text:
Ensō

In Zen art, an ensō (円相) is a circle hand-drawn in one or two uninhibited brushstrokes to express the Zen mind, which is associated with enlightenment, emptiness, freedom, and the state of no-mind.

Description
The ensō symbolizes absolute enlightenment, strength, elegance, the universe (Dharmadhatu), and mu (emptiness). It is characterised by a minimalism influenced by Zen Buddhist philosophy, and Japanese aesthetics. An empty circle also appears in the ten oxherding pictures which is a set of illustrations that depict Zen training.

Drawing ensō is a disciplined-creative practice of Japanese ink painting, sumi-e. The tools and mechanics of drawing the ensō are the same as those used in traditional Japanese calligraphy: One uses an ink brush to apply ink to washi (a thin Japanese paper).

The circle may be open or closed. In the former case, the circle is incomplete, allowing for movement and development and the perfection of all things. Zen practitioners relate the idea to wabi-sabi, the beauty of imperfection. The space inside the circle may represent the state of the realization of emptiness (shunyata) or no-mind.

Usually, a person draws the ensō in one fluid, expressive stroke. When drawn according to the sōsho (cursive) style of Japanese calligraphy, the brushstroke is especially swift. Once the ensō is drawn, one does not change it. It evidences the character of its creator and the context of its creation in a brief, continuous period. Drawing ensō is a spiritual practice that one might perform as often as once per day.

This spiritual practice of drawing ensō or writing Japanese calligraphy for self-realization is called hitsuzendō. Ensō exemplifies the various dimensions of the Japanese wabi-sabi perspective and aesthetic: fukinsei (asymmetry, irregularity), kanso (simplicity), koko (basic; weathered), shizen (without pretense; natural), yugen (subtly profound grace), datsuzoku (freedom), and seijaku (tranquility).

title: Ensō


text:
Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911

On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a cold snap, known as the Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11, affected the Central United States. Many cities broke record highs, going into the 70s and 80s early that afternoon. By nightfall, cities were dealing with temperatures in the teens and single-digits on the Fahrenheit scale. This is the only day in many midwest cities' weather bureau jurisdictions where the record highs and lows were broken for the same day. Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday. A blizzard even occurred within one hour after an F4 tornado hit Rock County, Wisconsin.

The front produced severe weather and tornadoes across the upper Mississippi Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and the windy conditions upon front passage caused a dust storm in Oklahoma. Alongside the dramatic temperature swings, the cold front brought a destructive tornado outbreak to parts of the Midwest. At least 13 tornadoes touched down across five states as the system moved through, resulting in 13 fatalities. Hundreds of structures were destroyed by the storms and many areas had to conduct search and rescue missions amidst blizzard conditions. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this outbreak was one of the worst on record in November for the north-central States.

Background
The main cause of such a dramatic cold snap was an extremely strong storm system separating warm, humid air from frigid, arctic air. Dramatic cold snaps tend to occur mostly in the month of November, though they can also come in February or March. These arrivals of Continental Polar or Arctic air masses are generally called northers, and the one in question was marked by a mass of steel blue clouds in the vicinity of the surface front, hence the name. Although temperature drops of this extent have happened on other occasions, as recently as February 2009, the fact that the 1911 cold front passage was during the autumn and came after such warm weather contributed to the properties mentioned in this article.

Impact
The cold front was so strong, that while several states saw record monthly highs on November 10 and 11, they saw record cold monthly lows on November 12 and 13. This was especially true in Missouri, where one station had a high of 93 F before the storm, and after the storm, another station had a low of -3 F. The cold front began on November 9. Rapid City, South Dakota went from 55 F at 6am to 3 F at 8am. Between November 10 and 11th, Denver experienced its eleventh largest two day temperature swing, from 66 to -2 F, which is a 68 F-change change.

On November 11, temperatures in Kansas City had reached a record high of 76 F by late morning before the front moved through. As the cold front approached, the winds increased turning from southeast to northwest. By midnight, the temperature had dropped to 11 F, a 65 F-change difference in 14 hours. The next day would have a record low of 6 F and a high of only 21 F. In Springfield, the temperature difference was even more extreme. Springfield was at 80 °F at about 3:45 p.m. CST (21:45 UTC), before the cold front moved through. Fifteen minutes later, the temperature was at 40 F with winds out of the northwest at 40 mi/h. By 7:00 p.m. CST (01:00 UTC 12 November) the temperature had dropped a further 20 F, and by midnight (06:00 UTC), a record low of 13 F was established. It was the first time since records had been kept for Springfield when the record high and record low were broken in the same day. The freak temperature difference was also a record breaker: 67 F-change in 10 hours. Peak wind gusts reached 74 mph. The low on the morning of November 12 was 9 F. St. Louis dropped from 74 to 49 F in just ten minutes. Record highs and lows were established on the same day in Oklahoma City as well with a high of 83 °F and low of 17 °F; temperature difference: 66 F-change. Both records still hold. The temperate dropped further to a record low of 14 F on November 12, before gradually warming, as Oklahoma City hit 68 F on November 13 and 74 F on November 14. It also produced a dust storm. Tulsa, Oklahoma had an even more dramatic plunge from 85 F in the afternoon of November 11 to 15 F by the morning of November 12, although the temperature at midnight is not known. Independence, Kansas saw the temperature drop 50 F-change from 83 to 33 F in one hour. In Denton, Texas, the temperature drop wasn't as immediate, with it dropping from 85 F at 5pm to 68 F by 6pm, but the low the morning of November 12 was still 22 F. While this wasn't Amarillo's biggest temperature drop, the drop from 70 to 13 F is still an impressive 57 F-change drop. Nearby Dallas also saw an impressive plunge from 85 to 39 F by midnight and by the next morning the mercury was 21 F. In Chicago, Illinois, people died separately of heatstroke and cold, respectively, within 24 hours, the first such incidence on record in the city. They dropped from 74 to 13 F during the event. Across central Illinois, up to 1 in of snow fell, and in Peoria, Illinois, after a high of 77 F on November 11, the temperature crashed to 17 F by midnight, and the high on November 12 was 18 F. While only the southern and eastern parts of Iowa felt the Norther, the impacts there were nonetheless powerful, as Albia, Iowa fell from 72 to 5 F in twelve hours.

The front did not reach Columbus until 3am on November 12, but when it did, temperatures plummeted from 70 F, just a degree from a record high, to 49 F in an hour, and down to 16 F - a record low - that night. By November 13, temperatures dipped further to 14 F. Lexington, KY also saw the temperature drop on the 12th, when it went from nearly 70 F down to a record low from 14 F. It dipped to another record low of 13 F on November 13, and a record cold high of 28 F was also established. However, the record low for November 13 was broken in 2019. Bowling Green saw the drop across the entire day on November 12, from 75 to 22 F. In New York City, the swing was not quite as extreme, but still fell from 69 F in the afternoon to 33 F at midnight, and slipped to a record low (at that time) the next morning of 26 F. Temperature plunges ranged from 42 to 54 F-change on the East Coast. Besides the East Coast, San Antonio was also spared, with a temperature drop of only 35 F-change.

Tornadoes
On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a regionally and seasonally significant tornado outbreak affected the Great Lakes region of the United States. The outbreak generated at least 13 tornadoes, including a violent, long-tracked F4 that impacted Wisconsin, killing at least nine people and injuring 50 more. Other intense tornadoes occurred in Illinois and Indiana, resulting in four additional fatalities. Several other tornadoes were reported from multiple states. In all, the outbreak killed 16 people and injured at least 101. Total losses exceeded $1.755 million (1911 USD). Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis considered the outbreak to be the worst in the month of November on record at the time in the Great Lakes region.

Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday. The passage of a cold front, marked by strong winds, produced severe weather, including tornadoes, across the upper Mississippi River Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and a dust storm in Oklahoma.

