text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/168 and Mav

(User:168... | mav)

This matter has been accepted for arbitration. Evidence is at Requests for arbitration/Mav v. 168/Evidence. Discussion is at Requests for arbitration/Mav v. 168.

Requests for comment/168 - Requests for comment/Mav

End of mediation
As of 29 of feb 2004, I indicate that mediation between Mav and 168 is over. No peaceful solution could be reached per discussion, and I do not think it is resolvable amicably. 168 is requesting arbitration upon the conflict he has with Mav. SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * And I request arbitration against 168. See: Requests for comment/168 for the issue I wish to have resolved. What I seek is a reasonable assurance that 168 will not do those things again in the future. I in fact think that 168 is a good contributor who happened to do some bad things to make a point, but the issue backfired onto 168. --mav

Versions of events by various editors
''NOTICE: This article continues to undergo changes. The reputations of many people are affected by this portrayal of events, including the reputations of 168..., Mav, Lir, Peak, Stewartadcock and others. In making edits to this article, these users should be regarded as facing potential conflicts of interest. You may wish to check the Edit History to see who edited it most recently and what changes they made.''

Below are several versions of events. The first version has been written primarily by mav, who along with other community members regards 168... as having acted improperly (in whole or in part). The second version is based on the one by Mav, but has been extensively edited by 168... with an attempt to present all the facts necessary to assess the rightness or wrongness of 168...'s behavior during the long course of events described.

---

''If all parties agree to say that the above text is an accurate, complete and fair report of the past events, I would like to suggest that it be extracted, put in a new page, and protected (at least officially not open to edition any more). This would then constitute an agreement between all parties involved. I think it is important that you all think this is fairly representing what happened then.''

It is in particular important that Mav and 168 both agree on this text. 168 indicated he now was. I would like Mav opinion (but would prefer that he first indicate privately any major disagreement). Would this seem ok to you ? :-)

User:Anthere

 * [Peak:] I don't have time to keep up with 168...'s many edits, and I doubt that many others do. You might consider asking each party to write a separate statement, and then asking each party which statements they endorse. Peak 18:49, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Here we are :-) It would be best if these two statements were stable now. Anthère0

Version of what happened primarily written by mav
As a participant in a multi-party dispute over one much-discussed paragraph in DNA, 168 reverted to an old version, which he favored. When User:Lir undid the reversion, 168... reverted again and protected the page. Other admins said protection was called for, but said the fact that 168... had done it made the act improper. 168... also protected Conflicts between users while a participant in a brief multi-party dispute involving Lir over that page then unprotected it again two minutes later.

Days later he used the rollback feature to revert the protected page Nucleic acid (another article he was in an edit dispute over) to his preferred version. He then engaged in a full revert war using the rollback feature with 3 other admins (168... used the rollback feature in that revert war more than 10 times in less than 20 minutes). Other admins also used the rollback feature to revert 168...       (this last one was a self revert) (Nucleic acid history One of his edit comments was "so de-sysop me." At the same time he also used the rollback feature to repeatedly remove warnings on his talk page about his behavior.     (User talk:168... history Also at the same time he was in another revert war at Possible misuses of admin privileges. There he repeatedly used the rollback feature to revert a note by Lir that 168... had reverted a protected page (Nucleic acid). During this revert war another admin protected the page hoping that that would stop 168... but 168... continued to revert. Other admins involved in the revert war also used the rollback feature on 168...            (Wikipedia:Possible misuses of admin privileges history A poll was then started asking whether or not 168... should be desysoped but no action was taken at that time.Wikipedia_talk:Possible_misuses_of_admin_privileges

During this episode 168... explained that he was doing this "to irritate Lir and keep him and the need for ban enforcement topical." He called this a kind of "civil disobedience."

Between February 12th and 13th 168... repeatedly reverted DNA, removing the first two paragraphs that were voted on and passed (4 to 1 with Lir being the 1 and 168.. not participating in that particular vote but instead voted for the version he would later revert to) on the talk page (see vote at Talk:DNA/archive_4 ; four people were reverting him).       On the 14th he again reverted DNA to his favored version and then protected the page. Note that Lir also would later revert the voter version of the intro to his own version. 168... also claims that the vote had no power since it was not listed at Current polls.

At around the same time he was using the rollback feature and regular reverts to revert all the most recent updates to this page (five different people were reverting 168).         After one revert 168... protected his version of the page twice but that page protection was lifted by another admin. Note that the above diffs may no longer work due to the fact that version numbers were reassigned after each deletion.

On the 14th he also deleted this page 11 times and blanked it four times. Based on a clear majority at 168...'s desysoping poll, Tim Starling then temporarily desysopped 168... and asked for a review of the situation.

Mav requested mediation on the above points at Wikipedia:Requests_for_mediation#168..._and_maveric149 but mediation later failed and the item was de-listed by Anthere.

On February 20th a new poll was conducted on whether or not 168's sysop user rights should be reinstated. The next day Angela added mention of that poll at Current polls. Less then a day later on February 22nd Tim Starling resysoped 168 when there were 10 votes for reinstatement and 5 against (67% in favor). In the days following more users voted and as of March 6 there were 10 votes for reinstatement and 9 against.

On March 5 DNA was unprotected by Kingturtle. On the next day, Anthere asked Kingturtle for the article protection to be restored at first sign of necessity. 168's first edit to that article was a revert to his favored version the next day. Mav reverted the article back to the version most people who voted on the February_5_Version liked. 168 reverted the article to his favored version again. Mav responded with a proposed compromise version that combined the information contained in both versions. 168 reverted that as well. Mav tried another compromise, but 168 reverted back to his favored version again. Bryan Derksen then reverted 168. Mav saved another proposed compromise version, which 168 reverted (marking the revert as a minor edit and not giving an edit summary). Bryan Derksen reverted 168's revert. 168 auto-reverted Bryan and protected the page.

Note that that was a total of 6 reverts by 168 in a 24 hour period and that a poll that would make a 3-revert per day limit policy has 45 votes to 6  Jimbo has not decided yet whether to allow admins the ability to block users for 24 hours for breaking this rule.

For discussion, see Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/168

Talk about mav's version

 * Note that 168... considers the above portrait of events as biased, because it is selective and superficial. 168... will write another version when 168... has more patience and is less pissed off.168...|...Talk 06:57, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Version of based on the above and edited primarily by 168... and somewhat by Peak
As a participant in a multi-party dispute with User:Lir over one much-discussed paragraph in DNA, 168 reverted to a long-standing older version, which 168... favored. When User:Lir undid the reversion, 168... reverted again and protected the page. Other admins said protection was called for, but said the fact that 168... had done it made the act improper. 168... also protected Conflicts between users while a participant in a brief multi-party dispute involving Lir over that page then unprotected it again two minutes later.

Later 168... used the administrators' "rollback" feature to revert one sentence fragment of the article Nucleic acid, which had been protected due to a revert war between 168... and User:Lir about a vocabulary issue that had been fruitlessly discussed at length on talk: DNA, in the context of which Lir demonstrated disinterest in reaching a resolution through reasoned dialogue. 168 reverted the sentence fragment to an earlier version that had been stable for a long time until Lir made his change. The page was protected at the time. When others tried to revert 168...'s reversion, 168... reverted theirs using the rollback feature. The others included 3 other admins and 168... used the rollback feature more than 10 times in less than 20 minutes. No one has recorded how many times the other admins may have used the rollback feature during this dispute. Note there is evidence to suggest that 168... was engaging in this behavior in order to provoke political action. (Nucleic acid history. "So desysop me" 168... posted as summary of one reversion. 168...'s use of the rollback feature resulted in the removal from 168...'s talk page of accusations that 168... was violating rules and commands that 168... submit to the will of other administrators and decist.     ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:168...&action=history User talk:168... history]

Note that it is rare, if not unprecedented, to read about a user's removal of content from a user's own talk page in the context of alleged misbehavior. Pages in a user's personal directory tend to be regarded more or less as the property of those users. Note also that use of the rollback feature seemingly has not been presented as a kind of misbehavior in the evaluation of any other administrator prior to 168.... Some might take the citatation of these two behaviors in the case of 168... as reflecting presuppositions about 168... that are not usually made when the behavior of other sysops is raised for public scrutiny. 168... claims that Mav and others are behaving in the manner of a lynch mob.

At the same time 168... was using the rollback feature to revert a posting by Lir to Possible misuses of admin privileges, in which Lir made a complaint he had already made on two other public pages. 168... offered this is a reason not to allow Lir's post, but 168... was reverted without discussion again and again.

A poll was then started here asking whether or not 168... should be "desysoped" (stripped of administrator powers). The poll was not widely advertised (e.g. not on Current polls)

Between February 12th and 13th 168... attempted to preserve the much-discussed intro paragraph of DNA described above. A new paragraph had been produced by a multi-day open polling procedure, which allowed voters to move their votes around until the arrival of a deadline which had been set previously. Although 168... and Lir had objected to voting, no one expressed objections to the specific deadline proposed. The process produced a paragraph that emerged with the support of more than a two-thirds majority of the witnesses who made their presence known on the talk page (-- see Talk:DNA/archive_4). The vote was not advertised widely (not e.g. on Current polls) which some consider a requirement for voting, according to 168.... Absentions were not solicited, and no one explicitly posted that they were abstaining. Prior to the start of a 72-hour final voting period, 168 reintroduced the original long-standing version of the paragraph and voted for it. No one else did. 168... says this posting was an attempt to redirect the process and to poke fun at the proceedings, which at the time (as can be examined in the page history) showed few voters voting for the same choices of phrase. As more votes came in and people moved their votes around, however, support converged on a single version.

The emerging paragraph had the support of five participants united in their opposition to Lir. 168... acted to prevent implementation of the voter-approved paragraph by reverting attempts to post it and calling for discussion. During 168...'s actions to preserve the long-standing older version of the introductory paragraph, four people were reverting it to the voter-approved version. Ultimately 168... protected the older version.

