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Charles Avery Dunning

Charles Avery Dunning (July 31, 1885 – October 1, 1958) was the third premier of Saskatchewan. Born in England, he emigrated to Canada at the age of 16. By the age of 36, he was premier. He had a successful career as a farmer, businessman, and politician, both provincially and federally.

A Liberal, Dunning led his government in one general election, in 1925, winning a majority government. He was the third of six Liberal premiers to date. He resigned as Premier in 1926 to enter federal politics and was succeeded by James Gardiner. He served in the Cabinet of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.

After leaving politics, Dunning served for many years as the Chancellor of Queen's University at Kingston.

Early life
Known throughout his life as "Charlie", Dunning was born in Croft, Leicestershire, England. As a teenager, he originally worked in an iron foundry in England, but in 1902, at age 16, he followed a friend's advice and travelled to Canada to work as a farm hand.

Penniless when he arrived, within a year Dunning filed for his own homestead under the Dominion Lands Act in the Beaver Dale district, west of Yorkton. Satisfied that a permanent move to Canada made sense, he convinced the remainder of his family to come to Saskatchewan, operating a farm in partnership with his father. He eventually married Ada Rowlatt from Saskatchewan, with whom he had two children.

Business career in Saskatchewan
During his career as a farmer, Dunning was involved in the local of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association, an early proponent of a farmer-owned cooperative grain marketing system. In 1910, he attended the general meeting of the Association. Dunning's enthusiasm was apparent, and he was promptly elected as a director. The following year, he was elected as vice-president of the Association.

In 1919, Dunning prepared a report on the gain elevator system, which led to the incorporation of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company by the Saskatchewan government. The SCEC was a farmers' cooperative, financed in part by shares purchased by farmers at $7.50 per share, and in part by a loan guarantee from the provincial government. A co-operative marketing system required physical assets. Dunning was appointed a provisional director of a board that had only a few months to raise the necessary capital to build a line of rural grain elevators. At age 25, the youngest man on the board, Dunning watched as each one of his seniors turned down the critical job of organizing the capital campaign. Dunning took the job and succeeded. The following year, in 1911, he was rewarded for his efforts by being named the first general manager of the company. Four years later, it was the largest grain handling company in the world. Under Dunning's management, the SCEC had built 230 elevators and had handled over 28 million bushels of grains.

As manager, Dunning was instrumental in developing a provincial hail insurance scheme, which survives today as Saskatchewan Municipal Hail Insurance. He also sat on two royal commissions, the Grain Market Commission and the Agricultural Credit Commission. He became a wealthy man, with a reputation for integrity.

MLA and Cabinet Minister: 1916 – 1922
Dunning's interests turned to politics. The Liberal government of Walter Scott, Saskatchewan's first premier, was tainted with allegations of corruption. Scott resigned, and an outsider to provincial politics, William Melville Martin, succeeded him as Liberal leader and premier, with a mandate to clean up the government. Martin recruited Dunning to the new Liberal government. In October 1916, Martin brought Dunning into Cabinet, appointing him as Provincial Treasurer. Dunning then stood for election to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in a by-election held in the Kinistino constituency in November 1916. Unopposed, he was acclaimed a Member of the Legislative Assembly. Dunning held the position of Provincial Treasurer continuously for his ten years as an MLA.

Traditional politics were being challenged, as farmer movements had become politically active, creating new political parties throughout Canada. Dunning's political astuteness, and his strong background in farmer organisations, were significant factors in the Saskatchewan Liberal Party retaining power. During his time in provincial politics, Dunning persuaded the farmer's movement in Saskatchewan to support the provincial Liberals, and eventually the federal Liberal party as well, at a time when farmers elsewhere switched their support to the Progressive Party of Canada and the United Farmers.

In the general election of 1917, Dunning won a contested race for the seat of Moose Jaw County by obtaining twice the votes of his opponent. He remained the member for Moose Jaw County for the remainder of his time in provincial politics. Dunning ran unopposed in the general election of 1921, and won a contested race in the general election of 1925 by a 2.5 to 1 margin.

Between 1916 and 1922, Dunning held a series of Cabinet posts. In addition to his ten years as Provincial Treasurer, he also was appointed Provincial Secretary, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Municipal Affairs, Minister of Railways, and Minister of Telephones.

Premier of Saskatchewan: 1922 – 1926
The continued political tensions between the federal Liberal Party and the farmer-influenced Progressives led to Dunning becoming Premier of Saskatchewan in 1922, at age 36.

The federal Liberals were increasingly unpopular in Saskatchewan, which contributed to the rise of the Progressives. The provincial Liberals continued to advance their position as a farmers' party, to the point that in 1921, Premier Martin severed the organizational ties between the Saskatchewan Liberal Party and the federal Liberal Party. He also recruited another popular farm leader, John Archibald Maharg. Like Dunning, Maharg had ties to the farmer co-operative movement, being the president of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association and the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company. Maharg agreed to support the Martin government, although he stood for election as an independent member, not as a Liberal. By maintaining a close connection to the farmers with the support of Dunning and Maharg, the Martin government was re-elected in the 1921 provincial election with a substantial majority, although some Progressive candidates were also elected, forming the official opposition. Martin kept Dunning as Provincial Treasurer, and appointed Maharg as Minister of Agriculture.

The situation changed with the federal election late in 1921. The federal Progressives continued to oppose the unpopular federal Liberals. Premier Martin intervened in the election at the local level in Saskatchewan, campaigning for Liberal candidates, including the Liberal candidate in Regina. His support for the federal Liberals angered the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association, who began to discuss the possibility of establishing a separate farmer party. Maharg accused Martin of acting in bad faith, and resigned from Cabinet. He crossed the floor and eventually became the leader of the opposition.

The contretemps between Martin and Maharg had the potential to split the provincial Liberal party. A few months after the federal election, Martin resigned as premier and as leader of the Liberal party. The Liberals chose Dunning as the new party leader, and he then became premier of Saskatchewan. His immediate task as premier was to repair relations with the farm movement. He met with representatives of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association, to reassure them that he still supported the farm movement, rather than the Liberal government in Ottawa, and that the provincial Liberals were in fact a farmer party. He also requested copies of resolutions from the SGGA annual convention, presumably to assist in setting government policy. Dunning's overtures were successful, and the SSGA pulled back from suggestions that they should use their organisational strength to establish a separate farmer party.

Dunning further established the position of the Liberal government in a series of by-elections, most of which resulted in Liberal candidates being elected. By the time of the next general election in 1925, Dunning had healed the rift with the farmers. The Liberals were re-elected with a substantial majority, and the Progressives were unable to build on their previous success in the 1922 election.

The main issue the Dunning government faced was the falling price of wheat, which resulted from a post-war depression. His government supported the re-establishment of the Canadian Wheat Board by the federal government. The Dunning government ended prohibition after a 1924 plebiscite, but sought to continue regulation through government-owned and operated liquor stores.

Dunning also supported efforts towards voluntary pooling of farm products, and the nascent Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. His last major policy step as premier was to arrange for the enactment of legislation to authorise the sale of the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator Company to the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, over the objections of Maharg, who was still on the board of the SCEC. The Wheat Pool bought the SCEC for $11 million. (The equivalent in 2021 would be $166.91 million. ) Farmers who bought shares in the SCEC for $7.50 in 1911 when Dunning was general manager would receive $155.84 per share in 1926.

Potential Liberal leader
Western farmers had traditionally been a source of support for the federal Liberals, but in the 1921 federal election many farmers had instead supported the Progressive party. The new leader of the federal Liberals, William Lyon Mackenzie King, had managed to defeat the Conservatives led by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen, but only won a minority government. King was able to stay in power only by support from the Progressives. King was determined to rebuild the Liberals' farm support, particularly in western Canada.

In an effort to win back farmers, Mackenzie King began to court Dunning with his strong farm roots, encouraging him to enter federal politics. Campaigning in Saskatchewan at one point, with Dunning also on the speakers' platform, King spontaneously stated to the audience that he would like to see Dunning in the federal Cabinet. In 1926, Dunning accepted the invitation. Resigning as premier and leaving provincial politics, he was elected to the federal riding of Regina by acclamation in a by-election held in March, 1926, as a member of the federal Liberals.

Even though King brought Dunning to Ottawa, there was a risk for King, namely that Dunning could displace King as the leader of the Liberals. In the 1925 election, the Liberals had actually come in second in seats in the House of Commons, behind the Conservatives, and only held onto power through another minority government with Progressive support. King had also been personally defeated in his own riding in Ontario. He was only able to re-enter the Commons when the Liberal member for Prince Albert, Saskatchewan resigned his seat. King was elected in the Prince Albert by-election. King was able to stay in office as prime minister, but his position as party leader was not strong.

In light of the 1925 election results and King's personal defeat, some of the power brokers in the Liberal party began to consider whether Dunning would make a better leader than King. Quiet behind-the-scenes preparations started to be made, in case King stumbled badly and it was necessary to install Dunning as leader.

By June, 1926, King was no longer able to govern. His minority government, elected only half a year earlier in the 1925 election, depended on support from the Progressives, but a political scandal in the Customs department triggered the withdrawal of Progressive support. Dunning, now in the House of Commons, vigorously defended the Liberal government, providing strong support for King, but knowing that King's defeat might well make him Liberal leader. Facing a vote of censure in the Commons which, if passed, would likely bring down his government, on June 28, 1926, King requested that the Governor General, Viscount Byng of Vimy, dissolve Parliament and call a general election. Byng refused, relying on the reserve power invested in him by the Imperial government. King immediately resigned, and Byng called on Meighen, now the Leader of the Opposition, to form a government.

