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Al-Mutawakkil

Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Harun (جعفر بن محمد بن هارون); March 822 – 11 December 861, commonly known by his regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah (المتوكل على الله), was the tenth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 847 until his assassination in 861. He succeeded his brother, al-Wathiq ((r. 842 – 847)), and is known for expanding the empire to its maximum extent. He was deeply religious, and is remembered for discarding the Muʿtazila, ending the Mihna (a period of persecution of Islamic scholars), and releasing Ahmad ibn Hanbal. He is also known for his tough rule, especially with respect to non-Muslim subjects.

He was assassinated on 11 December 861 by the Turkic guard with the support of his son, al-Muntasir, marking the beginning of the period of civil strife known as the "Anarchy at Samarra".

Early life
Al-Mutawakkil was born on 31 March 822 to the Abbasid prince Abu Ishaq Muhammad (the future al-Mu'tasim) and a slave concubine from Khwarazm named Shuja. His early life is obscure, as he played no role in political affairs until the death of his older half-brother, al-Wathiq, in August 847.

Al-Mutawakkil was born during his uncle al-Ma'mun's reign. His full name was Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad and his Kunya was Abu al-Fadl. The young prince's early life coincided with what is called the golden age of the Abbasid Caliphate. During his youth his father was an important official of his uncle, caliph al-Ma'mun, who ruled until his death in 833. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his brother, rather than al-Abbas, as his successor, and Abu Ishaq was acclaimed as caliph on 9   August, with the laqab of al-Mu'tasim (in full al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh, "he who seeks refuge in God"). His father became the eighth Abbasid caliph of the Caliphate in 833. His father ruled the caliphate for eight years and he was succeeded by his elder son al-Wathiq.

As a young prince, Jaʿfar's first and elder son Muhammad (the future al-Muntasir) was born in 837. Al-Muntasir's mother was Hubshiya, a Greek Umm walad. At the time of his birth Jaʿfar was 14 years old. His other sons Ahmad (the future al-Mu'tamid) and Talha (the future al-Muwaffaq) were born in 842 and 843, respectively. The future al-Mu'tamid's mother was Kufan Umm walad called Fityan.

As a prince, Jaʿfar lead the pilgrims in 842 (the year of al-Wathiq's accession). Al-Wathiq's mother Qaratis accompanied him, intending to make the pilgrimage, but she died in al-Hirah on 4th Dhu al-Qadah (14 August 842) and was buried in Kufah in the Abbasid palace of Dawud ibn Isa. Jaʿfar remained a courtier during his brother's reign.

Caliphate
Al-Wathiq's death was unexpected, and although he had a young son, he had not designated a successor. Consequently, the leading officials, the vizier Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat, the chief qādī, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, the Turkish generals Itakh and Wasif al-Turki, and a few others, assembled to determine his successor. Ibn al-Zayyat initially proposed al-Wathiq's son Muhammad (the future al-Muhtadi), but due to his youth he was passed over, and instead, the council chose the 26-year-old Ja'far, who became the caliph al-Mutawakkil. The officials hoped that the new Caliph would prove a pliable puppet, like al-Wathiq. However, al-Mutawakkil was resolved to restore the authority of the caliphal office and restore its independence by destroying the coterie of civil and military officials, raised by his father, that effectively controlled the state.

Al-Mutawakkil's first target was the Vizier ibn al-Zayyat, against whom he harboured a deep grudge over the way he had disrespected him in the past. According to al-Tabari, when al-Wathiq had grown angry and suspicious at his brother, al-Mutawakkil had visited the vizier in hopes of persuading him to intercede with the Caliph. Not only had ibn al-Zayyat kept the Abbasid prince waiting until he finished going through his correspondence, but even mocked him, in the presence of others, for coming to him seeking assistance. Not only that, but when the dejected prince left, ibn al-Zayyat wrote to the Caliph to complain about his appearance, noting that he was dressed in an effeminate fashion and that his hair was too long. As a result, al-Wathiq had his brother summoned to court. Al-Mutawakkil came in a brand-new court dress, hoping to mollify the Caliph, but instead, al-Wathiq ordered that his hair be shorn off, and al-Mutawakkil was struck in the face with it. In later times, al-Mutawakkil confessed that he had never been so distressed by anything in his life than by this public humiliation. Thus, on 22 September 847, he sent Itakh to summon ibn al-Zayyat as if for an audience. Instead, the vizier was brought to Itakh's residence, where he was placed under house arrest. His possessions were confiscated, and he was tortured to death.

This was the apogee of Itakh's career: he combined the positions of chamberlain (ḥājib), head of the Caliph's personal guard, intendant of the palace, and head of the barīd, the public post, which doubled as the government's intelligence network. In 848, however, he was persuaded to go to the hajj, and laid down his powers, only to be arrested on his return. His possessions were confiscated—reportedly, in his house alone the Caliph's agents found one million gold dinars. He died of thirst in prison on 21 December 849.

He released from prison the famous jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal ibn Hilal ibn Asad al-Shaybani, who opposed the Mutazilites in their opinion that the Quran was created. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of the Hanbali madhhab, was arrested and tortured throughout the reigns of, respectively, al-Ma'mun (813–833), his brother and al-Mutawakkil's father, al-Mutassim, and his son al-Wathiq.

One Mahmud ibn al-Faraj al-Nayshapuri arose claiming to be a prophet. He and some followers were arrested in Baghdad. He was imprisoned, and beaten to death on 18 June 850.

In A.H. 236 (850), al-Mutawakkil issued a decree requiring all Christians and Jews in his realm, including Jerusalem and Caesarea, to wear a yellow (honey-colored) hood and belt to distinguish them from Muslims.

In A.H. 237 (851–852), Armenians rebelled and defeated and killed the Abbasid governor. Al-Mutawakkil sent his general Bugha al-Kabir to handle this. Bugha scored successes during this year; the following year, he attacked and burned Tiflis, capturing Ishaq ibn Isma'il. The rebel leader was later executed. That year (A.H. 238) the Byzantines attacked Damietta.

In A.H. 240 (854–855), the police chief in Homs killed a prominent person stirring an uprising. He was driven out. Al-Mutawakkil offered another police chief. When the next year saw a revolt against this new police chief, al-Mutawakkil had this firmly suppressed. As Christians had joined in the second round of disturbances, the caliph had Christians expelled from Homs.

Also in 241 occurred the firm response to the revolt by the Beja people, who lived beyond Upper Egypt. They had been paying a tax on their gold mines. They ceased paying this, drove out Muslims working in the mines and terrified people in Upper Egypt. Al-Mutawakkil sent al-Qummi to restore order. Al-Qummi sent seven ships with supplies that enabled him to persevere despite the very harsh terrain of this distant territory. He retook the mines, pressed on to the Beja royal stronghold and defeated the king in battle. The Beja resumed payment of the tax.

On 23 February 856, captives were exchanged with the Byzantine Empire. A second such exchange took place some four years later.

Al-Mutawakkil's reign is remembered for its many reforms and is viewed as a golden age of the Abbasids. He would be the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death, the dynasty would fall into decline.

Religious policy
Al-Mutawakkil decided to diverge away from the religious policies of the previous caliphs, opting instead to put a stop to the controversy over whether the Qur'an was created or uncreated, ultimately bringing an end to the doctrinal regime that had been in place since 833. Al-Mutawakkil spent the next several years taking hostile steps against the Mu'tazilites, dismissing a number of Ibn Abi Du'ad's qadis from office and ordering an end to debate over the nature of the Qur'an.

The caliph also attempted to reconcile with Ahmad ibn Hanbal (died 855) and removed Ahmad ibn Nasr's body from public display, and finally, in March 852, he ordered that all prisoners held on account of the Inquisition be released, thereby largely bringing a close to the mihna period.

Al-Mutawakkil appointed the famous Arab Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Aktham as Chief judge (Qadi al-qudat) in 851, and he remained in office until al-Mutawakkil deposed him in 854. Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid al-Hashimi was appointed as chief judge (qadi al-qudat) by al-Mutawakkil in July 854 as a replacement for Yahya ibn Aktham.

In 850 al-Mutawakkil made a decree ordering Dhimmi (Christians and Jews) to wear garments to distinguish them from Muslims, that their places of worship be destroyed and demonic effigies nailed to the doors, and that they are allowed little involvement in government or official matters.

Mutawakkil ordered the ancient sacred Cypress of the Zoroastrians, the Cypress of Kashmar, to be cut down in order to use it in constructing his new palace despite the enormous protests from the Zoroastrian community. The cypress, more than 1400 years old at the time, was of legendary value to the Zoroastrians, believed to have been brought from Paradise to the earth by Zoroaster. Al-Mutawakkil was killed before the cypress wood arrived for his new palace.

Accomplishments
Al-Mutawakkil was unlike his brother and father in that he was not known for having a thirst for knowledge, but he had an eye for magnificence and a hunger to build. The Great Mosque of Samarra was, at its time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret is a vast spiraling cone 55 m high with a spiral ramp. The mosque had 17 aisles and its walls were panelled with mosaics of dark blue glass.

The Great Mosque was just part of an extension of Samarra eastwards that was built upon part of the walled royal hunting park. Al-Mutawakkil built as many as 20 palaces (the numbers vary in documents). Samarra became one of the largest cities of the ancient world; even the archaeological site of its ruins is one of the world's most extensive. The Caliph's building schemes extended in A.H. 245 (859–860) to a new city, al-Jaʻfariyya, which al-Mutawakkil built on the Tigris some eighteen kilometers from Samarra. Al-Mutawakkil ordered a canal to be built to divert water from the Tigris, entrusting the project to two courtiers, who ignored the talents of a local engineer of repute and entrusted the work to al-Farghanī, the great astronomer and writer. Al-Farghanī, who was not a specialist in public works, made a miscalculation and it appeared that the opening of the canal was too deep so that water from the river would only flow at near full flood.

