text:
Treaty of San Stefano

The 1878 Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. It was signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), on 3 March 1878 by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and by Foreign Minister Saffet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

According to the official Russian position, by signing the treaty, Russia had never intended anything more than a temporary rough draft, so as to enable a final settlement with the other Great Powers.

The treaty provided for the establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria following almost 500 years of Ottoman rule in the Bulgarian lands. Bulgarians celebrate the day the treaty was signed, 3 March 1878, as Liberation Day. However, the enlarged Bulgaria envisioned by the treaty alarmed neighboring states as well as France and the United Kingdom. As a result, the enlargement was never implemented, being superseded by the Treaty of Berlin following the Congress of the same name that took place three months later.

On Bulgaria
The treaty established the autonomous self-governing Principality of Bulgaria, with a Christian government and the right to keep an army. Though still de jure tributary to the Ottomans, the Principality de facto functioned as an independent nation. Its territory included the plain between the Danube and the Balkan mountain range (Stara Planina), the region of Sofia, Pirot and Vranje in the Morava valley, Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace and nearly all of Macedonia (Article 6).

Bulgaria would thus have had direct access to the Mediterranean. This carried the potential of Russian ships eventually using Bulgarian Mediterranean ports as naval bases, which the other Great Powers greatly disliked.

A prince elected by the people, approved by the Ottoman Empire, and recognized by the Great Powers was to take the helm of the country (Article 7). A council of Bulgarian noblemen was to draft a constitution (also Article 7). (They produced the Tarnovo Constitution.) Ottoman troops were to withdraw from Bulgaria, while Russian troops would remain for two more years (Article 8).

According to Philip Roeder, the Treaty of San Stefano "transformed" Bulgarian nationalism, turning it from a disunited movement into a united one.

Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania
Under the treaty, Montenegro more than doubled its territory, acquiring formerly Ottoman-controlled areas including the cities of Nikšić, Podgorica, and Bar (Article 1), and the Ottoman Empire recognized its independence (Article 2).

Serbia gained the cities of Niš and Leskovac in Moravian Serbia and became independent (Article 3).

Turkey recognized the independence of Romania (Article 5) while the latter gained Northern Dobruja from Russia (to which it was transferred from the Ottoman Empire) and ceded Southern Bessarabia in a forced exchange.

On Russia and the Ottoman Empire

In exchange for war reparations, the Sublime Porte ceded Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert. Additionally, it ceded Northern Dobruja, which Russia handed to Romania in exchange for Southern Bessarabia (Article 19).

Article 21 allowed the population living in areas conquered by Russia to sell property and immigrate to Turkey. The Treaty of Berlin kept a similar provision. Many Adjarians left Adjara at that time.

On other regions
The Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) was supposed to become an autonomous province (Article 14 ). Crete, Epirus and Thessaly were to receive a limited form of local self-government (Article 15 ), while the Ottomans vouched for their earlier-given promises to handle reforms in Armenia in order to protect the Armenians from abuse (Article 16 ). The Straits—the Bosporus and the Dardanelles—were declared open to all neutral ships in war and peacetime (Article 24).

The Circassians of the newly liberated Balkan territories, who had been settled there in 1864 following the Circassian genocide and had committed several atrocities against the Christian population of the region during the war, were to be expelled. This way, the Circassian minority in Dobruja disappeared.

Reaction

The Great Powers, especially British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, were unhappy with this extension of Russian power, and Serbia feared that the establishment of Greater Bulgaria would harm its interests in the former and remaining Ottoman territories. These reasons prompted the Great Powers to obtain a revision of the treaty at the Congress of Berlin, and substitute it with the Treaty of Berlin.

Romania, which had contributed significantly to the Russian victory in the war, was extremely disappointed by the treaty, and the Romanian public perceived some of its stipulations as Russia breaking the Russo-Romanian pre-war treaties that guaranteed the integrity of Romanian territory.

Austria-Hungary was disappointed with the treaty as it failed to expand its influence in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Albanians, dwelling in provinces controlled by the Ottoman Empire, objected to what they considered a significant loss of their territory to Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro and realized they would have to organize nationally to attract the assistance of foreign powers seeking to neutralize Russia's influence in the region. The implications of the treaty led to the formation of the League of Prizren.

In the "Salisbury Circular" of 1 April 1878, the British Foreign Secretary Robert Cecil, made clear his and his government's objections to the Treaty of San Stefano and the favorable position in which it left Russia.

According to British historian A. J. P. Taylor, writing in 1954: "'If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for Beaconsfield [ Disraeli ] in his wilder moments, had expected less and were therefore less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878 'We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is no vitality left in them.''"

Critical re-evaluation of treaty in Bulgaria since the 1990s
Since 1990, a number of historians, publicists and journalists in Bulgaria have subjected the Treaty of San Stefano and the entire policy of the Russian Empire on the Eastern question in the 19th century to critical re-evaluation and have concluded that the treaty was a "charade" crafted by the long-standing Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Count Nikolay Ignatyev, for the purpose of securing Russian interests in Bulgaria and fomenting lasting anti-Western sentiment in Bulgarian society.

Russian Empire's objectives
Drawing on the texts of the 1876 Reichstadt Agreement, the 1877 Budapest Convention, various correspondence during the time period and particularly Count Ignatyev's own unfiltered thoughts in his diaries, all researchers draw the conclusion that the Russian Empire's only ambition was to conquer the Turkish Straits, in continuation of Catherine the Great's Greek Plan.

They argue that the "Bulgarian Question" and the liberation of the Bulgarians were used only as a political ruse and a stepping stone to Constantinople. As indicated in Ignatyev's Diaries, if the Russian plan had succeeded, Bulgarians would have ultimately been placed under Russian control by either subjecting them to direct Russian or indirect Serbian rule or ruling them as a puppet state.

Count Ignatyev's role in securing Russian imperial policy
Whereas in traditional Bulgarian and international historiography, Ignatyev is generally presented as a great friend of Bulgaria and an advocate of Bulgarian liberation, his diaires present him rather as a Machiavellian politician completely dedicated to furthering Russian imperialist expansion on the Balkans.

Among other things, Ignatyev is found to have continuously subverted the struggle for an independent Bulgarian Church in the 1860s and the 1870s, the success of which played a crucial role in Bulgarian nation-building. He is further implicated to have advocated for the hanging of the founder of the Bulgarian Internal Revolutionary Organisation (IRO), Vasil Levski, before the Ottoman authorities attempted to make the IRO, which was hostile to any foreign involvement, more amenable to Russian desires.

Indzhev, in particular, notes that by eliminating IRO's ideologue and leader, hellbent on liberation "by own means" and maligning the 19th-century Bulgarian bourgeoisie (e.g., Stoyan Chomakov), which favoured gaining autonomy by working together with the Ottoman authorities, Ignatyev's work blocked both Bulgaria's "revolutionary" and "evolutionary" path of development, which made "liberation by Russia", the scenario giving Russia direct control over Bulgarian affairs, the only option left.

April Uprising and consequences
Between 1855 and 1865, the Ottoman authorities settled 300,000 Crimean Tatar, Circassian and other Muslim Caucasian Muhacir in the Danube Vilayet. While the settlement of Crimean Tatars was largely problem-free, the scarcity of arable land, the sheer scale of Circassian migration and the inability of Ottoman authorities to address problems properly turned the Circassian settlement into a disaster that drove impoverished Circassians to join paramilitary (i.e., bashi-bazouk) units or turn to banditry and crime. The Ottoman inability to restore social order was a direct cause of the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876, whose bloody suppression generated widespread indignation and condemnation in Europe.

Most Great Powers were still deliberating what action to take and eventually reached agreement to convene the Constantinople Conference in late December 1876, when the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary had already apportioned the Ottoman holdings in Europe for themselves by virtue of the Reichstadt Agreement of 8 July 1876, more than half a year earlier. The agreement was reconfirmed and elaborated further in the Budapest Convention of 15 January 1877.

Reichstadt and Budapest Treaties
Both treaties were kept entirely secret and envisaged a Russian war on the Ottoman Empire, with Austria-Hungary pledging neutrality. The Russian Empire, in turn, pledged not to create a large Slavic state but only two independent principalities or two autonomous Ottoman vilayets (the version varies depending on language) north and south of the Balkan Range. In turn, Austria-Hungary was given permission to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. The treaties also envisaged Romania ceding southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, territorial acquisitions for Greece, etc.

All researchers have noted the pronounced similarity of the clauses of the two secret treaties to the provisions of the Berlin Treaty and the stark contrast of the three to the territorial provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano. They infer that the Russian Empire never had any actual intent to implement it.

Sabotaging Constantinople Conference as casus belli for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
However, in particular, Indzhev, Doychev, Gochev and Yordanov do not draw the line here. After comparing the dates of signing of the Budapest Convention (15 January 1877) and Grand Vizier Midhat Pasha's refusal (18 January 1877) to accede to the Great Powers' proposal at the Constantinople Conference for the creation of two autonomous Bulgarian vilayets and taking into account Ignatyev's own memos in his 1875–1878 Diaries, among other things, his allegation that "The Ottoman Sultan trusts the Russian ambassador fully" (pp. 72–73), the insistence that

"the Bulgarians... should be turned into an obedient tool of Russian policy and into our permanent allies by annihilating any option for them to cross to the enemy side" (pp. 51–53) and that

"the Austrian and Turkish Slavs must be our allies and tools of our policy towards Germany" (pp. 51–53), the warning that

"if the nations that rebelled against the Turks fall under Western rather than our influence, the situation on the Balkans will become far more untenable for Russia than it is now" (p. 58), etc. and after analysing the Great Power that would benefit most from sabotaging the Constantinople Conference, they conclude that the culprit must be The Russian Empire.

