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Jeremy Rifkin

Jeremy Rifkin (born January 26, 1945) is an American economic and social theorist, writer, public speaker, political advisor, and activist. Rifkin is the author of 23 books about the influence of scientific and technological changes on the economy, the workforce, society, and the environment. His most recent books include The Age of Resilience (2022), The Green New Deal (2019), The Zero Marginal Cost Society (2014), The Third Industrial Revolution (2011), The Empathic Civilization (2010), and The European Dream (2004).

Rifkin is the principal architect of the "Third Industrial Revolution" long-term economic sustainability plan to address the triple challenge of the global economic crisis, energy security, and climate change. The Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) was formally endorsed by the European Parliament in 2007.

The Huffington Post reported from Beijing in October 2015 that "Chinese Premier Li Keqiang has not only read Jeremy Rifkin's book, The Third Industrial Revolution, but taken it to heart", he and his colleagues having incorporated ideas from this book into the core of the country's thirteenth Five-Year Plan. According to EurActiv, "Jeremy Rifkin is an American economist and author whose best-selling Third Industrial Revolution arguably provided the blueprint for Germany's transition to a low-carbon economy, and China's strategic acceptance of climate policy."

Rifkin has taught at the Wharton School executive education program at the University of Pennsylvania since 1995, where he instructs CEOs and senior management on making a transition of their business operations into sustainable economies. Rifkin is ranked number 123 in the WorldPost / The Huffington Post 2015 global survey of "The World's Most Influential Voices". He also is listed among the top ten most influential economic thinkers in the survey. Rifkin has lectured before many Fortune 500 companies, and hundreds of governments, civil society organizations, and universities over the past thirty five years.

Rifkin is also the president of the TIR Consulting Group, LLC, in connection with a wide range of industries including renewable energy, power transmission, architecture, construction, information technology (IT), electronics, transport, and logistics. TIR's global economic development team is working with cities, regions, and national governments to develop the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure for a collaborative commons and a third industrial revolution. Currently, TIR is working with the regions of Hauts-de-France in France, the Metropolitan Region of Rotterdam and The Hague, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in the conceptualization, build-out, and scale-up of a smart third industrial revolution infrastructure to transform their economies.

Youth and education
Rifkin was born in Denver, Colorado, to Vivette Ravel Rifkin and Milton Rifkin, a plastic-bag manufacturer. He grew up on the southwest side of Chicago. He was president of the graduating class of 1967 at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received a bachelor of science degree in economics at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. Rifkin was also the recipient of the University of Pennsylvania's General Alumni Association's Award of Merit 1967.

Rifkin was an active member of the peace movement. He attended the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (MA, International Affairs, 1968) where he continued anti-war activities. Later he joined Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA).

1970s
In 1970, Rifkin founded the People's Bicentennial Commission to provide "revolutionary alternatives for the Bicentennial years."

In 1973, Rifkin organized a mass protest against oil companies at the commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Boston Tea Party at Boston Harbor. Thousands joined the protest, as activists dumped empty oil barrels into Boston Harbor. The protest came in the wake of the increase in gasoline prices in the fall of 1973, following the OPEC oil embargo. Later, this was called a "Boston Oil Party" by the press.

On April 17–18 the group camped out at Concord Bridge, Massachusetts to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Minute Men's 1775 fight with the British which marked the beginning of our independence and according to White House documents, attempted to disrupt an appearance by President Gerald R. Ford where he was to lay a wreath at the Minute Man Statue. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0067/7580533.pdf

On July 4, 1976, the People's Bicentennial Commission staged a rally on the Capitol Mall as an alternative to the other Bicentennial celebrations. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0067/1563322.pdf

In 1977, with Ted Howard, he founded the Foundation on Economic Trends (FOET), which is active in both national and international public policy issues related to the environment, the economy, and climate change. FOET examines new trends and their effects on the environment, the economy, culture, and society, and it engages in litigation, public education, coalition building, and grassroots organizing activities to advance their goals. Rifkin became one of the first major critics of the nascent biotechnology industry with the 1977 publication of his book, Who Should Play God?

In 1978, Jeremy Rifkin and Randy Barber co-authored the book The North Will Rise Again: Pensions, Politics, and Power in the 1980s. The book and subsequent activist engagement by the authors with the American Labor Union movement, the financial community, and civil society organizations helped spawn the era of socially responsible investment of public and union pension funds in America. An article on socially responsible investment in the New York University Review of Law and Social Change noted that "the idea of socially responsible investing, long a concern of only special interest groups, achieved widespread attention in 1978 with the publication of Jeremy Rifkin and Randy Barber's The North Will Rise Again." The book helped lay the early groundwork for what later would evolve into the principles of environment, society, and governance (ESG) standards in investments.

1980s
Rifkin's 1980 book, Entropy: A New World View, discusses how the physical concept of entropy applies to nuclear and solar energy, urban decay, military activity, education, agriculture, health, economics, and politics. It was called "A comprehensive worldview" and "an appropriate successor to... Silent Spring, The Closing Circle, The Limits to Growth, and Small Is Beautiful" by the Minneapolis Tribune. Rifkin's work was heavily influenced by the ideas expressed by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen in his 1971 book The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. In Rifkin's 1989 revised edition of Entropy:..., entitled Entropy: Into the Greenhouse World, its "afterword" was written by Georgescu-Roegen.

In 1980, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of granting a patent on the first genetically engineered life form with 5 justices favoring the patent and 4 justices opposed. Jeremy Rifkin's office - The People's Business Commission - provided an amicus curiae brief in support of the US Patent and Trademark Office, arguing that extending patents to genetically-engineered organisms was not covered by US patent law. Speaking on behalf of the majority opinion, Chief Justice Warren Burger referred to the petitioners' briefs as "the gruesome parade of horribles" and argued that "the relevant distinction was not between living and inanimate things, but between products of nature, whether living or not, and human-made inventions". Speaking for the minority opinion, Justice William Brennan argued that "it is the role of Congress, not this court, to broaden or narrow the reach of patent laws" and further suggested that "the composition [the genetically engineered micro-organism] sought to be patented uniquely implicates matters of public concern".

On May 16, 1984, Federal District Judge John J. Sirica issued a ruling halting an experiment that would have involved the "first deliberate release into the environment of organisms altered by gene splicing". The court suit was brought by Jeremy Rifkin, the President of the Washington DC-based Foundation on Economic Trends. The plaintiff argued that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) had violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by failing to undergo an assessment of the potential risks and consequences of releasing the genetically engineered organism into the environment before "giving the testing a green light". The journal Science recorded that the ruling "stunned most observers". In his ruling, Judge Sirica said that Rifkin and his legal counsel "had made a satisfactory showing that they are likely to succeed" in their lawsuit. In the meantime, Science reported that Judge Sirica told NIH "not to approve any more experiments by academic researchers involving release of modified organisms". The court ruling was credited with beginning the process of regulating the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment in the United States and around the world.

In 1989, Rifkin brought together climate scientists and environmental activists from 35 nations in Washington, D.C., for the first meeting of the Global Greenhouse Network. In the same year, Rifkin did a series of Hollywood lectures on global warming and related environmental issues for a diverse assortment of film, television, and music industry leaders, with the goal of organizing the Hollywood community for a campaign. Shortly thereafter, two Hollywood environmental organizations, Earth Communications Office (ECO) and the Environmental Media Association, were formed.

Also in 1989 Rifkin, with a group of environmentalists, attempted to prevent the launch of a NASA rocket that was expected to lift the Galileo space probe, claiming it carried a "very high risk" of explosion and "spraying deadly plutonium" over the territory of the USA. The lawsuit was eventually rejected, and the Galileo mission succeeded.

1990s
In 1992, Rifkin published the book Beyond Beef. In its review, the Washington Post praised the book for its "fresh thinking and well-reasoned arguments...[and for] combining reliable research with logical conclusions", noting that "[Rifkin] offers enough economic, medical, environmental, and ethical arguments to persuade any open minded person to pass by the meat (en)counter.”

That same year, Rifkin and the Foundation on Economic Trends launched the Pure Food Campaign to demand government labeling of all genetically engineered foods. The campaign was spearheaded by more than 1,500 of the nation’s leading chefs.

In 1993, Rifkin launched the Beyond Beef Campaign, a coalition of six environmental groups including Greenpeace, Rainforest Action Network, and Public Citizen, with the goal of encouraging a 50% reduction in the consumption of beef, arguing that methane emissions from cattle has a warming effect 23 times greater than carbon dioxide.

His 1995 book, The End of Work, is credited by some with helping shape the current global debate on automation, technology displacement, corporate downsizing, and the future of jobs. Reporting on the growing controversy over automation and technology displacement in 2011, The Economist pointed out that Rifkin drew attention to the trend back in 1996 with the publication of his book, The End of Work. Then The Economist asked "what happens... when machines are smart enough to become workers? In other words, when capital becomes labor." The Economist noted that "this is what Jeremy Rifkin, a social critic, was driving at in his book, "The End of Work," published in 1996... Mr. Rifkin argued prophetically that society was entering a new phase, one in which fewer and fewer workers would be needed to produce all the goods and services consumed. 'In the years ahead,' he wrote, 'more sophisticated software technologies are going to bring civilization ever closer to a near-workerless world. The process has already begun."

