text:
Race card

"Playing the race card" is an idiomatic phrase that refers to the exploitation by someone of either racist or anti-racist attitudes in the audience in order to gain an advantage. It constitutes an accusation of bad faith directed at the person or persons raising concerns as regards racism. Critics of the term argue that it has been utilized to silence public discourse around racial disparities and undermine anti-racist initiatives.

Usage
The phrase is generally used by people to allege that someone has deliberately and falsely accused another person or group of people of being a racist in order to gain some sort of advantage. An example of this use of the term occurred during the O. J. Simpson murder case, when critics accused the defense of "playing the race card", in presenting Mark Fuhrman's past as reasons to draw his credibility as a witness into question.

The Republican Southern Strategy has been characterised as an early example of exploiting racist sentiments for political mobilization and exaggerating the threat of the civil rights movement. Consequently, this strategy facilitated the transformation of the Southern states from a Democratic to Republican political stronghold.

Stanford Law School professor Richard Thompson Ford has argued that the race card can be played independently of the person making the claim, or the race in question. An example cited was the Hillary Clinton campaign's assertion that Barack Obama won the 2008 Democratic primary in South Carolina owing to the disproportionate number of black registered Democrats in the state, implying more racism in the general population.

George Dei, et al., in the book Playing the Race Card, argue that the term itself is a rhetorical device used in an effort to devalue and minimize claims of racism.

Other uses
The phrase has been used to describe racist mobilisations by politicians, as for example with the campaign to elect Peter Griffiths, the Conservative Party candidate for Smethwick in the 1964 UK general election. However, the term was only applied to describe this situation in the 1980s.

Malaysian politics
In February 2008, Group Chief Editor Wong Chun Wai of The Star wrote, just before the Malaysia general election came, there is an unusual degree of tolerance and flexibility in matters of race, language and religion as politicians try to woo the people. "Also, there are those who still continue to play the race card, in this age and time. At their party conferences each year, they play to the gallery by projecting themselves as the communal heroes. But during the general election, they shamelessly become the true Malaysian leaders we dream of. They greet their voters in Malay, English, Mandarin and Tamil; and if they can speak all these languages fluently, they would do so."

In August 2006, the Singapore Institute of International Affairs wrote that Malaysia politician Khairy Jamaluddin "played the race card" by stirring up the Malays and the Chinese Malaysian community. Responding to criticisms and demands for an apology, Khairy said his remarks were misunderstood and he "will not apologize" as he was acting only "in defense of the Malays and his party" and that "if we truly fight for our race, one should not apologize".

title: Race card


text:
User:Valoem/Poker probability (Texas hold 'em)

In poker, the probability of many events can be determined by direct calculation. This article discusses computing probabilities for many commonly occurring events in the game of Texas hold 'em and provides some probabilities and odds for specific situations. In most cases, the probabilities and odds are approximations due to rounding.

When calculating probabilities for a card game such as Texas Hold 'em, there are two basic approaches. The first approach is to determine the number of outcomes that satisfy the condition being evaluated and divide this by the total number of possible outcomes. For example, there are six outcomes (ignoring order) for being dealt a pair of aces in Hold 'em: ,, , , and . There are 52 ways to pick the first card and 51 ways to pick the second card and two ways to order the two cards yielding $$\tfrac{52 \times 51}{2} = 1326$$ possible outcomes when being dealt two cards (also ignoring order). This gives a probability of being dealt two aces of $$\begin{matrix} \frac{6}{1326} = \frac{1}{221} \end{matrix}$$.

The second approach is to use conditional probabilities, or in more complex situations, a decision tree. There are 4 ways to be dealt an ace out of 52 choices for the first card resulting in a probability of $$\begin{matrix} \frac{4}{52} = \frac{1}{13} \end{matrix}.$$ There are 3 ways of getting dealt an ace out of 51 choices on the second card after being dealt an ace on the first card for a probability of $$\begin{matrix} \frac{3}{51} = \frac{1}{17} \end{matrix}.$$ This value is the conditional probability that second card dealt is an ace given the condition that the first card dealt is no other card than one of the other aces. The joint probability of being dealt two aces is the product of the two probabilities: $$\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{13} \times \frac{1}{17} = \frac{1}{221} \end{matrix}.$$ This article uses both of these approaches.

The odds presented in this article use the notation x : 1 which translates to x to 1 odds against the event happening. The odds are calculated from the probability p of the event happening using the formula: odds = [(1 − p) ÷ p] : 1, or odds = [(1 ÷ p) − 1] : 1. Another way of expressing the odds x : 1 is to state that there is a 1 in x+1 chance of the event occurring or the probability of the event occurring is 1/(x+1). So for example, the odds of a roll of a fair six-sided die coming up three is 5 : 1 against because there are 5 chances for a number other than three and 1 chance for a three; alternatively, this could be described as a 1 in 6 chance or $$\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{6}\end{matrix}$$ probability of a three being rolled because the three is 1 of 6 equally-likely possible outcomes.

Single hand
The probability of being dealt various starting hands can be explicitly calculated. In Texas Hold 'em, a player is dealt two down (or hole or pocket) cards. The first card can be any one of 52 playing cards in the deck and the second card can be any one of the 51 remaining cards. This gives 52 × 51 ÷ 2 = 1,326 possible starting hand combinations. Since the order in which you receive the first two cards is not significant, the 2,652 permutations are divided by the 2 ways of ordering two cards. Alternatively, the number of possible starting hands is represented as the binomial coefficient

 * $${52 \choose 2} = 1,326$$

which is the number of possible combinations of choosing 2 cards from a deck of 52 playing cards.

The 1,326 starting hands can be reduced for purposes of determining the probability of starting hands for Hold 'em—since suits have no relative value in poker, many of these hands are identical in value before the flop. The only factors determining the strength of a starting hand are the ranks of the cards and whether the cards share the same suit. Of the 1,326 combinations, there are 169 distinct starting hands grouped into three shapes: 13 pocket pairs (paired hole cards), 13 × 12 ÷ 2 = 78 suited hands and 78 unsuited hands; 13 + 78 + 78 = 169. The relative probability of being dealt a hand of each given shape is different. The following shows the probabilities and odds of being dealt each type of starting hand.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! rowspan=2 | Hand shape ! rowspan=2 | Number of hands ! rowspan=2 | Suit combinations for each hand ! rowspan=2 | Combinations ! colspan=2 | Dealt specific hand ! colspan=2 | Dealt any hand ! Probability !! Odds !! Probability !! Odds
 * Pocket pair || align=center | 13
 * $${4 \choose 2} = 6$$
 * 13 × 6 = 78
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{6}{1326} \approx 0.00452 \end{matrix}$$ || 220 : 1
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{78}{1326}=\frac{3}{51} \approx 0.0588 \end{matrix}$$ || align=right| 16 : 1
 * Suited cards || align=center | 78
 * $${4 \choose 1} = 4$$
 * 78 × 4 = 312
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{4}{1326} \approx 0.00302 \end{matrix}$$ || 330.5 : 1
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{312}{1326}=\frac{12}{51} \approx 0.2353 \end{matrix}$$ || align=right| 3.25 : 1
 * Unsuited cards non paired || align=center | 78
 * $${4 \choose 1}{3 \choose 1} = 12$$
 * 78 × 12 = 936
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{12}{1326} \approx 0.00905 \end{matrix}$$ || 109.5 : 1
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{936}{1326}=\frac{36}{51} \approx 0.7059 \end{matrix}$$ || align=right| 0.417 : 1
 * }
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{12}{1326} \approx 0.00905 \end{matrix}$$ || 109.5 : 1
 * $$\begin{matrix} \frac{936}{1326}=\frac{36}{51} \approx 0.7059 \end{matrix}$$ || align=right| 0.417 : 1
 * }

Here are the probabilities and odds of being dealt various other types of starting hands.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

