text:
Parker Hannifin

Parker Hannifin Corporation, originally Parker Appliance Company, usually referred to as just Parker, is an American corporation specializing in motion and control technologies. Its corporate headquarters are in Mayfield Heights, Ohio, in Greater Cleveland (with a Cleveland mailing address).

The company was founded in 1917 and has been publicly traded on the NYSE since December 9, 1964. The firm is one of the largest companies in the world in motion control technologies, including aerospace, climate control, electromechanical, filtration, fluid and gas handling, hydraulics, pneumatics, process control, and sealing and shielding. Parker employs about 55,000 people globally.

In 2024, the company was ranked 216 in the Fortune 500.

1917–1950
Arthur L. Parker founded the firm as the Parker Appliance Company in Ohio around 1917 or 1918. In its early years, it built pneumatic brake systems for buses, trucks and trains. In 1919, Parker's truck slid over a cliff, causing the company to lose its entire inventory and forcing the founder to return to his previous job. Nonetheless, he restarted Parker Appliance Company in 1924.

By 1927, the firm had expanded into airplanes. For his flight across the Atlantic Ocean, Charles Lindbergh requested Parker parts be used in the construction of his aircraft the Spirit of St. Louis. The firm contributed the system that linked the aircraft's 16 fuel tanks.

During World War II, Parker experienced a boom in business as the U.S. Air Force's primary supplier of valves and fluid connectors. By 1943, the firm employed 5,000 Cleveland, Ohio, residents. After Arthur Parker's death in 1945 and the end of the war, the company neared bankruptcy due to the sudden drop in demand. Arthur Parker's wife, Helen Parker, assumed control of the company and prevented its liquidation. She hired new management staff and directed the company's focus back to civilian manufacturing.

1950s–1960s
In the early 1950s, the firm's executives set a goal to make Parker, as The New York Times put it, "the General Electric of fluid power", a goal it generally achieved in the coming decades. In 1957, the company purchased Hannifin, a producer of valve and cylinder products, and changed its name to Parker Hannifin. Many more acquisitions followed, with the company reaching 40 acquisitions by the year 1979.

In 1953, Arthur Parker's son Patrick S. Parker began working full-time at the company. He rose to become its president in 1968, and served as CEO from 1971 to 1983 and as chairman from 1977 to 1999. During and after his tenure, the firm grew dramatically, with revenues rising from $197 million in 1968 to over $7 billion in 2005.

The company debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1964, under the ticker symbol PH. In 1966, the company joined the Fortune 500. The company designed parts for the craft used in NASA's first crewed Moon landing in 1969.

1970s–1990s
An economic downturn in 1970 forced the company to expand beyond its focus on hydraulic systems. In the following years it began to expand into the automotive aftermarket, considered a more stable industry. The company also directed itself toward growth in aerospace, acquiring companies that created flight controls and wheel brake equipment for airplanes. By 1979, Parker Hannifin employed 20,000 people in 100 plants, selling 90,000 items for machinery, airplanes, cars and construction equipment to 60,000 customers. The company made some of the equipment inside the mechanical shark in the 1975 movie Jaws.

In 1982, Paul G. Schloemer replaced Patrick Parker as the company's president (although Patrick Parker remained chairman and CEO). That same year, the firm entered the Mexican market. By 2008, Parker Hannifin Mexico would come to operate 11 plants in the country, seven of which made parts exclusively for the U.S. market. In 1988, the company reached $2 billion in sales.

The firm opened its first retail "ParkerStore" in Cleveland in 1993. Within 10 years, the network of stores expanded to 200 locations in the U.S. and more than 400 worldwide. ParkerStores offer a variety of Parker products, including hydraulics, automation, and hose and fitting components, at locations close to industrial product buyers. Parker Hannifin systems helped control the massive replica of the Titanic in the 1997 film of the same name. In 1997, the firm moved its headquarters from Cleveland to a new building in Mayfield Heights, a suburb of Cleveland. In 1999, the company's sales reached approximately $5 billion.

2000s–present
Parker Hannifin acquired Commercial Intertech Corporation, a maker of hydraulic systems, in 2000.Commercial Intertech had previously acquired Oildyne Inc., a well known hydraulic manufacturer. Parker has an Oildyne division today. With a cost of $366 million, this was at the time Parker Hannifin's biggest acquisition.

In 2001, CEO Don Washkewicz introduced lean startup methods to company operations and has said that over the decade this reduced the time to obtain price quotes by 60% and cut product development lead times by 25%.

In 2002 the company appointed Craig Maxwell as head of engineering; Maxwell brought a focus on innovation as well as rigor; he argued for and was given a $20M annual budget to fund blue sky inventions made by engineers and has given engineers time to pursue them; at the same time his team developed software that allows tracking each of the company's 1700 ongoing R&D projects graded by risk and potential reward, and closely managing their progress. In 2011 he hired Ryan Farris out of Vanderbilt University and licensed patents covering a powered exoskeleton that Farris had worked on at Vanderbilt. In 2015 the company opened an internal business incubator that Maxwell had proposed when he was first hired.

The company won $2 billion in contracts to build fuel and hydraulic systems for Airbus A350 airliners in 2008 Two years later, its products were used in repairing the Deepwater Horizon oil rig.

Thomas Williams took over the CEO role from Washkewicz in 2015. In 2016, the company completed its largest acquisition to date, buying Clarcor, a filtration systems manufacturer, for $4.3 billion. In 2019, Parker bought Lord Corporation for $3.7 billion and Kent, WA based Exotic Metals Forming Company for $1.7 billion.

In August 2021, the company agreed to buy British aerospace and defense company Meggitt for £6.3 billion. In July 2022, after making commitments to the UK government including increasing research and development spending in Britain, the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy approved the takeover without being referred for a full Competition and Markets Authority investigation. The acquisition completed in September 2022.

In May 2022, it was announced Parker Hannifin has sold its aircraft wheel and brake division to the Bloomfield-headquartered aerospace company, Kaman Corporation for US$440 million.

Aerospace
Parker Hannifin's aerospace division, Parker Stratoflex, designs and manufactures aerospace hydraulic equipment. It is a provider of aircraft parts to aircraft manufacturers, including fuel system components and high-temperature bleed air valves. Based in Irvine, California, Parker Aerospace also operates facilities in Arizona and Mexico. The company has had contracts to contribute parts and maintenance for machinery produced by Airbus, Rolls-Royce, Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China as well as other manufacturers.

In 1993, the Federal Aviation Administration contracted Parker Aerospace to develop a new monitoring device, the Multi-Sensor Enroute Flight Inspection System, for flight inspection aircraft.

Notable acquisitions by the division include the Kalamazoo, Michigan-based Abex/NWL division of Pneumo Abex in 1996, and Naples, Florida-based Shaw Aero Devices, in 2007. In 2012, the company partnered with General Electric to form a 50-50 joint venture, Advanced Atomization Technologies, for producing fuel nozzles for commercial aircraft engines.

Boeing 737 accidents and incidents
In 1995, it was discovered that failures in a servo unit supplied by Parker Hannifin to Boeing for use in their 737 aircraft may have contributed to several accidents and incidents, including the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427.

In 2004, a Los Angeles jury ordered Parker Hannifin to pay US$43 million to the plaintiff families of the 1997 SilkAir Flight 185 crash in Indonesia. Parker Hannifin subsequently appealed the verdict, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement for an undisclosed amount. The Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) could not determine the cause of the crash due to the near total lack of physical evidence because of the complete destruction; The US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), however disagreed, and concluded that the crash was caused, possibly intentionally, by the pilot.

The FAA ordered an upgrade of all Boeing 737 rudder control systems by November 12, 2002. The firm argued that the components they supplied were not at fault, citing that the product has one of the safest records in its class, but the FAA directive went through regardless. In 2016, former NTSB investigator John Cox stated that time has proven the NTSB correct in its findings that the valve was faulty, because no additional rudder-reversal incidents have occurred since Boeing's redesign.

F-35 fueldraulic line failure
On 18 January 2013, the F-35B variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II was grounded after the failure of a fueldraulic line in the aircraft's propulsion system that controls the exhaust vectoring system. This followed an incident two days earlier on 16 January, in which the propulsion system experienced a fueldraulic failure prior to a conventional takeoff. The failure was found to be a manufacturing defect by Parker Hannifin's Stratoflex division.

title: Parker Hannifin


text:
Jeff Grubb

Jeff Grubb (born August 27, 1957) is an author of novels, short stories, and comics, as well as a computer and role-playing game designer in the fantasy genre. Grubb worked on the Dragonlance campaign setting under Tracy Hickman, and the Forgotten Realms setting with Ed Greenwood. His written works include The Finder's Stone Trilogy, the Spelljammer and Jakandor campaign settings, and contributions to Dragonlance and the computer game Guild Wars Nightfall (2006).

Personal life
Grubb was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He met Kate Novak in high school and married her in 1983. His first year of employment involved work with air pollution control devices.

Beginnings in role-playing games
Grubb became a wargaming enthusiast during his high school years. He started to play Avalon Hill wargames including PanzerBlitz and Blitzkrieg, and the SPI game, Frigate. As a freshman, he attended the campus war-gaming club and was introduced to the role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons. Grubb said,
 * "I walked up to a group of players to ask what they were doing. One turned to me, handed me three six-siders, and said, 'Roll these. We need a cleric.' It was all downhill from there."

