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Presidential library system

In the United States, the presidential library system is a nationwide network of 16 libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every president of the United States since Herbert Hoover, the 31st president from 1929–1933. In addition to the library services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed.

Although recognized as having historical significance, before the mid-20th century presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president. Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd president, 1933–1945) proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park, New York, estate. Since then, a series of laws established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system. While not sanctioned and maintained by NARA, libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office.

The library sites are sometimes referred to as presidential centers. The Barack Obama Presidential Center (44th president, 2009–2017) is the most recent library, and operates under a new model. The Barack Obama Presidential Library is fully digitized, preserved, and administered by NARA with archival materials lent to the privately operated Presidential Center for display.

Overview

For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government.

The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on June 30, 1941. The George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013.

The National Archives and Records Administration uses a passport to promote visiting the Presidential libraries. Upon visiting every library, NARA awards a crystal paperweight.

Presidential libraries outside NARA
The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated fully, or partially, by NARA. Libraries and museums have been established for earlier presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the James K. Polk, William McKinley, Rutherford B. Hayes, Calvin Coolidge, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the presidential library system. While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, is part of NARA, the private nonprofit Richard Nixon Foundation owned and operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California. In March 2005, the Archivist of the United States and John Taylor, the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded presidential library operated by NARA by 2007, while the Nixon Foundation would continue to own the campus and operate the Nixon Library complex with NARA. On October 16, 2006, Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park, Maryland to the Yorba Linda facility. On July 11, 2007, NARA began its operations at the Nixon Library site and the facility's name was changed to Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.

In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, it selected Mississippi State University as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's presidential library. Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.

On April 30, 2013, both chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly passed a bill appropriating $12 million to Dickinson State University to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources. Dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online.

On April 12, 2016, Harding 2020, a collaboration between the Harding Home, Ohio History Connection, and Marion Technical College, detailed plans to spend $7.3 million to establish the Warren G. Harding Presidential Center. Plans include restoring the Harding Home, Warren G. Harding's historic home in Marion, Ohio, and its grounds to its 1920 appearance. A 15,000-square-foot presidential center and museum will also be built adjacent to the house. Harding's presidential papers will then be moved from its current location at the Ohio History Connection's headquarters in Columbus, Ohio to the new center. The culmination of the work, scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2020, is to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Harding's election to the presidency.

In May 2017, it was announced that the Barack Obama Presidential Center, the planned location of the presidential library of Barack Obama, would not be part of the NARA system, making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally funded facility. Instead, in a "new model" the nonprofit Obama Foundation will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available. The Chicago Park District began related construction in August and suspended it in September 2018. It was announced that the city of Chicago would own the center.

History
Historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, and many papers were scattered. Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed.

Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield (president from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881) added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service and the Western Reserve Historical Society.

National Archives
In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York to the United States, and friends of the president formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening.

In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

Presidential Libraries Act of 1955
In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of presidential papers and their availability to the people of the United States. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Generally, once completed the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain. The library and museum founded for Richard Nixon remained privately owned and managed for many years, but his heirs ultimately reached an agreement for it to become a NARA facility.

Until 1978, presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the president or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the president and were his to take with him when he left office. The first presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a presidential library managed by NARA.

Deeds of Gift
Apart from the presidency of Richard Nixon, the handling of presidential records by NARA for the presidencies of Hoover through Carter (1929–1969, and 1973–1980) are governed by their deeds of gift, whereby the public took ownership of the records of each president.

Nixon presidency and the Preservation Act of 1974
In the wake of the Watergate scandal, Congress asserted public ownership and control of materials from the Nixon White House (1969–1973), under the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act of 1974.

Presidential Records Act of 1978
The Presidential Records Act of 1978 established that the presidential records that document the constitutional, statutory, and ceremonial duties of the president are the property of the United States Government. When the president leaves office, the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records. The Act allowed for the continuation of presidential libraries as the repository for presidential records.

Presidential Libraries Act of 1986
The made additional changes to presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

Presidential Historical Records Preservation Act of 2008
The amended  to authorize grants for Presidential Centers of Historical Excellence.

Effects of changes in the records laws and modern digital records
While the libraries for presidents Hoover to George W. Bush eventually conformed to a model whereby the former president funded or fundraised and built a facility for NARA to house the library, presidents are not required to do so under the law (Nixon's was not under NARA for many years). Nonetheless, according to NARA as of 2023, recent changes in these laws have increased significantly the amount of endowment the former president must raise, if they do decide to build a NARA owned facility. According to NARA, not only are the digital nature of modern records changing the needs, plans, and lessening space requirements of physical storage, but the significantly increased endowment requirement may lessen the likelihood that present and future presidents will continue to build NARA facilities.

Holdings
The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials; nearly ten million photographs; over 15 million feet (5,000 km) of motion picture film; nearly 100,000 hours of disc, audiotape, and videotape recordings; and approximately half a million museum objects. These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency.

The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the president and his staff in the course of performing the official duties. Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms, items collected by the president and his family, campaign memorabilia, awards, and the many gifts given to the president by American citizens and foreign dignitaries. These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art. Curators in presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits.

Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the president. These individuals may include Cabinet officials, envoys to foreign governments, political party associates, and the president's family and personal friends. Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape-recorded memoirs. A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the president prior to, and following, his presidency. Such collections include documents relating to Theodore Roosevelt's tenure as Governor of New York and Dwight D. Eisenhower's long military career.

With the exception of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and (upon his own death) Jimmy Carter, every American president since Hoover is or has chosen to be buried at their presidential library. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery; Johnson is buried at his ranch in the hill country of Texas, west of Austin; Carter plans to be buried near his home in Plains, Georgia. Bill Clinton will be buried at the William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock. George W. Bush will be buried at the George W. Bush Presidential Center in Dallas. The future burial sites of 44th president Barack Obama, 45th president Donald Trump, and 46th president Joe Biden are still unknown.

Unlike all other presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system, Ford's library and museum are geographically separate buildings, located in different parts of Michigan; Ford is buried at his museum in Grand Rapids, while the library is in Ann Arbor.

List of presidential libraries
This is a list of the presidential libraries. {{legend|PaleTurquoise|Denotes libraries outside the NARA Presidential Library Office (all post-Hoover administrations have presidential library holdings administered by NARA, but one will have a physical facility that is outside NARA's ownership, and another remains to be decided).|outline=silver}} {{legend|#EA9999|Denotes presidential sites without libraries.|outline=silver}} {{legend|#BDB76B|Denotes library without presidential site.|outline=silver}} {{legend|LightGray|Denotes library where plans are yet to be announced.|outline=silver}}

Locations of other presidents' papers
Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson left their papers to Princeton University where they may be found at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. The Theodore Roosevelt Association collected Theodore Roosevelt's papers and donated them to Harvard University in 1943, where they reside at its Widener and Houghton libraries.

James Buchanan left his papers to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where they may still be found. The Papers of Andrew Jackson is a project sponsored by the University of Tennessee at Knoxville to collect Andrew Jackson's papers on microfilm. A microfilm edition of Martin Van Buren's papers was produced at Pennsylvania State University in 1987; a digital edition of the Papers of Martin Van Buren is being produced at Cumberland University. A similar project is underway on behalf of James Madison by the Universities of Virginia and Chicago.

For many presidents, especially before the development of the NARA system, substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections. Until the Obama Administration's library is ready for service, its papers are being held in a facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, and except for classified materials are available through FOIA since 2023.

title: Presidential library system


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Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma

Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma III (16 April 1813 – 26 December 1846) was the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Travancore. He is also was a music composer and is credited with over 400 classical compositions in both Carnatic and Hindustani style.

A code of laws, courts of justice, introduction of English education, construction of an observatory, installation of the first Government printing press, establishment of the first manuscripts library were amongst the many initiatives taken by Swathi Thirunal, as a King, to modernize Travancore.

Early life

Swathi Thirunal was born into the Venad dynasty of the Matrilineal royal family of Travancore, which is now a part of Kerala, on 16 April 1813. He was the second child of Queen Gowri Lakshmi Bayi who ruled Travancore from 1810 to 1815, and Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran of Changanasseri Palace, and the elder son. While in the womb itself, he was proclaimed King and thus was referred to as Garbha Sreemaan. He was born in Svati star, and this is the reason why he was named Swathi Thirunal. He reigned under the regency of his mother from 1813 to 1815 and then under the regency of his maternal aunt Gowri Parvati Bayi until 1829. When he was just four months old, his mother invited Colonel John Munro, representative of the East India Company, and his officials and declared in the Durbar that she was entrusting the East India Company with the care of her child and expected the company to co-operate with him in future.

In 1829 Swathi Thirunal reached majority at 16 and assumed full powers of ruler and reigned as the Maharajah of Travancore until his death in 1846. He had an elder sister, Gowri Rukmini Bayi, whose children ascended the Travancore musnud consecutively. Her only daughter was the mother of Moolam Thirunal. He had a younger brother, Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma, who succeeded him in 1846 and ruled Travancore until his demise in 1860.

Irayimman Thampi, the famous poet-composer wrote perhaps the most famous Malayalam lullaby Omanathinkal Kidavo (ഓമനത്തിങ്കള്‍ക്കിടാവോ), about Swathi Thirunal when he was born.

Education
Both his aunt/foster mother, who was well-versed in music, and his father, a Sanskrit scholar, took special care about his education. Col. Munro also is said to have taken a keen interest in his education. He started learning Malayalam and Sanskrit at the age of six and English at the age of seven. The young Prince studied several languages, including Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Hindustani, Telugu, Marathi, Sanskrit, English and Persian. He impressed all his teachers, and even guests from abroad, with his keen understanding of not only languages but also other subjects like geometry. P. Sankunni Menon (A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times, 1878) records an incident between young Swathi Thirunal and Col. Welsh, a visiting British officer, that the word geometry and words like hexagon, heptagon and so on were derived from Sanskrit. Colonel Welsh summed up the boy King's genius as follows :"Swati Tirunal, now thirteen... took up a book of mathematics and selecting the forty-seventh proposition of Euclid sketched the figure on a country slate but what astonished me most was his telling us in English that Geometry was derived from the Sanskrit, which as Jaw metor (Jyamiti) to measure the earth and that many of our mathematical terms were also derived from the same source such as hexagon, heptagon, octagon... This promising boy is now, I conclude, sovereign of the finest country in India for he was to succeed to the Musnud (throne) the moment he had attained his 16th year."

