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Bex

Bex (Beis; Bés) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle. It is a few kilometers south of its sister town municipality of Aigle.

History
Bex is first mentioned in 574 as in Baccis.

Salt mine
Bex is the site of a famous salt mine.

The salt deposits in Bex were the first ones discovered in Switzerland. In the 15th century, a salt source is mentioned in the area, but it was not until 1554 that a large deposit was discovered in Panex. Production of the salt began shortly thereafter. In 1582 a salt works was built in Roche. Initially the salt works were run by Bernese patricians, and then foreign nobles. In 1685 the salt mines came under the direct control of the Bernese state. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was entrusted to a general director, the most famous one being Albrecht von Haller.

To provide wood for the salt works in Roche, in 1695 a forest was planted in the Joux Verte gorge. Starting in the 16th century, natural evaporation was replaced by boiling to speed up salt production. The first tunnels were dug in 1684 to find new salt sources. Salt deposits were discovered in Le Bévieux and Les Devens (both part of the municipality of Bex) and Aigle. The mine at Le Bévieux was still in operation at the beginning of the 21st century.

Geography
Bex has an area,, of 96.56 km2. Of this area, 25.85 km2 or 26.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.42 km2 or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.48 km2 or 4.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.84 km2 or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and 33.01 km2 or 34.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 28.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 4.3% is used for growing crops and 5.8% is pastures, while 2.0% is used for orchards or vine crops and 14.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 9.4% is unproductive vegetation, 23.1% is too rocky for vegetation and 1.7% of the land is covered by glaciers.

Bex sits on the east side of the Rhone River in a wide valley surrounded on the east by the Pays d'en Haut and the Bernese Alps and on the west by the Chablais Alps. The municipality is located in the Aigle district, along the Avançon river. It stretches from the banks of the Rhone (395 m) to the Alps. It includes most of the highest mountains of the canton: Les Diablerets peak (3210 m), Grand Muveran, Dent Favre and Dent de Morcles. The municipality consists of the town of Bex and the hamlets of Le Châtel, Les Dévens, Le Chêne, Fenalet, Les Posses, Le Bévieux, Frenières and Les Plans-sur-Bex.

Famous ski resorts are nearby, notably Villars-sur-Ollon and Gryon, a few kilometres above the town. Bex is also connected to Les Diablerets by the mountain pass Col de la Croix.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a ram Argent rampant, in chief dexter a mullet of eight Or.

Demographics
Bex has a population of. , 26.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 12.8%. It has changed at a rate of 13.7% due to migration and at a rate of 0.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (5,008 or 83.8%), with Albanian being second most common (232 or 3.9%) and German being third (203 or 3.4%). There are 149 people who speak Italian and 2 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 1,937 or about 32.4% were born in Bex and lived there in 2000. There were 1,187 or 19.9% who were born in the same canton, while 1,063 or 17.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,414 or 23.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 46 live births to Swiss citizens and 18 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 5 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 8 while the foreign population increased by 13. There were 5 Swiss men and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 70 non-Swiss men and 65 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 92 and the non-Swiss population increased by 43 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.2%.

The age distribution,, in Bex is; 646 children or 10.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 810 teenagers or 12.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 713 people or 11.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 731 people or 11.7% are between 30 and 39, 1,000 people or 16.0% are between 40 and 49, and 815 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 710 people or 11.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 534 people or 8.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 249 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 59 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.

, there were 2,346 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,868 married individuals, 409 widows or widowers and 350 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 2,403 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 820 households that consist of only one person and 177 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 2,468 households that answered this question, 33.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 14 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 678 married couples without children, 721 married couples with children There were 137 single parents with a child or children. There were 33 households that were made up of unrelated people and 65 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 1,062 single family homes (or 59.5% of the total) out of a total of 1,785 inhabited buildings. There were 372 multi-family buildings (20.8%), along with 208 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (11.7%) and 143 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.0%). Of the single family homes 303 were built before 1919, while 93 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (173) were built before 1919 and the next most (44) were built between 1919 and 1945. There were 6 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 3,346 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,068. There were 176 single room apartments and 716 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 2,334 apartments (69.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 675 apartments (20.2%) were seasonally occupied and 337 apartments (10.1%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.43%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Church Bell Tower, the Salt Mining Complex, the Fortifications de l’Arzillier and the Bridge over the Rhone River (which is shared with St-Maurice in Valais) are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Les Posses and the Le Bévieux area are both part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.69% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (27.02%), the FDP (12.65%) and the Green Party (11.75%). In the federal election, a total of 1,565 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.1%.

Economy
, Bex had an unemployment rate of 6.9%. , there were 234 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 66 businesses involved in this sector. 746 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 72 businesses in this sector. 1,157 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 196 businesses in this sector. There were 2,608 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.5% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,794. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 137, of which 128 were in agriculture and 9 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 706 of which 361 or (51.1%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (7.2%) were in mining and 178 (25.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 951. In the tertiary sector; 201 or 21.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 56 or 5.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 137 or 14.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 8 or 0.8% were in the information industry, 5 or 0.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 86 or 9.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 82 or 8.6% were in education and 146 or 15.4% were in health care.

, there were 1,077 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,294 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 4.5% of the workforce coming into Bex are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 13.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,986 or 33.2% were Roman Catholic, while 2,356 or 39.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 44 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.74% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 60 individuals (or about 1.00% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 462 (or about 7.73% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 12 individuals who were Buddhist, 41 individuals who were Hindu and 21 individuals who belonged to another church. 554 (or about 9.28% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 432 individuals (or about 7.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Weather
Bex has an average of 123.3 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1055 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Bex receives an average of 119 mm of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.5 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is June, with an average of 12.4, but with only 109 mm of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 69 mm of precipitation over 9.4 days.

Education
In Bex about 1,897 or (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 523 or (8.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 523 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 29.1% were Swiss women, 11.5% were non-Swiss men and 6.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 790 students in the Bex school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. There were 378 students in the primary school program, which lasts four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 356 students in those schools. There were also 56 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 105 students in Bex who came from another municipality, while 189 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation and railroads
Bex is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railways' (SBB/CFF) main-line Simplon route from Italy (Domodossola) and southern Switzerland to Lausanne then on to Geneva. Bex is also the terminus of the Bex–Villars–Bretaye railway (BVB), which is one of four railways of the local TPC company, the Transports Publics du Chablais. The BVB runs east from Bex to Villars and Bretaye. At nearby Aigle, connections are available at the Aigle SBB/CFF station to the other three very scenic narrow gauge railways of TPC.

Transports Publics du Chablais uses the motto "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC réunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the Canton of Vaud. The AOMC also operates into the Canton of Valais when it leaves Aigle and crosses the Rhone river to reach Monthey and Champéry. The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the region historically known as the Chablais. In 1846-7 the Valais canton attempted to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops in the brief and relatively bloodless Sonderbund civil war.

Personalities

 * Marie-Louise Dreier (born 1936), poet
 * Catherine Mabillard (born 1964), ski mountaineer and marathon mountain biker
 * Henri François Pittier (1857–1950), geographer and botanist

Twin towns – sister cities
Bex is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Tuttlingen, Germany

title: Bex


text:
Talk:List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom

Postcode area sizes by number of postcodes
I know I'm being lazy here but could I state that the postcode table would be more interesting (and less bleak) if a column were added giving the number of (say) active postcodes as of a certain date. This information is contained in each postcode's sub article but an overall picture would be useful. I'd do it but have neither the status or knowledge to tackle it.

 * It's funny, the article lead-text mentions "largest geographical unit", and talks about geographic sizing a further twice in the Scope section. I would have thought a column for the area covered by each postcode area would be of use. See also List of English counties by area and List of countries and outlying territories by total area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.18.153 (talk) 00:25, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Postal counties
There's lots of mention of counties in this article, but I believe that county's aren't actually part of offical addresses any more: check any address on http://pol.royalmail.com/dda/txt/af.asp

Anyone want to correct me? ~ Scurra 17:16, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Since about 2000 the Royal Mail has not required a county in an address, and have removed their 'postal counties' from the Postcode Address File. They now have traditional counties and administrative counties for each postcode in a separate database. However, some resellers of PAF data re-bundle the old postal counties in to their products which is what perpetuates their usage. In fact, if you do a search for a postcode on the Royal Mail's own site you can see they even appear there - contrary to their own guidelines! http://pol.royalmail.com/dda/txt/pf.asp Owain 19:10, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

KA
I can't substantiate this, but I believe KA, which covers the former county of Ayrshire and parts of Bute, actually stands for Kilmarnock and Ayr, as opposed to simply Kilmarnock. If it were only Kilmarnock, then the unused KK would make more sense (that being the local abbreviation for the town).

Fictional postcodes
AM - Ambridge, Borsetshire, (The Archers)''

I doubt this has ever been used, even in fiction. "Ambridge" is a small village -- would not have its own postcode. I propose deletion of this fun, but doubly mythical "fact". -- Picapica 20:06, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have to really hunt for a source on this one, but I am a Royal Mail employee, and I can distinctly recall that the allocation of AM for use in the Archers was officially documented by Royal Mail in the 1990s Mayalld 22:13, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Royal mail have - I'm told but have no original source for - also been know to use the following as an example address:

12 Oak Lane

Flat 12

Ambridge

Borsetshire

FX5 7HQ

FX for Felpersham, which makes more sense than using AM. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.40.144.68 (talk) 16:55, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

IG Ilford and Barking ??
IG is listed here as <>.. Can anyone confirm that IG actually stands for I lford and barkin G ??IsarSteve 16:04, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This has come up before somewhere. It stands for Ilford, the location of the sorting office. But for some reason to do with characters getting mixed up with others, G was chosen instead of any of the other characters from "Ilford". MRSC 16:11, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought maybe the reason for not using IF was the reluctance to use codes that were two letter words:- at, by, he, if, is, on, etc; etc; but after checking the list again I came across SO ... so there goes that theory.......IsarSteve 12:45, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

One and two letter postal areas
Can anyone explain why most postal areas are designated two letters, such as BA Bath, BS Bristol, but a few only have one letter such as B Birmingham and E East (London)? Such irregularity would seem highly undesireable in a postcode, most of which internationally are a fixed number of characters so that mistakes are easier to spot.

