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The Hellbound Heart

The Hellbound Heart is a horror novella by Clive Barker, first published in November 1986 by Dark Harvest in the third volume of its Night Visions anthology series. The story features a hedonist criminal acquiring a mystical puzzle box, the LeMarchand Configuration, which can be used to summon the Cenobites, demonic beings who do not distinguish between pain and pleasure. He escapes the Cenobites and, with help, resorts to murder to restore himself to full life. Later on, the puzzle box is found by another.

Along with introducing Barker's Cenobites, the story was the basis for the 1987 film Hellraiser (written and directed by Barker) and its franchise. One Cenobite in particular, nameless in the original novella but nicknamed "Pinhead" by the production crew and fans, became a popular villain among horror movie fans. This character appeared in later Barker prose with the official names "the Hell Priest" and "the Cold Man".

The original novella was re-released as a standalone title by HarperPaperbacks in 1991, after the success of the first film, along with an audiobook recorded by Clive Barker and published by Simon & Schuster Audioworks in 1988. The story retains the gory, visceral style Barker introduced in his anthology series The Books of Blood.

Synopsis
Frank Cotton is a hedonistic criminal selfishly devoted to sensual experience even if it harms others. Believing he has indulged in every pleasure the world can offer, Frank pursues rumours of the LeMarchand Configuration, a puzzle box said to open a "schism" or portal to an extradimensional realm of unfathomable pleasure ruled by beings called the Cenobites. In Düsseldorf, Frank obtains the box and returns with it to his deceased grandmother's home in England. Solving the box, he is confused and horrified when the Cenobites – horribly scarified creatures whose bodies have been modified to the point that they appear sexless and in constant pain – arrive. The Cenobites warn he cannot renege on their agreement once it is made, but Frank still eagerly accepts the offer of experiences he has never known before. With Frank as their newest "experiment", the Cenobites subject him to total sensory overload and he realises their devotion to sadomasochism is so extreme and their personalities so removed from humanity that they no longer differentiate between pain and pleasure and have no care to ever stop even if their subject no longer wishes the experience. Frank is taken to the Cenobite realm, a hellish dimension where he will be subjected to an eternity of torture.

Sometime later, Frank's brother, Rory, moves into the home in England with his wife Julia. Unknown to Rory, Julia had an affair with Frank a week before their wedding and has lusted after him since. While in the attic, Rory accidentally cuts his hand and bleeds on the spot where Frank was taken by the Cenobites. The blood, mixed with semen Frank had left on the floor before he was taken, opens a dimensional schism. Frank returns, his body now reduced to a desiccated corpse by the Cenobites' experiments. Julia later finds him and promises to restore his body so he can truly live and they can be together.

While Rory works, Julia seduces men at bars and brings them to the attic where she murders them. Frank feeds on their bodies, causing his own to slowly regenerate. Kirsty, a friend of Rory's who has romantic feelings for him, suspects Julia is having an affair. Rory suspects the same and while attempting to catch Julia in the act at his request, Kirsty encounters Frank, who attempts to kill her. Kirsty grabs the puzzle box, using it as a weapon before fleeing. She collapses on the street from exhaustion and wakes up in a hospital later. While waiting, she solves the box and inadvertently summons a Cenobite. It explains the box is called the LeMarchand Configuration and realizes Kirsty summoned it by accident, but then remarks this does not matter. The Cenobite intends to take Kirsty now that it is here, but she then reveals Frank is alive on Earth again. Though skeptical that one of their experiments could have escaped, the Cenobite is intrigued. It agrees that if Kirsty leads them to Frank and he confirms his identity, they will take him back and perhaps leave her alone. The Cenobite seems to vanish and Kirsty returns to the house.

Rory and Julia claim they killed Frank but Kirsty realizes the man she is speaking to is Frank wearing Rory's skin. Another altercation ensues, during which Frank inadvertently kills Julia. Kirsty then baits Frank into admitting his true name out loud. The Cenobites appear, ensnare Frank and return him to their realm, telling Kirsty to leave. Downstairs, Kirsty sees Julia's disembodied head calling for help. The leader of the Cenobites, a being called the Engineer, then appears and seems to take away Julia as well before briefly bumping into Kirsty. After leaving the house, Kirsty realizes the Engineer gave her the puzzle box to watch over until another seeks it out.

Looking at the box's surface, Kirsty imagines she sees Julia and Frank's faces but not Rory's. She wonders if there are other puzzles that may unlock doors to a paradise where Rory resides, but laments that she may never find one and that broken hearts might be puzzles that cannot be solved.

Background
Barker worked as a hustler in the '70s, and his experiences made him want to tell a story about "good and evil in which sexuality was the connective tissue". The look of the cenobites was inspired by S&M clubs, such as an underground club called Cellblock 28 in New York, where people were getting pierced for fun. When he directed and wrote the film adaptation, Barker considered naming the film Sadomasochists from Hell.

He came up with the idea about LeMarchand’s box because he didn't want to resort to "drawing a circle on the floor with magical symbols around it" to get access to Hell, as it seemed like an old cliché. Instead he was inspired by a puzzle box his grandfather, a ship’s cook, brought with him from the Far East, which he obsessed over as a kid.

Film adaptations
A film adaptation was released in 1987, written and directed by Barker, which subsequently spawned nine sequels, a remake, and a multimedia franchise. In the film, Rory is renamed Larry Cotton. Kirsty is named Kirsty Cotton and is Larry's daughter from a previous marriage rather than a friend and co-worker who has a romantic crush on him. The LeMarchand Configuration is also referred to in the film series as the "Lament Configuration".

 * Hellraiser (1987), directed by Clive Barker
 * Hellbound: Hellraiser II (1988), directed by Tony Randel, based on characters
 * Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth (1992), directed by Anthony Hickox, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Bloodline (1996), directed by Kevin Yagher and Joe Chapelle, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Inferno (2000), directed by Scott Derrickson, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Hellseeker (2002), directed by Rick Bota, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Deader (2005), directed by Rick Bota, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Hellworld (2005), directed by Rick Bota, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Revelations (2011), directed by Víctor Garcia, based on characters
 * Hellraiser: Judgment (2018), directed by Gary J. Tunnicliffe, based on characters
 * Hellraiser (2022), directed by David Bruckner

Audio adaptation
A full-cast audio adaptation of the novella was released in 2018, adapted by Paul Kane and produced by Bafflegab Productions. It starred Alice Lowe as Kirsty, Neve McIntosh as Julia, and Tom Meeten as both Frank and Rory. Other roles are played by Evie Dawnay, Chris Pavlo, Nicholas Vince, Scott Brooksbank, and Lisa Bowerman (famous for her portrayal of Bernice Summerfield and her work with Big Finish Productions).

The audio play is a faithful adaptation of the original novella. As in the novella, several Cenobites appear but are not named. In the audio play's ending, there is no mention of the Engineer taking away Julia. Kirsty finds herself entrusted with the puzzle box and says she does not want it, but the voices of the Cenobites tell her she has no choice and now belongs to the box. She does not wonder about the existence of puzzle boxes that can lead to Heavens as well as Hells.

Sequels
The novella received two sequels, The Scarlet Gospels written by Clive Barker and published in 2015, and Hellraiser: The Toll published in 2018, written by Mark Alan Miller with the story by Clive Barker. The Cenobites are briefly mentioned in passing (as "the Surgeons") in the book Weaveworld.

The Scarlet Gospels cements that the Cenobites live in the same reality as Clive Barker's occult detective Harry D'Amour. The same novel involves the Cenobite Pinhead, identifying him as "The Hell Priest" and "The Cold Man".

title: The Hellbound Heart


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1988 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1988.

March

 * 4 — In South Africa, the Immorality Amendment Act, 1988 imposes an age of consent of 19 for lesbian sex, which had previously been unregulated by the law. This was higher than the age of 16 applying to heterosexual sex.

April

 * In Hungary, Lambda becomes the first LGBT organisation to be registered, also becoming the first such official recognition of an LGBT organization in Central and Eastern Europe.

May

 * May 24 — In the United Kingdom, the Conservative government passes Section 28, a clause that bans the "promotion of homosexuality" by local government.

October

 * 11 — In the United States, National Coming Out Day is founded.
 * 15 — Alexandria, Virginia, bans discrimination in employment, housing and other practices based on sexual orientation.

November

 * 8 — Voters in Oregon approve Measure 8, repealing Governor Neil Goldschmidt's 1987 executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in state employment. The repeal does not go into effect as it is immediately challenged in court, and is ruled unconstitutional in 1992.

