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Yvon Durelle

Yvon Durelle (October 14, 1929 – January 6, 2007), was a Canadian champion boxer. He was of Acadian descent.

Early life
Durelle grew up in a family of fourteen children, in Baie-Ste-Anne, a small Acadian fishing village on Miramichi Bay on the Atlantic coast. Like many others of his generation, he left school at an early age to work on a fishing boat. In his spare time, Durelle liked to box and while still working in the fishery, he began prize fighting on weekends.

Career
Billed as The Fighting Fisherman, Durelle began his professional career in 1948, boxing at various venues around the province of New Brunswick. By August 1950, Yvon showed only one defeat in twenty three starts, the lone blemish a loss by disqualification, to Billy Snowball. Over time he was gaining a reputation as a tough opponent with a hard punch. A large fan following in Chatham, one in Newcastle and as well in Fredericton resulted in a groundswell of popularity as his victories eventually made him one of the top ranked middleweight fighters in Canada.

Light Heavyweight
In May 1953, Durelle won the Canadian middleweight championship. He defended his title, winning 8 straight bouts. He moved up in weight class to fight in the light heavyweight division.

In his first fight against a heavier and stronger opponent, he defeated the Canadian champion to take the light-heavyweight title. The following year, he fought outside his native Canada for the first time, going to Brooklyn, New York to fight Floyd Patterson, an up-and-coming American Golden Gloves champion. Outpointed in 8 rounds by the man who soon became the heavyweight champion of the world, Durelle's strong performance in a losing cause against Patterson gained him wide respect in the international boxing world.

In New York City in March 1957, Durelle broke into the top ten world rankings with a 10-round decision over Angelo Defendis. In May he won the British Empire light-heavyweight championship and the following month fought the top-ranked contender in the world, Tony Anthony. In a fight most experts say he won handily, Durelle was given only a draw against the heavily favored Anthony but it elevated him to the number 3 ranking in the world. He became a much talked about sports personality in his native country after he beat the German champion, Willi Besmanoff. In 1958, he defeated Clarence Hinnant, regarded by many as one of the best all around boxers of the time. The victory provided Durelle with the opportunity for his first chance to fight for a world title.

Title Fight
Durelle's light-heavyweight championship fight against the great Archie Moore on December 10, 1958, at the Forum in Montreal, Quebec, is one of the most memorable fights in boxing history. Listed as a 4-to-1 underdog, Durelle became a legend in Canada after the bout. In one of the first fights broadcast coast-to-coast on American television, Durelle stunned boxing patrons by knocking the champion down 3 times in the first round. Under boxing rules today (except those of the World Boxing Council), the fight would have been stopped after three knockdowns in one round and Durelle would have been world champion. Also, he missed an opportunity when, after the first knockdown, he stood over Moore watching for several seconds before returning to his corner. As a result of his delay, the referee had to wait to begin the count, and Moore made it to his feet at the count of nine. Durelle would have likely won if he went to his corner. Durelle swarmed all over the champion for four more rounds and knocked him to the canvas again in round five but Moore held on and eventually wore Durelle down to retain his world championship with an eleventh-round knockout. The fight was the talk of the boxing world and members of the Canadian press voted it the sporting event of the year. In an interview in 1994, Archie Moore, upon recounting the fight still hailed as classic, had this to say: "As the fight wore on and I got stronger, I thought to myself that this fella was the toughest man I'd ever fought. I turned professional in 1936 and fought until 1965--229 bouts. And I still think Durelle was the toughest man I ever faced."

From Boxing to Wrestling and back
Six months later, in June 1959, at Durelle's home village of Baie-Ste-Anne, thirty-five fishermen died when they were swept out to sea by 40-foot tidal waves that pounded the wharf. Distraught at the loss of friends and relatives, in August he lost in a world title fight rematch with Archie Moore by a third-round knockout. In November of that year he lost in 12 rounds to the Canadian heavyweight champion, George Chuvalo. Durelle fought only a few more times, before taking up professional wrestling in 1961. He returned to boxing in 1963 winning twice more before retiring permanently. He continued to earn a living at wrestling, primarily in eastern Canada but on occasion with Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling, in Calgary, Alberta.

Later life and death
Despite his size and brutal profession, Durelle is often referred to as a modest and gentle man (his nickname was "doux", meaning "soft"). However, in the 1970s an event profoundly impacted him and his family when, in a bar that he owned and operated, he shot and killed a man who had attacked him. Charged with murder, he was defended by a young lawyer by the name of Frank McKenna and was acquitted on the grounds of self-defence. The trial received massive and sustained publicity and McKenna eventually went into politics and was elected premier of the province of New Brunswick.

Retired in his native village, a small museum with souvenirs of his twenty-year boxing career was built attached to his home where he and his wife of more than fifty years greeted fans who still showed up to see the New Brunswick boxer. In an article for ESPN.com about the most memorable matches in boxing history, current-day referee Mills Lane said: "I don't think you'll ever see a fight like Durelle-Moore again...That fight transcended what great fights are."

Durelle incurred a stroke on December 25, 2006, and died at age 77 on January 6, 2007, at the Moncton Hospital in Moncton, New Brunswick. He also had Parkinson's disease prior to this. His funeral was held on January 11, 2007, from Ste-Anne Roman Catholic Church in Baie-Ste-Anne, New Brunswick.