Within the year, Grubb attended Gen Con, a table-top gaming convention, for the first time. He also ran his own campaign set in Toril, his own game universe.

TSR
Grubb's overseeing of the design of the "AD&D Open" at Gen Con in 1982, led to his employment as a game designer at TSR. He was a design consultant on Gary Gygax's 1983 work, Monster Manual II for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Tracy Hickman got Harold Johnson, then Grubb, Carl Smith and Larry Elmore in on the idea of Dragonlance before Margaret Weis and Douglas Niles joined them. In 1984, Grubb was the principal architect of the Marvel Super Heroes game system.

Grubb was a consultant on the first edition of Unearthed Arcana, and authored the first edition of the Manual of the Planes. Grubb contacted Ed Greenwood, author of numerous articles in Dragon about his home campaign setting, and soon Greenwood began sending Grubb packages full of maps of his world and background information for the setting; this collaboration resulted in the publication of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting beginning with the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (1987). He is the designer of the Spelljammer campaign setting, and the Al-Qadim setting. Grubb felt that Al-Qadim was well received because the designers were able to hide the potential of the setting from the executives at TSR.

In the late 1980s, Grubb wrote four fill-in issues of the DC Comics licensed Advanced Dungeons & Dragons comic book, and wrote 25 issues of DC Comic's Forgotten Realms series. Grubb started the Buck Rogers line for TSR with a board game published in 1988. Grubb continued to work on role-playing games with TSR for many years, long enough to be regarded affectionately as an "old timer" by Scott Haring. In 1994, he left TSR to pursue freelance work. Grubb wrote three supplements for the Jakandor setting, published in 1997–1998 as the final publications in the Odyssey series.

Freelance work
When Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR inc., Grubb was engaged to work on games, settings, and source books such as Tempest Feud for the Star Wars Roleplaying Game, d20 Modern and Urban Arcana. He wrote The Memoirs of Auberon of Faerie for R. Talsorian Games and was one of the authors of the D20 Warcraft: The Roleplaying Game for Sword & Sorcery Studios. He has also been involved with Sovereign Press, founded by Margaret Weis and Don Perrin in 2001. He designed the HeroClix Unleashed set.

Comics, novels, and short stories
In 1988, Azure Bonds, Grubb's first novel, which was coauthored with his wife, Kate Novak, was published as part of The Finder's Stone Trilogy. The second and third books in the trilogy, The Wyvern's Spur and Song of the Saurials, were published by TSR inc. in 1990 and 1991. Grubb and Novak continued to write novels in the Forgotten Realms setting, releasing Masquerades, Finder's Bane, and Tymora's Luck. Other settings such as Magic: The Gathering, Warcraft and StarCraft have also featured in his novels. Grubb also wrote the 45th issue of Superman Adventures, "Mateless in Metropolis" (cover date July 2000).

Grubb's short stories are set in a variety of fictional worlds, including Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, Ravenloft and Thieves' World. In general, his short fiction has been well received, with his story "Malediction" being described as amongst the best of those included in Thieves' World: Enemies of Fortune, while "Beowulf in the City of the Dark Elves" has been regarded as the best of the original fiction in The Further Adventures of Beowulf: Champion of Middle Earth.

Among his favorite novels that he authored are Azure Bonds, Lord Toede, and The Brothers' War, and his favorite short stories include "The Judgement of abd-al-Mammat" and "Lycanthrope Summer."

Grubb is the author of over a dozen novels and 30 short stories.

Computer games
The novel Azure Bonds was developed into a computer game, Curse of the Azure Bonds, in 1989, and was published by Strategic Simulations. ArenaNet hired Grubb to write the story for the third installment of their Guild Wars franchise, Guild Wars Nightfall. Although credited as a designer under lead designer James Phinney, in an interview with GameSpy he describes his role as more of an 'embedded writer' than a designer. Grubb was involved in designing the Guild Wars: Eye of the North expansion pack. Primarily responsible for writing the storyline, he describes himself as an 'embedded writer' rather than as a game designer. He has also done world-building and writing for Blue Byte. He is working as a writer and game designer for Guild Wars 2.

Dragonlance (shared universe)

 * Villains
 * Book 5: Lord Toede (1994), ISBN 0-09-945501-3

Forgotten Realms (shared universe)

 * The Finder's Stone Trilogy (with Kate Novak)
 * Azure Bonds (1988), ISBN 0-88038-612-6
 * The Wyvern's Spur (1990), ISBN 0-88038-902-8
 * Song of the Saurials (1991), ISBN 1-56076-060-5
 * The Harpers (with Kate Novak)
 * Book 10: Masquerades (1995), ISBN 0-7869-0152-7
 * Book 15: Finder's Bane (1997), ISBN 0-7869-0658-8
 * The Lost Gods (with Kate Novak)
 * Tymora's Luck (1997), sequel to Finder's Bane, ISBN 0-7869-0726-6

Magic: The Gathering (shared universe)

 * Artifacts Series
 * Book 1: The Brothers' War (1998), ISBN 0-7869-6639-4
 * Ice Age Trilogy
 * The Gathering Dark (1999)
 * The Eternal Ice (2000)
 * The Shattered Alliance (2000)

WarCraft (shared universe)

 * The Last Guardian (2001), ISBN 0-671-04151-7. This novel has been described as "an original tale of magic, warfare, and heroism based on the bestselling, award-winning electronic game from Blizzard Entertainment".

StarCraft (shared universe)

 * Liberty's Crusade (2001), ISBN 0-671-04148-7

Guild Wars (shared universe)

 * Ghosts of Ascalon (2010), ISBN 978-1-4165-8947-1 – first novel in a three-book series of stand-alone novels set in the world of Tyria, in the 250 years that separates Guild Wars and Guild Wars 2.
 * written with Matt Forbeck

Star Wars (shared universe)

 * Scourge (2012), ISBN 978-0099542667 – An adaptation of Tempest Feud.

Forgotten Realms DC Comics

 * DC Comics published 25 Forgotten Realms comics from 1 September 1989 to 25 September 1991 where Jeff Grubb was the author.

Role-playing books

 * Al-Qadim: Arabian Adventures (1992)
 * D&D: Diablo II Adventure Game (with Bill Slavicsek, published by Wizards of the Coast)
 * d20 Modern Role-playing Game (with Bill Slavicsek, Rich Redman, and Charles Ryan)
 * DL7 Dragons of Light
 * Eye of the Wyvern (TSR, Inc.) Part of TSR's "Fast-play Game" series for Dungeons & Dragons.
 * Karameikos: Kingdom of Adventure (with Aaron Allston and Thomas M. Reid, part of the TSR Audio Games series, TSR, Inc.)
 * M2 Maze of the Riddling Minotaur
 * Manual of the Planes (1987) Published by TSR, Inc. ISBN 0-88038-399-2
 * Tempest Feud (with Owen K.C. Stephens, published by Wizards of the Coast for the Star Wars Roleplaying Game) "Tempest Feud fails to rise to the exacting standards set by its predecessors."
 * Urban Arcana (with Eric Cagle, David Noonan, & Stan!, published by Wizards of the Coast)

Boot Hill

 * BH4 Burned Bush Wells

Marvel Super-Heroes

 * Marvel Super Heroes Advanced Set
 * MARVEL SUPER HEROES game
 * Numerous modules

Spelljammer

 * Spelljammer: AD&D Adventures in Space Boxed Set (November 1989), ISBN 0-88038-762-9.
 * Legend of Spelljammer Box Set (September 1991), ISBN 1-56076-083-4.

High Adventure

 * Buck Rogers Adventure Game (with Steven Schend)

Miniatures games

 * Star Wars Miniatures: Rebel Storm (with Bill Slavicsek, Jonathon Tweet, & Rob Watkins)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jeff Grubb


text:
Talk:William of Ockham

(random heading)
(inserted for readability Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 11:41, 15 February 2010 (UTC))

--

I have a recollection that Ockham is somehow associated with the paradox that if one goes half the distance to the goal, and then half the distance again, and again and again, one will never get to the goal. Can anyone either confirm of disabuse me of this notion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.150.96.50 (talk • contribs) 02:14, 3 March 2004

 * That was Zeno of Elea. -- Heron 09:12, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I am taking out the statement that Ockham was devoted to a life of "minimalism", since this is a post-modern term and didn't really exist in the Medieval context. Perhaps the person who originally called Ockham a minimalist meant "ascetic?" All Franciscans would be ascetics on principle. Jeremy J. Shapiro 19:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * While "minimalism" may be a post-modern term, the concept is hardly out of place in the context of the Franciscan poverty controversy. After all, the usus pauper (literally "poor use," but perhaps better translated as "minimal use") controversy -- which was devoted to the issue of whether Franciscans were obliged to only a legal renunciation of ownership, or to make do with a "poor use" of goods (quantitatively and qualitatively) as well -- was an important factor in the clash between John XXII and the so-called Spirituals.  (Later John XXII widened his attack and brought the whole Franciscan doctrine of poverty under fire.)  At any rate, "asceticism" does not capture the Franciscan devotion to a poor life, which (in theory at least) was certainly more "minimal" than any other Christian profession of voluntary poverty.  --24.175.70.90 04:52, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Source for statement about Eco
Is the idea that Ockham might be the basis for "In the Name of the Rose" original research, or is there some interview or other statement by Eco that this was his inspiration for his character? Jeremy J. Shapiro 18:51, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * See eg ; ; ; — Preceding unsigned comment added by Briangotts (talk • contribs) 21:08, 9 December 2005

>>> About the Eco reference in "The Name of the Rose": Eco wrote himself in his "Nachschrift zur Name der Rose" (I am referring to the German translation) that he needed a detective for his novel, "preferably an Englishman". He then states that this is an "intertextual reference". This suggests that the actual inspiration for William of Baskerville was probably Sherlock Holmes. However, thinkers like William of Baskerville would have only existed after Roger Bacon and William of Ockham, and this point determined the chronological setting of the novel (1327). Eco comments that the existence of these two men made him have to set the novel a couple of centuries later than he would have liked.

