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Talk:Wrigley Field

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Questionable?
You probably just don't know enough about sports. The called shot and everything else mentioned really did take place at Wrigley. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.115.16.212 (talk) 16:20, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

Needs Work
Pretty thorough---Might be good to get a bit about how Wrigley / The Cubs rent out additional seats to the businesses out on Waveland/Sheffield. --Muaddib 00:54, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The photos at the top of this page make it render very badly. Text is either cramped into a small (<100px!) column or pushed down the page. Perhaps the two smaller images could be used later in the article? --dahamsta 22:33, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bartman
The Bartman incident should be included in the timeline. We need to make shure we keep a NPOV on it though. Ace-o-aces 18:22, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

The result of the ball not being caught was a walk. The real problem was the devastating error made by Alex Gonzalez on a double play ball. The Bartman thing was a media invention. Wahkeenah 19:49, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

not to be too technical...
> Wrigley Field sits on an asymmetric block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets, Waveland and Sheffield Avenues

...but any casual observer will notice that Wrigley is bound by a five sided block. Clark only borders the stadium directly behind home plate. Seminary Avenue forms the majority of the west-side boundary, which now contains parkings spaces. Despite the "private" look of the parking lot, and according to my sources, Seminary Avenue is still in public right-of-way. J. Crocker 20:40, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

As far as I know, Seminary is de facto part of the Wrigley property. However, also technically speaking, the last I knew the aforesaid Wrigley "property" was still being leased by the Cubs from the city of Chicago, so in essense the street and the land are city-owned... so my guess would be that the Cubs and the city worked out some deal long ago on this portion of Seminary. I recall reading an article kind of raising that same question. It occurs to me that if one were really desparate, one could call the Cubs and find out. d:) Wahkeenah 23:41, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I think you're right. Basically, the Cubs have treated that stretch of road as if they owned it, but they don't. It's technically a street. However, according to this article and others I've seen, the Cubs are still working on a deal (from at least 2 years ago) to officially close that portion of Seminary as part of their building improvement plans. That plan includes bleacher expansion, and sadly, it sounds like the old outer wall will be gone, one of the last exterior remnants of the original 1914 structure. I'm thinking to revise the description to take these facts into account. Unless you beat me to it. d:) Wahkeenah 00:07, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe that they THOUGHT they owned that street, but only recently discovered their was an oversight decades ago when the land was bought. Ace-o-aces 01:13, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

From time to time on maps, I've seen Seminary extended all the way to Clark. But I don't think it was ever a properly developed thoroughfare, as there are enough streets coming together at the intersection as it is. The intersection has lights, of course, but none of them regulates that little extension of Seminary, which actually opens onto Clark maybe 150 feet north of the Clark-Addison corner. In essense, it's more of an alley than a street. The one article I saw said the Cubs claimed "squatter's rights" to the land because they've used it for so long and nobody else claimed it. I recall when I was a kid that there was actually a railroad spur running down that section of street, since paved over, but a remnant from when that little wedge of land just west of it held the Coal-and-Coke processing company visible on photos taken during the 1930s, 40s and 50s. In fact, an aerial photo of the 1945 Series shows three tracks running down the middle of that street next to Wrigley. So it was never much of a practical street for driving. Wahkeenah 01:33, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Yep, you are correct. Seminary once contained streetcar rail tracks. South of Addison, the tracks made a gentle curve to the west and met Lakewood Av. around Wellington. North of Addison the tracks ran along Seminary Av. and then ran between the current Red Line tracks and Graceland Cemetery, joining the main CTA viaduct at the Wilson Yard. Between Montrose and Wilson, the concrete viaduct that once carried this line is still present, although abandoned and in bad condition. It will probably be dismantled in the coming years. Also of interest is the slight jog in Lakewood Av. at Belmont. This is an artifact of the streetcar rail line's gentle curve. This is probably related more to railfan stuff, but the main point is: Seminary Av. is NOT an alley. J. Crocker 15:01, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

The other day I attempted to contact the Cubs about the issue of what land (if any) they own, and was put off. They probably assumed I was a troublemaker. 0:) Wahkeenah 17:05, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I think this issue is debatable. Therefore I would like to interview both sides if possible. Jamie M
 * Good luck. Wahkeenah 12:43, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Billy Williams could not have saved Ken Holtzman's 1969 no-hitter by catching Hank Aaron's fly ball in "the basket," because "the basket" wasn't installed until 1970 or 1971, after a particularly rowdy opening day.

Trivia section
I changed what User:CubsFan put in the trivia section as he is mistaken.
 * 1) The Chicago Cubs are the only team to play at the same stadium since the team's inception., Not true the Florida Marlins, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Arizona Diamondbacks have only had one home for their respective franchises as well, those being Dolphins Stadium, Tropicana Field, and Chase Field respectively. Becides that the cubes were founed in 1870, didn't move to Wrigley untill 1916 a year after Wrigley opened and previosuly played at West Side Park before comimg to the friendly confines, so they have hade more then one home in their history as well.
 * 2) Wrigley Field and Fenway Park are the only two ballparks that use manual scoreboards. Not true, the out of town scoreboard at Coors Field is also manual.

I'll go ahead and make the appropate changes.

--Boothy443 | comhrá 07:22, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I wonder if you really meant to say "cubes". One never knows what derisive nickname someone will come up with for the Cubs. My own father used to call them the "Dubs" or the "Scrubs". I'm guessing the "Cubs fan" got the Cubs and Red Sox "inception" mixed up with his own. To him, it probably seems like they've always been there. In fact, the Cubs had five other homes prior to Wrigley, and the Red Sox had another ballpark prior to Fenway. Also, a number of these "retro" ballparks have scoreboards that are in part manually operated. It's a feature that the designers think is cute... but in fact, it makes the board easier to read on a sunny day. That was a problem with the old White Sox board at the old Comiskey. It was mostly if not all electronic and its little lights could be very hard to read during a day game. Wrigley had no such problem. In contrast, they had to put floodlights on it so the fans could read it during a night game. There's no perfect solution. d:) Wahkeenah 12:08, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Why must we rip on User:CubsFan? It seems like his edits were in good faith, just erroneous. He's a newbie, revert his edits but give him a break. Viva la User:CubsFan!--CrazyTalk 17:13, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * As a fellow Cubs fan, it is "all in the family". But those Cardinals fans better not rip on him. >:) Wahkeenah 17:25, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * For number 2, he obviously meant the main scoreboard. Many many many stadiums use manual scoreboards for out-of-town information, so simply adding the term "main scoreboard" or something to the effect of that would have been better than completely removing what he put in. Tflynn17 16:05, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. However, this was almost a year ago, so I wouldn't count on him putting his edits back. Wahkeenah 17:39, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Jimmy Buffett
This item is confusing. Many musicians have performed at Wrigley, what about the seventh-inning stretch? The Star-Spangled Banner? Not to mention pre-game hacks who performed there as well, among others, Jimmy Buffett.

 * I think they mean he's the first to perform a concert there. I can't say for sure. Whoever posted that originally needs to clarify. Wahkeenah 17:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I didn't post this information, however, I do believe he was the first to be allowed to play a concert at wrigley field. --Lmusielak (talk) 16:37, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

bleacher bums
What about adding a reference to the Organic Theatre/Joe Mantegna play "Bleacher Bums," set in Wrigley bleachers? (More recently made into a movie....)

Lights Now
I was looking at the part on lights at Wrigley Field. It ends with info on the first night game. What's the situation on night games now? I'd add something, but I don't know what it is. All I know is they seem to always play a day game when they're home.--Attitude2000 23:46, 16 July 2006 (UTC) In a typical year- how many night games at Home do the Cubs play?( of the 81 hoem game) Over the course of the year,is there frequentlya a change of time of day from day to night between originally planned schedule and what is actually played? Add to above - MLB has varied-But some push think that for final game of a series, a day game is beneficail to the team if travelling the next day and a game that same day. Wfoj3 (talk) 11:39, 24 August 2019 (UTC)
 * More info added. Wahkeenah 04:01, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Ronnie woo-woo
Should Ronnie be mentioned in this article? Ace-o-aces 03:08, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a tough call. He's a fan, and there are millions of fans, but he's unique, albeit a tad irritating after awhile. Also, is he still a presence at Wrigley, or has he found gainful employment by now? Wahkeenah 03:16, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Last I heard he was still doing odd jobs around Wriglyville. I saw him outside the park after they announced the new mannager of the Cubs, (and somebody got him started with the "woo-cubs-woo" thing), so yeah, he's still around. Ace-o-aces 06:00, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe he should be mentioned. What could it hurt? Wahkeenah 06:26, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Football at Wrigley
Any images available where the Bears played at Wrigley? KyuuA4 Didn't the Bears play at Wrigley in the late 70s or early 80s when Soldier Field was being renovated - I believe it was at least one season? Were the games played during that time added to the regular season total? — Preceding unsigned comment added by TMonurB (talk • contribs) 11:45, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I have one. I'd have to make a Fair Use case for it. Wahkeenah 20:39, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Wahkeenah 05:28, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * No, they played at the stadium at the University of Illinois, in Champaign. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 20:08, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be great to see a shot of the scoreboard in its football configuration. They showed quarter-by-quarter scores for all the NFL teams, some of them on the "AMERICAN" side.  They had special number slats for football so they could show numbers like "14", "20" and "21" (much like the slender "10" you sometimes see on the baseball scoreboard) in one slot representing a quarter.  They were spaced out to use only every other slot.  (One would think that they'd simply use two inning columns per quarter to have two digits, but they didn't!)  BALL and STRIKE were replaced by DOWN and YARDS TO GO or whatever. WHPratt (talk) 12:46, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

