text:
Talk:Svetlana Alliluyeva

Alexej Kapler
It is not true that Svetlana's Lover, Alexej Kapler, was "sent to a Siberian camp and died". He was, indeed, arrested and exiled to Vorkuta, a coal-mining city near the polar circle. He did not live under prison conditions. And, more, important, he did not die there. He fell in love to the actress Valentina Tokarskaya (who was also exiled). After Stalin's death, both returned to Moscow, where he lived until 1979. Sources: Zalesskii, K.A.: Imperia Stalina. Moskva 2000; Vasilyeva, L.N.: Kremlevskye deti. Moskva 1996.

Stalina
So she was Stalina, and not Dzhugashvili. Did Stalin legally change his surname?

Hehe, Stalin WAS the law. So I guess so. Whether there was ever a formal bureucratic process to do this is for the Soviet historians to discern and duly annotate. Sjc
 * Have a look at the Russian-language Wikipedia, they've got Светлана Иосифовна Аллилуева. They use a father's name (Иосиф - Иосифовна) and not surname (Сталин - Сталина). It's approximately Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva. I'll make the neccessary changes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Olga
What became of Stalin's granddaughter? Mmartins

Wondering the same thing, I found an article that said that Olga Peters went to Britain, but this was back in 1984 when she was 13 (does that line up chronologically? Fephisto 05:37, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

There was an article today in the (Portland) Oregonian regarding her: see http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/portland_granddaughter_of_jose.html. She evidentally manages a boutique in Portland, Oregon.PhilD86 (talk) 04:19, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Bristol
I recall reading that Svetlana Alliluyeva's second stay in Britain was in Bristol, but I can't verify it. Can anyone confirm this?

 * I was looking for info on Richard Carr-Gomm and came across the doc quoted below, so thought I'd look her up - I don't know if this will help with regards to her living in UK/Bristol:

 * 1992 ▪ Stalin’s daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, lived in a Carr-Gomm house in London. Time International Magazine reported:
 * “For SVETLANA ALLILUYEVA, the restless days of wandering the world have passed. The woman who will forever be known as the daughter of the monstrous Joseph Stalin lives quietly in a first-floor room at the end of a shabby West London street in a hostel run by a charitable society. The organization provides homes for single people who are isolated and in need of support or who have a history of severe emotional problems" http://carrgomm.org.uk/media/Highlights_of_our_History_2008.pdf

 * Gandru (talk) 19:42, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

In 1986 Olga left Tbilisi, Georgia with her mother and went back to Friend's School in Saffren Walden England. I first visited the 2 of them in Tbilisi, Georgia in early October, 1985 while with a US-Soviet Tennish FRienship tour. Svetlana gave me the name, address and phone number of Senator Hayakawa who was living in northern California. I called to tell them that Svetlana had received no mail and was interested in going back to the West. I later visited Olga at Friend's School in June of 1986. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ibdaman (talk • contribs) 12:06, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Vorkuta
the labor camp of Vorkuta in Siberia

Vorkuta is not in Siberia. Siim 15:38, 1 March 2006 (UTC) --

svetlana
svetlana actualy married Brajesh Singh. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/
 * Unsourced, so not verifiable. --LeyteWolfer 04:06, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the BBC- Badgerpatrol (talk) 07:06, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * According to Allilyevas memoirs the Soviet government didn't allow her to officially marry SingTittelintuure (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 15:46, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Svetlana's supposed marriage to Mikhail Kaganovich
Svetlana did not marry Mikhail Kaganovich; she suggests that no such person, to her knowledge, exists. In "Only One Year" (Harper & Row, c1969, p. 382) she writes about "the story spread in the West about 'Stalin's third wife' -- the mythical Rosa Kaganovich...." and also about her own supposed marriage to a Kaganovich. Svetlana writes: "Oddly enough, in the West they stubbornly tried to relate us to the Kaganovich family. To my astonishment, I learned from the German magazine 'Stern' that I had been married to 'Kaganovich's son' -- to my astonishment inasmuch as Kaganovich had no son.  I actually had been friends with his daughter, and the adopted boy in the family was ten years younger than I; he, when he grew up, married a girl student of his own age." J. Anderson, 29 January 2007

Broken up
Someone who knows what they are doing should split it up into sections. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.206.165.12 (talk) 05:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC).

Joseph and Ekaterina
What ever happened to her first couple of children, Jospeh, and Ekaterina? They seem totally forgotten during the article. Would be nice to know.

 * "Ekaterina" should probably be "Jekaterina" in accordance with the general rules of translitteration.Tzench (talk) 13:33, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

references have been requested
there's plenty of TIME articles about the time of her defection, e.g.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smallbones (talk • contribs) 19:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

removed by an anon
this was removed by an anon - I'll suggest that it be reinserted with a proper reference in the proper form. Her religious beliefs are certainly relevent (if documented).

"During this time religion in Russia was taboo. So Christian's were unable to share their faith willingly & openly because the Government would raid their meetings or people would disappear. Svetlana has been quoted as saying: "I was brought up in a family where there was never any talk about God. However, I found that it was impossible to exist without God in one's heart." This is in accordance to the book (Christians in the shadow of the Kremlin: by Anita & Peter Deyneka, Jr.)Another reason for which the Government of Russia had reason to arouse contoversies with her."

As always,

Smallbones (talk) 03:06, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Nationality - Russian?
There are no sources she has Russian citizenship, so I am removing it.DVoit 15:57, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Nationality=Ethnicity, not citizenship. Hence "Japanese American" - etc., etc.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.9.62 (talk) 00:51, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * That is definitely not how "nationality" is defined. Elizium23 (talk) 06:02, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but it most certainly IS. Slang has introduced "nationality" to mean citizenship - which is in error.

Jewish?
"At 17, she fell in love with a fellow student at Moscow University, Grigory Morozov, also Jewish"

-what is meant by saying "also jewish"? Was her first lover, Alexei Kapler, Jewish? I can find no source for this claim. I think the reference should be removed unless some argument can be made for its relevance. (Did her father dislike her lovers because they were Jewish?)--Kpstewart (talk) 03:19, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Kapler does sound like a Russian Jewish surname. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aadieu (talk • contribs) 16:13, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * According to Aleksei Kapler, he was born Lazar Yakovlevich Kapler – let's just say the chance that he was not born to a Jewish family is vanishingly small. The German article also says that he is Jewish. Unfortunately without attribution. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:30, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Mentally ill?
The article seems to describe a life that was one long series of erratic actions and decisions, coupled with continuous association with rather bizarre persons. Has anyone ever bothered to investigate Alliluyeva's mental health? Aadieu (talk) 16:16, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * What???--Jack Upland (talk) 18:32, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Death
She died Nov.22 2011. source http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/world/europe/stalins-daughter-dies-at-85.html?_r=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.241.157.89 (talk) 20:06, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Approached by United States embassy
In this wiki article it claims that 'Alliluyeva was approached by United States embassy in New Delhi', but there is no citation needed. However, in an article I came across it appears that she wasn't approached. http://www.japantoday.com/category/world/view/stalins-daughter-lana-peters-dies-at-85 I think this is an issue that needs investigation. Tweisbach (talk) 01:13, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Mother or daughter ?
The article says : In his memoirs, Khrushchev recalled an occasion when Stalin, during a drunken rage at a party, dragged a crying Alliluyeva onto a dance floor by her hair. However, in the reference, the newspaper article gives that Stalin became abusive in his later years & Kruschev's account is about Svetlana being taken by the hair and forced to dance. Anyone? Otherwise I'll change it. Manytexts (talk) 22:34, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Is your question about the name to use? It's standard to refer to the article subject by their surname so the article meets the name format the moment. Span (talk) 22:48, 22 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry I wasn't clear -- I meant that the article's quote refers to the mother and the newspaper refers to the daughter. Manytexts (talk) 23:20, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Length of stay in India
The article suggests that Svetlana spent 8 months in India, which is incorrect. According to her own biography "Only One Year" she was originally given a visa for one month. She arrived in India in December and overstayed her visa, leaving in early March (the 6th I believe). I will amend accordingly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.84.4.249 (talk) 03:11, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Alitalia Flight to Rome
Don't know where this information came from but according to "Only One Year" she fled India with Qantas airlines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.84.4.249 (talk) 03:16, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Lana Peters in Georgian
Do we really need "Lana Peters" transliterated into Georgian? This seems to be yet another example of Wikipedians showing off, but adding nothing informative to the article.--Jack Upland (talk) 18:41, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Needs clarification
This sentence needs clarification:

 * They were not officially married, but they lived together for four years until she left for the United States in 1967 following his death.

As it reads now, it sounds like they continued to live together, even after he died, until she moved to the US. What it's probably trying to say is that she lived in that house for four years until he died, and then she moved to the US.--Esprit15d • talk • contribs 10:52, 6 March 2017 (UTC) Esprit15d • talk • contribs 10:52, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

German text cut/pasted?
As of this writing, there is a huge chunk of German text in the middle of this article. I don't know the purpose of it, but I'd like someone more comfortable with editing pages to take a look. Zarchasmpgmr (talk) 23:16, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

Roman Catholic Church
Catholic_Church_(disambiguation) shows that the "Catholic Church" can be understood in several ways. More correct to say that she became a Roman Catholic. Contaldo80 (talk) 08:22, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Mother's death
''Her mother, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, died on 9 November 1932. The death was officially ruled as peritonitis resulting from a burst appendix. However, there were various other theories as to the cause of her death: murder on the orders of Stalin; that she was killed by Stalin himself; or that Nadezhda committed suicide.''
 * My recollection from biographies of Stalin is that Nadezhda committed suicide, causing Stalin enduring grief. The above section relating "theories" about her death is contradicted by the following section of Nadezhda Alliluyeva:
 * On 9 November 1932, after a public spat with Stalin at a party dinner over the effects of the government's collectivization policies on the peasantry, Nadezhda shot herself in her bedroom. The official announcement was that Nadezhda died from appendicitis. (Citation: "Stalin's women". Sunday Times (UK). 29 June 2003. Archived from the original on 21 Nov 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2007.)
 * If this is correct, as I suppose, an editor should correct the above section in Svetlana Alliluyeva. – Sca (talk) 21:51, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

 * ✅ after verification. Sca (talk) 21:37, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

Stalin not visiting his children
I have removed the following unsourced fragment:
 * Starting from this moment, Joseph Stalin ceased to visit his children; only the nursemaid and head of Stalin's security guards looked after Svetlana and her brother. One officer, Sergei Efimov, was charged with continuously looking after the two children

As I recollect Svetlana's memoirs her childhood was spent on Kuntsevo Dacha. It was the primary residence for Joseph Stalin and he obviously was not able not to to see his children there. Sergei Efimov, an NKVD general was the commandant of the Dacha, Svetlana writes that unlike the other officers he indeed loved the children but he obviously had many other duties other than personally looking after the children. Stalin obviously did not care much about his children but not to the degree the article suggested. Alex Bakharev (talk) 07:32, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

UK 1992-2011
There's nothing on her move to the UK or, barring one out of place sentence, anything on the 19 years she lived there. Anyone? Ganpati23 (talk) 14:14, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

date of conversion
is there a reason to say 'feast of St Lucia' and not at least include "Dec. 13"?--2607:FEA8:D5DF:FEF6:285B:FA7A:DE97:F2F0 (talk) 18:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Furor?
The lede claims In 1967, she caused an international furor when she defected to, and later became a naturalized citizen of, the United States. but, perusing the section about her defection, I can't seem to find any indication of international outrage or furor or pleasant rejoicing or anything, for that matter. Not that I doubt she caused a furor, but shouldn't the lede section summarize the body? Elizium23 (talk) 04:34, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * You might find a reference if you go back into the edit history of the article. Liz Read! Talk! 06:11, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I love telling casual readers to grovel through the page history to explain something they read! Is that the solution to WP:V? "Go fish in the page history, it was once there but some well-meaning editor deleted it." Elizium23 (talk) 11:57, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The term was introduced by (now retired, and seemingly much-missed), in a long and apparently well-informed contribution, 11 March 2003 - alas, long before the days of cited sources (and before the article acquired sectional or lede ~ body structure).  The same contribution says further on tht "[d]ue to the high profile of Alliuyeva's defection, her outspokenness, her connections as daughter of Stalin, etc., the Soviet Union demanded and received from the United States, in December 1967, an assurance that any future Soviet defectors would be debriefed by Soviet officials before being granted asylum" - so it seems "furor" may be not much of an overstatement: and tht sources, at least for the Dec 1967 diplomatic activity, may well be findable.  --'' SquisherDa (talk) 01:22, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I have some sources that relate to that. I can't get to it right away, but will work on clarifying what happened in the coming days. Kaiser matias (talk) 02:46, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

"Stalinist crimes"
This phrase is POV trash, and should be replaced with language that at least feigns neutrality. 2607:FEA8:BFA0:BD0:7C84:C06:A3C1:2409 (talk) 02:01, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

IQ Test
the Miscellany section says, "When she defected to the United States, the CIA reportedly gave her an IQ test and her score was "off the charts."

This is a pretty stupid detail, I would say probably not encyclopaedic.

80.229.146.237 (talk) 21:19, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Svetlana Alliluyeva


text:
Rakugo

Rakugo (落語) is a form of Japanese verbal comedy, traditionally performed in yose theatres. The lone storyteller (落語家) sits on a raised platform, a. Using only a paper fan (扇子) and a small cloth (手拭) as props, and without standing up from the seiza sitting position, the rakugo artist depicts a long and complicated comical (or sometimes sentimental) story. The story always involves the dialogue of two or more characters. The difference between the characters is depicted only through change in pitch, tone, and a slight turn of the head.

Description
The speaker is in the middle of the stage, and his purpose is to stimulate the general hilarity with tone and limited, yet specific body gestures. The monologue always ends with a narrative stunt (punch line) known as ochi (落ち) or sage (下げ), consisting of a sudden interruption of the wordplay flow. Twelve kinds of ochi are codified and recognized, with more complex variations having evolved through time from the more basic forms.

Early rakugo has developed into various styles, including the shibaibanashi (芝居噺), the ongyokubanashi (音曲噺), the  (怪談噺), and ninjōbanashi (人情噺). In many of these forms the ochi, which is essential to the original rakugo, is absent.

Rakugo has been described as "a sitcom with one person playing all the parts" by Noriko Watanabe, assistant professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Comparative Literature at Baruch College.

Lexical background
The precursor of rakugo was called. The oldest appearance of the kanji which refers specifically to this type of performance dates back to 1787, but at the time the characters themselves (落とし噺) were normally read as otoshibanashi ("dropping story").

In the middle of the Meiji period (1868–1912) the expression rakugo first started being used, and it came into common usage only in the Shōwa period (1926–1989).

