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User talk:Wizzy/Archive1

Gideon Gono
Hi Wikiwizzy,

Impressed by the work you've done on profiles of Zimbabwean people. Wondered if you'd have time or be interested in doing one on Gono, the Governer of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe? I've been doing stuff on Operation Murambatsvina, and still have more to do there, but am seriosuly interested in knowing more about the guy, especially with what's happening right now in Zimbabwe.

H.A. 14:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi Wikiwizzy! Nice to see another South African on Wikipedia!

I changed Cetewayo to Cetshwayo as you requested (leaving Cetewayo as a redirect page). I also changed the name to the "correct" spelling in quite a few articles. (As a matter of fact, it gets even worse, being spelled Cetywayo in quite a few articles as well.)

Of course, the transcription of names from a people with no alphabet of their own (like the Zulus) or a completely different alphabet (like the Arabs) are always a problem (e.g. all the different spellings of Ghadafi, Khadafi, etc.), but I agree with you that Cetshwayo is the most commonly accepted way of spelling it. I have a suspicion that the other spellings may be more "archaic".

Kind Regards, Elf-friend 22:04, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi again, Wikiwizzy.

 * Origin of Cetewayo page: I haven't checked, but maybe it has been copied from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. This is not copyright-protected anymore and is available online, so it is a likely candidate.

 * Well, five years qualifies you for being an honorary South African, I think ;-). Coincidentally, I have been living in Holland for 5 years now, our planes might have passed each other on the way :-).

 * I agree that the two articles should be merged. I think that Zulu War is the more commonly-used name, but I agree with you that the correct article to place it under is probably Anglo-Zulu War, as this is the more "academically correct " term. I think the way that you are doing it now is probably the best way; we should keep Zulu War as a redirect. Good luck! Leave a message if I can help!

 * The encyclopedia4u site is a copy from Wikipedia (there are numerous other sites that does this as well and most of these sell advertising). But it is not a copyvio as long as they mention Wikipedia and the GNU Free Documentation License (see Tip of the day at ). Personally, I'm not big fan of such people/sites (to say the least), but there is nothing that can be done as long as they follow those rules, seeing that Wikis is free, anyway.

 * By the way, could you please check and tell me if you agree with my List of Zulu kings? I'm not so sure of the earlier ones - different sources give me different information.

Kind Regards, Elf-friend 16:09, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Good work
Just want to let you know that I think you're doing a fine job over at Battle of Isandlwana. Keep it up. →Raul654 21:55, Mar 25, 2004 (UTC)

Pictures
As a result of your comment, I was motivated to write Picture tutorial. Please take a look at that and tell me what you think. →Raul654 08:35, Mar 26, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, I was just wondering what your source is for Monica Bellucci's year of birth? IMDB has it listed as 1964 and you changed it to 1968. Why? sik0fewl 03:18, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Shaka message
Yes I agree with some of your comments, I am not articulating his tactics on that page but more his social significance (which is great) for Africa-most of which stems from his innovations dealing with the military. I will articulate his actual tactics on the "buffalo formation" page. Shaka's lasting legacy and brilliance had mostly to do with his progress in the military which allowed him to excert control over extensive African territory and win some stunning victories against Western imperalist and colonial forces. Thanks, I think the page could be much improved though, lets keep working on it. GrazingshipIV 19:25, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)

In response the tactic of the buffalo formation was first used by Ghengis Khan hundreds of years before Shaka. It is a tactic though that Shaka rather than the Zulus let alone Dingiswayo invented. Without Shaka and his ideas the Zulus would have faced the similiar fate of most Africans. But because of Shaka and the support of the Zulu people the Zulus were able to make an important statement to the Western powers and the world, namely that they were people too; capable of intelligence and dignity. During Shaka's time Africa was (and was being) carved up by the powers of Europe. Most tribes and peoples were either conqueored without any or with little effort as Western military technology and theory proved superior in all forms. The Africans at that time (and for a long time after, some even say to this day) were looked at as subhuman animals only fit for slavery not capable of human emotions and intelligence. Shaka and the Zulu people proved this to be fantasy as they served some of the strongest Western powers with stunning defeats showing them that such animals were not only capable of intelligent thought but could form complex strategies and implement them. It was a blow to the European social theory of social Darwinism which was flowing through Europe.

So it is in that social context that I put Shaka's military revolution. I will decribe in detail how he used the buffalo formation but it would be important to note that the Zulus would not have it if not for Shaka. GrazingshipIV 23:49, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)

Zulu and ethnic
I appreciate your support for changing colors of ethnic groups!:) I am also glad to see that you are doing lot of editing in Zulu which is nice because people from Europe like me don`t get to know much about African people.                     thanx and see ya Avala 20:08, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Nguni
Hi Wikiwizzy. You're welcome! Great that you could translate it. I like translating articles to German... --Napa 10:52, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Mfecane
Thanks for the hint. I translated the article to German and added some senteces in the german article. In earlier days it wasn't possible to have a army for a longer period. The fighters had to go back to their home and to work on their fields. Because of the Corn, King Shaka could found a real army, because he needn't all man working on the fields. --Napa 08:10, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hirtentum
Hirtentum means in english the economic system of a pastoral people. --Napa 17:41, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

S African elections
I gather you are South African? Are you interested in politics? If so, I want to talk to someone about the South African elections. If this interests you, please reply at my Talk page. Adam 05:20, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Excellent. I am after some information which is not provided at the South African Election Commission website or at the media websites I have looked at. As you know the National Assembly consists of 400 members, 200 elected from national party lists and 200 elected from party lists in each of the regions. I would like to know the number of MPs elected for each party in each region, as well the as the numbers elected on the national lists. I am hoping this has appeared in the South African print media even though it is not available at the media websites. If you can find these figures for me I would be very grateful. I will put them at the article South African general election, 2004 and also at my website, Adam Carr's election archive. Adam 07:16, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I agree the IEC website is hopeless. I emailed them asking for this information after the 2000 election but got no reply at all. This compares badly with a poor country like Kenya, where the electoral office went to great lengths to send me bundles of information, far more than I asked for, because they were so pleased that someone in the outside world was interested in their work. Anything you can send me or refer me to will be appreciated. Adam 08:01, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

- Thanks for the nice comments on my talk page. Moreover, thanks for directing me to your user page, where I found out about your work on Zulu history. You've been doing great work on the South Africa articles. It's especially exciting to find out about a user focusing on articles pertaining to Sub-Saharan African history, which hardly gets enough attention on Wikipedia.

BTW, I've been interested in overhauling History of Africa and esp. expanding the coverage of precolonial Africa for a while. If you're doing something like this and want to divvy up the work and specialize in certain areas, please drop a note on my talk page. I'm definitely not a specialist on Africa and my knowledge is very broad and limited, but I'd try to help out. 172 17:15, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the reference to the ANC website, but I'm afraid it just duplicates what is at the IEC website. What I want is the number of National Assembly seats won by each party from each province. Why is this so difficult to find? It's astonishing that South Africa is the only significant democracy in the world from which I can't get complete election results. Adam 02:47, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I have found it now, so thanks for your help. Adam 03:33, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Once again, great work on the ZANU-PF-related articles. I've been unexpectedly busy lately, so I'm sorry that I haven't been able to help out. I'll get to it shortly, though.

BTW, a timeline's a great idea on History of Africa. I'll try to come up with a draft outline (perhaps along the lines of Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War, but with more than one column for comparisons across regions). 172 08:00, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I've unprotected the page. I'll now rename it. It might take a while since my browser is working very slowly now. 172 09:40, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Gas Turbines
Hi Wizzy, thanks for the wiki tips. I moved some of the Gas turbine comments from my talk to gas turbine talk.
 * Pud, 8 June 04, 12:22 PST

Cetshwayo
About Cetshwayo: I did not deliberately change any dashes to question marks - in fact I tried to do exactly the opposite. However, I have noticed that sometimes inserted dashes have turn into them (I have cleaned my own page from similar question marks in occasion). It may be something to do with the Windows ME machine I had to use yesterday, but I am far from sure of that. Trying to correct the situation from my own computer now. (PS: When I wrote the original Cetewayo page - which is now redirect - I was apparently misinformed about the modern spelling.) - Skysmith 16:42, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Re: Nansindlela School
Hello, wfy does mean wikify, yes. By vfd I was referring to "votes for deletion" not because its a bad article, but because I'm not sure of the policy on keeping pages about schools. I'm not going to vote for deletion on it, because i'm not sure though. My best suggestion to avoid deletion is to expand the article with some more history, and any exceptional facts about the school. —siroχo 11:51, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)

Tugela Map
Hi W,

Tugela route was added on the map but it seems it was not showing latest version, so I just changed name of map and fixed problem. Any way nice to talk to you. I grew up in Natal and miss the smell of the sea air. Up here in Joburg things are too rushed.--Jcw69 12:37, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Will also add map of tributaries and catchment area much later. --Jcw69 12:55, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Maps
Sawubona, Happy you like the maps, will get to Richards Bay, not sure about the towns of St Lucia or Ingwavuma although I did extensive work on The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. There is abit on the town St Lucia on that page. I surpose I could do a location map for Ingwavuma (I had to look on a map for it ;-). I also did pages on Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve, Itala Game Reserve and Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area. Spent some of my youth in the forests of Mtubatuba and on Jozini Dam. Any other requests please just contact me...Jerome--Jcw69 17:06, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Added location map to Ingwavuma--Jcw69 09:29, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Eshowe
Hi again,

Liked the eshowe website. Will put Nongoma and Babanango on my list. If you make up the pages, I can supply the location map and maybe some extra information if I can find. I have made a KZN map tempete on my image editor (Photoshop), which I can easily put locations on it for different places.--Jcw69 08:54, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Me Again
Me again, we must stop meeting like this, people will start talking.

Anyway did all I could find on Nongoma. Need you to full out the blanks and fix any mistakes that may have slip through.

