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Transamination

Transamination is a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.This pathway is responsible for the deamination of most amino acids. This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids (amino acids that can be synthesized de novo by the organism).

Transamination in biochemistry is accomplished by enzymes called transaminases or aminotransferases. α-ketoglutarate acts as the predominant amino-group acceptor and produces glutamate as the new amino acid.

 * Aminoacid + α-ketoglutarate ↔ α-keto acid  + glutamate

Glutamate's amino group, in turn, is transferred to oxaloacetate in a second transamination reaction yielding aspartate.

 * Glutamate +  oxaloacetate  ↔  α-ketoglutarate + aspartate

Mechanism of action
Transamination catalyzed by aminotransferase occurs in two stages. In the first step, the α amino group of an amino acid is transferred to the enzyme, producing the corresponding α-keto acid and the aminated enzyme. During the second stage, the amino group is transferred to the keto acid acceptor, forming the amino acid product while regenerating the enzyme. The chirality of an amino acid is determined during transamination. For the reaction to complete, aminotransferases require participation of aldehyde containing coenzyme, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), a derivative of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6). The amino group is accommodated by conversion of this coenzyme to '''pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate (PMP). PLP is covalently attached to the enzyme via a Schiff Base linkage formed by the condensation of its aldehyde group with the ε-amino group of an enzymatic Lys''' residue. The Schiff base, which is conjugated to the enzyme's pyridinium ring, is the focus of the coenzyme activity.

 * Picture2 aminotransferase.jpg product of transamination reactions depend on the availability of α-keto acids. The products usually are either alanine, aspartate or glutamate, since their corresponding alpha-keto acids are produced through metabolism of fuels. Being a major degradative aminoacid pathway, lysine, proline and threonine are the only three amino acids that do not always undergo transamination and rather use respective dehydrogenase.
 * Alternative Mechanism
 * A second type of transamination reaction can be described as a nucleophilic substitution of one amine or amide anion on an amine or ammonium salt. For example, the attack of a primary amine by a primary amide anion can be used to prepare secondary amines:
 * RNH2 + R'NH− → RR'NH + NH2−
 * Symmetric secondary amines can be prepared using Raney nickel (2RNH2 → R2NH + NH3). And finally, quaternary ammonium salts can be dealkylated using ethanolamine:
 * R4N+ + NH2CH2CH2OH → R3N + RN+H2CH2CH2OH
 * Aminonaphthalenes also undergo transaminations.[2]

Types of aminotransferase
Transamination is mediated by several types of aminotransferase enzymes. An aminotransferase may be specific for an individual amino acid, or it may be able to process any member of a group of similar ones, for example the branched-chain amino acids, which comprises valine, isoleucine, and leucine. The two common types of aminotransferases are alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

title: Transamination


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Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Anthony DiPierro

Anthony Di Pierro (RickK)
Sarcastic personal attacks, little collegiality. Now deleting listed items on Votes for Deletion without due process. RickK 04:16, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is now deleting people's votes off the VfD page. RickK 04:29, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh? No I didn't... Maybe by accident...Where? Anthony DiPierro 04:31, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Links, please. Without links an entry in this page is nothing. Optim·.· 05:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

the user continues to harass me along with other members and is insisting on causing edit wars on numerous pages. (AL GORE, DAN QUAYLE, EARTH IN THE BALANCE) He is also now deleting other users profile pages. He is a continual pain to many. ChrisDJackson 00:04, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Deleted demographic information from Anchorage, Alaska, apparently out of spite because other users reverted his attempts to add to the page that Anchorage is the hometown of Larry Sanger. Diff =. After being reverted, he then deleted geographic information instead. Diff =. --Michael Snow 23:48, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the diff speaks for itself. The removed demographic information was completely useless. Anthony DiPierro 02:19, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Demographics add important information to the article, and the section is found in other articles, eg (at random) Crawley. If you feel that major sections of articles are, as you say in your edit summary "unimportant", you should take the discussion to the talk page. WP:BOLD is one thing, but in this case I think an attempt should have been made to reach consensus before deletion. PeterSymonds | talk  22:41, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


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Yellow-casqued hornbill

The yellow-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna elata), also known as the yellow-casqued wattled hornbill, is found in the rainforest of coastal regions of West Africa, for example in Côte d'Ivoire. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The yellow-casqued hornbill is one of the largest birds of the West African forest, with adults weighing up to 2 kg. They live mainly in the forest canopy, rarely feeding on the ground. They live in small family groups containing at least one adult male and female, with one or two immature birds, though they sometimes gather in larger flocks to exploit a major food supply such as an ant or termite nest.

The birds are occasionally preyed upon by crowned hawk-eagles, and they respond to the presence of an eagle (sometimes indicated by its characteristic shriek) by mobbing – approaching it and emitting calls. Since the eagles depend on surprise to make a catch, this frequently causes them to leave the area. Recent research (Rainey et al., 2004) has shown that the birds respond in the same way to the alarm calls that Diana monkeys, which live in the same areas, emit if they notice an eagle, and that they can distinguish the calls made by the monkeys in the presence of eagles from those they make in the presence of leopards, which prey on the monkeys but not on the hornbills.

title: Yellow-casqued hornbill


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Harper

Harper may refer to:

Names

 * Harper (name), a surname and given name and place names, for example: Harper Islands, Nunavut.

Places

 * in Canada
 * Harper Islands, Nunavut
 * Harper, Prince Edward Island

 * In the United States
 * Harper, former name of Costa Mesa, California in Orange County
 * Harper, Illinois
 * Harper, Indiana
 * Harper, Iowa
 * Harper, Kansas
 * Harper, Kentucky
 * Harper, Missouri
 * Harper, Logan County, Ohio
 * Harper, Ross County, Ohio
 * Harper, Oregon
 * Harper, Texas
 * Harper, Utah
 * Harper, Washington
 * Harper, Wyoming

 * Elsewhere
 * Harper, Liberia
 * Harper River in Canterbury, New Zealand
 * Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom.

Court cases

 * Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966), overruling Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937)

Other uses

 * Harper, a harp player
 * Harper (film), a 1966 film starring Paul Newman and Lauren Bacall
 * Harper (publisher), an American publishing house, the imprint of global publisher HarperCollins
 * Harper College, a community college in Palatine, Illinois, USA
 * Short name for harper by Harper's Bazaar
 * Harper (Forgotten Realms), a member of a fictional semi-secret organization

title: Harper


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Air America (radio network)

Air America (formerly Air America Radio and Air America Media) was an American radio network specializing in progressive talk radio. It was on the air from March 2004 to January 2010.

The network was founded as a left–wing alternative to counter talk radio with a right–wing perspective. Air America featured programs with monologues by on-air personalities, guest interviews, call-ins from listeners, and news reports. Several shows had million plus audiences, and multiple weekday presenters continued on in radio, television, or politics after their time on Air America. For example, in 2008, The Thom Hartmann Program had 1.5–2 million unique listeners a week and The Lionel Show had 1.5–1.75 million unique listeners a week. Hartmann, Randi Rhodes, and Mike Malloy later had shows on other radio networks. Marc Maron started his "WTF podcast" by trespassing in Air America's studios after the network's demise, before moving to Los Angeles. Al Franken went from his show to the United States Senate, and Rachel Maddow moved her show to television on MSNBC.

The network was financially troubled, however. A scandal involving nearly $1 million in loans from a Boys & Girls Club in New York secretly transacted by Evan Cohen came out in 2005 and was a source of negative publicity. The loans were repaid, but in October 2006, mounting debts forced Air America Radio to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company was bought by New York real estate investor Stephen L. Green and his brother Mark Green, who purchased the network in March 2007 for US$4.25 million.

The company eventually changed its name from Air America Radio to Air America Media and lastly to just Air America, an effort to establish itself as a broadcaster on multiple media sources including television and the Internet, and one not merely relegated to radio. Always primarily a radio network, on January 21, 2010, Air America went off the air citing difficulties with the current economic environment. It filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and liquidated itself. Bennett Zier was the company's last CEO including through the bankruptcy and liquidation.