!Hand                                                    !! Probability            !! Odds
 * AKs (or any specific suited cards)        ||align=center| 0.00302 ||align=right| 330.5 : 1
 * AA (or any specific pair)                 ||align=center| 0.00452 ||align=right| 220 : 1
 * AKs, KQs, QJs, or JTs (suited cards)      ||align=center| 0.0121  ||align=right| 81.9 : 1
 * AK (or any specific non-pair incl. suited) ||align=center| 0.0121 ||align=right| 81.9 : 1
 * AA, KK, or QQ                             ||align=center| 0.0136  ||align=right| 72.7 : 1
 * AA, KK, QQ or JJ                          ||align=center| 0.0181  ||align=right| 54.25 : 1
 * Suited cards, jack or better              ||align=center| 0.0181  ||align=right| 54.25 : 1
 * AA, KK, QQ, JJ, or TT                     ||align=center| 0.0226  ||align=right| 43.2 : 1
 * Suited cards, 10 or better                ||align=center| 0.0302  ||align=right| 32.2 : 1
 * Suited connectors                         ||align=center| 0.0392  ||align=right| 24.5 : 1
 * Connected cards, 10 or better             ||align=center| 0.0483  ||align=right| 19.7 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least queen      ||align=center| 0.0498  ||align=right| 19.1 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least jack       ||align=center| 0.0905  ||align=right| 10.1 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 10         ||align=center| 0.143   ||align=right| 5.98 : 1
 * Connected cards (cards of consecutive rank)||align=center| 0.157  ||align=right| 5.38 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 9          ||align=center| 0.208   ||align=right| 3.81 : 1
 * Not connected nor suited, at least one 2-9 ||align=center| 0.534  ||align=right| 0.873 : 1
 * }
 * Suited connectors                         ||align=center| 0.0392  ||align=right| 24.5 : 1
 * Connected cards, 10 or better             ||align=center| 0.0483  ||align=right| 19.7 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least queen      ||align=center| 0.0498  ||align=right| 19.1 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least jack       ||align=center| 0.0905  ||align=right| 10.1 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 10         ||align=center| 0.143   ||align=right| 5.98 : 1
 * Connected cards (cards of consecutive rank)||align=center| 0.157  ||align=right| 5.38 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 9          ||align=center| 0.208   ||align=right| 3.81 : 1
 * Not connected nor suited, at least one 2-9 ||align=center| 0.534  ||align=right| 0.873 : 1
 * }
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 10         ||align=center| 0.143   ||align=right| 5.98 : 1
 * Connected cards (cards of consecutive rank)||align=center| 0.157  ||align=right| 5.38 : 1
 * Any 2 cards with rank at least 9          ||align=center| 0.208   ||align=right| 3.81 : 1
 * Not connected nor suited, at least one 2-9 ||align=center| 0.534  ||align=right| 0.873 : 1
 * }
 * Not connected nor suited, at least one 2-9 ||align=center| 0.534  ||align=right| 0.873 : 1
 * }
 * }

Starting hands heads up
For any given starting hand, there are 50 × 49 ÷ 2 = 1,225 hands that an opponent can have before the flop. (After the flop, the number of possible hands an opponent can have is reduced by the three community cards revealed on the flop to 47 × 46 ÷ 2 = 1,081 hands.) Therefore, there are

 * $${52 \choose 2}{50 \choose 2} \div 2 = 812,175$$

possible head-to-head match ups in Hold 'em. (The total number of match ups is divided by the two ways that two hands can be distributed between two players to give the number of unique match ups.) However, since there are only 169 distinct starting hands, there are 169 × 1,225 = 207,025 distinct head-to-head match ups.

It is useful to know how two starting hands compete against each other heads up before the flop. In other words, we assume that neither hand will fold, and we will see a showdown. This situation occurs quite often in no limit and tournament play. Also, studying these odds helps to demonstrate the concept of hand domination, which is important in all community card games.

This problem is considerably more complicated than determining the frequency of dealt hands. To see why, note that given both hands, there are 48 remaining unseen cards. Out of these 48 cards, we can choose any 5 to make a board. Thus, there are

 * $${48 \choose 5} = 1,712,304$$

possible boards that may fall. In addition to determining the precise number of boards that give a win to each player, we also must take into account boards which split the pot, and split the number of these boards between the players.

The problem is trivial for computers to solve by brute force search; there are many computer programs available that will compute the odds in seconds. A somewhat less trivial exercise is an exhaustive analysis of all of the head-to-head match ups in Texas Hold 'em, which requires evaluating each possible board for each distinct head-to-head match up, or 1,712,304 × 207,025 = 354,489,735,600 (≈354 billion) results.

Head-to-head starting hand matchups
When comparing two starting hands, the head-to-head probability describes the likelihood of one hand beating the other after all of the cards have come out. Head-to-head probabilities vary slightly for each particular distinct starting hand matchup, but the approximate average probabilities, as given by Dan Harrington in Harrington on Hold'em [p. 125], are summarized in the following table.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! align=left| Favorite-to-underdog matchup !! Probability !! Odds for
 * Pair vs. 2 undercards
 * align=center| 0.83 || align=center| 1 : 4.9
 * Pair vs. lower pair
 * align=center| 0.82 || align=center| 1 : 4.5
 * Pair vs. 1 overcard, 1 undercard
 * align=center| 0.71 || align=center| 1 : 2.5
 * 2 overcards vs. 2 undercards
 * align=center| 0.63 || align=center| 1 : 1.7
 * Pair vs. 2 overcards
 * align=center| 0.55 || align=center| 1 : 1.2
 * }
 * align=center| 0.63 || align=center| 1 : 1.7
 * Pair vs. 2 overcards
 * align=center| 0.55 || align=center| 1 : 1.2
 * }
 * }

These odds are general approximations only derived from averaging all of the hand matchups in each category. The actual head-to-head probabilities for any two starting hands vary depending on a number of factors, including:
 * Suited or unsuited starting hands;
 * Shared suits between starting hands;
 * Connectedness of non-pair starting hands;
 * Proximity of card ranks between the starting hands (lowering straight potential);
 * Proximity of card ranks toward A or 2 (lowering straight potential);
 * Possibility of split pot.

For example, vs. is 87.65% to win (0.49% to split), but vs. is 76.81% to win (0.32% to split).

The mathematics for computing all of the possible matchups is simple. However, the computation is tedious to carry out by hand. A computer program can perform a brute force evaluation of the 1,712,304 possible boards for any given pair of starting hands in hundredths of a second.

Starting hands against multiple opponents
When facing two opponents, for any given starting hand the number of possible combinations of hands the opponents can have is

 * $${50 \choose 2}{48 \choose 2} = 1,381,800$$

hands. For calculating probabilities we can ignore the distinction between the two opponents holding and  and the opponents holding  and. The number of ways that hands can be distributed between $$n$$ opponents is $$n!$$ (the factorial of n). So the number of unique hand combinations $$H$$ against two opponents is

 * $$H = {50 \choose 2}{48 \choose 2} \div 2! = 690,900$$

and against three opponents is

 * $$H = {50 \choose 2}{48 \choose 2}{46 \choose 2} \div 3! = 238,360,500$$

and against $$n$$ opponents is

 * $$H = \prod_{k=1}^n {52 - 2k \choose 2} \div n!,$$ or alternatively $$H = {50 \choose 2n} \times (2n-1)!!,$$

where $$(2n-1)!!$$ is the number of ways to distribute $$2n$$ cards between $$n$$ hands of two cards each. [!! is the double factorial operator: (2n-1)!! is not ((2n-1)!)!.] The following table shows the number of hand combinations for up to nine opponents.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Opponents !! Number of possible hand combinations
 * align=center| 1 || 1,225
 * align=center| 2 || 690,900
 * align=center| 3 || 238,360,500
 * align=center| 4 || 56,372,258,250
 * align=center| 5 || ≈9.7073 × 1012 (more than 9 trillion)
 * align=center| 6 || ≈1.2620 × 1015 (more than 1 quadrillion)
 * align=center| 7 || ≈1.2674 × 1017 (more than 126 quadrillion)
 * align=center| 8 || ≈9.9804 × 1018 (almost 10 quintillion)
 * align=center| 9 || ≈6.2211 × 1020 (more than 622 quintillion)
 * }
 * align=center| 6 || ≈1.2620 × 1015 (more than 1 quadrillion)
 * align=center| 7 || ≈1.2674 × 1017 (more than 126 quadrillion)
 * align=center| 8 || ≈9.9804 × 1018 (almost 10 quintillion)
 * align=center| 9 || ≈6.2211 × 1020 (more than 622 quintillion)
 * }
 * align=center| 8 || ≈9.9804 × 1018 (almost 10 quintillion)
 * align=center| 9 || ≈6.2211 × 1020 (more than 622 quintillion)
 * }
 * }

