text:
Wilson County

Wilson County is the name of four counties in the United States:

 * Wilson County, Kansas
 * Wilson County, North Carolina
 * Wilson County, Tennessee
 * Wilson County, Texas

title: Wilson County


text:
User:Russells~enwiki

I am Russell Steicke...

--Russells 02:27, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Russells~enwiki


text:
Williamson County

Williamson County is the name of three counties in the United States:

 * Williamson County, Illinois
 * Williamson County, Tennessee
 * Williamson County, Texas

title: Williamson County


text:
Jerome H. Lemelson

Jerome "Jerry" Hal Lemelson (July 18, 1923 – October 1, 1997) was an American engineer, inventor, and patent holder. Several of his inventions relate to warehouses, industrial robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive. Lemelson's 605 patents made him one of the most prolific inventors in American history.

Lemelson was an advocate for the rights of independent inventors; he served on a federal advisory committee on patent issues from 1976 to 1979. A series of patent litigations and subsequent licensing negotiations made him a controversial figure, seen as staunch supporter for the rights of independent inventors, while criticized by patent attorneys and directors of some of the companies with whom he was involved in litigation.

In 1993, Lemelson and his family established the Lemelson Foundation, a philanthropy with the mission to support invention and innovation to improve lives in the United States and developing countries.

Biography
Lemelson was born on Staten Island, New York, on July 18, 1923, the oldest of three brothers. His father was a physician of Austrian-Jewish descent. His first invention, as a child, was for a lighted tongue depressor that his father, a local physician, could use. He also ran a business in his basement as a teenager, making and selling gas-powered model airplanes.

He attended New York University after serving during World War II in the United States Army Air Corps engineering department. His experience with teaching African American engineers, in segregated units in the Army, led to a lifelong interest in civil rights and in particular promoting the education of minority engineering students.

After the war he received two master's degrees: in aeronautical as well as industrial engineering. He worked for the Office of Naval Research on Project SQUID, a postwar effort to develop pulse jet and rocket engines and then Republic Aviation, designing guided missiles. After taking a job as a safety engineer at a smelting plant in New Jersey, he quit because he claimed the company would not implement safety improvements Lemelson believed could save lives. This was his last job before becoming an independent inventor.

Lemelson's first major invention involved utilizing a universal robot, for use in a variety of industrial systems, that could do numerous actions such as welding, moving and measuring products, and utilized optical image technology to scan for flaws in the production line. He wrote a 150-page application which he submitted for his first patent, on what he termed "machine vision", in 1954. Parts of these automated warehousing systems he licensed to the Triax Corporation in 1964.

During the 1950s, he also worked on systems for video filing of data utilizing magnetic or videotape to record documents, which could be read either on a monitor or from stop frame images. This process, along with mechanisms to control and manipulate the tape, were later licensed to Sony in 1974 for use in both audio and video cassette players. During this period, he also worked on a series of patents developing aspects of data and word processing technologies. He licensed twenty of these patents to IBM in 1981. IBM offered him a position running one of their research divisions, which Lemelson declined because he wanted to remain an independent inventor. He also developed a series of patents on the manufacturing of integrated circuits, which he licensed to Texas Instruments in 1961. While working during this period on complex industrial products, ranging across the fields of robotics, lasers, computers, and electronics, Lemelson utilized some of the concepts in these more "high tech" areas and applied them to a variety of toy concepts, receiving patents for velcro target games, wheeled toys, board games, and improvements on the classic propeller beanie, among others. An exhibit of his toy inventions was shown in 2012 at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

This cross-pollination across disparate fields was typical for Lemelson, and can be seen in how he devised ideas and patents for new ways of making semiconductors. While watching and reading about the problems with the heating and subsequent oxidation on heat shields of rockets re-entering the Earth's atmosphere, Lemelson realized that this same process could operate on the molecular level when electrical resistance in a silicon wafer creates an insulative barrier and thus provides for more efficient conduction of electric current.

From 1957 on, he worked exclusively as an independent inventor. From this period onwards, Lemelson received an average of one patent a month for more than 40 years, in technological fields related to automated warehouses, industrial robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette recorders illuminated highway markers, camcorders and a magnetic tape drive. As an independent inventor, Lemelson wrote, sketched, and filed almost all of his patent applications himself, with little help from outside counsel.

Lemelson was described as a "workaholic", spending 12 to 14 hours a day writing up his ideas, and often as much as 18 hours a day tinkering. His notebooks holding these ideas numbered in the thousands. Lemelson's younger brother said that when they were roommates in college, after they would go to sleep, the light would go on several times during the night and Lemelson would write something down. In the morning, Lemelson's brother would read and witness the several inventions that Lemelson had conceived that previous night. His brother stated, "This happened every night, seven days a week".

Lemelson died in 1997, after a one-year battle with liver cancer. In the final year of his life, he applied for over 40 patents, many of them in the biomedical field related to cancer detection and treatment, including a "Computerized medical diagnostic system" and several "Medical devices using electrosensitive gels," all issuing posthumously. In 2009, 12 years after his death,, for a "Facial-recognition vehicle security system," was issued in Lemelson's name.

Lemelson was a staunch advocate for the rights of independent inventors. He served on a federal advisory committee on patent issues from 1976 to 1979. In this capacity, he advocated for a variety of issues, including protecting the secrecy of patent applications and advocating for the "first to invent" patent system. In his testimony before the Patent Trademark Office Advisory Committee, he decried what he believed as an "innovation crisis", and that the barriers, such as high legal and filing costs as well as failures of the courts to protect the rights of independent inventors, were creating a negative environment for American inventors and US technological ascendancy.

Patents and litigation
Lemelson was granted more than 600 patents, making him one of the 20th century's most prolific patent grantees.

Through much of his later career, Lemelson was involved in a series of patent litigations and subsequent licensing negotiations. As a result, he was both excoriated by his legal opponents and hailed as a hero by many independent inventors. For example, Lemelson claimed he had invented the "flexible track" used in the popular "Hot Wheels" toys manufactured by Mattel. In the 1980s Lemelson sued for willful patent infringement, from which he initially won a substantial judgement in a jury trial. This case was later overturned on appeal. Later that same year, Lemelson won a $17 million judgement against Illinois Tool Works for infringement on a robot tool spraying device, which was upheld on appeal.

Lemelson litigated extensively on the basis of what he termed his "machine vision" patents, the earliest of which dates from the mid-1950s. These patents described scanning visual data from a camera, which are then stored in a computer. Combining with robotic devices and bar coders, this technology could be used to check, manipulate, or evaluate the products moving down an assembly line. Items or products could then be adjusted or sent on to different parts of a factory for further procedures. Lemelson also sued a variety of Japanese and European automotive and electronics manufacturers for infringing on his machine vision patents. Lemelson and these companies reached a settlement, with the companies taking a license to the patents, in 1990-1991.

Lemelson later utilized this strategy in attempting to reach settlements over alleged patent infringement with American companies. He first sued, then negotiated and received royalties from a variety of corporations. He was controversial for his alleged use of submarine patents to negotiate licenses worth over $1.3 billion from major corporations in a variety of industries. Partially as a result of his filing a succession of continuation applications, a number of his patents (particularly those in the field of industrial machine vision) were delayed, in some cases by several decades. This had the effect of taking the industry by surprise when the patents in question finally issued. Lemelson's tactics effectively resulted in these industries growing and flourishing without being aware of the impending patent-infringement lawsuits. This effectively translated into large, highly profitable lawsuit targets. Lemelson claimed that the bureaucracy of the US Patent Office was also responsible for the long delays. The courts, in the Symbol and Cognex case discussed below, however found that Lemelson had engaged in "culpable neglect" and noted that "Lemelson patents occupied the top thirteen positions for the longest prosecutions from 1914 to 2001." However, they found no convincing evidence of inequitable conduct. Indeed, Lemelson always claimed that he followed all the rules and regulations of the United States Patent Office.

In 2004, Lemelson's estate was defeated in a notable court case involving Symbol Technologies and Cognex Corporation, which sought (and received) a ruling that 76 claims under Lemelson's machine vision patents were unenforceable. The plaintiff companies, with the support of dozens of industry supporters, spent millions on this case. The ruling was upheld on September 9, 2005 by a three judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit under the doctrine of laches, citing "unreasonably long […] delays in prosecution". Lemelson's estate appealed for a review by the full circuit en banc. On November 16, 2005, the full court declined to review the case, and, citing "prejudice to the public as a whole," extended the original unenforceability ruling to all claims under the patents in question. However, the judge also ruled that Cognex and Symbol did not demonstrate that Lemelson had "intentionally stalled" getting the patents. Lemelson himself always denied intentionally stalling the patent application process, and asserted that he attempted for many years to get companies interested in his ideas, only to be rejected by what he termed the "not invented here" response. Indeed, although Lemelson died in 1997, uncontested patents he had applied for were still being issued as late as 2005-2006, such as his patent titled "Superconducting electrical cable" which was applied for in May 1995, but only issued in October 2005.

As a result of such cases, US lawmakers were urged to revise patent law to constrain inventors who emerge after an extended period of time demanding large licensing fees. Under current US law (35 U.S.C. 122 and 37 C.F.R. 1.211), revised by Congress in 1999, most patent applications are published 18 months after being received and any resulting patents expire 20 years after the filing date, serving to limit surprise or "submarine" patents. Lemelson's applications were submitted under older rules, which kept the application confidential during patent prosecution.

