text:
Break

Break or Breaks or The Break may refer to:

Time off from duties

 * Recess (break), time in which a group of people is temporarily dismissed from its duties
 * Break (work), time off during a shift/recess
 * Coffee break, a short mid-morning rest period in business
 * Annual leave (holiday/vacation), paid time off work

Time off from school

 * Holiday break, a U.S. term for various school holidays
 * Christmas break or Winter break, a break in the winter, typically around Christmas and New Years
 * Spring break, a recess in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the northern hemisphere
 * Summer break, a typical long break in the summertime

People

 * Ted Breaks (1919–2000), English professional footballer
 * Danny Breaks (active 1990s–), British drum and bass DJ, record producer and record label owner
 * Jim Breaks (1940–2023), English professional wrestler

Sport

 * , the first shot meant to break the balls in cue sports, also a series of shots in snooker
 * Breaking ball, a pitch that does not travel straight like a fastball as it approaches the batter
 * Surf break, place where a wave collapses into surf
 * Horse breaking, the process of training a horse to be ridden
 * Break (tennis), to win a tennis game as the receiving player or team, thereby breaking serve

Computing

 * Break condition, in asynchronous serial communication
 * Break key, a special key on computer keyboards
 * break statement, a keyword in computer programming used for flow control
 * Line break (computing), a special character signifying the end of a line of text
 * To break (or "crack") an encryption cipher, in cryptanalysis

Other technologies

 * Brake (carriage), a type of horse-drawn carriage used in the 19th and early 20th centuries
 * Break (locksmithing), a separation between pins of a lock
 * Breakover angle, a maximum possible supplementary angle of terrain
 * Paradelta Break, an Italian paraglider design

Books

 * The Break (Giovanni novel), 1957, by José Giovanni
 * The Break (Vermette novel), 2016, by Katherena Vermette
 * The Breaks (novel), 1983, by Richard Price

Film, television and theatre
To break character (or "corpse"), to lose composure during comedic scenes

 * Break (2008 film), an American action film
 * Break (2014 film), also known as Nature Law
 * Break (2020 film), a British independent film
 * The Break (1995 film), an American tennis film
 * The Break (1963 film), a drama starring Tony Britton
 * The Break (2003 film), a TV film featuring Kris Kristofferson
 * The Break, alternative name for A Further Gesture, a 1997 film
 * The Break (TV series), a 2016 Belgian crime drama, also known as La Trêve
 * The Break with Michelle Wolf, a 2018 Netflix series
 * The Breaks (1999 film), an American comedy
 * The Breaks (2016 film), an American television hip-hop drama
 * The Breaks (TV series), a 2017 American drama and a continuation of the 2016 film
 * "Break" (Bottom), a British television episode
 * Break (Transformers), a fictional character
 * The Break, a short film shown at the 2016 Dublin International Film Festival
 * The Break (play), a 1962 play by Philip Albright

Music

 * Break (music), a percussion interlude or instrumental solo within a longer work of music
 * Breakbeat, a broad style of electronic or dance-oriented music

Albums

 * Break (Enchant album), 1998
 * Break (Mamoru Miyano album), 2009
 * Break (One-Eyed Doll album), 2010
 * Break (EP), 2006, by The Cinematics

Songs

 * "Break", 1972, by Aphrodite's Child
 * "The Breaks" (song), 1980, by Kurtis Blow
 * "Break" (1984), by Play Dead
 * "Break" (1996), by Staind from the album Tormented
 * "Break" (1998), by Fugazi from the album End Hits
 * "Break" (2002), by Jurassic 5 from the album Power in Numbers
 * "Break" (2006), by Republic of Loose from the album Aaagh!
 * "Break" (2006), by The Cinematics
 * "Break" (2008), by Alanis Morissette from the album Flavors of Entanglement
 * "Break" (Three Days Grace song) (2009)
 * "Break" (2013), by Hostyle Gospel from the album Desperation
 * "Break" (2015), by Katherine McPhee from the album Hysteria
 * "Break" (2015), by No Devotion from the album Permanence
 * "Break" (Kero Kero Bonito song), 2016

Other media

 * Break.com, a humor website

Other uses

 * Big break (jargon), a circumstance which allows an actor or musician to "break into" the industry and achieve fame
 * Bone fracture, a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone
 * Commercial break, in television and radio
 * Prison escape, the act of an inmate leaving prison through unofficial or illegal ways
 * Section break, in type setting
 * Break, an air combat maneuver; see Basic fighter maneuvers
 * Breaks, Virginia
 * Psychotic break

title: Break


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Aerodramus

Aerodramus is a genus of small, dark, cave-nesting birds in the Collocaliini tribe of the swift family. Its members are confined to tropical and subtropical regions in southern Asia, Oceania and northeastern Australia. Many of its members were formerly classified in Collocalia, but were first placed in a separate genus by American ornithologist Harry Church Oberholser in 1906.

This is a taxonomically difficult group of very similar species. Echolocation, DNA sequencing and parasitic lice have all been used to establish relationships, but some problems, such as the placement of the Papuan swiftlet are not fully resolved. These swiftlets can pose major identification problems where several species occur.

What distinguishes Aerodramus swiftlets from other swifts, and indeed almost all other birds, is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation. This enables them to navigate within the breeding and roosting caves.

The nests of Aerodramus swiftlets are constructed with saliva as a major component. In two species, saliva is the only material used, and the nests are collected for the famous Chinese delicacy 'bird's nest soup', the over-collection of which puts pressure on the swiftlet populations.

Distribution
The range of these swiftlets is confined to tropical southern Asia, Oceania, northeastern Australia and the Indian Ocean, with the greatest diversity in Southeast Asia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Several of the species are restricted to small islands, and their limited range can make them vulnerable, like the Seychelles, Whitehead's and Guam swiftlets. The Mangaia swiftlet is a recently extinct species known only from fossils.

Description
Aerodramus swiftlets are in many respects typical swifts, having narrow wings for fast flight, and a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight. They have dull plumage which is mainly in shades of black, brown, and grey. Members of this genus typically have dark brown upper wings and upper body, sometimes with a paler rump, light brown underparts, a paler throat, and brownish-white under-wings with dark brown "armpits". Males and female plumages are similar in appearance, as is that of the juvenile, for those species for which it has been described; in some species the juvenile shows pale fringes to the flight feathers.

The legs, as with many swifts, are very short, preventing the birds from perching, but allowing them to cling to vertical surfaces. The flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers and small breast muscles. Aerodramus swiftlets, depending on species, weigh 8–35 grammes (0.28–1.23 oz) and are 9–16 centimetres (0.28–1.23 in) long. These swiftlets are very similar, and where several species occur, such as Borneo, New Guinea and the Philippines, may not be separable in the field.

Behaviour
Aerodramus swiftlets are aerial insectivores, which take prey like flies on the wing. They roost and breed in caves; during the day they leave the caves to forage for food, and return to roost at night. They are monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings. Males perform aerial displays to attract females and mating occurs at the nest. The breeding season overlaps the wet season, which corresponds to an increased insect population.

Clutch size depends on the location and the food source, but generally Aerodramus swiftlets lay one or two eggs. The eggs are a dull white, and are laid every other day. Many, if not all, species are colonial nesters; some build their nests in high, dark corners on cave walls.

Most Aerodramus swiftlets live in the tropical Indo-Pacific region and do not migrate. These birds usually remain in one cave or other roosting/nesting site. Examples of cave sites include the Niah Caves and Gunung Mulu National Park, which are both located in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.

Characteristics of behaviour, such as what materials apart from saliva the nests contain, can be used to differentiate between certain species of Aerodramus.

Echolocation
The genus Aerodramus is of special interest due to its use of echolocation. The swiftlets use this technique to navigate in darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they breed and roost at night. Apart from swiftlets, the only other avian species to use echolocation is the unrelated oilbird.

The Aerodramus swiftlets' echolocating double clicks are within the normal human hearing range and up to 3 milliseconds apart, with the interval becoming shorter in darker locations. Unlike the rest of the genus (for those species which have been studied), the Atiu swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli, and the black-nest swiftlet, A. maximus, emit only single clicks. The former species also uses echolocation outside its caves.

The use of echolocation was once used to separate Aerodramus from the other non-echolocating cave swiftlet genera Collocalia and Hydrochous (virtually nothing is known about Schoutedenapus). However, recently, the pygmy swiftlet, Collocalia troglodytes, was discovered making similar clicking noises both inside and outside its roosting cave.

It has recently been determined that the echolocation vocalizations do not agree with evolutionary relationship between swiftlet species as suggested by DNA sequence comparison. This suggests that as in bats, echolocation sounds, once present, adapt rapidly and independently to the particular species' acoustic environment.

A study suggested that the echolocation subunits were mainly located in the central nervous system, while the subunits in the vocal apparatus were already present and capable of use before echolocation even evolved. This study supports the hypothesis of independent evolution of echolocation in Aerodramus and Collocalia, with the subsequent evolution of complex behaviour needed to complement the physical echolocation system, or just possibly that the vocal apparatus-parts of the echolocation system might even be inherited from some prehistoric nocturnal ancestor.

It has been suggested that the giant or waterfall swiftlet, Hydrochous gigas, which cannot echolocate, may be descended from an echolocating ancestor.

Saliva nests
The intricately constructed saliva nests of this swiftlet genus, which in some species contain no other material, are collected to make the delicacy bird's nest soup. They therefore command extremely high prices.

