text:
Talk:South Asian river dolphin

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Seperate articles!
Given that Ganges and Indus River Dolphins are two different sub-species, and are found in completely different geographic locations, I don't see why we shouldn't have seperate articles for both. Any suggestions? -- Isles CapeTalk 16:46, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, they should be different articles. Mik357 (talk) 18:36, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I say go for it. It will add to the number of wikipedia articles, and the two deserve seperate articles anyway. Elasmosaurus (talk) 18:27, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, but this should still be a species article. Hesperian 00:06, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think the existing article content is enough to justify the suggested separate two articles. Let's leave this species article; if and when somebody contributes a separate article for either, its redirection to this can be replaced. RickJP (talk) 18:38, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree as well. There should be a separate article, so we can emphasize Pakistan's preservation history for this great animal. Plus, it will provide a separate identity than the Indian Ganges dolphin. Use this website . NapoleonARS 11:50, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

I Agree too Alokprasad (talk) 15:38, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Action?? Acejet (talk) 18:22, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

I think there should be two different articles. There are clear differences and they exist in different unconnected rivers. Some people attempted to politicise this of all things. --Xinjao (talk) 05:08, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Separate Article
Separate Article, Easier to add data Alokprasad (talk) 15:37, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * separate article, makes logical sense. Sense there are only two member of the genus, Platanista, the genus could have it's own page.

 * SUPPORT since they are different species.--64.76.133.179 (talk) 16:58, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Split declined
There was no clear material dealing purely with either of the two subspecies - the article was dealing with this dolphin as the one species, and of the way it had grown apart, and the difficulties in classifying it. For full understanding for the general reader the article is better left intact. A search for sources showed that South Asian River Dolphin was the common name, and that had more Google hits and reliable sources than did both of the subspecies names put together. If someone now wishes to create a section in this article which deals exclusively with one or other (or both) of the subspecies, that would be useful. And if a subsection grows too large for this article (more than four full paragraphs), then it can be split out into a standalone article in WP:Summary style.  SilkTork  *YES! 11:41, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Which version of google was this search done on :) I see 72,500 for "Indus river dolphin", 75,400 for "Ganges river dolphin", and a mere 15,500 for "South Asian River Dolphin". Given that a chunk of the latter is probably wikipedia generated, I think we're inventing a new term here. --rgpk (comment) 13:35, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Still no consistent split/separation?
Given all the above (2007-2011), it's frankly incredible that in 2014 the article's wikilink through to Indus river dolphin finds a separate article, but the article's wikilink through to Ganges River dolphin redirects to South Asian river dolphin - in other words, sends you back where you started!!! Lack of progress = ongoing confusion and annoyance for the reader. I'm no expert on dolphins, so I can't resolve this - but I do know that any learning of their differences is made harder by this inconsistency of page-presence. Is one meant to think (for example) that the Indus dolphin is quite important and the Ganges dolphin is relatively unimportant by comparison? Or that lots is known about the first but almost nothing is known of the second? Plainly there should be TWO stub articles or NO stub articles, for clarity and consistency. Clearly someone had the right idea (started the two stubs) and then someone else redirected the Ganges stub (effectively killing it at birth) before others had the chance to expand it, while the Indus stub was left to grow into the larger article it's since become. Restore the Ganges stub page and it'll grow to sort itself out in similar fashion. Pete Hobbs (talk) 13:31, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

The Secrets of the Blind Dolphins
A book written by Giorgio Pilleri printed by Elite Publishers Ltd. D-118, SITE Karachi, Pakistan. Publish by Sind Wildlife Management Board, Wildlife & Forest Department, Government of Sind, Karachi, Pakistan.

Posted by Asghar Ali Porik Jasmine Tours Pakistan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaporik (talk • contribs) 06:00, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge Ganges river dolphin back to this article
Based on about discussion on splitting the article, there was no consensus to do so. The newly created Ganges river dolphin (aka Ganges River Dolphin) had no content other than content that describe the South Asian river dolphin. Matthew_hk  t  c  03:05, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I think when I Bubbles Created the Ganges river Dolphin article in april 2018 used the evidence that there were different subspecies part of the same genus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bubblesorg (talk • contribs) 2018-04-18T19:00:22 (UTC)

 * Given the discussion on the talk page above (2007-2011), I wholly agree with the comment made by Pete Hobbs that "there should be TWO stub articles or NO stub articles". The problem indeed lies in the sequence and history of the articles' creation and the fact that no matter what we decide for the two subspecies pages, the parent species will still always require its own article as well. It is further complicated by the recent copy/paste moves and history merges of redirects with alternate capitalization. Currently we have the following articles:
 * South Asian river dolphin - the species article created in 2003
 * Indus river dolphin - first created as a redirect in 2004 (originally to Ganges and Indus River Dolphin, now redirects to the species page), and then changed to a subspecies article in 2010 following a discussion no longer visible on WT:Ganges and Indus River Dolphin (referred to in edit summary here).
 * Ganges river dolphin - apparently created as a redirect in 2004(?), and attempted to be developed into a separate subspecies article in the last few days.

 * After waiting over ten years for the subspecies articles to develop on their own, it is now apparent that there is insufficient information for three separate articles (one at the species level and one article for each of the two subspecies). As such, instead of the suggested merge, I propose instead the following rationalization:
 * Merge Indus river dolphin to the species page (South Asian river dolphin).
 * Change Ganges river dolphin (revert back?) to a redirect to the species page (South Asian river dolphin). This does not need a merge as there is no separate information on the page that has not been copied from the species page.
 * Keep South Asian river dolphin as the article for the whole species, including sections on each of the two subspecies. Disjunct distribution ranges are common in other species as well, and is not a reason to split the species article. Loopy30 (talk) 20:42, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Endorse the above approach. Splitting off subspecies articles is really only justified if there is a lot of material at the subspecies level, which is not the case here. Let's keep it in one place, and keep that one legible... -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 14:32, 2 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Endorse this well-reasoned argument. The recent re-lumping of the two species looks solidly based. It'd be much more helpful to readers to have all the information in one place. Navigation at the moment is horribly confusing. It would also avoid duplicated and (even worse) possibly differing information between the three articles. Narky Blert (talk) 17:44, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. IMO Eurasian tree sparrow is a commendable example of how to present information about subspecies, in this case of a species which extends half-way around the Northern Hemisphere. Narky Blert (talk) 19:04, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Endorse the above rationalisation put by Loopy30. Someone said succinctly back in 2010 that "There are clear differences and they exist in different unconnected rivers", but that doesn't automatically qualify or justify each sub-species having a separate stub page. If those differences can be described sufficiently and efficiently via appropriate sections in the South Asian river dolphin species article, then the stub-confusions and stub-disparities can be avoided at a stroke. Dolphins may like going round in circles, but readers don't - give them straight information, neatly gathered and clearly defined, and they'll thank you for it. The passing of years has shown there was little to be gained or added by the creation of the two stub pages. Pete Hobbs (talk) 14:49, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

,, , - consensus seems to favour merging into South Asian river dolphin. It's been a month now. Shall we? -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 09:38, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The consensus seems very clear, and all contributing editors have presented thoughtful arguments. I say, go ahead. Narky Blert (talk) 09:44, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * In the last month, the Ganges river dolphin article has been added to, but there is still nothing to indicate that either subspecies article has sufficient material to warrant a separate article. As no sources of substantial information on the subspecies seem to exist, it is now time to merge the articles back to the parent species article (South Asian river dolphin). Loopy30 (talk) 13:39, 23 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll work on that. Going to do the fiddling in my sandbox and then post a merged article - I don't think a piecemeal approach will be suitable... -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 08:14, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. Actually there was little to merge; it was a more a question of updating the outdated information in the species article re distribution and population numbers (there's a 2017 IUCN report that had not been made use of). I did not include a single thing from the rather scrawny Ganges river dolphin article, I'm sorry to say. - Also, corrected the temporal range in the infobox (produced by the usual suspect) from 20mya to a rather recent 12ka - seems unlikely to be true but that's the age of existing specimens, so I suppose that's what should be reported. Unless we want to do family level instead, which would be Miocene. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:24, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Miocene
Should we add this for the whole family? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bubblesorg (talk • contribs) 20:13 31 May 2018 (UTC)

Vision
Hi, just made edits to the article on the topic of vision, was only able to cite one source. If you know of any other sources, or have any other edits to make, please notify me and I will gladly correct the passage. Zionix 13 (talk) 07:25, 4 June 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zionix 13 (talk • contribs) 07:22, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Hi, just noticed that "Blind River Dolphin: First Side-Swimming Cetacean" has been cited as three different versions even though they are the same article. I don't know how to fix this, could someone look into the issue? Zionix 13 (talk) 02:00, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

Hello all,

I made some edits to the 'Human Interaction' section of the article. I rephrased many of the existing sentences so they are easier to read as an entire paragraph, as well as adding some new information on the topic. If I have made any errors, feel free to comment and I can work to amend them. GriffinSolsburg (talk) 07:06, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

= Peer Review = Hello BIOE 129L students,

I think the information your group added is very beneficial to the article. While reading through I did notice a lot of grammatical/typing errors, so that is something you might want to go back and edit for. The Vocalization section of the article is kind of confusing and short, so elaborating on and editing that would be a good idea. It is unclear whether you are talking about the human use of echolocation or the dolphin use; maybe make a section for each and elaborate on both a bit more. In the Vision section, if you could add how the light-gathering component of the retina benefits the dolphin (what purpose does this serve for the dolphin?) then I think that would be helpful.