His 1998 book, The Biotech Century, addresses issues accompanying the new era of genetic commerce. In its review of the book, the journal Nature observed that "Rifkin does his best work in drawing attention to the growing inventory of real and potential dangers and the ethical conundrums raised by genetic technologies... At a time when scientific institutions are struggling with the public understanding of science, there is much they can learn from Rifkin's success as a public communicator of scientific and technological trends."

In The Biotech Century, Rifkin argues that 'Genetic engineering represents the ultimate tool.' 'With genetic technology we assume control over the hereditary blueprints of life itself. Can any reasonable person believe for a moment that such unprecedented power is without substantial risk?' Some of the changes he highlights are: replication partially replacing reproduction; and 'Genetically customized and mass-produced animal clones could be used as chemical factories to secrete—in their blood and milk—large volumes of inexpensive chemicals and drugs for human use.'

Rifkin's work in the biological sciences includes advocacy of animal rights and animal protection around the world.

2000s
Rifkin's book, The Age of Access, published in 2000, was the first to introduce the concept that society is beginning to move from ownership of property in markets, to access to services in networks, giving rise to the sharing economy. According to the Journal of Consumer Research, "the phenomenon of access was first documented in the popular business press by Rifkin (2000), who primarily examines the business-to-business sector and argues that we are living in an age of access in which property regimes have changed to access regimes characterized by short-term limited use of assets controlled by networks of suppliers."

Rifkin published the book The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the Worldwide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth in 2002. That same year, Mr. Rifkin, who at the time served as an advisor to Romano Prodi, then President of the European Commission, developed a strategic white paper committing the European Union to a multi-billion Euro research and development plan that would transform the EU into a green hydrogen economic paradigm. Mr. Rifkin joined Prodi at a European Union conference in October 2002 to announce "a coordinated long-term plan for Europe to make the transition from fossil-fuel dependency to become the first "hydrogen economy" superpower of the 21st century". President Prodi remarked that the EU hydrogen R&D initiative would be as significant for the future of Europe as the space program was for the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s.

After the publication of The Hydrogen Economy (2002), Rifkin worked both in the U.S. and Europe to advance the political cause of renewably generated hydrogen. In the U.S., Rifkin was instrumental in founding the Green Hydrogen Coalition, consisting of 13 environmental and political organizations (including Greenpeace and MoveOn.org) committed to building a renewable hydrogen-based economy.

His 2004 book, The European Dream, was an international bestseller and winner of the 2005 Corine International Book Prize in Germany for the best economics book of the year. In its review of the book, BusinessWeek noted that "Rifkin makes a compelling case for [the European] vision, which he says is usurping the American Dream as a global ideal … a fascinating study of the differences between the American and European psyches."

In 2009 Rifkin published The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis. In a review of the book in the Huffington Post, Ariana Huffington writes: “Rifkin is that rare breed, one whose disappearance is often and rightly bemoaned: a public intellectual. Rifkin… takes a look at the new scientific discoveries that lead to the conclusion that rather than being naturally aggressive, acquisitive, and self-involved, humans are ‘a fundamentally empathic species’ -- what Rifkin calls Homo empathicus… The Empathic Civilization is a fascinating book that boldly challenges the conventional view of human nature and seeks to replace that view with a counter-narrative that allows humanity to see itself as an extended family living in a shared and interconnected world.”

2011–2012
In 2011, Rifkin published The Third Industrial Revolution; How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. The book was a New York Times best-seller, and has been translated into 19 languages. By 2014, approximately 500,000 copies were in print in China alone.

Rifkin delivered a keynote address at the Global Green Summit 2012 on May 10, 2012. The conference was hosted by the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), in association with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). President Lee Myung-bak of South Korea also gave a speech at the conference and embraced the Third Industrial Revolution to advance a green economy.

In December 2012, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that the newly-elected premier of China, Li Keqiang is a fan of Rifkin and had "told his state scholars to pay close attention" to Rifkin's book, The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World.

Rifkin received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2012. He currently works out of an office in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C.

2013–2014
In April 2014, Rifkin published The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. Fortune called the book, "admirable in its scope... a heartening narrative of what our economic future may hold for the generations to come." The book was translated into fifteen languages.

2015
Rifkin was awarded an honorary doctorate from Hasselt University in Belgium in the spring of 2015. Rifkin also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Liege in Belgium in the Fall of 2015.

In November 2015, the Huffington Post reported from Beijing that "Chinese Premier Li Keqiang has not only read Jeremy Rifkin's book, The Third Industrial Revolution, and taken it to heart. He and his colleagues have also made it the core of the country's thirteenth Five-Year Plan announced in Beijing on October 29th." The Huffington Post went on to say that "this blueprint for China's future signals the most momentous shift in direction since the death of Mao and the advent of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up in 1978."

2016
In 2016, TIR Consulting Group, LLC and Rifkin, its president, were commissioned by both the Metropolitan Region of Rotterdam - The Hague (MRDH) and the grand Duchy of Luxembourg to oversee the development of regional master plans to transform each governing jurisdiction into a zero emission Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure and economy. Citizens assemblies were established in each region to work alongside TIR Consulting Group's team to conceptualize and enact far-reaching initiatives to address climate change and "green" their respective economies and societies.

2017
On January 31, 2017, the European Central Bank hosted a conference on the theme “Into the Future: Europe’s Digital Integrated Market”. Rifkin delivered a keynote address on transforming the European Union into a smart third industrial revolution paradigm. On February 7, 2017, the European Commission and the European Committee of the Regions hosted a conference in Brussels on the theme “Investing in Europe: building a coalition of smart cities and regions toward a Third Industrial Revolution”. Jeremy Rifkin joined Maros Sefcovic, vice president of the European Commission, and Markku Markkula, president of the European Committee of the Regions, in a presentation of the smart city and smart region agenda across the European Union.

Jeremy Rifkin is the executive co-producer and star of a feature-length documentary film produced by VICE Media entitled The Third Industrial Revolution: A Radical New Sharing Economy. The film, subtitled in nineteen languages, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2017, and has been live on YouTube since 2018. As of May 2023, the film had been viewed 8 million times.

2019
In September 2019, Rifkin published The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. In its review of the book, Forbes noted that "[Jeremy Rifkin] is a principal architect of the European Union’s long-term economic vision, Smart Europe, and a key advisor to China's Third Industrial Revolution vision... His new book, The Green New Deal, is essentially an attempt to rouse the United States from its slumber within a collapsing 20th century fossil fuel era."

That same year, the European Commission and its president, Ursula von der Leyen, announced the European Green Deal, a plan to make Europe "the first climate neutral continent in the world" by 2050. The European Commission presented a spectrum of proposals, projects, and initiatives under the rubric of "Leading The Third Industrial Revolution", signaling a fundamental transformation of the European economy and society.

2020
Rifkin was a recipient of the 13th annual German Sustainability Award in December 2020 for his work on addressing climate change. The award was presented to Mr. Rifkin in a laudatory address by Sigmar Gabriel, the former Foreign Minister, Vice-Chancellor, Economic Minister, and Environmental Minister of Germany.

2021
Jeremy Rifkin and TIR Consulting Group, LLC and partners published a $16 trillion, twenty-year America 3.0 Resilient Infrastructure plan, prepared for Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer and first released by Bloomberg on July 29 in an article entitled "Energy Guru is Beyond Disappointed with Dwindling US Infrastructure Plan".

The America 3.0 infrastructure transformation 2022-2042 details a massive investment to scale, deploy, and manage a smart digital zero-emission Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure for a 21st century economy. The plan will create an average of 15 to 22 million net new jobs over the period 2022 to 2042. For every dollar invested, it is projected to return $2.90 in GDP between 2022 and 2042.

The Bloomberg article noted that "For almost two decades the U.S. author and climate activist Jeremy Rifkin has advised governments in Europe and China on how to retool their economies for what he calls a third industrial revolution."

Rifkin also provided the economic and environmental commentary in the fifth and final episode of the BBC documentary series A Perfect Planet, starring Sir David Attenborough.

2022
In November 2022, Rifkin published The Age of Resilience: Reimagining Existence on a Rewilding Earth. In its review of the book, the Financial Times noted that "...The influential US thinker...[argues that] humanity is shifting to an age of resilience that could transform our relationship with the natural world and each other...Rifkin sees a future of sweeping economic and social shifts where productivity gives way to regenerativity and gross domestic product to quality of life indicators. Consumerism, corporate conglomerates and globalisation all wither while “eco-stewardship”, high-tech co-operatives and “glocalisation” flourish. The book will undoubtedly prove beguiling for many readers, even as it infuriates others. It is rarely different for a writer who has spent decades warning of the need to address environmental problems that the human species caused and is still struggling to fix.”

Reception
According to The European Energy Review, "Perhaps no other author or thinker has had more influence on the EU's ambitious climate and energy policy than the famous American 'visionary' Jeremy Rifkin. In the United States, he has testified before numerous congressional committees and has had success in litigation to ensure responsible government policies on a variety of environmental, scientific and technology related issues. The Union of Concerned Scientists has cited some of Rifkin's publications as useful references for consumers and The New York Times once stated that "others in the scholarly, religious, and political fields praise Jeremy Rifkin for a willingness to think big, raise controversial questions, and serve as a social and ethical prophet"

Criticism
Rifkin's work is controversial due to a purported lack of scientific rigor in his claims as well as some of the tactics he has used to promote his views. These include claims that the theory of evolution is a product of "19th century industrial capitalism" and frequent use of the strawman fallacy. Referring to Rifkin's 1984 book, Algeny: A New Word--A New World, Stephen Jay Gould stated:

"I regard Algeny as a cleverly constructed tract of anti-intellectual propaganda masquerading as scholarship. Among books promoted as serious intellectual statements by important thinkers, I don't think I have ever read a shoddier work. Damned shame, too, because the deep issue is troubling and I do not disagree with Rifkin's basic pleas for respecting the integrity of evolutionary lineages. But devious means compromise good ends, and we shall have to save Rifkin's humane conclusion from his own lamentable tactics."