December

 * 21 — The Chicago City Council votes 28–17 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1988 in LGBT rights


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User:FriedMilk

List of Wikipedian lists PICS. NOW.|What's going on here?|S.O.S.|Writer's block?|Games|[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide:_Using_tables AHHHH! Tables!] Little bits and pieces, squirreled away... Wiki-time Wikipedian since 18:33 EST, 27 Feb 2004 - first article: CAM plants

I have a way of hovering in the background...and a way of being female, brunette, and very nearsighted.'']] Who I am: New York college student.

Where I come from: My first major online "home base" was GameFAQs; in particular, Pikadeth's Playhouse on Random Insanity. Later, I discovered Everything2, The Northern Lights, and Digital Press. Please don't hold any of that against me.

What I do: Lots of copyedits, writing things on biology and video gaming, adding screenshots.

What I'm doing now: Looking for new work, now that my summer job at the college is over. Enjoying my new Postal Service and Flaming Lips CDs, as well as my trips to Manhattan, and my Game Boy SP. Sorry if I've bitten anyone's head off in Talk or summaries. I think I feel more relaxed now that I have a bit more freedom.

Even more: I had an account at GameFAQs from August 18 2002 until August 11 2004. During that time, I began to write video game reviews, mostly for older games that didn't have much information on them in the database. I also did small corrections to the game data until the link to "contribute game data" went down for about a year, for whatever stupid reason. I became increasingly frustrated with the site because of the administration, eventually removed my reviews, and in 2004, I "suicided" my account. I did so because I was spending too much time there, and spending it unhappily; having your IP address banned is a good way to go cold turkey.

At Everything2, I'm an on-again, off-again contributor, but I do try to vote as often as I can. It's nice to get a little input on your work. Most (all) of my contributions at E2 are factual. My irritation with the bad fiction there is partly why I was drawn to Wikipedia.

The personality tests say I'm an INTP. The astrologers say I'm a Taurus. My mom says I'm cool!...well, no, actually, I kind of annoy her.

title: User:FriedMilk


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Carpetbagger

In the history of the United States, carpetbagger is a largely historical pejorative used by Southerners to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War, and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, and/or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics (including the right of African Americans to vote and hold office), and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The word is closely associated with scalawag, a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.

White Southerners commonly denounced carpetbaggers collectively during the post-war years, fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be allied politically with the Radical Republicans. Sixty men from the North, including educated free blacks and slaves who had escaped to the North and returned South after the war, were elected from the South as Republicans to Congress. The majority of Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were from the North.

Since the end of the Reconstruction era, the term has been used to denote people who move into a new area for purely economic or political reasons despite not having ties to that place.

Etymology and definition
The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the carpet bag, a form of cheap luggage, made from carpet fabric, which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. It is now used in the United States to refer to a parachute candidate, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a short time, or without having other significant community ties.

According to a 1912 book by Oliver Temple Perry, Tennessee Secretary of State and Radical Republican Andrew J. Fletcher "was one of the first, if not the very first, in the State to denounce the hordes of greedy office-seekers who came from the North in the rear of the army in the closing days of the [U.S. Civil] War", in the June 1867 stump speech that he delivered across Tennessee in support of the re-election of the disabled Tennessee Governor William G. Brownlow:

"'No one more gladly welcomes the Northern man who comes in all sincerity to make a home here, and to become one of our people, than I, but for the adventurer and the office-seeker who comes among us with one dirty shirt and a pair of dirty socks, in an old rusty carpet bag, and before his washing is done becomes a candidate for office, I have no welcome.'"

That was the origin of the term "carpet bag," and out of it grew the well known term "carpet-bag government."

In the United Kingdom at the end of the 20th century, carpetbagger developed another meaning, referring to people who joined a mutual organization, such as a building society, in order to force it to demutualize, that is, to convert into a joint stock company, seeking personal financial gain by that means.

Background
The Republican Party in the South comprised three groups after the Civil War, and white Democratic Southerners referred to two in derogatory terms. Scalawags were white Southerners who supported the Republican party, "carpetbaggers" were recent arrivals in the region from the North, and freedmen were freed slaves.

Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags and 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.

Historian Eric Foner argues: "...most carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal gain with a commitment to taking part in an effort 'to substitute the civilization of freedom for that of slavery'...Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems."

Reforming impulse
Beginning in 1862, Northern abolitionists moved to areas in the South that had fallen under Union control. Schoolteachers and religious missionaries went to the South to teach the freedmen; some were sponsored by northern churches. Some were abolitionists who sought to continue the struggle for racial equality; they often became agents of the federal Freedmen's Bureau, which started operations in 1865 to assist the vast numbers of recently emancipated slaves. The bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the mostly illiterate Black and Poor White population. Other Northerners who moved to the South did so to participate in the profitable business of rebuilding railroads and various other forms of infrastructure that had been destroyed during the war.

During the time most blacks were enslaved, many were prohibited from being educated and attaining literacy. Southern states had no public school systems, and upper-class white Southerners either sent their children to private schools (including in England) or hired private tutors. After the war, hundreds of Northern white women moved South, many to teach the newly freed African-American children. They joined like-minded Southerners, most of which were employed by the Methodist and Baptist Churches, who spent much of their time teaching and preaching to slave and freedpeople congregations both before and after the Civil War.

Economic motives
Carpetbaggers also established banks and retail businesses. Most were former Union soldiers eager to invest their savings and energy in this promising new frontier, and civilians lured south by press reports of "the fabulous sums of money to be made in the South in raising cotton." Foner notes that "joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves as agents of sectional reconciliation and the South's "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economic initiative, the "Puritan work ethic", and self-discipline, they believed that only "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region."

Carpetbaggers tended to be well educated and middle class in origin. Some had been lawyers, businessmen, and newspaper editors. The majority (including 52 of the 60 who served in Congress during Reconstruction) were veterans of the Union Army.

Leading "black carpetbaggers" believed that the interests of capital and labor were identical and that the freedmen were entitled to little more than an "honest chance in the race of life."

Many Northern and Southern Republicans shared a modernizing vision of upgrading the Southern economy and society, one that would replace the inefficient Southern plantation regime with railroads, factories, and more efficient farming. They actively promoted public schooling and created numerous colleges and universities. The Northerners were especially successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. In 1870, Northerners controlled 21% of the South's railroads (by mileage); 19% of the directors were from the North. By 1890, they controlled 88% of the mileage; 47% of the directors were from the North.

Mississippi
Union General Adelbert Ames, a native of Maine, was appointed military governor and later was elected as Republican governor of Mississippi during the Reconstruction era. Ames tried unsuccessfully to ensure equal rights for black Mississippians. His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his party.

The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in Mississippi in 1868 included 30 white Southerners, 17 Southern freedmen and 24 non-southerners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. They included four men who had lived in the South before the war, two of whom had served in the Confederate States Army. Among the more prominent were Gen. Beroth B. Eggleston, a native of New York; Col. A.T. Morgan, of the Second Wisconsin Volunteers; Gen. W.S. Barry, former commander of a Colored regiment raised in Kentucky; an Illinois general and lawyer who graduated from Knox College; Maj. W.H. Gibbs, of the Fifteenth Illinois infantry; Judge W. B. Cunningham, of Pennsylvania; and Cap. E.J. Castello, of the Seventh Missouri infantry. They were among the founders of the Republican party in Mississippi.

They were prominent in the politics of the state until 1875, but nearly all left Mississippi in 1875 to 1876 under pressure from the Red Shirts and White Liners. These white paramilitary organizations, described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", worked openly to violently overthrow Republican rule, using intimidation and assassination to turn Republicans out of office and suppress freedmen's voting. Mississippi Representative Wiley P. Harris, a Democrat, stated in 1875: "If any two hundred Southern men backed by a Federal administration should go to Indianapolis, turn out the Indiana people, take possession of all the seats of power, honor, and profit, denounce the people at large as assassins and barbarians, introduce corruption in all the branches of the public administration, make government a curse instead of a blessing, league with the most ignorant class of society to make war on the enlightened, intelligent, and virtuous, what kind of social relations would such a state of things beget."

Albert T. Morgan, the Republican sheriff of Yazoo, Mississippi, received a brief flurry of national attention when insurgent white Democrats took over the county government and forced him to flee. He later wrote Yazoo; Or, on the Picket Line of Freedom in the South (1884).

On November 6, 1875, Hiram Revels, a Mississippi Republican and the first African American U.S. Senator, wrote a letter to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant that was widely reprinted. Revels denounced Ames and Northerners for manipulating the Black vote for personal benefit, and for keeping alive wartime hatreds:

"Since reconstruction, the masses of my people have been, as it were, enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers, who, caring nothing for country, were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous, to secure power to themselves, and perpetuate it...My people have been told by these schemers, when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican. This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people...The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has, in my opinion, been obliterated in this state, except perhaps in some localities, and would have long since been entirely obliterated, were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past, and inculcate a hatred between the races, in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office, and its emoluments, to control my people, the effect of which is to degrade them."