Great job! - Sntgt15 (talk) 04:32, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

=Split into separate articles= [Recent studies] indicate that the two subspecies again are distinct species from one another, and the [ASM MammalDiversity] database has also followed through. Should they be split again? Geekgecko (talk) 05:08, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it would be more correct to divide the article into three rather than two: Platanista, Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin. In Platanista, we can leave everything that concerns both species (or subspecies), and put the rest in the corresponding articles. HFoxii (talk) 17:08, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh yeah, that's what I meant, thanks! It looks like the pages for both species previously existed before being merged into the genus, so it looks like I have my work cut out for me on making large pages for each species.Geekgecko (talk) 22:53, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Approve. These are separate species. If you need help making the new pages, let me know. 74.68.117.176 (talk) 01:40, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Revived the two deleted articles, revised them a bit to make them more encyclopedic, and moved relevant info between page. Feel free to revise them more or add more info.Geekgecko (talk) 03:08, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Inconsistency re IUCN assessment
The IUCN Red List assessors Braulik & Smith (2019) treat the Indus and Ganges river dolphins as subspecies of the South Asian river dolphin. Hence, it is incorrect that their assessment is referenced at the Ganges river dolphin page as this taxon being ENdangered, as they did NOT assess this subspecies only, but EN is the unit of both taxa. – BhagyaMani (talk) 17:11, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Fixed. LittleJerry (talk) 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Infobox says the genus is omly 12,000 years old!
0.012 Ma is only 12,000 years ago, and yet in the opening paragraph we are told the two extant species of this genus diverged 550,000 years ago. 2603:6010:2501:9E1D:644B:2E8E:98E8:A480 (talk) 18:20, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It saids the fossil record is 12,000! A species can exist for longer then it left a fossil record. LittleJerry (talk) 23:09, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Delete this article and improve the two actual species articles
Since there is no widespread use of "South Asian river dolphin" as a term, and since there are now two species that are used to refer to the dolphin, this article should be split into the Indus river dolphin and the Ganges river dolphin. VigilantAcountant (talk) 19:49, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Please read further up that this proposal has been made and rejected. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:41, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Asian river dolphin


text:
Talk:Indicative conditional

that conditional statement example is pretty weak in my opinion, that all girls becoming women proves all boys become men. it's probably the logical equivalent, but still pretty far from a law-like truth.

Does anyone know why certain symbols don't appear right on my computer? They are just blank squares. Ex. "often separate symbols (such as ⇒ and ⊃)."
 * Same here. I would like to know what those symbols are...

Can someone tell me whether or not the discussion of concepts and sets really belongs here? It seems particularly incoherent, but I can't tell if that's entirely because it is, or if it has something to do with me not being familiar with the ideas of a "conditional" as applied in the case of non-propositions. I know there's some kind of common isomorphism with boolean algebra in the background here, but I can't see how to use this knowledge to make this page coherent. --Ryguasu 09:13, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

It does need a fairly tough copy edit. Probably it could stay here; but another way would be to define a new page inclusion (sets) that took the strain off this one.

Charles Matthews 11:57, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think this content should be moved to Material conditional, and Logical conditional should redirect to Conditional. Anyone agree? KSchutte 4 July 2005 11:23 (UTC)

 * Section 3 should probably be its own article, Indicative conditional. KSchutte 4 July 2005 11:25 (UTC)

“Material implication”, “contraposition”, “reductio ad absurdum”, and “self-contradiction”
Self-contradiction in reductio ad absurdum argument (“reduction to absurdity” --- in its strictest form, “reduction to self-contradiction” [please refer to Nicholas Rescher, “Reductio ad Absurdum” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy @Internet]) is inherent with the very definition of material implication --- with P true and ~P --> Q as well as ~P --> ~Q being both true at the same time so that ~P --> P (by contraposition and the transitive property of material implication) or with P false and P --> Q as well as P --> ~Q being both true at the same time so that P --> ~P (by contraposition and the transitive property of material implication). Contraposition (~Q --> ~P) is definitionally equivalent to material implication (P --> Q) --- their truth tables are identical. Moreover, contraposition checks infinite regress of reasoning — that is, one needs to justify P in P --> Q with O --> P, O with N --> O, N with M --> N, and so on ad infinitum but contraposition prevents the necessity for this infinite justifications so contraposition must be a “first principle” (not merely a “theorem”) just like the first principles of identity (P --> P), excluded middle (P OR ~P), and non-contradiction [~(P AND ~P)] (Aristotle’s 3 “laws of thought”) all of which are in fact embodied in the very definition of truth-functional logic (that is, Boolean or 2-valued logic wherein the truth-value of a compound formula is determined by the truth-values of its prime constituents).

A reductio ad absurdum (“reduction to self-contradiction”) proof goes either (~P --> P) --> P or (P --> ~P) --> ~P.
 * The first reductio ad absurdum tautologous scheme simply says that if one assumes P to be false and establish by logical reasoning (that is, some valid argument) that in fact P is true then P is actually true. By the very definition of material implication, the assumption that P is false means P --> ~P is true so that together with the “proven” antecedent ~P --> P they are equivalent to P <--> ~P which is equivalent to P AND ~P (a self-contradiction) from which (being false) any conclusion immediately follows (again, from the very definition of material implication).
 * The second reductio ad absurdum tautologous scheme simply says that if one assumes P to be true and establish by logical reasoning (some valid argument) that in fact P is false then P is actually false.   By the very definition of material implication, the assumption that P is true means ~P --> P is true so that together with the “proven” antecedent P --> ~P they are equivalent to ~P <--> P which is equivalent to ~P AND P (a self-contradiction) from which (being false) any conclusion immediately follows (again, from the very definition of material implication).
 * What must be emphasized here is that ---
 * (1) reductio ad absurdum (“reduction to self-contradiction”) is a self-contradictory argument [that is, it is absurd to derive a self-contradictory proposition P inasmuch as this does not truly establish the truth or falsity of proposition P];
 * (2) P is a self-contradictory proposition or formula scheme [that is, P is not only false or true it is also true or false, respectively, at the same time]; and (3) P AND ~P is a contradiction [that is, it is always false for any truth-value for P] from which, used as an antedent, any consequent follows.
 * It is reiterated: in a self-contradiction --- P AND ~P --- it is the conjunction which is false while the proposition P itself is both true and false which violates the very definition of a proposition in truth-functional logic as being single-valued.

In plain words, a reductio ad absurdum (“reduction to self-contradiction”) argument with material implication and contraposition as defined in truth-functional logic is self-contradictory reasoning. Thus, non-classical logics like relevance logic (that is, where it is required that premises be relevant to the conclusions drawn from them, and that the antecedents of true conditionals are likewise relevant to the consequents) had been developed to avoid from the beginning the self-contradictions. With relevance logic, a reductio ad absurdum [should actually be reductio ad falsum (“reduction to falsehood or contradiction”) or reductio ad impossibile (“reduction to impossible”) or reductio ad ridiculum (“reduction to implausibility”) or reductio ad incommodum (“reduction to anomaly”)] argument makes sense because it pre-emptively disallows, or they do not involve, self-contradiction. With the statement calculus and predicate calculus of first-order mathematical logic, the self-contradictions are barred ab initio by agreeing that Aristotle’s 3 “laws of thought” (the 3 are definitionally equivalent) as well as contraposition (which is definitioanlly equivalent to material implication that is typically used, together with negation, as the base statement connectives of first-order theories) are to be “first principles” --- that is, they are over and above all other axioms of any first order theory — in particular, the first principle of non-contradiction which prohibits from the beginning the consideration of a self-contradiction (that is, invoking a logical formula and its negation at the same time in the same respect).
 * What this means is simply that reductio ad absurdum (“reduction to self-contradiction”) is ridiculous and absurd while the other cases of reductio (that is, not factually “reduction to self-contradiction”) may well be “valid reasoning” if: (1) in the case of the first reductio ad absurdum tautologous scheme, with the assumption that P is false, it is not _factually_ true that P --> Q and P --> ~Q (for any proposition or formula scheme Q) are both true at the same time; or, (2) in the case of the second reductio ad absurdum tautologous scheme, with the assumption that P is true, it is not _factually_ true that ~P --> Q and ~P --> ~Q (for any proposition or formula scheme Q) are both true at the same time.
 * First, consider the widely accepted “Euclid’s” proof of the proposition P about the infinitude of the prime natural numbers. An assumption is made, ~P, that there are only finitely many prime natural numbers.  Now, there is no proposition Q such that both P --> Q and P --> ~Q are factually true at the same time --- thus, this is actually not a true reductio ad absurdum (reduction to “self-contreadiction” ) argument because there is no “self-contradiction” involved here.  The initial supposition ~P (which references “infinity”) simply need not be stated --- this is called finitary argument: it simply asserts that given any finite list of prime natural numbers one could always find another prime natural number that is not in the list (this “no last element” scenario is to be taken as the meaning of “infinite”).
 * Next, consider the standard argument proving that 1/0 is not an element of the field of real numbers. An assumption is made, P, that 1/0 = c is a real number and it is argued that this leads to 1 = 0 [since 0 ٠ c =  0 for all real number c (this is easily derived from the field axioms)].  There is no “reduction to self-contradiction” here but only “reduction to falsehood” or “reduction to contradiction” [that is, the argument is merely reduced to the result 1 = 0 which is a contradiction --- it is false] so this argument is valid.
 * Next, consider Cantor’s diagonal argument “proving” the “uncountability” of the real numbers by first assuming that all the fractional real numbers are countable and they could be row-listed in the standard enumeration form x1, x2, x3, … from which a fractional real number not in the row-listing could be formed from the anti-diagonal digits. Now, this so-called “proof” is replete with so many self-contradictions and, thus, is an untenable reasoning ---
 * (1) the assumption that all the fractional real numbers could be row-listed uniquely and exhaustively in the standard enumeration form x1, x2, x3, … presupposes some list inclusion and imposition of order condition; but any of this specification is tantamount to the prescription that the nth-row number must have some particular digit at its nth-column position --- that is, the row-listing could be specified as such that the diagonal digits are all 0s, or all 1s, or alternating 0s and 1s, etc. Clearly, with the adoption of  a prefixed fractional expansion point before the diagonal digits, the “real number” thus formed by the diagonal digits must be an “irrational number” because one can easily find an excluded fractional real number from the row-listing if it was a “rational number” (that is, one with a discernible pattern in its digits); hence, the anti-diagonal number must also be an “irrational number” that could not possibly satisfy ab initio its own row-list inclusion and imposition of order condition being different digit-for-digit to it;
 * (2) the diagonal-digits-with-prefixed-fractional-expansion-point “real number” is a variable --- it is not a true real number which is a constant;
 * (3) the row-listed fractional real numbers are mostly _intervals_ and not true real number _points_ (so Georg Cantor himself had to posit ordinal numbers --- in particular, omega as the first transfinite number, followed by omega + 1, omega + 2, and so on);
 * (4) the standard enumeration form x1, x2, x3, … and the fact that each fractional real number is an infinite sequence of place-value base digits (at least 2 for binary system) is a self-contradiction --- the non-standard enumeration (still countable!) form a1, a2, a3, …, b1, b2, b3, … is more appropriate for the row-listing;
 * (5) etc., etc., etc. . ..
 * Likewise, Kurt Godel’s argument which invokes the self-contradiction “This assertion cannot be proved”, Alan Turing’s argument which invokes the self-contradiction “a computer program halts if and only if it does not halt”, and many others that involve self-contradictions are untenable “proofs”.