- Brian — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.56.18.250 (talk • contribs) 20:30, 6 February 2006

I think that the text of this article is a little misleading on this point. Though Eco may have been inspired to create a character with some of the features of Ockham, the article as it stands seems to suggest that Baskerville is a fictionalised version of Ockham (a suggestion reinforced by the coincidence between their names). However, since Ockham is actually referred to by the characters in the novel, it's clear he is distinct from Baskerville. Josh Parsons 21:19, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Fact vs. Myth
JA: Since this article has been placed under the aegis of the History of Science, here are some problems that I notice right off with respect to its historical accuracy. Ockham is considered one of the greatest logicians of all time. One important contribution that he made to modern science and modern intellectual culture was through the principle of parsimony in explanation and theory building that came to be known as Ockham's razor, which states that one should always opt for an explanation in terms of the fewest possible number of causes, factors, or variables. JA: The first sentence is an example of "peacock phrasing", as further discussed under WP:Weasel. Ockham of course looms large enough to rank as a mythical figure these days, but in the interests of historical accuracy it is all the more necessary to distinguish the things that Ockham actually wrote from the things that are anachronistically attributed to him. The rest of the first paragraph fails to do that.

JA: To some extent we can get by on translations, but it takes a better reader of Latin than I to do an expert job of this, and so I will look up the appropriate tag to place on the article. Jon Awbrey 11:18, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think there are circumstances where, for readability, peacock phrasing is at least less bad than the available alternatives - but it needs to be backed by cited facts, which is not the case here. Ockham's razor seems to have been frequently used by Ockham but it was not original to him and only gained its name centuries later. It certainly needs mentioning in the article, but it should also be clear that the myth outruns the fact. And while the next paragraph to some extent explains why modern philosophers and logicians have found Ockham worth studying, it neither says who they are nor why Ockham was intellectually important in his own period. Rewrite required, but I'd need to do some work before I could attempt it. PWilkinson 18:52, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Surrey?
Are we certain of this. I read (admittedly in some pop philosphy thing I no longer have - Xeno and the Tortoise?) that it wasn't known and could have been an Ockham in Yorkshire.84.9.162.36 19:49, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

But where is Ockham in Yorkshire ?

Indeed Bertrand Russell's 'History of Western Philosophy' also reports the view that Ockham was born in Ockham in Yorkshire, and this view can also be seen by googling on 'Ockham Yorkshire'. BUT a key question here is where Ockham in Yorkshire is ? Does anybody know ? It does not seem to appear on any maps, nor in the Domesday Book. Logicus 01:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In a work completely unrelated to William, Ceramic Art in Remote Ages by John B. Waring makes mention of a "Ockham Wold" in Yorkshire in relation to unearthing a cairn and a skeleton. Perhaps then, it is an obscure place in the Yorkshire Wolds. - Moscarlop (talk) 13:59, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Citation Templates
JA: Citation templates are not mandated by WP, are not universally agreed to, and many editors strongly object to their use, especially for bibliographies with complex publication histories, because they lead to the loss of data and are hard to maintain. WP guidelines advise against trying to convert citation formats without first discussing the proposal with other editors interested in the arrticle. Thanks, Jon Awbrey 16:46, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * OK thanks for the tip. I thought I was helping.  Since we have started the discussion now: what about converting these reference to use the proper templates? Thruston 10:22, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

JA: Any standard style sheet is acceptable for references, so long as a consistent style is maintained across the article. In the literatures that I know, footnotes are used for incidental notes, not references, sources are cited in text as (Source, Date, Page) with Date being optional if there is only one work by Source in the References. The list of references is kept in alphabetical order. This is simple enough to maintain by hand and doesn't really require any automation, but templates have become the pet projects of a couple of groups — so far they are making it more work, not less, to maintain accurate and consistent references, and their rigid formats lead to the loss of citation data over time. This is not a good thing. There is more information about the various options at WP:CITE. Jon Awbrey 12:40, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Jumping in :) - the cite templates are really not setup to accomodate the complex publishing history of the cites on this page - and their use is not required - they are mostly for us lazy folk who don't want to remember how to punctuate the cite (was that a comma or a period between the author and the title - and what citation system is wikipedia using - crap I have to look it up again). -- Trödel 13:29, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

GA Nom Encouraged
Dear Friends: If you are interested, this article is near to Good article status. All that is needed would be inline citation of sources and a little work to bring the lead up to WP:LEAD standards. --CTS Wyneken (talk) 23:47, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Biography Rewrite
I arrived on this page randomly, and was somewhat disturbed by what I found. Much of the section detailing Ockham's life was unsourced speculation, items where historians disagree, or worse. I have rewritten the section using four major sources, which have been referenced on the main page, including works by two doctorate-level, tenured professors. Any information that was in the previous versions that I could not find reliable sources for was removed, but I'll be happy to slide it back into the text if it can be properly verified. Consequentially 04:04, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Source for Occam quote
I would be interested to know the source for the quote “For nothing ought to be posited without a reason given, unless it is self-evident (literally, known through itself) or known by experience or proved by the authority of Sacred Scripture.”Andrew K Robinson 19:18, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Name spellings
His name is spelt differently in this article and the one on his Razor. Both use their version of the spelling for the purposes of the link to the other site, which is different to the spelling used oin that page. Any chance of someone rectifing whioch is correct and/or changing them both to say the same? Larklight 14:40, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * "Ockham" is correct now (i.e. present day), but it would potentially be an anachronism to say that makes it most correct, since William isn't alive now. Since English orthography itself has changed between now and then, this comes down mostly to an arbitrary decision of style. --70.131.120.218 (talk) 07:47, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Date of death uncertain?
In his novel, 'Eifelheim', SF writer Michael Flynn includes William Of Ockham as a minor character. In a 'Historical Note' appended to the novel he states, while speaking about the historical William of Ockham:

"He was last heard from when he left Munich on 10 March 1349 to make his peace with the Pope. 'Eifelheim' stands along one likely route. The date on his Denkmal in Munich is incorrect, as we know from documents that he was alive after that point."

Being a note at the end of a work of fiction, this statement is not supported by a citation. Also, things claiming to be 'fact' in novels often are not. Stil, is it possible for anyone with the right expertise to look into the matter of Ockham's death and confirm whether there is, in fact, any ambiguity about it? If the facts mentioned in the entry at wikipedia are subject to reasonable doubt, that ought to be mentioned, perhps with a simple re-wording of the exiting statement that 'Ockham died (possibly of the plague, or Black Death) on April 9, 1348 in the Franciscan convent in Munich, Bavaria.' If the whole thing is a red herring, sorry for wasting time.

Jayaprakash Satyamurthy 05:52, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Regarding Ockham's likely date of death, Knysh's proposal that it was 1348 has not found wide acceptance (and despite being published in 1996, the book itself is a (completely?) unrevised version of his PhD thesis which was submitted in 1968). Gál's article carries much more authority. I suggest that we accept the likely date as 1347 (and, impenitent!). In passing, note that the Cambridge Companion to Ockham accepts this date as well, citing Gál as evidence.

Do you have any reference for where his monument is? I live in Munich and have been trying to find it, if it even exists at all..

Taff. 16.09.14 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.211.197.220 (talk) 21:26, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

Thomistic doctrine: active and passive intellect
Under "Ontological Parsimony" the article reads:

" ... advocates against the Thomistic doctrine of active and passive intellect ... "

Would be nice if the link pointed to a new subsection of the Thomism page about the "active and passive intellect" principle. I don't have a good grasp on the matter, so I'll leave the editing to someone else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Karl gregory jones (talk • contribs) 13:43, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Physics-- views of Occam and Newton on the nature of force and motion
I am a physicist, not a historian, but it seemed odd to see Newton quoted as believing inertia, which keeps a body moving in a straight line at constant speed when no external forces are acting on it (Newton's first law) is a "force" (vis) rather than an intrinsic property of the object quite distinct from what are now called forces. If Newton used the same word vis for inertia and for what we now call forces, that distinction between the ancient and modern usage should be explained so as to be less confusing to people who learn their physics from modern textbooks and have never read Newton's Principia.CharlesHBennett (talk) 12:36, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Year of birth
Looking at the article, it appears that he used to have been born in 1285 but that folk have changed that to 1288. However the chnage is only partial. He is still in category:1285 births (a simple chnage I could do) BUT... When I viewed the source of the article page to see if 1285 is referenced anywhere else on the page there is a table of PERSONDATA after the last navbox but, in my browser at least, it is invisible. I don't understand that table and until I do, I'm not going to edit the article. -- SGBailey (talk) 08:37, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I see what you mean. Using WikiBlame, I was able to determine that the change from 1285 to 1288 was made way back in revision 2006-12-30T00:06:47 by an IP user User:142.161.174.18. That IP made a string of 6 edits to the article in the space of less than a month, but hasn't returned to it since. The editor working from that IP, like too many Wikipedians, is also apparently not in the habit of documenting their changes with edit summaries — even when they make unsourced modifications to basic factual data.