An exhaustive analysis of all of the match ups in Texas Hold 'em of a player against nine opponents requires evaluating each possible board for each distinct starting hand against each possible combination of hands held by nine opponents, which is

 * $$169 \times {50 \choose 18} \times 17!! \times {32 \choose 5} \approx 2.117 \times 10^{28}$$ (more than 21 octillion).

If you were able to evaluate one trillion (1012) combinations every second, it would take over 670 million years to evaluate all of the hand/board combinations. While it is possible to significantly reduce the total number of combinations by pruning combinations with identical properties, the total number of situations is still well beyond the number that can be evaluated by brute force. For this reason, most computer programs compute probabilities and expected values for Hold 'em poker hands against multiple opponents by simulating the play of thousands or even millions of hands to determine statistical probabilities.

Dominated hands
When evaluating a hand before the flop, it is useful to have some idea of how likely the hand is dominated. A dominated hand is a hand that is beaten by another hand (the dominant hand) and is unlikely to win against it. Often the dominated hand has only a single card rank that can improve the dominated hand to beat the dominant hand (not counting straights and flushes). For example, KJ is dominated by KQ—both hands share the king, and the queen kicker is beating the jack kicker. Barring a straight or flush, the KJ will need a jack on the board to improve against the KQ (and would still be losing if a queen appears on the board along with the jack). A pocket pair is dominated by a pocket pair of higher rank.

Pocket pairs
Barring a straight or flush, a pocket pair needs to make three of a kind to beat a higher pocket pair. See the section "After the flop" for the odds of a pocket pair improving to three of a kind.

To calculate the probability that another player has a higher pocket pair, first consider the case against a single opponent. The probability that a single opponent has a higher pair can be stated as the probability that the first card dealt to the opponent is a higher rank than the pocket pair and the second card is the same rank as the first. Where $$r$$ is the rank of the pocket pair (assigning values from 2–10 and J–A = 11–14), there are (14 − r) × 4 cards of higher rank. Subtracting the two cards for the pocket pair leaves 50 cards in the deck. After the first card is dealt to the player there are 49 cards left, 3 of which are the same rank as the first. So the probability $$P$$ of a single opponent being dealt a higher pocket pair is

\begin{align} P & = \frac{(14 - r) \times 4}{50} \times \frac{3}{49}\\ & = \frac{84 - 6r}{1225}.\\ \end{align} $$

The following approach extends this equation to calculate the probability that one or more other players has a higher pocket pair.

 * 1) Multiply the base probability for a single player for a given rank of pocket pairs by the number of opponents in the hand;
 * 2) Subtract the adjusted probability that more than one opponent has a higher pocket pair. (This is necessary because this probability effectively gets added to the calculation multiple times when multiplying the single player result.)

Where $$n$$ is the number of other players still in the hand and $$P_{ma}$$ is the adjusted probability that multiple opponents have higher pocket pairs, then the probability that at least one of them has a higher pocket pair is

 * $$P = \left(\frac{84 - 6r}{1225}\right) \times n - P_{ma}= \frac{n(84-6r)-1,225P_{ma}}{1,225}.$$

The calculation for $$P_{ma}$$ depends on the rank of the player's pocket pair, but can be generalized as

 * $$P_{ma} = P_2 + 2P_3 + \cdots + (n-1)P_n,$$

where $$P_2$$ is the probability that exactly two players have a higher pair, $$P_3$$ is the probability that exactly three players have a higher pair, etc. As a practical matter, even with pocket 2s against 9 opponents, $$P_4 < 0.0015$$ and $$P_5 < 0.00009$$, so just calculating $$P_2$$ and $$P_3$$ gives an adequately precise result.

The following table shows the probability that before the flop another player has a larger pocket pair when there are one to nine other players in the hand.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Probability of facing a larger pair when holding ! Against 1 !! Against 2 !! Against 3 !! Against 4 !! Against 5 !! Against 6 !! Against 7 !! Against 8 !! Against 9
 * - align=center
 * KK || 0.0049 || 0.0098 || 0.0147 || 0.0196 || 0.0244 || 0.0293 || 0.0342 || 0.0391 || 0.0439
 * - align=center
 * QQ || 0.0098 || 0.0195 || 0.0292 || 0.0388 || 0.0484 || 0.0579 || 0.0673 || 0.0766 || 0.0859
 * - align=center
 * JJ || 0.0147 || 0.0292 || 0.0436 || 0.0577 || 0.0717 || 0.0856 || 0.0992 || 0.1127 || 0.1259
 * - align=center
 * TT || 0.0196 || 0.0389 || 0.0578 || 0.0764 || 0.0946 || 0.1124 || 0.1299 || 0.1470 || 0.1637
 * - align=center
 * 99 || 0.0245 || 0.0484 || 0.0718 || 0.0946 || 0.1168 || 0.1384 || 0.1593 || 0.1795 || 0.1990
 * - align=center
 * 88 || 0.0294 || 0.0580 || 0.0857 || 0.1125 || 0.1384 || 0.1634 || 0.1873 || 0.2101 || 0.2318
 * - align=center
 * 77 || 0.0343 || 0.0674 || 0.0994 || 0.1301 || 0.1595 || 0.1874 || 0.2138 || 0.2387 || 0.2619
 * - align=center
 * 66 || 0.0392 || 0.0769 || 0.1130 || 0.1473 || 0.1799 || 0.2104 || 0.2389 || 0.2651 || 0.2890
 * - align=center
 * 55 || 0.0441 || 0.0862 || 0.1263 || 0.1642 || 0.1996 || 0.2324 || 0.2623 || 0.2892 || 0.3129
 * - align=center
 * 44 || 0.0490 || 0.0956 || 0.1395 || 0.1806 || 0.2186 || 0.2532 || 0.2841 || 0.3109 || 0.3334
 * - align=center
 * 33 || 0.0539 || 0.1048 || 0.1526 || 0.1967 || 0.2370 || 0.2729 || 0.3040 || 0.3300 || 0.3503
 * - align=center
 * 22 || 0.0588 || 0.1141 || 0.1654 || 0.2124 || 0.2546 || 0.2914 || 0.3222 || 0.3464 || 0.3633
 * }

The following table gives the probability that a hand is facing two or more larger pairs before the flop. From the previous equations, the probability $$P_m$$ is computed as