Controversy
"To his many detractors, (...) Lemelson's patents were in fact worthless. Lemelson, they say, was one of the great frauds of the 20th century"

"Some people see life in terms of a photograph or a song or a short story; Lemelson sees it in terms of a patent. He thinks in patents, and sometimes he dreams in patents. Lemelson holds patents on machine-vision systems, an industrial robot, a fax machine, a copy machine, a tape-recorder drive, and a camcorder. It's hard to think of a technology he has not patented."

The sharpest criticism of Lemelson is that he engaged in unfair "submarine" patent filings. Such filings are said to piggyback new patents onto applications filed years, even decades, earlier. When the technology in question comes into widespread use, the older patent claim surfaces again and the applicant seeks large fees to license the patent(s) in question.

"To Mr. Lemelson, the American inventor was caught in a Catch 22. On one side, as he saw it, were stubborn examiners and other Patent Office officials who dragged out the patent process for years, sometimes forcing him to divide a single idea into numerous separate – and expensive – applications covering different industrial processes before he would be legally entitled to collect royalties, often years after products and processes based on his ideas were in widespread use. On the other side were corporate executives who argued that because of those very delays they were absolved from paying him his due."

Honors
Lemelson, named Engineer of the Year by readers of Design News in 1995, made many millions in uncontested licenses with a number of the world's most successful companies including IBM and Sony, among others. In 1995, Lemelson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. On Thomas Edison's birthday in 1998, the John Templeton Foundation, which recognizes "the incalculable power of the human mind," made a posthumous award.

Lemelson Foundation
The Lemelson Foundation is a private IRC 501(c)(3) philanthropic organization founded in 1993 by Jerome Lemelson and his wife Dorothy."

Quotes
"Company managers know that the odds of an inventor being able to afford the costly litigation are less than one in ten; and even if the suit is brought, four times out of five the courts will hold the patent invalid. When the royalties are expected to exceed the legal expense, it makes good business sense to attack the patent... we don't recognize that the consequence of the legal destruction of patents is a decline in innovation..."

"The American dream is that if the average American invents something novel and worthy of patenting, he'll find someone to license it. However, for most contemporary inventors, it hasn't worked out that way. The independent inventor today still has an extremely difficult time convincing corporations that he has a product which deserves to be on the market. Most companies have a tremendous resistance to ideas and technology developed on the outside."

"You cannot develop a reputation for somebody who gives up. You have to be known as a fighter for your rights. Otherwise, you'll never license anything... Even Thomas Edison had a tough time supporting and protecting his patents. He spent about $1.4 million [to defend his inventions], and this was around the turn of the century, when beer was a nickel."

General references

 * Hansen, Susan (March 2004). "Breaking the (Bar) Code. The fabled Lemelson patents won't scan anymore. How Jesse Jenner brought down a billion dollar licensing empire." (PDF), IP Law & Business
 * Heinze, William F. (May 2002). "Dead Patents Walking: Loopholes in the patent process exploited by Jerome Lemelson, one of the most prolific inventors of all time, may be finally closing in on him". IEEE Spectrum. Volume 39, no. 5. pp. 52–54..
 * Maloney, Lawrence D. (March 1995). "Lone Wolf of the Sierras", Design News
 * Petroski, Henry "An Independent Inventor", American Scientist, May 1998
 * Riordan, Teresa (April 26, 2004). "Patents; The Lemelson Foundation, named for a prolific inventor, aims to reward inventions that help poor countries develop.", The New York Times
 * Siegel, Robert P. (Winter 2005). "As Patent Laws Weaken Innovation Suffers", Strategy+Business
 * Varchaver, Nicholas (May 14, 2001). "The Patent King", Fortune magazine
 * "Lemelson-MIT winner stripped of prize", VooDoo, Spring 2002, MIT, Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 10 (satirical magazine)

title: Jerome H. Lemelson


text:
Contagem

Contagem is a city in the center of the state of Minas Gerais, in Brazil. It is only 21 km from the capital, Belo Horizonte, and forms part of a metropolitan area with a population of 4.8 million.

Geography
The city belongs to the metropolitan mesoregion and to the microregion of Belo Horizonte, has a territorial extension of 195.2 km2, and borders the municipalities of Ribeirão das Neves, Esmeraldas, Betim, Ibirité and Belo Horizonte. The elevation of the city hall is 939 m.

Demography
According to estimates from 2020 the municipal population was 668,949 making it the third most populous city in the state of Minas Gerais, after Belo Horizonte and Uberlândia.

The population is very young with 86% of the population being less than 50 years old.

Education indicators:
 * adults with up to 10 years of education: 23.67%
 * young people between 10 and 14 years old attending school: 96.8%
 * adults with no formal schooling: 5.21%
 * young people ages between 15 and 17 enrolled in secondary education:  83.7%
 * adults who have studied some university: 23%
 * illiteracy rate for adults over 25: 7%

Source: Census 2010

Economy
Contagem is primarily a city of heavy industry with a diversified industrial complex; even though minerals processing and chemicals still have a large importance. The municipality is responsible for 5.28% of the state GDP, occupying third place after Belo Horizonte and Betim.

Serious problems with water and air pollution exist, and the Pampulha Lake (Belo Horizonte) receives large quantities of heavy metals from the city.

Contagem was the first industrial district built in Minas Gerais. Inaugurated in 1946, by 1950 it was the largest in the state. The Gafanhoto power plant (on the Pará River) was built by the state government in 1952 to provide for the implementation and development of the district, which is still the largest industrial region in Minas Gerais.

Ceasa Minas Greater BH (regional wholesale supply center) is in Contagem. It has a built area of 605,000m2, with 535 companies installed, and a public on busy days of 65,000 people. It is the largest in vegetables in all of Brazil.

Sister city
🇨🇺 Cuba Cienfuegos

Carmelo is a sister city in Cuba.

Notable people

 * Gilson Bernardo (born 1968), volleyball player
 * Arlene Xavier (born 1969), volleyball player
 * Ramon Menezes (born 1972), footballer
 * Glaydson (born 1979), defensive midfielder
 * Rafael Pereira (born 1997), athlete
 * Serginho (born 1986), footballer
 * Philipe Fidélis dos Santos (born 1989), footballer
 * Jonathan Reis (born 1990), footballer
 * Raquel Fernandes (born 1991), footballer
 * Ricardo Lucarelli (born 1992), volleyball player
 * Graxa (born 1993), footballer
 * Kay (born 1999), 2-time UR2D Sunday League World Champion

title: Contagem


text:
Bermuda Monetary Authority

The Bermuda Monetary Authority (the Authority) is the integrated regulator of the financial services sector in Bermuda. It is not a central bank, and does not provide lender of last resort facilities.

Established under the Bermuda Monetary Authority Act 1969, the Authority supervises, regulates and inspects financial institutions operating from within the jurisdiction. It also issues the Bermudian dollar, manages exchange control transactions; assists other authorities in Bermuda with the detection and prevention of financial crime; and advises the Government and public bodies on banking and other financial and monetary matters.

The Authority develops risk-based financial regulations that it applies to the supervision of Bermuda's banks, trust companies, investment businesses, investment funds, fund administrators, money service businesses and insurance companies. It also licenses companies and regulates the Bermuda Stock Exchange.

title: Bermuda Monetary Authority


text:
Dry Wolf Creek (Judith Basin County, Montana)

Dry Wolf Creek is a tributary of the Judith River, approximately 40 mi (65 km) long, in central Montana in the United States.

It rises in the Lewis and Clark National Forest, near Big Baldy in the Little Belt Mountains, in western Judith Basin County. It flows northwest, past Stanford and Denton, then NNE to join the Judith in the White Cliffs Area in northern Fergus County.


text:
Wilkinson County

Wilkinson County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Wilkinson County, Georgia
 * Wilkinson County, Mississippi

title: Wilkinson County


text:
Wilkes County

Wilkes County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Wilkes County, Georgia
 * Wilkes County, North Carolina

title: Wilkes County


text:
Wilcox County

Wilcox County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Wilcox County, Alabama
 * Wilcox County, Georgia

title: Wilcox County


text: User talk:64.136.26.226

title: User talk:64.136.26.226


text:
Wichita County

Wichita County is the name of the following counties in the United States:
 * Wichita County, Kansas
 * Wichita County, Texas

title: Wichita County


text: User talk:203.62.10.3

title: User talk:203.62.10.3


text:
Whitley County

Whitley County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Whitley County, Indiana
 * Whitley County, Kentucky

title: Whitley County


text:
Whitfield County

Whitfield County may refer to:

 * Whitfield County, Georgia
 * USS Whitfield County (LST-1169), a 1954 United States Navy landing ship tank
 * Whitfield County School District, Georgia

title: Whitfield County


text:
Sacagawea River

The Sacagawea River is a tributary of the Musselshell River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in north-central Montana in the United States. It rises on the plains of northern Fergus County and flows eastward. The river formerly joined the Musselshell five miles above the confluence of the Musselshell with the Missouri, but it now flows into the arm of Fort Peck Lake on the Missouri formed by the mouth of the Musselshell.

History
The river was explored during the Lewis and Clark Expedition and named after their guide, Sacagawea. The river was named after her because she was in a canoe, and got caught in a storm. The canoe nearly tipped over, the expedition members were trying to balance the boat, but Sacajawea collected all the books, records, and instruments from the journey. They may have been covered in some material which prevented water damage. The river was named after her for this deed.