News leaked to the infuriated caliph might have meant the heads of all concerned save for the gracious actions of the engineer, Sind ibn ʻAlī, who vouched for the eventual success of the project, thus risking his own life. Al-Mutawakkil was assassinated shortly before the error became public. Al-Mutawakkil was keen to involve himself in many religious debates, something that would show in his actions against different minorities. His father had tolerated the Shīʻa Imām who taught and preached at Medina, and for the first years of his reign, al-Mutawakkil continued the policy. Imām ʻAlī al-Hadī's growing reputation inspired a letter from the Governor of Medina, ʻAbdu l-Lāh ibn Muħammad, suggesting that a coup was being plotted, and al-Mutawakkil extended an invitation to Samarra to the Imām, an offer he could not refuse. In Samarra, the Imām was kept under virtual house arrest and spied upon. However, no excuse to take action against him ever appeared. After al-Mutawakkil's death, his successor had the Imām poisoned: al-Hadī is buried at Samarra. The general Shīʻa population faced repression. and this was embodied in the destruction of the shrine of Hussayn ibn ʻAlī, an action that was carried out ostensibly in order to stop pilgrimages to that site, and the flogging and incarceration of the Alid Yahya ibn Umar.

The caliph al-Mutawakkil had created a plan of succession that would allow his sons to inherit the caliphate after his death; he would be succeeded first by his eldest son, al-Muntasir, then by al-Mu'tazz and third by al-Mu'ayyad.

Also during his reign, al-Mutawakkil met the famous Byzantine theologian Cyril the Philosopher, who was sent to tighten the diplomatic relations between the Empire and the Caliphate in a state mission by the Emperor Michael III. Of his sons, al-Muntasir succeeded him and ruled until his death in 862, al-Mu'tazz reigned as Caliph from 866 to his overthrow in 869, and al-Mu'tamid reigned as Caliph in 870–892 with his brother al-Muwaffaq serving as an effective regent of the realm until his death in 891.

Family
One of al-Mutawakkil's wives was Farida. She belonged to the household of his brother caliph al-Wathiq, who kept her as a concubine and favorite although she belonged to the singer Amr ibn Banah. When al-Wathiq died, Amr presented her to al-Mutawakkil. He married her, and she became one of his favourites. Another wife was Sa'anin or Sha'anin. According to an anecdote from Adab al-ghuraba, a book usually attributed to Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, she was a Christian and the daughter of a monk at a Syrian monastery in Homs. Al-Mutawakkil encountered her at the monastery. Enchanted by her beauty and grace, he was infatuated with her. This led to poignant moments with her where he sought her companionship and it turned out that she could sing and recite poetry. Al-Mutawakkil then married her, following her conversion to Islam, and she remained his favourite until his death.

Al-Mutawakkil is reputed to have four thousand concubines, all of whom shared his bed. One of his concubines (ummahat al-walad) was Hubshiya. She was a Greek, and was the mother of his eldest son, the caliph al-Muntasir. After her son's death in 862, she commissioned a tomb for him in public view in Samarra, which made him the first Abbasid caliph whose burial place was not a secret. She died in 877. Another of his concubines was Ashar, also known by her teknonym, Umm Ishaq. She was an Andulasian and was one of his favourites. She was the mother of his sons Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad and Abu Ahmad al-Muwaffaq. She died on 23 December 883 and was buried in al-Rusafa. Another concubine was Fityan. She was from Kufa and was the mother of caliph al-Mu'tamid. Another concubine was Qabiha. She was a Greek, and was the mother of caliph al-Mu'tazz, Isma'il and Qurb, known as Umm Abdullah. She was renowned for her poetry and her beauty, and was one of his favourites. She died in November–December 877. Another concubine was Lujayn. She commissioned a mosque in Samarra. Another concubine (hazaya) was Shajar. Al-Mutawakkil was devoted to her, preferring her over all his concubines. On one Mehregan Day, Shajar's gift of twenty gazelles with Chinese saddles, each carrying gold-latticed bags of precious scents, impressed him. Envious, his concubines plotted to kill her with a poisoned drink, leading to her demise. Another concubine (jariya) was Sahib. She possessed both beauty and impeccable manners. However, a mishap involving a servant resulted in one of her front teeth being broken, which subsequently turned black, diminishing her appeal in al-Mutawakkil's estimation. Consequently, he bestowed her to his close companion Abu Abdullah ibn Hamdun, providing her with all her belongings. Following Abu Abdullah's passing, she married an Alid, Ali ibn Yahya al-Munajjim.

Al-Mutwakkil had taken several courtesans (qiyan) as concubines. One of them was Fadl. She was a poet. She was from Basrah and was born in al-Yamama. She was from the Abd al-Qays tribe. She was purchased by Muhammad ibn al-Faraj al-Rukhkhaji, who gave her to al-Mutawakkil. She had a dark complexion, was cultured, articulate, and quick-witted. She died in 870–71. Another concubine was Mahbuba. She was born in Basrah. She was a poet and a singer. She had been given to al-Mutawakkil by Ubaydullah ibn Tahir, when he became caliph, as one of a group of four hundred slaves. She was one of his favourites. After al-Mutawakkil's death she became the property of Wasif, whom she angered, whereupon Bugha asked for her and freed her. She then went to Baghdad, where she lived in anonymity and eventually passed away due to sorrow. Another concubine was Mulah. She was a poet and was related to the poet Shāriyah. She was known by her epithet al-Attarah because she made a great use of perfume (attar). Another concubine was Najla. She was known for her beauty and singing. After al-Mutawakkil's death, caliph al-Musta'in married her to Utamish. Another concubine was Rayya al-Madaniyya. She was a poet. She and another concubine, Zamya al-Hamadaniyya, who was also a poet, were brought from al-Yamama and sold to al-Mutawakkil. Upon seeing them, he requested they recite a poem mentioning him and his conquests. Both Rayya and Zamya complied, and Rayya's performance pleased him, leading him to keep her. When Zamya asked why he didn't choose her, he mentioned her freckles, which he saw as a flaw, but her cleverly crafted poetry changed his perception, leading him to ultimately choose her too. Another concubine was Nashib. She was famous for her exceptional singing skills and imaginative talent. Some other concubines were Bunan, a poet, and Zajir.

Al-Mutawakkil had three more sons, Abu'l-Hassan, who died in 885, Abu Isa Abdullah, who was a musician and a composer, and who was killed in 892, and Ishaq.

Death
Al-Mutawakkil continued to rely on Turkic statesmen and slave soldiers to put down rebellions and lead battles against foreign empires, notably the Byzantines. His secretary, al-Fath ibn Khaqan, who was Turkic, was a famous figure of al-Mutawakkil's era. His reliance on Turkic soldiers would come back to haunt him. Al-Mutawakkil would have his Turkic commander-in-chief killed. This, coupled with his extreme attitudes towards the Shia, made his popularity decline rapidly.

Al-Mutawakkil had appointed his oldest son, al-Muntasir, as his heir in 849/50, but slowly had shifted his favor to his second son, al-Mu'tazz, encouraged by al-Fath ibn Khaqan and the vizier Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan. This rivalry extended into the political sphere, as al-Mu'tazz's succession appears to have been backed by the traditional Abbasid elites as well, while al-Muntasir was backed by the Turkic and Maghariba guard troops. In late autumn 861, matters came to a head: in October, al-Mutawakkil ordered the estates of the Turkic general Wasif to be confiscated and handed over to al-Fath. Feeling backed into a corner, the Turkic leadership began a plot to assassinate the Caliph. They were soon joined, or at least had the tacit approval, of al-Muntasir, who smarted from a succession of humiliations: on 5 December, on the recommendation of al-Fath and Ubayd Allah, he was bypassed in favor of al-Mu'tazz for leading the Friday prayer at the end of Ramadan, while three days later, when al-Mutawakkil was feeling ill and chose al-Muntasir to represent him on the prayer, once again Ubayd Allah intervened and persuaded the Caliph to go in person. Even worse, according to al-Tabari, on the next day, al-Mutawakkil alternately vilified and threatened to kill his eldest son, and even had al-Fath slap him on the face. With rumors circulating that Wasif and the other Turkish leaders would be rounded up and executed on 12 December, the conspirators decided to act.

According to al-Tabari, a story later circulated that al-Fath and Ubayd Allah were forewarned of the plot by a Turkic woman, but had disregarded it, confident that no one would dare carry it out. On the night of 10/11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turks burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink. The murder of al-Mutawakkil began the tumultuous period known as "Anarchy at Samarra", which lasted until 870 and brought the Abbasid Caliphate to the brink of collapse.

Legacy
The Caliphate of al-Mutawakkil is remembered for its many reforms and is viewed as a golden age of the Abbasids. He would be the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty would fall into a decline. After his death, the Caliphate built by Rashidun, Umayyad and Early Abbasids also declined as a world power.