 * Still, in all this time since, nobody's reverted or objected to the change. And since neither the previous "c. 1285" date nor the current "c. 1288" date are backed up by a cited reference, one seems as good as the other. In the interest of consistency, I'm going to update the category and metadata for Ockham's birth/death dates to what's been displayed in the article introduction for over five years, "c. 1288 – c. 1348".

 * SGBailey, PERSONDATA (WP:Persondata) is an intentionally-invisible metadata template that contains just what it says: a structured set of data elements related to a person. It's meant to consolidate certain basic data points from the article in to a well-defined format for the consumption of scripts and databases, which is why it isn't visible in the article. You should find one on nearly every biographical article in Wikipedia. As I said, it's meant to condense the information in the article, so ideally when an editor is changing information that's reflected in the table, they'd update it to match.

 * As far as the categories, I don't even know how we can have a Category:1285_births, considering how imprecise records from the time are. Dates are almost always reported as circa whatever year, anyway. I'd personally be more inclined to categorize this in Category:1280s_births (there is one). But I assume the article shouldn't be in two different birth-year categories, and I don't know the relevant policy. So for now I'm adhering to "precedent" (such as it is), and using Category:1288_births. FeRD_NYC (talk) 11:01, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Chretien de Troyes?
Why is Chretien (12th century) listed as one of those possibly "inspired" by Ockham? Unless Ockham had a time machine (unlikely), that's impossible. I'm removing it from the article... Epn10 (talk) 02:29, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Faith & Reason and Falsely attribuing Irrationalism & Fideism to Ockham
"William of Ockham believed "only faith gives us access to theological truths. The ways of God are not open to reason, for God has freely chosen to create a world and establish a way of salvation within it apart from any necessary laws that human logic or rationality can uncover." [11] Ockham's theism was based solely on private revelation and faith (fideism). He believed that only science was a matter of discovery and saw God as the only ontological necessity.[12]"

This section is 100% nonsense! Much secondary material on this issue is misleading and the rubbish quoted here is an example. Ockham offered reasoned arguments for the existence of God, and he nowhere relied "solely on private revelation" as a foundation for his theism. Give a reference to anything Ockham wrote to back up this extraordinary claim! This article should really be written by someone who has read some Ockham (at least Philotheus Bohner's English translation of Selected Philosophical Writings, it's in there!). Ockham was not a Fideist and he did use arguments for God's existence. Protestant commentators who try to make Ockham out to be an antirationalist Lutheran are all alike in not having read Ockham and not referring to his actual writings. This whole article needs a very serious overhaul to make it even worthy to pass the standard of accuracy required for an undergraduate exam! I suggest it be scrapped completely and started from scratch. It doesn't just need tweaking; it is seriously and systematically inaccurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.78.253.67 (talk) 13:09, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Ockham and John XXII
"The most uncompromising Franciscans, known as spirituals, believed that Jesus and his apostles owned no personal property" ...No! All Franciscans believed this and the Rule of St. Francis (mentioned nowhere in this entire article) states that Franciscans are to follow Jesus and the Apostles in owning no property either individually or in common. John XXII overturned previous papal pronouncments endorsing The Franciscan Rule. THIS brought the Franciscans into conflict with Pope John XXII.

"After studying the works of John XXII and previous papal statements, Ockham agreed with the Minister General" (that Pope John XXII was a heretic). Then Ockham, Michael and other leading Franciscans fled the papal court. "In return for protection and patronage Ockham wrote treatises..." This is a lie! The treatises were to point out that the Pope has abandoned orthodox Catolicism, and were written at the request of Michael and for a mainly Franciscan audience. "...that argued for emperor Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire." Again, this is simply false. The fact that you can dig up some secondary material saying this is of no consequence. Where does Ockham say this? "For doing this Ockham was solemnly excommunicated by Pope John XXII" No! Ockham and the other Franciscans who joined Michael of Cesena were excommunicated for "Apostacy" for fleeing the papal court at Avignon without papal permission. The article you cite by Paul Vincent Spade actually says this, and yet you cite it as saying he was excommunicated for writing these treatises. You are a charlitan! "...though Ockham was excommunicated,(for apostacy, not heresy) his philosophy was never officially condemned." A.S. McGrade's book The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles. is refered to here, then why not get all the accurate information from that book, instead of referencing theological misinformation and drivel. Roger Olson's The Story of Christian Theology? Purest Rubbish! Cite Ockham's own works or at least some secondar literature by someone who has actually read what Ockham wrote! This whole article is an absolute embarrassment to history and philosophy. If it were presented to me as an undergraduate essay it would severely struggle to get a passing grade, and for deliberately falsifying citations it would get a failing grade. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.77.101.214 (talk) 15:44, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Chancellor Lutterell
Surely "Jogh Lutterell, the former chancellor of the University of Oxford" (paragraph 2 of Life) and "Oxford chancellor John Lutterell" (paragraph 3) are the same person. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.139.167.43 (talk) 01:20, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

Occam's Razor Falsey Attributed to Occam
Why does this article give the false impression that Occam developed "Occam's Razor" when this principle (never stated explicitley by Occam ) was explicitly stated by Aquinas, years before Occam was born? Apples&lemons (talk) 22:29, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Papal supremacy and Henry VIII
This article suggests Ockham "argued against the spiritual and temporal supremacy of the pope, insisting on the independence of the authority of the monarch." I suppose that's covered in the article in his writings for the emperor Louis? That's disputed a few sections above. Is the article exaggerating the importance of Ockham's arguments, or is this something to incorporate here? --BDD (talk) 20:39, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

'William' or 'Ockham'
we are in disagreement about whether to address the article's subject with his last name or given name in the article body. The relevant policy is MOS:BIO. You denied that, with the argument 'it's not a "last name"'. I disagree, but for the sake of discussion, let's pretend "Ockham" was not his last name. That leaves a few questions: Paradoctor (talk) 16:47, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) What is his last name?
 * 2) Why should we use "William", when MOS:BIO explicitly states "Generally speaking, subjects should not be referred to by their given name"
 * 3) Why should we not use "Ockham", when that is what the sources in the article do?

 * Your objection rests on the false assumption that "William of Ockham" had a family called "Ockham" or "of Ockham".

 * 1) Back in the day, people didn't yet have family names (last names), at least not in England (the already had them in more urbanized countries like Italy). "of Ockham" is merely a designation where he came from to distinguish him from other Williams. Admittedly, you are not alone in that false assumption.
 * 2) Why should we use William"? - Because when there is no "last name", there also is no "first name". There's just the name. But we could also use the full name.
 * 3) Why should we not use "Ockham"? - Because it's a place, not a person. It would be different if the term "the Ockhamite" or something like that were more common. To contrast, Thomas Aquinas has a such derivative form of his hometown in his name. We wouldn't call him "Aquin" or "Aquino" either. In Latin, William could be called "Occamus".

Str1977 (talk) 10:48, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I strongly support using "William" as "Ockham" is not his surname, but a geographical designation added (by later writers only?) to distinguish him from countless other Williams. See MOS:"X_of_Y"_format. Although it does not specify how to refer to the article subject subsequently within the article, it mentions Stephen of Ripon and Anne of Cleves as examples, and in these two articles the subjects are referred to as "Stephen" and "Anne" respectively. Referring to William of Ockham as "Ockham or "of Ockham" makes no sense, and this article should refer to him simply as "William" unless there is any confusion over which William is meant. BabelStone (talk) 12:01, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

Occamism
Why not create a new page for Occamism instead of a redirect to here? (Pseudo-Dionysius the areopagite (talk) 03:58, 20 August 2019 (UTC))
 * Do you have enough information to build an article? Editor2020 (talk) 00:15, 21 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes.(Pseudo-Dionysius the areopagite (talk) 02:13, 21 August 2019 (UTC))
 * Then, as far as I'm concerned, you should do it. Editor2020 (talk) 03:00, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:William of Ockham


text:
Adeline

Adeline may refer to:

People

 * Adeline (given name)
 * Yves-Marie Adeline (born 1960), French Catholic writer

Places

 * Adeline, Illinois, village in Maryland Township, Ogle County, Illinois, US

Arts and entertainment

 * Adeline Records, recording label in the US
 * Adeline Software International, discontinued video game developing company situated in France
 * Ballade pour Adeline, 1976 instrumental
 * Portrait of Mary Adeline Williams, the title of two separate oil on canvas paintings by Thomas Eakins
 * "Adeline" (song), a song by British indie rock band alt-J

Other uses

 * Adelines, Adeleorina blood parasites of the families Adeleidae and Legerellidae
 * Cyclone Adeline, two tropical cyclones near Australia: 1973 and 2005
 * Pépinières Arboretum Adeline, commercial nursery with arboretum in France
 * Adeline (rocket), a reusable rocket concept from Airbus

title: Adeline


text:
Talk:George Abbot (author)

Untitled
Perhaps we need a disambiguation page for George Abbot, "the Puritan", Archbishop George Abbot, and Broadway director George Abbott? -- Nunh-huh 02:20, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Abbot (author)


text:
Oxidase

In biochemistry, an oxidase is an oxidoreductase (any enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction) that uses dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In reactions involving donation of a hydrogen atom, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Some oxidation reactions, such as those involving monoamine oxidase or xanthine oxidase, typically do not involve free molecular oxygen.

