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Bremen Airport

Bremen Airport (German: Flughafen Bremen, ) is the international airport of the city and state of Bremen in Northern Germany. It is located 3.5 km south of the city and handled 630,000 passengers in 2022. It mainly features flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations.

Early years
The beginnings of the airport date back to the early 20th century. The Bremer Verein für Luftschiffahrt, a local aerospace club, conducted the first experimental flights at the present site in the summer of 1910, on what was then the parade ground of the local garrison. The Senate of Bremen supported the establishment of an airfield to connect Bremen to the growing airship route network. Official permission for the opening of an airport was granted on 16 May 1913. The initial infrastructure was geared towards aircraft operations instead of the initially envisaged airships. Several wooden hangars were erected.

During World War I, the airport was taken into military administration, and civilian operations ceased. The military erected a wooden hangar, but conducted only a small number of operations from the airfield. After the war, the airport only reopened on 18 July 1920, with Dutch airline KLM beginning scheduled flights to Amsterdam soon thereafter. In the same year, the Weimar National Assembly authorised investment into upgraded facilities at the airport. Administration of the airport was transferred to the newly founded Bremer Flughafengesellschaft. In 1923, the aeroplane manufacturer Focke-Wulf was founded on a site adjacent to the airfield.

World War II
In the 1930s, several new terminal buildings and hangars were constructed, with the largest to date being completed in 1937. In the same year, four new runways were built. These were arranged in a star-like pattern. The increasing military buildup under the rule of the Nazis also began to show itself at the airport, with the Luftwaffe establishing a flight training base there. Civilian operations again came to a standstill with the beginning of World War II. For a short period between November 1939 and June 1940, the airport served as the base for a squadron of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 bombers. In the later stages of the war, the airport came under repeated bombardment due to co-location with the Focke-Wulf plant. This left most of the infrastructure destroyed or severely damaged by the end of the war.

The United States Army took over the airport and the adjacent aircraft plant in 1945 for use as an airbase. After conducting the necessary repairs, it operated mostly transport aircraft into and out of the American enclave within otherwise British-occupied northern Germany. Control was handed back to the Bremen authorities in 1949. Civilian operations resumed that year with Scandinavian Airlines using Bremen Airport as a stopover on routes from Scandinavia to Geneva and Vienna. Runway 09-27 was extended to 2.000 m.

Development since the 1950s
In the mid-1950s, the terminal buildings were reconstructed and Lufthansa began scheduled flights to the airport. The German airline also established its pilot training operations (Lufthansa Flight Training) at the airport. During the 1960s, scheduled jet flights began to be operated at Bremen. In 1971, a large radar system was installed on the southern perimeter of the airport.

1989 was the first year that the airport had more than one million passengers. The current terminal building was opened in 1998.

In January 2016 the airport's operator announced that the main terminal building would undergo major redesign and renovation works until 2018. Terminal sections 1, 2 and 3 were merged amongst several other changes. In May 2016 the airport introduced its new brand with BRE Bremen Airport replacing City Airport Bremen.

In February 2017 British Airways announced it would end its flights from Bremen to London and Manchester, which were both operated by SUN-AIR. SUN-AIR maintained a base for the routes at Bremen Airport. In April 2017 the airport announced it was changing its name to Bremen Airport Hans Koschnick, after the former mayor and honorable citizen of Bremen.

In October 2018, Ryanair announced it would be closing its base at the airport on 5 November 2018. In February 2021, Lufthansa Aviation Training announced it would relocate its entire German practical training from Bremen Airport to Rostock Airport. In 2023 and 2024, Bremen Airport gained two important additional hub connections when Lufthansa Group Airlines SWISS and Austrian Airlines began scheduled routes to their hubs in Zürich and Vienna, respectively.

Facilities
The airport consists of one main passenger terminal building, split into sections Terminal 1, 2 and 3 that features several shops, restaurants and service facilities as well five aircraft stands equipped with jet bridges and some additional stands for mid-sized aircraft on the apron. The main building contains the check-in counters 5–19 and 21–38. Ryanair uses another more basic facility to the west of the main terminal called Terminal E which only features walk-boarding and features the check-in counters 1E-4E.

The Bremenhalle inside the airport hosts a small aviation and space exploration museum, displaying the Junkers W33 Bremen and the first Spacelab module.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Bremen Airport:

Tram
Tram line 6 departs every 6 to 10 minutes (on Sunday evenings up to 20 min) to Universität Bremen via Domsheide and Hauptbahnhof. The ride takes 11 minutes to the city center, 16 minutes to the central station and 30 minutes to the university.

Car
The airport can be reached via motorway A1 (Baltic Sea – Ruhr area; Exit Arsten) and the yet only partly completed city motorway A281 which crosses the city of Bremen.

title: Bremen Airport


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Fargo

Fargo usually refers to:
 * Fargo, North Dakota, United States
 * Fargo (1996 film), a crime film by the Coen brothers
 * Fargo (TV series), an American black comedy–crime drama anthology television series

Fargo may also refer to:

United States

 * Fargo, Arkansas
 * Fargo, Georgia
 * Fargo, Indiana
 * Fargo, Benton County, Indiana
 * Fargo, Ohio
 * Fargo, Oklahoma
 * Fargo, Wisconsin

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Fargo (1952 film), an American western film directed by Lewis D. Collins
 * Fargo, a character from the anime series Bubblegum Crisis
 * Fargo, a character from the video game Chrono Cross
 * Douglas Fargo, a character from the TV-series "Eureka"
 * "Fargo", a track by Caravan Palace on the 2019 album Chronologic

Military

 * Fargo-class cruiser, a ship design of the United States Navy
 * USS Fargo (CL-106), the first Fargo-class cruiser
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (NATO reporting name: "Fargo"), a Soviet fighter plane
 * USS Fargo (CL-85), original name for the USS Langley (CVL-27) aircraft carrier
 * Fargo, the ammunition compound next to the Royal School of Artillery

Vehicles

 * Fargo Trucks, originally manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation, later by Askam
 * Isuzu Fargo, a commercial vehicle

Other uses

 * FARGO (programming language)
 * Fargo (surname)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fargo


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User:BigBen212

My name is Ruben Schönefeld. I was born December 2nd 1978 in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, Europe. I live in West Jordan, Utah, USA. After I received my Green Card I started to work again for the Utah Department of Transportation, where I already worked before for an internship.

I found out about wikipedia after I saw a report about it on TV. My first edit has been the starting of a new article about the airport in Bremen March 3rd 2004.

Other interests besides spending way too much time on the internet or doing other things on the computer are basketball, photography and music. I like to travel and besides a few places in Europe and the rest of the World, I've been all over Utah and a few other states (Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Arizona, Texas, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, New York, Colorado, Wisconsin, Florida, California, South Dakota, Hawaii, Alaska).

Articles started
Rainer Hertrich, The Lion House, Seagull Monument, Temple Square, Salt Lake City Temple, Henri Nannen, Otto Waalkes, Bremen Airport, Bob & Tom Show, Bob Kevoian, Tom Griswold, Mountain Dell Dam, John S. Eastwood, Ferdinand Piëch, Linear Reference System, LDS Church Office Building, Calvin L. Rampton, Los Angeles County Coroner, Elfriede Rinkel

My own photographs and pictures
Use them for whatever if you want. If you want higher resolutions, lemme know. I have a photo album with selected pictures online (see links). If any of the pictures you find on my photo album page should be added to wikipedia, please just let me know and I will upload them.

Salt Lake City photos
Some of the following pictures were used for articles by User:Cool Hand Luke.

Submarine Wilhelm Bauer (ex U 2540)
German submarine Wilhelm Bauer

Maps
Additionally, User:BigBen212/UtahCountyMaps contains maps of the 29 counties of Utah.

title: User:BigBen212


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Cabinet secretary

A cabinet secretary is usually a senior official (typically a civil servant) who provides services and advice to a cabinet of ministers as part of the Cabinet Office. In many countries, the position can have considerably wider functions and powers, including general responsibility for the entire civil service.

The title of cabinet secretary may also be used as an alternative term for a politically appointed cabinet minister, derived from secretary of state—the formal title for ministers. This naming convention is used in Japan, Kenya, Scotland and the United States.

Australia
In Australia the equivalent position is the Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, although both the department and its secretary have wider responsibilities than in most other governments derived from the Westminster System.

Prime Minister Scott Morrison established a position entitled Cabinet Secretary in August 2019 within the Prime Minister's Office responsible for cabinet operations and appointed a former senior political adviser and intelligence official Andrew Shearer to the role.

The Cabinet Secretary is also a title conferred on an Australian minister responsible for assisting the prime minister to manage the day-to-day procedural and operational matters of the Cabinet and any Cabinet committees. As per all other ministers in the Westminster system, the Cabinet Secretary is a sitting member of Parliament, chosen by the Prime Minister and officially appointed by the Governor-General. The Cabinet Secretary is a portfolio minister of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and has existed at various stages since 2007.