In a profile article in 1989, TIME Magazine called Jeremy Rifkin the "nation's foremost opponent of environmental neglect... Rifkin is surely justified in seeking precise regulations for genetic research, to protect the health of the individual and the environment. And his call for closer public scrutiny of scientific deliberations is laudable, although perhaps impractical in a society where so few laymen have enough technical knowledge to comprehend what the experts are really doing. But there is good reason to question the fairness of Rifkin's angriest assaults on scientists as mad magicians and unethical disciples of Dr. Strangelove. When Rifkin is most successful, he may slow basic research, delay a medical advance, perhaps even damage the economy."

Books

 * 1973, How to Commit Revolution American Style: Bicentennial Declaration, with John Rossen, Lyle Stuart Inc., ISBN 0-8184-0041-2
 * 1975, Common Sense II: The Case Against Corporate Tyranny, Bantam Books, OCLC 123151709
 * 1977, Own Your Own Job: Economic Democracy for Working Americans, ISBN 978-0-553-10487-5
 * 1977, Who Should Play God? The Artificial Creation of Life and What it Means for the Future of the Human Race, with Ted Howard, Dell Publishing Co., ISBN 0-440-19504-7
 * 1978, The North Will Rise Again: Pensions, Politics and Power in the 1980s, with Randy Barber, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-4787-2
 * 1979, The Emerging Order: God in the Age of Scarcity, with Ted Howard, Putnam, ISBN 978-0-399-12319-1
 * 1980, Entropy: A New World View, with Ted Howard (afterword by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen), Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-29717-8
 * 1983, Algeny: A New Word—A New World, in collaboration with Nicanor Perlas, Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-10885-5
 * 1985, Declaration of a Heretic, Routledge and Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0710207104
 * 1987, Time Wars: The Primary Conflict In Human History, Henry Holt & Co, ISBN 0-8050-0377-0
 * 1990, The Green Lifestyle Handbook: 1001 Ways to Heal the Earth (edited by Rifkin), Henry Holt & Co, ISBN 0-8050-1369-5
 * 1991, Biosphere Politics: A New Consciousness for a New Century, Crown, ISBN 0-517-57746-1
 * 1992, Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture, E. P. Dutton, ISBN 0-525-93420-0
 * 1992, Voting Green: Your Complete Environmental Guide to Making Political Choices In The 90s, with Carol Grunewald Rifkin, Main Street Books, ISBN 0-385-41917-1
 * 1995, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era, Putnam Publishing Group, ISBN 0-87477-779-8
 * 1998, The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World, J P Tarcher, ISBN 0-87477-909-X
 * 2000, The Age Of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism, Where All of Life is a Paid-For Experience, Putnam Publishing Group, ISBN 1-58542-018-2
 * 2002, The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the Worldwide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth, Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-193-6
 * 2004, The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream, Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-345-9
 * 2010, The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness In a World In Crisis, Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-765-9
 * 2011, The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-11521-7
 * 2014, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-137-27846-3
 * 2019, The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-1-250-25320-0
 * 2022, The Age of Resilience: Reimagining Existence on a Rewilding Earth, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9781250093547

title: Jeremy Rifkin


text:
Irish House of Lords

The Irish House of Lords was the upper house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from medieval times until the end of 1800. It was also the final court of appeal of the Kingdom of Ireland.

It was modelled on the House of Lords of England, with members of the Peerage of Ireland sitting in the Irish Lords, just as members of the Peerage of England did at Westminster. When the Act of Union 1800 abolished the Irish parliament, a subset of Irish peers sat as Irish representative peers in the House of Lords of the merged Parliament of the United Kingdom.

History
The Lords started as a group of barons in the Lordship of Ireland that was generally limited to the Pale, a variable area around Dublin where English law was in effect, but did extend to the rest of Ireland. They sat as a group, not as a separate House, from the first meeting of the Parliament of Ireland in 1297. From the establishment of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542 the Lords included a large number of new Gaelic and Norman lords under the policy of surrender and regrant.

Religious division was reflected in the House, but as late as the 1689 "Patriot Parliament" a majority of Lords had remained Roman Catholics, while the administration and a slight majority in the Commons were Anglicans, adherents of the Church of Ireland. In 1634 the campaign to secure "The Graces" came to a head. Most of these Catholic lords lost their titles in the ensuing 1641 rebellion, notably during the 1652 Cromwellian Settlement. These dispossessed lords were regranted their titles (if not always their lands) after the Restoration of 1660 by the Act of Settlement 1662. Others took the losing side in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–91), and a much smaller number of them were re-granted their lands in the 18th century.

By the 1790s most of the Lords personified and wanted to protect the "Protestant Ascendancy". By the time of the abolition of the Irish House of Lords in 1800 some of the peerages were very ancient, such as the lords Kingsale, created in 1397, and the viscounts Gormanston from 1478. The first Earl of Kildare had been created in 1316.

Following the Act of Union in 1800, the peerage of Ireland elected just 28 of their number to sit in the United Kingdom House of Lords, described as the "Irish representative peers". This practice ended in 1922 with the establishment of the Irish Free State. Other newly created Irish peers, such as Clive of India, the Earl of Carysfort and Lord Curzon, were still able to stand for election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (not being UK peers) if they were not a representative peer. This was a convenient way of giving a title for reasons of prestige to someone who expected to sit in the British House of Commons.

Today the 18th-century Irish Parliament building on College Green in Dublin is an office of the commercial Bank of Ireland, and visitors can view the Irish House of Lords chamber within the building.

Function
The Parliament of Ireland was a bicameral legislature, and bills could originate in either the Commons or the Lords; both had to pass a bill for it to stand a chance of becoming law. Either house could amend or reject the others' proposals. Under Poynings' Law, matters passed by the Irish parliament had to be approved and could be amended by the Irish Privy Council and English Privy Council; main debates before this stage were thus technically on "heads of bills". Following approval the Parliament of Ireland voted on the formal finalised "bill" (which could only be rejected or passed unamended).

The Lords was the highest court of appeal in Ireland, same as the Lords were in England. However, the controversial British Declaratory Act 1719 asserted the right of the Lords in Westminster to overrule the Irish Lords. The Irish Patriot Party secured the repeal of the Declaratory Act as part of the Constitution of 1782.

The House of Lords was presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who sat on the woolsack, a large seat stuffed with wool from each of the three lands of England, Ireland and Scotland. At the state opening of the Irish parliament Members of Parliament were summoned to the House of Lords from the House of Commons chamber by Black Rod, a royal official who would "command the members on behalf of His Excellency to attend him in the chamber of peers". Sessions were formally opened by the Speech from the Throne by the Lord Lieutenant, who sat on the throne beneath a canopy of crimson velvet.

Sessions were generally held at Dublin Castle in the 16th and 17th centuries, until the opening of the Irish Houses of Parliament in the 1730s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irish House of Lords


text:
On My Way to Paradise

On My Way to Paradise is a science fiction novel by American writer Dave Wolverton, published in 1989 by Bantam Books. It is set in the far future (circa 2300AD) depicting a man, Angelo Osic, who is running from an ever-changing and frightening world of war and politics.

The novel was based on a short story with the same title, which was awarded the L. Ron Hubbard Gold Award at the 1987 Writers of the Future contest.

Plot
Osic is a morphogenic pharmacologist who tended in a booth in a feria in Gatun city, Panama. He is approached by a stranger, the woman Tamara Marian de la Garza, who requires him to regrow her right hand. The bloody stump on the end of her arm, signifying a traumatic amputation. It transpires that she is on the run from powerful political forces, the assassins of which attempt to kill her and Osic.

He flees from the Earth with Tamara who is in an incapacitated state. On board the orbital shuttle, he attempts to get employment with a Japanese company, Motoki Corporation, as a Pharmacologist, but his application is rejected. Instead he is offered to fight as a mercenary for Motoki, who are attempting to gain control of the planet Baker, a satellite of the Delta Pavonis system. The story describes Osic's reaction to the intense battle training that takes place on board the starship Chaeron and his interaction with the mostly South American refugiados, and chimeras, genetically upgraded humans, who are also escaping their uncertain future on Earth.

Their arrival on Baker highlights the vast cultural differences between the mercenaries and their Japanese employers, who have trained them to fight a rival Japanese company of settlers, the Yabajin. These differences culminate in rebellion, with the mercenaries (now self described as Conquistadors) seizing the Motoki city, after a bloody battle and then setting out to attack the Yabajin settlement which lay 3,000 kilometers away. across forbidding deserts, encountering the wildlife of Baker.

title: On My Way to Paradise


text:
Talk:Sexual fantasy

Peer Review III
Overall, I commend you on the spectrum of knowledge you contributed to this page. From the methodology, gender differences and fantasies and sexual crime. In the methodology section, I was impressed firstly the depth you went into. I was wondering how they actually measured sexual arousal and you answered this question perfectly. Including the 3 techniques as 1. 2. 3. helped separate what might have been a huge chunk of text.