Confirmed tornadoes

 * A possible tornado caused extensive damage in Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana, with losses reaching $500,000. Another possible tornado killed horses and cattle near Kingsland in Eaton County, Michigan. At least three other tornadoes may have affected Green, Dane, and Walworth counties, respectively, in the state of Wisconsin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911


text:
User:RobertYu

http://www.robertyu.com

title: User:RobertYu


text:
Six Assurances

The Six Assurances are six key foreign policy principles of the United States regarding United States–Taiwan relations. They were passed as unilateral U.S. clarifications to the Third Communiqué between the United States and the People's Republic of China in 1982. They were intended to reassure both Taiwan and the United States Congress that the US would continue to support Taiwan even if it had earlier cut formal diplomatic relations.

The assurances were originally proposed by the then Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) government of the Republic of China on Taiwan during negotiations between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China. The U.S. Reagan administration agreed to the assurances and informed the United States Congress of them in July 1982.

Today, the Six Assurances are part of semiformal guidelines used in conducting relations between the US and Taiwan. The assurances have been generally reaffirmed by successive U.S. administrations. Prior to 2016, they were purely informal, but in 2016, their formal content was adopted by the US House of Representatives and the Senate in non-binding resolutions, upgrading their status to formal but not directly enforceable.

Text
The United States House of Representatives passed a concurrent resolution on May 16, 2016, giving the first formal wording for the Six Assurances by more or less directly adopting how the former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs John H. Holdridge expressed them in 1982 (which was delivered to Taiwan's President Chiang Ching-kuo by then-Director of the American Institute in Taiwan James R. Lilley):
 * 1) “* * * [W]e did not agree to set a date certain for ending arms sales to Taiwan”;
 * 2) “* * * [W]e see no mediation role for the United States” between Taiwan and the PRC;
 * 3) “* * *[N]or will we attempt to exert pressure on Taiwan to enter into negotiations with the PRC”;
 * 4) “* * * [T]here has been no change in our longstanding position on the issue of sovereignty over Taiwan”;
 * 5) “We have no plans to seek” revisions to the Taiwan Relations Act; and
 * 6) The August 17 Communiqué “should not be read to imply that we have agreed to engage in prior consultations with Beijing on arms sales to Taiwan”.

A similar resolution passed the Senate on July 6, 2016.

In the first version, which was introduced to Congress by Rep. Steve Chabot on October 28, 2015, the Six Assurances were proposed to be:

 * 1) The United States would not set a date for termination of arms sales to Taiwan;
 * 2) The United States would not alter the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act;
 * 3) The United States would not consult with China in advance before making decisions about United States arms sales to Taiwan;
 * 4) The United States would not mediate between Taiwan and China;
 * 5) The United States would not alter its position about the sovereignty of Taiwan which was, that the question was one to be decided peacefully by the Chinese themselves, and would not pressure Taiwan to enter into negotiations with China; and
 * 6) The United States would not formally recognize Chinese sovereignty over Taiwan.

Declassified cables, sent in 1982 from the State Department, detail the Six Assurances:

 * 1) The United States has not agreed to set a date for ending arms sales to Taiwan.
 * 2) The United States has not agreed to consult with the PRC on arms sales to Taiwan.
 * 3) The United States will not play a mediation role between Taipei and Beijing.
 * 4) The United States has not agreed to revise the Taiwan Relations Act.
 * 5) The United States has not altered its position regarding sovereignty over Taiwan.
 * 6) The United States will not exert pressure on Taiwan to enter into negotiations with the PRC.

Reaffirmation
The State Department has reaffirmed the Six Assurances repeatedly.

On May 19, 2016, one day before Tsai Ing-wen assumed the Presidency of the Republic of China, U.S. Senators Marco Rubio (R-FL), a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Bob Menendez (D-NJ), former chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and co-chair of the Senate Taiwan Caucus, introduced a concurrent resolution reaffirming the Taiwan Relations Act and the “Six Assurances” as cornerstones of United States–Taiwan relations.

The Republican Party Platform of the 2016 Republican National Convention mentions the Six Assurances, stating, "We salute the people of Taiwan, with whom we share the values of democracy, human rights, a free market economy, and the rule of law. Our relations will continue to be based upon the provisions of the Taiwan Relations Act, and we affirm the Six Assurances given to Taiwan in 1982 by President Reagan. We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island’s future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan. If China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself. We praise efforts by the new government in Taipei to continue constructive relations across the Taiwan Strait and call on China to reciprocate. As a loyal friend of America, Taiwan has merited our strong support, including free trade agreement status, the timely sale of defensive arms including technology to build diesel submarines, and full participation in the World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, and other multilateral institutions."

The Asia Reassurance Initiative Act states that it is the policy of the U.S. to enforce commitments to Taiwan consistent with the Six Assurances. As of September 2018, the Donald Trump administration "has stated that the U.S.-Taiwan relationship is also 'guided' by [the] 'Six Assurances'".

In November 2020 U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated “Taiwan has not been a part of China, and that was recognized with the work that the Reagan administration did to lay out the policies that the United States has adhered to now for three and a half decades, and done so under both administrations.” which was seen as invoking clause 5.

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 reconfirmed the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) and the Six Assurances as the foundation for US-Taiwan relations.

On August 2, 2022, Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, in a statement from a visit to Taiwan, made reference to the United States' continuing support of the TRA, Three Communiqués, and the Six Assurances.

title: Six Assurances


text:
User:Joe Kress

I became a Wikipedean on February 20, 2004, although I made a few minor edits anonymously up to a month earlier.

I have made major contributions to the following articles, where major means most if not all of an article, a major rewrite thereof, or at least an entire section thereof (often the history section):
 * Chinese calendar, Time zone, NATO phonetic alphabet, Hijra (Islam), Islamic calendar, Julian calendar, Light-time correction, Solar time, Dating Creation, Helen Wills Moody, Roman numeral, 0 (year), Ecclesiastical new moon, Indiction

I have made minor contributions to the following articles, where minor means the addition of a significant fact, or the correction of a significant fact:
 * Tabular Islamic Calendar, Proleptic Gregorian calendar, Aberration of light, Anno Domini, History of standard time in the United States, January 1, Corpus Juris Civilis, June 8, Coordinated Universal Time, Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, Telescope mount, Nanosecond, Natural number, Easter, Babylonian calendar, Japanese calendar, Calendar era, Greek numerals

Not included above are many minor edits, such as wording, spelling, typos, etc.

title: User:Joe Kress


text:
Talk:2004 in LGBT rights

Untitled
Discussion of Gay rights timeline was moved to that talk page. -- Kimiko 09:27, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/01/08/nj_senate_oks_legal_rights_for_same_sex_couples_governor_expected_to_sign/
 * In January 2004 on 2011-05-03 05:32:37, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-05-25 07:50:36, 404 Not Found
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Dead link 2
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 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:35:19, Socket Error: 'An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host'

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:35, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

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 * In February 2004 on 2011-03-19 04:27:22, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-05-25 07:51:10, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:35:32, 404 Not Found

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Dead link 4
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 * In February 2004 on 2011-03-19 04:27:32, 404 Not Found
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Dead link 5
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 * http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/02/021604sfUpdt.htm
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 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-05-25 07:50:58, 404 Not Found
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Dead link 6
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.newsok.com/cgi-bin/show_article?ID=1182413&TP=getarticle
 * In February 2004 on 2011-03-19 04:27:36, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-05-25 07:51:06, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:35:58, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'

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Dead link 7
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 * http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/02/022604nyWed.htm
 * In February 2004 on 2011-03-19 04:27:46, 404 Not Found
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Dead link 8
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 * In February 2004 on 2011-03-19 04:27:47, 404 Not Found
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 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:36:20, 404 Not Found

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Dead link 9
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 * http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_2687467,00.html
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Dead link 10
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/03/031104calRuling.htm
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Dead link 11
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/03/031904queMarry.htm
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--JeffGBot (talk) 12:37, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 12
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 * http://www.seattlepi.com/national/apus_story.asp?category=1110&slug=Gay%20Defamation
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 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:36:59, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:37, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 13
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://intraa.tgcrossroads.org/connections/story/?iid=39&aid=956
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 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:37:09, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:37, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 14
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 * http://www.politicsla.com/press_releases/2004/december/120604_GOVERNOR_ISSUES_EXECUTIVE_ORDER.htm
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-05-25 07:51:09, 404 Component not found
 * In 2004 in LGBT rights on 2011-06-11 12:37:19, 404 Component not found

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:37, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:2004 in LGBT rights


text:
User talk:Waisbrot

Arrow's theorem

 * if Dave is ranked dead last by each individual voter, then the example will not violate IIA in any popular balloting system

Under the Borda count, it is possible that introducing a candidate who is ranked last by every voter will change the winner from one preexisting candidate to another.