Authentic bird's nest soup is made from the nests of the edible-nest swiftlet (or white-nest swiftlet), Aerodramus fuciphagus, and the black-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus. Instead of incorporating twigs, feathers and straw like others in the genus, these two swiftlets make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva, which harden when exposed to air. Once the nests are harvested, they are cleaned and sold to restaurants. Over the past twenty years, the high demand for the nests of these Aerodramus species has had an adverse effect on their populations. The Niah caves population of black-nest swiftlets plunged from around 1.5 million pairs in 1959 to 150,000–298,000 pairs in the early 1990s through over-harvesting.

Early authors had doubts about the material used to make the nest, with whale and fish sperm and sea foam being proposed as the basis for construction. Even in the 1830s, when the use of saliva had been fairly well established, it was believed that it was only a cement to bind a sea plant which provided the bulk of the gelatinous material of the nest.

Lice
As with other taxonomically difficult groups, ectoparasites can give information on relationships. A study of swiftlet parasites in northern Borneo involved transferring lice between closely related swiftlet species. The survival of lice in most of these transfers was significantly reduced in proportion to the mean difference in feather barb size between the donor and recipient species of hosts. Thus, adaptation to a particular resource on the body of the host appears to govern the specificity of swiftlet lice. In transfers where lice survived, the lice moved to different areas on the body of the host where the mean barb diameter of the feathers on which the lice occurred had the required value.

Papuan swiftlet
The Papuan swiftlet, Aerodramus papuensis, has three toes instead of the usual four in this group. It has the ability to echolocate, but whereas other previously studied species use echolocation primarily while flying in their caves, the Papuan swiftlet appears to be nocturnal or crepuscular and uses echolocation while active outside at night. It uses single, not double, clicks. DNA sequence data provides strong support for a basal relationship between A. papuensis and other Aerodramus taxa and suggest that this species and the waterfall swift Hydrochous gigas, are sister taxa, a relationship that would indicate paraphyly of the genus Aerodramus.

Taxonomy
The genus Aerodramus was introduced (as a subgenus of Collocalia) in 1906 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser. He designated the type species as Collocalia innominata Hume. This taxon is now considered as a subspecies of the Himalayan swiftlet (Aerodramus brevirostris). The genus name combines the Ancient Greek aēr meaning "air" with -dromos meaning "-racer" (from trekhō "to run").

The genus now contains 28 species:
 * Seychelles swiftlet, Aerodramus elaphrus – split from Halmahera swiftlet
 * Mascarene swiftlet, Aerodramus francicus
 * Indian swiftlet, Aerodramus unicolor
 * Philippine swiftlet, Aerodramus mearnsi
 * Halmahera swiftlet, Aerodramus infuscatus
 * Sulawesi swiftlet, Aerodramus sororum
 * Seram swiftlet, Aerodramus ceramensis
 * Mountain swiftlet, Aerodramus hirundinaceus
 * White-rumped swiftlet, Aerodramus spodiopygius
 * Australian swiftlet, Aerodramus terraereginae
 * Himalayan swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris – includes Indochinese swiftlet (A. b. rogersi)
 * Volcano swiftlet, Aerodramus vulcanorum
 * Whitehead's swiftlet, Aerodramus whiteheadi
 * Bare-legged swiftlet, Aerodramus nuditarsus
 * Mayr's swiftlet, Aerodramus orientalis
 * Mossy-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus salangana
 * Uniform swiftlet, Aerodramus vanikorensis
 * Ameline swiftlet, Aerodramus amelis – split from uniform swiftlet, includes Palawan swiftlet (A. a. palawanensis)
 * Palau swiftlet, Aerodramus pelewensis
 * Mariana swiftlet, Aerodramus bartschi
 * Island swiftlet, Aerodramus inquietus
 * Tahiti swiftlet, Aerodramus leucophaeus
 * Atiu swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli
 * Marquesan swiftlet, Aerodramus ocistus
 * Black-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus
 * Edible-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus – includes brown-rumped swiftlet (A. f. vestitus)
 * Germain's swiftlet, Aerodramus germani
 * Three-toed swiftlet, Aerodramus papuensis

There is also an extinct species known from fossils:
 * Mangaia swiftlet, Aerodramus manuoi (prehistoric extinction)

Fossil species
A right ulna (MNZ S42799) found at the Bannockburn Formation of the Manuherikia Group near the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand. Dating from the Early to Middle Miocene (Altonian, 19-16 million years ago), probably belongs to Aerodramus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aerodramus


text:
Talk:Post-Autistic Economics

Untitled
This article is reproduced under the attached license (non-commercial, attribution).

 * Um... what attached license? func(talk) 22:54, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Merge and NPOV
This is hopelessly POV and should clearly be merged with Post Autistic Economics. Or is this even notable enough for inclusion in the first place? jni 10:59, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Present article appears to be result of merge and some NPOV cleanup. DCDuring 16:14, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Actually, this result (called "present article" by DCDuring above) is on Post-autistic economics. Because of an incomplete page move, some discussion got separated from the history that it discussed; but currently, all the comments on the two talk pages are connected to the page whose history contains the content that they discuss (with the sole exception of DCDuring's comment itself). —Toby Bartels (talk) 14:07, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Post-Autistic Economics


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Talk:Lumen

Cell biology
Cell biology. What about lumen as the inner part of some (or all?) cell membranes? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.181.18.224 (talk • contribs) 06:36, April 28, 2005
 * You want Lumen (anatomy).--Srleffler 03:09, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Spanish comments
lumen: Unidad de medida del flujo luminoso.

Flujo luminoso: cantidad de energía luminosa emitida por un foco luminoso en la unidad de tiempo ponderada según la curva de sensibilidad del ojo humano.

Debería usarse como medida del flujo el watio, sin embargo en la práctica se usa el lúmen, siendo 1 watio-luz=683 lúmenes.

La explicación completa es más compleja, teniendo que remitirse a la ponderación según la curva de sensibilidad del ojo, de esta manera, se define por convenio que un haz monocromático de un watio de potencia, de longitud de onda 555nm proporciona un flujo luminoso de 683 lúmenes. De esta manera, sirva de ejemplo, una haz monocromático de longitud de onda 680 nm ( aprox. rojo ) de un watio de potencia, proporciona del orden de diez veces menos flujo luminoso (lumenes) que el haz monocromático de un watio de 555 nm.

Se debe destacar que el lumen es una unidad derivada de la candela, aunque cabe la posibilidad de que se redefina para pasar a ser unidad principal del SI. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.0.49.221 (talk • contribs) 17:36, February 26, 2004
 * You might get more response to your comments on the version of Wikipedia in your language. This is the English Wikipedia.--Srleffler 15:46, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Thylakoid lumen
I reverted a link change today from Thylakoid lumen to Thylakoid. The former redirects to the latter. Thylakoid lumen is the correct link, because the Thylakoid article covers three distinct but related things: the thylakoid, and its component parts the thylakoid membrane and the thylakoid lumen. "Thylakoid lumen" is ambiguous with "lumen"; "thylakoid" is not. If the mere fact that this was a redirect was a factor in the decision to change the link, see WP:NOTBROKEN.--Srleffler (talk) 07:31, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lumen


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Talk:Black tie

/Archive 1

Black Tie versus Dinner Jacket/Tuxedo (separate articles)
The definition of black tie is inheritently contradictory. It is defined as a synonym for "dinner jacket" or "tuxedo" and, at the same time, as a dress code. Only the latter is correct. Unlike "dinner jacket" or "tuxedo", "black tie" is not an article of clothing. While black tie certainly requires a dinner jacket/tuxedo, putting on such a jacket does not necessarily mean being dressed for black tie. If this were the case then all formal proms and weddings would be considered black tie events. The difference lies in the details of the outfit, such as colour and style. It is more correct to consider "black tie" not as a noun but as an adjective similar to "formal" or "semiformal". Peter Marshall 19:00, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. This needs to be a short article on what to wear to a black tie affair versus a white tie or semiformal affair. Tuxedo should have its own article; not disambiguate to here. That's like having business suit disambiguate to work. --Tysto 00:32, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Tysto, Black tie and Tuxedo are quite different, I would recommend creating two separate articles to distinguish the two. Schnarr 01:47, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The two articles (tuxedo and black tie) seem to be rather mixed up. If we are going to have two articles, I think we should enforce the distinction properly, or else just merge them.  Does anyone object if I shift some paragraphs around to sort this out? I was thinking of taking the history from the tuxedo article and putting it here, and having the tuxedo article just describe the jacket. --Kan8eDie (talk) 20:53, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Right. I have taken action and merged these articles because:
 * A tuxedo is another name for a dinner jacket, and dinner jacket redirects here, so this is inconsistent.
 * The objections above are two years old. Since then, the page has changed such that there is not a single fact on the tuxedo page not duplicated here.
 * The analogies above are flawed: work is not a dress code, and white tie does as a matter of fact have a lengthy discussion of what to wear
 * Yes, black tie (a dress code) and tuxedo/dinner jacket (a garment) are different, but they are by necessity discussed together; we use and distinguish the terms on this page successfully already.
 * Kan8eDie (talk) 02:45, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Regarding the recent revert by Deltageignet on (17:27, 2008-09-21), all the material removed was on the tuxedo page except the last sentence, added to make it less geo. specific. I am looking up a good reference, but a quick google gives three UK retails using the term in this way: Brook Taverner, Highland Store, ClermontDirect.  These are not reliable sources, but I will find one. Edit: I added the Black Tie Guide, which is pretty neutral and reliable, with an extensive bibliography; i.e. not as good as, say, Flusser, but I will document the whole article later properly when I get round to it.