Thanks --Jcw69 10:07, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Also added Babanango--Jcw69 13:14, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for reviewing the recent additions to recent Russian history! 172 18:14, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

User: 198.54.202.2
Are you User:198.54.202.2? That user signed as you on User:Jimbo Wales/Pushing To 1.0.

Acegikmo1 04:26, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I don't know if nominating Robert Mugabe is a good idea, just out of consideration of Wikipolitics. For one, the article stands little change of getting featured. Lately, no article can get featured unless all the images have source information. Some users will not withdraw their objections to featured status until all the pictures are removed. (This derailed the nomination of the Che Guevara.) Also, even if this article could make it through the process, featuring Mugabe might do more harm than good. (Attracting extra attention could attract yet more POV editors). 172 07:42, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

European map
Why had you reverted the EU map at Image:EU_map_names_isles.png?? Croatia is now a country with official EU candidate status, so you should definitely not have restored what had become an outdated version. Aris Katsaris 23:41, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Henry Bartle Frere
I've generally been guided by Naming conventions (names and titles), which does allow the use of title with hereditary nobility. Now, admittedly, Frere was a baronet and not a peer, but we've taken to treating the baronetcy in a similar manner for purposes of disambiguation. The particular section of the policy treating baronets was, I think, written before we'd hashed out baronet naming conventions and thus doesn't reflect the new consensus. Mackensen 15:14, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pud
Yes Wizzy, I am the same guy. Pud was short for my email, puddlduk at yahoo. And then I found out that 'Pud' had an obscene meaning (how embarrassing). So I changed it to Duk.

Anyway, the last time we talked you suggested that the brayton cycle page be moved to the gas turbine page, right? I don't have a problem with this, but haven't had the guts to do it. Do you still think it is a good idea?

Duk 00:04, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gas turbine/ Brayton cycle
Ok Wizzy, I think we should keep the pages sepperate. A couple of reasons; other thermodynamic cycles have their own pages, and the brayton cycle is often used in larger systems (Combined cycle, for exapmle.)

I'll plan on adding more graphics to the brayton cycle page to show re-heat and intercooling (but leave them off the gas turbine page). And I'll re-work the current graphic to show a graphical representation of work output and efficiency, hopefully it won't take me four months this time :)

Duk 18:01, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

- Hi W, Just quick question since you down in Natal amd I am up here in Gauteng.... Has Stanger changed its name?--Jcw69 11:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Is the new name official or hoax? I will follow up and make changes where needed. Keep your eyes open--Jcw69 14:56, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cyril Ramaphosa
Hi Wikiwizzy, thanks for the compliment! :-) It actually came at a good time, as I needed a bit of encouragement and motivation after some disparaging remarks made on Talk:South African Valour class patrol corvettes.

Yeah, I kinda am working my way down the Top 100 list. Leaving aside the merits or not of the individuals on the list, it is at least a good indication of people who are notable enough to be included on Wikipedia. (Although I'm not really looking forward to writing stuff on Leon Schuster and Eugene Terre'blance, to be honest.) Elf-friend 09:11, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Jacob Zuma
Great job on Jacob Zuma! Yep, he definitely needed a page, what with him being the Deputy President and the arms scandal, etc. I'm sometimes amazed by the important topics for which there are not yet articles on Wikipedia, but I guess that is why the countering systemic bias project is there. Regards, Elf-friend 13:44, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Wikipedians/South Africa
Hey Andy,

When you get a chance put your name down here Wikipedians/South Africa--Jcw69 17:05, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

South African Collaboration of the Week!
Hello, this is just a brief, friendly announcement to let you know that there is now a South African Collaboration of the Week where we vote every two weeks to select an article about South Africa that is either a stub or nonexistent and attempt make it featured article quality by the end of the week. Your comments, voting, and participation would be very welcome! PZFUN 17:37, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Thanks!
Hi Wikiwizzy. I appreciate your kind words about my work on Lord's Resistance Army, Congo Civil War and related articles. If nobody talks me out of splitting Congo Civil War, I'll need all the motivation I can get to clean up the mess that will result... but I'm already thinking about how to add a paragraph to Rwandan Genocide so it transitions into the beginning of First Congo War. I may be (just a little) obsessed. ;) Cheers, BanyanTree 17:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cape Town meetup.
Hi Dewet, if you're interested in joining a Cape Town Wikipedia meetup you can have a look at http://wikipedia.meetup.com/38/ — Jeandré, 2004-12-14t16:32z

Paul Kagame
Bonjour, je suis intervenu sur l'article concernant Paul Kagame en français.--81.56.101.24 08:05, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * J'ai fait la modification de paragraphe que vous suggérez. C'est effectivement mieux ainsi. Et j'ai introduit une allusion aux alternances de victoires et défaites parallèles aux négociations. Les accords d'Arusha seront développés dans leur propre article. --81.56.101.24 21:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Hi Wikiwizzy. Thanks for reverting my user page. Though it's a little embarrasing that I didn't notice it... :) - BanyanTree 08:06, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Africa
You voted for Africa, this week's CSB Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. A list of concerns about the article have been placed on its talk page. Banyan Tree 18:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

South Africa
Thanks for your kind comments on my talk page. Hopefully the article will be featured in no time! Warmest regards --Neutralitytalk 00:05, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Calcutta and Spioen Kop
(Now there's two place names that aren't often used in the same header. :-D) Anyway, I'm just a bit puzzled why you oppose the "name change" for the first-mentioned, but support it for the second. Surely the same principle is at work, i.e. the relevant country's own official spelling should be used, especially if that country has English as an official language? Kind Regards, Elf-friend 10:56, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * My take is that Spion Kop never was the right name. Calcutta was, for years. I have been to India (not recently) - but I gather that folks from Bombay still call it Bombay, not Mumbai. I am guessing the same for Calcutta - but it is only a guess. Folks from Spioenkop (proper Afrikaner rabbits) call it Spioenkop. Have not done my research with Indian Newspapers though - what do they call it ? Wizzy 11:21, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, using Google News (which I hate to do, because I have several principial objections against Google being used to test common usage, including that, with all the Wikipedia mirrors, the Wikipedia entry itself may skew results) I get the following results (I think these are limited to the last 30 days, though):

As I have some free time ...: Comments:
 * Limited to India: Kolkata - 3,090; Calcutta: 4,400. About a 40%/60% split, which is not really a compelling argument for still using Calcutta (IMHO :-) ), as the usage of "Kolkata" will surely grow with time and that of "Calcutta" decline.
 * Limited to the U.K.: Kolkata - 57; Calcutta - 186. (Roughly 1:3.2)
 * Limited to Australia: Kolkata - 18; Calcutta - 80. (Roughly 1:4.4)
 * Limited to New Zealand: Kolkata - 0; Calcutta - 4. (...)
 * Limited to the U.S.: Kolkata - 119; Calcutta - 802. (Roughly 1:6.7)
 * Limited to South Africa: Kolkata - 7; Calcutta - 40. (Roughly 1:5.7)
 * Limited to Canada: Kolkata - 5; Calcutta - 84. (Roughly 1:16.8)
 * For the whole world: Kolkata - 3,420; Calcutta - 5,750. Bigger difference, but still not huge.
 * Interesting that the two largest differences are in North America.
 * However, I think the output of international news agencies may skew the whole issue: the same article content being used over and over again by different publications.

 * P.S.: What do we do regarding the whole Pretoria/Tshwane naming issue once that change becomes official?

Elf-friend 13:31, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for cutting the dross (mine :-) and other) and some of the more inflammatory comments from the Spioenkop talk page, it is probably a better talk page because of it. However, I think I will take a few days off from Wikipedia to get my Wikistress level down a bit after reading User talk:Philip Baird Shearer. Elf-friend 16:05, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hey - you started it ! Well, not really - I was going to give it all a miss after the first round, then you stopped in. Take it off your watchlist, find something else. Wizzy… ☎   16:49, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Rollback
I removed the edits because I did not feel that statements like South Africa got training and assistance for its development of nuclear weapons from the US, Israel, and the UK could be made without any sort of reference. Also, Pretoria was not renamed Tshwane yet. It has to be approved, and even then, only the metropolitan area has been renamed Tshwane, the central area will remain Pretoria.

I have no doubt you felt justified in removing the edits. My only concern was the manner. If the comments above had been attached to the reverts I would not have a problem. Wizzy… ☎   07:28, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

trimming of comments
I'm sure you have the best intentions while trimming comments, and goodness knows I enjoy the sanity it offers, but it might be frowned upon, or even considered censorship, when you edit others' comments. I wish we can just delete the whole spionkop talk page and start over, since there has been so many arguments spanning in all directions, but here we are. Thanks anyway for your trouble! Dewet 14:18, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cape Colony
Thanks! I love to edit, after I finish up the Cape Colony I'm going to undergo a massive re-edit of History of South Africa because right now it kind of sucks. Its 90% apartheid, and really not all that much else. Páll 17:39, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

History of South Africa
Sorry, you were probably right about that one. I could see very well now that I thought about it how it could come across as bad faith to someone who was assuming bad fatih. That's why I tried to invite every contributer who had edited in the past five months (there weren't many) to come and take a look. I was doing it at my name space so that I could finish it in one go, which is what I pretty much did, and since the original History of South Africa wasn't bad at all, I figured this would give me a chance to fix syntax and things like that while an already pretty good article stayed up. Anyway, I have posted it onto History of South Africa now with an explanation. About to mention it on the talk page. Páll 21:25, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Zimbabwe elections
My pleasure. As you can see here, elections are a little hobby of mine. If you have access to Zimbabwe election stuff, what I would really like is a set of constituency maps. I can't find any online - have you seen any published anywhere? Adam 11:17, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * They were redrawn at the end of last year, I think. So it has to be fresh. http://kubatana.net/ Seem very jacked - maybe ask them ? Wizzy…  ☎   11:28, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

I see we could use articles on Mashonaland and Matabeleland. Adam 01:19, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Hi Wikiwizzy, Thank you for your vote of confidence at WP:RFA. It means a lot to me and I look forward to helping out as an admin. Cheers,  BanyanTree 03:30, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sig
Thanks, I see what you mean. -- M e r o v i n g i a n (t) (c) 09:32, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Pretoria Meetup
Hi Andy,

Sorry that I couldn't make it last night. How did the meetup go? --Jcw69 06:15, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Update feed
Hi Andy,

it was nice meeting you. Regarding the article feed, there's an implementation of the OAI-PMH protocol currently in use for http://www.answers.com - see http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html for the specs. As you can see on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AOAIRepository, this is currently limited in access (we are offering it as a service). If you want, I'll ask Jimmy Wales to give you free access to it. It does not currently include images, but will likely do so in the future.