Sometime after the network's closure, Newsweb Corporation (owned by Chicago entrepreneur, political activist, and philanthropist Fred Eychaner, owner of Chicago's WCPT progressive talk radio station) acquired ownership of the branding.

Programming overview
Air America Media's progressive talk radio programming consisted of news, talk, comedy, interviews, guest editorials, and listeners' telephone calls. The talk portions featured some extended host monologues in the classic talk radio format. Live and pre-recorded comedy routines, featuring various comedians, were also aired. As with most syndicated broadcast networks, local affiliate stations were able to air select programs or the entire schedule, subject to contractual arrangements.

Format
The shows followed a half-hour format from six minutes past the hour to 28 minutes after the hour followed by a hard break for six minutes until 34 minutes past the hour. The final hard break occurs at 58 minutes past the hour, leading into the news at the top of the hour. There was also a floating break in both the first and second half-hours. Local stations could run their own commercials, local news and weather or other features during the breaks.

News
Air America featured its own news summary breaks at the top of each hour, with content from wire services such as the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). Some affiliates used other news services or would run their own newscasts during the six-minute "news hole" at the top of the hour. AAR later switched to AP Radio Network News, and finally Free Speech Radio News. These newscasts ended on June 29, 2007, with local stations signing up with other radio news networks.

Public affairs and editorials
The public affairs programs tended to closely follow current happenings in the news, with monologues and reflections offered by the hosts and their guests. Listener comments by phone or the Internet were worked into these segments along with the interviews.

Music
Although better known for its political shows, Air America also featured a couple of music oriented shows on weekends. On the Real featuring Chuck D had a strong music focus. The Steve Earle Show (which ended in 2007 with Earle moving to Sirius Satellite Radio ) mixed music with political commentary. Dr. Demento was a guest host on the network at least once. Also, most of the talk shows had their own theme songs, used bumper music to segue between commercials and segments, and played political novelty songs. Theme songs and bumper music were generally commercially released rock music.

Weekday programs
Air America produced sixteen hours of weekday network programming. The entire schedule was carried on the network's internet stream, and affiliates may have carried some, most or all shows.

The network's schedule as of Mid-2009:

 * A one-hour webcast, Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder, aired weekdays from 3-4PM Eastern. Marc Maron and Sam Seder hosted the show from the actual break room at Air America Media in New York. Breakroom Live aired its last show on July 15, 2009.

Weekend programs
On many Air America affiliates, weekends featured repeats and highlights from the network's weekday shows, combined with new original programming and some syndicated shows produced independently.

Original network programming for weekends included:
 * Marc Sussman's Money Message (9–10a.m. ET Saturday)
 * State of Belief with Rev. Dr. C. Welton Gaddy (10–11a.m. Saturday; rebroadcast 7–8p.m. ET Sunday)
 * Freethought Radio with Dan Barker and Annie Laurie Gaylor (1–2p.m. ET Saturday)
 * Go Vegan with Bob Linden (2–3p.m. ET Saturday)
 * Ring of Fire with Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Mike Papantonio (3–6p.m. ET Saturday)
 * 7 Days in America with Carlos Watson and Arianna Huffington (6–7p.m. ET Saturday; rebroadcast 9–10a.m. ET Sunday)
 * Radio Nation with Laura Flanders (1–2p.m. ET Sunday)
 * Politically Direct with David Bender (4–7p.m. ET Sunday)
 * The Steve Earle Show with Steve Earle (10–11p.m. ET Sunday)
 * On The Real with Chuck D and Gia'na Garel (11p.m.–1a.m. ET Sunday)

Former programs

 * The Al Franken Show (noon–3p.m. ET) Aired March 31, 2004 – February 14, 2007. Originally called The O'Franken Factor. Franken left the show in order to run for the U.S. Senate from Minnesota.
 * The Majority Report (7–10p.m. ET) Aired March 31, 2004 – September 15, 2006. Co-hosted by Sam Seder and Janeane Garofalo
 * The Randi Rhodes Show (3–7p.m. ET, later shortened to 3–6p.m. ET) Aired March 31, 2004 – April 3, 2008. Moved to Nova M Radio on April 10, 2008.
 * Morning Sedition with Marc Maron, Sue Ellicott, and Mark Riley (6–9a.m. ET) Aired April 1, 2004 – December 16, 2005.
 * Unfiltered with Chuck D, Lizz Winstead, and Rachel Maddow (9a.m.–noon ET) Aired April 1, 2004 – April 1, 2005.
 * The Mike Malloy Show (10p.m.–1a.m. ET), Aired August 2, 2004 – August 30, 2006. Moved to Nova M Radio on October 30, 2006.
 * Springer on the Radio with Jerry Springer (9pm- midnight ET), Aired April 1, 2005 – September 18, 2006. Broadcast via Air America Syndication until December 8, 2006.
 * Politically Direct with David Bender (8–9p.m. ET) Aired 2005 – May 2007, then combined with The Mark Riley Show into The Air Americans.
 * Air America Mornings (5–9a.m. ET) umbrella name for Air America's morning drive-time shows: The Mark Riley Show and The Rachel Maddow Show.
 * The Mark Riley Show (5–6a.m. ET) Aired January 2006 – May 2007, then combined with Politically Direct into The Air Americans.
 * This Is America with Jon Elliott with Jon Elliott, (11p.m. – 1a.m. ET) Aired September 2006 – May 15, 2009.
 * The Young Turks with Cenk Uygur (6–9a.m. ET), Aired September 18, 2006 – January 15, 2008.
 * The Thom Hartmann Show (noon–3p.m. ET) Aired March 2007 – February 28, 2009. Replaced the Al Franken Show. Moved to the Dial Global network.
 * The Air Americans, hosted by Mark Riley with contributors David Bender, Laura Flanders, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., and Mike Papantonio. (8pm-midnight ET) Aired May 21, 2007 – August 2007.
 * American Afternoon, featuring revolving celebrity guest hosts such as Richard Belzer, Joy Behar, Ron Reagan, and Roseanne Barr. (3–6p.m. ET) Aired April–June 2008. Aired as a replacement for Randi Rhodes, later replaced by Doin' Time with Ron Kuby.*
 * EcoTalk with Betsy Rosenberg (9–10p.m. ET), the show moved from the weekends to weeknights effective September 18, 2006. Show removed from weekday schedule May 18, 2007, and may resurface eventually on Sunday mornings.
 * The Kyle Jason Show (two hours)
 * Liberal Arts with Katherine Lanpher (one hour)
 * Mother Jones Radio with Angie Coiro (one hour)
 * So What Else Is News? with Marty Kaplan (first daily for one hour; later weekends for two hours)
 * The Time Is Now with Rev. Dr. James Forbes

Syndication
On September 8, 2005, Air America Radio formed a separate syndication division, designed to offer additional programming and services to both progressive talk and other talk/music formats. Air America Syndication was used to syndicate Thom Hartmann, and later Springer on the Radio which aired at the same time as The Al Franken Show and The Sam Seder Show respectively on the regular network lineup. Springer ended his show on December 5, 2006, and Franken's ended on February 14, 2007. On January 29, 2007, Air America announced that Hartmann would replace Franken on the regular network lineup. When Air America entered bankruptcy, there were no programs syndicated as a part of Air America Syndication.

Beginnings
In late 2002 Chicago entrepreneurs Sheldon Drobny and Anita Drobny, angered at the firing of their favorite radio host, Mike Malloy, decided to try to get Malloy syndicated nationally. At Mike's behest they called Atlanta-based radio executive Jon Sinton and requested a national berth for Malloy. The Drobnys hired Sinton as CEO of AnShell Media, and the three went about raising money. The first official fundraiser was in October 2002 at the home of Arianna Huffington. The gathering was enthusiastically attended by many Hollywood notables. Sinton's brother, broadcaster Carey Bruce Sinton, suggested calling the venture Central Air, a name that stuck until just before launch.