Canada
In Canada the equivalent position is the Clerk of the Privy Council, who functions as Deputy Minister to the prime minister of Canada and heads the Privy Council Office. Canada's provinces and territories also have equivalent officials as the head of their respective public services, as in the list below:
 * Alberta: Deputy Minister of Executive Council and Secretary to the Cabinet
 * British Columbia: Deputy Minister to the Premier and Cabinet Secretary
 * Manitoba: Clerk of the Executive Council
 * New Brunswick: Clerk of the Executive Council and Secretary to Cabinet
 * Newfoundland and Labrador: Clerk of the Executive Council and Secretary to the Cabinet
 * Nova Scotia: the head of the civil service is the Clerk of the Executive Council, while the Secretary to the Cabinet is a separate position.
 * Ontario: Secretary of the Cabinet and Clerk of the Executive Council
 * Prince Edward Island: the head of the civil service is the Clerk of the Executive Council, while the Premier's Principal Secretary advises the Premier and Cabinet on matters of policy and strategy
 * Quebec: Secrétaire général du Conseil exécutif (Secretary General of the Executive Council)
 * Saskatchewan: Deputy Minister to the Premier and Cabinet Secretary
 * Northwest Territories: Secretary to the Cabinet
 * Nunavut: Secretary to Cabinet
 * Yukon: Cabinet Secretary and Deputy Minister of the Executive Council Office

India
The Cabinet Secretariat is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister. The administrative head of the Cabinet Secretariat is the Cabinet Secretary who is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board, and thus the head of the Indian Administrative Service. As a matter of convention the senior most civil servant is appointed as a Cabinet Secretary. He or she belongs to the Indian Administrative Service. The incumbent generally has a tenure of two to three years. Though there is no fixed tenure. His or her tenure however, can be extended. The Cabinet Secretary is the head of all the civil services under the constitution which is the All India Civil Services and the Central Civil Services (Grade A and Grade B). His status in the Indian order of precedence is equivalent to that of the Attorney General of India and just above chiefs of staff or equivalent in the armed services holding the rank of full general.

The functions of the Cabinet Secretary in India are:

 * 1) Provide assistance to the Council of Ministers
 * 2) Act as advisor and conscience keeper of the civil services
 * 3) Handle senior appointments
 * 4) Prepare the agenda of the Cabinet
 * 5) Attend the meetings of the Cabinet
 * 6) Ensure that the Cabinet decisions are implemented
 * 7) Advise the Prime Minister
 * 8) Act as the Chairman of the Committee of Secretaries on Administration
 * 9) Act as the Chairman of the Chief Secretaries Committee
 * 10) Provide an element of continuity and stability to administration during crises

The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for the administration of the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 and the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules 1961, facilitating smooth transaction of business in Ministries/Departments of the Government by ensuring adherence to these rules. The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ad hoc Committees of Secretaries. Through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted.

The Cabinet Secretariat ensures that the president of India, the vice-president and Ministers are kept informed of the major activities of all Departments by means of a monthly summary of their activities. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of the various Ministries in such a situation is also one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat.

The Cabinet Secretary is arguably India's most powerful bureaucrat.

Ireland
In Ireland the position of Cabinet Secretary is officially titled Secretary-General to the Government (previously titled Secretary to the Government), and is concurrently Secretary-General of the Department of the Taoiseach, somewhat analogous to the Cabinet Office in the United Kingdom. This department provides the secretariat to the Cabinet and co-ordinates the Government Press Office. It also has some policy functions with regard to key areas such as Northern Ireland, economic policy, and public service modernisation. The role is modeled on, and is broadly similar to, the UK equivalent, though in recent times has become more constrained by the seven-year time limit placed on Secretaries General in the mid-1990s following the introduction of the Strategic Management Initiative.

Israel
In Israel, the Cabinet Secretary heads an office responsible for preparing the agenda of cabinet meetings and facilitating communication between ministers. The secretariat is also responsible for presenting government-initiated bills to the Knesset and for conducting certain press briefings. The secretary is appointed on the recommendation of the prime minister, with the current secretary being Yossi Fuchs.

Japan
In Japan the office of Chief cabinet secretary has been made into a ministerial post, being held by a member of the House of Representatives. This is unusual, as most countries give the position to a civil servant. The chief cabinet secretary performs much the same role as other cabinet secretaries; however, he or she is responsible for overseeing the administrative operations of Cabinet, and presiding over the Cabinet Secretariat. The post has the added function of being the government's chief press secretary.

New Zealand
In New Zealand the Cabinet Secretary is part of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which provides assistance, coordination, and advice. The Cabinet Secretary also serves as Clerk of the Executive Council, the formal body on which Cabinet rests. The office of Cabinet Secretary is somewhat anomalous, by New Zealand standards, in that it is partly autonomous from the department to which it belongs. The role does not, however, have the broad powers given to its British equivalent – for example, authority over the civil service is held by the State Services Commissioner, a separate official.

Pakistan
In Pakistan the Cabinet Secretary is a senior civil servant who is responsible for running the Cabinet Division.

United Kingdom
In the UK Government the Cabinet Secretary is the most senior civil servant in the country, providing policy advice to the prime minister and Cabinet. The role is currently occupied by Simon Case, appointed in September 2020 following the resignation of Mark Sedwill.

From 1981 to 2011, the position of Cabinet Secretary had been combined with the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary. The first means that the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for all the civil servants of the various departments within government (except the Foreign Office), chairing the Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG) which is the principal governing body of the civil service. The second means that the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for leading the government department that provides administrative support to the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The post is appointed by the prime minister with the advice of the out-going Cabinet Secretary and the First Civil Service Commissioner.

With the retirement of Gus O'Donnell, who served from 2005 until the end of 2011, the three roles hitherto performed by the Cabinet Secretary were split: the Cabinet Secretary would provide policy advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet; the Head of the Home Civil Service would provide leadership for the whole Civil Service; and the Permanent Secretary would oversee the Cabinet Office. O'Donnell was succeeded by Jeremy Heywood as Cabinet Secretary, Bob Kerslake as Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary at the Department for Communities and Local Government and Ian Watmore as lastly, Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary.

The responsibilities of the job vary from time to time and depend very much on the personal qualities of both the prime minister and Cabinet Secretary of the day. In most cases the true influence of the Cabinet Secretary extends far beyond administrative matters, and reaches to the very heart of the decision-making process. For instance, the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for administering the Ministerial Code which governs the conduct of ministers (also known as the Rule Book and formerly Questions of Procedure for Ministers). In this duty the Cabinet Secretary may be asked to investigate leaks within government, and enforce Cabinet discipline. This gives the unelected Cabinet Secretary some authority over elected ministers (a situation satirised in the BBC sitcom Yes, Prime Minister).

The Cabinet Secretary is responsible for overseeing the intelligence services and their relationship to the government, though since 2002 this responsibility has been delegated to a full-time role (initially as Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator, now the Head of Intelligence, Security and Resilience working to the National Security Adviser), with the Cabinet Secretary focussing on civil service reforms to help deliver the government's policy programme.

Scotland
Following the 2007 General Election of the devolved Scottish Parliament, the new First Minister Alex Salmond restyled the Scottish Executive for his Scottish National Party (SNP) administration: The term Scottish Government replaced the official legal term Scottish Executive in its own use, while members of the cabinet were retitled Cabinet Secretaries rather than Ministers, with sub-cabinet members being restyled Ministers rather than Deputy-Ministers.

China
The Secretary-General of the State Council is an executive position within the State Council of the People's Republic of China. It ranks below the Premier and above the Ministers of various ministries and departments. The current secretary general is State Councilor Xiao Jie. The Secretary-General is responsible for the day-to-day work of the State Council and is in charge of the State Council General Office.

Hong Kong, China
In Hong Kong there is a politically appointed Director of the Chief Executive's Office, as well as a Permanent Secretary who is a civil servant.

The position of Director was first established in 2002 as part of the 'Principal Officials Accountability System', and it was not clear whether it was a politically appointed or a civil service position. Nevertheless, its salary level was tied to that of permanent secretaries (Point 8 of the Directorate Payscale) instead of that of politically appointed secretaries. The first office holder Lam Woon Kwong was a civil servant who opted for early retirement directly from this position in January 2005; and therefore did not subsequently take up any civil service or politically appointed position. Lam was not the most senior Administrative Officer and the position did not provide him any seniority over other permanent secretaries.

It was until January 2006, that the appointment of John Tsang to the position confirmed the position as a politically appointed office. Prior to his appointment, John Tsang was a politically appointed secretary, as the Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology. In July 2007, as part of the expansion of the political appointment system to introduce two layers of politically appointed junior secretaries, the salary level of the position was changed to tie with that of politically appointed secretaries. The office holder is also officially given the duty to co-ordinate the works of different bureaus (as Hong Kong ministries are known since 1997),  making the office holder politically more powerful, regardless of his or her seniority.

The position of Permanent Secretary was first created as a non-permanent position supernumerary post from August 2005 to January 2006, while the position of the Director was left vacant. The salary level was set as the same as other Permanent Secretaries, i.e. Point 8 of the Directorate Pay Scale, aka the D8 rank. From February 2006 onwards, the post became permanent but the salary level was changed to D6, which is lower than Permanent Secretaries in the then 11 bureaux. The office is never filled by the most senior administrative officer as in other countries.

Unlike other countries, the Clerk of the Executive Council is a separate position, filled by an administrative officer of the D2 rank. The office holder nevertheless is required to take an oath of secrecy.

Indonesia
The Cabinet Secretary is called Sekretaris Kabinet in Indonesian language, usually act as one of the President's spokesperson.

