text:
Talk:Self-reference

Discussion per WP:BRD about the "In popular culture" section
(I've moved this discussion here from my talk page. It concerns Ten Pound Hammer's attempted deletion of this article's "In popular culture" section. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:18, 23 January 2012 (UTC))

WP:TRIVIA discourages the use of catchall lists containing random, arbitrary examples. Also, the list is unsourced OR. Tell me how it improves the article. Oh wait, it doesn't, it's just cruft and clutter. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 02:56, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The list is not unsourced OR, popcult entries are sourced by the film, TV show, record etc. they refer to, in precisely the same way that plot sections are. I understand your philiosphical stance on what you regard as "cruft", but that's not relevant here, your edit is not backed up by policy. I will be very happy to work with you on trimming the list if there are examples which are poor, but, certainly, for instance, mentioning the works of Joyce in an article about self-reference is a valid addition to the article. Thanks for your bold edit, but I ask you not to undo my reversion of it. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:02, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi. I refer you to WP:BRD, which is not policy, but is a widely accepted essay.  You made a Bold edit by removing the "In popular culture" section, I disagreed with that edit, and I Reverted it.  The next step in the process is Discussion, and it was well that you initiated it here.  However, you don't get to continue reverting to your preferred version during the discussion, which you have done.  I have returned the article to the status quo ante while discussion is ongoing, until consensus or compromise can be reached.  I have mentioned one possible compromise, which is to work together to trim the list a bit, and I would appreicate hearing your thoughts on that.  In the meantime, please do not revert again while we are talking.  Thanks. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:09, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Since this is discussion other editors should be involved in, I am going to move the entire conversation to the article talk page. Please post any additional comments there.  Thanks. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:13, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * What do you think the list adds to the article? In its current form, it's a gross WP:TRIVIA violation. Select examples may be fine, but they should not be a list. Trim it yourself. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 11:03, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * What it adds is an indication of the extent to which self-referencing has spread through popular culture. It is not the subject of dry intellectual study alone, but is alive and well within modern western culture. As for trimming it, I would prefer that we collaborate, because I have been in this situation before, where someone deletes a popcult list wholesale, and I restore, then I go in to edit it with the thought that if I make a reasonable effort to insure that only the very most significant items are kept, it will satisfy the deleting editor -- except that it doesn't, the deleter persists in deleting the entire list, even after trimming, and I eventually get dragged to some other forum.  I don't want that to happen again, and since Wikipedia is supposed to be a collegial and cooperative effort, I would prefer that we work together to trim the list. Perhaps we could start with which entries you believe are the worst offenders. Beyond My Ken (talk) 21:48, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * i agree with tenpound. having this list and the purpose you give it sounds like original research. if you want to show 'it is alive and well within modern western culture' then you should have a source which says that. Bouket (talk) 21:50, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

I'm going to have to go with Hammer here too. Don't see any references in the section at the moment, were they referenced before? I have no problem with pop culture sections, but unreferenced lists just encourage original research and out of context mentions. If a secondary source describes something as being popular culture then it deserves an entry, ideally as prose. AIR corn (talk) 04:17, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
 * For a straightforward description of the contents of a film, book, play, song, television program or whatever, which does not include any analysis or interpretation, no reference is necessary other than the film, book, play etc. itself. This is why we have "Plot" sections in our articles about films, books, etc.

 * Consider these two scenarios:

 * Scenario 1: I read a book on a particular subject, written by an expert. I take information from this reliable source and insert it into the Wikipedia article on that subject, being careful to reword it so as to not violate copyright. The information, therefore, has been perceived by me by reading the book, synopsized by me, rephrased by me, and inserted by me, with a reference. Anyone who wants to verify the information goes to the source, reads what's there, and checks it against what I have written.

 * Scenario 2: I watch a film on DVD. I see something that happened in the film and insert it into the Wikipedia article on that film, describing it as accurately as I can. The information, therefore, has been perceived by me, described by me, and inserted by me, with a reference to the film it came from. Anyone who wants to verify the information goes to the source, views what's in the film, and checks it against what I have written.

 * These scenarios are identical. There is no more reliable source for the contents of a media artifact than the media artifact itself, as long as one is strictly held to pure description, and does not stray into analysis or interpretation. Once that line is stepped over, then a citation from a reliable source is obviously required for support. Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:47, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It should still at least be referenced to the primary source for verifiability. Some of these are borderline James Joyce's Finnegans Wake contains multiple references to itself could be regarded as analysis. A secondary source mentioning the self reference is at least a good inclusion standard to apply for embedded lists that have the potential to become indiscriminate. All that aside why there is a popular culture section as well as usage and example sections? I am still of the opinion that removing the section improves the article. AIR corn (talk) 05:59, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

 * So shall we take some select examples from poular culture (ones with secondary sources) and put them into one of the other more appropriate sections? AIR corn (talk) 11:40, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * No, the section they're in is the proper one. If you'd like to go about the unnecessary task of sourcing them, ("unnecessary" per my remarks above) that's fine, but they're where they're supposed to be.  The offer I made above is still open -- if you'd like to work through the list together, I'm more than happy to oblige -- you can start by saying which one you think are trivial. Beyond My Ken (talk) 12:47, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

templates
hi i put some templates into this article that apply to the whole article. there is a small section being discussed as being trivia but the whole article needs cleanup, so i think these tags should remain. what do other people think? they were reverted immediately Bouket (talk) 22:22, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * also the tags are there to invite people to join the discussion, so they SHOULD be there right? Bouket (talk) 23:01, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

RFC on references for embedded list
The "In popular culture" section of this article consists of an embedded list with no references for any of its ~26 entries. Shouldn't this be referenced to secondary sources?

I tagged it as an unreferenced section, but the tag was removed by in this edit with the edit summary "better before; popclt entries are referenced by the media items they refer to, as long as they are straight-forward description and not analysis or interpretation (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Beyond_My_Ken/thoughts#Original_research".

WP:OR says "Do not analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so", but it seems that me that Beyond My Ken is applying a looser standard, based on his own userspace notes.

It seems to me that applying a "self-referential" label to a work is a form of analysis, evaluation or interpretation, and as such requires a secondary source. Beyond My Ken prefers to characterise this is mere description, requiring to secondary sourcing.

Any suggestions on which approach is better here? -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 03:59, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * PS I have opened an RFC without first starting a discussions with the other interested editor, because it seems to me that whatever answer is applied here has wider implications.  I hope that does not appear to be rude, and intended no disrespect to BMK. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 04:03, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * None taken, and, to be frank, I hadn't considered that "self-reference" might be considered to stray into analysis or interpretation, and therefore not be straightforward description. I don't immediately think that this argument has much validity for instances where the "self-reference" is clear and unambiguous -- say, where a fictional text titled "Ken's Tale" refers to a text titled "Ken's Tale" -- but there could well be instances where the self-reference is less obvious and is only apparent after analysis, and would therefore be WP:OR unless supported by a cite.  However, this comes about because of the nature of what "self-reference" is, so I rather disagree that there are wider implications here. I'm not adverse to discussing it, though. Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:16, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose unreferenced section tag, and I find BYK's reasoning sensible and consistent with WP:OR. I looked at some of the entries and didn't see anything dodgy. It might be worthwhile reviewing the second paragraph from WP:OR:
 * "The prohibition against OR means that all material added to articles must be attributable to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed. The verifiability policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything challenged or likely to be challenged—but a source must exist even for material that is never challenged. That "Paris is the capital of France" needs no source, because no one is likely to object to it and we know that sources exist for it. The statement is attributable, even if not attributed." [emphasis added]
 * Tagging the whole section is too broad. If there are individual entries that you take issue with, please tag them inline.--Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 04:20, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * All material must be ultimately referenceable, but it need not be explicitly referenced according to any particular rules. Anything may be challenged, if it is challenged reasonably, and context must always be taken into account. Paris is the capital of France, but that has not always been the case: it was not the case in 1942, or in 700. There is no way of definitively proving it will be in 2014. And if someone were to say that even now in some sense Brussels is now the effective capital of all of europe, including France, they would not be altogether wrong.  I might thus go through all Wikipedia articles and insist on adding every possible qualification.   Wikipedia does not exists within a world of radical skepticism, but within the world of ordinary use of language and ordinary experience. Just as we--and the world in general--has the rule that to establish extraordinary claims requires extraordinary strong evidence, to challenge the ordinary basics of common sense requires also very  strong evidence, not just the assertion that it is not obvious.  DGG ( talk ) 21:12, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Section Headings