History
One of the predecessors of rakugo is considered to be a humorous story in setsuwa. The Konjaku Monogatarishū and the Uji Shūi Monogatari were setsuwa collections compiled from the Heian period (794–1185) to the Kamakura period (1185–1333); they contained many funny stories, and Japanese Buddhist monks preached Buddhism by quoting them. In Makura no Sōshi, it is described that the monks had gained a reputation for their beautiful voices and narrative arts.

The direct ancestor of rakugo is a humorous story among the stories narrated by otogishū in the Sengoku Period (1467–1615). Otogishū were scholars, Buddhist monks and tea masters who served daimyo (feudal lord), and their duty was to give lectures on books to daimyo and to be a partner for chatting. Anrakuan Sakuden, who was an otogishū and a monk of the Jōdo-shū, is often said to be the originator of rakugo, and his 8 volumes of Seisui Sho contain 1000 stories, including the original stories of rakugo.

Around 1670 in the Edo period (1603–1867), three storytellers appeared who were regarded as the first rakugoka. Tsuyuno Gorobe in Kyoto, Yonezawa Hikohachi in Osaka, and Shikano Buzaemon in Edo built simple huts around the same age and began telling funny stories to the general public for a price. Rakugo in this period was called Tsujibanashi, but once it lost popularity, rakugo declined for about 100 years.

In 1786, Utei Enba presided over a rakugo show at a ryōtei, a traditional Japanese catering venue, in Mukōjima. He is regarded as the father of the restoration of rakugo. His performances led to the establishment of the first theater dedicated to rakugo (yose) by Sanshōtei Karaku and Sanyūtei Enshō, and the revival of rakugo.

During the Edo period, thanks to the emergence of the merchant class of the chōnin, rakugo spread to the lower classes. Many groups of performers were formed, and collections of texts were finally printed. During the 17th century the actors were known as hanashika (found written as 噺家, 咄家, or 話家; "storyteller"), corresponding to the modern term, rakugoka (落語家).

Before the advent of modern rakugo there were the kobanashi (小噺): short comical vignettes ending with an ochi, popular between the 17th and the 19th centuries. These were enacted in small public venues, or in the streets, and printed and sold as pamphlets. The origin of kobanashi is to be found in the Kinō wa kyō no monogatari (Yesterday Stories Told Today, c. 1620), the work of an unknown author collecting approximately 230 stories describing the common class.

Types of ochi
’’Niwaka ochi’’: An ochi using a pun, it is also called 'Jiguchi Ochi.'

’’Hyoshi ochi’’: An ochi that uses repeated punchlines.

’’Sakasa ochi’’: An ochi with a twist punchline, one where roles are reversed

’’Kangae ochi’’: A punchline that is hard to understand but people will laugh after pondering for a while.

‘’Mawari ochi’’: A punchline that ends the story by returning to the beginning.

’’Mitate ochi’’: An ochi that uses unexpected punchlines.

’’Manuke ochi’’: An ochi that ends the story with a dumb or ridiculous joke

’’Totan ochi’’: An ochi using a signature phrase.

’’Buttsuke ochi’’: An ending with a punch line based on a misunderstanding.

’’Shigusa ochi’’: A punchline that uses a physical gesture.

Important contributors
Many artists contributed to the development of rakugo. Some were simply performers, but many also composed original works.

Among the more famous rakugoka of the Tokugawa period were performers like Anrakuan Sakuden (1554–1642), the author of the Seisuishō (Laughter to Chase Away Sleep, 1628), a collection of more than 1,000 stories. In Edo (today's Tokyo) there also lived 鹿野武左衛門 (1649–1699) who wrote the Shikano Buzaemon kudenbanashi (Oral Instruction Discourses of Shikano Buzaemon) and the Shika no makifude (The Deer's Brush, 1686), a work containing 39 stories, eleven of which are about the kabuki milieu. Tatekawa Enba I (1743–1822) was author of the Rakugo rokugi (The Six Meanings of Rakugo).

Kyoto was the home of Tsuyu no Gorobei I (1643–1703), who is considered the father of the rakugo tradition of the Kamigata area (Kamigata rakugo (上方落語)). His works are included in the Karukuchi tsuyu ga hanashi (Jocular Tsuyu's Stories, date of composition unknown), containing many word games, episodes from the lives of famous literary authors, and plays on the different dialects from the Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto areas.

Of a similar structure is the Karukuchi gozen otoko (One-liners: An Important Storyteller, date of publication unknown) in which are collected the stories of Yonezawa Hikohachi I, who lived in Ōsaka towards the end of the 17th century. An example from Yonezawa Hikohachi's collection:

"A man faints in a bathing tub. In the great confusion following, a doctor arrives who takes his pulse and calmly gives the instructions: "Pull the plug and let the water out." Once the water has flowed completely out of the tub he says: "Fine. Now put a lid on it and carry the guy to the cemetery.""

For the poor man is already dead. The joke becomes clearer when one notes that a Japanese traditional bathing tub is shaped like a coffin.

Current performers
Current rakugo artists include Tachibanaya Enzō, Katsura Bunshi VI, Tachibanaya Takezō II, Tatekawa Shinosuke and Hayashiya Shōzō IX. Furthermore, many people regarded as more mainstream comedians originally trained as rakugoka apprentices, even adopting stage names given to them by their masters. Some examples include Akashiya Sanma, Shōfukutei Tsurube II, and Shōfukutei Shōhei. Another famous rakugo performer, Shijaku Katsura II, was known outside Japan for his performances of rakugo in English.

Titles

 * The Peony Lantern (Botan Dōrō) (ja:牡丹灯籠) – a kaidanbanashi, or ghost story
 * Jugemu (ja:寿限無) – the life of a boy with a ridiculously long name
 * Manjuu kowai (ja:饅頭こわい) – a group of boys try to scare off a boaster
 * Meguro no Sanma (ja:目黒のさんま) – a naive lord enjoys commoners' foods
 * Momotarō (桃太郎) – a meta-gag in which a father is mocked by his son because of his bad storytelling of the Japanese folktale Momotarō
 * Mt. Head (ja:頭山) – a tree begins growing out of a man's head
 * Neko no sara (ja:猫の皿) – a man tries to outwit the owner of a piece of antique porcelain
 * Shibahama (ja:芝浜) – a good-for-nothing husband finds a huge sum of money
 * Teresuko (ja:てれすこ) – cash reward to whom that could identify a strange fish

Edo (Tokyo)
• Hayashiya Kikuō (formerly Hayashiya Kikuzō I)

• Hayashiya Konpei

• Hayashiya Sanpei I

• Hayashiya Shōzō IX

• Hayashiya Taihei

• Kairakutei Black I (Henry Black)

• Katsura Utamaru

• Katsura Yonesuke

• Kokontei Shinchō

• Kokontei Shinshō

• Reireisya Bafū

• Reireisya Suzumaru (Yamada Takao)

• Ryūtei Chiraku

• San'yūtei Enchō

• San'yūtei Enraku V

• San'yūtei Enraku VI (formerly San'yūtei Rakutarō)

• San'yūtei Kōraku

• San'yūtei Koyūza

• Sanshōtei Yumenosuke

• Shunpūtei Koasa

• Shunpūtei Ryūshō

• Shunpūtei Shōta

• Tachibanaya Enzō

• Tachibanaya Takezō

• Tatekawa Danshi

• Tatekawa Shinosuke

• Yanagiya Kosan

• Yanagiya Kosanji

Kamigata (Osaka)
• Hayashiya Somemaru IV

• Katsura Beichō

• Katsura Bunchin

• Katsura Bunshi V

• Katsura Bunshi VI (formerly Katsura Sanshi)

