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Wellington College, Berkshire

Wellington College is a private school (English fee-charging boarding and day school) in the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. Wellington is a registered charity and currently educates roughly 1,100 pupils, between the ages of 13 and 18. The college was built as a national monument to the first Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), in whose honour it is named. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1856 and inaugurated the School's public opening on 29 January 1859.

Many former Wellington pupils fought in the trenches during the First World War, a conflict in which 707 of them lost their lives, many volunteering for military service immediately after leaving school. A further 501 former pupils were killed in action in the Second World War.

The school is a member of the Rugby Group of 18 British public schools and is also a member of the G20 Schools group. For the academic year 2023/24, Wellington charged boarders up to £18,310 per term, or £50,930 per annum.

Since 2020 the school has continuously been listed by The Schools Index as one of the world's leading 150 schools and one of the top 30 UK senior schools.

History
Wellington College was granted a royal charter in 1853 as The Royal and Religious Foundation of the Wellington College, and was opened in 1859. Its first Master, which is the title of the headmaster, was Edward White Benson, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury. The college's Visitor was H.M. the Queen.

Originally, the school educated sons of deceased officers who had held commissions in the Army. In 1952 a Supplementary Royal Charter extended the privilege of eligibility to the orphan sons of deceased officers of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force. By the 1960s, the school was considering becoming co-educational, but for some years the lack of financial resources prevented it from doing so. The first girls were admitted into the Sixth Form in the 1970s, and the school became fully co-educational in 2005. A recent change to the scheme of reduced fees early in 2006 extended the privilege to the orphan children of deceased servicemen or servicewomen of His Majesty's Armed Forces irrespective of rank, and to the orphan children of persons who, in the sole opinion of the Governors, have died in acts of selfless bravery. However, only a minority of the children at the school now come from military families.

On 6 September 2013, readers of The Week magazine voted Wellington College "The Most Forward-Thinking School in the UK", and four days later Tatler magazine chose Wellington College as the "Best Senior School in Britain", at its Schools Awards evening in London.

The Wellington Academy
Wellington has sponsored the founding of a new independent state school in Wiltshire, The Wellington Academy, which opened in 2009.

Wellington College International
Wellington is in partnership with Wellington College International Tianjin, in the city of Tianjin in mainland China, modelled on the buildings and ethos of the college, and which opened in August 2011. Wellington is also partnered with Wellington College International Shanghai and Huili School Shanghai in the city of Shanghai, and Wellington College International Hangzhou and Huili School Hangzhou in the city of Hangzhou (also in mainland China), and Wellington College International Bangkok in Thailand.

Architecture
The college buildings were designed by John Shaw, Jr., who had previously worked as an architect for Eton College. For its time, the design of the College was unusual compared to the popular form, but Prince Albert, who assisted in choosing the architect, was more interested in Shaw's classical approach, having already seen the architect's design for the old Royal Naval School in New Cross, London. The main buildings were designed in a style loosely termed "French Grand Rococo",. The chapel, notably only half its originally intended size, was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott. There have been several modern buildings, the best of which follow Shaw's grand rococo style: for example, the new Nicholson modern foreign-languages building. In 2019 the GWA Performing Arts Centre was opened, housing an auditorium with 900 seats for use by pupils and to raise funds for the Wellington College Arts Fund.

The college was used as a filming location for the Netflix series The Crown as a stand-in for Kensington Palace (designed by Sir Christopher Wren) in seasons 2, 3, 4 and 5 first as the home of Princess Margaret and then of Diana, Princess of Wales. One of the college's original mottos Heroum Filii is visible in a scene of the Queen arriving at the palace, and the college's official motto, Virtutis Fortuna Comes, is visible in a scene of the Queen leaving the palace.

Location
Wellington College stands on a 400 acre estate in South-East England, near Reading and Sandhurst. The grounds of the college include a 9-hole golf course, extensive woodland, and many playing fields, particularly those for cricket and rugby. The woodland area of the college is listed as a local nature reserve called Edgbarrow Woods. The grounds also contain a Site of Special Scientific Interest, Wellington College Bog.

Academic results
In 2022, 84.2% of pupils scored A*-A or 7/6 for their A-Level or IB examinations, with 97.6% scoring A*-B or 7-5 grades. In the same year, 75% of pupils scored 9 or 8 grades in their GCSEs. The school had an average IB score of 41.3 in 2022, the highest recorded in the College's history.

Masters of Wellington College
• Since 2019 James E. L. Dahl

• 2015 – 2019 Julian P. Thomas

• 2006 – 2015 Sir Anthony Francis Seldon

• 2000 – 2005 A. Hugh Monro

• 1989 – 2000 Charles Jonathan "Jonty" Driver

• 1979 – 1989 David H. Newsome

• 1966 – 1979 Frank Forman Fisher

• 1956 – 1966 Graham Henry Stainforth

• 1941 – 1956 Harry Wilfred House

• 1937 – 1940 Robert "Bobby" Paton Longden

• 1921 – 1937 Frederick Blagden Malim

• 1910 – 1921 William Wyamar Vaughan

• 1893 – 1910 Bertram Pollock

• 1873 – 1893 Edward C. Wickham

• 1859 – 1873 Edward White Benson

Former pupils

 * Historian P. J. Marshall
 * Field marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck
 * Field marshal Sir Geoffrey Baker
 * Squadron leader Roger Bushell (1910-1944), mastermind of the "Great Escape"
 * Military historian Sir Michael Howard
 * Clergyman and author David Watson
 * Architect Sir Nicholas Grimshaw
 * Impressionist Rory Bremner
 * Pakistani politician Hammad Azhar
 * Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge
 * Theravāda Buddhist monk Ñāṇavīra Thera (born Harold Edward Musson)
 * Author Sebastian Faulks
 * Businessman Gerald Mordaunt Broome Salmon
 * Playwright Hugh Salmon
 * Language school pioneer John Haycraft
 * Political journalist Robin Oakley
 * Actor Sir Christopher Lee
 * Liberal politician George Ferguson who became the first elected Mayor of Bristol (2012–2016)
 * Writer George Orwell (Easter Term 1917 only, in May 1917 he became a King's Scholar at Eton)
 * Poet Gavin Ewart
 * Composer John Gardner
 * World champion motor racing driver James Hunt
 * Rugby union player and first-class cricketer Simon Clarke
 * Former Leader of the House of Lords Lord Strathclyde
 * Journalist and television presenter, Peter Snow
 * The UK Pop Idol winner Will Young
 * Revenge actor Josh Bowman
 * BRIT Award-nominated singer, Nerina Pallot
 * Rugby Union players, James Haskell and the brothers Max and Thom Evans
 * Actor Robert Morley
 * Actress Caggie Dunlop
 * Actress Elize du Toit
 * Actress Ellie Bamber
 * Olympic athlete Morgan Lake
 * Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne
 * Soros family
 * Getty family
 * de Betak family
 * de Givenchy family
 * Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein
 * Prince Maurice of Battenberg
 * Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke
 * Count Nikolai Tolstoy
 * Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark
 * Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark
 * Prince Achileas-Andreas of Greece and Denmark
 * Prince Odysseas-Kimon of Greece and Denmark
 * Formula One Engineer Patrick Head
 * Cricketer Tom Curran
 * Cricketer Sam Curran

Sport
Wellington College was one of the 21 founding members of the Rugby Football Union, and pupils at the school have historically played schoolboy rugby to the highest standard. In 2008, the College became the first school to win the Daily Mail Cup at both U15 and U18 level in the same year, beating Millfield School and St Benedict's School, Ealing in their respective finals at Twickenham on 2 April 2008.

A number of Old Wellingtonians play professional rugby union, including: James Haskell (England), Paul Doran-Jones (England), Max Lahiff (Bath Rugby), Max Evans and Thom Evans (Scotland), Sam Aspland-Robinson (Harlequins), Rory Brand (London Irish), Max Lahiff (Bristol Bears), and Madison Hughes (USA 7s).

The school has one of only around 20 racquets courts in the UK, one of 27 real tennis courts in the UK and until recently three Eton Fives courts, now a café bar as part of the sports club.

Controversies
The school has been the subject of reports on bullying. In response to criticism, in 2006, it introduced 'well-being lessons' to the curriculum, in conjunction with a team at Cambridge University.

In 2005 the school was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times newspaper, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.

Mrs Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and were unaware of the change in the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."

Houses
There are 17 houses at Wellington. The majority are composed of boarders with a small number of day pupils also, although two, Wellesley and Raglan, are day-pupil exclusive. Each house is either an 'in-house' or an 'out-house': in-houses are located within the main school buildings and quads while out-houses are located elsewhere on the college grounds. Each house has aspects distinguishing it from other houses, such as its own colours, insignia, and crest (with the crest of each house being incorporated into one of each of the stained glass windows of the college chapel). Each house was named in honour of a significant figure in history, usually although not exclusively figures associated with the Duke of Wellington.

The Orange, Combermere, Hopetoun, and Anglesey were all formerly boys' houses but converted to girls' houses between 2005 and 2011. The Talbot is currently converting from a boys' to girls' house.

