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King Kong (1976 film)

King Kong is a 1976 American monster adventure film produced by Dino De Laurentiis and directed by John Guillermin. It is a modernized remake of the 1933 film about a giant ape that is captured and taken to New York City for exhibition. It stars Jeff Bridges, Charles Grodin, and Jessica Lange in her first film role, and features mechanical effects by Carlo Rambaldi and makeup effects by Rick Baker who also played the title character. It is the fifth entry in the King Kong franchise.

The idea to remake King Kong was conceived by Michael Eisner, who was then an ABC executive, in 1974. He separately proposed the idea to Universal Pictures CEO Sidney Sheinberg and Paramount Pictures CEO Barry Diller. Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis quickly acquired the film rights from RKO-General and subsequently hired television writer Lorenzo Semple Jr. to write the script. John Guillermin was hired as director and filming lasted from January to August 1976. Before the film's release, Universal Pictures sued De Laurentiis and RKO-General alleging breach of contract, and attempted to develop their own remake of King Kong. In response, De Laurentiis and RKO-General filed separate countersuits against Universal Pictures, all of which were withdrawn by January 1976.

The film was released on December 17, 1976, to mixed reviews from film critics while being a modest success at the box office. It won a noncompetitive Special Achievement Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, and it was also nominated for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Of the three King Kong main films, it is the only one to feature the World Trade Center instead of the Empire State Building. A sequel titled King Kong Lives was released in 1986, with Guillermin directing once again.

Plot
In the 1970s, Fred Wilson, an executive of the Petrox Oil Company, forms an expedition based on infrared imagery which reveals a previously undiscovered Indian Ocean island hidden by a permanent cloud bank. Wilson believes the island has a huge deposit of oil. Jack Prescott, a primate paleontologist, sneaks onto the expedition's vessel and attempts to warn the team against traveling to the island, citing an ominous final message about "the roar of the greatest beast" from previous doomed explorers. Wilson orders Prescott locked up, assuming that he is a spy from a rival corporation. Wilson eventually makes Prescott the expedition's photographer. The ship happens upon a life raft which carries the beautiful and unconscious Dwan. Upon waking, Dwan tells Prescott that she is an aspiring actress who was aboard a director's yacht which suddenly exploded. During the rest of the ship's voyage, Prescott and Dwan become attracted to each other.

Upon arriving at the island, the team discovers a primitive tribe of indigenous people who live within the confines of a gigantic wall, built to protect them from a mysterious god known as Kong. The team finds that while there is a large deposit of oil, it is of such low quality that it is unusable. Later, while Dwan is on a raft, the natives kidnap her and take her back to the island where they drug her and offer her as a sacrifice to Kong. The monumental ape grabs Dwan from the altar and departs back into the jungle.

Although an awesome and terrifying sight, the soft-hearted Kong quickly becomes tamed by Dwan, whose rambling monologue calms and fascinates the monstrous beast. After she falls in the mud, Kong takes Dwan back to a waterfall to wash herself, and then uses great gusts of his warm breath to dry her.

In the meantime, Prescott and First Mate Carnahan lead a rescue mission to save Dwan. The rescue party encounters Kong while crossing a log bridge over a ravine, and Kong rolls the huge log, sending Carnahan and the rest of the sailors falling to their deaths. Prescott and Boan are the only ones to survive. Kong takes Dwan to his lair. A giant snake appears and attempts to eat Dwan, but Kong battles and kills it while Prescott escapes with Dwan. Kong chases them back to the native village, only to fall into a pit trap and be smothered with chloroform.

Without any of the promised new oil, Wilson decides to transport Kong to America as a promotional gimmick for his company. When they finally reach New York City, Kong is put on display in a Beauty and the Beast farce, bound in chains with a large crown on his head. When Kong sees a group of reporters crowding around Dwan, hoping for interviews, the ape thinks it's an assault on Dwan and breaks free of his bonds and goes on a rampage throughout the city. In the commotion, Wilson is killed when Kong steps on him. The ape also destroys an elevated train in his search for Dwan. Prescott and Dwan flee across the Queensboro Bridge to Manhattan while Kong pursues them. Prescott calls the military and in return for a promise that Kong will be captured unharmed, he tells them that Kong will climb the World Trade Center, which resembles a mountain on his native island. Kong locates Dwan and takes her; he begins to make his way to the World Trade Center, with Jack and the military in hot pursuit.

In the climax, Kong climbs the South Tower of the World Trade Center. After being attacked by men with flamethrowers while standing on the roof, Kong leaps across to the North Tower. Then he is attacked by military helicopters while Dwan is trying to stop them. The fatally injured Kong falls from the roof to the World Trade Center plaza, where he dies from his injuries. Dwan is bombarded by a sea of photographers. The crowd is so big, though, that Dwan cannot even get close to Jack. She stands still and is photographed relentlessly by reporters while Kong lies dead in a pool of blood and broken concrete.

Production
There are two different accounts for how the remake for King Kong came about. In December 1974, Michael Eisner, then an executive for ABC, watched the original film on television and struck on the idea for a remake. He pitched the idea to Barry Diller, the chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, who then enlisted veteran producer Dino De Laurentiis to work on the project. However, De Laurentiis claimed the idea to remake King Kong was solely his own when he saw a Kong poster in his daughter's bedroom as he woke her up every morning. When Diller suggested doing a monster film with him, De Laurentiis proposed the idea to remake King Kong. Diller and De Laurentiis provisionally agreed that Paramount would pay half of the film's proposed $12 million budget in return for the distribution rights in the United States and Canada if the former could purchase the film rights of the original film.

De Laurentiis later contacted his friend Thomas F. O'Neil, president of General Tire and RKO-General, who informed him that the film rights were indeed available. Later, De Laurentiis and company executive Frederic Sidewater entered formal negotiations with Daniel O'Shea, a semi-retired attorney for RKO-General, who requested a percentage of the film's gross. On May 6, 1975, De Laurentiis paid RKO-General $200,000 plus a percentage of the film's gross. After finalizing the agreement with Paramount, De Laurentiis and Sidewater began meeting with foreign distributors and set the film's release for Christmas 1976.

Writing
After moving his production company to Beverly Hills, De Laurentiis first met with screenwriter Lorenzo Semple, Jr., who at the time was writing Three Days of the Condor. Impressed with his work on the film, De Laurentiis contacted Semple about writing King Kong, to which Semple immediately signed on. During their collaboration on the project, De Laurentiis already had two ideas in mind—that the film would set in present-day and the climax would set on top of the newly constructed World Trade Center.

Because of the risen sophistication in audiences' tastes since the original film, Semple sought to maintain a realistic tone, but infuse the script with a sly, ironic sense of humor that the audiences could laugh at. Having settled on the mood, Semple retained the basic plotline and set pieces from the original film, but updated and reworked other elements of the story. Inspired by the then-ongoing energy crisis and a suggestion from his friend Jerry Brick, Semple changed the expedition to being mounted by Petrox Corporation, a giant petroleum conglomerate which suspected that Kong's island has unrefined oil reserves. In its original story outline, Petrox would discover Kong's island from a map hidden in the secret archives at the Vatican Library.

In a notable departure from the original film, Semple dropped the dinosaurs that are present with Kong on the island. The reasons for the dropped subplot was due to the increased attention on Kong and Dwan's love story and financial reasons as De Laurentiis did not want to use stop-motion animation in the film. Nevertheless, a giant boa constrictor was incorporated into the film.

A fast writer, Semple completed a forty-page outline within a few days and delivered it in August 1975. While De Laurentiis was pleased with Semple's outline, he expressed displeasure with the Vatican Library subplot, which was immediately dropped. It would later be replaced with Petrox discovering the island through obtained classified photos taken by a United States spy satellite. Within a month, the 140-page first draft incorporated the character of Dwan (who according to the script was originally named Dawn until she switched the two middle letters to make it more memorable), the updated rendition of Ann Darrow from the 1933 film. For its second draft, the script was reduced to 110 pages. The final draft was completed by December 1975.

Casting
Meryl Streep has said that she was considered for the role of Dwan, but was deemed too unattractive by producer Dino De Laurentiis. Dwan was also proposed to Barbra Streisand but she turned it down. The role eventually went to the unknown Jessica Lange, then a New York fashion model with no prior acting experience.

Filming and special effects
De Laurentiis first approached Roman Polanski to direct the picture, but he wasn't interested. De Laurentiis's next choice was director John Guillermin who had just finished directing The Towering Inferno (1974). Guillermin had been developing a version of The Hurricane when offered the job of King Kong.

Guillermin, who was known to have had outbursts from time to time on the set, got into a public shouting match with executive producer Federico De Laurentiis (son of producer Dino De Laurentiis). After the incident, De Laurentiis was reported to have threatened to fire Guillermin if he did not start treating the cast and crew better.

As part of the $16 million budget, De Laurentiis had his mind set on building a full-scale animatronic Kong. Italian special effect artist Carlo Rambaldi designed and built the mechanical Kong, which was 40 ft (12.2 m) tall and weighed 6$1⁄2$ tons; he would later compare building it to "the United States space program" during the race to the moon. Glen Robinson oversaw the construction of Kong and the amalgam of aluminium, latex, horse tails and hydraulics. Rambaldi had also to devise separate mechanical hands with working fingers, which could be used to scoop up Jessica Lange in close-ups, and a man-sized ape suit for long shots. For the ape suit, Rambaldi collaborated with Rick Baker, who also wore it during the filming. According to Bahrenburg, five different masks were created by Rambaldi to convey various emotions. Separate masks were necessary, as there were too many cables and mechanics required for all the expressions to fit in one single mask. To complete the look of a gorilla, Baker wore contact lenses so his eyes would resemble those of a gorilla.