Professional boxing record

 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|87 Wins (48 Knockouts), 24 Losses (9 Knockouts), 2 Draws, 1 No Contest
 * - style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 87-24-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Jean-Claude Roy
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 06/12/1964
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Montmagny, Quebec
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 87-23-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Phonse LaSaga
 * TKO
 * 1
 * 24/03/1963
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 86-23-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cecil Gray
 * KO
 * 7
 * 25/02/1963
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Paul Sauve Arena, Montreal, Quebec
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 85-23-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paul Wright
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 15/09/1960
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 85-22-2
 * align=left| John Armstrong
 * KO
 * 4
 * 22/06/1960
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Woodstock, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 84-22-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ray Batey
 * DQ
 * 9
 * 15/06/1960
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 83-22-2
 * align=left| Emile Dupre
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 26/05/1960
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Brewer, Maine
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 82-22-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 George Chuvalo
 * KO
 * 12
 * 17/11/1959
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario
 * align=left|Canada Heavyweight Title
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 82-21-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Young Beau Jack
 * TKO
 * 9
 * 23/10/1959
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 81-21-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Charlie Jones
 * UD
 * 10
 * 28/09/1959
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Exhibition Grounds, Quebec City, Quebec
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 80-21-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Al Anderson
 * KO
 * 4
 * 15/09/1959
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 79-21-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Archie Moore
 * KO
 * 3
 * 12/08/1959
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Montreal Forum, Montreal, Quebec
 * align=left|NYSAC/NBA World Light Heavyweight Titles.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 79-20-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Teddy Burns
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 12/05/1959
 * align=left|🇺🇸 General Carter State Armory, Caribou, Maine
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 78-20-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Archie Moore
 * KO
 * 11
 * 10/12/1958
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Montreal Forum, Montreal, Quebec
 * align=left|World Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 78-19-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Louis Jones
 * KO
 * 2
 * 02/10/1958
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 77-19-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Freddie Mack
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 28/08/1958
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 76-19-2
 * align=left|🇿🇦 Mike Holt
 * RTD
 * 8
 * 16/07/1958
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Montreal Forum, Montreal, Quebec
 * align=left|Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 75-19-2
 * align=left|🇫🇷 Germinal Ballarin
 * UD
 * 10
 * 21/05/1958
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Montreal Forum, Montreal, Quebec
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 74-19-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony E. Anthony
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 14/03/1958
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 74-18-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Clarence Hinnant
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 31/01/1958
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 73-18-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerry Luedee
 * UD
 * 10
 * 11/12/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Fort Homer W. Hesterly Armory, Tampa, Florida
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 72-18-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Mario Nini
 * KO
 * 4
 * 22/11/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Edmundston, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 71-18-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Floyd McCoy
 * KO
 * 2
 * 07/11/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 70-18-2
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Willi Besmanoff
 * UD
 * 10
 * 25/09/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Olympia Stadium, Detroit, Michigan
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 69-18-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tim Jones
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 29/08/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Stadium, Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 68-18-2
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Guenter Balzer
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 15/08/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
 * 67-18-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony E. Anthony
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 14/06/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Olympia Stadium, Detroit, Michigan
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 67-18-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Gordon Wallace
 * KO
 * 2
 * 30/05/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Commonwealth/Canada Light Heavyweight Titles.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 66-18-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Leo Johnson
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 16/05/1957
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 65-18-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Angelo DeFendis
 * MD
 * 10
 * 22/04/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 64-18-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Clarence Floyd
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 25/03/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 63-18-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Clarence Hinnant
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 19/02/1957
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Miami Beach Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 63-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bobby L. King
 * KO
 * 1
 * 27/10/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Fredericton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 62-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chubby Wright
 * SD
 * 10
 * 04/10/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 61-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Gary Garafola
 * KO
 * 1
 * 20/09/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 60-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Wilfred Picot
 * TKO
 * 4
 * 06/09/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Lord Beaverbrook Rink, Saint John, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 59-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Alvin Williams
 * UD
 * 10
 * 16/08/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 58-17-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Wilfred Picot
 * TKO
 * 4
 * 19/07/1956
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 57-17-1
 * align=left| Arthur Howard
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 19/06/1956
 * align=left|Clapton Greyhound Track, Clapton, London
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 57-16-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerome Richardson
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 20/05/1956
 * align=left|🇧🇲 Hamilton, Bermuda
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 56-16-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Artie Towne
 * DQ
 * 7
 * 28/11/1955
 * align=left|Nottingham Ice Stadium, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 56-15-1
 * align=left|🇹🇹 Yolande Pompey
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 18/10/1955
 * align=left|Harringay Arena, Harringay, London
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 56-14-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Slade
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 03/09/1955
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 56-13-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Billy Fifield
 * KO
 * 1
 * 28/07/1955
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 55-13-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Floyd Patterson
 * RTD
 * 5
 * 23/06/1955
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 55-12-1
 * align=left|🇵🇷 Jimmy J. Garcia
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 16/06/1955
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 54-12-1
 * align=left| Ron Barton
 * DQ
 * 3
 * 24/05/1955
 * align=left|Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 54-11-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Art Henri
 * PTS
 * 12
 * 10/12/1954
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 54-10-1
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Gerhard Hecht
 * UD
 * 10
 * 12/11/1954
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 54-9-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Gordon Wallace
 * UD
 * 12
 * 27/09/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 53-9-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bob Isler
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 25/08/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 52-9-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paul Andrews
 * KO
 * 5
 * 26/07/1954
 * align=left|🇺🇸 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 52-8-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Doug Harper
 * UD
 * 12
 * 07/07/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 51-8-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerome Richardson
 * SD
 * 10
 * 23/06/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 50-8-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sampson Powell
 * UD
 * 10
 * 09/06/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 49-8-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Charley E. Chase
 * SD
 * 10
 * 04/06/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Stadium, Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 48-8-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Billy Fifield
 * KO
 * 10
 * 24/05/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 47-8-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Waddell Hanna
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 05/05/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 47-7-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Floyd Patterson
 * UD
 * 8
 * 15/02/1954
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boxing From Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
 * 47-6-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Doug Harper
 * PTS
 * 12
 * 27/01/1954
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Victoria Pavilion, Calgary, Alberta
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 47-6
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Doug Harper
 * SD
 * 12
 * 17/11/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Victoria Pavilion, Calgary, Alberta
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 47-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Gordon Wallace
 * UD
 * 12
 * 15/10/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 46-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Al Winn
 * UD
 * 10
 * 30/09/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 45-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Melvin Wade
 * KO
 * 9
 * 24/09/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 44-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Gordon Wallace
 * UD
 * 12
 * 07/09/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|Canada Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 43-5
 * align=left|🇨🇺 Wilfredo Miro
 * KO
 * 2
 * 26/08/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Sinclair Arena, Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 42-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Curtis Wade
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 20/08/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 41-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Archie Hannigan
 * KO
 * 5
 * 02/08/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|Claim Maritime Light Heavyweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 40-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joey Greco
 * TKO
 * 4
 * 20/07/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 39-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Curtis Wade
 * SD
 * 10
 * 25/06/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 38-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Harry Poulton
 * SD
 * 12
 * 19/06/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Memorial Rink, Stellarton, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|Canada Middleweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 37-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Amato
 * KO
 * 6
 * 20/05/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 36-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 George Ross
 * TKO
 * 12
 * 04/05/1953
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Glace Bay Forum, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|Canada Middleweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 35-5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Jimmy Nolan
 * UD
 * 10
 * 09/10/1952
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Stampede Corral, Calgary, Alberta
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 34-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hurley Sanders
 * UD
 * 10
 * 24/09/1952
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 33-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hurley Sanders
 * UD
 * 10
 * 25/06/1952
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 33-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Eddie Zastre
 * UD
 * 10
 * 21/05/1952
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 32-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 12/07/1951
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 31-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Arnold Fleiger
 * KO
 * 2
 * 20/06/1951
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * style="background:#dae2f1;"|NC
 * 31-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * NC
 * 9
 * 05/06/1951
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 30-4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bob Stecher
 * SD
 * 10
 * 23/05/1951
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 29-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Tiger Warrington
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 10/12/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 28-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Alvin Upshaw
 * KO
 * 7
 * 05/11/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 27-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * UD
 * 10
 * 22/10/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Springhill, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 27-3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Al Couture
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 25/08/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 26-3
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Ossie Farrell
 * KO
 * 1
 * 19/08/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 25-3
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * UD
 * 10
 * 14/08/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 25-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Tiger Warrington
 * UD
 * 10
 * 01/07/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Moncton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 24-2
 * align=left| Coot O'Rea
 * KO
 * 2
 * 18/06/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Bathurst, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 23-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Alvin Upshaw
 * TKO
 * 7
 * 23/05/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 22-2
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Roy Wouters
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 20/01/1950
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 22-1
 * align=left| Eddie Hamilton
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 25/11/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 21-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bob Stecher
 * UD
 * 10
 * 11/11/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 20-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ossie Farrell
 * KO
 * 1
 * 26/10/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Eastern Canada Middleweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 19-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bernard McCluskey
 * KO
 * 5
 * 12/10/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|Eastern Canada Middleweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 18-1
 * align=left| Pat Davis
 * KO
 * 2
 * 18/09/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 17-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Bill McLaughlin
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 26/08/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Fredericton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 16-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kid Wolfe
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 07/08/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 15-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Billy Landry
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 20/07/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 14-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 15/07/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 13-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Jimmy Mooney
 * UD
 * 8
 * 06/07/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|New Brunswick Middleweight Title.
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 12-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Cobey McCluskey
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 12/06/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Baie-Sainte-Anne, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 11-1
 * align=left| Joe Tyne
 * KO
 * 1
 * 30/05/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 10-1
 * align=left| Manuel Leek
 * KO
 * 6
 * 17/05/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Fredericton, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 9-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Harry Poulton
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 20/04/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 8-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Harry Poulton
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 23/03/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 7-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Crosley Irvine
 * TKO
 * 3
 * 25/02/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 6-1
 * align=left| Al Batten
 * KO
 * 5
 * 02/02/1949
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Newcastle, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss
 * 5-1
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Billy Snowball
 * DQ
 * 4
 * 07/12/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Tracadie, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left| Al Batten
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 03/12/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Baie-Sainte-Anne, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Percy R. Richardson
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 11/11/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left| Al Fraser
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 13/09/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left| Al Fraser
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 25/08/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left| Sonny Ramsay
 * KO
 * 2
 * 28/07/1948
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Chatham, New Brunswick
 * align=left|
 * }
 * }

Related works

 * Yvon Durelle's biography, The Fighting Fisherman: The Life of Yvon Durelle by author Raymond Fraser (Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-15863-7), published in 1981, republished in 2005.
 * In 2003, Ginette Pellerin of the National Film Board of Canada made a French film documentary on his life called Durelle.

Awards and recognition

 * Inducted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 1971
 * Inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1975
 * Inducted into the Canadian Boxing Hall of Fame in 1989

title: Yvon Durelle


text:
User talk:Kra~enwiki

Hello Kra, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. If you wonder how to make a link back to the norwegian wikipedia, here's how: Oslo or maybe no:Bruker:Sverdrup (me) — Sverdrup 14:36, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kra. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kra~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:12, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kra~enwiki


text:
User:ArinArin/SandBox

For testing before posting.

--ArinArin 14:37, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Takeda Sokaku (1860-1943) ! DAITO-RYU AIKIJUTSU                   SHINKAGE-RYU KITO-RYU YAGYU-RYU ¤ Yong Shul Choi ->HAPKIDO   KENDO  KENJUTSU     JUJUTSU  JUJUTSU  KOTO-TAMA ·-¤ Kano Jigoro                 ! !           !        !        ! ¦ ¤ Ueshiba Morihei (1883-1969) ---· ¦                                 ¡                  ¡                    ¦ ¦                               ¤ Kiyochi Takaki    ¤ Deguchi Oshinaburo   ¦ ¦                              TENJIN-SHIN'YO-RYU  OMOTO-KYO              ¦ ¦                              JUJUTSU              ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡               ¦ ¦                                                   ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦               ¦ ¦                                      ASIAN SHAMANISM ¦ ¦ CHRISTIANISM    ¦ ¦                                                     ¦ ¦                 ¦ ¦                                    JAPANESE SINCRETISM ZEN BUDDHISM      ¦ ¦                                              (SHINTO)                   ¦ ¦                                                                         ¦ ¦                                                      AIKIBUDO<---¦ ¦                                    /     YOSHEIKAN<- ¤ Mochikuzi Minoru ¦ ¦                      "OLD SCHOOLS" | SHIN'EI TAIDO<- ¤ Inoue Noriaki    ¦ ¦                                    \     YOSHINKAN                      ¦ ¦                                                 ^     AIKIDO<---· ¦                                                 ·- ¤ Shioda Gozo ¦                           /                  AIKIKAI<- ¤ Ueshiba Kisshomaru ¦             / "TRADITIONAL|                IWAMA-RYU<- ¤ Saito Morihiro ¦              |     SCHOOLS"|AIKIDO SCHOOLS OF UESHIBA<- ¤ Saotome Mitsugi ¦             |             \               NIPPON-KAN<- ¤ Homma Gaku ¦         "NEW|           /         KI NO KENKYUKAI< ¤ Tohei Koichi ¦      SCHOOLS"|        "KI|SEIDOKAN<- ¤ Kobayashi Roderick ¦              |   SCHOOLS"|              SHIN-BUDO KAI<- ¤ Imaizumi Shizuo ¦             |           \                    KOKIKAI<- ¤ Maruyama Shuji ¦             | "SPORTIVE/            TOMIKI-RYU<· ¦              \  SCHOOLS"\JIYUSHINKAI<- ¤ Chuck E. Clark             ¦ ¦                                       ¤ Karl Geis                  ¦ ·--->(JUDO)      ¦ ¤ Tomiki Kenji LEGENDA & NOTES: UPPERCASE: Name of Martial Art, Style or School ¤ Lowercase: Disciple of the above School