WP:HEAD states headings should be noun phrases. I consolidated the references into one section since they were all references and in some articles, "Notes" indicates explanatory notes. WP:BOLDING states that bolding should be used to highlight names alternative names of an article (synonyms).Curb Chain (talk) 05:47, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Bibilography
is also usually formatted this way. You are User:Beyond My Ken is the only person that I have seen who uses a bold style.Curb Chain (talk) 05:50, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * You are incorrect. MoS is a guideline, not a policy, and I would advise you not to follow me around to change edits which are allowable under Wikipedia policy. Beyond My Ken (talk) 06:04, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Your edits are definitely allow about allowable under wiki policy, but I see no improvement to going back to your previous version, and more importantly going against the style of the rest of the articles.Curb Chain (talk) 06:20, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Looking at the history of the article I actually had the original formatting here until you reverted. I've explained the reasons on for my edits in this section, but I have not seen any policy or guideline related discussion as to why your format should be better, or is better, in this case.Curb Chain (talk) 06:38, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Your edits are similar to the case in Talk:Sex symbol. Using "Notes" as a term for references can be confusing to the editor.  It is also interesting that you impose this kind of style in only the articles that you edit and the immediacy of your behaviour exhibits traits described in WP:OWN.Curb Chain (talk) 06:45, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "References" is a general subject which includes things like notes (endnotes and footnotes), bibliographies, list of interviews, etc. "Notes" is a specific type  of reference.  There is no danger of confusion when confronted with a numbered list which corresponds to numbers embedded in an articles. Beyond My Ken (talk) 06:54, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * They why denote notes as numbered (entry) references and ones which are not.
 * A list of interviews if they are used as references are still references. To subdivide entries into little piecemeal minutiae is arbitrary and unnecessary.
 * Bibliographies expand footnotes. It is a footnote style, and most articles separate out Bibliographies because putting numbered entries aids navigation and is distinctly the information a reader would want to refer to as verification of the material in the article.  (Seeing it this way, one can see that references aren't like the "rest" of the article.)
 * Anyway, this is against the standard across articles nor do I see a blaring reason why we should do so.Curb Chain (talk) 07:14, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Your comment is incomprehansible to me. Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:22, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the opinion, but "In poular culture" is the standard heading for this topic, and that practice overrides the generalized MoS guideline. Beyond My Ken (talk) 00:46, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Actors portraying themselves
Should we include a few examples of actors portraying themselves in films? Does this count as a type of self-reference or not? Another related example is Julia Roberts' appearance in Ocean's Twelve, where she played a woman (Tess) who looked like Julia Roberts, and who made a phone call to the "real" Julia Roberts; she also received a (second) credit in the movie as "introducing Tess as Julia Roberts". Do things like this also count as self-reference? — Loadmaster (talk) 22:56, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Isn't this trivial? Falls under WP:OR and WP:SYN.  If we are going to include this, I think the embedded list would be inexhaustive.  The rfc 2 sections up is pertinent.Curb Chain (talk) 01:45, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Actors who appear as themselves in films and on television, i.e. "cameo" appearances, are not instances of self-reference, but those small number of times where actors portray "themselves" as significant fictional characters  are indeed instances of self-reference, and should be included. It's not "trivia", but there's also no need for a list. Rather, it should be described, and a couple of examples given.  That should be suffiicient. Beyond My Ken (talk) 05:50, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Self-references to avoid
With this edit I removed a hatnote that linked to the guidline Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid which states "Mentioning that the article is being read on Wikipedia, or to Wikipedia policy or technicalities of using Wikipedia should be avoided where possible." (was the irony intentional?) -- PBS (talk) 12:37, 6 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think it was a violation of the guideline, because it was the content of the hatnote, not of the article itself. These kinds of hatnote seem to be standard practice for helping people get to the relevant Wikipedia guideline or project page when they've not set the right search options. See the tops of NPOV, Neutral, Statistics (disambiguation) or Bias (disambiguation). It's unavoidable that a navigational aid (such as a hatnote) will in some way draw attention to the technicalities of using Wikipedia. That's different from the article itself doing so. MartinPoulter (talk) 15:56, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The hatnote seems out of place for this article. Maybe it could be added as a link further down, perhaps under the See also section? — Loadmaster (talk) 22:31, 6 November 2012 (UTC)
 * A hatnote is more useful to the reader than a see-also link (the idea is that they have arrived at the article looking for information about Wikipedia's self-reference policy, not that they have read about self-reference and are now interested in what policy Wikipedia might have on the subject), but it seems quite an obscure corner of Wikipedia policy, so maybe isn't worth mentioning here at all. If it did stay as a hatnote, though, we should use the selfref template rather than the previously-used one, so that it doesn't appear on mirror sites. --McGeddon (talk) 22:40, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

The hatnote is in article space (as it would also be if placed in the see also section). Editors have a tendency to view article space as a work in progress and not as an encyclopaedia (because whenever they view a page, there is a tendency for editors to see how it can be improved, even if the page was initially accessed by an editor for the information on the topic the article is about) -- Think of it like a computer games programmer who can no help but look for mistakes and shortcomings in the design of a game rather than as an ordinary user views the same game. Just imagine how odd it would look if at the top of a page on this subject Encyclopaedia Britannica were to have a link to their editorial policy on self-referencing. Article space is there for information on the article's topic which shoudl be written for readers who are uninterested in anything tangential to the subject such as Wikipedia's policy on self-reference -- it should not contain routing information for lost editors. This is the point that Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid is trying to get over to editors. -- PBS (talk) 12:38, 7 November 2012 (UTC)
 * In many ways hatnotes are actually outside of article space - hatnotes don't appear if you print an article, or export it as a PDF or book, and any self-respecting mirror will strip out tags. If you regard the hatnotes as part of the Wikipedia interface rather than the article, a little routing of lost editors on commonly-searched subjects seems fine. --McGeddon (talk) 13:20, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

--- Come on guys, if Wikipedia is allowed to have one in-joke anywhere this is surely the place to do it ... linking and quoting "Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid which states "Mentioning that the article is being read on Wikipedia, or to Wikipedia policy or technicalities of using Wikipedia should be avoided"" is pure classic ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.232.13 (talk) 12:29, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

WP:EXAMPLEFARM
Per WP:EXAMPLEFARM, please do not add trivial references to popular culture to this article unless it truly enhances the reader's understanding of the concept of self-reference. Toddst1 (talk) 11:30, 29 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Any additions to the examples section must follow the principle of WP:V. Unsourced observations are mere opinions and should be removed as WP:OR.  Sources must be provided and they must refer to the self-referential nature of example to pass WP:V. Toddst1 (talk) 14:28, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

"Autonymous" or "autonymic(al)" words?
These are not English words, but, in the case of so-called "autological words", I was thinking that since "autological" suggests self knowledge/study, "autonymous" (sic) (literally, "self naming") would be etymologically more accurate, and clearer, in the case of self referencing words. lifeform (talk) 03:33, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

Refers to itself
Should the definition of self reference avoid the exact same words "self" and "refer"? Or is that deliberate? 92.40.94.151 (talk) 03:39, 27 June 2014 (UTC)
 * A dark horse is generally neither dark nor a horse, so stating that self-reference indeed means referring to oneself serves for a definition. If you know reliable sources giving other definitions, please refer us to them. Paradoctor (talk) 10:29, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

the word "hereby", etc.
I recognize that this topic is not really a central one, therefore it's seemingly quite underdeveloped. It looks obvious to me, that "hereby" is used to emphasize self-reference in sentences that wish to perform an action by being uttered. It might not be actually needed though in the case of a Performative utterance. Such utterances seem to be used typically, although not exclusively in a legal context. I'll be brave here, and add a few paragraphs in two sections, because it's a favourite topic of mine.