Al-Mutawakkil was praised by many contemporary scholars. The famous scholar al-Taymi said:

"There were three great caliphs: Abu Bakr, who fought the Apostates until they surrendered; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who made good the abuse of Umayyads and al-Mutawakkil, who abolished heretical innovations and publicly proclaimed Sunnah"

Ali ibn al-Jahm said: "The Caliph al-Mutawakkil sent for me and said, 'Ali, I dreamed I saw the Prophet. I rose to greet him, and he said, 'You're rising for me even though you're a caliph?'' 'It's a good dream, Commander of the Faithful,' I said. 'Your rising for him symbolizes your standing up for the sunnah. And he called you caliph"

Ali ibn Ismail said: "In Tarsus I dreamed that I saw al-Mutawakkil sitting in a place full of light."

Al-Mutawakkil nominated his three sons as heir. Al-Muntasir was nominated first, al-Mu'tazz was nominated second heir and third was al-Mu'ayyad. Al-Muntasir became caliph on 11 December 861, after his father al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by members of his Turkic guard. Although he was suspected of being involved in the plot to kill al-Mutawakkil, he was able to quickly take control of affairs in the capital city of Samarra and receive the oath of allegiance from the leading men of the state. Al-Muntasir's sudden elevation to the Caliphate served to benefit several of his close associates, who gained senior positions in the government after his ascension. Included among these were his secretary, Ahmad ibn al-Khasib, who became vizier, and Wasif, a senior Turkic general who had likely been heavily involved in al-Mutawakkil's murder. His reign lasted less than half a year; it ended with his death from unknown causes on Sunday, 7 June 862, at the age of 24 years. During al-Muntasir's short reign (r. 861–862), the Turks pressured him into removing al-Mu'tazz and al-Mu'ayyad from the succession. When al-Muntasir died, the Turkic officers gathered together and decided to install the dead caliph's cousin al-Musta'in (Son of his brother Muhammad) on the throne. The new caliph was almost immediately faced with a large riot in Samarra in support of the disenfranchised al-Mu'tazz; the rioters were put down by the military but casualties on both sides were heavy. Al-Musta'in, worried that al-Mu'tazz or al-Mu'ayyad could press their claims to the caliphate, first attempted to buy them off and then threw them in prison. In 866 his nephew al-Musta'in was killed by his son al-Mu'tazz after Fifth Fitna. Al-Mu'tazz's reign marks the apogee of the decline of the Caliphate's central authority, and the climax of centrifugal tendencies, expressed through the emergence of the autonomous dynasties in the Abbasid Caliphate. Finally, unable to meet the financial demands of the Turkic troops, in mid-July a palace coup deposed al-Mu'tazz. He was imprisoned and maltreated to such an extent that he died after three days, on 16 July 869. He was succeeded by his cousin al-Muhtadi. He ruled until 870 until he was murdered on 21 June 870, and replaced by his cousin, al-Mu'tamid ((r. 870 – 892)).

In popular culture
Al-Mutawakkil is featured in the prologue of the video game Assassin's Creed Mirage, in which the caliph is serving as a puppet for the Order of the Ancients, a secret society devoted to restoring humanity to servitude. He initially protects a Precursor relic on their behalf, but when the game's protagonist Basim attempts to steal it, he fights the young thief and his friend Nehal, who stabs the caliph with his own dagger. His death allows the Order to gain more control in Baghdad, prompting the game's plot, which follows along with the Anarchy at Samarra.

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Samosir

Samosir, or Samosir Island, is a large volcanic island in Lake Toba, located in North Sumatra Province on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Administratively, Samosir Island is governed as six of the nine districts within Samosir Regency. The lake and island were formed after the eruption of the toba supervolcano some 75,000 years ago. The island was originally a peninsula connected to the surrounding caldera wall by a small isthmus, which was cut through by the Tano Ponggol Canal in 1907 to aid navigation.

At 630 km2, Samosir is the largest island within an island and the fourth largest lake island in the world. It also contains two smaller lakes, Lake Sidihoni and Lake Aek Natonang. Across the lake on the east of the island lies the Uluan Peninsula. The island was historically linked to the mainland of Sumatra on its western part by a narrow isthmus connecting the town of Pangururan on Samosir and Tele on mainland Sumatra, but it was split by the Tano Ponggol Canal and bridge in 1906, which was widened in 2019. Tele consequently offers one of the best views of Lake Toba and Samosir Island. One of the most important objects on the island is a Lutheran church, and opposite it is a huge hill.

Tourism
Samosir is a popular tourist destination due to its exotic history and the vistas it offers. The tourist resorts are concentrated in the Tuktuk (Samosir) area. The island is the centre of the Batak culture and many of the Toba Batak traditional houses (rumah adat) remain on the island. Most of the tourist accommodations are concentrated in the small town of Tuktuk, which is located a one-hour ferry ride across the lake from the town of Parapat. The passenger ferry leaves from Tiga Raja harbor every hour between 8.30 and 19.00. For those running late, there is an option to take the passenger boat from Ajibata to Tomok until 8.30 pm. A car ferry leaves the mainland from Ajibata and lands in the small town of Tomok, about a 10-minute drive from Tuktuk until 9 pm. There are also other passenger ferries and individual hotels may also have ferries available.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Samosir


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List of Irish counties by area

This is a list of the counties of Ireland ordered by area. Counties in the Republic of Ireland are shown in normal type, while those in Northern Ireland are listed in italic type.

title: List of Irish counties by area


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Pepper Martin

Johnny Leonard Roosevelt "Pepper" Martin (February 29, 1904 – March 5, 1965) was an American professional baseball player and minor league manager. He was known as the "Wild Horse of the Osage" because of his daring, aggressive baserunning abilities. Martin played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman and an outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the 1930s and early 1940s. He was best known for his heroics during the 1931 World Series, in which he was the catalyst in a Cardinals' upset victory over the Philadelphia Athletics.

Martin was an integral member of the Cardinals' teams of the 1930s that became known as the Gashouse Gang for their roguish behavior and practical jokes. Early in his career, he was labeled by some contemporary press reports as the next Ty Cobb because of his spirited, hustling style of play. However, because his headlong attitude on the playing field took a physical toll on his body, he never lived up to those initial expectations. After the end of his playing career, he continued his career in baseball as a successful minor league baseball manager. In 2017, Martin was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame.

Early career
Born in Temple, Oklahoma, Martin moved to Oklahoma City with his parents at the age of six where he grew up playing baseball. He began his professional baseball career at the age of 19 when he signed to play as a shortstop in the Oklahoma State League for a team in Guthrie, Oklahoma. When the league folded in 1924, his contract was sold to the Greenville Hunters of the East Texas League. In 1925, he posted a .340 batting average in 98 games for the Hunters and his contract was acquired by the St. Louis Cardinals to play for their Western Association affiliate, the Fort Smith Twins. He continued to post batting averages above the .300 mark. In 1927, Martin hit for a .306 average in 147 games with the Houston Buffaloes, earning him a promotion to the major leagues.

After spending five years in the minor leagues, Martin made his major league debut with the Cardinals on April 16, 1928 at the age of 24. He posted a .308 batting average in 39 games as a utility player, helping the Cardinals win the National League pennant. Martin made one appearance as a pinch runner in the 1928 World Series, when the Cardinals lost in four straight games to the New York Yankees. Despite his respectable batting average, Martin was sent back to the Houston Buffaloes in January 1929 where he hit for a .298 batting average. The following season, he was promoted to the Rochester Red Wings where his offensive statistics improved with 20 home runs, a .363 batting average and a .631 slugging percentage, helping the Red Wings win the 1930 International League title. The Red Wings then defeated the Louisville Colonels of the American Association to win the Junior World Series.

Martin's performance earned him a return to the major leagues with the Cardinals in 1931. When veteran center fielder Taylor Douthit went into a hitting slump, Martin replaced him and played well enough that Cardinals' president, Branch Rickey, traded Douthit to the Cincinnati Reds in June. Martin impressed observers with his hustle in the outfield as well as on the base paths where he often slid into bases head-first. He ended the year with a .300 batting average along with seven home runs and 75 runs batted in to help the Cardinals clinch the 1931 National League pennant by 13 games over the New York Giants.

World Series star
The 1931 World Series was a rematch of the previous year's participants, pitting the Cardinals against the Philadelphia Athletics. Led by Connie Mack, the Athletics had won the previous two World Series and were heavily favored to win for a third consecutive year. They featured a lineup that included five future National Baseball Hall of Fame members in Mickey Cochrane, Jimmie Foxx, Lefty Grove, Waite Hoyt and Al Simmons.

In Game 1 held at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis, Martin had three hits, including a double, a stolen base and drove in one run in a 6–2 loss to the ace of the Athletics staff, 31-game winning pitcher Lefty Grove. Martin proved to be the difference in Game 2 in what was otherwise a tight pitching duel between Bill Hallahan of the Cardinals and George Earnshaw for the Athletics. He scored the first run of the game in the second inning by stretching a single into a double when the ball was mishandled in the outfield, stealing third base, and then scoring on a sacrifice fly. Martin added another run in the seventh inning when he hit a single, stole second base, took third base on a fielder's choice, and then scored on a squeeze bunt. Those would be the only runs of the game as Hallahan pitched a three-hit shutout to even the series at one win apiece.

The series then moved to Shibe Park in Philadelphia for Game 3, where Martin had two hits, including a double and scored twice in a 5–2 Cardinals' victory over Grove. In Game 4, he produced the only two hits by the Cardinals as they lost to Earnshaw, 3–0. Martin almost single-handedly provided the offense for the Cardinals in Game 5, driving home four runs with two singles, a home run and a sacrifice fly, as the Cardinals triumphed 5–1. Although he was held hitless in the final two games of the series, he made an impressive catch to extinguish an Athletics two-run rally in the ninth inning of Game 7 to end the game and clinch the world championship for the Cardinals.