Kenya
Secretary to the Cabinet The office of Secretary the Cabinet was established in 1963. The officer was in charge of the Cabinet Office and assisted the Prime Minister in managing cabinet affairs. The Secretary to the Cabinet was appointee of the Governor General, in consultation with the Public Service Commission and the Prime Minister at the time. The position was retained after Kenya became a republic and elevated to Secretary to the cabinet and Head of Public Service, appointed by the President. The officer would be the senior most civil servant, in charge of the Civil Service and the Cabinet Office. Under the 2010 constitution, the Secretary to the Cabinet is defined as in charge of cabinet office and is appointed by the president subject to parliamentary approval upon vetting. The current holder of the office is Ms.Mercy Wanjau

Philippines
In the Philippines the Cabinet Secretary was a cabinet-level rank of the Cabinet. Under the present constitution and the initial implementing guidelines pursuant to Executive Order No. 237, series of 1987, the primary mandate was to provide technical support to the Cabinet, primary advisory counsel to the President, as well as the following:

 * 1) Assist in providing timely and organized information to the Cabinet on issues and problems submitted for decision and action.
 * 2) Provide conference and administrative support services to the Cabinet, the Cabinet Clusters, the Cabinet Assistance System and other committees created by the Cabinet.
 * 3) Conduct technical research and special studies on specific policy issues.
 * 4) Maintain an efficient records-management system, including a Cabinet Archives and a library.
 * 5) Certify Cabinet resolutions that indicate agreements and actions reached during Cabinet meetings.
 * 6) Exercise such other functions and powers as may be provided by law or as directed by the President.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka the Cabinet Secretary is the head of the Cabinet Office. The post is held by a civil servant and it is equal to a Permanent Secretary.

United States
In the United States there is an official called the Cabinet Secretary within the Executive Office of the President charged with maintaining relations between members of the Cabinet and the White House. The position is not a civil service position, instead being subject to presidential appointment. The Cabinet Secretary is Evan Ryan.

However, the term "Cabinet Secretary" is also sometimes used in a generic sense to refer to one of the members of the United States Cabinet, as these people are titled Secretary (e.g., Secretary of State or Secretary of Defense). This usage is not official, and differs from the use in other countries.

title: Cabinet secretary


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Mount Forest, Ontario

Mount Forest is an unincorporated community located at the junction of Highway 6 and Highway 89 in the township of Wellington North, Ontario, Canada. As of the 2021 Canadian census the population of Mount Forest was 5,040.

History
Prior to European settlement, present day Mount Forest was prime hunting ground for the Saugeen Ojibway peoples due to its location on the Saugeen River. Because of this, many sacred burial sites are believed to be located in the White Bluffs region of present-day Mount Forest.

During the survey of the Garafraxa Colonization Road, constructed from Arthur to Georgian Bay in 1840–48, land was reserved for a settlement. By 1851 a post office was established. The village was originally known as Maitland Hills, because it was believed to be on the Maitland River system. This was incorrect; the village is on a height of land near the headwaters of the South Saugeen River.

The settlement was surveyed into lots in 1853 by Francis Kerr, a provincial land surveyor, with the village-plot named Mount Forest. The village straddled the Garafraxa Road leading to early growth. When the United Counties of Wellington and Grey was dissolved in January 1854, Wellington and Grey were separate counties for all purposes, with the village in Arthur Township, Wellington County for electoral purposes. By 1864, the population had grown to 1185 so that it qualified to be incorporated as a village. In 1869, Mount Forest was listed as an "incorporated Village in the Townships of Egremont, Normanby and Arthur" in the County of Wellington, as being "one of the most enterprising villages in the West" with a population of 1700. The townships of Egremont and Normanby were north of town in adjacent Grey County, while south of the town was Arthur Township.

The 1871 town directory stated that Mount Forest had ten hotels, eight churches and 18 stores. Later that year the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway was completed and the first train entered Mount Forest pulled by a wood-burning engine. By 1879, Mount Forest had become an incorporated town.

Mount Forest was amalgamated into the new township of Wellington North on 1 January 1999.

Media
A local newspaper, the Mount Forest Confederate, was first printed in 1867. For the first year, the newspaper was sent to village residents free of charge, then in the second year for 50 cents annually. It ceased publication in August 2019.

Hospital
Dr. A.R. Perry purchased the home of Alex Martin on the corner of Dublin and Princess Streets and established Strathcona Hospital, a 10-bed private hospital. In 1923, a group of citizens headed by G.L. Allen changed Strathcona Hospital into a public hospital. Wentworth Marshall, a pharmacist, generously bought the hospital from Perry. Marshall's mother, Louise, was the supervisor at the hospital until she became ill with cancer. It was closed in 1921, but a year later reopened under a new name: Mount Forest General Hospital. In 1928, the deed of the hospital was turned over to the town and the name was changed yet again to Louise Marshall Hospital in honour of Marshall's mother.

Education
The first public school was built in 1856. The first high school was originally in the Old Drill Hall, but was an unsuitable location because it was beside the Market Square where livestock sales were held monthly.

The new high school was built in 1878. A third high school was founded in 2004, with students from the neighbouring town of Arthur joining those from the Mount Forest district.

Climate
Mount Forest features a humid continental climate, characterised by warm, sometimes wet summers and cold, snowy winters. At an elevation of 430 meters (1,410 ft) above sea level, Mount Forest is one of the highest towns in Southern Ontario being located in the western portion of the Dundalk Highlands. As such, its elevation and location downwind of Lake Huron makes it prone to hefty snow totals from lake effect snow averaging nearly 300 centimetres per year. Summers are often cooler than they otherwise would be due to the town's elevation and overnight lows are considerably cooler than places along the lakeshore.

Culture
Mount Forest's library was completed in 1913 with a grant of $10,000 from well-known philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Mount Forest is also the site of the founding of the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada.

Mount Forest was the first place that Aimee Semple McPherson preached.

The Mount Forest Chamber of Commerce along with the Arthur and Minto Chambers formed a networking group named Northern Wellington Young Professionals in October 2012. This is a group of business owners, entrepreneurs, community leaders, and business leaders between 20 and 40 years old who get together for networking events. It gives local businesses within Northern Wellington Township an opportunity to grow their customer/client base and meet fellow young professionals within the community. Northern Wellington Young Professionals operates out of Mount Forest but holds events in Harriston and Arthur as well.

Mount Forest also hosts a number of different sporting events throughout the year. The Mount Forest Patriots are a local junior "C" hockey club that were very successful through the mid-1990s. The Trillium 10k is an annual race held each May which features 10 km and 5 km running races, a 5 km walk event, and a 10 km inline speed skating race which has been contested by members of the Canadian national team.

Demographics
As of the 2021 Canadian Census, Mount Forest has a population of 5,040 people. This represents an increase of 8.6% when compared to the 2016 Canadian Census.

In the first Canadian census in 1871, Mount Forest had a population of 1,370.

Mount Forest saw a lot of growth in the late 19th century, as by 1891, the population of the town was 2,214 people.

From 1901 to 1921, the population of Mount Forest dropped significantly, dropping to a low of 1,718 in 1921.

Following World War II, Mount Forest saw a sharp increase in population, as from 1941-1951, the population rose by 21.1%. By 1971, Mount Forest had 3,037 living in the town.

Mount Forest saw significant growth during the 1980's, as the town population increased by nearly 1,000 people between 1981 and 1991.

Mount Forest's population broke over 5,000 people in the 2021, as 5,040 people live in the town.

As of the latest census in 2021, the median age in Mount Forest is 49.6 years old. There are 2,250 private dwellings in Mount Forest, with 2,174 of them occupied by usual residents.

The median total income for a household in Mount Forest was $90,000 in 2020.

United Church of Canada
Built in 1873, Mount Forest United Church is an important part of the local history of Mount Forest and continues to be one of the most historic, and recognizable landmarks of the area. Today, Mount Forest United Church is one of two congregations in Mount Forest-Woodland Pastoral Charge of the United Church of Canada in what is now Western Ontario Waterways Regional Council (Region 8), and was formerly in Hamilton Conference.

Methodism
Methodist circuit riders first began ministering throughout the region in the 1840s, the first being the Reverend John Shilton in 1842. In 1844, Shilton led the construction of the first Methodist place of worship in Mount Forest, on the corner of Highway 6 and Sligo Road. Mount Forest became its own circuit in 1863 with 147 members. In 1852 the Wesleyan Methodist church was built, and in 1874 the two Methodist congregations merged and built a new church on Wellington Street and Elgin Street. Originally costing $16,000, 215 members contributed to the construction of this new building. In 1884, another Methodist community in the area joined this growing congregation. In 1925, the Methodist churches in Canada became one of the founding members of the new United Church of Canada. All of the buildings in Mount Forest which were at one time associated with these Methodist churches have been demolished.

Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism in Mount Forest can trace its roots to at least the early 1850s. In 1856 a request was sent to Hamilton Presbytery for a minister as well as permission to erect a church building. A split occurred shortly thereafter and subsequently two churches were built in town: Knox Presbyterian Church was built near the present-day Presbyterian Church, and Saint Andrew's Presbyterian which was built on the intersection of King Street and Fergus Street. In 1873 and under the guidance of the Reverend John MacMillan, Knox Presbyterian constructed a new church building, what is now known as Mount Forest United Church. The Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada laid the corner stone and after the reuniting of the Presbyterian communities in Mount Forest, the name was changed to Westminster Presbyterian. The first organ was installed in 1890, but was replaced in 1910, and again in 1957. In 1925, Westminster Presbyterian joined the United Church of Canada (after a congregational vote of 255 to 32) and the Methodist communities joined them under this one roof.