 * I have no problem with the sourced note on British terminology. My problem is with this:

 * "In North America, the tuxedo is commonly taken to mean a modern variation on the black tie described above, usually where the jacket has a notch lapel and three or more buttons. These have become more common as they are easier for manufacturers to produce, since they use the same pattern as a business suit and are more accepted in mainstream America. Because in such settings many choose to remove their jackets, full-back waistcoats have become more commonplace as well; often high, single breasted, and with the full five or six buttons of a daytime waistcoat. Many recent popular 'tuxedo' styles are merely three piece suits with notched collars, flap pockets, high cut vests, and long ties. Only the fabric of the suit, not the cut or style, differentiates the modern tuxedo from a business suit."

 * We have several problems here. First, "three or more buttons" is simply untrue—the two-button and one-button notch still prevail, three-buttons being sometimes seen and four-buttons quite rare. Second, while full of basically factual information, the paragraph has a subtle but distinct slant against modern variations. (I'm a firm supporter of formal-wear tradition, but this is a neutral encyclopedia.) Finally, the idea that "tuxedo" means something else in the U.S. and Canada is unverified original research. Again, I would argue that some modern variations—especially those with long ties—are not tuxedos, but arguing that point is not the place of this encyclopedia. Besides, information on modern variations is incorporated throughout the article.Deltabeignet (talk) 04:18, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks; I immediately leapt to the conclusion you didn't like the sentence I had written. Since the section was now so short, I have removed it and redistributed the facts around the article; I think it is now less biased than whoever originally wrote it.—Kan8eDie (talk) 18:06, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this issue needs to be re-opened. A tuxedo is a specific thing, a noun.  Black tie is an adjective describing a category of formal wear.  The tuxedo page should be a short definition of a tuxedo, styles, and its history.  It can specify that it is appropriate for black tie events, and link here.  Similarly, this page should simply specify that tuxedos are one of the forms of dress that satisfies the dresscode of "black tie" and link to tuxedo. 69.118.126.213 (talk) 14:44, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have gone ahead and created a separate article for tuxedo for all the reasons listed above.Peter Marshall (talk) 01:11, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Leaning towards that the 2011 split was a mistake, for arguments given. Introducing renewed merge proposal further down this talk page. Chicbyaccident (talk) 18:55, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

What shall Women Wear?
I am a bit puzzled that it's not mentioned what women shall wear at a Black Tie event.
 * It's covered briefly in the introduction. See this site for an exhaustive explanation. Deltabeignet (talk) 05:26, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Black Tie for waitstaff
Many continental Europeans and Latin Americans have commented to me (an American) that they would never wear "black tie." To them, this is considered to be the uniform of the waitstaff for a formal event. They typically wear a dark suit for evening wear. In the case of the most formal event, they wear a morning suit in the day, and white tie at night.
 * Interesting comment to me. I grew up on Father Brown mysteries and The Queer Feet, found in The Innocence of Father Brown covers just that subject with a thief alternately being a waiter and a gentleman as he steals the silverware. -Fuzzy 14:58, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It's correct that black ties are generlly only worn by waitstaff, everyone else wears white ties. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, such as, some academic events, and some funerals. (I know these exceptions are valid in Sweden, not sure about the rest of Europe, but rules are probably similar)./probell (Talk)
 * In recent decades restaurateurs and caterers have moved away from traditional uniforms (usually with short “mess” jackets) and begun to dress staff in black tie in order to impress customers. At the same time, the increasing informality of society has led to a greater number of events being "business attire" (meaning dark suits) rather than black tie (which is perceived by some to be stuffy and/or elitist).  The clash of these two (depressing, in my view) trends is what creates the burlesque occasions of semi-formal dressed waiters filling the drinks of lounge suited guests.  It is good to hear that white-tie events are still common in Sweden.  They are perishingly rare in the United States.  TheCormac (talk) 04:00, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I would also note that in the Anglo-American tradition (circa 1800 through 1960), domestic servant uniforms were typically a stylized version of out-of-date formal dress. Hence, seventeenth century livery worn by the servants of the British aristocracy during the Regency and Victorian era and the persistence of frock coats among butlers in the Edwardian period and between the wars.  The phenomenon of servants in black-tie and guests in leisure suits could be seen as an extension of this pattern and a (distressing to me) indicator of the decline of black-tie in currency.  Indeed, many affairs I have attended feature event or venue staff who have moved beyond black-tie to wear simple long ties with  white soft-collar dress shirts and (or sometimes without) sports jackets; while the attendees eschew ties, sometimes jackets, and sometimes even dress shirts (wearing polo shirts instead).  Less well healed events even seem to feature staff in matching polo shirts and guests in T-Shirts with unbuttoned sports shirts worn as jackets.  I fear this may be an indicator of the direction Men's clothing is headed in the current century. TheCormac (talk) 14:20, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Here in Britain, black tie is clearly far more common than white tie. Plenty of dinners and evening events will require black tie, but not many once you start to leave the last bastions of culture in the ancient cities. Black tie in my experience is common among guests, but rare among staff, who will often play the old trick of mixing in day cloths (cashmere stripes and so on).— Kan8eDie (talk) 16:12, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Many years ago I heard that the Tuxedo originated as a waiters uniform in the city of Tuxedo 198.144.208.148 (talk) 17:15, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

Top hat with dinner jacket
According to Chapter XXXIV ("The Clothes of a Gentleman") of Emily Post's Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home (1922, New York, Funk and Wagnalls) (full text available at http://www.bartleby.com/95/ ), regarding tuxedo clothes, "The smartest hat for town wear is an opera, but a straw or felt which is proper in the country, is not out of place in town. Otherwise, in the street the accessories are the same as those already given under the previous heading." I believe "opera" is another term for a collapsible silk top hat. Michael Gerard Tom 04:52, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * From the Black Tie Guide: "Until the dinner jacket found a hat of its own in the 1930s (pictured), it was usually accompanied by the more formal  top hat or collapsible opera hat." The picture in question shows a black homburg. In the earlier days of black tie, there was more borrowing from white tie, with some men wearing white piqué vests and bow ties. That the full-dress hat would also be appropriated is not surprising. Deltabeignet (talk) 03:09, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

External Links/Sources
I'm not a Wikipedia editor and am just passing through, but I saw that this article needs sources and wanted to recommend a web site. It may make a suitable external link; may be a good source for some of the material in this article; or may be a good place to find other useful sources for the material: there is a comprehensive bibliography on the site. It ought to come in particularly useful in relation to the "Black Tie versus Dinner Jacket/Tuxedo" discussion above, and to the "history of the tuxedo" section of the article. The URL is http://www.blacktieguide.com. Best regards from MelissaKD.199.8.210.54 21:41, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that this is a decent site for references. It discusses both traditional black tie and new "American" (I am loathe to call these American, as the American upper-classes tend to stick to the first traditional code and not the "American" style) incarnations and it notes that these two dress codes are, despite what a casual observer might think, completely different.
 * However, I am a bit conflicted as to the legitimacy of having references at all. As with any dress code, there will always be an element of subjectivity, and this makes it hard to make any legitimate claim of any source being correct.--Zoso Jade 19:34, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That said, the Guide tends to cite the conclusions of multiple established etiquette sources—at times, a model of NPOV. While I see your point, no one could argue with simply quoting Emily Post and letting the reader decide. Deltabeignet (talk) 03:11, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Coat & number of buttons
There appears to have recenly been some discussion on the number of buttons on a traditional dinner jacket. As the most recent version of the article - as written by another contributor -states the most traditional form is to have just one button on the jacket. This is certainly the truth, despite some recent contributor's efforts to remove this from the site. Two buttons are very rampant and are generally considered correct, though anything with more than two buttons is essentially not a dinner suit.--Zoso Jade 13:38, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:HughLaurie-BertieWooster.jpg
The image Image:HughLaurie-BertieWooster.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Waiters
At Harvard in the 1960s, young men in dinner jackets seen during the late afternoon hastening towards an event would be hailed by ironic cries of "Check please!" -- I assume (after some thought) that this is because people thought they looked like waiters. The article doesn't mention waiters anywhere else, though, so it's not terribly clear: can someone clarify this within the article? Marnanel 22:43, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That is the impression I got. Many comedies seem to explore the subject. To me it has always seemed rather inappropriate to dress "servants" in a fashion that can be confused with guests'. --blades 18:39, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * G. K. Chesterton exploits this in his short story "The Queer Feet". The confusion should be eliminated by the supposition that anyone who is a guest will look unmistakably like a gentleman, whereas anyone who is a servant will not. Opera hat 13.36, 13 Sept. 2004 (BST)

