text:
List of Sony Ericsson products

The following is a list of products manufactured under the Sony Ericsson brand. Most of the models have been released under multiple names, depending on region of release, currently usually indicated by a letter added to the end of the model number ('i' for international, 'a' for North America, and 'c' for mainland China), but indicated on some (mostly older) models by a slightly differing model number. Typically, there is one version for the European and US market, and another for the Asian market. However, some models have yet more versions. Most "Walkman" branded models are also released as a non-Walkman version; such as Sony Ericsson W580 and the S500. These versions usually differ only slightly.

International phones
Each phone in boldface indicates that the phone is a smartphone.

S = Status, where P indicates under production, D is discontinued and U indicates upcoming.

C902
The Sony Ericsson C902 was released during the second quarter of 2008. It is a java based feature device running on Sony Ericsson's proprietary A200 platform. A special feature was the presence of 8 touch sensitive keys using capacitive technology for the camera mode. The camera technology includes face detection and the music player is similar to the system used on the company's "Walkman" series handsets. The phone is the first in Sony Ericsson's new 'Cyber-shot' C-series of phones, designed to be a successor to the popular K800i and the K850. The C902 is featured in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace, and has been praised for its user interface design and its build quality. Although the device received favorable reviews, analysts did not expect it to reach the same level of popularity or sales as its predecessor, the K800i, because it was not intended to be a "flagship model."

G700
The Sony Ericsson G700 was announced at the Mobile World Congress (formerly 3GSM congress) February 2008 and is based on the Symbian OS 9.1 UIQ 3.0 platform. The handset has had below average reviews, with a lot of reviewers criticizing the phone for being priced too high as the better equipped G900 is in the same price bracket while others have lamented the fact that Sony Ericsson chose to implement the same technology that had been presented in late 2006 in the P1. A "business edition" also exists for the Sony Ericsson G700, which has no camera.

G900
Announced at the 2008 Mobile World Congress (formerly 3GSM congress) in February of that year, G900 is a mid-to-high-end smartphone based on the Symbian 9.1 UIQ 3.0 platform. The phone sports high quality sound, 3G, Wi-Fi, and a clear 5.0-megapixel camera.

J series: Junior phones (2004–2010)
Some phones are part of Sony Ericsson's "Greenheart" range.

K series: Camera phones (2004–2008)
Some phones have Cyber-shot branding.

T series: Tela phones (2002–2009)
NOTE: Sony Ericsson may release cell phones in one variants, indicated with a letter after the model number. For example Sony Ericsson t303 released in China was released as Sony Ericsson t303c.

W series: Walkman phones (2005–2011)
NOTE: Sony Ericsson may release cell phones in three variants, indicated with a letter after the model number. Example: W200 was released as W200a (for the Americas), W200c (for China) and W200i (rest of the world). The default release letter for most models is "i" which means international.

X series: Xperia phones (2008–2011)
Some phones are part of Sony Ericsson's "Greenheart" range.

Entertainment Unlimited series: Entertainment phones (2009–2010)
The first Entertainment Unlimited phones were announced and launched in 2009, creating a new category where the benefits of audio and images were "combined in smart, good-looking and high-performing devices." Apart from first-rate audio-visual strength, what these products have in common are differentiating factors in the user interface, borrowing from the wider Sony Group UI-developments. Aino is the first product that connects into the world of the Sony PlayStation remotely via remote media play. Vivaz is the first Sony Ericsson phone supporting high-definition (HD) video capture.

Overview
''Note: These lists are not intended to be all inclusive. Some information may be missing, or out of date.''

au by KDDI (previously as IDO and DDI Cellular)

 * CDMA 1X WIN models (CDMA2000 1xEV-DO)

 * Cyber-shot Keitai S006 - The world's first 16.2-megapixel cameraphone with advanced functions. It features CMOS 'Exmor R' sensor, dual LED flash, ISO 12800, WIN HIGH SPEED service, and waterproof design. It also supports GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM & CDMA.
 * BRAVIA Phone S005 - Its design is similar to S004. It supports WIN HIGH SPEED service.
 * URBANO MOND - Designed for active elderly with updated functions and waterproof design.
 * BRAVIA Phone S004 - High-speed waterproof phone from Sony Ericsson BRAVIA lineup using 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon processor. It features OneSeg TV tuner, Motion Flow Lite 60 frame, 8.11-megapixel CMOS camera and supports GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM & CDMA.
 * Cyber-shot Keitai S003 - The first 12.09-megapixel 'Exmor' CMOS cameraphone from Sony Ericsson Cyber-shot lineup with Dual-LED 'PLASMA' Flash and waterproof body. It supports GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM & CDMA.
 * URBANO BARONE - Designed for active elderly with large keypad function. It supports GLOBAL PASSPORT CDMA.
 * BRAVIA Phone U1 - The first BRAVIA phone for au's lineup with waterproof body. It supports GLOBAL PASSPORT CDMA.
 * Global Keitai S002 - Compact, simple phone with GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM support and Talkman Flash feature.
 * Cyber-shot Keitai S001 - Cyber-shot phone with 'First-Class' theme and it is the first Sony Ericsson phone using AMOLED display. It features 8.11-megapixel 'Exmor' CMOS sensor, GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM & CDMA, and premium design.
 * Walkman Phone, Premier³ - Walkman phone which able to rip music directly from CD Player via connector. It features Clear Bass, Clear Stereo, and Sony's DSEE (Digital Sound Enhancement Engine) Technology. It supports GLOBAL PASSPORT CDMA.
 * Walkman Phone, Xmini (W65S) - The smallest Walkman phone with illumination music control. It features Clear Bass, Clear Stereo, and Sony's DSEE (Digital Sound Enhancement Engine) Technology.
 * Global Keitai W64S - Global and elegance design with GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM support and Talkman Flash feature.
 * Full Change Keitai re (W63S) - The first Sony Ericsson phone with full-customization support both cover, keypad, antenna, and user-interface.
 * Global Keitai W62S - Global design with GLOBAL PASSPORT GSM support and Talkman Flash feature.
 * Cyber-shot Keitai W61S - The first Cyber-shot phone for au's lineup. It features 5.11-megapixel 'Exmor' CMOS sensor, Smile Shutter Lite, Kaokime Lite, and OneSeg TV Tuner.
 * W54S - Stylish and elegance phone with OneSeg TV Tuner and Bluetooth support.
 * W53S - Stylish phone with selected 100 Style-Up Panel cover.
 * Walkman Keitai W52S - Walkman phone with visual music sensation.
 * W51S - Stylish phone with backlight illumination panel.
 * W44S - 2-way flip multimedia phone with OneSeg TV Tuner support.
 * W43S - Stylish phone with elegance and beauty design.
 * Walkman Keitai W42S - Walkman phone with music style design and illumination music control.
 * W41S - Music-style phone which able to connect to LISMO!
 * W32S - Style-phone with Osaifu-Keitai support.
 * W31S - Multimedia phone designed for music.
 * W21S - The first CDMA 1X WIN model from Sony Ericsson.

 * CDMA2000 1x models

 * A1404S II
 * A1404S
 * A1402S II
 * A1402S
 * A5404S

 * A5402S
 * A1301S
 * A1101S
 * A3014S

 * cdmaOne models

 * C1002S
 * C413S (Sony)
 * C406S (Sony)

 * C404S DIVA / DIVA lite (Sony)
 * C305S (Sony)
 * C101S (Sony)

 * PDC models
 * Digital Minimo 511G (Sony) also called HD-50S
 * Digital Minimo 527G (Sony)
 * Digital Minimo 534G (Sony)
 * Digital Minimo 604G (Sony)
 * Digital Minimo 705G (Sony) also called D306S
 * TACS model
 * TACS Minimo T206 (Sony)

NTT DoCoMo

 * FOMA models
 * Xperia SO-01B - Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 for Japanese market. It features additional functions like Sony's music store mora touch.
 * Global Keitai SO706i - Global elegance phone with illumination panel. It uses Linux MOAP(L) operating system and supports WORLD WING 3G.
 * BRAVIA Keitai SO906i - Second BRAVIA(R) phone for Docomo's lineup.
 * SO705i - Smart elegance phone with illumination panel. It uses Linux MOAP(L) operating system.
 * Cyber-shot Keitai SO905iCS - The first Cyber-shot phone for Docomo's lineup. It features 5.11-megapixel 'Exmor' CMOS camera, Smile Shutter Lite, Kaokime Lite, and Xenon Flash.
 * SO905i - Multimedia phone with touchscreen function.
 * SO704i - Stylish phone with illumination panel on the cover.
 * BRAVIA Keitai SO903iTV - The first Sony Ericsson phone with BRAVIA branded.
 * Aroma Keitai SO703i - Beauty and elegance phone with replaceable aroma sheet in the front cover.
 * SO903i - Premium AV multimedia phone from Sony Ericsson for Docomo's lineup.
 * FOMASTICK SO902iWP+ - Waterproof phone from Sony Ericsson for Docomo's lineup.
 * SO702i - Stylish phone with selected Style-Up Panel cover.
 * FOMASTICK SO902i - Candybar model with 3.2-megapixel CMOS camera.