CRGreathouse (t | c) 19:35, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see it. Can you elaborate?  There are n voters, who have ranked two candidates A and B.  A has a votes and B has b votes where a > b.  Add a third candidate C, ranked last by every voter. C therefore has n points.  Vote counts for the other candidates are also altered as their score increases: A has a + n points, and B has b + n.  Nate (talk) 00:59, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Suppose ACB has 60 votes, CBA has 18 votes, and BCA has 22 votes. The Borda scores are A: 120, B: 122, and C: 58.  Suppose now that candidate D, the Devil incarnate, enters the race.  Every voter ranks the Prince of Lies last, because his platform involves roasting everyone alive.  The new Borda totals are A: 220, B: 162, C: 218, D: 0.  Now A is the winner instead of B.
 * I encourage you to total these yourself. Using 3/2/1 gives the same results as using 2/1/0 as I have done, but there's no need to trust me on that -- the example speaks for itself. There are actually many more examples of this kind of nonsense in the Borda count, many of which don't require the numbers to be so close.
 * CRGreathouse (t | c) 01:34, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * What am I doing wrong? It looks to me that there was an error in the original example, purporting to show B winning. As expected, adding 1 to all vote values does not change the relative outcome. --Abd (talk) 03:33, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Abd's numbers look correct to me (except that C's subtotal from the first row is 60). How are you calculating the scores for B and C?Nate (talk) 08:05, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I fixed the error mentioned above. Notice that all that adding D does is to add 100 to each total for A, B, and C. It is adding D into the middle for some voters that causes problems with Borda. The Devil doesn't cause any problems if everyone rejects him! --Abd (talk) 21:30, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waisbrot


text:
Seven Days in New Crete

Seven Days in New Crete, also known as Watch the North Wind Rise, is a seminal future-utopian speculative fiction novel by Robert Graves, first published in 1949. It shares many themes and ideas with Graves' The White Goddess, published a year earlier. Martin Seymour-Smith, Graves's biographer, further suggested it was autobiographical, "telling the essential story of his life between 1929 and 1947".

Summary
The novel takes place in a future society (first established on the island of Crete, but later spreading through much of the world) in which most post-medieval technology has been rejected, and a Triple Goddess religion is followed. The book is narrated by a mid-20th century poet, Edward Venn-Thomas, who is transported forward in time by the New Cretans. Society is organised into five "estates" or social groups: captains, recorders (scribes), commons (by far the most numerous), servants, and magicians or poets (the least numerous), which are analogised to the five fingers of a hand. Different villages practice different marriage customs (strict monogamy, non-strict monogamy, or polyandry), worship different local "godlings", and specialise in various local handcrafts and foodstuffs, but share the common values of the New Cretan civilisation and devotion to the Goddess.

Some of the social customs are somewhat matriarchal. There is no poverty in New Crete (money has been abolished) and little dissatisfaction. War is only known in the form of controlled local one-day conflicts between neighbouring villages, similar to the old game of village football or Shrovetide football. The poets or magicians of New Crete are an integral part of a religion centred on a sometimes capricious Goddess worshipped in three aspects: the maiden archer Nimuë, the goddess of motherhood and sexuality Mari, and the hag-goddess of wisdom Ana. (The names of the last two are similar to those of the Virgin Mary and her mother Saint Anne in Christianity.)

The only masculine elements of New Cretan religion are the rival twin demi-gods (the star-god of the first half of the year and the serpent-god of the second half of the year) who compete for the Goddess's favour, and the local village godlings, who are all far below the Goddess as Queen of Heaven. However, the failings of past fallen civilisations are remembered and personified as an anti-trinity of evil gods (the "three Rogues"): Dobeis, god of money and greed; Pill, god of theft and violence; and Machna, god of science and soulless machinery.

The New Cretan language is derived from Catalan, modified by heavy English-language influence and apparent minor Slavic and Celtic influences. The writing down of words is considered to be too sacred an act to be profaned by ordinary every-day uses, and paper is banned in New Cretan society, and only members of the scribal estate and the poet-magician estate are commonly literate. However, numerical tally-marks are allowed to be used for everyday purposes, and many people of other estates learn to read in later life, after they retire into elder status, and some of the ordinary taboos of New Cretan life are relaxed when in the presence of other elders.

Though Venn-Thomas has been moved in time, he is still in the same area of southern France where he lived before and after World War II, and he compares the conditions in his own time to those under the New Cretan civilisation (mostly to the disfavor of the 20th century, though some things seem "too good to be true").

In this apparently idyllic utopian setting, Venn-Thomas begins to realise that he has been chosen by the Goddess to inject disruption into a society that is becoming static and in danger of losing its vitality. A symptom of trouble is that over the course of the week described in the novel, the five poet-magicians of the "Magic House" of the village of Horned Lamb all die or lose their status as members of the poet-magician estate.

In the last section of the book, Venn-Thomas makes a trip to Dunrena, the town which is the capital of the local kingdom, to witness the twice-yearly ceremony of the changing of the king, carried out as a solemn religious-theatrical performance culminating in a ritual sacrifice similar to those described in The Golden Bough. At the end of the book, Venn-Thomas unleashes the whirlwind which will prepare the way for the transition to the next phase of history, and Sapphire (a young woman for whom he has had unsettled feelings) returns with him through time to be reborn as his daughter.

Similar works
Poul Anderson's 1965 novel The Corridors of Time shares many themes with Graves' book, also including a depiction of a future matriarchal world dominated by a Great Goddess religion seen through the eyes of a traveller from our time. However, Anderson's version of such a world is far more harsh and dystopian, leading the plot to a conclusion very different from Graves'.

title: Seven Days in New Crete


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User:Jecarrales

Joe Ely El Mariachi Loco Carrales was born José Ely Carrales III, on July 5, 1976 in Falfurrias, Texas. He grew up in Premont, Texas in the 1980s and 1990s. It was during those years that he began a long career in music in South Texas.

Background
Carrales started off playing the trombone in the Premont Independent School District band programs, however it was in the Premont High School Mariachi Band that he began to be noticed. His grandfather, Elifalet M. Carrales, had taught him to play the violin and sing. By the mid-1990s, Carrales was a regular at Premont’s St. Teresa’s Catholic Church Spanish Choir and he joined the notable Mariachi Cascabel in 1994.

Mariachi Cascabel provided Carrales with a place to try new musical ideas. It was in this group that Carrales began dancing a musical number to the novelty mariachi song "El Mariachi Loco" and the popular song "Micaela". Carrales left Mariachi Cascabel in 1998 and joined Corpus Christi’s Mariachi Fuego. He remained there only a short time before joining Kingsville’s Mariachi Aguilas. In 1999, Mariachi Aguilas became Mariachi Kiñeno, but by the year 2000 Carrales was a Mariachi free agent.

Carrales made a brief return to Mariachi Cascabel in 2001, the same year he married Norma Yvette Mata (with whom a child, Micaela Rae, was born in July 2003). That year also saw the formation of the Carrales Show Band, which played many performances at Premont’s Main Street Café and private parties. In 2002, Carrales published his first two songs, "Amor De Mi Musica" and "La Polka Vanilla".