The Old Wellingtonian Society
The Old Wellingtonian Society is the alumni society for the college and was founded in 1890. The Old Wellingtonian Society was set up to further the interests of the college and its past and present members, and to keep former pupils in touch with each other and with the school.

title: Wellington College, Berkshire


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Talk:Human body weight

Untitled messages
This is an odd sort of a page, but I think we need it. It isn't exactly a disambig. page - it's somewhere to link from pages that want to mention body weight without having to list all its ramifications. I put it up because I needed it for AMPK, and I can think of a lot of other pages that might need it. seglea 18:27, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * When I reverted the blanking, I also reverted a VfD notice which did not link to a VfD page. Gene Nygaard 14:37, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If body weight or body mass regards other living organisms then of course "Human" perception of mass or weight does not comply. For example when discussing about increments in body mass of a clam or oyster, some distinctions must be made when the mass regards flesh only; (unshelled) or total body mass. Example in (FAO) data publications. Thus I recommend not merging but enabling a sub category or another case for living mass or weight determination.

combining human weight and body weight
Combined these two pages human weight and body weight as they said the exact same thing.--Doc James (talk) 14:16, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Averages
As much as I like this page-in-the-making, I think the Averages section would benefit from data from a few more countries, as from a statistical point of view this isn't really a representative sample. I'm glad there's something there, though, I'd just say "it's a start". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prem-aka-Prince (talk • contribs) 19:09, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * An average for a regular "person" should be given, given that 75 is for female and 85 for male (the US being slightly heavy btw), I guess 75 per person is the average ? please include

It is to determine the average people loads for vehicles —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.66.49.3 (talk) 07:54, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * An idea of the spread as well as the average would be more useful too. E.g. are most people closely clustered around these weights or do they vary a lot? Richard001 (talk) 23:27, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The averages for the USA are ridiculously incorrect. The medically estimated weight for an average adult male is 75kg(165 lbs.)  I would hazard to guess that someone that has some sort of pro-obesity agenda may have tinkered with these values.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.69.117.95 (talk) 19:53, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

And sometimes Canada.
I got rid of And sometimes canada and just put canada. No one in canada states there weight in metric measurements. or heights for that matter

24.224.219.234 (talk) 07:39, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Do you have any citation for the above fact? It seems a pretty broad statement to say "No One in Canada" when this is obviously incorrect. I live in the US and weigh myself in kilograms, this would make a similar statement for the US False. I've also spent a lot of time in various "Commonwealth of Nations countries and from recollection all people I've come across use kilograms even in general conversation, with the odd person expressing weight in pounds but never Stones which seem to exist in the UK only. Metricmike (talk) 21:49, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Estimation in children
I think there should be a small explanation added as to why their weight is estimated. When I first read this article the first thing that came to mind was "Why estimate their weight at all? Just put them on some scales." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.45.234.97 (talk) 04:34, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Good point. I think one reason is to use appropriate drug dosages (etc.) in emergency medicine when seconds count.  There may be other reasons. DKEdwards (talk) 04:33, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Also, if it could be useful, I found another publicly-readable source with some of the estimation formulas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312489/ DKEdwards (talk) 04:33, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

I'm confuzzled
This article is a start, but someone marked it as a stub. Will I remove the stub taag?-- The Master   of Mayhem  16:47, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Graham 87 05:27, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Precision
I have added one decimal place to the lbs column as the ratio of 0.1 kg to 0.1 lb is less than the ratio of 1 lb to 0.1 kg. Martinvl (talk) 10:31, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Statistic data
So there's a PDF linked named here as: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2010 - it's supposed to be about rage range of 20–74. But if you actually open the document you can see: Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002 62.152.131.187 (talk) 15:14, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I could not find any source for those figures, nor the document it was supposed to be taken from, so I have switched the reference to a new source. Cool Hand Luke 16:27, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Scales
This article has no mention of scales as of May 2013. —  C M B J  01:04, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Population data
There is no population information, either, as of May 2013. See here for a starting point. —  C M B J  01:10, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Devine Formula
This article only shows the Devine Formula but there are more formulas to calculate the ideal weight here.--Kizar (talk) 15:43, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Had a look and then merged the wikipedia article on Hamwi method back into this article. I think the article does need some more proper referencing, but the Devine Formula seems to be the most populat. - Master Of Ninja (talk) 08:45, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

Weight and force
Inform the readers that referring to weight as kilograms is the old, layman's metric system and not the modern SI metric system. In the modern SI metric system, your weight is equal to (mass) x (gravity) and those units do NOT equal kilograms!!! If you say something weighs, say, 10 kilograms, then its mass = (weight)/(gravity) != same number as the weight. So how can kilograms be a unit of your weight ( a force!!)?

What is meant is kilograms-force is the unit of weight. Engineers and Physicists cringe when they hear kilograms as weight. It does not work in calculations for, say, computing reaction forces and what not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.76.32.49 (talk) 16:11, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Human body weight. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110312040633/http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/portal/url/item/99c12b89738d80d5e04001011e0113f8.pdf to http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/portal/url/item/99c12b89738d80d5e04001011e0113f8.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Levnadsforhallanden/Levnadsforhallanden/Undersokningarna-av-levnadsforhallanden-ULFSILC/12202/2012A02B/Behallare-for-Press/6-kilo-mer-man-och-4-kilo-mer-kvinna/

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Expand the article to explain "How many calories is needed to maintain body weight", and "How many excess calories is needed to gain 1 kg of body weights".
Golopotw (talk) 03:59, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Intro paragraph
I take issue with the current introductory paragraph on the English version of this page. See:

"Human body weight refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world in countries that use the Metric system, although in some countries such as the United States it is measured in pounds, or as in the United Kingdom, stones and pounds. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, but use kilograms and pounds together for other purposes."

I don't believe this article should start with a discussion of units of measurement. It is common knowledge that many localities use different units of measurement-- I don't see how that elucidates the topic at hand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:547:1300:C790:B9CE:BD14:8DD:C719 (talk) 05:17, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Can someone add in the stats for Japan and Singapore? where can we get All Country Data?
Can someone add in the stats for Japan and Singapore? where can we get All Country Data? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:FF08:0:846:27E1:B0CA:9B4C (talk) 18:42, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Human body weight


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Daniel Joseph Greene

The Honourable Daniel Joseph Greene (c. 1850 – December 12, 1911) was a Newfoundland politician who briefly served as the colony's Premier.

A native of St. John's, he studied law at Laval University and became a lawyer. Daniel Greene was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1875 and became Leader of the Opposition in 1887. In 1889 he became a minister in the government of Liberal Premier Sir William Whiteway. A year after the controversial 1893 elections Whiteway's government was dismissed by the governor Arthur Murray due to petitions alleging corrupt electoral practices. Murray appointed Tory leader Augustus F. Goodridge as the new premier and helped the minority government stay in office. However, Goodridge resigned in December 1894 after the collapse of two banks.

Greene had become acting Liberal leader due to the disbarment of Whiteway from holding electoral office. On December 13, 1894, following the collapse of Goodridge's government, Greene was sworn in as premier.

Green's government promptly passed the Disabilities Removal Act allowing  candidates who had been disqualified because of election irregularities in 1893 to seek election again. Specifically, it allowed Whiteway to return as Premier which occurred on February 8, 1895 when Greene resigned.

He died in St. John's in 1911.

His nephew Joseph M. Greene also served in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1928 to 1932. Joseph Green's son, James Greene, was leader of the Opposition Conservative Party from 1960 to 1966.

title: Daniel Joseph Greene


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Chris Bosh

Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. A Texas Mr. Basketball in high school, he played one season of college basketball for Georgia Tech before declaring for the 2003 NBA draft. Bosh was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors. He is considered to be one of the greatest power forwards of all time, and one of the best players of his generation.

While at Toronto, Bosh became a five-time NBA All-Star, was named to the All-NBA Second Team once, played for the U.S. national team (with whom he won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics), and supplanted former fan favorite Vince Carter as the face and leader of the Raptors franchise. In the 2006–07 season, Bosh led the Raptors to their first playoff appearance in five years and their first-ever division title. He left Toronto in 2010 as the franchise's all-time leader in points, rebounds, blocks, and minutes played.

In 2010, after seven seasons with the Raptors, Bosh entered into a sign-and-trade deal whereby he was traded to the Miami Heat. In Miami, he joined fellow stars Dwyane Wade and LeBron James; the trio became known as the Big Three. Bosh spent the second half of his career with Miami, appearing in the NBA Finals each year from 2011 to 2014 and winning NBA titles in 2012 and 2013. Bosh made the NBA All-Star team every year during his time in Miami. Bosh's career was cut short by a blood clotting condition that the NBA ruled to be a career-ending illness. He played his final NBA game on February 9, 2016. Notwithstanding the NBA's ruling, Bosh fought to resume his playing career for three years before announcing in February 2019 that he intended to retire. The same year, the Heat retired Bosh's No. 1 jersey. In 2021, Bosh was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Seeking to promote sports and education amongst youths in Dallas and Toronto, Bosh set up the Chris Bosh Foundation and regularly speaks to youths about the benefits of reading.

Early life
Born to Noel and Freida Bosh in Dallas, Texas, on March 24, 1984, Bosh was raised in Hutchins, a suburb of the city. A family-oriented person, he would often play basketball in the house with his younger brother, Joel. At the early age of four years old, Bosh started learning how to dribble a basketball in the gym where his father played pick-up games. Since Bosh was always tall for his age, he was accustomed to out-rebounding his peers whenever he played. However, Bosh only started learning the game of basketball seriously around fourth grade, doing so at a playground near his grandmother's house.

As a child, Bosh participated in karate and gymnastics. He also played baseball up until high school, chiefly as a first baseman according to his preference.

Growing up, Bosh names his parents as the biggest influence on his personality and considered NBA superstar Kevin Garnett as his favorite athlete, after whom Bosh modeled his play. Academically, Bosh always excelled in school as he was a member of the National Honor Society and several student engineering organizations.

