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Talk:National Rugby League

Major breaches of the salary cap reduction
I would like to propose that the Major breaches of the salary cap section is reduced in size as it contains way too much detail. All the detail that is in this section is contained within each of the three dedicated articles so is basically repeated here. This section should be a brief summary - no more than 4 lines for each breach and then reference the dedicated articles.Anderch (talk) 05:52, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Apologies for mistaken use of minor edit flag
Sorry about the use of the minor edit flag, but a deletion of referenced material without replacing it with similarly referenced material looks initially like vandalism, not a good faith edit. (And exactly how is this material original research if it has citations? I won't further object to its removal, however, not being interested in Rugby - as opposed to in fighting vandalism on Wikipedia.) Allens (talk | contribs) 13:12, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Logo
I think they changed the logo about a week ago, so why is the old one still up? TollHRT52 (talk) 13:17, 4 November 2012 (AEDST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.164.1.70 (talk)
 * Done. Bongomanrae (talk) 00:40, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

NRL team table
Just wondering if anyone has an issue if I replace the current team list table with this. I think showing the singlets works for the AFL page as they are rarely changed and act as a logo of sorts for the teams. However NRL jerseys change quite regularly and every other sporting page I've seen just has the teams listed with a layout similar to the one below. Thoughts? Bongomanrae (talk) 00:40, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Personally, I prefer the existing layout.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 07:40, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

If the jerseys were kept up to date then I say leave it but as no one is updating the jersey images, then change it, so many are out of date it makes the page look crappy. I will be doing this to the 2013 season page in a fortnight so lets keep it the same. Anderch (talk) 11:14, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

NRL Introduction
Just trying to clean up the intro for the page to make it easier for new fans to understand what the NRL actually is and not be overwhelmed with info. I've looked at the NFL page for some inspiration and tried to simplify the words/sentences used. -Changed the opening sentence from three to just one. ;) -Brief mention of founding+origins, not included things like the SL War as it's only the intro (it will be expanded upon further down & in history section). -Removed the sponsorship sentence (sponsor will be changing for the 2013 season and will move to the sponsor or history section). -Removed outdated info about the NRL Partnership as it's no longer relevant. Will be moved to NRL History page. -Last paragrpah left mostly unchanged. Have moved the WCC info to the Season structure section.

The National Rugby League (NRL) is the highest level of professional rugby league football in Australia, and is widely considered the preeminent professional rugby league football competition in the world.

The NRL traces its origins to 1908 when nine clubs created the New South Wales Rugby Football League in Sydney, Australia. Today it consists of sixteen clubs, fifteen from Australia and one from New Zealand. It is regarded as the world's elite rugby league championship and, per season, is the single most viewed and attended rugby football competition in the world.

NRL matches are played over twenty-six regular season and four finals series rounds throughout Australia and New Zealand, from autumn until spring. The season culminates in the premiership-deciding game, the Grand Final, traditionally one of Australia's most popular sporting events and one of the largest attended club championship events in the world. The National Rugby League is governed by the Australian Rugby Football League (ARL).

Thoughts? Bongomanrae (talk) 01:03, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * This one is too short. The existing one is better IMO.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 07:39, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Is there anything in particular you'd add, keeping in mind that it is an introduction to the league? Bongomanrae (talk) 11:14, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Just to add, the shortened intro above is still longer than the introductions for other domestic competitions such as the Super 15, A-League, NBL, netball, baseball and the three domestic cricket comps. Bongomanrae (talk) 05:51, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

NRL clubs section
I think this section needs some better flow aswell. At the moment it's cut in half by the NRL map and NRL club table. I think first of all it should be joined together either above or below the map. I think we should try and cut the subsections out of it as the Foundation Clubs section is two sentences and the Famous Rivalries section consists of two links. I've done my best to try and form it all into one paragraph to be placed above the NRL map, what do you think? ---

The NRL consists of sixteen clubs, fifteen in Australia and one in New Zealand. The majority of clubs come from the eastern states of Australia, reflecting the population distribution in Australia generally and also that the origins of Australian rugby league football began in Sydney. The league operates on a single group system, with no divisions or conferences and no relegation and promotion from other leagues.

All but four clubs (the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Gold Coast Titans, New Zealand Warriors and the North Queensland Cowboys) have won the premiership. For a complete list of all teams no longer competing in the NRL see here --- Bongomanrae (talk) 01:20, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Personally, I don't share your enthusiasm for shortening this article while creating several other even shorter and needless articles. I'd be putting tags requesting merges back to this article on all the 'see also' articles you have here.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 07:42, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:AGF I didn't create the Expansion or Rivalry articles although I have edited them, nor do I think shortening articles for the sake of it is a good idea. There is however a lot of chaff on the NRL page which has accumulated piecemeal over the years (some of the tv broadcast info I removed today was from 2003) as there has been no real direction in the editing.
 * I prefer to consolidate smaller articles into one larger (but not too large) article so there is more useful information on each page (ie: the old state league pages before I got to them). In cases like this where we have subsections which consist of two links or isolated/dead sentences I think we'd be better off if we could at least integrate it into a one full paragraph, especially when it is a Top-Importance article.
 * FTR I think integrating the expansion article back onto the NRL main-page wouldn't be a bad idea but the Rivalries page looks like it is too in-depth to be merged successfully. Bongomanrae (talk) 11:09, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

NRL History & Salary cap sections
At the moment these two sections dominate the NRL page. I think the Salary cap section should definitely be moved to a specific page (One already exists here: NRL salary cap) and a concise couple of sentences left as a subsection. This may cause controversy but I think the majority of the year-by-year history sections should be moved to the History of the NRL page so editors can go into as much detail as they'd like. A paragraph or two should be all that is required on the mainpage imo, between the introduction and the clubs sections. Just enough to inform the reader and if they want to read further they can follow the link. Something simple like the following is all that is really required on the main page imo.

In season 2013 the NRL salary cap for the top 25 contracted players is 5 million

The NRL treats breaches of the salary cap seriously and has gained worldwide attention for the punishment dealt to the Melbourne Storm for their systematic breaches between 2006-2010.

In 1908 several rugby union players and officials met and created the New South Wales Rugby Football league. Between 1982 and 1995 the league expanded interstate and internationally, with the goal of forming a national competition. However in the mid-1990's the Super League War occurred and by 1997 there were two separate leagues running in competition. The unification of these competitions under the banner of the National Rugby League occurred in 1998. Etc -

Thoughts? (Be gentle)... Bongomanrae (talk) 01:36, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Article outline
Does anyone want to discuss a general outline of the article? It's a bit of a mess atm but I think if we decide on a framework it'll be a lot easier to keep organised. Thoughts? Bongomanrae (talk) 04:35, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Intro
 * History
 * Clubs
 * Season Structure
 * Preseason
 * World Club Challenge
 * All Stars Match
 * Premiership season
 * Finals series
 * Grand Final
 * Grand Final traditions
 * Players
 * Salary cap
 * Judiciary
 * Banned substances policy
 * Indigenous players
 * Records
 * Awards
 * Premiership trophy
 * JJ Giltinan Shield
 * Clive Churchill medal
 * Dally M Awards
 * Audience
 * Attendance
 * Television
 * Detiled Oz coverage
 * NRL related tv shows
 * Radio
 * Print
 * Internet/new media
 * Video games
 * Merchadise
 * NRL Theme songs
 * Sponsorship
 * See Also/refs/links/templates/etc

Non-traditional venues
This is a bit messy atm, it's just a list of bullet points. Anyone want to discuss how we should organise it? ie: List by club, list by venue or list by season? Bongomanrae (talk) 23:33, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

See Also section
Would anyone object if we trimmed it down? The links to the state federations and state comps are kind of redundant since they're all in the template at the bottom of the page. Links to PNGRFL, NZRL, The Kiwis, Pacific Islands RL, World Cup etc are also not really relevant to the NRL or am I missing something? Bongomanrae (talk) 01:07, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Go for it :) Mattlore (talk) 20:26, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

New premiers table
Just putting this up if anyone would like to use it here or on the History page.

Bongomanrae (talk) 11:13, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

Playing the NRL vs AFL game in the article. Not a very mature thing to do.
In the 2006: A unique year section, there's a bit talking of record TV ratings "particularly capturing Melbourne on Grand Final night". I was accused of being paranoid for removing it. I submit that the opposite is true. The ratings were great, but only a paranoid NRL fan would want to single out Melbourne in that sentence, presumably as part of trying to prove that NRL is better than AFL, a pointless and ultimately stupid goal to aim for. (Note that I am note taking sides with that statement. Just pointing out the futility of playing that game.)