In 1998, Carrales joined the Civil Air Patrol, the auxiliary service of the United States Air Force, where he rose to the rank of Major, and briefly served as the Commander of the Corpus Christi Composite Squadron in Corpus Christi, Texas. Carrales became a certified teacher of Social Studies in 1999 and accepted a teaching job at Kingsville, Texas’ Memorial Middle School. He joined Kingsville's Mariachi Del Sol, to play, but also continued to compose new music.

title: User:Jecarrales


text:
Talk:Patricia Crowther (caver)

Untitled
Does anyone know what Patricia has been doing since the mid-1970s? I can add more information about her caving expeditions, but I'm unsure what other information might be of note. Also, does anyone know in what year the Crowthers divorced? Naltrexone 07:54, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting question about the divorce. There are numerous references on the web, but they don't all agree:
 * https://onezero.medium.com/the-woman-who-inspired-one-of-the-first-hit-video-games-by-mapping-the-worlds-longest-cave-ef572ccde6d2 says "Not long after the connection trip, Patricia and Will’s marriage deteriorated. They divorced in 1976"
 * https://wiki.scummvm.org/index.php?title=Colossal_Cave_Adventure says "After his divorce in 1975, he began to write Colossal Cave Adventure"
 * More ambiguously, https://rickadams.org/adventure/a_history.html says "Unfortunately, Crowther's marriage ended in 1975."
 * Riordanmr (talk) 18:59, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patricia Crowther (caver)


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Kresge College

Kresge College is one of the residential colleges that make up the University of California, Santa Cruz. Founded in 1971 and named after Sebastian Kresge, Kresge college is located on the western edge of the UCSC campus. Kresge is the sixth of ten colleges at UCSC, and originally one of the most experimental. The first provost of Kresge, Bob Edgar, had been strongly influenced by his experience in T-groups run by NTL Institute. He asked a T-group facilitator, psychologist Michael Kahn, to help him start the college. When they arrived at UCSC, they taught a course, Creating Kresge College, in which they and the students in it designed the college. Kresge was a participatory democracy, and students had extraordinary power in the early years. The college was run by two committees: Community Affairs and Academic Affairs. Any faculty member, student or staff member who wanted to be on these committees could be on them. Students' votes counted as much as the faculty or staff. These committees determined the budgets and hiring. They were also run by consensus. Distinguished early faculty members included Gregory Bateson, former husband of Margaret Mead and author of Steps to an Ecology of Mind; Phil Slater, author of The Pursuit of Loneliness; John Grinder, co-founder of Neuro-linguistic programming and co-author of The Structure of Magic; and William Everson, one of the Beat poets.

Distinguished graduates from the early days of Kresge College include Doug Foster, who went on to become editor of Mother Jones magazine, and Richard Bandler, who co-founded Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) with John Grinder.

Architecture
The architecture of Kresge College is designed to resemble a residential area in Tuscany, and includes a piazzetta next to the college office and mail room. The informal quality of the space, especially the narrow street, was a reaction against the modernist skyscrapers of the previous generation of dormitory buildings.

Kresge students are offered the opportunity to create murals around Kresge to keep the College representative of its current age. There are approved mural areas on buildings R1, R3, R6, and R8.

The Kresge Renewal Project is renovating Kresge College to address the University's housing crisis. Buildings R7, the Triplets, and the Recreation Center were demolished to make room for three new dormitory buildings, which opened in 2023. Designed by Studio Gang, the curved, mass-timber buildings were shaped to preserve as many redwoods as possible and open up views of the forest. The geometry and bright colors of the end facades resonate with the campus' original architecture by Charles Moore and William Turnbull of MLTW. Social spaces and student amenities occupy the ground floors while residences are located above. The buildings are among the first cross-laminated buildings in California.

The new Kresge Academic Center, also designed by Studio Gang, opened in 2023 on Upper Street, where the old Town Hall previously stood. It includes two lecture halls, classrooms, academic offices, work and meeting areas, and an outdoor terrace. The design employs a technique used by polypore fungi — stepping down and flaring out as it descends the steep slope. Large windows look out to the forest and ravine and bring natural light into the building, together with clerestory windows along the passageways. Organic, gently curved outer walls are finished with white plaster, tying the materials of the new building with the original architecture.

A new Town Hall will be built where R11 was located. The Renewal Project will also aid in helping Kresge College becoming ADA compliant, raising the North "Kresge Bridge". Notable features such as the waterfall steps, piazzetta, and Mayor's Stand will remain; the piazzetta has plans to be renovated as well however. Keeping with the tradition of Kresge's design, town halls were hosted to gain student input to the renovations.

The early years
According to UC President Clark Kerr, Edgar had been influenced by the work of Carl Rogers and was attempting to translate Rogers' notion of client-centered psychotherapy into a form of student-centered education. Kerr sarcastically explained in his memoirs how this turned out: "A recipe for total anarchy. A recipe for Kresge." The problem with running the college as a participatory democracy was that only the most committed activists could make it work; everyone else was either sidelined or simply fled.

In the early days, Kresge had a threefold focus: humanistic psychology, women's studies and environmental studies. The best history of the early days of the college is a chapter in Gerald Grant and David Reisman's award-winning book on experimental colleges in the United States, The Perpetual Dream: Reform and Experiment in the American College (University of Chicago Press, 1979). Today, the literature, feminist studies and writing departments have moved to the new Humanities building while the Writing Program and the Science Communication Program remain in Kresge.

The current core course, Power and Representation, examines the ways in which an individual relates to communities by focussing on representations of gender, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation and race.

Kresge's idiosyncratic architecture, designed by architects William Turnbull and Charles Moore, is based on a fantasy Italian village which winds up the hillside. Instead of dormitories, Kresge housing consisted of apartments, suites (which allowed students to have small single rooms), and octets. The octets were large housing spaces intended for eight students, which the architects deliberately left unfinished. When the college opened, each group of eight students was given $2,000 to design and build the inner walls and floors. The earlier octets had significant open and communal spaces, but the ones designed later had more walls and individual rooms. The openness created such an interpersonal intensity that by the end of the first year, thirty one of the thirty two original students had left the octets for other housing. Also, in the first quarter, they went from octets housing eight students, to sextets housing six students. Today most of the apartments, suites, and sextets serve the same purpose as dorm rooms, although they contain private kitchens, bathrooms, and living rooms. The college is acclaimed in architectural circles. For example, it is included in G. E. Kidder Smith's 1996 book Sourcebook of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present (Princeton University Press).

At the north end of the college was the Kresge Town Hall, which has seen many groundbreaking performances, including the third Talking Heads concert on the west coast, given Dec 4, 1977. 1977 was also the year that the legendary conference, "LSD: A Generation Later" was held at Kresge College. The conference was attended by both counterculture figures such as Timothy Leary PhD, Allen Ginsberg, Ram Dass, Stephen Gaskin, and Ralph Metzner PhD, as well as early psychedelic researchers including Oscar Janiger, MD, William McGlothlin, PhD, Stanley Krippner, PhD, Claudio Naranjo, MD and Willis Harman PhD.

During the day, Town Hall served as a classroom. In the evenings and weekends, it was still used for events such as concerts and films. Annual events include the Fall Film Festival and Halloween showings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show with a live cast.

In 1979, Chancellor Robert Sinsheimer implemented major reforms at the Santa Cruz campus which finally ended the most unusual aspects of the Kresge experiment.

Kresge was originally endowed by the Kresge family trust, whose fortune was derived from K-Mart; one of the early (and very ironic) nicknames of Kresge was 'K-Mart' college; considering its traditionally counter-cultural orientation, it was about as far from the middle American K-Mart image as could be imagined. The architects originally wanted to put a neon sign from an S. S. Kresge department store at the entrance to the college, but this idea met too much resistance.