 * This was not a problem in the era when all men dressed perfectly correctly, since servants would always make sure to get some detail wrong, like colour of waistcoat or tie, for instance servants when wearing white tie would have a black tie to specifically avoid being confused as a guest.--Kan8eDie (talk) 20:53, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure when it was that all men dress perfectly correctly, but I think the key is that guests at dinner parties before the mid-twentieth century were waited on by full-time staff. In large homes the staff often had distinctive livery and even in more modest homes they were uniformed.  At restaurants, theaters, and other public spaces, most staff were also uniformed up until the 1960s.  So distinguishing guest from staff was probably not really a problem.TheCormac (talk) 04:13, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * 'Perfectly correctly' was in terms of actual garments, not necessarily style. Even in the doziest country house it would be unthinkable for the guest coming down from dinner to have somehow contrived to put on the wrong coloured tie, or by mistake slipped into the wrong jacket. It takes an act of will to dress incorrectly, and if a servant wore the most immaculate white tie with a black bow tie, he could be utterly confident of being distinguishable: no-one could possibly be stupid enough to do the same by accident, or eccentric enough to do so by choice. The butler would, except in the most aristocratic households, wear 'proper' clothes, not livery, but combining them so as to never mingle.— Kan8eDie (talk) 16:20, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Surely the implication is that they are wearing it at the wrong time of day. Only a waiter would wear evening wear in the "late afternoon". 8.8.38.2 (talk) 20:15, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Stroller
Is stroller specifically American dress? If so I think this should be noted.8.8.38.2 (talk) 20:17, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No. London and Cambridge are the only places where I have ever seen it recently (not that I have been to the States for a while). The name 'stroller' is American though. I believe I added this to the stroller article. The article does in fact need quite a bit of work (organising and adding facts and references, as well as some illustrations).  I will do this whenever I have a bit of time. —Kan8eDie (talk) 21:10, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Beer out of a bottle?
I know black tie is only "semi" formal, but are those guys in the photo really drinking beer straight out of the bottle?! Rees11 (talk) 18:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
 * So it would seem. I am notorious for never having pictures of myself to hand, but if you have something better and want to replace it, feel free. Black tie is after all originally just an informal loose jacket for slobbing around in when the ladies were away. Beer from the bottle fits in well with the after-dinner brandy and cigars mentality, if not in execution of the ideal. —Kan8eDie (talk) 20:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

A Change?
I think we may have just seen a permanent change in Men's dress codes tonight. At the Inaugural Balls, President Obama upstaged his wife by daringly wearing a white-tie with his dinner jacket. Inaugural Balls are typically white-tie and Obama's decision to wear a tuxedo (a bad one, sadly) instead was reported as a signal of frugality in the economic crisis. But then he wore a white-tie with it! This may be a situation like the creation of the dinner jacket by the Edward VII (while Prince of Wales) or the adoption of the soft collar and authorization of midnight blue by his son the Duke of Windsor (when he, in turn, was Prince of Wales). In each case - as in most changes to the male dress code through the years - they used their status at the very apex of the social pyramid as license to change the rules. I wonder if we have not just seem the same thing from the new phenomenon/President - the final banishing of the tailcoat and the adoption of the dinner jacket for white-tie. TheCormac (talk) 03:34, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It will never catch on outside academia (where we use it as subfusc). I might even suggest that the fact that an American President wore it makes it highly unlikely to be copied by anyone else outside America (for fear of being associated with the US). I myself wear American styles, but most people would hate making that link. White tie will continue to be worn for at least the rest of our lives, as unchanged as it has been since the 1920s.— Kan8eDie (talk) 20:33, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I hardly think the US President can cause such a fashion revolution, unless it were a woman. Anyway, I also thought the white tie with an otherwise black tie outfit was bizarre, but at least his clothes were well tailored. His and McCain's actual white tie outfits at that roast a few months ago were rather embarrassing... both looked very poorly fitting, which defeats the point of uniform male formalwear.Njsustain (talk) 17:58, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Blue tie image concerns
I'm concerned about the use of the image because it's currently the primary illustration but includes a blue tie and (until just recently) had an erroneous lapel description in the caption. I intend to move the image to a less prominent position, but didn't want to completely remove it precipitously. Should it go, or be thoughtfully located and noted as a variant? ENeville (talk) 20:50, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry for that: it is not perfectly accurate, but I try to keep the article from deteriorating. That bad description was only added a day and half ago, and it 'slipped through the net'. (Actually, just under two days for a mistake to be fixed is very good by wiki standards.) The state of pictures on all the clothing articles is dire, and we make do with what we can get. Almost certainly, the main contributors to the article do not approve of blue bow ties. On the other hand, I suspect people do wear coloured ties widely in America, so it could perhaps be said to describe well. The replacement was nonetheless better; thanks.— Kan8eDie (talk) 22:55, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

I think the blue should go and we should in general stop using pictures which seem to be from high school proms, as while they may more accurately reflect how black tie is interpreted amongst American schoolchildren, they still deviate from black tie proper. JacobJHWard (talk) 23:08, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed. The Wikipedia article on Black Tie should probably display pictures of outfits which adhere to the generally accepted rules of the dress code. The problem comes about because most pictures of people wearing an appropriate get-up are copyrighted.  Failing this one of the contributors could put a self-portrait but I for one do not really want a picture of me used for the Black Tie article.--Zoso Jade (talk) 18:24, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree the image is inappropriate, and mislabeled (only the third person is wearing a fold down collar). It looks silly and is a poor depiction of black-tie attire. It should be removed even if a better picture is not currently available.Njsustain (talk) 18:38, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

I've removed it. I too would be rather apprehensive about a self-portrait. If I come across anything appropriate I'll add it. JacobJHWard (talk) 19:06, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

I would like to address the issues brought up with this picture one at a time: 1)The article was merged with tuxedo and as such is representative of tuxedos as well. According to Merriam & Webster amongst other sources, blue-tie, or the set in any other color is still a tuxedo.  As long as a tuxedo page does not exist, and further, as long as the tuxedo page redirects to black tie, a picture in which one member is wearing blue-tie is not only acceptable but representative. 2)The picture discussed was not improperly captioned. The caption reads that the two men in the middle are wearing shawl collars, which they are; this is a type of lapel not a type of shirt-collar. 3)The picture is from a formal event at a university and is, as such, representative of a large segment of black-tie events. The fact that the wearers are students does not make their attire any less black-tie. 4) I'm not sure what is "silly" about the picture. CDutcher (talk) 2:06, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * (Belated note: the caption error was describing the notched collars as peaked. ENeville (talk) 19:06, 29 January 2009 (UTC))

 * Even if it was representative (which I think it is not), it is not suited for this article because: a. the image quality is poor: it is out of focus and it uses a hard flash, furthermore, a computer monitor is visible in the foreground when it should not have been; b. a blue tie is generally not considerd black tie or tuxedo (the article must represent a worldwide view on the subject and I've never, ever, seen anyone in Europe wear a colored tie to a black tie event); and c. the people on the photo are not suited to illustrate the subject: though they are technically wearing black ties, due to the way they are positioned this image does not give a good impression of black tie attire (and I also suspect these are rental suits). Cocytus Antenora (talk) 11:00, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Tuxedo is the American term for the jacket worn in Black Tie, not a separate entity. You will find on the internet many hundreds of incorrect definitions of what comprises Black Tie. This article is not one of them. Yes university students probably do account for a lot of Black Tie events - I for one go to several a term, but then that's Oxford for you - and there would be nothing wrong with a picture from one of those events as long as the subjects were wearing the correct form of Black Tie and were in an appropriate setting. JacobJHWard (talk) 12:46, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

a.The image is slightly out of focus but not nearly as much as the image of the gentleman in a kilt. The image uses a hard flash, which might have helped out Reagan's photographer to keep Reagan and Mulroney from blending into the background. b. The gentleman wearing blue-tie is Serbian, but I'm sure you've been to every black tie event in Europe and would discount his experience. c. I'm not sure what kind of impression you want the wearers to make, but they are smiling and seem to be in good spirits. Perhaps black-tie is supposed to instill in the wearer a sense of melancholy and dourness at celebrations. The attire worn was not rented, but that is a moot point. Further, I believe the image was the only image on the page in which the common elements of black tie attire are all visible.

Perhaps "Tuxedo" should not have been merged with "Black tie", but all of the subjects in the picture are wearing tuxedos according to the most reputable Oxford English Dictionary (which interestingly features an example of a white tuxedo). An appropriate setting, to me, is any setting in which the attire specified is worn. I, for one, try to determine what something is and to present it as such, being cognizant of the biases I might hold with regard to the subject and its context, but then that's Harvard for you.

