text:
Greater New Haven

Greater New Haven is the metropolitan area whose extent includes those towns in the U.S. state of Connecticut that share an economic, social, political, and historical focus on the city of New Haven. It occupies the south-central portion of the state, in a radius around New Haven.

The region is known for its educational and economic connections to Yale University, oceanside recreation and the beach-community feel of the shoreline towns east of New Haven, and the trap rock landscapes stretching north from New Haven.

The New Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is the set of municipalities containing the contiguous urbanized area centered on the city of New Haven. The MSA consists of the entirety of New Haven County with 27 towns. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the New Haven MSA had a population of 861,113 in 2011. The New Haven MSA is also included in the wider region known as the New York Tri-State Area.

Definitions
There are several official definitions of Greater New Haven. There are 15 municipalities that are included in all definitions. These are:
 * Bethany
 * Branford
 * East Haven
 * Guilford
 * Hamden
 * Madison
 * Meriden
 * Milford
 * New Haven (central city)
 * North Branford
 * North Haven
 * Orange
 * Wallingford
 * West Haven
 * Woodbridge

New Haven Service Delivery Area
A service delivery area is a geographical area within which employment and training services are provided under the Job Training Partnership Act. This definition contains 14 towns, with the town of Clinton added to the thirteen listed above.

South Central Region
The South Central Region is an officially designated region of Connecticut administered by a regional council of governments. The regional council carries out land use, infrastructure, and long-term economic planning for the member towns. This definition contains 15 towns and includes the towns/cities of Meriden and Milford, in addition to those listed above.

New Haven Labor Market Area
A labor market area, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, is an economically integrated area within which individuals can reside and find employment within a reasonable distance or can readily change employment without changing their place of residence. This definition contains 17 towns including the towns of Cheshire, Clinton, Killingworth, and Meriden.

New England City and Town Area
The New Haven NECTA is the set of towns containing the contiguous urbanized area centered on the city of New Haven, plus additional outlying towns that have a sufficient number of people commuting into the central towns. This definition includes 23 towns, adding the following ten towns: Chester, Cheshire, Clinton, Deep River, Durham, Essex, Killingworth, Meriden, Middlefield, Old Saybrook, and Westbrook. This definition includes a significant portion of the Lower Connecticut River Valley, which is not usually included in local definitions of Greater New Haven. As of the 2000 Census, the NECTA had a population of 571,310.

Metropolitan Statistical Area
The New Haven MSA is the set of counties containing the contiguous urbanized area centered on the city of New Haven. The MSA consists of the entirety of New Haven County with 27 towns. This definition, while consistent with national definitions of metropolitan areas, includes the city of Waterbury and its southern and eastern suburbs, which are not usually included in local definitions of Greater New Haven. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the New Haven MSA had a population of 846,766 as of 2005. The New Haven MSA was included in the New York–Newark–Bridgeport Combined Statistical Area until 2023 when it was added to and became a major part of the New Haven–Hartford–Waterbury, CT CSA.

Rail
New Haven Union Station serves as the central point of rail service in Greater New Haven.

Metro North's New Haven Line serves New Haven State St and New Haven Union Station in downtown New Haven, West Haven as well as Milford.

Shore Line East serves both New Haven stations plus Branford, Guilford, Madison, Clinton and Westbrook in the region, with service to Old Saybrook and New London as well as limited service to west of New Haven.

Both of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor services go through New Haven Union Station; most Acela Express and all Northeast Regional trains stop. Additionally, Amtrak's New Haven–Springfield Shuttle offers local service to Springfield, which is supplemented by the Hartford Line commuter service.

Bus
CTTransit serves the Greater New Haven area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greater New Haven


text:
Methil

Methil (Meadhchill) is an eastern coastal town in Scotland. It was first recorded as "Methkil" in 1207, and belonged to the Bishop of St Andrews. Two Bronze Age cemeteries have been discovered which date the settlement as over 8,000 years old. Famous for its High Street that used to have the most pubs per mile in Scotland, it was part of its own barony in 1614 and also part of the former burgh of Buckhaven and Methil. This burgh existed between 1891 and 1975 (following the reorganisation of local government). It is situated within a continuous urban area described as Levenmouth.

Methil lies geographically between Largo Bay to the east and Wemyss Bay to the west. Previously an industrial maritime powerhouse of the region and once Scotland's greatest coal port, it is now redirecting itself towards a green energy future. The River Leven delineates Methil from adjacent towns.

Toponymy
The name, Methil, is from Scottish Gaelic, and appears to derive from meadh(on) meaning 'middle' and cill meaning 'church'.

Initially centred on the medieval church on the River Leven, the centre moved to a burgh and port in the seventeenth century known also as "Methilltoune" (1670) and "Methilburgh" (1795), with the alternative name of "Innerleven". William Roy's Map of Scotland refers to the town as "Methill Pans", a reference to the salt industry, with Inverleven indicated as a separate settlement. The town is sometimes referred to locally as The Methil.

Overview

Prior to the Reformation when Methil was absorbed into the Parish of Wemyss, it was an independent parish centred around a church situated inland of what is now Methilmill Cemetery. In the 17th century, it developed as a coastal village, first with a tidal harbour, thereafter expanding considerably at the start of the 20th century due to a boom in coal mining.

From 1920 the development of (mainly) council housing caused the town to expand inland to meet up with the formerly separate village of Methilhill and reach the boundaries of Methilmill Cemetery and the site of the ancient parish church.

Historically, the main industry in the area was coal mining, with most of the coal exported through Methil Docks, which exported over 3,000,000 tons per year between the WW1 and WW2. A related development was Methil Power Station (1960), which was sited at the mouth of the River Leven. It was eventually demolished in 2011. This power station used colliery slurry, which would otherwise have gone to waste.

Nearby is the new Bayview Stadium, home to East Fife Football Club, previously located more centrally in the town at the corner of Wellesley and Kirkland Roads.

Facilities
Methil Docks was particularly significant during World War II for the movement of coal and other resources. The docks had a hydro electric power station serving the distinctive coal hoists, all of which were once local landmarks. The town was traversed by several railways linking the local collieries to the docks, one of which crossed the High Street on an overbridge. After the post-war nationalisation of the railways, the coal mines and the docks continued to be linked by the Wemyss Private Railway as well as by British Railways (which had replaced the LNER and the North British Railway).

Work is ongoing to reopen the railway line from Thornton Junction, which would arguably help both trade and improve public transport, including tourism for the whole area. It is scheduled to be open for traffic in spring 2024. The "Hydrogen Office" based in the docks aims to demonstrate the benefits of improved energy efficiency and renewable and hydrogen energy systems.

Kirkland High School and Community College was a secondary education and combined education college. It was amalgamated with Buckhaven High School in August 2016 to form Levenmouth Academy, both of the older schools being demolished immediately thereafter. Primary schools in the area include Denbeath Primary, Aberhill Primary ('listed' as of architectural/historical interest and long outliving the 1950s and 1960s secondary school buildings) and Methilhill Primary.

Local politics is controlled by Fife Council although there is interest being shown by some people in redeveloping more locally centred councils. Methilhill had a Community Council for a period of time, although it is not currently active.

There is a committee of Fife councillors elected to represent the area described by Fife Council as "Levenmouth" (which includes Methil and other nearby towns – although the description "Levenmouth" does not have a historical or otherwise substantive reason or purpose as a nomenclature, it does provide for political expediency and accords favourably with current local civil service ease of operation).

title: Methil


text:
Talk:The Haunted Mansion

Description
The description of the ride is way to long and detailed. There are several spots that get confusing. Also it takes the joy out of the ride for people who have not ever been on it before. It focuses on the ride at Magic Kingdom way more the ride at the other locations. The whole article focuses more on the description of the ride than anything else. Its like a fan of the ride wrote the article and threw in other points to make a full article. Hartleln (talk) 21:30, 30 October 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hartleln (talk • contribs) 21:28, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Changes to come
As a heads up I plan to delete a large portion of the Disneyland heading. Focusing mainly on getting rid of the description, something others have also mentioned deleting. I also plan to change the wording in parts a little and add a few more details here and there. Hartleln (talk) 21:30, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The last thing this article needs is more detail, particularly in the "Attraction" section. It's describing a ride that lasts only a few minutes but it is longer than the plot descriptions for most two-hour movies. Jeh (talk) 13:11, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing you haven't been through the attraction? It's famous for its detail. – AndyFielding (talk) 10:06, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

Worlds Largest Passenger Elevator
Although I can’t find many references of it online, the stretching room should be considered the worlds largest passenger elevator. It has a capacity of 90 people when descending. That’s larger than the capacity and volume of the Umeda Hankyu Building elevator in Japan. I would like to add it somewhere in the article, but I don’t have a citation. Techdude3331 (talk) 18:55, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:53, 15 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Phantom Manor (WwhJ).jpg

Attraction Summary
Please fix the Disneyland attraction Haunted Mansion summary and revert it to how it was before. It is too short and doesn’t include enough info 47.150.217.249 (talk) 16:41, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * It includes a short summary of the most notable information about the ride, which is all that's needed. Having a detailed recap which can be seen as a "recreation" of the ride experience is not what we're about. Please see WP:INDISCRIMINATE, WP:DERIVATIVE, and MOS:PLOT for more information. Just Another Cringy Username (talk) 18:53, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 31 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus not to move to the proposed title of Haunted Mansion. The alternate proposed title of Haunted Mansion (attraction) was mostly undiscussed in the RM. (non-admin closure) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 15:59, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