Traditionally, Bulgarian historiograhy, in line with Russian propaganda, has always cast the blame for the failure of the Conference on the go-to villain in modern Bulgarian history: the English. However, the vilayet autonomy proposal reflected all of the United Kingdom's desires by splitting the autonomous territory into two and ensuring extensive international (including English) oversight of vilayet affairs, which would have prevented the autonomous territories from becoming Russian puppets.

The inability to subjugate the Bulgarians to its long-term goals and policy and the desire to keep Western influence out of the Balkans are argued to be the very reasons for Russia's unwillingness to commit to the proposals of the Conference. A war would have drastically reduced the territory of the future Bulgarian state but also given Russia free rein to dictate Bulgarian affairs. Russia's intent to go to war as early as July 1876, as stipulated in the Reichstadt Agreement, is adduced as a further argument that the Constantinople Conference was an obstacle, rather than a solution, to the Bulgarian Crisis for Russia.

Indzhev and Gochev hypothesise that Ignatyev secured the Ottomans' co-operation by assuring them that any territory they would lose in a potential war would be far smaller than the territory of the two autonomous vilayets, which largely overlapped with the borders of the Bulgarian Exarchate. Indeed, the Principality of Bulgaria created after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) covered less than 40% of the territory of the autonomous vilayets.

In that connection, several of the authors have also noted the unwillingness of the Russian administration to refer to the Bulgarians by their national name and to instead call them "Slavs" and "Orthodox Christians" before the war and the subsequent use of designations such as "Russian-Danubian Province", "Balkan Province", "occupation fund" and "occupation" until the terms of the Berlin Treaty defined the organisation of the future Bulgarian Principality and gave the Russian occupation corps explicit deadlines for retreat.

In particular, Indzhev, Doychev and Yordanov have opined that if the Russian troops had not been forced in Berlin to withdraw, they would have never left.

Myth of San Stefano
Numerous authors conclude that the carefully crafted myth of San Stefano has caused lasting harm to Bulgarian statehood by making Bulgarians vulnerable to Russian propaganda and depriving them of the ability to exercise judgement at critical junctures in their history.

In particular, Aleksandar Tatsov, Yanko Gochev, Plamen Tzvetkov and Alexander Yordanov have referred to the Balkan Wars in which the false belief of several successive Russophile cabinets that "Russia will help Bulgaria because it did so in San Stefano" essentially made the country's entire future dependent on a foreign power that had anathemised the Unification of Bulgaria, invited the Ottoman Sultan to reconquer Eastern Rumelia and organised a coup against the Bulgarian Prince only three decades earlier.

The Bulgarian journalist Ivo Indzhev focuses on the vulnerability of modern Bulgaria to Russian propaganda, including with regard to the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, and points out that "the myth of San Stefano" remains to this day the most effective tool for generating pro-Russian and anti-Western sentiment in Bulgarian society. Finally, Tsvetkov bluntly states that unless Bulgarian society overcomes what he refers to as "its San Stefano inferiority complex" and "self-degrading Russophilia", he is not optimistic about the future of the country.

In that connection, quite notably and despite being unaware of either the Reichstadt and Budapest Treaties or Count Ignatyev's Diaries, the Bulgarian statesman and long-standing Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov held similar beliefs as early as the 1880s. He considered the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) to be an attempt by Tsarist Russia to turn Bulgaria into a protectorate and preferred a union with Romania or even a dual Bulgarian-Turkish state to further involvement with Russia.

In popular culture
The circumstances leading to the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano are depicted in Boris Akunin's historical novel The Turkish Gambit. Akunin in general sticks to known historical facts, though he attributes some acts to fictional characters such as his recurrent protaginist Erast Fandorin.

Maps

 * Bulgaria in the borders after the Treaties of Constantinople, San-Stephano, Berlin, London, Bucharest and Neuilly. Scale 1:1600000 map. (in German)

title: Treaty of San Stefano


text:
42 Squadron

42 Squadron or 42nd Squadron may refer to:

 * No. 42 Squadron RAAF, Australia
 * No. 42 Squadron (Finland)
 * No. 42 Squadron RNZAF, New Zealand
 * No. 42 Squadron RAF, United Kingdom
 * 42 Radar Squadron, Canada
 * 42nd Air Refueling Squadron, United States Air Force
 * 42nd Attack Squadron, United States Air Force
 * 42nd Electronic Combat Squadron, United States Air Force
 * 42nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, United States Air Force
 * 42nd Flying Training Squadron, United States Air Force
 * 42nd Tactical Missile Squadron, United States Air Force
 * VA-42 (U.S. Navy), Attack Squadron 42
 * Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 42, United States Marine Corps

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 42 Squadron


text:
Talk:USS Panay incident

Untitled
Please add comments ot the bottom of this page.

A very large block of text is a copy directly from http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/summer_2001_two_japans_1.html. According to the copyright notice on that page, free use is not confirmed. I have pulled all the copied text (which is unfortunate because it was really good). If someone can confirm that we are allowed to use the text as is, please source your confirmation of copyright on this page and add the text back to the article. Rossami 23:16, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * See Copyright if you dont fully understand why it is ok to copy text directly from http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/summer_2001_two_japans_1.html . Perl 23:45, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Not only have I read the Wikipedia article on copyrights, I have also read the relevant US law. I refer you specifically to the copyright clauses on the National Archives website including Add to those disclaimers the facts that With all that, I do not believe that Wikipedia automatically falls under the fair use clause. If you are qualified to give a legal opinion based on the available evidence, please do so. Otherwise, I ask again for affirmative evidence that the cut text did not constitute a copyright violation. Rossami 04:36, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "Generally, materials produced by Federal agencies are in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. However, not all materials appearing on this website are in the public domain. Some materials have been donated or obtained from individuals or organizations and may be subject to restrictions on use." (emphasis added)
 * "we can not confirm copyright status for any item."
 * "Please note that because we cannot guaranty the status of specific items, you use materials found in our holdings at your own risk." and
 * "We request that you link to our site rather than downloading portions of it...".
 * the NARA article is specifically attributed to an individual (Trevor K Plante)
 * the Wikipedia article was virtually 100% cut and paste from their article (even down to the footnote numbers, though the footnotes themselves were not brought over).

 * Note that the "we can not confirm copyright status for any item." statement (and the others like it) applies to the numerous items contained within the National Archives. I'm pretty sure they'd be willing to confirm the copyright status of their own publication. -- Cyrius 05:46, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * US Government material is copyright free unless they indicate otherwise. Perl 19:20, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The question is, does that material belong to the US government, or does it belong to Mr. Plante. While I believe it is public domain (given that Mr. Plante is a NARA employee, and it is a NARA publication), the online version of Prologue does not contain any information to clear up who has the rights to what. It won't hurt anything for you to ask them. -- Cyrius 21:50, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * If Mr. Plante is an employee of the US government, then it IS public domain. Perl 21:59, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * If you mean that statement to be an absolute rule, it is not true. Read the law. It is true only of materials created in his official capacity as an employee. He retains personal rights to anything he creates in his free time even if he later donates it (which he could do with restrictions) to his employer. While I agree with you that the source is probably in the public domain, the only way to know for sure is to ask NARA. I have not been able to get through (and have not had much time to try). Have you? Rossami 16:54, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, the law also says that they do not have to mark the copyrighted material as copyrighted anymore. The responsibility of confirming fair use is now on the user. Rossami

Public domain
I got tired of the useless assertations, so I took an entirely radical and unthinkable step to solve the problem. I asked them.

 * Features written by NARA staff are in the public domain. Prologue does not hold any copyright, but individual authors may choose to copyright. Trevor Plante is a NARA archivist, and therefore his article is in the public domain. Copyrighted articles are indicated by the (c) symbol after the author's name.

 * Even though there is no copyright, we are interested to know where Prologue features are reprinted and ask that, as a courtesy, Prologue is given as the source.

 * Thank you for inquiring.

 * Mary C. Ryan
 * Policy & Communications Staff - NPOL

NPOL being the policy branch of NARA. There's an email address and a phone number attached, but I'm not putting them up unless requested to do so.

