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Royal Shrovetide Football

The Royal Shrovetide Football Match is a "medieval football" game played annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England. Shrovetide ball games have been played in England since at least the 12th century from the reign of Henry II (1154–89). The Ashbourne game also known as "hugball" has been played from at least c.1667 although the exact origins of the game are unknown due to a fire at the Royal Shrovetide Committee office in the 1890s which destroyed the earliest records. One of the most popular origin theories suggests the macabre notion that the 'ball' was originally a severed head tossed into the waiting crowd following an execution. Although this may have happened, it is more likely that games such as the Winchelsea Streete Game, reputedly played during the Hundred Years' War with France, were adaptations of an original ball game intended to show contempt for the enemy.

One of the earliest references to football in the county of Derbyshire comes in a poem called "Burlesque upon the Great Frost" from 1683, written after the English Civil War by Charles Cotton, cousin to Aston Cockayne, Baronet of Ashbourne (1608–84):

"Two towns, that long that war had raged Being at football now engaged For honour, as both sides pretend, Left the brave trial to be ended Till the next thaw for they were frozen On either part at least a dozen, With a good handsome space between 'em Like Rollerich stones, if you've seen 'em And could no more run, kick, or trip ye Than I can quaff off Aganippe."

Shrovetide football played between "Two towns" in Derby is often credited with being the source of the term "local derby". A more widely accepted origin theory is The Derby horse race. Whatever the origins the "local derby" is now a recognised term for a football game played between local rivals and a Derby is a horse race.

A previously unknown tentative link between Royal Shrovetide football and La soule played in Tricot, Picardy was established in 2012 by history and sociology of sport lecturer Laurent Fournier from the Universite de Nantes. Whilst undertaking a study of "folk football", he noticed that the Coat of arms of the Cockayne family (seated in Ashbourne from the 12th century) painted on a 1909 Shrovetide ball displayed in the window of the Ashbourne Telegraph office contained three cockerels in its heraldic design. He recognised this matched the emblem of Tricot (also carrying three cockerels) where La soule is played on the first Sunday of Lent and Easter Monday. He was welcomed to Ashbourne by the Royal Shrovetide Committee and was a guest at the Shrovetide luncheon. Research into Royal Shrovetide Football's lost history is ongoing (August 2012).

History
The concept of the ball game was understood in the Early Middle Ages (600–1066). Writing in the 9th century, Welsh monk and historian Nennius makes reference in his book Historia Brittonum to "the field of Ælecti, in the district of Glevesing, where a party of boys were playing at ball". This account was attributed to a 5th-century source that has not survived. Ball games may have been played throughout the 1st millennium despite a lack of documented evidence. Oral traditions from the West Country and South East Wales assert that the games of Cornish "Hurling to Country" and "Hurling to Goals", Devon "Out-Hurling" and Welsh "Cnapan" played during Christian festivals have more ancient Celtic origins. The wooden balls used in these games are only found in regions where Celtic culture is still venerated. These communal events may even have started with prehistoric workers hurling forward carved wooden balls or stone balls that archaeologists have theorised could have been used to move megaliths in stone circle construction. Records from antiquity have survived relating to various ball games played by the Romans, notably Harpastum which contained many elements that feature in the Shrovetide ball game. These influences were available to a Catholic Church Clergy familiar with native customs and educated in Latin when a ball game was introduced to Shrovetide festivities.

The earliest recorded Shrovetide ball game comes during the High Middle Ages (1066–1272) from the cleric William Fitzstephen in his description of London Descriptio Nobilissimae Civitatis Londoniae (c.1174–83). The game he witnessed was played at Carnival, an alternative name for Shrovetide, from the Latin Carnilevaria, a word variant of carne levare meaning to "leave out meat" an act of abstinence for Lent. Then as now games were played in the afternoon. His account suggests playing ball at Carnival had been an annual event for at least a generation.

…"every year on the day called Carnival—to begin with the sports of boys (for we were all boys once)—scholars from the different schools bring fighting-cocks to their masters, and the whole morning is set apart to watch their cocks do battle in the schools, for the boys are given a holiday that day. After dinner all the young men of the town go out into the fields in the suburbs to play ball. The scholars of the various schools have their own ball, and almost all the followers of each occupation have theirs also. The seniors and the fathers and the wealthy magnates of the city come on horseback to watch the contests of the younger generation, and in their turn recover their lost youth: the motions of their natural heat seem to be stirred in them at the mere sight of such strenuous activity and by their participation in the joys of unbridled youth."

The location given for the "suburbs" was to the north of London. The area described of open fields and rivers is typical of the terrain still used for current games played in Ashbourne and in Workington, Cumbria, where "Uppies and Downies" games take place on Good Friday, Easter Tuesday and Easter Saturday.

…"Everywhere outside the houses of those living in the suburbs, and adjacent to them, are the spacious and beautiful gardens of the citizens, and these are planted with trees. Also there are on the north side pastures and pleasant meadow lands through which flow streams wherein the turning of mill-wheels makes a cheerful sound"….

Although the names of the schools that participated were not stipulated, a previous reference to St. Paul's, Holy Trinity, Aldgate and St. Martin-le-Grand College indicates these Church schools were integral to celebrating this holy-day.

…"St. Paul, the church of the Holy Trinity, and the church of St. Martin have famous schools by special privilege and by virtue of their ancient dignity. But through the favour of some magnate, or through the presence of teachers who are notable or famous in philosophy, there are also other schools"….

By the Late Middle Ages (1272–1485) there were many incarnations of the ball game being played at Shrovetide, Eastertide and Christmastide in and around the British Isles. All were played in a similar manner with localized innovations. Some of the other better-understood games, a few of which are still played, include the Ba' game (ba' being an abbreviation of "ball"), the Atherstone Ball Game, the Sedgefield Ball Game, Bottle-kicking (usually with a leather bottle as a substitute for the ball), Caid (an Irish name for various ball games and an animal-skin ball), Camp-ball (late medieval includes "kicking camp"), Football (late medieval), The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers (Masonic ceremonial), Haxey Hood ("Hood" being the name given to a leather tube used instead of a ball), La soule (soule being the name for the ball in northern France), and Scoring the Hales (an alternative name for goals used in Cumbria and the Scottish borders). A contemporary collective term coined for these games is "Mob football".

During the early modern period public schools open to the paying public (an alternative to private home education) adopted the ball game as a sports activity. The version they developed was called football and was played using a bladder-inflated ball. Scholars from these schools wrote the first standard codes for football. These inspired the development of modern codes of football, many created by the descendants of emigrants who spread the concept of football around the world.

The Ashbourne game
The game is played over two days on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday, starting each day at 2:00 pm and lasting until 10:00 pm. If the goal is scored (in local parlance, the ball is goaled) before 6pm a new ball is released and play restarts from the town centre, otherwise play ends for the day. The ball is rarely kicked, though it is legal to kick, carry or throw it. Instead it generally moves through the town in a series of hugs, like a giant scrum in rugby, made up of dozens if not hundreds of people. When the ball is goaled, the scorer is carried on the shoulders of his colleagues into the courtyard of the Green Man Royal Hotel (this ceremony returned to its recognised spiritual home in 2014 after an absence in 2013 due to the closure of the hotel ).

The two teams that play the game are known as the Up'Ards and the Down'Ards (local dialect for "upwards and downwards"). The Up'Ards are traditionally those town members born north of Henmore Brook, which runs through the town, and Down'Ards are those born south of the river. Each team attempts to carry the ball back to their own goal from the turn-up, rather than the more traditional method of scoring at/in the opponents goal. There are two goal posts 3 mi apart, one at Sturston Mill (where the Up'Ards attempt to score), the other at Clifton Mill (where the Down'Ards score). Although the mills have long since been demolished, part of their millstones still stand on the bank of the river at each location and indeed themselves once served as the scoring posts. In 1996 the scoring posts were replaced once again by new smaller millstones mounted onto purpose-built stone structures, which are still in use to this day and require the players to actually be in the river in order to 'goal' a ball, as this was seen as more challenging.

The actual process of 'goaling' a ball requires a player to hit it against the millstone three successive times. This is not a purely random event, however, as the eventual scorer is elected en route to the goal and would typically be someone who lives in Ashbourne or at least whose family is well known to the community. The chances of a 'tourist' goaling a ball are very remote, though they are welcome to join in the effort to reach the goal. When a ball is 'goaled' that particular game ends.

The game is played through the town with no limit on the number of players or the playing area (aside from those mentioned in the rules below). Thus shops in the town are boarded up during the game, and people are encouraged to park their cars away from the main streets. The game is started from a special plinth in the town centre where the ball is thrown to the players (or "turned-up" in the local parlance), often by a visiting dignitary. Before the ball is turned-up, the assembled crowd sing "Auld Lang Syne" followed by "God Save the King". The starting point has not changed in many years, although the town has changed around it; as a consequence, the starting podium is currently located in the town's main car park, which is named Shaw Croft, this being the ancient name of the field in which it stands.

The game has been known as "Royal" since 1928, when the then–Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) turned up the ball. The prince suffered a bloody nose. The game received royal assent for a second time in 2003, when the game was once again started by the Prince of Wales, in this instance Prince Charles (later king Charles III). On this occasion, the prince threw the ball into play from a raised plinth. It is traditional for the dignitary of the day to be raised aloft near Compton Bridge, as the turner-up is escorted into the Shawcroft en route from the luncheon at the Leisure centre.