I'm done ranting, but I believe those in favor of the removing the image are taking a myopic view of the subject that presents one idea of black tie and/or tuxedo well, while ignoring the much wider application of this attire to mainstream society. CDutcher (talk) 2:06, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

You must have a larger edition of the OED than mine, which simply states it is a dinner jacket. My 'appropriate setting' comment was not aimed at this particular image. Rather a lot of university events specify black tie for what is in fact a glorified club night, and my comment was merely protecting against things like that. I don't think a picture of a crowd of people in a disgusting nightclub vomiting everywhere but happening to wear black tie would be appropriate. Do you? I think, as it would seem a lot of the contributors to this page do, that this article should refer to black tie proper. If you're set on including modern interpretations of black tie then perhaps a section on contemporary manifestations of it would be a good compromise? I endeavour to make contributions based on unbiased knowledge. From what I have read on the subject (quite a lot), I was presenting an accurate picture without personal bias. And the inclusion of my university was purely because we have a lot more black tie events than many others, not to start a dick contest. JacobJHWard (talk) 19:27, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

No worries, I'm sure we could settle this in a duel or a three-quarter mile race down the Charles/Thames. CDutcher

Maroon
Maroon is the traditional colour for accessories. We wear it still now on the handkerchief, and in the past it was all over (stripes on socks etc., and even cummerbund). This was not the same as 'Red Sea rig', which was rare, strange, and a much brighter red. See illustration. I have a similar image somewhere in the archives for mess dress and red sea rig showing the brighter colour.— Kan8eDie (talk) 13:16, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Potter vs Lorillard
The History section now seems to contradict itself as to whether Potter or Lorillard was the first to wear a tuxedo in the US. My copy of Flusser is at the cleaner's so I can't check. Rees11 (talk) 21:33, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Smoking
It would probably be futile to list all the countries in which the term "smoking" is used. But it's a fairly common term on the Continent, and should be mentioned. Unfortunately I have no source, as usual. Rees11 (talk) 05:59, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Is a Black BOW Tie always worn?
Is a Black bow ties always worn to a "Black Tie Event"? Have a Tuxedo look great kin same! But also haved a White silk tie!Thanks!HOYMOI (talk) 21:21, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No. But they should be. White silk bow ties are not worn with a dinner jacket. Neither are they worn with a tail coat. Opera hat (talk) 21:42, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Canada and Ireland
I see that Canada and Ireland have been moved from the "Tuxedo" column to the "dinner jacket" column. Do we have a source for that? Rees11 (talk) 12:06, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Dinner Jacket Neckwear
Cited material regarding what neck wear is appropriate is repeatedly being removed. The material regarding neck ties was added, not because of its correctness or acceptability, but because the practise exists. It, consequently, warrants discussion regardless of whether anyone approves of the practise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irvnik (talk • contribs) 01:20, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Merge proposal with tuxedo
Per redundancy. "Black tie" is strictly speaking the dress code. This article was split from tuxedo in 2011 per WP:BOLD by. The arguments opposing this split above on this talk page, however, merits a reconsideration. Mainly, black tie is the etiquette designating dinner suit as seen in Tuxedo. As such there is no essential difference in scope. This policy would be in consistency with how morning dress deals with both clothes and dress code, as is the case with white tie (although the latter article curiously opted its article name after the very WP:COMMONNAME dress code, which however merits reconsideration per se). Any thing "black tie" that for whatever uknown reasons must not be dealt with in the tuxedo article may as well be mentioned on semi-formal wear, Western dress codes or bow tie. It hardly seems motivated to confusingly retain such a redundant duplication of content as in the preexisting state. Either that, or tuxedo ought better merge into black tie, as dress coat is trancluded in white tie, and morning coat in morning dress. Chicbyaccident (talk) 19:10, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

 * You have made a reasonable case for merging the two articles. As for which one should be subsumed into the other, the main issue I foresee is the disagreement as to whether the garment should be referred to as a 'dinner jacket', 'dinner suit', or 'tuxedo'. To avoid any such disagreement, I propose that they should be consolidated under the dress code article in a similar fashion to the one on 'Morning dress'. --Irvnik (talk) 05:59, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

 * If none else opposes it, we might have a case to carry it out, then? Chicbyaccident (talk) 00:57, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that it would be best to merge the article on the garment into this article on the dress code. Opera hat (talk) 01:42, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I have altered top the top page templates to reflect the current consensus of merging tuxedo into black tie. Chicbyaccident (talk) 17:06, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I could support merging the garment (tuxedo) into the dress code article (black tie) but not the other way around. Greenshed (talk) 21:20, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Merge completed. Interwikilinks congregated accordingly. No information was lost, but the final merged article may use some improvement. PPEMES (talk) 01:58, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Black tie
Hello. Page 201 of Ford's and DeMontravel's book (which is the source given for it, not Emily Post...) says "too formal for weddings", not "too informal", and it's also obvious that black tie/tuxedo, a dress that is considered to be too formal to use before 6 PM, can't possibly be seen as too informal (i.e. the direct opposite to formal) to use for daytime weddings... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 23:17, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
 * The above moved from User talk:Chicbyaccident for convenience. Chicbyaccident (talk) 23:25, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Your edit away from a longstanding stable version seems to contradict the assertion of Emily Post. What makes the sources you invoke more authoritative on the subject, please? Chicbyaccident (talk) 23:28, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
 * The source given for it is Ford and DeMontravel, who say "formal", not Emily Post. And "seems to contradict" isn't good enough, you need to prove beyond doubt that Emily Post has said that tuxedo/black tie is too "informal" for a (daytime, i.e. before 6PM) wedding. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 23:57, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Isn't she readily quoted implying that message in the following sentence? I fail to see how you could interpretate her quote quite the other way around. Chicbyaccident (talk) 00:52, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * No, she most definitely does not imply that. What she says is "do not wear black tie/tuxedo for weddings, regardless of time of day", which if anything implies that it's too formal for daytime wear and too informal for evening wear... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 09:31, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * A solution to this contention may be to rewrite it to acknowledge both points of view. For example: '… etiquette and clothing experts disagree on the appropriateness of wearing black tie for weddings. Whilst most discourage or condemn the wearing of black tie before 6:00[reference] or 7:00[reference] in the evening, others consider it either too formal[reference] or too informal[reference] for weddings’. Irvnik (talk) 01:55, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Did you miss the traditional distinction between day wear and evening wear? PPEMES (talk) 17:58, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Cummerbund
The article appears to contain an internal contradiction. In the section Cummerbund", it says "The material of the cummerbund should be silk satin, grosgrain (or faille), or barathea to match that of the bow tie." This already suggests that one might have a choice of tie colour.  Later it says (about the cummerbund), "... the Black Tie Guide endorses deep and rich colours ..." but a bit further down in the same section, it says "...the bow tie must remain black in any case."  At least in Switzerland, fairly high-priced clothing stores (e.g. PKZ) sell sets of matching ties and cummerbunds in colours other than (but also including) black. Some examples from online merchants can be found on Amazon and Absolute Ties  BTW, I prefer to wear non-black bow ties to avoid being confused with waiting staff (see Talk:Black tie). Rsbrux (talk) 15:21, 23 April 2019 (UTC)rsbrux

Mention of Lounge suit
The lounge suit is mentioned in passing as a type of business suit. Actually a lounge suit is less formal than a business suit. Lounge suits are designed to be worn as leisure wear, for example lounging around. 198.144.208.148 (talk) 17:23, 12 September 2019 (UTC)
 * No, a lounge suit is the standard terminology in tailoring for distinguishing from dinner suit, morning suit, frock suit, Norfolk suit, dress suit, etc. These other kinds of suit are now so uncommon that to most people, a lounge suit is just called a suit, and it's not commonly known that it's technically a lounge suit. Maybe you are thinking of a leisure suit? That's different from a lounge suit. Indefatigable (talk) 20:20, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Undue weight template on Weddings section
At present we have an Undue weight section template on the weddings section. I cannot find any discussion about what the perceived issue might be either here or in the talk page archive. I propose to remove the template unless someone can illuminate us as to what the concerns might be. Greenshed (talk) 13:08, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

The First Paragraph
"In British English, the dress code is often referred to synecdochically by its principal element for men . . ."

This is a terrible sentence, that doesn't belong here. Hugely pretentious ('synecdochically'? Really?), clearly irrelevant to the topic, and un-encyclopaedic. This English part of Wikipedia is a learning tool, for the average person who has a basic understanding of the language, not some kind of gymnasium for people to do one-handed grammar and diction push-ups. Get rid of it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.88.17.195 (talk) 23:56, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black tie


text:
Talk:Data mining

Merge Analytics into Data mining
The jargon "analytics", which could mean any sort of analysis whatsoever, appears to be trying to monopolise a generic English word for a very specific topic, hiding the real meaning. I think that any useful content there could be merged either into this article, data mining, or maybe rather Examples of data mining, since the content seems to be more about specific examples of data mining, under the name "analytics", rather than about the methods of data mining themselves. Another possible target for a merger would be Data analysis. In any case, Analytics is clearly quite poor quality currently, full of businessy jargon trying to pretend that as long as enough people follow the fashion, you can pretend that there's some new meaning there. Please state support or oppose in bold; if support, then please state which target article (data mining, examples of data mining, or data analysis) you recommend for the merger of analytics (we should in principle add merge from templates to those target articles too...) Boud (talk) 15:03, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Support merging the Analytics section with Examples of data mining into a more encyclopedic Applications of data mining. I think the subsections there would complement the disjointed lists of examples making up Examples of data mining currently.
 * Then I would redirect Analytics to Data analysis. I think that the Analytics buzzword is intended to have a broader scope than Data mining (at least according to my reading of the convoluted Analytics section), which makes Data analysis a better redirect target. Felix QW (talk) 09:56, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose It sounds like you are POV-pushing against the use of business jargon. It's better to remain neutral and just summarize the sources. Analytics is a broad term according to Gartner, but it is always almost used in a business context. My guess (I haven't performed a proper WP:BEFORE search) is that there is probably enough sourcing out there for a standalone article on the topic. But if editors come to consensus for a merge, then analytics is one aspect of Business intelligence and is better merged there. -- 23:08, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I am certainly pushing in favour of Wikipedia being an encylopaedia, with entries of knowledge about the real world. Words that are common but meaningless make more sense in the Wiktionary. Boud (talk) 20:33, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems you have contempt for the business world and its jargon, and that is compromising your objectivity with respect to this topic. The encyclopedia is better served by editors summarizing reliable sources, not injecting their personal opinions into article content. Show some reliable sources that say analytics is meaningless and those that coined the term are nefariously trying to monopolize an English word, and we could add that criticism to the article. But it's also clear that there is a population of business folk, such as business analysts and consultants, who use this term and find it useful for charactering various forms of business intelligence. Summarizing their approach using RS is the best approach to developing this article. -- 23:08, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hostility towards business sources does make sense to me (at least hostility towards ONLY using business sources, which is currently the case in the data analytics article). Data analysis is a broad scientific field and should not be defined solely by people who have a clear incentive to generate novel definitions at cost of sensibility. 98.43.49.101 (talk) 20:02, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose as the term "analytics" has evolved into a catch-all term for analysis of information. It seems that any person who applies information analysis to their domain can be considered to be doing "analytics." Although analytics has increasingly moved towards a role of describing statistical information in the business sphere,  it would not make sense as an "example of data mining" as all processes of data mining would include techniques in analytics. Meanwhile, IT and business users share interest in analytics departments, which might best make sense as an aspect of Business Intelligence, as @Mark viking mentioned.  ZacharyWalkerPinto (talk) 15:58, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the article "data mining" is more on the academic use; analytics is business jargon. Or to put it differently, one is about the methodology, the other about the business purpose, and the third is on example applications. One of the reasons to create examples of data mining in the first place was to make the article less crowded with a rather useless list of examples (that attracts a lot of spam). Maybe move the more concrete applications from Analytics there, too. Chire (talk) 23:48, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