He set a then record 12 hits in the series, including four doubles, a home run, five stolen bases and five runs batted in. Martin's .500 series batting average may have made the difference in the series outcome, as without him the Cardinals batted just .205 as a team. During the series, Martin was asked how he had learned to run so fast; he replied, "I grew up in Oklahoma, and once you start runnin' out there there ain't nothin' to stop you". Longtime major league manager, John McGraw, described Martin's performance as "the greatest individual performance in the history of the World Series". In December, he was selected as male athlete of the year by the Associated Press.

Later career
Martin experienced an injury-plagued season in 1932, missing several weeks when he dislocated his shoulder in April and missed a month and a half when he broke a finger in July while sliding into home plate. In August, Cardinals manager Gabby Street converted Martin into a third baseman in an attempt to fill the gap left by the injured Sparky Adams. Martin was not a naturally gifted third baseman, often fielding balls after having stopped them with his chest. He ended the season with a .238 batting average with four home runs and 34 runs batted in as the Cardinals fell to seventh place in the National League.

Having rebounded from his injuries, in 1933 Martin was leading the league in hitting with a .363 batting average in the middle of June, earning him a starting role as the third baseman for the National League team in the inaugural Major League Baseball All-Star Game held on July 6, 1933. Now hitting as the Cardinals' leadoff hitter, he finished the season ranked sixth in the league with a career-high .316 average and led the league with 122 runs scored and 26 stolen bases. Martin ranked tenth in the league with a .456 slugging percentage, and he had a career-high .387 on-base percentage along with 36 doubles, 12 triples and eight home runs as the Cardinals improved to a fifth-place finish. He came in fifth place in the voting results for the 1933 National League Most Valuable Player Award.

Martin's batting average dropped to .289 in 1934, but he once again led the league in stolen bases as the Cardinals rallied from seven games behind the New York Giants in early September to win the National League pennant on the last day of the season. He made an appearance as a relief pitcher on August 19, allowing one hit in two innings pitched. In a memorable 1934 World Series against the Detroit Tigers, the Cardinals were down 3 games to 2, before rebounding to win the final two games. The series was highlighted by several rough plays on the base paths that culminated in Game 7, when Joe Medwick made a rough slide into Tigers' third baseman Marv Owen. The following inning, outraged Detroit fans pelted Medwick with debris when he assumed his defensive position in the outfield. The disturbance wasn't quelled until the umpires appealed to Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who had Medwick removed from the game. Martin ended the series with 11 hits for a .355 average, stole two bases and scored eight runs in the series. He experienced difficulties in the field, committing 3 errors in Game 4 and setting a World Series record with four errors overall. While in a St. Louis hospital in December 1934, for a minor operation on his left arm, Martin insisted that he be entertained by a cowboy musical group that he had hired. He created such a disturbance among the other patients that the hospital staff moved him to an isolated wing. Martin, along with Cardinals teammates such as Leo Durocher, Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick among others, became known as the 1934 Gashouse Gang due to their boisterous activities on and off the field. He played the guitar in a hillbilly band composed of Cardinals players named The Mudcat Band.

Although Martin had a good year offensively in 1935, he continued to struggle defensively at third base. In the midst of a tight pennant race in July, he committed three costly errors in a loss to the New York Giants, and ended the year with 30 errors. He was hitting for a .333 average by mid-season to earn the starting third baseman's position in the 1935 All-Star Game. For the season, he hit for a .299 average with nine home runs and 54 runs batted in. In October, Martin underwent surgery again, this time on his right arm. In January 1936, Branch Rickey asked Martin to curtail his extra-curricular activities. Already well known as a hunting and fishing enthusiast, Martin had taken up the hobby of midget car racing and was also playing in football and basketball games during the winter months. He also became the vice-president and general manager of an Oklahoma City ice hockey team.

Martin moved back to the outfield, playing as the Cardinals' right fielder in 1936 as the Cardinals battled the New York Giants for the National League title before settling for second place. He responded with a good year offensively, hitting for a .309 average with career-highs in home runs (11) and in runs batted in (76). Martin also led the National League in stolen bases with 23. He continued to hit well by 1937, although he was relegated to a part-time role, as his spirited, headlong style of play took its toll on his body. At the beginning of the 1939 season, he was named as the Cardinals' team captain, taking the job from Leo Durocher, who had been traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers. He experienced a resurgence, leading the team with a .340 batting average in June before a sprained wrist put him out of action for two weeks. He ended the season with a .306 batting average in 88 games, helping the Cardinals to finish second in the National League. Martin hit for a respectable .316 average in 1940 before the Cardinals named him as the player-manager of the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in October.

Martin led Sacramento to a second-place finish in 1941 before leading them to their first Pacific Coast League championship in 38 years in 1942. He then became a player-manager for the Rochester Red Wings in 1943. When professional baseball experienced a shortage of players during World War II, Martin returned to the major leagues in 1944 with the Cardinals at the age of 40. In 40 games with the Cardinals, he posted a .279 batting average and an impressive .386 on-base percentage to help the Cardinals clinch the 1944 National League pennant. Martin did not appear in the 1944 World Series, playing his final major league game on October 1, 1944.

Career statistics
In a 13-year major league career, Martin played in 1,189 games, accumulating 1,227 hits in 4,117 at bats for a .298 career batting average along with 756 runs, 270 doubles, 75 triples, .443 slugging percentage, 59 home runs, 501 runs batted in, 146 stolen bases, 369 bases on balls and an on-base percentage of .358. He retired with a .973 career fielding percentage in 613 games as an outfielder and a .927 fielding percentage in 429 games as a third baseman. A four-time All-Star, Martin's World Series career batting average of .418 (23-for-55) is still a series record, and he is tied for 10th with seven World Series stolen bases. He led the National League three times in stolen bases and once in runs scored. On May 5, 1933, Martin hit for the cycle in a game against the Philadelphia Phillies at the Baker Bowl.

Managerial career
After the end of his major league career, Martin returned to the minor leagues, serving as a player-manager with the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League in 1945 and 1946 before becoming the player-manager for the Greenville Spinners of the South Atlantic League in 1947. His fiery, competitive nature was still evident in July 1945 when it was reported that he had punched one of his players for not performing to his standards. While managing the Miami Sun Sox of the Florida International League in 1949, he was fined and suspended for the remainder of the season for choking an umpire. In August 1951, he made news again when he was arrested after a Sun Sox game when he went into the stands to punch a spectator in Lakeland, Florida.

When the Sun Sox released him, Martin was hired to manage the Miami Beach Flamingos of the Florida International League in 1952. Despite leading them to a 103-49 record, the Flamingos finished the season one game behind his former team, the Sun Sox. In 1953, he became the manager of the Fort Lauderdale Lions and led them to the Florida International League title. After spending the 1954 season as the manager for the Portsmouth Merrimacs, Martin was named as a coach for the Chicago Cubs in September 1955. Stan Hack was fired as the Cubs manager when they finished in last place in the 1956 season, and the new Cubs manager, Bob Scheffing, asked for Martin's resignation along with the rest of the coaching staff. Martin returned to the minor leagues once again where he became a player-coach for the Tulsa Oilers, playing his final game at the age of 54. He took his final field assignment as the manager of the Miami Marlins in 1959.

Later life
Before his death, Martin served briefly as the athletic director of the Oklahoma State Penitentiary at McAlester, Oklahoma. He died on March 5, 1965, after suffering a heart attack. His wife, Ruby, survived him by over four decades, dying just after her 99th birthday in 2009.

Martin was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame in 1992 and was enshrined into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in 2017.

title: Pepper Martin


text:
Richard Hooker (author)

Hiester Richard Hornberger Jr. (February 1, 1924 – November 4, 1997) was an American writer and surgeon who wrote under the pseudonym Richard Hooker. Hornberger's best-known work is his novel MASH (1968), based on his experiences as a wartime United States Army surgeon during the Korean War (1950–1953) and written in collaboration with W.C. Heinz. It was used as the basis for an award-winning, critically and commercially successful movie – M*A*S*H (1970) — and two years later in an acclaimed long running television series (1972–1983) of the same title.

Early life and education
Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Hornberger attended the Peddie School in Hightstown. He graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he was an active member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He went to Cornell Medical School in New York City.

Military experience
After graduating from medical school, he was drafted into the Korean War and assigned to the 8055 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (M.A.S.H.). M.A.S.H. units, according to one doctor assigned to the unit, "weren't on the front lines, but they were close. They lived and worked in tents. It was hot in the summer and colder than cold in the winter." The operating room consisted of stretchers balanced on carpenter's sawhorses.

Many of the M.A.S.H. doctors were in their twenties, with few having advanced surgical training. During battle campaigns, units could see "as many as 1,000 casualties a day". "What characterized the fighting in Korea", one of Hornberger's fellow officers recalled, "was that you would have a period of a week or ten days when nothing much was happening, then there would be a push. When you had a push, there would suddenly be a mass of casualties that would just overwhelm us." There were, another surgeon recalled, "'long periods when not much of anything happened' in an atmosphere of apparent safety—plenty of time to play ... When things were quiet we would sit around and read. Sometimes the nurses would have a little dance." Hornberger's later assessment of his unit's behavior was: "A few flipped their lids, but most just raised hell in a variety of ways and degrees."

