text:
Talk:Italian campaign (World War II)

New books sugestions on the subject
Hi, here Cybershore. Thank you for call attention for this point (as much as I can only comment the edits did by myself) I´ve tried to put referring bibliography, english editions of course, that contains quotations direct related to the "original" text of wikipedia without as possible alter this one. The intention is to provide the online reader access to check information reasserting and contraditory ones without pollute the wikipedia text. When possible the more proper page(s) or Chapter(s) are quoted to save time to reader but beyond I repeat that no book can contain alone all satisfactory explanations about complex facts as the historic ones I strongly believe that a Intelligent and Nonsluggish or Nonlazy reader with a minimal interest and/or knowledge on the subject can find easily by him(her)self on table of contents of each book quoted the exactly point related to the footnote and most important of all take his(her) own conclusions. I´ve also tried to focus just on books easily reasearchables on internet to find, buy and some classics widely used on militar and political studies about this subject.

 * I'm afraid I cannot agree to assume that the readers are lazy if they resent sifting through the index and contents to find a reference!. I am definitely lazy by that definition. If you read any serious academic book, the convention is always to quote the the page or pages referred to. I would suggest it is more a reflection of the laziness of the writer who cannot provide a specific reference. The fact is Wikipedia requires that entries contain no original research. Therefore all content should theoretically have its origin from a credible publication elsewhere. Consequently, all facts in the entry should be verifiable from specific locations in one or more books. But let's not get too heavy about this.....

 * By the way, a small point: when starting a new discussion item, could you do so at the bottom of the page? It just makes it easier later when the page needs archiving if the entries are in date order from top to bottom.Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 18:26, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I´ve post some new titles on bibliography but I´m feel still confused about how to contact the others members to chat about. Have anyone a direct link to ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cybershore (talk • contribs) 00:14, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Hi. Not quite sure what you mean. If you want to discuss an issue about this article, just do it on this talk page. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 00:51, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Guys, Theres is no Glory in the War...
...Much least on tryings on AfterWars in enhancing one or another country specifically in detriment of other(s). Sometimes its came disguised under a facade of presumable objectivness. As a non Angle-Saxon I believe its countyer-productive this apparent discussion between americans and (white) british that I had observed on the last days through constants and opposites Gottic Line´s file atualizations.

That´s really a Pity the past century didn´t get inoculated us against acerbated nationalism, under any disguise.

I like repeat to the conflitant parts that History are not exact as Nature Sciences, even on these the knowledge are not statical and also Military ( mainly on Tatical and Strategical Aspects )in sense of a Science are more a Social one considering a lot of Art and Luck on it. We can never forget that, remembering Somme and Verdun ( just to mention only 2 events ), must to be constantly prevented against Specialists on War and Political Matters, too important to rely Just on their hands...

It´s fair easy from a confortable position on a warm Office HeadQuartter or Academic one far away on a space and in a time from a cool, bloody and durty battle field to say anything. So thats the Why understand the deleted reinsertions of certain patches. For Example : Anyone who had read, Reread, view, Review testimonies or talked personally with germans and italians ( partisans) veterans of Italy Campaign know that Surrender to Partisans means assured death sometimes preceded by torturing and humilation and the natural Partisans´s desire of revenge were specially high on the last days of war. So, germans surrender to guerillas was a completely out of question business.

When you sum to it the reading of different authors : Bingo - its not necessary be a genyous to get the most presumable assertions about.

I also mention how would be a TragicComic thing i.e. for a author to be put face to face with descendents from all those wered killed or severed wounded in combat on last days of war and see this author trying explain to them and to survivors and still alive vets that in accordance with his theories or what he heared about or read about what they saw, suffered and hear are not possible. Come on... give a Break !

To conclude I never tired of to repeat that its unprescindable to anyone who would make a history work checking and crossing of inumerous as possible fonts as possible not just rely on the officials and specialis but too on those ordinary people whom saw and suffer the events related.

Thank You All

Archives
2004-2006

I´ve had see to much focus on the british side of the history based on just one book —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.37.150.231 (talk) 23:20, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Casualties
To make it clear: in the opening paragraph it says that 110 000 Germans lost their lives in this theater. My assumption is that this number refers to the Axis - Italians and Germans. If it is not so (which I doubt), than why are the Italian casualties not mention in the beginning? I hope someone with more knowledge on this matter than me will straighten this out. With respect, Ko Soi IX 10:57, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The referenced footnote is very specific referring only to German troops. I imagine that the Allied figure does not include Italian casualties either since the Italian troops fighting with the 5th and 8th Armies were technically "co-belligerents" and not "allies" (apparently it made sense in 1943 but I'm not sure what that means!). However, by 1945 there were 2 Italian divisions fighting on the Axis side (out of a total of say 20+) and were mainly in the west because Kesselring didn't trust them so I suspect that Italian casualties were quite low on the Axis side. On Allied side it took time to build up (re-equip, retrain etc) but there were the equivalent of 3 brigades (say 1 Division out of 20 ish) plus some more irregular formations by 1945. It appears they were then often in the thick of fighting but given the relative size and the shorter period they were involved I would guess that casualties would have been in the order of 5% of thge Allied total. Now I need to find some references!!Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 12:54, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I do not agree with this numbers too. There is an other book (inthe article) that cites that during the italian camapaign allied took 56.000 dead by all causes. There is another webpage about the german army from 1939-1945 that shows the number of german killed in action as 47,000 until 1945.(Five months aprox before the war ended).

I recomend to remove that citation after a reliable source is found or at least show in the article 2 or more sources of killed soldiers per side apart. best wishes, Miguel

Primary Strategic Goal
The main strategic goal behind operations in the Mediterranean was preserving communication between Britain and her eastern dominions, was it not? For example, that's what Churchill wrote in his Second World War. Tying down (some) German forces sound like revisionism to me. With respect, Ko Soi IX 11:07, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, the tying down rationale only came later, after Italy surrendered. The suspicion is that Churchill always had an agenda but at the end of the day, by 1943, he could do nothing without Roosevelt's say so and it was Roosevelt who ultimately determined what happened with Churchill constantly trying to sway him. I've made an edit to reflect some of this (with appropriate footnotes)Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 12:59, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * " ... by 1943, he could do nothing without Roosevelt's say so and it was Roosevelt who ultimately determined what happened with Churchill constantly trying to sway him."

 * That must be why the Allies invaded Normandy in 1944 and not 1942 or 1943 - which Roosevelt wanted - then. And why the entire 'soft underbelly' strategy in Italy and Southern France was undertaken.