 * $$P_m = P_2 + P_3 + \cdots + P_n.$$

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Probability of facing multiple larger pairs when holding ! Against 2 !! Against 3 !! Against 4 !! Against 5 !! Against 6 !! Against 7 !! Against 8 !! Against 9
 * - align=center
 * KK ||< 0.00001|| 0.00001 || 0.00003 || 0.00004 || 0.00007 || 0.00009 || 0.00012 || 0.00016
 * - align=center
 * QQ || 0.00006 || 0.00018 || 0.00037 || 0.00061 || 0.00091 || 0.00128 || 0.00171 || 0.00220
 * - align=center
 * JJ || 0.00017 || 0.00051 || 0.00102 || 0.00171 || 0.00257 || 0.00360 || 0.00482 || 0.00621
 * - align=center
 * TT || 0.00033 || 0.00099 || 0.00200 || 0.00335 || 0.00504 || 0.00709 || 0.00950 || 0.01226
 * - align=center
 * 99 || 0.00054 || 0.00164 || 0.00330 || 0.00553 || 0.00836 || 0.01177 || 0.01580 || 0.02045
 * - align=center
 * 88 || 0.00081 || 0.00244 || 0.00493 || 0.00828 || 0.01253 || 0.01769 || 0.02378 || 0.03084
 * - align=center
 * 77 || 0.00112 || 0.00341 || 0.00689 || 0.01160 || 0.01758 || 0.02487 || 0.03351 || 0.04353
 * - align=center
 * 66 || 0.00149 || 0.00454 || 0.00918 || 0.01550 || 0.02353 || 0.03335 || 0.04503 || 0.05861
 * - align=center
 * 55 || 0.00191 || 0.00583 || 0.01182 || 0.01998 || 0.03040 || 0.04318 || 0.05840 || 0.07619
 * - align=center
 * 44 || 0.00239 || 0.00728 || 0.01480 || 0.02506 || 0.03821 || 0.05438 || 0.07371 || 0.09635
 * - align=center
 * 33 || 0.00291 || 0.00890 || 0.01812 || 0.03075 || 0.04698 || 0.06699 || 0.09099 || 0.11919
 * - align=center
 * 22 || 0.00349 || 0.01068 || 0.02180 || 0.03706 || 0.05673 || 0.08107 || 0.11034 || 0.14484
 * }

From a practical perspective, however, the odds of out drawing a single pocket pair or multiple pocket pairs are not much different. In both cases the large majority of winning hands require one of the remaining two cards needed to make three of a kind. The real difference against multiple overpairs becomes the increased probability that one of the overpairs will also make three of a kind.

Hands with one ace
When holding a single ace (referred to as Ax), it is useful to know how likely it is that another player has a better ace—an ace with a higher second card, since a weaker ace is dominated by a better ace. The probability that a single opponent has a better ace is the probability that he has either AA or Ax where x is a rank other than ace that is higher than the player's second card. When holding Ax, the probability that a chosen single player has AA is $$\begin{matrix} \frac{3}{50} \times \frac{2}{49} \approx 0.00245 \end{matrix}$$. In the case of a table with $$n$$ opponents, the probability of one of them holding AA is $$(1-(1-0.00245)^n)$$. If the player is holding Ax against 9 opponents, there is a probability of approximately 0.0218 that one opponent has AA.

Where $$x$$ is the rank 2–K of the second card (assigning values from 2–10 and J–K = 11–13) the probability that a single opponent has a better ace is calculated by the formula

\begin{align} P & = \left(\frac{3}{50} \times \frac{2}{49}\right) + \left(\frac{3}{50} \times \frac{(13 - x) \times 4}{49} \times 2\right)\\ & = \frac{3}{1225} + \frac{12 \times (13 - x)}{1225}\\ & = \frac{159 - 12x}{1225}.\\ \end{align} $$

The probability $$\begin{matrix} \frac{3}{50} \times \frac{(13 - x) \times 4}{49} \end{matrix}$$ of a player having Ay, where y is a rank such that x < y <= K, is multiplied by the two ways to order the cards A and y in the hand.

The following table shows the probability that before the flop another player has an ace with a larger kicker in the hand.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Probability of facing an ace with larger kicker when holding ! Against 1 !! Against 2 !! Against 3 !! Against 4 !! Against 5 !! Against 6 !! Against 7 !! Against 8 !! Against 9
 * - align = center
 * AK || 0.00245 || 0.00489 || 0.00733 || 0.00976 || 0.01219 || 0.01460 || 0.01702 || 0.01942 || 0.02183
 * - align = center
 * AQ || 0.01224 || 0.02434 || 0.03629 || 0.04809 || 0.05974 || 0.07126 || 0.08263 || 0.09386 || 0.10496
 * - align = center
 * AJ || 0.02204 || 0.04360 || 0.06468 || 0.08529 || 0.10545 || 0.12517 || 0.14445 || 0.16331 || 0.18175
 * - align = center
 * AT || 0.03184 || 0.06266 || 0.09250 || 0.12139 || 0.14937 || 0.17645 || 0.20267 || 0.22805 || 0.25263
 * - align = center
 * A9 || 0.04163 || 0.08153 || 0.11977 || 0.15642 || 0.19154 || 0.22520 || 0.25745 || 0.28837 || 0.31799
 * - align = center
 * A8 || 0.05143 || 0.10021 || 0.14649 || 0.19038 || 0.23202 || 0.27152 || 0.30898 || 0.34452 || 0.37823
 * - align = center
 * A7 || 0.06122 || 0.11870 || 0.17266 || 0.22331 || 0.27086 || 0.31550 || 0.35741 || 0.39675 || 0.43369
 * - align = center
 * A6 || 0.07102 || 0.13700 || 0.19829 || 0.25523 || 0.30812 || 0.35726 || 0.40291 || 0.44531 || 0.48471
 * - align = center
 * A5 || 0.08082 || 0.15510 || 0.22338 || 0.28615 || 0.34384 || 0.39687 || 0.44561 || 0.49041 || 0.53160
 * - align = center
 * A4 || 0.09061 || 0.17301 || 0.24795 || 0.31609 || 0.37806 || 0.43442 || 0.48567 || 0.53227 || 0.57465
 * - align = center
 * A3 || 0.10041 || 0.19073 || 0.27199 || 0.34509 || 0.41085 || 0.47000 || 0.52322 || 0.57109 || 0.61416
 * - align = center
 * A2 || 0.11020 || 0.20826 || 0.29552 || 0.37315 || 0.44223 || 0.50370 || 0.55840 || 0.60706 || 0.65037
 * }

The flop
The value of a starting hand can change dramatically after the flop. Regardless of initial strength, any hand can flop the nuts—for example, if the flop comes with three s, any hand holding the fourth has the nuts. Conversely, the flop can undermine the perceived strength of any hand—a player holding would not be happy to see  on the flop because of the straight and flush possibilities.

There are

 * $${50 \choose 3} = 19,600$$

possible flops for any given starting hand. By the turn the total number of combinations has increased to

 * $${50 \choose 4} = 230,300$$

and on the river there are

 * $${50 \choose 5} = 2,118,760$$

possible boards to go with the hand.

The following are some general probabilities about what can occur on the board. These assume a "random" starting hand for the player.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! rowspan=2 | Board consisting of ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | Making on flop ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | Making by turn ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | Making by river ! Prob. !! Odds  !! Prob. !! Odds  !! Prob. !!  Odds
 * - style="Background: #eee"
 * Three or more of same suit (other suit can have two)
 * align=center| 0.05177 ||align=right| 18.3 : 1
 * align=center| 0.17537 ||align=right| 4.70 : 1
 * align=center| 0.37107 ||align=right| 1.69 : 1
 * Four or more of same suit
 * align=center| 0.01056 ||align=right| 93.7 : 1
 * align=center| 0.04490 ||align=right| 21.3 : 1
 * Rainbow flop (all different suits)
 * align=center| 0.39765 ||align=right| 1.51 : 1
 * align=center| 0.10550 ||align=right| 8.48 : 1
 * Three cards of consecutive rank (but not four consecutive)
 * align=center| 0.03475 ||align=right| 27.8 : 1
 * align=center| 0.10544 ||align=right| 8.48 : 1
 * align=center| 0.19910 ||align=right| 4.02 : 1
 * Four cards to a straight (but not five)
 * align=center| 0.01040 ||align=right| 95.1 : 1
 * align=center| 0.03763 ||align=right| 25.6 : 1
 * Three or more cards of consecutive rank and same suit
 * align=center| 0.00217 ||align=right| 459 : 1
 * align=center| 0.00675 ||align=right| 147 : 1
 * align=center| 0.01305 ||align=right| 75.6 : 1
 * Three of a kind (but not a full house or four of a kind)
 * align=center| 0.00235 ||align=right| 424 : 1
 * align=center| 0.00922 ||align=right| 107 : 1
 * align=center| 0.02113 ||align=right| 46.3 : 1
 * A pair (but not two pair or three or four of a kind)
 * align=center| 0.16941 ||align=right| 4.90 : 1
 * align=center| 0.30425 ||align=right| 2.29 : 1
 * align=center| 0.42257 ||align=right| 1.37 : 1
 * Two pair (but not a full house)
 * align=center| 0.01037 ||align=right| 96.4 : 1
 * align=center| 0.04754 ||align=right| 20.0 : 1
 * }
 * align=center| 0.00922 ||align=right| 107 : 1
 * align=center| 0.02113 ||align=right| 46.3 : 1
 * A pair (but not two pair or three or four of a kind)
 * align=center| 0.16941 ||align=right| 4.90 : 1
 * align=center| 0.30425 ||align=right| 2.29 : 1
 * align=center| 0.42257 ||align=right| 1.37 : 1
 * Two pair (but not a full house)
 * align=center| 0.01037 ||align=right| 96.4 : 1
 * align=center| 0.04754 ||align=right| 20.0 : 1
 * }
 * align=center| 0.01037 ||align=right| 96.4 : 1
 * align=center| 0.04754 ||align=right| 20.0 : 1
 * }