However, one might wonder if this whole article is amateurish? We have sections all beginning with "In...". Well, i'm not too much into complicated wikipedia rules, i think it's a funny article, but it could be concerning to dedicated wikipedia bureaucrats. The idea is discussed, although named otherwise, in some sources i would put here: https://www.worldcat.org/title/426795581 https://www.worldcat.org/title/70766237 https://www.worldcat.org/title/637671814. Sorry for being lame with links. 193.224.72.250 (talk) 14:49, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Gödel
You see in the language section the cute case of Kurt Gödel "finding" a paradox in the US constitution? I have heard about the story a long time ago, so let me add here a possible explanation. Gödel was required at the time to take an oath of citizenship, and probably his life was already rather stressful. He might have been to serious about reading the US constitution at that point of time, and when he found the self-reference in it (that you see described in the law section of the article), i bet he became sort of terrified, and mislead himself into believing he found a paradox. Obviously not all self-references are paradoxical, constitutions certainly aren't, as they use self-reference for a narrow purpose. 193.224.72.250 (talk) 15:11, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Self-reference


text:
The Pirates of Dark Water

The Pirates of Dark Water is an American fantasy animated television series created by David Kirschner and produced by Hanna-Barbera. The series premiered as a five-part miniseries on Fox Kids early 1991, simply entitled Dark Water. The first season, consisting of 13 episodes including the original five-part miniseries, aired on ABC from September to December 1991. A second season, consisting of just eight episodes, aired in syndication in the United States from 1992 to 1993.

Premise
Ren, the son of the dying King Primus of Octopon, sails around the alien world of Mer on a ship called the Wraith, searching for the "Thirteen Treasures of Rule". The treasures are prophesied to save Octopon and Mer from the threat of Dark Water, an all-consuming black liquid that has taken over the seas. His loyal crew of misfits that help Ren on his journey are the ecomancer Tula, a monkey-bird Niddler, and the treasure-hungry pirate Ioz. Ren's opponent in his quest is the pirate Bloth of the warship the Maelstrom, who will stop at nothing to get the treasures and control the Dark Water himself.

Heroes

 * Ren (voiced by George Newbern) – The prince of the once-grand kingdom of Octopon and the main protagonist of the series. Ren was raised by a lighthouse keeper on the outskirts of his homeland, unaware of his destiny and heritage. He wields the broken sword that belonged to his father in its whole form. By the second half of the first season, he freed one-half of the planet from the Dark Water.

 * Niddler (voiced by Roddy McDowall in the miniseries, Frank Welker in the TV series) – A monkey-bird who once belonged to Bloth until he escaped by aiding Ren's escape from the pirate captain. He hails from the island of Pandawa. Niddler is usually depicted as a little greedy and constantly ravenous for food, his favorite food being minga melons, but he likes Ren and his ability to fly often comes in handy.

 * Tula (voiced by Jodi Benson) – She is an ecomancer with the ability to control the elements and biological life, both sentient and non-sentient, as well as a natural affinity towards nature and animals. She is headstrong and often flusters Ioz. Tula is introduced as being a simple barmaid, but she stows aboard Ren and Ioz's ship, claiming she "wanted to get away from the drudgery of life on land." It's soon revealed that she's a character with many secrets.

 * Ioz (voiced first by Héctor Elizondo ) – A rogue and pirate, he joins up with Ren initially for the promise of treasure. Throughout the seasons, his character matures and he becomes fond of Ren and his idealism, evolving into a protective brotherly figure to him and often risking his life for Ren and the quest for the Treasures. He continues his attempts at getting rich quickly but is mostly unsuccessful. Ioz also has a younger sister named Solia, who appears in the series. Like Niddler, he originally worked for Bloth, but "it ended ugly" according to him.

 * Zoolie (voiced by Dick Gautier) – A jolly, redheaded rogue who runs a gamehouse in Janda-Town. He and Ioz crewed together on Bloth's ship the Maelstrom. Though not a main character, he does make recurring appearances by offering advice and assisting Ren and his friends whenever they make port in Janda-Town.

 * Teron (voiced by Dan O'Herlihy) – He is a supreme ecomancer who sprouts roots from his body to replenish himself from a portable supply of native soil when he is away from his homeland, Andorus. He is first seen in the series as a prisoner on Bloth's ship, and Bloth uses his power for evil, in turn exhausting the local environment and its positive life energy. Tula has great respect for him as an ecomancer, and she was sent on a mission to bring him back to Andorus to heal the Dark Water-ravaged island. Teron also helps Tula adjust to her new powers as an ecomancer when they first manifest themselves.

Villains

 * Bloth (voiced by Brock Peters) – The ox-sized, humanoid pirate captain of the feared pirate ship Maelstrom and one of the primary antagonists of the series. Bloth is after the Thirteen Treasures of Rule to control all the Dark Water in the world and in effect Mer itself. He destroyed Primus's fleet seventeen years prior to the timeline of the show and captured Primus and his aide Avagon, though the seven captains accompanying Primus were able to escape with the Treasures. Bloth has since been hunting them obsessively and destroying every remnant of the House of Primus just as obsessively, including killing every heir to the throne of Octopon that he could find and ravaging and pillaging the ailing city. He held Primus captive for seventeen years before the old man escaped back to Octopon and to Ren. Upon learning that Primus has a son, he transferred his fanatical hatred of Primus to Ren. Bloth began to hunt the boy across the twenty seas of Mer in order to capture the Treasures and to kill Ren and the house of Primus. In the second half of the first season, he makes an uncertain and untrusting alliance with Morpho, a major agent of the Dark Dweller.
 * Mantus (voiced by Peter Cullen) – Bloth's second-in-command. He offers his cool and calculating personality as a battle strategist for Bloth's fleet.
 * Konk (voiced by Tim Curry) – A short, fat pirate who works for Bloth. He lost his leg thanks to a close encounter with his master's ferocious pet the Constrictus. For a long time, Konk was the only one to ever survive being thrown to the monster. Although not particularly smart, Konk possesses more bluster than most of Bloth's crew and is always trying to win Bloth's praise.
 * The Lugg Brothers (voiced by Earl Boen and Frank Welker) – Two huge, dimwitted siblings who are members of Bloth's crew. They try to assist Konk, but their stupidity makes them more of a hindrance than anything. They only make appearances as main characters in the first five episodes of the show.
 * The Dark Dweller (voiced by Frank Welker) – One of the primary antagonists of the series. The Dark Dweller is a powerful, evil creature that created the Dark Water. He had the Treasures originally scattered because their power is the only thing capable of opposing him and his evil master plan to swallow Mer in Dark Water.
 * Morpho (voiced by Neil Ross) – A servant of the Dark Dweller and the leader of his worshippers, the Dark Disciples. He joins forces with Bloth and serves as the above-water liaison for the Dark Dweller, so that they can aid each other in their mutual goal of killing Ren and his friends, though they have two very different goals for the Compass and Treasures. He was an alchemist who was doing research on the Dark Water when the Dark Dweller captured him and transformed him so that he was no longer fully human, making him into an eternal servant. He possesses a tentacle in place of one arm, and half his body has been reshaped to resemble an amalgam of deep-sea creatures. He refers to himself as a creature of two worlds, Ren's and the Dark Dweller's.
 * Joat (voiced by Andre Stojka) – A pirate and the previous owner of the Wraith. His ship was stolen by Ioz. He uses his metal claw in place of his left hand mercilessly in battle. Originally slated to have a larger role in the series, his only major appearance was in "The Soul Stealer."

Ships

 * The Wraith – A swift, beautiful ship, originally owned by the pirate Joat, that Ioz steals for Ren from the Janda-Town docks. It has a unique, dynamic mainsail that rotates to slow the ship or act as a parachute. This mainsail can also be detached to become a large glider. The Series Bible written during the initial production of the show says that the Wraith was built with lumber from mystical trees on a remote island and that the lumber still retains the life-force of those trees, making the ship seem as if it is haunted or has a mind of its own.
 * The Maelstrom – Bloth's massive and deadly warship. It is built from the bleached carcasses of leviathans, and resembles a gargantuan floating fossil. Below the main deck sits a labyrinth of passageways, sewer lines, holding cells, and slaves' quarters. The dreaded Constrictus lives in the bowels of this death vessel.

About Mer
Mer is a planet very different from Earth with a variety of its own creatures with varying degrees of intelligence, such as the monkey-bird and the leviathans. The world has twenty seas, and most of the crew's stops are made at islands. Parts of Mer are continually in flux, like a river of spiked rocks that rises out of the ocean in the first episode and appears to defy physics (none of the characters are bewildered by the spectacle aside from its danger), but whether this is the Dark Water's doing or just the nature of the geologically hyperactive planet is unknown.

