text:
Natural childbirth

Natural childbirth is childbirth without routine medical interventions, particularly anesthesia. Natural childbirth arose in opposition to the techno-medical model of childbirth that has recently gained popularity in industrialized societies. Natural childbirth attempts to minimize medical intervention, particularly the use of anesthetic medications and surgical interventions such as episiotomies, forceps and ventouse deliveries and caesarean sections. Natural childbirth may occur during a physician or midwife attended hospital birth, a midwife attended homebirth, or an unassisted birth. The term "natural childbirth" was coined by obstetrician Grantly Dick-Read upon publication of his book Natural Childbirth in the 1930s, which was followed by the 1942 Childbirth Without Fear.

History
Historically, most women gave birth at home without emergency medical care available. The "natural" rate of maternal mortality—meaning without surgical or pharmaceutical intervention—has been estimated at 1,500 per 100,000 births. In the United States circa 1900, before the introduction and improvement of modern medical technologies, there were about 700 maternal deaths per 100,000 births (0.7%).

At the onset of the Industrial Revolution, giving birth at home became more difficult due to congested living spaces and dirty living conditions. This drove urban and lower-class women to newly available hospitals, while wealthy and middle-class women continued to labor at home. In the early 1900s there was an increasing availability of hospitals, and more women began going into the hospital for labor and delivery. In the United States, the middle classes were especially receptive to the medicalization of childbirth, which promised a safer and less painful labor. The use of childbirth drugs began in 1847 when Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson introduced chloroform as an anesthetic during labor, but only the richest and most powerful women (such as Queen Victoria) had access.

The term "natural childbirth" was coined by obstetrician Grantly Dick-Read upon publication of his book Natural Childbirth in 1933. In the book, Dick-Read defined the term as the absence of any intervention that would otherwise disturb the sequence of labor. The book argued that because of "civilized" British women fear birth the birthrate was dropping, and if women were not to fear birth, birthing would be easier since fear creates tension which, in turn, causes pain. In 1942, Dick-Read published Revelation of Childbirth (which was later retitled Childbirth without Fear), advocating natural childbirth, which became an international bestseller. In the late 1940s, he brought his ideas to America, but saw similar ideas with differing names – “pain-free birth” and “prepared childbirth” – were already gaining traction. The appeal of natural childbirth rested in the idea that merging physiological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of reproduction would create the best comprehensive care.

The Lamaze method gained popularity in the United States after Marjorie Karmel wrote about her experiences in her 1959 book Thank You, Dr. Lamaze, and with the formation of the American Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics (currently Lamaze International) by Karmel and Elisabeth Bing. The Bradley method of natural childbirth (also known as "husband-coached childbirth"), a method of natural childbirth developed in 1947 by Robert A. Bradley, M.D., was popularized by his book Husband-Coached Childbirth, first published in 1965.

In the 1970s, natural childbirth became a movement associated with feminism and consumerism, stressing obstetrics' lack of concern for the whole person and technology a method for controlling women's bodies. Michel Odent and midwives such as Ina May Gaskin promoted birthing centers, water birth, and homebirth as alternatives to the hospital model. Frédérick Leboyer is often mistakenly believed to have advocated for water births, but he actually rejected the alternative as he felt it was not beneficial to the health of the baby. In 1976, Gaskin wrote the book Spiritual Midwifery, which described the beauty and power of unmedicated home births.

Psychological aspects
Many women consider natural birth empowering and giving women more control in the birth process, pushing against the paternalistic medical establishment. They prepare for the delivery of their children by accepting that they will have contractions, finding solace when needed, and feeling confidence in their capacity to give birth. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both mother and baby. A review done by the World Health Organization found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother-infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that neonates be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.

Alternatives to intervention
Instead of medical interventions, a variety of non-invasive methods are employed during natural childbirth to ease the mother's pain. Many of these techniques stress the importance of "a mind-body connection," which the techno-medical model of birth does not. These techniques include hydrotherapy, massage, relaxation therapy, hypnosis, breathing exercises, acupressure for labor, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), vocalization, visualization, mindfulness and water birth. Other approaches include movement, walking, and different positions (for example, using a birthing ball), hot and cold therapy (for example, using hot compresses and/or cold packs), and receiving one-on-one labor support like that provided by a midwife or doula. However, natural childbirth proponents maintain that pain is a natural and necessary part of the labor process, and should not automatically be regarded as entirely negative. In contrast to the pain of injury and disease, they believe that the pain of childbirth is a sign that the female body is functioning as it is meant to.

Birth positions favored in natural childbirth—including squatting, hands and knees, or suspension in water—contrast with the lithotomy position (woman in hospital bed on her back with legs in stirrups), which has consistently been shown to slow and complicate labor.

Methods to reduce tearing during natural childbirth (instead of an episiotomy) include managing the perineum with counter-pressure, hot compresses, and pushing the baby out slowly.

Preparation
Some women take birth education classes to prepare for a natural childbirth. Several books are also available with information to help women prepare. A midwife or doula may include preparation for a natural birth as part of the prenatal care services. However, a study published in 2009 suggests that preparation alone is not enough to ensure an intervention-free outcome.

Women who choose to do home births appear to take more measures in preparation for their birth compared to women who choose to do hospital births. According to a study of 19 women looking at home and hospital births in Australia, the women who participated in home births had more preparation and expectations compared to those who had hospital births. A mother in this study who had a home birth went to two different antenatal classes, read Spiritual Midwifery (Gaskin, 2002) three times, and knew about home birth and its qualities very well. In contrast, another mother in the study who had a hospital birth did not know what a contraction was. Many of the mothers who had home births reported taking pain management classes, and yoga classes to go into the birth having a positive mindset. They also participated in more antenatal classes than women who went through hospital births. This implies a higher sense of responsibility and control for women who go through with home births.

Prevalence of medical intervention in the U.S.
In the U.S in 2007: 93% of mothers used electronic fetal monitoring; 63% used epidurals; 55% had their membranes ruptured; 53% received oxytocin to stimulate labor progress; and 52% received episiotomies.

Criticisms
Some people argue that the push towards 'natural childbirth' in Western countries is exaggerated, and can harm women. Some women also express shame when not able to have a “natural birth,” feeling that their bodies may be defective or lessen the experiences of individuals using assisted reproductive technologies, or who are adoptive parents and parents who use surrogates.

title: Natural childbirth


text:
List of Berlin S-Bahn stations

This is an alphabetical list of Berlin S-Bahn stations. As of 2023, there are 168 active stations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Berlin S-Bahn stations


text:
King's Bounty

King's Bounty is a turn-based fantasy video game designed by Jon Van Caneghem and published by New World Computing in 1990. The game follows the player's character, a hero of King Maximus, appointed with the job of retrieving the Sceptre of Order from the forces of chaos, led by Arech Dragonbreath. King's Bounty is notably considered the forerunner of the Heroes of Might and Magic series of games.

A Sega Genesis port was developed and released in North America on February 21, 1991, with a multitude of graphical changes. The gameplay was also modified to incorporate real time overworld exploration.

In 2008, a spiritual sequel titled King's Bounty: The Legend was released. This was followed by additional sequels including King's Bounty: Armored Princess, King's Bounty: Crossworlds, King's Bounty: Warriors of the North, King's Bounty: Dark Side and King's Bounty II.

Gameplay
The player leads the hero and his army across the four continents, acquiring up to 25 pieces of a map revealing the hidden location to the Sceptre of Order before King Maximus dies. Various details of this task are left to player's discretion, allowing for flexible gameplay. For instance, not all the scattered map sections are required; if the player is able to correctly determine the location of the sceptre's burial spot before acquiring all 25 map pieces, the game is won. If the sceptre is not recovered before King Maximus dies (the time varies depending on difficulty setting), the game ends in defeat. The location of the sceptre, the artifacts and which castles the villains inhabit are all randomized each game, adding to its replayability.

The hero is given a weekly commission from the king to track down 17 villains across the 4 continents. With each defeat of the progressively stronger villain's army, the character claims (along with the reward money for the "King's Bounty" on that villain) another piece of the map revealing the sceptre's burial location. Along the way, numerous treasure chests are encountered scattered across the map. Some of these chests represent various events that increase the hero's inherent abilities, such as magical strength or weekly income; others may contain one of eight artifacts, which themselves provide a piece of the map, in addition to conferring their own unique powers.

As the player explores, he encounters various types of creatures native to the different continents, some of which are able to be recruited. Most of these creatures are significant upgrades from the normal human forces available to the player at the King's castle, and are required to defeat the tougher villain armies. However, as their strength increases, so does the amount of gold required to retain them, which must be paid weekly. Although the player's commission can be raised in a variety of ways, such as maintaining a garrison of forces at a captured castle. If their costs exceed their income, they run out of money, their army will abandon them. Furthermore, each of the various army units have either a positive, neutral, or negative predisposition towards other. An army composed of creatures that "dislike" each other lowers their "morale", making them less effective in combat. Conversely, recruiting creatures which share a positive predisposition towards each other increases their morale. Assembling an "ideal" army is another open-ended aspect of the game.