Suggestions for change
 * I would try and cut down a little on the links to other pages. Stick to the necessary words that people might not understand. Words like 'coerced' people already know and so probably don't need a link.
 * I would put Origins of Gender Differences in Sexual fantasy first because then the reader can link the origin to the gender differences to the whole section.
 * Under Sexual Orientation, the first study mentioned (Masters & Johnson, 1979) does not have a footnote. The same with Moreault and Follingstad (1978) under Force. They sound like interesting studies and I am sure people would appreciate a footnote so they can read further into these topics.
 * When inserting footnotes if they apply to the whole sentence then they need to be at the end of the sentence not just after the experimenters name. For instance, Singer (1966) under Purposes. DaisyParker1995 (talk) 10:11, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Daisy,

Thank you for your comments. I have re-arranged the gender differences section as you suggested. It does seem to read more logically now. Catherine Turvey (talk) 20:41, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Daisy,

Thanks for your feedback! I have now re-arranged that citation so that it sits at the end of the sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Verity345 (talk • contribs) 19:02, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

disturbed
Please remove the disturbing picture you have in this article. A human and a non-human is disturbing, show something sexually normal. --198.51.130.254 17:22, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * "Sexually normal" is pretty subjective, and as it says in the article, people may not actually want to do what they fantasize. Wikipedia isn't censored, and this is one of the best artistic depictions of the general idea of a sexual fantasy.-Wafulz 19:37, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

I doubt that very many people fantasize about having sex with non-human creatures show a human-human sexual fantasy please. --198.51.130.254 (talk) 03:28, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

I removed the disturbing picture and recommend it be replaced with a human-human sexual fantasy. --76.214.104.119 (talk) 21:11, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I put it back in. Can you think of an alternative depiction of a sexual dream? THe point of the image is that it depicts the concept of a fantasy in general, as opposed to a specific fantasy.-Wafulz (talk) 21:15, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Opening sentence -- Deliberate?
Since when is sexual fantasy necessarily or even usually deliberate? Daydreaming is not something you set your mind to doing; it either happens or it doesn't. Vranak (talk) 06:11, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Bias in images
The images throughout the article predominantly depict women as the objects of sexual fantasy - a great many people fantasise about men, so shouldn't there be some images with sexualised men as the focus?

 * I agree. If you can find some that fit with the material feel free to add them.-Wafulz (talk) 15:22, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Disagree - the images are depictions of a sexual fantasy - they aren't a sexual fantasy in itself (or at least they aren't in this context): The Fishermans Wife depicts the sexual fantasy of a woman, Avril 22 shows a group sex scene, being enjoyed by a man, and Avril 24 is an oral lesbian display, which whilst possibly enjoyed by men in a 3rd party, is directly enjoyed - ie carried out - by women.  However, oral sex carried out on a man is displayed in the background of the Avril 22 image.
 * That seems like a reasonable spread of male/female ratio - one for the woman, one for the man, and one for both sexes.
 * It's an invalid argument to say that any of the depicted fantasies are either unrealistic or biased, because you don't know that. JNMK, but bestiality is carried out all over the world as are both oral sex and masturbation.

 * While Dream of a Fisherman's Wife ostensibly depicts the sexual fantasy of a woman, it's rendered by a male artist (Hokusai) and is clearly intended to titillate the viewer by creating a sense of voyeurism. The viewer is invited to fantasise about the woman fantasising as though she were an actual person rather than an artistic creation, and as if it were her own private fantasy and not one attributed to her by the artist.

 * Notice that Avril 22 also shows an individual fantasising, but in this case the man himself and the content of his fantasy are depicted as literally separate. If Dream of A Fisherman's Wife is indeed depicting a woman's fantasy, then it includes the woman's own body as part of that fantasy.  I don't see Avril 22 offering up the man's body as fantasy material in the same way.

 * However, I will concede that Dream of a Fisherman's Wife and Avril 22 are both relevant images for this article because they depict people fantasising. But I'm puzzled by the relevance of Avril 24.  Little radiolarian (talk) 09:04, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Avril 24 may not being fully relevant to the article since it has more to do with the act than the fantasy.-Wafulz (talk) 20:51, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Oral sex is a sexual fantasy, the image depicts oral sex, so image depicts a sexual fantasy, ergo relevant to the article. a_man_alone (talk) 09:27, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Problems with Sexual Orientation §
Two odd things: says homosexual men fantasize about sex 'with' women. I doubt M&J has such a finding, maybe sex 'as' women. The other is the sentence that is supposed to be showing an essential contrast between homosexual and heterosexual women but doesn't (except for the object gender). 76.180.168.166 (talk) 18:57, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Peer review
Hi,

I really liked your contribution! I thought it was well balanced and you've included things that were definitely missing from the page such as gender and deviance. I have some comments on how you can improve your article, but none of them are major criticisms.

· Some explanation of sadomasochism could be included, since you've explained the other categories of sexual fantasy. Alternatively you can include a link to a a page on Wikipedia associated with sadomasochism.

· The text on gender differences is quite bulky. To make it a bit easier to read you might want to consider dividing that section into more subheadings such as 'origin of gender differences', 'violence', 'paraphilia' etc.

· There's a lot of concepts that you have mentioned, but have not included links for. These include deviance, sadism, sadomasochism, etc.

· Some of your sentences are too long which makes it a bit harder to read, breaking them up into 2 or using commas will make it easier. Actually, some sentences are missing commas anyway: for example 'While DSM-5 recognizes that paraphilias don’t have to be pathological, psychiatrists still find it difficult to differentiate between paraphilic interests and paraphilic disorders because the concept of normal of sexual fantasies is subjective' needs a comma in front of the word 'because'. That's the case in a few of your sentences.

· 'fifty shades trilogy' should be changed to 'Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy' as some people might not be aware of that you're talking about and might be confused. Also, since it's a name it requires capitalisation of the first letters.

· You could potentially include some information on gender differences in sexual crimes. It's not necessary as I think your page is informative enough, but I feel like you're eluding to them without explicitly talking about them.

Overall, I think you've done well on the topic and your contribution definitely improved the quality of this page!

Joanna Stankiewicz (talk) 18:55, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * to whose contributions are you referring? Wikishovel (talk) 19:40, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * As part of our university assessment we need to review contributions of students who take the same module. I was referring to the section on gender differences and sexual crimes my peers made.

 * Hi Joanna,

Thank you very much for your feedback. Your comments are really useful. I was working on the gender differences section myself, and will take your comments into mind when I edit it further, and keep you updated on what I have changed.

Thanks again! Catherine Turvey (talk) 11:41, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Joanna Stankiewiczthank you so much for your feedback!!! I did the bit on deviance and crime. unfortunately theres no wikipedia page for sadism and sadomasochism is basically the S&M in BDSM but I will add it to the text. i will also add a comma before the word because as suggested. Unfortunately, i can not change the fifty shades trilogy to fifty shades of grey because fifty shades of grey is just the first book in the trilogy but i will capitalise it. Also, we have not found studies that investigate gender differences in sexual crime as most studies are carried out on male participants. however, I will mention the gender bias in participantsthank you so much for  your feed back though, it has been really helpful and insightful. QuuenChris (talk) 16:58, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review
Here are some suggestions and questions(hope they help):

•	Maybe take out extra links you didn’t need (WP:OVERLINKING ), such as “thought” and “genre” in the introduction.

•	lots of the claims in the introduction are not backed up with evidence. (e.g. can you find evidence that “Sexual fantasies are nearly universal.” Or that “In some cases, even a discussion by a person of sexual fantasies is subject to social taboos and inhibitions.”)

•	You could name some of the questions or checklists that are used under Methodology, if there are standard ones, or say that they are not standardised.

•	Can you explain what the following means? “During sexual contact, some people can use their fantasies to "turn off" undesirable aspects of an act.“

•	Why would BDSM help to avoid HIV contraction?

•	Where is the data in the table under common fantasies from?

•	“…although both sexes have been found to prefer intimate fantasies over the other three types outlined…” – Which three? There are a lot listed.

•	Under Gender differences, there seems to be common themes that are repeated but not together. For example, you mention “Male fantasies tend to focus more on visual imagery” and then say “men are consistently found to be more interested in visual sexual stimulation”. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sara Jane Sutty (talk • contribs) 20:13, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * to whose contributions are you referring? Wikishovel (talk) 20:20, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi SJ,

Thank you for your feedback. The sections our group are editing include: gender differences, purposes, and fantasies and sexual crimes. However, I think some of the points you have made are valid, and will take a look at the leading paragraph and see if I can improve this based upon your suggestions. With regard to your comments on methodology and BDSM and HIV, and clarification regarding the sentence “During sexual contact, some people can use their fantasies to "turn off" undesirable aspects of an act", these were previously on the page and I am not entirely certain what these are referring to. However, we will look into these and hopefully provide some clarification.