• Katsura Harudanji

• Katsura Shijaku II

• Katsura Sunshine

• Shōfukutei Kakushow

• Shōfukutei Matsunosuke

• Shōfukutei Nikaku

• Shōfukutei Shōkaku

• Shōfukutei Tsurube

• Showko Showfukutei

• Tsukitei Happō

• Tsukitei Hōsei (formerly Yamasaki Hōsei)

• Tsukitei Kachō

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rakugo


text:
Transaero

Transaero (Трансаэро), officially OJSC Transaero Airlines (ОАО «АК „ТРАНСАЭРО“», Открытое акционерное общество «Авиационная компания „ТРАНСАЭРО“») was a Russian airline that operated scheduled and charter flights to over 150 domestic and international destinations. Transaero's main hubs were Moscow Vnukovo Airport and Saint Petersburg Airport, with further bases throughout Russia. For much of its history the head office was at Domodedovo International Airport, and towards the end its head office was in Saint Petersburg.

Transaero filed for bankruptcy on 1 October 2015, and announced that it would cease all operations by 15 December the same year. However, Russian authorities revoked its operating license on 25 October.

In September 2021, the Moscow Commercial Court extended Transaero's business failure until March 2022 following a motion by the airline's bankruptcy supervisor Alexey Belokopyt.

Early years
Transaero began as a charter airline with aircraft leased from Aeroflot. It was incorporated as a joint-stock company on 28 December 1990 and was the first private company approved for scheduled passenger services in the Soviet Union. Its first charter service was Moscow to Tel Aviv on 5 November 1991. In July 1992, Transaero received its own Ilyushin Il-86. It became the first privately owned airline to operate scheduled flights in Russia when it launched its Moscow–Alykel Airport, Norilsk flight in January 1993 followed by Kiev, Sochi and Almaty later the same year. Its first international scheduled route outside the former Soviet Union was from Moscow to Tel Aviv in November 1993.

In April 1993, Transaero started operating Western-made aircraft when it received its first Boeing 737-200, followed by its first Boeing 757-200 in April 1994.

Transaero was also the first Russian airline with a frequent flyer program, which it established in 1995. It was also the first Russian airline with a Federal Aviation Administration aircraft maintenance certificate, which it obtained in 1997. In December 1998 a weekly service between Moscow and London Gatwick commenced. Transaero operated its first Boeing 737-700 in 1998, followed by Boeing 767-200 and Boeing 737-300 in 2002 and Boeing 767-300 and Boeing 737-400 in 2003. An agreement was signed to purchase 10 Tupolev Tu-214-300 in the same year. In 2005, Transaero became the first Russian passenger airline to operate the Boeing 747 when it started services on 11 July 2005 with a leased, ex-Virgin Atlantic Boeing 747-200 on scheduled services from Moscow to Tel Aviv. The aircraft would also operate summer charter flights to holiday destinations.

In May 2005, Transaero added a flight between Moscow and Montreal, marking the first time the airline flew to Canada. On 21 June 2006, Transaero also began operating nonstop flights between Moscow and Toronto. The service to Toronto was temporarily suspended in September 2008, but was later restored, whereas the service to Montreal was cancelled in 2009.

It was reported in 2007 that Transaero negotiated a deal with Continental Airlines to purchase 10 of the Boeing 737-500 aircraft still in Continental's fleet. In November 2007 the airline announced a new scheduled bi-weekly service between Moscow and Sydney, Australia via Hong Kong, using Boeing 767-300 aircraft; commencing 24 December 2007, although the route was later terminated. Transaero also started to replace all of its Boeing 747-200s with used Boeing 747-400s at the end of 2007.

Late 2000s and early 2010s
Austrian Airlines and Transaero Airlines began code-sharing on Vienna-Moscow flights in October 2009.

In April 2010, Transaero arranged to lease 9 ex-Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400s which entered the fleet in 2010–2012. In December 2010, Transaero announced that they would increase their deal to 12 Boeing 747-400s. In October 2010, Transaero launched flights to Beijing, Miami and New York City. This marked the return of Transaero to the United States since cancelling service to Los Angeles. Beijing became the second Chinese destination after Sanya.

In 2011, Transaero received four Boeing 777-300 aircraft previously owned by Singapore Airlines. Also in 2011, Transaero agreed to buy four of Boeing's newest widebody, the Boeing 747-8, and put in a memorandum of understanding for 4 Airbus A380s. Transaero also ordered 4 Boeing 787s on 26 December 2011, confirming this order on 8 April 2012.

On 29 April 2012 Transaero resumed flights between Moscow and Los Angeles, utilizing a 777-200ER. In 2013 Transaero carried nearly 12.5 million people and operated 98 aircraft. In 2014, Transaero began direct flights from Moscow to Miami with Boeing 747-400s.

Transaero hosted a competition for a new logo and livery for rebranding in 2013–2014, but did not discuss the procedure's timetable. In April 2015, the airline decided to rebrand during 2015 and to introduce the new livery and logo with upcoming Airbus A380, Boeing 747-8, and Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft.

Final years and demise
By March 2015, Transaero had accumulated around 1.1 billion euros (approximately 77 billion rubles) of debt.

In May 2015 Transaero announced the expected receipt of its first two Airbus A380-800s and one Boeing 747-8 later in the year. The A380s were intended to operate from Moscow to New York and Vladivostok. However, this was quickly followed by a report that Transaero asked Airbus to reschedule the delivery of the first A380 beyond 2015 due to financial difficulties. At the IATA Annual General Meeting and World Air Transport Summit in June 2015, the president of Airbus, Fabrice Brégier said "I’m sure we will meet the target to deliver the A380s to Transaero. The problem is that they are facing a difficult economic situation because of the rouble’s devaluation and a shrinking market for tourism from Russia."

Transaero announced the transfer of all operations at Moscow-Domodedovo to their other main hub at Moscow-Vnukovo to unify Moscow operations by 25 October 2015. This would not happen because of Transaero's closure.

In September 2015, Aeroflot agreed to acquire 75% of the highly indebted Transaero Airlines for the symbolic price of one rouble. However, by 2 October 2015, Aeroflot dropped the offer, stating that no agreement with Transaero and its shareholders had been reached by the deadline. The same day, with the debt having swollen to 3.9 billion euros (260 billion rubles) Transaero announced it intended to end all operations on 15 December 2015 as it faced imminent bankruptcy. Soon afterwards, Aeroflot announced the takeover of 34 of Transaero's leased aircraft, of which 20 are long-haul models. Subsequent to this announcement, Transaero ceased all ticket sales and refunded travel booked for after the shutdown date, and began to drastically reduce its schedule, cancelling or suspending flights on a daily basis and operating only a provisional schedule.

On 20 October 2015, competitor S7 Airlines announced an interest to buy a 50 percent stake in the bankrupt airline. After this sale fell through, on 24 October 2015 Russian authorities announced that Transaero's air operating certificate would be revoked within 48 hours (as the summer schedule concluded) and began to allocate Transaero's former traffic rights to other airlines, stating that Transaero's enormous debt meant that its continued operation would pose an imminent hazard to the flying public.

Prior to the shutdown, Transaero began to ferry its remaining fleet to Teruel in Spain. Among those are six of its nine long-range Boeing 747s and almost half its fleet of medium-range Boeing 737s. The final Transaero flight, Flight 160, flown by a Boeing 767-200ER, operated from Sokol Airport near Magadan in eastern Russia to Moscow-Vnukovo, landing on 25 October 2015 at 11:54 UTC.