Some basic work has been done on a static HTML dumper, see http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/maintenance/dumpHTML.php?rev=1.1&view=log -- this could be used, in combination with tools like htdig, to create a static DVD copy.

I recommend you bring these issues up on wikitech-l as well, perhaps with a brief introduction, so that more people are aware of them.--Eloquence* 10:01, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri
I refer you to User:Mark Dingemanse/Roylee and encourage you to revert all his and his anon. edits. I was going to do it, but it looked complicated. Wizzy… ☎   09:20, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Roylee is certainly pushing his pet theories. I think his contributions should be carefully checked and toned down (however tiring that is), but they do not deserve a blanket revert. I am actually not that unhappy with the current state of Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri. -- Jitse Niesen 11:42, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Then I shall leave it alone. I do not know enough on the subject. Wizzy… ☎   12:08, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

If you feel like doing some Roylee watching again, please tune in at User:Mark Dingemanse/Roylee. He's back, hasn't ever responded to inquiries on his talk page and just goes on adding the same web of self-referential fringe theories. — mark ✎ 09:16, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

"Moslem"
On the Alassane page I changed "moslem", a highly offensive term that you added, to "Muslim". I guess you didnt realize but try not to use moslem in the future. freestylefrappe 19:36, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Robert Mugabe
Hi, it is from Who's Who in the World - 21st Edition, 2003 I will see if I can find it mentioned online. No it doesn't appear to be mentioned on-line anywhere.

Did you remove the mention of his award. It has gone missing.

--Hierarchypedia 22:03, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

You can always check the history of any page with the history tab at the bottom, where you will see that User:Greenman removed it. If you put it back, be sure to add your reference above, at least to the edit summary, or it will probably be removed again. Wizzy… ☎   12:20, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Shuttleworth
It was "On 2002 April 25 Shuttleworth lifted-off aboard..." which had the mark-up On 25 April, 2002 Shuttleworth lifted-off. The software switches the position for some crazy reason which means that it is no matter gramatical when in context. The bellman 02:55, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * didn't know that. Thanks. Wizzy… ☎   17:24, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Addiator.jpg
I just came across Image:Addiator.jpg and since it's orphaned and copyrighted in a manner that's not useful for Wikipedia's purposes I was going to put it up for deletion. However, since I don't know the details of how permission was granted the last time, I figured I'd give a heads-up to you in case you want to get in contact with the copyright holder and try convincing him to licence the image under a less restrictive licence (GFDL, creative commons, etc.) Bryan 08:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Tue, 20 Jul 2004 webmaster@TCoCD.de Andreas Tabak, I would like to use one of your addiator pictures for an article on the machine in http://wikipedia.org/
 * Tue, 20 Jul 2004 Hello Andy, yes, that is possible. Which picture(s) do you want to use? Is the one one my webpage large enough? Please do not forget to reference the images' source and to send me a link to the article.

 * What more must I do ? Wizzy… ☎   09:57, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * I do see the picture has been replaced by another - so I have no objection to its deletion. Wizzy… ☎   11:19, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Zuma
Hi Wizzy, thanks for your kind note, and thanks for the pic on the Manto page too.--best regards, Joe Joewright 20:12, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

The site?
You don't think that users have the right to recive information? I added the site to subject i think is relevant and I'm a engineer and have worked in the marine industry and market for 5 years and haw a baclor degree in marine tecnical systems. If you are unhappy about the fact that i like to make all information available I'm more than happy ro remove all the stuff i added to the sites in here.

Barnstar
Wow! My first barnstar, I am truly honoured!! TreveXtalk 14:30, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And I think it is the coolest, even though it is a gif .. :-) Wizzy… ☎   15:22, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is by far the coolest. It just keeps spinning and spinning! A fine adornment to any user page. Thanks again! TreveXtalk 16:34, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Museveni on peer review
Hey Wizzy, just thought I'd let you know that Yoweri Museveni is now on peer review. I thought now was about the right time, as it would be good to get a feel for the kind of things people will say in WP:FAC now, rather than pressing ahead with expansion and then having to change a whole load of stuff later.TreveXtalk 11:45, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Swahili project
Hello Andy, how are things?

I think you'll like this project on the sw: Wikipedia : sw:Wikipedia:Jamii. Do you have a user account there? Cheers, +sj +  21:36, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wizzy/Archive1


text: User:SimonMayer/Useful/basic table

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:SimonMayer/Useful/basic table


text:
Leaf-nosed bat

The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are bats found from southern North America to South America, specifically from the Southwest United States to northern Argentina. They are ecologically the most varied and diverse family within the order Chiroptera. Most species are insectivorous, but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species and frugivores (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), the largest bat in the Americas, eats vertebrate prey, including small, dove-sized birds. Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and in the case of the vampire bats, even blood.

Both the scientific and common names derive from their often large, lance-shaped noses, greatly reduced in some of the nectar- and pollen-feeders. Because these bats echolocate nasally, this "nose-leaf" is thought to serve some role in modifying and directing the echolocation call. Similar nose leaves are found in some other groups of bats, most notably the Old World leaf-nosed bats.

New World leaf-nosed bats are usually brown, grey, or black, although five species are white. They range in size from 4.0 to 13.5 cm in head-body length, and can weigh from 7 to 200 g. Most roost in fairly small groups within caves, animal burrows, or hollow trees, although some species aggregate in colonies of several hundred individuals. They do not hibernate, although some species have been reported to aestivate.

Evolution
The Phyllostomidae, also known as New World leaf-nosed bats, are among the most ecologically diverse mammal families, displaying more morphological variation than any other mammalian family. This variation is measured by diversity in skull morphology and diet-related characteristics: Phyllostomidae consists of species that have evolved physical modifications for insectivory, frugivory, hematophagy, nectarivory, and omnivory. The nose-leaf—a distinctive characteristic of the family—is thought to have evolved to reflect the dietary and foraging behavior of different species of Phyllostomidae. With an evolutionary history tracing back to the Oligocene, fossil and phylogenetic evidence suggests the family originated about 30 million years ago. Leaf nosed bats evolved from Yangochiroptera and Miniopteridae with sister groups also evolving from this group. The Phyllostomidae consists of 55 genera and about 180 species.

Description
New World leaf-nosed bats are bilaterally symmetrical and endothermic mammals characterized by an elaborate outgrowth of skin on their noses, called a nose-leaf, which is believed to aid in echolocation. The nose-leaf can be adorned with a vertical leaf, a concave upward leaf, or multiple accessory leaves; varying by species. Leaf-nosed bats lack a tail, have triangular-shaped ears that can have pointed or rounded tips, range in body size from 4 to 13.5 cm, and have a wingspan of up to 90 cm or more.

Biology and ecology
Like other bats, leaf-nosed bats are nocturnal foragers that use echolocation to locate food sources, though the food sources vary between species. Many bats in the family Phyllostomidae appear to have limited reliance on echolocation, likely because frugivorous bats do not need to quickly identify flying insects like many other bats. Instead, species of leaf-nosed fruit bats appear to use scent to identify their preferred food sources.

When they are not foraging, leaf-nosed bats roost in abandoned buildings, caves, and beneath folded leaves depending on the species. Nearly every roosting option present among bats is represented within this family, including species that prefer to roost alone, as well as species that roost with thousands of other individuals every day.

Diet
The Phyllostomidae demonstrate the most diverse dietary habits of any family of bats across the globe. Because of this, general dietary patterns are categorized for each species. Leaf-nosed bats generally specialize in a particular type of diet which leads to classification in one of these groups: frugivore, nectarivore, insectivore, omnivore, or haematophagous. However, categorizations are based only on primary consumption habits, therefore observing species that occasionally consume food items outside of their particular classifications is not uncommon. Usually, when leaf-nosed bats consume outside of their primary dietary categorization, it is to ensure sufficient intake of nutrients that their primary food source may not provide. For example, nectar and ripe fruits provide sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and water, but are lacking in protein and fat. To meet basic nutritional requirements, leaf-nosed bats that primarily feed on fruit and nectar must also consume insects to ensure sufficient protein and fat intake and visit salt licks to acquire sodium and other nutrients.

Most leaf-nosed bats are classified as insectivores and feed on a variety of small insects. Certain species with this classification capture their prey either while in flight or from foliage in trees or on the ground. Carnivorous species feed on a variety of animals ranging from frogs to other bats. The Desmodontinae fall into this general carnivorous category, but are further distinguished by feeding exclusively on blood. In contrast, some species in this family feed on exclusively plants, gaining needed nutrients from fruits and leaves.

Life cycle
Leaf-nosed bats are gonochoric (separate sexes) that partake in sexual copulation. These bats can live for 20–30 years and females become sexually active at two years of age. Female ovulation occurs from October through September, after the female mates, the gestation period ranges from 8–9 months with an initial 3- to 5-month diapause period when the fetus growth is slowed; this diapause period is controlled by hormones. The female gives birth to a single pup, which has open ears, open eyes, and the first set of deciduous teeth, and is fully furred at birth.