The Liberals and Dunning were now in opposition. King's status as party leader was even more in doubt. The movement among leading Liberals to draft Dunning as a replacement as party leader grew stronger, now almost out in the open.

However, the party standings in the House of Commons were so close that Meighen was unable to put together a stable government. Appointed as prime minister on June 28, 1926, Meighen lost a vote of confidence in the Commons by one vote only a few days later, at 2 a.m. on July 2, 1926. Meighen in turn requested that the Governor General dissolve Parliament. This time Byng granted the dissolution, with the general election set for September. King campaigned on the basis that Byng's refusal to grant him a dissolution, and then in turn granting a dissolution to his political opponent, was unwarranted Imperial interference in Canadian affairs. The controversy, known as the King-Byng Affair, was a winning platform for King and the Liberals. They were returned to power, although still with a minority government.

Doubts about King's status as party leader ended. Dunning was re-elected to his Regina seat by 900 votes and King again appointed him to Cabinet, no longer viewing him as a threat.

Minister of Railways and Canals: 1926 – 1929
When Dunning had been elected to the House of Commons in March 1926, King had immediately appointed him to the powerful position of Minister of Railways and Canals in the federal Cabinet. King re-appointed him to the same portfolio after the Liberals were returned to office in September, 1926. The position was one of particular importance to western farmers, who were dependent on the national railway system to get their products to markets.

During his time as Minister of Railways and Canals, Dunning established himself as a friend of the Western farmer. Decisions made during Dunning's tenure included his accession to a petition from area farmers to have the Canadian National Railways build a branch line through his old home of Beaver Dale to Parkerview, Saskatchewan. He also settled a longstanding debate by choosing Churchill, Manitoba as the terminus of the Hudson Bay Railway. Upon completion of the railway and port facilities in 1931, Churchill became the closest Canadian port to Liverpool. The shipping route to Churchill was 1,600 kilometres shorter than the overland route to Montreal. Dunning was also a staunch supporter of Sir Henry Thornton, the U.S.-born Englishman who, in 1922 had taken over the presidency of the Canadian National Railways.

Minister of Finance: 1929 – 1930
In 1929, when Dunning was still a relatively young man at age 44, King appointed him the federal Minister of Finance. As in his previous portfolio, Dunning earned a reputation for hard work and fairness. It was said that it was typical of Dunning that, although feeling ill, he remained on his feet throughout the reading and passage of his first set of estimates as Minister of Finance. As soon as the estimates were passed, Dunning collapsed and was rushed to the hospital to be treated for appendicitis.

Dunning was not only interested in domestic politics. He was also keenly interested in international politics, and particularly, in Canada's relationship with his "old country", the United Kingdom. Dunning participated in Canada's delegation to the League of Nations.

In 1930, when the United States proposed the draconian Smoot-Hawley tariff, Canada's response was the Dunning tariff with increased duties and further tariff preference for the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries. The opposition Conservatives criticised the tariff on the basis that the imperial preference was prejudicial to Canadian interests.

Defeat in the 1930 election
Canadians went to the polls in the general election of July, 1930, at the beginning of the Great Depression. The Conservatives under their new leader, Richard Bennett, defeated King and the Liberals, winning a majority government. Although Bennett had opposed the Dunning tariff while in opposition, the Conservatives maintained the tariff, which stayed in effect until renegotiated in the late 1930s.

Dunning lost his Regina seat by over 3,500 votes (obtaining only two-thirds of the winner's total). Safe Liberal seats were offered to Dunning, but he turned them down, thinking that a business career would protect his family's financial future. He restarted his business career reorganizing an under-performing subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway, thereafter establishing a reputation as a brilliant re-organizer of insolvent companies.

Minister of Finance: 1935 – 1939
King and the Liberals regained power in the 1935 general election. Now firmly in control of the Liberal party and the government, he immediately went to Dunning, pressing him to re-enter politics. King convinced Dunning that he was needed in the tough economic times created by the Great Depression. A sitting Member of Parliament was persuaded to step aside, and Dunning was yet again acclaimed, in a 1936 by-election held in the constituency of Queen's in Prince Edward Island. Dunning returned to the Finance portfolio. This time, one of Dunning's legacies was the establishment of the Central Mortgage Bank, the predecessor to the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

Dunning was still sometimes mentioned as a possible successor to King, but in 1938, Dunning had a heart attack. Unable to carry on the stress of his Cabinet position, and locked in a perpetual conflict with the other Saskatchewan minister in the Cabinet, Jimmy Gardiner, in 1939 Dunning retired from politics.

Second business career: 1940 – 1958
In ill health, Dunning relocated to Montreal. In 1940, he was appointed as president and CEO of Ogilvie Flour Mills, a position he held until 1947, when he was appointed chairman of the board. In addition to his duties with Ogilvie, Dunning continued his business of corporate reorganization. He sat on a number of prestigious corporate and bank boards, including that of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

During World War II, Dunning was chair of the National War Loans Committee, raising money for the war effort. He was also chair of Allied Supplies Limited, a company created by the federal government to co-ordinate the production of munitions and explosives.

Chancellor of Queen's University at Kingston
In 1940, Dunning was awarded an honorary doctorate by Queen's University at Kingston, and was appointed chancellor of the university. Although Dunning was not himself a wealthy man, his contacts in the business world enabled him to raise considerable funds for Queen's. One story is that during a meeting a of the CPR Board, Dunning passed a note to Colonel Robert Samuel McLaughlin, a wealthy member of the Board, saying that Queen's needed a new engineering building. The note came back with an invitation to talk after the meeting. A new engineering building at Queen's was the result. Dunning also used his financial expertise for general fund-raising campaigns. With his knowledge of federal tax law, he was able to find a new way for companies to make donations and take considerable tax benefits, resulting in substantial donations to Queen's.

Dunning's abilities earned him the gratitude of the university, which named Dunning Hall in his honour. The Chancellor Dunning Trust Lectureship was established by an anonymous donor, to "promote the understanding and appreciation of the supreme importance of the dignity, freedom, and responsibility of the individual person in human society". More recently, the university has established the Stauffer-Dunning Chair in Public Policy.

Death
Dunning died in 1958, aged 74, following kidney surgery. He is buried in Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal.

Honours
In 1985, Dunning was designated as a National Historic Person by the federal government's heritage registry.

In 2005, as part of Saskatchewan's centennial celebration, Dunning's memory was commemorated in two ways. First, the Provincial Revenue Building was renamed Dunning Place, recognising Dunning's long tenure as Provincial Treasurer. The Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator Company also had its offices in the building when Dunning was general manager.

Second, on the initiative of Saskatchewan's Lieutenant-Governor, Dr. Gordon Barnhart, Dunning's gravesite in Montreal's Mount Royal Cemetery was commemorated by a bronze plaque, recognizing Dunning's contribution to the people of Saskatchewan.

Dunning Hall at Queen's University is named after Dunning. Queen's School of Business occupied Dunning Hall for many years. Since 2002, it has housed the Department of Economics.

In addition to his honorary degree from Queen's, Dunning also received honorary doctorates from McGill University in 1939 and the University of Saskatchewan in 1946.

Dunning Crescent in Regina is named after Dunning.

Summary
Dunning served the third-shortest term of the fifteen Premiers of Saskatchewan. As premier, Dunning won one majority government, in the general election of 1925. He served one continuous term, from April 5, 1922, to February 26, 1926, and was in office as premier for a total of 23 years, 40 days.

Dunning was first elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in 1916, and was re-elected in the general elections of 1917, 1921 and 1925. He was acclaimed in the 1916 by-election, and again in the 1921 general election. Dunning won two contested constituency elections (in 1917 and 1925) by significant margins. His total time as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1916 to 1926 was.

Dunning entered federal politics in 1926, being elected to the House of Commons of Canada by acclamation in a by-election in March 1926. He was re-elected in the general election in the fall of 1926. He lost his seat in the general election of 1930, but was re-elected by acclamation in by-election in 1935, this time from the riding of Queen's in Prince Edward Island. He served in the Commons for a total of 8 years, 6 months, 10 days.

Dunning stood for election a total of nine times, provincial and federal. He was elected by acclamation five times, won contested elections three times, and was defeated once. His total time as an elected representative, provincial and federal, was 17 years, 200 days.

1925 General election
Dunning led the Liberal Party in one general election, in 1925, and won a majority government.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Co-Leader of the Opposition when the election was called; Co-Leader of the Opposition after the election.

Saskatchewan constituency elections
Dunning stood for election to the Legislative Assembly four times, once in a by-election and in three general elections, in two different ridings (Kinistino and Moose Jaw County). He was acclaimed twice, and won twice by substantial margins.

1916 By-election: Kinistino
The by-election was called on the resignation of the sitting Liberal member, Edward Haywood Devline, to give Dunning, who had been appointed Provincial Treasurer, an opportunity to win a seat in the Legislation Assembly.

E Elected.

1917 General election: Moose Jaw County
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1921 General election: Moose Jaw County
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1925 General election: Moose Jaw County
E Elected. X Incumbent.

Federal constituency elections, 1926 to 1935
After leaving provincial politics, Dunning stood for election to the House of Commons five times. He was elected to the House of Commons three times in one year, all from Regina, and defeated once. He later was elected from Queen's in Prince Edward Island.

1926 By-election: Regina
E Elected.

The by-election was called on the resignation of the sitting Liberal member, Francis Nicholson Darke, to create a vacancy for Dunning.

1926 General election: Regina
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1926 By-election: Regina
E Elected. X Incumbent.

The by-election was called on Dunning accepting a federal Cabinet position, an office of profit under the Crown, on October 5, 1926.