Variant names
The Sacagawea River has also been known as: Bird Womans River, Birdwoman's River, Crooked Creek, Sah cah ger we-ah River, Sah-ca-gee-me-ah River, Sahcagahwea River.

title: Sacagawea River


text:
User:Peter Ellis

Firstly, I am not one of these people with the same name.

First impressions can be so deflating, and then I go and put a photo of myself here just before I self-nominated (a fizzer) to be an Administrators.

What foolishness! I should have cranked up the Geek factor weeks before that. GEEK CODE

-BEGIN GEEK CODE BLOCK- Version: 3.12 GCC/CM/FA/G/MU/S d+ s+: a++ U L+ W++ PS+ PE++ t+ 5+ tv+ e++ h++ z --END GEEK CODE BLOCK-- Updated 2024-02-25

Nelson Mandela & Ang San Suu Khi signatures
At one time, my image of Nelson Mandela's signature was the signature on that great man's page. This signature by Mandela is in my city, on a wall of signatures (and dated 6 September 2000.) When I returned to view the signature, the day after Mandela's death, I found that Aung San Suu Kyi had also signed, under Mandela's signature, on 29 November 2013.

Interests
In my professional life I would be described as a "project manager", and my recent academic accomplishments bear this out as does my membership of the Australian Institute of Project Management (AIPM).

I was an officer in the Royal Australian Navy for 34 years: 2 February 1976 - 18 July 2010. I was enriched by the experience, and learned my "trade" - management, particularly project management.

Geek cred
I am interested in places I live and have lived, and things I know about. I admit it: I'm the 'marginal' person, interested in some VERY 'odd' things:
 * I am a musician:
 * I play the violin in a community orchestra;
 * I sing in several community choirs;
 * I know Linux and I normally run several seperate boxen, typically Ubuntu or Kubuntu or Lubuntu (for the not-Linux crowd, 'boxen' is geek plural of 'box');
 * I have met Andrew Tridgell on various occasions, because:
 * I interviewed him for my community radio network, and
 * I am a subscribed list-watching member of the local Linux User Group;
 * I was a paid-up member of my local "PC Users Group";

 * I regularly moderate at Slashdot and read Groklaw  daily;
 * I have been a hand coding since starting on Fortran on an IBM Model 1180 with its magnificant magnetic ring memory!
 * I am webmaster for several organisations, in which I 'hand-code':
 * a PHP-based site, and
 * two flat-file HTML based sites;
 * a Wordpress-based site;
 * plus, I contribute content to several other sites including being an assistant admin of a site with hand-coding some of the content that goes in via a submission-tool;
 * I was maintainer for an early, small Unix-based, multi-terminal, server-client network for several years;
 * I have hand-coded the content for several parts of my employer's intranet;
 * I took delivery of one of the first TRS-80 clone PCs (a System 80) in Australia after sleeping in my car outside the nearest Dick Smith Electronics store, then hand-coded it in Basic;

 * >8,500 edits on Wikipedia, as at July 2020.

... and you're welcome to ask me for the URLs (if you know Wiki well enough);
 * I have several blogs, one that I keep updated moderately actively;
 * I have conversed with Australian Living Treasures, Dick Smith, on several occasions (and... have email access to him), and my father flew with him on various occasions;
 * I used to have a Private Pilot License, and barely a day goes by that I don't want to fly (sigh!) so now I 'fly' one of several computer programs (X-Plane / Flight Simulator);
 * I own several GPS units, one (often) installed in my car;
 * I was for several years a moderator on my local Freecycle group.
 * I have a Facebook page;
 * I am a welded-on fan of The West Wing and anything Star Trek;
 * And... Amateur Radio was geek before the word was invented!
 * and I have previously mentioned: the violin is 'my' instrument, but I'll get a note out of almost any string instruments and most others, too; I am resurrecting an 1800s Gypsy violin that has seen better days; Royal Australian Navy; reptiles because a son keeps several, and I assist/feed/clean enclosures; satellites because studying about them keeps my mind active; Christianity because I believe; broadcasting, radio, community radio station Radio 1RPH and the Australian Amateur Radio national news service, because I like the sound of my own mind; Canberra just is!; plus, Choir singing of major choral works with The Llewellyn Choir; play violin in Maruki Community Orchestra; Freemasonry because it's 'cool' to have "brothers".
 * In my spare time, I regularly write for several magazines (2011: three major articles so far).
 * I organised the Wikipedia 10th (2011) and 20th (2021) Anniversary meetups for Canberra.

YYYY-MM-DD
I do not edit other people's date formats, but (to me, having done some programming, and filing, in my time) there is an in-built sensibility in using the date format represented by YYYY-MM-DD.
 * This self-organises in a filing system.
 * This releases the reader from the ambiguities of other formats.

BOINC

 * My BOINC total credits (mostly SETI@Home until it ended, then Einstein@Home) topped:
 * 100,000 on 2006-11-28,

 * 200,000 on 2008-07-10,

 * 300,000 on 2009-06-04,

 * 400,000 on 2009-09-17,

 * 500,000 on 2009-12-22,

 * 600,000 on 2010-03-08,

 * 700,000 on 2010-05-19,

 * 800,000 on 2010-07-23,

 * 900,000 on 2010-09-21,

 * 1,000,000 on about 2011-01-07. (7 January 2011) I'm now a millionaire!!!!
 * 2,000,000 in 2017-10 (Oct 2017)!
 * 4,000,000 of Einstein@home (alone), in June 2020.
 * 7,000,000 of Einstein, in late October 2020.
 * 10,000,000 total, 2020-12-21.
 * 20,000,000 total, 2022-01-11.
 * 25,000,000 of Einstein@home, 2022-04-11
 * 30,000,000 of Einsteir@home, 2022-07-29
 * 45,000,000 of Einstein@home, 2023-07-29
 * 50,000,000 of Einstein@home, 2024-01-29

World Record
On 21 August 2015, I was one of the persons who, at the Australian National University, created the World Record for the number (1,869) of stargazers in one place, and across a nation (~10,000).

And, you guessed it, "Get a life" is an alien concept.

Are_You_a_Wikipediholic_Test online version

 * 9933 - Peter Ellis - Talk 12:34, 15 June 2011 (UTC) - and, actually conservative, but using a radically changed test from last time.
 * 180 Peter Ellis 20:06, 20 January 2006 (UTC) - and probably conservative
 * 126 Peter Ellis 01:28, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC) - conservative in retrospect!

Kate's tool
As at 29 March 2006 (after just over 2 years of editing) my data from Kate's tool score was:

 * >8,500 edits in July 2020.

Academic
Master of Management Studies (MMgtStudies) in Project Management - University of New South Wales through the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra, the Capital city of Australia Australian Capital Territory

 * Subjects that I particularly enjoyed included: Human Resource Management, System Dynamic Modelling, Microeconomics for Managers, Facility and Property Management, Communicatuions and Information Systems, Fundamentals of Surveillance Technologies, Legal Process and Procedure, Satellite Communications, Strategic Management, Project Management Body of Knowledge

Diploma of Applied Science (DipApSci) - Royal Australian Navy College, Jervis Bay, New South Wales

And, I have the itch to do a PhD on a field of economic / social / government administration (although I've been advised to write a book on a part of the subject first, in order to cure the itch.)

Wiki contributions
Full list of contributions

As of January 2010, my aim is to raise the grading / status of the pages I have written. Template:Grading_scheme