Family
In 1829, at the age of sixteen, Maharajah Swathi Thirunal married Thiruvattar Ammachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Ayikutty Narayani Pillai Thankachi, a famed beauty of the Thiruvattar Ammaveedu family, was an expert Carnatic singer and Veena player. Once there was a minor quarrel between Narayani Pillai Ammachi and her husband, the King. The quarrel continued for some days; the Ammachi approached Irayimman Thampi for a solution. According to researchers he then created the famous Malayalam Padam (song) Prananaathan Enikku Nalkiya and told the Ammachi to sing it loudly in the King's presence; after hearing it the King was pleased and they reconciled immediately. This particular work of Thampi is considered by experts as one of the most beautiful Shringara (erotic) Padams available in Malayalam. Together they had three children but in 1839 Narayani Pillai Ammachi died, leaving behind a son, Thiruvattar Chithira Nal Ananthapadmanabhan Chempakaraman Thampi. A few months later, for the care of the baby, the Maharajah married another lady called Neelamma Pillai Ammachi by adopting her into the Thiruvattar Ammaveedu. He later married Sundara Lakshmi in 1843, a Saiva Mudaliar dancer, after adopting her into Vadasseri Ammaveedu. The story of the dancer Sugandhavalli who didn't get along with the King's first wife, Narayani Pillai Thankachi, has been disproved by R.P. Raja as nothing but fiction in his research treatise 'New Light on Swathi Thirunal'. In 1845 the King constructed the Thanjavur Ammaveedu for his third consort. Sundara Lakshmi, a great devotee of Lord Ganapati and Kanjirottu Yakshi Amma, resided there until her death in 1856.

As Reigning Maharajah of Travancore
Swathi Thirunal took over the reins of Travancore from his aunt, Gowri Parvati Bayi (she was the Regent for Swathi Thirunal in his boyhood) at the age of sixteen. He appointed his tutor, Sri Subba Rao, as the Prime Minister (Diwan). One of his first moves was to shift the government secretariat from Kollam (about seventy-five kilometers away) to Thiruvananthapuram. This enabled him to give personal attention to government affairs. He took steps to curb corruption in the government and told even the Diwan to resign when he heard that the Diwan had acted to favour a particular party in a land dispute. He started an English school in Thiruvananthapuram in 1834, which came to be called the Maharajah's Government Free School and later became Maharajah's High School and then Maharajah's College. It is now the University College. Later, similar schools were started at many other places. He also implemented reforms in the legal sector, starting Munsif, District and Appellate Courts and modernizing laws. He identified one Kandan Menon from Malabar and appointed him as Huzoor Diwan Peshkar to bring about legal reforms. Another of his achievements was to settle many land disputes by carrying out a resurvey of the land, in which also Menon helped him. He also conducted the first census of the state in 1836. As per the census, the population of Travancore was 128, 068.

Swathi Thirunal was also instrumental in bringing modern medicine to the state. He appointed a European as the palace physician. He was also given the responsibility of providing medical assistance to local people, for which hospitals were started. It is this post that was known as Surgeon General till the formation of Kerala State. He also started an engineering department, which was placed under the command of one Lieutenant Horsley. The Karamana bridge was built at that time.

Criticism
Despite the progress achieved in varied fields under Swathi Thirunal's reign, the Kingdom of Travancore, like the rest of British India, was in the grip of extreme caste discrimination against Hindu lower classes (dalits). According to the followers of the movement called Ayya Vazhi (the path of Ayya Vaikundar) and historians, a social reformer and iconoclast Ayya Vaikundar, an incarnation of Hindu Deity Vishnu) severely criticized Swathi Thirunal for the then prevalent caste discrimination against the members of the lower classes in Travancore. He referred to the King as Ananthapuri Neechan (vile man of Ananthapuri); referred to the Brahmins and the British as Karineechanmar (vile Black cheaters) and Venneechanmar (vile White cheaters), respectively. The upper caste Hindus then complained to Swathi Thirunal that Vaikundar was cheating people by claiming to be God and as a result of the complaint, Swathi Thirunal ordered to arrest him but Vaikundar was not the cheater and later released by the government. In the then society, men and women belonging to the lower classes weren't allowed to cover their upper body as it was considered a privilege reserved for caste Hindus & people of other religions. Vaikundar exhorted dalits to fight against this and organized revolts to get their due rights which came to be known as Melmundu Samaram (Upper Cloth Revolt). As a result of the revolt, the government changed the laws and allowed dalit men & women to wear upper clothes. Several taxes on the lower classes were also repealed by the Maharajah after protests.

Astronomy and Trivandrum Observatory
Another area where Swathi Thirunal took interest was in astronomy. He wished to compare Western findings with Indian knowledge. He had knowledge of observatories in Madras and others. Finding that there was so much in common between western astronomy and Indian (eastern) astrological understanding of planets, stars and the known universe; Swathi Thirunal set the initiative to start an Astronomical Observatory. One of its directors would be his cousin, Raja Rama Varma Rohani Thirunal, who was the contemporary Raja of Mavelikara Palace, an important branch of the ruling Travancore Royal family related to Raja Swathi Thirunal Raja Rohani Thirunal (Rohini) was already an established astronomer from India and a member of the British and Canadian Astronomical Societies. The observatory benefited from the expertise of local English men, Colonel Fraser and Mr. Caldecott. A cotton mill expert John Caldecott, FRS was interested in astronomy but was self-taught, and later became one of its directors. As an industrial representative in Alapuzha, he used to make instruments for astronomical observations and initially mounted viewing instruments on top of mango tree in Residency of Quilon, Cochin and his Allepey homes. Raja Swathi Tirunal saw his collection and asked him to come to Trivandrum to start a similar set-up.

The current observatory site was chosen on top of a laterite mount near the Kanakakunnu hill, which was observed as having the best western sky views in Eastern hemisphere, being near the equator and the Arabian sea. He was instrumental in buying telescopes and tools to Trivandrum (via ship route through the Middle east) from England. It became a part of the erstwhile Travancore University, but for some time was administered as an independent government institution. It is now the oldest institution under the Kerala University. Started in 1837, some of the equipment is still to be seen at the Thiruvananthapuram observatory (now under the Department of Physics, University of Kerala). In the early sixties, in relation to Indian Space Research Organisation, ISRO, the founder Dr. Vikram Sarabhai selected this astronomy observatory to study equatorial night skies. He assigned his doctoral students, notably Dr. A.P.J Kalam and Dr. K. Narayanan Nair, to collect data on cosmic rays and ionosphere.

Trivandrum Public Library (now State Central Library) and the Oriental Manuscript Library were started by Swathi Thirunal, the Museum and Zoo in Thiruvananthapuram as well. The Maharajah was also an honorary member of the Royal Asiatic Society from 1843. Maharajah Swathi Thirunal also put an end to the barbaric punishment called the 'SUCHINDRAM KAIMUKKU' According to which the accused was forced to prove his innocence by dipping his hand in boiled ghee at Suchindram temple, and he was punished if the hand gets burnt. He is also credited with starting the first government press (the only press at that time was CMS Press in Kottayam).

A report on the English schools in Travancore appeared in The Gardner's Magazine of 1841, wrote about the administrative reforms brought in by Maharajah Swathi Thirunal: Rajah of Travancore, the great promoter of science in the East, was only twenty-eight years of age, and had not reigned more than ten years, yet, during that short period, he had caused himself to be distinguished by his accomplishments as well as by his' liberality. They would, no doubt, be interested in learning that this prince was educated by his prime minister— a rare tutor for a sovereign.

The Rajah had established schools within his dominions—he had established a mathematical school under English superintendence; but he had done more—he had done what, he was sorry to say, had neither been done in England, Scotland, nor Ireland—be had established a school in every village of his dominions— and be gave education to every child, male and female – a change in Indian customs that might lead to the happiest results. He was informed, on good authority, that there was not a child who had reached eight years of age not capable of reading and writing; but this distinguished prince, not satisfied with advancing the interests of elementary education, had established an observatory, and placed in it an English gentleman, a member of the Royal Society of London, and who was in that room – he meant Mr. Caldecott. In this observatory, observations were carried on with the same success as under British interests. The Rajah had also established a magnetical and meteorological observatory, having been led to do so by becoming acquainted with a report on Meteorology, published by the British Association. And the observations taken there were found to be as accurate as those taken in Edinburgh, Philadelphia, and other places.

Contributions to music and literature
Swathi Thirunal was deeply interested in music right from childhood. Besides being an able ruler, he was a patron of music and was a musician himself. Researchers say that Swathi Thirunal affixed his compositions with the mudra Padmanabha, sarasijanaabha, etc. and its synonyms. His education in music started with the first lessons from Karamana Subrahmania Bhagavathar and Karamana Padmanabha Bhagavathar. Later, he studied music from the then English scholar, Thanjavur Subba Rao as well. He continued to learn music by listening to accomplished musicians and practising himself. He encouraged both broad systems of Indian music, Hindustani and Carnatic music, though he was essentially a connoisseur of the Carnatic music tradition. He is credited with composing over 400 compositions in Carnatic and Hindustani music. Some of his favourite compositions were Padmanabha Pahi, Deva Deva, Devanke, Sarasijanabha and Sree Ramana Vibho. Swathi Thirunal was fluent in a number of languages including Malayalam, Sanskrit, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Hindustani, Bengali, Tamil, Oriya and English. This was a period when music and art were thriving in many parts of south India. The triumvirate of Carnatic music, Tyagaraja (1767–1847), Syama Sastri (1762–1827) and Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835), lived and enriched music during this period. Swathi Thirunal's palace also was home to many musicians and artistes of the period, including the famous Thanjavur Quartet brothers, Tyagaraja's disciple Kannayya Bhagavathar, Ananthapadmanabha Goswami (a Maharashtrian singer known as Kokilakanthameru swami), Shadkala Govinda Marar, and many others.