"The Den"??
Who on earth calls this ballpark "The Den"? I've never in my 21 years of living in Chicago heard the Friendly Confines referred to by that nickname. It honestly sounds like somebody made it up. --gavindow 05:42, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree, and have zapped it. I'm not sure all that many people call it "Cubs Park" anymore, either, but that was once its "official" name, and the WGN trafficopter guys used to call it that from time to time, so it makes more sense. Wahkeenah 05:47, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

LCS home field advantage
From time to time, someone tries to post the rumor that the Cubs had to relinquish home field advantage in the 1984 NLCS due to the lack of lights. That is not true. During 1969-1984, the LCS patterns were the first 2 games in one city and the last 3 games, as needed, in the other city. East vs. West home field advantage alternated between divisions (and leagues) from one year to the next and the respective teams' records were not taken into consideration. That approach was consistent with the World Series, a 2-3-2 pattern with home field alternating between leagues (until 2003). 1984 was the last year for the 2-3 pattern in the LCS. Starting in 1985, the LCS went from a best-3-of-5 format to a best-4-of-7 format, and adopted the 2-3-2 pattern of the World Series. There was talk in 1985 that if the Cubs made the post-season, the league might insist that they play some or all home games in another ballpark, i.e. one with lights. They failed to make the post-season, so the issue became moot. When the Cubs finally got permission to build lights in 1988, it was in time for a 1989 post-season appearance as well as the 1990 All-Star Game.

Here's a quick excerpt of where the LCS started and finished:
 * 1969 - ALCS Baltimore (E), Minnesota (W) - NLCS Atlanta (W), New York (E)
 * 1970 - ALCS Minnesota (W), Baltimore (E) - NLCS Pittsburgh (E), Cincinnati (W)
 * 1971 - ALCS Baltimore (E), Oakland (W) - NLCS San Francisco (W), Pittsburgh (E)
 * 1972 - ALCS Oakland (W), Detroit (E) - NLCS Pittsburgh (E), Cincinnati (W)
 * etc.
 * 1981 - ALCS New York (E), Oakland (W) - NLCS Los Angeles (W), Montreal (E)
 * 1982 - ALCS Anaheim [California] (W), Milwaukee (E) - NLCS St. Louis (E), Atlanta (W)
 * 1983 - ALCS Baltimore (E), Chicago (W) - NLCS Los Angeles (W), Philadelphia (E)
 * 1984 - ALCS Kansas City (W), Detroit (E) - NLCS Chicago (E), San Diego (W)

See League Championship Series and its subordinate articles for tons of detail. Wahkeenah 10:42, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Home field advantage
I agree with Wahkeenah. Where is the source saying that the Cubs would have to play their post season home games at another park? That seems absurd and I'm pretty certain I would have remembered that. It needs to be be sourced or removed.
 * The threat was raised in 1985, not 1984. However, it became moot, as the Cubs failed to make the post-season. By the time they did again, in 1989, they had lights. Wahkeenah 15:00, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Here's what happened. In 1984, the National League champion was due to host the World Series opener, as it was an even-numbered year, and in those days the Series always began on a Tuesday. The Commissioner ruled that if the Cubs were the N.L. representative, the Series would begin instead in the American League city. Wrigley Field would have gotten Games 3, 4 and (if necessary) 5, to be played in the afternoon on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.  The Friday game would have been the first weekday day game in the Series in many years, and was regarded a necessary evil.  However, the Commissioner wasn't going to sacrifice any other prime time evening telecasts. It all became meaningless when the Cubs lost the championship series to San Diego.  On a subsequent pennant run, the Cubs were told that they'd have to play their World Series home games in St. Louis, a move intended to force the installation of lights at Wrigley. WHPratt (talk) 18:44, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I was looking for a reference for the above 1984 fact, and found it in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_World_Series, the paragraph entitled "San Diego Padres." It confirms my recollection. WHPratt (talk) 18:29, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not there anymore, as someone deemed it irrelevant, so this particular fact lives on here only. WHPratt (talk) 16:47, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

New Photo??
Does anybody have photographs of the new renovations (bleachers, outfield luxury box)???

It seems that this could be useful, especially if you had photos of it before and after, outside and in. --MJHankel 11:55, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There is, or was, a link or two in the article that shows renovations post-during-after. Wahkeenah 13:53, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I added a couple photos I took on June 2nd. Compare with the older photo of the old outer wall, and it will give some idea. Baseball Bugs 02:42, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * New bleacher entrance added... want anything more? RMelon (talk) 17:45, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Nice photo. To really do it right, we would need a "before" and "after" photo of some of these features. That might be overkill, as the bleachers' layout can be inferred by the existing photos in the article, even if they are not perfectly aligned with each other or sitting next to each other. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 18:47, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Spinoffs?
There is so much info on this page that it's getting a bit heavy. I'm wondering if the "memorable moments" should be spun off to its own article, with just a couple or three major highlights listed herein? Baseball Bugs 02:42, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Built in 7 weeks?
According to the info posted here, Wrigley field broke ground and then opened in SEVEN WEEKS? That seems a bit unrealistic. I know things were different, but is that a typo? Seven weeks to build the stadium originally? I couldn't find a date for that on the official Cubs site. Anyone have anything on this? Dopefish 22:50, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * According to A Day at the Park, that's for real. There are several facts to keep in mind: (1) They only had to build a single deck and put a roof over it; (2) the deck did not extend all the way down the left field line due to buildings in the way; (3) the deck was narrower than it is now. Groups of crews working on sections could get it done very quickly. All they would have to do is lay out the steel, then the forms, and pour the concrete and let it harden, then install the seats. This was a pretty minimalistic structure originally (some would argue it still is). Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 19:10, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Pop Culture References and Night Baseball
The Statler Brothers song "Don't Wait on Me" talked about many impossible things: "When the sun wakes up in the West..." and "When the lights go on at Wrigley Field, I'll be coming home to you." After lights were installed at Wrigley Field, the lyric was changed to something like When they build a dome over Wrigley Field ..., but I haven't found a source for this revised lyric. RalphOnTheRailroad 18:27, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

I found a source for the lyric change and updated the page RalphOnTheRailroad (talk) 20:36, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

2007 Field Replacement
I think the current renovation project is relavent, but I don't really have the time to go looking for sources. The fact that Wrigley is the last MLB park to get a drainage system (and therefore lose it's crown system) is extremely notable, especially after all of the media hoop-la that was generated in the second half of this year after the Police concerts. Does anyone want to look up information and cite it? I know Cubs.com has a bunch of stuff, and there's been some information in some of the local papers through the project (namely, I know I saw something in the Daily Herald a few weeks back). —Fumo7887 (talk • contribs) 02:33, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I added a section, but I'll even admit it is lacking in both detail and citations. Help on this would be appreciated as this is a huge turning point for this historic venue. —Fumo7887 (talk • contribs) 05:53, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Chicago Cubs Vine Line for November has a photo on p.4 showing the outfield being re-sodded between the last regular season home game and the 3rd game of the NLDS, a 13-day interval. There's nothing about any post-season plans to re-sod again, nor any mention of a change to the drainage system. The sod was supplied by a firm in Oswego, IL. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 10:05, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * But apparently they did. Here's the writeup on MLB.com: Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 10:07, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Replacing the sod twice in the space of two months seems like a waste, but presumably they know what they're doing. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 19:11, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * They didn't just replace the sod. they ripped up the entire field to install drainage, which Wrigley didn't have. See the pic I just added. RMelon (talk) 19:45, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, an excellent pic. My point being that they spent money to replace sod that was only going to be around for a few weeks before they ripped it all out again. No wonder hot dogs and sodas are so expensive. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 19:50, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Good call. I just hope the new drainage and grass type doesn't take away from Wrigley having notoriously high and thick grass in the infield. I think it added to the Cubs' home field advantage... Which one could argue was negated by the number of day games played (especially after away night games) Whatever. Updating, the field looks great, the grass is a lighter shade of green right now. I'll post a pick soon. :-) RMelon (talk) 21:21, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WrigleyFieldLogo150.PNG
Image:WrigleyFieldLogo150.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 13:45, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Corporate Sponsorship
I have added the following paragraph to the bottom of the "Corporate Sponsorship" section. It has been deleted mutliple times by a gentleman (Baseball Bugs)claiming it was "advertising". I would like to have some Wrigley/Cubs fans weigh in on the issue. I feel the addition of 70 new seats on the field, naming rights, and TWO seat auctions (that change the way season tickets have been distributed since the beginning of the team) is something that should be more then glazed over based on the current capacity and naming issue going on at Wrigley and in the Cubs organization. Additionally, even if you believe it is unimportant, do you feel it is a violation of any policy? To be honest there are entire pages I find unimportant or even downright offensive. That does not give me the right to delete them. Wikipedia is for reporting facts. Opinions are for chat rooms. Removal of information that is relevant to a section based on opinion of its importance alone seems like it should be a violation of a policy in and of itself. Thank for taking the time to respond!--Lmusielak (talk) 17:31, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 70 seats is about 1/600th of the ballpark's capacity. Even the seating areas on the buildings across the streets are larger than that. The other items in that section are large and readily visible to most everyone in the park. However, if there is too much information, those other mentions could also be scaled back. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 17:34, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia "is not an indiscrimate collection of information". The problem is not so much with the bare facts, but with the "undue weight" given to just 70 seats. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 17:53, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, predictions of the future are not permitted in wikipedia. Adn the Bud Light Bleachers info has 1 or 2 sentences, and that covers several thousand seats. CBOE is getting more than its share of attention here by having its 1 sentence. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 18:06, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree with Baseball Bugs. The paragraph was excessive, and did read like advertising. The sentence that sums everything up is sufficient. RMelon (talk) 19:50, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