Elza Jeffords, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio who fought with the Army of the Tennessee, remained in Mississippi after the conclusion of the Civil War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg, Mississippi 16 days after he left Congress. The next Republican congressman from the state was not elected until 80 years later in 1964: Prentiss Walker of Mize, Mississippi, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967.

North Carolina
Corruption was a charge made by Democrats in North Carolina against the Republicans, notes the historian Paul Escott, "because its truth was apparent." The historians Eric Foner and W.E.B. Du Bois have noted that Democrats as well as Republicans received bribes and participated in decisions about the railroads. General Milton S. Littlefield was dubbed the "Prince of Carpetbaggers", and bought votes in the legislature "to support grandiose and fraudulent railroad schemes". Escott concludes that some Democrats were involved, but Republicans "bore the main responsibility for the issue of $28 million in state bonds for railroads and the accompanying corruption. This sum, enormous for the time, aroused great concern." Foner says Littlefield disbursed $200,000 (bribes) to win support in the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well as Republicans were guilty of taking the bribes and making the decisions on the railroad. North Carolina Democrats condemned the legislature's "depraved villains, who take bribes every day"; one local Republican officeholder complained, "I deeply regret the course of some of our friends in the Legislature as well as out of it in regard to financial matters, it is very embarrassing indeed."

Escott notes that extravagance and corruption increased taxes and the costs of government in a state that had always favored low expenditure. The context was that a planter elite kept taxes low because it benefited them. They used their money toward private ends rather than public investment. None of the states had established public school systems before the Reconstruction state legislatures created them, and they had systematically underinvested in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Planters whose properties occupied prime riverfront locations relied on river transportation, but smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered.

Escott claimed "Some money went to very worthy causes—the 1869 legislature, for example, passed a school law that began the rebuilding and expansion of the state's public schools. But far too much was wrongly or unwisely spent" to aid the Republican Party leadership. A Republican county commissioner in Alamance eloquently denounced the situation: "Men are placed in power who instead of carrying out their duties...form a kind of school for to graduate Rascals. Yes if you will give them a few Dollars they will liern you for an accomplished Rascal. This is in reference to the taxes that are rung from the labouring class of people. Without a speedy reformation I will have to resign my post."

Albion W. Tourgée, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President James A. Garfield, moved to North Carolina, where he practiced as a lawyer and was appointed a judge. He once opined that "Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger." Tourgée later wrote A Fool's Errand, a largely autobiographical novel about an idealistic carpetbagger persecuted by the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina.

South Carolina
A politician in South Carolina who was called a carpetbagger was Daniel Henry Chamberlain, a New Englander who had served as an officer of a predominantly black regiment of the United States Colored Troops. He was appointed South Carolina's attorney general from 1868 to 1872 and elected Republican governor from 1874 to 1877. As a result of the national Compromise of 1877, Chamberlain lost his office. He was narrowly re-elected in a campaign marked by egregious voter fraud and violence against freedmen by Democratic Red Shirts, who succeeded in suppressing the black vote in some majority-black counties. While serving in South Carolina, Chamberlain was a strong supporter of Negro rights.

Some historians of the early 1800s, who belonged to the Dunning School that believed that the Reconstruction era was fatally flawed, claimed that Chamberlain later was influenced by Social Darwinism to become a white supremacist. They also wrote that he supported states' rights and laissez-faire in the economy. They portrayed "liberty" in 1896 as the right to rise above the rising tide of equality. Chamberlain was said to justify white supremacy by arguing that, in evolutionary terms, the Negro obviously belonged to an inferior social order.

Charles Woodward Stearns, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina: The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter (1873).

Francis Lewis Cardozo, a black minister from New Haven, Connecticut, served as a delegate to South Carolina's 1868 Constitutional Convention. He made eloquent speeches advocating that the plantations be broken up and distributed among the freedmen. They wanted their own land to farm and believed they had already paid for land by their years of uncompensated labor and the trials of slavery.

Louisiana
Henry C. Warmoth was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. As governor, Warmoth was plagued by accusations of corruption, which continued to be a matter of controversy long after his death. He was accused of using his position as governor to trade in state bonds for his personal benefit. In addition, the newspaper company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Warmoth supported the franchise for freedmen.

Warmoth struggled to lead the state during the years when the White League, a white Democratic terrorist organization, conducted an open campaign of violence and intimidation against Republicans, including freedmen, with the goals of regaining Democratic power and white supremacy. They pushed Republicans from political positions, were responsible for the Coushatta Massacre, disrupted Republican organizing, and preceded elections with such intimidation and violence that black voting was sharply reduced. Warmoth stayed in Louisiana after Reconstruction, as white Democrats regained political control of the state. He died in 1931 at age 89.

George Luke Smith, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the U.S. House from Louisiana's 4th congressional district but was unseated in 1874 by the Democrat William M. Levy. He then left Shreveport for Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Alabama
George E. Spencer was a prominent Republican U.S. Senator. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds; purchase of votes; and intimidation of voters by the presence of Federal troops." He was a major speculator in a distressed financial paper.

Georgia
Tunis Campbell, a black New York businessman, was hired in 1863 by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to help former slaves in Port Royal, South Carolina. When the Civil War ended, Campbell was assigned to the Sea Islands of Georgia, where he engaged in an apparently successful land reform program for the benefit of the freedmen. He eventually became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a state senator and the head of an African-American militia which he hoped to use against the Ku Klux Klan.

Arkansas
The "Brooks–Baxter War" was a factional dispute, 1872–74 that culminated in an armed confrontation in 1874 between factions of the Arkansas Republican Party over the disputed 1872 election for governor. The victor in the end was the "Minstrel" faction led by carpetbagger Elisha Baxter over the "Brindle Tail" faction led by Joseph Brooks, which included most of the scalawags. The dispute weakened both factions and the entire Republican Party, enabling the sweeping Democratic victory in the 1874 state elections.

William Furbush
William Hines Furbush, born a mixed-race slave in Carroll County, Kentucky in 1839 received part of his education in Ohio. He migrated to Helena, Arkansas in 1862. After returning to Ohio in February 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry.

After the war, Furbush migrated to Liberia through the American Colonization Society, where he continued to work as a photographer. He returned to Ohio after 18 months and moved back to Arkansas by 1870. Furbush was elected to two terms in the Arkansas House of Representatives, 1873–74 (from an African-American majority district in the Arkansas Delta, made up of Phillips and Monroe counties.) He served in 1879–80 from the newly established Lee County.

In 1873, the state passed a civil rights law. Furbush and three other black leaders, including the bill's primary sponsor, state senator Richard A. Dawson, sued a barkeeper in Little Rock, Arkansas for refusing to serve their group. The suit resulted in the only successful Reconstruction prosecution under the state's civil rights law. In the legislature, Furbush worked to create Lee County, Arkansasfrom portions of Phillips County, Crittenden County, Monroe County, and St. Francis County in eastern Arkansas, which had a black-majority population.

Following the end of his 1873 legislative term, Furbush was appointed as county sheriff by Republican Governor Elisha Baxter. Furbush twice won re-election as sheriff, serving from 1873 to 1878. During his term, he adopted a policy of "fusion", a post-Reconstruction power-sharing compromise between Populist Democrats and Republicans. Furbush originally was elected as a Republican, but he switched to the Democratic Party at the end of his time as sheriff. Democrats held most of the economic power and cooperating with them could make his future.

In 1878, Furbush was elected again to the Arkansas House. His election is notable because he was elected as a black Democrat during a campaign season notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority eastern Arkansas. He was the first-known black Democrat elected to the Arkansas General Assembly.

In March 1879, Furbush left Arkansas for Colorado. He returned to Arkansas in 1888, setting up practice as a lawyer. In 1889, he co-founded the African American newspaper National Democrat. He left the state in the 1890s after it disenfranchised black voters. Furbush died in Indiana in 1902 at a veterans' home.

Texas
Carpetbaggers were least numerous in Texas. Republicans controlled the state government from 1867 to January 1874. Only one state official and one justice of the state supreme court were Northerners. About 13% to 21% of district court judges were Northerners, along with about 10% of the delegates who wrote the Reconstruction constitution of 1869. Of the 142 men who served in the 12th Legislature, some 12 to 29 were from the North. At the county level, Northerners made up about 10% of the commissioners, county judges and sheriffs.

George Thompson Ruby, an African American from New York City, who grew up in Portland, Maine, worked as a teacher in New Orleans from 1864 until 1866 when he migrated to Texas. There he was assigned to Galveston, Texas as an agent and teacher for the Freedmen's Bureau. Active in the Republican Party and elected as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1868–1869, Ruby was later elected as a Texas state senator and had wide influence. He supported construction of railroads to support Galveston business. He was instrumental in organizing African-American dockworkers into the Labor Union of Colored Men, to gain them jobs at the docks after 1870. When Democrats regained control of the state government in 1874, Ruby returned to New Orleans, working in journalism. He also became a leader of the Exoduster movement. Blacks from the Deep South migrated to homestead in Kansas in order to escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation.