Roman Catholicism
The first Roman Catholic church was a simple log church constructed in 1858, but burnt to the ground the day before its consecration. The current Roman Catholic Church, Saint Mary's, was constructed in 1864. Their first priest was Father P.S. Mahuet, and was consecrated by the Bishop of Hamilton, the Most Reverend Doctor Farrell. The rectory was built in 1880 and was converted into a convent housing the Sisters of Saint Joseph, though it was demolished in 2002 to create enough space for their new parish facilities.

Transportation
Mount Forest sits at the junction of Ontario Highway 6 (north−south) and Ontario Highway 89 (east−west).

Actors

 * Dinah Christie (1942 – ), actress and singer best known as a regular performer on Party Game from 1970 – 1980
 * Patrick McKenna (1960 – ), actor known as playing Harold Green from The Red Green Show and Marty Stevens on Traders

Artists

 * Robert Markle (1936 – 1990), whose art work has been collected by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

Business

 * Jack Bickell (1884 – 1951), owner, president, chairman and director of the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1924 – 1951
 * Charles A. Woodward (1852 – 1937), founder of Woodward's Department Store's Limited

Engineers

 * Edward Robert Armstrong (1876 – 1955), engineer and inventor who proposed a series of "seadrome" floating airport platforms for transatlantic flights
 * William Edwin Brooks (1828 – 1899), civil engineer with the railways in India from 1856 – 1881

Evangelists

 * Aimee Semple McPherson (1890 – 1944), Pentecostal evangelist who founded Foursquare Church

Filmmakers

 * Helen Hill (1970 – 2007), her hand crafted film techniques found their way into her film work, most notably in Mouseholes (1999) and Madame Winger Makes a Film (2001)
 * Philip Hoffman (1955 – ), awarded the Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts in 2016

Historians

 * Kathleen Wood-Legh (1901 – 1981), specializing in medieval, social and economic history and founding member of Society of Women Members of the Regent House who are not Fellows of Colleges in 1950

Military

 * Frederick William Campbell (1867 – 1915), Mount Forest born recipient of the Victoria Cross for actions in France during the First World War
 * Charles Herbert Little (1907 – 2004), Director of Naval Intelligence during World War II

Missionaries

 * Jean Dow (1870 – 1927), medical missionary who was one of the only women in the North China Mission in the Province of Honan
 * Stewart Houston (???? – 1911), Anglican priest who was a missionary in Mount Forest from 1859 – 1866
 * William James Wanless (1865 – 1933), Presbyterian missionary who founded a medical mission in Miraj, India from 1894 – 1933

Politicians

 * George S. Armstrong (1867 – 1947), 11th Mayor of Edmonton from 1910 – 1912
 * James Balfour (1867 – 1947), 18th Mayor of Regina in 1915 and 1931
 * Henry Robson Bowman (1896 – 1954), member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1949 – 1952
 * Murray Calder (1951 – ), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 – 2004
 * James J. Craig (1855 – 1929), member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1905 – 1911
 * Charles Evans (1882 – 1947), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 – 1945
 * William Samuel Hall (1871 – 1938), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 – 1938
 * Michael Harris (1979 – ), member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 – 2018
 * Jack Johnson (1930 – 2009), member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 – 1990
 * George Albert McGuire (1871 – 1955), member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1907 – 1916
 * Norman Platt Lambert (1885 – 1965), served in the Senate of Canada from 1938 – 1965
 * Alexander Munro Martin (1852 – 1915), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1907 – 1911
 * Robert Martin (1858 – 1942), 8th Mayor of Regina in 1894 and 1913 – 1914
 * Thomas Martin (1850 – 1907), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 – 1907
 * James McMullen (1833 – 1913), served in the Senate of Canada from 1902 – 1913
 * John Morrison (1868 – 1930), member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1916 – 1922
 * John Albert Sheppard (1875 – 1947), member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1905 – 1916
 * John Stovel (1858 – 1923), member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 – 1922
 * William Thomas Straith (1894 – 1980), member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1937 – 1953
 * David McKenzie Wright (1874 – 1937), member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 – 1926 and 1930 – 1935

Writers

 * André Forget (???? - ), known for his novel In the City of Pigs (2022)
 * Harold R. Johnson (1954 – 2022), known for his book Firewater: How Alcohol is Killing My People (and Yours) (2016)
 * Frank Prewett (1893 – 1962), war poet whose work is recognized in the final Georgian Poetry anthology and in Oxford Poetry

title: Mount Forest, Ontario


text:
Aljubarrota

Aljubarrota is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality of Alcobaça, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the parishes of Prazeres and São Vicente. Its population in 2011 was 6,639 in an area of 47.94 km². In 1385 the Battle of Aljubarrota took place near the village.

Villages

 * Aljubarrota
 * Ataíja de Baixo
 * Ataíja de Cima
 * Boavista
 * Cadoiço
 * Carrascal
 * Carvalhal
 * Casais de Santa Teresa
 * Casal da Eva
 * Casal do Rei
 * Chãos
 * Chiqueda
 * Covões
 * Cumeira de Baixo
 * Fonte do Ouro
 * Ganilhos
 * Lagoa do Cão
 * Lameira
 * Longras
 * Mogo e Quinta do Mogo
 * Moleanos
 * Olheiros e Quinta de S. Paio
 * Ponte de Jardim
 * Quinta da Cruz
 * Quinta Nova
 * Riba Fria
 * Val Vazão

title: Aljubarrota


text:
Scalpay, Outer Hebrides

Scalpay (Sgalpaigh or Sgalpaigh na Hearadh; i.e. "Scalpay of Harris" to distinguish it from Scalpay off Skye) is an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.

Toponym
Mac an Tàilleir (2003) suggests the name derives from "ship island" from the Norse. However, Haswell-Smith states that the Old Norse name was Skalprøy, meaning "scallop island".

Geology and geography
Scalpay is around 4 km long and rises to a height of 104 m at Beinn Scorabhaig. The area of Scalpay is 653 ha. The main settlement on the island is at the north, near the bridge, clustered around An Acairseid a Tuath (North Harbour).

The bedrock of northwest and of southeast Scalpay is Archaean gneiss belonging to the Lewisian Complex. Across the centre of the island is a band of mylonite and protocataclasite associated with the Outer Hebrides Thrust Zone. Some restricted occurrences of amphibolite and ultramafic rocks are also present. A number of tholeiitic dykes of Tertiary age cross the island with a NW-SE alignment. Scalpay is largely free from superficial deposits apart from an area of peat in the northeast.

The island is peppered with small lochans. The largest of these is Loch an Duin (Loch of the Fort) which has a tiny island in it, with the remains of the fort still visible. Eilean Glas, a tiny peninsula on Scalpay's eastern shore, is home to the first lighthouse to be built in the Outer Hebrides.

Scalpay's nearest neighbour, Harris, is just 300 m away across the narrows of Caolas Scalpaigh. In 1997, a bridge from Harris to Scalpay was built, replacing a ferry service.

History
In 1746, Charles Edward Stuart fled to Scalpay after his forces were defeated at the Battle of Culloden.

Scalpay is home to many Gaelic singers and psalm precentors. The island used to have more than 10 shops over 30 years ago but due to lack of people and work, the last shop closed in 2007. There also used to be a salmon factory, which was a major local employer from 2001 until its closure in 2005. In the spring of 2009, local newspapers reported that the factory was to reopen as a net washing facility to support the local fish farming industry. In 2012, the Scalpay community bought and opened a community shop/café, Buth Scalpaigh.

Photographer Marco Secchi lived on Scalpay for few years between 2002-2008 and documented life and landscape of the Outer Hebrides.

In 2011 the island's owner, Fred Taylor, announced that he proposed handing over the land to the local population. One proposal was that the island would be owned by a local development trust; under another proposal it would form part of the larger North Harris Trust, itself community owned. Islanders voted to accept the gift and assume community ownership of the island. They will go into partnership with the North Harris Community Trust to run the island.

Demographics
In 2001, the island had 322 people, whose main employment was fish farming and prawn fishing. By 2011 the population had declined by 9% to 291 whilst during the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.

The vast majority of the locals in Scalpay are Protestants. The island is home to two Presbyterian churches, the Free Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing).

title: Scalpay, Outer Hebrides


text:
Lev Kopelev

Lev Zalmanovich (Zinovyevich) Kopelev (Лев Залма́нович (Зино́вьевич) Ко́пелев, German: Lew Sinowjewitsch Kopelew, 9 April 1912 – 18 June 1997) was a Soviet author and dissident.

Early life
Kopelev was born in Kyiv, then Russian Empire, to a middle-class Jewish family. In 1926, his family moved to Kharkiv. While a student at Kharkiv State University's philosophy faculty, Kopelev began writing in Russian and Ukrainian languages; some of his articles were published in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper.

An idealist communist and active party member, he was first arrested in March 1929 for "consorting with the Bukharinist and Trotskyist opposition," and spent ten days in prison.

Career
Later, he worked as an editor of radio news broadcasts at a locomotive factory. In 1932, as a correspondent, Kopelev witnessed the NKVD's forced grain requisitioning and the dekulakization. Later, he described the Holodomor in his memoir The Education of a True Believer. Robert Conquest's The Harvest of Sorrow later quoted him directly (see also Collectivisation in the USSR).

He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Foreign Languages in 1935 in the German language faculty, and, after 1938, he taught at the where he earned a PhD.

When the German–Soviet War broke out in June 1941, he volunteered for the Red Army and used his knowledge of German to serve as a propaganda officer and an interpreter. He was tasked with subverting and indoctrinating Germans, and on one occasion persuaded the German garrison of Graudenz (Grudziądz) to mutiny. When he entered East Prussia with the Red Army throughout the East Prussian Offensive, he sharply criticized the atrocities against the German civilian population and was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a ten-year term in the Gulag for fostering "bourgeois humanism" and for "compassion towards the enemy". In the sharashka Marfino he met Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Kopelev became a prototype for Rubin from The First Circle.