King's Bounty features four selectable hero classes: Barbarian, Knight, Paladin, and Sorceress. Each class varies in magical ability, starting troop power, natural leadership ability, and Commission (income per week). As the king's bounty is collected on more villains, the king increases the rank of the hero. This rank determines in part what troops the hero may recruit, and more importantly, the strength of the hero's attributes.

Combat in King's Bounty occurs when sieging an occupied castle or engaging a wandering army on the main map. Combat turns are simple, with the player's army moving first, followed by the opponent's. Armies are stack-based, with any one stack taking up one square on the battlefield. Stacks can represent anything from one cavalry unit to thousands. The player can use a number of either Adventuring spells, only used in the overworld, or Combat spells. Adventuring spells allow movement to Towns, Castles, create bridges, increase leadership (Raise Control), stop time for some number of moves, finds the villain's castle, or creates an army stack if the player has a space (Instant Army). During combat, the player can cast one spell per turn that cause damage via lightning, fireball, or turn undead, can resurrect dead troops, teleport a unit to an open position, freeze an enemy unit so it cannot move, or increase an existing troop through cloning (Clone).

Amiga
The game's graphics were completely redone (by Bonita Long-Hemsath and Kenneth L. Mayfield). The hair and skin color of many characters were changed, and many of the sprites representing armies underwent redesign. Mouse support was also added making most parts of the screen interactive, by clicking or hovering.

Gameplay changes
The Mega Drive/Genesis port of King's Bounty is notably different from the PC version of the game, the most obvious change being the move into the realm of real time. Armies on the overworld now move on their own and automatically engage the hero. This makes the game arguably more difficult, as a careful player of the DOS version could often maneuver past several wandering armies at a time without being successfully engaged. Also affected is the game's time limit. Although it has become harsher, it is somewhat balanced by the fact that trekking across desert squares no longer takes 1 day, and changing continents no longer ends the week.

Gone from this version of King's Bounty are all keyboard controls and hero naming capabilities.

Graphical changes
The game uses the same improved graphic set Amiga version had. As a minor change, wandering armies are now displayed according to their most powerful stack, as opposed to the generic stacks of the DOS version that corresponded to the current continent. Nevertheless, the graphics remain trademark of New World Computing, with other games like The Faery Tale Adventure appearing similar but featuring different gameplay.

King's Bounty and Heroes of Might and Magic
King's Bounty is widely considered to be the precursor for much of the gameplay in the Heroes of Might and Magic series (the Might and Magic series being the basis for the storyline), both of which were published by New World Computing and designed by Jon Van Caneghem. Among the many similarities, an emphasis on hero development and combat style are especially prominent in both. In the introduction to the player manual of Heroes III, van Caneghem credits King's Bounty as the precursor to Heroes of Might and Magic. King's Bounty is included in some HOMM anthologies, including the Heroes of Might and Magic Compendium and Heroes of Might and Magic Millennium Edition.

The 2001 PlayStation 2 title Heroes of Might and Magic: Quest for the Dragon Bone Staff is an enhanced remake of King's Bounty made by 3DO.

Successors
In 2007, the Russian game publisher 1C Company purchased the property rights to the King's Bounty franchise and attached the name to a title being developed by Katauri Interactive, a company located in Kaliningrad. Prior to the name change, the game's working title was Battle Lord. The game was published in 2008 as King's Bounty: The Legend.

In 2009, King's Bounty: Armored Princess was released using the same engine as King's Bounty: The Legend, with a new heroine and other minor new elements.

In 2010, an expansion for Armoured Princess was released as a standalone game called King's Bounty: Crossworlds. This includes the Orcs on the March expansion, two new independent campaigns, and an editor.

In 2012, King's Bounty: Warriors of the North was released, still using the original engine from the prior games, but with new units, protagonist and story. In 2014 the Ice and Fire DLC was released for the game, adding new locations, new creatures and a creature skill system.

In 2014, King's Bounty: Dark Side was released, where the players play as the dark side and fight against the light side.

A direct sequel to King's Bounty: The Legend, King's Bounty II, was released in 2021.

Fan projects
An unofficial fan sequel, usually called "King's Bounty 2", was developed in 1992. The author of the sequel is a Ukrainian programmer Sergiy Prokofiev. All text in the game is in Russian, and the messages often feature Russia-specific folklore. No English-language version of the game has been available.

In August 2015, another game called "Royal Bounty HD" was released, which added many of the Heroes of Might and Magic gameplay improvements to the King's Bounty concept.

A free unofficial version of original game (with original graphics and expanded storyline) was published in 2015 by Russian programmer Sergei Markoff, also known as the author of free SmarThink chess engine. The game includes a lot of easter eggs, science jokes and various additional objects like Titan of Braavos and so on.

King's Bounty boardgame
Task Force Games released a King's Bounty boardgame in 1991. Like its computer game counterpart, the object of the game is to catch villains in a fantasy setting, but the villains' names are different, and three designers, not including Van Caneghem, are credited for the creation of the game. The cover of both the computer game and the boardgame versions are the same, implying some connection between the two.

During the brief period that TFG was owned by New World Computing, the two companies attempted the first ever simultaneous release of a board game and computer game. The two versions of King's Bounty wound up releasing about 9 months apart, and after NWC had sold TFG to former Games Workshop Vice-President John Olsen. Future versions of New World Computing's version of King's Bounty were called Heroes of Might & Magic to avoid confusion between the two different games that had been designed by different designers. TFG kept the name as the original concept had come from them and the board game designer. TFG never wound up releasing a second version of the King's Bounty board game.

The common cover art came from one of TFG's regular artists.

Reception
Computer Gaming World's reviewer stated that although the game was short (he finished it in six hours), the narrow time limit, exciting battles, and opportunity to gain power made it appealing to adventurers. The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon #166 by Jager McConnell in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars. The Lessers reviewed the Sega Genesis version of the game in Dragon #175, also giving that version of the game 3 out of 5 stars. The Lessers reviewed the DOS version of the game in 1992 in Dragon #187, again giving that version of the game 3 stars. Retroactively, the game was reviewed by Sega-16.com, who - in consideration of its influence on the Heroes of Might and Magic series - gave it a perfect 10.0 score.

Reviews

 * Raze (October 1991)
 * Amiga Power (October 1991)
 * Raze (November 1990)
 * Consoles Plus (September 1991)
 * Mean Machines (June 1991)
 * Joker Verlag präsentiert: Sonderheft (1992)
 * Amiga Joker (September 1991)
 * Commodore Format (November 1990)
 * Video Games (June 1991)
 * Tilt (September 1991)

title: King's Bounty


text:
Bycanistes

Bycanistes is a genus of medium to large, primarily frugivorous hornbills (family Bucerotidae) found in the forests and woodlands of Sub-Saharan Africa. They have often been included in the genus Ceratogymna, but today most authorities consider them separate. All species in this genus have black and white plumage. The plumage of the sexes is similar, but the casque of the male is larger than that of the female.

Recent genetic data shows that Bycanistes is the sister taxon to ground hornbills, this clade having diverged from the rest of the hornbill lineage early on. Bycanistes is thought to represent an early African lineage, while the remaining Bucerotiformes evolved in Asia.

Species
The genus contains the following six species:

title: Bycanistes


text:
Bryce Courtenay

Arthur Bryce Courtenay, (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian advertising director and novelist. He is one of Australia's best-selling authors, notable for his book The Power of One.

Background and early years
Arthur Bryce Courtenay was born in the Lebombo Mountains in what was then the Union of South Africa, the son of Maude Greer and Arthur Ryder. Ryder was married with six children, and lived with his family, but also maintained a relationship with Greer, with whom he already had a daughter, Rosemary. Maude Greer gave the surname Courtenay to both her children. Bryce Courtenay spent most of his early years in a small village in the Lebombo Mountains in the Limpopo province. He later attended King Edward VII School in Johannesburg.

In 1955, while studying journalism in London, Courtenay met Benita Solomon. They emigrated to Sydney in 1958, married in 1959 and had three sons – Brett, Adam and Damon.

Courtenay entered the advertising industry and, over a career spanning 34 years, was the Creative Director of McCann Erickson, J. Walter Thompson and George Patterson Advertising. His award-winning campaigns included the original Milkybar Kid commercial.

Along with Geoff Pike, Courtenay developed the concept behind the Cadbury Yowie, a chocolate that contained a children's toy, typically an Australian or New Zealand native animal.

On 1 April 1991, Courtenay's son Damon (who was born with the blood condition haemophilia) died at age 24 from AIDS-related complications, contracted through a blood transfusion.

Courtenay divorced Benita in 2000 and acknowledged sexual relationships with other women during their 42-year marriage. Benita Courtenay died on 11 March 2007, at the age of 72, four months after being diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia. He later lived in Canberra with his second wife, Christine Gee.

Writing
Courtenay's novels are primarily set in South Africa, the country of his birth, or Australia, his adopted country. His first book, The Power of One, was published in 1989 and, despite Courtenay's fears that it would never sell, quickly became one of Australia's best-selling books by any living author. The story was made into a film, as well as being re-released in an edition for children.