Please read my Wikipedia discussion notes on “Cantor’s diagonal argument”, “Cantor’s theorem”, “Cantor’s first uncountability proof”, “Ackermann’s function”, “Boolean satisfiability problem”, “Entscheidungsproblem”, “Definable number”, and  “Computable number”. (BenCawaling@Yahoo.com [14 December 2005])

Long overdue
In the next day or two I'm going to carry out the suggestion I made above (half a year ago), splitting the content of this page between Indicative conditional and Material conditional.

Here is my strategy for doing it, in order to preserve the page histories: I will move this page (Logical conditional) to Indicative conditional (i.e., change the title of this page). I will then move most of the content from the page to Material conditional (which is currently a redirect). Finally, I will change the redirect that will be left here after moving it to point to Conditional instead. This will bring wiki's nomenclature into consistency with contemporary professional use. KSchutte 03:30, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I will then, of course, update Conditional to include Indicative conditional, along with a small description of the differences between each kind of conditional listed on that page. KSchutte 03:35, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Removed.
Connection with other concepts

The logical conditional, and particularly the material conditional, is closely related to inclusion (for sets), subsumption (for concepts), or implication (for propositions). It also has formal properties analogous to those of the mathematical relation less than or more exactly $$\leq$$, especially the relation of not being symmetrical.

In the conceptual interpretation, when $$a$$ and $$b$$ denote concepts, the relation $$a \in b$$ signifies that the concept $$a$$ is subsumed under the concept $$b$$; that is, it is a species with respect to the genus $$b$$. From the extensive point of view, it denotes that the class of $$a$$'s is contained in the class of $$b$$'s or makes a part of it; or, more concisely, that "All $$a$$'s are $$b$$'s". From the comprehensive point of view it means that the concept $$b$$ is contained in the concept $$a$$ or makes a part of it, so that consequently the character $$a$$ implies or involves the character $$b$$. Example: "All men are mortal"; "Man implies mortal"; "Who says man says mortal"; or, simply, "Man, therefore mortal".

In the propositional interpretation, when $$a$$ and $$b$$ denote propositions, the relation $$a \Rightarrow b$$ signifies that the proposition $$a$$ implies or involves the proposition $$b$$, which is often expressed by the hypothetical judgement, "If $$a$$ is true, $$b$$ is true"; or by "$$a$$ implies $$b$$"; or more simply by "$$a$$, therefore $$b$$". We see that in both interpretations the relation may be translated approximately by "therefore".

Remark. -- Such a relation is a proposition, whatever may be the interpretation of the terms $$a$$ and $$b$$.

Consequently, whenever a $$\Rightarrow$$ relation has two like relations (or even only one) for its members, it can receive only the propositional interpretation, that is to say, it can only denote an implication.

A relation whose members are simple terms (letters) is called a primary proposition; a relation whose members are primary propositions is called a secondary proposition, and so on.

From this it may be seen at once that the propositional interpretation is more homogeneous than the conceptual, since it alone makes it possible to give the same meaning to the copula in both primary and secondary propositions.

 * I took this out after dividing the pages and I don't know what to do with it. It seems like a math student's take on logic rather than a logician's explanation.  Anyone who sees fit to re-add it would be encouraged to give it some context. KSchutte 17:58, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

There is a false and misleading claim in the article.
The false claim is: (quote) The standard definition of implication allows us to conclude that, since the sun is made of gas, 3 is a prime number. (end quote)

The standard definition omits restrictions on the antecedent and consequent, however, the proper way to teach introductory logic is together with the fallacies. The claim I quoted is an example of False Cause, and in a well-taught logic course, by the time students are introduced to material implication they have first practised rejecting fallacies.

Thus forming: A = the sun is made of gas B = 3 is a prime number

given input: Evaluate A implies B.

correct output: Reject request for evaluation based on False Cause.

In Friendship, Jennifer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.183.47.131 (talk) 23:52, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

No footnotes
I added a no footnote tag as the article uses only general references. Otr500 (talk) 05:02, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Indicative conditional


text:
Francesco Guccini

Francesco Guccini (born 14 June 1940) is an Italian singer, songwriter, actor, and writer. During the five decades of his music career he has recorded 16 studio albums and collections, and 6 live albums. He is also a writer, having published autobiographic and noir novels, and a comics writer. Guccini also worked as actor, soundtrack composer, lexicographer and dialectologist.

Guccini moved to Pàvana during World War II, then returned to Modena where he spent his teenage years and established his musical career. His debut album, Folk beat n. 1, was released in 1967, but the first success was in 1972 with the album Radici. He was harshly criticised after releasing Stanze di vita quotidiana, and answered his critics with the song "L'avvelenata". His studio albums production slowed down in the nineties and 2000s, but his live performances continued being successful.

His lyrics have been praised for their poetic and literary value and have been used in schools as an example of modern poetry. Guccini has gained the appreciation of critics and fans, who regard him as an iconic figure. He has received several awards for his works; an asteroid, a cactus species and a butterfly subspecies have been named after him. The main instrument in most of his songs is the acoustic guitar.

A leftist, though not a communist, Guccini dealt with political issues and more generally with the political climate of his time in some songs, such as "La locomotiva" or "Eskimo".

Origins
Guccini was born in 1940 in Modena, Italy. His father from Tuscany, Ferruccio Guccini, was a postal employee, and his mother from Emilia, Ester Prandi, was a housewife. While his father served in the Italian military during World War II, Guccini lived with his grandparents in a small village in the Apennine Mountains in northern Tuscany called Pàvana, where he spent his childhood. His years spent in the somewhat archaic society of the mountains of Central Italy was to be a strong inspiration throughout his career, and it became one of the key recurring themes of his songs and books.

When World War II had ended, Guccini moved back to his family in Modena. He studied at the Istituto Magistrale Carlo Sigonio, the same school Luciano Pavarotti had attended, earning his high school diploma in 1958. Guccini spent his teenage years in Modena, as he later recounted in his second novel Vacca d'un Cane and in songs including "Piccola Città", which paints a bitter portrait of the city as "a strange enemy".

Youth and musical beginnings
Guccini's first job was as a teacher at a boarding school in Pesaro, but he was fired after a month and a half. He then worked as a journalist at the Gazzetta di Modena for two years. In April 1960, Guccini interviewed Domenico Modugno, who had just won two consecutive Sanremo Festivals. This inspired Guccini to write "L'antisociale", his first composition as a singer-songwriter. In 1958 Guccini was guitarist and vocalist in a group first called Hurricanes, then Snakers and finally Gatti. The group included Pier Farri (drums), who would later become Guccini's producer; Victor Sogliani (saxophone), future member of Equipe 84; and Franco Fini Storchi (guitar). Guccini wrote his first songs while in the Snakers, in a style inspired by The Everly Brothers and Peppino di Capri. The group performed for two years, touring around Northern Italy and Switzerland. In 1961 the Guccini family moved to Bologna, and Francesco enrolled at the University of Bologna to study foreign languages. The next year he undertook mandatory military service, an experience he described as "substantially positive". When he returned to Bologna, Guccini was asked to join the band Equipe 84, but he declined to continue his studies. He later quit university just before taking his degree (he was conferred a degree honoris causa in science education in 2002). The band Cantacronache was an important influence in Guccini's artistic growth, as was Bob Dylan.

Debut (1967–1969)
Record Producer CGD commissioned Guccini to write a song for the 1967 Sanremo Festival, "Una storia d'amore", to be sung by Caterina Caselli and Gigliola Cinquetti. The song, though, was not selected for the event, and Guccini was embittered by the edits made by two lyricists engaged by CGD. Guccini made his debut as a singer-songwriter in March 1967, with the album Folk beat n. 1, which received little commercial success. Three of the songs recorded for the album had previously been successes for Nomadi and Equipe 84: "Noi non-ci saremo", "L'antisociale" and "Auschwitz". The latter was translated and sung in English by Equipe 84, as well as by Rod MacDonald in his 1994 album Man on the Ledge. Another song from the album, "In morte di S.F.", later renamed "Canzone per un'amica", was recorded by Nomadi in 1968. From 1965 onward, Guccini spent 20 years teaching Italian at the off-campus Dickinson College, in Bologna.

In May 1967 Guccini made his first appearance in television, on Diamoci del tu, hosted by Caterina Caselli and Giorgio Gaber singing "Auschwitz". He wrote several songs for Caselli and for Nomadi, who made his song "Dio è morto" become widely popular; it became one of his most famous songs, despite being censored by the RAI for blasphemy. In 1968 Francesco Guccini translated Simon & Garfunkel's hit song "Mrs. Robinson" into Italian; it was first covered in this version by the Italian beat group I Royals and later was recorded by Bobby Solo on his LP Bobby Folk in 1970. In 1968 the 45 rpm record Un altro giorno è andato/Il bello was released; Guccini re-recorded the Side A song in an acoustic version for his 1970 album L'isola non-trovata. His first concert was held the same year at the La Cittadella Cultural Centre in Assisi.