Historiography

The Dunning school of American historians (1900–1950) espoused White supremacy and viewed "carpetbaggers" unfavorably, arguing that they degraded the political and business culture. The revisionist school in the 1930s called them stooges of Northern business interests. After 1960 the neoabolitionist school emphasized their moral courage.

Building societies
In the late 1990s, carpetbagging was used as a term in Great Britain during the wave of demutualizations of building societies. It described people who joined mutual societies with the hope of making a quick profit from their conversion to joint stock companies. Those so-called carpetbaggers were roving financial opportunists, often of modest means, who spotted investment opportunities and aimed to benefit from a set of circumstances to which they were not ordinarily entitled. The best opportunities for carpetbaggers came from opening membership accounts at building societies to qualify for windfall gains, running into thousands of pounds, from the process of conversion and takeover. The influx of such transitory "token" members, who took advantage of the deposit criteria, often instigated or accelerated the demutualisation of the organisation.

The new investors in those mutuals would receive shares in the newly created public companies, usually distributed at a flat rate, which equally benefited small and large investors, providing a broad incentive for members to vote for leadership candidates who were pushing for demutualisation. Carpetbaggers first was used in this context in early 1997 by the chief executive of the Woolwich Building Society, who announced the society's conversion with rules removing the entitlement of the most recent new savers to potential windfalls, stating in a media interview, "I have no qualms about disenfranchising carpetbaggers."

Between 1997 and 2002, a group of pro-demutualization supporters, "Members for Conversion", operated a website, carpetbagger.com, which highlighted the best ways of opening share accounts with UK building societies, and organised demutualisation resolutions. That led many building societies to implement anti-carpetbagging policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating area of the society. Another measure was to insert a charitable assignment clause for new members into the constitution of the organisation, requiring customers opening a savings account to sign a declaration agreeing that any windfall conversion benefits to which they might become entitled would be assigned to the Charities Aid Foundation.

The term continues to be used within the co-operative movement to, for example, refer to the demutualisation of housing cooperatives.

UK Policies
The term carpetbagger has also been applied to those who join the Labour Party but lack roots in the working class that the party was formed to represent.

World War II
During World War II, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and materials to resistance groups in Europe. The OSS called this effort Operation Carpetbagger. The modified B-24 aircraft used for the night-time missions were referred to as "carpetbaggers". (Among other special features, they were painted a glossy black to make them less visible to searchlights.) Between January and September 1944, Operation Carpetbagger operated 1,860 sorties between RAF Harrington, England, and various points in occupied Europe. British Agents used this "noise" as cover for their use of Carpetbagger for the nominated Agent who was carrying monies [authentic and counterfeit] to the Underground/Resistance.

Australia
In Australia, "carpetbagger" may refer to unscrupulous dealers and business managers in indigenous Australian art.

The term was also used by John Fahey, a former Premier of New South Wales and federal Liberal finance minister, in the context of shoddy "tradespeople" who travelled to Queensland to take advantage of victims following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.

United States
In the United States, the common usage, usually derogatory, refers to politicians who move to different states, districts or areas to run for office despite their lack of local ties or familiarity. For example, West Virginia Congressman Alex Mooney was attacked as a carpetbagger when he first ran for Congress in 2014, as he had previously been a Maryland State Senator and Chairman of the Maryland Republican Party. 2022 Republican nominee for Pennsylvania Senator Mehmet Oz was prominently attacked as a carpetbagger by his opponent John Fetterman for previously living in New Jersey until months before the election. Fetterman won the election, with some claiming that this attack was vital to his victory. The term is now sometimes even used for politicians who relocate from the South to the North for politically opportunistic reasons. For example, former Arkansas First Lady Hillary Clinton was attacked by opponents as carpetbagging because she never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race; Republican nominee Rudy Giuliani mocked Hillary by putting an Arkansas flag on top of the New York City Hall. Ahead of the 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado, Republican representative Lauren Boebert of Colorado's 3rd congressional district was accused of carpetbagging after switching to the less-competitive 4th district for reelection.

Cuisine
A carpetbag steak or carpetbagger steak is an end cut of steak that is pocketed and stuffed with oysters, among other ingredients, such as mushrooms, blue cheese, and garlic. The steak is sutured with toothpicks or thread, and it sometimes is wrapped in bacon. The combination of beef and oysters is traditional. The earliest specific reference is in a United States newspaper in 1891. The earliest specific Australian reference is a printed recipe sometime between 1899 and 1907.

Politics
In French politics, carpetbagging is known as parachutage, which means parachuting in French.

title: Carpetbagger


text:
Talk:Gyrator

Grounding
The circuit happens to be drawn connected to ground. There is no such restriction as far as I'm aware; why couldn't we float the gyrator? Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 17:21, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course, we may float the circuit but together with the power supply. See for example, how I have floated a VINIC in the story about negative resistance (BTW, I created it a year ago after Zen-in mutilated the Wikipedia page about negative resistance). Circuit dreamer (talk) 17:50, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * At the risk of starting a discussion about the circuit itself, why does the power supply matter? We could just as well connect R to any other voltage, and the analysis for Zin would be the same.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 17:52, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I hope you will see the same powerful idea (modifying an initial 2-terminal real element to obtain a new artificial element) behind negative impedance converters.

 * I'm not sure if your clever "shifting" trick will allow us to connect the simulated inductor in series (between) two other circuit components. I need time to think about it. Circuit dreamer (talk) 18:00, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Circuit dreamer: I object to the above statement reading in part "(BTW, I created it a year ago after Zen-in mutilated the Wikipedia page about negative resistance)". To refresh your memory, most of the edits on the negative resistance page were done by Spinningspark. The impetus for doing these same edits was the consensus reached that the article in question had too much WP:or and idiosyncratic POV. This was about the same time you were asked to change your username. So I did not "mutilate" this article any more than several other editors. Statements like this are unacceptable. An apology and a retraction on this discussion page is in order. Perhaps you need a wiki-break as well. Zen-in (talk) 00:11, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

I would like to remove the note saying that gyrator-based inductor simulations can not be used in a low-pass filter, on grounds that it is probably false. It is a claim about what can not be done, which can only be taken seriously if backed by a mathematical proof whether in the article or by reference (since otherwise one at most learns that the *author* doesn't know how to do it.) Thoughts? But of course if the impossibility of using gyrator-based inductor simulators in low-pass filters has indeed been proven (which I doubt) then a better fix would be to reference that proof. Bmord (talk) 15:55, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * It's certainly true that the op-amp circuit shown could not be used as a series element in a classic unbalanced ladder network filter, which rules out low-pass applications. But op-amps aren't the only way to do gyrators and ladders are not the only way to do filters.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  12:30, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Demystifying gyrator circuits
I start this discussion here to demystify, once and for all, the basic idea, implementation and operation of these exotic circuits. I will use the text below as a base (I wrote it two days ago):

"Gyrator circuits imitate real elements by dynamic voltage sources with swapped instantaneous values of the voltage and the current (the voltage across the new virtual element is proportional to the current flowing through the initial real element and the current flowing through the virtual element is proportional to the voltage across the real element). These voltage sources (gyrator's outputs) are connected in opposite direction to the exciting input sources as they mimic voltage drops (in contrast, negative impedance converters with voltage inversion produce voltages). So gyrators are not only positive impedance inverters; they can "invert" in this manner any elements (linear, non-linear, time-dependent, sources, etc.) connected as a load..." Circuit dreamer (talk) 18:20, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Impedance is a misleading concept here
The lede says "the gyrator is a positive impedance inverter" and this is true, especially in the case of a simulated inductor that converts a capacitive reactance into an inductive reactance (a capacitor into an inductor). But the problem is that impedance "impedes" the understanding gyrator circuits. What is the problem?

The problem is that impedance Z = V/I is defined as a ratio of the rms ("effective") values of the voltage and the current (see hyperphysics). Being some kind of averaged quantity, impedance hides the concepts behind all these odd circuits - gyrators, multipliers, negative impedance converters, etc. Impedance viewpoint does not allow us to realize what all these circuits actually do. As an example, you may see the result of this misleading "impedance approach" in the area of negative impedance if you browse these archived talk. Then I (Circuit-fantasist) wasted plenty of time to show how simple the idea behind negative impedance is but I didn't manage. Now I realize why. The reason of this failure to understand one another was simple - I was thinking in terms of instantaneous values while my opponents were thinking in terms of averaged (rms) values.