I forgot to put the paragraph in question in my post. I apologize. In addition, I feel the paragraph EVEN WITHOUT MENTION OF THE CBOE AT ALL is worth posting. It has been less then a year since Sam Zell bought the Tribune and already he is selling seats and changing traditions. It is a corporate sell out if nothing else. The paragraph I would like to add is posted below. If you check the page history you will note I have made changes in an attempt to appease disgruntled parties. "In February of 2008 the Chicago Cubs announced plans for a new partnership with the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The partnership will include the first-ever auction of season tickets to Cubs home games in conjunction with naming rights to approximately 70 new seats that will be placed next to the Cubs dugout on the third base line. The new seats will be named by the CBOE. In addition, throughout the regular season, a second sponored auction will give fans the chance to bid on prime seats in the stadium via the Chicago Cubs website on a single-game basis. The tickets auctioned will include front row seats located behind home plate and near the visitor's bullpen." --Lmusielak (talk) 00:58, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The "corporate sell-out" began in 1981 when the Cubs were sold to the Tribune. This still doesn't merit more than one sentence. It's just another way to raise money to pay these yahoos' inflated salaries. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 01:14, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I still fail to see the point in a full paragraph. If a person is interested in learning more about the seats, they can click the external link. If the rationale for adding the paragraph centers around Wrigley's changes under Zell, perhaps you should search for more information on that topic. If a significant amount of information exists, or comes to exist in his tenure as owner, and that information suggests that he's significantly impacted the history of Wrigley Field, then a new section could be added. As of right now, however, it's my opinion that he hasn't done anything significant enough to warrant more than a sentence in certain sections of the page. RMelon (talk) 02:50, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

White flag time
I added the "White Flag Time At Wrigley!" section from the Cubs article here. It's relevant to the subject, but has anyone ever heard that saying? I've been a fan since I can remember, and I've never heard that. Was it something Brickhouse used to say? I'm going to change it to something more like "'W' and 'L' Flags" or something similar unless someone has an objection. Also, I'm too lazy to find references for that info, but it seems accurate to me. Anyone know where that info came from? RMelon (talk) 00:44, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Brickhouse wouldn't have said it, since they swapped the colors about 9 years after he retired. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:52, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I used to see the flags from the "el" on the ride home from highschool (early 60's) but nothing was "made" of them...no name or anything like that. It's more of a current phenomenon(sp)--Buster7 (talk) 20:38, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Historic moments
This section is awfully unweildly, and some of it little more than trivia. How about pruning it down, or even moving it wholesale to its own page so it doesn't clutter an otherwise solid article? SixFourThree (talk) 18:51, 8 May 2008 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * Separate article would be a good idea. Likewise for other parks with a long history, especially Yankee Stadium and Fenway Park. Any book on these ballparks has plenty of references to historic moments. A list of this nature is easier to read than conventional prose verbiage. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:51, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * If it was in its own article, I wouldn't mind the format. So, any objection to my creating a new page?  SixFourThree (talk) 16:08, 9 May 2008 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * Typically the originating page would have a token list of maybe 4 or 5 "key" historic moments, with a "main page ..." or some such pointing to the full list. It would be interesting to narrow it down to a handful. I'm thinking that the top-grade historic moments would include the 1915 Federal League pennant clinch, the 1938 "homer in the gloamin'", the 1998 one-game playoff win over the Giants, the Bears' 1963 championship, and Babe Ruth's called shot. Those jump out at me as being items that would be highlighted in any book about Wrigley Field. There could be a few others, but I wouldn't let it get larger than 8 to 10. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 01:36, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

I see that neither Fenway Park nor Yankee Stadium has such a list, and I fear that isolating will result in someone challenging it as an "indiscriminate" list or some such. Maybe calling it a "time line" would be a more neutral title, and maybe such a list could also be created for those other two ballparks (and for any others). And maybe I should take this up on the project page, running the risk it might get zapped, but that's show biz. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 10:25, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Friday-Saturday nights?
Someone stated that city ordinances forbid night games on Fridays and Saturdays. I removed it as being uncited, and also because if it's true, and if the Cubs manage to get to the 2008 World Series, there's going to be trouble - typically all 7 games of the Series are night games, and the game for the 25th, in the NL city, is a Saturday. So either the alleged ordinance will be suspended, or the Cubs will have to play in Milwaukee. Unless the network decides to telecast during the day. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 11:12, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

"Features"
This short section contains at least one run-on sentence (made up of what might be at least three sentences).Relgif (talk) 11:13, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Elizabeth Wrigley-Field
I included a paragraph about this scientist who chose her name for the stadium, having the perfect preconditions (mother called Wrigley, father called Field). Don't really know if this might be considered out of line or immaterial, but I think it does have its relevance for the main subject of the article. --WernR (talk) 11:22, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Seating Capacity
The Official site of the Cubs shows 41,160. That would, of course, been for the end of the 2014 Season. Phase One of the renovation has eliminated about 5,000 bleacher seats. That should be reflected in the April 2015 seating capacity number which should be "about" 36.160. I suggest the capacity be changed to reflect the actual number rather than a number that includes seats that don't exist right now. . Buster Seven   Talk  13:38, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Wrigley Field
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Wrigley Field's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "si": From WWE:  From Cole Hamels:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 23:27, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:44, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Wrigley Field logo.png

Significant overhauls
Hi! I'd just like to note that I plan to make some significant edits here in the coming weeks / months. Happy to discuss/debate any changes here or on my user talk page. Paradox society  20:51, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Elizabeth Wrigley-Field
While editor @Sea Dog deleted my reference to a real-life person bearing the same name, presumably on a count of triviality, I still think it is an interesting bit of knowledge, so I'd like to share it at least here, among the converted, as it were:

''There is a sociologist and demographer called Elizabeth Wrigley-Field who is currently teaching at the University of Minnesota She has her name from her parents (her mother was a Wrigley, her father a Field) but they called her simply Field, so she had to take legal steps to change her name to Wrigley-Field. ''

Keep up the good (wikipedian) work! WernR (talk) 22:56, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Bruce Springsteen
Played Wrigley Field twice in August of 2023. 96.38.23.218 (talk) 19:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wrigley Field


text:
Baron Gridley

Baron Gridley, of Stockport in the County Palatine of Chester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 10 January 1955 for the Conservative politician Sir Arnold Gridley, who had earlier represented Stockport and Stockport South in the House of Commons. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1996.

Richard, the present Lord Gridley, is married to Marie, Lady Gridley. They live in Waterlooville, Hampshire.

Barons Gridley (1955)

 * Arnold Babb Gridley, 1st Baron Gridley (1878–1965)
 * Arnold Hudson Gridley, 2nd Baron Gridley (1906–1996)
 * Richard David Arnold Gridley, 3rd Baron Gridley (born 1956)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's first cousin Peter Arnold Charles Gridley (born 1940).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Arnold Babb Gridley, 1st Baron Gridley (1878—1965)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Arnold Hudson Gridley, 2nd Baron Gridley (1906—1996)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Richard David Arnold Gridley, 3rd Baron Gridley (born 1956)
 * Hon. Carl Richard Gridley (b. 1981)
 * Eric Howard Gridley (1911—1946)
 * (1) Peter Arnold Charles Gridley (b. 1940)
 * (2)Howard Eric Gridley (b. 1945)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Gridley


text:
Military citadels under London

A number of military citadels are known to have been constructed underground in central London, dating mostly from the Second World War and the Cold War. Unlike traditional above-ground citadels, these sites are primarily secure centres for defence coordination.

A large network of tunnels exists below London for a variety of communications, civil defence and military purposes; however, it is unclear how these tunnels, and the various facilities linked to them, fit together, if at all. Even the number and nature of these facilities is unclear; only a few have been officially admitted to.

Pindar
The most important military citadel in central London is Pindar, or the Defence Crisis Management Centre. The bunker is located underneath the Ministry of Defence (MOD) Main Building in Whitehall, five floors below the buildings previously existing South Citadel. Construction took ten years and cost £126.3 million. Pindar became operational in 1992, two years before construction was complete. Computer equipment was much more expensive to install than originally estimated as there was very little physical access to the site. Pindar can house a maximum of 400 personnel and provides protection against conventional bombing, sabotage, biological and chemical attack, flooding, EMP attack, and the effects of blast, radiation, and EMP from "all but a direct hit or very near miss" by nuclear weapons.

