedents
Some pro-forms lack a linguistic antecedent. In such cases, the antecedent is implied in the given discourse environment or from general knowledge of the world. For instance, the first person pronouns I, me, we, and us and the second person pronoun you are pro-forms that usually lack a linguistic antecedent. However, their antecedents are present in the discourse context as the speaker and the listener. Pleonastic pro-forms also lack a linguistic antecedent, e.g. It is raining, where the pronoun it is semantically empty and cannot be viewed as referring to anything specific in the discourse world. Definite pro-forms such as they and you also have an indefinite use, which means they denote some person or people in general, e.g. They will get you for that, and therefore cannot be construed as taking a linguistic antecedent.

title: Antecedent (grammar)


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Talk:Lovebird

Untitled
Aren't my birds cute? :) --Fennec 18:43, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yeah. But of course, cute bird is a bit of a redundancy. I love parrots. I have a pair of peach-faces myself. Well not a pair exactly, one's a widower, the other an adopted spinster, and they don't get along at all, still, I have two of them. You might want to be careful about the feather-plucked one. We lost Perch's mate because he plucked her and even when we put a heat blanket and a towel arond their cage she froze to death. --Quintucket 23:45, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:Agapornis_roseicollis.jpg You almost can see her ponder about that odd camera you're holding, slightly squinting...

I visited this page because tonight I was reminded of a peachfaced that unfortunately passed away a year ago - although she reached the respectable age of 13. I've decided not to have pets anymore because I don't think animals are supposed to be kept or caged, but to her I was quite attached.

Curious bird, always eyeing you and the thing you're occupied with at that moment - be it a book, a laptop, your digital camera or the TV's remote for that matter.

Cheeky, too. Anything that's paper is at risk of being reduced to strips because she's got a beak that's got to be put to use and so she shall, and she won't hesitate to land on the top of the magazine you're reading (and be her noisy self) if that gets you to pay attention to her.

And affectionate. For all the pirate cliches that there are (hehe) she still loved to sit on my shoulder and unintentionally deafen me with her cries.

I quite miss her.

--MiG 21:43, 07 July 2005 (CET)

My lovebird does this vomiting ritual every time I scratch him. I guess he's attracted to my finger...

I went to a relative's house when they were not home and they had a caged lovebird, which I did not know anything about. I started to stick my fingers in the cage and he would (affectionately?) nibble on the fingernails. Unfortunately, I kept doing it, and after a day or so of on-and-off torture the bird would attack my fingers on sight, even drawing blood on one occasion :)

Then when I realized it could be let out, I had a bit of trouble because it was perfectly friendly with roosting on my shoulder, climbing under my shirt and popping its head out as if it were under a blanket, trying to clean my teeth, nibbling on my earlobes for some reason, etc. But if I stuck out my hand, trying to get it to stand on my hand, it would simply attack and bite it.

While I have been typing this (everything up to this point has been recounting previous experiences with the bird), it has been biting my ear a lot. It climbed down my left arm and tried two bite two little moles on my arm. It got to my left hand, started biting the keys on the keyboard, then attacked my right hand, drawing blood again (and if it makes its way down my right arm to my right hand, it will attack my left hand). Also, sometime when it was on my left arm, it stuck its butt off the edge and pooped onto my knee, which I did not realize until I scratched that knee and felt something there.

As it is so mean to my fingers, it was hard to get it back into its cage, but I just now managed to do it, being fed up with its antics. It's a fun bird and I was laughing most of the time, but I'll wait until my relatives (the owners of the bird) get home tonight and I can watch them play with it. This is Sajt reporting live.

Hi. I have a black masked lovebird and he is a sweet bird. He can be a bit of a rascal sometimes but I think that only makes him more hilarious. When I get home from work he crawls down into my shirt and preens me while I do my chores.

hi i have one of these,he's kinda irritating when im on the computer.spat10 i like birds i want an african grey but it's expensive.spat10

egg
Our lovebird recently laid an egg although its partner died over 6 months ago. Im wondering how long does the "pregnancy" or how long does the egg sit in the belly before being laid? are all eggs a bird? could it just be an unfurtle egg?
 * It's an infertile egg. An egg is produced in less than a day, think about birds laying a nest of eggs. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:21, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * My love bird cutie layed eggs and my 2 bird kiwi is still alive 43.231.30.41 (talk) 16:54, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

More Solid Info
This reads like a care guide on lovebirds rather than an encyclopedic entry. See What Wikipedia is not under the section Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. I think that the section on Agapornis in the wild is too small to be useful, it is missing info on range, conservation status, ect.

Also, the section on diet is very POV, not everyone feeds pellets. --Flurken 20:47, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

The first picture on the page isn't a peach-faced lovebird. It is a split lutino peach-faced lovebird. There is no yellow on wild-colored peach-faced lovebirds. http://www.http://animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/lovebirds/images/PeachfrontWBLov_Ac103.jpg is a picture of a juvenile wild-colored peach-faced lovebird.