The sports do not really compete with one another. Each is successful on their respective sides of the Barassi Line. The NRL Grand is timed at least partly to achieve great TV ratings. The AFL Grand Final is not (it's held at the same time it was before TV was invented), and is not even on the same weekend.

Yes, we have a source, a Sydney one, obviously with a target audience that favours NRL. It delivers what its readers want to see. Surely there was more to say about the great ratings than the situation in Melbourne. I submit that just saying there were terrific ratings is a more civilised claim than trying to prove something about NRL being successful in Melbourne. THAT'S where the paranoia is on display. HiLo48 (talk) 07:28, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * As I see it, the gist of the original text was noting the support of the game, with the unusualness of that support coming in a non-traditional league area. Its tone could have been more neutral. I see no references to the AFL, or the AFL Grand Final, and no references to the relative merits of each sport.
 * Explicit references to the AFL and the AFL Grand Final aren't needed. It's an obvious part of the context to any informed reader. The absence of explicit mentions surely doesn't mean that readers were meant to ignore the reality that Melbourne is the home of AFL and that the AFL Grand Final is a (possibly?) comparable event just a week later. HiLo48 (talk) 08:53, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

"Rugby league - the game they play in Melbourne" is the title of the article. Oh, but only a paranoid Sydney Morning Herald journalist "would want to single out Melbourne in that sentence, presumably (as though it wasn't clear you're being presumptuous) as part of trying to prove that NRL is better than AFL". Your disagreement is not with me. It's with a published, third-party source. And we all know who wins that disagreement every time. Apart from what you've typed above, do you know what else makes it obvious that you're not at all serious about this (or possibly any other) Wikipedia article? You've put that Herald article as the footnote on the end of this sentence: "The game itself once again enjoyed strong support, with more record TV ratings. [16] " yet nowhere in the source is any record mentioned. I'll fix it now.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 08:16, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I give up. Keep playing your Rugby League is better than AFL game. Including that content simply shows your immaturity. But because of that immaturity, you won't understand what I am trying to achieve with the article. One day it might become a better one, with less fan based hype and nonsense. HiLo48 (talk) 08:26, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Transfers sections in NRL season articles
I think the transfers section in the 2013 article is too long and indeed that this detail is not needed in a season article. If deemed encyclopedic, the information could instead be included in a specific transfers article or perhaps the 2013 club articles. In any case, there are currently two separate sections in the 2013 article for transfers (one for each year), which is illogical.Eldumpo (talk) 09:41, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This has also bothered me for a while. I wish people would put it in the club's relevant season article, e.g. 2013 Brisbane Broncos season where it belongs. I used to go around putting merge on sections like that. I also wish people would put such info in either a section entitled 'pre-season' or 'post-season' once moved to the club's season article. It's often formatted so lazily that readers can't even tell which club the 2013 season was played at.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 06:48, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

General Article Clean up
I have been cleaning up the whole article and moving things around so it flows better but there are a couple of sections that I think need to be moved or deleted.

 * Major breaches of the salary cap is too detailed and long winded - there are individual pages for these stories so most of this info should be moved there.
 * the Audience section - do we seriously need this much detail? this section is way to long and needs to be culled. We don't need to know what time the NRL is on TV.
 * A more concise statistic section, not necessarily detailed but less wordy.
 * Deletion of the "History of the NRL" page and merge with this main article.

Thoughts? Anderch (talk) 04:29, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Most of what you're doing seems fine. I do get really concerned when referenced content (including sources) are simply deleted (e.g. ). You need a very good reason to do that. Moving it can be understandable. Deleting, less so.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 10:15, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I wrote the stats section, but your version is better.

What on earth is Provan-Summons?
It's a very strange name for a championship trophy. If it's a sponsor's name, it doesn't belong in this article on the whole history of the league. HiLo48 (talk) 10:52, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Norm Provan and Arthur Summons are the men depicted in the NRL trophy.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 12:02, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

 * This is a global encyclopaedia. It would help comprehension of this article quite a lot if that was explained in the article. There's no point writing an article with content that will only be understood by people who already know a lot about the subject. Right now we have a cowboy IP editor rudely editing and reverting without explanation and with added insults. Not helpful. HiLo48 (talk) 12:16, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The second sentence of National_Rugby_League reads, "It is a three-dimensional cast of a famous photo called The Gladiators, which depicted a mud-soaked Norm Provan of St. George and Arthur Summons of Western Suburbs embracing after the 1963 Grand Final."--Gibson Flying V (talk) 12:35, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Had a bit of a 'what-the...?' when I noticed this revert. HiLo48, no offence but if you don't know what the Provan-Summons Trophy is then maybe you should do a quick search before reverting edits on the NRL page. Here's a link from the NRL to get you up to speed. http://www.nrl.com/nrl-trophy-named-after-provan-and-summons/tabid/10874/newsid/74176/default.aspx Bongomanrae (talk) 13:05, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * You have missed my point completely. If I couldn't tell what on earth the name of the trophy meant, then none of our readers will know either, unless they already know a lot about the subject matter. Encyclopaedia articles have to be written for people who don't already know everything about the subject, not just insiders. Gibson Flying V has made a very good edit to address the problem. HiLo48 (talk) 18:53, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi again HiLo, I see this has happened once more. Reverting edits on subjects you're unsure about is not always the most helpful way to add to articles. If you see something you think may be wrong just leave a note on the talk page for a more experienced or knowledgeable editor to fix it. Cheers Bongomanrae (talk) 00:07, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

Audience section - lacking something
The Audience section tells me far too much about TV coverage, a tiny bit about online and radio coverage, and absolutely nothing about actual bums on seats at the games. I think the article would gain from such content. (And maybe just a little bit less about the TV coverage?) HiLo48 (talk) 10:20, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Wording changes to avoid further reverts
"is one of the most viewed and attended rugby football competitions in the world." to "is the most viewed and attended rugby football club competition in the world." This is a simple change. The NRL is unquestionably the most attended club competition in either rugby code, supported by List of sports attendance figures which is linked in the See Also section. Specifying that it's a club competition helps separate it from popular non-club competitions like State of Origin or the Six Nations.

"one of the country's largest attended sporting championship games" to "one of the world's largest attended sporting championship games." Another simple change supported by List of sports attendance figures.