Bosh began garnering significant attention from college recruiters after leading Lincoln High School in Dallas to the top ranking in the country and to the USA Today National Championship with a perfect 40–0 season.

The 6-foot-11 teenager helped Lincoln High capture the Class 4A state title after delivering 23 points and 17 rebounds to go along with nine blocks. Bosh was subsequently named High School Player of the Year by Basketball America; Powerade Player of the Year in Texas; a first-team All-American by Parade, McDonald's, and EA Sports; a second-team all-American by USA Today and SLAM Magazine; a first-team all-state player; and "Mr. Basketball" in Texas by the Texas Association of Basketball Coaches. With his combination of grades and basketball skills, Bosh's name was on a number of college recruiting lists. The University of Florida and University of Memphis among them made serious overtures, but it was Paul Hewitt, coach of Georgia Tech, who made the best impression. Bosh felt that Hewitt had his best interests at heart and respected his aspiration to play professionally; moreover, Bosh was sufficiently impressed by what he saw of Georgia Tech's transition offense.

College career
Bosh eventually chose to follow the footsteps of his cousin and aunt and attended Georgia Tech to study graphic design and computer imaging, and subsequently, management. There, Bosh led the Yellow Jackets in averaging 15.6 points, 9.0 rebounds and 2.2 blocks in 31 games, and led the Atlantic Coast Conference in field goal percentage (.560), joining Antawn Jamison as the only freshmen ever to do so. Bosh originally intended to complete his degree, but by the end of the 2002–03 season, Bosh was convinced that he was ready for the NBA due to his strong performances. Bosh left Georgia Tech after his freshman season and entered the 2003 NBA draft. Bosh said that in future interviews that although he misses his college days, he believes he made the right decision to pursue a professional basketball career.

Rookie year (2003–2004)
In what is widely regarded as one of the strongest draft classes in NBA history, which included future All-Stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, and Dwyane Wade, Bosh was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors in the 2003 NBA draft and was signed on July 8, 2003. However, prior to his signing, other NBA teams made offers for Bosh as they knew Toronto needed a veteran scorer, and Raptors star Vince Carter himself pressed for a trade. General Manager Glen Grunwald turned everyone down.

In his rookie season, Bosh was forced to play out of position as the Raptors' starting center after Antonio Davis was traded to the Chicago Bulls. Night after night, the teenager with the "slim frame" battled against opponents who had a significant size and strength advantage over him. Bosh—who cited teammate Michael Curry as his mentor —was often praised by his coaches for his heart, and willingness to play through pain and injuries resulting from his lack of body strength compared to some of the league's strong forwards and centers. Bosh's contributions were not unnoticed by teammates either, as he averaged 11.5 points, 7.4 rebounds, 1.4 blocks, and 33.5 minutes in 75 games, leading all rookies in rebounding and blocks, and setting a franchise record for most rebounds in a rookie season with 557. Bosh was rewarded by being selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team for the 2003–04 season.

Heralded as the new hope (2004–2006)
With the departure of the disenchanted franchise face of the team, Vince Carter, in December 2004, Bosh was simultaneously anointed as the new leader around whom Toronto would build. In the remaining games following Carter's departure, the power forward averaged 18.4 points, 9.5 rebounds, 1.6 blocks, and 38.1 minutes per game, improving in every major statistical category. Bosh was awarded his first ever NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played between January 3 and 9, 2005. As the season drew to a close, analysts predicted that Bosh would become an All-Star one day. He finished the 2004–05 season as the leading scorer and leading rebounder for the team on 21 and 46 occasions respectively.

Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bosh was named as one of Toronto's team captains. Bosh continued to work on his game as he consistently chalked up double-doubles, leading the team in scoring, rebounding, and field goal percentage for the first half of the season. On February 9, 2006, for the first time in his career, Bosh was selected to play in the 2006 NBA All-Star Game in Houston, Texas as a reserve forward for the Eastern Conference. He was only the third Raptor to make an All-Star game, after Carter and Antonio Davis. Bosh's selection was just three days after being named NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the second time in his career. In March 2006, following a season-ending injury to Bosh, the Raptors hit a 1–10 skid. This highlighted Bosh's importance as the centerpiece of the offense, as well as the leader of the team. The Raptors finished the season 27–55 and Bosh averaged 22.5 points, 9.2 rebounds, and 2.6 assists per game.

Leader of the division champions (2006–2007)
Despite a major off-season revamp of the Raptors roster—including the departure of good friends Mike James and Charlie Villanueva—Bosh officially signed a three-year contract extension with a player option for a fourth year on July 14, 2006. The deal was reportedly worth US$65 million over four years. Upon signing the contract, Bosh said "I think the future is very positive for the franchise... change was needed... we have a lot of guys who just want to win and are willing to work hard." During the same press conference, Bosh also announced a donation of $1 million to a Toronto charity, known as Community Legacy Programs.

After a rocky start to the Raptors' 2006–07 campaign, the Raptors managed to surpass the .500 mark as the All-Star break approached. Bosh's play and leadership were pivotal to this run and as an increasing recognition of his abilities. On January 25, 2007, Bosh was named an All-Star starter for the East in the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. He received the second highest number of votes among all Eastern Conference forwards. This was Bosh's first All-Star start and second overall All-Star appearance, having averaged over 22 points and 11 rebounds in the first half of the season. On January 31, 2007, in a game against the Washington Wizards, Bosh scored a 65 ft buzzer-beating shot to end the third quarter. He shot 15-of-15 after missing his first four shots. Bosh's in-form streak enabled him to be selected Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January 2007. He had averaged 25.4 points and 9.1 rebounds while leading the Raptors to a 10–5 record in that month. On February 7, 2007, Bosh's career-high 41 points prompted the home fans to chant "MVP"—an unprecedented event in the Air Canada Centre. Two days later, Bosh collected 29 points and 11 rebounds against the Los Angeles Lakers, shooting 10-of-10 in the second half.

On March 28, 2007, Bosh became the new franchise record holder for double-doubles in a home win against the Miami Heat. He was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the third time in his career shortly after, having led Toronto to clinch a playoff berth for the first time in five years. Toronto went on to win its first ever division title, and concluded the regular season with a 47–35 record, including a 30–11 home record, both franchise records. As the third seed, the Raptors played sixth seed New Jersey Nets in the first round of the 2007 NBA playoffs. The series drew much media attention as Carter, who had left Toronto under acrimonious circumstances, was back at the ACC as a Net. Toronto's inexperience was evident as they struggled offensively throughout the game, to eventually lose 96–91. The Raptors won Game 2 at the ACC to tie the series 1–1, as Bosh recorded 25 points and a game-high 13 rebounds. The Nets won Games 3 and 4 to lead 3–1, but Toronto forced Game 6 when they narrowly won Game 5 by a score of 98–96. The Nets went on to clinch the series with a win in Game 6. Bosh averaged a double-double with 22.6 points per game and 10.7 rebounds per game for the regular season, both career-highs, and posted 17.5 points per game and 9.0 rebounds per game in the playoffs. He was named to the All-NBA Second Team at the end of the 2006–07 campaign.

Struggles (2007–2009)
Before the 2007–08 season began, Andrea Bargnani, the number one pick in the 2006 NBA draft, was slated to start at center and Bosh at power forward to form a strong Toronto frontcourt and Jason Kapono, a three-point specialist, was acquired via free agency from the Miami Heat to add offensive firepower. However, as the season unfolded, neither plan materialized as hoped. Bosh himself had a slow start to the season, but as mid-season approached, his form picked up and he was named Player of the Week for the second week of January. On January 31, 2008, Bosh was selected to be on the Eastern Conference team for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. He missed 15 games throughout the season, but the Raptors still managed to conclude the regular season with a 41–41 record, thus clinching the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2008 NBA playoffs. However, they were defeated by the Orlando Magic in the first round, losing 4–1.

The first-round series against the Magic was touted as the matchup between two of the league's best young big men in Bosh and Dwight Howard. Howard dominated throughout the series, while Bosh had a series-best effort in game 4 with 39 points and 15 rebounds. General Manager Bryan Colangelo said at a press conference after the series, "Whether it's protecting [Bosh] inside the paint, getting a little bit more of a presence in there, to just getting him another scorer that's going to shoulder some of that burden, it's something that's clear we have to get better", hinting that the roster was in need of an overhaul. After the loss, Bosh said, "They played a great series, they executed on offence and defense better than we did and when it came to the small things, they did a better job... I can't sit here and bark in protest that the better team didn't win. That's pretty obvious. They beat us pretty good." Unlike the previous campaign, Bosh was not named to any of the All-NBA teams.

To provide Bosh with an experienced frontcourt partner, the Raptors pulled a blockbuster trade prior to the 2008–09 campaign: six-time All-Star Jermaine O'Neal was acquired from the Indiana Pacers. Bosh—who had won an Olympic gold medal with the national team at Beijing 2008—started the season strong. He averaged 26 points, 10 rebounds and 3.7 assists in his first three games and was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the fifth time in his career. A week later, he became Toronto's all-time leader in offensive rebounds, surpassing Antonio Davis's record. While Bosh and O'Neal formed a formidable partnership in the frontcourt, the Raptors struggled to surpass the .500 mark. The principal deficiency of previous campaigns—wing players—continued to upend Toronto's progress. With the Raptors at 8–9, head coach Sam Mitchell was sacked and replaced by Jay Triano. Despite the move, injuries and weaknesses in the roster meant that the Raptors entered the All-Star break 13 games under .500. On January 29, 2009, Bosh was named an All-Star reserve, but an injury ruled him out of the game. Two weeks later, in a bid to bring in a wing player and create greater salary flexibility, O'Neal and Jamario Moon were traded to Miami for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks. However, the trade did not improve the team's win–loss record, and the Raptors were eliminated from contention with seven games of the regular season remaining. The bright spark in Bosh's campaign was his career-high 22.7 points per game, as well as him being one of two players in the league that season (the other being Dwight Howard) to average a 20/10 in points and rebounds. On April 20, 2009, Colangelo announced that he would offer Bosh a contract extension during the summer, which Bosh later refused to sign.