Possible omnivore?
Just a question. My love bird Tico attacked and ate a brown anole that wandered into my room through the crack under the door when he was on my shoulder. He eyed it for a couple of seconds and then came down upon it like a hawk and literally caught it with his nails I've been putting off to cut, and with it squirming he started pecking at it and eating it. Tico was pulling off strips off meat, ignoring the distraction of the flopping tail that apperantly was the lizard's last hope, and when he was done with it (when I intervened) it was missing three legs, the right side of its chest, and some of its abdomin. And its tail. Picking up the mess was sick enough and I regret not taking pictures, but are love birds supposed to do that? Ace Combat Fanatic 00:54, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Damn, Ace. I could've gone the rest of my life and not missed that description. 65.107.167.200 21:06, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Lovebird are usually strict herbivores —Preceding unsigned comment added by Afarila (talk • contribs) 18:15, 20 January 2007

Both of the (peach faced) lovebirds that I've had experience with will occasionally eat meat if it's offered to them. Additionally, some websites state that lovebirds will eat insects such as crickets.--Beezhive 18:44, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

I don't regret you not taking pictures. 68.178.82.136 15:20, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

My brother's lovebird eats at the dinner table, and he'll climb over to your plate, totally ignore the fruits and vegetables or salad, and will go right after the meat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.241.29.196 (talk • contribs) 18:16, 20 April 2007

Notice of import
A copy of this article was moved to wikibooks using the Import tool (with all revisions). If this article was marked for copy to wikibooks or as containing how-to sections, it can now be safely rewritten.

If contributors are interested in expanding on the practical information that was in this article, please do so on the wikibooks side. For pointers on writing wikibooks, see Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikipedians. -- SB_Johnny | talk | books 12:11, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Cannot be kept with other birds?
I heard somewhere that Lovebirds cannot be kept with other birds, as they will try to peck off their legs and hurt them. Is this citable and has anyone else ever heard this? Bilky asko 19:58, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have heard that too about lovebirds in captivity, although I can not provide a reference. Snowman 08:57, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, my love birds don't get along at all with any other birds, only amongst themselves are they friendly. And with people, of course.--24.85.171.109 04:22, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

needing cleanup?
I just reverted the article back to when some of the short phrases ("I love lovebirds!", "lovebirds will bite", etc.) were absent. Are most of these pet bird articles screwy like this, or is it just this one? I'm looking for a pet so I was browsing several cat/dog/bird articles and only some of the bird articles seem to share this problem...

Taxonomy
Are lovebirds Psittacini? Should there be some classification between genus and family in the taxobox? Snowman 08:55, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Requesting an expert to explain (or correct) the taxonomy. Snowman (talk) 08:43, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Lifespan
I think the 10-15 years estimate is a bit misleading - that really refers to them in the wild. In captivity, many owners report lovebirds living well into their 20s (IIRC, the greatest proven age is only about 18, but that's down to a lack of documentation more than anything else). Mine's at least 20 and I doubt that's anything special. -88.109.127.148 (talk) 08:19, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this could be sourced and written into the article; however, in my booklet (isbn 0866224114) about pet lovebirds it says "A lovebird may attain ten years or more in age", which seems to be consistent with the current article. Is yours a record breaker? Snowman (talk) 08:53, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I have no documentary proof that he was around in 1988 so it wouldn't be counted, and in any case there's lots of anecdotal evidence of much older lovebirds. 20 is undoubtedly old, but other owners have reported ages of 25 and up, so he's a long way off that for the time being (I suppose 20 years for a lovebird is a bit like reaching, say, 95 for a human - a very good run, but not quite into the exceptional bracket). -88.109.127.148 (talk) 16:50, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Toenail clipping
The following line, "a single sandpaper perch can help keep nails trimmed, but nails should be clipped every 6-8 weeks" added by User:Truehistoryjvba strikes me as incorrect. As far as I am aware (from keeping several species of small psittacine, including a Peach-faced Lovebird), it only becomes necessary to clip the toenails *if* they have become overgrown because the bird is pretty sedentary and does not wear them down naturally against a roughened surface (such as a concrete or sandpaper perch, or the sand sheet on the bottom of the cage) or by its daily general climbing and scampering around the house. Even if a trim does become necessary - it certainly doesn't need to be done that frequently, in my experience (I had my lovebird for 15 years and as far as I can remember, the veterinarian clipped her nails about four times in her entire life). Most birds also keep their nails trim by chewing on them as part of their daily grooming ritual. Any thoughts, folks? --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 00:10, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have found two references from general parrot care books and amended the article. Snowman (talk) 18:16, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, I do not think that parrots chew their nails to keep them short. Snowman (talk) 07:46, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * My Conure does. It's cute to watch. EDIT: But I suppose she might just do that as a habit and not as a part of general grooming.  NM  Thx1200 (talk)