"It is the second most watched sports league on Australian television" to "It is the most watched sports league on Australian television," This is directly supported by the source used, comparing the 120M who watched the NRL to the 111M who watched the next closest league, the AFL. Looks like someone has unhelpfully changed it in the past but it was never reverted. Bongomanrae (talk) 00:43, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Three things for now. I'm heading out and will try to address these in more detail later. 1. Have you read WP:PEACOCK? Using boasting style language is not very encyclopaedic. Use the numerical facts and let readers decide for themselves. 2. You did nothing about the dead link. When you make an absolute claim and cite it to a dead source, it doesn't look good. 3. TV ratings are always arguable on something as complex as sports seasons. Linking to an article about just such a dispute is pointless. HiLo48 (talk) 01:14, 5 October 2014 (UTC)
 * No need for special articles, for peacockery goodness just read the opening paragraph here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final
 * Yes, that's bad. Feel free to try cleaning up. Might have a go myself. It's sad that sorts fans from all codes seem to feel such a need to hype up their game in articles here. We should state clear facts, and let the audience work out significance. But back to this topic. We shouldn't use a bad article elsewhere as justification for making this a bad article. The one that will always impress me the most is a least florid and peacockish one. HiLo48 (talk)
 * OK, I've cleaned up that first paragraph over at AFL Grand Final, so now we clean the crap from this one. OK? HiLo48 (talk) 10:41, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Using the bare minimum of words to describe sourced, empirical facts is not peacocking. I suggest you re-read the Peacocking article. If you have an issue with a reference you can always search for another source and use that instead. Bongomanrae (talk) 01:49, 5 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The one real source there is about a dispute. You cannot rationally use one side's figures from a dispute as a reliable source. HiLo48 (talk) 08:46, 5 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The cumulative numbers in that article are not in dispute. They are the final figures presented by OzTam and RegionalTAM. Bongomanrae (talk) 22:08, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Those figures are all very cherry picked. Not an apples to apples comparison. And that's impossible because of the different TV coverage polices of the codes. But you probably haven't looked into that. HiLo48 (talk) 07:40, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Apples to apples comparisons are exactly what OZTAm and RegionalTAM provide. They are completely independant of the television programs they compile statistics on and that is why they are the industry standard. I'm not really sure why this is hard to understand? However I am content with the recent change to the wording of the article. Bongomanrae (talk) 02:20, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't want to go too far into this on this page, but it's important to be aware of the different goals of the two sporting associations. The AFL has historically not had the same obsession with numbers of TV viewers as the NRL. In fact, for a long time, the AFL actually prohibited TV coverage of some games, in order to not harm physical attendances at the actual games. Even now, the AFL's approach is more one of maximising financial returns from the media (including international and Internet coverage), and keeping ground attendances up, rather than pure numbers of viewers. The timing of the respective Grand Finals is relevant here. The NRL GF is timed to get maximum number of TV viewers. The AFL GF is still held at its 150 year old traditional Saturday afternoon time to keep the at-the-ground fans happy. The NRL Sunday night time slot definitely attracts more viewers, but does that really prove it's more popular? I'm not here to fight over that claim (which could easily go off topic). Just wanted to add some facts and thoughts to the discussion. HiLo48 (talk) 02:41, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * What a bizarre comment. In the future can you please try to keep to the topic at hand, which in this case the impartiality and transparency of the television industry in Australia. If you'd like to talk about your personal opinions on certain subjects maybe posting on a forum instead of an encyclopedia would also be a good idea. Bongomanrae (talk) 02:58, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I would dare to suggest that the purpose of the multiple examples of TV audience claims in this article is primarily to demonstrate that the NRL is doing better than the AFL. I would also dare to suggest that it's not that simple. As I said, I don't want a fight, but if the implied claim is not proven by the information in the article, that information becomes of lesser value, and perhaps undue. Calling my comment bizarre is unhelpful. HiLo48 (talk) 03:52, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * You (and the vandal/s, strangely enough) continually bring up the AFL. I'd just like to remind you that there are more than two sports leagues in Australia, and that is why the NRL's high viewer figures are notable. Bongomanrae (talk) 04:21, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * And that's where things go very silly. This is ONLY about competition with the AFL. Stop pretending otherwise. The source is about comparison with the AFL. I happen to think such comparisons are all very silly and pointless. It's some Rugby League fans who are pushing the issue. HiLo48 (talk) 05:19, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * HiLo it doesn't matter if the AFL exists or not, the fact remains the same. I'd also urge you to try and keep the conversation civil and on-topic if you can, as I note you've been banned quite a few times for personal attacks and anti-social behaviour on Wikipedia. Bongomanrae (talk) 05:35, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * This IS stupid. I have said nothing uncivil. You certainly have now. I have never been banned. I have been blocked by a stupid justice system here for getting in the way of POV pushing. The "NRL is better than AFL" game, which this IS all about, IS POV pushing, and stupid. But I think it's a silly game. You deny it exists. I've said my piece. So let's stop talking about it. HiLo48 (talk) 05:41, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It was just a warning HiLo, I didn't want to see you telling people to "fuck off" again. Just keep in mind that this is an article about the National Rugby League and no-one else seems to have an issue with the NRL's television ratings being included (well, aside from some vandals). The only editor to have mentioned the AFL is you, who coincidentally is a fan of an AFL team and who doesn't know the name of the NRL trophy or other basic facts about the game. I'm not saying you're pushing an agenda but I would advocate a more cautious approach to editing subjects you're not confident about. Bongomanrae (talk) 06:14, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * You can stick your warning where it fits. HiLo48 (talk) 06:45, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * But I asked a serious question in my Edit summary for my most recent change to the article. Can we get hold of more up-to-date data than 2010? HiLo48 (talk) 03:58, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

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a map would be nice
it is easier to understand where teams are located when there is a map - thankyou14:20, 28 October 2016 (UTC)~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.43.216.190 (talk)

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External links modified
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NBC Sports rights in United States?
...Something seems fishy about this claim about NBC Sports having gained rights to this league in the United States. A few minutes ago, I saw a commercial advertising the NRL on Fox Soccer Plus stating it to be the home of the NRL, a commercial I'm sure would not have aired had the United States rights actually transferred over to NBC Sports. Is there a solid source that can back up this "NBC Sports has rights to the NRL in the United States" claim? Thanks. --76.92.157.20 (talk) 08:39, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

Competition Naming
Let me get this straight... It states between 1908 to 1994 was the NSWRL, then it passed from NSWRL to the ARL (1995-2002?) then from the ARL to the NRL (2003-2021?). Adamdaley (talk) 01:41, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Nobody can answer my question? Adamdaley (talk) 10:09, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

ARL was 1995-1997 with the single season of Superleague also in 1997, then NRL 1998 on. Essentially it's all the same thing, with the SL jammed in there as well.
 * So my years in my original post is wrong? Cause I'm getting cards graded and would like to know what is when, NSWRL until 1994; ARL until 1997; including Super League; NRL since when? 1998? Adamdaley (talk) 10:35, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

NSWRFL (1908-1983) NSWRL (1984-1994) ARL (1995-1997) SL (1997) NRL (1998-2021)

 * I am not a rugby league aficionado. But I am interested in this timeline. And I am now totally confused. Can anybody please write out this timeline with a few more, plain English words, making it understandable to outsiders? HiLo48 (talk) 08:40, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

 * From 1908–1994 the competition was named the NSWRL. In 1995, the name then changed to the ARL and that name lasted until 1997. In 1997, due to the Super League War, the Super League also ran concurrently as a top level rugby league competition that year. Then in 1998, the two tournaments merged together again to create the NRL, which it has been known as since. Hope this helps. WDM10 (talk) 02:38, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Up until 1983 (not 1984 as I mentioned before, now fixed), it was the NSWRFL (New South Wales Rugby Football League). Though I suppose technically these are all names of the organisation that ran the competitions.
 * True good point, though these are generally seen as the same there was that difference in name. WDM10 (talk) 06:08, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * - The cards I've got graded are all NSWRL (1960s - 1983). Would this still be correct (graded as NSWRL) rather NSWRFL? Adamdaley (talk) 22:35, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not clear what you are saying, the NSWRFL and NSWRL are the same thing, just a minor name variation.

Is it at all possible that someone who actually knows this history could put themselves mentally in the position of someone who knows nothing at all about it, and write this history out fully, using words rather than abbreviations, initialisms and acronyms? This is a global encyclopaedia. Write it for the outsider, not insiders.
 * That's what the article is for, you could start there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Local Potentate (talk • contribs) 07:10, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

fit wiki link
Hi I was wondering if someone could make a wikipedia bio or fix the current one about the ceo of the nrl andrew abdo as there seems to be a problem with the current one 112.213.204.139 (talk) 06:01, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

Video games section
The article says the NRL began in 1998, however several video games are listed prior to the NRL existing. None of these were NRL licensed titles:

 * E.T.'s Rugby League (1992, Ozisoft, for Commodore 64) named after Andrew "ET" Ettingshausen
 * Australian Rugby League (i-Space Interactive and EA Sports, 1995, for Mega Drive)
 * ARL '96 in 1996 (Creative Assembly, EA Sports for PC CD-ROM)

This content belongs in Rugby league in Australia instead Rulesfan (talk) 05:57, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Rugby League


text:
Talk:King Tim III (Personality Jock)

Hello, My name is Eric. Back in the late 70's, I was known as DJ Prince E. I was doing a Google search on the internet and I found a listing for King Tim on phatnav's encyclopedia (http://www.phatnav.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=King_Tim_III) which seemed to lead back to here. But, the listing for Tim here isn't the same. The phatnav listing is as follows:

"Grew up in Harlem. Lived in Delano Houses. Went to Charles Evans Hughes high school in New York Started rapping in high school. Made mixed tapes and demos with DJ Prince E (also from Harlem). Introduced to Fatback Band by Jimmy Castor. Made 2 records with Fatback Band King Tim III (Personality Jock) Money (Gotta Get My Hands On Some)"

I can attest to the facts listed on phatnav since I was there. Is there a way that the FACTS listed on phatnav could be included on this page also?

 * Hi, Eric. The link you provided goes to an empty page with a link to Wikipedia.  In any case, this is an open content encyclopedia.  You can add those facts to this article by following these steps:

 * 1) Click on "View article"
 * 2) Click on "Edit this page"
 * 3) Type the information you want into the edit window in the center of your screen.
 * 4) Click "save"
 * If you have any questions, you can ask me (click on my name after this message, click on "dicuss this page", click "edit this page", scroll to the bottom of the edit window and type). There are some more complicated aspects of editing, but don't be put off by them.  The most important thing is to add the info, someone else will format it if you don't (quick formatting tip: place  before a word and  after a word to make it a link to another Wikipedia article, so that DJ Prince E will present as DJ Prince E). (though it is advised that you not write an article on yourself because it may be difficult to maintain a NPOV) Tuf-Kat

Origins Section
I checked the source (3) for the origins section and none of the quotes appear there. And it says King Tim III came from a project in the Bronx, not flown in from Venice, Italy. 47.146.190.14 (talk) 00:27, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:King Tim III (Personality Jock)


text:
North Star (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"North Star" is the 61st episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the ninth episode of the third season. It first aired on November 12, 2003, on UPN. It was written by David A. Goodman and directed by David Straiton.

Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01. In this episode, the crew of the Enterprise discover a lost colony of humans in the Delphic Expanse. The colony originated from a wagon train from the American Old West in the 1860s which was abducted as slave labor by an alien race called the Skagarans. The humans overthrew the Skagarans and now treat them as second-class citizens.

Goodman wrote the episode after he was set a challenge by executive producer Rick Berman, and wrote in references to the 1940 film Santa Fe Trail and The Original Series episode "Spectre of the Gun". The episode was mostly filmed on the Western town set nicknamed "Six Points Texas" at the Universal Studios lot. Critical response to the episode was mixed, but the ratings held steady from the previous episode with a 2.6/4% share.

Plot
While in the Delphic Expanse, Enterprise discovers a planet inhabited by 6,000 humans who are living in the fashion of the 1860s American frontier alongside an alien race called Skagarans. Captain Archer, Commander Tucker and Sub-Commander T'Pol beam-down to the surface in period costume to investigate. They head into one of the numerous towns to observe the humans and aliens first-hand, and while Tucker and T'Pol acquire a horse, Archer stops Deputy Bennings from belittling a "Skag" waiter in the town's tavern. After questioning Archer on his plans and intentions, Sheriff MacReady tells Bennings to keep a close eye on Archer.

Archer, wishing to learn more about the Skagarans, enters the house of a teacher named Bethany he had seen earlier. The two depart for "Skag Town", the remnants of a 300-year-old wrecked spacecraft, but the deputy notices them leave. They arrive and meet Tucker and T'Pol, who had arrived earlier. Tucker and T'Pol travel back to Enterprise to investigate some data logs found in the wreckage, while Archer stays behind. On Enterprise Ensign Sato discovers that the humans overthrew their Skagaran masters after being abducted from Earth by them and brought to the planet centuries earlier. Bennings arrests and imprisons Bethany for teaching the Skagaran children. Archer helps her to escape, but she is shot by Bennings. Archer orders an emergency beam-up in front of Bennings and other locals.

Doctor Phlox treats her injury and discovers that she is one-quarter Skagaran. Meanwhile, back on the planet, Bennings hands in his deputy badge after MacReady orders him not to take further action against the Skagarans. Archer returns in a shuttlepod along with T'Pol and a security crew, led by Lieutenant Reed — all wearing their modern uniforms. Landing in the center of town, he informs the Sheriff that he is from Earth and will return to take them back to Earth once their mission is over. Bennings then shoots MacReady, starting a firefight. In the chaos, Archer is also shot by Bennings, but finally overpowers him in a fistfight. Enterprise then departs, but not before returning Bethany to the surface, and providing her with a PADD to educate the local children about Earth's recent history.

Production
"North Star" was the season's third episode directed by David Straiton, while writer David A. Goodman had previously written the episodes "Judgment" and "Precious Cargo". (He also wrote the Star Trek themed Futurama episode "Where No Fan Has Gone Before". ) Goodman explained that he was inspired by The Original Series episodes "A Piece of the Action" and "Patterns of Force" after executive producer Rick Berman set him the challenge of writing a "parallel Earth" story similar to those featured in TOS but that would fit with Enterprise. These types of stories, where humans had evolved societies on other planets similar to our own, featured in Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for Star Trek to NBC.

Goodman also added a reference to The Original Series episode "Spectre of the Gun" with the naming of the character Cronin, but said that Kitty was named after a character in the film Santa Fe Trail (1940) rather than the radio/television series Gunsmoke. He later described "North Star" as his favorite episode of the series. It was the third Western-themed Star Trek episode after "Spectre of the Gun" and The Next Generation episode "A Fistful of Datas". This episode included a number of guest cast members: Emily Bergl (Bethany) previously appeared in the miniseries Taken. Glenn Morshower (Sheriff MacReady) previously appeared in episodes of The Next Generation and Voyager. James Parks (Deputy Bennings) also appeared in Voyager.

It was the first episode filmed on location during season three, but the production only moved from the Paramount Studios lot to the Universal Studios back lot where the Western town set "Six Points Texas" was used. The shoot there started on the second day of filming, over a five-day period, and used a number of sets including the main street, livery stable, saloon and schoolhouse. The sets have been in more movies than any others in the world; the livery stable, in particular, was in the film My Little Chickadee (1940). A shuttlepod set-piece was brought over from Paramount Studios.

Twelve horses were used, and stunt doubles replaced main cast members whose characters were depicted riding. The episode included a number of stunts, supervised by Vince Deadrick Jr. Scenes using the standing sets at Paramount were filmed on the first and last days of shooting, which overlapped with the first day of shooting of the following episode, "Similitude".

The on the DVD includes the first below-the-line commentary track in Star Trek history, featuring first assistant director Michael DeMeritt. Among many details it includes provided is how the overall sepia look was achieved by director of photography Marvin Rush, a process of the physical film age called bleach bypass.

First Assistant Director (AD) Jerry Fleck died during preparations for "North Star". He joined season six of Star Trek: The Next Generation and was with the Star Trek franchise for eleven years. Production was shut down on September 15 out of respect, and the episode "Extinction" was dedicated to his memory.

Reception
"North Star" was first aired on November 12, 2003, on UPN. It received a 2.6/4% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This was the same as the ratings received by the previous episode entitled "Twilight," but showed a loss of 200,000 viewers overall. "North Star" received lower ratings than the following episode "Similitude," which received a ratings share of 3.0/5%.

Michelle Erica Green writing for TrekNation said that she was expecting something similar to The Original Series episode "Spectre of the Gun", but was pleased to find it was more similar to Voyager "The 37's." She said that, "because the episode is stylish and beautifully paced, the morality play doesn't get too heavy-handed or silly," but felt that it was one-sided because of the lack of information on the Skagarans. She summed up the "North Star" by describing it as a "fun, throw away" episode. Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website Jammer's Reviews described it as a "shallow Trek adventure by the numbers" which was "all about setting and rarely about substance." He gave it a score of two out of four. Epsicokhan, summing up the whole of season three, described "North Star" as one of the mediocre episodes in the season.

High Def Digest said this was a "fun episode," but acknowledged it's not for everyone.

Home media release
"North Star" was released as part of the season three DVD box set, released in the United States on September 27, 2005. The season was released on Blu-ray in the United States on January 7, 2014.

Jay Chattaway's music for the episode was released as part of the four disc Star Trek: Enterprise Collection on December 2, 2014, including the orchestral piece "Hangin' Offense".

title: North Star (Star Trek: Enterprise)


text:
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم; born 15 July 1949) is an Emirati politician and royal who is the current ruler of Dubai, and serves as the vice president and prime minister. Mohammed succeeded his brother Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum as UAE vice president and ruler of Dubai following the latter's death in 2006.

A billionaire, Mohammed generates most of his income from real estate and is described as "one of the world's most prominent real estate developers". There is a blurred line between the assets of the government of Dubai and those of the ruling Al Maktoum family. Land which is owned by him is managed as an asset of the state. He oversaw the growth of Dubai into a global city, as well as the launch of a number of government-owned enterprises including Emirates Airline, DP World, and the Jumeirah Group. Some of these are held by Dubai Holding. Mohammed has overseen the development of certain projects in Dubai, such as the Palm Islands and the Burj Al Arab hotel, as well as Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world.

Mohammed is the absolute ruler of Dubai and the prime minister of the UAE, a position appointed by the president. The government is autocratic, as there are no democratic institutions, and internal dissent is prohibited. It is characterized by scholars as authoritarian.

On 5 March 2020, a British court ruled that on the balance of probabilities, Mohammed had abducted two of his daughters, Shamsa and Latifa, and had threatened his former wife, the Jordanian princess Haya bint Hussein. Allegedly, Shamsa and Latifa were forcibly medicated while held in Dubai under Mohammed's orders since 2000 and 2018, respectively. On 16 February 2021, BBC's Panorama broadcast a documentary featuring Latifa's video messages that she made secretly under enforced detention in Dubai on her father's orders.