The article says what a gyrator does (inverts an impedance) but it does not say how it does this magic. But the idea behind this mystic circuit is extremely simple; we will grasp it immediately if only we forget the misleading concept impedance and begin thinking in terms of instantaneous voltage and current quantities! This is the remedy - to imagine what the particular voltage and current are at each moment, to think "instantaneously":)

What is actually a gyrator?
To understand what the particular gyrator is, it is extremely useful to understand what all related exotic circuits are. Multipliers, gyrators and negative impedance converters are used to create virtual elements that are accordingly multiplied, inverse (dual) and negative copies of actual elements. These virtual elements only mimic the original elements; they have not the same nature as the initial elements since they are implemented as dynamic voltage sources. Actual capacitors and inductors create voltage drops: a capacitor impedes the input voltage source by subtracting a voltage drop VC from the input voltage; an inductor impedes the input voltage source by creating a back emf VL and subtracting it from the input voltage. So, to simulate these behaviors, the "multiplied" and inverse virtual elements (voltage sources) are connected in opposite direction to the exciting input source to subtract a voltage drop while negative impedance converters (VNIC) are connected in the same direction to the input source to add a voltage.

What does a gyrator actually do?
A gyrator does only a simple donkeywork: it continuously "observes" the instantaneous values of the voltage across and the current through the original element (model, sample, pattern, load here...) and makes its own instantaneous output voltage proportional to the initial current and its current proportional to the initial voltage. Thus, the combination of the gyrator and the connected actual load acts as a dual 2-terminal virtual element. Shortly, a gyrator is a dynamic voltage source with swapped initial voltage and current.

You can guess that a multiplier does the same but without inversion - e.g., it makes its own output voltage equal to the initial voltage and its current proportional to the initial current. For example, a capacitance multiplier emulates an actual capacitor with an opposing dynamic voltage source (see AN-29, page 11, fig. 19 and try to guess how this clever circuit operates). Finally, you will probably realize that a negative impedance converter with voltage inversion (VNIC) is a dynamic voltage source emulating a negative resistor by adding a voltage that is equal to the voltage drop across the initial element (see this Chua's material and try to see the clever idea behind this circuit). But let's return to the gyrator.

Imagine how simple it is! The gyrator does not "know" what it converts; it is not "interested" in what an initial element is connected. The only thing that a gyrator can do is to observe the input (load's) voltage and current to produce an output (simulated) current and voltage.

Following this simple procedure, a gyrator can "invert" not only classical impedance elements (capacitors and inductors); it can invert elements of all kinds including non-linear ones. For example, a gyrator can convert a diode or a varistor (voltage-stable elements) into a transistor or a baretter (current-stable elements) and v.v. I suppose a gyrator can invert a negative impedance (negative capacitor into a negative inductance) and this extremely odd combination will have some fancy name (e.g., "injectoplactor":) It turns out a gyrator can convert almost everything. If even we put some wikipedian (e.g., Zen-in/Circuit dreamer) at the place of the load (this is only a joke!), the gyrator will convert the poor wikipedian into his/her inversion (Circuit dreamer/Zen-in). It is wonderful, isn't it?

How does a gyrator do this magic?
(to be continued)... Circuit dreamer (talk) 9:20 pm, Yesterday (UTC+3)

 * I think what you are trying to do is to apply a type of natural philosophy reasoning to electronic circuits. This way of reasoning was accepted in the 17th-19th century until it was gradually replaced by scientific methods with mathematical analysis. In those days even well-regarded scientists like Sir Isaac Newton sometimes talked in terms of metaphors, etc.  However this way of thinking has to be adjusted for every new case.  So while a gyrator has this interesting "inversion" property that can be spun up into all manner of interesting metaphors, they aren't useful for analyzing the circuit incrementally or for designing a different circuit.   And there are all kinds of exceptions and counter-examples.   One counter-example is the case of putting an active element in the feedback path of an op-amp.  That results in the mathematical inversion of the active element's system function.  Look at a Log amplifier.  It exploits the exponential system response of a semiconductor junction.  Another example is when you put a multiplier (X*Y) in the feedback path.  That produces a 1/(X*Y) function.  Mathematical analysis is how circuits are described, analyzed, and designed.  Zen-in (talk) 20:02, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * This is a happy example; it illustrates the unique negative feedback feature to reverse the causality in circuits. Read more about it in this wikibooks talk and in this story about the famous current mirror. IMO, it is high time to realize that understanding, explaining, inventing, analyzing and designing are different things; so, they need different means. Formal analysis will never replace human imagination (see more about the topic here). Circuit dreamer (talk) 20:23, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you should desist in the POV pushing of your wiki-pages. They aren't acceptable as references in articles, as you found out in October, and so it is not a good idea to continue trying to push them in discussion pages.  Zen-in (talk) 21:11, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "The term POV pushing is primarily used in regard to the presentation of a particular POV in an article and generally does not apply to talk page discussions." Circuit dreamer (talk) 21:50, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * BTW, I have visited Log amplifier but "I haven't managed to see the forest for the trees":( The talk page was much more interesting, especially in the beginning. As you can see, our visitor is not satisfied "how the circuit is described, analyzed and designed" and wants to know "How this log amplifier works????????" Circuit dreamer (talk) 22:22, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * When you post links to your wacky-book pages on a talk page it becomes POV pushing, IMHO. Unsigned comments are usually ignored. They are often just crude attepts attempts at sock-puppetry.  Some electronics articles are too advanced for the casual reader and it is not worthwhile to dumb them down.  Zen-in (talk) 22:31, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you're hoping to achieve with all this text that you keep adding to talk pages? Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 08:04, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, impedance is not defined in terms of RMS values; it is defined as the complex ratio between the voltage phasor and current phasor. Oli Filth(talk|contribs)

 * Actually, I think I understand what you may be trying to say. Essentially: "a gyrator inverts all I-V relationships.  In the case of an LTI component (resistor, capacitor, inductor), the effect of this is to invert the impedance.  Therefore, the article should explain the gyrator in terms of I-V relationships, not impedances (which are a specific case)."  Is that what you mean?  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 07:10, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes! Yes! Yes! This is exactly what I want to say! Impedance is not a suitable concept here as it is a some kind of "derivative" quantity based on the particular voltage and current quantities; impedance is a more general, global quantity that "combines" the two particular quantities into one. In the case of linear elements, it works fine, but it can't represent the circuit operation in the case of non-linear loads. But, what is worse, impedance can't explain what a gyrator does even in the case of these linear loads since it is not something real; it is some "fiction". Only the instantaneous voltages and currents are real quantities in this (and in any) circuit; at each moment, there are only a pair of voltage drop across and a current through the load and a corresponding pair of voltage across and a current through the simulating virtual element. The gyrator does not know what it actually converts - impedance or "no impedance"; it acts as a functional converter that measures "blindly" the instant input voltage and current and converts them immediately into output current and voltage. Thus, if the input element (load) has an impedance, the output virtual element will have an impedance as well and v.v. If we want to see impedance here, we will see; if we do not want, we can think in terms of special voltage and current quantities. Circuit dreamer (talk) 12:11, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * In that case, I'm inclined to agree with you. Let's wait to see what Zen-in's thoughts are (or anybody else's).  However, even if we're all in agreement, we must follow the presentation of available references.  What do they have to say?  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 12:32, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * A few days ago, I managed to grasp "how a gyrator does this magic" and started the section above. I found a powerful viewpoint at these multiplying, gyrator and NIC circuits and prepared informative pictures revealing the clever trick. This morning, in the beginning of the lecture, I posed the problem to my students. I drew the circuit on the whiteboard and asked them to reveal the basic idea behind it (I have been using this didactic approach since 80's). One of them (the best student) immediately began thinking and proposing ideas; as a result, I didn't manage to take a cup of coffee during the break:) I hope some of them will see the brilliant idea till the next week when we will investigate these circuits in the laboratory by Microlab. Circuit dreamer (talk) 12:56, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "it can't represent the circuit operation in the case of non-linear loads" I think that statement applies to the use of I-V analysis and not to transfer functions.   We have all seen your tortoured explanations with multi-colored diagrams showing load lines, voltage levels, etc.  There is no support from me to subject this article to that kind of obfuscation.  The Transfer function is a widely accepted method of describing a circuit.  It is adaptable to all types of circuits.  There is no reason to introduce WP:OR.  BTW: What Circuit dreamer is calling "impedance" are the transfer functions that appear in this article.  Zen-in (talk) 15:30, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Impedance implies LTI, which in turn implies the load has a defined transfer function. A diode (for instance) doesn't have a defined transfer function, and hence doesn't have a meaningful impedance (at least far as I understand it; it certainly can't be expressed in terms of a ratio of phasors).  However, the gyrator still inverts its I-V characteristic.  So I think Circuit-Dreamer's point stands.