There, was that really so hard? -- Cyrius 20:10, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WPMILHIST Assessment
Wow. An excellent start, and an interesting read. I think it would be pertinent, however, to expand upon the significance of the event in the introduction. This was the first Japanese attack on any US target during the prelude to WW II, right? Obviously, it didn't garner a lot of direct response, nothing like the response that Pearl Harbor, the Maine, or the Lusitania did, but I think it's a much more significant event than simply one of many attacks. Also, please cite your sources in a dedicated References or Sources section. LordAmeth 15:08, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Deliberate Attack, but why?
The is not alone in telling that the Panay was deliberately bobmed by the Japanese. But could anyone explain to me the why? Why were the Japanese officers deliberately attaking a ship of the neutral USA? thestor 12:41, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

too much blah blah re donations
There is lots of extended blah-blah about people who offered or donated trivial amounts of money in regret for the Panay bombing. This is a bunch of triviality and non-encyclopedic in nature and does not belong here. I have erased some of it now, and I am tempted to erase all of it. What is important (and encyclopedic) information is the large amount of money paid to the U.S. by the Japanese government. It is hard to believe why someone would want to write all the stuff about triviality by private individuals. Someone needs to learn about how scales of importance apply to events - and not to babble about things. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.249.90.237 (talk) 15:37, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

It sounds like some weird nationalist revisionism to me. I’d say edit it out. Came to the discussion page for this. Freakdog (talk) 04:26, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Post incident
The post incident section seems to take up about three-quarters of the article, but focuses largely on the responses of some (by no means all) Japanese citizens. It's also largely taken from one source. I suggest it gives the matter undue weigth in an article on this subject; it should be substantially trimmed, and the original article linked for further reading. The subject of Japanese dislike of the militaristic stance their country had is a worthwhile subject, but such an in-depth treatment of a single aspect of it is out of place here. Xyl 54 (talk) 00:39, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, something needs to be said about the donations, since it seems to have been a diplomatically important aspect of the event. I've read the National Archives article on the subject before, and it's clear that Ambassador Grew and the State Department were quite troubled on how to handle the affair. While the original blanket copy-and-paste was obviously excessive, the way it has been clumsily chopped out leaves the current article with a nonsensical break in this section. It needs to be rewritten with a summary of what happened. --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 23:21, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Another problem with this section is that it starts by talking about the contributions, but never gets around to explaining what contributions it's talking about, or why they were a problem. This could easily be solved by adding one sentence to the beginning of the paragraph explaining that they were (I presume) voluntary donations by Japanese citizens who wanted to show their regret for the incident.  Alas, I know nothing about them as I'd never heard of them before.  Maybe somebody with more information can tidy this slight issue up.  JDZeff (talk) 01:30, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Sounds like whitewashing and it’s out of place. “A bunch of concerned citizens gave $$ because of the following reasons A B and C “— and then move on. Freakdog (talk) 04:29, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

"Incident" involving other aircraft?
hi, my purnell's The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare under "D1A, Aichi" (p. 674) states "Most saw action in China, one unit dive-bombing and sinking the USS gunboat Panay in the Yangtze in 1937." just wondering why the article doesn't mention these aircraft (also no mention of this in the aircraft's wikiarticle). thanks, Coolabahapple (talk) 13:27, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

Lt. Arthur Anders
For some reason this article completely omits mention of Lt. Arthur Anders, the so-called "Hero of the Panay" who was awarded the Navy Cross as a result of his actions during the incident. Anders' son is the Apollo astronaut William Anders. It's a glaring omission.

title: Talk:USS Panay incident


text:
User:Aalahazrat~enwiki

I have been working a lot on the Urdu Wikipedia. If any of you can speak or write in Urdu and want to help I would really appreciate it.

Done My contribution to the Wikipedia project.

If there are any requests add them to the to do list. If you want to commend me and worship me for my work email me.

To do List of Indian Monarchs War of Independence of 1857 ALL of South Asian history  Karachi  Pakistan  Urdu

Weblog

The pages that I have started.

 * List of cities in Balochistan
 * List of Indian Monarchs
 * War of Independence of 1857
 * Districts of Pakistan

ur:User:Aalahazrat

title: User:Aalahazrat~enwiki


text:
Baron Redesdale

Baron Redesdale, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland, is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was firstly created in 1802 for the lawyer and politician Sir John Mitford (later Freeman-Mitford). The title was created anew in 1902 for the former's cousin Bertram Mitford.

History
The Mitford family is an aristocratic English family, with origins in medieval Northumberland where they held Mitford Castle. Sir John Mitford was Speaker of the House of Commons between 1801 and 1802 and Lord Chancellor of Ireland between 1802 and 1806. His only son, the second Baron, served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1851 to 1886. In 1877, he was created Earl of Redesdale, in the County of Northumberland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Lord Redesdale never married, and on his death in 1886 both titles became extinct. The Earl bequeathed his substantial estates to his first cousin twice removed, the diplomat, politician and writer Sir Algernon Bertram Mitford, the great-grandson of historian William Mitford, who was the elder brother of the first Baron Redesdale.

The Redesdale title was revived when Algernon Freeman-Mitford was raised to the peerage as Baron Redesdale, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland, on 15 July 1902. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, who is chiefly remembered as the father of the famous Mitford sisters. He was also a member of the Right Club, founded by Archibald Maule Ramsay. His only son, the Hon. Thomas Freeman-Mitford, was killed in action in Burma in 1945.

Lord Redesdale was therefore succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1935. He died childless in 1962 when the title passed to his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He died in the following year, also childless, and was succeeded by his nephew, the fifth Baron. He was the son of the Hon. Ernest Rupert Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, fifth son of the first Baron.

, the title is held by the fifth Baron's son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 1991. He is a Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords, who in 2000 was created a life peer as Baron Mitford, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland, to enable him to return to the House after the majority of hereditary peers lost their seats under the House of Lords Act 1999.

Barons Redesdale, first creation (1802)

 * John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1748–1830)
 * John Thomas Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1805–1886; created Earl of Redesdale in 1877)

Earl of Redesdale (1877)

 * John Thomas Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale (1805–1886)

Barons Redesdale, second creation (1902)

 * Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1837–1916)
 * David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958)
 * Bertram Thomas Carlyle Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 3rd Baron Redesdale (1880–1962)
 * John Power Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 4th Baron Redesdale (1885–1963)
 * Clement Napier Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 5th Baron Redesdale (1932–1991)
 * Rupert Bertram Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale (b. 1967)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, the Hon. Bertram David Mitford (b. 2000).

title: Baron Redesdale


text:
Tskhinvali

Tskhinvali (ცხინვალი ) or Tskhinval (Цхинвал, Чъреба, ; Цхинвал(и), ) is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by the Russian Federation and four other UN member states). Tskhinvali Region, known historically as Samachablo, was always part of the Georgian state as a single military and administrative entity. It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 km northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.

Name
The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Old Georgian Krtskhinvali (ქრცხინვალი), from earlier Krtskhilvani (ქრცხილვანი), literally meaning "the land of hornbeams", which is the historical name of the city. See ცხინვალი for more.

From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (სტალინირი, Сталинир), which was compilation of Joseph Stalin's surname with Ossetian word "Ir" which means Ossetia. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final "i", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian name of the city is Chreba (Чъреба) which is only spread as a colloquial word. The name Chreba comes from the Georgian Ḳreba (კრება), literally meaning "gathering" due to the city historically serving as a trading point.

History
The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.

Tskhinvali was first chronicled by Georgian sources in 1398 as a village in Kartli (central Georgia) though a later account credits the 3rd century AD Georgian king Aspacures II of Iberia with its foundation as a fortress. By the early 18th century, Tskhinvali was a small "royal town" populated chiefly by monastic serfs. Tskhinvali was annexed to the Russian Empire along with the rest of eastern Georgia in 1801. Located on a trade route which linked North Caucasus to Tbilisi and Gori, Tskhinvali gradually developed into a commercial town with a mixed Georgian Jewish, Georgian, Armenian and Ossetian population. In 1917, it had 600 houses with 38.4% Georgian Jews, 34.4% Georgians, 17.7% Armenians and 8.8% Ossetians.

The town saw clashes between Georgian People's Guard and pro-Bolshevik Ossetian peasants during the 1918–20 period, when Georgia gained brief independence from Russia. Soviet rule was established by the invading Red Army in March 1921, and a year later, in 1922, Tskhinvali was made a capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian SSR. Subsequently, the town became largely Ossetian due to intense urbanisation and Soviet Korenizatsiya ("nativization") policy which induced an inflow of the Ossetians from the nearby rural areas into Tskhinvali. It was essentially an industrial centre, with lumber mills and manufacturing plants, and had also several cultural and educational institutions such as a venerated Pedagogical Institute (currently Tskhinvali State University) and a drama theatre. According to the last Soviet census (in 1989), Tskhinvali had a population of 42,934, and according to the census of Republic of South Ossetia in 2015, the population was 30,432 people.

During the acute phase of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Tskhinvali was a scene of ethnic tensions and ensuing armed confrontation between Georgian and Ossetian forces. The 1992 Sochi ceasefire accord left Tskhinvali in the hands of Ossetians.

Russo-Georgian War
A considerable part of the population of South Ossetia (at least, 30,000 out of 70,000) fled into North Ossetia–Alania prior or immediately after the start of the 2008 war. However, many civilians were killed during the shelling and the following Battle of Tskhinvali (162 civilian deaths were documented by the Russian team of investigators and 365 – by the South Ossetian authorities ). The town was heavily damaged during the battle due to extensive shelling by the Georgian Army. Andrey Illarionov visited the town in October 2008, and reported that Jewish Quarter indeed was in ruins, though he observed that the ruins were overgrown with shrubs and trees, which indicates that the destruction took place during the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. However, Mark Ames, who was covering the last war for The Nation, stated that Tskhinvali's main residential district, nicknamed Shanghai because of its population density (it's where most of the city's high-rise apartment blocks are located), and the old Jewish Quarter, were completely destroyed.

Climate
Located in the Caucasus, at 860 m above sea level, Tskhinvali has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with an average annual precipitation of 805 mm. Summers are mild and winters are cold, with snowfalls.

