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WBZ (AM)

WBZ (1030 AM) is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Boston, Massachusetts, and owned and operated by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios and offices are located on Cabot Road in the Boston suburb of Medford.

WBZ's format features all-news programming most of the day and overnight, and talk radio programming in the evening. The station's programming is also carried on the second HD Radio channel of co-owned WXKS-FM. WBZ is the designated Primary Entry Point (PEP) for the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in New England (except in Maine and Connecticut).

WBZ is a clear-channel station (officially classified as Class A), with a transmitter power output of 50,000 watts, and employing a directional antenna that sends a majority of its signal westward. Its two-tower array and transmitter site are in Hull, Massachusetts. WBZ can be heard during daylight hours throughout much of New England. Its nighttime signal covers at least 38 American states and much of Eastern Canada.

WBZ was granted its first license by the United States Department of Commerce on September 15, 1921, and was originally located in Springfield, Massachusetts, before moving to Boston in 1931. It is the oldest broadcasting station in New England, and one of the oldest in the United States. It was founded, and owned for most of its existence, by Westinghouse Broadcasting and its successor CBS Radio.

Programming
WBZ has long been one of the highest-rated stations in the Boston area. It is an affiliate of CBS News Radio, as well as NBC News Radio, ABC News Radio, and AP Radio for national and international news as well as some features. The bulk of the station's schedule, except some weekend programming, is produced in-house. WBZ is heavily involved in charitable work, including its annual Christmastime fund drive for the Boston Children's Hospital, which it does along with TV station WBZ-TV.

WBZ runs an all-news format during the day and overnight. In the evening, it airs talk programming. Radio personality Dan Rea hosts an interview and call-in show on weeknights, with other hosts on weekend evenings. The station had been the home of talk host David Brudnoy for 18 years, until the day before his death in 2004. Other past personalities included talk show host Bob Kennedy, poet/radio host Dick Summer, and disc jockeys Bruce Bradley, Jeff Kaye, and Ron Landry. WBZ also featured shows from Larry Justice, jazz DJ-turned-talkmaster Norm Nathan, late-night talker and humorist Larry Glick, and morning hosts Carl DeSuze, Tom Bergeron, and Dave Maynard. For decades, WBZ was the radio home of Boston meteorologist Don Kent.

History
In November 1920, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company established its first broadcasting station, KDKA, located in its plant in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station was set up to promote the sale of Westinghouse radio receivers. This initial station proved successful, so in 1921 the company expanded its activities by building three additional stations, beginning with WBZ, and followed by WJZ in Newark, New Jersey (now WABC in New York City), and KYW, originally in Chicago, and now in Philadelphia.

1921–1931: Springfield
On September 15, 1921, Westinghouse was issued a Limited Commercial license with the randomly assigned call sign WBZ. The new station initially transmitted on a wavelength of 375 meters (800 kHz), before moving to 360 meters (833 kHz) with a power of 100 watts. It was located at the company's East Springfield facility on Page Boulevard. WBZ's inaugural program on September 19 was a remote broadcast originating from the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield.

When WBZ began operations, there were no specific government standards for what constituted a broadcasting station. A small number of stations were already providing regularly scheduled entertainment broadcasts, most of which operated under Amateur or Experimental licenses. (A prime example was the American Radio & Research Corporation's experimental station, 1XE in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts, near Boston, which was relicensed in early 1922 as WGI.) Effective December 1, 1921, the U.S. government formally established regulations to define a broadcasting station, by setting aside two wavelengths — 360 meters for entertainment, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for official weather and other government reports — and requiring the stations to hold a Limited Commercial license.

WBZ was one of a handful of stations which already met the new standard, and its initial license was the first Limited Commercial license that had specified broadcasting on the 360-meter wavelength that would be formally designated by the December 1 regulations. By some interpretations, this made WBZ America's first broadcasting station, and in 1923 the Department of Commerce, referring to WBZ, stated that "The first broadcasting license was issued in September, 1921". However, WBZ's priority is not widely recognized, when compared to other stations with earlier heritages, in particular KDKA, WWJ in Detroit, and KQW in San Jose, California (now KCBS in San Francisco).

By early 1922, WBZ's studios were set up at the luxurious Hotel Kimball in Metro Center Springfield. Programs consisted of general entertainment and information, including live music (often classical and opera), sports, farm reports, special events, and public affairs programming. Despite being housed in Springfield's top hotel, the station's location in a mid-sized city rendered it somewhat difficult to attract top-flight artists. That prompted Westinghouse to open a remote studio on February 24, 1924, at the Hotel Brunswick in Boston. Because of its wide reach, the station often referred to itself as "WBZ New England", as opposed to associating itself solely with Springfield or Boston.

Following the opening of the Boston studio, WBZ expanded its news programming via a partnership with the Boston Herald and Traveler newspapers, and carried pro and college sports broadcasts, including Boston Bruins hockey, Boston Braves baseball, and Harvard Crimson football. WBZ's Bruins broadcasts, which began in early December 1924, made it the first Boston station to broadcast a professional hockey game; the first play-by-play announcer for the hockey broadcasts was local sportswriter Frank Ryan. Its broadcast of the Boston Braves' home opener on April 14, 1925, made WBZ the first Boston station to broadcast a local major league baseball game; the announcer was comedian (and baseball fan) Joe E. Brown.

WBZ increased its transmitter power to 2,000 watts by April 1925. But the station still had difficulty reaching Boston listeners. This led Westinghouse to inaugurate, on August 20, 1925, a 250-watt relay station, WBZA, located in Boston and transmitting on 1240 kHz. Efforts were soon made to change WBZA to a synchronous repeater, transmitting on the same frequency as WBZ, 900 kHz, but the process proved difficult, as the two transmitters often interfered with each other, even in Boston. For nearly a year, while the technology was being perfected, WBZA shifted between the two transmitting frequencies, before finally going to full-time synchronous operation in June 1926.

The power of the WBZ transmitter in East Springfield continued to be boosted. On March 31, 1926, it was granted permission to operate with 5,000 watts. By 1927, it was operating with 15,000 watts. Meanwhile, a combination of WBZ's growth and continued difficulties with the WBZA signal led the station to move its Boston studio to the Statler Hotel (now the Boston Park Plaza) on June 1, 1927, and activate a new WBZA transmitter on June 9. On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40, WBZ and WBZA were assigned exclusive national use of a "clear channel" frequency, 990 kHz.

Amidst the technical changes, WBZ began sharing its programs by network with other radio stations. By 1925, it often shared programs with WJZ in New York City (which was transferred from Westinghouse to the Radio Corporation of America in May 1923), and a WBZ program commemorating the 150th anniversary of Paul Revere's "Midnight Ride" was also fed to WRC in Washington, D.C., and WGY in Schenectady, New York. This paved the way for the station to become a charter affiliate of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) on November 15, 1926, carrying the WJZ-originated NBC Blue Network beginning on January 1, 1927. With this change the station began running commercials for the first time. Previously Westinghouse had financed its stations through the profits from radio receiver sales. During this time, the station became known for having its own troupe of actors and actresses who produced and performed live radio plays: the "WBZ Players" made their radio debut in the spring of 1928, and continued into the 1930s.

1931–1956: NBC affiliation
By 1931, Westinghouse had concluded that WBZ's primary market was Boston, so on February 21 the station began using a new transmitter site located at Millis, Massachusetts. The site was chosen to provide service not only to Boston but also to Worcester and Providence, Rhode Island. At the same time WBZA was transferred from Boston to using the East Springfield transmitter, which now operated with 1,000 watts and relayed WBZ's programming to an area that was inadequately served by the Millis transmitter.

The Boston studios (which now served as WBZ's main studios) moved as well, relocating on July 1, 1931, to the Hotel Bradford. (Some programs continued to originate from the WBZA Springfield studios at the Hotel Kimball.) WBZ offered its first Boston Marathon coverage on April 19, 1931. The following year, Westinghouse leased WBZ and WBZA to NBC, while maintaining ownership of the broadcast licenses. During the late 1930s, WBZ began to offer more local news coverage. Previously, only major events were regularly covered.

NBC's management of WBZ and WBZA ended on July 1, 1940, and Westinghouse resumed full control over the stations. Shortly afterward, on July 27, WBZ relocated its transmitter site once more, to its current location in Hull. A directional antenna array was constructed, consisting of two 520-foot- (160-meter) tall towers. The move was twofold: the Millis site, 25 miles (40 kilometers) southwest of Boston, had not provided as strong a signal to the market as was intended, even after power increases to 25,000 watts in 1931 and 50,000 watts in 1933. A key disadvantage of the Millis site was that the signal had to travel over land to Boston. In contrast the Hull site featured a highly conductive salt water path to the city.

The Hull site also provided ample space for WBZ's shortwave station, which had been founded at Springfield as W1XAZ in November 1929. It later operated from Millis as W1XK, ultimately becoming WBOS. WPIT, the shortwave station operated by KDKA in Pittsburgh, moved its transmitters to Hull at this time, and in 1941 its operations were folded into WBOS. The shortwave transmitters soon began carrying government-provided programming (a service that ultimately evolved into the Voice of America) that would remain the shortwave station's primary function until leaving the air permanently in 1953. The Hull site would also serve as the home for WBZ's first FM sister station, which operated from there as W1XK, W67B, and then WBZ-FM on several frequencies off and on from November 7, 1940, until November 21, 1948.

Under the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, on March 29, 1941, WBZ's "clear channel" assignment was shifted to its present frequency, 1030 kHz. WBZ transferred from the Blue Network to the NBC Red Network on June 15, 1942. This allowed the station to retain a link with NBC after the Justice Department ordered NBC to divest of one its two radio networks. (It opted to sell the Blue Network, which became ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.) Like other major-market network-affiliated radio stations of the time, WBZ broadcast a few hours of local programming, including Vaudeville-like musical performances from Max Zides, Tom Currier, and others, during those hours when NBC was not feeding programs to affiliates.