Before and during the vote, 168... had posted multiple times (e.g. ) that 168... would not recognize the vote's outcome. Lir also indicated that he regarded the vote as having no authority. Still, participants were surprised by their behavior afterwards.

According to Peak, who called for the vote, his intention and the intention of other vote-supporters was to try to produce a paragraph that a wide majority of participants could feel allegiance to, and which they could collectively defend against changes by uncooperative participants. The prior weeks of discussion had touched on all of the phrases in question and produced a variety of alternatives that could be evaluated by voting. 168... and Peak both believe that the weeks of discussion preceding the vote were done in the spirit of "consensus decision making" as per Consensus decision-making. The process described in that article does not strictly require unanimity, but User:Cyan, the sysop who was protecting DNA, had called for it.

168... had offered arguments against holding a vote, saying that the various options incorporated many accomodations to Lir, but in the end would neither satisfy nor be recognized by Lir. 168... proposed "reasoned discussion" as an alternative. This proposal was not seriously debated, partly because attempts toward reasoned discussion with Lir had already been tried in vain for weeks. In calling for reasoned discussion, 168... explicitly proposed that Lir be excluded from the process. According to Peak, this seemed meaningless, in the sense that without banning Lir could edit the talk page anyway, or trivial, because if 168... wanted to ignore Lir 168... was free to do so. 168... ignored Lir as others continued to discuss issues with Lir and to strike compromises with him. In the end, the call for unanimity was rejected by the five voters and their supporters in the community, who think the results of the vote should be binding without further discussion.

At the same time as 168... was blocking immediate implementation of the voter-approved paragraph, Lir was making his own edits to the article, acts that suggest Lir did not consider the outcome of the vote as any constraint on how editing or discussion should proceed. It is unclear whether Lir would have paid more respect to the vote if 168... had treated the results as binding. According to Peak, many doubt he would have. Because 168...'s expectations of Lir's response to the vote were correct, it might be argued that 168...'s proposed alternative to voting--a reasoned discussion excluding Lir--would have been the better option to pursue. This does not say whether 168... was obliged to go along with the choice of most others to hold a vote and treat the results as binding.

Peak and others respect 168...'s preference for the old version of the paragraph in question, and 168... respects the voters' decision to pursue a compromise by voting. Both are disappointed with the other. Voters are surprised that 168... put a campaign to end tolerance of users like Lir ahead of efforts to deal with Lir in a somewhat more conventional way. Peak says what 168... did was contrary to the democratic principles of Wikipedia, and he says he is disillusioned that 168... would act in such a way.

Many Wikipedians called 168...'s protection of the older paragraph an abuse of sysop powers. Policy says that administrators should not use their powers of protection on articles they have edited. 168... had reverted Lir's edits to that page many times in the past and still farther in the past had been involved in its editing. 168... had also been an active participant in discussions on the talk page several weeks previously and had made recent posts. It is not clear how many Wikipedians, if any, took the time to personally evaluate the extent to which 168...'s involvement with the article constituted "recent editing." Nevertheless, it was widely publicized on Wikipedia that 168 had protected a version of page that 168... had recently edited and engaged in "edit wars" over and which 168... preferred. Following a previous campaign by Mav to call attention to 168...'s behavior, the recent charges were widely and rapidly embraced as accurate in detail. 168... claims the details paint a different picture from the characterizations that circulated, which 168... calls coarse and slanted.

Mav, and others have repeatedly used the phrase "consensus" to describe the vote (Peak described it as "near-consensus") and described 168...'s intent as to simply over-rule it (rather than to introduce an extra step of discussion prior to implimentation). This is important to mention, because the manner in which 168...'s behavior was described may account for the swift and widespread condemnation of 168... and subsequent stripping of sysop status. Many expressed outrage that 168... had used sysop powers to block the immediate implementation of an edit that had received overwhelming support from voters. Peak adds that 168... had said Lir should be ignored, so that it was hypocritical to regard the vote as other than unanimous. 168... does consider the vote unanimous among the reasonable participants in the vote, but does not consider the vote a legitimate final stage in the process of agreeing on a paragraph. As the final stage, 168... called for a reasoned discussion of the merits of the voter-approved paragraph vis-a-vis the long-standing older paragraph, and 168... used sysop powers to try and force this course of action.

At around the same time 168... was using the rollback feature to revert the addition of new, undiscussed accusations to this Requests-for-comments page, which was created to address a distinct but related episode of behavior that is decribed above at the top. Five different people were reverting 168. 168... protected the old version of the page twice but that page protection was lifted by another admin.

168... went on to delete this page 11 times and blank it four times. Based on a clear majority at 168...'s desysoping poll, Tim Starling then temporarily desysopped 168... and asked for a review of the situation, which has yet to take place

Mav requested mediation at Requests_for_mediation.

For discussion of the original issue for which this page was created, see Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/168

Version of based on the above and edited primarily by Lir...
um, ok... Lirath Q. Pynnor

Talk about Lir's version
You are a very talkative girl Lir :-) SweetLittleFluffyThing

Version of based on the above and edited primarily by Anthere
Anthere agreed to try to mediate between Mav and 168 on the 16th of february During about two weeks, many mails were exchanged with 168, Mav and most of the users primarily involved in the discussion and poll/vote (perception of whether that was a poll or a binding vote varies). On February 20th a new poll was conducted on whether or not 168's sysop user rights should be reinstated. The next day Angela added mention of that poll at Current polls. Less then a day later on February 22nd Tim Starling resysoped 168 when there were 10 votes for reinstatement and 5 against (67% in favor). In the days following more users voted and as of March 6 there were 10 votes for reinstatement and 9 against.

On the 21th of february, User:Lir requested mediation over nucleic acid article, where she was in a conflict with 168. She also requested that the article be protected to promote discussion and avoid an edit war. Anthere agreed that if there were again reversion between her and 168, she would protect the article.

No one has answered Lir request for mediation among mediators. With the feeling the discussion between Mav and 168 was not going to proceed to a general agreement with regard to Mav and 168 respective requests, Anthere finally asked 168 his opinion. On the 28th of february, 168 answer was "I know this will disappoint you, and I'm sorry for that, but I'd like to go to arbitration". At this point, Anthere indicated the mediation was over to Mav, the mediation committee, Jimbo (per email), updated the mediation page on wikipedia and told the english mailing list that mediation failed and that 168 was requesting arbitration.

She listed the request for arbitration on the relevant wikipedia page on the 29th. This was seconded as expected by Mav on the same day. It should be mentionned that what Mav requested from 168 had rather community value (ie, he asked in particular a pledge from 168 with regards to his sysop position) while what 168 requested from Mav was a personnal issue (ie, unfairness from Mav). On the same day, in a public discussion on IRC, User:Camembert said to Anthere, that they would consider the request, but it would require a couple of days likely, since other cases were under way. At this point, Anthere considered the direct request to the committee was valid and did not need further input from her.

On 5th of march, Anthere protected the nucleic acid page per Lir request. Lir had requested protection of that page a few days ago in the talk page, as she felt 168 would revert her participations. On the 5th, 168 reverted the Nucleic acid page, so Anthere decided to protect it, in an attempt to delay article resolution, while arbitration was taking place. She considered that 168 knowing that arbitration going on the way, would be more likely to discuss quietly the nucleic acid article.

On the same day (5th of march), in a irc public discussion with User:MyRedDice, Anthere discovered that her feeling was entirely wrong, and that no request for arbitration would be taken into consideration (contrariwise to what she had been led to think 6 days sooner) unless Jimbo specifically referred it. She would like to note that not only Camembert led her to think just adding the request would be enough, but no one thought of telling her the current request she added on the request for arbitration would never be taken into consideration. Out of exasperation, she unlisted the request and suggested to both user to request arbitration themselves.

 * It's probably not important, but this isn't how I remember things. As I remember it, I said on IRC that Anthere could make a request for arbitration, but it may take a few days for us to consider it because officially we were still only taking cases on referral from Jimbo. That "few days" turned out to be overly optimistic as the policy wasn't actually ratified for another month (roughly). My apologies if I had not made it clear that we wouldn't be able to consider the case as things stood. Apologies also if the notes on Requests for arbitration which said "Currently, the arbitrators accept referrals from Jimbo Wales only" and "Just to remind folks: we're currently not taking requests for arbitration, except from Jimbo Wales" were not clear enough. --Camembert

Since Anthere had just discovered no arbitration was gonna occur, she sent a new mail (so, the second one as request) to the english mailing list, specifically asking that Jimbo please hurry and refer the case to the arbitration committee.

Later on the 5th, User:Kingturtle decided to unprotected DNA. Anthere expressed her regret for that decision, and asked him to protect it again at first sign of issue. A couple of hours later, Mav, Bryan and 168 entered a new edit war on the article, with 6 reversions from 168, a couple from Bryan, and arguably perhaps 3 from Mav. Mav also proposed at least 2 alternate versions, trying to find a compromise with 168. 168 finally reverted a last time and protected the page. It is to mention that Mav did not requested immediate unsysoping, or banning, did not unprotect and revert the page again. He just walked away. Bryan Derksen on the other hand, mentionned the case in a few places, and in particular on the mailing list. No other person commented 168 move on line.

On early 7th, Anthere asked again to Jimbo if he could please sent the case to arbitration. This was seconded by User:Sannse a few hours later.

At that point, Jimbo indicated he was wondering whether the case really required arbitration, and asked for more input.

On the 8th, Anthere seing that arbitration was not gonna go anywhere, decided to propose a new scheme on the DNA talk page, in an attempt to find a solution at least to the DNA case, dropping the arbitration request in despair.

She suggested that the DNA page be open for edition, to avoid blocking it for too long, but that the disputed paragraph be virtually protected. She said she would soft ban any user who would edit this part...and actually had to do so less than 10 mn later (she considered the attempt a deliberate provocation).

A few hours later, without any poll, User:Eloquence unsysoped 168. He mentionned it to Anthere by irc (thanks !) and indicated it to 168 on his talk page. No poll or public discussion was started by Erik, nor did he mentionned the unsysoping to anyelse than Anthere and 168.