The Haunted Mansion → Haunted Mansion – Requesting consensus. In sourcing and the article itself, the attraction is referred to as just the "Haunted Mansion" rather than "The Haunted Mansion". The inclusion of "The" needlessly complicates the system of redirects, as Haunted Mansion currently redirects to The Haunted Mansion as the original title. That was confusing, so I can try and clarify if needed. Alternatively, we could disambiguate the title to say "Haunted Mansion (attraction) or something along those lines. Please also consider the links at Haunted Mansion (disambiguation) to see some of the confusion. Thank you. TNstingray (talk) 21:30, 31 January 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. ASUKITE  18:18, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Haunted Mansion (disambiguation) page should be moved to Haunted Mansion. Rreagan007 (talk) 00:36, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm going to relist this to give a little more time for somebody to respond to TNstingray's latest comment, but I have swapped those two pages per WP:MALPLACED in the meantime. ASUKITE  18:18, 9 February 2023 (UTC) Scratch that, acted a bit prematurely. Keeping the relist for now, maybe later I can take a closer look at some of the redirect issues noted below and see if I have an opinion. ASUKITE  18:22, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose – A case can be made not to use the official name if sources overwhelmingly omit the "The" (or if other good reasons are given), but official signage for the ride clearly states "The Haunted Mansion" as seen here. --GoneIn60 (talk) 03:37, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment – To further elaborate about links and redirects, approximately 502 pages link to this page (The Haunted Mansion). Approximately 134 pages link to the page Haunted Mansion (disambiguation), 132 of those indirectly via redirects. Said redirects include Haunted Mansion, Haunted mansion, Haunted Mansion (film), Haunted Manison, and Haunted mansion (disambiguation). And there's many more links to films and other assorted subjects. Most people will simply link to something along the lines of "Haunted Mansion" without the "The..." and without checking all of these redirects and disambig pages. If I need to amend my original proposal to instead disambiguate this title to "The Haunted Mansion (attraction)" or "Haunted Mansion (attraction)", we can discuss that as well. Right now though, this appears to be a mess. TNstingray (talk) 19:44, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It appears that the redirect was recently changed to point to the disambig page. While that may satisfy the concern you raised, I don't think that's the right move. When someone is attempting to link to "Haunted Mansion", they're most likely targeting the ride or the film, both of which get hundreds of daily views. The 2003 film is peaking right now simply because the upcoming 2023 film remake is generating a lot of buzz. Over a longer period of time, the ride easily gets more views, and it should be both the primary topic and the primary target of that redirect.Digging into the numbers, there are 506 links to "The Haunted Mansion" and only 15 links to "Haunted Mansion", almost all of which exist in the Talk namespace. I don't see a problem here, as it appears editors know to include "The" in their link. --GoneIn60 (talk) 04:46, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose as proposed. May support Haunted mansion (attraction), but I haven't put a lot of thought into it. My thoughts are all over the place, so please forgive the length and mess. There are two questions:
 * a) what are the rides (or what is the class of rides) at the various Disney parks called?
 * "Haunted Mansion", probably. DuckDuckGo does not yield as many independent reliable sources as I'd prefer for ghost disney ride. First are the official Disney pages. Though Wikipedia focuses on independent sources in determining WP:COMMONNAME, the official names are a good starting point. The Disney World ride page title has "The", but the Disneyland ride page title does not. Bustle seems to follow suit, but like other sources (Collider, Insider, Mental Floss), uses "the" (lowercase) whenever idiomatically appropriate. As a loose analogy, this does seem less like a Writing for The New York Times, Smith said... and more like Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Johnson said..., where journalists (?) generally do not consider "the" part of the ride name.
 * b) when someone types "Haunted Mansion", what are they usually looking for?
 * DuckDuckGo results are not conclusive (the NOT filter rarely works for me for some reason, so please excuse the enwp pages among the results). The base name should probably house the dab, then. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 04:22, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Uncited content
There was a lot of uncited content in this article, with some uncited tags going back a year, prompting others to add uncited content.

I removed the uncited content here, which ended up being much more than I expected. See WP:REF. If someone would like to expand the article for these topics, that would be great!–CaroleHenson (talk) 17:47, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Missed this from Popular culture.–CaroleHenson (talk) 17:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , yes from the surface of things, most of that is uncited and would need proper referencing. However, one area where it may not is the description of the ride experience (i.e. walking through the line queue, riding the ride, etc.), which is equivalent to writing a plot summary for a book or film. However, given the fact that so much was added, I'm sure a lot of it was UNDUE. Thanks for keeping an eye out, and if I have any time to circle back to this article, I'll try to sift through those edits and see if any of it can be retained. --GoneIn60 (talk) 18:23, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your input . If you want, when you are ready to work on finding sources for the uncited content, ping me and I will help out. It's a little off-track for me right now, but if I have help, I will pitch in.–CaroleHenson (talk) 18:39, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Haunted Mansion


text:
Atolls of the Maldives

The Maldives are formed by 20 natural atolls, along with a few islands and isolated reefs today which form a pattern stretching from 7 degrees 10′ North to 0 degrees 45′ South. The largest of these atolls is Boduthiladhunmathi, while the atoll containing the most islands is Huvadhu.

Some atolls are in the form of a number of islands by time and in the form of isolated reefs, which could be classified as smaller atoll formations. All land above the surface in the Maldives is of coralline origin. The atolls of the Maldives form a quite regular chain and, especially in the northern and central atolls, an arrayed structure is apparent. There are broad and deep channels between some atolls. The origin of the word "atoll" itself is in the language of the Maldives. "Atoll" (from atholhu) is now used in many languages worldwide.

Traditionally, Maldivians call the atolls ending in '-madulu' or '-mathi' by their name without adding the word "Atoll" at the end. For example, it is correct to write simply Kolhumadulhu, without adding the word 'Atholhu' at the end. This is also the case in the atoll known as Faadhippolhu.

The atolls of the Maldives are very complex structures and were formerly very dangerous for navigators. In 1834–1836, British captain Robert Moresby undertook the laborious and difficult cartography of the Maldives, drawing the first accurate maritime charts of this complicated Indian Ocean atoll group.

These Admiralty charts were printed as three separate large maps by the Hydrographic Service of the Royal Navy. Although they contain a few errors, Moresby's charts were so good that they were favoured by Maldivian pilots navigating through the treacherous waters of their atolls until the 1990s.

Nowadays there are more accurate maps of the Maldives based on satellite surveys. However, Maldivian navigators still claim that Captain Moresby's charts provide a wealth of data that the modern maps do not give. At the time that they were drawn, the maps of the Maldives were deemed of such high quality that they were inspected personally by Queen Victoria. Even today in some atolls, the modern day marine GPS can be inaccurate. The GPS mapping may indicate reef where it does not exist and does not show other reefs where they are located.

Owing to the many beautiful diving grounds of the numerous atolls of the Maldives, this country has been marketed as a prime destination for scuba divers worldwide. Hence, during the last couple of decades many guides and maps of the best diving spots have been published and some of them are very accurate and give a wide array of useful hints.

The Atolls
The list below are the names of the geographical or natural atolls and single islands of the Maldives archipelago, going from north to south, together with a brief description. Included in the description are the administrative divisions which they belong to.

Ihavandhippolhu
Ihavandhippolhu Atoll is the northernmost atoll in the Maldives,It is a small natural atoll 22 km in length.

It has 25 islands lying all around the boundary reef. One long barrier reef forms the western side of the atoll. There are several coral patches in the lagoon and the general depth in the centre is 20 to 30 fathoms (35 to 55 m).

Ihavandhippolhu is bounded in the north by the broad channel known as Māmalē Kandu (or Maliku Kandu) which separates the islands of Maldives from those belonging to India.

Administratively, Ihavandhippolhu belongs to the North Thiladhunmathi (Haa Alifu) Atoll administrative division which also includes the northernmost portion of the Thiladhunmathi natural atoll.

Thiladhunmathi
Boduthiladhunmathi Atoll (Tiladummati in the Admiralty Charts) is the largest of the Maldives atolls and the world's largest atoll (not taking into account the mostly submerged Great Chagos Bank and Saya de Malha Bank). It is very open, a typical atoll without a clearly delimited lagoon.

It is a huge atoll stretching SSW for 76 km and contains nearly forty islands generally of a fair size. Kelaa, a large island forms a prominent point in the NE of this atoll.

The western boundary has fewer islands but more isolated reefs or micro-atolls (called faru in Maldivian), with wide passages between them. The German explorer Hans Hass observed the formation of this phenomenon called "micro-atoll" by Porites corals in the Maldives. Its lagoon has few shoals but many large faru, often topped with islands. The average depth is from 18 to 24 fathoms (33 m to 44 m).

The Miladhunmadulu group is also naturally a part of Thiladhunmati Atoll, comprising the southern half of the atoll. The length of this part of the atoll is 81 km and it contains 101 islands.

The general depth of the centre of this part is 20 to 25 fathoms (37 m to 46 m) and the bottom is sandy. Along its western edges there are not many islands but more detached reefs with shallow lagoons (called vilu in Maldivian) which seldom exceed 10 fathoms (18 m) in depth.

Administratively, Thiladhunmathi Atoll together with the Miladhunmadulu group are divided among four administrative divisions, namely North Thiladhunmathi (Haa Alifu) Atoll, South Thiladhunmathi (Haa Dhaalu) Atoll, North Miladhunmadulu (Shaviyani) Atoll and South Miladhunmadulu (Noonu) Atoll.

Maamakunudhoo
Māmakunudhoo Atoll or Makunudhoo (Malcolm Atoll in the Admiralty Chart) is the westernmost atoll in the Maldives. A large reef with lagoon, 27 km long with and average breadth of 5 km. It has only one inhabited island, Makunudhoo and three other islands (namely Innafushi, Fenboahuraa and Dhipparufushi) and it lies 15 km west of the NW part of the Miladhummadulhu group. It is said to have been unknown to non-Maldivians previous to the 1834-36 survey of the Maldives. According to the locals, many ships have been lost on its barren reefs with crew, cargo and all. These include the Persia Merchant (August, 1658), Hayston (July, 1891), George Reid (September, 1872) and many more. Owing to the violence of the surf and the perpendicular sides of the reef scarcely a vestige of the wreck remains after a few hours. The lagoon is quite deep but it is full of coral patches.

Etthingili Alifushi Atoll
Etthingili Alifushi Atoll consists of two islands, Alifushi and Etthingili (also known as Kalhifushi), known as 'The Powell Islands' in the Admiralty Chart. The islands stand on a detached reef of their own with very deep waters (no sounding) between this reef and the northern end of the main Atoll. The length of this atoll is 2 mi with a width of 1 mi. Today, of the two islands, only Alifushi is inhabited.

Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi

Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (Northern Maalhosmadulu Atoll) is 71 km in length from N to S, and 26 km across at its broadest part. Its western fringe is composed of a series of round or oval reefs (farus) irregularly placed (a feature peculiar to all the larger Northern Atolls). The centre is heavily dotted with coral patches (giri), some submerged and some awash. The concentration of giri is especially dense towards its SW quarter, close to Kandholhudhoo Island (where there is the place most crowded with small reefs and shoals in the whole Maldives), but its narrower northern end is quite clear of reefs. The general depths of the lagoon are from 23 to 27 fathoms (42 to 49 m).

Fasdhūetherē (Fasdhūtherē)
Fasdhūtherē Atoll. Sandwiched between two atolls, the northern part of South Maalhosmadulu forms a clearly delimited, roughly triangular, natural atoll without a distinctive name (Fasdhūtherē merely means 'between five islands'). It is 22 km in length from east to west. It has 11 islands with the only inhabited island being Kudarikilu Island on its SE corner just opposite Landaa Giraavaru Island of Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll. Its lagoon becomes narrower towards the west and its average depth is 19 fathoms (35 m). It is separated from North Maalhosmadulhu by a deep channel (known as Moresby Channel in the Admiralty Chart and Hani Kandu locally) and from the southern part of Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll by the narrow Geydhoshu Kandu (also known as Ge'aa'badhigedheytherey Kandu) running from east to west.

Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (Southern Maalhosmadulu Atoll) has many large farus on its western side. Its maximum length is 48 km. The inner lagoons (vilu) present an idyllic view. The depth of their waters is not more than a few meters, with perhaps a few coral heads awash. Its eastern fringe is a succession of separate, quite regular, oval reefs with some islands. The interior of the lagoon has also large faru towards its southern half. The average depth is from 24 to 27 fathoms (44 to 49 m).

Goidhu Atoll
Goidhu Atoll or Goifulhafehendhu Atoll ( 'Horsburgh Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) is separated from South Maalhosmadulhu by a 10 km channel. This atoll is oval in shape and small, its greatest length being 15.5 km. It is composed of 7 islands, 3 of which are inhabited. The inner lagoon has a depth of 17 to 20 fathoms (31 to 37 m); it has a sandy bottom mixed with mud and clay. Unlike the lagoons of most small atolls of the Maldives, this lagoon is free from coral heads in its centre.

Faadhippolhu
Faadhippolhu Atoll (better known as Lhaviyani Atoll) is a smaller atoll with a well-defined barrier reef to the east, on which the NE monsoon (iruvai) breaks with violence. Its western side has farus and reef patches. There are about 52 islands, of which only 5 are inhabited. The lagoon is fairly open and its general depths are from 25 to 30 fathoms (about 50 m). Its bottom is sandy and there are a number of coral patches and sunken reefs dotting it, except for the south-eastern side.

Kaashidhu Atoll
Kaashidhu Atoll, lies towards the eastern end of the channel to which it gives its name ('Kardiva Channel' in the Admiralty Chart). This atoll had two islands namely Kaashidhoo and Kaashidhoo Huraa from which only Kaashidhoo exists today. Kaashidhoo is surrounded by deep waters and there is generally heavy surf all around. The Atoll has an oval-shaped lagoon (vilu) with a narrow fringing reef on its NW side.

Gahaafaru (Gaafaru) Atoll
Gahaafaru Atoll also known as Gaafaru Atoll or Gaafarufalhu is a small atoll at the eastern end of a large elliptical reef that has proved disastrous to many vessels with the wrecks of Aracan (1873), SS Seagull (1879), Clan Alpine (1879), Erlangen (1894), Crusader (1905) and Lady Cristine (1974). 15 km long and 8.5 km wide Gaafaru reef is as much a separate atoll as Goidu or Rasdhu which are similar in structure and size. It is separated from Malé Atoll by a narrow but deep Gaafaru Kandu channel. Its lagoon has an average depth of 16 fathoms and has no coral patches or shoals in its centre.

Male'atholhu Uthuruburi
Male'atholhu Uthuruburi also known as North Malé Atoll is of irregular shape. It is 58 km long and contains about 50 islands (including the capital Malé). There are also sandbanks, coral patches, innumerable farus and submerged shoals (called "haa" in Dhivehi). The general depths of the interior are between 25 and 35 fathoms (46 to 64 m). The bottom is sandy. There are numerous passages on all sides. Seen from space it is considered one of the most beautiful atolls on the planet.

Male'atholhu Dhekunuburi
Male'atholhu Dhekunuburi also known as South Malé Atoll is separated from North Malé Atoll by a deep channel (Vaadhu Kandu). Oblong in shape, this atoll is 35 km in length. It contains 22 islands, all except for 5 are situated in its eastern fringes. Inside this atoll there are also many reefs and little coral patches which make navigation difficult. The general depths of the lagoon are from 25 to 32 fathoms (46 to 59 m), sandy bottom. South of the atoll lies the deep Fulidhoo Kandu.

Thoddu Atoll
Thoddu Atoll is a solitary round-shaped atoll located in deep waters at the western entrance of the Kardiva Channel. Its reef is steep and it lacks a lagoon.

Rasdhu Atoll
Rasdhu Atoll also known as Rasdhukuramathi Atoll ('Ross Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) is a small atoll with an almost round lagoon. It is located almost 8 km from the NE point of Ari Atoll. The northern and western sides are one continuous barrier reef, and the eastern side is another. The 7 km lagoon has soundings from 15 to 20 fathoms (27 to 37 m) and abounds in detached coral patches.

Ari Atoll
Ari Atoll is the second westernmost atoll of the Maldives, only after Maamakunudhoo Atoll. It is oblong in shape, 89 km in length by only 31 km in breadth. It contains some 50 islands, generally small, which lie mainly along its eastern fringe. Its features are intermediate between Maalhosmadulhu and North Malé atolls. Except for a small barrier reef in its southern end, it is shaped by a succession of large, separate oval reefs, like the large atolls in the North, with a clear rim of large faru to the east. In the interior the general soundings are 30 to 40 fathoms (55 to 73 m), with mud and sand. In places its lagoon contains small reef-patches, but it is generally dotted with many large coral reefs, some of which remain submerged even at low tide.

Felidhe Atoll
Felidhe Atoll has a very irregular outline; it is surrounded by continuous barrier reefs, or by small patches with vilu separated by narrow passages. Felidhu Atoll has only 10 islands even though it is quite large. The Atoll’s western “horn” is devo westernmost point of this atoll (Fussaru) are dangerous for local navigation. Many ships plying along the route between Malé and the Southern Atolls, have been lost in these treacherous reefs. The distance between both points is 57 km. The inner lagoon is open with few reefs or shoals. Its general depth is of 40 fathoms (73 m); hard bottom of sand. The Atoll is also home the eastern most island and point of the Maldives.

Vattaru Atoll (Falhu)
Vattaru Atoll (Falhu) is an egg-shaped reef or small atoll about 8.5 km in length. It has only one small uninhabited bushy islet close to its only entrance in the south. The depth of its inner lagoon is between 12 and 20 fathoms (22 to 37 m) and its bottom is sandy.

Mulaku Atoll
Mulaku Atoll is a very shut-in atoll with an open lagoon surrounded by barrier reefs which are remarkably straight and broad in its western fringe. It is separated from the other Maldive atolls by the channels Vattaru Kandu in the north, Kudahuvadhoo Kandu in the south and the Hatharu-Atholhu Medu Kandu in the west. Mulaku Atoll is 48 km long and contains 21 islands, which lie mostly on its SE quarter. The shoals inside the lagoon are generally smaller than in the Northern atolls. There are many coral patches and the depth of the water varies from 28 to 40 fathoms (51 to 73 m); sandy bottom.

Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi (Northern Nilandhe Atoll) is 29 km long. It forms a perfect semicircle on the east, but its western side is rather indented. There are not many islands on its fringes. In the interior of its lagoon there are four islands and several large farus, dry at low tide. The average depth of its lagoon is 25 to 35 fathoms (55 to 64 m). The atoll is separated from Ari Atoll by the channel known as Ariadhoo Kandu.

Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi (Southern Nilandhe Atoll) is separated from Northern Nilandhe Atoll by a 6 km channel. It is larger than its northern neighbor, with a length of 38 km. It is separated from its northern sister atoll by the narrow channel called the Dheburudheetheree Kandu. Its shape is slightly oval, with some barrier reefs that are quite straight in the eastern fringe. There are 21 islands, but only two or three are on its western side. The lagoon is comparatively open, with few, but relatively greater farus as well as a few small coral patches or shoals (giri); average depth 27 to 35 fathoms (49 to 64 m), muddy bottom.

Kolhumadulu
The eastern and western rows of atolls that form Central Maldives end in Kolhumadulu Atoll south of the channel Kudahuvadhoo Kandu. It is mostly rimmed by barrier reefs which are topped by islands or deep pools (vilu). There are many islands along its southern boundary. Owing to its typical atoll shape, it differs in no respect from atolls in the Pacific Ocean, save for its greater size. The length of Kolhumadulhu Atoll is 51 km. The lagoon is comparatively open, although it is studded with numerous small coral patches or shoals which are awash at low tide. The general depth is from 32 to 42 fathoms (59 to 77 m) and it is mud-bottomed at the centre. South of the atoll lies the deep Veymandoo Kandu channel which separates it from the Hadhdhunmathee Atoll.

Haddhunmathi
Haddhunmathi Atoll ( 'Haddummati' in the Admiralty Chart) is regular in shape and 48 km in length. Excepting for the projection of the reef at its NE corner (Isdhū Muli), it closely resembles Kolhumadulhu. Its reefs are generally of little breadth, with no signs of vilu, except for its eastern fringes which are covered with islands that are quite large by Maldive standards. The lagoon is comparatively open, containing scattered shoal patches and no emerged islands; the bottom is muddy and the average depth is from 30 to 34 fathoms (55 to 62 m).