Around this same time, Democratic political operative Tom Athans and radio industry veteran Paul Fiddick launched Democracy Radio in Washington, D.C. Democracy Radio was an organization founded in September 2002 dedicated to creating political balance on America's commercial radio airwaves. Its concept was to develop, fund and incubate progressive oriented talk programming and retain well established radio networks to market the programs to stations around the country. Democracy Radio developed and produced talk shows that launched the national careers of Ed Schultz and Stephanie Miller.

AnShell announced its intentions publicly in a New York Times article in February 2003 in which writer Jim Rutenburg interviewed Jon Sinton about the need for a balanced national discussion. Sinton, the Drobnys and their associate, Javier Saade, a Harvard Business School grad and venture capitalist, continued to raise awareness but little money throughout 2003 by spending time in New York, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. Sinton met repeatedly with Al Franken to convince him to become the network's anchor talent. Franken did not commit to the enterprise, as he was worried about its sustainability.

After mentioning actress and activist Janeane Garofalo during an appearance on Judy Woodruff's Politics Today show on CNN, Sinton received a call from Garofalo stating her interest in hosting a show. On a fundraising trip to Los Angeles, Sinton, at the suggestion of Al Franken, met with Daily Show co-creator Lizz Winstead, and she would later co-host one of the original shows and be the first program manager.

In November 2003, Sinton's brother Steve Sinton left Clear Channel's talk radio division to join AAR as vice president of programming and operations.

Meanwhile, none of these talent agreements were finalized, as fundraising was difficult. The reputation of the effort was coming under duress and scrutiny, as it was announced but not taking shape. A further complication was that AnShell found itself competing against Democracy Radio for investors. During a trip to Washington, D.C., former Clinton chief of staff John Podesta suggested a young lawyer, David Goodfriend, who introduced the Drobnys and Sinton to his former college roommate, Evan Montvel Cohen, who had profited from advertising and research companies in the Pacific Rim. Having taken the idea as far as they could, the principals sold AnShell Media to Cohen and his partner, Rex Sorensen, a broadcaster from Guam, US, who formed Progress Media, with Cohen as chairman, and Mark Walsh as CEO; Sinton's title remained as president, but his impact on day-to-day operations was reduced after the sale to Cohen

Launch and rapid growth
From the hiring of Goodfriend and Walsh in the fall of 2003, the network began to take shape. Al Franken and Garafalo finally agreed to contracts, and in short order the company was able reach agreement and hire Winstead, Chuck D, comedian Marc Maron, media attorney Carl Ginsberg, and many more people. In early 2004, talent, engineers and producers were hired, a lease was signed with New York's WLIB creating a New York home and affiliate, and, at noon Eastern time on March 31, the newly renamed Air America Radio Network was launched.

Air America Radio was then the only all-progressive talk radio network. A predecessor, the UAW's I.E. America Radio Network, which was home to hosts such as Thom Hartmann, Peter Werbe, and Mike Malloy, never gained national attention. Its last day on the air was February 27, 2004, only weeks before Air America took to the airwaves. Although not a network, Democracy Radio launched The Ed Schultz Show three months prior to the launch of Air America in January 2004. The Stephanie Miller Show followed September 2004.

Franken's show was the centerpiece of Air America, and would remain so for a little less than 3 years. The show featured Franken's low-key humor, political commentary, and guest and audience participation. Randi Rhodes was also in the initial lineup. AAR became the fastest growing network in modern radio history, increasing its listeners from 120,000 to 400,000 within three months, and reaching 2.137 million listeners per week in 2005.

Difficulties and turnover
At the time it started Air America Radio, Progress Media, (an entity created and completely controlled by Evan Cohen and his former business partner, Rex Sorenson) stated it had secured US$30 million in venture capital before its debut. The amount was later estimated by the Wall Street Journal to be closer to US$6 million; Sorensen said that an investor had backed out at the last minute.

Sorensen never identified who the supposed investor was. Sorensen served as the chief financial officer of both Progress Media, and Air America Radio. He had complete control over all funds and banking relationships for the company, and reported directly to the chairman, Evan Cohen. No one else at the company, from Walsh on down, had any control of or input to Sorensen's activities.

On April 2, 2004, the day after launching the network, CEO Mark Walsh departed the offices for good. He had been having a number of disagreements with Evan Cohen about the direction of the company, and in particular about the complete lack of financial transparency in Cohen's business dealings and fundraising efforts. Walsh was a resident of Washington, D.C., and told Cohen that he could not be part of an enterprise run in such an opaque and disruptive fashion. Walsh never returned to the offices while Cohen was chairman, and resigned from the company several weeks later.

Two weeks after the on-air debut of Air America Radio, programming was withdrawn in two key markets due to contract disputes. Multicultural Radio owned two stations contracted to carry Air America programming, in Chicago and Santa Monica, California. Air America alleged that Multicultural Radio had sold time on its Los Angeles station to both Air America and another party, and said that that was why it stopped payment on checks due to Multicultural while Air America investigated. Multicultural Radio argued that Air America had bounced a check and claimed it was owed in excess of US$1 million. Air America Radio filed a complaint in New York Supreme Court, charging breach of contract and was briefly granted an injunction to restore the network on WNTD in Chicago. On April 20, 2004, the network announced the dispute had been settled, and Air America's last day of broadcast on WNTD was April 30, 2004. The New York Supreme Court ultimately concluded that the injunction was improvidently entered and that Air America Radio's court action was without merit, dismissing Air America's complaint and awarding over US$250,000 in damages and attorneys' fees to Multicultural. According to a subsequent lawsuit filed by Multicultural, Air America Radio never paid the sums ordered by the court.

Four weeks after Air America's debut, its executive vice president for programming, Dave Logan, left the network. One week after those departures, its chairman and vice chairman, Evan Cohen and his investment partner Rex Sorensen, were forced out by the remaining investors. In a tense late night meeting, which included Franken, Saade, the Drobnys, Mark Walsh and other investors, the company found out that it had virtually no assets. It asked David Goodfriend to operate the company while a reorganization was planned and new funds were raised. Subsequently, the company had a number of acting CEO's, including outside investor Doug Kreeger and Jon Sinton for a short period.

The tumultuous early days of the network were chronicled in a fly-on-the-wall HBO documentary, Left of the Dial.

As part of a reorganization, the Progress Media board of directors bought the assets of that company, creating a new company, Piquant LLC; at around the same time, the company decided to stop trying to buy radio stations and lease air time, and to allow affiliates to carry programming outside of the network's offerings.

On February 28, 2005, a new CEO, Danny Goldberg, was named, and in April 2005, Gary Krantz was named president of the network. Ginsburg and Sinton were named co-COOs with Ginsburg in charge of operations and Sinton running programming and affiliate relations.

In December 2005, over Sinton's objections, CEO Danny Goldberg broke up the network's morning drive-time show Morning Sedition, and let comedian and co-host Marc Maron's contract lapse. While the increased overhead for the show's heavily produced format may have been a factor in the show's demise, Maron claimed that Goldberg did not "get" or agree with the comedy on the show. Maron exacerbated the conflict by calling attention to his situation during the show for several weeks, prompting a petition drive that garnered over 5,000 signatures. This was to no avail, as Maron announced on November 28 that his last show would be December 16, 2005. Maron was offered an evening show, which ran briefly on affiliate KTLK in Los Angeles, but Air America never followed through with promised national syndication and the show was cancelled in July 2006. Goldberg announced his resignation on April 6, 2006, after a little more than a year on the job. Maron guest hosted a few times in 2007, and later co-hosted a webcast program for Air America called "Breakroom Live".

Janeane Garofalo's last day as co-host of The Majority Report was on July 14, 2006. Several reasons for her departure were cited (including her outside acting responsibilities). The show ended a few months later.

By the late summer of 2006 Sinton and Ginsburg's influence was marginalized (both would leave in short order).