He was released in 1954 and in 1956 was rehabilitated. Still an optimist and believer in the ideals of communism, during the Khrushchev Thaw he restored his Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) membership. From 1957 to 1969 he taught in the Moscow Institute of Polygraphy and the Institute of History of Arts. It was Kopelev who approached Aleksandr Tvardovsky, editor of the top Soviet literary journal, the Novy Mir (New World) to urge publication of Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.

From 1968 onward Kopelev actively participated in the human rights and dissident movement. In 1968 he was fired from his job and expelled from the CPSU and the Writers' Union for signing protest letters against the persecution of dissidents, publicly supporting Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel and actively denouncing the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. He also protested Solzhenitsyn's expulsion from the Writers' Union and wrote in defense of dissenting General Pyotr Grigorenko, imprisoned at a psikhushka.

Kopelev's books were distributed via samizdat (underground publishing), smuggled out of Russia and published in the West.

For his political activism and contacts with the West, he was deprived of the right to teach or be published in 1977.

Germany
As a scientist, Kopelev led a research project on the history of Russian-German cultural links at the University of Wuppertal. In 1980, while he was on a study trip to West Germany, his Soviet citizenship was revoked. After 1981 Kopelev was a professor at the University of Wuppertal.

Kopelev was an honorary PhD at the University of Cologne and a winner of many international awards. In 1990 Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev restored his Soviet citizenship.

Personal life
Kopelev was married for many years to Raisa Orlova, a Soviet specialist in American literature, who emigrated with him to Germany. Her memoirs were published in the United States in 1984.

Death
Lev Kopelev died in Cologne, Germany on 18 June 1997 at the age of 85, and was buried in the New Donskoy Cemetery in Moscow.

title: Lev Kopelev


text:
Talk:Hüsker Dü

Power pop
Shouldn't the term "power pop" be used in the article, in relation to this group? Badagnani (talk) 16:49, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * (Apologies for archiving previously.) I'm not too sure. I've not found an external source (after a quick search) that says they're power pop. Do you have a source in particular that states this? (I know the band is in the List of power pop musicians, but it's not a common label that's applied to the band.) CloudNine (talk) 18:11, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks--I've always heard this term used in referring to the band by rock critics, going so far as to state that this band is one of the defining bands for the genre. Badagnani (talk) 22:35, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've never heard them referred to as "power pop". "Punk pop" I've seen, but not "power pop". WesleyDodds (talk) 03:38, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Now you have. Same search, without umlauts. Badagnani (talk) 03:40, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Google searches are useless, because you need context, not to mention weeding out the reliable sources from the unreliable ones. WesleyDodds (talk) 03:49, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

I beg to differ. I am a discerning editor; are you implying otherwise? Badagnani (talk) 03:52, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No, I'm just saying Google searches aren't enough. Even then, Husker Du isn't widely considered a power pop band, so there is no need to mention the term in the article. WesleyDodds (talk) 04:00, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't agree. They have been referred to as a power pop band for many years, as the sources show. Badagnani (talk) 04:12, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, most of the top results on those Google searches return particular songs (i.e. "'I Apologize' is a power pop classic"). The results that do say Husker Du are a power pop band are fairly unreliable. CloudNine (talk) 13:51, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

article/source/interview suggestion
As an editor at Crawdaddy!, and to comply with COI guidelines, I am not posting any information from this article, or the article itself. However, I would like to recommend it on its merits, and hope that an editor will find the time to examine this piece on Hüsker Dü and the Replacements, which was originally published in Q in 1987 and republished in Crawdaddy! in 2008, and incorporate it if they see fit. I appreciate your time.  Asst. Editor, Crawdaddy! FenderRhodesScholar | Talk 23:49, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Legacy
I added the 90s punk band Jawbreaker to the list of influences under the "Legacy" section. Jawbreaker were obviously influenced by the Huskers, and in turn were heavily influential on the late 90s/early 2000s emo scene as Jawbreaker frontman Blake Schwarzenbach went on to form Jets to Brazil. I felt it was pertinent to include them because Jawbreaker's influence is arguably just as influential on late 90s music as Husker Dus was on early 90s alt rock, and Jawbreaker had a similar degree of mainstream success (that is to say, none) after signing to a major label as the Huskers did. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bm5481 (talk • contribs) 13:34, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for this? Or is it based on your own opinion? --IllaZilla (talk) 15:29, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, as an avid listener of both bands and of the bands that were listed here previously before the article was edited for expansion, it's pretty obvious in just listening that Husker Du had a huge influence on Jawbreaker, and frankly, I don't think there should be much of a question as to whether or not Jawbreaker should be included in a list of bands directly influenced by them. I mean, Nirvana was listed as part of Husker Du's legacy, and Jawbreaker toured with them.  The only "source" I could find was a website comparing a Jawbreaker song and speculating whether it as a ripoff of a Husker Du song, so, obviously, I'm not the only one on Earth who has noticed the parallels.  I'd say there's more of a parallel between Jawbreaker and Husker Du than My Bloody Valentine and Husker Du.  68.83.40.254 (talk) 18:59, 25 November 2009 (UTC) Bm5481 (talk) 19:00, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but to make a substantive claim like "this artist influenced these other artists", you need more than just your opinion and an "it's pretty obvious in just listening". That's original research which is not acceptable for an encyclopedia. We need reliable sources to verify these claims, and that website doesn't look very reliable, more like a blog. --IllaZilla (talk) 19:20, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

I changed to it 'one of the first bands to sign to a major', as the Replacements signed to Sire before Husker Du. (There are several factual inaccuracies in Azerrad's book in the chapters on Husker Du and the Replacements.) --Anon 31 May 2011

Post-hardcore
I am adding post-hardcore as a genre. I've found more than a single source backing this up:

 * http://www.allmusic.com/album/new-day-rising-r9694/review "Hüsker Dü replaced concept with conciseness, concentrating on individual songs delivered as scalding post-hardcore pop"
 * http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123786442&ft=1&f=122773665 "In 1979, Grant Hart formed the post-hardcore punk band Husker Du with Bob Mould, and became an underground icon in the decade that followed."
 * http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2010/02/husker_du_1.html "The post-hardcore power trio's best long player."
 * http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bob-mould-p4968/biography "Hüsker Dü was a post-hardcore punk band that helped define the sound and ideals of alternative rock."

I know, I shouldn't be a little harsh/annoying with the genres, but, judging from what I've read, their music can't be only described as either "hardcore punk" or "post-punk". --186.87.18.30 (talk) 23:27, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The context for those sources is referring to "music after hardcore", not the genre. Tellingly, Allmusic doesn't categorize them as post-hardcore in its genre sidebar. WesleyDodds (talk) 02:10, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Confusing / Conflicting Timeline?
The article states that Zen Arcade sold out it's first run and took months to restock while the band was on tour to support the record, but the next paragraph says they were recording New Day Rising at the time of the album's release. I'm kind of confused by the timeline suggested.

Did they finish recording all of New Day Rising before they went on tour to support Zen Arcade, which didn't start selling until they were touring? I feel like some clarification might be warranted.

108.21.3.168 (talk) 00:02, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Hüsker Dü discography
These two articles, in my opinion, should be merged together. An alternative might be to convert the discography article into a list. I dream of horses (T) @ 21:24, 2 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The discography is too extensive to be included in the main article in my opinion. If the discography was short, like those of Minor Threat, Cap'n Jazz or Deafheaven, I would've agreed. However in this case it is more beneficial to keep the it in a seperate article. -Myxomatosis57 (talk) 19:36, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * There's no reason to merge. Most music band pages have a separate discography page.10:31, 23 February 2014 (UTC)Dptalbot (talk)

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title: Talk:Hüsker Dü


text:
David Hare (playwright)

Sir David Rippon Hare is an English playwright, screenwriter and theatre director. Best known for his stage work, Hare has also enjoyed great success with films, receiving two Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay for writing The Hours in 2002, based on the novel written by Michael Cunningham, and The Reader in 2008, based on the novel of the same name written by Bernhard Schlink.

In the West End, he had his greatest success with the plays Plenty (1978), which he adapted into a 1985 film starring Meryl Streep, Racing Demon (1990), Skylight (1997), and Amy's View (1998). The four plays ran on Broadway in 1982–83, 1996, 1998 and 1999 respectively, earning Hare three Tony Award nominations for Best Play for the first three and two Laurence Olivier Awards for Best New Play. His other notable projects on stage include A Map of the World, Pravda (starring Anthony Hopkins at the Royal National Theatre in London), Murmuring Judges, The Absence of War, The Vertical Hour, and his latest play Straight Line Crazy starring Ralph Fiennes. He wrote screenplays for films including the Stephen Daldry dramas The Hours (2002) and The Reader (2008) and BBC's Page Eight (2011) and Netflix's Collateral (2018).

In addition to his two Academy Award nominations, Hare has received three Golden Globe Award nominations, three Tony Award nominations and has won a BAFTA Award, a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and two Laurence Olivier Awards. He has also been awarded several critics' awards, such as the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and he received the Golden Bear in 1985.

Hare has been associate director of the National Theatre since 1984.