The station expanded into television on June 9, 1948, when WBZ-TV (channel 4) first signed on as an NBC television affiliate. Westinghouse built new studios at 1170 Soldiers Field Road in the Allston section of Boston to house both the radio and television stations, with the new facility opening on June 17 of that year. (Parts of the new facility containing the master control and TV transmitter had already been in use). The transmission tower built at the studios for WBZ-TV would replace the Hull site as WBZ-FM's transmitter. It remained there until Hurricane Carol destroyed the tower on August 31, 1954. A power outage caused by the storm disrupted WBZ's programming for three minutes. Don Kent started as a meteorologist at the station in 1951, for a tenure that would endure for over three decades. The following year, WBZ expanded its broadcasting schedule to 24-hour-a-day programming.

1956–1985: becoming a full-service powerhouse
During the 1950s, entertainment shows began moving to television, with the amount of music programming on radio increasing as a result. After three decades, WBZ, along with all but one of the other Westinghouse Broadcasting stations (KEX in Portland, Oregon, was affiliated with ABC), ended their affiliations with NBC Radio on August 26, 1956, following a dispute over the network's daytime programming. That prompted the station to program middle of the road music around the clock. The best known host in WBZ's history, Dave Maynard, joined the station in 1958. Another beloved WBZ host was Carl DeSuze, who joined WBZ in April 1942. He remained at the station until 1985. DeSuze was the station's morning man for over three decades. Another popular WBZ voice was longtime news anchor Gary LaPierre, who began at the station in September 1964.

At the outset, WBZ's full-service radio format leaned toward middle of the road music, but also featuring an increasing amount of rock and roll. Within a few years, after the demise of top 40 on WCOP (1150 AM, now WWDJ) in 1962 and with WMEX (1510 AM) as the lone top 40 in Boston, WBZ switched to a full-time top 40 format. The combination of hit music, popular hosts (such as evening DJ "Juicy Brucie" Bradley who did the daily top-10 countdown), powerful signal, and top-notch news coverage, made WBZ the dominant radio station in the market. It continued to run public affairs programming including "Shape-up Boston," "Stomp Smoking" and the 1969 "T-Group 15," a project produced by public affairs director Jerry Wishnow in which nine black and white school-decentralization activists in a room for 22 hours with microphones and cameras until compromises were reached. The edited broadcast included four hours of audience reaction with the participants and was aired on WBZ for 15 hours without commercials.

WBZ re-established an FM station on December 15, 1957, transmitting from the brand new WBZ-TV tower in Needham, operating at 106.7 MHz. This incarnation of WBZ-FM provided limited simulcasts of the AM station and largely had its own programming, including classical music and Ed Beech's Just Jazz program from WRVR in New York City. The station remained in mono through this period, but beginning on December 31, 1971, an automated top 40 format was launched in stereo, apparently in an attempt to blunt the popularity of WRKO (680 AM). WBZ-FM was sold by Group W (which Westinghouse had rebranded its broadcasting division in 1963) to Greater Media in 1981, ultimately becoming WMJX.

WBZA continued to serve Springfield with a simulcast of WBZ's programming until July 1962, when the East Springfield transmitter was shut down to allow Westinghouse to purchase WINS in New York City, as the company already owned seven AM radio stations — the maximum allowed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) at that time. The closure of WBZA ended over 40 years of transmission from East Springfield. The towers continued to stand atop the former Westinghouse plant in East Springfield for five more decades, until their removal on November 5, 2011, to accommodate redevelopment at the site of the factory. By then, they were among the oldest broadcast facilities still standing.

Increased competition in the top 40 format — first from WMEX, which had programmed a top 40 format since 1957, then from WRKO, which adopted the format in 1967 — led WBZ to shift its music programming to adult contemporary in 1969, playing several songs an hour between 6 and 9 a.m. (though it was not unheard of for Carl DeSuze to play only one, if any, song an hour during his show), 10 to 12 songs an hour between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., and 4 to 6 songs an hour between 4 and 7 p.m. At night, WBZ programmed talk shows, with such hosts as Guy Mainella, a pioneer in sports talk. Also heard were Jerry Williams in the evenings and Larry Glick's overnight show (the latter two held the same popular shifts at WMEX years earlier). Music was programmed during the day on weekends. This format was similar to sister station KDKA in Pittsburgh. By 1978, Mainella, who had been the host of Calling All Sports since its inception on July 15, 1969, had been replaced with Bob Lobel and Upton Bell. For much of its time as a full-service AC, WBZ used the slogan "The Spirit of New England" (made famous by a 1988 JAM Creative Productions jingle package of the same name).

Beginning in the late 1960s, WBZ made a major push into live play-by-play sports. From 1966 through 1979, and again from 1991 through 1994, WBZ was home to radio broadcasts of New England Patriots football. This brought Gil Santos to the station. In the fall of 1969, WBZ regained the radio rights to the Boston Bruins (which it had lost in 1951), and began carrying Boston Celtics basketball. The Bruins stayed through the 1977–78 season. The Celtics left WBZ after the team's 1980-81 NBA Championship season. During the years when the Bruins and Celtics were both on WBZ and both playing at the same time, one of them (usually the Celtics) would be heard on WBZ-FM. WBZ broadcast the United States Football League's Boston Breakers during the 1983 season (its lone season in Boston). Also heard were Boston College Eagles football from 1987 through 1991. Starting in 1972, WBZ's football broadcasts featured the play-by-play team of Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti.

During the 1970s, WBZ was one of a number of clear channel AM stations that petitioned to be allowed to increase their power. WBZ would have used 500,000 watts transmitting from Provincetown, Massachusetts, to reach all of New England during the day. A backlash from smaller stations led to the petition being denied and station protections limited to a 750-mile radius.

WBZ became an affiliate of ABC Radio on January 1, 1980; ABC was the descendant of the Blue Network, which WBZ had dropped 38 years earlier. The ABC affiliation allowed the station to begin airing Paul Harvey's daily broadcasts, which were previously heard in Boston on WEZE (1260 AM, now WBIX) and, later, WECB, the carrier current station at Emerson College. Later in the year, a schedule shuffle ended Carl DeSuze's run on the morning show (which was taken over by Dave Maynard), and he was moved to middays; the overnight show was then taken over by Bob Raleigh, who had been WBZ's midday host since June 1976. Calling All Sports was also dropped in favor of an early evening talk show, hosted at various points by David Finnegan, Lou Marcel, and Peter Meade. Former overnight host Larry Glick was moved first into late evenings and then into afternoons, and ultimately left the station in May 1987.

1985–2003: becoming a news/talk station
In the 1980s, WBZ began to cut back on its music programming; for instance, an expanded afternoon news block was launched on December 2, 1985. The following year, David Brudnoy began to host the station's late-evening talk show. In June 1990, WBZ announced that it would replace Brudnoy with Tom Snyder's ABC Radio talk show, with his last show airing July 13; listener complaints led the station to return Brudnoy to the air by the end of September. It was late in 1985 that American Top 40 moved to WBZ from WROR (98.5 FM, now WBZ-FM), remaining on WBZ until the program moved to WZOU (94.5 FM, now WJMN) in 1988.

WBZ continued its full-service AC format—by this point featuring four songs an hour —until January 1991, when Gulf War coverage led the station to stop playing music on a regular basis and pivot to news and talk full-time, joining WRKO and WHDH (850 AM, now WEEI) in the format. Program director David Bernstein, upon hearing the news of the war's start, ordered the on-duty engineer to remove the music carousel from the studio, vowing that "This station will never play music again;" even before the war, Bernstein had been considering dropping music from WBZ, theorizing that the station's listeners were listening for the personalities and not the songs. Separately, morning show producer Bill Flaherty and morning host Tom Bergeron also concluded that it was not appropriate for WBZ to play music in the midst of the war. The format change became permanent on March 4, 1991; concurrently, WBZ began promoting itself as "Boston's News Station", positioning the station as the primary competitor for all-news station WEEI (590 AM, now WEZE). WBZ has, from time to time, played music on special occasions even after the change to news/talk; the station still offered 24 hours of Christmas music beginning on Christmas Eve through 1995, and it carried the audio of the Boston Pops' Fourth of July concert and fireworks display from 2003 through 2016; additionally, WBZ, along with sister stations WODS (103.3 FM, now WBGB) and WZLX (100.7 FM), carried the Beatles Let It Be... Naked album premiere on November 13, 2003.

When WEEI dropped its all-news format for all-sports programming in September 1991, WBZ began a marketing campaign to convince former WEEI listeners to switch to WBZ; this was followed on January 13, 1992, with a shift to all-news programming during drive time (5 to 10 a.m. and 3 to 7 p.m.). On September 28 the station became an all-news station from 5 a.m.–7 p.m. following the end of the two midday talk shows hosted by Tom Bergeron, who had moved to middays following the launch of the morning news block (the noon hour, which separated the Bergeron shifts, was already occupied by a news program); the station's nighttime programming continued to be filled by David Brudnoy and Bob Raleigh's talk shows.

Initially, the new format was not carried over to WBZ's weekend schedule; while a weekend morning news block was launched, the weekend afternoon schedule remained devoted to specialty talk shows until September 3, 1994, when the station introduced information-oriented sports shows, branded as WBZ Sports Saturday and WBZ Sports Sunday. WBZ's sports commitment included the return of the Boston Bruins Radio Network to the station in 1995; however, the station lost the New England Patriots to WBCN (104.1 FM, now WWBX) starting with the 1995 season, and for several seasons afterward WBZ was an affiliate of the New York Giants Radio Network. NFL regulations only allowed WBZ to carry Giants' games not played at the same time as Patriots' games. As with the weekday lineup, talk continued to be programmed at night, including three of the specialty shows (Kid Company on Saturday evenings and a revived Calling All Sports and Looking at the Law on Sunday evenings), a Saturday night talk show hosted by Lovell Dyett, and an overnight show with former WHDH host Norm Nathan.