 * All things Churchill wanted that Roosevelt didn't. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.55.90 (talk) 11:01, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

A question for the British experts.
Nobody knows how the meeting between king Victor Emanuel III and the British 8th army did happen in Brindisi on September 11, 1943. Was it similar to the meeting between Mac Arthur and Hirohito in 1945? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.150.113.171 (talk • contribs)

Article organisation
At the prompting of Oberiko I have been giving the structure of the various Italian campaign articles and campaignboxes some thought. In particular I am finally addressing the thorny subject of the Winter Line and its varying definitions in different sources. I am proposing to do the following: Regards Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 10:06, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Use Winter line as the collective description of the Bernhardt, Gustav and Hitler Lines (this seems to be the commonest in the literature)
 * 2) Take all of the text regarding the fighting on the Bernhardt Line from the Winter Line article and integrate it into the Bernhardt Line article (more logical)
 * 3) Winter Line article becomes a summary description page pointing to other main articles
 * 4) Remove Winter Line from the Italian Campaignbox and insert Bernhardt Line, also replace Cassino and Anzio so that all major actions of the campaign are in it making a continuous timeline. Make sure it is in all articles relating to the Italian campaign
 * 5) Retain Oberiko's new Winter Line campaignbox in the articles relating to events on the various elements of the Winter Line. This will highlight some of the minor events (San Pietro, Ortona) not in the main Campaignbox. Keep Anzio in it (not techinically part of the Winter Line) and rename the campaignbox "Winter Line and the Battle for Rome".
 * 6) Consider splitting the Gothic Line article. It is pretty long and covers two distinct phases of the campaign in northern Italy: 1. the Autumn 1944 assaults on the Gothic line and central Apennines and 2. the Spring 1945 assaults into the Lombardy Plain and the Po valley.
 * 7) Consider having a new sub campaignbox for the northern Italian phase to perform the same role as the Winter Line Campaignbox

 * Your points seem quite valid Kirrages. IMO, the first thing we should decide are the "phases" of the Italian Campaign.  I'm no expert but they seem to be:

 * Sicily
 * Invasion of Italy
 * Battles around the Winter and supporting lines
 * Battles around the Gothic and supporting lines
 * Surrender of German forces in Italy

 * Are these feasible? Oberiko 11:30, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Not quite sure what you want to define phases for. It's quite difficult to "phase" the campaign anyway. Obviously Sicily was separate but after the landings on the mainland in September it was a constant grind until after the third battle at Cassino when there was a pause (both at Anzio and on the Gustav Line) until better spring weather. Within this grind there tended to be alternating fighting between the Adriatic front and the western side of the Apennines. In Spring 44 the grind continued after the breakout from Cassino and Anzio until the Gothic Line was reached. There was then the briefest of pauses for reorganisation (switching forces to the Adriatic front) and then the grind continued until weather stopped the fighting around the end of the year because of the weather. In April 45 the fighting re-commenced with the Allies breaking through and precipitating the Germans' surrender in Italy in early May.

If you really want phases, I would suggest they are:
 * Sicily
 * Invasion and the capture of southern Italy
 * The battles of the rivers. (this takes us from the Volturno to the Garigliano on the western front and includes Volturno, Barbara and Bernhardt lines and the first three Cassinos. On the Adriatic front it's the rivers Bifurno, Trigno and Sangro taking in Volturno, Barbera and Gustav Lines)
 * Breakout at Cassino and Anzio: the battle for Rome and Central Italy
 * Gustav Line and the autumn campaign 1944
 * Spring offensive 1945 and surrender

Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 12:33, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Typically I try to break down phases for the main article headings. Though if it was basically one (mostly) continuous grind then we probably don't actually need to break down the campaign box then, and can stick with the one for all battles and operations in the campaign (I don't think we'll face the same problem as the Soviet-German War with it growing to monstrous proportions).  If we do that though, I'd like to remove the defensive lines from it and place them in their own template; they do not represent battles or operations per say, though we can describe the actions around them within their respective articles.  I think that's what threw me off the first time. Oberiko 12:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't see how we can remove the defensive lines. Each defensive line represented a battle (or several actions) to breach the positions and then exploit which was followed generally by a re-grouping before attacking the next line - and that is how the main battle articles are structured, either as a landing or a line (except the Gustav and Hitler lines are in the Cassino article because it is Cassino rather than Gustav which is in general usage worldwide and Caesar C is in Anzio for the same reason - although the spring 45 operations at Anzio could be split out into a separate article, but I don't think that is called for). This structure gives a nice progression and easy to follow timeline in the campaignbox. Are you suggesting there should be a templated article for each line and a separate "Battle of (X line)" article as well? Seems a bit drastic and a lot of hard work! Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 15:37, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It would seem that I'm poorly educated on the Italian Campaign, bear with me as I try to muddle this through. Right now it seems that we've got both the lines and the battles/operations around those lines in the same template.  This, to me, is like having a super/sub set within the same campaign box, which I think could be broken down (which is why I initially moved the combat around the Winter Line).  Each line is, in a way, the "parent" article of numerous battles/operations.

 * How about this? What if we were to keep all the lines and battles/operations in one template, but find a way to create dividers within the template itself (Something like: Winter Line - San Pietro, Ortona, Monte Cassino, Anzio; Gothic Line - Battle 1, Battle 2...) Oberiko 15:58, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Yeah. I had a quick fiddle with the standard campaignbox template to achieve this but it doesn't look very good (you can have a look for yourself in my sandbox). Not to say it couldn't be improved with more work. I still like your original idea of a sub campaignboxes grouping logical operations together although this goes with excluding the smaller articles (Ortona, San Pietro, Gemano) from the main Italian campaignbox - which won't necessarily please everyone. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 17:01, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

I've done #1-4 in my list above because it was uncontrovertial. I'm also thinking about splitting the Gothic Line article but I'm leaving the rest whilst we decide what to do about the campaignbox(es) design. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 18:07, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * How about this? It's a little spacey, but if it can be filled up with more of the battles / actions (including the minor ones that merit articles) it should look alright. Oberiko 18:26, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

I like it! My comments would be: Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 19:23, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Battles at the Winter Line and Rome should be The Battles for Rome and Central Italy (The Cassino and Anzio combination is often referred to in the bibliography as the battle for Rome. Trasimene Line was well north of Rome and so not part of the Winter Line or Rome battles but the Central Italy name for the fighting in June and July north of Rome is widely used in the bibliography. Bernhardt Line was part of the Winter Line and is (correctly I think) in the previous section, so let's omit WL from this section title.)
 * San Pietro should be the last item in the Advance to the Winter Line section because it was an action forming part of the Bernhardt Line battle
 * I better get working on the Gothic Line article split!!

 * Since we're defining the Winter Line as Gustov + Bernhardt + Adolf Hitler lines, then shouldn't the Berhhardt Line and Battle of San Pietro be considered part of the action around the Winter Line, Rome and Central Italy?

 * It would also appear, to me, that we could probably even merge Volturno and Barbara lines with the Winter Line, as their primary purpose seemed to be to stall the Allies from reaching the Winter Line itself. Theyy only took up about a month each so I also wouldn't consider them quite up to the same scope as the other stages of the campaign. Oberiko 19:39, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Your point 1. Technically yes although the Allies saw the Bernhardt action as part of the approach to the Gustav and so a continuation of the Volturno and Barbara phase they didn't neccessarily use the German's definition at the time...). You can argue it either way.....I had it in the approach section because of the phasing argument and because the Rome and Central Italy section was already quite full (OK, not the best reason!)
 * Your point 2: Absolutely not! Volturno and Barbara were major actions with significant casualties (the US alone had 10,000 battle casualties getting from the Volturno to the starting point of Bernhardt). It's just that nobody has got round to writing much about them yet. Leave them as they are and hopefully someone will fill them out...a year ago the Gothic Line article looked a bit like the Barbara Line one.
 * I've split out and created a Spring 45 article Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 20:21, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Recent edits on section 5
Hi, I´m cybershore. The confusion and the mispatch on this subject I´ve founded over many books and another references that I´ve read, saw and debate on the last 25 years. I tried not to base on only one reference no matter how good is seems to be. I´ve cross information over books written and/or military files as Documentaries did by americans, british, germans and brazilians by/and or/and about or/and with militars who : A)stood there - italian front - on command or near at command positions of V American Army and/or VIII British Army or Units incorpored them; B)Academics, Profissional Writers or just Amateurs like me who love the subject; C)Veterans who follow the militar carrier after the war but were non Hiofficials at time; D)Veterans who back to civillian life after the war. After I tried eliminate the inconsistences, contradictions over the writings, testimonies and let just the essential ( not detailed at the point to tired the public in general ) about the coincident points. I hope have time to colaborate more on future