1970s
In 1970 Guccini released his second album, Due anni dopo, recorded in the autumn of 1969. The main themes of the album are the passage of time and the analysis of everyday life in the context of bourgeois hypocrisy, with a noticeable influence from French music and from Leopardi's poetic style. After this album Guccini started his 10-year-long collaboration with folksinger Deborah Kooperman, who played fingerstyle guitar on it, a style mostly unknown in Italy at the time. Eleven months after Due anni dopo, the album L'isola non trovata was released. The title was a literary reference to Guido Gozzano, and the song "La collina" contained a reference to J. D. Salinger. Guccini's fame began to spread beyond Bologna, partly thanks to the appearance in the TV show Speciale tre milioni, where he sang some of his songs and befriended Claudio Baglioni. In 1971 he married his long-time girlfriend Roberta Baccilieri, who was pictured on the back cover of his next album.

The turning point in Guccini's career was in 1972 thanks to the album Radici (roots), about the perpetual search for one's origins. This was also conveyed by the image on the front cover of the album, portraying Guccini's grandparents and their siblings next to their old mountain home. Radici contains some of his most renowned and popular songs, like "Incontro", "Piccola Città", "Il vecchio e il bambino", "La Canzone della bambina portoghese", "Canzone dei dodici mesi", and "La locomotiva", based on a real event and dealing with themes of equality, social justice and freedom, with a style similar to the anarchic music of the end of the 19th century. In the same year Guccini brought Claudio Lolli, a young singer-songwriter, to his record label, EMI Italiana. He later wrote two songs with him, "Keaton" and "Ballando con una sconosciuta".

In 1973 Guccini released Opera buffa, a light-hearted and playful album, which showed his skills as an ironic, theatrical and cultured cabaret artist. Guccini was perplexed by the release of the disc, especially because of its arrangements and because it was recorded live (with overdubs made in a recording studio). One year later Stanze di vita quotidiana was released, with a mixed reception by fans and critics. It included six long and melancholic songs, a mirror of the crisis Guccini faced, worsened by constant disagreements with his producer Pier Farri. Guccini received harsh criticism, including a slating by the critic Riccardo Bertoncelli, who said the singer songwriter was "a finished artist, who has nothing else to say". Guccini answered with the song "L'avvelenata", a few years later.

Guccini had his first commercial success in 1976, with Via Paolo Fabbri 43, which was the sixth best-selling album of the year. It was named after the address of the house in Bologna where he lived. He sang with a more mature and determined voice, and the musical structure was more complex than in his earlier works. The album contained "L'avvelenata", a bitter and colourful reply to the criticism he received for Stanze di vita quotidiana, which cited one of his critics, Riccardo Bertoncelli. Later Guccini was reluctant in performing the song during concerts, saying it was obsolete. The title track was an abstract description of Guccini's life in Bologna, which referenced Borges and Barthes; it also mentioned the "three heroines of Italian song", Alice, Marinella and Lilly, three women from songs by Italian singer-songwriters De Gregori, De André and Venditti. Other notable tracks were "Canzone quasi d'Amore", characterised by existential poetry, and "Il pensionato", about an old neighbour of Guccini, focusing on the sad psychological situation of some old people. Guccini's next album, Amerigo was released in 1978. The most popular song was "Eskimo", but Guccini claimed the highest point was the title track, a ballad about an emigrant uncle of his. In 1977 the weekly magazine Grand Hotel featured Guccini on the cover titled "The father every teenager would have liked to have". Guccini did not endorse the article, which was based on an interview he did not know would be published, and commented: "I cannot understand how they chose that title, I write songs for an audience of people in their thirties, I do not see how an audience of sixteen year olds fresh out of school could relate with the things I say". In the same year, Guccini separated from his wife Roberta (the song "Eskimo" is about this event), and started cohabitating with Angela. In 1978 they had a daughter, Teresa, to whom the songs "Culodritto" and "E un giorno..." are dedicated. In 1979 the live album Album concerto, recorded in a concert with Nomadi, was released. It was peculiar because the songs were performed in duet with Augusto Daolio, and because it included previously unreleased songs: "Dio è morto", "Noi", and "Per fare un uomo".

1980s
The first album released by Guccini in the eighties was Metropolis, which was characterised by the description of cities with a symbolic value: Byzantium, Venice, Bologna and Milan. Their histories mingle with the distress caused by life in the city and with symbolic references. The album had richer arrangements, with saxophones, bass guitars, drums, clarinets, flutes and zufoli. Byzantium is described by Guccini as a fascinating yet oppressive city at the crossroads of two continents and two eras. The song is set at the time of Emperor Justinian I (483–565), and there are many historical references to that period, that have been explained by Guccini himself. The narrator, Filemazio, who some critics believe to be a fictionalized Guccini, senses the decadence of his civilization and the coming of the end. The song was praised by critic Paolo Jachia, who described it as "moving and dreamlike". In 1981 Guccini was the co-author, along with Giorgio Gaber, Sandro Luporini and Gian Piero Alloisio, of the musical Gli ultimi viaggi di Gulliver. The eponymous song "Gulliver" was then included in Guccini's next album, Guccini, which dealt with the same themes found in Metropolis. Songs in the album include "Shomèr ma mi llailah?" ("Watchman, what of the night?", from ), "Autogrill", about a love only dreamt of, and "Inutile", which narrates a day two lovers spent in Rimini. The subsequent tour was the first in which Guccini performed with a backing band; previously, Guccini used to perform solo, or with just one or two guitarists. In 1984 the live album Fra la via Emilia e il West was released. It included live versions of many of his popular songs, recorded mainly at a concert held in Piazza Maggiore in Bologna, in which several guests performed alongside Guccini: Giorgio Gaber, Paolo Conte, I Nomadi, Roberto Vecchioni and Equipe 84.

In 1987 the album Signora Bovary was released. Several of the songs portray people from Guccini's life: "Van Loon" is his father, "Culodritto" is his daughter Teresa, and "Signora Bovary" is himself. Other songs include "Keaton", written with his friend Claudio Lolli, and "Scirocco", an award-winning song about an episode in the life of the poet Adriano Spatola, a friend of Guccini. In 1988 the singer-songwriter released a live album, ...quasi come Dumas..., which included some of his songs from the Sixties, in a rearranged version. The title is a homage to Twenty Years After, the novel by Alexandre Dumas.

1990s
In 1990 Guccini released Quello che non..., which continued in the style of Signora Bovary. Songs included in the album are "Quello che non" and "La canzone delle domande consuete", which received the Club Tenco best song of the year award. Three years later, he released Parnassius Guccinii referencing a subspecies of butterfly which was named in his honour. The song "Farewell", included in the album, is a homage to Bob Dylan's "Farewell, Angelina", featuring its instrumental introduction and citing a verse ("The triangle tingles, and the trumpet plays slow"). The literary critic Paolo Jachia commented: "Guccini's enormous poetic and cultural effort has been opening the best tradition of Italian poetry to Dylan-esque ballads". Other songs included in the album are "Canzone per Silvia", dedicated to Silvia Baraldini, and "Acque", composed for Tiziano Sclavi's movie Nero.

It was three years until he released his next album, D'amore di morte e di altre sciocchezze, which achieved significant commercial success. Tracks included are "Cirano", inspired by the play Cyrano de Bergerac; "Quattro stracci", about the ending of the relationship with Angela (the same woman to whom Farewell was dedicated); "Stelle" about the feelings of powerlessness men feel when looking at the starry night sky; "Vorrei", dedicated to his new partner, Raffaella Zuccari, and "I Fichi", a farcical song.

2000s
Stagioni was Guccini's first album of the 2000s. The key theme is the passage of time and the different temporal cycles connected to it. Songs included are "Autunno", "Ho ancora la forza" (with Ligabue), "Don Chisciotte", in which Guccini takes the role of Don Quixote, and his guitarist that of Sancho Panza), and "Addio", a song akin to "L'avvelenata". The album and its tour were successful, with the unexpected presence of many young people among the audience, establishing Guccini as an iconic artist for three generations. A special limited edition vinyl version of Stagioni was also released. In 2004 Guccini released Ritratti. Some of the songs contained in the album are imagined dialogues with historical figures, such as Odysseus, Christopher Columbus and Che Guevara. The first track of the album, "Odysseus", is on the theme of travel, and contains references to the Odyssey, to Dante (Canto 26 of Inferno), and to a poem by Foscolo. Another song in the album, "Piazza Alimonda", is about the death of Carlo Giuliani during the demonstrations at the G8 summit in Genoa. Ritratti received critical acclaim and commercial success, reaching the number one spot in the FIMI Albums Chart, holding it for two weeks, and remaining in the chart for eighteen weeks. In the same year, lyrics from "Canzone per Piero" were included in a final upper secondary school exam"; Guccini claimed he was "embarrassed and glad" about being alongside Cicero and Raphael. In 2005 the live double-album Anfiteatro Live, recorded in the amphitheatre in Cagliari, was released; it also included a DVD of the concert. Anfiteatro Live was a commercial success, holding the number one spot in the FIMI Chart for one month, and remaining in the chart for twenty-two weeks. In 2006 Guccini received one vote in the 2006 Italian presidential election. The same year, the triple-album The Platinum Collection, containing 47 songs, was released as a celebration of his fortieth year as a musical artist. In October Guccini's official biography, Portavo allora un Eskimo innocente by Massimo Cotto, was published.

On 21 April 2008, an article on La Stampa affirmed that Guccini had stopped smoking, and that this had caused him to gain weight and lose his inspiration. He denied it on 18 May 2008, in TV show Che tempo che fa. In 2010 the Mondadori published Non so che viso avesse, a book which contains a Guccini autobiography and, in the second part of the book, a critical essay edited by Alberto Bertoni. Luciano Ligabue, friend and colleague of Guccini, entitled him a song, "Caro il mio Francesco" on his album Arrivederci, mostro!. On 28 September 2010 the collection Storia di altre storie was released, with songs selected by Guccini himself. In the same year the botanist Davide Donati named a new species of Mexican cactus, the Corynopuntia guccinii, after him. In the article about the discovery on the botanical magazine Piante Grasse, Donati explained that he discovered the unknown plant whilst listening to Guccini's "Incontro", adding: "I could not have named it after anyone else". On 25 April 2011, Guccini married for the second time, with Raffaella Zuccari, who had been his partner in the last fifteen years.