Courtenay was one of Australia's most commercially successful authors. He built up this success over the long term by promoting himself and developing a relationship with readers as much as marketing his books; for instance, he gave away up to 2,500 books free each year to readers he met in the street. However, only The Power of One has been published in the United States. Courtenay claimed that this was because "American publishers for the most part have difficulties about Australia[;] they are interested in books in their own country first and foremost. However, we receive many e-mails and letters from Americans who have read my books and I am hoping in the future that publishers will recognize that there is a market for all my books in the U.S."

Courtenay had a very strong work ethic, often writing 12 hours a day, and he normally wrote a book each year during his writing career. He turned to writing in the late 1980s after a 30-year career in advertising. In his lifetime, he sold more than 20 million copies of his books worldwide.

Death
In September 2012, Courtenay announced that he was suffering from terminal gastric cancer and that his last book would be Jack of Diamonds. He died on 22 November at his Canberra home, two weeks after the release of Jack of Diamonds.

Awards and honours

 * Member of the Order of Australia (AM): 1995; in recognition of service to advertising and marketing to the community and as an author
 * Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) (honoris causa): 2005; from the University of Newcastle
 * Doctor of the University (D.Univ.) (honoris causa): 2012; from the University of Canberra
 * Australia Post Literary Legend: 2010; honoured on an Australian postage stamp

African books

 * The Power of One (1989)
 * The Power of One: Young Readers Edition (1999)
 * Tandia (1992)
 * The Night Country (1998)
 * Whitethorn (2005)

Australian trilogy

 * The Potato Factory (1995)
 * Tommo & Hawk (1997)
 * Solomon's Song (1999)

Nick Duncan Saga

 * The Persimmon Tree (2007)
 * Fishing for Stars (2008)

Other fiction

 * A Recipe for Dreaming (1994)
 * The Family Frying Pan (1997)
 * Jessica (1998)
 * Smoky Joe's Cafe (2001)
 * Four Fires (2001)
 * Matthew Flinders' Cat (2002)
 * Brother Fish (2004)
 * Sylvia (2006)
 * The Story of Danny Dunn (2009)
 * Fortune Cookie (2010)
 * Jack of Diamonds (2012)

Non-fiction

 * April Fool's Day (1993)
 * Kyle, Roy. Edited by Courtenay, Bryce. (2003). An Anzac's Story. Penguin Books, Victoria. ISBN 0-14-300187-6.
 * The Silver Moon (2015)

External sources and further reading

 * Bryce Courtenay's website

title: Bryce Courtenay


text:
User:Sj/preservationofcolor

Brotherhood for the Preservation of Local Color [james t.]
[The second member of this brotherhood better be a woman, because I like the name and don't want any guff from equalists, genderists, retro-masculinists, or those who like to cut color out of not only WP but language altogether. +sj+ 08:35, 2004 Mar 14 (UTC)]
 * I thought of the above when I saw this, a nice example of definitional confusion. phoebe/ (talk) 23:12, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

The ideal article is *not* colorless and bland. It is NPOV along lines which are orthogonal to understanding and becoming one with the subject at hand; but it is written by someone who cares deeply about that subject -- yes, deeply enough to make sure that views with which she vehemently disagrees and views she supports are each presented fairly -- with flair and color. It engages the reader, and its content, organization, and spirit combine to make the article stick in the reader's memory for a good while afterwards, at least until teatime.

Some poor examples; as time passes I will remember and add better ones; then perhaps attract other adherents to this little cult. Raul Hilberg is, as it happens, a rather gray man; focused and stable and, on first impression, bland. But when you read his life's work about The Destruction of the European Jews, you get neither the emotional, angry histories written by most Holocaust historians (traditional and revisionist) nor the bland, statistical summaries provided by similarly data-laden essays and encyclopedia articles trying to avoid the same... you come away with a sense of how deeply the author cared about his investigations, how meticulous he was, how much it all meant to him to demand such prolonged, steady attention.

Corollary : Don't be overwhelmed by seriousness
A little planned unseriousness, carried out with style, is integral to reminding and reassuring people that innovation and new ideas are welcome. A day of arbcomm discussions carried out in olde english for a change; the local News Office @ Harvard that meticulously observes 'talk like a pirate' day; occasions when the logos across all sites are changed, toyed with, made fun of. Google is good about this; it at least has served them well.

title: User:Sj/preservationofcolor


text:
Tung Chung line

The Tung Chung line is one of the ten lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong, linking the town of Tung Chung with central Hong Kong. It was built in the 1990s as part of the Airport Railway project, part of the construction of the new Chek Lap Kok Airport. The line currently travels through eight stations in 31 minutes along its route. The line is coloured orange on the MTR system map.

History
In October 1989, the Hong Kong government announced plans to build a new airport on the remote island of Chek Lap Kok to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak International Airport in the heart of Kowloon.

As part of the initiative, the government invited the MTR Corporation to build a rail link to the new airport dubbed the Lantau Airport Railway. The project initially saw opposition from the Chinese government as it feared the construction would drain the fiscal reserves of the Hong Kong government and leave the Chinese with nothing after the British handed the territory over in 1997.

Both the Chinese and British governments reached an agreement and construction commenced in November 1994. The line was originally named Lantau line but was later renamed Tung Chung line during the construction.

The Lantau Airport rail link consists of two train lines, the Tung Chung line and the Airport Express. Both lines deploy the same rolling stock with differences in interior fittings and liveries. The consultants for the Lantau Airport Railway, such as Arup, Halcrow, Meinhardt, Hyder Consulting, and others, at the time of the construction.

On 22 June 1998, the Tung Chung line was officially opened by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, and service commenced the next day.

On 16 December 2003, an open house for charity took place at the recently completed Nam Cheong station, an interchange between the Tung Chung line and soon to be opened West Rail line. The station then closed on 19 December 2003 in preparation for the opening of the new KCR West Rail, and it was officially opened to public on 20 December 2003. Since then, the number of cars per train has increased from seven to eight to accommodate the additional patronage.

Sunny Bay station opened on 1 June 2005 as an interchange for the Disneyland Resort line. The resort opened its door two months after the station became operational.

Between 2006 and 2007, four new trains entered service to improve service frequency. The first train was delivered on 9 February 2006 and entered service on 12 June 2006. Modifications were added to the platforms to accommodate the new trains, which are a few millimetres wider than the original rolling stock.

Route description
Unlike most other railway lines in the system, the Tung Chung line travels mostly above ground and spans a greater distance. The line shares its trackage with the Airport Express before diverging in Tung Chung.

The line travels underground from Hong Kong station to Kowloon station across the harbour, then surfaces to the ground to reach Olympic station. Trains continue to travel above ground along the West Kowloon Expressway and stops at Nam Cheong station, followed by Lai King station on a viaduct. Thereafter the line crosses the Rambler Channel and stops at Tsing Yi station on Tsing Yi Island.

Trains then enter a tunnel through the hills of the island and continues on the Tsing Ma Bridge and the Kap Shui Mun Bridge onto Lantau Island. The line continues along the North Lantau Expressway and stops at Sunny Bay before terminating at Tung Chung. The distance between the two stops is roughly 10 km and takes approximately 6 minutes to complete.

Some outbound trains do not continue to Lantau but terminate at Tsing Yi station due to the capacity constraint of the Tsing Ma Bridge which only allows a maximum of one train per track at all times.

Stations
This is a list of the stations on the Tung Chung line.

List

Design limitations
When British Hong Kong was planning to build the Airport Railway (Tung Chung line and Airport Express) in the 1990s, which was a few years before the handover to China, the Chinese government raised concerns about the effect of the project on the territory's fiscal reserves, which eventually forced the Hong Kong government to reduce the cost of the Airport Railway. The resulting changes made to the design imposed limitations on the level of service on the line.

 * The airport rail link was originally designed to accommodate four tracks, two each for the Airport Express and Tung Chung line. It was later reduced to two tracks where both services share the same trackage. As a result, signal failures can affect both services.
 * The Lantau Link section of the line (consisting of the Tsing Ma Bridge, Ma Wan Viaduct, and Kap Shui Mun Bridge) only allows one train to pass through each direction at the same time, raising the minimum headway between trains to 2 minutes 15 seconds. As a result, some Tung Chung line trains terminate at Tsing Yi during peak hours, instead of travelling the entire line.
 * The signalling system is not capable of giving priority to Airport Express trains; as a result, Tung Chung line trains stopping at Sunny Bay station frequently impede Airport Express trains, which do not serve the station. Tung Chung Line trains would sometimes stop at Sunny Bay Station for an extended period of time to give way to the Airport Express trains.
 * The power supply system restricts the number of trains running between Kowloon and Lai King stations. The system can accommodate a maximum of one Airport Express train and two Tung Chung trains travelling in both directions at one time. The minimum headway on this section of the line is 3 minutes 30 seconds.

Tung Chung line extension
In the Railway Development Strategy 2014, it was proposed that the Tung Chung Line be extended west and a new station constructed at Tung Chung West.