I see that Cybershore has reinstated the revert I made earlier. Perhaps it might help if explained my original revert:
 * Heading: What's wrong with "final stages"? The replacement heading "Apenine Campaign" is mis-spelt and is confusing since the armies had been fighting in the Apennines since late 1943.
 * Edit to turns a perfectly good blue link into a red one
 * Introduction of irrelevent reference to Russian front and reference to Italian campaign as "third theater of importance" is POV
 * The reference to "Experienced British and Americans units as the French Colonial Troops were pulled out of Italy to participate in France campaign. Those units were just partially substituted by Brazilians & Americans Units." is a) not English b) anachronistic because it confuses the withdrawal in '44 of US and French troops for the south of France invasion with the '45 withdrawal of Canadian and British troops to NW France and Greece c) They weren't just French Colonial Troops but included French nationals. The existing wording is precise regarding the earlier event and links to Operation Dragoon.
 * The breakthrough did not take place until April 45 not March.
 * The delay of the advance in the Netherlands had little impact on Eastern Europe because the final spheres of influence for this front had already been agreed between the Allied leaders
 * The advance by US 10th Mountain Div and the Brazilians in Jan / Feb 45 did not take the "last germans positions on Apenines". Final breaking through the Appenines was accomplished by US II Corps in bloody fighting in April. The Feb attack was a limited one to confuse the Germans into thinking the main thrust would be coming from further west than it did (Blaxland p.244). It did not " liberating the way to VIII British Army take Bologne and prepare the path to final spring offensive that occured in April" Bologna was liberated in April by a double thrust from the Poles in 8th Army and US II Corps in 5th Army.
 * The {fact} tag has been shifted from its relevant place (relating to partisans).

In addition to the above criticisms, the new edit is not compatible and is at odds with the narrative of the underlying main articles and is poorly written whilst the previous text provided a well-written and balanced summary of events.

Finally, please do not take this as a personal attack. When reading the above rather than hearing such arguments face to face it is easy to misread the "tone" and spirit in which they are offered (which is intended to be friendly but realistic).

For the above reasons I propose to revert to the previous wording subject to further discussion here. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 00:32, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

I've now re-written the section to reflect the above and incorporate relevant recent edits. Hope this is siutable. Regards Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 11:31, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Recent edits on Section 5 (2): open discussion
I'm having a lot of difficulties on the recent edits made by an IP contributor. I truly welcome contributions from editors whose first language is not English since they often give an extra viewpoint to articles which are Anglo-Saxon orientated. I'm sure this contributor is trying to do that. However:
 * In the above spirit I have taken the edits and tried to turn them into flowing English although I have to say that much of the time it is difficult to make real sense of what the contributor is trying to say because, quite honestly, the English is so poor. Some appear POV but that may just be a language difficulty thing.
 * Also in order not to appear arrogant (I'm not, really!) I have retained a lot of detail in the article which, since this is supposed to be an overview of the campaign, should not really appear here but in other articles. For instance a lot of detail specific to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (1 division out of about 20 Allied divisions involved) now appears which should really be confined to the BEF article.
 * The editor's wikipedia etiquette is lacking: existing contributions which have precise references to specific page numbers in cited books are habitually deleted or substituted with other text with broad and imprecise references to books (no page number referenced) and websites. These deletions are made with no justification in the edit summary, nor, when repeated, explained on the talk page. This is just plain rude and lacks respect

Please could we follow the Wikipedia ground rules? I am going to revert the recent deletions and request that you justify them here in the talk page if you want to reinstate any of them. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 19:01, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

The recent mute revert made today even reinstated the spelling mistakes I had carefully corrected! Please don't do this without some comment here. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 10:30, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Guys, Theres is no Glory in the War...
...Much least on tryings on AfterWars in enhancing one or another country specifically in detriment of other(s). Sometimes its came disguised under a facade of presumable objectivness. As a non Angle-Saxon I believe its countyer-productive this apparent discussion between americans and (white) british that I had observed on the last days through constants and opposites Gottic Line´s file atualizations.

That´s really a Pity the past century didn´t get inoculated us against acerbated nationalism, under any disguise.

I like repeat to the conflitant parts that History are not exact as Nature Sciences, even on these the knowledge are not statical and also Military ( mainly on Tatical and Strategical Aspects )in sense of a Science are more a Social one considering a lot of Art and Luck on it. We can never forget that, remembering Somme and Verdun ( just to mention only 2 events ), must to be constantly prevented against Specialists on War and Political Matters, too important to rely Just on their hands...

It´s fair easy from a confortable position on a warm Office HeadQuartter or Academic one far away on a space and in a time from a cool, bloody and durty battle field to say anything. So thats the Why understand the deleted reinsertions of certain patches. For Example : Anyone who had read, Reread, view, Review testimonies or talked personally with germans and italians ( partisans) veterans of Italy Campaign know that Surrender to Partisans means assured death sometimes preceded by torturing and humilation and the natural Partisans´s desire of revenge were specially high on the last days of war. So, germans surrender to guerillas was a completely out of question business.

When you sum to it the reading of different authors : Bingo - its not necessary be a genyous to get the most presumable assertions about.

I also mention how would be a TragicComic thing i.e. for a author to be put face to face with descendents from all those wered killed or severed wounded in combat on last days of war and see this author trying explain to them and to survivors and still alive vets that in accordance with his theories or what he heared about or read about what they saw, suffered and hear are not possible. Come on... give a Break !

To conclude I never tired of to repeat that its unprescindable to anyone who would make a history work checking and crossing of inumerous as possible fonts as possible not just rely on the officials and specialis but too on those ordinary people whom saw and suffer the events related.

Thank You All

 * Thanks for the above....I think I understand.....but I am concerned less about philosophy and more about practicalities namely:

 * You are an active contributor (terrific, I encourage you in this) but you make no explanation in the edit summary or talk page when your edits are challenged. Wikipedia guidelines encourage editors always to fill in the edit summary to minimise confusion between editors interested in the article.
 * Wikipedia also requires consensus and disagreements must be discussed on the talk page and resolved amicably (see Dispute resolution and Wikipedia faux pas
 * Wikipedia etiquette asks that when contributing to talk pages you log in and sign your contributions. You can do this easily by typing four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of your typing.
 * Please take this in a positive and friendly spirit. Regards Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 01:23, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

I surrender to the revisionists
I can't keep up with all the weird pro-Italian fractured English edits to the WWII Italian related articles. I surrender. It feels like a war all in itself. Rob Banzai (talk) 00:11, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Footnote references
A lot of new footnote references have been put in recently which is terrific. However, what is not terrific is that many have no associated page numbers. Putting a footnote in with no page number means you are saying "Here's a fact, you can find it somewhere in this 500 page book". Since footnotes are there to satisfy Wikipedia's requirements that facts are "verifiable", having no page number is not very helpful to the verification process!