A B                                        (JUDO): Judo is placed below ! ¡ Influence of A on B                            Aikido only to mark that B A                                                Tomiki Kenji was disciple to both Ueshiba and Kano. / "TYPES                                      | OF                                        AIKIBUDO: Is represented like a  \ SCHOOLS"                                            forking, but it is only one of the names given to ¤ a --->B                                             Ueshiba's art before being ¤ a B                                                called "Aikido". ¦ ^     Foundation of B by a    v  ¦ B ¤ a  B<--- ¤ a

About the chart: --ArinArin 11:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What is more correct? Jigoro Kano or Kano Jigoro?
 * A nicer version of the chart (with colors and graphics) is available, but I'm afraid it will be too big and/or too heavy for a wikipedia posting.
 * Also I haven't found consensus about what M.A. did Ueshiba learn.

title: User:ArinArin/SandBox


text:
User:Jdriscoll

newbie

title: User:Jdriscoll


text:
Talk:National redoubt

Fictional
extract from the article: "The concept of a "last stand" national stronghold also appears in fictional works, perhaps most famously in the movie based on J.R.R. Tolkien's The Two Towers. In that movie, the people of Rohan, fearing an attack of superior numbers by the armies of Isengard, leave their capital city of Edoras to take refuge in the fortress of Helm's Deep."

Surely 'in the book' rather than 'in the movie' would be more appropriate? (Fdsdh1 (talk) 00:23, 26 September 2012 (UTC))

Orphan
This fine bit of writing is in danger of becoming an orphan, but it's not obvious from where to link to it. World War II seems a little high-level, but I don't think we have a survey of ETO strategy? Stan 14:45, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Stan, thanks for your comments. I found it in Requested Articles, so someone must have wanted it to link to something. History of Germany, Nazi Germany, World War II come to mind. What is ETO? Adam 14:52, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Tough to get in the habit of eating in one's own restaurant, eh? :-) ETO points you to European Theater of Operations (admittedly I just made the acronym link a moment ago!). I improvised a link from Nazi Germany. Stan 16:48, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

From the Article: "Nevertheless it was taken sufficiently seriously by the western Allies to lead them to divert their military operations in early 1945 to the south, thus allowing the Soviet forces to capture Berlin."

Berlin would've fallen into the Soviet sphere of influence as agreed at Yalta. That is why Eisenhower refused to sacrifice more lives to capture it. Not the "National Redoubt"

That is stated in the last paragraph. Adam 02:52, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

I added it's link to The battel of Berlin, Werwolves and Partisans.--Homer slips. 04:08, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Name of article
I think this should be moved to Alpenfestung: historically there were and are national redoubts other than the Nazi one. For example, Battle of the Netherlands links here, due to Vesting Holland (Fortress Holland). I believe Switzerland has also employed the concept of a national redoubt in its defensive planning, during WW2 and the Cold War Grant65 | Talk 04:14, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no knowledge of Switzerland during the Cold War, but according to Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II, the plan was to retreat to the Alps in the south of the country. DocWatson42 11:02, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Articles should have English titles unless the German word is standard in English (eg Luftwaffe). If there were other national redoubts, they can be disambiguated from this one, which is the best known in English. The Dutch one was called, as you yourself say, Fortress Holland, which should be the title of that article. Adam 13:17, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, Alpine Fortress would be almost as good but I think Alpenfestung is well-known in militrary history circles. The point is, a "national redoubt" could be almost anywhere and is to generic to be applied purely to Germany 1945. Cheers, Grant65 | Talk 14:31, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

This article isn't about "a national redoubt" it's about the National Redoubt. I have never heard this expression used in any other context but the one in the article. If it has been used in other contexts they can be disambiguated in the usual way. Adam 15:01, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I can assure you that it is a more general term (please consult a military dictionary); as such the concept "National Redoubt" needs a general treatment. You are mistaken in your assumption that "National Redoubt" was purely used as a proper name even in 1944. Indeed, it hardly could have been: why would they have called this example the National Redoubt if the general term wasn't functional? However, Alpenfestung was the German proper name and there is of course no objection whatsoever to use German proper names for German phenomena that have such names :o). Obviously we might create a more general article and disambiguate from that.--MWAK 13:37, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Proposed Merger With Reduit
I think that the articles should remain separate. Although they are conceptually similar, the Reduit article refers almost entirely to Switzerland. The easiest solution is to re-title the Reduit article to Swiss Reduit, and create prominent links between the two articles. Trasel (talk) 04:52, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Fictional section moved from the article for further discussion
The concept of a "last stand" national stronghold also appears in fictional works, perhaps most famously in the movie based on J.R.R. Tolkien's The Two Towers. In that movie, the people of Rohan, fearing an attack of superior numbers by the armies of Isengard, leave their capital city of Edoras to take refuge in the fortress of Helm's Deep. Tolkien himself used the concept in The Return of the King, where during the Siege of Minas Tirith most of the civilian populace retreats to the vales of the White Mountains, while the majority of the military gathers in Minas Tirith.

While I agree with the inferences drawn from the book this section is unsuitable in its current form. It is a breach of WP:OR because it is an an analysis of a primary source by an editor of Wikipedia without any citations to back it up. For such an analysis to appear in a Wikipedia article it need as reliable secondary source to make the claims for us. Eg: ""(citation to a secondary source) ""(citation to Smyth's paper) " (Citation to a secondary source about the plot of the book that makes this point). etc, etc. -- PBS (talk) 12:37, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Alpine Fortress should be spun out
Many of the less prominent "national redoubts" already have independent articles, surely the most historically well-known example should get an article of its own too.--Pharos (talk) 20:49, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support Split into seperate article.

Difference between "national redoubt" and "temporary capital"?
Is there any proper definition of the difference between this concept and temporary capital? They seem pretty close, especially in the Chinese and Russian cases.--Pharos (talk) 03:41, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:National redoubt


text:
Black Creek Pioneer Village

Black Creek Pioneer Village, previously Dalziel Pioneer Park, is an open-air heritage museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The village is located in the North York district of Toronto, just west of York University and southeast of the Jane and Steeles intersection. It overlooks Black Creek, a tributary of the Humber River. The village is a recreation of life in 19th-century Ontario and gives an idea how rural Ontario might have looked in the early-to-mid-19th century. The village is a regular destination for field trips by schoolchildren from the Greater Toronto Area. It was opened in 1960 and is operated by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

Napier Simpson, 1925-1978, a restoration architect in Ontario devoted his professional life to raising public awareness of the importance of heritage conservation including the Black Creek Pioneer Village project.

Collection
The pioneer village consists of over forty 19th century buildings, decorated in the style of the 1860s with period furnishings. It is operated by historical interpreters and craftspeople housed in the restored buildings. The site also features historical re-enactments and visiting artisans. Buildings include the Dalziel Barn, period houses, the original Stong family farm buildings, a water-powered grist mill, a general store, a blacksmith's shop along with over ten other trades buildings, a hotel, a church, and a one-room schoolhouse. A core of buildings built by the Stong family are on their original sites, while others have been moved in from across Southern Ontario.

The majority of the buildings were moved from their original sites (notably the large Halfway House and Mennonite Meeting House), and some re-built on their current locations. The board and batten blacksmith shop was originally built in the 1850s in Nobleton. The gunsmith shop was built in Bolton, and the Taylor Cooperage building was built in the 1850s in Paris. The weaver shop is within what was originally a Temperance Hall built in Kettleby in 1850 by the Sons of Temperance. The Roblin Mill has been relocated from Ameliasburgh.

Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

Future
Ontario Premier Doug Ford said on August 23, 2019, that the Ontario government has no plans to close the village, despite the government's instructions to conservation authorities in Ontario to wind down activities unrelated to protecting watersheds and drinking water or preventing floods.

In September 2023, Black Creek Pioneer Village announced that it would be renamed The Village at Black Creek by the first quarter of 2024. The decision was made by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) Board of Directors. The Village will also be expanding its museum and visitor centre.

title: Black Creek Pioneer Village


text:
User:Gustavobernhardt

I am from Argentina

title: User:Gustavobernhardt


text:
Zagorje (disambiguation)

Zagorje may refer to:

Places

 * Zagori, a mountainous region in Epirus (Greece and Albania)

 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Zagorje (Posušje), a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Croatia
 * Zagorje, Ogulin, a village in Karlovac County
 * Zagorje, Krnjak, a village near Krnjak in Karlovac County
 * Zagorje, Kršan, a village in Istria County
 * Hrvatsko Zagorje ("Croatian Zagorje"), a region in northern Croatia

 * Kosovo
 * Zogaj-Zagorje, a village in Kosovo

 * Montenegro
 * Zagorje, Berane Municipality

 * Slovenia
 * Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi, a municipality in Slovenia
 * Zagorje ob Savi, the administrative centre
 * Zagorje, Pivka, a village in Slovenia
 * Zagorje, Kozje, a village in Slovenia
 * Zagorje, Sveti Tomaž, a village in Slovenia

Other uses

 * NK Zagorje, a Slovenian football club

title: Zagorje (disambiguation)


text:
Mu'in al-Din Chishti

Mu'in al-Din Hasan Chishti Sijzi (February 1143 – March 1236), known reverentially as Khawaja Gharib Nawaz, was a Persian Islamic scholar and mystic from Sistan, who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism. This particular Tariqa (order) became the dominant Islamic spiritual order in medieval India. Most of the Indian Sunni saints are Chishti in their affiliation, including Nizamuddin Awliya (d. 1325) and Amir Khusrow (d. 1325).