One can see from the table above that more than 60% of the flops will have at least two of the same suit.

Flopping overcards when holding a pocket pair
It is also useful to look at the chances different starting hands have of either improving on the flop, or of weakening on the flop. When holding a pocket pair, cards of higher rank than the pair weaken the hand because of the potential that such a card has paired a card in an opponent's hand. The hand gets worse the more such cards there are on the board and the more opponents that are in the hand because the probability that one of the overcards has paired a hole card increases. To calculate the probability of no overcard, take the total number of outcomes without an overcard divided by the total number of outcomes.

Where $$x$$ is the rank 3–K of the pocket pair (assigning values from 3–10 and J–K = 11–13), then the number of overcards is $$\begin{matrix}(14 - x) \times 4\end{matrix}$$ and the number of cards of rank $$x$$ or less is $$\begin{matrix}50 - (14 - x) \times 4 = 4x - 6\end{matrix}$$. The number of outcomes without an overcard is the number of combinations that can be formed with the remaining cards, so the probability $$P$$ of no overcard on the flop is

 * $$P = {(4x - 6) \choose 3} \div {50 \choose 3},$$

and on the turn and river are

 * $$P = {(4x - 6) \choose 4} \div {50 \choose 4}$$ and $$P = {(4x - 6) \choose 5} \div {50 \choose 5},$$ respectively.

The following table gives the probability that no overcards will come on the flop, turn and river, for each of the pocket pairs from 3 to K.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! rowspan=2 | Holding pocket pair ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | No overcard on flop ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | No overcard by turn ! colspan=2 align=center width=150 | No overcard by river !      Prob. !!   Odds    !! Prob. !!    Odds     !! Prob. !! Odds
 * - style="Background: #eee"
 * -align=center
 * KK || 0.7745 ||align=right|  0.29 : 1 || 0.7086 ||align=right|      0.41 : 1 || 0.6470 ||align=right|       0.55 : 1
 * -align=center
 * QQ || 0.5857 ||align=right|  0.71 : 1 || 0.4860 ||align=right|      1.06 : 1 || 0.4015 ||align=right|       1.49 : 1
 * -align=center
 * JJ || 0.4304 ||align=right|  1.32 : 1 || 0.3205 ||align=right|      2.12 : 1 || 0.2369 ||align=right|       3.22 : 1
 * -align=center
 * TT || 0.3053 ||align=right|  2.28 : 1 || 0.2014 ||align=right|      3.97 : 1 || 0.1313 ||align=right|       6.61 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 99 || 0.2071 ||align=right|  3.83 : 1 || 0.1190 ||align=right|      7.40 : 1 || 0.0673 ||align=right|      13.87 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 88 || 0.1327 ||align=right|  6.54 : 1 || 0.0649 ||align=right|     14.40 : 1 || 0.0310 ||align=right|      31.21 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 77 || 0.0786 ||align=right| 11.73 : 1 || 0.0318 ||align=right|     30.48 : 1 || 0.0124 ||align=right|      79.46 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 66 || 0.0416 ||align=right| 23.02 : 1 || 0.0133 ||align=right|     74.26 : 1 || 0.0040 ||align=right|     246.29 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 55 || 0.0186 ||align=right| 52.85 : 1 || 0.0043 ||align=right|    229.07 : 1 || 0.0009 ||align=right|   1,057.32 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 44 || 0.0061 ||align=right| 162.33 : 1 || 0.0009 ||align=right| 1,095.67 : 1 || 0.0001 ||align=right|   8,406.78 : 1
 * -align=center
 * 33 || 0.0010 ||align=right| 979.00 : 1 || 0.0001 ||align=right| 15,352.33 : 1 || 0.0000 ||align=right| 353,125.67 : 1
 * }

Notice that there is a better than 35% probability that an ace will come by the river if holding pocket kings, and with pocket queens, the odds are slightly in favor of an ace or a king coming by the turn, and a full 60% in favor of an overcard to the queen by the river. With pocket jacks, there's only a 43% chance that an overcard will not come on the flop and it is better than 3 : 1 that an overcard will come by the river.

Notice, though, that those probabilities would be lower if we consider that at least one opponent happens to hold one of those overcards.

After the flop – outs
During play—that is, from the flop and onwards—drawing probabilities come down to a question of outs. All situations which have the same number of outs have the same probability of improving to a winning hand over any unimproved hand held by an opponent. For example, an inside straight draw (e.g. 3-4-6-7 missing the 5 for a straight), and a full house draw (e.g. 6-6-K-K drawing for one of the pairs to become three-of-a-kind) are equivalent. Each can be satisfied by four cards—four 5s in the first case, and the other two 6s and other two kings in the second.

The probabilities of drawing these outs are easily calculated. At the flop there remain 47 unseen cards, so the probability is (outs ÷ 47). At the turn there are 46 unseen cards so the probability is (outs ÷ 46). The cumulative probability of making a hand on either the turn or river can be determined as the complement of the odds of not making the hand on the turn and not on the river. The probability of not drawing an out is (47 − outs) ÷ 47 on the turn and (46 − outs) ÷ 46 on the river; taking the complement of these conditional probabilities gives the probability of drawing the out by the river which is calculated by the formula

 * $$P = 1 - \left(\frac{47 - outs}{47} \times \frac{46 - outs}{46}\right) = \frac{93outs-outs^2}{2,162}.$$