 * Where I have a copy of the book, I have been trying to insert appropriate page numbers
 * Where I don't have the book I am deleting the reference if there is another appropriate reference alongside. If there isn't, I try to find an alternative reference with a page number.
 * For single references with no page number where I have failed to find a suitable alternative, I am leaving it in but ask here if someone with a copy of the book could look it up and insert the appropriate page number.

Regards Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 12:24, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Framework pt. 2
Revisiting this, I'd like to purpose a (slightly) new suggestion for the article framework:

 * Background
 * The campaign
 * Invasion of Sicily
 * Invasion of southern Italy
 * Allied advance to Rome
 * Allied push to northern Italy
 * Aftermath

While it's basically the same as what's already on the page, I think it will be easier for the readers to immediately grasp what each section is about (easier to understand for the uninitiated then the various defensive lines). Oberiko (talk) 01:57, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of "The campaign" heading but don't see that the re-naming of the segments adds much.... but I don't feel that strongly about it either. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 09:27, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

"Operation Axis"
or what its name was, the German take over of Italy as it surrendered is basicly not mentioned at all, i for one would like to know more details of this and so on, i dont think theres even a wikipedia article about it, which is a shame, cause disarming most of the Italian military in relatively bloodless fassion was no minor feat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.154.197.79 (talk) 03:22, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Jackson citations
There are in line citations to a book by Jackson but it doesn't appear in the references section. Any ideas exactly which book it is? Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 00:56, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Just added it, sorry about the delay - i was trying to find the original publishing date (which i think i have inputted the correct one after a couple of google searches).--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 01:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

casualty figure
The figures i added from Jackson provide German casualties only from the invasion of mainland Italy till the end of hostilities (and i believe the same for the Allied forces), should the losses incurred (including prisoners?) be added from the fighting in Sciliy?--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 17:29, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

List of countries
Why are Australia and New Zealand, which were independent states, listed on their own, but Canada and South Africa, which were also independent states, listed as subsets of Britain? (India, I can see) CaptainCanada (talk) 01:21, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Because the Canadians were serving under the British armies. CanadianStereotype — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.65.96.152 (talk) 04:56, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Wasn't Yugoslavia included in campain as well? At the end of war it captured Trieste and it's air forces were located in southern Italy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.238.216.28 (talk) 21:50, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Casualties (again!)
Jackson in Vol VI part III of "The Mediterranean and Middle East" (pp. 334-335) gives an in depth breakdown of the Allied casualties during the campaign on the Italian mainland and in Appendix 5 does the same for German casualties. Sadly Volume V does not do the same job for Sicily. At the moment the Sicily article gives a figure of 22,000 Allied casualties, "around" 10,000 Germans and 132,000 Italians using Shaw as a reference. Shaw is not a great source and anyway the Italian figure includes a large unspecified number of troops surrendering when fighting ceased on the island. Since the mainland campaign figures exclude the large numbers which surrendered when hostilities ceased, the numbers are not comparable. Does anyone have a serious source for Sicilian campaign casualties (killed, wounded + missing/captured) that are comparable and can be added to the mainland figures to give an overall Italian campaign figure in this present article? BTW I don't have access to the C.N. Barclay source which cites over 600,000 as the Axis casualties. I don't understand how this figure is arrived at but seems very high compared with the other figures available. It may be partly to do with the fact that, according to Jackson, official OKH figures for the German southern theatre included casualties going back to April 1941 and include around 150,000 casualties not directly associated with the Italian campaign. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 13:20, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

B Class Status
I started adding comments into the text, but then I realised that huge portions of the article are not cited. I think it's a very well written and historically accurate article, but with so many missing citations, I question it's B Class status. Opinions? Farawayman (talk) 19:21, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

What were the Italians all doing ?
This article would benefit substantially from some mentions of what the Italians were actually doing during this campaign.Eregli bob (talk) 07:27, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It is an entire topic unto itself, really, though their participation was almost always at the mercy of the main combatants - Germany, Britain and the US. The partisan war in northern Italy, in particular, was not nearly as black and white as some postwar accounts suggest. 198.161.4.90 (talk) 20:19, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Countries
Are the countries being ordered (on the infobox) according to army/navy size or by other means? Thanks! (Central Data Bank (talk) 21:59, 1 March 2012 (UTC))

Edits
As I've already filled the edit summary box, I thought I would add a bit more here:

 * I've replaced the 'line' map with something more readily understandable. I think the original (which incidentally has no scale and is so unclear that it took me ages to find Rome, never mind Anzio), was produced before the war; the First World War, that is !
 * I've only managed to find a few words on the Air War in the Italian campaign. It could do with quite a bit more.
 * I've standardized the dates (we had 'dmy' and 'mdy' in the same section), but there are still several examples of 'defenses' and 'defences' which I haven't got round-to yet. Consistency must be the name of the game.

What do other editors think?

RASAM (talk) 21:43, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Air campaign
The entire air campaign seems to be summed up by a short anecdote about a Flying Officer J. F. Bartlett, who jettisoned a hung bomb in early 1945 whilst over the Adriatic. I have no doubt this is true, but why is it important? Who is Flying Officer J. F. Bartlett? Why has this event been chosen to represent the entire air campaign? Was he awarded a medal? 31.185.218.9 (talk) 19:18, 9 June 2013 (UTC) I'd suggest cutting this whole little section. It adds nothing, is not part of the history of the campaign, and does not fit its title. (AM)

Ethiopia
I've stuck a citation needed tag on Ethiopia being in the belligerents list. I can't find mention of Ethiopia's involvement in any Wikipedia article let alone in the main body of this one. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 16:28, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

Opening section
There is a citation error in the opening section. The Keegan's quote refers to all campaigns waged by the Western allies, not only at the Mediterranean theater, as can be checked in the book: the picture Here is clear. 179.111.69.34 (talk) 22:10, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

order of nations in infobox
There has been some recent dispute over which nation should go first in the infobox, possibly triggered by some changes I tried to make to the Italian page in order to put the British flag first on there. There were two armies involved in the Italian campaign, the British 8th and American 10th, under the overall command of a British general for most of the campaign. At most points in the campaign there were more British divisions active than american, and at all times the American army contained at least a corps of non-American troops.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Army_Group   Here, in August 1944, we have 6 British divisions and 3 brigades, to 5 US divisions (1 in reserve). These figures exclude the large British Empire and commonwealth contingent (7 divisions), the British supplied Poles (2 Divisions and a brigade) and the Brazilians' 3 divisions, as well as a Greek Brigade.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line_order_of_battle This is even more varied, containing 9 British divisions to 8 American and 7 others.

I think this demonstrates the significance of British forces in this exercise, and more than justifies putting them first in the infobox.