Style
Guccini's lyrical and poetic style has been praised by many, including famous authors and singer-songwriters. Fellow singer-songwriter Roberto Vecchioni said about Guccini: "he's not a singer of stories, he's a singer of thoughts and a singer of doubts", while Nobel Prize winner Dario Fo called him a "voice of truth".

Despite the length of his career, there are some defining characteristics, such as the use of different registers, the literary references to several writers, and the use of a variety of themes to reach moral conclusions. His lyrics frequently have a metaphysical tone and existential motifs, and are often centered around portrayals of people and events. Guccini's voice is baritonal, with a noticeable rhotacism. Most of his songs, especially early in his career, are folk rock.

Guccini has been seen as a sociopolitical chronicler and some of his songs express his opinion about a political issue. In "La primavera di Praga", he expressed criticism of the Sovietic occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and "Piccola storia ignobile" supported the Italian abortion law. "Canzone per Silvia" was dedicated to Silvia Baraldini, and both "Canzone per il Che" and "Stagioni" were dedicated to Che Guevara. "Piazza Alimonda" was about the riots at the G8 summit in Genoa and "La locomotiva" was about the anarchic Pietro Rigosi running a locomotive at full steam towards death.

Guccini defines himself an anarchic, and he expressed his thoughts about the relation between music and politics in his song "L'avvelenata"; "I have never said that with songs you can make revolutions, nor that you can make poetry" ("però non ho mai detto che a canzoni si fan rivoluzioni, si possa far poesia").

Books
In his career as a writer, Guccini published several novels and essays, experimenting with different genres. His first novel, Cròniche Epafàniche, was published by Feltrinelli in 1989, and was one of his most successful works. Even though it is not explicitly an autobiography, it can be considered the first of three autobiographical books. It describes past events of Pàvana, the town where he spent his childhood. Guccini recounts stories he heard from elderly people living on the Tuscan Apennines; critics praised the "philological accuracy" of the book.

His next two novels, Vacca d'un cane and Cittanòva blues were also bestsellers, and covered different periods of his life. Vacca d'un cane depicts a teenage Guccini in Modena, as he realizes that the city's provincialism will be an obstacle to his intellectual growth, while Cittanòva Blues the last part of his trio of autobiographical books, tells of his time in Bologna, seen as a "little Paris". Guccini also collaborated with Loriano Macchiavelli for a series of Noir books, and published a Dictionary of the dialect of Pàvana which showed his ability as dialectologist and translator.

Guccini has also worked as a comics writer. He is a lover of comics, and some of his songs reference them. He's been author and script writer of comics, such as Vita e morte del brigante Bobini detto "Gnicche", illustrated by Francesco Rubino, Lo sconosciuto, illustrated by Magnus, and Cronache dello spazio profondo, drawn by his friend Bonvi.

Cinema
Guccini's first experience as actor was in the 1976 movie Fantasia, ma non-troppo, per violino, directed by Gianfranco Mingozzi, in which he played Giulio Cesare Croce, a poet who narrates the history of Bologna. He then appeared in: I giorni cantati, a 1979 movie directed by Paolo Pietrangeli, which featured two of Guccini's songs in its soundtrack, "Eskimo" and "Canzone di notte n°2"; Musica per vecchi animali, a 1989 movie directed by Umberto Angelucci and Stefano Benni; Radiofreccia, the 1998 directorial debut of singer-songwriter Luciano Ligabue; Ormai è fatta, the 1999 movie directed by Enzo Monteleone. In the 2000s he acted in three movies directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni, Ti amo in tutte le lingue del mondo (2005), Una moglie bellissima (2007) and Io & Marilyn (2009). Guccini wrote the soundtrack of the 1977 movie Nenè, directed by Salvatore Samperi, and his song "Acque" featured in the soundtrack of Nero, the 1992 movie directed by Giancarlo Soldi.

Awards
Awards, accolades and recognitions received by Guccini:
 * In 1992 he received the Librex Montale Award "Poetry for Music", for the song "Canzone delle domande consuete".
 * In 1992, new subspecies of butterfly on the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, was named Parnassius mnemosyne guccinii in his honor.
 * In 1997 Luciano Tesi and Gabriele Cattani discovered an asteroid, naming it 39748 Guccini.
 * In 2001 his story "La Cena" was included in the anthology "Racconti italiani del Novecento" (I Meridiani – Mondadori).
 * In 2002 the universities of Bologna, Modena and Reggio Emilia awarded him an honorary degree in Science of Education
 * In 2003 the comune of Carpi celebrated Guccini's fortieth year of career dedicating him the show "Stagioni di vita quotidiana".
 * In 2004 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi awarded him the title of Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
 * In 2004 he received the Targa Ferré, the award named after Léo Ferré.
 * In 2005 he received the award "Giuseppe Giacosa – Parole per la musica".
 * In 2007, in Catanzaro, he was awarded the "Riccio d'argento" for Best Singer-Songwriter Live Album.
 * In 2008, in Carpi, he received the Arturo Loria award for his book of short stories Icaro.
 * In 2010 the botanist Davide Donati discovered a new species of cactus, naming it Corynopuntia guccinii.
 * In 2012 he was awarded with an honorary degree by the American University of Rome.

From the Club Tenco:
 * 1975 – Premio Tenco, career award along with Fausto Amodei, Umberto Bindi, Fabrizio De André, Vinicius de Moraes, Enzo Jannacci.
 * 1987 – Targa Tenco for the song "Scirocco".
 * 1990 – Targa Tenco for the song "La canzone delle domande consuete".
 * 1994 – Targa Tenco for the album Parnassius Guccinii.
 * 2000 – Targa Tenco for the song "Ho ancora la forza".

Awards won in collaboration with Loriano Macchiavelli:
 * In 1997 Guccini and Macchiavelli received the Alassio Literary Award, Un libro per l'Europa, for the book Macaronì: romanzo di santi e delinquenti.
 * In 1998 Guccini and Macchiavelli won the 4th annual "Police Film Festival" in Bologna for the book Macaronì: romanzo di santi e delinquenti.
 * In 2007 Guccini and Macchiavelli won an award at the "Serravalle Noir 2007" for their novel Tango e gli altri – romanzo di una raffica, anzi tre.

Discography

 * 1967 – Folk beat n. 1
 * 1970 – Due anni dopo
 * 1970 – L'isola non-trovata
 * 1972 – Radici
 * 1973 – Opera buffa
 * 1974 – Stanze di vita quotidiana
 * 1976 – Via Paolo Fabbri 43
 * 1978 – Amerigo
 * 1979 – Album concerto (live with Nomadi)
 * 1981 – Metropolis
 * 1983 – Guccini
 * 1984 – Fra la via Emilia e il West (live)
 * 1987 – Signora Bovary
 * 1988 – ...quasi come Dumas... (live)
 * 1990 – Quello che non...
 * 1993 – Parnassius Guccinii
 * 1996 – D'amore di morte e di altre sciocchezze
 * 1998 – Guccini Live Collection (live)
 * 2000 – Stagioni
 * 2001 – Francesco Guccini Live @ RTSI (live)
 * 2004 – Ritratti
 * 2005 – Anfiteatro Live (live)
 * 2006 – The Platinum Collection
 * 2010 – Storia di altre storie
 * 2012 – L'ultima Thule
 * 2015 – Se io avessi previsto tutto questo... La strada, gli amici, le canzoni
 * 2017 – L'ostaria delle dame
 * 2019 – Note di viaggio

Comics

 * Storie dello spazio profondo (1975, with Bonvi)
 * Poche ore all'alba (1975, with Magnus)
 * Vita e morte del brigante Bobino detto Gnicche (1980, with Francesco Rubino)
 * Barbùn vs. Realtà (1981, with Filippo Scozzari)
 * Gerry Pompa (1983, with Massimo Cavezzali)

Filmography

 * Bologna. Fantasia, ma non-troppo, per violino (1976, actor)
 * Nenè (1977, soundtrack)
 * I giorni cantati (1979, actor as himself and soundtrack)
 * Le lunghe ombre (1987, actor)
 * Musica per vecchi animali (1989, actor)
 * Nero (1992, soundtrack)
 * Radiofreccia (1998, actor)
 * Ormai è fatta (1999, actor)
 * Il segreto del successo (1999, actor as himself)
 * I Love You in Every Language in the World (2006, actor)
 * A Beautiful Wife (2007, actor)
 * Me and Marilyn (2009, actor)

title: Francesco Guccini


text:
Council of Tours

In the medieval Roman Catholic church there were several Councils of Tours, that city being an old seat of Christianity, and considered fairly centrally located in France.

Council of Tours 461
The Council was called by Perpetuus, Bishop of Tours, to address the worldliness and profligacy of the Gallic clergy. Athenius, Bishop of Rennes, took part in the First Council of Tours in AD 461. The last to sign the canons was Mansuetus, episcopus Brittanorum ("bishop of the Britons" [in Armorica]). Also in attendance were Leo, Bishop of Bourges, and Victurius of Le Mans, and three others.

Council of Tours 567
The Breton bishops declined to attend, as Bishop Eufronius claimed authority over the Breton church. Among those who did attend was Chaletricus of Chartres.