Early life and education
David Hare was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, Hastings, Sussex, and was raised – first in a flat, then in a semi-detached house – in Bexhill-on-Sea, the son of Agnes Cockburn (née Gilmour) and Clifford Theodore Rippon Hare, a passenger ship's purser in the Merchant Navy. His father's elder brother was the cricketer Steriker Hare. The Hare family claims descent from the Earls of Bristol.

Hare was educated at Lancing College, an independent school in Sussex, and at Jesus College, Cambridge (MA (Cantab.), English Literature). While at Cambridge, he was the hiring manager on the Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club Committee in 1968.

Early work
Hare worked with the Portable Theatre Company from 1968 to 1971. His first play, Slag, was produced in 1970, the same year in which he married his first wife, Margaret Matheson; the couple had three children and divorced in 1980. He was Resident Dramatist at the Royal Court Theatre, London, from 1970 to 1971, and in 1973 became resident dramatist at the Nottingham Playhouse. He co-founded the Joint Stock Theatre Company with David Aukin and Max Stafford-Clark in 1975. Hare's play Plenty was produced at the National Theatre in 1978. Aside from films, he has also written teleplays such as, for the BBC, Licking Hitler (1978), and, for Thames Television, Saigon: Year of the Cat (1983).

1980s
Hare founded a film company called Greenpoint Films in 1982, and among screenplays he has written are Plenty, Wetherby, Strapless, and Paris by Night. In 1983, his play A Map of the World was produced at the Royal National Theatre. The production starred Bill Nighy, Diana Quick, and Ronald Hines. The play is set at the Unesco conference on poverty held in Bombay in 1978. It transferred to The Public Theatre in 1985, starring Alfre Woodard, Elizabeth McGovern, and Zeljko Ivanek. In a mixed review, The New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich wrote: "The play is in part about conflicting points of view – about how reactionaries and leftists look at geopolitics, how journalists and novelists look at events and how the West and the Third World look at each other."

In 1985, Hare wrote Pravda with Howard Brenton, its title referring to the Russian Communist party newspaper Pravda. The play, a satire on the mid-1980s newspaper industry, in particular the Australian media and press baron Rupert Murdoch, stars Anthony Hopkins in a role that earned him the Laurence Olivier Award. Hare became the associate director of the National Theatre in 1984, and has since seen many of his plays produced, including his trilogy about major British institutions: Racing Demon, Murmuring Judges, and The Absence of War. He has also directed many other plays aside from his own works, notable examples being The Pleasure Principle by Snoo Wilson, Weapons of Happiness by Howard Brenton, and King Lear by William Shakespeare for the National Theatre. Hare is also the author of a collection of lectures on the arts and politics called Obedience, Struggle, and Revolt (2005).

1990s
In 1990, Hare wrote Racing Demon; part of a trio of plays about British institutions, it focuses on the Church of England, and tackles issues such as gay ordination, and the role of evangelism in inner-city communities. The play debuted at the National Theatre and received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play. The play transferred to the Broadway stage at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1995. The production starred Paul Giamatti, Denis O'Hare, and Kathleen Chalfant. The play was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play.

In 1995, Hare's translation of Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht was produced in London. In 1996, Hare wrote Skylight, a play about a woman who receives an unexpected visit from her former lover whose wife has recently died. Michael Gambon and Lia Williams starred in the original production, which received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play. The following year, the production transferred to the Broadway stage, where it was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play.

In 1998, Hare wrote Amy's View, a play that deals with an emotional relationship between a mother and her daughter. The original production at the Royal National Theatre starred Judi Dench, Samantha Bond, and Ronald Pickup. Dench starred in the Broadway transfer, earning the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1999.

2000s
In 2001, Hare wrote My Zinc Bed, which premiered at the Royal Court Theatre starring Tom Wilkinson, Julia Ormond, and Steven Mackintosh. The play was adapted into a television film of the same name in 2008. The play received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play nomination, Hare's eighth Olivier Award nomination. The following year Hare wrote the screenplay for The Hours (2002) adapted from the Michael Cunningham book of the same name. The film starred an ensemble cast that included Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, and Nicole Kidman as women from three different time periods struggling against adversity. Hare received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay nomination as well as BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award nominations.

In 2008, he adapted Bernhard Schlink's 1995 novel into Stephen Daldry's film The Reader starring Kate Winslet and Ralph Fiennes. The film focuses on a romance in the 1950s between a teenaged boy and an older woman who is later discovered to have been a Nazi guard and is on trial for committing war crimes during the Holocaust. The film was well reviewed and earned Hare his second Academy Award nomination. He also received BAFTA and Golden Globe Award nominations.

2010s
Hare's 2011 play South Downs, based on his based on his own experiences of being schooled at Lancing College, was well received at the Chichester Festival, and was adapted as a Saturday Drama on BBC Radio 4.

In December 2011, it was announced that his monologue Wall about the Israeli West Bank barrier was being adapted by Cam Christiansen as a live-action/animated documentary by the National Film Board of Canada; originally slated for completed in 2014, Wall premiered at the Calgary International Film Festival in 2017. In November 2012, The New School for Drama selected Hare as temporary Artist-in-residence, during which he interacted with student playwrights about his experience in varying mediums. His career is examined in the Reputations strand on TheatreVoice. He is particularly well known for incisive commentary on the problems of public institutions. Raymond Williams once said, sardonically, that the public services are largely managed by the nation's "upper servants". Hare addresses this group, providing an analysis of the workings of the institutions: he is, he has said, interested in the struggle to make procedures work better – right now – not in waiting until some revolution, somehow, sometime, comes about to raze the current system altogether, to replace it with perfection.

In 2016, Hare wrote the screenplay for Denial based on Deborah Lipstadt's History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier. The film starred Tom Wilkinson, Rachel Weisz, and Timothy Spall. The film dramatises the Irving v Penguin Books Ltd case, in which Lipstadt, a Holocaust scholar, was sued by Holocaust denier David Irving for libel. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews. It later received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film nomination.

2020s
In 2020, Hare contracted COVID-19, an experience reflected in his monologue Beat the Devil, with Ralph Fiennes in the starring role.

In 2022, Hare wrote, Straight Line Crazy. The play is set in the 1920s through the 1960s in New York City and centres on the life of Robert Moses, portrayed by Fiennes. Fiennes stars as Moses, once a powerful man in New York and the "master builder" of infrastructure from new parks, bridges and expressways. During his working life, he served on the New York State Council of Parks and was the New York Secretary of State. The play premiered at the Bridge Theatre in London in March 2022. The play transferred to the New York stage with Fiennes at The Shed in October 2022.

Archive
In 1993, Hare sold his archive to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The archive consists of typescript drafts, notes, rehearsal scripts, schedules, production notes, correspondence, theatre programs, resumes, photographs, and published texts associated with Hare's plays, teleplays, screenplays, and essays, as well as foreign-language translations of Hare's works; works by other authors; personal correspondence; minutes of meetings; and Hare's English papers from Cambridge University.

Personal life
Hare married the French fashion designer Nicole Farhi in 1992.

In 1993, Hare's best friend Sarah Matheson was diagnosed with Multiple System Atrophy and died from the disease in 1999. In January 2015, Hare broadcast the BBC Radio 4 appeal to raise money for the Multiple System Atrophy Trust, which was founded by Matheson.

Works
Selected credits

Theatre

 * Slag (1970)
 * The Great Exhibition (1972)
 * Brassneck (1973) (with Howard Brenton)
 * Knuckle (1974)
 * Fanshen (1975). Based on Fanshen (1966)
 * Teeth 'n' Smiles (1975)
 * Plenty (1978)
 * A Map of the World (1982)
 * Pravda (1985) (with Howard Brenton)
 * The Bay at Nice, and Wrecked Eggs (1986)
 * The Knife (1987) (with Nick Bicat and Tim Rose Price)
 * The Secret Rapture (1988)
 * Racing Demon (1990)
 * Murmuring Judges (1991)
 * The Absence of War (1993)
 * Skylight (1995)
 * Amy's View (1997)
 * Ivanov (1997; 2015) (adapted from Chekhov)
 * The Blue Room (1998) (adapted from Schnitzler)
 * The Judas Kiss (1998)
 * Via Dolorosa (1998)
 * My Zinc Bed (2000)
 * Platonov (2001; 2015) (adapted from Chekhov)
 * The Breath of Life (2002)
 * The Permanent Way (2003)
 * Stuff Happens (2004)
 * The Vertical Hour (2006)
 * Gethsemane (2008)
 * Berlin (2009)
 * Wall (2009)
 * The Power of Yes (2009)
 * South Downs (2011)
 * Behind the Beautiful Forevers (2014)
 * The Seagull (2015) (adapted from Chekhov)
 * The Moderate Soprano (2015)
 * The Red Barn (2016)
 * I'm Not Running (2018)
 * Beat the Devil (2020)
 * Straight Line Crazy (2022)

Film

 * Plenty (1985)
 * Paris By Night  (1989) directed
 * Damage (1992)
 * The Secret Rapture (1993)
 * The Hours (2002)
 * The Reader (2008)
 * Denial (2016)
 * Wall (2017)
 * The White Crow (2018)

Television

 * "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" (Lucasfilm, 1993) (directed the episode Paris, May 1919)
 * Page Eight (BBC, 2011) (also directed)
 * Turks & Caicos (BBC, 2014) (also directed)
 * Salting the Battlefield (BBC, 2014) (also directed)
 * Collateral (Netflix, 2018)
 * Roadkill (BBC One, 2020)
 * Beat the Devil (Showtime/Skyarts, 2021)

Awards and honours
For his work in theatre, he has received eight Laurence Olivier Award nominations, winning the award twice, for Racing Demon in 1990 and Skylight in 1996. He has also received three Tony Award nominations for Plenty in 1985, Racing Demon in 1996 and Skylight in 1997. He also received the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize (1975), a BAFTA Award (1979), the New York Drama Critics Circle Award (1983), and the London Theatre Critics' Award (1990).