Medhuthila Atoll
Medhuthila atoll is speculated to be a newly forming atoll of the Maldives between Haddhunmathi and Huvadhoo Atoll. There is not much research done about the atoll, except for it has 1 island.

Huvadhoo Atoll
Huvadhoo Atoll ( 'Huvadu Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) measures 79 km from north to south, embracing an area of about 2,900 square km. Huvadhu Atoll is fringed by a well-defined and almost continuous rim-reef. The exterior islands, formed in general of coral boulders on their seaward side (futtaru) and sand on the reef’s inner face (etherevaru), are string along the east, south and SW sides of the atoll. There are over 230 islands with 30 sandy islands in the centre of its lagoon, more than any other atoll of the Maldives. The 32 km stretch between the channels of Kaadedhoo Kandu and Fiyoaree Kandu alone has 77 islands, only 5 being inhabited and many unnamed. The atoll's lagoon is open and very free from reef patches, although some precipitous shoals approach the surface. The lagoon bottom is covered with sand and has a maximum depth of 50 fathoms (91 m), being on average deeper than any other lagoon of the Maldive Atolls. It is a relatively isolated atoll with the 97 km Huvadhoo Kandu (Suvadiva Channel) to the north and the 49 km Addoo Kandu (South Equatorial Channel) to the south. This is the worlds 3rd largest atoll. Geographically from the number of islands and from the area this atoll is known as the world biggest atoll.

Fuvahmulah
Fuvahmulah ('Fua Mulaku' in the Admiralty Chart) is a large single island (by itself a small detached atoll) which lies in the Equatorial Channel. In the distant past Fuvahmulah was a small coral atoll whose southern end was open at a spot called Diyarehifaando and the inside of the island was a saltwater lagoon forming a natural harbour. There is a spot in the southern end known as a Kudhuheraivali (the forest of the small islet), which indicates that there was a separate little island in that area in ancient times. But long ago the channel connecting the lagoon with the ocean was closed by massive coral boulders. Thus the inside of the island is lower than its edges. In time the inner lagoon lost its saltiness and all that remains today are two small lakes, wetlands and marshy taro fields. Therefore, Fuvahmulah is a small Atoll that closed and filled in with silt, like Nukutavake in the Central Pacific.

Addu Atoll

Addu Atoll marks the southern end of the Maldive archipelago. Addu Atoll is 21 km long and it is fringed by broad barrier reefs with large islands on its eastern and western sides. Its lagoon has no islands and is relatively open with few shoals in its centre, but having mazes of coral patches close to the NW and NE corners of its encircling reefs in 7 to 10 fathoms (13 to 18 m) of water. The general depths vary from 20 to 25 fathoms (37 to 46 m), with mud and sand at the bottom.

The distance from Addu Atoll to the closest island in the Chagos Archipelago (Île Yeye, Peros Banhos Atoll) is about 520 km, with nothing but deep ocean in between them.

Note: Further south Haddhummati in the middle of the vast emptiness of the Huvadu Channel there is a small bank known as Medutila (also called Derahaa). This place is the peak of a submarine mountain, and perhaps an atoll in the process of formation. This bank is very difficult to spot for at its shallowest point there is a depth of 6 fathoms (11 m). It looks like a paler blue patch surrounded by huge expanses of the deepest ocean. There, no island can be seen in the horizon for many dozens of miles.

Etymology of atoll names
The names of the natural atolls of the Maldives are the names given to them by the first settlers of the country or the names derived from these. The atolls are usually named after islands that belong to the atoll and perhaps those that were the first sites of settlements in each atoll, or the main island of each atoll. The etymology of the names of the atolls can be traced as follows.
 * Ihavandhippolhu Atoll- after the island of Ihavandhoo in the south east of the atoll.
 * Thiladhunmati- after the island of Thiladhoo (now part of Dhiddhoo island).
 * Māmakunudhoo- the major (mā) division to which the island of Makunudhoo belong to.
 * Miladummadulu- after the island of Milandhoo on the eastern fringes of the atoll.
 * Faadhippolhu- after Faadhoo island. Traditionally the name was Faadu Bur (that is, a complete circle from Fadhoo back to Faadhoo).
 * The Maalhosmadulu Atolls- after the island of Maalhos, now in the southern atoll.
 * Fasdhūtherē Atoll- literally means ‘what lies between the five islands’.
 * Goifulhafehendhu Atoll- amalgamation of the names of the three inhabited islands of the atoll, Goidhoo, Fulhadhoo and Fehendhoo.
 * The Male’ Atolls- after the island of Male’, the capital of the Maldives since 1117.
 * Ari Atoll- after Ariadhoo island, an important historic religious centre of the Maldives in the pre-Islamic era.
 * Rasdhukuramathi Atoll- amalgamation of the names of the two largest islands of the atoll, Rasdhoo and Kuramathi.
 * Felidhu Atoll- after the island of Felidhoo, the capital of the atoll.
 * Mulaku Atoll- after the island of Boli Mulah, an important historic centre of the Maldives.
 * The Nilandhe Atolls- after the island of Nilandhoo, now in the northern atoll and was an important historic religious centre of the Maldives in the pre-Islamic era.
 * Kolhumadulu- meaning atoll at the end (kolhu) in reference to the end of the east-west divide of the Maldives Atolls between Kaashidhoo Kandu and Kudahuvadhoo Kandu.
 * Haddhunmathi- from Ihadhunmathi meaning the first seen (iha'dhuh) part (mathi) or after the island of Ihadhoo (first island) that was located east of Isdhoo; this is believed to be the first region of the archipelago that was settled by the ancient Dheyvis people.
 * Huvadhu Atoll- after the island of Keyhuvadhoo which was located between Hoandedhoo and the island of Hunigondiréhaa (few remains of the settlement such as coral wells can be seen on what is now a reef). The name Huvadhu itself means ‘the forbidden place’.
 * Fuvahmulah- Areca nut (Fuvah in the local language) is a major product of this atoll or island in vast quantities from ancient times. The original name of the island could have simply been Mulah, but was called Fuvahmulah (the Mulah (island) of the arecanut palms) to distinguish it from Boli Mulah - another important island in ancient Maldives.
 * Addu Atoll- after the island of Addu which was located south of Gan. The island of Addu was dredged off by the British in 1959 to construct the Gan airfield.

The few atoll names on the Admitralty charts that differ from their local Dhivehi names (namely Malcolm Atoll, Horsburg Atoll and Ross Atoll) were named by Robert Moresby in honor of famous commanders and officers of the British Empire, after the Moresby Cartographic Survey (1834–1836) of the Maldive Islands.

Channels
There are broad channels between the atolls known locally as kandu. These were important for ancient mariners plying along the spice route trying to bypass the long atoll chains without harm. The most important ones were the Maliku Kandu, the Kardiva Channel and the Suvadiva Channel.

There are other types of channel in the atolls. One is the channel into the atoll's lagoon and the other is the passage on top of the reef into the vilu. These are very important for Maldivian sailors.

Island environment
The islands in the atolls of the Maldives rest on the shelf provided by the reefs. Many reefs have no islands at all, but all islands in the Maldives have an underlying coralline reef. Usually islands are flat and sandy. Often there is a rocky bottom made up of a coral rock conglomerate underneath the island proper. Some islands are long and sandy while others have a rounder shape. The round islands often are lower in the centre, sometimes having a muddy or marshy spot.

Islands may disappear when the currents on the reef change. Maldivians call this phenomenon of erosion giramun dhiyun. New islands also may appear, beginning as sandbanks or coral gravel heaps at another location of the reef (a phenomenon that is known among Maldivians as vodemun dhiyun). Therefore, in the Maldives, islands are constantly eroding and constantly being formed. Human action, in the form of jetties or the dredging of channels on the reef, may change the pattern of currents on the reef and accelerate erosion.

The atolls in Maldives are often separated from each other by vast expanses of the deepest ocean; but despite the great distances, the daily life of Maldivians in the individual inhabited islands shows very few differences all along the length of the atoll chain.

Except for the capital, Malé (pop. 90,000), the environment in most islands is dominated by practically the same small number of ingredients: trees of a few types, low houses with small yards, the waterside always close at hand and almost no dramatic variations in the landscape. The Maldives has about 200 inhabited islands. The typical population is about 300 inhabitants per island, distributed in about fifty households.

Neighboring island groups
The Maldive atolls are part of the long submerged mountain range that extends from the Laccadives, or Lakshadweep, in the north, to the Chagos in the south. Northern Maldivians used to often visit Maliku, Minicoy Island, before the 1960s when it was allowed for them to do so. In fact, Minicoy was called 'Avatteri Maliku', which means 'neighbor Maliku'. But even Northern Maldivians knew little about the Laccadive islands further north.

The Laccadives are different in structure from the Maldives. The most conspicuous fact is the absence of large atolls and the low density of reef and island structures. Most reefs have only one island on them.

In the south of Maldives the Chagos Archipelago is known as Hollhavai (Fōlhavahi in official Divehi). But even in these remote and strongly oceanic Southern Maldive atolls, knowledge about their neighboring island group is only vague and fragmentary. The Chagos group is a combination of different coralline structures. Unlike in the Maldives there is not a clearly discernible pattern of arrayed atolls, which makes the whole archipelago look somewhat chaotic.

However, one of the atolls of the Chagos, Peros Banhos, is very similar in structure to the typical Maldive atoll. Although it is rather small by Maldive standards, it is the largest emerged atoll in the Chagos. Peros Banhos is approximately as large as Northern Nilandhe Atoll.