In April 2020, Carrie Lam and the Executive Council approved the detailed planning and design of the Tung Chung line extension project consisting of two new stations. Construction began in May 2023, with the cost of the two new stations expected to be HK$24.2 billion in 2023. Tung Chung East is an infill station between Tung Chung and Sunny Bay, while Tung Chung West would be a new underground station west of Tung Chung and serve as the new terminus of the Tung Chung Line. This extension is expected to be complete by 2029. The project is will extend the line by an additional 1.3 kilometres. The design contract for the extension was recently awarded to British engineering companies Arup and Atkins.

Airport Railway Extended Overrun Tunnel (AREOT)
An underground tunnel, around half a kilometer long, will be built eastwards of Hong Kong station. It will allow Tung Chung line and Airport Express trains to turn around so trains can easily switch directions and enhancing operational efficiency. This project would also include the construction of a new ventilation building, ARB. Construction is expected to begin in 2025 and to be completed by 2032.

North Island line
Once the North Island line is complete, trains will travel in a tunnel east of Hong Kong station along the shore of the island before merging into the Tseung Kwan O line at North Point. Three new stations - Tamar, Exhibition Centre and Causeway Bay North will form part of the extension.

title: Tung Chung line


text:
User:Amchu

Cymbidium

The Cymbidium group of orchids is one of the most popular because of its beautiful flowers. These plants make great house plants, and they are also popular for making floral arrangements or corsages by florists. One feature that makes the plant popular is the fact that it can survive during cold temperatures (as low as 7˚ C or 45˚ F). Cymbidiums bloom during the winter, and each plant can have up to fifteen or more flowers. The possible colors for this plant include: white, green, yellowish-green, cream, yellow, brown, pink, and red (and may have markings of other color shades at the same time). Long, green, narrow shaped leaves accompany the flowers.

This is a picture of a Cymbidium plant that I took a picture of on March 2004.

title: User:Amchu


text:
Varlık Vergisi

The Varlık Vergisi (, "wealth tax" or "capital tax") was a tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens in Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II. The underlying reason for the tax was to inflict financial ruin on the minority non-Muslim citizens of the country, end their prominence in the country's economy and transfer the assets of non-Muslims to the Muslim bourgeoisie. It was a discriminatory measure which taxed non-Muslims up to ten times more heavily and resulted in a significant amount of wealth and property being transferred to Muslims.

Background
The Şükrü Saracoğlu government introduced a bill for a one-off tax, which was approved by the Turkish parliament on November 11, 1942. This tax targeted fixed assets, including landed estates, buildings, businesses, and industrial enterprises owned by all citizens but disproportionately affected minorities. Non-Muslim communities, such as Jews, Greeks, Armenians, and Levantines, who played a significant role in the economy, were particularly hard-hit, with Armenians bearing the heaviest tax burden.

While the tax was supposedly meant for all Turkish citizens, it disproportionately burdened non-Muslims with exorbitant and arbitrary rates. The consequences were severe—the remaining non-Muslim merchant class was decimated, and many non-Muslim families faced financial ruin. The taxes reached staggering levels, at times surpassing an individual's entire wealth. The law applied even to impoverished non-Muslims like drivers, workers, and beggars, while their Muslim counterparts enjoyed exemption. The Varlık Vergisi led to a number of suicides among ethnic minority citizens in Istanbul.

During World War II, Turkey maintained a neutral stance until February 1945. The official rationale for the tax was to bolster the state treasury in preparation for a potential invasion by Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union. However, the primary motive behind the tax was to assert national control over the Turkish economy. By diminishing the influence and control of minority populations in trade, finance, and industries, the government aimed to create a new Turkish Muslim bourgeoisie.

The tax could not be challenged neither by legal nor administrative means, except if there was a duplication. Non-Muslims were given a 15-day window to pay their dues in cash. Those unable to meet the obligation resorted to borrowing from friends or family, selling properties at public auctions, or offloading businesses to gather funds.

For those incapable of payment, they were sent to labor camps in eastern Anatolia. Though workers received wages, half was deducted to offset their debts. Elderly individuals, unable to endure the rigorous labor, collaborated with younger villagers from Aşkale, paying them daily wages to work in their stead. All five thousand sent to the labor camps were non-Muslims, as Muslim taxpayers faced milder consequences. Despite the law exempting those over fifty-five from labor service, even elderly and sick individuals found themselves dispatched. Twenty-one people died in these camps, and their wealth was confiscated by the Turkish government and sold at significantly reduced prices to Turkish Muslims, laying the groundwork for some contemporary Turkish conglomerates. The state also seized property from close relatives – parents, parents-in-law, children, and siblings – selling it to settle tax amounts, even if the individual had been consigned to forced labor.

Taxpayers were classified into four separate lists, the "M" list, for Muslims, the "G", for non-Muslims (Gayrimuslim), the "E", for Foreigners (Ecnebi) and the "D" for converts (Dönme). Foreign-passport residents in Turkey who gave in a tax return or owned a business were forced to pay a huge capital levy on supposed wealth too, although none of them were ruined or committed suicide. Devoid of any factual basis, the tax seemed to arise solely from the authorities' whims, prompting foreign embassies and consulates to intervene on behalf of their nationals. During the period, the Turkish press allegedly published "anti-minority" articles and reports.

Official figures revealed that the Turkish government collected TL 324 million (when 1 US dollar equaled 1.20 Turkish lira) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets – an amount surpassing $4 billion in 2022. According to Faik Ökte, the director of finance for the province of Istanbul at the time during the Varlık Vergisi, TL 289,256,246 was collected from non-Muslim minorities, TL 34,226,764 from converts, and TL 25,600,409 from Muslims. Despite the government's rigid enforcement of this discriminatory law, it failed to achieve the intended results. Companies, compelled to offset losses, sharply increased product prices, triggering an inflationary spiral that adversely impacted low-income consumers.

Repeal and aftermath
International pressure led to the repeal of the controversial law on March 15, 1944, driven by strong criticism from the United Kingdom and the United States. Following its abolition, minority citizens detained in labor camps were released, and though the Turkish government pledged to refund paid taxes to non-Muslims, this promise went unfulfilled.

The opposition Democratic Party (DP) capitalized on its unpopularity in the general election of 1950, which was the first democratic general election in the Turkish Republic, thereby securing a landslide victory against the Republican People's Party (CHP).

The enduring impact of these taxes manifested in a lasting demographic shift within minority populations. Many, particularly the Greek minority, perceived an uncertain future in Turkey and sought refuge in Greece. Conversely, some from the Jewish community, having safeguarded assets abroad, managed to rebuild a more cautious life in Turkey. The tax precipitated the closure or sale of small businesses to larger entities, consolidating control in the hands of major business interests. It also facilitated state confiscation of significant minority property in Istanbul, not only reshaping the economy but altering the urban landscape as well. The 1935 Census recorded non-Muslims as 1.98% of the population; by 1945, this had fallen to 1.54%.

In addition, the Varlık Vergisi underscored that being Muslim held substantial implications for Turkish citizenship. Its treatment by the Turkish press highlighted the close ties between the Executive and the Press in the country.

In 1951, Faik Ökte, in his memoirs, admitted to the discriminatory application of the tax against non-Muslims. The Turkish press condemned him as a "traitor to the homeland" for publishing such revelations.

In popular culture
The historical novel Salkım Hanım'ın Taneleri (variously translated as Mrs. Salkım's Diamonds/Pearls/Beads/Necklace), written by Turkish author Yilmaz Karakoyunlu, recounts stories and witnesses of the non-Muslims during the Varlık Vergisi. The same novel was turned into a film of the same name, Mrs. Salkım's Diamonds. Members of parliament, such as Ahmet Çakar (politician) (MHP), were outraged at the screening.

The Netflix series The Club revolves around a Jewish woman who was victimized by the tax and its aftermath.

title: Varlık Vergisi


text:
Cymbidium

Cymbidium, commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.

Description
Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.

Taxonomy and naming
The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis based on the description of Epidendrum aloifolium L. (Cymbidium aloifolium). The genus name Cymbidium is derived from the Latin word cymba meaning "cup" "bowl" or "boat" with the diminutive suffix -idium,  hence "little boat", apparently in reference to the shape of the labellum in some species.

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus. In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections. The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.

Species
The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:

Subgenus Cymbidium
Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges

Subgenus Cyperorchis
Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.

Subgenus Jensoa
Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,

Natural Hybrids

 * Cymbidium × ballianum Rolfe
 * Cymbidium × baoshanense F.Y.Liu & Perner
 * Cymbidium × dilatatiphyllum J.M.H.Shaw
 * Cymbidium × florinda Rolfe
 * Cymbidium × gammieanum King & Pantl.
 * Cymbidium × glebelandense Rolfe
 * Cymbidium × hillii F.Muell. ex Regel
 * Cymbidium × monanthum J.M.H.Shaw
 * Cymbidium × nishiuchianum Makino ex J.M.H.Shaw
 * Cymbidium × nomachianum T.Yukawa & Nob.Tanaka
 * Cymbidium × nujiangense X.P.Zhou, S.P.Lei & Z.J.Liu
 * Cymbidium × oblancifolium Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen
 * Cymbidium × purpuratum L.J.Chen, Li.Q.Li & Z.J.Liu
 * Cymbidium × rosefieldense Rolfe
 * Cymbidium × woodlandense Rolfe

Distribution
This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia. The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.