Social systems
Among species that roost in groups, some evidence exists for a social hierarchy with higher-ranking individuals gaining access to preferred areas of the site. Solitary roosting bats, though, live alone and maintain a strict fidelity to a single roosting site. In some cases, males live alone or with harems, while females prefer to roost with other individuals and their pups. In nearly every species that has been studied, mothers and pups maintain a social bond that lasts beyond nursing. Apparently, young bats can learn food preferences from their mothers and when they are reluctant to leave the nest, mothers literally nudge the infants out of the roost.

Range
New World leaf-nosed bats range from the United States, in southern Arizona and the West Indies to northern Argentina. The family inhabits a diverse array of environments and habitats ranging from forests to deserts.

Human impact
Species of New World leaf-nosed bats that make their homes in forested areas are greatly affected by agricultural intensification. Specifically, it has been found that increased agricultural activity by humans causes negative conservation effects on these habitats and as a result reduces abundance and diversity of leaf-nosed bats that live there. California leaf-nosed bats in particular are susceptible to human disruption. This species is known to create large roosts in closed mine shafts due to their potential to provide warmth and isolation. When humans enter the shafts or rework old mines, this disrupts the roosts of the leaf-nosed bats and has the potential to be detrimental to the population as a whole.

Classification
FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
 * Subfamily Carolliinae
 * Genus Carollia
 * Benkeith's short-tailed bat (Carollia benkeithi)
 * Silky short-tailed bat (Carollia brevicauda)
 * Chestnut short-tailed bat (Carollia castanea)
 * Silky short-tailed bat (Carollia colombiana)
 * Manu short-tailed bat (Carollia manu)
 * Mono's short-tailed bat (Carollia monohernandezi)
 * Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata)
 * Sowell's short-tailed bat (Carollia sowelli)
 * Gray short-tailed bat (Carollia subrufa)
 * Subfamily: Desmodontinae - vampire bats
 * Genus Desmodus
 * D. archaeodaptes, †
 * Giant vampire bat, D. draculae†,
 * Cuban vampire bat, D. puntajudensis†
 * Common vampire bat, D. rotundus
 * Stock's vampire bat, D. stocki†,
 * Genus Diaemus
 * White-winged vampire bat, D. youngi
 * Genus Diphylla
 * Hairy-legged vampire bat, D. ecaudata
 * Subfamily: Glossophaginae
 * Tribe Brachyphyllini
 * Genus Brachyphylla
 * Antillean fruit-eating bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum)
 * Cuban fruit-eating bat (Brachyphylla nana)
 * Genus Erophylla
 * Brown flower bat (Erophylla bombifrons)
 * Buffy flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni)
 * Genus Phyllonycteris
 * Jamaican flower bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla)
 * Puerto Rican flower bat (Phyllonycteris major)
 * Cuban flower bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi)
 * Tribe Choeronycterini
 * Genus Anoura
 * Anoura aequatoris
 * Cadena's tailless bat (Anoura cadenai)
 * Tailed tailless bat (Anoura caudifer)
 * Handley's tailless bat (Anoura cultrata))
 * Tube-lipped nectar bat (Anoura fistulata)
 * Geoffroy's tailless bat (Anoura geoffroyi)
 * Broad-toothed tailless bat (Anoura latidens)
 * Luis Manuel's tailless bat (Anoura luismanueli)
 * Anoura peruana
 * Genus Choeroniscus
 * Godman's long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus godmani)
 * Intermediate long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus intermedius)
 * Minor long-nosed long-tongued bat (Choeroniscus minor)
 * Greater long-tailed bat (Choeroniscus periosus)
 * Genus Choeronycteris
 * Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana)
 * Genus Dryadonycteris
 * Dryadonycteris capixaba
 * Genus Hylonycteris
 * Underwood's long-tongued bat (Hylonycteris underwoodi)
 * Genus Lichonycteris
 * Pale brown long-nosed bat (Lichonycteris degener)
 * Dark long-tongued bat (Lichonycteris obscura)
 * Genus Musonycteris
 * Banana bat (Musonycteris harrisoni)
 * Genus Scleronycteris
 * Ega long-tongued bat (Scleronycteris ega)
 * Tribe Glossophagini
 * Genus Glossophaga
 * Commissaris's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga commissarisi)
 * Gray long-tongued bat (Glossophaga leachii)
 * Miller's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga longirostris)
 * Western long-tongued bat (Glossophaga morenoi)
 * Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina)
 * Genus Leptonycteris
 * Southern long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae)
 * Greater long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis)
 * Lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae)
 * Genus Monophyllus
 * Insular single leaf bat (Monophyllus plethodon)
 * Leach's single leaf bat (Monophyllus redmani)
 * Subfamily: Glyphonycterinae
 * Genus Glyphonycteris
 * Behn's bat (Glyphonycteris behnii)
 * Davies's big-eared bat (Glyphonycteris daviesi)
 * Tricolored big-eared bat (Glyphonycteris sylvestris)
 * Genus Neonycteris
 * Least big-eared bat (Neonycteris pusilla)
 * Genus Trinycteris
 * Niceforo's big-eared bat (Trinycteris nicefori)
 * Subfamily Lonchophyllinae
 * Tribe Hsunycterini
 * Genus Hsunycteris
 * Cadena's long-tongued bat (Hsunycteris cadenai)
 * Dashe's nectar bat (Hsunycteris dashe)
 * Patton's long-tongued bat (Hsunycteris pattoni)
 * Thomas's nectar bat (Hsunycteris thomasi)
 * Tribe Lonchophyllini
 * Genus Lionycteris
 * Chestnut long-tongued bat (Lionycteris spurrelli)
 * Genus Lonchophylla
 * Bokermann's nectar bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni)
 * Chocoan long-tongued bat (Lonchophylla chocoana)
 * Lonchophylla concava
 * Dekeyser's nectar bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri)
 * Lonchophylla fornicata
 * Handley's nectar bat (Lonchophylla handleyi)
 * Western nectar bat (Lonchophylla hesperia)
 * Lonchophylla inexpectata
 * Goldman's nectar bat (Lonchophylla mordax)
 * Orcés's long-tongued bat (Lonchophylla orcesi)
 * Lonchophylla orienticollina
 * Peracchi's nectar bat (Lonchophylla peracchii)
 * Orange nectar bat (Lonchophylla robusta)
 * Genus Platalina
 * Long-snouted bat (Platalina genovensium)
 * Genus Xeronycteris
 * Vieira's long-tongued bat (Xeronycteris vieirai)
 * Subfamily Lonchorhininae
 * Genus Lonchorhina
 * Tomes's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina aurita)
 * Fernandez's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina fernandezi)
 * Northern sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina inusitata)
 * Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)
 * Orinoco sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis)
 * Subfamily Macrotinae
 * Genus Macrotus
 * California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus)
 * Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus waterhousii)
 * Subfamily Micronycterinae
 * Genus Lampronycteris
 * Yellow-throated big-eared bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis)
 * Genus Micronycteris
 * Brosset's big-eared bat (Micronycteris brosseti)
 * Saint Vincent big-eared bat (Micronycteris buriri)
 * Micronycteris giovanniae
 * Hairy big-eared bat (Micronycteris hirsuta)
 * Matses' big-eared bat (Micronycteris matses)
 * Little big-eared bat (Micronycteris megalotis)
 * Common big-eared bat (Micronycteris microtis)
 * White-bellied big-eared bat (Micronycteris minuta)
 * Sanborn's big-eared bat (Micronycteris sanborni)
 * Schmidts's big-eared bat (Micronycteris schmidtorum)
 * Yates's big-eared bat (Micronycteris yatesi)
 * Subfamily Phyllostominae
 * Genus †Notonycteris
 * Tribe Macrophyllini
 * Genus Macrophyllum
 * Long-legged bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum)
 * Genus Trachops
 * Fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus)
 * Tribe Phyllostomini
 * Genus Gardnerycteris
 * Striped hairy-nosed bat (Gardnerycteris crenulata)
 * Koepcke's hairy-nosed bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae)
 * Genus Lophostoma
 * Pygmy round-eared bat (Lophostoma brasiliense)
 * Carriker's round-eared bat (Lophostoma carrikeri)
 * Davis's round-eared bat (Lophostoma evotis)
 * Kalko's round-eared bat (Lophostoma kalkoae)
 * Western round-eared bat (Lophostoma occidentale)
 * Schultz's round-eared bat (Lophostoma schulzi)
 * White-throated round-eared bat (Lophostoma silvicola)
 * Genus Phylloderma
 * Pale-faced bat (Phylloderma stenops)
 * Genus Phyllostomus
 * Pale spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus discolor)
 * Lesser spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus elongatus)
 * Greater spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus hastatus)
 * Guianan spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus latifolius)
 * Genus Tonatia
 * Greater round-eared bat (Tonatia bidens)
 * Stripe-headed round-eared bat (Tonatia saurophila)
 * Tribe Vampyrini
 * Genus Chrotopterus
 * Big-eared woolly bat (Chrotopterus auritus)
 * Genus Mimon
 * Golden bat (Mimon bennettii)
 * Cozumelan golden bat (Mimon cozumelae)
 * Genus Vampyrum
 * Spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum)
 * Subfamily: Rhinophyllinae
 * Genus Rhinophylla
 * Hairy little fruit bat (Rhinophylla alethina)
 * Fischer's little fruit bat (Rhinophylla fischerae)
 * Dwarf little fruit bat (Rhinophylla pumilio)
 * Subfamily: Stenodermatinae
 * Tribe Stenodermatini
 * Genus Ametrida
 * Little white-shouldered bat (Ametrida centurio)
 * Genus Ardops
 * Tree bat (Ardops nichollsi)
 * Genus Ariteus
 * Jamaican fig-eating bat (Ariteus flavescens)
 * Genus Artibeus
 * Artibeus aequatorialis
 * Large fruit-eating bat (Artibeus amplus)
 * Brown fruit-eating bat (Artibeus concolor)
 * Fringed fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fimbriatus)
 * Fraternal fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fraterculus)
 * Hairy fruit-eating bat (Artibeus hirsutus)
 * Honduran fruit-eating bat (Artibeus inopinatus)
 * Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)
 * Great fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus)
 * Dark fruit-eating bat (Artibeus obscurus)
 * Flat-faced fruit-eating bat (Artibeus planirostris)
 * Artibeus schwartzi
 * Genus Centurio
 * Wrinkle-faced bat (Centurio senex)
 * Genus Chiroderma
 * Brazilian big-eyed bat (Chiroderma doriae)
 * Guadeloupe big-eyed bat (Chiroderma improvisum)
 * Salvin's big-eyed bat (Chiroderma salvini)
 * Little big-eyed bat (Chiroderma trinitatum)
 * Hairy big-eyed bat (Chiroderma villosum)
 * Chiroderma vizottoi
 * Genus Ectophylla
 * Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba)
 * Genus Enchisthenes
 * Velvety fruit-eating bat (Enchisthenes hartii)
 * Genus Mesophylla
 * MacConnell's bat (Mesophylla macconnelli)
 * Genus Phyllops
 * Cuban fig-eating bat (Phyllops falcatus)
 * Genus Pygoderma
 * Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum)
 * Genus Platyrrhinus
 * Platyrrhinus albericoi
 * Slender broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus angustirostris)
 * Platyrrhinus aquilus
 * Eldorado broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus aurarius)
 * Short-headed broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus brachycephalus)
 * Choco broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus chocoensis)
 * Thomas's broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus dorsalis)
 * Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus fusciventris)
 * Heller's broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus helleri)
 * Platyrrhinus incarum
 * Buffy broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus infuscus)
 * Platyrrhinus ismaeli
 * White-lined broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus)
 * Quechua broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus masu)
 * Matapalo broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus matapalensis)
 * Western broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus nitelinea)
 * Recife broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus recifinus)
 * Shadowy broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus umbratus)
 * Greater broad-nosed bat (Platyrrhinus vittatus)
 * Genus Sphaeronycteris
 * Visored bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum)
 * Genus Stenoderma
 * Red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum)
 * Genus Uroderma
 * Tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum)
 * Brown tent-making bat (Uroderma magnirostrum)
 * Genus Vampyressa
 * Melissa's yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa melissa)
 * Southern little yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa pusilla)
 * Northern little yellow-eared bat (Vampyressa thyone)
 * Genus Vampyriscus
 * Bidentate yellow-eared bat (Vampyriscus bidens)
 * Brock's yellow-eared bat (Vampyriscus brocki)
 * Vampyriscus nymphaeus
 * Genus Vampyrodes
 * Great stripe-faced bat (Vampyrodes caraccioli)
 * Vampyrodes major
 * Tribe Sturnirini
 * Genus Sturnira
 * Sturnira angeli
 * Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira aratathomasi)
 * Sturnira bakeri
 * Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira bidens)
 * Bogota yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira bogotensis)
 * Burton's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira burtonlimi)
 * Hairy yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira erythromos)
 * Sturnira hondurensis
 * Sturnira koopmanhilli
 * Little yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira lilium)
 * Highland yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira ludovici)
 * Louis's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira luisi)
 * Greater yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira magna)
 * Mistratoan yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira mistratensis)
 * Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira mordax)
 * Lesser yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira nana)
 * Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira oporaphilum)
 * Sturnira parvidens
 * Sturnira paulsoni
 * Sturnira perla
 * Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira sorianoi)
 * Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira tildae)