Boynamedsue (talk) 16:11, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

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Wrong date
The infobox says that Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies in September 1943, but according to the sources Italy actually entered on 13 October 1943. DavideVeloria88 (talk) 15:58, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It is misrepresenting since Royal Italian units were formed on the allied side since September already. They were already cooperating militarily with the Allies since before the formal declaration of war --Havsjö (talk) 16:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * According to what sources? DavideVeloria88 (talk) 18:09, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Primo Raggruppamento Motorizzato was created on 26 September. It was created by Royal Italy after they protested to Allied command who initially said Italian units should not participate further in the war. I.e. Italy was militarily cooperating with Allies since 26 Sep, when the earliest Italian Allied military units were created. it:Primo Raggruppamento Motorizzato --Havsjö (talk) 19:10, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Wrong. The Primo Raggruppamento Motorizzato was created on 26 September, but it entered the war only in December 1943 with the battle of Montelungo . The Kingdom of Italy participated to the campaign in October 1943, when it officially declared war on Germany. Before that, no Italian units were at war. They were created, but they had not yet entered the war. DavideVeloria88 (talk) 09:19, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I wasnt "wrong" on anything as I didnt say they entered battle on 26 Sep. You may want to re-read my previous comment "I.e. Italy was militarily cooperating with Allies since 26 Sep, when the earliest Italian Allied military units were created." Keep in mind this unit was created despite the Allies originally not wanting Italian participation, yet the Royal Italian gov. insisted to cooperated with the allies against Germany, leading to the creation and integration of allied Italian military units into the Allied armies in Italy on 26 Sep.
 * The infobox shows when the Kingdom of Italy started allying (militarily) with the Allies, not when they declared war on Germany. They started militarily allying (co-belligerence, I know) with them already on 26 sep. with the creation and integration of that unit, with the purpose of using it to soon fight Germany, into the allied forces --Havsjö (talk) 17:01, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Operation Brazzard - the invasion of Elba Island - June 1944
Hi all, I am new to these talk pages and Wikipedia editing.

I was wondering why there is no mention of Operation Brazzard in these ital amp sign pages.

A few helpful links are:-

https://www.combinedops.com/Elba%20-%20Op%20Brassard.htm I think this is the best information as it contains first and secondhand reports of what occurred, from hose engaged in the invasion or close relatives. My uncle Victor Parsons is mentioned on these pages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/85/a2943885.shtml

The bbc article contains the following war diary extract”

The post operation report of the action, (DEFE2/ 111,PRO) states; "In conclusion, it is to be appreciated that it is difficult to give an accurate and cohesive report of such an action as this, fought in total darkness, relieved only by the light of gunfire and the flash of explosions. Eyewitness accounts are hard to obtain, as 47 out of the 48 commandos taking part became casualties. Lastly it is impossible to give an accurate chronological summary of events as time went unheeded in the heat of the action." And

The bravery awards for this action, percentage wise, was the highest for any British naval action of the entire war. Sadly, the majority were posthumous. In his post-operational report (W.O. 204/1473. PRO) to the C.in.C. Admiral Troubridge wrote: - "The garrison of the island we had been told was under 800 Germans and reports spoke of their being preponderantly Poles and Czechs of low morale and all set for evacuation. In fact the ration strength was 2,600 Germans who fought extremely well. The defences of Campo Bay were somewhat stronger than intelligence reports had led us to believe, and were in fact, extremely formidable. They had excavated caves in the granite cliffs flanking the beaches and installed 155 mm, 88mm and machine guns in them. Behind the beaches, exactly ranged on the likely places of disembarkation were heavy mortars

https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060020184

There are many more besides these which a quick google of “operation brazzard” will return. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbridge276 (talk • contribs) 23:00, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

War crimes section
On 11 June 2021 an IP added a new war crimes section here. This requires some discussion and justification. Firstly, the focus on some instances of Allied war crimes compared to the many thousands attributed to the Axis is WP:UNDUE as is the balance between this issue and the overall narrative of the campaign. Some account of alleged war crimes is certainly valid but not in this way. Secondly, the sourcing is dubious on many occasions. Because of the natiure of the allegations the sourcing should be impeccable. It is not. Opening this thread to begin the discussion. DeCausa (talk) 21:30, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Allied Advance - unclear sentence
Please can a better form of words be used to replace this sentence: "The German 10th Army were allowed to get away and, in the next few weeks, may have been responsible for doubling the Allied casualties in the next few months."

Unclear over what time period the doubling of Allied casualties occurred, was it a few weeks or a few months? John a s (talk) 22:11, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

Italian flag
This seems to be a back and fourth thing for a while concerning articles about the Italian Social Republic. The official state flag of the Social Republic is tri color flag with no designs on it, just like the modern Italian flag. The one with the Eagle on it is specifically the war flag.

The standard rule for Wikipedia is that when listing a country in something like an Infobox concerning a battle or war, the country should be listed alongside its official state flag, in this case the standard tricolor flag. Digital Herodotus (talk) 14:19, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

Battle of Riva Ridge/Mount Belvedere
I'm amazed that there is almost no mention of this battle anywhere in Wikipedia. Not only was it the first time the US 10th Mountain Division saw combat, more importantly it involved a successful nighttime assault up a cliff face that was previously considered unclimbable -- thus proving the ability of the US to field & train an effective alpine unit. -- llywrch (talk) 14:10, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Mandatory Palestine contingent
this edit summary is a WP:PA, compounded by this. Don't do it. What was there may or may not be right, but you need to AGF. , an experienced editor, replaced the flag here with what appears to be, on its face, a reasonable explanation. A single edit editor then replaced the flag with the modern Palestinian one which is clearly nonsense and which I reverted. Now, I don't actually know what the best representation is - that should be discussed here - but to start bandying around accusations of vandalism in that context is unacceptable. Can you please explain why Havsjö's explanation is wrong. And Havsjö, you might want to weigh in. DeCausa (talk) 07:32, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Apologies about the use of the word vandalism, I had not realised it was not you who had added the Israel flag. I only realised that this was not a case of vandalism when I reverted and saw the equally inappropriate modern Palestinian flag.