The literary works of Maharajah Swathi Thirunal include Bhakti Manjari', Syanandurapuravarnana Prabandham, Padmanabhasatakam, Muhanaprasa Antyaprasa Vyavastha, Ajamila, Kuchela Upakhyanas and Utsava Varnana Prabandha.

Death
As a monarch, Swathi Thirunal was incredibly hardworking and supremely committed to his kingdom and people. The appointment of General Cullen as the Resident of Travancore, was the beginning of the end for the Maharajah. Historian P. Shungunny Menon wrote: ''Resident Jerond Cullen assumed almost sovereign authority. Such was his oppressive intrusion in the administration. The king was made totally powerless. Compounding this atrocity was the machinations of his aide Krishna Rao, who schemed with Cullen for his own personal gain.'' What ever the reason, the Resident's intrusion in the administration was unbearable for the young King. To compound his problems, the deaths of his elder sister, father, wife Narayani and all three children (Narayani's) made the Maharajah distraught. He increasingly sought silence and solitude, weakening his mind and body. Thus, at the age of 33, Maharajah Swathi Thirunal died on 26 December 1846. The demise of Maharajah Swathi Thirunal attracted the attention of even the foreign press. Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence of British &Foreign India, China, & All Parts of the East wrote : "Both intellectually and morally, he was indeed far beyond his country and equals in rank; in both respects he might have taken a high place among the most enlightened of European Sovereigns had his destiny been so cast. You will be grieved to learn about the demise of His Highness the Rajah of Travancore. Among the native princes of India, he was distinguished for his superior intelligence and extensive acquirements in oriental literature. He is not unknown to fame in the European world, for most of you must be aware that the deceased Rajah maintained an observatory at considerable expense, and that MR Caldecott was for a length of time, his highness's astronomer. The ephemeris emanating from the Travancore observatory was a valuable contribution to astronomical science ... The Rajah also supported an English school on a scale of liberality that perhaps has few precedents in other native states. He was a steady and staunch advocate of education, friend and patron of men of letters ... his loss will doubtless be greatly deplored by Travancoreans as a national calamity."

The Journal the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ran an obituary in 1847 which mourned that,

"The early death of this enlightened and princely patron of true science, is a subject of just regret."

Swathi Sangeethotsavam
Prince Rama Varma, renowned South Indian Classical musician and descendant of Swathi Thirunal, organizes the Swathi Sangeethotsavam, a 10-day music festival featuring exclusively the compositions of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal. Eminent Carnatic and Hindustani musicians participate in this unique musical event, which is conducted every year from 4 to 13 January at Kuthira Malika, Trivandrum and attracts music aficionados from across the globe.

Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram
The award Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram is instituted in the name of Maharajah Swathi Thirunal of Travancore to honour those musicians who have made valuable contributions to the field of music. It is also the highest honour for musicians by the Government of Kerala, India.

In popular culture
In 1987, a Malayalam film titled Swathi Thirunal based on his life was released. It was directed by Lenin Rajendran. It stars Anant Nag in the title role, and Srividya, Ambika, Nedumudi Venu and Murali in other important roles.

Sree Swathi Thirunal Maharaja, a 1967 documentary film about the king, directed by K. T. John, was produced by the Government of India's Films Division.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma


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Breguet 14

The Breguet XIV (in contemporary practice) or Breguet 14 was a French biplane bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It was built in very large numbers and production continued for many years after the end of the war.

The Breguet 14 was among the first mass-produced aircraft to use large amounts of aluminium, rather than wood or steel, in its structure. This allowed the airframe to be both lighter and stronger, in turn making the aircraft fast and agile and it was able to outrun some contemporary fighters.

Background
The Breguet 14 was designed by aviation pioneer and aeronautical engineer Louis Breguet. Breguet had already built a reputation for producing capable aircraft and for having innovative ideas, including the use of metal in aircraft construction. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to Breguet-built aircraft being ordered by the military air services of several Triple Entente nations. He temporarily abandoned the preferred tractor configuration for a pusher design to satisfy the French general staff, who sought a clear forward view for the observer. In spite of the French official preference for pushers, Breguet remained a proponent of tractor aircraft. In June 1916, he began a new design for a military two-seater, the Breguet AV. The French Army's Section Technique de l' Aéronautique (STAé) recommended that Breguet use the Hispano-Suiza 8A V-8 engine of 180 hp. Breguet determined that the Hispano-Suiza lacked sufficient power, and instead chose the Renault V-12 engine previously used in the Breguet Type V.

Two variants of the Breguet AV (Type XIII and Type XIV to the French authorities) were built. Both had a boxy shape that was complemented by a rectangular frontal radiator and the unusual negative or back stagger of its wings. It possessed a sturdy undercarriage, along with ailerons on the upper wing only. The lower wing featured flaps along the entire trailing edges, that were forced into their raised position by the air, as the aircraft accelerated to its normal speed, being restricted from moving freely by a set of 12 adjustable rubber bungee cords.

The airframe's structure was constructed primarily of duralumin, an aluminium alloy which had been invented in Germany by Alfred Wilm only a decade previously. Many sections, such as the duralumin longerons and spacers, were attached using welded steel-tube fittings and braced using piano wire. The wing spars were of rectangular duralumin tubes with either oak or ash shims at the attachment points and wrapped in a sheet steel sheath. The wooden box ribs had fretted plywood webs and ash flanges. The tail unit was built up from welded steel tube, while the elevators featured large horn balances. French officials were initially wary of the Type XIV's innovative materials due to a lack of experience with them.

Into flight
Louis Breguet took the prototype into the air for the first time on 21 November 1916. In November 1916, the S.T.Aé. had issued requirements for four new aircraft types, and Breguet submitted the XIV for two of those - reconnaissance and bomber.

The prototype was passed to the S.T.Aé on 11 January 1917 for trials and was accepted to fill both roles. The report issued on 7 February 1917 from the trials stated that the prototype had attained a speed of 172 km/h at an altitude of 2000 m. On 22 February 1917, Breguet asked the S.T.Aé about initiating production and informed them on 2 March that jigs were ready. On 6 March 1917, the first official production order was received by Breguet, calling for 150 Breguet XIV A.2 reconnaissance aircraft and an additional order for 100 XIV B.2 bombers was received on 4 April. The A.2 was equipped with several cameras, while some also had radios. The lower wing of the 14 B.2 was fitted with Michelin-built bomb racks for thirty-two 115 mm bombs. To avoid the bomb racks jamming the flaps, a forward extension of the wings was added, while transparent panels were added to the sides of the fuselage to aid in the use of the bomb sight.

By mid-1917, the French authorities ordered a substantial increase in production. Various other companies were contracted to manufacture the type. On 25 April, French aviation company Darracq was requested to manufacture 330 aircraft. On 8 June, 50 were ordered from Farman and on 18 June, Paul Schmitt was issued a contract to produce 200 aircraft. Some of the contractors were unable to commence quantity production of the Breguet 14 until 1918. Following the war, some aircraft were constructed in French military workshops in Indo-China, although these are likely to have been reliant on imported parts.

As an insurance against engine shortages, alternatives to the standard Renault powerplant were installed, both for experimental purposes and in production quantities. Aside from some used in France, many of the Belgian and American Breguet 14s were powered with the Fiat A.12 engine. An improved model of the standard engine, the Renault 12Ff, appeared in Summer 1918 and was used on some late production aircraft. Another engine adopted was built by French automotive company Lorraine-Dietrich, which was lighter but produced less power than the Renault unit. A number of late production B.2 models were equipped with the American Liberty engine. To distinguish these aircraft, they were designated Breguet XIV B.2 L.

Other minor variants of the Breguet 14 were flown in small numbers during the Great War; these included the XIV B.1 (Bombardement) long-range single-seat bomber, the XIV GR.2 (Grande Raid) long-range reconnaissance/bomber, the XIV H (Hydro) floatplane, the XIV S (Sanitaire) air ambulance and the XIV Et.2 (Ecole) trainer. Later variants, such as the XIVbis A.2 and XIVbis B.2, featured improved wings. An variant equipped with enlarged wings was produced as the XVI Bn.2 (Bombardement de nuit) night bomber. Further derivatives of the aircraft included the XVII C.2 (Chasse) two-seat fighter, which would only be built in small numbers due to the end of the war. Production of the Breguet 14 would continue long after the end of the war, only ending in 1926.

Operational history
The Breguet 14 was used in large numbers from May 1917 onwards, and at its peak equipped at least 71 escadrilles, and was deployed on both the Western Front, where it participated in number major actions in which it typically acquitted itself well, and in the east, on the Italian front.

For its actions during the Battle of the Lys, the Section Artillerie Lourde, equipped with the type, received a citation and was further lauded for its actions during the Allied counter-attack to the German spring offensive. On 9 July 1918, Capitaine Paul-Louise Weiller shot down two enemy aircraft during one sortie while flying the type.

Following its introduction by the French, during 1918, the Breguet 14 was also ordered by the Belgian Army (40 aircraft) and the United States Army Air Service (over 600 aircraft). Around half the Belgian and U.S. aircraft were fitted with Fiat A.12 engines due to shortages of the original Renault 12F. Prior to the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Breguet 14 was typically assigned to serve in both reconnaissance and bombing roles. By the end of the conflict, the type was reportedly responsible for having dropped over 1887600 kg of bombs.

A Breguet 14 played a role in one of the last actions of the war. During November 1918, one aircraft was used to transport a German military officer, Major von Geyer, from Tergnier and Spa. It was covered in large white flags of truce to avoid being attacked.

The type continued to be widely used after the war, equipping the French occupation forces in Germany and being deployed to support French troops in the colonies. A special version was developed for the harsh conditions encountered overseas, designated "14 TOE" (Théatres des Operations Extérieures). These saw service in putting down uprisings in Syria and Morocco, in Vietnam and in the French intervention in the Russian Civil War. The last trainer examples were not withdrawn from French military service until 1932.