A colleague described Hornberger as "a very good surgeon with a tremendous sense of humor." Although Hornberger did label his tent "The Swamp" (as do the characters in the novel), he was politically conservative.

Private practice and writing career
After the war, Hornberger worked for the U.S. Veterans Administration, qualified for his surgical boards, and went into private practice in Waterville, Maine. Eventually, he settled into practice at Broad Cove in Bremen, Maine.

His experiences at the 8055th M.A.S.H. were the background for his novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors (1968), which he worked on for eleven years. In 1956, he began attempting to put his memories into a book. In the 1960s, a visit with a former M.A.S.H. colleague and his wife — a nurse at the unit — led to a session of drinking and storytelling. Hornberger later claimed the evening gave him new motivation to finish his manuscript.

MASH was rejected by many publishers. He worked with the famed sportswriter W.C. Heinz to revise it. A year later, the book was acquired by William Morrow and Company. Published under Hornberger's pseudonym, Richard Hooker, the novel was highly successful.

MASH adaptations
MASH was adapted as a film by the same name, directed by Robert Altman and released in 1970. It was nominated for five Academy Awards and won for Best Adapted Screenplay. According to writer John Baxter, Hornberger "was so furious at having sold the film rights for only a few hundred dollars that he never again signed a copy of the book."

A TV series was developed, that debuted in 1972 and ran for eleven seasons with great popularity. Hornberger reportedly did not like Alan Alda's portrayal of Hawkeye in the TV series, favoring the Robert Altman film, in which Pierce was played by Donald Sutherland.

MASH sequels
Hornberger wrote the sequels to MASH — M*A*S*H Goes to Maine (1972) and M*A*S*H Mania (1977) — neither of which enjoyed the commercial success of the original. While MASH was a fairly faithful reflection of Hornberger's service in Korea, his sequels were diverse representations of the "Swamp Gang's" post-Korea activities in the fictional town of Spruce Harbor, Maine, from 1953 to the 1970s. Attempts to adapt M*A*S*H Goes to Maine into a film met with failure.

The sequels are characterized by gentle humour, stereotypical local characters, and a nostalgic look at Maine and its people through Hornberger's eyes. Throughout, the "Swamp Gang" prospers, gets its own way most of the time, and generally becomes more conservative as the years pass. The men play golf and are sometimes thorns in the side of "the summer complaints" (tourists) and local bigwigs.

A series of novels based on the franchise was published in between M*A*S*H Goes to Maine and M*A*S*H Mania in which the characters travel to various locations, including Moscow, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Paris. The books were credited to "Richard Hooker and William E. Butterworth", although they were written entirely by Butterworth. They were hastily written to capitalize on the TV show's popularity and were of dubious literary merit. The action was transposed to the 1970s so that people such as Henry Kissinger could be lampooned, but this would have made some of the characters quite old, if the descriptions in the first book were to be believed. For instance, Hot Lips would have been in her 60s, having been described as "fortyish" in the first novel.

Later life and death
After the success of his book and its screen adaptations, Hornberger continued to practice as a surgeon in Waterville until his retirement in 1988. During the later years of his practice, Hornberger did medical research and published his research in peer-reviewed medical journals. He died at the age of 73 on November 4, 1997, of leukemia.

Published works

 * 1) MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors (1968)
 * 2) M*A*S*H Goes to Maine (Feb 1972)
 * 3) M*A*S*H Goes to New Orleans (with William E Butterworth) (Jan 1975)
 * 4) M*A*S*H Goes to Paris (with William E Butterworth) (Jan 1975)
 * 5) M*A*S*H Goes to London (with William E Butterworth) (June 1975)
 * 6) M*A*S*H Goes to Morocco (with William E Butterworth) (Jan 1976)
 * 7) M*A*S*H Goes to Las Vegas (with William E Butterworth) (Jan 1976)
 * 8) M*A*S*H Goes to Hollywood (with William E Butterworth) (April 1976)
 * 9) M*A*S*H Goes to Miami (with William E Butterworth) (Sep 1976)
 * 10) M*A*S*H Goes to San Francisco (with William E Butterworth) (Nov 1976)
 * 11) M*A*S*H Goes to Vienna (with William E Butterworth) (June 1976)
 * 12) M*A*S*H Goes to Montreal (with William E Butterworth) (1977)
 * 13) M*A*S*H Goes to Texas (with William E Butterworth) (Feb 1977)
 * 14)  M*A*S*H Goes to Moscow (with William E Butterworth) (Sep 1977)
 * 15) M*A*S*H Mania (1977)

title: Richard Hooker (author)


text:
American Zoetrope

American Zoetrope (also known as Omni Zoetrope from 1977 to 1980 and Zoetrope Studios from 1980 until 1990) is a privately run American film production company, centered in San Francisco, California and founded by Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas.

Opened on December 12, 1969, the studio has produced not only the films of Coppola (including Apocalypse Now, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Tetro), but also George Lucas's pre-Star Wars film THX 1138, as well as many others by avant-garde directors such as Jean-Luc Godard, Akira Kurosawa, Wim Wenders and Godfrey Reggio. American Zoetrope was an early adopter of digital filmmaking, including some of the earliest uses of HDTV.

Four films produced by American Zoetrope are included in the American Film Institute's Top 100 Films. American Zoetrope-produced films have received 15 Academy Awards and 68 nominations.

Formation
Initially located in a warehouse at 827  Folsom Street on the second floor of The Automatt building, the company's headquarters have, since 1972, been in the historic Sentinel Building, at 916 Kearny Street in San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood.

Coppola named the studio after a zoetrope he was given in the late 1960s by the filmmaker and collector of early film devices, Mogens Skot-Hansen. "Zoetrope" is also the name by which Coppola's quarterly fiction magazine, Zoetrope: All-Story, is often known.

In 1980, the company bought General Service Studios in Hollywood, California, and became Zoetrope Studios, to produce and distribute films, as did later DreamWorks studio.

In 1999, it signed a deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a first-look financing and production agreement. In 2000, it signed a ten-year financing pact with VCL Film + Medien to handle foreign sales of their own titles.

By 2007, ownership of American Zoetrope had been passed to Coppola's son and daughter, directors Roman Coppola and Sofia Coppola.

In 2010, Lionsgate announced a deal to distribute American Zoetrope films, including classics like The Conversation and Apocalypse Now, in North America on DVD, Blu-ray, electronic-sell-through, VOD as well as broadcast distribution rights. The only movies from the Coppola canon that won't be released as part of the pact are The Godfather trilogy, which is owned by Paramount.

Zoetrope.com, the Coppola family's website, was created around 1996 and became an online community for writers. In 2016, Francis Ford Coppola announced its relaunch as a "virtual studio".

In 2024, American Zoetrope earned its first Tony Award for Best Musical as one of the producers of the 2023 stage musical adaptation of The Outsiders.

Cafe Zoetrope
In the building lobby, Coppola operates a small Italian café, Cafe Zoetrope, featuring Inglenook Estate wine and memorabilia from his films. Earlier, the building had been the location of Enrico Banducci's "hungry i" nightclub.

The neighborhood is well known for its cafes and its writers. Coppola wrote much of the screenplay for The Godfather in the nearby Caffe Trieste and Lawrence Ferlinghetti's City Lights Books is located up Columbus Avenue from the Sentinel Building.

title: American Zoetrope


text:
User:Dylanwhs/dylwhs 1

Sino-Japanese refers to the pronunciation of Chinese characters as used in Japan. They derive from those sounds that came to Japan mainly during the Nara and Heian eras of Japanese history, corresponding to the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties of China. This era in Chinese linguistics corresponds to the Middle Chinese era.

Chinese characters in Japan are called kanji, and the pronunciation falls into two main categories,

Onyomi 音讀
(Literally sound readings) readings of characters are Sino-Japanese, that is, their origins come from borrowed pronunciations of a stage of Chinese sometime in the past. On readings are grouped into several types of pronunciation, according the the approximate time of borrowing.

 * Go-On 吳音, are thought to be the oldest readings, coming to Japan via the Korean peninsula when there was a Japanese colony Minama corresponding to the Nara period during the fifth and sixth century CE, through the transliteration of Buddhist texts into Chinese characters that came from China. The sounds are thought to come from an area towards the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the modern Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang which was once part of Three Kingdoms state of Wu 吳 in the third century.

 * Kan-On 漢音 are thought to have come to Japan later, during the seventh to ninth centuries, when Japanese monks and scholars went to China and brought back the pronunciation of Tang Dynasty China. 漢 refers to the Chinese Han Dynasty and to Chinese people and language in general.

 * Tou-On 唐音 and Sou-On 宋音 are post Kan-On readings where 唐 and 宋 refer to the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty of China, but like 吳 and 漢 these are almost misnomers, since they post date the corresponding eras that these refer to. Tou-on and Sou-on readings are mostly readings that relate to

 * Kanyou-On 慣用音 (literally accustomed readings) are often incorrect readings, but due to their popularity, they have become commonly used.

Dylanwhs 23:10, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Kun-yomi 訓讀
(Literally recieved meaning readings)

 * Kun readings are native Japanese in origin, and more often than not, polysyllabic.

One kanji or Chinese character may have many pronunciations, or readings. They may have one or more of each type of the above types of readings. For instance, a typical listing in a Japanese kanji dictionary would show the readings as follows

越 (吳) エツ etsu　(漢) オチ ochi　(慣) オツ otsu　(訓)　こす ko-su　こえる ko-eru

This example shows that the Sino-Japanese readings for 越 are the On-readings etsu and ochi.