 * mova models
 * RADIDEN (SO213iWR) - The first Sony Ericsson radiophone with AM/FM/TV band and dual-design.
 * premini-IIS (SO506iS) - One of premini series with improved features and fresh design.
 * premini-II (SO506i) - One of premini series with Memory Stick Duo support.
 * premini-S (SO213iS) - One of premini series with sporty design. It doesn't have external memory slot.
 * SO506iC - The first Sony Ericsson phone for Docomo's mova lineup with electronic payment Osaifu-Keitai function using Sony FeliCa chip.
 * premini (SO213i) - The first and smallest, compact premini model from Sony Ericsson. It doesn't have external memory slot.
 * SO505iS - Swivel music phone from Sony Ericsson for Docomo's mova lineup
 * SO505i - Swivel multimedia phone from Sony Ericsson for Docomo's mova lineup. It is almost similar to global model S700i.
 * SO212i
 * SO504i
 * SO211i
 * SO503iS (Sony)
 * SO210i (Sony)
 * SO503i (Sony)
 * ER209i (Ericsson)
 * SO502iWM (Sony)
 * SO502i (Sony)
 * SO601ps (Sony)
 * ER207 (Ericsson)
 * SO207 (Sony)
 * ER205 (Ericsson)
 * SO206 (Sony)
 * SO201 (Sony)
 * SO101 (Sony)

SoftBank Mobile (previously as Vodafone and J-Phone)

 * UMTS model
 * Vodafone 802SE - Vodafone Japan version of the V800
 * PDC model
 * J-SY01 (Sony)

TU-KA

 * PDC models

 * TH291 (Sony) also called SO4
 * TH281 (Sony) also called SO3
 * TH271 (Sony) also called SO2 or Y202
 * TH261 (Sony) also called SO or Y201
 * TH251 (Sony)
 * TH241 (Sony)

PC Cards or USB mobile modems

 * Sony Ericsson GC75e GPRS PC card Modem
 * Sony Ericsson GC79 GPRS/802.11b Wireless LAN PC card
 * Sony Ericsson GC82 EDGE/GPRS PC card
 * Sony Ericsson GC83 EDGE/GPRS PC card
 * Sony Ericsson GC85 EDGE/GPRS PC card

 * Sony Ericsson GC89 EDGE/GPRS/802.11g Wireless LAN PC card
 * Sony Ericsson GC95 UMTS/EDGE/GPRS PC card
 * Sony Ericsson GC99 UMTS/EDGE/GPRS/802.11g Wireless LAN PC card
 * Sony Ericsson MD300 Mobile Broadband USB Modem HSDPA/UMTS/EDGE/GPRS

== Accessories == ''Note: Lists are incomplete. Some information may be missing.''

Bluetooth headsets

 * Sony Ericsson HBH-35
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-300
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-60
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-65
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-GV435
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-600
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-602
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-608
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-610(a)
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-660
 * Sony Ericsson Akono HBH-662
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV700
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV703
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV705
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV708
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV710
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV712
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV715

 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV720
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV740
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-PV770
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-IV835
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-IV840
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-200 (12 character backlit display)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-DS200 (Stereo) (3.5 mm jack)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-DS205 (Stereo) (3.5 mm jack)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-DS220 (Stereo) (3.5 mm jack)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-DS970 (Stereo) (LCD)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-DS980 (Stereo) (OLED display)
 * Sony Ericsson MH100 (3.5 mm jack + touch volume control + LED indicator) (bundled with HPM-78 in-ear plugs)
 * Sony Ericsson MW600 (3.5 mm jack + touch volume control + OLED display + μUSB) (bundled with HPM-78 in-ear plugs)
 * Sony Ericsson VH-110
 * Sony Ericsson VH-410
 * Sony Ericsson VH-300 (mono)
 * Sony Ericsson VH-700 (mono) (noise shield + μUSB)
 * Sony Ericsson HBH-IS800

Car-kits (handsfree)

 * HCA-20 (11pin)
 * HCA-200 (11pin)
 * HCA-60 (fastport)
 * HCB-30 (bluetooth)
 * HCB-300 (bluetooth)
 * HCB-400 (bluetooth)
 * HCB-700 (LCD) (bluetooth)
 * HCE-14 (gooseneck microphone) (11pin)
 * HCE-24 (gooseneck microphone)
 * CHH-300 car headset charger/holder

sun visor handsfree (bluetooth) HCH-xx phone holder
 * HCE-16 (Advanced Music Mute) add-on for HCA-20/200
 * HCE-26 (stereo music mute) add-on for HCA-60
 * HCB-100
 * HCB-105
 * HCB-108
 * HCB-120
 * HCB-150

Bluetooth watches

 * Sony Ericsson MBW-100
 * Sony Ericsson MBW-150 Music Edition
 * Sony Ericsson MBW-150 Executive Edition
 * Sony Ericsson MBW-150 Classic Edition

 * Sony Ericsson MBW-200 Contemporary Elegance
 * Sony Ericsson MBW-200 Evening Classic
 * Sony Ericsson MBW-200 Sparkling Allure
 * Sony Ericsson LiveView (MN800) (also included in XP111 Fitness Experience Pack) (Android only!)

Bluetooth speakers

 * MBS-100 stylish bluetooth speaker (with same charging port as HBH-DS205)
 * MBS-200 bluetooth speaker (2 watts) with OLED display (uses BST-38 battery inside) (uses fastport charger) (also has 3.5mm input)
 * MBS-400 bluetooth stereo speaker set - consists of MBS-200 as primary speaker and MPS-200 as secondary stereo speaker (connected via 3.5mm, no bluetooth, both need power)
 * MBS-900 bluetooth speaker with integrated subwoofer (also has 3.5mm input)
 * MS-500 waterproof outdoor bluetooth speaker (2xAA battery driven)
 * RA3000 Wireless 360 Reality Audio
 * RA5000 Wireless 360 Reality Audio High-Resolution Audio

Non-bluetooth speakers
the following speaker drain their power from fastport (no batteries or wall socked needed): newer products without fastport:
 * MDS-60 desktop stand dock speaker (5 watts RMS) (either driven by battery or wall socket)
 * MDS-65 desktop stand dock speaker (either driven by batteries (5xAAA) or wall socket)
 * MDS-70 (CPF-MP001) 2.1 audio dock cradle with iR remote control
 * MPS-30
 * MPS-60
 * MPS-70
 * MPS-75 portable stereo speaker that attaches to the fast port of Sony Ericsson mobile phones to allow loud music playback.
 * MPS-80
 * MPS-100
 * MAS-100 Zip hard case (splashproof) for phone with integrated speaker
 * MS-410 snap-on speaker stand
 * MS-430 Portable Media Speaker Stand with 3.5 mm jack and 2xAA batteries
 * MS-450 Portable Audio Speakers for X8, X10, X10 Mini Pro only (has 3.5 mm jack but needs special connector for power)

Handsfree headsets (cabled)
fastport models:
 * HPB-10 / HPM-20 / HPS-20 / HPB-20 (mono / mono / mono / stereo) headset for old Ericsson phones with the old (11pin) connector (e.g. T610/T630/K300)
 * HPM-10 stereo headset that includes an MMC card slot to allow the playback of mp3 music files (for various older Sony Ericsson mobile phones) (11pin)
 * HPS-60 mono headset with non-removable jogging earbud (white-blue)
 * HPB-60 mono headset with non-removable earbud (silver)
 * HPM-61 stereo headset with non-removable earbuds (silver)
 * HPM-62 stereo headset with non-removable earbuds (black)
 * HPM-64 stereo headset included with some of the company phones, including a few walkman branded ones. This walkman branded version of this headset is also branded with BassReflex, which is a technology that improves the Bass quality. First headset with 3.5 mm jack to swap headphones. Comes in trendy colors.
 * HPM-65 similar to HPM-64, but with jogging earplugs (earbuds which are half in-ear)
 * HPM-66 similar to HPM-65, but with regular jogging earbuds - only one color (gray)
 * HPM-70 stereo handsfree telephone headset is bundled with many of the company's phones. A microphone, call answer key and 3.5 mm jack to swap headphones are all built-in. Has in-ear plugs.
 * HPM-75 fixed up the issues relating to the HPM-70's microphone - that is, when it picked up too much environmental sound - along with an upgrade in audio quality. (Not compatible with <=DB2010 phones e.g. K750, W810, ...)
 * HPM-77 similar to HPM-75.
 * HPM-80 stereo handsfree with built-in radio receiver, music controls and an lcd screen used to display current fm radio frequency. (compatible with W900i only).
 * HPM-82 stereo handsfree with built-in music controls that is bundled with some of the walkman branded mobile phones.
 * HPM-83 stereo (standard) handsfree with neckband.
 * HPM-85 full size stereo headphones for Sony ericsson mobile phones. Has same control unit with microphone as HPM-82.
 * HPM-88 stereo handsfree with noise cancelling function and non-removable in-ear plugs ( - due to the second microphone being inside one earplug).
 * HPM-90 stereo handsfree with OLED display and music navigation.
 * HGE-100 stereo handsfree (similar to HPM-82) with GPS built-in.
 * MH-300 stereo handsfree with non-removable earbuds - Greenheart series
 * MH-907 motion activated stereo handsfree with non-removable in-ear plugs

trrs 4-pole 3.5 mm jack (omtp only?) models:
 * HPM-60J has non-removable earbuds
 * HPM-77/J same as HPM-77 but with 3.5 mm jack
 * MH-500 has removable earbuds
 * MH-700 has removable in-ear plugs
 * MH-810 has non-removable earbuds with remote control (for Xperia X10 mini (pro) and Xperia X8 only)
 * further headsets with non-removable headphones: VH50 (mono), MH410, MH610, MH650, MH710, MH750, MH1

Cables and charger

 * ITC-60 TV-Out Cable (for C903, C905, Satio only)
 * MMC-60 RCA stereo cable
 * MMC-70 headphone jack stereo cable
 * HCE-12 Antenna cable
 * HCE-16 Mute cable for radio
 * HCC-11/13/20/30 System cable for HCH-xx car holder

 * CBC-100 Battery Charger (external battery charger)
 * CPP-100 Power Pack (use your extra battery as 'powerbank')

USB

 * DCU-10 / DCU-11 For old Ericsson phones (11pin)
 * DCU-60 Standard fastport USB cable (ca. 140cm)
 * DCU-65 Fastport USB cable with ferrite ring core (ca. 35cm/75cm)

wall charger

 * CTR-10 Ericsson travel charger (old models)
 * CST-13 450mA for old Ericsson phones only
 * CST-15 350mA energy saving travel charger
 * CST-18 350mA headset/handsfree travel charger
 * CST-60 450mA
 * CST-61 450mA headset/handsfree charger
 * CST-70 700mA
 * CST-75 750mA (has female fastport connector to attach e.g. headset while charging)
 * CST-80 700mA USB-A charger
 * CMT-60 Micro travel charger (charge phone with AC-plug or 2xAA batteries [powerbank-like] - does not charge AA-batteries)
 * CMT-10 Micro travel charger (similar to CMT-60, but without batteries)

car charger

 * CLA-11 Car charger (for old Ericsson phones)
 * CLA-60 Car charger for cigar lighter
 * AN402 / AN401 / AN402 car charger for cigar lighter (1200mA USB-A socket with cable)
 * AN-300 (micro-USB only)