At the Second, it was decreed that the sanctuary gates were to remain open so that the faithful might at any time go before the altar for prayer (canon IV); a married bishop should treat his wife as a sister (canon XII). No priest or monk was to share his bed with someone else; and monks were not to have single or double cells, but were to have a common dormitory in which two or three were to take turns in staying awake and reading to the rest (canon XIV). If a monk married or had familiarity with a woman, he was to be excommunicated from the church until he returned penitent to the monastery enclosure and thereafter underwent a period of penance (canon XV). No woman was to be allowed to enter the monastery enclosure, and if anyone saw a woman enter and did not immediately expel her, he was to be excommunicated (canon XVI). Married priests, deacons and subdeacons should have their wives sleep together with the maidservants, while they themselves slept apart, and if anyone of them were found to be sleeping with his wife, he was to be excommunicated for a year and reduced to the lay state (canon XIX).

The council also noted that some Gallo-Roman customs of ancestor worship were still being observed. Canon XXII decreed that anyone known to be participating in these practices was barred from receiving communion and not allowed to enter a church.

The bishops of the Kingdom of Paris were particularly concerned about the Merovingian practice of seizing ecclesiastical properties in outlying areas in order to fund their internecine wars.

The Council proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or Christmastide.

Council of Tours 813
A Council of Tours in 813 decided that priests should preach sermons in rusticam romanam linguam (rustic romance language) or Theodiscam (German), a mention of Vulgar Latin understood by the people, as distinct from the classical Latin that the common people could no longer understand. This was the first official recognition of an early French language distinct from Latin.

Council of Tours 1054
This council was occasioned by controversy regarding the nature of the Eucharist. It was presided over by the papal legate Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII. Berengar of Tours wrote a profession of faith wherein he confessed that after consecration the bread and wine were truly the body and blood of Christ.

Council of Tours 1060
Those men who marry their kinswomen, or those women who keep an unchaste correspondence with their kinsman, and refuse to leave them, or to do penance, shall be excluded from the community of the faithful, and turned out of the church (canon IX).

Council of Tours 1163
Shortly before the council, Geoffrey of Clairvaux met Pope Alexander in Paris to request the canonization of Geoffrey's predecessor, Bernard. The Pope deferred at the time due to the many like requests he had received. At the council, Thomas Becket requested that Anselm of Canterbury, another Archbishop of Canterbury who had had difficulties with a king, be canonized. Although Alexander authorized Becket to hold a provincial council on the matter, upon his return to England, Becket seems not to have pursued the matter. Among the decrees were those addressing simony, the sale of churches and ecclesiastical goods to laymen, and heretical sects spreading over southern France from Toulouse. Canon IV forbid any priest to accept any gratuity for administering Last Rites or presiding at a burial.

title: Council of Tours


text:
Richard Tüngel

Richard Tüngel (1893 – 1970) was a German journalist and publisher, originally an architect and a longtime Director of Construction (Baudirektor) in Hamburg.

Life
Removed from this position by the Nazis in 1933, he went to Berlin, where he lived until 1945 as a translator and writer. For example, one still finds his name on current German-language editions of Igor Stravinsky's memoirs. Immediately after the war, he was one of the co-founders of Die Zeit, initially as fiction editor (Feuilletonchef) and a bit later as editor-in-chief.

After that it is remarkably difficult to find biographical information about him, not least because he had a rather inglorious departure from Die Zeit: He had to leave, after Marion Dönhoff had provoked a scandal by enforcing a decision concerning the political line of the paper. Tüngel, who was described by his successor as editor-in-chief as "...helpful and inconvenient. Brilliant and the embodiment of antagonism and artistic temperament," (Ralf Dahrendorf in his biography of Gerd Bucerius), stood politically on the right and was steering Die Zeit into a current "farther right than the CDU" (the German Christian Democratic Union). In 1955, the "difficult, but at the same time respected and feared" man (Dahrendorf's expression, again) had to resign. The years-long arguments between Bucerius and the newspaper's co-founders, which had started as early as 1949, ended in 1956 because Tüngel was no longer a partner.

The book Auf dem Bauche sollst du kriechen... Deutschland unter den Besatzungsmächten (Upon thy belly shalt thou go... Germany under the Occupying Powers) published in 1958, which Tüngel wrote together with journalist Hans Rudolf Berndorff, is sometimes referred to as his "memoirs". The book was reissued by Matthes & Seitz Berlin Verlag under the title ''Stunde Null. Deutschland unter den Besatzungsmächten (Zero Hour: Germany under the Occupying Powers''). In this work, the two authors describe their experience of the immediate post-war years, and so one learns a bit about the founding of Die Zeit. Beyond that, one must form one's own opinion of this man, who does not make it easy to form a simple verdict. Those that would like to see a balanced, but critical, view can take a look at the German-language ''Die Herren Journalisten. Die Elite der deutschen Presse nach 1945 (The gentlemen journalists: the elite of the German press after 1945'') by Lutz Hachmeister and Friedemann Siering, (Beck, Munich, 2002). He is of course also mentioned in the biographies of Marion Dönhoff, e.g. the one by Alice Schwarzer, and in the correspondence between Dönhoff and Gerd Bucerius, published in 2004.

title: Richard Tüngel


text:
Talk:Amazon river dolphin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emily.lynch003.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 17 August 2019 and 11 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BoNeApPlEtEa42, Daniella242424, Stefaniav12. Peer reviewers: Curtavian12.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:59, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This Boto needs a Photo.... anyone live in/been on holiday to the Amazon??? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:26, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hello, I've removed the photo posted by Identity (Photo1b.jpg), because that's not a Boto pic (Inia geoffrensis), but of a Delphinidae species. Cheers. Exlibris 21:59, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

tool use
They're also one of the few animal species thought to use objects for sexual display. The males pick up objects and strut around with them during mating season to attract females. This according to Dr. Tony Martin of the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. Nonplus (talk) 14:51, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/science/01obdolp.html?_r=1&oref=slogin

page cleanup Dec. 10, 2008
I have temporarily reverted to the revisions of Kspencer3. Kspencer3 added a lot of new information, however, also in the process removed correct scientific notation, Wikipedia hyperlinks, correct reference links, added inappropriate links etc. etc. Once I fix this, I will upload the corrected and verified version of this article by Kspencer3. Killidude (talk) 14:29, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

LET'S LIST EVERY NAME THIS ANIMAL HAS IN EVERY LANGUAGE
we'll learn so much about this species if every possible nomenclature from ever language was mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.90.74 (talk) 12:34, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article doesn't flow very well, especially the lead paragraph. Someone have some time to clean it up? Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 17:41, 1 September 2011 (UTC)  It also contradicts other articles on cetaceans by stating only these river dolphins have males larger than females whereas general article indicates the this occurs in other toothed whales. This article also suggests pinkness is due to scarring in males in one sentence but due to environmental factors on another

Pink dolphin
I'd like an editor to address why it has pink flesh, or why it looks pink (is it because of the water?), and why the shown photograph they don't look pink. Thanks. --Kiyoweap (talk) 03:19, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Most tropical species of cetacean (e.g. Bryde's, tucuxi, striped dolphin, etc.) can have a pinkish belly. It has something to do with flushing out excess heat. I remember hearing somewhere that boto flushed pink when aroused, but I don't know if that's true. I don't have a ref. This is all just off the top of my head. SaberToothedWhale (talk) 17:50, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * "The pink skin is caused by blood flow through the capillaries and fades quickly after the animal dies. The pink coloration is also affected by activity and water clarity; pink Amazon River Dolphins occur mainly in turbid waters, and generally become pinker when aroused." (Reeves, Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, 2002, p. 307). SaberToothedWhale (talk) 17:57, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

In its current form, the article describes the color as "carnation pink". Well-meaning editors have assumed that the carnation pink part was just unnoticed vandalism and took that part out, but the dolphin really is pink. Adding a citation to an online source for that statement would help doubters realize that it really is pink, but I haven't found a source for it being "carnation pink". Can anybody help? Neil916 (Talk) 22:00, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Popular Culture - Movie The Dolphin 1987
The Spanish wikipedia has links to the 1987 film Ele o Boto/ The Dolphin, which deals at length with the popular legend concerning this mammal. I am going to keep on posting similar links here, as these are highly relevant to the subject of the article. 24.244.23.53 (talk) 17:48, 25 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know about the state of this article in the Spanish 'pedia but if you are talking about these edits, then you still need sources to establish notability. For "In popular culture" sections, according to this, you need to clearly establish first, whether the movie was indeed notable and relevant to this article--we just simply cannot add every movie on dolhpins here (example: does it have it's own article here?). Usually unsourced content is kept for a while, tagged "citation needed" and removed later if sources are still not provided, I was forced to revert because only the movie title with an external link to youtube/imdb was added.
 * About citing sources, read How to cite and reliable sources for help (Imdb and Youtube cannot be used normally). If you insist on adding it without a source I won't revert you again (but no external links please), remember that it's still liable to be removed by any other passing editor who cleans up this page. Sincerely, Ugog Nizdast (talk) 14:43, 26 January 2014 (UTC) pink dolphins are caused by the oxegeon in their blood vesels which allows them to control theyre oidy tempersture easier then other dolphins this would relut in the reason as to why they are pink

Taxonomy: contradiction
It says two recognized species and lists four. We need an expert or aficionado to fix this. 186.136.178.51 (talk) 16:52, 11 May 2015 (UTC)1:52PM -0300GMT Martin
 * Done. Neil916 (Talk) 16:49, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 February 2019
The lifespan of the amazon pink dolphin is known! The lifespan is thirty-three (33) months long. 2601:646:9680:6840:643E:AA98:2398:E53 (talk) 22:15, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. aboideautalk 22:18, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Baby, the last dolphin in Europe, has died
The last river dolphin at the Duisburg zoo has now died, http://www.zoo-duisburg.de/flussdelfin-im-hohen-alter-verstorben/

Also, it seems to have gone unmentioned here but all the dolphins in Venezuela are also dead, https://globovision.com/article/las-toninas-ya-no-alegran-al-acuario-de-valencia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.7.177.93 (talk) 16:50, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Boto Predation on Eel
As documented below, Botos indeed seem to hunt Eels, interestingly by slamming the eel repeatedly into the air. There seems to be no academic research on it despite the footage seen however, so should it be added into the wiki? (TL:DR; Documented doing so but no Academic Info on it)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq0DioWHNIc WL Enthusiast (talk) 17:05, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amazon river dolphin


text:
Sunset High School (Hayward, California)

Sunset High School was a public high school in Hayward, California, United States. It opened in 1959 and was closed in 1990. The campus now contains the Hayward Adult School vocational school, and Thomas Brenkwitz Continuation high school, both part of the Hayward Unified School District.