 * Historically, London was split into geographical areas N (North), S (South), E (East), W (West), NW (North West), NE (North East), SW (South West), and SE (South East) North East was merged with East, South was split. It would also be desirable to have a standard length for the digits - hence East London E6 2MA could become EL06 2MA - but the present system works OK. Australian postal abbreviations aren't a standard length either - NSW, VIC, QLD, ACT, TAS, WA, SA, NT Quiensabe 19:02, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Turks and Caicos?
I don't think the Turks and Caicos has a UK post code - I've done a search on the post code TKCA 1ZZ and all the entries are either from Wikipedia or information taken from it- Quiensabe 18:49, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

KW postcode
In nearly everything I see, including here, KW is listed as Orkney (Kirkwall) but only about 2 or 3 of the KW postcodes are on Orkney, the rest are on the mainland of Scotland and cover Caithness and Sutherland. KW1 and KW2 are in Wick one of the two main towns in Caithness. Can anyone confirm that KW is taken from Kirkwall or more likely a reversal of the letters in Wick

 * According to the Royal Mail the KW postal area is called Kirkwall. MRSC 08:36, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Derivations
I think we ought to have the derivations of the Fylde and Medway postcodes, at least. They do seem a bit random otherwise - and probably also Galashiels and Lerwick. Morwen - Talk 09:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm thinking of maybe turning it into a table with a column for broad coverage and another for notes/derivation as these tend to get edited in/replace the names. MRSC 09:08, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

It would seem to me far more likely that SM is formed just from "Sutton and Morden". Morwen - Talk 11:17, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Most definitely. I would hesitate at adding that to the article as there is no evidence to support it. SM and IG seem to have been victims of a lack of suitable characters for Sutton and Ilford. MRSC • Talk 16:47, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Postal area > Postcode area
Royal Mail literature refers to these as 'postcode area' rather than postal areas. The National Statistics page on postal geography also confirms this. I can't find any usage of 'postal area' other than Wikipedia and its mirrors. Unless anyone objects, I will rename the various articles. MRSC • Talk 12:13, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No comments in the last week. I will update. MRSC • Talk 15:20, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Priority sub articles
A note of some sub-articles which need attention. MRSC • Talk 17:10, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * BA postcode area - very stubby
 * DE postcode area - very stubby
 * BN postcode area - very stubby
 * DY postcode area - needs table, check out data
 * EH postcode area - needs good clean up and checked against Royal Mail data
 * GU postcode area - needs completing
 * LN postcode area - very stubby
 * LU postcode area - convert to table
 * ML postcode area - needs intro and covert to table
 * SG postcode area - convert to table
 * SS postcode area - convert to table

Letter articles
I added B postcode area to B (the B|article about the letter 'B'. Does anyone have the time, or a bot, to add all the one- and two- letter postcode area articles to the respective letter articles? Andy Mabbett 23:34, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Father Christmas
Isn't there a special code - advertised by Royal Mail - for letters to Father Christmas? Something like SAN TA1? Andy Mabbett 23:36, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Found it on UK postcodes and added it to article. Andy Mabbett 23:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

The former S (South London) area
If the area had been split to create new areas then dividing would be an appropriate description. However, in actual fact, the former South area was divided and merged into existing SE and SW districts. The subsuming of the district into the surrounding areas is best described as merge Mayalld (talk) 20:18, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Postcodes as gang markers etc.
Maybe something could be put in about the use of postcodes as 'territory markers'.

Here in Birmingham there's postcode graffiti literally all over the city, which is something that's increased a lot these past few years. They're often just the postcode, or something along the lines of 'B14 shit on B13' etc. Funnily enough it means soemthing, as postcodes tie in closely with areas/districts and most areas have a distinctive character (e.g. B11 is Sparkhill, an Asian area; just up from that is B12 Saprkbrook, a Somali area). Also, rival gangs have apparently 'divided' Lozells/Aston/Handsworth (the roughest parts of the city - where the riots were in the 80s and 2005) by postcodes. Is this kind of thing common elsewhere in the country? 81.132.29.194 (talk) 22:17, 19 April 2008 (UTC)sdrawkcab

Duplicate lists of postcode districts
Zangar (talk) 16:59, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Distribution centres
Source MRSC (talk) 18:28, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Are you saving this here for a rainy day, ie for no specific purpose at present? Mailsort codes and delivery offices (and post towns as a loose approximation of delivery offices) represent further aspects of the logistic hierarchy. Though not sure how much can usefully be said about internal distribution patterns without the information becoming unmaintainable and indigestible. Maybe your list is just the thing.
 * I had been wondering whether to add distribution offices to the list of postcode districts. In case you hadn't found it already, an FOI request from a year ago resulted in publication of UK delivery offices by postcode sector. I've normalised the PDF contents so let me know if you think the data would be useful in some way.
 * — Richardguk (talk) 23:38, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Found it whilst looking for something else. Not sure what to do with it, so leaving it here for now. MRSC (talk) 09:22, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Added Northern Ireland; moved location into separate column; sorted by centre name. — Richardguk (talk) 21:21, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

 * What about PRDC, NDC and MDEC? ;)
 * Xteejx (talk) 13:20, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Here's an updated list after the Essex closure, taken from www.royalmailtechnical.com:

 * That's not quite the same as the published cage breaks table. It looks like some routes depend on the mailing class.
 * You'll have to explain about PRDC and MDEC. :)
 * — Richardguk (talk) 16:42, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

ME area
As a Royal Mail employee, I can confirm that ME is officially Maidstone, not Medway. Many make this mistake (including RM).

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Xteejx  (talk • contribs)  13:20, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, even though you have inside knowledge, Wikipedia requires articles to cite published reliable sources, which means finding a printed work or an authoritative website. (The guidance at Verifiability explains more about the need to have verificable sources, even when we know a fact from personal experience.)
 * According to the latest printed Address Management Guide (5th ed., 2007), ME is named "Rochester".
 * According to Royal Mail's Post Town Gazetteer file (2009, digital only, no longer sold) and the ONS Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom (2000 ed., 1999), ME is "Medway".
 * (UB is another odd example, as it is offically named "Southall" in all three of the above sources, not "Uxbridge", so the code can definitely be misleading.)
 * The Gazetteer is official but unprinted and intended only for postcode lookups, so might not be reliable for area names. The Yearbook is relatively old and published by the Government, not Royal Mail. AMG5 is the most recent edition of a printed work, is published by Royal Mail, and contains a section devoted to listing area names, so I think it is the most reliable published source.
 * Is it possible that "Maidstone" is used internally as an informal name? Alternatively, is there a published source that is more authoritative than the current Address Management Guide?
 * — Richardguk (talk) 16:09, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

TN
Since the sorting office in this region is located in Tonbridge, I always assumed that TN is for Tonbridge and not Tunbridge Wells. The reference that is cited it only accessible via registered log in. Can this be confirmed anywhere else? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tehben1 (talk • contribs) 07:31, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

 * TN1 is Tunbridge Wells while Tonbridge starts at TN9 which is suggestive and also ties in with ME being Rochester in the section above. Cavrdg (talk) 08:31, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

I have checked https://www.gbmaps.com/downloadpostcodemap.htm https://postal-code.co.uk/images/uk-map-big.png https://postcodebyaddress.co.uk/areas https://www.doogal.co.uk/UKPostcodes - all these use Tonbridge instead of Tunbridge Wells (RickBeton) 2nd Nov 2022

english
good Brightnaomi (talk) 23:31, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

BB
The article states that the BB code is formed from Blackburn and Burnley, however it's probably more likely to just be formed from Blackburn. There's no reference, and nothing in the BB postcode area article, so I've tagged it as being dubious. Bazonka (talk) 19:45, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't find any evidence for "Blackburn and Burnley", and no-one has responded here for 3 months, so I've deleted it. --  Dr Greg  talk 19:46, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

XX70
XX70 is missing. It is for sending used coffee pods for recycling. (No, I am not going to add it to the XX entries.) 31.94.0.71 (talk) 17:27, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

Detailed Post code maps
I am looking for detailed maps of British postcodes.

This article offers links to commercial organisations that provide postcode maps, free at a very coarse level, but requiring payment usually below the main areas, eg NR1.

There is a reference to openstreetmaps. Sadly, I failed to find their postcode maps.