Historic nomenclature
The earliest mention of all the names of the atolls of the Maldives is in describing the Deeva Mahal Kingdom of King Koimala Siri Mahaabarana around 1117 A.D. He was the first king to rule over the whole of Maldives. His kingdom was referred to as being Malikaddu dhemedhu- or 'all that lies between the Maliku and Addu. He fought against the Raja Dada Indians to claim the two northernmost atolls for the newly formed Maldivian kingdom. All 14 atolls of his kingdom from the north to south were then named as follows:
 * Malikatholhu (now Minicoy island belonging to India)
 * Thiladunmathi (Northern and southern parts of Thiladhunmathi Atoll)
 * Miladunmaduva (Northern and southern parts of Miladhunmadulhu Atoll)
 * Maalhosmaduva (North and South Maalhosmadulhu Atolls)
 * Faadu Bur (Faadhippolhu)
 * Mahal Atholhu (The Male' Atolls)
 * Ari-adhe Atholhu (Ari Atoll)
 * Felide Atholhu (Felide Atoll)
 * Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll)
 * Nilande Atholhu (North and South Nilande Atolls)
 * Kolhumaduva (Kolhumadulu)
 * Ihadhunmathi (Haddhunmathi Atoll)
 * Suvadinmathi (Huvadhu Atoll)
 * Addumulah (Addu and Fuvahmulah Atolls)

It is not clear where exactly Ihavandhippolhu Atoll, Maamakunudhoo Atoll, Goifulhafehendhu Atoll, Fasdūtherē Atoll, Vattaru Faru/Atholhu, Gahaafaru Atoll, Rasdhukuramathi Atoll as well as the islands of Alifushi-Ethingili, Kaashidhoo and Thoddoo were grouped in this early classification.

Recent divisions
For administrative purposes, the country has been divided into twenty-one administrative divisions (20 administrative atolls and Malé city). Since these Administrative Divisions of the Maldives are called 'atolls', but are not always consisting of an atoll proper, they should not be confused with a natural atoll.

The introduction of code-letter names has been a source of much puzzlement and misunderstandings, especially among foreigners. Many people have come to think that the code-letter of the administrative atoll is its new name and that it has replaced its geographical name. Under such circumstances it is hard to know which is the correct name to use.

Aware of the extent of this problem, Maldivian expert Mr. Ibrahim Luthfee wrote a book on Maldivian geography before he died. With this book, which is unfortunately available only in Divehi, the late Mr. Luthfee tried to clear a number of misconceptions that carelessly researched tourist publications have generalized even among Maldivians. Much of this article has been translated and adapted from his posthumous work.

In 2009 the 20 administrative divisions (that is, excluding Male') were grouped under seven provinces, with each province comprising two or more natural atolls (with the exception of the Medhu-Dhekunu Province made up of solely Huvadhu Atoll). The seven new provinces correspond to the historic divisions of Uthuru Boduthiladhunmathi. Dhekunu Boduthiladhunmathi, Uthuru Medhu-Raajje, Medhu-Raajje, Dhekunu Medhu-Raajje, Huvadhu (or Uthuru Suvadinmathi) and Addumulakatholhu (or Dhekunu Suvadinmathi).

title: Atolls of the Maldives


text: User talk:157.161.173.24

title: User talk:157.161.173.24


text:
Willich

Willich is a town in the district of Viersen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is 20 km west of Düsseldorf, 14 km north of Mönchengladbach, 10 km south of Krefeld, about 30 kilometres east of the border with the Netherlands and 45 km east of Roermond.

History
The city was founded in 1970 out of the formerly independent villages of Willich, Anrath, Schiefbahn and Neersen, although the villages are much older. Anrath was mentioned for the first time in 1010, Willich in 1245, Neersen in 1262 and Schiefbahn in 1420.

The villages belonged to the Electorate of Cologne until the French Revolutionary Wars: in 1794, French troops occupied the left bank of the Rhine; France annexed the territory later (1797/1801) and kept it until 1814. After the Battle of Waterloo (June 1815), the Congress of Vienna was held and the villages fell to the Kingdom of Prussia.

1891–1945
In 1891 a tornado devastated Anrath. The village was already impoverished by the decline of previously dominant domestic weaving and now the municipal administration of Anrath even considered a dissolution of the village. To improve the economic situation a royal prison was built. It was completed in 1905.

In 1908 Stahlwerk Becker (a steel mill) was built and up to its closing in 1932 (during the Great Depression) was one of the largest employers in Willich. After the Nazi seizure of power (30 January 1933), the steel mill got a new owner and was reopened in 1934. Military supplies (at first for the German rearmament and later for World War II) were manufactured there. The factory was finally closed in 1945 and the grounds were converted to a military base for the British Armed Forces.

During World War II, Willich suffered only minor damage to its infrastructure. During Operation Grenade on March 1, 1945, American forces which had entered Schiefbahn met a counterattack from a German Panzer unit. Heavy fighting erupted, with both sides suffering numerous casualties.

During the 19th century more than 100 Jews lived in the four villages. During the Third Reich, the Nazis deported 40 Jews – of whom 38 were ultimately murdered in the Nazi death camps.

British Army
The British Army of the Rhine had soldiers stationed in Willich for more than 40 years: 40 Army Engineer Support Regiment (40 AESR), which by the early 1980s was reduced down to 40 Army Engineer Support Group (40 AESG). Both units belonged to the Royal Engineers. In 1992 the camp was closed and the group disbanded. In July 2009 a reunion took place in the old camp. 141 attended the evening event. There was a reunion again in 2012 with over 200 joining in the complete weekend.

Economy
Some international companies, especially from the Far East, have their European or German headquarters in Willich.

Streets
There is an Interchange between Bundesautobahn 44 and Bundesautobahn 52 motorways within the municipal area of Willich. In the area there are five junctions.

Railway
The railway station in Anrath is on the railway between Duisburg and Mönchengladbach.

Schloss Neersen
The most famous building is Schloss Neersen. The castle goes back to the 13th century and was heavily rebuilt in the 17th century. It now houses many town council offices. An open-air summer theatre is held in the grounds.

Klein-Jerusalem chapel
A moderately well-known pilgrimage destination is the 17th century Klein-Jerusalem wayside chapel.

Anrath Prison
The former royal prison in Anrath is now a federal state prison named Justizvollzugsanstalt Willich.

Twin towns – sister cities
Willich is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Linselles, France
 * 🇯🇵 Marugame, Japan
 * 🇱🇻 Smiltene, Latvia
 * 🇧🇫 Zogoré, Burkina Faso

title: Willich


text:
List of Sydney Trains railway stations

Sydney Trains is the operator of commuter rail services centred on the Sydney rail network. Sydney Trains is owned and operated by Transport for NSW, a statutory authority of the Government of New South Wales.

The Sydney Trains network comprises seven metropolitan lines with services extending as far as Berowra to the north, Richmond to the north-west, Emu Plains to the west, Waterfall to the south (with some peak hour services continuing to Helensburgh), and Macarthur to the south west.

Most of the Sydney Trains network runs on the surface of suburban areas while some more recently constructed and inner city sections run underground. The network is served by a fleet of double-deck electric multiple units.

Related

 * Lists of railway stations
 * List of metro systems
 * List of suburban and commuter rail systems
 * List of Sydney suburbs
 * Public transport in Sydney
 * Railways in Sydney
 * Transport in Australia

title: List of Sydney Trains railway stations


text:
McGuffin

McGuffin is a surname of Irish origin, thought to originate from County Donegal. It is an Anglicized form of the Gaelic Mag Dhuibhfinn. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Meg McGuffin (born c. 1990), American beauty-pageant titleholder
 * David McGuffin (fl. 2000s), Canadian television correspondent
 * Gary and Joanie McGuffin (born 1959, born 1960), Canadian explorers, authors, and conservation photographer
 * Peter McGuffin (born 1949), Northern Irish geneticist
 * Samuel McGuffin (1863–1952), Northern Ireland politician

title: McGuffin


text:
Mehndi

Mehndi is a form of temporary skin decoration using a paste created with henna. In the West, mehndi is commonly known as henna tattoo, although it is not a permanent tattoo.

Mehndi is a popular form of body art in South Asia and resembles similar traditions of henna as body art found in North Africa, East Africa and the Middle East. There are many different names for mehndi across the languages of South Asia.

There are many variations and designs. Women usually apply mehndi designs to their hands and feet, though some, including cancer patients and women with alopecia, occasionally decorate their scalps. The standard color of henna is brown, but other design colors such as white, red, black and gold are sometimes used.

In South Asia, mehndi is applied on the body during both Hindu and Muslim weddings. Hindu women apply mehndi during festivals like Karva Chauth, Vat Purnima, Diwali, Bhai Dooj, Navratri, Durga Puja, and Teej. Muslim women apply mehndi during occasions like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

At Hindu and Sikh festivals, women often have henna applied to their hands, feet and sometimes the backs of their shoulders. Conversely, men usually have it applied on their arms, legs, back, and chest. For women, it is usually drawn on their palms, backs of their hands and on feet, where the design will be clearest due to contrast with the lighter skin on these surfaces, which naturally contains less of the pigment melanin.

Etymology
The origin of "mehndi" is from the Sanskrit word "mendhika," which refers to the henna plant that releases a red dye. According to A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, mehndi also refers to "the marriage-feast on the occasion of the bride's hands and feet being stained with henna."

Origins
Earliest use of henna dye can be traced back to ancient Babylon and Egypt. In India It was in prevalent use by the 4th century, which is evidenced by the cave arts of Deccan region.

Process
The paste is made from the powdered dry leaves of the henna plant, Lawsonia inermis.

Mehndi paste is usually applied to the skin using a plastic cone, a paintbrush, or a stick. Fifteen to twenty minutes after application, the mud will dry and begin to crack. The painted area is then wrapped with tissue, plastic, or medical tape to lock in body heat, creating a more intense colour on the skin. The wrap, which is not a traditional method, is worn for two to six hours, or sometimes overnight, and then removed.

When first removed, the henna design is pale to dark orange in colour and gradually darkens through oxidation, over the course of 24 to 72 hours. The final color is reddish brown and can last anywhere from one to three weeks depending on the quality and type of henna paste applied, as well as where it was applied on the body (thicker skin stains darker and longer than thin skin).

Likely due to the desire for a "tattoo-black" appearance, some people add the synthetic dye p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to henna to give it a black colour. PPD may cause moderate to severe allergic reactions when applied to skin.

Usage
Mehndi is a ceremonial art form common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. It is typically applied during weddings for Sikh, Muslim and Hindu brides. In Rajasthan, the grooms are given designs that are often as elaborate as those for brides. In Assam, apart from marriage, it is broadly used by unmarried women during Rongali Bihu.