On August 30, 2006, nighttime host Mike Malloy was fired from the network. Malloy had hosted a nighttime show from the inception of the network. The show was vitriolic in its criticism of the right–wing. Comments included referring to the Bushes as the "Bush crime family"; right–wingers commonly were referred to as "rat bastards" and "pigs". In the two weeks before the firing, Malloy had announced an impending multi-year deal for him to stay with Air America (and to return on the air in New York City). The firing was explained as for financial reasons. Rumours persist that Malloy's criticism of Israel during its bombardment of Lebanon in the summer of 2006 may have played a role. News of his termination was conveyed via a short statement on the homepage of Malloy's website, posted by his wife/producer Kathy Bay Malloy. His final show was on August 29, 2006, filling in for Randi Rhodes. No mention of his firing was made during the broadcast. Malloy's firing drew criticism from Air America on-air talent, including Rhodes and Sam Seder. It also began a large online campaign, including a petition that had over 17,000 signatures as of October 2006. At the end of October, Malloy resumed his show on a newly created progressive radio network, Nova M Radio.

Gloria Wise controversy
In July 2005, the Bronx News reported that the Gloria Wise Boys and Girls Club of Co-op City, a non-profit organization providing services for children and seniors in the Bronx, loaned US$480000 (equivalent to $ in ) to Progress Media, then owner of Air America Radio. It later turned out that there had been four separate transfers from Gloria Wise between October 2, 2003, and March 14, 2004, totalling US$875000 (equivalent to $ in ), and that no interest was to be paid on these loans.

Since then, the city has suspended further funding of the agency, and Boys and Girls Clubs of America has revoked the group's right to use their name, likeness or logo. At the time the funds were to have been transferred, Evan Cohen, the founder and first chairman of Air America and the former chairman of the now-defunct Progress Media, was also director of development for Gloria Wise.

In response to this report, Air America Radio's owners at the time, Piquant LLC, issued a press release stating Piquant had "no obligation to Progress Media's business activities", and Piquant, as previously agreed, would "fully compensate" the Gloria Wise Boys & Girls Club. While Gloria Wise remains under investigation, Air America has since repaid the loan. On May 28, 2008, Cohen was arrested at Guam International Airport on a warrant from the State of Hawaii. He was indicted in Hawaii for money laundering and stealing over US$60000 (equivalent to $ in ) from a Honolulu-based landscaping company.

Air America, The Playbook
Air America, the Playbook, a 300 plus page collection of essays, transcripts, and interviews by mostly Air America personalities was published shortly before the 2006 Congressional elections. It was on The New York Times Best Seller list for October 8, 2006.

Reorganizational bankruptcy and sale to Green Family Media
A week later, on October 13, 2006, Air America filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11, at the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. Air America continued broadcasting while the finances were worked out with the creditors. The company had US$4,331,265.30 in assets and US$20,266,056.23 in liabilities. Al Franken alone was owed US$360,749.98 and Rob Glaser, founder of RealNetworks, was owed the most at US$9.8 million. The filing had over 25 pages of creditors and showed that the company lost US$9.1 million in 2004, US$19.6 million in 2005 and an additional US$13.1 million by mid-October in 2006.

On January 29, 2007, Air America "signed a letter of intent to sell its business to SLG Radio LLC, an entity controlled by Stephen L. Green, the founder and chairman of SL Green Realty Corp, a company that controls 27 million ft2 (2.5 million m2) of real estate with a market capitalization of US$12 billion". Air America CEO Scott Elberg said of Air America's sale, "We are extremely pleased to have reached this agreement with Mr. Green, which will solidify Air America's future." The sale was completed on March 6, 2007, to Green Family Media, a new company created by Stephen Green and his brother Mark Green.

Franken moves on to the U.S. Senate
During the bankruptcy, key on-air personality Al Franken decided that he was going to give up his show of three years in order to run for U.S. Senate. He made his official announcement during the last show. Thom Hartmann replaced him in March 2007. Franken won a close and highly contested election to become the 60th Senator in the Democratic Caucus for the 111th United States Congress.

Air America 2.0
After the sale, major changes were quickly put into place. Stephen Green became the network's chairman, and Mark Green became president of Air America, with a hands-on role. Former chief executive Scott Elberg remained as chief operating officer. Mark Green announced on Thursday, April 25, 2007, that Westwood One would take over the handling of Air America's ad sales from Jones Radio Networks. In addition, a new lineup was unveiled for the radio network. The top four weekday shows were kept, but extensive changes were made to the rest of the lineup. Green also announced a redesign for the network's website, in addition to a new logo.

On March 14, 2007, the new owners of Air America announced the hiring of longtime radio veteran David Bernstein to be the new vice president of programming. Prior to joining Air America, he was best known as the program director at New York radio station WOR from 1995 to 2002. In an interview with the New York Daily News, Bernstein explained his vision of Air America's future as "I don't see our purpose as 'answering' conservative radio or Rush Limbaugh. There's no clear majority in this country today. We want to talk to everyone and help everyone make the right choice." On November 15, 2007, industry news site Radio Online reported that Bernstein was exiting Air America.

After being suspended by Air America management for derogatory remarks toward Geraldine Ferraro and Hillary Clinton while off the air, Randi Rhodes quit the network on April 9, 2008, citing a contract dispute. She was one of Air America's more popular hosts, with a listener base of 1.5 million unique listeners per week built up over 4 years. Rhodes moved to Nova M Radio the next week, and was syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks after Nova M went bankrupt.

Meanwhile, longtime host Rachel Maddow was finding her way into television. As a guest host and as a panelist, she appeared on MSNBC. She started her own show on the network in September 2008, in prime time after Keith Olbermann and Chris Matthews. Her radio show became more of a replay of her television show, and ultimately her radio program became a one-hour show in the mornings.

Maddow didn't want to completely depart from radio. She commented "My relationship with the radio audience is valuable and important. I also believe in what Air America is doing."

Thom Hartmann moved his show to the Dial Global radio network on March 1, 2009. Hartmann had been the flagship program on AAR for a year. Montel Williams hosted the new flagship program in Lionel's previous spot, and Lionel moved his show to the 12p.m.–3p.m. ET slot.

Sale and closure
Stephen Green sold Air America Radio in 2009 to Charles Kireker. Mark Green continued as president.

On January 21, 2010, Air America announced that it would immediately cease programming and file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, giving the following explanation on their website:

"The very difficult economic environment has had a significant impact on Air America's business. This past year has seen a 'perfect storm' in the media industry generally. National and local advertising revenues have fallen drastically, causing many media companies nationwide to fold or seek bankruptcy protection. From large to small, recent bankruptcies like Citadel Broadcasting and closures like that of the industry's long-time trade publication Radio & Records have signaled that these are very difficult and rapidly changing times."

Others involved with Air America or progressive talk radio cite other reasons as the cause of the network's demise. Thom Hartmann left Air America due in part to his dissatisfaction with the network's merry-go-round management. "We've been far more successful since we left," Mr. Hartmann said in an interview after the closure. Several other former employees have made similar complaints, specifically that the management of Air America lacked the necessary broadcasting business expertise.

Progressive commentator Alan Colmes cited problems with the network's constituent stations:

"Because conservatives were so entrenched on heritage stations, the progressives on Air America were relegated to smaller, less powerful, under-performing signals that could not compete with their more established counterparts; certainly not without lots of promotion and time to develop, both of which were denied in most cases."

At some point after the network's closure in 2010, Newsweb Corporation (the owner of Chicago's WCPT AM band radio station) gained ownership of the network's name.

Ratings
In Arbitron's Spring 2008 ratings book, stations carrying a majority AAR programming and in markets reporting every quarter averaged a 1.3 share. The highest rated Air America affiliates were KPOJ in Portland, Oregon (3.7 share), WXXM in Madison, Wisconsin (3.5), and KABQ in Albuquerque, New Mexico (2.6). The lowest rated affiliates were WDTW and WLBY in Detroit, Michigan (unmeasurable), WOIC in Columbia, South Carolina (0.4), WTKG in Grand Rapids, Michigan (0.5), and flagship station WWRL in New York City (0.5).

WXXM in Madison had announced in November 2006 that it would switch to all sports programming by the end of the year. Following backlash from the station's listeners and syndicated hosts, Clear Channel in Madison later backtracked, deciding to leave the progressive talk format on the station.