Having arrived in Delhi Sultanate during the reign of the sultan Iltutmish (d. 1236), Muʿīn al-Dīn moved from Delhi to Ajmer shortly thereafter, at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous Sunni Hanbali scholar and mystic ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī (d. 1088), whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints, the Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya, may have played a role in shaping Muʿīn al-Dīn's worldview. It was during his time in Ajmer that Muʿīn al-Dīn acquired the reputation of being a charismatic and compassionate spiritual preacher and teacher; and biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many "spiritual marvels (karāmāt), such as miraculous travel, clairvoyance, and visions of angels" in these years of his life. Muʿīn al-Dīn seems to have been unanimously regarded as a great saint after his death.

Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī's legacy rests primarily on his having been "one of the most outstanding figures in the annals of Islamic mysticism." Additionally, Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is also notable, according to John Esposito, for having been one of the first major Islamic mystics to formally allow his followers to incorporate the "use of music" in their devotions, liturgies, and hymns to God, which he did in order to make the 'foreign' Arab faith more relatable to the indigenous peoples who had recently entered the religion.

Early life
Of Persian descent, Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was born in 1143 in Sistan. He was sixteen years old when his father, Sayyid G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn (d. c. 1155), died, leaving his grinding mill and orchard to his son.

Despite planning to continue his father's business, he developed mystic tendencies in his personal piety and soon entered a life of destitute itineracy. He enrolled at the seminaries of Bukhara and Samarkand, and (probably) visited the shrines of Muhammad al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 944), two widely venerated figures in the Islamic world.

While traveling to Iran, in the district of Nishapur, he came across the famous Sunni mystic Ḵh̲wāj̲a ʿUt̲h̲mān, who initiated him. Accompanying his spiritual guide for over twenty years on the latter's journeys from region to region, Muʿīn al-Dīn also continued his own independent spiritual travels during the time period. It was on his independent wanderings that Muʿīn al-Dīn encountered many of the most notable Sunni mystics of the era, including Abdul-Qadir Gilani (d. 1166) and Najmuddin Kubra (d. 1221), as well as Naj̲īb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḳāhir Suhrawardī, Abū Saʿīd Tabrīzī, and ʿAbd al-Waḥid G̲h̲aznawī (all d. c. 1230), all of whom were destined to become some of the most highly venerated saints in the Sunni tradition.

South Asia
Arriving in South Asia in the early thirteenth century along with his cousin and spiritual successor Khwaja Syed Fakhr Al-Dīn Gardezi Chishti, Muʿīn al-Dīn first travelled to Lahore to meditate at the tomb-shrine of the famous Sunni mystic and jurist Ali Hujwiri (d. 1072).

From Lahore, he continued towards Ajmer, where he settled and married two wives, the first was the daughter of Saiyad Wajiuddin, whom he married in the year 1209/10. The second was the daughter of a local Hindu raja who had been seized in a war and had embraced Islam He went on to have three sons—Abū Saʿīd, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn and Ḥusām al-Dīn — and one daughter, Bībī Jamāl. It is generally accepted that besides Abū Saʿīd sons are believed to be from the daughter of Hindu raja. After settling in Ajmer, Muʿīn al-Dīn strove to establish the Chishti order of Sunni mysticism in India; many later biographic accounts relate the numerous miracles wrought by God at the hands of the saint during this period.

Preaching in India
Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was not the originator or founder of the Chishtiyya order of mysticism as he is often erroneously thought to be. On the contrary, the Chishtiyya was already an established Sufi order prior to his birth, being originally an offshoot of the older Adhamiyya order that traced its spiritual lineage and titular name to the early Islamic saint and mystic Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 782). Thus, this particular branch of the Adhamiyya was renamed the Chishtiyya after the 10th-century Sunni mystic Abū Isḥāq al-Shāmī (d. 942) migrated to Chishti Sharif, a town in the present day Herat Province of Afghanistan in around 930, in order to preach Islam in that area about 148 years prior to the birth of the founder of the Qadiriyya sufi order, Shaikh Abdul Qadir Gilani. The order spread into the Indian subcontinent, however, at the hands of the Persian Muʿīn al-Dīn in the 13th-century, after the saint is believed to have had a dream in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad appeared and told him to be his "representative" or "envoy" in India.

According to the various chronicles, Muʿīn al-Dīn's tolerant and compassionate behavior towards the local population seems to have been one of the major reasons behind conversion to Islam at his hand. Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is said to have appointed Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 1235) as his spiritual successor, who worked at spreading the Chishtiyya in Delhi. Furthermore, Muʿīn al-Dīn's son, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 1255), is said to have further spread the order's teachings in Ajmer, whilst another of the saint's major disciples, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Ṣūfī Nāgawrī (d. 1274), preached in Nagaur, Rajasthan.

Spiritual lineage
As with every other major Sufi order, the Chishtiyya proposes an unbroken spiritual chain of transmitted knowledge going back to Muhammad through one of his companions, which in the Chishtiyya's case is Ali (d. 661). His spiritual lineage is traditionally given as follows:

 * 1) Muhammad (570 – 632),
 * 2) ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (600 – 661),
 * 3) Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 728),
 * 4) Abdul Wahid bin Zaid (d. 786),
 * 5) al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ (d. 803),
 * 6) Ibrahim ibn Adham al-Balkhī (d. 783),
 * 7) Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi (d. 823),
 * 8) Abu Hubayra al-Basri (d. 895),
 * 9) Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī(d. 911),
 * 10) Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 941),
 * 11) Abu Aḥmad Abdal Chishti (d. 966),
 * 12) Abu Muḥammad Chishti (d. 1020),
 * 13) Abu Yusuf ibn Saman Muḥammad Samʿān Chishtī (d. 1067),
 * 14) Maudood Chishti (d. 1133),
 * 15) Shareef Zandani (d. 1215),
 * 16) Usman Harooni (d. 1220).

Dargah Sharif

The tomb (dargāh) of Muʿīn al-Dīn became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher's death in March 1236. Honoured by members of all social classes, the tomb was treated with great respect by many of the era's most important Sunni rulers, including Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi from 1324 to 1351, who paid a famous visit to the tomb in 1332 to commemorate the memory of the saint. In a similar way, the later Mughal emperor Akbar (d. 1605) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign.

In the present day, the tomb of Muʿīn al-Dīn continues to be one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, with over "hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indian sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of [the saint's] ʿurs or death anniversary." Additionally, the site also attracts many Hindus, who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period. The 1992 Ajmer scandal was a series of gangrapes and blackmailing where reportedly 250 school and college going girls aged between 11 and 20 years were the victims of this monstrous crime. The perpetrators were a group of men led by Farooq and Nafis Chishty, extended members of the Khadim family that oversees the caretaking of the Ajmer Sharif Dargah Ajmer_rape_case. A bomb planted by Hindu extremists on 11 October 2007 in the Dargah of Sufi Saint Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti at the time of Iftar had left three pilgrims dead and 15 injured. A special National Investigation Agency (NIA) court in Jaipur punished with life imprisonment the two convicts in the 2007 Ajmer Dargah bomb blast case.

Popular culture
Indian films about the saint and his dargah at Ajmer include Mere Gharib Nawaz by G. Ishwar, Sultan E Hind (1973) by K. Sharif, Khawaja Ki Diwani (1981) by Akbar Balam and Mere Data Garib Nawaz (1994) by M Gulzar Sultani. A song in the 2008 Indian film Jodhaa Akbar named "Khwaja Mere Khwaja", composed by A. R. Rahman, pays tribute to Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī.

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's "Khwaja E Khwajgan" is a powerful tribute expressing deep reverence and devotion. Sabri Brothers' "Khawaja Ki Deewani," which captures the emotional and spiritual connection devotees feel towards the saint..

title: Mu'in al-Din Chishti


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Gharib Nawaz

Gharib Nawaz is the name of:

 * Moinuddin Chishti (also Garib Nawaz and Khwaja Garib Nawaz; 1141-1230), the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order of the Indian subcontinent
 * Gharib Nawaz (Manipur), name taken by king Pamheiba of Manipur (1690–1751) following his conversion to Hinduism in 1717

title: Gharib Nawaz


text:
Talk:Maxim machine gun

I would like to combine this page with Maxim gun, which is the more common term - swiping some details from this text as well as the picture of Maxim and putting them into the other article, then redirecting this page to that article. Any objections? - DavidWBrooks 14:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I think this is absolutely the right thing to do. While you are refactoring, I am worried about two claims in this article: Does anyone have references? User:Magicmike 24 Apr 2004
 * 1) The Maxim gun being "the single most devastating weapon ever used". I would imagine the AK-47's performance in Africa would outdo this.
 * 2) The Russo-Japanese war comment: "Nearly 50 per cent of all casualties in the entire conflict were derived from Maxim guns" I would expect that casualties would be primarily due to artillery, given the period of the war, but am not an expert on the Russo-Japanese war.

title: Talk:Maxim machine gun


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Le Blanc-Mesnil

Le Blanc-Mesnil is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.6 km from the center of Paris, between Charles de Gaulle Airport and Le Bourget Airport.