Present
Currently, Tskhinvali functions as the capital of South Ossetia. Before the 2008 war it had a population of approximately 30,000. The town remained significantly impoverished in the absence of a permanent political settlement between the two sides in the past two decades.

On August 21, 2008, a world-known Russian conductor and director of the Mariinsky Theatre, of Ossetian origin, Valery Gergiev conducted a concert near the ruined building of South Ossetian parliament in memory of the Ossetian victims of the Russo-Georgian War.

Transport
There was a railway service before 1991 at the Tskhinvali Railway station connecting the city with Gori.

Twin towns and Sister cities
Tskhinvali is twinned with the following cities:
 * Arkhangelsk, Russia
 * Vladivostok, Russia

Notable people

 * David Baazov, founder of the Zionist movement in Georgia
 * Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Olympic Champion weightlifter
 * Arsen Kasabiev, weightlifter
 * Vadim Laliev, former professional wrestler representing Armenia and Russia
 * Temo Svirely, artist
 * Guram Tskhovrebov, football player
 * Irakli Okruashvili, a Georgian politician and a former Georgian Defence Minister

Sites

 * Site of Tskhinvali: information, news, video, photos, etc. – www.chinval.ru

Pictures

 * Casualties in South Ossetia from Human Rights Watch
 * Tskhinvali after the war from RIA Novosti
 * 13 Aug 2008: Pictures of destroyed Tskhinvali after shelling of the city by Georgian troops on 8 Aug 2008 from Osinform
 * "Kvartals old Tskhinval (photo)"(«Кварталы старого Цхинвала (фото)») – OSinform.ru

title: Tskhinvali


text:
Baron Ritchie of Dundee

Baron Ritchie of Dundee, of Welders in the Parish of Chalfont St Giles in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1905 for the Conservative politician Charles Ritchie. He was Home Secretary between 1900 and 1902 and Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1902 and 1903.

He was succeeded by his second but only surviving son, the second Baron. He was Chairman of the Port of London Authority from 1925 to 1941. His son, the third Baron, served as Chairman of the London Stock Exchange from 1959 to 1965 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1965. When he died the title passed to his younger brother, the fourth Baron, who in his turn was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth Baron. the title is held by the latter's only son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 2008.

Another member of the Ritchie family was Sir James Thomson Ritchie, 1st Baronet, Lord Mayor of London from 1903 to 1904. He was the elder brother of the first Baron Ritchie of Dundee.

Barons Ritchie of Dundee (1905)

 * Charles Thomson Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1838–1906)
 * Charles Ritchie, 2nd Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1866–1948)
 * John Kenneth Ritchie, 3rd Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1902–1975)
 * Colin Neville Ower Ritchie, 4th Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1908–1978)
 * Harold Malcolm Ritchie, 5th Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1919–2008)
 * Charles Rupert Rendall Ritchie, 6th Baron Ritchie of Dundee (b. 1958)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Sebastian Rendall Ritchie (b. 2004).

title: Baron Ritchie of Dundee


text:
Challenge riding

Challenge riding is a form of cycling where the riders challenge themselves rather than each other. Some challenge rides are charity events or pledge rides. Some are organised as pre- or early-season training events (sometimes in the UK called reliability trials). Others, often referred to as Randonnées, brevets or Audax events occur simply for the sake of the challenge; cyclosportive events allow cyclists to test themselves over challenging race routes used, for example L'Étape du Tour in the Tour de France. Most challenge rides are open to all comers, but a few require qualification to attend.

Challenge rides may be day rides of fixed distance (e.g. 50 km, 100 km, 100 miles) or multi-day trips that span a state, country or province, such as RAGBRAI in Iowa and the End to End in the United Kingdom.

title: Challenge riding


text:
Northbridge (computing)

In computing, a northbridge (also host bridge, or memory controller hub) is a microchip that comprises the core logic chipset architecture on motherboards to handle high-performance tasks, especially for older personal computers. It is connected directly to a CPU via the front-side bus (FSB), and is usually used in conjunction with a slower southbridge to manage communication between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard.

Historically, separation of functions between CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was necessary due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip die. However, as CPU speeds increased over time, a bottleneck emerged due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset. The trend for integrated northbridges began near the end of the 2000s – for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M GPU in the 2010 MacBook Air was a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.

On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub or graphics and memory controller hub if equipped with integrated graphics. Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself, beginning with memory and graphics controllers. Since the 2010s, die shrink and improved transistor density have allowed for increasing chipset integration, and the functions performed by northbridges are now often incorporated into other components such as southbridges or CPUs themselves.

Intel and AMD have both released chipsets in which all northbridge functions had been integrated into the CPU. The corresponding southbridge was renamed by Intel as the Platform Controller Hub and by AMD as the Fusion controller hub. AMD FX CPUs continued to require external northbridge and southbridge chips. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die, where it is known as the uncore or system agent.

Overview
The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge. Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.

There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM; generally, these are made available when there is a shift to a new standard. For example, the northbridge from the 2002 Nvidia nForce2 chipset only worked with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM.

PowerPC
Northbridge chips are most commonly found on X86-based PCs, but they can also be found on other platforms, such as the PowerPC platform. A common example of a northbridge on a PowerPC platform is in Apple's older PowerPC-based computers like the iMac G5, which utilized an IBM CPC945 Northbridge chip. According to an Apple Developer note, The Power Mac G5's northbridge chip connected to a "Mid Bridge", which then connected to a south bridge.

Etymology
The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.

Overclocking
The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as rise, fall, delay and storage times of the transistors, current gain bandwidth product, parasitic capacitance, and propagation delay, which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting. Additionally, heat is a major limiting factor, as higher voltages are needed to properly activate field effect transistors inside CPUs and this higher voltage produces larger amounts of heat, requiring greater thermal solutions on the die.

Evolution
The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance. The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD K8 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.

Some northbridge chips have supported dual processors, for example Intel's 5000X memory controller used in the original Mac Pro from 2006.

Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD K8 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).

AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface (usually for graphics card), and integrated graphics processing unit (iGPU). This was an evolution of the AMD K8, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.

The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Intel Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions. Intel's Sandy Bridge processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface and integrated graphics processing unit (GPU). This was a further evolution of the Westmere architecture, which also featured a CPU and GPU in the same package.

Recent AMD processors starting with the Zen 2 have moved some I/O functions out of the CPU die onto an I/O die on the same MCM package as the CPU. This die is not normally considered to be part of the Northbridge, since it is in the same package as the CPU, but it serves some of the same functions.

title: Northbridge (computing)


text:
PowerQuest

PowerQuest was a software company that produced utility software. It was acquired by Symantec in 2003. PowerQuest's market focus was on management of computer data storage, especially file systems and disk partitions. Their products included PartitionMagic, DriveCopy, Drive Image, and ServerMagic.

PowerQuest was started in the basement of Eric J. Ruff in Orem, Utah. PowerQuest earned Mr. Ruff the 64th spot on the Inc. 500 list in 2000, and earned many awards for being one of the fastest growing software companies in the world.

title: PowerQuest


text:
Talk:Wardenclyffe Tower

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 January 2019 and 1 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rameen215.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Clarity?
Does anyone actually understand all this, and if so could they explain in an intelligible way? This very lengthy and verbose article entirely fails to explain what the tower was meant to do, how it was meant to do it, and whether it would have worked or not. Apparently it has been that way since at least 2005. Just a little explanatory section would do wonders. 109.130.39.77 (talk) 21:05, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * That's because the enthusiasts don't know how it would have "worked" either. Tesla claimed magical things would happen if he could just get enough money to finish Wardenclyffe - instead it all got spent on hotel bills and feeding pigeons.
 * If you read the Tesla articles, Wardenclyffe would have broadcast free power to the world, lit the oceans at night, broadcast sound and pictures to your pocket device with absolute security and fidelity, etc. etc.; it was supposed to do all this by treating the space between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere as a giant cavity resonator, and connecting to the ionosphere by means of high voltages and (relatively) high frequency current in the mushroom-shaped terminal of the tower. What no-one has ever explained to me, though, is why voltage would jump the gap of scores of miles to the ionosphere and not just strike down at the ground a few feet away.  Evidently J.P. Morgan couldn't understand what Tesla was trying to do (or caught on to the scam at some point) and quit paying for apparatus, etc.
 * There's no point trying to truncate the article to common sense, as the only people writing about Tesla were such..."enthusiasts" as O'Neil,so anything that's referenced about Tesla winds up sounding the same. You're welcome to prune down the purple patches, at a cursory glance this article is about 3/4 the same as the Tesla biography. --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:06, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually Morgan held up his side of the bargain "to the letter" as Tesla puts it in his autobiography. $150,000 to be precise. Morgan was under no obligation to provide further funding as realistically he should have seen his functional world communications system come to fruition at that point. Marconi's untimely transatlantic radio transmission proved that one didn't need an expensive and ambitious Wardenclyffe Tower to accomplish this. It seems people with a latent introduction to Tesla favour the 'suppression' angle on this subject. On that note, perhaps someone could provide a cite that links 'free electricity' to the Wardenclyffe Project? I'm aware that Tesla spoke of providing 'free energy' in the sense that he would use solar and hydro power to uproot coal and wood as the main energy sources but in what definition does Tesla use the the term 'free electricity' and where is it specifically tied to Wardenclyffe? Who was to pay for the coal to fuel the generators?
 * According to Tesla, apart from wireless communication the tower would demonstrate wireless transmission of energy on a small scale with conviction. Wireless transmission of energy was not the tower's main purpose.