Use in horticulture
Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade ) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near 0 C.

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.

Use in cooking
The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".

title: Cymbidium


text: User talk:68.99.207.145

title: User talk:68.99.207.145


text:
Orange, New South Wales

Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km west of the state capital, Sydney [206 km on a great circle], at an altitude of 862 m. Orange had an urban population of 41,920 at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1395 m and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.

Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.

History
The Orange region is the traditional land of the Wiradjuri people. Known as the people of the three rivers, the Wiradjuri people have inhabited New South Wales for at least 60,000 years.

In 1822 Captain Percy Simpson arrived in the Wellington District and established a convict settlement which was called "Blackman's Swamp" after James Blackman; Simpson had employed James Blackman as a guide because he had already accompanied an earlier explorer, John Oxley into that region.

In the late 1820s, the surveyor J. B. Richards worked on a survey of the Macquarie River below Bathurst and also of the road to Wellington. On a plan dated 1829, he indicated a village reserve, in the parish of Orange. Sir Thomas Mitchell named the parish Orange, as he had been an associate of the Prince of Orange in the Peninsular War, when both were aides-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, whose title was bestowed on the valley to the west by Oxley.

Initial occupation by graziers began in late 1829, and tiny settlements eventually turned into larger towns as properties came into connection with the road. In 1844, the surveyor Davidson was sent to check on encroachments onto the land reserved for a village, and to advise on the location for a township. His choices were Frederick's Valley, Pretty Plains, or Blackman's Swamp.

Blackman's Swamp was chosen, and it was proclaimed a village and named Orange by Major Thomas Mitchell in 1846 in honour of Prince William of Orange. At nearby Ophir, a significant gold find in Australia was made in 1851, resulting in a sporadic population movement which is known as the Australian gold rush. Additional gold finds in nearby areas led to the establishment of Orange as a central trading centre for the gold.

The growth of Orange continued as the conditions were well suited for agriculture, and in 1860 it was proclaimed a municipality. The railway from Sydney reached Orange in 1877. In 1946, 100 years after it was first being established as a village, Orange was proclaimed as a minor city.

Orange was proposed as a site for Australia's national capital city, prior to the selection of Canberra. The new capital city would have adjoined the town of Orange, which would have been included in the surrounding federal territory.

Population
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 41,920 people in the Orange urban centre.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.8% of the population.
 * 83.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 1.6%, India 1.2%, New Zealand 1.0%, Philippines 0.7% and Nepal 0.6%.
 * 87.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Malayalam 0.7%, Nepali 0.6%, Mandarin 0.4%, and Tagalog 0.3%.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.6%, Catholic 26.3%, and Anglican 15.6%.
 * Of the employed people in Orange, 7.1% worked in hospitals (except psychiatric hospitals). Other major industries of employment included gold ore mining 4.8%, other social assistance services 4.4%, state government administration 3.7%, and primary education 2.6%.

Geography and climate
Owing to its altitude, Orange has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), with warm summers (though with cool mornings) and cold, wet winters with frequent morning frosts. The city is relatively wet for an inland location owing to orographic effects from Mount Canobolas, especially during the cooler months when snow falls; Orange is the snowiest major city in Australia, but even so it is far from a regular occurrence on account of its northern latitude. Due to its windward position on the western side of the ranges, Orange experiences significantly wetter winters than the towns on the eastern part of the ranges, such as Lithgow and Katoomba.

Compared with most population centres in Australia it has colder winters, especially in terms of its daytime maximum temperatures, owing to its westerly exposure. In summer, the average (and absolute) maximum temperatures are also lower than in most inland centres, on account of its elevation. Owing to its inland location, the humidity is low in the summer months with the afternoon dewpoint typically around 10 °C. The city features 99.8 clear days annually, with the majority of sunshine in the summer months, in sharp contrast to Sydney which has higher sunshine hours in winter due to the foehn effect.

The climate has enabled the area to be a major apple and pear producer, and a centre for cool-weather wine production.

Economy
Orange is a well-known fruit growing district, and produces apples, pears, and many stone fruits such as cherries, peaches, apricots, and plums; oranges are not grown in the area, since its climate is too cool. In recent years, a large number of vineyards have been planted in the area for rapidly expanding wine production. The growth of this wine industry, coupled with the further development of Orange as a gourmet food capital, has ensured Orange's status as a prominent tourism destination.

Other large industries include: Orange is also the location of the headquarters of the New South Wales Department of Industry (Department of Industry, Skills and Regional Development, the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries).
 * Cadia gold mine is a large open cut gold and copper mine located about 20 kilometres south of Orange. The mine has been developed throughout the 1990s and is a major employer in the region with an expected lifespan of several decades. Cadia is the second largest open-cut mine in Australia, following the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Large mineral deposits are also being uncovered from the more recently developed Ridgeway underground mine which is adjacent to the Cadia Mine.
 * An Electrolux white goods factory, closed in 2017.

Primary and public schools

 * St Mary's Catholic Primary School
 * Orange Public, opened 1880
 * Orange East Public
 * Calare Public School
 * Orange Christian School
 * Kinross Wolaroi School
 * Bletchington Primary School
 * Anson Street Public School
 * Glenroi Heights Public School
 * Bowen Public School
 * Canobolas Public School
 * Clergate Public School
 * Catherine McAuley Catholic
 * Orange Anglican Grammar School

The following primary schools are not within the city limits of Orange but are located within the rural fringe of Orange:

 * Spring Hill Public School
 * Nashdale Primary School
 * Spring Terrace Public School
 * Borenore Public School
 * Clergate Public School
 * Mullion Creek Public School

Secondary schools

 * Orange High School
 * James Sheahan Catholic High School
 * Canobolas Rural Technology High School
 * Orange Christian School (K–12)
 * Kinross Wolaroi School (Prep–12)
 * Orange Anglican Grammar School (Transition 4yrs – 12)
 * MET School Orange Campus (3–12)
 * Charles Sturt University Orange campus.jpg's campus in Orange]]De La Salle College (defunct)

Tertiary education

 * A campus of Charles Sturt University is located on the outskirts of northern Orange.
 * A large campus of TAFE is also located in Orange.

Churches

 * St Joseph's and St Mary's Catholic Churches
 * Orange NSW Holy Trinity Church (cropped).jpg Trinity Anglican Church
 * St Barnabas Anglican Church
 * Orange Uniting Churches
 * Orange Baptist Church
 * Orange Presbyterian Church
 * St Peter's Lutheran Church
 * New Life City Church
 * Orange Evangelical Church
 * Orange Christian Assembly
 * Mountain Hope Church
 * Salvation Army
 * Orange Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Orange Church of Christ
 * Slavic Pentecostal Church
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
 * Open Heavens Church

Suburbs and Localities
The following are listed as the suburbs within Orange City Council, according to the New South Wales Division of Local Government:

 * Ammerdown: a residential locality to the north west of Orange on the Mitchell Highway.
 * Bletchington: containing mostly residential areas with one school, it is one of the largest residential areas, and it is often split into North Orange and Bletchington. Within the suburb are the Orange Botanic Gardens, the Orange Adventure Playground, and the Waratah Sports Ground.
 * Bloomfield: containing farmland, Bloomfield Golf Course, Riverside Mental Institution and Orange Health Service (a major regional hospital) along with the Gosling Creek Reservoir and the Gosling Creek nature reserve.
 * Borenore: a locality, 15 km west of Orange, comprising primarily farmland. Also the site of the Australian National Field Days.
 * Bowen: containing residential, predominantly public housing, industrial, commercial, Kinross Woloroi School, and government offices, this suburb also has the main road out of Orange to Sydney. It also contains the Orange Showground and the Orange Cemetery.
 * Calare: the suburb is located to the west of the CBD. It is mostly a residential area, and contains Calare Public School and Orange High School, and Wentworth Golf Course. It is also commonly split into Calare, Bel-Air and Wentworth Estate and has The Quarry and Towac Park Racecourse. It houses most new areas of Orange
 * Canobolas: this mainly farming and recreation area, contains the Mount Canobolas State recreation area and Mount Canobolas.
 * Clifton Grove: containing farmland and large residential blocks, some parts of the estate are down stream from the Suma Park Reservoir and the area also contains the Kinross State Forest.
 * Clover Hill: a residential suburb to the north of the CBD.
 * Glenroi: a mainly residential area with areas of public housing, along with the (now defunct) Electrolux white goods manufacturing plant. It also contains industrial land in areas surrounding the factory, as well as a more recent industrial area known as Leewood Estate.
 * Huntley: a locality south of Orange.
 * Lucknow: a small village approximately 9 km east of Orange. It is a historic mining town with small residential, small industrial and commercial with most being farmland.
 * March: a locality north of Orange.
 * Millthorpe: a village south east of Orange. The area constituting a suburb of Orange is constituted of farmland lying to the northwest of the village.
 * Narrambla: a mainly industrial and farming land area.
 * Nashdale:a community located approximately 8 kilometres west of Orange. The community gathers around the local Nashdale Public School and hall.
 * Orange: the suburb comprises the central business district of the city, which contains an original grid street plan. The main street of Orange is Summer Street. The CBD can be defined as being the area of the city bounded by Hill, March, Peisley, and Moulder Streets.
 * Orange East: beginning on the eastern side of the railway line, Orange East is mostly residential, but contains some light businesses, especially on Summer, Byng, and William Streets.
 * Orange South: directly to the south of the CBD, beginning past Moulder Street this area contains Wade Park and the Orange Base Hospital.
 * Shadforth: a locality to the east of Orange bypassed by the Mitchell Highway that contains Shadforth Quarry.
 * Spring Hill: a village to the southeast of Orange.
 * Spring Terrace: a locality and small village located south of Orange, centred on the local primary school.
 * Springside: a rural locality to the south of Orange.
 * Suma Park: a lightly populated residential area on the eastern outskirts of Orange. It contains Suma Park Reservoir, Orange's main water supply.
 * Summer Hill: a lightly populated residential, industrial, and farmland area on the south eastern outskirts of Orange on the Mitchell Highway.
 * Warrendine: a mostly residential area and contains James Sheahan Catholic High School and industrial land. It also has small school farmland and Jack Brabham Park.Cook Park - panoramio.jpg