Docking stations

 * CDW-10 Desktop charger for Ericsson phones (11pin)
 * DSS-20 / DSS-25 SyncStation for older Sony Ericsson phones (11pin) (with serial interface, e.g. T610/T630/K300)
 * CSS-25 Desk Speaker Stand (similar to DSS-20/25, but with integrated speaker and buttons) (11pin)
 * CDS-60 / CDS-65 Docking station
 * CDS-75 Desk Stand
 * MPP-60 Docking station with RCA cable (Music Power Pack)
 * MRC-60 Docking station with iR remote control (uses ATmega168V μC)
 * EC-100 Docking station only for Aino
 * DK300 Multimedia Dock only for Xperia Play

Other products

 * MMR-70 FM transmitter (uses ATmega32L μC)
 * MBR-100 Bluetooth music receiver
 * CAR-100 R/C car (bluetooth - Android OSS project available)
 * CCR-70 Memory Stick Micro (M2) USB cardreader
 * IM-502 / IPK-100 Tripod for photo/video recording
 * ISP-20/25/30/35/40/60/70/80/90 Stylus Pack
 * MMV-200 Media Viewer Bluetooth (RCA + VGA out) (CF-Card, Memory Stick, SD Memory Card)
 * MMV-100 Media Viewer Bluetooth (SCART)
 * MXE-60 Add-on Xenon flash for various older Sony Ericsson mobile phones (e.g. W810i)
 * MPF-10 Add-on LED flash for the old Ericsson phones with the old (11pin) connector (e.g. T610/T630/K300/etc.)
 * MCA-10 / MCA-20 / MCA-25 / MCA-30 Cell Phone Digital Camera for older Sony Ericsson mobile phones (also known as the CommuniCam). (11pin)
 * EGB-10 Gameboard is supposed to show the advantages in the preinstalled game "V-Rally 2" (e.g. for Z600 and T630) (11pin)

title: List of Sony Ericsson products


text:
Dead Heat (1988 film)

Dead Heat (released in the Philippines as Iron Cops) is a 1988 American buddy cop action zombie comedy film directed by Mark Goldblatt and starring Treat Williams, Joe Piscopo, Darren McGavin, Lindsay Frost and Vincent Price. The film is about an LAPD police officer who is murdered while attempting to arrest zombies who have been reanimated by the head of Dante Laboratories in order to carry out violent armed robberies, and decides to get revenge with the help of his former partner.

Plot
Detectives Roger Mortis and Doug Bigelow are called to the scene of a rather violent jewelry store robbery. The robbers take on a squadron of police in a messy shootout, but neither seems affected when they are riddled with bullets. Thanks to the combined, albeit extreme measures of Mortis and Bigelow, they are able to take out the criminals. Narrowly avoiding termination, their captain assigns them to the investigation.

Meanwhile, a coroner friend of Roger's, Rebecca informs the detectives that the two bodies they had brought in had previously been to the morgue: not only do they have autopsy scars, but she herself clearly remembers performing the autopsy and has pictures to prove it, suggesting that they simply got up and left the morgue of their own volition.

There is a preservative chemical compound found in the bodies that connect the pair of detectives to a company that had ordered a great amount of it recently. Mortis and Bigelow investigate and meet the company's head public relations person, Randi James who gives them a tour of the facility. When Doug wanders off to investigate a suspicious room, he encounters the reanimated corpse of a biker on a strange machine. A fight ensues, Roger comes to aid his partner, and in the fray, he is knocked into a decompression room used to humanely kill failed test animals and is asphyxiated to death when an unknown person activates the room.

Encountering the machine, and realizing it is capable of bringing people back from the dead, Rebecca and Doug successfully bring Roger back from the dead. He says he feels fine, yet he has no heart beat and his skin is cold to the touch, Rebecca surmises he has about twelve hours before the reanimation process ends and he dissolves into a puddle of mush. Roger decides to take this time to find and exact his vengeance on the person who killed him, as well as solve the case he and Doug are working on. They go to Randi's house just shortly before she is attacked by two more undead thugs, which the partners are able to subdue. Randi says that she is the daughter of a rich industrialist, and the owner of the company she works for until his death, Arthur P. Laudermilk.

The two of them pay another visit to Rebecca, who says that she might have found a way to keep Roger in healthy condition indefinitely, but the unsure nature of the theory has him decide to spend his final hours finding the man who killed him. Doug splits from Roger, agreeing to meet back at Randi's home, while Roger and Randi pay a visit to Laudermilk's tomb. Randi admits she's not his daughter, more a protégé or daughter he'd never had. While there, they encounter a numeric code, which Roger discovers later is a vital clue. Upon returning to Randi's home, they find Doug dead, having been suspended and drowned in a fish tank for some time. Randi tells Roger that she too is undead, having been one of Laudermilk's first test subjects for resurrection, shortly before abruptly dissolving while asking for Roger's forgiveness.

Roger confronts the head coroner Dr. Ernest McNab, Rebecca's boss, who was linked to the secret numeric code that Roger had found. Roger also has determined that McNab reanimated the robbers to steal for him all while keeping his hands clean, in addition to killing Doug and himself. But McNab turns the tables on Roger, capturing him, then locking him in an ambulance with Rebecca's dead body, after killing her, in order to wait out his last hour to dissolution. He releases the brakes on the ambulance and puts it in neutral, sending it careening down the highway into a massive collision, from which he emerges, even more zombified and scarred almost beyond recognition. He returns to the laboratory where McNab and a resurrected Laudermilk are pitching the resurrection machine to a group of very rich clients. Mortis charges in and in the ensuing crossfire between him and McNab's men a few of the rich clients are killed, leaving Laudermilk cowering in a corner.

McNab reveals a test subject; Doug, resurrected by the machine. But because he's been dead for hours, the brain deterioration leaves him little more than an obedient zombie with no memory of who Roger is. Before he can obey McNab's orders to kill Mortis, however, Roger manages to trigger Doug's short-term memory and bring him back to normal. The pair go after McNab who immediately kills himself before they can do anything. Roger and Doug put McNab onto the resurrection table and resurrect him. But to exact revenge, Roger starts the resurrection process again and it overloads, causing a screaming McNab to explode in the machine. Despite Laudermilk's pleas and promises of eternal life, the pair then destroy the machine completely, leaving the room pondering about the afterlife and reincarnation; Doug's fond wish of being reincarnated as a girl's bicycle seat intriguing the both of them. The film ends with Roger stating, "This could be the end of a beautiful friendship."

Cast

 * Treat Williams as Roger Mortis
 * Joe Piscopo as Doug Bigelow
 * Lindsay Frost as Randi James
 * Darren McGavin as Dr. Ernest McNab
 * Vincent Price as Arthur P. Loudermilk
 * Clare Kirkconnell as Dr. Rebecca Smythers
 * Keye Luke as Mr. Thule
 * Robert Picardo as Lieutenant Herzog
 * Mel Stewart as Captain Mayberry
 * Professor Toru Tanaka as Butcher
 * Martha Quinn as Newscaster
 * Shane Black as Patrolman
 * Beth Toussaint as Lab Technician
 * Ron Taylor as Shoot Out Zombie

Production
According to The Hollywood Reporter's chart from 1 September 1987, principal photography began on Dead Heat on 19 August 1987 in Southern California. The Los Angeles Times mentioned Darren Star as a writer on the film along with Terry Black. The film's credits only list Black as the screenwriter.

Release
Dead Heat opened in Los Angeles and New York on May 6, 1988. In the Philippines, the film was released as Iron Cops on November 10, 1988.

Reception
Dead Heat received negative reviews from The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. The film has an 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 9 critics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dead Heat (1988 film)


text:
Zhang Bao

Zhang Bao may refer to:

 * Zhang Bao (張寶), a Yellow Turban rebel leader, Zhang Jue's brother
 * Zhang Bao (張苞), Investigator of Shanyang Commandery
 * Zhang Bao (張苞), General of the Household of Li Jue
 * Zhang Bao (Shu Han) (張苞), son of Shu Han general Zhang Fei
 * Zhang Baozai, a naval colonel of Qing imperial navy, and former pirate

title: Zhang Bao


text:
Sjøsanden

Sjøsanden is a beach in the town of Mandal in the municipality of Lindesnes in Agder county, Norway. The beach sits in the Furulunden nature park, along the Mannefjorden, just south of the mouth of the Mandalselva river. The 800 m long beach has been voted several times as the best beach in Norway.

title: Sjøsanden


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Ashura

Ashura (عَاشُورَاء,, ) is a day of commemoration in Islam. It occurs annually on the tenth of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. For Sunni Muslims, Ashura marks the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites. Also on this day, Noah disembarked from the Ark, God forgave Adam, and Joseph was released from prison, among various other auspicious events having occurred on Ashura according to Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory fasting and other acceptable expressions of joy. In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes, even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.

By contrast, for Shia Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they annually commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ((r. 680 – 683)) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala on Ashura 61 AH (680 CE). Among the Shia, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God, and a means of securing the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed through mourning gatherings, processions, and dramatic reenactments. In such ceremonies, Shia mourners strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn. Extreme self-flagellation, often involving self-inflicted bloodshed, remains controversial among the Shia, condemned by many Shia clerics, and outlawed in some Shia communities. Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for sectarian violence, particularly against the Shia minority.

Etymology
Ashura is an Aramaic word meaning 'tenth'. It may have also been derived from the Syriac words asiroya or asora. It shares the same root as the Hebrew word  'āsōr. In Arabic, Ashura refers to the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, a month in which fighting has been forbidden since before the advent of Islam.

Likely origins
Fasting on Ashura was likely a Jewish practice adopted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his arrival in the city of Medina in 622 CE, perhaps signifying Muhammad's sense of a shared prophetic mission with Moses. Although it remained optional, fasting on Ashura ceased to be a religious obligation after about a year when the relations with the Medinan Jews deteriorated. This transition is often associated with verses 2:183–5 of the Quran, the central religious text in Islam, which explicitly designate Ramadan as the month of fasting. It also seems improbable that Ashura initially coincided with the tenth of Muharram. Instead, Ashura was probably observed at first on the tenth of the first Jewish month of Tishrei, known as Yom Kippur (lit. 'day of atonement'). The association of Ashura with the tenth of Muharram thus happened later, some time after the Jewish and Muslim calendars diverged. In turn, the calendars began to diverge when Muhammad forbade Jewish-type calendar adjustments in connection with verse 9:37 of the Quran.