1930 General election: Regina
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1935 By-election: Queen's, Prince Edward Island
E Elected.

The by-election was called on the appointment of the incumbent, James Larabee, to an office of profit under the Crown, on December 18, 1935, to give Dunning, who had already been appointed Minister of Finance, the opportunity to re-enter the Commons.

title: Charles Avery Dunning


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List of radio telescopes

This is a list of radio telescopes – over one hundred – that are or have been used for radio astronomy. The list includes both single dishes and interferometric arrays. The list is sorted by region, then by name; unnamed telescopes are in reverse size order at the end of the list.

The first radio telescope was invented in 1932, when Karl Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories observed radiation coming from the Milky Way.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of radio telescopes


text:
Talk:Bird vocalization

Cortical-basal ganglia circuit
The cortical nuclei involved have been more precisely delineated in "Covert skill learning in a cortical-basal ganglia circuit" by Charlesworth et al. in Nature 486, 251 from 2012-06-14 showing that learning of excellence (singing with a higher fundamental frequency) may happen without motoric realisation. Robert Eriksens (talk) 19:44, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Subheadings
Could this page not be broken down into sub-headings? it is a little confusing at the moment

Cleanup
I agree about the subheadings, and I also think it needs more from the behavioral side of ornithology, some birds with famous songs, duets, loud songs, etc. —JerryFriedman 00:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Could someone record a starling singing?
The starling image is terrific. Could someone record a starling singing so the image could have an associated audio clip? --Jtir 19:49, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * You can use the template to make audio file requests. You could also place this on the starling page. This page should definitely have links to relevant songs throughout, not just a commons link at the end. Richard001 06:06, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There are some starling sounds on Freesound. Shyamal 09:05, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Misdirected link
Is there any reason the 'music' link in the introduction redirects to Avril Lavigne? 144.124.16.28 09:09, 26 April 2007 (UTC) On a second look a lot of the links in the introduction seem biased. For example 'some people' redirects to an article on insanity (implying that anyone who considers birdsong music is insane) and 'cult movements' redirects to hippies.
 * Yikes! That is some badly missed vandalism. The whole intro was replaced with nonsense really. Thanks for pointing that out. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  11:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Move to Bird vocalization
A move of this page to Bird vocalization is under discussion on the bird project talk page. This article would include material on bird call, song, behavioural aspects, learning, mimicry, call semantics, sonograms, use of calls in systematics, acoustic ecology etcetera. Comments here or on the bird project talk page are welcome. Shyamal 03:29, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The article has now been upgraded to be more suitable for the title of bird vocalization, but the move seems to be rather tricky with a large number of incoming links, a disambiguation page for bird song etc. So leaving it as is for now. Shyamal 15:19, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

NWF article
I saw an article in the National Wildlife Federation magazine about bird song, specifically about the groups of birds that learn their song and aren't born knowing it, and thought the information might be useful to this article. Here's a link to the article if anyone's interested:. I think it would also provide a source for the dialect fact. --Jude. 18:25, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

messed-up sentence
I can't tell what this means (from "Learning"). Someone who knows, please fix it.
 * The early song is "plastic" and variable and it takes two or three months to and the song is perfect and non-varying when the bird becomes sexually mature.'

On the other hand, in "Anatomy" I took a guess that "it" in the following sentence meant "the bird" (not "the syrinx"):
 * It controls the pitch by changing the tension on the membranes and controls both pitch and volume by changing the force of exhalation.

—JerryFriedman 06:22, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I am responsible for the first bit and hopefully it is now resolved. Shyamal 06:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, those editing errors that are invisible to the editor. I have generated many of them myself.  —JerryFriedman 21:54, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Another sentence with ambiguous diction confounds me: "Many hypotheses have been made on the functions of vocal mimicry including suggestions that they may be involved in sexual selection by acting as an indicator of fitness, help brood parasites, or protect against predation, but strong support is lacking for any function.[30]" In particular I suspect helping brood parasites wouldn't be the goal of birds (or our maker). If a bird could banish parasites with vocalizations that would be of interest. Warding off unsuspecting birds with vocalizations meant to steer them clear of local parasites would seem generally unlikely, also exceeding intended scope (implied by context). Jeffreagan (talk) 13:55, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

learning and neurophysiology section
I just added some new content to the Learning and Neurophysiology sections. The new content highlights more recent findings and models for birdsong learning. I also switched the order of these two sections to enhance the logical flow of the information, and changed the name of the Neurophysiology section to Neuroanatomy in order to make the section name more rightly fit the content found within it. I also cleaned up and contributed additional content to the Auditory Feedback section. Due to inadequate sources and discussion of speculative subjects that lacked scientific vigor, I moved the Bird Language section further down in the article, and deleted the last paragraph in the section, which lacked citations and evidence. G. Baum, Cornell University 21:56, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

I just cleaned up both of these sections, adding a little and taking away a little. Hopefully it's less scattered (there was a lot of information for learning in the neurophysiology section). Let me know what you think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agutwin (talk • contribs) 21:28, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

I added a little more to the auditory feedback section, and moved it to a subheading off of learning. I think that it shouldn't be it's own heading because it is so tied to the learning section, also it makes everything a little more organized to have it this way. Agutwin (talk) 18:59, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

I dont understand how I got here, but why and how? EMC1213 (talk) 19:58, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Morse Code
Bird calls have also had Morse code used to notate them, but apparently we are not allowed to mention that. Jidanni (talk) 02:00, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It needs a reliable reference WP:RS. It must be dots and dashes to indicate timing rather than the Morse code encoding to send messages. Shyamal (talk) 03:35, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

British Library bird songs
'British Library's archive of bird sounds representing more than 8,000 species.' Yes, but could someone (tm) locate the page? The link gives a four-oh-four. 91.152.87.120 (talk) 17:55, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Brain and Language special issue
The journal Brain and Language just put out a special issue on birdsong: Vol. 115, No. 1. The (1.5-page) introduction might be a nice reference for here; it also lists some other review articles that are good overviews. If anyone can't access it, feel free to contact me and I can e-mail pdfs. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 12:16, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Mirror neurons
Is it really appropriate to have a long section on mirror neurons here based exclusively on Prather's research? There are about ten high-profile research groups studying various aspects of the neuroscience of bird vocalization and it would seem unwieldy to have a 7-paragraph of each group's research, but biased to only include such a long summary for some of them.

Ionocube (talk) 08:33, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

TICS review
Here's another helpful source: r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 14:54, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

last sentences of "bird language" don't really fit
"For example, ravens mobbing a hawk or owl in a tree will clump around the predator in a loose ball, calling and diving. If the ravens rise off the tree and fly higher, the predator was a hawk and has flown up to escape, as is typical of hawks. If the ravens drop out of the tree and fly low and away, the predator was an owl and has dropped low off its perch to escape, as is typical of owls.[44]" -- this doesn't seem to fit in with the rest of the "bird" language section. Of course, it's an interesting factoid about alarm, but how is it language? (And not just two responses that we can interpret as having different causes) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.160.125.105 (talk) 07:54, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Should article mention effects on human beings?
The Radio Four programme All in the Mind discussed, on an edition broadcast in November 2012, the psychological effects that bird song had on human beings. Does any one think this is a topic worth discussion in this article? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:34, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Connection to Contact Calling
The page on contact calling links the phenomenon to birds however there is not much if anything on this page dealing with birds using vocalization in order to keep in contact with each other during foraging and the like (I only discovered this page as I was doing a search to find out why the birds around me at a local gardens were doing a continuous call - response cycle - of coarse my enquiry went unanswered until I found the contact calling page). Felt this worth a mention although I am not qualified to do the actual edit myself. Norlesh (talk) 08:40, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Bird song and music
The sentence "This claim has been refuted by Sotorrio (Tone Spectra), who has shown that birds are not selecting scale tones from a myriad of tonal possibilities, but are filtering out and reinforcing the available set of overtones from the fundamental tones of their vocal cords." needs references. In general this subsection is lacking many recent advances made on musicality of bird song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arayasalas (talk • contribs) 17:07, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/WFAE/library/articles/krause_niche.pdf
 * Added tag to http://m.rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1644/20130179.full.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080307225409/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/13pdfs/Alstrom-Mirafra.pdf to http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/13pdfs/Alstrom-Mirafra.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100728131947/http://birdlanguage.com/about/ to http://birdlanguage.com/about/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150702124543/http://www.thetedhughessociety.org/crow.htm to http://www.thetedhughessociety.org/crow.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://pages.cthome.net/rwinkler/hollwood.htm

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Audio files

 * a large number of audio files have been added to this article without any discussion. It is not usual to have more than a very few media files in an article. There is no consensus for the extended sequence of additions. I would oppose having more than perhaps two or three files, carefully chosen to illustrate the diversity of vocalisations. We certainly should not be adding one file after another without discussion and agreement on the right approach for this article. Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:44, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