The vestiges of Middle Chinese (MC) phonology are found in Sino-Japanese (SJ) pronunciation.

 * MC initials [k k'g] have survived as SJ /k/
 * MC initial [ŋ] survives as SJ /g/
 * MC initial [x ɣ ] survives as SJ /k/
 * MC zero initials characters remain as zero initial SJ readings (that is, they begin with vowels or /y/)
 * MC retroflex [ʈ]
 * MC
 * MC
 * MC
 * MC
 * MC
 * MC

title: User:Dylanwhs/dylwhs 1


text:
User talk:Salami swami

Welcome to wikipedia. I noticed your post in Talk:Gun politics in the US and figured you may be interest in checking other articles related to American firearms law (most of them sorely need attention). I've compiled a list at List of United States firearms topics. --Hcheney 18:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, I'll check it out!

Salami swami 19:03, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Personal Reminders: Pages to update: Charlemagne TXU Assorted Gun Control Articles LBJ??? Talk Pages: Playing Cards Wikipedia Talk: Policies and Guidelines Salami swami 08:59, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Compaq/HP question
In Talk:Dell Computer:

''If Dell overtook Compaq, how did HP take over Compaq three years later to regain the lead as the largest manufacturer of PCs? Is this correct? Salami swami 19:43, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)''

From the HP History Page:

On May 3, 2002, HP completes its merger transaction with Compaq Computer Corp., the largest tech merger in history. The new HP is a leading global provider of products, technologies, solutions and services to consumers and business. The company's offerings span IT infrastructure, personal computing and access devices, global services, and imaging and printing.

From the WP article on Compaq:

In 2002, Compaq engaged in a bitterly contested merger with Hewlett-Packard. Numerous large HP shareholders, including Walter Hewlett, publicly opposed the deal. [Compaq] CEO Michael Capellas left the company soon after, leaving HP CEO Carly Fiorina in charge of the combined company. Many Compaq products were re-branded with the HP nameplate, while the Compaq brand remained on other product lines.

So it seems to officially have been a merger, but perhaps the decision to use the HP name more predominantly had to do with the Compaq CEO leaving soon after the merger. Compaq.com redirects to h18000.www1.hp.com and says at the bottom, "© 2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P."

Poransky = nerd --Simoes 20:49, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Salami swami


text: User talk:168.99.197.187

title: User talk:168.99.197.187


text:
Pentagonal number

A pentagonal number is a figurate number that extends the concept of triangular and square numbers to the pentagon, but, unlike the first two, the patterns involved in the construction of pentagonal numbers are not rotationally symmetrical. The nth pentagonal number pn is the number of distinct dots in a pattern of dots consisting of the outlines of regular pentagons with sides up to n dots, when the pentagons are overlaid so that they share one vertex. For instance, the third one is formed from outlines comprising 1, 5 and 10 dots, but the 1, and 3 of the 5, coincide with 3 of the 10 – leaving 12 distinct dots, 10 in the form of a pentagon, and 2 inside.

pn is given by the formula:

 * $$p_n = {\frac{3n^2-n}{2}}=\binom{n}{1}+3\binom{n}{2}$$

for n ≥ 1. The first few pentagonal numbers are:

1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 92, 117, 145, 176, 210, 247, 287, 330, 376, 425, 477, 532, 590, 651, 715, 782, 852, 925, 1001, 1080, 1162, 1247, 1335, 1426, 1520, 1617, 1717, 1820, 1926, 2035, 2147, 2262, 2380, 2501, 2625, 2752, 2882, 3015, 3151, 3290, 3432, 3577, 3725, 3876, 4030, 4187... .

The nth pentagonal number is the sum of n integers starting from n (i.e. from n to 2n-1). The following relationships also hold:

 * $$p_n = p_{n-1} + 3n - 2 = 2p_{n-1} - p_{n-2} + 3$$

Pentagonal numbers are closely related to triangular numbers. The nth pentagonal number is one third of the (3n − 1)th triangular number. In addition, where Tn is the nth triangular number:

 * $$p_n = T_{n-1} + n^2 = T_n + 2T_{n-1} = T_{2n-1} - T_{n-1}$$

Generalized pentagonal numbers are obtained from the formula given above, but with n taking values in the sequence 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, 3, −3, 4..., producing the sequence:

0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 15, 22, 26, 35, 40, 51, 57, 70, 77, 92, 100, 117, 126, 145, 155, 176, 187, 210, 222, 247, 260, 287, 301, 330, 345, 376, 392, 425, 442, 477, 495, 532, 551, 590, 610, 651, 672, 715, 737, 782, 805, 852, 876, 925, 950, 1001, 1027, 1080, 1107, 1162, 1190, 1247, 1276, 1335....

Generalized pentagonal numbers are important to Euler's theory of integer partitions, as expressed in his pentagonal number theorem.

The number of dots inside the outermost pentagon of a pattern forming a pentagonal number is itself a generalized pentagonal number.

Other properties

 * $$p_n$$ for n>0 is the number of different compositions of $$n+8$$ into n parts that don't include 2 or 3.
 * $$p_n$$ is the sum of the first n natural numbers congruent to 1 mod 3.
 * $$p_{8n}-p_{8n-1}=p_{2n+2}-p_{2n-2}$$

Generalized pentagonal numbers and centered hexagonal numbers
Generalized pentagonal numbers are closely related to centered hexagonal numbers. When the array corresponding to a centered hexagonal number is divided between its middle row and an adjacent row, it appears as the sum of two generalized pentagonal numbers, with the larger piece being a pentagonal number proper:

! 1=1+0 !! !! 7=5+2 !! !! 19=12+7 !! !! 37=22+15
 * - align="center" valign="middle" style="line-height:0;"
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * }
 * [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:RedDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]][[Image:GrayDotX.svg|16px|*]]
 * }
 * }

In general:

 * $$ 3n(n-1)+1 = \tfrac{1}{2}n(3n-1)+\tfrac{1}{2}(1-n)\bigl(3(1-n)-1\bigr)$$

where both terms on the right are generalized pentagonal numbers and the first term is a pentagonal number proper (n ≥ 1). This division of centered hexagonal arrays gives generalized pentagonal numbers as trapezoidal arrays, which may be interpreted as Ferrers diagrams for their partition. In this way they can be used to prove the pentagonal number theorem referenced above.

Tests for pentagonal numbers
Given a positive integer x, to test whether it is a (non-generalized) pentagonal number we can compute

 * $$n = \frac{\sqrt{24x+1} + 1}{6}.$$

The number x is pentagonal if and only if n is a natural number. In that case x is the nth pentagonal number.

For generalized pentagonal numbers, it is sufficient to just check if $24x + 1$ is a perfect square.

For non-generalized pentagonal numbers, in addition to the perfect square test, it is also required to check if

 * $$\sqrt{24x+1} \equiv 5 \mod 6$$

The mathematical properties of pentagonal numbers ensure that these tests are sufficient for proving or disproving the pentagonality of a number.

Gnomon
The Gnomon of the nth pentagonal number is:
 * $$ p_{n+1}-p_n = 3n+1$$

Square pentagonal numbers
A square pentagonal number is a pentagonal number that is also a perfect square.

The first few are:

0, 1, 9801, 94109401, 903638458801, 8676736387298001, 83314021887196947001, 799981229484128697805801, 7681419682192581869134354401, 73756990988431941623299373152801... (OEIS entry A036353)

title: Pentagonal number


text:
New York Daily News

The New York Daily News, officially titled the Daily News, is an American newspaper based in Jersey City, New Jersey. It was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson in New York City as the Illustrated Daily News.

It was the first U.S. daily printed in tabloid format. It reached its peak circulation in 1947, at 2.4 million copies a day. it was the eleventh-highest circulated newspaper in the United States. (Today's Daily News is not connected to the earlier New York Daily News, which shut down in 1906.) For much of the 20th century, the paper operated out of the historic art deco Daily News Building with its large globe in the lobby.

The Daily News is owned by parent company Tribune Publishing. This company was acquired by Alden Global Capital, which operates its media properties through Digital First Media, in May 2021. After the Alden acquisition, alone among the newspapers acquired from Tribune Publishing, the Daily News property was spun off into a separate subsidiary called Daily News Enterprises.

Illustrated Daily News
The Illustrated Daily News was founded by Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick. The two were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune Company founder Joseph Medill. as an imitation of the successful British newspaper Daily Mirror. When Patterson and McCormick could not agree on the editorial content of the Chicago paper, the two cousins decided at a meeting in Paris that Patterson would work on the project of launching a Tribune-owned newspaper in New York. On his return, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, London's tabloid newspaper. Impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 24, 1919 as Illustrated Daily News. The Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company until 1993.

Daily News
The Daily News was not an immediate success, and by August 1919, the paper's circulation had dropped to 26,625. Still, many of New York's subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, and readership steadily grew. By the time of the paper's first anniversary in June 1920, circulation had climbed over 100,000 and by 1925 over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday.

The Daily News carried the slogan "New York's Picture Newspaper" from 1920 to 1991 for its emphasis on photographs. A camera has been part of the newspaper's logo from day one. It became one of the first newspapers in New York City to employ a woman as a staff photographer in 1942 when Evelyn Straus was hired. The paper's later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is "New York's Hometown Newspaper", while another was "The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York". The Daily News continues to include large and prominent photographs, for news, entertainment, and sports, as well as intense city news coverage, celebrity gossip, classified ads, comics, a sports section, and an opinion section.