Name
The name Le Blanc-Mesnil was recorded for the first time in the 11th century as Mansionile Blaun. This name is a compound of Medieval Latin Mansionile, meaning 'little houses', from Latin mansio (accusative mansionem), and of Germanic (Old Frankish) blanch, blaun, meaning 'glossy, shining, white', which gave French blanc ('white') and English blank.

The name is interpreted by some as a reference to the houses of Le Blanc-Mesnil which were whitened due to the flour dust coming from the windmills located there in ancient times. One researcher, however, thinks that blanc had also the meaning of 'free' in Old French, and so the name would mean 'free mesnil, free village', perhaps because the villagers had been freed from serfdom. None of these interpretations is certain.

Nearest municipalities

 * Bondy
 * Aulnay-sous-Bois
 * Drancy
 * Le Bourget
 * Dugny
 * Bonneuil-en-France in Val d'Oise and Gonesse.

Prehistory and Antiquity
A discovery in 1984 concerning archeological excavation found three polished axes and modified flint attests a human presence in Le Blanc-Mesnil in the Neolithic period and the Gallo-Roman era. Shards of gallic ceramic were found.

The Morée and Molette rivers nearby and the existence of an ancient roman road support this theory.

French Revolution
On 2 December 1792, a third of the territory of Aulnay was detached and became the commune of Le Blanc-Mesnil.

Economy

 * Parc d'activité du Coudray
 * Zone industrielle de la Molette in Blanc-Mesnil, Bourget and Drancy. It includes Centre Albert Einstein, created in 1987.
 * Parc Modus
 * Garonor
 * Pont-Yblon
 * Centre d'affaires international Paris Nord II
 * Carré des Aviateurs
 * Espace Descartes, for tourism business. Three hotels three stars, a Novotel hotel.

French and international companies
Several French companies have their world headquarters in Blanc-Mesnil, such as Forclum and Sicli.

Political life
The following political parties have a permanent base in Blanc-Mesnil:

 * Parti Communiste Français
 * Parti Socialiste
 * Union for French Democracy (UDF)
 * Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
 * Groupe des Verts

Transport
Le Blanc-Mesnil is served by Le Blanc-Mesnil station on Paris RER line B.

Le Blanc-Mesnil is also served by Drancy station on Paris RER line B. This station (formerly called Blanc-Mesnil-Drancy), although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Drancy, is the closest from the town center of Le Blanc-Mesnil and is thus used by people in Le Blanc-Mesnil.

The bus company provides 17 lines of buses to travel within the city.

Ideally placed at the junction between the A1 and the A3.

2.5 km from Le Bourget airport, 7 km from Charles de Gaulle Airport and 4.5 km from Parc des Expositions de Villepinte, one can easily get to Parc Astérix and Disneyland as well as the centre of Paris and the Stade de France.

Religion
Catholic churches: Église Notre-Dame, Église Saint-Charles, Église Sainte-Thérèse. Evangelic churches: Charisma Église Chrétienne

Education
The commune has the following schools: four preschools in the south, seven preschools in the centre of town, and six preschools in the north. It has four elementary schools in the south, six elementary schools in the centre, and six elementary schools in the north.

Junior high schools:
 * Collège Aimé et Eugénie Cotton
 * Collège Descartes
 * Collège Marcel Cachin
 * Collège Nelson Mandela

Senior high schools:
 * Lycée professionnel Aristide Briand
 * Lycée Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Lycée Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The Médiathèque Edouard Glissant/Bibliothèque Jacques Prévert serves as the municipal library.

Parks and gardens

 * Jacques-Duclos Park
 * Vineyards produces Clos blanc-mesnilois, a Chardonnay
 * Vegetal wall of Forum culturel by Patrick Blanc
 * Place de l'eau
 * Jardin de Montillet
 * Square Stalingrad

Sports
Blanc-Mesnil Sports (BMS), founded in 2005, is the city's sport club.

International relations
Le Blanc-Mesnil is twinned with:
 * Sandwell in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom,
 * Peterhof in Russia,
 * Debre Berhan in Ethiopia,
 * Beni Douala in Algeria.

For fifteen years, twinning between le Blanc-Mesnil and Debre Berhan has been based on the development: water sanitation, education, construction of roads. In a rare spirit, that of a collaboration of equal to equal.

Personalities

 * Jérémy Abadie, footballer
 * Adil Aouchiche, footballer
 * Amara Baby, footballer
 * Pierre-Edouard Bellemare, hockey player
 * Jonathan Biabiany, footballer
 * Jean-Felix Dorothee, footballer
 * Abdou Doumbia, footballer
 * Morgaro Gomis, footballer
 * Raphaël Guerreiro, footballer
 * Sylvie Guillem, star dancer at Paris Opera
 * Patrick Hernandez, famous singer of Born to Be Alive
 * Mickael Marolany, footballer
 * Fabien Marsaud, known as Grand Corps Malade, slam poet
 * Fabrice N'Sakala, footballer
 * Moussa Sissoko, footballer
 * Ludovic Sylvestre, footballer
 * Tristan Valentin, road bicycle racer
 * Élisabeth Vonarburg, writer of science-fiction

title: Le Blanc-Mesnil


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New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame

The New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame (Temple de la Renommée Sportive du Nouveau-Brunswick) is a provincial sports hall of fame and museum in Fredericton, New Brunswick. The sports hall of fame honours athletes, teams, and sport builders that are from the Canadian province of New Brunswick. New nominees to the hall of fame are inducted to the hall of fame on an annual basis.

Established in 1970, the organization operates as an independent non-profit charity with a mandate to "preserve and celebrate" the sports heritage of New Brunswick. The New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame museum holds exhibits about inducted builders, individual athletes, and groups/teams.

Museum
The Sports Hall of Fame operates a Sports Museum at 503 Queen Street in the province's capital city of Fredericton. The museum is situated within the John Thurston Clark Memorial Building. The museum is equipped with interactive exhibits and one of the largest collection of charcoal portraits in the province, one for each of its Hall of Fame inductees.

The building was originally opened as a customs and post office in 1881. The building was later named after the son of William George Clark, the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick. The New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame moved into the John Thurston Clark Memorial Building in 1976.

Hall of Famers
As of 2019, over 250 in individuals and teams have been inducted in the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame. Inductees are formally categorized into two categories, builders or players, the latter category including individual athletes and entire groups or teams.

Eligibility into the hall for athletes is determined by distinction brought to the province, whereas eligibility for builders is determined by the nominee's contribution to the development of the sport in New Brunswick. In order to be inducted in the hall of fame, candidates must first be nominated, with nomination of deceased individuals requiring further consent from the nominee's family. Nomination deadlines for each induction year is 30 November.

Notable inductees

 * Individuals

 * Marc Albert - volleyball
 * Earle Avery - harness racing
 * Ethel Babbitt - National tennis champion
 * Norman Buchanan (MC) - baseball. An army officer, politician, business man. He served during the Second World War and was awarded the Military Cross with two bars, an extremely high honour held by only 23 other Commonwealth Officers.
 * Rhéal Cormier - Major League Baseball pitcher
 * J. Howard Crocker - Educator for the YMCA, and executive for the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada
 * Tony Currie - National Hockey League player
 * Mabel DeWare - National curling champion
 * Gordie Drillon - National Hockey League player
 * Yvon Durelle - boxing champion
 * Dave Durepos - wheelchair basketball
 * Dick Gamble - National Hockey League player
 * Charles Gorman - speed skater
 * Danny Grant - National Hockey League player
 * Bill Harris - Major League Baseball player
 * Buster Harvey - ice hockey player
 * Russ Howard - Olympic Gold Medal in curling
 * Marianne Limpert - swimmer
 * Willy Logan - speed skater
 * Peter Maher - ice hockey announcer
 * Greg Malone - National Hockey League player
 * Manny McIntyre - hockey and baseball player
 * Roland McLenahan - National Hockey League
 * Roland Melanson - National Hockey League player
 * Willie O'Ree - first Black player in the National Hockey League
 * Scott Pellerin - National Hockey League player
 * Marc Pepin - tennis champion
 * Matt Stairs - Major League Baseball player
 * Don Sweeney - National Hockey League player
 * Milaine Thériault - cross-country skier
 * Ron Turcotte - Hall of Fame jockey who rode Secretariat to the Triple Crown
 * Stacy Wilson - Olympic women's hockey player

 * Groups/teams
 * The Paris Crew - world rowing champions
 * Campbellton Tigers - 1972 ice hockey club
 * Campbellton Tigers - 1977 ice hockey club
 * Moncton Hawks - 1970 ice hockey club

title: New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame


text:
Bondy

Bondy is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.9 km from the centre of Paris, in the Seine-Saint-Denis department.

Name
The name Bondy was recorded for the first time around AD 600 as Bonitiacum, meaning "estate of Bonitius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.

History
During the Middle Ages, Bondy was mostly forest, and the forest of Bondy was a well-known haunt of bandits and robbers and was considered extremely dangerous.