I would hope someone provides limited free access to detailed postcode maos for personal use. It would be good to have a link to such an organisations website. CuriousMarkE (talk) 10:42, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Update, I tried the local studies section in the Norwich library. They couldn’t help me! I was very surprised. CuriousMarkE (talk) 11:25, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Update:
 * I found a website which appears to be a personal project offering more detail, freely, than the commercial sites I have found. What is the etiquette / process for including a link to their website?
 * I believe the person offering this service would be interested in having a link to their website.
 * My interest and concern is also how this relates to Wikipedia policies etc around links to external websites. I don’t really want to encourage inappropriate or unnecessarily controversial linking to external websites.
 * Clearly, Wikipedia encourages links to websites to help validate information provided on Wikipedia pages and is intended to help ensure the integrity of the information Wikipedia offers and reduce conflicts over what is true and accurate.
 * There is also a role for directing people to information that gives more practical details than Wikipedia offers.
 * I see this can be controversial, especially when commercial interests are threatened by free information. Clearly there are other parts of the web, including search engines, where this is normal and commercial consideration are significant.  Wikipedia is operating in a different context and I want to respect these conflicting considerations.
 * At a more general level, there are issues around exploitation of free or low priced resources. Providing good quality information takes time and effort and that needs to be respected. Money, with its many facets, is one important, but problematic way of addressing this issue.
 * To speed up up concrete consideration of this issue, the specific website I think could usefully be put in the ‘see also’ section is:
 * https://www.doogal.co.uk/MultiplePostcodes?postcodes=NR&type=polygons#disqus_thread
 * or the more general reference:
 * https://www.doogal.co.uk
 * Regards
 * Mark CuriousMarkE (talk) 05:01, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Mark CuriousMarkE (talk) 05:01, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Chills

Chills is a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever, but sometimes is also a common symptom which occurs alone in specific people. It occurs during fever due to the release of cytokines and prostaglandins as part of the inflammatory response, which increases the set point for body temperature in the hypothalamus. The increased set point causes the body temperature to rise (pyrexia), but also makes the patient feel cold or chills until the new set point is reached. Shivering also occurs along with chills because the patient's body produces heat during muscle contraction in a physiological attempt to increase body temperature to the new set point. When it does not accompany a high fever, it is normally a light chill.

Sometimes a chill of medium power and short duration may occur during a scare, especially in scares of fear, commonly interpreted like or confused by trembling.

Severe chills with violent shivering are called rigors.

Pathophysiology
Chills occur when the hypothalamic temperature set point is suddenly elevated. This could occur due to several causes, including tissue destruction, pyrogenic substances, or dehydration. Due to the body temperature being below the new set point, body mechanisms of raising body temperature, including vasoconstriction, and shivering ensue. The person experiences this period as extreme cold, even though they might have an elevated body temperature than normal. As the body temperature rises and reaches the new set point, chills stop and the person feels neither hot nor cold. If the factor causing the high temperature is then removed, the hypothalamic set point decreases, but the body temperature is still higher than it. This then triggers the body cooling mechanisms to reduce the body temperature to the new set point, and is experienced as severe sweating, and hot skin due to vasodilation. This phase of the febrile state is known as the "crisis", or the "flush".

Causes
Chills are commonly caused by inflammatory diseases, such as influenza. Malaria is one of the common reasons for chills and rigors. In malaria, the parasites enter the liver, grow there and then attack the red blood cells which causes rupture of these cells and release of a toxic substance hemozoin which causes chills recurring every 3 to 4 days. Sometimes they happen in specific people almost all the time, in a slight power, or it less commonly happens in a generally healthy person.

title: Chills


text:
User:Nedlowe

http://www.nedlowe.co.uk

I think Wikipedia is great, although I only seem to edit other people's mistakes! I should write some more articles methinks...

To non-Wikipedians - click the contributions link on the left to see what I have done - hopefully this will show you how easy it is to do things, and everyone can join in!

title: User:Nedlowe


text:
Warmians (ethnic group)

Warmians are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most of them are Roman Catholic and speak in the Warmian subdialect of Polish or the High Prussian or Low Prussian dialects of German.

History
Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.

The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics.

During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia.

After the war, due to their Polish roots, they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans, but over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937.

title: Warmians (ethnic group)


text:
La Monnaie

The Royal Theatre of La Monnaie (Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, ; Koninklijke Muntschouwburg; both translating as the "Royal Theatre of the Mint") is an opera house in central Brussels, Belgium. The National Opera of Belgium, a federal institution, takes the name of this theatre in which it is housed—La Monnaie in French or De Munt in Dutch—referring both to the building as well as the opera company. As Belgium's leading opera house, it is one of the few cultural institutions to receive financial support from the Federal Government of Belgium. Other opera houses in Belgium, such as the Vlaamse Opera and the Opéra Royal de Wallonie, are funded by regional governments.

La Monnaie is located on the Place de la Monnaie/Muntplein, not far from the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat and the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein. The current edifice is the third theatre on the site. The facade dates from 1818 with major alterations made in 1856 and 1986. The foyer and auditorium date from 1856, but almost every other element of the present building was extensively renovated in the 1980s. It is served by the metro and premetro (underground tram) station De Brouckère on lines 1, 3, 4 and 5.

The theatre of Gio-Paolo Bombarda (1700–1818)
The first permanent public theatre for opera performances of the court and City of Brussels was built between 1695 and 1700 by the Venetian architects Paolo and Pietro Bezzi, as part of a rebuilding plan following the bombardment of Brussels of 1695 by the French army. It was erected on the site of a building that had served to mint coins. The name of this site—La Monnaie (originally spelled La Monnoye) in French or De Munt in Dutch (both meaning "The Mint")—remained attached to the theatre for the centuries to come. The construction of the theatre had been ordered by Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, at that time Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands. The Elector had charged his treasurer and architect, the Italian Gio Paolo Bombarda, with the task of financing and supervising the enterprise.

The exact date of the first performance in 1700 remains unknown, but the first showing mentioned in the local newspapers was Jean-Baptiste Lully's Atys, which was given on 19 November 1700. The French operatic repertoire would dominate the Brussels stage throughout the following century, though performances of Venetian operas and other non-French repertoire were also performed on a regular basis. Until the middle of the 19th century, plays were performed along with opera, ballet and concerts.

By the 18th century, La Monnaie was considered the second French-speaking stage after the most prominent theatres in Paris. Under the rule of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, who acted as a very generous patron of the arts, the theatre greatly flourished. At that time, it housed an opera company, a ballet and an orchestra. The splendour of the performances diminished during the last years of Austrian rule, due to the severe politics of Emperor Joseph II.

After 1795, when the French Revolutionary forces occupied the Belgian provinces, the theatre became a French departmental institution. Amongst other cuts in its expenses, the theatre had to abolish its Corps de Ballet. During this period, many famous French actors and singers gave regular performances in the theatre whilst touring the country's provinces. Then-consul Napoleon, visiting Brussels, judged the old theatre too dilapidated for one of the most prestigious cities of his future Empire. He ordered plans to replace the old building with a new and more monumental edifice, but these plans would only be carried out and Bombarda's building demolished in 1818, under the auspices of the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The theatre of Louis Damesme (1818–1855)
The new theatre was a neoclassical building designed by the French architect Louis Damesme. Unlike Bombarda's building, which was situated along the street and completely surrounded by other buildings, the new theatre was placed in the middle of a newly constructed square. While this also gave it a monumental appearance, the main concern was safety: the building was now more accessible to firemen, and the chance of any fire spreading was reduced. The new auditorium was inaugurated on 25 May 1819 with the opera La Caravane du Caire by the composer André Ernest Modeste Grétry.

As the most important French theatre of the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands, La Monnaie had national and international significance. The theatre came under the supervision of the City of Brussels, which had the right to appoint a director charged with its management. In this period, famous actors like François-Joseph Talma and singers like Maria Malibran performed at La Monnaie. The Corps de Ballet was reintroduced and came under the supervision of the dancer and choreographer Jean-Antoine Petipa, father of the famous Marius Petipa.

La Monnaie would play a prominent role in the formation of the Kingdom of Belgium. Daniel Auber's opera La Muette de Portici was scheduled in August 1830 after it had been banned from the stage by King William I of the Netherlands, fearing its inciting content. At a performance of this opera on the evening of 25 August 1830, a riot broke out, which became the signal for the Belgian Revolution that ultimately led to the country's independence.

Damesme's building continued to serve for more than two decades as Belgium's principal theatre and opera house until it burnt to the ground on 21 January 1855, leaving only the outside walls and portico.

The theatre of Joseph Poelaert (1856–present)
After the fire of January 1855, the theatre was reconstructed after the designs of Joseph Poelaert within a period of fourteen months. The auditorium (with 1,200 seats) and the foyer were decorated in a then-popular Eclectic style, a mixture of neo-Baroque, neo-Rococo and neo-Renaissance styles. The lavish decoration made excessive use of gilded carton-pierre decorations and sculptures, red velvet and brocade. The auditorium was lit by a huge crystal chandelier made of gilded bronze and Venetian crystals, which still hangs in the centre of the domed ceiling today. The new Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie opened on 28 March 1856 with Fromental Halévy's Jaguarita l'Indienne.

The original dome painting, representing Belgium Protecting the Arts, was produced in the Parisian workshop of François-Joseph Nolau and Auguste Alfred Rubé, two famous decorators of the Paris Opera House. In 1887, this dome painting was completely repainted by Rubé himself and his new associate Philippe-Marie Chaperon, because it was mostly tainted by emissions from the chandelier. This dome painting stayed untouched until 1985, when it was taken down during extensive rebuilding activities and replaced by a bad copy, painted by the painter Xavier Crolls. From 1988 until 1998, the dome painting of Rubé and Chaperon was in restoration, until its final reinstatement in 1999. The sober whitewashed exterior seen today was done many decades later. Poelaert never intended to whitewash these outer walls — in 1856, the exterior did not have any whitewashing at all, as proved by many photographs of that time.