Hare has received various award nominations for his film work, including two Academy Award nominations for The Hours (2002), and The Reader (2008); two Golden Globe Award nominations; and five BAFTA Award nominations. He was awarded the Berlin Film Festival Golden Bear in 1985. In 1997, he was a member of the jury at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.

He has also received various honours including knighthoods, degrees, and fellows. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985. This gave him the Post Nominal Letters "FRSL" for Life. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by Jesus College, Cambridge, in 2001. He was knighted in the 1998 Queen's Birthday Honours List "For services to the Theatre". This allows him to use the title Sir. He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) by the University of East Anglia in 2010.

title: David Hare (playwright)


text:
San Juan Bautista

San Juan Bautista is the Spanish-language name of Saint John the Baptist. It may refer to:

Bolivia

 * San Juan Bautista, Bolivia, Jesuit mission ruins near the village of San Juan de Taperas

Chile

 * San Juan Bautista, Chile, Juan Fernández Islands

Guatemala

 * San Juan Bautista, Suchitepéquez

Mexico

 * San Juan Bautista, Coahuila
 * San Juan Bautista, Guerrero
 * a mission founded 1699/1700 near Guerrero, Coahuila
 * San Juan Bautista, Nayarit
 * San Juan Bautista de la Villahermosa, Tabasco
 * Misión San Juan Bautista Malibat, Baja California Sur
 * Visita de San Juan Bautista Londó, Baja California Sur
 * any of several other Spanish missions in Mexico
 * San Juan Bautista Atatlahuca, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Coixtlahuaca, Mixteca, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Cuicatlan, Cuicatlan, Cañada, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Guelache, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista lo de Soto, Jamiltepec, Costa, Oaxaca.
 * San Juan Bautista de Sonora, Cumpas, Sonora
 * San Juan Bautista Suchitepec, Huajuapan, Mixteca, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Tlacoatzintepec, Cuicatlan, Cañada, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Tlachichilco, Silacayoapam, Mixteca, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca
 * San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, Tuxtepec, Papaloapan, Oaxaca

Oceania

 * Pitcairn Islands, one of which was named "San Juan Bautista" by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606

Paraguay

 * San Juan Bautista, Paraguay
 * San Juan Bautista de Ñeembucú, Ñeembucú
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of San Juan Bautista de las Misiones, suffragan of Asunción

Peru

 * San Juan Bautista District, Maynas, Loreto Region
 * San Juan Bautista District, Ica, Ica Region
 * San Juan Bautista, Ica, capital of the aforementioned district
 * San Juan Bautista District, Huamanga, Ayacucho Region
 * San Juan Bautista, Huamanga, capital of the aforementioned district

Puerto Rico

 * The original name of Puerto Rico
 * San Juan, Puerto Rico, a truncation of its complete name Municipio de la Ciudad Capital San Juan Bautista
 * Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in Puerto Rico (Catholic Church)
 * Catedral San Juan Bautista (San Juan de Puerto Rico) (Episcopal Church)
 * Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Maricao, Puerto Rico)
 * San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
 * Iglesia San Juan Bautista y San Ramón Nonato, Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico
 * Old San Juan, Puerto Rico

Spain

 * San Juan Bautista (Madrid), an area in the city of Madrid.
 * Sant Joan de Labritja, a village and municipality in Ibiza / Eivissa, Balearic Islands.
 * San Juan Bautista de Corias, a monastery in Corias (Narcea), Asturias
 * Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (San Tirso de Abres), Asturias
 * Church of San Juan Bautista, Baños de Cerrato, Palencia
 * Santiuste de San Juan Bautista, Segovia, Castile and León
 * Castle of St John the Baptist (Castillo de San Juan Bautista), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
 * Church of San Juan Bautista (Talamanca de Jarama), Talamanca de Jarama
 * Church of San Juan Bautista (Arganda del Rey)
 * Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Chiclana de la Frontera), Chiclana de la Frontera

United States

 * Mission San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California, officially "La Misión del Glorios Precursor de Jesu Cristo, Nuestro Señor, San Juan Bautista"
 * San Juan Bautista, California
 * Rancho San Juan Bautista, Santa Clara County, California
 * San Juan County, Washington (formally San Juan Bautista County, named for Saint John the Baptist)

Venezuela

 * San Juan Bautista, Nueva Esparta
 * Pao de San Juan Bautista Municipality, Cojedes
 * John the Baptist Monument, San Juan de los Morros, Guárico, Venezuela

Art

 * Painting
 * St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness (1489), painting by Hieronymus Bosch. Lázaro Galdiano Museum, Madrid, Spain.
 * Saint John the Baptist (1508-1513), painting by Leonardo DaVinci, Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.
 * Saint John the Baptist (c. 1600), painting by El Greco, Legion of Honor, California, USA.
 * Saint John the Baptist (c. 1600-1605) painting by El Greco, Museu de Belles Arts de València, Valencia, Spain.
 * Sain John the Baptist in the desert (1620), painting by Diego Velázquez, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, USA.

 * Sculpture
 * Saint John the Baptist (1438), wood sculpture by Donatello, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venecia, Italy.
 * Saint John the Baptist (1455), wood sculpture by Donatello, Siena Cathedral, Italy.

Other uses

 * San Juan Bautista (Mutsen) a native people and language in California
 * Japanese warship San Juan Bautista, built in 1613
 * Spanish warship San Juan Bautista, a Spanish 60-gun ship 1724-1741
 * Church of San Juan Bautista (disambiguation)

title: San Juan Bautista


text:
Mount McLoughlin

Mount McLoughlin is a dormant steep-sided stratovolcano, or composite volcano, in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon and within the United States Sky Lakes Wilderness. It is one of the volcanic peaks in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, within the High Cascades sector. A prominent landmark for the Rogue River Valley, the mountain is north of Mount Shasta, and south-southeast of Crater Lake. It was named around 1838 after John McLoughlin, a Chief Factor for the Hudson's Bay Company. Mount McLouglin's prominence has made it a landmark to Native American populations for thousands of years.

McLoughlin consists largely of basaltic andesite. It underwent three major eruptive periods before its last activity took place between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago. It is not currently monitored for activity or deformation. Diverse species of flora and fauna inhabit the area, which is subject to frequent snowfall and temperature variation between seasons. The Pacific Crest Trail skirts the eastern and northern sides and also accesses the only trail to the summit, the 6 mi McLoughlin Trail 3716. The mountain can also be skied.

Geography

The major landmark for the Rogue River Valley, Mount McLoughlin reaches an elevation of 9493 ft. The tallest volcano in between Mount Shasta — located 70 mi to the south — and South Sister 120 mi to the north, it lies in the Cascade Range, in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Oregon. Most of the volcano lies in Jackson County, though the eastern side of its base lies in Klamath County. It is the sixth tallest peak in Oregon, but despite its height, Mount McLoughlin only has a volume of 3 cumi.

The volcano includes the North Squaw Tip and South Squaw Tip peaks, which occur on its flanks at elevations of 7070 ft and 7654 ft, respectively. It can be seen from the Interstate 5 and U.S. Route 97 highways. From the southwest and southeast, it has a symmetrical appearance, but the northeastern flank of the volcano has been eroded and transformed into a hollow amphitheater.

Wilderness
McLoughlin lies within the Sky Lakes Wilderness area, part of the Rogue River–Siskiyou and the Fremont–Winema National Forests. The Sky Lakes Wilderness covers an area of 113590 acre, with a width of 6 mi and a length of 27 mi. Designated by the United States Congress in 1984, it stretches from Crater Lake National Park to Oregon Route 140 at the south and ranges in elevation from 3800 ft in the Middle Fork canyon of the Rogue River to the peak of McLoughlin. The wilderness area encompasses more than 200 bodies of water including ponds and lakes, in addition to forests and mountain ridges.

Physical geography
The local area has warm, dry summers during the daytime with cool nights, and snowy winters that impede access to the Sky Lakes Wilderness through July. Moisture is limited between June and October barring occasional thunderstorms, which accounts for a very short growing season between ice thawing and drought. On average, precipitation does not exceed 40 in at medium elevations, reaching 80 to 90 in at greater heights, most of which consists of snowfall.

Around the base of the mountain, there are a number of lakes, including the Lake of the Woods and Fourmile Lake. The Upper Klamath Lake, the largest body of freshwater in the state, sits to the east of Mount McLoughlin. The Summit Lake is a small lake on the northern slope of the volcano between the Rogue River and the Klamath Basin. The Big Butte Creek, a tributary of the Rogue River, drains the northwestern part of McLoughlin, while the Little Butte Creek is fed by the southern flanks.

Ecology
About 20 tree species can be found throughout Mount McLoughlin's surroundings, including Pacific yew at low elevations, mountain hemlock, whitebark pine, and subalpine fir at higher elevations, and lodgepole pine and red fir throughout. Other plant species include shrubs, wildflowers, junipers, heather, columbine, kinnikinnick, huckleberry, chinquapins, grouse huckleberry, and bearberry.