Overhauling the roster (2009–2010)
To prepare for the 2009–10 season, Bosh worked out under Ken Roberson, looking to add 20 lb and bring his weight up to 250 lb. Following the failure of the 2008–09 campaign, Colangelo knew that he had to shake up the roster to persuade Bosh to stay, and the Raptors were one of the busiest teams in the pre-season market. They opened their season with a win against the heavily favored Cleveland Cavaliers, in which Bosh scored 21 points and pulled down 16 rebounds. Bosh went on a tear, averaging 25.4 points and 11.9 rebounds in the first 16 games, but the Raptors were only able to win seven of those games. The Raptors crossed into 2010 with a 16–17 record, and on January 3, 2010, Bosh overtook Vince Carter as Toronto's all-time leader in total points scored. After pulling together a string of wins, the Raptors were .500 after 40 games. Bosh was the league leader in double-doubles at the time, being only one of two players in the league who averaged at least 20 points and 10 rebounds a game. On January 20, 2010, he scored a career-high 44 points in a loss against the Milwaukee Bucks, while collecting his 220th career double-double. That same month, Bosh was named a reserve for the Eastern Conference All-Star team, and was Eastern Conference Player of the Week. After the All-Star break, the Raptors went on several losing streaks and an injury to Bosh exacerbated the situation. As the regular season came to a close, the Raptors went from being the fifth seed before the All-Star break to fighting for the eighth and final playoff spot with the Chicago Bulls. After recording his 44th double-double on March 22, 2010, Bosh became the Raptors' all-time leader in number of double-doubles in a season. On April 5, 2010, he was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week, winning the honor for the seventh time in his career (tying Carter for the most in franchise history). However, Bosh was unable to play in a pivotal match against the Bulls on April 11, 2010. The blowout loss cost Toronto their tie-breaker and ultimately the eighth seed, as the Bulls finished with 41 wins to Toronto's 40.

Joining the Heat and debut season (2010–2011)
After the 2009–10 season was over, there was much speculation over whether coveted free agents such as LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Bosh would sign with new teams for the 2010–11 season. Bosh was active on the social media front, posting his thoughts on Twitter and having a documentary crew record his meetings with the teams interested in signing him. Bosh signed a 6-year, $110 million contract with the Miami Heat on July 10, 2010, through a sign-and-trade deal, which sent two 2011 first-round draft picks to the Raptors (Norris Cole and Jonas Valančiūnas were later selected). Bosh was a part of the first player-created NBA superteam. His parting message to the Raptors on his website said, "[K]now that this was my toughest decision, mostly because Toronto has been so great to me. I've loved every minute here and I just wanted to thank you from the bottom of my heart..." Not only did Bosh leave Toronto as its all-time leader in virtually all major statistical categories, he was one of only three players in the league who accrued 10,000 points, 4,500 rebounds, and 600 blocks in his seven seasons with the Raptors.

Despite being widely tipped as contenders, the Heat got off to a tentative 9–8 start. However, the Heat managed to go on to compile a 21–1 record and were jostling with the Boston Celtics and Chicago Bulls for pole position in the Eastern Conference as mid-season approached. Miami finished the regular season with 58 wins and faced the Philadelphia in the first round of the playoffs. Miami won the series in five games, and also prevailed in five games in the semi-finals against Boston. In the Conference Finals against Chicago, Bosh was particularly instrumental, averaging 23.2 points in the 4–1 series win. He was slow off the blocks in the NBA Finals against the Dallas Mavericks, shooting below .300 in the first two games, but made the game-winning shot in Game 3 to give Miami a 2–1 lead. That was the last game Miami won, as Dallas won the next three to win its first-ever championship. Bosh was seen in tears as he walked to the locker room following the loss.

Consecutive NBA championships (2011–2013)
On January 5, 2012, Bosh led the Heat to a 116–109 triple-overtime win against the Atlanta Hawks, highlighted by a three-point shot he made to force the game into overtime with 0.6 seconds left to play in the fourth quarter. Bosh finished the game with 33 points, 14 rebounds, five assists, two steals, and two blocked shots. By the end of the season, the Heat had embraced a small-ball strategy that featured Bosh at the center position.

In the playoffs, Bosh averaged 14.0 points and 7.8 rebounds a game. In Game 1 of the Conference Semi-finals against the Indiana Pacers, he suffered a lower abdominal strain that forced him to miss the rest of the series and the first four games of the Eastern Conference Finals against Boston. Bosh returned in the Conference Finals against Boston. He was moved to center for the remainder of the playoffs, while James, who had filled in at power forward during his absence, remained at that position. Boston pushed Miami to seven games, and in the final game, Bosh scored 19 points, including 3-of-4 shooting from three-point range, to help the Heat advance to their second straight NBA Finals, this time against the Oklahoma City Thunder. The Thunder won the first game of the series before Miami rolled to a 4–1 victory, giving Bosh his first NBA championship. Bosh scored 24 points in the deciding Game 5 and averaged 14.6 points and 9.4 rebounds in the Finals.

Bosh remained the Heat's starting center for the 2012–13 season. On February 15, 2013, Bosh was picked as an All-Star starter over the injured Rajon Rondo by coach Erik Spoelstra. The Heat achieved the league's best record and swept through the first round of the playoffs against the Milwaukee Bucks before defeating the Chicago Bulls in five games, with Bosh recording 20 points and 19 rebounds in a crucial Game 3 victory in Chicago. Bosh averaged 12.1 points per game throughout the playoffs, as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals to face the San Antonio Spurs following a grueling seven-game series against Indiana. The Heat and Spurs split the first two games before the Spurs blew out Miami in Game 3 to take a 2–1 series lead. In Game 4, Bosh recorded 20 points and 13 rebounds to complement Wade's 32 points and James's 33 points to bolster the Heat's win, tying the series. San Antonio bounced back in Game 5 to force the Heat to win the final two games at home. In the final seconds of Game 6, James missed a three-pointer, and Bosh grabbed the offensive rebound and found a wide-open Ray Allen in the corner. Allen hit the shot to tie the game, and in overtime the Heat had a three-point lead with seconds left. San Antonio inbounded the ball to Danny Green, who attempted a corner three, but Green's shot was blocked by Bosh to secure the Heat's victory. Bosh was held scoreless in Game 7 by Tim Duncan, but the Heat still won the game and the series to claim their second consecutive NBA championship.

Coming up short (2013–2014)
In the 2013–14 season, Bosh played and started in 79 games, averaging 16.2 points and 6.6 rebounds per game. He also hit a career-high 74 three-point shots on 33 percent shooting from beyond the arc. In the playoffs, Bosh helped the Heat return to the NBA Finals, where they faced the San Antonio Spurs once again. This time, however, the Heat were outclassed by the Spurs as they lost the series in five games.

Post-Big Three era (2014–2016)
On July 30, 2014, after wide speculation that he would join the Houston Rockets, Bosh re-signed with the Heat to a five-year, $118 million contract after LeBron James announced that he was leaving Miami to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers. After averaging 21.6 points, 8.2 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.1 steals over the first 23 games of the 2014–15 season, Bosh was ruled out indefinitely on December 15 with a calf strain. He went on to miss eight games before returning on December 29 against the Orlando Magic. After playing in the 2015 All-Star Game, Bosh was admitted to a Miami hospital for lung tests during the All-Star break. On February 21, 2015, he was ruled out for the rest of the season due to a blood clot in one of his lungs.

On October 28, 2015, Bosh made his return to the court in the Heat's season opener against the Charlotte Hornets, recording 21 points and 10 rebounds during a 104–94 victory. On November 10, 2015, he scored a then season-high 30 points in a 101–88 victory over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 28, 2015, Bosh recorded 24 points and 12 rebounds against the Brooklyn Nets, and hit a career-best 5-of-5 from three-point range. On January 4, 2016, he recorded a season-high 31 points and 11 rebounds in a 103–100 overtime win over the Indiana Pacers. Though Bosh was voted to play in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, and selected to compete in the Three-Point Contest, Bosh was forced to withdraw from both due to a calf injury.

A blood clot in his leg again forced Bosh to miss time following the 2016 All-Star break. He faced increasing pressure from physicians and the Heat organization to sit out the rest of the season because of the potential dangers of the recurring medical condition. Following the Heat's February 9 game against San Antonio, Bosh did not play any regular-season or playoff games for Miami in 2016. On May 4, 2016, the Heat announced that Bosh would be held out for the remainder of the playoffs.

Comeback attempts and retirement (2016–2019)
Bosh was initially optimistic about a return to the Heat for the 2016–17 season, and the organization had become increasingly hopeful that he would be cleared for camp. Those hopes quickly faded due to Bosh's continued issues with blood clotting. In September 2016, Bosh failed his physical exam and was not cleared by the team to participate in training camp. On September 26, 2016, Heat president Pat Riley said that the team viewed Bosh's career with the team as over. In May 2017, Bosh and the Heat reportedly reached a unique agreement in which Bosh would leave the Heat without his salary taking up the team's salary cap space for the 2017–18 season.