Articles I have written (established) include...
Lake George, New South Wales; Brake (box and pan); Jervis Bay Territory; Bruce Beresford; John Bell (actor); Press corps; Walkley Award that became Walkley Awards; Laurie Oakes; Dean Drayton; Sargent and Greenleaf; Canberra Region (now Canberra wine region); Ronald Wilson; Phillip Adams; Australian Living Treasures; Radio Print Handicapped Network; Paul Davies; Chris Ritchie; Australian Defence Force Academy; John Templeton; Templeton Prize; Wardroom; Commanding officer; Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress; Secondary Ionisation (SIMS); International Amateur Radio Union; Nowra; Logie Award; List of Logie Award winners 2004; Guarneri family of violin makers; Scott Cao - modern violin maker; Belconnen (district); North Canberra (district); Child stealing; Montana Barbaro; Fairey Gannet; Robyn Williams; Malcolm Mackerras; Elizabeth Blackburn; Bogong Moth; Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions; US/Australia Parliamentary Friendship Group; Remembrance Driveway (Australia); Govie (Canberra); User:Peter_Ellis/Copyrights; Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba turboprop aircraft engine (for Fairey Gannet); Armstrong Siddeley Mamba; Friends of Australia Congressional Caucus; George Newnes - publisher; Stan Grant (Wiradjuri elder) and his son Stan Grant (journalist); John Rudder; John Williams (water scientist); Harry Hopman; List of highest towns by country; Cabramurra; Alicia Molik; William Grant Broughton; June Bronhill; Fiona Wood; Bertil Schmüll; Leptosiaphos koutoui; Mitsubishi Sigma; Cabin (ship); Davis McCaughey; Don Burrows; David Fleay; Phoenix Prize for spiritual art; Alan Jones (radio broadcaster); Shark 02; Dalton, New South Wales; ANZAC Avenue, Canberra; National Emergency Services Memorial, Canberra; Australian-American Memorial; Walk to Emmaus and Emmaus Walk redirects to Cursillo; Lake Fidler (Tasmania); Royal Australian Air Force Memorial, Canberra; Vietnam Forces National Memorial, Canberra; Royal Australian Navy Memorial, Canberra; Australian Army Memorial, Canberra; Hellenic Memorial, Canberra; Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Canberra; Australia-New Zealand Memorial, Canberra; Mounted Memorial, Canberra; Foundation stone; Rats of Tobruk Memorial, Canberra; Australian Service Nurses National Memorial, Canberra; Korean War Memorial, Canberra; Australian Merchant Navy Memorial, Canberra; Blake Prize for Religious Art; Avro 618 Ten; Vice Admiral Russ Shalders; Air Vice Marshall Geoff Shepherd; Australian National Maritime Museum; Australian Hospital Ship AHS Centaur; Bullocks Flat, New South Wales; Helen Gibbins, a leading woman from New Zealand; Norah Head, New South Wales; Catherine Hill Bay; Cornell H. Mayer, planetary astronomer; Template:User_freemason; User:UBX/amateur-radio; RAN Remote Area Nurse (television) series; Remote Area Nurse; Damage control; Bill Loader (theologian); Frank W. Boreham (theologian); Australian reproductive doctor, Professor John F. Kerin; James Dutton Jr, NASA Astronaut; Australian Defence College; Reverend Senator John Woodley; Bush Telegraph radio show; Marco Fedi, the Aussie Italian politician; Nerds FC - a footbal club of nerds (TV show); Jack Robinson, as a unit of (short) time; Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (early NASA); Three Peaks Race (in Tasmania); Jane Rutter, flautist; Musica Viva Australia; Irrelevance principle (in economics); Anne Plunkett (Australian Ambassador to the Holy See and the Republic of Ireland); Million Paws Walk; Canberra Peace Park; Kippax Uniting Church; Hamper; Cross Keys, New Jersey; Deseado (yacht); National Christian Youth Convention (Australia); Lieutenant Colonel Mick Mumford; USS Ardent (MCM-12); USS Dextrous (MCM-13); Portuguese Irregular Verbs (novel); The Finer Points of Sausage Dogs (novel); At the Villa of Reduced Circumstances (novel); Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld (character); The Speculative Society; Campos Novos Dam adapted from French Wikipedia article; List of Australian military memorials and anyone is welcome to contribute photos; National Marine Science Centre, Australia; Eastern NSW bushfires, Sep '06; Karen Middleton, journalist; National Police Memorial Australia; Steve Parish, photographer; APNG-2 (cable system), (Aust-PNG); Sea Patrol (TV series); K-line (spectrometry); Lin Hatfield Dodds; Disher Challenge Cup, rowing; VX381 Fairey Firefly wreck; Naval Chapel, Garden Island NSW; Buffer (navy); TacSat-2; Sydney sandstone; Philip Potter (church leader); Children's Special Service Mission (inc. Beach Mission; Australian Centre for Christianity and Culture; DefCom Australia; David Nigel de Lorentz Young; River Styx Magazine; Adriane Knoppix; Edward Bright; Goler T. Butcher; Catharni Stern; Lent Event ; James Haire; Tom Frame (bishop); Gerhard Schwehm; Make and mend; Telstra un-named (cable system); Barbara Jefferis (author); Don Fry (Australian engineer); Gore (segment); Teeny Ted from Turnip Town (world's smallest book); Canberra Theatre; Robyn Archer; Woden Valley Youth Choir; Old Tote Theatre Company; Meryl Tankard; Margaret Fulton, chef and writer; Curtain raiser; Anina (model), a fashion model (because I came late to her story on NerdTV); Judge Peter Openshaw; Victoria Police Academy; Corpus Christi College, Melbourne; Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives; Kuma Kogen Astronomical Observatory in Japan; Holden Airship; Suparna Bhattacharya (Indian Linux kernel developer); 100 point check; Stephen Hatfield Dodds (economist); Parker McKenzie (Kiowa Indian leader); HMAS Wyatt Earp, NOT the person!; Ante Dabro (sculptor); Gate guard (the decommissioned military stuff -- guns, planes, etc -- at the entrance to bases); Peregrine Alexander Nelson Hood (so look him up!); Speeding. No one thinks big of you. advertising campaign; Peter Cullen (scientist); Alexander Nelson Hood, 4th Viscount Bridport (because of his son, Peregrine); Julius (Judy) Patching; Vice Admiral Sir Hugh David Stevenson, AC KBE RAN; "Working family" (definition); Jiangnan Shipyard; Operation Mosaic (atmospheric nuclear tests at the Montebello Islands in Australia); David Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar; Robin Plunket, 8th Baron Plunket; Terence Conyngham Plunket, 6th Baron Plunket of Newton; Shaun Plunket (heir presumptive); Admiral John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear; Thomas Plunket, 2nd Baron Plunket; John Plunket, 3rd Baron Plunket; National Training System (Australia); Marta Burgay (radio astronomer]]; Professor Chris Goodnow; United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory; Prince Said Ibrahim of Grand Comore; Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX (GEMS) satellite; Usebox for the Uniting Church in Australia (see User:UBX/UCA); Jeff Bleich (Ambassador-designate of the USA to Australia); Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin NT; Rear Admiral Ken Doolan; Nullarbor Links golf course (longest in the world); Chongming Island Bridge-tunnel; Vayu (computer cluster); National Computational Infrastructure National Facility (Australia); List of Tiger Woods' lovers; UNAVCO; Moore-McCormack shipping line; Robert C. Lee; Counts of Harmel; Margaret Reeson (historian/author); Fortidude class Joint High Speed Vessel; Minister for Population (Australia); Novofedorivka (Ukrainian air base); Gregor Henderson; Alistair Macrae; Foundation 41; National Tally Room (Australia); Richard Peek (admiral); National Arboretum Canberra; HMS Grasshopper (1938); Hindon Air Force Base, India; Sir Edwyn Wren Hoskyns, 17th Baronet; Lena Hara cave in Timor Leste; Bonang Highway; James Charteris, 13th Earl of Wemyss; 2014 G-20 Australia summit; Mauritania-Israel war of 1967 (until ~1999!); Schmallenberg virus; Donald Murray (inventor); Periodic Bedrock Ridges, on Mars; Hilmer Swanson, radio broadcast technology inventor; Majura Parkway; Jeremy Fernandez, Malaysian-Australian TV presenter and racial abuse victim; Expositiones vocabulorum biblie, 13th-century abbey dictionary; National Workers Memorial (Australia); The Lieutenant (novel); Jack Murphy (baseball); Alan Payne (naval architect); [[Burbong railway station, Australian Capital Territory and associated categories; Mr Fluffy asbestos house demolition scheme, in Canberra; King Baudouin Ice Shelf; Meegan Fitzharris -- a new local politician ('fresh meat' on Wikipedia Day); Drisana Levitzke-Gray (YAOTY 2015); Professor Mike Gore AO, physicist; Sasa Sestic, 2015 World Barista Champion (from Canberra); 2015 Commonwealth Law Conference; Austral Launch Vehicle, a reusable rocket launch system; Jacques van de Werve de Vorsselaer; Accélérateur Grand Louvre d'analyse élémentaire, the partical accelerator at the Louvre; Stuart McMillan (pastor), current President of the Uniting Church in Australia; Dr Deidre Palmer, President-Elect of the UCA; Rolls-Royce Dawn (2015); Leader-class destroyer; Doomsday plane (Russia); Long Range Discrimination Radar; Gordon Ramsay (politician); Second Barr Ministry; John Russell, 27th Baron de Clifford; BQM-167A; MACS 1423-z7p64 the most distant galaxy known at this time (April 2017); Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) telescope; RADM Vernon Jannotta USNR; Major General Ricky L. Waddell; 2017 South Australia Cessna Conquest crash; F21 (torpedo); impending FFG(X)-class of US Navy frigates; RSV Nuyina; HMAS Limicola; Maneuver Support Vessel (Light); MV Tian Kun Hao; Vice Admiral DeWolfe Miller III (United States Navy); Mhlengi Gwala; John Lord (admiral); Launch Unit; Truth Decay (social trend); Vice Admiral Lisa Franchetti, USN; VADM James H. Doyle Jr., USN; Kuga (dog), recipient of the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery; Blagovest (satellite); Volfefe index; Vanguard-class multirole warship; Bell 360 Invictus; Chinese missile warning system; UK Space Command; Dr James Muecke MD, Australian of the Year 2020; Project Pele, a small nuclear power reactor the US Defense forces; NOMARS (No Manning Required, Ship); RAAF Area Explosives Reserve, Kowguran; National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention (Australia); STM (Turkish company); Actors Centre Australia; ABL Space Systems; Rev. Sharon Hollis, 16th President of the Uniting Church in Australia; Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi harvests nickel; 2022 Golden Globe Race - yachting; Mr Boulos Fahmy Eskandar, President (Chief Justice) of the Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt); J1144-4308, a newly-discovered quasar and supermassive black hole; Wonhoe-class OPV (Philippine Navy); Embassy of Russia, Canberra; Kōichi Itagaki (amateur astronomer); David A. Flossi, 20th Chief Master Sergeant of the U.S. Air Force; RFNS Puamau (Fijian Navy ship);