Octopon was once the greatest city on Mer, referred to as "the jewel in the crown of Mer" by Ioz in episode 14, though lying in ruins until Ren collects the first seven treasures and it is partially restored. Octopon seems to have been centuries ahead of the current technological state of Mer, although it is probable that civilization is continually in decline due to the Dark Water oozing from the planet's core.

Season 1 (1991)
ABC reaired the miniseries from September 14, to October 12, 1991, before premiering new episodes.

Production
David Kirschner, the president and chief executive officer of Hanna-Barbera, created the series based on an idea he had when he was a child, inspired by "the works of Robert Louis Stevenson and the pictures of Howard Pyle and N.C. Wyeth". The original five-episode miniseries was "the most expensive animated project" Hanna-Barbera had taken on up to that time, with each half-hour episode costing US$500,000. Each half-hour episode consisted of 12,000 cels, double the number "of a typical Saturday morning cartoon series".

Overseas animation studios

 * Fil-Cartoons, Inc., Manila, Philippines
 * Tama Production Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (episodes 1–2, 5)
 * Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan (episode 3–4)
 * Mr. Big Cartoons, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (episode 3–4)

Other studios

 * Madhouse, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
 * Big Star Enterprise, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
 * Kennedy Cartoons
 * Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Manila, Philippines

Broadcast and release
The show first premiered on Fox Kids in early 1991 as a five-part mini-series titled Dark Water. Following a number of animation tweaks and other changes by Hanna-Barbera, those episodes were rebroadcast later in 1991 as the first five episodes of the regular series. Notably, the original mini-series featured the voice of Roddy McDowall as Niddler, whereas in the revised version, the character was voiced by Frank Welker.

The first season, consisting of 13 episodes, aired on ABC. The second season, consisting of the last 8 episodes, aired in first-run syndication as part of The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera. The series was never completed, ending abruptly after 21 episodes with only eight of the thirteen treasures collected.

Home media
The complete series was released on DVD on August 31, 2010.

Reception
The Pirates of Dark Water was reviewed favorably in The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide, which contrasted it with other cartoons from the same period, noting that it was "...serious, well-written, and had a certain amount of craft in its character animation and watercolor backgrounds." Collider called it one of the 14 greatest kids cartoons of the 1990s as well as a property worthy of resurrection. Screen Rant said the show "has a robust cult following to this day and was one of the best adventure shows of its era, with surprisingly strong writing and a beautifully designed world."

Comics
In November 1991, Marvel Comics produced a comic book series based on the show. Originally intended as a six-part limited series, it was extended to nine issues to include a three-part original story. A series of action figures based on the characters from the show was also produced. The toyline consisted of Ren, Niddler, Ioz, Zoolie, Bloth, Konk, Mantus, Joat, and the Wraith.

Video games
Pirates of Dark Water video games were released for the Super NES and Sega Genesis platforms, both published by Sunsoft. The Super NES version is a side-scrolling beat 'em up, co-developed by Japanese and American staff members, where players can choose to play as Ren, Tula or Ioz and proceed to fight Bloth's gang. Up to two players can play simultaneously. Each character has a life-draining Desperation Attack (spinning kick for Ren, ecomancer energy for Tula, and spinning punch for Ioz) and the ability to block – something not common in games of this genre. The Genesis version, developed by Team Iguana (later known as Acclaim Studios Austin), is a side scrolling platform game with role-playing elements. A Pirates of Dark Water role-playing game was released in 1994 but had a limited production run.

Niddler was parodied in 1993's Might and Magic V: Darkside of Xeen, as Nibbler the Monkeydog, who loved Monga Melons.

Cartoon Network interstitials
The show was parodied in one of a series of early interstitials on Cartoon Network. These commercials featured a "viewer's" question and Cartoon Network's comical take on the "answer". In Pirates' case, it was on the "unaired episodes". Cartoon Network claimed to have the episodes on tape and promised to air them, instead showing footage of a cat lapping milk, suggesting that someone taped over the only copy of what would have been the nonexistent episodes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Pirates of Dark Water


text:
Malians (Greek tribe)

The Malians (Μαλιεῖς, Malieis) were a Greek tribe that resided at the mouth of the river Spercheios in Greece. The Malian Gulf is named after them. In the western valley of the Spercheios, their land was adjacent to the Aenianes. Their main town was Trachis. In the town of Anthele, the Malians had an important temple of Demeter; an early centre of the Delphinian Amphictiony. According to Herodotus, the Malian Ephialtes of Trachis, betrayed the Spartans and their allies in the Battle of Thermopylae, helping the Persians surround the Greek army. In 426BCE, the Malians asked Sparta for help in their war against the Oetaeans. The Spartans then founded the town Heraclea Trachis in place of Trachis.

In the following decades, the Malians were under the hegemony of Sparta, until they revolted against it in the Corinthian War. In this war, they lost their land south of the Spercheios, Herakleia Trachis was given to the Oitaians, and Lamia became the new capital of the Malians.

Together with the Oitaians and the Ainians, the Malians became members of the Corinthian League, and in 235BCE, the Aetolian League. In 189BCE, they became part of Achaea Phthiotis, and since that time the Malians were regarded as Thessalians.

title: Malians (Greek tribe)


text:
Kimiko Date

Kimiko Date (伊達 公子) is a Japanese former professional tennis player. She reached the semifinals of the 1994 Australian Open, the 1995 French Open and the 1996 Wimbledon Championships, and won the Japan Open a record four times. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 4 in 1995, and retired from professional tennis in November 1996.

She returned to tennis nearly 12 years later, announcing an unexpected comeback in April 2008. She then won her eighth WTA title at the 2009 Korea Open, becoming the second-oldest player in the Open era, after Billie Jean King, to win a singles title on the WTA Tour. In 2013, she won three WTA Tour titles in doubles and at the 2014 US Open, aged 43, she reached the semifinals of a Grand Slam doubles tournament for the first time in her career. Date announced her final retirement in September 2017.

1989–1996
Date began 1990 by reaching the fourth round at the Australian Open, where she was defeated by fourth seed Helena Suková. The following year, ranked world No. 112, she was runner-up in Los Angeles, defeating world No. 3, Gabriela Sabatini, before losing to Monica Seles in the final.

In 1992, Date defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the Pan Pacific Open and reached the semifinals. She also won the Japan Open, reached the semifinals in the Mizuno World Ladies Open and reached the fourth round at Roland Garros. Date participated in the Barcelona Olympics, losing in the second round. At the end of the year, she received the WTA Most Improved Player of the Year award.

Date won the Japan Open again in 1993. She was runner-up in the Asia Women's Open and the Nichiray Ladies Cup. She reached the semifinals in the Lipton Championships defeating Mary Joe Fernández. In the US Open, she reached the quarterfinals beating Jana Novotná in the fourth round.

In 1994, Date won the Sydney International in January, defeating world No. 4, Conchita Martínez, and Mary Joe Fernández on her way to the title, after which she entered the world's top 10 for the first time. She beat Martinez again the following week at the Australian Open on the way to her first Grand Slam semifinal. Date won her third consecutive Japan Open. At the 1994 Asian Games, she won gold in the women's singles. At the end-of-year WTA Finals, she defeated Martinez again, before losing to eventual champion Sabatini in the semifinals, in three sets.

Date won her first, and only, Tier I tournament at the Pan Pacific Open in 1995, defeating Martinez and Lindsay Davenport to the title. She was also runner-up in the tier one Miami Open, defeating Sabatini before losing to Graf in straight sets. Date defeated Davenport again on her way to the semifinals of the French Open, reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, and was runner-up in Tokyo and Strasbourg, reaching a career-high ranking of No. 4 in November 1995.

In 1996, Date won both singles and doubles in the Japan Open. In the Fed Cup, she defeated world No. 1 Graf for the first and only time, winning 7–6, 3–6, 12–10. At Wimbledon, she beat world No. 2, Conchita Martínez, in the fourth round and Mary Pierce in the quarterfinal, before losing to eventual champion Graf in the semifinals in three sets. Date defeated Martinez in the semifinals and world No. 2, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, in the finals of San Diego. and reached the quarterfinals in the 1996 Summer Olympics. Date announced her retirement – aged 25 – in September, and played her final match at the WTA Finals, losing to Martina Hingis in the quarterfinals.