sexually dimorphic
Why does the article say lovebirds are sexually dimorphic while in section Breeding it says "Determining Lovebird sex is difficult"? -- penubag  (talk) 08:54, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Three species out of nine are sexually dimorphic. Snowman (talk) 10:16, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Origin of genus name
What is the origin of the genus name? Stonemason89 (talk) 14:53, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Sex of chicks: Whilst I realise that sexing of chicks is not easy for the layman, I am now with my pair into the seventh set of youngsters. The first three sets are all breeding with their new owners as I have watched them since hatching and have come to the conclusion (probably totally spurious - but seemingly accurate) that during the early stage of feeding the male parent seems always to feed the same chicks - they have all turned out to be female, whilst the female parent feeds those who have eventually become male. I have two chick at the moments - the smaller is being fed by the father and he refuses to feed the larger of the two and leaves that to the mum. This pattern is that which these two adults have been adopting since the first eggs hatched some three years ago. Am I kidding myself or is this possibly an early way of detecting which chicks are of which gender? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.109.131.231 (talk) 09:24, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Diet section is unsourced and biased
I have read many sources on the internet that have conflicting views on diet. A vet I trust said that either mostly pellets or mostly fresh food are both great and neither one is necessarily optimal as it depends on the individual bird's eating habits, likes, dislikes, etc. The only "bad" diet is one with mostly seed and junk. Now, I'm not updating the article with the opinion of just my one vet, obviously, lol, but I feel the current diet section is written from a POV and it is mostly definitely not sourced. I'm sure many would disagree that that a mostly (>90%) pellet diet is bad. I'm also sure that many would disagree that a mostly (>90%) fresh food diet is bad. The articles takes a 50/50-is-optimal approach. Not everybody believes that either. That's why I think the section is written poorly as is. I think it should take into account that there are varying opinions of optimal dietary health and SOURCE reliable articles that focus on the different dietary approaches from professionals avian researchers that are out there, while focusing on the fact that it's pretty well established that "mostly junk/seed" is the one diet that is pretty much universally seen as bad for bird health. My two cents. Thx1200 (talk) 21:14, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Lovebirds more types
There are so many other types of lovebird eg dutch blue, red lovebird etc why only 5 here??? HunterZone (talk) 15:06, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you referring to the pictures on Rosy-faced_Lovebird? I couldn't find references to specific colour varieties in this article. If so, I think that those are the only ones listed because we currently don't have photos of any of the others. If you have some images of your birds, and are willing to release them under CC/GFDL licenses, then by all means please do add them to the gallery... --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 20:26, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

No...my question is that like here on wikipedia there is an article about peach-face lovebird and then there is an aticle about masked face lovebird...but there is no article about lutino lovebird, dutch blue lovebird, Red Suffusion lovebird etc....so are these lovebirds another type or just another colour??? Shouldn't we make an article on them as well??? HunterZone (talk) 12:41, 17 December 2010 (UTC) Lutino,Dutch Blue ETC. Are Peach Face Mutations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.238.74.241 (talk) 07:31, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Aggression
About the agression part, I think that there must be added that especially females can be very agressive. From my own experience, when they have eggs, the female wont tolerate any 'intruders' even not their beloved human mate/handler. Thell keep their heads down, feathers up, and crawl away in dark places, and dangerously open their beaks, trying to bite. Males, on the other hand, wont show this behaviour. Something to do with hormones? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.92.16.61 (talk) 01:09, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

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From my experience
Hi there is anything else 2A01:E34:EC17:90B0:C5E6:C1BB:9751:10D1 (talk) 16:48, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lovebird


text:
London Astoria

The London Astoria was a music venue at 157 Charing Cross Road, in London, England, that operated from 1976 to 2009.

Originally a warehouse during the 1920s, the building became a cinema and ballroom. It was converted for use as a theatre in the 1970s. After further development, the building re-opened in the mid-1980s, as a night club and live music venue for well-known musical acts. There are half a dozen clubs and smaller music venues in the adjacent buildings.

In 2009 the venue closed, and was demolished as part of the development plans of the Crossrail project. The venue is still seen today as having been an iconic music establishment, as it helped to launch the careers of many British rock bands and also played a part in the UK success of many international acts.

History
The Astoria was built on the site of a former Crosse & Blackwell warehouse and opened in 1927 as a cinema. It was designed by Edward A. Stone, who also designed subsequent Astoria venues at Brixton (now the Brixton Academy), Old Kent Road, Finsbury Park and Streatham. When first constructed, the building was four storeys tall with a decorative frieze cornice surrounding its exterior. The original interior was styled as a square Proscenium theatre consisting of a panelled barrel-vault ceiling supported by large columns, a viewing balcony and had false viewing boxes, which actually contained the organ pipes. From 1928, the basement was used as a ballroom dancing salon.

The venue's interior was re-designed with a plainer, modern style in 1968. In 1977 it was converted for theatrical use. The venue went through another period of conversion when the theatre closed in 1984. It reopened in 1985 as a nightclub and live music venue with a capacity for 2,000 people. A booklet was published called The History of the Astoria by Nigel Crewe to commemorate its evolving uses.

At its closing in 2009 the record for the most consecutive sold-out shows at the Astoria was The Mission who performed seven straight nights between 21 and 27 March 1988 on their "Children Play" tour. The venue would host the famous night "The Trip" at the height of the acid house scene in 1988.

Mean Fiddler acquired the lease for the London Astoria in May 2000, "securing the future of live music at one of London's most famous rock 'n' roll venues." It was also connected to Astoria 2 so that the two venues could function as a single venue when needed. The Astoria continued to operate in this format until its ultimate closure in 2009.