On June 2, 2017, the NBA ruled that Bosh's blood clotting issues were a career-ending illness, meaning the Heat would be allowed to remove his contract from their salary cap once they officially released him. Two days later, the Heat announced that they had waived Bosh, ending his seven-year stint with the organization. Following Bosh's release, Heat President Pat Riley said, "The number '1' will never be worn by another player and we can't wait to someday hang his jersey in the rafters." In February 2018, Bosh declared himself on the comeback trail, having refused to rule out a return to the NBA.

Retirement
On February 12, 2019, Bosh announced that he was no longer pursuing his NBA career and that he planned to retire from the NBA when his jersey was retired by the Heat. The Heat retired Bosh's No. 1 jersey on March 26, 2019, before a regular season game against the Orlando Magic.

National team career
Bosh's national team career began in 2002 when he was selected as a member of the 2002 USA Basketball Junior World Championship Qualifying Team that finished with a 4–1 record and the bronze medal.

After his NBA career began, Bosh was named in March 2006 to the 2006–2008 United States men's national basketball team program, and helped lead the team to a 5–0 record during its pre-World Championship tour. In August 2006, Bosh was named as a member of the 2006 USA World Championship Team. Together with fellow 2003 draftees Dwyane Wade, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, and Kirk Hinrich, this team competed in the 2006 FIBA World Championship. The team won the bronze medal, defeating former 2004 Olympic champion Argentina. Bosh was ranked sixth in field goal percentage.

Following the 2006–07 season, Bosh was named to the team that would compete in the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship. However, he sustained a foot injury and withdrew from the squad. On June 23, 2008, he was named to the team that would compete in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. During the tournament itself, Bosh operated as the main backup to center Dwight Howard as Team USA went unbeaten in all eight games en route to the gold medal, defeating Spain in the final. He averaged 9.1 points per game, and led the team in rebounds with 6.1 a game.

In June 2012, Bosh withdrew his name from consideration for the 2012 Olympics in London to recover from a lower abdominal strain that kept him out of some playoff games.

Player profile
Bosh traditionally played the power forward position, including during his first season with the Miami Heat. However, starting in the 2011–12 season, he began to start at center and played the position during the team's consecutive championships. Listed at 6 ft and 235 lb, Bosh possessed excellent speed, athleticism, and ball handling for a player of his size. Bosh was particularly noted for his ability to drive to the basket and finish strong or get to the free throw line—where he was also proficient, but he was also known for his well-developed jump shot. Indiana Pacers coach Jim O'Brien once commented on the match-up problems Bosh posed for opposing defenders: "We've tried over the years to put big guys on him. It doesn't work. We've tried to put small guys on him. It doesn't seem to work either. I don't know if we have somebody to play Bosh, to tell you the truth." When he was the centerpiece of the Raptors' offense, Bosh was often double teamed, and he was noted to unselfishly pass the ball to teammates who were in better shooting positions. Bosh improved his shooting range when he worked on his three-point shooting during the summer of 2006 and showed improvement in the 2006–07 season. On November 8, 2006, against the Philadelphia 76ers, Bosh hit a game-winning three-point shot with 6.1 seconds left. It was reminiscent of the shot that marked his "arrival" to the NBA in his first season, when Bosh hit a game-tying three-pointer against Houston to send the game to overtime. When the 2006–07 season ended, Bosh had shot .343 from the three-point arc for the season; he improved to .400 the following season. Because of his ability to hit three-pointers, it was during his tenure with the Heat that Bosh began to be relied upon as one of the team's outside shooters, taking multiple three-pointers throughout the 2012 and 2013 championship runs. During the 2013–14 season, Bosh shot and made more three-pointers than at any point during his career, and continued to make crucial shots during the playoffs.

Bosh was noted for his leadership. When he was the leader of the Raptors, Bosh was not known for being vocal on the court, preferring to maintain his quiet and humble demeanor but expecting his teammates to match his work ethic. However, Bosh was also known to deliver stern rebukes to teammates who made bad calls on the court. Throughout his career, comparisons were made between Bosh and Kevin Garnett due to their similar style of play and physique.

Honors and achievements

 * NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Month: January 2007
 * 9× NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week: January 3, 2005; January 30, 2006; March 26, 2007; January 7, 2008; October 28, 2008; February 1, 2010; April 5, 2010; December 23, 2013; October 28, 2014
 * NBA Atlantic Division champion: 2007
 * 4× NBA Southeast Division champion: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 * 2× NBA champion: 2012, 2013
 * 11× NBA All-Star: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
 * All-NBA Second Team: 2007
 * NBA All-Rookie Team: 2004
 * 2× NBA Rookie All-Star Game: 2004, 2005
 * 3× NBA Shooting Stars champion (with Swin Cash and Dominique Wilkins), ,
 * Bronze medal winner with Team USA at the 2006 FIBA World Championship
 * Gold medal winner with Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Third-youngest player in NBA history to record 1,000 rebounds
 * Fourth-youngest player in NBA history to record 20 points and 20 rebounds in a game
 * Toronto's first player to achieve 10,000 points
 * Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds
 * Toronto's all-time leader in defensive rebounds
 * Toronto's all-time leader in offensive rebounds
 * Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds per game
 * Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds per game in a season
 * Toronto's all-time leader in blocks
 * Toronto's all-time leader in free throws made
 * Toronto's all-time leader in free throws made in a season
 * Toronto's all-time leader in free throws attempted
 * Toronto's all-time leader in free throws attempted in a season
 * Toronto's all-time leader in double-doubles
 * Toronto's all-time leader in double-doubles in a season
 * NBA Sportsmanship Award (divisional winner): 2007–08
 * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Off the court
Besides his on-the-court exploits, Bosh was a National Honor Society member and graduated with honors from Lincoln. He is also a member of the National Society of Black Engineers and the Dallas Association of Minority Engineers. Following his success in the NBA, Bosh soon had his own YouTube channel, and has since made various TV appearances. In December 2009, First Ink, a DVD featuring comedic digital shorts and a documentary about Bosh, was released. The DVD was filmed during the summer of 2009. A fan of the X-Men television series as a child, Bosh voiced the Marvel Comics character Heimdall in an episode of Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. in 2014. He also made appearances on episodes of Entourage, Jessie , and Parks and Recreation.

In the field of philanthropy, Bosh established the Chris Bosh Foundation in 2004. Remembering the challenges he had faced as a youth, Bosh founded the organization to help younger people in academics and athletics. The Foundation, with programs in Toronto and Dallas, has worked closely with organizations such as the Toronto Special Olympics to raise important funding for community projects. Bosh's mother, Freida, has served as CEO of the Foundation. As an avid reader, Bosh also regularly speaks to groups of children about the benefits of reading, and has received the NBA Community Assist Award for his active contributions for the Raptors community development program in Toronto and Dallas during the course of the NBA campaign. In November 2008, Bosh pledged to donate $75,000 to the Boys and Girls Clubs of Canada. He is also an advocate for increased computer literacy in schools, supporting the non-profit code.org.

On April 9, 2011, Bosh married Adrienne Williams. They renewed their vows on July 16, 2011. The couple have three sons and two daughters.

Bosh has dabbled in hip-hop production. In 2017, alongside record producer, songwriter, and singer Rico Love, Bosh co-produced a song titled "Miss My Woe" by Gucci Mane. The song is featured on Gucci's 11th studio album titled, Mr. Davis.

In June 2021, Bosh published his book, Letters to a Young Athlete.

Paternity lawsuit
On March 24, 2009, it was reported that Bosh's former girlfriend, Allison Mathis, was seeking child support and sole custody of their daughter, Trinity (born November 2, 2008). Mathis alleged that when she was seven months pregnant, Bosh stopped supporting her financially and tried to remove her from their home. Three days later, it was reported that the dispute was only over the amount Bosh paid. Mathis' lawyer also told the press, "My client very much wanted this dispute to remain private. Certainly this thing did not get started by anything on our side... She is very distressed that somehow this thing got into the newspapers. She wants Trinity to have a good relationship with her dad, Chris Bosh, and adverse publicity makes that more difficult."

title: Chris Bosh


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Patricio Aylwin

Patricio Aylwin Azócar (26 November 1918 – 19 April 2016) was a Chilean politician from the Christian Democratic Party, lawyer, author, professor and former senator. He was the 30th president of Chile and the first president to be elected after the absolute rule of dictator Augusto Pinochet, and his election marked the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990.

Despite resistance from elements of the Chilean military and government after his election, Aylwin was staunch in his support for the Chilean National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation which exposed the systematic brutalities of the dictatorship.

Early life
Aylwin, the eldest of the five children of Miguel Aylwin and Laura Azócar, was born in Viña del Mar. An excellent student, he enrolled in the Law School of the University of Chile where he became a lawyer, with the highest distinction, in 1943. He served as professor of administrative law, first at the University of Chile (1946–1967) and also at the School of Law of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (1952–1960). He was also professor of civic education and political economy at the National Institute (1946–1963). His brother, Andrés, was also a politician.

On 29 September 1948, he was married to Leonor Oyarzún Ivanovic. They had five children (his daughter Mariana worked as a minister in subsequent governments) and 14 grandchildren (among them, popular telenovela and film actress Paz Bascuñán).

Political career

Aylwin's involvement in politics started in 1945, when he joined the Falange Nacional. Later he was elected president of the Falange in 1950–51. When that party became the Christian Democratic Party of Chile, he served seven terms as its president between 1958 and 1989.