2008: Comeback
On 6 April 2008, nearly 12 years after retiring, Date announced she would return to the professional tour at the age of 37.

She qualified for the $50k Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, Japan. In the first round, she played compatriot and world No. 183 Rika Fujiwara. In only her fourth match on the tour for eleven years, Date won in three sets. At the quarterfinal stage, Date came up against world No. 80 and fellow Japanese, Aiko Nakamura, whom she beat in three sets. This marked her first top-100 win of her comeback. In her semifinal match, she defeated No. 3 seed Melanie South. However, in the final, she was defeated by Tamarine Tanasugarn, in three sets. She won the doubles title at that tournament with teenage and fellow Japanese partner Kurumi Nara, defeating Melanie South and Nicole Thyssen in a match tie-breaker.

Her next event was another $50k event in Fukuoka, Japan. She defeated both Nicole Kriz and Rika Fujiwara to reach the quarterfinals where she lost to Aiko Nakamura in straight sets. She then defeated Shiho Hisamatsu and Zhou Yimiao to reach the quarterfinals where she lost to Tomoko Yonemura in straight sets, in another tournament in Japan, a 50k event in Kurume. On 15 June 2008, she defeated Shiho Akita to win the Tokyo Ariake International Ladies Open for her first post-comeback championship. Her second came over a month after, as on 20 July, she won a $25k event in Miyazaki, Japan, defeating Chae Kyung-yee in the final. On 3 August, she won the $25k event in Obihiro, Japan. In the final, she beat Suchanun Viratprasert.

Date made her WTA Tour comeback at the Tier-I event in Tokyo where she was awarded a wildcard into the qualifying tournament. She won through to the final round of qualifying after defeating Mari Tanaka of Japan and Australian Casey Dellacqua (the fifth seed in the qualifying competition). Both of these victories came in tight three-set matches. She lost in the final round to Aleksandra Wozniak of Canada in straight sets. Along with fellow Japanese Fujiwara, Date also competed in doubles, as wildcard entrant. However, they lost in three tight sets in the first round. Date was in the main draw for the Japan Open but lost in the first round to Shahar Pe'er.

In October, she played her first tournament out of Japan since November 1996, in the quarterfinals at the Taipei Ladies Open. In November, she competed at the All-Japan Tennis Championships, her first appearance there in 16 years. Date won both the singles and doubles titles.

2009
Date received a wildcard entrant to the main draw of the Auckland Open where she was overpowered by Jill Craybas in the first round. Later in January, Date qualified for the Australian Open and met Kaia Kanepi in the first round, where she lost a close three-setter.

Date then played in the main draw of the International event in Pattaya City. In the first round, she was defeated by the eighth-seeded Slovak Magdaléna Rybáriková in three sets. She then reached the quarterfinals of an ITF event in Clearwater, Florida, beating Lauren Embree of the US and fellow Japanese player Aiko Nakamura before losing to third-seeded Slovak Jarmila Groth in three sets. She then played at a $25k event in Hammond, Louisiana where she breezed past qualifier Heidi El Tabakh. She then beat American Lauren Albanese in the round of 16 for a place in the quarterfinals where she lost to qualifier Lindsay Lee-Waters in three sets. Date moved onto the $75k in Monzón, Spain, her first European event since July 1996. Seeded sixth, victories over Spaniard Eva Fernandez-Bruges and Croat Ana Vrljić took her to the quarterfinals. There she beat British top seed Elena Baltacha, 5–7, 6–4, 7–6. She followed that win by beating Arantxa Parra Santonja to reach the final, and she earned a two-set-victory over Romanian qualifier Alexandra Dulgheru to claim the biggest title of her comeback that far.

Date was awarded a wildcard entry to the Wimbledon Championships. This was her first competition at Wimbledon in 13 years. In the first round she lost to ninth seed Caroline Wozniacki with her performance in the second and third sets diminished due to an injury.

In the Guangzhou International Open, Date, partnering Sun Tiantian, reached her first WTA Tour final since she had come back to the tour, but lost in a tight match.

At the Korea Open in Seoul, Date won her first WTA level match after the return, against Lee Ye-ra, and came up with a second victory right after over Alisa Kleybanova, coming back from a set and 5–2 down. In the quarterfinals, Kimiko defeated top seed Daniela Hantuchová in three sets lasting over two and a half hours. In the semifinals, she defeated defending champion Maria Kirilenko. In the final, which was held one day before her 39th birthday, Date defeated Anabel Medina Garrigues to win her first WTA Tour title since her comeback. Thus, she became the second-oldest player in the Open era to win a singles title on the tour, after Billie Jean King, who won Birmingham in 1983, aged 39 years, 7 months and 23 days.

Date then received a wildcard to play at the inaugural Tournament of Champions, the year-end championship, held in Bali, Indonesia. She was in Group C, along with Yanina Wickmayer and Anabel Medina Garrigues. She lost her first match against Wickmayer by a close 6–7, 2–6, but she won her second match against Medina Garrigues in straight sets. Due to Wickmayer's ban from the sport for one year, Date made the semifinals but lost to top seed Marion Bartoli.

2010
Date started 2010 with participation in Auckland where she received a wildcard to enter the maindraw. She easily beat former world No. 5, Anna Chakvetadze, in the first round, and then recovered from a set down to beat fifth seed Virginie Razzano for her first win over a top-20 player after her comeback. In the quarterfinals, Date was beaten 6–2, 6–2 by the third seed and eventual champion Yanina Wickmayer. She then qualified for Sydney International, a Premier tournament. In the opening round, she defeated Nadia Petrova for her second top-20 victory of 2010. In the second round, she came close to claiming her first top-10 win since 1996 when she pushed world No. 7, Victoria Azarenka, having at one stage trailed 1–6, 2–4. Date competed at the Australian Open in Melbourne, the first time since her comeback that she has had direct acceptance into a Grand Slam main draw. In the first round, she fell to Yaroslava Shvedova in straight sets.

In February, Date played for Japan's Fed Cup team for the first time since 1996. By winning all of her four matches, she was instrumental in securing her team's advance to the World Group II play-offs. At the PTT Pattaya Open in Thailand, she was seeded seventh but fell to Anastasia Rodionova in the first round.

Date defeated Melinda Czink in the first round of the Indian Wells Open, before falling to No. 15 seed Francesca Schiavone in the second. She also made it to the second round of the Miami Open by defeating former top-10 player Anna Chakvetadze. She then lost to No. 16 seed Nadia Petrova.

Date began her clay-court season at the Estoril Open in Portugal. In the first round, she outlasted 19-year-old Petra Martić, defeating her in 3 hours and 12 minutes 6–7, 7–5, 7–6. She played Anastasija Sevastova (who ousted top seed Ágnes Szávay in the first round) in the second round, but retired due to a recurring calf injury.

At the French Open, she defeated No. 9 seed and former world No. 1, 2009 runner-up Dinara Safina in the first round, despite being 2–4 down in the second set and two breaks down at 1–4 in the third, plus having an apparent calf injury. This was her first win in a grandslam's main draw since 1997 and at 39y/7m/26d, she became the oldest player ever to beat a top-10 player (previous-oldest was Billie Jean King at 39y/6m/29d). She was defeated by wildcard Jarmila Groth in the second round.

In Stanford, Date again defeated Safina in the first round, after trailing by a set and 2–0. Following the conclusion of the US Open series, Date, ranked 50th, became the oldest top-50 player since Billie Jean King in 1984.