Later than day, 168 blanked his user page and his talk page.

Talk about Anthere's version
I would like to point out that the "various places" I mentioned my involvement in this were DNA's talk page, here under the heading building on a comment that I'd made last time this problem arose, and two brief responses on the mailing list to questions about this situation that Jimbo had already brought up there. I know I probably sound a little defensive, but I just wanted to make sure it didn't sound like I'd done anything inappropriate. Feel free to move this comment somewhere else on the page, Anthere, since it probably doesn't belong tacked onto the end of this description in the long term. Bryan 16:41, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Relevant links
Requests for comment/Lir

DNA

Nucleic acid


text:
A85 road

The A85 is a major road in Scotland. It runs east from Oban along the south bank of Loch Etive, through Lochawe and Tyndrum, Crianlarich, Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Crieff before passing through Perth, where it crosses the River Tay via Perth Bridge to Bridgend. Its name between Crieff and Perth is the Crieff Road. It then multiplexes with the A90 to the Swallow Roundabout before diverging to follow the Invergowrie Bypass, Riverside Avenue and Riverside Drive before terminating in Dundee city centre.

The A90 road from Perth to Dundee was previously numbered A85; on opening of an upgraded A94 to Aberdeen the A90 number was continued across the Friarton Bridge (previously M85) and on to the A85 route, then from Swallow Roundabout to Aberdeen. The Perth-Dundee stretch was formerly part of the Euroroute system, of route E120 which ran in a circular route between Inverness, Aberdeen, Dundee and Perth.

Between Tyndrum and Crianlarich the road multiplexes with the A82, where it merges with the main north–south road. Parts follow an old military road.

Some statistics seem to show that the stretch of the A85 between Oban and Tyndrum is among the ten most dangerous roads in Scotland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A85 road


text:
A85

A85 or A-85 may refer to:

 * Dutch Defence, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * Gleaner A85, a combine harvester

Roads

 * A85 road (Scotland)
 * Quebec Autoroute 85, a Canadian highway part of the Trans-Canada Highway
 * A85 motorway (France)

title: A85


text:
Talk:Karttikeya

The name is more often transliterated as Karthikeya/Karthikeyan. The dental `t' is usually (mis-)transliterated as `th' by many. Even if the dental `t' is transliterated as just `t', it would be Kartikeya/Kartikeyan (which also seems acceptable). But why is it called Karttikeya? IMHO this must be moved to Karthikeya or Kartikeya. -- Paddu 19:46, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karttikeya


text:
A71 road

The A71 is a major road in Scotland linking Edinburgh with Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. It adjoins the Livingston Bypass A899.

It runs south west from Edinburgh for approximately 70 miles, through Saughton, Wilkieston and south of Livingston, Whitburn and Wishaw, then by way of Overtown, Garrion Bridge, Stonehouse, Strathaven, Darvel, Newmilns, Galston, Hurlford and Kilmarnock to Irvine on the North Ayrshire coast.

Formerly a trunk route from the east to the west coast of Scotland it has since been downgraded to a mix of primary and secondary routes. From Edinburgh to Darvel, it is now a secondary route, in a poor state of repair in some places. But, from Darvel to Irvine, it has retained its primary route status.

Edinburgh to Newmains
The A71 almost parallels the M8 between the A720 (Edinburgh City Bypass) and the junction with the A73 at Newmains. It passes through the village of Wilkieston and onto the Mid Calder bypass, which leads the route to the south of Livingston. The A71 follows a very straight course through Livingston with several grade separated junctions.

Newmains to Darvel
West of Livingston, the A71 turns sharply south west, bypassing Shotts, Newmains and Wishaw then descends steeply into the Clyde Valley, over Garrion Bridge at the junction with the A72. The A71 climbs steeply up the western side of the Clyde valley on a road which it shares for a very short section with the A72.

When the A71 peaks at the top of the valley, it goes under the M74 at Jct 8 (a junction known locally as Canderside Toll), before turning towards the village of Stonehouse, where a bypass takes traffic to the north of the narrow village roads, before descending into the Avon valley and into Strathaven. This village, at a meeting of the A71, A723 and A726, provides a link to East Kilbride and Paisley, as well as to Lanark, Hamilton and Motherwell.

Darvel to Irvine
The A71 then becomes a narrow and winding road across moorland, as the road ascends to the head of the Avon valley. At the highest point is Loudoun Hill, an ancient site of human occupation, and the road here follows the route of a minor Roman road which once linked the Clyde Valley and the coast. The road descends into the Irvine Valley, going through the towns of Darvel and Newmilns, and bypassing Galston and then through Hurlford. At Darvel, the A71 becomes a primary route for the rest of its length to Irvine, and widens slightly, with a straighter alignment until its junction with the A77, south of Kilmarnock. The A71 remains as a dual-carriageway until its terminus in Irvine town centre. A crash barrier runs along the central reservation of the dual-carriageway from the A77 to the boundary with North Ayrshire at Dreghorn.

In mid 2014, the road began to subside between Darvel and Newmilns, with the westbound lane being affected near to the entrance to Gowanbank House. Traffic lights were put in place while a solution was sought, however as of January 2017, a solution has been found and the traffic lights have been lifted.

title: A71 road


text:
1763 in music

Events

 * January 1 – First performance of William Boyce's "At length, th’imperious Lord of War".
 * March 24 – Christoph Willibald Gluck leaves Vienna, bound for Bologna where his opera Il trionfo di Clelia is to be premièred.
 * April 26 – Gluck is awarded a pension of 600 florins by Empress Maria Theresa.
 * May 14 – Nuovo Teatro Pubblico in Bologna opens with the première of Gluck's Il trionfo di Clelia; it is the first major opera house to be constructed with public funds and owned by the municipality.
 * May 26 – In Paris, François-Joseph Gossec goes to court to retrieve property from the estate of his late patron Alexandre Le Riche de La Poupelinière.
 * July 9 – Mozart family grand tour: The family of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart sets out on a European tour, ending this year in Paris.
 * James Hook becomes musical director of Marylebone Gardens in London.
 * St Cecilia's Hall is opened by Edinburgh Musical Society as the first purpose-built concert hall in Scotland, the second in Britain.

Popular music

 * none listed

Opera

 * Johann Christian Bach - Orione, ossia Diana vendicata (premiered February 19 in London)
 * Pietro Guglielmi – Tito Manlio
 * Joseph Haydn – Acide
 * Niccolò Jommelli – Didone abbandonata (third version)
 * Vincenzo Manfredini – Carlo Magno
 * Niccolò Piccinni – Le donne vendicate
 * Tommaso Traetta – Ifigenia in Tauride
 * Johann Adolph Hasse – Siroe, re di Persia

Classical music

 * Carl Friedrich Abel – 6 Flute Concertos, WK 46–51
 * Johann Georg Albrechtsberger – Applausus musicus (cantata)
 * Johann Christian Bach – 6 Keyboard Concertos, Op. 1
 * François Joseph Gossec – 6 Symphonies, Op. 6
 * Joseph Haydn – Symphonies Nos. 12 and 13
 * Michael Haydn – Symphony in G major "Divertimento"; Symphony in B-flat major, Perger 51 "La Confidenza"
 * Johann Joachim Quantz – Horn Concerto in E-flat major, QV 5:Anh.14
 * Giuseppe Tartini – 6 Violin Sonatas, Op. 9
 * Georg Philipp Telemann – Gott, man lobet dich in der Stille (cantata)

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Franz Peter Deysinger – Gründlicher Unterricht die Orgel und das Clavier wohl schlagen zu lernen
 * Ignaz Franz Xaver Kürzinger – Getreuer Unterricht zum Singen mit Manieren, und die Violin zu spielen
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg – Anleitung zur Musik überhaupt, und zur Singkunst besonders
 * Cristiano Miller – Porta Armonica

Births

 * February 20 – Adalbert Gyrowetz, composer (died 1850)
 * March 18 – Marie Christine Björn, ballerina
 * March 21 – Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, librettist and novelist (died 1825)
 * April 2 – Giacomo Gotifredo Ferrari, Italian composer (died 1842)
 * April 7 – Domenico Dragonetti, double bass virtuoso and composer (died 1846)
 * May 15 – Franz Danzi, composer (died 1826)
 * June 14 – Johann Simon Mayr, composer (died 1845)
 * by June 15 – Franz Danzi, German composer (died 1826)
 * June 22 – Étienne Méhul, composer (died 1817)
 * December 12 – Margareta Alströmer, singer and artist (died 1816)
 * Date unknown – Johann Andreas Amon, composer and musician (died 1825)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Giovanni Benedetto Platti, Italian composer (born 1697)
 * February 7 – Christoph Schaffrath, composer (born 1709)
 * February 12 (buried) – Gottfried Heinrich Bach, keyboardist son of Johann Sebastian Bach (born 1724)
 * February 17 – Christoph Schaffrath, German composer (born 1709)
 * May 30 – Gustaviana Schröder, Swedish singer (born 1701)
 * June 1 – Johann Caspar Vogler, composer
 * July 16 – Jacques Hotteterre, French composer (born 1673)
 * July 17 – Wenzel Raimund Pirck, composer
 * July 22 – John Dalton, librettist and poet (born 1709)
 * August 14 – Giovanni Battista Somis, composer
 * September 26 – John Byrom, librettist and poet (born 1692)
 * December 2 – Carl August Thielo, composer
 * unknown date – Johann Gottlieb Janitsch, composer (born 1708)
 * probable – Nicola Logroscino, composer (born 1698)

title: 1763 in music


text:
A71

A71 or A-71 may refer to:

 * Benoni Defense, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * Samsung Galaxy A71, smartphone released in 2019
 * "A71", a song by New Jersey band Lorna Shore

Roads

 * A71 road in Afghanistan
 * A71 motorway (France)
 * A71 road (Scotland)
 * Bundesautobahn 71, a German motorway also called A 71
 * Mitchell Highway, a road in Queensland, Australia

title: A71


text:
History of Scania

For hundreds of years up until the 18th century, the history of the province of Scania was marked by the struggle between the two Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden over the hegemony in the Baltic area.