The goals
The Up'Ards' traditional goal was Sturston Mill in Sturston village east of Asbourne and the Down'Ards' goal was Clifton Mill in the village of Clifton west of Ashbourne. Clifton Mill was demolished in 1967. A stone obelisk with commemorative plaque marking the site was unveiled in 1968. This became the Down'Ards goal for the next 28 years. Sturston Mill was demolished in 1981. A timber post salvaged from the mill was erected on the site of the old mill to act as a goal for the Up'Ards. The purpose-built goals erected in 1996 on the banks of Henmore Brook are located 3 mi apart. The Up'Ards goal is upstream from Shawcroft adjacent to the site of the former Sturston Mill and the Down'Ards goal is downstream from Shawcroft adjacent to the site of the former Clifton Mill. The ball is goaled when tapped three times against a millstone incorporated in the goals.

The ball
The game is played with a special ball, larger than a standard football, which is filled with Portuguese cork to help the ball float when it ends up in the river. It is now hand-painted by local craftsmen specially for the occasion, and the design is usually related to the dignitary who will be turning-up the ball. Once a ball is goaled it is repainted with the name and in the design of the scorer and is theirs to keep. If a ball is not goaled it is repainted in the design of the dignitary that turned it up and given back to them to keep. Many of the balls are put on display in the local pubs during the game for the public to view; traditionally these pubs are divided by team (The Wheel Inn being a popular Down'Ard base, and the Old Vaults for the Up'ards, for example).

The rules
There are very few rules in existence. The main ones are:

 * Committing murder or manslaughter is prohibited. Unnecessary violence is frowned upon.
 * The ball may not be carried in a motorised vehicle.
 * The ball may not be hidden in a bag, coat or rucksack, etc.
 * Cemeteries, churchyards and the town memorial gardens are strictly out of bounds.
 * Playing after 10 pm is forbidden.
 * To score a goal the ball must be tapped three times in the area of the goal.

Scores

 * 2006: 1–1 Draw
 * 2007: Up'ards win 1–0
 * 2008: Up'ards win 2–0
 * 2009: 1–1 Draw
 * 2010: Down'ards win 1–0
 * 2011: 2–2 Draw
 * 2012: Draw
 * 2013: Draw
 * 2014: Up'ards win 2–0
 * 2015: Up'ards win 1–0
 * 2016: Draw 1–1
 * 2017: Up'ards win 1–0
 * 2018: Draw 1–1
 * 2019: Down'ards win 1–0
 * 2020: Draw 1 (Leighton) – 1 (Frith)
 * 2021: Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2022: Up'ards win 3–1 Day 1: 1st James Lyon (U) 2nd Nathan Harrison (D) Day 2: 3rd Mark Maznenko (U) 4th Ben Western (U)
 * 2023: Up'ards win 1–0
 * 2024: Up'ards win 2–0

Roll of Honour
Since 1891 a "Roll of Honour" has been kept, documenting both the turner-up and scorer of each game played. It can be seen from the list that the event has only been cancelled three times during that time, once in 1968, again in 2001, both times due to the outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease and in 2021 due to the outbreak of Covid-19. Even during both World Wars the games were played; indeed, the Ashbourne Regiment even played a version of the game in the German trenches during the First World War.

On 7 March 1916 the 1/6th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters (Notts and Derby) Regiment played a game whilst stationed in the French village of Ivergny. The ball was presented by the Ashbourne Committee and the first goal was scored by Private Robinson of "C" Company.

A series of wooden display frames carrying the names that are updated yearly ar3 dispkayed at the new Ashbourne Library on Compton. The boards were originally in the Green Man, but were removed from there after the hotel shut in 2012.

Local dialect
The following are words and phrases used at the game, with a brief explanation of their meaning:

 * Turner-up
 * The person who starts that day's game.

 * Turning up
 * The act of throwing the ball from the "plinth" into the crowd of waiting players to start a game.

 * Hug
 * The scrum-like formation that naturally forms as the Up'Ards and Down'Ards battle for the ball.

 * Break
 * When the ball is released from the hug and play moves quickly.

 * Runners
 * Players that wait on the outside of the hug for the ball to break in order to collect the ball and cover as much ground as possible in the direction of their team's goal. There are selected runners for each team and they train regularly throughout the year, usually by running from goal to goal.

 * River play
 * As the name suggests, this is a reference to the sections of the game played in the river; as with runners there will be members of the team that specialise in river play. It is possible for the entire game to be played solely in the river.

 * Clifton
 * The Down'ards goal location.

 * Sturston
 * The Up'ards goal location.

 * Duck
 * Local colloquialism used as a friendly greeting, for example "Do you know where the ball is, duck?" Comparable words from other regions would include "mate" or "pet'".

 * The Green Man Royal Hotel
 * Name of the pub/hotel where the pre-game dinner was hosted and speeches given; the turner-up was carried from here on the shoulders of the players and over to the Shawcroft. This function and ceremony has now moved to the Leisure Centre due to the closure of the Green Man in 2012. For 2014, it has been agreed with the new owner that the goal confirmation ceremony will return to the Green Man courtyard.

 * Shrovie
 * Slang for Shrovetide.

 * "Down wi' it"
 * Often shouted by many onlookers supporting the Up'ards or Down'ards, mainly women. To force the ball down in the centre of the "hug" thus slowing down the progress of the opposing team who are trying to throw the ball clear to their "runners" so they can make a "break" towards goal. This would typically happen when a team has won that day or the previous day and wish to force a draw in the game becoming overall winners that year.

 * Plinth
 * From where the ball is "turned up" (thrown) to start a game.

The anthem
The anthem is sung at a pre-game ceremony in a local hotel. It was written in 1891 for a concert held to raise money to pay off the fines ordered for playing the game in the street.

There's a town still plays this glorious game Tho' tis but a little spot. And year by year the contest's fought From the field that's called Shaw Croft. Then friend meets friend in friendly strife The leather for to gain, And they play the game right manfully, In snow, sunshine or rain.

Chorus

'Tis a glorious game, deny it who can That tries the pluck of an Englishman.

For loyal the Game shall ever be No matter when or where, And treat that Game as ought but the free, Is more than the boldest dare. Though the ups and downs of its chequered life May the ball still ever roll, Until by fair and gallant strife We've reached the treasur'd goal.

Chorus

'Tis a glorious game, deny it who can That tries the pluck of an Englishman.

Films and media
The event is often attended by reporters and documentary makers from several European countries, along with those from the United States and Japan. Appearances on UK television include Blue Peter, where the presenters experienced the game for themselves, and gameshow They Think It's All Over, where it was featured as the "Unusual Sport" and later in the show some local Down'Ards appeared on the "Feel the Sportsman" round.

The 2006 game was attended by a Los Angeles film company acquiring footage for a documentary titled Wild in the Streets, produced and co-directed by Peter Baxter and narrated by Sean Bean. The film premiered at the 2012 Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, USA. The film was released online and on-demand in the US in April 2013.

title: Royal Shrovetide Football


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Ecological genetics

Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations. It combines ecology, evolution, and genetics to understand the processes behind adaptation.

This contrasts with classical genetics, which works mostly on crosses between laboratory strains, and DNA sequence analysis, which studies genes at the molecular level.

Research in this field is on traits of ecological significance—traits that affect an organism's fitness, or its ability to survive and reproduce. Examples of such traits include flowering time, drought tolerance, polymorphism, mimicry, and avoidance of attacks by predators.

Research usually involves a mixture of field and laboratory studies. Samples of natural populations may be taken back to the laboratory for their genetic variation to be analyzed. Changes in the populations at different times and places will be noted, and the pattern of mortality in these populations will be studied. Research is often done on organisms that have short generation times, such as insects and microbial communities.

History
Although work on natural populations had been done previously, it is acknowledged that the field was founded by the English biologist E.B. Ford (1901–1988) in the early 20th century. Ford started research on the genetics of natural populations in 1924 and worked extensively to develop his formal definition of genetic polymorphism. Ford's magnum opus was Ecological Genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential.

Other notable ecological geneticists include R. A. Fisher and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Fisher helped form what is known as the modern synthesis of ecology, by mathematically merging the ideas of Darwin and Mendel. Dobzhansky worked on chromosome polymorphism in fruit flies. He and his colleagues carried out studies on natural populations of Drosophila species in western USA and Mexico over many years.

Philip Sheppard, Cyril Clarke, Bernard Kettlewell and A.J. Cain were all strongly influenced by Ford; their careers date from the post World War II era. Collectively, their work on lepidoptera and on human blood groups established the field and threw light on selection in natural populations, where its role had been once doubted.

Inheritance and natural selection
Ecological genetics is closely tied to the concept of natural selection. Many classical ecology works have employed aspects of ecological genetics, investigating how inheritance and the environment affect individuals.

Industrial melanism in peppered moths
Industrial melanism in the peppered moth Biston betularia is a well-known example of the process of natural selection. The typical wing color phenotype of B. betularia is black and white flecks, but variant 'melanic' phenotypes with increased amounts of black also occur. In the nineteenth century, the frequency of these melanic variants increased rapidly. Many biologists proposed explanations for this phenomenon. It was demonstrated in the early 1910s, and again in many later studies, that the melanic variants were a result of dominant alleles at a single locus in the B. betularia genome. The proposed explanations, then, centered around various environmental factors that could contribute to natural selection. In particular, it was proposed that bird predation was selecting for the melanic moth forms, which were more cryptic in industrialized areas. H. B. D. Kettlewell investigated this hypothesis extensively in the early 1950s.

Uncertainty surrounding whether birds preyed on moths at all posed an initial challenge, leading Kettlewell to perform a series of experiments with captive birds. These experiments, while inititally unsuccessful, found that when a variety of insects are provided, the birds did preferentially prey on the most conspicuous moths: those with coloration unmatched to their surroundings. Kettlewell then performed field experiments using mark-recapture techniques to investigate the selective predation of moths in their natural habitat. These experiments found that, in woods near industrialized areas, melanic moth forms were recaptured at much higher rates than the traditional lighter-colored forms, while in non-industrialized woods, the reverse held true.