 * I have found an article in an old book that describes how the thinga ma jigs are constructed. This credible source of 1897 does not question that it works. It is not in English and would be difficult for me to translate because I don't really know much about electrical engineering. However, it is perfectly clear, to catch the electricity on the other end you need a particular equipment and why that should not have a meter is not logical. But maybe anybody could build such a receiver easily and get freebies. With today's computerised world and set-top boxes that should not be an impediment. Protection of billions of investment in wires are a much higher bar. What it also says is there is less loss in engery transmission, i.e. transmission through air is better than through wire. There was also a reference to a German language article published in Halle, Germany in 1895. Please note that Yougoslavia did not exist when Tesla was born. He was born in what was then Austria ruled Croatia, German spoken. 144.136.192.45 (talk) 03:47, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

 * The caption on first picture of the Wardenclyffe Tower on the main page also needs claryfing and a cite.
 * How can one possibly say "The station, including the tower structure, was not completed due to J.P Morgan not allowing it to be finished because in his own words "He couldn't put a watt on it.""? I have read a lot of correnspondence between Tesla and Morgan and have never once seen Morgan to refer to himself in the third person persepctive, nor any material that backs up this ever changing quote of his.
 * No wonder people get confused.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 34.253.3.201 (talk) 11:31, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

I would suggest that the bulk of the article about the system be split out into a separate article. How about Tesla's World Wireless System ? -- Beardo (talk) 20:54, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Excellent idea. Good luck (see my comments below re Chain reaction).  (EEng draws on bulletproof vest and hazmat suit, raises blast shields.) EEng (talk) 23:36, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Clarity issues involve shifts in verb tenses, and some quotes that are used repeatedly in questionable context. The tense issues make it unclear what parts actually occurred or would have worked. Tesla's quotes appear to be used as the only authority on the subject of how it would have worked, over more recent criticisms with no other recent rebuttal cited. Mynameisntbob1 (talk) 02:55, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Current status of the site?
In 2009, NYT reported that Agfa offered the site for sale. Was it sold? User:Shattered (talk) 18:32, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Wardencliff was supposed to power a sister Light tower in Paris at the World Fair to showcase wireless transmission of industrial strength power. Tesla designed Niagra Falls to be able to generate enough power to wirelessly power the entire planet through the Ionosphere using Wardencliff as the antenna. But before this could be showcased, the Bank asked Tesla, "How do we charge people for this". And when Tesla answered, "You cant, its like the radio, you can not monitor what is passively received. It was not economically viable to the banks, so the banks pulled the plug on him and had the US army destroy it and take all the research for it.  Imagine free power?  Ever watch Chain Reaction?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.32.2.46 (talk) 22:17, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Like this article, Chain Reaction narrates how the secret of limitless, cheap power was suppressed in the name of profit. And like this article, it's a sci-fi fantasy which feeds some people's desire to believe that only some vast international conspiracy stands between the common man and life on Easy Street. EEng (talk) 03:54, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Even if Tesla had been able to build a functional system, it would still be possible to charge for it - after all, as I understand it towers would be placed at various points around the world, but you'd still need to distribute the electricity to individual properties / businesses, so you could still meter it and charge people for the distribution of it, as well as the maintenance of the towers. Just because the generation is 'free', the collection and distribution definitely isn't! Mittfh (talk) 14:39, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Matthew Inman from The Oatmeal is reportedly starting a campaign to help preserve the property and the tower. MsFionnuala (talk) 23:43, 15 August 2012 (UTC)
 * As stated in the Main article, within a week Inman had raised the necessary finance to purchase the site, but will still keep the fundraising page open so the excess can be channelled into repairs and renovations of the building, as well as installing the necessary fittings and fixtures to turn it into a museum. Mittfh (talk) 14:39, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge
Suggest merging Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe to this article; most of that article is a recap of the history already here and this article already has a description of the fund raising efforts. WP:CRYSTAL applies as well, as yet there's no museum built. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:02, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose - They are separate topics. The fundraising efforts are tangential to this article, which has more of a historical perspective. Also, Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe is an organization which already exists, and there is sufficient history, media coverage and current activity to justify a separate article. WP:CRYSTAL does not apply (to the article, although it may apply to some forward looking plans). – MrX 14:10, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose - per above, they are separate articles. --Turn685 (talk) 02:58, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose They are seperate topics. The article carefully avoids anything that would fall under WP:CRYSTAL and is quite noteworthy in and of itself. Shawn Is Here : Now in colors 04:05, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

Property Bought
Hi,

Recently the property was bought by Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe. Most of the funds were raised by donators to Matthew Inman's Campaign Let's Build a Goddamn Tesla Museum. This is quite important info as the site will now become a museum. this should be added to the Wiikpedia article.

This information can be found at http://www.indiegogo.com/teslamuseum and http://theoatmeal.com/

http://theoatmeal.com/blog/tesla_museum_1m

Many thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.240.128.21 (talk) 12:16, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

Article should address Conservation of Energy
"The transmitter itself was to have been powered by a 200 kilowatt Westinghouse alternating current industrial generator."

And what was to provide mechanical energy to the generator? A coal-fired steam turbine?

Because at most 200 kilowatts was input to the tower, seems to me that the consumers of its wireless power, collectively, could have drawn at most 200 kilowatts from the system. If this is correct, the article should explicitly say so, to combat a myth that Wardenclyffe somehow would have distributed unlimited quantities of wireless power. 75.163.215.184 (talk) 19:39, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Correct. It was supposed to run on a 200KW generator, later to be replaced by power from Niagara Falls. But, with this 200KW input it would distribute 10.000 HP which is 7.46 MW. I have done extensive research on the subject, you can read all about it with references and verification experiments here: http://mage00000.blogspot.com. Most of what is written in this article is based on assumption and at best incomplete. Ernst122.155.42.1 (talk) 14:06, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

"World Wireless System", "Variant receiver", "Particle beam invention"
I have removed the "World Wireless System", "Variant receiver", and "Particle beam invention" sections because they seem to be entirely based on original research being: primary sources re:turn of the 20th century (and before) sources and Tesla's own writings, analysis/synthesis of more modern sources that do not mention Tesla, and one editor (Gary Peterson) apparently citing himself as a source. This could be fine research (hard to tell since there are no reliable sources), but, in its current form, it does not belong in Wikipedia. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 16:12, 19 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I would have been quite as bold in removing all of that content, but the sourcing is weak and there does seem to be some original research, so I don't have any objections. Much of this content could be useful if verified and copy edited, but we would need corroborating secondary sources, and far less emphasis on primary sources (for example, patents). - MrX 20:15, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I have gone through the content several times checking sources, and as far as I can see per WP:V and WP:RS, the sourcing is not weak, its non-existent. It goes 12 paragraphs before you get a non-primary source... but that source is just a modern ref to "Earth's self-capacitance", it has nothing to do with Tesla. And the references get no better after that (and gets worse re:self sourcing). This is a personal essay on how these things could would work, it could be true, who knows. It seems to be in the wrong article and in the wrong project. The question I think we should answer is "where in the Wiki universe" should it go? I guess Wikinfo? I would note this and this have the same problem noted here. We could always WP:NORN the whole lot to get a general opinion on how to handle it.

 * For this article the content needs to be way boiled down and fit to WP:PST to answer "How did Tesla intend the trans-Atlantic wireless telephony, broadcasting to work", "how was the wireless power transmission for Wardenclyffe intended to work", and "when did Tesla reveal the secondary function?".Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 22:19, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

This edit has eviscerated the article. Sadness. --J. D. Redding 03:29, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I noticed this material keeps getting restored without comment, in one case by (the person who did the research?). My take on this material is that its fine research, but that's the problem, its WP:OR. It may belong somewhere in the WIKI universe but probably not in Wikipedia. WP:OR seems to suggest a route for publishing original research re:Wikiversity:Publishing original research. That may be the best route, then that resulting article can be linked in this article. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 13:48, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

The individual's objections are noted and the problems will be corrected. - GPeterson (talk) 15:35, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Dedicated "World Wireless System" Article
It has been suggested the "World Wireless System" section be split off into a new article titled "World Wireless System." - GPeterson (talk) 16:28, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * That may be a good idea based on the volume of related content that has been added to this article. I would strongly recommend though that it be titled World wireless power system, or similar, to avoid ambiguity. - MrX 16:40, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

 * oppose - a non-executed plan by Nicola Tesla does not warrant a whole article. Material also runs afoul of WP:NOTESSAY and the previously mention WP:OR problems and looks to be a copy of these sources     . In other words material is not encyclopedic and moving it to its own article does not correct that. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 13:02, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * GLPeterson has already forked it. At his point, I would recommend addressing the content at the new article, including major copy editing to remove content that doesn't comply with WP:RS and WP:OR. If what is left is trivial, then AfD might be the appropriate route. I think there is a rough consensus that most of the material does not belong in this article. - MrX 13:12, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Noticed after I posted, ty. I plan to leave it for a while, and see how it shakes out. Its on my back burner along with other similar content. I noticed someone has already had a go at some of the other problematic content I listed earlier. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 19:32, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * FYI, I'd be interested in rewriting the mess at World Wireless System in the near future when I finish some other projects, particularly if there are other editors who would like to collaborate. I would be in favor of merging it back here if there's room, as I agree Tesla's unexecuted dream doesn't really merit a separate article.  -- Chetvorno TALK 17:07, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