Written for... (inc. edited...)
My contrinutions include: Uniting Church in Australia; Act of God; List of Christian scientists; Sydney Bertram Carter; Compton Gamma Ray Observatory; Royal Australian Navy; Amateur radio; Michael Jeffery; Royal Military College, Duntroon; Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress; ; Andrew Tridgell; International Telecommunication Union; HMAS Albatross; Nigel Kennedy - violinist; Richard Butler (diplomat); Advance Australia Fair; List of Canberra suburbs; The Iguanas; Cyclone Tracy; Hydrogen-5 and Hydrogen; Timeline of underwater technology; Crumhorn; Charmaine Reid; Apollo moon landing hoax accusations; Philip K. Chapman (the first Australian astronaut); Paul D. Scully-Power (oceanographer and NASA Mission Specialist); Andy Thomas (astronaut); Baking; Shiraz grape; Grange wine; Render (cement surface, and bagging); William-Adolphe Bouguereau; Barge (as in 'barge pole'); Crossbar switch; Project Mogul; Cyclone Tracy; Tasman Bridge; Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race; Alain Caron (bass player); Uzeb; Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance; University of Pavia; Burley; Burleigh; Gold Coast, Queensland; Earl of Anglesey; Walter Womersley proving persistence is necessary, and rewarding; Ship of Fools (website); Simon Jenkins; Event-related potential; Ringer; Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex ; Patrick Steptoe ; Seth Carlo Chandler; Chandler wobble ; Hopman Cup; International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ; Slash_%28punctuation%29; Ricky Ponting; Wiradjuri; "Money for old rope."; Marián Calfa; Kerala state, India; List of state leaders in 1421; 1421 theory; Book sources; Azem Hajdari; Christopher Columbus; Women's Tennis Association; Mark Latham; John Howard; List of state leaders in 1574; Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers; Easter; Maritza Sayalero; Royal Mail Ship; Egon Eiermann; Treaty of Tordesillas; 6600; Lotus 78; Leptosiaphos; Australian Open; Proteus (disambiguation); Inter-faithism; Fox co 2d bn 23d marines; Denis Thatcher; Boulton, Watt and Murdoch and associated pages; Gustafs skål added MIDI link; Edward Guilford; Battle on the Ice; Tegel; Pope - resignation; Danny John-Jules actor; The Necks; Continuity error in Ep 1 of Lost (2004 television series); WACY; William McIlvanney; Lateran Palace; Maurice LaMarche; Pierre Bouguer & Antonio de Ulloa - the halo; VeggieTales rapidly reverted/removed, but see Talk:VeggieTales; Duke of Marlborough; William Dobell artist; Aluminium; Side of a bus advertising, adding image; Australian Army; Michael Leunig; Wikicities > Religion > Liturgy; John Cain; Richard McGarvie; James Gobbo; John Landy; 2005 Sumatran earthquake; Australian Defence Force; Platypus; Prime Minister of Australia; Radio reading service; Gall-Peters projection section about the mention in The West Wing, while not logged in as myself; Thomas Blamey; Limiting magnitude / International Dark-Sky Association; Keith Payne VC and Edward Kenna VC; One-room school; Robert Menzies; Versus; Bolide; Public service announcement; Newcastle, New South Wales; Sebaceous gland; The meromictic Lake Fidler (Tasmania); RSL; New articles (Australia); Parade; The Pentagon Wars; Anchor; Guy Sebastian; Steven Donato to try to stave off deletion; Paradise Community Church; Planet Shakers; Sanctus; Naval officer ranks; William Blake; Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate; Cate Blanchett; Mary, the mother of Jesus; The Cancer Council Australia; Southern Cross; Southern Cloud memorial at Avro 618 Ten; Wright; Armstrong Siddeley; Cooma, New South Wales; Doctor Who; Angus Houston; revert [|vandalism] on Parachute; Coolangatta, Queensland; Mount Warning; Bar (landform); Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom; National Maritime Museum, UK; Lifeboat; Raft; Skitube Alpine Railway; Kosciuszko National Park; Burger; Cornelia Rau; International Whaling Commission; The Dish ; List of prominent jurists; Geoff Shepherd; STS-114; Britny Fox; Carmina Burana; Carlton Draught; Sergei Avdeyev; Sergei K. Krikalev; Expedition 11; List of cricket terms; Billy Bowden (the international cricket umpire); The Aunty Jack Show; Collect (a form of prayer); Justice Susan Crennan; NASA's New Horizons spacecraft (to Pluto and Charon); Canberra Raiders and Canberra Stadium; Floriade, Canberra; University of Western Australia ; Canberra Nature Park ; Movietone News; Kokoda Track; Bottlebrush (Callistemon) plants; Attack on Sydney Harbour; Keith Urban; Template:WalkleyAwards; Ludwig van Beethoven's Große Fuge manuscript; List of works by Beethoven; Bolide on 3 December 2005; Mental As Anything, the 1980s+ Australian band; HMAS Stalwart; Iceberg B-15 (the Earth's largest known floating object); SETI; (uncredited, 13 December 2005) Naval officer ranks and Chaplain; Mount Bogong; List of schools in Victoria; Pig; Tuggerah Lake; Falls Creek, Victoria; Magna Carta; Robert Burns (statue in Canberra); Hawk-Eye sport tracking device; Edward 'Weary' Dunlop sculpture (2nd edition detail); put 'official' pictures (from High Court of Australia web site) in entries on Chief Justice Murray Gleeson, and Justices William Gummow, Michael Kirby, Kenneth Hayne, Ian Callinan, and Dyson Heydon (but none yet available for Justice Susan Crennan); Manly, New South Wales; created redirection to (correctly spelled) HMAS Queenborough (G30) from wrongly spelled HMAS Queensborough; Baal-zephon; William Ellis Green cartoonist (not related); Venetia Phair (nee Burney) who named Pluto; Tales of the Reaching Moon; Pyrazolopyrimidine; Intermodulation noise; List of Australian television series; Safeguard; Bruce Spence; Australia Day; Daphne Akhurst; Sputnik program; Opportunity International; Smallholding; CKOI-FM; World Alliance of Reformed Churches; Reformed Ecumenical Council; Fuel oil; List of business schools in Asia; Women's National Basketball League; Two-factor authentication; Fosterite / Peridot (mineral - picture of mineral captured in space by Stardust spacecraft; Robert McCallum, Jr.; Cathy Freeman and Nick Bideau; HyShot rocket; Education in the Australian Capital Territory; Military rank (star ranks); Police Commisioner Mick Keelty; Cyclone Larry recovery; Len Beadell, surveyor and explorer; and fiddled with [Tropical cyclone]; Voyager 1; Cooneyites (Christian sect); The Wiggles' honours; Talk:List of Freemasons/citation / List of Freemasons; Tor - a hill; Nino Randazzo, the Aussie Italian politician; Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang, and Metafiction, etc; Three Peaks Challenge; Fourth wall; Three Peaks Challenge; HM Prison Risdon - April 2006 seige; (Quamby / Symonston) Periodic Detention Centre, ACT; President of the United Nations General Assembly fixing grammar; Box wine; Visoko (a town in Bosnia, with impressive pyramids); Beaconsfield mine collapse; Cameron's Corner; Stonehenge; Abbotsbury Swannery; Irrelevance principle; Peace symbol; Australian of the Year Walk; Waterloo Bridge; Commonwealth Avenue, Canberra; Sonic hedgehog (protein/gene); Llano de Chajnantor Observatory (radio), Chile; Operation Astute (Australian Defence Force deployment to East Timor, 2006); Donald Rumsfeld; Ozymandias (disambiguation); Argonauts; Ronald Fairbairn and Nicholas Fairbairn; 1956_Summer_Olympics; Chalice (cup);  Italian Australians; Répétiteur; Batt Reef; Steve Irwin; Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope; Vrba-Wetzler report; STS-125; Repository; Shibboleth; James Alexander Allan, poet; Periodic table & Peter Schickele; Barrington Tops National Park; F-35 Lightning II; Czech Dream (hoax TV show); Mills Cross Telescope ; Inertial Upper Stage; Digital Radio Mondiale; Barrel organ & Book music; Palmanova, Italy (a star fort); Gwen Meredith; Australian Council of Social Service; Taj El-Din Hilaly; Fijian military officers Commodore Frank Bainimarama  and LTCOL Meli Saubulinayau; Ediacaran geological period; Halimeda algae forming the Great Barrier reef; Marulan, New South Wales; Air guitar; HMQS Gayundah; Damascus steel; David Martin (Governor); William Rooke Creswell; Little Whinging (from the Harry Potter universe); Hartsfield's Landing (episode 58 of West Wing); Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery; Canon John Neale Dalton; Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope; HMAS Kanimbla (L-51); Engineer; World Council of Churches; Eugene Carson Blake ; Consultation on Church Union; Quark star; Color temperature; Scripture Union; Glebe Park, Canberra ; Domestic violence ; Codpiece ; Marketown, Newcastle ; Jasper Conran & Bruce Chatwin; Swimming pool; Mike Ketley; Jose "Pepi" Diaz; Sean Yazbeck; Sin radio; Terence Conran; Verner Suomi; Pigpen cipher; Brick stitch & Peyote stitch; 2007 Hopman Cup; Anne, Princess Royal; Happy Feet; Northampton; Otto Erich Deutsch ; Kings Avenue, Canberra; List of buildings and structures in the Australian Capital Territory; Margaret Reid; Summernats; Torres Strait; Seaman Dan; RocKwiz; Guernsey (clothing); History of knitting; 2006 Winter Olympics; Stephanie Pearl-McPhee; Pullover; Sweater; Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3; Eden Park; Master (form of address); Office (disambiguation); Reese's white chocolate; Bunnings Warehouse; Çumra; Campbell Park, Australia; Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park; Royal Company of Archers; Robert Fergusson; Oppian Hill; Gens; Sergio Badilla Castillo; Jessica Paré; Strong Arm Steady; Vulchitrun treasure; Klaus Knopper; Blindness; Milo (drink); Thomas Mayne (inventor); Naval Air Station Whidbey Island; HMAS Manoora (1935); Mount Graham ; Vatican Observatory; Pearl Aviation; Nigel S. Rodley; List of Howard University people; Corbeau; Shrove Tuesday; Randy Stonehill; Larry Norman; Australian International Hotel School; Vitis vinifera; Conservapedia; Garuda Indonesia Flight 200; Compass; Montalcino;  Military uniform; Automated Transfer Vehicle; Saturn; Peter Pace; David Petraeus; Hat-trick; Twin; NASA's Automated Transfer Vehicle; Nguyen Hong Nhi; Parachute; Gerardus Mercator; Réunion hotspot; Charles Bartley; Peter Churchill; Adelaide Girls Choir; Pavel Tichý; Sydney Theatre Company; Towrang, New South Wales; Hume Highway; Dr. Sarojini Sahoo, Indian feminist author; The "Esther Williams Trophy"; Laurence Spitters, industrialist; ... Kate Grenville (after personal interview); José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of Spain;