Among South Asian Muslims, mehndi is a common tradition for brides as well as other girls on weddings. It is also done for Eid on Chaand Raat. There are professionals as well for this while other people do this by their own.

Arabic mehndi designs
This pattern is drawn on the palm. Generally, it starts from one corner of the wrist and ends at finger tip on the opposite corner. Vine, lace, and flowers are the main elements of this pattern.

Mandala mehndi designs
Mandala is a geometric configuration of symbols used in various spiritual traditions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Shinto. Various configurations of Mandala are drawn on the center of palm in this mehndi pattern.

title: Mehndi


text:
Agapius (died 306)

Agapius (Ἀγάπιος) was a Christian martyr killed at Caesarea in AD 306. He is recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church. His martyrdom is recorded by Eusebius of Caesarea in his work The Martyrs of Palestine.

History
Agapius succeeded Theotecnus as bishop of Caesarea Maritima. He was arrested in AD 304. He remained in prison for two years and was tortured on multiple occasions. He was brought out to the arena many times and presented to the judges. There he was threatened and reserved for later matches. The judges, Eusebius notes, must have been motivated either out of compassion or the hope that he might change his mind and renounce Christianity.

Finally he was brought to the arena and presented to the emperor Maximinus. He was offered a pardon on the condition that he disavow his faith. According to Eusebius, he not only refused the offer, but he is said to have cheerfully rushed headlong into the bear. The animal inflicted severe injuries, but Agapius survived. Stones were affixed to his feet and he was drowned in the Mediterranean on the following day.

His feast days are observed on November 20 and August 19.

title: Agapius (died 306)


text:
Mendoza, Argentina

Mendoza, officially the City of Mendoza (Ciudad de Mendoza), is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the, Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679, making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country.

Ruta Nacional 7, the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago, runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua (the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering, hiking, horse riding, rafting, and other sports. In the winter, skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes.

Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in South America. As such, Mendoza is one of the eleven Great Wine Capitals, and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route.

History
On 2 March 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza. Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches. The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system is still evident today in the wide trenches (acequias), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza.

It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the Jesuit presence in the region. When nearby rivers were tapped as a source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty on which it depended since its creation and transfer from the Captaincy General of Chile in 1776, no doubt led to the creation of the state of Cuyo in 1813 with José de San Martín as governor. It was from Mendoza that San Martín and other Argentinian and Chilean patriots organized the army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru. Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design.

Tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of commodities such as oil and uranium ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional centre. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras and Luján de Cuyo have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly seven-eighths of the total metro area of over 1,000,000 by 2015, making Mendoza the most dispersed metro area in Argentina.

Culture
Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is 17 km southeast of Mendoza in Maipú. The Casa de Fader, a historic house museum, is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond, 14 km south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings.

The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a beauty pageant, where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province compete, and one winner is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens.

In 2008, National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world.

Urban structure
The city is centred around Plaza Independencia (Independence Plaza) with Avenida Sarmiento running through its centre east–west, with the east side pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio (9 July), those running parallel include Colón, and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are the exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees. Parque General San Martín (General San Martín Park) was designed by Carlos Thays. Its grounds include the Mendoza Zoological Park and a football stadium, and it is also the home of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory).

One common point of interest is the Teatro Independencia ("Independence Theatre"), the premier performing arts venue in Mendoza. Supervised by the nation's Ministry of Public Works, the project was commissioned to architect Alfredo Israel, and its plans were approved in October 1923. The theatre was, as were many public works of this type in Argentina at the time, designed in a French Academy style. Its façade included a Neoclassical frontis featuring four Corinthian columns on a green marble base, a rococo frieze, the provincial escutcheon in bas-relief, and a balustrade above. The design for the interiors was based on those prevailing in Italian opera houses, and the formal vestibule is overlooked by grand marble steps leading to the concert hall. The auditorium itself includes four tiers of balconies, and its seating capacity is 730. The theatre serves as the home of the Provincial Philharmonic Orchestra. In addition, the theatre has received international personalities such as Erlend Øye and John Malkovich.

Education
Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, as well as University of Mendoza, a branch of Universidad Congreso, Aconcagua University, UTN (Universidad Tecnologica Nacional) and Champagnat University.

Mendoza is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there are a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA.

Transportation
Mendoza is 1037 km from Buenos Aires (14 hours by bus) and 380 km from Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Gov. Francisco Gabrielli International Airport serves Mendoza, with flights to/from Buenos Aires taking less than 2 hours and less than 1 hour to/from Santiago.

The public transport system includes buses, the Mendoza trolleybus system, and taxis. The trolleybuses are more comfortable than the diesel buses, but are slower, not as numerous nor is the system as extensive. In 2008, TransLink of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza.

A heritage railway, El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train), is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine-producing districts of Mendoza.

Metrotranvía
A 17 km light rail line, the Metrotranvía Mendoza, opened for regular service in October 2012. It serves the areas of Las Heras, Godoy Cruz and Maipú in the Greater Mendoza conurbation, as well as the central area of Mendoza itself. The line runs from Avellaneda station in the Panquehua neighborhood of Las Heras to Gutiérrez in Maipú, stopping also at the Mendoza Railway Station at the site of the former intercity passenger train station, near the city centre. The bright red railcars, Siemens-Duewag U2s, were purchased from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) in 2010. They were built in 1980.

Transandine Railway
Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, it remains currently abandoned.

The railway is a line, with sections of Abt rack, whilst the railways it links with are both  broad gauge. A journey from Buenos Aires to Chile involved two breaks-of-gauge, and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes.

Wine industry
Argentina's Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high-altitude wine regions of Lujan de Cuyo and the Uco Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 2,800 and 5,000 feet elevation. Vintner Nicolas Catena Zapata is considered the pioneer of high-altitude growing and was the first, in 1994, to plant a malbec vineyard at 5,000 feet above sea level in the Mendoza region. His family is also credited with making world-class wines and giving status to the wines of Argentina.

The subject of elevation is of much interest to the wine world because with increased altitude, the intensity of the sunlight increases. The role of this increased light intensity is currently being investigated by Catena Zapata's research and development department headed up by Laura Catena, Alejandro Vigil and Fernando Buscema.

In film
Seven Years in Tibet, directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud and starring Brad Pitt, was shot in and around Mendoza. Several dozens of sets were built, ranging from a 220 yd long recreation of the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa (built in the foothills of the Andes), to a 9000 sqft recreation of the Hall of Good Deeds in the Potala, the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama (built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city).

In video games
Mendoza appears as the penultimate level in the video game Hitman 3. It contains hints of Argentine culture, such as mate, tango, and wine production.

Climate
Mendoza's climate is characterised as an arid (Köppen climate classification BWk); with continental characteristics. Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March). Summers are hot and humid where mean temperatures exceed 25 °C. Average temperatures for January (summer) are 32 °C during daytime, and 18.4 °C at night. Winters are cold and dry with mean temperatures below 8 °C. Night time temperatures can occasionally fall below freezing during the winter. Because winters are dry with little precipitation, snowfall is uncommon, occurring once per year. July (winter) the average temperatures are 14.7 °C and 2.4 °C, day and night respectively. Mendoza's annual rainfall is only 223.2 mm, so extensive farming is made possible by irrigation from major rivers. The highest temperature recorded was 44.4 °C on 30 January 2003, This previous record was surpassed by the new temperature record of 44.9 °C recorded on 16 December 2023, while the lowest temperature recorded was -7.8 °C on 10 July 1976.

Sports
See

In 1978 Mendoza hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The six were played at the Malvinas Argentinas Stadium.

In 1982, Mendoza was one of the hosts of the 1982 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship. It was also the host of the 1994 Padel World Championship.

The city boasts at least two significant football clubs—Independiente Rivadavia and Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza, although neither currently plays in the Primera División. A club from the nearby city of Godoy Cruz, Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba, is currently in the 1st division.

International rugby test matches featuring the Argentina national rugby team have also been held in Mendoza.

People
See

International relations
Mendoza is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇴 Uriondo, Bolivia
 * 🇧🇷 São Paulo, Brazil
 * 🇺🇸 Nashville, US

title: Mendoza, Argentina


text:
Curvilinear perspective

Curvilinear perspective, also five-point perspective, is a graphical projection used to draw 3D objects on 2D surfaces, for which (straight) lines on the 3D object are projected to curves on the 2D surface that are typically not straight (hence the qualifier "curvilinear"). It was formally codified in 1968 by the artists and art historians André Barre and Albert Flocon in the book La Perspective curviligne, which was translated into English in 1987 as Curvilinear Perspective: From Visual Space to the Constructed Image and published by the University of California Press.

Curvilinear perspective is sometimes colloquially called fisheye perspective, by analogy to a fisheye lens. In computer animation and motion graphics, it may also be called tiny planet.

History
An early example of approximated five-point curvilinear perspective is within the Arnolfini Portrait (1434) by the Flemish Primitive Jan van Eyck. Later examples may be found in mannerist painter Parmigianino Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) and A View of Delft (1652) by the Dutch Golden Age painter Carel Fabritius.

In 1959, Flocon had acquired a copy of Grafiek en tekeningen by M. C. Escher who strongly impressed him with his use of bent and curved perspective, which influenced the theory Flocon and Barre were developing. They started a long correspondence, in which Escher called Flocon a "kindred spirit".

Horizon and vanishing points
The system uses both curved perspective lines and an array of straight converging ones to approximate the image on the retina of the eye, which is itself spherical, more accurately than the traditional linear perspective, which only uses straight lines but is very distorted at the edges.

It uses either four, five or more vanishing points:

 * In five-point (fisheye) perspective: Four vanishing points are placed around in a circle, they are named N, W, S, E, plus one vanishing point in the center of the circle.
 * Four, or infinite-point perspective is the one that (arguably) most approximates the perspective of the human eye, while at the same time being effective for making impossible spaces, while five point is the curvilinear equivalent of one point perspective, so is four point the equivalent of two point perspective.