GPS coordinates?
Does any know GPS coordinates of point where tower was standing? Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.216.38.62 (talk) 06:41, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Shoreham, Long Island, the 0.4sq mile area in which the tower is situated, is centred at 40° 57' 25? N, 72° 54' 31? W (40.956944, -72.908611), and I imagine you could get a more precise location of the actual tower using Google Earth. It should be easy to locate visually given the resolution of the satellite images of Google earth Tarquin Q. Zanzibar (talk) 09:52, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Just a "Tower"?
This article describes the tower up front in the lead but the tower was a small (and short lived) component in Tesla's Wardenclyffe project, which also included a grounding well and a building that was the transmission facility as well as a laboratory and factory (as the majority of the article describes). Maybe the title should be changed to "Wardenclyffe". Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 19:59, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
The science center article duplicates most content in this article. Also, the museum has not even begun construction yet. It is likely that the museum will not be built for some time, and the article can be created then. Epicgenius (talk) 03:12, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose - These are very different subjects. The tower no longer exists, but has significant historical importance. The museum only happens to be located at the site of the former tower, and it will incorporate Tesla's former laboratory on the site. The museum is a work in progress, but has already generated a significant amount of media coverage, in part due to Matthew Inman's fund raising efforts and Elon Musk's sizable contribution to the project. - MrX 04:40, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * It is only because of Inman's fundraiser that the museum idea even exists. (Note that the fundraiser was half in jest, in response to a popular The Oatmeal comic praising Nikola Tesla.) Otherwise, it is just that, an idea. Besides, this article is not really about the tower, but about the entire complex; I will put a Requested Move for that later. The museum, however, is not a definite plan, and already duplicated most of this article before the merge. Epicgenius (talk) 04:46, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The museum is a definite project, not just an idea. Wardenclyffe Tower article is not about the property that the tower happened to be built on; it's the COMMONNAME for Tesla's grandiose plans for wirelessly transmitting electrical power, the withdrawn funding, and the ultimate dismantling of the tower. The science center has nothing to do with the tower, other than being constructed on the same site and bearing Tesla's name.- MrX 05:03, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * As I said, I am going to try to move this to cover the entire site. Also, the museum needs 6 million more dollars. Epicgenius (talk) 05:07, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * To be clear. I'm opposed to any such move that changes the article rsubject to an "entire site". This needs to be discussed and consensus needs to be reached before such a move.- MrX 05:44, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Regarding MrX's COMMONNAME claim above; no its not. The common name for Tesla's grandiose plan was the World Wireless System, which we also have an article about. I don't really see the need for separate articles (yet) about this minor site and a science center being built to commemorate it.-- Chetvorno TALK 06:24, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I disagree that that's the common name for the first of these power (and radio signal) transmission tower projectsthe one constructed at Wardenclyffe. It should be easy to look at sources to see what they have to say. World Wireless System describes the system that Tesla envisaged, which would have towers installed at locations across the planet. I'm not sure what you mean by "minor site". notability simply requires a few sources that cover the subject in depth, or several independent sources that cover the subject in a non-trivial way. World Wireless System may be a WP:POVFORK of Wardenclyffe Tower, and it contains some original research, so there may be case for merging it here.- MrX 13:25, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

"Original research" doesn't do it justice. That article is almost total fantasy. Sorry, I didn't mean to step on any toes. All I meant was, I thought as long as there was a separate World Wireless System article that covers the technical side of Tesla's system, that there would be room in this article for the museum. If World Wireless System is going to be merged here, then I would guess not. I don't really have strong feelings either way. -- Chetvorno TALK 16:46, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I would also oppose the merge. The museum is independently notable. The "museum" section in this article could be pared down and a main link to Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe added, with something similar done to the "early history" section in the museum article. But the articles are effectively on two different subjects on the same site. Mr.Z-man 16:48, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * As I said, the museum doesn't exist yet. I propose, however, to recreate the article as soon as full funding for this idea is found and the museum starts construction. Epicgenius (talk) 18:37, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The physical museum isn't open yet, but it does exist as a non-profit organization named The Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe, headed by Jane Alcorn. All that matters is that there are adequate sources to justify an independent article. WMF is not that short on server resources to require that we start merging articles of loosely related subjects, not that that would really help anyway. Perhaps you could explain why your proposed merge is necessary, or why it would be an improvement to the encyclopedia. In other words, how would it serve our readers?- MrX 19:08, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Notability guidelines don't require things to be finished or even started. We've had articles on movies before they even started shooting. We had an article on the new One World Trade Center 2 years before construction started. Mr.Z-man 20:58, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * To answer the issues: The new 1 WTC was famous and was fully funded. However, the organization is less notable. It would also be unnecessary to direct readers to an entirely new article about a museum on the site, which pertains to the "After Tesla" (reuse) section. The nonprofit can be mentioned here too. Epicgenius (talk) 22:18, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but that reasoning it outside of policy, and seems to be nothing more than a personal preference.- MrX 23:21, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * No, it is not a personal preference, it is a fact. Epicgenius (talk) 23:33, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * That doesn't make any sense. As you say, there is no museum yet. Therefore almost all the coverage is essentially about the organization. Wikipedia's standard for having a standalone article is not fame or funding, it's "notability." All notability requires is significant coverage in reliable third-party sources, which it clearly has. Mr.Z-man 00:41, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Wardenclyffe (the facility built by Tesla) has its own description and history, which is more than enough for a wiki article. "Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe" should have its own separate article. Per the COMMONNAME for this article, it should be "Wardenclyffe" per what we have in the way of reliable sources out there. "Wardenclyffe Tower" is an odd name for this article (naming an article after a minor antenna component that stood on the site for a short time). Its also a very naive name, there was (120 feet x 600 feet?) of structure below ground, 200 acres of land, that big ol' brick building with laboratory area, instrument room, boiler room, generator room and machine shop, and the eventual planed community full of workers building Tesla receivers. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 23:31, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay, so we make a requested move for this article. Epicgenius (talk) 23:33, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Wardenclyffe Tower
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Wardenclyffe Tower's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "about": From Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe:  From National Register of Historic Places:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 03:46, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

Major expansion and cleanup
I did a major expansion and cleanup of the article adding more historical information referenced to secondary sources and moving/merging sections referenced to primary texts into a more prose oriented form. Lead has been adjusted to match content. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 22:34, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
 * A huge improvement, removing the unsourced WP:FRINGE pseudoscientific Tesla-POV material which has marred this article for years, and adding a modern analysis of Tesla's 19th century misconceptions about electromagnetics which led him to believe he could transmit wireless power long distances. The detailed, well documented history of the funding of the project and its failure debunks a number of misconceptions that were implied in the previous text.  For the first time, Wikipedia has a reasonably accurate, WP:NPOV description of this project. -- Chetvorno TALK</i> 00:37, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Ty, Marc J. Seifer' article on Tesla and Morgan's letters turned out to be a good source. I noticed Seifer put them out of order to tell a story but fortunately he footnoted them with the date. I was surprised to see how fast the project went down hill, they signed a contract and 4 months later Morgan was pulling the plug (or Tesla was shooting himself in the foot, depending how you look at it ;)). Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 01:21, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * So - it looks as though Morgan pulled his funding because Tesla went over budget and/or because he violated his contract by expanding the project from a "small wireless telegraphy station" to a large wireless telegraphy/power station? (although I guess no one can say for sure) -- Chetvorno <i style="color:purple; font-size:smaller;">TALK</i> 06:35, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Under the tower?
So we got descriptions of what is under the tower. Tesla describes the pipe pushed into the ground under the 120foot well as "there I had special machines rigged up which would push the iron pipe, one length after another, and I pushed these iron pipes, I think sixteen of them, three hundred feet, and then the current through these pipes takes hold of the earth." sixteen 300 foot pipes of 16 lengths of pipe that pushed end to end = 300 feet? In those same sources there is description of four 100 foot long brick lined tunnels radiation from the bottom of the 120 foot well. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 15:20, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

This year 2017 Marks 100 Anniversary of Tesla Tower Destruction
A 100 years since the destruction of the Tesla Tower will be this year 2017.Suppossely yhe Tesla Tower was demolished to prevent"spies"! From useing the tower to report on ship conveys when the U.S. enteretd the First World war! Is this the true story?ThanksMinEdsonAndreJohnson (talk) 17:26, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Wardenclyffe Tower. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130129033039/http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/3777889/168314_w407.jpg to http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/3777889/168314_w407.jpg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101028120344/http://www2.timesreview.com/SUN/stories/S121109_Tesla_psh to http://www2.timesreview.com/SUN/stories/S121109_Tesla_psh

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:26, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Note! Jan.7th,2018.75th Ann.of Teslas death!
A noe Jan7th 2018 is the,75th anniversary of Dr.Teslas death NYC<On Jan.7th1943!Remember TSLA!MinEdsonAndreJohnson (talk) 04:08, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