Rambaldi's giant mechanical Kong cost £500,000 to create. Despite months of preparation, the final device proved to be impossible to operate convincingly, and during the August 1976 filming of Kong's escape in New York, a hydraulic pipe inside the gorilla burst. As a result, it is only seen in a series of brief shots totaling less than 15 seconds, and the ape suit was used in most of the filming.

Baker was extremely disappointed in the final suit, which he felt was not at all convincing. He gives all the credit for its passable appearance to cinematographer Richard H. Kline. The only time that the collaboration of Baker and Rambaldi went smoothly was during the design of the mechanical Kong mask. Baker's design and Rambaldi's cable work combined to give Kong's face a wide range of expression that was responsible for much of the film's emotional impact. Baker gave much of the credit for its effectiveness to Rambaldi and his mechanics.

To film the scene where the Petrox Explorer finds Dwan in the life raft, Jessica Lange spent hours in a rubber raft in the freezing cold, drenched and wearing only a slinky black dress. Shooting of this scene took place in the channel between Los Angeles and Catalina Island during the last week in January 1976.

On one of the nights of filming Kong's death at the World Trade Center, over 30,000 people showed up at the site to be extras for the scene. Although the crowd was well behaved, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (owner of the World Trade Center complex) became concerned that the weight of so many people would cause the plaza to collapse, and ordered the producers to shut down the filming. However, the film makers had already got the shot they wanted of the large crowd rushing toward Kong's body. They returned to the site days later to finish filming the scene, with a much smaller crowd of paid extras.

The roar used for Kong was taken from the film The Land Unknown (1957).

Music
The film's score was composed and conducted by John Barry. A soundtrack album of highlights from the score was released in 1976 by Reprise Records on LP. This album was reissued on CD, first as a bootleg by the Italian label Mask in 1998, and then as a legitimate, licensed release by Film Score Monthly in 2005. On October 2, 2012, Film Score Monthly released the complete score on a two-disc set; the first disc features the remastered complete score, while the second disc contains the remastered original album, along with alternate takes of various cues.

Distribution
The film opened on December 17, 1976 in 974 theaters in the United States and Canada and was in 2,200 theaters worldwide on or immediately after December 17.

Extended television version
NBC bought the rights to air the movie from De Laurentiis for $19.5 million, which was the highest amount any network had ever paid for a film at that time. When King Kong made its television debut over two nights in September 1978, around 60 minutes of extra footage was inserted to make the film longer, and it had some added or replaced music cues. Additionally, to obtain a lower, family-friendly TV rating, overtly violent or sexual scenes in the theatrical version were trimmed down or replaced with less explicit takes, and all swearing or potentially offensive language was removed. Further broadcasts of the extended version followed in November 1980 and March 1983.

Home media
The theatrical version of the film has been released numerous times worldwide on all known home video formats. Of the DVDs, only a few European editions feature any notable extras; these include a 2005 "Making Kong" featurette (22:20) and up to 10 deleted scenes from the extended TV version (16:10). On May 11, 2021, the movie was released to Blu-ray in the United States and Canada courtesy of Shout! Factory-owned brand Scream Factory. The release includes both the theatrical and extended TV cuts.

Box office
King Kong did not match Laurentiis' or studio expectations at the box office. Laurentiis claimed that the film would outgross the previous year's Jaws and Paramount expected it to gross $150 million. Despite the perceived failure, the film was highly profitable, earning back over triple its budget.

In the United States and Canada, King Kong opened at number one at the box office grossing $7,023,921 in its opening weekend which was Paramount's biggest opening weekend at that time, and set the record for a December opening. However, it just failed to surpass the opening weekend set by Jaws of $7,061,053, despite being in double the number of theaters. Worldwide, it grossed US$26 million within ten days from 1,500 of the 2,200 theaters it had opened in, including $18 million from the United States and Canada (compared to Jaws' $21 million in the United States and Canada for the same period). The film went on to gross $52 million in the United States and Canada, and just over $90 million worldwide. It was the fourth-highest-grossing film released in 1976 in the United States, and the third-highest-grossing film released in 1976 worldwide. As it was a year end release grossing the majority of its total in 1977, the film was included on Variety's chart of the top domestic (U.S. and Canada) moneymakers of 1977 where it ended up at fifth place.

Critical response
Pauline Kael from The New Yorker praised the film, noting the "movie is a romantic adventure fantasy—colossal, silly, touching, a marvelous Classics Comics movie (and for the whole family). This new Kong doesn't have the magical primeval imagery of the first King Kong, in 1933, and it doesn't have the Gustave Doré fable atmosphere, but it's a happier, livelier entertainment. The first Kong was a stunt film that was trying to awe you, and its lewd underlay had a carnival hucksterism that made you feel a little queasy. This new Kong isn't a horror movie—it's an absurdist love story." Richard Schickel from Time wrote that "The special effects are marvelous, the good-humored script is comic-bookish without being excessively campy, and there are two excellent performances" from Charles Grodin and Kong. Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote that the film is "one of the most successful remakes in the brief (but remake-blotched) history of motion pictures. Faithful in substantial degree not only to the letter but also the spirit of the 1933 classic for RKO, this new version neatly balances superb special effects with solid dramatic credibility."

Vincent Canby, reviewing for The New York Times, claimed the movie was "inoffensive, uncomplicated fun, as well as a dazzling display of what special-effects people can do when commissioned to construct a 40-foot-tall ape who can walk, make fondling gestures, and smiles a lot." However, he was critical of the use of the World Trade Center instead of the Empire State Building during the climax, but he praised the performances by Bridges and Grodin and the special effects creation of Kong. Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called it "a spectacular film" that "for all its monumental scale retains the essential, sincere and simple charm of the beauty and the beast story." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune had a mixed reaction, giving the film two-and-a-half stars out of four as he wrote, "The original 'Kong' took itself seriously; and so, even now, 43 years later, do we. But the kidding around in the new film, though frequently amusing, knocks down the myth its special effects staff has so earnestly tried to build." Jonathan Rosenbaum of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the remake "moves along reasonably well as a half-jokey, half-serious contemporary 'reading' of its predecessor; as an accomplishment in horror and fantasy adventure, it does not measure up to even the small toe of the original."

The movie's success helped launch the career of Jessica Lange, although she reportedly received some negative publicity regarding her debut performance that, according to film reviewer Marshall Fine, "almost destroyed her career". Although Lange won the Golden Globe Award for Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture – Female for Kong, she did not appear in another film for three years and spent that time training intensively in acting.

Critical responses to King Kong continue to be mixed. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 51 reviews with an average rating of 5.1/10. The critical consensus reads that "King Kong represents a significant visual upgrade over the original, but falls short of its classic predecessor in virtually every other respect." Metacritic, another aggregator, sampled 11 critics and calculated a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Accolades
The film received two Academy Award nominations and won one Special Achievement Award for its visual effects.
 * Winner Best Visual Effects (Carlo Rambaldi, Glen Robinson and Frank Van der Veer), shared with Logan's Run (1976).
 * Nominee Best Cinematography (Richard H. Kline)
 * Nominee Best Sound (Harry W. Tetrick, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin and Jack Solomon).

Controversy
Before Michael Eisner pitched the idea of a remake of King Kong to Barry Diller, he had earlier mentioned the idea to Sidney Sheinberg, the CEO and president of MCA Inc./Universal Pictures. A short time later, Universal decided to purchase the property as an opportunity to showcase its new sound system technology, Sensurround, which had debuted with the disaster film Earthquake, for Kong's roars. On April 5, 1975, Daniel O'Shea, a semi-retired attorney for RKO-General, had arranged meetings with Arnold Stane, attorney for MCA/Universal, and De Laurentiis and Sidewater for the film rights to King Kong. Neither side knew that a rival studio was also negotiating with RKO-General. Stane had negotiated for Universal an offer of $200,000 plus 5 percent of the film's net profit. In contrast, De Laurentiis offered $200,000 plus 3 percent of the film's gross—and 10 percent if the film recouped two and a half its negative cost. In May 1975, the film rights were granted to De Laurentiis.

In the wake of the agreement, Shane claimed that O'Shea had verbally accepted Universal's offer, although no official paperwork was signed. O'Shea contested, "I did not make any agreement written or oral ... never told him we had an agreement, nor words to that effect ... never told him that I had the authority ... I am not an employee, agent, or officer at RKO." A few days later, Universal filed suit against De Laurentiis and RKO-General in Los Angeles Superior Court for $25 million on charges of breach of contract, fraud, and intentional interference with advantageous business relations. In October 1975, Universal, which was in pre-production with its own remake with Hunt Stromberg, Jr. as producer and Joseph Sargent as director, filed suit in a federal district court arguing that the story's "basic ingredients" were public domain. Universal had claimed that its remake was based on the two-part serialization by Edgar Wallace and a novelization by Delos W. Lovelace adapted from the screenplay that had been published shortly before the film's release in 1933.

Universal started production on The Legend of King Kong on January 5, 1976, with Bo Goldman writing the screenplay based on the novelization by Lovelace. On November 20, RKO-General countersued Universal for $5 million alleging that The Legend of King Kong was an infringement on their copyright, and asked the court to prevent any "announcements, representations, and statements" on their proposed film. On December 4, De Laurentiis countersued for $90 million with charges of copyright infringement and "unfair competition". In January 1976, both studios agreed to withdraw their legal suits filed against each other. Universal agreed to cancel The Legend of King Kong, but intended to proceed with a remake sometime in the future on the condition that it release at least eighteen months after De Laurentiis's remake. In September 1976, a federal judge ruled in favor of Universal that Lovelace's novelization had fallen into public domain, which cleared the studio to produce a remake. Universal later produced a remake, also titled King Kong, in 2005.

title: King Kong (1976 film)


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527 organization

A 527 organization or 527 group is a type of U.S. tax-exempt organization organized under Section 527 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selection, nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office.