Thanks again for your suggestions. Catherine Turvey (talk) 11:52, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review 3
Hello, Overall, you have made a great contribution to this wiki page. The page is well-written and the tables used make it really easy to find and compare information. It's a very interesting read. I have a few suggestions to improve further.
 * It would be great if you could add some links to the gender difference's section e.g. the different categories of sexual fantasies such as 'sadomasochism'.
 * Furthermore, it would be a lot clearer if you broke the gender difference's section into different sub-headings as there is a lot of text. These could be 'age', 'origin' etc...
 * In the deviant sexual fantasies section, it would be helpful to readers if 'paraphilia' was further explained.
 * In addition, the deviant fantasies section has a lot of very long and complicated sentences. I believe the page would be improved if these were shortened and perhaps removing some of the more complex language would make this page more accessible to readers.
 * You have said that 'sadistic sexual fantasy is one of the key factors for understanding serial killers'. Is this really the case, are all serial killers sexually motivated? I believe this could be better explained.
 * I don't fully understand why the limitations of sexual crime investigations have been italicised. This is a very long sentence that could be broken up into smaller parts.

I hope this was helpful! User:Hollybrazier123 (talk) 18:47, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi User:Hollybrazier123 thank you so much for your feed back. I did the sexual fantasy and crime bit. unfortunately, paraphilia is not a sexual fantasy so i did not feel it was appropriate to explain it. however i included a link to its wikipedia page. As, for the one sentences. I would really appreciate it if you could draw my attention to those sentences. According to the study I cited apparently sexual fantasies are a key part of understanding serial killers and i go on to build on it in the rest of the section.
 * I will also expand on the italicised issues on with investigations. thank you so much once again for you feed back xxQuuenChris (talk) 17:12, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review 4 of Sexual Fantasy
•	This is a really great piece, which I found interesting and enjoyed. I have added a number of comments, which I hope you find helpful.

•	I like the use of the picture graphics. They are classical and therefore tasteful, but do represent the content of the article well.

•	The tabulated graphs are interesting and informative. They meet Wiki guidelines well.

•	I think that the introduction is nice and broad and links historical and modern media approaches to fantasy.

•	I wonder as you mention sexual fantasies are universal, what does that say about the evolutionary benefit of them? Do male/female differences in fantasy link to evolutionary theory about mate choices and reproductive success?

•	Could you add the graph from the research on the positive correlation between sexual fantasising and increased orgasm?

•	Really comprehensive use of headings - (I had to look up paraphilia in the online dictionary).

•	The first sentence of the sexual crimes section could have all the references at the end, since they all have the same meaning in the sentence i.e. fantasies involving crime. In the sadistic sexual fantasy and crime section, in the second paragraph “They start trying the replicate…. the citation can go at the end of the paragraph.

Well done. Very good contribution.

FlowerPower46 (talk) 21:07, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

 * FlowerPower46 thank you so much for your comments they have been helpful. I was responsible for the contributions in the sexual fantasies and crime section and would like to clarify the structure of my citations. the three studies I cited were sources for the three points I mentioned in the sentence. I felt it wasn't appropriate to have all the citations as the end as they are not 3 different studies making the same point of the sentence. once again, thank you so much for your feedbackQuuenChris (talk) 19:58, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Peer review for the University of Warwick Human Sexuality course
Hello,

I am very impressed by the sheer amount and variety of information that your group has been able to find and sorted into the existing article, and in very professional style too! There are a lot of credible sources that you cited, which all served to make your article very credible and persuasive. There are many links present, which would be very helpful. All the information provided were presented in a completely neutral manner. As for areas that could be improved: •	I noticed that for the areas that your group have worked on, when the citation note is hovered on, you could see the full reference, however it isn’t linked. Providing a link would be tremendously useful for other students finding the site publishing the article. I highly recommend switching to visual editing, then cite using the “cite” button. You only need to copy and paste the article site link to the little box that appears, then it does the citing automatically and with a link to the journal article page.

•	The subsections “Age”, “Paraphilic sexual fantasies” and “Execution of sexual fantasies” seem like they could be further expanded in more detail. For example, could there be a list of paraphilic sexual fantasies, perhaps presented in a table, along with statistics about their prevalence among men and women, and maybe a short section on the possibility of an increased stigma surrounding paraphilic sexual fantasies?

•	The grammar of the sections is largely perfect although I would recommend proofreading them. For example, I detected an incorrect spelling of “fantasies” (spelt “fantasise”) once in the “Execution of sexual fantasies” section.

•	I am uncertain about the referencing style used in the “Purpose” section. Although it is accurate academic style referencing, I rarely see the names of the researchers reference directly in the body of the article outside of the citation notes, therefore I suspect that it is not the norm on Wikipedia. You could probably take out the names referenced at the end of the sentences, and change the parts where you refer to the researchers in the active voice into the passive voice.

I think those little changes could improve the already great article sections you guys made. Congrats! Oli1023 (talk) 22:54, 1 December 2016 (UTC)Oli1023

 * Oli1023 (talk thank you so much for your feedback. Our citations are linked to the references when you click on them. I believe they are only highlighted when you're on the edit page. we did use the visual editing page. Please check again and let us know if you're still finding this to be an issue. thank you so much QuuenChris (talk) 19:58, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Oli,

Thank you for your comments. I found your suggestion really useful and have since extended the section 'paraphilic sexual fantasies' under gender differences to include some examples of paraphilias and a table to highlight their age of occurrence. However, I could not find much more research involving the execution of sexual fantasies, but have mentioned in this paragraph the link between sexual fantasies involving dominance and crime, but have not extended this point further as my project partner talks about this in much more detail in her section on 'fantasies and sexual crimes.' Catherine Turvey (talk) 20:53, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Oli,

I had written the "Purposes" section and have since removed the names of researchers used at the beginning and end of sentences to better to conform to Wikipedia's guidelines. Thank you for your feedback! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Verity345 (talk • contribs) 18:41, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sexual fantasy


text:
Trading post

A trading post, trading station, or trading house, also known as a factory in European and colonial contexts, is an establishment or settlement where goods and services could be traded.

Typically the location of the trading post allows people from one geographic area to trade in goods produced in another area. In some examples, local inhabitants can use a trading post to exchange local products for goods they wished to acquire.

A trading post can be either a single building or an entire town. Trading posts have been established in a range of areas, including relatively remote ones, but most often near the ocean, a river, or another natural resource.

Examples
Major towns in the Hanseatic League were known as kontors, a form of trading posts.

Charax Spasinu was a trading post between the Roman and Parthian Empires.

Manhattan and Singapore were both established as trading posts, by Dutchman Peter Minuit and Englishman Stamford Raffles respectively, and later developed into major settlements.

The Roman Empire could control such a large amount of land because of their efficient systems for spreading information, goods, and other supplies across large distances. Goods specifically were vital to fueling outposts in distant territories, like northern Africa and western Asia. Trading posts played a large part in managing these goods, where they were going, and when. Some goods exchanged at these trading posts and other parts of the Roman trade system were precious stones, fabrics, ivory, and wine. There is also evidence that they traded cattle at the Empúries trading post, established in the 6th century BCE, on the Iberian Peninsula.

North American frontier
A trading house was typically strategically stocked with goods that the Native Americans would trade furs for; some of these goods included clothing, blankets, and corn. Eric Jay Dolin's Fur, Fortune, and Empire provides some historical context on events and the origins of trading posts in North America. One of the first examples given is that of the Kennebec Trading House, established in 1628 by the Plymouth colonists.

The next event from Dolin's book features early conflicts between the French and Plymouth colonists. This occurs in 1631 when the French go to the Plymouth Penobscot trading post. With the masters and most of the crew gone to get supplies, this left only a few servants to attend to the French. When the Frenchmen learned that this was the case, they decided to feign interest in a few of the guns available at the trading post, which they turned back onto the servants. They ordered for all things valuable, leaving with £500 of goods and £300 in beaver pelts.

A good portion of Fur, Fortune, and Empire focuses on the journey of John Jacob Astor, who founded the American Fur Company (AFC). One of the great feats achieved by the AFC was the establishment of a trading post in the native Blackfoot tribe's territory, located in modern-day Montana along the Rocky Mountains. The Blackfoot tribe had killed many Americans and, up to this point, only traded with the Hudson Bay Company. In order to erect a trading post in Blackfoot territory, they would need an inside contact to establish contact on their behalf. Jacob Berger, a trapper, offered Kenneth McKenzie to serve as this contact and get the AFC into negotiations with the Blackfoot. The talks were successful, and McKenzie was able to build a trading post in Blackfoot territory, adjacent to the Missouri and Marias rivers, naming it Fort McKenzie.

Noochuloghoyet Trading Post was an American trading post established in the last 19th century, located in central Alaska adjacent to the Yukon River. This was an important trading post for the fur trade, though it has historically gone by different names and the level of involvement varied greatly while active.

Other uses

 * In the context of scouting, trading post usually refers to a camp store in which snacks, craft materials, and general merchandise are sold. "Trading posts" also refers to a cub scout activity in which cub teams (or individuals) undertake challenge activities in exchange for points.
 * A "trading post" also once referred to a trading booth within the New York Stock Exchange.

Trading posts in North America

 * Fort Vancouver
 * Fort Edmonton
 * Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site
 * Fort Michilimackinac
 * Cahokia

 * Fort William, Ontario
 * Taos Pueblo
 * Tadoussac

title: Trading post


text:
Brookfield Road

Brookfield Road (Ottawa Road #51) is a short connecting street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It runs from Riverside Drive (as a continuation of Hog's Back Road through lands owned by the National Capital Commission) past Brookfield High School to the Airport Parkway, and then in a separate segment as a local road in a residential area for some distance toward Bank Street.

These two segments were continuous prior to the construction of the Airport Parkway, which eradicated a small railway-junction settlement whose traces can still be seen just southeast of the interchange.