For reference, the probability and odds for some of the more common numbers of outs are given here.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! rowspan=2 | Example drawing to ! rowspan=2 | Outs ! colspan=2 width="150" | Make on turn ! colspan=2 width="150" | Make on river ! colspan=2 width="150" | Make on turn or river ! Prob. !! Odds !! Prob. !! Odds !! Prob. !! Odds Inside straight or high pair Inside straight, flush or high pair Open-ended straight, flush or high pair   When drawing to a full house or four of a kind with a pocket pair that has hit a set (three of a kind) on the flop, there are 6 outs to get a full house by pairing the board and one out to make four of a kind. This means that if the turn does not pair the board or make four of a kind, there will be 3 additional outs on the river, for a total of 10, to pair the turn card and make a full house. This makes the probability of drawing to a full house or four of a kind on the turn or river 0.334 and the odds are 1.99 : 1. This makes drawing to a full house or four of a kind by the river about 8½ outs.
 * - style="Background: #eee"
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside straight flush; Four of a kind
 * 1 || 0.0213 || 46.0 : 1 || 0.0217 || 45.0 : 1 || 0.0426 || 22.5 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight flush; Three of a kind
 * 2 || 0.0426 || 22.5 : 1 || 0.0435 || 22.0 : 1 || 0.0842 || 10.9 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| High pair
 * 3 || 0.0638 || 14.7 : 1 || 0.0652 || 14.3 : 1 || 0.1249 || 7.01 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside straight; Full house
 * 4 || 0.0851 || 10.8 : 1 || 0.0870 || 10.5 : 1 || 0.1647 || 5.07 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Three of a kind or two pair
 * 5 || 0.1064 || 8.40 : 1 || 0.1087 || 8.20 : 1 || 0.2035 || 3.91 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Either pair
 * 6 || 0.1277 || 6.83 : 1 || 0.1304 || 6.67 : 1 || 0.2414 || 3.14 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Full house or four of a kind;
 * 7 || 0.1489 || 5.71 : 1 || 0.1522 || 5.57 : 1 || 0.2784 || 2.59 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight
 * 8 || 0.1702 || 4.88 : 1 || 0.1739 || 4.75 : 1 || 0.3145 || 2.18 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Flush
 * 9 || 0.1915 || 4.22 : 1 || 0.1957 || 4.11 : 1 || 0.3497 || 1.86 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside straight or pair
 * 10 || 0.2128 || 3.70 : 1 || 0.2174 || 3.60 : 1 || 0.3839 || 1.60 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight or high pair
 * 11 || 0.2340 || 3.27 : 1 || 0.2391 || 3.18 : 1 || 0.4172 || 1.40 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside straight or flush; Flush or high pair
 * 12 || 0.2553 || 2.92 : 1 || 0.2609 || 2.83 : 1 || 0.4496 || 1.22 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left|
 * 13 || 0.2766 || 2.62 : 1 || 0.2826 || 2.54 : 1 || 0.4810 || 1.08 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight or pair
 * 14 || 0.2979 || 2.36 : 1 || 0.3043 || 2.29 : 1 || 0.5116 || 0.955 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight or flush; Flush or pair;
 * 15 || 0.3191 || 2.13 : 1 || 0.3261 || 2.07 : 1 || 0.5412 || 0.848 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left|
 * 16 || 0.3404 || 1.94 : 1 || 0.3478 || 1.88 : 1 || 0.5698 || 0.755 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left|
 * 17 || 0.3617 || 1.76 : 1 || 0.3696 || 1.71 : 1 || 0.5976 || 0.673 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside straight or flush or pair;
 * 18 || 0.3830 || 1.61 : 1 || 0.3913 || 1.56 : 1 || 0.6244 || 0.601 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left|
 * 19 || 0.4043 || 1.47 : 1 || 0.4130 || 1.42 : 1 || 0.6503 || 0.538 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left|
 * 20 || 0.4255 || 1.35 : 1 || 0.4348 || 1.30 : 1 || 0.6753 || 0.481 : 1
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Open-ended straight, flush or pair
 * 21 || 0.4468 || 1.24 : 1 || 0.4565 || 1.19 : 1 || 0.6994 || 0.430 : 1
 * }

If a player doesn't fold before the river, a hand with at least 14 outs after the flop has a better than 50% chance to catch one of its outs on either the turn or the river. With 20 or more outs, a hand is a better than 2 : 1 favorite to catch at least one out in the two remaining cards.

See the article on pot odds for examples of how these probabilities might be used in gameplay decisions.

Estimating probability of drawing outs - The rule of four and two
Many poker players do not have the mathematical ability to calculate odds in the middle of a poker hand. One solution is to just memorize the odds of drawing outs at the river and turn since these odds are needed frequently for making decisions. Another solution some players use is an easily calculated approximation of the probability for drawing outs, commonly referred to as the "Rule of Four and Two". With two cards to come, the percent chance of hitting x outs is about (x × 4)%. This approximation gives roughly accurate probabilities up to about 12 outs after the flop, with an absolute average error of 0.9%, a maximum absolute error of 3%, a relative average error of 3.5% and a maximum relative error of 6.8%. With one card to come, the percent chance of hitting x is about (x × 2)%. This approximation has a constant relative error of an 8% underestimation, which produces a linearly increasing absolute error of about 1% for each 6 outs.

A slightly more complicated, but significantly more accurate approximation of drawing outs after the flop is to use (x × 4)% for up to 9 outs and (x × 3 + 9)% for 10 or more outs. This approximation has a maximum absolute error of less than 1% for 1 to 19 outs and maximum relative error of less than 5% for 2 to 23 outs. A more accurate approximation for the probability of drawing outs after the turn is (x × 2 + (x × 2) ÷ 10)%. This is easily done by first multiplying x by 2, then rounding the result to the nearest multiple of ten and adding the 10's digit to the first result. For example, 12 outs would be 12 × 2 = 24, 24 rounds to 20, so the approximation is 24 + 2 = 26%. This approximation has a maximum absolute error of less than 0.9% for 1 to 19 outs and a maximum relative error of 3.5% for more than 3 outs. The following shows the approximations and their absolute and relative errors for both methods of approximation.

A better explanation is this:

4 outs x 2 = 8. Then add the '1' (8 rounds UP to 10). 8 + 1 = 9.

8 outs x 2 = 16. Then add the '2' (16 rounds UP to 20). 16 + 2 = 18.

11 outs x 2 = 22. Then add the '2' (22 rounds DOWN to 20). 22 + 2 = 24.

15 outs x 2 = 30. Then add the '3' (30 rounds the SAME to 30). 30 + 3 = 33.

23 outs x 2 = 46. then add the '5'(46 rounds UP to 50). 46 + 5 = 51.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! rowspan=3 | Outs ! colspan=7 width="300" | Make on turn or river ! colspan=7 width="300" | Make on river ! rowspan=2 | Actual ! colspan=3 | (x × 4)% ! colspan=3 | (x × 3 + 9)% ! rowspan=2 | Actual ! colspan=3 | (x × 2)% ! colspan=3 | (x × 2 + (x × 2) ÷ 10)% ! Est. !! Error !! % Error !! Est. !! Error !! % Error !! Est. !! Error !! % Error !! Est. !! Error !! % Error
 * - style="Background: #eee"
 * - style="Background: #eee"
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 1|| 4.2553%|| 4%|| −0.26%|| 6.00%|| 4%||−0.26%||6.00%|| 2.1739%|| 2%||−0.17%||8.00%|| 2%||−0.17%||8.00%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 2|| 8.4181%|| 8%|| −0.42%|| 4.97%|| 8%||−0.42%||4.97%|| 4.3478%|| 4%||−0.35%||8.00%|| 4%||−0.35%||8.00%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 3||12.4884%||12%|| −0.49%|| 3.91%||12%||−0.49%||3.91%|| 6.5217%|| 6%||−0.52%||8.00%|| 7%||+0.48%||7.33%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 4||16.4662%||16%|| −0.47%|| 2.83%||16%||−0.47%||2.83%|| 8.6957%|| 8%||−0.70%||8.00%|| 9%||+0.30%||3.50%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 5||20.3515%||20%|| −0.35%|| 1.73%||20%||−0.35%||1.73%||10.8696%||10%||−0.87%||8.00%||11%||+0.13%||1.20%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 6||24.1443%||24%|| −0.14%|| 0.60%||24%||−0.14%||0.60%||13.0435%||12%||−1.04%||8.00%||13%||−0.04%||0.33%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 7||27.8446%||28%|| +0.16%|| 0.56%||28%||+0.16%||0.56%||15.2174%||14%||−1.22%||8.00%||15%||−0.22%||1.43%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 8||31.4524%||32%|| +0.55%|| 1.74%||32%||+0.55%||1.74%||17.3913%||16%||−1.39%||8.00%||18%||+0.61%||3.50%
 * - align=right
 * align=center| 9||34.9676%||36%|| +1.03%|| 2.95%||36%||+1.03%||2.95%||19.5652%||18%||−1.57%||8.00%||20%||+0.43%||2.22%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|10||38.3904%||40%|| +1.61%|| 4.19%||39%||+0.61%||1.59%||21.7391%||20%||−1.74%||8.00%||22%||+0.26%||1.20%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|11||41.7206%||44%|| +2.28%|| 5.46%||42%||+0.28%||0.67%||23.9130%||22%||−1.91%||8.00%||24%||+0.09%||0.36%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|12||44.9584%||48%|| +3.04%|| 6.77%||45%||+0.04%||0.09%||26.0870%||24%||−2.09%||8.00%||26%||−0.09%||0.33%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|13||48.1036%||52%|| +3.90%|| 8.10%||48%||−0.10%||0.22%||28.2609%||26%||−2.26%||8.00%||29%||+0.74%||2.62%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|14||51.1563%||56%|| +4.84%|| 9.47%||51%||−0.16%||0.31%||30.4348%||28%||−2.43%||8.00%||31%||+0.57%||1.86%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|15||54.1166%||60%|| +5.88%||10.87%||54%||−0.12%||0.22%||32.6087%||30%||−2.61%||8.00%||33%||+0.39%||1.20%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|16||56.9843%||64%|| +7.02%||12.31%||57%||+0.02%||0.03%||34.7826%||32%||−2.78%||8.00%||35%||+0.22%||0.62%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|17||59.7595%||68%|| +8.24%||13.79%||60%||+0.24%||0.40%||36.9565%||34%||−2.96%||8.00%||37%||+0.04%||0.12%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|18||62.4422%||72%|| +9.56%||15.31%||63%||+0.56%||0.89%||39.1304%||36%||−3.13%||8.00%||40%||+0.87%||2.22%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|19||65.0324%||76%||+10.97%||16.86%||66%||+0.97%||1.49%||41.3043%||38%||−3.30%||8.00%||42%||+0.70%||1.68%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|20||67.5301%||80%||+12.47%||18.47%||69%||+1.47%||2.18%||43.4783%||40%||−3.48%||8.00%||44%||+0.52%||1.20%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|21||69.9352%||84%||+14.06%||20.11%||72%||+2.06%||2.95%||45.6522%||42%||−3.65%||8.00%||46%||+0.35%||0.76%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|22||72.2479%||88%||+15.75%||21.80%||75%||+2.75%||3.81%||47.8261%||44%||−3.83%||8.00%||48%||+0.17%||0.36%
 * - align=right
 * align=center|23||74.4681%||92%||+17.53%||23.54%||78%||+3.53%||4.74%||50.0000%||46%||−4.00%||8.00%||51%||+1.00%||2.00%
 * }