Other air arms using the type included Brazil (30), China (70), Czechoslovakia (10), Denmark (4), Finland (38), Greece (approximately 42), Japan (2), the Siamese Air Force (42), Uruguay (9) and Spain (approximately 180). The Polish Air Force used 158 Breguet 14s, about 70 of them being used in combat in the Polish-Soviet war. In Japan, Breguet 14s were licence-built by Nakajima. The type was also heavily used in various internal wars in China during the 1920s and 1930s.

Weeks after the signing of the Armistice, the Breguet 14 was used to conduct several long-distance flights to demonstrate its capabilities. On 26 January 1919, a double-crossing of the Mediterranean was flown using the type by Lt Roget and Captaine Coli. On 5 April, Roget flew from Lyon to Rome and then to Nice. Roget and Coli later establish a new French long-distance record flying the Breguet 14, flying from Paris to Kenitra, Morocco, a distance of 1900 km in 11 hours 15 minutes. Aviation pioneer Pierre-Georges Latécoère converted one example to conduct experimental in-flight refuelling operations. After the war, Breguet manufactured of dedicated civil versions of the Breguet 14. The 14 T.2 Salon carried two passengers in a specially modified fuselage. An improved version, the 14 Tbis, was built as both a land-plane and seaplane. The 14 Tbis also formed the basis of the improved 14 Tbis Sanitaire air ambulance version, and 100 mail planes custom-built for Latécoère's airline, Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère. After changing its name to "CGEA", the airline used, among others, 106 Breguet 14s for flights over the Sahara Desert. The 18 T was a single 14 T re-engined with a Renault 12Ja engine and equipped to carry four passengers. When production finally ceased in 1928, the total for all versions built had exceeded 7,800 (according to other sources, 8,000 or even 8,370).

Variants
Data from:
 * Breguet AV 1:(Given the STAé designation Breguet 13) Company designation of the first aircraft of the Breguet 13/14 family. Powered by a 263 hp Renault V-12 engine with short fuselage and all-flying rudder.
 * Breguet AV 2:(Given the STAé designation Breguet 14) Company designation of the second aircraft of the Breguet 13 / 14 family. Powered by a 263 hp Renault V-12 engine in a longer fuselage with fixed fin.
 * Breguet 13: AV 1 the first of the Breguet 14 family with a short fuselage and no fixed fin.
 * Breguet 14 A.2:Basic production variant to the two-seat Army co-operation specification (A.2), typically powered by a 300 hp Renault 12Fe V-12 engine.
 * Breguet 14 AP.2:High-altitude, long-range reconnaissance variant, powered by a 400 hp Liberty L-12 engine. One converted from an A.2
 * Breguet 14 AE:A single aircraft, (F-AEEZ), converted for use in the colonies.
 * Breguet 14/400: Postwar aircraft powered by 400 hp Lorraine-Dietrich 12Da V-12 engines. Seventy aircraft delivered to China and Manchuria.
 * Breguet 14 C: A single aircraft powered by a 450 hp Renault 12Ja V-12 engine for use as a postal aircraft in the United States.
 * Breguet 14 H: A floatplane version powered by a 320 hp Renault 12Fe, with a large central float and smaller floats under each wing. At least two were built, used in Indo-China.
 * Breguet 14 B.2: The two-seat bomber version.
 * Breguet 14 B.1: A single-seat bomber version: two were ordered for a planned raid on Berlin.
 * Breguet 14 floatplane: A twin float hydroplane version, tested at St Raphaël in 1924.
 * Breguet 14 S: (S – Sanitaire) Ambulance aircraft modified to carry two stretchers in the rear fuselage. (A later dedicated ambulance aircraft was also produced).
 * Nakajima B-6: Breguet 14 B.2 bombers licence-built in Japan by Nakajima, powered by 360 hp Rolls-Royce Eagle V-12 engines.
 * Yackey BRL-12 Transport: American conversion of a 14 B.2 with corrugated fuselage skins and floats.

Operators

 * Aeroposta Argentina
 * Compañía Franco-Argentina de Transportes Aéreos SA
 * Belgian Air Force operated by the 2nd, 3rd, 5th escadrilles until the mid-1920s.
 * SNETA
 * Aviação Militar do Exército Brasileiro operated 30 14A2 and 14B2 from 1920 until 1928.
 * Nationalist Chinese Air Force operated 50 until 1932.
 * Czechoslovak Air Force obtained 10 Breguet 14s in 1919.
 * Danish Air Force operated several from 1920 until 1927.
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * Air Force of El Salvador a single example was bought from France in the mid-1920s, but crashed in 1927 while delivering smallpox vaccine.
 * Estonian Air Force operated one aircraft only.
 * Finnish Air Force received 22 between 1919 and 1921 and operated them until 1927.
 * Armée de l'Air
 * French Navy used the Breguet 14 for reconnaissance from 1922, with the type remaining in service until 1930.
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Royal Hellenic Air Force Beginning in November 1917, Breguet 14s equipped the 532 Bombing and reconnaissance squadron and from June 1918, the 533 Fighter squadron. The Breguet 14 served in the 1919-1924 Greco-Turkish war but was replaced by Breguet 19s in 1925.
 * Guatemalan Air Force Three delivered, but returned unused after the instructor who accompanied them died.
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Force One 14 B.2 was purchased and a second one was built locally by Nakajima as the B-6.
 * Central Lithuania
 * Army of Central Lithuania received two ex-Polish aircraft in 1920.
 * 🇮🇷 Persia
 * Iranian Air Force received two aircraft in 1924.
 * Paraguayan Air Arm – one aircraft used in the Revolution of 1922
 * Polish Air Force - three French escadrilles were redesignated as Polish and transferred with their aircraft to Poland in 1919. These were supplemented with an additional 70 aircraft which were eventually retired in 1924.
 * Portuguese Air Force operated 28 14 A.2s and a single 14 T from 1919 until 1931.
 * Royal Romanian Air Force operated 20 14 B.2s until replaced in the mid-1920s
 * Serbian Air Force - During WW1 three French escadrilles operated in Serbia with Serbian crews, and their aircraft eventually transferred to Serbia - who used them until 1923
 * Soviet Air Force
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Swedish Air Force - received one aircraft only in 1919, which was given a civil registration in 1923.
 * 🇹🇭 Siam
 * Royal Siamese Air Force 40+ aircraft
 * Turkish Air Force
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Service
 * 96th Aero Squadron
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force may have operated one ex-Serbian example.
 * Royal Romanian Air Force operated 20 14 B.2s until replaced in the mid-1920s
 * Serbian Air Force - During WW1 three French escadrilles operated in Serbia with Serbian crews, and their aircraft eventually transferred to Serbia - who used them until 1923
 * Soviet Air Force
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Swedish Air Force - received one aircraft only in 1919, which was given a civil registration in 1923.
 * 🇹🇭 Siam
 * Royal Siamese Air Force 40+ aircraft
 * Turkish Air Force
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Service
 * 96th Aero Squadron
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force may have operated one ex-Serbian example.
 * 96th Aero Squadron
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force may have operated one ex-Serbian example.
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force may have operated one ex-Serbian example.

Survivors and replicas

 * Bre.2016 - Breguet 14 A.2 is on display at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace in Paris, France in French markings.
 * 3C30 - The last survivor of 22 (or 30) examples bought shortly after the end of WW1, this Breguet 14 A.2 arrived in 1921, and was operational from 1922 until retired in 1927. It was on display following an extensive restoration at the Finnish Air Force Museum in Jyväskylä, Finland to its original Finnish markings.
 * A replica Breguet 14 built in 1980 as F-AZBP, and which appeared in several movies has been on display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok since 2012 in Siamese markings as B.TH1.
 * A replica registered as F-AZBH is regularly flown on the French Airshow circuit, currently marked as an early aircraft, without camouflage, while it was previously marked as a Latécoère machine.
 * A replica marked as Bre.2812 and carrying the markings of the US Air Service's 96th Aero Squadron is on display at the Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre in New Zealand.

title: Breguet 14


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User:Raul654/archive1

Greetings
Welcome Raul,

You have done a good job so far in Wikipedia (a.k.a. 'Pedia or WP). I can see that you're a serious Wikipedian interested in improving our project. If you stay for a while, you'll discovered that collectively, we're a cooperative and friendly community. We are all here to learn, and hopefully can give something back. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include:
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Just keep in mind that while relevant discussions and constructive criticisms and are welcome, unproductive and/or destructive insults are not (see Wikiquette).

Who knows? Perhaps you'll soon become a Wikipediholic and make it into the list of Most active Wikipedians! :-) --Lypheklub 20:42, Aug 31, 2003 (UTC) p.s. Simply type four tildes ( ~ ), then you can sign you name and date like I just did with mine. And please always do so after your post in Talk/discussion pages and Village Pump.

Pundit
Hello Raul. You edited the page to remove the (pundit) and that will send it to a disambiguation page now (as it did before). If you return the (pundit) to the article, it will link directly to the correct reference for Bill O'Rielly. pk 20:21, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Sony V Betamax
Raul, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for adding the link to the Sony (Betamax case) to Fair use; I've gone ahead and placed in it the appropriate section of the fair use factors analysis. Just to let you know you don't have to put underscores inside links. Also when putting cases in articles the convention is to make them italics on the outside of the link. Here is the example: Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios. Alex756 07:22, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

RYE and Rye
Hi Raul. Welcome to Wikipedia. I deleted RYE as you requested. I moved the content there to Talk:Rye so that is can be merged into the main article at Rye as necessary. Fortunately both articles said much the same thing so there really isn't much to merge. Hope that's all ok with you. Pete 14:17, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Use minor edit less often
Just a kind request...please only use 'minor edit' for changes in spelling and formatting. Adding complete sentences are *not* minor edits :) Kingturtle 08:04, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Redirects
re: Nero emperor. Redirects are the non-sysop's deletion. Cheers, Cyan 05:16, 21 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Pics policies
Raul, I've taken the liberty of adding some information on an image description page about the claimed fair use (implied) photo that you recently posted. It is a good idea to add a bit of analysis regarding fair use, thus people know it is fair use and know why you (or someone else like me) consider it fair use. That will help prevent any controversy (hopefully) and will make sure that someone does not inadvertantly think that it might be fair use in a downstream license situation that might not be so. Alex756 05:59, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks for the heads up

Alan Turing
Hello, I had a question regarding the Alan Turing photo you uploaded. It's at Image_talk:Alan_Turing.jpg. Cheers, AxelBoldt 21:23, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Raul654/archive1


text:
Ragam (festival)

Ragam is South India’s largest Cultural fest hosted by National Institute of Technology, Calicut. Ragam blends a series of fine arts, socio-cultural and literary events, along with a variety of workshops, exhibitions and informal events. The fest attracts thousands of visitors to the campus annually and is one of the most popular cultural fests in India.