Viking age
It was previously thought that society in Scania, like in the rest of Scandinavia, was made up of farmers mostly Fen farmers and cattle farmers, thralls, the farmer being free and equal, and having their say at the Things in the affairs of society. Archeological findings on Jutland, the Danish islands, and on the Scanian plains have modified this picture. It has now become clear that the distribution of wealth, at least from the early Migration Period, was very uneven. The plains were to a large extent divided up between large farms which were far bigger than smallholdings, and were often grouped in villages. Subsequently, only a small faction of the population can be presumed to have enjoyed full civic rights. It seems now more likely that this society ought to be perceived as a system of tribes, each led by chieftains, in Danish often called godes, whose authority depended on the size and wealth of the tribe. Scania had 5 main tribes each having had their own Thanes (leaders), and their own group of warriors, all under the command of the King of Scania.

After Christianization
It now seems likely that a period of domestic colonization within Scania that was earlier believed to have started before the Viking Age, in reality largely took place after the Viking Age, when donations of land to monasteries led to influences from Continental Europe. This led to a transition from a predominantly animal husbandry-based society to one of farming, which entailed extensive land clearing, possibly also connected with the liberation of the thralls, that led to the creation of many new settlements with names ending in -torp, -rup, and -rød.

Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 8th century, stating that it was a part of Denmark. According to the Large Jelling Stone, Scanians, like all Danes were Christianized by the King of all Danes, Harald Bluetooth before this stone was raised, presumably around 985 AD.

The Scanian law, the oldest of the Medieval Scandinavian laws, came into force in the beginning of the 13th century. It is remarkable in the sense that it exists written in both Latin letters (not in Latin though) as well as Runes, Codex runicus. Already in 1060 was Dalby Church build by Svend Estridsen, as one of the first Danish churches made of stone. Between 1104 and 1536, Lund was the Archbishopric of Denmark, and the Danish National Banner, Dannebrog, was preserved in the Cathedral for several centuries.

In 1332 the king of Denmark, Christopher II, died as a "king without a country" after he and his older brother and predecessor had divided Denmark into much smaller polities. King Magnus IV of Sweden took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver, which included Scania. The province was later reconquered by the Danish king Valdemar IV of Denmark in 1360, as part of his conquest campaign to regain previously lost Danish territory. During parts of the Middle Ages, Scania was known throughout Northern Europe for its herring and the market where it was sold.

14th and 15th centuries
In the middle of the 14th century the Black Death affected the area as much as in most of Europe. Generally the population declined with a third or more. By the end of this century, the Kalmar Union rose as an attempt to counter the Hanseatic League. The Union was largely a creation of Queen Margaret who had become Queen in Denmark and Norway in 1387, as her only son, King Olaf II of Denmark and IV of Norway died. And two years later she helped the Swedes to get rid of the disliked Albert of Mecklenburg. Her adopted son Boguslaw, actual son of a Polish-Pomeranian Duke, was given the name Eric of Pomerania, as he was crowned King of all three Scandinavian countries on 17 June 1397 in Kalmar, hence the name of the Union. Queen Margaret, remained as the de facto ruler of the three kingdoms more or less until her death in 1412. King Eric founded the Scanian Town, which today is known as Landskrona at the central part of the all Danish Øresund, and introduced the Sound Dues (Øresundtolden) in 1429, which was to last until 1857 (with exception of Swedish ships between 1658 and 1720). By this he secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it relatively rich and which made the town of Elsinore (Helsingør) flowering. In the Franciscan monastery at Lund, "the Academy" was established in 1425. It was a kind of medieval university, but was closed when the Reformation reached Denmark in 1536.

Golden age of the aristocracy
The period between 1536 and 1660 is often considered a golden age of the Scania nobility in terms of their wealth and economic control. Church estates were confiscated by the Crown in 1536 (following the example of the Swedish Crown in 1527 provided by Gustav Vasa). These included prosperous lands belonging to the former archbishopric at Hogestad and Snårestad as well as those of the monasteries at Bosjökloster, Dalbykloster and Övedskloster. However, the land swap policy of Fredrik II whereby he exchanged lands in Scania for lands near his own estate in Själland (Zealand) resulted in large areas within Scania falling into the hands of local nobility. Their wealth is visible in the private castle-building of the period in places such as Rosendal Castle. By the 17th century approximately 54% overall of the 15,000 estates in Scania were owned by the nobility, though the concentration of ownership was not evenly spread. In the area of Ystad, around 80% of the farmland was owned by aristocrats by 1650.

Regional tensions
Scania's geopolitical position, situated on the Scandinavian mainland but politically part of the Danish kingdom, made it for centuries the focal point of the struggle for hegemony in the Baltic region between Denmark and Sweden, the so-called dominium maris baltici. The two Nordic countries were in conflict with each other for about five hundred years. By possessing both sides of the Öresund strait, as well as The Belts, Denmark had effective control over the entrance to the Baltic Sea and was able to monopolize trade through the sounds. From the 15th century, Denmark started to collect the Sound Dues, a transitory due from all foreign ships passing through the strait, whether en route to or from Denmark or not. The Sound Dues constituted the major source of income for the Danish crown and was resented by the Swedish Crown. In the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645), Sweden's representatives stipulated toll freedom in Öresund for the country, and after this point, Sweden was exempted from paying the Danish Sound Toll. However, this arrangement came to an end in 1720, when the Treaty of Frederiksborg officially ended Sweden's toll-free status. Denmark continued to collect Sound Toll until 1857.

In the winter of 1612, over a period of two weeks, the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf burned down or otherwise destroyed 24 Scanian parishes and most of their population without meeting any enemy troops. The largest destroyed settlement was the Town Væ, which two years later was replaced by Danish King Christian IV as the nearby Christiansted (after the Swedification process, spelled Kristianstad), the last Scanian town to be founded by a Danish king.

1658 conquest by Sweden
Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Scania together with all Danish lands east of Öresund became a possession of Sweden. This treaty followed the Dano-Swedish War (1657-1658), which was a part of a wider war, which also included Poland and some of the German states of that time.

Soon after the signing of the Instrument of Cession king Charles X Gustav of Sweden landed in Helsingborg on 5 March 1658 (O.S.) to take possession of the newly acquired provinces. The king was received by a delegation led by the bishop of the Diocese of Lund, Peder Winstrup. The Copenhagen-born bishop quickly shifted his allegiance to the new ruler and later became ennobled. He stayed in office until his death in 1679.

After the Roskilde treaty war with Denmark soon broke out again, this time started by Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The result of this war and the following Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) was the return of Bornholm to Denmark and the present border between the countries was established. At that time king Charles Gustav had died of an infection, during a visit to Gothenburg.

Scania, together with the other so-called Scanian provinces, was placed under a Governor-General taking up residence in the city of Malmö. The first Governor-General was Gustaf Otto Stenbock. This type of government was used in territories which were not fully integrated and were regarded as being more exposed to enemy attacks. The Governor-General held the highest military command in his area and had four county governors answering to him. In 1669 the general governorate was dismantled, but after the outbreak of the Scanian War in 1676 it was reinstituted.

In 1666 the University of Lund or Regia Academia Carolina, after a proposal from Bishop Peder Winstrup, was established as part of a programme of measures to further integrate the newly acquired provinces. However, there had long been plans to establish a university in Götaland and with the new borders Lund and Scania were chosen. The university was closed during the Scanian War, but reopened in 1682.

In 1676, during the Scanian War, the province was occupied by Denmark and many Scanians either joined the Danish army or fought with the Danish. The members of this partisan movement were known as "friskydter", but are today most known by the Swedish degrading name Snapphanar. The 1676–1679 war between Denmark and Sweden over Scania was devastating for the people of Skåne. It effectively ended in a draw, after much destruction of property and suffering for the civilian population. Landskrona Citadel became used as the primary Danish base and recruitment centre Turning points came with the Swedish victories in the Battle of Lund in December 1676 and the Battle of Landskrona in July 1677. But the war continued another two years.

In the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679) on 2.September (Gregorian calendar) peace was restored through French intervention. The Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) borders would be restored in exchange for indemnities, and yet again would Scania become subordinated to Sweden against the will of its people. and the treaty was again confirmed as Treaty of Lund exactly a fortnight later, on the 16th.

Section 9 of the Roskilde peace treaty had initially ensured autonomy in Scania and in an additional agreement, signed at the Malmö Recess in 1662, Sweden guaranteed that the old laws and privileges of Scania would continue to apply in the region. The Malmö Recess agreement further ensured that Scanian noblemen, priests and peasants would be allowed to send representatives to the Swedish parliament.

However, in 1680 Sweden's first era of absolute monarchy was ushered in as the Swedish king Charles XI managed to convince the Diet, (the Riksdag of the Estates, an early form of Swedish Parliament) to declare the king "a Christian ruler with absolute power to rule his kingdom at his discretion". In 1682, the Diet downgraded the Council of State to a King's Council and gave the king unlimited powers to legislate without the need for confirmation from the Diet. A decision not to honour the agreement of the Malmö Recess soon followed and a tougher Swedification program was implemented in Scania, aiming to create uniformity within the Swedish kingdom. Scania was allowed to retain its old laws and customs until 1683, at which point the Swedish administration persuaded the Scanian aristocracy to waive the Scanian laws and privileges in favour of the new Swedish law and church ordinance, as a condition for allowing Scanians to have representation in the Swedish parliament.

An entire staff of Swedish politicians, artists, poets and scholars were engaged in creating an image of the king as an instrument of God and a personification of the apocalyptic "Lion of the North", a form of symbolic imagery first introduced for Gustav II Adolf. The propaganda was not only aimed at convincing the Swedish population of the king's divinely ordained power, but was also part of a campaign to present Sweden to the world as an imperial power of considerable wealth and military glory. Many works of art from the era show Charles XI as a victorious warrior in Scania and on the central panel of Jacques Foucquet's monumental ceiling painting in the Stockholm Royal Palace, Charles XI is depicted with "the goddess of Scania" at his feet.