{{Chiswick Chap I do not know how to initiate that. The recordings I have added I believe enhance the discussion of bird song. Consistency for me is a necessary evil. The most diverse group of animals that communicate with song and there are only a couple of samples does not make illustrate anything. There are four specific groups of animals in which we see the evolution of communication: the crickets and cicadas, frogs and toads, birds and finally whales. The Whales and Crickets/Cicadas have a bounty of sound samples to help enhance the article. But Birds and frogs one has maybe one or two samples? Excuse me. Really? The Bird vocalization article looks at a number of items. One it looks at how birds learn (example of blue jay chick fits). There is discussion of mimicry which I included two very good examples (the brown thrasher song is over 5 minutes illustrating the repertoire of mimicked calls. The eastern pewee has a very simple articulated repetition of phrases but the note ascends and descends from a grounding base note.  It is a sound that readers and listeners will pick up. The chickadee and tit are mentioned in the article and I have chosen examples to illustrate.  I understand what you mean and I agree.  But I disagree with you that one or two do the trick.  Mimicry especially deserves to be served better in terms of examples because there are few other creatures in the animal world that are capable of this process.  I have no problem with discussing but I really didn't know how to initiate that.  Since I had no issues regarding my additions to the Timeline of the formation of the Universe (I completely revamped that whole section) I didn't think there would be an issue here. I'm not being willy nilly about the additional sound selections. Because I am in the process of organizing a very large personal file of birdsong with the purposes of making it more useful to me as a guide in animal communication. Since the article is an audio-based one (talking about bird vocalization after all) shouldn't it reflect that. I did proper analysis on all the selections. The Blue Turaco I could see being lopped off, but the two examples that are used the Australian Raven and the Blackbird really don't cut the mustard. The Blackbird recording isn't a very good sounding recording (the author of the file seems to have tried to hard to isolate the bird so that the sound has a tinny quality). The Australian Raven is too quick. The samples I have included have length so one can get a full appreciation of the call. The Nightingale and Brown Thrasher calls are longer than 3 min. So please if you wish to discuss go for it. I just think at present an article that is supposed to be about bird vocalization doesn't vocalize (forgive). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davros69999 (talk • contribs) 14:03, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Removal of sorted list of sources
To achieve the sorted list of sources for this article seen in the prior version of this article, it was necessary to add sfn templates to references in the article. The article previously had no consistent citation style, so it seemed to me to be a beneficial upgrade to the article. However, the sorted list has been removed from the article and unfortunately also removed large numbers of other citation corrections and enhancements unrelated to the sources sorting improvement. My view is that the quality of the article has been significantly damaged but the editor doing the revert does have a reasonable point of view that perhaps consensus should have been reached prior to the upgrade. If anyone thinks the article is better off without the sorted list of sources, or has other objections to the change, please comment. J JMesserly (talk) 03:34, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The article does consistently use inline citations. You changed that without discussion or consensus, in plain disagreement with WP:CITEVAR. There is no need that the citations be alphabetically sorted. MrOllie (talk) 03:57, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Why is the article is better with the sorted list of sources removed? The citations are voluminous and were in the the prior version of this article better organized for ease of lookup. J JMesserly (talk) 04:26, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I did not 'remove' a list of sources, I returned it to the stable format. I disagree that alphabetizing sources is better organization, and I disagree that moving away from inline citations represents an improvement to the article. MrOllie (talk) 04:33, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I no longer see the sorted list of sources. Why is that an improvement for readers?  J JMesserly (talk) 04:52, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Ordering citations by first use - as the inline citation system does automatically, is extremely common and is just as valid a way to sort the list. MrOllie (talk) 04:55, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, lots of practices are commonly used. That doesn't make them more helpful to readers.  Why is order of occurrence  better than an alphabetized bibliography?  That is common practice in books, particularly for the fields discussed in this article. J JMesserly (talk) 04:59, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Because order of occurrence is used by the inline citation style, which has many organizational and practical benefits in the Mediawiki software, including being used by the visual editor's autofill citations. - MrOllie (talk) 05:04, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * So readers should see a jumbled mass of citations for some technical benefit of the software? I am unclear how this makes the Bird vocalization article better for readers.J JMesserly (talk) 05:12, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * What works in books doesn't necessarily work on a website. Here, the sfn style introduces an extra layer of indirection. A reader's typical mode of getting further information, clicking a hyperlink, now takes them to a second hyperlink. It's a mild but pervasive detriment. Benefits or downsides of any particular citation style aside, the community practice is not to change them unilaterally. If there are inconsistencies amid a clear preference for one style (e.g., mostly cite journal-style templates but a few done manually to very similar appearance), then those inconsistencies should be brought in line with the article's prevailing standard. Changing everything to an entirely different standard is bad practice. This is the most obvious application of WP:CITEVAR that I can recall seeing. XOR'easter (talk) 23:07, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That issue is a moot point.  I already stated to both you and Mr. Ollie he had a fair point in that regard.
 * The question posed is, is the question whether the reader better off with a sorted list of sources for the article or not.  Many other major articles in the biological sciences, eg GA-Class Botany have transitioned to this reference asset.  Bird vocalization would benefit from such a list. I look forward to what contributors to this and other bird related articles think about the question, but because the talk page is infrequently edited, I expect this discussion will require an extensive period.  J JMesserly (talk) 00:45, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Botany has used that style for at least a decade. Ecology, also a GA, does not use it at all. Of the other natural-sciences Good articles, Anatomy doesn't. Nor do Adrenal gland, Ampullae of Lorenzini, Axillary arch, Brain, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cranial nerves, Ear... Or, further down the list, Last universal common ancestor, Punctuated equilibrium, Genetically modified organism, RNA... It's obviously not obligatory, which makes sense, as whatever benefits it might bring also come with downsides (indirection, extra scroll length, etc.) so that it won't be to everyone's taste. XOR'easter (talk) 13:10, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I booted it over to WP:birds.  If they have a preference one way or another, I will go along with that.  Fair enough?  J JMesserly (talk) 20:41, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Why not just incorporate the miscellaneous fixes and improvements within the individual items into the current version? That would make the article better than it is now. XOR'easter (talk) 21:15, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * What- move 140 refs inline and then if the WP:Birds community says they like the sorted version throw that version away? No thank you.  There are other articles to edit.  If you want to, fine, but I am patient.  I have to wait ages on the Holodomor article due to the contentious relationships amongst contributors there.  Those other painfully bad errors have been there for years.  A few more weeks won't hurt and none except for the lost link on bird vocalization notation were particularly egregious. J JMesserly (talk) 21:35, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If the item-by-item fixes aren't important enough to incorporate, then the whole business just sounds like change for the sake of change. XOR'easter (talk) 04:47, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * They are important but as far as I am concerned can wait for enough weeks to know what the community of regular bird contributor editors prefer regarding the sorted list. If they want them unsorted, then of course I will make them inline.  As I said you are welcome to read my edit and transfer the voluminous fixes to inline form, but it may well just be tossed if the community likes the sorted list style.  I have a preference but I was wrong not to consult the community first.  Frankly I had no idea it would be so controversial.  J JMesserly (talk) 06:33, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Was the lost link on bird vocalization notation this? XOR'easter (talk) 17:07, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed it is. J JMesserly (talk) 19:29, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * OK. I don't think that URL should be included in the cite book for that book, since it's not a link to a copy of the book, but rather to a page that talks about it and two other references. But it could maybe be its own footnote. XOR'easter (talk) 20:44, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The trouble is that it is a rare book and illustrates the principle discussed. I don't recall the other references to the book but for the bird vocalization illustration cite- its not the same page?  Well ok if you don't put the cite info with the url for the notation footnote, no one will see the information.  A detail which probably not amuse you for this situation is that one sfn practice I have seen is to place page links to Google books preview pages in the loc field or page= field of the sfn.   J JMesserly (talk) 06:52, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * A Google Books link is proprietary and unreliable, in that they don't always make the same pages available and nobody can predict which pages will actually appear in the preview, but it is at least a link to a copy of the book, which is what the  field in the template is supposed to be used for. A web page that quotes the book, says that it is out of print and suggests trying to find it secondhand is a separate source in its own right. I think this makes the information available while also using the templates appropriately. XOR'easter (talk) 13:22, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I have other misgivings about hard links in general. But I recognize it is the only way for large numbers of users to check a citation.
 * I did not know that such google books links were unstable. Are you sure about that?  J JMesserly (talk) 23:50, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your personal opinion about what url is properly used for is contradicted by WP:GBOOKS. See its example of how to link to specific pages. You will find this as one of the examples:
 * If you read the "supposed to be used for" passage you linked to, you will see that it contradicts your understanding of proper usage.
 * J JMesserly (talk) 21:13, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. A link to a page that provides a quote and surrounding commentary is not a link to a specific page of a book. It's a source in its own right. See WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT. Your way of including the URL gave credit to Saunders for the writing of Jones and Tufte. XOR'easter (talk) 23:34, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. A link to a page that provides a quote and surrounding commentary is not a link to a specific page of a book. It's a source in its own right. See WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT. Your way of including the URL gave credit to Saunders for the writing of Jones and Tufte. XOR'easter (talk) 23:34, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bird vocalization


text:
Ferrymead

Ferrymead is a suburb south-east of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the main thoroughfare for reaching the eastern sea suburbs such as Sumner, as well as home to a number of cliff-top residences and businesses along the estuary front. After the 2011 Canterbury earthquake, a number of prominent Christchurch businesses relocated to the Ferrymead area, making it into a secondary business hub.

Geography
Ferrymead is located on the Avon Heathcote Estuary / Ihutai, close to the point where the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River drains into the estuary, and three km west of the eventual outflow into Pegasus Bay. To the north lie the oxidation ponds from Christchurch's main sewage treatment works, which are within a large wildlife refuge and are inhabited by many species of bird life. To the south lie the Port Hills. The suburb is named for the ferry that operated across the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River during the early period of settlement. After the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, a number of businesses have relocated to the suburb, making it a small hub and helping other shops and cafes grow.