Common fauna in the area include chipmunks, deer, elk, American black bears, coyotes, while yellow-bellied marmots, fishers, pikas, and American martens are less common. More than 150 bird species live in the Big Butte Creek watershed near McLoughlin. Eagles and hawks can be sighted in the vicinity, as can spotted owls. goshawks like to live beneath the tree canopy in the region. Amphibian species like Oregon spotted frogs and Cascades frogs live in certain parts of the watershed. Fish species include Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, Coho salmon, Pacific lamprey, and coastal cutthroat trout.

Geology

Little was known about Mount McLoughlin's geology until the 1970s. Much of what is known today comes from LeRoy Maynard of the center for Volcanology at the University of Oregon. His work established that the volcano was built over three eruptive phases, each with their own eruption types. James Smith from the United States Geological Survey expanded on Maynard's findings, producing a map of the McLoughlin region.

McLoughlin is part of the High Cascades, which trend north–south. Formed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region. Like other Cascade volcanoes, Mount McLoughlin was fed by magma chambers produced by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the western edge of the North American tectonic plate. Within Oregon, plutons, or bodies of intrusive igneous rock that crystallize from magma cooling below the surface of the Earth, lay between 75 and 110 km northwest of the major High Cascade axis. At McLoughlin, mean displacement rates for the past 16 million years have been 3.5 to 7.1 mm each year.

The volcano shows magnetic high points to the east of its main cone, suggesting that it has normal magnetic polarization that corresponds to an age of less than 700,000 years. Other evidence that the volcano is geologically young include its symmetrical shape on the western and southern sides, its well-preserved lava flow deposits, and the absence of soil formation on many of its flow deposits.

McLoughlin is a stratovolcano, made up of basaltic andesite on top of underlying basaltic andesitic shield volcanoes. Much of its central volcanic cone formed within the last 200,000 years, including lava flows on the sides of the mountain that are between 30,000 and 20,000 years old. The volcano has a volume of 3 cumi, and its lava is predominantly basaltic andesite with silicon dioxide content between 53 and 57 percent, though it also has andesite.

During the last ice age, a large ice cap buried most of the High Cascades, reaching thicknesses in the thousands of feet. Pleistocene glaciers carved out McLoughlin's major volcanic cone, excavating two solidified lava tubes that reached the summit crater. From 25,000 to 12,000 years ago, glaciers on the northern slopes of the volcano combined with an ice cap at the base of the volcano that was about 500 ft thick. A cirque glacier occupied part of the depression until early in the 20th century. The volcano displays a lack of snow during the summer season.

Nearby features
Two nearby volcanoes closely resemble Mount McLoughlin in composition. Brown Mountain, a shield volcano with a volume of 1 cumi, lies to the southeast, while Pelican Butte, the most prominent shield volcano in the southern Cascades of Oregon, lies to the east.

Brown Mountain has been dated to between 60,000 and 12,000 years old. It produced basaltic andesite lava flows that have not been heavily eroded, but during Pleistocene glacial advance, ice streams on the volcano ate away at the cinder cone that formed Brown Mountain's summit. This formed a glacial cirque with a bowl shape on the northeastern flank.

Pelican Butte reaches an elevation of 8036 ft, and it features gradual slopes. Adjacent to Klamath Lake, it has a greater volume than McLoughlin at 5 cumi, and it is made up of basaltic andesite. Like Brown Mountain, Pelican Butte has a cinder cone on the top of its summit, in addition to a glacial cirque and ravine that were excavated on its northeastern side. These eroded areas exhibit pyroclastic rock in a matrix with lava flows, suggesting that blocky and ʻaʻā lavas formed an outer shell around Pelican Butte's fragmented interior. Glaciation has also lowered the overall volcano by tens of yards.

Other volcanoes can be found within the Sky Lakes Wilderness area, including lava flows and mud flows at Big Bunchgrass Butte and Imagination Peak, in addition to more recent eruptive activity at Goosenest Mountain in the northeastern sector.

Eruptive history

Mount McLoughlin underwent at least three distinct eruptive phases. Early activity at Mount McLoughlin was explosive, and it yielded tephra and pyroclastic rock that built about a third of the overall volume. These eruptions also yielded lava flows, but they only occurred on the lower flanks. The northwestern flank has volcanic vents that produced lava flows responsible for inundating the Fourbit Creek valley 4 mi from the base of McLoughlin, which extend up to the Big Butte Springs. Other lava flows from earlier eruptions reach at least 6 mi from the base of the mountain, a number of which run along the Oregon Route 140 highway. One ʻaʻā stream that filled a river valley for 6 mi in length moved from an elevation of 5000 ft to 3000 ft, though it was thin, with more than 2.5 mi of its length being less than 500 ft in width.

A second eruptive stage was characterized by large lava flows, which covered the inner pyroclastic core with basaltic andesite. These thin lava flows formed a shell around the loosely compacted pyroclastic interior. The third stage of development consisted of floods of blocky lava erupting from below the summit and more fluid lavas erupting from basal fissures, mostly confined to the south slope. North Squaw Tip and South Squaw Tip on McLoughlin's west flank now mark the site of the two major blocky flow vents. There are two smaller vents as well. The entire third stage is thought to have happened after the last Pleistocene glaciers in the area had melted, due to a general lack of weathering and fresh appearance of the solidified lava. The freshest lava flows at Mount McLoughlin occur on the southern and western flanks of the mountain, and they are thought to be between 30,000 and 20,000 years old.

Future activity
Mount McLoughlin's main volcanic cone has not erupted during the Holocene, with the last production of lava flows taking place between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago. The volcano is not currently monitored for activity or deformation. The closest seismic monitoring stations lie 100 km to the south near Mount Shasta and the Medicine Lake Volcano.

Human history

McLouglin has served as a landmark to Native American populations for thousands of years. They utilized the area to hunt and gather berries. The Takelma people referred to it as "Mal-sr" or "Alwilamchaldis", one of their mythical heroes, and they considered it the home of Tasuune, or the "Acorn Woman", a being that helped their acorns grow every year. In the culture of the Shasta people, McLoughlin was known as "Makayax"; the Klamath people named the volcano "Walum" and "Kesh yainatat", meaning the home of the "dwarf old woman" that controlled the west wind. McLoughlin was called "Melaiksi" by the Modoc people. The Little Butte Creek which drains from McLoughlin was called "So-ytanak", translating as "corner" or "rock house", by the Upper Takelma people.

First detected by an American explorer Peter Skene Ogden in 1827, McLoughlin has a complex name-place history. Ogden called the volcano "Mt. Sastise" after the Shasta Native Americans that helped him reach the Rogue Valley, but this name was later exchanged with Mount Shasta in northern California, then called "Pit Mountain". To local residents, Mount McLoughlin's English name was Mount Pitt, though it came to be referred to by other names including Mt. John Quincy Adams, Mt. Clear View, Snowy Butte, and Mt. Madison, also appearing in maps as Mount Pitt, Mount Simpson, and Mount Jackson. Though the volcano was also known as Mount McLoughlin during the 1800s, it was officially renamed in 1905 by the Oregon Legislative Assembly after Dr. John McLoughlin, a factor for the Hudson's Bay Company noted for helping American settlers in the 1830s and 1840s. An important figure in the local fur trade, McLoughlin was also known as the "Father of Oregon". The change from Pitt to McLoughlin was later confirmed by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1912.

The area around Mount McLoughlin was frequented by fur trappers and explorers, but they did not settle for long stays in the area. Settlers living near the surrounding Sky Lakes Wilderness trapped beavers and martens during the winter seasons, hunted, and grazed sheep in warmer months. Stuart Falls and Twin Ponds marked popular spots for picking huckleberries. Trails and fire lookouts were constructed for the Sky Lakes Wilderness area in the early 1900s, with the Pacific Crest Trail expanding into the region during the mid-1970s, superseding the pre-existing Oregon Skyline Trail.

Mount McLoughlin's first known ascent took place in 1858, when Joseph Burpee, William Wilkinson, Dr. Greer, Henry Klippel, John S. Love, and Robert Haines, from the city of Jacksonville, reached the summit from the northeast. The event was reported in a letter published by the Jacksonville Democratic Times on May 28, 1897. In 1896, members of the Mazama mountaineering club including Lottie Reed, Henry Pittock, and Leslie Scott ascended the mountain.

As of 1926, Mount McLoughlin's western flank acts as the municipal watershed for Medford, its melted snow feeding the Big Butte Springs near the city. The summer melting of snow forms a shape that is referred to locally as "the angel wings" or "the diving eagle", which local fishers consider a sign of peak fishing opportunities in the mountain's lakes.

Recreation
Mount McLoughlin has a 5 mi hiking trail to its summit. While non-technical, the trail gains about 4000 ft in elevation, typically requiring at least six hours from start to finish. The trail receives moderate to heavy use each year; the peak is easiest to reach from July through September, when the trailhead is accessible by vehicle and snow is minimal along the path. The Mt. McLoughlin Trailhead is on Forest Road 3650, 2.5 mi north of Oregon Route 140. After about 1 mi, the Mt. McLoughlin Trail joins the Pacific Crest Trail for half a mile, then passes through a forested area for about 2.5 mi before reaching timberline. The last mile of the route travels over blocky lava and rubble, and the trail above the tree line is less clearly delineated. From the summit, Mount Shasta and Crater Lake can be seen.

During the winter, the climb requires snowshoes, crampons, and ice axes, and is far more challenging than the popular summertime route. The access road from Oregon Route 140 may also be closed due to snow, requiring a longer approach on snowshoes or cross country skis. The mountain can also be skied, which has become more popular in recent years.

title: Mount McLoughlin