WBZ added an affiliation with the CBS Radio Network on March 6, 1995, making it one of a handful of stations to carry both CBS Radio and ABC Radio (however, the station ceased an affiliation with CNN Radio). Five months later, on August 1, Westinghouse announced that it was purchasing CBS, a transaction that was completed on November 24; as a result, WBZ came under the CBS Radio banner. 76 years of Westinghouse ownership came to an end on December 1, 1997, when the Westinghouse Electric Corporation changed its name to CBS Corporation. CBS's radio stations, including WBZ, were spun off into a new public company, Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, in 1998 (a move that removed the Group W name from the station's license); Viacom announced its acquisition of the publicly held stake in Infinity on August 15, 2000 (shortly after it merged with CBS Corporation), a transaction completed on February 21, 2001 (though Viacom, and CBS before the merger, had always held a majority stake in Infinity). Even after coming under common ownership with the CBS Radio Network, it would not be until 2000 before CBS's hourly newscast replaced ABC's during WBZ's overnight programming.

As its ownership shifted, WBZ continued to modify its program schedule. After Norm Nathan's death on October 29, 1996, his Friday night/Saturday morning show was taken over by Steve LeVeille, and his Saturday night/Sunday morning show went to former WSSH-FM (99.5, now WCRB) morning host Jordan Rich. Bob Lobel (by now WBZ-TV's sports director) and Upton Bell returned to the station on May 17, 1997, for a Sunday night sports show (with Calling All Sports moving to Saturdays). Another sports show, The McDonoughs on Sports with Sean McDonough and Will McDonough aired during the 1997 NFL season as a lead-in to CBS Radio Sports' broadcast of Monday Night Football, preempting David Brudnoy's program; the first two hours of his Friday show were preempted in favor of a cooking show, Olives' Table with Todd English, from August 1997 through August 1998.

The Sports Saturday and Sports Sunday blocks were discontinued in April 1998 in favor of an expansion of the all-news format to weekend afternoons; Calling All Sports and The Bob Lobel Show were not affected, though Lobel's show was replaced with Sunday Sports Page with Dan Roche and Steve DeOssie that July after a management-ordered cut-off of a call on the July 12 broadcast drove Lobel to resign from his show on July 13. Bob Raleigh began to cut back his on-air presence during the late 1990s, with Kevin Sowyrda taking over the Sunday night/Monday morning slot for a time; he eventually retired on June 9, 1999, with Steve LeVeille taking his place in the overnight hours and Jordan Rich taking over the Friday night/Saturday morning show. Shortly afterward, David Brudnoy gave up the 10 p.m.-12 a.m. portion of his show; this timeslot was given to Lowell Sun columnist and former WLLH (1400 AM) host Paul Sullivan.

For a time starting in the fall of 2001, the station relaunched the 1 p.m. hour of the Midday News as the WBZ Business Hour, with an increased focus on business news; this program was similar to one on Los Angeles sister station KNX (WBZ has since returned to regular news in the 1 p.m. hour). Later that year, weekend sports talk was abandoned completely, with Calling All Sports, which had been a leased-time program owned and produced by Norm Resha since its revival in 1991, moving to WTKK (96.9 FM) on December 2. WBZ then launched a Saturday evening talk show hosted by Pat Desmarais, while a simulcast of the CBS television program 60 Minutes was added on Sunday evenings on January 13, 2002.

2003–2017
David Brudnoy announced on September 23, 2003, that he had skin cancer (he had also been fighting AIDS since 1994); a farewell broadcast aired on December 8, 2004, and he died the next day, with tribute shows airing over the following two nights. Per Brudnoy's wish, Paul Sullivan took over the 8 p.m.–midnight time slot in January 2005, with the 7 p.m. hour given to an expansion of the WBZ Afternoon News. That March, WBZ began streaming its programming on the web, along with Infinity's other news and talk stations.

When Viacom split into two companies on December 31, 2005, Infinity became part of the new CBS Corporation and reverted to the CBS Radio name. That same day, WBZ dropped Paul Harvey after the station's contract to carry his broadcasts expired (however, despite coming under the CBS Radio banner once more, the station still maintains an affiliation with ABC News Radio); in addition, the station dropped Looking at the Law, a legal advice show hosted by Neil Chayet, after its January 8, 2006, broadcast in favor of brokered financial programs.

Longtime morning news anchor Gary LaPierre, who anchored WBZ's morning newscasts for nearly 40 years, retired from WBZ at the end of 2006. Governor Mitt Romney declared the day of his final broadcast, December 29, 2006, "Gary LaPierre Day". Romney, Senator Ted Kennedy, Mayor Tom Menino, former Mayor Ray Flynn, former Governor Michael Dukakis, and other notables called in during his final broadcast. LaPierre was replaced on the WBZ Morning News with Ed Walsh, a former morning host at WOR in New York City who had been anchoring at WCBS, starting with the 9:30 a.m. half-hour of the December 29 Morning News. LaPierre continued to be heard on the station on occasion through voiceover work.

Meanwhile, evening host Paul Sullivan was fighting a brain tumor, which was discovered on November 22, 2004—shortly before Brudnoy's death. After undergoing several surgeries over the next two and a half years, Sullivan announced on June 21, 2007, that he would step down from the evening talk show, with his final show, led by Jordan Rich, airing on June 28; he died on September 9. Rich and WBZ-TV reporter Dan Rea served as substitute hosts in the interim; on October 1, Rea, who in the 1970s served as a weekend host for the station before moving to television in 1976, became the new host of the show, renamed NightSide with Dan Rea.

On December 31, 2008, WBZ let go overnight talk show host Steve LeVeille, sports anchor Tom Cuddy and Saturday night talk show hosts Lovell Dyett and Pat Desmarais. LeVeille was replaced by Jon Grayson (whose show originates from St. Louis sister station KMOX), while Dyett and Desmarais were replaced by the syndicated Kim Komando Show. After listener efforts were made to restore LeVeille and Dyett to the station, WBZ announced on January 27, 2009, that LeVeille would reassume his shift on February 2, while Dyett would host a half-hour early morning public affairs program on Sundays. Cuddy would subsequently return to the station as well that May. While Jordan Rich retained his weekend overnight show, the 2–5 a.m. portion of the program began to be simulcast on sister station WCCO in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Long-time sports director Gil Santos retired after 38 years with the station on January 30, 2009; after a week-long fill-in by Bob Lobel, Walt Perkins took over as morning sports anchor on February 7.

The Bruins once again left WBZ following the 2008–09 season, after CBS Radio launched a third incarnation of WBZ-FM on 98.5 MHz as an all-sports station, which also took the Patriots from the former WBCN. (The station simulcast WBZ-FM's broadcast of Game 7 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals between the Bruins and the Vancouver Canucks, allowing fans in areas of New England not served by a Bruins radio network affiliate to hear the game; additionally, WBZ briefly carried Bruins games that conflict with WBZ-FM's Patriots broadcasts, a function that subsequently moved to WZLX. WBZ also carried a Boston Celtics broadcast on January 11, 2014, due to conflicts with both a Patriots game on current Celtics flagship station WBZ-FM and a Bruins game on WZLX. )

Ed Walsh retired after four years as morning news anchor on November 30, 2010; Rod Fritz then took over as interim anchor (with Gary LaPierre guest anchoring for a week in early December), with Joe Mathieu, formerly of Sirius XM Radio's P.O.T.U.S. channel, taking over on May 16, 2011. The station added a monthly one-hour interview show hosted by Mathieu, WBZ Newswatch, on January 26, 2012. Overnight host Steve LeVeille retired from WBZ on June 8, 2012; after a year of rotating guest hosts that included Jennifer Brien, Morgan White Jr., Bradley Jay, and Dean Johnson, Brien was named the new host on June 25, 2013. On October 3, 2013, the station announced it was canceling the Jen Brien Show with immediate effect. Bradley Jay then took over the overnight show, renamed Jay Talking.

WBZ, along with fellow CBS Radio all-news stations WINS in New York City, KYW in Philadelphia, and WNEW-FM in Washington, D.C., added an affiliation with Westwood One News in 2014. Jordan Rich ended his weekend talk show on July 3, 2016, but continues to do feature segments for the station. Joe Mathieu left WBZ on April 28, 2017; that August, the station announced Josh Binswanger, who hosted Kid Company on the station in the early 1990s and has worked for WBZ-TV, as its new morning news anchor, while Mathieu joined WGBH (89.7 FM) as its morning anchor. By the end of 2017, the staff included Deb Lawler and Josh Binswanger as morning anchors; Mary Blake and Rod Fritz as midday anchors; Jeff Brown and Laurie Kirby as afternoon anchors; and Dan Rea and Bradley Jay as nighttime talk show hosts.

Since 2017: End of Westinghouse heritage and sale to iHeartMedia
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (which locally owned WEEI, WEEI-FM, WKAF, WRKO and WAAF); the sale would be conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it would be tax-free. While CBS shareholders retained a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating WBZ radio (both 1030 and FM 98.5) from WBZ-TV and WSBK-TV; for the first time since WBZ-TV's inception in 1948, WBZ radio and television would be under separate ownership. On October 10, CBS Radio announced that as part of the process of obtaining regulatory approval of the merger, WBZ would be one of sixteen stations that would be divested by Entercom, along with sister stations WBZ-FM and WZLX, as well as WRKO and WKAF (WBMX, WODS, WEEI AM/FM and WAAF would be retained by Entercom, while WBZ-FM would be traded to Beasley Broadcast Group in exchange for WMJX).