Blekinge and especially Halland were successively removed from the Skåneland dominion and became fully integrated into the Swedish Kingdom, while the four counties of Scania were joined into one county. Blekinge was though allowed to remain within the diocese of Lund and still is. By 1693, Scania became a left a dominion, with a special, not fully integrated, status. It retained its autonomy with a parliament known as the Lantdag.

The latest battle between Denmark and Sweden concerning the control of Scania was the Battle of Helsingborg (1710) during the Great Northern War. In March that year the last Danish troops left the province.

In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden. Scania had been divided into two counties, Malmöhus County (labeled after the Castle Malmöhus) and Kristianstad County already in the year before.

Two counties got governors and an administrative pattern identical to the other Swedish counties. However, the hostilities between Denmark and Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars caused Sweden to reintroduce the office of the Governor-General. Between 1801 and 1809, Johan Christopher Toll was appointed Governor-General of Scania, with the county governors of Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County answering to him.

King Charles XII took up residence in the city of Lund for two years after his return to Sweden from the Ottoman Empire in 1716.

After peace treaty of 1720
In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden.

A land reform, the so-called "Enskifte" was implemented at the turn of century 1700/1800. At that time the population of the province had just passed 250,000 inhabitants. Rutger Macklean was the first to enforce this largely good reform in the 1780s, at his feudal domains around Svaneholm Castle. But he also burned down the farmer's villages which later caused some unnecessary troubles when the reform was enforced generally.

Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, the future king Charles XIV John, landed in Helsingborg on the 20 of October 1810 on his way from Paris to Stockholm.

In 1811 revolts broke out in different parts of Sweden due to extra conscriptions of farmers. At the Klågerup shootings 30–40 civilians got shot to death by the military. Several hundred were taken prisoners or/and were wounded. In the aftermath two men publicly first got their right hand cut off and then were beheaded at Stortorget square in Malmö. Also many others were physically punished.

The first horse-drawn railway (although with wooden rails) on Swedish soil was opened in 1798 at Höganäs, connecting the coal mine with the harbour. In 1856 one of the first public railways in the country opened between Malmö and Lund.

In 1863 the population of Scania had reached 500,000 inhabitants.

In the 19th century Scania became the cradle of the Swedish Social Democratic Party when August Palm held his speech "Hvad vilja socialisterna?" ("What do the Socialists want?") in Malmö in 1881, where he also started the newspaper Folkviljan.

Train ferries began to sail the HH route between Helsingborg and Elsinore in 1892 and from 1909 on the route Trelleborg – Sassnitz, Germany. The train ferries later began to transport cars and lorries as well.

At 18. and 19. December 1914, the Three Kings Meeting was held in Malmö. In order to confirm the joint Scandinavian neutrality during the then ongoing World War, the Swedish King Gustav V, the Danish King Christian X and (his brother) the Norwegian King Håkon VII met together with their Ministers of Foreign Affairs, at Malmö. The Three King's meeting also meant the full Swedish acceptance of Norway's secession from the former Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905. The Swedish King as of 1905, Oscar II couldn't accept his loss of Norway. But in 1907 had his son Gustav V become King, and at least by 1914 could the new Swedish Regent see the call for a normalisation also between the Swedish and the new Norwegian courts. Ever since this Royal meeting in Malmö, has the Royal relationships between Sweden, Denmark and Norway indeed been excellent.

The first public flight school in Sweden was set up in 1915, at Ljungbyhed by Enoch Thulin. Between 1926 and 1996 it was the flight school of the Swedish Air Force. Today commercial flight training is performed at Ljungbyhed Airport, one of the world's oldest active airports. In 1924 the world's shortest international air route was opened from Malmö Bulltofta Airport to Copenhagen, Denmark, using Junkers F 13.

After the February Revolution in Russia 1917, Germany's hope for a separate peace treaty with Russia arose. But the new Russian "temporary leader" Alexander Kerensky declined. Then Germany gave the Russian communist agitator Vladimir Lenin and his companions in Switzerland a safe-conduct through the German Empire, in the hope that Lenin and the communists would destabilise Russia so that hopefully peace could be achieved at the Eastern Front. In August 1917 Lenin and his entourage arrived to Scania, on this historically important journey, through the train ferry line between Saßnitz (Germany) and Trelleborg (Scania in Sweden).

Between 1930 and 1939, the Saxtorp TT-races were held. Motorcycle races resembling the ones at Isle of Man. Nine of these in all ten races, gathered attendances exceeding 100.000, up to 160.000. No other sport events in Sweden has seen crowds of this size. The 1937 race "only" attracted 80.000 people due to heavy rain.

The first motorway in Sweden was inaugurated in 1953 connecting Malmö and Lund (today part of European route E22).

For the 1958 FIFA World Cup was Malmö Stadion build, it was a venue for both football and track and field. The opening game of the entire championships was played there as BRD or "West Germany" defeated Argentina, 3–1. A few games were also played at Olympia in Helsingborg.

In the middle of the 1970s the population of the province passed the one-million mark.

The first aircraft hijacking in Sweden occurred in September 1972 at Bulltofta Airport in Malmö, involving Croatian terrorists.

Malmö and the old Malmö Stadion was one of the four stadiums which hosted the UEFA Euro 1992. Three games were played at Malmö Stadion, Denmark vs England 0-0, England vs France 0–0 and France vs Denmark 1–2.

A new administrative pattern was set up 1997 when Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County were amalgamated, forming Skåne County with 33 municipalities.

In July 2000 the Öresund Bridge was inaugurated, creating a fixed rail and road link between Sweden and Denmark.

At 6.22 am CET, on 16 December 2008 did a very unusual earthquake hit not only Scania, but was felt in large parts of Götaland, Denmark and Northern Germany and Poland. Its epicentre was located close to Sjöbo, and measured 4.8–4.9 on the Richter Scale, and was the worst earthquake in Sweden for a century or longer, according to the closest seismographic station, which is located in Berlin, Germany The craw-flight distance between Sjöbo and Berlin is less than 400 km.

Pope Francis visited the province on 31 October and 1 November 2016. His 24-hour Scanian visit commemorated the 500 year anniversary of the beginning of The Reformation. An ecumenical liturgy was held in the 900 year old Lund Cathedral and the following morning the pope conducted a Catholic mass at Malmö FF's football stadium. During the ecumenical commemoration in the cathedral the Pope and the president of the Lutheran World Federation, Bishop Dr Munib Younan signed a treaty in which Lutherans and Catholics promised each other to in the future see more to what unites than differs between these two branches of Christianity (The Pope had earlier done the same with the Eastern Orthodox Church).

During 2015, the province's population exceeded 1.3 million.

title: History of Scania


text:
Francesco Minerva

Francesco Minerva (31 January 1904 – 23 August 2004) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate; at his death he was the second-oldest living bishop in the Roman Catholic Church, after Corrado Bafile. He was also one of its longest-serving priests, having been ordained on 16 April 1927.

Biography
Minerva was born at Canosa di Puglia. He graduated in theology at the Pontifical Lateran University and, later, in law at the University of Bari. Pope Pius XII named Minerva bishop of Nardò in 1948 and in 1950 transferred him to the somewhat larger diocese of Lecce. While his successor in Nardò, Corrado Ursi, went on to become Archbishop of Naples and a Cardinal, Minerva continued in Lecce, which was elevated to an archdiocese in 1980, and retired in 1981.

He died at Canosa di Puglia in 2004. He is buried in the Cathedral of San Sabino in that city.

title: Francesco Minerva


text:
Water cooling

Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. Evaporative cooling using water is often more efficient than air cooling. Water is inexpensive and non-toxic; however, it can contain impurities and cause corrosion.

Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and power stations. Water coolers utilising convective heat transfer are used inside high-end personal computers to lower the temperature of CPUs and other components.

Other uses include the cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; for cooling buildings in HVAC and in chillers.

Advantages
Water is inexpensive, non-toxic, and available over most of the earth's surface. Liquid cooling offers higher thermal conductivity than air cooling. Water has unusually high specific heat capacity among commonly available liquids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure allowing efficient heat transfer over distance with low rates of mass transfer. Cooling water may be recycled through a recirculating system or used in a single-pass once-through cooling (OTC) system. Water's high enthalpy of vaporization allows the option of efficient evaporative cooling to remove waste heat in cooling towers or cooling ponds. Recirculating systems are open if they rely upon evaporative cooling or closed if heat removal is accomplished in heat exchangers, thus with negligible evaporative loss. A heat exchanger or condenser may separate non-contact cooling water from a fluid being cooled, or contact cooling water may directly impinge on items like saw blades where phase difference allows easy separation. Environmental regulations emphasize the reduced concentrations of waste products in non-contact cooling water.

Disadvantages
Water accelerates the corrosion of metal parts and is a favorable medium for biological growth. Dissolved minerals in natural water supplies are concentrated by evaporation to leave deposits called scale. Cooling water often requires the addition of chemicals to minimize corrosion and insulating deposits of scale and biofouling.

Water contains varying amounts of impurities from contact with the atmosphere, soil, and containers. Being both an electrical conductor and a solvent for metal ions and oxygen, water can accelerate corrosion of machinery being cooled. Corrosion reactions proceed more rapidly as temperature increases. Preservation of machinery in the presence of hot water has been improved by addition of corrosion inhibitors including zinc, chromates and phosphates. The first two have toxicity concerns; and the last has been associated with eutrophication. Residual concentrations of biocides and corrosion inhibitors are of potential concern for OTC and blowdown from open recirculating cooling water systems. With the exception of machines with short design life, closed recirculating systems require periodic cooling-water treatment or replacement raising similar concern about ultimate disposal of cooling water containing chemicals used with environmental safety assumptions of a closed system.