More recent research has further emphasized the role of genetics in the case of industrialized melanism in B. betularia. While research had already emphasized the role of alleles in determining wing-color phenotype, it was still unknown whether the melanic alleles had a single origin or had arisen multiple times independently. The use of molecular marking and chromosomal mapping in conjunction with population surveys demonstrated in the early 2010s that the melanic B. betularia variants have one single ancestral origin. Additionally, the melanic variants appear to have arisen by mutation from a typical wing-color phenotype.

Polygenic selection
Research on ecologically important traits often focuses on single alleles. However, it has been found that in many cases, phenotypes have a polygenic basis - they are controlled by many different alleles. Complex traits in particular are more likely to have a polygenic basis. Advances in genetic technology have allowed scientists to more closely investigate the genetic basis of complex traits, leading to an accumulation of evidence supporting the importance of polygenic control in understanding the evolution of these traits.

A major line of evidence can be drawn from what we about artificial selection and its influence on traits. Many experiments that have utilized artificial selection have found traits to respond quickly and steadily. If only a small amount of genes have a large influence on a particular trait, this would not be seen. The way that complex traits with continuous variation change in response to natural selection can most reasonably be explained by many alleles having a small effect on the phenotype of interest.

The prevalance of traits with a polygenic basis poses some issues when researching traits and adaptation in natural populations. Separating the effects of genes, environmental factors, and random genetic drift on traits can be difficult with complex traits.

Limitations
Work of this kind needs long-term funding, as well as grounding in both ecology and genetics. These are both difficult requirements. Research projects can last longer than a researcher's career; for instance, research into mimicry started 150 years ago and is still going strongly. Funding of this type of research is still rather erratic, but at least the value of working with natural populations in the field cannot now be doubted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ecological genetics


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Disko Island

Disko Island (Qeqertarsuaq, Diskoøen) is a large island in Baffin Bay, off the west coast of Greenland. It has an area of 8578 km2, making it the second largest of Greenland after the main island and one of the 100 largest islands in the world.

Etymology
The island's Greenlandic name Qeqertarsuaq means The Large Island (from qeqertaq = island).

Geography
The island has a length of about 160 km, rising to an average height of 975 m, peaking at 1919 m. The port of Qeqertarsuaq (named after the island, and also known as Godhavn) lies on its southern coast. Blæsedalen valley is north of Qeqertarsuaq.

The island is separated from Nuussuaq Peninsula in the northeast by the Sullorsuaq Strait. To the south of the island lies Disko Bay, an inlet bay of Baffin Bay.

History
Research indicates that nine large tsunamigenic landslides struck Sullorsuaq Strait in prehistoric times during the Holocene, seven of them from the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and two others from the northern coast of Disko Island. Seven of the landslides apparently occurred between about 8020 BC and 6520 BC with unidentified tsunamigenic effects. The two most recent prehistoric landslides generated megatsunamis which struck Alluttoq Island, the first sometime around 5650 BC with a run-up height of 41 to 66 m, and another that struck around 5350 BC with a run-up height of 45 to 70 m.

Erik the Red paid the first recorded visit to Disko Island at some time between 982 and 985. The island was used as a base for summer hunting and fishing by Norse colonists.

The coal mining town of Qullissat was founded on the northeast coast of Disko Island in 1924. By 1952 it was a cultural hub and the third-largest settlement in Greenland, with a population of 995. On 15 December 1952, a major landslide on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut (70.349°N, -53.178°W) on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula generated a tsunami which traveled 30 km across Sullorsuaq Strait and struck Qullissat, where it had a run-up height of 2.2 to 2.7 m and inflicted damage on buildings. By 1966, Qullissat was the sixth-largest town in Greenland with a population of 1,400, but it was abandoned in 1972, leaving the northern coast of Disko Island uninhabited.

On 21 November 2000, a large landslide at Paatuut on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula generated a megatsunami with a run-up height of 50 m near the landslide and 28 m at the former site of Qullissat, 20 km away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100 m inland.

Geology
Mineral deposits, fossil finds and geological formations add to interest in the area. One of the interesting geological features is the native iron found at the island. A 22-ton (44,000 lbs; 20 tonnes) lump mixture of iron and iron carbide (cohenite) has been found. There are only a few places on earth where native iron is found which is not of meteoric origin.

There are numerous hot springs on the island. The microscopic animal Limnognathia, the only known member of its phylum, was discovered in the Isunngua spring.

Biodiversity
Several studies on the meiofauna show high marine interstitial diversity in Disko Island. For instance, the gastrotrich species Diuronotus aspetos is found in Iterdla and Kigdlugssaitsut and is so far reported only in Disko Island. It is associated with a rich diversity of other gastrotrichs like Chaetonotus atrox, Halichaetonotus sp., Mesodasys sp., Paradasys sp., Tetranchyroderma sp., Thaumastoderma sp. and Turbanella sp.

title: Disko Island


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Sidiq Koya

Siddiq Moidin Koya (29 February 1924 – 25 April 1993) was a Fijian politician, Statesman and Opposition leader. He succeeded to the leadership of the mostly Indo-Fijian National Federation Party (NFP) on the death of the party's founder, A. D. Patel, in October 1969, remaining in this post until 1977. He later served a second term as leader of the NFP, from 1984 to 1987.

Koya is credited with his role in paving the way for Fijian independence from Britain in 1970. The National Federation Party had been opposing plans for independence without significant changes to the constitution. The NFP, in particular, wanted a legislature to be elected by universal suffrage from a common electoral roll of all voters – a demand rejected by the main ethnic Fijian politicians, who wanted a communal franchise with parliamentary seats allocated among the different ethnic groups, elected from ethnic electoral rolls. Sidiq Koya was more willing to compromise than his predecessor, and he was instrumental in persuading his party and his people to accept independence with a communal franchise.

Early life and family
Sidiq Koya was born in Ba District to a prominent Muslim Indo-Fijian Mappilah Malayalam-speaking family, whose parents emigrated from the Indian state of Kerala. He only went to year six in primary school and never saw the doors of a high school. Being a son of a cane farmer he worked his way up and later worked for the law firm of S. B. Patel in Lautoka. He then travelled to Tasmania to obtain his law degree from the University of Tasmania. He and his wife Amina had three children, daughter Shahnaaz and sons Faiyaz and Faizal. Koya has six grandchildren, Aleisha, Benjamin, Elizabeth, Zane, Akif and Farhaan who now reside in Australia, Canada and Fiji.

Kisan Sangh
In 1956, S.M. Koya went into partnership with N.S. Charmers, who was the legal advisor to the Kisan Sangh. This brought Koya closer to the Kisan Sangh hierarchy, and on 10 February 1957 he was elected the Vice-President of the organisation. In 1958 he was re-elected to the post. Although Koya had initially been accepted with open arms by the Kisan Sangh, which lacked any legally qualified person in its leadership team, differences soon arose between Koya and Ayodhya Prasad, who saw Koya as a threat to his leadership. Ayodhya Prasad managed to get Koya ousted from the Kisan Sangh but paid a heavy price for this as Koya worked against Ayodhya Prasad to have him defeated in the 1959 Legislative Council election.

Then India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji
Koya also made contributions to religious and cultural organisations. He served as President and Speaker of the Then India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji, an organisation representing Muslims of South Indian origin in Fiji. Koya's family originated from Kerala, in South India.

The Federation of Cane Growers
Koya was one of the founding members of the Federation of Cane Growers, formed in 1959 to negotiate the new cane contract with the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. He formed close ties with A.D. Patel and rose to prominence as the sugar cane dispute continued. He also involved himself with other industrial disputes in Fiji in 1959 by defending union leaders involved in strikes.

Legislative Council Elections
The Federation Committee contested the 1963 under the banner of the Citizens Federation. Its three candidates, in the sugar cane growing areas, were A.D. Patel, James Madhavan, and Koya himself. All three Citizens Federation candidates were elected. Koya narrowly defeated James Shankar Singh of Ba by 3998 votes to 3480 votes, making him the first Muslim to be elected to the Legislative Council. Koya was responsible for drafting the constitution of the Federation Party which came into existence on 21 June 1964, making it the first political party in Fiji. He easily retained his seat at the 1966 general election and the 1968 by-election.

Party Leader and towards Independence
Following the death of A.D. Patel in 1969, Koya was elected the leader of the National Federation Party. He adopted a conciliatory style of leadership and soon had an agreement with the leader of the Alliance Party, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, for independence for Fiji. There were those within his party who had opposed his leadership and with the unveiling of the new constitution the opposition from within gained strength. At this time in Fiji's history, Koya, the opposition leader, was seen as being too close to the Prime Minister.

Split in the National Federation Party
The first elections held after independence, in 1972, saw the NFP win 19 of the 52 seats in the House of Representatives. Opposition to Koya from within the party grew and by 1976 the party was divided into two groups when some members of his party expressed support for the Agricultural Landlord and Tenants Bill, which Koya and the NFP officially opposed. (Koya and his people did not oppose the changes but suggested the party abstain and thus defeat the bill, which required a 75% majority to help it to pass.) The differences were swept under the carpet for the parliamentary elections of March 1977. Koya led his National Federation Party (NFP) to a narrow victory, and would have become Prime Minister, but internal party strife resulted in the Governor General, Ratu Sir George Cakobau, calling on the defeated Prime Minister, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to form a new government. As seen from Brij V Lal's book on the life of Jai Ram Reddy called Eye of the Storm, all 26 members of the National Federation Party sent a signed memo, that is signed by each of them to the then Governor General pledging their support for Koya. The governor General was concerned that Sakeasi Butadroka, the Fijian leader who destroyed Mara's majority by splitting 25% of the Fijian votes, would fulfil his promise made 7 April 1977 at the Old Suva Town Hall in his midday speech that if an Indian was elected Prime Minister Blood would flow. He pointed to his signature red tie. The Governor General who has asked the NFP to form government then changed his mind and appointed Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as the Prime minister. There was no internal strife as Koya and his Parliamentary Caucus spent Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday pleading to Ratu Mara to form a coalition government and to remain Prime Minister. This "strife among us" was not evident in those four days. Koya had been opposed in the election by R. D. Patel, brother of the late leader of NFP and had won by a narrow margin. A second election to resolve the impasse was held in September that year, resulting in a heavy defeat for the NFP after it had split into two factions known as the Dove and Flower factions. Koya lost his parliamentary seat to Jai Ram Reddy, who became the new leader of the NFP. It is also often rumored that Koya had been backstabbed by his own party members who formed the flower faction on the basis that they did not want a muslim as the Prime Minister. Koya's Dove faction had won only 3 seats compared to 12 won by the Flower faction.