In 1965 he was elected to the National Congress as a Senator. In 1971, he became the president of the Senate. During the government of Popular Unity, headed by Salvador Allende, he was also the president of his party, and he led the democratic opposition to Allende within and without Congress. He is credited, to some degree, with trying to find a peaceful solution to the country's political crisis. Distrusting Allende, Aylwin "demanded that the president appoint only military men to his cabinet as proof of his honest intent," which Allende did only partially, and Aylwin "apparently sided with pro-coup forces, believing that the military would restore democracy to the nation." He stated very plainly that between "a Marxist dictatorship and a dictatorship of our military, I would choose the second."

Aylwin was president of the Christian Democrats until 1976, and after the death of the party's leader, Eduardo Frei, in 1982, he led his party during the military dictatorship. Later he helped establish the Constitutional Studies Group of 24 to reunite the country's democratic sectors against the dictatorship. In 1979 he served as a spokesman in the group that opposed the plebiscite that approved a new constitution. In 1982, Aylwin was elected vice president of the Christian Democrats. He was among the first to advocate acceptance of the Constitution as a reality in order to facilitate the return to democracy.

On 5 October 1988, the Chilean national plebiscite was held. A "Yes" vote would grant Pinochet eight more years as president. Despite the widespread expectation that Pinochet would be voted an extended term, the "No" campaign triumphed, in part because of a superb media campaign depicted in the 2012 film No. Patricio Aylwin was at the center of the movement that defeated General Pinochet. After the plebiscite, he participated in negotiations that led the government and the opposition to agree on 54 constitutional reforms, thereby making possible a peaceful transition from 16 years of dictatorship to democracy.

Domestic policy
Patricio Aylwin was elected president of the Republic on 14 December 1989.

Although Chile had officially become a democracy, the Chilean military led by Pinochet remained highly powerful during the presidency of Aylwin, and the Constitution ensured the continued influence of Pinochet and his commanders, which prevented his government from achieving many of the goals it had set, such as the restructuring of the Constitutional Court and the reduction of Pinochet's political power. His administration, however, initiated direct municipal elections, the first of which were held in June 1992. In spite of the severe limits imposed on Aylwin's government by the Constitution, over four years, it "altered power relations in its favor in the state, in civil society, and in political society". Pinochet was determined that the military not be punished for its role in overthrowing Allende's government or for the years of military dictatorship. Aylwin did attempt to bring to justice those in the military who committed abuses.

Economic policy
The Aylwin Government did much to reduce poverty and inequality during its time in office. A tax reform was introduced in 1990 which boosted tax revenues by around 15% and enabled the Aylwin Government to increase government spending on social programs from 9.9% to 11.7% of GDP. By the end of the Aylwin government, unprecedented resources were being allocated to social programs, including an expanded public health programs, vocational and training programs for young Chileans, and a major public housing initiative.

A new Solidarity and Social Investment Fund was set up to direct aid towards poorer communities, and social spending (especially on health and education) increased by around one-third between 1989 and 1993. A new labor law was also enacted in 1990, which expanded trade union rights and collective bargaining while also improving severance pay for workers. The minimum wage was also increased, as were family allowances, pensions, and other benefits. Between 1990 and 1993, real wages grew by 4.6%, while the unemployment rate fell from 7.8% to 6.5%. Spending on education increased by 40% while spending on health increased by 54%. The incomes of poor Chileans increased by 20% in real terms (above the rate of inflation) under the Aylwin Government, while increases to the minimum wage meant that it was 36% higher in real terms in 1993 than in 1990. A slum clearance program was also initiated, with over 100,000 new homes built under the Aylwin Government, compared with 40,000 per annum under the Pinochet Government.

Under the Aylwin government, the numbers of Chileans living in poverty significantly decreased, with a United Nations report estimating that the percentage of the population living in poverty had fallen from around 40% of the population in 1989 to around 33% by 1993.

End
He was succeeded in 1994 by the election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of the late President Eduardo Frei Montalva.

British ancestry
Aylwin was of British descent through his paternal lineage. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) commissioned Timothy Duke to research into Aylwin’s heritage prior to a state visit in April 1991. They found that his great-grandfather, Richard Aylwin (who later changed his name to Ricardo Aylwin), was an Englishman born in Southwark, England, to tallow chandlers and emigrated to Chile in 1833. Aylwin had spent most of his life thinking he was of Welsh descent and had initially planned a trip to Cardiff as part of the official United Kingdom visit following his presidential election.

The FCO had also found that further down his lineage, his ancestors were yeoman farmers in Sussex, where Aylwin is quite a common surname. Duke described Aylwin's British ancestry as "well established" and accompanied him during his state visit to the villages of Treyford and Didling in Sussex, where Aylwin visited the graves of his ancestors and met relatives. Duke stated that Aylwin “didn’t speak English so we had an interpreter, but he was delighted with the reception he got in Sussex,” and that “He just seemed delighted to be back in a county from which his forebears had come and to discover the truth.”

Aylwin was a descendant of Henry fitz Ailwin the first Lord Mayor of London.

Post-presidency

Aylwin was president of the Corporation for Democracy and Justice, a non-profit organization he founded to develop approaches to eliminating poverty and to strengthen ethical values in politics.

Aylwin received honorary degrees from universities in Australia, Canada, Colombia, France, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, and the United States, as well as seven Chilean universities. In 1997, the Council of Europe awarded the North-South Prize to Aylwin and Mary Robinson, former president of Ireland, for their contributions to fostering human rights, democracy, and cooperation between Europe and Latin America.

Death
On 18 December 2015, Aylwin was hospitalized in Santiago after suffering a cranial injury at home. He died on 19 April 2016, aged 97 from natural causes from respiratory insufficiency.

His state funeral was held on 22 April 2016 and was buried at Cementerio General de Santiago in the following days.

Awards

 * Council of Europe: North–South Prize (1997)
 * Fulbright Association: William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding (1988)

Foreign honours

 * 🇵🇪 Peru: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru (1990)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1990)
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Order pro Merito Melitensi (1990)
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica: Member of the Order of Jamaica
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1990)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Collar of the Order of Charles III (1991)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1991)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1991)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (26 August 1992)
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1993)

title: Patricio Aylwin


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List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films

Since the 1970s, there have been a number of adult film actors who have appeared in mainstream films with varying degrees of success. Adult film actors Marilyn Chambers and Linda Lovelace tried crossing over to mainstream careers in the 1970s, but had little success. Chambers did work with David Cronenberg in 1977's horror film Rabid, which went on to achieve cult success. Former adult film star Traci Lords appeared in John Waters' films Cry-Baby and Serial Mom, and Lords also appeared in the comedy film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. The gay pornographic star Johnny Hazzard more recently appeared in the mainstream gay drama Tiger Orange.

Jenna Jameson played a radio guest in the Howard Stern biopic Private Parts, while Sasha Grey was the female lead in The Girlfriend Experience. In 2013, James Deen played the male lead in The Canyons, an indie film written by Bret Easton Ellis, with Lindsay Lohan playing the female lead.

The following list is of pornographic actors who have appeared in non-pornographic films, including the year they first appeared in a mainstream film.


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Talk:Hafrsfjord

LICENSE
Part of Heimskringla is taken from World Wide School library.

[2] LICENSE

[A] The School permits this Book to be viewed by anyone online, and to be downloaded and stored as a full or partial copy on a hard drive or other tangible medium for any personal, educational, or other non-business use, and for archival copies to be made for such uses, PROVIDED each full or partial copy includes this License without addition, deletion or modification.

[B] All rights and licenses of the School not explicitly granted here are reserved, and in particular NO permission (except as the School may, in its discretion, give in writing) is granted to use the words "World Wide School", or further to distribute the book online, on disk, as a package with any service or hardware, or otherwise.

--Vikingstad 18:40, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hafrsfjord


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Northern Alberta Institute of Technology

The Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) is a polytechnic and applied sciences institute in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

NAIT offers approximately 120 credit programs leading to degrees, applied degrees, diplomas, and certificates. As of 2023, there are approximately 15,700 students enrolled in credit programs, 7,009 apprentices registered in apprenticeship training, 12,100 students enrolled in non-credit courses, and more than 20,000 registrants for customized corporate based training. NAIT also attracts international students from 84 countries. NAIT is similar to an institute of technology or university of applied sciences as termed in other jurisdictions. The campus newspaper, the NAIT Nugget, is a member of the Canadian University Press (CUP).

Academic programs
The polytechnic confers certificates, diplomas, applied degrees and baccalaureate degrees. NAIT's four-year baccalaureate degrees (Bachelor of Technology in Technology Management and Bachelor of Technology in Construction Management and Bachelor of Business Administration ) were launched in 2007.

NAIT is one of the largest apprenticeship trainers in Canada offering 31 registered trades programs.

History
In 1959, the Alberta provincial government decided to build an Edmonton facility to supplement apprenticeship and vocational training, which was at the time handled by the Provincial Institute of Technology (PITA) in Calgary. The new institution would be named the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and PITA would be renamed the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT). Construction of the new facility began in January 1962. The first class was enrolled in October, a group of 29 Communication Electrician apprentices. NAIT officially opened on May 27, 1963, with a ceremony led by Premier Ernest Manning. The first graduation ceremony happened in 1965, with a class of 326 graduates. In 1982, the government transferred control to the new Board of Governors, chaired by Allan McCagherty. NAIT has been a leading polytechnic for more than 60 years. The school marked its 50th anniversary in 2012.