History
Over two decades have passed since the inception of Ragam. The humble yet controversial beginnings of this festival are well-known due to the infamous Rajan case that rocked Kerala in the seventies. Rajan, a student of the then-CREC was taken into police custody during the Emergency period and allegedly died in custody in 1976. In 1977 the All Kerala Rajan memorial music competition was started to commemorate his life. However, the same got discontinued in a few years. Later in 1987 the fest resurfaced as Ragam, an inter-college cultural fest in remembrance of Rajan. In 2006, Ragam was started with a solemn message ready by Eachara Warrier, father of late Rajan.

The prestigious ever-rolling Ragam trophy of "Nataraj", the trophy awarded to the overall champions at the fest, is considered as one of the most coveted prizes by the colleges in South India. The 31st edition of the fest was conducted in March 2017.

Pro Shows
The Ragam pro-shows have always been noted for the celebrities who have performed at NIT Calicut. The shows are staged in the institute Football Ground, with a capacity of over 8000 spectators. Presently the Ragam "nites" include three cultural nites - ‘the inaugural nite’, ‘the highlight pro-show’, ‘the popular nite’.

For the highlight pro-show, NIT Calicut has previously hosted some of the biggest singers in the country including popular youth icon Sunidhi Chauhan, Sukhwinder Singh, Shaan, Krishnakumar Kunnath (KK), Farhan Akhtar, Sonu Nigam and Ankit Tiwari. Most recently for Ragam'18, spectators had the opportunity to watch Vishal–Shekhar perform live.

Benny Dayal, Naresh Iyer, Ranjith, Suraj Jagan and many more have taken the stage for the ‘Popular nite’, where a group of two or more singers perform for the crowds.

Notable bands that have visited the fest in the past are Parikrama, Silk Route, Whitenoiz and Motherjane along with tribute bands like Higher-on-maiden, Breathe the Floyd and Jail break. In 2011, Ragam witnessed a breathtaking performance by the 'Jai Ho' team. In 2009 Ragam became the first stage in Kerala to host a foreign band, with Breathe the Floyd, a tribute band to Pink Floyd. In 2015 Ragam truly went international, with Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie performing for the 'nite'. Sunburn Campus featuring DJ Diego Miranda for the first time in India took Ragam to new heights.

Events
Ragam offers a plethora of events – literary, musical, dance, dramatics and more. Popular literary and oratory events include Extempore, Just-A-Minute(JAM), Debate, Twist in the tale and Mock Court. The musical events include a wide range of both solo events and group events like Swara Raaga and Amplified. The fest also includes a comprehensive set of artistic events extending from pencil sketching to mehendi design and face painting. For the dramatically-inclined, movie spoof, mime, streetplay, mono-act and drama are major crowd-pullers.

The Choreo Nite (Inter-collegiate dance competition) and Couture Boulevard (Fashion Show) are two of the biggest and fiercely contested events at Ragam. Mr.&Ms. Ragam is one of the signature events of Ragam, aimed at testing the persona of the contestants through a series of professionally scrutinized rounds.

The ‘Take One’ short film competition is one of the most prestigious events of Ragam, with the competition being judged each year by prominent film-makers in the industry with the winners getting golden opportunities to interact with some of these brilliant minds.

Every year, thousands of the finest talents in the country compete for the lucrative cash prizes on offer, and above all, the ever-rolling Ragam trophy "Nataraj".

Workshops
Besides the numerous events and the glamorous proshows, many workshops are conducted for the participants coming from various colleges with varied interests. The workshops over the years have included numerous Dance workshops, Photography workshops, Self-defense workshops and Mocktail workshops. Several Exhibitions are also conducted as a part of Ragam with the quality of these exhibitions increasing with each successive editions.

Media
Being one of the biggest cultural fests in India, Ragam receives extensive coverage by newspapers, TV channels and other media. Noted dailies like The Hindu, Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, The Times of India and The Deccan Chronicle have been media partners at Ragam over the years. TV channels like Kairali and Rosebowl have partnered with the fest in the past. In ’09 edition, one of the events "Talking Point" was aired on the channel Rosebowl. Radio Media has also played a significant role, with stations like Radio Mango and Red FM on the list of previous sponsors. The fest also receives huge online publicity, with a large fan following for its Facebook page. The Ragam theme song is currently the second most viewed promotional video of a cultural fest in India.

Newsreports

 * Ragam'22
 * Ragam ‘18
 * Ragam '15
 * Ragam '14
 * Ragam '13
 * Ragam '12
 * Ragam '11
 * Ragam '10
 * Ragam '09
 * Ragam '08
 * Ragam '07
 * Ragam '06

title: Ragam (festival)


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User:Angostura

By trade I'm an IT journalist/ technology analyst, but my academic training is in biology, and this remains my first love.

title: User:Angostura


text:
List of house music artists

This is a list of artists who have been involved with house music, a genre of electronic dance music. This includes artists who have either been very important to the house music genre or have had a considerable amount of exposure (such as in the case of one who has been on a major label). This list does not include little-known local artists. Groups are listed by the first letter in the group's name (not including the words "a", "an", or "the"), and individuals are listed by first name.

0–9

 * 009 Sound System
 * 20 Fingers
 * 2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman, and a Dominican
 * 2 Unlimited
 * 49ers
 * 808 State

A

 * A-Trak
 * ABC
 * Adeva
 * Adonis
 * Adrenalin M.O.D.
 * Afrojack
 * Alec Empire
 * Alesso
 * Alex Gaudino
 * Alex Party
 * Alexandra Prince
 * Alexandra Stan
 * Alison Limerick
 * Aly-Us
 * Amber
 * Angie Brown
 * Ann Nesby
 * AnnaGrace
 * Annie Mac
 * Anthony Pappa
 * Antoine Clamaran
 * Armand Van Helden
 * Armin van Buuren
 * Arty
 * Ashley Beedle
 * The Aston Shuffle
 * ATB
 * The Avalanches
 * Avicii
 * Axwell
 * Aya

B
×Black Coffee
 * B.E.D.
 * B.G., the Prince of Rap
 * Bad Boy Bill
 * Bag Raiders
 * Barbara Tucker
 * The Basement Boys
 * Basement Jaxx
 * Beatmasters
 * Bellatrax
 * Benny Benassi
 * Billie Ray Martin
 * Bingo Players
 * Bingoboys
 * Bizarre Inc
 * Black Box
 * Blasterjaxx
 * Blaze
 * The Bloody Beetroots
 * Blue Pearl
 * Bob Sinclar
 * BodyRockers
 * Bomb the Bass
 * Boogie Pimps
 * Black Coffee
 * Booka Shade
 * Boris Dlugosch
 * Brooklyn Bounce
 * Brother Brown
 * Brothers in Rhythm
 * BT
 * Busy P
 * Byron Stingily

C

 * C+C Music Factory
 * Calvin Harris
 * Cappella
 * Captain Hollywood Project
 * Carl Cox
 * Carol Jiani
 * Cash Cash
 * Cassius
 * The Cataracs
 * Cathy Dennis
 * CeCe Peniston
 * CeCe Rogers
 * Celeda
 * The Chainsmokers
 * Charles Schillings
 * The Chemical Brothers
 * Chicane
 * Chip E.
 * Chocolate Puma
 * Chris Brann
 * Chris Fortier
 * Chris Lake
 * Chuckie
 * Clazziquai
 * Clean Bandit
 * CLMD
 * Club 69
 * Cobra Starship
 * Cold Blank
 * Coldcut
 * Colonel Abrams
 * Colton Ford
 * Corona
 * Crookers
 * Crystal Waters
 * Curtis Jones

D

 * D Mob
 * D:Fuse
 * D:Ream
 * Da Mob
 * Dada Life
 * Dada Nada
 * Daft Punk
 * Daisy Dee
 * Dajae
 * Daniel Desnoyers
 * Dannii Minogue
 * Danny Tenaglia
 * Darin Epsilon
 * Daphne Rubin-Vega
 * Dave Audé
 * Dave Clarke
 * David Deejay
 * David Guetta
 * David Morales
 * David Vendetta
 * Deadmau5
 * Deborah Cooper
 * Deborah Cox
 * Deee-Lite
 * Deep Dish
 * Dennis Ferrer
 * Derrick Carter
 * Deskee
 * Dev
 * Diana King
 * Dimitri from Paris
 * Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
 * Dina Carroll
 * Diplo
 * Dirty South
 * Dirty Vegas
 * The Disco Boys
 * DJ Alligator
 * DJ Antoine
 * DJ Colette
 * DJ Dan
 * DJ Disciple
 * DJ Falcon
 * DJ Icey
 * DJ Irene
 * DJ Jean
 * DJ Magic Mike
 * DJ Manian
 * DJ Pierre
 * DJ Skribble
 * DJ Sneak
 * DJ Spinna
 * DJ Tonka
 * DJ Vibe
 * Donna Allen
 * Donna Summer
 * Doug Lazy
 * Dr. Alban
 * Dr. Mix
 * Dream Frequency
 * Duck Sauce
 * Dyro

E

 * East Clubbers
 * Eddie Amador
 * Edward Maya
 * Eric "E-Smoove" Miller
 * Eric Prydz
 * Erick Morillo
 * Etienne de Crécy
 * Euphoria
 * Evelyn Thomas
 * Everything but the Girl