On November 1, iHeartMedia announced that it would acquire WBZ (AM), WZLX, WRKO and WKAF. To meet ownership limits set by the FCC, WKOX would be divested to the Ocean Stations Trust in preparation for a permanent buyer. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17. iHeart then began operating WBZ, WKAF, and WZLX under a local marketing agreement. The sale of WBZ, WRKO, WZLX, and WKAF to iHeart was completed on December 19, 2017, ending WBZ's 96 years of lineage under the same ownership. As part of the sale, CBS Corporation entered into a long-term license agreement with iHeartMedia and Beasley Broadcast Group for continued usage of the call sign on both WBZ and WBZ-FM; corporate successor Paramount Global currently holds the trademark for "WBZ" as a brand.

On March 30, 2018, iHeartMedia announced that anchor Rod Fritz was let go. On August 25, 2018, after 70 years, WBZ left the Soldiers Field Road studios (which continue to house WBZ-TV) and moved to facilities on Cabot Road in Medford, putting it in the same building as iHeartMedia's other Boston stations. On January 15, 2020, as part of an iHeartMedia restructuring, WBZ laid off political commentator Jon Keller (who remains with WBZ-TV), morning news anchor Deb Lawler, overnight host Bradley Jay, and sports anchor Tom Cuddy.

Hall of Fame
In February 2007, the station created the WBZ Radio Hall of Fame. Gary LaPierre was the first inductee, on February 16; Gil Santos was the second when he was inducted on July 9, 2009, and Dave Maynard was the third with his induction on September 15, 2009. Carl DeSuze became the fourth inductee (and the first to be inducted posthumously) on September 19, 2011, coinciding with WBZ's 90th anniversary.

Awards

WBZ received the 2010 Marconi award in the legendary stations category from the National Association of Broadcasters.

In 2014, WBZ, along with sister station at the time, WBZ-TV, received a Peabody Award for its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing.

The station has won numerous Regional Edward R. Murrow Awards for excellence in journalism. In 2017, awards included Overall Excellence, Best Newscast, Excellence in Social Media, and Excellence in Writing. In 2016, WBZ went on to win the National Edward R. Murrow Award for Best Newscast.

Notable on-air staff

 * David Brudnoy
 * Neil Chayet – Looking at the Law
 * Larry Glick
 * Gary LaPierre
 * Charles Osgood – The Osgood File
 * Dan Rea
 * Jordan Rich
 * Jerry Williams

title: WBZ (AM)


text:
Baron Trefgarne

Baron Trefgarne, of Cleddau in the County of Pembroke, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1947 for the barrister, journalist and politician, George Garro-Jones. In 1954 he assumed by deed poll the surname of Trefgarne in lieu of Garro-Jones. the title is held by his son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1960. He served in junior ministerial positions in the Conservative administrations of Margaret Thatcher and is now one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999.

Barons Trefgarne (1947)

 * George Morgan Trefgarne, 1st Baron Trefgarne (1894–1960)
 * David Garro Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne (born 1941)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, Hon. George Garro Trefgarne (b. 1970). The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son, William David Garro Trefgarne (b. 2010).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Trefgarne


text:
User:Kp schulz

de:benutzer:kp_schulz es:Usuario:kp_schulz

Geography

 * Pulheim

Business Process Management

 * chief_process_officer

Geography

 * Fareham
 * Southampton

?

 * Cynology

Persons

 * Vicente Fox

topics in other languages

 * German
 * Spanish
 * English

see my profiles in other languages

title: User:Kp schulz


text:
Paul Gambaccini

Paul Matthew Gambaccini (born 2 April 1949) is an American-British radio and television presenter and author. He is a dual citizen of the United States and United Kingdom, having become a British citizen in 2005.

Known as "The Great Gambo" and "The Professor of Pop", Gambaccini was a BBC Radio 1 presenter for 16 years, including 11 years on a weekly show counting down the Billboard Top 30 songs. A regular contributor to BBC Radio 4's long-running arts programme Kaleidoscope, Gambaccini was a long-time TV morning show correspondent for British television, and makes regular appearances on other British TV magazine shows.

Gambaccini was the host of the 12-part Classic FM series Paul Gambaccini's Hall of Heroes, and chairs the Radio 4 music quiz Counterpoint. He was presenter of Pick of the Pops on BBC Radio 2 from 9 July 2016 to 7 October 2023 and America's Greatest Hits on Greatest Hits Radio on Saturday afternoons since February 2020. He now presents the Paul Gambaccini Collection on Radio 2 which began on 29 October 2023. Inducted into the Radio Academy Hall of Fame in 2005, Gambaccini is the author of more than 15 books.

Education
Born in the Bronx, New York City, Gambaccini studied at Dartmouth College, where he obtained a degree in history in 1970.

Gambaccini then migrated to the United Kingdom and attended University College, Oxford, where he read politics, philosophy and economics. He has since returned to Oxford, where he delivered a series of lectures in January and February 2009, as the News International Visiting Professor of Broadcast Media. In February 2010 he was invited by the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, Andrew Hamilton to deliver the inaugural LGBT lecture Out on Monday to the university's LGBT staff, students and faculty.

Broadcasting career
Gambaccini's broadcasting career began at Dartmouth College, where he was music director of the now-defunct WDCR, a college-owned-and-operated Top 40 radio station. Gambaccini may have first achieved wider prominence when his tips for playlisted songs likely to see greater chart action were published in the 11 May 1968 issue of the international trade publication Billboard, alongside similar tips from radio programming talent at major commercial stations across the United States.

Having left Oxford, Gambaccini considered further study in law at Harvard or Yale, but had the opportunity of writing for Rolling Stone magazine, as British correspondent. He attributes his broadcasting career to this post—especially an interview in 1973 with Elton John which brought him to the attention of BBC Radio producer John Walters who arranged for him to host on BBC Radio 1. Gambaccini then started broadcasting in the UK, on BBC Radio 1, from September 1974, first as a music reporter on the John Peel Saturday show Rockspeak and as presenter of All American Heroes. The following year, he started a show focussing on the weeks' music in the US chart which was to continue for over a decade. The show was broadcast every Saturday afternoon until his last show on 8 February 1986. Thereafter, he moved to independent radio to host American Countdown. In 1990, he returned to Radio 1, but left during the tenure of controller Matthew Bannister in 1993.

In 1992 Gambaccini became a founding personality on the UK's classical music station Classic FM, where he hosted the weekly Classical CD Chart show. He left for BBC Radio 3 in 1995, where he broadcast an hour-long morning show, in a slot formerly used for Composer of the Week. He returned to Classic FM in 1997.

Alongside his work in music radio, he contributed regularly to BBC Radio 4's long-running arts programme Kaleidoscope between 1975 and 1998.

For 13 years Gambaccini reviewed films for breakfast television, first on TV-am and then GMTV. In the early 1980s he presented The Other Side of the Tracks on Channel 4, which ran for three series. His other television appearances include Pebble Mill at One, Call My Bluff, Music for the Millennium, and The South Bank Show.

In 1998, he joined BBC Radio 2. His first show was on 18 April 1998, once again opening the first of his weekly shows America's Greatest Hits with "Born to Run" by Bruce Springsteen. In 2002, he quit his role at Classic FM, to present a weekly chart show on London's Jazz FM until 2004. He was also a contributor to the London station LBC when it was taken over by Chrysalis.

He has worked widely across the BBC and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) as well as contributing to many television shows, mostly related to music, film, and the arts. He narrated the BBC Radio adaptation of Espedair Street, the Iain Banks novel.

Gambaccini has presented the annual Ivor Novello Awards since 1990, the Parliamentary Jazz Awards since 2005, the Music Industry Trust's Man of the Year Dinner since 1999, and the Radio Academy Awards for a ten-year stretch from 1998 to 2008.

In August 2008, Gambaccini returned to Classic FM, to present a 12-part series Paul Gambaccini's Hall of Heroes on Sunday evenings between 9:00 and 10:00. In March 2008, he took over as chairman of the Radio 4 music quiz Counterpoint from Edward Seckerson; he was temporarily replaced in 2013 by Russell Davies and returned to the show in November 2014 after being cleared of allegations of historical sexual offences made against him. He returned to BBC Radio 2 with America's Greatest Hits on 15 November 2014, and hosted it until 2 July 2016, when he took over Pick of the Pops from Tony Blackburn, the following week.

He started his final America's Greatest Hits on the BBC with "Born to Run" by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, and ended it with Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop The Feeling!". Trevor Nelson took over the Saturday timeslot with his Rhythm Nation programme, that was allocated to Gambaccini's America's Greatest Hits programme for seven years. The show was revived on Greatest Hits Radio from February 2020 airing 5-7pm on Saturdays, with the first show starting off with "Born to Run", just like the final BBC Radio episode, and ending with "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" by Stevie Wonder. Gambaccini has also presented special shows on Greatest Hits Radio on bank holidays and over the Christmas holidays. On Boxing Day 2021, he co-presented a special show on Greatest Hits Radio paying tribute to Janice Long, whom he had discovered in 1982.

On 10 August 2023, it was announced that Gambaccini would leave Pick of the Pops on 7 October 2023 after seven & half years at the helm, to host a new live Sunday evening show for Radio 2, titled The Paul Gambaccini Collection, which will begin on 29 October. He announced the news on the show on 12 August, and he was replaced by the late Steve Wright.

On 22 October 2023, Gambaccini was interviewed by Wright in a special programme on Radio 2 to celebrate his 50 years of broadcasting on UK radio.

Books
Gambaccini was co-author of The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and related titles, with Tim and Jo Rice, alongside Radio 1 colleague at that time, Mike Read, between 1977 and 1996. Gambaccini's own books include Love Letters, Radio Boy, Top 100 Albums and Track Records. The Ultimate Man, a musical about a comic book superhero, was co-written with Alastair King and Jane Edith Wilson, and produced at the Bridewell Theatre in London in 2000.

Comic book fandom
Gambaccini was active in the realm of comic book fandom. As an American teenager in the 1960s his missives were regularly published in the letter columns of titles such as Justice League of America and The Amazing Spider-Man. Gambaccini claims to have invented the term "Brand Echh", which later became widely used by Stan Lee.