 * As for the question at hand, something very similar to the modern Israeli flag was the regimental standard of the Jewish Brigade, a unit recruited largely in Palestine but commanded by English officers. I have never seen a regimental standard used to represent a state, or in this case, a colony on wikipedia. I would expect an experienced user to know this. And the Jewish Brigade were not the only Palestinians in Italy, there were also mixed Jewish and Arab units of the Engineering Corps, who had no relation to the Star of David regimental standard whatsoever. Boynamedsue (talk) 07:48, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Apology accepted. According to Jewish Brigade it was a unit of the British Army (unlike the Indian Army - not sure about the Newfies). So why is it even separately represented in the Infobox? DeCausa (talk) 08:31, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about the process by which participants are selected for WWII articles. It seems to generally be based on participation of soldiers from that country, but I'm not sure what the criteria are. Perhaps there is a general policy across wikipedia, or perhaps not? Boynamedsue (talk) 07:04, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The participation in this case seems to have been quite modest - of the order of a few platoons. Even putting it in the infobox - which is supposed to be summary of the article content - when not covered in the article text, might be considered WP:Undue. GraemeLeggett (talk) 07:39, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree. Also, the Ghurkas were famously at Monte Casino but that doesn't mean there should be a Nepali flag. The Caribbean Regiment was also part of the Italian campaign. I don't think there's any logic in including flags for places around the globe where the British Army recruited - and I haven't spotted another Infobox where that's been done. I think the best solution to this is just take it out until someone can justify it. DeCausa (talk) 07:45, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * While I don't necessarily disagree with what each of your points as a whole, I would say that the Jewish Brigade was, as the name suggests, Brigade strength. Their article indicates the whole brigade took part in the Italian campaign, and indicates its strength as 5500 Palestinian Jews. Though, obvs wikipedia is not RS. The other units from Mandatory Palestine in Italy were 4 companies of the engineering corps of mixed Arab and Jewish Palestinians, that would be Battalion strength. There may also have been some Jewish only engineering companies, but the source I've seen on it (Palestinians fighting against Nazis. The story of Palestinian volunteers in the Second World War by Mustafa Abbasi) doesn't mention whether they were in Italy. --Boynamedsue (talk) 08:09, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Given this is a big topic which applies to lots of conflicts and situations, is it perhaps not a bit of a big question for 3 users to decide on one talkpage? Boynamedsue (talk) 09:42, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I've had a look around and haven't yet been able to find an Infobox with a similar issue (a British army unit recruited from outside Britain which is independently listed with its own flag). I could easily have missed them though. Are you aware of it elsewhere? DeCausa (talk) 10:22, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's perfectly allowable to have a local consensus; what's decided here doesn't necessarily set precedent across wikipedia. And if consensus changes, then so be it. GraemeLeggett (talk) 11:14, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * In terms of De Causa's question we run into the issue of what is a colony at what time. Australia, Canada, Newfoundland and NZ are frequently listed as participants in First World War battles. None of those countries were independent by any measure at that time. If we take the Battle of the Somme, we have a single "British Empire" entry, with 8 dominion and colonies listed, quite similar to what we see in this page. The Second Boer War page shows something similar, listing Basutoland and Bechuanaland as combatants. The Battle of the River Plate shows New Zealand as a combatant, despite the fact its participation was as a New Zealand division, similar to the situation of the Palestinian contingent in Italy. However, there are also battles on here, such as Siege of Mafeking where the belligerents are linked simply as "British Empire", despite the article mentioning the presence of Australians and Rhodesians. Boynamedsue (talk) 13:54, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think they were the same. AFAIK, those forces, like the British Indian Army, weren't part of the British Army. We don't really need to discuss how independent they were as political entities (although by WW1 they were all self-governing dominions which Palestine wasn't) the point is they had their own armies separate from the British Army - Canada since 1855, Australia since 1901 and NZ since 1845. The Jewish Brigade was just a unit of the British Army. It's not really any different to Lowland Brigade (United Kingdom). DeCausa (talk) 14:10, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I would disagree here. The NZ armed forces in WWI were commanded, equipped, raised and organised by the British Army. The expeditionary forces were not the same as the permanent defensive militia that existed prior to this, and had no operational independence from the UK forces. They were regular British Army units. And this disregards the other colonies listed as combatants at the Somme, such as Bermuda, Rhodesia and Newfoundland. Boynamedsue (talk) 15:28, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * To be honest, this is involving me in something I'm not that interested in - arising out of patrolling the original revert that prompted this. I'll leave it to you and others to resolve as you see fit. To me, I don't see the comparability of the Jewish Brigade (or the Caribbean Brigade) of the British Army with other Dominion armies...and the colonial flags of the Caribbean should be added to the infobox of that's the thinking. But I'll leave it to you. DeCausa (talk) 16:06, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it is a difficult one, I can totally see your point of view and it is a question of where to draw lines in an extremely blurry area. That was why I feel maybe a unified policy would be for the best, rather than local consensus. Anyway, apologies again for going in two-footed at the beginning. Boynamedsue (talk) 16:22, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Italian campaign (World War II)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654

case closed

Reopened Fred Bauder 12:32, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please place evidence regarding user:plautus satire at Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654/Evidence
 * Discussion leading up to the remedy below has been placed at Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654/Decision

Should Plautus satire vs Raul654 be accepted?

 * Yes, based on community consensus. Fred Bauder 22:52, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. With the imposition of a one week ban, clearly we must arbitrate this case. Martin 00:20, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur. There is obviously a great deal of community interest that this dispute be resolved. PS also needs his day in court, so to speak, because he is temp banned. --mav 00:22, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes; since he's temp-banned we need to consider it. --Delirium 03:21, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * We have quorum, but I'll pile on too: yes. --the Epopt 05:25, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Statement by user:Plautus satire
Plautus made a number of statements via email to wikien-l, which may be reviewed at Requests for arbitration/Plautus satire vs Raul654/Evidence.

Statement by Raul654
I contend that Plautus satire is a troll and a vandal. In the time he has been a contributor (I use the term loosely - the number of "good" edits he has made is quite small), he has managed to alienate virtually the entire community. He has caused innumerable edit wars, both in the articles and on the talk pages. His actions show he has absolutely no ability to coexist with others, and no desire to reform, despite his lip-service to the contrary. In short, Plautus is a cancer to Wikipedia and I (along with virtually the entire community) would like to see him banned from Wikipedia forever. →Raul654 22:11, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

Remedy adopted
The foremost proposed remedy, that Plautus Satire's editing priviledges on Wikipedia are to be revoked for a period of one year, was passed at 09:46 on March 11 2004, receiving unanimous support, and is so adopted as the decision of the Arbitration Committee. One Arbitrator, Fred Bauder, would have made the ban of indefinite duration in preference.

Subsequent proceedings
came back as, and the ban got reset last July (27th).

On July 27 Plautus satire returned and made a number of disruptive edits , see also. Attempts were made to warn him about possible consequences.

One year
Due to continuation of disruptive behavior upon returning from his ban Plautus satire is banned from Wikipedia for one year.
 * Passed 6-1 with 1 recusal on August 2, 2005

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cessna O-2 Skymaster

The Cessna O-2 Skymaster (nicknamed "Oscar Deuce") is a military version of the Cessna 337 Super Skymaster, used for forward air control (FAC) and psychological operations (PSYOPS) by the US military between 1967 and 2010.

Design and development

In 1966, the United States Air Force (USAF) commissioned Cessna to build a military variant of the Skymaster to replace the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog.

Both the civilian and military Skymasters were low-cost twin-engine piston-powered aircraft, with one engine in the nose of the aircraft and a second in the rear of the fuselage. The push-pull configuration provided centerline thrust, allowing simpler operation than the low-wing mounting of most twin-engine light aircraft, and allowed a high wing to be used, providing clear observation below and behind the aircraft.

Modifications made for the military configuration included fore-and-aft seating for a pilot and observer, instead of the six seats of the civilian version; installation of view panels in the doors (for improved ground observation); installation of flame-retardant foam in the wing-mounted fuel tanks (slightly increasing weight, and reducing maximum fuel capacity by 3%); installation of military, rather than civilian, communication and navigation equipment and antennas; removal of propeller spinners; increased gross weight (5,400 lb vs. 4,400 lb in civilian version), with component strengthening as required to support the increase; and removal of interior upholstery.

The first O-2 flew in January 1967, and the plane went into production shortly thereafter. Performance (especially at cruising altitudes) was degraded due to the added antennas and significant weight increase, but was considered sufficient for the anticipated low-level operation.

U.S. Air Force

The USAF took delivery of the O-2 Skymaster in March 1967 and the O-2A also entered the U.S. Army's inventory during 1967, from USAF stock. By 1970, a total of 532 O-2s had been built, in two variants, for the USAF.