In Sunni Islam
A similar origin story for Ashura appears in some Sunni traditions. Alternatively, there are traditions in canonical Sunni collections that describe fasting on Ashura as a pre-Islamic practice among the Quraysh tribe, in which Muhammad also partook while he was in Mecca. Some early Sunni traditions, many classified as unreliable, possibly invented by the Umayyads ((r. 661 – 750)), link Ashura to various auspicious events: On this day, Moses parted the Red Sea, Noah disembarked from the Ark, God forgave Adam, Joseph was released from prison, Jesus, Abraham, and Adam were born, Muhammad was conceived, and Jonah was freed from the fish that had swallowed him. Fasting on the ninth of Muharram, known as Tasu'a, was a later addition, probably to distinguish Muslims from Jews.

Customs
In Sunni Islam, ninth and tenth of Muharram are days for voluntary fasting, strongly encouraged by Sunni jurists. While not endorsed by all Sunni scholars, Ashura is further viewed as a day of thanksgiving (shukr) to God, a joyous occasion, celebrated through pious acts and acceptable expressions of delight. Ashura is thus an important festival for many Sunnis, in contrast to the Shia, who mourn on this day the slaughter of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali, and his small retinue in the Battle of Karbala in 680. Such Sunni festivities either developed in response to Shia customs on Ashura or with the influence of pre-Islamic traditions. In line with the former view, under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ((r. 685 – 705)), Ashura was celebrated as a festive public holiday to counter the commemoration of Husayn. The Abbasid caliph al-Qadir ((r. 991 – 1031)) did so too in Baghdad, Iraq. Another instance is the reenactment by a Sunni mob of the Battle of the Camel (656) against Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia imam, in the Buyid-era Baghdad on Ashura 973.

Whatever the case is for their origins, such festivities were firmly established by the time of the Sunni jurist Ibn Taymiyya, to whom a questioner wrote, observing that people are joyful on Ashura; they bathe, adorn themselves, shake hands with each other, and cook grains. In the Maghreb, for instance, Ashura is celebrated today through fasting, almsgiving, honoring the dead, special dishes, jumping over bonfires, and carnivals. Nevertheless, particularly in South Asia, some Sunnis participated in the Shia rituals on Ashura, at least until modern times. Sufis also commonly commemorated the death of Husayn, more so in the earlier times, despite its variance with the views of the Sunni elite. For Sufis, rather than a tragedy, Ashura celebrates the eternal life of Husayn and his companions, who annihilated themselves in the Divine with their martyrdom.

Ibn Taymiyya
In response to an inquiry about their legal basis, Ibn Taymiyya rejects both mourning and celebrating on Ashura because, he contends, neither was practiced by Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyya does, however, encourage fasting on Ashura to emulate Muhammad. The Islamicist M. Katz questions the judgment of Ibn Taymiyya for not taking into account the Sunni reports that Muhammad fasted to celebrate Ashura, suggesting that Ibn Taymiyya has stripped fasting of its higher meaning.

Battle of Karbala
In Shia Islam, Ashura commemorates the death of Husayn ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) in the Battle of Karbala against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ((r. 680 – 683)), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby Euphrates river. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the capital Damascus in Syria. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral. The fight took place in the desert land of Karbala, en route to the nearby Kufa, whose residents had invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.

Significance
Ashura is a day of mourning and grief for Shia Muslims. It was observed as such by their imams, who also frequently encouraged the Shia community to follow suit. For instance, a tradition attributed to the Shia imam Ali al-Rida describes Ashura as a day of grieving and somber resignation from material affairs. Shia tradition also dismisses as fabricated those Sunni hadiths that mark Ashura as a joyful occasion. Indeed, traditions attributed to the Shia imams forbid fasting on this day, and promise eternal punishment for those who celebrate Ashura as a day of blessing.

In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission. Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date. On the one hand, mourners share in the pain of Husayn and hope to benefit from his intercession on the Day of Judgement. On the other, they view mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God (jihad), and as such an act of worship.

Rituals
In addition to pilgrimage to the shrine of Husayn, located in Karbala, Iraq, Shia Muslims annually commemorate the events of Karbala throughout the months of Muharram and Safar. Most rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with processions in major Shia cities. The main component of ritual ceremonies (majalis, majlis) is the narration of the stories of Karbala (rawza-khwani, qiraya), and the recitation of elegies and dirges (nawha, niyaha, marsia-khwani), all intended to raise the sympathy of audience and move them to tears. A majlis often takes place in a dedicated building or structure, known variously as Husayniya, takiya, imambarah, or azakhana. Another component of mourning gatherings is the self-flagellation of participants to the rhythm of Karbala elegies. Rooted in ancient Arab practices, mild forms of self-flagellation, that is, striking one's face and chest in grief (latm, sina-zani, matam), are common today in Shia communities. But there are also extreme forms of self-flagellation (tatbir, tiq-zani, qama-zani), in which the participants strike themselves, usually on the forehead or back, with knives, swords, or chains to which razor blades are attached. Banned in Iran and the Shia communities of Lebanon since the mid-90s, instrumental self-flagellation has been condemned by many Shia clerics, and it remains an often controversial practice among the Shia. Another mourning ritual is the dramatic reenactment of Karbala narratives (ta'ziya, shabih-khwani), practiced today in Iran, in the western Gulf shore, and in Lebanon. On Ashura, always the "martyrdom of Husayn" is reenacted in such performances. In Karbala, an annual performance on Ashura reenacts the burning of Husayn's tents after the battle by the Umayyads and the captivity of the women and children. During Muharram, especially on Ashura, processions of mourners (dasta, mawkib) march the streets, chanting dirges and elegies, sometimes accompanied by self-flagellation. For instance, in the tawarij march in Karbala, male and then female mourners walk barefoot to the shrine of Husayn in the afternoon of Ashura. Depending on the region, processions carry symbolic objects, such as alam (lit. 'flag'), nakhl (lit. 'date palm'), ta'ziya, and tadjah. Alam represents the ensign of Husayn in Karbala, while the last three objects symbolize his bier or tomb.

Terrorist attacks during Ashura
Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for Sunni violence against Shia Muslims, who are often a minority in Muslim communities. In India, for instance, the Sunni activist Ahmad Barelvi preached against Ashura rituals and, probably with some exaggeration, boasted of destroying thousands of imambaras, which are buildings dedicated to ritual mourning. Some terrorist attacks against Ashura services are listed below.
 * 1940: Bomb thrown at an Ashura procession, Delhi, India, 21 February.
 * 1994: Bomb explosion in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashhad, Iran, 20 June, 20 people killed.
 * 2004: Bomb explosions, Karbala and Najaf, Iraq, 2 March, over 180 Shia worshipers killed and 5000 injured.
 * 2008: Two separate attacks on Ashura processions, Iraq, 19 January, 9 people killed.
 * 2009: Bomb explosion in an Ashura procession, Karachi, Pakistan, 28 December, 43 people killed and 60 injured.
 * 2011: Multiple bomb explosions in Ashura processions, Central Iraq, 6 December, 30 people killed.
 * 2011: Two separate bomb explosions among Ashura mourners, Kabul, Afghanistan, 6 December, 80 people killed and 160 injured.
 * 2015: Bomb explosions in a mosque, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 24 October, one worshipper killed and 80 injured.

In the Gregorian calendar
Ashura, tenth of Muharram in the Islamic calendar, corresponds to a different day every year in the Gregorian calendar.

title: Ashura


text:
Eugene Koonin

Eugene Viktorovich Koonin (Russian: Евге́ний Ви́кторович Ку́нин; born October 26, 1956) is a Russian-American biologist and Senior Investigator at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). He is a recognised expert in the field of evolutionary and computational biology.

Education
Koonin gained a Master of Science in 1978 and a PhD in 1983 in molecular biology, both from the Department of Biology at Moscow State University. His PhD thesis, titled "Multienzyme organization of encephalomyocarditis virus replication complexes", was supervised by Vadim I. Agol.

Research
From 1985 until 1991, Koonin worked as a research scientist in computational biology in the Institutes of Poliomyelitis and Microbiology at the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, studying virus biochemistry and bacterial genetics. In 1991, Koonin moved to the NCBI, where he has held a Senior Investigator position since 1996.

Koonin's principal research goals include the comparative analysis of sequenced genomes and automatic methods for genome-scale annotation of gene functions. He also researches in the application of comparative genomics for phylogenetic analysis, reconstruction of ancestral life forms and building large-scale evolutionary scenarios, as well as mathematical modeling of genome evolution. Koonin's research also investigates computational study of the major transitions in the evolution of life, such as the origin of eukaryotes, the evolution of eukaryotic signaling and developmental pathways from the comparative-genomic perspective.

Koonin is an advocate of the extended evolutionary synthesis.

In 2011 Koonin outlined his views on evolution in the book "The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution".

Career
Koonin has worked as Adjunct Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Boston University and the University of Haifa.

As of 2014, Koonin serves on the advisory editorial board of Trends in Genetics, and is co-Editor-in-Chief of the open access journal Biology Direct. He served on the editorial board of Bioinformatics from 1999 until 2001. Koonin is also an advisory board member in bioinformatics at Faculty of 1000.

In 2016 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2016, Semantic Scholar AI program included Koonin on its list of top ten most influential biomedical researchers.

Political positions
In February 2022, he signed an open letter by Russian scientists condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and renounced his membership in the Russian Academy of Sciences out of protest.

Selected bibliography

 * HAL Id: 02861246.

title: Eugene Koonin


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Pie floater

The pie floater is an Australian dish sold in Adelaide. It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce. Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts. In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon.

Development
Pea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the "pea and pie supper" (in Yorkshire), "pea soup with eel", and suet dumplings or saveloys. (Dumplings in soup were known as "floaters".) It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time. A pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas. It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference.