The main segment of Brookfield is a four-lane undivided minor arterial road, with a speed limit of 50 km/h.

Before 1997, the NCC had control over Brookfield Road, as it connected Colonel By Drive to the Airport Parkway. However, it changed jurisdiction when the Airport Parkway was handed to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton (now the City of Ottawa), making the NCC parkway link redundant.

title: Brookfield Road


text:
Talk:St Davids

[Untitled]
I removed the ref to Exeter Station - sorry but felt it was just too tangential to stay.
 * I agree. If it's to stay it should be on a separate page. Marnanel 00:14, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed it again. I cannot see why it needs to be here. It just isn't close enough to warrant a mention. 138.37.188.109 16:30, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Tŷddewi
Should it be "Tyddewi"? Do you need the accent in a compound word? I mean, nobody writes "Caernarfôn". 66.92.237.111 17:49, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That's correct. See the 'Cymraeg' interwiki link for example. Gareth 15:25, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

St. David's, Ontario, Canada
Sadly, my home town of St. David's in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada is not represented on Wikipedia, although it's neighbouring villiages of Queenston and Virgil are described. How do I create a page for St. Davids, Ontario, Canada, without making confusion with St.Davids, in the UK? Might it be appropriate to create a redirect page that arises from the search "St. Davids," at which Wikipedia visitors could choose:
 * St.Davids, Pembrokeshire, Wales, United Kingdom
 * St.Davids, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada

Thanks for your help. Can't wait to contribute to the page for my town. Cheers. --Marc Yarascavitch 09:39, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Just create a St David's, Ontario page for now and if Wikipedians think that a disambig page is needed then this page can be moved at a later date. Owain (talk) 10:41, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Apostrophe?
I'm somewhat confused by the apostrophe included in the city name "St David's"? Surely the correct title is "St Davids"? Whether grammatically appropriate or not, the term I remember (having lived there for 5 years) was always used without the apostrophe. E.g. see the website www.stdavids.co.uk, or indeed any of the official websites at the bottom of the article page. I will therefore attempt to modify this site accordingly, though as new to wikipedia, not sure how to modify the title. DoctorMartin 18:09, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, odd. Ordnance Survey maps clearly have an apostrophe in, but locals seem to prefer to not have one (eg. , ). Google hits are inconclusive: "st davids" pembrokeshire gets 211,000 whilst "st david's" pembrokeshire gets only 118,000 ; on the other hand, "st david's" wales gets 424,000  whilst "st davids" wales gets only 346,000 . Can anyone confirm the official name? If it is "St Davids", then pages will need to be moved as wikilinks are breaking all over the place at then moment. DWaterson 19:31, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * see: : St David's, Pembrokeshire, for the city, Cathedral and St David's Head, but the Bishop of St Davids does not take the apostrophe Agathoclea 21:33, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * see also http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/citygj.htm#part6 for spelling. Agathoclea 20:48, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Obviously usage is somewhat confused, but the references cited by Agathoclea are not particularly authoritative. However, the City's own council presumably is. Please check: http://www.stdavids.gov.uk/. The form WITHOUT the apostrophe is correct (in the sense of being both the more common usage and that preferred locally by the people who know). It also is more consistent with other towns in Britain (St Andrews, St Neots). I recommend this article be moved. --Doric Loon (talk) 20:09, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Whithorn
I'm told Whithorn in south west Scotland is also a city. But is the population smaller? --MacRusgail 16:48, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I suspect you have been mislead. The places with City status in Scotland are Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, and Stirling. Cheers, DWaterson 17:35, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

English names, etc
I have changed Tyddewi, Cymru and St Dafydd (sic) to their English forms in this English Wikipedia article. There's plenty of opportunity to use Welsh in the rather rudimentary cy:Wicipedia article. I also took out the reference to Little England beyond Wales since, as the latter article shows, St David's is not in it. . . . .LinguisticDemographer 16:33, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

St David's and the Cathedral Close
User:Skinsmoke has edited this article several times to state that the official name of the town is "St David's and the Cathedral Close" rather than "St David's". I can find no evidence to support this claim. St David's and the Cathedral Close is clearly the name of the Community which currently holds the city charter. However the London Gazette states that the city charter was conferred on "the Town of St Davids" and the name of the electoral division of Pembrokeshire County Council is called "St David's". Therefore, if there are no objections, I will revert these changes. DWaterson (talk) 18:45, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Firstly, it was not me who made the most recent edit adding St David's and the Cathedral Close as the official title. Please check the History and you will see that it was User:Cuchullain on 27 July 2009.
 * The only organisation in Wales entitled to describe itself as a "town" is a community. The situation is set out on Wikipedia under community :-

 * "Community councils in Wales are identical to English parish councils in terms of their powers and the way they operate. Welsh community councils may call themselves town councils unilaterally and may have city status granted by the Crown. In Wales, all town councils are community councils. There are currently two communities with city status: Bangor and St David's. The Chair of a town council or city council will usually have the title Mayor (Welsh: maer). However, not every community has a council. In communities with populations too small to justify a full community council, community meetings may be established."

 * Prior to the award of city status, St David's Community Council had adopted "town" status, presumably because they thought this would enhance their application to become a city, or so the chairman would be titled mayor. The conferring of city status on the "town" was therefore conferral on the community.  You might also care to take a look at St David's City Council's website, which states :-
 * "St.Davids City Council represents the people of St.Davids, the smallest City in Wales and the United Kingdom, having a population of nearly 1600 on the last electoral roll.

 * Situated at the tip of the south western peninsula of Wales, St.Davids is where St.David, the patron saint of Wales, was born and established his work. The Christian tradition he created in the 6th century is reflected in the Celtic heritage of this part of the County of Pembrokeshire area and the St.Davids Cathedral was built in the valley where he worked.

 * The exposed peninsula is famous for its dramatic coastal scenery and its wildlife that appeals to those who enjoy natural history and outdoor pursuits.

 * The City status of St.Davids, while having ecclesiastical roots going back for centuries, was granted to all of St.Davids by HM the Queen by Royal Charter on 1st June 1995.

 * The City Council, or the City Council of St.Davids and the Cathedral Close to give its full name, is a Community Council in its role and statutory powers. This site introduces the council and its services, as well as providing links to the Pembrokeshire County Council and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority, as the organisations providing key public services in the area."

 * I am really not sure why you object so strongly to including this information. Personally, I think it's a rather silly name and, interestingly, doesn't appear to be matched in Welsh, where the city seems to be called merely Tyddewi.  However, it is something that makes the city unique, it is verifiable, and it is noteworthy.
 * If you still want further clarification, I suggest you email the Clerk of St David's City Council at clerk@stdavids.co.uk.
 * Skinsmoke (talk) 07:51, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Aha, I see the source of your error in your line, "The only organisation in Wales entitled to describe itself as a "town" is a community." This is disputed because this article is not about the town as an administrative structure, it is about the place. A settlement is de facto called by whatever it is known as; a Community is an administrative structure created by government. Therefore, I dispute that the settlement is called 'St David's and the Cathedral Close' because it is located within the Community of 'St David's and the Cathedral Close'. I am of the opinion that the settlement is known as 'St David's' and is located within a Community called 'St David's and the Cathedral Close'. I would comment that this is a debate that has been had on several occasions before elsewhere on Wikipedia. DWaterson (talk) 22:48, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * If you want it to be purely about the settlement within the community, then all reference to St David's being a city needs to be removed. The settlement does not hold city status.  I understand the argument about the settlement of Carlisle being different from the City of Carlisle, but are you really proposing that, for a place with a population of less than 1,800, Wikipedia should have two articles, one for the community/city/ecclesiastical parish and one for the group of houses at the centre of it?  Such a solution would be nonsensical, and would only lead to confusion.  I would have thought it shouldn't be too hard to cobble up some sort of wording that keeps the article as one, but mentions the community/city's official title.  In any case, the lead needs rewriting: the present wording is apalling! Skinsmoke (talk) 05:33, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

As a follow on, I am looking to edit the article to clarify the situation of the status of 'smallest city'. As stated above, the honour is held by the community (parish), and not the settlement. Therefore it stands that the smallest 'city' label is only said in respect to the St Davids urban area. However, the status is only given to mean the built up area if there is no existing public body, so the statement is somewhat contentious. Articles used to research these include City status in the United Kingdom, List of cities in the United Kingdom and List of smallest cities in the United Kingdom. Judging it by community area would make it much larger than other cities, and put the City of London as the smallest. As I am sure this status instils a local sense of pride, and there could be some disappointment at the sake of clarification, so I thought it would be prudent to post it here first, to get Wiki members ideas of the best approach.