News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized by staff using two-way radios operating on 173.3250 MHz (radio station KEA 871), allowing the assignment desk to communicate with its reporters who used a fleet of "radio cars". Excelling in sports coverage, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark, and Ed Murawinski. Columnists have included Walter Kaner. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor.

In 1948, the News established WPIX (Channel 11 in New York City), whose call letters were based on the News's nickname of "New York's Picture Newspaper"; and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The television station became a Tribune property outright in 1991, and remains in the former Daily News Building. The radio station was purchased by Emmis Communications, and since 2014 has been owned by CBS Radio as an FM simulcast of its AM namesake.

The paper briefly published a Monday-Friday afternoon counterpart, Daily News Tonight, between August 19, 1980, and August 28, 1981; this competed with the New York Post, which had launched a morning edition to complement its evening newspaper in 1978. Occasional "P.M. Editions" were published as extras in 1991, during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher.

From August 10, 1978, to November 5, 1978, the multi-union 1978 New York City newspaper strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers. No editions of the News were printed during this time.

In 1982 and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, the Daily News almost went out of business. In the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune Company offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to the News to help it stay in business. Upon his death later that year, the News seceded from his publishing empire which soon splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. Existing management, led by editor James Willse, held the News together in bankruptcy; Willse became interim publisher after buying the paper from the Tribune Company. Mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993.

The News at one time maintained local bureaus in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens. The newspaper still shares offices at City Hall, and within One Police Plaza with other news agencies.

In January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015.

, it was the ninth-most widely circulated daily newspaper in the United States. In 2019, it was ranked eleventh.

On September 4, 2017, Tronc (now, Tribune Publishing), the publishing operations of the former Tribune Company (which had spun out its publishing assets to separate them from its broadcast assets), announced that it had acquired the Daily News. Tronc had bought the Daily News for $1, assuming "operational and pension liabilities". By the time of purchase, circulation had dropped to 200,000 on weekdays and 260,000 on Sundays. In July 2018, Tronc fired half of the paper's editorial staff, including the editor-in-chief, Jim Rich. Rich was replaced by Robert York, Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of Tronc-owned The Morning Call in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The paper's social media staff were included in the cut; images and memes that were later deleted were posted on its Twitter feed.

Its parent, Tribune Publishing, was acquired by Alden Global Capital in May 2021. In September 2021, editor Robert York left and was replaced on an interim basis by Andrew Julien, who also serves as the editor and publisher of The Hartford Courant.

The paper was also printed in a Sunday edition called Sunday News.

Editorial stance and style
The New York Times journalist Alan Feuer said the Daily News focuses heavily on "deep sourcing and doorstep reporting", providing city-centered "crime reportage and hard-hitting coverage of public issues [...] rather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives". According to Feuer, the paper is known for "speaking to and for the city's working class" and for "its crusades against municipal misconduct".

The New York Times has described the Daily News's editorial stance as "flexibly centrist" with a "high-minded, if populist, legacy". In contrast to its sister publication, the Chicago Tribune, the Daily News was pro-Roosevelt, endorsing him in 1932, 1936, and 1940. It broke from the president, however, in 1941 over foreign policy. From the 1940s through the 1960s, the Daily News espoused conservative populism. By the mid-1970s however, it began shifting its stance, and during the 1990s, it gained a reputation as a moderately liberal alternative to the right-wing Post (which until 1980 had been a Democratic bastion).

The newspaper endorsed Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama in 2008, Republican Mitt Romney in 2012, Democrat Hillary Clinton in 2016, and Democrat Joe Biden in 2020.

Headquarters

From its founding, it was based at 25 City Hall Place, just north of City Hall, and close to Park Row, the traditional home of the city's newspaper trade. In 1921 it moved to 23 Park Place, which was in the same neighborhood. The cramped conditions demanded a much larger space for the growing newspaper.

From 1929 to 1995, the Daily News was based in 220 East 42nd Street near Second Avenue, an official city and national landmark designed by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The paper moved to 450 West 33rd Street (also known as 5 Manhattan West) in 1995, but the 42nd Street location is still known as The News Building and still features a giant globe and weather instruments in its lobby. (It was the model for the Daily Planet building of the first two Superman films). The former News subsidiary WPIX-TV remains in the building.

The subsequent headquarters of the Daily News at 450 West 33rd Street straddled the railroad tracks going into Pennsylvania Station. The building is now the world headquarters of the Associated Press and is part of Manhattan West. In June 2011, the paper moved its operations to two floors at 4 New York Plaza in lower Manhattan. Sixteen months later, the structure was severely damaged and rendered uninhabitable by flooding from Hurricane Sandy. In the immediate aftermath, news operations were conducted remotely from several temporary locations, eventually moving to office space at the Jersey City printing plant. In early 2013, operations moved to rented space at 1290 Avenue of the Americas near Rockefeller Center—just four blocks north of its rival New York Post. The staff returned to the permanent 4 New York Plaza location in early November 2013. In August 2020, the Daily News closed its Manhattan headquarters.

Printing facilities
In 1993, the Daily News consolidated its printing facilities near Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey.

In 2009, the paper spent $150 million on printing presses as part of its change to full-color photographs.

In 2011, the company spent $100 million to buy three new presses, using a $41.7 million Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit from the State of New Jersey.

In 2022, the company plans to close its Jersey City printing plant and outsource its printing operations to North Jersey Media Group.

Pulitzer Prizes
The Daily News has won eleven Pulitzer Prizes.

In 1998, Daily News columnist Mike McAlary won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for his multi-part series of columns (published in 1997) on Abner Louima, who was sodomized and tortured by New York City police officers.

In 2007, the News' editorial board, which comprised Arthur Browne, Beverly Weintraub, and Heidi Evans, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for a series of thirteen editorials, published over five months, that detailed how more than 12,000 rescue workers who responded after the September 11 attacks had become ill from toxins in the air. The Pulitzer citation said that the award was given to the paper "for its compassionate and compelling editorials on behalf of Ground Zero workers, whose health problems were neglected by the city and the nation."

In 2017, the Daily News was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in collaboration with non-profit ProPublica "for uncovering, primarily through the work of reporter Sarah Ryley, widespread abuse of eviction rules by the police to oust hundreds of people, most of them poor minorities."

Noteworthy front pages
In 1928, a News reporter strapped a small camera to his leg, and shot a photo of Ruth Snyder being executed in the electric chair. The next day's newspaper carried the headline "DEAD!".

On October 29, 1975, President Gerald Ford gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York City from bankruptcy. The front page of the October 30, 1975 Daily News read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD". Ford later said the headline had played a role in his losing the 1976 presidential election.

On November 16, 1995, the Daily News front page displayed an illustration of Newt Gingrich as a baby in a diaper with the headline "Crybaby" following revelations that Gingrich had shut down the government in retaliation for a perceived snub from Bill Clinton aboard Air Force One.

On May 12, 2003, the "Daily News" front page read "JFK Had a Monica",, reporting historian Robert Dallek's book on JFK's affair with a White House intern---way before the infamous Clinton-Lewinsky scandal just 5 years prior to the publication, and in turn, compelled the former intern, Mimi Alford, to came forward, and then "Daily News" ran another front page title on May 16, 2003, read "Mimi Breaks Her Silence.", and then another article the next day titled "JFK & MIMI: Why It Matters."

In the year leading up to the 2016 presidential election, the paper's headlines became more provocative, helping to rejuvenate it, and with more opinionated editorials with the aforementioned headlines, once again in an effort to demonstrate its place in the city's media.

Following the 2015 San Bernardino shooting, in which 14 people were killed, the paper's front page displayed "GOD ISN'T FIXING THIS" along with tweets from Republican politicians offering thoughts and prayers. The paper advocated for tighter gun laws, condemning what it described as "empty platitudes and angry rhetoric" rather than action "in response to the ongoing plague of gun violence in our country." The provocative headline received both praise and criticism.

In January 2016, after Republican senator and presidential candidate Ted Cruz of Texas disparaged "New York values" in a Republican primary debate, the News responded with a cover page headline reading "DROP DEAD, TED" and showing the Statue of Liberty giving the middle finger.

Controversies
The Daily News supported the Iraq War. On March 14, 2003, six days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Daily News reported "President Bush is targeting an aggressive, dangerous, psychotic dictator who has stockpiled weapons of mass destruction and would use them without compunction. ... With Saddam in power, there can be no peace. One argument you hear raised against war is fear of retaliation: America mustn't upset the terrorists. After 9/11, does this even need to be rebutted? Terrorists have killed thousands of Americans already and thirst for more. Fighting back is a necessity, unless people want the peace of the grave."

On December 20, 2016, Daily News columnist Gersh Kuntzman compared the assassination of the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, Andrei Karlov, to the assassination of Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Jewish student Herschel Grynszpan, saying "justice has been served." Russia has demanded an official apology from Daily News.

Since 2018, the Daily News has prevented internet users in the European Union from accessing its website, on grounds of missing data protection compliance.

title: New York Daily News


text:
User talk:Finn-Zoltan

I do not exist.

Wooster
or Woozier, as spellcheck would have it.

You a Wooster alumn/student? Snowspinner 18:13, 18 May 2004 (UTC) ('03)

 * Semi-alum- left in a hurry.

 * Whenabouts, where'd you live, etc? (I graduated in '03, English major, and lived in the Science and Humanities program for most of my time) Snowspinner 18:31, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I left in '97 - a fellow Douglasite, eh?