Early European settlement
European settlement of the area dates from the arrival of the early colonists in 1850. Farming was the major industry of the area from its early years and parts of the Heathcote Valley are still in agricultural production. Ferry services began about 1851 firstly as a cattle punt. James Townsend (1788–1866) operated the punt service from 1852. When he sold up, the new owners called his house Ferry Mead Hotel (the meadow of the ferry) and this gave the name to the suburb. These ferry services continued until the completion of the Heathcote Bridge in 1864. Shipping at this time was also able to travel up the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River as far as the Christchurch Quay adjacent to the present Radley Street Bridge. Later the Steam Wharf was opened by the present Tunnel Road intersection with Ferry Road. The Railway Wharf was opened in December 1863 along with the Ferrymead Railway.

Shipping on the river was very costly, around 2 pounds per tonne, more than it cost to bring cargo from the UK, and the ships were very small. Later on, steamships brought the cost down, but the difficulties of bringing ships over the bar of the Estuary and up the river itself were a considerable inconvenience. River shipping only outlasted the advent of the railway by a few years, although both the 1864 and 1907 bridges were designed to allow shipping to pass.

The original railway
On 1 December 1863 New Zealand's first public railway line was opened from Ferrymead to the central city.

The line was a temporary expedient to allow construction of the Heathcote/Lyttelton tunnel to proceed. It closed in 1867 after the opening of the Moorhouse railway tunnel to the port of Lyttelton.

Its track ran 7 km to the city of Christchurch, where the station was situated near to the site later occupied by the 1960 Christchurch station (closed in 1995). The locomotives and rolling stock were imported from Victoria, Australia, this being the main reason why the 5' 3" (1600 mm) railway gauge was adopted. Stations were located in later years at Woolston (formerly Hillsborough), Opawa and Linwood (the last two as passenger halts until the end of suburban trains in 1972). A branch also headed towards Heathcote at the time of tunnel construction.

The Moorhouse Tunnel was completed in a much shorter time than envisaged; and consequently the Ferrymead Railway was officially closed on 9 November 1867, the same day as the railway line to Lyttelton was opened. Following the subsequent conversion of the Main South Line to 3' 6" (1067 mm) gauge, all its broad gauge rolling stock was sold back to Australia. The ship they were placed on was wrecked off the New Zealand coast, but the cargo was salvaged. The rolling stock then lay abandoned for almost 100 years until the advent of Ferrymead Historic Park.

Following the commemoration of the centenary of this line, various groups including the New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society (Canterbury Branch) (now the Canterbury Railway Society) became interested in developing the historical site. The Ferrymead Railway operates on the original railway formation as part of Ferrymead Heritage Park (formerly Ferrymead Historic Park).

Demographics
The statistical area of Brookhaven-Ferrymead covers 2.28 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Brookhaven-Ferrymead had a population of 1,074 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 57 people (5.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3 people (0.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 390 households, comprising 543 males and 531 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 40.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 198 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 201 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 477 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 195 (18.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.9% European/Pākehā, 12.8% Māori, 5.9% Pasifika, 7.3% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 22.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.2% had no religion, 35.5% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 159 (18.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 165 (18.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 135 people (15.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (53.1%) people were employed full-time, 147 (16.8%) were part-time, and 24 (2.7%) were unemployed.

title: Ferrymead


text:
National Park Bank

The National Park Bank was founded in 1856 in New York City, and by the late 19th century, it did more commercial business than any other bank in the country.

History
The bank built a significant Second Empire early skyscraper at 214-18 Broadway – opposite St. Paul's Chapel – designed by New York architect Griffith Thomas and finished in 1868.

1905 building
Architect Donn Barber greatly expanded the 1868 building, 1903–1905, altering its Broadway façade beyond recognition. The bank had bought the plot of land directly behind its building, 165 x 75 feet, fronting on Ann Street to the north and Fulton Street to the south. This was intended as the site for a future skyscraper but instead was used for a new banking room with a vault designed by Frederick S. Holmes. Barber designed a T-shaped Beaux-Arts building with a large arched window on each of the three street facades. The bar of the "T" was built first, two tall coffered barrel vaults flanking a stained-glass dome. Banking business moved into this space in 1904, while the lower three stories of the 1868 building (the stem of the "T") were gutted to create a grand entrance hall. The height of the new banking room from the marble floor to the top of the stained-glass dome was 68 feet (20.7 m). Artist Albert Herter painted the large lunette murals of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce for the entrance hall and banking room.

The building was demolished in 1961.

Business
In 1911, the bank acquired the Wells Fargo Company.

John Hamilton Fulton was president in 1927.

It was consolidated with Chase National Bank in 1929.

title: National Park Bank


text:
Talk:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

Location
Yes, its technically in the Mojave Desert, but its located on the Fort Irwin cantonment. Wouldn't it make more sense to narrow down the location instead of just saying "Mojave Desert"? Its mentioned that its on Fort Irwin on this page, and also on the Fort Irwin NTC page. I respectfully suggest that the infobox be updated to reflect its actual location, as opposed to saying its in a desert roughly 47,000 sq km wide. 24.117.95.111 (talk) 11:54, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Name of article
Is this the proper name for the page? It seems to me like as the Goldstone site is only a part of the Deep Space Network, that the name should remain Goldstone Observatory. However, I am not too familiar with the DSN, so maybe someone else can make the call. --zandperl 00:52, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you still have this page on your watchlist, but yes the name is correct. DSN is composed of three Deep Space Communications Complexes (Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid), an operations center and voice communications at JPL, and the network connecting them. I believe that "Goldstone Observatory" is a subset of GDSCC because GDSCC consists of multiple antennas (radio telescopes/ground stations). RockinRob Talk 04:03, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Photos
Photos and/or photo uploads are needed.
 * HABS or HAER photos may be available for this site. Search HABS/HAER here
 * Some of NRHP photos linked in article are taken by NPS employee, hence public domain and can be used.
 * NRHP photos seem not to be available on-line for this site.
 * New photos would be helpful.

Website in infobox is (slightly) wrong.
Hi!

I gave up following templates after the 3rd :-)

Current URL redirects to just [https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/]

How to fix it?

Saintrain (talk) 21:33, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified 2 external links on Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150716112020/http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=35 to http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=35

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location is wrong
The source code for the article lists two different locations (separately in the two nested infoboxes): But the actual displayed location is: It turns out that the infobox display machinery is wrongly ignoring both location= parameters, and fetching location data from Wikidata, and then wrongly picking randomly from among the four states the Mojave Desert is listed there is spanning.
 * Mojave Desert, California
 * Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex, Fort Irwin, California, United States
 * Mojave Desert, Utah

This is being discussed at Template talk:Infobox observatory.

So no change to this article's source code can fix the broken location for now, but it would be good to settle on one of the two location designations, for when the infobox machinery is (hopefully eventually) fixed. —Steve Summit (talk) 12:27, 19 February 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Wigu

Untitled
In case there is a television or radio station with call letters WIGU, please move this article to WIGU (comic). (This goes for ANY page at Wikipedia that has 4 capital letters, the first of which is a W.)

 * No. The move can be made when someone wants to write an article about the station. Same goes for all similar pages. — Trilobite (Talk) 05:04, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

What happened to the WIGU comic? The external link doesn't work anymore! Anyone know how I can get my WIGU fix? dbenbenn | talk 03:19, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, he's added WIGU back, with a slightly different link format. I've changed the external link.  dbenbenn | talk 07:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wigu's on semi-hiatus, with a note saying that it's gone to a monthly format. No new comics seem to have appeared yet, so this info shouldn't be added until we really know what that means. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 21:01, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the title is going to a monthly print format which will be available from the merchandise page. Hopefully real soon now... Lee M 03:58, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * ...real soon being April 1 at the latest (how appropriate). Lee M 03:06, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Deleted "updated from a mansion in a swamp." Jeffrey moved to Massachusets in June 2005 and we must assume he left the mansion and the swamp behind. 216.184.14.36 06:12, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Can someone add an IPA pronunciation of Wigu? I'm not sure if it's wigu or wegu.67.166.145.16 06:51, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Merge
I propose pruning and merging When I Grow Up (webcomic) into the Wigu section. This is because (1) When I Grow Up has only two independent references - and interview by Mike Meginnis from Webcomics Examiner and Matt Willemain's video'ed interview (poor quality) at I-CON; (2) it has been tagged with notability for fiction since October 2007; and (3) without better references I cannot see it surviving a merge in any case, so it may as well be merged. If anyone wishes to merge it, or supply references to avoid the merge, go ahead. -Wikianon (talk) 18:31, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wigu


text:
Generating

Generating may refer to:

 * Generation of electricity as from an electrical generator
 * A Cantonese food classification

title: Generating


text:
Template:Numeral systems

{{documentation|content=

title: Template:Numeral systems


text:
List of Grand Canyon rapids and features

The following is a list of major rapids and other notable features on the Colorado River through Marble Canyon and Grand Canyon below Glen Canyon Dam, in order of their position downstream of Lee's Ferry. Ratings are given for how difficult the rapid is to navigate by whitewater raft or other water craft. The Grand Canyon section of the Colorado River, like several other big-water Western rivers, uses a rapids scale developed by Otis R. Marston of 1–10 for rapids, 10 being the most difficult. The International Scale of River Difficulty, which classifies rapids from class I to VI, is more common elsewhere in the US and internationally.
 * Mile 0.0 – Lee's Ferry RaftLauch5704.JPG
 * Mile 0.2 – Paria River Riffle (1)
 * Mile 2.8 – Cathedral Wash (2)
 * Mile 4.2 – Navajo Bridges Navajo Bridge (May 2006).jpg
 * Mile 8.0 – Badger Creek Rapid (5) – First significant rapid in Marble Canyon with a large pour over in the center right.
 * Mile 11.4 – Soap Creek Rapid (5)
 * Mile 12.1 – Brown's Riffle (2) On July 9, 1889, the President of the Denver, Colorado Canyon and Pacific Railroad, Frank Mason Brown, drowned at this point when the boat he was in capsized. He was not wearing a life jacket.
 * Mile 14.5 – Sheer Wall Rapid (2)
 * Mile 17.1 – House Rock Rapid (7) – The first major rapid in Marble Canyon. A large hole on the left side of the river forms at most water levels, necessitating a right run.
 * Mile 17.7 – Redneck Rapid (3)
 * Mile 20.7 – North Canyon Rapid (5) (beginning of the "Roaring 20's")
 * Mile 21.4 – 21 Mile Rapid (5)
 * Mile 23.2 – 23 Mile Rapid (4) A sharp lateral on the right has flipped many a raft here.
 * Mile 23.5 – 23.5 Mile Rapid (4)
 * Mile 24.4 – 24 Mile (Georgie) Rapid (6)
 * Mile 24.7 – 24.5 Mile Rapid (6) On July 8, 1949, 79-year-old Albert "Bert" Loper had a heart attack and died in this rapid while rowing his boat Grand Canyon.
 * Mile 25.1 – 25 Mile (Hansbrough-Richards) Rapid (6) This rapid is named for two more men of the Brown Stanton expedition, Peter Hansbrough and Henry Richards, also not wearing life jackets, who drowned at this rapid on Monday, July 15, 1889.
 * Mile 25.7 – Cave Springs Rapid (5)
 * Mile 26.8 – 27 Mile (Tiger Wash) Rapid (5)
 * Mile 29.4 – 29 Mile Rapid (2), Silver Grotto, and Shinumo Wash Camp
 * Mile 30.4 – Fence Fault Rapid (3)
 * Mile 32.0 – Stanton's Cave
 * Mile 32.2 – Vasey's Paradise
 * Mile 33.2 – No rapid – site of the proposed Redwall Dam
 * Mile 33.3 – Redwall Cavern – A very large alcove in the Redwall Sandstone at river level. Very popular stop for river trips. Redwall Cavern.JPG
 * Mile 35.0 – Nautiloid Canyon
 * Mile 36.0 – The Bridge of Sighs; this is one of the few Grand Canyon arches visible from the river.
 * Mile 36.3 – 36 Mile Rapid (4)
 * Mile 39.7 – No rapid – site of the proposed Marble Canyon Damsite.
 * Mile 43.3 – Anasazi Bridge
 * Mile 44.0 – President Harding Rapid (4) – The river splits around a large rock in the middle of the river.
 * Mile 52.4 – Nankoweap Rapid (3) Nankoweap.JPG granaries at Nankoweap Creek (Mile 52.4)]]
 * There are three popular campsites at Nankoweap for river trips. A steep trail up a nearby talus slope leads to Ancestral Puebloan granaries. This is also where the Nankoweap Trail reaches the river.
 * Mile 56.3 – Kwagunt Rapid (5)
 * Mile 60.1 – 60 Mile Rapid (4)
 * Mile 61.7 – Little Colorado River Confluence.
 * Mile 65.1 – Carbon Creek
 * Mile 65.9 – Lava Canyon (Chuar) Rapid (4)
 * Mile 69.0 – Tanner Rapid (6), terminus of the Tanner Trail and the Tanner Graben
 * Mile 69.9 – Basalt Rapid (6) This rapid has a sharp pour-over on the left at low water.
 * Mile 72.9 – Unkar Rapid (6) Overlook over the Colorado.JPG
 * Mile 73.6 – 73.6 Mile Riffle (4) This rapid has some exposed boulders on the left.
 * Mile 75.3 – Escalante Creek Rapid (4)
 * Mile 75.8 – 75 Mile (Nevills) Rapid (4)
 * Mile 77.1 – Hance Rapid (8) – Multiple large rocks constrict the channel and form powerful hydraulics; terminus of the Hance Trail.
 * Mile 79.1 – Sockdolager Rapid (7) – (Sockdolager is an archaic slang word for knockout blow.)
 * Mile 82.1 – Grapevine Rapid (7)
 * Mile 84.1 – 83 Mile Rapid (4)
 * Mile 85.3 – Zoroaster Rapid (5)
 * Mile 85.8 – 85 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 88.1 – Black Suspension Bridge (Kaibab Bridge) and Phantom Ranch boat beach, where the South Kaibab Trail crosses the river
 * Mile 88.3 – Bright Angel Rapid (3), Bright Angel Creek and Bright Angel Bridge, where the River Trail begins
 * Mile 89.5 – Pipe Creek Rapid (3), where the River Trail ends and continues towards the South Rim as the Bright Angel Trail
 * Mile 90.8 – Horn Creek Rapid (8) – At lower water, forms very large waves and hydraulics and is one of the most difficult rapids in the canyon requiring a right to left downstream pull to miss a rock ledge on river right.
 * Mile 93.1 – Salt Creek Rapid (3)
 * Mile 93.9 – Granite Rapid (8) – One of the more difficult rapids with a strong push of hydraulics to the wall on river right.
 * Mile 95.5 – Hermit Rapid (8) – Perhaps the strongest hydraulics and biggest waves in the canyon; terminus of the Hermit Trail
 * Mile 97.1 – Boucher Rapid (4)
 * Mile 98.2 – Crystal Rapid (8) – Several very large holes followed by a dangerous rock garden at bottom of rapids in mid channel. Formed in 1966 when a flash flood of Crystal Canyon washed debris into the river. The beginning of a series of rapids called "the gems."
 * Mile 99.7 – Tuna Creek Rapid (6)
 * Mile 100.0 – Lower Tuna (Willie's Necktie) Rapid (4)
 * Mile 100.4 – Nixon Rock Rapid (3) – This just right of center boulder can be passed on the right or the left.
 * Mile 101.1 – Agate Rapid (3)
 * Mile 101.8 – Sapphire Rapid (7)Dory in Shinumo Creek by Tom Martin.jpg
 * Mile 102.6 – Turquoise Rapid (3)
 * Mile 104.5 – Emerald Rapid (5)
 * Mile 105.2 – Ruby Rapid (5)
 * Mile 106.5 – Serpentine Rapid (7)
 * Mile 108.3 – Beach and trailhead for the South Bass Trail.
 * Mile 108.4 – Bass Rapid (4)
 * Mile 109.3 – Shinumo Rapid (4)
 * Mile 109.6 – 109 Mile Rapid (2) This sleeper of a rapid has sharp schist fins on river right.
 * Mile 110.0 – 110 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 111.4 – Hakatai Rapid (4)Why it is easy to go left at Bedrock by Tom Martin.jpg
 * Mile 112.8 – Walthenberg Rapid (6)
 * Mile 113.6 – 113 Mile Rock (2)
 * Mile 117.2 – Elves Chasm – A popular side canyon with a small clear-flowing stream with waterfalls and multiple pools.
 * Mile 119.3 – 119 Mile Rapid (2)
 * Mile 120.6 – Blacktail Rapid (3)
 * Mile 122.2 – Mile 122 Rapid (4)
 * Mile 123.3 – Forster Rapid (5)
 * Mile 124.1 – 124.1 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 125.0 – 125 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 125.5 – Fossil Rapid (5)
 * Mile 126.4 – 126.4 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 127.5 – 127 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 129.2 – 128 Mile Rapid (4)
 * Mile 129.7 – Specter Rapid (6) Dories in Grand Canyon.jpeg
 * Mile 131.1 – Bedrock Rapid (7) – The river splits around a very large rock outcropping. Going left of the rock is not recommended.
 * Mile 132.3 – Deubendorff Rapid (7) – Has multiple large holes and pourovers on the left and center
 * Mile 134.3 – Tapeats Creek – A large creek entering at river right. A popular hike up Tapeats Creek leads to Thunder River.
 * Mile 134.3 – Tapeats Rapid (5)
 * Mile 135.4 – 135 Mile (Helicopter Eddy) Rapid (3)
 * Mile 135.6 – Granite Narrows. This is the narrowest location of the river at 76 feet.
 * Mile 136.9 – Deer Creek Falls – A popular stop, both for the falls themselves and for hikes up to the "narrows" and the "throne room."
 * Mile 138.4 – Doris Rapid (4)
 * Mile 139.2 – 138.5 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 139.7 – Fishtail Rapid (4)UpsetRapid.jpg
 * Mile 141.7 – 141 Mile Rapid (2)
 * Mile 144.0 – Kanab Rapid (3)
 * Mile 148.4 – Matkatamiba Rapid (2) Matkatamiba Canyon is a popular, short hike up a narrow, winding slot canyon with a perennial stream.
 * Mile 150.2 – Upset Rapid (8)
 * Mile 154.0 – Sinyala Rapid (2)
 * Mile 157.3 – Havasu Canyon is a beautiful turquoise-watered side canyon. Havasu Canyon Rapid (3) follows immediately downstream.
 * Mile 165.0 – 164 Mile Rapid (2)
 * Mile 167.0 – National Rapid (2)
 * Mile 168.5 – Fern Glen Rapid (2)Doryies in Havasu by Tom Martin.jpg
 * Mile 171.9 – Gateway Rapid (3)
 * Mile 179.7 – Lava Falls Rapid (9) – Also known as Vulcan Rapid, is perhaps the most difficult, if short, run in the entire canyon. It is on the east edge of the Uinkaret volcanic field.