The Sunset High School campus is just west of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) tracks, about one-half-mile north of the main Hayward BART station. There is a view of the playing fields and the back part of the campus from BART trains.

History
At its creation in 1959, Sunset High School was part of the Hayward Union High School District, and continued to be until 1963, when that district was dissolved and all of its high schools became part of smaller unified school districts. At that time, Sunset High School became part of the Hayward Unified School District.

On September 25, 1959, the newly chartered State College for Alameda County – now California State University, East Bay – welcomed its first 293 students to classes in temporary quarters at Sunset High School. The high school was able to share space with the college because, during the 1959–1960 school year, the high school consisted of only the 9th and 10th grades. September 1961 was the first time Sunset had all four high school classes.

In the summer of 1966, runners from the track team got together and ran a continuous relay around the clock with the goal of beating Tennyson High School's World Record of a little over 4,000 miles completed in the summer of 1965. After 52 days, Sunset High School did set a World Record of 10,035 1/2 miles of non stop running. Each of the 24 runners ran one hour each.

In 1970, social studies students at Sunset High School researched and wrote the book A History of Hayward.

The school closed in 1990 due to declining enrollment.

Notable alumni and teachers

 * Sylvia Chacon, radio disc jockey who worked at KFRC, KYA, and KIOI
 * Lewis Feldman, professor of plant biology at the University of California, Berkeley; class of 1963
 * Ed Galigher, professional football player who played for the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Jets; class of 1968
 * Bud Harrelson, Major League Baseball shortstop and New York Mets coach and manager and Mets Hall of Famer; class of 1962
 * Maxine Hong Kingston, taught English and mathematics at Sunset, 1965–1967; later became a famous author
 * James R. Lambden, judge on the California First District Court of Appeal; class of 1968
 * Dave Maggard, Olympian and university athletic director; head track coach at Sunset, 1964–1966
 * Ed Sprague Sr., professional baseball pitcher; class of 1963
 * Greg Tabor, professional baseball player for the Texas Rangers; class of 1979


text:
Joseph Yam

Joseph Yam Chi-kwong, GBM, GBS, CBE, JP (任志剛; born 1948, Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong statistician, economist and civil servant. He was the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong's de facto central bank, holding the position for 16 years. In 2011 Yam was elected to a member of the board of directors of the Swiss Bank UBS AG. In 2014, following UBS AG's restructuring, he was appointed to the board of directors of the UBS Group AG and served in the position till May 2017. He has been a member of the Corporate Culture and Responsibility Committee and the Risk Committee of the UBS Group AG since 2011 and a non-official member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong since 2017.

Education
Joseph Yam graduated from the University of Hong Kong in economics, social sciences and statistics with first class honors in 1970.

Career
Yam joined the Government of Hong Kong as a statistician in 1971 and became an economist in 1976. Subsequently, in 1982, Yam was appointed as Principal Assistant Secretary for Monetary Affairs.

In 1983, Yam contributed to formulating the peg between the Hong Kong dollar and US dollar. In 1985, he was appointed as Deputy Secretary for Monetary Affairs and in 1991, as a Director of the Office of the Exchange Fund. When the Office of the Exchange Fund merged with the Office of the Commissioner of Banking in 1993 to become the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), Yam took the position of Chief Executive of the new body.

Tenure as Chief Executive of HKMA
Yam served as Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority for 16 years, from its inauguration on 1 April 1993 until 30 September 2009.

In 1995, the Hong Kong Institute of Bankers voted Yam Banker of the Year.

Despite a study conducted by S. K. Tsang, a Professor of Economics in Hong Kong Baptist University, entitled "A Study of the Linked Exchange Rate System and Policy Options for Hong Kong" and indicating there were weaknesses of the HKD-USD exchange rate peg system during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, Yam did not amend the narrow-based peg, but defended the Hong Kong dollar by pushing up interest rates. In particular, Yam pushed the overnight Interbank rates up to 280% on 23 October 1997.

In an audacious move, the HKMA also bought US$15 billion in stocks amidst the market panic in 1998. The measure restored calm, and consequently succeeded to defend the Hong Kong fixed exchange rate parity against the US dollar. The move was initially criticised by, amongst others, Alan Greenspan, who voiced concern in September 1998 that the strategy would fail and erode the credibility of the HKMA. "It turned out that his timing was exquisite," Greenspan later said. "It was a risky action [which]... I wouldn't recommend as a general rule for central banks." Yam responded with an open letter, stating his disappointment and defending the decision of the HKMA.

In 2007, Yam was the highest paid central banker in the world, with an annual salary of US$1.32 million, about seven times that of the Chairman of the Federal Reserve ($191,300)., and approximately three times that of the President of the European Central Bank (EUR 351,816 in 2008), the Governor of the Bank of England (GBP 290,000 in 2008) and the Governor of the Bank of Japan ($370,000 in 2007)

In 2008, Yam was summoned by a subcommittee of Legislative Council of Hong Kong in a hearing regarding issues arising from Lehman Brothers-related Minibonds and structured financial products

Convergence plan
Noticing the pricing differential between shares listed on both the local market (H-shares) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange (A-shares), Yam pushed for mechanisms to promote greater convergence and arbitrage. Ignoring major obstacles pointed out by local brokers, he is credited with persuading the Government to take a 5.9% stake in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as leverage, and then pushing the program which allowed mainland individuals to buy Hong Kong securities directly by opening foreign-currency accounts at the Bank of China branch in northern Tianjin. The scheme was announced by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on 20 August 2007, but stalled at the starting gate, when Beijing refused to grant permission.

Retirement from public service
On 19 May 2009, Yam confirmed his plan to retire, after having served in his post for 16 years. When it was originally announced in October 2007 that he would retire on 1 October 2009, financial columnist Jake van der Kamp linked Yam's departure with his handling of the A-share and H-share plans which destabilised Hong Kong's economy.

Chief Executive Sir Donald Tsang of Hong Kong described Yam as a "comrade in arm [sic] who acted in concert with the government in 1998 to overcome the Asian financial turmoil and under the present financial tsunami, Hong Kong's banking system has remained stable."

UBS Group AG
In April 2011, Yam was elected to the board of directors of UBS AG and since 2011 he has been a member of both the Corporate Culture and Responsibility Committee and the Risk Committee. From November 2014 till May 2017, he was a member of the board of directors of UBS Group AG.

Views and opinions
In July 2022, Yam said that the Hong Kong dollar peg to the US Dollar should remain, and that if the US waged a "financial war" against China, it would be unlikely to affect Hong Kong.

Other positions held
After retiring from his role as the chief executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority in September 2009, Joseph Yam took up a number of appointments. Upon his retirement, he was appointed as the Executive Vice-President of the China Society for Finance and Banking, a society managed by the People's Bank of China. He thus also became de facto an advisor to the People's Bank of China.

In 2010, Yam was also appointed as an independent non-executive director to the board of Johnson Electric Holdings Limited and to the board of China Construction Bank. He was initially appointed for a two-year term till 2012 to the board of Johnson Electric Holdings Limited. This mandate was later extended and Yam currently still serves on the board. He left his post as an independent non-executive director of the China Construction Bank on 23 October 2013.

He served the Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited in the position of a deputy chairman and director and as a member of the advisory council at Central Bank of United Arab Emirates.

Joseph Yam is also a member of the International Council of China Investment Corporation, and a member of the boards of UnionPay International Co., Ltd. and of the Community Chest of Hong Kong.

He is also a Distinguished Research Fellow at the Institute of Global Economics and Finance at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Honours
In 2001, Yam was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Business Administration by the Open University of Hong Kong (OUHK). In November 2009, Yam was awarded Doctor of Business Administration honoris causa by the Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. He was also appointed to the Hong Kong Institute of Education (now the Education University of Hong Kong) as an Honorary Professor affiliated to the Department of Asian and Policy Studies for a period of three years, starting from February 2015.

As well as honorary doctorate degrees and honorary professorships from local and overseas universities, Yam was also recognised for his public service career and contribution to Hong Kong. In 1995, he was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 2009, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government awarded him the Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM), the highest national award, and in 2001 the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS). Moreover, in 1997, Euromoney named him Central Banker of the Year.

Personal life
A 2023 declaration of interests showed that Yam was a member of the Hong Kong Golf Club.

title: Joseph Yam


text:
Postcode Address File

The Postcode Address File (PAF) is a database that contains all known "delivery points" and postcodes in the United Kingdom. The PAF is a collection of over 29 million Royal Mail postal addresses and 1.8 million postcodes. It is available in a variety of formats including FTP download and compact disc, and was previously available as digital audio tape. As owner of the PAF, Royal Mail is required by section 116 of the Postal Services Act 2000 to maintain the data and make it available on reasonable terms. A charge is made for lookup services or wholesale supply of PAF data. Charges are regulated by Ofcom. It includes small user residential, small user organisation and large user organisation details. There have been requests as part of the Open Data campaign for the PAF to be released by the government free of charge.

Usage
The "delivery points" held on the PAF are routing instructions used by Royal Mail staff to sort and deliver mail quickly and accurately. Elements of the address, including the post town and postcode, are occasionally subject to change, reflecting the operational structure of the postal delivery system. Each address is therefore not necessarily a geographically accurate description of where a property is located. Buildings which contain internal flats or businesses but have only one external front door will only have those internal elements recorded in PAF if the Royal Mail have direct access to them using a key or fob.

File structure
Royal Mail's Programmers Guide lists the following address elements of PAF and their respective maximum field lengths:

Some versions of the PAF also contain the  'Delivery Point Suffix (DPS)'  used in CBC (Customer Bar Code). Alternatively the DPS can be found using Royal Mail's  'Postcode Information File (PIF)'.