F

 * Faithless
 * Farley Jackmaster Funk
 * Fast Eddie
 * Fatboy Slim
 * Fantastic Plastic Machine
 * Fedde le Grand
 * Feed me
 * Felix
 * Felix da Housecat
 * Fierce Ruling Diva
 * François K
 * Frankie Knuckles
 * Freak Nasty
 * Fred Everything
 * Freemasons
 * Full Intention
 * Funkerman

G

 * Gabrielle
 * Gaelle
 * General Levy
 * Gillette
 * Gigi D'Agostino
 * Global Deejays
 * Graham Stack
 * Grant Nelson
 * The Greenskeepers
 * Greg Stainer
 * Groove Armada
 * Gryffin
 * A Guy Called Gerald
 * Guy Gerber

H

 * Haddaway
 * Hardwell
 * Havana Brown
 * Heather Small
 * Hedkandi
 * Hercules and Love Affair
 * Hernán Cattáneo
 * Hyper Crush

I

 * Ian Carey
 * Ian Pooley
 * Icona Pop
 * iiO
 * Inaya Day
 * India
 * Inna
 * Inner City
 * Ivan Gough

J

 * Jam & Spoon
 * James Holden
 * Jamie Principle
 * Jaydee
 * Jay-J
 * Jeffree Star
 * Jellybean
 * Jersey Street
 * Jerome Sydenham
 * Jesse Saunders
 * Jimpster
 * Jocelyn Brown
 * Jocelyn Enriquez
 * Joey Beltram
 * Joey Negro
 * John Creamer & Stephane K
 * John Digweed
 * John Dahlback
 * Joi Cardwell
 * Jomanda
 * Jonathan Peters
 * Jori Hulkkonen
 * Josh Wink
 * JS16
 * Juliet Roberts
 * Junior Jack
 * Junior Sanchez
 * Junior Vasquez
 * Junkie XL
 * Justice

K

 * Kaskade
 * Katalina
 * Kavinsky
 * Kaz James
 * Kelly Llorenna
 * Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez
 * Kerri Chandler
 * Kevin Aviance
 * Kiesza
 * Kill the Noise
 * Killer Bunnies
 * Kim English
 * King Britt
 * K-Klass
 * The KLF
 * Klubbheads
 * Knife Party
 * Kosmik Kommando
 * Krewella
 * Kristine W
 * Kym Mazelle
 * Kygo

L

 * La Bouche
 * Larry Levan
 * Laidback Luke
 * Larry Heard
 * Laurent Garnier
 * Laurent Wolf
 * Late Night Alumni
 * Lazy Dog
 * Le Click
 * Leftfield
 * Le Knight Club
 * Lenny Fontana
 * Lil Louis
 * Linda Clifford
 * Lisa Shaw
 * Little Louie Vega
 * Livin' Joy
 * Liz Torres
 * LMFAO
 * Loleatta Holloway
 * Lone
 * Lonnie Gordon
 * Louis La Roche
 * Love Inc.
 * Luciana

M

 * M People
 * Madeon
 * Madison Avenue
 * Madison Park
 * Magic Affair
 * Marc Mysterio
 * Mark Dynamix
 * Mark Farina
 * Mark Picchiotti
 * Mark Summers
 * MARRS
 * Marshall Jefferson
 * Marshmello
 * Martha Wash
 * Martin Garrix
 * Martin Solveig
 * Marusha
 * Masters At Work
 * Matthew Dear
 * Mauro Picotto
 * MC Mario
 * Melanie Williams
 * Melleefresh
 * Metro Area
 * Michael Gray
 * Michael Watford
 * Michelle Ayers
 * Michelle Visage
 * Miguel Migs
 * Mihalis Safras
 * Mike Perras
 * Mike Williams
 * Milk & Sugar
 * Milton Jackson
 * Moguai
 * Moloko
 * Mondo Grosso
 * Monica Hughes
 * Monika Kruse
 * Morgan King
 * Morgan Page
 * Mousse T.
 * Mr. Oizo
 * Mstrkrft
 * Murk (also performed as Funky Green Dogs)
 * Mylo

N–O

 * Nadia Ali
 * Nadirah Shakoor
 * Narcotic Thrust
 * Nervo
 * Nicky Romero
 * Nightcrawlers
 * Niki Haris
 * Noisia
 * Nomad
 * N-Joi
 * N-Trance
 * Oceanic
 * Olav Basoski
 * Offer Nissim
 * One-T
 * Ookay
 * Opus III
 * Otto Knows

P–Q

 * Paul Johnson
 * Paul Oakenfold
 * Paul Taylor
 * Paul Van Dyk
 * Pepper MaShay
 * Pete Heller
 * Pete Tong
 * Peter Rauhofer
 * Pet Shop Boys
 * Phuture
 * Phuturistix
 * Planet Funk
 * Planet Soul
 * Porter Robinson
 * Princessa
 * Quentin Harris

R

 * R3hab
 * Rachel McFarlane
 * Ralphi Rosario
 * Raze
 * Real McCoy
 * Rebecca & Fiona
 * RedOne
 * Regi Penxten
 * Réjane Magloire
 * Richard Vission
 * Robbie Rivera
 * Robin S.
 * Robert Miles
 * The Roc Project
 * Roger Sanchez
 * Ron Hardy
 * Roy Davis Jr.
 * Rudenko
 * Rui da Silva
 * Rune RK
 * RuPaul

S

 * S'Express
 * Sabrina Johnston
 * Sabrynaah Pope
 * Saint Etienne
 * Samantha James
 * Sander Kleinenberg
 * Sander van Doorn
 * Sandy B
 * Sasha
 * Savant
 * Seamus Haji
 * Sebastian Ingrosso
 * Sébastien Léger
 * Shakedown
 * The Shamen
 * Shapeshifters
 * Shawn Christopher
 * Shep Pettibone
 * Showtek
 * Sidney Samson
 * Silicone Soul
 * Skrillex
 * Slam
 * Slushii
 * Sonique
 * Soul II Soul
 * Soul For Real
 * Spiller
 * Stacey Pullen
 * Star Tattooed
 * Stardust
 * Static Revenger
 * Staxx of Joy
 * Stephanie Cooke
 * Steps
 * Stereo MC's
 * Steve "Silk" Hurley
 * Steve Angello
 * Steve Aoki
 * Steve Lawler
 * Steve Porter
 * Steve Stoll
 * StoneBridge
 * Stromae
 * Superchumbo
 * Su Su Bobien
 * Sunscreem
 * Supermen Lovers
 * Supermode
 * Sussie 4
 * Sven Väth
 * Swayzak
 * Swedish House Mafia
 * Swirl People

T

 * Taylor Dayne
 * Technotronic
 * Telepopmusic
 * Ten City
 * Theo Keating
 * Theo Parrish
 * The Timelords
 * Thunderpuss
 * Tiefschwarz
 * Tiësto
 * Tiga
 * Timmy Regisford
 * Timmy Trumpet
 * Timo Maas
 * Tin Tin Out
 * Tocadisco
 * Todd Edwards
 * Todd Terry
 * Tom Middleton
 * Tommy Trash
 * Tom Novy
 * Tom Taped
 * Tom Wilson
 * Tony Hewitt
 * Tony Humphries
 * The Toxic Avenger
 * Trentemøller
 * TV Rock

U–V

 * Ultrabeat
 * Ultra Naté
 * Uppermost
 * Underworld
 * Ursula Rucker
 * Utah Saints
 * Vanessa Daou
 * Vernessa Mitchell
 * Vicetone
 * Victor Calderone
 * Vika Jigulina

W–Z

 * Way Out West
 * Whirlpool Productions
 * Wolfgang Gartner
 * X-Press 2
 * Ya Kid K
 * Yves Larock
 * Yves Deruyter
 * Yinon Yahel
 * Zelma Davis
 * Zedd

title: List of house music artists


text:
Jack Johnson (musician)

Jack Hody Johnson (born May 18, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter, primarily in the soft rock and acoustic pop genres. Johnson has reached number one on the Billboard 200 chart with his albums Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George in 2006, Sleep Through the Static in 2008, To the Sea in 2010 and From Here to Now to You in 2013. His album In Between Dreams peaked at number two on the chart in 2005 and again in 2013.

Johnson is active in environmentalism and sustainability, often with a focus on the world's oceans. Johnson and his wife Kim created the Johnson Ohana Charitable Foundation and the Kōkua Hawaii Foundation. In 2008, Johnson adopted the concept of greening (reduce and reuse), and donated 100% of the proceeds of the Sleep Through the Static tour to the Johnson Ohana Charitable Foundation. Similarly, the proceeds from 2010 To the Sea album tour went to All at Once, a Johnson-backed collaboration of greening charities promoting fan involvement.

Early life
The son of surfer Jeff Johnson, Jack was born and grew up on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii. He began to learn how to surf at the age of 5. At 17, he became the youngest invitee to make the finals of the Pipeline Masters, one of surfing's most prestigious events, on Oahu's North Shore. One week later, however, his stint as a professional surfer ended when he suffered a surfing accident at the Pipeline. He had to have more than 100 stitches in his forehead and a few of his teeth were removed; later the incident became the inspiration for his song "Drink the Water". He appeared as a surfer in The Endless Summer II in 1994.

Jack Johnson graduated from Kahuku High School on the island of Oahu. He later attended the University of California, Santa Barbara graduating in 1997 with a B.A. degree in film studies. While Johnson learned the guitar at the age of 8 and started songwriting at the age of 12, his passion for music grew when he played rhythm guitar for the band Soil (not to be confused with a heavy metal band of the same name) in college.

In 1994, Zach Gill's band, Django Reinhardt, released a CD which quickly made Django a favorite band of the Isla Vista, California party scene at UCSB. Django was the rival of Jack Johnson's band Soil, but Gill and Johnson developed a strong friendship, eventually becoming bandmates in later years. While part of Soil at UCSB, Johnson opened for acts such as Sublime and Dave Matthews who were then relatively unknown bands. Johnson credits his songwriting influences as Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Radiohead, Otis Redding, G. Love and Special Sauce, Ben Harper, Sublime, the Beatles, Bob Marley, Neil Young, and A Tribe Called Quest. Johnson names Jimi Hendrix as his all-time favorite guitarist.

