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Kingston, Victoria

Kingston is a small town and locality of 19.07 km2 in the rural Shire of Hepburn in Victoria, Australia, located just off the Midland Highway about 10 kilometres distance from Creswick, and is about 20 km from Daylesford. Kingston's post code is 3364.

Geology
The geology of the Kingston area comprises an uplifted and fractured Palaeozoic bedrock landscape carved by natural forces. The resultant ancient valleys were in-filled with sediments during the Tertiary Age. These are overlain or interrupted by layers of basalt flows from volcanoes during the Neogene period.

Shale and sandstone layers were formed millions of years ago, around 435 to 500 million years ago. During a period about 345 to 395 million years ago, there was a major mountain-forming event that created gold-bearing quartz veins known as "reefs."

Erosion during the Oligocene–Pliocene period, which occurred about 26 to 2 million years ago, led to the formation of gold deposits in the ancient valleys of the upper Loddon River.

Around 2 million years ago to less than 30,000 years ago, there was a period of volcanic activity that filled these valleys and covered the gold deposits with layers of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and some lignite. These deposits were mined extensively for gold during the mid to late 1800s in the Creswick area. Miners followed these deposits under the basalt layers, which they called 'deep leads.'

Within and around the area, at least 15 volcanic eruption points formed small cones. The eruptions produced deposits of scoria, ash, and tuff near these cones. In between eruptions, clay layers formed between the basalt flows. Mount Kooroocheang, known locally as Mount Smeaton, just north of Kingston, is the largest volcano in the Uplands, rising 200 m above the plain to an elevation of 676 m. Young cones near Ballarat, Mount Warrenheip and Mount Buninyong, are visible from Spring Hill.

The basalt layer, which is up to 100 metres thick over the ancient valleys, acts as a significant underground water source in the Kingston area. The fertile soil covering the basalts, particularly around the volcanic cones such as Kingston's Spring Hill, is excellent for agriculture, and potatoes are the dominant crop in those areas.

Goulburn-Murray Water administers the Loddon Highlands WSPA Groundwater Management Plan under section 32A(5) of the Water Act 1989 of the Victorian Government.

Climate
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology provides climate data for Creswick, 10km SW of Kingston.

First inhabitants
The Dja Dja Wurrung People are the Traditional Owners of the district of Kingston. Their country extended over lands from close to Bendigo to Avoca, from the Great Dividing Range to near Pyramid Hill and they were displaced by white settlement, with some retreating to Parker's Protectorate at Franklinford.

European settlement
Kingston Post Office opened on 11 October 1858. A polling place for the Creswick electoral district was first opened in the town in October 1860. It became the administrative centre of the Creswick Shire until the merging of the Shire and Borough of Creswick on 29 May 1934.

Gold
Kingston was once a thriving gold mining town during the Victorian Gold Rush.

An 1876 report in The Argus details the gold rush at Kingston when valuable gold deposits were discovered beneath the basalt in the area, at a reachable depth. It records how by the mid-1870s, many working in the Kingston mines had even transported their entire houses to new locations; McLellan, a Scot, ingeniously moved houses using a large triangular frame with three low wheels. They lifted the house onto this frame with screw-jacks, and reinforced it to prevent damage during haulage by a team of eight to ten horses traveling at about 13km per day. The house would be made habitable again at its new destination.

Those who didn't move their houses flocked to Creswick on Saturday evenings to catch a train to Ballarat and returned early on Monday morning. Long-time resident miners generally owned their houses, and with plenty of job opportunities and improved living conditions compared to the earlier rough times; carpenters and masons were earning 10 shillings per day, as demand for their services increased. Bricklayers were paid 11s. per day, mostly occupied with constructing the state school, which would soon be completed. The council was taking steps to enhance the water supply in the borough, drawn from Bullarook Forest, and planning to build a new town-hall with funds borrowed from £5,000 bringing sustained employment opportunities for these laborers for some time to come.

Between Creswick and Kingston, in Broomfield Gully, alluvial mining was being conducted from the 1860s, before a company called the Nelson sunk a shaft to a depth of 27.5m until the mine flooded in 1875. Slaty Creek's Working Miners' Quartz-mining Company mine on the other hand, was abandoned when the operation did not yield profits, but with discoveries in Kingston, the mine was revived, and a 10-head stamping battery was installed by Charles Mathews, formerly associated with the Cornish Company in Daylesford.

Kingston is at the foot of the round-topped Spring Hill which rises 518m above sea level, and was cleared of dense bush to its summit for cultivation before it became the site of intensive gold-mining. The basalt plains extending northwards from Spring Hill towards Smeaton Plains and Charlotte Plains, between Maryborough and Carisbrook, had been taken up by squatters and farmers. Carter, Brawn, and Graham discovered gold deposits beneath in around 1874. Two of them had previously farmed land they purchased with proceeds of their mining in Daylesford, while Graham, known for the tragic story of his children lost in the bush, was also involved. Due to rust affecting his wheat crops, Carter found himself unable to sustain his farming after the harvest of 1873. As a result, he returned to mining. Testing the ground beneath the basalt on his farm, he sunk a shaft in Broomfield Gully, going through more than 33 metres of rock to reach the gold-bearing layer at 46 metres. The discovery yielded an extraordinarily rich find of 300 ounces of gold from just one horse-operated mining machine, seemingly originating from the Armagh Reef between the claim and Spring Hill. Subsequently, that claim was depleted, as it appeared that the gold lead extended into what is now was then called the western gutter, leading to its discovery.

The individual credited as the father of Kingston is William Bell, a farmer from Bullarook, close to Hexham. He had been exploring the region for years, alternating between farming and mining, and convinced that gold lay beneath the basalt on the Spring Hill Plains. Carter's discovery triggered significant speculation. Bell purchased an 80-acre paddock where he had found gold around 11 years earlier, paying £150 for it. He promptly sold the lease for mining purposes for £500 and a royalty. This paddock is where the Baron Rothschild mine was established, with a shaft passing through 52m of rock into auriferous reef to 60m in May 1874. Managed by Robert Veitch, previously of Daylesford, the mine employed over 80 workers and had yielded 7,886 ounces of high-quality gold by 5 November 1875. The fortunate Bell reportedly received £3,000 in dividends and half-royalties from this mine, with  Russell, also of Kingston, receiving the other half. Bell believed he would gain at least £4,000 more before the claim was exhausted. In Carter's claim, closer to Spring Hill, gold was found at 150 feet, having passed through 110 feet of rock.

Most of the mines in this area were owned by local farmers and residents of Kingston or Creswick, who kept the yields of their claims confidential; however the Argus reporter, investigating actual sales of gold to the banks in Creswick from leading claims, found that; Richardson's Western commenced to get gold on the 2nd January 1875, and up to the 6th of November had obtained 7,961oz., employing 80 men. I see that in the week ending November 1 [1875] it gave 193oz, and in the following week 381½oz. In the same weeks the Baron yielded 298¾oz. and 381½oz. respectively. Robinson's Free-hold began to raise gold in August, 1874, and up to the 6th of November last had raised 7,096oz, its weekly yield averaging about 120oz. This company has paid dividends to the amount of £2 12s. upon 6,000 shares, while Richardson's Western has paid £3 4s. per share on the same number of shares. In the month (November) previous to that in which I visited the district the 10 mines which are in gold were distributing in dividends from £1,500 to £2,000 per week. As much as 1,100oz. has been obtained in a week from Richardson's Western, and 1,000oz. from the Baron Rothschild.

Nuggets have been found in these claims varying in size from a few ounces up to 120oz.-one which turned the scale at that figure having been obtained only a few weeks ago in the last-mentioned mine. Among the mines obtaining gold and not already referred to are Bunyan's Freehold, which in the first week in November gave 121oz., and in that which followed 192oz; First Chance, 31½oz. ; Kingston-park 26½oz.; Lewers's Western, 21½oz ; Southern 13oz.; Dan Ryan's, and Kingston-park. Lewers's Freehold, on Lewers's Lead, has been worked out, gold to the value of £36,000 having been taken out of it. A company known as the De Murska - and therefore of very late formation - are sinking at a considerable distance north from Spring, hill, and expect to find in their ground not one, but the junction of several leads. The Ristori and the O'Loghlen comprise three blocks of large extent, a portion of the Seven-hills estate, bought by Mr. Rossell, of Kingston, Mr. Parkins, and some Ballarat men, from Mr. Alexander Wilson, of the Wimmera, and both expect to leach gold before long. So much confidence is felt in the district in the value of the known leads that a few weeks ago £1,000 was given for 114 acres of a freehold known as Dyke's, With a royalty of 7½%, and an under taking that work would be begun in December last. The leads, so far as known, are three in number, all apparently having their rise in Spring-hill, and growing deeper as they travel towards the plains. Kingston once had a large coach and vehicle building manufacturer, Barker Brothers, up to 10 ten hotels, a flour mill and numerous chaff mills. After the miners left so did the industry and in 1976 the railway station and the Creswick–Daylesford train line closed.

Population
Though small, the population of Kingston grew by nearly 7% in the 5 years since the 2016 census when it had 177 people; at the, Kingston had a population of 190, or 1.14% of the 16,609 population total for the shire, and older than most in the region; the median age being 56.

Economy

The area's rich red volcanic soil and good rainfall support agricultural industries including potatoes (typically grown for food processor McCains), sheep and wheat. An illustrated article in the Australasian in 1904 noted that; "The districts of Newlyn, Dean, Kingston, and Smeaton are among the most noted farming districts in Victoria. The soil is volcanic, and of great richness. The country is charmingly picturesque. Hay and potatoes are the chief crops cultivated, and the fattening of sheep and cattle is largely carried on. Red clover is a pasture crop widely grown, and it thrives wonderfully well throughout these districts. [Hay]stack building has been carried to great perfection. Haystacks meet the eye everywhere, and such stacks are worth travelling miles to see. They are trim, well built, and beautifully thatched. The Smeaton Agricultural Society recently offered a series of prizes for the best built stacks."Ballarat to Daylesford railway line which opened in 1887 is now the Heritage-listed Daylesford-Creswick Railway Reserve and walking path It ran from Daylesford, through Musk Vale, Sailors Falls, Leonards Hill, Korweinguboora, Rocklyn, Newlyn, Kingston, Allendale, Broomfield to Creswick. The Allendale to Newlyn section of the railway was closed in 1976.

In 1921, after the district agricultural show was held at Allendale, some members proposed relocating future shows to Kingston, and subsequently a plot of land was acquired near its railway station with Mr. W. H. Gore, the shire engineer, overseeing the layout. In 1922, all the structures and equipment, including the grandstand, were relocated to this new location using a Handley-Page steam engine. Intense debate during the annual meeting in 1923 resolved to change the name to the 'Kingston, Smeaton, Newlyn, and Dean Agricultural Society.'