The oxidases are a subclass of the oxidoreductases. The use of dioxygen is the only unifying feature; in the EC classification, these enzymes are scattered in many categories.

Examples
An important example is EC 7.1.1.9 cytochrome c oxidase, the key enzyme that allows the body to employ oxygen in the generation of energy and the final component of the electron transfer chain. Other examples are:
 * EC 1.1.3.4 Glucose oxidase
 * EC 1.4.3.4 Monoamine oxidase
 * EC 1.14.-.- Cytochrome P450 oxidase
 * EC 1.6.3.1 NADPH oxidase
 * EC 1.17.3.2 Xanthine oxidase
 * EC 1.1.3.8 L-gulonolactone oxidase
 * EC 1.10.3.2 Laccase
 * EC 1.4.3.13 Lysyl oxidase
 * EC 1.10.3.2 Polyphenol oxidase
 * Sulfhydryl oxidase. This enzyme oxidises thiol groups.

Oxidase test
In microbiology, the oxidase test is used as a phenotypic characteristic for the identification of bacterial strains; it determines whether a given bacterium produces cytochrome oxidases (and therefore utilizes oxygen with an electron transfer chain).

The test is used to determine whether a bacterium is an aerobe or anaerobe. However a bacterium that is Oxidase negative is not necessarily anaerobic, instead showing the bacterium does not possess cytochrome c oxidase.

title: Oxidase


text:
Apple Store

The Apple Store is a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc. The stores sell, service and repair various Apple products, including Mac desktop and MacBook laptop personal computers, iPhone smartphones, iPad tablet computers, Apple Watch smartwatches, Apple TV digital media players, software, and both Apple-branded and selected third-party accessories.

The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then-CEO Steve Jobs, after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts. Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company's products, he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship with consumers and hired Ron Johnson in 2000. Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997 and opened the first two physical stores in 2001. The media initially speculated that Apple would fail, but its stores were highly successful, bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US$1 billion in annual sales, becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so. Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage over the years, with 530 stores across 27 countries and regions worldwide, opening its latest store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on June 22, 2024. Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top-tier retail stores, with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011.

In May 2016, Angela Ahrendts, Apple's then-Senior Vice President of retail, unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square, San Francisco, featuring large glass doors for the entry, open spaces, and rebranded rooms.

Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone flagship stores in high-profile locations. It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores' designs and construction, specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes. The success of Apple Stores has had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers, who have lost traffic, control and profits due to perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores. Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases. Due to the popularity of the brand, Apple receives many job applications, many of which come from young workers. Apple Store employees receive above-average pay, are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts; however, there are limited or no paths of career advancement. A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers, intense internal criticism, and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts.

Overview
Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has several stand-alone flagship stores in high-profile locations, such as the one located in Grand Central Terminal in New York City. Several multi-level stores feature glass staircases,  and some also glass bridges. The New York Times wrote in 2011 that these features were part of then-CEO Steve Jobs' extensive attention to detail, and Apple received a design patent in 2002 for its glass staircase design. Historically, Apple has partnered with architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson in designing and creating its original retail stores, and has in recent years partnered with architectural firm Foster + Partners in designing its newer stores, as well as its corporate Apple Park campus. Apple has received numerous architectural awards for its store designs, and its "iconic" glass cube, designed in part by Peter Bohlin,  at Apple's Fifth Avenue store in New York City, received a separate design patent in 2014.

Ron Johnson held the position of Senior Vice President of Retail Operations from 2001 until November 1, 2011. During his tenure, it was reported that while Johnson was responsible for site selection, in-store service, and store layout, inventory was controlled by then-COO and now-CEO Tim Cook, who has a background in supply chain management. In January 2012, Apple transferred retail leadership to John Browett. However, after attempts to cut costs, including reducing new hires and limiting staff hours, he was fired after six months, later telling a conference that he "just didn't fit with the way they ran the business". In October 2013, Apple hired Angela Ahrendts from Burberry. When Ahrendts left in April 2019, Deirdre O’Brien expanded from Worldwide Sales and Operations, to People, and currently, to People and Retail. In an interview with Funke Mediengruppe in May 2021 she commented, Apple is sticking to its plan to open more stores around the globe in the future, as reported by Bloomberg.

Work environment
Due to the popularity of the brand, applicants for jobs at Apple Stores are numerous, with many young workers applying. The pace of work is high due to the popularity of the iPhone and iPad. Employees typically work for only a few years as career prospects are limited with no path of advancement other than limited retail management slots. Apple Store employees make above-average pay for retail employees and are offered benefits including 401(k) plans, product discounts, and reduced price on stock. The retention rate for the technicians who staff the Genius Bar is more than 90%. A May 2016 Business Insider article featured a lengthy interview with an anonymous Apple Store retail worker in the United Kingdom, where the employee highlighted significant dissatisfaction and issues for retail workers, including harassment and death threats from customers, an intense internal criticism policy that feels "like a cult", a lack of any significant bonus if a worker manages to secure a business contract worth "hundreds of thousands", a lack of promotion opportunities, and are paid so little that many workers are unable to buy products themselves even with a "generous" discount on any Apple product or Apple stock.

According to an April 2022 press release, over 70 percent of the eligible employees in the Apple Store located in the Cumberland Mall in Atlanta, Georgia, have signified interest in unionizing. The employees asked for a $28 per hour wage, better benefits, and profit-sharing. If successful, the effort would make the store the first unionized Apple retail store in the United States.

Countries and regions
[[File:Apple Stores.svg|center|700x700px|thumb|

]]

Third-party retail
Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, returned to the company as interim CEO in 1997. According to his biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs began a concerted campaign to help sales by improving the retail presentation of Macintosh computers. Even with new products launched under his watch, like the iMac and the PowerBook G3 and an online store, Apple still relied heavily on big-box computer and electronics stores for most of its sales. There, customers continued to deal with poorly trained and ill-maintained Mac sections that did not foster customer loyalty to Apple and did not help differentiate the Mac user experience from Windows. In fact, the retailer trend was towards selling their own generic in-house brand PCs which used even cheaper components than those by major PC makers, increasing retailer overall margins by keeping the manufacturing profits. This "provided a powerful profit motive to convert customers interested in buying a Mac into the owners of a new, cheaply assembled, house brand PC".

Tim Cook, who joined Apple in 1998 as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations, announced the company would "cut some channel partners that may not be providing the buying experience [Apple expects]. We're not happy with everybody." Jobs severed Apple's ties with every big box retailer, including Sears, Montgomery Ward, Best Buy, Circuit City, Computer City, and Office Max to focus its retail efforts with CompUSA—which reached an agreement to establish dedicated departments for Apple hardware, staffed by trained employees and representatives. Apple also worked with local user groups to promote launch events for new hardware and Mac OS releases.

Between 1997 and 2000, the number of Mac authorized resellers dropped from 20,000 to just 11,000. The majority of these were cuts made by Apple itself. Jobs proclaimed that Apple would be targeting Dell as a competitor, with Cook's mandate to match or exceed Dell's lean inventories and streamlined supply chain. Jobs made an open statement to Michael Dell, "with our new products and our new store and our new build-to-order, we're coming after you, buddy." While Dell had operated as direct mail order and online order company, having pulled out of retailers to realize greater profit margins and efficiency, Apple had direct orders with sales handled by its channel partners, other mail order resellers, independent dealerships, and the new relationship with CompUSA.

A revised concept for an Apple "store-within-a-store" was designed by Eight Inc., a San Francisco-based firm who had developed Apple's presences at the MacWorld expo; they were designed as a self-contained showroom with more minimalistic design that emphasized the products themselves. After a trial at retail outlets in Japan, CompUSA began to adopt the new concept for its locations beginning in 1999. The "store within a store" approach still had shortcomings; acting as a mystery shopper, Macworld writer David Pogue observed that all but one of the locations he visited had employees who actively steered him towards Windows PCs and attacked Macs (such as claiming they did not have software available); the company's PR director Suzanne Shelton stated that finding "specialized" talent was difficult. Despite this, CompUSA sales of Macs had increased. Apple then added Best Buy as a second authorized reseller. Challenges still remained, as resellers' profit margins on selling Macs was only around 9%, and selling Macs was only worthwhile if ongoing service and support contracts were provided, of which retailer experiences were inconsistent.