 * Mile 180.1 – Lower Lava Rapid (4)
 * Mile 186.0 – 185 Mile Rapid (2)
 * Mile 187.4 – Whitmore Helipad is where most concessions passengers end their trip by helicopter take-out.
 * Mile 188.3 – Whitmore Rapid (3)
 * Mile 205.6 – 205 Mile (Kolb) Rapid (6)
 * Mile 209.2 – 209 Mile Rapid (5) This rapid has a large hole in the middle of the rapid.
 * Mile 212.5 – Little Bastard (LB) Rapid (3)
 * Mile 213.3 – Pumpkin Spring
 * Mile 216.0 – Three Springs Rapid (2)
 * Mile 217.8 – 217 Mile Rapid (5)
 * Mile 219.6 – Trail Canyon (Ducky Eater) Rapid (2) Cross-river hydraulics can flip small inflatable kayaks here.
 * Mile 220.7 – Granite Spring Rapid (2)
 * Mile 223.7 – 224 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 225.9 – Diamond Creek Take-out/Put-in. This is the first location downriver from Lee's Ferry where a road reaches the Colorado River. The road is prone to flash flood by Diamond Creek in monsoon season. This is the only takeout for Grand Canyon boating trips above Lake Mead when the lake is high, however, recently the lake has been lower, allowing the Colorado River to flow all the way past the take out at Pearce Ferry, Lake Mead.
 * Mile 225.9 – Diamond Creek Rapid (4)
 * Mile 228.2 – 228.2 Mile Rapid (3)
 * Mile 229.3 – Travertine Rapid (2)
 * Mile 231.2 – 231 Mile Rapid (5)
 * Mile 232.5 – 232 Mile (Killer Fang Falls) Rapid (4–7) – Bessie Hyde of the 1928 Disappearance of Glen and Bessie Hyde wrote in her journal up to this rapid. Her journal was located in her abandoned sweep scow below this rapid. Raft flips at Killer Fangs by Tom Martin.jpg
 * Mile 233.9 – 234 Mile Rapid (5)
 * Mile 235.3 – Bridge Canyon Rapid (4)
 * Mile 236.0 – Gneiss Canyon Rapid (5)
 * Mile 239.5 – Separation Rapid (1)
 * Mile 280.5 – Pearce Ferry Take-out at Pearce Ferry, Lake Mead, is the first take-out point for river trips traveling through the entire Grand Canyon. This Take-Out (on Lake Mead) has been recently renovated, making it operational at low reservoir levels. With the appearance of Pearce Ferry Rapid, this take-out has become preferred, as the rapid just below is often considered unrunnable, though this is always changing.
 * Mile 280.8 – Pearce Ferry Rapid (unrunnable; class VI on the International Scale of River Difficulty) This rapid was created in 2007 when the level of Lake Mead went below 1138 feet. Lake Mead was over 70 feet deep here in 2000. This rapid is formed by the Colorado River running full force into a hillside. It is a must-scout for any river runners continuing to the next take-out on Lake Mead at South Cove. It is currently considered to be unrunnable.
 * Mile 297 – South Cove Take-Out (in Lake Mead)


text:
William Melville Martin

William Melville Martin (August 23, 1876 – June 22, 1970) served as the second premier of Saskatchewan from 1916 to 1922. In 1916, although not a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Martin was elected leader of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party, succeeding Premier Walter Scott and thus became Premier of Saskatchewan.

Prior to entering provincial politics, Martin had been a member of the federal Parliament for two terms, as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

On his retirement from politics, he was appointed to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal, serving first as a puisne justice and then as Chief Justice of Saskatchewan.

Early life
Martin was born in Norwich, Ontario. In 1898, he earned an honours degree in Classics from the University of Toronto, and then a Teacher Certificate from the Ontario School of Pedagogy. After teaching for two years, he attended Osgoode Hall Law School and qualified as a lawyer.

In 1903, he moved to Regina and joined the law firm of his cousin, James Balfour. The Balfour and Martin families had been active in Liberal politics in Ontario, and the Balfour law firm was similarly active in Liberal politics in Saskatchewan.

In 1905, Martin married Violette Florence Thompson of Mitchell, Ontario. The couple had three sons.

Member of Parliament
Martin was elected to the House of Commons for Regina in the 1908 Canadian federal election. As a Liberal, he supported the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He was a strong representative for western interests, including expansion of railway infrastructure, regulation of freight rates, incorporation of grain grower associations, and other farmer interests. He also commented on law reform issues and matters related to the North-West Mounted Police.

He was re-elected in the 1911 Canadian federal election, as a strong supporter of the Liberal platform for "Unrestricted Reciprocity" (free trade) with the United States. However, the Liberal government was defeated by the Conservative Party under Robert Borden, largely on the reciprocity issue.

Premier of Saskatchewan
The Saskatchewan Liberal Party had held office under Premier Walter Scott since Saskatchewan had joined Confederation in 1905. By 1916, the Liberal government was facing allegations of corruption and Premier Scott was having mental health problems. The government was also involved in a bitter dispute over funding for separate schools. Martin, as an outsider to provincial politics, was recruited by the provincial Liberals to help distance them from allegations of corruption and to respond to the school funding issue. In 1916, he was elected as leader of the provincial party, becoming premier. He resigned his seat in the House of Commons and was then acclaimed in a by-election to the Legislative Assembly, in a seat vacated by a Liberal member. Although Martin became premier in 1916, he did not become President of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan until 1917, the only premier who was not President of the Executive Council throughout his term as premier.

To deal with the school issue, Martin himself took the education portfolio. He was the Minister of Education for most of his time as premier. He was also the Minister of Railways and the Minister of Telephones and Telegraphs, reflecting the importance of infrastructure developments in the young province.

Martin brought farmers' advocate Charles A. Dunning into the cabinet in an attempt to revitalise the Liberals and maintain support from farmers, appointing him to the important position of Provincial Treasurer, a position Dunning was to hold for almost ten years. Dunning had been an active member of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association, and the general manager of the highly successful Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company. Martin also instituted reforms to clean up the government. These changes were successful in cleansing the government's image, and Martin led the government to re-election in the 1917 election, winning 51 of 59 seats.

That same year, there was a federal election which was fought largely on the issue of conscription to raise troops for the Canadian army fighting in France. Many federal Liberals joined in a coalition with the federal Conservatives to form a Union government. Martin supported those Liberals who joined the Union government.

The United Farmers and Progressive movements were riding a national wave of agrarian discontent which undercut the Liberals across Canada, and threatened to engulf the Saskatchewan Liberals as well. Martin successfully embraced the populist movement. In addition to bringing in Dunning in 1916, by 1920 he severed ties with the federal Liberal Party of Canada. He also recruited another farm leader into the government, federal Progressive MP John Archibald Maharg. Like Dunning, Maharg had strong roots in the farm co-operative community. He was the president of both the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association and the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company. Maharg agreed to support the government, but as an independent member, not as a Liberal. With these strong farm representatives supporting his government, Martin and the Liberals kept farm support and were able to resist the Progressive challenge in the 1921 election. The Martin government was returned to power, although with a reduced majority of 46 Liberals in the 63 seat Assembly. Martin kept Dunning on as Provincial Treasurer and appointed Maharg as Minister of Agriculture, a key position in a province with a farm-based economy.

A political crisis developed, however, during the federal election of late 1921. The federal Progressives continued to oppose the federal Liberals. Premier Martin participated in the federal election at the local level, campaigning for the federal Liberals, particularly the Liberal candidate in Regina, Martin's old seat. Martin also stated that he could not personally support a number of the Progressives' policy proposals. Martin's support for the federal Liberals angered the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association, which began to explore the possibility of forming a new farmer-based party. Maharg accused Martin of acting in bad faith and resigned from Cabinet. He crossed the floor and eventually became the Leader of the Opposition.

Maharg's resignation, the threat that the Grain Growers would start a farmer party, and the issue of supporting the federal Liberals, all led to a political crisis within the provincial Liberal party. Martin lost support and eventually resigned in 1922, at the age of 46. He was replaced as party leader and as premier by Charles Dunning.

Judicial career
Martin retired from politics in 1922 and was appointed a judge of the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. In 1941 he was appointed Chief Justice of Saskatchewan, a post he held until his retirement in 1961 at the age of 84.

While on the Court of Appeal, he also served as a commissioner on the Royal Commission on Reconveyance of Land to British Columbia, which contributed to the re-transfer of the Railway Belt and Peace River Block from the federal government to the province of British Columbia.

Legacy
Martin Collegiate, a high school in Regina, is named in his honour.

Electoral record
Martin ranks tenth out of the fifteen premiers of Saskatchewan for time in office. He served one continuous term, from October 20, 1916, to April 5, 1922, and was in office for. He was elected three times to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Prior to entering provincial politics, Martin was elected twice to the federal House of Commons, serving for. His total electoral service, federal and provincial, was.

Martin led the Saskatchewan Liberals in two general elections, winning both. He stood for election at the constituency level five times, three times provincially and twice federally. He was acclaimed once and elected four times in contested elections. He was never defeated at the polls.

Saskatchewan general elections, 1917 and 1921
Martin led the Liberal Party in two general elections, winning a majority government both times (1917 and 1921).

1917 General election
Half a year after becoming Premier, Martin led the Liberals in the general election of 1917. In spite of the corruption allegations which had dogged the Liberals, he managed to win a majority government, defeating the Conservatives led by Wellington Willoughby, as well as candidates of third parties, none of whom won a seat. One independent candidate was elected.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election.

2 Leader of the Opposition when the election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.

3After the general election was held, there were special elections amongst Saskatchewanians serving overseas in the Great War. Three additional members were elected: one from Saskatchewanians serving in Great Britain, one from Saskatchewanians serving in France, and one from Saskatchewanians serving in Belgium, for a total of 62 members in the 4th Legislative Assembly.