Return to Leadership of NFP
The NFP had re-united for the 1982 elections and Koya regained his seat in the general election held that year. After the resignation of Jai Ram Reddy, Koya returned to the leadership of the NFP in 1984. He was not far from controversy, and after being accused of favouring his own supporters, lost a crucial by-election in 1985. With the emergence of Fiji Labour Party (FLP), the NFP lost ground and he resigned from the leadership of the NFP before the 1987 election, when the NFP formed an electoral coalition with the Fiji Labour Party, under the leadership of Timoci Bavadra.

title: Sidiq Koya


text:
Talk:Laurence Hartnett

Untitled
I believe the information given about the Lloyd-Hartnett is incorrect. The car as sold in Australia had the same engine as the German Lloyd. The Datsun reference is to a quite separate project.

Submitted by Peter Pegg [ peter@co-opones.to]

 * Peter, as I indicated in the article, the Lloyd- Hartnett was based on the German Lloyd, and the venture failed due to the lack of parts supplies (which included engines).

I believe the information I have provided is correct.I would be delighted if you could shed some further light on these interesting cars. I first saw one of these cars in 1971.

Fitzpatrickjm 10:58, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Laurence Hartnett


text:
Talk:Asterix

Archive
2005 - 2010

Userbox
For you Asterix fans, here is a userbox to set up for placement on your userpage. -- PremKudva Talk  05:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Currently I have used a PD image I found in the commons. That is the best I could find that of a loaf of bread and a wine glass, I thought this image most appropriate since the our Gauls love to eat and drink. If you have come across a better looking image or a non copyrighted image from a Asterix comic to point me towards it.
 * Be nice if someone made a winged helmet :-P That'd look like Asterix. Or a crushed roman helmet Ghilz 06:30, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * A winged helmet would surely look super.-- PremKudva Talk  04:45, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Asterix in the Picture
The third child to the left in the picture is also Asterix. 2.97.161.229 (talk) 22:49, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of File:Asterixchips.JPG for deletion
Hello, this is just a heads up to let you know that I've nominated File:Asterixchips.JPG, which is used in this article, for deletion at PUF. You can find the relevant discussion and add your input at the nomination page, which can be found. Thanks, Acather96 (talk) 19:36, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Top Importance
There's a discussion on which comic-related articles should be listed as "Top Importance" on the importance scale, and I feel this article should not be included. If any user disagrees or wishes to contribute, please do so there. Argento Surfer (talk) 14:42, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

popular in the U.S. too
The article emphasizes that Asterix is popular in Europe and French speaking countries but I'm here to tell you many people on this side of the Atlantic like it too. I was introduced to it when I was eleven in the public school library. I loved it and knew other kids who did too. I don't know what the stats of Asterix readers in the States are but anyone who loves comics here, knows about Asterix. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.119.151.233 (talk) 07:04, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, in Europa even people, who don't know anything about Comics, know at least Asterix. Plus he is by far more popular then Spiderman or Batman, at least regarding the comics, maybe not so, when it comes to the (horrible) movies. It is without doubt, that the interest in the United States is on a particular low level compared with other countries all over the world. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.129.234.58 (talk) 20:52, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

Family row?
Has anyone noticed that the cited "source" for the supposed "family row" (This provoked a family row.[7]) following Uderzo's selling of his rights is just a stupid funny letter begging him not sell the recipe for the magic potion? There's no evidence in there at all.75.119.252.39 (talk) 02:47, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Good spot. Removed it. There may have been a family row but I'm sure that they all made up and had a big feast afterwards. Btljs (talk) 20:55, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

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Goths fighting each other
The article currently says "Goths (Germans) are disciplined and militarists, they are composed of many races that fight each other (which is a reference to Germany before Otto von Bismarck and to East and West Germany after the Second World War)". I disagree with that being a reference, as the actual historical Goths were subdivided into the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. Easier explanation is thus that this was simply taken over. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.59.234.86 (talk) 16:47, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The whole "Ethnic stereotypes" section looks like OR to me. The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 19:47, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Request.
First volume cover, please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.80.247.35 (talk) 14:54, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:53, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Exposition Astérix à la BnF (10307420605).jpg

Changing the profile picture
Hello everyone! I request if someone could please change the profile picture into the first issue cover of the series, because this is a comic series with many issues and placing the very first one is the most appropriate to do so. It also includes the logo, so there shouldn't be any problem at all. Please reply! Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.231.158.189 (talk) 00:20, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * By "profile picture", do you mean...

File:Asterix - Cast.png

(edit - there was a picture here, but a bot replaced it with a link, because I accidentally violated a rule which says that non-free pictures can't be used on talk pages...)

That one? I rather like it... perhaps we can add the front cover of Asterix the Gaul (is that what you mean?) too, if I can find one that doesn't fall afoul of copyright rules...  Tewdar  10:01, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Apparently, I have to make a low resolution crappy quality image of the cover to comply with fair-use rules. Perhaps I'll upload something if I get a chance...  Tewdar   10:06, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * We could probably re-use the picture from the Asterix the Gaul article, actually. Perhaps in the "list of titles" section?  Tewdar   10:09, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asterix


text:
Al-Uzza

Al-ʻUzzā (العزى  or Old Arabic, ) was one of the three chief goddesses of Arabian religion in pre-Islamic times and she was worshipped by the pre-Islamic Arabs along with al-Lāt and Manāt. A stone cube at Nakhla (near Mecca) was held sacred as part of her cult. She is mentioned in Qur'an 53:19 as being one of the goddesses who people worshipped. Al-ʻUzzā, like Hubal, was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic Quraysh. "In 624 at the 'battle called Uhud', the war cry of the Qurayshites was, "O people of Uzzā, people of Hubal!". Al-‘Uzzá also later appears in Ibn Ishaq's account of the alleged Satanic Verses.

The temple dedicated to al-ʻUzzā and the statue was destroyed by Khalid ibn al Walid in Nakhla in 630 AD.

Cult of al-‘Uzzá
According to the Book of Idols (Kitāb al-Aṣnām) by Hishām ibn al-Kalbī "Over her [an Arab] built a house called Buss in which the people used to receive oracular communications. The Arabs as well as the Quraysh used to name their children '‘Abdu l-ʻUzzā'. Furthermore, al-ʻUzzā was the greatest idol among the Quraysh. They used to journey to her, offer gifts unto her, and seek her favours through sacrifice."
 * The Quraysh used to circumambulate the Ka‘bah and say,
 * By al-Lāt and al-ʻUzzā,
 * And al-Manāt, the third idol besides.
 * Verily they are al-gharānīq
 * Whose intercession is to be sought.

This last phrase is said to be the source of the so-called Satanic Verses; the Arabic term is translated as "most exalted females" by Faris in the Book of Idols, but he annotates this much-argued term in a footnote as "lit. Numidian cranes."

Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near Mecca. The most prominent Arabian shrine of al-ʻUzzā was at a place called Nakhlah near Qudayd, east of Mecca toward aṭ-Ṭā’if; three trees were sacred to her there (according to a narration through al-'Anazi Abū-‘Alī in the Kitāb al-Aṣnām.)"She was the Lady ‘Uzzayan to whom a South Arabian offered a golden image on behalf of his sick daughter, Amat-‘Uzzayan ('the Maid of ‘Uzzayan')" ‘Abdu l-‘Uzzá ["Slave of the Mightiest One"] was a favourite proper name before the advent of Islam. The name al-‘Uzzá appears as an emblem of beauty in late pagan Arabic poetry quoted by Ibn al-Kalbī, and oaths were sworn by her.

Susan Krone suggests that the identities of al-‘Uzzá and al-Lāt were fused in central Arabia uniquely.

On the authority of ‘Abdu l-Lāh ibn ‘Abbās, at-Tabari derived al-ʻUzzā from al-‘Azīz "the Mighty", one of the 99 "beautiful names of Allah" in his commentary on Qur'an 7:180.

Destruction of temple
Shortly after the Conquest of Mecca, Muhammad began efforts to eliminate the last cult images reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices.

He sent Khalid ibn Al-Walid during Ramadan 630 AD (8 AH) to a place called Nakhlah, where the goddess al-ʻUzzā was worshipped by the tribes of Quraish and Kinanah. The shrine's custodians were from Bani Shaiba. Al-ʻUzzā was considered the most important goddess in the region.

Arab Muslim historian Ibn al-Kalbī (c. 737–819 CE) tells how Muhammad ordered Khālid ibn al-Walīd to kill the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-ʿUzzā, who was supposed to inhabit one of three trees:
 * Khalid destroyed the first one, returned to Muhammad to report. Muhammad replied, asking whether something eventful happened, which Khalid denied. The same thing happened after cutting down the second tree. When Khalid was about to destroy the last tree, a woman with wild hair appeared, who is called "al Uzza" by al-Sulami the custodian of al-Uzza, and ordered [ ] to kill Khalid. Khalid struck the woman down with his sword, and chopped her head off at which she fell down in a pile of ashes. Khalid went on to kill Sulami and cut the last tree. When he returned to Muhammad, Muhammad is supposed to have said that the woman was al-Uzza, and she shall never be worshiped again.