New Data Mining Process models
I have noticed that someone is keep deleting a new cited work for a process model that was published by IEEE. However, the citation of other papers was simply allowed including ones that simply compare process models to each other. In addition, the article is full with citation to a less significant work, journal articles and other type of research papers.

Somebody suggested building a consensus about this issue using the talk page. Please refere to the cited references using the following link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/8948470/09263253.pdf

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.29.83.94 (talk) 16:05, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

 * This is not a place for you to self promote. Please stop spamming us. MrOllie (talk) 12:15, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:55, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Data Mining versus Factor Analysis
Data mining is a large scale effort to increase the possibility of finding something that an investigator doesn’t know when a better procedure is Factor Analysis, a statistical analysis process developed by Dr Benjamin Fructer. This process uses both repeated linear and nonlinear regression to determine factors within the data. Factor Analysis can be used to test hypotheses or investigate a database for variables that are related. It is preferable to large scale data snooping because it provides statistical significance estimates. DoctorDuncan (talk) 01:42, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Assuming you mean the author of Introduction to Factor Analysis (1954), I think his name is spelled "Benjamin Fruchter". Factor analysis is much older than that, but my understanding is that the term "data snooping" is typically used pejoratively for the misuse of tools to "provide" statistical significance, not for the specific tools themselves. Perhaps I'm wrong about this, but regardless, you will need a reliable source to add any of this to the article. Wikipedia doesn't publish original research. Grayfell (talk) 05:35, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: IFS213-Hacking and Open Source Culture
— Assignment last updated by T57fd (talk) 00:23, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Definition of data mining in IEEE at least 8 definition also mention books name, write name,year of publication etc.
Definition of data mining in IEEE at least 8 definition also mention books name, write name,year of publication etc. 203.215.178.62 (talk) 12:50, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Data Mining Downsides
I am adding this section to the Data Mining main page because I think it is important to note that there are cons to Data Mining. I feel that illuminating a section such as this will give users a better idea of what Data Mining is and how big of an undertaking it can be, as well as why it can be very difficult for independent persons or small business to data mine. Users who are not very experienced with technology may feel overwhelmed by Data Mining and might need something laid out to them that very easily shows them what to be wary of when it comes to Data Mining. Wkobrien2 (talk) 18:17, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I reverted it - advertising materials such as vendor blogs are not considered reliable sources on Wikipedia. MrOllie (talk) 18:30, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Data mining


text:
Back Bay, Boston

Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, built on reclaimed land in the Charles River basin. Construction began in 1859, as the demand for luxury housing exceeded the availability in the city at the time, and the area was fully built by around 1900. It is most famous for its rows of Victorian brownstone homes—considered one of the best preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States—as well as numerous architecturally significant individual buildings, and cultural institutions such as the Boston Public Library, and Boston Architectural College. Initially conceived as a residential-only area, commercial buildings were permitted from around 1890, and Back Bay now features many office buildings, including the John Hancock Tower, Boston's tallest skyscraper. It is also considered a fashionable shopping destination (especially Newbury and Boylston Streets, and the adjacent Prudential Center and Copley Place malls) and home to several major hotels.

The Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay considers the neighborhood's bounds to be "Charles River on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), Huntington Avenue, Dalton Street, and the Massachusetts Turnpike on the South; Charlesgate East on the West."

History

Before its transformation into buildable land by a 19th-century filling project, the Back Bay was a bay, west of the Shawmut Peninsula (on the far side from Boston Harbor) between Boston and Cambridge, the Charles River entering from the west. This bay was tidal: the water rose and fell several feet over the course of each day, and at low tide much of the bay's bed was exposed as a marshy flat. As early as 5,200 years before present, Native Americans built fish weirs here, evidence of which was discovered during subway construction in 1913 (see Ancient Fishweir Project and Boylston Street Fishweir).

In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a milldam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. The dam prevented the natural tides from flushing sewage out to sea, creating severe sanitary and odor problems. With costs higher and power lower than expected, in the end, the project was an economic failure, and in 1857 a massive project was begun to "make land" by filling the area enclosed by the dam.

The firm of Goss and Munson extended railroad lines to quarries in Needham, Massachusetts, 9 mi away; a 35-car train carrying gravel and other fill arrived every 45 minutes, day and night. When the Needham gravel pits were exhausted, additional fill was found in Canton, Dedham, Hyde Park, and Westwood. William Dean Howells recalled "the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills."

Present-day Back Bay itself was filled by 1882; the project reached existing land at what is now Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. Much of the old mill dam remains buried under present-day Beacon Street. The project was the largest of a number of land reclamation projects which, beginning in 1820, more than doubled the size of the original Shawmut Peninsula.

Completion of the Charles River Dam in 1910 converted the former Charles estuary into a freshwater basin; the Charles River Esplanade was constructed to allow residents to enjoy the view of the new lagoon. The Esplanade has since undergone several changes, including the construction of Storrow Drive.

Roads

The Back Bay is traversed by five east–west corridors: Beacon Street, Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street and Boylston Street. These are interrupted at regular intervals by north–south streets named alphabetically: Arlington (along the western border of the Boston Public Garden), Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester and Hereford Streets. All of the west–east streets, except Commonwealth Avenue, are one-way streets.

In the 1960s, the "High Spine" design plan, in conjunction with development plans, gave way to the construction of high-rise buildings along the Massachusetts Turnpike, which in turn allowed the development of major projects in the area.

Building guidelines
The plan of Back Bay, by Arthur Gilman of the firm Gridley James Fox Bryant, was greatly influenced by Haussmann's renovation of Paris. It featured wide, parallel, tree-lined avenues unlike anything seen in other Boston neighborhoods. Five east–west corridors—Beacon Street (closest to the Charles), Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue (actually two one-way thoroughfares flanking the tree-lined pedestrian Commonwealth Avenue Mall), Newbury Street and Boylston Street—are intersected at regular intervals by north–south cross streets: Arlington (along the western edge of the Public Garden), Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. An 1874 guidebook noted the trisyllabic-disyllabic alternation of that alphabetic sequence; the series continues in the adjacent Fenway neighborhood with Ipswich, Jersey, and Kilmarnock Streets. West of Hereford are Massachusetts Avenue (a regional thoroughfare crossing the Harvard Bridge to Cambridge and far beyond) and Charlesgate, which forms the Back Bay's western boundary.

Setback requirements and other restrictions, written into the lot deeds of the newly filled Back Bay, produced harmonious rows of dignified three- to five-story residential brownstones (though most along Newbury Street are now in commercial or mixed use). The Back Bay is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is considered one of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban architecture in the United States. In 1966, the Massachusetts Legislature, "to safeguard the heritage of the city of Boston by preventing the despoliation" of the Back Bay, created the Back Bay Architectural District to regulate exterior changes to Back Bay buildings.

Since the 1960s, the concept of a High Spine has influenced large-project development in Boston, reinforced by zoning rules permitting high-rise construction along the axis of the Massachusetts Turnpike, including air rights siting of buildings.

Buildings around Copley Square
Copley Square features Trinity Church, the Boston Public Library, the John Hancock Tower, and numerous other notable buildings.
 * Trinity Church (1872–1877, H.H. Richardson), "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America."
 * The first monumental structure in Copley Square was the original Museum of Fine Arts, begun 1870 and opened 1876. After the museum moved to the Fenway neighborhood in 1909 its red Gothic Revival building was demolished to make way for the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel (1912–present).
 * The Boston Public Library (1888–1892), designed by McKim, Mead, and White, is a leading example of Beaux-Arts architecture in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be "a palace for the people." Baedeker's 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world.
 * The Old South Church, also called the New Old South Church (645 Boylston Street on Copley Square), 1872–75, is located across the street from the Boston Public Library. It was designed by the Boston architectural firm of Cummings and Sears in the Venetian Gothic style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) as outlined in his treatise The Stones of Venice. Old South Church remains a significant example of Ruskin's influence on architecture in the US. Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears also designed the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
 * There were at various time three different "Hancock buildings" in the Back Bay, culminating in a skyscraper flanking Trinity Church:
 * The Stephen L. Brown Building (Parker, Thomas & Rice, 1922) was the first of the three Hancock buildings:
 * The Old John Hancock Building (Cram and Ferguson, 1947) was the tallest building in Back Bay until construction of the Prudential Tower. (Sometimes called the Berkeley Building, though not to be confused with the actual Berkeley Building, below.)
 * The John Hancock Tower (I. M. Pei, 1972), New England's tallest building at 60 stories, is a dark-blue reflective glass tower with a footprint in the form of a narrow parallelogram. Admirers assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church; a critic said it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."