Student life
Kresge College is currently home to several co-ops (Natural Foods Co-op, Photo Co-op, Garden Co-op) as well as the social justice organization, Common Grounds. Residential housing themes include the Writer's House, the Eco-Village, Trans Inclusive Housing, Substance Free, Sober and Clean Recovery Housing, Single Gender, and Mixed Gender.

Services for Transfer and Re-entry Students (STARS), the Veterans Resource Center (VETS), and the Student Lounge which has a public kitchen and restrooms are all services within Kresge College, located next to the Piazzetta, west of Lower Street.

Kresge Parliament, and the Kresge Multicultural Education Committee (KMEC), and Orientation Leaders are ways that Kresge students can get more involved in student life.. Kresge Parliament is the student government representing Kresge College. It is open to all Kresge affiliates, from first years to transfer students, and engages in community service, funding requests, and occasionally hosts events. KMEC sponsors PRIDE, an annual campus wide event starting at the Bookstore and ending in Kresge Lower Street. PRIDE often has resources, food, and performances from various student clubs. Orientation Leaders meet before the school year and welcome in the incoming freshmen. They help with move in, and welcome week where they host various events to create a community in Kresge and help with any move in nerves. An annual welcome week tradition is the Board Walk Frolic where UCSC students collectively go to the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.

Next to the computer lab, there is a Free Book Library where students can leave and take books as needed. Books available range from poetry to class readers. This Library was added in 2017 by Kresge Parliament. Parliament also purchased a ping pong table which is located in the laundry room where students are able to play against each other while waiting for their clothes to finish washing.

The Kresge Programs Office hosts events for students yearlong. Every quarter, there is a Late Night Breakfast where the Porter/Kresge Dining Hall is reserved only for Kresge Affiliates. The Programs Office also offers supplies for students to check out including board games, Giant Jenga, and frisbees.

Interesting points
One of the alumni of Kresge, Marti Noxon, went on to produce Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and managed to sneak in-joke references to Kresge as well as Santa Cruz into many of the scripts, most recently in the Angel spin-off where a supporting character (Eve) is described as a graduate of Kresge. Another alumnus, Richard Bandler, developed Neuro-Linguistic programming with one of his Kresge professors, John Grinder. Alumnus Doug Foster went on to become the editor of Mother Jones magazine and an Emmy Award-winning TV producer.

In 1987, a chicken, named Chick Chick, lived in/around the Octagon sextet, and was known to wander around campus looking for things to eat. Later, a loose pet hamster would unknowingly fall down a heating duct in the same sextet and die, producing a lingering foul smell every time the heat was turned on.

Kresge may also be a place where the Jewish Renewal movement was advanced as Reb Zalman-Schacter visited Professor Michael Kahn, one of the founders of humanistic psychology, several times in the early 1970s.

Adam Carson, drummer for the band AFI, lived in an apartment in Kresge his sophomore year of college which he "spent all my time hanging out with Fritch at Stevenson. Then I dropped out and went on tour..." He recalls it as "the bigger mistake" he made, after living at Rachel Carson College his freshman year.

Kresge symbolically "seceded" in April 1990 from the rest of the main university "in the name of the environment ... [and] in the name of the Earth."

Dining
The closest dining hall is the Kresge/Porter dining hall in Porter College, with the Porter Slug Cafe (previously known as the Hungry Slug, and before that a worker's collective called Sluggo's Pizza) adjacent to the dining hall. The servery offers chef-customized traditional style entrees, signature salads, and pizzas. The dining hall is well known for having a variety of vegetarian and vegan options and also has a wonderful outside deck with a view of the adjacent Porter meadow and the Monterey Bay ocean view. Formerly, at the end of Kresge Upper Street was the Owl's Nest, which acted as Kresge's official cafe (the Slug being that of Porter). The cafe was well known for having exotic delicious fruits and vegetables smoothies. In addition, served serves a variety of entree options. Due to the Kresge Renewal Project, Owl's Nest has been temporarily taken down until construction is complete.

title: Kresge College


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Timeline of LGBT history

The following is the timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) history.

101st century BCE – 50th century BCE

 * c. 9,600 BCE – c, 5,000 BCE – Mesolithic rock art in Sicily depicts male figures in hives that have been interpreted variously, including as hunters, acrobats, religious initiates, and gay sex.

70th century BCE – 17th century BCE

 * c. 7,000 BCE –1700 BCE – Among the sexual depictions in Neolithic and Bronze Age drawings and figurines from the Mediterranean area, as one author describes it, a "third sex" human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteristics. In Neolithic Italy, female images are found in a domestic context, while images that combine sexual characteristics appear in burials or religious settings. In Neolithic Greece and Cyprus, figures are often dual-sexed or without identifying sexual characteristics.

29th century BCE – 25th century BCE

 * c. 2900 BCE – c. 2500 BCE – A burial of a suburb of Prague, Czech Republic, a male is buried in the outfit usually reserved for women. Archaeologists speculate that the burial corresponds to a transgender person or someone of the third sex.

24th century BCE

 * c. 2400 BCE – Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are believed by some observers to be the first same-sex couple in recorded history, though critics argue that they were brothers.

23rd century BCE or 23rd century BCE – 22nd century BCE

 * 2284 BCE – 2246 BCE or 2184 BCE – Pepi II Neferkare, who ruled the Kingdom of Egypt as an absolute monarch under the title of Pharaoh of Egypt, is believed to have had a homosexual interpretation around nocturnal visits to his General Sasenet, though critics argue that it was more likely that the story was intended to tarnish the reputation of the Pharaoh by associating him with homosexuality.

18th century BCE

 * c. 1775 BCE – c. 1761 BCE – During the reign of King Zimri-Lim of the Kingdom of Mari, he is recorded to have male lovers.

15th century BCE – 12th century BCE

 * c. 1500 BCE – c. 1101 BCE – The Code of Assura from either the Old Assyrian Empire or the Middle Assyrian Empire prescribes the following on male rape:

"'If a man tells another man, either privately or in a brawl, 'Your wife is promiscuous; I will bring charges against her myself,' but he is unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, he is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labor for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead.'" "'If a man has secretly started a rumour about his neighbor saying, 'He has allowed men to have sex with him,' or in a quarrel has told him in the presence of others, 'Men have sex with you,' and then, 'I will bring charges against you myself,' but is then unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, that man is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labour for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead.'" "'If a man has had sex with his neighbor he has been charged and convicted, he is to be considered defiled and made into a eunuch.'" "'If a man violates his own mother, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his daughter, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his son, it is capital crime.'"

10th century BCE – 6th century BCE

 * c. 1000 BCE – c. 500 BCE – The Vendidad dates from this period and within the text it states the following:

"'Ahura Mazda answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind.'" The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the Dastur, and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed.

7th century BCE

 * c. 700 BCE – The custom of castrating homosexual (and straight) slaves and house servants is introduced into Anshan from conquered territories of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Median Empire.
 * c. 630 BCE – Dorian aristocrats in Crete adopt formal relations between adult aristocrats and adolescent boys; an inscription from Crete is the oldest record of the social institution of paiderastia among the Greeks (see Cretan pederasty). Marriage between men in Greece was not legally recognized, but men might form lifelong relationships originating in paiderastia ("pederasty," without the pejorative connotations of the English word). These partnerships were not dissimilar to heterosexual marriages except that the older person served as educator or mentor.
 * Sappho, a Greek lyric poet born on the island of Lesbos, was born between 630 and 612 BCE, and died around 570 BCE. The Alexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets. She was famous for her lesbian themes, giving her name and that of her homeland to the very definition of lesbianism (and the lesser used term of "sapphism"). She was exiled c. 600 BCE unrelated to lesbianism. She was later permitted to return.