Affiliates
As of October 2008, Air America programming was carried on 66 terrestrial broadcast stations, an increase of 10 percent over the previous six months. Thirty-two of these stations broadcast a majority AAR programming. During the first 4½ years of the network's existence, Air America has lost 63 affiliates to other programming or formats. Air America counts any station that carries any of their programming as an affiliate, similar to radio networks such as ESPN Radio. Stations owned by Clear Channel Communications had been early backers of the network, and the company used the network as programming for some of its smaller AM stations. However, in the past few years, the network has been moving instead toward replacing Air America on those stations with Fox Sports Radio (a Clear Channel product), as WCKY Cincinnati, KLSD San Diego and WINZ Miami were all once Air America affiliates but are now affiliated with Fox Sports. (There have been a few notable exceptions that have remained with Air America, such as WXXM in Madison, Wisconsin, which kept Air America after listener protests, and KKGN in San Francisco, where the Fox Sports affiliation is held by another station and there are fewer programming options due to significant competition).

SiriusXM Satellite Radio channel "Sirius XM Progress" currently broadcasts programs from two former Air Americans: Mike Malloy and Thom Hartmann.

title: Air America (radio network)


text:
Talk:Enantiomer

Poorly written
The introductory explanation is confusing, using several virtually synonymous terms without explaining how they are different. 'Although' is logically absurd.

GND FDL
I've taken out the following from the article:
 * "The above comes from my Organic Chemistry class notes (exceptionally well taught by Dr. Richard Jagger aka Jag) and as such are copyright by me (Tres) and now licensed under the GNU FDL."

While this may well be true, it's not standard practice to put such credits on Wikipedia articles, since they all contain the copyright of many authors, all automatically licensed under the GFDL as soon as they are placed here. As far as crediting your lecturer goes, perhaps leaving this note here is good enough.

Also, I'm afraid one of the external links is dead, so I've taken it out - for future reference, it was:
 * http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/berti/3f03/special_stereochemistry.pdf

Oh, and the article makes very little sense to me, but that's cos I'm not a chemist! :D - IMSoP 13:23, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC) The introductory explanation is confusing, using several virtually synonymous terms without explaining how they are different. 'Although' is logically absurd.

Opening Sentence
The opening sentence has twice been changed to say something that is incorrect. Currently (I've just corrected it) it says In chemistry two stereoisomers are said to be enantiomers if one can be superimposed on the mirror image of the other. This is correct. It does not say that an enantiomer can be superimposed on its own mirror image. It says that one enantiomer can be imposed on the mirror image of the other enantiomer, which is true. Changing the "can" to "cannot" makes it false. Josh Cherry 04:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC) The introductory explanation is confusing, using several virtually synonymous terms without explaining how they are different. 'Although' is logically absurd.

Opening Sentence
I changed the words can to cannot, and superimposed to superposed. Superimposed just means laying one thing on top of the other, you can do this with anything. Superposed means laying one thing on top of the other and have all parts coincide; you cannot do this with enantiomers.

 * The sentence you created is incorrect. One entantiomer can be superposed on the mirror image of the other. Josh Cherry 23:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The first sentence was changed to read In chemistry two stereoisomers are said to be enantiomers if one cannot be superposed on its mirror image. This is false.  D-glucose and D-galactose are stereoisomers, and neither can be superposed on its own mirror image, but they are not enantiomers (they are diastereomers).  So I've reverted the changes.  What I've reverted to may be confusing, but it is correct and what was there was incorrect. Josh Cherry 12:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

There was another problem with the opening sentence. The condition was insufficient. yes, yes, I understand that when the opening sentence said "stereoisomers" it ment something that didn't HAVE mirror symmetry, but the average Joe doesn't KNOW that... so,  the letter "T" can be superposed on its mirror image, it IT an enantiomer? No. Enantiomers must be DIFFERENT and mirror images of each other. Other than that, I tried to re-word so that the use of "can" was OBVIOUSLY correct. By moving it down to the bottom of the opening paragraph, there has been time for some explanation. Rick Boatright 00:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Still confusing
Changed it to make it a little less confusing. The way it was worded before it was basically saying the enantiomer can be superposed on the mirror image of its mirror image, which is confusing.

I don't suppose someone would translate this into english for the non-chemist? I still have absolutely NO idea what an enantiomer is. 206.169.45.183 —Preceding comment was added at 19:06, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

As a non-chemist, do you understand at least what is meant in the lead that they are [weird-word things] that are nonsuperimposable complete mirror images of each other, much as one's left and right hands are "the same" but opposite.? That's exactly what they are if one ignores the context of chemical structures. If you're not a chemist you probably don't care about the specific weird-word means, but if you wanted to know, you could follow its link. DMacks 19:27, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Still confusing. The introductory explanation is confusing, using several virtually synonymous terms without explaining how they are different. 'Although' is logically absurd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.119.211 (talk) 15:21, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Merge?
Would it make sense to merge this with Chirality (chemistry)? --Tabor 18:22, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * in my view Optical isomerism and Chirality (chemistry) should merge into a general article or introductionary text with the wider implications, the enantiomer article should stay as it is with the more technical information, nomenclature etc V8rik 22:28, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I think we should merge with Optical isomerism. The content of these articles are the same. Poppypetty 05:45, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote for merging with Chirality. OR, tell me what the difference is between the two?
 * ~ender 2014-03-08 8:45:AM MST — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.167.36.29 (talk)

 * Support merge because Chirality (chemistry) and chiral refer to the same phenomena as enantiomerism and Enantiomer; they are near synonyms except for precise usage differences. The articles contain mostly identical information, organized and worded differently only because of independent development. [Re Optical isomerism comments above: presently redirects to Enantiomer.] –MadeOfAtoms (talk) 06:54, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * This discussion is 16 years old. Please make a formal proposal, with proper tagging to get current input. DMacks (talk) 15:29, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The customary process for merging is described at WP:MERGE. –MadeOfAtoms (talk) 08:48, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Importance?

 * Stereo chemistry of enantiomers is of great importance nowadays. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America recently recommended that drug molecules having stereocentres should be given to patients only in the active enantiomeric form and not as a racemic mixture.

The first sentence of this statement does not add any factual content to the article. The second is at best an oversimplification of the issue, and at worse incorrect. I replaced it with a description of the range of benefits offered by single-enantiomeric forms vs. racemic forms, as well a a link to the FDA statement regarding the issue. Bushing 11:55, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Naming Conventions
I am not in this field, so I shall just ask a question about the following:

 * (+)- vs. (−)-
 *  D - vs. L -
 * (R)- vs. (S)-

 * The (+)- vs. (−)- convention is based on the substance's ability to rotate polarized light. The other two conventions are based on the actual geometry of each enantiomer.

I thought that D- and L- referred to dextrorotatory & levorotatory (or laevorotatory), which would make it refer to the ability of the compound to rotate polarized light, which would put it in the same class as + & - rather than with R- & S-. Whatever the case, could someone who knows about this topic add clarification as to where the D- & L- and R- & S- come from? I'm interested :-) Thanks. --Muchado 04:50, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I'll put up a description of the distinction between R & S.(Cahn-Ingold Preolg rules) Got a question, though. Should it be it's own article or include in this one?--Luke Hayden {4th May 06}

 * There's a fairly extensive discussion of the different naming conventions on the Chirality (chemistry) page. DMacks 16:29, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Light rotation and ligand priorty
Dextro in Dextrorotary means 'to the right' and refers to its optical rotation and describes the '+' symbol. Levo in Levorotary, of course, denotes rotation to the left and describes the '-' symbol.