Pop culture
Can we add the "Pop Culture" section and add Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween? DynastiNoble (talk) 20:07, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * No. Incidental appearances of "X" in TV or film is not encyclopediac content for an article about X. We don't list every Road Runner cartoon under "Anvil", for example. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Wardenclyffe
In June of 1902, Tesla moved his lab to Wardenclyffe, and he also took up residence in the village at Wardenclyffe. The rented a cottage and resided there “until his own palatial mansion was built.” [Port Jefferson Echo] The Tesla cottage still exists. I have photos and documentation as well as anecdotes about Tesla’s life in the Village. How do I get his Wardenclyffe residence added to the Nikola Tesla page? Shorehamcottage (talk) 14:48, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Sounds interesting! You can be WP:bold and add it yourself, you don't have to ask anyone.   Wikimedia Commons is the image repository for Wikipedia, you can upload pictures there and display them in Wikipedia articles.   A few things to consider:  Wikipedia content must be WP:verifiable.  Is the content from a WP:reliable source like a newspaper, magazine, or book?  Another is WP:due weight.  The Nikola Tesla page covers a lot of material, and other editors may feel minor anecdotes of one period in his life are not that important and may edit down your additions.  Maybe your material would be more appropriate for this article, since it focuses on this part of Tesla's life?  These are just suggestions.  --Chetvorno<i style="color: Purple;">TALK</i> 19:09, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Wardenclyffe
Thank you so much for your help with adding information. The trouble is, I don’t understand the brackets. (I live in the Tesla cottage, but I’m a near Luddite. So sad!) I do have proper sources: newspaper articles, title search, etc. and great photos of then and now. I’ll just have to get someone to help me with the mechanics. Shorehamcottage (talk) 19:26, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Why Wardenclyffe?
Why Wardenclyffe? what is the etimology of the name? why was it chosen? it can't be the name of the place, as that's shoreham, so why or how did tesla pick this name? 77.138.224.125 (talk) 11:51, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems to be answered in article: "James S. Warden who was building a resort community known as Wardenclyffe-On-Sound". So the land developer named it after himself. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 14:28, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Removal of energy infrastructure category
I noticed the LI energy infrastructure category was removed. It is important for the category to remain since, despite the argument of "it never really worked," it was still a piece of energy infrastructure on Long Island (and one of the most famous and historic ones, for that matter) – and that is an indisputable fact. Please keep this in mind. To say "not really part of "infrastructure" as it never worked" simply is not a valid reason to not include one of Long Island's most famous energy-related structures in a category named "Energy infrastructure on Long Island, New York." AITFFan1 (talk) 16:46, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Infrastructure are things that exist and the category title is all we have to go by. Per the article this is a disputable fact, not an indisputable fact in that the tower was billed as a wireless telegraph, not energy Infrastructure. Even if it worked as an energy transmitter (actually never had a chance of working), it was a back door demonstration project, not Infrastructure. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 18:04, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Agree with Fountains. Does not belong in the same category as modern power plants and transmission lines. --Chetvorno<i style="color: Purple;">TALK</i> 18:26, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wardenclyffe Tower


text:
Baron Rowallan

Baron Rowallan, of Rowallan in the County of Ayr, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1911 for the Liberal politician Archibald Corbett. He had previously represented Glasgow Tradeston in the House of Commons. His son, the second Baron, fought in both World Wars, was Chief Scout and served as Governor of Tasmania. the title is held by the latter's grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1993.

The family seat was initially Rowallan Castle, near Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire. This historic property was bequeathed by the second Baron to his grandson, the future fourth Baron, bypassing the latter's father, the third Baron, possibly because the third baron had earned disrepute in a highly unusual divorce suit against his second wife, April Ashley. The fourth Baron now resides at Meikle Mosside Farm, near Fenwick, Ayrshire, which may now be regarded as the family seat.

Barons Rowallan (1911)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Jason William Polson Cameron Corbett (b. 1972). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Alexander William Cameron Corbett (b. 2004)
 * Archibald Cameron Corbett, 1st Baron Rowallan (1856–1933)
 * Thomas Godfrey Polson Corbett, 2nd Baron Rowallan (1895–1977)
 * Arthur Cameron Corbett, 3rd Baron Rowallan (1919–1993)
 * John Polson Cameron Corbett, 4th Baron Rowallan (b. 1947)

title: Baron Rowallan


text:
User talk:Nintimdo

Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia! — If you would like to create a user page of your own, please do so at User:Nintimdo. Thanks for your contributions so far! :) — Timwi 23:26, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nintimdo


text:
Jana Sterbak

Jana Sterbak (Jana Štěrbáková) is a multidisciplinary artist of Czech origin.

Life and career
Sterbak earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts at Concordia University, completing classes in film history with John Locke and Tom Waugh, as well as painting with Yves Gaucher Guido Molinari. In the 1980s, she studied art history at the University of Toronto and at New York University, ultimately abandoning her studies to dedicate herself to her artistic practice. In her artistic approach, performance is incorporated into her photography, film, and video installations.

In the 1990s, Sterbak moved to Paris to teach at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts (ENSBA). At age 36, a retrospective of her work was held at the National Gallery of Canada (1991) and subsequently shown at MIT in Boston and at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (1992).

Her European career began in 1990 at Aperto, the international section of the Venice Biennale, where co-curator Bernard Blistène chose to present her work. Several solo shows followed: in 1992, at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art (Denmark) and at the MoMA New York, where one of her iconic installations, Sisyphus, was presented (this work then joined MAC Marseille's collection,) and in 1993 at La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona. Velleitas, a solo exhibition curated by Corinne Diserens was presented in 1995 at the Musee d’art moderne of Saint-Étienne and at Fundació Antoni Tàpies in Barcelona, and at the Serpentine Gallery in London in 1996.

In the early 2000s, she produced two video installations. The first, From Here to there, represented Canada at the 2003 Venice Biennale; the second, Waiting for High Water, shot in Venice during the acqua alta phenomenon, was presented at the Prague Biennale in 2005. Waiting for High Water became her most exhibited video installation (catalogue text from Hubert Damisch.)

In 2012, Sterbak, a Canadian citizen since her twentieth birthday, received a Governor General's Award in the Visual and Media Arts, and in 2017, she won the Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas (Quebec).

"Her biography may not be directly reflected in her works, but it has provided a pool of experience for an examination of the question of how different societies are connected with one another. These are questions pertaining to human conflicts in contemporary life, to the tension between the private and public spheres, and between freedom and dependence. Jana Sterbak’s works are as poetic as they are political. They are conceptually precise, interweaving the immediacy of specific materials with references to motifs from mythology, literature, and philosophy. Her materials are often ephemeral and transformative, such as the ice that forms the slowly melting chairs of Dissolution-Auditorium, or the pieces of flesh sewn together to make a dress in her famous and much-discussed work and widely copied Vanitas: Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorexic." Both are powerful metaphors for social as well as physical processes that speak to us explicitly on a personal and sensory level.

Jana Sterbak’s artwork is notable in terms of its form and function, often at odds with each other. Several of her pieces take the familiar shape of furniture or clothing, but the use of incongruous materials give the work an alternate meaning. Her palette ranges from metal and wire, which may be considered permanent, unyielding, or restrictive, to the likes of bread, cake, chocolate, and/or meat, all of which are organic and evoke associations with food as well as the element of decomposition.

In a 1989 newspaper article, titled, “Art that is absolutely shocking,” author Brian Volke of The Leader-Post writes, “The works can be grouped into two general categories, furniture and dresses, both of which are usually considered part of the feminine domain. Both furniture- specifically beds and couches - and women symbolize similar things: rest, relaxation, care and pleasure. And both have been treated as commodities. Sterbak attacks these associations.” The article continues to cite specific installations of Sterbak’s work being shown at the Mackenzie Art Gallery, including, “Seduction Couch (1986-87), a chaise lounge of perforated steel. Equipped with a Van de Graaff generator, the couch provides an electrostatic charge that makes one anything but comfortable.” Attitudes (1987), features a king-sized bed with embroidered pillows that read, “Disease, Reputation,” and “Greed,” and also mentioned is an electrified wire garment titled, “I Want You To Feel the Way I Do… (The Dress).” Sterbak’s iconic piece, “Vanitas- Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorectic,” (1987) is noted for the way it, “conjures images of women as “pieces of meat” - commodities who starve themselves to fit into fashionable clothes. And the title reflects the perspective of an anorectic woman who, the meaning is clear, would rather wear a flesh dress than eat one,”

In 1992, Sterbak created “Catacombs,” in which various bones have been cast from solid chocolate, creating a sweet, edible, and incomplete human skeleton. In 1997, Jana Sterbak’s creations of a “bread bed” and “cake stool” play with symbols of livelihood. The comfort of an armchair takes on a morbid quality in “Chair Apollinaire,” (1996), made from raw meat. Artworks such as these might cause the viewer to question the value we place on food, and life, as such a fleeting and precious thing.

Awards

 * 1991: Guggenheim Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, United States
 * 1993: Prix Antoine Guichard, Foundation Casino, Musée de Saint-Étienne, France (now discontinued)
 * 1993: Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award from the Canada Council
 * 1996: Prix Ozias Leduc, Fondation Émile-Nelligan, Montreal
 * 2012: Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts, Canada
 * 2017: Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas, Québec

title: Jana Sterbak


text: File:Arms-altrincham.jpg

title: File:Arms-altrincham.jpg


text:
Baron Rathcreedan

Baron Rathcreedan, of Bellehatch Park in the County of Oxford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created 27 January 1916 for the Liberal politician Cecil Norton. He had previously represented Newington West in the House of Commons and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1905 to 1910 and as Assistant Postmaster-General between 1910 and 1916. Since 1990, the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron.