Uzza the garden
According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, Uzza was a garden in which Manasseh and Amon were buried (2 Kings 21:18, 26). It was probably near the king's palace in Jerusalem, or may have formed part of the palace grounds. Manasseh may have acquired it from someone of this name. Another view is that these kings were culpable of idolatry and drew the attention of Ezekiel.

title: Al-Uzza


text:
John Charles

 William John Charles (27 December 1931 – 21 February 2004) was a Welsh footballer who played as a centre-forward or as a centre-back. Best known for his first stint at Leeds United and Juventus, he was rated by many as the greatest all-round footballer ever to come from Wales. Charles is sometimes considered to be one of the greatest footballers in history.

John Charles began his career at Leeds United, having moved there in 1949 from his hometown club, Swansea Town. He was equally adept as a defender or a forward, due to his strength, pace, technique, vision, ability in the air and eye for goal. After returning from his National Service in 1952, Charles began to be used more often as a forward, and he was the Second Division's top scorer in 1954. The following year, he was named club captain; in his first season as captain, he led the club to second place and promotion. Charles ended the 1956–57 season as the First Division's top scorer and an eighth-place finish for Leeds. In the summer of 1957, Charles joined Juventus, where he partnered Giampiero Boniperti and Omar Sívori, with the trio becoming known as The Holy Trident. In his five seasons with the club, he won the scudetto three times and the Coppa Italia twice; he was also the capocannoniere winner for the 1957–58 season. In 1962, Charles returned to Leeds, but his time there proved unsuccessful as he was accustomed to the style of play in Italy, and by the end of the year, he had joined Roma. Charles moved back to his native country to play for Cardiff City, and ended his career in non-league football in player-manager roles at Hereford United and Merthyr Tydfil. He was never cautioned nor sent off during his entire career, owing to his philosophy of never kicking nor intentionally hurting opposing players. This led to the nickname he acquired while playing for Juventus, Il Gigante Buono (The Gentle Giant). In 1998, he was included in the Football League 100 Legends, and in 2002, he was one of the inaugural inductees to the Football Hall of Fame.

He played for the Welsh national team over fifteen years, from 1950 to 1965. Alongside his brother, Mel Charles, he was a member of the Welsh squad at the 1958 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he scored in a 1–1 draw with Hungary, but he got injured in a play-off match against the same opposition. Ruled out of the quarter-final against Brazil, Wales lost the match 1–0, with Pelé scoring the winner. Wales manager Jimmy Murphy opined that had Charles been fit, Wales might have won the match.

For its 50th anniversary in 2004, UEFA asked each of its then 52 member associations to nominate one player as the single most outstanding player of the period 1954–2003, and Charles was chosen as the Golden Player of Wales by its national association in November 2003.

Early career
Charles was born in the Cwmbwrla district of Swansea during late 1931. Charles would play football as a child, with younger brother Mel Charles who also went on to become a professional, later playing alongside each other for the Welsh national team. The brothers grew up on Alice Street in Swansea, being neighbours of fellow future Welsh internationals Ernie Jones, Mel Nurse, and Jackie Roberts.

While still at school, Charles joined the boys section of the local team Swansea Town, who later became Swansea City. When he left school at age 14 he was taken onto the groundstaff at Vetch Field, yet because of his young age Third Division Swansea never gave him a first-team call up. His only senior appearances came for the reserve side in the Welsh Football League.

Leeds United
While playing for Gendros, a local youth club, he was scouted by Leeds United and given a trial in September 1948. At his trial he impressed and duly signed for them at the age of 17, relocating to Yorkshire.

Then manager of Leeds United, Major Buckley, selected Charles in a variety of positions including right-back, centre-half and left-half for Leeds Reserves. Charles made his first team debut as a centre back for Leeds in a friendly versus Dumfries club Queen of the South on 19 April 1949. Charles was tasked with marking the incumbent Scotland centre forward Billy Houliston, who ten days previously at Wembley, had run the England defence ragged as the Scots won 3–1. The score at Elland Road was 0–0. After the game, Houliston said 17-year-old Charles was "the best centre half I've ever played against". Charles made his league debut against Blackburn Rovers also in April 1949, playing at centre-half. From 1950 until 1952, Charles was away on National Service with the 12th Royal Lancers at Carlisle. The army allowed him to turn out for Leeds, but also saw to it that he played for them, and in 1952, Charles skippered his side to the Army Cup. It was during this period that he had operations to repair cartilages in both knees.

After his return to the Leeds side in November 1951, Charles played at centre-forward and centre half. This prompted a debate as to where Charles should play in the team, but he remained at centre-half until the 1952–53 season. In October 1952, he was switched to centre forward and immediately started to score, with 11 goals in 6 games. In 1955, he was appointed club captain and during the 1955–56 season, Leeds won promotion to the First Division. Charles was in sparkling form, scoring 29 goals in 42 appearances. In the following season, Charles scored a new club top flight record tally of 38 goals in 40 league appearances as Leeds secured an 8th-place finish in the first division, before finally moving away from the club. His influence on Leeds' success during his final season was so strong, reporters nicknamed the club "John Charles United". In total, he scored 150 league goals in eight years for Leeds, including a club record 42 goals in 39 appearances during the 1953–54 season. He remains the second highest all time goal scorer for Leeds after Peter Lorimer.

Juventus
In August 1957, he joined the Italian club Juventus for a then British record £65,000 transfer fee, almost doubling the previous record. The transfer was notable as Charles became one of the first British professional players to be signed for an overseas team after John Fox Watson led the way moving from Fulham to Real Madrid in 1948.

His debut came on 8 September 1957 against Hellas Verona. Goals from Giampiero Boniperti and Omar Sívori had made the score 2–2, when up popped Charles to score the winner. The following week, he scored the only goal in the victory over Udinese, and he then hit the decisive strike in a 3–2 victory over Genoa. He had been the match-winner in his first three games.

In his first season in Italy, Charles was Serie A's top scorer with 28 goals, and was voted player of the season as Juventus won the scudetto. He played in Turin for five years, scoring 108 goals in 155 matches, winning the scudetto (Italian league championship) three times, and the Coppa Italia twice. He placed third in the Ballon d'Or in 1959, the highest position for a Welsh footballer. His prolific partnership with Sívori and Boniperti in Juventus's front-line earned the trio the nicknames The Holy Trident and The Magical Trio; Charles was also dubbed Il Gigante Buono (The Gentle Giant) during his five seasons with the club, due to his size and fair play. The respect Charles earned from Juventus fans was shown when, on the occasion of the club's centenary in 1997, they voted him the club's best-ever foreign player.

Return to Leeds United
Following his time at Juventus, Don Revie paid a club record £53,000 to secure the return of Charles to Yorkshire. As a result of the excitement this created, Leeds United raised admission prices for the start of the 1962–63 season. Charles second spell at Elland Road was less successful. After five years in Italy, he found it difficult to adjust to life and football back in Britain.

Roma
After 11 games and three goals – a shadow of his former strike rate – Charles was sold for £70,000 to Roma. Initially, the move was a success and Charles scored within fifteen minutes of his first game for Roma, in a match against Bologna. The early promise was never fulfilled, however, and Charles was on the move again a year later.

Later career
He left to join Cardiff City where he stayed until 1966, which marked the end of his league career. He later became manager of Hereford United, Merthyr Tydfil and the Swansea City youth team, and technical director of the Canadian team Hamilton Steelers, whom he became coach of midway through the 1987 season.

International career
Charles first played for the Welsh national team shortly after his 18th birthday.

He played for Wales at the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden – the first time the nation qualified for the competition. It was also the only time all four of the Home Nations qualified for the same World Cup, though only Wales and Northern Ireland made it past the group stage. Wales remained undefeated in the group stage, battling to draws with Hungary (thanks to a Charles goal), Mexico, and eventual runners-up Sweden. As Hungary also recorded three points, a play-off match ensued, and Wales came from behind at the Råsunda Stadium to advance with a 2–1 win; however, Charles was injured in the match and missed out on the rest of the tournament. Wales were eventually knocked out by Brazil in the quarter-finals thanks to a goal by Pelé in the 66th minute: the Brazilians went on to win the competition. Wales manager Jimmy Murphy said that "with John Charles in the side we might have won".

In total for Wales, Charles made 38 appearances and scored 15 goals.

Charles played for the Great Britain team against Ireland in 1955.

Style of play
Regarded as one of the greatest British footballers of all-time, Charles was a versatile footballer who was capable of playing both as a centre-forward and as a centre-back. As a striker, he was renowned for being a prolific goalscorer, as he was capable of scoring with either foot, courtesy of his powerful and accurate shot; due to his height, physique, and strength, as well as his heading power and accuracy, he also excelled in the air, which made him an aerial goal threat. Despite his size, he was also a fast player, with good technical skills and passing ability, which allowed him both to score and create goals. In addition to his ability, he was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch, which along with his stature, earned him the nickname Il Gigante Buono (The Gentle Giant).