title: Leaf-nosed bat


text:
Courtauld Institute of Art

The Courtauld Institute of Art, commonly referred to as the Courtauld, is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation. It is among the most prestigious specialist colleges for the study of the history of art in the world and is known for the disproportionate number of directors of major museums drawn from its small body of alumni.

The art collection is known particularly for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings and is housed in the Courtauld Gallery. The Courtauld is based in Somerset House, in the Strand in London. In 2019, the Courtauld's teaching and research activities temporarily relocated to Vernon Square, London, while its Somerset House site underwent a major regeneration project.

History
The Courtauld was founded in 1932 through the philanthropic efforts of the industrialist and art collector Samuel Courtauld, the diplomat and collector Lord Lee of Fareham, and the art historian Sir Robert Witt.

Originally the Courtauld was based in Home House, a townhouse designed by Robert Adam in Portman Square, Marylebone. The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, has housed the Courtauld since 1989.

The Courtauld has been an independent college of the University of London since 2002.

The Courtauld has featured several times on the BBC's arts programme Fake or Fortune. In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute offered digital "mini festivals" called "Open Courtauld Hour".

Academic profile
The Courtauld Institute of Art is the major centre for the study of the history and conservation of art and architecture in the United Kingdom. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate teaching to around 400 students each year. Degrees are awarded by the University of London.

The Courtauld was ranked first in the United Kingdom for History and History of Art in The Guardian's 2011 University Guide and was confirmed in this rank for research quality in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework. The Independent has called it "probably the most prestigious specialist college for the study of the history of art in the world".

The Courtauld was ranked, again, first in the United Kingdom for History and History of Art in The Guardian's 2017 University Guide.

Research
According to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the Courtauld hosts the highest proportion of the UK's world-leading and internationally excellent research among all higher education institutions with 95% of research rated in the top two categories (4*/3*), 56% of which was rated in the 4* category, tied for highest in the UK with London Business School.

Undergraduate study
The only undergraduate course offered by the Courtauld is a BA in the History of Art. This is a full-time course designed to introduce students to all aspects of the study of art history.

Postgraduate study
Several taught courses are offered at postgraduate level: master's degrees in history of art, curating the art museum, the history of Buddhist art, and the conservation of wall paintings are taught alongside diploma courses in the conservation of easel paintings and the history of art. Students in the history of art master's programme have to choose a specialisation ranging from antiquity to early modern to global contemporary artwork. Special options are taught in small class sizes of 5–10 students.

Study resources

The Courtauld has two photographic libraries which originated as the private collections of two benefactors: the Conway Library, covering architecture, architectural drawings, sculpture and illuminated manuscripts, named after Lord Conway of Allington, and the Witt Library, after Sir Robert Witt, covering paintings, drawings and engravings, and containing over two million reproductions of works by over 70,000 artists. In 2009, it was decided that the Witt Library would not continue to add new material to the collection, and in 2017 a mass digitisation project which will make both Witt and Conway items available online commenced as part of Courtauld Connects.

The book library is one of the UK's largest holdings of art history books, periodicals and exhibition catalogues. There is a slide library which also covers films, and an IT suite.

An online image collection provides access to more than 40,000 images, including paintings and drawings from the Courtauld Gallery, and over 35,000 photographs of architecture and sculpture from the Conway Library. Two other websites sell high-resolution digital files to scholars, publishers and broadcasters, and photographic prints to a wide public audience.

The Courtauld uses a virtual learning environment to deliver course material to its students. Since 2004, the Courtauld has published an annual research journal, Immediations, edited by current members of the research student body. Each cover of the journal has been commissioned by a leading contemporary artist. Additionally, together with the Warburg Institute, the institute publishes The Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, an annual publication of about 300 pages.

The Courtauld Gallery
The Courtauld's art collection is housed in the Courtauld Gallery. The collection was begun by the institute's founder, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932. It was enhanced by further gifts in the 1930s and a bequest in 1948, and has since received many significant donations and bequests. The gallery contains some 530 paintings and over 26,000 drawings and prints. Since 1989 the gallery been housed in the Strand block of Somerset House, which was the first home of the Royal Academy, founded in 1768. In April 2013 the Head of the Courtauld Gallery was Ernst Vegelin.

Notable people associated with the Courtauld
The Courtauld is well known for its many graduates who have become directors of art museums around the world. These include the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the National Gallery, London; the National Portrait Gallery, London; the British Museum, London; the Tate, London; the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco; the National Gallery of Art, Washington; and the Museo del Prado, Madrid. The number of notable alumni in the fine arts has earned graduates the "Courtauld Mafia" nickname.

Directors
The directors of the Courtauld have been:

title: Courtauld Institute of Art


text:
Talk:Warta

Warta River
The standard formating:
 * the article title is bolded: Warta
 * alternative names are in italics: Varta, German: Warthe
 * other rivers and cities are only links to the main articles, no need to give alternative names
 * German names of Polish rivers are offenssive

Mestwin of Gdansk 22:11, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * German names are important, as they were the official names for most of the 1800s, a period of history that is of interest to many users. We can leave them off the interior, as long as they stay on the main topic. But if I were reading an English language history text that spoke in terms of the 1800s, it would be more convenient to see them with the rest of the description, rather than having to hunt them down through the numerous links.

Bwood 01:16, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Poland was occupied by the Germans against the Poles' will, and is considered to be ilegal action. The Germans persecuted the Poles for using Polish language and renamed many Polish cities into German language. That's why the German placenames in Poland are considered offensive and insluting. In my opinion it's enough to give the German alternatives once in the main article, and not everywhere. Mestwin of Gdansk 17:01, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * What is the meaning, etymology and original historical context of the word "Warta"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.54.255.43 (talk) 08:29, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warta


text:
1982 Fijian general election

General elections were held in Fiji between 10 and 17 July 1982. The paradoxical results were both a triumph and a setback for the Alliance Party of the Prime Minister, Kamisese Mara. The Alliance received 52% of the popular vote, only slightly down on its previous total, but won only 28 seats, eight fewer than in the previous elections of September 1977. Part of the reason for this discrepancy was that the slight surge in support for Mara's Alliance in the Indo-Fijian community, from 14 percent to 16 percent, was not sufficient to translate into seats in Fiji's communal electoral system, and did not therefore off-set losses among the ethnic Fijian community, particularly in the west of the country. The Western United Front of Osea Gavidi won only two seats, but split the vote, allowing the National Federation Party (NFP), with which it tactically allied itself, to gain seven seats for a total of 22. The NFP, which had split into two factions before the previous elections, had been reunited.