Technically, almost all political committees, including state, local, and federal candidate committees, traditional political action committees (PACs), "Super PACs", and political parties are "527s". However, in common practice the term is usually applied only to such organizations that are not regulated under state or federal campaign finance laws because they do not "expressly advocate" for the election or defeat of a candidate or party.

There are no upper limits on contributions to 527s and no restrictions on who may contribute. There are no spending limits imposed on these organizations. The organizations must register with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), publicly disclose their donors and file periodic reports of contributions and expenditures.

Because they may not expressly advocate for specific candidates or coordinate with any candidate's campaign, many 527s are used to raise money to spend on issue advocacy and voter mobilization. Examples of 527s are Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, The Media Fund, America Coming Together, the Progress for America Voter Fund, and the Secretary of State Project.

Legal history
Internal Revenue Code section 527 was enacted as part of Public Law No. 93-625 on January 3, 1975. In the case of Buckley v. Valeo, the U.S. Supreme Court attempted to draw a limit on the extent to which campaign finance laws could regulate speech about politics. The Court's answer was that campaign finance laws could reach only party and candidate committees, organizations with the major purpose of electing candidates, or speech that "expressly advocated" the election or defeat of candidates. The determination of whether a group had the major purpose of electing candidates depended, in turn, on whether "express advocacy" was the group's primary activity. In footnote 6 of the Buckley opinion, the Court limited "express advocacy" to words and phrases such as "Smith for Congress", "elect", "defeat", or other specific calls for action to vote for or against a candidate. Thus, organizations could run ads discussing candidates and issues without being subject to campaign finance restrictions, so long as they avoided such express advocacy.

The McCain-Feingold law, also known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, extended certain campaign finance limitations to broadcast advertisements run within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election if they mentioned a candidate, regardless of whether or not they contained "express advocacy". The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this provision in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission. Based on that decision, many persons urged the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to use its regulatory power to extend campaign finance laws to cover these groups. The Commission held hearings in April 2004 to determine whether or not 527s should be regulated under campaign finance rules, but concluded that the law did not cover these independent 527 organizations unless they directly advocated the election or defeat of a candidate or engaged in broadcast advertising mentioning within the 30- and 60-day windows specified by Congress in the McCain-Feingold law. Nevertheless, Federal Election Commission rulings after the 2004 election attempted to extend the reach of the law to advertisements which questioned a candidate's character and fitness for office off limits to 527s specifically.
 * On September 18, 2009, the Federal Appeals Court in Washington, D.C., ruled that these groups have a First Amendment right to raise and spend freely to influence elections so long as they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or a party.
 * In January 2010, the Supreme Court held that the government may not keep corporations or unions from spending money to support or denounce individual candidates in elections. While corporations or unions may not give money directly to campaigns or coordinate their activity with campaigns, they may seek to persuade the voting public through independent expenditure groups.
 * In July 2010, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruling in Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission struck down fundraising limits on independent expenditure-only committees, (commonly known as Super PACs) which, like 527s, can raise unlimited amounts of money from individuals, unions, associations and corporations to influence elections. Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission, 599 F.3d 686, (U.S.C.A. D.C. 2010). These PACs must also disclose their finances to the FEC and cannot coordinate with candidates or political parties.  The difference is that the Super PACs must "expressly advocate" for or against a candidate. The Speechnow.org and Citizens United decisions made 527s much less valuable as a medium of political communication, and their use declined substantially in the elections of 2010 and 2012.

In Carey et al. v. FEC – RADM James J. Carey, USN (ret), chairman of the National Defense PAC, along with the PAC and a prospective donor, brought suit after the FEC deadlocked on a 2010 Advisory Opinion Request (see AO 2010-20), in which the PAC sought permission to operate both an independent expenditure PAC and a traditional PAC that could make contributions to candidates and was subject to fundraising restrictions. Carey's victory in the court now allows organizations to operate both traditional and "Super" PACs.

Public opinion
A February 2010 poll from the Pew Research Center found that 68 percent of Americans disapprove of the Supreme Court's decision to allow corporations to make expenditures on behalf of candidates during elections. Seventeen percent approve of the expenditures, and 15 percent of respondents said they were unsure.

An October 2010 Bloomberg poll found that 47 percent of Americans say they would be less likely to support a political candidate if his campaign was supported by advertising paid for by anonymous business groups. According to the pollster, 41 percent said that it would not matter, and 9 percent said they would be more likely to back the candidate.

2004 election controversy
Although 527 organizations were in common use by the 1990s, in the wake of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which limited the ability of political parties to raise money, 527s rose to much greater prominence and visibility. Swift Boat was one such group, which ran controversial and highly effective ads critical of the 2004 Democratic Party candidate, John Kerry. A reported $9.45 million came from just 3 private individuals. On the liberal side, contributor George Soros contributed $23.7 million to 527s, and Peter Lewis of Progressive Insurance contributed another $23.2 million to 527s in 2004. Prominent 527s that supported Democrats included America Coming Together, MoveOn.org, and the Media Fund.

Under federal election law, coordination between an election campaign and a 527 group is not allowed. The heavy spending of key 527 groups to attack presidential candidates brought complaints to the Federal Elections Commission of illegal coordination between the groups and rival political campaigns. These formal complaints included:
 * On May 5, 2004, the Republican National Committee accused MoveOn.org, The Media Fund, America Coming Together and America Votes of coordinating their efforts with the  John Kerry campaign.
 * On August 20, 2004, John Kerry's campaign accused Swift Boat Veterans for Truth of coordinating their efforts with the George W. Bush campaign.

In 2006 and 2007 the FEC fined a number of organizations, including MoveOn and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, for violations arising from the 2004 campaign. The FEC's rationale was that these groups had specifically advocated the election or defeat of candidates, thus making them subject to federal regulation and its limits on contributions to the organizations.

2018 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink, Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, neutral groups are not highlighted.

2010 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink, Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue.

A total of $415,784,148 was spent by these organizations alone, $214,580,543 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups and $201,203,605 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups.

2008 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.

A total of $303,309,245 was spent by these organizations alone, $178,397,267 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups and $117,112,322 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.

2006 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.

A total of $171,045,165 was spent by these organizations alone, $121,665,587 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups and $49,379,578 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.

2004 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.

A total of $439,709,105 was spent by these organizations alone, $307,324,096 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups and $132,385,009 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.

* Joint Victory Campaign 2004 is a joint fund-raising committee run by America Coming Together and the Media Fund. Money raised by JVC is divided between these two beneficiaries. Combining receipts for these three groups would result in double-counting.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 527 organization


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Guru Angad

Guru Angad (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ, pronunciation: ) was the second of the ten Sikh gurus of Sikhism. After meeting Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"), and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.

After the death of Guru Nanak in 1539, Guru Angad led the Sikh tradition. He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising the Gurmukhi alphabet. He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 Saloks of his own. Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple Amar Das as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.

Early life
Guru Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of Matte-di-Sarai (now Sarainaga) in Muktsar district of the Punjab region. He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur). His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan. Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from Khatri caste and specifically the Trehan gotra (clan).

At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named Mata Khivi in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources. The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of Babur's armies. After this the family settled at Khadur Sahib, a village by the River Beas near what is now Tarn Taran.

Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a priest at a temple dedicated to the goddess Durga. His family had also been worshipers of Durga. He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages. On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of Kartarpur, that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination. It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter. Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.

Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his Guru for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.

Selection as successor
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Guru Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water. Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539. Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from Ang, or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.

After Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of Vairagya. Baba Buddha later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship. The Gurbani uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".

Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as langar.

Relationship with the Mughal Empire
The second Mughal Emperor of India Humayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Battle of Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne to Sher Shah Suri. According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib, Angad was sitting and teaching children. The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time when you needed to fight when you lost your throne you ran away and did not fight and now you want to attack a person engaged in prayer. In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.

Death and successor

Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated Guru Amar Das as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a sadhu, or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one. On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak. Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Guru Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.

Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening. Guru Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552. Guru Angad died on 29 March 1552.

Gurmukhi script
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the Gurmukhi script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India, in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called Shahmukhi is the standard. The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.

Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script. Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak, and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.

Angad also wrote 62 or 63 Saloks (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism. Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns. Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples. The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.

Langar and community work
Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution of langar in all Sikh gurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating. He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars) who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.

Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.

Mall Akhara
Angad, being a great patron of wrestling, started a Mall Akhara (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances. He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily. He founded many such Mall Akharas in many villages including a few in Khandur. Typically the wrestling was done after daily prayers and also included games and light wrestling.