6th century BCE

 * 534 – 492 BCE – Duke Ling of Wey and Mizi Xia had a loving same-sex relationship, where various plays and stories have commemorated their love story in the phrase, "the bitten peach".
 * c. 540 – 530 BCE – Wall paintings from the Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls (Italian: Tomba dei Tori), found in 1892 in the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, depict homosexual intercourse. The tomb is named for the pair of bulls who watch human sex scenes, one between a man and a woman, and the other between two men; these may be apotropaic, or embody aspects of the cycle of regeneration and the afterlife. The three-chamber tomb was inscribed with the name of the deceased for whom it was originally built, Aranth Spurianas or Arath Spuriana, and also depicts Achilles killing the Trojan prince Troilus, along with indications of Apollo cult.
 * 521 BCE – The Achaemenid Empire crucifies Polycrates and suppresses pederasty in Samos, which causes pederastic poets Ibycus and Anacreon to flee Samos.

5th century BCE

 * c. 486 BCE – King Darius I adopts the Holiness Code of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting the first ever state sanctioned death penalty for male same-sex relationships.
 * c. 440 BCE – Herodotus publishes Histories, stating in the book that Persians welcomed foreign customs, including adopting pederasty from the Greeks.

4th century BCE

 * 385 BCE – Plato publishes Symposium in which Phaedrus, Eryximachus, Aristophanes and other Greek intellectuals argue that love between males is the highest form, while sex with women is lustful and utilitarian. Socrates, however, differs. He demonstrates extreme self-control when seduced by the beautiful Alcibiades.
 * 350 BCE – Plato publishes Laws in which the Athenian stranger and his companions criticize homosexuality as being lustful and wrong for society because it does not further the species and may lead to irresponsible citizenry.
 * 346 BCE - Aeschines' speech Against Timarchus, who was on trial for male prostitution, reveals Athenian attitudes to homosexuality.
 * 338 BCE – The Sacred Band of Thebes, a previously undefeated elite battalion made up of one hundred and fifty pederastic couples, is destroyed by the forces of Philip II of Macedon who bemoans their loss and praises their honour.
 * 330 BCE – Bagoas, favorite catamite to King Darius III, becomes catamite to King Alexander III of Macedon.

3rd or 2nd century BCE

 * 227 BCE, 226 BCE, 216 BCE, or 149 BCE – During the Roman Republic, the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn youth; infrequently mentioned or enforced, it may also have been used to prosecute male citizens who willingly took the passive role in homosexual relations. It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. For an adult male citizen to desire and engage in same-sex relations was considered natural and socially acceptable, as long as his partner was a male prostitute, slave or infamis, a person excluded from the legal protections accorded a citizen. In the Imperial period, the Lex Scantinia was revived by Domitian as part of his program of judicial and moral reform.

1st century BCE

 * c. 90s – 80s BCE – Quintus Lutatius Catulus was among a circle of poets who made short, light Hellenistic poems fashionable in the late Republic. Both his surviving epigrams address a male as an object of desire, signaling a new homoerotic aesthetic in Roman culture.
 * 57 – 54 BCE – Catullus writes the Carmina, including love poems to Juventius, boasting of sexual prowess with youth and violent invectives against "passive" homosexuals.
 * c. 50 BCE – The Lex Julia de vi publica, a Roman Republic law, was passed to define rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone" and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for the pleasure of others; a male prostitute or entertainer was infamis and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a slave could not be raped; he was considered property and not legally a person. The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.
 * 46 BCE – Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony, accuses Gaius Octavius for having "given himself to Aulus Hirtius in Spain for three hundred thousand sesterces."
 * 44 BCE – After the assassination of Dictator and Consul Gaius Julius Caesar, Gaius Octavius is publicly named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. According to Mark Antony, he charged that Octavius had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.
 * 42 – 39 BCE – Virgil writes the Eclogues, with Eclogue 2 a notable example of homoerotic Latin literature.
 * 27 BCE – The Roman Empire is established under the rule of Augustus. The first recorded same-sex marriage occurs during his reign, homosexual prostitution is taxed, and if someone is caught being sexually passive with another male, a Roman citizen could lose his citizenship.
 * 26, 25 and 18 BCE – Tibullus writes his elegies, with references to homosexuality.
 * 7 – 1 BCE – Emperor Ai of Han had a loving same-sex relationship with Dong Xian. In one historical record, Emperor Ai cut his own sleeves to not wake up his beloved Dong Xian.

1st century

 * Philo of Alexandria and Marcus Manilius provided descriptions of transgender people during the early Roman Empire. Philo stated: "Expending every possible care on their outward adornment, they are not ashamed even to employ every device to change artificially their nature as men into women". He also attested that some members of this group, to that end, had their penises removed.
 * 5 –15 CE – The Warren Cup is made – a Roman silver drinking cup decorated in relief with two images of male same-sex acts.
 * 37 – 41 – Under the reign of Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, taxation on prostitution is enacted throughout the Roman Empire. Caligula also either exiled or contemplated exiling spintriae from Rome. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus reports that Caligula could only be restrained with difficulty, after lengthy pleadings, from having the spintriae thrown into the sea.
 * 54 – Nero becomes Emperor of Rome. Nero married two men, Pythagoras and Sporus, in legal ceremonies, with Sporus accorded the regalia worn by the wives of the Caesars. Juvenal and Martial note (with disapproval) that male couples are having traditional marriage ceremonies.

 * 79 – The eruption of Mount Vesuvius buries the coastal resorts of Pompeii and Herculaneum, preserving a rich collection of Roman erotic art, including representations of male-male and female-female.
 * 98 – Trajan, one of the most beloved of Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was well known for his homosexuality and fondness for young males. This was used to advantage by the king of Edessa, Abgar VII, who, after incurring the anger of Trajan for some misdeed, sent his handsome young son to make his apologies, thereby obtaining pardon.
 * Publius Cornelius Tacitus writes Germania. In Germania, Tacitus writes that the punishment for those who engage in "bodily infamy" among the Germanic peoples is to "smother in mud and bogs under an heap of hurdles." Tacitus also writes in Germania that the Germanic warrior-chieftains and their retinues were "in times of peace, beauty, and in times of war, a defense". Tacitus later wrote in Germania that priests of the Swabian sub-tribe, the Naharvali or Nahanarvali, who "dress as women" to perform their priestly duties.

2nd century

 * c. 200 – The Outlines of Pyrrhonism is published. In the book, Sextus Empiricus states that "amongst the Persians it is the habit to indulge in intercourse with males, but amongst the Romans it is forbidden by law to do so". He also stated in the book that "amongst us sodomy is regarded as shameful or rather illegal, but by the Germanic they say, it is not looked on as shameful but as a customary thing. It is said, too, that in Thebes long ago this practice was not held to be shameful, and they say that Meriones the Cretan was so called by way of indicating the Cretans' customed and some refer to this the burning love of Achilles for Patroclus. And what wonder, when both the adherents of the Cynic philosophy and the followers of Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes and Chrysippus, declare that this practice is indifferent?".

2nd century – 3rd century

 * 193 – 211 – Roman emperor Septimius Severus prescribed capital punishment for homosexual rape throughout the Roman Empire.

3rd century

 * 218 – 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus's reign begins. At different times, Elagabalus marries five women and a man named Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, in a lavish public ceremony at Rome; but the Syrian's most stable relationship is with the chariot driver Hierocles, and Cassius Dio says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen. The emperor wears makeup and wigs, prefers to be called a lady and not a lord, and offers vast sums to any physician who can provide them with a vagina; for this reason, the emperor is seen by some writers as an early transgender figure and one of the first on record as seeking sex reassignment surgery.
 * 222 – 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander deported homosexuals who were active in public life. According to Christius, Alexander increased the penalties for homosexuality throughout the Roman Empire. According to Augustan History, Alexander decreed that the taxes on pimps, prostitutes, and exoleti should not be deposited in the public purse; instead, he ordered that these taxes should be used for restoring the theatre of Marcellus, the Circus Maximus, the amphitheatre, and the stadium build by Domitian in the Campus Martius. According to Ælius Lampridus, Alexander even contemplated making male prostitution illegal.
 * 244 – 249 – Roman emperor Marcus Julius Philippus either attempted to or did outlaw male prostitution throughout the Roman Empire.