Campuses

The institute has four campuses located in Edmonton and Spruce Grove:
 * Main campus at 11762 - 106 Street, Edmonton
 * Patricia campus at 12204 - 149 Street, Edmonton
 * Souch (pronounced “such”) campus at 7110 Gateway Boulevard, Edmonton
 * Spruce Grove campus at 281 Tamarack Drive, Spruce Grove

In February 2019, the Main campus acquired 13.27 hectares of the former Edmonton City Centre Airport with the option for another 3.23 hectares, as well as the 4.8 hectare Westwood Transit Garage to the north. This will enable the closure of the Patricia and Souch campuses, and the construction of a student residence building. The Spruce Grove campus will remain open since its crane and hoisting classes cannot be accommodated at the Main campus.

Mascot
NAIT's mascot is the Ook. This is a shortened version of the Inuktitut word for the snowy owl, ookpik. NAIT was presented this mascot in 1964 by the federal Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, now Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Most of NAIT's sports teams are now called the Ooks as well.

Athletics
The NAIT Ooks compete in the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference. Ooks team sports include badminton, basketball, curling, ice hockey, soccer, and volleyball. NAIT's official team colours are gold and royal blue.

Students' association
The NAIT Students' Association (NAITSA) is composed entirely of current NAIT students. It is led by a four-person elected Executive Council, and governed by an eighteen-person elected Senate (two representatives from the 9 program groups). NAITSA is responsible for running the Nest Taphouse Grill, The NAIT Nugget (campus newspaper), campus events, the student health and dental plan, U-Pass and various other services aimed at enhancing student life.

Techlifetoday magazine
Techlifetoday is the polytechnic's official magazine, focusing on people, technology and innovation. It launched in 2007 as techlife, a print magazine. Techlifetoday has published exclusively online since November 2018 and has earned numerous industry awards.

Organization and administration
NAIT is organized into four academic schools and one academic department:
 * JR Shaw School of Business
 * School of Health and Life Sciences
 * School of Applied Sciences and Technology
 * School of Skilled Trades (which includes the Department of Culinary Arts and Professional Food Studies)
 * Department of Continuing Education

Notable alumni

 * Robert Barefoot, (Chemical Research Technology), chemist, author, lecturer
 * Gil Cardinal, filmmaker
 * Nolan Crouse, (Chemical Technology, Master of Business Administration), former mayor, City of St. Albert, 2007–2017
 * Patrick LaForge (Marketing 1974), Edmonton Oilers past president and CEO
 * Jarred Land, Red Digital Cinema Camera Company president
 * Kevin Martin, Winter Olympic gold medallist curler
 * Ian McClelland (Photographic Technology 1965), founder, Colorfast Corporation, former MP for Edmonton Southwest and former MLA for Edmonton Rutherford
 * Bryan Mudryk, TSN SportsCentre anchor
 * Doug Pruden (Architectural Technology 1982), push-up World Record holder holds 9 records
 * Vince Steen, Northwest Territories MLA
 * Corbin Tomaszeski (Culinary Arts 1992), chef on Food Network's Restaurant Makeover
 * Bruce Woloshyn, (Radio and Television Arts 1984), visual effects supervisor
 * Percy Wickman (Finance 1969), former Edmonton alderman, and former MLA of Edmonton-Whitemud
 * Olivia Cheng (Radio and Television Arts), Canadian actress
 * Dave Quest (Business Administration 1985), politician, Strathcona-Sherwood Park MLA
 * William (Billy) Morin, Indigenous leader, Enoch Cree Nation Chief
 * Morris Panych (Radio and Television Arts), Canadian actor and director
 * Cathy King (Radio and Television Arts), Gold Medallist curler
 * Dave Pettitt (Broadcasting), Canadian actor and voice-over artist
 * Barb Higgins (Business Administration and Radio and Television Arts), television news anchor and journalist
 * Natasha Staniszewski (Radio and Television Arts 1955), sports reporter and anchor
 * Travis Toews (unknown), politician, accountant, rancher, business owner, Minister of Finance of Alberta and President of the Treasury Board.
 * Bob McLeod (Administrative Management), politician, Northwest Territories MLA and 12th Premier of the Northwest Territories
 * Richard Newman (Radio and Television Arts), broadcaster and writer
 * Bol Kong (Radio and Television Arts), professional basketball player with National Basketball League of Canada (NBL) and NBA draft. Named All-Canadian at NAIT.
 * Pierre Lueders (unknown), Canadian Olympic athlete, bobsleigh World Cup Champion, and head coach
 * David Dorward (unknown), politician, Edmonton-Gold Bar MLA and business owner
 * George Rogers (Business Administration with Accounting 1980), politician, Leduc-Beaumont MLA, mayor of Leduc, businessman
 * Bob Peterson (Photography 1965), photographer
 * Holger Petersen (unknown), businessman, music record producer and radio broadcaster


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Stanford Shopping Center

Stanford Shopping Center is an upscale open air shopping mall located on Route 82 (El Camino Real) at Sand Hill Road in Palo Alto, California. It is on the campus of Stanford University although the university only owns the land and not the actual buildings or stores. Also, unlike the main academic campus, the shopping center and the neighboring Stanford University Medical Center are part of the city of Palo Alto, not the census-designated place (CDP) of Stanford, California. The shopping center buildings are 94.4% owned by Simon Property Group, which manages the property and leases the land from the university.

The outdoor center is 1,347,935 sqft and includes four major department stores: Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom. Retailers at the shopping center include Louis Vuitton, Tiffany & Co., Burberry, Ermenegildo Zegna, and Frette, as well as the first Victoria's Secret retail store.

History
In 1954, excavators broke ground on what was once Leland Stanford's vineyards. Nine buildings housing 45 businesses were built. The Roos Brothers clothing store opened as the first retailer in September 1955 and Blum's restaurant opened on October 22, 1956, marking the completion of the center. Board of trustees Chair Lloyd Dinkelspiel and university President J. E. Wallace Sterling presided at the opening and Shirley Temple Black cut the first slice of a nine-tiered cake. San Francisco department store The Emporium and luxury specialty department store I. Magnin & Co. were the original anchors.

The center opened with great success and became one of the largest sources of unrestricted income for the university.

Macy's California joined the center in 1961 and Saks Fifth Avenue opened a store in 1962. Further expansion came again in 1972 with the addition of Los Angeles-based Bullock's, owned by Bloomingdale's parent company Federated Department Stores. Bullock's only lasted 11 years, closing its northern California stores in 1983 and selling its Stanford location to Nordstrom, which opened in November 1984. Neiman Marcus became the sixth anchor in August 1985.

A department store shuffle occurred in the mid-1990s:

 * Saks Fifth Avenue closed in 1994.
 * I. Magnin was rebranded as a Macy's Men's store in 1995.
 * The Emporium store was shuttered and rebranded as Bloomingdale's in November 1996.

In 1997, the vacant Saks Fifth Avenue building was split into two tenants: Crate & Barrel and an Andronico's gourmet market. Andronico's closed in 2011, and was replaced by The Container Store in 2013.

On March 18, 2020, Stanford was among 7 Bay-area malls owned by the Simon Property Group which closed until March 29, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Later years
Throughout the years, the center has continued to evolve in terms of both tenants and construction and was managed by the university through its investment affiliate Stanford Management Company since 1991. However, in 2003, taking advantage of the high prices that shopping centers were fetching, the university's board of trustees agreed to sell the center for $333 million to Simon Property Group which, in turn, leases the underlying land from the university under a 51-year lease. The university's lease includes an annual rent equal to 25% percent of the center's net profits.

In 2012, Bloomingdale's announced plans to move into a new three-level 120,000 square foot store, vacating its existing building. The new Bloomingdale's opened in 2014, and the original building was demolished to make way for a new wing of retailers. That new wing, anchored by a multi-level Anthropologie store and a True Food Kitchen restaurant, opened in mid-2016.

In early 2019, Simon Property Group submitted plans to the city of Palo Alto to tear down the former Macy's Men's building and replace it with a 40,000 square-foot, three-level RH gallery with a rooftop restaurant, a duo of smaller restaurant buildings, and a new, larger 29,000 square-foot Wilkes Bashford store. The project was approved in late 2019, with demolition commencing in 2021 and continuing into 2021.

title: Stanford Shopping Center


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Harrison McCain

Harrison McCain (3 November 1927 – 18 March 2004) was a Canadian businessman and co-founder, along with his three brothers, of international frozen foods giant McCain Foods.

Early life
McCain was born in Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, as the son of Andrew Davis McCain, a descendant of a settler from Castlefinn, County Donegal, Ireland who became a well-respected seed potato farmer. Since 1900, the family sold seed potatoes throughout New Brunswick and exported to Cuba and Latin America.

Career
After graduating from Acadia University, Harrison (the 3rd son) and his brother Wallace (the 4th son) worked for oil and gas company Irving Oil. In 1956, on their brother Robert suggestions, Harrison and Wallace with their brothers Robert and Andrew founded one of the first factories to process potatoes, turning them into frozen french fries. With the benefit of ensured quality and the ability to export long distances with a value added product, the business started growing. With Harrison's personal and business skills and the close relationship with his brother Wallace, the McCain Foods business eventually grew to over 55 factories worldwide and the number one french fry company in the world. In the 1990s a prolonged legal dispute between Harrison and Wallace over succession to the company leadership led to the departure of Wallace and his son Michael from McCain Foods. Harrison named his nephew, Allison McCain, son of his late brother Andrew, as his successor in 2002.

Ventures
McCain was a member of the board of directors of the Bank of Nova Scotia and a close personal friend of the bank's chairman Cedric Ritchie who grew up in the neighboring community of Upper Kent.