On 3 January 1905, a third of the territory of Bondy was detached and became the commune of Les Pavillons-sous-Bois.

On 30 October 2007, a gas explosion killed one person and injured 47 people.

Bondy and its integration into Paris is the subject of part of the second-last chapter of Graham Robb's book Parisians.

Administration
Bondy is part of the canton of Bondy, created in 2015.

Transport
Bondy is served by Bondy station on Paris RER line E and the Line 4 (T4) of the Tramways in Île-de-France.

Education
the commune had 27 state-funded primary schools, with 6,900 students. There were also three publicly funded lycées, or senior high schools, and five junior high schools.
 * There are 13 écoles maternelles, or preschools, and 14 publicly funded elementary schools
 * The junior high schools are named after: Pierre Brossolette, Henri Sellier, Jean Zay, Jean Renoir, and Pierre Curie
 * There are three state-funded high schools: Lycée Léo-Lagrange, Lycée Marcel-Pagnol, and Lycée Jean-Renoir.

Bondy also has a private Roman Catholic high school, Institut privé de l'Assomption, which has its own elementary school.

Population growth
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Bondy proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Bondy ceded the commune of Les Pavillons-sous-Bois in 1905.

Notable people

 * Sylvie Bouchet Bellecourt, politician
 * Élodie Fontan, actress
 * Serge Gakpe, footballer
 * Max Hilaire, footballer
 * Muriel Hurtis, track and field, athlete
 * Jonathan Ikone, footballer
 * Steeven Joseph-Monrose, footballer
 * Kevin Lafrance, footballer
 * David Larose, judoka
 * Lartiste, singer
 * André Malraux, novelist, art theorist and minister of cultural affairs
 * Kylian Mbappé, footballer and currently the captain of the France national football team
 * Sylvain Meslien, footballer
 * Randal Kolo Muani, footballer
 * Guy Moussi, footballer
 * Michael Nicoise, footballer
 * Maureen Nisima, fencer
 * Claude-Carloman de Rulhière, poet and historian
 * William Saliba, footballer
 * Lalya Sidibe, basketball player
 * Alpha Sissoko, footballer
 * Doriane Tahane, basketball player
 * Audrey Tcheumeo, judoka
 * Teddy Tinmar, athlete
 * Karidja Touré, actress
 * Bakaye Traoré, footballer
 * Fodie Traoré, footballer
 * Jimmy Vicaut, athlete
 * Thierry Zig, basketball player

title: Bondy


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Hash (food)

Hash is a dish consisting of chopped meat, potatoes, and fried onions. The name is derived from hacher, meaning 'to chop'. It originated as a way to use up leftovers. In the U.S. by the 1860s, a cheap restaurant was called a "hash house" or "hashery."

Canned corned beef hash became especially popular in countries such as Britain and France during and after the Second World War as rationing limited the availability of fresh meat.

Hash may be served for breakfast, lunch, or supper. When served for breakfast in the United States hash may come with eggs, toast, hollandaise sauce, or baked beans.

High-end restaurants offer sophisticated hash dishes on their menus. Modern preparations have been made with unconventional ingredients such as lamb, fish, venison, turkey, chicken, shrimp, or steak.

United States
"Hash" of many forms was part of the American diet since at least the 18th century, as is attested by the availability of numerous recipes and the existence of many "hash houses" named after the dish. In the United States, September 27 is "National Corned Beef Hash Day."

Classic American corned beef hash originated in the New England region of the United States as a way to use up the leftovers from a traditional boiled dinner of beef, cabbage, potatoes, and onions. A red flannel hash is made with the addition of beets. Fish hash, including salt cod hash, has been observed in historical New England cuisine.

Corned beef and cabbage dinners are an Irish-American tradition from the 1800s that are now commonly held across the United States on St. Patrick's Day. Corned beef hash is also commonly served on St. Patrick's Day, as well as around American Thanksgiving and Christmas.

In the Midwest it was common to bind a hash together with a white sauce thickened with flour.

Alternatively, in the southern United States, the term hash may refer to two dishes:
 * A Southern traditional stew of pork and offal served over rice.
 * In Texas, a thick stew made up of pork, chicken and beef, traditionally seasoned with salt and pepper and other spices, is reduced overnight over an open flame in an iron washpot or hashpot.

UK
As early as the 14th century, English people were making hache or hachy. According to cookbook author Steven Raichlen, "The English diarist Samuel Pepys waxed grandiloquent about a rabbit hash he savored in 1662".

An 18th century recipe for "excellent hash" was made by preparing a seasoned roux with herbs and onion, cayenne, mace and nutmeg, then adding to it broth or gravy and stirring in mushroom ketchup. In this sauce the cold beef would be simmered over gentle heat. Simpler recipes would omit some of the fancier ingredients like mushroom ketchup and add filling root vegetables like carrots and boiled potatoes.

"Norman hash" was a dish of gravy and onions served over slices of leftover roast beef.

Other countries
Hash in Denmark, known in Danish as biksemad (roughly translated, 'tossed together food'), is a traditional leftover dish usually made with pork, potato, and onion, and served with a fried egg, Worcestershire sauce, pickled red beet slices, and ketchup or Bearnaise sauce. The coarsely-diced ingredients, rather than being mashed into a paste, are readily discernible in their cooked form. A beef variant is known as "Royal hash", and a Southern Jutland regional dish including cream and served over pommes frites as "King Frederik's favorite".

In Sweden, there is a version of hash called pyttipanna ('small-pieces-in-pan') and in Finland, pyttipannu and Norway, pyttipanne. It is similar to the Danish version. The Swedish variety Pytt Bellman calls specifically for beef instead of other meats and adding cream to the hash. It is named after Sweden's 18th century national poet Carl Michael Bellman.

In Austria and perhaps more specifically Tyrol, there exists a similar dish called Gröstl, usually consisting of chopped leftover meats (often being pork sausage), potato and onions fried with herbs (typically marjoram and parsley) and then served topped with a fried egg.

In Slovenia, it is called haše and very often used as a spaghetti sauce. It is made out of minced pork and veal meat, potato sauce, onion, garlic, flour and spices.

In Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American cuisines, there is a similar dish called picadillo (Spanish) or carne moída (Portuguese). It is made with ground meat (usually beef), tomatoes (tomato sauce may be used as a substitute), vegetables and spices that vary by region (the Portuguese and Brazilian version is generally carne moída refogada, very heavy on garlic, in the form of an aioli sofrito called refogado, and often also heavy on onion and bell peppers). It is often served with rice (it can be fried in aioli sofrito if those who will eat have a strong fondness for garlic), as well as okra, in the form of quiabo refogado—okra fried in an aioli sofrito, just as the hash itself and the collard greens used in feijoada—in Brazil, there constituting a staple) or used as a filling in dishes such as tacos, tostadas, or as a regular breakfast hash with eggs and tortillas (not in Brazil and Portugal). In Brazil and Portugal, it is used as bolognese sauce for pasta, and also used as a filling for pancake rolls, pastel (Brazilian pastry empanada), empadão and others (not with okra as it is far too perishable to be used in a fill for fast food and its consumption together with wheat flour-based foods often does not fit cultural tastes). The name comes from the West Iberian (Spanish, Leonese and Portuguese) infinitive verb picar, which means 'to mince' or 'to chop'.

In the Philippines, hash is similar to that of Spanish and American versions. Commonly called carne norte con patatas, it is known as breakfast fare for it includes corned beef, onions, and potatoes. Another variant, called pork giniling (giniling meaning 'ground') or giniling na baboy is similar to picadillo, and includes carrots, potatoes, and hard boiled egg in tomato sauce.

In Germany, Labskaus is made with beef or corned beef minced with onions and boiled potatoes and fried in lard. Beetroot and herring may be added, or served as a side dish.

title: Hash (food)


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Épinay-sur-Seine

Épinay-sur-Seine (, literally Épinay on Seine) is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.3 km from the center of Paris. The church of Notre-Dame-des-Missions-du-cygne d'Enghien, designed by Paul Tournon, may be found in the commune.

History
On 7 August 1850, a part of the territory of Épinay-sur-Seine was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Deuil-la-Barre, a part of the territory of Saint-Gratien, and a part of the territory of Soisy-sous-Montmorency to create the commune of Enghien-les-Bains.

Francis, Duke of Cádiz (13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), king consort of Spain, took up residence at the château of Épinay-sur-Seine in 1881 until his death in 1902. The chateau now serves as Épinay-sur-Seine's city hall.

From 1902 it was home to the Epinay Studios.

Town twinning
Épinay-sur-Seine is twinned with:
 * Oberursel, Germany since 1964
 * South Tyneside (before 1974: Jarrow), England since 1965
 * Alcobendas, Spain since 1986

Transport
Épinay-sur-Seine is served by Épinay-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line C. It is also served by Épinay–Villetaneuse station on the Transilien Paris-Nord suburban rail line.

Charles de Gaulle Airport is located about 13 km away from Épinay-sur-Seine.

Personalities

 * Olivier Beaudry, karateka
 * Maïtena Biraben, journalist
 * Jean-Claude Bouillon, actor
 * Harold Correa, athlete
 * Thomas Gamiette, footballer
 * Élisabeth Lévy, journalist
 * Pascal Nouma, footballer
 * Hornet La Frappe, Rapper
 * Elizabeth Columba, Artist

title: Épinay-sur-Seine


text:
Nate Richert

Nate Richert is an American actor, musician and songwriter, best known as Harvey Dwight Kinkle in Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996-2003).