Biography of Nanak
It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak. However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated. Some believe the Bhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.

title: Guru Angad


text:
Talk:George Graham

George Graham moved to George Graham (footballer) in order to disambiguate from George Graham (clockmaker). Esk 01:20, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

bad link
This page is linked to George Graham (1928-1957) scottish football chief executive.It's the wrong george graham. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.97.192.250 (talk) 10:55, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Add full stats?
Weirdly I stumbled across this article on George's birthday after checking out Bargeddie. My question is, should the full playing stats be added? I know 11v11 isn't 100% trusted but in this case it looks pretty comprehensive, and seems a waste to have the table there but half filled? But I don't want to add it all only to be reverted if the source isn't deemed reliable... Crowsus (talk) 00:07, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Buchan, Graham, 1975.jpg

title: Talk:George Graham


text:
Talk:Timeline of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état

Untitled
I don't mean to make an issue out of it (Fiji coup of 2000), but isn't it a standard rule of English writing that TITLES are supposed to be capitalized (except for articles prepositions, and conjunctions)? I am, after all, an English teacher. I am very much aware that multitudes of pages on Wikipedia do not conform to this practice, but any page that I edit will be made to conform to it, unless there is a clear Wikipedia policy to the contrary. Is there? I'll leave this alone for a day or two to see what others have to say, before making up my mind.Davidcannon 01:20, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Here it is: "Convention: Unless the term you wish to create a page for is a proper noun or is otherwise almost always capitalized, do not capitalize second and subsequent words." (Naming conventions) --Wik 01:33, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

Okay then, I'll comply with it. Davidcannon 01:35, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Featured article?
I think this would be an excellent candidate, given a bit more polishing. Great work!


text:
User:Jendral

Indonesia

title: User:Jendral


text:
Banco Popular de Puerto Rico

Popular, Inc., doing business as Banco Popular in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and as Popular Bank in the mainland United States, is a financial services conglomerate that has operated in Puerto Rico for over 125 years and in the mainland United States for over 52 years. In recent years, it has expanded into other areas of the Caribbean and Central America. The BPPR in the logo stands for Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, where the bank has its major historical footprint.

Popular, Inc. is the parent company of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, Popular Bank, E-Loan, and several other companies.

The headquarters of Banco Popular Puerto Rico is in Hato Rey, San Juan.

History

The bank was founded in Puerto Rico in 1893 when the island was still under Spanish administration. It was led in its early stages by Rafael Carrión Sr. and Don Manuel Muñoz Barrios, the latter of which was the company's first president and administrator.

During the 1970s, the company's commercials were popular on Puerto Rican television: they presented a balding, middle aged man in a white tee shirt, announcing the company in a comic way. The 1970s also saw a giant step in the development of Banco Popular as Puerto Rico's biggest bank, when it bought two-thirds of the Banco de Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño. Through this purchase, Popular entered the credit-card industry.

During the following decades, Banco Popular put great of emphasis on the company's public image. It was during the 1980s, after Rafael Carrion, Sr.'s death, that Richard L. Carrión assumed the role as President of the corporation.

In 1989, the bank introduced a children's savings service with a bear, "Populoso", as its mascot. The Club del Ahorro (or Savings Club) was (and still is) intended to encourage children to open savings accounts and keep track of their money.

1990s
The following decade started with a big development for the bank, when in 1990 it merged with Banco de Ponce, one of the largest banks in Puerto Rico. At this time, Banco Popular's holding company changed its name to BanPonce Corporation. Popular acquired Banco Roig, one of the main banks in the eastern side of the island, in 1997, entering a geographical market in which it had yet to succeed.

During the late 1990s, the company began to diversify its services thanks to revisions of state laws that allowed banks certain 'privileges' related to different financial services other than banking. These years saw the birth of Popular Auto, Popular Finance, Popular Mortgage, Popular Insurance, Popular Leasing, among others.

During this time, the company created one of its flagship subsidiaries, Popular Securities. It quickly became the investment banking, retail brokerage, and institutional sales arm of Banco Popular. On the retail side, Popular Securities has an extensive network of brokers in Puerto Rico, rivaled only by Swiss giant UBS and more recently by Banco Santander. Popular Securities has additional offices in New York City, San Antonio, Houston, and Chicago.

2000s

Due to its growth in Puerto Rico, and the aggressive expansion in the United States, the company changed its name once again in 2000 to Popular, Inc., a name that goes back to the traditional roots of the corporation and which also reflects the common title in almost all of the subsidiaries of the company.

During this period, the company reorganized itself into three main subsidiary companies: Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, with David Chafey Jr. as president; Popular Bank, with Roberto Herencia as president; and Evertec, with Felix Villamil as president. Richard Carrión remained as president and CEO of the parent company, Popular, Inc.

In the January 24, 2005 issue of Fortune, Popular, Inc. was chosen as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For.

On April 11, 2005, Popular Bank announced a five-year agreement with the New York Mets under which Popular would operate seven ATMs and display various advertisements at Shea Stadium until it closed in September 2008, and the team moved to the new Citi Field.

Present
Popular's world headquarters are located in the San Juan's Hato Rey business district, on a stretch of a thoroughfare commonly known as Milla de Oro ("The Golden Mile") due to the number of banks headquartered in the area. Travelers who fly into the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport can appreciate Popular's landmark building below.

Between 2010 and 2012, the bank re-branded its mainland branches as Popular Community Bank in an effort to attract more non-Hispanic customers. The first branches to bear the new name were in the Chicago market followed by those in Southern California and Florida, then New York City and New Jersey.

As of January, 2012, Popular, Inc. still owed $935 million to the US government Troubled Asset Relief Program.

In March 2013, Popular announced it would sell a $568 million portfolio of non-performing loans to a joint venture between Caribbean Property Group and funds affiliated with Perella Weinberg Partners.

In 2014, Popular Community Bank sold many of its mainland United States branches in Central Florida, Illinois and Southern California to cut costs and shore up its reserves against losses caused by foreclosures and the recession in Puerto Rico. After the sale, Popular Community Bank retained 49 branches in South Florida, New Jersey, and New York. On September 12, 2014, Harbor Community Bank purchased Popular's branches in Orlando and central Florida. On November 7, 2014, Banc of California in Irvine purchased 20 branches of Popular Community Bank in southern California.

In 2018, Popular Community Bank changed its name to Popular Bank (Legal name) and Popular, commercial name.

Stats

 * Ranked the 784th Largest Company In The World by Forbes (2006)
 * Ranked the 84th Best Company to Work For by Fortune (2005)
 * Ranked the Best Consumer Internet Bank in Puerto Rico by Global Finance (2007)
 * Has over $65 billion in assets
 * Approx. 8,000 employees
 * Symbol: BPOP (NASDAQ)

Timeline

 * 1893: A group of local Puerto Rican and Spanish notables founded the Sociedad Anónima de Economías y Préstamos (later Banco Popular de Economías y Préstamos) on 5 October 1893. The founders wanted to create a thrift institution for the island's poor to encourage savings.
 * 1928: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer personal loans without collateral.
 * 1930: Popular acquired the Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico. This bank had begun in 1857 as Banco Español de Puerto Rico and changed its name to Banco de Puerto Rico in 1900. Then in 1913 it changed its name to Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico.
 * 1938: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer an FHA mortgage loan.
 * 1950: Popular becomes the largest bank in Puerto Rico.
 * 1961: Popular opened a branch in New York City (Bronx) to serve the Puerto Rican community there.
 * 1973: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer combined accounts.
 * 1975: Popular opened a branch in Los Angeles. Although US banks could not branch across state lines, non-US banks could. The California State Superintendent of Banking declared Puerto Rico "international", allowing Popular to open a branch in reciprocity for the branch Bank of America had opened in Puerto Rico.
 * 1981: Popular started to expand in the Caribbean by establishing a branch in the U.S. Virgin Islands and another in Tortola, British Virgin Islands.
 * 1984: Popular took over the failed Washington National Bank, a locally owned bank catering to the Hispanic community in Chicago. Popular also launched the first automated teller machine network in the island.
 * 1988: Popular is the first bank in Puerto Rico to offer phone-banking.
 * 1990: Popular merged with Banco de Ponce to create the largest bank in Puerto Rico. The holding company took the name BanPonce. (Banco de Ponce had established an agency in New York that it had converted to a branch in 1961.  At the time of the merger, Banco de Ponce had nine branches in New York to Popular's six.)
 * 1991: Popular acquired the deposits and one branch of New York Capital Bank in upper Manhattan, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the failed Capital National Bank, which had served most of the Dominican small businesses there.
 * 1992: Popular acquired seven branches from the failed American Savings Bank, four branches and their deposits from Bank Leumi Trust Company, and one branch and its deposits from Northside Savings Bank.
 * 1993: Popular became the largest bank in the Virgin Islands when it acquired CoreStates First Pennsylvania Bank's five branches there. Century Anniversary.
 * 1994: Popular bought Pioneer Bank in Chicago and merged it with Popular's existing operations. Popular also entered New Jersey by buying four branches from the failed Carteret Savings Bank.  It then opened two more branches, to form Banco Popular FSB (a federal savings association).
 * 1995: Popular established the ATH Dominicana ATM network in the Dominican Republic. (ATH stands for "A Toda Hora". i.e., "at all hours".)
 * 1996: Popular bought American Midwest Bank for its two branches in suburban Melrose Park, a Chicago suburb that was drawing Hispanics. In California, Popular created a subsidiary, Banco Popular NA (California), bought Commerce National Bank, and transferred to it the branch that it had established in 1975.
 * 1997: Popular acquired the Seminole Bank branch in Sanford, Florida, and Banco Roig in Puerto Rico.
 * 1998: Popular made Chicago the headquarters for the US Executive Offices of its subsidiary, Popular North America, which took over all its US mainland commercial activities. In the Dominican Republic, Popular took a minority position in Banco Fiduciario, the fourth largest bank, a stake that it later built up to a majority position. Popular entered Costa Rica as it had entered the Dominican Republic, Popular entered Costa Rica in the same way as it had entered the Dominican Republic, i.e., by establishing an ATM network, ATH Costa Rica.
 * 1999: Popular bought First State Bank of Southern California from Korea's Hanil Bank and merged it with Popular (California). In the Chicago area, Popular bought Irving Bank, Water Tower Bank and Aurora National Bank. Popular also bought Banco Popular, a start-up bank in Orlando, Florida, and Citizens Bank in Houston. In addition, Popular bought the GM Group, entering the processing business.
 * 2000: Popular begins its online banking system
 * 2001: Popular buys three branches in Puerto Rico's central mountain region from BBVA.
 * 2005: Popular completes acquisition of Quaker City Bank, establishing California as the largest region of Popular Bank. Popular also purchases New Jersey's Infinity Mortgage for an undisclosed amount. On August 3, 2005, Popular announced the purchase of E-Loan for an estimated $300 million merger agreement. A month later, on September 21, Popular announced that it would sell Popular Cash Express to ACE Cash Express for $36 million. Popular was ranked as the 691st largest company in the world by Forbes.
 * 2006: Banco Popular North America relocates its California Region headquarters to Anaheim, California headed by Vernon Aguirre. Banco Popular Ahaneim.jpg
 * 2007: Banco Popular North America sells five of six branches in Texas region to Prosperity Bank.
 * 2007: Banco Popular acquires Citibank's retail business in Puerto Rico, including nine branches, as well as the operations in Puerto Rico of broker-dealer Smith Barney, a Citibank subsidiary.
 * 2008: Popular agrees to sell certain assets of Equity One, the U.S. mainland consumer finance operations of Popular Financial Holdings, to American General Finance, a member of American International Group.
 * 2010: Banco Popular acquires competitor Westernbank, after it failed and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation seized its deposits. On October 1, 2010, Popular sold 51% Evertec participating to Apollo Management.
 * 2015: Banco Popular acquires the deposits of Doral Bank after regulators declared it insolvent.
 * 2018: Popular Community Bank changed its name to Popular Bank (Legal name) and Popular, commercial name.