Early records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern "Shorty" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about.

Pie Carts
Pie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal. Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated "window" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases. The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening. As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the "footpath side", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed. They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations.

South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s. In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall. It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's "Stonie" ginger beer directly from the keg. In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace. By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation. By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office. In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close.

In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years. The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, O'Connell Street Bakery, North Adelaide and the Upper Sturt General Store.

title: Pie floater


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Simics

Simics is a full-system simulator or virtual platform used to run unchanged production binaries of the target hardware. Simics was originally developed by the Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), and then spun off to Virtutech for commercial development in 1998. Virtutech was acquired by Intel in 2010. Currently, Simics is provided by Intel in a public release and sold commercially by Wind River Systems, which was in the past a subsidiary of Intel.

Simics contains both instruction set simulators and hardware models, and is or has been used to simulate systems such as Alpha, ARM (32- and 64-bit), IA-64, MIPS (32- and 64-bit), MSP430, PowerPC (32- and 64-bit), RISC-V (32- and 64-bit), SPARC-V8 and V9, and x86 and x86-64 CPUs.

Many different operating systems have been run on various simulated virtual platforms, including Linux, MS-DOS, Windows, VxWorks, OSE, Solaris, FreeBSD, QNX, RTEMS, UEFI, and Zephyr.

The NetBSD AMD64 port was initially developed using Simics before the public release of the chip. The purpose of simulation in Simics is often to develop software for a particular type of hardware without requiring access to that precise hardware, using Simics as a virtual platform. This can applied both to pre-release and pre-silicon software development for future hardware, as well as for existing hardware. Intel uses Simics to provide its ecosystem with access to future platform months or years ahead of the hardware launch.

The current version of Simics is 6 which was released publicly in 2019. Simics runs on 64-bit x86-64 machines running Microsoft Windows and Linux (32-bit support was dropped with the release of Simics 5, since 64-bit provides significant performance advantages and is universally available on current hardware). The previous version, Simics 5, was released in 2015.

Simics has the ability to execute a system in forward and reverse direction. Reverse debugging can illuminate how an exceptional condition or bug occurred. When executing an OS such as Linux in reverse using Simics, previously deleted files reappear when the deletion point is passed in reverse and scrolling and other graphical display and console updates occur backwards as well.

Simics is built for high performance execution of full-system models, and uses both binary translation and hardware-assisted virtualization to increase simulation speed. It is natively multithreaded and can simulate multiple target (or guest) processors and boards using multiple host threads. It has been used to run simulations containing hundreds of target processors.

title: Simics


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Sony Ericsson P900

The Sony Ericsson P900 is a Symbian OS v7.0 based smartphone from Sony Ericsson.

It was introduced in 2003 and is the successor of the Sony Ericsson P800; like the P800, the P900 uses the UIQ platform.

Like other Symbian-based mobile phone of its time, but unlike Ericsson R380, the P900 is an open phone. This means that it is possible to develop and install third party applications without restrictions. A UIQ 2.1 SDK based upon Symbian C++ is freely available from the Sony Ericsson developer website. Additionally, the P900 supports applications written in Java. Because of this openness, many third-party applications exist that can be used on the P900 and other UIQ phones (such as the Motorola A1000 and BenQ P30). Many are shareware and freeware.

As the P900 uses UIQ version 2.1, it is backwards compatible with UIQ 2.0 as found in the P800. Applications made for the P800 will normally work on a P900 as well. It, like the P800 and P910i, has an ARM9 processor clocked at 156 MHz.

The P900 can be used without the flip as well. This makes the phone more like a PDA, but still usable as a traditional phone. The P900 supports Memory Stick Duo cards (but not Memory Stick Pro Duo) up to 128 MB in size, as does the P800. However, it has been confirmed that this 128 MB limit is just a software restriction.

The P900 was well received and is sometimes considered one of the best Symbian OS devices to have been released.

An updated version of the P900, the Sony Ericsson P910 was released in July 2004. It features a small QWERTY keyboard and enhanced software, as well as double the P900's memory (64 MB, versus the P900's 32 MB) and supports Memory Stick Pro Duo, allowing the phone up to 4 GB of storage on a single card. The P910 has approximately the same battery life as its predecessor.

The P900 is the first Sony Ericsson product for which Research in Motion's BlackBerry wireless email service will be available.

Some of the specifications of the P900 are:
 * 1) Weight – 150 g (with flip), 140 g (without flip)
 * 2) Internal camera: VGA (display resolution up to 640 × 480 pixels)
 * 3) Connectivity: Bluetooth, Infrared, USB dock
 * 4) GPRS (WAP 2.0)
 * 5) Messaging: SMS, EMS, MMS, POP3, IMAP, SMTP

'P905'
P905 is the unofficial term for a Sony Ericsson P900 flashed with hacked Sony Ericsson P910a firmware. The P900 is flashed using a 'Fighter Kit'. This is usually done for four reasons:
 * 1) The P900 has a software restriction on the size of the memory card that can be used (128 MB).
 * 2) The P900 software does not support HTML email.
 * 3) The P900 software does not provide an option to alter the screen brightness.
 * 4) Flashing the firmware is cheaper than purchasing a new P910.

Though this may seem all beneficial, there may be the drawback of not being able to connect to certain Bluetooth headsets (however, this is rare).

Though the P905 may be identical to the P910 in software terms they are not identical in hardware terms.

title: Sony Ericsson P900


text:
Alexander Grant MacKay

Alexander Grant MacKay (March 7, 1860 – April 25, 1920) was a Canadian teacher, lawyer and provincial level politician. He served prominent posts in two provincial legislatures as Leader of the Opposition in Ontario and as a Cabinet Minister in Alberta.

Early life
Alexander Grant MacKay was born in Sydenham, Canada West, in Grey County on March 7, 1860, to parents Hugh MacKay and Katherine McInnis.

He attended post secondary studies at the Owen Sound College and the University of Toronto obtaining a Master of Business degree. After university he became the principal of Port Rowan High School. In 1891 he joined the Ontario bar and served as a criminal lawyer until 1894, when he became Crown Attorney for Grey County. He served that role until 1912.

MacKay began his political career on the municipal level with his election to the Owen Sound Board of Education in 1894. He served in that role until he entered Ontario provincial politics in 1902.

Ontario politics
MacKay ran and was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1902 in the riding of Grey North. He was re-elected in 1905, 1908 and 1911. He served in the government of Premier Ross as Commissioner of Crown Lands until the government's defeat in 1905. On September 7, 1907 MacKay was elected leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition and held that position until he resigned in September 1911. MacKay moved to Alberta in the spring of 1912, he was accused by the Toronto press of leaving Ontario because he was unable to get along with new Liberal opposition leader Newton Rowell. MacKay officially resigned his seat in the Ontario Legislature when he ran in the 1913 Alberta general election on April 12, 1913.

Alberta politics
MacKay ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for the first time in the 1913 Alberta general election resigning his Ontario Legislature seat as soon as the writ was dropped. MacKay ran in the Edmonton electoral district and was defeated finishing a very close 3rd place in the block vote. After his defeat he then ran as the candidate in the deferred Athabasca election on July 30, 1913. In his second attempt at office he defeated Conservative candidate Mayor of Athabasca James Wood by a comfortable margin to win his first term in office. MacKay spent his first term in the Legislature as a back bencher for the government.

MacKay stood for re-election in the 1917 Alberta general election. This time he was returned to his second term in a landslide victory over Conservative candidate A.F. Fugl.

MacKay was appointed to the provincial cabinet on August 26, 1918. He assumed the portfolio of Minister of Municipal Affairs from Wilfrid Gariépy. He was confirmed to his portfolio in a ministerial by-election on September 27, 1918, which he won by acclamation. MacKay was given a second portfolio on June 19, 1919, when he was appointed as Alberta's first Minister of Health. He served both portfolios until he died of pneumonia (arising from the Spanish flu) in the Edmonton General Hospital April 25, 1920.

title: Alexander Grant MacKay


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Ashura (disambiguation)

Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar.

Ashura may also refer to:
 * King Ashura, character from Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle
 * Baron Ashura, a character from Mazinger Z
 * Asura (Buddhism), or Ashura
 * Ashura Hara, the stage name of Susumu Hara (1947–2015), a Japanese professional wrestler
 * Ashura (film), a 2005 Japanese film
 * Ashoura (missile), Iranian missile
 * Ashura in Algeria, a day of celebration in Algeria

title: Ashura (disambiguation)


text:
Dave Lister

David Lister, commonly referred to simply as Lister, is a fictional character from the British science fiction situation comedy Red Dwarf, portrayed by Craig Charles.

Lister is characterised as a third-class technician (the lowest ranking crewman) on the mining ship Red Dwarf spending his time performing tasks under the hated supervision of Arnold Rimmer. In the series, he becomes marooned three million years into the future, but maintains a long-standing desire to return to Earth and start a farm on Fiji and open a hot dog and doughnut diner, preferably with the one true love of his life, Kristine Kochanski, a navigation officer of Red Dwarf. As a character, Lister is lazy, slobbish, and unmotivated, but he frequently shows moral courage. He also likes Indian food, especially chicken vindaloo, which is a recurring theme in the series.

1980s
Lister first appeared in Red Dwarf's first episode "The End" (1988), where he is characterised as third technician on board the mining ship Red Dwarf, ranking below his immediate superior Arnold Rimmer (Chris Barrie), with whom he shares quarters, and all four of the service robots as the lowest ranked crew member on board the ship. As a technician, Lister helps Rimmer with maintenance work on chicken soup vending machines that not even the robots are assigned to. Lister is shown having smuggled an unquarantined pregnant cat from the moon Titan on board Red Dwarf as part of his five-year plan to buy a farm on Fiji to bring along the cat, the cat's unborn kittens, and to get a sheep and a cow and breed horses. As punishment for this, he is put into stasis for 18 months without pay.