At the US Open, Date received direct entry into the main draw but lost to two-time Grand Slam champion Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round. She then traveled to Seoul to defend her title at the Korea Open but lost in the quarterfinals to Ágnes Szávay. One week later, she accepted wildcard entry at the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo. She beat the defending champion and former world No. 1, Maria Sharapova, in the first round, 7–5, 3–6, 6–3. She then faced Daniela Hantuchová in the second round and won 2–6, 6–0, 4–0, as Hantuchová retired. This was on her 40th birthday. She then lost to French Open champion Francesca Schiavone in the third round 6–3, 6–3. Later on that same week, she went to China to participate at the China Open. She beat Anabel Medina Garrigues in the first round, but lost to Elena Dementieva in the second round, in three sets. Kimiko then returned home to compete at the Japan Open in Osaka. Seeded sixth, she defeated teenage qualifier Laura Robson in the first round and compatriot Aiko Nakamura. In the quarterfinals, she upset top seed and world No. 8, Samantha Stosur (becoming the first 40-something player to win a match against a top-10 player ) to book a semifinal encounter with third seed Shahar Pe'er. She beat her but lost the final match to unseeded Tanasugarn. With that reaching of the final in Osaka, she once again entered the top-50 WTA rankings at No. 48. Also, this final in Osaka had the oldest combined age of WTA tournament finalists at 73 (Date 40, Tanasugarn 33).

Date then received a wildcard to enter the Tournament of Champions in Bali, Indonesia for the second time in a row. Despite at one point having her serve broken seven consecutive times, she defeated first seeded, Li Na in the quarterfinals after being down 1–3 in the third set. She lost to Ana Ivanovic in the semifinals, but won the third place match against Daniela Hantuchová by the scoreline of 7–5, 7–5. With that performance in Bali, she was once again in the top 50s, moving up to No. 46, but falling back to finish the year at No. 51.

Her last activity of 2010 was participation in the Asian Games, where she won a bronze medal in singles and with Japan in the team competition.

2011
Date's first two tournaments of 2011 were in Auckland and Hobart. She would go on to lose in both first rounds to Kateryna Bondarenko, then Angelique Kerber the following week. Date's next tournament was the Australian Open where she lost a close encounter 4–6, 6–4, 5–7 to 12th seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round. Date held a 4–1 lead in the final set when her opponent called a medical time out. When play resumed, she suffered from cramps and found it hard to move losing six of the final seven games after the rhythm of the match had been interrupted as she stated in her post match interview. Date earned her first victory of the 2011 season at the Pattaya Open, defeating Renata Voráčová. At Indian Wells, Date gained direct entry into the tournament. In the first round she defeated Yaroslava Shvedova, in straight sets, but lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round. She then also reached the second round of Miami but again lost to Ivanovic in straight sets.

Date then suffered four consecutive losses in her clay-court campaign, in Barcelona, Madrid, Rome, and Strasbourg. In the French Open, she lost in straight sets in the first round to world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. She started out the grass-court season with a surprise doubles championship with Zhang Shuai in the Nottingham ITF tournament. But her singles losing streak continued, as she lost in the first round of Birmingham to eventual champion Sabine Lisicki. The week after, she ended her seven consecutive losses in 's-Hertogenbosch where she defeated sixth-seeded Maria Kirilenko in the first round and Lourdes Domínguez Lino in the second round. In her first quarterfinals appearance in 2011, she lost to Romina Oprandi.

At Wimbledon, Date defeated British wildcard Katie O'Brien, 6–0, 7–5. This win also marked her first main-draw victory at Wimbledon in fifteen years. In the second round, after winning the opening set, she lost a close-fought match on Centre Court to former world No. 1 and 23rd seed, Venus Williams, 7–6, 3–6, 6–8 in a match lasting 2 hours, 56 minutes. With her partner Zhang Shuai, She advanced to the third round of the women's doubles at Wimbledon for the first time in her career.

After qualifying for the Cincinnati Open, Date had an accident falling in the bathtub and injuring her left hand, forcing her out of competition for four to six weeks, requiring her to pull out of the tournament and not playing competitively until losing in the first round of the US Open to Sílvia Soler Espinosa 6–7, 6–7.

At the HP Open, Date again teamed with Zhang Shuai and defeated Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova in the doubles final to win her first WTA level doubles title since 1996. She then flew to Europe to participate at the Luxembourg Open but lost in the first round. At this point, her ranking fell to world No. 144.

Post to that loss, Date had good runs participating at three higher-tier tournaments in the ITF Circuit. She came in victorious in Poitiers and placed runner-up in both Taipei and Toyota. Her good runs in the circuit brought her ranking back to within the top 100; she finished 2011 ranked 87th in the world, her third successive top-100 finish since her 2008 comeback.

2012
Date started her year participating at a 50k+H event in Quanzhou, China as the first seed in both singles and doubles. She came in victorious in singles, winning the title by beating Tímea Babos in the final; and finished as the runner up in doubles, partnering with Zhang Shuai, to Chan Hao-ching and Rika Fujiwara.

At the Australian Open Date lost in the first round to Eleni Daniilidou in singles, and with Zhang Shuai, lost in the first round in doubles to 14th seeds Hsieh Su-wei and Galina Voskoboeva. However, she and Kei Nishikori received a wildcard entry into the mixed doubles draw and, in her first ever Grand Slam mixed-doubles match, defeated the team of Gisela Dulko and Eduardo Schwank to advance to the round of 16.

Then, Date earned her first WTA main draw victory of the season in Pattaya by reaching the second-round where she lost to Hsieh Su-wei. She lost in the first round of Monterrey and reached the second round of Indian Wells where she lost to Vera Zvonareva. In the first round of Miami, she faced former world No. 1 Venus Williams for the second time. She lost 0–6, 3–6. After consecutive losses in Charleston and Copenhagen, she played at a 50k event in Gifu, Japan as the first seed. She eventually won the title after defeating Noppawan Lertcheewakarn in the final. She then lost first round at Cagnes-sur-Mer when she had to retire against Anastasiya Yakimova. Following this, she made the quarterfinals of the ITF Prague losing to No. 2 seed Klára Zakopalová. She then lost in the first found of ten consecutive tournaments all of which were WTA or Grand Slam events except for ITF Nottingham. Nevertheless, she finished the year strong. She made the quarterfinals of Limoges losing to Stefanie Vögele. She then lost narrowly (as defending champion) in the first round of the ITF event in Poitiers to Elena Vesnina. She then made the quarterfinals of the WTA Taipei losing to Kristina Mladenovic 3–6, 0–6. From here, Date made the finals of each of her next three tournaments. She lost to Elina Svitolina at the Pune final, and to Stefanie Vögele at the ITF Toyota final. She then beat Yulia Putintseva to win Al Habtoor Challenge (ITF Dubai), her last tournament of the year. She ended the calendar year ranked 99 on 31 December 2012 (not to be confused with the WTA's 'year-end ranking' which is determined prior to this date), securing a berth in the upcoming 2013 Australian Open, and finishing in the top 100 for a fourth consecutive calendar year (and 10th overall).

2013
Date started the year narrowly losing to Duan Yingying in the first round of WTA Shenzhen 6–7, 5–7 after going through qualifying. She then went through qualifying in Sydney and lost to Agnieszka Radwańska in the round of 16 by 4–6, 3–6. At the Australian Open, Date won a singles match in this tournament for the first time since 1996, defeating No. 12 seed Nadia Petrova in straight sets, and becoming the oldest woman to ever win a main draw singles match in the Australian Open. She beat Shahar Pe'er in the second round, but then lost to Serbian Bojana Jovanovski. She went on to lose in the second round of Pattaya City to Ayumi Morita. After a string of losses in Fed Cup and Florianópolis she made the second round of Indian Wells pushing Elena Vesnina to three sets losing in three sets. She made the second round of Miami losing to Venus Williams. She retired in her first- and second-round matches at Monterrey and ITF Gifu.

Date skipped most of the clay-court season choosing only to participate in one warm-up tournament prior to the French Open. At Strasburg, she picked up a sixth WTA doubles title partnering with Chanelle Scheepers. She began the grass-court season in Birmingham losing first round to Alla Kudryavtseva. At Wimbledon, she became the oldest woman ever to reach the third round, losing to Serena Williams 2–6, 0–6.

She lost in the quarterfinals of Vancouver and in qualifying at Cincinnati. She lost in the first round of the US Open to Paula Ormaechea. She lost in the quarterfinals of Seoul to Francesca Schiavone after beating second seed (and then 19th ranked) Maria Kirilenko in the second round 6–3, 6–1. Her WTA 'Year-end ranking' was 54th, but finished the calendar year ranked 75th due to losses in qualifying and early rounds of Tokyo, Beijing, Osaka, Nanjing, and Taipei near the end of the year. This was the fifth consecutive calendar year she finished in the top 100 (and 11th overall).