Barons Rathcreedan (1916)

 * Cecil William Norton, 1st Baron Rathcreedan (1850–1930)
 * Charles Patrick Norton, 2nd Baron Rathcreedan (1905–1990)
 * Christopher John Norton, 3rd Baron Rathcreedan (b. 1949)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother the Hon. Adam Gregory Norton (b. 1952). There are no other heirs to the title.

title: Baron Rathcreedan


text:
Rebus

A rebus is a puzzle device that combines the use of illustrated pictures with individual letters to depict words or phrases. For example: the word "been" might be depicted by a rebus showing an illustrated bumblebee next to a plus sign (+) and the letter "n".

It was a favourite form of heraldic expression used in the Middle Ages to denote surnames. For example, in its basic form, three salmon (fish) are used to denote the surname "Salmon". A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop Walter Lyhart (d. 1472) of Norwich, consisting of a stag (or hart) lying down in a conventional representation of water. The composition alludes to the name, profession or personal characteristics of the bearer, and speaks to the beholder Non verbis, sed rebus, which Latin expression signifies "not by words but by things" (res, rei (f), a thing, object, matter; rebus being ablative plural).

Rebuses within heraldry
Rebuses are used extensively as a form of heraldic expression as a hint to the name of the bearer; they are not synonymous with canting arms. A man might have a rebus as a personal identification device entirely separate from his armorials, canting or otherwise. For example, Sir Richard Weston (d. 1541) bore as arms: Ermine, on a chief azure five bezants, whilst his rebus, displayed many times in terracotta plaques on the walls of his mansion Sutton Place, Surrey, was a "tun" or barrel, used to designate the last syllable of his surname.

An example of canting arms proper are those of the Borough of Congleton in Cheshire consisting of a conger eel, a lion (in Latin, leo) and a tun (barrel). This word sequence "conger-leo-tun" enunciates the town's name. Similarly, the coat of arms of St. Ignatius Loyola contains wolves (in Spanish, lobo) and a kettle (olla), said by some (probably incorrectly) to be a rebus for "Loyola". The arms of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon feature bows and lions.

Modern rebuses, word plays
A modern example of the rebus used as a form of word play is:
 * H + Earcov.JPG = Hear, or Here.

By extension, it also uses the positioning of words or parts of words in relation to each other to convey a hidden meaning, for example:
 * p walk ark'': walk in the park.

A rebus made up solely of letters (such as "CU" for "See you") is known as a gramogram, grammagram, or letteral word. This concept is sometimes extended to include numbers (as in "Q8" for "Kuwait", or "8" for "ate"). Rebuses are sometimes used in crossword puzzles, with multiple letters or a symbol fitting into a single square.

Pictograms
The term rebus also refers to the use of a pictogram to represent a syllabic sound. This adapts pictograms into phonograms. A precursor to the development of the alphabet, this process represents one of the most important developments of writing. Fully developed hieroglyphs read in rebus fashion were in use at Abydos in Egypt as early as 3400 BCE. In Mesopotamia, the principle was first employed on Proto-Cuneiform tablets, beginning in the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100–2900 BC).

The writing of correspondence in rebus form became popular in the eighteenth century and continued into the nineteenth century. Lewis Carroll wrote the children he befriended picture-puzzle rebus letters, nonsense letters, and looking-glass letters, which had to be held in front of a mirror to be read. Rebus letters served either as a sort of code or simply as a pastime.

Rebus principle

In linguistics, the rebus principle is the use of existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words. Many ancient writing systems used what we now term 'the rebus principle' to represent abstract words, which otherwise would be hard to represent with pictograms. An example that illustrates the Rebus principle is the representation of the sentence "I can see you" by using the pictographs of "eye—can—sea—ewe".

Some linguists believe that the Chinese developed their writing system according to the rebus principle, and Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes used a similar system. A famous rebus statue of Ramses II uses three hieroglyphs to compose his name: Horus (as Ra), for Ra; the child, mes; and the sedge plant (stalk held in left hand), su; the name Ra-mes-su is then formed.

Sigmund Freud posited that the rebus was the basis for uncovering the latent content of the dream. He wrote, "A dream is a picture puzzle of this sort and our predecessors in the field of dream interpretation have made the mistake of treating the rebus as a pictorial composition: and as such it has seemed to them nonsensical and worthless."

Use in game shows
Canada
 * 1980s children's game show Kidstreet featured a rebus during the bonus round (or "final lap").

United Kingdom
 * Catchphrase is a long-running game show which requires contestants to decipher a rebus. The show began as a short-lived American game show hosted by Art James before being seen in the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2004 and returning in 2013. There was also an Australian version of the show hosted by John Burgess.
 * In 1998, Granada TV produced Waffle, a single word rebus puzzle show that was hosted by Nick Weir, and included premium telephone line viewer participation.

United States
 * Rebuses were central to the television game show Concentration. Contestants had to solve a rebus, usually partially concealed behind any of thirty numbered "squares", to win a game. An updated version, known as Classic Concentration, shrank the board to twenty-five squares.  There were also British and Australian versions of the game.
 * The HBO children's game series Crashbox features three rebus puzzles in the game segment "Ten Seconds."
 * A short-lived ABC game show from 1965 known as The Rebus Game also involved contestants creating rebuses to communicate an answer.
 * The Nickelodeon game show Get the Picture features a Power Surge called "Rebus Mania", in which the teams had 30 seconds to guess the rebus that was shown.

India
 * Dadagiri Unlimited is a game show in which some rebus puzzles are used in the googly round. The show is broadcast by Zee Bangla and hosted by the former Indian cricketer Sourav Ganguly.

Historical examples

 * It is reported that when Voltaire was the guest of Frederick the Great at Sanssouci Palace, they exchanged puzzle notes. Frederick sent over a page with two picture blocks on it: two hands below the letter P, and then the number 100 below a picture of a handsaw, all followed by a question mark. Voltaire replied with: Ga!

 * Both messages were rebuses in the French language: deux mains sous Pé à cent sous scie? "two hands under 'p' at [one] hundred under saw" = demain souper à Sanssouci? "supper tomorrow at Sanssouci?"); reply: Gé grand, A petit! "big 'G', small 'a'!" (= j'ai grand appétit! "I am very hungry!").

 * The early sixteenth-century Bishop of Exeter, Hugh Oldham, adopted the owl as his personal device. It bore a scroll in its beak bearing the letters D.O.M., forming a rebus based on his surname, which would probably have been pronounced at the time as owl-dom.
 * The nineteenth-century French sculptor Jean-Pierre Dantan would place rebuses on the socles of his caricature busts to identify the subject. For example, Victor Hugo was an axe (hache in French, which sounds like the French pronunciation of "H") + UG + crossed bones (os, sounding like "O"). Hector Berlioz was represented by the letters BER low on the socle, with a bed (lit, for "li") comparatively high on the socle (to mean "haut", the French for high, pronounced with a silent "h" and "t" and the digraph "au" sounding like "O").
 * Rebus Bibles such as A Curious Hieroglyphic Bible were popular in the late eighteenth century for teaching children to read the Bible.
 * Franciscans interacting with Nahuatl-speaking groups found that the Cholultecans used rebus principles to record information in Latin. The Cholultecans learned the Pater Noster or Lord's Prayer with the aid of drawing pictures of a pantli (flag or banner) to represent pater and a picture of a prickly pear, nochtli, for noster. This practice was seen as a strength of the people's pictographic literacy.

Japan

In Japan, the rebus known as hanjimono (判じ物) was immensely popular during the Edo period. A piece by ukiyo-e artist Kunisada was "Actor Puzzles" (Yakusha hanjimono) that featured rebuses.

Today the most often seen of these symbols is a picture of a sickle, a circle, and the letter nu (ぬ), read as kama-wa-nu (鎌輪ぬ), interpreted as kamawanu (構わぬ), the old-fashioned form of kamawanai (構わない). This is known as the kamawanu-mon (鎌輪奴文), and dates to circa 1700, being used in kabuki since circa 1815.

Kabuki actors would wear yukata and other clothing whose pictorial design, in rebus, represented their Yagō "guild names", and would distribute tenugui cloth with their rebused names as well. The practice was not restricted to the acting profession and was undertaken by townsfolk of various walks of life. There were also pictorial calendars called egoyomi that represented the Japanese calendar in rebus so it could be "read" by the illiterate.

Today a number of abstract examples following certain conventions are occasionally used for names, primarily for corporate logos or product logos and incorporating some characters of the name, as in a monogram; see Japanese rebus monogram. The most familiar example globally is the logo for Yamasa soy sauce, which is a ∧ with a サ under it. This is read as Yama, for yama (山) (symbolized by the ∧) + sa (サ).

Rebus puzzles on US beers

 * Lone Star has rebus puzzles under the crown caps of its bottled beer, as do National Bohemian, Lucky Lager, Falstaff, Olympia, Rainier, Haffenreffer, Kassel, Pearl, Regal, Ballantine, Mickey's, Lionshead, and Texas Pride during the 1970s and the 1980s. These puzzle caps are also called "crown ticklers". Narragansett Beer uses rebus puzzles on their bottle caps, and bar coasters.

title: Rebus