Puerto Rico

 * Banco Popular de Puerto Rico
 * Popular Auto
 * Popular Securities
 * Popular Asset Management
 * Popular Insurance
 * Plazapop

United States (mainland)

 * Popular Bank
 * Popular Business Banking
 * Popular Association Banking
 * Popular Equipment Finance
 * Popular Direct
 * Popular Mortgage
 * Popular Private Client

Virgin Islands

 * Banco Popular Virgin Islands

Former Subsidiaries

 * Popular Cash Express (sold to ACE Cash Express on 09/21/2005)

Musical tradition
For its 100th Anniversary celebration, Popular gathered a group of famous Latin-American musicians in an effort to create a musical televised show. After the large success of this venture, the company began to produce annual live Christmas concerts and television specials with various Puerto Rican and international singers and artists. The 1996 version included the future star Shakira. The concerts and specials are aired in local television stations and then released on CDs and DVD, raising money for the company's philanthropic foundation (Fundación Banco Popular) which benefits a variety of non-profit organizations in the island.

The titles of the musicals are:

Online Discography
 * 1993 - Un Pueblo que Canta (People Who Sing)
 * 1994 - El Espíritu de un Pueblo (The Spirit of a People)
 * 1995 - Somos un Sólo Pueblo (We Are One People)
 * 1996 - Al Compás de un Sentimiento (To the Rhythm of a Feeling)
 * 1997 - Siempre Piel Canela (Always Brown Skin)
 * 1998 - Romance del Cumbanchero (Romance of the Cumbanchero)
 * 1999 - Con la Música por Dentro (With the Music Within)
 * 2000 - Guitarra Mía: Un Tributo a José Feliciano (My Guitar: A Tribute to José Feliciano)
 * 2001 - Raíces (Roots)
 * 2002 - Encuentro (Encounter)
 * 2003 - Ocho Puertas (Eight Doors)
 * 2004 - En Mi País (In My Country)
 * 2005 - Queridos Reyes Magos (Dear Wise Men)
 * 2006 - Viva Navidad (Viva Christmas)
 * 2007 - Lo Mejor de Nuestra Música Popular: 15 Años de Éxitos (The Best of Our Popular Music: 15 Years of Hits)
 * 2008 - Eco (Echo)
 * 2009 - Palés y la Rumba de Esquina (Palés and the Corner Rumba)
 * 2010 - Salsa: Un Homenaje a El Gran Combo (Salsa: An Homage to El Gran Combo)
 * 2011 - Sonó, Sonó: Tite Curet (Sounded, It Sounded: Tite Curet)
 * 2012 - Hecho con Sabor a Puerto Rico (Made with Flavor of Puerto Rico)
 * 2013 - Música en Tiempos (Music Through Times)
 * 2014 - Qué Lindo Es Puerto Rico (How Beautiful is Puerto Rico)
 * 2015 - Cuba y Puerto Rico Son (Puerto Rico and Cuba Son)
 * 2016 - De Puerto Rico para el Mundo (From Puerto Rico to the World)
 * 2017 - Nuestra Isla, Nuestro Encanto (Our Island, Our Charm)
 * 2018 - Más de un Siglo (More than a Century)
 * 2019 - Tiempos de Aguinaldo (Times of Aguinaldo)
 * 2020 - Somos música (We Are Music)
 * 2021 - Ellas, mujeres en la música (Women in music)
 * 2022 - Más que 30 (More than 30)
 * 2023 - Salsa, sabor y evolución (Salsa: Flavor and Evolution)

Competitors (in Puerto Rico)

 * OFG Bancorp
 * First BanCorp

Popular, Inc.

 * Official Site

Subsidiaries

 * Popular Bank
 * E-Loan (Purchased by Popular, Inc 2005)
 * Popular Equipment Finance
 * Popular Auto
 * Popular Mortgage
 * Popular Securities
 * Popular Insurance
 * TicketPop (Ticket Sale service operated by Popular)

title: Banco Popular de Puerto Rico


text:
Talk:List of extraterrestrials in fiction by type

Awesome article, lousy picture.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.250.140.219 (talk) 19:13, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Older discussion
War of the Worlds Martians were not humanoid. Not sure where they should go. --JG

 * It depends how far you're prepared to push "humanoid"; Wells's Martians were supposedly the highly-evolved form of a humanoid species. (As a matter of fact, the description of the Martians is based on an article Wells had written about what the human race will develop into after another few millennia of technological development. The article even gets name-checked in the novel, although the narrator is a bit sarcastic about it and neglects to mention who it was by.) --Paul A 01:40, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * ...and to be pedantic, definitely-humanoid Martians do get mentioned in The War of the Worlds: see the description in the twenty-second chapter of what the invaders packed to eat during their trip to Earth... --Paul A 02:01, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

That's true. But the important Martians look like weird squid, and just because humans were expected to evolve into a particular form doesn't make that humanoid.

I think we should give a page to the aliens from Independence Day. Even though their name was never mentioned, we can call them "migrators" or something. ''Oh, and about the humanoid/Martian thing you guys are talking about, I think humanoids are aliens that look human, but have slightly different features (horns, pointed ears, forehead ridges, etc.). Just look at the countless aliens from Star Trek.''-B-101

Where do the Yautja (Predators) go? I put them under reptilian, but I don't think that is the right place for them.-B-101

Lots of aliens fit into multiple categories. For instance, xenomorphs could fall under parasites, insectoid aliens, or semi-intelligent species. Since Predator biochemistry is obviously so different (their blood is green), I'd just toss them in the "Humanoid" section.

Speaking of which, I've noticed that many, many of those humanoids come from either Star Wars or Star Trek. What does everyone think of giving species from those universes their own categories to allow a little more diversity in the rest of the list? It might make a good project for a rainy day...Maybe I'll even do it myself over the summer.

By the way, as far as those creatures from Independence Day go, the (defunct?) website NCXRI calls them Invaders. I think it sounds pretty good. Teflon Don 06:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why is the SW Empire and Imperium of Man in the multi-species intereact column? They interact only in the sense that non-humans are brutally oppressed, "interaction" here seems defined so broadly as to include any empire inhabiting a galaxy with multiple species. By all rights these human groups shouldn't be on a page devoted to aliens.

Coordinators (Gundam SEED)
Although Coordinators are genetically engineered, they are not genetically egneered to the point that they are a seperate speices as man. In contrast to this is the Abh, who have altered their genome to the point that they even added an extra senory organ to their body system, and the Adeptus Astares, who while mostly human is altered to the point of being a seperate speices. --Eldarone 01:23, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Many of those on the list such as the Eloi, Sebaceans and Nietzscheans aren't their own species either and are still on the list. I don't see why Coordinators can't belong on there. As for the Abh, though they are built to survive in space with their various modifications, I don't believe it has ever been stated directly that they are their own separate species. Timon