Online store
In 1997, the year Steve Jobs returned to Apple, Dell founder and CEO Michael Dell was asked how he would fix Apple. Dell responded: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders". This angered Jobs, due to Dell's success with its online store originally built by NeXT, his former business that Apple acquired to bring Jobs back. A team of Apple and NeXT employees spent several months building an online store that would be better than Dell's. On November 10, 1997, Steve Jobs announced the online store at an Apple press event, and during his keynote speech, he said: "I guess what we want to tell you, Michael, is that with our new products and our new store and our new build-to-order manufacturing, we're coming after you, buddy."

In August 2015, Apple revamped the online storefront, removing the dedicated "Store" tab and making the entire website a retail experience. Later, in August 2021, a redesigned store section of the website returned, with products still being able to be purchased directly through their respective pages.

Origins
Jobs believed the Apple retail program needed to fundamentally change the relationship to the customer, and provide more control over the presentation of Apple products and the Apple brand message. Jobs recognized the limitations of third-party retailing and began investigating options to change the model.

In 1999, Jobs personally recruited Millard Drexler, former CEO of Gap Inc., to serve on Apple's board of directors. In 2000, Jobs hired Ron Johnson from Target. The retail and development teams headed by Allen Moyer from The Walt Disney Company then began a series of mock-ups for the Apple Store inside a warehouse near the company's Cupertino headquarters.

On May 15, 2001, Jobs hosted a press event at Apple's first store, located at the Tysons Corner Center mall in Tysons, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The store officially opened on May 19, along with another store in Glendale Galleria in Glendale, California. More than 7,700 people visited Apple's first two stores in the opening weekend, spending a total of US$599,000.

Expansion
Several publications and analysts predicted the failure of Apple Stores. However, the Apple retail program established its merits, bypassing the sales-per-square-foot measurement of competing nearby stores, and in 2004 reached $1 billion in annual sales, the fastest of any retailer in history. Sales continued to grow, reaching $1 billion a quarter by 2006. Then-CEO Steve Jobs said that "People haven't been willing to invest this much time and money or engineering in a store before", adding that "It's not important if the customer knows that. They just feel it. They feel something's a little different." In 2011, Apple Stores in the United States had an average revenue of $473,000 for each employee. According to research firm RetailSails, the Apple Store chain ranked first among U.S. retailers in terms of sales per unit area in 2011, almost doubling Tiffany, the second retailer on the list. On a global level, all Apple Stores had a combined revenue of US$16 billion. Under the leadership of Ron Johnson, the former senior Vice President of Retail Operations, the Apple Stores have, according to an article in The New York Times, been responsible for "[turning] the boring computer sales floor into a sleek playroom filled with gadgets". The Apple Stores have also been credited with raising the company's brand equity, with Scott Galloway, Professor of Marketing at New York University Stern School of Business, stating that the Stores are the "temple to the brand which is this unbelievable experience called an Apple Store, and then you have this very mediocre experience called an AT&T or Verizon connect your phone experience for Samsung and the other Android players".

Apple has since re-established ties with major big box retailers like Best Buy and Staples. Authorized Apple resellers have a dedicated store-within-a-store section, offering a distinctive Apple-style experience to showcase products. The relationship with Best Buy calls for the company to send Apple Solutions Consultants (ASCs) to train Best Buy employees to be familiar with Apple's product lineup.

In an interview with Funke Mediengruppe in May 2021 Deirdre O'Brien commented, "Apple is sticking to its plan to open more stores around the globe in the future."

Influence
Apple Stores have considerably changed the landscape for consumer electronics retailers and influenced other technological companies to follow suit. According to The Globe and Mail, "Apple’s retail stores have taken traffic, control and profits away from Verizon as well as electronics retailers, such as Best Buy, that once looked at wireless phones as a lucrative profit source". CNET has reported that the "Apple retail experience hurts Best Buy" and noted, "Buy a MacBook at the Apple Store and it's hard to go back to the Best Buy Windows laptop buying experience". The publication also wrote that "Apple salespeople are generally more knowledgeable, the products themselves are generally higher quality, and the stores are more appealing, aesthetically and practically."

In October 2009, reports surfaced that Steve Jobs and his retail team would help "drastically overhaul" Disney Stores. His involvement was described by The New York Times as "particularly notable", given his work on the "highly successful" Apple Stores and his election to Disney's board of directors in 2006.

In August 2009, the London Evening Standard reported that Apple's first store in the United Kingdom, at Regent Street, was the most profitable shop of its size in London, with the highest sales per square foot, taking in £60 million a year, or £2,000 per square foot.

Many other electronics retailers from around the world such as Huawei, Samsung, Xiaomi started to follow the designing trend of Apple Store.

Redesign

In May 2016, Apple significantly redesigned its Union Square Apple Store in downtown San Francisco, adding large glass doors for the entry, open spaces with touch-sensitive tables and shelves for product displays, and rebranded rooms for the store. "The Avenue" is the central location for hardware, as well as for receiving advice from salespersons and "Creative Pros" with specialized knowledge of music, photography, creativity, and apps. The "Genius Bar" becomes the "Genius Grove", a tree-lined area for help and support. "The Forum" features a large video screen and offers game nights, sessions with experts in creative arts, and community events. "The Plaza", while limited to select locations, offers a "park-like" space outside the store featuring free 24/7 Wi-Fi access and will host live concerts on some weekends. Designed by Jony Ive and Angela Ahrendts, the idea was to make Apple Stores into "town squares", in which people come naturally to the store as a gathering place, and to "help foster human experiences that draw people out of their digital bubbles". The new design will be adopted to every store Apple has, and while renovation is undergoing, stores are either relocated or temporarily closed.

In April 2017, Apple announced that its "Today at Apple" educational sessions, which launched with its Union Square redesign in 2016 and offer more than 60 free hands-on sessions for creative skills, will also be expanded to all of its stores.

Starting May 2018, a Video Wall was added to stores around the world, and upgrade some stores like Apple Palo Alto.

Genius Bar

All Apple Stores feature a Genius Bar, where customers can receive technical advice or set up service and repair for their products. The Genius Bar provides hardware service on products that are not classified vintage or obsolete. However, in most cases the Geniuses will at least attempt to assist customers with older hardware.

The Genius Bar at Apple Stores offers same-day service for both OLED/LCD screen and lithium-ion battery replacement. If the in-house technician needs to send the affected device to an Apple Repair Center, most repaired or replaced iPhones will be returned or ready for pickup in approximately 3 business days.

In May 2017, Apple launched a new program called Today at Apple. Customers can come in and receive free training from a Creative in more than 60 different sessions. Topics include basic device knowledge, Apple's professional film, and music editing software, coding for kids, and tools for using Apple products in classroom-based learning.

The largest Genius Bar in the world is located in Amsterdam.

Store openings
Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening. The opening of New York City's Fifth Avenue store in 2006 was highly frequented, and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event.

Stores at corporate locations

In 1993, Apple opened a store, then known as The Company Store, at its Apple Campus on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California. Predating the modern Apple Store chain, the store was, at the time, the only place in the world where Apple merchandise could be purchased, including T-shirts, mugs, and pens. In June 2015, the store was closed for renovations, and in September it was reopened, offering a new design resembling other Apple Store locations and, for the first time, selling iPhones. The Infinite Loop location closed on January 20, 2024.

As part of the process of moving its corporate headquarters to the new Apple Park complex, a similar store with exclusive merchandise opened as part of the Apple Park Visitor Center on November 17, 2017.

Imitations

In July 2011, an American expatriate blogger who lives in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming reported on her discovery of what she called "the best ripoff store we had ever seen"—a fake Apple Store, complete with the glass exterior, wood display tables, winding staircase and large promotional posters found in legitimate Apple Stores, and with employees wearing lanyards and the same T-shirts as actual Apple Store employees. The Wall Street Journal reported that the store had "gotten widespread international attention for the remarkable lengths to which its proprietors seem to have gone to mimic the look and feel of a real Apple Store." The fake Apple Store was mentioned by U.S. presidential contender Mitt Romney in the second 2012 election debate. Chinese law prohibits retailers from copying the look and feel of competitors' stores, but enforcement is lax.

According to The Wall Street Journal, unauthorized Apple resellers are found throughout China; the blogger's original post noted that two such stores were located within walking distance of the first knockoff, one of them with a misspelled sign reading "Apple Stoer". An employee of the first knockoff confirmed that the store was not one of the 13 authorized Apple resellers in Kunming. In a follow-up report, Reuters indicated that local authorities in Kunming had closed two fake Apple Stores in that city due to lack of official business permits, but allowed three other such stores to stay open, including the one that had attracted international attention. The operators of that store had applied for a reseller license from Apple. At the time of the report, only four legitimate Apple Stores had opened in China, with two in Beijing and two in Shanghai.

These imitation Apple Store locations should not be confused with Apple Premium Resellers, which are independent businesses authorized to sell Apple products, and which are expected by Apple to offer services comparable to the company's corporate stores and a similar store design aesthetic. Apple Premium Resellers typically operate in countries and suburban communities not served by Apple Stores.

title: Apple Store


text:
Cyclopentolate

Cyclopentolate is a muscarinic antagonist. It is commonly used as an eye drop during pediatric eye examinations to dilate the eye (mydriatic) and prevent the eye from focusing/accommodating (cycloplegic). Cyclopentolate or atropine can also be administered to reverse muscarinic and central nervous system effects of indirect cholinomimetic (anti-AChase) administration.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

After instillation of cyclopentolate, pupil dilation (mydriasis) typically lasts up to 24 hours, while paralysis of the ciliary muscle (cycloplegia) typically lasts 6-24 hours. During this time, patients may be more light sensitive than normal and may notice close objects blurred (and possibly distant objects blurred, depending on the patient's visual system). Cyclopentolate is often chosen as a milder, shorter-lasting, cycloplegic alternative to atropine, another cycloplegic agent which lasts much longer. Tropicamide is an even shorter-lasting cycloplegic than cyclopentolate, but is less reliable for finding latent hyperopia. Cyclopentolate drops act rapidly to dilate the pupil.