During the Vietnam War, the O-2A was introduced as a replacement for the O-1 Bird Dog, in the forward air control (FAC) aircraft and served in that role with the 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron. The O-2B was equipped with loudspeakers and a leaflet dispenser for use in the psychological operations (PSYOPS) role.

While it was intended that the Skymaster be replaced in the FAC mission by the OV-10 Bronco, the O-2A continued to be used for night missions after the OV-10's introduction, due to the OV-10's high level of cockpit illumination, rendering night reconnaissance impractical. The O-2 was phased out completely after additional night upgrades to the OV-10.

A total of 178 USAF O-2 Skymasters were lost in the Vietnam War, to all causes.

Following the Vietnam War, the O-2 continued to operate with both U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard units into the late 1980s.

U.S. Navy
Six former USAF O-2A airframes were transferred to the U.S. Navy in 1983 for use as range controllers with Attack Squadron 122 (VA-122), the Pacific Fleet Replacement Squadron for the A-7 Corsair II at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California. These aircraft were later transferred to Strike Fighter Squadron 125 (VFA-125), the F/A-18 Hornet FRS at NAS Lemoore, in 1986 for use in the same range control role. These O-2A aircraft were eventually replaced by T-34C Turbomentor aircraft transferred from the Naval Air Training Command.

U.S. Army
Of the six USN aircraft mentioned above, two were transferred to the U.S. Army in late 1990. USAF O-2As were augmented by the 1990 aircraft transfer from the Navy. Several disassembled USAF O-2s remain in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. Two O-2As were used at Laguna Army Airfield, Arizona as part of testing programs carried out by the Yuma Proving Ground. These were retired in October 2010 and sent to a museum.

South Vietnam
35 USAF O-2 aircraft were later transferred to and operated by the former Republic of Vietnam Air Force.

El Salvador
During the Salvadoran Civil War, the Salvadoran Air Force received a total of 23 O-2As and 2 O-2Bs from the United States, the first arriving in 1981. They were employed to observe the movements of FMLN formations and direct air strikes against them, playing a major role in forcing the rebel movement to abandon large-scale operations.

Near the end of the war in 1990, the rebels' acquisition of SA-7 missiles resulted in the loss of two O-2As, while another was destroyed by mortar fire, and two more were lost in crashes.

CAL FIRE
In the mid-1970s, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, or CAL FIRE, found that the contractor-owned air attack aircraft, mostly single-engine Cessna 182s and Cessna 210s, did not provide the airspeed and safety needed for the department's new air tanker program. In 1974, Senior Air Operations Officer Cotton Mason inspected 40 USAF O-2s at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The best 20 were selected and shipped to Fresno, California. These aircraft had been FAC aircraft in Vietnam and were shipped back to the United States in containers, and were disassembled and on pallets when they arrived at Fresno. A crew of California Conservation Corps (CCC) members under the supervision of a CDF Battalion Chief, who was an FAA Certificated Mechanic with Inspection Authorization (IA), reassembled the aircraft.

They were placed in service in 1976, and served CAL FIRE for more than 20 years, until replaced by a fleet of OV-10 Broncos.

Variants

 * O-2A
 * Version designed for use in forward air control missions, with underwing ordnance hard points to hold rockets, gun pods or flares. 513 delivered.

 * O-2B
 * Version designed for psychological warfare, equipped with loudspeakers and a leaflet dispenser, and not armed. Thirty-one former civil 337s were converted to O-2Bs.

Operators

 * Botswana Air Force – Nine O-2A delivered 1993.
 * Civil Guard Air Section – Three O-2A.
 * Dominican Air Force – Five O-2A (retired)
 * National Armed Forces of Côte d'Ivoire – One O-2A delivered 1993.
 * Haitian Air Force – Eight (in service 1975–98) Reportedly six of these are Model 337s, and only two O-2As.
 * Dominican Air Force – Five O-2A (retired)
 * National Armed Forces of Côte d'Ivoire – One O-2A delivered 1993.
 * Haitian Air Force – Eight (in service 1975–98) Reportedly six of these are Model 337s, and only two O-2As.
 * Haitian Air Force – Eight (in service 1975–98) Reportedly six of these are Model 337s, and only two O-2As.
 * Haitian Air Force – Eight (in service 1975–98) Reportedly six of these are Model 337s, and only two O-2As.
 * State Flag of Iran (1964).svg Iran
 * Imperial Iranian Air Force – twelve O-2A delivered 1972.
 * Namibian Air Force – Six O-2A, five of which were delivered on June 26, 1994, for use in the anti-poaching and anti-smuggling role.
 * Salvadoran Air Force – 18 O-2A and two O-2B, delivered starting 1981. Eight O-2A and one O-2B remain in service.
 * Solomon Islands Government – Two O-2A.
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * Republic of Korea Air Force – at least 14 O-2A.
 * South Vietnam
 * Republic of Vietnam Air Force – at least 35.
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Royal Thai Navy – 11 x O2-337 Sentry
 * United States Air Force – between 11 and 40 aircraft
 * United States Navy
 * United States Army
 * National Navy of Uruguay – Three O-2A acquired from Chile in June 2017.
 * Zimbabwe Air Force – Two O-2A delivered 1994–1995.
 * United States Navy
 * United States Army
 * National Navy of Uruguay – Three O-2A acquired from Chile in June 2017.
 * Zimbabwe Air Force – Two O-2A delivered 1994–1995.
 * Zimbabwe Air Force – Two O-2A delivered 1994–1995.
 * Zimbabwe Air Force – Two O-2A delivered 1994–1995.

Aircraft on display

 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21331, National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21368, Air Commando Park, Hurlburt Field, Florida
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21430, Fort Worth Aviation Museum, Fort Worth, Texas.
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-10962, Main Gate, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21331, c/n 337M-0037, marked as 68-6864, c/n 337M-0153, Air Force Armament Museum, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21376, 105th Airlift Wing area, Stewart Air National Guard Base, New York
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-11164, USAF Airman Heritage Museum, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-6865, Kelly Field Heritage Museum, Lackland Air Force Base/Kelly Field Annex (formerly Kelly Air Force Base), Texas
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21318, Connecticut Air & Space Center, Sikorsky Memorial Airport, Connecticut
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21326, Dyess Linear Air Park, Dyess Air Force Base, Texas
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21395, Air Mobility Command Museum, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-10848, Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-10853, Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill Air Force Base, Utah
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21380, Museum of Aviation, Robins Air Force Base, Georgia
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-6871, Grissom Air Museum, Grissom Air Reserve Base (formerly Grissom Air Force Base), Indiana
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-11160, 182nd Airlift Wing complex, Peoria Air National Guard Base, General Wayne A. Downing Peoria International Airport, Illinois
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 68-6901, Pima Air and Space Museum (adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base), Tucson, Arizona
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21413, Castle Air Museum (former Castle Air Force Base), Atwater, California
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21411, in storage at Museum of Aviation, Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia. Formerly on display at Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum, Rantoul, Illinois.<
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21330, Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum, Space Coast Regional Airport, Titusville, Florida
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21395, Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon
 * O-2B, AF Ser. No. 67-21465, March Field Air Museum, March Air Reserve Base (formerly March Air Force Base), California
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 69-7644, American Wings Air Museum, Anoka County Airport Jane's Field (KANE), Blaine, Minnesota
 * O-2A, AF Ser. No. 67-21416, Yankee Air Museum, Belleville, Michigan
 * In addition, several O-2s are privately operated as "warbirds".