Either of these approximations is generally accurate enough to aid in most pot odds calculations.

Runner-runner outs
Some outs for a hand require drawing an out on both the turn and the river—making two consecutive outs is called a runner-runner. Examples would be needing two cards to make a straight, flush, three or four of a kind, or a full house. Runner-runner outs can either draw from a common set of outs or from disjoint sets of outs. Two disjoint outs can either be conditional or independent events.

Common outs
Drawing to a flush is an example of drawing from a common set of outs. Both the turn and river need to be the same suit, so both outs are coming from a common set of outs—the set of remaining cards of the desired suit. After the flop, if $$x$$ is the number of common outs, the probability $$P$$ of drawing runner-runner outs in Texas hold 'em is

 * $$P = \frac{x}{47} \times \frac{x-1}{46}= \frac{x^2-x}{2,162}.$$

Since a flush would have 10 outs, the probability of a runner-runner flush draw is $$\begin{matrix} \frac{10}{47} \times \frac{9}{46} = \frac{90}{2162} \approx \frac{1}{24} \approx 0.04163 \end{matrix}$$. Other examples of runner-runner draws from a common set of outs are drawing to three or four of a kind. When counting outs, it is convenient to convert runner-runner outs to "normal" outs (see "After the flop"). A runner-runner flush draw is about the equivalent of one "normal" out.

The following table shows the probability and odds of making a runner-runner from a common set of outs and the equivalent normal outs.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Likely drawing to  !! Common outs !! Probability !! Odds !! Equivalent outs Inside-only straight flush
 * Four of a kind (with pair)
 * Four of a kind (with pair)
 * align=center| 2 || align=center| 0.00093 || align=right| 1,080 : 1 || align=center| 0.02
 * Three of a kind (with no pair)
 * align=center| 3 || align=center| 0.00278 || align=right|   359 : 1 || align=center| 0.07
 * align=center| 4 || align=center| 0.00556 || align=right|   179 : 1 || align=center| 0.13
 * align=center| 5 || align=center| 0.00925 || align=right|   107 : 1 || align=center| 0.22
 * Two pair or three of a kind (with no pair)
 * align=center| 6 || align=center| 0.01388 || align=right|  71.1 : 1 || align=center| 0.33
 * align=center| 7 || align=center| 0.01943 || align=right|  50.5 : 1 || align=center| 0.46
 * align=center| 8 || align=center| 0.02590 || align=right|  37.6 : 1 || align=center| 0.61
 * align=center| 9 || align=center| 0.03330 || align=right|  29.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.78
 * Flush
 * align=center| 10 || align=center| 0.04163 || align=right| 23.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.98
 * }
 * align=center| 7 || align=center| 0.01943 || align=right|  50.5 : 1 || align=center| 0.46
 * align=center| 8 || align=center| 0.02590 || align=right|  37.6 : 1 || align=center| 0.61
 * align=center| 9 || align=center| 0.03330 || align=right|  29.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.78
 * Flush
 * align=center| 10 || align=center| 0.04163 || align=right| 23.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.98
 * }
 * align=center| 9 || align=center| 0.03330 || align=right|  29.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.78
 * Flush
 * align=center| 10 || align=center| 0.04163 || align=right| 23.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.98
 * }
 * Flush
 * align=center| 10 || align=center| 0.04163 || align=right| 23.0 : 1 || align=center| 0.98
 * }

Disjoint outs
Two outs are disjoint when there are no common cards between the set of cards needed for the first out and the set of cards needed for the second out. The outs are independent of each other if it does not matter which card comes first, and one card appearing does not affect the probability of the other card appearing except by changing the number of remaining cards; an example is drawing two cards to an inside straight. The outs are conditional on each other if the number of outs available for the second card depends on the first card; an example is drawing two cards to an outside straight.

After the flop, if $$x$$ is the number of independent outs for one card and $$y$$ is the number of outs for the second card, then the probability $$P$$ of making the runner-runner is

 * $$P = \frac{x}{47} \times \frac{y}{46} \times 2 = \frac{xy}{1081}.$$

For example, a player holding after the flop  needs a  and either a  or  on the turn and river to make a straight. There are 4 s and 8 s and s, so the probability is $$\begin{matrix}\frac{4 \times 8}{1081} \approx 0.0296\end{matrix}$$.

The probability of making a conditional runner-runner depends on the condition. For example, a player holding after the flop  can make a straight with,  or. The number of outs for the second card is conditional on the first card—a or  (8 cards) on the first card leaves only 4 outs ( or, respectively) for the second card, while a  or  (8 cards) for the first card leaves 8 outs ( { , } or { , }, respectively) for the second card. The probability $$P$$ of a runner-runner straight for this hand is calculated by the equation

 * $$P = \left(\frac{8}{47} \times \frac{4}{46}\right) + \left(\frac{8}{47} \times \frac{8}{46}\right) = \frac{96}{2162} \approx 0.0444$$

The following table shows the probability and odds of making a runner-runner from a disjoint set of outs for common situations and the equivalent normal outs.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Drawing to                              !! Probability !! Odds  !! Equivalent outs
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Outside straight             || 0.04440 ||align=right| 21.5 : 1 || 1.04
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside+outside straight      || 0.02960 ||align=right| 32.8 : 1 || 0.70
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside-only straight         || 0.01480 ||align=right| 66.6 : 1 || 0.35
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Outside straight flush       || 0.00278 ||align=right|  359 : 1 || 0.07
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Inside+outside straight flush || 0.00185 ||align=right| 540 : 1 || 0.04
 * }

The preceding table assumes the following definitions.