The symbols 'R' and 'S' refer to the latin roots 'Regio' and 'Sinistere' also denoting left and right. This, however, describes the hierarchy of weight priority of the ligands on the molecule. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.144.199.145 (talk) 14:40, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Top Right Picture
I'm currently studying A level Chemistry and I learnt that Enantiomers can only exist when a central carbon has 4 different groups attached to it. The image at the top-right of the page shows 2 Methyl groups attached to it, therefore they are superimposible onto each other and they are not optical isomers. Am I missing something or should I create a new image that correctly shows two optical isomers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sam Dangit (talk • contribs)
 * You are not noticing the implied "CH2" in the semi-skeletal structure: the carbon has a methyl and an ethyl, not two methyl. That's consistent with the name "2-bromobutane" (two methyls would make it only a propane). DMacks (talk) 17:32, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Are human hands chiral or amphichiral?
I am not in this field, and it may be that I misunderstand, but it sounds to me as if this article says that human hands are examples of chiral objects, but the article on chirality says that hands are NOT chiral. Is it worth anyone's time to verify this, or respond to me that I am wrong? Sallypursell (talk) 14:10, 9 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sallypursell (talk • contribs) 14:08, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

I still dont know what R and S mean
or where to find it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.224.73.39 (talk) 19:52, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

+++So I looked up the reference at  and found this:

A more general system of stereochemical designation, which is especially convenient when there is no simple way of relating a compound to a defined standard, is the RS system of Cahn, Ingold & Prelog [13, 18]. In this system the ligands of a chiral atom are placed in an order of preference, based largely on atomic number. If the first three ligands appear clockwise in this order when viewed from the side remote from the least-preferred (fourth) ligand, the chiral centre is R; if anticlockwise, it is S. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.92.132.50 (talk) 09:11, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

ent-
I encountered these names: I think that the ent- should be explained.
 * (-)-alpha-zingiberene ((5R)-5-[(1S)-1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene), PubChem CID#92776
 * ent-zingiberene ((5S)-5-[(1R)-1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene or (+)-alpha-zingiberene), PubChem CID#11127403

Simon de Danser (talk) 21:10, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I added a note (with IUPAC cite). DMacks (talk) 21:44, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Simon de Danser (talk) 21:33, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Honors Organic Chemistry I
— Assignment last updated by 123pickles456 (talk) 01:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CHEM 300
— Assignment last updated by Dr.MeowMeow (talk) 00:34, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Enantiopure redirects here, but article doesn't define it
The article should clearly define enantiopure, since "enantiopure" redirects here. Matt-bacon-bcm (talk) 04:43, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Smokefoot (talk) 17:18, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enantiomer


text: User talk:209.68.98.3

title: User talk:209.68.98.3


text:
User:Vejoun~enwiki

Hi, my name is Mike Constabel and I'm from germany. I created an account here to add sometimes some interwiki-links between the german and the english wiki. Apart from that I'm writing only in the german wiki (under the same nick, my english isn't as well as needed ;).

title: User:Vejoun~enwiki


text:
Iron Felix

Iron Felix or Iron Feliks may refer to one of the following

 * Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky.
 * Monument to Felix Dzerzhinsky, Moscow
 * Pinwheel calculator Feliks.

title: Iron Felix


text:
Filbert Street

Filbert Street was a football stadium in Leicester, England, which served as the home of Leicester City F.C. from 1891 until 2002. Although officially titled the City Business Stadium in the early 1990s, it remained known almost exclusively by its address, like many English football stadiums.

Early years
Leicester City was formed in 1884. The club was then named Leicester Fosse, as its founders mostly lived in the west end of the city, through which the Fosse Way ran. In 1884–85 it played at a ground known as the Racecourse, before sharing Victoria Park with the Leicester Tigers rugby club for two years. Leicester Fosse played at the Belgrave Road Cycle Track for a year, but returned to Victoria Park after the rugby club offered a higher rent to the owners of the Cycle Track.

Leicester Fosse became a professional club in 1889 and laid out its own ground at Mill Lane, just north of Filbert Street. The club was soon forced to move, however, as the local Corporation requested the land for development. The site of what was to become Filbert Street was prepared during the summer of 1891, while Leicester Fosse temporarily played at the Aylestone Road Cricket Ground. Local legend suggests that the new ground was identified by a Miss Westland, the niece of one of the club's founders, Joseph Johnson.

The stadium initially consisted of simple earth banks and a small main stand on the west side, until 1921, when a new and much larger main stand was built. In 1927, a new stand was built at the south end (known as the Spion Kop), and became known as the "Double Decker". The roof which had previously covered the Kop was rebuilt at the north, or Filbert Street end of the ground. It was in this form that Filbert Street saw its record attendance of 47,298 for the Fifth Round FA Cup tie, against Tottenham Hotspur, on 18 February 1928. This game also saw many more spectators watch the match from the roof of the Filbert Street end. The first phase of ground development concluded with the covering of the East or Popular side in 1939.

Second World War and after
The middle section of the Main Stand suffered bomb damage in 1940, and was later further damaged by a serious fire. By 1949, the stand had been rebuilt, with much of the labour, ironically, being supplied by German POWs at a nearby camp. The ground's maximum capacity was now around 42,000. Floodlights were installed and first used for a match against German club Borussia Dortmund in October 1957.

After just surviving a council vote to terminate their lease in the late 1940s, City purchased the freehold of the ground in 1962, for the sum of £30,500. In 1971, the first moves towards an all-seater stadium were taken, as the North and East sides were converted to seating. Four years later, 20 basic executive boxes were added to the North Stand. A pioneering polythene cover was introduced to protect the pitch in 1971. The Air Dome covered an area of 90,000 square feet, weighed 24 cwt and took 15 men two hours to lay out and inflate using four electric fans. The Air Dome was removed in 1982.

All-seater stadium
At the beginning of the 1990s, after considering moving to a new stadium, and a total redevelopment of Filbert Street which would have seen the pitch rotated by 90 degrees, onto the car park behind the Main Stand, City opted to build a new Main Stand, demolishing the existing structure in the summer of 1993. It was anticipated that further modernisation work would take place in the future.

Completed in December 1993, the Carling Stand held 9,500 seated spectators and expanded corporate facilities, costing £6 million. In 1994, the final terraced area – the Kop – was converted to seating giving Filbert Street an all-seated capacity of 21,500, and bringing it into compliance with the Taylor Report which required all Premier League and Division One teams to have all-seater capacity.

Move and demolition
Following the success of the club under Martin O'Neill during the later part of the 1990s, an expanded stadium was required for higher attendances and to provide better facilities. Expansion of Filbert Street would have been very difficult, as the North and East Stands backed onto housing which would have been expensive to place under a compulsory purchase order. Although expansion was considered, by 1998 the decision had been taken to move to a completely new stadium. After a failed attempt to build a 40,000 all-seater stadium at Bede Island South (on the other bank of the nearby River Soar), the club purchased Freeman's Wharf, a former power station site 200 yards south of Filbert Street. Work began on a 32,500 seater stadium during 2001 and it was opened in July 2002.

Filbert Street was sold to a development company for £3.75 million in March 2002, two months before the last game was played there. The last game to be played at Filbert Street was the last game of the 2001–02 season, a 2–1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur – one of just five league games that Leicester won during that season, culminating in relegation to Division One. Matt Piper scored the last goal scored at the ground, bringing to an end 111 years of football there. In the autumn of 2002, Rotherham United expressed interest in purchasing the Carling Stand and moving it to their Millmoor stadium, but these plans were soon abandoned and the decade-old stand would soon be demolished along with the rest of Filbert Street.

Demolition of Filbert Street was begun in March 2003. Part of the site is now home to the 'Filbert Village' development, built as accommodation for students for the nearby De Montfort University and University of Leicester. The road running through the development is called Lineker Road after one of Leicester City's most famous players, Gary Lineker. The rest of the site was meant to be developed for housing, but this work was cancelled due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008. It was then leased to a car parking company, but this arrangement was terminated by Leicester City Council in March 2012.

title: Filbert Street


text:
Harwich (disambiguation)

Harwich is a town in Essex.