While still in high school, Gambaccini began contributing to comics fanzines, including the publication Rocket's Blast Comicollector. In 1964 he succeeded Jerry Bails (the so-called "father of comic book fandom") as executive secretary of the Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors, an umbrella organization for the burgeoning world of comics fandom During 1964-65, he also published eight issues of Forum which was an Academy newsletter for ex-board members. As part of his involvement with the academy, Gambaccini helped organize the comics industry's first awards, the Alley Awards.

Gambaccini and television presenter Jonathan Ross co-owned Top 10 Comics, a comic shop in London which opened in 1989 and closed in 1995. Gambaccini has been an official guest at many British comic conventions, including the United Kingdom Comic Art Convention (where he co-presented the 1990 Eagle Awards and the 1997 National Comics Awards), and Comics Festival UK.

A character introduced in The Flash #141 named Paul Gambi, a tailor specializing in super-villain outfits, is an homage to Paul Gambaccini, who had written a letter to the Flash editor, later published in the letter column, asking the question, "Where do all these super-villains get their costumes?".

Operation Yewtree
On 1 November 2013, it was reported that Gambaccini had been arrested on suspicion of historical sexual offences as part of an investigation by Operation Yewtree in the United Kingdom. He was released on bail and his spokesman said that he denied the allegations. It was announced on 10 October 2014 that no charges would be brought. Giving evidence to the House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee on 3 March 2015, Gambaccini said he believed he was used as "human fly paper" to encourage other people to come forward and make allegations against him.

The BBC reported that he also said he suspected his bail was repeatedly extended until the end of high-profile cases involving other celebrities because "police did not want juries to hear a former Radio 1 DJ had been cleared of sexual wrongdoing". Gambaccini also argued in favour of a 28-day bail limit; Home Secretary Theresa May had announced in December 2014 that she was consulting on such a limit in all but exceptional cases. However, Gambaccini's allegations of a "witch-hunt" were denied by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The 28-day limit came into effect in April 2017.

Gambaccini wrote an account of his experience in his book Love, Paul Gambaccini: My Year Under the Yewtree, which was published in 2015. In February 2016, Irish Supreme Court Judge Adrian Hardiman used a review of the book to criticize what he described as the radical undermining of the presumption of innocence, especially in sex cases, including Gambaccini's, by the methods used in Operation Yewtree (among other instances).

In February 2017, Gambaccini sued the Metropolitan Police, citing a loss of £200,000 during his time under investigation. In November 2018, he settled a claim against the Crown Prosecution Service, who agreed to pay him damages; the amount was not disclosed due to confidentiality clauses in the settlement agreement.

Charity work
Gambaccini has been a supporter of gay-related charities. In 1995, he was named Philanthropist of the Year by the National Charity Fundraisers for his work on behalf of the Terrence Higgins Trust. He is a patron of the London Gay Symphony Orchestra. In 2010, he won an episode of celebrity Mastermind, with his chosen beneficiary charity being Stonewall.

Personal life
Gambaccini has been openly gay for many years, claiming in 2013: "I was never 'in'." In June 2012, he entered into a civil partnership with Christopher Sherwood. One week later, they married in the New York Botanical Garden. In 2013, Gambaccini claimed that he had been highlighted as a potential security risk by the BBC earlier in his career due to his sexuality, with a symbol resembling a Christmas tree on the cover of his personnel file: "It meant you were 'as camp as Christmas' and thus a potential security risk." In fact, the symbol was a general indication that the subject should not be promoted or transferred without reference to the department responsible for security vetting, due to left-leaning sympathies (see: "Christmas tree" files). He lives in the Kennington area of London.

Awards

 * 1995 – Philanthropist of the Year by the National Charity Fundraisers
 * 1996 – Outstanding Contribution to Music Radio Award from the Radio Academy
 * 2003 – Sony Radio Academy Award for Music Broadcaster of the Year
 * 2005 – Sony Radio Academy Silver Award for a Weekly Music Programme
 * 2005 – Inducted into the Radio Academy Hall of Fame

Sources consulted

 * Radio Rewind biography

title: Paul Gambaccini


text:
Baron Thomson of Fleet

Baron Thomson of Fleet, of Northbridge in the City of Edinburgh, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1964 for Roy Thomson, a Canadian-born newspaper magnate. He was succeeded in 1976 by his son, the second baron. , the title is held by the first Baron's grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2006.

Barons Thomson of Fleet (1964)

 * Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet (1894–1976)
 * Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet (1923–2006)
 * David Kenneth Roy Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet (b. 1957)

The heir to this title is the present holder's son, the Hon. Benjamin James Ludwick Thomson (b. 2006)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet (1894—1976)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet (1923—2006)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg David Kenneth Roy Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet (born 1957)
 * (1) Hon. Benjamin James Ludwick Thomson (b. 2006)
 * (2) Hon. Peter John Thomson (b. 1965)

Additional sources

 * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

title: Baron Thomson of Fleet


text:
Shoal (disambiguation)

A shoal is a sandbank or reef creating shallow water, especially where it forms a hazard to shipping.

Shoal, shoals or shoaling may also refer to:

Locations

 * The Shoals, a region in northwest Alabama, United States
 * Shoals, Indiana, a town in the United States

Science

 * Wave shoaling, the change of wave height for sea waves propagating into shallow water
 * Shoaling and schooling, ways that fish and other aquatic animals behave when in large groups

Other

 * Project Shoal, an underground nuclear test
 * Project Shoal (software), a java based scalable dynamic clustering framework.
 * Shoal draught (or draft), of a boat with shallow draught which can pass over some shoals: see Draft (hull)

title: Shoal (disambiguation)


text:
Les Négresses Vertes

Les Négresses Vertes, formed in 1987, is a French music group that combines world music and some aspects of alternative rock. Tracks often feature acoustic guitar and accordion, with some containing other traditional instruments such as piano and brass.

History
Formed in 1987, Les Négresses Vertes arose from the alternative-music scene in Paris. The original line-up included singer Helno (also known as Helno Rota de Lourcqua, born Noël Rota), Jo Roz (also known as l'Ami Ro; real name Joe Ruffier des Aimes) (piano), Stéfane Mellino (guitar), Jean-Marie Paulus (bass), Gaby (drums), Matthias Canavese (accordion), Michel Ochowiak (trumpet), Abraham Sirinix (also known as Abraham Braham) (trombone), and Iza Mellino (backing vocals).

The original members were a group of friends, many of whom had not played their instruments before forming the band. The group's name translates as green negresses; and arose from abuse hurled at the members at one of the group's first concerts. The insult is a comparison to the kitsch art of Vladimir Tretchikoff. The group was initially signed to the independent Off the Track label and released the punk protest song "200 Ans D'Hypocrisie" in response to its home country's French Revolution bicentennial celebrations.

In 1989, they released their first album, Mlah, to good reviews in both France and the UK, where the single "Zobi La Mouche" just failed to reach the charts. The group also toured and played the WOMAD festival. The group also made a controversial tour of Lebanon. Their second album, Famille Nombreuse, in 1991, featured new drummer Zé Verbalito.

In 1990, Les Négresses Vertes contributed the song "I love Paris" to the Cole Porter tribute album "Red Hot + Blue", which was produced by the Red Hot Organization. By this time, Helno was struggling with serious heroin addiction, impacting his playing and writing abilities. He died on 22 January 1993.

Several members left the band after Helno's death, but Les Négresses Vertes continued around the nucleus of Mellino, Canavese, Ochowiak, and Paulus. In 1995, the band released the album Zig-Zague, followed by the live album Green Bus. By the 2000s Trabendo, the group's style had shifted to a dub-oriented lounge style.

Albums

 * Mlah (1988)
 * Famille nombreuse (1991)
 * An Aperitif (1994)
 * Zig-zague (1994)
 * Green Bus (1996), live
 * Trabendo (1999)
 * Acoustic Clubbing (2001)

Compilations

 * 10 Remixes (’87–’93) (1993)
 * Le Grand Déballage (2002)
 * L'essentiel (2004)
 * À l’Affiche (2006)

Singles

 * Il (1989)
 * Zobi La Mouche (1989)
 * Voila L’ete (1989)
 * "I Love Paris" (1990) (Tribute album "Red Hot + Blue" produced by the Red Hot Organization)
 * Face à La Mer (1991)
 * Famille Heureuse (1992)
 * Hou! Mamma Mia (1992)
 * Sous Le soleil de bodega (1992)
 * Apres La pluie (1994)
 * Mambo Show (1994)
 * A Quoi Bon (1995)
 * Easy Girls (1999)
 * Leila (1999)
 * Hasta Llegar (2000) ('Promo' CD - was never released)
 * Spank / Abuela (2000)

title: Les Négresses Vertes


text:
Talk:2004 Greek legislative election

Untitled
Tweedle Dum (ND) seem to have beaten Tweedle Dee (PASOK) by 5%, according to the BBC. Meanwhile Jorg Haider has been re-elected Governer of Carinthia... and the SPO have won big in Salzburg.

Al

The correct English name for "Alliance" is something else, starting with SYN. See Politics of Greece. It would be cool if someone could join both articles in one way or the other, or at least crosslink them. -- till we *) 15:34, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The Greek name is Synapsismos tis Aristeras ke ti Proodu, which translates as Alliance of the Left and Progress. "Alliance" seemed a reasonable abbreviation. It would be possible to make all the party names links, but I think there are only articles on PASOK, ND and the KKE. Adam 01:02, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

There should be some article somewhere, I think, about fragmenting of votes allowing another side to win. It's a phenomenon that keeps coming up in many elections, and should probably be noted. Examples include the fragmenting of the conservative vote in Canada (at least until the recent merger of two Conservative parties), the fragmenting of the left-wing vote in France that allowed Jean-Marie Le-Pen to advance to the second-round elections ahead of Lionel Jospin, and the fragmenting of votes due to third parties in the US presidential elections (Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996 and Ralph Nader in 2000). There's lots of issues to be discussed (relative effect in different electoral systems, etc.). But I can't think of a good title for such an article. --Delirium 01:25, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

I agree it is an interesting subject. Perhaps it could be discussed at Electoral systems Voting systems or something like that. Adam 01:35, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

About Liberals:

In 2004 participated in the elections a party named "Liberals Party" that has nothing to do with the Liberals in 2000. The leader of the Liberals, Stefanos Manos participated in 2004 with PASOK (it's a greek paradox but it's true).