Pictures
Lots, really, and this is a small gallery.

Useful text
Citing sources

Making a goose of myself!
In the late 1970s, I did a Revue as Master of Ceremonies, as Dame Edna Everidge's faint echo, "Dame Enid Everard", in an appropriate costume. Interestingly, I had previously sung onstage in the South Pacific song, There Is Nothing Like a Dame.

Just after the opening of the 2006 Commonwealth Games I was talking to a family member who knows their ducks and geese and who swore to me that it was a goose rather than a duck that was used in connection with the Michael Leunig storyline. Accordingly, I inserted, "(A live white goose was substituted, presumably because it would be easier to handle and better visible by cameras.)" That person has since seen footage of the duck in question and has recognised the error of the ways. Accordingly, I too must take responsibility and apologise to the Wikipedia community in general and the Games organisers in particular. Peter Ellis 11:24, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

THIS got reverted in most of Emma Watson, Barack Obama, Fiona Bruce and Jake Gyllenhaal (feel free to re-revert)
In a scientific study published in November 2017, scientists showed that sheep could be taught to recognise the faces of certain people versus objects or random faces. The celebrity faces used were: Emma Watson, Barack Obama, Fiona Bruce and Jake Gyllenhaal.

"10 random pages" that I'm working with
Note: I do not necessarily touch or 'fix' things that I could!

For the archive, see User:Peter Ellis/10 random pages.

 * Current...
 * Sixteenth (18 November 2006): Thir - disambig; John_Newlove - poet; Fare Thee Well - disambig; Mario Teaches Typing - mmmario; Sadanand Joshi - petropublishing; John Neale Dalton - a cleric; Neural ensemble - all in the mind; Bount - character; Little Whinging sends you 'potty'; Illinois' 6th congressional district - politics.

Corrections
Wikipedia got it ever so slightly wrong on 10 February 2021, when it said that HMAS Voyager was struck by HMAS Melbourne (R21) "in" Jervis Bay; it was "near".

Copyrights User:Peter Ellis/Copyrights
I am proud of my substantive contributions to Wikipedia, many listed below, and I appreciate other people's work.

I am referring to Wikipedia from several web sites that I maintain, because I realise the usefulness of the articles and the intellectual rigor achieved by collective work (whatever the doubters and gain-sayers dredge up from time to time.)

I agree to multi-license:
 * all my written contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

 * all my image contributions, as described below:

title: User:Peter Ellis


text:
White County

White County may refer to:

 * White County, New South Wales, Australia
 * White County, Arkansas, United States
 * White County, Georgia, United States
 * White County, Illinois, United States
 * White County, Indiana, United States
 * White County, Tennessee, United States

Округ Уайт

title: White County


text:
Wheeler County

Wheeler County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 * Wheeler County, Georgia
 * Wheeler County, Nebraska
 * Wheeler County, Oregon
 * Wheeler County, Texas

title: Wheeler County


text:
Wheatland County

Wheatland County is the name of two counties in North America:

 * In Canada:
 * Wheatland County, Alberta
 * In the United States:
 * Wheatland County, Montana

title: Wheatland County


text:
United States congressional subcommittee

A congressional subcommittee in the United States Congress is a subdivision of a United States congressional committee that considers specified matters and reports back to the full committee.

Subcommittees are formed by most committees to share specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committee. Subcommittees are responsible to, and work within the guidelines established by, their parent committees. In particular, standing committees usually create subcommittees with legislative jurisdiction to consider and report bills. They may assign their subcommittees such specific tasks as the initial consideration of measures and oversight of laws and programs in the subcommittees’ areas. Service on subcommittees enables members to develop expertise in specialized fields. Subcommittees diffuse the legislative process. For the most part, they are independent, autonomous units with written jurisdictions, and, pursuant to longstanding practice, most bills are referred by a full committee to them.

General requirements for establishing subcommittees are established in House or Senate rules, but specifics with respect to subcommittee assignments and their jurisdiction are left up to the parent committees. Committees have wide latitude to increase or decrease the number of subcommittees from one congress to the next, including renaming or reassigning jurisdiction among previous subcommittees. Some committees, like the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, often retain a predictable subcommittee structure from year to year, due to the set duties of each subcommittee in drafting annual spending bills. However, even these committees are not immune to organizational changes. New subcommittees on Homeland Security were created in 2003 to handle funding for the Department of Homeland Security, and underwent a joint reorganization during the 110th Congress to better coordinate annual appropriations between the House and Senate.

The respective party conferences in both the House and Senate also provide their own rules, traditions, and precedents with respect to the subcommittee assignments, chairmanship of subcommittees, and even the number of subcommittees members can serve on.

House subcommittees
House Rule XI states: the "Rules of the House are the rules of its committees and subcommittees so far as applicable...." According to clause 1(a)(2) of the same rule, "each subcommittee of a committee is a part of that committee, and is subject to the authority and direction of that committee and to its rules, so far as applicable."

Subcommittee sizes and party ratios are determined by the full committee, usually in concert with the party leadership. Although negotiations are often held with the minority, these prerogatives remain with the majority. Generally, subcommittee ratios reflect the same ratio as that of a full committee, which in turn reflects the ratio of majority to minority members in the full House. Discussions on subcommittee sizes and ratios traditionally begin soon after the November election, and often are completed by the convening of the early organization meetings, usually held in November or December. Final decisions are made after committee assignments are ratified on the House floor. Seat changes within a Congress can necessitate adjusting subcommittee sizes and ratios.

House Rule X, which provides for the creation of standing committees, limits committees to five subcommittees each, though committees that also have an oversight subcommittee are permitted six subcommittees. Several committees are allowed to exceed this limit, due to the detailed nature of their jurisdiction. The Armed Services and Foreign Affairs and Oversight and Government Reform committees each have seven subcommittees, the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee is allowed six subcommittees, without also requiring an oversight subcommittee, and the Appropriations Committee has twelve subcommittees plus a select oversight panel on intelligence. House rules also prohibit any full committee from establishing subunits that last longer than six months. If they do, then the new subunit counts against the subcommittee limit.

Subcommittee jurisdictions are not enumerated in the House rules, and are determined by each committee. Several committees establish specific subcommittee jurisdictions in committee rules. Pursuant to the jurisdiction of the full committee, most legislation is referred by the committee to a subcommittee prior to consideration by the full committee. However, some committees retain specific legislation at the full-committee level. For example, the Ways and Means Committee keeps legislation amending the income tax sections of the Internal Revenue Code at full committee, and the Natural Resources Committee retains matters relating to Native Americans for the full committee.

House Rules further require that every full committee with more than 20 members must establish a subcommittee on oversight, though this requirement does not limit the ability of the full committee or its other subcommittees to exercise oversight over programs and agencies under their jurisdiction.

Service on subcommittees
House rules are silent on how members are assigned to subcommittees, as this practice is traditionally governed by party rules and practices.

House Rule X generally restricts members of Congress to service on no more than two standing committees and no more than four subcommittees within each of those committees, with some exceptions. For example, the chairman and ranking member of the full committee are allowed to serve ex officio on their subcommittees without that service being subject to the limitation. Also, service on any temporary investigative subcommittees established by the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct does not count. Finally, representatives can request waivers from their respective party caucus or conference to serve on additional committees or subcommittees

House Democratic Caucus
Democratic Caucus Rule 26, which addresses subcommittees “when the Democratic party is the majority,” states that no subcommittee can be more than 60% of the size of a full committee. It further states that the resident commissioner and delegates should not be counted in determining subcommittee (or committee) size.

House Democrats allow each committee member to bid, in order of seniority, for available subcommittee leadership slots. For all committees, except Appropriations, this is done by full-committee seniority; for Appropriations, it is done by subcommittee seniority. Caucus rules generally limit Members to chair only one full committee or one subcommittee with legislative jurisdiction. Subcommittee leaders selected for the Appropriations Committee, Energy and Commerce Committee, and Ways and Means Committee require Democratic Steering and Policy Committee approval.