Mohammed is an equestrian and is the founder of the Maktoum family-owned Godolphin stable and the owner of Darley, a thoroughbred breeding operation, operational in six countries. In 2012, he rode the horse Madji Du Pont 160 km to take the FEI World Endurance Championship.

Early life
Sheikh Mohammed is the third of four sons of Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai. The Al Maktoum family is Dubai's ruling family and descendants of the House of Al-Falasi, of which Mohammed is the tribal leader. His mother was Sheikha Latifa bint Hamdan Al Nahyan, daughter of former ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. He grew up in a house without any electricity during his early years and the family sometimes had to sleep together in one room with a fan. A hundred people or more lived in his house, including guards and slaves.

Education
From the age of four, Mohammed was privately tutored in Arabic and Islamic Studies. In 1955, he began formal education at Al Ahmedia School. At the age of 10, he moved to Al Shaab School, and two years later, attended Dubai Secondary School. In 1966, with his cousin Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Maktoum, he attended the Bell Educational Trust's English Language School in the United Kingdom. He subsequently studied at the Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, passing out with the sword of honour as the top Commonwealth student. He also travelled to Italy to train as a pilot.

Dubai Police
On Mohammed's return from military training to Dubai, his father appointed him as the head of the Dubai Police Force and the Dubai Defence Force (which later became a part of the Union Defence Force) when he was only 20 years old.

Minister of Defence
In January 1968, Mohammed was present when his father and Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan first met in the desert between Dubai and Abu Dhabi at Argoub El Sedira to agree to the formation of a union of emirates following British notification of intent to withdraw from the Trucial States. When the new country of the United Arab Emirates was founded on 2 December 1971, Mohammed became its first minister of defence at the age of 22.

A period of uncertainty and instability followed the Union of the United Arab Emirates, including skirmishes between tribes over property, straddling new borders. On 24 January 1972, the exiled former ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah, Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi, led an insurrectionist coup against his successor, Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi. Following a spirited firefight between the Union Defence Force and Sheikh Saqr's forces – mostly Egyptian mercenaries who had entered the UAE through Ras Al Khaimah – Mohammed accepted Saqr's surrender. Sheikh Khalid had been killed in the action, leading to the accession of his brother Sultan as ruler of Sharjah. Mohammed delivered Saqr to UAE president Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who put Saqr under house arrest in Al Ain.

In 1973, Mohammed was involved in protracted negotiations with the hijackers of JAL 404, led by Japanese Red Army member Osamu Maruouka, which landed in Dubai after being hijacked as it departed Schiphol Airport. Although unsuccessful in obtaining the release of the hostages (they were finally freed, and the 747 blown up, in Libya), he was more successful in a later negotiation with the three hijackers of KLM 861, who released the balance of their hostages and handed over the plane in return for safe passage. In 1977, Mohammed oversaw the integration of Dubai's military forces with those of the other emirates.

Crown Prince of Dubai

On 3 January 1995, Mohammed's brother Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai, signed two decrees. One decree appointed Mohammed as crown prince and the other appointed their brother Hamdan as the deputy ruler of Dubai.

Mohammed created the Dubai Shopping Festival in late 1995, an annual event that has become a significant contributor to the economy of the UAE.

In 2001, Mohammed ordered the arrest of Obaid Saqr bin-Busit, the head of Dubai Customs and the chairman of the World Customs Association.

Ruler of Dubai, Vice President and Prime Minister
After roughly a decade of de facto rule, Mohammed became the ruler of Dubai on 4 January 2006, upon the death of his brother Maktoum. The following day, the Federal National Council selected him as the new vice president of the UAE. On 11 February, the Council approved President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan's nomination of Sheikh Mohammed for prime minister.

Mohammed is the absolute monarch of Dubai. The government is described as autocratic, as there are no democratic institutions, and internal dissent is prohibited. Scholars characterize the UAE as authoritarian. According to human rights organizations, there are systematic human rights violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics. There is a blurred line between the assets of the state of Dubai and those of the Al Maktoum ruling family.

Mohammed issued a law in 2006 to form the Dubai Establishment for Women Development, renamed by law in 2009 as the Dubai Women's Establishment. He also formed the UAE Gender Balance Council in 2015.

On 19 October 2020, Mohammed led the UAE Council of Ministers meeting that ratified a peace agreement with Israel, normalizing diplomatic relationships between the countries. The Council, again headed by Mohammed, approved the decision to found an Emirati embassy in Tel Aviv in January, and Mohammed swore in the first Emirati ambassador to Israel, Mahmoud Al Khajah, a month later.

Space exploration
Mohammed founded the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre in 2015, which announced it would be launching a spacecraft to Mars to study the planet’s atmosphere; He stated that the planet was chosen for its "epic challenge," saying it would benefit the Emirati economy. He announced that the mission would be called Hope after a public vote, as the name would "send a message of optimism to millions of young Arabs," since "Arab civilisation once played a great role in contributing to human knowledge, and [would] play that role again."

Mohammed announced that the Hope mission had succeeded at orbit insertion on 9 February 2021, and shared the first picture the probe had captured days later. Hope became the first Arab mission to space, as well as the first of three missions in July 2020—the others from the United States and China–to arrive at Mars.

In 2020, Mohammed announced a second mission, this one to the moon. The Emirates Lunar Mission used a lunar rover named Rashid, reportedly built entirely in the UAE. It was launched on 11 December 2022 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket. In a historic first, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum’s book titled "The Journey From the Desert to the Stars" was launched from the International Space Station (ISS) through Emirati astronaut Sultan AlNeyadi.

Business career
Mohammed has overseen the creation and growth of a number of businesses and economic assets of Dubai, with a number held by two companies under his ownership, Dubai World and Dubai Holding. According to the laws of Dubai, the ruling family owns all undeveloped land in Dubai, which has allowed the family to prosper from real estate development. During Mohammed's rule, Dubai has seen enormous population growth, causing a real estate boom in Dubai. The boom was in part facilitated by Sheikh Mohammed's 2002 decree that foreigners would be allowed to purchase property in Dubai.

Mohammed established Dubai World by decree, leading to the company's launch on 2 July 2006, as a holding company consolidating a number of assets including logistics company, DP World, property developer Nakheel Properties, and investment company Istithmar World. With more than 50,000 employees in over 100 cities around the globe, the Group has real estate, logistics and other business investments in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. The company is owned by the government of Dubai.

Sheikh Mohammed's personal corporate portfolio is the Dubai Holding Group, which is involved in a variety of investments. Dubai Holding benefits from its association with the ruling family of Dubai, and is given free land by the Dubai government.

Mohammed was responsible for the launch of Emirates Airline.

Launch of Emirates Airline
Through the 1970s, as well as his role as head of Dubai Defence Force and UAE Minister of Defence, Mohammed oversaw Dubai's energy resources and was in charge of the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority. It was in this latter role, in March 1985, that he founded Emirates Airline, tasking then-head of Dnata, Maurice Flanagan, with launching a new airline to be called Emirates after a dispute with Gulf Air over Dubai's 'Open Skies' policy. The launch budget of the airline was $10 million (the amount Flanagan said he needed to launch an airline) and its inaugural flight took place on 25 October 1985. Sheikh Mohammed appointed his uncle Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum as chairman of the new company. A further $75 million in facilities and materials was provided, but Emirates has always maintained that it has received no further subsidies throughout the company's meteoric growth to become one of the world's leading airlines.

In 1989, Mohammed inaugurated the first Dubai Airshow. In 2013, the exhibition had grown to over 1,000 exhibiting companies, and was the venue for Emirates' placement of the largest aeroplane order in history, with $99 billion combined orders with Airbus for its A380 and Boeing for its 777X.

Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah
The Burj Al Arab was inaugurated in December 1999. The hotel, constructed from a design by WS Atkins in response to a brief from Mohammed to create "a truly iconic" building, styles itself as "the world's most luxurious hotel". It was constructed on an island offshore from the Jumeirah Beach Hotel, the first property managed by Jumeirah, the hotel management company launched by Mohammed in 1997 and headed by ex-Trust House Forte executive Gerald Lawless. While work began on both hotels at the same time, the island to house the Burj Al Arab required three years to build before construction began above ground. Jumeirah's international expansion, driven after it became part of Dubai Holding in 2004, encompasses 22 hotels in ten countries.

Dubai Internet City and TECOM
On 29 October 1999, Mohammed announced Dubai Internet City, a technology hub and free trade zone. Offering companies long leases, full ownership, and fast access to government services, DIC grew from its first tenants in October 2000, to a current zone employing about 15,000 people. In November 2000, it was joined by Dubai Media City, a content and media production-free zone, which is co-located with DIC. The launch of DIC came with assurances from Mohammed regarding media freedoms. In 2007, he issued a decree banning the imprisonment of journalists following an incident in which local journalists were accused of libel and sentenced to jail terms.