 * However, we don't need a tortured explanation to present this. The article structure could be "Gyrator inverts I-V.  In the case of LTI networks, this is equivalent to inverting impedance.  etc."  No need for multi-coloured diagrams.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 15:58, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * All electronic devices have transfer functions, since all are ultimately derived from incremental models. A diode's active region is modeled as an exponential function, di/dv = ISeqv/kT(q/kT).  The incremental model takes into account junction capacitances and resistances.   Impedance, as it relates to device models (transfer functions) Z = H(s)Iin/Vout.  That is the same as a ratio of phasors because the incremental model and the driving force are both functions of the frequency domain.  The problem with explaining an electronic circuit with a DC current and voltage approach is that the transient response is ignored.  You are only looking at the steady-state response, ie: ignoring reactances.  Which brings us back to the recurring thread of this discussion.   Zen-in (talk) 21:26, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * A function such as ISeqv/kT(q/kT) may be the I-V characteristic of a diode, but it's not a transfer function in the sense that that article describes; it does not have a Laplace or frequency-domain equivalent, for instance, and cannot be described by an LTI convolution. Equivalently, it cannot be described as a ratio of phasors, as it is non-linear.  Perhaps you are referring to linearised small-signal models, but that would be missing the point, which is that the gyrator (as I understand it) inverts large-signal I-V characteristics as well.

 * This is not a DC analysis, nor does it "ignore reactances"; by transposing I and V, we also transpose dI/dt and dV/dt in the case of linear components, which results in inverting complex impedance. Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 22:02, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Note that I'm not necessarily saying that we should adapt the article to this approach, this should only be attempted if there are sources that support it. However, what I am saying is that Circuit-Dreamer does have a valid point.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 22:36, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * That's right it isn't a transfer function. To derive the transfer function you need the incremental model.  All components have incremental models.  If they didn't the people who sell Spice software would be out of business.   I am not sure what CD is proposing and I don't have a lot of free time right now.  So I am going to watch from the sidelines while you and CD sort this out.  Zen-in (talk) 22:48, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There is no transfer function of a diode; all there is are transfer functions of linearised (i.e. approximated) small-signal models, which only hold over small regions of operation around the bias point. Whilst this may be what Spice uses to perform AC analysis, this is not what I'm referring to (and presumably, not what C-D is referring to).  The small-signal approximation is a consequence of the large-signal behaviour, which is what (IMHO) is the crux here.

 * I'm not suggesting that we change an awful lot, merely that we start in terms of I-V relationships, rather than impedances (if sources permit us). I may attempt this tomorrow.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 23:07, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

(outdent) Right, I've made some edits to the article. I still need to update the image, but I'll get that done soon. Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 22:26, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Possible sources
 Sp in ni ng  Spark  22:31, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * "The voltage and current on the right hand side of the gyrator...are transformed into dual quantities on the other side..."
 * Defines TF and GY in a similar way to ref below.
 * "current...voltage...treated in a symmetric, dual way". "TF and GY are each others partial dual"
 * "The potential difference sources depend on a flow through the source in the other sub-system" and vice versa
 *
 * "yielding a relation between current, voltage or power at the input and output"

Mythical beast
ADDED: Someone is trying to create a fake legend here. I direct people to read a copy of the ACTUAL paper from Dr. Bernard D. H. Tellegen in 1948. He did not say he actually created such a device. He said that it was conceivable (first sentence). ref: http://theeestory.com/files/article-tellegen-gyrator.pdf

Other than fancy wording in the below article there are no actual details for a new network element. Notice further, there are no pictures of this supposed "gyrator" (Telleger called it an "ideal gyrator"). The schematic referenced below shows it to be, not a new circuit element, but a circuit with resistors, inductors capacitors and an opamp. Remember that Op-amps did not exist in 1948. In the below article, the first sentence shows it was hpothetical, but the rest of the article says it is real and actually in use in POTS (plain old telephone systems) but the telephone company says they have never heard of a "gyrator". To see the real article, check the address above. You will see it was only a theoretical proposal (that never panned out). --Dan Mickle, PhD. 21MAY2012.

 * Hi Dan Mickle, PhD, Please use this talk page for comments, rather than prefixing them to the article. Thanks. Taking your points one by one:
 * The article already links to Tellegan's original paper.
 * Although Tellegan did not build such a device, he did propose a number of ways in which one might be made.
 * It's true that the article offers no details on the construction of a passive gyrator - perhaps you would like to remedy this deficiency yourself?
 * We haven't got any pictures of stand-alone passive gyrators. However these isolators File:AisladorG.JPG, File:AisladorC.JPG are essentially gyrators connected like this File:circulator-from-gyrator-1.svg, with a matched termination on the third port.
 * Ideal here is used in the same sense as in ideal transformer; it does not preclude the existence of real (though imperfect) transformers.
 * A gyrator is defined by its behaviour, therefore an op-amp circuit which exhibits that behaviour is considered to be a gyrator. Whether or not we agree with this, the fact is that such circuits are commonly called gyrators.
 * Although 741s did not exist in 1948, op-amps did.
 * You don't state which telephone company you contacted, nor who you spoke to, nor whether you also asked about circulators and isolators.
 * The proposal did "pan out". Lester Hogan built the first low-loss passive gyrator in 1952. Here is his paper . See also the isolators and circulators in the above-mentioned pictures.
 * Please do feel free to clarify and expand the article for the benefit of other readers. --catslash (talk) 11:59, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Hi. My point about the gyrator centers on Bernard D. H. Tellegen's description that his theoretical gyrator was a new element that would render coils/inductors and capacitors/condensers "redundant". He maintained that his gyrator was neither coil nor capacitor but a new element. This is one reason some of the description showing a "gyrator" as a resistor-capacitor network or any other sort of network using resistors, inductors or capacitors are NOT in keeping with Tellegen's description. There are several different circuits or circuit elements called or nicknamed 'gyrators', but I do not see that any of these satisfy Tellegen's proposal. There is indeed something called a gyrator used in microwave technology. It is a section of waveguide with a graphite element shaped in such a way that microwaves passing through one direction pass through normally, while in the other direction, they are delayed for a half cycle. Tellegen was not working with microwaves and I fail to see how this can apply to non-microwave signals. As to Op-amps (operational amplifiers) my real point, I believe was missed. Perhaps I did not state it clearly. The use of any circuit made up of op-amps, inductors, capacitors and resistors does not qualify as Tellegen's 5th circuit element. It is not a new element if it is made up of other already existing elements. Dr. Tellegen insisted that his new element was none of these but something totally new and different. (Please read his description to see what I mean.) What I would like to see is a drawing or patent application showing what Tellegen actually proposed. Thank you, —Dan Mickle, PhD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.18.45.0 (talk) 08:43, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

 * History moves on, and whatever Tellegen said in his original paper, engineers have since devised circuits which approximate the behaviour of an ideal gyrator. These circuits are called gyrators and whether or not you consider that an "impure" usage, it is Wikipedia's job to describe what is out there in the world, not what we would ideally like there to be.  Resistors are called resistor despite there not being a real resistor that perfectly behaves like the ideal element.  There is no such thing as an ideal voltage source, yet we continue to call real power sources voltage source, and so on and so on.
 * It seems to me the article goes out of its way already to emphasis that gyrator is an ideal circuit element. If you feel it necessary to further clarify the difference between practical implementations and the abstract ideal then feel free to edit the article.  However, we really do not like contradiction and argument in our articles - everything should be written as a finished encyclopedia page.  What we do like is that new material is accompanied by up-to-date references to reliable sources.  Spinning  Spark  15:30, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Archiving size
User:Spinningspark wants a smaller archive size 17500 bytes. I think that the maximum size 17500 Byte of one archive is very small. Sawol (talk) 07:18, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Let's not have this discussion repeated on multiple pages. See Talk:Fractal antenna. SpinningSpark 09:13, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Vagueness
User:Alexander Davronov, is it possible to say what is vague in the following?

"Gyrators permit network realizations of two-(or-more)-port devices which cannot be realized with just the conventional four elements. In particular, gyrators make possible network realizations of isolators and circulators."

Of course it may be hard to say what is lacking when it isn't there. Taking a statement of the same form, but substituting protractor for gyrator:

"Protractors permit geometric constructions which cannot be achieved with straightedge and compass alone. In particular, protractors make possible trisection of any given angle."