Decline
Businesses, shops, and the primary school in 2004, closed after trade dwindled, initiating that vicious circle of decline faced by many country towns that is exacerbated by the consequent need to travel greater distances for basic services.

Revival
Holiday and business accommodation in Kingston is increasingly provided by bed and breakfast establishments as well as by the Commercial Hotel, reopened after a 12-year closure. The location of Kingston between Daylesford and Ballarat, and its undulating rural outlook, has made it attractive to retirees, and also for city folk looking to buy weekenders or holiday houses, bringing new investment and stimulating the local economy.

Gold rush relics
Structures from the gold rush era remain. The Berry Consols Company ran one of the most prosperous mines in the Berry Lead system, ranking second only to Madam Berry in gold production. The remains at No. 1 shaft were classified by Victorian Heritage in 1988 as significant at a state level, and along with extant engineering drawings of the installation, reveal the layout of the pumping and winding machinery, which were powered by basic horizontal steam engines. This plant was among the final installations of its kind on the lead system, as later needs demanded the use of more efficient and powerful compound engines.

The Madam Berry West Gold Mining Co. Mine & Machinery Site No.1 was located to the west of the Madam Berry leasehold and to the east of the Creswick-Lawrence road. It operated on a lucrative section of the Australasian lead, which was one of the two primary branches of the Berry Lead system. Among all the mines on the lead system, this mine ranked as the third most productive (following the Madam Berry and Berry Consols mines) and proved to be one of the most profitable during the 1890s. It employed a workforce ranging from 180 to 350 individuals. The No. 1 shaft has an extensive mullock dump and engine foundations indicate machinery typical of that period. It was classified in August 1988.

The Lord Harry Gold Mining Co Mine & Machinery on the northern slope of Birch Hill was one of the minor gold producers within the leads system. It faced significant challenges with water and, like several other small mines locally, it earned the nickname "the water tank." Pumping operations were executed using a non-condensing horizontal steam engine with a 66cm cylinder, one of the largest of its kind ever installed in a Victorian mine. This engine powered 46cm pumps. The mullock dump at this mine is exceptionally well-preserved, and the shaft remains open, with one of the original boilers still present on the site. This mine serves as a representative example of smaller mining operations in the area that failed to attain profitability; the main hindrance being the shareholders' inability to provide sufficient capital to overcome its considerable challenges.

Other ruins include Bunyan FHD Mine at 101 Stag Road Kingston, and Colthards Fhd Mine at 171 Stag Road Kingston, which are on the Victorian Heritage Inventory.

Buildings

Kingston still retains some of its old buildings including the restored Commercial Hotel with others now owned privately, including the Former Creswick Shire Hall, the old Mechanics' Hall in Main Street, and the Primary School.

The small former Holy Trinity Church of England at the north end of the town is notable as a bluestone church with three bays. Designed by Leonard Terry and constructed between 1862 and 1864, it was classified in 1977 for its unique truncated proportions, sturdy masonry bellcote, plate traceried west window, and cusp-headed side windows.

The former Methodist Church (latterly Uniting) in Main Street is a Wesleyan chapel classified in 1987. The Ballarat architect Joseph Attwood Doane designed it in 1868 in a simplified Lombardy Romanesque style with bichrome brickwork.

In the Showgrounds off Church Parade (Kingston-Allendale Road), the Grandstand, constructed at Smeaton in 1902 and moved to its present location in 1922 for better railway access, is a well-preserved timber building with barrel vault and skillion corrugated iron roofs. On 27 March, 1997 it was added to the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1300.

A Heritage-listed Avenue of Honour of 285 elm trees is dedicated to those who served in World War I, and roadside memorials commemorate service personnel of both Worlds Wars, and the Borneo, Korea, and Vietnam conflicts.

Education
In 1865, in a brick school building and teacher's house finished in the previous year at 360 Kingston Road, the town opened a 'common school' under its first head teacher Joshua Thomas. During the twentieth century enrolments fluctuated between 100 and 160 and in periods when the school became overcrowded classes were relocated to the Church of England. In 1970 its name was changed to Kingston Primary School, number 759.

In December 2004, Kingston Primary School, following years of lack of support by local parents, closed its doors due to declining enrolments after 142 years. The school's original solid brick school building, extra classrooms, a toilet block and shedding were auctioned for A$331,000 in October 2006 and became a private residence and is protected under a Hepburn Shire Council heritage overlay. Subsequently, with the 2013 closure of nearby Smeaton Primary School, children travel even greater distances to the larger schools in Creswick or Daylesford.

The 2021 Census counted 7 primary students, 5 at secondary, and 7 university or other tertiary students. There were 22 families with children, an average of 1.6 per family, with 8 pre-school children aged 0-4 years.

Notable residents

 * Arthur Harold Brownbill (1898–1917) killed in action at Gallipoli in WWI
 * William Roy Hodgson (1892-1958), soldier and public servant, ambassador
 * Louis Edward Shapcott (1877–1950); public servant in West Australian Premiers' Department, serving seven Premiers 1914-41
 * Miles Staniforth Cater Smith (1869-1934), politician and administrator, municipal councillor in 1898, mayor of Kalgoorlie in 1900-01, senator in the first federal government after Federation

title: Kingston, Victoria


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Stonnington

Stonnington may refer to:

 * City of Stonnington, a municipality in Melbourne, Australia
 * Stonington mansion, a notable house in that city

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stonnington


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Hobsons Bay

Hobsons Bay is a small open bay in Victoria, Australia, and is the northernmost part of the larger Port Phillip Bay. Its western and eastern boundaries are marked by Point Gellibrand in and Point Ormond in  respectively, and defines the coastal margin of the Melbourne suburbs of Wiliamstown,, , ,  ,  ,   and Elwood. The Yarra River flows into Hobsons Bay.

Hobsons Bay is named after William Hobson who led the surveying party in Port Philip Bay.

Beaches
Beaches adjoining the bay are Sandridge Beach (in Port Melbourne), Port Melbourne Beach (in Port Melbourne), South Melbourne Beach (in Albert Park), West Beach (in St Kilda West) and St Kilda Beach (in St Kilda).

title: Hobsons Bay


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Maribyrnong, Victoria

Maribyrnong is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km north-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maribyrnong local government area. Maribyrnong recorded a population of 12,573 at the.

Located in the River Ward of the City of Maribyrnong, Maribyrnong takes its name from the Maribyrnong River which bounds the suburb to the north and east. Its other borders are Williamson Road, Rosamond Road, Mephan Street and Owen Street to the south.

Maribyrnong contains Highpoint Shopping Centre, one of Australia's largest shopping centres.

History
Maribyrnong lies on the traditional land of the Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung and Bunurong peoples of the Kulin Nation. Aboriginal people have lived in the Maribyrnong River valley for at least 40,000 years, and the name Maribyrnong derives from the phrase 'Mirring-gnay-bir-nong', meaning 'I can hear a ringtail possum'.

A Maribyrnong Post Office opened on 19 March 1881 and closed in 1887. It reopened in 1912 and closed again in 1975. There is currently an Australia Post shop at Highpoint Shopping Centre.

Maribyrnong is home to the Department of Defence ammunitions factory and storage facility. Although many of the buildings are now disused, the site has now been earmarked for development by the State Government for housing and low density commercial infrastructure.

Maribyrnong contains several schools, both Catholic and State Government run. Maribyrnong College (est 1958) is the sole high school in the suburb, which recently underwent significant renovations by the State Government. St Margarets Catholic Primary School and nearby Footscray North Primary School both cater for primary school aged children in the area.

There are also kindergarten and child care centres within Maribyrnong.

Demographics
The most common ancestries in Maribyrnong were English 13.4%, Chinese 13.4%, Australian 12.4%, Vietnamese 10.4% and Italian 7.5%. The most common countries of birth outside Australia were Vietnam 11.1%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 5.0%, India 2.5%, Italy 1.8% and England 1.8%.

In Maribyrnong 45.5% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Vietnamese 13.1%, Cantonese 6.8%, Mandarin 5.1%, Italian 3.8% and Spanish 2.0%.

The most common responses for religion in Maribyrnong were Catholic 33.1%, No Religion 22.4%, Buddhism 11.7%, Eastern Orthodox 5.4% and Anglican 4.9%.

Flora and fauna
Many native species exist along the Maribyrnong River. Some species thrive in the area. The most noticeable are;
 * Rainbow lorikeet
 * Common brushtail possum
 * Flying foxes or fruit bat Pteropus
 * Cockatoo

Maribyrnong has a number of parks mostly near the Maribyrnong River. These reserves are typically unsuitable for development due to the risk of flooding and have been established as gardens and reserves for locals to enjoy.

Places of worship
There is only one place of worship throughout the entire suburb of Maribyrnong – a church in the Roman Catholic tradition. St Margaret's, which is the namesake of the Catholic primary school, is part of the Parish of Ascot Vale and shares the same priest which conducts services at St Mary's in Ascot Vale.

Maribyrnong Aquatic Centre
The Maribyrnong Aquatic Centre was established in 2006.

Tracey's Speedway
Tracey's Speedway (formerly Kirjon Speedway) on the Maribyrnong Reserve on Horetense Street was utilised as a racetrack for various motor sport events. It opened in 1946 and closed in 1964. There was a motorcycle speedway track located at Tracey's Speedway and it hosted significant events, including the Australian Solo Championship in 1947 and 1950.

Still located at the ground are two free standing grandstands which have been refurbished at various times. In most cases the stands are rarely used for spectator events, and instead act as changing rooms for local sports clubs which use the indoor facilities. Today the ground acts as a soccer pitch during winter months, and is also utilised by St Margaret's Primary School for Australian rules football matches.

Trains
No trains run through the suburb. The nearest train stations are Ascot Vale on the Craigieburn line, Footscray on the Sunbury, Werribee and Williamstown lines and West Footscray on the Sunbury line.

Tram
Yarra Trams's route 57 provides public transport from Flinders Street station (Elizabeth and Flinders Streets) in the city to West Maribyrnong, running through Ascot Vale, Flemington and North Melbourne.

Route 82 tram provides public transport from Moonee Ponds Junction to Footscray (Leeds and Irving Streets). It is one of only two Melbourne tram routes which does not travel through the Melbourne CBD.

Buses
There are also several bus routes that pass through Maribyrnong, many terminating at Highpoint Shopping Centre. Buses operate to Caroline Springs, Avondale Heights, Keilor East and Essendon. The introduction of Melbourne's first orbital bus line, SmartBus route 903, runs just north of Maribyrnong along Buckley Street in Essendon. Bus Lines running through Maribyrnong include the 215, 223, 406, 407, 408, 409, and 468. Weekend night bus 952 runs through Maribyrnong as well.