In the middle of the 19th century, the repertoire was dominated by popular French composers such as Halévy, Daniel Auber, and Giacomo Meyerbeer, as well as Italian composers like Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini and Giuseppe Verdi, who had considerable success in Paris.

The opera house in the 20th century
Renovations on Poelaert's building were required shortly after opening due to faulty foundation work. The early 20th century saw the addition of a storey, and in the 1950s, of a new stage building. By 1985, it was determined that a complete renovation was needed. Features such as raising the roofline by 4 m and scooping out the stage building area—in addition to creating a steel frame to strengthen the load-bearing walls and increasing backstage space—characterised this two-year project. However, the red and gold auditorium remained largely identical. The canvas of the ceiling painting was temporarily removed for restoration and only put back in 1999. It was temporarily replaced by a copy in much brighter colours, which was painted directly on the stucco ceiling.

The entrance hall and the grand staircase underwent a radical makeover, although original features such as the monument by the sculptor Paul Du Bois honouring the Manager and Music Director Dupont (1910), and a number of monumental paintings (1907–1933) by Emile Fabry were preserved. The Liège architect Charles Vandenhove created a new architectural concept for the entrance in 1985–1986. He asked two American artists to make a contribution: Sol LeWitt designed a fan-shaped floor in black and white marble, while Sam Francis painted an abstract triptych mounted to the ceiling. Vandenhove also designed a new interior decoration for the Salon Royal, a reception room connected to the Royal Box. For this project, he collaborated with the French artist Daniel Buren. Now seating 1,125, the renovated opera house was inaugurated on 12 November 1986 with a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.

In 1998, the major part of the vacant Vanderborght department store building (c. 20,000 m²) and a neoclassical mansion, both situated directly behind the opera house, were acquired by La Monnaie. The edifices were renovated and adapted to house La Monnaie's technical and administrative facilities, previously spread all over the city. The building also contains large rehearsal halls for opera, the Malibran, and orchestra, the Fiocco. They can also be adapted for presenting public performances.

La Monnaie in the 21st century

In the last three decades, La Monnaie has reclaimed its place amongst the foremost opera houses in Europe thanks to the efforts of the successive directors Gerard Mortier and Bernard Foccroulle and Music Directors Sylvain Cambreling and Antonio Pappano.

The opera house was renovated again from May 2015 to September 2017: the stage was levelled, a new fly system was put in place, and two scene lifts were installed. This allowed the opera house to stage more technically demanding productions. Although most of the renovations took place backstage, the opera house used this opportunity to replace all of its worn-out seats with new velour seats.

Directors

During the 1980s, Gerard Mortier was General Director of La Monnaie. Bernard Foccroulle succeeded Mortier in 1991 and served for fifteen seasons, maintaining and even expanding the reputation Mortier had gained in the 1980s. The current General Director is Peter de Caluwe, who has been in the post since 2007, and is scheduled to conclude his tenure on 1 July 2025. In June 2023, the company announced the appointment of Christina Scheppelmann as its next General Director, effective 1 July 2025, with an initial contract of six years.

La Monnaie's Music Directors have always played a major role in Belgium's musical life, since the orchestra also performed in regularly organised concerts, and the quality of the orchestra reached a peak at the end of the 19th century under the baton of composer and musicologist Sylvain Dupuis. La Monnaie gave regular performances of the major works of Richard Wagner as well. During the late 19th century, important French composers such as Jules Massenet and Vincent d'Indy directed the world premieres of some of their operas at this theatre. The high musical quality of renditions was maintained under Corneil de Thoran between the two World Wars, but diminished gradually from the 1950s onwards.

At the beginning of the 1980s, Gérard Mortier hired Sylvain Cambreling as La Monnaie's Music Director, and Cambreling restored the orchestra to its former playing level. From 1990, Bernd Loebe was Artistic Director. Antonio Pappano became Music Director in 1991, and during his tenure, the orchestra's symphonic repertoire was further extended and it appeared more often in concerts outside the opera. In addition, Pappano made several recordings with the orchestra. He left in 2002 to become Music Director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London.

Beginning in 2002, Kazushi Ono served as Music Director. At the end of the 2007–2008 season, Ono was scheduled to relinquish his position as La Monnaie's Music Director to Mark Wigglesworth, the two having worked together during that season. However, in April 2008, La Monnaie announced that Wigglesworth would not take up the position of Music Director, after reports of opposition to him from the orchestra. In June 2011, the company announced the appointment of Ludovic Morlot as its next Music Director, as of the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of five years. In December 2014, citing artistic differences, Morlot resigned from the La Monnaie's music directorship, effective 31 December 2014. In September 2015, the company announced the appointment of Alain Altinoglu as its next Music Director, effective January 2016.

For performances of Baroque operas, La Monnaie mostly engages guest orchestras specialising in authentic performances on period instruments. Over the past decades, René Jacobs and his Concerto Vocale have been regular guests at the theatre.

Dance at La Monnaie
Dance and ballet always had their place on the stage of La Monnaie, and during a major part of its history, the theatre housed its own Corps de Ballet. Several members of the Petipa family left their mark in Brussels in the 19th century, but the enthusiasm of the public for traditional ballet performances diminished in the 1950s.

In 1959, director Maurice Huisman embarked on a cooperation with the young avant-garde choreographer Maurice Béjart. This resulted in the creation of the new Ballet of the 20th Century, which became the theatre's new ballet company until 1987, when Béjart and his Ballet left La Monnaie after a conflict with Gerard Mortier. In 1988, Mortier hired the New York choreographer Mark Morris and his Mark Morris Dance Group. For three years, they were known as the Monnaie Dance Group Mark Morris. Morris directed several productions in Brussels until 1991. Under Bernard Foccroulle, Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker and her company Rosas became the dance company in residence.

Notable world premieres

 * Jules Massenet: Hérodiade (19 December 1881)
 * Ernest Reyer: Sigurd (7 January 1884)
 * Emanuel Chabrier: Gwendoline (10 April 1886)
 * Benjamin Godard: Jocelyn (25 February 1888)
 * Ernest Reyer: Salammbô (10 February 1890)
 * Vincent d'Indy: Fervaal (12 March 1897)
 * Vincent d'Indy: L'Etranger (7 January 1903)
 * Ernest Chausson: Le Roi Arthus (30 November 1903)
 * Darius Milhaud: Les Malheurs d'Orphée (7 May 1926)
 * Arthur Honegger: Antigone (28 December 1927)
 * Sergei Prokofiev: Igrok (The Gambler), 29 April 1929)
 * Philippe Boesmans: La Passion de Gilles (18 October 1983)
 * Mark Morris: L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato (22 November 1988)
 * Mark Morris: The Hard Nut (1991)
 * John Adams: The Death of Klinghoffer (19 March 1991)
 * Philippe Boesmans: Reigen (4 March 1993)
 * Philippe Boesmans: Wintermärchen (10 December 1999)
 * Philippe Boesmans: Julie (8 March 2005)
 * Nicholas Lens: Shell Shock (24 October 2014)

title: La Monnaie


text:
De Munt

De Munt is Dutch for the Mint. It can refer to:

 * De Munt or La Monnaie – opera house in Brussels
 * Muntplein (Munt Square), Amsterdam
 * Munttoren (Munt Tower)
 * Pathé De Munt movie theater

title: De Munt


text:
USS Belknap

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Belknap, in honor of Rear Admiral George Eugene Belknap.

 * USS Belknap (DD-251), was a destroyer launched in 1919 and decommissioned in 1945.
 * USS Belknap (CG-26), the lead ship of her class, was a guided missile cruiser in service from 1964 to 1995.

title: USS Belknap


text:
Bandon

Bandon may refer to:

Places

 * Hundred of Bandon, a cadastral unit in South Australia
 * Bandon (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency (1801–1885) in Ireland
 * Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, a town
 * River Bandon, in Ireland
 * Bandon Bay, a bay in the Gulf of Thailand
 * Bandon district or Mueang Surat Thani district, an administrative district in Surat Thani province, Thailand
 * Bandon, Indiana, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Bandon, Oregon, United States, a city

Other uses

 * Earl of Bandon, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 * Bandon (Byzantine Empire), a Byzantine military and administrative unit

title: Bandon


text:
Teton River (Montana)

The Teton River (pronounced "TEE-taan") is located in northwestern Montana, in the Western United States The ~ 150 mi long river is a tributary of the Marias River. Its watershed is within Teton County and Chouteau County, Montana.

Course
The Teton River headwaters are in the southern Lewis Range of the Rocky Mountains at the continental divide, in the Lewis and Clark National Forest.

It flows southeast, then east, down from the Lewis mountains and across Teton County, past the town of Choteau. It is joined by Muddy Creek and Deep Creek. It continues flowing east, passing near Fort Benton to its confluence with the Marias River. This occurs only 3 mi upstream of the Marias' confluence with the Missouri River.

Variant names
The Teton River has also been known as the:
 * Breast River
 * Fancy River
 * Mone-e-kis, Monekis
 * Rose River
 * Tansey River
 * Tansy River, Tanzey River, or Tanzy River

title: Teton River (Montana)


text:
User:Margrethe E

My name is Margrethe Fjermstad and I study at the Norwegian School of Management BI.

title: User:Margrethe E


text:
Stephen Daldry

Stephen David Daldry CBE (born 2 May 1960) is an English director and producer of film, theatre, and television. He has won three Tony Awards for his work on Broadway and an Olivier Award for his work in the West End. He has received three Academy Awards nominations for Best Director, for the films Billy Elliot (2000), The Hours (2002), and The Reader (2008).