Palm Islands
The Palm Islands were developed by Nakheel Properties, which Mohammed founded.

Mohammed bin Rashid Global initiatives (MBRGI)
The Mohammed bin Rashid Global Initiatives is a charitable foundation which consolidates the work of some 33 charitable foundations, entities and initiatives which, together, implement more than 1,400 development programs, including the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Centre for Cultural Understanding (SMCCU).

Mohammed bin Rashid School of Government
The Mohammed bin Rashid School of Government (previously the Dubai School of Government) is an academic and research institution in the area of public policy and administration.

Aid to Palestine
Mohammed made a grant of 600 houses to Gaza following the 2008–2009 Gaza war.

Aiding mosque construction in the Netherlands
In 2000, Mohammed donated €4 million for the construction of the Essalaam Mosque in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

In June 2017, two new initiatives were added to the Mohammed Bin Rashid Global Initiatives, within the "Empowering Communities" sector, namely the International Institute for Tolerance and the Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Award for Tolerance. In this respect, Sheikh Mohammed issued Law No. (9) of 2017 on the Establishment of the International Institute for Tolerance and Decree No. (23) of 2017 on the Formation of a Board of Trustees and Decree No. (28) of 2017 on the Appointment of a Managing Director for the International Institute for Tolerance. In this respect, Law No. (9) of 2017 includes the launch of the Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Award for Tolerance, administered in accordance with the provisions and statute of said Law. Hence, the establishment of the International Institute for Tolerance aims at instilling a spirit of tolerance across the community, building a cohesive society, strengthening the UAE's standing and position as a model of tolerance, as well as renouncing extremism and all forms of discrimination among people on the basis of religion, sex, race, color or language, in addition to honoring all entities and institutions contributing to the promotion of tolerance and open, interfaith dialogue.

Sporting interests
Mohammed is a major figure in international thoroughbred horse racing and breeding. He owns Darley Stud, the biggest horse breeding operation in the world with farms in the United States, Ireland, England, and Australia. In 1985 he bought the Irish thoroughbred Park Appeal for an undisclosed sum at the end of her second season. She went on to produce at least nine winners from twelve foals and is the ancestor of many successful horses.

Mohammed had raced horses as a child (he would share his breakfast with his horse on the way to school) but he attended his first formal race at Newmarket in 1967 with his brother Hamdan, watching Royal Palace win the 2,000 guineas. Becoming an owner in his own right, ten years later he won his first race with Hatta at Brighton. And five years after that, Mohammed and Hamdan had three studs and 100 horses under training.

In late 1981, Mohammed purchased Gainsborough Stud at Woolton Hill, near Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom. He owns Ballysheehan Stud in County Tipperary, Ireland; as well as Gainsborough Farm Inc. in Versailles, Kentucky, United States. His racing operations include the ownership of Darley Stables and he is the leading partner in his family's Godolphin Stables. Mohammed hosts the Dubai World Cup at Meydan Racecourse.

By 1992, Mohammed had started 'wintering' his horses in Dubai, frequently against the advice of trainers and pundits in the UK. The results were a string of high-profile wins, and by 1994 he founded Godolphin. In 1995, his hands-on approach to racing resulted in a major split with leading trainer Henry Cecil after a disagreement over racing a horse Mohammed insisted was injured. Cecil took the argument public and Mohammed removed all his horses from Cecil's stable.

Godolphin's first win, Balanchine taking the Oaks at Epsom Downs, England, in 1994, was to mark the beginning of a winning streak with horses such as Lammtarra, Daylami, Fantastic Light, Street Cry, Sulamani, Dubawi, and Ramonti among them. Dubai Millennium, said to be Mohammed's favourite, won nine of his ten starts before succumbing to injury followed by grass sickness in 2001.

In 1996, the Dubai World Cup was inaugurated as the world's richest horserace, drawing the legendary American dirt track horse Cigar to race in Dubai. Today, held at the Meydan Racecourse, the race meeting carries a prize of $27 million.

In the UK, Mohammed's horses have won Group One races including several of the British Classic Races. His horses have also won the Irish Derby Stakes, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and, the 2006 Preakness Stakes with Bernardini in the US. In 2008, he bought the Woodlands Stud empire for more than $460 million. The same year, he nearly bought out Charlton Athletic but he later turned down.

At the age of 63, Mohammed won the 2012 World Endurance Championship over a 160 km course. Both his thoroughbreds and endurance horses have failed drug tests – although his trainers (including Mahmood Al Zarooni) have accepted the blame. His endurance racing stable has also been involved in other scandals, including both fatal injuries, and ringers. In 2015, the FEI suspended the United Arab Emirates following a series of scandals.

In the 15th Asian Games in 2006, the sheikh's eldest son, Rashid bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, took the individual gold in endurance riding. Mohammed's sons Rashid, Ahmed, Majid, and Hamdan took the team gold in endurance riding, his niece Latifa took a bronze in show jumping, and his daughter Maitha led the UAE team in taekwondo. In 2013, when the UAE national football team won the Gulf Cup, Mohammed gave the team 50 million dirhams ($13.7 million). His wife awarded the team a further 25 million dirhams ($6.8 million), while their grandsons contributed 12 million dirhams ($3.3 million).

Godolphin's Cross Counter, ridden by Kerrin McEvoy and trained by Charlie Appleby won the 2018 Melbourne Cup.

Sheikha Latifa and Sheikha Shamsa kidnap allegations

 *  Mohammed has three daughters named Latifa. The other two daughters are not connected to this allegation.

An early 2000s British police investigation of allegations, made by a former riding instructor about the attempted escape of Mohammed's daughter Latifa (born 1985) from her family estate in England and the subsequent kidnapping on a street in Cambridge of Latifa's sister Shamsa in 2001, was inconclusive.

On 11 March 2018, a video was released of Sheikha Latifa after her failed attempt to flee the UAE and subsequent disappearance, in which she claimed she was fleeing from her family, made allegations of abuse, and said her father was responsible for a number of murders, including the murder of his deceased older brother's wife. The escape attempt was the focus of a documentary by Australian broadcaster Nine News as well as BBC Newsnight investigation.

In December 2018, former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, after meeting Latifa in the presence of other family members, said that Latifa was now in the care of her family. Her statement was criticised by human rights groups, who said that Robinson would not have been able to tell in the meeting whether Latifa truly had psychological issues. A spokeswoman for "The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice" confirmed that Robinson was approached by Latifa's stepmother Princess Haya bint Hussein, an old friend of Robinson's, and was requested to go to Dubai by Princess Haya and that Haya paid the fare, less than two weeks after the BBC ran a documentary detailing Latifa's failed escape attempt in March. Robinson admits she was "horribly tricked" when photographs of the private lunch were made public and that both she and Haya had been told of details of Latifa's bipolar disorder, a condition which she does not have. Latifa's cousin Marcus Essabri reported that Latifa's photos with Mary Robinson seem to show Latifa medicated while held in Dubai under her father's orders. She has not been seen in public since.

In February 2021, video footage obtained by the BBC shows Latifa saying she has been "a hostage" for over a year "with no access to medical help" in "solitary confinement" without access to medical or legal help in a "villa jail" with windows and doors barred shut, and guarded by police. The governments of Dubai and the UAE have not responded to requests for comment from the BBC. Despite her family's insistence that she has been enjoying time with them at home the past two years, Latifa says in the series of videos released by her advocates that she is "a hostage" and fears for her life. "Every day, I'm worried about my safety in my life. I don't really know if I'm going to survive this situation." "The police threaten me that they would take me outside and shoot me if I didn't cooperate with them," she said. "They also threatened me that I would be in prison my whole life and I'll never see the sun again."

In 2021, investigative reporting into the Pegasus spyware found that Latifa's name was added to a list of names that were potential targets of the spyware just days before she was seized by commandos of an unknown country, off the coast of India, while she was aboard a yacht in an attempt to flee Dubai.

Princess Haya escape
In June 2019, it was reported that Princess Haya had fled Dubai along with her two children, a son and a daughter, and was in Germany seeking political asylum. A subsequent poem composed by Mohammed (an occasional couplet-writer) and posted on Instagram alluded to betrayal in love. In 2020, a 34-page fact-finding ruling by the UK High Court Family Division found that Princess Haya had been having an affair with her bodyguard. She paid around $9 million to hide the affair.