In 2017 the United States Air Force entered into a contract with Boeing to purchase two undelivered Boeing 747-8s ordered by Transaero. The pair of planes have registration numbers N894BA and N895BA. The Air Force and Secret Service will retrofit these new aircraft with telecommunications and security equipment to bring them to the required security level of the presidential aircraft.

Safety
In its 25-year history, Transaero never had an accident resulting in loss of life or a hull loss. In 2014, JACDEC ranked Transaero as the 17th safest airline in the world and the safest airline in Russia.

Corporate affairs
Its head office was in Saint Petersburg.

As of 2009 its head office was on the property of Domodedovo International Airport in Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast.

Management
Transaero was owned primarily by Aleksandr Pleshakov and his wife Olga Pleshakova, who was the CEO of the airline for most of its existence. Aleksandr's mother Tatiana Anodina has been the head of the Interstate Aviation Committee, the aviation oversight body in CIS, since 1991. Aleksandr's father is Piotr Pleshakov - a Soviet military engineer, who was the Soviet Union's Minister of Radioelectronic Industry from 1974 until 1987. There was press speculation regarding Anodina's conflict of interest in certifying aircraft with respect to Transaero's market position.

Maintenance operations
Transaero established a maintenance company, Transaero Engineering Ireland, based at Shannon Airport, Ireland as a result of its purchase of the Air Atlanta aircraft maintenance operation. In addition to maintaining its own aircraft, Transaero Engineering also performed third-party maintenance work for other customers, including airlines Air Berlin, Arkia Israel Airlines, El Al, and the TUI Group family of airlines, and aircraft lessors AerCap, Aircastle, BBAM LLC, FLY Leasing, GECAS, ILFC, Macquarie AirFinance, and SMBC. On 5 January 2015, the company entered examinership after the airline failed to pay its maintenance bill (approx €2.4m) for the year 2014.

The company, Transaero Engineering Ireland, was renamed Atlantic Aviation Group after Patrick Jordan, the former COO of Siteserv acquired the business out of examinership in a transaction reportedly valued at €2.5 million.

Codeshare agreements
Prior to the closure of the airline, Transaero maintained codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

Fleet before shutdown

Just prior to Transaero's shutdown in 2015, its fleet consisted of the following aircraft and planned orders:

Cabin
Transaero's cabins differed greatly in amenities and layout from plane to plane, depending on which airline the aircraft was bought or leased from, ranging from poorly equipped cabins of older European/USA operators on 737s to better features in aircraft leased or purchased from Singapore Airlines (Transaero had to install their own first class cabin, because SIA kept their first class seats). The description below applied only to the Boeing 777s which used to belong to Singapore Airlines. 777-300s and some 747-400 were retrofitted with the Fiber optics to the screen Lumexis AVOD system in all classes. Wi-Fi Internet connection and cellular services are available on select routes and planes, with the price tag varying from 400 RUR ($12 US) for an hour to 800 RUR ($24 US) for 24 hours.

Transaero's Tourist Economy Class featured standard seat pitch (depends on aircraft but usually 31-32 inches), recline and width. The airline provides free food for Tourist passengers and an in-flight entertainment system is available for free on Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200ER and Boeing 777-300. The in-flight entertainment on international routes aboard the 747, and the 777-200ER, was either an integrated personal TV with 5-7 broadcast channels or AVOD Lumexis.
 * Tourist Economy Class

Transaero's Premium Economy Class offered the same seat width as the Tourist Economy Class but a greater seat pitch of up to 36 inches and enhanced recline features for a recline of 29 degrees(just over 7 inches). The Premium Economy Class seats on the 777-300 were also distinguished by red seats instead of the blue seats in Tourist Economy Class. In addition to more seat pitch, recline and free food, Transaero also offers a larger baggage allowance for the Premium Economy class fares. The in-flight-entertainment system was available for free, with Lumexis AVOD on select Boeing 747-400s and all Boeing 777-300s. Passengers flying Premium Economy were also able to make use of a dedicated check-in desk at selected airports.
 * Premium Economy Class

The Business Class offered passengers a wider seat than Economy along with additional legroom and deeper recline. Each seat had two armrests. In-Flight-Entertainment was free of charge and included a larger selection of music, movies and television. The cabins were located either in the upper deck on 747s or in the front part of the plane on all other types. The menus offered more choices and better quality food than Economy. The inflight service was individual and a la carte with wide selection of free beverages, wells and wines. There were free taxi transfers from Moscow Airports on some international routes and some fare classes.
 * Business/Premium Class

The Imperial Class was Transaero's First Class. The seats offered extra privacy and were the widest seats of all on the aircraft. The seat reclined fully flat to form a large bed for passengers and the food was either Russian or European. Complimentary taxi transfers were available for Imperial Class passengers.
 * Imperial Class

title: Transaero


text:
John Rusnak

John Rusnak is a former currency trader at Allfirst bank, then part of AIB Group, in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. He is known for committing one of the largest ever cases of bank fraud, where he lost his company US$691 million after a series of bad bets.

Allfirst scandal
On January 17, 2003 Rusnak was sentenced to $7 1/2$ years in prison for hiding US$691 million in losses at the bank in 2002, after bad bets snowballed in one of the largest ever cases of bank fraud. He was transferred from prison to a halfway house in June 2008, to home confinement in September 2008, and ultimately released from home confinement on January 5, 2009, serving less than 6 years. Since his return to society, Rusnak has become an advocate for second chances for men coming home from incarceration and for those in drug and alcohol rehabilitation. Rusnak currently serves as the Executive Director of unCUFFED ministries working with juveniles who are incarcerated in adult detention facilities.

Rusnak could have faced up to 30 years in prison. The original $7 1/2$ year sentence was part of a plea bargain with US prosecutors. He was released early having earned good-behavior credits and completing a drug treatment program. Upon his release, he started paying US$1,000 a month for the five years of his probation.

Rusnak will remain on the hook for the full $691 million he lost, but prosecutors said the amount he pays back will depend on how much money he is able to make after leaving prison.

Following the scandal, AIB sold Allfirst to M&T Bank of Buffalo, New York, in July 2003. AIB retained 23% of M&T stock. Although the news media blamed the scandal, the merger talks actually began prior to the revelation of the losses. In the banking environment at that time the merger was inevitable. Over 1,100 Allfirst employees lost their jobs in the sale.

title: John Rusnak


text:
User talk:Eoghan

Hi, welcome to the Wikipedia! Glad to have you around. Anyway, a few hints:

 * You can read how to format articles at Manual of Style
 * You can read all the official stuff at Policies
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: .  Adding a fourth one puts in a timestamp as well.

Have fun, and happy editing! Yours, Meelar 22:17, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Eoghan

Unfortunately I don't speak Gaelic, but I wondered if you've seen http://gd.wikipedia.org - if not, you might be interested in contributing to it.

In the meantime, keep up the good work here on English Wikipedia! Warofdreams 18:31, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Eoghan. Edits from 209.234.96.194 have now been reattributed to you. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 07:19, 2004 Sep 4 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Eoghan!