Walking and cycling
The suburb adjoins the Maribyrnong River Trail which is used by commuting and recreational cyclists along the Maribyrnong River. There are also numerous bike and walking trails which link the suburb to various other suburbs and take in some of the western suburbs greatest natural beauties, such as Pipemakers Park, Afton Street Conservation Reserve and Footscray Park.

In 2020, the Maribyrnong City Council implemented a 10 year strategy to motivate locals to ride their bikes more in their daily activities by developing infrastructures and public education.

Heritage sites
Maribyrnong contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * Cordite Avenue: Defence Explosive Factory Maribyrnong
 * 2 Van Ness Avenue: Pipemakers Park Complex
 * off La Scala Avenue: Jack's Magazine
 * Wests Road and Waterford Avenue: Royal Australian Field Artillery Barracks
 * 149A and 149B Raleigh Road: Maribyrnong Tram Substation

Recent developments
Despite being an inner city suburb, like many western suburbs, there are significant areas of land within Maribyrnong that have not yet been developed. Mostly owned by the Federal Government for the Department of Defence, the land is now seen as a prime opportunity for housing developments. The most notable development recently under construction is the Delfin Lend Lease Edgewater Estate, located near Highpoint on Gordon Street, which takes in spectacular city views and is adjacent to the historic Jack's Magazine.

The largest development to be announced by the State Government is the 128 hectare Maribyrnong Explosives Factory site, bounded by the Maribyrnong River. 3,000 new homes are expected to be built, along with open parkland, shops and the inclusion of many decades old defence buildings in keeping with heritage. Construction was expected to commence in 2012 but has not yet started, the project should take 10 – 15 years to be fully completed.

title: Maribyrnong, Victoria


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Lester Hogan

Clarence Lester Hogan (February 8, 1920 – August 12, 2008) was an American physicist and a pioneer in microwave and semiconductor technology.

He grew up as a brother to three sisters in Great Falls, Montana, where his father worked for the Great Northern Railway. After graduating from Montana State University with a degree in chemical engineering he joined the United States Navy in 1942. He did some work on acoustic torpedoes in Chesapeake Bay, and when being approached by Bell Laboratories, subsequently went to the Pacific theatre to train submarine crews in the use of that technology.

After the war he did post-graduate studies at Lehigh University and obtained a Ph.D. in physics. He then joined Bell Labs in 1950. A couple of months later he invented the Microwave Gyrator (a device which can simulate inductance by substituting an RC circuit, thus getting rid of awkward coil assemblies). He worked under Bill Shockley, inventor of the transistor and Nobel Prize laureate. From 1953 through 1958 he was a professor at Harvard University, when he was asked by Dan Noble to join Motorola Semiconductor in Phoenix, Arizona, as vice president and general manager of the semiconductor operation.

In 1968 he moved to Fairchild Camera & Instrument as Chairman and CEO, taking eight senior executives (nicknamed Hogan's Heroes) with him. This move caused Motorola to sue Fairchild (unsuccessfully) for theft of trade secrets.

In 1975 he received IEEE's "Frederik Philips Award". In 1978 he was honoured with the "AeA Medal of Achievement". In 1993 he received the "MTT-S Microwave Pioneer Award". In 1996, a chair at the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley was named in his honor, currently held by Shafi Goldwasser. On October 20, 1999, he was inducted as "Eminent Member" of Eta Kappa Nu, "the society’s highest membership classification, to be conferred upon those select few whose technical attainments and contributions to society through leadership in the field of electrical and computer engineering have resulted in significant benefits to humankind".

C. Lester Hogan died at the age of 88 due to complications of Alzheimer's disease at his home in Atherton, California.

title: Lester Hogan


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Wyndham

Wyndham may refer to:

 * Wyndham (name), a surname and given name

Australia

 * City of Wyndham, an LGA in Victoria
 * Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley, a LGA in Western Australia
 * Wyndham Important Bird Area, Western Australia
 * Wyndham, New South Wales
 * Wyndham, Western Australia, a town in Western Australia

United Kingdom

 * Wyndham, Bridgend, a village in Wales
 * Wyndham Court, a block of social housing in Southampton, England
 * Wyndham House, Oxford, a retirement home in Oxford, England
 * Wyndham's Theatre, a West End theatre in London

United States

 * Wyndham, Virginia, a town
 * The Wyndham, an apartment building in Indianapolis, Indiana, on the National Register of Historic Places

Elsewhere

 * Wyndham, New Zealand, a town in Southland, South Island
 * Wyndham Street (once known as Pedder Hill) in Central, Hong Kong

Other

 * Travel + Leisure Co., formerly Wyndham Destinations, an American timeshare company
 * Wyndham Vacation Resorts Asia Pacific, a vacation ownership company and subsidiary of Wyndham Destinations
 * Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, an international hotel chain
 * Wyndham Championship, a PGA golf tournament in the United States
 * Wyndham College, a senior high school in Sydney, Australia
 * Wyndham School, the former name of West Lakes Academy in Egremont, Cumbria, England

title: Wyndham


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 1

Images
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Eligible

 * 527 – Upon the death of Justin I, his nephew and adopted son Justinian I became the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
 * 1714 – George Louis, Elector of Hanover, became King George I of Great Britain, marking the beginning of the Georgian era.
 * 1798 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile, between a British fleet commanded by Horatio Nelson and a French fleet under François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, began at Aboukir Bay off the Egyptian coast.
 * 1801 – First Barbary War: USS Enterprise (1799), an American schooner, captured the Tripolitan polacca Tripoli in a single-ship action off the coast of Libya.
 * 1814 – Britain celebrated a Grand Jubilee to mark 100 years since the accession of George I and 16 years since the start of the Battle of the Nile.
 * 1842 – Three days of rioting erupted after a parade in Philadelphia, celebrating the end of slavery in the West Indies, was attacked by a mob.
 * 1876 – Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
 * 1946 – Several days of anti-Jewish rioting began in Bratislava, instigated by former Slovak partisans opposed to the restitution of Jewish property after the Holocaust in Slovakia.
 * 1971 – The Concert for Bangladesh, a pair of benefit concerts organised by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar for refugees of the Bangladesh genocide, took place at Madison Square Garden in New York.
 * 1981 – "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles became the first music video broadcast on the American cable television network MTV.
 * 1984 – Commercial peat cutters discovered a preserved bog body, now known as Lindow Man (head pictured), at Lindow Moss in Cheshire, England.
 * 1991 – U.S. president George H. W. Bush delivered a speech in the Ukrainian parliament in Kiev warning against independence from the Soviet Union.
 * 2004 – Nearly 400 people died in a supermarket fire in Asunción, Paraguay, when exits were locked to prevent people from stealing merchandise.
 * 2007 – Bridge 9340, carrying Interstate 35W across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, suffered a catastrophic failure and collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145 others.
 * 2009 – A shooting at a branch of the Israeli LGBT organization the Aguda in Tel Aviv resulted in two deaths.
 * Born/died this day: |Pertinax |b|126| Æthelwold of Winchester |d|984| Adhemar of Le Puy |d|1098|Andrew Melville |b|1545| John Lester |b|1871| Helen Sawyer Hogg |b|1905| Alan Moore |b|1914| Frances Farmer |d|1970| Doris Fleeson |d|1970| Lolita Lebrón |d|2010

August 1: Lughnasadh in the Northern Hemisphere; Buwan ng Wika begins in the Philippines; PLA Day in China (1927)

 * 30 BC – War of Actium: Octavian defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Alexandria, establishing Roman Egypt.
 * 902 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Led by Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya, Aghlabid forces captured the Byzantine stronghold of Taormina, concluding the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
 * 1774 – British scientist Joseph Priestley (pictured) liberated oxygen gas, corroborating the discovery of the element by German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
 * 1892 – Belgian carillonneur Jef Denyn hosted the world's first carillon concert at St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen.
 * 1911 – Harriet Quimby became the first woman to earn an Aero Club of America aviator certificate.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 2

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 * 338 BC – An allied army led by Philip II of Macedon overcame the forces of city-states led by Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony over the majority of ancient Greece.
 * 1870 – One of the world's earliest underground tube railways opened in the Tower Subway, a tunnel beneath the River Thames in London.
 * 1916 – An explosion, blamed on Austro-Hungarian saboteurs, sank the Italian dreadnought Leonardo da Vinci.
 * 1923 – Calvin Coolidge became the 30th president of the United States after Warren G. Harding suffered a fatal heart attack.
 * 1932 – At the California Institute of Technology, American physicist Carl David Anderson proved the existence of antimatter with the discovery of the positron, for which he would receive the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * 1939 – Leo Szilard (pictured) penned a letter, signed by Albert Einstein and addressed to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning that Germany may develop atomic bombs, leading to the establishment of the Manhattan Project.
 * 1947 – Star Dust, a British South American Airways airliner, crashed into Mount Tupungato in the Argentine Andes; its wreckage was not found until 1998.
 * 2007 – Raúl Iturriaga, a former deputy director of the Chilean secret police, was captured in Viña del Mar after having been on the run following a kidnapping conviction.
 * Born/died: | Thomas Grey |d|1415| Andrew Barton |d|1511| Arthur Bliss |b|1891| Jack L. Warner |b|1892| Marija Bursać |b|1920| Hugh Hickling|b|1920| Betsy Bloomingdale |b|1922| Shimon Peres |b|1923| Billy Cannon |b|1937| Jean-Pierre Melville |d|1973| Roy Cohn |d|1986


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Talk:List of alphabets

I think it's important that we make a distinction between alphabets or scripts, and languages. For instance Sanskrit is a language, but there is no such thing as a Sanskrit script. Sanskrit has been written in many scripts over time including but not limited to: Brahmi, Gupta, Siddham, andDevanagari. mahābāla 10:59, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making this point. I was considering removing those entries myself, but I wasn't sure it would be correct to do so (due to my lack of knowledge on the subject of Indian languages and scripts). -- uriber 11:08, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Given the nuances of what constitutes a "true" alphabet (versus other things like syllabaries), I propose that this list be merged and redirected to the more general List of writing systems. - dcljr (talk) 01:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree that there would be benefits in merging this listing into list of writing systems. The former is a subset of the latter, and having the same list maintained in two separate places will lead to inconsistency of treatment and synchronisation. Personally I also find it more useful to have all the differing scripts documented on the same page, tho' as the list becomes more extensive this could lead to its own difficulties.
 * The alternative would be to replace the current alphabetic writing systems on the overall list with just a link to this list of alphabets, and thus avoid duplication and inconsistency. However, since in certain cases classification into a single type may be problematic, removing these to another page would mean that one could not easily check on whether an entry had already been recorded, or mis-classified. However, I'd be open to other suggestions. --cjllw | TALK  04:57, 2005 July 19 (UTC)
 * I thought that such a merge would be a good thing just for the same reason. So, I support.--Imz 17:23, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, but I didn't realize the mergeto template was going to link to the other talk page. Please continue the merge discussion over at Talk:List of writing systems. - dcljr (talk) 18:14, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

well,I didn't agree such proposal,because some writing systems like Chinese do not fall into the catogery of alphabets.Ksyrie 23:17, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Phonetic alphabets
Hi! I was recently cleaning up the phonetic alphabet disambiguation page, and there were a lot of entries which were phonetic alphabets, but because they are unlikely to be the intended meaning of "phonetic alphabet" themselves, did not merit entry on teh disambiguation page. The standard practice for such a situation is to move those entries to an appropriate list, and link to that list from there.