Pindar has two floors; the lower floor contains the Ministry of Defence's Joint Operations Centre, and the upper floor consists of:

 * Government Emergency Rooms (comprising the Prime Minister, Secretaries of State, the Cabinet Secretary, and some Permanent Secretaries)
 * An element of the Joint Intelligence Organisation
 * A telecommunications secretariat and a Cabinet Office Communications Centre (COMCEN) element

Pindar is connected to Downing Street and the Cabinet Office by a tunnel under Whitehall; the tunnel predated the bunker and was already used as a conduit between the Cabinet Office and the MOD Main Building, with Downing Street access being added during Pindar's construction. The tunnel can be used by government ministers to enter Pindar without risking the press attention, and subsequent damage to national morale, that would ensue if the bunker was openly entered and, as was the case when the bunker was used for meetings on the 1999 NATO bombing campaign in Yugoslavia, without the risk of encountering hostile demonstrations. When answering written questions about Pindar, which included a question on the extent of lift and staircase access to the bunker and on whether there was any connection to transport systems, then-Armed Forces Minister Jeremy Hanley would say only that there were "sufficient means of access and egress" and denied that the bunker was connected to any transport system; he also said that there were means of leaving Pindar should the MOD Main Building collapse on top of it, but did not state the details of these.

Although Pindar is not open to the public, it has had some public exposure. Between September 2006 and April 2007, the British photographer David Moore carried out an extensive photographic survey of an underground facility that was widely believed (and strongly hinted) to be Pindar, with Moore stating in later years that Pindar was indeed the facility depicted in the photographs. The photographs, which were published as The Last Things in 2008 as well as being exhibited in 2008 and in 2009, show that the facility has stores ranging from CBRN equipment to personal hygiene items. It has bunks for up to 100 military officers, politicians and civilians as well as communication facilities, a medical centre and maps.

The bunker is named after the ancient Greek poet Pindar whose house was the only one left standing in Thebes following the city's destruction in 335 BC.

Admiralty Citadel
The Admiralty Citadel, London's most visible military citadel, is located just behind the Admiralty building on Horse Guards Parade. It was constructed in 1939 by the Ministry of Works with the architect W. A. Forsyth as a consultant. It was designed as a bomb-proof operations centre for the Admiralty, with foundations 30 ft deep and a 20 ft thick concrete roof. It is also linked by tunnels to government buildings in Whitehall.

Its brutal functionality speaks of a very practical purpose; in the event of a German invasion, it was intended that the building would become a fortress, with loopholed firing positions provided to fend off attackers. Sir Winston Churchill described it in his memoirs as a "vast monstrosity which weighs upon the Horse Guards Parade". In 1955, a question was asked in the House of Commons about mitigating its harsh appearance. The Minister of Works, Nigel Birch, describing it as "a hideous building", announced that the heavy gun positions were to be removed and that planting Virginia creeper (some sources identify the plants as Boston ivy ) would help to mask the concrete walls. In the same debate, a suggestion by MP John Tilney that a variety of plants be used was rejected by the minister on the grounds that it would "make it like an old-world tea garden". It became a Grade II listed building in December 1987.

In 1992 the Admiralty communications centre was established here as the stone frigate HMS St Vincent, which became MARCOMM COMCEN (St Vincent) in 1998. The Admiralty Citadel is still used today by the Ministry of Defence.

Cabinet War Rooms
The only central London citadel currently open to the public is the Cabinet War Rooms, located in Horse Guards Road in the basement of what is now HM Treasury. This was not a purpose-built citadel but was instead a reinforced adaptation of an existing basement built many years before.

The War Rooms were constructed in 1938 and were regularly used by Winston Churchill during World War II. However, the Cabinet War Rooms were vulnerable to a direct hit and were abandoned not long after the war. The Cabinet War Rooms were a secret to all civilians until their opening to the public in 1984. They are now a popular tourist attraction maintained by the Imperial War Museum.

The section of the War Rooms open to the public is in fact only a portion of a much larger facility. They originally covered three acres (1.2 hectares) and housed a staff of up to 528 people, with facilities including a canteen, hospital, shooting range and dormitories. The centrepiece of the War Rooms is the Cabinet Room itself, where Churchill's War Cabinet met.

The Map Room is adjacent, from where the course of the war was directed. It is still in much the same condition as when it was abandoned, with the original maps still on the walls and telephones and other original artefacts on the desks. Churchill slept in a small bedroom nearby. There is a small telephone room (disguised as a toilet) down the corridor that provided a direct line to the White House in Washington DC, via a special scrambler in an annexe basement of Selfridges department store in Oxford Street.

Q-Whitehall and tunnel network
Q-Whitehall is the name given to a communications facility under Whitehall.

The facility was built in a 12 ft (3.7 m) diameter tunnel during World War II, and extends under Whitehall. A similar facility was constructed in a tunnel that ran parallel to the Aldwych branch of the Piccadilly Line and was known as Trunks Kingsway (Kingsway Telephone Exchange). The project was known as 'Post Office scheme 2845'. A detailed description, with photographs, was published just after the war in the January 1946 edition of The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal.

Sites equipped with unusual amounts of GPO/BT telecommunications plant are given a BT site engineering code. This site's code was L/QWHI.

The site provided protected accommodation for the lines and terminal equipment serving the most important government departments, civil and military, to ensure the command and control of the war could continue despite heavy bombing of London.

At the northern end, a tunnel connects to a shaft up to the former Trafalgar Square tube station (now merged with Charing Cross station), and to the BT deep level cable tunnels which were built under much of London during the Cold War. At the southern end, an 8 ft (2.4 m) diameter extension (Scheme 2845A) connects to a shaft under Court 6 of the Treasury Building: this provided the protected route from the Cabinet War Room. This was known as Y-Whitehall. The 8 ft tunnel was further extended (Scheme 2845B) to the Marsham Street Rotundas. This extension housed the 'Federal' telephone exchange which had a dialling code of 333 from the public network. In the 1980s it housed Horseferry Tandem which provided a unified communications system for all government departments as well as the Palace of Westminster.

Access to the tunnel is gained via an 8 ft (2.4 m) lateral tunnel and a lift shaft in the nearby Whitehall telephone exchange in Craig's Court. A further entrance is via the deep level portion of the Admiralty.

Spur tunnels, 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter, were built to provide protected cable routes to the major service buildings either side of Whitehall.

The Whitehall tunnels appear to have been extended in the early 1950s. Some official documents refer to a Scheme 3245: this is the only numbered tunnel scheme that has never been officially revealed or located by researchers. Files in the National Archives which may relate to this have been closed for 75 years and will not be opened until the 2020s.

The journalist Duncan Campbell managed to get into the tunnel network and described his exploration in the 19-26 December 1980 issue of the New Statesman. He found more than thirty access shafts for the network as well as entrances to Q-Whitehall (below Trafalgar Square), various government department buildings including Downing Street, the Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Defence, the Old War Office, the Admiralty, the Treasury, and the Department of the Environment, the old Cabinet War Rooms, and various telephone exchanges, and created a map of both this network and the deep level cable network based on his investigation. Those shafts that could be readily accessed by the public were promptly sealed up following the publication of Campbell's article.

title: Military citadels under London


text:
Talk:Quadraphonic sound

Ok, so how Does it Actually Work
This article discusses various versions of quadraphonic sound and their differences, but it never talks about how the needle physically reads all 4 channels.

 * Well, the various systems are collected into two sets. The first is Quadraphonic sound, where the systems that use a needle state how the extra channels are super-sonic.  The second is Quadraphonic sound, where the systems describe how the extra channels are encoded into the two main channels.  What part of this wasn't clear from the article?  Martin.leese 08:22, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In no section of this article is the method of encoding or decoding, apart from the above-20KHz method or the discrete digital methods employed today, explained. Again and again, the phrase "the signal is 'encoded' and then 'decoded' " is used. There is not even a rough, non-mathemetical, description of the methods employed for transcoding four channels into two and then back again. Phase shifting is used once, briefly. Perhaps someone could add some simple explanation? At present I have to guess that it is some kind of phase difference between the channels that is filtered off, or high / low pass filtering? Literally nowhere is matrix encoding of 4-2-4 or 2-2-4 explained. And I have a reasonable grasp of encoding systems, such as ATRAC and NICAM. Blitterbug 09:46, 27 October 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blitterbug (talk • contribs)

Phil Spector
Although Phil Spector is persona non grata for obvious reasons, I still feel like this article is incomplete without at least a passing mention of his contribution to reverb mixing techniques in the 1960s and 70s. Relevant information on this topic should be incredibly easy to source and cite by those with skills in editing official articles, which I lack. 98.235.68.109 (talk) 03:46, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Is that directly related to the subject of this article? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 03:52, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

can somebody add a "when?" tag to this, please?
"The most common digital media capable of reproducing surround sound music today are Super Audio CD, DVD, and Blu-ray. All of these are capable of playing high-resolution audio with multiple channels."

reason being that SACD is all but defunct, commercially.

my page editing chops have atrophied... cheers!

duncanrmi (talk) 18:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

I have 2 sides
. 5.235.246.138 (talk) 04:25, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

I have had four "sides" or true quadrophonic since 1965
I have also had all of the others too. So.... When oh when, will everyone learn. QUADROPHONIC is a simplitons equation of dual stereo, whereas using the summation and differentials of any two, many others can be found.

Original quad came from a left Right Summated central front, and a differential central rear. Then someone suggested "turning" the stage slightly, to get two pair of L & R frontal immediate, and rear time delayed. OH WOW... way better (not).