From 2016 to 2020, he produced and directed the Netflix television series The Crown, for which he received one Producers Guild Award nomination, one Producers Guild Award win, two Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and one Primetime Emmy Award win for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Drama Series. Daldry joined an elite group of directors by receiving nominations for direction in theatre, television, and film.

Early years
Daldry was born in Dorset, the son of singer Cherry (née Thompson) and bank manager Patrick Daldry. The family moved to Taunton, Somerset, where his father died of cancer when Daldry was aged 14.

Daldry joined a youth theatre group in Taunton, Somerset. and performed as Sandy Tyrell in Hay Fever for the local amateur society, Taunton Thespians. At age 18, he won a Royal Air Force scholarship to read English at the University of Sheffield, where he became chairman of the Sheffield University Theatre Group.

After graduation, he spent a year travelling through Italy, where he became a clown's apprentice. He then trained as an actor on the postgraduate course at East 15 Acting School from 1982 to 1983, now part of the University of Essex.

Career
Daldry began his career as an apprentice at the Sheffield Crucible from 1985 to 1988, working under artistic director Clare Venables. He also headed productions at the Manchester Library Theatre, Liverpool Playhouse, Stratford East, Oxford Stage, Brighton and the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. He was Artistic Director of the Royal Court Theatre from 1992 to 1998, where he headed the £26 million development scheme. He was also Artistic Director of London's Gate Theatre (1989–92) and the Metro Theatre Company (1984–86). He is currently on the Board of the Young and Old Vic Theatres and remains an Associate Director of the Royal Court Theatre. He was the Cameron Mackintosh Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theatre for 2002 at St Catherine's College, Oxford.

Daldry made his feature film directorial debut with Billy Elliot (2000), which launched the film career of Jamie Bell. His next film was The Hours, which earned Nicole Kidman her first Best Actress win at the Academy Awards. He went on to direct a stage musical adaptation of Billy Elliot, and in 2009 his work earned him a Tony Award for Best Director of a Musical. He has also made a film version of The Reader (2008), based on the book of the same name and starring Kate Winslet, David Kross and Ralph Fiennes. The film won Best Actress at the Academy Awards for Kate Winslet. Daldry's fourth film was Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, an adaptation of the book of the same name written by Jonathan Safran Foer, starring Tom Hanks, Sandra Bullock, and Max von Sydow. The screenplay was written by Eric Roth. The film received a nomination for Best Picture at the 84th Academy Awards and a nomination for von Sydow for Best Supporting Actor.

Daldry was initially slated to direct a Star Wars spin off film about the iconic Star Wars character Obi-Wan Kenobi but the film was later scrapped due to the commercial failure of Solo: A Star Wars Story with Daldry saying the cancellation of the film crushed him and Hossein Amini. However, ideas from Daldry's originally planned film were repurposed for the Obi-Wan Kenobi Disney + limited series directed by Deborah Chow  and released in 2022 for which Daldry received credit as a consulting producer. In July 2022, it was revealed that Daldry would work with Sonia Friedman to develop a play based on the hit Netflix television show Stranger Things. The play entitled Stranger Things: The First Shadow premiered  in December 2023 at the Phoenix Theatre in London's West End.

Personal life
Daldry was in a relationship with set designer Ian MacNeil for 13 years. They met at an outdoor production of Alice in Wonderland in Lancaster in 1988, and after settling in Camberwell, began collaborating on theatrical productions.

Greatly impacted by the September 11 attacks in the United States, Daldry decided he wanted to start a family and married American performance artist and magazine editor Lucy Sexton, with whom he has a daughter. Despite this, he continues to refer to himself as gay because the public "[doesn't] like confusion" although he has also suggested that they married so he could get health insurance.

Theatre
Broadway

London
 * The Audience with Helen Mirren, Gielgud Theatre (2013)
 * The Audience with Kristin Scott Thomas, Apollo Theatre (2015)
 * The Inheritance, Noël Coward Theatre (2019)
 * Stranger Things: The First Shadow, Phoenix Theatre (2023)
 * A Number, Royal Court Theatre
 * Far Away (also Albery Theatre and New York Theatre Workshop)
 * Via Dolorosa (also the Duchess Theatre)
 * Rat in the Skull, RCT
 * Body Talk, RCT
 * The Kitchen, RCT
 * The Editing Process, RCT
 * Search And Destroy, RCT
 * An Inspector Calls, Royal National Theatre
 * Machinal, Royal National Theatre
 * Billy Elliot: The Musical, Victoria Palace Theatre (2005)
 * Skylight, Wyndham's Theatre
 * Stranger Things: The First Shadow, Phoenix Theatre, London (2023)

Detailed theatreography
 * The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, Liverpool Playhouse, Liverpool, England, then Theatre Royale, Stratford, England, 1988
 * An Inspector Calls, York Theatre Royal, 1988
 * Judgement Day, Old Red Lion Theatre, London, 1989
 * Figaro Gets Divorced, Gate Theatre, London, 1990
 * Cutting Room, Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, London, 1990
 * Our Man in Marzibah and Rousseau's Tale (double-bill), Gate Theatre, 1991
 * Damned for Despair, Gate Theatre, 1991
 * Jerker, Gate Theatre, 1991
 * (With Annie Castledine) Pioneers in Ingolstadt, Gate Theatre, 1991
 * (With Annie Castledine) Purgatory in Ingolstadt, Gate Theatre, 1991
 * Manon Lescaut, Dublin Grand Opera, 1992
 * An Inspector Calls, National Theatre Company, Lyttelton Theatre, London, 1992, then Royale Theatre, New York City, 1994–1995, *later Garrick Theatre, London, 1995, finally Playhouse Theatre, London, 2016–17
 * Search and Destroy, Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, 1993
 * Machinal, National Theatre Company, Lyttelton Theatre, 1993
 * The Europeans, 1993
 * The Kitchen, Royal Court Theatre, 1994
 * The Editing Process, Royal Court Theatre, 1994
 * Rat in the Skull, Duke of York's Theatre, London, 1995
 * The Libertine, Royal Court Theatre, 1995
 * The Man of Mode, Royal Court Theatre, 1995
 * Body Talk, Royal Court Theatre, 1996
 * This Is a Chair, in London International Festival of Theatre, London, 1997
 * Via Dolorosa (solo show), Royal Court Theatre, 1998, then Booth Theatre, New York City, 1999
 * Far Away, Royal Court Theatre, 2000, then New York Theatre Workshop, New York City, 2002–2003
 * A Number, Jerwood Theatre Downstairs, Royal Court Theatre, 2002, then New York Theatre Workshop, 2002–2003
 * The Jungle, Young Vic, 2017–2018, then St. Ann's Warehouse, 2018

title: Stephen Daldry


text:
Dove prism

A Dove prism is a type of reflective prism which is used to invert an image. Dove prisms are shaped from a truncated right-angle prism. The Dove prism is named for its inventor, Heinrich Wilhelm Dove. Although the shape of this prism is similar to the shape described by a Dovetail joint, the etymology of the two is unrelated.

A beam of light travelling parallel to the longitudinal axis, entering one of the sloped faces of the prism undergoes total internal reflection from the inside of the longest (bottom) face and emerges from the opposite sloped face. Images passing through the prism are flipped (mirrored), and because only one reflection takes place, the image is also inverted but not laterally transposed.

Refraction at the entrance and exit surfaces results in substantial image astigmatism when used in convergent light. Thus the Dove prism is used almost exclusively for images appearing at infinity.

If the flat hypotenuse surface of a Dove prism is cut into a roof shape, the result is an Amici roof prism.

Rotation
A reflection in one axis of a plane is always equivalent to a reflection and rotation in two other axes (with the angle between the source and image being twice the angle between the source and reflection axis of the prism). Thus, Dove prisms can be used to create beam rotators, which have applications in fields such as interferometry, astronomy, and pattern recognition.

Lesso and Padgett (1999) and Moreno et al. (2003, 2004) found that there is a change in the state of polarization of a beam of light on passing through a rotated dove prism. Polarization rotation in the infrared has been known for much longer. (Johnston 1977) The polarization-transforming properties of dove prisms are of particular interest because they can influence the signal measurement of the scientific instrument.

title: Dove prism


text:
Horror vacui (art)

In visual art, ; ; ), or, is a phenomenon in which the entire surface of a space or an artwork is filled with detail and content, leaving as little perceived emptiness as possible. It relates to the antiquated physical idea, horror vacui, proposed by Aristotle who held that "nature abhors an empty space".

Origins
Italian art critic and scholar Mario Praz used this term to describe the excessive use of ornament in design during the Victorian age. Other examples of horror vacui can be seen in the densely decorated carpet pages of Insular illuminated manuscripts, where intricate patterns and interwoven symbols may have served "apotropaic as well as decorative functions." The interest in meticulously filling empty spaces is also reflected in Arabesque decoration in Islamic art from ancient times to present. The art historian Ernst Gombrich theorized that such highly ornamented patterns can function like a picture frame for sacred images and spaces. "The richer the elements of the frame," Gombrich wrote, "the more the centre will gain in dignity".

Another example comes from ancient Greece during the Geometric Age (1100–900 BCE), when horror vacui was considered a stylistic element of all art. The mature work of the French Renaissance engraver Jean Duvet consistently exhibits horror vacui.