Other prominent Back Bay buildings

 * The 52-story Prudential Tower, thought to be a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some critics. Although the Prudential Tower has garnered scant architectural acclaim, the Prudential Center overall was awarded the Urban Land Institute's "Award for Best Mixed Use Property" in 2006.
 * 111 Huntington Avenue (2002), a 36-story tower south of the Prudential Center, is Boston's eighth-tallest building. The building is crowned by an open dome frame and an enclosed "Wintergarden", and features a 1.2 acre fully landscaped South Garden. It was nominated for the 2002 Emporis Skyscraper Award, and received third place "bronze".
 * Arlington Street Church (Arthur Gilman, 1861), inspired by London's St Martin-in-the-Fields, was the first church built in the newly filled Back Bay. (Architect Gilman also designed Back Bay's grid-style street plan.)
 * Berkeley Building (Constant-Désiré Despradelle, 1905) features a white terra cotta Beaux-Arts architecture facade on a steel frame.
 * Boston Park Plaza (George B. Post, 1927), a prototype of the grand American hotel, it was the first hotel in the world to offer in-room radio in every room.
 * Church of the Covenant (Richard M. Upjohn, 1865–1867) is a Presbyterian church of Roxbury puddingstone in Gothic Revival style, which its designer intended as "a high gothic edifice ... which no ordinary dwelling house would overtop."
 * The Colonnade Hotel (1971), with its row of columns, delineates the "back side" of the Prudential Center complex.
 * The First Church of Christ, Scientist (1894; extended 1904), the centerpiece of the Christian Science Plaza, which also features a reflecting pool.
 * The Gibson House (1860), preserved very much as it was in the 19th century, is now a museum.
 * The Mary Baker Eddy Library and Mapparium museum and Library
 * The New England Life Building (now called the Newbry Building) occupies the site of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's first home, the Rogers Building (1866–1939) by William G. Preston. On the same block (and also by Preston) is the original home of Boston Society of Natural History; the Society is now Boston's Museum of Science—located elsewhere—but the building remains, now in retail use.
 * The Saint Clement Eucharistic Shrine (Arthur F. Gray, 1922), today a Roman Catholic church, was originally built for the Second Universalist Society.

Cultural and educational institutions
Prominent cultural and educational institutions in the Back Bay include:
 * Alliance française, on Marlborough Street
 * Berklee College of Music, which occupies a number of older and newly built Back Bay buildings
 * Boston Architectural College, the oldest independent architecture school in the US
 * Boston Conservatory, with buildings on Hemenway Street and The Fenway
 * Goethe Institute, on Newbury Street
 * New England College of Optometry, the oldest optometry school in the US, located on Beacon Street
 * New England Conservatory, on Huntington Avenue
 * New England Historic Genealogical Society, whose archive and research center is at 99 Newbury Street

Parkland

 * The Back Bay Fens is a large picturesque park on Back Bay's south edge that forms part of Boston's Emerald Necklace.
 * The Charles River Reservation runs between Storrow Drive and the Charles River at Back Bay's northern border.
 * Commonwealth Avenue, which runs through the center of Back Bay, has a large center mall.
 * Copley Square, named for painter John Singleton Copley, is a public square in southeast Back Bay.

Transportation
Back Bay is served by the Green Line's Arlington, Copley, Hynes Convention Center, and Prudential stations, and the Orange Line's Back Bay station (which is also an MBTA Commuter Rail and Amtrak station).

Ancestry
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02115 and 02116 are:

title: Back Bay, Boston


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject United States regions/Official Region Template and Infobox

This is part of a WikiProject. For optional guidelines on contributing see WikiProject U.S. Regions

Discussion

 * "ect." should be "etc." JCarricker asked us not to edit, so I am leaving this for now.
 * What do we mean by "variances"?
 * Are there criteria for "famous {region}ers? I mean, if we are talking a quarter of the US, that could be an awfully long list. Maybe just people whose importance is specifically regional?
 * Do I understand that this is only for the four official (census) regions? If not, what regions exactly is it meant to cover?
 * -- Jmabel 22:47, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * What Jmabel said. jengod 22:58, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually Davodd made some changes before the two of you viewed the page, so I will have both question and answers in my comment:

To answer your questions Jmabel and jengod
 * I think I may be deveoping dyslexia, I'll make the change immediately and thank you for honor my request.
 * I agree we need a standard, but maybe we should limit it to people to people who were born, raised, and lived, live in the region but have are nationally,or more preferably internationally known.
 * Yes, the current proposal is only for official regions, but one with the same/similar color scheme would follow for both unofficial and sub-regions. Unofficial regions may get more complicated, with the introduction of the census bureau divison like New England, and the Mid-Atlantic which themselves have definite borders, but I digress. Each regional category would have data that would be useful to that region.

 * Questions for Davodd]]:

 * Could you try to find a color that allows text to remain readable on your monitor but that may be a little closer to the original color?

 * I'm not sure if you are trying to portray a particular region or just show an example in the dispay? If you are not trying to display a particular region will you please post an image that dispays an official region.
 * JCarriker 00:32, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry for jumping the gun. I was just showing an image for display reasons -- will change to official region pic. Davodd 00:34, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Apology accepted, though it is not necessary, you have done a lot to help this project and nothing to harm it. You're edit may have been premature but it was still positive construction! I admire you're enthusiasm, let's just direct some of it toward the talk pages. :)
 * JCarriker 00:32, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Image updated to be offical Midwest region. The original color was mediumspringgreen. I changed it to mintcream since it was hard to read text with the darker color. I think it is important to note that sinc the page will be on a white (not yellow) background, the colors will appear darker in articles. Below are the web-safe colors on a white background. Choose your green:

Davodd 01:06, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

-- Jmabel 01:03, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Still didn't answer what is meant by "Variances"
 * 2) Does it really make sense to talk about he culture of a census region? Other than the South, these are not really culturally-defined regions.

 * Sorry, I must have skiped over it. Variances would provide for where cultures and regions overlap and differences arise in regions culture. i.e. Cajuns in the South.
 * Well I live in the South, so you're not stepping on my toes, but there are people who do consider themselves Midwestern and Western. I'm not sure about the Northeast, which we are using for the prototype, we have been working from the New England and Mid-Atlantic articles. There is some cultural and historical basis for the way the regions are grouped.

Voting
Davodd, I didn't think of the white background, I move to adopt the template and infobox.
 * JCarriker 02:26, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. Davodd 09:15, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I also agree to adopt the template and infobox. Jfitts 18:31, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * A majority consenus has been reached the template and info box for offical regions is adopted, baring a serious objection by a project participant. My server has difficulties editing the infobox page, someone needs to post our project there and then we need to research the infomation for all four regions and post it here. If we can all have the reseach completed and Davodd can creat the other three maps we could have the infoboxes implemented by the end of the weekend.
 * JCarriker 00:31, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Template Information

 * Midwest
 * [[Image:Map of USA highlighting Midwest.png]]

 * Northeast
 * [[Image:Map of USA highlighting Northeast.png]]

 * South
 * [[Image:Map of USA highlighting South.png]]

 * West
 * [[Image:Map of USA highlighting West.png]]


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Irismeister

 * Irismeister, I imagine that you could create a section at the bottom of Matter of Irismeister evidence and add any information you feel the arbitration committee should be aware of there.

 * Note, Irismeister is confusing the number of edits listed on his watchpage with his user contributions. He has made nearly 1000 edits on the English Wikipedia.  fabiform | talk 19:12, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps irismeister would care to put links to the insults mentioned above. That way the arbitrators can see the crimes in full. theresa knott 22:57, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, Irismeister if you want help with the arbitration process, you should ask the Association of Members' Advocates. :)  fabiform | talk 00:39, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)The advocates are a group of people set up in order to assist people in arbitration. theresa knott 23:03, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No problem, so let me see, we are now REALLY advancing on the following:

 * FRONT A Conflicts
 * FRONT B Arbitration
 * FRONT C My talk page
 * FRONT D Request for comments page
 * FRONT E Matter of Irismeister
 * FRONTS F through Z A few dozen outstanding talk pages

Considering my need for sleep, family life, talk with my friends and lawyers, editing QUALITY Wiki articles, caring for my patients and writing my books, which one (and other, if proposed do we start with ? I am so happy with my own trusted third party repository that I am willing and able to ask Theresa to be my advocate. She already helped this case more than she (or Horatio) can ever imagine. Note - Horatio is all about Shakespeare, and Sir Osler believes all medical doctor should have a Shakespearean width of interest in the depth and width of human mysteries : O) - Happy editing - irismeister 00:09, 2004 Feb 27 (UTC)

You misunderstand. Advocates are not poeple with whome you are conflict (like me, fabiform, David, MykReeve, or Jwrosenzweig)Advocates are people who are there to help you. You don't have to use them if you don't want to, but please don't imply that I was trying to attack you because I suggested them to you.