I do hope I haven't ruined the merger in adding the list here!

Also, I'm unable to adequately find a nice way to distinguish a linguistic phonetic alphabet from what I would call a "military" phonetic alphabet — if you know the correct terms, then please feel free to correct it. I have left it as "phonetic alphabet (linguistics)" and "phonetic alphabets (military)" in the hope that this will be clear enough for most purposes, and that someone else can correct it. (PS I'm not watching this page, so if you want to talk to me, get me on my user talk page.) Neonumbers 10:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of alphabets


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 3

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 * 1857 – Indian Rebellion: An eight-day siege of a fortified outbuilding in Arrah occupied by 68 defenders against more than 10,000 men ended when a relief party dispersed the besiegers.
 * 1903 – Macedonian rebels in Kruševo proclaimed a republic, which existed for ten days before Ottoman forces destroyed the town.
 * 1913 – An agricultural workers' strike in Wheatland degenerated into a riot, becoming one of the first major farm-labor confrontations in California.
 * 1936 – African-American athlete Jesse Owens won the first of his four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics, dashing Nazi leaders' hopes of Aryan domination at the games
 * 1948 – Before the House Un-American Activities Committee of the United States House of Representatives, former spy turned government informer Whittaker Chambers accused U.S. State Department official Alger Hiss of being a communist and a Soviet spy.
 * 1971 – Fighting Dinosaurs, a fossil specimen featuring a Velociraptor and a Protoceratops trapped in eternal combat, was unearthed in the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia.
 * 1997 – The Sky Tower (pictured), the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere at 328 m, opened in Auckland, New Zealand.
 * Born/died this day: | Empress Dowager Cao |d|925 |Christopher Anstey |d|1805| Hamilton Fish |b|1808|Thomas Francis Meagher |b|1823| Stanley Baldwin |b|1867| George Inness |d|1894| Dolores del Río |b|1904| Tony Bennett |b|1926| Martha Stewart |b|1941| Frumka Płotnicka |d|1943| Alexander Mair |d|1969| Mary Musa |d|2015

August 3

 * 1057 – Pope Stephen IX was crowned as pope.
 * 1929 – Jiddu Krishnamurti (pictured), believed by some Theosophists to be a likely candidate for the messianic "World Teacher", dissolved the Order of the Star, the organisation established to support him.
 * 1940 – World War II: Italian forces began a conquest of British Somaliland, capturing the region in 16 days.
 * 1977 – Tandy Corporation announced the TRS-80, one of the world's first mass-produced personal computers.
 * 2005 – Mauritanian president Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was overthrown in a military coup while he attended the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 4

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 * 1265 – Second Barons' War: Royal troops led by Prince Edward defeated baronial forces under Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in Worcestershire, England.
 * 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: A combined Anglo-Dutch fleet under the command of George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles captured Gibraltar (pictured) from Spain.

 * 1783 – Mount Asama in Japan began a climactic eruption, which exacerbated the Great Tenmei famine and led to thousands of deaths.
 * 1791 – The signing of the Treaty of Sistova brought an end to the Austro-Turkish War.
 * 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: Commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte (depicted), the French Army of Italy decisively defeated Austrian forces led by Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich at the Battle of Lonato.
 * 1830 – American surveyor James Thompson produced the first plat of Chicago for the Illinois and Michigan Canal Commissioners.
 * 1914 – World War I: Adhering to the terms of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany in response to the latter's invasion of Belgium.
 * 1953 – Alfred C. Glassell Jr. caught a black marlin (pictured) off the coast of Peru weighing 1560 lb, setting the record for the largest bony fish caught by hand.
 * 1964 – Vietnam War: The National Security Agency falsely claimed that a U.S. Navy destroyer was attacked a second time by North Vietnamese vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin, leading Congress to authorize the use of military force.
 * 1991 – An explosion on the Greek cruise ship MTS Oceanos ruptured its hull, causing it to sink off the east coast of South Africa, with all 571 people on board rescued.
 * 1993 – Yōhei Kōno, Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, issued a formal apology for forcing women into sexual slavery during World War II.
 * 1995 – Yugoslav Wars: The Croatian Army initiated Operation Storm, the last major battle of the Croatian War of Independence and the largest European land battle since the Second World War.
 * 1997 – French supercentenarian Jeanne Calment died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, with the longest confirmed human lifespan in history.
 * 2006 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Seventeen employees of the French nongovernmental organization ACF International were massacred in Muttur.
 * 2007 – An airport police officer discovered a suitcase containing approximately US$800,000 as it passed through security at Jorge Newbery Airfield in Buenos Aires, sparking an international scandal involving Venezuela and Argentina.
 * 2020 – A large explosion of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in Lebanon killed 218 people and caused US$15 billion in damage.
 * Born/died: | Henry I of France |d|1060| Peter de Montfort |d|1265| John Venn |b|1834| Harry Lauder |b|1870| Laura Knight |b|1877| Samuel J. Tilden |d|1886| Ray Farquharson |b|1897| Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother |b|1900| Osbert Lancaster |b|1908| Helen Thomas |b|1920| Maurice Richard |b|1921|George Nicol |d|1924| David Lange |b|1942 John Wark |b|1957| Meghan, Duchess of Sussex |b|1981| Jessica Mauboy |b|1989


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 * 641 or 642 – King Penda of Mercia defeated and killed King Oswald of Northumbria at the Battle of Maserfield, traditionally believed to have been fought in Oswestry, Shropshire, England.
 * 1100 – Henry I was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
 * 1278 – King Alfonso X of Castile was forced to abandon the Siege of Algeciras, the first of many on the city during the Spanish Reconquista.
 * 1460 – The Kingdom of Scotland captures Roxburgh, one of the last English strongholds in Scotland, following a siege.
 * 1506 – Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania achieved one of the greatest Lithuanian victories against the Tatars in the Battle of Kletsk.
 * 1600 – Scottish nobleman John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, was killed during what was most likely a failed attempt to kidnap King James VI.
 * 1689 – Beaver Wars: Aggravated by increased French incursions into their territory, a large force of Mohawk warriors substantially destroyed the settlement of Lachine, New France.
 * 1716 – Austro-Turkish War: The Ottoman army were defeated in their attempt to capture the Habsburgs-controlled Petrovaradin Fortress despite having double the number of soldiers.
 * 1772 – Russia, Prussia and Habsburg Austria began the First Partition of Poland, whose primary motive was to restore the regional balance of power in Eastern Europe.
 * 1816 – Sir John Barrow, secretary at the Admiralty, rejected a proposal to use Francis Ronalds electrical telegraph, deeming it "wholly unnecessary".
 * 1888 – Bertha Benz made the first long-distance automobile trip, driving 106 km from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, in a Benz Patent-Motorwagen (pictured).
 * 1916 – First World War: The British Empire's Sinai and Palestine campaign began with a victory at the Battle of Romani.
 * 1949 – An earthquake registering 6.4 Ms struck near Ambato, Ecuador, killing 5,050 people.
 * 1962 – American actress and model Marilyn Monroe was found dead of a barbiturate overdose in her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles.

 * 1981 – U.S. president Ronald Reagan fired the 11,345 striking members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization en masse.
 * 1984 – A Biman Bangladesh Airlines aircraft crashed while attempting to land in Dhaka, killing 49 people in the deadliest aviation accident in Bangladeshi history.
 * 2011 – NASA launched the Juno probe to Jupiter as part of the New Frontiers program.
 * 2012 – An American white supremacist carried out a mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, killing six people and wounding four others.
 * 2015 – Environmental Protection Agency personnel accidentally caused a spillage of 3 million gallons (11 ML) of mine waste water and tailings trapped inside the Gold King Mine near Silverton, Colorado, U.S.
 * Born/died: | Euthymius I of Constantinople |d|917| Edmund of Woodstock |b|1301|Richard Ottley |b|1626| Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe |d|1799| Ivar Aasen |b|1813| Bhimsen Thapa|d|1839| Edvard August Vainio |b|1853| Harry Trott |b|1866| Tom Thomson |b|1877| Pete Burns |b|1959| Motoi Sakuraba |b|1965| Eddie Nolan |b|1988| Soichiro Honda |d|1991| Ruth Asawa |d|2013


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 6

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 * 1777 – The Battle of Oriskany, one of the bloodiest battles of the American Revolutionary War, was fought about 6 mi east of Fort Stanwix, New York.
 * 1945 – World War II: The U.S. Army Air Force bomber Enola Gay (pictured with crew) dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, killing about 70,000 people instantly.
 * 1965 – U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law, outlawing literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disfranchisement of African Americans.
 * 1991 – British computer programmer Tim Berners-Lee posted a public invitation to collaborate on a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessible via the Internet, known as the World Wide Web.
 * 1997 – On approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport in Guam, Korean Air Flight 801 crashed into a hill, killing 228 of the 254 people aboard.
 * 2008 – Mauritanian President Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi was ousted from power by a group of high-ranking generals that he had dismissed from office several hours earlier.
 * 2010 – Flash floods, mudslides, and debris flows across the Ladakh region of Indian-administered Kashmir left at least 255 people dead.
 * 2011 – A series of riots broke out in several London boroughs and in cities and towns across England in response to the shooting of Mark Duggan by Metropolitan Police officers.