I just wanted to let you know that the Wikipedia in Gaidhlig really could use some help...

best,

Node 18:26, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Whoops...
Eoghan, I am extremely sorry for this belated response. I got your messege on my talk page, but somehow forgot about it when other stuff was posted below it. I like your proposal, it has a lot of merit. I have begun to suspect that it is very difficult to enact technological changes to Wikipedia. For instance, for the 4 months I've been here, I've been hearing about how the software is going to automatically turn double hyphens -- into actual en- or em-dashes for us, but it hasn't happened yet. User:Kate has mentioned how the developers are often busy and over-worked, (which is odd, considering how much free help they could get from all of the programmers in the community). In any case, I just feel awful about not having responded earlier, I don't know where my head was, sorry. func(talk) 00:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re: Glasgow East
My issue with the piece was its content and tone - the way Labour's selection battle was described, the conversational/commentary style. Wiki is neither newspaper nor is it a blog. If you look at other by-election articles, you'll see that the campaign details are not always described in the manner of your edit. doktorb wordsdeeds 17:19, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Hi,

I'm not sure which specific stylistic convention you're referring to there. I made some effort to be factual and give citations. If you have an alternative phrasing that allows the facts of the selection process, etc. to be presented, I would be happy to see it. Eoghan (talk) 19:05, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello. I have looked at your example, and having re-viewed the deleted text, I think the best resolution is for your section to be reinstated, and then for it to be edited from there. I was perhaps hasty in my deletion doktorb wordsdeeds 21:16, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Coldwood Interactive

A tag has been placed on Coldwood Interactive requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company, corporation or organization that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Pam D  16:15, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Coldwood Interactive for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Coldwood Interactive is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Coldwood Interactive until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Adam9007 (talk) 04:54, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eoghan


text:
Template talk:History of the United States sidebar

Footer vs. sidebar
I would feel much better about this if it were a footer rather than a right-aligned box. I will change it myself in a few days if there are no complaints. --mav
 * Complainant here. :) We've been talking about this box and others on Article series and I think it fits with the other national history series boxes. Consistency is, yes, the hobgoblin of little minds, but I think it also pulls Wikipedia together nicely. Could you show us what you had in mind? jengod 22:24, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Like the footers on the country pages. See bottom of United States. The box at History of the United States is especially bad since it duplicates the section names - people should visit those sections first, read the summary if needed, and then, if they want more info, visit the main article on that section. Having the box at top also takes up very important real estate that would be better used by having a WikiProject table (like at American Civil War) and/or a photo. If still needed, a link to History of the United States can still be in the same spot as the current table.  --mav
 * Whatever. jengod

Topics
To keep this navbox simple and straightforward I think it would be better if the topics section were removed and only the "history of the United States" series kept. The topics are also linked in the bottom navbox US history which has more space.

Alternatively, perhaps inclusion criteria could be formed? I expect links to articles that are topical yet holistic in terms of time and place (at least in terms of contemporary U.S. territory), which would exclude links to the African American civil rights movement (1896-1968), the Civil War, and the South. These are important topics of course however there's also slavery, the Revolution, and the West that are similarly important yet omitted. African American history and women's history would be included.

I favor the simplicity of the first option. Does anyone have any opinions? Remove, clarify, none of the above? —Mrwojo (talk) 23:02, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Image
The Great Seal is kind of dull as an image choice for this template. Could we possibly replace with something that might cast a little more color on US history? I was thinking of (a scaled-down version of) Washington Crossing the Delaware, as that is a pretty iconic moment in - and unmistakable depiction of - American history. --70.181.184.7 (talk) 21:03, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Topic vs. Ethnicity
I kind of think that topics should appear before ethnicities in this template. I believe them to be more general and of more broad-based interest. Thoughts? p b  p  14:40, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't think I mind, although perhaps it could be argued that it's "by topic" which is most general in scope (i.e. regardless of year or ethnicity), so should come last..? CsDix (talk) 15:34, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Should just merge the ethnic stuff under topics. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 11:10, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Overstyling
per discussion at MOS:ACCESSBILITY, I have undone the overstyling. Frietjes (talk) 14:37, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 20 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: withdrawn (non-admin closure) Sangdeboeuf (talk) 05:16, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Template:History of the United States → Template:US history sidebar – More concise and also consistent with US history, which is the bottom-of-page equivalent of this template. Both have History of the United States as their main heading/link, so using that as the name of this template but not the other seems arbitrary and potentially confusing. Since this template is based on a variant of Sidebar, it makes sense to indicate that in the title. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 06:15, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Procedural oppose to handling this as a stand-alone template as this is part of the set at Template:History of North America templates, Template:History of South America templates, Template:History of Africa templates, Template:History of Asia templates and Template:History of Europe templates. Also specifically oppose changing from "United States" to "US". --Gonnym (talk) 09:18, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Good point; I agree it doesn't make sense in the context of all the other templates. Withdrawing my request. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 05:16, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Discussion about changing this template
There is a discussion about changing this template listed here: WT:USA. — Naddruf (talk ~ contribs) 17:30, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

Merging templates

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the template(s) or module(s) below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).

The result of the discussion was Merge. It's been a while and no dissents.

I propose merging Template:History of the United States with Template:Periods in US history as a single sidebar.

This is what it would look like. I've made no content changes other than merging the two together. I think there's no good reason to keep these as separate ideas, because the readers probably won't care about the difference. The dates do not line up exactly, and that's one problem. —GoldRingChip 14:46, 9 March 2021

''Cross-posted at Wikipedia:Templates for discussion, but I've requested that the discussion be held here. —GoldRingChip 23:30, 14 March 2021 (UTC)''

Discussion here
I welcome your thoughts. —GoldRingChip 19:46, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support This seems common sense. Consolidation is good. Garuda28 (talk) 01:58, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, consolidation is good, and that's what this is about. Alas, I can't make the dates line up perfectly, but perhaps that a problem for another day? —GoldRingChip 14:36, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support The way you outlay the template is a lot cleaner and appealing than before with the merging. You did well man, you got a yes from me on that matter. Bitsweet55 (talk) 20:20, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you, but while my proposal is clean and appealing, it's a bit too big, and the dates don't line up well. —GoldRingChip 00:39, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Concise + clean  04:29, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the template's talk page or in a deletion review).

Link color for show/hide links
The links to hide and show and hide lists are now blue on red background which are hard to read. I think it has been that way since the collapsible content changed from being based on class collapsible to class mw-collapsible.

I propose to make link color white again. To do that a have made a suggestion in Template:History of the United States sidebar/sandbox. It uses a new templatestyles page Template:History of the United States sidebar/styles.css, and styles parameters and inline stiles are moved from the sidebar template to the templatestyles page. Besides the change of color of the show/hide links, the underlining of the links in the title and list titles are also changed to white when the mouse hovers over the links. Dipsacus fullonum (talk) 06:53, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I see no objections, so I'll use sandbox version now. Dipsacus fullonum (talk) 08:30, 20 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Harry Graham (poet)

Jocelyn Henry Clive 'Harry' Graham (23 December 1874 – 30 October 1936) was an English writer. He was a successful journalist and later, after distinguished military service, a leading lyricist for operettas and musical comedies, but he is now best remembered as a writer of humorous verse in a style of grotesquerie and black humour.