1930 is when stereo (more than one channel) could be created using two needles, then two channels together. Two together actually has THREE but they only amplify two, and TWO is all you get. Me I have up to whatever number of phase angles I wish to blend, across the entire 360 degree angles of ONE "PLANE" If two (anX & a Y) are added together, I can get 360 + 360 If I add the 3rd basic angular "plane" each 90 degree orientated to any other, I get 3x 360 channels. Suddenly your QUAD (4x) become very insignificant.

However, stereo was first used, back in 1930. Thus: Multiple channels have existed in "genuine stereo" ever since the very first stereo recording, was done away back in the early 1930's. Back then they were ONLY testing two different channels, and at that time they used TWO needles, recorded with two sound tracks (slightly different tothe other) which they then needed to be "played back" at precisely h same time.A VERY COMPLICATED METHOD, of getting two mono recordings exactly "aligned" with theother. Thank goodness, they eventually realised, they could actually use the ONE needlle, to both record and play-back two distinctlt different tracks - so long as BOTH had what could better be known as a COMMON GROUND, or even better still, a "common node" for the other two to work with.

Sadly, no one actually took the time to consider, that what sound is to frequency, is the same as light & he generation of electricity itself. ALL are at precise frequencies, along the radio frequency spectrum Now, as any electrician will tell you. Generated power is either DC or AC, and audio sine waves are AC Any TV technician, will also tell you, both the AUDIO and VIDEO signals are received via various frequencies. Funny that eh?

AND as there are 3 MAIN colours used for LIGHT (to replicate white) the same goes for audio. EXCEPT, that audio only needs to use TWO of the three main elements, thereby saving something in "transmission components"

The RGB in a visual sence, is the RED/LIME/BLUE which can be combined to create a simulated WHITE The complete removal of those three, will produce nothing which also funnily enough, represents BLACK, Which was how B&W TV initially started.

Now, in the late 1960's COLOUT+R TV was in it's infancy, however the MAIN elements of audio had been there from day dot, in 1930/1932 It's just that no one recognised them there. Later someone said OH LOOK, we can use the R (R= red) for Right, and the G/L (G/L or L = green/lime) for LEFT. Hence they pushed stereo audio RG into a TV signal at a different frequency to the visual RGB signals.

But forgot that they could use the BLUE phase of that particular wave band - for B = BACK.

Now here I am talking of PHASES, as Each frequency of the radio frequency band, can be "split" into a range of phases about a 360 degree circular plane at each frequency, allowing up to or more than 360 induvidually different PHAES per full circle, on a circular plate / plane around ONE frequency. There being way too many frequencies across the entire radio frequency spectrum, to bother trying to catagorise them all here, suffice to say, most ONLY deal with 2 of any 3 phases, unless all three need to be included.

Hence by dropping ONE audio techs thought they could gain 1/3rd space in the transmission of signals.

True, but not true.

Now, as foor when will anyone be able to provide anything other than two audio signals? I've been finding them since 1965. Haven't you?

I found in 1965, I could use any 2ch integrated amp (or an old valve amp) for obtaining at least THREE and at most NINE individually "phased" audio channels, directly from any 2ch stereo recording.

So I don't know why people still ask? WHEN ? When - was back in 1930, but it wasn't found by me, until 1965 Now if you actually stop and think, YOU can find up to at least 360 individual angle phases, in a single tone, using AC DC on the other hand is a single mono without phase angles.

Me, I just utilise nine directly available signals sent out from three points, that of a R=Right (red) phase"120 degrees away from that sent out via a L=Left (lime/green)at 120degrees from the R However, I also utilise the B=BLUE (Back channels, which is also 120 degrees away from EITHER the R or the L.

I thus use three phases of a naturally occurring NINE, that are inherently contained in a pair of phases, when derived from the same sound source.

I spotied a picture on Wikipedia (here) which relates to audio, where the uploader gave a simple explaination of the "assumed" QUAD that shows two pairs with a time delay between the front and back pair, in other words, standard stereo delayed = 4? Yeah right NOT. That is NOT a genuine quad. Genuine quad is the wide right & wide left (taking the summation of the two lefts and gaining a wider left) while summating the two rights, of right & deleayed right) to get a wider right, then summating r with L to get a front, and taking a differential between R+L to get a full back/rear. ONLY THEN will you find the original "somewhat quad", that has more vacant holes than swiss cheese.

Whereas, taking all three master phases, one gets a DELTA configuration, stable with holes. One then takes the in-between STAR configuration, and intertwines the fingers of both. That way - you get SIX poles. Stand them up on the main vertically incoming three phases, and you get a trpod with a delta star pyramid atop for which you can enclose 3D surround ANALOGUE.

I'f built a 25.7 channel surround sound system and did a visual video, by way of a MONO cellphone recording of the various (diffferently phased) channels therein, playing from a bog standard, 2ch iron oxide tape cassettte, dubbed years ago, off a vinyl record

Just because I could, although YouTube insisted it be audio-swapped, AFTER upload, so you get to hear the 2,000's YouTube nnational anthem of 007 Dreamscape. But at least the visuals lining up to the flashing lights as the music plays. 10 channels of alternating lights, from completely different phasings, of one audio track,in 3D. Ref? Oh OK.. Just for you mind.

Or search @QUIX4U "10ch" via

For a variety of TEN channel uploaded videos. Mostly tutorials.

So? Anyone else not up to speed with ANALOGUE, go ask a lighting specialist how many basic colours are needed to produce a white light, (to be told three, RG&B) Ask any sparky, as to how many phases one "needs" to spin a simple 3 phased motor, and they too will tell you THREE Orange, Purple & BLUE

How many phases are used in audio? Ask anyone and they'll say two - two is all you need to hear a difference.. ONE if just wanting noise, and that's MONO But two will give you the LEAST of stereo (which means MORE than one, as it also means MORE than two. THREE basic audio channels gives you a solid fibre of sound. Beigng Left (of front), Right (of front) and (full) BACK. If you have one you have mono, if you have two you have an UNBALANCED stereo Whereas if you have thee channels,you will have a ully balanced stereophonic sound. I call it "Tripello" as that's my word for three channel stereo.

Multiple channels of Analogue since 1965 Tripello ©1965 = QUIX4U™ QUIX4U = www.WSTL.nz (since 2002)

PS: As YouTube does NOT allow peolple in NZ to be partners, no one in NZ (a kiwi that is) can obtain money from any video they upload to YouTube, so ALL of my educational videos over there, are exactly that - FREE to you, as educational videos - to allow you to LEARN something. 125.239.133.202 (talk) 10:47, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quadraphonic sound


text:
Baron Gladwyn

Baron Gladwyn, of Bramfield in the County of Suffolk, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1960 for the prominent civil servant and diplomat Gladwyn Jebb. He was Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1945 to 1946 and British Ambassador to France between 1954 and 1960.

The title became extinct in 2017 on the death of his son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1996.

Barons Gladwyn (1960)

 * Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn (1900–1996)
 * Miles Alvery Gladwyn Jebb, 2nd Baron Gladwyn (1930–2017)

title: Baron Gladwyn


text:
Cover (philately)

In philately, the term cover pertains to the outside of an envelope or package with an address, typically with postage stamps that have been cancelled and is a term generally used among stamp and postal history collectors. The term does not include the contents of the letter or package, although they may add interest to the item if still present. Cover collecting plays an important role in postal history as many covers bear stamps, postmarks and other markings along with names and addresses all of which help to place a cover at a given time and place in history.

History
The term originates from the practice of covering a letter by folding a separate sheet about it to physically protect it and prevent infringement of confidentiality. In the first half of the 19th century it became the fashion to cut the cover into a diamond or lozenge shape. This was the precursor of the version of the envelope known today. Its convenience and popularity led to the lozenge design being adopted for the special pre-paid postage envelopes and covers issued in 1840 after postal reforms were introduced by Rowland Hill and others.

A philatelic cover is an envelope or post card prepared with a stamp(s) and address and sent through the mail delivery system for the purpose of creating a collectible item.

Categories
There are several different basic categories for covers. Names for cover types is also terminology usually used by collectors of stamps and postal history. There exist a wide variety of covers that can fit into several basic categories. The categories begin with the most common types of collectible covers, such as first day covers or first flight covers. Sometimes there will be an area of overlap in the subject of categories. For example, there are First day covers that were also sent with mail aboard airplanes on First flight mail runs. Event covers can also include, First flights, or other types of covers. A military cover sent to a head of state can also be referred to as a Historic cover.

 * A first day cover is typically an envelope with a postage stamp canceled on its first day of issue. The design or theme of the stamp may be printed on the cover to enhance its appeal to the philatelic community.
 * An event cover celebrates an event or notes an anniversary.
 * Stamp on cover. This is a cover that is collected as an example of a given stamp postally used on a cover, however older stamps with recent cancellations are usually philatelic (mailed with the intention of recovering and collecting the item).
 * A pre-stamped cover is a cover that already has an imprinted stamp.
 * First flight covers are those carried on an aircraft, usually authorized by a government or postal administration, for the first time on a particular route.
 * A stampless cover is an envelope or folded outer sheet bearing an address and manuscript or ink-stamped postal markings without prepaid adhesive postage stamps, normally from the period before adhesive postage stamps became available or common in the mid-to-late 19th Century.
 * Military covers can include a wide variety of subjects that may include first flight covers, and prisoner of war covers. Mail sent from an Army Post Office (APO) or a Navy Post Office (Fleet Post Office, FPO) are common types of military covers.
 * Railroad covers is mail that was processed aboard special rail cars outfitted with an official post office where mail is processed en route to its general destination.
 * Historical covers are those that have special historical significance above and beyond that of the average collectible cover. These can include mail sent by Kings, Presidents or other heads of state. If the historical cover is i.e. to or from a General in an Army the cover then can also be classified as a military cover. Names for cover categories are usually used as general reference in philately. If aspects of a cover (date+postmark, name+address) are referenced in a historical capacity the category of the cover may not even be mentioned.
 * Cover fronts are covers where, for some known or unknown reason, only the front side of the cover is kept. These covers are fully collectable, but when selling them or describing them, it must be mentioned they are fronts only.
 * Postage meter covers are typically commercial envelopes with postage meter prints. Besides collecting them by country, they can be collected by manufacturer of the metering machine and by topic of the advertisement slogans of the meter clichés.