Lister mentions that crewmember Kristine Kochanski (C P Grogan) was going to come with him to Fiji, but never told her before her death. The ship's computer Holly (Norman Lovett) tells Lister that while Lister was in stasis, a release of lethal radiation occurred on board as a result of a faulty repair carried out by Rimmer, killing the entire crew. As a result, Holly keeps Lister in stasis for three million years until the radiation levels return to normal. Lister is left as presumably the last human being in the universe, accompanied on Red Dwarf by a hologram simulation of Rimmer and a humanoid creature called "the Cat" (Danny John-Jules) that evolved from his cat, who was safely sealed in the hold along with her unborn kittens when the crew died. Lister tells Holly to set co-ordinates for Fiji, which has become the "promised land" in the religion of the Cat's people.

Lister's backstory in "Future Echoes" (1988) reveals that Lister's "grandmother" raised Lister, and headbutted the headmaster of Lister's school when Lister came bottom in French, leading to Lister's expulsion. Also in this episode, Red Dwarf is shown travelling faster-than-light, and this causes glimpses of the future, "future echoes", to appear to the crew. Rimmer sees what he believes to be Lister being killed in the drive room. After trying to change another future echo involving the Cat and ending up causing it instead, Lister accepts his fate when Holly asks for help to stop the navi-comp from overheating. Lister survives, and a future echo of Lister aged 171—who cannot see the younger Lister and Rimmer but remembers the conversation he had when he was Lister's age—explains that it wasn't Lister that Rimmer saw die, but Lister's second son, Bexley, who appeared in a photograph with his twin brother Jim as a child in another future echo. Lister realises that this means he is going to have two sons in the future. The elderly Lister from the future tells the present Lister to quickly take his camera to the medical unit. As Red Dwarf begins to slow down, Lister sees a future echo of himself from nearer to the present who is holding baby Jim and Bexley, and the present Lister takes the photograph of the Lister holding the babies, which had previously been seen on the bunkroom wall in a future echo.

In "Balance of Power" (1988), Lister is revealed to have pined after Kochanski; Lister mentioning that he had always been crazy about Kochanski but never acted on his feelings to ask her out or make love to her. Lister asks Holly why Rimmer was brought back as a hologram instead of Kochanski. Holly explains that this is because Rimmer was the best person to keep Lister sane, and that the two had shared fourteen million words between each other, compared to the 173 words Lister shared with Kochanski. Lister asks Rimmer where the disc which contains Kochanski's hologram has been hidden so that Lister could go on a date with Kochanski, but Rimmer refuses to switch his own disc off to bring back Kochanski for an evening due to the risk that Rimmer's hologram wouldn't be turned on again.

In "Waiting for God" (1988), Holly reads out the captain's confidential files on Lister, explaining that Lister's previous job before joining Red Dwarf was a supermarket trolley attendant, which he left because "he didn't want to get tied down to a career". After translating a holy book written by the Cat's people, Holly confirms that Lister is considered a god in the Cat's people's religion called Cloister, and that his plan of buying a farm on Fiji and opening up a hot dog and doughnut diner has become their idea of Heaven.

In "Confidence and Paranoia" (1988), Lister, with the help of a solid manifestation of Lister's confidence (played by Craig Ferguson), deduces where Kochanski's personality disc is hidden as well as a means of how the ship can power two holograms at once. Lister is still unable to go on a date with Kochanski, however, as the disc inside Kochanski's box has been swapped with one containing a duplicate of Rimmer.

In "Me²" (1988), Rimmer moves in with his double as better company in the next bunkroom over from Lister. After the two Rimmers' constant arguing, Lister decides to have one of them wiped to stop this. Knowing that Rimmer would never tell Lister otherwise, Lister tricks Rimmer into revealing Rimmer's "gazpacho soup" story while Rimmer's double is wiped instead; Rimmer believing that he was the one that was doomed.

According to Lister's backstory in "Kryten" (1988), Lister applied to art college after having failed his exams. He dropped out after 97 minutes however, after learning that there were lectures every day, "first thing in the afternoon". In this episode, the crew of Red Dwarf rescue a service mechanoid called Kryten (David Ross) from the crash landed spaceship the Nova 5. After Kryten begins serving Rimmer, Lister persuades Kryten to rebel against Rimmer (which includes showing him the movies Rebel Without a Cause and Easy Rider) and to become independent. Kryten changes the portrait of Rimmer he is painting to make it appear as though he was sitting on the toilet, and then pours soup onto Rimmer's bed sheets. Kryten takes Lister's space-bike and goes out to find a planet with an atmosphere where he can grow a garden, which had always been a dream of his.

Backstory in "Better Than Life" (1988) reveals that Lister's "dad" died when he was six. Lister's grandmother, while trying to explain to Lister that his dad wouldn't be coming back, said that Lister's dad had gone to the same place as Lister's goldfish. Lister thought she meant he was flushed down the toilet. Lister was eventually sent to a child psychologist after he was found with his head in the toilet bowl reading his father the football results.

In "Thanks for the Memory" (1988), when Rimmer had eight months of Lister's memory pasted over his own as a present to celebrate the anniversary of Rimmer's death, Lister recounts to Rimmer that Lister had gone out with a girl named Lise Yates (Sabra Williams), but the relationship ended because he did not want to be tied down, a fact that Lister later regretted. Rimmer also realises the memories he was given couldn't have actually happened because Rimmer remembers being an orphan even though both his parents were alive, meaning that at some point Lister himself had become an orphan.

In a possible future seen in the episode "Stasis Leak" (1988), Lister finds out that his future self from five years hence has gone back in time and married Kochanski three weeks before the accident which causes Red Dwarf to leave the Solar System; their wedding and honeymoon taking place while Kochanski is on planet leave at the Ganymede Holiday Inn. This version of Lister's future has still yet to be portrayed outside of "Stasis Leak" as of Series X.

"Parallel Universe" (1988) shows Holly's "Holly Hop Drive" trying to get to Earth within a few seconds. Instead, however, it lands the crew in a female-oriented parallel universe with another version of Red Dwarf; its crew including a female version of Lister called Deb Lister (played by Angela Bruce). Because of the laws of the female Lister's universe being different, Lister falls pregnant with his alternate self's child after a drunken sexual liaison with her.

At the start of "Backwards" (1989), some quickly scrolling text describes Lister's pregnancy leading to successful delivery of twin boys, Jim and Bexley. Because the twins were conceived in another universe where different laws apply, they reach eighteen years of age in three days. To save their lives, Lister returns them to their universe for their father (the female Lister) to raise them. Kryten is described as being found in pieces after his space-bike crashed on an asteroid shortly after these events. Lister rebuilds Kryten (now played by Robert Llewellyn), although he is unable to recapture his former personality.

According to backstory in "Marooned" (1989), Lister lost his virginity to Michelle Fisher at the age of twelve in one of the bunkers on the ninth hole of Bootle Municipal Golf Course.

In "Timeslides" (1989), Lister is seen travelling back in time by entering a photographic slide with mutated developing fluid, and tells his seventeen-year-old self (played by Emile Charles), who at this point is a singer-songwriter in a band called Smeg and the Heads, how to gain a successful multi-billion-pound business empire with fifty-eight houses by inventing the "tension sheet" so that he won't join the Space Corps and get trapped on Red Dwarf in deep space. By becoming the inventor of the tension sheet and never joining the Space Corps, Lister's entire timeline is altered, causing Kryten to never be rescued and the Cat race to no longer exist. Lister is also seen living with the model and novelist Sabrina Mulholland-Jjones (Koo Stark), and according to Holly (now played by Hattie Hayridge), in this new timeline, Lister dies aged 98 after he crashes a plane he had lost control of while making love to his fourteenth wife. Rimmer unwittingly changes the timelines to set things exactly how they were, and Lister, the Cat and Kryten return to Red Dwarf.

Despite having previously mentioned his father and grandmother, backstory in "The Last Day" (1989) reveals that Lister never knew who his parents were because he was abandoned at the age of six weeks in a cardboard box underneath a pool table in a pub, with Lister never finding out why.

1990s
Lister's previously established history with Kochanski where he barely interacted with her is retconned in "DNA" (1991), when Lister mentions Kochanski having "finished with [him]" back before the accident that killed her. Following this break up, he recalls going for a walk in the botanical gardens and looking at a squirrel, thinking, "You lucky little sod. You like your job, you're your own boss and you've got no woman trouble, so you'll never feel as bad as I feel now." This affected Lister enough for him to tell the crew of Red Dwarf that for a split second, he would have given anything to swap places with the squirrel.

In "Dimension Jump" (1991), an alternate Lister from another dimension, nicknamed "Spanners", is seen (also played by Charles). Lister explains that, after being told about Spanners by the Rimmer of that dimension—a successful test pilot called "Ace"—Spanners is a flight engineer in the Space Corps who is married to Kochanski with twin boys, Jim and Bexley, and, unlike Rimmer, Lister is pleased to learn of his success in a parallel universe.

In "The Inquisitor" (1992), Lister is put on trial by the legendary android known as the Inquisitor (John Docherty) to determine whether or not his existence is justified or a waste. After Lister is found unworthy of existence, the memory of Lister is erased, and the Inquisitor replaces Lister's life with that of an alternative Lister who never got a chance at life. This "Second Lister", played by Jake Abraham, is described by Kryten as "one of the many David Listers who never got a chance to exist", while Lister believes them to be "kind of sperms-in-law". This alternative Lister is killed by the Inquisitor, while Lister subsequently tricks the Inquisitor into erasing himself from existence, causing the memory of Lister to be restored.

In "Demons & Angels" (1992), Red Dwarf is blown up when the beam of a device called the triplicator is put into reverse, putting the engine core into meltdown, while creating a "high" and "low" version of Red Dwarf, complete with their own versions of Lister (both played by Charles). Before the lifespans of both versions of Red Dwarf expire after an hour, the crew collect pieces of the triplicator from both Red Dwarfs, and restore the original Red Dwarf by amalgamating the two copies with a rebuilt triplicator. The "high" version of Lister is stabbed to death when Lister's "low" self controls Lister into doing this by remote control, while the "low" version is shot down by bazookoid fire from the Cat.

In "Back to Reality" (1992), ink from a "despair squid" causes Lister, Rimmer, the Cat and Kryten to share a hallucination, with the hallucinations attacking things they each consider "quintessential to [their] self-esteem". In the hallucination, Lister believes he is Colonel Sebastian Doyle, a totalitarian fascist mass murderer who is section chief at "CGI" and head of the Ministry of Alteration, where he "change[s] people...from being alive people to being dead people". The four nearly commit suicide together, but a mood stabiliser saves them at the last second.