Biofouling occurs because water is a favorable environment for many life forms. Flow characteristics of recirculating cooling water systems encourage colonization by sessile organisms using the circulating supply of food, oxygen and nutrients. Temperatures may become high enough to support thermophilic populations of organisms such as types of fungi. Biofouling of heat exchange surfaces can reduce heat transfer rates of the cooling system, and biofouling of cooling towers can alter flow distribution to reduce evaporative cooling rates. Biofouling may also create differential oxygen concentrations increasing corrosion rates. OTC and open recirculating systems are more susceptible to biofouling. Biofouling may be inhibited by temporary habitat modifications. Temperature differences may discourage the establishment of thermophilic populations in intermittently operated facilities, and intentional short-term temperature spikes may periodically kill less tolerant populations. Biocides have been commonly used to control biofouling where sustained facility operation is required.

Chlorine may be added in the form of hypochlorite to decrease biofouling in cooling water systems, but is later reduced to chloride to minimize the toxicity of blowdown or OTC water returned to natural aquatic environments. Hypochlorite is increasingly destructive to wooden cooling towers as pH increases. Chlorinated phenols have been used as biocides or leached from preserved wood in cooling towers. Both hypochlorite and pentachlorophenol have reduced effectiveness at pH values greater than 8. Non-oxidizing biocides may be more difficult to detoxify prior to release of blowdown or OTC water to natural aquatic environments.

Concentrations of polyphosphates or phosphonates with zinc and chromates or similar compounds have been maintained in cooling systems to keep heat exchange surfaces clean enough that a film of gamma iron oxide and zinc phosphate can inhibit corrosion by passivating anodic and cathodic reaction points. These increase salinity and total dissolved solids, and phosphorus compounds may provide the limiting essential nutrient for algal growth contributing to biofouling of the cooling system or to eutrophication of natural aquatic environments receiving blowdown or OTC water. Chromates reduce biofouling in addition to effective corrosion inhibition in the cooling water system, but residual toxicity in blowdown or OTC water has encouraged lower chromate concentrations and the use of less-flexible corrosion inhibitors. Blowdown may also contain chromium leached from cooling towers constructed of wood preserved with chromated copper arsenate.

Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filterable residue) is reported as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered water is evaporated. Salinity indicates water density or conductivity changes caused by dissolved materials. Probability of scale formation increases with increasing total dissolved solids. Solids commonly associated with scale formation are calcium and magnesium both as carbonate and sulfate. Corrosion rates initially increase with salinity in response to increasing electrical conductivity, but then decrease after reaching a peak as higher levels of salinity decrease dissolved oxygen levels.

Some groundwater contains very little oxygen when pumped from wells, but most natural water supplies include dissolved oxygen. Increasing oxygen concentrations accelerate corrosion. Dissolved oxygen approaches saturation levels in cooling towers. It is beneficial in blowdown or OTC water being returned to natural aquatic environments.

Water ionizes into hydronium (H3O+) cations and hydroxide (OH−) anions. The concentration of ionized hydrogen (as protonated water) in a cooling water system is reported as the pH level. Low pH values increase the rate of corrosion; high pH values encourage scale formation. Amphoterism is uncommon among metals used in water cooling systems, but aluminum corrosion rates increase with pH values above 9. Galvanic corrosion may be severe in water systems with copper and aluminum components. Acid can be added to cooling water systems to prevent scale formation if the pH decrease will offset increased salinity and dissolved solids.

Steam power stations
Few other cooling applications approach the large volumes of water required to condense low-pressure steam at power stations. Many facilities, particularly electric power plants, use millions of gallons of water per day for cooling. Water cooling on this scale may alter natural water environments and create new environments. Thermal pollution of rivers, estuaries and coastal waters is a consideration when siting such plants. Water returned to aquatic environments at temperatures higher than the ambient receiving water modifies aquatic habitat by increasing biochemical reaction rates and decreasing the oxygen saturation capacity of the habitat. Temperature increases initially favor a population shift from species requiring the high-oxygen concentration of cold water to those enjoying the advantages of increased metabolic rates in warm water.

Once-through cooling (OTC) systems may be used on very large rivers or at coastal and estuarine sites. These power stations put the waste heat into the river or coastal water. These OTC systems thus rely upon an ample supply of river water or seawater for their cooling needs. Such facilities are built with intake structures designed for bringing in large volumes of water at a high rate of flow. These structures tend to also pull in large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms, which are killed or injured on the intake screens. Large flow rates may trap slow-swimming organisms including fish and shrimp on screens protecting the small bore tubes of the heat exchangers from blockage. High temperatures or pump turbulence and shear may kill or disable smaller organisms that pass through the screens entrained with the cooling water. More than 1,200 power plants and manufacturing facilities in the U.S. use OTC systems; the intake structures kill billions of fish and other organisms each year. More-agile aquatic predators consume organisms impinged on the screens; and warm water predators and scavengers colonize the cooling water discharge to feed on entrained organisms.

The U.S. Clean Water Act required the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue regulations on industrial cooling water intake structures. EPA issued final regulations for new facilities in 2001 (amended 2003), and for existing facilities in 2014.

Cooling towers

As an alternative to OTC, industrial cooling towers may use recirculated river water, coastal water (seawater), or well water. Large mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft cooling towers in industrial plants continuously circulate cooling water through heat exchangers and other equipment where the water absorbs heat. That heat is then rejected to the atmosphere by the evaporation of some of the water in cooling towers where upflowing air contacts the downflowing water. The loss of evaporated water into the air exhausted to the atmosphere is replaced by "make-up" fresh river water or fresh cooling water, but the amount of water lost during evaporative cooling may affect the natural habitat for aquatic organisms. Because the evaporated pure water is replaced by make-up water containing carbonates and other dissolved salts, a portion of the circulating water is continuously discarded as "blowdown" water to minimize the excessive build-up of salts in the circulating water; these blowdown wastes may change the receiving water quality.

Internal combustion engines
The heated coolant mixture can be used to warm the air inside the car by means of the heater core. Also, the water jacket around an engine is very effective at deadening mechanical noises, making the engine quieter.

Open method

An open water cooling system makes use of evaporative cooling, lowering the temperature of the remaining (unevaporated) water. This method was common in early internal combustion engines until scale buildup was observed from dissolved salts and minerals in the water. Modern open cooling systems continuously waste a fraction of recirculating water as blowdown to remove dissolved solids at concentrations low enough to prevent scale formation. Some open systems use inexpensive tap water, but this requires higher blowdown rates than deionized or distilled water. Purified water systems still require blowdown to remove the accumulation of byproducts of chemical treatment to prevent corrosion and biofouling.

Pressurization
Water for cooling has a boiling point temperature of around 100 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Engines operating at higher temperatures may require a pressurized recycle loop to prevent overheating. Modern automotive cooling systems often operate at 15 psi to raise the boiling-point of the recycling water coolant and reduce evaporative losses.

Antifreeze
The use of water cooling carries the risk of damage from freezing. Automotive and many other engine cooling applications require the use of a water and antifreeze mixture to lower the freezing point to a temperature unlikely to be experienced. Antifreeze also inhibits corrosion from dissimilar metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of water cooling temperatures. Its distinctive odor also alerts operators to cooling system leaks and problems that would go unnoticed in a water-only cooling system.

Other additives
Other less common chemical additives are products to reduce surface tension. These additives are meant to increase the efficiency of automotive cooling systems. Such products are used to enhance the cooling of underperforming or undersized cooling systems or in racing where the weight of a larger cooling system could be a disadvantage.

Power electronics and transmitters
Since approximately 1930 it is common to use water cooling for tubes of powerful transmitters. As these devices use high operation voltages (around 10 kV), the use of deionized water is required and it has to be carefully controlled. Modern solid-state transmitters can be built so that even high-power transmitters do not require water cooling. Water cooling is however also sometimes used for thyristors of HVDC valves, for which the use of deionized water is required.

Liquid cooling maintenance
Liquid cooling techniques are increasingly being used for the thermal management of electronic components. This type of cooling is a solution to ensure the optimisation of energy efficiency while simultaneously minimising noise and space requirements. Especially useful in supercomputers or Data Centers because maintenance of the racks is quick and easy. After disassembly of the rack, advanced-technology quick-release couplings eliminate spillage for the safety of operators and protect the integrity of fluids (no impurities in the circuits). These couplings are also capable of being locked (Panel mounted?) to allow blind connection in difficult-to-access areas. It is important in electronics technology to analyse the connection systems to ensure:
 * Non-spill sealing (clean break, flush face couplings)
 * Compact and lightweight (materials in special aluminum alloys)
 * Operator safety (disconnection without spillage)
 * Quick-release couplings sized for optimized flow
 * Connection guiding system and compensation of misalignment during connection on rack systems
 * Excellent resistance to vibration and corrosion
 * Designed to withstand a large number of connections even on refrigerant circuits under residual pressure

Computer usage
Water cooling often adds complexity and cost in comparison to air cooling design by requiring a pump, tubing or piping to transport the water, and a radiator, often with fans, to reject the heat to the atmosphere. Depending on the application, water cooling may create an additional element of risk where leakage from the water coolant recycle loop can corrode or short-circuit sensitive electronic components.

The primary advantage of water cooling for cooling CPU cores in computing equipment is transporting heat away from the source to a secondary cooling surface to allow for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, relatively inefficient fins mounted directly on the heat source. Cooling hot computer components with various fluids has been in use since at least the Cray-2 in 1982, which used Fluorinert. Through the 1990s, water cooling for home PCs slowly gained recognition among enthusiasts, but it became noticeably more prevalent after the introduction of the first Gigahertz-clocked processors in the early 2000s. As of 2018, there are dozens of manufacturers of water cooling components and kits, and many computer manufacturers include preinstalled water cooling solutions for their high-performance systems.

Water cooling can be used for many computer components, but usually it is used for the CPU and GPUs. Water cooling typically uses a water block, a water pump, and a water-to-air heat exchanger. By transferring device heat to a separate larger heat exchanger using larger, lower-speed fans, water cooling can allow quieter operation, improved processor speeds (overclocking), or a balance of both. Less commonly, Northbridges, Southbridges, hard disk drives, memory, voltage regulator modules (VRMs), and even power supplies can be water-cooled.