Legacy
In the foreword for Charles' autobiography, Sir Bobby Robson described him as "incomparable" and classed him among the all-time footballing greats such as Pelé, Diego Maradona and George Best, saying "Incomparable. John wasn't only one of the greatest footballers who ever lived. He was one of the greatest men ever to play the game." He also noted that Charles is the only footballing great to be world class in two very different positions. Giampiero Boniperti, the captain of Juventus when Charles had joined the Bianconeri, spoke of the Welshman's nature as a person: "I would say he was from another world because of his human qualities. John was one of the most loyal and honest people I have ever met, a very special person. He managed to keep the whole team united, and any quarrels or arguments quietened down as soon as he appeared on the pitch or in the dressing room." Jack Charlton said of his former teammate, "John Charles was a team unto himself. People often say to me, 'Who was the best player you ever saw?', and I answer that it was probably Eusébio, Di Stéfano, Cruyff, Pelé or our Bob. But the most effective player I ever saw, the one that made the most difference to the performance of the whole team, was without question John Charles." Charles' sporting behaviour led international referee Clive Thomas to say "If you had 22 players of John's calibre, there would be no need for referees – only time-keepers."

In 1998, the Football League, as part of its centenary season celebrations, included Charles on its list of 100 League Legends. In 2002, Charles became an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame. On 29 November 2003, to celebrate UEFA's Jubilee, he was selected as the Golden Player of Wales by the Football Association of Wales as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years. In 2004, Charles was voted at number 19 in the 100 Welsh Heroes poll. On 7 March 2018, Charles had one of Great Western Railway's Intercity Express Trains named after him. In August 2019, a social housing complex named "Clos John Charles" was opened on the site of a former primary school in Cwmbwrla, Swansea.

The John Charles Lounge in Aberystwyth Town's ground is named after Charles. The John Charles Centre for Sport in Leeds is named after Charles. The West stand at Elland Road is named "The John Charles Stand" and the entrance lobby to the Banqueting Suite attached to the back of the stand contains a bust of Charles, in memory of all he did for the club. A street near Elland Road in the Lower Wortley area of Leeds is named John Charles Way.

Personal life and death
Charles was married twice during his life. In 1953, he married Margaret "Peggy" White; the couple had four sons together. They divorced in 1982. In 1988, Charles married Glenda Vero, whom he remained married to until his death in 2004. The Charles name continued in football through nephew Jeremy Charles, who also represented Wales, and grandson Jake Charles, who has represented Wales at youth level.

Following his retirement from football, Charles became the landlord of the New Inn public house on Elland Road, Churwell, Leeds which later was also managed by another Leeds United player and Wales international, Byron Stevenson. On 16 June 2001, as part of that year's Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire "for services to Association Football". Until shortly before his death he continued to attend every Leeds United home game. In 2002, he was made a vice-president of the Football Association of Wales, and in 2003, he was granted the freedom of the city of Swansea. There was a campaign to knight Charles, but it never came to fruition.

In January 2004, he suffered a heart attack shortly before an interview for Italian television, and required the partial amputation of one foot for circulation reasons before he was returned to Britain. He died in Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, early on 21 February 2004. His widow, Glenda, bequeathed his ashes to the city of Swansea.

Career statistics

 * a. Includes FA Cup and Coppa Italia

Honours
Leeds United
 * Second Division runners-up: 1955–56

Juventus
 * Serie A: 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61
 * Coppa Italia: 1958–59, 1959–60

Cardiff City
 * Welsh Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65

Wales
 * British Home Championship: 1959–60; runners-up: 1960–61, 1961–62
 * FIFA World Cup quarter-finalist: 1958

Individual
 * English First Division Top Scorer: 1956–57
 * Serie A Top Goal-scorer: 1957–58
 * Ballon d'Or – Third place: 1959
 * UEFA Golden Player: Wales

title: John Charles


text:
Jai Ram Reddy

Jai Ram Reddy, CF (12 May 1937 – 29 August 2022) was an Indo-Fijian politician, who had a distinguished career in both the legislative and judicial branches of the Fijian government. In 1998, he received Fiji's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Fiji, in recognition of his services to his country.

As leader of the National Federation Party (NFP), he was Leader of the Official Opposition from 1977 to 1983, and again from 1992 to 1999. He went on to serve as President of the Fiji Court of Appeal. He held this post briefly in 2000, and again from 2002 to 2003. On 31 January 2003, the United Nations General Assembly elected him as a member of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which is responsible for the prosecution of war crimes. He died on 29 August 2022.

Early life and career
The eldest of five children born to Pethi and Yenkattama Reddy, Jai Ram Reddy was born at Lautoka Hospital on 12 May 1937. Both his paternal grandfather, Byanna Reddy, a (Kshatriya) from the Cuddapah District in what is now Andhra Pradesh, and his maternal grandfather, Iyyappa Reddy, a social worker and a founder of the Lovu Sangam Primary School, emigrated to Fiji in 1903 on the Elbe III.

Educated initially at Sri Vivekananda High School in Nadi and then at DAV College in Suva, Reddy enrolled in the University Entrance class at Wellington Technical College, New Zealand, in April 1955, and was the only non-accredited student in the college to pass the examination that year. He went on to enroll in the Law faculty of Wellington's Victoria University in 1956, graduating in 1960, when he was admitted to the New Zealand bar. He was subsequently admitted to the bar in Fiji the following year. From 1961 to 1966 he was Staff Solicitor and Associate at the law firm of A. D. Patel & Co in Nadi, Fiji. From 1966 to 1968, he served as Crown Counsel and was Principal Legal Officer in the Attorney-General's Office from 1968 to 1970. He was the senior partner in a law firm of Stuart Reddy & Co of Lautoka, Fiji. From 1988 to 1997, he was sole practitioner in Lautoka.

Political career
Reddy entered politics when he was appointed to the Senate, in 1972, by the then leader of the opposition, Sidiq Koya. In 1976 he was instrumental in bringing the two factions of the party together.

Reddy replaced Sidiq Koya as leader of the NFP in September 1977, following major internal strife which had resulted in the party's missing out on forming the government despite its narrow victory in the election of March 1977, and its subsequent crushing defeat in a second election held to resolve the political stalemate in September. Under his leadership, the NFP made substantial gains in the election of 1982, but fell short of ousting the longtime Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, and was subsequently deposed as party leader in favour of Koya in 1983. Reddy briefly served as Attorney-General and Minister for Justice in the Bavadra government, in April and May 1987. Following the military coups of 1987, however, he again took over the leadership of the NFP, and continued to lead the party throughout the 1990s. In the elections of 1992 and 1994, the NFP won a majority of the 27 seats in the House of Representatives then reserved for Indo-Fijians.

In the late 1990s, Reddy decided to negotiate with the Prime Minister, General Sitiveni Rabuka, on amending the 1990 constitution, which was widely perceived as racist and was compared by many to South Africa's apartheid regime, as it guaranteed the political supremacy of ethnic Fijians. As a result of these negotiations, assisted by Sir Paul Reeves, a former Governor General of New Zealand, a new constitution emerged, which removed all discriminatory provisions against Indo-Fijians (except the mainly honorary office of President, which remained reserved for a Fijian hereditary Chief). This was considered Reddy's crowning achievement. His glory was short-lived, however. In the ensuing election of 1999, he entered into an electoral pact with his former enemy, Rabuka, an alliance which proved to be his undoing. Many Indo-Fijians had not forgiven Rabuka for carrying out the coups of 1987 and for his role in the subsequent adoption of the 1990 constitution, and the NFP lost all of its seats. Reddy's parliamentary career of some twenty years had come to an end.

Reddy as judge
In 2000, Reddy was appointed President of the Fijian Court of Appeal. He resigned in the wake of the overthrow of the constitutional government of Fiji in 2000, but was reappointed to the post in January 2002. He resigned the Presidency of the Court of Appeal on 18 April 2003 to take up his position with the Rwanda tribunal, but remained a member of the court. Fiji Television reported on 14 June 2006 that Reddy's term on the Rwanda tribunal, along with that of ten other members, which had been due to expire in May 2007, had been extended to December 2008.

Personal life
Reddy married Anne, a geology professor's daughter in 1962. They had a son, Sanjay, and a daughter, Helen. After separating from Anne in 1970, Reddy remarried in 1972 to Chandra Wati Singh, a Hansard reporter in the Legislative Council of Fiji. They had a daughter, Sandhya, and a son, Prashant.

title: Jai Ram Reddy


text:
Ignite (youth programme)

Ignite is a program for gifted and talented young people in South Australia, created in 1997 and formerly known as SHIP (Students with High Intellectual Potential). It is administered by the South Australian Department of Education and Children's Services.

How the program works
At the beginning of the school year in South Australia (i.e. January), DfE (Department for Education) advertises for Year 6 or Year 7 applicants to take part in the program in the following year. The applicants are charged $100 and take a test made up of reading comprehension, written literacy, mathematics and an Abstract Reasoning test at one of the three participating schools Aberfoyle Park High School, Glenunga International High School, or The Heights School. The best of the students who completed the test are notified later in the year (usually in the first term). Students are ranked on their performance and an aggregate is determined. The test is designed by ACER (Australian Council for Educational Research). Students who are eligible for school card do not pay the $100.

The top 25 students are given a chance to "skip" year 9 with the Ignite compacted course, these student can pick any of the following courses if they do not wish to do compacted: Maths accelerated (rank 25-50 needed), English accelerated (rank 50-75 needed) and Broad focus (75-100, or the waiting list, which does not "skip" any subject but does go into deeper study). None of the courses are forced on the students, and they are allowed to pick another course, but the new course cannot be the compacted course if the student did not receive an offer.(e.g. A maths student cannot move to compacted).

Programs
As well as the Ignite compacted program, there is also Maths accelerated, English Accelerated and Broad focus, which is similar to the compacted program, except that children in this program do not "skip" year nine.

title: Ignite (youth programme)


text:
Penaia Ganilau

Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu Ganilau (28 July 1918 – 15 December 1993) was a Fijian politician who served as the first President of Fiji, serving from 8 December 1987 until his death in 1993. He had previously served as Governor-General of Fiji, representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Fiji, from 12 February 1983 to 15 October 1987.