The side and adverse effects of cyclopentolate are similar to the side and adverse effects of other anticholinergic medications. Because of that, extra caution should be taken when prescribing cyclopentolate to patients who are already taking other anticholinergic drugs. A possible ocular (eye-related) side effect is increase in pressure inside the eye, which is of particular concern when there is a predisposition toward or a presence of glaucoma. Other ocular side effects can include burning sensations, discomfort with bright light (photophobia), blurred vision, irritation, inflammation of the eye mucous membranes (conjunctivitis), inflammation of the cornea of the eye (keratitis), and other issues. Nonocular (not eye-related) side and adverse effects can include neuropsychiatric symptoms. like subtle concentration and memory problems, subtle decision-making problems, drowsiness, and more pronounced disorientation to time and place, confusion, disturbances of speech and movement, hyperactivity, restlessness, and seizures. Temporary psychosis can develop that includes hallucinations, particularly when higher doses are used in children or older adults on other anticholinergic medications. Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type can experience worsening of their dementia symptoms. Additional side and adverse effects can include skin flushing, skin rashes, gastrointestinal problems, increased heart beat (tachycardia), increased body temperature (hyperpyrexia), blood vessel dilation, urinary retention, dry mouth and reduced sweating, and reduced bronchial secretions. Severe poisoning with cyclopentolate may result in coma, paralysis of breathing, and death. Cyclopentolate derivatives can be used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning.

Lethality of cyclopentolate has been studied in rodents. The LD50 (the dose at which 50% of animals die from the drug) is approximately 4000 mg/kg in rats and 960 mg/kg in mice. Readily recognizable symptoms of overdose include tachycardia, dizziness, dry mouth, behavioral disturbances, uncoordination, and drowsiness.

Cycloplegia is necessary in cases of suspected latent hyperopia (or "over-focusing") so that an ophthalmologist or optometrist can accurately measure how much a person has to flex their focusing muscle (accommodation) in order to see in the distance and up-close. Correction of latent hyperopia in children can often prevent, or sometimes correct, unwanted eye turns (strabismus), some forms of refractive amblyopia, and may alleviate eye strain or frontal headaches caused by prolonged near-work. Cycloplegia is also helpful in relieving accommodative spasm.

History
Cyclopentolate was first synthesized in 1952 as a chemical analogue of atropine. It was one of several derivatives of an analogue to tropic acid which were tested for pharmacological action "in a search for new and better antispasmodic agents."

Brand names for cyclopentolate include Cyclogyl, Cylate, Mydrilate, and Pentolair.

title: Cyclopentolate


text:
Flag of Nova Scotia

The flag of Nova Scotia consists of a blue saltire on a white field defaced with the royal arms of Scotland. Adopted in 1929 after a royal warrant was issued, it has been the flag of the province since January 19 of that year. It is a banner of arms modelled after the province's coat of arms. Utilized as a pennant since 1858, it was officially recognized under primary legislation as Nova Scotia's flag in 2013. When flown with the flags of other Canadian provinces and the national flag, it is fourth in the order of precedence.

History
The Scottish first settled in modern-day Nova Scotia after 1621, when James VI and I (King of Scotland and England) conferred the land to William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling, via royal charter and gave it the Latin name for "New Scotland". Four years later, the colony was granted its own coat of arms by Charles I, with the emblem first recorded at the Court of the Lord Lyon in Edinburgh on May 28, 1625. Towards the end of that same decade, the Scots established two short-lived settlements there that were ultimately unsuccessful. Sovereignty over the territory subsequently changed hands between the French and the British throughout the 17th century. This continued until 1713, when the Peace of Utrecht saw France permanently relinquish mainland Nova Scotia to the United Kingdom.

The flag of Nova Scotia was reportedly first flown on its merchant vessels during the Age of Sail in the 19th century, but vexillologist Whitney Smith opines that these ambiguous accounts are doubtful. The first documented usage of the coat of arms of Nova Scotia as a banner of arms was in June 1858 during a celebratory tribute at a cricket club, as stated by an article in the Acadian Recorder at the time and recounted in the Provincial Flag Act. Nova Scotia later acquiesced to a federation with the other colonies of New Brunswick and the United Province of Canada in 1867 under the British North America Act to form the Dominion of Canada. There was vociferous sentiment against Confederation in some parts of Nova Scotia, with a few of its residents flying flags at half-mast on July 1, 1867. The four provinces comprising the new Dominion were allocated individual coats of arms. However, the College of Arms, the heraldic authority in England, was apparently unaware of the earlier grant of arms to Nova Scotia in 1625. Consequently, Queen Victoria issued a Royal Warrant on May 26 of the following year, conferring a different coat of arms on the new province. This consisted of a salmon and three thistles.

The new coat of arms, however, did not become popular in Nova Scotia. As a result, an Order in Council was promulgated by the province's Lieutenant Governor on March 7, 1928, asking for the reinstatement of the 1625 arms. A Royal Warrant was subsequently issued by George V on January 19, 1929, granting the request. It was the first flag in the overseas Commonwealth to be approved by royal charter – thus purportedly making it the oldest flag of a Dominion – and is the oldest provincial flag in Canada. However, it is not the first Canadian provincial flag to be officially adopted, a distinction held by the flag of Quebec, which was approved by the Parliament of Quebec on March 7, 1950, two years after the order in council was announced.

In a 2001 online survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, Nova Scotia's flag ranked within the top sixth of state, provincial and territorial flags from Canada, the United States, and select current and former territories of the United States. It finished in 12th place out of 72, and placed second among Canadian flags after Quebec. Twelve years later, the flag was officially recognized as the flag of the province under an Act of Legislature. This came about after an eleven-year-old student from Canso uncovered this aberration while conducting research for a school project. Unlike the flags of British Columbia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island – which are also provincial flags that are banner of arms – Nova Scotia's was never recognized as such under a provincial statute. The student contacted the member of the Legislative Assembly representing her electoral district, Jim Boudreau, who consulted with the Legislative Library and other government bodies to ascertain that such a law was not on the books. He consequently introduced the bill that became the Provincial Flag Act after receiving royal assent on May 10, 2013. The student and her family were invited to the House of Assembly that same month in acknowledgment of her efforts.

Description
The flag of Nova Scotia has an aspect ratio of 1:2. The blazon for the banner of arms – as outlined in the letters patent registering it with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on July 20, 2007 – reads, "Argent a saltire Azure, overall on an escutcheon Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules". The official colour scheme, according to the website of the Government of Nova Scotia, follows approximately the Pantone Matching System as indicated below. The colour numbers for the flag's white shade are not specified.

Symbolism
The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. According to historians Ian McKay and Robin Bates, the Cross of Saint Andrew alludes to divine providence and its part in enabling Scottish immigrants to be "the first among the Nova Scotians". The royal arms epitomise feudal times in Scotland and how this sowed the seeds of the province's constancy as a society. Taken altogether, the saltire and the royal arms signify how Nova Scotia was formerly a colony of the Kingdom of Scotland with the backing of its royal family (the House of Stuart).

Similarities
The Nova Scotian flag has a conspicuous resemblance to both the national flag and the Royal Banner of Scotland. The shield is also identical to the royal arms of Scotland. This is due to Nova Scotia's aforementioned historical connections to the country. The colours of Saint Andrew's Cross were reversed on the province's flag in order to bring about a more distinct contrast with the royal arms, as stated by Whitney Smith.

Protocol
Advice regarding flag etiquette is the responsibility of the province's Protocol Office. When flown together with the flag of Canada and the other provincial and territorial flags, the flag of Nova Scotia is fourth in the order of precedence (after the national flag and, in descending order of precedence, the flags of Ontario and Quebec, and ahead of New Brunswick). Even though Nova Scotia entered into Confederation on the same date as those three provinces (July 1, 1867), it is placed third among the group since its size of population at the time was the third-largest.

title: Flag of Nova Scotia


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/User conduct/Archive

This page is for archiving user conduct disputes listed on Requests for comment. Archived disputes should not be added to. Disputes should be archived under any of the following circumstances: If the dispute is handled in mediation or arbitration, please make a note of where the dispute resolution process continued.
 * 1) If no additional complaints are registered for an extended period of time, and the dispute appears to have stopped.
 * 2) The parties to the dispute agree.
 * 3) The dispute proceeds to another method of dispute resolution, such as mediation or arbitration.

Archived disputes

 * Newer entries towards the top
 * This page only displays user RFCs from the most recent year and the current year, older discussions can be found in the archives, a search box is provided above
 * As of March 25, 2013, the names of the certifiers are no longer a required field. You can find this information easily by clicking the link to the RFC itself.


text:
Flag of the Northwest Territories

The flag of the Northwest Territories, is the subnational flag of the Northwest Territories of Canada. It was adopted in 1969 by the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories.