I will continue to post up a map of the city and list several hamlets which are within the boundaries of the city, as these don't appear to be covered in the article. The Equalizer (talk) 17:03, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Please excuse me, but on further review, the grant is nowadays usually to the town, and not the administration area, as the table here.
 * The Equalizer (talk) 12:14, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

 * That is not correct - it is as I first stated, it is granted in respect of the whole council area, see the added ref. Only cities in Scotland get an exemption from this at initial application, although there are cities without councils (and hence formal boundaries) throughout the UK due to subsequent changes in local government.
 * The Equalizer (talk) 11:25, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

Proposed move
OK, nobody has responded to my comment above. I am now giving notice that if nobody else joins a debate, I will move this article to St Davids. The spelling with the apostrophe is not uncommon, but the spelling without the apostrophe is more common, and is used by the town's own institutions - see the council website cited above. Does anyone have verifiable evidence that would speak against the move? --Doric Loon (talk) 08:41, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The Council's usage is not compelling evidence for a move and the grammatically correct form is better until it becomes very uncommon. Other official usage is not going to change just because the Council uses 'St Davids'.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 08:50, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * But the form WITHOUT the apostrophe is more grammatically correct, because British placenames based on the old possessive of a saint's name do not normally have an apostrophe. See St Andrews, St Neots etc. We can debate about what is compelling, but the usage of a town council is a pretty authoritative source for the spelling of the town name, and no comparable authority has been cited in the other direction. In town matters you don't get more official than the council. The google test also indicates that frequency is on the side of a move.  --Doric Loon (talk) 13:13, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

The local newspaper can't make up its mind. Agathoclea (talk) 13:23, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * If the s is possessive then is should either be removed entirely St David or be there with an apostrophe, it may have fallen out of use due to ignorance, but that doesn't suddenly make it grammatically correct. 82.33.106.245 (talk) 21:27, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually it can. If you look more closely at those, they are quite consistent: St Davids is the town, but when the reference is to the saint you get St David's Cathedral, St David's Day etc. The locals are making a distinction which you will also find, say, in St Andrews. Outsiders are obviously confused because they don't see the rule. --Doric Loon (talk) 13:29, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, 95% consistent. Agathoclea is right that the newspaper contains odd examples where they break their own rule. --Doric Loon (talk) 13:34, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Support - btw Agathoclea (talk) 14:26, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Since Felix Folio Secundus has changed his mind, we seem to have a consensus. I would be happier if more than three people had commented, but they've had plenty of time. I shall proceed with the move now. I can't do it myself, though, coz a redirect needs to be deleted. I'll try to find an admin. --Doric Loon (talk) 13:47, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion. Certain prominent sources use the apostrophe, but it appears that the version without the apostrophe is more commonly used. - GTBacchus(talk) 00:09, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

St David& → St Davids –
 * A discussion on talk page seems to have achieved consensus. However, the move requires deleting a redirect, so I can't do it myself. --Doric Loon (talk) 14:00, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have to say that I can see no real consensus, since only three people took part in the discussion. St David's is the form given in the Bartholomew Gazetteer of Britain, which I would usually take to be pretty definitive. However, I do note that locals seem to prefer St Davids. -- Necrothesp (talk) 20:13, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with that (the bit about the three people) - in fact I said something similar before - but another week on the question is how to get more views. Is there a forum we can attract attention on? I mean one with real Welsh 'Pedians on it? --Doric Loon (talk) 21:04, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * There is Welsh Wikipedians' notice board which is open for discussion of Wales-related topics.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 06:57, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I put a note there. --Doric Loon (talk) 14:02, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The Ordnance Survey form is "St David's / Tyddewi" which corroborates Bartholomew. It would be useful to look at usage by government departments for Wales to see whether they follow the local preference for St Davids.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 08:11, 5 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't want to dominate this, but since anyone coming new to this will probably begin reading at the banner, maybe I should just recap that the topic was discussed in two different sections further up the page. The main reasons given for the move are: 1. for the town name the spelling St Davids seems to be preferred locally, and is used consistently on the website of the council and almost consistently on the site of the local newspaper. (But they use St David's for anything else linked to the saint, like St David's day or St David's Cathedral.) 2. the spelling St Davids seems to be more widely used in the internet. 3. St Davids is consistent with St Andrews, St Neots, and other British place names based on saints' names. The main reasons given against are: 1. that it originally really is a possessive, so the apostrophe seems grammatically correct, and 2. that the spelling St David's is found on some major maps and in some government documents. --Doric Loon (talk) 14:02, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. (Sorry, chum, but) New Hart's Rules (2005) at p. 66 confirms there's no definitive rule here but illustrates the logic of, e.g., Lord's Cricket Ground and Offa's Dyke as against the equal acceptability of St Andrews, etc. I personally would never accept the Ordnance Survey as an authority, having found quite a few annoying variations and mispellings on its maps of Wales. But (as a publishing professional of some 50 years' standing) I always accept the authority of (what is now called) the Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors. It says at p. 334 "St David's small city in SW Wales (apostrophe); Welsh name Tyddewi" This is the weightiest possible confirmation of the Bartholomew Gazetteer of Britain, as cited above. Cheers, Bjenks (talk) 17:59, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support - If "St. Davids" is the more common spelling, then Wikipedia's guidelines about common names makes that the appropriate article title; prominent counterexamples do not veto the most common usage. Neelix (talk) 14:32, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

History and attractions has weird bug
"The area was originally known in the Welsh language as Mynyw and in Latin as Menevia, and was later renamed in honour of David." in the code shows up on the page as "The area was originally known in the Welsh language as Jay Baker CountryLatin next hype!, and was later renamed in honour of David."

I have no idea why this is, or how to fix it. Can someone smarter than me please set it right (and maybe explain to me what's going on there...)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.220.75.50 (talk) 06:52, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

St Pat
The Annales Cambriae has St. Pat also kicking around the area. Any more to the story of what he was (supposedly) doing there? — LlywelynII  22:55, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * As I was utterly ignorant of the Patrick legend before editing the history section, I have vaguely attributed it to "medieval Welsh literature". If anyone has a good link or can post the actual text from AC (or any medieval source) here, I'll update my text accordingly.
 * Diolch Cymrogogoch (talk) 11:28, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Diolch Cymrogogoch (talk) 11:28, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Community
There's a discussion about what to do with the community at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wales with regard to the St David's (Pembrokeshire electoral ward) article.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:17, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Is there? The discussion was about the communities in Wales that didn't have their own article yet. If you want to formally discuss the electoral ward, you need to make it clear. Sionk (talk) 10:53, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Davids


text:
Talk:Romer v. Evans

Link to actual case instead of Wikipedia's definition of citation
Really? When stating the citation of a case, with a link, don't you think that the link should actually link to the SCOTUS case and not Wikipedia's definition of citation? That doesn't even fit. If you wanted to link citation to its Wikipedia definition, fine. But this should be linked to the actual case-- at least if you want a decent article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.136.90.121 (talk) 21:50, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
I am neither an American nor a lawyer, so I'm probably not the ideal person to write on this. :-) Please check for obvious mistakes, etc. Evercat 23:34, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I think it'd be appropriate to explicitly mention that the vote was concurrent to that year's presidential election. Circeus (talk) 16:29, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

I have removed the sentence "Ironically, although Roy Romer was on record as opposing Amendment 2, his name was on the suit as defendant and the appellant solely due to his position as governor of Colorado" from the text because this isn't ironic or otherwise. In fact, it's standard procedure that the government official charged with enforcing a statute is listed as the defendant when a statute is challenged. See, e.g. Hamedi v. Rumsfeld. Biccat (talk) 17:09, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Dubious paragraph.
I think this whole paragraph: Since Romer stood in obvious tension with the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), it laid the groundwork for 2003's Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), which overturned Bowers; like the Romer case, Justices Kennedy and Scalia would author the majority and dissenting opinions in Lawrence with all nine justices voting almost the same way as in Romer (Justice O'Connor concurred, but with a different rationale). Romer has been narrowly cited but influential within its niche, being cited in the cases of Lawrence v. Texas and Hollingsworth v. Perry - no doubt because Kennedy emphasized the "special" nature of Amendment 2 and refused to apply traditional rational-basis analysis to the Colorado law.

... is dubious and it probably should be removed. First of all, there is no "obvious tension" between Romer and Bowers. The only similarity between the two cases was that both cases were challenges to certain state laws that were brought by gay men. But in Bowers it was explicitly stated that the gay man challenging the "sodomy" law of Georgia had not made an equal protection argument, he was not saying that the "sodomy" law treated homosexuals worse than heterosexuals. The Georgia statute was written to make it just as illegal for heterosexual men and women to engage in "sodomy" with one another as homosexuals. That very point was made by dissenting Justice Blackmun and by retired federal judge Robert Bork, the latter in his book "The Tempting of America," published 1990. Bork said, on page 117, "the statute on its face applied to all forms of sodomy, heterosexual as well as homosexual, and, given the history of its enforcement, Hardwick was in no greater danger of prosecution than any heterosexual." Justice Blackmun said, in the Bowers dissent, "First, the Court's almost obsessive focus on homosexual activity is particularly hard to justify in light of the broad language Georgia has used. Unlike the Court, the Georgia Legislature has not proceeded on the assumption that homosexuals are so different from other citizens that their lives may be controlled in a way that would not be tolerated if it limited the choices of those other citizens. ... Rather, Georgia has provided that "[a] person commits the offense of sodomy when he performs or submits to any sexual act involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another." Ga.Code Ann. § 16-6-2(a) (1984). The sex or status of the persons who engage in the act is irrelevant as a matter of state law. In fact, to the extent I can discern a legislative purpose for Georgia's 1968 enactment of § 16-6-2, that purpose seems to have been to broaden the coverage of the law to reach heterosexual as well as homosexual activity." And I say, again, the majority opinion in Bowers explicitly stated that Hardwick did not make an equal protection argument. It was in the very last footnote: "Respondent does not defend the judgment below based on the Ninth Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause, or the Eighth Amendment."