Campaign
A total of 137 candidates contested the 52 seats in the House of Representatives. One candidate – Subramani Basawaiya of the National Federation Party – was elected unopposed in the Savusavu–Macuatu East Indo-Fijian communal constituency, after his sole opponent, Alliance Party candidate Shiu Prasad, withdrew from the contest shortly before the elections. The Alliance claimed the withdrawal was tactical, as it would mean Indo-Fijian voters would be less likely to come out to vote, giving the Alliance an advantage in the national constituencies.

The Fijian Nationalist Party campaigned on a 'Fiji for the Fijians' platform, with their manifesto including policies of reserving 46 of the 52 seats in the House of Representatives for Fijians and returning all freehold and crown lands to the Fijian community.

The Fijian-dominated Western United Front, established in July 1981 and led by Osea Gavidi, formed an electoral pact with the Indo-Fijian dominated National Federation Party, resulting in the NFP standing down in six Fijian national constituencies to allow the WUF to run.

Results
The Alliance received 86% of the vote in the Fijian communal constituencies, with the WUF on 7% and the NFP just 0.8%. In Indo-Fijian communal constituencies the NFP received 84% of the vote and the Alliance 15%.

Three deputy ministers lost their seats; Bill Clark, Ishwari Prasad Bajpai and Sakiasi Waqnivavalagi.

Aftermath
Following the elections, Mara formed a fifteen-member cabinet.

title: 1982 Fijian general election


text:
City University

City University may refer to:

 * City University of Hong Kong, China
 * City University Malaysia, Malaysia
 * City, University of London, United Kingdom
 * City University of New York, United States
 * City University of Seattle, United States
 * City University of Macau, China
 * City University, Bangladesh
 * City University of Istanbul, Turkey

Other city universities:

 * Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
 * Dublin City University, Ireland
 * Kansas City University, United States
 * Oakland City University, United States
 * Oklahoma City University, United States
 * Nagoya City University, Japan
 * New Jersey City University, United States
 * Osaka City University, Japan
 * University of the City of Manila, Philippines
 * Yokohama City University, Japan

Ciudad Universitaria (City University) is another name for:
 * Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
 * University City of Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
 * National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
 * National University of Colombia, Colombia
 * University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

title: City University


text:
School of Advanced Study

The School of Advanced Study (SAS), a postgraduate-only institution of the University of London, is the UK's national centre for the promotion and facilitation of research in the humanities and social sciences. It was established in 1994 and is based in Senate House, in Bloomsbury, central London, close to the British Museum, British Library and several of the colleges of the University of London. The School brings together nine research institutes, many of which have long histories, to provide a wide range of specialist research services, facilities and resources. It offers taught master's and research degrees in humanities and social science subjects (MA, MRes, LLM, MPhil, and PhD).

History
The School was established on 1 August 1994. Its nine institutes range in age; the oldest, the Institute of Historical Research, was founded in 1921; the youngest, the Institute of Philosophy, was founded in 2005.

Location
The School is in Senate House, the administrative centre of the University of London, in Bloomsbury, central London.

Organisation and structure
The Member Institutes of the School are:

 * Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
 * Institute of Classical Studies
 * Institute of Commonwealth Studies
 * Institute of English Studies
 * Institute of Modern Languages Research (including the Centre for Latin American and Caribbean Studies)
 * Institute of Historical Research
 * Institute of Philosophy
 * Warburg Institute

The Institutes of the School provide a range of specialist research services in their subject areas of expertise. In furtherance of their national and international role, the Institutes of the School undertake high-quality research; maintain and develop library collections and services; develop digital resources; publish journals and book series; host visiting scholars and postdoctoral fellows; organise a range of academic events including workshops, conferences, seminars and lectures; provide specialist research training and postgraduate taught, research, and doctoral programmes.

Publishing
The University of London Press (also known as UoL Press) is based in the School of Advanced Study. Founded in 1910, it was relaunched in 2019 as a fully open access publisher specializing in "distinctive scholarship at the forefront of the Humanities".

Deans
Notable deans of the school include:

 * Roderick Floud – 2007 to 2009
 * Roger Kain – 2010 to 2017
 * Rick Rylance – 2017 to 2020
 * Jo Fox – since December 2020

title: School of Advanced Study


text:
Pedal point

In music, a pedal point (also pedal note, organ point, pedal tone, or pedal) is a sustained tone, typically in the bass, during which at least one foreign (i.e. dissonant) harmony is sounded in the other parts. A pedal point sometimes functions as a "non-chord tone", placing it in the categories alongside suspensions, retardations, and passing tones. However, the pedal point is unique among non-chord tones, "in that it begins on a consonance, sustains (or repeats) through another chord as a dissonance until the harmony", not the non-chord tone, "resolves back to a consonance".

Pedal points "have a strong tonal effect, 'pulling' the harmony back to its root". Pedal points can also build drama or intensity and expectation. When a pedal point occurs in a voice other than the bass, it is usually referred to as an inverted pedal point (see inversion). Pedal points are usually on either the tonic or the dominant (fifth note of the scale) tones. The pedal tone is considered a chord tone in the original harmony, then a nonchord tone during the intervening dissonant harmonies, and then a chord tone again when the harmony resolves. A dissonant pedal point may go against all harmonies present during its duration, being almost more like an added tone than a nonchord tone, or pedal points may serve as atonal pitch centers.

The term comes from the organ for its ability to sustain a note indefinitely and the tendency for such notes to be played on an organ's pedal keyboard. The pedal keyboard on an organ is played by the feet; as such, the organist can hold down a pedal point for lengthy periods while both hands perform higher-register music on the manual keyboards.

Types
A double pedal is two pedal tones played simultaneously. An inverted pedal is a pedal that is not in the bass (and often is the highest part.) Mozart included numerous inverted pedals in his works, particularly in the solo parts of his concertos. An internal pedal is a pedal that is similar to the inverted pedal, except that it is played in the middle register between the bass and the upper voices.

A drone differs from a pedal point in degree or quality. A pedal point may be a nonchord tone and thus required to resolve, unlike a drone, or a pedal point may simply be a shorter drone, a drone being a longer pedal point.

Use in classical music
There are numerous examples of pedal points in classical music. Pedal points often appear in early baroque music "alla battaglia", notably prolonged in Heinrich Schütz's Es steh Gott auf (SWV 356) and Claudio Monteverdi's Altri canti di Marte.

In Henry Purcell's "Fantasia upon One Note" for a consort of viols, a tenor viol sustains a C throughout, while the other viols weave increasingly elaborate counter-melodies around it:

Pedal points are often found near the end of fugues "... to reestablish the tonality of the composition after it has become clouded by the numerous modulations and digressions along the way within the middle entries of the subject and answer and in the connecting episodes". Fugues often conclude with figures written over a bass pedal point: Pedal points are also used in other polyphonic compositions to strengthen a final cadence, signal important structural points in the composition, and for their dramatic effect.

Pedal points are somewhat problematic on the harpsichord, which has only a limited sustain capability. Often the pedal note is simply repeated at intervals. A pedal tone can also be realized with a trill; this is particularly common with inverted pedals. Another method of producing a pedal point on the harpsichord is to repeat the pedal point note (or its octave) on every beat. The rarely seen pedal harpsichord, a harpsichord with a pedal keyboard, makes it easier to perform repeated bass notes on the harpsichord, since both hands are still free to play on the upper manual keyboards.

With the development of the piano, composers began exploring the potential of a pedal-point in creating mood and atmosphere. An example is the inverted pedal that pervades the right hand part of the piano accompaniment in Schubert's song Erlkönig:

According to Eugene Narmour (1987, p. 101) "There is no instrument on which a pedal point sounds better than the piano (with its ready-made damper mechanism), and, safe to say, no composer more fond of harmonic pedals than Chopin." An example is the Prelude in D♭, Op. 28, No. 15, (the "Raindrop Prelude") which, like the Purcell, features one repeated note throughout. The piece is in ternary form, with its serene outer "A" sections contrasting the brooding middle "B" section:

In this prelude, the repeated bass A♭ that pervades the outer section becomes, through an enharmonic change, a G♯ in the minor key middle section, where it moves from the bass to the top part. There are other examples of piano music where a single note pervades almost the entire piece: a persistent B♭ features in both Debussy's piano prelude "Voiles" and "Le Gibet" from Ravel's Gaspard de la Nuit.

The term "pedal point" is also used to describe a bass note that is held for a long period in orchestral music, as in the symphonies of Jean Sibelius. Pedal points for orchestral music are often performed by the double basses with the bow, which creates a sustained, organ-like bass tone underneath the changing harmonies in the upper voices. The closing section of the third movement of Johannes Brahms's Ein Deutsches Requiem, "Herr, lehre doch mich" (bars 173–208), features a sustained timpani roll on D natural for over two minutes until resolving in the final chord:

Ernest Newman (1947, p. iii) wrote of the "mixed reception" given to the Requiem, particularly this movement, which "was greeted with many expressions of disapproval; the continual pedal point—intensified by the too vigorous work of the drummer".

Use in opera
The openings of the first two operas of Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung") feature pedal notes. The prelude to Das Rheingold features an E♭ pedal tone in the bass for 162 bars:

Robert Donington (1963, p. 35) says: "The Ring opens quietly, but with an effect which in the context of harmonized music is apparently unique. For a very long passage there is not only no modulation but no change of chord. A chord of E♭ major builds up: first the tonic sounds in the abysmal depths; next a fifth is added; then an arpeggio movement on the complete triad, calm but swelling, an embryonic motive ... But still the chord does not change ... A sense of timelessness sets in."