Other specialty types of covers include Censored covers along with Blockade mail, Pony Express covers, Prisoner of war covers and Patriotic covers, among others.

Availability
The availability of the different types of covers varies considerably and is something that often adds perspective to the historical and philatelic significance of the cover. For example, First Day covers and First Flight covers are generally common because the events that inspired the creation of these covers were somewhat common. In other examples, various types of military and historical covers are often scarce or rare because the circumstances or events that prompted the creation of these covers were conversely uncommon. While covers sent in recent decades tend to be common, they can also prove to be scarce simply because the circumstance that created these covers were (sometimes very) uncommon, as are the various examples of historical covers i.e. sent by a head of state to another officially prominent individual. At the same time there exist covers that are quite old but are still common and not very difficult to find, as are various types of post cards or commercial covers. Patriotic covers are generally common because the practice of sending these was popular, especially during periods of war. Patriotic cover availability here can vary also depending on the country and time period in question. Covers collected for the stamp on cover can vary greatly in availability and generally depends on the availability of the stamp issue itself along with the demand for the use of a particular denomination. The denomination of a stamp often determines the availability of the issue on cover as the use of some, usually higher, denominations was uncommon because of the low demand for a particular postage rate. There are a number of circumstances that can affect the availability of a given cover type and which often contribute to a cover's historical and philatelic value.

title: Cover (philately)


text:
Baron Grimston of Westbury

Baron Grimston of Westbury, of Westbury in the County of Wiltshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1964 for the Conservative politician and former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir Robert Grimston, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet in 1952. Grimston was the son of Reverend Canon the Hon. Robert Grimston, third son of James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam. the titles are held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2003.

The barony of Grimston of Westbury was one of the last hereditary baronies created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Barons Grimston of Westbury (1964)

 * Robert Villiers Grimston, 1st Baron Grimston of Westbury (1897–1979)
 * Robert Walter Sigismund Grimston, 2nd Baron Grimston of Westbury (1925–2003)
 * Robert John Sylvester Grimston, 3rd Baron Grimston of Westbury (b. 1951)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother the Hon. Gerald Charles Walter Grimston (b. 1953)

The heir presumptive’s heir apparent is his son, Edward Charles Luckyn Grimston (b.1985)

title: Baron Grimston of Westbury


text:
Long Sword dance

The Long Sword dance is a hilt-and-point sword dance recorded mainly in Yorkshire, England. The dances are usually performed around Christmas time and were believed to derive from a rite performed to enable a fruitful harvest.

Long Sword or Longsword?
The Morris Ring refer to the dance tradition as 'longsword' as do EFDSS. However the Goathland Plough Stots website states that "The Goathland Plough Stots is one of Yorkshires traditional long sword teams, if not the oldest still dancing their own dance as performed as far back as the early 19th century".

History
The Long Sword dance is related to the rapper sword dance of Northumbria, but the character is fundamentally different as it uses rigid metal or wooden swords, rather than the flexible spring steel rappers used by its northern relation.

Cecil Sharp and other 20th Century folklorists believed that the dances originated from a religious or magical ceremony that was performed around Plough Monday to promote fertile soil; later researchers have cast doubt on such findings. They were banned under Oliver Cromwell, but revived when the monarchy was restored under Charles II.

Location
Long Sword dances are most commonly found in Yorkshire and the southern part of County Durham, with particular concentrations of dances in East Cleveland, the northern part of the North York Moors and around Sheffield. Outliers were also recorded in the East Midlands and elsewhere in Northeastern England.

Style
Long Sword dances vary in the way they are performed, with some being slow and militaristic, such as the Grenoside or performed with pace and speed like Handsworth dances from near Sheffield. Others have different features including variations of numbers of dancers and distinctive movements.

Performances
Unlike many traditional dances in England, which are mainly performed by revival teams, Long Sword dances are often still performed by their own village teams, such as Grenoside Sword Dancers, the Goathland Plough Stots and Flamborough Sword Dancers. These teams generally maintain the traditions of their dances, such as traditional performances on Boxing Day or Plough Monday.

In addition to performances by traditional longsword teams in their own location longsword teams also appear at folk festivals such as the Sidmouth Folk Festival and the Beverley Folk Festival.

Dedicated longsword festivals have also been held in the UK. The International Sword Spectacular took place in Whitby, England, in May 2004 and was held again in York in May 2008.

Gallery
Some photographs of Grenoside Sword Dancers performing the Grenoside Sword dance on Boxing Day, the traditional day the dance is performed.

title: Long Sword dance


text:
Baron Elton

Baron Elton, of Headington in the County of Oxford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 January 1934 for the historian Godfrey Elton. As of 2023 the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded in that year. The Elton family is descended in male line from Richard Elton (c. 1630–1695) who resided at Newent, Gloucestershire.

Barons Elton (1934)

 * Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton (1892–1973)
 * Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton (1930–2023)
 * Edward Paget Elton, 3rd Baron Elton (born 1966)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Charles William Paget Elton (b. 2010).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton (1892–1973)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton (1930–2023)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Edward Paget Elton, 3rd Baron Elton (b. 1966)
 * (1) Hon. Charles William Paget Elton (2010–)

title: Baron Elton


text:
Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance

The Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance was awarded between 1969 and 2011.

 * In 1969 it was awarded as Best Contemporary-Pop Performance, Instrumental
 * From 1970 to 1971 it was awarded as Best Contemporary Instrumental Performance
 * In 1972 it was awarded as Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * In 1973 it was awarded as Best Pop Instrumental Performance by an Instrumental Performer
 * From 1974 to 1975 it was again awarded as Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * From 1986 to 1989 it was awarded as Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)
 * Since 1990 it has again been awarded as Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * The award was discontinued from 2011 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, all instrumental performances in the pop category (solo or with a duo/group) were shifted to either the newly formed Best Pop Solo Performance or Best Pop Duo/Group Performance categories.

A similar award for Best Instrumental Performance was awarded from 1965 to 1968. This was also in the pop field, but did not specify pop music.

Recipients

 * undefined Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.


text:
User talk:160.83.73.15

January 2020
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title: User talk:160.83.73.15


text:
Talk:Molecular systematics

Untitled
We have information about this area scattered around a number of pages relating to evolution, genetics and taxonomy. Here I have tried to bring them together, to provide a solid reference point for the many species and taxon pages where we are having to say that the taxonomy is about to go up in smoke because of molecular evidence. The dog/wolf example may seem inappropriately long, but I could not think of any way of presenting the technique other than by example. It would be good to add a second example illustrating a taxonomic revision that has been driven by molecular data.

The title molecular systematics might be questioned, because it is not widely used. But I can't find any other title that is more widely used, and the alternatives of molecular genetics and molecular evolution have to be rejected for the reason stated in the article - they cover a wider range of activities. Computational systematics is used, but less often, and in my view it is less satisfactory as a name - the fact that the technique is computationally heavy is an accidental rather than a fundamental characteristic.

Note that I am not a molecular systematist, nor even a systematist at all, and I have put together this page from reading I have had to do in order to understand a technique that turns up increasingly often in papers I have to read for other purposes. Real experts in the field are warmly invited to correct my errors and omissions - as if, within the Wikipedia world, they would wait for the invitation!

seglea 01:07, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I just popped in to say what an excellent effort you have made to explain a very complex and often confusing topic. There is more to do (as there always is), but this fills a much needed hole. Good work! Tannin 07:33, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * er... thanks... I think... legend has it that my old professor once wrote a book review which stated simply that "This book fills a much needed gap", and on reflection the author didn't take it as a compliment... seglea 08:26, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * On much needed gaps : http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~roger/gaps.html and http://www.ams.org/notices/199703/comm-mr.pdf
 * Though I am sure Tony meant it as a compliment! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:54, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

To assert that "molecular systematics" is a cladistic approach is rather misleading, particularly if, like most biologists one assumes that cladistics=parsimony. While parsimony remains popular among systematicists in museums making classifications on the basis of morphological data, I would bet that the majority of molecular systematicists use statistical approaches. user:jhbadger

 * I've got "The History and Geography of Human Genes" sitting here in my lap and I can't help but sense weasel-wording surrounding their critique of maximum parsimony -- which is quite statistical when applied to nucleotide position characters. Aside from being riddled with questionable polemics such as referring to Ockham's Razor as "medieval theology" and frequently resorting to existential qualified statements about quantiative problems, like "The probability that the evolutionary path in gene-frequency space, will be the same as minimum path is practically zero", the critique relies on the fact that there may be multiple mutations at the same position leading to a loss of information, ie: you can't apply the "medieval" Ockham's Razor if the data is missing.  This is nonsense.  Missing data is inferred via expectation maximization which allows you to infer multiple single point mutations if it results in greater parsimony.  Indeed this is precisely why Ockham's Razor works: You can better infer expected results from simple statistical models than from complex models.  I really don't understand why people are so caught up in trying to set maximum parsimony up as a "medieval" paper tiger.  It's powerful and valid but you can't admit its validity if you can't allow it the benefit of statistical inference just as you can't admit any theory's validity if you can't allow it to deviate somewhat from real-world measurements that are certain to contain noise.  For a good discussion of the paper tiger see Sober's recent article "The Contest Between Parsimony and Likelihood" Jim Bowery