Secondly, I completely disagree with the way that paragraph above ended, insisting that Justice Kennedy "refused to apply traditional rational-basis analysis to the Colorado law." Justice Kennedy was explicitly applying that very standard. The only way to infer a "refusal" is to read between the lines and infer that Kennedy was not REALLY applying that test, even though he claimed to be applying it. The book by Evan Gerstmann, "Constitutional Underclass," published in 1999, was written primarily to educate its readers about the author's theory that there seem to be two different rational-basis standards that the Court is ACTULLY applying, but no Court majority opinion has ever said there are two different rational-basis standards. It is a very, very persuasive book, and I completely agree with the author's conclusion -- the Court is ACTUALLY applying two different rational-basis standards, one strong and one weak, but the Court, as an instititution, has never acknowledged that they are doing so.

Perhaps instead of deleting the paragraph, it can be amended to elaborate on this point much more, although that would mean putting in as much as one whole new paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vincent Labine (talk • contribs) 22:36, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I (in close personal cooperation with my IP) have overhauled the article, and in so doing have addressed some of the points you've mentioned.Anythingyouwant (talk) 00:39, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Who was Evans?
The article does not say who Evans was. The opinion itself doesn't provide mush more info in the individual respondents: " Among the plaintiffs (respondents here) were homosexual persons, some of them government employees." The case is too old to be on the Court's internet-based docket, and the case caption says only "Evans et al."

Anyone know who the Evans guy was, and how he got his name on the case? I think it's a fact worth having. Obergefell v. Hodges, for example, identifies James Obergefell as the lead plaintiff and relates how he came to be on the caption. TJRC (talk) 22:26, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * And.... now armed with Evans's full name, I was able to find his part in the underlying suit and add it to the article. Never mind! TJRC (talk) 22:44, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Very biased in favor of conservative views and perhaps animus against the LGBTQ communities
I do not disagree with the inclusions of conservative views on this subject, but missing is the overwhelming positive avalanche wittings in popular and legal publications concerning the way this case changed legal history,

In the current state the page on Romer v. Evans is a disgrace.

Since I worked as a paralegal in the courtroom in Colorado on this case, I obviously cannot change even a semicolon; but I beg people who read this who can help balance this page to help out. Chip.berlet (talk) 16:07, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Chip.berlet (talk) 16:07, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romer v. Evans


text:
Marshall Rosenberg

Marshall Bertram Rosenberg (October 6, 1934 – February 7, 2015) was an American psychologist, mediator, author and teacher. Starting in the early 1960s, he developed nonviolent communication, a process for supporting partnership and resolving conflict within people, relationships, and society. He worked worldwide as a peacemaker, and in 1984 founded the Center for Nonviolent Communication, an international nonprofit organization for which he served as Director of Educational Services.

Family
Rosenberg was born in Canton, Ohio, to Jewish parents. His parents were Jean (Wiener) Rosenberg and Fred Donald Rosenberg. Rosenberg's maternal grandmother, Anna Satovsky Wiener, had nine children. His grandfather worked at Packard Motor Car Company and his grandmother taught workers' children to dance. Wiener spent her final years living with ALS with the Rosenbergs, and Rosenberg credits his family's compassionate care for Wiener during the period in his later work.

In Steubenville, Ohio, Rosenberg's father loaded trucks with wholesale grocery stock, and Rosenberg himself went to a three-room school. Jean Rosenberg was a professional bowler with tournaments five nights per week. She was also a gambler with high-stakes backers. His parents divorced twice: once when Rosenberg was three and again when he left home.

The family moved to Detroit, Michigan, one week before the Detroit race riot of 1943 in which 34 people were killed and 433 wounded. At an inner-city school, Rosenberg discovered anti-Semitism and internalized it. Rosenberg married his first wife, Vivian, in 1961. They had three children. In 1974, he married his second wife, Gloria, whom he divorced in 1999. He married his third wife, Valentina (a.k.a. Kidini) in 2005, with whom he remained until his death in 2015.

Education
At age 13 Rosenberg began Hebrew school but got expelled. Twice his father beat him, once so badly he missed school the next day. After Rosenberg's father bought a house in a better neighborhood, Rosenberg attended Cooley High School and graduated in 1952 as valedictorian. When considering medicine as a career, Rosenberg worked with an embalmer for a while to measure his interest in the human body.

Rosenberg's first college was Wayne State University. He then entered the University of Michigan, and he worked as a waiter at a sorority and a cook's help at a fraternity. Putting up with anti-Semitism, he graduated in three years. The State of Wisconsin paid for Rosenberg's training as a psychologist.

Professor Michael Hakeem taught Rosenberg that psychology and psychiatry were dangerous, since scientific and value judgments were mixed in the fields. Hakeem also had Rosenberg read about traditional moral therapy in which clients were seen as down on their luck rather than sick. Rosenberg was influenced by the 1961 books The Myth of Mental Illness by Thomas Szasz and Asylums by Erving Goffman. He also remembered reading Albert Bandura on "Psychotherapy as a learning process".

Rosenberg's practicum placements were the Wisconsin Diagnostic Center, schools for delinquent girls and boys, and Mendota State Hospital. There, psychiatrist Bernie Banham "would never have it where we would talk about a client in his absence". In Mendota, Rosenberg began to practice family therapy with all parties present, including children. After graduation, Rosenberg worked in Winnebago with Gordon Filmer-Bennett for a year to fulfill his obligation to the state for his graduate training.

Practice
In 1961, Rosenberg received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His dissertation, Situational Structure and Self-evaluation, prefigured certain key aspects of his later work with nonviolent communication by focusing on "the relationship between (the) structure of social situations and two dimensions of self evaluation; positive self evaluation and certainty of self evaluation". In 1966 he was awarded Diplomate status in clinical psychology from the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology.

Rosenberg started out in clinical practice in Saint Louis, Missouri, forming Psychological Associates with partners. In making an analysis of problems of children in school, he found learning disabilities. He wrote his first book, Diagnostic Teaching, in 1968, reporting his findings. He also met Al Chappelle, a leader in the Zulu 1200s, a black liberation group in St. Louis. Rosenberg went to teach his approach to conflict resolution to the group in exchange for Chappelle appearing at desegregation conventions, starting in Washington, D.C. While Chappelle was harnessing communication against racism, Vicki Legion began to collaborate to counter sexism. "I started to give my services, instead of to individual affluent clients, to people on the firing line like Al and Vicki, and others fighting in behalf of human rights of various groups."

The superintendent of schools, Thomas Shaheen, in Rockford, Illinois called upon Rosenberg to deal with conflicts in an alternative school that was established. In 1970 Shaheen became superintendent of schools in San Francisco, California and was charged with racially integrating the city's schools. He called on Rosenberg to help as before and Rosenberg organized a group but Shaheen was dismissed before it could come into action. Rosenberg decided to stay in California and promoted the Community Council for Mutual Education with the help of Vicki Legion.

He worked for four years in Norfolk, Virginia's school integration. Rosenberg was called to many states, countries, and conflicts to provide his expertise in nonviolent communication. In 2004 he was visiting about 35 countries per year on his mission as a travelling peacemaker. From his home base at Albuquerque, Rosenberg supported his followers elsewhere with a Center of Nonviolent Communication in New Mexico. He died at home on February 7, 2015.

According to cognitive therapist Albert Ellis, Ted Crawford, who co-authored the book Making Intimate Connections with Ellis, "particularly liked the anger-resisting philosophy of Marshall Rosenberg and made presentations on it".

Awards

 * 2014: Hero and Champion of Forgiveness Award Worldwide Forgiveness Alliance
 * 2006: Bridge of Peace Nonviolence Award from the Global Village Foundation
 * 2005: Light of God Expressing in Society Award from the Association of Unity Churches
 * 2004: Religious Science International Golden Works Award
 * 2004: International Peace Prayer Day Man of Peace Award by the Healthy, Happy Holy (3HO) Organization
 * 2002: Princess Anne of England and Chief of Police Restorative Justice Appreciation Award
 * 2000: International Listening Association Listener of the Year Award

title: Marshall Rosenberg


text:
Talk:The Verve

Website out of Date
the weblink theverve.co.uk is offline and appears to have been for some time now. I don't think there is an official website running at the moment, so it should probably be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.201.177 (talk) 18:26, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

Additions
Here's what I changed:

- "rock and roll band" to "Shoegaze / Alternative Rock" because it was more appropriate - Added the Verve logo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.134.194 (talk) 15:56, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Verve


text:
Sevener

al-Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa / al-Ismāʿīliyya al-wāqifa or Seveners (سبعية) was a branch of Ismā'īlī Shīʻa. They broke off from the more numerous Twelvers after the death of Jafar al-Sadiq in 765 AD. They became known as "Seveners" because they believed that Isma'il ibn Ja'far was the seventh and last Imam (hereditary leader of the Muslim community in the direct line of Ali). They believed his son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il, would return and bring about an age of justice as Mahdi. Their most well-known and active branch were the Qarmatians.

List of Imams
Sometimes "Sevener" is used to refer to Ismā'īlīs overall, though mainstream Musta'li and Nizari Isma'ilis have far more than seven imams.

Ismaili imams who were not accepted as legitimate by Seveners
The following Ismaili imams after Mahdi had been considered as heretics of dubious origins by certain Qarmatian groups who refused to acknowledge the imamate of the Fatimids and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi.

 * Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi) (813-829)
 * Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi) (829-840)
 * Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah) (840-881)
 * Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (881-934) (Founder of Fatimid Caliphate)

title: Sevener