Education and early career
Ganilau was educated at the Northern Provincial School and the Queen Victoria School. In 1939 he was a member of the Fiji rugby team that toured New Zealand, earning a cap in a 14–4 win over New Zealand Maori on 16 September. During World War II he served as a company commander. He subsequently graduated from the Devonshire Course for administration officers at Wadham College, Oxford University in 1946.

Returning to Fiji, he joined the Colonial Administration Service the following year and served as a District Officer from 1948 to 1953. The following three years were spent in the Royal Fiji Military Forces. He fought in the Malayan Emergency, earning a Distinguished Service Order. He retired in 1956 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He then became the Roko Tui Cakaudrove, his first administrative position. He became a nominated member of the Legislative Council in 1959 and subsequently returned to the civil service and became Deputy Secretary for Fijian Affairs in 1961.

Political career
In 1963, in the first elections in which ethnic Fijians voted directly, Ganilau was elected to the Legislative Council. He did not stand in the 1966 elections, but when responsible government was instituted in 1967, he was appointed Minister for Fijian Affairs and Local Government, serving until 1970. He subsequently served as Minister for Home Affairs, Lands and Mineral Resources from 1970 to 1972, when he became Minister for Communications, Works and Tourism. In 1973, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, a position he was to hold for the next decade; during this time, he also served as Minister for Home Affairs (1975–1983) and as Minister for Fijian Affairs and Rural Development (1977–1983). In 1983 he became Governor-General.

Last Governor-General, first President
Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau was to be Fiji's last Governor-General. Two military coups were carried out in 1987 by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka. After the first coup on 14 May, Ganilau defiantly refused to give up the office of Governor-General. Attempting to uphold the constitution, he tried to return Fiji to parliamentary democracy, but a second coup forced him to resign as Governor-General on 15 October 1987, with the ending of Fiji's monarchy.

In his letter of resignation, addressed to Queen Elizabeth II, Ganilau wrote: "'With humble duty, I wish to submit to you the following advice, acting in my capacity as your representative in Fiji. Owing to the uncertainty of the political and constitutional situation in Fiji, I have now made up my mind to request Your Majesty to relieve me of my appointment as Governor-General with immediate effect. This I do with utmost regret, but my endeavours to preserve constitutional government in Fiji have proved in vain, and I can see no alternative way forward. With the deepest respect, Penaia Ganilau, Governor-General.'"

On 8 December 1987, Ratu Ganilau was appointed the first president of the new Republic of Fiji. He saw to the appointment of the interim civilian government that was to lead Fiji for a five-year transitional period of constitutional change. During this time, he presided over the promulgation of the Fijian constitution of 1990. The first general elections since the crisis of 1987 were held in 1992. He remained President and head of state until his death in 1993, though ill-health had forced him to hand over most of his day-to-day functions to the vice-president, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, in 1992. He remained the official President until he died.

Honours
Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau was awarded many honours throughout his lifetime. These included the DSO (1956), OBE (1960), Companion of the CMG (1968, CVO (1970), KBE (1974), KCVO (1982), and GCMG (1983). He also received an honorary doctorate in education in 1974.

Personal details
A scion of the chiefly Ai Sokula clan, Ganilau was installed in 1988 as the fourteenth Tui Cakau, the traditional ruler of Cakaudrove Province. As such, he was recognised as the paramount chief of the Tovata Confederacy, covering much of northern and eastern Fiji, making him one of the three highest-ranking chiefs in the Fijian peerage.

Ganilau was married three times and had two daughters and six sons, of whom one, Ratu Epeli Ganilau, followed in his footsteps by pursuing a political career of his own. As a statesman, Ganilau was regarded as a moderate conservative, upholding the traditions of the chiefly system but embracing modern political institutions. He died at the age of 75 on 15 December 1993 in Washington, D.C., where he was receiving medical treatment.

title: Penaia Ganilau


text:
Index of wave articles

This is a list of wave topics.

0–9

 * 21 cm line

A

 * Abbe prism
 * Absorption spectroscopy
 * Absorption spectrum
 * Absorption wavemeter
 * Acoustic wave
 * Acoustic wave equation
 * Acoustics
 * Acousto-optic effect
 * Acousto-optic modulator
 * Acousto-optics
 * Airy disc
 * Airy wave theory
 * Alfvén wave
 * Alpha waves
 * Amphidromic point
 * Amplitude
 * Amplitude modulation
 * Animal echolocation
 * Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
 * Antiphase
 * Aquamarine Power
 * Arrayed waveguide grating
 * Artificial wave
 * Atmospheric diffraction
 * Atmospheric wave
 * Atmospheric waveguide
 * Atom laser
 * Atomic clock
 * Atomic mirror
 * Audience wave
 * Autowave
 * Averaged Lagrangian

B

 * Babinet's principle
 * Backward wave oscillator
 * Bandwidth-limited pulse
 * beat
 * Berry phase
 * Bessel beam
 * Beta wave
 * Black hole
 * Blazar
 * Bloch's theorem
 * Blueshift
 * Boussinesq approximation (water waves)
 * Bow wave
 * Bragg diffraction
 * Bragg's law
 * Breaking wave
 * Bremsstrahlung, Electromagnetic radiation
 * Brillouin scattering
 * Bullet bow shockwave
 * Burgers' equation
 * Business cycle

C

 * Capillary wave
 * Carrier wave
 * Cherenkov radiation
 * Chirp
 * Ernst Chladni
 * Circular polarization
 * Clapotis
 * Closed waveguide
 * Cnoidal wave
 * Coherence (physics)
 * Coherence length
 * Coherence time
 * Cold wave
 * Collimated light
 * Collimator
 * Compton effect
 * Comparison of analog and digital recording
 * Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere
 * Continuous phase modulation
 * Continuous wave
 * Convective heat transfer
 * Coriolis frequency
 * Coronal mass ejection
 * Cosmic microwave background radiation
 * Coulomb wave function
 * Cutoff frequency
 * Cutoff wavelength
 * Cymatics

D

 * Damped wave
 * Decollimation
 * Delta wave
 * Dielectric waveguide
 * Diffraction
 * Direction finding
 * Dispersion (optics)
 * Dispersion (water waves)
 * Dispersion relation
 * Dominant wavelength
 * Doppler effect
 * Doppler radar
 * Douglas Sea Scale
 * Draupner wave
 * Droplet-shaped wave
 * Duhamel's principle

E

 * E-skip
 * Earthquake
 * Echo (phenomenon)
 * Echo sounding
 * Echolocation (animal)
 * Echolocation (human)
 * Eddy (fluid dynamics)
 * Edge wave
 * Eikonal equation
 * Ekman layer
 * Ekman spiral
 * Ekman transport
 * El Niño–Southern Oscillation
 * Electroencephalography
 * Electromagnetic electron wave
 * Electromagnetic radiation
 * Electromagnetic wave
 * Electromagnetic wave cut-off
 * Electron
 * Elliott wave
 * Elliptical polarization
 * Emission spectrum
 * Envelope (waves)
 * Equatorial Rossby wave
 * Equatorial waves
 * Essential bandwidth
 * Evanescent wave
 * Extratropical cyclone
 * Extremely low frequency

F

 * F wave
 * Fabry–Pérot interferometer
 * Faraday wave
 * Fetch (geography)
 * Fourier series
 * Fraunhofer diffraction
 * Fraunhofer distance
 * Freak wave
 * Frequency
 * Frequency modulation
 * Fresnel diffraction
 * Fresnel equations
 * Fresnel integral
 * Fresnel lens
 * Fresnel number
 * Fresnel rhomb
 * Fresnel zone
 * Fresnel–Arago laws
 * Fundamental frequency

G

 * Gamma ray
 * Gamma ray burst
 * Gamma wave
 * Gaussian beam
 * Geometric optics, Geometrical optics
 * Geostrophic current
 * Gravitational radiation
 * Gravity wave
 * Groundwave
 * Group delay
 * Group velocity

H

 * Harmonic
 * Heat wave
 * Holography
 * Human echolocation
 * Hundred-year wave
 * Hurricane
 * Huygens' principle
 * Hydraulic jump
 * Hydrography
 * Hydropower
 * Hyperbolic partial differential equation

I

 * In phase
 * Inertial wave
 * Infragravity wave
 * Infrared gas analyzer
 * Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation
 * Interference (wave propagation)
 * Interferometry
 * Internal wave
 * Inverse scattering transform
 * Ion acoustic wave
 * Irradiance

K

 * Kelvin wave
 * Kinematic wave
 * Knife-edge effect
 * Kondratiev wave

L

 * Lamb waves
 * Landau damping
 * Lee wave
 * Linear elasticity
 * Linear polarization
 * List of waves named after people
 * Long wavelength limit
 * Longitudinal mode
 * Longitudinal wave
 * Longwave
 * Love wave

M

 * Mach wave
 * Mach–Zehnder interferometer
 * Maelstrom (disambiguation)
 * Magnetometer
 * Magnetosonic wave
 * Matter wave
 * Maxwell's equations
 * Mayer waves
 * Mechanical wave
 * Medical ultrasonography
 * Mediumwave
 * Megatsunami
 * Microbarom
 * Microwave
 * Microwave auditory effect
 * Microwave oven
 * Microwave plasma
 * Microwaving
 * Mie scattering
 * Millimeter cloud radar
 * Modulation
 * Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave
 * Monochromator
 * Moonlight
 * Morning Glory cloud
 * Mu wave
 * Multipath propagation

N

 * Neural oscillation
 * Neutron
 * Nondispersive infrared sensor
 * Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
 * Nonlinear wave
 * Nonlinear X-wave
 * Normal mode

O

 * Ocean surface wave
 * One-Way Wave Equation
 * Optical fiber
 * Optical waveguide
 * Oscillon
 * Out of phase
 * Outgoing longwave radiation
 * Overtone
 * Oyster wave energy converter