Hudson's Bay Company flag
The NWT had no flag of its own during its early history, but the flag of the Hudson's Bay Company continued to be used at that company's forts, stores and other establishments. The Legislative Assembly of the NWT was created in 1951.

Current flag
The Northwest Territories' first official flag was chosen by a special committee of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories in 1969. The committee reviewed entries from a Canada wide contest. The winner of the contest was Robert Bessant from Margaret, Manitoba. The flag features a blue field, on which is a Canadian pale (a white stripe taking up half the width of the flag), with at the centre, the shield from the coat of arms of the Northwest Territories. The blue represents the abundant Northwest Territories waters, whereas the white represents snow and ice.

Two blue panels represent the Northwest Territories' many rivers and lakes. The white section, representing ice and snow, is equal in area to the 2 blue panels combined. The territorial Shield is centred in the white section. The white section of the Shield, with a wavy blue line dividing it, represents the Arctic Ocean and the Northwest Passage. A diagonal line, representing the tree line, divides the lower portion into a green and red section with green symbolizing the trees and red symbolizing the tundra. The gold bars in the green section and the white fox in the red section represent the abundant minerals and furs upon which the history and prosperity of the Northwest Territories has been based.

title: Flag of the Northwest Territories


text:
Flag of Yukon

The flag of Yukon is a green, white, and blue tricolour with the coat of arms of Yukon at the centre above a wreath of fireweed, the territorial flower. An official flag for Yukon was created during the 1960s, a decade in which the national flag of Canada was chosen as well as several other provincial flags were created. The flag of Yukon was officially selected from a territory-wide design competition in 1967, with the winning design adopted on March 1, 1968.

History
The flag of Yukon was officially adopted on March 1, 1968. The flag was chosen from a territory-wide competition as part of Canada's Centennial celebrations of 1967. The competition was sponsored by the Whitehorse branch of the Royal Canadian Legion. A C$100 prize was offered to the winning design. There were a total of 137 submissions with the winning design coming from Yukon College graduate Lynn Lambert. Lambert submitted 10 designs of which one made the final three designs as selected by a committee, with his eventually being named the winner. A prototype design was sent to Ottawa for suitable heraldic description. An expert in Ottawa sent back an amended version of the submitted flag design. The committee in Whitehorse however kept with the original design. The flag was adopted by the 'Flag Act' on December 1, 1967.

Symbolism
The flag is divided into three coloured panels: In the centre of the white panel is the Coat of Arms of Yukon above a wreath of fireweed, the floral emblem of the Yukon. The crest of the Coat of Arms is a Malamute sled dog, a common work dog in the Yukon, standing on a mound of snow. The shield of the Coat of Arms contains at the top, a cross of St. George for England with a roundel with a pattern of vair (fur), called Roundel in Vair. Below in the middle of the shield are two wavy lines representing Yukon's rivers on a blue background. Finally at the bottom of the shield are two red triangles representing Yukon's mountains with gold circles in them representing the Yukon's great mineral resources.
 * green representing Yukon's forests
 * white representing snow
 * blue representing Yukon's lakes and rivers

Technical description
The flag of Yukon has a flag ratio of 1:2, equivalent to the flag of Canada. The centre white panel is larger by one and a half times the width of each of the other two panels, for a pale ratio of 1 to 1.5 to 1.

Terminology
In flag terminology, the flag is a tricolour, meaning it has three colours, in approximately equal size. However, it may not be considered a true tricolour as it is defaced, containing the coat of arms of Yukon, where a true tricolour contains no additional symbols.

title: Flag of Yukon


text:
List of cities in Malta

This is a list of cities in Malta. By the usual standards that most other countries use when designating a city, Malta's cities would be too small to be considered such, and in fact Malta is sometimes regarded as a single city-state. Malta's cities are regarded as such because they received the designation of "città" at some point during their history. In Maltese law, no distinction is made between cities, towns, and villages; and city status is purely honorary and colloquial. Malta is divided into 68 local councils. The local councils which formerly had city status all feature a mural crown on the crest of their coat of arms. The table shows historical cities:

title: List of cities in Malta


text:
Talk:Timothy Murphy (sniper)

Untitled
Copyright, Disclaimer & Privacy © 2000-2003 New York State Division of Military & Naval Affairs and NY National Guard. All rights reserved.

Permission to use, copy and distribute the materials contained in these Web pages without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies and that the name or any trademark of The New York State Division of Military & Naval Affairs and the New York National Guard not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the information without the National Guard's specific, written permission.

why does every have to be mean?

Defenders of the Frontier
I'm clearly sourcing the material. I thought you were supposed to give credit where it's due. I have a copy of the pamphlet if you want it scanned. If not, please don't vandalize the page. Sgt. bender (talk) 20:41, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * As the info is also included in the other source that is being used, and since that source is more authoritative and much more easily accessible for every Wikipedia reader, I have changed your source to the New York State Military Museum source. Fram (talk) 11:41, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

It's not just "sourced," it is lifted directly from their page, including the text "See sidebar" when this Wikipedia article has no sidebar. If you want to see the sidebar, go to the original:

http://dmna.state.ny.us/historic/articles/murphy.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brted (talk • contribs) 16:54, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

'Reputed'
Reputed is given in the lede but it isn't followed up. The paper "The Other Mystery Shot of the American Revolution: Did Timothy Murphy Kill British Brigadier General Simon Fraser at Saratoga?" In The Journal of Military History 74(4):1037-1045 · October 2010. does investigate it saying that Murphy isn't named until 1845. Same paper casts doubt on the distance he was shot at. GraemeLeggett (talk) 18:03, 1 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timothy Murphy (sniper)


text:
Talk:Lockport (city), New York

This is a DUPLICATE page in the sense that there was already a pre-existing page for the Town of Lockport. Some of the material from this article has been placed in that article. The rest should be considered for the Erie Canal -- or just junked along with this page. Tmesipt. 3.3.04.

What's the address for the other page? Pollinator 02:51, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Address is Lockport (town), New York. Tmesipt.

And why do you want to junk a part of Lockport history? Pollinator 02:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Actually, I suspect the reason for two pages is that Lockport is a city AND a township - two separate government entities. If that's the case, this should be the main page, but neither should be "junked." Pollinator 02:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Good guess, but wrong, there was already a "lockport (city), new york" and this some of this stuff might have gone in there, but better in Erie Canal. Tmesipt.

That's odd, as most town/cities doubles I've edited, do not use the (city) designation. The simple name is the city by default. It doesn't matter to me; though I would check to see what the format is for other cities in NY to check the precedent. But the info on the Erie DOES belong with Lockport. Why are you so contemptuous about it. That is the reason why Lockport exists! Pollinator 03:33, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't care, but it seemed that since the Erie Canal is referenced, why duplicate anything but the briefest summary material relating to the canal and make the canal article better. As far as "city" designators or not, I also don't care. I just use what is there. Tmesipt.

Proposed move
Per the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation pages with links, it has been proposed that pursuant to WP:TWODABS, the more prominent of the entities listed on this page should be deemed the primary topic and moved to this page, and linked by a hatnote to the other entity. Please direct comments regarding this proposal to the discussion linked above. Cheers! bd2412 T 23:56, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lockport (city), New York


text:
List of cities in Mali

This list of cities in Mali tabulates all the largest communes in the country of Mali (including those in the north-eastern portion where the Mali Government no longer exercises de facto control). Besides the largest cities and towns (all urban communes are shown), this table also includes other large rural communes with a population in excess of 50,000.

By far the largest agglomeration in Mali is the capital, Bamako, with a population of 1,809,106 (at the 2009 Census). Thus about 12½ percent of Mali's population lives in Bamako.

Cities
The following table lists all communes with over 50,000 population from the 1 April 2009 census, together with the higher-level administrative unit (région) and second-level unit (cercle) in which each is situated. The population figures refer to the real city (i.e. commune) without any suburbs in neighbouring communes.

Bamako is a separate capital district and is not within any région or cercle; it comprises six urban communes (not individually listed in the table below), which are numbered rather than named.

The next table lists all the remaining urban communes with under 50,000 population from the 1 April 2009 census, together with the higher-level administrative unit (région) and second-level unit (cercle) in which each is situated. The population figures refer to the real city (i.e. commune) without any suburbs in neighbouring communes.

title: List of cities in Mali


text:
Vug

A vug, vugh, or vugg is a small- to medium-sized cavity inside rock. It may be formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly, cracks and fissures opened by tectonic activity (folding and faulting) are partially filled by quartz, calcite, and other secondary minerals. Open spaces within breccias formed by an ancient collapse are another important source of vugs.

Vugs may also form when mineral crystals or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids. The inner surfaces of such vugs are often coated with a crystal druse. Fine crystals are often found in vugs where the open space allows the free development of external crystal form.

The term vug is not applied to veins and fissures that have become completely filled, but may be applied to any small cavities within such veins. Geodes are a vug-formed rock, although that term is usually reserved for more rounded crystal-lined cavities in sedimentary rocks and ancient lavas.

The word vug was introduced to the English language by Cornish miners, from the days when Cornwall was a major supplier of tin. The Cornish word was vooga, which meant "cave".

title: Vug