Harwich may also refer to:

 * Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Harwich, Massachusetts, United States of America
 * Harwich Force, a squadron of the British Royal Navy
 * Harwich International Port, Essex, England
 * HMS Harwich, several ships of the British Royal Navy

title: Harwich (disambiguation)


text:
PLP

PLP may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Papain-like protease, a family of cysteine protease enzymes
 * Phantom limb pain, pain felt as from a missing limb
 * Proteolipid protein 1 or proteolipid protein 2, associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
 * Pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme, the active form of vitamin B6

Computing

 * Packet Layer Protocol, a network-layer protocol
 * PL/P, a programming language
 * Physical Layer Pipe (PLPs), specified in the DVB-T2 and ATSC 3.0 broadcasting standards

Politics

 * Parliamentary Labour Party, a group of British Labour MPs
 * Party for Freedom and Progress, a Belgian liberal political party (1961–1992)
 * People's Life Party, a Japanese political party
 * Pragati Legislature Party, a 1970s political party in Orissa, India
 * Progressive Labour Party (disambiguation), several political parties
 * Progressive Liberal Party, a Bahamian political party

Other uses

 * Premier League Productions
 * PLP Architecture, a London, UK firm
 * Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig, a university in the Philippines
 * Peace Love & Pitbulls, a Swedish industrial rock band
 * Phoenix Living Poets, Chatto & Windus 1960-1983 books
 * Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, a German-language late Byzantine Empire dictionary

title: PLP


text:
Talk:Subvertising

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kathy.s28.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:39, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adrianfaziooo.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:39, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subvertising


text:
Talk:Cymatics

'''I would like to make an addition to the "In Healing" section of this article. There is a section from the book entitled "Healing Sound" by Jonathan Goldman, published by Healing Arts Press that is about cymatic therapy. It talks about practioners of cymatic therapy and how the science of cymatics is used to heal certain conditions and illnesses in the body. It may be an updated, or more current, account of how cymatics and the science of the transformative nature of vibration is used in healing and music related physical therapies.

I will begin working on this addition tonight and tomorrow and will post it before the end of the week. Please let me know if you agree with the content I wwill contribute, or if you contest the changes I plan to make to this already well-written article. Thank you.'''   — Preceding unsigned comment added by JamesRhodes425 (talk • contribs) 03:18, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

another example
Nigel Stanford. He seems to use a lot of cymatics in his music videos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.180.139.162 (talk) 16:15, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Sound Not A Wave
What's with the paragraph describing how sound is not a wave? I'm pretty sure it's accepted knowledge it is, Can I get some info on this? Davidsmind 08/27/09 —Preceding undated comment added 07:22, 28 August 2009 (UTC).

 * If sound was a wave, and not a sphere, you wouldn't be able to hear people speak when you where standing behind them. Thinking of sound as a 2D wave is an (sometimes overly) simplistic model which in some situations provides (a lot) insight because it is much easier to think of and picture than a 3D sphere. Hyacinth (talk) 19:05, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * um, I think that's flawed logic...radio waves aren't spherical are they? They shoot in all directions. Light waves also go in all directions, but they are impeded by certain material. Explain this, or I'll just go ahead and remove the note:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound#Sound_wave_properties_and_characteristics

"Sound is a travelling wave which is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations."

Davidsmind 11:34pm 08/28/09 (PST)

 * That's great. Can we stick to sound and to this article? Hyacinth (talk) 23:13, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that is what I was doing. "Sound is a travelling wave"; I asked you to disprove this and you couldn't so I removed the claim from the article. Davidsmind 09/15/09 —Preceding undated comment added 00:44, 16 September 2009 (UTC).
 * A wave can have any topology. If you bend an antenna wire into a ring, it emits a toroidal wave. A point source emits a spherical wave. A line source emits a cylindrical wave. You clearly have no idea what you're talking about. 71.65.244.201 (talk) 15:27, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Just to bring a bit of Clarity... Sound travels through air as a longitudinal wave. Explained very well here; http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/tralon.html I encourage anyone looking at cymatics to look into Acoustics and Physics. Its far more detailed (and gives precise explanations for the pretty cymatics patterns). Usually waves (sound included) are presented as transverse in discussions graphs, because it is much easier to present on a 2D surface of paper, otherwise you would need to be endlessly cutting up golfballs inside tennis balls inside basket balls to accurately depict wave propagation, but fortunately the maths is the same :)

Oscarg 11:34am 09/16/14 (PST)

A sound is a wave. A pressure wave. Some of the claims made of Cymatics are in the pseudoscientific realm. Can we please put this article under "pseudoscience"? 80.229.20.182 (talk) 16:12, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The fact that some claims may be pseudoscience doesn't make the topic itself pseudoscience. Brian Josephson (talk) 17:04, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Image
The image does not display correctly on my work computer.-Hyacinth 18:55, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No longer an issue as the image(s) have been removed. Hyacinth (talk) 19:07, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Context?
What is this article about? A clearer intro would help. Zocky 23:44, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC) This topic covers the much talked about what is Cymatics, and the fundamentals behind it. One does the study of Cymatic OM as well, and that too is resonance structured. I too wonder how does it fall that the OM chanting creates vibrations on a different level, and forms and shapes. You can look up Cymatics & The Energy Chakras (7 of them).

Even though these 7 chakras have a very high energy, there are also other high points of energy around the world where the Ley Lines travel. These include- And there are probably many more!
 * Bermuda Triangle
 * Karachi, Pakistan
 * Devil’s Sea Triangle (Japan)
 * Mount Fuji, Japan
 * Maui, Hawaii
 * Sedona, Arizona
 * Lake Louise, Canada
 * Findhorn, Scotland
 * Kiev, Ukraine
 * Bali, Indonesia
 * Easter Island
 * Angkor Wat, Cambodia
 * Sarawak, Borneo
 * Gabon (West Africa)
 * Capetown, South Africa
 * Lake Taupo, New Zealand

Some scientists also believe that OM (Pronounced aa oo mm or AUM) creates resonance, and the opposite, MUA (mm oo aa) creates Nidhane or destruction, like the split sound of a water droplet. Thanks. Vishal Bakhai - Works 08:18, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

Science?
I am interested in this area but after doing some quick research i am unsure how well established and accepted cymatics is within the wider scientific world. It is not linked to any other well known areas of study and therefor does not contextualise itself. Sites on the www which talk about it appear to be more spiritual and mystical than scientific, can anyone resolve this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.67.101.82 (talk • contribs)

 * I have heard that clinical trials have, in fact, been run that show that cymatics has helped to restore people's natural healthy processes. I don't have references here, but maybe acutronics.com has something.  Certainly there's a large body of annecdotal evidence to back holistic cymatics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.56.240.110 (talk • contribs)

As the first poster in this section has pointed out, there is a lot of mysticism and spurious claims regarding cymatics. It is NOT a science, it has no real application, and the 2nd poster (above) has even stated that he/she has NO references. Anecdotal evidence is NOT evidence. It's anecdote.80.229.20.182 (talk) 16:15, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Cymatics in of itself seems to be the innocent observation of acoustic effects on physical objects. Many of these are visually compelling, and could be the source for any number of worthy art projects, but there seems to be a push towards theraputic uses. Any links I have found about cymatics on the web reference pure pseudoscience (ie 432hz is more "natural" than 440hz etc). There is no peer reviewed work supporting it, any claims it makes are at best non-sequitur, while the language and references it makes, seem totally oblivious to basic acoustic theory. More concerning is that there seems to be a healthy "natural remedy" conversation/business model aligned with it, (a classic sign of pseudoscience) and this Wikipedia entry may seem to be a promulgation/justification of cymatics as a consistent scientific theory/discipline (which it clearly is not). Summary: This article should clearly state that cymatic therapy is unproven, and scientifically baseless. --Oscarg (talk) 13:37, 7 October 2013

Here's your topic being used in science https://www.nature.com/articles/srep06675

Standing waves
This is a nice example of a standing wave. There is no magic here, no abrakadabra healing. Just physics, beautiful physics if I might say. :) Endimion17, 22:37, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Slashdot link
Linked from this article on Slashdot. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 22:57, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Might be interesting material for an "In Art" section NoahWH 07:37, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

New Discoveries in Cymatics
From a brief perusal the external link for John Stuart Reid, he does not appear to be a scientist. Also, there are no citations for this section. The section appears to have been added by Jack Kassewitz, who is also mentioned in the section. I am a brand new at participating in Wikipedia, so apologies if I have misinterpreted this, but doesn't that qualify it as "original research"?