Career
Richert is best known for his seven-year role as Harvey Dwight Kinkle, the love interest and boyfriend of the title character on the live-action television series of Sabrina the Teenage Witch opposite Melissa Joan Hart.

He also appeared in several other television series, including Fantasy Island as Josh Stevens, Touched by an Angel as Matt Fleming, Lovely & Amazing as Other teenage boy, 	and in Piñata: Survival Island as Jake. Richert also had a starring role in the film Gamebox 1.0 as Charlie Colburn.

Since 2012, Richert also works as a musician and songwriter.

Richert made a brief return to acting in the television series Home Work.

Personal life
Richert eloped and married Malorie Felt on August 11, 2019.

In August 2023, they jointly filed for divorce.

Discography

 * Tone Control (2004)
 * Halogen Moon (2012)
 * Broken Bottles (2012)

title: Nate Richert


text:
USS Guam

USS Guam may refer to:

 * USS Guam (PG-43) was a river gunboat in China, renamed Wake in January 1941 and captured by the Japanese in December
 * USS Guam (CB-2) was an Alaska-class cruiser in service from 1944 to 1947
 * USS Guam (LPH-9) was an Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship in service from 1965 to 1998
 * USNS Guam (HST-1), formerly HSC Huakai, is a ferry used to transport troops in Okinawa

title: USS Guam


text:
Pantin

Pantin is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is located 6.4 km from the centre of Paris. In 2019 its population was estimated to be 59,846. Pantin is located on the edge of the city of Paris and is mainly formed by a plain crossed by national roadway 2 and 3, the Paris–Strasbourg railway line and the canal de l'Ourcq.

Geography
Pantin borders the Paris Boulevard Périphérique, an inner ring road, and is traversed by national routes N2 and N3, as well as the Paris-Strasbourg railway line and the Ourcq canal.

Typology
Pantin is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid. It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.

Urban morphology

The main quarters or neighborhoods of the commune are:

 * Mairie - Hoche
 * Quatre-Chemins
 * Petit Pantin - Les Limites
 * Église
 * Les Courtillières

Development projects
Jacqueline Osty, winner of the Grand Prix de l'urbanisme in 2020, designed the 3.5 ha of public spaces on the port site. She has forged a common base, preserving a continuous, mineral spirit, evocative of the port area's past, with a light use of vegetation in the form of long, straight grassed lines and green lounges between the housing developments.

Toponymy
The name Pantin was recorded for the first time in 1067 as Pentini, perhaps from the Roman patronym Pentinus, a variant of Pantaenus or Repentinus, but this etymology is not certain.

The first known deed in which the name Penthinum appears is a deed from the 11th century granting the Pantin estate to the Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory.

The name of Pantin is mentioned in the following forms:
 * Pentinus in 1082;
 * Pantinum in 1119;
 * Pentin in 1151-1157;
 * Pantin in 1256;
 * Panthino in 1352;
 * Panthin in 1499;
 * Penthin in 1520;
 * Pentin in 1598.

In 2023 the name was changed symbolically to Pantine, with an added "e" ending to indicate the feminine form and promote awareness of women's issues.

History
On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Pantin was annexed to Paris.

On 24 July 1867, a part of the territory of Pantin was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Romainville and a part of the territory of Bagnolet to create the commune of Les Lilas.

By 1875, the Canal de l'Ourcq (Ourcq canal) and new railway lines served to divide the town into two parts—the "Village" and the "Quatre Chemins".

Future
The construction of a science park along the Bassin de la Villette on the former site of city abattoirs has improved pedestrian access to Paris, as well as encouraging urban regeneration in Pantin itself. A key policy discussed since the 2008 mayoral election has been the possibility of integrating the ten banlieue towns of Bagnolet, Les Lilas, Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Romainville, Pantin, Noisy-le-Sec, Montreuil, Bobigny, Bondy and Rosny-sous-Bois into an "intercommune" of around 440,000 people. This new municipality could be created as early as January 2010. This project was implemented, it gathers nine communes. In 2016, Pantin was declared France's most polluted town by the World Health Organization.

Economy
Pantin was once the site of Motobecane's operations.

2,000 companies are located in Pantin, including 21 of more than 100 employees. Huge firms are located in the town, like Hermès (580 jobs – upholstery and luxury luggage), Bourjois, Chanel, Gucci, Agnès b., Sergent-Major, Elis (500 jobs – linen rental), Forclum, UTB (400 jobs – public works), Photovista Legrand, BNP Paribas, Boiron, Alliance Healthcare, Vetura, Fabio Lucci ... and publishers as computer Software Arkeia Software and MT Software.

3,000 employees of BNP Paribas Securities Services were installed in the historic building Grands Moulins de Pantin at the end of October 2009.

Hermès finished an expansion project in the city center.

The city has created a "craft center" to "4 Chemins" especially with the House Revel to promote arts jobs.

Pantin is home to a hub of non-profit environmental organization, housed since 2014 in the "cité de l'environnement", like Bruitparif, the noise observatory of Île-de-France that monitors the environmental noise in the Paris agglomeration.

Administration
Since the French canton reform which came into effect in March 2015, Pantin is part of the canton of Pantin, which also includes the commune Le Pré-Saint-Gervais.

The current mayor of Pantin is Bertrand Kern of the Parti Socialiste (PS). Kern was re-elected in 2014 for a third 6-year mayoral term.

Transport
Pantin is served by three stations on Paris Metro line 5: Hoche, Église de Pantin, and Bobigny–Pantin–Raymond Queneau.

Pantin is also served by Aubervilliers–Pantin–Quatre Chemins station on Paris Metro line 7.

Pantin is also served by Pantin station on Paris RER line E.

Finally Pantin is served by numerous bus lines (151, 152, 249, 148). Outside the hours of normal public transport the town is served by the N13 and N142 Noctilien night bus services with stops outside the Centre de la Danse, the Mairie and Rue Delizy.

Pantin is recently served by the tramway 3b (Delphine Seyrig; Elle Fitzerald: Grands Moulins de Pantin).

Education
The commune has 11 preschools, 11 elementary schools (including one specialised school), four public junior high schools, one private junior high school, and three public senior high schools.
 * Public junior high schools: Jean-Jaurès, Jean-Lolive, Joliot-Curie, and Lavoisier
 * Private junior high school: Collège Prive Saint-Joseph-la-Salle
 * Public senior high schools: Lycée Lucie-Aubrac, Lycée Simone-Weil, and Lycée Marcelin-Berthelot

Personalities
Pantin was the birthplace of:
 * Jean-François Joseph Geffrard de La Motte, count de Sanois, was Lord of Pantin before the Revolution.
 * Beaumarchais, writer, owned land in Pantin
 * La Guimard (1743–1816), danser of the Opera
 * Léon Jouhaux (1879–1954), syndicalist and Nobel Peace
 * Jean-Marc Mormeck (born in 1972), boxing champion
 * Faïza Guène (born in 1985), novelist
 * Jean-Luc Chaignaud (born in 1959), baritone
 * Pierre Desproges (1939–1988), humorist
 * Philippe Delorme (born 1960), historian and journalist
 * Jérôme Guedj (born 1972), politician
 * André Lagache (1885–1938), racing driver
 * Gabriel Obertan (born 1989), footballer playing for Levski (Sofia)

Culture
Pantin is twin cities with the Modigliani Art Center in Scandicci, a suburb of Florence, Italy, which inaugurated their XXXIV Year Salon of Painting with the Pantin art association, Les Amis des Arts.

The Centre national de la danse (CND, or National Dance Center) is an institution sponsored by the French Ministry of Culture. It studies dance in all its aspects, and is located in Pantin. The building is known for being a classic example of Brutalist architecture, and in 2004 was awarded the Prix de l'Équerre d'Argent.

Religion

 * Catholic church
 * Islam
 * Judaism
 * Macedonian Orthodox church
 * Reformed church

title: Pantin


text: Talk:Tau

title: Talk:Tau


text:
Ponte

Ponte, a word meaning bridge in Italian, Portuguese, and Galician languages, may refer to:

England

 * Pontefract, a town in the Metropolitan City of Wakefield

France

 * Ponte Leccia, a civil parish (hameau) in the department of Haute-Corse

Italy

 * Municipalities
 * Ponte (BN), in the Province of Benevento
 * Ponte Buggianese, in the Province of Pistoia
 * Ponte dell'Olio, in the Province of Piacenza
 * Ponte di Legno, in the Province of Brescia
 * Ponte di Piave, in the Province of Treviso
 * Ponte Gardena, Italian name for Waidbruck, in South Tyrol
 * Ponte in Valtellina, in the Province of Sondrio
 * Ponte Lambro, in the Province of Como
 * Ponte nelle Alpi, in the Province of Belluno
 * Ponte Nizza, in the Province of Provincia di Pavia
 * Ponte Nossa, in the Province of Bergamo
 * Ponte San Nicolò, in the Province of Padua
 * Ponte San Pietro, in the Province of Bergamo

 * Civil parishes and quarters
 * Ponte (Rome), a rione in the City of Rome
 * Ponte di Cerreto, in the Province of Perugia

Portugal

 * Ponte da Barca, a municipality in the District of Viana do Castelo
 * Ponte de Lima, a municipality in the District of Viana do Castelo
 * Ponte de Sor, a municipality in the District of Portalegre

South Africa

 * Ponte Tower, a landmark city apartment building in Johannesburg

Switzerland

 * Ponte Capriasca, a municipality in the Canton of Ticino
 * Ponte Tresa, a municipality in the Canton of Ticino

Other uses

 * Ponte (surname), list of people with the surname
 * Il Ponte, political and literary magazine in Milan
 * Ponte S.A, the company administering Rio-Niterói Bridge in Brazil

title: Ponte


text:
Bobigny

Bobigny is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is located 9.1 km from the centre of Paris. Bobigny is the prefecture (capital city) of the Seine-Saint-Denis department, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is the 11th most populous commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (2019).