Canadian honours
In 1992, he was named to the Order of Canada as a companion, the highest degree.

Personal life
He is father to Gillian McCain co-author (with Legs McNeil) of Please Kill Me: The Oral History Of Punk (Grove Press, 1996) as well as two volumes of poetry, Tilt (Hard Press, 1997) and Religion (The Figures, 1999). He was married to Marion "Billie" McCain, daughter of the former premier of New Brunswick John McNair.

He died of kidney failure in Boston, Massachusetts, on 18 March 2004.

title: Harrison McCain


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User talk:Lmorris

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for your note on the new user log.

We gladly welcome people with too much time on their hands. A lot of us don't have free time to spare, and spent it here anyway :-) You're welcome to work on whatever interests you, as often or as infrequently as suits you.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 18:50, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Welcome from me too. Actually, I'm a bit new so may be unqualified to welcome people.

I read your new user paras. "frustrated researcher with too much time on my hands", eh? Then I saw your personal page - genealogist, eh? You and I could get on fine.

If you get tired of Wikipedia (even for the occasional half hour), your sort of background and current state would be ideal at www.zeal.com. I haven't checked whether you are already one of us enjoying that thriving endangered species - secrecy of usernames, etc (we had one lmorris but HE seems to have lost interest and is obviously not you) - but you may check me out in Zeal's search box under "members": robinp.

Enjoy! :robinp 01:13, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

jak and daxter
List of Jak and Daxter characters needs some cleanup and a factcheck. Thanks. ... aa:talk 06:59, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

You people are fools. Your beliefs and/or opinions are not facts worthy of anything remotely resembling a dictionary or encyclopedia. Fools.

Disambiguous RHPS (disambiguation)
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on RHPS (disambiguation), by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because RHPS (disambiguation) is a disambiguation page that only points to a single article, or no articles at all. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting RHPS (disambiguation), please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. CSDWarnBot 14:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

DeVry
May I suggest a user box for you. (add your campus name). You'll also get put into the Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: DeVry University--ARTEST4ECHO talk 20:48, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lmorris


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Tibetan rug

Tibetan rug making is an ancient, traditional craft. Tibetan rugs are traditionally made from Tibetan highland sheep's wool, called changpel. Tibetans use rugs for many purposes ranging from flooring to wall hanging to horse saddles, though the most common use is as a seating carpet. A typical sleeping carpet measuring around 3 x is called a khaden.

The knotting method used in Tibetan rug making is different from that used in other rug making traditions worldwide. Some aspects of the rug making have been supplanted by cheaper machines in recent times, especially yarn spinning and trimming of the pile after weaving. However, some carpets are still made by hand. The Tibetan diaspora in India and Nepal have established a thriving business in rug making. In Nepal the rug business is one of the largest industries in the country and there are many rug exporters. Tibet also has weaving workshops, but the export side of the industry is relatively undeveloped compared with Nepal and India.

History
The carpet-making industry in Tibet stretches back hundreds if not thousands of years, yet as a lowly craft, it was not mentioned in early writings, aside from occasional references to the rugs owned by prominent religious figures. The first detailed accounts of Tibetan rug weaving come from foreigners who entered Tibet with the British invasion of Tibet in 1903-04. Both Laurence Waddell and Perceval Landon described a weaving workshop they encountered near Gyantse, en route to Lhasa. Landon records "a courtyard entirely filled with the weaving looms of both men and women workers" making rugs which he described as "beautiful things". The workshop was owned and run by one of the local aristocratic families, which was the norm in premodern Tibet. Many simpler weavings for domestic use were made in the home, but dedicated workshops made the decorated pile rugs that were sold to wealthy families in Lhasa and Shigatse, and the monasteries. The monastic institutions housed thousands of monks, who sat on long, low platforms during religious ceremonies, that were nearly always covered in hand-woven carpets for comfort. Wealthier monasteries replaced these carpets regularly, providing income, or taking gifts in lieu of taxation, from hundreds or thousands of weavers.

From its heyday in the 19th and early 20th century, the Tibetan carpet industry fell into serious decline in the second half of the 20th. The illegal Chinese invasion of Tibet that began in 1959 was later exacerbated by land collectivization that enabled rural people to obtain a livelihood without weaving, and reduced the power of the landholding monasteries. Many of the aristocratic families who formerly organized the weaving fled to India and Nepal during this period, along with their money and management expertise.

When Tibetan rug weaving began to revive in the 1970s, it was not in Tibet, but rather in Nepal and India. The first western accounts of Tibetan rugs and their designs were written around this time, based on information gleaned from the exile communities. Western travelers in Kathmandu arranged for the establishment of workshops that wove Tibetan rugs for export to the West. Weaving in the Nepal and India carpet workshops was eventually dominated by local non-Tibetan workers, who replaced the original Tibetan émigré weavers. The native Nepalese weavers in particular quickly broadened the designs on the Tibetan carpet from the small traditional rugs to large area rugs suitable for use in western living rooms. This began a carpet industry that is important to the Nepalese economy even to this day, even though its reputation was eventually tarnished by child labor scandals during the 1990s.

During the 1980s and 1990s several workshops were also re-established in Lhasa and other parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region, but these workshops remained and remain relatively disconnected from external markets. Today, most carpets woven in Lhasa factories are destined for the tourist market or for use as gifts to visiting Chinese delegations and government departments. Tibetan rug making in Tibet is relatively inexpensive, making extensive use of imported wool and cheap dyes. Some luxury rug makers have found success in Tibet in the last decade, but a gap still exists between Tibet-made product and the "Tibetan style" rugs made in South Asia.

Design
Tibetan carpets from the 19th century (perhaps earlier, though mostly carpets from the 19th century survive) are relatively restrained in terms of design and coloring, carpet makers at that time being restricted to a narrow range of natural dyes including madder (red), indigo (blue), Tibetan rhubarb (yellow) and Tibetan walnut (browns and greys), with a few other local plants producing yellow and greenish colors. Motifs consisted of two classes: the first type being simple geometric motifs such as the checkerboard and gau (amulet) design that probably formed part of an ancient Tibetan design repertoire, mingled with medallion designs and other motifs derived from Chinese decorative traditions. From the early 1900s a wider range of synthetic colors became available to Tibetan weavers, and this seems to have stimulated the production of new and more complex designs, also based loosely on traditional Chinese motifs. The period of 1900-1950 saw the production of many colorful new designs featuring dragons, phoenix, floral motifs, clouds and so on. Though the main influence was Chinese, Western textile designs were also copied occasionally. These designs still form the core of the Tibetan weaver's repertoire today.

Tiger rugs
The interest of western collectors of Tibetan rugs was particularly piqued by tiger rugs, in part because of their associations with Tantric meditation; many Tibetan tiger rugs were gifts for lamas in the monasteries.

There are several kinds of Tibetan tiger rug designs. Some consist of "realistic" renderings of tiger pelts, while closely related rugs show more abstracted versions of tiger stripes. Another type of tiger rug shows a "whole pelt", complete with legs and grinning face.

In a religious context, tiger rugs are related to the tiger skin loin cloths seen in painted images of fierce (wrathful) Tibetan Buddhist gods. The tiger skin is believed to provide protection to a person engaged in meditation. Female wrathful gods sport snow leopard spot loin cloths, and old Tibetan rugs are occasionally found with leopard spots too.

Tiger design rugs are found in several other carpet cultures, including Khotan rugs to the north, however it is amongst Tibetan weavers that these designs achieve their highest development. The designs are lively and amongst the most original of all traditional Tibetan motifs.

Wangden rugs
[[Image:WangdenRedBorder.jpg|frame|left|The term, "Wangden" is a marketplace term referring to a group of rugs of similar structure (a warp faced back weave). But given the wildly different palettes seen in these rugs, it is doubtful they could all originate from the small village of Wangden, located in south/central Tibet.

A Tibetan Wangden sitting rug from the late 19th or early part of the 20th century. The red coloring and red fringe indicate that this rug was used in a monastic setting, probably by a senior lama since junior monks rarely owned such pieces]] Many Wangden rugs have a looser weave, lower knot count, and a thicker pile than a typical Tibetan carpet, and also sport a thick shaggy fringe. Today these rugs are woven only in the Wangden valley, in the region south of Shigatse, though their manufacture may have been more widespread at one time.

This type of rug was originally made for monastic use as a sitting carpet. Some monasteries still have long Wangden runners on the bench seats used by monks during ceremonies. New rugs are still being woven, though mainly for domestic use and for the visitor market in Lhasa.

The Wangden rug has also been reinterpreted in a contemporary way by Bartoli Design for the Nodus collections.

Present Day Production in Tibet
In Lhasa, rug stores cater to both to local, national, and international tourists. Dark red Turkish imitations from factories in Qinghai are sold alongside other Chinese rugs and even silk carpets with Middle-eastern designs. Amongst local Tibetans, replicas of traditional Tibetan designs from machine-woven polyester are popular inexpensive alternatives to hand-made carpets.

Government-sponsored workshops target the tourist and "official delegation gift" markets, but the wools have short staples and make carpets that are more likely to shed fluff and become matted after cleaning. A popular design is the "Potala" rug, featuring a picture of the Potala Palace and intended to be hung on the wall. Carpet workshops founded by foreigners use wool with longer staple lengths and high lanolin content, which make for a stronger content, but are much more expensive, and have not found much success. However, as an economic activity, Tibetan rug making provides valuable cash income for rural communities who weave in the winter months. Several overseas investors and NGOs are trying to encourage a revival of high quality local wool and natural dyes in Tibetan rug making.

title: Tibetan rug