Recordings

 * Generation X reformed for a one-off concert performed at the venue on 20 September 1993, that was filmed by Chrysalis Records.
 * Radiohead recorded a concert and released it in March 1995 as Live at the Astoria.
 * Jamiroquai recorded a whole concert on 1 March 1994, during The Return of the Space Cowboy Tour. This can be found under the title Jamiroquai Live at Astoria Theatre.
 * The Smashing Pumpkins recorded and filmed the live performances of their songs "Soma" and "Silverfuck" in February 1994. These videos and recordings appears on Vieuphoria DVD and the Earphoria CD.
 * The Cranberries recorded a concert on 14 January 1994 and they later released it on DVD in 2005.
 * The Groundhogs recorded their Live At The Astoria album at the venue in 1999.
 * Feeder recorded a matinee show with a live audience in 1999 at the venue to be shown on Fuji TV, a Japanese television station. ITV2 later showed the performance in the United Kingdom in the year 2000. They also returned on 18 November 2008 playing their last ever show as an Echo Label artist, alongside being their last performance at the venue. They played at the venue in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2008. Frontman Grant Nicholas has often cited the venue as providing an important stepping stone in their career.
 * Okean Elzy's videoclip "Toi den'" was filmed at the Astoria in February 2000.
 * The video for Silver Ginger 5's "Sonic Shake" was filmed at the Astoria in December 2000.
 * Sum 41 recorded a whole live concert on the DVD Introduction to Destruction in 2001.
 * Steve Marriott Memorial CD and DVD was recorded in 2001 featuring Paul Weller and Noel Gallagher.
 * The live portion of the video for The Wildhearts' "Stormy In The North, Karma In The South" was filmed at the Astoria in 2002.
 * New Model Army recorded their DVD Live 161203 in 2003.
 * The Darkness were filmed for a Channel 4 documentary called Carling Homecoming where they played the venue, after being signed. They had previously been one of the first bands to sell out the Astoria without being on a major label, a turning point in the band's career to reaching stardom.
 * Coheed & Cambria played their only Neverender special of 2008 outside of the United States at the Astoria.
 * Metallica played a secret gig in 1995 at Astoria 2. There was a limited CD release to fans.
 * Uriah Heep recorded their Magic Night CD/DVD at the Astoria on 8 November 2003.
 * Twisted Sister recorded a Live at the Astoria DVD in 2004, which was released in 2008.
 * Marillion recorded their live DVD Marbles on the Road at two sold-out shows at the Astoria in July 2004.
 * Dio recorded their Holy Diver – Live album at the Astoria in 2005.
 * Black Label Society recorded part of their live DVD The European Invasion - Doom Troopin' Live at the Astoria in June 2005.
 * Hard-Fi's DVD In Operation is a full live performance at one of their sold-out shows at the Astoria during their December 2005 tour. It reached No. 62 in the UK Album Chart as it was bundled with a remix CD, thus making it eligible.
 * InMe recorded their 2006 live album and DVD Caught: White Butterfly at the Astoria in December 2005.
 * Deep Purple started their Rapture of the Deep tour at the Astoria on 17 January 2006.
 * Eels recorded their album Live and in Person! London 2006 at the Astoria in 2006.
 * Steve Vai recorded and released a live DVD called Live at the Astoria.
 * Diamond Head recorded a DVD and live CD To the Devil His Due, released by Secret Records Ltd in 2006.
 * Stop The War Live DVD was recorded here featuring Mick Jones, Brian Eno and Rachid Taha.
 * Arctic Monkeys recorded a concert on Friday, 13 April 2007. Astoria 2007 is the name of the record.
 * Tangerine Dream recorded a whole concert on 20 April 2007 and released the DVD London Astoria Club Concert 2007. A previous concert was also recorded here on 15 February 2003 and released as Tangerine Tree Volumes 32 and 33. Tangerine Tree is a non-profit fan-based project which features many audience-recorded concerts by Tangerine Dream spanning their entire career.
 * Girls Aloud released a recording of their performance of "Long Hot Summer" at G-A-Y at the Astoria in 2006 as a UK iTunes exclusive download.
 * Ladytron recorded their album Live at London Astoria 16.07.08 at the Astoria in 2008.
 * Nirvana used two songs from the recordings made by Craig Montgomery from their 3 December 1989 show on the live compilation album From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah released on 1 October 1996. They are the only recordings on the album to feature drummer Chad Channing.
 * Less Than Jake recorded their album Live from Astoria on the third night of a three-day run at the venue in April 2001. It was released on 29 April 2016 via Rude Records and Saint November Records (for the UK vinyl).
 * Black Stone Cherry recorded the live album Live At The Astoria, London (31 October 2007) at the Astoria in 2007.
 * They Might Be Giants recorded the song "London" in 2004 for their Venue Songs project, in which they would write and perform a song about every venue they visited on their tour.
 * Slipknot played the song Iowa for the first time at Astoria in 2004
 * Muse recorded a concert on 31 January 2000, with the songs "Agitated", "Sunburn", "Plug In Baby" and "Showbiz" being released years later on the band's Origin of Muse boxset.

Closure and redevelopment of site
In June 2006, the Astoria was sold by Compco Holdings to property group Derwent Valley Central, for £23.75m. It was rumoured that the buyers were planning to convert the site into a combination of shops, flats and offices to take advantage of an increase in property prices due to the forthcoming 2012 Olympics.

On 13 August 2007, Festival Republic sold most of its venues, and the rights to the name Mean Fiddler, to the MAMA Group, but it retained The Astoria and Mean Fiddler, which reverted to its old name of The Astoria 2, generally known as the LA2 (London Astoria 2).

In 2008 it became known that the Astoria would be demolished to make way for Crossrail, a major railway development crossing London from west to east. Despite public opposition, London Mayor Ken Livingstone confirmed that the venue would have to go, saying "The construction of Crossrail means that the Astoria can't be saved".

The nightclub G-A-Y left the Astoria in July 2008 and moved to the Heaven nightclub.

In January 2009, the Astoria closed its doors for the last time, having been subject to a compulsory purchase order for the Crossrail development. Its final night of opening was 14 January, when a 'Demolition Ball' was held, co-organised by Get Cape Wear Cape Fly's Sam Duckworth in aid of Billy Bragg's Jail Guitar Doors charity and Love Music Hate Racism. Acts included The Automatic, My Vitriol and ex-Mansun singer Paul Draper, Frank Turner, ...And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead and The King Blues. London Astoria 2 also had a closing party, headlined by rock band Open The Skies, with support from Outcry Fire, F.A.T.E and Orakai.