By contrast, the stormy prelude to Die Walküre features an inverted pedal: the sustained tremolos in the upper strings offset the melodic and rhythmic activity in the 'cellos and basses:

Alban Berg’s expressionist opera Wozzeck makes subtle use of a pedal tone in Act 3, scene 2, when the jealous, put-upon soldier Wozzeck murders his unfaithful wife, Marie. Douglas Jarman (1989, p38) describes the powerful dramatic effect of this episode: "Marie and Wozzeck are walking through the wood. Anxious, Marie tries to hurry on but Wozzeck detains her. A disjointed, sinister conversation follows until, as the moon rises, blood-red, Wozzeck draws a knife. A long crescendo begins as the note B natural, which has been present as a subdued pedal point throughout the scene, is now taken up by the kettledrums. Wozzeck plunges the knife into Marie’s throat."

Use in jazz and popular music
Examples of jazz tunes which include pedal points include Duke Ellington's "Satin Doll"" (intro), Stevie Wonder's "Too High" (intro), Miles Davis's "On Green Dolphin Street", Bill Evans's "34 Skidoo", Herbie Hancock's "Dolphin Dance" from his Maiden Voyage album, Pat Metheny's "Lakes" and "Half Life of Absolution", and John Coltrane's "Naima". The latter, from the album Giant Steps, has the notation "E♭ pedal" to instruct the bass player to play a sustained pedal. Jazz musicians also use pedal points to add tension to the bridge or solo sections of a tune. In an ii-V-I progression, some jazz musicians play a V pedal note under all three chords, or under the first two chords.

Rock guitarists have used pedal points in their solos. The progressive rock band Genesis often used a "pedal-point groove", in which the "bass remains static on the tonic as chords move above the bass at varying speeds", with the Genesis songs "Cinema Show" and "Apocalypse in 9/8" being examples of this. "By the late 1970s and early 1980s, pedal-point grooves such as this had become a well-worn cliché of progressive rock as they had of funk (James Brown’s "Sex Machine"), and were already making frequent appearances in more commercial styles such as stadium rock (Van Halen’s 'Jump') and synth-pop (Frankie Goes to Hollywood’s 'Relax')."

Film composers use pedal points to add tension to thrillers and horror films. In the Hitchcock thriller film North by Northwest, Bernard Herrmann "uses the pedal point and ostinato as techniques to achieve tension", resulting in a dissonant, dramatic effect. In one scene, "The Phone Booth", Herrmann "uses the timpani playing a low pedal B-flat to create a sense of impending doom", as one character is arranging for another character's murder. Other notable examples from similar genres are the music for the opening title of the TV series "Sherlock" by David Arnold and Michael Price, and one of the main themes of Interstellar by Hans Zimmer: "[...] to sustain a dominant pedal at length as this theme does gives an impression of a prolonged avoidance of resolution. Indeed, given the enormous length of time that elapses during Cooper’s absence, this is an entirely appropriate sentiment.".

In small combo jazz or jazz fusion groups, the double bass player or Hammond organist may also introduce a pedal point (usually on the tonic or the dominant) in a tune that does not explicitly request a pedal point, to add tension and interest. Thrash metal in particular makes abundant use a muted low E string (or lower, if other tunings are used) as a pedal point.

Other examples include The Supremes' "You Keep Me Hangin' On" (chorus: octave E's against A, G, and F major chords) and John Denver's "The Eagle And The Hawk" (intro: top two guitar strings, B & E, against B, A, G, F, and E major chords). Also, Tom Petty's "Free Falling" and Goo Goo Dolls' "Name".

title: Pedal point


text:
Talk:Pinotage

Controversial?
I have removed the word controversial. For a start it was illogical - how could a wine variety be controversial? On the other hand controversy might surround it, but I don't believe that it does. I suspect that the writer was trying to convey the concept that the grape variety has had a chequered history of success. The word controversial in my view does not answer.Tashkop 04:50, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite
Completely rewritten, really needs some photos. Has anyone got a primary source for van Rensburg's "child rape" quote? FlagSteward 19:31, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Great rewrite. Well done. I have however reverted here the comments of Tashkop. Discussion should not be removed from talk pages. --Bduke 22:23, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Child Rape comment
Is it really a "famous" assessment or needed in the article? I have to admit that it is somewhat disturbing. AgneCheese/Wine 19:40, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem too necessary in an encyclopedic entry on the grape, and in its current format it feels incorporated insensitively brief. For inclusion I think it needs context. M URGH   disc.  23:55, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's an infamous assessment by a notorious winemaker in South Africa, where Pinotage comes from. I restored it without regard to content because it was was deleted without comment; such blanking of sourced text consitutes vandalism and should be reverted immediately on that basis alone.
 * Remember, Wikipedia is not censored. The comment highlights the fact that Pinotage has a history of some controversy. I must admit in looking over the History section, deleting the entire 2-sentence last paragraph won't hurt the article, although it would be a shame not to reference the cited source about this notable winemaker. -Amatulic (talk) 00:31, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Well overall the article does need some work. While I agree that Wikipedia is not censored, I think that is meant to be taken in context and balance of the encyclopedic worth of something that is "censorable". While Pinotage is certainly controversial, I do have my doubts on the historical or "encyclopedic" nature of the comment that would merit its inclusion. Would it pass the 100 yr test? I just don't see a collective benefit that the comment has that would warrant its use. Eye catching, yes. Encyclopedic, debatable. AgneCheese/Wine 00:39, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I also agree Amatulic was right to revert on principle, but would wish a comment like that was used in a section explaining the controversy in depth rather than used as a quick 'stunner'. M URGH   disc.  01:15, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Looking at the history it seems that the editor removed the statement before without comment and was reverted by Bduke. I'll mention this conversation to the editor and see if we can get any clarifying comments. AgneCheese/Wine 01:27, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I recall I reverted it because it was properly referenced. It is a bit over the top, but much of what is said about wine is over the top or pretentious. I guess I just have the Australian pretty robust view on language. As another example of this, I have just received for Christmas, "Quaff 2008". The author grades the wines he includes into three categories, "bloody good", "good" and "pretty good". I doubt "bloody good" would be accepted in the US or UK, but nobody bats an eyelid here. --Bduke (talk) 02:49, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a no-brainer to keep it IMO. For one thing I think we've a systemic bias problem here - if Robert Mondavi had said the same about Zinfandel, our US editors would be crying to keep it in. Van Rensburg is more significant in his industry than Mondavi is to the US industry, he's arguably the best winemaker in SA, so his views on SA winemaking are very notable.  And aside from being one of the all-time memorable quotes about viticulture (OK - it's not a long list), it's a perfect illustration of Pinotage's "controversial" history mentioned by Tashkop above in reference to the pre=rewrite version of the article. I'd suggest that you'd be hard put to find a more authoritative "nay" in any controversy on Wikipedia! My only regret is that so far I haven't been able to find a primary source for it, although it gets a mention in just about any serious article about Pinotage or van Rensburg. :-) PS. I've some Kanonkop, although not one of the 80's ones, I'll try and take a pic of it some time.... FlagSteward (talk) 13:47, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * As a US editor, I certainly would not be advocating keeping an isolated quote of Mondavi in any article-except for maybe the Mondavi article itself. While I do think that NPOV requires due weight to the controversy and criticisms of Pinotage, I think it can be done without such a bizarre quote. While I do agree that Van Rensburg is an important and influential figure (and we do need to get an article on him), I think this quote would probably be of more lasting encyclopedic relevance in his article rather than in the Pinotage article itself. I am going to do some overall work on this article, focusing particularly on the NPOV side, and offer it up for review here on how balanced it is. AgneCheese/Wine 15:10, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Criticism section
Update I've done some work on the article, including fashioning out a "Criticism" section. My overall concern was the WP:NPOV presentation and the weight of the criticism versus the rest of the article. I let the reliable sources be my guide and it seems while most sources make an effort to mention that there is some criticism, they rarely go beyond a few lines in saying what that criticism is about. To that extent, I think article is actually a little "unbalanced" in including more of that criticism then what the sources did. It seems that the story of Pinotage mostly exist on the ebb and flow of fashion with it rising in popularity as a "national treasure" for a few years and then being poo poo in favor of Cab & Shiraz in other years. In my opinion, the criticism section could be trim down and still convey the views of the critics in a balance proportion. That said, I am even more convinced now that the "child rape" comment is a bit overtop and not needed. It would be even more undue weight to the criticism since few, if any reliable sources, use this particular quote to "summarize" the criticism of Pinotage. While none of my sources even mention Van Rensburg, the online sources I saw only seem to mention it as an interesting side bit or summary of Van Rensburg's own isolated feelings about Pinotage rather than as some broad scope of how a segment of South African winemakers feel. I can see many good reasons for including it in an article about Van Rensburg himself, I just can't see an encyclopedic reason for it to be in this article. AgneCheese/Wine 17:01, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, the "child rape" comment would be more relevant in an article about the winemaker. I do find his opinion on Pinotage interesting in that an opinion from such a notable winemaker can be that extreme. Rarely are sentiments about an entire varietal expressed so strongly, and I don't recall any other instance of a mere grape inciting such vitriolic passion. Then again, if he's given to expressing strong opinions anyway (Fred Franzia, the maker of Charles Shaw wine comes to mind as a U.S. example), then just another strong opinion isn't as meaningful considering the source. -Amatulić (talk) 19:11, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Franzia is an excellent example. He can be a bit...extreme. I remember an interview where he said 90% of California winemakers are either crooks, frauds or hippies. :P While he is certainly a notable figure in California wine and it is certainly an interesting quote, I wouldn't advocate its inclusion in the California wine article. With the "child rape" quote, it is also a "far extreme" to the point of being almost WP:FRINGE. While criticism and disdain of Pinotage is not unheard of, the extreme and bizarre comparison to child rape is distinctly a minority view. I couldn't find any source, from any winemaker/wine writer listing a view point even scantily similar. The closest I could find was someone saying its a "crappy grape that makes wines that taste like banana flavored paint". Harsh criticisms, yeah but no where close to comparing a wine grape to child rape. AgneCheese/Wine 19:24, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I object to the claim the Pinotage is South Africa's "signature" varietal. It most certainly is a South African grape, and is not grown in many other countries, but the best wines coming from RSA are not consistently Pinotage, year in year out. In fact until fairly recently, most 'tages were mediocre at best. "Signature" should refer to the best wines; Chenin Blanc has more of a claim to this category than Pinotage. I'd prefer the opening line to read ".. is a South African varietal" or thereabouts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.240.133.43 (talk) 14:05, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