 * Outside straight and straight flush
 * Drawing to a sequence of three cards of consecutive rank from 3-4-5 to 10-J-Q where two cards can be added to either end of the sequence to make a straight or straight flush.

 * Inside+outside straight and straight flush
 * Drawing to a straight or straight flush where one required rank can be combined with one of two other ranks to make the hand. This includes sequences like 5-7-8 which requires a 6 plus either a 4 or 9 as well as the sequences J-Q-K, which requires a 10 plus either a 9 or A, and 2-3-4 which requires a 5 plus either an A or 6.

 * Inside-only straight and straight flush
 * Drawing to a straight or straight flush where there are only two ranks that make the hand. This includes hands such as 5-7-9 which requires a 6 and an 8 as well as A-2-3 which requires a 4 and a 5.

Compound outs
The strongest runner-runner probabilities lie with hands that are drawing to multiple hands with different runner-runner combinations. These include hands that can make a straight, flush or straight flush, as well as four of a kind or a full house. Calculating these probabilities requires adding the compound probabilities for the various outs, taking care to account for any shared hands. For example, if $$P_s$$ is the probability of a runner-runner straight, $$P_f$$ is the probability of a runner-runner flush, and $$P_{sf}$$ is the probability of a runner-runner straight flush, then the compound probability $$P$$ of getting one of these hands is

 * $$P = P_s + P_f - P_{sf}.$$

The probability of the straight flush is subtracted from the total because it is already included in both the probability of a straight and the probability of a flush, so it has been added twice and must therefore be subtracted from the compound outs of a straight or flush.

The following table gives the compound probability and odds of making a runner-runner for common situations and the equivalent normal outs.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"

! Drawing to                                                 !! Probability !! Odds  !! Equivalent outs
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Flush, outside straight or straight flush       || 0.08326 ||align=right| 11.0 : 1 || 1.98
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Flush, inside+outside straight or straight flush || 0.06938 ||align=right| 13.4 : 1 || 1.65
 * - align=center
 * align=left| Flush, inside-only straight or straight flush   || 0.05550 ||align=right| 17.0 : 1 || 1.30
 * }

Some hands have even more runner-runner chances to improve. For example, holding the hand after a flop of  there are several runner-runner hands to make at least a straight. The hand can get two cards from the common outs of {J, Q} (5 cards) to make a full house or four of a kind, can get a J (2 cards) plus either a 7 or 10 (6 cards) to make a full house from these independent disjoint outs, and is drawing to the compound outs of a flush, outside straight or straight flush. The hand can also make {7, 7} or {10, 10} (each drawing from 3 common outs) to make a full house, although this will make four of a kind for anyone holding the remaining 7 or 10 or a bigger full house for anyone holding an overpair. Working from the probabilities from the previous tables and equations, the probability $$P$$ of making one of these runner-runner hands is a compound probability

 * $$P = 0.08326 + 0.00925 + \frac{2 \times 6}{1081} + (0.00278 \times 2) \approx 0.1092$$

and odds of 8.16 : 1 for the equivalent of 2.59 normal outs. Almost all of these runner-runners give a winning hand against an opponent who had flopped a straight holding 8, 9, but only some give a winning hand against (this hand makes bigger flushes when a flush is hit) or against  (this hand makes bigger straights when a straight is hit with ). When counting outs, it is necessary to adjust for which outs are likely to give a winning hand—this is where the skill in poker becomes more important than being able to calculate the probabilities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Arkia

Arkia, legally incorporated as Arkia Israeli Airlines Ltd (ארקיע, I will soar, خطوط أركيا), is an Israeli airline. Its head office is on the grounds of Sde Dov Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is Israel's second-largest airline, operating scheduled domestic and international services, as well as charter flights to destinations in Western Europe and across the Mediterranean. Its main base is Ben Gurion Airport, with a hub at the Ramon Airport.

Foundation and early years
Arkia was founded in 1949 as Israel Inland Airlines when it became clear that there was demand for a local airline to connect Tel Aviv with different regions of the then-new state of Israel, especially with Eilat, Israel's important seaport situated on the Gulf of Aqaba. Flights commenced in 1950 with De Havilland DH.89 aircraft, followed by Douglas DC-3s, to inter-connect major towns in Israel from Rosh Pina in the North to the port of Eilat in the South. El Al held a 50% stake in the airline at this time with the Histadrut, Israel's labour federation, being the other shareholder. The airline later adopted the name Eilata Airlines - Aviron, and Arkia Israel Airlines. In its first year of service, Israel Inland Airlines carried 13,485 passengers, using a Curtis Commando.

During the 1950s, the airline continued to grow, upgrading its fleet to the larger DC-3, and operating two flights a day on the Tel Aviv-Eilat route. This allowed Arkia to have annual passenger figures of over 70,000. As Eilat continued to grow during the 1960s, so did the airline, introducing the Handley Page Dart Herald 200 turboprop aircraft to its fleet between 1967 and 1968, enabling Arkia to expand with new routes to Jerusalem, and Sharm-el-Sheikh. A subsidiary, Kanaf Arkia Airline and Aviation Services, was founded when the airline acquired 50% of the stock of Kanaf Airlines and Aviation Services, and, by the end of the 1960s, scheduled flights were in operation across Israel, from Rosh Pinna in the north, to Ofira in the south.

In March 1980, Kanaf Arkia acquired the remaining stock of Arkia and merged the two operators. The airline grew quickly during the 1980s, moving both into the international charter market and airline maintenance.

Development during the 2000s
The airline is now owned by Kanaf-Arkia Airlines (70%) and airline employees (30%). In 2006, the Nakash brothers of Jordache Enterprises bought Knafaim's 70% share.

In February 2007, the Israeli Tourism Ministry awarded Arkia a scheduled operator's licence for flights to Dublin, and Larnaca, a destination dropped by EL AL. In July 2007, it was announced that the airline planned to file for further scheduled carrier status on routes to New York City and Bangkok, currently served under charter status. Furthermore, in early 2008, after the Israeli Tourism Ministry opened up the airline market, the airline applied for scheduled carrier status for routes to Barcelona, Berlin, Moscow, and Paris. The licence for Paris was granted in February 2008, and the airline announced that both economy and business class would be offered on this route. At this time, the airline also announced that it would add two Boeing 737 aircraft to its fleet within two years, as well as four Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft it had on order which were to delivered in 2012. The order for the 787s was moved to a leasing subsidiary owned by MG Aviation and leased to Norwegian Air Shuttle. The order was replaced with an order for 4 A330neo aircraft.

In November 2018, Arkia became the launch customer of the Airbus A321LR when it received its first aircraft of the type. In May 2024, Arkia announced it was wet-leasing a Boeing 737-700 from Ukrainian company SkyUp.

Current aircraft
The Arkia Israel Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft :

Former aircraft
Arkia Israel Airlines has also operated the following aircraft:

Livery
In May 2017 Arkia unveiled a new livery, ahead of the delivery of new aircraft, which consists of a lower-case 'a' on the vertical fin, which also features the striping effect and multicoloured stripes on the aft section and the winglets of each aircraft. The colour of the stripes and logo will vary between each aircraft.

Incidents and accidents

 * On 28 November 2002, Arkia Israel Airlines Flight 582, a Boeing 757-300, was narrowly missed by two anti-aircraft missiles, fired at it shortly after take-off from Moi International Airport in Mombasa, Kenya. The plane continued onward and landed safely in Tel Aviv, Israel. The incident occurred approximately 20 minutes before the Kenyan hotel bombing.

title: Arkia


text:
Buena Park (disambiguation)

Buena Park is a city in Orange County, California, United States.

Buena Park may also refer to:
 * Buena Park station, a commuter rail station in Buena Park, California
 * Buena Park, Chicago, Illinois
 * Buena Park, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Buena Park (disambiguation)