I think this is a great article - but poorly titled and in the wrong place. Most of the content (especialy the good sumary of the dog phylogey) ought to be merged with molecular phylogeny and placed under that title. Systematics is about classification, most scientists choose phylogeny as their criterion for classification, and where the primary criterion is a molecular phylogeny then classification becomes "molecular systematics" --DJO 11:04, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree in full. Sometimes one is in love with new terms because one fancies the idea of progress. But there is a reason why terminology is strict and "unforgiving". What is explained here is molecular phylogeny, and molecular systematics might be an emerging sub-study which is performed by perhaps a handful of groups worldwide, but is original research. At least that`s my take.Slicky 14:47, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with the comments by DJO (11:04, 16 Apr 2005) and Slicky (14:47, 27 September 2006). Molecular systematics explicitly says the discipline is cladistic, and cladistics is a phylogeny-based classification system. Since "phylogenetics" tells informed readers up-front that it's about evolutionary family trees, its a more informative term than "systematics". Since "phylogenetics" is the study of "phylogeny" (the processes by which taxa evolve), I suggest the articles Molecular systematics and Molecular phylogeny should be merged under the title "Molecular phylogenetics". Philcha 17:35, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Any chance some references could be provided for some of the statements made? Or even just a list of books/sites that were of use in researching the article?

clarification of terms needed?
The followinig comment does not bear on this article alone.

I don't know about others but I have a certain amount of confusion regarding the following terms:

Systematics, Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Phenetics, Cladistics, Scientific classification, Statistical classification

Do we need to do some work to make sure these concepts are all clear and reflect the understanding of most scientists?? I think we do. Jeeb 1 July 2005 04:02 (UTC)

Someone familiar with Vilà et al. (1997) should clarify result 4 under the dog phylogeny. Which clades are being referred to by "... the wolf haplotypes in these clades ..."? G Colyer 18:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Molecular systematics: modern phenetics?
I would like to reiterate the point that jhbadger made on that "molecular systematics" is not particularly cladistic in principle, but with its focus on statistical methods should rather been seen as a modern form for phenetics. Fedor 07:41, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I believe that phylogeny, taxonomy et al., are all part of systematics. Molecular phylogeny is a product of molecular systematics and it is plausible and certainly welcome that the two topics be merged into one. Thanks for such a great idea and the discussions are very informative

title: Talk:Molecular systematics


text:
Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya

Al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah (الجماعة الإسلامية, "Assembly of Islam") is an Egyptian Sunni Islamist movement, and is considered a terrorist organization by the United Kingdom and the European Union, but was removed from the United States list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in May 2022. The group was dedicated to the overthrow of the Egyptian government and replacing it with an Islamic state; the group has committed to peaceful means following the coup that toppled Mohamed Morsi.

From 1992 to 1998, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fought an insurgency against the Egyptian government during which at least 796 Egyptian policemen and soldiers, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fighters, and civilians including dozens of tourists were killed. During the fighting al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan, as well as from al-Qaeda. The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States.

The group(s) is said to have constituted "the Islamist movement's only genuine mass organizations" in Egypt. While the assassination of the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 is generally thought to have been carried out by another Islamist group, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some have suggested al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was responsible for or at least related to the assassination. In 2003, the imprisoned leadership of the group renounced bloodshed, and a series of high-ranking members were released, and the group was allowed to resume semi-legal peaceful activities. Then again some of its members were released in 2011. The imprisoned cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was a spiritual leader of the movement, and the group actively campaigned for his release until his death in 2017.

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the movement formed a political party, the Building and Development Party, which gained 13 seats in the 2011–2012 elections to the lower house of the Egyptian Parliament.

Origins in universities
Al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah began as an umbrella organization for Egyptian militant student groups, formed, like the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, after the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood renounced violence in the 1970s.

In its early days, the group was primarily active on university campuses, and was mainly composed of university students. Originally they were a minority in the Egyptian student movement which was dominated by leftist Nasserists and Marxists. The leftists were strongly critical of the new Sadat government, and urged Egypt to fight a war of revenge against Israel, while President Sadat wanted to wait and rebuild the military. However, with some "discrete, tactical collaboration" with the government, who sought a "useful counterweight" to its leftist opponents, the group(s) began to grow in influence in 1973.

The Jama'at spread quite rapidly on campuses and won up to one-third of all student union elections. These victories provided a platform from which the associations campaigned for Islamic dress, the veiling of women, and the segregation of classes by gender. Secular university administrators opposed these goals. By March 1976, they were "dominant force" in the student movement and by 1977 "they were in complete control of the universities and had driven the left organizations underground."

Expansion
Having once been favored by the Egyptian government of Anwar Sadat they now threatened it, passionately opposing what they believed was a "shameful peace with the Jews," aka the Camp David Accords with Israel. By 1979, they began to be harassed by the government but their numbers grew steadily. In 1979, Sadat sought to diminish the influence of the associations through a law that transferred most of the authority of the student unions to professors and administrators. During the 1980s, however, Islamists gradually penetrated college faculties. At Assiut University, which was the scene of some of the most intense clashes between Islamists and their opponents (including security forces, secularists, and Copts), the president and other top administrators – who were Islamists – supported Jama'at demands to end mixed-sex classes and to reduce total female enrollment. In other universities Jama'at also forbade the mixing of genders, films, concerts, and dances, and enforced their bans with clubs and iron bars. From the universities the groups reached out to make new recruits, preaching in poor neighbourhoods of cities, and to rural areas. and after a crackdown against them, inmates of Egyptian jails.

In April 1981, the group became involved in what was probably started as a clan feud/vendetta about livestock or property lines between Coptic and Muslim Egyptians in the vicinity of Minya, Egypt. The group believed in the position of tributary or dhimmi for Christians in Egypt and opposed any signs of Coptic "arrogance" (istikbar), such as Christian cultural identity and opposition to an Islamic state. The group distributed a leaflet accusing Egypt's one Christian provincial governor (appointed by the government) of providing automatic weapons to Christians to attack Muslims, and the Sadat administration of following orders given by the United States.

Crackdown
In June 1981, a brutal sectarian Muslim-Copt fight broke out in the poor al-Zawaiyya Al Hamra district of Cairo. Over three days of fighting, 17 people were killed, 112 injured, and 171 public and private buildings were damaged. "Men and women were slaughtered; babies thrown from windows, their bodies crushed on the pavement below; there was looting, killing and arson." Islamic Group(s) were accused of participating in the incident and in September 1981, one month before the assassination of Sadat, the al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah were dissolved by the state (although they had never been legally registered in the first place), their infrastructure was destroyed and their leaders arrested.

Assassination of president Anwar Sadat
In 1980, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad under the leadership of Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj, formed a coalition with the Jama'at under the leadership of Karam Zuhdi, with both agreeing to follow the guidance of Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman. One of Faraj's groups was responsible for the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981. Members in Asyut launched a rapidly suppressed uprising two days after the assassination. Following the assassination, Karam Zuhdi expressed regret for conspiring with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in the assassination, according to the Council on Foreign Relations. Zuhdi was among the 900 militants who were set free in April 2006 by the Egyptian government.

Omar Abdel-Rahman
The cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was the spiritual leader of the movement. He was accused of participating in the World Trade Center 1993 bombings conspiracy, and was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for his espousal of a subsequent conspiracy to bomb New York City landmarks, including the United Nations and FBI offices. The Islamic Group had publicly threatened to retaliate against the United States if Rahman was not released from prison. However, the group later renounced violence and their leaders and members were released from prison in Egypt. Abdel-Rahman died on 18 February 2017.

1990s terrorism campaign
While the Islamic group had originally been an amorphous movement of local groups centered in mosques without offices or membership roll, by the late 1980s it became more organized and "even adopted an official logo: an upright sword standing on an open Qur'an with an orange sun rising in the background," encircled by the Qur'anic verse that Abdel Rahman had quoted at his trials while trying to explain his interpretation of jihad to the judges: وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لاَ تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلّهِ فَإِنِ انتَهَواْ فَلاَ عُدْوَانَ إِلاَّ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ

Fight them on until there is no more Tumult, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah; but if they cease, Let there be no hostility except to those who practise oppression.

This became the official motto of the group.

The 1990s saw al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah engage in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy – tourism – and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depends for support.

Victims of campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 to 1997 totaled more than 1200 and included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a speaker of parliament (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.

The 1991 killing of the group's leader, Ala Mohieddin, presumably by security forces, led Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya to murder Egypt's speaker of parliament in retaliation. In June 1995, working together with Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the group staged a carefully planned attempt on the life of President Mubarak, led by Mustafa Hamza, a senior Egyptian member of the Al-Qaeda and commander of the military branch of the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Mubarak escaped unharmed and retaliated with a massive and ruthless crackdown on GI members and their families in Egypt.

Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim was arrested in Croatia in 1995.

Failed nonviolence initiative
By 1997, the movement had become paralyzed. 20,000 Islamists were in custody in Egypt and thousands more had been killed by the security forces. In July of that year, Islamist lawyer Montassir al-Zayyat brokered a deal between the al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah and the Egyptian government, called the Nonviolence Initiative, whereby the movement formally renounced violence. The next year the government released 2,000 members of the Islamic Group. After the initiative was declared Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman also gave his approval from his prison cell in the United States, though he later withdrew it.

The initiative divided the Islamic Group between members in Egypt who supported it and those in exile who wanted the attacks to continue. Leading the opposition was EIJ leader Ayman Zawahiri who termed it "surrender" in angry letters to the London newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat.

Temple of Hatshepsut attack
Zawahiri enlisted Ahmed Refai Taha, both exiles in Afghanistan with him, to sabotage the initiative with a massive terrorism attack that would provoke the government into repression. So on 17 November 1997 al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah killing campaign climaxed with the attack at the Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri) in Luxor, in which a band of six men dressed in police uniforms machine-gunned and hacked to death with knives 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians. "The killing went on for 45 minutes, until the floors streamed with blood. The dead included a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on their honeymoons." Altogether 71 people were killed. The attack stunned Egyptian society, devastated the tourist industry for a number of years, and consequently sapped a large segment of popular support for violent Islamism in Egypt.

The revulsion of Egyptians and rejection of jihadi terrorism was so complete, the attack's supporters backpedaled. The day after the attack, Refai Taha claimed the attackers intended only to take the tourists hostage, despite the evidence of the systematic nature of the slaughter. Others denied Islamist involvement completely. Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman blamed Israelis for the killings, and Zawahiri maintaining the Egyptian police had done it.

When Refai Taha signed the al-Qaeda fatwa "International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders" to kill Crusaders and Jews on behalf of the Islamic Group, he was "forced to withdraw his name" from the fatwa, explaining to fellow members ... than he had "only been asked over the telephone to join in a statement of support for the Iraqi people."

Attacks
Major attacks by al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah:
 * 8 June 1992 – assassination of Farag Foda.
 * 26 June 1995 – attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 * 20 October 1995 – Car bomb attack on police station in Rijeka, Croatia.
 * 28 April 1996 – a mass shooting outside the Europa Hotel, Cairo, killing 17 Greek tourists mistaken for Israelis.
 * 17 November 1997 – Luxor massacre at Deir el-Bahri, Luxor, Egypt. 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians killed.

It was also responsible for a spate of tourist shootings (trains and cruise ships sprayed with bullets) in middle and upper Egypt during the early 1990s. As a result of those attacks, cruise ships ceased sailing between Cairo and Luxor.

Renouncing terrorism
After spending more than two decades in prison and after intense debates and discussions with Al-Azhar scholars, most of the leaders of al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah have written several books renouncing their ideology of violence and some of them went as far as calling ex-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, whom they assassinated, a martyr.

al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah renounced bloodshed in 2003, and in September 2003 Egypt freed more than 1,000 members, citing what Interior Minister Habib el-Adli called the group's stated "commitment to rejecting violence."

Harsh repressive measures by the Egyptian government and the unpopularity of the killing of foreign tourists have reduced the group's profile in recent years but the movement retains popular support among Egyptian Islamists who disapprove of the secular nature of Egypt's society and peace treaty with Israel.

In April 2006, the Egyptian government released approximately 1,200 members from prison, including a founder, Nageh Ibrahim.

Reportedly, there have been "only two instances where members showed signs of returning to their former violent ways, and in both cases they were betrayed by informants within their own group."

2011 revolution
Following the 2011 Revolution, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah established a political party, the Building and Development Party. In August 2011, it presented 6,700 proxies (signatures) to the Egyptian political parties' committee on behalf of its party. In a statement the Jama'at said that any legislation drafted in Egypt after the revolution must refer to the sharia of God, "who blessed us with this revolution. We believe that the suffering we endured during the past years was due to neglecting religion and putting those who don't fear [God] in power." It also stated that "Islam can contain everyone and respects the freedom of followers of other religions to refer to their own sharia in private affairs."

The Building and Development Party contested the 2011–2012 elections to the People's Council, the lower house of the Egyptian parliament, as part of the Islamic Alliance which was led by the salafi Al-Nour Party. It gained 13 seats: 12 in Upper Egypt and one in Suez.

In June 2013, Egypt's president Mohammed Morsi appointed Adel el-Khayat, a member of the group, as governor of Luxor. el-Khayat resigned within a week of his appointment due to public unrest related to the group's commission of the 1997 massacre in Luxor.

Beliefs
One scholar studying the group, Gilles Kepel, found that the group repeatedly used the name of radical Islamist theorist Sayyid Qutb, and often quoted from his manifesto, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), in their leaflets and newsletters. They emphasized the right to legislate belongs to God alone; and that divine unity (tawhid) in Islam signifies liberation (tahrir) from all that is corrupt in thought – including the liberation of all that is inherited or conventional, like customs and traditions.

There was a scant supply of any writing by the group's members, but some issues leading writer(s) of the Jama'at thought worth mentioning included:
 * Youth must be taught that Islam was nizam kamil wa shamil (a complete and perfect system) and must regulate government and war, the judicial system and the economy.
 * Egypt's disastrous 1967 War was the result of following Arab nationalism rather than Islam.
 * Signs of the growth of an Islamic movement were the wearing of the veil by women and the white gallabieh and untrimmed beard by men, early marriage, and attendance at public prayers on the major Muslim festivals, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-adha.

While secularist social analyses of Egypt's socioeconomic problems maintained that poverty was caused by overpopulation or high defense expenditures, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah saw the cause in the populace's spiritual failures – laxness, secularism, and corruption. The solution was a return to the simplicity, hard work, and self-reliance of earlier Muslim life.

Members allegedly allying with al-Qaeda
Deputy leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a new alliance with a faction of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. In a video released on the internet on 5 August 2006. Zawahiri said "We bring good tidings to the Muslim nation about a big faction of the knights ofal-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah uniting with Al-Qaeda," and the move aimed to help "rally the Muslim nation's capabilities in a unified rank in the face of the most severe crusader campaign against Islam in its history." An al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, Muhammad al-Hukaymah, appeared in the video and confirmed the unity move. However, Hukaymah acknowledged that other al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah members had "backslid" from the militant course he was keeping to, and some al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah representatives also denied that they were joining forces with the international Al-Qaeda network. Sheikh Abdel Akhar Hammad, a former al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, told Al-Jazeera: "If [some] brothers have joined, then this is their own personal view and I don't think that most al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah members share that same opinion."

Foreign relations
Countries and organizations below have officially listed al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah as a terrorist organization.
 * Designation as a terrorist organization

title: Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya


text:
Bob Avakian

Robert Bruce Avakian (born March 7, 1943) is an American political activist who is the founder and chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA (RCP). Coming out of the New Left of the 1960s and influenced strongly by Maoism, Avakian developed the RCP's theoretical framework, "the New Synthesis" or "New Communism". He has written several books over four decades, including an autobiography.

Early life
Avakian was born on March 7, 1943, in Washington, D.C., to Ruth and Spurgeon Avakian. His father was a prominent Armenian American lawyer, civil rights activist, and later judge on the Alameda County, California superior court. After spending his first three years in the Washington metropolitan area, he spent the rest of his childhood and adolescence in Berkeley, California.

Political activities
As a young man, Avakian became involved with the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) at Berkeley, the Free Speech Movement and the Black Panther Party. In 1968, he wrote articles for the Peace and Freedom Party's publications and in July 1969, he spoke at the Black Panther conference in Oakland, California. By the time that the SDS split into three factions in the summer of 1969, Avakian was a leading member of the Revolutionary Youth Movement II faction, and was their candidate for National Secretary. Although defeated for the top position by Mark Rudd of the faction soon known as the Weather Underground, Avakian was elected to the National Interim Committee. During that period, Avakian was a leading member of the Bay Area Revolutionary Union alongside Leibel Bergman.

In the early 1970s, Avakian served a prison sentence for desecrating the American flag during a demonstration. He was charged with assaulting a police officer in January 1979 at a demonstration in Washington, D.C. to protest Deng Xiaoping's meeting with Jimmy Carter. After receiving an arrest warrant, Avakian went to France and applied for political refugee status. In 1980, he gave a speech to 200 protestors in downtown Oakland and his police assault charges were dropped a few years later.

In 2005, Avakian published an autobiography, From Ike to Mao and Beyond: My Journey from Mainstream America to Revolutionary Communist. He has been the Revolutionary Communist Party's central committee chairman and national leader since 1979. In 2016, the RCP USA and others helped form the organization Refuse Fascism, which called for the removal of Donald Trump.

In August 2020, Avakian released a statement about the rise of fascism in America, calling on supporters to use "every appropriate means of non-violent action" to remove Trump, including voting for Joe Biden for President of the United States, while continuing to organize for revolution.

Legacy
Avakian is a controversial figure. He is viewed by supporters as a revolutionary leader whose body of work has advanced communist theory and represents a "pathway to human emancipation" from the capitalist system. He is criticized by detractors for an alleged cult of personality around him, which the party has called "lies and slander."

In popular culture
James LeGros portrays Avakian in the 1995 Mario Van Peebles film Panther.

title: Bob Avakian