About SYN:

Syriza and Synaspismos are different entities.

Syriza consits of Synaspismos, AKOA, Active Citizens, DEA, Red, KEDA and indipenent left people See here: http://www.syriza.gr The main power is Synaspismos. The other parties have never participated in the elections independently.

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title: Talk:2004 Greek legislative election


text:
Henry Kelly

Henry Kelly (born 17 April 1946) is an Irish radio and television broadcaster, actor and journalist.

Early life
Kelly was born in Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland, and educated at Belvedere College SJ, and at University College Dublin, where he was auditor of the Literary and Historical Society. Whilst at university he wrote theatre reviews for The Irish Times.

Journalism
After graduating from University College Dublin with a degree in English in 1968, he became a journalist with The Irish Times, and was swiftly promoted to the post of its Belfast-based Northern Editor in 1970, at the start of civil unrest and The Troubles in Northern Ireland, a post which he held for five years. During his time in Northern Ireland he published the book How Stormont Fell (1972), which is still highly regarded in its field. In 1976 he left The Irish Times and moved to London to work as a reporter for the British Broadcasting Corporation on its Radio 4 The World Tonight programme.

Television
In 1980, in a complete career change at the age of 34, Kelly abandoned journalism and chose to pursue another career in television, presenting light entertainment shows. Whilst at university, Kelly had been a friend of the family of Terry Wogan, and was drawn to try to emulate Wogan's career path by the professional success that Wogan was experiencing by the late 1970s with the BBC.

In 1981, Kelly secured a co-presenter slot on the United Kingdom's ITV television channel with the London Weekend Television prime-time light entertainment show Game for a Laugh, which was a sufficient ratings success to make him a household name in the country. He remained with the show until 1983. In June 1983, Kelly joined TV-am, and became the host of the Saturday edition of "Good Morning Britain" with Toni Arthur. He was also a regular stand-in presenter on the weekday programme and presented "Summer Sunday" over the years. He left TV-am in 1987, and from 1987 to 1996 he presented Going for Gold, a lunchtime television quiz game show broadcast on BBC1 with contestants from across Europe.

In 1988 he briefly returned to journalism and once chaired After Dark. He had previously appeared on that programme discussing the activities of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, which he had witnessed first hand as a journalist in the early 1970s.

In 2000 he appeared as a quiz show host in the final two episodes of the Victoria Wood sitcom dinnerladies. Kelly had also previously worked with Wood on her show Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV in the mid-1980s. He also appeared occasionally on Sky News television reviewing the Sunday morning newspapers.

Radio
In 1992, Kelly was one of the launch presenters of Classic FM, initially presenting the weekday mid-morning show from 9 am to 12 noon. He then moved on to the Breakfast Show, until replaced by Simon Bates in June 2003. He returned between 2006 and 2008 to present a three-hour show on Sunday mornings.

In September 2003, Kelly took up the Drivetime slot on London news-and-talk station LBC 97.3. In February 2004 he declared himself bankrupt thirteen years after the Inland Revenue had sued him for the non-payment during the 1980s of income tax and national insurance contributions. At the end of 2004, Kelly and some of LBC's most experienced presenters, such as Brian Hayes and Angela Rippon, did not have their contracts renewed.

Kelly spent two weeks in June 2005 presenting the late show on BBC Radio London 94.9, and in September 2005 took over the weekday mid-morning show on BBC Radio Berkshire from 10 am to 1 pm. He later presented a Saturday mid-morning show for the station until 2015.

Other work
In 2013, Kelly presented a series of filmed adverts for a Golders Green used car dealership and garage. He has also been the narrator for most of Video 125's Driver's Eye Views of Irish railways.

Personal life
Kelly is married to the journalist Karolyn Shindler, and resides in Hampstead in North London. He has two adult children. He enjoys golf. In 1994 he won the inaugural William Roache Charity Classic Invitational, held at Woburn..

Publications

 * How Stormont Fell (1972), ISBN 978-0717106325
 * Classic FM Musical Anecdotes (1998), ISBN 978-0340728819

title: Henry Kelly


text:
Mlah

Mlah is the debut album by Les Négresses Vertes, released in 1988.

Track listing
All songs written by Les Négresses Vertes

 * 1) "La Valse"
 * 2) "Zobi la Mouche"
 * 3) "C'est Pas la Mer à Boire"
 * 4) "Voilà l'Été"
 * 5) "Orane"
 * 6) "La Faim des Haricots"
 * 7) "Les Yeux de Ton Père"
 * 8) "Il"
 * 9) "L'Homme des Marais"
 * 10) "Les Rablablas les Roubliblis"
 * 11) "Marcelle Ratafia"
 * 12) "La Danse des Négresses Vertes"
 * 13) "Hey Maria"
 * 14) "Le Père Magloire"

Personnel

 * Helno – vocals
 * Mellino – vocals, guitar
 * Mathieu Canavese – guitar, accordion, background vocals
 * Paulo – guitar, bass, background vocals
 * Abraham Sirinix – harmonica, trombone, percussion, background vocals
 * Twist – trumpet, percussion
 * L'Ami Ro – piano, percussion, background vocals
 * Gaby – drums, percussion
 * Iza, Juanita, Julo, Nono – background vocals

title: Mlah


text:
User talk:Romadur~enwiki

Romadur Käse stinkt nihct, wie vermutet...

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Romadur. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Romadur~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Romadur~enwiki


text:
Wireframe

Wireframe or wire-frame may refer to:
 * Wire-frame model, visual model of a three-dimensional object in computer graphics
 * Website wireframe, a basic visual guide used in web design

title: Wireframe


text:
Beer tap

A beer tap is a valve, specifically a tap, for controlling the release of beer. While other kinds of tap may be called faucet, valve or spigot, the use of tap for beer is almost universal. The word was originally coined for the wooden valve in traditional barrels. Beer served from a tap is largely known as draught beer, though beer served from a cask is more commonly called cask ale, while beer from a keg may specifically be called keg beer. Beer taps can be also used to serve similar drinks like cider or long drinks.

There are many different types and styles of beer or keg taps.

Etymology
Originally the word referred to a solid wood stopper used to plug the hole in a barrel, so as to contain the contents. The shape was identical to a taproot, from which the name derived.

The word was originally coined for the wooden valve in traditional barrels.

Pressure-dispense bar tap
Beer supplied in kegs is served with the aid of external pressure from a cylinder of carbon dioxide (or occasionally nitrogen) which forces the beer out of the keg and up a narrow tube to the bar. At the end of this tube is a valve built into a fixture (usually somewhat decorative) on the bar. This is the beer tap and opening it with a small lever causes beer, pushed by the gas from the cylinder, to flow into the glass. Some view this system as disadvantageous as it produces a frothy head which must be left to subside before more beer can be added to the glass. Some manufacturers have tried to address this problem by producing a device which allows the beer to be poured from the bottom up. Some people, such as Germans and the Dutch prefer a rather large amount of head on their beers.

Portable keg tap

Sometimes, beer kegs designed to be connected to the above system are instead used on their own, perhaps at a party or outdoor event. In this case, a self-contained portable tap is required that allows beer to be served straight from the keg. Because the keg system uses pressure to force the beer up and out of the keg, these taps must have a means of supplying it. The typical "picnic tap" uses a hand pump to push air into the keg; this will cause the beer to spoil faster but is perfectly acceptable if the entire keg will be consumed in a short time. Portable taps with small CO2 cylinders are also available.

Cask beer tap

Beers brewed and served by traditional methods, typically cask ale, do not use artificial gas. Taps for cask beer are simple on-off valves that are hammered into the end of the cask (see keystone for details). When beer is served directly from the cask ("by gravity"), as at beer festivals and some pubs, it simply flows out of the tap and into the glass. When the cask is stored in the cellar and served from the bar, as in most pubs, the beer line is screwed onto the tap and the beer is pulled through it by a beer engine. The taps used are the same, and in beer-line setups the first pint is often poured from the cask as for "gravity", for tasting, before the line is connected. Cask beer taps can be brass (now discouraged for fear of lead contamination), stainless steel, plastic, and wood.

Tall fount
In Scotland, cask ale was traditionally served through a tall fount (pronounced "font"). These appear similar to keg taps (indeed, many Scottish pubs serve keg beer through adapted tall founts) rendered from brass but the beer was drawn from the barrel via air pressure generated by a water engine rather than by a pressurised artificial gas. Some pubs still dispense cask beer using this method (although the water engine will invariably have been replaced by an electric compressor) but is increasingly rare due to the perception that hand-pumps are the correct means by which to serve real ale, and to the potential for confusion with keg ale, which is regarded as inferior by many beer drinkers. The Aitken fount variety is still in use in several Edinburgh pubs but there were other designs.

Dimensions
Typical tap handles are 9-13" tall, but can range from very short (4") to novelty lengths (>13"). Most taps are assembled with a 4" delrin handle.

The threading for tap handles is 3/8"-16 UNC (coarse). The faucet is male and the handle is female.

title: Beer tap


text:
Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs

The Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs is the presiding officer, chairman and highest authority of the Great Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga) an advisory body to the Parliament of Fiji. The chairman is elected by the members of the Great Council of Chiefs and is expected to be politically impartial.

The Great Council of Chiefs is the formal assembly of Fiji's senior hereditary chiefs, along with some representatives of the national government and provincial councils, who may or may not be hereditary chiefs themselves. It also had a constitutional role in functioning as an electoral college to choose the President of the Republic, as well as 14 of the 32 Senators.