2014: Grand Slam doubles semifinal
In the round of 16 at Brisbane International, Date pushed Dominika Cibulková (who would become a 2014 Australian Open finalist) to three sets. After qualifying and first-round losses at Sydney and the Australian Open, she lost in the quarterfinals of Pattaya City to Ekaterina Makarova in three sets. She lost in qualifying and early rounds of Acapulco, Indian Wells, and Miami. She made the semifinals of Monterrey losing to Jovana Jakšić in a close three-setter. She lost in early rounds of Kuala Lumpur, and Seoul. She then lost in the first round of the French Open to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She made the quarterfinals of Birmingham losing to Casey Dellacqua 1–6, 0–6. She lost first round of Wimbledon to eventual quarterfinalist Ekaterina Makarova. She lost early in Stanford, Montréal, and Cincinnati. She lost in the first round of the US Open to Venus Williams, but made the semifinals of doubles with Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová. She retired from her second-round match in Hong Kong losing to Francesca Schiavone. She then lost first round in Tokyo to Victoria Azarenka. In October, she matched her then career-high doubles ranking of 33. She would go on to reach a new career high of 28 in doubles early the following year.

2016
Date played just one match in 2016, at the Australian Open, where she lost to Amandine Hesse. Shortly after the tournament, she announced that she would be undergoing surgery on her left knee, after an MRI scan revealed that a crack in the knee had become a rupture. It was also reported that her meniscus was badly worn out.

2017
Date rejected the assumption that she would retire after her injury, stating "I didn’t want to just quit because I was hurt. I used it as motivation." At 46 years of age, Date played her first match in over a year at the Kangaroo Cup. Awarded a wildcard entry into the main draw, she lost to eventual runner-up Zhu Lin 2–6, 2–6. She then won three qualifying matches for a tournament in Changwon, but lost in the first round to Park So-hyun. Her next match was not until several months later, in July, at the Stockton Challenger; she was again defeated in the first round, losing 6–4, 3–6, 0–6 to Usue Maitane Arconada.

Date announced that she would retire after the Japan Women's Open, saying that she had been troubled with ongoing knee and shoulder pain. In the first round, she was defeated 6–0, 6–0 by Aleksandra Krunić.

Playing style
Date played with short backswings on both forehand and backhand sides. Date's playstyle is representative of those that dominated during her first career in the 1990s using less topspin in favour of a flatter shot. She is considered to possess the most notable "pancake" forehand in the women's game, with one of the lowest average spin RPM ever. She relies on her opponent's power to hit sharp angles and catch her opponents off-guard.

Since her comeback, Date played the best on grass, and her style was once described as "all stealthy, neat athleticism".

Personal life
Date was born in Kyoto, Japan. Her father is Juichi (died in 2007) and her mother is Masako. She has two siblings: Ryusuke and Junko. Date first played tennis at the age of six. She is left-handed, but was trained to play right-handed to follow Japanese custom. She was the tennis champion at Sonoda Gakuen Junior High School & Senior High School, where she graduated in 1989.

In December 2001, she married German auto racing driver Michael Krumm, they divorced in September 2016.

She currently owns and runs a German bakery in Tokyo named Frau Krumm.

In October 2017, she was included on the BBC's annual 100 Women list.

Video games

 * Date Kimiko no Virtual Tennis (1994, Super Famicom)

title: Kimiko Date


text:
Alexander Frumkin

Alexander Naumovich Frumkin (Алекса́ндр Нау́мович Фру́мкин; 24 October 1895 – 27 May 1976) was a Soviet Russian electrochemist, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1932, founder of the Russian Journal of Electrochemistry Elektrokhimiya and receiver of the Hero of Socialist Labor award. The Russian Academy of Sciences' A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry is named after him.

Early life
Frumkin was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Moldova) to a Jewish family; his father was an insurance salesman. His family moved to Odessa, where he received his primary schooling; he continued his education in Strasbourg, and then at the University of Bern. Frumkin's first published articles appeared in 1914, when he was only 19; in 1915, he received his first degree, back in Odessa. Two years later, the seminal article "Electrocapillary Phenomena and Electrode Potentials" was published.

Frumkin moved to Moscow in 1922 to work at the Karpov Institute, under A.N. Bakh. In 1930, Frumkin joined the faculty of Moscow University, where in 1933 he founded—and would head until his death—the department of electrochemistry.

Frumkin was married three times, including a brief first marriage to Vera Inber.

Scientific career
During the Second World War, Frumkin led a large team of scientists and engineers involved in defense issues. This contribution did not save him from being dismissed in 1949 as the director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry, when he was accused of cosmopolitanism.

Frumkin's most fundamental achievement was the fundamental theory of electrode reactions, which describes the influence of the structure of the interface between electrode and solution on the rate of electron transfer, especially emphasizing the involvement of the solvated electron and its free energy of solvation. This theory has been confirmed and extended within the framework of contemporary physical electron transfer models. Frumkin introduced the concept of the zero charge potential, the most important characteristic of a metal surface. The effect of adsorption on observed electrode kinetics is known as the Frumkin effect.

Alessandro Volta's question—a topic of discussion for over 120 years—about the nature of the EMF of electrochemical circuits was resolved using Frumkin's approach. Frumkin has developed the Frumkin isotherm, an extension of the Langmuir isotherm in describing certain adsorption phenomena. Frumkin's students developed novel experimental methods that would, in time, become standard. Several applied electrochemical processes, including ones related to chemical sources of electrical power, industrial electrolysis, and anti-corrosion protection, were successfully developed under Frumkin's supervision.

Honours and awards
Frumkin was nominated for Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1966, but he did not receive the Prize.
 * Hero of Socialist Labour - 1965
 * Order of Lenin, three times
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour, three times
 * Lenin Prize (1931)
 * Stalin Prize, three times (1941, 1949, 1952)

title: Alexander Frumkin


text:
The Prince of Tennis

The Prince of Tennis (テニスの王子様) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takeshi Konomi. The manga was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 1999 to March 2008, with its chapters collected in 42 tankōbon volumes. Viz Media licensed the manga for English release in North America.

A 178-episode anime television series adaptation animated by Trans Arts, co-produced by Nihon Ad Systems and TV Tokyo, was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 2001 to March 2005. A sequel of three original video animation (OVA) series, totaling 26 episodes, were released from March 2006 to January 2009. In North America, the anime series was first licensed by Viz Media and later by Funimation, which was renamed to Crunchyroll, LLC in 2022.

The Prince of Tennis developed into a media franchise, including a long-running radio show, numerous video games, well over 250 soundtracks and CDs, and other merchandise. Since 2003, more than fifteen stage musicals adaptations have been produced. An anime film premiered in January 2005. A live-action film premiered in May 2006. A 3DCG film premiered in September 2021.

A sequel to the manga, titled The New Prince of Tennis, began serialization in Shueisha's Jump Square in March 2009, with the story taking place several months after the end of the original manga.

By November 2019, The Prince of Tennis manga had over 60 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series.

Plot
The series is primarily set in Tokyo, and centers around Ryoma Echizen, a tennis prodigy who attends Seishun Academy (青春学園), or Seigaku (青学) for short, a school that is known for its strong tennis club and talented players. Shortly after entrance, Ryoma quickly defeats numerous upperclassmen, securing himself a spot as one of the team's regulars. In pursuit of their ultimate goal of winning the National Middle School Tennis Championship, members of the team make new friends while learning and mastering increasingly complex techniques. Ryoma also begins to develop his own style of tennis and eventually realizes what the sport really means to him.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Takeshi Konomi, The Prince of Tennis started in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on July 6, 1999. The series was put under hiatus when Konomi was injured in an accident during July 2006, but publication resumed in September 2006. The series finished on March 3, 2008. Shueisha collected its 379 individual chapters into forty-two tankōbon volumes published from January 7, 2000, to June 4, 2008.

In North America, Viz Media announced the acquisition of the series in February 2004. The 42 volumes were released from April 21, 2004. to July 5, 2011.

A 4-panel manga parody by Ken-ichi Sakura, titled The Prince of After School (放課後の王子様), began in Jump Square on November 4, 2008. The first collected volume was released on June 4, 2010. As of July 4, 2023, eight volumes have been released.