Times Danaos et dona ferentes... Happy editing :O) irismeister 13:51, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * For those curious, the phrase "Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes..." means "I fear the Greeks even when they come bearing gifts." and comes from Virgil's Aeneid. The analogy seems a little disingenuous to me, since Kingturtle's advice was solicited by Irismeister - - MykReeve 14:33, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 Traduttore Traditore :O) Kingturtle is a trusted friend. The fragment refers exclusively to Theresa and her fabulous buddies, who offered advice and help here above, after a sordid ad hominem campaign! BTW, you failed to mention the Trojan Horse... :O) Happy ingenious, context-efficient editing - :O) irismeister 16:50, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

removed
C. The arbitration committee reserves the right to subsequently apply an edit throttle to Irismeister, should such a feature be made available by the MediaWiki developers.

 * For:
 * Against:
 * Fred Bauder 12:26, Mar 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain:
 * Camembert 03:49, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC) (what's the point in this? We reserve the right to do lots of stuff)
 * mav 06:23, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC) (agree with Camembert)
 * Martin 20:50, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Lee convinces me)
 * the Epopt 20:57, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC) (ditto)
 * James F. (talk) 01:36, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Good point, Cam)

 * Withdrawn (since I suggested it in the first place) Martin 14:11, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)


text:
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) in Boston, Massachusetts is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and one of the founding members of Beth Israel Lahey Health. It was formed out of the 1996 merger of Beth Israel Hospital (founded in 1916 by the Jewish community) and New England Deaconess Hospital (founded in 1896 by Methodist deaconesses). Among independent teaching hospitals, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center has ranked in the top three recipients of biomedical research funding from the National Institutes of Health. Research funding totals nearly $200 million annually. BIDMC researchers run more than 850 active sponsored projects and 200 clinical trials. The Harvard-Thorndike General Clinical Research Center, the oldest clinical research laboratory in the United States, has been located on this site since 1973.

Overview
BIDMC is one of the largest hospitals in New England, is affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center and is a research partner of Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, the largest cancer institution in the country. The hospital is part of the Boston MedFlight consortium and supports a Level I trauma center through the use of its rooftop helipad.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center has affiliates in the Boston-area towns of Needham, Milton, Plymouth, Chestnut Hill, Chelsea and Lexington, as well as through numerous primary care practices and community health centers.

BIDMC is the official hospital of the Boston Red Sox and under the 30+ year leadership of Mitchell T. Rabkin. It was the first hospital in the nation to create and adopt a Patient Bill of Rights.

Peter J. Healy joined Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center as president in 2017.

History
New England Deaconess Hospital was founded In 1896 by Methodist deaconesses to care for Boston's residents. The revival of the office of the Christian deaconess, which started in Germany in 1836, was spurred by a group of Christian women dedicating themselves to the care of the sick and the poor. The first 14-bed infirmary was opened in a converted five-story brownstone at 691 Massachusetts Avenue. Although the hospital was originally staffed by the Deaconesses, in 1922 it added a permanent medical and surgical staff. In 1927, the New England Deaconess Association opened the Palmer Memorial Hospital, a cancer treatment facility. During the 1960s, Deaconess' residency programs gained accreditation and it affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Deaconess had a leading role in the early studies of the cause, course and treatment of AIDS. Deaconess was also a pioneer in organ transplantation and immunological research.

During an era of religious separatism and anti-Semitism, Boston's Jewish community founded Beth Israel Hospital in 1916 to meet the needs of the growing Jewish immigrant population. Its first hospital on Townsend Street in Roxbury held 45 beds. The new hospital addressed the needs of immigrants who spoke Yiddish without speaking English and for patients who kept a kosher diet. In 1928, Beth Israel established relationships with Tufts University and the Harvard Medical School and relocated to a new facility in the Longwood area of Boston. During the Depression, Beth Israel was one of only two hospitals in Boston that treated welfare recipients. Researchers at Beth Israel discovered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 1983.

The two neighboring hospitals merged in 1996, continuing the patient care, educational and research components of both predecessors. In 2003, BIDMC researchers identified the source of preeclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy.

In January 2014, Jordan Hospital joined the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center family of hospitals and became Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital-Plymouth. It was founded in 1899 when a group of leading citizens from Plymouth saw a need to build a hospital to serve residents and pursued the idea of "a hospital on the hill". They approached retail tycoon, philanthropist, and summer resident Eben Jordan of the Jordan Marsh & Company who donated $20,000 to build was to become Jordan Hospital. In December 1903, Jordan Hospital opened its doors to the first patients and has remained a community hospital ever since. It remains a private, not-for-profit hospital serving the communities of Bourne, Carver, Duxbury, Halifax, Kingston, Lakeville, Pembroke, Plympton, Plymouth, Marshfield, Middleboro, Sandwich and Wareham.

Boston Marathon Bombing
BIDMC received and cared for 21 victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, as well as receiving Dzhokhar Tsarnaev after he was arrested by police. Of the 21 victims received, 17 had serious injuries and seven required emergency surgery. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was also brought to BIDMC where attempts were made to resuscitate him, and where he was ultimately pronounced dead.

Merger with Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
In January 2017, The Boston Globe reported of a letter of intent for a merger between Beth Israel Deaconess and Lahey Hospital & Medical Center with this partnership creating the largest hospital merger in more than 20 years. The combined system would be counteraction to Partners HealthCare, Massachusetts' largest network of hospitals and doctors with a market share of 22% in the eastern part of the state.

In December 2017, a group called the Make Healthcare Affordable Coalition came out in opposition to the proposed merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center stating that the "mega merger" would lead to higher costs and the closing of health clinics serving minority communities.

In March 2019, Beth Israel Lahey Health was formed by the merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Beth Israel Lahey Health is composed of Addison Gilbert Hospital, Anna Jaques Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Milton, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Needham, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Plymouth, Beverly Hospital, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Lahey Medical Center-Peabody, Mount Auburn Hospital, New England Baptist Hospital, and Winchester Hospital.

Structure
Since the Beth Israel–Deaconess merger, the hospital has consisted of two campuses, the East (former Beth Israel) and the West (former Deaconess). The East Campus retained most primary care, outpatient, clinical and administrative functions, while the emergency department, inpatient care, the department of human resources, and many specialists are located on the West Campus. The medical center has more than 6,000 full-time employees.

The merger coincided with the completion of the ten-story Clinical Center, located at the corner of Brookline and Longwood Avenues, in space formerly occupied by the Massachusetts College of Art. The Clinical Center houses most of the hospital's outpatient services. The East Campus is located at 330 Brookline Avenue in the Longwood Medical Area.

The nation's oldest clinical research laboratory, the Harvard–Thorndike Laboratory, has been at this site since 1973.

The West Campus is nearly diagonally across the street, at 1 Deaconess Road. A number of other non-clinical, administrative offices (e.g. payroll, accounts payable, telecommunications) are located offsite in offices scattered throughout the area.

Major affiliates

 * One of the teaching hospitals of Harvard Medical School
 * Affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center
 * Research partner of the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center
 * Level I trauma center verified by the American College of Surgeons
 * Part of the consortium of hospitals which operates Boston MedFlight
 * In 2003 the institution formed a partnership with the Boston Red Sox, becoming the official hospital of the team

In popular culture
A stylized version of Beth Israel Hospital serves as the setting for the novel The House of God, a satirical account of one physician's training in the Harvard medical system in the 1970s.

The hospital's intensive care unit served as the basis and subject of Frederick Wiseman's 1989 documentary Near Death. The film explores the "complex interrelationships among patients, families, doctors, nurses, hospital staff, and religious advisors" as they are confronted with the implications of continuing life-sustaining treatment on individual patients approaching the end of their lives. It is Wiseman's longest documentary at a length of six hours, and is regarded as one of the longest cinematic films of all time.

Notable faculty and alumni

 * James B. Aguayo-Martel, MD, MPH, developer of MR microscopy and deuterium spectroscopy
 * Stephen Bergman, author of The House of God
 * William Dameshek, MD, a pioneering hematologist, founder of the journal Blood, and founder of the American Society of Hematology
 * Sanjiv Chopra, MD, MACP, Professor of Medicine and Faculty Dean for Continuing Medical Education at Harvard Medical School, Senior Consultant in Hepatology at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
 * Ezekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD, bioethicist at the University of Pennsylvania who was instrumental in developing the Affordable Care Act
 * Jerome Groopman, chief of experimental medicine, author of Anatomy of Hope, How Doctors Think
 * Mark Josephson, chairman of cardiology, one of the most influential figures in the history of electrophysiology
 * Roderick MacKinnon, 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
 * Godwin Maduka, MD and founder of Las Vegas Pain Institute and Medical Center
 * Joel Mark Noe, MD, pioneering reconstructive plastic surgeon who, in 1977, created the burn unit and argon laser program
 * Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD, noted neuroscientist, one of the pioneers in the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation and the director of Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
 * John Rowe, former chief of geriatrics, CEO of Aetna
 * Chip Skowron, hedge fund portfolio manager convicted of insider trading
 * Jill Stein, MD, two-time presidential candidate
 * Paul Zoll, first to describe technique of electrical cardioversion in humans and eponym for the Zoll defibrillator

title: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center