Following the adoption of the ministerial system of government in 1967, the Minister for Fijian Affairs (the Cabinet Minister responsible for indigenous cultural and economic development) presided over the Great Council of Chiefs. This arrangement continued until the constitutional changes of 1999, when the Great Council chose its own Chairman for the first time.

The following tables list the Fijian Affairs Ministers from 1967 to 1999, and Chairmen of the Great Council of Chiefs since that date.

Ministers for Fijian Affairs (1967–1999)
Ministers of Fijian Affairs since 1999 are not included, as they no longer preside over the Great Council. If the Minister was simultaneously the Prime Minister, this is indicated by an asterisk.

Chairmen of the Great Council of Chiefs
Since 1999, when the Council chose its own chairman for the first time, the following individuals have held the office. In April 2007, the council was suspended by "interim prime minister" and military leader Frank Bainimarama, who had taken power in a coup in December 2006. In February 2008, Bainimarama announced that he was appointing himself chairman of the council. In early August 2008, it was announced that the Great Council of Chiefs was ready to reconvene. It would be chaired by the Minister for Fijian Affairs - namely, at that time, Commodore Bainimarama. In October 2008, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau was named Minister of Indigenous (Fijian) Affairs, and therefore also Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs.

In April 2009, Nailatikau was appointed Vice-President of Fiji.

title: Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs


text:
Bell Textron

Bell Textron Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturer headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. A subsidiary of Textron, Bell manufactures military rotorcraft at facilities in Fort Worth, and Amarillo, Texas, United States as well as commercial helicopters in Mirabel, Quebec, Canada.

Bell Aircraft
The company was founded on July 10, 1935, as Bell Aircraft Corporation by Lawrence Dale Bell in Buffalo, New York. The company focused on the designing and building of fighter aircraft. Their first fighters were the XFM-1 Airacuda, a twin-engine fighter for attacking bombers, and the P-39 Airacobra. The P-59 Airacomet, the first American jet fighter, the P-63 Kingcobra, the successor to the P-39, and the Bell X-1 were also Bell products.

In 1941, Bell hired Arthur M. Young, a talented inventor, to provide expertise for helicopter research and development. It was the foundation for what Bell hoped would be a broader economic base for his company that was not dependent on government contracts. The Bell 30 was their first full-size helicopter (first flight December 29, 1942) and the Bell 47 became the first helicopter in the world rated by a civil aviation authority, becoming a civilian and military success. Due to its burgeoning success, the helicopter division relocated as a separate unit to Hurst, Texas in 1951.

Bell Helicopter
Textron purchased Bell Aerospace in 1960. Bell Aerospace was composed of three divisions of Bell Aircraft Corporation, including its helicopter division, which had become its only division still producing complete aircraft. The helicopter division was renamed Bell Helicopter Company and in a few years, with the success of the UH-1 Huey during the Vietnam War, it had established itself as the largest division of Textron. In January 1976, Textron changed the division's name to Bell Helicopter Textron.

Bell Helicopter had a close association with AgustaWestland. The partnership dated back to separate manufacturing and technology agreements with Agusta (Bell 47 and Bell 206) and as a sublicence via Agusta with Westland (Bell 47). When the two European firms merged, the partnerships were retained, with the exception of the AB139, which is now known as the AW139. Bell and AW cooperated also on the AW609 tiltrotor.

Bell planned to reduce employment by 760 in 2014 as fewer V-22s were made. A rapid prototyping center called XworX assists Bell's other divisions in reducing development time.

The company was rebranded as "Bell" on February 22, 2018.

Product list
Established in 1986, its Mirabel, Quebec facility assembles and delivers most of Bell's commercial helicopters and delivered its 5,000th helicopter on December 12, 2017.

Military helicopters

 * Bell H-12
 * Bell H-13 Sioux
 * Bell XH-13F
 * Bell XH-15
 * Bell HSL
 * Bell UH-1 Iroquois (or Huey)
 * Bell Huey family
 * Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants
 * Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
 * Bell YHO-4
 * Bell 207 Sioux Scout – experimental attack helicopter
 * Bell 533 – experimental Huey variant with increased performance
 * Bell AH-1 Cobra
 * Bell AH-1 SeaCobra/SuperCobra
 * Bell 309 KingCobra - experimental attack helicopter
 * YAH-63/Model 409 – competitor with the YAH-64 for Advanced Attack Helicopter program
 * Bell OH-58 Kiowa
 * H-1 upgrade program
 * Bell UH-1Y Venom
 * Bell AH-1Z Viper
 * Bell CH-146 Griffon
 * Bell ARH-70 Arapaho - cancelled armed reconnaissance helicopter
 * Bell 360 Invictus - proposed armed reconnaissance helicopter

Tiltrotors

 * Bell XV-3
 * Bell XV-15
 * Bell Pointer
 * Bell V-247 Vigilant – currently in development
 * Bell V-280 Valor – currently in development, first flown 2017
 * V-22 Osprey – with Boeing BDS
 * TR918 Eagle Eye UAV
 * Quad TiltRotor – with Boeing BDS
 * Bell BAT (1984 tiltrotor project for LHX programme – not built)
 * Bell CTR-1900 (Tilt-rotor project only – not built)
 * Bell CTR-22 (Tilt-rotor project only – not built)
 * Bell CTR-750 (Tilt-rotor project only – not built)
 * Bell CTR-800 (Tilt-rotor project only – not built)
 * Bell D-326 (Clipper 1980 commercial tilt-rotor project – not built)

Projects produced by other companies

 * AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter (formerly 50-50 as the Agusta-Bell AB139, now 100% AgustaWestland)
 * AgustaWestland AW609 tiltrotor (formerly 50-50 as the Bell-Agusta BA609, now 100% AgustaWestland)
 * Lockheed Martin VH-71 Kestrel

Unproduced designs

 * Bell 280 (project only, twin-engined wide-body variant of the Cobra)
 * Bell D-218
 * Bell D-230 (Flying Jeep project – not built)
 * Bell D-245
 * Bell D-246
 * Bell 400 TwinRanger (1984), cancelled 206-derived light twin
 * Bell D-292 (1985), Light Helicopter Experimental (LHX) prototype
 * Bell 417 (2006) cancelled Bell 407 growth variant
 * Bell FCX-001, March 2017 concept

Facilities
Bell manufacturing and support facilities are:

 * Military
 * Fort Worth, Texas – located at six manufacturing facilities throughout the DFW area; of these six the Manufacturing Technology Center (MTC) in Fort Worth, Texas serves as the primary manufacturing development facility of the Bell V-280 Valor, Bell 360 Invictus
 * Amarillo, Texas: located near Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport; assembly plant for H1, V-22 and 525

 * Commercial
 * Mirabel, Quebec, Canada: opened in 1983 and located next to Montreal-Mirabel International Airport; it produces components for Bell 407, 412, 429, 505 and 525; assembly plant and finally assembly for current commercial products (407, 412, 429, 505).

title: Bell Textron


text:
Visionaire

Visionaire is a company based in New York City that creates films, experiences, and events in addition to an eponymous publication that intersect art, fashion, film, and contemporary culture across multiple platforms. Artists and designers often work in collaboration with Visionaire to produce interpretations on a theme.

Visionaire was founded in 1991 by Cecilia Dean, James Kaliardos, and Stephen Gan. Dean and Kaliardos continue to lead the company.

Visionaire publication
Visionaire has published 67 editions since its inception in 1991. It is one of only two still remaining out of a 1994 Vanity Fair list of 10 "upstart" magazines to watch, alongside Surface. Fashion designers Rei Kawakubo (of Comme des Garçons), Tom Ford (for Gucci), Hedi Slimane (for Dior Homme), and Riccardo Tisci (for Givenchy) have guest-edited issues. Karl Lagerfeld, John Baldessari, and Steven Klein have been guest artists.

Other contributors have included Steven Meisel, Inez & Vinoodh, Mert and Marcus, Alexander McQueen, Raf Simons, Kate Moss, Barbara Kruger, Shirin Neshat, Yoko Ono, Bill Cunningham, Vik Muniz, Maurizio Cattelan, and Marina Abramović. Éditorial bureau includes as of 2021, Cécilia Dean and James Kaliardos, Arnaud Henry Salas-Perez as editor-at-large and revolving editor depending in the issue.

The issue's price often reflects its format. For example, edition 18 Fashion Special Louis Vuitton contained a Louis Vuitton pouch within its own leather and was reportedly sold at an auction for $5,000. The price can also be an indication as to the limited number in distribution; it often fluctuates based on available inventory.

In addition to the original Visionaire, the company launched three offshoot magazines: V (1999), VMan (2003), and with Carine Roitfeld, CR Fashion Book (2012).

In 2014, Dean, Kaliardos, and Gan divided their partnership. Dean and Kaliardos retained the company Visionaire, including the publication Visionaire, while Gan retained V and VMan.

Installation
Visionaire has exhibited in New York, Miami, Tokyo, São Paolo, Moscow, Seoul, and Beijing.

They first curated shows for their former SoHo offices, including works by Inez & Vinoodh, Alex Katz, Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren, and Richard Phillips. The 2006 show “Megazines” displayed back issues of current and out-of-print independent publications.

In 2003, Visionaire premiered the three-dimensional film and sound installation 130919, A Portrait of Marina Abramović, directed by Matthew Placek, at Art Basel Miami Beach.

They began creating public art installations for Cadillac House in downtown Manhattan in 2016. An early show featured an automotive assembly-line robot reprogrammed to draw visitors’ portraits. Toiletpaper magazine, The Richard Avedon Foundation, and Daniel Arsham have also collaborated with Visionaire on these installations.

In 2017, Visionaire screened their virtual reality film KAWS: A VR Experience for free at the New York Public Library.

Visionaire has exhibited their own Visionaire publications at venues including Colette, Dover Street Market, and Frieze Art Fair.