Demolition of the Astoria was completed by October 2009.

In 2012, plans by Nimax Theatres to build a new in-the-round theatre on the site adjacent to the Astoria were approved. The site could not be built on at that time due to the construction of Crossrail. The venue was due to open in November 2021 but its opening was delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The new theatre, @sohoplace, the first newly built West End theatre for 50 years, opened in October 2022 and seats 602.

title: London Astoria


text:
Index of geology articles

This is a list of all articles related to that cannot be readily placed on the following subtopic pages:

title: Index of geology articles


text:
Great Mother

Great Mother may refer to:

Goddesses

 * Mother goddesses of various traditions, representing motherhood, fertility, creation, or the bounty of the Earth:
 * Nammu, Sumerian creation goddess.
 * Cybele, Roman goddess with the title Magna Mater (Latin for "Great Mother")
 * Đạo Mẫu, in Vietnamese tradition
 * Maia (mythology), Roman goddess
 * Prajñāpāramitā Devi in Mahayana Buddhism, known as the "mother of Buddhas" or "Great Mother" (Tibetan: Yun Chenmo)
 * Great Mother, an archetypal image in Analytical psychology

Other uses

 * The Great Mother, a book by psychologist Erich Neumann
 * Great Mother (Dungeons & Dragons), a deity character in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 * Great Father and Great Mother, titles used in North America during the 19th century in interactions with indigenous peoples to refer to various heads of state

title: Great Mother


text:
Talk:Thomas Guide

Orphaned
This was orphaned. Since it is useful in LA, I added it there. But if someone deletes that reference, then this article should go.Ancheta Wis 18:48, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

POV
Flagged POV due to heavily biased "history" section. It sounds more like an angry ex-employee writing about the demise of the company rather than an objective history.71.193.127.169 (talk) 23:06, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Request for comment

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Should the Thomas Guides for cities be used to delineate neighborhood boundaries? BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 05:14, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The most recent TG I had (for Los Angeles) did not draw neighborhood boundaries, but it seemed to me that the labels for the neighborhoods were simply placed in the location where the neighborhood existed. Thus, I think you could use a TG for the general location of a neighborhood by identifying the streets under or near the label but could not use it for boundaries. I sometimes used the phrase "(Name of neighborhood) is centered on (streets)." Or, you could say "(Name of neighborhood) lies roughly west of Western Avenue and south of Pico Boulevard," but I think you have to hedge with "roughly." BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 05:44, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Is there a guide about neighborhoods? There are so many definitions with people arguing for the right one. As with many items, it depends on the purpose: City and county planners divide the city up differently then the police. Historical districts often identify a neighborhood. Nextdoor allows the residents to decide what is their neighborhood. Editors have started using google maps for some neighborhoods, it will show a boundary (like it does for cities, counties, etc.). I wince when editors use google maps as a source since one has no idea how the algorithm decided on that particular boundary. Fettlemap (talk) 18:13, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The Thomas Guide should not be used delineate boundaries. Obviously, (1) it does not mark boundaries.  And (2), even a broad statement, like such-and-such neighborhood is centered on a certain street, would be problematic as illustrated by the example below:

 * Please view this page in the Thomas Guide . Look at the placement of the name "Little Tokyo".  The name is centered on Alameda Street.  However, Little Tokyo is west of Alameda Street and the The Arts District is east of Alameda.  The name "Little Tokyo" is clearly not centered on the correct neighborhood; it overlaps into an entirely different neighborhood.

 * The only use I see for a Thomas Guide citation would be something very broad, such as: Little Tokyo is a neighborhood is Los Angeles [Thomas guide citation]. Adjacent neighborhoods include Chinatown. [Thomas guide citation].  But anything more specific - such as "Little Tokyo is centered on Alameda Street" - would be guesswork.  And in this case, a wrong guess.Phatblackmama (talk) 22:09, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
 * What are we doing discussing a topic that doesn't relate to this ARTICLE in any way on this article's talk page? This RfC in its entirety is an almost definitive WP:NOTFORUM violation. You are discussing a qualitative value of the SUBJECT of the article, and the result of this discussion will not result in any change to THIS article. C'mon, people: If you had an issue with content regarding letterbombs across multiple articles, would you discuss it on the Post Office's article's talk page? John from Idegon (talk) 01:11, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Should this be moved to List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles talk page? (editor is a volunteer for Feedback request service) --BoogaLouie (talk) 18:16, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I think so. Fettlemap (talk) 23:12, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

IMO, this should be procedurally closed and collapsed, and a new discussion started at WT:WikiProject United States or in the alternative, a thread started at WP:RSN. Framed as it is it doesn't just affect LA articles. John from Idegon (talk) 23:23, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree, the topic is broader than LA. Fettlemap (talk) 19:30, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Thomas Guide


text:
Elf (disambiguation)

An elf is a mythological creature, originally from Germanic mythology.