 * Born this day: | Saint Dominic |d|1221| Stephen V of Hungary |d|1272| Diego Velázquez |d|1660| Daniel O'Connell |b|1755| James Henry Greathead |b|1844| George Kenney |b|1889| Lucille Ball |b|1911| Jennie de la Montagnie Lozier |d|1915|Bix Beiderbecke |d|1931| John Richard Clark Hall |d|1931| William McCrea |b|1948|Vera Farmiga |b|1973 Shapour Bakhtiar |d|1991|  Edsger W. Dijkstra |d|2002

August 6

 * 686 – Second Fitna: Pro-Alid forces defeated the Umayyad Caliphate in the Battle of Khazir, allowing them to take control of Mosul in present-day Iraq.
 * 1892 – The Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company was founded in Antwerp to exploit natural rubber in the Congo Free State.
 * 1930 – New York Supreme Court judge Joseph Force Crater disappeared in Manhattan, in a case that was never solved.
 * 1996 – Researchers announced that the meteorite ALH84001 (pictured), discovered in the Allan Hills of Antarctica, may contain evidence of life on Mars, but further tests were inconclusive.
 * 2013 – A gas leak caused an explosion that collapsed a building and led to the deaths of 22 people in Rosario, Argentina.


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Mornington Peninsula

The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, and is connected to the mainland in the north. Geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion from the mainland in the area between Pearcedale and an area north of Frankston. The area was originally home to the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans, and formed part of the Boonwurrung nation's territory prior to European settlement.

Much of the peninsula has been cleared for agriculture and settlements. However, small areas of the native ecology remain in the peninsula's south and west, some of which is protected by the Mornington Peninsula National Park. In 2002, around 180,000 people lived on the peninsula and in nearby areas, most in the built-up towns on its western shorelines which are sometimes regarded as outlying suburbs of greater Melbourne; there is a seasonal population of around 270,000. On 30 June 2017, the Mornington Peninsula population was recorded at 163,847 people. However, in the peak of summer the population increases to 225,000–250,000 people each year, so that it becomes the most populous coastal holiday area in Victoria, with a larger population than Hobart.

The peninsula is primarily a local tourist region, with popular natural attractions such as the variety of beaches, both sheltered and open-sea and many scenic sights and views. Other popular attractions include the various wineries, mazes and the diverse array of water sports made available by the diversity of beaches and calm waters of Port Phillip and Western Port. Most visitors to the peninsula are residents of Melbourne who camp, rent villas and share houses or stay in private beach houses.

History
The peninsula was formed by the flooding of Port Phillip Bay after the end of the glacial period about 10000 BC. It may have extended into Port Phillip at various times, most recently between 800 BC and 1000 AD when Port Phillip Bay may have dried out.

Indigenous Australians of the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans lived on the peninsula as part of the Boonwurrung People's territory prior to European settlement. The territory hosted six clans who lived along the Victorian coast from the Werribee River across to Western Port Bay and Wilsons Promontory. The peninsula may have been home to between 100 and 500 people prior to European settlement.

The first European settlement on the Mornington Peninsula was also the first settlement in Victoria, situated in what is now Sorrento. The Sullivan's Bay settlement was a short-lived penal colony established in 1803, 30 years before the establishment of Melbourne, by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins (1753–1810).

At the time of European settlement in 1803 much of the Mornington Peninsula was covered with she-oak forests. These were quickly cleared to provide firewood for the growing city of Melbourne, and much of the peninsula was then covered with fruit orchards. Nevertheless, much natural vegetation still exists, especially in an area of bushland in the south known as Greens Bush, and the coastal fringe bordering Bass Strait and Western Port Bay. Most large areas of bushland are now included within the Mornington Peninsula National Park.

As professional farming has declined, hobby farmers with an interest in the aesthetic and the natural environment have taken over much of the peninsula. This has led to an expansion of natural bushland on private property, and many native species, such as koalas, are becoming increasingly common. The local council also has a slight lean towards sustainable practices.

Harold Holt disappearance
On 17 December 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt went swimming at Cheviot Beach on what is now Point Nepean National Park. At the time, however, it was still a restricted area. Holt, who was 59 and had had a recent shoulder injury, plunged readily into the surf. He disappeared from view and was never seen again. Despite an extensive search his body was never found. He was officially presumed dead on 19 December 1967.

Demographics
In 2016, 17.8% of people in Mornington Peninsula Shire were born overseas. 8.9% of the total population were born in the United Kingdom being the largest migrant group in the region. 1.4% were born in New Zealand, 0.7% were born in Italy, 0.6% were born in Germany and 0.6% were born in the Netherlands. This was followed by smaller migrant groups from Ireland, United States of America, South Africa and Greece.

While 88.9% of the population speak English exclusively, the Mornington Peninsula population can speak other popular languages. 1.0% speak Italian, 0.7% speak Greek, 0.4% speak German, 0.3% speak Mandarin and 0.2% speak French.

Geography
The peninsula extends from the mainland between Pearcedale and Frankston in a south-westerly direction for about 40 km at a width of about 15 - 20 km. It then begins to extend roughly 15 km in a west/north-westerly direction and tapers down to a width of about 2 - 3 km before terminating at Point Nepean. Much of the topography is flat in the north where it connects to the mainland, however moving south-west, it soon becomes hilly, culminating in the central hilly landscapes of Boneo, Main Ridge, Red Hill, Tuerong and Moorooduc. The highest point, Arthurs Seat, located unusually close to the shoreline, stands at 305 m above sea level. The peninsula hosts around 190 km of coastline.

Its eastern shorelines meet many mangroves and mudflats in the waters of Western Port before it tapers down to form Crib Point, Stony Point and Sandy Point at the peninsula's most south-easterly point. In the south-east between Sandy Point and West Head, the mudflats give way to sandy beaches which in turn become more and more rocky further south. In the south the peninsula meets Bass Strait and the coastline becomes very rocky between West Head and Cape Schanck. The coast between Cape Schanck and Point Nepean consists of a long slow curvature of open-sea surf beaches, many too dangerous to swim in. Its western shorelines form various headlands and bays in the sheltered waters of Port Phillip, hosting many shallow safe beaches.

The western coastline facing Port Phillip starts at the narrow bay entrance, The Heads or The Rip, and proceeds as a series of gently curved bays defined by small rocky outcrops.

From an oceanic perspective, the Mornington Peninsula, together with the Bellarine Peninsula, separate the waters of Port Phillip from Bass Strait, except for a small gap known as The Rip, which also separates both peninsulas. The peninsula also separates the waters of Port Phillip and Western Port.

The Mornington Peninsula is crossed by many seismically active fault lines, monoclines, synclines and anticlines; the largest of which is the 100 km long Selwyn Fault which is capable of producing earthquakes of around 7.5 magnitude. The Peninsula experiences many minor earthquakes every year, but most are too small to be felt. The last strong earthquake to rock the Peninsula had a magnitude of 5.0 and occurred on 7 July 1971 at 7:55am AEST with its epicentre off Flinders, along the southern end of the Tyabb Fault.

Political geography
The Mornington Peninsula is located over 40 km south-east of Melbourne. As of 2016 it has a population of 154,999 which can swell up to 250,000 during the summer months. The majority of the Mornington Peninsula is administered by the local government area of the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, with southern areas of the adjoining City of Frankston and City of Casey forming part of the northern boundary of the region.

Mountains and hills

 * Arthurs Seat 305 m
 * Chapmans Point 274 m
 * Franklin Point 195 m
 * Bowens Point 145 m
 * Anthony's Nose 40 m – tapers into Port Phillip
 * McLears Hill – northeast end
 * Mount Martha 160 m
 * Jacksons Hill
 * Mount Eliza
 * Red Hill
 * Cheviot Hill – near Cheviot Beach
 * Mt. St. Pauls – near Sorrento Ocean Beach

Shipwrecks

 * SS Cheviot – wrecked in the rocks of Cheviot Beach (1887)
 * Wauchope – sunk off the coast of Sorrento (1918)

Parklands
The peninsula is one of four biosphere reserves in Victoria, the other three being national parks, and the only one with a resident population that reaches some 250,000 people during the peak tourist season. Some of the major parklands on the peninsula include:

Land:

 * Mornington Peninsula National Park
 * Point Nepean National Park
 * Arthurs Seat State Park
 * Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park
 * Quail Island Nature Conservation Reserve
 * Mount Martha Park
 * Main Ridge Flora Reserve
 * Coolart Wetlands and Homestead Reserve
 * Baxter Park
 * Langwarrin Flora & Fauna Park
 * The Pines Flora & Fauna Park

Marine:

 * Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park
 * Yaringa Marine National Park

Gunnamatta Sewage Outlet
A sewage outlet near Boag Rock, a couple of kilometres up the coast from Gunnamatta Surf Beach, pumps treated sewage into the ocean which finds its way to swimmers and surfers at Gunnamatta during particular tidal conditions.

Crib Point Project
In March 2021, the Victorian State Government blocked a controversial project by energy company AGL to build a floating gas import terminal at Crib Point.

Agriculture
The Mornington Peninsula is a notable wine region, producing small quantities of high quality wine from around 60 wineries. While most varieties are grown, the cool, maritime climate of the Peninsula is particularly noted for pinot noir. Many wineries are open for public tastings and several have quality restaurants.

Apples were the staple product of the Peninsula for several generations, with whole trainloads being dispatched to the city and ports. The number of orchards has been dramatically reduced, however there are many other producers on the Peninsula, specialising in berries, cherries, and other fruits, as well as market gardens. There is increased interest in organic production, and there are even organic beef producers.

The Peninsula not only produces fresh products, with small-scale manufacturers of niche products as diverse as cheese, chocolate, chutney, jam, and olive oil. Local produce is also to be found at markets held around the Peninsula, such as the monthly market at Red Hill. A local organisation, Mornington Peninsula Gourmet, has been set up to support the many small producers on the Peninsula.

Transport
The peninsula is serviced predominantly by a network of roads. Public transport is limited to a bus service which services urban areas on the western shorelines and a train service for the eastern areas of the peninsula. The following methods of transport are available to access various regions of the peninsula:

 * Road: The Peninsula is easily reached from Melbourne via a number of roads. The Mornington Peninsula Freeway, which begins in Dingley Village and connects to the EastLink tollway in Carrum Downs is the primary road to the Mornington Peninsula from Melbourne and experiences the most traffic in holiday months. The Nepean Highway, which extends from Central Melbourne and roughly follows the coast of Port Phillip Bay is another alternative non-freeway route. From Safety Beach onwards, Nepean Highway is known as Point Nepean Road and serves as the main arterial along the northern coast of the Peninsula, collector roads connect this road to the southern sections of the Mornington Peninsula Freeway. The Frankston Freeway and the Moorooduc Highway were previously the primary road route to the Peninsula prior to the completion of the missing sections of the Mornington Peninsula Freeway, today these roads act as another alternative route to the Peninsula travelling via Frankston. The Western Port Highway, which connects to Melbourne via the Monash Freeway and South Gippsland Freeway is another route, primarily serving the eastern side of the Peninsula.
 * Bus: A bus service runs along the entire length of the peninsula to Portsea, departing from Frankston railway station in metropolitan Melbourne. A number of bus services run partway down the peninsula from Frankston Railway Station along the Nepean Highway. These run to various destinations such as Mount Martha and Mornington, via Mount Eliza.
 * Train: The Stony Point railway line runs from Frankston to Hastings and Stony Point, from where a ferry can be taken to French and Phillip Islands. A bus service also runs to Flinders on the south coast. Railway lines at one time also extended to Mornington and to Red Hill but these have now been closed.
 * Ferry: The Searoad Ferry Service operates two vehicle and passenger ferries on an hourly service between the Mornington and Bellarine Peninsulas, departing from Queenscliff on the Bellarine and arriving at Sorrento on the Mornington.