 * Because Coordinators have not been genetically engeeneered or developed enough to become a seperate race. This is the same reason why Augments are not listed.  Nierzscheans are genetically engeenered enough to be different enough to be an offshoot of humanity, namly the arm bone barbs they have.  Sebaceans are different enough from humans (namly Sebaceans are extremly more senstive to heat than humans).  The Abh are genetically altered enough that they might as well be another species, they have different oregans than most humans.  i might also note that in SEED, Chirman Clyne that Coordinators did not evolve.  Coordinators have no major alternations from humans, and have not shown any major differences from humans.  Compared the Adeptus Astares (Space Marines) and Coordinators.  The Space MArines have different organs and have demonstrated beyond human capabilites.  Unless you can prove that Coordinators are a different race, they are not considered an different spieces.   --Eldarone 23:19, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Those characteristics such as the bones spurs and heat sensitivity are hardly characteristics to determine if one is a separate race from humans or not. By your method of measurement, then Whites, Africans and Asians would be considered separate species due to their differing superficial characteristics. And if you used superhuman abilities as a measure to determine if one is a different species then the Coordinators would be included due to their increased resistance to disease, ability to survive in harsher conditions and their ability to pilot mobile suits without the use of the Gundam OS. Furthermore if you looked at the information on Nietzscheans, you'd realize they're not a separate race and instead are a subspecies of homo sapiens very much like the Coordinators in that they can mate and produce fertile offspring with baseline humanity. So if Nietzscheans can be included in this list, I don't see why Coordinators can't be.Timon
 * It's not supefical. Humans do not have bone spurs or are extreme oversenstiveness to heat (because they don't have a gland to do that).  Sabaceans and Niteczeans ahave a genome that is different enough, and with different organs, that they are a seperate speices from humans.  The Bone Blades are a different enough feature from normal humans that they can be considered a different speices, if closely related to mankind.   Coordinators are only genetically enhanced, nothing new has been added to their genome that they become a different speices.  Atonomically and genetically, Coordinators are still human, even if they are faster or stronger.  --Eldarone 02:45, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

It's been a while since I played Star Control so maybe I'm missing a footnote from the instructions that mentioned a canine humanoid "Doog" species, but afaik there was no such thing in Starcon. I think whoever added that list item may be thinking of the Chenjesu alt-fire weapon, DOGIs (De-energizing Offensive Guided Interceptors), which make doggy sounds. They're not even remotely humanoid though, and they're probably not even life-forms in the first place. I'd remove the item myself but I'm not confident enough in my remembrance to do so so I thought I'd mention it here. :) -- singe@ix.netcom.com 17:28, 27 Sep 2006 (PST)

New Additions
I recently have been catching up on the television show Earth 2 and was wondering where to put Terrians and Grendlers (both alien races encountered in the show). During one of the episodes, the doctor Julia, analyzes Terrian cellular material and says that it's like nothing she's seen before- organic, mineral, etc. It was like a "little bit of everything." The show didn't specifically address Grendler physiology or origin, other than making note of their incredible strength, anti-septic like saliva, and obsessive desire to gather and trade. Anyway, I wanted to add them to the list but decided I'd better bring in some backup because if I was wrong it could take quite a while before anyone else caught it. Thanks. Mrobviousjosh 05:36, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge discussion
At Talk:List of extraterrestrials in fiction. Thanks. -- Quiddity (talk) 20:55, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Constellations
On 6 February, 2008 user 68.252.240.191 added the constellations Gemini, Virgo, and Libra to the Humanoid extraterrestrials section and Sagittarius to the Centaurs section. No "work", such as "ancient mythology" or "zodiac" was provided with these entries. I propose that these entries be removed as they do not match the definition of extraterrestrials that is used in the rest of this list.-- Thinking of England (talk) 11:04, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I've just removed them. --  Thinking of England (talk) 01:52, 4 July 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Caciocavallo

We should probably have redirects from all the different spellings. I couldn't figure out how to make redirects for Romanian and Serbian, and I don't know if those characters are supported. If someone can figure it out, please do so. Dori | Talk 01:31, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, they are not supported in English wikipedia. Bogdan | Talk 17:57, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That's what I was afraid of, thought perhaps it was just my browser setup. They should probably switch it to UTF-8 or whatever the standard is for the other wikis. Dori | Talk 19:23, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Unicode links & titles are supported now (since Summer 2005 IIRC). Duja 16:05, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Sicillian is not Italian, they are separate languages, AFAIK.Bogdan | Talk 18:00, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought it was just a dialect that would go under the Italian language article. I've seen enough Italian movies to know that even Italians need subtitles for some thick sicillian dialogue, but quite a bit of it is intelligible I think. Dori | Talk 19:23, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

I have found that in Bulgaria, Кашкавал (Kashkaval) is commonly used to refer to all yellow cheeses. I suspect it may be the case in other Balkan countries as well; sorry I don't have any authoritative sources. 5 November 2005

 * This is true in Romania, too. bogdan 15:45, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * In Serbia, too, but only for colloquial use (but not in BiH, and AFAIK not in Croatia -- in BiH we called 'em Trapist, for another brand/kind). Duja 16:05, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Origin of the name
Acording to this article (http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/zootehnika/84-2004/PDF/84-2004-1-11-15.pdf) "The origin of the name kachkaval can be found in the language of the people who most probably brought kachkaval to the Balkan Peninsula from where it spread further. In the Tzintzar language the word ˝kač˝ means cheese." and "According to the historical material (Pejić, 1956), it can be most certainly presumed that the manufacturing of cheese was brought to the Balkan Peninsula by nomadic tribes from the East. Later, the manufacturing of this cheese was brought to Italy and from there to Britain during the period of Julius Caesar. In Britain, the technology of making cheese has been adapted to climatic conditions and leading to the development of the technology for Cheddar cheese production." which contradicts the informations written in the wikipedia article. It seems more logical too because the italian name "cacciocavallo" doesn't have anything to do with cheese. The page about cacciocavallo is also wrong saying "The Italian name of the cheese caciocavallo means "Cheese on horseback" and it is sometimes thought that it was originally made from mare's milk, although there appears to be no historical evidence for this. More likely, the name derives from the fact that the curd is left to dry by placing it 'a cavallo', i.e. straddling, upon a horizontal stick or branch. [See, inter alia, [1].]" (comment posted on the kachkaval page). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.206.249.51 (talk) 13:48, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge with Kashkaval?
Merge with Kashkaval? 46.117.97.217 (talk) 20:32, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caciocavallo


text:
User:Tom-

 * ''This user should not be confused with User:Tom.

Hello, I'm Tom, from Northampton in England.

My interests include the BBC (who I used to work for), radio, television, web development (including HTML and CSS).

Timeline

 * February 23 2004: First edited Wikipedia
 * May 2 2004: 1000th edit
 * May 28 2004: became an administrator
 * January 12 2005: became a developer

Articles I started

 * 78 Derngate
 * BBC Local Radio and 38 station pages
 * Broadcasting House
 * Bush House
 * Mark Thompson
 * Wicksteed Park

Articles I've contributed to

 * bbc.co.uk
 * BBC World Service
 * British Broadcasting Corporation
 * Northampton
 * Northamptonshire

Other stuff you can blame me for

 * I came up with the idea for having a collaboration of the week, to try and have focused community editing. Help contribute!
 * I originally designed Introduction.
 * Some of the Main Page design is my doing, especially the top intro section.
 * Various MediaWiki things, especially XHTML compliance, as well as accessibility and usability improvements.
 * Redesign of Contact us (see the old version)

Quotes
"What is wikipedia? Not as horrible as you've heard, not as good as you've hoped"

title: User:Tom-


text:
Barton County

Barton County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Barton County, Kansas
 * Barton County, Missouri

title: Barton County


text:
Hereditary coproporphyria

Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a disorder of heme biosynthesis, classified as an acute hepatic porphyria. HCP is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme coproporphyrinogen oxidase, coded for by the CPOX gene, and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, although homozygous individuals have been identified. Unlike acute intermittent porphyria, individuals with HCP can present with cutaneous findings similar to those found in porphyria cutanea tarda in addition to the acute attacks of abdominal pain, vomiting and neurological dysfunction characteristic of acute porphyrias. Like other porphyrias, attacks of HCP can be induced by certain drugs, environmental stressors or diet changes. Biochemical and molecular testing can be used to narrow down the diagnosis of a porphyria and identify the specific genetic defect. Overall, porphyrias are rare diseases. The combined incidence for all forms of the disease has been estimated at 1:20,000. The exact incidence of HCP is difficult to determine, due to its reduced penetrance.

Signs and symptoms
Clinically, patients affected with HCP present similarly to those with other acute porphyrias, such as acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and variegate porphyria (VP). Patients with HCP and VP can present with symptoms shared between the acute and cutaneous porphyrias. This includes the acute attacks of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypertension and seizures, as well as the cutaneous findings seen in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), namely increased skin fragility, bullous lesions after exposure to sunlight and increased scarring.

Individuals with HCP may be asymptomatic in the absence of triggering factors. Common triggers include certain drugs, alcohol, hormonal changes, and dietary changes. Sunlight and other ultraviolet light can trigger the skin manifestations. Homozygous individuals for CPOX mutations can present with these findings at an earlier age than heterozygotes.

Genetics
HCP is caused by mutations in CPOX, which codes for the enzyme coproporphyrinogen oxidase. This enzyme is responsible for the sixth step in the heme biosynthetic pathway, converting coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX. CPOX is located at 3q11.2-q12.1, has 6 introns and 7 exons and produces an mRNA strand that is 2675 bases in length. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, meaning that a deficiency of 50% of the normal enzyme activity is enough to cause symptoms. As reproductive fitness is not impacted, homozygous affected individuals have been reported. Along with other acute porphyrias HCP demonstrates reduced penetrance, meaning not all individuals who carry a disease-causing mutation will express symptoms.

Individuals who are homozygous for a specific mutation (K404E) or compound heterozygous with a null allele in CPOX have a more severe erythropoietic porphyria, harderoporphyria, characterized by neonatal jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, hepatosplenomegaly and skin lesions upon exposure to ultraviolet light. HCP is a rare disease, but the exact incidence is difficult to determine due to the reduced penetrance of the acute porphyrias. Overall, the incidence of all porphyrias is estimated at 1:20,000 in the United States. The incidence of harderoporphyria is even lower, with less than 10 cases reported worldwide.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of any porphyria is often delayed due to the rarity of the disease as well as the varied and non-specific findings that patients present with. Bedside measurement of urine porphobilinogen is recommended as a screening test for patients suspected of having an acute porphyria. Elevated porphobilinogen is indicative of an acute porphyria, and additional testing can be done to narrow down the specific type.