title: Cessna O-2 Skymaster


text:
Talk:Ear

The ear in mammals has another vital function - to tell the brain to breathe.
In mammals the hair cells of the inner ear detect levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, and send this information to the brain. A loss of hair cells in the inner ear can cause death for this reason. Source: https://www.audiologyonline.com/releases/ears-may-hold-answers-to-4038 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.124.246.188 (talk) 18:30, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Would you want to add this to the article? Prophylax (talk) 14:05, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Hearing Hole
How come there is no section about infections of the ear? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.23.105.146 (talk) 03:18, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Infections are mentioned briefly in some sections, but there are other pages for them. Prophylax (talk) 14:06, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Too painful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.59.199.204 (talk) 11:58, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

The "Invertebrate hearing organs" section
Why is the "This section requires expansion" tag present on the "Invertebrate hearing organs" section of the article? According to the section itself, "only vertebrate animals have ears." Assuming this to be correct, it tells me that, if anything, the section does not belong in this article at all! This article is about ears specifically, not hearing organs in general. Why would an almost-completely-off-topic section require expansion? --50.99.8.14 (talk) 05:29, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Invertebrates have ears, just not in the human-centric sense popular decades ago. They simplest ears are the statocysts found in jellyfish. The correspond to the inner ear in humans (sense of balance). They are part of the jellyfish ear/eye organ. In Bilateria eyes and ears slplit into separate organs, with ears including the lateral line system used by fish to detect pressure waves, as well as organs of hearing and balance. Zyxwv99 (talk) 00:07, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Ear embryology
Can be readily integrated into main article; as it is stands as an orphan; if necessary can be re-expanded at a later date; would improve the quality of this article to have it in context, and the ear article would be enhanced by the additional information. LT910001 (talk) 08:32, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
 * There's no consensus that's emerged so I'm withdrawing this proposal. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:13, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Round window
Both File:Anatomy of the Human Ear.svg and File:Blausen 0328 EarAnatomy.png are used in the article. Both of these images document a "round window." I was wondering what the purpose of the round window was but the word "round" much less "round window" never appear in the article. --Marc Kupper|talk 06:18, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi, if you're still wondering (1+ months out), have a look at the article Round window, and if that doesn't help, Middle ear. Cheers, --Tom (LT) (talk) 01:53, 21 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you . I had not realized we had an article for the round window. I have updated this article to incorporate mention of the round window and its membrane. --Marc Kupper|talk 03:56, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Irrelevant Advertising
The final paragraph of Ear -> Structure -> Outer Ear is blatantly an advert. The first sentence or two contain information. The rest is plugging. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christopherreay (talk • contribs) 14:14, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's promoting Valencell, and the final paragraph should be removed. It was added by here, who also added this to Biometrics. —Bruce1eetalk 14:31, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Blatant spam, use of WP:YOU wording and also not true (pulse oximeters have been used in the earlobe for ages). The user mentioned above is writing about this all over the encyclopedia. Thanks for pointing this out Christopherreay. --Tilifa Ocaufa (talk) 14:44, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It looks like this has been removed. Prophylax (talk) 14:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Protection
Why is this article protected?That man from Nantucket (talk) 06:32, 23 January 2016 (UTC)
 * It is protected because it experiences a lot of vandalism from IP editors. As a user with an account, that shouldn't prevent you from making edits to improve the article, although edits that are not in good faith may be reverted. --Tom (LT) (talk) 22:36, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

To do
(merged in from deleted old subpage /to do)

 * Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:Ear/to do

(cur | prev) 2012-10-24T18:34:32 190.58.193.60 (talk | block). . (199 bytes) (+57). . (undo) (cur | prev) 2007-07-04T07:52:36 Richard001 (talk | contribs | block). . (142 bytes) (+94). . (undo | thank) (cur | prev) 2007-07-04T06:56:46 Richard001 (talk | contribs | block). . (48 bytes) (+48). . (←Created page with '*Vestigiality of ears (e.g. muscle in human ear)') (thank)

 * Vestigiality of ears (e.g. muscle in human ear)
 * Discuss creating a separate sub-article on human ears so this article can stay focussed.the ear wax is also important thats how we get helicptres

Clinical significance – infections?
I feel that the different types of otitis should at least be mentioned in the article. However, the Clinical significance section is already too long. What are other editor's opinions on this? --Tilifa Ocaufa (talk) 18:06, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree. A very reasonable suggestion and a big cause of morbidity. If the article is too long, we can always make it shorter by moving or removing some of the "Injury"-related material. --Tom (LT) (talk) 22:48, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I think it deserves to be mentioned in the article with links to separate pages for details. Prophylax (talk) 14:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Possible expansion of Society and culture section
Hi. I normally do not work on Society and culture sections on anatomy articles but while reading this one something crossed my mind. Would it be appropriate to include a couple of sentences on "ears in fiction"? Something could be said about pointy ears being used to depict humanoid races in fiction such as Spock from Star Trek or elves in many movies and books such as Lord of the Rings. I am having trouble deciding if this is in any way relevant. In the article skeleton we have a "In popular culture" section stating "In Western culture, the skeleton is oftentimes seen as a fearful symbol of death and the paranormal. It is a popular motif in the holiday Halloween, as well as Day of the Dead." All input is welcome. Kind regards JakobSteenberg (talk) 20:57, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks @, I think that sounds like a great idea, after all anatomical articles do (rarely) have some social and cultural significance :P. We do in fact have an article Pointy ears here. I think as you suggest a statement about their general use in fiction is a good idea (as opposed to a list of pointy eared characters, which would be "trivia"). --Tom (LT) (talk) 22:07, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I tried copy pasting a section in directly from pointy ears. I think it works out; not to much or little. Thanks for your answer. JakobSteenberg (talk) 22:18, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Ear series template
Cannot see the point in having this template displayed. Info in it is incomplete and all is included anyway in navbox. Doesn't seem to be any such template attached to other articles ? --Iztwoz (talk) 09:26, 14 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, another one of my ideas. The aim here was to have a small template with links to the main parts of the ear so readers can easily navigate, as opposed to a huge navbox with every article about ears linked. Am very happy for discussion/deletion if that's where consensus swings. At the moment the template is very outsized... maybe removing the image could help reduce its prominence, too. --Tom (LT) (talk) 10:23, 14 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks Tom (LT) - removing the image is a good (first?) step! imesho - would prefer to see that image used in main infobox and the one used for outer ear replaced by the labelled one on the auricle page. Cheers --Iztwoz (talk) 10:31, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120930063158/http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development to http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development

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Semi-protected edit request on 3 April 2019
Add the following video in the introductory section: Lauramanella (talk) 12:34, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

'Society and culture' section text alignment
Due to the positioning of an image on the 'Society and culture' section of this article, the text has been misaligned. I feel that this is a problem as it spoils the consistency of the article regarding text alignment in my opinion. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 11:10, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

Add data on: (overall/total) earcut/ototmisis/ωτότμησις/ωτότμηση as a punishment
ototmisis (earcut), pronunciation: /ɔːˈtɒ.tmi.sis/

What do you mean by ear in human body?
In English 2402:3A80:1CA4:C2F1:860F:A41:D52D:5B87 (talk) 01:15, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ear