Mining
Cadia-Ridgeway Mine is a large open cut gold and copper mine located about 20 kilometres south of Orange, the mine has been developed throughout the 1990s employing several thousand employees with an expected lifespan of several decades. Cadia is the second largest open cut mine in Australia after the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie. Large mineral deposits are also being uncovered from the more recently developed Ridgeway underground mine which is adjacent to the Cadia Mine.

Winemaking
The Orange wine region is defined as the area above 600m in the local government areas of Orange, Cabonne and Blayney and can be usefully described as a circle around Orange. The Orange region is good for grape growing and winemaking due to a combination of geology, soils, climate and temperature. Together these factors combine to produce grapes and wine of distinct flavours and colour. The climate perhaps plays the biggest part in giving Orange some distinct natural advantages – the cool temperatures during most of the growing season coupled with dry autumn conditions are ideal for grape growing.

Wineries

 * Amour Wines
 * Angullong Wines
 * Atallah Wines
 * Bloodwood
 * Boree Lane
 * Borrodell on the Mount
 * Brangayne of Orange
 * Canobolas Smith
 * Cargo Road Winery
 * Cooks Lot

 * Colmar Estate
 * Cumulus Estate
 * Dindima
 * De Salis
 * Faisan Estate
 * Habitat Vineyard
 * Heifer Station Vineyard
 * Highland Heritage
 * Hoosegg Wines

 * Mayfield Vineyard
 * Montoro Wines
 * Mortimer's Wines
 * Nashdale Lane
 * Orange Mountain Wines
 * Patina
 * Philip Shaw
 * Printhie / Swift
 * Ross Hill
 * Rowlee Wines
 * Rikard Wines

 * Sassy Wines
 * Sea Saw Wines
 * Slow Wine Co.
 * Strawhouse Wines
 * Stockman's Ridge
 * Swinging Bridge
 * Tallwood Wines
 * Tamburlaine Wines
 * Word of Mouth Wines

Wineries that use Orange region grapes in their wines include Brokenwood Wines (Hunter Valley based), Logan (Mudgee), Tamburlaine (Hunter Valley), Gartelmann (Hunter Valley), Windowrie (Central Ranges), Eloquesta Wines (Mudgee) and Lowe Wines (Mudgee). In 2007, South Australian based Penfolds winery released the 2007 Penfolds Bin 311 Orange Region Chardonnay.

Media
Orange is served by several radio stations, including 105.1 Triple M Central West 2GZFM, 105.9 Hit Central West, FM107.5 Orange Community Radio, 103.5 Rhema FM, One Central West FM88 and 2EL 1089AM – a commercial station that gets most of its programming from 2SM in Sydney. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) also broadcasts from four radio stations in Orange including ABC Local Radio (2CR) on 549AM and three national networks – ABC Classic FM on 102.7 FM, ABC Radio National on 104.3 FM, and Triple J on 101.9 FM.

The city receives five network television stations – Seven (a Seven Network affiliate, owned and operated by Seven Network), WIN TV (a Nine Network affiliate), Southern Cross 10 (a Network 10 affiliate), ABC TV and SBS TV.

 * Seven News produces a half-hour local news bulletin for the Central West, airing each weeknight at 6pm. It is produced from local newsrooms in Orange and Dubbo and broadcast from studios in Canberra.
 * WIN Television produces a half-hour local news bulletin for the Central West, airing each weeknight at 5:30pm. It is produced from its local newsroom in Orange and broadcast from studios in Wollongong.
 * Southern Cross 10 produces short news updates of 10 News First throughout the day from its Hobart studios.

Subscription television service Foxtel is available in Orange and the surrounding region via satellite.

The local newspapers are the Central Western Daily, [//www.theOrangeapp.com.au/ The Orange App] (online daily news), the Midstate Observer and [//www.orangecitylife.com.au/ Orange City Life].

Attractions
Orange has many attractions. There are bush walking trails in Orange including; Spring Glade Walking Track, Cook Park Heritage Walk, Summits Walking Tracks, Nangar National Park and Mullion Range State Conservation Area. Borenore Caves is a series of limestone caves. Duntryleague Golf Club and Clubhouse, Mount Canobolas and Federal Falls in the Mount Canobolas State Conservation Area, Lake Canobolas, Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit, the historic centre of Orange and the Orange Botanic Gardens are also near the town. Elephant Park, near Moulder Park, got its name from when circuses visited the town, and the elephants seen there.

Roads
Orange is situated on the Mitchell Highway, linking the city to Molong, Wellington, Dubbo and Bourke to the north west, and to Bathurst to the east and from there to Sydney via the Great Western Highway (260 km). Due west are Parkes (100 km) and Forbes (125 km), which is midway along the Newell Highway, running from Brisbane, Queensland to Melbourne, Victoria. In 2007 a bypass road, known as the northern distributor road, was opened for use after decades of planning.

Public transport
Orange Buslines operate a number of routes within the city and a service to the neighbouring city of Bathurst. Newman's Bus Service operates route two on weekdays to Blayney. Australia Wide Coaches operate a daily coach service to Sydney.

NSW TrainLink operate several coach services with connecting train services from Lithgow to Sydney, as well as a less frequent coach service to Cootamundra for connection to Melbourne.

Air
Orange is also serviced by a regional-class airport, Orange Airport, located approximately 15 km to the south of the city, in an area known as Huntley.

Railways
Orange has two railway stations. The main station, on the Main Western Line to Bourke, was opened in 1877 and is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Central West XPT service between Sydney and Dubbo and the weekly Outback Xplorer service between Sydney and Broken Hill. A smaller station, opened in 1970, known as Orange East Fork, lies on the branch line to Broken Hill was served by the weekly Indian Pacific service to Perth but due to low passenger numbers using this station (16 for the entire year 2017) this "bare bones" station is no longer used and the Indian-Pacific no longer stopping between Mt. Victoria and Broken Hill.

Architecture

 * John Andrews AO, internationally acclaimed architect resided in the city
 * John Blackwood, 11th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, is an architect who for most of his career practised in Orange.

Business

 * James Dalton (1834–1919), an early Australian merchant, pastoralist, and Roman Catholic lay leader, a key figure in the early development of Orange and district

Film and television

 * Billy Bevan (1887–1957), actor, born William Bevan Harris in Orange.
 * Mark Furze, a television actor and singer, born in Orange in 1986.
 * Elizabeth Lackey, an actress and model, attended Orange High School in the 1980s.

Food and hospitality

 * Kate Bracks, winner of the third series of MasterChef Australia, from Orange

Medicine

 * Janet Carr, physiotherapist and academic, raised in Orange
 * Anna Windsor (born 1976), Multi Olympian and Commonwealth Games swimmer. Medical Doctor based in Orange.

Music and creative arts

 * Murray Cook, a vocalist, songwriter and guitarist; best known as one of the members of The Wiggles, grew up in Orange
 * Susan, Crown Princess of Albania (1941–2004), the wife of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, educated and taught art at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Orange
 * Shannon Noll, a singer; best known for the song ‘What About Me?’, was born in Orange.
 * Chris Qua, of Daly-Wilson Big Band and Galapagos Duck, jazz musician was born in Orange.