Examples
Horror vacui is apparent in some styles of postmodern graphic design, including the work of artists like David Carson or Vaughan Oliver, and in the underground comix movement in the work of S. Clay Wilson, Robert Crumb, Robert Williams, and later comic artists such as Mark Beyer. The paintings of Williams, Faris Badwan, Emerson Barrett, Joe Coleman and Todd Schorr are further examples of horror vacui in the modern Lowbrow art movement.

The entheogen-inspired visionary art of certain indigenous peoples, such as the Huichol yarn paintings and the ayahuasca-inspired art of Pablo Amaringo, often exhibits this style, as does the psychedelic art movement of the 1960s counterculture. Sometimes the patterned art in the clothing of indigenous peoples of Middle and South America exhibits horror vacui. For example, the geometric molas of the Kuna people and the traditional clothing of the Shipibo-Conibo people.

The artwork in the Where's Wally? series of children's books is a commonly known example of horror vacui, as are many of the small books written or illustrated by the macabre imagination of Edward Gorey.

The Tingatinga painting style of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is a contemporary example of horror vacui. Other African artists such as Malangatana of Mozambique also fill the canvas in this way.

The arrangement of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs suggests an abhorrence of empty space. Signs were repeated or phonetic complements added to prevent gaps.

In aesthetics
There is a relationship between horror vacui and its inverse phenomenon, value perception. Commercial designers favor visual clarity in window displays and advertising in order to appeal to affluent and well-educated consumers, on the premise that understatement and restraint appeals to more affluent and educated audiences.

In a study, clothing stores were surveyed to find patterns and relationship between how efficiently the store's real estate was used and the store's brand prestige; Bulk sales shops and chain stores were found to fill their window displays to maximum capacity, effectively exhibiting the principle of horror vacui, while high-end boutiques often used their space sparsely with no price tags. The assumption was that if passersby needed to know the price, they could not afford it.

title: Horror vacui (art)


text:
Payoff

Payoff may refer to:
 * Bribery, an act of implying money or gift giving that alters the behavior of the recipient
 * A payoff dominant equilibrium in game theory
 * Payoff matrix or payoff function in a normal-form game in game theory
 * Payoff set in set theory
 * Payoff (film), a 1991 TV film starring Keith Carradine
 * Gomez & Tavarès (AKA Payoff) a 2003 film
 * A word for slogan, used in some countries
 * Pay off, to move away, fall off, or be pushed round by the wind
 * Paying off, in British Commonwealth contexts, a practice originating in the age-of-sail of ending officers' commissions and of paying crew wages once a ship had completed its voyage; see Ship commissioning
 * Paying off pennant, flown in some navies when a ship is decommissioned; see Pennant (commissioning)

title: Payoff


text:
Cardiac function curve

A cardiac function curve is a graph showing the relationship between right atrial pressure (x-axis) and cardiac output (y-axis). Superimposition of the cardiac function curve and venous return curve is used in one hemodynamic model.

Shape of curve

It shows a steep relationship at relatively low filling pressures and a plateau, where further stretch is not possible and so increases in pressure have little effect on output. The pressures where there is a steep relationship lie within the normal range of right atrial pressure (RAP) found in the healthy human during life. This range is about -1 to +2 mmHg. The higher pressures normally occur only in disease, in conditions such as heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump forward all the blood returning to it and so the pressure builds up in the right atrium and the great veins. Swollen neck veins are often an indicator of this type of heart failure.

At low right atrial pressures this graph serves as a graphic demonstration of the Frank–Starling mechanism, that is as more blood is returned to the heart, more blood is pumped from it without extrinsic signals.

Changes in the cardiac function curve
In vivo however, extrinsic factors such as an increase in activity of the sympathetic nerves, and a decrease in vagal tone cause the heart to beat more frequently and more forcefully. This alters the cardiac function curve, shifting it upwards. This allows the heart to cope with the required cardiac output at a relatively low right atrial pressure. We get what is known as a family of cardiac function curves, as the heart rate increases before the plateau is reached, and without the RAP having to rise dramatically to stretch the heart more and get the Starling effect.

In vivo sympathetic outflow within the myocardium is probably best described by the time honored description of the sinoatrial tree branching out to Purkinges fibers. Parasympathetic inflow within the myocardium is probably best described by influence of the vagus nerve and spinal accessory ganglia.

title: Cardiac function curve


text:
Scottland

Scottland may refer to:

 * Scottland, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Edgar County, Illinois, United States
 * Scottland, Alabama, in Bullock County, Alabama, United States
 * Beethaeven Scottland, (1975–2001), American professional boxer

title: Scottland


text:
Jim Gibbons

Jim Gibbons may refer to:

 * Jim Gibbons (American politician) (born 1944), Republican governor of Nevada
 * Jim Gibbons (Irish politician) (1924–1997), Irish Fianna Fáil politician and government minister
 * His son Jim Gibbons Jnr (born 1954), former Irish Progressive Democrats Senator
 * Jim Gibbons (American football) (1936–2016), American football player
 * Jim Gibbons (businessman), former CEO of Goodwill Industries
 * Jim Gibbons (sportscaster), American sportscaster

title: Jim Gibbons


text:
Bernhard van Treeck

Bernhard van Treeck (born 5 February 1964, Kempen, Niederrhein) is a German psychiatrist and has led a clinic specialised in addictions and drug-dependency. As an author he has written several books on graffiti, street-art, drugs and addiction.

Works

 * Piratenkunst (Pirate art 1994)
 * Das große Graffiti-Lexikon (The big graffiti lexicon)
 * Street-Art Berlin – legale und illegale Kunst im Stadtbild (1999)
 * Street-Art Köln – legale und illegale Kunst im Stadtbild (1996)
 * Wandzeichnungen (Wall-drawings)
 * Writer-Lexikon – American Graffiti (1995)
 * Pochoir- die Kunst des Schablonengraffiti (Pochoir -The art of stencil graffiti, 2000, with S. Metze-Prou)
 * Graffiti-Art #8 (1998)
 * Graffiti Art Deutschland #9 (1998)
 * Hall of Fame – Writing in Deutschland (1995, with M. Todt)
 * Wholecars – Graffiti auf Zügen (Wholecars – Graffiti on trains, 1996)
 * Graffiti-Kalender, edition aragon (editor 1991 – 1997)
 * Partydrogen (Party drugs, 1997)
 * Der Drogennotfall (The drug case)
 * Drogen- und Suchtlexikon (Lexicon of drugs and addictions)
 * Das große cannabis-Lexikon (The big cannabis Lexicon, 2000)
 * Drogen (Drugs)
 * Collaborated on Graffiti-Dortmund and Arbeiten zur Spraybanane 1986 – 1996 (Works on the spray banana).

title: Bernhard van Treeck


text:
USS Amphitrite

USS Amphitrite has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Tonawanda (1864), a monitor in commission in 1865 and from 1866 to 1872, renamed USS Amphitrite in 1869
 * USS Amphitrite (BM-2), a monitor in commission from 1895 to 1901, from 1902 to 1907, and from 1910 to 1919
 * USS Amphitrite (ARL-29), a landing craft repair ship in commission from 1945 to 1947

These ships were named after Amphitrite, a Greek sea goddess and wife of Poseidon.

title: USS Amphitrite


text:
Talk:Lower middle class

Comments
Ok, this page is a joke. The lower middle class is *not* the same as the working class (think medical records technicians vs nurse's aides, dental hygienists vs dental receptionists), that graph is idiotic and seems misleading (I strongly doubt that at any point in their working lives the national average income for college graduates is 100k, but if you can support it, go ahead), and the emphasis on how much the upper castes value education seems more remniscent of a a lot of 1980s high school sociology textbooks whose purposes were more to justify an existing order and achieve a certain behavior than explore society. I think it is obvious these articles need revised. Let the editing begin!

 * Actually I am planning on completely rewriting this article. Also, according to some the lower middle class is the same as the working class (I actually think it isn't). The national median household income of those with a Bachelor's degree or higher was $76k in 2005 (over $100k for those with two incomes), the national median household income was $43k/year-the cut-off for the top third was $68k, placing the vast majority of households headed by college grads in the top third of the income strata. The upper middle class does value education as most of them are professionals. I would like to leave you with one thought: If you go to the Departement of Labor web-site and look at the income of "Professionals" or "Management," can you imagine any married couple of professional equals making less than $100k? (I know there are some, but few) " Let the editing begin!"- yes, but I just got back from my vacation so give me some time, or do it youself ;-) One thing that is so extremely important to rember in terms of social class is that there many different vantage and intelctual concepts which may or may not contradict each other. Here on WP we need to cover all authortive source. So, by all means, get an accpunt (Just takes a minute-no personal info needed) and help improve this article!  Signature brendel  18:11, 27 August 2006 (UTC)PS: Concerning the chart- Please you're reading the chart wrong-you can't read across. Here is how that graph ought to be read: IF you have a BA you are among the top 27% in regards to educational attainment, if you make more than $100k you are among the top 15% of households, etc...

Ambiguous Chart
A few points. CEO's are not upper class, neither are most politicans. The upper class are landed gentry. People who have owned large family estates for hundreds of years. Class articles should be specified as American class articles, as class clearly has a very different meaning in the USA to what it has in Europe, where at the upper levels it is to do with breeding/station rather than income. From a European point of view, Bill Gates would be called middle class, Im assuming from the chart that he would be upper class in the USA. Cheers

The class chart is a bit ambiguous. The first column is an attempt to quantify prestige. The second column appears to be education. The third column, I assume, represents income, but is that individual or household? The far right column represents....net worth?? What levels of "class" do the colors represent?