Elf or Elves may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * Christmas elf
 * Elves in fiction, of the fantasy genre:
 * Elf (Dungeons & Dragons)
 * Elf (Middle-earth), in J. R. R. Tolkien's work
 * Elves (Discworld), in Terry Pratchett's work
 * House-elf, a magical creature in Harry Potter

Film, television and media

 * Elf (film), a 2003 American Christmas comedy film
 * Elf (musical), based on the film
 * Elf (band), an American band
 * Elf (album), their 1972 album
 * Elves (film), a 1989 American horror film
 * Lego Elves, a toy line and media franchise that began in 2015
 * Elves (TV series) a 2021 Danish television series

Politics

 * Earth Liberation Front, an international environmentalist political group
 * Environmental Life Force, an American radical environmental group
 * Eritrean Liberation Front, a main independence movement in Eritrea
 * Essential Living Fund, an English welfare assistance scheme
 * European Liberal Forum, a think-tank
 * European Liberation Front, a neo-fascist group

Science and technology

 * Electron localization function
 * ELVES, a type of upper atmospheric lightning
 * Enceladus Life Finder, a proposed NASA astrobiology mission to Saturn's moon Enceladus
 * Extremely low frequency, electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) with frequencies from 3 to 30 Hz
 * Eretis, a genus of butterfly
 * Microtia elva, a species of butterfly

Computing

 * COSMAC ELF, a single-board computer kit based on the RCA 1802 microprocessor
 * Executable and Linkable Format (.elf), a file format for executable files
 * Extended Log Format, a text format for web server log files
 * Elf, a tablet in the NOVO7 series

Vehicles

 * Ekolot JK 01A Elf, a Polish motorglider
 * Isuzu Elf, a truck model
 * Riley Elf, an automobile
 * USS Elf (SP-81), a United States Navy patrol boat
 * Elf (yacht), an American racing yacht
 * Pesa Elf, a Polish electric multiple unit
 * Elf, a tugboat taken into British Empire service as Empire Belle

Organisations

 * Elf Aquitaine, a French oil company
 * ELF Corporation, a Japanese eroge game studio
 * Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, an organization that studies the invented languages of J. R. R. Tolkien
 * Endangered Language Fund, an American linguistic group
 * Environmental Law Foundation, a British charity
 * Estonian Nature Fund, an environmental organization
 * European Lacrosse Federation
 * European League of Football, a professional American football league based in Europe
 * Eyes Lips Face, an international cosmetics brand

Other uses

 * English as a lingua franca

title: Elf (disambiguation)


text:
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is a museum in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, based on the history of the Underground Railroad. Opened in 2004, the center also pays tribute to all efforts to "abolish human enslavement and secure freedom for all people".

It is one of a new group of "museums of conscience" in the United States, along with the Museum of Tolerance, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the National Civil Rights Museum. The center offers insight into the struggle for freedom in the past, in the present, and for the future, as it attempts to challenge visitors to contemplate the meaning of freedom in their own lives. Its location recognizes the significant role of Cincinnati in the history of the Underground Railroad, as thousands of slaves escaped to freedom by crossing the Ohio River from the southern slave states. Many found refuge in the city, some staying there temporarily before heading north to gain freedom in Canada.

The structure
After ten years of planning, fundraising, and construction, the $110 million (~$ in ) Freedom Center opened to the public on August 3, 2004; official opening ceremonies took place on August 23. The 158,000 square foot (15,000 m2) structure was designed by Boora Architects (design architect) of Portland, Oregon with Blackburn Architects (architect of record) of Indianapolis. Three pavilions celebrate courage, cooperation and perseverance. The exterior features rough travertine stone from Tivoli, Italy on the east and west faces of the building, and copper panels on the north and south. According to Walter Blackburn, one of its primary architects before his death, the building's "undulating quality" expresses the fields and the river that escaping slaves crossed to reach freedom. First Lady Laura Bush, Oprah Winfrey, and Muhammad Ali attended the groundbreaking ceremony on June 17, 2002.

Slave pen
The center's principal artifact is a 21 by 30-foot (6 by 9 m), two-story log slave pen built in 1830. By 2003, it was "the only known surviving rural slave jail," previously used to house slaves prior to their being shipped to auction. The structure was moved from a farm in Mason County, Kentucky, where a tobacco barn had been built around it.

It was reconstructed in the second-floor atrium of the museum, where visitors encounter it again and again while exploring other exhibits. Passersby on the street outside can also see it through the center's large windows.

The pen was originally owned by Captain John Anderson, a veteran of the Revolutionary War and slave trader. Slaves from the area were transported from Dover, Kentucky to slave markets in Natchez, Mississippi and New Orleans, Louisiana; they were held in this pen for a few days or several months, as he and other traders waited for favorable market conditions and higher selling prices. The pen has eight small windows, the original stone floor and fireplace. On the second floor are a row of wrought iron rings (see photo at right) through which a central chain ran, tethering men on either side. Male slaves were held on the second floor, while women were kept on the first floor, where they used the fireplace for cooking.

"'The pen is powerful,' says Carl Westmoreland, curator and senior adviser to the museum. 'It has the feeling of hallowed ground. When people stand inside, they speak in whispers. It is a sacred place. I believe it is here to tell a story – the story of the internal slave trade to future generations.'"

Visitors to the museum could at one time walk through the holding pen and touch its walls. It is now closed off. The first names of some of the slaves believed to have been held in the pen are listed on a wooden slab in the pen's interior; they were documented in records kept by slave traders who used the pen.

Westmoreland spent three and a half years uncovering the story of the slave jail. Its authentication by him and other historians is considered "a landmark in the material culture of slavery". Westmoreland said,

"We're just beginning to remember. There is a hidden history right below the surface, part of the unspoken vocabulary of the American historic landscape. It's nothing but a pile of logs, yet it is everything."