2000–2003: Brushfire Fairytales and On and On
Jack Johnson's big break was writing and contributing vocals for the song "Rodeo Clowns" which was featured on G. Love's 1999 album Philadelphonic. Johnson was introduced to G. Love by a mutual friend of Johnson who was shooting surf films with him at the time. After hearing "Rodeo Clowns", G. Love saw Johnson's potential and effortless style and invited him to record with him. That led to the now-famous "Rodeo Clowns" recording, launching Johnson's career.

In addition to his later success as a musician, Johnson is also an accomplished filmmaker. He directed the surf films Thicker Than Water (2000) and The September Sessions (2002), in which he also starred. He recorded both movie soundtracks and he starred in the 2004 surf film A Brokedown Melody.

Suela released a four-track demo that caught the attention of Ben Harper's producer, J. P. Plunier, who worked with Johnson to produce his debut album Brushfire Fairytales during December 2000 with Harper and his Weissenborn lap steel guitar making a guest appearance. Brushfire Fairytales was released on February 1, 2001, and led to Johnson becoming the opening act in late February 2001 for the last twenty-three cities of Harper's "Innocent Criminals" tour of the United States.

Johnson as well as Adam Topol (drums, percussion) and Merlo Podlewski (bass), who played on Brushfire Fairytales to record his second full-length album On and On; Mario Caldato Jr. was the producer. It was the first album to be recorded at Johnson's Mango Tree Studio in his home town of North Shore, Oahu as well as the first to be released through The Moonshine Conspiracy Records. On and On was released on May 6, 2003. The Moonshine Conspiracy Records became Brushfire Records; Johnson turned the offices and studios of his Los Angeles based record company into a model of eco-friendliness, with solar power, recyclable CD packaging, and power-saving air conditioners.

2004–2009: In Between Dreams, Curious George, and Sleep Through the Static
On April 3, 2004, Johnson and Ben Harper performed with Toots and the Maytals on Saturday Night Live (season 29, episode 16).

In October 2004, Johnson returned to the Mango Tree Studio with Topol and Podlewski along with Zach Gill (of Animal Liberation Orchestra) playing accordion, melodica, and piano recording his follow-up to 2003's On and On. In Between Dreams was released on March 1, 2005. Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George is a soundtrack album by Johnson, released on February 7, 2006. The album also features Harper, G. Love, Merlo Podlewski and Zach Gill. It was the first soundtrack to be number 1 on the chart since the Bad Boys II soundtrack in August 2003; it was the first soundtrack for an animated film to top the Billboard 200 since the Pocahontas soundtrack in July 1995. Johnson enlisted J.P. Plunier to produce his fourth full-length studio album, Sleep Through the Static. It was recorded using 100% solar energy at the Solar-Powered Plastic Plant studio in Los Angeles. The album featured Gill (keys), Podlewski (bass), and Topol (drums, percussion). Sleep Through the Static was released on February 1, 2008, and was followed by a world tour. A live album and DVD of Johnson's 2008 world tour titled En Concert, was released on October 27, 2009. The DVD was directed by Emmett Malloy. Johnson was the headliner for the Friday night of the 2008 Cochella Valley Music and Arts Festival.

Johnson spearheaded the Kōkua Festivals (2004–2008 and 2010). Often occurring around Earth Day, the six years of festivals provided support for the Kōkua Hawai'i Foundation, which is a charitable organization supporting environmental education in the schools and communities of Hawaii. Kōkua Festival 2004/2005 was a DVD released by Jack Johnson Music showcasing the early Kōkua Festivals. He participated along with Willie Nelson, Jackson Browne, Dave Matthews, Eddie Vedder, and others in the documentary Kōkua 2008: 5 Years of Change (2009). It was produced by Brushfire and Three Foot Giant Productions and shown on Sundance Channel. On April 17, 2012, preceding his 2012 Hawaiian Islands tour, he released the live Kōkua Festival compilation Best of Kōkua Festival. He produced Animal Liberation Orchestra's fifth studio album, Man of the World, which was released on February 9, 2010. The album also features vocals from Johnson.

2010–2011: To the Sea
On February 1, 2010, Johnson's official website announced that his fifth studio album, To the Sea, was in the recording process at the Mango Tree Studio, with a planned worldwide release during the first week of June 2010. The website also announced an accompanying European, Australian and New Zealand tour to coincide with the album's release on midnight May 31. The first single from To the Sea was "You and Your Heart", released on April 6, 2010.

While speaking with New Zealand radio station ZM, Johnson said that he constantly aiming to build relationships with local pro-environment, non-profit groups. "We try to raise money for a lot of these groups who are doing positive things in the community. We try to focus mostly on environmental education, just trying to get kids out into nature, supporting local farms... " He embarked on a world tour in 2010 with Paula Fuga, a Hawaiian vocalist and ukulele player, performing at a range of venues across the world including Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the U.S., and Japan. On November 1, 2011, Johnson released a stand-alone single called "In The Morning" featuring Paula Fuga and John Cruz.

2012: Hawaiian Islands tour
On February 22, 2012, Johnson with John Cruz and Paula Fuga announced a 7-show acoustic tour of the Hawaiian islands during April. At the Stan Sheriff Center on April 14, 2012, during the Pillars of Peace Hawai'i: Building Peace on a Foundation of Aloha, he performed introductory music before Nobel Peace Laureate Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, gave the speech "Educating the Heart". Better Together was one of several songs Johnson performed.

2013–2018: Bonnaroo, From Here to Now to You, and All the Light Above It Too
Johnson released From Here to Now to You with his band on September 17, 2013. On June 15, 2013, they performed as headliners at the 2013 Bonnaroo in Tennessee. He played two acoustic concerts, one at London's Tabernacle in Notting Hill and the other at New York City's Allen Room at Lincoln Center overlooking Central Park, featuring songs from his upcoming album. The From Here to Now to You Tour ran from March through September 2014.

In February 2017, Johnson announced a U.S. tour beginning in Chicago at the Huntington Bank Pavilion on Northerly Island on June 1 and ending with two Kōkua Hawai'i Foundation benefit concerts at the Waikiki Shell on August 4 & 5. Also, he revealed plans to release an album in the summer 2017. Later, he added a September 10 concert for the 2017 Ohana Fest at Doheny State Beach in Dana Point, California. On September 8, 2017, he released his seventh studio album All the Light Above It Too, and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard chart's "Artist 100." In July 2018, Johnson released his greatest hits album "Jack Johnson: The Essentials" only in Japan.

2019–present: This Warm December, Global Citizen and Meet the Moonlight
In late 2019, Johnson released a single "New Axe", which was featured on the This Warm December Vol. 3 album. He did a "Together at Home" Instagram Live stream concert on March 28, 2020. His concert was the third most watched on the Global Citizen YouTube. He also performed at the "One World: Together at Home" special; a live version of "Better Together" was featured on the One World: Together at Home album. On May 1, 2020, he was featured on Milky Chance's new single "Don't Let Me Down". On September 26, 2020, Johnson performed the opening set at Farm Aid: On the Road.

On December 4, 2020, Johnson released a new single titled "The Captain Is Drunk". On April 16, 2021, he released a song titled "If Ever" with Paula Fuga and Ben Harper. The song appeared on Fuga's new album Rain on Sunday, which is featured on Johnson's record label. On June 24, 2022, Johnson released his eighth studio album, Meet the Moonlight, his first full-length record in five years. It was produced by Blake Mills, engineered by Joseph Lorge, and recorded both in Los Angeles (at Sound City Studios and EastWest Studios) and at The Mango Tree (Johnson's home studio) in Hawaii. The album's lead single is titled "One Step Ahead".

Coinciding with his new album release, Johnson embarked on the Meet the Moonlight Tour with 35 stops at major venues across the United States (including Hawaii) and Canada. He was accompanied by various artists including Grammy Award winner (and personal friend) Ziggy Marley. In November 2021, Johnson toured Australia and New Zealand, his first overseas concerts since 2019.

Personal life
Johnson married his college girlfriend, Kim Baker on July 22, 2000; they have two sons and a daughter. The couple lives on the North Shore of the island of Oahu in Hawaii. In an interview with Johnson, Ann Donahue from Billboard described Johnson's family life by saying "There is often trouble in balancing the life of an artist, environmentalist, and family man, but Johnson seems to have the niche for such a challenge. This time around, he's found a pace that agrees with him... bringing his family along so he can spend mornings with them sightseeing." Jack and Kim declined to talk about or release information about their children.

Charity
In 2008, Johnson and his wife Kim created the Johnson Ohana Charitable Foundation, a non-profit public charity supporting environmental, art, and music education worldwide. Jack and Kim Johnson also founded the Kokua Hawaii Foundation in 2003. Jack and his family work hard every year at festivals and concerts alike, to raise money for causes they feel are most important.

Jack Johnson recorded a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" for the 2007 benefit album Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur, which was also included on the 2009 benefit album Rhythms del Mundo Classics. Rolling Stone wrote: "It is a typically generous move from Johnson, who has used his multi-platinum success to support causes he cares about." Although the Johnson Ohana Charitable Foundation is a non-profit organization which "focuses on environmental, arts and music education", it has raised more than $750,000 from 2009 to 2010 to give away. Johnson was in Osaka, Japan on his To the Sea 2010 World Tour at the time of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in northern Japan. He was in a hotel with his family when it struck. After having to postpone the rest of his tour, he donated $50,000 to GlobalGiving's Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Relief Fund.

Johnson's Ohana Charitable Foundation has supported Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. Johnson decorated a guitar for Little Kids Rock to auction raising funds for its program. On September 22, 2012, he donated his time to play a few songs at Farm Aid 2012 in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Later in 2012, Jack donated $50,000 for Hurricane Sandy relief and added links on his website for others to donate:

After years of touring and surfing along the East Coast, I have made so many great friends. It is heartbreaking to see the images and hear their stories. I just made donations to help recover and relief efforts for Hurricane Sandy. Below is a list of groups you can support. If you can't donate money, you can donate food, supplies or your time. Our East Coast family, friends and neighbors need our help. Aloha – Jack

Discography

 * Brushfire Fairytales (2001)
 * On and On (2003)
 * In Between Dreams (2005)
 * Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George (2006)
 * Sleep Through the Static (2008)
 * To the Sea (2010)
 * From Here to Now to You (2013)
 * All the Light Above It Too (2017)
 * Meet the Moonlight (2022)

title: Jack Johnson (musician)


text:
Society of the Friends of the People

The Society of the Friends of the People was an organisation in Great Britain that was focused on advocating for parliamentary reform. It was founded by the Whig Party in 1792.