Tourism
The Mornington Peninsula has a long history of being a favourite holiday destination for residents of Melbourne with 24,000 holiday homes in the area. Mornington Peninsula tourism generates 10 per cent of local employment opportunities and is an important component of the economy. Popular tourism times are long weekends such as Cup Weekend and Queens Birthday, the week involving Christmas, Boxing Day and New Years, with the months of December and January being the peak tourist period. Most visitors to the peninsula are local to central Victoria. However, international visitors from Asian markets such as China have become increasingly attracted to the area with international visitors increasing by 3–4% in 2018. Overall tourism on the Mornington Peninsula has also grown with a 20% increase in overnight trips in 2017, with newly established luxury hotels such as Jackalope Hotel increasing the popularity of the region. 100,000 campers also enjoy the municipality's foreshore camping sites in the summer months for cheaper overnight trips. Short-stay rental services such as Airbnb have also become popular among tourists with 3.7% of the region's housing stock listed on the website.

The Mornington Peninsula is also the third most popular tourist destination in Victoria for day-trip visitors. The suburb of Mornington has become a tourist hotspot with 1500 visitors traveling to the town's Main Street via ocean liners in recent years.

Accommodation
Wealthier visitors to the peninsula usually own beach houses on large properties or with extensive views or beach access and as a result, there are very few established commercial hotels. There are however, many smaller motels priced to suit families and middle income earners. Large shared beach houses are also popular, although perhaps the most popular form of accommodation lie in the many caravan parks and camping grounds where many visitors own or rent on-site caravans and annexes or camp in tents. Camping is particularly popular on foreshore reserves where camping is permitted. Some visitors continuously book particular sites and many camping grounds have been camped on by the same family for 2 or 3 generations. For the unestablished tourist, these camping grounds must be booked anywhere from 1 to 5 years in advance for foreshore sites, while further inland sites are more easily available with at most a 3 to 6-month wait. It is estimated that around 30–40% of the houses on the peninsula are not owned by permanent residents reflecting the popularity of owned beach houses. Most of these 'beach houses' are owned by residents of Melbourne.

Other notable attractions
In addition to the national parks and golf courses, other notable tourist attractions include:
 * HMAS Cerberus (naval base) – military base, historical buildings, museum and decommissioned Oberon-class submarine
 * Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park – native nocturnal animal walks held nightly
 * Red Hill Market
 * McCrae Homestead – historic house run by the National Trust of Australia
 * Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery
 * McClelland Sculpture Park and Gallery
 * The Briars Homestead and Park – historic homestead and wildlife sanctuary in Mount Martha run by the National Trust of Australia
 * Heronswood – A National Trust house, restaurant and ornamental gardens run by the Diggers Club charity
 * Peninsula Hot Springs – Victoria's first geothermal mineral spas
 * Ashcombe Maze and Lavender Gardens
 * Ballam Park Homestead

Recreation
Some popular activities on the peninsula include:
 * Hang gliding – On the steep cliffs of the south-west coastlines. Particularly near Portsea, Rye and Sorento. Hang gliding is restricted around Point Nepean.
 * Skiffleboarding – Particularly on the flat beaches near Rosebud, Rye, Somers and Balnarring Beach.
 * Surfing – On the south-west coastline on Bass Strait. Particularly at Gunnamatta, Sorrento, Portsea and First Reef at Point Leo Surf Beaches.
 * Fishing – Mostly hobby fishing off piers and in beaches on Port Phillip.
 * Sailing – Various locations on the shores of Port Phillip and Western Port including Somers, Balnarring Beach, Safety Beach and many others.
 * Scuba diving – Particularly at Mornington Pier, Rye Pier, Blairgowrie Pier, Portsea Pier & Portsea Hole and Flinders Pier. Diving tours for Port Phillip and Bass Strait depart from Portsea. A remarkable variety of diving environments including wrecks, reefs, drift dives, scallop dives, seal dives and wall dives.
 * Running & Cycling – Popular along the Nepean Highway as it follows the coastline on Port Phillip.
 * Equestrian – Popular throughout rural areas of the Peninsula.
 * Golf - There is a selection of golf courses for beginners and low handicappers, public access and private clubs.

Annual events

 * Red Hill Show – Annual agriculture, cooking and craft event at Red Hill Showgrounds
 * Main Street Mornington Festival – October food, wine and music festival held on Main Street, Mornington
 * Mornington Winter Jazz Festival – Music festival held on Main Street, Mornington
 * Rosebud Kite Festival – Annual novelty kite festival held in March on Rosebud beach
 * McClelland Sculpture Survey & Award – Celebrated biennial outdoor sculpture exhibition
 * Portsea Swim Classic – 1,500 metre swimming event held in January near Portsea Pier

title: Mornington Peninsula


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 7

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 * 1679 – Le Griffon (depicted), a barque built by René-Robert de La Salle, began its journey to be the first sailing ship to navigate the upper Great Lakes.
 * 1782 – The Badge of Military Merit (pictured), the precursor to the U.S. Purple Heart, was established as a military decoration of the Continental Army.
 * 1794 – U.S. president George Washington invoked the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
 * 1909 – Fifty-nine days after leaving New York City with three passengers, Alice Huyler Ramsey arrived in San Francisco to become the first woman to drive an automobile across the contiguous United States.
 * 1914 – The Battle of Mulhouse began with France's first attack of World War I in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the region of Alsace from Germany.
 * 1942 – World War II: U.S. Marines initiated the first American offensive of the Guadalcanal campaign, with landings on Tulagi (pictured), Gavutu–Tanambogo and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.

 * 1944 – IBM presented the first program-controlled calculator to Harvard University, after which it became known as the Mark I.
 * 1946 – The Soviet Union informed Turkey that the way in which the latter was handling the Turkish Straits no longer represented the security interests of its fellow Black Sea nations, escalating the Turkish Straits crisis.
 * 1970 – Jonathan Jackson kidnapped Harold Haley, a judge in Marin County, California, to coerce the release of the Soledad Brothers, including Jackson's brother George.
 * 1985 – Five members of the Bamber family were found murdered at a farmhouse in Tolleshunt D'Arcy, England.
 * 1987 – Lynne Cox became the first person to swim between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, crossing from Little Diomede to Big Diomede in the Bering Strait in 2 hours and 5 minutes.
 * 1998 – Car bombs exploded simultaneously at the American embassies in the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, killing more than 200 people and injuring more than 4,000 others.
 * Born/died: | Hugh Foliot |d|1234| Jin Shengtan |d|1661| Joseph Marie Jacquard |d|1834|Jöns Jacob Berzelius |d|1848|Huntley Wright |b|1868| Art Houtteman |b|1927| Richard Sykes |b|1942 Rebecca Kleefisch |b|1975| Charlize Theron |b|1975|Billy T. James  |d|1991| Brigid Brophy |d|1995| Peter Jennings |d|2005 Frances Oldham Kelsey  |d|2015


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 8

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 * 1264 – Reconquista: In the early stages of the Mudéjar revolt, Muslim rebels captured the alcázar of the city of Jerez in present-day Spain, holding it for about two months.
 * 1918 – The Battle of Amiens began in Amiens, France, marking the start of the Allied Powers' Hundred Days Offensive through the German front lines that ultimately led to the end of World War I.
 * 1919 – The Third Anglo-Afghan War ended with the United Kingdom signing a treaty to recognise the independence of the Emirate of Afghanistan.
 * 1929 – The German airship Graf Zeppelin (pictured) departed Lakehurst, New Jersey, on a flight to circumnavigate the world.
 * 1991 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure ever built at 646.38 m, collapsed due to an error in exchanging the guys on the highest stock of the mast.
 * 1956 – A mining disaster killed 262 workers, mainly Italian nationals, at the Bois du Cazier coal mine in Belgium.
 * 1969 – At a zebra crossing in London (pictured), photographer Iain Macmillan took the photo that was used for the cover of the Beatles' album Abbey Road.
 * 1988 – A series of marches, demonstrations, protests, and riots, which became known as the 8888 Uprising, began against the one-party state of the Burma Socialist Programme Party.
 * 1988 – Tropical Storm Beryl formed over southeastern Louisiana, making it one of the few tropical cyclones to form over land.
 * 1991 – Hudson Volcano in Chile began to erupt, depositing volcanic ash over 150000 km2.
 * 2008 – A EuroCity train en route to Prague struck a part of a motorway bridge that had fallen onto the track near Studénka station and derailed, killing 8 people and injuring 64 others.
 * 2009 – Nine people died when a tour helicopter and a small private airplane collided over the Hudson River in Hoboken, New Jersey.
 * 2010 – A massive mudslide in Zhouqu County in the Chinese province of Gansu killed at least 1,471 people.
 * 2014 – The World Health Organization declared the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, which began in December 2013, to be a public health emergency of international concern.

 * Born/died: | Seo Hui |d|998|Matteo Tafuri |b|1492| Christoph Ludwig Agricola |d|1724| Esther Hobart Morris |b|1814| Jean Leon Gerome Ferris |b|1863| Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield |b|1874| Sophia Duleep Singh |b|1876| Earle Page |b|1880| Ernest Lawrence |b|1901| James Tissot |d|1902|Esther Williams |b|1921 Elisabeth Abegg |d|1974


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Ouest (department)

Ouest (French) or Lwès (Haitian Creole; both meaning "West") is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is located in south-central Haiti, linking the Great-North and the Tiburon Peninsula.

It is the jurisdictional seat of the national capital, the city of Port-au-Prince.

It has an area of 4982.56 km2 and a population of 4,029,705 (2015 estimate), making it both the largest department by area and the most populated department in Haiti.

Taino period
The department was part of the Xaragua kasika under the leadership of Anacaona.

There are many native settlements in the department notably around Akaya, Azuei Lake, Yaguana, the island of Guanabo and Goava. It is understood that the Azuei Plaine region was used as a hunting ground for the natives.

The island of Gonave is the last point of refuge for the Taino natives.

Spanish period
One of the only Spanish settlements in the area was a destroyed Spanish town called Santa-Maria-de-la-Paz-Verdadera, the actual city of Tabarre.