Other features
Prominent features of the Center include:
 * The "Suite for Freedom" Theater features three animated films: these address the fragile nature of freedom throughout human history, particularly as related to the Underground Railroad and slavery in the United States.
 * The "ESCAPE! Freedom Seekers" interactive display about the Underground Railroad; it presents school groups and families with young children a series of choices on an imaginary escape attempt. The gallery features information about figures including William Lloyd Garrison, a leading abolitionist; Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave and "conductor" on the Underground Railroad; and Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave who became an abolitionist and powerful orator.
 * The film, Brothers of the Borderland, tells the story of the Underground Railroad in Ripley, Ohio, where conductors, both black (John Parker) and white (Reverend John Rankin), helped slaves such as a fictional Alice. It was directed by Julie Dash.
 * Exhibits about the history of slavery and opponents including John Brown and President Abraham Lincoln; and the American Civil War that ended it.
 * The Struggle Continues, an exhibit portrays continuing challenges faced by African Americans since the end of slavery, struggles for freedom in today's world, and ways that the Underground Railroad has inspired groups in India, Poland and South Africa.
 * The John Parker Library houses a collection of multimedia materials about the Underground Railroad and freedom-related issues.
 * The FamilySearch Center allows visitors to investigate their own roots.
 * Jane Burch Cochran created a quilt, "Crossing to Freedom," a 7 ft by 10 ft that depicts symbolic images from the anti-slavery era to the Civil Rights Movement that hangs at an entrance to the center.

The Freedom Center's former Executive Director and CEO, John Pepper, was previously the CEO of Procter & Gamble.


text:
Talk:Great Hunger

Shouldn't this be a disambiguation page leading to both Irish potato famine and the great hunger in the Ukraine?Halibutt 18:51, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Hunger


text:
Rhinitis

Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip.

The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens. The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, which is usually triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen and dander. Allergic rhinitis may cause additional symptoms, such as sneezing and nasal itching, coughing, headache, fatigue, malaise, and cognitive impairment. The allergens may also affect the eyes, causing watery, reddened, or itchy eyes and puffiness around the eyes. The inflammation results in the generation of large amounts of mucus, commonly producing a runny nose, as well as a stuffy nose and post-nasal drip. In the case of allergic rhinitis, the inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose. When mast cells degranulate, they release histamine and other chemicals, starting an inflammatory process that can cause symptoms outside the nose, such as fatigue and malaise. In the case of infectious rhinitis, it may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral or bacterial. Sneezing also occurs in infectious rhinitis to expel bacteria and viruses from the respiratory tract.

Rhinitis is very common. Allergic rhinitis is more common in some countries than others; in the United States, about 10–30% of adults are affected annually. Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. MR is a specific rhinitis subtype. It may represent between 50 and 70% of all AR patients. However, true prevalence of MR has not been confirmed yet.

Types
Rhinitis is categorized into three types (although infectious rhinitis is typically regarded as a separate clinical entity due to its transient nature): (i) infectious rhinitis includes acute and chronic bacterial infections; (ii) nonallergic rhinitis includes vasomotor, idiopathic, hormonal, atrophic, occupational, and gustatory rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound congestion); (iii) allergic rhinitis, triggered by pollen, mold, animal dander, dust, Balsam of Peru, and other inhaled allergens.

Infectious
Rhinitis is commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection, including the common cold, which is caused by Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses, and influenza viruses, others caused by adenoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, metapneumovirus, and measles virus, or bacterial sinusitis, which is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Symptoms of the common cold include rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat (pharyngitis), cough, congestion, and slight headache.

Nonallergic rhinitis
Nonallergic rhinitis refers to rhinitis that is not due to an allergy. The category was formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis, as the first cause discovered was vasodilation due to an overactive parasympathetic nerve response. As additional causes were identified, additional types of nonallergic rhinitis were recognized. Vasomotor rhinitis is now included among these under the more general classification of nonallergic rhinitis. The diagnosis is made upon excluding allergic causes. It is an umbrella term of rhinitis of multiple causes, such as occupational (chemical), smoking, gustatory, hormonal, senile (rhinitis of the elderly), atrophic, medication-induced (including rhinitis medicamentosa), local allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) and idiopathic (vasomotor or non-allergic, non-infectious perennial allergic rhinitis (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis (NINAR).

In vasomotor rhinitis, certain nonspecific stimuli, including changes in environment (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, or weather), airborne irritants (odors, fumes), dietary factors (spicy food, alcohol), sexual arousal, exercise, and emotional factors trigger rhinitis. There is still much to be learned about this, but it is thought that these non-allergic triggers cause dilation of the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which results in swelling and drainage.

Non-allergic rhinitis can co-exist with allergic rhinitis, and is referred to as "mixed rhinitis". The pathology of vasomotor rhinitis appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. The role of transient receptor potential ion channels on the non-neuronal nasal epithelial cells has also been suggested. Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis.

Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma (see alcohol-induced respiratory reactions). In certain populations, particularly those of East Asian countries such as Japan, these reactions have a nonallergic basis. In other populations, particularly those of European descent, a genetic variant in the gene that metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, ADH1B, is associated with alcohol-induced rhinitis. It is suggested that this variant metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde too quickly for further processing by ALDH2 and thereby leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde and rhinitis symptoms. In these cases, alcohol-induced rhinitis may be of the mixed rhinitis type and, it seems likely, most cases of alcohol-induced rhinitis in non-Asian populations reflect true allergic response to the non-ethanol and/or contaminants in alcoholic beverages, particularly when these beverages are wines or beers. Alcohol-exacerbated rhinitis is more frequent in individuals with a history of rhinitis exacerbated by aspirin.

Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly those that inhibit cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), can worsen rhinitis and asthma symptoms in individuals with a history of either one of these diseases. These exacerbations most often appear due to NSAID hypersensitivity reactions rather than NSAID-induced allergic reactions.