Internal radiator size may vary: from 40 mm dual fan (80 mm) to 140 quad fan (560 mm) and thickness from 30 mm to 80 mm. Radiator fans may be mounted on one or both sides. External radiators can be much larger than their internal counterparts as they do not need to fit in the confines of a computer case. High-end cases may have two rubber grommeted ports in the back for the inlet and outlet hoses, which allow external radiators to be placed far away from the PC.

A T-Line is used to remove trapped air bubbles from the circulating water. It is made with a t-connector and a capped-off length of tubing. The tube n acts as a mini-reservoir and allows air bubbles to travel into it as they are caught into the "tee" connector, and ultimately removed from the system by bleeding. The capped line may be capped with a fill-port fitting to allow the release of trapped gas and the addition of liquid.

Water coolers for desktop computers were, until the end of the 1990s, homemade. They were made from car radiators (or more commonly, a car's heater core), aquarium pumps and home-made water blocks, laboratory-grade PVC and silicone tubing and various reservoirs (homemade using plastic bottles, or constructed using cylindrical acrylic or sheets of acrylic, usually clear) and or a T-Line. More recently a growing number of companies are manufacturing water-cooling components compact enough to fit inside a computer case. This, and the trend to CPUs of higher power dissipation, has greatly increased the popularity of water cooling.

Dedicated overclockers have occasionally used vapor-compression refrigeration or thermoelectric coolers in place of more common standard heat exchangers. Water cooling systems in which water is cooled directly by the evaporator coil of a phase change system are able to chill the circulating coolant below the ambient air temperature (impossible with a standard heat exchanger) and, as a result, generally provide superior cooling of the computer's heat-generating components. The downside of phase-change or thermoelectric cooling is that it uses much more electricity, and antifreeze must be added due to the low temperature. Additionally, insulation, usually in the form of lagging around water pipes and neoprene pads around the components to be cooled, must be used in order to prevent damage caused by condensation of water vapour from the air on chilled surfaces. Common places from which to obtain the required phase transition systems are a household dehumidifier or air conditioner.

An alternative cooling scheme, which also enables components to be cooled below the ambient temperature while obviating the requirement for antifreeze and lagged pipes, is to place a thermoelectric device (commonly referred to as a 'Peltier junction' or 'pelt' after Jean Peltier, who documented the effect) between the heat-generating component and the water block. Because the only sub-ambient temperature zone now is at the interface with the heat-generating component itself, insulation is required only in that localized area. The disadvantage of such a system is higher power dissipation.

To avoid damage from condensation around the Peltier junction, a proper installation requires it to be "potted" with silicone epoxy. The epoxy is applied around the edges of the device, preventing air from entering or leaving the interior.

Apple's Power Mac G5 was the first mainstream desktop computer to have water cooling as standard (although only on its fastest models). Dell followed suit by shipping their XPS computers with liquid cooling, using thermoelectric cooling to help cool the liquid. Currently, Dell's only computers to offer liquid cooling are their Alienware desktops.

Asus are the first and only mainstream brand to have put water-cooled laptops into mass production. Those laptops have a built-in air/water hybrid cooling system and can be docked to an external liquid cooling radiator for additional cooling and electrical power.

Ships and boats
Water is an ideal cooling medium for vessels as they are constantly surrounded by water that generally remains at a low temperature throughout the year. Systems operating with seawater need to be manufactured from cupronickel, bronze, titanium or similarly corrosion-resistant materials. Water containing sediment may require velocity restrictions through piping to avoid erosion at high velocity or blockage by settling at low velocity.

Other applications
Plant transpiration and animal perspiration use evaporative cooling to prevent high temperatures from causing unsustainable metabolic rates.

Machine guns used in fixed defensive positions sometimes use water cooling to extend barrel life through periods of rapid fire, but the weight of the water and pumping system significantly reduces the portability of water-cooled firearms. Water-cooled machine guns were extensively used by both sides during World War I; however, by the end of the war lighter weapons that rivaled the firepower, effectiveness and reliability of water-cooled models began to appear on the battlefield. Thus water-cooled weapons have played a far lesser role in subsequent conflicts.

A hospital in Sweden relies on snow-cooling from melt-water to cool its data centers, medical equipment, and maintain a comfortable ambient temperature.

Some nuclear reactors use heavy water as coolant. Heavy water is employed in nuclear reactors because it is a weaker neutron absorber. This allows for the use of less-enriched fuel. For the main cooling system, normal water is preferably employed through the use of a heat exchanger, as heavy water is much more expensive. Reactors that use other materials for moderation (graphite) may also use normal water for cooling.

High-grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis or distillation) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water. Production of these high-purity waters creates waste byproduct brines containing the concentrated impurities from the source water.

In 2018, researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder and University of Wyoming invented a radiative cooling metamaterial known as "RadiCold", which has been developed since 2017. This metamaterial aids in cooling of water and increasing the efficiency of power generation, in which it would cool the underneath objects, by reflecting away the sun's rays while at the same time allowing the surface to discharge its heat as infrared thermal radiation.

title: Water cooling


text:
Regius Professor

A Regius Professor is a university professor who has, or originally had, royal patronage or appointment. They are a unique feature of academia in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The first Regius Professorship was in the field of medicine, and founded by the Scottish King James IV at the University of Aberdeen in 1497. Regius chairs have since been instituted in various universities, in disciplines judged to be fundamental and for which there is a continuing and significant need. Each was established by an English, Scottish, or British monarch, and following proper advertisement and interview through the offices of the university and the national government, the current monarch still appoints the professor (except for those at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, which left the United Kingdom in 1922). This royal imprimatur, and the relative rarity of these professorships, means a Regius chair is prestigious and highly sought-after.

Regius Professors are traditionally addressed as "Regius" and not "Professor". The University of Glasgow currently has the highest number of extant Regius chairs, at fourteen.

Traditionally, Regius Chairs only existed in the seven ancient universities of the UK and Ireland. In October 2012 it was announced that Queen Elizabeth II would create up to six new Regius Professorships, to be announced in early 2013, to mark her Diamond Jubilee. In January 2013 the full list was announced, comprising twelve new chairs, probably the largest number ever created in one year, and more than created in most centuries. In July 2015 it was announced that further Regius Professorships would be created to mark the Queen's 90th birthday.

University of Aberdeen

 * Regius Professor of Anatomy (1863)
 * Regius Professor of Botany
 * Regius Professor of English Literature
 * Regius Professor of Greek
 * Regius Professor of Humanity, formerly Regius Professor of Classics
 * Regius Professor of Logic
 * Regius Professor of Mathematics (1703)
 * Regius Professor of Medicine, formerly Regius Professor of Materia Medica (1858)
 * Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy
 * Regius Professor of Natural History
 * Regius Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, formerly Regius Professor of Midwifery (1858)
 * Regius Professor of Pathology
 * Regius Professor of Physiology (1858)
 * Regius Professor of Surgery (1839)

Aston University

 * Regius Professor of Pharmacy

Cardiff University

 * Regius Professor of Chemistry (2016)

University of Cambridge

 * Regius Professor of Botany (1724/2009)
 * Regius Professor of Civil Law (1540)
 * Regius Professor of Divinity (1540)
 * Regius Professor of Engineering (2011)
 * Regius Professor of Greek (1540)
 * Regius Professor of Hebrew (1540)
 * Regius Professor of History (1724)
 * Regius Professor of Physic (1540)

Trinity College Dublin

 * Regius Professor of Divinity (1600/1761)
 * Regius Professor of Physic (1637?)
 * Regius Professor of Hebrew (1637/1762/1855)
 * Regius Professor of Laws (1668)
 * Regius Professor of Feudal and English Law (1761–1934)
 * Regius Professor of Greek (1761)
 * Regius Professor of Surgery (1852/1868)

University of Dundee

 * Regius Professor of Life Sciences (2013)

University of Edinburgh

 * Regius Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations (1707)
 * Regius Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature (1762)
 * Regius Professor of Astronomy (1785)
 * Regius Professor of Clinical Surgery (1803)
 * Regius Professor of Medical Science
 * Regius Professor of Forensic Medicine (1807)
 * Regius Professor of Sanskrit (1862) (now the Regius Professor of South Asian Language, Culture and Society)
 * Regius Professor of Engineering (1868)
 * Regius Professor of Geology (1871)
 * Regius Chair of Plant Science

University of Essex

 * Regius Professor of Political Science (2013)

University of Glasgow

 * Regius Professor of Medicine and Therapeutics (1637/1713)
 * Regius Professor of Materia Medica (1831–1989) (merged with the Regius chair in Medicine and Therapeutics)
 * Regius Professor of Law (1713)
 * Regius Professor of Anatomy (1718)
 * Regius Professor of Astronomy (1760)
 * Regius Professor of Zoology (1807)
 * Regius Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1815)
 * Regius Professor of Surgery (1815)
 * Regius Professor of Chemistry (1817)
 * Regius Professor of Botany (1818)
 * Regius Professor of Forensic Medicine (1839)
 * Regius Professor of Physiology (1839)
 * Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics (1840)
 * Regius Professor of English Language and Literature (1861)
 * Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History (1716–1935) (ceased being a Regius chair in 1935)
 * Regius Professor of Precision Medicine (2016)
 * Regius Professor of Law 2012

Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine

 * Regius Professor of Engineering (2013)
 * Regius Professor of Infectious Disease (2016)

University of Liverpool

 * Regius Professor of Chemistry (2016)

University of London

 * Regius Professor of Cancer Research (2016) (Based at The Institute of Cancer Research)
 * Regius Professor of Psychiatry (2013) (Based at King's College London)
 * Regius Professor of Economics (2013) (Based at LSE)
 * Regius Professor of Music (2013) (Based at Royal Holloway)

University of Manchester

 * Regius Professor of Physics (2013)
 * Regius Professor of Materials (2016)

Newcastle University

 * Regius Professor of Ageing (2016)

Open University

 * Regius Professor of Open Education (2013)

University of Oxford

 * Regius Professor of Civil Law (c.1540)
 * Regius Professor of Divinity (1535)
 * Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology (1842)
 * Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History (1842)
 * Regius Professor of Hebrew (1546)
 * Regius Professor of Medicine (1546)
 * Regius Professor of Greek (c.1541)
 * Regius Professor of History (1724)
 * Regius Professor of Mathematics (2016)

Queen's University Belfast

 * Regius Professor of Electronics & Computer Engineering (2016)

University of Reading

 * Regius Professor of Meteorology and Climate Science (2013)

University of St Andrews

 * Regius Professor of Mathematics (1668)

University of Southampton

 * Regius Professor of Computer Science (2013)
 * Regius Professorship in Ocean Sciences (2016)

University of Surrey

 * Regius Professor of Electronic Engineering (2013)

University of Warwick

 * Regius Professor of Mathematics (2013)
 * Regius Professor of Manufacturing (2016)

title: Regius Professor


text:
A62 road

The A62 road in Northern England runs between the cities of Leeds in West Yorkshire and Manchester in Greater Manchester covering a distance of 38.5 mi. It passes through Heckmondwike, Huddersfield, Failsworth and Oldham.