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Pronunciation guide of limited usefulness
Directing persons to pronounce the last syllable of this varietal by using a word containing an "r" can lead to ridiculous results. An example is the press release for English singer Sade some years back; it always included the guide, "Shar-DAY". Radio and TV announcers across America, Canada, and many other English-speaking countries dutifully repeated the shortsighted example with a hard "r" and for years the hapless Sade had to appear on camera with well-intentioned interviewers addressing her as ShaRRR-Day. Now the mis-step is being repeated. The pronunciation guide is only helpful in cultural areas that do not sound the "r" in the first place so to include it in an international guide such as this is less than helpful; misleading really. I'm no linguist, but I would be better served if the phonetic example were more like "pinno-taj" or pinno-tazh" Comments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.156.176 (talk) 18:46, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

In the early 21st century, several of South Africa's top producers have turned from focusing predominantly on Pinotage to using it more as a blending component, or have stopped using it at all.[11]
South Africa's top producers have turned from focusing predominantly on Pinotage to using it more as a blending component, or have stopped using it at all.[11]

The only supporting material for the above statement is an article by James Molesworth, a visiting American journalist.

In the referred article he does not offer any evidence to support this and names no 'top producers'.

He says

''The region's top producers are conceding that Pinotage is not making the grade. They are turning more and more to Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah for their reds, while sometimes using Pinotage in blends, where it can be an interesting component.

"I'm a great believer that this is the way for the future," says Engelbrecht, whose Rust en Vrede estate is moving toward producing just one red wine, a Cabernet-based blend.''

The implication is that Rust en Vrede, by moving towards producing just a Cabernet based blend, has stopped using Pinotage. However, Rust en Vrede has never used Pinotage. They grow only Cab Sauv, Merlot and Shiraz. They used to grow and make Tinta Barocca but the last vintage of that before the vines were removed was 2000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.114.108.134 (talk) 12:57, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

"coffee styled pinotage"
What does this mean?Euonyman (talk) 13:50, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinotage


text: User talk:165.228.129.12

title: User talk:165.228.129.12


text:
Numb

Numb may refer to:

Biology and healthcare

 * NUMB (gene), a human gene
 * Numbness, having deficient physical sensation
 * Numb, having deficient sensation (psychology)

Groups

 * Numb (band), a Canadian industrial band
 * Northwestern University Wildcat Marching Band, or NUMB

Albums

 * Numb (Hammerbox album), 1993
 * Numb (Linea 77 album), 2003
 * The Numb E.P., a 1996 EP by Baboon
 * Numb, a 2022 album by Lewis Taylor

Songs

 * "Numb" (August Alsina song), 2013
 * "Numb" (Hayden James song), 2017
 * "Numb" (Holly McNarland song), 1997
 * "Numb" (Honey Ryder song), 2008
 * "Numb" (Linkin Park song), 2003
 * "Numb" (Marshmello and Khalid song), 2022
 * "Numb" (Pet Shop Boys song), 2006
 * "Numb" (Portishead song), 1994
 * "Numb" (Rihanna song), 2012
 * "Numb" (U2 song), 1993
 * "Numb" (Usher song), 2012
 * "Numb" (Veridia song), 2018
 * "Numb", a song by The Airborne Toxic Event
 * "Numb", a song by David Archuleta
 * "Numb", a song by Jaira Burns
 * "Numb", a song by Gary Clark Jr. from the album Blak and Blu
 * "Numb", a song by Pink from the album Missundaztood
 * "Numb", a song by 21 Savage from the album Issa Album
 * "Numb", a song by Archive from the album You All Look the Same to Me
 * "Numb", a song by Disturbed from the album The Sickness
 * "Numb", a song by Drowning Pool from the album Desensitized
 * "Numb", a song by Erika Costell
 * "Numb", a song by Marina and the Diamonds from the album The Family Jewels
 * "Numb", a song by Nick Jonas from his self-titled album
 * "Numb", a song by Slapshock from the album Project 11-41
 * "Numb", a song by XXXTentacion from the album ?
 * "N.U.M.B", by a song by Diana Vickers from the album Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree
 * “Numb”, a song by Robbie Williams from Under the Radar Volume 2
 * Numb, a song by Roomie

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Numb (2007 film), a 2007 film starring Matthew Perry
 * Numb (2015 film), a Canadian film
 * "Numb" (The Killing), an episode of the American television drama series The Killing

title: Numb


text:
Pannier

A pannier is a basket, bag, box, or similar container, carried in pairs either slung over the back of a beast of burden, or attached to the sides of a bicycle or motorcycle. The term derives from a Middle English borrowing of the Old French panier, meaning 'bread basket'.

Animal panniers
Traditional panniers for animal transport are typically made of canvas, leather, or wicker. Modern panniers may be rectangular boxes of hard-sided plastic. Panniers are loaded in such a manner as to distribute weight evenly on either side of the animal. For horse packing, and when carrying particularly heavy loads on other animals they are supported by a pack saddle to distribute weight more evenly across the back of the animal. In some cases, additional items are placed on the back of the animal, between the panniers.

Bicycle panniers

There are many styles of bicycle panniers. Touring panniers are usually sold in pairs, intended to hold enough equipment for self-sustained tours over days or weeks. The most common setup is to use a pair of smaller panniers (10 to 15 liters each) mounted on a low rider and a pair of larger ones on the rear carrier (20 to 30 liters each).

Commuters who bicycle have pannier options designed to hold laptop computers, files and folders, changes of clothes or shoes and lunches. There are also panniers that convert to backpacks or shoulder bags for easier carrying when not on a bicycle.

Panniers designed specifically for bicycles were patented by John B. Wood of Camden, New Jersey, in 1884. Hartley Alley designed a handlebar bag and other bicycle luggage that he manufactured and sold under the Touring Cyclist brand in the 1970s until his retirement in 1984.

Construction
Bicycle panniers are usually made of nylon or other synthetic fabric that can be stitched, or, in the case of waterproof panniers, welded together.

As bicycles are often ridden in the rain, many panniers are built to be water-repellent or waterproof by themselves. Others include built-in rain-covers, or rain-covers are offered as accessories. The shape of the pannier may be enforced by a frame or stiffening panel made of plastic or metal to help keep it in place and prevent it from contacting a wheel.

Panniers are usually built to attach to a rear rack or front rack already fitted to the bicycle. Removable panniers hook onto the top edge of the rack and are often held in place by a latch or elastic mechanism.

Motorcycle panniers
Motorcycle panniers are generally hard box containers with lids, made of metal or hard plastic. The panniers may be permanently fixed to the motorcycle or may be removable. Soft cases may be leather or fabric, usually without permanent mountings, and are often called saddlebags or 'throwovers'.

title: Pannier


text:
USS Grayling (SSN-646)

USS Grayling (SSN-646), a Sturgeon-class submarine attack submarine, was the fifth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the grayling. Her keel was laid down in 1964, and she was launched just over three years later, and commissioned in 1969. She was involved in the submarine incident off Kola Peninsula on 20 March 1993, when she collided with the Russian Navy submarine RUSSIAN SUBMARINE Novomoskovsk. She was decommissioned in 1997, and disposed of a year later.

Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Grayling was awarded on 5 September 1962 and her keel was laid down at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, on 12 May 1964. She was launched on 22 June 1967, sponsored by Miss Lori Brinker, the daughter of Lieutenant Commander Robert Brinker, who was commanding officer of the previous USS Grayling (SS-209) when she was lost with all hands in September 1943 during World War II. Grayling (SSN-646) was commissioned on 11 October 1969.

Collision with Russian submarine, 1993
On 20 March 1993, Grayling collided with the Russian Navy submarine RUSSIAN SUBMARINE Novomoskovsk, a Delfin-class (NATO reporting name Delta IV-class) ballistic missile submarine north of Murmansk. Grayling had been tracking the Russian unit when the collision happened. The American submarine collided with the starboard bow of Novomoskovsk; neither submarine sustained serious damage.

1993–1997
In June 1996, Grayling took part in Exercise TAPON 96, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise held in the Alboran Sea, Gulf of Cadiz, and eastern Atlantic Ocean, along with the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Conolly (DD-979), the SPANISH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Príncipe de Asturias, the Spanish frigates SPANISH FRIGATE Baleares, SPANISH FRIGATE Santa María, and SPANISH FRIGATE Numancia, the Spanish submarine SPANISH SUBMARINE Delfin, and the GREEK DESTROYER Formion.

Decommissioning and disposal
Grayling was deactivated on 1 March 1997, placed in commission in reserve a week later as she entered the Ship and Submarine Recycling Program, then decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 18 July 1997. Her scrapping via the U.S. Navy's Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington, was completed on 31 March 1998.

Commemoration
Grayling's sail is now a memorial on the grounds of Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, and her anchor and chain are on display as a memorial at The American Legion Post 106 in downtown Grayling, Michigan.

title: USS Grayling (SSN-646)


text:
Talk:XM29

If I remember correctly, the XM29 project was abandoned due overweight and fragilbility of the control-device. MathKnight 22:28, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:XM29