Nervinjapan (talk) 16:29, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Medical Aspects
The medical aspects of cymatics needs to be stated within this article. SierraEchoBravo (talk) 13:27, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

The medical aspects are non-existent. I think that is statement enough until someone provides a suitable reference.80.229.20.182 (talk) 16:16, 25 May 2012 (UTC) GB

Without any sensible scientific basis, Cymatic therapy is developing into a new realm of pseudoscience and I'd think this deserves some attention here. See https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cymatic-therapy

Article needs revision
I am curious as to why this article is more about the history of Cymatics than the topic itself, and reads much like a student essay. I also noticed it includes "text to follow soon". This article needs major help to get it up to standards. Astræa (talk) 06:38, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

 * How would you suggest changing the article to improve these faults? Hyacinth (talk) 19:08, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Pseudoscience
Wikipedia claims to be neutral, but it isn't and here is an excellent example.

The bottom of this page suggests several relevant links, one of which is "Pseudoscience." (Or maybe that is an example of subtle cyber vandalism?)

In any event, that is a pretty harsh editorial decision. There are more than a few "science" articles on Wikipedia for which I would like to provide that link, but will refrain from doing so.

Of course, any text will have a non-neutral point of view or it wouldn't be worth reading! So I don't really fault Wikipedia for that- only for dishonestly claiming that neutrality is possible.

117.14.96.231 (talk) 08:01, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I assume you mean it is not neutral because it is an internal link. Remember Wikipedia is "the free encyclopedia that almost anyone can edit." Hyacinth (talk) 06:04, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

 * What you have to understand is that the vibration of membranes has been studied for a long time and falls under acoustics, whereas "cymatics" is a new term that people have hopped on because they think these membrane standing wave patterns look cool and want to ascribe spiritual properties to simple things like resonance. It's nothing new. What IS new is the pseudoscience stuff and this appears to be the primary reason the term "cymatics" is becoming popular to describe old physics.71.65.244.201 (talk) 15:15, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

visible sound co vibration
There is typo: "visible sound co vibration" (co), but I'm not sure to what it should be changed. 'And'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenorb (talk • contribs) 15:51, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Healing Powers Bogus Citation
After doing a brief survey of medical literature (which I have now edited the article to include), there appears to be no evidence to back up the idea that "Cymatics" (standing waves) have any healing powers. In addition, the first citation in this section leads to an extremely non-scholarly source (indeed, it seems to be an advertisement for an expensive con-artist), which I believe does not meet Wikipedia's standards for reliable, authoritative sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars DeltaF (talk) 22:00, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

"Other than select articles on the subject of low-amplitude high-frequency sound in bone fracture healing,[6] there no limited medical evidence of this phenomenon." The word "no" should be replaced by "is". As written, the sentence makes no sense, and its meaning is inverted by the error. Anorlunda (talk) 23:54, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

The Cymascope
The article really should say more about modern research into cymatics, especially that deriving from the cymascope of John Stuart Reid, which is not mentioned at all. --Brian Josephson (talk) 20:43, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Why do you think this is "modern research"? It's not even science, just a sound visualizer, pretty patterns generated from sound data.71.65.244.201 (talk) 15:22, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Influence in Engineering and P. Chen article
The article makes no mention of "cymatics". I think people are finding articles for any research involving standing wave patterns and claiming they are successes of "cymatics" to ultimately legitimize it's pseudoscientific aspects. On the other hand, here is an actual scientific paper using the term: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep23929. If anything, this paper should be discussed instead of P.Chen's. 71.65.244.201 (talk) 15:41, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cymatics


text:
Gordon Arnold

Gordon Leslie Arnold (August 14, 1941 – October 15, 1997) was a Canadian-American man who claimed to have witnessed the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.

Arnold did not become known as an eyewitness to the assassination until 1978, when on August 27 of that year, The Dallas Morning News published an article by Earl Golz alleging that several "counterfeit" agents of the United States Secret Service were in Dealey Plaza shortly before and after the assassination. The following day, the story was reported by the Associated Press and United Press International. Arnold would later be interviewed on his alleged experience for The Men Who Killed Kennedy.

According to the report, Arnold and at least four other individuals said they met men who identified themselves as Secret Service agents. Arnold stated that he was attempting to move to the railroad bridge above the triple underpass to film the presidential limousine and motorcade when a man with a badge who said he was with the Secret Service told him that he could not be there. According to Arnold in that interview, he moved to a dirt mound in front of the picket fence on the "grassy knoll" where he filmed the motorcade as it moved down Elm Street. He described at least one shot as being fired past his left ear from behind, stating that he "hit the dirt" after feeling the first just over his left shoulder, and that while lying down his impression was that at least one more shot came from that location, although he said he heard the echoes of gunfire through the Plaza which made it difficult to determine the source of the other shot(s) with certainty. Arnold indicated that he remained lying down for the duration of the shooting until he was confronted by two policemen who confiscated his film and ordered him to leave the area. Arnold would give more information in The Men Who Killed Kennedy interview, where he mentioned that the film was confiscated by a man wearing a policeman's uniform, except he was not wearing a hat. Arnold suggested that he had been afraid to report the incident due to claims of "peculiar" deaths of witnesses to the assassination.

According to the report, at the time of the assassination Arnold was a soldier who had just completed basic training and was reporting for duty in Fort Wainwright, Alaska two days later. In 1978, he was an investigator with the Dallas Department of Consumer Affairs. Arnold rose to the rank of Specialist 5 in the United States Army.

title: Gordon Arnold


text:
Tanning oil

Tanning oil can refer to :

 * Oils used in leather tanning
 * Indoor tanning lotion, oils and lotions that enhance tanning in a tanning bed or outdoors
 * Sunscreen, oils and lotions that block ultraviolet sun rays to protect skin from sunburn

title: Tanning oil


text:
Talk:Diapason

Thank you whoever you are for including this artickle in the Wikipedia. Until today this word had no meaning for me other than the name of one of the mysterious thingies on my grandparents' organ. Now to look up vox humana.

Is there any reason not to merge the "in harmony" section of this article with octave? The Greeks may have called the interval "diapason", but "octave" is much more familiar today, I think. --Camembert

1 <= f2^n <= 2 has to be 1 <= f/2^n <= 2

that is the same as 1 <= 2^(lg(f)-[lg(f)]) <= 2

First use of the word "Principal" is potentially misleading, it is a synonym of the stop name. The necessity for and fundamentality of the stop are matters for debate -certainly there are organs which do not possess diapasons A Stopped Diapason is not generally regarded to be a Diapason but a flute pipe. The stopt pipework produces little of the even numbered harmonics - this is what gives the "hollow" sound.

Although it is generally considered acceptable to group Montre, Præstant and Prinzipal under the generic heading of Diapason Type stops, there are important timbral differences between these. As a generalization, in comparison to the "typical" English/American Open Diapason the Præstant (whether mounted or otherwise) tends to possess a degree of flutiness whereas the Germanic Prinzipal is harder in tone.

Of course, any attempt to categorise organ stops has to take into account variations within each regional group in terms of period, predominant musical genre and builder/client preference and, as in most things musical, there is a degree of subjectivity in any description of timbre. NSA66 22:38, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Tibia Clausa
The Tibia Clausa is not a diapason. Although, arguably, the most frequently used rank on a theater organ (and, as such, somewhat analogous to the diapason ranks of a classical organ in terms of function), it is actually a large-scaled flute rank operating on high wind pressure. Most extension/unit organs, if designed with any versatility in mind, tend to have a diapason rank as well as the usual imitative flutes, tibia, strings and reeds. NSA66 22:38, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Very true, the tibia clausa is NOT an actual diapason, but in theatre organs it is often used in place of a diapason, especially in smaller instruments that do not have a diapason rank. Hence the addition of the "tibia clausa" statement in the article. In these smaller organs, the diapason can be imitated (to some degree) by removing the tremulant from the tibias and adding a soft string stop behind it. Erzahler 18:59, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diapason