The identification of a specific porphyria is based on the results of laboratory findings, including blood, urine and stool tests. HCP can be distinguished from most other acute porphyrias by the cutaneous findings. VP presents similarly, but can be distinguished based on urine and stool porphyrin analysis, typically done using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The results of biochemical testing for porphyrias are most informative when samples are collected during an acute attack. Typically, the distinguishing metabolite for HCP and VP is the presence of protoporphyrin in the plasma and feces of individuals affected with VP.

Elevated coproporphyrin is a common finding in urine, known as coproporphyrinuria as it is the predominant porphyrin species in urine. This is a non-specific finding that is not necessarily due to an acute porphyria. Coproporphyrinuria can be caused by other stressors to the heme biosynthetic pathway, such as liver disease, lead poisoning and certain bone marrow disorders.

Treatment
There is no cure for HCP caused by the deficient activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Treatment of the acute symptoms of HCP is the same as for other acute porphyrias. Intravenous hemin (as heme arginate or hematin) is the recommended therapy for acute attacks. Acute attacks can be severe enough to cause death if not treated quickly and correctly. Hospitalization is typically required for administration of hemin, and appropriate drug selection is key to avoid exacerbating symptoms with drugs that interact poorly with porphyrias. Proper drug selection is most difficult when it comes to treatment of the seizures that can accompany HCP, as most anti-seizure medications can make the symptoms worse. Gabapentin and levetiracetam are two anti-seizure drugs that are thought to be safe.

In patients where management of symptoms is difficult even with hemin, liver transplant is an option before the symptoms have progressed to advanced paralysis. Combined liver and kidney transplants are sometimes undertaken in people with kidney failure.

Long term treatment of acute porphyrias is centered on the avoidance of acute attacks by eliminating precipitating factors, such as drugs, dietary changes, and infections. Females often have attacks coincident with their menstrual cycle, which can be managed effectively with hormonal birth control. Because of the reduced penetrance of HCP, family members of a patient may carry the same mutation without ever presenting with symptoms. Molecular analysis of CPOX is the best way to identify these patients, as they will not express a biochemical phenotype on laboratory testing unless they are symptomatic. Identification of asymptomatic patients allows them to adjust their lifestyle to avoid common triggering factors.

title: Hereditary coproporphyria


text:
Jeff Hyslop

Jeff Hyslop (born May 30, 1951) is a Canadian actor, singer, dancer, choreographer, and director. Many of his roles have been in musical theatre. His most famous roles were as Jeff the mannequin in the children's show Today's Special and as the title role in the Canadian production of The Phantom of the Opera in 1990.

Hyslop was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He is married to Vancouver-born singer and actress Ruth Nichol. They have one daughter, Gemma Nichol Hyslop, born in 1977 who has a daughter herself, Remmi Hyslop.

Selected filmography

 * The Magic of Aladdin (1989)
 * Once Upon a Giant (1988) - Prince Daryl
 * The Wars (1983) - Clifford Purchas
 * Today's Special (1981-1987) - Jeff
 * Dancin' Man (1980) - Self
 * Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) - Philip
 * Jack and the Beanstalk
 * Oompahpah

Stage work

 * A Chorus Line (Mike & u/s Paul) - Broadway & US Tour
 * Aladdin
 * A Little Show
 * Anne of Green Gables
 * Bye Bye Birdie
 * Cabaret
 * Dames at Sea
 * The Fantasticks
 * Godspell
 * Hamlet
 * Jack and the Beanstalk
 * Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris
 * Jane Eyre
 * Larry's Party
 * Histoire du Soldat
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * The Music Man
 * Kiss of the Spider Woman (Molina) - Broadway & US Tour
 * The Phantom of the Opera (title role) - Canada
 * Pippin
 * The Pirates of Penzance
 * The Producers (Carmen Ghia & u/s Leo Bloom) - US Tour
 * The Wizard of Oz

One-man shows

 * Jeff Hyslop: Feet First
 * Jeff Hyslop Now!

Directed/choreographed works

 * A Little Show
 * Babies: Bless Them All
 * The Club
 * Company
 * Dancin' Man
 * Guys and Dolls
 * Godspell
 * Good Boys and True
 * Irma la Douce
 * Jacob Two-Two
 * Jeff Hyslop: Feet First
 * Jeff Hyslop Now!
 * Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
 * McCartney TV special
 * Modern Housewives
 * On Tap
 * Peter Pan
 * Side by Side by Sondheim
 * Six Women With Brain Death
 * Take Two
 * They're Playing Our Song
 * Today's Special

title: Jeff Hyslop


text:
Talk:Oak Park, Michigan

Untitled
I edited the comment about 8 Mile to be more factually accurate, but does it even belong?

--AviDrissman 01:36, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Adoplh Mongo?
I have (again) removed the reference to an alumnus named Adoplh Mongo who it is claimed is an outspoken political consultant. This is because I can find no reference to any such person. If such a person genuinely was an outspoken political consultant (and one that is prominent enough to be included in the article), there would surely be at least a single refrence to them in a reliable third party source.

Before restoring this alleged person to the page, please provide a source or reference to justify their notability. Thanks. Euryalus 03:06, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Anonymous user with IP address 75.45.176.164 deleted facts from a report by the Michigan Citizen found "Prison conditions in Oak Park High School". If there is some reason that the information isn't true, then cite your sources, make the modifications, and add to this discussion page. Don't just delete information! —Preceding unsigned comment added by DougDante (talk • contribs) 16:33, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Education
This section as written would be more appropriate for a page on the Oak Park School District. The city of Oak Park is served by three public school districts, Oak Park, Berkley and Ferndale. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.81.0.20 (talk) 18:14, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Oak Park, Michigan


text:
Tomoko Kawakami

Tomoko Kawakami (川上 とも子) was a Japanese voice actress. She was also known by her pen-name Tomozou (とも蔵), and her Christian name Cecilia (セシリア). Having graduated from the Toho Gakuen College of Drama and Music, she was a member of Production Baobab.

Career
Kawakami debuted in 1994 as a role of a boy in Metal Fighter Miku. Her first regular performance was in 1995 as Chiriko in Fushigi Yuugi. Two years after, she landed her first starring voice role as Utena Tenjou in Revolutionary Girl Utena. Aside from Chiriko and Utena, her famous roles are in Air (Misuzu Kamio), Bleach (Soifon), Chrono Crusade (Rosette Christopher), Hikaru no Go (Hikaru Shindo), Sgt. Frog (Fuyuki Hinata), Ape Escape (Natsumi),Yukiko Kawasaki (Dear Boys), Sugar (A Little Snow Fairy Sugar), Aria (Athena Glory), and Miu Fūrinji (Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple).

Kawakami provided voices for young boys, girls and comical characters. The best-known genre of her roles are tomboyish characters (Soifon, Utena Tenjou). With such a powerful voice, she was often affiliated in paranormal and yuri-themed anime. She also made her name voicing the heroine in the Harukanaru Toki no Naka de series, based from the Neoromance game with the same title produced by Koei in 2000.

Illness and death
In August 2008, Kawakami had ovarian cancer, which required surgery. During a three-year battle with cancer, most of her ongoing roles were replaced by other voice actresses, although Kawakami managed to do some voice work until her retirement in early 2010. She died on June 9, 2011. Her death was met with an outpouring of grief. Kumiko Watanabe, a particular voice actress and a close friend of hers prior to her passing whom worked alongside Kawakami for works such as the Klonoa video game series and Sgt. Frog anime, responded on her web diary with condolences just two days after her death.