P

 * P-wave
 * Parabolic reflector
 * Periodic function
 * Periodic travelling wave
 * Phase (waves)
 * Phase difference
 * Phase modulation
 * Phase velocity
 * Phonon
 * Photon
 * Pitch shifter (audio processor)
 * Planck constant
 * Planck's law
 * Plane wave
 * Polarization (waves)
 * Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, PGO waves
 * Power standing wave ratio
 * pp-wave spacetime
 * Pressure wave
 * Prism
 * Proton
 * Pulsar
 * Pulsar wind nebula
 * Pulse wave velocity
 * Pulse-density modulation

Q

 * QT interval
 * quadrature
 * Quadrature amplitude modulation
 * Quantum optics
 * Quantum tunneling
 * Quantum Zeno effect

R

 * Radar
 * Radar astronomy
 * Radar cross section
 * Radar gun
 * Radio propagation
 * Radio waves
 * Radiosity (heat transfer)
 * Rayleigh scattering
 * Rayleigh wave
 * Rayleigh–Jeans law
 * Redshift
 * Reflection coefficient
 * Reflection seismology
 * Refraction
 * Relativistic Doppler effect
 * Resonance
 * Resonator
 * Ring laser gyroscope
 * Ring modulation
 * Ring wave guide
 * Rip current
 * ripple
 * Ripple tank
 * Rogue wave (oceanography)
 * Rossby wave
 * Rossby-gravity waves
 * Rydberg constant
 * Rydberg formula

S

 * S-wave
 * Sampling (signal processing)
 * Sawtooth wave
 * Schrödinger equation
 * Sea state
 * Seiche
 * Seismic wave
 * Seismograph
 * Seismology
 * Sellmeier equation
 * Shallow water equations
 * Shive wave machine
 * Shock wave
 * Shortwave radio
 * Signal velocity
 * Significant wave height
 * Sine wave
 * Single-sideband modulation
 * Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation
 * Skywave
 * Slow-wave potential
 * Slow-wave sleep
 * Sneaker wave
 * Solitary wave
 * Soliton
 * Sonar
 * Sonic anemometers
 * Sound wave
 * Spark-gap transmitter
 * Spectroscopy
 * Speed of gravity
 * Speed of light
 * Speed of sound
 * Spike-and-wave
 * Spin wave
 * Square wave
 * Standing wave
 * Standing wave ratio
 * Stefan–Boltzmann law
 * Stokes drift
 * Stokes wave
 * Subharmonic
 * Super low frequency
 * Superharmonic
 * Superposition principle
 * Supersonic Wave Filter
 * Surface acoustic wave
 * Surface wave
 * Surface wave inversion
 * Surface-wave magnitude
 * Surface-wave-sustained discharge
 * Surfing
 * Sverdrup wave
 * Swell (ocean)
 * Synthetic-aperture radar

T

 * T wave
 * Terrestrial gamma-ray flash
 * Terrestrial stationary waves
 * Theta wave
 * Tidal bore
 * Tidal power
 * Tidal resonance
 * Tide
 * Tired light theory
 * Transverse mode
 * Transverse wave
 * Traveling plane wave
 * Traveling wave antenna
 * Traveling wave reactor
 * Traveling-wave tube
 * Triangle wave
 * Trigonometric function
 * Trojan wave packet
 * Tropical wave
 * Tsunami
 * Turbidity current

U

 * Ultra low frequency
 * Ultrasound
 * Ultraviolet catastrophe
 * Undertow (wave action)
 * Underwater wave
 * Undular bore

V

 * Velocity factor
 * Vestigial-sideband modulation
 * Vibrating string
 * Voltage standing wave ratio
 * Vortex
 * Vorticity

W

 * Wake
 * Wave (audience)
 * Wave base
 * Wave disk engine
 * Wave drag
 * Wave equation
 * Wave farm
 * Wave field synthesis
 * Wave function
 * Wave function collapse
 * Wave height
 * Wave impedance
 * Wave loading
 * Wave motor
 * Wave packet
 * Wave period
 * Wave plate
 * Wave pool
 * Wave pounding
 * Wave power
 * Wave propagation
 * Wave shoaling
 * Wave surface
 * Wave tank
 * Wave turbulence
 * Wave vector
 * Wave velocity
 * Wave–current interaction
 * Wave-cut platform
 * Wave-making resistance
 * Waveform
 * Waveform monitor
 * Wave-formed ripple
 * Wavefront
 * Wavefunction
 * Wavefunction collapse
 * Waveguide
 * Waveguide (acoustics)
 * Waveguide (electromagnetism)
 * Waveguide (optics)
 * Waveguide flange
 * Wavelength
 * Wavelength selective switching
 * Wavelength-division multiplexing
 * Wavelet
 * Wavelet transform
 * Wavenumber
 * Zonal wavenumber
 * Wavenumber-frequency diagram
 * Wave–particle duality
 * Waverider
 * Waves and shallow water
 * Waves in plasmas
 * Whitham's method
 * Wien approximation
 * Wien's displacement law
 * Wien's law
 * Wind wave
 * Windsurfing

X

 * X-band radar
 * X-ray
 * X-wave

Z

 * Zero-dispersion slope
 * Zero-dispersion wavelength
 * Zigzag
 * Zodiacal light
 * Zone plate

title: Index of wave articles


text:
User talk:Ebenezer~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You can introduce yourself on the new user page.

Here's some tips:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 13:00, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ebenezer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ebenezer~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ebenezer~enwiki


text:
Template talk:PD

See Template messages/Image namespace and Image copyright tags

Mention the Commons?
Images marked with this text are candidates to be moved to the Wikimedia Commons - a shared holding of content for all Wikimedia projects.

I'd like to suggest adding the above text, or a variant, to this template. -- Netoholic @ 20:59, 2004 Nov 24 (UTC)

 * I agree. - Omegatron 18:27, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * This template tells visitors interested in an image about its copyright status. We shouldn't bother them with our editing chores. Now, if you wanted to start a project based on what links here, that would be an intirely different matter. Aliter 16:19, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. - Omegatron 19:13, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

It dissappoints me that the dialog died here, with no possible solutions. I'm going to take this to bot requests to see if a bot will come along to tag images tagged with this and related templates with Move to Commons. -- Reaper  X  08:29, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

interwiki link
Please add th:แม่แบบ:PD for Thai interwiki link. Thanks --Jutiphan | Talk  - 20:14, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

✅ - Harryboyles 04:13, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Hindi (hi:साँचा:PD) —Preceding unsigned comment added by AnonyLog (talk • contribs) 19:06, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Category
What about adding this category Category:PD tag needs updating? --evrik (talk) 21:31, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Free media
editprotected

Please have this transclude free media (yes it's deprecated, but the purpose of this template is to allow bots to notice a contradiction between free and non-free tags on an image). --Random832 01:01, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * done. — Carl (CBM · talk) 02:22, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Category:PD tag needs updating
Please, add   for helping us in updating this template..--OsamaK 09:38, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * For what its worth, I would second this request. --Iamunknown 17:11, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 04:26, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Edit request
Request the following be added at the end of the template:

''If an image was uploaded with this template after 1 May 2008, it should be tagged with. If the copyright status of images tagged with this template and uploaded cannot be confirmed as free, they should be listed for deletion.''

This will prevent further new images with this deprecated license template being added while existing images are cleaned up. Kelly hi! 01:14, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that this requested edit be put on hold at least until editors are aware of it and can discuss it. --Iamunknown 03:39, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I would agree to this change, because tagging it with this is like tagging it with a disambiguation page, which leaves others guessing at to what kind of public domain image it is, or if it is public domain at all. This would at least discourage the laziness to some extent. —  Κ aiba  08:16, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm absolutely not suggesting a mass delete of old images with this tag - only preventing new ones from being added. Kelly  hi! 11:49, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See also WP:VPP. Kelly  hi! 01:02, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * ❌ Seems this is not really uncontroversial or supported by consensus. Happy‑melon 14:14, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Add iw
Please add interwiki pap:Template:DP. Thanks. --Sevela.p 15:19, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I did that, and made a doc page so that more can be added without admin help. — Carl (CBM · talk) 15:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Deprecated - why?
Was there a discussion and consensus before this was deprecated? If so, where? ([Edit that deprecated it].) --Elvey (talk) 23:36, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes and where are the suggestions about what to use instead? We need much more explanation otherwise very few will be able to fix this. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 03:26, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Public Court Records
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Public_domain has no entry for such records. I believe all court filings are public records, and therefore public domain (for example, all the court filings posted on thesmokinggun.com, or Scientology documents filed in court and subsequently widely disseminated, with the court record being used as justification for publishing an otherwise secret document). Evidence: "the public record of any court case [is] in the public domain" according to public domain, with a citation. Perhaps we need a pd-court tag with the explanation in quotes above.--Elvey (talk) 23:36, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Request
The depreciation message should probably mention Image copyright tags/Public domain, since many of these are probably things that are PD, but just need a more specific tag, which the current wording doesn't make obvious where to find. 76.117.247.55 (talk) 19:23, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Could you put your proposed code in the /sandbox? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:39, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Edit request
Editprotected Please assist Per Templates_for_discussion/Log/2010_August_20, please add Tfd or a similar notice. Thanks. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:45, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:00, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The result was "redirect" to . Note I've left Template:PD/doc intact because PD-because doesn't have a documentation. Airplaneman   ✈  03:19, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Rcats needed
Both this template, Template PD, and the other shortcut, Template:Pd, need redirect category templates added. Please make the following edits to both shortcuts:
 * from this...

 * to this...

Thank you in advance! – P AINE E LLSWORTH  C L I M A X !  15:38, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done -- Red rose64 (talk) 18:42, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
 * – P AINE E LLSWORTH  C L I M A X !  20:34, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PD