This technique can, like two-point perspective, use a vertical line as a horizon line, creating both a worms and birds eye view at the same time. It uses four or more points equally spaced along a horizon line, all vertical lines are made perpendicular to the horizon line, while orthogonals are created using a compass set on a line made at a 90-degree angle through each of the four vanishing points.

Geometric relationship
Distances a and c between the viewer and the wall are greater than the b distance, so adopting the principle that when an object is a greater distance from the observer, it becomes smaller, the wall is reduced and thus appears distorted at the edges.

Mathematics
If a point has the 3D Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

 * $$P_\mathrm{3D}= (x, y, z)$$

Denoting distance from the point to the origin by d = √x$2$ + y$2$ + z$2$,

then the transformation of the point to a curvilinear reference system of radius R is

 * $$P_\mathrm{2D} = \left(\frac{xR}{d}, \frac{yR}{d}\right)$$

(if d = 0, then the point is at the origin, which means its projection is undefined)

This is derived by first projecting the 3D point onto a sphere with radius R that centers on the origin, so that we obtain an image of the point that has coordinates

 * $$P_\mathrm{sphere} = (x, y, z) * \left(\frac{R}{d}\right)$$

Then, we do a parallel projection that is parallel with the z-axis to project the point on the sphere onto the paper at z = R, thus obtaining

 * $$P_\mathrm{image} = \left(\frac{xR}{d}, \frac{yR}{d}, R\right)$$

Since we are not concerned with the fact that the paper is resting on the z = R plane, we ignore the z-coordinate of the image point, thus obtaining

 * $$P_\mathrm{2D} = \left(\frac{xR}{d}, \frac{yR}{d}\right) = R * \left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}, \frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\right)$$

Since changing $$R$$ only amounts to a scaling, it is usually defined to be unity, simplifying the formula further to:

 * $$P_\mathrm{2D} = \left(\frac{x}{d}, \frac{y}{d}\right) = \left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}, \frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\right)$$

A line that does not pass through the origin is projected to a great circle on the sphere, which is further projected to an ellipse on the plane. The ellipse has the property that its long axis is a diameter of the "bounding circle".

title: Curvilinear perspective


text:
Joel McCrea

Joel Albert McCrea (November 5, 1905 – October 20, 1990) was an American actor whose career spanned a wide variety of genres over almost five decades, including comedy, drama, romance, thrillers, adventures, and Westerns, for which he became best known.

He appeared in over one hundred films, starring in over eighty, among them Alfred Hitchcock's espionage thriller Foreign Correspondent (1940), Preston Sturges' comedy classics Sullivan's Travels (1941), and The Palm Beach Story (1942), the romance film Bird of Paradise (1932), the adventure classic The Most Dangerous Game (1932), Gregory La Cava's bawdy comedy Bed of Roses (1933), George Stevens' six-time Academy Award nominated romantic comedy The More the Merrier (1943), William Wyler's These Three, Come and Get It (both 1936) and Dead End (1937), Howard Hawks' Barbary Coast (1935), and a number of Westerns, including Wichita (1955) as Wyatt Earp and Sam Peckinpah's Ride the High Country (1962), opposite Randolph Scott.

He starred in a total of three Best Picture Oscar nominees: Dead End (1937), Foreign Correspondent (1940), and The More the Merrier (1943).

With the exception of the British thriller Rough Shoot (1953) and film noir Hollywood Story (1951), McCrea appeared in Western films exclusively from 1946 until his retirement in 1976.

Early life
McCrea was born in South Pasadena, California, the son of Thomas McCrea, an executive with the L.A. Gas & Electric Company, and Louise "Lou" Whipple. As a boy, he had a paper route delivering the Los Angeles Times to Cecil B. DeMille and other people in the film industry. He also had the opportunity to watch D. W. Griffith filming Intolerance, and was an extra in a serial starring Ruth Roland.

McCrea graduated from Hollywood High School and then Pomona College (class of 1928. ) There he had acted on stage and took courses in drama and public speaking, while also appearing regularly at the Pasadena Playhouse. In 1928 he also met Wyatt Earp in Hollywood – later in 1955, McCrea would portray Earp in the film, Wichita. As a high school student McCrea worked as a stunt double and held horses for Hollywood cowboy stars William S. Hart and Tom Mix. McCrea had a love and understanding of horses from an early age, and later he was considered one of the best riders in Western films.

The strapping 6'2½" McCrea variously worked as an extra, stunt man, and bit player from 1927 to 1928, when he signed a contract with MGM. He was cast in a major role in The Jazz Age (1929), and got his first leading role that year in The Silver Horde. He moved to RKO in 1930, where he established himself as a handsome and versatile leading man capable of starring in both dramas and comedies.

Career

In the 1930s, McCrea starred in the pre-code film, Bird of Paradise (1932), directed by King Vidor, co-starring with Dolores del Río. In RKO's The Sport Parade (1932), McCrea and William Gargan are friends on the Dartmouth football team, who are shown snapping towels at each other in the locker room, while other players are taking a shower. In 1932 he starred with Fay Wray in The Most Dangerous Game – which used some of the same jungle sets built for King Kong (1933) as well as cast members Wray and Robert Armstrong, and was filmed at night while King Kong was filmed during the day. He was originally intended for the character Jack Driscoll in King Kong, but he turned down the role which subsequently went to Bruce Cabot. In 1934 he made his first appearances with two leading ladies he would be paired with often, Miriam Hopkins in The Richest Girl in the World, the first of their five films together, and Barbara Stanwyck in Gambling Lady, the first of their six pairings.

Later in the decade he was the first actor to play "Dr. Kildare", in the film Internes Can't Take Money (1937), and starred in two large-scale Westerns, Wells Fargo (1937) with his wife Frances Dee, and Cecil B. DeMille's Union Pacific (1939).

McCrea reached the peak of his early career in the early 1940s, in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Foreign Correspondent (1940), a romantic comedy, The More the Merrier (1943), directed by George Stevens, and two comedies by Preston Sturges: Sullivan's Travels (1941) and The Palm Beach Story (1942). While shooting Sullivan's Travels, it was an on-set joke that tall McCrea's leading lady, Veronica Lake, had to stand on a box for some shots, as she was reportedly 16 inches shorter than McCrea, and it was otherwise impossible to get both of their heads in the same shot.

McCrea turned down playing in a number of films; he was offered the lead role in The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) but he refused, saying "This character is too much of a gigolo. I don't like his moral standards." Among other movies he declined were Spitfire (1934), The Impatient Years (1944), Intruder in the Dust (1949), and The Story of Will Rogers (1952). During World War II, McCrea refused to portray military heroes, with the explanation, "Since I was too old to be called, I was too old for that kind of a show". He was also notoriously modest about his acting abilities, and would say that he didn't feel good enough to play certain parts. He also preferred playing roles that he could see himself in. Despite his own opinion of his acting, Katharine Hepburn reportedly felt that he was one of the best actors with whom she had worked. She believed McCrea should have been ranked alongside Spencer Tracy or Humphrey Bogart.

McCrea also starred in two William A. Wellman Westerns, The Great Man's Lady (1942), again with Stanwyck, and Buffalo Bill (1944), with character actor Edgar Buchanan and a young Maureen O'Hara. After the success of the film The Virginian in 1946, McCrea made Westerns exclusively for the rest of his career, with two exceptions: an uncredited role in the 1951 film noir Hollywood Story and the British-made Rough Shoot (1953).

By that time the multi-millionaire McCrea had long been working his own ranch in Ventura County outside of L.A.. Specializing in Westerns was not merely a return to what he had done earlier in his career, but a genre he immensely enjoyed. As he described it (in a 1978 interview): "I liked doing comedies, but as I got older I was better suited to do Westerns. Because I think it becomes unattractive for an older fellow trying to look young, falling in love with attractive girls in those kinds of situations.... Anyway, I always felt so much more comfortable in the Western. The minute I got a horse and a hat and a pair of boots on, I felt easier. I didn't feel like I was an actor anymore. I felt like I was the guy out there doing it."

On November 19, 1950, McCrea appeared on Television Theatre in an adaptation of Foreign Correspondent. In the early 1950s, McCrea starred as Jace Pearson on the radio series Western, Tales of the Texas Rangers. In 1955 he was Wyatt Earp in Wichita directed by Jacques Tourneur. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association awarded the film with "Best Picture – Outdoor Drama" that year.

In 1959, McCrea and his son Jody starred in the brief NBC-TV series Wichita Town. Earlier he had turned down the lead in Rawhide, feeling it would make too heavy a workload. A few years later, McCrea united with fellow veteran of Westerns Randolph Scott in Ride the High Country (1962), directed by Sam Peckinpah, after which he did not make another feature film until The Young Rounders (1966). Four more years were to pass before his next film, but 1970 saw the release of two: Cry Blood, Apache, again with his son Jody, and Sioux Nation. He made his final film appearance in 1976, in Mustang Country.

Awards
In 1968, McCrea received a career achievement award from the L.A. Film Critics Association, and the following year he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, McCrea has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6901 Hollywood Blvd. and another star at 6241 Hollywood Blvd. for his contribution to radio.

He was also a winner of the Golden Boot Award in 1987, the Golden Laurel Award in 1951, a Photoplay Award in 1939 for his performance in Union Pacific, the Silver Medallion Award in 1982, and the Trustees Award in 1976 for the film, Mustang Country.

Personal life
McCrea married actress Frances Dee in Rye, New York, on October 20, 1933, after they met while filming The Silver Cord. Coincidentally, Dee was born only a few blocks away from McCrea's home, but she moved to Chicago during her childhood. They had three sons, Jody, Peter and David. They were married until McCrea's death on their 57th wedding anniversary.

McCrea – who was an outdoorsman who had once listed his occupation as "rancher" and his hobby as "acting" – had begun buying property as early as 1933, when he purchased his first 1000 acre in a then unincorporated area of eastern Ventura County, California, which later became Thousand Oaks. This was the beginning of what evolved into a 3000 acre spread where McCrea and his wife lived, raised their sons, and rode their horses. At one point, McCrea's ranch produced 200,000 pounds of beef every year. He was noted for being a hard worker on his ranch; he was very active in the management, including riding, roping and branding.