Licensing
The PAF licence sets out what PAF can be used for. Licensing options include internal and external use and also more advanced options such as bureau services and broker groups.

An example of typical internal use is an employee of a licensed call centre who uses a PAF-based solution to look up and verify customer addresses. The PAF data is only being used within the licensed end-user and is not passed on to any other legal entity.

On the other hand, an example of external use would be a company which provides a PAF-based address look-up on their customer facing website for their own customers to use when they order goods or services.

Royal Mail provide licensing advice on their website.

Public sector licence
Public sector organisations can now use PAF under the public sector licence use terms. The current public sector licence was renewed in April 2023 and runs until 31 March 2028.

The 2023-2028 public sector licence covers England, Wales and Scotland, and was procured centrally by the Geospatial Commission so that usage is free at the point of use for delivery of vital public services by the UK government, devolved administrations, local authorities, emergency services, health services, and search and rescue organisations. The contract now also incorporates Royal Mail Not Yet Built and Multiple Residence data.

The original public sector licence was implemented on 1 April 2015, having been developed by Royal Mail, the Department of Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) and the Scottish government. The public sector licence was centrally paid for by these organisations so individual public sector organisations no longer needed to return PAF licence fees to Royal Mail.

Under the original licence, eligible public sector organisations were able to use PAF within their organisation and on their website for non-commercial purposes. In addition, licensed public sector organisations were able to share data with other licensed organisations and work collaboratively on data-led projects. The original licence was available to central government, local government, emergency services, health authorities and search and rescue organisations.

Alias data
The "alias file" is a supplementary file containing additional data which are not part of official postal addresses, including details that have changed over time, or have been amended by the public and then used. This file is used to identify these elements and cross-reference with the official postal address.

The alias file holds four types of record: locality, thoroughfare, delivery point alias, and county alias:

 * The locality record – old short forms, local names, and 'postally-not-required' (PNR) details.
 * The thoroughfare record – contains replacement street and road names for a given locality, thoroughfare or dependent thoroughfare combination.
 * The delivery point alias record – holds additional information at given addresses, such as trading names and building names.
 * The county record – holds traditional, administrative and postal county information.

Royal Mail, in their guide to the data products imply that the county alias information was provided when Royal Mail removed the former postal county from the main file.

Errors
Royal Mail acknowledges that the PAF contains errors, and publishes forms for submitting error reports. A very small number of addresses are not listed correctly, and others (especially new developments) may not be listed at all for a period of time.

Costs and public availability
Between 2004 and 2006 a consultation was taken about the future management of the PAF. The proposal to release it for use at low or no cost was rejected, and the business model where it was used to raise money from profitable corporations was retained.

The accounts for the PAF for 2005/6 disclosed an income of £18million, 8.6% of which was profit.

Following a government consultation, on 1 April 2010 Ordnance Survey released co-ordinate data for all Great Britain postcodes (but not their address elements) for re-use free of charge under an attribution-only licence, as part of OS OpenData.

title: Postcode Address File


text:
Shōrin-ryū

Shōrin-ryū (少林流)     is one of the major modern Okinawan martial arts and is one of the oldest styles of karate. It was named by Choshin Chibana in 1933, but the system itself is much older. The characters 少林, meaning "sparse" or "scanty" and "forest" respectively and pronounced "shōrin" in Japanese, are also used in the Chinese and Japanese words for Shaolin. "Ryū" means "school". Shōrin-ryū combines elements of the traditional Okinawan fighting styles of Shuri-te.

History
Chōshin Chibana was a top student of the great master of shuri-te, Ankō Itosu. Ankō Itosu was the top student of Matsumura Sōkon, who was a renowned warrior in his time; bodyguard to three kings of Okinawa, he has been called the Miyamoto Musashi of Okinawa and was dubbed bushi, or warrior, by his king. However, while Sōkon is often referred to as the "founder" of Shuri-te, he did not invent all of its components. Chōshin Chibana never practiced kobudo. In 1933, Chōshin Chibana chose to name his style Shōrin-ryū in honor of its samurai roots and to differentiate it from other styles that were being modified from the original teachings of Ankō Itosu. Generally, Okinawan karate schools did not have individual names for styles like schools in Japan. Several branches of traditional Shōrin-ryū exist today in both Okinawa and the western world. While there is a more concentrated population of practitioners in its birthplace of Okinawa, Shōrin-ryū Karate has had many high dan grades outside Okinawa.

Training
Shōrin-ryū is generally characterized by natural breathing, natural (narrow, high) stances, and circular, rather than direct movements. Shōrin-ryū practitioners assert that correct motion, moving quickly to evade violence with fluid movements and flexible positions are important, and that a solid structure is vital for powerful blocks and strikes. Stances that are too deep generally make body movement difficult. Another feature in this system is how the student is taught to punch. Generally, there is neither a horizontal nor vertical punch in Shōrin-ryū. Punches are slightly canted to the inside, with the largest knuckle of the forefinger (third from the tip) in vertical alignment with the second knuckle of the pinky finger. It is believed that this position is key in lining up the bones of the arm and creates a faster, more stable and powerful strike.

Kata
Some of the key kata in Shōrin-ryū are: p. 30

These are Series not truly thought of as 'kata'

 * Fukyu Gata (Popular)
 * ichi
 * ni
 * san (in some schools)
 * Kihon (Basics)
 * shodan
 * nidan
 * sandan
 * yondan
 * godan

Shōrin-ryū Core Kata
 * Naihanchi
 * shodan
 * nidan
 * sandan
 * Pinan
 * shodan
 * nidan
 * sandan
 * yondan
 * godan
 * Passai
 * sho
 * dai
 * Gojushiho
 * Dai Ni Gojushiho
 * Chinto
 * Kusanku
 * sho
 * dai
 * Jion

The following Kata are not taught in all Shōrin-ryū systems or dojo
 * Seisan
 * Ananku
 * Wankan
 * Rohai
 * Wanshu
 * Gorin
 * Koryu Passai
 * Teesho
 * Ryuko

The study of weapons generally only starts at dan-level, and weapon kata are not standardised across the style. p. 45.

Branches

 * Shūgorō Nakazato Shūgorō Nakazato (仲里 周五郎 Nakazato Shūgorō?, August 14, 1920 – August 24, 2016)
 * Shorin-Ryu Reihokan Naonobu Ahagon
 * Shōrin-ryū Shidōkan normally called Shidōkan or Okinawan Shidōkan
 * Shorinkan
 * Shorinkan USA Lineage
 * Shōrin-ryū Seibukan
 * Matsubayashi-ryū
 * Shōrin-ryū Kokau
 * Shōrin-ryū Kyudōkan normally called Kyudōkan
 * Oshukai
 * Chubu Shōrin-ryū
 * Shōrin-ryū (Shaolin) also known as Shobayashi.
 * Ryukyu Shōrin-ryū
 * Kobayashi Shōrin-ryū
 * Kyobukan Shōrin-ryū
 * Matsumura Kenpo Shōrin-ryū
 * Matsumura Seito Hakutsuru Shōrin-ryū
 * Matsumura Shōrin-ryū
 * Jyoshinmon Shōrin-ryū
 * Shima-ha Shōrin-ryū
 * Yoshudokai Shorin-ryu

Ranks
In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, a contemporary of Chibana and also a disciple of Ankō Itosu, adopted the Dan system from judo founder Kanō Jigorō using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors to promote Karate-Do among the Japanese. In 1960, this practice was also adopted in Okinawa. The specific order of colors varies from organization to organization.

In a Kyū/Dan system, the beginner grade is a higher-numbered kyū (e.g., 7th Kyū) and progress is toward a lower-numbered Kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan"); Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan rank). Yudansha typically wear a black belt.

Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks gradually stress proper stances, balance, motion and coordination. Speed, timing, focus and power are examined at higher grades. Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of technique before a panel of examiners. Black belt testing is commonly done in a manner known as shinsa, which includes a written examination as well as demonstration of kihon, kumite, kata, and bunkai (applications of technique).

Notable practitioners

 * Chosin Chibana (founder)
 * Kentsu Yabu
 * Joe Lewis (martial artist)
 * Mike Stone (karate)
 * Bill Wallace (martial artist)
 * Jim Kelly (martial artist)
 * Shūgorō Nakazato
 * John Corcoran (martial arts)
 * Gene Brigham (martial arts founder of Shorin Kung Fu)
 * Tiffany van Soest
 * Tadashi Yamashita
 * Rina Takeda
 * Yukio Sakaguchi
 * Leo Howard
 * Katsuya Miyahira
 * Higa Yuchoku
 * Ankichi Arakaki
 * Eizo Shimabukuro
 * Ciriaco Cañete
 * Robert John Burke

title: Shōrin-ryū


text:
Ravina

Ravina or Rabina may refer to:

Given name

 * Two Jewish sages (amoraim) from the time of the gemara:
 * Ravina I (died 421)
 * Ravina II or Rabina II (fl. 5th century), nephew and successor of the above
 * Ravina (actress), Indian actress
 * Ravina Raj Kohli, Indian media executive
 * Ravina Oa (born 1995), Papua New Guinean cricketer
 * Rabina Khan (born 1972), Bangladeshi-born British writer and politician
 * Raveena Aurora, Indian-American singer-songwriter
 * Raveena Tandon, Indian actress

Surname

 * Bernadette Ravina (born 1975), Mauritian javelin thrower
 * Bruno Ravina (born 1984), Mauritian footballer
 * Jean-Henri Ravina (1818–1906), French pianist, composer, and teacher
 * Mark Ravina (born 1961), American scholar of Japanese history
 * Oscar Ravina (1930–2010), Polish violinist, teacher, and concertmaster

Places

 * Rabina, Mostar, a village in Mostar, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Rabina, Nevesinje, a village in Nevesinje, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Ravina (Lordville, New York), a historic district listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Other uses

 * Ravina Project Toronto, a Canadian climate change research project
 * Toronto Ravinas, Canadian Professional Hockey League team 1927–1928

title: Ravina