I must say that this chart is misleading. A BA degree does not equate to upper class. A school Teacher must have a BA/BS degree, but this does not make him/her upper class. In some states, school-teacher salaries start around $25,000 and may not exceed $55,000 (after 30 years experience). I'm sure there any many other examples.

I think this chart should be removed. Any Discussion? 68.187.192.107 17:10, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Since this graph provides an illustration of a particular definition or view of class, based on the US census and published by the NY Times, I think it should stay until something better comes along. The methodology and reference should of course be elaborated. -- zzuuzz (talk) 17:46, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Okay, the chart represents prestige of occupation, Household income (according to the 2000 Census), Net Worth (according to the 2003 Economic Survey, and the color represent the quintiles. The New York Times uses a similar graph (actually its the exact same to define class. According to the NY Times each quintile is a class (i.e. 5th = Upper Class, 4th = Upper Middle Class, etc...). No a BA does not make on upper class, class is a combination of all five columns. Scoring high on one does not mean you autmotically in that class. Also a person with a BA who is making $55k a year is higher up in the social hirachy than a person making the same with no BA. The bottom line is that class is made up of all four, occupational prestige, education, income, and net worth. Thank you. Regards,  Signature brendel  01:17, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Um no my friend, that chart is definetly wrong. It says "some college" for upper middle class? Check the wikipedia article for upper middle class, it says graduate degree, not college. Even a BA, which is shown as the highest class, is undergraduate, not graduate, and hence should be affiliated with lower middle class. That chart is absolutely terrible and should be remeoved ASAP 20 March 2007

 * Well actually you are reading the chart incorrectly, but never mind... I'll remove it as to many people seem to misread it (which probably means that I did a bad job composing it). Anyways, I know what is says in the Upper middle class article-I wrote it and you're right- UMC is graduate degree.  Signature brendel  21:31, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

British lower middle class
This article needs information on the lower middle class in places apart from the USA. I came here thinking this was a primarily UK category and was surprised to not see any information on it here. Can people please help out in supplying info on other countries class sytems, and globalze this article? Cheers Kaleeyed (talk) 14:02, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lower middle class


text:
GURPS Cyberpunk

GURPS Cyberpunk is a genre toolkit for cyberpunk-themed role-playing games set in a near-future dystopia, such as that envisioned by William Gibson in his influential novel Neuromancer. It was published in 1990 after a significant delay caused by the original draft being a primary piece of evidence in Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service.

In 1993, GURPS Cyberpunk Adventures — a collection of three RPG scenarios in the GURPS Cyberpunk line — won the Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Adventure of 1992.

Unlike most commercially successful books from the third edition of the game, there is currently no Cyberpunk sourcebook for its fourth edition, as of 2024. Similar rules for advanced technology can be found in GURPS Ultra-Tech, from gadgets to cyberwear, but there aren't, for example, rules for netrunning which are essential for such games.

Contents
Besides the main chapters detailed below, GURPS Cyberpunk contains a glossary of common cyberpunk terms, an index, and a bibliography of relevant media.

 * Characters : This chapter describes some of the most common character archetypes (netrunner, corp(orate), cop, celebrity, etc.) and their typical skills, advantages, and disadvantages. It also provides a guideline about how much money a given job might bring or cost.
 * Cyberwear : Rules for and descriptions of bionic enhancements.
 * Technology & Equipment : Lists many sorts of near-future gadgets.
 * Netrunning : The longest in the book, it details rules for realistic computer networks as well as fantastic cyberspaces accessible only through a neural interface. It describes what types of system can be found in the Net and how the characters can act (and fight) there.
 * World Design : Gives guidelines for designing your own cyberpunk world.
 * Campaigning : Helps the Gamemaster in running a longer series of adventures.

U.S. Secret Service seizure
Loyd Blankenship, who was hired by Steve Jackson Games in 1989, was nearly finished with GURPS Cyberpunk later that year, which was intended both to introduce the company into the popular cyberpunk genre, and to help the company get over its financial difficulties.

GURPS Cyberpunk received notoriety when the Austin headquarters of Steve Jackson Games was raided by the U.S. Secret Service in 1990. The authorities seized the manuscript for the sourcebook, which was under development at the time, asserting that it was a "handbook for computer crime". The book was reconstructed and rewritten from older drafts when the manuscript was not returned. The seizure delayed publication for six weeks. This raid is often wrongly attributed to Operation Sundevil, a nationwide crackdown on illegal computer hacking activities that was occurring about this time.

GURPS Cyberpunk was ultimately published in 1990, joining the already-released cyberpunk role-playing games Cyberpunk 2013 (1988) from R. Talsorian, Cyberspace (1989) from ICE, and Shadowrun (1989) from FASA.

Publication history
The main sourcebook for the line (ISBN 1-55634-168-7) was written by Loyd Blankenship and published by Steve Jackson Games in 1990, as a part of the extensive (3rd-edition) GURPS generic role-playing game system.

Reception
The July 1990 edition of Games International (Issue 16) commented that "computers interfaced with humans and piles of personal morality make playing cyberpunk a challenge." The reviewer concluded, "Lovers of William Gibson's Neuromancer should start here."

Awards
At the 1991 Origins Awards, GURPS Cyberpunk was a nominee for Best Roleplaying Supplement of 1990.

Other reviews

 * White Wolf #23
 * Dragão Brasil #3 (1994) (Portuguese)
 * Casus Belli #58
 * Casus Belli #80

title: GURPS Cyberpunk


text:
Talk:President of the Senate

Fleshing out the article

 * In many countries, the Senate Presidency is a largely symbolic position.

njjjkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk I'm interested. Which ones? fycj
 * In countries with a presidential system of government it is sometimes bestowed on the Vice President.

fuck bitches get monet I'm interested. Which ones?

–Hajor 17:43, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC) hello my name is digdong ditch — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.176.81.240 (talk) 17:27, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

Vice Presidents/Senate Presidents comparison
Please note that though the 12th Amendment was ratified during the Jefferson administration, Washington was an independent supported by Federalists and serving alongside a Federalist Vice President, and Aaron Burr, Jefferson's original Vice President, was of Jefferson's party, so only during the Adams administration was there an opposition VP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.200.96 (talk)

United States
I'm confused .... maybe I'm reading this wrong, but the section for the United States says:

"In practice, freshman senators are traditionally assigned the role of presiding over the Senate in order to learn Senate procedure."

However, this page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate states: "by custom, the President pro tempore is the most senior senator in the majority party"

Is there a discrepancy?

Quartney (talk) 14:37, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:President of the Senate


text:
Boulder River (southwestern Montana)

The Boulder River is a 77 mi tributary of the Jefferson River in southwestern Montana in the United States.

It rises in the Rocky Mountains at the continental divide in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in western Jefferson County. It flows east and southeast through the mountains past Boulder, then south to join the Jefferson near Cardwell.

Game fish in the river include brook, brown, and rainbow trout, and mountain whitefish. Brown trout are most prevalent in the last 2 mi, near the mouth, and the other three species are more prevalent in the reach upstream of the town of Boulder. The lowermost 12 mi of the river is affected by irrigation withdrawals, and the reach below the community of Basin is affected by seepage from old mines and tailings.

title: Boulder River (southwestern Montana)


text:
User:Arman~enwiki

My name is Arman Muzaffar. I am born in december 1980. I am studiying Master of Science in business, with major in IT-management, at Norwegian School of Management in Sandvika 20km outside of Oslo.

no:Bruker:Arman

title: User:Arman~enwiki


text:
Samson (Handel)

Samson (HWV 57) is a three-act oratorio by George Frideric Handel, considered to be one of his finest dramatic works. It is usually performed as an oratorio in concert form, but on occasions has also been staged as an opera. The well-known arias "Let the bright Seraphim" (for soprano), "Total eclipse" (for tenor) and "Let their celestial concerts" (the final chorus) are often performed separately in concert.

Background and composition

The German-born Handel was resident in London since 1712 where he enjoyed great success as a composer of Italian operas. His opportunities to set English texts to music were more limited. He spent the years 1717 to 1719 as composer in residence to the wealthy Duke of Chandos, where he wrote church anthems and two stage works, Acis and Galatea and Esther. He composed vocal music to English words for various royal occasions, including a set of Coronation anthems for George II in 1727, which made a huge impact. In 1731, a performance of the 1718 version of Esther, a work in English based on a Biblical drama by Jean Racine, was given in London without Handel's participation and proved to be popular. He thus revised the work and planned to present it at the theatre where his Italian operas were being presented. However, the Bishop of London would not permit a drama based on a Biblical story to be acted out on the stage; Handel therefore presented Esther in concert form, thus giving birth to the English oratorio.

Esther in its revised form proved to be a popular work, and Handel, though still continuing to focus on composing Italian operas, followed up with two more sacred dramas with English words presented in concert form, Deborah, and Athalia (which, like Esther, was also based on a Biblical drama by Racine), both in 1733. Such was the success of his oratorios in English that Handel eventually abandoned Italian opera, with his last being Deidamia in 1741 and a string of masterpieces of oratorio in English.

Handel began the composition of Samson immediately after completing Messiah on 14 September 1741. It used a libretto by Newburgh Hamilton, based on Milton's Samson Agonistes, which in turn was based on the figure Samson in Chapter 16 of the Book of Judges. Handel completed the first act on 20 September 1741, the second act on 11 October that year, and the whole work on 29 October. Shortly after that he travelled to Dublin to premiere Messiah, returning to London at the end of August 1742 and thoroughly revising Samson.