Poetry

 * Banjo Paterson (1864–1941), poet, born near Orange
 * Kenneth Slessor (1901–1971), poet, born in Orange

Police

 * Frederick Hanson (1914–1980), former Commissioner of New South Wales Police, born in Orange

Politics

 * Sir Charles Cutler (1918–2006), a former politician including holding office for 28 years as an elected Member for Orange, and former Deputy Premier
 * J. J. Dalton (1861–1924), the second son of James Dalton, the first Australian-born member of the British Parliament, born in Orange
 * Tim Gartrell, former National Secretary of the Australian Labor Party and now Chief Executive of GenerationOne, born in Orange in 1970
 * Sir Neville Howse, VC (1863–1930), the first Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, a physician living in Orange, twice elected Mayor, and later federal politician

Sports

 * Robbie Abel, rugby union footballer, born in Orange in 1989
 * Jason Belmonte, tenpin bowler, born in Orange in 1983
 * Jack Besgrove, Australian softballer, born in Orange in 2003
 * Edwina Bone, hockey player for Australia, was born in Orange
 * Darren Britt, former rugby league footballer, born in Orange in 1969
 * Adam Clune, rugby league player, born in Orange in 1995
 * Andrew Dawes, Australian Paralympic coach, born in Orange in 1969
 * Tino Fa'asuamaleaui, rugby league player, born in Orange in 2000
 * Jo Garey, Australian cricketer 1995, lives in Orange.
 * Bob Lindfield, rugby league player, born in Orange in 1901
 * David Lyons, rugby union player, born in Orange in 1980
 * Phoebe Litchfield, Australian cricketer, lives in Orange.
 * James Maloney, rugby league player, born in Orange in 1986
 * Ted McFadden born in Orange 1880 played in the inaugural Balmain Tigers Rugby League Team (1908–1910)
 * Daniel Mortimer, rugby league player, born in Orange in 1989
 * Peter Mortimer, father of Daniel Mortimer, a former professional rugby league footballer and manager, now news reporter and winery owner, living in the Orange region
 * Lucas Parsons, golfer, born in Orange in 1969
 * Max Stewart, racing driver, born in Orange in 1935
 * Jack Wighton, rugby league player, born in Orange in 1993
 * Tameka Yallop, soccer player for Australia, born in Orange in 1991

Heritage listings
Orange has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 215–223 Anson Street: Uniting Church and Kindergarten Hall, Orange
 * 3–25 Bathurst Road: Bowen Terrace
 * 84 Byng Street: Union Bank of Australia building, Orange
 * Forest Road: Bloomfield Hospital, Orange
 * Peisley Street: Orange railway station, New South Wales
 * 24–26 Summer Street: Cook Park, Orange
 * 29 Summer Street: Berrilea
 * 222 Summer Street: Orange Post Office
 * Woodward Street: Duntryleague

Water resources
Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently Suma Park Dam and Spring Creek Reservoir are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams, Lake Canobolas and Gosling Creek Reservoir, were previously used for domestic water consumption; however, they are now used for recreational purposes. The city is currently on Level 2 water restrictions, following good rain (Sept 2020).

The local mine, Cadia-Ridgeway Mine, uses the city's treated effluent to supplement its water supply.

Orange is currently planning to implement a pipeline from the Macquarie river to boost the town water supply. This is hotly debated, and researchers believe that it will endanger threatened wetland areas.

Sister cities
Orange is a sister city to:
 * 🇺🇸 Orange, United States (1963)
 * 🇯🇵 Ushiku, Japan (1990)
 * 🇵🇬 Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea (1985)
 * 🇳🇿 Timaru, New Zealand (1986)

title: Orange, New South Wales


text:
Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)

In Fiji, the Leader of the Opposition (or Opposition Leader) is a senior politician who commands the support of the Official Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition is, by convention, the leader of the largest political party in the Parliament of Fiji that is not in government. This is usually this is the parliamentary leader of the second-largest caucus in Parliament. It did not originate in Fiji but has a long tradition; in British constitutional theory, the Leader of the Opposition must pose a formal alternative to the government, ready to form a government himself should the Prime Minister lose the confidence of the parliament.

Typically the leader of the Opposition is elected by his or her party according to its rules. A new leader may be elected when the incumbent dies, resigns, or is challenged for the leadership. Inia Seruiratu of the FijiFirst party has been serving as the leader of the opposition since 29 March 2023.

Description of the office
The Leader of the Opposition is chosen by a vote of all members of Parliament who declare that they do not support the government. But before the adoption of the 2013 Constitution, the Leader of the Opposition was formally appointed by the President. The appointment was not at the president's personal discretion, however, as he was required by the Constitution to appoint the person most acceptable to the majority of the Opposition (defined as members of the House of Representatives who belong to political parties not represented in the Cabinet). In theory, that meant the parliamentary leader of the largest Opposition party. In practice, the person most eligible could decline the office, as was the case between 2001 and 2004, when Mahendra Chaudhry, whose Labour Party held 28 of the 30 Opposition seats in the House of Representatives, adamantly refused to accept the position of Leader of the Opposition, insisting that he and his party wanted representation in the Cabinet instead. Until he reversed his position late in 2004 (following the collapse of negotiations with Prime Minister Qarase), this forced the President to appoint Mick Beddoes, the sole parliamentary representative of the United General Party, as Leader of the Opposition.

Under the 1997 Constitution, the Leader of the Opposition chose 8 of the 32 members of the Senate, Fiji's upper house of Parliament, and had the right to be consulted about the appointment of the Chief Justice.

List of leaders of the opposition in Fiji (1970–present)

 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan=9| Vacant (14 May 1987 – 3 April 1992)

 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan=9| Vacant (3 October 2000 – 3 July 2001)

 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan=9| Vacant (5 December 2006 – 6 October 2014)

title: Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)


text:
Talk:Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)

Untitled
Some of what was on this page (WW the poet) was the same as http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/W/WangW1ei.asp (also on some other sites), which says it's copyright "Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, Copyright (c) 2004."

I've edited out or rephrased those bits, but it's something to bear in mind if any of it is re-added.

The page I've linked to from the southern school doesn't actually mention it, but it should.

I'm suspicious of the phrase "The few surviving paintings attributed to him "; as far as I know all we have are a few dodgy copies.

Markalexander100 09:00, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The painting on this page is NOT a portrait of Wang Wei. It depicts the Chinese scholar Fu Sheng, allegedly painted by Wang Wei.

The Birch anthology gives Wei living from 699-759 (pg. 217 Birch 1965). Where is a scholarly source for the 701 date? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.84.255.213 (talk) 18:09, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I've also seen a source that lists his birth and death dates as 699 and 759. I'll change that now. I Feel Tired (talk) 18:19, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

(8th century poet) to (8th-century poet)
Would there be any objection to moving this article to Wang Wei (8th-century poet)? Since 8th and century are working together as a compound adjective before the noun poet, it should be hyphenated. Wang Wei (8th century poet) would remain as a redirect to the new title. If there's a consensus, or at least no objection, I'll make the move in about a week. Thank you. SchreiberBike (talk) 05:14, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Wang Wei (8th-century poet). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160105031657/http://www.poetry-chinese.com/wangwei-m.htm to http://www.poetry-chinese.com/wangwei-m.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:26, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)


text:
Talk:Diffusionism

Hi. I don't know anything about this stuff. I just felt that a claim such as...

''For example pyramids appear in Egypt and Meso-America. But despite the efforts to prove otherwise by diffusionists such as Thor Heyerdahl, the evidence is that they developed quite separately.'''

...could use some evidence. From the perspective of an outsider, knowing nothing about the subject, this looks like hand waving.

Is there any reason this page couldn't be incorporated into Diffusion (anthropology)? The examples we have on this page are essentially anthropological.--TurabianNights 23:00, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and redirected, for the time being, at least. This article was poorly written and did not address anything the Diffusion (anthropology) article doesn't.--TurabianNights 23:47, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diffusionism


text:
CRIA

CRIA or cria may refer to:

 * Canadian Recording Industry Association, now Music Canada, a music industry association
 * Cambridge Review of International Affairs, an academic journal on international relations
 * Council on Religion and International Affairs, now the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
 * Cria, a juvenile llama, alpaca etc.
 * Ciudad Real International Airport, the first and only private international airport in Spain, between Ciudad Real and Puertollano
 * CRIA syndrome (Cleavage-resistant RIPK1-induced autoinflammatory syndrome), a medical disorder

title: CRIA


text:
Pierre-Évariste Leblanc

Sir Pierre-Évariste Leblanc, (August 10, 1853 – October 18, 1918) was born in Saint-Martin (today part of Laval, Quebec).

He was a Quebec Conservative Party leader but never premier. First elected to the Legislative Assembly in a by-election in 1882 in the riding of Laval, he served as leader of the Opposition from 1905 to 1908, when he lost the 1908 election and his own seat. Served as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from February 12, 1915, until his death in Spencer Wood, Sillery, in 1918. Leblanc was buried at cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal.

Prior to his political career, Leblanc was a teacher and a lawyer.

Elections as party leader
He lost the 1908 election.

title: Pierre-Évariste Leblanc


text:
Boorowa

Boorowa is a farming village in the Hilltops Region in the south west slopes of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in a valley 340 km southwest of Sydney around 490 m above sea-level. The town is in Hilltops Council local government area.