...is that equally vague? or is the vagueness specific to the gyrator version? catslash (talk) 00:48, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The lede should just summarize the body. If there is vagueness, those tags ought to be in the body. Constant314 (talk) 00:55, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * True; this matter should be mentioned in the body of the article, and it is not. A little while ago, I drew circuit diagrams of gyrator-based circulators (probably based on the book cited in the lede),, , but failed to get around to using them. catslash (talk) 01:28, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reaching me out. I think the word "realized" should be clarified. Best. AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 01:12, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * "Realization" is not a vague term, it is a well recognised term of art in network analysis. It means a given response function can be achieved with a construction of real components or elements.  There is something on this at Network synthesis.  That could serve as a link target, but it is not totally general. SpinningSpark 13:51, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * realization meaning #2 has "The act of making real", which shows that this is a perfectly normal usage of the word. SpinningSpark 13:57, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Well... I've undone my last edit: [Jun 21, 2022, 17:15]. In this context the term is rather technical, than vague. I'm going to link the word to the appropriate article if you don't mind. My best. AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 17:18, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Passive lumped circuit
The gyrator article under the "Passive gyrators" heading states this: "Numerous passive circuits exist in theory for a gyrator function. However, when constructed of lumped elements there are always negative elements present." I can't seem to find such a circuit, does anyone know what this is referring to? 100.16.222.85 (talk) 19:56, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I have no clue. I tagged it with needing a citation. Constant314 (talk) 20:13, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the editor that added that information is no longer active. <b style="color: #4400bb;">Constant314</b> (talk) 21:35, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

 * If our esteemed friend was referring to circuits consisting of only transformers and linear impedances (R, L & C), then he may have been mistaken. It is not obvious how the admission of negative impedances would allow such circuits to evade the reciprocity theorem. I had intended to raise this point with him years ago, but failed to do so.  If nobody objects in the next week or so, then I shall delete this paragraph. catslash (talk) 00:11, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that if we cannot get clarification or a reliable source, then it should probably be removed. <b style="color: #4400bb;">Constant314</b> (talk) 00:24, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Done. catslash (talk) 16:17, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyrator


text:
Skipping rope

A skipping rope or jump rope is a tool used in the sport of skipping/jump rope where one or more participants jump over a rope swung so that it passes under their feet and over their heads. There are multiple subsets of skipping/jump rope, including single freestyle, single speed, pairs, three-person speed (Double Dutch), and three-person freestyle (Double Dutch freestyle).

Rope skipping is commonly performed as an exercise or recreational activity, and there are also many major organizations that support jump rope as a competitive sport. Often separated by sex and age, events include hundreds of competitive teams all around the world. In the US, schools rarely have jump rope teams, and few states have sanctioned official events at the elementary school level. In freestyle events, jumpers use a variety of basic and advanced techniques in a routine of one minute, which is judged by a head judge, content judges, and performance judges. In speed events, a jumper alternates their feet with the rope going around the jumper every time one of their feet hits the ground for 30 seconds, one minute, or three minutes. The jumper is judged on the number of times the right foot touches the ground in those times.

History
Explorers reported seeing aborigines jumping with vines in the 16th century. European boys started skipping in the early 17th century. The activity was considered indecent for girls due to concerns of them showing their ankles. Girls began skipping in the 18th century, adding skipping chants, owning the rope, controlling the game, and deciding who may participate.

In the United States, domination of the activity by girls emerged as their families moved into cities in the late 19th century. There, they found sidewalks and other smooth surfaces conducive to skipping, along with a high density of peers with whom to engage in the sport. Educator Lucy Nulton studied the rhymes that American children chanted or sang while jumping rope in the mid-20th century.

Techniques
There are many techniques that can be used when skipping. These can be used individually or combined in a series to create a routine.

Solo participants
For solo jumping, the participant jumps and swings the rope under their feet. The timing of the swing is matched to the jump. This allows them to jump the rope and establish a rhythm more successfully. This can be contrasted with swinging the rope at the feet and jumping, which would mean they were matching the jump to the swing. This makes it harder to jump the rope and establish a rhythm.

Basic jump or easy jump
Jump with both feet slightly apart over the rope. Beginners usually master this technique first before moving onto more advanced techniques.

Slow (double bounce)
Turn the rope slowly and jump once before jumping over the rope as in a basic jump.

Alternate foot jump (speed step)
Use alternate feet to jump off the ground. This technique can be used to effectively double the number of jumps per minute as compared to the above technique. This step can be used for speed events.

Criss-cross
Also known as crossover, cross arms, or simply a cross. Perform the basic jump whilst crossing arms in front of the body.

Side swing
The rope is passed by the side of the participant's body without jumping it.

EB (front-back cross or sailor)
Perform the criss-cross whilst crossing one arm behind the back.

Double under
A high basic jump, turning the rope twice under the feet. Turning the rope three times is called a triple under. In competitions, participants may attempt quadruple (quads) and quintuple under (quins) using the same method. The guinness world record currently belongs to Kirato Hitaka, who has managed to do 8 revolutions in one jump.

Boxer jump
One foot is positioned slightly forward and one foot slightly back. The person positions their bodyweight primarily over their front foot, with the back foot acting as a stabiliser. From this stance, the person jumps up several times (often 2-3 times) before switching their stance, so the front foot becomes the back foot, and the back foot becomes the front foot. And so forth. An advantage of this technique is that it allows the back leg a brief rest. So while both feet are still used in the jump, a person may find they can skip for longer than if they were using the basic two-footed technique.

Toad
Perform the criss-cross with one arm crossing under the opposite leg from the inside.

Leg over / Crougar
A basic jump with one arm hooked under the adjacent leg. Doing Crougar with the non-dominant leg in the air is easier

Awesome Annie
Also known as Awesome Anna or swish. Alternates between a leg over and a toad without a jump in between.

Inverse toad
Perform the toad whilst one arm crosses the adjacent leg from the outside.

Elephant
A cross between the inverse toad and the toad, with both arms crossing under one leg.

Frog or Donkey kick
The participant does a handstand, returns to their feet, and turns the rope under them. A more advanced version turns the rope during the return to the ground.

TJ
A triple-under where the first 'jump' is a side swing, the middle jump is a toad and the final jump in the open.

Competition techniques
In competitions, participants are required to demonstrate competence using specific techniques. The selection depends on the judging system and the country in which the tournament is held.

Health effects
Skipping may be used as a cardiovascular workout, similar to jogging or bicycle riding, and has a high MET or intensity level. This aerobic exercise can achieve a "burn rate" of up to 700 to over 1,200 calories per hour of vigorous activity, with about 0.1 to nearly 1.1 calories consumed per jump, mainly depending upon the speed and intensity of jumps and leg foldings. Ten minutes of skipping are roughly the equivalent of running an eight-minute mile. Skipping for 16–20 minutes is enough to burn off the calories from a candy bar and is equivalent to 45–60 minutes of running, depending upon the intensity of jumps and leg swings. Many professional trainers, fitness experts, and professional fighters greatly recommend skipping for burning fat over any other alternative exercises like running and jogging.

Weighted skipping ropes are available for such athletes to increase the difficulty and effectiveness of such exercise. Individuals or groups can participate in the exercise, and learning proper techniques is relatively simple compared to many other athletic activities. The exercise is also appropriate for a wide range of ages and fitness levels.

Skipping grew in popularity in 2020 when gyms closed or people stayed home due to coronavirus restrictions across the world. These workouts can be done at home and do not require specialized equipment.

International
The world governing body for the sport of jump rope is the International Jump Rope Union (IJRU). It is a merger of two previous rival world organizations: the International Rope Skipping Federation (FISAC-IRSF), and the World Jump Rope Federation (WJRF). There have been 11 World Championships on every alternate year by FISAC-IRSF, with the final competition being held in Shanghai, China. There have been 7 World Jump Rope Championships held every year by (WJRF); the final competition taking place in Oslo, Norway. Previous locations of this championship included Washington DC, Orlando, France, and Portugal. IJRU held its first World Tournament in Colorado City, Colorado in 2023 and plans to hold its second one in Kawasaki, Japan in 2025.

In 2018, FISAC-IRSF and WJRF announced the merger organization IJRU. IJRU has become the 10th International Federation to gain GAISF Observer status. The decision was taken by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) Council, which met during SportAccord in Bangkok. Observer status is the first step on a clear pathway for new International Federations towards the top of the Olympic Family pyramid. Those who wish to proceed will be assisted by GAISF, leading them into full GAISF membership through the Alliance of Independent Recognised Members of Sport (AIMS), and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF).

In 2019 the International Rope Skipping Organisation (IRSO). re-emerged and reactivated its activities as governing body of Rope Skipping / Jump Rope sport. The organization is headed by Richard Cendali, who is referred to as the grandfather of the sport of jump rope. IRSO had disagreements with both FISAC-IRSF and WJRF for ignoring several long-standing organizations in their merger. Various jump rope organizations that were long-standing for the development of the sport were left out of the merger of IJRU and came under IRSO under the leadership of Richard Cendali. The USA Jump Rope Federation and newly formed Asian Rope Skipping Association also joined IRSO and decided to host their World Championship in conjunction with AAU.