The antihistamine azelastine, applied as a nasal spray, may be effective for vasomotor rhinitis. Fluticasone propionate or budesonide (both are steroids) in nostril spray form may also be used for symptomatic treatment. The antihistamine cyproheptadine is also effective, probably due to its antiserotonergic effects.

A systematic review on non-allergic rhinitis reports improvement of overall function after treatment with capsaicin (the active component of chili peppers). The quality of evidence is low, however.

Allergic
Allergic rhinitis or hay fever may follow when an allergen such as pollen, dust, or Balsam of Peru is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system, triggering antibody production. These antibodies mostly bind to mast cells, which contain histamine. When the mast cells are stimulated by an allergen, histamine (and other chemicals) are released. This causes itching, swelling, and mucus production.

Symptoms vary in severity between individuals. Very sensitive individuals can experience hives or other rashes. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can greatly aggravate the condition.

Characteristic physical findings in individuals who have allergic rhinitis include conjunctival swelling and erythema, eyelid swelling, lower eyelid venous stasis, lateral crease on the nose, swollen nasal turbinates, and middle ear effusion.

Even if a person has negative skin-prick, intradermal and blood tests for allergies, they may still have allergic rhinitis, from a local allergy in the nose. This is called local allergic rhinitis. Many people who were previously diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis may actually have local allergic rhinitis.

A patch test may be used to determine if a particular substance is causing the rhinitis.

Rhinitis medicamentosa
Rhinitis medicamentosa is a form of drug-induced nonallergic rhinitis which is associated with nasal congestion brought on by the use of certain oral medications (primarily sympathomimetic amine and 2-imidazoline derivatives) and topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) that constrict the blood vessels in the lining of the nose.

Chronic atrophic rhinitis
Chronic rhinitis is a form of atrophy of the mucous membrane and glands of the nose.

Rhinitis sicca
Chronic form of dryness of the mucous membranes.

Polypous rhinitis
Chronic rhinitis associated with polyps in the nasal cavity.

Pathophysiology
Most prominent pathological changes observed are nasal airway epithelial metaplasia in which goblet cells replace ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the nasal mucous membrane. This results in mucin hypersecretion by goblet cells and decreased mucociliary activity. Nasal secretion are not adequately cleared with clinical manifestation of nasal congestion, sinus pressure, post-nasal dripping, and headache. Over-expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, such as TRPA1 and TRPV1, may be involved in the pathogenesis of non-allergic rhinitis.

Association between rhinitis and asthma
Neurogenic inflammation produced by neuropeptides released from sensory nerve endings to the airways is a proposed common mechanism of association between both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis with asthma. This may explain higher association of rhinitis with asthma developing later in life. Environmental irritants acts as modulators of airway inflammation in these contiguous airways. Development of occupational asthma is often preceded by occupational rhinitis. Among the causative agents are flours, enzymes used in processing food, latex, isocyanates, welding fumes, epoxy resins, and formaldehyde. Accordingly, prognosis of occupational asthma is contingent on early diagnosis and the adoption of protective measures for rhinitis.

Diagnosis
The different forms of rhinitis are essentially diagnosed clinically. Vasomotor rhinitis is differentiated from viral and bacterial infections by the lack of purulent exudate and crusting. It can be differentiated from allergic rhinitis because of the absence of an identifiable allergen.

Evidence has been published from a few health apps for mobile devices that show potential to assist in the diagnosis of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis and to evaluate management and treatment adherence. While this shows promise for clinical management, few had been validated in the scientific literature, and even fewer included considerations for multimorbidity.

Prevention
In the case of infectious rhinitis, vaccination against influenza viruses, COVID-19 virus, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, Bacillus anthracis, and Bordetella pertussis may help prevent it.

Management
The management of rhinitis depends on the underlying cause.

For allergic rhinitis, intranasal corticosteroids are recommended. For severe symptoms intranasal antihistamines may be added.

Pronunciation and etymology
Rhinitis is pronounced, while coryza is pronounced.

Rhinitis comes from the Ancient Greek rhis, gen.:  rhinos, "nose". Coryza comes through Latin from Ancient Greek. According to physician Andrew Wylie, "we use the term [coryza] for a cold in the head, but the two are really synonymous. The ancient Romans advised their patients to clean their nostrils and thereby sharpen their wits."

title: Rhinitis


text:
Mumtaz

Mumtaz (ممتاز) is a name commonly used in various countries in the Muslim world, mainly Afghanistan, Brunei, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Turkey. It can also be used as a female name. Mumtazah is a related female version. Its root is from Arabic language, meaning "excellent".

People with the given name

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 * Mumtaz (Pakistani actress) (born 1948), Pakistani film actress
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 * Syed Mumtaz Alam Gillani (born 1940), Pakistani politician
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 * Samad Khan Momtaz os-Saltaneh (1869–1954), Iranian diplomat
 * Mümtaz Sevinç (1952–2006), Turkish actor
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 * Mümtaz Soysal (1929–2019), Turkish politician
 * Mumtaz Shanti (1926-1994), Indian actress
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People with the surname

 * Anjana Mumtaz (born 1941), Indian actress
 * Ismail Mumtaz (1880–1933), Iranian statesman
 * Jamshid Momtaz (born 1942), Iranian academic
 * Khawar Mumtaz, Pakistani women's rights activist
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 * Salman Mumtaz (1884–1941), Azerbaijani literary scholar and poet

title: Mumtaz