4th century

 * 305 – 306 – Council of Elvira (now Granada, Spain). This council was representative of the Western European Church and among other things, it barred pederasts the right to Communion.
 * 314 – Council of Ancyra (now Ankara, Turkey). This council was representative of the Eastern European Church and it excluded the Sacraments for 15 years to unmarried men under the age of 20 who were caught in homosexual acts, and excluded the man for life if he was married and over the age of 50.
 * 306 – 337 – The Life of Constantine mentions a temple at Aphaca in Phoenicia, on a remote summit of Mount Libanus, being used by effeminate homosexual pagan priests, and says that this temple was destroyed by the command of Roman emperor Constantine I. It also states that Constantine passed a law ordering the extermination of effeminate homosexual pagan priests in Egypt.
 * 337 – Constantius II and Constans I become the 62nd Emperor of the Roman Empire. During their reigns, they both engaged in same-sex relationships.
 * 342 – The Roman emperors Constantius II and Constans I issue the following imperial decree for the Roman Empire:

"'When a man marries in the manner of a woman, a woman about to renounce men, what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.'"

 * 350 – Roman emperor Constans I is assassinated.
 * 361 – Roman emperor Constantius II dies.
 * c. 380s – Ammianus Marcellinus publishes Res Gestae. In Res Gestae, Marcellinus writes that the Persians "are extravagantly given to venery, and are hardly contented with a multitude of concubines; they are far from immoral relations with boys." Also in Res Gestae, Marcellinus writes that "We have learned that these Taifali were a shameful folk, so sunken in a life of shame and obscenity, that in their country the boys are coupled with the men in a union of unmentionable lust, to consume the flower of their youth in the polluted intercourse of those paramours."
 * 390 – The Roman emperors Valentinian II, Theodosius I and Arcadius issue the following imperial decrees for the Roman Empire:

"'We cannot tolerate the city of Rome, mother of all virtues, being stained any longer by the contamination of male effeminacy, nor can we allow that agrarian strength, which comes down from the founders, to be softly broken by the people, thus heaping shame on the centuries of our founders and the princes, Orientius, dearly and beloved and favoured. Your laudable experience will therefore punish among revenging flames, in the presence of the people, as required by the grossness of the crime, all those who have given themselves up to the infamy of condemning their manly body, transformed into a feminine one, to bear practices reserved for the other sex, which have nothing different from women, carried forth – we are ashamed to say – from male brothels, so that all may know that the house of the manly soul must be sacrosanct to all, and that he who basely abandons his own sex cannot aspire to that of another without undergoing the supreme punishment.'"

"'All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.'"

 * 390 – 405 – Nonnus' Dionysiaca is the last known piece of Western literature for nearly 1,000 years to celebrate homosexual passion.

6th century
"'In criminal cases public prosecutions take place under various statutes, including the Lex Julia de adulteris, '...which punishes with death, not only those who violate the marriages of others, but also those who dare to commit acts of vile lust with men.'"
 * 506 – The Visigothic Code of Alaric II decreed burning at the stake for same-sex couples in the Visigothic Kingdom. Other punishments included public ostracism, shaving of the head, whipping, and castration.
 * 533 – The Body of Civil Law goes into effect in the Byzantine Empire, enacting the following:

 * 576 – Death of Anastasia the Patrician who left life as a lady-in-waiting in the court of Justinian I in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years (until death) dressed as a male monk in seclusion in Egypt, and has been adopted by today's LGBT community as an example of a "transgender" saint.
 * 589 – The Visigothic kingdom in Spain, is converted from Arianism to Catholicism. This conversion leads to a revision of the law to conform to those of Catholic countries. These revisions include provisions for the persecution of homosexuals and Jewish people.

7th century

 * 654 – The Visigothic Kingdom criminalized sodomy and the punishment for it is castration. This is the first European secular law to criminalize sodomy.
 * 693 – In Iberia, Visigothic ruler Egica of Hispania and Septimania, demanded that a Church council confront the occurrence of homosexuality in the Kingdom. The Sixteenth Council of Toledo issued a statement in response, which was adopted by Egica, stating that homosexual acts be punished by castration, exclusion from Communion, hair shearing, one hundred lashes, and banishment into exile.

8th century

 * c. 750 – With the creation of the Abbasid Caliphate, Muslim poets emerge describing homoeroticism and beautiful youths, such as Persian-Arab poet Abu Nuwas.

9th century

 * 800 – 900 – During the Carolingian Renaissance, Alcuin of York, an abbot, wrote love poems to other monks in spite of numerous Church laws condemning homosexuality.
 * 997 – King Mokjong of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in Korea.

11th century

 * 1007 – The Decretum of Burchard of Worms equates homosexual acts with sexual transgressions such as adultery and argues, therefore, that it should have the same penance (generally fasting).
 * 1051 – Peter Damian writes the treatise Liber Gomorrhianus, in which he argues for stricter punishments for clerics failing their duty against "vices of nature."
 * 1061 – Pedro Dias and Muño Vandilas are married by a priest at a chapel in the Kingdom of León.
 * 1100 – Ivo of Chartres tries to convince Pope Urban II about homosexuality risks. Ivo accused Rodolfo, archbishop of Tours, of convincing the King of France to appoint a certain Giovanni as bishop of Orléans. Giovanni was well known as Rodolfo's lover and had relations with the king himself, a fact of which the king openly boasted. Pope Urban, however, didn't consider this as a decisive fact: Giovanni ruled as bishop for almost forty years, and Rodolfo continued to be well known and respected.

12th century

 * 1102 – The Council of London took measures to ensure that the English public knew that homosexuality was sinful.
 * 1120 – Baldwin II of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, convenes the Council of Nablus to address the vices within the Kingdom. The Council calls for the burning of individuals who perpetually commit sodomy.
 * 1140 – The Italian monk Gratian compiles his work Concordia discordantium canonum in which he argues that sodomy is the worst of all the sexual sins because it involves using the member in an unnatural way.
 * 1164 – The English monk Aelred of Rievaulx writes his De spiritali amicitia, giving love between persons of the same gender a profound expression.
 * 1179 – The Third Lateran Council of Rome issues a decree for the excommunication of sodomites.

13th century

 * 1232 – Pope Gregory IX starts the Inquisition in the Italian City-States. Some cities called for banishment and/or amputation as punishments for 1st- and 2nd-offending sodomites and burning for the 3rd or habitual offenders.
 * 1260 – In the Kingdom of France, first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their member, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well.
 * 1265 – Thomas Aquinas argues that sodomy is second only to bestiality in the ranking of sins of lust.
 * 1283 – The Coutumes de Beauvaisis dictats that convicted sodomites should not only be burned but also that their property would be forfeited.

14th century

 * 1308–14 – Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all Templars on charges of heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these charges are only a pretext to seize the riches of the order. Order leaders are sentenced to death and burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 by Notre Dame.
 * 1321 – Dante's Inferno places sodomites in the Seventh Circle.
 * 1327 – The deposed King Edward II of England is killed, allegedly by forcing a red-hot poker through his rectum. Edward II had a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished his former lover Piers Gaveston, the Earl of Cornwall.
 * 1347 – Rolandino Roncaglia is tried for sodomy, an event that caused a sensation in Italy. He confessed he "had never had sexual intercourse, neither with his wife nor with any other woman, because he had never felt any carnal appetite, nor could he ever have an erection of his virile member". After his wife died of plague, Rolandino started to prostitute himself, wearing female dresses because "since he has female look, voice and movements – although he does not have a female orifice, but has a male member and testicles – many persons considered him to be a woman because of his appearance".
 * 1351 – Buddhist temple murals depicting same-sex relationships were commissioned and painted in Thailand.
 * 1357 – King Gongmin of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in Korea.
 * 1370s – Jan van Aersdone and Willem Case were two men executed in Antwerp in the 1370s. The charge against them was same sex intercourse which was illegal and strenuously vilified in medieval Europe. Aersdone and Case stand out because records of their names have survived. One other couple still known by name from the 14th century were Giovanni Braganza and Nicoleto Marmagna of Venice.
 * 1395 – John Rykener, known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, was a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford. He was arrested in 1395 for cross-dressing and interrogated.