The Society in England was aristocratic and exclusive, in contrast to the Friends of the People in Scotland, who increasingly drew on a wider membership. Members wanted parliamentary representatives to reflect the population of Great Britain, which could be achieved by making voting more accessible, by granting more men the right to vote, and by making it possible for a broader variety of men to take part in the government.

The Society disbanded in the mid 1790s as a result of conservative reaction against radical political movements.

Country-party Ideology
During the 18th century, civic humanism became an important political consideration in England. Civic humanism stresses the importance of abandoning personal gain for the common good. It called for a political balance in order to prevent corruption. In England, civic humanism gave rise to the Country Party, which advocated for a less corrupt government that would work for the good of the people and not for the attainment of wealth. The idea of country-party ideology and civic humanism led to the formation of many reformist movements called for parliamentary reform in order to more accurately reflect the will of the people.

Influence of the French Revolution
The end of the 18th century brought political change throughout Europe. Although the French revolution brought about extreme unrest in France, similar ideas were being discussed in Great Britain. The British radicals believed in the idea of the universal rights of man (life, liberty, and property) and democracy. Conservatives wanted to maintain the monarchy and Parliament the way it was. In 1791, Thomas Paine published Rights of Man, which stated that the French Revolution was bringing good change to the political system of France. He also declared that the people of Great Britain should rebel to establish democracy and universal rights for all men in Britain. This paper fueled the radical ideology in Great Britain at the time. It also increased the tension between radicals and conservatives, leading to political uncertainty in Britain.

Corruption in Parliament
In 1780, about 3% of the population of England had the right to elect members of Parliament's House of Commons. Some of the largest cities were completely unrepresented and more than half of the rotten boroughs were so small as to attract widespread vote buying.

Friends of the People in England
On 11 April 1792, a group of reformist Whigs started the Society of the Friends of the People, a group dedicated to parliamentary reform. To gain membership, a prospective member must be proposed by two current members and approved by 90% of the members. Members paid dues of two and a half guineas per year, unless they joined with the intent to start a similar organisation elsewhere, in which case they paid only one. The group met on the first Friday of each month. Notable members and supporters include Reverend Christopher Wyvill, Sir Philip Francis, and George Tierney.

Beliefs and Publications
The Society wanted to extend the right of freedom of election to a larger group of men. They also wanted more equal representation in the House of Commons, and they wanted to shorten the maximum interval allowed by law between any two successive elections of members of the House of Commons In 1794, Sir Philip Francis stated in a meeting that the society should support extending the right to vote in elections of the House of Commons to any male adult who was not a convicted criminal or "lunatic".

Address to the People of Great Britain
The Address to the People of Great Britain was written in 1792 by Reverend Christopher Wyvill. The Society feared being potentially linked to radical political movements like those in France or to radical English groups like the London Corresponding Society and the Society for Constitutional Information. As a result, this address denied any association with the political reforms happening in France. They felt that the French reformists were trying to create a new type of government, while the Society was trying to make the current English government the way it was supposed to be. They also stated that their methods were reasonable and moderate in comparison. While the French had found hope in the government and resorted to violence as a means of bringing change, the Society was focused more on moderate reform through intellectual communication.

The Report on the State of Representation
The State of the Representation of England and Wales was delivered to the Society on 9 February 1793. This pointed out the unfair manner in which Parliament representatives were chosen and conducted business, and it called for change of these issues. They found that members of parliament were chosen by a minuscule portion of the population, meaning they were not truly representatives for the entire people of England. The number of members were also not assigned to counties in a way that represented the population of England. They found that the right to vote was also limited to a small population, property owning men of a certain income who met religious and other requirements. The Society felt some restrictions should be lifted, allowing the voting population to be more reflective of the actual population. Similarly, they thought that the elections were held in a manner that inconvenienced many people, making it hard for some to vote. Voters often had to travel a great distance to be able to vote, which further dwindles the number of people voting. Also, although candidates theoretically only needed 300 pounds a year to qualify, the operation was set up in such a way to prevent anyone who did not own thousands of pounds from being a candidate. They also found that although Parliament was supposed to last no longer than three years, Parliament itself decided that in 1715, they could hold their seats for seven. The society felt that this duration should return to three, as laid down by law. The Society wanted all of these grievances to spark reform in the way Parliament was elected and operated. The report was given by George Tierney, and would later be used by groups looking for evidence proving the corruption of Parliament.

Whig Party Influence
The membership included 3 Whig Peers and 28 Whig Members of Parliaments, one being Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Charles James Fox was not a member, and it is argued that the society excluded him to separate themselves from the Whig party, with their only goal being the elimination of corrupt election practices. Fox stated that he did not wish to discourage the enthusiasts pressing for "more equal representation of the people in Parliament" and voted for Grey's motion in Parliament which was defeated by 284 votes to 41 in May 1793.

The Friends of the People caused divisions inside the Whigs. On 4 June 1792 John Cartwright (a Friends of the People member) made a speech praising Thomas Paine's book, The Rights of Man. Four Whig MPs resigned from the Whig group in parliament.

William Pitt's Reign of Terror
The Revolution in France sparked fear in the leaders of other European countries. They saw reformists and radicals as having the potential to completely overturn the government and destroy the nation. As a result, William Pitt, the British Prime Minister at the time, wanted to destroy reform in England to avoid an uprising like the French revolution. Instead of using violence to combat reform, he used legislation. He suspended the Habeas Corpus Act in 1794. In 1795, he passed the Seditious Meetings Act and the Treason Act; combined, these prevented any meetings that were "seditious and unlawful" and required that a magistrate be notified if a meeting were to occur that included 50 or more people. The Newspaper Publication Act 1798 required that all printing presses be registered in order to prevent the publication of material that criticised the government.

Spy Infiltration
The Report on Radical and Reform Societies from 1794 was a document stating that the London Corresponding Society and the Society for Constitutional Information were guilty of threatening the constitution of Great Britain through activities and publications that were consistent with radical reformist ideologies. This was discovered because of the infiltration of conservative spies in the societies, which led to the arrests of the leaders.

During this time, the British Government feared the threat of spies in the country. And so, the government created the Aliens Act of 1793, which regulated the number of immigrants who could move into Britain.

Disbandment
Although the Society was still advocating for parliamentary reform in 1794 after the arrests of leaders of similar societies, they disbanded some time after that as a result of the 1795 Acts.

Criticism
Compared to radical groups of the time, the Society was quite moderate. In fact, they were so scared to be associated with the radical movements of the time that they rarely said anything specific at all. Instead of calling for drastic reform, they focused on listing grievances. As a result, their intentions seemed ambiguous. Francis himself stated that the Society delayed in making it clear what its intentions and feelings were about reform.

Reform Act 1832
Forty years after the Society of the Friends of the People was formed, the Reform Act 1832 helped establish the parliamentary reform that the Society had called for. It removed representation from 56 rotten boroughs and lowered representation in areas with lower population from two to one. It also created 67 new boroughs so areas with larger populations had representation in Parliament. It also allowed a wider range of men to vote by loosening the property and tax qualifications to the right to vote.

Friends of the People in Scotland
In Scotland The Friends of the People Society in Edinburgh was founded in July 1792 with lower subscription rates than the English Society, attracting a wider membership which made it more like the London Corresponding Society. It soon had imitators in towns and villages throughout Scotland.

The rank and file were usually described as "shopkeepers and artisans", and included most prominently weavers as well as tailors, cobblers, brewers, bakers, tanners, butchers and hairdressers. The membership generally did not include general labourers, agricultural workers, colliers, spinners, foundrymen, masons and the like. The government feared such wider support and outbreaks of rioting in many places in the summer and autumn of 1792 were officially attributed to "an almost universal spirit of reform and opposition to the established government and legal administrators which has wonderfully diffused through the manufacturing towns", but most of the riots were due to other grievances such as an unpopular turnpike, the Corn laws and the Enclosures. Radical demonstrations were evident, not just in the larger towns such as Perth and Dundee but also in smaller towns such as Auchtermuchty, at each of which a "Tree of Liberty" was erected and there were cries of "Liberty and Equality", but the Friends of the People unhesitatingly condemned these disturbances and threatened to expel from their membership anyone joining the rioters.

Between December 1792 and October 1793 held three "general conventions" of the Societies, the last being open to English delegates. Each convention and its aftermath increasingly frightened the upper middle classes away from the reform movement.

The first convention in December 1792 was well patronised by some of the Edinburgh Advocates, by Lord Daer and by Lieutenant Colonel Dalrymple of Fordell, and given literary backing by the Member of Parliament for Inverness, Colonel Macleod. The effective leader at the radical faction at this convention was the eloquent Glasgow lawyer Thomas Muir who was subsequently sentenced by Lord Braxfield to fourteen years' transportation to the convict settlement at Botany Bay, Australia. In the second convention a similar rôle was played by the Unitarian minister Thomas Fyshe Palmer from Dundee who suffered a similar fate. The third convention was totally deserted by the lawyers, attended by Lord Daer for a few days only, and publicly renounced by Colonel Macleod.

The third "general convention" in October 1793 was held in Edinburgh and called a British Convention, with delegates from some of the English corresponding societies attending. The leaders of the convention were Joseph Gerrald and Maurice Margarot, representatives from the London Corresponding Society. The convention issued a manifesto demanding universal male suffrage with annual elections and expressing their support for the principles of the French Revolution. The convention was then broken up by the authorities and a number of men were arrested and tried for sedition, with Gerrald and Margarot being sentenced to fourteen years' transportation along with Muir.

title: Society of the Friends of the People