By the end of the 1940s, McCrea was a multi-millionaire, as much from his real-estate dealings as from his movie stardom. It is said that McCrea once joked that he "only acted so he could afford to ranch." In the early 1960s, he sold 1200 acre of land to an oil company on the condition that they would not drill within sight of his home. McCrea's perspicacity may have stemmed from his friendship in the 1930s with fellow personality and sometime actor Will Rogers. McCrea recounted that "the Oklahoma Sage" gave him a profound piece of advice: "Save half of what you make, and live on just the other half."

McCrea supported Thomas Dewey in the 1944 United States presidential election, Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election, and Ronald Reagan in the 1966 California gubernatorial election.

In a story originally published in 1954, McCrea said he was a man of faith, who relied on the guidance of God in his personal life and career, saying that through the years he followed the principle of "asking my way of Him." At the end of the article, McCrea added, "I don't claim I haven't made mistakes. I have. But most of my mistakes were due to trusting 'luck' or my own judgment instead of His."

McCrea made his final public appearance on October 3, 1990, at a fundraiser for Republican gubernatorial candidate Pete Wilson in Beverly Hills. He died less than three weeks later on October 20, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, from pneumonia at the age of 84.

After his death his family ultimately donated 35 acres of McCrea's former ranch to the newly formed Conejo Valley YMCA for the city of Thousand Oaks. They also donated 75 acres to the Conejo Open Space Conservancy Agency (COSCA), which designated it the Joel McCrea Wildlife Preserve; and 5 acres to the Boys and Girls Club of Camarillo.

Partial filmography

 * Torrent (1926, stunts)
 * The Fair Co-Ed (1927) as Student (uncredited)
 * The Enemy (1927) as Extra (uncredited)
 * The Five O'Clock Girl (1928) as Oswald
 * Dead Man's Curve (1928) (uncredited)
 * Freedom of the Press (1928) (uncredited)
 * The Jazz Age (1929) as Todd Sayles
 * The Divine Lady (1929) as Extra (uncredited)
 * The Single Standard (1929) as Blythe – One of the Philandering Men (uncredited)
 * So This Is College (1929) as Bruce Nolan (uncredited)
 * Dynamite (1929) as Marco – Her Boy Friend
 * Framed (1930) as Waiter at the Casino Club (uncredited)
 * The Silver Horde (1930) as Boyd Emerson
 * Lightnin' (1930) as John Marvin
 * Once a Sinner (1931) as Tommy Mason
 * Kept Husbands (1931) as Richard 'Dick' Brunton
 * Born to Love (1931) as Barry Craig
 * The Common Law (1931) as John Neville
 * Girls About Town (1931) as Jim Baker
 * Business and Pleasure (1932) as Lawrence Ogle
 * The Lost Squadron (1932) as Red
 * Bird of Paradise (1932) as Johnny Baker
 * The Most Dangerous Game (1932) as Bob Rainsford
 * The Sport Parade (1932) as Sandy Brown
 * Rockabye (1932) as Jacobs Van Riker Pell
 * Scarlet River (1933) as Joel McCrea (uncredited)
 * The Silver Cord (1933) as David Phelps
 * Bed of Roses (1933) as Dan
 * One Man's Journey (1933) as Jimmy Watt
 * Chance at Heaven (1933) as Blacky Gorman
 * Gambling Lady (1934) as Garry Madison
 * Half a Sinner (1934) as John Adams
 * The Richest Girl in the World (1934) as Tony
 * Private Worlds (1935) as Dr. Alex MacGregor
 * Our Little Girl (1935) as Dr. Donald Middleton
 * Woman Wanted (1935) as Tony Baxter
 * Barbary Coast (1935) as Jim Carmichael
 * Splendor (1935) as Brighton Lorrimore
 * These Three (1936) as Dr. Joseph Cardin
 * Two in a Crowd (1936) as Larry Stevens
 * Adventure in Manhattan (1936) as George Melville
 * Come and Get It (1936) as Richard Glasgow
 * Banjo on My Knee (1936) as Ernie Holley
 * Internes Can't Take Money (1937) as James Kildare
 * Woman Chases Man (1937) as Kenneth Nolan
 * Dead End (1937) as Dave
 * Wells Fargo (1937) as Ramsay MacKay
 * Three Blind Mice (1938) as Van Dam Smith
 * Youth Takes a Fling (1938) as Joe Meadows
 * Union Pacific (1939) as Jeff Butler
 * They Shall Have Music (1939) as Peter
 * Espionage Agent (1939) as Barry Corvall
 * He Married His Wife (1940) as T.H. Randall
 * Primrose Path (1940) as Ed Wallace
 * Foreign Correspondent (1940) as John Jones
 * Reaching for the Sun (1941) as Russ Eliot
 * Sullivan's Travels (1941) as an itinerant film director.
 * The Great Man's Lady (1942) as Ethan Hoyt
 * The Palm Beach Story (1942) as Tom Jeffers
 * The More the Merrier (1943) as Joe Carter
 * Buffalo Bill (1944) as William Frederick 'Buffalo Bill' Cody
 * The Great Moment (1944) as William Thomas Green Morton
 * The Unseen (1945) as David Fielding
 * The Virginian (1946) as The Virginian
 * Ramrod (1947) as Dave Nash
 * Four Faces West (1948) as Ross McEwen
 * South of St. Louis (1949) as Kip Davis
 * Colorado Territory (1949) as Wes McQueen
 * The Outriders  (1950) as Will Owen
 * Stars in My Crown (1950) as Josiah Doziah Gray
 * Saddle Tramp (1950) as Chuck Conner
 * Frenchie (1950) as Sheriff Tom Banning
 * Hollywood Story (1951) as Joel McCrea
 * Cattle Drive (1951) as Dan Mathews
 * The San Francisco Story (1952) as Rick Nelson
 * The Lone Hand (1953) as Zachary Hallock
 * Rough Shoot (1953) as Taine
 * Border River (1954) as Clete Mattson
 * Black Horse Canyon (1954) as Del Rockwell
 * Stranger on Horseback (1955) as Judge Richard 'Rick' Thorne
 * Wichita (1955) as Wyatt Earp
 * The First Texan (1956) as Sam Houston
 * The Oklahoman (1957) as Dr. John M. Brighton
 * Trooper Hook (1957) as Sgt. Clovis Hook
 * Gunsight Ridge (1957) as Mike Ryan
 * The Tall Stranger (1957) as Ned Bannon
 * Cattle Empire (1958) as John Cord
 * Fort Massacre (1958) as Sgt. Vinson
 * The Gunfight at Dodge City (1959) as Bat Masterson
 * The Crowning Experience (1960) as Prologue narrator
 * Ride the High Country (1962) as Steve Judd
 * The Young Rounders (1966)
 * Cry Blood, Apache (1970) as Pitcalin as an Older Man
 * Sioux Nation (1970)
 * Mustang Country (1976) as Dan (final film role)

Radio appearances

 * Forsaking All Others - with Bette Davis in 1938.
 * This Is Hollywood – "Along Came Jones" (1946)
 * Tales of the Texas Rangers - 1950 to 1952

title: Joel McCrea


text:
Werner von Haeften

Werner Karl Otto Theodor von Haeften (9 October 1908 – 21 July 1944 ) was an Oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht who took part in the military-based conspiracy against Adolf Hitler known as the 20 July plot.

Early life
Haeften and his brother Hans were born in Berlin, the sons of Hans von Haeften, an army officer and President of the Reichsarchiv (German National Archives). He studied law in his hometown and then worked for a bank in Hamburg until the outbreak of the Second World War when he joined the German Army.

War service
In 1943, having recovered from a severe wound he had suffered on the Eastern Front, Haeften became adjutant to Oberst Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, one of the leading figures in the German Resistance.

On 20 July 1944, Haeften accompanied Stauffenberg to the military high command of the Wehrmacht near Rastenburg, East Prussia (now Kętrzyn, in Poland), where Stauffenberg planted a briefcase bomb in a conference room at Hitler's Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) headquarters. After the detonation, Stauffenberg and Haeften rushed to Berlin and, not knowing that Hitler had survived the explosion, attempted to launch the long-planned coup d'état, which would swiftly fail.

On the same day, Haeften, along with Stauffenberg and fellow conspirators General Friedrich Olbricht and Oberst Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, was arrested after a summary court martial and sentenced to death by General Friedrich Fromm, who was himself later arrested and executed by the Nazi regime for his tacit complicity. All four plotters were shot after midnight by a ten-man firing squad from the Grossdeutschland Guards Battalion in the courtyard of the War Ministry, the Bendlerblock.

When Stauffenberg was about to be shot, in a last gesture of loyalty and defiance, Haeften placed himself in the path of the bullets meant for Stauffenberg.

Haeften's brother, Hans, who had also been involved in the anti-Hitler plot, was executed on 15 August at Plötzensee Prison.

Awards and decorations

 * Iron Cross of 1939, 1st and 2nd class
 * Eastern Front Medal
 * Wound Badge in Black

Fictional portrayals
In the Eastern Bloc co-production Liberation: Direction of the Main Blow (1971), Haeften was depicted by the East German actor Hans-Edgar Stecher. In the German production Stauffenberg (2004), his part was played by the actor Hardy Krüger, Jr., and in the film Valkyrie (2008) he was portrayed by the British actor Jamie Parker.

In the 2000 alternate history novel Fox on the Rhine, the bomb delivered by Haeften and Stauffenberg succeeds in killing Hitler, but Heinrich Himmler avoids their attempts to arrest him and seizes control of the Third Reich (although his reign lasts for less than a year). While Beck, Olbricht, and many others ultimately flee, Haeften refuses to abandon Stauffenberg. When the SS arrive to arrest his superior, he opens fire at them with a pistol and attempts to shield Stauffenberg with his body before both men are gunned down. The sequel novel, Fox at the Front, mentions that his brother Hans-Bernd managed to escape to neutral territory and, along with other surviving plotters, has formed a government-in-exile.

title: Werner von Haeften