Haya moved from Germany to the United Kingdom, filed for sole custody of their two children, a forced marriage protection order (FMPO), and a non-molestation order at the High Court of Justice in London in July 2019.

In December 2019, a UK family court ruled that, on the balance of probabilities, Mohammed may have committed the crime of "taunting" Haya after her adulterous affair with a bodyguard became known, which verbal "taunting," the court held, amounted to subjecting Haya to "a campaign of intimidation," reportedly including guns placed on her pillow. The findings were published in March 2021. In October 2021, the High Court ruled that Mohammed's agents used the Israeli Pegasus spyware to hack the phones of Princess Haya, her solicitors, a personal assistant and two members of her security team in the summer of 2020. The court ruled that the agents acted "with the express or implied authority" of the sheikh; he denied knowledge of the hacking. The judgment referred to the hacking as "serial breaches of (UK) domestic criminal law", "in violation of fundamental common law and ECHR rights", "interference with the process of this court and the mother's access to justice" and "abuse of power" by a head of state.

In December 2021, Haya was granted full custody of her children, and alimony and support in the amount of US$720 million. The Washington Post reported that "In justifying the amounts, (Justice) Moor cited the need to preserve the truly opulent and unprecedented standard of living enjoyed by these parties" and dismissed as "irrelevant" Haya's admitted adultery with her bodyguard while ensconced in this opulent luxury. In 2022, the court ordered that there should be no direct contact between Mohammed and his children, and no input by him into decision-making about their lives.

Child camel jockeys
In 2006, a UNICEF-sponsored program with the UAE government resulted in the repatriation of hundreds of children formerly enslaved as camel jockeys, and provided them with social services and compensation upon return to their home countries of Pakistan, Sudan, Mauritania, and Bangladesh. The UAE government set aside US$2.7 million in initial funding in 2005 with an additional $9 million for the second phase, and to enforce compliance, adopted a law officially banning the practice with penalties of jail time and a $27,200 fine. UNICEF endorsed the UAE's efforts and expressed the hopes that "the UAE's programme will serve as a model to other countries in the region, as a means of ending all forms of exploitation of children".

In September 2006, Mohammed was accused of encouraging the abduction and enslavement of thousands of boys for use as jockeys in camel races. A class-action suit was filed against him in the US state of Florida. In 2006, American lawyers representing the UAE raised a motion to dismiss the lawsuit on the grounds that none of the involved parties resided in the US, arguing that the UN program best served the interests of the children. In July 2007, Judge Cecilia Altonaga accepted the motion and dismissed the suit.

Horse racing drugs scandal
In April 2013, Mohammed's Godolphin stables trainer Mahmood Al Zarooni was disqualified for eight years from thoroughbred horse racing by the British Horseracing Authority for administering steroids to eleven racehorses. Mohammed stated that he was "appalled and angered" by the case and announced that the stable would be locked down while drug tests were carried out on all horses under Al Zarooni's care. In May, Mohammed, as prime minister of the UAE, issued a decree outlawing and criminalizing the use of anabolic steroids on horses in the UAE.

In October 2013, Mohammed faced another scandal in the venue of horseracing, with reports of potentially toxic and dangerous steroids, anaesthetics, and anti-inflammatory drugs being shipped into the UAE, mislabeled as "horse tack". The Telegraph commented that a "PR campaign is already underway, with Sheikh Mohammed again cast as a victim of employee malpractice".

Pandora Papers
In October 2021, an investigation by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) revealed that over 330 prominent politicians and public officials across the world had ties with offshore companies. Amongst them were 35 current and former world leaders. The leaked 11.9 million files revealed that Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum also used offshore companies to manage and expand his wealth. In order to carry out his dealings, he secretly registered three companies in the tax havens of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and the Bahamas. Registered by an Emirati firm, Axiom Limited, the three companies were Tandem Investco Limited and Tandem DirectorCo Limited in BVI and Allied International Investments Limited in the Bahamas. Partly owned by the Dubai Holding, in which Mohammed owns major shares, Axiom Limited used the three companies to “expand its core business”.

Personal life
Sheikh Mohammed has 26 children from several wives.

Sheikh Mohammed's ex-wife was Princess Haya bint Hussein, daughter of former King Hussein of Jordan and half-sister of King Abdullah II of Jordan. In 2022, the High Court of England and Wales ruled and mandated that Sheikh Mohammed must not have direct contact with his children by Princess Haya, or input into decision-making about them, because of his coercive and abusive behaviour which "had emotionally and psychologically harmed their children". On 19 September 2022, he attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey, London.

In addition to Arabic, he also speaks English.

Wealth and assets
In 2021, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project estimated that Sheikh Mohammed owned assets worth $14 billion.

Sheikh Mohammed owns the yacht named Dubai, built by the German company Blohm + Voss and designed by English designer Andrew Winch, who owns Winch Design. The yacht is 162 m long, and was the world's third largest yacht as of 2014, with the capacity for up to 115 people including crew. Another of his yachts is the 40 m Alloya, built by Sanlorenzo in 2013.

Sheikh Mohammed owns real estate in the United Kingdom worth more than 100 million British pounds, as well as properties in Rome through a company registered in Luxembourg. According to a 2021 analysis by The Guardian and Transparency International, Sheikh Mohammed is one of the largest landowners in the UK, owning more than 100,000 acres. The exact number of properties is not known, as most of the properties connected to him are owned through offshore companies in the tax havens of Guernsey and Jersey. When asked about these holdings, Sheikh Mohammed's lawyer rejected that the properties were bought through offshore companies or that the holdings were intended to avoid UK taxes.

In the 2021 Pandora Papers leaks, it was revealed that Sheikh Mohammed was a shareholder in three additional companies registered in jurisdictions allowing secrecy.

Wives and children
Mohammad has been married to at least seven women. As of 2023, he is divorced from all his wives except his second wife, Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum.

Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum
Mohammed and Hind married in 1979. The couple are first cousins. Together they have 12 children:
 * Sheikha Hessa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 6 November 1980), she is married to Sheikh Saeed bin Dalmook Al Maktoum and they have three children:
 * Sheikha Hind bint Saeed Al Maktoum (born 25 November 2009).
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum (born 20 May 2012).
 * Sheikha Salama bint Saeed Al Maktoum (born 17 July 2018).
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (12 November 1981 – 19 September 2015). Sheikh Rashid has one son:
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (born 18 November 2003).
 * Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 14 November 1982), Crown Prince of Dubai (since 2008). He is married to Sheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Thani Al Maktoum. He has three children:
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Hamdan Al Maktoum (born 20 May 2021).
 * Sheikha Shaikha bint Hamdan Al Maktoum (born 20 May 2021).
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamdan Al Maktoum (born 25 February 2023).
 * Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 24 November 1983), First Deputy Ruler of Dubai (since 2008), Deputy Prime Minister of the UAE (since 2021), UAE Minister of Finance (since 2021). He is married to Sheikha Maryam bint Butti bin Maktoum Al Maktoum, and they have three daughters:
 * Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum (born 24 November 2020).
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Maktoum Al Maktoum (born 11 January 2022).
 * Sheikha Shaikha bint Maktoum Al Maktoum (born 25 January 2023).
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 7 February 1987), Second Deputy Ruler of Dubai (since 2023). He is married to Sheikha Madiyah bint Dalmook Al Maktoum. They have one daughter:
 * Sheikha Hind bint Ahmed Al Maktoum (born 22 October 2022).
 * Sheikh Saeed bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 20 March 1988).
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (III) (born 30 March 1989). She is married to Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Crown Prince of Fujairah, and they have five children:
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 29 December 2009).
 * Sheikha Aisha bint Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 1 November 2011).
 * Sheikha Fatima bint Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 11 March 2014).
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 15 December 2015).
 * Sheikha Hind bint Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 22 June 2020).
 * Sheikha Maryam bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (II) (born 11 January 1992). She is married to Sheikh Khaled bin Mohammed bin Hamdan Al Nahyan, and they have three sons:
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Khaled Al Nahyan (born 25 September 2020).
 * Sheikh Hamdan bin Khaled Al Nahyan (born 25 August 2021).
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Khaled Al Nahyan (born 10 October 2022).
 * Sheikha Sheikha bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 20 December 1992). She is married to Sheikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, and they have five children:
 * Sheikha Sheema bint Nasser Al Khalifa (born 16 July 2010).
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Nasser Al Khalifa (born 6 June 2012).
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Nasser Al Khalifa (born 6 June 2012).
 * Sheikh Hamdan bin Nasser Al Khalifa (born 28 October 2018).
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Nasser Al Khalifa (born 15 February 2022).
 * Sheikha Futtaim bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 22 July 1994).
 * Sheikha Salamah bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 8 August 1999).
 * Sheikha Shamma bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 13 November 2001).