Family and education
Graham was the second son of Sir Henry Graham, KCB (1842–1930), Clerk of the Parliaments, and his first wife, Lady Edith Elizabeth Gathorne-Hardy, who died two weeks after Harry's birth. Graham's elder brother Ronald Graham entered the diplomatic service, becoming Ambassador to Italy (1921–33). Graham was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Military career
Graham was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards as a second lieutenant on 6 March 1895, and was promoted to lieutenant on 9 January 1898. From March 1899 to 1901 and again in 1902–1904 he served as aide-de-camp to Lord Minto, Governor-General of Canada. In the intervening year, he served in the Second Boer War in South Africa. He was promoted to captain (supernumerary) on 20 April 1901, and received a regular commission from his regiment in August 1902, as he returned to Canada. Graham kept a journal of his trip across Canada with Minto to the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon in 1900, called Across Canada to the Klondyke, which he later presented to Minto, and which was eventually published. Graham retired from the army in 1904, and became private secretary to the former Prime Minister, Lord Rosebery, 1904–06.

On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Graham rejoined the Coldstream Guards and served in France in the 40th and 5th divisions.

Marriage and later life
Graham was engaged to Ethel Barrymore, but they did not marry. He married Dorothy Villiers in 1910, and they had a daughter, Virginia Graham, who followed him as a writer, contributing many articles to Punch.

Graham died of cancer in London in 1936, aged 61. A memorial service for him was held in St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Light verse
His first published works appeared during his military career. In 1906, he became a full-time writer, as a journalist and author of light verse, popular fiction and history, including A Group of Scottish Women (1908).

Graham is best remembered for his series of cheerfully cruel Ruthless Rhymes, first published in 1898 under the pseudonym Col. D. Streamer, a reference to his regiment. These were described by The Times, in an editorial that compared him to Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll and W. S. Gilbert, as "that enchanted world where there are no values nor standards of conduct or feeling, and where the plainest sense is the plainest nonsense". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography also compares his verse with that of W. S. Gilbert and suggests that his prose was an early influence on P. G. Wodehouse. Graham's other light verse exhibited a delight in language, and not only his native one, as in his response to the news that Wilhelm II, visiting Brussels, spoke at length with Baron de Haulleville, Director of the Congo Museum, in French, German and English: the poem began: Guten Morgen, mon ami! Heute ist es schönes Wetter! Charmé de vous voir ici! Never saw you looking better!

An example of a Ruthless Rhyme is: Father heard his children scream So he threw them in the stream Saying, as he drowned the third, "Children should be seen, not heard!"

Graham's pleasure in word-play is illustrated in his poem on "Poetical Economy": When I’ve a syllable de trop, I cut it off, without apol.: This verbal sacrifice, I know, May irritate the schol.; But all must praise my dev’lish cunn. Who realise that Time is Mon.

Some of the Ruthless Rhymes involved Little Willie, a poetic personification of youthful mischief, whose gruesome acts of violence with indifferent or cheerfully inappropriate responses inspired readers to compose similar verses. The most common format of these poems was a four lines in trochaic tetrameter. Victor Hely-Hutchinson composed a series of song settings for the poems published as Ruthless Rhymes for Heartless Homes in 1945 and 1946.

When Grandmama Fell Off the Boat: The Best of Harry Graham is an anthology of Graham's verse (1986, Salem House). A 2nd edition was published by Sheldrake Press in 2009.

Lyricist and translator
During the war, Graham started to write lyrics for English operettas and musical comedies, including Tina (1915), Sybil (1916), the 1917 hit operetta The Maid of the Mountains and A Southern Maid (1920), and English adaptations of European operettas such as Whirled into Happiness (1922), Madame Pompadour (1923), The Land of Smiles (1931) and many others.

His best known lyrics were "You are my heart's delight", his English version of "Dein ist mein ganzes Herz", from The Land of Smiles, composed by Franz Lehár (and made famous by the popular tenor Richard Tauber), and "Goodbye", from his English adaptation of The White Horse Inn (originally "Adieu, mein kleiner Gardeoffizier" from Robert Stolz's operetta Die lustigen Weiber von Wien, a song which later achieved great popularity as sung by Josef Locke).

Published works

 * 1899: Ruthless Rhymes for Heartless Homes; words by Col. D. Streamer; illustrations by G. H. Obl. 8vo., 59 pp. London: Edward Arnold (both words and drawings are by Graham)

 * Little Miss Nobody (1901)
 * Ballads of the Boer War (1902)
 * Baby's Baedeker (1902)
 * Perverted Proverbs (1903)
 * Misrepresentative Men (1904)
 * Fiscal Ballads (1905)
 * More Misrepresentative Men (1905)
 * Verse and Worse (1905)
 * A Song-Garden for Children (1906)
 * Misrepresentative Women (1906)
 * Familiar Faces (1907)
 * A Group of Scottish Women (1908)
 * Deportmental Ditties (1909)
 * The Mother of Parliaments (1910)
 * The Bolster Book (1910)
 * Lord Bellinger An Autography (1911)
 * Canned Classics (1911)
 * The Perfect Gentleman (1912)
 * The Motley Muse (1913)
 * Splendid Failures (1913)
 * The Cinema Star (1914)
 * The Complete Sportsman (1914)
 * State Secrets (1914)
 * Tina (1915)
 * Sybil (1916)
 * The Maid of the Mountains (1917)
 * Rhymes for Riper Years (1919)
 * Biffon and His Circle (1919)
 * Our Peg (1919)
 * A Southern Maid (1920)
 * A Little Dutch Girl (1920)
 * The Lady of the Rose (1921)
 * Whirled into Happiness (1922)
 * Head over Heels (1923)

 * Madame Pompadour (1923)
 * The World we Laugh in (1924)
 * Our Nell (1924)
 * The Buried Cable (or Dirty Work at the Crossroads) (1924)
 * Toni (1924)
 * Orange Blossom (1924)
 * Betty in Mayfair (1924)
 * Cleopatra (1925)
 * Riquette (1925)
 * The Grand Duchess (1925)
 * Katja the Dancer (1925)
 * Clo-Clo (1925)
 * The Last of the Biffins (1925)
 * Merry Molly (1926)
 * My Son John (1926)
 * The Blue Mazurka (1926)
 * Strained Relations (1926)
 * Lady Mary (1928)
 * By Candle Light (1928)
 * The World's Workers (1928)
 * Hunter's Moon (1929)
 * Adams Apples (1930)
 * More Ruthless Rhymes for Heartless Homes (1930)
 * The Good Companions (1931)
 * Laiting in Waiting (1931)
 * White Horse Inn (1931)
 * The Land of Smiles (1931)
 * Viktoria and her Hussar, Palace Theatre (1931)
 * Casanova (1932)
 * Rise and Shine (1932)
 * Roulette (1932)
 * Doctor Orders (1932)
 * The Biffin Papers (1933)
 * Happy Families (1934)
 * The Private Life of Gregory Gorm (1936)

 * Posthumous publication
 * 1984: Across Canada to the Klondyke; edited and with an introduction by Frances Bowles. Toronto: Methuen ISBN 0-458-98240-7 (A travel diary)
 * Anthology
 * 1986: When Grandmama Fell off the Boat: the best of Harry Graham inventor of ruthless rhymes; with an introduction by Miles Kington. (Methuen Humour Classics.) London: Methuen ISBN 0-413-14150-0
 * --do.--1988, Harper Collins
 * --do.--2009, Sheldrake Press

title: Harry Graham (poet)


text:
Afterglow (disambiguation)

Afterglow is an atmospheric phenomenon.