A sequel to the manga series, titled The New Prince of Tennis (新テニスの王子様), was announced in the December issue of Jump Square, published on November 4, 2008. The series began serialization in Jump Square on March 4, 2009. The story is set several months after the end of the first manga, and features Ryoma returning to Japan after his stay in America.

Anime
An anime television series adaptation animated by Trans Arts, co-produced by Nihon Ad Systems and directed by Takayuki Hamana, was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 10, 2001, to March 30, 2005, spanning a total of 178 episodes. The episodes were collected in forty-five DVD sets, released from January 25, 2002, to October 28, 2005.

In North America, the anime series was licensed by Viz Media. On April 24, 2007, Viz Media released the first The Prince of Tennis box set in the United States. Viz Media has also opted to not include the Japanese opening and ending themes, instead using electric guitar music. However, the original music themes can be found in the DVD extras of disc 3. As of January 15, 2008, four box sets have been released by Viz. The four box sets contain the first 50 episodes of the series. On April 2, 2021, Crunchyroll, then known as Funimation, announced they had licensed the series, and it would stream it on their website with a new English dub. After Funimation was unified under the Crunchyroll brand in 2022, the series joined its namesake streaming service.

Original video animations
The anime television series was followed by a three original video animation (OVA) series which adapted the "National Tournament" arc. The first 13-episode OVA was launched on seven DVDs from March 24, 2006, to March 23, 2007; The second 6-episode OVA was launched on three DVDs from June 22, 2007, to January 25, 2008; The third 7-episode OVA was launched on four DVDs (including the first numbered 0) from April 25, 2008; to January 23, 2009.

A 4-episode OVA, subtitled "Another Story", was released on two DVDs on May 26 and September 25, 2009. A 4-episode sequel to "Another Story" was released on two DVDs on August 26 and October 26, 2011.

Musicals
Beginning in 2003, a series of Prince of Tennis musicals began. Each year sees two musicals based on the storyline come out in the summer and winter, with a 'Dream Live' performance each Spring, featuring numerous actors and past songs. Each storyline musical adapts a single arc of the manga, typically one specific match against a team. Due to the aging of the actors, all the main characters have been recast several times.

Films
The Prince of Tennis: Futari no Samurai (テニスの王子様 二人のサムライ The First Game) is the first animated film of the series. It was released on January 29, 2005, and co-aired with a short film, Tennis no Oujisama: Atobe Kara no Okurimono (跡部からの贈り物).

On May 13, 2006, a live-action film adaptation premiered in Japan.

The Prince of Tennis: Tennis no Ouji-sama Eikoku-shiki Teikyū-jō Kessen! (テニスの王子様 英国式庭球城決戦！ The Junior Tournament) is the second film directed by Shunsuke Tada. It was released on August 14, 2011.

At the Jump Festa '19 event, a new film titled ''Ryōma! Shinsei Gekijōban Tennis no Ōji-sama (Ryoma! Rebirth: The Prince of Tennis Movie'') was announced. The film features an original story set between the end of The Prince of Tennis manga and the start of The New Prince of Tennis manga. The film is in 3DCG, and is directed by Hiroshi Kōjina and animated by The Monk Studios and Keica with cooperation by Studio Kai. Takehito Hata is writing scripts, Kei Tsuda is composing the music, and Konomi himself is supervising the film and writing all insert songs. It was initially scheduled to be released in early 2020, but it was delayed to September 3, 2021. Eleven Arts licensed the film for international release.

Video games
The Prince of Tennis franchise has spawned many different video games. The vast majority of these are either tennis games or dating sims, and they are spread across several different video game consoles. The first of these games was released for the PlayStation console on February 20, 2002, and is the only game which holds the simple Prince of Tennis title – all of the following game titles are preceded by the "Prince of Tennis" title. This was followed by Genius Boys Academy, which was released for the Game Boy Advance on April 25, 2002. Since then, several other video games have been released for different gaming consoles, including one more PlayStation game, three Game Boy Advance games, five Nintendo DS games, thirteen PlayStation 2 games, and one mobile game. The latest game to be released was New Prince of Tennis: Rising Beat in 2017, a rhythm-based mobile game developed by Bushiroad. This game is the first game to be released outside of Japan.

Additionally, characters from The Prince of Tennis appeared in the Shōnen Jump based video games Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars.

Dramas
There also are two Chinese dramas based on "The Prince of Tennis" story, with the titles of "The Prince of Tennis" (Mandarin: "网球王子"; Pinyin: "Wang Qiu Wang Zi") and "Go for It! The Prince of Tennis" (Mandarin: "加油! 网球王子"; Pinyin: "Jia You! Wang Qiu Wang Zi"). The first is the first season, while the second is the second season. There are some differences due to localization for names and cultural themes, including all the characters being renamed, but is still recognizable from its story and the characters' portrayal. The first season covers from when Ryoma first appears in the series up to the end of their equivalent of the Tokyo Prefecturals, while the second season picks up from the end of the first season and goes to the end of their equivalent of the Kanto Tournament. Due to being based on the anime, Josei Shonan is included. In addition, hints of the live-action film is present.

A third Chinese drama, produced by Netflix in 2019, is called The Prince of Tennis (奋斗吧，少年！or Forge On, Young Men). It is set in China. A reticent talented teenage tennis player returns to China after spending his childhood overseas—the show does not specify where he spends his childhood—but he is trapped under the shadows of his father who used to be a top tennis player. When he joins a high school in China, he learns the importance of friendship and teamwork, and perhaps even gains his self-identity.

Other media
The series has produced a half-hour weekly radio show, over 300 music CDs and a large selection of merchandise. Including a trading card game and figures. Three live events, "TeniPuri Perfect Live" in 2003, "The 100 song marathon" in 2008 and "Tenipuri Festa" in 2009, were held by the TeniPuri voice actors and Konomi Takeshi himself.

The 1986 J-pop song "Valentine Kiss" by Sayuri Kokushō was covered multiple times by multiple characters in the series. From February 2004 through February 2010, a total of nine different versions of the song were released (seven individually, and the final two together). The first one, featuring the character Keigo Atobe (voiced by Junichi Suwabe) reached No. 14 on the Oricon charts.

Reception
The Prince of Tennis has become a successful franchise. By March 2008, the first 40 volumes of the manga had sold over 40 million copies. By January 2012, the manga had over 51 million copies in circulation. By November 2019, the manga had over 60 million copies in circulation.

Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network reviewed the first DVD box set released by Viz Media, and commented that "Prince of Tennis is among the dregs of the genre." They go on to say that it is "boring" and "lacks the human drama necessary to get audiences to care who wins or loses." Chris Beveridge of Mania.com, however, commented that the show "takes the usual themes in sports shows and applies them masterfully." DVD Talk takes more of a nonchalant view, commenting that the "series is okay but not great" and that it has some charm, which will make you not regret watching it. Active Anime also gave praise to the series, saying that it "holds some surprising twists to the regular sports drama formula", and praised the suspenseful matches and innovative techniques.

In a 2005 poll conducted by TV Asahi for the 100 most popular anime television series, The Prince of Tennis came in 27th place. They also conducted an online web poll, in which The Prince of Tennis placed eighteenth. Nearly a year later, TV Asahi once again conducted an online poll for the top 100 anime series, and The Prince of Tennis advanced in rank and came in eighth place. They also surveyed Japanese celebrities for their favorite anime, where the series only came in 68th out of the top 100.

title: The Prince of Tennis


text:
User:DidierC

I discovered Wikipedia begin 2004 and I think it is a beautiful tool.

I will try to add a little bit of information about Belgium (my country), politics (but not easy with a NPOV) and a few other things.

title: User:DidierC


text:
Wikipedia talk:Mailing list postings that should be read by everyone

Oh, I'd been doing something similar on user:Jimbo Wales. Ho hum. Martin 17:38, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Jimbo is not the only person who makes mailing list postings that everyone should read. :) I think this page is a better place so it can cover anyone's posts. I was also wondering whether it might be worth having this on Meta instead and making it international. Is the English list the only place interesting things are happening? What about being notified of things on other lists. Also - what is interesting? Those involved in the recipe fights probably think those are, but I expect most people could happily survive with no knowledge of those. Angela. 16:55, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

Is there any objection to deprecating this page now and including important emails in the Goings-on page instead? Angela. 00:10, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess no comments in over a week means no objections. I've redirected it now. Angela. 00:58, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)