History
Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was part of the lands occupied by the Wiradjuri Nation with the Gandangara Aboriginal Australians. It is believed that the name 'Burrowa', the original spelling, derives from the local Aboriginal language and refers to a native bird, the plains turkey Australian bustard.

The first European to travel through what is now Boorowa Shire was surveyor George Evans in 1815. Unofficial occupation of the district began in 1821 with Irishmen Rodger Corcoran and Ned Ryan, both former convicts who had received their 'ticket of leave' from the Governor. The first land grant in the general area was issued to Thomas Icely in 1829. A mill was operating on the future town site of Boorowa by 1837, along with an inn and several houses.

Governor Gipps proposed the creation of a village named 'Burrowa' in 1842, to be located 9 km north-east of the present site at Kings Plains which had been surveyed in 1828. However, that spot proved unsuitable and the village was established on its present site in 1843. The early years in the district saw lawlessness and mayhem as a result of long running boundary disputes, theft of livestock and arson, even murders; the cause being remoteness and lack of law and order. Bushrangers roamed the surrounding unsettled wild mountainous land, making raids into the town and stations of the district.

Squatters took up large tracts of land in the Boorowa area but the introduction of the Robertson Land Acts in 1861 resulted in a new land grab where large numbers of settlers, particularly 'ticket of leave' men, applied for a 'selection' of land with low cost land parcels available. The district was given over to farming, although it received a push along when gold was found at Carcoar, Browns Creek and Kings Plains. Gold mines were established although copper and iron were also extracted. Samuel Marsden's copper mine operated until 1900.

The town's rugby league team competed for the Maher Cup during the 20th century. At the, Boorowa had a population of 1,211 people which had grown to 1,641 in the and 1,888 in the 2021 census.

Railway
Boorowa residents and the local member of parliament lobbied the Government to direct the new southern main line progressing towards Goulburn to pass through the town. However the towns of Yass and Murrumburrah won the debate. The next best option was a branch line to the town and this lobbying lasted 40 years before the line was eventually constructed, opening for traffic on 10 October 1914.

The arrival of the railway in 1874 spurred development. Burrowa's name was then changed to "Boorowa". Boorowa replaced Carcoar as the major service centre to local farmlands. It became a municipality in 1888. By the turn of the century a butter factory and freezing works were major employers in the town. Passenger trains ceased in 1980 and the Boorowa railway line from Galong to Boorowa closed in 1987.

The post office was ordered to discontinue use of the name "Burrowa" in 1914, but the two spellings were used interchangeably throughout the area for many years and the town's newspaper stubbornly retained the old spelling on its masthead until January 1951.

Infrastructure
The main infrastructure achievements over the 180 years that connected Boorowa to the rest of the Colony included the first Post Office and mail service in 1835, the electric telegraph in 1866, voice telephone in 1906, electric street lighting in the 1920s by the towns own generator, later the town and consumers were connected to the Burrinjuck Hydro electricity system in 1938.

Environment
The town is located on the Boorowa River, a tributary of the Lachlan River. The Murrumbidgee River drains the southern portion of the Boorowa district. The soil in the area is rich volcanic soil washed down over millennia from an extinct volcano known as Mount Canemumbola.

Climate
Boorowa experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Cfbk), with warm summers and cool winters.

Notable people

 * Frederick Ashton (1866−1941)circus proprietor
 * Eric Bryce (1932−2007)music teacher and composer
 * Dorothy Cumming (1894-1983), silent film actress
 * Marguerite Ludovia Dale (1883−1963)feminist and playwright
 * Thomas Jenkins (born 2001)rugby league player
 * Francis McGrath (1866-1947) jockey and racehorse-trainer
 * James Morrison (born 1962) — jazz musician
 * John Quinn (1862−1937)sheepdog expert and veterinary surgeon
 * Karen Webb Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force
 * John Willcock (1879−1956)engine driver and 15th Premier of Western Australia

Events

 * Boorowa's agricultural show is held in March.
 * October long weekend - The "Running of the Sheep" down the main street of Boorowa during the Irish Woolfest.

title: Boorowa


text:
Talk:Livilla

Untitled
This redirect is confusing. Livilla is usually meant to be Livia Julia (~13 B.C. - 31 A.D.), granddaughter of Livia (Livia Drusilla or Livia Augusta), wife of Gaius Caesar (the son of Agrippa). No pages link to this one, but it is a problem when searching directly for Livilla. Could this page be removed, please. CharlesS 09:19, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC) Sorry, there are quite a few pages linking to Livilla, I'll have to check what is going on.CharlesS 09:21, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you'd like it deleted, you should list it on Redirects for deletion. Presuming nobody objects, the redirect eventually will be deleted after a week or so. -- Hadal 09:24, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If there are multiple Livillas, this is the page that should disambiguate and send readers to the right one. Stan 14:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * There are no multiple Livillas, or at least all the references to Livilla in the Wikipedia point to the same person which is not Livia. I have now changed this redirect to become a separate article about Livilla.CharlesS 01:08, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I have in mind a Roman naming convention proposal that will hopefully clear up some of the confusion, gotta write it down soon. Stan 05:09, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I looked at the history of the Livilla page (I should have done so to start!): Before the Livilla page was turned into a redirect it was a stub which, short as it was, had all the correct information. Except that the link to Livilla's second husband, commonly referred to as just Drusus, went straight to Nero Claudius Drusus (brother of Tiberius) instead of Drusus (Drusus Junior or Julius Ceasar Drusus, son of Tiberius) and for whom I think there is no page.  So the real confusion is perhaps caused by the use of the name Drusus for the page on Nero Claudius Drusus.CharlesS 09:50, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This is now fixed :) Adam Bishop 05:07, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Chronology of AD 31
Chronology of AD 31 Crucial evidence for the chronology of the massacre of Sejanus' family is provided by the Fasti Ostienses (V.Ehrenberg & A.H.M.Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius [2nd ed.Oxford 1955):

"XV k.Nov.Seianus s[trang.] VIIII k.Nov. Strabo [Seiani] f. strang. VII k.No[v. Apicata] Seiani se occidi[t......] Dec. Capito Aelia[nus et] Iunilla Seiani [in Gem.] iacuerunt"

I.e Sejanus was strangled on 18 October, Strabo was strangled on the 24th, and Apicata killed herself on the 26th. The two younger ones seem to have died between 14 November and 13 December ("Dec."). Livilla's death seems to have predated theirs, since when Tacitus' narrative resumes in Book VI, she is already dead while Capito and Iunilla are still alive.

Dio is mistaken in saying that all the children were already dead when Apicata committed suicide. ('His wife ... on learning that her children were dead, and after seeing their bodies on the Stairway, ... withdrew and composed a statement about the death of Drusus, directed against Livilla, his wife, who had been the cause of a quarrel between herself and her husband, resulting in their separation; then, after sending this document to Tiberius, she committed suicide.')

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tiberius"

Livilla's agenda AD 19-31
Livilla’s agenda: to maximise the survival chances of her sons (i.e. after 23 of Tiberius Gemellus). She must have believed – in the event correctly – that Gemellus’ survival, and that of Agrippina’s male offspring were incompatible. Crucially, her husband Drusus deferred to Germanicus, although the latter was only slightly older. Drusus and Germanicus remained the best of friends (“singularly united...wholly unaffected by the rivalries of their kinsfolk”, Tac.Ann.2.43), and after Germanicus’ death fostered and seemingly promoted Germanicus’ children with genuine affection (Ann.4.4.: “kindly disposed or at least not unfriendly towards the lads.”). If Livilla did indeed conspire to murder Drusus, this is as excellent a motive as any. To quote Seager (Tiberius, 182): The only possible explanation for her conduct is that she was acting in the interest of her sons, Tiberius Gemellus and Germanicus. If Drusus followed Tiberius, it was probable that he would respect his father’s wishes and hand over power to one or the other of the sons of Germanicus....”

See especially R.Seager, Tiberius, London (Eyre Methuen) 1972

81 190 70 164

Livilla cameo
"A cameo portrait of Livilla, with the silhouettes of two infants, can be seen at http://home.earthlink.net/~jburns31780/gasvips.htm. (Figure 10)."

The image in question is extremely striking, and brings out Livilla's character. Is there any way it can be used in the Livilla article? Can permission be obtained?

81.190.70.164.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.190.70.164 (talk • contribs) 18:57, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 21:04, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Livilla (sister of Claudius) → Livilla – She is already the primary meaning of "Livilla", which redirects here, the only other person who might possibly be known by this name is Julia Livilla, who was normally known as "Julia", but who should remain a hatnote. PatGallacher (talk) 17:16, 28 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to me. P Aculeius (talk) 01:36, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Codrin.B (talk) 10:54, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Surprised it was ever given a disambiguating phrase while remaining a primary topic. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:52, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Strange idiom
I have checked Dictionary.com reference guide, done Google search and I can't find an explanation of the expression "blossom years". What does this mean and can you rephrase so more people will know what is being talked about? 69.125.134.86 (talk) 22:51, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Livilla


text: Template:R from sort name

title: Template:R from sort name