French period
The earliest French settlement in the area was a hospital named Morne L'Hopital. In the second half of the 18th century, the French wanted to build a new colonial capital outside the troubled North. One of the suggestions was Petit-Goâve but later they chose the region of l'Hopital building which would become the City of Port-au-Prince.

English period
In 1793 the city fell to the British troops where they built the Fort-National until Toussaint gained it back for the French government.

Haitian Revolution
Many maroon troops controlled the mountain around Port-au-Prince mainly Romaine-la-Prophetesse and Lamour Dérance and Cangé.

Around 1772, Romaine-la-Prophétesse acquired a plantation named Trou Coffy in the department (likely in what is now Fondwa), becoming a prominent coffee grower and trader. In 1791 and 1792, during the early Haitian Revolution, Romaine led some thirteen thousand slaves and rebels in freeing slaves from and burning the provinces plantations and briefly controlling two major cities, Léogâne and Jacmel. Ogé and Chavannes organized more than 300 blacks the Suisses to rebel against their so-called master. Caradeux the rough slave master in the region orderer their execution in Omòl.In 1791, Pétion, Pinchinnat, Beauvais, and more rebelled against the French authority and reclaimed their civil rights. After the Battles of Pernier, Croix-des-Bouquets, and Mirebalais they gained a Concordat, although the slaves did not gain anything.

In Arcahaie, on May 18, 1803, the generals of the North and West and Maroons met for a Congress and chose Jean-Jacques Dessalines as commander of the Armée Indigènes and chose the Haiti Flag designed by Catherine Flon.

Independence
According to Thomas Madiou's recount of the Haitian Revolution, the fight for Port-au-Prince is one of the most important fights. After Gabart gained control of St-Marc, the entire Artibonite region was under the control of Dessalines and the Armée Indigène. In the south, only the major port town of Les Cayes was still under French control. In the north, Cap-Haitian and Mole-St-Nicolas are still under French control. Rochambeau anticipated that the next step for Dessalines would be the conquer of Port-au-Prince, so he moved the capital of the colony back to Cap-Francois which would be harder for the British Navy to put under blockade versus Port-au-Prince located in the Gulf of Gonave. Leaving Petite-Rivière-de-l'Artibonite on September 15, the general stopped in St-Marc by Gabart and was in Arcahaie by Pétion on September 17. The same night for Croix-des-Bouquets where he camped by Frère. Pétion continued to march toward P-au-P and was by habitation Drouillard the next day. The French general of Croix-des-Bouquets Lux left the arrondissement to go help the French troops in P-au-P, he passed by Damien, Sarthe and the convoy was attacked by the Indigènes. By September 23, Cangé left Léogane, marched toward Port-au-Prince, and attacked the Fort-Bizoton in Carrefour, Gabart was at the St-Joseph gate and Dessalines camped in Turgeau a neighborhood located east of the city. The city of Port-au-Prince is officially sieged by the Armée Indigénes. The very next day Pétion was located in the habitation Philippeaux and started bombarding the French troops. By October 5, an aide-de-camp of Lavalette brought a letter to Dessalines with the terms of their capitulation. Dessalines accepted with an exchange of prisoners and adjuvant-general Bonnet came back to the Haitians and gave the French 4 days to leave the city. Thus on September 9 Port-au-Prince was freed from the French troops and Dessalines enter the city proudly with Pétion on his right and Gabart on his left. Pétion, Germain Frère and Yayou are signatories of the Haitian Declaration of Independence. Ouest was part of the Second Military Division of the West with Pétion as commander.

Pétion build the twin forts Jacques and Alexandre on the order of Dessalines.

On October 17, 1806, coming from Dessalinesville, Emperor Jacques 1st was ambushed and assassinated plunging the country into a civil war. His body was buried in St-Anne Cemetery. On January 2, 1904, he received state funerals and later on his body was moved to the Autel de la Patrie in Champs-de-Mars along with Pétion's body.

On January 1, 1807, only three years after the Haitian Declaration of Independence, the northern troops fought the western troops in the Sibert Battle, where Pétion almost died. Cabaret was the de facto border between the two states.

Under Jean-Pierre Boyer, fearing the return of the French boat, he ordered the construction of a city in the heights like Toussaint with Ennery, Dessalines with Dessalines and Christophe with Milot and naming it after his mentor Pétionville.

Being the political center of the country, most of Haiti's political instability and economical fight happen in the Port-au-Prince area since 1749 until today.

Geography
The department is bordered to the north by Artibonite and Centre and the Mattheux mountain chain, the west by the Gulf of Gonave, the south by the Sud-Est department and the La Selle Mountain Chain, and the Dominican Republic to the east through the province of Independencia.

It is the second largest department in Haiti after Artibonite. Gonâve Island is also part of the Ouest department. The department's stretch of coastline lies entirely in the Gulf of Gonâve.

A part majority of the department lies in the Plaine-de-Cul-de-Sac which continues to the Dominican Rep. as the Hayo de Enriquillo. Two other plains that lie in the region are the Plain of Arcahaie-Cabaret and the Plain of Léoganes.

Gulf and coast
The Golfe is more than 500 km in length from Mole-Saint-Nicolas to Abricots and it consists of more than a dozen bays and harbors. The Bay of Port-au-Prince is the largest in the country and one of the biggest in the Caribbean harboring many islands, cays, and reefs. The island of Gonave is the largest satellite island on Hispaniola being the size of Singapore.

Environment
The largest lake in the country is a salty lake in a depression in the plain of the same name, Azuei Lake. A smaller lake lies next to it Caiman Lake. Both lakes form a national park harboring flamingos and caimans.

The hills of Port-au-Prince consist of a mountain from the Massif de la Selle-Cordillera Meridional, where one can find multiple forests such as Foret-des-Pins and Parc-la-Visite.

The most important rivers in the department are Blanche River, Froide River, Monance River, and Bois-de-Chène Ravine.

Geology
The earthquake activities in the area are a result of the Enriquillo-Plantain-Garden fault going from Jamaica to the Dominican Rep passing through the Xaragua Peninsula and the Gonave Microplate. Two well-documented earthquakes happen in the area.
 * 1751 earthquake
 * 2010 earthquake or Goudougoudou. The epicenter was in Léoganes affecting Jacmel, Léoganes, and Port-au-Prince and causing millions in damages and counting hundreds-thousand of casualties.

On 12 January 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck in the department, the largest in Haiti in two centuries. In the Port-au-Prince Arrondissement, many areas suffered damage. In the Léogâne Arrondissement, the city of Léogâne suffered 80-90% destruction. Other places in Léogâne were also affected.

Economy
Ouest is the wealthiest department in Haiti, with economic poles in different sectors.

Tourism
Ouest's tourism sector touches on different branches such as leisure tourism in the Cotes-des-Arcadins, eco-tourism with Park Azuei-Caiman and Park La Selle, historical tourism with the countless historical monuments especially the National Museum, and cultural tourism.

Agriculture
For many years, agriculture was a part of the economy of the department, with the Arcahaie plain being a center for plantain, the Cul-de-Sac and Léogane being known for large sugar-cane plantations mostly for the production of rum, and the hills of Kenscoff cultivating different vegetables. Unfortunately, over-construction and the ever-expansion of the city, those areas see their fertile land now covered with asphalt and concrete.

Transport
Much of Haiti's road network extends out of Ouest.
 * The RN1 connects the West to the North by the coast
 * The RN2 connects the West to the South
 * The RN3 connects the West to the North through the mountains
 * The RN4 connects the West to the South-East
 * The RN8 connects the West to the Jimani, in the Dominican Rep.

The bay harbors many ports of sizable capacity owned or operated by the state or private parties.

Haiti's largest airport, the Toussaint Louverture Airport, is located in Delmas.

Administrative divisions
The Department of Ouest is subdivided into five arrondissements, which are further subdivided into twenty communes. (with 2009 Population Estimates in parentheses)

 * Arcahaie Arrondissement (180,564)
 * Arcahaie (118,501)
 * Cabaret (62,063)
 * Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement (431,789)
 * Cornillon (54,254)
 * Croix-des-Bouquets (227,012)
 * Fonds-Verettes (45,491)
 * Ganthier (56,869)
 * Thomazeau (48,163)
 * La Gonâve Arrondissement (79,188)
 * Anse-à-Galets (56,890)
 * Pointe-à-Raquette (22,298)
 * Léogâne Arrondissement (463,140)
 * Grand-Goâve (124,135)
 * Léogâne (181,709)
 * Petit-Goâve (157,296)
 * Port-au-Prince Arrondissement (2,509,939)
 * Carrefour (465,019)
 * Cité Soleil (241,055)
 * Delmas (359,451)
 * Gressier (33,152)
 * Kenscoff (52,232)
 * Pétion-Ville (342,694)
 * Tabarre (118,477)
 * Port-au-Prince (897,859)
 * × — The communes of Cité Soleil and Tabarre are newly constituted, and did not exist at the time of the 2003 census

title: Ouest (department)


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 9

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 * 1821 – The statue of A'a from Rurutu was presented to members of the London Missionary Society on the south Pacific island of Ra'iatea.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: After nearly being driven from the field in the early part of the Battle of Cedar Mountain, Confederate troops counter-attacked and achieved a victory.
 * 1877 – Nez Perce War: Both the Nez Perce and the United States Army suffered numerous casualties at the Battle of the Big Hole, which ended inconclusively.
 * 1902 – In a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, Edward VII and Alexandra were crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor and Empress of India.
 * 1934 – The Blue Lotus, the fifth volume of The Adventures of Tintin by the Belgian cartoonist Hergé and noted for its emphasis on countering negative misconceptions of Chinese people, began serialisation.
 * 1942 – World War II: In the first major naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign, Japan forced the U.S. Navy to withdraw from the Solomon Islands.
 * 1944 – The United States Forest Service authorized the use of Smokey Bear as its mascot to replace Bambi.
 * 1945 – World War II: The USAAF bomber Bockscar dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb (replica pictured) on Nagasaki, Japan.
 * 1956 – An estimated 20,000 women marched on Pretoria, South Africa, to protest the introduction of the Apartheid pass laws for black women in 1952.
 * 1965 – The state of Singapore (flag pictured) was expelled from the Malaysian federation due to a heated ideological conflict between their respective ruling parties.
 * 1969 – Members of the Manson Family invaded a house and murdered actress Sharon Tate and four guests, before killing two more people the following night.
 * 1971 – The Troubles: British forces began arresting and interning suspected Irish republican militants in Northern Ireland.
 * 1974 – On the verge of an impeachment and removal from office amidst the Watergate scandal, Richard Nixon became the first president of the United States to resign his office.
 * 1988 – Wayne Gretzky was traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial player transactions in ice hockey history.
 * 2001 – A suicide bomber attacked a pizza restaurant in Jerusalem, killing 15 people and wounding 130 others.
 * 2006 – British police arrested 24 people for conspiring to detonate liquid explosives carried on board airliners travelling from the UK to the US and Canada.
 * 2008 – A civilian school bus in Dahyan, Yemen, was bombed by Saudi Arabia killing at least 40 children under 15.
 * 2014 – Michael Brown, an 18-year-old African-American man, was killed by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, resulting in widespread protests and unrest.
 * Born/died: | Walter of Kirkham |d|1260| Stephen of Anjou |d|1354| Hieronymus Bosch |d|1516| Michael the Brave |d|1601| Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton |b|1757| Roman Dmowski |b|1864| Annie Turnbo Malone |b|1869| Albert Ketèlbey |b|1875 Ernst Haeckel |d|1919| Philip Larkin |b|1922| Bob Cousy |b|1928| John Key |b|1961|Brett Hull |b|1964| Gillian Anderson |b|1968| Li Jiawei|b|1981| Jason Heyward |b|1989