"Psirens" (1993) further contradicts the early series' depiction of Lister having never asked Kochanski out. In the episode, while rejogging Lister's memory following Lister awakening from two hundred years of deep sleep, Kryten explicitly explains to Lister that Kochanski dated Lister for three weeks before "discard[ing]" him for a catering officer. In the episode, Kryten explains that Red Dwarf was "stolen", with the crew now based inside the shuttlecraft Starbug chasing after Red Dwarf to recover it.

In "Out of Time" (1993), Rimmer mentions that all trace of Red Dwarf has been lost. In the episode, a Starbug from fifteen years hence arrives, with Lister, Rimmer, Cat and Kryten's future selves intending to copy some components from the present Starbug's time drive so they can fix the fault in their own drive and continue their lives of opulence, socialising with notorious figures of history such as the Habsburgs, the Borgias, Louis XVI, Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring. The Lister from the future has also been damaged in an accident, having become nothing more than a brain in a jar. Lister tells the future crew to leave, and the future Starbug fires upon the present day one, apparently killing the crew and blowing Starbug up.

In the following episode, "Tikka to Ride" (1997), Lister mentions in a video log that the future Starbug destroying the Starbug of the present meant the time drive they had used ceased to exist in both the present and the future, or in other words, killing the present crew of Starbug in the present also killed the crew in the future, making it impossible for the future crew from ever going back in time to kill themselves in the present. The Cat later mentions in the episode that time returned to the point before the time drive was discovered.

In "Stoke Me a Clipper" (1997), Lister pretends to be a hostile knight who escaped from Starbug's artificial reality suite in order to prove Rimmer is heroic enough to take over as the new Ace Rimmer and leave Starbug for other dimensions to "right wrongs". Rimmer fires blank rounds at Lister, and Lister pretends to die, with Rimmer not realising this deception.

In "Blue (Red Dwarf)" (1997), Lister finds himself missing Rimmer's company after the hologram goes off on adventures with Ace Rimmer, but is alternately confused and horrified at the thought that he might have feelings for him, and after seeing Rimmer's ego-trip of a ride, declares their friendship officially over.

In "Ouroboros" (1997), Lister meets a Lister from a parallel dimension (played by Charles), when a "linkway" through "non-space" is opened when the membrane between the two realities temporarily collapses. Lister realises that that dimension's Lister is a hard light hologram. The parallel Lister explains that he was killed in the radiation leak that wiped out the crew of Red Dwarf. In a flashback, following Lister breaking up with Kochanski (now played by Chloë Annett) the previous week, the parallel Lister is shown returning to Red Dwarf and smuggling a cat on board, after a few days' shore leave on the moon Mimas—and not Titan as previously claimed—to get over Kochanski. This version of Kochanski later apologises for the Dear John letter she sent Lister the previous week. She describes her love life with Lister as having gone nowhere and amounting to "hanging out in [Lister's] bunk, eating delivery curries and having fantastic sex". She explains to Lister that she is back together with her ex, a chef called Tim. Kochanski discovers the unquarantined cat Lister smuggled on board and takes her, but is unable to kill her and hides her instead.

Back in the present, the parallel Lister explains that Holly brought him back as a hologram, and when the cat was discovered, Kochanski was the person who was punished and put into stasis instead. The original Lister also realises that the parallel Lister's relationship with Kochanski was rekindled. Kryten later tells the original Lister that after the parallel Lister's death, that dimension's Lister was originally a soft light hologram before becoming hard light, and this made him "caring in a way that most men aren't". Kochanski asks Lister to fill an in-vitro tube with Lister's DNA, as she hopes to one day have children. When Lister realises that he is his own father and Kochanski is "me ex-girlfriend and me mum", Lister hurries to retrieve the tube. Lister saves Kochanski's life during an attack on the linkway by a GELF spaceship, but Kochanski is subsequently stranded in Lister's dimension when the interdimensional rip self repairs, and becomes a new member of Starbug's crew. Lister says that after the baby Lister is grown in a uterine simulator, Lister travels back in time to leave his infant self (played by Alexander John-Jules) under a pool table at the Aigburth Arms pub. The story subsequently skips ahead to when this happens.

The official Red Dwarf website claims that the suggestion within "Ouroboros" is that the diverging point between Lister's timeline and Kochanski's alternate timeline happened when Kochanski takes "her" Lister's cat, meaning that "almost everything else [before] about [Kochanski's] timeline was supposed to have played out along similar lines to the main one".

In "Epideme" (1997), Lister has his right arm amputated in an attempt to rid his body of the Epideme virus (voiced by Gary Martin). Kochanski ultimately gets rid of the virus by temporarily stopping Lister's heart and containing the virus in deceased Red Dwarf crewmember Caroline Carmen's (Nicky Leatherbarrow) arm, injected with blood and adrenaline, and tricking the virus into thinking the arm belongs to Kochanski. In the following episode, "Nanarchy" (1997), Kryten tries looking for his self-repairing nanobots to rebuild Lister's arm. Returning to the part of space where they were last seen, the crew discovers Red Dwarf has been converted by the nanobots into a planetoid made of sand and Holly restored to his old settings (again played by Norman Lovett) and abandoned there, with the Red Dwarf Starbug spent years chasing after being a subatomic version shrunken down and eventually exploring Lister's laundry basket, and the remaining bits they didn't want being left on the planetoid. Kryten orders the nanobots to rebuild Lister's arm and turn the planetoid back into Red Dwarf.

In Back in the Red (1999), Holly creates a new set of nanobots to bring the entire crew on board Red Dwarf back to life after Kryten's had gone missing again. Included among the resurrected crew is Rimmer, after the hologrammatic simulation of Rimmer left Starbug. Lister, Rimmer, Cat, Kryten and Kochanski are sentenced to two years in the ship's brig for misuse of confidential information. In "Cassandra" (1999), the five of them get signed up by Lister to the convict army the Canaries after Holly lies to Lister that they're a singing troupe. During a mission with the Canaries, the mainframe computer of the SS Silverberg, Cassandra (Geraldine McEwan), who can predict the future with an accuracy rating of one hundred per cent, tells Lister that he chokes to death aged 181, while trying to remove a bra with his teeth.

In "Only the Good..." (1999), a corrosive micro-organism is shown eating apart Red Dwarf. After Rimmer tries and fails to obtain the formula for an antidote from a "mirror universe" where everything is opposite, and not being able to find anyone on Red Dwarf upon returning, a vending machine (voiced by Tony Slattery) informs Rimmer that everyone crossed back into the mirror universe. The machine opening the way to the mirror universe is shown to have been destroyed by the micro-organism, leaving Rimmer stranded and the only crew member aboard Red Dwarf in his universe.

2000s
In Red Dwarf: Back to Earth (2009), set nine years later, Red Dwarf is intact; the human race is apparently "virtually extinct" in the universe apart from Lister again; Lister, Rimmer, the Cat and Kryten are the only people on board the ship; and Rimmer is shown to be a hard light hologram and the most senior officer on board again; how these have come about and what happened to the micro-organism is not explained. In this special, a female "despair squid", whose ink causes joy and elation instead of despair to defend herself, causes Lister, Rimmer, the Cat and Kryten to share a hallucination where they believe they are fictional characters from a TV series called Red Dwarf, and their dimension is "invalid". This leads them to be shown being pulled into the nearest "valid" reality. They confront the "Creator" of Red Dwarf (Richard O'Callaghan) on a version of 21st century Earth who is ready to kill off the characters, and Lister accidentally kills him. The four subconsciously realise that they're hallucinating, and they wake up on board Red Dwarf. Kryten and Rimmer speculate that they were able to choose whether or not they wanted to wake up because of the strengthened antibodies of the four from the previous encounter with the despair squid. Lister initially believes that Kochanski is dead as well, but two children in the hallucination (played by Charlie Kenyon and Nina Southworth) inform that Kryten lied to him, and she actually left him after taking a Blue Midget shuttle. Kryten later confirms this. After waking up, Lister subsequently starts looking for Kochanski to get her back.

2010s
In "Trojan" (2012), Lister describes himself as the "last human being alive", with Kryten saying the same thing about him in "Dear Dave" (2012), while in a recorded message for his son (himself) in "Fathers and Suns" (2012), Lister tells himself to "find Krissie [Kochanski]" after getting himself an education, and in "Entangled" (2012), Lister mentions asking the Biologically Engineered Garbage Gobblers (BEGGs) for help with finding Kochanski.

According to backstory in "Twentica" (2016), Lister hotwired cars to go shoplifting from the age of seven until he was eleven, when he was on the. He also lies that he is a descendant of the scientist Joseph Lister to gain the crew access to the Lady Be Good Club.

In "Officer Rimmer" (2016), Lister reveals that as a kid he sold the rights to his genome to his friend Dodgy for 100 dollarpounds and half a packet of cigarettes. Kryten explains that this means thousands of companies, including a call centre, were licensed to produce biological copies of Lister. Lister wonders if this means all the "smartarse Scousers in call centres" are him.

In "Skipper" (2017), Rimmer uses a quantum skipper to travel to a universe where Lister is kind and hardworking. Here, Lister got put into stasis because he smuggled a pet rat on board, rather than a pet cat. The rat race did not have a religious war when they evolved, but stayed on Red Dwarf, living on most of its decks. In another universe, Rimmer discovers Lister has become captain of Red Dwarf subsequent to Lister spotting the faulty drive plate, and has become wealthy from the shares he owned after Red Dwarf discovered a planet rich in helium-7.

Novels
Within the continuity of the books by Grant Naylor, Lister's official date of birth is 14 October. Lister is described as going on a drunken Monopoly board pub crawl in London with his friends to celebrate his 23rd birthday, where he gets very drunk; when he awakens, he is on Mimas with no money. After six months, having failed to make enough money to get back home, he signs up for a job on Red Dwarf, which, unknown to him, is due to make a four-and-a-half-year mining run to Triton before heading back to Earth. Smuggling a cat on board was in fact a deliberate attempt to get discharged and sent home early.