World Inter School
The first World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Dubai, November 2015. The second World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Eger, Hungary. The Championship was organized by World Inter School Rope Skipping Organisation (WIRSO). Second, third and fourth World Inter-School championships held in Hungary 2017, Hong Kong 2018 and Belgium 2019 respectively.

United States
Historically, there were two competing jump rope organizations in the United States: the International Rope Skipping Organization (IRSO), and the World Rope Skipping Federation (WRSF). IRSO focused on stunt-oriented and gymnastic/athletic type moves, while WRSF appreciated the aesthetics and form of the exercise. In 1995, these two organizations merged to form the United States Amateur Jump Rope Federation which is today now known as USA Jump Rope (USAJR).USAJR has hosted annual national tournaments, as well as camps, workshops, and clinics on instruction since 1995. Jump rope is also part of the Amateur Athletic Union and participates in their annual AAU Junior Olympic Games. More recently, the American Jump Rope Federation was founded in 2016 by previous members of WJRF. It is recognized as the official governing body for the sport of jump rope in the United States by IJRU.

The National Collegiate Jump Rope Association was formed in 2019 by a group of students.

Types of jump ropes
Speed jump ropes are made from a thin vinyl cord or wire and are primarily used for speed jumping or double unders. They are best for indoor use, because they will wear down fast on concrete or other harsh surfaces. Licorice jump ropes are also made from vinyl cord or PVC and are primarily used for freestyle jumping. The beaded ropes make rhythmic jumping very easy, because the jumper can hear the beads hitting the ground and strive for a rhythmic pattern. Leather jump ropes are thicker and is less likely to tangle or wear down with outdoor use.

title: Skipping rope


text:
Mary Dewson

Mary Williams Dewson (1874–1962) was an American feminist and political activist. After graduating from Wellesley College in 1897, she worked for the Women's Educational and Industrial Union. She became an active member of the National Consumers League (NCL) and received mentorship from Florence Kelley, a famous advocate for social justice feminism and General Secretary of the NCL. Dewson's later role as civic secretary of the Women's City Club of New York (WCCNY) led to her meeting Eleanor Roosevelt, who later convinced Dewson to be more politically active in the Democratic Party. Dewson went on to take over Roosevelt's role as head of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Campaign Committee. Dewson's "Reporter Plan" mobilized thousands of women to spread information about the New Deal legislation and garner support for it. In connection with the Reporter Plan, the Women's Division held regional conferences for women. This movement led to a historically high level of female political participation.

Early life and education
Dewson was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1874. She was the youngest of six children. Her mother, Elizabeth Weld Williams, and father, Edward Henry Dewson, lived in Roxbury when they had their first child, Francis Williams. After moving to Quincy, they had five more children: George Badger, William Inglee, Edward Henry Jr., Ellen Reed, and Mary Williams.

Dewson's mother took on a domestic role and took care of the household during Dewson's childhood, while her father worked in the leather business. Dewson was very athletic and played both baseball and tennis. She was not concerned with her appearance, and preferred to play with "boy's" toys like paper soldiers instead of the traditional dolls made for young girls.

She attended private schools, including Dana Hall School, before entering Wellesley College, from which she graduated as a social worker in 1897. At Wellesley, she was senior class president and her classmates believed she might one day be elected president of the United States.

Early career, 1897–1912
Shortly after graduating from Wellesley in 1897, Dewson began working as research assistant at the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, an organization that originated in Boston to advocate for the social advancement of women, women's education, and rights of women in the workforce. Dewson was offered this job by Elizabeth Glendower Evans, a reformer from Boston and one of Dewson's mentors. During her time at the WEIU, Dewson conducted statistical studies and reported on women's poor working conditions. She also taught a course on household economics. The lack of reading material for the course inspired her to write and publish The Twentieth Century Expense Book (1899). It served as a basic guide to help American women budget a household and prioritize expenses.

In 1900, Dewson joined the Massachusetts State Industrial School for Girls, located in Lancaster, Massachusetts. By 1904, she became the first superintendent of their parole department. The school's goal was to rehabilitate young women delinquents, especially those who grew up in poverty. Dewson put her efforts towards understanding the different factors that affect female crime and delinquency. She gathered statistical data and used this information to improve the rehabilitation process. She wrote a paper titled "The Delinquent Girl on Parole" about her findings. She presented it in 1911 at the National Conference of Charities and Correction.

Even before leaving the Industrial School (1912), she became involved in the minimum wage movement (1911). She was named executive secretary of the Minimum Wage Investigative Committee, which produced a report that led to Massachusetts' (and the nation's) first minimum wage law. This report brought her national recognition.

Suffrage movement

In 1913, she and her lifelong partner, Mary G. Porter, moved to a dairy farm in Worcester, Massachusetts. By 1915, however, Dewson had recharged her batteries; she entered the Massachusetts suffrage movement. During World War I, both she and Porter went with the American Red Cross to France to aid war refugees. Dewson was chief of the Mediterranean Zone by war's end. After returning from Europe, Dewson worked as Florence Kelley's principal assistant in the National Consumers' League campaign for state minimum wage laws for women and children. From 1925 to 1931, Dewson served as president of the New York Consumers' League, working closely with Eleanor Roosevelt (ER), leading the lobbying effort of the Women's Joint Legislative Conference and playing a central role in the passage of a 1930 New York law limiting women to forty-eight-hour work weeks. As president of the New York Consumers' League, Dewson worked and socialized with Frances Perkins and Clara Mortenson Beyer, both of would go on to work in the United States Department of Labor under President Roosevelt, and who played important roles in New Deal era labor economics.

Mary W. Dewon started her career in Massachusetts reform and suffrage circles. In the 1920s in New York she was a civic secretary of the Women's City Club of New York, [6]  [6]  [6]  [6]  [7]  [7]  [5]  [5]  [4]  [3]  [3]  and the research secretary of the National Consumers' League. By 1929 Dewson knew all of the leading women reformers in the city. Because of Dewson's connections Eleanor Roosevelt recruited her into the Democratic political party. It was during this time that Dewson entered politics more personally, organizing Democratic women for Al Smith's presidential campaign at Eleanor Roosevelt's request. She performed a similar feat for Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1930 gubernatorial and 1932 presidential races. Because of her work on FDR's campaigns (and ER's intense lobbying), Dewson was appointed head of the Democratic National Committee's Women's Division (DNC). She reorganized the division to be utterly different. She found government jobs for female party workers, more than had been given to women under any previous administration. She is credited with securing the post of secretary of labor for Frances Perkins, and placing women high up in the Social Security and National Recovery Administrations. Even so, she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment. Despite this opposition, she began to push for state laws or state party rulings that would provide even representation in membership and leadership positions for women on party committees from the precinct level up. She created the Reporter Plan, which educated female party workers on New Deal programs so that they could explain them to voters. In the 1936 election, the women's division provided 90 percent of the campaign fliers the DNC produced. That same year she got a rule passed that provided for a member and an alternate for each state on the DNC Platform Committee; the rule also required that each pair be composed of one man and one woman. Because of Dewson's organizational skills, FDR nicknamed her "the little general."

She withdrew from the women's division's day-to-day affairs in 1936 because of poor health, but continued to be available to her successors. In 1937 she again returned to active public life when she was nominated and confirmed as a member of the Social Security Board. There she set up effective systems of federal-state cooperation, an issue that had been problematic. However, she again had to step down because of illness in 1938.

Personal life
For several years, she and Porter split their time between New York City and Castine, Maine. In 1952, they retired to Castine full-time. Dewson became the vice-president of the Maine Democratic Advisory Committee in 1954. Dewson died in Castine on October 21, 1962.

title: Mary Dewson


text:
Anthony Stransham

General Sir Anthony Blaxland Stransham (22 December 1805 – 6 October 1900) was a senior officer in the Royal Marines.

Background
Stransham was the son of manolo Colonel Anthony Stransham of the Royal Marines, and grandson of Major Samuel Stransham, also of the Royal Marines, who raised the Union Flag on the Falklands in 1771, claiming formal possession of the islands for the United Kingdom.

Military career
Stransham entered the Royal Marines on 1 January 1823. Four years after entering the service, he was present as a subaltern at the Battle of Navarino on 20 October 1827. Stransham led the Royal Marines during the First Battle of Canton in the First Opium War on 18 March 1841. He was wounded and promoted to captain. He was awarded the Baltic Medal, having been with Charles John Napier in 1854. From 1862 to 1867, General Stransham was Inspector-General of the Royal Marines.

Later in his career, as a general, the "Grand Old Man of the Army" became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

He saw active service for over 53 years, retiring with the rank of general on 24 December 1875.

title: Anthony Stransham