Anime series

 * Air - Misuzu Kamio
 * Amaenaideyo!! - Sumi Ikuina
 * A Little Snow Fairy Sugar - Sugar
 * Angelic Layer - Madoka Fujisaki
 * Aria - Athena Glory
 * Ashita no Nadja - Stefan (in episode 31)
 * Battle Athletes Victory - Chris Christopher
 * Best Student Council - Cyndi Manabe
 * Betterman - Sēme
 * Bleach - Soifon (Episode 24 - 205)
 * Cardcaptor Sakura - Rika Sasaki
 * Chrono Crusade - Rosette Christopher
 * Clannad - Girl from the Illusionary World
 * Crush Gear Turbo - Yamano Kimomo
 * Cyborg 009 - Cynthia
 * Darker than BLACK - Amber
 * Dear Boys - Yukiko Kawasaki
 * Descendants of Darkness - Kazusa Otonashi
 * Detective School Q - Kazuma Narusawa
 * Di Gi Charat Nyo! - Chibi Akari, Kareida-san
 * Doki Doki School Hours - Akane Kobayashi
 * Elfen Lied - Mariko
 * Emily of New Moon - Emily Byrd Starr
 * F-Zero GP Legend - Sasuke Reina
 * Fullmetal Alchemist - Kyle (in episode 9)
 * Fushigi Yûgi, Fushigi Yūgi Oni, and Fushigi Yūgi Eikoden - Chiriko
 * Gakuen Heaven - Satoshi Umino
 * Gaiking - Lulu
 * Gakko no Kaidan - Satsuki Miyanoshita
 * Genesis of Aquarion - Futaba
 * Great Teacher Onizuka - Hoshino (in episode 28)
 * Godannar - Luna
 * Harukanaru Toki no Naka de - Akane Motomiya
 * Hikaru no Go - Hikaru Shindō
 * I'm Gonna Be An Angel! - Noelle
 * Jigoku Shōjo - Yoshimi Kuroda (in episode 1)
 * Jibaku-kun - Pink
 * Jinki: Extend - Elnie Tachibana
 * Kanon - Sayuri Kurata
 * Kara no Kyōkai - Ryougi Shiki (Drama CD)
 * Magical Project S - Konoha Haida/Funky Connie
 * Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple - Miu Fūrinji
 * Martian Successor Nadesico - Eri, Ai
 * MegaMan NT Warrior - Princess Pride
 * Mirmo! - Wakaba
 * Mon Colle Knights - Fearī
 * NieA 7 - Kāna
 * Nodame Cantabile - Elise (main story in anime), Puririn (Purigorota)
 * One Piece - Amanda
 * Orphen: Revenge - Licorice Nelson
 * Paranoia Agent - "Otokomichi/A Man's Path" manga heroine (Episode 4)
 * Piano: The Melody of a Young Girl's Heart - Yūki Matsubara
 * Pocket Monsters - Ayame, Takami, Hikari's Mimirol, Pokédex (Sinnoh region)
 * Popotan - Mai/Konami
 * Power Stone - Ayame
 * Rune Soldier - Merrill
 * Revolutionary Girl Utena - Utena Tenjō
 * Saiyuki Reload series - Lirin
 * Saru Get You -On Air- - Natsumi
 * Sgt. Frog - Fuyuki Hinata (Episode 1 + 231)
 * Shaman King - Pirika, Mini Mongomeri
 * Space Pirate Mito - Mito Mitsukuni
 * Steel Angel Kurumi - Eiko Kichijōji
 * Tactics - Yōko
 * The Law of Ueki - Ai Mori
 * The Twelve Kingdoms - Rangyoku
 * The World of Narue - Ran Tendō
 * Those Who Hunt Elves - Annette, Emily
 * Those Who Hunt Elves 2 - Annette, Pichi
 * Tokyo Mew Mew - Ayano Uemura (in episode 34)
 * Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday - Kōchi
 * Trinity Blood - Elise Wasmeyer (in episode 2)
 * Uta Kata - Satsuki Takigawa
 * VS Knight Ramune & 40 Fire - Trumpet
 * Yakitate!! Japan - Princess Anne (episode 31)

Anime films

 * Air - Misuzu Kamio
 * Bleach: Memories of Nobody - Soifon
 * Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion - Soifon
 * Lupin III: Alcatraz Connection - Monica
 * Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time - Hari
 * Keroro Gunso the Super Movie - Fuyuki Hinata
 * Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 2: The Deep Sea Princess - Fuyuki Hinata
 * Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 3: Keroro vs. Keroro Great Sky Duel - Fuyuki Hinata
 * Revolutionary Girl Utena: The Adolescence of Utena - Utena Tenjō
 * The Doraemons: The Great Operation of Springing Insects - Momo

Video games

 * Air - Misuzu Kamio
 * Ape Escape - Natsumi, Charu
 * Bleach: Blade Battlers 2 - Soifon
 * Bleach: Heat The Soul 3 - Soifon
 * Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 - Soifon
 * Bleach: Shattered Blade - Soifon
 * Bomberman Generation - Bomberman
 * Brave Story: New Traveler - Yuno
 * Growlanser II: The Sense of Justice - Charlone Claudius
 * Klonoa 2: Lunatea's Veil - Lolo
 * Klonoa Beach Volleyball - Lolo
 * Klonoa Phantasy Reverie Series - Lolo
 * Magical Drop F - Judgment
 * Never 7: The End of Infinity - Yuka Kawashima
 * Radiant Silvergun - Reana
 * Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal - Sasha (Japanese dub)
 * SD Gundam G Generation - Rachel Ransom
 * Sengoku Basara - Itsuki
 * Shoujo Kakumei Utena: Itsuka Kakumei Sareru Monogatari - Utena Tenjō
 * Skies of Arcadia - Aika
 * Sonic Wings Assault - Mao Mao
 * Super Smash Bros. Brawl - Fushigisou (Ivysaur)
 * Tales of Destiny 2 - Nanaly Fletch
 * The King of Fighters 2001 - May Lee
 * The King of Fighters 2002 - May Lee
 * The Law of Ueki: Taosu ze Roberuto Juudan! - Ai Mori
 * The Legend of Dragoon - Meru
 * Thousand Arms - Sodina Dawnfried
 * Tokimeki Memorial: Girl's Side (Konami Palace Selection) - Fujii Natsumi
 * Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side 1st Love - Fujii Natsumi
 * Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: 1st Love Plus - Fujii Natsumi
 * Viper F40 - Raika Grace
 * Viper CTR - Miki

Dubbing roles

 * Blue Crush – Anne Marie Chadwick (Kate Bosworth)
 * Gumby – Goo (Gloria Clokey)
 * Hearts in Atlantis – Carol Gerber (Mika Boorem)
 * Heat – Lauren Gustafson (Natalie Portman)
 * Jumanji – Judy Shepherd (Kirsten Dunst)
 * The Secret World of Alex Mack - Alex Mack (Larisa Oleynik)

Original video animation

 *  Amon: The Apocalypse of Devilman -Yumi
 * Tokio Private Police -Noriko Ibuki

Successors

 * Houko Kuwashima - Sgt. Frog as Fuyuki Hinata, Bleach as Soifon
 * Sayuri Yahagi - Nodame Cantabile as Puririn - Season 2 (Kawakami returned in Season 3)
 * Kumi Sakuma - Nodame Cantabile as Elise - Season 2 (Kawakami returned in Season 3)
 * Yuki Kaida - A Foreign Love Affair as Kaoru Omi
 * Satsuki Yukino - Pokémon Diamond and Pearl as Dawn's Buneary (Hikari's Mimirol), Pokedex, Momoan, additional characters
 * Shiho Kawaragi - Desperate Housewives as Kayla Huntington - Season 4
 * Akiko Kimura - Battle Spirits as Mama
 * Yumi Kakazu - Tales of VS, Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 3 as Nanaly Fletch
 * Omi Minami - Elemental Gerard as Ashea
 * Yuki Matsuoka - Heroes Fantasia as Mileru
 * Saki Fujita - Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card as Rika Sasaki
 * Rie Kugimiya - Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple as Miu
 * Miyuki Sawashiro - Sengoku Basara as Itsuki
 * Ai Nonaka - Anpanman as Candle-Man
 * Yuka Imai - Demonbane PS2 game, Super Robot Wars UX as Claudius
 * Aimi Tanaka - The King of Fighters All Star as May Lee Jinju
 * Rina Hidaka - Shaman King 2021 as Pirika Usui
 * Rina Sato - Aria the Crepuscolo as Athena Glory
 * Inuko Inuyama - Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as Ivysaur

title: Tomoko Kawakami


text:
Variegate porphyria

Variegate porphyria, also known by several other names, is an autosomal dominant porphyria that can have acute (severe but usually not long-lasting) symptoms along with symptoms that affect the skin. The disorder results from low levels of the enzyme responsible for the seventh step in heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. It is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.

Signs and symptoms
When symptoms occur, they can include acute attacks (similar to acute intermittent porphyria) or skin damage. Acute attacks usually begin in adulthood and cause abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation. During an attack, a person may also experience muscle weakness, seizures, and mental changes such as anxiety and hallucinations. These signs and symptoms are triggered by nongenetic factors such as certain drugs, dieting or fasting, certain hormones and stress.

Some people with variegate porphyria have skin that is overly sensitive to sunlight (photosensitive). Areas of skin exposed to the sun develop severe blistering, scarring, changes in pigmentation, and increased hair growth. Exposed skin becomes fragile and is easily damaged.

Rarely, the signs and symptoms of variegate porphyria can begin in infancy or early childhood. In such cases, the signs and symptoms are usually more severe than those starting later in life.

Genetics

Mutations in the PPOX gene cause variegate porphyria. The PPOX gene makes a membrane bound mitochondrial enzyme called protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which is critical to the chemical process that leads to heme production. The activity of this enzyme is reduced by 50 percent in most people with variegate porphyria. In severe cases that begin early in life, the enzyme is almost completely inactive. Nongenetic factors such as certain drugs, stress, and others listed above can increase the demand for heme and the enzymes required to make heme. The combination of this increased demand and reduced activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase disrupts heme production and allows byproducts of the process to accumulate in the liver, triggering an acute attack.

Variegate porphyria is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and inheriting one copy of the defective gene from an affected parent is sufficient to cause the disorder. More severe cases result from inheriting two copies of the defective gene.

The entire PPOX gene has about 8kb with 13 exon sequences. It was successfully cloned from a cDNA library in 1995 revealing that, after processing, it is 477 nucleotides long. It has previously been thought that the PPOX gene was located on human chromosome 14, however mapping experiments (FISH) have shown that it is near 1q23. An additional aggravating mutation affecting variegate porphyria can be found at 6p21.3 on the HFE gene.

A 2006 clinical, biochemical and mutational study of eight Swiss variegate porphyria patients and their families found four novel PPOX gene mutations believed to be unique to the Swiss population.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by finding raised urine porphyrins, raised faecal porphyrins, markedly raised plasma porphyrins (pathognomic) and finding photosensitive cutaneous lesions on clinical examination.

Treatment
Liver transplant has been used in the treatment of this condition.

Epidemiology
In South Africa, the prevalence of variegate porphyria is approximately 1 in 300. In Finland, the prevalence is approximately 1 in 75,000.

It is also found in Argentina, Sweden, and Australia.

title: Variegate porphyria