VisionaireFILM
Visionaire began producing short films in 2013, often with a focus on the creative processes of artists and fashion designers.

Films have featured Dior, Elie Saab, Valentino, and John Baldessari.

Their film 130919, A Portrait of Marina Abramović was an official selection of Sundance Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival, Vancouver International Film Festival, Stockholm Film Festival, Festival du Nouveau Cinema, and Braunschweig International Film Festival.

title: Visionaire


text:
The Creation of Adam

 The Creation of Adam (Creazione di Adamo), also known as The Creation of Man , is a fresco painting by Italian artist Michelangelo, which forms part of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, painted c. 1508–1512. It illustrates the Biblical creation narrative from the Book of Genesis in which God gives life to Adam, the first man. The fresco is part of a complex iconographic scheme and is chronologically the fourth in the series of panels depicting episodes from Genesis.

The painting has been reproduced in countless imitations and parodies. Michelangelo's Creation of Adam is one of the most replicated religious paintings of all time.

History
In 1505, Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II. He was commissioned to build the Pope's tomb, which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years.

Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. Although Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years, it was never finished to his satisfaction. It is located in the Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in Rome and is most famous for his central figure of Moses, completed in 1516. Of the other statues intended for the tomb, two known as the Heroic Captive / Rebellious Slave and the Dying Captive / Dying Slave, are now in the Louvre.

During the same period, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512). According to Condivi's account, Bramante, who was working on the building of St Peter's Basilica, resented Michelangelo's commission for the Pope's tomb and convinced the Pope to commission him in a medium with which he was unfamiliar, in order that he might fail at the task.

Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the Twelve Apostles on the triangular pendentives that supported the ceiling, and cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament. Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius to give him a free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme, representing the Creation, the Fall of Man, the Promise of Salvation through the prophets, and the genealogy of Christ. The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel which represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

The composition stretches over 45 ft. × 128 ft. (more than 500 square metres) of ceiling, and contains over 300 figures. At its centre are nine episodes from the Book of Genesis, divided into three groups: God's creation of the world; God's creation of humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of humanity and sin as represented by Noah and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of Jesus; seven prophets of Israel (Joël, Ezekiel, Jonah, Daniel, Jeremiah, Zechariah, and Isaiah) and five Sibyls (Erythraean, Delphic, Libyan, Cumaean, and Persian), prophetic women of the Classical world. Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are The Creation of Adam, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, the Deluge, the Prophet Jeremiah and the Cumaean Sibyl.

Composition
God is depicted as an elderly white-bearded man, wrapped in a swirling cloak while Adam, on the lower left, is completely naked. God's right arm is outstretched to impart the spark of life from his own finger into that of Adam, whose left arm is extended in a pose mirroring God's, a reminder that God said, "Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness". The inspiration for Michelangelo's treatment of the subject may come from a medieval hymn, "Veni Creator Spiritus", which asks the 'finger of the paternal right hand' (digitus paternae dexterae) to give the faithful speech. The two index fingers, however, are separated by a small gap [3/4 in], and some scholars think that it represents the unattainability of divine perfection by man.

Many hypotheses have been formulated regarding the identity and meaning of the twelve figures around God. According to an interpretation that was first proposed by the English art critic Walter Pater (1839–1894) and is now widely accepted, the person protected by God's left arm represents Eve, due to the figure's feminine appearance and gaze towards Adam, and the eleven other figures symbolically represent the souls of Adam and Eve's unborn progeny, the entire human race. This interpretation has been challenged, mainly on the grounds that the Catholic Church regards the teaching of the pre-existence of souls as heretical. Consequently, the figure behind God has also been suggested to be the Virgin Mary, Sophia (the personification of wisdom mentioned in the Book of Wisdom), the personified human soul, or "an angel of masculine build".

Analysis
Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of The Creation of Adam's highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.

Portrayal of the human brain
In 1990 in Anderson, Indiana, physician Frank Meshberger noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain. On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.

Portrayal of the birth process
Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a human uterus (one art historian has called it a "uterine mantle" ) and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord. In 2015 a group of Italian researchers published on Mayo Clinic Proceedings an article where the images of the mantle and the postpartum uterus were overlapped. According to Enrico Bruschini (2004), "This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man ("The Creation"). It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman."

Portrayal of Eve's Rib
Additionally, in 2019 Deivis Campos noted in the Clinical Anatomy Journal that the left side of Adam's torso contains an extra concealed rib. Due to Michelangelo's in-depth knowledge of human anatomy, he insinuates that this rib outline is intentional, and represents the rib of Eve.

Campos suggests that this extra rib inclusion was a way for Michelangelo to represent Adam and Eve being created side by side, which differs from the Catholic tradition that states Eve was created after Adam. There is significant evidence that Michelangelo radically disagreed with many Catholic traditions and had a tumultuous relationship with the commissioner of the ceiling, Pope Julius II. Thus, Campos suggests that the rib inclusion was an intentional way to slight Pope Julius II and the Catholic Church, without having to admit fault, as very few people knew anything about human anatomy at the time and could challenge the piece.

Critical sketches
Michelangelo was a prolific draftsman, as he was trained in a Florentine workshop at a dynamic time in the art scene, when paper had become readily available in sufficient quantity. As follows, sketching was the first step in Michelangelo's artistic process, as it helped him plan his final paintings and sculptural pieces. Thus, Michelangelo's sketches provide a critical link between his creative vision and final compositions. This is especially evident through his sheets "filled with multiple figures and close studies of human anatomy."

Preliminary studies
Michelangelo completed two sketches in Rome in preparation for the Creation of Adam scene. They are both in the British Museum in London, revealing Michelangelo's in depth planning process for the Sistine Chapel ceiling composition, and his serious attention to perspective and shadowing.

The first is a Scheme for the Decoration of the Vault of the Sistine Chapel: Studies of Arms and Hands. The right side of the page was sketched in 1508 with black chalk, and is a study of Adam's limp hand, before it is ignited with the gift of life from God, in the Creation of Adam scene. Michelangelo sketched this over a previous brown, lead point stylus study of the vaulted Sistine Chapel ceiling. The entire composition is 274 millimeters in height and 386 millimeters in width. The second sketch is titled Studies of a Reclining Male Nude: Adam in the Fresco "The Creation of Man." It was created in 1511 in dark red chalk, over a stylus under drawing. Red chalk was Michelangelo's preferred medium at this period of time, as it could be shaved to a finer point than black chalk. Michelangelo used this fine point to create a scintillating skin surface, that was unique for this particular sketch, and is not seen in his later works. The recto drawing is 193 millimeters in height and 259 millimeters in width.

Studies of a Reclining Male Nude
In a well known study in red chalk in the British Museum, Adam is resting on earth, propped up by his forearm, with his thighs spread out and his torso slightly twisted to the side. Michelangelo employed a male model to capture this pose and used his red chalk to develop thick contours, in order to establish a definitive form, so every chapel visitor could clearly recognize the muscular body from standing on the floor, 68 feet below the ceiling.

In Michelangelo's final fresco on the ceiling, Adam is physically beautiful, but spiritually still incomplete. The sketch prefaces this story, as it is also incomplete in the sense that the only complete component of the drawing is Adam's twisted torso. Adam's other limbs bleed off of the trimmed page in immature form. However, the work is not "unfinished", as it reached its purpose for Michelangelo, which was to work out the details of the torso in the medium of chalk, so he was confident in the composition when he began the actual, permanent fresco panel.

Context
Michelangelo heavily studied the human body and dissected numerous cadavers in his artistic career, and over time became captivated by the male torso. In his treatises on painting and sculpture, Leon Battista Alberti, defined the male figure as a "geometrical and harmonious sum of its parts". Michelangelo however, felt that the torso was the powerhouse of the male body, and therefore warranted significant attention and mass in his art pieces. Thus, the torso in the Study represents an idealization of the male form, "symbolic of the perfection of God's creation before the fall".

title: The Creation of Adam


text:
User talk:Giddytrace

Hi there. I notice that you've been around for a while, but it doesn't look like you've yet been properly welcomed to Wikipedia, so let me be the first! If you want, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 20:50, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Narnia
Hello, I noticed that you edited an article related to, or expressed interest in The Chronicles of Narnia. I thought you may be interested in knowing that there is a WikiProject working to improve articles about Narnia, your help would be greatly appreciated. Please consider joining the WikiProject Narnia. Thank you! Bornagain4 01:25, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Podcasting
I've noticed that you are a podcaster. Well, recently I've proposed a Wikiproject for podcasting. If you're interested go to the proposal page and list yourself under 'Interested Users'. Thanks, and hope to talk with you again soon.  Gan fon  19:35, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Podcasting Started
The project is now under way. If you'd like to join, feel free to add your name to the members list on the project page. Thanks, and I hope that you'll be joing us soon.  Gan fon  21:43, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for picking up my Henry VII/VIII typo on the Wounds of Christ page. It was simply a typo. Epeeist smudge 10:00, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Giddytrace


text:
Four Heatons

The Four Heatons are four neighbourhoods, Heaton Chapel, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Moor and Heaton Norris, which form a suburban area of Stockport in North West England. North of the River Mersey, they were historically split, with Heaton Mersey and Heaton Moor in Cheshire and Heaton Norris and Heaton Chapel in Lancashire.

It is a commuter zone, with greenbelt and a conservation area, and is coterminous with the SK4 postcode district.

The opening of railway stations, at Heaton Norris in 1840 and Heaton Chapel in 1853, resulted in the suburbanisation of the Four Heatons.

The area is home to various retailers, as well as bars, delis, independent music venues and a privately owned single-screen cinema.

title: Four Heatons


text:
Volva

Volva may refer to:
 * Völva, one of various Old Norse terms for a North Germanic seeress
 * Volva (gastropod), a genus of sea snails
 * Volva (mycology), a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom

title: Volva


text:
CorbaScript

CorbaScript is an object-oriented scripting language designed for use with CORBA.

title: CorbaScript