Haya bint Hussein
Sheikh Mohammed married Princess Haya bint Hussein on 10 April 2004, and they divorced on 7 February 2019. They have two children:
 * Sheikha Al Jalila bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 2 December 2007).
 * Sheikh Zayed bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 7 January 2012).

Randa bint Mohammad Al-Banna
The sheikh married Randa bint Mohammed Al-Banna in 1972. Mohammed and Randa later divorced. They have one daughter:
 * Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 12 November 1977). She is married to Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and they have five children:
 * Sheikha Fatima bint Mansour Al Nahyan (born 9 June 2006).
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Mansour Al Nahyan (born 4 December 2007).
 * Sheikh Hamdan bin Mansour Al Nahyan (born 21 June 2011).
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Mansour Al Nahyan (born 23 January 2014).
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Mansour Al Nahyan (born 22 March 2017).

Delila Aloula
Mohammed has three daughters from his marriage to Delila Aloula:
 * Sheikha Dalal bint Mohammed Al Maktoum
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (I) (born 16 June 1983). She is married to Sheikh Faisal bin Saud bin Khalid Al Qassimi and they have four children:
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Faisal Al Qassimi (born 28 July 2018).
 * Sheikha Shaikha bint Faisal Al Qassimi (born 29 October 2020).
 * Sheikh Hamdan bin Faisal Al Qassimi (born 24 December 2021).
 * Sheikha Hind bint Faisal Al Qassimi (born 14 May 2023).
 * Sheikha Maryam bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (I) (born 11 August 1987). She is married to Sheikh Suhail bin Ahmed Al Maktoum and they have four children:
 * Sheikha Fatima bint Suhail Al Maktoum (born 26 September 2019).
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Suhail Al Maktoum (born 1 December 2020).
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Suhail Al Maktoum (born 17 February 2022).
 * Sheikha Hessa bint Suhail Al Maktoum (born 3 January 2024)

Houria Ahmed Lamara
From his marriage to Houria Ahmed Lamara, Mohammed has five children:
 * Sheikha Maitha bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 5 March 1980).
 * Sheikha Shamsa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 15 August 1981).
 * Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (II) (born 5 December 1985).
 * Sheikh Majid bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 16 October 1987). He is married to Hessa Beljafla and they have five children:
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Majid Al Maktoum (born 15 July 2015).
 * Sheikha Dubai bint Majid Al Maktoum (born 15 July 2015).
 * Sheikha Maitha bint Majid Al Maktoum (born 17 May 2017).
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Majid Al Maktoum (born 2 February 2019).
 * Sheikh Maktoum bin Majid Al Maktoum (born 15 July 2022).
 * Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 26 June 1989).

Umm Marwan
Mohammed has a son with one of his former wives:
 * Sheikh Marwan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 20 March 1981). He is married to Dalal Al Marzouqi and they have two sons:
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Marwan Al Maktoum
 * Sheikh Rashid bin Marwan Al Maktoum (born 18 June 2013)

Zoe Grigorakos
Mohammed has one daughter from his marriage to Greek Zoe Grigorakos:
 * Sheikha Mahra bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 26 February 1994). She announced her divorce on Instagram in 2024
 * Sheikha Mahra bint Mana Al Maktoum (1 May 2024)

Dalya Al Muthanna
Sheikh Mohammed was married to Dr. Dalya Al Muthanna, President & CEO Gulf at GE. They have one daughter:
 * Sheikha Haya bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 2 October 2000)

Honours

 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross awarded by President Jair Bolsonaro (12 November 2021).
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
 * KSA: First Class of the Order of King Abdulaziz
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau awarded by Queen Beatrix (8 February 1974)
 * UAE: Collar of the Order of Zayed (2 December 2012)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) awarded by Queen Elizabeth II (25 November 2010).
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

title: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum


text:
1 gauge

1 gauge, gauge 1 or gauge one is a model railway and toy train standard that was popular in the early 20th century, particularly with European manufacturers. Its track measures, making it larger than 0 gauge but slightly smaller than wide gauge, which came to be the dominant U.S. standard during the 1920s.

Gauge one was standardised, according to Model Railways and Locomotive magazine of August 1909, at. An exact 1:32 scale would yield for standard gauge prototype. The distance between the wheel tyres was set at 1+17/32 in and between the centre of the track 48 mm (no inch equivalent suggesting it was metric users' requirement only). The wheel width was set at 19/64 in.

Definitions using gauge, rather than scale, were more common in the early days with the four gauges for which standards were adopted being No. 0 (commonly called O gauge currently), No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3.

Popularity
Initially as popular in the United States as in the UK, 1 gauge lost popularity in the U.S. due to World War I, which dramatically decreased foreign imports, allowing the U.S. wide gauge standard to gain traction. After World War I, most surviving U.S. manufacturers switched to wide gauge. In the UK and the rest of the world, 1 gauge also declined, although more slowly, and by the 1940s had practically disappeared.

In the 1950s and 1960s 1 gauge experienced a renaissance, first in the UK and then elsewhere. This was helped by 1 gauge being the same size as the modern G scale, a popular standard for outdoor model railways.

Scale
Although vintage 1 gauge trains use the same track standard as modern G scale, scale modeling was not a primary design consideration in 1 gauge's heyday, so the actual size and scale of the locomotives and cars (UK, wagons) varied. Generally, 1 gauge equipment works out to approximately 1:32 scale (roughly 10 mm = 1 foot). G scale at 1:22.5 means the 1 gauge track represents track. Such railways are to be found in, among other places, Switzerland, the inspiration source for many commercial G gauge models.

Live steam
Due to the size of the locomotives it is possible for them to be powered with live steam, which to many is a large advantage as they are cheaper than traditional live steam garden railways. These are usually fired by gas or methylated spirit, which are both very popular. Another form, which is becoming popular, is coal, which gives the user the smell that only steam locomotives carry.

Manufacturers
Accucraft Trains in California, The Gauge One Model Railway Company in Britain, and Aster Hobbies Ltd in Japan produce gauge 1 items, mostly coal, methylated spirits, and butane fired.

Wrightway Rolling Stock produce a range of quality coaches for British outline gauge one railways and a range of cars for North American and European outline railways. They can supply from their range or custom build. Some of the range is available in 10 mm scale.

Märklin, in Germany, has produced several different lines of trains that can be considered 1 gauge. Their first production took place in the late 1800s, with a line of "tinplate" type trains. This line was discontinued in favour of their more popular 0 gauge trains. In the late 1960s, Märklin re-entered the large scale market with a modest range of 1 gauge trains. Based upon one drive mechanism made of metal, Märklin produced both a German Class 80 0-6-0T steam locomotive in two different liveries and a 0-Co-0 diesel based upon a Henschel design. This early range included two-axle passenger cars, two-axle box cars and tank cars, all made of plastic. The tank cars could hold liquids and the box car and passenger car had operating doors. This range continued in production for a number of years, but was gradually replaced with more accurate locomotives and larger cars. The range expanded to include a Class 38 4-6-0, a Class 78 4-6-4T and a Class 212 Bo-Bo diesel. In the late 1980s the Märklin 1 gauge line included a large number of freight car designs in different liveries and a range of three axle passenger cars. The earlier passenger cars and box cars were retained, while the tank cars were discontinued.

In the early 2000s, Märklin added a second line of gauge one trains under the brand name "Maxi". These trains were made of stamped metal and were more toylike in appearance in comparison to their scale version of 1 gauge trains. The Maxi line was intended to compete against the more popular LGB product line, which also operates on 45 mm gauged track, but is scaled to IIm standards. As the Maxi line matured, the toylike shiny appearance gradually gave way to matte finishes. This was in response to European market requests, while the toylike appearance was considered to be more popular in the North American market. In later years, the Maxi product line was gradually folded into the conventional Märklin 1 gauge product line, with the mark "Maxi" disappearing around 2008. One of the last locomotives marketed under the "Maxi" brand was a Class V60, which had a stamped metal frame and cast metal superstructure. This locomotive is considered to be the end of the Maxi line. The 1 gauge product line continues in production, super-detailed and more expensive than the Maxi line.

There are many producers of gauge one items in the U.S. and the UK; see the gauge one model railway association website listed below under "External links".

In popular culture
This is the scale and gauge that was used for the model locomotives and rolling stock in series 1 to 12 of Thomas & Friends before switching to CGI animation.

title: 1 gauge