House Republican Conference
Republican Conference rules are silent on subcommittee size and ratio issues. Each committee chair determines and provides to other Republican members of the committee the method for selecting subcommittee chairs. However, a majority of the Republican Members of the full committee can disapprove the selection procedure. Republican Conference rules changes for the 108th Congress required subcommittee chairs of the Appropriations Committee to receive full conference approval. Under House rules, subcommittee chairs are limited to six years of service. Republicans also limit members to a single committee or subcommittee chairmanship; the chairmanships of the Standards of Official Conduct Committee and the House Administration Committee are exempt, thereby allowing a Member to chair either of these panels and an additional panel. Finally, Republican Conference rules prohibit a full-committee chair from leading a subcommittee of the committee they head. Republicans generally leave assignment decisions to the committee leader to determine, although most employ a bidding approach that allows members to select subcommittee slots. Chairmen are limited to six years as the ranking member on a committee, with time spent as chairman and as ranking minority member counting towards the limit. Since the rule has come into force in 1995, waivers have been granted, though very rarely.

Senate subcommittees
Given the smaller size of the senate, there are fewer members competing for committee and subcommittee assignments. The Standing Rules of the Senate do not establish any limits on the number of subcommittees a standing or select committee may establish, and gives more latitude to the committees in determining their subcommittee organization and membership. The Senate prohibits committees from creating any subunit other than a subcommittee, unless authorized by specific resolution approved by the full Senate.

Service on subcommittees
Senate rules do place some limits on subcommittees. The Senate classifies its committees into three categories, known as A, B, or C committees. Senate Rule 25 restricts all senators to service on no more than three committees, two A committees and one B or C Committee. Party rules further restrict assignments to no more than one among the so-called Super A Committees of Appropriations, Armed Services, Finance, and Foreign Relations.

Senators are limited to service on no more than three subcommittees on each of the A Committees they serve on, and no more than two subcommittees from B or C Committees. The chairman and ranking member of full committees are permitted to serve ex officio on any of their committee's subcommittees.

Senators are further restricted by Rule 25 to chair no more than one subcommittee on each of the full committees they are a member of. There are additional restrictions for a chairman of an A Committee. The chairmen is limited to chair only one subcommittee on each A Committee they serve on. This restriction even extends to committees they don't chair.

Chairmen of Class B or C committees are prohibited from serving as chair of any subcommittee of any committee they chair, and are similarly restricted to serving as chair of only one Class A subcommittee.

Senate Democratic Caucus
Senate Democratic Caucus rules are not publicly available, so it is hard to determine how those rules apply to subcommittee assignments. However, unlike their Republican counterparts, Democratic chairmen and ranking members are not limited to six-year terms nor are chairmen of full committees prohibited from serving as chairmen of their own committee's subcommittees.

Senate Republican Conference
Republican Conference rules place additional restrictions on senators, including term limits of 6 years as a committee chairman plus 6 years as ranking member.

 * A chair/ranking member of an A committee may not serve as chair/ranking member of any subcommittees. Appropriations subcommittee chairmanships are exempt.
 * A chair/ranking member of a non-A committee, excluding Ethics, may not serve as chair/ranking member of more than one subcommittee. Appropriations subcommittee chairmanships are not exempt.
 * The chair/vice chair of the Ethics Committee may serve on no more than two standing subcommittees.
 * A Senator may not serve as chair/ranking member of more than two subcommittees.
 * A Senator shall not serve more than 6 years as chair of any standing committee, effective January 1997, plus 6 years as ranking member of a committee. Once a Senator served 6 years chairing a committee, the term would be over. However, if a Senator served 6 years as a ranking minority member, the Senator could serve as chair if the party controls the chamber.


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Canadian Coast Guard College

The Canadian Coast Guard College (CCGC) is a maritime training college and Canadian Coast Guard facility located in Westmount, Nova Scotia—a suburb of the former city of Sydney in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.

The CCGC core training program revolves around a 4-year Officer Cadet program that prepares navigation and engineering officers for service on Canadian Coast Guard ships. These cadets receive a Bachelor of Technology (Nautical Science) that is granted in collaboration with Cape Breton University. Other training programs include a 6-month program for Marine Communications and Traffic Services Officers that specializes in radiotelephony procedures for marine safety and vessel traffic services to co-ordinate and monitor vessel movements in Canada's territorial waters. Canadian Coast Guard officers that work in the nation's Joint Rescue Coordination Centres (JRCCs) also undertake advanced training at CCGC where a mock-up of a JRCC exists for simulation and training purposes. Additionally, various courses and training programs exist for specialized positions in CCG, including administrative courses, search and rescue, and environmental response.

History
Established in 1965 as a residential college on the site of the former navy base HMCS Protector located at Point Edward along the western shore of Sydney Harbour, CCGC's first mandate was to train young men in 4-year diplomas of Marine Engineering or Marine Navigation for the Coast Guard's Officer Training Program. The Officer Training Program expanded in 1973 to include women.

In 1981, CCGC moved from its location on the former Point Edward naval base to an adjacent custom-built 120 acre (486,000 m²) campus in neighbouring Westmount. The campus, designed by Nova Scotia Architect Keith L. Graham is located in a wooded area immediately south of Point Edward and adjacent to Petersfield Provincial Park. It consists of a variety of interlinked residential, training, administration, and health/fitness facilities. CCGC also has simulators for depicting the navigation of vessels in a variety of scenarios, dry-land mock-ups of vessel engine rooms, and a simulator for a rescue coordination centre (RCC).

CCGC has a small fleet of training vessels ranging from sail boats and rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIB) and one 47 ft motor life boat- all housed in a custom-built boathouse on the college's waterfront along a small cove.

From the 1980s to the 2000s (decade), the college expanded its training programs to include customized marine training for students from Commonwealth Caribbean nations, as well as other federal government agencies such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Department of Transport.

In the 1995, the 4 year Officer Training Program was granted degree accreditation through an agreement with the University College of Cape Breton, since renamed Cape Breton University. Following completion of the Officer Training program, graduates now receive a Bachelor of Technology (Nautical Science or nautical engineering) from CBU.

Training programs
Following training programs are offered:

 * Officer Training Program (OTP)
 * Marine Navigation
 * Marine Engineering
 * Marine Communications and Traffic Services (MCTS) Officer Program
 * Electronics and Informatics Technical Training (EITT)

Departments

 * Marine Communications and Traffic Services
 * Electronics and Informatics Technical Training
 * Marine Engineering (Officer Training Program)
 * Navigation (Officer Training Program, Search and Rescue, Environmental Response)
 * Arts, Sciences and Languages (Officer Training Program)
 * Superintendent of Officer Cadets (Officer Training Program)

Training vessels
There is one vessel assigned to the College:

 * CCGS Goéland

In 2011 CCGS CG 117 and CCGS CG 118 were retired as training vessels.

title: Canadian Coast Guard College


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Select committee (parliamentary system)

A select committee in the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy is a committee made up of a small number of parliamentary members appointed to deal with particular areas or issues.

Description
A select committee is a special subcommittee of a legislature or assembly. Select committees exist in the British Parliament, as well as in other parliaments based on the Westminster model, such as those in Australia, Canada, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, and New Zealand.

They are often investigative in nature, collecting data or evidence for a law or problem, and dissolve after their findings have been reported.

These are very common in government legislatures, and are used to solve special problems, hence their name.

United Kingdom
In the UK, select committees work in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

Australia
There are select committees appointed by both the Australian Senate and the Australian House of Representatives.

India
Under Rule 125 of the Rajya Sabha Rules and Procedures, any member may move as an amendment that a bill be referred to a select committee and, if the motion is carried, the bill shall be referred to such a committee. The House decides the members of such committee.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are special committees of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Reps) and the Dewan Negara (Senate).

South Africa
In South Africa, select committees appointed by the National Council of Provinces (the upper house) follow the work of the various national departments as well as dealing with Bills.

Sri Lanka
Parliament will appoint ad-hoc committees to inquire into and report to the House on a particular matter.

title: Select committee (parliamentary system)


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Wexford County

Wexford County may refer to:

Places

 * Wexford County, Michigan
 * County Wexford, Ireland

Ships

 * USS LST-1168, a United States Navy landing ship tank commissioned in 1954 and renamed USS Wexford County (LST-1168) in 1955
 * USS Wexford County (LST-1168), a United States Navy landing ship tank in commission from 1954 to 1971
 * USS Wexford (AK-220)

title: Wexford County


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Select or special committee (United States Congress)

A select or special committee of the United States Congress is a congressional committee appointed to perform a special function that is beyond the authority or capacity of a standing committee. A select committee is usually created by a resolution that outlines its duties and powers and the procedures for appointing members. Select and special committees are often investigative, rather than legislative, in nature though some select and special committees have the authority to draft and report legislation.

A select committee generally expires on completion of its designated duties, though it can be renewed. Several select committees are treated as standing committees by House and Senate rules and are permanent fixtures in both bodies, continuing from one Congress to the next. Examples include the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence in the House and the Select Committee on Intelligence in the Senate. The Senate Indian Affairs Committee is a select committee, though the word select is no longer a part of its name.