1921 General election
In 1921, Martin led the Liberals into a second general election and again won a majority government, albeit with a smaller share of the popular vote and a reduction in the number of seats in the Assembly. The political opponents of the government fractured badly, leading to Saskatchewan's first major multi-party election. The Conservative Party entered the election without a formal leader, as the previous leader, Donald Maclean, had accepted a federal judicial appointment just two months before the election.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election.

Saskatchewan constituency elections, 1916 to 1921
Martin stood for election to the Legislative Assembly three times, once in a by-election and in two general elections, all in the riding of Regina City. He was acclaimed in the by-election, and won the next two elections, which were contested.

1916 By-election: Regina City
The by-election was called on the resignation of the sitting Liberal member, James Franklin Bole, to allow Premier Martin to win a seat in the Assembly.

E Elected.

1917 General election: Regina City
E Elected.

X Incumbent.

1921 General election: Regina City
E Elected. The constituency returned two members at that time.

X Incumbents. Cross and Bagshaw had both been soldier-members of the Legislative Assembly from 1917 to 1921. Cross was elected by Canadian soldiers in Great Britain, while Bagshaw was elected by Canadian soldiers in Belgium. Since they were both members at large they are listed as incumbents, although neither had held the Regina seat prior to the 1921 election.

Federal constituency elections, 1908 and 1911
Martin stood for election to the House of Commons twice, in the riding of Regina, Saskatchewan. He was elected both times.

1908 General election: Regina
E Elected.

1911 General election: Regina
E Elected.

X Incumbent.

title: William Melville Martin


text:
Horse Guards Parade

Horse Guards Parade is a large parade ground off Whitehall in central London (at grid reference ). It is the site of the annual ceremonies of Trooping the Colour, which commemorates the monarch's official birthday, and the Beating Retreat.

History
Horse Guards Parade was formerly the site of the Palace of Whitehall's tiltyard, where tournaments (including jousting) were held in the time of Henry VIII. It was also the scene of annual celebrations of the birthday of Queen Elizabeth I. The area has been used for a variety of reviews, parades and other ceremonies since the 17th century.

The adjacent Horse Guards building was once the Headquarters of the British Army. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was based in Horse Guards when he was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. The current General officer commanding London District still occupies the same office and uses the same desk. Wellington also had living quarters within the building, which today are used as offices.

Car park usage
For much of the late 20th century, Horse Guards Parade was used as a car park for senior civil servants; about 500 were granted the privilege, which was known as the 'Great Perk'. The PIRA's mortar attack on 10 Downing Street on 7 February 1991, which was carried out from a vehicle parked in Horse Guards Avenue nearby, narrowly missed causing casualties and led to concerns. In April 1993 the Royal Parks Review Group, headed by Dame Jennifer Jenkins (later Baroness Jenkins) recommended that the parade should be restored for public use, and linked to St James's Park by closing Horse Guards Road. The proposal was taken up by the Department of National Heritage but then resisted by senior Cabinet members, apparently under pressure from the civil servants who were to lose their parking places.

Public revelation of the resistance led to considerable criticism by Simon Jenkins, a newspaper columnist, who pressured Sir Robin Butler, Head of the Home Civil Service, to end general usage as parking as part of a wider programme of reforms. In late 1996 Horse Guards Parade was cleared, for repairs, and in March 1997 it was announced that parking was banned.

Layout
The parade ground is open on the west side, where it faces Horse Guards Road and St James's Park. It is enclosed to the north by the Admiralty Citadel and the Admiralty Extension building, to the east by Admiralty House, William Kent's Horse Guards and the rear of Dover House (home of the Scotland Office), and to the south by Kent's Treasury building (now used by the Cabinet Office), garden walls of 10 Downing Street (the official residence and office of the British Prime Minister) and Mountbatten Green before the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's west wing. Access to the south side is restricted for national security.

On the east side, Horse Guards Parade is normally accessible to the public from Whitehall through the arches of Horse Guards.

Monuments
A number of military monuments and trophies ring the outside of the parade ground, including:

 * To the west, beside St James's Park, the Guards Memorial, designed by the sculptor Gilbert Ledward in 1923–26 and erected to commemorate the First Battle of Ypres and other battles of World War I.
 * To the north, the Royal Naval Division War Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in 1925, removed before the Second World War, and returned to its original site beside the Admiralty Extension building and rededicated on "Beaucourt Day" (13 November 2003).
 * To the east:
 * Equestrian statues of Field Marshals Roberts and Wolseley (see Equestrian statue of the Earl Roberts, London and Equestrian statue of the Viscount Wolseley).
 * A Turkish cannon made in 1524 "by Murad son of Abdullah, chief gunner" which was captured in Egypt in 1801.
 * The Cádiz Memorial, a French mortar mounted on a brass monster which commemorates the lifting of the Siege of Cádiz in Spain in 1812.
 * To the south, statues of Field Marshal Kitchener and of Admiral of the Fleet Mountbatten (see Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London and Statue of the Earl Mountbatten, London).

An oddity is the black background to the number 2 of the double sided clock which overlooks the Parade Ground and the front entrance, it is popularly thought to commemorate the time the last absolute monarch of England, Charles I, was beheaded at the Banqueting House opposite.

Changing The King's Life Guard
The ceremony of Changing The King's Life Guard takes place every weekday at 11:00 am on Horse Guards Parade, adjacent to the Horse Guards building. Two mounted sentries guard the entrance to Horse Guards on Whitehall from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm and are changed every hour. There is a dismounted parade at 4:00 pm and two dismounted sentries remain on duty until 8:00 pm.

Trooping the Colour
In the early summer, grandstands are erected in Horse Guards Parade in preparation for the Trooping the Colour ceremony which is usually on the second Saturday in June and celebrates the monarch's Official Birthday. There are two full dress rehearsals:
 * The Major General's Review, usually two weeks beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Major-General commanding the Household Division
 * The Colonel's Review, the week beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Royal colonel of whichever of the five regiments of foot guards will have their regimental colour "trooped".

Around 1,400 soldiers take part in the ceremony in which the regimental colour of one of the guards regiments is "trooped" or marched along the assembled ranks. It concludes with the foot and horse guards marching past and saluting the monarch. The public can watch the troops enter and leave Horse Guards Parade and tickets for the seating are sold subject to a ballot.

Beating Retreat
On two evenings in June, this ceremony is carried out by the Bands of the Household Division. Beating Retreat is also performed at Horseguards biannually in July by the Royal Marines Band Service. Proceeds from ticket sales are donated to military charities.

Remembrance Sunday
At the National Service of Remembrance, the various contingents of veterans' organisations form up on Horse Guards Parade, and after the ceremony at The Cenotaph, they return and march past a member of the Royal Family by the Guards Memorial, who takes their salute.

2012 Summer Olympics
Horse Guards Parade hosted beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London. Temporary courts and seating designed by Populous were installed by the Arena Group, much as seating is installed annually for Trooping the Colour. There was one court with a capacity of 15,000 with two tiers and a floodlight tower at each of its four corners, two practice courts to the east of the arena, and a further six practice courts at St. James's Park. Most matches were played on Centre Court, but some matches were played on Court 1 on day 6 of the competition.

London Polo Championships
Horse Guards Parade hosted the 1st London Polo Championships on 17 and 18 June 2009 with teams from around the world.

Sainsburys Anniversary Games 2014
On Sunday 20 July 2014, a temporary arena played host to the anniversary games.

title: Horse Guards Parade


text:
Talk:Blue Ball

(Singular/plural)
Two items that are more relevant to Blue balls than Blue Ball have been removed to Talk:Blue balls from here. --Jerzy(t) 21:12, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)
 * Now to be found at Talk:Blue_balls/Archive_1. --Jerzy•t 06:30, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

(Heraldry)
I really question saying that the blue ball is a heraldic charge, as it is never so described in heraldry, always as a roundel azure or hurt. --Daniel C. Boyer 18:29, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Six years later, no response, no source, no article Blue ball (heraldry), no mention at Heraldry. Most importantly, no mention in the same article with "heraldry", and within the main namespace, only on the accompanying Dab. It's doubtful that the following is true:
 * In medieval heraldry, the blue ball ("bezant or roundel azure") was the heraldic charge of the house of (identification needed). Like many heraldic charges, it passed first to inn signs (pubs called the "Blue Ball" are found all over England) and then eventually to placenames.
 * But the crucial point is that that does not appear in an article, but on a Dab, and Dabs are neither info respositories, nor navigation tools to anything but info on a topic in sufficient quantity to justify those seeking it doing so in a 'pedia. Removed; see MoSDab if confused. --Jerzy•t 06:30, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Snooker
Removed
 * *See Snooker for info on the blue ball used in the game of snooker.

The blue ball is implicitly mentioned there, but no info beyond point value and order to play it. There's not much more at Snooker_rules. IMO anyone who wants to add
 * * Blue ball, one of the colour balls specified by the rules of snooker

to the accompanying Dab should first state one or more scenarios where a user not only
 * has reason to believe they would do better by looking for "Blue ball" in WP than
 * searching for WP pages combining "snooker" with "balls", or with "rules", and than
 * looking for a snooker rule book off WP, but also
 * gets to that info.

If there's a consensus that that prospect outweighs the cluttering affect of the entry, then we should have one like it. I'm not placing one bcz that sounds far-fetched to me. --Jerzy•t 07:34, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

No-article towns
Removed:
 * * Blue Ball, Scott County, Arkansas
 * * Blue Ball, Yell County, Arkansas
 * * Blue Ball, Warren County, Ohio

None of these has an article at present. See DABRL. --Jerzy•t 07:59, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Ball