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 10

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 * 955 – Forces under Otto I were victorious at the Battle of Lechfeld near present-day Augsburg, Germany, holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe.
 * 1270 – Yekuno Amlak deposed the last Zagwe king and seized the imperial throne of Ethiopia, beginning the reign of the Solomonic dynasty, which would last for more than 700 years.
 * 1628 – The Swedish warship Vasa sank shortly after departing Stockholm on her maiden voyage to take part in the Thirty Years' War.
 * 1755 – The first wave of the Expulsion of the Acadians from the present-day Canadian Maritime provinces by the British began with the Bay of Fundy campaign at Chignecto.
 * 1792 – French Revolution: Insurrectionists in Paris stormed the Tuileries Palace, effectively ending the French monarchy until it was restored in 1814.
 * 1793 – The Louvre (Louvre Pyramid pictured) in Paris, today the world's most visited museum, officially opened with an exhibition of 537 paintings and 184 objets d'art.
 * 1844 – From measurements of its motion, German astronomer Friedrich Bessel deduced that Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, had an unseen companion (both pictured).
 * 1861 – American Civil War: The first major battle west of the Mississippi River, the Battle of Wilson's Creek, was fought.
 * 1864 – José Antônio Saraiva announced that the Brazilian military would exact reprisals after Uruguay's governing Blanco Party refused Brazil's demands, beginning the Uruguayan War.
 * 1897 – German chemist Felix Hoffmann discovered an improved method of synthesizing aspirin.
 * 1901 – The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers began an ultimately unsuccessful strike to reverse its declining fortunes and organize large numbers of new members.
 * 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: The first major confrontation between modern steel battleship fleets took place in the Battle of the Yellow Sea.
 * 1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdrew its forces from Operation Camargue against the Việt Minh in central modern-day Vietnam.
 * 1966 – The Heron Road Bridge in Ottawa, Canada, collapsed during its construction, killing nine workers.
 * 1988 – The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 became law, authorizing reparations to surviving Japanese Americans interned during World War II.
 * 2007 – Amid large protests against the impending demolition of the Queen's Pier, in Hong Kong, the High Court dismissed legal attempts to preserve the landmark.
 * 2019 – Having already caused severe flooding in the Philippines, Typhoon Lekima made landfall in Zhejiang, China, and went on to become the costliest typhoon in Chinese history.
 * Born/died: | Al-Wathiq |d|847| Madeleine of Valois |b|1520| William Lowndes Yancey |b|1814| Alexander Glazunov |b|1865| Adah Isaacs Menken |d|1868| Joséphine Fodor |d|1870| Angus Lewis Macdonald |b|1890 Red Holzman |b|1920|Marie-Claire Alain |b|1926| Antonio Banderas |b|1960| Suzanne Collins |b|1962| Jennifer Paterson |d|1999| Adam Stansfield |d|2010

August 10: Qixi Festival in China (2024)

 * 1270 – Yekuno Amlak deposed the last Zagwe king and seized the imperial throne of Ethiopia, beginning the reign of the Solomonic dynasty, which would last for more than 700 years.
 * 1793 – The Louvre (pyramid pictured) in Paris, today the world's most-visited museum, opened with an exhibition of 537 paintings and 184 objets d'art.
 * 1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdrew its forces from Operation Camargue against the Việt Minh in central modern-day Vietnam.
 * 1988 – The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 became law, authorizing reparations to surviving Japanese Americans interned during World War II.
 * 2019 – Jeffrey Epstein, an American financier and convicted sex offender, was found dead in his cell at the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 11

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 * 106 – The region of Dacia, comprising parts of modern Romania, became a province of the Roman Empire.
 * 1309 – Reconquista: Aragonese forces led by King James II landed on the coast of Almería, beginning an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the city, then held by the Emirate of Granada.
 * 1786 – Francis Light founded George Town, the first British settlement in Southeast Asia and the present-day capital of the Malaysian state of Penang.
 * 1952 – King Talal of Jordan was forced to abdicate due to mental illness and was succeeded by his eldest son Hussein.
 * 1977 – The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration initiated an investigation into the alleged vulnerability of the Ford Pinto to fuel leakage and fire in a rear-end collision.
 * 1979 – Two Aeroflot passenger jets collided in mid-air near Dniprodzerzhynsk in the Ukrainian SSR, killing all 178 people on both aircraft.
 * 1999 – The Salt Lake City Tornado hit downtown Salt Lake City, damaging 120 homes and injuring over 100 people.
 * 1999 – Ken Levine's System Shock 2 was released to mediocre sales, but was critically acclaimed and highly influenced subsequent first-person shooter game design.
 * 2012 – At least 306 people were killed and 3,000 others injured in a pair of earthquakes near Tabriz, Iran.

 * Born/died this day: | John Hunyadi |d|1456| Hamnet Shakespeare |bur|1596| William W. Chapman |b|1808| Kaname Harada|b|1916| Tom Kilburn |b|1921| Aaron Klug |b|1926| Chanchal Kumar Majumdar |b|1938| Steve Wozniak |b|1950| Wanda Wesołowska |b|1950| Reid Blackburn |b|1952| Pablo Sandoval |b|1986| Jacqueline Fernandez |b|1985 Clare Nott |b|1986

August 11: Independence Day in Chad (1960)

 * 1492 – The first papal conclave to be held in the Sistine Chapel elected Roderic Borja as Pope Alexander VI to succeed Innocent VIII.
 * 1929 – The first Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, the oldest and largest African-American parade in the United States, was held in Chicago.
 * 1945 – Amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews in Kraków, a crowd of Poles took part in a pogrom, resulting in at least one death.
 * 1973 – At a party in New York City, Jamaican musician DJ Kool Herc (pictured) began rapping during an extended break, laying the foundation for hip hop music.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 12

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 * 1881 – Franco-American children as young as seven years old commenced a strike against Cabot Mill of Brunswick, Maine. The Mill had to shut down operations for three days.
 * 1883 – The last known quagga (colourised example pictured), a subspecies of the plains zebra, died at Natura Artis Magistra, a zoo in Amsterdam.
 * 1914 – World War I: Belgian troops won a victory at the Battle of Halen, but were ultimately unable to stop the German invasion of the country.
 * 1944 – World War II: In Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Italy, the Waffen-SS and the Brigate Nere murdered about 560 local villagers and refugees and burned their bodies.
 * 1945 – An official administrative history of the Manhattan Project, written by American physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth, was released to the public days after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 * 2000 – Kursk, an Oscar-class submarine of the Russian Navy, suffered an on-board explosion and sank in the Barents Sea during a military exercise with 118 lives lost.
 * 2016 – The state-owned Taedonggang Brewing Company inaugurated the first beer festival in North Korea.
 * Born/died: Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick |d|1315| Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria |b|1629| John C. Young |b|1803| Maurice Fernandes |b|1897| Percy Mayfield |b|1920| Carlos Mesa  |b|1953|  Ladi Kwali |d|1984 | Mario Balotelli |b|1990


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 13

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 * 582 – Maurice was crowned Byzantine emperor to succeed Tiberius II Constantine.
 * 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: The Duke of Marlborough led Allied forces to a crucial victory at the Battle of Blenheim.
 * 1762 – Anglo-Spanish War: The United Kingdom captured Havana after a five-week siege, holding it until the Treaty of Paris the following year.
 * 1779 – American Revolutionary War: Off the coast of Maine, the United States suffered its worst naval defeat until 1941.
 * 1898 – Spanish–American War: After a mock battle for Manila, the Spanish commander surrendered to the United States to keep the city out of the Philippine Revolutionary Army's hands.
 * 1918 – Opha May Johnson (pictured) became the first woman to enlist in the United States Marine Corps.
 * 1999 – The Act on National Flag and Anthem was adopted, formally establishing the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" as the Japanese national flag and anthem, respectively.
 * 2004 – Hurricane Charley struck the U.S. state of Florida, just 22 hours after Tropical Storm Bonnie inflicted its own damage to the region.
 * Born/died: | Maximus the Confessor |d|662| Nawrūz |d|1297| George Grove |b|1820| José Ramón Guizado |b|1899|Alfred Hitchcock |b|1899| Jules Massenet |d|1912| Frederick Sanger |b|1918| Bobby Clarke |b|1949|  Tigran Petrosian |d|1984| Tim Richmond |d|1989


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August 14

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 * 1264 – War of Saint Sabas: A Genoese fleet captured or sank most of the ships of a Venetian trade convoy off the Albanian coast.
 * 1888 – One of the first recordings of music, of Arthur Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", was played at a press conference in London to introduce Thomas Edison's phonograph.
 * 1971 – The English rock band the Who released Who's Next, the group's only album to top the UK charts.
 * 1996 – Greek Cypriot refugee Solomos Solomou was shot to death by Turkish forces while trying to remove a Turkish flag from a flagpole in the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus.
 * 2005 – Helios Airways Flight 522 crashed into a mountain north of Marathon, Greece, killing all 121 people on board.
 * 2007 – Four coordinated suicide bomb attacks detonated in the Yazidi communities of Qahtaniya and Jazeera, Iraq, killing a 796 people and wounding 1,562 others.
 * 2010 – The inaugural edition of the Youth Olympic Games opened in Singapore for athletes aged between 14 and 18.
 * 2018 – The Ponte Morandi bridge collapsed in Genoa, Italy, killing 43 people.
 * Born/died: | Badr al-Mu'tadidi |d|902| Qian Hongzuo |b|928| Pieter Coecke van Aelst |b|1502| Doc Holliday |b|1851| Elsie Leslie |b|1881| Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji |b|1892| Connie Smith |b|1941Bobby Eaton |b|1958| Mila Kunis |b|1983