 * Yeah. Though the program eventually moved on to Andrews. Why am I not surprised that Douglasites would be the ones to go on to edit Wikipedia, though. :) I'm Phil, btw, not that you'd probably have heard of someone who showed up two years after you left. Snowspinner 18:41, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I heard about the move- distressing. The Douglas attic and lounge cultures were always part of the appeal. (By which I refer not to the mold cultures that could usually be found in the corners) I wonder if they'll ever move back- would be nice.

 * Relatively unlikely - program membership has been declining since departure from Douglass - it's getting to the point where they can't even fill Andrews, unfortunately.
 * What's your name, anywho? Curious whether we have friends (Or mortal enemies) in common. Snowspinner 18:56, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hello. I was second-to-last president of the Science and Humanities Program.  It's dead dead dead dead dead, sadly - as if you didn't already know.  We just lost any form of housing whatsoever this year, thanks to a combination of apathy on the part of the majority of members and absurd requirements on the part of Housing. --Chris

Henry Hunt
Did you really stumble across another of my articles by accident, or are you looking through my contributions? Just curious... Isomorphic 00:38, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * No, I didn't even realize it was yours until just now- I was working through Civil War Generals for the list of military commanders. FZ 13:05, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

VfD
From VfD -

''Keep, I suppose- it is useful information, though I think it would be moreso if it were sorted by date. Besides, don't we already have a list of people who died from their own stupidity? -FZ 18:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)''
 * Touché. ;-)   - Ocon | Talk 04:28, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Set theory
A cursory glance at language of set theory reveals two things: I guess it should talk about the basic terminology: definition of a set, definitions of the various basic symbols like "element of" and "is a subset of". Then maybe it could talk about how to express ideas in set theoretic terms that are usually expressed differently. For example, ordered pairs and functions can both be expressed purely in terms of sets. Isomorphic 02:31, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) The article needs major help.
 * 2) I don't know for sure where to start either.

Sympson the Joiner
--Jerzy(t) 04:33, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)
 * 1) Sympson the Joiner survived VfD with two Del votes (including the nomination to VfD), three explicit Keep votes, and two arguable implicit Keeps (via mentions of Cleanup).
 * 2) In accord with  WP:CU suggestions(rather than the Pages needing attention one you advocated), it
 * 3) went on,
 * 4) got your one-word M(inor) edit after 18 minutes, and
 * 5) was kicked off by one editor after 14 hours, with summary "nothing more is likely to turn up".
 * 6) Your comment at Talk:Sympson the Joiner would assist me in determining what next.

Mountbatten
Thanks. He doesn't have the simplest ancestry to sort out - His parents (Prince and Princess Louis of Battenberg) were first cousins once removed, so his grandfather was his father's his first cousin. Even more intertwined than usual. --garryq 19:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

VfD
Not a problem. My dialup modem response time is slow this afternoon, so you were able to check out the article and post to the VfD page during the time it took for the VfD page to reload for me to get to it to edit it. RickK 23:27, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

stolen with permission
The rapidly rising current creates a rapidly rising magnetic field along the axis of the coil, which in turn induces an electric field going in circles inside the coil. The induced electric field causes an electron current in the can which experiences a vxB force in the magnetic field of the coil, causing the can to break into two pieces which are blown to the opposite sides of the lecture hall. The plasma "theta pinch" phenomenon occurs when the capacitor is discharged. This effect causes radiation pressure on the can which breaks it in two and blasts apart the two halves. Compare shark infested waters.

Thanks
Thanks for the cleanup on RTKL. The stuff you fixed was in the original article. Strange things apparently occur when you copy and paste text into Wikipedia from a ten-year-old word processor. Isomorphic 02:32, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wikilinking
Hey man, you don't need to link words like "is" in articles, alright? – Andre ( talk ) 17:17, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Astrochicken
Hi, Finn-Zoltan. :) I'm letting everyone who voted on the VfD for Astrochicken know that I have placed it on Votes for Undeletion. I would appreciate any comments there that you may have. func (talk) 17:03, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Redirect you created at "The Fabulous Lorraine"
Noel (talk) 13:17, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, no problem. Don't wait too long, though! :-) Noel (talk) 16:27, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * No, you're set, I'll remove the RfD listing. Thanks! Noel (talk) 19:04, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(See also other half of conversation)

Kumeyaay-Digueno
I created the redirects at Digueno and Diegueno. Have you ever seen the compound vesion actually used, or can I nuke that one? Thanks! Noel (talk) 13:32, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if you have actually seen it, I'd say keep it (if nothing else, to prevent creation of a duplicate article). What about Kumeyaay-Diegueno? Ever seen that one? Noel (talk) 18:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, so we're done then. Thanks! Noel (talk) 22:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: that target is going to go away as I refactor my talk pages, move stuff to archives, etc... Sorry! Noel (talk) 22:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

(See also other half of conversation)

Collaboration of the Week
Your vote for African art has helped bring about the article's selection as this week's Collaboration of the week. Please join in trying to make the article a feature.

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

A familiar, um, face
You might find Aaron Kraus amusing. Isomorphic 21:17, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DC Meetup will be May 7/8
The DC Meetup date has been finalized to May 7/8. Even if you can only come one of the days, that's still fine. Please watch this page for new details, which will be posted in the next couple days: Meetup/Wikipedians of the East Coast field trip -- brian0918  ™  16:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Acronym finder
This looks like it would be useful for the disambiguation pages you do sometimes. It even lets you search by the field the acronym comes from (military/government, science, IT, etc.) Isomorphic 14:18, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. If you're at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 18:44, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Please check your WP:NA entry
Greetings, editor! Your name appears on List of non-admins with high edit counts. If you have not done so lately, please take a look at that page and check your listing to be sure that following the particulars are correct: Thank you, and have a wiki wiki day! BD2412 T 04:08, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) If you are an admin, please remove your name from the list.
 * 2) If you are currently interested in being considered for adminship, please be sure your name is in bold; if you are opposed to being considered for adminship, please cross out your name (but do not delete it, as it will automatically be re-added in the next page update).
 * 3) Please check to see if you are in the right category for classification by number of edits.

Fomites
FYI, I just replied to a comment you made years ago on Pages needing attention/Health science. --JVinocur 23:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

qy re librarians
I've been editing "the list of librarians" & there's a note that you made many entries.Did you use a particular source? I'm having trouble finding a few. DGG 23:30, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * happens. lots of things I said I'd do months ago that I haven't done. As I say to people when they cant find a book they borrowed, if you ever do find it let me know. :)DGG 22:58, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Madeline Pierce
You created the above page as a redirect to Blacklist I cannot see why, so have tagged as a speedy deletion candidate,  Davidprior 14:54, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Leo Ford
Hello. I've changed this dab to a redirect as there were only two entries and one was a red link with nothing else linked to it. I thought I'd let you know, as I could see that it would potentially be a useful page, so if you were planning to create an article on the one without, the redirect would need to be change dback to a dab. Thanks, Hndis (talk) 16:10, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Bubbles in beer
Go read bubble chamber; it addresses your question from the talk page. DS (talk) 01:00, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Finn-Zoltan! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:33, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Celia Correas de Zapata -
 * 2) Richard Ellis (biologist) -
 * 3) Madaline Lee -
 * 4) James Clark (British diplomat) -

Heron of Alexandria
Hi, Finn-Zoltan. I believe that you are the owner of the user name "Heron" on commons.wikimedia.org. Would you be prepared to pop into existence for a short while so that I can ask you about your contributions to that site? Best wishes --Heron (talk) 12:59, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of List of fictional sports teams for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article List of fictional sports teams, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

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Nomination of Britt Nichols for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Richness listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Richness. Since you had some involvement with the Richness redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 16:04, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Clinton Ford (painter) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Clinton Ford (painter) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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"Wizard of Yendor" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Wizard of Yendor. Since you had some involvement with the Wizard of Yendor redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Not a very active user (talk) 06:56, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of List of veterinarians for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of veterinarians is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Barry Perowne

The article Barry Perowne has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No WP:SIGCOV: neither of these sources establish any sort of notability."

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title: User talk:Finn-Zoltan


text:
D&C

D&C or D and C or variant, may refer to:

 * Dilation and curettage, a medical procedure involving the dilation of the cervix to remove uterine contents
 * Divide and conquer algorithm, a strategy for dynamic programming
 * Doctrine and Covenants, part of the scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement
 * Drill & Ceremony, a term used in the U.S. Army for a method that enables leaders to direct the movement of soldiers in an orderly manner.
 * Dennis and Callahan, an American morning radio show
 * Democrat and Chronicle, a Rochester, New York, daily newspaper

title: D&C


text:
Talk:Spin (propaganda)

Spin is older than the 90s
Spin has a huge history in political rhetoric, especially where a monarch is propped up by a religion or the willingness of their subjects to believe the enemy is evil and they are infallible. Consider expansion? Plus spin is still hugely prevalent, especially in Internet Activism. Trump frequently offers a different set of events than is the dominant narrative. The use of Alastair Campbell as a example may be too partisan and is frequently returned to despite being an Anglocentric example. Aquataris (talk) 15:45, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is the most politically biased wikipedia article I ever read, at least in english. Doesn't give any information (where does the term "spin doctor" come from?) but gives instead always the same family of politically biased examples. IMO it should be totally redone or removed; I can't imagine how it could be corrected to the usual wikipedia standards. Nachoseli (talk) 12:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

'cherry picking' does not need an image of a cherry
Want to remove - any objections? 92.11.194.9 (talk) 23:10, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spin (propaganda)