15th century

 * 1424 – Bernardino of Siena preached for three days in Florence, Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, culminating in a pyre in which burned cosmetics, wigs and all sorts of articles for the beautification. He calls for sodomites to be ostracized from society, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthens opinion against homosexuals and encourages the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.
 * 1431 – Nezahualcoyotl, Tlatoani of Texcoco, enacted laws making homosexuality a capital punishment by hanging in Texcoco.
 * 1432 – In Florence the first organization specifically intended to prosecute sodomy is established, the "Night Officials", which over the next 70 years arrest about 10,000 men and boys, succeeding in getting about 2,000 convicted, with most then paying fines.
 * 1436 – Royal Noble Consort Sun is banished from the Joseon court after it is discovered that she has been sleeping with her maid. The official decree blames her demotion on receiving visitors without her husband's permission and instructing her maids to sing men's songs.
 * 1451 – Pope Nicholas V enables the papal Inquisition to persecute men who practice sodomy.
 * 1471 – 1493 – According to Garcilaso de la Vega's Real Reviews of the Incas, during the reign of Sapa Inca Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui, he persecuted homosexuals. Yupanqui's general, Auqui Tatu, burned alive in public square all those for whom there was even circumstantial evidence of sodomy in [H]acari valley, threatening to burn down whole towns if anyone engaged in sodomy. In Chincha, Yupanqui burned alive large numbers, pulling down their houses and any trees they had planted.
 * 1475 – In Peru, a chronicle written under the Capac Yupanqui government describes the persecution of homosexuals with public burnings and destruction of homes (a practice usually reserved for conquered tribes).
 * 1476 – Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo da Vinci and three other young men were charged with sodomy twice, and acquitted.
 * 1483 – The Spanish Inquisition begins. Sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy.
 * 1492 – Desiderius Erasmus writes a series of love letters to a fellow monk while at a monastery in Steyn in the Netherlands.
 * 1494 – Girolamo Savonarola criticizes the population of Florence for its "horrible sins" (mainly homosexuality and gambling) and exhorts them to give up their young and beardless lovers.
 * 1497 – In Spain, the King of Aragon Ferdinand and Queen of Castile and León Isabella strengthen the sodomy laws hitherto applied only in the cities. An increase is made in the severity of the crime equating to treason or heresy, and the amount of evidence required for conviction is lowered, with torture permitted to extract confession. The property of the defendant is also confiscated.

15th century – 16th century

 * 1493 – 1525 – According to Garcilaso de la Vega's Real Reviews of the Incas, during his reign, Sapa Inca Huayna Capac merely "bade" the people of Tumbez to give up sodomy and did not take any measures against the Matna, who "practiced sodomy more openly and shamelessly than all the other tribes."

16th century

 * 1502 – A charge is brought against the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli on the grounds of sodomy.
 * 1505 – 1521 – The Zhengde Emperor of the Ming dynasty had a same-sex relationship with the Muslim leader Sayyid Husain, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources
 * 1512 – Revolt of the Compagnacci in Florence
 * 1513 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa, a conquistador in modern-day Panama is described as throwing forty homosexual Indians to his dogs.
 * 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan sentences the death penalty against his own crew when they arrived it Rio de Janeiro, after he deemed them as having a homosexual relationship
 * 1523 – First of several charges of sodomy brought against the Florentine artist Benvenuto Cellini.
 * 1526 – The founder and first emperor of the Mughal Empire, Emperor Babur, had a long-term loving relationship with his male lover Baburi Andijani, who was already an adult when Emperor Babur founded his dynasty.
 * 1532 – The Holy Roman Empire makes sodomy punishable by death. The Florentine artist Michelangelo begins writing over 300 love poems dedicated to Tommaso dei Cavalieri.
 * 1533 – King Henry VIII passes the Buggery Act 1533 making anal intercourse punishable by death throughout England.
 * 1542 – Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca documents same sex marriages and men "who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow and carry big loads" among a Native American tribe in his publication, The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528–1536.
 * 1543 – Henry VIII gives royal assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1542, extending the buggery law into Wales.
 * 1553 – Mary Tudor ascends the English throne and removes all of the laws that had been passed by Henry VIII during the English Reformation of the 1530s.
 * 1558–1563 – Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIII's old laws, including the Buggery Act 1533.
 * 1561 – process of Wojciech z Poznania, who married Sebastian Słodownik, and lived with him for 2 years in Poznań. Both had female partners. On his return to Kraków, he married Wawrzyniec Włoszek. Wojciech, considered in public opinion as a woman, was burned for 'crimes against nature'.
 * 1590 – The Boxer Codex records same-sex marriage as normalized in pre-colonial Philippines

17th century

 * 17th century – Hu Tianbao of Fujian was executed by the Chinese government. The people of Fujian later deified him as the god of homosexual love, building a temple in his honor and calling him Tu'er Shen.
 * 1610 – The Colony of Virginia enacts a military order that criminalizes male sodomy, making it punishable by death. This order ends later the same year, when martial law is terminated upon the change in control of the Virginia Colony.
 * 1620 – Brandenburg-Prussia criminalizes sodomy, making it punishable by death.
 * 1624 – Richard Cornish of the Virginia Colony is tried and hanged for sodomy.
 * 1648 – The first known prosecution for lesbian activity in North America occurs in March when Sarah White Norman is charged with "Lewd behaviour with each other upon a bed" with Mary Vincent Hammon in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Hammon was under 16 and not prosecuted.
 * 1648 – In Canada's first-ever criminal trial for the crime of homosexuality, a gay military drummer stationed at the French garrison in Ville-Marie, New France is sentenced to death by the local Sulpician priests. After an intervention by the Jesuits in Quebec City, the drummer's life is spared on the condition that he accept the position of New France's first permanent executioner.
 * 1655 – The Connecticut Colony passes a law against sodomy, which includes a punishment for lesbian intercourse as well.
 * 1661 – The Colony of Virginia enacts English common law, thus criminalizing male-to-male sodomy again.
 * 1672 – The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in Ethiopian literature.
 * 1683 – The Kingdom of Denmark criminalizes "relations against nature", making it punishable by death.
 * 1688 – 1704 – Kagemachaya(ja), a Japanese gay bar, first opens in Japan.

18th century

 * 1721 – Catharina Margaretha Linck is executed for female sodomy in Germany.
 * 1726 – Mother Clap's molly house in London is raided by police, resulting in the execution of three men.
 * 1740 – Kiangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty passed the first legislation criminalizing consensual nonprofit homosexual sex in Chinese history.
 * 1781 – Jens Andersson of Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after marrying Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked about his gender, the response was "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both").
 * 1785 – Prince Kraison of Thailand became the first openly queer member of the Chakri dynasty since the dynasty's royal enthronment under its first ruler Rama I, who was Prince Kraison's father. He had a loving relationship with theatre actors Khun Thong and Yaem.
 * 1785 – Jeremy Bentham is one of the first people to argue for the decriminalization of sodomy in England.
 * 1786 – King Frederick the Great of Prussia dies. (See: Sexuality of Frederick the Great)
 * 1791 – The Kingdom of France (Andorra, and Haiti) adopts the French Penal Code of 1791, which no longer criminalizes sodomy. France thus becomes the first West European country to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.
 * 1791 – The novel Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin is published in China. It includes an openly bisexual character as well as an account of a gay bashing.
 * 1793 – Monaco decriminalizes sodomy.
 * 1794 – The Kingdom of Prussia abolishes the death penalty for sodomy.
 * 1794 – Luxembourg decriminalizes sodomy.
 * 1795 – Belgium decriminalizes sodomy.

title: Timeline of LGBT history