Inhabitants are called Balbyniens. Bobigny is the seat of the Seine-Saint-Denis prefecture. The first IKEA store in France was located in this commune.

Typology
Bobigny is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid. It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.

Transport
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso. It can also be reached from the outer terminus of Paris Métro Line 7 at La Courneuve.

Economy
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base used by Meccano for French Dinky Toys from 1933 until 1970, when the factory was closed and later demolished. Production of Dinky Toys was then transferred to the Meccano factory in Calais until 1972, when the last new model, a Renault 4 la poste, was produced.

Toponymy
Its name is derived from Roman-period Balbiniacum, "the place of Balbo or Balbinus or Balbinius"; or "of the dumb or silent man/men" (Gaulish: Irish Gaelic balbh = "dumb, silent").

History
During World War II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destinations were the Nazi camps.

Education
The commune has 14 public preschools (écoles maternelles), 15 public elementary schools, four public junior high schools, three public senior high schools/sixth-form colleges, and one private school.
 * Junior high schools: Collège Auguste Delaune, Collège Jean-Pierre Timbaud, Collège Pierre Sémard, and Collège République et SEGPA
 * Senior high/Sixth-form: Lycée professionnel Alfred Costes, Lycée Louise Michel, Lycée polyvalent André Sabatier
 * École, collège et lycée Charles Péguy is a private school from elementary to senior high/sixth-form

There is also a school of hotel management, École hôtelière de Bobigny.

The Bobigny campus of Paris 13 University is its second-largest. It focuses on the medical sciences, and hosts a strong medical degree.

Personalities
Bobigny is the birthplace of:
 * Charles Itandje (born 1982), football goalkeeper
 * Gaël Monfils, tennis player
 * Valentin Courrent, rugby player
 * Odsonne Edouard, football player

Bobigny is the place of death of:

• Jacques Brel, Belgian singer-songwriter.

International relations
Bobigny is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇺 Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast (Russia)
 * 🇩🇪 Potsdam, Brandenburg (Germany)

title: Bobigny


text:
Talk:Can-can

Expansion
I recently expanded this article from a stub. I wrote a book on the cancan, published in 1998, entitled Cancan!. If you'd like to discuss it with me (or if you want to get hold of a copy), please email me on waywithwords@fireflyuk.net

David Price

 * You wrote a book on the Can Can? That's weird. TheImpossibleMan 18:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Will anyone cover other meanings of Can-Can? Mikkalai 17:55, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Not another meaning, but I always though Irving Berlin's 2nd verse was very funny: She started a heat wave By letting her seat wave In such a way that The customers say that She certainly can can-can —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.74.91.71 (talk) 06:30, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

DDR
Also, DDR Extreme Revolution featured a song that was a jazzed-up version of the can-can called "Kick the Can". I haven't found anywhere to put this fact in this article, though. Bibliomaniac15 04:52, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * But the can-can is a dance, not a song. 68.84.224.36 (talk) 23:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

I have tried to cover another meaning of the word "Cancan" in "origins" part of the text, as a man whose family is named after this word. I hope that it would be satisfactory. ==Drsecancan== 16:16 14 apr 2006 Istnb.

English?
I herd that the Can Can was ironically came from England only to be made famous in France like Champagne. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.116.217 (talk) 11:41, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Lack of underwear?
I've been told that what made can-can special was the fact that the women dancing it did not wear any underwear, so when performing the intricate dance routines, the audience could see everything (this might be hinted at in the article where it says the opportunity for individuals to display their "specialities"). Sometimes, it was a form of advertisement for prostitutes in a brothel, a way of showing the goods for clients to be able to choose. This might not be entirely accurate, but, if it is, I think it should be more obvious to a reader than the aforementioned quote, seeing as how this is categorized as a sexually-related article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.122.248.132 (talk) 20:25, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Confusing??
"by the late 1860s, it was considered extremely inappropriate,[1] and in the early 20th century downright erotic.[2] When the dance initiated in the late 19th century, it was considered little more than a scandalous thing for youngsters,[citation needed] similar to how rock and roll would be perceived later on."

I suggest this needs to be restructured by someone who knows the history. On the one hand, it says that the dance was inappropriate and downright erotic, but in the middle of that period (late 19th century) it wasn't? I see that this might be an unusual shift, but it needs to be structured to indicate that. As is, it looks as though it contradicts itself. Also, it references the dance in the 1860s, then goes to say "initiated in the late 19th century", which is a bit later than the late 1860s. All around, it seems to be confusing and contradictory. I'm sure there's a rational reading but I'm not seeing it, so I suspect others won't either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.250.218.18 (talk) 07:11, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Comment from original author of article
I wrote the original article on the cancan (having done extensive research on the dance for a book) but it has been edited since and it seems has become a little confusing.

It is a myth that the cancan was frequently danced without drawers when it became an entertainment (from the Second Empire onwards), rather than a participatory dance. But when it was originally danced in the 1830s, women didn't normally wear drawers; only with the advent of the crinoline, which tended to be more revealing, did drawers become a standard item of underwear. In fact, paradoxically, it was prostitutes who normally wore drawers, and so "respectable" women avoided such an item of clothing. Inevitably, therefore, when the cancan was danced by the working class women (and men) in dance halls in 1830s Paris, occasionally it was quite revealing – although it's important to remember that at this time, there was none of the skirt manipulation that was later to become essential to the dance. High kicks yes, but not lifting up skirts and shaking them about. Another aspect of 19th-century underwear that gave rise to the myth of the cancan without drawers is that the drawers were often not stitched together between the legs. At the Moulin Rouge, there was a strict policy to make sure such "open" drawers were not worn by the dancers.

When I wrote about "specialities", this was in reference to the acrobatic movements by professional dancers in the 1920s and later, and had nothing to do with lack of underwear. Yes, the cancan in brothels was often danced without drawers - probably still is. For me, one of the essential features of the cancan is its glorification of late-Victorian/early Edwardian underwear, and so without it, the dance rather loses some of its appeal.

The Victorian/Edwardian extravagance of underwear and black stockings also add to the cancan's erotic appeal, as does lifting up the skirts, which didn't really become a feature until the later part of the century – earlier, women used to gather their skirts over one arm to allow them to kick their legs up. But the level of eroticism is all a matter of opinion. In the mid-19th century, when the dance took hold as entertainment, it was essentially prostitutes, courtesans, who were the performers. So it could be seen as a form of advertising. Later in the century, professional dancers appeared, but arguably the dance was now more erotic even though the performers were not "for sale". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sphinx321 (talk • contribs) 11:20, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * That's weird. Just kidding.  I love the music.  I'm going to learn to play it.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.190.5.208 (talk) 23:19, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but your logic here is not convincing. You keep mentioning "Myth" while repeatedly stating that the dance was performed without underwear at earlier times. You also admit that prostitutes regularly performed the dance and may have used it as "advertising". In the face of all this, one single ban on open crotch dancing in the Moulin Rouge seems hardly enough to confirm a myth. The very fact that this establishment decided to explicitly ban such a display could even be considered evidence that it was danced open crotch in other establishments. 81.200.198.20 (talk) 13:46, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The use of crotchless panties in not a myth. Though, I don't have a list of refs to post at the moment (although, other — physical — evidence, I do have that). — al-Shimoni  (talk) 10:04, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

Use on television
As a child, I can clearly remember this song as part of the TV series (cartoon / animated) about a large arm (with rocket) that would come to the aid of a boy. Anyone know the name of this TV series, please? --Bmoshier (talk) 13:30, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

"Can can is used on loin King 1/2"
This needs revision, but I don't understand the reference and so will leave it to someone else. –Roy McCoy (talk) 18:53, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Probably referring to the movie The Lion King 1½, though I'm not sure if it actually appears in the film. Lord Beesus (talk) 10:52, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It is, though I don't think it's really notable - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MwcjYKe4-M&t=43s. If we were to just name movies in which the Can Can appears, the list would be hundreds long. Lord Beesus (talk) 10:29, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Can-can


text:
Hali

Hali may refer to:

 * Hali I of the Maldives (died 1268), Sultan of Maldives from 1266 to 1268
 * Hali II of the Maldives (died 1288), Sultan of Maldives from 1278 to 1288
 * a medieval Latinisation of Arabic Ali (also Haly)
 * Haly Abenragel, commonly known as Hali or Hali the Arabian
 * Haly Abenrudian, sometimes referred to as Hali
 * Maulana Hali, the Urdu poet
 * Tamba Hali (born 1983), American football player
 * Tyrese Haliburton (born 2000), American basketball player
 * the modern Turkish word for carpet
 * Lake Hali, the fictional lake beside Carcosa
 * Hali, the name of a lake in Marion Zimmer Bradley's Darkover series
 * a slang term for Halifax, Nova Scotia

title: Hali