Route
The A62 begins at a junction with the A58 road as Gelderd Road in Leeds. It runs through West Yorkshire, passing through Birstall, Heckmondwike, Liversedge, Huddersfield, Linthwaite, Slaithwaite, and Marsden. It crosses the Pennines at Standedge, and continues through Saddleworth and into Oldham. From there, the A62 runs into Manchester as Oldham Street and Oldham Road through Failsworth, ending at the Manchester Inner Ring Road.

History
It is paralleled at some distance by part of the M62 Trans-Pennine motorway. Before the M62 was built, the A62 was the main trans-Pennine road between Oldham and Huddersfield. The M62 is numbered after the A62 and now takes most of the long-distance traffic between Manchester and Leeds.

title: A62 road


text:
A62

A62 or A-62 may refer to:
 * A62 road (England), a road connecting Manchester and Leeds
 * A62 motorway (France), a road connecting Toulouse and Bordeaux
 * A62 motorway (Germany), a road connecting the A1 with the A6
 * A62 motorway (Spain), a road connecting the Portuguese Border and Burgos
 * Benoni Defense, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
 * London Underground A62 Stock, rolling stock used on the Metropolitan and East London lines on the London Underground

title: A62


text:
Komsomolsk-on-Amur

Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Комсомольск-на-Амуре) is a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. It is located on the Baikal-Amur Mainline, 356 km northeast of Khabarovsk. Population:

History

The future site of Komsomolsk-on-Amur was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, becoming part of the Yuan dynasty. It was later held by the Qing dynasty until the area was ceded to the Russian Empire in the treaty of Aigun in 1858. The village of Permskoye (Пе́рмское) was established on the later site of Komsomolsk in 1860 by migrant peasants from what is now the Perm Krai.

The government of the Russian SFSR announced in 1931 plans to construct a shipyard on the Amur at the present site of Komsomolsk, with construction beginning in 1932. The town was largely built using volunteer labor from the Communist youth organization Komsomol (and after 1991, the Russian Communist Youth League), thus receiving the name Komsomolsk. However, the construction of the town was aided with the use of penal labour from the prison camps situated in the area. The suffix on Amur was added to differentiate from other towns with the same name. It was granted town status in 1933.

By the end of the 1940s, the shipyards along with facilities for other heavy industry had been completed. The city developed into a regional center for industries such as aircraft manufacturing, metallurgy, machinery, oil refining, and shipbuilding. At present, Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the main center for the manufacture of Sukhoi military aircraft and the Sukhoi Superjet airliner. The MiG-15bis and the Lisunov Li-2 were both manufactured in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Komsomolsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Komsomolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure is incorporated as Komsomolsk-na-Amure Urban Okrug. The city is administratively divided into 2 okrugs (previously raion), coinciding with the historical parts: Leninsky (Dzemgi) and Central.

In the Soviet period, the administrative-territorial division of the city was different from the present. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 19 October 1943 were formed Lenin, Stalin and Central areas. Stalinsky district included the territory of Railway Amurstali and residential community.

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR "On the Abolition of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai" on August 7, 1957 in the district division was abolished, but the decree of March 31, 1972 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the newly divided the city into two districts - Central and Leninsky.

Geography
The city and its suburbs stretch for over 30 km along the left bank of the Amur River. The river at this point is up to 2.5 km wide. Lake Khummi is located southeast of the city.

The distance to Khabarovsk—the administrative center of the krai—is 356 km; to the Pacific Ocean—about 300 km. The nearest other major town is Amursk, about 45 km south.

It is about 3900 mi east of Moscow, and lies at the eastern end of the BAM Railway.

Climate
Komsomolsk-on-Amur has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), featuring warm summers and bitterly cold winters. Temperatures in the area of the city typically change by over 56 C-change over the course of the year, with a daily average of -24.7 C in January, compared to +20.3 C in July. This city has exceptionally cold winter temperatures for its latitude, being comparable to the notoriously cold city of Norilsk, some 18 degrees further north.

Layout
Komsomolsk-on-Amur consists of two historical parts: the center, or "city", where the main enterprise - Shipyard, and the Dzemgi - an area that has formed during the construction of an aircraft factory (future  KnAAPO). In fact, each of the parts is a separate town, itself a single center in the city.

Areas of the city are very different architectural appearance: Center Stalinist buildings dominated the 40-50s (exception - the residential area near the railway station), Dzemgi is built up mainly typical panel apartment blocks. The "sleeping" area Dzemgi is not, as the majority of their residents work in enterprises located here.

Economy and infrastructure
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is an important industrial center of Khabarovsk Krai and of the Russian Far East. It has a diversified economy where machine building, metallurgy and timber enterprises dominate.

The city's most notable company is Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, Russia's largest aircraft-manufacturing enterprise. It is among Khabarovsk Krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory. It has manufactured hundreds of civil aircraft and thousands of various-role military aircraft from the first recon aircraft to modern Su- series fighters and light amphibian aeroplanes. The company is hugely important to the city's economy, contributing 45% of all payments into the local budget.

Also based in the city is Amur Shipbuilding Plant, an important producer of ships and submarines.

The easternmost GLONASS telemetry and tracking station is located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Two air bases are located near the city, Khurba to the south and Dzemgi to the north.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station is an important rail junction of Baikal-Amur Mainline and Komsomolsk-Dezhnyovka railway line.

The city is served by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport

Public transport includes 5 tram routes, bus and fixed-taxi (marshrutka). However, since January 10, 2018 the tram has not been operated, due to 'poor road condition' on Mira Prospect. It has yet to reopen and it was speculated that the suspension of tram traffic might become permanent.

The first sortie of the Sukhoi Su-57 prototype occurred at the Gagarin Factory.

Twin towns – sister cities
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇳 Jiamusi, China (1994)
 * 🇯🇵 Kamo, Japan (1991)
 * 🇨🇳 Weinan, China (2016)

Notable residents

 * Alex Chubrevich, Israeli-Russian professional basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Super League.
 * Yuliya Chepalova, cross-country skier.
 * Anatoly Dyatlov, deputy chief-engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
 * Yury Gazinsky, footballer, scorer of the first goal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, was born in the city
 * Alexandra Ivanovskaya, "Miss Russia 2005"
 * Valentina Khetagurova (1914–1992), founder of the Khetagurovite Campaign
 * Pasha Kovalev, professional dancer
 * Sergei Plotnikov, ice hockey player with Pittsburgh Penguins, NHL
 * Ivan Shtyl, sprint canoer

title: Komsomolsk-on-Amur


text:
Talk:TransMilenio

Can someone define "bi-articulated"? I thought it was a bus with two sections and an accordian swingy-thing in the middle, which the TransMilenio buses certainly have. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamk (talk • contribs) 19:53, 16 March 2004 (UTC)

 * It means articulated twice, in that a bi-articulated bus has three sections and two accordian swingy-thing. Bi-articulated buses are used in the city of Curitiba. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.158.236 (talk • contribs) 02:56, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Criticisms
This section seems to be based on circumstantial and anecdotal grumbles, rather than objective data or evidence. I suggest that it be deleted if it cannot be improved and properly referenced. Cripipper 14:41, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, in short these are the main critics for the system, i have read them in El Tiempo. But I found a site with some of these critics, so I`m gonna add it as a source.--ometzit<col> 18:14, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * --- agree with the term, bi-articulated sounds like two articulations, which mean a 3-section bus and not a 2-section as they really are. i saw on the news somewhere that transmilenio is going to use a longer bus, which could be bi articulated —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gcancelado (talk • contribs) 22:29, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Claim without reference
Most users agree that TransMilenio is a vast improvement over Bogotá's previous public transit system, especially in comparison with the chaotic systems in place in cities like Lima, Peru. There are a number of criticisms based on the way the system works. Lenny230 (talk) 22:47, 31 January 2011 (UTC)Lenny230

 * I have found a new source for (basically) this information. And the bulleted criticisms, anyway, I've removed as unsourced except for one's widely supported by the survey I used as the source. The rest of the protests/criticism could use sourcing. I do hate to get rid perfectly good first hand knowledge just because there is no source.  Maybe if someone disagrees with what is said.   Diderot's   dreams  (talk)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on TransMilenio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071212224954/http://society.guardian.co.uk:80/streetsmarts/story/0,,2221715,00.html to http://society.guardian.co.uk/streetsmarts/story/0,,2221715,00.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:50, 19 October 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ – checked and working. Richard3120 (talk) 15:06, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Spanish please!
Do these sources fit to the story in chapter „New Fleet"? I personally do not understand Spanish, but spanish wikipedians might help and translate. We might find contradicting news: Waegend (talk) 20:57, 16 September 2022 (UTC) Waegend (talk) 20:57, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

NY Times Dec 2023 source
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/07/headway/bogota-bus-system-transmilenio.html Djflem (talk) 15:34, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:TransMilenio