In the book Better Than Life (1990), Lister eventually discovers Earth, but discovers that it has left the orbit of the Solar System and finds that eight-foot-long cockroaches are the dominant species. He becomes their king and plans to rebuild the planet. The others find him thirty-six years later (after believing Lister was missing for a fortnight due to a time dilation). Later, after Lister dies of a heart attack in a confrontation with a polymorph, his body is taken to the alternative universe where time runs backwards and is told that he will be rescued in thirty-six years' time. Two accounts of what followed are Last Human (1995) and Backwards (1996).

In Last Human, the crew fight an alternate version of Lister who was adopted by different parents, this Lister choosing the wealthy but psychotic Thorntons over the poorer but more emotionally stable parents which the normal Lister had. As a result, this Lister grew up to be a sociopath, often manipulating others with his efforts, claiming not to believe in even the concept of love, and perfectly willing to murder his shipmates in order to achieve his goals.

In Backwards, the crew try to meet up with Lister at a Souvenir shop at Niagara Falls on backwards Earth, where they discover that Lister will be involved in a murder. They see Lister being unarrested and embark on a backwards pursuit. They find that Kryten was the one who killed a hillbilly which had Lister sentenced to eight years in prison (all in reverse). They miss their flight window and must spend the next ten years on the reverse Earth. They eventually leave for their own universe.

Appearance
Lister is normally dressed in a leather jacket and deerstalker hat, his boiler suits and his lengthy dreadlocks that he grows only from the back of his head.

Lister has a tattoo on his right buttock, dedicated to the love of his life: it is a heart with an arrow through it and underneath it has in dripping curry sauce, "I love Vindaloo". It was obtained while on planet leave on Ganymede with Petersen, who spiked his cocktail with four-star petrol. When Lister woke up the next day, he had enrolled as a novice monk in a Ganymedian monastery. He also has another tattoo claiming that he loves Petersen placed on his inner thigh, which stems from an unidentified incident where the two got so heavily drunk together that Lister had no idea what was happening to him.

Personality
Lister is very lazy, and more importantly, unmotivated. He is a slob: his best shirt is one with only two curry stains on the front. He enjoys "bumming around", drinking large amounts of lager, and eating Indian food and listening to a band called Rastabilly Skank. He is a supporter of the London Jets zero-gravity football team, and speaks with a Liverpudlian (Scouse) accent.

He prides himself on being a good man, a man of moral courage. When confronted with an evil version of himself on a corrupted version of Red Dwarf in "Demons and Angels" (1992), Lister says of his evil counterpart, "But he kills; I'm not capable of that." Likewise, when he kills "the Creator" of the Red Dwarf TV series during his hallucination in Back to Earth (2009), his initial reaction is to state that he doesn't kill people and doesn't understand why he did it. In the episode "Waiting for God" (1988), he also showed an extreme amount of remorse when he hears that vast numbers of the Cat's race have been killed due to holy wars and one of their arks flying off and crashing into an asteroid due to declaring him their god. Lister's religious beliefs are unclear. In the episode "The Last Day" (1989), Kryten states that Lister is a pantheist, believing God to be in all things; however, in the later episode "Back to Reality" (1992) he is described as the "ultimate atheist". Lister has had a number of relationships with women, albeit not all successful (his lack of ambition being the main cause for not settling down).

Lister managed to learn the international language Esperanto from Rimmer's tapes, while Rimmer himself was unable to. In the episode "Thanks for the Memory" (1988), Arnold Rimmer described that, even though all its ingredients were wrong, a fried-egg chilli chutney sandwich somehow made a right and likened this fact to Lister's personality. He is capable of piloting a spaceship and has a knack for mechanical repairs, particularly amateur cybernetics. He also considers himself good at pool, saying that he was nicknamed "Dave Cinzano Bianco Lister" because once he was on a table you couldn't get rid of him. When the Inquisitor from the 1992 episode of the same name appeared on Red Dwarf to judge the crew, he declared that Lister's failure to put his brain to good use was evidence that he had not lived a worthwhile life.

Lister is also an avid junk collector who has purchased (among other things) a talking toilet, a talking toaster with artificial intelligence, and two robot goldfish, which he named Lennon and McCartney (the latter of which swims backwards and is prone to breaking down).

Guitar
Lister is very attached to his guitar. In Series I, Lister's guitar is firstly a silver acoustic Clarissa Roundback (Polverini, Italian Ovation copy, S1E5, 19:41). Then in "Marooned" (1989), his guitar is shown to be a black, electric guitar – according to Lister it is an "authentic Les Paul copy". In "Fathers and Suns" (2012), Lister describes his guitar as a Gibson Les Paul.

The guitar appears to be destroyed or lost in several episodes, while somehow being recovered: in "Emohawk: Polymorph II" (1993), the Cat breaks Lister's guitar. By "Tikka to Ride" (1997), he seems to have it intact again. While Lister is prison in the episode "Krytie TV" (1999), Petersen recovers the guitar from the wreck of Starbug offscreen, and has it sent it to Lister. Later, in "Fathers and Suns", as punishment from his father (himself) for not applying for a robotics course, Lister's guitar is flushed out of one of Red Dwarf's airlocks and is "half a light-year away". When Professor Edgington (Sydney Stevenson) sees Lister's guitar case in "Entangled" (2012), Lister mentions that he plays guitar.

American pilot
In the unaired pilot for the American version of Red Dwarf, Lister was played by Craig Bierko.

title: Dave Lister


text:
Barrio

Barrio is a Spanish word that means "quarter" or "neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, architectural or morphological features. In Spain, several Latin American countries and the Philippines, the term may also be used to officially denote a division of a municipality. Barrio is an arabism (Classical Arabic بري barrī: "wild" via Andalusian Arabic bárri: "exterior").

Usage
In Argentina and Uruguay, a barrio is a division of a municipality officially delineated by the local authority at a later time, and it sometimes keeps a distinct character from other areas (as in the barrios of Buenos Aires, even if they have been superseded by larger administrative divisions). The word does not have a special socioeconomic connotation unless it is used in contrast to the centro (city center or downtown). The expression barrio cerrado (translated "closed neighborhood") is used to describe small upper-class residential settlements planned with an exclusive criterion and often physically enclosed in walls, that is, a kind of gated community.

In Colombia, the term is used to describe any urban area neighborhood whose geographical limits are determined locally. The term can be used to refer to all classes within society. The term barrio de invasión or comuna is more often used to refer to shanty towns, but the term "barrio" has a more general use.

In Cuba, El Salvador and Spain, the term barrio is used officially to denote a subdivision of a municipio (or municipality); each barrio is subdivided into sectors (sectores).

In the Philippines, the term barrio may refer to a rural village, but it may also denote a self-governing community subdivision within a rural or urban area anywhere in the country. A 1975 law replaced the word barrio with barangay, the basic administrative unit of government, possessing an average population of 2,500 people. Barrio, however, is still widely used interchangeably with barangay. Both may refer to rural settlements or urban municipal districts (the latter formerly known as visitas). It is alternatively spelled as baryo, though the preferred spelling is the Spanish one (barrio).

In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, the term barrio is an official government designation used to denote a subdivision of a municipio and denotes the government's lowest level and geographically smallest officially recognized administrative unit. A barrio in Puerto Rico is not vested with political authority. It may or may not be further subdivided into sectors, communities, urbanizaciones, or a combination of these, but such further subdivisions, though popular and common, are unofficial

In the mainland United States, the term barrio is used to refer to inner-city areas overwhelmingly inhabited by first-generation Spanish-speaking immigrant families who have not been assimilated into the mainstream American culture. Some examples of this include Spanish Harlem in New York City, East L.A. in Los Angeles; and Segundo Barrio in Houston. Some of these neighborhoods are simply referred to as just "El Barrio" by the locals, as opposed to using their actual names (Spanish Harlem, East L.A., Segundo Barrio, etc.).

In Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, the term is commonly used to describe slums in the outer rims of big cities such as Caracas and Santo Domingo as well as lower- and middle-class neighborhoods in other cities and towns.

History
Over the centuries, selectness in the Spanish Empire evolved as a mosaic of the various barrios, surrounding the central administrative areas. As they matured, the barrios functionally and symbolically reproduced the city and in some way tended to replicate it. The barrio reproduced the city through providing occupational, social, physical and spiritual space. With the emergence of an enlarged merchant class, some barrios were able to support a wide range of economic levels. This led to new patterns of social class distribution throughout the city. Those who could afford to locate in and around the central plazas relocated. The poor and marginal groups still occupied the spaces at the city's edge.

The desire on the part of the sector popular to replicate a barrio was expressed through the diversity of the populace and functions and the tendency to form social hierarchies and to maintain social control. The limits to replication were mainly social. Any particular barrio could not easily expand its borders into other barrios, nor could it easily export its particular social identity to others. Different barrios provided different products and services to the city, e.g., one might make shoes, while another made cheese. Integration of daily life could also be seen in the religious sector, where a parish and a convento might serve one or more neighborhoods.

The mosaic formed by the barrios and the colonial center continued until the period of independence in Mexico and Latin America. The general urban pattern was one where the old central plaza was surrounded by an intermediate ring of barrios and emerging suburban areas linking the city to the hinterland. The general governance of the city was in the hands of a mayor and city councilors. Public posts were purchased and funds given to the local government and the royal bureaucracy. Fairness and equity were not high on the list of public interests. Lands located on the periphery were given to individuals by local authorities, even if this land was designated for collective uses, such as farming or grazing. This practice of peripheral land expansion laid the groundwork for later suburbanization by immigrants from outside the region and by real estate agents.

At the edge of Hispanic American colonial cities there were places where work, trade, social interaction and symbolic spiritual life occurred. These barrios were created to meet the space needs of local craftsman and the shelter needs of the working class. At times they were designed to meet municipal norms, but they usually responded to functional requirements of the users. Barrios were built over centuries of sociocultural interaction within urban space. In Mexico and in other Latin American countries with strong heritages of colonial centers, the concept of barrio no longer contains the social, cultural and functional attributes of the past. The few surviving barrios do so with a loss of traditional meaning. For most of them the word has become a descriptive category or a generic definition.

title: Barrio


text: User talk:164.58.208.245

title: User talk:164.58.208.245