Afterglow may also refer to:

Science and medicine

 * An emission after an excitation; see phosphorescence
 * Afterglow (gamma ray burst), fainter, fading, longer wavelength emission after a gamma ray burst
 * Afterglow plasma, concept in plasma physics
 * Afterglow (drug culture), concept in drug culture

Film, television, and radio

 * Afterglow (1997 film), starring Nick Nolte and Julie Christie
 * Afterglow (1923 film), a 1923 British silent drama film
 * "Afterglow", the seventeenth episode of the second season of That 70s Show
 * Afterglow: A Last Conversation with Pauline Kael, a 2003 book about film critic Pauline Kael
 * Afterglow, a jazz radio show produced by WFIU

Music

 * Afterglow (band), an American psychedelic band in the late 1960s
 * Afterglow (Japanese band), a fictional band in the BanG Dream! franchise
 * The Afterglow, a pop/rock band from Turin, Italy

Albums and EPs

 * Afterglow (Electric Light Orchestra album), 1990
 * Afterglow (Dr. John album), 1995
 * Afterglow (Crowded House album), 1999
 * Afterglow (Quench album), 2003
 * Afterglow (Sarah McLachlan album), 2003
 * Afterglow (Black Country Communion album), 2012
 * Afterglow (Marcellus Hall & The Hostages album), 2013
 * Afterglow (Soulfire Revolution album), 2015
 * Afterglow (Ásgeir album), 2017
 * After Glow (Carmen McRae album), 1957
 * The Afterglow, a 2014 EP by Blackbear

Songs

 * "Afterglow" (Tina Turner song), 1987
 * "Afterglow" (Taxiride song), 2003
 * "Afterglow" (INXS song), 2006
 * "Afterglow" (Wilkinson song), 2013
 * "Afterglow" (Chvrches song), 2015
 * "Afterglow of Your Love", 1969
 * "Afterglow (Ed Sheeran song)", 2020
 * "Afterglow", by Genesis from Wind & Wuthering, 1976
 * "Afterglow", by John Frusciante and Josh Klinghoffer from A Sphere in the Heart of Silence, 2004
 * "Afterglow", by José González from Vestiges & Claws, 2015
 * "Afterglow", by The Mission from Sum and Substance, 1994
 * "Afterglow", by The Servants from Disinterest, 1990
 * "Afterglow", by Taylor Swift from Lover, 2019
 * "Afterglow", by Travis from The Invisible Band, 2001
 * "Afterglow", by Vertical Horizon from Burning the Days, 2009
 * "Afterglow", by Tkay Maidza from Tkay, 2016
 * "The Afterglow", by Silverstein from Dead Reflection, 2017

Other uses

 * Afterglow Vista, a mausoleum in Roche Harbor, Washington, United States

title: Afterglow (disambiguation)


text:
Dalavia

JSC Dalavia (ОАО «Дальавиа»), also known as Dalavia — Far Eastern Airways (Дальавиа «Дальневосточные Авиалинии») was an airline based in Khabarovsk, Russia. It operated scheduled and charter flights within Russia, and international flights to Asia. Its main base was Khabarovsk Novy Airport. The Russian Government suspended its traffic rights in October 2008.

History
Khabarovsk's airport received its first concrete runway in August 1953, and in the same year Khabarovsk Aviation Enterprise (Хабаровское авиационное предприятие) was established as part of Aeroflot. Flights were initially operated by aircraft including the Polikarpov Po-2, Lisunov Li-2 and Ilyushin Il-14, and later the Tupolev Tu-154 and Ilyushin Il-62 were operated.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resultant breakup of Aeroflot, Khabarovsk Aviation Enterprise continued to operate under Aeroflot codes and in Aeroflot livery, in return for a licensing fee. On 29 March 1999, the airline began operations to Seoul in South Korea from Khabarovsk under its own codes, and with the new name of Dalavia. In December 1999 the airline started operating the route Khabarovsk-Bangkok-Singapore on a once-weekly basis.

The first Tu-214 was handed over to the airline at the KAPO plant in Kazan on 22 May 2001, in a ceremony presided over by Mintimer Shaimiyev, the President of Tatarstan.

Dalavia carried 621,405 passenger in 2004, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year. Of this, some 135,792 passengers were carried on the airline's international route network. This year the airline was given recognition as the best domestic airline in Russia in the Wings of Russia competition.

In December 2006, Dalavia signed a US$170 million deal with Sukhoi Civil Aircraft for the supply of six Sukhoi Superjet 100s, with options on an additional four airframes. From June 2007, the airline was to offer a weekly flight with Tupolev Tu-214 equipment from Anchorage, Alaska, to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with a flight continuation to Khabarovsk.

On 26 January 2009, Rosaviatsiya cancelled the air operator's certificate of Dalavia. On 9 June 2009, the Arbitration Court of Khabarovsk Krai declared Dalavia bankrupt with debts almost twice the amount of its assets. Its accounts payables totalled some 1.7 billion rubles and wages for employees exceeded 350 million roubles. According to presidential decree, after the bankruptcy Dalavia was transferred to Russian Technologies when it was planned for Dalavia to enter the structure of Rosavia.

Fleet
The Dalavia fleet included the following aircraft (at May 2008):

title: Dalavia


text:
Afterglow (Sarah McLachlan album)

Afterglow is the fifth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan. Released on 4 November 2003, on Nettwerk in Canada and 4 November 2003, on Arista Records in the United States, it was her first album of new material in six years, after the success of Surfacing and the Lilith Fair festival. Longtime collaborator Pierre Marchand produced the album. McLachlan wrote eight of the 10 songs herself and co-wrote the other two with Marchand.

The song "Answer" was featured in the 2007 movie The Brave One. It has also been used in television commercials for the ASPCA, with McLachlan appearing in person.

Critical reception
Afterglow was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 55 based on 11 reviews.

Commercial performance and award nominations
Afterglow was released on 4 November 2003, and was a success in North America, reaching number two on the Billboard 200, topping the Canadian Albums Chart and selling 361,000 copies in its first week of release. It reached #33 in the UK (McLachlan's biggest success there thus far) and the top 50 in Australia in 2004. The first single, "Fallen", reached the top ten on the Adult Top 40 Billboard charts and a remix reached top ten in the United States dance charts. A second single, "Stupid" was released in March 2004.

McLachlan was nominated in five Juno Award categories in Canada, including Album of the Year and Pop Album of the Year for Afterglow, and Songwriter of the Year for the songs on the album. The awards were announced on 4 April 2004. The album was also nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Pop Vocal Album field in 2005.

Afterglow has sold over 2.3 million copies in the US (as of November 2004) and went two times platinum. Worldwide, the album has sold more than four million copies (as of October 2006).

Personnel

 * Sarah McLachlan – vocals, electric guitar, piano, Rhodes piano, keyboards
 * Sean Ashby – guitar
 * Michel Pepin – guitar
 * Pete Caigan – engineering
 * Michael Chaves – guitar
 * Jim Creeggan – acoustic bass
 * Yanick Daunais – engineering
 * Bill Dillon – guitar, guitorgan, church organ
 * Yves Desrosiers – guitar
 * Kharen Hill – photography
 * Brian Hogue – engineering
 * Ethan Johns – guitar
 * Jorane – cello, background vocals, vocal treatments
 * Mark Jowett – guitar
 * David Kershaw – Hammond organ
 * Daryl Johnson – bass guitar
 * Tony Levin – bass guitar
 * Roman Klun – engineering
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Pierre Marchand – guitar, bass guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizer bass, production, engineering, mixing
 * Jerry Marotta – percussion
 * John Oliviera – engineering
 * Chis Potter – engineering, mixing
 * Ashwin Sood – drums, percussion, loops, keyboard bass
 * Linda Strawberry – engineering

title: Afterglow (Sarah McLachlan album)