Some select committees are called special committees, such as the Senate Special Committee on Aging. However, they do not differ in any substantive way from the others.

Prior to the advent of permanent standing committees in the early 19th century, the House of Representatives relied almost exclusively on select committees to carry out much of its legislative work. The committee system has grown and evolved over the years. During the earliest Congresses, select committees, created to perform a specific function and terminated when the task was completed, performed the overwhelming majority of the committee work. The first committee to be established by Congress was on April 2, 1789, during the First Congress. It was a select committee assigned to prepare and report standing rules and orders for House proceedings and it lasted just five days, dissolving after submitting its report to the full House. Since that time, Congress has always relied on committees as a means to accomplish its work.

Early select committees
In the 1st Congress (1789–1791), the House appointed roughly six hundred select committees over the course of two years. By the 3rd Congress (1793–95), Congress had three permanent standing committees, the House Committee on Elections, the House Committee on Claims, and the Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills, but more than three hundred fifty select committees. While the modern committee system is now firmly established in both House and Senate procedure, with the rules of each House establishing a full range of permanent standing committees and assigning jurisdiction of all legislative issues among them, select committees continue to be used to respond to unique and difficult issues as the need arises.

The United States Senate did not establish its first standing committees until 1816, so select committees performed the overwhelming majority of the committee work for the Senate during the earliest Congresses. Like the House, standing committees have largely replaced select committees in the modern Senate, but select committees continue to be appointed from time to time.

Early select committees were fluid, serving their established function and then going out of existence. This makes tracking committees difficult, since many committees were known by the date they were created or by a petition or other document that had been referred to them. In a number of instances, the official journal and other congressional publications did not consistently refer to an individual committee by the same title. Though such inconsistencies still appeared during the 20th century, they were less frequent.

Notable select committees
While earlier select committees often narrowly tailored to specific issues, some select committees ultimately had a noticeable impact on federal legislation and American history. One was the select committee dealing with Missouri's admission to the Union as a new state. The committee was established in 1821 and lasted just 7 days. Chaired by Henry Clay, the committee helped draft the Missouri Compromise, which attempted to resolve the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states.

Some select committees went on to become permanent standing committees. The most notable of these is the Ways and Means Committee. It was first established as a select committee July 24, 1789 during a debate on the creation of the Treasury Department. Representatives had concerns over giving the new department too much authority over revenue proposals, so the House felt it would be better equipped if it established a committee to handle the matter. This first Committee on Ways and Means had 11 members and existed for just two months. In 1801, it became a standing committee, and still operates as one today.

In the 20th century
Notable select and special committees established in the 20th century include:

 * House Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities (McCormack-Dickstein Committee): established in 1934 "in reaction to the overthrow of a number of established foreign Governments in favor of communist or fascist systems and reflected concern that foreign propaganda might subvert the U.S. Constitution", the committee's chairman was John W. McCormack of Massachusetts and its vice chairman was Samuel Dickstein of New York. The committee is sometimes cited as a forerunner to the House Un-American Activities Committee.
 * Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program (Truman Committee): chaired by Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri, this committee, established on March 1, 1941, by the unanimous consent of the Senate, allowed Truman to rise to national prominence. The committee investigated waste and corruption that hampered U.S. military efforts before and during World War II; it "held hundreds of hearings, traveled thousands of miles to conduct field inspections, and saved millions of dollars in cost overruns". The committee disbanded on January 28, 1948, and its functions were assumed by what became the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
 * Senate Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System (Stevenson Committee): chaired by Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III of Illinois, the recommendations of this Committee led to the abolition of most of the Senate's select and joint committees, and the reshuffling to jurisdictional lines of Senate committees. The 1970s reorganization was the last major reorganization of the Senate committee system.
 * House Select Committee on Assassinations to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. from 1976 to 1978.
 * Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (Watergate Committee): chaired by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, this committee investigated misconduct during the 1972 presidential election, most famously the Watergate scandal. The committee disbanded after completing its investigation in June 1974.
 * House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran (Iran–Contra Committee): established in 1987 to investigate the Iran–Contra scandal.

House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming
The Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming was established in 2007 in the 110th Congress (under Speaker Nancy Pelosi) and renewed for the 111th Congress. The committee was advisory in nature, and lacked the legislative authority granted to standing committees. The committee was chaired by Representative Ed Markey of Massachusetts, co-author of the unsuccessful 2009 cap-and-trade legislation (Waxman-Markey) supported by Democrats.

The committee held 80 hearings and briefings on issues such as climate change and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The committee played a role in the creation of the 2007 energy bill, the 2009 stimulus package (which contained funds for energy efficiency and other environmental provisions), and the 2009 Waxman-Markey bill (which was passed by the House, but never acted upon by the Senate).

The committee was disbanded by the House in 2011, at the beginning of the 112th Congress, after Republicans took control of the chamber following the 2010 elections.

House Select Committee on Benghazi
In May 2014, the House of Representatives voted to create the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi to investigate the 2012 attack on a U.S. compound in Benghazi, Libya. The committee spent more than $7.8 million on its investigation over two and a half years, issued its final report in December 2016, and shut down at the conclusion of the 114th Congress. The committee was "one of the longest, costliest and most bitterly partisan congressional investigations in history", lasting longer than the congressional inquiries into 9/11, Watergate, the assassination of President Kennedy, and the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Democrats and critics viewed the inquiry as intended to damage the presidential prospects of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy prompted controversy when he suggested that Republicans had succeeded with the Benghazi special committee in bringing down Clinton's poll numbers. James Fallows wrote that the committee was an "oppo-research arm of the Republican National Committee, far more interested in whatever it might dig up about or against ... Clinton than any remaining mysteries on the four Americans killed in Benghazi". The committee's "most significant, if inadvertent, discovery" was Clinton's use of a private email server as secretary of state, which prompted an FBI investigation.

The committee's final report found no evidence of culpability or wrongdoing by Clinton, but did criticize Defense Department, Central Intelligence Agency and State Department officials for security lapses. In a dissenting report, Democrats accused the committee and its chairman, Trey Gowdy, "of flagrant political bias while arguing the investigation wasted taxpayer money to try to damage Clinton".

House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol
On July 1, 2021, Speaker Nancy Pelosi created a select committee to investigate the January 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol, following the U.S. Senate's failure to overcome a Republican-led filibuster to create a bipartisan January 6 Commission. Bipartisan membership on the committee was a point of significant political contention. Liz Cheney and Adam Kinzinger were the only two House Republicans to serve on the committee, and the Republican National Committee eventually censured them for their participation.

Proposed select committees
There have been a number of unsuccessful proposals to create select committees. For example, in 2017, Representative Mike Thompson and 162 other Democratic members of Congress unsuccessfully introduced a measure to create a House Select Committee on Gun Violence Prevention to address gun violence in the United States. In the same year, Democratic Senator Chris Coons of Delaware and Republican Senator Cory Gardner introduced bipartisan legislation to create a Select Committee on Cybersecurity.

The United States House Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government was established on January 10, 2023 to fulfill promises made during negotiations for election of the House Speaker by Kevin McCarthy to investigate the Biden Administration's alleged weaponization of the federal government.


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Joint committee (legislative)

A joint committee is a committee made up of members of the two chambers of a bicameral legislature. In other contexts, it refers to a committee with members from more than one organization.

Germany
A joint committee (Gemeinsamer Ausschuss) comprises both members of Bundestag (two thirds) and representatives of the Länder (one third). It exists to ensure a working legislature during a state of defense.

A mediation committee (Vermittlungsausschuss), consisting in equal numbers of members of Bundestag and representatives of the states, facilitates compromises between Bundestag and Bundesrat in legislation - especially if the consent of Bundesrat is constitutionally required.

India
In India, a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is one type of ad hoc Parliamentary committee constituted by the Indian parliament. A Joint Parliamentary Committee is formed when a motion is adopted by one house and it is supported or agreed by the other house.

Philippines
A bicameral conference committee is formed for each bill where the Senate and the House of Representatives have conflicting versions. The committee has the same number of members from each chamber. Once passed, the chambers then have to approve the version passed by the bicameral conference committee in order for it to be sent for the president's signature.

If Congress is short on time, a chamber may approve the other chamber's version instead.

Republic of Ireland
A Joint Committee of the Irish Oireachtas (parliament) comprises members of both Dáil Éireann (the lower house) and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).

United Kingdom
A Joint committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is a parliamentary committee consisting of members of both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Joint Committees can be permanent or temporary. Three permanent committees meet on a regular basis to consider Human Rights, National Security Strategy and Statutory Instruments. A Joint Committee on Consolidation Bills, which was first appointed in 1894, considers all bills that seek to consolidate existing statutes. In a similar way, a Joint Committee on Tax Law Rewrite Bills scrutinizes all bills that seek to simplify tax laws. Temporary committees have considered specific topics ranging from draft bills on financial services and climate change to restoration of the Palace of Westminster. There are two statutory committees that have members from both Houses, the Ecclesiastical Committee and the Intelligence and Security Committee.

United States
A Joint Committee of the United States Congress is a congressional committee consisting of both Senate and House members and having jurisdiction over matters of joint interest. An example of a joint committee is the Joint Committee on the Library. Most joint committees are permanent (as with the Library Committee) but temporary joint committees have been created to address specific issues (such as the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War during the American Civil War).

Joint committees are also a feature for upper and lower houses of State legislatures in some States.

title: Joint committee (legislative)