The premiere was given at Covent Garden in London on 18 February 1743, with the incidental organ music probably played at the recently completed concerto in A major (HWV 307). The oratorio was a great success, leading to a total of seven performances in its first season, the most in a single season of any of his oratorios. Samson retained its popularity throughout Handel's lifetime and has never fallen entirely out of favor.

Synopsis
Samson, Judge of Israel, married a Philistine woman, Delilah, who discovered that he derived his supernatural strength from never cutting his hair. Delilah shaved his hair while he was sleeping and betrayed him to her people, the Philistines, enemy of the Israelites. The Philistines captured Samson and put his eyes out. The scene was set in front of the prison in Gaza. Since it was a festival day in honour of the Philistine god Dagon Samson was allowed to come out of his prison cell, albeit in chains, and received visitors.

Act 1
The Philistines celebrate the festival in honour of their god as Samson, blind and in chains, bewails his fate. Samson's friend Micah, allowed to visit on this special day, is appalled by how low their once invincible hero has fallen, seeing Samson's humiliation as a symbol of Israel's defeat, but Samson insists it is all his own fault for having been unable to keep the secret of his magical strength from the woman who betrayed him. Samson bitterly laments his loss of sight.

Samson's father Manoah finds Samson and is shocked by his transformation. Samson longs for death but is comforted by the Chorus of the Israelites that he will triumph over death and time.

Act 2
Micah and the Israelites implore divine assistance as Samson still wishes to die. Delilah, with a group of young women, appears and tells Samson she is sorry for what she did and that she did not realise how serious the consequences would be. She attempts to convince him that she still loves him, but he angrily repudiates her.

The Philistine Harapha comes to insult Samson, who challenges him to a duel. Harapha, however, reviles Samson, claiming it is beneath his dignity to fight with a blind man. Samson mocks him as a braggart. Micah proposes to measure the power of Dagon against that of the God of the Israelites. The Israelite and Philistine choruses both praise their God.

Act 3
Harapha arrives to take Samson to the feast of the Philistines and show him off there. Samson at first refuses to be present at the worship of Dagon, but then thinks of a plan and agrees to go to the festival, though he warns the Israelites to stay away from it.

Manoah arrives with plans for the children of Israel, including how to free Samson. From a distance the songs of the Philistines are heard, calling on Dagon. Suddenly these sounds turn to noise and panic.

An Israelite messenger arrives and tells the Israelites what has happened: Samson pulled down the building on himself and the Philistines. Samson's dead body is brought out to a funeral march and the children of Israel lament his death. The work ends on a note of thanksgiving as the Israelites praise their God.

Musical features
Samson is richly orchestrated by the standards of its day, calling for strings, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two flutes, two trumpets, timpani and continuo instruments. Handel's characterisation through music is evidenced throughout the work, not only in the music for soloists such as Delilah's would-be seductive aria with alluring violins or in the swagger of Harapha's music, but also in the choruses, with the solemn gravity of the Israelites' music sharply contrasted with the hedonistic carefree choruses with added horns for the Philistines.

title: Samson (Handel)


text:
National Science Education Standards

The National Science Education Standards (NSES) represent guidelines for the science education in primary and secondary schools in the United States, as established by the National Research Council in 1996. These provide a set of goals for teachers to set for their students and for administrators to provide professional development. The NSES influence various states' own science learning standards (such as the Massachusetts Frameworks), and statewide standardized testing.

Education Reform
The science standards is only one of a number of reforms organized around the principles of outcomes-based education. The mathematics counterpart are the controversial NCTM standards, which also de-emphasize knowledge of disconnected facts and content in favor of context-dependent critical thinking skills and process. Progressive education seeks to reform traditional education, taking into account current understandings of human learning.

Vision
The content of these standards is based heavily on a specific model of learning, constructivism (learning theory). Like reform mathematics, which is distinguished by an emphasis on building on what a child already knows and understands, the standards intend to update the methods of science education to achieve greater effectiveness with children. The goals of the standards include:

 * An outline of what students need to know, understand, and be able to do
 * Targets for scientific literacy at different grade levels
 * All students demonstrate high levels of performance
 * Teachers are empowered to make the decisions essential for effective learning
 * Communities of teachers and students are focused on learning science
 * Educational programs and systems nurture achievement

The intended purpose of the standards is to define teaching methods which apply to all students, regardless of age, gender, cultural or ethnic background, disabilities, aspirations, or interest and motivation in science, recognizing that different students will achieve understanding in different ways, and some students will achieve different degrees of depth and breadth of understanding depending on interest, ability, and context. However, the standards expect that all students can develop the knowledge and skills described in the standards.

The goal of scientific literacy includes inquiry, history and nature of science, personal and social perspectives of science, science, and technology, in addition to the science domains of life science, physical science, and earth and space science. Programs defined according to these standards should be developmentally appropriate, interesting, and relevant to students’ lives.

Organization of the Standards
The NSES are organized into six categories:

 * Standards for science teaching,
 * Standards for professional development for teachers of science
 * Standards for assessment in science education
 * Standards for science content
 * Standards for science education programs
 * Standards for science education systems

Critics
Many critics of standards-based education reform and reform mathematics are also critical of the emphasis of the standards on process and inquiry-based science rather than learning of facts. Science assessments such as WASL in Washington state contain very little factual content, and most assessment is based on the ability of students as young as the fifth grade to construct and interpret science experiments. By contrast, previous generations of high school and even college students were only expected to participate in, rather than design science experiments from scratch, complete with a list of materials. The principles of the standards are similar to controversial approaches taken to mathematics and language arts which de-emphasize basic skills traditionally taught in elementary school as being inappropriate to the ability level of some students. Yet content and skills that were traditionally taught at the college level, requiring "higher order" and "critical thinking" are brought down to K-12 to "raise standards".

title: National Science Education Standards


text:
Gormley

Gormley (Ó Garmaile) is an Irish surname. It is derived from the Gaelic Ó Goirmleadhaigh meaning 'descendant of Gormghal'. The main sept of the clan originated in Tyrconnell (present day County Donegal) and then spread into Tyrone. The Ulster branch of the clan were chiefs of the Cenél Moain and originated in what is now the barony of Raphoe in East Donegal, an area known in Gaelic times as Tír Moain. The common ancestor and progenitor of these Gormleys was Moain son of Muireadach, son of Eoghan, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages.

Different septs and spellings
In the Annals of the Four Masters and in the Topographical Poems of O'Dugan and O'Heerin, the name is spelt Ó Goirmleadhaigh; the Annals of Loch Cé write it Ó Gormshuil and Ó Gormshuiligh: the editor (William Hennessy) writing in 1871 states that the latter was then anglicised O'Gormooly, but Gormley is universal today. The name means “blue spearman”.

In the Partry Mountains of County Mayo in the West of Ireland is found a sept also called Gormley, Gormaly and Gormilly. The Irish form of this family's name is Ó Goirmghialla or possibly Ó Gormghaille, both Irish forms meaning “blue hostage”. They were chiefs of this area along with the Darcy or Dorcey family. The present parish of Ballyovey, also called the parish of Party, shows the location of this ancient territory in Mayo. In the area of Lough Key, County Roscommon, we find families of the name (O') Gormaly or Gormally. O'Donovan says that these are quite distinct from the O'Gormleys of County Tyrone and that the Irish form of this name is Ó Garmghaile. It is likely that this family is of the same stock as the Mayo sept, but it is unclear if both are related to the main sept of Ulster.

In seventeenth century records they are found both as O'Gormley and Mac Gormley, located chiefly in counties Armagh and Londonderry in modern-day Northern Ireland, but also in County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland. Gormleys today are chiefly found in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, and surrounding areas.

Notable Gormleys

 * Andrew Gormley, American drummer for the band Rorschach
 * Antony Gormley (born 1950), British sculptor
 * Beatrice Gormley, American children's writer
 * Bob Gormley (born 1918), former U.S. soccer forward
 * Brandon Gormley (born 1992), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Charles Gormley (1937–2005), Scottish film director
 * Conor Gormley (born 1980), Gaelic footballer from Carrickmore in County Tyrone
 * Eddie Gormley (born 1968), former Irish football player
 * Enda Gormley (born 1966), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Francis Gormley, Irish politician
 * Jody Gormley, former Gaelic footballer for Tyrone, and London
 * Joe Gormley (disambiguation), several people
 * John Gormley (born 1959), Irish Green party politician
 * John Kenneth Gormley (born 1957), Canadian broadcaster and former politician
 * Joseph L. Gormley (1914–2004), chief of chemistry and toxicology for the FBI
 * Ken Gormley, President of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Ken Gormley, bass player from Australian band The Cruel Sea
 * Kiera Gormley, Irish model
 * Mark Gormley, singer-songwriter from Pensacola, Florida
 * Mary Gormley, Irish beauty contestant
 * Niall Gormley, Gaelic footballer in County Tyrone
 * Paddy Gormley (1916–2001), Irish nationalist politician
 * Patsy Gormley (1932–2022), Gaelic footballer in County Londonderry
 * Phil Gormley (born 1963), former Chief Constable of Police Scotland
 * Rowan Gormley (born 1962), South African-born entrepreneur
 * Tad Gormley (1884–1965), former head of the New Orleans Gymnastics Club and Amateur Athletic Union
 * Tom Gormley (1916–1984), politician in County Tyrone, served in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
 * Tom Gormley, American professional football player
 * Tony Gormley (1962–1987), member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
 * William T. Gormley, professor of Government at Georgetown University

title: Gormley